gavigoT politika

Tomas m. magStadti<br />

<strong>gavigoT</strong> <strong>politika</strong><br />

ideebi, institutebi<br />

da problemebi<br />

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba<br />

Tbilisi _ 2010

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<strong>gavigoT</strong> <strong>politika</strong>: ideebi, institutebi da problemebi<br />

Tomas m. magStadti<br />

Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues, 6 th Ed.<br />

Thomas M. Magstadt<br />

COPYRIGHT @ 2003 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning Inc.<br />

Cengage Learning TM is a trademark used herein under license.<br />

Wadsworth/ Cengage Learning<br />

ISBN 9780534603816<br />

wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis<br />

saministros programiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebis ganviTareba~.<br />

wigni gamoica ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemlobis mier.<br />

mTargmnelebi: arCil abaSiZe, giorgi gvalia, elene nodia,<br />

nino svanaZe, malxaz saldaZe, revaz baxtaZe,<br />

qeTevan cixelaSvili, gela banZelaZe,<br />

giorgi babunaSvili, nodar manCxaSvili, mariam esebua<br />

redaqtorebi: gia nodia<br />

daviT afrasiZe<br />

kompiuteruli<br />

uzrunvelyofa: sofo kevliSvili<br />

qarTuli gamocema<br />

© ssip ilias saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

ISBN 978-9941-0-0223-6<br />

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba<br />

qaquca ColoyaSvilis 3/5, Tbilisi, 0162, saqarTvelo<br />

Ilia State University Press 3/5 Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia

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s a r G e v i<br />

Sesavali<br />

msoflio ruka<br />

I Sesavali: politikis Seswavla .............................................................................19<br />

<strong>politika</strong> da yoveldRiuri cxovreba<br />

politikis ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />

wesrigi Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi samarTlianoba<br />

rogor swavloben <strong>politika</strong>s?<br />

ra mizniT? ra meTodebiT? ra perspeqtividan?<br />

ratom swavloben <strong>politika</strong>s?<br />

piradi interesi sazogadoebrivi interesi<br />

nawili I SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

II utopia: sanimuSo saxelmwifoebi........................................................................47<br />

platonis `saxelmwifo~: pasuxi filosofiaa<br />

samarTliani qalaqi keTilSobili tyuili<br />

frensis bekonis `axali atlantida~: pasuxi mecnierebaa<br />

stabiluroba da mecniereba samomavlo nimuSi<br />

karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba: pasuxi ekonomikaa<br />

ekonomikis wamyvani roli proletariatis diqtatura<br />

uklaso sazogadoeba<br />

utopiisaken dabruneba<br />

utopiiT STagoneba gza utopiisaken utopiis praqtikuloba<br />

utopia da adamianis buneba utopia da politikis ugulebelyofa<br />

distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde<br />

oruelis samyaro utopia da terorizmi<br />

daskvniTi mosazrebani<br />

III konstituciuri demokratia: warmomadgenlobis revolucia .......67<br />

demokratiuli konstituciebi<br />

demokratia, rogorc mgrZnobiare xelisufleba<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba umravlesobis tirania

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demokratia, rogorc SezRuduli xelisufleba<br />

umciresobis uflebebi kanonis uzenaesoba konstitucionalizmi, rogorc<br />

marTebuli procedura federalizmi<br />

demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani xelisufleba<br />

stabilurobis aucilebloba qmediTobis auci lebloba<br />

xelisuflebis xelaxla gamogoneba: ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea<br />

Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura<br />

Sekaveba da gawonasworeba saprezidento sistema Zalauflebis danawileba<br />

SezRudvebi umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze rodisaa Zalaufleba<br />

marTebuli?<br />

IV avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi: tradiciuli mmarTveloba .............96<br />

avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi<br />

avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi<br />

avtoritaruli <strong>politika</strong><br />

avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria<br />

avtoritarizmis Teoria: miTi da realoba<br />

avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi aralegitimuria avtoritaruli reJimi arapopularulia<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoebriv interesebs ugulebelyofs<br />

avtoritarizmi yvelaze cudi mmarTvelobaa<br />

avtoritarizmis aRsasruli?<br />

V totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi: ganuxorcielebeli utopiebi ....118<br />

totalitarizmis arsi<br />

totalitarizmis revoluciuri etapi<br />

lideroba ideologia organizacia propaganda Zaladoba<br />

Zalauflebis konsolidacia<br />

opoziciuri partiebis ganadgureba partiis realuri an warmosaxviTi<br />

metoqeebisgan gawmenda monoliTuri sazogadoebis Seqmna<br />

sazogadoebis transformacia<br />

stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri hitleris germania maos CineTi<br />

totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi<br />

totalitarizmis usaxelo msxverplni<br />

totalitaruli reJimebis sicocxlisunarianoba

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nawili II Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

VI saparlamento demokratia ................................................................................. 160<br />

didi britaneTi: nimuASi<br />

Sereuli wyoba ZalauflebaTa Serwyma xeli suflebaSi yofnis ganusazRvreli<br />

vadebi `disciplinebuli~ partiebi ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi?<br />

SesaZlebelia Tu ara britanuli institutebis `gadanergva~?<br />

demokratiis Seguebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva<br />

safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis winaaRmdeg.<br />

mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />

erovnuli asambleis SezRuduli roli politikuri partiebi konstitucia<br />

zewolis qveS: balansis gamocda sasamarTlo sistema muSaobs Tu ara<br />

demokratia safrangeTSi?<br />

germania: federalizmi militarizmis winaaRmdeg.<br />

vaimaris respublika gayofili germania: civi omis mini modeli gaer­<br />

Tianebuli germania: demokratiis triumfi germanuli federalizmi aRmasrulebeli<br />

xelisufleba sakanonmdeb lo xelisufleba politikuri<br />

partiebi sasamarTlo xelisufleba ZiriTadi kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi<br />

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi?<br />

iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba konsensusis qveyanaSi.<br />

istoriuli wanamZRvrebi axali konstitucia saparlamento demokratia:<br />

garegnuli da realuri partiuli sistema politikur cvlilebaTAa<br />

Semaferxebeli faqtorebi sasa marTlo xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura<br />

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi?<br />

saparlamento mmarTveloba moulodnel garemoSi<br />

indoeTi: saparlamento saswauli israeli: omis respublika<br />

prezidentebi da parlamentebi: SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba.<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sasamarTlo<br />

xe lisufleba ori sistemis upiratesobebi da nak lovanebebi konstituciebi<br />

da konteqstebi<br />

VII saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi:<br />

axali demokratiebi da aRmocenebadi bazrebi ............................................ 222<br />

komunizmis kraxi<br />

ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia (Tu mxolod areuloba?)<br />

gorbaCovis tranzicia reformis marcxi: sistemis dezintegracia<br />

Tanamedrove sirTuleebi bolosdabolos, gamoCnda lideri?<br />

samomavlo perspeqtivebi

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aRmosavleTi evropa gzagasayarze: (mokvdeba Tu ara odesme Zveli Cvevebi)<br />

CineTi: gadasvla marTvad kapitalizmze (ra iqneba Semdeg)<br />

mao xelisuflebaSi xelisufalTa cvla dominanti partia ideologiis<br />

Sesusteba bazarze orientirebuli reformebi gazrdili pirovnuli<br />

Tavisufleba axali saxelmwifoebrivi problemebi politikuri da religiuri<br />

represiebi politikuri fragmentaciis safrTxe amomavali<br />

saxelmwifoebi<br />

azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia (da Tavisuflebac?)<br />

samxreT korea taivani aziis vefxvebi<br />

laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia (da keTildReobac?)<br />

reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Cile) meqsika<br />

VIII ganviTarebadi qveynebi: demokratia Tu diqtatura.................... 267<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla<br />

kolonializmis memkvidreoba<br />

politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi gamowveva<br />

demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

demokratiis korelatebi demokratiuli strategiebi demokratia<br />

ganviTarebad qveynebSi: tendencia Tu iluzia?<br />

ganviTarebis Tavsatexi<br />

ganviTarebis motivebi ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi barierebi ganvi­<br />

Tarebis fsiqologiuri barierebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabrkolebebi<br />

ganviTarebis marcxi<br />

disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi:<br />

somali iugoslavia siera­leone avRaneTi<br />

ganviTarebis Teoria: tendenciuri msjeloba?<br />

WarbganviTareba: kapitalizmis patara binZuri saidumlo<br />

nawili III politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

IX politikuri socializacia: moqalaqis GCamoyalibeba ......................309<br />

kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba<br />

sapirispiro ganmartebebi klasikuri xedva<br />

politikuri socializacia<br />

ojaxi Tanatolebi masmedia kanoni<br />

ZiriTadi politikuri Rirebulebebi: rogor vipovvoT oqros Sualedi?

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politikuri socializaciis marcxi<br />

Sesavali<br />

X politikuri monawileoba: gavlenis safasuri ......................................335<br />

monawileobis formebi<br />

samarTlebrivi formebi arasamarTlebrivi formebi<br />

moqalaqeTa monawileobis gansazRvreba<br />

sazogadoebrivi azri gamokiTxvebi arCevnebi saarCevno sistemebi<br />

pirdapiri demokratia<br />

monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT xma?<br />

xmis micema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi monawileobis tendenciebi<br />

individualizmi da sazogadoebrivi monawileoba politikuri apaTia:<br />

amerikuli daavadeba?<br />

monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician amomrCevlebma?<br />

monawileobis Sefaseba: mbrunavi kari<br />

elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis kanonebi da demokratiis ironia<br />

pluralistebi da elitistebi<br />

politikuri monawileoba avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi<br />

politikuri partiebi<br />

istoriuli winamZRvrebi ZiriTadi miznebi erTpartiuli sistema<br />

orpartiuli sistema mravalpartiuli sistema partiuli sistemebis<br />

ganmsazRvrelebi perspeqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba?<br />

interesTa jgufebi<br />

interesTa jgufebis tipebi zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi interesTa<br />

jgufebis bumi interesTa jgufebi demokratiebSi iklebs Tu ara<br />

sazogadoebis interesi? interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi<br />

XI politikuri lideroba: Zalauflebis mravalsaxeoba .........................390<br />

namdvili liderebi<br />

marTvis xelovnebis arsi didebis xibli lideris oTxi tipi liderobis<br />

daknineba?<br />

demagogebi<br />

politikosebi<br />

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi<br />

`politiko~ damSoSmineblebi<br />

samoqalaqo liderebi<br />

7

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8<br />

XII ra aris sajaro sikeTe? ideologiebi da izmebi......................................421<br />

politikis miznebi da saSualebebi<br />

ideologiebi da sajaro interesi<br />

antisamTavrobo ideologiebi memarjvene ideologiebi memarcxene ideologiebi<br />

izmebi da amerikuli <strong>politika</strong><br />

iarliyebi amerikul <strong>politika</strong>Si saerTo Temebi konservatorebi: ekonomikuri<br />

uflebebis primati liberalebi: samoqalaqo uf lebebis primati<br />

arsebiTi gansxvavebebi konservatorebi, liberalebi da sajaro po litika<br />

XIII sajaro sikeTis problemebi: principebi,<br />

prioritetebi da praqtikebi....................................................................................445<br />

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa<br />

gare mtrebisgan dacva Sida mtre bisgan dacva socialuri dacva sakuTar<br />

qmedebaTagan dacva<br />

keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa<br />

sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo vali saganmanaTleblo krizisi Semosavlebis<br />

ganawileba<br />

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa<br />

rasobrivi diskriminacia pozitiuri qmedebebi Tu Sebrunebuli diskriminacia<br />

vis sWirdeba dacva?<br />

Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa<br />

Tavisuflebis Rirebuleba Tavisufleba da pirveli sakonstitucio Sesworeba<br />

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba<br />

samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa<br />

danaSauli da sasjeli marTlmsajuleba, rogorc marTebuli procedura<br />

samarTlebrivi dacvis sazRvrebi<br />

mizanTa konfliqti<br />

nawili IV <strong>politika</strong> Zaladobis gziT<br />

XIV revolucia: samarTlianobis saxeliT .........................................................487<br />

revoluciis kvlavdabruneba Tanamedrove revoluciebi: ori tradicia<br />

amerikuli revolucia franguli revolucia ori revoluciis Sedareba<br />

revoluciis sasurveloba: berki, peini da loki<br />

berkis pozicia peinis kritika lokiseuli perspeqtiva<br />

revoluciis mizezebi

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Sesavali<br />

tradiciuli axsna revoluciis socialuri fsiqologia revoluciis Tanamedrove<br />

Teoriebi<br />

XV terorizmi: sustis iaraRi..................................................................................514<br />

ra aris terorizmi?<br />

terorizmis warmoSoba terorizmis logika teroristuli taqtika teroristuli<br />

aqti da omi teroristuli jgufebis maxasiaTeblebi terorizmi<br />

alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi.<br />

vin aris teroristi?<br />

teroristebis klasifikacia: kriminalebi, partizanebi Tu revolucionerebi?<br />

teroristis identificireba<br />

terorizmi da sazogadoeba<br />

axalgazrda rekrutebi terorizmis fsiqologia terorizmi da masmedia<br />

terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola<br />

Sida kanonmdebloba qveynebs Soris TanamSromloba unilateraluri<br />

zomebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg ra SeuZlia pirovnebas<br />

SesaZlebelia ki terorizmis Sekaveba?<br />

XVI omi: <strong>politika</strong> sxva saSualebebiT...................................................................551<br />

omis mizezebi<br />

adamianis buneba sazogadoeba garemo<br />

omis Teoriebi: kritika politikis miRma<br />

totaluri omi: omi, romelSic yvela ibrZvis<br />

SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic aravis surs<br />

birTvuli omi: omi, romelsac veravin igebs<br />

aris Tu ara omi odesme moralurad gamarTlebuli?<br />

samarTliani omis doqtrina samarTliani omis doqtrinis Sefaseba niurnbergis<br />

procesi<br />

nawili V <strong>politika</strong> mTavrobis gareSe<br />

XVII saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: brZola.......................................................589<br />

iyavi realisti: makiaveli da morgenTau<br />

klasikuri evropuli sistema<br />

sistemuri winapirobebi evropuli konsensusis marcxi<br />

Tanamedrove globaluri sistema<br />

9

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10<br />

evrocentrizmis dasasruli bipolarobis dasawyisi ideologiis primati<br />

birTvuli omis safrTxe urTierT Sekaveba<br />

amerikis sagareo <strong>politika</strong>: guSin da dRes<br />

ra aris erovnuli interesi? E erovnuli interesis dacva<br />

didi debatebi: realizmi da idealizmi<br />

bumerangis efeqti axali sagareo politikis ZiebaSi idealizmi, rogorc<br />

egoizmi: zneobis Zala axali samyaro, Zveli Cvevebi axali tendenciebi, Zveli<br />

problemebi ra xdeba civi omis Semdeg? globaluri ekonomika regionalizmis<br />

aRzeveba eTnikuri Zaladobis wyevla aRsasrulis axleburad: `mdumare<br />

gazafxulis~ Tavidan acileba aRsasruli Zveleburad: birTvuli iaraRis<br />

gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia<br />

apokalifsuri xedvebi: civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba da anarqia?<br />

XVIII saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: brZola wesrigisTvis....................635<br />

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi msoflio asparezze<br />

multinacionaluri korporaciebi saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo<br />

oranizaciebi<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)<br />

istoriuli foni: erTa liga gaeros daarseba gaero civi omis dros<br />

gaero civi omis Semdeg didi sa erTaSoriso organizaciebis problemebi<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTali<br />

sargeblianoba Sesruleba da iZuleba saerTaSoriso samarTali Tanamedrove<br />

epoqaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRuduloba<br />

saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sefaseba<br />

mudmivi swrafva mSvidobisaken

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S e s a v a l i<br />

dRes politikuri da ekonomikuri aramdgradoba msoflios nebismier adgilze<br />

mcxovreb adamianze axdens gavlenas. teroristuli aqtebi, sam xedro Setakebebi,<br />

samoqalaqo omebi, eTnikuri konfliqtebi, ekonomikuri vardna, safinanso<br />

krizisi da cvalebadi safondo birJa yoveldRiuri movlenebia. iseT fundamentur<br />

movlenebs, rogoric 2001 wlis Semodgomaze SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg<br />

gan xorcielebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi iyo, ise ve mravalgvarad SeuZlia<br />

imoqmedos Cvens cxovrebaze, rogorc SedarebiT naklebad dramatul aqts,<br />

magaliTad, kongresis mier 2002 wlis gazafxulze miRebul axal kanons safinanso<br />

samarTlis an korporaciuli gigantebis transerovnuli Serwymis Sesaxeb.<br />

movlenebi TvalismomWreli siCqariT icvleba, Tumca politikis ZiriTadi<br />

buneba ucvleli rCeba. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola grZeldeba, iseve rogorc<br />

brZola wesrigisa da samarTlianobisaTvis mTel msoflioSi. Zalauflebis saz­<br />

Rvrebi TviT yvelaze koncentrirebul formebSic ki, gamomwvevad aSkaraa – dawyebuli<br />

axlo aRmosavleTSi mdebare palestinisa da centralur aziaSi mdebare<br />

avRaneTis msgavsi ZvelisZveli adgilebidan, damTavrebuli SedarebiT mokle istoriisa<br />

da aseve mokle mexsierebis mqone amerikis SeerTebuli StatebiT.<br />

Zalze aSkaraa warumatebeli an damaxinjebuli politikis, cinikuri an<br />

ubra lod arakompetentuli liderobis Sedegebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi. arc<br />

moqala qe ob riobis xarisxi gvaZlevs siamayis saSualebas. es ormagi deficiti,<br />

politikuri sazo gadoebis rogorc zeda, aseve qveda safexurebze, erTgvari uxilavi<br />

krizisia, ro me lic sakuTari arsebobis uTvalav samxils gvitovebs, magram,<br />

amave dros, garkveulwilad SeumCnevlad arsebobas ganagrZobs. amave dros, arc<br />

usamarTloba, Seuwynarebloba, arasworad gagebuli idealizmi, fanatizmi da<br />

adamianTa tanjva aris ucxo xili, romlis arseboba gvidasturebs, rom Cveni,<br />

kidev ufro dabinZurebuli da gadatvirTuli planeta, ukeTesobisaken ar icvleba,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleTis ramdenime iRblian qveyanaSi adamianebi<br />

Tavs ufro daculad da komfortulad grZnoben, vidre adamianTa umravlesoba<br />

dedamiwis e.w. ganviTarebad regionebSi.<br />

wignis `<strong>gavigoT</strong> <strong>politika</strong>~ debiuti 1984 wels Sedga. mas Semdeg Cemi rwmena<br />

po litikis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ar Seryeula. uwindeburad mjera, rom studentebs<br />

elementaruli codna mainc sWirdebaT msoflioSi arsebuli politikuri<br />

da ekonomikuri Zalebis Sesaxeb, raTa Tavisuflebis sikeTesa da demokratiul<br />

respublikaSi moqalaqeobriv pasuxismgeblobas Caswvdnen. paradoqsulia, rom<br />

rac ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba codna, siaxle da informacia (raSic didi wvlili<br />

personalur kompiutersa da msoflio masStabiT interner­qsels miuZRvis,<br />

amerikelTa monawileoba politikur procesebSi sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba.<br />

es samwuxaro faqtia, radgan politikuri ganswavlulobis amaRleba pirveli<br />

nabijia moqalaqeTa momavali Taobebis ganaTlebisa da uflebamosilebisaken<br />

_ maT unda miscen xma arCevnebSi, gadaixadon gadasaxadebi da maT xelSi unda<br />

gadalaxos qveyanam rTuli aTwleulebi.<br />

politikis Seswavla erTgvari WiSkaria adamianuri bunebis, sazogadoebisa da

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12<br />

samyaros ufro farTod da Rrmad gasagebad. Tavdapirvelad swore es rwmena gax da<br />

ori axalgazrda profesorisaTvis am wignis pirveli gamocemis Seqmnis stimuli.<br />

es rwmena dRemde wignis mravali gamocemis STagonebis wyaroa da mas emateba is<br />

gancda, rom Cveni Sroma mudam ganaxlebadi procesi iqneba.<br />

politikis kargi Sesavali ori ZiriTad mizans unda emsaxurebodes: (1) gaaqarwylos<br />

politikis, rogorc mecnierebis gagebis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebuli nerviuloba,<br />

gansakuTrebiT damwyebTaTvis da (2) uzrunvelyos dRevandeli kolejis<br />

studentis gamosawvevad aucilebeli inteleqtualuri stimuli. es wigni imis<br />

dadasturebaa, rom <strong>politika</strong> rogorc mecniereba da filosofia pirdapir erwymis<br />

mecnierebis liberalur tradiciebs. fraza `<strong>politika</strong> rogorc mecniereba da<br />

filosofia~ disciplinaSi erT yvelaze Rrma ganxeTqilebaze mianiSnebs: analitiko<br />

se bi, romlebic <strong>politika</strong>s mecnierebis kuTxiT udgebian, xSirad Zalauflebis<br />

mniSv ne lobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas, xolo isini, vinc <strong>politika</strong>s filosofiis<br />

mravalmxrivi obieqtiviT ganixilaven, xazs samarTlianobis mniSvnelobas<br />

usvamen. Za lauflebasa da samarTlianobas Soris gansxvaveba, iseve, rogorc mecnierebasa<br />

da fi losofias Soris gansxvaveba xSirad gadaWarbebulia.<br />

realur cxovrebaSi zneobrivi da politikuri sakiTxebi arsebiTad ganu yofelia.<br />

es imas niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba TavisTavad qmedebas politikur elfers<br />

ar aZlevs; Zalauflebis marTebul da aramarTebul gamoyenebasa da gamoyenebis<br />

Sedegad mogebulTa da dazaralebulTa Sesaxeb debatebi aqcevs Zalauflebas<br />

politikur kategoriad. amrigad, rodesac sajaro politikis sferoSi samar­<br />

Tlianobis sakiTxi dgeba (magaliTad, abortisa da sikvdiliT dasjis aRkveTa,<br />

policiisa da samxedroebis mier Zalis gamoyeneba), saxeze gvaqvs politikis arsebiTi<br />

komponentebi. Zalauflebis an zneobis koncefciisadmi gadaWarbebuli<br />

yu radReba aferxebs politikis gaazrebisa da mtkivneuli da ganxeTqilebis Camomgdebi<br />

problemebis gadaWris mcdelobas. amrigad, yovelTvis saWiroa tolobis balansi<br />

_ politikuri realizmis Serbileba samarTlianobis siyvaruliT.<br />

swored aseve macduria diqotomia faqtebsa da faseulobebs Soris. racionaluri<br />

msjeloba dasabuTebuli mosazrebiT kargisa da samarTlianis Taobaze<br />

xSirad ufro mniSvnelovania (an naklebad efemeruli), vidre faqtebi (gancxadeba<br />

`adolf hitlerma da nacistebma Selaxes adamianTa uflebebi~ amgvari daskvnis<br />

safuZvelia). faseulobis matarebeli gancxadebebi SesaZloa varaudis maRal<br />

xarisxs Seicavdes, magram ara absolutur utyuarobas (magaliTad, `Tu Zaladobrivi<br />

danaSaulis Semcireba gvsurs, siRaribe unda SevamciroT~). sxva amgvari<br />

sakiTxebi SesaZloa, abortis Taobaze debatebis msgavsad, Zalze rTuli iyos.<br />

magaliTad, SeiZleba Tu ara qalis biologiuri TviTgansazRvris uflebam gadaswonos<br />

na yofis sicocxlis ufleba? uazroba iqneboda umniSvnelovanesi<br />

sakiTxebis ugulebelyofa maTze pasuxis gacemis sirTulis mizeziT. maSinac<br />

ki, roca swori pasuxebi bundovania, xSirad mcdari pasuxebis gansazRvrac TavisTavad<br />

mniSvnelovania.<br />

wigni Sesabamis yuradRebas uTmobs Tanamedrove politikur sakiTxebs da<br />

amave dros, ar ugulebelyofs maT safuZvelSi arsebul maradiul kiTxvebs. magaliTad,<br />

xmis mimcemTa winaSe arsebuli dilema, vin iqneboda saukeTeso meri, gubernatori<br />

an prezidenti ufro seriozul kiTxvebs wamoswevs xolme. ra kvalifikacia<br />

aris auci lebeli saxelmwifo dawesebulebisaTvis? ra xinji aqvs sistemas,

---

Sesavali<br />

romelic ver iZleva mravalferovani arCevanis saSualebas? aseve, konfliqtebi<br />

eri­saxelmwifoebsa an socialur jgufebs Soris aCens zogad kiTxvebs imis Taobaze,<br />

ra aiZulebs adamianebs ebrZolon da masobrivad daxocon erTmaneTi.<br />

miuxedavad Cemi mcdelobisa, minimumamde Sememcirebina saxelebisa da TariRebisgamoyeneba,<br />

politikur sakiTxebze warmatebuli msjeloba SeuZlebelia<br />

is to riul vakuumSi. istoriuli magaliTebis SerCevisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT<br />

politikis calkeuli sakiTxebis gagebis motiviT. meoce saukunis istoriis zogierTi<br />

epizodi (maT Soris, ruseTSi oqtombris revolucia, hitleris germaniaSi<br />

nacional­socia listebis mmarTveloba, koloniuri imperiebis ngreva meore<br />

msoflio omis Semdeg, SeerTebul StatebSi moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis<br />

moTxovniT da evropaSi komunizmis damxoba) imdenad mniSvnelovania da iseT<br />

fundamentur kiTxvebs wamos ­ wevs, rom is, vinc liberalur ganaTlebaze debs Tavs,<br />

maTi mniSvneloba unda icodes.<br />

ra Tqma unda, zogierTi Tema da movlena ramdenime TavSia ganxiluli: politikis<br />

samyaro unakero qsels ufro hgavs, vidre ujrebian karadas. <strong>politika</strong>Si,<br />

iseve rogorc bunebaSi, konkretul movlenas an fenomens xSirad mravali mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs da sxva movlenebTan da fenomenebTan aSkarad dakavSirebuli rodia.<br />

ZiriTad politikur ideebs, institutebsa da problemebs Soris xazis gavleba<br />

damwyeb students politikuri Tavsatexis erTi SexedviT daukavSirebel nawilebSi<br />

azris danaxvaSi exmareba. politikis gasagebad aucilebeli nabijia sxvadasxva<br />

nawilebs Soris kavSirebis danaxva.<br />

`<strong>gavigoT</strong> <strong>politika</strong>~ politikisa da xelisuflebis Seswavlisas qvemodan zemoT<br />

midgomas iyenebs. is iwyeba studentTaTvis saintereso politikuri fenomenis<br />

gansazRvriT (maga liTad, omisa da terorizmis) da Semdeg cdilobs maT aRwerasa<br />

da axsnas. mindoda, rom wigni studentis Cveul cnobismoyvareobaze amego<br />

da amito vecade Tavidan amecilebina ufro Tanamedrove literaturisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebe li mravali Jargoni, teqnikuri Tu bundovani disputi.<br />

konkretuli disciplinis siRrmeebis ganxilvis garda, wigni iseT disciplinebsac<br />

mimoixilavs, rogoricaa istoria da filosofia. xelisuflebisa da<br />

politikis Seswavlisas, is miznad isaxavs liberaluri ganaTlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />

midgomas. mizani ambiciuria: gamoiwvios studentebSi swavlis iseTi interesi,<br />

romelic mTeli cxovreba gahyvebaT. amas ki Sedegad kargad informirebul,<br />

aqtiurad CarTul, sakuTar TavSi darwmunebul da moazrovne moqalaqeTa<br />

Taobis Camoyalibeba mohyveba, romelic SeZlebs aRSfoTeba gamoxatos sazogadoebrivi<br />

mliqvnelobis, TaRliTobis, sibriyvis Tu zogadi uunarobis gamo.<br />

I TavSi `Sesavali: politikis Seswavla~ gansazRvrulia politikis ZiriTadi<br />

koncefciebi da yuradReba maxvildeba imaze, Tu rogor da ratom unda SeviswavloT<br />

es sagani. es Tavi Semdegi Tavebis erTgvari safuZvelia.<br />

I nawilSi (`SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi~) gaanalizebulia rogorc xelisuflebis<br />

utopiuri, demokratiuli da avtoritaruli formebi, aseve politikur<br />

sistemaTa sirTuleebi avtoritaruli institutebidan demokratiul<br />

institutebze gadasvlis periodSi. am nawilSi (me­2­dan me­5 Tavis CaTvliT),<br />

romelic aseve erTgvari safuZvelia, Teoriul aspeqtSia ganxiluli sxvadasxva<br />

politikuri reJimebi.<br />

II nawili (`Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi~) sami Tavisagan<br />

13

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14<br />

(6­8 Tavebi) Sedgeba da warmodgenilia Camoyalibebuli demokratiis mqone qveynebi<br />

(me­6 Tavi), gardamaval periodSi myofi saxelmwifoebi (me­7 Tavi) da ganviTarebadi<br />

qveynebi (me­8 Tavi). msoflios faqtobrivad yvela qveynis xelisufleba<br />

miiswrafis demokratiisaken an `demokratiulobaze~ debs Tavs. es, TavisTavad,<br />

demokratiis ideis Zlevamosilebis saintereso dadasturebaa. miuxedavad xSiri<br />

Tavdasxmisa, demokratiis idea or saukuneze metia mravali adamianis warmosaxvas<br />

STaagonebs. epoqaSi, roca cudi ambebi sisxliT iwereba da moklulebSi SeiaraRebul<br />

meomrebs udanaSaulo moqalaqeebi sWarboben, kargi iqneba gvaxsovdes,<br />

rom demokratiuli idealebi arasdros yofila ase Tbilad miRebuli an farTod<br />

(Tu arasrulyofilad) institucionalizebuli, rogorc dRes.<br />

III nawili `politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba~ (me­9­dan me­13 Tavis CaTvliT),<br />

koncentrirebulia politikur procesebze. am nawilSi warmodgenilia<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi, ganxilulia moqalaqeoba da socializacia, politikuri<br />

monawileoba (sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavlisa da amomrCevelTa qcevis CaTvliT),<br />

politikuri organizacia (partiebi da interesTa jgufebi), politikuri<br />

lideroba, politikuri ideologiebi (anu gansxvavebuli `midgoma sajaro sikeTis<br />

mimarT~) da Tanamedrove sajaro politikis sakiTxebi.<br />

IV nawilSi `<strong>politika</strong> Zaladobis gziT~ ganxilulia konfliqti, rogorc gansakuTrebuli<br />

da universaluri problema <strong>politika</strong>Si. masSi problemaTa sami<br />

kategoriaa asaxuli: revolucia, terorizmi da omi (Sesabamisad me­14, me­15 da<br />

me­16 Tavebi). es nawili stimuls miscems studentTa cnobismoyvareobas da gaaRviZebs<br />

saklaso diskusiaTa survils.<br />

dabolos, V nawili `<strong>politika</strong> mTAvrobis gareSe~ studentebs acnobs msoflio<br />

politikis sakiTxTa ZiriTad koncefciebs, aRwers ZiriTad sqemebs da warmoadgens<br />

msjelobas mudmivi problemebis Sesaxeb. me­17 Tavi aerTianebs wina gamocemis<br />

ori Tavis masalas. masSi ganxilulia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTadi<br />

principe bi da koncefciebi, msoflio politikis evoluciuri struqtura da<br />

konteqsti da yuradReba eTmoba msoflio problemaTa mTel rigs. me­18 TavSi<br />

ganxilulia saerTaSoriso samarTali da organizaciebi da msoflio wesrigis<br />

Zieba, es ki kursis kargi dasasrulia.<br />

am axal, me­6 gamocemaSi SenarCunebulia wignis wina xuTi gamocemis pedagogiuri<br />

Taviseburebebi. yoveli Tavi iwyeba mokle SinaarsiT da mTavrdeba SejamebiT,<br />

muqi daxrili SriftiT aris gamoyofili terminebi, warmodgenilia kiTxvebi<br />

gameorebisaTvis. amas garda, wigni mdidaria mravalferovani masaliT _ fotoebiT,<br />

cxrilebiT, rukebiT, sqemebiTa da CanarTebiT, romelTagan umravlesoba<br />

ganaxlda an Seicvala.<br />

avtorisagan<br />

wigni `<strong>gavigoT</strong> <strong>politika</strong>~ mWidro profesiuli da pirovnuli kavSirebis Sedegad<br />

Seiqmna. am gamocemis pativi mxolod me mxvda wilad. Cemi Zveli TanamSromeli,<br />

doqtori piter skoteni (Dr. Peter Schotten) ukve aRar aris pasuxismgebeli<br />

am gamocemaSi Setanili cvlilebebis, logikuri Secdomebisa Tu faqtebis gamo,<br />

magram mi si mondomebisa da inteleqtis kvali, ra Tqma unda, ar waiSleba, sanam<br />

wignis axali gamocemebi daibeWdeba.

---

madlierebis niSnad<br />

Sesavali<br />

TiTqmis ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi am saxelmZRvanelos eqvsi gamoce mis<br />

warmatebaSi sxvadasxva gamomcemlobasa da universitetSi momuSave mraval adamians<br />

miuZRvis wvlili. im mecnierTa da pedagogTa Soris, romlebmac saxelmZRvanelos<br />

am gamocemis xelnaweri kritikulad waikiTxa da mravali fasdaudebeli<br />

SeniSvna momca, iyvnen: piter longo (Peter Longo) _ qalaq karnis nebraskas universiteti;<br />

donald, g. beikeri (Donald G. Baker) sauThemptonis koleji, long ailendis<br />

universiteti; henri steki (Henry Steck) _ niu iorkis Statis universiteti,<br />

kortlendi; ruT en striklendi (Ruth Ann Strickland) _ apalaCis Statis universiteti<br />

da iraj peidari (Iraj Paydar) _ belvius adgilobrivi koleji. minda aseve<br />

madloba vuTxra devid atkinsonsa (David Atkinson) da deil niumans (Dale Neuman)<br />

_ megobrebsa da kolegebs, romlebmac Tavazianad waikiTxes xelnaweris calkeuli<br />

nawilebi da sasargeblo rCevebi momces.<br />

valSi var Wadsworth­is gamomcemlobis ramdenime redaqtorTan, gansakuTrebiT,<br />

steisi simsTan (Stacey Sims). karolin krolei (Caro line Croley), margaret parksi<br />

(Margaret Parks) da braian Cafi (Brian Chaffee) damexmarnen marketingSi da marketingul<br />

komunikaciebSi. minda aseve madloba vuTxra wina gamocemaTa redaqtorebs,<br />

gamsakuTre biT maikl vebersa (Michael Weber) da dou bels (Doug Bell) yofili St. Martin’s<br />

Press gamomcemlobidan da jeims hedlis (James Headley) im xanmokle periodis<br />

ganmavlobaSi TanamSromlo bi saTvis, roca wigni St. Martin’s/Worth Publishers­is sakuTreba<br />

iyo. wignis warmatebas dRemde maTi da bevri sxva adamianis wvlili ganapirobebs.<br />

gamomcemloba Bedford/St. Martin’s­is TanamSromlebma emi makkonaltim (Amy<br />

McConathy) da mariela folk freid ma (Marilea Polk Fried) gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes<br />

am gamocemis momzadebaSi.<br />

nadia nedelskim (Nadya Nedelsky) `maswavleblis gzamkvlevi~ kvlav keTilsindisierad<br />

da mimzidvelad moamzada. winaswar mxiblavs Wadsworth­is redaqtorebTan<br />

axlo da xangrZlivi urTierToba, romlebmac 2001 wels es wigni Bedford/St. Martin’s­is<br />

mier politologiaze gamocemuli wignebis siis nawilad aRiares.<br />

dabolos, mudam valSi viqnebi Cemi ojaxis _ (meri jos 1990 wels gardaicvala),<br />

devidis, amis, maiklis, barbarasa da rebekas winaSe.<br />

avtoris Sesaxeb<br />

Tomas m. magStadtma doqtoris xarisxi Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso kvleva­<br />

Ta jon hopkinsis skolaSi (SAIS) moipova. is ramdenime kolejsa da universitet­<br />

Si aswavlis, maT Soris: avgustanas kolejSi, karnis nabraskas universitetsa da<br />

samxedro­sahaero kolejSi. orjer xelmZRvanelobda politikis mecnierebaTa<br />

kaTedris. is aseve muSaobda sagareo saqmeTa specialistad federaluri mTavrobis<br />

aRmasrulebel Sto Si. wignis gamocemis dros magStadti adiunqt­profesori<br />

iyo qalaq kanzasis rokharstis universitetSi. igi aris avtori wignisa `qveynebi<br />

da mTavrobebi: SedarebiTi politi­ka regionul WrilSi~, me­4 gamocema (Bedford/<br />

St. Martin’s/Wadsworth, 2002).<br />

15

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Tavi I<br />

Sesavali<br />

politikis Seswavla<br />

<strong>politika</strong> da yoveldRiuri<br />

cxovreba ZiriTadi koncefciebi<br />

wesrigi<br />

Zalaufleba da masTan<br />

dakavSirebuli cnebebi<br />

samarTlianoba<br />

rogor swavloben <strong>politika</strong>s?<br />

ra mizniT?<br />

ra meTodebiT?<br />

ra perspeqtividan<br />

ratom swavloben <strong>politika</strong>s?<br />

piradi interesi<br />

sazogadoebrivi interesi<br />

19

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20<br />

adamianTa umravlesoba Cveulebrivad vcxovrobT. samarTlianad vzrunavT<br />

yoveldRiurobis Cveul, Tumca arsebiT detalebze – gadasaxadebze<br />

(maT Soris, swavlis!), ojaxis an SeyvarebulTa winsvlasa da usafrTxoebaze,<br />

imaze, Tu ra mo delis manqana viyidoT (an daiqoqeba Tu ara arsebuli manqana!)<br />

da a. S. raRac doneze vxvdebiT, rom individualuri da ekonomikuri<br />

usafrTxoebisa da pirovnuli bednierebis es Cveulebrivi, magram arcTu<br />

umniSvnelo sazrunavebi ara mxolod Cvens Zalisxmevaze, aramed sazogadoebrivi<br />

azris xasiaTsa da Sedegebzec, anu <strong>politika</strong>ze aris damokidebuli. sxva<br />

rom araferi, yvelgan myofi <strong>politika</strong> Tavs saRamos axali ambebis mosmenis an<br />

yurebisas gvaxsenebs, roca Cvens saxlebSi afrikis Soreul saxelmwifoebSi<br />

mZvinvare umowyalo eTnikuri konfliqtebi, axlo aRmosavleTis Zaladobrivi<br />

Sexla­Semoxlis scenebi da politikuri teroris aqtebi iWreba.<br />

<strong>politika</strong> mniSvnelovania. swored am mizeziT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />

pasuxismgebel moqalaqes politikis Semadgeneli ideebis, institutebisa da<br />

problemebis safuZvlebis codna sWirdeba.<br />

<strong>politika</strong> da yoveldRiuri cxovreba<br />

<strong>politika</strong> aris mecniereba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor marTaven da imarTebian<br />

adamianebi. qvemoT mocemuli ori hipoTeturi magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom<br />

<strong>politika</strong> aTasgvar gavlenas axdens Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaze.<br />

magaliTi # 1<br />

kaci, romlis kiserze ori gaupatiureba, mravali SedarebiT<br />

umniSvnelo seqsualuri Zaladoba da ramdenime SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zarcva da Tavdasxmaa, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT cixidan gamouSves.<br />

is fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobis periodSi<br />

presas ucxadebs, rom Seicvala, religia daexmara da imedi aqvs,<br />

rom mSobliur qalaqSi dabrundeba da normalur cxovrebas daiwyebs.<br />

qalaqSi misi dabrunebis pirvelive kviras ramdenime sastiki<br />

gaupatiureba xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am kacis dadanaSaulebis<br />

aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs, adgilobrivi mcxovrebni aRSfoTebulebi<br />

arian. gaupatiurebis SemTxvevebi amyarebs maT mosazrebas,<br />

rom (1) saSiSi damnaSaveebi maT Soris arian; (2) Zalze Znelia<br />

maTi daWera, miuxedavad maTi Tavxeduri da xSiri Tavdasxmebisa;<br />

da (3) daWeris SemTxvevaSic, is qurdebi, mkvlelebi da moZaladeebi,<br />

romlebmac danaSauli aRiares, zogjer sasamarTlo sistemis<br />

arasrulyofilebis gamo Tavs iZvrenen xolme. moqalaqeebi<br />

mosamarTleebsa da politikosebs akisreben pasuxismgeblobas im<br />

SiSisaTvis, romelic RamiT maT qalaqs mosvenebis saSualebas ar<br />

aZlevs. `rogorc Cans, kanonmdeblobaSi raRac xarvezi arsebobs,<br />

raki aseTi danaSauli xdeba~, _ acxadeben isini.

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Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />

magaliTi # 2<br />

xandazmuli qalbatoni meri, romelsac axlaxan Seusrulda oTxmocdaaTi<br />

weli, marto cxovrobs im saxlSi, romelic man da misma<br />

meuRlem patara qalaqSi aiSenes daaxloebiT samocdaxuTi wlis<br />

win. meris sakuTar Tavze zrunva SeuZlia da moxucebulTa saxlSi<br />

gadasvla ar surs. asakis Sesaferisi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas<br />

Tavisi mokrZalebuli pensiiT is metnaklebad axerxebs,<br />

vidre saxlis gasaTbobad saWiro sawvavis fasi katastrofulad ar<br />

gaizrdeba; amis Semdeg, misi danazogi sxva xandazmuli moqalaqeebis<br />

danazogTa msgavsad, yovelwliurad iklebs. gasulma orma<br />

zamTarma, romelic gansakuTrebiT mkacri iyo, TiTqmis amowura<br />

meris piradi finansebi. meris imedi sagazeTo statiam daubruna,<br />

romelic ityobineboda, rom mTavrobam SemoiRo kanoni, raTa sawvavis<br />

subsidiebT uzrunvelyos xandazmulebi. miuxedavad amisa,<br />

cxel xazze darekviT man Seityo, rom bankSi mis angariSze Tanxis<br />

arsebobamde, is subsidias ver miiRebs. meri sasowarkveTilia: `ra<br />

xdeba Cems Tavs? Cans, mTavroba ver moisvenebs, sanam ufulo da<br />

usaxlkaro ar viqnebi. sad aris am qveynad samarTali?~<br />

damnaSavisa da moxuci qalbatonis SemTxveva TvalsaCinos xdis, rom<br />

yoveldRiuri politikis praqtikuli problemebi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT,<br />

mxolod calkeul individebze axdens gavlenas, samarTlianobis an<br />

sazogadoebrivi interesis dacvis mudmivi Ziebis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba.<br />

sxva sityvebiT, sakiTxebi met­naklebad politikuria im zomiT, ra zomiTac<br />

saxelmwifo Zalaufleba gavlenas axdens calkeul moqalaqeTa cxovrebasa<br />

da keTildReobaze.<br />

politikis ZiriTadi cnebebi<br />

<strong>politika</strong>s sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven _ rogorc `SesaZleblis<br />

xelovnebas~, moZRv re bas `vin ras, rodis da sad iRebs~, `faseulobebis avtoritetul<br />

ganawilebas~ da a. S. SeiZlebadefiniciaze verc SevTanxmdeT,<br />

magram zogadad vxvdebiT, rodis gvaqvs saqme plitikasTan. iseve, rogorc<br />

adamianis codnis nebismier sxva sferos, politikur mecnierebasac _ politikis<br />

sistemur Seswavlas _ aqvs sakuTari terminebi da ena. am enis Seswavlas<br />

mniSvelovani politikuri wonis mqone `sami patara sityviT~ _ wesrigi,<br />

Zalaufleba da samarTlianoba _ daviwyebT.<br />

wesrigi<br />

arsebobs ramodenime donis wesrigi. politikuri gagebiT, wesrigi aRniS ­<br />

navs im struqturebs, wesebs, ritualebs, procedurebsa da Cveulebebs,<br />

21

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22<br />

romle bic politikur sistemas Seadgenen. igi dafuZnebulia sazogadoe­<br />

brivi wyobi lebis (an martivad rom vTqvaT `sazogadoebis~) saZirkvelze.<br />

zustad ra aris sazogadoeba? sazogadoeba, rogorc mas Tanamedrove konteqstSi<br />

viyenebT, mWidro kavSirSia sityva TemTan an erTobasTan, romelic<br />

saerTo identobis pirTa gaerTianebaa. Cveulebriv, identoba, nawilobriv<br />

mainc, gansazRvrulia geografiiT, radgan adamianebi, romlebic erTmaneTis<br />

axlos cxovroben, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs icnoben, laparakoben erTsa da<br />

imave enaze, aqvT saerTo Rirebulebebi, interesebi da gamocdileba. xandaxan,<br />

saerTo miznis gancdis an politikuri erTgulebis safuZvelze, gansxvavebuli<br />

jgufebi qmnian axal Tems, magram rogorc 1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />

sabWoTa kavSirisa da iugoslaviis daSlam gvaCvena, axali socialuri<br />

wyobis Seqmna, kargad stuqturirebuli politikuri sistemis pirobebSic<br />

ki, advili araa.<br />

mTavroba, (xelisufleba) qmnis savaldebulo wesebs, romelTa saSualebiT<br />

marTavs sazogadoebas. rogor SeiZleba msoflioSi mmarTvelobis mravalgvari<br />

formebis kategoriebad dayofa? tradiciulad, saxelmwifoebi<br />

iyofa respublikebad (sadac suvereniteti sabolood xalxis xelSia) da<br />

saxelmwifoebad, sadac suvereniteti mmarTvelTa xelSia _ monarqiad an<br />

tiraniad. dReisaTvis, TiTqmis yvela respublika demokratiuli (anu warmomadgenlobiTi)<br />

respublikaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba arCeuli<br />

warmomadgenlebis xelSia, romlebic xalxis winaSe arian pasuxismgebelni. 1<br />

zogierTi politologi erTmaneTisgan ubralod ganasxvavebs demok ratiul,<br />

sadac tardeba Tavisufali arCevnebi, da diqtaturul saxelmwifoebs,<br />

sa dac aseTi ram ar xdeba. sxvebi, vinc met yuradRebas aqcevs ekonomikas,<br />

ganasxvave ben kapitalisturi anu bazarze dafuZnebuli sistemebis mqone da<br />

socialis tur anu saxelmwifos mier regulirebuli sistemebis mqone saxelmwifoebs.<br />

dabo los, ganviTarebad qveynebSi mTavrobas iseTi saxis gamowvevebTan,<br />

probleme b Tan, sirTuleebTan uxdeba gamklaveba, romleb Tan brZola<br />

ganviTarebul qveynebs ar sWirdeba; amitom gasakviri araa, rom msoflios<br />

mdidar da Rarib regionebSi sakmaod gansxvavebuli mmarTve lobebis formebi<br />

gvxvdeba.<br />

Tanamedrove msoflioSi, saxelmwifo aris suverenitetis erTaderTi<br />

adgilsamyofeli. suve renuli saxelmwifo aris sazRvrebiT mkafiod Semofargluli<br />

mTli anoba, romelsac erTi xelisufleba ganagebs. politikis<br />

enaze, saxelmwifo igivea, rac qveyana (ingliisur enaSi state aRniSnavs saxelmwifosac<br />

da Statsac. mTargm. SeniSvna). magaliTad, SegviZlia safrangeTi<br />

movixsenioT rogorc `saxelmwifo~ an `qveyana~.<br />

eri Sedgeba adamianTa gansxvavebuli jgufebisagan, romelTac aer­<br />

Tianebs saerTo warsuli da Semdeg niSan­TvisebaTagan yvela an erTi mainc:<br />

geografiuli mdebareoba, istoria, rasobrivi an eTnikuri kuTv nileba, religia,<br />

ena, kultura da saerTo politikuri ideebis rwmena. am CamonaTvalis<br />

saTaveSi geografiuli mdebareoba im mizeziT moxvda, rom erTi eris warmomadgenlebs,<br />

rogorc wesi, axasiaTebT kuTvnilebis Zlieri koleqtiuri<br />

grZnoba, romelic dakavSirebulia konkretul geogra fiul teritoriasTan,

---

Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />

romlisTvis sabrZolvelad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki misTvis sikvdilisTvisac<br />

mzad arian xolme.<br />

erebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian warsulisa da homogenurobis (erTgvarovnebis<br />

anu wevrTa msgavsebis) mixedviT. qveynebi, romlebsac SedarebiT<br />

erTgvarovani mosaxleoba hyavs, ZiriTadad evropaSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad,<br />

poloneTi Zalian homogenuri eria, iseve rogorc skandinaviuri qveynebi<br />

(dania, SvedeTi da norvegia), fineTi, safrangeTi, avstria, portugalia da saberZneTi.<br />

ufro araerTgvarovania didi britaneTi, germania, niderlandebi,<br />

espaneTi da italia, mag ram aqac erT saxelmwifo enaze laparakoben (Tumca<br />

qveynis sxvada sxva nawilSi sxvadasxva dialeqtzec saubroben). belgia kontinentze<br />

im mcirericxovan qveynebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic mkafiodaa gayofili<br />

kulturuli da lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT (frangulad molaparake<br />

valonebad da holandiurad molaparake flamandielebad). misgan gansxavevebiT,<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rogorc imigrantebis saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebuli<br />

mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. magram `sadnobi qvabi~ sabolood<br />

yvela axalCamosuls amerikuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad nakadSi aqcevs (asimilirebas<br />

axdens), riTac amkvidrebs saerTo erovnulobas. 2<br />

aSkaraa, rom eri-saxelmwifos, rogorc ideis da rogorc idealis fesvebi,<br />

konkretul droSi da adgilas unda veZioT: es axali drois evropis,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleT evropis istoriaa. igi naklebad miesadageba<br />

msoflios sxva regionebs, sadac suverenuli saxelmwifoebis (romelTagan<br />

bevri meore msoflio omamde evropuli qveynebis kolonia iyo) politikuri<br />

sazRvrebi xSi rad ar emTxveva eTnikur Tu kulturul sazRvrebs. zogierT<br />

SemTxvevaSi, eTnikuri, religiuri Tu tomobrivi dajgufebebi, romlebic<br />

tradiciulad erTmaneTs Zlier emterebodnen, aRmoCndnen axal `saxelmwifoSi~,<br />

ris Sedegadac miviReT arastabilurobisa da samoqalaqo omebis<br />

maRali riskis mqone sazogadoebebi.<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdgomma dekolonizaciam dasabami misca bevr<br />

erTbaSad Seqmnil mravalerovnul saxelmwifos, romlebSic bevri erovnuli<br />

jgufi (eTnikuri Tu tomobrivi) axal sazogadoebriv wyobaSi asimilirebuli<br />

ar iyo. mravali aTwleulis Semdegac es problemad rCeba; am axal<br />

saxelmwifoebSi erad Camoyalibeba Soreuli perspeqtivaa. argumentis gasa­<br />

Zliereblad ramdenime magaliTs mo viyvanT. 1967 wels, nigeria gaafTrebul<br />

samoqalaqo omSi CaiZira, romlis drosac erTi didi eTnikuri jgufi (ibo)<br />

warumateblad Seecada qveyanas gamoyofoda da damoukidebeli saxelmwifo<br />

Seeqmna. 1994 wels, ruandaSi mow me gavxdiT Tanamedroveobis erT­erTi<br />

yvelaze didi xocva­Jletisa, romelSic hutus ufro mravalricxovani tomis<br />

warmomadgenlebi tutsis tomis asiaTasobiT adamians, qalebisa da bavSvebis<br />

CaTvliT, sastikad gauswordnen. sruliad uadgilo da gaumarTlebelia<br />

indoeTis eri­saxelmwifod miCneva, radganac aq aseulobiT enasa da<br />

dia leqtze laparakoben, xSiria Setakebebi indusebsa da muslimebs Soris,<br />

agreTve penjabSi Zaladobis talRis sporaduli agoreba meomari sinxebis<br />

monawileobiT. Sri­lankaze (yofili ceiloni) indusi Tamilebi didi xania<br />

awarmo eben partizanul oms sinhalelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic budistebi<br />

arian da mosaxleobis umravleso bas Seadgenen.<br />

23

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24<br />

saxelmwifoebi daiSala evropis slavur nawilSic, ZvelisZveli eTnikuri<br />

dapirispirebebis ga mo. sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia da Cexoslovakia im<br />

saxel mwifoTa magaliTia, romlebic 1990­ian wlebSi Signidan daiSalnen.<br />

dabolos, arseboben saxelmwifos armqone erebi, magaliTad, pa les tinelebi<br />

da qurTebi. maT saerTo identobis (an Temis) grZnoba aqvT, magram<br />

samSob lo ar gaaCniaT. sa xelmwifos gareSe maTi arseboba qmnis Zalze aramdgrad<br />

situacias, rac yvelaze aSkarad axlo aRmosavleTSi Cans.<br />

Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi<br />

mTavrobebisa da maTi liderebis unari _ SeimuSavon, miiRon da cxovrebaSi<br />

gaataron we sebi, waxalisebisa an sasjelis meSveobiT gavlena iqonion<br />

individebisa Tu jgufebis qcevaze, Seadgens Zalauflebas. mis gareSe xelisufleba<br />

ver Sei narCunebs mSvidobas, ver uzrunvelyofs usafrTxoebas,<br />

ver miscems stimuls ekonomikur zrdas da ver gaatarebs efeqtian <strong>politika</strong>s.<br />

Tumca, politikuri Zalauflebis Sedegiani gamoyeneba gaci lebiT mets<br />

gulisxmobs, vidre fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis unars. marTlac, arsebobs<br />

Zalauf lebis mravali da gansxvavebuli wyaro. damajerebeli saarCevno mandati,<br />

oratoruli niWi, simdidre an represiuli saidumlo policia _ yvela<br />

es Zalauflebis gansxvavebuli wyaroa. ra Tqma unda, rac ufro meti Zalauflebis<br />

wyaro (an resursi) arsebobs, miT metia mTavrobis SesaZleblobebi.<br />

sust mTavrobas xSirad didi zianis motana ar xelewifeba (yovel SemTxveva­<br />

Si, pirdapir mainc), magram kargis gakeTebis SesaZ leblobac iSviaTad aqvs.<br />

nebismier sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifoSi SeuZlebelia Zalauf lebis Tanabrad<br />

gada nawileba. magram, ramdenime adamianis xelSi Zalauflebis koncentrirebis<br />

saWiroeba moqalaqeTa umravlesobaSi kiTxvebs da eWvebs badebs.<br />

vis xelSia Zalaufleba da gamoiyeneben Tu ara Zalauflebas efeq tianad? _<br />

es saerTo keTildReobisaTvis mniSv ne lovani sakiTxebia. amitom, kiTxva `vin<br />

marTavs?~ SeiZleba Zalze sakamaTo politikuri sakiTxi iyos. xandaxan pasuxi<br />

Zalze martivia, sakmarisia Caixedo qveynis konstituciaSi da gaecno<br />

misi xelisuflebis qmedebebs. magram, Tuki xelisufleba saidumlo burus­<br />

Sia gaxveuli an, rogorc es xSirad xdeba, Zalauflebis araformaluri modeli<br />

mkveTrad gansxvavdeba qveynis mTavar kanonSi gawerili formaluri<br />

struqturebisagan, SesaZloa rTuli iyos imis gamovlena, rea lurad vin<br />

marTavs. nebismier sa xelmwifoSi, politikuri Tanamdebobebisa da Zalauflebis<br />

mqone pirTa ricxvi Zalze mcirea mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobas­<br />

Tan SedarebiT. `vin marTavs~ da `ramdenad efeqtianad~ _ am kiTxvebTan er­<br />

Tad, aranakleb mniSvelovania kiTxva: upyria Tu ara mmarTvels politikuri<br />

Zalaufleba kanonierad.<br />

am mxriv mniSvnelovania erTmaneTs davukavSiroT ori cneba: Zalaufleba<br />

da avtoriteti. inglisur enaSi Sesabamisi terminebi (power da authority) xandaxan<br />

sinonimuradac ki ixmareba, anu sityva authority zog konteqstSi Sei­<br />

Zleba vTargmnoT rogor “xelisufleba”, zogan ki – rogorc “avtoriteti”.<br />

Zalaufleba da avtoriteti politikuri xelisuflebis or sxvadasxva gan­

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Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />

zomilebas aRniSnavs. mao Zedunma, CineTis komunistma liderma, erTxel<br />

Tqva, rom Zalaufleba Tofis lulidan momdinareobs. es sworia, magram<br />

amasTanave Zalze gadaWarbebulic. politikuri Zalaufleba nawilobriv<br />

marTlac gamomdinareobs iZulebis instrumentebis (policia, uSiSroebis<br />

samsaxuri, SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi, jari) flobidan, magram ara mxolod<br />

aqedan. is SeiZleba emyarebodes simdidres, pirovnul qarizmas, ideologias,<br />

religias, an Tundac kerZo piris Tu jgufis moralur avtoritets mocemul<br />

sazogadoebaSi.<br />

amdenad, xelisuflebis realuri ganxorcielebisTvis Tofis lula ar<br />

kmara: mis garda, da SesaZloa masze ufro metad, mas sWirdeba normebi, romlebic<br />

sazogadoebis did umravlesobas aRiarebuli da gaTavisebuli aqvs.<br />

es normebi sxvadasxva zomiT fesvgadgmulia qcevis zneobriv, religiur da<br />

samarTlebriv kodeqsebSi. xelisufleba rogorc avtoritetiT aRWurvili<br />

Zalaufleba (anu authority, rogorc mas inglisurad eZaxian) gulisxmobs legitimurobas<br />

– mdgomareobas, roca Zalauflebis gamoyeneba misdevs garkveul<br />

institutebs da wesebs, xolo adamianebi maT iZulebis gareSe emorCilebian<br />

da samarTlianad da sworad miiCneven. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom es gansaz­<br />

Rvreba sulac ar gulisxmobs, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis erTaderTi<br />

legitimuri formaa. piriqiT, monarqia an diqtaturis sxva nairsaxeobac Sei­<br />

Zleba legitimuri iyos. Tu gvinda <strong>gavigoT</strong>, gvaqvs Tu ara saqme legitimur<br />

xelisuflebasTan, is ki ar unda vikiTxoT, aqvT Tu ara adamianebs arCevneb­<br />

Si monawileobis, gaficvis an ukmayofilebis sajarod gamoxatvis ufleba,<br />

aramed is, Tu ramdenad uRirT maT es uflebebi (an romelime maTgani). Tu<br />

xalxi kmayofilia arsebuli politikuri wesrigiT (imis miuxedavad, aqvs Tu<br />

ara arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba), mmarTveloba legitimuri yofila. ese<br />

igi, Zalaufleba avtoritetiTac yofila aRWurvili, risi bunebrivi Sedegic<br />

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis stabilurobaa. istoriam sakmarisad bevri magaliTi<br />

mogvca imisa, rom SesaZlebelia Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba (uzurpacia)<br />

da saxalxo mandatis an sazogadoebis mxardaWeris, moraluri, religiuri<br />

Tu samarTlebrivi dasayrdenis gareSe qveynis marTva. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

gvaqvs xelisufleba avtoritetis anu legitimurobis gareSe. Zalauflebis<br />

amgvari uzurpaciis magaliTebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

mravlad moiZebneba axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi, aziaSi da<br />

sxvagan; 1980­ian wlebamde msgavsi ram xSiri iyo laTinur amerikaSic.<br />

avtoritets Tu legitimurobas ZaliT xelSi ver Caigdeb: igi SeiZleba<br />

daimkvidro, an masze pretenzia gamoTqva. Tumca, cariel legitimurobasac<br />

azri ara aqvs, Tu mmarTvelobis realuri berketebi ar gagaCnia. legitimurobis<br />

xarisxze didwilad aris damokidebuli is, problemad xom ar eqceva<br />

mmarTvel gunds Zalauflebis SenarCuneba da ramdenad dasWirdeba mas saamisod<br />

Zalis gamoyeneba. Tu xalxi ar cnobs xelisuflebis avtoritets, aralegitimuri<br />

mmarTvelebi arCevanis winaSe dgebian: an uari Tqvan Zalauflebaze,<br />

an CaaxSon TavianTi mowinaaRmdegeebi. Tavis mxriv, is, gaamarTlebs Tu<br />

ara samTavrobo represiebi, or ramezea damokidebuli: erTis mxriv, ramdenad<br />

farTo da mtkicea opozicia, meorec, gaaCnia Tu ara mTavrobas sakmarisi<br />

finansuri resursebi da iZulebis meqanizmebi, rom oponentebi daamarcxos<br />

da Semdgomi gamowvevebi Tavidan aicilos.<br />

25

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26<br />

zogadad, mmarTvelebisTvis yovelTvis jobia, hqondeT sazogadoebis<br />

mxardaWera, vidre ar hqondeT. es principi mieyeneba ara mxolod demokratiebs,<br />

aramed diqtaturebsac, Tundac imitom, rom xangrZlivi represiebi<br />

sakmaod Zviri jdeba. cxadia, rom Tu xalxi pativs scems Tavis mmarTvelebs<br />

da iZulebis an Zalis gamoyenebis muqaris gareSe emorCileba dadgenil wesebs,<br />

sazogadoebaSi wesrigis da stabilurobis SenarCuneba gacilebiT advildeba.<br />

metic, daTrgunuli, ukmayofilo da daCagruli adamianebi sakmarisad<br />

motivirebuli da nayofieri muSakebic ver iqnebian – wina saukuneSi<br />

swored es aRmoCnda bevri diqtaturis aqilevis qusli. aRmosavleT evropasa<br />

da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi komunisturi wyobis damxoba didwilad am<br />

faqtormac ganapiroba.<br />

samarTlianoba<br />

imis gamo, rom marTulebi yovelTvis mmarTvelebze metni arian, warmoiqmneba<br />

gansxvavebuli, arcTu iSviaTad dapirispirebuli mosazrebebi<br />

xe lisu f lebis politikis da programebis samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. xSirad<br />

amtkiceben, rom moqalaqeTa erTi nawilis danarCen nawilze batonoba<br />

(mmarTveloba) misa Rebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sazogadoebrivi<br />

interesebisT vis xelsayrelia. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba<br />

samarT li anobis sakiTxis meSveobiT unda iqnas gawonasworebuli:<br />

Zalauf leba sa marTlianad, marTulTa interesebis dacviT xorcieldeba Tu<br />

mxolod mmarTvelTa sasar geblod gamoi yeneba? 2000 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi,<br />

politikis damkvirveblebi ganasxva veben politikuri Zalauf lebis<br />

gamoyenebas, erTi mxriv sajaro, xolo, meore mxriv, piradi interesebisaTvis.<br />

es adasturebs, ramdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs samarT lianobas politikur<br />

cxovrebaSi.<br />

samarTlianobis sakiTxis dasmis saSualebas yvela saxelmwifo ar iZle<br />

va; marTlac, Tuki istorias gadavavlebT Tvals, saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba<br />

swored ase iqceoda. dResac ki, zogierTi mTavroba sastikad da<br />

Tanamimdevrulad devnis politikur diskusiebsa da debatebs, radgan<br />

eSinia, rom Tuki sazogadoebis yu radReba samarTlianobis da sazogadi<br />

sikeTis ZiriTad sakiTxebze SeCerdeba, arsebuli politikuri wyobis legitimuroba<br />

SeiZleba safrTxeSi aRmoCndes. Zalian xSirad xelisuflebis<br />

mmarTvelobis meTodis kritikam SeiZleba kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos xelisuflebis<br />

zneobrivi da kano nieri ufleba, marTos qveyana. es erT­erTi<br />

mizezia imisa, ratomaa politikuri Tavisufleba ase mniSvnelovani. samarTlianobas<br />

xSi rad imis mixedviT gansazRvraven, ramdenad icavs mTavroba<br />

individis uflebebs (esaa, bunebiTi, adamianisa da samoqalaqo uflebebi).<br />

amaTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani is uflebebia, romelic saSualebas aZlevs<br />

moqalaqes, eWvi Seitanos mTavrobis qmedebis samarT lianobaSi.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia sazogado sikeTis sa kiTxebis miCumaTeba,<br />

maTi sabolood CaxSoba SeuZlebelia. kiTxvebi, romeli mmarTvelia<br />

kanonieri an romeli politikuri kursia sasurveli, TavisTavad Cndeba

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Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />

yoveldRiur saubrebSi. es, rogorc Cans, adamia nis bunebaSi Zevs. berZeni filosofosi<br />

aristotele (384­322 Zv. w.) SeniSnavda, rom cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

romlebsac mxolod siamovnebis da tkivilis gamomxatveli xmebis<br />

gamocema SeuZliaT, adamiani gamoiyenebs gonebas da enas `raTa gamoxatos,<br />

ra aris sasargeblo da ra aris samarTliani da usamarTlo~. amitom, gansxvavebiT<br />

sxva cxovelebisagan, `mxo lod adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTe beli<br />

si keTisa da borotebis, samar T lianobis da usamarTlobis gancda...~ 3 aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, adamianis unari ga napirobebs zneobrivi gansjis SesaZleblobis<br />

da politikuri diskusiis aucileblobasac.<br />

moqalaqeebs politikuri usamarTlobis Sesaxeb sakuTari moTxovnebis gacxadeba<br />

mravali gziT, maT Soris demonstraciebisa da saprotesto aqciebis saSualebiT,<br />

SeuZliaT. 1995 wlis oqtomberSi luis faraxanis momxreTa milioniani saprotesto<br />

aqciis erT­erTi mizani iyo imis garkveva, samarTlianad epyrobodnen Tu ara<br />

afro­amerikel moqalaqeebs SeerTebul StatebSi.<br />

rogor swavloben <strong>politika</strong>s<br />

berZeni filosofosi aristotele iTvleba politikuri mecnierebis<br />

ma mamTavrad. 4 is ara marto werda <strong>politika</strong>sa da eTikaze, ara med aRwera<br />

sxva dasxva politikuri wyoba da maTi klasifikaciisa da Sefasebis sqemac<br />

dagvitova. aris totelesaTvis politikuri mecniereba ubralod politikur<br />

Ziebas niSnavda. amitom, am dargis mecnieri misTvis aris is, vinc sistematuri<br />

Ziebis gziT politikis WeSmariti bunebis amoxsnas cdilobs. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />

politikis Seswavlisadmi aristoteleseul, 2000­ze meti wlis<br />

winandel midgomas, bevri saerTo aqvs imasTan, ras akeTeben Tanamedrove<br />

27

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28<br />

politologebi. Tumca, aristoteles Semdeg am disciplinam mniSvnelovani<br />

cvlilebebi ganicada.<br />

dRes ar arsebobs konsensusi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romelia politikis Seswavlis<br />

saukeTeso saSualeba. amis gamo, saxezea mravalwaxnagovani disciplina,<br />

romelSic sxvadasxva mecnieri sxvadasxva midgomas irCevs, svams gansxvavebul<br />

SekiTxvebs da sxvadasxva auditorias mimarTavs. miRebuli nazavi sulac<br />

araa urigo. ufro me tic, igi asa xavs disciplinis mravalferovnebasa da mniSvnelobas,<br />

ise ve rogorc adamianis aqtivobis im usazRvro sivrces, romelic<br />

politikurma mecnierebam unda moicvas. Semdeg gverdebze ganvixilavT imas,<br />

ratom da rogor Seiswavlian Tanamedrove politologebi <strong>politika</strong>s.<br />

ra mizniT?<br />

garkveuli gagebiT, politikuri mecniereba arafriT ar gansxvavdeba biologiis,<br />

istoriis an fsiqologiisagan. iseve rogorc sxva mecnierebaTa Semswavleli<br />

mkvlevarebi eZieben WeSmaritebas Sesabamis sferoSi, politikuri<br />

mecnierebis mimdevrebic cdiloben Caswvdnen WeSmaritebas politikisa da<br />

xelisuflebis Sesaxeb.<br />

codnis miRebis garda, politikis gegmazomier Seswavlas praqtikuli<br />

upiratesobebic aqvs. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis interesTa jgufebis<br />

Se swavla ara mxolod mdidar informacias gvaZlevs maTi raodenobis, Semadgenlobisa<br />

da gavlenis Sesaxeb, aramed am ukanasknelT aCvenebs im gzebs, romlebiTac<br />

maT SeuZliaT ufro efeqtianad imoqmedon. garda amisa, sazogadoebrivi<br />

azris gamo kiTxvebi aCvenebs amomr Cevels, Tu ra Sedegebs unda elodnen<br />

arCevnebisgan, aseve exmareba kandidatebs saarCevno kampaniis dagegmvasa da<br />

ama Tu im regionsa an StatSi saarCevno taqtikis daxvewaSi (ix. Tavi X). analogiurad,<br />

sagareo politikis an saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eqsperti ara<br />

mxolod flobs informacias amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier bolo 25<br />

weliwadSi xelmowerili da ratificirebuli xelSekrulebebis Se saxeb, aramed<br />

SeuZlia Camoayalibos rekomendaciebi imis Taobaze, ra garTulebebsa<br />

da grZelvadian Sedegebs gamoiRebs axal aliansSi Sesvla an sakuTar Tavze<br />

msoflio masStabis axali valdebulebebis aReba (ix. Tavi XVIII).<br />

Tumca, xSirad eqspertebi da specialistebi ver pouloben saerTo enas.<br />

politikur mecnierebaSi, es SeuTanxmeloba scildeba konkre tul Temebs<br />

da moicavs Zireul sakiTxebs, magaliTad, iseTs rogoricaa politikis Sesaxeb<br />

`WeSmariti~ mecnierebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba an SeuZlebloba;<br />

unda cdilobdes Tu ara politikuri mecniereba iwinaswarmetyvelos movlenebi<br />

ise zustad, rogorc amas qimikosebi da fizikosebi akeTeben? unda<br />

wavuyenoT, mivusadagoT Tu ara politikis mecnierebs igive standartebi,<br />

rac vTqvaT, meteorologebs? imi saTvis, rom <strong>gavigoT</strong> politologebs Soris<br />

arsebuli mravalferovneba, Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT is, rasac<br />

Cveulebriv `meTodolo gias~ uwodeben.

---

a meTodebiT?<br />

Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />

politologTa klasifikaciis araerTi principi arsebobs. Tumca, Se v­<br />

CerdebiT Tanamedrove politikur mecnierebaSi arsebul or mimarTule baze:<br />

tradicionalistebi bihevioralistebis, xolo politikuri ekonomistebi _<br />

mar q sistebis winaaRmdeg. gaiTvaliswineT, rom es kategoriebi erTma neTs ar<br />

gamo ricxavs da mecnierebi xSirad sxvada sxva midgomas aerTianeben.<br />

tradiciuli midgoma. politikis ZiriTadi elementebis codnasTan erTad,<br />

tradicionalistebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben Sefasebas. isini cdiloben<br />

Seafason ara mxolod is, rogor muSaobs esa Tu is <strong>politika</strong>, procesi an instituti,<br />

aramed isic, ramdenad kargad muSaobs igi garkveuli zneob rivi Tu<br />

kanonieri standartebis gaTvalis winebiT. magaliTad, kongresis sakomiteto<br />

sistemis, birTvuli safrTxis, an gaerTianebuli erebis qmediTunaria nobis<br />

ganxilvisas, isini sakiTxs ase dasvamdnen: `arsebobs ukeTesi alternativa?~<br />

msgavsi SefasebisTvis arsebobs mravalgvari kriteriumi _ es SeiZleba<br />

iyos filosofia da formaluri logika, konstituciebi, xelSekru lebebi,<br />

oficialur dokumentTa teqstebi, sasamarTlo saqmeebi, eqspertTa azrebi<br />

da sxv. amas garda, kvlevis Tematikisa da meTodebis SerCeva xSirad<br />

imis mixedviT xdeba, ra miaCnia konkretul mkvlevars yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad.<br />

maga liTad, naSromi xelisuflebis (aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo<br />

da sasamarTlo Stoebs Soris) danawilebis Sesaxeb, konstituciis mimoxilviT<br />

daiwyeboda, raSic udavod jeims medisonis `federalistSi~ (1787­88<br />

ww.) gamoqveynebuli cnobili komentarebic Sevidoda. an, kvleva SeiZleba<br />

yuradRebas amaxvilebdes im ekonomikur interesebze, romlebsac damfuZneblebi<br />

gamoxatavdnen, an im socia lur klasze, romlis warmomadgenelic<br />

praqtikulad yvela damfuZnebeli iyo _ mag ram aseTi midgoma mkvlevars<br />

ukve tradiciuli politikuri mecnierebis sazRvrebs miRma ga iy vanda bihevioralizmis,<br />

politikuri ekonomikis an gamoricxuli araa, marqsistuli<br />

analizis sferoSi. modiT, axla bihevioralizmi ganvixiloT.<br />

bihevioralistuli midgoma, tradicionalisturisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

romelic aqcents politikis normatiul sakiTxebze akeTebs, met yurad­<br />

Rebas mecnierul meTods uTmobs. es msoflmxedveloba, romelic meore<br />

msoflio omis Semdeg gavrcelda, politikuri qcevisa da politikuri<br />

procesebis di na mikisa da Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebis ufro<br />

konkretul amocanas isa xavs miznad. tradicionalisti politologebisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, bihevio ralistebi, Cveulebriv, eridebian politikis<br />

Sesaxeb moralur Tu filosofiur Sefasebebs (daskvnebs), radgan miaCniaT,<br />

rom aseTi Sefasebebi araferia, Tu ara spekulacia da maTi mecnierulad<br />

dasa buTeba SeuZlebelia.<br />

bihevioralisti mecnierebi arad agdeben `Rirebulebebs~, mis magier<br />

upi ratesobas `faqtebze~ dayrdnobas aniWeben (arsebobs Tu ara politikur<br />

cxovrebaSi aSkara gansxvaveba Rirebulebebsa da faqtebs Soris, is sakiT xia,<br />

romelsac saTanado yuradReba iSviaTad eqceva). bihevioralistebi iyene­<br />

29

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30<br />

ben mecnierul meTods, romelic kargadaa nacnobi iseTi dargebis mkvlevarTaTvis,<br />

rogoricaa biologia, fizika da qimia da svamen iseT SekiTxvebs,<br />

romlebzec pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia mxo lod kvleviTi proeqtis Sedgenis,<br />

empiriuli monacemebis Seg rovebis, statistikuri analizis meTodebis<br />

gamoyenebisa da hipoTezis dasa buTebisaTvis saWiro eqsperimentebis Catarebis<br />

gziT. zogierTi bihevioralisti deduqciur meTodebs ufro mimar­<br />

Tavs vidre induqciurs, qmnis rTul maTematikur modelebs, raTa axsna<br />

mouZebnos amomrCevelTa, politikur partiaTa, gada wyvetilebis mimRebTa,<br />

koaliciis wevrTa da sxvaTa qcevas. am suliskveTebiT, ukve naxevar saukuneze<br />

metia, rTuli statistikuri da maTematikuri kvlevebi tardeboda omis<br />

korelatebisa (dakavSirebuli cnebebis) da mizezebis dasadgenad.<br />

bihevioralistuli midgomis erTi magaliTi dagvexmareba misi me To ­<br />

debis aR weraSi. 1996 wlis dekemberSi, erT cnobil samecniero Jur nalSi<br />

gamoqveynda kvlevis _ `arCevnebSi monawileobis maCveneblebis (amomr­<br />

CevelTa aqtiurobis) gavlena senatis da sa gubernatoro ar Cevnebze~,<br />

Sedegebi. 5 kvleva svamda Semdeg konkretul kiTxvas, romelze pasuxis<br />

gacema Teoriulad, raodenobrivi meTodis saSualebiT iyo SesaZ lebeli:<br />

marTalia Tu ara, rogorc es bevrs sje ra, rom amomrCevelTa ma Rali<br />

aq tiurobademokratiuli partiisTvisaa xelsayreli? ga vrcelebuli<br />

mosazreba, ro m amomrCevelTa ma Rali aqtiuroba exmareboda de mokratebs<br />

gamarjvebebis mopovebaSi, gu lisxmobda: (1) SedarebiT dabali socialurekonomikuri<br />

statusis mqone adamianebi ufro iSviaTad iRebdnen<br />

monawileobas arCevnebSi, vidre maRali socialur­ekonomi kuri statusis<br />

mqo neni; (2) rodesac izrdeboda amomrCevel Ta aqtiuroba, xmis misacemad<br />

arCevneb ze modioda ufro meti dabali socialur­ekonomikuri statusis<br />

mqo ne adamiani da (3) dabali so cialur­ekonomikuri statusis mqoneni ufro<br />

im parti as miscemdnen xmas, romelic, maTi azriT, ufro Sedegianad daicavda<br />

muSaTa kla sis intere sebs, kerZod, demokratiul partias. bevri politikuri<br />

eqpertisaT vis misaRebi aRmoCnda es Teoria, romlis mixedviT, uka nasknel<br />

arCevnebze res publikelTa gamarjvebebi amomrCevelTa dabal aqtiurobas<br />

SeiZleba dab raleboda. po li tikosebmac daijeres, rom amomrCevelTa<br />

maRali aqtiuroba de mokratebs exmareboda, rac erT­erTi mizezi gaxda imisa,<br />

ratom uWerdnen, ro gorc wesi, demokratebi mxars (xolo respublikelebi<br />

ewinaaRmdegebodnen) 1995 wlis amomrCevelTa registraciis erovnul aqts<br />

(kanonma ioli gaxada amomrCevelTa registraciis procedurebi).<br />

mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes statistikuri monacemebi dawyebuli 1928 wli dan<br />

da Seiswavles 1 842 Statebis donis, senatoris _ 983 da gubernatoris 859 arCevnebi.<br />

kvlevaSi ar Sevida ori tipis arCevnebi _ (1) samxreTis StatebSi 1928 da<br />

1965 wlebs Soris Catarebuli arCevnebi, romlebSic, faqtobrivad, gamarjvebis<br />

realuri San sis mqone mxolod erTi partia (demokratiuli partia) monawileobda<br />

da (2) arCevnebi, romlebSic mesame partiis kandidatebma miiRes xmaTa 5 procentze<br />

meti. maTematikuri testis saSualebiT mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom 1928<br />

wlidan 1964 wlamde amomrCevelTa maRali aqtiuroba marTlac exmareboda demokratiul<br />

partias, magram 1964 wlis Semdeg Sedegebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda.<br />

senatorebis arCevnebSi, arCevnebis dRes amomrCevelTa aqtiurobasa

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Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />

da demokratebisaTvis mi cemul xmebis raodenobas Soris araviTari kavSiri<br />

ar arsebobda; gubernatore bis arCevnebSi, respublikelebi demokratebze<br />

odnav win iyvnen, Tumca statistiku rad sxvaoba umniSvnelo iyo.<br />

ratom gaqarwylda1964 wlis Semdeg amomr CevelTa aqtiurobis sayovelTaod<br />

miRebuli Teoria? miuxedavad imisa, rom es kiTxva kvlevis horizonts<br />

scildeboda, masze pasuxi exmaureboda kidev erT kompleqsur Teorias<br />

amerikeli amomrCevlis qcevis Sesaxeb. 1964 wlis Semdeg damoukidebel kandidatTa<br />

raodenobis zrdis Sedegad (Semcirda partiuli identifikacia da<br />

xmis winaswargansazRvruli micema), sul ufro rTuli gaxda imis gaangariSeba,<br />

romel partias mou tans mogebas amomr CevelTa aqtiurobis mateba.<br />

es rTuli kvleviTi proeqti moicavs im meTodologias, romelsac bihevioralisti<br />

politologebi iyeneben. bihevioralistebi, iseve rogorc sxva<br />

mkvlevari mecnierebi, codnis gzaze gakeTebuli patara nabijebiTac kmayofildebian.<br />

yo vel axal nabijs momaval kvlevasTan mivyavarT.<br />

adamianis qcevis Seswavla sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba airebis an laboratoriuli<br />

Tagvebis qcevis Seswavlisagan. adamianis qcevas TiTqmis yovelTvis<br />

mravalgvari axsna moeZebneba. uaRresad rTulia qcevis erTi romelime<br />

mizezi gamoarCio da gamoyo, ganasxvavo WeSmariti mizezi ubralo<br />

sta tistikuri korelaciisagan. magaliTad, ramdenime kvlevis Tanaxmad,<br />

damnaSaveebi, rogorc wesi, kanonmorCil moqalaqeebze naklebad Wkvianebi<br />

arian. Tuki asea, iqneb dabali inteleqtia danaSaulis mizezi (iqneb<br />

bevr damnaSaves ar esmis kanonis darRvevis Sedegebi an jildo, romelsac<br />

sazogadoeba survilebis `myisier~ dakmayofilebaze uaris TqmisaTvis<br />

iZleva)? rogor mimarTebaSia dabali inteleqti danaSaulis sxva korelatebTan<br />

(da mizezebTan), rogoricaa asaki, sqesi, pirovnuli tipi, bavSvobaSi<br />

gadata nili abuCad agdeba Tu uaryofa, an narkotikebsa da alkoholze<br />

damokidebuleba? ra SeiZleba iTqvas Tavisufal nebaze? unda<br />

vivaraudoT Tu ara, rom pasu xismgebeli sazogadoebaa da ara danaSaulis<br />

Camdeni individi?<br />

bihevioralisti da tradicionalisti politologebi xSirad ver Tanxmdebian<br />

ara marto imaze, rogor unda moxdes politikis Seswavla, aramed imazec,<br />

ra kiTxvebi unda daisvas. bihevioralistebi upiratesobas aniWeben konkretuli<br />

da viwrod gansazRvruli sakiTxebis gan xilvas, romlebzec pasuxs raodenobrivi<br />

meTodebis gamoyenebiT scemen. msgavsi kvlevebis Tvalsawie ris<br />

miRma rCeba politikis bevri, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki samarTlianoba sTan dakavSirebuli. iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa<br />

`ra aris samarTlianoba?~ an `romelia saukeTeso politikuri sistema?~ _<br />

ukug debulia, radgan maTze pasuxebi, rogorc amtkiceben, Seicavs <strong>politika</strong>ze<br />

subieqtur Sexedulebebs da Rire bulebiT Sefasebebs. amis pasuxad, tradicionalistebi<br />

amtkiceben, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki msgavsi sakiTxebis<br />

mecnierulad axs na SeuZlebelia, yvela RirebulebiTi Sefaseba rodia TviTneburi<br />

(piraduli) an ubralo cru rwmenaze dafuZnebuli. maTi mtkicebiT,<br />

politikis Seswavlis mxo lod im kiTxvebiT Semofargvla, romlebsac raodenobrivi<br />

pasuxebi moeZebnebaT, politikuri mecnierebis akademiur TamaSad<br />

gadaqcevis safrTxes Seicavs.<br />

31

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32<br />

adamianis qcevis sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sulac araa gasakviri, rom<br />

eqspertebi meTodologiaze kamaToben. kamaTi or mimarTulebas _ tradicionalistebsa<br />

da bihevioralistebs Soris, dRes naklebad intensiuria,<br />

vidre adre iyo xolme. orivem SesamCnevi wvlili Seitana politikisa da<br />

mmarTvelobis SeswavlaSi. politikis SeswavlaSi aseve mniSvnelovani wvlili<br />

Seitana politikurma ekonomikam da marqsizmma. axla am or, urTierTsawinaaRmdego<br />

midgo mas ganvixilavT.<br />

politikuri ekonomia. bevri politologi <strong>politika</strong>s politikuri ekonomikis<br />

prizmaSi ganixilavs. es gulisxmobs politikisa da makroekonomikis<br />

ara or gansxvavebul disciplinad, aramed erTi monetis or sxvadasxva mxared<br />

danaxvas. am gadasaxedidan, politikuri analizi, romelic ignorirebas<br />

ukeTebs ekonomikas, ugulvebelyofs realobas. aseve, politikisagan daclili<br />

ekonomikuri analizi mxolod fuWi Teoriuli savarjiSoa. realur<br />

samyaroSi, <strong>politika</strong> da ekonomika imdenad mWidrodaa erTmaneTze damokidebuli,<br />

rom maTi erTmaneTisagan daSoreba mzis Suqisa da dRis sinaTlis erTmaneTisagan<br />

daSorebis tolfasia.<br />

kiTxvebi, romlebic politekonomistebs awuxebT, momdinareobs politikis<br />

am gafarToebuli definiciisgan. ekonomika politikisagan gansxvavebul<br />

cnebebze akeTebs aqcents _ konfliqtis magier konkurencia ze, Zalauflebis<br />

nacvlad _ simdidreze, amomrCevlis nebis nacvlad _ momxmareblis<br />

arCevanze da a.S. amas garda, ekonomistebi politologebze metad arian orientirebuli<br />

fiskalur da fulad­sakredito <strong>politika</strong>ze _ gadasaxadebis<br />

da saxelm wifo xarjebis, saprocento ganakveTebisa da fuladi masis, tarifebisa<br />

da vaWrobis CaTvliT, _ rogorc gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTa<br />

xelSi mZlavr politikur inst rumentze. politologebi, meore mxriv, met<br />

yuradRebas uTmoben interesTa jgufebis gavlenas sajaro <strong>politika</strong>ze an<br />

iseTi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis politikur mniSvnelobas, rogoricaa<br />

saprocento ganakveTis cvlileba, xarjva deficitis dros, gadasaxadebis<br />

Semcireba, vaWrobis liberalizacia.<br />

politekonomistebi cdiloben orive sferos, politikisa da ekonomikis,<br />

saukeTeso mxareebi gaaerTianon, raTa miiRon maRali donis ana lizi,<br />

ganmartebisa da prognozis ufro maRali xarisxiT. politekonomikis meTodebi<br />

SedarebiTi da saerTaSoriso politikis, aseve, romelime erTi qveynis<br />

politikis, Seswavlis nayofieri saSualebaa. warmogidgenT politikuri<br />

ekonomikis pesrpeqtividan danaxuli samyaros mokle aRweras:<br />

1. msoflios materialuri simdidre cudadaa (araTanabradaa) ganawilebuli.<br />

RaribTa oTx mexuTedze meti cxovrobs or regionSi: afrikaSi _ saharis samxreTiT<br />

da samxreT aziaSi. 1998 wels CrdiloeT amerikasa da dasavleT evropaSi<br />

mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) erT sul mosaxleze ormocdaaTjer<br />

meti iyo, vidre saharis samxreTiT afrikaSi da ocdaTxuTmetjer meti vidre<br />

aziasa da wynari okeanis regionSi (sadac iseTi mdidari qveynebic Sedian,<br />

rogoric iaponia, samxreTi korea da taivania).<br />

2. ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi bevr qveyanaSi ekonomikuri<br />

zrdis maCveneblebma iklo, rac yvelaze mZimed swored Rarib regionebze

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Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />

aisaxa. ganviTarebad qveynebze zrdis tempis klebis gavlena yvelaze naTlad<br />

SeiZleba Sefasdes, Tuki zrdis temps SevadarebT mosaxleobis matebis<br />

temps, rac mTliani ekonomikisaTvis erT sul mosaxleze wliuri zrdis<br />

temps mogvcems. am sazomiT, bev ri ganviTarebadi qveynis ekonomikas, gansakuTrebiT<br />

afrikaSi saharis samxreTiT, aseve zogierT arabul qveyanasa da<br />

samxreT aziaSi, yovelwliurad ecleba nia dagi.<br />

3. simdidris ganawileba ganviTarebad (Rarib) qveynebsa da regionebSi ufro<br />

araTanabaria, vidre ganviTarebul (mdidar) qveynebsa da regionebSi. magaliTad,<br />

braziliaSi mosaxleobis 10 procentis mflobelobaSia qveynis simdidris<br />

50 procenti, xolo keniaSi, zambiaSi, perusa da meqsikaSi es maCvenebeli<br />

40 procentia. amis sapirispirod, aSS­sa da iaponiaSi, zeda 10 procenti<br />

flobs simdidris 25 procentze naklebs.<br />

zemomoyvanili aRwera naTlad aCvenebs, rogor gansazRvravs Cvens mier<br />

arCeuli midgoma an perspeqtiva imas, rasac davinaxavT an miviCnevT mniSvnelovnad.mkvlevris<br />

mier arCeuli Temebic da analizis meTodebic mniSvnelovanwiladaa<br />

gansazRv ruli im midgomiT, romelsac upiratesobas mivani­<br />

WebT. im midgomaTa Soris, romlebmac arsebiTi gavlena iqonies politikur<br />

mecnierebaze (da msoflio <strong>politika</strong>ze), sayuradReboa marqsistuli analizic,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, mogvwons igi Tu ara.<br />

marqsistuli midgoma. marqsizmi, rogorc ideologia, ganxilulia winamdebare<br />

naSromis me­5 da me­12 TavebSi. rogorc ideologia, marqsizmi samudamodaa<br />

dakavSirebuli memarcxene totalitarizmTan, yofil sabWoTa<br />

kavSirSi stali nisturi xanisa da msoflios sxva qveynebSi komunisturi re­<br />

Jimebis nairsaxeobebTan (dRemde SemorCenil, komunistebis mier marTul<br />

saxelmwifoTa Sorisaa CineTi, CrdiloeTi korea da kuba). mag ram arsebobs<br />

marqsis ideebis gamoye nebis gansxvavebuli gzac. mecnierebi komunistur<br />

qveynebSi iZulebuli arian marqsizmis oficialuri versia sajarod aRiaron,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, eTanxmebian Tu ara mas piradad. bevri mecnieri arakomunistur<br />

qveynebSi (aSS­is CaTvliT) miiCnevs, rom anali zis marqsiseuli<br />

kategoriebi sasargebloa politikur­ekonomikuri procesebis axsnisas. am<br />

mecnierTagan zogierTs SeiZleba hqondes piradi politikuri dRis wesrigi<br />

_ anu ideologiuri motivebi _ magram ukiduresad aramecnieruli iqneboda,<br />

yovelive socialisturis mimarT brma rwme nis gamo, demokratiuli kapitalizmis<br />

marqsiseuli kritikis ignorireba.<br />

aSS­Si, marqsizms mokrZalebuli akademiuri (da politikuri) mimzid veloba<br />

hqonda, nawilobriv civi omis da marqsizmsa da sabWouri stilis komunizms<br />

Soris aSkara kavSiris gamo. Tumca, bevr sxva qveyanaSi, marqsizmma rogorc<br />

saSinao, aseve sagareo doneze, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina politikis,<br />

ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis Seswavlaze.<br />

magaliTad, ganviTarebadi qveynebiT dainteresebul mkvlevarTa mier<br />

Ca moyalibebulma skolam aitaca marqsistuli analizis erT­erTi forma,<br />

romelsac daqvemdebarebis Teoria ewodeba. iziareben ra im azrs, rom<br />

deda miwis buneb rivi resursebis maragi SezRudulia (ulevi araa), daqvem­<br />

33

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34<br />

debarebis Teo riis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom msoflio (anu globaluri<br />

sazogadoeba) da yofilia sam ZiriTadad klasad: industriuli birTvi (aSS,<br />

dasavleTi evropa da iaponia), naxevradperiferia (axali industriuli<br />

qveynebi, rogorebicaa samxreTi korea, taivani, singapuri, Cile da brazilia)<br />

da periferia (aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis yofil koloniur<br />

regionebSi ganlagebuli qveynebis didi umravlesoba). periferiis da<br />

naxev radperiferiis qveynebi bazriT, kapitaliT da teqnologiiT daqvemdebarebulni<br />

arian industriul birTvze. industriuli qveynebis interesebs<br />

warmoadgens am daqvemdebarebis samudamod SenarCuneba.<br />

daqvemdebarebis sistema msoflio uTanasworobis mudmiv SenarCunebas<br />

ramdenime gziT uzrunvelyofs. jer erTi, birTvis saxelmwifoebi awarmoeben<br />

ZviradRirebul saqonels, xolo periferiis qveynebi maT iaf nedleuls<br />

(sursaT­sanovagesa da mineralur nedleuls) awvdian. fasebiT manipulireba<br />

wamy vani ekonomikuri Zalebis xelSia _ Sedegad, vaWrobis pirobebi<br />

(samrewvelo saqonlis momsaxurebisa da produqtebis fasebi) birTvis<br />

saxelmwifoebis Tvis ufro xelsayrelia. moxmarebis sagnebze fasebi wlidan<br />

wlamde mniSvelovan cvlilebas ganicdis; bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana<br />

damokidebulia erTi an ori saxis moxmarebis sagnis eqsportze (rogoricaa<br />

Saqari, yava, banani, juTi). moxmarebis sagnebis eqsportidan miRebuli Semosavali<br />

(mogeba) Zalze mgrZnobiarea fasebis ryevis mimarT, rac eqsportiori<br />

qveynebis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba. magram ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

iZulebulni arian gaagrZelon importi da importisTvis gadaixadon konvertirebadi<br />

valuta (rogoricaa dolari). xSirad es qveynebi iZulebulni<br />

arian fuli ucxoeTSi isesxon, arCevani ara aqvT da ixdian im saprocento ganakveTs,<br />

romelsac saerTaSoriso finansistebi birTvis qveynebSi moiTxoven.<br />

amas garda, nebismieri ucxouri daxmareba guli s xmobs pirobebsac. dabolos,<br />

krizisis dros, maT sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT, garda imisa, rom daTanaxmdnen<br />

aSS­is marTuli saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (IMF) mier moklevadian sesxebze<br />

dawesebul pirobebs.<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoriis mimdevarTa Tanaxmad, mTeli am sistemis gan sakuTrebiT<br />

usamarTlo aspeqti birTvis saxelmwofoebis kapitalistTa da periferiuli<br />

qveynebis ekonomikur elitas Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebaa. elita<br />

did mogebas naxulobs am SeTanxmebiT, magram garigeba ormxrivad momgebiania:<br />

birTvis saxelmwifoebi exmarebian mTavrobebs Zalauflebis (xSirad diqtaturis)<br />

SenarCunebaSi, isini ki, Tavis mxriv, inarCuneben wesrigs da stabuluro<br />

bas, Ta nac, Sida bazars uxsnian saerTaSoriso bizness. sam xedro da<br />

ekonomikuri dax marebis subsidiebi, Tuki am kuTxiT SevxedavT, qrTamia,<br />

romlebsac dono ri qveynebisaTvis ufro didi di videndebi moaqvs, vidre<br />

mimRebi qveynebisaTvis, nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom korumpirebuli<br />

mmarTvelebi Tanxebis did nawils iTviseben.<br />

dasavlel politekonomistTa umravlesoba uaryofs daqvemdebare bis<br />

Teorias. isini xazs usvamen, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobis<br />

ubedureba susti institutebi, korumpirebuli da ara kompetenturi liderebi<br />

an qronikuli socialur­politikuri arastabilurobaa. ekonomikuri<br />

ganviTare bis gza politikuri xasiaTisaa. ekonomikuri ganviTarebi­

---

Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />

saken mimarTul go nivrul kanonebsa da <strong>politika</strong>s SeuZlia ganviTarebis<br />

karibWis gaxsna _ sxva SemTxevevaSi es karibWe daxSuli darCeba. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, marqsistuli ana lizi jer kidev rCeba damajerebel Zalad ara mxolod<br />

msoflios akademiur wre ebSi, aramed amerikel politologTa erTerT<br />

mcirericxovan, mag ram nayofier jgufSic.<br />

ra perspeqtividan?<br />

politikuri ekonomika politikuri mecnierebis mxolod erTi qvedargia.<br />

sxva cnobili qvedargebia politikis Teoria, amerikis mmarTveloba (igulisxmeba<br />

calkeuli qveynebi, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo. mTarg. Sen.),<br />

Sedare biTi <strong>politika</strong>, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da sajaro mmarTveloba.<br />

aRsa niSnavia aseve politikuri mecnierebis kidev ramdenime, ufro specializebuli<br />

sfero. imisda mixedviT, rogor Seiswavlian maT, es sferoebi<br />

Se iZleba ukve CamoTvlil erT an ramdenime qvedargSi moeqces. maga liTad,<br />

sa kons titucio samarTali tradiciuli specialobaa, romlis yuradRebis<br />

centrSi mmarTvelobis erTi konkretuli aspeqtia. sajaro <strong>politika</strong>, romelic<br />

exeba Tanamedrove menejmentis xerxebs, maga liTad, nulovani biujeti,<br />

angariSebis warmoeba da sistemuri ana lizi, Sedis rogorc (amerikis)<br />

mmarTvelobaSi, agreTve sajaro mmarTvelobaSic. politikuri partiebi da<br />

interesTa jgufebi (rogorc kvlevisa da swavlebis calke sfero) jdeba<br />

mmarTvelobis an SedarebiTi politikis CarCoSi. modiT, axla ufro axlos<br />

gavecnoT im eqvs qvedargs, romlebsac politikuri mecnierebis programeb­<br />

Si xSirad gamohyofen xolme.<br />

politikuri Teoria. normatiuli politikuri Teoria anu politikis filosofia<br />

platonidan (daaxl. Zv. w. 400 w.) iRebs saTaves. WeSmaritebis Ziebis<br />

platoniseuli meTodi mniSvnelovani kiTxvebis dasmaSi mdgomare o bda, magaliTad:<br />

rogoria kargi cxovreba? rogoria kargi mmarTveloba? ramdenad<br />

moitans kargi mmarTveloba karg cxovrebas? SeiZleba ki kargi mmarTvelobis<br />

miRweva? rogoria adamianis buneba? adamianebi upiratesad keTili Tu<br />

boroti? advilad icvleba Tu ara adamianis buneba? saxelmwifos romeli<br />

forma uwevs yvelaze metad angariSs adamianis bunebas saerTo interesis (sajaro<br />

sikeTis) xelyofis gareSe? wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis garda, aris Tu<br />

ara saxelmwifos umTavresi amocana zneobrivad daxvewos adamianebi, aqcios<br />

isini Tanasworad, uzrunvelyos individualuri Tavi suflebebi da a.S. Tuki<br />

am miznebs daisaxavs, rogori unda iyo saxelmwifo: Zlieri da fxizeli, Tu<br />

susti da damT mobi? rodisaa gamarTlebuli revolucia? rogor SeiZleba<br />

davicvaT politikuri sta biluroba?<br />

politikis Teoria cdilobs upasuxos am SekiTxvebs gansjiT da lo gikiT,<br />

romelic iseT politikur moazrovneTa naSromebs efuZneba, rogorebic<br />

sxveb Tan erTad iyvnen aristotele, Jan­Jak ruso, jon loki da jon stiuart<br />

mili. msgav si Ziebis amocanaa gamoitanos daskvnebi sworis da arasworis an<br />

keTilis da borotis Sesaxeb. vinaidan yvela, vinc cvlilebebs emxroba da<br />

35

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36<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba, dar wmunebulia Tavis moralur marTebulobaSi, politikis<br />

gageba moiTxovs im kriteriumebis codnas, romelTa mixedviTac <strong>politika</strong><br />

da programebi karg an cud Sefasebas iRebs. 6 normatiuli Teoriis mimdevrebi<br />

amtkiceben, rom politikis zneobrivi fasisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb<br />

codnis gareSe, verc moqalaqeebs da verc liderebs sakmarisad cxadad ver<br />

eqnebaT gansazRvruli zusti orientiri da mizani.<br />

SedarebiTi <strong>politika</strong>. SedarebiTi <strong>politika</strong> cdilobs erTmaneTs Sea daros<br />

da Seafasos mmarTveloba da politikuri sistema. mmarTvelobis for mebis,<br />

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safexurebis, saSinao da sagareo politikisa da<br />

politikuri tradiciebis SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas aZlevs politologebs<br />

Camoayalibon mniSvnelovani ganzogadebebi. Sedare biTi politikis<br />

zogierTi mimdevari specializdeba msoflios romelime konkretuli<br />

regionis sakiTxebze an intensiurad swavlobs romelime konkretul<br />

ers. sxvebi Seiswavlian romelime kerZo politikur movlenas, magaliTad,<br />

rogoricaa arastabiluroba an saarCevno qceva.<br />

danaxarjebi<br />

moTxovnebi<br />

mxardaWera<br />

garemo<br />

politikuri<br />

sistema<br />

garemo<br />

sqema 1-1. politikuri sistemis gamartivebuli modeli<br />

wyaro: saavtoro ufleba Devid Easton-1965, 1979.<br />

gadawyvetilebebi<br />

da qmedebebi<br />

yvela politikur sistemas aqvs garkveuli saerTo niSan­Tvisebebi. 1­1<br />

sqemaze gamosaxulia cnobili modeli, romelic pirvelad politologma<br />

devid istonma Seqmna 1965 wels. mis mixedviT, yvela politikuri sistema<br />

moqmedebs garkveuli politikuri kulturis konteqstSi, romelic Sedgeba<br />

tradiciebis, faseulobebisa da saerTo codnisagan. garda amisa, igi gulisxmobs,<br />

rom moqalaqeebs niadag aqvT molodini da moTxovnebi politikuri<br />

sistemis mimarT, magram amasTanave sxvadasxva gziT mxars uWeren sistemas.<br />

isini SeiZleba mona wileobdnen mmarTvelobaSi, arCevnebSi, an, ubralod,<br />

iyvnen kanonmorCilni. moqalaqeTa moTxovnebi da mxardaWera, romlebzec<br />

gavlenas axdens sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, ra xdeba da ra<br />

Sedegebi

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Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />

unda xdebodes sazogadoebaSi, Tavis mxriv gavlenas axdens politikuri<br />

sistemis unarze _ miiRos gadawyvetilebebi. es procesi ganapirobebs saxelisuflebo<br />

gadawyvetilebebsa da qmedebebs, Cveulebriv, brZanebulebebis,<br />

kanonebisa da brZanebebis saxiT.<br />

qveynebi, ra Tqma unda, mravalgvarad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. zogi<br />

politologis azriT, es gansxvavebebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vid re<br />

msgavsebebi. Sesabamisad, isini politikur sistemebsac sxva dasxvanairad ansxvaveben<br />

erTmaneTisagan. am wignSi, magaliTad, yuradReba gama xvilebulia<br />

imaze, riT gan sxvavdeba demokratiuli, avtoritaruli da totalitaruli<br />

saxelmwifoebi. zogi mecnieri ar emxroba totalitaruli saxelmwifos cnebas<br />

da amitom ubralod ganas xvavebs demokratiul da arademokratiul<br />

saxelmwifoebs. sxvebi xazs usvamen politikis ekonomikur konteqsts<br />

msof lios sxvadasxva regionSi: postindustriul samyaroSi (Crdiloe­<br />

Ti amerika, dasavleTi evropa, avstralia da iaponia) da aRmosavleT aziis<br />

swrafad mzard sa xelwifoebSi (CineTi, samxreTi korea, taivani da singapuri);<br />

komunisturi samyaros gaRatakebul nangrevebSi (vietnami, CrdiloeT<br />

korea da kuba) da e.w. `naklebad ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi~. bolo dros<br />

aqtualuri gaxda gansxvaveba liberaluri demokratiis mqone da `tranziciul<br />

saxelmwifoebs~ Soris (ix. Tavi VII). sxva mecnierebi, rogorc zemoT<br />

ukve aRvniSneT, miuTiTeben msoflio simdidris araTana bar ganawilebaze da<br />

politikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis xazs avleben (amas `CrdiloeTis da<br />

samxreTis konfliqtsac~ uwodeben) ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT mdebare ufro<br />

mdidar da ekvatoris samxreTiT ganlagebul Rarib qveynebs Soris. dabolos,<br />

zogierTi damkvirvebeli ganasxvavebs sicocxlisunarian da arSemdgar<br />

saxelmwifoebs (ix. 8 Tavi).<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa specia listebi<br />

Seiswavlian, rogori urTierTobaa qveynebs Soris. ratomaa, rom saxelmwifoebi<br />

xandaxan mSvidobianad Tanaarseboben da sxva dros eomebian<br />

erTmaneTs? rogoria diplomatiis, ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis,<br />

gaeros da birTvuli Sekavebis gavlena mSvidobis SenarCunebis mcdelobebze?<br />

birTvuli xanis dadgomam, ra Tqma unda, moitana saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />

Seswavlis gansakuTrebuli aucileblobac.<br />

omi da mSvidoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis yvelaze mwvave sferoa,<br />

mag ram araviTar SemTxvevaSi erTa derTi. sxva sakiTxebi sruliad gansxvavebulia,<br />

vaWrobidan da turizmidan _ terorizmamde, sagareo politikidan _<br />

agrarul <strong>politika</strong>mde, ekonomikuri politikidan _ emigraciamde. es da sxva<br />

sakiTxebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistTa saqmianobis sagania,<br />

magram aravis unda hqondes imedi, rom yvela maTganis labirinTebs bolomde<br />

Caswvdeba. amitom, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebic, rogorc politikuri mecnierebis<br />

sxva qvedargebi, mravalwaxnagovania.<br />

zneobriobis roli sagareo <strong>politika</strong>Si kvlavac rCeba mwvave debate bis<br />

Temad. zogierTi mecnieri (maT, Cveulebriv, realistebs uwodeben xolme)<br />

am tkicebs, rom saxelmwifo interesebis dacva yovelTvis iyo da iqneba<br />

umTavresi principi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. 7 sxva mecnierebi (maT<br />

37

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38<br />

xandaxan idea listebs uwodeben) amis sapirispirod amtkiceben, rom zneobriobis<br />

mimarT yu radRebis gazrda migviyvans msoflio mSvidobamde da bolos<br />

mouRebs `omis sistemas~, romelsac realistebi fatalisturad iReben.<br />

sxvebis azriT, erovnul interesebsa da saerTaSoriso zneobriobas Soris<br />

gansxvavebis xazgasma mcdaria; magaliTad, demokratiuli qveyana SeiZleba<br />

daexmaros sxva qveyanaSi demokratias da amiT emsaxuros rogorc sakuTar<br />

interess, ise msoflio mSvidobasa da keTildReobas. 8<br />

sajaro mmarTveloba. ukanasknel wlebSi sajaro mmarTveloba zogan iswavleba<br />

ara rogorc politikuri mecnierebis erT­erTi qvedargi, ara med<br />

rogorc damoukidebeli disciplina, romelic mowodebulia gawvrTnas,<br />

moamzados adamianebi sajaro samsaxurSi karierisaTvis. arsebiTad, sajaro<br />

mmarTveloba ZiriTad yuradRebas aqcevs imas, rogor axorcielebs<br />

biurokratia saxelmwifo <strong>politika</strong>s. rogorc wesi, ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba<br />

erovnul (centralur) mTavrobaze, magram sajaro mmarTveloba aseve<br />

interesdeba Statebisa (regionisa, mTarg. Sen.) da adgilobriv xelisuflebebs<br />

Soris urTierTobebiT. mkvlevarebi cdiloben gaigon, ra exmareba da<br />

ra uSlis xels sajaro mmarTve lobisas biurokratias masze dakisrebuli<br />

funqciebis SesrulebaSi. biurokratiuli struqturebis, procedurebisa<br />

da procesebis Seswavla xdeba imisaTvis, rom gaizardos efeqtianoba da<br />

Semcirdes zedmeti xarji (gaflangva) da dublireba. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa,<br />

rogor da ratom ayalibebs biurokratia sakuTar politikur interesebs<br />

im samTavrobo politikis miRma, romlis cxovrebaSi gasatarebladacaa<br />

is mowodebuli.<br />

politologebi, sajaro mmarTvelobis Seswavlas, xSi rad calkeul SemTxvevebsac<br />

Seiswavlian (case studies), yuradRebas miapyroben ara marto imas, ra<br />

saSualebebiT xorcieldeba saxelmwifo xelisufleba, ara med imasac, gamoiyeneba<br />

Tu ara Zalaufleba sazogadoebriv interesebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, sajaro<br />

mmarTvelobis sfero mTlianad emTxveva politologTa sazrunavs.<br />

ratom swavloben <strong>politika</strong>s?<br />

is, Tu rogor Seiswavlian profesionali politologebi <strong>politika</strong>s, bevr<br />

informacias gvawvdis TviT disciplinis Sesaxeb, magram cota rames eubneba<br />

studentebs politologiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. politikis sawyisi codna<br />

mniS v nelovania bakalavriatis studentis ganaTlebisaTvis im mizezTa gamo,<br />

romlebzec saubari Semdeg gveqneba. Tumca, politikis Seswavlisagan gamomdinare<br />

dadebiTi Sedegebi rom gaiazron, studentebma swavla guliT unda<br />

moindomon da goneba siaxles miapyron.<br />

piradi interesi<br />

vinaidan pirovnuli bedniereba bevradaa damokidebuli imaze, ras akeTebs<br />

an ar akeTebs xelisufleba, yvela Cvenganis interesSia gaverkveT, rogor muSa­

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Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />

obs an ratom ver muSaobs igi. maga liTad, kolejis studentebisaTvis didi<br />

mniSvne lobis mqone politikuri sakiTxebia: federaluri programebi `muSaoba­swavla~,<br />

Statebis subsidiebi sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebisaTvis, dabalprocentiani<br />

sesxebi, fede raluri grantebi da studentTa interesebis dasacavad<br />

(an arda sacavad) gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi. po litikis Seswavlis<br />

gziT, ukeT verkve viT politikuri sistemis mimarT damokidebulebaSi<br />

da viZenT codnas, romelic gvexmareba gavacnobie roT, rodis davuWiroT mxari<br />

da rodis davupirispirdeT cvlilebebs. amave dros, politikis Seswavla<br />

gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad SegviZlia dadebi Ti zegavlena movaxdinoT<br />

masze. yovelTvis gvafxizlebs imis gaazreba, rom TiToeuli Cvengani mxolod<br />

erTi pirovnebaa mravalmilionian erSi (da mravalmiliar dian msoflioSi),<br />

romelTa umravlesobas Cvenze aranakleb aqvs Se sisxlxorcebuli Tavisi<br />

mosazrebebi da crurwmenebi.<br />

sazogadoebrivi interesi<br />

ra SeiZleba sazogadeobrivi interesisaTvis imaze ufro mniSvnelovani<br />

iyos, vidre moqalaqeTa moraluri xasiaTi da qcevaa? samoqalaqo<br />

sazogadoebaze aisaxeba ubralo xalxis mier miRebuli yoveldRiuri<br />

ga dawyvetilebebi da arCevani. amave dros, samoqalaqo sazogadeoba<br />

da politikis gabatonebuli kultura da klimati, mniSvnelovan gavlenas<br />

axdens xalxze. msgavsi SesaZleb lobebisa da survilebis mqone adamianebs,<br />

garemoebaTa mixedviT, SeiZleba Zalze gansxvavebuli zneobrivi<br />

ganwyobilebebi ganuviTardeT. <strong>politika</strong> am garemoebaTa CamoyalibebaSi<br />

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs da sazogadoebrivi interesi, Zalze farTo<br />

gagebiT, bewvze hkidia xolme.<br />

uaryofiTi magaliTi. nacisturi germaniis aRzeveba da dacema (1933­1945)<br />

naTlad gviCvenebs, ra uzarmazari gavlena SeuZlia politikurma reJimma<br />

iqoni os moqalaqeTa zneobriv xasiaTze. adolf hitleris meTaurobiT nacizmis<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani da gasaocari aspeqtebi misi principebi iyo.<br />

nacizmis politikuri doqt rina calsaxad efuZneboda rasobrivi upiratesobis<br />

doqtrinas. hitleri mZvinvarebda e.w. ariuli rasis upiratesobis<br />

gamo, TiTqosda, germaneli eris siwmindes emuq reboda ucxo rasebisa da Untermenschen-ebis<br />

(qveadamianebis) mier Seryvna. aseT msoflmxedve lobaze dafuZnebuli<br />

politikis Sedegi iyo mili onobiT udanaSaulo kacis, qalis da<br />

bavSvis sistematuri xocva. daaxloebiT 6 milioni ebraeli da milionobiT<br />

sxva adamiani, polonelebis, boSebis, seq sualuri umciresobebisa da Sez­<br />

Ruduli unarebis mqoneTa CaTvliT, daundoblad gaanadgures. rasobrivi<br />

`dabinZurebis~ gamogonili problemis bolomde mogvarebas nacistebi ise­<br />

Ti mondomebiT ekidebodnen, rom meore msoflio omis ukanasknel TveebSi<br />

sikvdilis banakebis mu Saoba samxedro kampaniebis xarjzec ki grZeldeboda.<br />

holokosti _ gazis kamerebisa da masobriv mkvlelobaTa Semzaravi<br />

sana xaoba _ gvaiZulebs davsvaT kiTxva, rogor SeiZleba aseTi masStabis<br />

39

---

40<br />

saSineleba momxdariyo viTomcda civilizebul qveyanaSi. rogor SeeZlo STambeWdavi<br />

huma nisturi tradiciebis mqone ers, romelmac Sva amdeni msoflioSi<br />

saukeTeso kompozitori, mwe rali da moazrovne, daeSva aseTi rame?<br />

nacizmis xanaSi, germaneli eri, erTi SexedviT, warmogvidgeba rogorc<br />

hitleris nebis danamati; sxva sityvebiT, holokostisaTvis saSineli moraluri<br />

pasuxismgebloba erT adamians _ adolf hitle rs ekisreba. mag ram<br />

zo gierTisaTvis es interpretacia saeWvoa, raki miaCnia, rom hitleri ver<br />

moaxerxebda masobrivi mkvlelobebis miseuli programis ganxorcielebas<br />

TanamoazreTa jgufis ga reSe. ra vuyoT maT, vinc mas politikis dagegmvaSi,<br />

koordinirebasa da marTvaSi exmareboda? erTi mkvlevaris, irving<br />

kristolis sityvebiT:<br />

rodesac nacistebis saqmes ecnobi, geufleba saSineli sicarielis<br />

SegrZneba da sagonebelSi vardebi. nuTu sul esaa? gansxvaveba danaSaulsa<br />

da damnaSaves Soris warmoudgenlad didia.<br />

Cven veliT, rom aRmovaCenT borot adamianebs, borotebis gansa<br />

xierebebs, dorblian, maniak mxecebs; mzad varT SeviswavloT<br />

TiToeuli nacistis saxis Tavisebureba, raTa davadginoT nacistis<br />

xasiaTis ganuyofeli niSnebi. magram nacizmis liderebi ar<br />

iyvnen eSmakiseulni, isini ar eTayvanebodnen borotebas. radgan<br />

nacistebs– raoden ironiuladac ar unda JRerdes es _ rogorc<br />

adams da evas codvis Cadenamde, araferi gaegebodaT keTilisa da<br />

borotis Sesaxeb da swored zneobrivi gulgrilobis elferi aris,<br />

maT rom aseT wvril man, uferul da zedapirul adamianebad warmogvidgens.<br />

9<br />

kristoli araa erTaderTi, romelic fiqrobda, rom yvela nacisti imde<br />

nad zneobrivad dacemuli ar iyo, ramdenadac zneobrivad gulgrili.<br />

zustad aseT adamianad warmogvidgens zogierTi mkvlevari albert Speers,<br />

hitleris SeiaraRebisa da samxedro momaragebis ministrs. 10 politikuri<br />

Teoretikosis hana arendtis mixedviT, aseTi iyo, adolf aixmanic, nacisti<br />

funqcioneri, romelic sikvdilis banakebis programis did nawils xelmZRvanelobda.<br />

arendtis azriT, aixmani ar iyo maincdamainc gansakuTrebuli,<br />

uCveulo adamiani. 11 mas Zalian undoda win wasuliyo, cxovrebaSi warmatebisaTvis<br />

mieRwia, gansakuTrebiT eamayeboda, rom SeeZlo saqme Sedegianad<br />

ekeTebina. miuxedavad imisa, rom gansakuTrebulad gamWriaxi an dakvirvebuli<br />

ar yofila, mainc Wkviani iyo. arendtis aRweriT, igi iyo meryevi, magram<br />

ara bevr sxva, `normalur~ adamianze metad. aixmani irwmuneboda, rom<br />

ebraelebis mimarT akviatebuli zizRi ar amoZravebda (Tumca, rogorc Cans,<br />

is ar iyo sakmarisad skeptikurad ganwyobili an damoukideblad moazrovne,<br />

rom SewinaaRmdegeboda maSindel germaniaSi farTod gavrcelebul antisemitizms).<br />

mokled, aixmani iyo zneobrivad gulgrili; kristolis sityvebiT,<br />

`mas araferi gaegeboda keTilisa da borotisa~.<br />

es mkvlevarebi mogviTxroben rigiT adamianebze, romlebic mona wi leobd<br />

nen gansakuTrebuli borotebis aqtebSi. isini gvagoneben CvenTvis nacnob

---

Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />

adamia nebs, SeiZleba sakuTar Tavsac ki. rTuli ar iqneba warmovidginoT<br />

aixmani CvenTvis ufro nacnob garemoSi, Tundac imedismomcem, pativmoyvare<br />

xelmZRvanel muSakad did amerikul korporaciaSi an axal gazrda,<br />

dawinaurebaze meocnebe TanamSromlad sagareo uwyebaSi. aseTi pirovneba,<br />

albaT, `muSaobiT daavadebuli~ (vorkoholiki), kompanisaTvis an qveynisaTvis<br />

Tavgadakluli, dawinaurebaze mofiqrali da xelmZRvanelis maamebeli<br />

iqneba. SeiZ leba, sulac ar iyos moklebuli wesier adamianur Tvisebebs<br />

da erTguli meuRle da moyvaruli mSobelic iyos (nacistebis Tvis<br />

ucxo ar iyo sakuTari ojaxebis mimarT siyvarulis, erTgulebis gamovlena).<br />

ZiriTadi am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom es fariseveli pirovneba imdenadaa<br />

Cabmuli `realur samyaroSi~, viwro karieristuli miznebis terminologiiT<br />

rom vTqvaT, mas `abstraqtuli~ moraluri sakiTxebisaTvis dro da<br />

interesi ar gaaCnia.<br />

Tuki marTalia, rom aixmani rigiTi adamiani iyo, ratom arseboben ase cota<br />

aixmanebi? amis pasuxi ZiriTadad isaa, rom, sabednierod, adamia nebis umravlesobas<br />

iseT politikur reJimSi uxdeba cxovreba, romelsac nacistur<br />

germanias verc ki Seadareb. nacizmi iyo gadamwyveti faqtori or msoflio<br />

oms Soris germaniaSi yvela aixmanis pirovnebisa da xasiaTis CamoyalibebaSi.<br />

iseve, rogorc yovelma Segnebulma sursaTis maRaziis mepatronem icis, rom<br />

misi mizani mogebaa, aseve aixmansa da mis msgavsT esmodaT, rom maTi mizani<br />

gazis kamerebSi rac SeiZleba meti adamianis ganadgureba iyo. amas garda, igi<br />

imaSic darwmunebuli iyo, rom mis warmatebas, iseve rogorc maRaziis mepatronisas,<br />

ZiriTadad erTi kriteriumiT _ efeqtianobiT gansazRvravdnen.<br />

aixmanisaTvis mniSvneloba imas ki ar hqonda, ras akeTebda, aramed imas, ramdenad<br />

kargad akeTebda. savaraudod, is aseTive mondomebiT Seasrulebda<br />

dakisrebul movaleobas, parkebis dagegmvaze an yvavilebis dargvaze rom<br />

yofiliyo pasuxismgebeli. am borotmoqmedis banaluroba da misi borotebis<br />

mniSvneloba (sidide) erTdroulad saSinelicaa da Wkuis saswavlebelic, vinaidan<br />

zustad asaxavs maSindel germaniaSi gabatonebul <strong>politika</strong>s. 12<br />

germaniis xelmZRvaneloba adamianebis masobriv ganadgurebas aigivebda<br />

patriotizmsa da sazogadoebriv interesTan. inteleqtualuri damoukideblobisa<br />

da zneobrivi gambedaobis iSviaTi erToblioba iyo saWiro, am gabatonebul<br />

azrs rom ar ahyolodi. samwuxarod, zustad es Tvisebebi aklda<br />

ase Zalian aixmanisnair uamrav adamians. imis gaazreba, rom sazogadoebrivi<br />

interesisaTvis arasdros kargi araa xelisuflebis brma morCileba,<br />

gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania politikis gageba.<br />

daskvna<br />

politikis Seswavla sam ZiriTad cnebas efuZneba. esaa wesrigi, Zalaufleba<br />

da samarTlianoba. politikuri cxovrebis gageba iwyeba imis aRiarebiT,<br />

rom adamianis cxovreba mowesrigebulia. kerZod, politikuri wesrigi asaxulia<br />

TemebSi (sazogadoebebSi), romlebSic adamianebi cxovroben da saerTo<br />

41

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42<br />

identoba aqvT. Temis mowyoba, SenarCuneba da damkvidreba mmarTvelobis<br />

saSualebiT xdeba. yvelaze warCinebul da TviTkmar TemebSi mmarTvelobis<br />

gziT Seqmnilma struqturam warmoSva Tanamedrove eri­saxelmwifoebi.<br />

Zalaufleba, romelic ramdenime wyarodan SeiZleba gamomdi nareobdes,<br />

aris mTavrobis unari _ Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli movaleobebi. Tuki<br />

mTavroba ar gamoiyenebs Zalauflebas sazogadeobrivi interesebis Sesabamisad,<br />

dgeba xolme samarTlianobis sakiTxi. amgvarad, <strong>politika</strong>s yoveldRiur<br />

cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani da yovlismomcveli adgili ukavia, radgan<br />

adamianis mier samar T lianobis dauokebeli Zieba mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli<br />

Zalauflebis gamoyenebasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom zneobrivi sakiTxebi<br />

SeiZleba xandaxan sazogadoebisaTvis SeumCneveli rCebodes.<br />

politologebi Seiswavlian TavianT disciplinas imisaTvis, rom miakvlion<br />

WeSmaritebas politikuri institutebis, Zalebis, moZraobebisa da<br />

procesebis Sesaxeb. tradicionalisti politologebi dainteresebulni<br />

arian mTavrobis moqmedebebis SefasebiT, bihevioralistebi ki mecnierul<br />

meTodebs mimarTaven politikis Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebisaTvis.<br />

TiTqmis yvela politologs aqvs specializacia; disciplinis yvelaze<br />

farTo qvedargia politikuri Teoria (an filosofia), amerikis mmarTveloba,<br />

SedarebiTi politologia, saerTaSo riso urTierTobebi da sajaro<br />

mmarTveloba.<br />

politikis Seswavlis mraval damajerebel mizezTagan gansakuTrebiT<br />

aRsaniSnavia ori: (1) politikis gageba pirovnuli interesis saqmea da (2)<br />

politikis kvlevis Sedegad, individs ufro zusti warmodgena uyalibdeba<br />

imaze, ra aris da ra ar aris sazogadoebrivi interesebis sagani. rigiT moqalaqeTaTvis<br />

am warmodgenis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba naCvenebi iyo germaniaSi<br />

nacizmis aRzevebis tragikuli maga liTiT.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

<strong>politika</strong><br />

Temi, erToba<br />

mTavroba<br />

respublika<br />

saxelmwifo<br />

suvereniteti<br />

qveyana<br />

eri<br />

eri­saxelmwifo<br />

mravalerovani saxelmwifo<br />

saxelmwifos armqone erebi<br />

Zalaufleba<br />

avtoriteti<br />

legitimuroba<br />

legitimuri xelisufleba<br />

samarTlianoba<br />

tradicionalistebi<br />

bihevioralistebi<br />

marqsistebi<br />

daqvemdebarebis Teoria<br />

vaWrobis pirobebi

---

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

Sesavali: politikis Seswavla<br />

1. romel sam ZiriTad cnebas efuZneba politikis Seswavla?<br />

2. rogor SeiZleba politikuri problemis dadgena? aris Tu ara zogierTi<br />

konfliqti sxvebze metad politikuri xasiaTis? axseniT.<br />

3. riT ganasxvaveben politologebi?<br />

4. ra dadebiTi Sedegi SeiZleba moutanos adamians politikis da mmarTvelobis<br />

Ses wavlam?<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

1. yvelaze didi gavlena iqonia baron de monteskies `kanonTa gonis~ II<br />

wignSi mocemulma politikuri mmarTvelobebis klasifikaciam. monteskie<br />

ganasxvavebda respublikebs, monarqiebs da despotur mmarTvelobebs,<br />

xolo Semdeg dayofas axdenda demokratiul res publikebad,<br />

romlebic mTeli xalxis mier imarTeba da aristokratul demokratiebad,<br />

romlebsac xalxis nawili marTavs (gan sakuTrebiT mdidarTa<br />

klasi). respublikebs istoriulad ganasxvaveben pirdapiri demokratiebisagan.<br />

amgvarad, jeims medisoni (albaT wamyvani figura SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis damfuZnebelTagan) mmarTvelobebs, romlebSic xalxi<br />

pirdapir monawileobda marTvaSi (da warmomadgenlobis imedze<br />

ar iyvnen) pirdapir demokratiebs uwodebda. radgan SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis mmarTveloba warmomadgenlobas iTvaliswinebda, mas respublika<br />

ewoda.<br />

2. ix. aseve Arthur Schlesinger Jr.­is The Disuniting of America: Reflections on<br />

a Multicultural Society (New York: Norton, 1993).<br />

3. Aristotle, The Politics mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University<br />

Press, 1962), 4.<br />

4. platonisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac politikuri filosofiis mamad<br />

moixsenieben xolme.<br />

5. Jack H. Nagel da John E. McNulty “Partisan Effects of Voter Turnout in Senatorial<br />

and Gubernatorial Elections”, American Political Science Review 90 (dekemberi<br />

1996): 780-793.<br />

6. ix. Leo Strauss­is What is Political Philosophy? da sxva kvlevebi (New York:<br />

Free Press, 1959), 10-12.<br />

7. arsebobs am midgomis sxvadasxva variacia: magaliTad, tradiciu li<br />

realizmis Teoria ganaviTares (Tumca garkveuli winaaRmdegobebis<br />

fon ze) politologebma, romlebsac neorealistebad an struqturul<br />

realistebad moixsenieben. maTi ZiriTadi Sromaa Kenneth Waltz­is Theory<br />

of International Politics, (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979). ix. imave<br />

avtoris “Realist Thought and Neo-Realist Theory”, Journal of International<br />

Affairs XLIV (gazafxuli/zafxuli 1990): 21-37.<br />

43

---

44<br />

8. am ori midgomis mecnieruli Serwymis mcdelobad ix. Robert O. Keohaneis<br />

International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press,<br />

1989), kioheinis Teorias zogjer moixsenieben, rogorc neoliberalur<br />

instituciona lizms.<br />

9. Irving Kristol “The Nature of Nazism~ in The Commentary Reader, red. Norman<br />

Pohoretz (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 16.<br />

10. ix. Albert Speer­is Inside the Third Reich, Targm: R. Winston da C. Winston<br />

(New York: Avon, 1971). SeadareT Stanley Haverwas da David Burrell-is,<br />

“Self-deception and Autobiography: Reflections on Speer’s Inside the Third<br />

Reich”, wignSi Truthfulness and Tragedy: Further Investigations in Christian<br />

Ethics, red. Stanley Haverwas da sxvebi (South Bend, Ind.: University of<br />

Notre Dame Press, 1977), 82-97.<br />

11. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New<br />

York, Penguin Books, 1964). SeadareT Gideon Hausner-is, Justice in Jerusalem<br />

(New York: Schocken Bokks, 1968). 465.<br />

12. yvela germaneli an evropeli rodi iyo borotebisadmi aixmaniviT<br />

gulgrili da egoisti. aRsaniSnavi, Tumca aratipuri magaliTia oskar<br />

Sindleri(romlis saxeli mxatvruli filmis _ `Sindleris sia~<br />

wyalobiT gaxda yvelasaTvis cnobili). Sindleri germaneli biznesmeni,<br />

nacisturi partiis wevri iyo. man jer amuSava, Semdeg ki sakuTari<br />

saqmiani da partiuli kav Sirebis gamoyenebiT gadaarCina Tavisi ebraeli<br />

muSebi. Sindlerisa da sxva keTili qristianis mamacuri qmedebebi<br />

aRwerilia Eva Fogelman­is wignSi Conscience and Courage: Rescuers of<br />

Jews during the Holocaust (New York: Doubelday, 1994). ix. aseve Samuel P.<br />

Oliner da Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi<br />

Europe (New York: Free Press, 1988). eWvgareSea, rom mkiTxvelTa umravlesoba<br />

am mxsnelebTan da Sind ler Tan ufro gaaigivebs sakuTar Tavs,<br />

vidre aixmanTan, magram SemaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom gacilebiT<br />

ufro meti germaneli (`hitleriugendis~ aTeuloboT aTasi wevris<br />

CaTvliT) hitleris siZulvilis propagandiT monusxuli, aixmaniviT<br />

ufro iqceoda, vidre SindleriviT.

---

n a w i l i I<br />

SedarebiTi<br />

politikuri<br />

sistemebi<br />

Tavi II<br />

utopia: sanimuSo<br />

saxelmwifoebi<br />

Tavi III<br />

konstituciuri<br />

demokratia: warmomadgenlobis<br />

revolucia<br />

Tavi IV<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi:<br />

tradiciuli<br />

mmarTveloba<br />

Tavi V<br />

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi:<br />

warumatebeli<br />

utopiebi<br />

45

---

Tavi II<br />

utopia<br />

sanimuSo<br />

saxelmwifoebi<br />

platonis `saxelmwifo~: pasuxi<br />

filosofiaa<br />

samarTliani qalaqi<br />

keTilSobili tyuili<br />

frensis bekonis `axali atlantida~:<br />

pasuxi mecnierebaa<br />

stabiluroba da mecniereba<br />

samomavlo gegma<br />

karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba:<br />

pasuxi ekonomikaa<br />

ekonomikis wamyvani roli<br />

proletariatis diqtatura<br />

uklaso sazogadoeba<br />

utopiisaken dabruneba<br />

utopiiT STagoneba<br />

gza utopiisaken<br />

utopiis praqtikuloba<br />

utopia da adamianis buneba<br />

utopia da politikis<br />

ugulebelyofa<br />

distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde<br />

oruelis samyaro<br />

utopia da terorizmi<br />

daskvniTi mosazrebani<br />

47

---

48 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

rogorc moqalaqeebi, xSirad mxars vuWerT (an vewinaaRmdegebiT) po litikas<br />

da liderebs, radgan gvjera, rom isini dagvexmarebian, sazogadoeba<br />

ukeTesi an ufro samarTliani gavxadoT. bevri Cveni politikuri arCevanis<br />

ukan garkveulwilad imaleba sajaro sikeTisa da kargi sazogadoebis idea.<br />

rogorc wesi, es Sexeduleba gauazrebelia _ miuxedavad imisa, rom gvjera ama<br />

Tu im politikuri wyo bisa, xSirad ver vaxerxebT davasabuToT amis mizezebi. 1<br />

miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovania SegveZlos Cveni politikuri ideebisa<br />

da idealebis safuZvelSi mdebare warmodgenebis gamoxatva da analizi.<br />

Tu gvinda politikuri sistemebis gaazrebuli Sedareba SevZloT (rac am<br />

teqstis I nawilis mizania), unda ganvsazRvroT, ra aris sazogadoebrivi<br />

sikeTe da ra ara. ideebi utopiis Sesaxeb, romlebic mocemulia ama Tu<br />

im filosofosis, Teologisa da sxvaTa nawerebSi, SeiZleba dagvexmaros<br />

politikis SesaZleblobebisa da SezRudvebis ukeTesad gagebaSi. rogori<br />

iqneboda saukeTeso politikuri wyo ba? ratom amboben xSirad, rom saukeTeso<br />

kargis mteria? ra ufro saSiSia po litikisTvis, mcirediT dakmayofileba<br />

Tu metismetisken swrafva?<br />

sityva utopia saTaves iRebs ser tomas moris (1478­1535) wignis saTauridan.<br />

igi mefe henri VIII­is dros inglisis lord­kancleri da gavleniani<br />

humanisti iyo. termini ou topos berZnulad `ararsebul ad gils~ aRniSnavs,<br />

xolo `eutopos~adgils, sadac yvelaferi kargad aris. yoveldRiur xmarebaSi,<br />

utopia, rogorc wesi, orive mniSvnelobas erTad moicavs. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom utopia aris ararsebuli adgili, sadac xalxi<br />

cxovrobs sruliad janmrTelad, harmoniulad da bednierad.<br />

dasavluri politikis filosofiis literatura moicavs kargad damu­<br />

Savebuli utopiuri gegmebis garkveul raodenobas. yoveli maTgani avtoris<br />

mier srulyofili politikuri wyobis Camoyalibebis mcdelobaa. utopiuri<br />

modelebi erTmaneTisagan specifikuri niSnebiT gansxvavdeba, Tumca yvela<br />

msgavs miznebs emsaxureba. uklebliv yvela utopisti cdilobda politikuri<br />

cxovrebis logika mis saboloo Sedegebamde mieyvana. am procesSi isini xSirad<br />

mimarTavdnen arsebuli politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis<br />

farul da aSkara kritikas. am funqciis gamo, utopiuri konstruqciebi<br />

xSirad gamoiyeneboda politikuri sazomebis standartad an politikuri<br />

sistemebis ganxorcielebis Sefasebis kriteriumad. srulyofili sazogadoebis<br />

abstraqtuli modelebi xandaxan politikuri qmedebis praqtikuli<br />

sa xelmZRvanelos rolsac asrulebda. amgvarad, miuxedavad misi garegnuli<br />

ara praqtikulobisa, utopiuri azrebi emsaxureba mniSvnelovan miznebs da<br />

pirdapir Tu arapirdapir gavlenas axdens politikur saqmianobaze.<br />

cnobili utopiebis kvlevas viwyebT platonis `saxelmwifoTi~, romel sac<br />

utopiis or, mogvianebiT warmoSobil versias SevadarebT _ frensis bekonis<br />

`axal atlantidas~ da karl marqsis naSromebs, romelSic igi `uklaso<br />

sazogadoebis~ Rirsebebs gamoyofs. utopiuri Sromebi, romelic aRwerilia<br />

am TavSi, arCeulia im niSniT, Tu ra sferoSi poulobs pasuxs TiToeuli maTgani.<br />

platoni pasuxs filosofiis sferoSi poulobs, bekoni _ mecnierebaSi,<br />

marqsi ki _ ekonomikaSi.

---

utopia<br />

utopiuri literaturis mravali sxva mniSvnelovani nimuSic arsebobs.<br />

maga liTad, tomas moris `utopia~ (1516) dRemde mniSvnelovan nawarmoebad<br />

rCeba, iseve rogoc tomazo kampanelas `mzis qalaqi~, jeims heringtonis<br />

`okeaneTis Tanamegobroba~ (1656), frangi utopist­socialistebis _ Carls<br />

furies, sen­simonis nawerebi, aseve amerikeli mwerali edvard belami (1850­<br />

1898), romelmac ramdenime msgavsi idea asaxa wignSi: `xedva ukan: 2000­1887~<br />

(1888) asaxa. am da bevrma sxva Sexedulebam xeli Seuwyo utopiis ideisa da<br />

misi idealis SenarCunebas.<br />

aranakleb mniSvnelovania literatura distopiaze _ po li tikuri<br />

eqs perimentebze, romlebic sazogadoebaSi srulyofili sa marTlianobis<br />

miR wevas isaxavdnen miznad da sruli kraxi ganicades. am nawarmoebTa mizania<br />

warmoa Cinos is saSiSroebebi, romlebic arasrulyofil samyaroSi srulyofili<br />

wyobis aSenebis mcdelobas axlavs.<br />

platonis `saxelmwifo~: pasuxi filosofiaa<br />

platonis `saxelmwifo~ aris xangrZlivi dialogi sokratesa da mosau breebs<br />

Soris. sokrates (469­399 Zv.w.), romelic pirvel dasavlel politikis<br />

filosofosad iTvleba, miaCnda, rom `gauazrebeli cxovreba cxovrebad ar<br />

Rirs~. es idea gadaiqca dasavluri civilizaciis qvakuTxedad. sokrates<br />

brwyinvale moswavlis, platonis mier Semonaxuli da damuSavebuli sokrates<br />

filosofia fundamenturi alternativaa homerosis sokratemdeli naSromebisa,<br />

romelSic igi simama cesa da Rirsebas adidebda da sokrates ASemdgomi<br />

iesos moZRvrebebisa, romlis mixedviTac RmerTis rwmena da RvTis<br />

sityvis Sesabamisi moraluri qceva keTilSobili cxovrebis safuZvelia.<br />

siRrmiseul filosofiur kiTxvebze pasuxebis mudmivi Ziebis gamo, aTenis<br />

mmarTvelebi sokrates eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen. sabolood sasamarTlom<br />

igi RmerTebis Seuracxyofasa da aTenis axalgazrdobis garyvnaSi<br />

daadanaSaula. igi gaasamarTles da miusajes sikvdili. sokratesTvis wayenebuli<br />

sasjelis sisruleSi moyvana (sawamlavis sakuTari xeliT miReba)<br />

rCeba inteleqtu alur Tavisuflebasa da politikur wyo bas Soris arsebuli<br />

dapirispirebulobis naTel magaliTad.<br />

platonis `saxelmwifo~ sokrates mier samarTlianobis cnebis gamokvleviT<br />

iwyeba. Semdeg is gadadis saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweraze:<br />

sazogadoeba, romelic moklebulia yovelgvar dapirispirebas filosofosebsa<br />

da mmarTvelebs Soris 2 (aseT sazogadoebaSi sokrates winaaRmdeg wayenebuli<br />

braldebebi usafuZvlo iqneboda. ar iarsebebda SiSi imisa, rom maswavleblebi<br />

axalgazrdebs moRalateebad aqcevdnen, vinaidan SesaZlebeli<br />

iqneboda erTdroulad filosofosic da patriotic yofiliyavi). aseTi<br />

qalaqis dafuZneba da aSeneba sxva araferi iqneboda, Tu ara politikuri azrebis<br />

srulyofa.<br />

49

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50 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

samarTliani qalaqi<br />

dasawyisSi, skeptikuri msmeneli sokrates maqsimaluri politikuri sike ­<br />

Tis koncefciis ganviTarebisken ubiZgebs da cdilobs aaxsnevinos, ra tom aris<br />

ukeTesi iyo samarTliani, vidre usamarTlo. gana marTali ar aris, ekiTxebian<br />

mas, rom warmatebuli adamini, romelic usamarTlo qmede biT mopovebuli ZalauflebiTa<br />

da gavleniT sargeblobs, ufro bednieria, vidre sokratesaviT<br />

samarTliani kaci, romelsac arc Zalaufleba aqvs da arc gavlena? radgan<br />

samarTlis gamovlena qalaqSi ufro iolia, vidre adamianSi, iwyeba samar­<br />

Tliani qalaqis Zebna. 3<br />

Tavdapirvelad sokrate varaudobs, rom politikuri cxovreba im faqtidan<br />

gamomdinareobs, rom arc erT individs ar SeuZlia iyos damo u kidebeli.<br />

Semdeg igi aRwers Zalian martiv sazogadoebas mTavrobisa da gaWirvebis<br />

gareSe, romlis fermerebi, mejadageebi da sxva xelosnebi mxolod imdens<br />

gamoimuSaveben, ramdenic ubralo da mSvidi cxovrebis Sesa narCuneblad<br />

aris sakmarisi. am sazogadoebaSi, romelic cdilobs daikmayofilos fizikuri<br />

moTxovnilebebi (sakvebi, sas meli, TavSesafari da a.S.), TiToeuli<br />

pirovneba asrulebs erT gansazRvrul funqcias.<br />

erTferovnebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa samkaulebi. mag ram fufunebis<br />

Seqmna aTavisuflebs survils da sulis daumorCileblobas uyris<br />

safuZvels. Sedegad, qalaqi `mSfoTvare~ xdeba da gafarToeba sWir deba.<br />

kerZod, mas da, Wirdeba ufro meti miwis aTviseba, xolo am miznisaTvis jariskacebi<br />

xdebian saWiro. jariskacebi respublikaSi meore klasis warmomadgenlebi<br />

arian da maT Tadapirvelad mcvelebs uwodebdnen. dialogis<br />

msvlelobisas maTi movaleobebi sul ufro naTeli xdeba: maT unda daicvan<br />

polisi, rogorc mecxvaris ZaRlebi icaven faras.<br />

antikuri saberZneTis erT­erTi yvelaze<br />

didi filosofosi, platoni<br />

(428­348ww. Zv. w.) miiCnevda, rom idealuri<br />

saxelmwifos Zalaufleba<br />

fi losofosi mefeebis xelSi unda<br />

yofiliyo: `sanam filosofosebi ar<br />

gamefdebian, …qalaqebi verasdros<br />

moisveneben maTi mtrebisagan~.

---

utopia<br />

rogorc `saxelmwifoSi~ aris aRwerili, mcvelTa ganaTleba mraval adamianur<br />

saqmianobas moicavs, rogoricaa cxovrebis esTetikuri, inteleqtualu<br />

ri, moraluri da fizikuri aspeqtebi. sokrate Tvlis, rom ganaTlebis<br />

mi zani simar T lis swavlebaa. amis gamo, saWiro xdeba mcdar da saSiS ideebze<br />

cenzuris SemoReba. amgvari aRzrdis mTeli kursis ganmavlobaSi mkacri<br />

disciplinaa da culi. yvelaferi saerToa, maT Soris piradi nivTebic da<br />

meuRleebic. Temis siy varuli anacvlebs ubralo adamianur siyvaruls.<br />

oci wlis asakisTvis studentebi iyofian or jgufad: zogierTi maTga ni<br />

iniSneba SeiaraRebul qvedanayofSi da qalaqis damcvelis rolSi gvevlineba,<br />

isini saxelmwifo jariskacebi xdebian; isini, vinc mcvelis statuss inarCuneben,<br />

swavlas ganagrZoben. Semdgomi SerCevis dros ganisazRvreba samsaxuri, romelsac<br />

mcvelTa klasis es warmomadgenlebi sabolood mi iReben. yvela arCevani<br />

ganisazRvreba damsaxurebis mixedviT. xangrZlivi swavlis bolos, WeSmaritebis<br />

gagebis Semdeg, mcvelebi SeiZleba gaxdnen filosofosebi. umaRlesi donis<br />

brZen­filosofosebi mzad arian daikavon umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi. amgvarad,<br />

respublikas marTavan filosofosi-mefeebi.<br />

platoniseuli `saxelmwifo~ Sedgeba miwaTmoqmedTa da xelosanTa, mebrZolebisa<br />

da filosofos­mcvelTa klasebisgan. es samwaxnagovani dayofa<br />

asaxavs platonis azrs, rom adamianis suli iyofa sam nawilad: miwieri<br />

nawili, romelic gamomdinareobs fizikuri moTxovnilebebidan; keTilSobili<br />

nawili, romlis Sedegia risxva da aRSfoTeba, rodesac rame emuqreba<br />

CvenTvis Zvirfass; da racionaluri nawili, romelic WeSmaritebis dadgenas<br />

cdilobs. TiToeuli klasi ganasaxierebs erT ZiriTad Tvisebas. muSebi da<br />

xelosnebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qalaqis fizikuri moTxovnilebebis<br />

dakmayofilebas, TavSekavebulobiT gamoirCevian. maTi cxovreba organizebuli<br />

da zomieria. miuxedavad imisa, rom mebrZolebic TavSekavebulni arian,<br />

maTi mTavari Rirseba simamacea, romelic sulis keTilSobili nawilis srulyofilebaa.<br />

racionaluri nawilis srul yofileba _ sibrZne, filosofosebis<br />

kuTvnilebaa (romlebsac, ra Tqma un da, aqvT agreTve danarCeni ori<br />

Rirsebac). mxolod filosofosebs aqvT srul yo fili suli; maTi arsebis<br />

yvela nawili srulyofilia, rogorc maTi sulis na wilebis urTierTkavSiri.<br />

maTi yovlismomcveli srulyofilebis gamo, mxo l od filosofosebs Seu­<br />

ZliaT samarTalis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani Rirsebis srulad aRqma. me tic,<br />

vinai dan respublikis TiToeuli komponenti masze dakisrebul samuSaos<br />

kargad asrulebs (mosavlis moyvana da sagnebis Seqmna, qalaqis dacva an mar­<br />

Tva) da, amavdroulad, erT­erT mniSvnelovan Rirsebas warmoaCens (TavSekaveba,<br />

simamace an sibrZne), es warmosaxviTi qalaqi samarTlianadac iTvleba.<br />

qalaqi da Tanac rogori! erT­erTi komentatoris azriT, `yvela dasavleli<br />

kacis miswrafeba samarTlianobisa da kargi cxovrebisaken, sokrates SemoTavazebebSi<br />

aris gadmocemuli da ganxoricielebuli~. 4 es aris qalaqi, sadac<br />

adamianTa niWis gamoyeneba ar aris SezRuduli siRaribis, dabadebis<br />

an sqesis mixedviT da SemTxveviTi ojaxuri kuTvnileba da qalaqi ar<br />

zRudavs adamianis Semecnebisa da sikeTisaken swrafvas; es aris re­<br />

Jimi, sadac Wkviani, moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis mqone adamianebi marTaven<br />

sa zo gadoebrivi keTildReobisTvis. 5<br />

51

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52 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

TiToeuli moqalaqe im saqmes asrulebs, romelic yvelaze kargad SeuZlia.<br />

isini sazogadoebisaTvis gaweuli samsaxuris Sesabamis aRiarebas,<br />

didebasa da pativiscemas moipoveben. es qalaqi pasuxobs kiTxvaze, romelic<br />

sokrates dausves Tavdapirvelad. swored filosofosebi arian samarT liani<br />

da yvelaze bednieri adamianebi (namvilad ufro bednieri, vidre usamarTloni),<br />

magram maTi bedniereba ar aris damokidebuli usamarTlod miRebul<br />

Zalauflebaze. cxadia, respublikaSi filosofosebi ar idevnebian; isini<br />

mmarTveli pirebi arian da maT arasdros asamarTleben.<br />

rom ara filosofosebis mmarTveloba, da rom ara maTi samarT lianoba<br />

da sibrZne, sxvadasxva arasasurveli movlena ganviTardeba. magaliTad, imisaTvis,<br />

rom saxelmwifo moxelisaTvis sazogadoebrivi interesebi kerZo<br />

interesebze maRla idges, jariskacTa da mcvelTa klasebs Soris naTesauri<br />

kavSiri akrZalulia. sazogadoebaSi niWieri da Wkviani adamianebis mudmivad<br />

arsebobas evgenikuri programa uzrunvelyofs, romelic adamianTa<br />

seq sualur kavSirebze saxelmwifo kontrols axorcielebs. mcvelTa klasi<br />

mxolod harmoniulad Sexamebuli `qorwinebis festivalis~ sistemiT mravldeba,<br />

romlis erTaderTi mizani koleqtiuri (da SerCeviTi) gamravlebaa<br />

garkveuli miznebisaTvis. araferi unda miendos SemTxveviTobas.<br />

keTilSobili tyuili<br />

qveda fenis wevrTa dasamSvideblad (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom isini<br />

savaraudod verc gaigebdnen da arc daTanxmdebodnen maT dabal statuss)<br />

filosofosi­mefeebi valdebulni arian mudmivad mimarTon keTilSobil<br />

tyuils _ oficialur miTs, romelzec samarTliani qalaqi aris damyarebuli.<br />

amgvarad, yvela moqalaqes (filosofosebis garda) eubnebian, rom<br />

maTi warsuli cxovrebis mogonebebi mxolod sizmrebia da rom isini adre<br />

cxovrobdnen miwisqveSeTSi, sadac maT qmnidnen da wvrTnidnen. rodesac saamisod<br />

mzad iyvnen, maTi deda _ dedamiwa, gzavnida maT zedapirze. amasTanave,<br />

formirebis procesSi maT miecaT suli, romelic iyo Seqm nili oqrosgan (filosofosebis),<br />

vercxlisgan (mebrZolebis), an rkinisa da brinjaosagan (miwaTmoqmedebisa<br />

da xelosnebis). am miTis mizania saxelwifos mcxovrebTa<br />

darwmuneba, rom yvelani debi da Zmebi arian, agreTve imisaTvis, rom klasobrivi<br />

sistema, romelic saxelwifos arsebobisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia, yovelTvis<br />

popularuli iyos.<br />

saukeTeso politikuri saxelmwifos aRweris dros sokrate aseve saub robs<br />

im sirTuleebze, romelic axlavs mis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebas. res publikis<br />

ara mxolod zogadi koncefciaa arapraqtikuli, aramed misi gan xorcielebac<br />

SeuZ lebeli Cans. sokrate naTlad gviCvenebs, ra safasuris gadaxda iqneboda<br />

aucilebeli aseTi politikuri wyobis SeqmnisaTvis. rogorc davinaxeT, safasuri,<br />

romelic aseTi wyobis danergvisTvis iqneboda saWiro, aris ojaxebis<br />

aRmofxvra, cenzuris daweseba, sicruis farTod gavrceleba reJimis moraluri<br />

safuZvlis SesanarCuneblad da im xalxis mmarTveloba, romelsac ar surs<br />

marTva.

---

utopia<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom platonis saxelmwifo SeiZleba ar iyos romelime<br />

momavali politikuri reJimis sqema, igi sasargebloa sxva kuT xiTac. pirvel<br />

rigSi, igi siRrmiseulad ikvlevs iseT saWiro politikur ideebs, rogoricaa<br />

samarTlianoba, tirania da ganaTleba. igi gvTavazobs saukeTeso politikuri<br />

wyobis gaazrebul ideas da amasTanave gviCvenebs misi danergvis praqtikul<br />

xarvezebs. sabolood, platonis saxelmwifo unda miviRoT ara rogorc politikuri<br />

miTiTeba, ara med rogorc filosofiuri savarjiSo. sokrates eqskursia<br />

utopiaSi warmogvidgens adamianis azris srulyofis mcdelobas da ara<br />

adamianis qcevis srulyofis formulas.<br />

frensis bekonis axali atlantida:<br />

pasuxi mecnierebaa<br />

idea imis Sesaxeb, rom utopia realurad miiRweva `aq~ da `axla~, meTxuTmete<br />

saukunis Semdeg gaxda popularuli. frensis bekoni (1561­1626) iyo<br />

pirveli da yvelaze gavleniani gamavrcelebeli utopiuri ideisa, romlis<br />

mi xedviTac mecnierebas SeuZlia adamianebs misces yvelaze sasurveli<br />

sikeTe _ komfortuli TviTSenarCuneba. isini, visac dRes sjeraT an<br />

adideben adamianis progresis, mecnieruli miRwevebis, teqnologiuri<br />

siaxleebis an msoflio politikuri modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis brwyinvalebas<br />

(ix. Tavi IX), ZiriTadad ise Tive politikuri reJimis sisworeSi arian<br />

darwmunebulebi, romelic bekonis sqemasTanaa axlos.<br />

axal atlantidaSi (1627) bekoni aRwers mogzaurTa warmosaxviT voiaJs,<br />

romlebmac aRmoaCines kunZuli bensalemi. isini daitanj nen wynar okeaneSi<br />

xangrZlivi mgzavrobiT da sWirdebodaT sakvebi da dasveneba. Tavdapirvelad,<br />

kunZulis mkvidrebma gaafrTxiles, ar gadasuliyvnen kunZulze, magram<br />

molaparakebebis Semdeg mainc darTes neba. stumarTa pirveli uaryofiTi<br />

STabeWdileba gaqra, rogorc ki naxes kunZuli iseTi, rogoric is namdvilad<br />

aris: dalocvili, bednieri adgili.<br />

stabiluroba da mecniereba<br />

bensalemis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis praqtikuli detalebis ume tesoba<br />

bekons mxolod zedapirulad aqvs aRwerili. miuxedavad imisa, rom kun­<br />

Zulis wargzavnilebma evropaSi saidumlo eqspedicia Caatares mecnieruli<br />

miRwe vebis Sesaswavlad, sxva mxriv kunZuli mowyvetilia msoflios.<br />

amgvari geografiuli izolaciis gamo, Tavdacvis saWiroeba ar arsebobs.<br />

kunZuli ekonomikuradac TviTkmaria. mdidari bunebrivi resursebis xarjze<br />

bekoni qmnis yovelmxriv uzrunvel yofil qveynas.<br />

bensalemi qristianuli sazogadoebaa, magram aRiarebs religiur Tavisuflebas.<br />

sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobis wevrebs ukaviaT maRali Tanamdebobebi,<br />

aq tolerantoba normaa. religiuri disputebi, romlebmac ganxeTqileba<br />

Camoagdo bevr evropul qveyanas Soris, utopiur kunZulze ar arsebobs.<br />

53

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54 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

frensis bekoni (1561­1626) – ingliseli filosofosi,<br />

mecnieri, eseisti da saxelmwifo moxele<br />

– im mosazrebas uWerda mxars, rom mecniereba<br />

kacobriobis TviTSenarCunebis gasaRebia:<br />

`bunebaze rom ibatono, mas unda daemorCilo~,<br />

ambobda igi.<br />

bensalemis socialuri safuZveli ojaxia; qorwineba aris sazogadoebis<br />

fuZe. dResaswaulebis dros, romelic ojaxis zeimad aris cnobili da<br />

daarsebuli da dafinansebulia saxelmwifos mier, gansakuTrebul pativs<br />

didi ojaxis ufrosebs miageben. ojaxi da moraluri saqcieli urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />

da stabiluri Temuri cxovrebis qvakuTxedad aris miCneuli.<br />

Temis stabilurobas aZlierebs is faqtic, rom 2000 wlis win didsulovanma<br />

mmarTvelma solomonma Seqmna imdenad srulyofili kanonebi, romelTaA ganaxleba<br />

mas mere saWiro aRar gamxdara.<br />

bensalemi Zalian progresuli sazogadoebaa. misi saukeTeso moazrovneebi<br />

ikribebian kolejSi, romelsac Sesabamisad solomonis saxli ewodeba;<br />

aq mecnierebis kanonebi eqsperimentebisa da dakvirvebis gziT `sagnebis<br />

mizezebis da idumali bunebis garkvevis; yvela SesaZ lo saSualebiT<br />

adamianis imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebis~ aRmosaCenad gamoiyeneba.<br />

platonis `saxelmwifosgan~ gansxvavebiT, bensalemSi codnas ara mxolod<br />

sakuTari keTildReobisTvis iZenen, aramed bunebaze batonobisaTvisac.<br />

mecniereba unda iyos gamoye nebuli `adamianis yofis SemsubuqebisaTvis~.<br />

bekoniseuli meCvidmete saukunis Sexeduleba bevr sakiTxSi winaswarmetyvelurad<br />

JRers. magaliTad, kunZulze mecnierebis meSveobiT cxovrebis<br />

saSualo xangrZlivoba SesamCnevad izrdeba, vinaidan avadmyofobis mTeli<br />

simZime aRmofxvrilia, Seqmnilia xilisa da yvavilebis axali jiSebi, zogierT<br />

maTgans samkurnalo Tvisebebi aqvs, mkurnalobis sferoSi teqnologiuri<br />

revolucia moxda. bensalemis mkvidrT bunebrivi katastrofebis<br />

Tavidan acileba SeuZliaT, vinaidan maTi mecniereba bunebis umkacres saidumloebasac<br />

ki xsnis.

---

samomavlo gegma<br />

utopia<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebi ver Tanxmdebian, raSi mdgo mareobs<br />

bekonis axali atlantidis namdvili mizani, naSromi Zalian mniSvnelovania.<br />

erTi cnobili da avtoritetuli moazrovne bekonSi `pirvel realur,<br />

Tanamedrove utopists~ xedavs, vinaidan bekons egona, rom misi idea luri<br />

sazogadoeba arsebobas SeZlebda. 6 axali atlantida ar moiazreboda rogorc<br />

momavlis zusti gegma; Tumca, bekonma SemogvTavaza sazogadoebis erTi Sesa­<br />

Zlo forma, romelSic mecnieruli progresi SeuzRudavad iqneboda nebadarTuli.<br />

bekonis teqnologiuri utopiis xedva miznad ar isa xavda arsebuli<br />

sazogadoebisadmi protests, es iyo adamianis mdgomareobis radikaluri<br />

gaumjobesebis gegma.<br />

karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba:<br />

pasuxi ekonomikaa<br />

karl marqsic (1818­1883) utopisti iyo, magram platonisa da bekonisagan<br />

gansxvavdeboda. marqsis winamorbedni iwyebdnen Tavisi samoTxis detaluri<br />

aRweriT da rodesac socialuri realobis kritikaze gadadiodnen, es<br />

ufro farulad xdeboda, vidre aSkarad. maTgan gansxvavebiT, marqsma daiwyo<br />

arsebuli sazogadoebis aSkara kritikiT da miseuli utopiis mxolod<br />

zogadi monaxazi Seqmna. is sakuTar Tavs praqtikos­realistad miiCnevda da<br />

ara meocnebe idealistad. igi Tavis msoflmxedvelobas istoriuli da socialur­ekonomikuri<br />

realobis swor empiriul aRqmad ganixilavda da amiT<br />

uaryofda, rom misi ideebi warmosaxviT azrovnebas efuZneboda.<br />

55<br />

karl marqss (1818­1883) _ germanel filosofoss,<br />

ekonomistsa da revolucioners _ miaCnda,<br />

rom samarTliani samyaro mxolod kacobriobis<br />

kapitalisturidan socialistur<br />

ekonomikaze gadasvliTa da sazogadoebis<br />

evo luciiT miiRweva: `aqamde arsebuli yvela<br />

sazogadoebis istoria klasTa brZolis istoriaa~.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, marqsizmSi utopiuri elementi aSkaraa. wina morbedi<br />

utopistebisagan gansxvavebiT marqss sjeroda, rom misi idealuri sazogadoeba<br />

ara mxolod SesaZlebeli, aramed gardauvali iyo. klasebs Soris mwvave<br />

brZola, romelsac igi winaswarmetyvelebda (ix. Tavi XIV), mxolod im Sem­

---

56 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

TxvevaSi SeiZle ­ba iqnes sworad gagebuli, Tu es brZola aRiqmeba, rogorc<br />

mSvidobisa da siuxvis aRTq mul qveyanaSi utopiuri cxovrebis aucilebeli<br />

Sesavali. es winaswarmetyveleba, marq sis azriT, iyo dauZleveli Zalis<br />

sa boloo Sedegi, romelic ka cob riobis istorias misi gardauvali bediswerisken<br />

_ uklaso sazogadoebisken _ miaqanebda.<br />

ekonomikis wamyvani roli<br />

marqsis galaSqreba ekonomikuri uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg, mecxramete<br />

saukunis Sua periodSi kapitalizmTan asocirebuli Sromis mZime<br />

pirobebiT da farTod gavrcelebuli tanjviT iyo gamowveuli. mdidari<br />

komerciuli da industriuli elita (burJua kapitalistTa klasi) ewinaaRmdegeboda<br />

reformebs, romlebic gaRaribebuli muSaTa klasis (proletariatis)<br />

cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken iyo mimarTuli.<br />

marqsis kapitalSi naTlad aris aRwerili dasaqmebis sferodan motanili<br />

iseTi magaliTebi, romlebmac misi risxva gamo iwvia, magaliTad:<br />

meri en voklim imuSava Sesvenebis gareSe 26.5 saaTi 60 sxva gogosTan er­<br />

Tad, 30 gogo erT oTaxSi, ris gamoc saWiro raodenobis Jangbadis nacvlad<br />

mxolod erT mesamed kubur futs SeisunTqvdnen... meri en vokli<br />

cudad gaxda paraskevs [da] mokvda kviras... eqimma keisma, romelic dagvianebiT<br />

gamoiZaxes, sasamarTloSi ganacxada, rom `meri en vokli mokvda<br />

xalxiT gadatvirTul oTaxSi xangrZlivi muSaobis Sedegad~. 7<br />

marqsisaTvis meri en voklis da sxva misnairebis sikvdili ubralo Se mTxveviToba<br />

ar yofila. mas swamda, rom ekonomika _ materialur saWiroebaTa<br />

warmoeba da ganawileba _ adamianis cxovrebis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelia da<br />

rom istoriulad adamianTa sazogadoebebi iqmneboda da ingreoda ekonomikuri<br />

faqtorebis mkacri dinamikis Sesabamisad. mas sjeroda isic, rom meri<br />

en vokli, raki kapitalizmis epoqaSi daibada, ganwiruli iyo xanmokle da<br />

xelmokle cxovrebisaTvis da saarsebo minimumisTvis samuSaod. warmoebis<br />

mepatroneebs _ kapitalistebis klass ki _ SeeZlo sul ufro metad gamdidrebuliyo.<br />

en voklis cxovreba da adreuli sikvdili gamowveuli iyo<br />

mecxramete saukunis Sua periodis Semosavalze orientirebuli ekonomikiT.<br />

Tumca, marqsis azriT, kapitalizmis ganviTarebis logikam, gardauvali<br />

gaxada siZunwesa da eqspluataciaze agebuli Zalauflebis zestruqturebis<br />

ngreva da marqsis sayvareli proletariatis _ Raribi da gariyuli muSaTa<br />

klasis didi socialuri aRmasvla.<br />

proletariatis diqtatura<br />

marqsi revoluciuri procesis pirvel stadias, romelic dau yov nebliv<br />

mohyveba kapitalizmis gadavardnas, proletariatis diqtaturas uwodebs.

---

utopia<br />

marqsis mtkicebiT, es istoriuli epoqa komunizmis pirveli stadia unda<br />

yofiliyo da kacobriobis istoriaSi socialisturi aTaswleulis dasawyisi<br />

ganesaxierebina. proletariatis diqtatura, rogorc droebiTi fenomeni,<br />

iarsebebda mxolod im dromde, sanam iarsebebda kontrrevoluciisagan dacvis<br />

auci lebloba. am drois ganmavlobaSi Seiqmneboda axali revoluciuri<br />

programebi `yvelasgan SesaZleb lobebis mixedviT, yvelasTvis saWiroebaTa<br />

mixedviT~ principiT. amgvari <strong>politika</strong> gulisxmobda kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebas,<br />

mudmivad mzard saSemosavlo gadasaxads, memkvidreobis uflebis<br />

gauqmebas, saxelmwifos mier yvela sakredito dawese bulebis, agreTve komunikaciisa<br />

da transportis saSualebebis centralizacias, yvela bavSvisaTvis<br />

ufaso ganaTlebis SemoRebas, bavSvTa Sromis gauqmebas, saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi<br />

arsebuli qarxnebisa da warmoebis saSualebebis gafarToebas da<br />

`gamouyenebeli miwebis kultivaciasa da miwis gaumjobe sebas zogadi gegmis<br />

Sesabamisad.~ 8<br />

am stadiebis Tanmimdevrulad Sesrulebis Sedegad xelisufleba ubralod<br />

TavisTavad gaqreboda. roca (marqsis kolegis, fridrix engelsis<br />

azriT) klasobrivi gansxvaveba da antagonizmi bunebrivad qreba, saxelmwifo<br />

Zalauflebis CarTva socialur urTierTobebSi zedmeti xdeba<br />

da `adamianTa mmarTve loba icvleba sagnebis da warmoebis procesis<br />

administ rirebiT~. sa boloo jamSi `saxelmwifo ar `nadgurdeba,~ igi gadaSendeba.~<br />

9<br />

arsebiTad, marqsi, proletariatis diqtaturas (komunizmis socialistur<br />

safexurs), uklaso utopiis aucilebel Sualedur rgolad ganixilavda.<br />

marqss swamda, rom adamianebi sufTa gonebiT ibadebian da is, rac<br />

mogvianebiT maT go nebaSi aRibeWdeba, ufro metad sazogadoebis bunebiT ganisazRvreba,<br />

vidre individualuri genetikuri memkvidreobiT. metic, marqsi<br />

ver xedavda pirovnebis WeSmarit interesebsa da sazogadoebis interesebs<br />

Soris SesaZlo daZabulobas. Sesabamisad, socialistur xanaSi xalxi<br />

bunebrivad SeiTvisebda socialistur Rire bulebebs. kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, sadac, TiTqos, konkurentuli moqalaqeebis<br />

Camoyalibebas uwyoben xels, romlebic sinamdvileSi degradirebulni arian<br />

da eqspluatacias uweven erTmaneTs, socialisturi saxelmwifo ayalibebda<br />

kooperatiul moqalaqeebs, romlebic pativs scemdnen da exmarebodnen erTmaneTs.<br />

klasobrivi konfliqti TavisTavad aRmoifxvreboda da interesTa<br />

bunebrivi harmo niiT iqneboda Canacvlebuli.<br />

saxelmwifoTa gaqrobis marqsistuli rwmena interesTa mTlianobis<br />

erTgvar logikaze iyo dafuZnebuli: kerZo sakuTrebis SemcirebiTa da<br />

Sromis danawilebiT socialuri uTanasworoba mcirdeba, xolo socialuri<br />

uTanasworobis SemcirebiT _ SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis mizezebi.<br />

TavisTavad, klasebis ararsebobis SemTxvaSi klasobrivi brZolac SeuZlebeli<br />

xdeba. dabolos, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis SemcirebiT saxelmwifos<br />

saWiroebac mcirdeba. warsuli sazogadoebebi iyo mxolod adamianTa<br />

gamogoneba klasobrivi dominantobis SesanarCuneblad. marqsis Tanaxmad,<br />

socialuri klasebis gaqrobasTan erTad ufunqciod darCenili mTavrobac<br />

mokvdeba.<br />

57

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58 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

uklaso sazogadoeba<br />

rogorc marqsi winaswarmetyvelebda, mTavrobis arsebobis bunebrivi<br />

da sasruli komunizmis meore stadia _ uklaso sazogadoebaSi unda<br />

momxdariyo. am komunistur utopiaSi namdvili adamianuri survilebis<br />

dak mayofileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda. kapitalizmSi, werda marqsi, `yvelas<br />

konkretuli, gansazRvruli saqmianobis Tavsmoxveuli sfero aqvs,<br />

romelsac Tavs ver daaRwevs. monadirea is meTevze, mwyemsi Tu `kritikuli<br />

kritikosi~, aseTad unda darCes, Tu ar unda, rom arsebobis saSualeba dakargos.~<br />

10 amis sapirispirod, komunizmSi,<br />

sadac aravis aqvs saqmianobis gan sazRvruli sfero, magram SeuZlia<br />

moamzados sakuTari Tavi mis mier arCeul dargisaTvis, saerTo<br />

produqciis regu lirebis gziT sazogadoeba SesaZlebels xdis CemTvis<br />

gavakeTo erTi saqme dRes da meore xval. vinadiro diliT, viTevzao<br />

SuadRes, vmwyemso naxiri saRamos, agreTve gavakritiko vaxSami _<br />

zustad ise, rogorc me minda _ monadired, meTevzed, mwyemsad an kritikosad<br />

gadaqcevis gareSe. 11<br />

individualuri TviTrealizaciis paralelurad, ganviTardeboda bednierebis<br />

momtani socializmi, romlis drosac adamianebi iqnebodnen `loialuri,<br />

brZeni da arakorumpirebuli amxanagebi, romlebic erTmaneTs sruliad<br />

araegoisturi keTilganwyobiT moepyrobodnen.~ 12 marqsis uklaso<br />

sazogadeba am mxriv virtualurad yvela da narCen utopias mogvagonebs.<br />

erT­erTi mecnieri marqsistuli utopizmis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom komunisturi<br />

sazogadoebis marqsiseuli aRwera bevr sxva utopiur SromasTan<br />

`saerTo eTikur safuZvels~ iziarebs, romlis mTavari maxasiaTeblebicaa<br />

`saerTo da ara konkurentuli Sroma, sazogadoebisTvis sasikeTo miznebi<br />

da ara TviTkmayofileba da hedonizmi _ TiToeul wevrze socialuri pasuxismgeblobis<br />

eTika da ara yvelaze ZlierTa gadarCenisaTvis brZola.~ 13<br />

momavlis suraTi, romelic marqsma da engelsma msoflios SesTava zes,<br />

namdvilad mimzidveli d a utopiuri iyo:<br />

danaSauli aRmoifxvrebo da, cxovrebis xangrZlivoba gaizrdeboda,<br />

Zmoba da TanamSromloba axal moralur wesebs daamkvidrebda, mecnieruli<br />

prog resi swrafi tempiT gan viTardeboda. yvelaferTan erTad,<br />

socializmis mTel msoflioSi gavrcelebiT, kacobriobis udides daavadebas<br />

_ omsa da mis tyup Zmas, nacionalizms _ adgili aRar eqneboda.<br />

amas saerTaSoriso megobroba mohyveboda ... socialuri revoluciiT<br />

kacobrioba daasrulebda mis `preistoriul~ xanas da pirvelad Seabijebda<br />

iq, rasac SeiZleba misi sakuTari istoria ewodos.<br />

...revoluciis Semdgom gaerTianebul uklaso sazogadoebas pirvelad<br />

SeeZleba gadawyvitos, romeli gziT wavides da rogor gamoiyenos sakuTari<br />

resursebi da SesaZleblobebi. pirvelad Cven Tavad SevqmniT<br />

sakuTar istorias! es aris `naxtomi monobidan damoukideblobisaken,<br />

sibne lidan sinaTlisaken.~ 14

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utopiisaken dabruneba<br />

utopia<br />

arc erT utopiaSi, romelic ganvixileT, ar arsebobs konf liqti, Suri,<br />

winaaRmdegoba, mtruli disputebi an piradi imedgacrueba. aranairi Rrmad<br />

fesvgadgmuli dapirispireba ar yofs individebs da ar arsebobs didi antagoniz<br />

mi sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris. Tumca, yvela es idealuri saxelmwifo<br />

sxvadasxva xedviT aris inspirirebuli da wesrigis gegmac sxvadsxvagvari<br />

aqvs.<br />

utopiiT STagoneba<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, politikuri moazrovneebi utopias sxvadasxva mizezis<br />

gamo qmnian. `saxemwifoSi~ platonma adamianis srulyofilebis sazRvrebi<br />

gamo ikvlia; igi ara marto saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweras cdilobda,<br />

aramed surda naTeli moefina im problemebisaTvis, romlebic SesaZloa mohyoloda<br />

aseTi politikuri wyobis daner gvis mcdelobas. misgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

bekonma `axa li atlantida~ dawera ara imisaTvis, rom adamianuri Sesa­<br />

Zleblobebis zRva ri eCvenebina, aramed warmoeCina, Tu risi miRweva SeuZlia<br />

Tanamedrove mecnierebaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebas. bekons ainteresebda<br />

ara adamianTa SezRu dvebi, aramed maTi SesaZleblobebi. misi naSromi damaimedebelia<br />

da adamianis keTildReobis SesamCnev gaumjobesebas gvpirdeba.<br />

marqsis utopiuri Sexedulebac imedismomcemia; metic, igi Sed geba<br />

misi msoflmxedvelobis logikuri da aucilebeli nawilisgan. gzis bolos<br />

uklaso sazogadoebis dapirebis gareSe, Zaladoba da tanjva, romelic<br />

marqsis rwmeniT, aucileblad Tan unda axldes kapitalizmis dasasruls,<br />

sabolood azrs moklebuli iqneba. marqsis utopia imedis naperwkals saxavs<br />

re voluciisa da brZolis uimedo perspeqtivaSi.<br />

gza utopiisaken<br />

imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas sruliad bednieri da harmoniuli msoflio, avtorma<br />

unda warmoadginos sazogadoebis konstruirebis axleburi xedva.<br />

platoni filosofiaSi xedavda gasaRebs. miseuli saxelmwifo ver iarsebebda,<br />

sanam mis mmarTvelobaSi yvelaze Wkviani filosofosebi ar movidodnen;<br />

sxvagvarad aris bekonTan, romlisTvisac naTeli momavali aris ara<br />

adamianTa abstraqtuli codnis Sedegi, aramed mecnieruli meTodebis teqnikuri<br />

ganviTareba. misi `solomonebi~ ar iyvnen filosofosebi, romlebic<br />

ideebis sulier sferoze wuxdnen; isini iyvnen mecnierebi, romlebic adamianTa<br />

SesaZleblobebis ganmtkicebis mizniT aanalizebdnen, ikvlevdnen,<br />

siste matizacias ukeTebdnen, iwerdnen da amowmebdnen bu nebis sxvadasxva<br />

fenomens. marqsisaTvis filosofia da mecniereba ekonomikam daCrdila: misi<br />

azriT, araeqspluataciuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi mSvidobiani da mdidari<br />

qveynis garantiaa.<br />

59

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60 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

utopiis praqtikuloba<br />

Tanamedrove mecnierul da teqnologiur ganviTarebasTan erTad,<br />

zogierTi politikuri moazrovne ufro seriozulad dafiqrda utopiis<br />

miRwevis praqtikul SesaZleblobaze. axali utopistebi, raki SeiaraRdnen<br />

ufro metad ganviTarebuli instrumentebiT _ axali mecnierebiT, axali<br />

ekonomikiT _ dedamiwaze samoTxis arsebobas sul ufro xSirad ganixilaven<br />

rogorc realur SesaZleblobas da ara ubralod ausrule bel ocnebas.<br />

es tendencia naTlad aris asaxuli zemoT ganxilul utopiur naSromeb­<br />

Si. magaliTad, platoni gviCvenebda, rom misi utopiis Seqmna da SenarCuneba,<br />

sruliad SeuZ lebeli Tu ara, Zalian rTuli iqneboda. misgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

bekonma aRwera sazogadoeba, romelic Tanamedrove mecnierebis yvela<br />

SesaZ loblobis srulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia gamxdariyo<br />

adamianis keTildReobis ganmtkicebis safuZveli. ra Tqma unda, bekoni<br />

utopias momavlis Sesa Z leblobad ganixilavda, Tumca miaCnda, rom misi<br />

miRweva adamians xelewifeba. marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba araTu SesaZlebeli,<br />

aramed gardauvalic iyo _ proletariatis saboloo gamarjvebis<br />

damtkiceba da jildo.<br />

sabolood, utopiebma samomavlo gegmis saxe miiRo. am gegmebis saerTo<br />

sa fuZvelia zogadi xedvebi adamianTa modgmisa da imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris<br />

adamianisTvis saukeTeso.<br />

utopia da adamianis buneba<br />

`saxemwifoSi~, idealuri qalaqis aRwerasTan erTad, aRwerilia misi<br />

daRupvac. naSromis erT­erTi interpretaciis mixedviT, platoni xvdeboda,<br />

rom adamianTa srulyofili Temis daarsebis SemTxvevaSic ki, misi<br />

ga dagvareba gardauvali gaxdeboda. amgvarad, platonma dasva kiTxva, romelic<br />

ga damdebi aRmoCnda yvela Semdgomi utopiisaTvis: rogor SeiZleba<br />

Tavidan aviciloT cvlileba? ganmartebis mixedviT, utopia aris saukeTeso<br />

politikuri wyoba; aqedan gamomdinare, masSi ganxorcielebuli yvela mniSvnelovani<br />

cvlileba uaresobisken aris mimarTuli. amgvarad, paradoqsulad,<br />

cvlileba am novatoruli sazogadoebebis momakvdinebeli mteri xdeba.<br />

cvlilebebisagan dasacavad utopistma avtorma idealur sa zoga doebaSi<br />

araferi unda datovos Sesacvleli, gansakuTrebiT is, rac adamianis<br />

bunebas exeba. xalxis mSvidad da harmoniulad cxovrebisaTvis aucilebelia<br />

aRmoifxvras an mkacrad gakontroldes adamianis iseTi fundamenturi<br />

Tvisebebi, rogoricaa uzneoba, boroteba da araprognozire badoba.<br />

bednieri saxelmwifos ZiebaSi utopiebi, rogorc wesi, moicaven evge nikur<br />

programebs, iZulebiT ganaTlebasa da kerZo sakuTrebis akr Zalvas.<br />

eugeniuri programis mizania gaakontrolos xalxis mem kvid reobiTi<br />

Tvisebebi seleqciuri gamravlebis gziT, xolo iZulebiTi ganaTleba<br />

ganixileboda, ro gorc saWiro meTodi saukeTeso adamianuri Tvisebebis<br />

Se nar Cunebisa da ara sasurveli Tvisebebis aRmofxvrisaTvis. utopiurma

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utopia<br />

moazrovneebma imave mizniT dauWires mxari kerZo sakuTrebis aRmofxvras,<br />

raTa ganidevnos egoizmi, sixarbe da siZunwe adamianis bunebidan.<br />

utopistebis umetesobis azriT, adamianis egoiz mi gamowveulia socialurekonomikuri<br />

institutebiT, romle b ic icaven, mxars uWeren da samudamod<br />

inarCuneben uTanasworobas da es institutebi SeiZleba gauqmdes mxolod<br />

sazogadoebis fundamenturi reorganizaciiT. amis gamo, bevr utopiaSi<br />

saerTo saTemo aqtivoba, saerTo sacxovrebeli da sazogadoebrivi kveba<br />

anacvlebs qonebis kerZo mesakuTreobas im imediT, rom TanamSromloba<br />

gaimarjvebs konkurenciaze.<br />

sazogadoebis radikaluri reorganizaciis gegmaTa umetesobas safuZv ­lad<br />

udevs adamianis bunebis specifikuri xedva. am TvalsazrisiT, adamianTa Soris<br />

konfliqti warmoiSoba cudad organizebul an korumpirebul sazogadoebaSi,<br />

rasac xSirad, ubralod `sistema~ ewodeba. Tu fundamenturad arakoreqtuli<br />

institutebis negatiuri gavlena aRmoifxvreba, adamianis qceva pozitiurisken<br />

Seicvleba. utopiuri Sexedulebis mTavari rwmena isaa, rom adamianis<br />

buneba kargi Tu ara, damjeri mainc aris (da amis gamo potenciurad kargia).<br />

utopia da politikis ugulebelyofa<br />

utopiuri rwmena, rom adamianis buneba unda da SeiZleba advilad<br />

Seicvalos, seriozul kiTxvebs badebs. Tu garemos marTlac SeuZ lia seriozuli<br />

gavlena iqonios individze, maSin adamiani ara marto moraluri srulyofilebis,<br />

aramed moraluri gaxrwnis kandidati xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

utopiis dros nebismierma naklma SeiZleba ocneba koSmarad aqcios.<br />

TiTqmis yvela utopiaSi (marqsis proletariatis diqtaturis etapis<br />

CaT vliT) politikuri Zalaufleba centralizebulia. Sesabamisad, utopiur<br />

mTavrobebs gankargulebaSi aqvT Zlieri instrumentebi, romlebiTac<br />

akontroleben adamianTa qcevas. TavisTavad es instrumentebi neitraluria;<br />

yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, rogor iye neben maT _ brZnulad Tu<br />

su lelurad, racionalurad Tu mflangvelurad, moralurad Tu amoralurad.<br />

xSirad, utopistebi Tvlian, rom es instrumentebi yovelTvis sasike­<br />

Tod iqneba gamoyene buli. magram Tanamedrove teqnokratiuli saxelmwifos<br />

Zalauflebisa da damyoli adamianuri bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es varaudi,<br />

rbilad rom vTqvaT, ususuria. utopiuri sqemebis kritikosebs awuxebdaT<br />

ara ubralod Zalauflebis erT adgilas Tavmoyra, rasac isini xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />

dadebiTad afasebdnen kidec, aramed Zalauf lebis ganxorcielebisas<br />

Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis sruli ararseboba.<br />

utopiis mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, politikisa da mTavrobisadmi mci re<br />

interess iCenen. isini ver xedaven Zalauflebasa da samarTlianobas Soris<br />

konfliqturi urTierTobis daregulirebis aucileblobas. materialuri<br />

simdi dris, samoqalaqo suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli moqalaqeebisa da adamianis<br />

survilebsa da keTildReobas (an socioekonomikur Tanasworobasa<br />

da pirovnul aRmatebulebas) Soris mcire an ararsebuli konfliqtis Sem­<br />

TxvevaSi, socialu ri samarTlianobis miRweva gaxdeba ufro teqnikuri,<br />

61

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62 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

vidre politikuri saxis problema. amgvarad, arsebuli mTavrobis muSaobis<br />

ZiriTadi meqanizmi _ ZalauflebaTa gamijvna, Sekaveba da gawonasworeba,<br />

sasamarTlo zedamxedve loba da a.S. _ utopistaTa umetesobis Tvis interesmoklebuli<br />

iyo.<br />

distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde<br />

ukontrolo politikuri Zalauflebis saSiSroebani da koSmarad ga daqceuli<br />

utopiis Tema TvalsaCinod aris ganxiluli iseT cnobil naSromebSi,<br />

rogorebicaa jorj oruelis `aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxi~ (1961) da oldos<br />

haqslis `mamaci axali samyaro~ (1932). orive wigni distopiis grafikuli<br />

aRwe raa _ sazogadoeba, romlis Semqmnelebic apirebdnen srulyofili<br />

politikuri wyobis aSenebas, aRmoaCens, rom SeuZlebels dahpirdnen. isini<br />

xelisuflebaSi darCenas mxolod Zaladobisa da komunikaciis sistemis<br />

meSveobiT damyarebuli mkacri monopoliis gziT axerxeben.<br />

oruelis samyaro<br />

`aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxSi~ totalitari mmarTvelebi (romelTac ganasaxierebs<br />

bundovani figura, romelsac did Zmas uwodeben) inar Cuneben<br />

Za lauflebas ara marto adamianTa moqmedebebisa da qcevis formebis, aramed<br />

maTi azrovnebis wyarosa da meTodebis manipulirebiT. daarsebulia<br />

simarTlis saministro, romelsac aqvs mxolod erTi mizani _ sistematurad<br />

moatyuos moqalaqeebi; gamogonilia axali ena (`Newspeak~) _ yvela im sityvis,<br />

ideis da gamoTqmis aRmosafxv relad, romelic mTavrobis mier saSiSad<br />

aris miCneuli; garda amisa, SemoRebulia urTierTsawinaaRmdego logika<br />

(ormagi azrovneba), rom lis mizanicaa moqalaqeTa gonebisaTvis misaRebi<br />

gaxados oficialuri propagan dis uprincipoba.<br />

oficialuri ideologiis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo teroris, mkacri cenzurisa<br />

da mudmivi meTvalyureobis mizania revoluciis mtrebs ar mieceT saSualeba,<br />

daarRvion marSi sruli komunizmisken _ mSromelTa samoT xisken, sadac<br />

yvela iqneba bednieri, daculi, warmatebuli da Tanaswori. Teoriulad,<br />

masebi sakuTar beds Tavad ganageben, praqtikulad ki isini monebis axal klasad<br />

gada iqcevian. maT beds gankargavs yvelaze umowyalo tirani (an tiranebi),<br />

rogoric ki SeiZleba warmo vidginoT, an SesaZloa, verc warmovidginoT<br />

(oruelis daxmarebis gareSe).<br />

utopia da terorizmi<br />

XV TavSi ganvixilavT terorizmis bunebas da gavlenas Sida da saerTa­<br />

Soriso <strong>politika</strong>ze Tanamedrove msoflioSi. teroristuli aqtebi xSirad<br />

asocirdeba religiur an ideologiur fanatizmTaAn, gansakuTre biT, Tu aseTi

---

utopia<br />

aqtebi xorcieldeba sruli TavganwirviT, rogorc es xdeba TviTmkvleli teroristebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi. normalur xalxs ukvirs, ra Se iZleba iyos adamianis<br />

motivacia Seasrulos misia, romelic erTdroulad barbarosuli caa da TviTgamanadgurebelic.<br />

2001 wlis 11 seq tembris SemTxveva _ koordinirebuli<br />

Seteva msoflio savaWro centrze niu­iorkSi da pentagonze vaSingtonSi,<br />

romelSic mravali adamiani monawi leobda da iaraRad gatacebuli komerciuli<br />

avialainerebi gamoi yenes, Sokis momgvreli da Znelad gasagebia. ra aris<br />

saTave aseTi siZulvilisa, ras SeuZlia ara erTi piris, aramed pirTa jgufebis<br />

motivireba, raTa dagegmon, xangrZlivad moamzadon da sabolood ganaxorcielon<br />

erTobliv TviT mkvlelobaze dafuZnebuli masobrivi mkvleloba?<br />

am kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi ar arsebobs. iqneb kargicaa, rom umravles<br />

CvenTagans ar SeuZlia gaigos, rogor poulobs vinme `karg~ mizezs, udana­<br />

Saulo xalxisaTvis aseTi zianis misayeneblad. magram savsebiT SesaZlebelia<br />

_ (da albaT asec aris) _ rom zogierTi tero risti motivirebulia im<br />

damaxinjebuli ideiT, rogori SeiZleba iyos samyaro borotebis, rogorc<br />

mas isini uwodeben, saTaveebis ganadgurebis Semdeg. 15 meorexarisxovania,<br />

ra azriT es `boroteba~: kapitalizmi, materializmi, israeli, amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Sta tebi Tu sxva ram. eqstremistebi warmoidgenen dros,<br />

rodesac, magaliTad, islamuri sazogado eba wminda da Seuryvneli iyo,<br />

sanam dasavluri ideebi, faseulobebi, musika, fuli da SeiaraRebuli intervencia<br />

wabilwavdnen morwmuneebs da Zalian iolad asruleben mizezs _<br />

mters. isini damaxinjebulad xedaven warsuls, awm yosa da momavls. SemaSfoTebelia,<br />

rom Tanamedrove is toriaSi swrafva utopiisken, dedamiwis<br />

im adgilisken, sadac bednierebas ar aqvs sazRvari, xSirad asocirdeba ZaladobasTan,<br />

romelsac aseve ar aqvs sazRvari.<br />

daskvniTi mosazrebani<br />

SesaZloa, zogierTi, SedarebiTi mokrZalebuli instituti zogadi<br />

mmarTvelobis rigiani muSaobisTvis ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs,<br />

vidre mas utopistebi uTmoben. rogorc vnaxeT, utopiuri gegmebi savsea<br />

faruli safrTxeebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom utopiuri sqemebi xSirad<br />

saukeTeso survilebiTaa mo tivirebuli da maRali idealebiT ganmtkicebuli,<br />

rogorc platonma aRmoaCina, sxva adamia nur swrafvaTa umetesobis msgavsad,<br />

mainc warumateblobisTvis aris ganwiruli. realur samyaroSi, utopiuri<br />

ocnebebis msxvreva mTlianad sazogadoebis ngrevas iwvevs, rac naTlad aCvena<br />

meoce saukunis totalitarizmma, romelic metwilad utopistur idealebs<br />

emyareboda.<br />

daskvna<br />

tomas morma termin utopiaSi srulyofili harmoniisa da bednierebis<br />

warmosaxviTi sazogadoeba igulisxma. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi moris utopia<br />

63

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64 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

iyo Semparavi Seteva henri VIII­is mmarTvelobis droindeli inglisis sazogadoebis<br />

mankierebebze. Tumca, `srulyofili~ politikuri wyobis gansazRvris<br />

pirveli mniSvnelovani mcdeloba platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ gvxvdeba.<br />

saxelmwifoSi platoni filosofiuri gamokvlevebis gziT samarT lian<br />

sazogadoebas eZebda. meCvidmete saukuneSi frensis bekonis axalma atlantidam<br />

gviCvena, rogor SeiZleba, Tanamedrove mecnierebis meSveobiT, gaizardos<br />

adamianis SesaZleblobebi. mogvianebiT, karl marqsma SemogvTavaza<br />

Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac mxolod sazogadoebis SigniT ekonomikur<br />

urTierTobaTa radikaluri reorganizaciis gziT aris SesaZlebeli WeSmariti<br />

samarTlianobis miRweva da adamianTa tanjvis dasruleba. marqsis<br />

sazogadoebrivi transformaciis Teoriis sabo loo mizani uklaso sazogadoebis<br />

Seqmnaa.<br />

zogadad, utopiuri azrebi idealizmiTa da socialuri usamarTlobis<br />

SeuwynareblobiT iyo STagonebuli. Tumca, utopiis savaraudo sasurveloba<br />

xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba mis praqtikul SesaZleblobas. utopiuri sazogadoebis<br />

principuli dabrkoleba aris adamianis bunebis udavo araprognozirebadoba<br />

da egoizmi, romlis kontrolsac utopisti moazrovneni evgenikuri<br />

programebis, savaldebulo ganaTlebis sistemiT da kerZo sakuTrebis gauqmebiT<br />

cdilobdnen.<br />

utopistebi xSirad adanaSauleben politikosebs, rom maT ver gaaumjobeses<br />

sazogadoebis yofa. Sedegad, bevr utopiur gegmaSi, sasurvel cvlilebaTa<br />

gatarebis dros, politikosebis roli an mniSv nelovnad SezRudulia,<br />

an saerTod gauqmebuli. politikis ugulvebelyofa utopiuri sqemebis<br />

umetesobas kritikis samizned xdis, vinaidan isini advilad SeiZleba iqcnen<br />

totalitarizmis gegmad. aseTi gegmebi asaxulia naSromebSi, romlebSic<br />

utopia Ramis koSmarad gadaqceul distopiad iqceva.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

utopia<br />

filosofosi­mefeebi<br />

proletariatis diqtatura<br />

komunizmis pirveli stadia<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

komunizmis meore stadia<br />

adamianis buneba<br />

evgenika<br />

distopia<br />

1. saidan warmoiSva da ras niSnavs sityva `utopia~?<br />

2. azrTa rogori sxvadasxvaoba iyo utopist mweralTa Soris utopiis praqtikulobis<br />

Taobaze?

---

utopia<br />

3. utopisti mwerlebi xSirad garkveul varauds gamoTqvamen adamianis<br />

bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. ganmarteT.<br />

4. risi swavla SegviZlia utopiuri Sexedulebebidan Tanamedrove msoflios<br />

<strong>politika</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi?<br />

5. meoce saukuneSi totalitarizmma didi gavlena moaxdina calkeul mwerlebze,<br />

romelTa moTxrobebSi utopia `Tavdayiraa~ warmodgenili. ganmarteT.<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

1. ix. Leo Strauss, What Is Political Philosophy? and Other Studies (New York: Free Press,<br />

1959), 10.<br />

2. Allan Bloom, “Interpretive Essay,” in The Republic of Plato, trans. Allan Bloom (New<br />

York: Basic Books, 1968), 308-310.<br />

3. platoniseuli politikuri wesrigis ideals yvelaze zustad asaxavs<br />

`city~. berZnuli sityva gulisxmobs mcirericxovan TviTkmar sazogadoebas,<br />

romelic uzrunvelyofs yvela adamianur urTierTobas. Tanamedrove<br />

gansxvaveba, magaliTad, sazogadoebasa da mTavrobas an eklesiasa da saxelmwifos<br />

Soris sakmaod ucxoa am cnebisaTvis.<br />

4. Bloom, The Republic of Plato, 410.<br />

5. iqve.<br />

6. Howard White, Peace among the Willows: The Political Philosophy of Francis Bacon (The<br />

Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1968), 97,102.<br />

7. K arl Marx, “Capital: Selections,” in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker<br />

(New York: Norton, 1972), 259.<br />

8. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in The Marx-<br />

Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker (New York: Norton, 1972), 352.<br />

9. Friedrich Engels, “Socialism: Utopian and Scientific,” in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed.<br />

Robert C. Tucker (New York: Norton, 1972), 635.<br />

10. Karl Marx, “Outlines of a Future Society, from ‘The Germany Ideology,’” in Capital,<br />

Communist Manifesto, and Other Writings, ed. Max Eastman (New York: Modern Library,<br />

1932), 1.<br />

11. iqve.<br />

12. Joseph Cropsey, “Karl Marx,” in History of Political Philosophy, ed. Leo Strauss and<br />

Joseph Cropsey (Skokie, 111.: Rand McNally, 1969), 717.<br />

13. Jerome Gilison, The Soviet Image of Utopia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University<br />

Press, 1975), 110.<br />

14. Roy Macrides, Contemporary Political Ideologies (Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop, 1980),<br />

180.<br />

15. B. F. Skinner, Walden Two (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 159.<br />

16. iqve, 161.<br />

17. iqve, 104­105.<br />

18. iqve, 262.<br />

65

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66 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

19. iqve, 193.<br />

20. iqve, 272.<br />

21. iqve, 295.<br />

22. magaliTisaTvis ix. Daniel Pipes­is naSromebi, gansakuTrebiT The Hidden<br />

Hand: Middle East Theories of Conspiracy (New York: Free Press, 1997)<br />

and Conspiracy: How the Para noid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From<br />

(New York: Free Press, 1998); ix. aseve, Fouad Ajami, The Dream Palace<br />

of the Arabs: A Generation’s Odyssey (New York: Pan theon, 1998).

---

Tavi III<br />

konstituciuri<br />

demokratia<br />

warmomadgenlobis<br />

revolucia<br />

demokratiuli konstituciebi<br />

demokratia, rogorc mgrZnobiare<br />

xe li suf leba<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba<br />

umravlesobis tirania<br />

demokratia, rogorc SezRuduli<br />

xelisufleba<br />

umciresobis uflebebi<br />

kanonis uzenaesoba<br />

konstitucionalizmi, rogorc<br />

marTebuli procedura<br />

federalizmi<br />

demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani<br />

xelisufleba<br />

stabilurobis aucilebloba<br />

qmediTobis auci lebloba<br />

xelisuflebis xelaxla gamogoneba:<br />

ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea<br />

Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura<br />

Sekaveba da gawonasworeba<br />

saprezidento sistema<br />

Zalauflebis danawileba<br />

SezRudvebi umravlesobis<br />

mmarTve lobaze<br />

rodisaa Zalaufleba gadametebuli?<br />

67

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68 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

konstituciuri demokratiis principiT moqmedebs mTavroba, romelic<br />

pir dapiraa arCeuli anu romelic, amerikis damfuZnebel mamaTa TqmiT,<br />

`warmomad genlobiT struqturas~ moicavs. respublikaSi (efuZneba arapirdapiri<br />

demokratiuli mmarTvelobis princips) politikur procesSi xalxi<br />

monawi leobs rogorc pirdapir, ise arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT.<br />

iseTi mravalferovani qveynebi, rogoricaa safrangeTi, poloneTi, indoeTi,<br />

samxreTi afrika, brazilia da meqsika, iTvleba kons tituciuri demokratiis<br />

maga li Tebad. iseTi oficialuri saxelebi, rogo rebicaa germaniis federaciuli<br />

demokratiuli respublika an samxreT koreis respublika, asaxavs<br />

imas, rom Tanamedrove demokratiis arsi war momad genlobaa. Sesabamisad, respublikis<br />

politikuri cxovrebisTvis ara feria sasicocxlod imaze ufro<br />

mniSvnelovani, rogorc regularuli arCevnebi, rac sayovelTao saarCevno<br />

uflebisa da xmis farulad micemis principebs efuZneba. advilia imis daviwyeba,<br />

rom am uflebebisTvis dedamiwis mraval adgilze uamravi adamiani<br />

ibrZoda da iRupeboda msoflio istoriis bolo ori saukunis ganmavloba­<br />

Si. dReisaTvis gacilebiT meti adamiani gacilebiT met adgilas sargeblobs<br />

xmis micemis uflebiT, vidre odesme. retrospeqtiulad rom SevxedoT,<br />

amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebis Semdgomi orsaukunovani istoria<br />

ZiriTadad swored adamianis Rirsebisa da saxalxo TviTmmarT velobisTvis<br />

brZolis gamoxatvaa (es ori termini, bevri adamianis gonebaSi arsebiTad<br />

erTsa da imaves niSnavs).<br />

iqac, sadac xalxi politikuri Zalauflebis ZiriTadi wya roa, yvelafris<br />

gakeTeba masac ar SeuZlia. nebismieri arsebuli demokratia SezRudvebs uwesebs<br />

umravlesobis mmarTvelobas. es SezRudvebi xSirad umciresobis uflebebSi<br />

gamoi xa teba _ es is uflebebia, romlebic garantirebulia Tundac im<br />

moqalaqeTaTvis, romlebic saerTod ver ewyobian umravlesobas. gamomdinare<br />

aqedan, gamomuSavebulia im procedurebis ganmsazRvreli re gulaciis standartuli<br />

wesebi, romlis farglebSic mTavroba moqmedebs.<br />

demokratiuli konstituciebi<br />

saxelmwifos konstitucia qmnis xelisuflebis mowyobisa da moqmedebis<br />

sqemas, Sesabamisad gansazRvravs, rogorc mis uflebamosilebaTa, ise am<br />

uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis CarCoebs (SezRudvebs). Tanamedrove<br />

demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesobas dawerili konstitucia aqvs, magram<br />

isini arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, ZiriTadad istoriisa<br />

da moculobis mixedviT. zogi maTgani, magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebisa da safrangeTisa, lakonurobis magaliTebia, sxvebisa, vTqvaT,<br />

indoeTisa da keniisa _ grZeli da detalurad gawerili. indoeTis konstitucia<br />

federaluri kontrolis sakiTxebs oTxmocdaCvidmet muxls uZRvnis,<br />

samocdaeqvss _ Statebis iurisdiqcias da ormocdaSvids _ federalur<br />

da Statebis xelisuflebaTa saerTo kontrolis (anu paraleluri Zalauflebis)<br />

sakiTxebs. keniis konstitucia imdenad detaluria centralur da<br />

regionul xelisuflebaTa kompetenciebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT, rom

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konstituciuri demokratia<br />

exeba iseT sakiTxebsac ki, rogoricaa cxovelTa daavadebebis kontroli,<br />

dalaqTa saqmianobis regulacia da macxovrebelTa mier sacxovrebeli far­<br />

Tobis araorganizebulad dakavebis sakiTxebi.<br />

didi britaneTi da israeli aris ori demokratia, romlebsac for ma luri<br />

(dawerili) konstitucia arc aqvT. britanuli konstitucia ga werilia britaneli<br />

xalxis gulebsa da gonebaSi. igi sazogadoebaSi Rrmad gamjdari da sayovelTaod<br />

gaziarebuli sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebaa, romelic emyareba<br />

tradicias da Cveulebas, aseve istoriul dokumentebSi, samefo gankargulebebSi,<br />

parlamentis aqtebsa da sasamarTlo precedentebSi asaxul konstituciur<br />

principebs, romlebic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gansazRvraven britaneTis<br />

politikur cxovrebas.<br />

amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom demokratiuli konstitucia iqmneba<br />

garkveuli ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis safuZvelze. es Rirebulebebia:<br />

Tavisuf leba, garkveuli saxis Tanasworoba, da sayovelTao, miukerZoebeli<br />

samarTlianoba kanonis farglebSi. bolo wlebSi dasavluri demokratiisaTvis<br />

saerTaSoriso terorizmis safrTxe ufro mzardi gaxda, vidre<br />

SesaZlo sagareo samxedro agresia an saraketo muqara. es safrTxe demokratias<br />

seriozuli di lemis winaSe ayenebs: rogor SenarCundes SezRuduli<br />

mmarT velobis Se sabami si samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi, Tuki aRmasrulebel<br />

xelisuflebasa da samarTaldamcav institutebs efeqtiani mmarTvelobis­<br />

Tvis eZleva meti uflebamosilebebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, aucilebelia<br />

im pirobebSi, rodesac boroteba sazogadoebaSi aRwevs, Cumad vrceldeba<br />

da gaufrTxile b lad esxmis mas Tavs.<br />

konstituciuri demokratia unda akmayofilebdes sam kon kurentul,<br />

xSi rad konfliqtur moTxovnas. pirveli isaa, rom raki demokratiulia, igi<br />

mgrZnobiare unda iyos xalxis mimarT. meore _ raki igi imarTeba gansazRvruli<br />

wesebisa da procedurebis Sesabamisad, SezRudulia dasa xuli miznebis<br />

ganxorcielebasa da im gzebis gamoyenebaSi, romlebiTac am miznebis ganxorcielebas<br />

eswrafvian. bolos, rogorc yvela mTavroba, kons tituciuri demokratiac<br />

ar SeiZleba xangrZlivi iyos an didxans SemorCes sazogadoebas,<br />

Tu efeqtianad ver uzrunvelyofs kanonsa da wesrigs, kompleqsuri araa ekonomikis<br />

marTvasa da gare safrTxeTagan moqalaqeebis dacvaSi (aq igulisxmeba<br />

ara marto ucxo qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semoseva Tu SemoWra, aramed<br />

organizebuli danaSauli, bunebrivi katastrofebi da tero rizmi).<br />

gamomdinare konstituciuri demokratiis arsobrivi koncefciidan, xelisufleba<br />

idealuria im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTdroulad mgrZnobiarec aris,<br />

SezRudulic da efeqtianic. am ZiriTad moTxovnebs Soris saTanado balansis<br />

SenarCuneba erT­erTi gzaa nebismieri demokratiis warmatebis xarisxis<br />

gansazRvrisaTvis. am balansis SenarCuneba krizisis pirobebSi demokratiis<br />

erT­erTi yvelaze didi da mudmivad ganmeorebadi gamowvevaa.<br />

demokratia, rogorc mgrZnobiare xelisufleba<br />

konstituciuri demokratia saxalxo kontrols umravlesobis mmar T­<br />

69

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70<br />

SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

velobis principis Sesabamisad iyenebs. Tavisufali arCevnebis (da xandaxan<br />

pirdapiri monawileobis) saSualebiT moqalaqeebi mniSv nelovan rols asruleben<br />

mmarTvelobaSi, kerZod, irCeven maRali donis gadawyvetilebis<br />

mimReb pirebs da Sesabamisad, maTi meSveobiT iReben kanonebs, ayalibeben<br />

<strong>politika</strong>s da marTaven programebs, romlebzec damokidebulia kargad organizebuli<br />

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. es principi imdenad TvalnaTelia SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi, kanadasa da sxva dasavlur demokratiul qveynebSi, rom<br />

misi qmediToba eWvgareSea.<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba<br />

Tavad demokratiis qmediToba SeiZleba saeWvoc ki iyos. rogorc oc daxu­<br />

Ti saukunis winaT sokratem SeniSna, sasicocxlod mniSv nelovani sa kiTxebis<br />

gadasaWrelad, bunebrivia, xalxi eqspertebs eZebs. maga liTad, Tu avad varT,<br />

mivmarTavT eqims _ samedicino eqsperts. Tuki kargi mmarTveloba gvsurs,<br />

ratom unda mivmarToT adamia nebs, romelTa umetesoba politikurad apa­<br />

Tiuri an uvicia? Tanamedrove avtorma aRniSna, rom `Tuki ewvieT eqims da<br />

sTxoveT rCeva, rogor imkurnaloT, albaT aRSfoTdebiT Tu igi gipasuxebT,<br />

rom amis Taobaze SemTxveviT gamvlelebs daekiTxeba da umravlesobis nebis<br />

mixedviT imoqmeds.~ 1 miuxedavad amisa, es swored is gzaa, riTac demokratiebi<br />

moqmedeben.<br />

SesaZloa, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis yvelaze pirdapiri dacva aleqsis<br />

de tokvilma mogvca Tavis naSromSi `demokratia amerikaSi~ (1835 w.):<br />

`umravlesobis moraluri Zalaufleba nawilobriv efuZneba ganmartebas,<br />

romlis mixedviTac meti gansjis unari da sibrZne upiratesad mocemulia<br />

didi raodenobis adamianebis erTad Sekrebil jgufSi, vidre calke aRebul<br />

individSi~. tokvils swamda, rom adamianuri gonebis daaxloebiTi Tanasworoba<br />

demokratiis ZiriTadi winapirobaa. damatebiT igi Tvlida, rom<br />

`umravlesobis moraluri Zalauf leba aseve emyareba princips, rom bevris<br />

interesi aRemateba cotasas~. tokvilTan demokratiis amgvari ganmarteba<br />

sa bolood aseve emyareba adamianTa Tanasworobis rwmenas. 2<br />

maSin, rodesac sokratem xazi gausva adamianTa Soris gansxvavebas sibrZnis,<br />

gonis, siqvelis mixedviT, tokvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila adamianTa Soris<br />

moralur Tanasworobaze, rogorc umravlesobis Zalauflebis miseuli<br />

Tezisis dacvis safuZvelze. ufro metic, radgan umravlesoba mudmivad<br />

icvleba da dRevandeli umciresobebi xvalindel umravlesobad SeiZleba<br />

mogvevlinon, umravlesobis principi yvelas exeba da erTi konkretuli<br />

jgufis gansazRvraze araa mibmuli. tokvilis mixedviT, SeerTebul Stateb­<br />

Si `yvela partias surs scnos umravlesobis uflebebi, radgan isini imedovneben,<br />

rom es uflebebi maT upiratesobad iqceva momavalSi~. 3<br />

Sesabamisad, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis politikuri principi mxardaWeras<br />

poulobs rogorc Tanasworobis ideaSi, ise TviTinteresSi. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis miRweva arc ise iolia da yovelTvis arcaa<br />

didad dafasebuli, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba gvegonos. SeerTebul

---

konstituciuri demokratia<br />

StatebSi, sadac orpartiuli sistema myaradaa damkvidrebuli, arCevnebi,<br />

Cveulebriv, gamokveTs umravlesobas rogorc Statebis, ise erovnuli donis<br />

sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. arCevnebi aseve ganapirobebs umravlesobis<br />

gamovlinebas saprezidento arCevnebis umetes SemTxvevaSi. magram rogorc<br />

2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma cxadyo, kandidati, romelic moipovebs<br />

xalxis xmebis umravlesobas, SeiZleba avtomaturad ar gaxdes prezidenti.<br />

(`yvelaferi gamarjvebuls~ sistema (winner-takes-all), sadac xmebis umravlesobis<br />

mimRebi kandidati Statis mTeli eleqtoratis xmebs iRebs VI da X TavebSia<br />

ganxiluli).<br />

saparlamento sistemebSi umravlesobis mmarTvelobis problema sakmaod<br />

gansxvavebulad dgas. saparlamento sistemebis umetesobas aqvs qveynis<br />

sakanonmdeblo organoSi mravalpartiuli warmomadgenlobis sistema<br />

(ratom aris es ase, qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli). Cveulebriv, mravalpartiuli<br />

sistemebi ar qmnis umravlesobas romelime erTi partiisTvis sakanonmde b lo<br />

organoSi. ori an meti partia iZule bulia koaliciaSi gaerTiandes, raTa Camoayalibos<br />

mTavroba da moipovos saparlamento xmebis umravlesoba Tavisi<br />

programebisa da politikis gansaxorcieleblad. Sesabamisad, umravlesobis<br />

mmarTvelobis nebismieri SesaZlebloba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. rodesac<br />

xmis mimcemni iyofian ara or, aramed, vTqvaT, xuT an eqvs jgu fad, SeuZlebelia<br />

gamoTvalo, sad, an ra poziciazea umravlesoba. aseve, Se uZlebelia<br />

romelime erTma partiam koaliciur mTavrobaSi Tanmimdev rulad daicvas<br />

Tavisi platforma da koaliciuri partniorebis survilebisa da poziciebis<br />

ignorireba moaxdinos. amas Sedegad mohyveba viwro partiuli poziciebis<br />

waSla da, Sesabamisad, mTavrobis muSaoba daeyrdnoba ufro mcire saerTo<br />

niSnuls da ara umravlesobis mmarTvelobas. Sesabami sad, xmis mimcemni<br />

xSirad imedgacrulebulni rCebian da maT aRqmaSi araefeqtiani mTavroba<br />

cinizmis obieqti xdeba.<br />

did britaneTSicc ki, msoflios wamyvan orpartiul saparlamento sistemaSi,<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba problemuria. britanuli arCevnebi TiTqmis<br />

yovelTvis warmoSobs gamokveTil umravlesobas parlamentSi (ix. VI Tavi),<br />

magram gamarjvebuli partia iSviaTad Tu agrovebs saerTo xmebis odenobis<br />

45%­ze mets (xSirad amaze gacilebiT naklebsac ki). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,<br />

britanuli demokratia ufro zustad daxasiaTdeba, mas xmosanTa SedarebiTi<br />

umravlesobis sistemas (Plurality vote system) Tu davarqmevT. igive, Tumca<br />

gacilebiT naklebi xarisxiT, exeba SeerTebuli Statebis demok ra tiasac,<br />

radgan kongresis wevrebs erTmandatian saarCevno olqebSi irCeven da vinc<br />

yvelaze met xmas iRebs, is imarjvebs (ara aqvs mniSvneloba, amomrCevlebis<br />

saerTo raodenobasTan Tanafardobas, mTavaria, mocemulma kandidatma miiRos<br />

meti xma konkurentTan SedarebiT).<br />

xmis micemis or tips _ umravlesobasa (majority) da SedarebiT umravlesobas<br />

(plurality) _ Soris gansxvaveba Teoriul problemas qmnis. Tuki kandidati<br />

an mTavroba arCeulia SedarebiTi umravlesobis da ara xmebis saerTo odenobis<br />

umravlesobis safuZvelze, maSin gamodis, rom amomrCevelTa ufro did<br />

nawils am kandidatisTvis Tu mTavrobisTvis xma ar miucia. es saSiSia, rad gan<br />

SesaZloa am analizis logikam iolad miiRos mcdari mimarTuleba. saqme isaa,<br />

71

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72 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

rom Tuki msgavs SemTx vevebSi vambobT, rom umravlesoba ar marTavs, imas ki<br />

ar vgulisxmobT , rom umciresobam Zalauflebis uzurpacia moaxdina, aramed<br />

imas, rom umravlesoba, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, laparaki<br />

umravlesobis miTis Sesaxeb, ar gulisxmobs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis<br />

principis gacamtverebas, am SemT xvevaSi saqme exeba ufro im sirTulis<br />

aRiarebas, rac Tan axlavs am principis praqtikaSi danergvas.<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba saTqmelad ufro iolia, vidre gasaxorcielebeli.<br />

is faqti, rom umravlesoba xSirad efemerulia, problemas qmnis<br />

demokratiis TeoriisTvis, xolo umravlesobis tiranuloba _ demokratiis<br />

praqtikisaTvis. qvemoT yu radRebas davuTmobT swored am problemebs da<br />

imas, rogor cdiloben demokratiebi maT gadaWras.<br />

umravlesobis tirania<br />

pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone xelisuflebis yolis survili aS karaa,<br />

magram msgavsi xelisuflebis arseboba araa imis garantia, rom seriozuli<br />

sa xis usamarTloba ar iCens Tavs. am mosazrebis ilust rirebisTvis, warmovidginoT<br />

veluri dasavleTis situacia, rodesac udanaSaulo mawanwala<br />

veragulad dadanaSaulebulia qalaqis erT­erTi yvelaze gamoCenili moqalaqis<br />

civsisxlian mkvlelobaSi, Camwyvdeulia sapatimroSi da elo deba<br />

mosamarTlisa da nafici msajulebis ganaCens. qalaqSi TiTqmis yvela an<br />

aRSfoTebulia, an mTvralia (an orive erTad) da ganrisxebuli brbo mkacrad<br />

iTxovs samarTlis swraf aRsrulebas. am masis winaaRmdeg dgas ori<br />

pirovneba, mamaci Serifi da misive jiuti moxuci TanaSemwe. mTeli am ambis<br />

gardauvali finali xdeba quCaSi, Serifis ofisis win. `mkvlelis~ linCis<br />

wesiT gasamarTlebis moTxovniT mosul brbos win uZRvian qala qis meri da<br />

qalaqis sabWos wevrebi (maT Soris pirovneba, romelmac realurad Caidina<br />

danaSauli). sabolood, mxo lod Serifis gmirul saqciels SeuZlia ixsnas<br />

udanaSaulo adamiani saknidan gamoTrevisa da uaxloes xeze dakidebisagan.<br />

es banaluri ambavi realurad warmoaCens politikuri mecnierebis erTerT<br />

gakveTils, imis cocxal magaliTs, rogoria mgrZnobiare mTavroba moqmedebaSi.<br />

qalaqis mosaxleobis umravlesobam TvalnaTliv daanaxa Tavisi<br />

survilebi Serifs, romelic Zalauflebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis simboloa.<br />

yvelaze ioli gamosavali Serifis Tvis iqneboda is, rom dahyoloda umravlesobis<br />

nebas da udanaSaulo adamiani ganrisxebuli brbosTvis miegdo.<br />

amis garda, SesaZlebeli iyo rame iseTi moqmedeba, romelic ufro metad<br />

iqneboda SesabamisobaSi umravlesobis marTvis principTan da naklebad _<br />

elementaruli samarTlianobis moTxovnasTan. demokratiuli mmarTveloba,<br />

rodesac igi umravlesobis SeuzRudav Zalauflebas guli s xmobs, SeiZleba<br />

brbos mmarTvelobis sinonimuric ki gaxdes. is, rac Cveulebriv tiraniisgan<br />

dacvad, anu umravlesobis mmarTvelobad, aRiqmeba, ragind ironiuladac<br />

unda JRerdes, SeiZleba iqces imad, rasac tokvili umravlesobis tiranias<br />

uwodebda. 4 imis SiSiT, rom erT dominantur klasze, religiasa an politikur<br />

mrwamsze dafuZnebuli umravlesoba fexqveS gaTelavda umciresobis

---

konstituciuri demokratia<br />

uflebebs, politikuri moazrovneebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi xSirad uars<br />

ambobdnen demokratiaze.<br />

brbos mmarTvelobis safrTxis mowmeebi amerikelebi 2001 wlis bolos<br />

gaxdnen, im krizisis dros, rodesac teroristulma aqtebma aTasobiT niuiorkelis<br />

sicocxle Seiwira da aTasobiT maTganis janmrTeloba daaziana.<br />

rodesac damnaSaveebi muslimi eqstremistebi aRmoCndnen, danaSaulis<br />

masStabiT damfrTxali bevri amerikeli SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi<br />

arabuli da musli mu ri umciresobebis winaaRmdeg ganewyo. vnebaTaRelva axlo<br />

aRmosavleTidan Casuli migrantebis mimarT mxolod mas Semdeg dacxra,<br />

rac prezidentma jorj buSma STambeWdavi gancxadeba gaakeTa, romliTAac<br />

amerikelebs tolerantobisa da gonierebisken mouwoda. dasavleT evropaSi<br />

umravlesobis mier umciresoba Ta uflebebze zewolam seriozuli xasiaTi<br />

miiRo bolo wlebSi, mas Semdeg, rac imig raciis sakiTxebze daiwyo msjeloba.<br />

magaliTad, safrangeTSi partia erovnuli fronti momentalurad moeqca<br />

sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis centrSi da adgilobrivi da saxelmwifo donis<br />

arCevnebSi uamravi momxre SeiZina. am partiis swrafma aRmasvlam bevri damkvirvebeli<br />

sagonebelSi Caagdo, radgan sazogado eb rivi azris gamokvlevebma<br />

cxadyo, rom bevri maTgani, vinc am partias mxars ar uWerda, aseve iziarebda<br />

da TanaugrZnobda mis miznebs. erovnuli frontis kandidatis Jan­mari le<br />

penis mier 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi meore adgilis dakavebam gaaoca<br />

safrangeTi da evropa. marTali, arCevnebis bolo etapze le penma waago<br />

xelisuflebaSi myofi Jak Si rakis momxreTa xmebis aSkara upiratesobis<br />

gamo, magram is, rom man seriozulad daamarcxa socialis tebis kandidati,<br />

premier­ministri lionel Jospeni, realurad gamofxizlebisken mowodeba<br />

iyo imaTTvis, vinc jerovnad ver afasebda antiimigraciuli moZraobis Zalas<br />

evropaSi.<br />

msoflioSi bevri demokratiuli qveyanaa, sadac umravlesoba SeiZleba<br />

ganxi lul iqnas, rogorc umciresobis mCagvreli. magaliTad, germania Si<br />

cxovrobs mravalricxovani Turquli umciresoba, romelsac dResac ki ar<br />

gaaCnia umravlesobis Tanaswori uflebebi. CexeTis respublikaSi (da, saer­<br />

Tod, aRmosavleT evropaSi) umravlesoba sistematurad eweva boSaTa umciresobis<br />

diskriminacias. israelSi arabuli umciresoba (igulisxmebian palestineli<br />

arabebi, romlebic israelis moqalaqeebi arian da ara dasavleT<br />

sanapiros an Razas seqtoris macxovreblebi) ar sargeblobs sruli politikuri<br />

da socialu ri TanasworobiT ebraul umravlesobasTan. TurqeTSi<br />

qurTuli umciresobis uflebebi xSirad ewireba Turquli umravlesobis<br />

SiSsa da stereotipebs.<br />

yovelive zemoaRniSnuli msoflioSi arsebuli umravlesobis tiraniis magaliTebis<br />

mxolod nawilobriv CamoTvlaa. SemaSfoTeblad iolia demokratiul<br />

sazogadoebaSi umciresobaTa uflebebis rutinuli da sistematuri xel yofis<br />

magaliTebis povna. am faqtze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, SeiZleba, ara sworad<br />

<strong>gavigoT</strong> an demokratiaze Tavdasxmis interpretaciad miviCnioT, magram simarTle<br />

sruliad sapirispiro ganzraxvaSi devs. TviTkritikisaTvis mzadyofna da<br />

amisgan gamomdinare SesaZlo sikeTeebi, romlebic axasiaTebs demokratias,<br />

misi, rogorc politikuri sistemis upi ratesobis argumentebia.<br />

73

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74 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

dausviT sakuTar Tavs Semdegi kiTxvebi: rodesac aravin saubrobs demokratiaSi<br />

umravlesobis tiraniaze, raze miuTiTebs es? niSnavs Tu ara es,<br />

rom araviTari tirania ar arsebobs ? niSnavs Tu ara es, rom umravlesoba<br />

ar arsebobs an rom mdumare umravlesobam neba darTo Tavis politikur<br />

warmomadgenlebs, gaTelon umciresobaTa uflebebi? axla mivubrundebiT<br />

sakiTxebs imis Sesaxeb, rogor cdilobs demokratia daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebis<br />

uflebebi, rogorc xelisuflebisagan, ise Tanamoqalaqeebisagan.<br />

demokratia rogogrc SezRuduli xelisufleba<br />

SezRuduli xelisufleba niSnavs imas, rom umravlesobis mmarTveloba<br />

gark veul CarCoebSia moqceuli. SezRuduli mmarTvelobis aucilebloba<br />

cxadi gaxda veluri dasavleTis linCis momxre brbos Cveneuli magali­<br />

Tidanac. adamianis CamoxrCoba, romlis danaSauli damtkicebuli araa da<br />

romelic arc gasamarTlebulia, danaSaulia, da umravlesobasac ar aqvs<br />

ufleba mkvle loba Caidinos. aSkaraa, rom moralurad Seucdomeli umravlesobis<br />

cneba absurdia. yoveli umravlesoba Sedgeba individebis erTobisgan,<br />

romelTagan bevri SeiZleba cdebodes, arasworad msjelobdes an arasworad<br />

informirebuli iyos romelime konkretul sakiTxze. amitom imisTvis, rom<br />

Tavidan iqnes aci lebuli samarTlebrivi gadacdoma (magaliTad, rogoricaa<br />

linCis wesiT gasamarTleba), saWiroa xalxis mmarTvelobaze SezRudvis<br />

daweseba. es SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva saxiT gamoixatos. SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

xelisufleba SezRudulia im aspeqtSi, rogor miiRos kanonebi an dasajos am<br />

kanonebis damrRvevi adamianebi. konstituciis mixedviT (muxli 1, nawili 9<br />

da10) mTavrobas ar SeuZlia miiRos ex post facto kanoni, romelic retrospeqtiulad,<br />

ukana TariRiT sjis qmedebebs, an bill of attainder _ parlamentis aqti,<br />

romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida damnaSavis dasjas sasamarTlos gareSe.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom `Tavisuflebis<br />

didi qartia~ (Magna Carta) 800 wlisaa,<br />

man drois gamocdas gauZlo da pirveli<br />

da umniSvnelovanesi dokumentia,<br />

romelic im ideis damkvidrebas uwyobs<br />

xels, rom xelisufleba kanonis uzenaesobasa<br />

da moqalaqeTa uflebebis pativiscemas<br />

unda uzrunvelyofdes.<br />

konstitucia zRudavs saxelmwifo Zalauflebas aseve sxva mniSv ne lovan<br />

aspeqtSi. uflebaTa bili (Sedgeba konstituciis pirveli aTi Caswo rebisgan)<br />

ukrZalavs mTavrobas uari uTxras moqalaqeebs sityvis, presis, Sekrebis,<br />

piradi cxovrebis Tavisuflebaze da samarTliani sasamarTlos garantias<br />

aZlevs kanonis darRvevaSi eWvmitanil moqalaqeebs.

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umciresobis uflebebi<br />

konstituciuri demokratia<br />

xelisuflebaze dawesebuli konstituciuri SezRudvebi mkacrad gan ­<br />

sazRvravs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis principis CarCoebs amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramden adamians surs waarTvas<br />

konkretul individs Tavisufali sityvis ufleba, da arc imas, ramdenad<br />

mizanmimarTulni arian isini Tavis ganzraxvaSi, arc erTi xma CaxSobili ar<br />

iqneba.<br />

imisaTvis, rom SezRuduli mmarTveloba iyos imaze meti, vidre, ubralod,<br />

carieli koncefcia, sul mcire, mTavrobam unda SeZlos umciresobis<br />

dacva mzardi umravlesobis muqarisagan. miuxedavad amisa, zRvari umravlesobis<br />

mmarTvelobasa da umciresobis uflebebs Soris realurad xSirad<br />

dauzuste beli da sakamaToa. Sesabamisad, konstituciuri uflebebi araa<br />

TviTgansazRvradi. moqalaqeebs eniWebaT TviTgamoxatvis ufleba, magram<br />

igi araa absoluturi. magaliTad, sityvis Tavisufleba ar iZleva uflebas<br />

vinmes telefonis saSualebiT Seuracxyofa miayenoT an fostiT sicocxlis<br />

xelyofis muqara gaugzavnoT. amitom yovelTvis rTulia mkafio sazRvris<br />

gavleba erTi pirovnebis `azris gamoxatvasa~ da sxvebis uflebebisa da<br />

usafrTxoebis riskqveS dayenebas Soris.<br />

SedarebisTvis, SeerTebuli Statebi gacilebiT Sorsaa wasuli samoqalaqo<br />

uflebebisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, vidre<br />

sxva demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesoba. magaliTad, bevri evropeli<br />

gaocebulia SeerTebuli Statebis mier kvotebis gamoyenebiT `sakompensacio<br />

diskriminaciis~ (Affirmative Action) farTo programis farglebSi, riTac<br />

Tavis moqalaqeebs Tanabar saSualebas aZlevs ganaTlebisa da samuSao adgilebis<br />

xelmisawvdomo bis kuTxiT. msgavsad amisa, feministuri moZraoba<br />

imdenad gamokveTili ar aris msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi, maT Soris iqac<br />

ki, sadac demokratiuli tra diciebi, Ria sazogadoeba da sekularuli kultura<br />

ukve damkvidrebulia, rogorc StatebSi. danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa<br />

uflebebis dacvis praqtikis kuT xiTac Statebi ufro winaa, vidre sxva demokratiuli<br />

qveynebi. maT umetesobaSi, sadac nafici msajulebis instituti<br />

ar arsebobs, sasamarTlo darbazi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba imisTvis, rom<br />

samarTalSi micemuli piris sawinaaRmdego Cvenebebi gabaTildes. amis garda,<br />

demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesoba gacilebiT nak leb Tavisuflebas<br />

aZlevs moqalaqeebs samoqalaqo sarCelis aRZvraze, vidre SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi, romelic samoqalaqo davebis sasamarTlo wesiT gadaWris sixSiris<br />

TvalsazrisiT msoflioSi wamyvania.<br />

kanonis uzenaesoba<br />

idea miukerZoebeli da sayo velTaod savaldebulo kanonebiT saxelmwifos<br />

marTvis Sesaxeb siaxle ar aris. aris totele amtkicebda, rom kanonis<br />

uzenaesoba TiTqmis yovelTvis upiratesia konkretuli pirebis SeuzRudav<br />

Zalauflebaze. am arguments igi samarTlianobis koncefciaze afuZnebda da<br />

75

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76 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

amtkicebda, rom radgan adamianebi damokidebulni arian fizikuri, materialuri<br />

da fsiqologiuri impulsebis dakmayofilebis vnebebze, kanoni aris<br />

`goni, romelic Tavisufalia yvela vnebisagan~. 5 amitom kanonis mmarTveloba<br />

upiratesia, vidre erTeuli individisa, Tumca kanonebi interpretirebuli<br />

da gatarebuli unda iqnes individebis mier (kanonmdeblebi da samarTlis<br />

aRmsruleblebi).<br />

ori aTasi wlis wlis Semdeg, ingliselma filosofosma jon lokma (1632­<br />

1704 ww.) kanonis uzenaesobis principi individualuri Tavisuflebis principTan<br />

axlo kavSiris safuZvelze daicva. loks swamda, rom Tavisufleba<br />

ver iarsebebda dawerili kanonis gareSe da rom kargi xelisufleba garkveuli<br />

winaswargansazRvruli wesebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes (maga liTad, gadasaxadebi<br />

ar unda wesdebodes xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe).<br />

lokisTvis es wesebi umaRlesi Tanrigis `kanonebia~, radganac isini moicaven<br />

yovelive imas, razec samoqalaqo sazogadoebaa damyarebuli. isini<br />

`kanonTa kanonebia,~ romlebic aucileblad da samarTlianad aweseben<br />

SezRudvebs kanonmdeblebze amasTan, mniSvne loba ara aqvs imas, ramdenad<br />

di dia umravlesoba, romelic am kanonmdeblebs eqvemdebareba. `maRali<br />

rangis kano nis~ lokiseuli koncefciidan warmoiSva konstitucionalizmis<br />

idea. rogorc lokma SeniSna (da rogorc vaSingtonSi, kolumbiis olqSi,<br />

iusticiis departamentis Senobis Sesasvlelze amotvifruli warwera metyvelebs)<br />

`sadac mTavrdeba kanoni, iq iwyeba tirania~. 6<br />

loki im saamayo inglisuri tradiciis gamgrZelebelia, romelic 1215<br />

wli dan moyolebuli mmarTvelobaze SezRudvis dawesebas eZiebda. 1215<br />

wels amboxebulma baronebma inglisis mefe joni aiZules, xeli moewera<br />

cnobili magna kartasTvis (`TavisuflebaTa didi qartia~). Tavdapirvelad<br />

es dokumenti SeRavaTebs mxolod feodaluri aristokratiisTvis awesebda,<br />

magram misi muxlebis farTo interpretaciis saSualeba mogvianebiT<br />

moqnilad iqna morgebuli da gafarToebuli inglisuri sazogadoebis sxva<br />

socialur fenebze da TandaTanobiT xalxis mzardi raodenoba moicva. sabolood,<br />

magna karta britanul TavisuflebaTa safuZveli gaxda. es dokumenti,<br />

romelic 63 muxls moicavda, monarqiis absoluturi Zalauflebis<br />

SezRudvisaTvis dawesebuli Sekavebis da gawonasworebis sistemis sawyisi<br />

monaxazi iyo. magaliTad, igi acxadebda, rom mefis vasalebi ikribebian sab­<br />

Wod, raTa rCeva da Tanxmoba miscen samefos mniSv nelovani saqmeebis Taobaze<br />

da rom gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadebis daweseba unda moxdes mxolod<br />

maTi dasturis SemTxvevaSi. SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo 39­e muxli,<br />

romelic gamoxatavda valdebulebis pirobas kanonis aRs rulebis procesSi<br />

_ is, vinc braldebuli iqneboda danaSaulis CadenaSi, daeqvemdebare bo da<br />

miukerZoebel sasamarTlos da daculi iqneboda TviTneburi patimrobisa<br />

da sasjelisagan. am TvalsazrisiT, dokumenti amtkicebda, rom `aravin<br />

iqneba dapatimrebuli, datyvevebuli an kanongareSed gamocxadebuli, an<br />

gaZevebuli, an mokluli... misi Tanasworebis mier ganxorcielebuli kanonieri<br />

sasamarTlosa da samefos kanonebis gareSe~.<br />

meCvidmete saukunis ganmavlobaSi, lokis dros, didi nabijebi gadaidga<br />

kanonis safuZvelze xelisuflebis SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad,

---

konstituciuri demokratia<br />

uflebaTa peticiam (Petition of Rights, 1628) wamoayena savaldebulo samarTlebrivi<br />

procedurebis idea, riTac SeizRuda monarqis sagadasaxdo Zalaufleba.<br />

amasTan, saSineli varskvlaveTa palatis gauqmebam (1641) daasrula<br />

periodi, rodesac sasamarTlos hqonda Zalaufleba, wamebis gziT mieRo<br />

aRiarebiTi Cveneba da samefos qveSevrdomebze sasjeli taxtis moTxovniT<br />

daewesebina. sabolood, habeas korpusis (Habeas corpus Act1679) safuZvelze<br />

SeizRuda xelisuflebis ufleba, sakuTari mosazrebebis safuZvelze daepatimrebina<br />

adamiani. man aseve mZime sasjeli daawesa im mosamarTleebisaTvis,<br />

romlebic ver axerxebdnen droulad gamoeqveynebinaT Habeas Corpus Actis<br />

instruqci ebi da, Sesabamisad, eCvenebinaT, rom braldebuli kanonieradaa<br />

dakavebuli da mis mimarT gamoiyeneba Cadenili danaSaulis Sesabamisi<br />

kanonebi.<br />

meCvidmete saukuneSive Seiqmna samarTlebrivi precedenti, romel mac<br />

mog vianebiT uzarmazari gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul Statebzec. gamoCenili<br />

ingliseli iuristi ser edvard kouki `doqtor bonemis saqmeze~ (1610)<br />

gamoTqmul mosazrebaSi amtkicebda, rom inglisuri zogadi samarTali (common<br />

law), maT Soris magna karta, unda iyos is standarti, romlis Sesaba misic<br />

iqneba rogorc saparlamento aqtebi, ise monarqis brZanebebi. koukis sityvebiT<br />

rom vTqvaT:<br />

Cveni wignebidan Cans, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi zogadi samarTali akont<br />

rolebs parlamentis aqtebs da xandaxan maT arafrismTqmelad miiCnevs;<br />

ro desac saparlamento aqti saerTo uflebebis an gonierebis<br />

sawinaaR mdegoa, Seusabamoa maTTan an SeuZlebelia misi aRsruleba,<br />

zogadi samarTali akontrolebs da gansjis mas. 7<br />

`maRali rangis kanonis~ Teoriam fexi ver moikida ing lisSi, sadac parlamentis<br />

upiratesoba wesad iqca, magram sabolood SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

damkvidrda. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia da uflebaTa bili<br />

(didwilad inglisuri zogadi samarTlidan gamomdinareobs) iqca im standartebad,<br />

romelTa mimarTebaSic fasdeba xalxis mier miRebuli kanonebi.<br />

konstitucionalizmi, rogorc marTebuli procedura<br />

konstitucionalizmi marTebuli proceduris anu kanonis uzenaesobis<br />

sinoni muria. magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos<br />

ganmartebiT, konstitucia kongresis Tanxmobis gareSe qveynis prezidents<br />

ukrZalavs sam rewvelo sawarmoebis nacionalizacias an CamorTmevas omis<br />

pirobebSic ki. 8 msgavsad amisa, kanonis uzenaesoba da marTebuli samarTlebrivi<br />

procesi (due process) iTvaliswinebs, rom danaSaulSi eWvmitanili piri unda<br />

daic vas advokatma, ufleba unda hqondes daupirispirdes Tavis sawinaaRmdego<br />

Cvenebas, informirebul iqnes braldebis Sesaxeb da ase Semdeg. igive<br />

mosazrebidan gamomdinare, administraciuli organoebi emorCileba kanons,<br />

_ miawodon sa jaro informacia dainteresebul pirebs.<br />

77

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78 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

yovel am SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi procedurebis arsi erTi da igivea:<br />

arc erTi gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnes rogorc saboloo an<br />

sa marTliani, sanam dadasturebuli araa, rom ganxilvisas `TamaSis wesebi~<br />

mkacrad iyo daculi. Sesabamisad, konstituciur demokratiaSi Tu gairkveva,<br />

rom, maga liTad, arCevnebSi gamarjvebulma icrua, anu `TamaSis wesebis~<br />

mixedviT ar imoqmeda, Sedegi iqneba is, rom misi Sedegebi legitimurobas dakargavs.<br />

faqtobrivad es swored isaa, rac moxda SeerTebul StatebSi 1974<br />

wels, rodesac uotergeitis skandalma prezidenti niqsoni aiZula (impiCmentis<br />

safrTxis gamo) postidan gadamdgariyo.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, SeerTebul StatebSi marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi<br />

samarTal­warmoebaSi gare damkvirveblis mier gadametebulad aRiqmeba.<br />

maga liTad, policiam aucileblad dakavebisTanave unda waukiTxos danaSaulSi<br />

eWvmitanils Tavisi uflebebi da Seaxsenos, rom dumilis ufleba<br />

aqvs (konstituciis mexuTe Sesworeba, romelic icavs moqalaqes TviTdadanaSaulebisagan).<br />

Tuki eWvmitanili aRiarebs danaSauls imis gareSe, rom mas<br />

es ufleba ar Seaxsenes (aseve sxva uflebebic), msgavsi aRiareba miuRebeli<br />

iqneba sasamarTlosTvis. faqtobrivad, yvela sxva liberaluri demokratiisTvis<br />

msoflioSi, maT Soris gaerTianebuli samefosTvis, safrangeTisTvis,<br />

kanadisa da avstraliisTvisac, aRiareba aRiarebaa da igi ar miiReba mxolod<br />

im SemTxevvaSi, Tu mopovebulia moraluri Tu fizikuri zewolis sxvadasxva<br />

formis Sedegad.<br />

demokratiisTvis sakmarisi araa ubralod gamoacxados kanonis uzenaesoba,<br />

rogorc principi; sityvebi da qmedebebi erTmaneTs unda emTxveodes.<br />

magali Tad, afroamerikelebi da sxva umciresobebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

diskriminaci is msxverplad rCebodnen mas Semdegac ki, rac samoqalaqo omi<br />

dasrulda da mi Rebuli iqna konstituciis meToTxmete Sesworeba, romelic<br />

araorazrovnad ganmartavs `kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas~. msagavsad amisa,<br />

qalebs saarCevno uflebebi 1920 wlamde ar miuRiaT da bolo dromde saxlis<br />

da ojaxis gareT saq mianobis mcire di SesaZleblobebiT sargeblobdnen.<br />

sabolood, amerikis cixeebSi tusaRTa um ravlesoba axalgazrda Savkaniani<br />

amerikelebi arian, sikv diliT dasjis mo lodinSi myof tusaRTa umetesobac<br />

aseve afroamerikelia, rac, miuxedavad sa samarTloebis mier kanonisa<br />

(Cvenebebis miRebis wesi) da sa marTlebrivi procedurebis mkacrad dacvisa,<br />

mainc aRZravs kiTxvebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis iusticiis sistemis<br />

samarTlianobis Sesaxeb.<br />

marTebuli procedura arsebiTia samarTlis Tanaswori xelmisawvdomobis<br />

T vis, rac, Tavis mxriv, arsebiTia demokratiisTvis. amavdroulad, igi<br />

ar iZleva imis garantias, rom myari jav Sani iqneba seriozuli usamarTlobis<br />

winaaRmdeg. msgavsi garantiis moTxovna, SesaZloa, zedmeti iyos<br />

nebismieri politikur­samarTlebrivi sistemis mimarT. rogorc wina TavSi<br />

aRvniSneT, utopia araa gamosavalis momcemi alternativa.

---

federalizmi<br />

konstituciuri demokratia<br />

konstituciuri xelisuflebis SezRudvis sxva gzaa federalizmad wodebuli<br />

ZalauflebaTa dayofa. Tanamedrove federaluri respublikebia:<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, meq sika, germania, kanada, indoeTi, brazilia<br />

da nigeria.<br />

Teoriulad, federalizmi Zalauflebis danawilebaa saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa<br />

da regionul erTeulebs Soris. am erTeulebs inglisur<br />

enaze xSirad states uwodeben, magram radgan inglisur enaSi Tavad saxelmwifoc<br />

state­ad JRers, igi ar unda agverios suverenul sa xelmwifoSi, romelic<br />

samecniero literaturaSi ufro xSirad nation-state (eri­saxelmwifo)<br />

terminiT gvxvdeba. (saxelmwifos politikur­teritoriuli erTeuli state<br />

TargmanSi Stats niSnavs. mTarg. Sen.) SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs Zalauflebis<br />

konstituciuri danawileba saxelmwifo anu federalur xelisuflebasa<br />

da Statis xelisuf lebas Soris. konstituciis pirveli muxlis<br />

merve nawili, magaliTad, ganmartavs im sferoebs, romlis farglebSic<br />

erovnuli kongresi uflebamosilia awarmoos kanonmdebloba. amavdroulad,<br />

konstituciis meaTe Sesworeba uzrunvelyofs imas, rom is kompetenciebi,<br />

romlebic konstituciis ZaliT miniWebuli ar aqvs saxelmwifo<br />

xelisuflebas, Statis uflebamosilebebad darCes. tradiciulad, Statis<br />

centralur xelisuflebis funqciebSi Sedioda Sida wesrigisa da mSvidobis<br />

SenarCuneba, ganaTlebis, sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvisa da<br />

usafrTxoebis, aseve keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa (e.w. Statebis sapolicio<br />

Zalaufleba anu sa xelmwifos samarTlebrivi wesrigi). erT dros am<br />

Zalauflebas TiTqmis eqskluziurad Tavad Stati axorcielebda, magram<br />

1930­iani wlebidan saxelmwifo mTavrobis roli warmoudgenlad gaizarda,<br />

rodesac prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma (1933­1945) Tavisi axali<br />

kursi (New Deal) politikis farglebSi farTomasStabiani federaluri<br />

programebi wamoiwyo didi depresiis socialur­ekonomikuri efeqtebis<br />

aRmosafxv relad, kerZod, ekonomikis stimulirebisa da axali samuSao adgilebis<br />

Seqmnis mizniT.<br />

prezidentma riCard niqsonma (1968­1973) scada sapirispiro mimarTulebiT<br />

waremarTa erovnuli xelisuflebis rolis zrdis procesi da axali<br />

federalizmis (new federalism) <strong>politika</strong> SeimuSava, romelic miznad isaxavda<br />

Statebis xelisuflebis rolis gazrdas, rogorc misi qmediTobis, ise Sedegis<br />

TvalsazrisiT. am politikis ori ZiriTadi elementi StatebisTvis e.w.<br />

erTdrouli subsidiebis micema da saerTo Semosavlis ganawileba iyo. SemdgomSi,<br />

sxva prezidentebma, kerZod, konservatorma respublikelma ronald<br />

reiganma (1980­1988) da demokratma bil klintonma (1992­2000) aseve<br />

gaagrZeles StatebisTvis kompetenciisa da uflebamosilebis ukan dabrunebis<br />

<strong>politika</strong>. SeerTebul StatebSi msgavs <strong>politika</strong>s devolucia (Zalauflebis<br />

gadacema) hqvia.<br />

ra aris Zalauflebis danawilebis msgavsi formis sazrisi? SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis istoriaSi isini, visac swamda, rom Tavisuflebis dacvis saukeTeso<br />

saSualeba xalxTan xelisuflebis maqsimalurad daaxloeba iyo, federalizms<br />

79

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80 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

qadagebdnen. xalxis ganwyobisa da adgilobrivi interesebisgan Sors mdgari<br />

erTiani centraluri xelisuflebis tiraniaSi gadazrdis SiSiT, 1787 wels<br />

gamarTuli konstituciuri konventis zogierTi delegati warmatebulad<br />

amtkicebda, rom Statis arseboba axali saxelmwifo xelisuflebis tiranuli<br />

Zalauflebis SemzRudvel meqanizmebs Seqmnida. Sedegad, konstituciam<br />

calkeul Stats Tanabari warmomadgenloba dauwesa axlad dafuZnebul senatSi<br />

da prezidentis federa luri wesiT arCevac SemoiRo (saarCevno kolegiis<br />

saSualebiT). amasTan, damatebiT ganisazRvra Statis mniSvneloba konstituciis<br />

Sesworebis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli kongresi<br />

daTmobaze wavida da konstituciis mea Te Sesworebis miRebisas Statebis mosazrebebi<br />

da SeTavazebebi gaiTvaliswina.<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi federalizmis funqciebi dRes mniSvnelovnad<br />

gansxvavdeba saxelmwifos ganviTarebis adreul periodSi arsebulisagan.<br />

Tavdapirvelad, didi winaaRmdegobebi wamoiWra sakiTxze, ramdenad SeeZlo<br />

Stats (virjinia da kentuki 1798­1799 ww. samxreTi ka rolina 1830­ian ww.)<br />

an regions (samxreTis Statebi 1860­ian ww.) gamoeyenebina Tavisi uflebebi<br />

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebul specifikur <strong>politika</strong>s­<br />

Tan uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi. rodesac interesisa da principis sakiTxebma<br />

saxelmwifoSi azrTa sxva dasxvaoba gamoiwvia (kanonebi ucxoelebisa da amboxis<br />

waxalisebis Sesaxeb, 1798 w., gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb, 1830­iani ww., monobis<br />

Sesaxeb 1860­iani ww.), politikuri dapirispirebebi gaiSala mTavrobis<br />

konkretuli qmedebisa da politikuri gadawyvetilebebis konstituciurobis<br />

sakiTxze, romelTa arsi imaze dadioda, vis hqonda legitimurad saboloo<br />

gadawy vetilebis miRebis ufleba _ Stats Tu erovnul xelisuflebas.<br />

sakiTxebi, romlebic konstituciis meeqvse muxlma ver gadawyvita, samoqalaqo<br />

omma moagvara. marTalia, garkveulwilad mniSvnelovani dapirispirebebi<br />

federalur da Statis xelisuflebas Soris SenarCunda, gansakuTrebiT<br />

samxreTSi 1950­1960­ian ww. skolebis desegregaciis Taobaze, mag ram dReisaTvis<br />

sajaro politikis mraval sakiTxSi, dawyebuli gzebis mSeneblobidan,<br />

dasrulebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZoliT, maT Soris urTierToba<br />

ufro TanamSromlobis princips emyareba, vidre konfliqts. 9<br />

miuxedavad amisa, bolo wlebSi seriozuli Sejibri SeiniSneboda xelisuflebis<br />

am or dones Soris. magaliTad, 1990­ian wlebSi zogierTi Statis xelisuflebam<br />

ganaTlebis sferoSi reformebis gatareba (skolebisTvis iuridiuli<br />

da finansuri avtonomiis miniWeba swavlebis vauCerebis principiT<br />

dafinanseba, religiis swavlebis danergva da gaRrmaveba) da antikriminaluri<br />

RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba scada (sasjelis savaldebulo daweseba, sami<br />

ga ficvis kanoni, msxverplTa kompensaciis kanoni). zogierTma Statma aseve<br />

scada, uari eTqva kompensaciuri qmedebis (affirmative action) <strong>politika</strong>ze.<br />

msgavsi tendenciebi adasturebs, rom federalizmi amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi xasiaTdeba, rogorc Statisa da federalur xelisuflebebs<br />

Soris TanamSromlobiT, ise maT Soris SejibriTac. kons titucia ki<br />

iSviaTad ganixileba, rogorc barieri sxvadasxva donis mTavrobaTa Soris<br />

regularuli TanamSromlobisTvis, riTac gamsWvalulia amerikuli<br />

politikuri sistema.

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konstituciuri demokratia<br />

federalizmi da Tavisufleba zedmeti centralizaciis safrT xisagan<br />

dacvis gziT federalizmi Tavisuflebasac icavs, radgan zRudavs centraluri<br />

xelisuflebis Zalaufle bas. am gziT federalizmi individebs<br />

icavs potenciurad mbrZaneblobisken midrekili centraluri mTavrobisagan.<br />

10 administraciuli decentra lizaciis sistemebis msgavsad, romelic<br />

mniSvnelovani samTavrobo amocanebis ganxorcielebaSi adgi lobriv biurokratias<br />

efuZneba, amerikuli stilis federalizmi indivi dualur Tavisuflebebs<br />

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis uflebamosilebaTa arealis Sez­<br />

Rudvis gziT icavs. Sesa bamisad Tanamedrove federalizmis miza ni igivea,<br />

rac politikuri decentralizaciisa, romelic<br />

adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaT vis funqciebis gadacemiT axdens centraluri<br />

administraciuli aparatis Semcirebas da, Sesaba misad, naklebad<br />

saSiSs xdis mas TavisuflebisaTvis. amavdroulad, decentralizacia<br />

ganapirobebs sazogadoebrivi masebis CarTvas politikur<br />

cxovrebaSi maTTvis xelisuflebis xelmisawvdomi doneebis gamartivebiTa<br />

da gamravalferovnebiT, rac aaqtiurebs samoqalaqo erTianobas<br />

da aCvevs mas TviTmmarTvelobas. Sedegad, adgilobrivi xelisufleba<br />

organizebul struqturebad yalibdeba, romelsac saWiroebis Sem­<br />

TxvevaSi centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva an<br />

misi Warbi Zalis Serbileba SeuZlia. sabolood, decentra lizacia<br />

saSualebas aZlevs xelisuflebas, moergos adgilobriv saWiroebebs<br />

da ga remoebebs, aseve saSualebas aZlevs eqsperimentebis saSualebiT<br />

problemebis gadaWris gzebis mravali varianti moZebnos. ase rom,<br />

decentra lizacia Tavisuflebis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani mcvelia<br />

da saukeTeso saSualeba energiuli da kompetenturi sa moqalaqo<br />

erTianobis Camosaya libeblad. 11<br />

federalizmsa da Tavisuflebas Soris kavSiri gansakuTrebiT aRsa niSnavia<br />

germaniis SemTxvevaSi. germaniaSi demokratia xelaxla daibada meore<br />

msoflio omis Semdeg, rodesac omisagan gamofituli saxelmwifo, damarcxebuli<br />

da okupirebuli iyo ucxo jarebis mier. mokavSire sa xelmwifoebi<br />

Se erTebuli Statebis meTaurobiT Tvlidnen, rom ar unda daeSvaT axali<br />

germa nuli saxelmwifos xelaxali militarizacia da mis mier axali samxedro<br />

kampaniis ganxorcieleba evropaSi. amis saukeTeso saSualeba, maTi<br />

azriT, germaniis diqtatorul virusze `acra~ iyo. `vaqcina~, romlis gamoyenebac<br />

gadawyvites, demokratiuli federalizmi iyo.<br />

rogor SeeZlo federalizms ar daeSva axali hitleris SesaZlo aRzeveba?<br />

amis pasuxi germaniis xelisuflebis decentralizebul struqturaSi<br />

unda veZioT. germanuli politikur­teritoriuli erTeulebi, rasac germanulad<br />

Land anu miwa ewodeba, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben mmarTvelobaSi,<br />

rogorc regionul, ise saxelmwifo doneze. germaniis Teqvsmeti miwis<br />

mTavrobebis mier daniSnuli delegatebi germanuli parlamentis zeda palatis<br />

anu bundesratis wevrebi arian. zeda palatas ufleba aqvs veto daados<br />

yvela im kanons (axali gadasaxadebis CaTvliT), romelic miwas pirdapir exe­<br />

81

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82 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

ba da gavlenas axdens masze. amasTan, germanuli biurokratiis didi nawili<br />

miwebis xelisuflebis pirdapiri kontrolis qveS aris.<br />

alternativa: unitaruli sistemebi. Tanamedrove msoflios xeli suflebaTa<br />

umetesoba ar efuZneba federalur sistemas. mmarTvelobis yvelaze<br />

gavrcelebuli forma unitaruli sistemaa, iseTi, rogoric did britaneTSia.<br />

mas unitaruli hqvia imis gamo, rom politikur sis temas mTavrobis mxo lod<br />

erTi, ZiriTadi erTeuli aqvs. esaa centraluri xelisufleba, romelic<br />

sxvadasxva sakiTxis Taobaze xSi rad mimarTavs adgilobriv xelisuflebas,<br />

mag ram, rogorc wesi, es mas ar moeTxoveba. Sesabami sad, is, rac am sistemas federalurisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT aklia, centralur da adgilobriv politikurad<br />

ministraciul erTeulebs Soris arsebuli zemoT xsenebuli Statis an<br />

miwis ek vivalenturi Sualeduri fenaa.<br />

zogi unitaruli sistema, magaliTad, safrangeTsa da italiaSi, ufro<br />

meti mondomebiT icavs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Zalauflebasa da prerogativebs<br />

adgilobrivi magistratebis, merebisa da politikosebis mxridan<br />

SesaZ lo dau morCileblobisagan, vidre britaneTSi. safrangeTSi, prefeqtebi<br />

(centraluri xelisuflebis mier daniSnulni) aSualeben urTier Tobebs<br />

centralur xeli suflebasa da adgilobriv departamentebs Soris. manam,<br />

sanam fransua mitera nis socialisturi mTavroba instituciur reformebs<br />

wamoiwyebda 1980­iani wlebis dasawyisSi, prefeqtebi valde bulni iyvnen adgilobrivi<br />

departamentebis mTavrobebisTvis zedamxed veloba gaewiaT da<br />

imis uflebac hqondaT, rom maT miRebul garkveul gadawy vetilebebze veto<br />

daedoT. am sistemis momxreebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi msgavs politikuradministraciul<br />

mowyobas, romelic tutelaJis (meurveobis) saxeliT iyo<br />

cnobili, racionaluri politikuri mar T vis modelad miiCnev dnen. tutelaJis<br />

sistema imdenad centralizebuli da sistematizebuli iyo, rom gaTviTcnobierebul<br />

damkvirvebels saaTze ubralo SexedviT iolad SeeZlo<br />

eTqva, ra sagans gadiodnen mocemul momentSi skolaSi moswavleebi mTel<br />

safrangeTSi. bevr amerikels, romlebic miCveulni arian ganaTlebis sistemis<br />

Tavisuflebas, skolebis, saganmanaTleblo progra mebis, saakre ditacio<br />

moTxovnebis da akademiuri standartebis mravalgvarovnebas, mTavrobis<br />

dawesebuli msgavsi erTgvarovneba uTuod ucnaurad moeCveneboda.<br />

demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani xelisufleba<br />

vamtkicebdiT, rom demokratias ar SeuZlia Tavisi moqalaqeebis (romlebic<br />

monawileoben arCevnebSi, ixdian gadasaxadebs, msaxuroben SeiaraRebul<br />

ZalebSi) azrebisa da rwmenis ugulebelyofa, magram aseve ar SeuZlia<br />

ubralod asaxos umravlesobis momentaluri ganwyoba da survilebi, Tuki<br />

isini azaraleben umciresobis interesebsa da uflebebs. demokratiuli xelisufleba,<br />

romelic mgrZnobiarecaa da SezRudulic, savaldebulo araa<br />

sicocxlisunariani aRmoCndes. imisTvis rom warmatebuli iyos da xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi, ubralod, gadarCes, demokratiuli mTavroba, iseve rogorc

---

konstituciuri demokratia<br />

xelisuf lebis mowyobis sxva formebi, efeqtiani unda iyos. sxva sityvebiT<br />

rom vTqvaT, mas unda hqondes imis SesaZleblobebi, rom ganaxorcielos is<br />

miznebi, risTvisac is Seiqmna. Tu demokratias ar ZaluZs daicvas Tavisi<br />

moqalaqeebi, uzrunvelyos keTildReoba da sxva arsebiTi sferoebi (ganaTleba,<br />

samarTlis dacva, da elementarulad wylis miwodebis sistemis an<br />

xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuris gamarTuli muSaoba), maSin ra sargebelia<br />

masSi? am sakiTxis wamoweva miuTiTebs imis albaTobaze, rom demokratiuli<br />

xelisufleba, SesaZloa, zedmetad mgrZnobiare, an zedmetad SezRuduli<br />

aRmoCndes xalxis sakeTildREeo qmedebebSi.<br />

SezRuduli da mgrZnobiare mTavroba, romelsac ZaluZs imoqmedos swrafad<br />

da moqnilad, unda eyrdnobodes Zalauflebis Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis<br />

struqturebs, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom garkveul gare mo ebebSi<br />

mTavrobas energiuli moqmedebis unari unda dausustdes. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia jeims medisonis moswrebuli naTqvami pirveli<br />

kons tituciuri konventis Sesaxeb: `im sirTuleTa Soris, romlebsac konventi<br />

Seejaxa, Zalian mniSvnelovani is unda iyos, rom moxdes mTavrobaSi<br />

aucilebeli stabilurobisa da energiulobis Serwyma Tavisuflebisa da<br />

respublikuri formis xelSeuxeblobasTan~. 12 medisoni amtkicebda, rom xelisuflebis<br />

stabiluroba aucilebelia Sida simSvidisa da wesrigisaTvis,<br />

erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi TviTrwmenisTvis, qmediToba<br />

ki aucilebelia Sida da gare gamowvevebis gadaWrisaTvis. misi sityvebiT,<br />

qmediTunarianoba da stabiluroba erTad efeqtiani xelisuflebis ZiriTadi<br />

sazrisia.<br />

stabilurobis aucilebloba<br />

stabiluroba efeqtiani mTavrobis arsebiTi atributia. politikuri da<br />

si temuri stabiluroba SeiZleba gansakuTrebulad mwvave problema iyos axlad<br />

aRmocenebuli demokratiisa da ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis, magram es<br />

araa msoflios mxolod konkretulad am tipis romelime qveynis an regionisTvis<br />

dama xasiaTebeli. magaliTad, italia ganviTarebuli demokratiaa, magram<br />

igi cnobilia mTavrobaTa xSiri cvalebadobiT.<br />

stabiluroba SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnes sxvadasxva gziT. arCeul<br />

warmomadgenlebs sakmarisi dro da vada unda mieceT imisTvis, rom ganaxorcielon<br />

an miaRwion rame Rirebuls. unda arsebobdes garkveuli saxis<br />

politikuri disputebisa da socialuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis instituciuri<br />

gzebi, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli qveynis nawilebad daxleCisa<br />

da destabilizaciis albaToba (SeerTebul StatebSi umaRlesi sasamarTlo<br />

xSirad asrulebs am fun qcias, magram politikur partiebsa da saknonmdeblo<br />

organosac mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT). liderebis Secvlis<br />

instituciuri procedurebi iseTi regulirebuli meTodebis saSualebiT,<br />

rogoricaa arCevnebi da daniSvnebi, Zalian mniSvnelovania da demokratiis<br />

erT­erTi principuli upiratesobaa Tanamedrove diqtaturebTan SedarebiT.<br />

monarqia, Cveulebriv, am problemas memkvidreobis principis SenarCu­<br />

83

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84 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

nebiT Wris, mefis Tu dedoflis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi taxti mis ufros<br />

Svils gadaecema.<br />

istoria da tradicia, iseve, rogorc simbolizmi da rituali, aZlierebs<br />

gangrZobiTobis SegrZnebas mTavrobebSi (gaviTvaliswi noT Tundac is zarzeimi<br />

da gansakuTrebuli garemo, romelic Tan axlavs SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

prezidentis inauguracias an britaneTis samefo ojaxis wevrebis daqorwinebas).<br />

msgavsi gangrZobiTobis SegrZnebis aucileblobaze saubrisas<br />

jeims medisoni daupi rispirda Tomas jefersonis winadadebas konstituciuri<br />

konventebis periodulobis sixSiris gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT imis<br />

safuZvelze, rom `xalxi sadmi yoveli mimarTva mTavrobaSi raRac defeqtis<br />

arsebobis maniSnebeli iqneba, xSiri mimarTvebi ki didwilad moaxdens imas,<br />

rom mTavrobas moakldeba sazogadoebis mxridan mowiweba da Tayvaniscema,<br />

ris gareSec SesaZloa yvelaze Wkvian da yvelaze Tavisufal mTavrobasac<br />

ki ar hqondes esoden saWiro stabiluroba~, ufro metic `yvelaze Wkviani<br />

mTavrobac ki ar CaTvlis zedmet upiratesobad imas, rom sazogadoebrivi<br />

stereotipebi da crurwmenebi Tavis mxardamWerad ixilos~. 13<br />

qmediTobis aucilebloba<br />

imisTvis, rom efeqtiani iyos, xelisufleba qmediTic unda iyos. qmedi­<br />

Tobis Tezisis mimarT damfuZnebel mamaTa mxardaWera SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

naTlad iqna asaxuli konstituciaSi, romelmac ara marto gadasca mTavrobas,<br />

rogorc erTs, sakmarisi Zalaufleba, aramed Seqmna Zlieri aRmasrulebeli<br />

xelisufleba, romelsac sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan Widilis<br />

SesaZleblo bebi misca. konstituciam kongress uflebamosileba mianiWa<br />

`miiRos yvela ka noni, romelic aucilebelia da Sesabamisia Zalauflebis<br />

aRsrulebisTvis~ (muxli1­2). es naTelyofs damfuZnebel mamaTa ganzraxvas,<br />

rom xelisuflebisaTvis SeeqmnaT SesaZlebloba, saWiroebebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

gadaedga gadamwyveti nabijebi. am TvalsazrisiT, aleqsander hamiltoni<br />

aRniSnavda, rom `mTavroba Tavis TavSi unda moicavdes yovelgvar<br />

Zalauflebas, romelic aucilebelia masze gadacemuli sazogadoebrivi<br />

miznebis misaR wevad... Tavisufali unda iyos yoveli saxis kontrolisagan,<br />

magram unda iTvaliswinebdes sazogadoebrivi sikeTis principsa da xalxis<br />

azrs~. 14<br />

rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, erovnuli mTavrobis Zalaufleba<br />

droTa ganmavlobaSi erTmniSvnelovnad gaizarda, Statis xelisufalTa<br />

uflebamosi lebebi ki SedarebiT meryevia: xan izrdeba, xan klebulobs. zogadad<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1789 wlidan dRemde yvela donis xelisuflebis Zalaufleba<br />

mniSvnelovnad gai zarda. SeerTebul StatebSi mTavrobis rolis<br />

amgvari zrda pasu xia sazogadoebaSi, ekonomikaSi da, ra Tqma unda, amerikis<br />

sazRvrebs miRma arsebul samyaroSi momxdar cvlilebebze. am tendenciis<br />

Sedegi, kargia Tu cudi, isaa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba dRes ufro<br />

qmediTia, vidre erTi saukunis winaT iyo, da gacilebiT qmediTia, vidre ori<br />

saukunis win. Tuki vinme fiqrobs, rom SeerTebuli Statebi msoflios mowi­

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konstituciuri demokratia<br />

nave samxedro da ekonomikuri Zalaa, erTaderTi WeSmariti zesaxelmwifoa<br />

XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, misTvis iolia dainaxos, rom demokratiam amerikis<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi amisTvis sakmaod kargad imuSava. erTia, rom aSS­is<br />

sistema SeiZleba gaakritiko imisTvis, rom is araa sakmarisad mgrZnobiare<br />

an amtkico, rom igi zedmetad eqspansiuria anu araa sakmarisad SezRuduli,<br />

magram vin Seitans eWvs mis efeqtianobaSi?<br />

mogvianebiT, VI TavSi vixilavT, rom safrangeTis meoTxe res pub likisTvis<br />

(1945­1958) efeqtiani mTavroba naklebadaa damaxasi aTebeli. safrangeTma<br />

sabolood am problemis daZleva Zveli konstituciis ax liT SecvliTa da<br />

Zalauflebis simZimis centris parlamentidan prezidentze gada nacvlebiT<br />

SeZlo. am qveyanas aseve hyavs premier­ministri, romelic mTavrobas xelmZ­<br />

Rvanelobs, mag ram prezidents, romelic pirdapiri arCevnebiT xuTi wlis<br />

vadiT irCeva, ufleba aqvs daakomp leqtos an gadaayenos mTavroba. Zlieri<br />

saprezidento Zalauflebis SeqmniT, mexuTe respublikis konstituciam<br />

franguli demokratiis istoriaSi axal periods daudo saTave, romelmac<br />

iseTi stabiluroba da ayvaveba moutana safrangeTs, rogoric mas bolo ori<br />

aswleulis ganmavlobaSi ar axsovs.<br />

safrangeTisgan gansxvavebiT, italias jerjerobiT ar gadauWria efeqtiani<br />

demokratiuli mmarTvelobis amocana. nebis mieri sxva dasavluri saparlamento<br />

demokratiisgan gansxvavebiT, igi samTavrobo arastabi lurobis nimu­<br />

Sia. radgan aq saparlamento sistemaa, mTavrobas premier­ministri marTavs,<br />

da imis gamo, rom italias qaosuri partiuli sistema aqvs, premiers iSviaTad<br />

aqvs xangrZlivi an masze damokidebuli Tu misdami daqvemdebarebuli partiuli<br />

koaliciis (saparlamneto umravlesobas gacilebiT mcire Zala aqvs)<br />

mxardaWera. Sedegi isaa, rom meore msoflio omis Semdgomi or aTwleulze<br />

meti xnis ganmavlobaSi italiaSi mTavrobebi saSualod eqvs TveSi erTxel<br />

icvleboda. bolo wlebSi italiis saarCevno sistemis reformirebis mcdelobam<br />

am problemis mogvarebis TvalsazrisiT Sedegi ar gamoiRo. sabednierod,<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdgomi italia, miuxedavad politikuri stabilurobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT saamayo miRwevebis naklebobisa, ekonomikis ganviTarebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT warmatebuli qveynis magaliTia. rTuli warmosadgeni araa,<br />

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ra simaRleebs miaRwevda italia bolo naxevari<br />

saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTavrobas efeqtianad rom emarTa.<br />

es sami magaliTi adasturebs, rom demokratiuli mTavroba SeiZleba iyos<br />

efeqtiani, magram amis garantia ar arsebobs. warmatebuli demokratiis am<br />

TavSi ganxilul sam TvisebaTagan, efeqtianoba erTaderTia, romelic mxolod<br />

da mxo lod demokratiuli mTavrobisTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />

diqtatura, Cveulebriv, ar cdilobs iyos mgrZnobiare an SezRuduli, magram<br />

aqvs erTaderTi mizani _ efeqtiani. arcerT demokratiul xelisuflebas ar<br />

ZaluZs Seasrulos danapirebi, Tuki mgrZnobiare araa, da arcerTi maTganis<br />

pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar dgeba amocanebis Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi<br />

SezRuduli araa. bo lo dromde Zalze mwvaved idga sakiTxi imis Taobaze,<br />

ramdenad ZaluZs demokra ti as ajobos diqtaturas, rogorc mmarTvelobis<br />

efeqtianma formam. bolo drois istoriulma cvlilebebma es sakiTxi moxsna<br />

dRis wesrigidan.<br />

85

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86 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

xelisuflebis axlidan gamogoneba:<br />

ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis Tanamedrove Teoriis<br />

praqtikaSi danergvis samSobloa. dasawyisSi igi ar iyo srulyofili,<br />

mag ram namdvilad iyo warsulidan uyoymanod gadmodgmuli nabiji da momavlis<br />

dagegmvis ga bedu li mcdeloba. im ideis triumfi, rom respublika,<br />

monarqiisa da avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis sxva formebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

politikuri mowyobis ufro gonivruli da umjo besi alternativaa, Tanamedrove<br />

msoflio istoriis ganmsazRvreli momenti gaxda. moxda ise, rom es<br />

triumfi ganxorcielda adgilze, romelsac amerika erqva. dRes amerikis<br />

idea mTeli msoflios xalxTa warmodgenaSi Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis<br />

ideebis sino nimuria (es idea gaci lebiT metia, vidre realoba, romelmac<br />

daamtkica, rom igi Tanamedroveobis didi Zalaa).<br />

amerikis idea, rom dawerili konstituciis farglebSi xalxs sakuTari<br />

Tavis marTva Tavad ZaluZdes, pirdapiri gagebiT produqtia XVIII saukunis<br />

ganmanaTleblobisa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saTaves gvia ni XV saukunis italiuri<br />

renesansis inteleqtualuri duRilidan iRebs. mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />

rom amerikuli revolucia ubralod jorj vaSingtonis, Tomas<br />

jefersonis Tu sxva revoluciuri liderebis gonebaSi ar momwifebula.<br />

politikuri Teoria, romelic amerikis mamebis ideebSi gamoixata, myarad<br />

iyo dafuZnebuli gamoCenili moazrovneebis _ nikolo makiavelis, Tomas<br />

hobsis, jon lokis, ba ron de monteskies da sxvaTa inteleqtualur Rvawlze.<br />

yoveli maTgani, arsitotelesgan gansxvavebiT, amtkicebda, rom mTavrobis<br />

mizani aris ara siqvelis danergva, aramed borotebis da mankierebis winaaRmdeg<br />

brZola. adamianis bunebidan, marTebulad xed vam, es moazrovneebi realisturi<br />

miznebis, magaliTad, Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis Ziebamde<br />

miiyvana, rac politikurad miRwevadia, siqvele ki aseTi araa.<br />

Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura<br />

am qveTavSi politikis universaluri problemaa dasmuli: Tuki xalxi Tavisi<br />

bunebiT araa qveli, da amave dros Tavadaa mmarTveli, maSin rogoraa<br />

SesaZ lebeli, rom marTvis nebismieri sistema ar gadagvardes da tiraniad ar<br />

iqces? amerikis mamebma am Tavsatexis gadaWra iseTi midgomis ganviTarebiT<br />

scades, rasac politikis axali gageba uwodes. es axali gageba politikuri<br />

institutebis manam ucnobi da axleburi mowyobis irgvliv gaiSala, ramac<br />

Tavisuflebis praqtikis meti SesaZlebloba dabada da xelisuflebis funqciebis<br />

danawilebis saSualebiT, Zalauflebis despoturi gamoyenebisgan<br />

(tiraniis) misi dacva da, Sesaba misad, Zalauflebis koncentraciis safrTxis<br />

Tavidan acileba uzrunvelyo. swored ise, rogorc ser isaak niutonma<br />

revoluciuri gadatrialeba moaxdina Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi,<br />

damfuZnebel ma mebsac sjerodaT, rom maT socialur mecnierebaSi<br />

axali safuZvlebis danergviT politikis revoluciuri gageba Semoitanes.

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konstituciuri demokratia<br />

hamiltoni am aRmoCenis arss federalistSi [(amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis konstituciis ratificirebis da calke arsebuli Statebis gaer­<br />

Tianebis safuZvelze federaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnis momxre inteleqtualTa<br />

da politikur moRvaweTa 85 statiis krebulia. avtorebi aleqsander<br />

hamiltoni (51 statiis avtoria), jeims medisoni (29 statiis avtoria) da jon<br />

jei (5 statiis avtoria) arian. statiebi 1787­1788 ww. seriulad ibeWdebodnen<br />

niu­iorkis gazeTebSi. 1788 wels statiebi krebulis saxiT iqna gamocemuli<br />

da mas The Federalist Papers ewoda. (mTarg. Sen.)] naTelyofs. amtkicebda ra,<br />

rom amerikis konstitucia Tavidan aicilebda `tiraniis da anarqiis ukidures<br />

gamovlinebebs~, romlebmac adre arsebuli respublikebi daRupes,<br />

hamiltoni Tavis mkiTxvelebs mouwodebda, ar SeCerebuliyvnen warsulis<br />

magaliTebze: `politikis mecniereba, msgavsad nebismieri sxva mecnierebisa,<br />

didad gaumjobesda... sxvadasxva principis Zala, romlebic manam an sruliad<br />

ucnobi iyo, an cudad gagebuli Zvelebis mier, axla ukeTaa Secnobili~. hamiltonma<br />

aRbeWda is progresuli struqturuli cvlilebebi, rom lebic Cadebuli<br />

iyo konstituciaSi am politikis axali gagebis SemqmnelTa mier:<br />

gansazRvrul departamentebze (saministroebze) Zalauflebis regularuli<br />

ganawileba; Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis kanonmdeblobiTi<br />

meqanizmebis danergva; iseTi sasamarTloebis Seqmna, romlebic Sedgebian<br />

kargi qcevisa da kompetenciis safuZvelze SerCeuli mosamarTleebisagan;<br />

sakanonmdeblo organoSi xalxis warmomadgenloba arCeuli<br />

deputatebis meSveobiT _ yovelive es an sruliad axali aRmoCenebia,<br />

an Tanamdroveobis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad principuli progresis<br />

gziT srulyofili. es aris saSualebebi, Zlieri saSualebebi, imisTvis,<br />

rom respublikuri mmrTvelobis upiratesoba SenarCundes da misi naklovanebebi<br />

an Semcirdes, an Tavidan iqnes acilebuli. 15<br />

jeims medisonis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, damfuZneblebi xvdebodnen, rom<br />

`ganaTlebuli politikosebi yovelTvis ar iqnebian Zala uflebis sadaveebTan~.<br />

16 gonieri xelisufalis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod Tavad sworad<br />

agebul saxelmwifos SeuZlia gaakontrolos maTi ambiciebi, vinc misi<br />

saxeliT marTvaze acxadebs pretenzias. arCevnebi aseTi kontrolis erT­erT<br />

saxes uzrunvelyofs, aRniSnavda medisoni, magram `gamocdilebam kacobriobas<br />

damatebiTi garantiebis aucilebloba ukarnaxa~. 17 upirvelesi garantia<br />

xelisuflebis ZiriTad komponentebs Soris mudmivi Widilis danergva iyo:<br />

`xelisuflebis erTsa da imave StoSi Zalauflebis Tanmimdevruli koncentraciis<br />

saSiSroebis Tavidan acilebis kargi saSualeba imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />

rom yoveli departamentis (saministros) xelmZR vanelobas mieces saWiro<br />

konstituciuri mxardaWera, piradi motivaciis gasazrdelad winaaRmdegoba<br />

gauwios sxvebis mxridan mis kompetenciebSi SemoWras~. mokled rom vTqvaT,<br />

`saWiroa ambiciam gaaneitralos ambicia~. 18<br />

87

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88 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

Sekaveba da gawonasworeba<br />

am miznis misaRwevad damfuZneblebma scades xelisuflebis Stoebi erTmaneTisagan<br />

damoukidebel organoebad CamoeyalibebinaT. Sesabamisad, yoveli<br />

Stos Zalaufleba konstituciis specifikuri muxlidan gamomdinareobs<br />

(pirveli muxli exeba sakanonmdeblo organos, meore _ aRmasrulebels,<br />

mesame _ sasamarTlos). xelisuflebis yovel Stos mieniWa konstituciuri<br />

Zalaufleba masze dakisrebuli specifikuri movaleobebis gansaxorcieleblad<br />

da yovel maTgans mieca saimiso meqanizmebi, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios<br />

sxva Stos mxridan aralegitimuri saSualebebiT zemoqmedebis mcdelobebs.<br />

es meqanizmebi, romlebsac uwodeben Sekavebas da gawonasworebas, Sedgeba,<br />

rogorc Cveulebrivi (prezidentis mier vetos gamoyenebis ufleba), ise gansakuTrebuli<br />

(kongresis mier prezidentis impiCmentis procedura) prerogativebisagan.<br />

isini erToblivad TiToeuli Stos wevrebisaTvis `aucilebeli konstituciuri<br />

saSualebebia~ sxva Stoebis mier mis kompetenciebSi eqspansiisTvis<br />

winaaRmdegobis gasa wevad. `kerZo interesi unda daukavSirdes<br />

institutis konstituciur uflebebs~. 19 damfuZneblebi grZnobdnen, rom<br />

institucionali zebuli TviTinteresi Zalauflebis grZnobiT aRWurvil<br />

Tanamdebobis pirebs, maTi konkretuli institutis mniSvnelobisa da aRmatebulobis<br />

grZnobas ga uZliereb da da gazrdida maT mondomebas TavianTi<br />

samsaxuris prestiJis Sesa narCuneblad (Sesabamisad, sakuTari karieruli<br />

winsvlis uzrunvelsayo fad). amgvarad, kongresis mier 1974 wels prezident<br />

niqsonis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli impiCmentis erT­erTi mizezi is iyo,<br />

rom igi, rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo <strong>politika</strong>Si, aSkara upativcemulobas<br />

iCenda sakanonmdeblo organos Zalauflebis mimarT (Zalauflebis gadameteba,<br />

uotergeitis saqmis CaTvliT, niqsonis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli procesis<br />

mTavari Tema iyo). 1998 wels prezident klintonis (demokratiuli<br />

partiidan) winaaRmdeg impiCmentis procesis mcdeloba imas ukavSir deboda,<br />

rom man winaaRmdegoba gauwia kongress (respublikelebi umravlesobas warmoadgendnen),<br />

gamoeZi ebina misi qcevis Sesabamisoba zneobriv normebTan<br />

samsaxure ob rivi valdebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi oponentebi mas aseve<br />

bralad sdebd nen sasamarTlo xelisuflebis upativcemulobas, rac cru<br />

Cvenebebis micemaSi gamoixata.<br />

afuZnebdnen ra demokratiul institutebs pirad interesze (self-interest),<br />

damfuZneblebi adamianis bunebis sikeTisa da zneobrivi srulyofisadmi misi<br />

midrekilebis mimarT erTgvar skepticizms gamoxatavdnen. hamiltonis mixedviT,<br />

`adamianebi ambiciurebi, SurismaZiebelni da xarbebi~ 20 arian. medisoni<br />

eTanxmeboda da ufro mkveTradac ki gamoxatavda am azrs:<br />

SesaZloa adamianis bunebaze msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom amg vari<br />

meqanizmebi (Sekaveba da gawonasworeba) aucilebelia Zala uflebis gadametebis<br />

gasakontroleblad. raa Tavad mTavroba, Tu ara adamianis<br />

bunebaze fiqris yvelaze didi gamoxatuleba? adamianebi angelozebi<br />

rom iyvnen, araviTari mTavroba saWiro ar iqneboda. angelozebi rom

---

konstituciuri demokratia<br />

marTavdnen adamianebs, mTav robaze kontrolis arc gare da arc Sida<br />

meqanizmebi ar iqneboda saWiro~. 21<br />

kargad awyobil respublikaSi ganaTlebuli, piradi interesis mqone adamiani<br />

sayo velTao sikeTisTvis iRvawebs. politikosebi aRmoaCenen, rom piradi<br />

interesebis (magaliTad, ganmeorebiT arCeva) ganxorcielebis saukeTeso<br />

gza sazogadoeb rivi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaa da ara Zalauflebis gadameteba<br />

an borotad gamoyeneba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, medisonis sistema,<br />

iseve rogorc adam smitis `uxilavi xeli~, avtomaturad moawesrigebs<br />

procesis mimdinareobas, raTa instituciuri Zalauflebis wonasworoba ar<br />

dairRves. amgvarad, SeerTebuli Statebis politikis axali gageba Tavis argumentebs<br />

maRalfardovan da zedapirul zneobriobaze an religiur grZnobebze<br />

ki ar afuZnebda, aramed realobaze mya rad mdgar institucinalizebuli<br />

piradi interesis principze.<br />

damfuZnebelTa naazrevze fokusirdeba yvelaferi `ame rikulis~ gandidebis,<br />

da Sesabamisad, eTnocentrizmisa da SezRudulobaSi braldebis<br />

risks qmnis. am SemTxvevaSi mainc aris gamamarTlebeli argumenti, romelic<br />

logikasa da istorias eyrdnoba. ubralod, ise moxda, rom Tanamedrove istoriis<br />

pirveli warmatebuli demokratiuli eqsperimenti CrdiloeT amerikaSi<br />

XVIII saukunis dasasruls ganxorcielda, da revolucionerebi, romlebmac<br />

igi wamoiwyes, politikis filosofosebi iyvnen (im periodSi politikuri<br />

mecniereba, rogorc aseTi, arc arsebobda). politikis mecnierebis SeqmniT,<br />

maT SeimuSaves demokratiis praqtikuli Teoria, romelsac konkretuli<br />

istoriuli konteqstidan daSorebuli Sinaarsi da gamoyeneba aRmoaCnda.<br />

rogorc dasawyisSi aRiniSna, misi gamoyeneba scildeba msoflios romelime<br />

konkretuli saxelmwifosa Tu regionis farglebs.<br />

saprezidento sistema<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTvelobas xSirad saprezidento sistemas uwodeben,<br />

vinaidan aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri kongresis wevrebisagan<br />

damoukideblad da calke irCeva. sistema Zalauflebis danawilebiT<br />

xasiaTdeba, romlis farglebSic sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo<br />

Stoebi Sesabamisi uflebamosilebebis da valdebulebebis ganxorcielebisTvis<br />

cal­calke arian pasuxismgebelni amomrCevelTa sxvadasxva<br />

jgufis winaSe. mmarTveloba formalurad sxvadasxva funqciuri CarCos<br />

mixedviTaa Camoyalibebuli. vinai dan yoveli mmarTvelobisTvis savaldebuloa<br />

kanonebis formulireba, aRsruleba da interpretireba, logikuria,<br />

rom amaTgan pirveli funqciis Sesasruleblad saWiroa Seiqmnas sakanonmdeblo<br />

organo (wesebis SemuSaveba), meore funqciis Tvis _ aRmasrulebeli<br />

xelisufleba (wesebis gamoyeneba da danergva) da mesame, zedamxedvelobis<br />

funqciisaTvis _ sasamarTlo xelisufleba (wesebis ganmarteba da interpretacia).<br />

msgavsi mowyobis logikam ar icis arc politikuri da arc geografiuli<br />

sazRvrebi, dReisaTvis igi gvxvdeba msoflios yvela regionis mravali de­<br />

89

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90 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

mokratiis struqturaSi. saprezidento demokratia amJamad gansakuTrebiT<br />

Cveulebrivi gaxda laTinuri amerikis qveynebisTvis, magram xelisuflebis<br />

demokratiuli mowyobis msgavsi forma sxvadasxva saxiT iseT qveynebSic gvxvdeba,<br />

rogoricaa ruseTi, safrangeTi, nigeria, samxreTi afrika, indonezia,<br />

filipinebi.<br />

Zalauflebis danawileba<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia xelisuflebis yovel Stos spe ci fikur<br />

amocanebs akisrebs. magaliTad, kongress miniWebuli aqvs e. w. xazinadaris<br />

Zalaufleba. prezidenti waradgens wliuri biujetis proeqts da<br />

cdilobs miznobrivi dafinansebis Sesaxeb kongresis gadawyvetilebebze<br />

gavlena moaxdinos, magram saxelisuflebo xarjebze saboloo sityvis<br />

ufleba mainc kongress rCeba. aRmasrule bel xelisuflebaze aseTi mZlavri<br />

SezRudvis meqanizmi sxva saprezidento demokratiebSi farTod araa danergili,<br />

da aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, biujetis xarjviTi nawilis<br />

dagegmvasa da damtkicebaSi saboloo sityva xelisuflebis aRmasrule bel<br />

Stos ekuTvnis, Semosavlebisa da begara­mosakreblebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis<br />

saboloo instanciad ki sakanonmdeblo organo rCeba.<br />

Zalauflebis danawilebis amerikul modelSi aris garkveuli sferoebi,<br />

romlsac Zalauflebas sxvadasxva Sto erToblivad axorcielebas. magaliTad,<br />

msgavsi gamWoli da urTierTgadamkveTi pasuxismgeblobebiT `omis<br />

gamoc xadebis~ ufleba xasiaTdeba. kongress aqvs imis ufleba, rom Sekribos<br />

da Seinaxos armia (Tumca, konstitucia am uflebis gamoyenebas kongress orwliani<br />

vadiT ganusazRvravs), saWiro resursebiT uzrunvelyos da zedamxedveloba<br />

gauwios samxedro flots, Seqmnas SeiaraRebuli Zalebis maregulirebeli<br />

wesebi da, rac mTavaria, gamoacxados omi. Tumca, amavdroulad,<br />

konstitucia SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad prezidents acxadebs.<br />

Sesabamisad, gamocxadebuli Tu gamoucxadebeli nebismieri mniSvnelovani<br />

samxedro aqcia xelisuflebis orive Stos TanamSromlobas moiTxovs. zogadad,<br />

urTierTqmedebis es tipi msgavsi institutebis mqone sxva qveynebSicaa<br />

gadaRebuli, magram SeiaraRebul Zalebze samoqalaqo kontroli, rogorc<br />

principis, ise praqtikis saxiT, arsad ise myarad araa dafuZnebuli, rogorc<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi. Sesabamisad, bevr saprezidento sistemaSi krizisis<br />

periodSi samxedro gadatrialebis albaToba demokratiisTvis principul<br />

safrTxes qmnis.<br />

garda imisa, rom sami Stos wevrebi sxva dasxva amocanis Sesrulebas emsaxurebian<br />

da sxvadasxva gziT Wrian maT, isini sxva dasxva vadiTa da sxvadasxva<br />

amomrCevlis mier arian arCeulni. konstituciisa da misi Sesabamisi Sesworebis<br />

mixedviT, prezidenti yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel unda irCeodes<br />

da erTsa da imave pirs or vadaze metad Tanamdebobis dakaveba ar SeuZlia.<br />

mxolod prezidenti da vice­prezidenti arian mTavrobis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis<br />

pirebi, romelTac Zalauflebis mandati sruliad saxelmwifo<br />

eleqtoratis mier gadaecemaT. amis sapirispirod, kongresSi arCeuli war­

---

konstituciuri demokratia<br />

momadgenlebi konkretuli olqis (Statis Sida erTeulis) eleqtoratisgan<br />

iReben mandats ori wliT. senatorebi warmoadgenen Stats da Tanamdebobas<br />

eqvsi wlis vadiT ikaveben. umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi (da yvela<br />

sxva federaluri mosamarTle) ar arian arCeulni, maT niSnavs prezidenti<br />

senatis Tanxmobis safuZvelze. damfuZneblebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebdnen daniSvnis am saxes, vinaidan miaCndaT, rom miukerZoebeli<br />

samarTlis aRsrulebisTvis saWiroa sasamarTlo Tavisufali iyos politikuri<br />

zewolisgan. mosamarTlis Tanamdeboba arCeviTi rom yofiliyo,<br />

misi mopovebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis kandidatebi politikur jgufebTan<br />

aliansebSi an farul garigebebSi Sevidodnen, rac kanonis interpretacia­<br />

Si garkveuli jgufuri da kerZo interesebis asax vis gamo, samarTlianobis<br />

princips daazaralebda.<br />

ama Tu im Tanamdebobis dakavebis vada sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva g varadaa<br />

gansazRvruli, Tumca oTxwliani vada TiTqmis yvelgan standartia.<br />

ma ga liTad, ruseTsa da braziliaSi am TvalsazrisiT SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

analogiuri suraTia: prezidents oTxi wliT irCeven da mas SeuZlia vadis<br />

gasvlisTanave isev iyaros kenWi am Tanamdebobaze. amis sapirispirod, meqsikasa<br />

da nigeriaSi prezidentebs eqvswliani vadiT irCeven, magram xelmeored<br />

arCevis ufleba ar aqvT. bolo dromde, safrangeTis prezidents, xelmeored<br />

arCevis SesaZleb lo biT, Svidwliani vadiT irCevdnen (2000 wels vada xuT<br />

wlamde Semcirda, ix. VI Tavi). bevr saprezidento sistemaSi qveynis mTavrobis<br />

umaRles Tanamdebobis pirs ga cilebiT meti Zala ufleba aqvs sakanonmdeblo<br />

organosTan mimarTebaSi, vidre es SeerTebul StatebSia.<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis mi xedviT,<br />

xelisuflebis arc erT Stos ara aqvs ufleba dominirebdes sxvaze.<br />

Za laufleba ganawilebulia da garkveulwilad misi erTianad mocva<br />

SeuZlebelicaa. msgavsi politikuri mowyobis pirobebSi gasa kviri araa, rom<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis <strong>politika</strong> politikuri kamaTiTa da gavlenisaTvis<br />

brZoliT xasiaTdeba, gan sakuTrebiT prezidentsa da kongress Soris<br />

urTierTobaSi. msgavsi politikuri ur TierTobebis tipi SeiniSneba sxva<br />

qveynebis prezidentebsa da par lamentebs Sorisac. Tumca, sxva qveynebis<br />

prezidentebs partieb Tan da par lamentebTan brZolisTvis aqvT iseTi<br />

`iaraRi~, rac SeerTebuli Statebis pre zidents aSkarad ar gaaCnia.<br />

SezRudvebi umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze<br />

amerikis politikuri sistemis damfuZneblebi umravlesobis tiraniis<br />

(umravlesobis midrekileba, gaTelos umciresobaTa uflebebi) SesaZlo<br />

safr TxiT erTnairad iyvnen SeSfoTebulni. umravlesobis Zalis Sesarbileblad,<br />

garkveulwilad, mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo sakanonmdeblo organos<br />

orpalatian principze mowyoba (or palatad _ warmomadgenelTa palatad<br />

da senatad dayofa). Sesabamisi mniSvneloba hqonda Zalauflebis danawilebasac.<br />

saprezidento veto, sasamrTlos damoukidebloba da federalizmi<br />

aseve Cafiqrebuli iyo umravlesobis mmarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

potenciuri safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad.<br />

91

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92 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

kvlav aRvniSnavT, rom msgavsi politikur­instituciuri mo deli sxva<br />

qveynebSic aris. sakanonmdeblo organos orpalatiani mowyoba TiTqmis<br />

yvelgan we sad iqca. umravles SemTxvevaSi prezidentebs kanonebis mimarT<br />

vetos gamoyenebis ufleba aqvT, magram erTian da gabedul sakanonmdeblo<br />

organos SeuZlia saprezidento vetos daZleva. Cveulebriv, sasamarTloebi<br />

isea mowyobili, rom damoukidebeli iyos, magram is sakiTxi, ramdenad arian<br />

konkretuli mosamarTleebi politikurad neitralurni da samarTlebrivad<br />

miukerZoeblebi, xSirad prob lemuria. msoflios bevri federaluri sistema<br />

aseve saprezidentoa. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba ruseTi, meqsika, brazilia<br />

da nigeria (amis sapirispirod kanada, germania da indoeTi saparlamento<br />

federalizmis magaliTebia).<br />

rodisaa Zalaufleba gadametebuli?<br />

amerikuli sistema Seqmnili iyo ara marto imisTvis, rom xeli SeeSala<br />

tiraniis damkvidrebis SesaZleblobisTvis, aramed imisTvisac, rom uzrunve<br />

leyo Zlieri da qmediTi mmarTveloba. am miznisTvis, damfuZneblebma scades<br />

SeeqmnaT Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romelsac SeeZleboda<br />

ro gorc kongresis mxridan Carevis mcdelobebis, ise Statebis gankerZoebis<br />

survilis moTokva. maT swamdaT, rom memkvidreobiTi monarqis ararsebobis<br />

pi robebSi, regularuli arCevnebi da impiCmentis SesaZlebloba efeqtianad<br />

ga awonasworebda aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas. 22<br />

miuxedavad amisa, realurad, amerikis prezidents kongresTan brZolaSi<br />

gacilebiT naklebi konstituciuri saSualeba aqvs, vidre prezidentebs<br />

sxva msgavsi respublikebis sistemebSi. kargia es Tu cudi, SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi kong ress iolad SeuZlia winaaRmdegoba gauwios arapopularul<br />

preziden tebs. opoziciur partias kongresSi SeuZlia TviT popularul<br />

prezidentebsac ki Seuqmnas usiamovnebebi da sirTuleebi, rogorc es<br />

prezidentma klintonma gamoscada. rodesac prezidentma niqsonma scada<br />

gamoeyenebina ga moZiebis federaluri biuro da sagadasaxado samsaxuri<br />

Tavisi oponentebis dasaSineblad, es, sabednierod, masve moubrunda cudad.<br />

magaliTad, ruseTis prezidenti, Cveulebriv, msgavs sakiTxebs aseTive<br />

uxeSi meTodebiT uproblemod wyvets (ix. VII Tavi). sad gadis an sad unda<br />

gadiodes uflebamosilebebsa da SezRudvebs Soris gamyofi xazi, didadaa<br />

damokidebuli politikur kulturasa da garemoebebze.<br />

daskvna<br />

konstituciuri demokratiis qveynebSi xelisufleba saxalxoa, magram<br />

amave dros SezRudulic. marTalia, is sxvadasxva qveynebSi formatiTa da<br />

detalebiT gansxvavebul konstituciaTa safuZvelze arsebobs, magram

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konstituciuri demokratia<br />

gamonaklisis gareSe swored konstitucia sazRvravs mis mierve `Seqmnili~<br />

xelisuflebis Zalauflebasa da sazRvrebs.<br />

konstituciuri demokratiis dedaazri imis rwmenaa, rom mTavroba unda<br />

iyos saxalxo, SezRuduli da efeqtiani. umravlesobis mmarTvelobis sa­<br />

SualebiT saxalxo kontrolis koncefcia centraluri ideaa mgrZnobiare<br />

mTavrobis Sesaqmnelad. umravlesobis mmarTvelobis ideis arsi isaa, rom<br />

umravlesobis codna da interesebi upiratesia umciresobis codnasa da<br />

gamocdilebaze. miuxedavad amisa, radgan umravlesoba yovelTvis marTali<br />

araa da SeiZleba xandaxan tiranulic ki iyos, konstituciuri demokratia<br />

SezRudvebs awesebs mTavrobis Zalauflebaze. individualuri uflebebis,<br />

kanonis uzenaesobisa (konstitucionalizmi) da federalizmis dacva umravlesobis<br />

tiraniis Tavidan acilebis principuli strategiebia. dabolos,<br />

demokratiulma xelisuflebam efeqtianad unda imoqmedos. efeqtiani xelisuflebisagan<br />

erT­erTi mTavari moTxovna stabilurobaa, meore ki _<br />

qmediToba anu moqmedebis, iniciativisa da xelmZRvanelobis unari.<br />

amerikis idea msoflios xalxebis warmodgenaSi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis<br />

sinonimuria. SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZnebelTa ideebis fundamenti<br />

im politikuri moazrovneebis nawerebia, romlebic cxovrobdnen<br />

da moRvaweobdnen renesansis periodidan ganmanaTleblobamde da, Tavis mxriv,<br />

STa gonebas klasikuri politikuri filosofiidan, kerZod, Zveli saberZne­<br />

Tis filosofosebis _ platonisa da aristoteles naSromebidan iRebdnen.<br />

is, rasac avtori Tavisuflebis arqiteqturas uwodebs, saTaves iRebs politikis<br />

axali gagebidan, romelic SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZneblebma ganaviTares.<br />

igi Zalauflebis danawilebis gziT tiraniisgan gadarCenis mizniT<br />

Seiqmna da uzrunvelyofs imas, rom Zalauflebis yoveli Sto saTanado<br />

legitimuri iaraRiTaa aRWurvili sxva Stoebisgan dominirebis safrTxis<br />

Tavidan asacileblad (Sekaveba da gawonasworeba).<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

respublika<br />

konstituciuri demokratia<br />

konstitucia<br />

umravlesobis mmarTveloba<br />

umravlesobis tirania<br />

SezRuduli xelisufleba<br />

kanoni Ex post facto<br />

saxelSelaxulTa bili (Bill of attainder)<br />

_ parlamentis aqti, romelic<br />

SesaZlebels xdis damnaSavis<br />

dasjas sasamarTlos gareSe<br />

kanonis uzenaesoba<br />

magna karta<br />

peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb<br />

varskvlaviani palata<br />

habeas korpusi (Habeas Corpus Act)<br />

doqtor bonemis saqme<br />

konstitucionalizmi<br />

federalizmi<br />

politikuri Zalaufleba<br />

devolucia<br />

administraciuli decentrali ­<br />

z ac ia<br />

unitaruli sistema<br />

93

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94 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

prefeqti<br />

cutelaJi<br />

politikis axali gageba<br />

Sekaveba da gawonasworeba<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

saprezidento sistema<br />

Zalauflebis danawileba<br />

Oorpalatiani sistema (bikamera li­<br />

zmi)<br />

1. ra aris respublika?<br />

2. ra maxasiaTeblebi unda hqondes konstituciur demokratias imisTvis,<br />

rom sajaro sikeTes emsaxuros?<br />

3. ra aris federalizmi? ra upiratesobebi axasiaTebs mmarTvelobis amgvar<br />

mowyobas?<br />

4. ratom aris efeqtiani mmarTveloba energiisa da stabilurobis erToblioba?<br />

rogor miiRweva TiToeuli maTgani?<br />

5. ra aris konstitucionalizmi? ratom aris igi mniSvnelovani?<br />

6. ra filosofia dgas politikis axali mecnierebis ukan?<br />

7. amerikis dafuZnebis konteqstSi ra Sinaarsi devs frazaSi _ Tavisuflebis<br />

arqiteqtura?<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

1. Stephen Cahn, Education and the Democratic Ideal (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979), 3.<br />

2. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1 (New York: Schocken Books,<br />

1961),<br />

299-300.<br />

3. iqve, 301.<br />

4. iqve, 304-308.<br />

5. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University<br />

Press, 1962), 1287a, 146.<br />

6. John Locke, Second Treatise on Civil Government (New York: New American Library,<br />

1965), sec. 202, 448.<br />

7. 8 Co. Rep. 114a (1610).<br />

8. ix. Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952 w.), gansakuTrebiT<br />

mosamarTle jeqsonis mosazreba.<br />

9. ix. Morton Grodzins, “The Federal System”, wignSi Goals for Americans: The Report<br />

of the Presidential Commission on National Goals (New York: American Assembly,<br />

Columbia University, 1960).<br />

10. miuxedavad amisa, federalizmi ar icavs individebs adgilobrivi da Statis<br />

xelisuflebebis mier Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebisagan, rasac naTlad<br />

aCvenebs afro­amerikelebis gamocdileba samxreTis zogierT StatSi.

---

konstituciuri demokratia<br />

11. Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic:<br />

An Introduction to American National Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally,<br />

1970), 136.<br />

12. Hamilton, Jay, and Madison, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, 1964), no.<br />

31, 226-227.<br />

13. iqve, #no. 49, gv. 329.<br />

14. iqve, #no. 31, gv. 190.<br />

15. iqve, no.9, 48­49.<br />

16. iqve, no. 10, 57.<br />

17. iqve.<br />

18. iqve.<br />

19. iqve.<br />

20. iqve, no. 6, 27.<br />

21. iqve, no. 51, 337.<br />

22. Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic:<br />

An Introduction to American National Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally,<br />

1970), 136.<br />

95

---

96<br />

Tavi IV<br />

avtoritaruli<br />

saxelmwifoebi<br />

tradiciuli<br />

mmarTve loba<br />

avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi<br />

avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi<br />

avtoritaruli <strong>politika</strong><br />

avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria<br />

avtoritarizmis Teoria: miTi da<br />

realoba<br />

avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove<br />

fe nomenia<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi aralegi­<br />

timuria<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi arapopu­<br />

larulia<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi sazogado­<br />

ebriv<br />

interesebs ugulebelyofs<br />

avtoritarizmi yvelaze cudi<br />

mmarTvelobaa<br />

avtoritarizmis aRsasruli?

---

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

istoriulad yvelaze metad avtoritaruli mmarTvelobaa gavrcelebuli.<br />

marTlac, 1980­ian wlebSi laTinur amerikaSi demokratiis aRzevebamde<br />

da imave aTwleulis bolos aRmosavleT evropaSi socializmis dacemamde<br />

demokratia gamonaklisad, xolo avtoritarizmi Cveulebriv movlenad rCeboda.<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwi foebi masStabebiTa da xasiaTiT erTmaneTisagan<br />

gansxvavdebian. isini gvxvdeba mmarTvelobis uZveles (monarqiebi,<br />

Teokratiebi) da Tanamedrove formebSi (diqtatura, samxedro xunta). avtoritarizmis<br />

erT­erT Tanamedrove gamovlinebas, misi ukiduresi xasiaTidan<br />

gamomdinare, totalitarizmi ewoda. avtoritarizmis farTo speqtrs<br />

jer kidev amSvenebs tradiciuli monarqiebi, romlebic ZiriTadad axlo<br />

aRmosavleTis arabuli qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTEbeli. magaliTad SegviZlia<br />

moviyvanoT maroko, saudis arabeTi, iordania, quveiTi, omani, bahreini, katari<br />

da arabeTis gaerTianebuli saamiroebi.<br />

masStabebisa da xasiaTis nairgvarobis miuxedavad, avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

garkveuli saerTo TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. Cveulebriv, msgavs<br />

sistemas saTaveSi TviTgamocxadebuli mmarTveli udgas, xolo politikuri<br />

Zalaufleba mxolod erTi an ramdenime adamianis xelSia moqceuli. avtoritarul<br />

mmarTvelTa umravlesoba realistur miznebs saxavs, Tumca, ukidures<br />

SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa uxeSi da sastiki qmedebebis gasamarTleblad<br />

utopiuri ideologia gamoiyenos.<br />

Cveulebisamebr, avtoritari mmarTvelebi ar cdiloben sazogadoebrivi<br />

cxovrebisa Tu ekonomikis yvela sferos gakontrolebas. maTi Zalisxmeva<br />

ZiriTadad Zalauflebisa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis arsebuli struqturis<br />

SenarCunebisken aris mimarTuli. avtoritaruli reJimi dRemde rCeba<br />

konstituciuri demokratiis ZiriTad alternativad da piriqiT. isini ukeT<br />

Seswav las saWiroebs.<br />

avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi<br />

ramdenime, SedarebiT mokle istoriul periods _ klasikuri saber­<br />

ZneTisa da romis, Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis epoqis italiis, agreTve<br />

uaxles istorias Tu ar CavTvliT, monarqia, rogorc politikuri sistema,<br />

seriozuli safrTxis winaSe arasodes damdgara (Tavad monarqebs am TvalsazrisiT<br />

naklebad umarTlebdaT). TviT `ganmanaTleblur~ epoqebSic ki monarqia<br />

mmarTvelobis upirates formad rCeboda. berZnuli qalaq­saxelmwi foebis<br />

oqros xanaSic monarqiis ZiriTadi alternativa avtoritarizmis kidev<br />

erTi forma _ oligarqia iyo da ara respublikuri mmarTveloba.<br />

ratom aris avtoritarizmi istoriaSi mmarTvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli<br />

forma? es ramdenime mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli: pirveli, igi martivia<br />

da ar moiTxovs rTuli kompleqsuri struqturebis, procedurebis<br />

da kanonebis SemuSavebas; meore _ xistia da amdenad (Teoriulad) efeqtiani:<br />

gamoricxavs azr Ta sxvadasxvaobas da, Sesabamisad, mxareTa Soris garigebis,<br />

SeTanxmebisa da konsen susis aucileblobas. biurokratia arsebuli<br />

reJimisadmi loialuri adamia nebi Taa dakompleqtebuli: samsaxurSi ayvana<br />

97

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98 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

nepotizmisa da mfarvelobis principiT xdeba da ara damsaxurebis mixedviT;<br />

mesame _ sazogadoebas ar ZaluZs win aRud ges xelisuflebis nebas: arc<br />

calkeul interesTa jgufebs da arc sazogadoebriv azrs ar SeuZlia saxelmwifos<br />

qmedebaTa blokireba. msgavs mcdelobas Zaladobrivi reaqcia mohyveba.<br />

opozicia da represiebi erTi medlis or sxvadasxva mxa rea. me oTxe _ iq, sadac<br />

usafrTxoeba mWidro kavSirSia gare safrTxeebisagan Tavdac vas Tan, Zlieri<br />

lideris unari, Seagrovos gadasaxadebi, aSenos gzebi komunikaciisa da vaWrobis<br />

xelSewyobis mizniT, Seqmnas jari da darazmos xalxi, TviTgada rCenis um­<br />

Tavresi faqtoria; mexuTe _ demokratia mxo lod ekonomiku ri keTildReobis,<br />

Zlieri saSualo fenis arsebobis pirobebSi yvavis.<br />

demokratiuli sistemis Seqmnis realuri kandidatebi arian qveynebi,<br />

romelTac SeuZliaT, sakuTar Tavs skolebisa da sxva socialuri infrastruqturis<br />

Seqmnis ufleba miscen, rac zrdis sazogadoebis informirebulobis<br />

xarisxs. Rarib, naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki adamianebi mxolod gadarCenisTvis<br />

yoveldRiur brZolaSi arian CarTulni. rogorc politikur<br />

procesebSi kargad Caxedulma erTma pirovnebam aRniSna, `Zalaufleba ryvnis,<br />

xolo absoluturi Zalaufleba ryvnis absoluturad~. Zalaufleba<br />

narkotikiviTaa _ igi adamians Sxamavs da imonebs. sakmarisia gemo gaugo da<br />

iseTi mada giCndeba, romlis dakmayofileba Znelia (andazac xom gveubneba:<br />

mada WamaSi modiso).<br />

avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi<br />

avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs saTaveSi an erTpirovnuli lideri udgas,<br />

an elitaruli mmarTveli jgufi. erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba avtokratiis,<br />

xolo jgufuri mmarTveloba oligarqiis saxeliTaa cnobili (aseT jgufebs<br />

zogjer xuntasac uwodeben). maTi xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada arCevnebiT<br />

(xalxis aqtiuri nebiT) ki ar ganisazRvreba, aramed miTisa da Zalauflebis<br />

sinTezzea dafuZnebuli. erTi mxriv, xalxs mudmivad unergaven, rom xelisuflebisadmi<br />

utyvi morCileba maTi wmidaTawmida movaleobaa, meore mxriv,<br />

mmarTvelebi mudmiv mzadyofnaSi arian, gamoiyenon Zala yovelgvari ajanyebis<br />

winaaRmdeg da nebismier fasad SeinarCunon TavianTi mdgomareoba.<br />

tradiciulad avtoritaruli xelisuflebis saTaveSi diqtatori dgas.<br />

yvelaze ufro saxelganTqmulni im diqtatorTa Soris, romlebic xelisuflebaSi<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdeg movidnen, am droisaTvis an gardacvlilni<br />

arian, an xelisuflebas CamoSordnen. maT Sorisaa idi amini (uganda),<br />

imperatori bokasa I (centraluri afrikis respublika), rafael truxilio<br />

(dominikis respublika), fransua `papa dok~ duvalie da misi vaJi `beibi dok~<br />

duvalie (haiti), ferdinand markosi (filipinebi), anastasio somoza (nikaragua),<br />

manuel noriega (panama), Sahi reza fehlevi (irani), generali suharto<br />

(indonezia), sadam huseini (erayi).<br />

dRemde inarCunebs xelisuflebas muamar kadafi (libia). kidev sami<br />

diqtatori: hafez al­asadi (siria), mobu tu sese seko (kongo, yofili zairi)<br />

da genera li sani abaCa (nigeria) 1990­iani wlebis miwuruls gardaicvalnen.

---

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

dRes sirias asadis vaJi marTavs, kongo anarqiis pirasaa, xolo demokratiuli<br />

mmarTvelobis damyarebis frTxili nigeriuli eqsperimenti seriozul<br />

safrTxeSi rCeba mudmivi Sida eTnikuri da religiuri konfliqtebis fonze.<br />

1980­iani wlebidan laTinurma amerikam gezi demokratiisaken aiRo, manamde<br />

ki aq samxedro xelisufleba xangrZlivad gamgeblobda. Tumca, es regioni<br />

am TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisi ar yofila. meore msoflio omis Semdeg analogiuri<br />

situacia iyo umetes regionebSi, maT Soris aziaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi,<br />

CrdiloeT afrikaSi (e.w. arabul nawilSi) da afrikis samxreTSi. bevr<br />

maTganSi diqtatura dasrulda, Tumca zogierTSi jer kidev arsebobs. TviT<br />

laTinur amerikaSic ki, sadac amJamad demokratia normadaa qceuli, samxedro<br />

kontrolis damyarebis safrTxe gamo ricxuli bolomde ver iqneba.<br />

iq, sadac samxedro Zalaufleba dominirebs politikur sistemebze, kontrols<br />

axorcieleben samxedro institutebi da ara calkeuli pirovnebebi. generlebisgan<br />

Semdgari mmarTveli komiteti (an xunta), romelsac saTaveSi prezidenti<br />

an generali udgas, aseTi sistemebisTvis dama xasiaTebeli movlenaa.<br />

samxedro reJimi Tavis legitimurobas samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis korumpirebulobiT<br />

xsnis da imiT asabuTebs, rom mxolod mas ZaluZs wesrigisa da stabilurobis<br />

SenarCuneba.<br />

hafez al-asadi: diqtatori<br />

1971 wlidan 2000 wlamde hafez alasadi<br />

sirias rkinis xeliT marTavda.<br />

asadis mosvla xelisuflebaSi<br />

da misi mmarTveloba makiavelis<br />

moZRvrebis erT­erT Tezas adasturebs<br />

imis Se saxeb, rom mmarTvelis<br />

sjobs eSinodeT, vidre uyvardeT.<br />

asadi Siiti alavitebis Rarib<br />

ojaxSi daibada (Siiti muslimebi<br />

siriaSi umciresobas warmoadgenen,<br />

mosaxleobis 65% suniti<br />

muslimebi maT eretikosebad miiCneven).<br />

16 wlis asadi baasis partias SeurTda, romelsac mogvia nebiT saTave­<br />

Sic Caudga. baasis partia nacionalizmisa da arabTa erTianobis lozungebiT<br />

gamodioda. mogvianebiT asadma samxedro akademia daamTavra mfrina­<br />

vis specialobiT. Tumca misi interesis sferod mainc <strong>politika</strong> rCeboda da<br />

mi si qmedebebic politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebis surviliT iyo<br />

motivirebuli.<br />

asads siriasTan mimarTebaSi kargad Camoyalibebuli mizani hqonda _ mas<br />

surda, rom siriis absoluturi mmarTveli yofiliyo da Tavisi saxelmwifo<br />

regionSi politikuri da samxedro Zlierebis simbolod eqcia. man warmatebas<br />

99

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100 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

miaRwia, Tumca garkveuli marcxic ganicada. aqedan yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

1967 wels, misi Tavdacvis ministrobis periodSi strategiuli mniSvne lobis<br />

golanis simaRlis daTmoba iyo israelTan eqvswliani omis Semdeg. siriam am<br />

teritoriis dabruneba 1973 welsac ver moaxerxa, rodesac egviptesTan er­<br />

Tad israelis winaaRmdeg omi wamoiwyo, magram damarcxda. es faqti asadis<br />

politikuri ambiciebis kraxis simbolod rCeba.<br />

Tumca, asadi saxelmwifo saxsrebs xalxis ukiduresi siRaribis dasa­<br />

Zlevad xarjavda da qveynis infrastruqturis, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis,<br />

samedicini momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba SeZlo, misi es miRwevebi<br />

politikuri Zala uflebis SenarCunebis mizniT warmoe bulma farulma<br />

brZolam daCrdila. asadi periodulad arCevnebsac atarebda, arCevnebSi misi<br />

warmatebis indikatori ki mudmivad 99%­s Seadgenda, rac logikuri Sedegi<br />

iyo asadis qmedebisa: axlo aRmosavleTSi Tavisi politikuri oponentebis<br />

gasanadgureblad igi mkvlelebsa da teroristebs iyenebda, Sida mtrebs<br />

ki muxabarati (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis samsaxuri, romelic eleqtronuli<br />

zedamxedvelobis, terorisa da wamebis gavrcelebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiTaa<br />

cnobili) daupirispira. asadis mier oponentebis winaaRmdeg Zalis<br />

gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoyenebam 1982 wels piks miaRwia. man muslimTa<br />

saZmos wevrebze (radikaluri sunituri islamuri organizacia) eWvi miitana,<br />

rom isini misi reJimis damxobas cdilobdnen da amitom qalaq hamas, muslim­<br />

Ta saZmos ZiriTadi koncentraciis adgilis, aTasobiT mcxovrebi daaxocvina<br />

(sxvadasxva Sefasebis mixedviT, 5000­dan 30 000­mde sirieli). dRes sirias<br />

asadis vaJi, profesiiT ofTalmologi baSar asadi marTavs (igi siriaSi<br />

didi britaneTidan dabrunda, sadac did xans cxovrobda). mas Semdeg, rac<br />

misi ufrosi Zma 1994 wels avtokatastrofaSi daiRupa, baSari polkovnikis<br />

Cinidan generlobamde dauyovnebliv daawi naures da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />

umaRles mTavarsardladac daniSnes. 2000 wels mamis sikvdilis Semdeg man<br />

xelisufleba yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe gadaibara. amis Semdeg gasakviri<br />

aRar unda iyos, rom siriis samxedro diqtatura dRemde ucvleli<br />

da ualter nativoa.<br />

yofili samxedro maRalCinosnebi dResac mniSvnelovan rols asruleben<br />

laTinuri amerikis axladaRmocenebul demokratiul sistemebSi, romelTa<br />

saTaveSic mosaxleobis mier arCeuli prezidentebi _ samoqalaqo pirebi<br />

dganan. afrikis bevr qveyanaSi samxedro liderebi kvlav dominireben da<br />

arCeul samoqalaqo xelisuflebas saxelmwifo gadatrialebis safrTxe kvlav<br />

emuqreba. avtoritari mmarTvelebi individualur uflebebs uaryofen,<br />

rodesac es uflebebi maT xelisuflebas an saxelmwifo <strong>politika</strong>s ewinaaRmdegeba.<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi mmarTvelTa interesebs rigiT moqalaqeTa<br />

interesebze maRla ayenebs da, avtoritarizmis xasiaTidan gamomdi nare, maT<br />

amaSi xels veraferi SeuSlis. avtoritaruli sistema aris garemo, sadac<br />

despoturi neba­survili ZaladobiT aris ganmtkicebuli.<br />

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoritari mmarTvelebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian<br />

erTmaneTisgan. es gansxvaveba ki imazea damokidebuli, ra doziT

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avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

101<br />

axveven isini TavianT nebas xalxs da ra xarisxiT axSoben inteleqtualur<br />

da SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas. sxvadasxva avtoritari mmarTveli represiebsa<br />

da Zaladobas marTlac gansxvavebuli intensivobiT iyenebs. erTni<br />

mxolod nawilobriv mimarTaven iZulebas, xolo meoreni gansakuT rebuli<br />

mondomebiT uswordebian TavianT oponentebs. maSin, roca avtoritari mar­<br />

Tvelebis umetesoba TviTgandidebiT aris dakavebuli, arian iseTebic, romlebic<br />

Zalauflebas saxelmwifo interesebis sasargeblodac iyenebdnen<br />

(ioseb broz tito iugoslaviaSi da anvar sadaTi egvipteSi). ambiciuri saxelmwifo<br />

programebi, romlebic warmoebis ganviTarebis, reformirebisa da<br />

ekonomikis modernizaciiskenaa mimarTuli, keTili nebis diqtatorebis arsebobaze<br />

miuTiTebs. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, verc keTili nebis diqtatorebi<br />

eguebian organizebuli politikuri opoziciis arsebobas.<br />

es praqtikuli niuansebi, romlebic xSirad Znelad SesamCnevia, politikuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT radikalurad gansxvavebul Sedegs iZleva. avtoritaruli<br />

saxel mwifoebi iseTi reJimebia, romlebic Zalauflebis mcireoden<br />

SezRudvasac ar cnoben. maTi umravlesoba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mxolod<br />

zedapirulad (formalu rad) interesdeba moqalaqeTa keTildReobiT.<br />

amgvarad, Tavneba diqtatorebic xSirad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan.<br />

daskvnis sa xiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela tirani diqtatoria,<br />

magram yvela diqtatori tirani ar aris (ix. sqema 4­1).<br />

avtokratiuli<br />

(mefe, xalifa, a.S.)<br />

keTili nebis diqtatoruli<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi xasiaTdeba<br />

Zalauflebis koncentraciiT da ar<br />

cnobs politikur opozicias<br />

tiranuli aratiranuli<br />

avtokratiuli da oligarquli<br />

mmarTveloba<br />

mxolod mmarTvelTa<br />

raodenobiT gansxvavdeba<br />

erTmaneTisgan<br />

keTili nebisa da diqtatoruli<br />

reJimebi ki Zalauflebas<br />

sxvadasxva mizniT iyeneben<br />

tiranuli da aratiranuli diqtatura<br />

marTvis gansxvavebul meTods iyenebs<br />

sqema 4-1 . avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis tipebi<br />

oligarquli<br />

(samxedro xunta da a.S.)<br />

keTili nebis diqtatoruli<br />

tiranuli aratiranuli

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102 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi<br />

avtoritari mmarTvelebi xelisuflebaSi ZiriTadad Zaladobrivi gziT<br />

modian. wina xelisuflebas jer Zirs uTxrian, xolo Semdeg sa xelmwifo gadatrialebis<br />

meSveobiT amxoben. uaxloes warsulSi swored ase moxda aziis,<br />

laTinuri amerikis, axlo aRmosavleTis, saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikul<br />

qveynebSi, sadac diqtatorebi modian da midian ise, rom araferi icvleba<br />

im xalxisaTvis, TiTqosda visi saxe liTac (da visi gulisTvisac) isini<br />

moqmedeben.<br />

Zalauflebaze monopoliis SenarCuneba avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis<br />

mTavari mizania. amdenad, avtoritari mmarTvelebi cdiloben SeinarCunon<br />

kontroli im saSualebebze, romliTac TavianT politikur oponentebs<br />

daaSineben, Seaviwroeben, daapatimreben, gadaasaxleben an sikvdiliT dasjian.<br />

jari da policia iZulebis mTavari iaraRia, aqedan gamomdinare, didia<br />

samxedro reJimis damyarebis albaToba. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis<br />

meTaurTa umravlesoba iwyebs rogorc samxedro pi ri da Semdeg, ZiriTadad<br />

mxolod iersaxisTvis, samoqalaqo statuss irgebs. magaliTad, egviptis<br />

mmarTvelebi gamal abdel naseri, anvar sadaTi da amJamad hosni mubaraqi<br />

samxedro maRalCinosnebi iyvnen, sanam prezidentebi gaxdebodnen.<br />

moqmedi Tu potenciuri opoziciis gasaneitraleblad avtoritari<br />

mmar Tvelebi xSirad mimarTaven cenzuras presaze, ukanonod acxadeben<br />

opoziciur partiebs da sasamarTlo sistemaze mkacr kontrols aweseben,<br />

rasac Semdeg politikuri oponentebis devnis iaraRad iyeneben. monopolia<br />

masmediasa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze absolutur mmarTvelebs<br />

maTi Zalauflebis gaxangrZlivebis saSualebas aZlevs da Zalauflebis gada­<br />

Warbebis SeniRbvisa da samarTlebriv CarCoSi moqcevis meqanizmia. represiuli<br />

<strong>politika</strong> da institutebi wesrigisa da stabilurobis saxeliT aris<br />

gamarTlebuli. am SemTxvevaSi magaliTad mohyavT iseTi problemebi, romlebsac<br />

Cveulebisamebr awydebian ganviTarebadi qveynebi (gareSe mtrebi,<br />

Sida eTnikuri da reli giuri ganxeTqilebebi, ekonomikuri krizisi da Rrma<br />

klasobrivi gansxvavebebi).<br />

Tumca marTalia, zogierTi avtoritaruli saxelmwifo socialuri da<br />

ekonomikuri reformebis iniciatorad gvevlineba (mag., TurqeTi, samxreT<br />

korea da taivani uaxloes warsulSi), umetesoba mainc ganuviTarebel agrarul<br />

ekonomikasa da mosaxleobis mdidar da Rarib fenebs Soris mkveTr gansxvavebas<br />

inarCunebs. avtoritari mmarTvelebi ekonomikas mxolod gansaz­<br />

Rvrul doneze akontroleben. ZiriTadad isini gadasaxadebis amoRebis gziT<br />

cdiloben samxedro da ekonomikuri programebis ganxorcielebas da ufro<br />

xSirad saxsrebs aramiznobrivad _ piradi interesebisaTvis xarjaven.<br />

gadasaxadebis gadaxda da xelisuflebisadmi Tayvaniscema aris ZiriTadi,<br />

rasac avtokratiuli reJimebi rigiTi moqalaqeebisgan moiTxoven. amdenad,<br />

mTavroba, erTi mxriv, ekonomikur eqspluatacias uwevs Tavis moqalaqeebs,<br />

meore mxriv, sruliad gulgrilia maT mimarT, sanam es ukanasknelni politikis<br />

miRma rCebian. saxelmwifos mier Tavisi moqalaqeebis pirad cxovrebaSi<br />

Carevis mcde loba erTgvari testia, romelic gviCvenebs, gadalaxa Tu ara<br />

mmarTvelma avtoritarizmisa da totalitarizmis gamyofi xazi.

---

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

103<br />

avtoritari mmarTvelebi xalxis cxovrebas iSviaTad aumjobeseben, xSirad<br />

piriqiT xdeba. maT umetesobas ubralo moqalaqeebi arc axsovs. zogadad,<br />

avtoritarizmi `qveyanaSi arsebuli jgufebisa da klasebis mospobas an<br />

gardaqmnas ar cdilobs, igi maT sakuTari miznebis gansa xorcielebel iara­<br />

Rad aqcevs~. 1<br />

avtoritaruli <strong>politika</strong><br />

avtoritari mmarTvelebi naklebad arian motivirebulni xalxis sasike­<br />

Tod imoqmedon. aristotele amtkicebda, rom avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis<br />

yvela forma, miuxedavad maT Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobisa, kargi xelisuflebis<br />

damaxinjebuli saxea. saxelm wifo mowyoba, romelic sazogado interess<br />

emsaxureba, absoluturi samarTlianobis principidan gamomdinare,<br />

swor mowyobas ganasaxierebs, acxadebda igi, xolo saxelmwifo mowyoba, romelic<br />

mxolod mmarTvelis pirad interesebzea orientirebuli _ araswor<br />

mowyobas ganasaxierebs anu swori formebis damaxinjebuli saxea. aseTi maxinji<br />

formebi despoturia. 2 aristotele aseve amtkicebda, rom swori mmarTveloba<br />

erTi pirovnebis an privilegirebuli umciresobis interesebze ki<br />

ara, moqalaqeTa keTildReo ba ze unda iyos orientirebuli. diqtatorebisa<br />

da tiranebisTvis sazogado interesebze maRla piradi interesi dgas. TaRliTi<br />

mkurna lis msgavsad, romelic imiT mdidrdeba, rom yalb samkurnalo<br />

saSualebebs saswaulmoqmedad asaRebs, avtoritari mmarTvelebic Zalauflebas<br />

imiT moipoveben, rom keTildReobas hpirde bian xalxs, romelsac<br />

sinamdvileSi eqspluatacias uweven.<br />

mizani amarTlebs saSualebas _ TavianT egocentrul <strong>politika</strong>s avtoritari<br />

mmarTvelebi wesrigsa da Tavdacvaze mudmivi zrunviT xsnian.<br />

usafrTxoebis sakiTxze yuradRebis aseTi gamaxvileba saxifaToc ki aris,<br />

radgan mmarTvelebma SesaZloa (xSir SemTxvevaSi isini swored ase iqcevian)<br />

gadaWarbebul Zaladobas mimarTon Sida areulobis mosagvareblad, romelic<br />

maTive araswori politikis Sedegia.<br />

istoriulad yvelaze xSirad avtoritarul saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs<br />

TavianTi politikuri oponentebisadmi sastiki mopyrobisaTvis kic xaven.<br />

rogorc wesi, aseT saxelmwifoebSi Tavad politikis mimarT negatiuri<br />

damokidebuleba arsebobs: mmarTveli an <strong>politika</strong>ze maRla dgas, an politikuri<br />

moRvaweoba saerTod akrZalulia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom sajarod<br />

sakiTxis dasmac ki ikrZaleba imis Sesaxeb, vin an rogor unda marTos; saxelmwifos<br />

meTauris mimarT gamoTqmuli yovelgvari saxis kritika or gulobad<br />

da Ralatad aRiqmeba.<br />

avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria<br />

nigeriis magaliTi gviCvenebs, ratom iqmneba avtoritaruli sistemebi ase<br />

advilad da ratom xdeba isini sayovelTaod saZulveli. afrikis erT­erTi

---

104 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

potenciurad yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo, nigeria naTeli ilustraciaa imisa,<br />

rogor funqcionireben da ra zianis motana SeuZliaT avtoritarul sistemebs.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom nigerias afrikis teritoriis mxo lod 3% ukavia, 120<br />

milioniani mosaxleobiT (2008 wlisaTvis 150 mln. mTargm. Sen.)kontinentis<br />

samxreTis 20%­s Seadgens. marTalia, nigeria Sida erovnuli produqtiT kontinentze<br />

samxreT afrikis respublikis Semdeg meore ad gilzea da eqsportisaTvis<br />

sakmarisi navTobis maragi aqvs, misi ekonomika jer kidev ganviTarebis<br />

yvelaze dabal safexurzea, xolo Sida erovnuli produqti erT mosaxleze<br />

300 aSS dolars Seadgens (2008 wlisTvis 1450 $ _ mTargm. Sen.). nigeriis ekonomikur<br />

ganviTarebas tomobriv, da eTnikur mravalferovnebasTan erTad,<br />

xelisuflebaSi araefeqtiani da korumpirebuli samxedro liderebis uwyvetad<br />

yofna aferxebs. nigeria britaneTis kolonia iyo da damoukidebel saxelmwifod<br />

1960 wels Camoyalibda. sxva afrikuli saxelmwifoebis msgavsad,<br />

misi sazRvrebi ise iqna dadgenili, rom koloniuri mmarTvelebisaTvis administraciulad<br />

xelsayreli yofiliyo. am sazRvrebSi ki sxvadasxva regionis,<br />

religiis, eTnosisa da kulturis warmomadgeneli moeqca. 250 sxvadasxva<br />

enasa da dialeqtze molaparake xalxi sakmarisia am qvey nis gasaocar mravalferovnebaze<br />

warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad.<br />

nigeria noyieri niadagia socialuri konfliqtebisaTvis. pirveli,<br />

qveyana religiuri niSniT aris gaxleCili: CrdiloeTSi muslimebi arian<br />

umravlesobaSi, samxreTSi _ qristianebi. meore, qveynis sxvadasxva regionSi<br />

dominireben msxvili eTnikuri jgufebi (tomebi): hausa­fulani<br />

CrdiloeTSi, ioruba _ dasavleTSi, igbosebi _ aRmosavleTSi. mesame,<br />

qveynis sxvadasxva nawils urTTierTkonkurenciisa da politikuri Zalauflebis<br />

gansxvavebuli resursebi aqvs. magaliTad, CrdiloeTi yvelaze<br />

ufro dasaxlebuli regionia, samxreTSi navTobis udidesi maragia, xolo<br />

aRmosavleTi _ diplomatebisa da administratorebis samSobloa.<br />

swored arsebuli realobiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom nigeria damoukideblobis<br />

mopovebis Semdeg Rrma socialurma qaosma moicva. maga liTad, 1967<br />

wels aRmosavleT nigeriaSi ibos tomma calke saxelmwifod gamoyofa scada.<br />

Sedegad samoqalaqo omi gaCaRda, romelmac sam wels gastana da milionobiT<br />

adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, separatizmis mcdeloba ki marcxiT damTavrda.<br />

xSiri religiuri konfliqtebi, Sedegad aTasobiT daRupuli qristiani da<br />

muslimi moqalaqe, lokaluri socialuri arastabilurobis kidev erTi magaliTia.<br />

amgvarad, nigeria mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifoa, mravalricxovani da<br />

mra valferovani jgufebisgan Semdgari, romelTa warmomadgenlebsac er­<br />

Tiani erov nuli TviTSegneba naklebad aqvT Camoyalibebuli. msgavsi ganxeTqilebiT<br />

aixsneba is, ratom ar gaamarTla nigeriulma eqsperimentma<br />

demokratiisa da arCeuli xelisuflebis Sesaxeb. aseT qaosur fonze politikuri<br />

wesrigis damyareba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania da Zlieri xelisufleba,<br />

romelsac Sida konfliqtebis CaxSoba SeuZlia, farTo mxardaWeriT<br />

sargeblobs. magram 1983­1999 wlebSi samxedro mmarTvelobam qveyanaSi mxolod<br />

vardna, undobloba da gan xeTqileba moitana.<br />

nigeriis politikur cxovrebaSi korufciis nakleboba arc manamde SeimCneoda,<br />

piks ki swored aRniSnul periodSi miaRwia. samxedro diqtatorebi

---

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

105<br />

da mmarTveli gundi urcxvad mdidrdeboda da srulad ugulebelyofda<br />

qveynis ekonomikur da so cia lur interesebs. erT­erTi Sefasebis mixedviT,<br />

1999 wlamde nigerias msoflioSi yvelaze korumpirebuli mTavroba hyavda.<br />

meqrTameoba da gamoZalva cxovrebis wesi iyo, xolo patronaJis sistemam,<br />

sadac samxedro mmarTvelebi Tanamdebobebsa da sxva privi legiebs mxolod<br />

reJimis mxardamWerebs aZlevdnen, gaberili, araefeqtiani, upasuxis mgeblo<br />

biurokratiis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli.<br />

nigeriis samxedro mmarTvelebi momavalSi samarTliani arCevnebis Catarebasac<br />

hpirdebodnen xalxs, magram piroba pirobad darCa. 1993 wlis arCevnebis<br />

SedegebiT xelisufleba ukmayofilo iyo. sapasuxod, nigeriis samxedro<br />

meTaurma generalma ibrahim babangidam Sedegebi gaauqma, gamarjvebuli<br />

kandidati daaWerina da RalatSi daadanaSaula. mogvianebiT samxedro reJimis<br />

sxva mowinaaRmdegeebis devna da dapatimrebac daiwyo, ramdenime maTgani<br />

sikvdiliTac dasajes.<br />

cxrili 4.1<br />

korumpirebul saxelmwifoTa reitingi *<br />

1. nigeria<br />

2. pakistani<br />

3. kenia<br />

4. bangladeSi<br />

5. CineTi<br />

6. kameruni<br />

7. venesuela<br />

8. ruseTi<br />

9. indoeTi<br />

10. indonezia<br />

11. filipinebi<br />

12. uganda<br />

13. kolumbia<br />

14. egvipte<br />

15. brazilia<br />

16. ekvadori<br />

17. meqsika<br />

18. tailandi<br />

19. bolivia<br />

20. argentina<br />

21. italia<br />

22. TurqeTi<br />

23. espaneTi<br />

24. ungreTi<br />

25. iordania<br />

26. taivani<br />

27. saberZneTi<br />

28. samxreTi korea<br />

29. malaizia<br />

30. CexeTi<br />

31. poloneTi<br />

32. samxreTi afrika<br />

33. portugalia<br />

34. Cile<br />

35. belgia<br />

36. safrangeTi<br />

37. hong kongi<br />

38. iaponia<br />

39. avstria<br />

40. aSS<br />

41. israeli<br />

42. germania<br />

43. britaneTi<br />

44. irlandia<br />

45. avstralia<br />

46. niderlandebi<br />

47. Sveicaria<br />

48. singapuri<br />

49. norvegia<br />

50. kanada<br />

51. fineTi<br />

52. SvedeTi<br />

53. dania<br />

54. axali zelandia<br />

* 1996 w. korufciis done qveyanaSi mravalerovnuli korporaciebisa da dawesebulebebis<br />

TanamSromelTa SefasebiT (1=yvelaze metad korumpirebuli; 54=yvelaze naklebad<br />

korumpirebuli)<br />

wyaro: saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba, berlini.<br />

sabolood, 1999 wels, mravalwliani warumatebeli samxedro mmarTvelobisa<br />

da nigeriis Zlevamosili meTuris _ general sani abaCas mou lodneli<br />

gardacvalebis Semdeg, qveyanas kvlav mieca samarTliani arCev ne bis Catarebis<br />

SesaZleb loba. yofili samxedro lideri olusegun obasanjo 1983

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106 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

wlis Semdeg nigeriis pirveli demokratiuli gziT arCeuli prezidenti<br />

gaxda. obasanjo gamonaklisia nige riaSi: sazogado moRvawe samxedro warsuliTa<br />

da zneobrivi pirovnebis reputaciiT. SeZlebs Tu ara igi nigeriis<br />

sabolood dayenebas demokratiisa da keTildReobis gzaze, amas momavali<br />

gviCvenebs. (2007 wlidan qveyanas marTavs umaru iaradea. mis arCevnebze saer­<br />

TaSoriso Tanamegobrobam araerTi darRveva daafiqsira. mTargmn. SeniSvna.)<br />

rogorc ar unda iyos, samxedro generlebis mmarTveloba nigeriaSi Semdeg<br />

politikur WeSmaritebas adasturebs: pirveli, avtoritari mmarTvelebis<br />

upiratesi mizani xelisuflebis SenarCunebaa nebismier fasad; meore,<br />

yvelaze sastiki diqtaturac ki ver gaeqceva Tavisive araswori mmarTvelobis<br />

damRupvel Sedegebs.<br />

avtoritarizmis Teoria:<br />

miTi da realoa<br />

xSirad xdeba avtoritarizmis ukiduresi formebis ganzogadeba, rac<br />

araswori Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. damRa, romelic avtoritarizms<br />

mudam Tan sdevs da risi arsebobac gasagebia da gamarTlebuli, ramdenime<br />

popularuli mcdari mosazrebis Camoyalibebas ganapi robebs. qvemoT<br />

ganvixilavT eqvs aseT mosazrebas, romlebic realobisa da miTis sinTezzea<br />

damyarebuli.<br />

avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia<br />

es hipoTeza erTi SexedviT WeSmarits hgavs, Tumca mcire kritikasac ver<br />

uZlebs. Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebisa da SenarCunebis fundamenturi meTodebi<br />

or aTaswleulze metia arsebobs.<br />

aristotele `<strong>politika</strong>Si~ STambeWdavad aRwers politikur stra tegias,<br />

romelsac adreuli xanis avtokrati mmarTvelebi iyenebdnen. es meTodebi<br />

arc axlandeli diqtatorebisTvisaa ucxo. aristotele gonivrulad SeniSnavs,<br />

rom am taqtikis mizania xeli SeuSalos calkeul individTa SeTanxmebul<br />

politikur moqmedebas maTi sulierad gatexvisa da erTmaneTis mimarT<br />

undoblobis daTesvis gziT. igi anadgurebs nebismier pirovnebas, romlisganac<br />

raime saxis politikur safrTxes elis. Sekrebebis, kulturuli<br />

RonisZiebebisa da sxva sazogadoeb rivi saqmianobis akrZal viT individTa<br />

erTmaneTisgan izolacia xdeba. aseTi qme debebi safrTxisa da undoblobis<br />

grZnobas amyarebs da xels uSlis iatakqveSa politikuri moZraobebis warmoqmnas.<br />

saidumlo policia da jaSuSebi xalxSi SiSisa da daZabulobis sindroms<br />

kidev ufro aZliereben.<br />

siRaribe, maRali gadasaxadebi da mZime Sroma xalxis drosa da yuradRebas<br />

mTlianad ikavebs (aristoteles magaliTis saxiT egviptis piramidebis mSenebloba<br />

mohyavs). bolos, omis gaCaRebis mcdeloba avtokrati mmarTvelebis<br />

yuradRebis gadatanis kidev erTi saSualebaa, `riTac isini xalxis gonebas

---

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

107<br />

ipyroben da lideris aucileblobas mudmivad Seaxseneben~. 3<br />

avtokratuli politikuri taqtika ufro ganavrco ita lielma moazrovne<br />

nikolo makiavelim. misi naSromi politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebisa<br />

da SenarCunebis strategias eZRvneba. `mTavari~ (1513) warmatebuli<br />

avtoritari mmarTvelis samagido wignad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.<br />

makiaveli amtkicebda, rom mmarTveli zneobriv pirovnebad unda<br />

aCvenebdes Tavs maSinac ki, rodesac amoralur saqciels Cadis. warmatebuli<br />

mmarTveli sicruis nam dvili didostati unda iyos, amoraluri<br />

saqcieli ki xSirad Tavis gadarCenis erTaderTi gzaa. liderma dadebiT<br />

pirovnebad unda aCvenos Tavi maSin, roca `cudad iqceva~.<br />

nikolo makiaveli (1469­1527) naSromSi<br />

`mTavari~ asabuTebs, rom mmarTvelebs<br />

Zalauflebis SenarCuneba mxo lod<br />

uzneo taqtikisa da strategiis gamoyenebiT<br />

SeuZliaT.<br />

makiaveli momaval mmarTvelebs imasac urCevs, rom danapirebi ar Seasrulon,<br />

Tu es maT interesebSi aRar Sedis, SeniRbon TavianTi WeSmariti miswrafebebi,<br />

daTeson SiSi siyvarulis nacvlad da uangarobis ieriT Seimoson,<br />

rodesac mxolod sakuTar interesebze zrunaven. keTilSobileba am SemTxvevaSi<br />

sakuTar interesebze zrunvasa da xal xis interesebis ugulebelyofasTanaa<br />

gaigivebuli. rodesac qonebis CamorTmevaze, oponentebis dapatimrebasa<br />

Tu moRalateTa dasjaze midgeba saqme _ es yvelaferi dauyovnebliv<br />

da erTdroulad unda moxdes. sisxlian saqmeebs rac ufro adre daasruleb,<br />

miT ufro swrafad daaviwydebaT. rac Seexeba keTildReobas, Zunwad, nawilnawil<br />

unda daurigo xalxs, raTa gemo kargad gaugon da mudam axsovdeT, visi<br />

wyalobaa igi. dabolos, sasjeli umkacresi unda iyos: msubuqma sasjelma Sei­<br />

Zleba ajanyebis survili gaaRvivos da susti da meryevi pirovnebis reputacia<br />

Seuqmnas xelisufals.<br />

zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom cneba `makiavelizmi~<br />

sastik da uzneo qmedebebTan asocirdeba. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, es<br />

meTodebi makiavelis gamogonili ar aris. man mxo lod me­16 saukunis itali­

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108 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

is qalaqi­saxelmwifoebis marTvis arsebuli gamocdilebis sistematizacia<br />

moaxdina. rogorc masze bevrad ufro adre aristotelem, makiavelim avtokrati<br />

mmarTvelebis mier politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebis teqnika<br />

da meTodebi daamuSava, romlebic dRemde gamoiyeneba.<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia<br />

avtoritari mmarTvelebis mier Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis saSualebebi<br />

sxvadasxvagvaria. aristotele avtoritarizmis or formas ganasxvavebda.<br />

misi azriT, yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma damyarebulia politikuri<br />

kontrolis iseT tradiciul meTodebze, rogoricaa absoluturi sisastike<br />

da represiebi. aseT <strong>politika</strong>s aqvs erTi mizani _ samudamod CaaxSos<br />

amboxis survili. avtoritari mmarTvelebis meore tipi ki xalxis motyuebas<br />

cdilobs. isini xalxze mzrunvelis STabeWdilebas toveben, sakuTari<br />

simdidris warmoCenas eridebian, wesierebis farglebs arasodes cdebian,<br />

Rirseul moqalaqeebs pativs miageben, Zeglebs dgamen da a.S. mokled, TavianTi<br />

xelqveiTebis winaSe ara despotis, ara med rCeulis saxiT wardgebian. 4<br />

ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzenaesi kvlav mmarTvelis piradi interesia.<br />

is mxolod STabeWdilebis moxdenas cdilobs, raTa xalxSi buntis yovelgvari<br />

survili da motivacia gaaqros. aseTi mmarTveli, aristoteles azriT,<br />

`naxevrad kargia~. Tumca, cxadia, aseTi `naxevrad kargi~ mmarTvelis xelSi<br />

cxovreba sjobs, vidre `tradiciuli~ diqtatorisa.<br />

mniSvneloba eniWeba ara mxolod masStabebs, romliTac avtoritari mmar­<br />

Tveli individTa cxovrebaze zemoqmedebs, aramed meTodebs, romelsac igi<br />

am miznis misaRwevad iyenebs. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, zogierTi maTgani dapatimrebiTa<br />

da sikvdiliT uswordeba arsebul da potenciur mtrebs, zogierTi<br />

ki Zalas iSviaTad iyenebs. avtoritari mmarTvelebi sxva TvalsazrisiTac<br />

gansxvavde bian erTmaneTisgan _ erTni qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />

mimarT gulgrilni arian da mxolod politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebaze<br />

arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebas<br />

dauRalavad cdiloben. magaliTad, Sahi muhamed reza fehlevi (1929­1980)<br />

garda imisa, rom Tavisi politikur mtrebs sdevnida, iranis kulturuli,<br />

ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis modernizebasac cdilobda. misi<br />

drois iranSi pirovnuli Tavisuf leba garkveuli xarisxiT mainc arsebobda.<br />

Tanamedrove taivansa da singapurSic demokratiisa da diqtaturis aseve<br />

ucnauri sinTezi SeiniSneba. Eam or qveya nas wlebis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri<br />

zrdis swrafi tempi da cxovrebis maRali done axasiaTebT, rac maT mesame<br />

msoflios qveynebis Suris obieqtad xdis.<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi aralegitimuria<br />

amerikelTa umetesoba gaiziarebda jon lokis Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb,<br />

rom erTaderTi legitimuri xelisufleba aris is, romelic xalxis nebasa da

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avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

109<br />

sa yo velTao Tanxmobazea dafuZnebuli. Tumca, es piroba legitimurobis<br />

erTaderTi sazomi arc arasodes yofila _ istoriaSi arsebobda sakmaod xangrZlivi<br />

periodebi, rodesac sayovelTao neba legitimurobis kriteriumi<br />

saerTod ar yofila.<br />

Sua saukuneebis bolo periodidan me­18 saukunis miwurulamde, evropaSi<br />

mmarTvelo bis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma monarqia iyo, romelic religiasa<br />

(saRvTo kanoni) da memkvidreobiTobaze (samefo warmomavloba) iyo<br />

dafuZne buli. Aanalogiurad, imperiul CineTSi dinastiuri principi imperatoris<br />

legitimurobis erTaderTi wyaro iyo, magram religiac mniSvnelovan<br />

rols asrulebda _ CineTis imperatori `zeciuri mandatiT~ marTavda.<br />

istoriulad, swored tradiciebi da religia gaxldaT xelisuflebis legitimurobis<br />

ori ZiriTadi wyaro.<br />

frangi xalxis mxardaWeriT napoleon<br />

bonapartem (1769­1821) 1804 wels Tavi safrangeTis<br />

imperatorad gamoacxada: `me var<br />

saxelmwifo _ me erTaderTi var aq xalxis<br />

warmomadgeneli~.<br />

Tanamedrove diqtatura legitimurobis pirovnul da naklebad forma<br />

­lur wyaroebzea dafuZnebuli. am fenomens qarizmatul liders uwodeben.<br />

qarizma xSirad pirovnul mimzidvelobaze, oratorul xelovnebaze<br />

an erovnuli gmiris mier omebsa da revoluciebSi mopovebul gamarjvebebzea<br />

dafuZnebuli. Mmeore msoflio omis Semdeg qarizmatuli lideris magaliTebia<br />

naseri egvipteSi, sukarno indoneziaSi da kadafi _ libiaSi. mesame<br />

msoflios postkoloniuri diqtatura mTlianad ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

gmiris Tayvaniscemazea damyarebuli _ pirovnebisa, romelic adgilobriv<br />

mosaxleobas evropis koloniuri mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg warmatebul<br />

brZolebSi miuZRoda.<br />

sarwmunoeba, tradiciebi, qarizma _ avtokratuli mmarTvelobis istoriuli<br />

sayrdenia. rogorc wesi, isini amarTleben ideas, rom mmarTvelebs<br />

ufleba aqvT, marTon xalxis nebis winaaRmdeg. magram marTvis ufleba jer<br />

kidev ar niSnavs sworad marTvas. samwuxa rod, diqtatorebi da tiranebi am<br />

uflebis gamoye nebisas xSirad uSveben seriozul Secdomebs.

---

110 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

avtoritaruli reJimi popularobiT ar sargeblobs<br />

isini, vinc demokratiul saxelmwifoSi cxovroben, bunebrivia, darwmunebulni<br />

arian, rom arCevanis SemTxvevaSi sxvebic upiratesobas swored demokratiul<br />

sistemebs mianiWeben. rogorc aRmoCnda, es Sexeduleba mcda ria.<br />

udavoa, rom diqtatorebi ara marto SiSs Tesaven xalxSi, aramed _ pativiscemas,<br />

rwmenas, nebayoflobiT morCilebasa da siyvarulsac ki da radganac<br />

avtoritari lide rebi zogjer politikur stabilurobasa da ekonomikur<br />

zrdas uzrunvelyo fen, Tayvaniscemis obieqtebic xdebian.<br />

pirovnuli qarizma popularobis kidev erTi wyaroa. qarizmatuli `mxedris~<br />

prototips napoleon bonaparti ganasaxierebs. napoleonma xelSi revoluciiT<br />

ZirgamoTxrili saxelmwifos xelisufleba Caigdo da safrangeTi<br />

mniSvne lovani gamarjvebebisaken waiyvana. man TiTqmis mTeli kontinenti<br />

daipyro, Ta visi warmatebis pikze igi safrangeTSi absoluturi popularobiT<br />

sargeb lobda. hitlermac germaneli xalxis sruli mxardaWera moipova<br />

(Tumca, ra Tqma unda, hitleris totalitaruli saxelmwifo Tavisi politikuri<br />

gavleniT bevrad aRemateboda napoleonis reJims). rogorc erTi mkvlevari<br />

aRniSnavda:<br />

sazogadod miCneulia, rom is, vinc umravlesobis mxardaWeriT sargeblobs,<br />

SeuZlebelia tirani iyos. napoleonsa da hitlers _ TavianTi<br />

drois am or udides tirans, mmarTvelobis ZiriTad periodSi umravlesobis<br />

sruli mxardaWra hqondaT. frangebis umetesoba napoleonis<br />

agresiuli politikis momxre iyo da arc hitleris antisemitur <strong>politika</strong>s<br />

hqonia raime saxis winaaRmdegoba germaneli xalxis mxridan, magram<br />

maTi mmarTveloba amis gamo naklebad tiranuli ar gamxdara.<br />

warmovidginoT, rom demokratiulad arCeuli premier­ministri<br />

msgavs kampanias iwyebs da is tiraniviT unda moiqces. savaraudod,<br />

umci resobis mxridan mas iseTi Zlieri winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba, rom<br />

iZule buli gaxdeba tiranuli meTodebiT CaaxSos igi. maSasadame, misi<br />

xelisuf leba amomrCevelTa nebaze aRar aris dafuZnebuli da igi absoluturi<br />

tirani xdeba. aseTi tirani SesaZloa garkveulwilad xalxis<br />

mxar daWeriT sargeblobdes, magram misi Zalaufleba am mxardaWeraze<br />

aRar iqneba dafuZnebuli. 5<br />

cudi mmarTveli, rogori daudevari da daundobelic unda iyos, iSvia­<br />

Tad awydeba winaaRmdegobas maTi mxridan, visac misi gansjis unari Seswevs.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove tiranebi me­19 saukunis rusi klasikosis<br />

dostoevskis mier gamoTqmul WeSmaritebas adastureben: Tanasworobis epoqaSi<br />

masebi, uwinares yovlisa, eswrafvian ra usafrTxoebas, siamovnebiT<br />

miiReben despotizms, raTa pasuxismgeblobis im tvirTs gaeqcnen, romelic<br />

Tavisuflebas axlavs Tan. 6 WeSmariteba isaa, rom despoturi xelisufleba<br />

imaze ufro popularulia, vidre Cven gvinda gvjerodes.

---

avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoebriv<br />

interesebs ugulebelyofs<br />

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

111<br />

verc es ganzogadebuli mosazreba uZlebs kritikas. yvelaze uares tiransac<br />

ki ZaluZs qveynis politikuri qaosidan da ekonomikuri stagnaciidan<br />

gamoyvana da wesrigisa da keTildReobis gzaze da yeneba. adolf hitleris<br />

damsaxurebaa, germaniam rom ekonomikuri krizisi daZlia. imave epoqis italiis<br />

fa Sisti diqtatoris _ benito musolinis apologetebi aRniSnavdnen,<br />

rom misi wyalobiT, sul cota, matareblebi aRar igvianebdnen. warmatebuli<br />

saxelmwifo politikis es magaliTebi, ra Tqma unda, ar amarTlebs zRvargadasul<br />

tiranias, magram sakuTar qveyanaSi hitlerisa da musolinis popularobis<br />

asax s nelad namdvilad gamodgeba.<br />

yvelaze STambeWdavi magaliTi imisa, rogor moaxerxa avtokra tu l ma<br />

reJimma mdgradi socialuri da ekonomikuri progresis miRweva, aris ara evropa,<br />

aramed CineTi. amas monteskie, adam smiti da karl marqsic ki aRniSnavdnen.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT CineTi dRemde rCeba mkvlevarTa interesis sagnad. 7<br />

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia kaSxlebis, jebirebisa da wyalsadenebis vrceli<br />

sistema, romelic CineTis uzarmazar samefos mTlianad moicavda. 8 mTeli<br />

es hidrosistema aris niSandoblivi miRweva, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobi­<br />

Ta da masStabebiT aRemateboda Zveli drois dasavleTSi ganxorcielebul<br />

nebismier saerTo saxalxo sa xelmwifo proeqts. sainteresoa, romelma civilizaciam<br />

SeZlo aseTi moculobis samuSaos warmatebiT ganxorcieleba?<br />

Tanamedrove mkvlevarma, karl vitfogelma Teoriulad Seiswavla Cinuri<br />

sistema, romelsac man `aRmosavluri despotizmi~ uwoda da daaskvna,<br />

rom misi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi mkacr da gausaZlis pirobebSi mravalricxovani<br />

mosa xleobis gadarCenis aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. 9<br />

Cinelebis ZiriTadi sakvebi produqti yovelTvis brinji iyo, xolo brin jis<br />

moyvana didi raodenobiT wyals da misi kontrolis saTanado sistemas sa­<br />

Wiroebs. ase rom, sakvebis mudmivi problemis mosagvareblad jer wylis mudmivi<br />

problemis mogvareba iyo aucilebeli. es ki wylis nakadis kontrolis,<br />

irigaciisa da drenaJis sakmaod rTuli sqemis Seqmnas gulisxmobda. CineTSi<br />

Seiqmna permanentuli meurneobis sistema, romelmac qveyanas saSualeba misca<br />

erTi da igive miwebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi daemuSavebina ise, rom maTi<br />

nayofiereba SenarCunebuliyo.<br />

amgvari sistemis Seqmna ki mxolod Zlieri centraluri xelisuflebis<br />

pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli. iseTi ambiciuri proeqtis ganxorcieleba,<br />

rogoricaa uZveles xanaSi bunebrivi garemos gardaqmna, politikuri uwyvetobisa<br />

da stabilurobis, socialuri erTobis, swori mecnieruli gaTvlebis,<br />

arnaxuli masStabis adamianuri da materialuri resursebis sruli<br />

mobilizebisa da koordinirebis gareSe, warmoudgeneli iqneboda. swored<br />

mudmivi meurneobis Cinuri sistemis teqnologiurma da organizaciulma<br />

mowyobam Seuwyo xeli uzarmazari biurokratiuli aparatisa da evropuli<br />

standartebisaTvis uCveulo radika luri imperiuli diqtaturis damyarebas.<br />

rogorc Zveli drois mogzaurebi da vaWrebi aRniSnavdnen, CineTis mTvroba<br />

yvelaze didi miwaTmflobeli iyo (kerZo sakuTreba mkacrad iyo akrZa­

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112 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

luli). ufro metic, samTavrobo <strong>politika</strong>sa da programebs gansazRvravda<br />

da axorcielebda centralizebuli biurokratia, romlis warmomadgenlebic<br />

kargi administratorebi iyvnen. am klasSi miReba xde boda ara memkvidreobiTobis,<br />

sakuTrebis flobis an simdidris mixedviT (ro gorc es evropaSi<br />

xdeboda), aramed gamocdebiT, romliTac mowmdeboda kandidatis mier<br />

konfucis moZRvrebis, Sesabamisad ki qcevis swori normebisa da urTulesi<br />

Cinuri damwerlobis codna. piramidis kenweroSi imperatori imyofeboda,<br />

romelsac `zeciuri mandati~ da absoluturi Zalaufleba hqonda.<br />

rogori iyo saSualo Cineli moqalaqis xvedri am uaRresad centralizebuli<br />

mmarTvelobis pirobebSi? saSualo adamiani sakvebi produqtebiT<br />

vaWrobda da mmarTveli ZalisTvis mxolod da mxolod warmoebis faqtori<br />

iyo. garda imisa, rom ubralo adamianebs mkacr samuSao disciplinas uwesebda,<br />

biurokratia am xalxiT ar interesdeboda. xelisufleba saxalxo revoluciis<br />

mudmivi SiSiT ar iyo Sepyrobili. imperiuli CineTi gansakuTrebiT<br />

stabiluri sazogadoeba iyo. religiisa da xelisuflebis Serwyma, is, rom<br />

masebi brinjis moyvaniTa da far TomasStabiani samuSaoebiT iyvnen dakavebulni,<br />

Tanamedrove sabrZolo da sa komunikacio saSualebebis ararseboba,<br />

gansakuTrebuli privilegebi mxo lod swav lulTa maRali klasisTvis _<br />

yvela es faqtori erTad potenciur politikur opozicias zRudavda. `hidravlikurma<br />

despotizmma~ dRemde arsebuli mmarTve lobis yvela formaze<br />

didxans iarseba.<br />

aziuri despotizmi erTgvari paradoqsiia. erTi mxriv, igi aris politikuri<br />

reJimis magaliTi, romelic tradiciuli dasavluri avtoritarizmis<br />

formebze bevrad ufro despoturia:<br />

aRmosavluri despotizmi ufro Zlieri da Rrmaa, vidre XVI­XIX saukuneebis<br />

evropuli avtokratia an Tundac romis imperia misi aRzevebis<br />

periodSi. umciresoba akontrolebda da eqsploatacias uwevda xalxis<br />

gacilebiT did masas da bevrad ufro efeqtiani biurokratiuli<br />

aparati hqonda, vidre qalaq­saxelmwifoTa tiraniebs. 10<br />

meore mxriv, imperiuli CineTis ekonomikuri Tu teqnologiuri miRwevebi<br />

mis xelovnebasTan, enasTan da literaturasTan erTad, marTlac<br />

gansacvifrebelia. aseve mniSvnelovani winsvla aRiniSna CineTis ekonomikuri<br />

ganviTarebis adreul etapze. miuxedavad imisa, rom imperatorebi<br />

da swavluli­moxeleebi arc liberalebi iyvnen da arc politikuri gana­<br />

Tleba hqondaT miRebuli, `hidravlikuri despotizmis~ Cinurma sistemam<br />

xeli Seuwyo sakvebis uzarmazari maragis dagrovebas, romelic mravalricxovani<br />

da mzardi mosaxleobisaTvis saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi sakmarisi<br />

aRmoCnda (Tumca, drodadro iyo SimSilobis periodebic). im siZneleebsac<br />

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rasac mesame msoflios qveynebi TavianTi xalxis<br />

sacxovrebliTa da sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi dRemde awydebian, imperiuli<br />

CineTis agraruli miRwevebi kidev ufro RirsSesaniSnavad unda<br />

CaiTvalos.

---

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

113<br />

naklebad gansacvifrebeli, magram garkveulwilad analogiuri Tanamedrove<br />

fenomenia `aziis vefxvebi~ (hon kongi, samx. korea, singapuri, taivani).<br />

dasavleTis xelSewyobiT dRes es qveynebi demokratizaciis procesSi arian.<br />

samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRi niSnos, rom uaxloes warsulSi maT, rogorc avtoritarulma<br />

saxelmwifo ebma, mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwies cxovrebis<br />

donis gaumjobesebisa da Sida erov nuli produqtis zrdis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

xelisuflebisa da kerZo biznesis TanamSromloba aziuri korporatizmis<br />

qvakuTxedia. amis Sedegad ganxorcielda farTomasStabiani industrializacia<br />

da samrewvelo da teqnologiuri prog resi, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda<br />

eqsporti. xelisuflebam adgilobrivi sawarmoebi SeinarCuna sxvadasxva proteqcionistuli<br />

strategiis meSveobiT, savaWro SezRudvebisa da valutis<br />

regulirebis gziT. am qveynebis amJamindeli ekonomikuri miRwevebi avtoritaruli<br />

mmarTvelobis memkvidreobis Sedegia. es imis maniSnebelia, rom<br />

saxelmwifo <strong>politika</strong> sazogadoebriv interesebs Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis<br />

ararsebobis pirobebSic SeiZleba emsaxurebodes.<br />

avtoritarizmi yvelaze cudi mmarTvelobaa<br />

upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom totalitarul saxelmwifo Si<br />

(ix. V TaAvi) pirovnebis Tavisufleba gacilebiT ufro SezRudulia, vidre<br />

tradiciuli avtokratiis pirobebSi. meore, rogorc ukve vTqviT, erTmane­<br />

Tisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba is masStabebi, romliTac sxvadasaxva avtokrati<br />

mmarTveli Tavis moqalaqeebs eqsploatacias uwevs. erTni ekonomikur zrdasa<br />

da socialur reformebze arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki _ ara.<br />

zogierTi maTgani cxovrebis saTanado pirobebs uqmnis Tavis moqalaqeebs,<br />

zogic maT mimarT sruliad gulgrilia. ramdenime maTgani nayofieri reformatori<br />

da socialur ganviTarebaze orientirebuli mmarTvelia. mesame,<br />

zogierT ganviTarebad qve yanaSi avtoritarizmi mmarTvelobis yvelaze optimaluri<br />

formaa. dabolos, aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebsa da yofil<br />

sabWoTa respublikebSi saTanado pirobebis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi, avtoritarul<br />

xelisuflebas konstituciur demokratiad gardaqmnis bevrad ufro<br />

meti Sansi aqvs, vidre totalitaruls.<br />

rodesac qveyana arCevanis winaSe dgeba: erTi mxriv, anarqia, ekonomikuri<br />

kraxi Tu socialuri qaosi, xolo meore mxriv _ avtoritaruli mmarTveloba,<br />

Cndeba dilema. aseT pirobebSi diqtaturis raime forma aucilebelia,<br />

droebiT mainc. Tanamedrove msoflioSi diqtatura mmarTvelobis mxolod<br />

gardamaval formad yalibdeba.<br />

avtoritarizmis aRsasruli?<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoritaruli xelisufleba politikuri wesrigis<br />

damyarebis yvelaze sworxazovani da martivi gzaa, politologebi ukve av toritarizmis<br />

epoqis dasasrulze alaparakdnen. 1974­1990 wlebSi laTinuri ame­

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114 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

ri kis, aziisa da aRmosavleT evropis 30­ze meti qveyana arademokratiulidan<br />

demokratiul mmarTvelobaze gada vida. 11 am fenomens xSirad komunisturi sistemis<br />

kraxiT xsnian. Tumca, aRmosavleT evropaSi socializmis dasrulebamde<br />

ufro adrec, arademokratiuli sistemebi erTi meoris miyolebiT daemxo,<br />

gan sakuTrebiT la Tinur amerikaSi. 1980­ian wlebSi ekvadorSi, boliviaSi,<br />

peruSi, braziliaSi, urugvaiSi, argentinaSi, Cilesa da paragvaiSi samxedro<br />

mmarTveloba ufro demok ratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala. maT centraluri<br />

amerikis qveynebmac mibaZes. ukanasknel wlebSi demokratiam saharis sam xreTiT<br />

mdebare afrikul qveynebSi SeaR wia. mxolod 1990 wels, sul cota 9 afrikulma<br />

qveyanam Caatara mravalpartiuli ar Cevnebi da kidev ufro meti am ar­<br />

Cevnebis CatarebisaTvis aucilebeli reformebis gatarebas Seudga. 12 odnav<br />

mogvianebiT, samxreT afrikis respublikis represiuli aparteidis sistema,<br />

romelic TeTrkanianTa upi ratesobis rasistul modelze iyo dafuZ nebu li,<br />

gauqmda da bevrad ufro de mokratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala.<br />

ramdenad mdgradi (Tu efemeruli) aRmoCndeba avtoritarizmze uaris Tqmis<br />

aRniSnuli mcdeloba, am SekiTxvaze pasuxi jer kidev gaucemeli rCeba.<br />

SesaZlebelia Tu ara momavalSi, pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi, demokratia<br />

Cveuleb rivi movlena iyos, xolo arademokratiuli reJimi _ iSviaTi gamonaklisi?<br />

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mravladaa warmatebuli demokratiisa da warumatebeli<br />

diqtaturis magaliTebi. ufro metic, keTildReoba, romelic<br />

demok ratiul qveynebTan asocirdeba, bevrs aRfrTovanebisa da mibaZvisken<br />

ubiZgebs. bolo xanebSi demokratiuli modeli ufro da ufro did warmatebas<br />

aRwevs.<br />

Tumca, demokratizaciis procesis Seuqcevadad gamoc xadeba jerac naadrevia.<br />

warsulSi demokratiam ukuqceviTi procesebi ramdenjerme ganicada.<br />

13 amitom danamdvilebiT Tqma, ra moxdeba amjerad, Znelia. miuxedavad<br />

sakmaod damaimedebeli niSnebisa 1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi, demokratiam<br />

afrikis qveynebSi ver gaamarTla. 1990­ian wlebSi zambiam am TvalsazrisiT<br />

yvelaze met warmatebas miaRwia. 1991 wels arCevnebi Catarda da kenet kaunda,<br />

romelic zambias 25 welze met xans marTavda, frederik CilubasTan damarcxda.<br />

Tumca 1996 wels, rodesac axali arCevnebis dro dadga, Cilubam<br />

kaundas arCevnebSi monawi leoba aukrZala. rogorc avtoritetuli britanuli<br />

yovelkvireuli gamocema aRniSnvda, `es Cveulebriv movlenad iqca afrikuli<br />

qveynebisaTvis~.<br />

afrikuli arCevnebi axla naklebad gamoxatavs xalxis nebas. erTi­ ori<br />

gamonaklisis garda, romelic ZiriTadad afrikis samxreTSi gvxvde ba,<br />

afrikis qveynebSi demokratiis parodia ufroa. mTeli Zalaufleba<br />

erTi pirovnebis _ prezidentis xelSia Tavmoyrili. xelisufleba ar­<br />

Cev nebs niSnavs, opozicia boikots ucxadebs an mis Sedegebs ar aRiarebs,<br />

xelisufleba ignorirebas ukeTebs opozicias. problemaa isaa, rom<br />

tiranebma ician, rogor akontrolon arCevnebi: [saarCevno olqebis]<br />

sazRvrebs, medias, ekonomikasa da saarCevno siebs survilisamebr mar­<br />

Taven. oponentebi Seviw roebulni arian. TamaSis wesebi jariskacebmac

---

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

iswavles. dasavleTi da centraluri afrikis qveynebis umetesobas ar­<br />

Ceuli yofili samxedroebi marTaven, maT Soris arian gambiisa da nigeriis<br />

meTaurebi, romlebic sa xelmwifos saTaveSi mas Semdeg movidnen,<br />

rac demokratiulad arCeuli xelisufleba daamxes. 14<br />

115<br />

afrika ar aris avtoritaruli warsulis mqone erTaderTi regioni, sadac<br />

axalgazrda demokratia safrTxeSia. laTinur amerikaSi demokratiam bevr<br />

qve yanaSi SeaRwia, Tumca igi jer kidev sustia. ramdenime qveyanas _ kolumbias,<br />

pe rusa da meqsikas seriozuli safrTxe emuqreba sxvadasxva teroristuli<br />

jgu febisagan. saerTo saxalxo mRelvareba sazogadoebrivi azris<br />

gamokiTxvis SedegebSi aisaxa. laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi gamokiT xulTa<br />

70% acxadebda, rom isi ni `ar arian kmayofili~ an `srulebiT ukmayofiloni<br />

arian~ demokratiuli sistemebiT. 15<br />

riTi aixsneba avtoritarizmis uwyvetoba postmodernul msof lioSi?<br />

am kiTxvaze pasuxi, upirveles yovlisa, im Rrma gansxvavebaSi unda veZeboT,<br />

romelic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebs Soris arsebobs. aRmosavleT evropaSi,<br />

aziaSi, laTinur amerikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da saharis samxreTiT<br />

mdebare afrikul qveynebSi jer kidev ar arsebobs Tanamedrove ekonomika.<br />

droTa ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebebi, ekonomikisa da ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

kidev ufro Rrmavdeba. uzarmazari sagareo valebi da resursebis<br />

deficiti mZime tvirTad awveba am qveynebis ekonomikas. eTnikuri ganxeTqilebebi<br />

ganviTarebad sazogadeobas arastabilurs xdis. im qveynebSic ki,<br />

sadac samxedro mmarTveloba Seicvala, samxedro maRalCinosnebi samoqalaqo<br />

xelisuflebas farulad mainc akontro leben. maSin,roca demokratia<br />

farTo nabijebiT miiwevs win danarCen msoflioSi, axladaRmocenebuli demokratiuli<br />

sistemebi jer kidev aramya ­ria. aseT pirobebSi avtoritarizmis<br />

aRsasrulis gamocxadeba naadrevia.<br />

daskvna<br />

rodesac erTi an ramdenime TviTgamocxadebuli mmarTveli politi ­<br />

kur Zalauflebas yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe axorcielebs, saqme gvaqvs<br />

diqta turasTan. keTili nebis avtokratebi (romlebic garkveulwilad<br />

xal xis keTildReobaze zrunaven), tradiciuli diqtatorebi (romlebic<br />

mxolod sa kuTar interesebze zrunaven) an tiranebi (romlebic gansakuTrebuli<br />

en Tu ziazmiT aCaReben sisxlisRvrasa da Zaladobas) _ yvelani<br />

erTad diqtato rebs warmoadgenen. maT Soris mcireodeni gansxvaveba ki<br />

sxvadasxva masStabiT aisaxeba im adamianTa cxovrebaze, romlebic marTvaSi<br />

raime sa xiT monawileobis SesaZleblobas moklebulni arian. istoriulad<br />

yvelaze xSirad avtoritari mmarTvelebi gvxvdebian. miuxedavad amisa,<br />

avtoritarizmi swori mmarTvelobis damaxinjebul saxed miiCneva, radganac<br />

is pirad interesebs sazogadoebrivze maRla ayenebs. nigeria avtoritaruli<br />

mmarTvelobis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens.

---

116 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

avtoritarizmis irgvliv bevri mcdari mosazrebac arsebobs. sinamdviles<br />

ar Seesabameba mtkiceba imisa, rom avtoritarizmi Tana medrove fenomenia<br />

an yvela avtoritaruli saxelmwifo identuria, aralegitimuria an<br />

arapopularulia Tavisive moqalaqeebs Soris. garda amisa, avtoritari<br />

mmarTvelebi SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan moraluri TvalsazrisiTac ganvasxvavoT:<br />

erTni sazogadoebriv interesebze arian orientirebulni, meoreni<br />

ki ara. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoritaruli reJimebi ar warmoadgens<br />

mmarTvelobis yve la ze cud formas.<br />

dabolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoritarizmi gzas TandaTanobiT demokratias<br />

uTmobs, saboloo daskvnebis gakeTeba jerjerobiT naadrevia.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

avtoritarizmi<br />

avtokratia<br />

oligarqia<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

xunta<br />

saxelmwifo gadatrialeba<br />

qarizmatuli lideri<br />

1. romelia arademokratiuli xelisuflebis ori ZiriTadi tipi? naklebad<br />

gavrcelebuli xdeba Tu ara avtoritaruli xelisufleba? sad vxvdebiT<br />

dRes amgvar xelisuflebas?<br />

2. rogoria avtoritaruli xelisuflebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi?<br />

3. yvela avtokratia tiranulia Tu ara? axseniT.<br />

4. rogori `rCeva~ misca makiavelim im xelisufalT, romlebic Zalauflebis<br />

SenarCunebas cdiloben?<br />

5. SeajameT avtoritaruli xelisuflebis eqvsi miTi. ra winaaRmdegobebi<br />

asocirdeba am miTebTan?<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

1. Bernard Crick, Basic Forms of Government: A Sketch and a model (London: Macmillan,<br />

1980), 53.<br />

2. Aristotle, The Politics, Targm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University<br />

Press, 1962), 1279a, 112 [xazgasma Cvenia].<br />

3. iqve, 1313b, 245.<br />

4. iqve, 1312b, 240.<br />

5. Maurice Latey, Patterns of Tyranny (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 115.

---

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

117<br />

6. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, red. Ernest Rhys (London: Dent, 1927),<br />

259.<br />

7. Crick, Basic Forms of Government, 35.<br />

8. ix. Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New York:<br />

Random House, 1981).<br />

9. iqve.<br />

10. Crick, Basic Forms of Government, 36.<br />

11. Samuel P. Huntington, “How Countries Democratize”, Political Science Quarterly 106,<br />

no. 4 (1991-92): 579.<br />

12. Robert M. Press, “Africa’s Struggle for Democracy”, Christian Science Monitor, March 21,<br />

1991, 4.<br />

13. Huntington, “How Countries Democratize”, 579.<br />

14. “Polls to Nowhere”, Economist, November 23, 1996, 20-21.<br />

15. “The Backlash in Latin America”, Economist, November 30, 1996, 19.

---

118<br />

Tavi V<br />

totalitaruli<br />

saxelmwifoebi<br />

ganuxorcielebeli<br />

utopiebi<br />

totalitarizmis arsi<br />

totalitarizmis revoluciuri<br />

etapi<br />

lideroba ideologia<br />

organizacia propaganda<br />

Zaladoba<br />

Zalauflebis konsolidacia<br />

opoziciuri partiebis<br />

ganadgureba<br />

partiis realuri an warmosa<br />

xviTi metoqeebisgan gawmenda<br />

monoliTuri sazogadoebis<br />

Seqmna<br />

sazogadoebis transformacia<br />

stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri<br />

hitleris germania<br />

maos CineTi<br />

totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi<br />

totalitarizmis usaxelo<br />

msxverplni<br />

totalitaruli reJimebis sicocxliunarianoba

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

119<br />

TiTqmis yvela arademokratiul (avtoritarul) saxelmwifos diqtatori<br />

an avtokrati xelmZRvanelobs, romelic xSirad yvelafris fasad cdilobs<br />

politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas (ix. Tavi IV). meoce saukuneSi tiraniis<br />

axali da eqstremaluri forma _ totalitarizmi gaCnda. termini gulisxmobs<br />

sazogadoebasa da mis wevrebze tirani mmarTvelebisa da Tavsmoxveuli<br />

Sexedu lebebis srul batonobas.<br />

kontrolis Sesaxeb akviatebuli azri sazogadoebriv sferos scdeba da<br />

moqalaqeebis pirad cxovrebazec vrceldeba. mTavrobis Zalaufleba imdenad<br />

farToa, rom reJimi misi qveSevrdomebis mxolod kontrols ki ara,<br />

adamianis bunebis gardaqmnasac cdilobs. totalitari tiranisaTvis absoluturad<br />

yvelafers politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, maT Soris samuSaos, ganaTlebas,<br />

religias, sports, sazogadoebriv organizaciebs da ojaxsac ki<br />

(radgan adamianebi TavianT mezoblebze jaSuSoben da bavSvebs `araloialuri~<br />

mSoblebis Sesaxeb informaciis mitanisaken ubiZgeben). radgan es re­<br />

Jimebi cdiloben sazogadoebis gardaqmnas ideologiuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad,<br />

isini TavisTavad anadgureben `xalxis yvela mters~. mtrebi<br />

xdebian sazogadoebis mTeli jgufebi da kate goriebi, romlebic, rogorc<br />

wesi, moicaven aseulobiT aTass da milionobiT udanaSau lo adamians, visac,<br />

umravles SemTxvevaSi, arc erTi obieqturi standartiT araferi aqvs saer­<br />

To `<strong>politika</strong>sTan~. am ori umniSvnelovanesi TvalsazrisiT, totalitaruli<br />

reJimebi gansxvavdeba ufro tradiciuli, arademokratiuli avtoritaruli<br />

saxelmwifoebisagan. avtoritaruli mTavrobebi Cveulebrivad cdiloben<br />

politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas (da ara sazogadoebis gardaq mnas)<br />

da mtrebis wres gansazRvraven, rogorc calkeul individebs (ara jgufebs),<br />

romlebic aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegebian arsebul saxelmwifos.<br />

totalitarizmma Zirfesvianad Secvala meoce saukunis msvleloba, magram<br />

1989 wels aRmosavleT evropaSi sabWoTa yaidis komunizmisa da ramdenime<br />

weliwadSi Tavad sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg, tiraniis es eqstremaluri<br />

forma mkveTrad dakninda. maS, ratomRa unda SeviswavloT totalitaruli<br />

sa xelmwifoebi? sul cota oTxi mizezi gvaxsenebs Tavs. pirveli,<br />

komunizmi totalitaruli saxelmwifos erTaderTi SesaZlebeli forma<br />

araa. nacisturi germaniisa da faSisturi italiis magaliTebi Segvaxsenebs,<br />

rom totalitarizmi erTi ideologiis, reJimis an mmarTvelis moRvaweobis<br />

Sedegi araa. meore, totalitarizmi Tanamedrove istoriis Semadgeneli<br />

nawilia da aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi modis politikosebis, profesorebis,<br />

Teologebisa da sxva mravalTa gancxadebebTan, visac adamianuri progresis<br />

optimisturad sjeroda. mravali adamiani, romelic uSualod itanjeboda<br />

totalitari diqtatorebis xelSi an dakarga axloblebi hitleris<br />

holokostis, stalinuri teroris, maos sazareli wmendebis an sxva ufro<br />

gviandeli totalitaruli sisastikis dros, kvlav cocxalia. msxverpl Ta<br />

fizikuri Tu emociuri iarebi ar gamqrala im tiranTa wasvlis Semdegac<br />

ki, romlebmac maT es Wrilobebi miayenes da usamarTloba Caidi nes. mesame,<br />

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi warmoaCens idealizmis aras wo rad gagebis<br />

risks. kerZod, igi eyrdnoboda aTaswleulobiT damkvidrebul Se xedulebas,<br />

romlis mixedvi Tac sazogadoebrivi progresisa da srulyofilebis miR weva

---

120 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

barbarosuli meTode bis gamouyeneblad SeuZlebelia. sabolood, yvela es<br />

Sexeduleba sastikad damarcxda, rogorc saxelmwifos mSeneblobis utopiuri<br />

eqsperimenti. meoTxe, totalitarizmis gaCenis SesaZlebloba kvlavac<br />

arsebobs iq, sadac didi siRaribe, usamarTloba da, Sesabamisad, Zaladobisa<br />

da areulobis potenciaa; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dRevandeli msoflios<br />

did nawilSi.<br />

saxifaToa daskvna, rom msofliom ukanaskneli totalitari tiranebi<br />

istorias Caabara. marTlac, 2001 wlis Semodgomaze amerikis SeerTebul<br />

Statebze teroristuli Tavdasxma mwvave SekiTxvas badebs: SesaZlebelia<br />

Tu ara, rom mSvidobasa da Tavisuflebas momavali totalitaruli safrTxeebi<br />

maincdamainc mTavrobis meTaurisgan an saxelmwifos mmarTvelisgan<br />

daemuqros? warmoadgenen ki usama bin ladeni da al qaidas qseli amgvar<br />

safrTxes? bolos da bolos, avRaneTSi Talibebis reJims, romelic bin<br />

ladensa da mis organizacias mfarvelobdnen, totalitaruli saxelmwifos<br />

mravali maxasiaTebeli hqonda. Cven am sakiTxs araerTxel davubrundebiT<br />

qvemoT. 2001 wlis 11 seqtemberi erT­erTi gakveTi lia imisa, rom civilizebul<br />

xalxs yvelgan sWirdeba eqstremizmis Seswavla misi yvela politikuri<br />

gamoxa tulebiT, raTa Tavidan aviciloT Zlieri masobrivi moZraobebis<br />

aRorZineba oportunisti liderebis meTaurobiT, romelTaTvisac civilizacias<br />

aranairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs.<br />

totalitarizmis arsi<br />

Zaladoba yvela totalitaruli saxelmwifos safuZvelia _ kontrolirebadi,<br />

sistematuri, saxelmwifos mier Tavsmoxveuli Zaladoba. es Zaladoba<br />

xSirad ganurCeveli masobrivi teroris da genocidis saxes iRebs, romelic<br />

xalxis mTeli jgufebis, kategoriebis an klasebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli,<br />

romelTac mtrebis, kontrrevolucionerebis, jaSuSebis an sabotaJis<br />

mom wyobTa iarliyebs akraven. Cveulebriv moqalaqeebsac ki sxvadasxva saxiT<br />

reJimis mimarT upirobo erTgulebis demonstrireba moeTxovebaT da isini<br />

mkacri meTvalyureobis qveS arian. politikuri da ekonomikuri miznebisTvis<br />

masobrivi mobilizeba xorcieldeba ukiduresad centralizebuli da<br />

disciplinirebuli erTpartiuli sistemis mier, romelic erTi, yovlismomcveli<br />

ideologiis mimdevaria. am ideologiis gasavrceleblad, saxelmwifo<br />

propagandasa da cenzuris aparats iyenebs, romelic gacilebiT daxvewili<br />

da efeqtiania, vidre tipur avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi.<br />

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis mizania totaluri politiku ri,<br />

sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri kontrolis damyareba: totalitaruli<br />

diqtatura moicavs totalur batonobas, romelic arc miRebuli kanonebiTa<br />

an kodeqsebiT (rogorc tradiciuli avtoritarizmis dros)<br />

da arc mTavrobis funqciiT (rogorc klasikuri tiranul saxelmwifoSi)<br />

aris SezRuduli, ramdenadac isini saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas<br />

Soris gansxvavebas spoben... totalitarizmi SezRudulia mxolod

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

im saWiroebiT, rom xalxis didi raodenoba mudmivi moqmedebis mdgomareobaSi<br />

amyofos, rasac elitebi akontroleben. 1<br />

121<br />

sazogadoebis sruli kontroli saWiroa, radgan totalitaruli ideologiebi<br />

axali sazogadoebrivi wyobis damyarebis pirobas deben, iqneba es<br />

rasobrivad sufTa ariuli superrasa, romlis Seqmnasac adolf hitleris<br />

nacisturi reJi mi apirebda germaniaSi, Tu daCagruli da gawamebuli muSebis<br />

proletaruli Zmobis Seqmna, rasac sabWoTa liderebi v.i. lenini da ioseb<br />

stalini pirdebodnen xalxs, Tu egoisturi interesebis arqmone glexebis<br />

axali, masobrivi sazogado eba, romelic mao Zedunis poetur warmosaxvaSi<br />

iZerweboda. detalebis miuxedavad, totalitaruli ideologiebis zogadi<br />

Sexedulebebi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb _ bolodroindeli avRaneTis sastiki<br />

Talibi mmarTvelebis CaTvliT _ aSkarad erTmaneTs hgavs. yvela totalitarulma<br />

mociqulma `gamoamJRavna erTmaneTTan mimarT msgavseba... TavianT<br />

ganzraxvaSi, rom Seqmnan ufro maRali da uprecedento saxis adamianuri yofiereba~.<br />

2<br />

totalitari lideris pretenzia legitimurobaze swored axali sa zogadoebis<br />

Seqmnis TviTneburi miznidan gamomdinareobs. erTi eqspertis<br />

TqmiT, `totalitaruli mmarTvelobis maxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis<br />

erTad damorCileba utopiuri, mmarTvelobaze arapolitikuri moTxovniT.~<br />

3 sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, totalitari liderebi amtkiceben, rom<br />

srulyofili sazogadoebrivi wyoba mxolod TviTgamocxadebuli liderebis<br />

gabeduli moqmedebebis Sedegad damyardeba. amgvarad, sazogadoebaze<br />

rwmenebis Zalismieri Tavsmoxveva gamarTlebulia, rac liderebs kvazireligiur<br />

sazogadoebad aqcevs Sesabamisad, totalitaruli ideologia<br />

SeiZleba ganisazRv ros, rogorc `ideaTa logikuri wyeba, romelic im<br />

praqtikul saSualebebs exe ba, romlis meSveobiTac mTlianad unda Seicvalos<br />

da reformireba ganicados sazogadoebam Zalis an Zaladobis gziT da emyareba<br />

wina an amJamindeli sa zo gadoebis yovlismomcvel kritikas~. 4<br />

totalitaruli moZraobebis mier naqadagebi idealuri sazogadoebebi,<br />

Cveulebriv, iseT Rirebulebebs aRmerTeben, rogoricaa Tanasworoba da<br />

erToba. isini maT Tavisuflebasa da individualizmze win ayeneben. rogorc<br />

meore avtoritetulma mkvlevarma aRniSna:<br />

revolucioneris namdvili sazogadoeba yovlismomcveli da ega litarulia:<br />

aranairi socialuri gansxvaveba ar iarsebebs, TviT avtoriteti<br />

da gamocdileba, mecnieruli Tu saxelovnebo, gaqreba. amgvari<br />

radikaluri egalitarizmi aucileblobiT uaryofs yovelgvar individualizms.<br />

individis ufleba koleqtivisagan Tavdacvaze qreba da<br />

Cveulebrivi konstituciuri uflebebi interpretirebulia, rogorc<br />

ufleba, raTa jgufs Seeguo. jgufisadmi moTxovnebis wayeneba _ materialur<br />

saqonelze, adamianuri urTierTobebis SezRudul uflebaze,<br />

rogoricaa siyvaruli da piradi cxovreba _ dagmobilia, rogorc<br />

Seusabamo saqcieli. Tanasworobis saxeliT, sazogadoebaSi imgvari<br />

solidarobaa gamocxadebuli, romelsac TiTqos Tavisi cnobiereba

---

122 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

gaaCndes, xolo individualuri cnobiereba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi<br />

antisocia lu ri gadaxra xdeba. 5<br />

am harmoniuli sazogadoebis safuZvels adamianuri bunebis Secvlis koncefcia<br />

warmoadgens. totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi pirovnebis erTbaSad<br />

ga dakeTeba is aucilebeli pirobaa, romelic oficialuri ideologiis mier<br />

aRTqmul utopiur sazogadoebaSi mosaxvedrad aris saWiro. adamianuri srulyofisken<br />

swrafva aisaxa leninis mier araerTxel gakeTebul gancxadebeb­<br />

Si `axali sabWoTa adamianis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb da nacistebis mtki cebaSi, rom<br />

partiuli muSakebi da liderebi adamianis axal tips an `rasobrivad sufTa~<br />

mmarTvelebis axal modgmas warmoadgendnen. mao Zeduni lamis akviatebul<br />

azrs hyavda Sepyro bili rektifikaciis (ganwmendis) Sesaxeb, rac Cinuri<br />

sazogadoebis yvela doneze kapitalistu ri elementebis (magaliTad, materializmi<br />

da individualizmi) radikalur wmendas niSnavda. sakvirvelia,<br />

rom meoce saukunis yvela totalitaruli moZraoba cdilobda, ara marto<br />

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis garegnuli mxaris, aramed<br />

sazogadoebis wevrebis piradi da zneobrivi normebis Secvlasac.<br />

yvelaze represiulma totalitarulma reJimebmac ki ver moaxerxes am<br />

gardaqmnebis bolomde miyvana. yvela totalitarul saxelmwifoSi arsebobda<br />

`gancalkevebuli kunZulebi~ 6 _ ojaxi, eklesia da sxva socialuri<br />

institutebi, romlis meSveobiTac gabatonebuli mTavrobis mimarT Sinagani<br />

winaaRmdegoba narCundeboda. gamogonili qveynis _ okeaneTis _ gansakuTrebiT<br />

totalitarulma mTavrobamac ki, romelic cnobil britanel mwerals<br />

aqvs aRwerili romanSi aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxi weli, ver moaxerxa<br />

Tavisi moqalaqeebis sruli kontroli.<br />

imis miuxedavad, rom totalitarulma saxelmwifoebma ver SeZles adamianis<br />

bunebis gadakeTeba an utopiis ganxorcieleba, maT xSirad gasaocari<br />

miRwevebi hqondaT oponentebis gaCumebis TvalsazrisiT maSin, rodesac<br />

isini radikalur (da saboloo jamSi damangrevel) sazogadoebrivi gardaqmnebis<br />

programebs atarebdnen. totalitar mmarTvelebs kargad esmodaT,<br />

rom maTi TanamebrZolebis mier Seq mnili axali sazogadoeba sxvagvarad<br />

moazrovneTa, deviantTa, skeptikosTa da mterTa Soris ver gadarCeboda.<br />

im faqts, rom maTi miznebi da saSualebebi saR azrs ewinaaRmdegebda, mniSvneloba<br />

ar hqonda. isini aseve ar cnobdnen politiku ri Zalis gamoyenebisas<br />

raime saxis zneobriv SezRudvas. dRevandeli amomavali varskvlavi xval,<br />

SesaZloa, xalxis mtrad gadaiqces imisda mixedviT, ra aris mizanSewonili<br />

mocemul momentSi. rodesac gamocxadebuli mizani ubralod xelisufle bis<br />

mopoveba da misi SenarCuneba ki ara, msoflios Secvlaa, gansakuTrebuli<br />

politikuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba advili gasamarTlebelia, gacilebiT<br />

advili. roca liders aRqmuli miwisken mihyvebi, arc erTi msxverpli araa<br />

Zalian didi, aranairi fasi araa maRali.<br />

amgvari utopiuri politikuri wyobis yvelaze naTeli magaliTebia: nacisturi<br />

germania, sabWoTa kavSiri (gansakuTrebiT stalinuri teroris<br />

dros) da maoisturi CineTi. Tumca, totalitarizmi mxolod am qveynebiT ar<br />

Semoifargleboda. amgvari saxelmwifoebi jer kidev ar gamqrala msoflios

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

123<br />

politikuri rukidan. dabolos, iq, sadac amgvari reJimebi gaqra, totalitaruli<br />

tiraniis datovebuli kvali Rrmaa da kvlav uaryofiT gavlenas axdens<br />

im qveynebis politikuri, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri institutebis<br />

muSaobaze, post­totalitarul eraSi.<br />

totalitarizmis revoluciuri etapi<br />

rogor iwyeba totalitaruli moZraobebi? Cveulebriv, isini Caisaxebian<br />

xolme ZaladobaSi da amoizrdebian daSlili an daSlis piras myofi saxelmwifoebis<br />

nangrevebidan. aseT areul droSi xSirad qarizmatuli lideri<br />

Cndeba. liderebi nebismieri revoluciis warmatebaSi gadamwyvet rols asruleben.<br />

totaluri revoluciis SemTxvevaSi, lideris garda kidev oTx<br />

elements aqvs mniSvneloba, romelTagan TiTo euli dawvrilebiT Seswavlas<br />

saWiroebs. esaa: ideologia, organizacia, propaganda da Zaladoba.<br />

lideroba<br />

totaluri revoluciebis albaT yvelaze ufro aSkara maxasiaTebeli<br />

lideris kultze damokidebulebaa. faqtobrivad, yvela amgvari revolucia<br />

gaigivebuli, personificirebuli iyo konkretul figurasTan. ruseTis<br />

revolucias Tavisi lenini hyavda, mesame raixs _ Tavisi hitleri, CineTis<br />

revolucias _ Tavisi mao, kubas _ Tavisi kastro da ase Semdeg. TiToeuli<br />

maTgani gaRmerTebuli hyavdaT. erik hoferi liderobis mniSvnelobas Tanamedrove<br />

masobriv moZraobebSi Semdegnairad afasebs:<br />

rogorc ki scena momzaddeba, gamoCenili lideris arseboba saWiro<br />

xdeba. mis gareSe moZraoba ver iarsebebs. drois simwife avtomaturad<br />

masobriv moZraobas ar warmoSobs, iseve rogorc arCevnebi, kanonebi da<br />

administraciuli organoebi ver Sobs mas.<br />

swored lenini iyo is adamiani, romelmac movlenebi bolSevikuri<br />

revoluciisken warmarTa. is rom SveicariaSi an 1917 wels ruseTisken<br />

mimaval gzaze momkvdariyo, TiTqmis danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom sxva cnobili bolSevikebi koaliciur mTavrobas SeuerTdebodnen.<br />

Sedegi ki met­naklebad liberaluri respublika iqneboda, romlis mar­<br />

Tvas burJuazia ganaxorcielebda. musolinis an hitleris SemTxvevebi<br />

kidev ufro naTelia: maT gareSe arc faSisturi da arc nacisturi moZraoba<br />

ar iarsebebda. 7<br />

marTalia, yvela revolucia masebis saxeliT iqna dawyebuli, magram iniciativa<br />

yovelTvis zemodan modioda. revoluciur liderebs instinqturad<br />

esmodaT, rom msoflios Sesacvlelad saWiro potenciuri Zala mxolod<br />

masebs hqondaT, magram maT neba da mimarTuleba akldaT (bolSevikebis azriT,<br />

maT akldaT `klasobrivi cnobiereba~; nacistebis azriT, _ Volksgeist anu `sax­

---

124 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

alxo eris suliskveTeba~). revoluciur masobriv moZraobaSi aRmafrenisa<br />

da fanatikuri Tavdadebis mqone adamianebis Serwyma egoisturi interesebis<br />

mqone didi rao denobis xalxTan ver moxerxdeboda iseTi usisxlo abstraqciis<br />

gareSe, rogoricaa `partia~. Tumca, is mxolod qarizmatuli lideris<br />

pirovnuli dinamizmidan warmoiSveba, romelsac SeuZlia masebis gulisTqmas<br />

Caswvdes, yuradReba miipyros da maTi guli moigos (ironiaa, rom yvela<br />

Tanamedrove masobrivi moZraoba xazs usvamda lideris pirovnebas da amavdroulad<br />

akninebda mimdevarTa individualobas). liderebi, rogorebic lenini<br />

an mao iyvnen, masobrivi moZraobebisTvis imave funqcias asrulebdnen,<br />

rasac bombisaTvis _ detonatori: mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenad Zlieri (an<br />

momakvdinebeli) asafeTqebeli nivTierebaa bombis SigniT, is umoqmedo da<br />

uwyinaria manam, vidre asafeTqebeli mowyobiloba ar dauyendeba.<br />

ideologia<br />

xelmZRvanelobis xarisxis miuxedavad, totaluri revoluciebi<br />

damokidebulia didi raodenobis xalxis survilze _ miznis misaRwevad saku­<br />

Tari Tavi gawiron da moZraobaSi CaerTon. amgvari gauazrebeli Tavdadebis<br />

gamowveva racionaluri mowodebebiT ver moxdeba. is unda gamomdinareobdes<br />

absoluturi WeSmaritebis brma rwmenidan, romelsac yovlismomcveli<br />

politikuri doqtrina iZleva.<br />

gantevebis vacis saWiroeba: warsulis xelaxali interpretacia. rogorc<br />

warsulis kritikosi, ideologia zogadad fokusirebulia absoluturi<br />

borotebis raime formaze, romelsac yvela erovnul (an msoflio masStabis)<br />

Secdomasa da socialur usamarTlobas miaweren. revoluciuri ideologiisa­<br />

Tvis ekonomikuri vardna, inflacia, samxedro damarcxeba, saxelmwifo korufcia,<br />

erovnuli damcireba, zneobrivi gadagvareba da sxva problemebi<br />

momdinareobs uaryofili warsulis misticizmidan da SeTqmulebebidan.<br />

absoluturi boroteba iSviaTad aris sxeulis armqone Zala. is TiTqmis<br />

yovelTvis advilad Sesacnobi mtris saxes iRebs. Tu amgvari mteri ar<br />

arsebobs, maSin is unda Seiqmnas. Cveulebiv, amgvar rols romelime adamiani<br />

an jgufi asrulebs, romlis aqamdec eSinodaT, ezizRebodaT an SurdaT.<br />

lenini muSebis gaWirvebul mdgomareobas fulismomxveWel kapitalistebs<br />

abralebda, hitleri pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebas da mis<br />

xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde dawyebul ekonomikur kriziss _ ebraelebsa da<br />

komunistebs. maom mtrebi mdidar miwaTmflobelebSi ipova. aSkaraa, rom<br />

amgvari gadawyvetilebebis mizani masebis yuradRebis gamzadebul, adviladamosacnob<br />

gantevebis vacebze fokusireba iyo, romlebsac saxelmwifos<br />

mTeli ubedureba unda dakisrebodaT.<br />

erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris TqmiT, `masobrivi moZraobebi SeiZleba<br />

daiwyos da gavrceldes RmerTis rwmenis gareSe, magram arasodes eSmakis<br />

gare Se~. 8 saerTo miznisaTvis xalxis gasaerTianeblad yvelaze ufro efeqtian<br />

Zalas zizRi da stereotipebi warmoadgenen da ara siyvaruli da diadi

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

125<br />

principebi. zizRis obieqtis ganzrax Seqmna ara mxolod imas emsaxureba,<br />

rom warsulSi momxdari usamarTlobebi mas moewyos, aramed, amavdroulad,<br />

es xels uw yobs dRes arsebuli gaWirvebis mizezis winaaRmdeg masebis mobilizebas.<br />

revoluciuri brZola: Tanamedroveobis axsna. rogorc TanamedroveobaSi<br />

megzuri, ideologia WeSmarit morwmunes saSualebas aZlevs Tanamedrove<br />

sazogadoebaSi moqmedi Zalebis `swori~ analizi moaxdinos. iseTi<br />

koncefciebi, rogorebicaa klasobrivi brZola marqsizm­leninizmisaTvis,<br />

Herrenvolk (`gabatonebuli rasa~) nacistebisaTvis da `winaaRmdegobebi~ maos<br />

mimdevrebisaTvis, instrumentebad gamoiyeneboda, raTa socialuri realoba<br />

aexsnaT da prognozi gaekeTebinaT. guSin mteri iyo gamarjvebuli; dRes<br />

mteri damarcxdeboda.<br />

totaluri revoluciis momxreebs sjeraT, rom brZola politikis arsia.<br />

marqsizm­leninizmis momxreebisaTvis klasobrivi brZola progresis gamomwvevi<br />

iyo istoriaSi. maoistebisaTvis Tavad brZola iyo sasurveli mizani.<br />

maT sjerodaT, rom mxolod revoluciuri brZolis uSualo gamocdilebiT<br />

SeeZloT masebs (gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdobas) Tavganwirvis namdvili<br />

mniSvnelobis gageba. hitleri ZalauflebisTvis brZolas adidebda, man omi<br />

saxelmwifos sidiadis udides gamocdad gamoacxada (niSandoblivia, rom<br />

hitlerma Tavis wigns, sadac <strong>politika</strong>Si Tavis gza gansazRvra, Mein Kampf _<br />

`Cemi brZola,~ uwoda.) imis miuxedavad, mizani kapitalistebis monopoliis<br />

dasrulebaa Tu rasis gawmenda, re voluciuri brZola yovelTvis aRiwereba,<br />

rogor keTilis borotis winaaR mdeg brZola. nacistTa liderebi ebraelebs<br />

ubralod saxelmwifos mtrebad ki ar saxavdnen, aramed Untermenschen­ad [qveadamiani,<br />

arasrulyofili rasis warmomadgeneli. mTargmn. Sen.] da xSirad,<br />

araraobebad an tilebad. 9 ra Tqma unda, amgvari damamcirebeli daxasiaTebis<br />

mravaljeradi gamoyeneba sabolood masobriv cnobierebaSi gantevebis<br />

vacad gamoyenebuli jgufis dehumanizacias isaxavs miznad _ ufro advilia<br />

mwerebis gawyveta daasa buTo, vidre _ adamianebisa.<br />

utopia: momavlis winaswarmetyveleba. ideologia aRTqmul momavals<br />

srulyofili samarTlianobisa da samaradJamo mSvidobis naTel sura­<br />

Tad warmoaCens. marqsist­leninistebi am utopias ganixilavdnen, rogorc<br />

uklaso sazogadoebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, yvela socialur da ekonomikur<br />

usamarTlobas aRmofxvrida. nacisturi utopia iyo rasobrivi<br />

`dabinZurebis~ gareSeE arsebuli sazogadoeba, romelic rasobrivi TvalsazrisiT<br />

`CamorCenilebis~ gawyvetas da an damonebas iTvaliswinebda. imis<br />

miuxedavad, rogori iyo ama Tu im ideologiis konkretuli buneba, amgvari<br />

motivaciis momcemi xedva Seicavda materialu ri siuxvis dapirebas, romelic<br />

mqonebelTagan uqonelTa sasargeblod qonebis gadanawilebas iTvaliswinebda.<br />

marqsizm­leninizmi pirobas iZleoda, rom mdid rebs (burJuazias)<br />

waarTmevda da Raribebs (proletariats) daurigebda. sainteresoa,<br />

rom hitlerma msgavsi piroba dado, rodesac ganacxada, rom miznad isaxavda<br />

aRmosavleTiT Lebensraum-is (`sasicocxlo sivrce~) Seqmnas: is miwiT mdidar,

---

126 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

magram zant slavebs miwas waarTmevda da mciremiwian, magram Sromismoyva re<br />

germanelebs daurigebda.<br />

am utopiuri msoflmxedvelobebs TiTqmis yovelTvis Tan axlda maT misaRwevad<br />

gamarTul brZolaSi warmatebis garantia. maSasadame, marqsizmi de ­<br />

ter mi nistul msoflmxedvelobazea dafuZnebuli (im TvalsazrisiT, rom<br />

prole ta ruli revoluciis gamarjveba nakarnaxevia istoriis udreki<br />

`kanonebiT~). hit leric aseve gamousworebeli deterministi iyo. Mein Kampf­<br />

Si is werda: `adamianma unda gaiazros, rom aucileblobis fundamenturi<br />

kanoni bunebis yvela sferoze batonobs~. 10 mTeli Tavisi karieris ganmavlobaSi,<br />

is xSirad laparakobda `Cveni istoriuli ganviTarebis rkinis<br />

kanonze~, `istoriis aRlumsa~ da `movlenebis Sinagan logikaze~. hitleri,<br />

iseve rogorc lenini, stalini an mao, acxadebda, rom mas (da germanel volks)<br />

msoflios gardaqmnis misia hqonda gansa xorcielebeli da rom warmateba<br />

gardauvali iyo. man aRniSnuli koncefcia Tavis albaT yvelaze ufro cnobil<br />

gancxadebaSi Camoayaliba: `me mTvareuliviT im gzas vadgavar, romelsac<br />

gangeba mkarnaxobs~.<br />

ideologia da WeSmariteba. mocemuli revoluciuri ideologiis mier aRwerili<br />

warsuli, awmyo da momavali, SesaZloa, dauinteresebel damkvirvebels<br />

arabunebrivad an sasacilodac ki moeCvenos. magaliTad, nacistebis mier<br />

Camoyalibebuli rasobrivi Teoria istoriul, sociologiur, genetikur da<br />

moralur safuZvels absoluturad moklebuli iyo. amave TvalsazrisiT,<br />

hitleris ideologiis ekonomikuri aspeqti _ `socializmi~ nacional­socializmSi<br />

_ realur Sinaarss moklebuli iyo. socializmis hitleriseuli<br />

gageba imdenad gaufasurebuli iyo, rom erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris<br />

azriT, `nebismieri, romelsac xalxis bedi namdvilad aRelvebda, hitleris<br />

TvalSi socialisti iyo.~ 11<br />

ratom aRiqvamda vinme aseT ideologias seriozulad? upirveles yovlisa,<br />

imitom, rom is popularul stereotipebze apelirebda da maT respeqtabelurobas<br />

sZenda. Mmeore, gzavnilze metad gzavnilis mTqmeli fasobda<br />

anu lideris pirov nul momxibvlelobas ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda,<br />

vidre _ sity vebis azrs. Mmesamec, erTguleba gacilebiT seriozulad aRiqmeboda,<br />

vidre _ simarTle.<br />

mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT yvelaferi, rac warmatebulma ideologiam<br />

calkeul mimdevars unda misces:<br />

mas mecnierul avtoritetulobaze unda hqondes pretenzia, romelic<br />

morwmunes yovelgvari codnis eqskluziuri gasaRebis rwmenas aZlevs;<br />

man unda aRuTqvas aTaswlovani raixi, romelsac rCeul rasas an klass<br />

am gasaRebis mflobeli, maT mier arCeuli lideri mou tans; man unda<br />

daasaxelos tiranebisa da demonebis krebuli, romelzec unda gaimarjvos<br />

manamde, vidre bednieri saxelmwifo damkvidrdeba; is unda Seerwyas<br />

(klasis an rasis) siZulvilis, eWvis, SiSis dinamikas da gaamarTlos<br />

es mda bali vnebebi misi miznebis sidiadiT; mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis<br />

mizniT yovelgvari saSualeba da danaSauli gamarTlebulia,

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

mtris Rirseba SeiZleba gadaiqces mis naklovanebad misTvis martivi<br />

iarliyis _ `burJuis~ mikerebiT; saxeldobr, WeSmariteba is aris, rasac<br />

rCeuli rasisa Tu klasisTvis sargebeli moaqvs, mcdaroba ki is _<br />

rac maT interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba; radgan es WeSmariteba mecnierulad<br />

damtkicebadia da radgan ar arsebobs ori adamianic ki, romelic,<br />

savaraudod, mas daeTanxmeba, amisaTvis saWiroa, arsebobdes erTader­<br />

Ti interpretatori, romelic kanoniT ixelmZRvanelebs, Tu ideologias<br />

surs sruliad qmediTi iyos; rogorc yovelgvari WeSmaritebis<br />

matarebels, liders ufleba aqvs Tavisi mimdevrebisgan religiur<br />

Tayvaniscemas, msxverplSewirvasa da danaSaulis Cadenas elodebodes,<br />

Tu isini mas sargeblobas moutanen. 12<br />

127<br />

saboloo analiziT, ideologiebi xSirad TviT yvelaze absurduli<br />

ganc xadebebiTa da tyuilebiT SeiZleba iyos warmatebuli, Tu isini exebia<br />

Cveuleb rivi adamianis winaSe mdgom realur problemebs. bevri germaneli<br />

acnobiereb da nacistebis rasobrivi Teoriebis eqstremalur xasiaTs, Tumca<br />

maT, albaT, sjerodaT, rom aseT absurdebs hitleri aRar gahyveboda,<br />

rogorc ki qveynis gaerTianebis, ekonomikis aRmasvlis da eris dakarguli<br />

didebis aRdgenis samuSao dasruldeboda. imave TvalsazrisiT, saeWvoa, rom<br />

yvelaze Tavdadebuli bolSevikebis garda vinmes muSaTa samoTxis moaxloeba<br />

daejerebina, Tumca rus xalxs, savaraudod, marTlac sjeroda, rom miwis<br />

reforma moxdeboda, rom damTavrdeboda ruseTis saSineli Sedegebis mqone<br />

Careva pirvel msoflio omSi, rom bolo moeReboda SimSils, ganviTardeboda<br />

jandacva da ganaTleba, rasac lenini maT hpirdeboda.<br />

organizacia<br />

ideologia yovlismomcvel revoluciebSi myari organizaciis gareSe<br />

ver ganxorcieldeba. Mmeoce sukunemdel ajanyebebs organizebuloba akldaT.<br />

AaseTi uecari afeTqebebis umravlesoba spontanur xasiaTs atarebda.<br />

moZraoba agor deboda, iSviaTad farTodac gavrceledeboda, magram TiTqmis<br />

yovelTvis, bo los sakuTar Tavs diskreditirebas uwevda.<br />

sxvadasxva revoluciis liderebi politikuri ZalauflebisTvis brZolisas<br />

formaluri organizebis gansxvavebul meTodebze akeTebdnen aqcents.<br />

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom bolSevikurma partiam ruseTSi realurad 1917<br />

wlis oqtombramde ver moipova Zalaufleba, lenins partia ToTxmeti wlis<br />

win hqonda daarsebuli. Lleninma partiaSi gulqva revolucionerebi miiRo.<br />

is fiqrobda, rom ruseTis mefis damarcxeba mxolod grZelvadiani, iatakqveSa<br />

brZoliT SeiZ leboda ganxorcielebuliyo. Aamgvarad, patara, magram<br />

mtkiced SekavSirebuli profesional revolucionerTa jgufi ufro metad<br />

efeqtiani iqneboda, vidre didi, ukontrolo da ukmayofilo adamianebis<br />

uformo masa.<br />

Kkonspiraciis, disciplinisa da centralizebuli kontrolis uzrunvelsayofad,<br />

leninma bolSevikuri partia patara ujredebad dahyo, romlebsac

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128 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

SemdgomSi ewodaT ZiriTadi partiuli organizaciebi. TiToeul ujreds<br />

sakuTari lideri hyavda, metsaxelad mdivani, romelic miTiTebebsa da instruqciebs<br />

zemodan iRebda. sabolood, strategiis, taqtikisa da `partiuli<br />

xazis~ Sesaxeb yvela mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas Tavad lenini iRebda<br />

(TumcaRa, is amtkicebda, rom partiis centraluri komitetis saxeliT<br />

laparakobda). sankt­peterbur gSi arsebuli Stabis garda, sxva qalaqebSi<br />

warmomadgenlobebisa da momxreebis ricxvis zrdis kvaldakval, saxelisuflo<br />

struqturebis Seqmnis aucilebloba warmoiSva, magram mkacri partiuli<br />

disciplinisa da zemdgomebis mimarT qvemdgomebis sruli morCilebis<br />

principebi ar Secvlila.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac sakuTari fraqcia Camoayaliba, leninma sabolood formalurad<br />

akrZala fraqciebis Seqmna. nebismier bolSeviks, vinc partiul xazs<br />

SeewinaaRmdegeboda, fraqcioneris iarliyis miwebeba emuqreboda. 1917 wlis<br />

oqtomberSi realuri Zalauflebis xelSi aRebamde, urCobisaTvis sasjeli<br />

xSirad partiis rigebidan garicxva iyo. 1917 wlis Semdeg revoluciuri<br />

samarTali xSi rad naklebad Semwynarebeli iyo. fraqciebad dayofas aravis<br />

patiobdnen. partiis wevrebs moeTxovebodaT, partiuli interesebi yovelTvis<br />

pirad interesebze maRla daeyenebinaT. Tavganwirvasa da partiis srul<br />

erTgulebas specialuri saxeli hqonda miniWebuli _ partiuloba, termini,<br />

romelic xSirad gamoiyeneboda yofil sabWoTa kavSiriSi, raTa uxilavi<br />

Tvisebebis erToblioba aReniSna (rogoricaa, erTguleba, TviTdisciplina<br />

da revoluciuri suliskveTeba), romlis gamovlenac partiis yvela wevrs<br />

evaleboda.<br />

leninTan SedarebiT, maos revolucias warmatebis misaRwevad oc welze<br />

meti dasWirda da masSi gacilebiT meti adamiani monawileobda. ruseTisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, CineTis revolucia, ZiriTadad, soflebidan dawyebuli<br />

ukmayofilo glexebis masobrivi moZraoba iyo. am viTarebaSi maosTvis<br />

yvelaze ufro did organizaciul problemas glexebis efeqtian samxedro<br />

Zalad gadaqceva warmoadgenda, romelsac xangrZlivi partizanuli omis<br />

warmoebis unari eqneboda. glexTa amorfuli masis efeqtian sabrZolo Zalad<br />

gadaqcevaSi miRweuli warmateba damajerebel arguments warmoadgenda<br />

imisa, rom organizebuli Raribebi da Cagrulebi, erTi SexedviT gadaulaxav<br />

winaaRmdegobebs daZlevdnen. amitomac, maos glexobaze dafuZnebuli revoluciis<br />

Teoria da praqtika bevrma radikalma (gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad<br />

saxelmwifoebSi) revoluciuri organizebis maga liTad miiCnia.<br />

politikuri Zalauflebis mosapoveblad maos xangrZlivi, koordinirebuli<br />

brZo lisagan gansxvavebiT, hitleris mcdeloba, germaniaSi Zalaufleba<br />

moepovebina, aras tabilur gzas warmoadgenda. igi 1920­ian wlebSi CaxSobili<br />

Zaladobrivi sa xelmwifo gadatrialebidan daiwyo da 1930­ian wlebSi<br />

qveynis konstituciuri sistemis warmatebuli manipulaciiT dasrulda.<br />

hitleris sa boloo warmatebisaTvis gadamwyveti iyo morCili organizacia<br />

nacisturi partiis saxiT.<br />

xelisuflebaSi aRzevebis dros hitlerma opoziciis dasaSineblad uxeSi<br />

Zala farTod gamoiyena, magram amavdroulad man partiis mier kontrolirebadi<br />

uamravi klubi da asociacia Seqmna. hitlerulma axalgazrdobam, nacisti

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

129<br />

qalebis ligam, nacisti muSebis organizaciam, nacisti studentebis ligam<br />

da ki dev araerTma akademiurma da sazogadoebrivma organizaciam nacistebs<br />

mniSvne lo vani politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina manamde, vidre Tavad hitleri<br />

aiRebda xelSi marTvis sadaveebs (ix. cxrili 9­3). mogvianebiT, Gleichschaltung­is<br />

(unifikacia) politikis meSveobiT, man TiTqmis yvela manamde<br />

arsebuli sazogadoeb ri vi organizacia gaanadgura da isini nacisturi asociaciebiT<br />

Caanacvla. nawilobriv amis gamo, hitleris dapirebas da muqaras<br />

mTel germanul sazogadoebaSi didi wona hqonda. yvela Tanamedrove revolucioneris<br />

msgavsad, hitlers kargad Ca moyalibebuli revoluciuri organizaciis<br />

fasi esmoda.<br />

propaganda<br />

ramdenadac Tanamedrove <strong>politika</strong> sul ufro meti adamianis cxovrebas<br />

exeba, propaganda _ ideebisa da informaciis farTod gavrceleba, romelic<br />

sagangebod isea agebuli, rom konkretuli politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas<br />

Seuwyos xeli _ mZlavri politikuri iaraRi gaxda. warmatebis<br />

misaRwevad, rogorc hitlerma SeniSna, propaganda mxolod masebisken unda<br />

iyos mimarTuli. Sesabamisad, `misi moqmedebis ZiriTadi samizne emociebi<br />

unda iyos da naklebi xarisxiT e.w. inteleqti~. 13<br />

propagandis usazRvrod farTo kampaniisa<br />

da nacisturi ideologiis<br />

STagonebis kombinaciiT adolf hitlerma<br />

(1889­1945) SeZlo germaneli<br />

xalxi ebraelTa devnis, saboloo<br />

omisa da germanu li sazogadoebis<br />

radikaluri gar daqmnis aucile­<br />

blobaSi daerwmunebina.<br />

propagandis mecnierebis erTgulma mimdevarma hitlerma ramdenime Teorema<br />

Camoayaliba, romelic dResac inarCunebs aqtualobas. pirvelad unda<br />

aRi niSnos misi naTqvami, rom `yvela propaganda saxalxo unda iyos da misi<br />

inteleqtualuri done auditoriis yvelaze SezRudul nawilze unda iyos<br />

misadagebuli~. aqedan gamomdinare, `rac ufro didia xalxis masa, romelic<br />

man unda moicvas, miT ufro dabali unda iyos misi inteleqtualuri done...<br />

efeqtiani propaganda SezRuduli unda iyos mcire odenobis mosazrebebiT<br />

da lozunge ­bis meSveobiT isini unda ismodes manamde, vidre sazogadoebis<br />

ukanaskneli wev ri ar gaigebs imas, rac Sen ginda, rom man gaigos~. zemoTqmu­

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130 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

lis gaTvaliswinebiT, `yvela propagandistuli saqmianobis upirvelesi<br />

aqsiomaa, rom mas ZiriTadad subieqturi da calmxrivi damokidebuleba unda<br />

hqondes yvela sakiTxis mimarT, romelsac is exeba.~ 14 amas garda, rac ufro<br />

didia tyuili, miT ukeTesi.<br />

hitleri amtkicebda, rom nebismieri propagandistuli kampaniis warmateba<br />

damokidebulia propagandistis mier saxalxo masebis `primitiuli<br />

grZnobebis~ gagebaze. propagandas ver eqneba ramdenime Sre: koncefciebi da<br />

faqtebi sazogadoebas unda waredginos, rogorc marTali an tyuili, swori<br />

an araswori, Savi an TeTri. Hhitleri Mein Kampf­Si maRal Sefasebas aZlevda<br />

pirveli msoflio omis dros britanuli propagandis mcdelobebs da zizRs<br />

gamoxatavda germanuli propagandis mimarT, romelmac msoflio mkveTrad,<br />

Sav da TeTr ferebSi ver daxata.<br />

hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde didi xniT adre, leninma ganaviTara<br />

da daxvewa masobrivi propagandis miseuli teqnika. leninma daiwyo propagandisa<br />

da agitaciis erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba. am ors Soris gansxvavebis<br />

miseuli axs na hitleris Teoremis fonze unda ganvixiloT:<br />

rodesac umuSevrobas ganixilavs, propagandistma krizisis kapitalistur<br />

bunebaze unda ilaparakos; man unda aCvenos Tanamedro ­ve<br />

sazogadoebaSi misi gardauvalobis mizezi; man unda daanaxos socialistur<br />

bazaze sazogadoebis xelaxla Senebis saWiroeba da a.S. erTi<br />

sityviT, man bevri idea erTbaSad, koncentrirebulad unda gadasces,<br />

imdenad bevri, rom saSualo adamianma yvela maTgani ver gaigos da<br />

mTlianobaSi mxolod mcire nawilma aRiqvas isini.<br />

agitatori, meore mxriv, aiRebs problemis erT nacnob da konkretul<br />

aspeqts. vTqvaT, SimSilis Sedegad umuSevari muSis sikvdils. misi<br />

mcdeloba am faqtze iqneba koncentrirebuli, raTa masebs erTi idea<br />

CauWedos _ simdidris zrdisa da siRaribis zrdis uazro dapirispirebis<br />

idea. is Seecdeba masebs Soris am didi usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg<br />

ukmayo fileba da janyi gaaRvivos da am dapirispirebis srul ganmartebas<br />

is propagandists dauTmobs. 15<br />

hitlerisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic Zalze efeqtiani oratori gaxldaT,<br />

lenini pamfletebis didostati da polemisti iyo, romelic didwilad daweril<br />

sityvas eyrdnoboda. Tavisi moZraobis dasawyisSi leninis mTavari iara­<br />

Ri miwisqveSa gazeTi iyo. kontrabanduli gazeTebi, rogorebic iyo iskra<br />

(`naperwkali~), vperiod (`win~) da proletari (`proletarebi~), xSirad qveynis<br />

Soreul kuTxeebSi an ucxo qveyanaSic ki ibeWdeboda, xolo Semdeg maTi<br />

Semotana aralegalurad xdeboda sankt­peterburgSi ormagi Ziris mqone<br />

CanTis saidumlo ganyofilebiT an sxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT.<br />

Zaladoba<br />

totalitaruli revoluciis bolo, mexuTe maxasiaTebelia Zaladobis<br />

ga moyeneba da terori, rogorc politikis miRebuli instrumenti. revo­

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

131<br />

lucionerebisaTvis Zaladoba gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa propagandis<br />

efeqtis gaZ lierebis TvalsazrisiT. Tanamedrove totalitaruli tiraniebis<br />

erT­erTma mkvlevarma daaskvna, rom `terori propagandis gareSe dakargavs<br />

misi fsiqologiuri efeqtis did nawils, maSin rodesac propagandas<br />

teroris gareSe Zlieri dartymis unari ekargeba.~ 16 nacisti Teoretikosis<br />

eugen hadamovskis TqmiT, `propaganda da Zaladoba arasodes ewinaaRmdegeba<br />

erTmaneTs. Zaladobis ga moyeneba SeiZleba propagandis nawili iyos.~ 17<br />

terorizmTan asocirebuli Zaladoba gulisxmobs qmedebebs, dawyebuli<br />

SerCeviTi mkvlelobebiTa da gatacebebiT, damTavrebuli ganurCeveli<br />

dabombvebiTa da sabotaJiT, romelTa Sedegia udanaSaulo gamvlelebis<br />

sikvdili da daSaveba. sabotaJis daniSnulebaa warmoebis, transportisa da<br />

sakomunikacio sistemebis da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos politikuri stabilurobis<br />

darRveva. teroris mizani ki piradi usafrTxoebis fsiqologiur<br />

SegrZnebaze Setevaa, romlis arseboba socialuri stabilurobis winapirobas<br />

warmoadgens.<br />

propagandis mxardasaWerad teroris gamoyenebam gadamwyveti roli<br />

Seasrula memarjveneebisa da memarcxeneebis masobriv moZraobebSi. erTerTi<br />

yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia italiis faSisturi partiis lideris<br />

benito musolinis mier pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli fasci<br />

di combattimento (`mebrZoli jgufebi~). mas Semdeg, rac socialisturi partiidan<br />

muSaTa klasis Camocilebis mcdelobam ar gaamarTla, musolinim daiwyo<br />

saSualo fenaze aqcentis gakeTeba da mdidari mewarmeebisa da msxvili<br />

miwaTmflobelebisagan fulis moZieba. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom italiis<br />

mTavrobaze kontrolis mopo vebas kanonieri gziT ver SeZlebda da 1920iani<br />

wlebis dasawyisSi sul ufro xSirad daiwyo teroris gamoyeneba politikuri<br />

oponentebis winaaRmdeg. misma momxre ebma politikuri konkurenciis<br />

normaluri, araZaladobrivi saSualebebi mkvelobebiT da xanZris gaCeniT<br />

Caanacvles. faSistebis mier gamogonebuli teroris erT­erTi axali forma<br />

iyo sadamsjelo operaciebi, romlis drosac SeiaraRebuli bandebi daucveli<br />

da moumzadebeli Temebis winaaRmdeg Tavdasxmebs axorcielebdnen. adgilobrivi<br />

policia xSirad maTTan TanamSromlobda, rac umoqmedobaSi gamoixateboda.<br />

italieli faSistebis mier farTod gamoyenebuli sadamsjelo operaciebi<br />

ganasaxierebda terors, rogorc totaluri revoluciis strategiasa da taqtikas.<br />

Tu Wkvianurad iqna gamoyenebuli, terorizmi sruli daucvelobis SegrZnebas<br />

qmnis. teroristebi sam mizans isaxaven: (1) xelovnuri krizisis atmosferos<br />

Seqmnas; (2) imis Cvenebas, rom saxelmwifos kanonmorCili, gadasaxadis<br />

gadamxdeli moqalaqeebis axloblebisa da qonebis Tavdasxmisagan dacva aRar<br />

SeuZlia; da (3) ubiZgebs SeSinebul, sasowarkveTil da araorganizebul moqalaqeebs,<br />

saSvelad swored im politikur moZraobas mimarTon, romelmac Rrma<br />

socialuri degene racia gamoiwvia da romlis Sesaxeb umravlesobam araferi<br />

uwyis.<br />

hana arendti gvaZlevs nacistebis mier analogiuri mizniT ganxorcielebuli<br />

teroris gansakuTrebiT naTel ganmartebas:

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132 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

nacistebi Tavs ar esxmodnen gamoCenil moRvaweebs, rogorc es politikuri<br />

danaSaulis adrindeli talRis dros xdeboda germaniaSi<br />

(raTenausa da ercbergeris mkvlelobebi). amis nacvlad, wvrilmani socialisti<br />

funqcionerebis an opoziciuri partiebis gavleniani wevre bis<br />

mokvliT, isini Seecadnen mosaxleobisaTvis daemtkicebinaT, rom safr ­<br />

T xes [sazogadoebis] ubralo wevrobac ki warmoadgenda. amgvari masobrivi<br />

terori, romelic Semdgom SedarebiT mcire masStabiT ganagrZobda<br />

moqmedebas, mudmivad izrdeboda, radgan arc policia da arc sasamarTloebi<br />

politikur moZaladeebs seriozulad ar asamarTlebdnen. erTma<br />

nacistma publicistma mas moswrebulad `Zalis propaganda~ uwoda: mosaxleobisaTvis<br />

metwilad naTeli iyo, rom nacistebis Zalaufleba ufro<br />

didi iyo, vidre xelisuflebisa da rom ufro usafrTxo iyo nacisturi<br />

naxevradgasam xedroebuli organizaciis wevroba, vidre _ erTgu li<br />

respublikeloba. es STabeWdileba gaaZliera nacistebis mier politikuri<br />

danaSaulis specifikurma gamoyenebam. isini mas yovelTvis sajarod<br />

aRiarebdnen, arasodes ixdidnen bodiSs `qveda donis moxeleebis mier<br />

Zalis gadaWarbebis gamo~ _ amgvar bodiSs mxolod nacistebis momxreebi<br />

mimarTavdnen xolme _ da mosaxleobas uCendnen gancdas, rom isini<br />

gansxvavdebian sxva partiebis `molaybeebisgan~.<br />

msgavseba amgvar terorsa da ubralo gangsterizms Soris Zalze<br />

aSkaraa, rom masze specialurad mivuTiToT. es imas ar niSnavs, rom<br />

nacistebi gangsterebi iyvnen, rogorc es zogjer miuCneviaT, aramed<br />

imas, rom nacistebma, amis aRiarebis gareSe, iswavles imdeni, ramdenic<br />

SeeZ loT amerikuli gangsteruli organizaciebidan eswavlaT iseve,<br />

rogorc maTma propagandam iswavla bevri ram amerikuli biznesis<br />

mier gamoye nebuli reklamidan~. 18<br />

Zalauflebis konsolidacia<br />

Zveli wesrigis dangrevis anu misi fataluri diskreditaciis Semdeg,<br />

totalitaruli reJimis xelmZRvanelobas kontrolis ganxorcieleba ukve<br />

mtki ce saxelisuflebo sayrdenidan SeuZlia. mis winaSe mdgomi Semdegi amocanaa,<br />

gaanadguros nebismieri mowinaaRmdege politikuri partia Tu fraqcia.<br />

Semdeg,P partiis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi unda ganawildnen qveynis<br />

yvela regionSi da daekisroT samTavrobo funqciebi, gansakuTrebiT ki im<br />

provinciebSi, romlebic revoluciis adreul safexurze mis suliskveTebas<br />

ar iziarebdnen. Kkonsolidaciis procesis saboloo nabijia partiis SigniT<br />

yvela iseTi piris ganadgureba, romelic realurad an potenciurad totalitari<br />

liderisTvis safrTxis matareblia.<br />

yvela am stadiaze, totalitari lideri iseve, rogorc nebismieri avtoritaruli<br />

mmarTveli, ZiriTadad Zalauflebis mopovebiTa da SenarCunebiT<br />

aris dainteresebuli. Llideris gankargulebaSi igive meTodebi da<br />

saSualebebi figurirebs, rac moZraobis revoluciur safexurze gamoiyeneboda.<br />

ideologia da propaganda lideris moqmedebebis gasamarTleblad

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totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

133<br />

da popularizebisTvis gamoiyeneba, Zaladoba _ oponentebis SesaSineblad<br />

da gasaCumeblad. Ppartiuli organizacia liders popularobisa (erTgul<br />

mimdevarTa jgufi) da Zalauflebis (partiis erTguli xdeba yovlis SemZle<br />

saxelmwifos Tvali da yuri) TvalsaCino mtkicebulebas sZens.<br />

am etapze momavali totalitari liderebis mTavar saSualebas maTive<br />

una rebi warmoadgens. Bbevri swori gadawyvetileba unda iqnas miRebuli, Tu<br />

maT warmatebis miRweva surT. maT zustad unda icodnen, ra surT da ar Seiz­<br />

Rudon mis ganxorcielebaSi. maTi megzuri unda iyos frTxili gaTvla da ara<br />

sindisi. am TvalsazrisiT, makiavelis rCeva dasafasebelia: `adamianma meore<br />

adamians, visi mokvlac mas surs, ar unda uTxras, `momeci Seni iaraRi, romliTac<br />

mogklav~, ara med `momeci Seni iaraRi~, da roca ukve iaraRs xelSi Caigdebs,<br />

survilic maSin unda aisrulos~. 19 aseTi rCevis Sesaferisoba maSinve<br />

gaxdeba naTeli, rogorc ki Cven im meTodebs ganvixilavT, romlebsac momavali<br />

totalitari liderebi Zalauflebis konsolodaciisTvis iyenebdnen.<br />

opoziciuri partiebis ganadgureba<br />

politikuri konsolidaciis pirveli safexuria mowinaaRmdege partiebisa<br />

da damoukidebeli fraqciebis ganadgureba. ori mizezis gamo, mmarTveli<br />

partia erTaderTi legitimuri organizacia unda iyos saxelmwifoSi. Ppirveli,<br />

arsebobs tradiciuli SiSi, romelic yvela erTpirovnul mmarTvels<br />

awuxebs: nebis mieri opoziciuri jgufi, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenad patara<br />

an qmeduunaro moCans igi, mmarTvelisTvis potenciurad safrTxis matarebelia.<br />

Mmeore, politikur oponentTa ubralo arsebobac ki zRudavs saSinao<br />

da sagareo <strong>politika</strong>Si mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs, romlebic moZraobis ideologiis<br />

mieraa sanqcirebuli. Aamitom, politikuri opozicia yvela SesaZlo<br />

saSualebiT unda iqnes amoZirkvuli.<br />

leninma metoqe partiebis problema Zveli taqtikis _ gaTiSe da ibatones<br />

brwyinvale gamoyenebiT gadawyvita, miuxedavad imisa, rom erT­erTi<br />

mowinaaR mdege partia (socialisti revolucionerebi) mis partiaze (bol­<br />

Sevikebze) ufro didi popularobiT sargeblobda (erT­erTi damkvirvebeli<br />

leninis taqtikas moixseniebs, rogorc saliamis taqtikas 20 , radgan is<br />

flobda gansakuTrebul unars, patara, magram potenciurad saSiSi jgufebi<br />

nawil­nawil daeyo da ise gaenadgurebina). Amas Semdeg, rac axali revoluciuri<br />

sakanonmdeblo organo _ asamblea iqna arCeuli, leninma dominant<br />

socialist­revolucionerTa partiaSi ukve arsebuli ganxeTqileba imiT<br />

gazarda, rom mis marcxena frTasTan aliansi Seqmna. am aliansma lenins sa­<br />

Sualeba misca, erTi mxriv, partiis SedarebiT zomieri frTisa da aseve sxva<br />

memarjvene partiebis winaaRmdeg ieriSze gadasuliyo, meore mxriv ki, sakmarisi<br />

samarTlebrivi mxardaWera Seeqmna, raTa Semdeg erTbaSad daexura<br />

asamblea. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, socialist­revolucionerebis marcxena<br />

frTasTan aliansi maSinve gawyda, rogorc ki is leninis interesebs aRar<br />

Seesabameboda.

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134 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

leninis strategia opoziciuri politikuri partiebis daSliT ar Semoifargleboda.<br />

meore samiznes sabWoTa kavSiris glexobis mravalricxovani<br />

fena warmoadgenda, romelSic bolSevikTa liders Tavdapirvelad cota<br />

mxardamWeri hyavda. glexTa mxardaWeris nakleboba gansakuTrebiT mwvave<br />

problema samoqalaqo omis dros (1918­20 ww.) gaxda, rodesac sakvebisa da<br />

sxva ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilebeli saSualebebis gansakuTrebuli<br />

simwire iyo. aAmis sapasuxod, leninma `soflebSi samoqalaqo omis<br />

dros Raribi glexebis ufro metad Raribebze gadamterebis gziT kidev erTi<br />

samoqalaqo omi gaaCaRa~ 21 , riTac Ziri gamouTxara politikur opozicias.<br />

leninis saliamis taqtika warmoadgenda mxolod erT­erT meTods, romlis<br />

meSveobiT totalitarulma moZraobam oponentebi da mowinaaRmdege<br />

partiebi gaanadgura. Amisgan gansxvavebiT, mao Zeduns, garemoebaTa gamo, Tavis<br />

mTavar metoqesTan _ gomindanTan anu Can kai­Sis mTavrobasTan _ xangrZliv<br />

partizanul omSi Cabma mouxda. hitlerma ki sruliad sxva strategia<br />

airCia. arCevnebSi nacisturi partiis mzardi warmatebebis, momxreTa didi<br />

odenobis, pirvelxarisxovani oratoruli unarebisa da Tavzardamcemi<br />

specrazmebis meSveobiT gaZlierebis fonze, man lodini arCia. 1933 wlisTvis<br />

xelisuflebaSi myofi adamianebis SiSisa da politikuri SezRudvebis<br />

moxerxebuli gamoyenebiT hitlerma germaniis kanclerad gaxdoma moaxerxa.<br />

rogorc ki Tanamdeboba daikava, man TandaTanobiT gazarda Tavisi Zalaufleba:<br />

pirvelad, sagangebo viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli uflebebis miniWebiT,<br />

Semdeg samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis aRkveTiT, dabolos, germaniaSi realuri<br />

demokratiis aRmofxvriT.<br />

mxolod amis Semdeg, Zlieris poziciidan daiwyo man opoziciuri partiebis<br />

daxurva. maosgan gansxvavebiT, romelic opoziciuri Zalebs sam xedro<br />

ZaliT ebrZoda, hitlerma gaiZverobisa da kanonebis manipulirebis meSveobiT<br />

misi mo winaaRmdegeebi politikurad gaanadgura, xolo Semdeg ki saxelmwifos<br />

Zala maTi fizikuri ganadgurebis dasawyebad gamoiyena.<br />

partiis realuri an warmosaxviTi<br />

metoqeebisgan gawmenda<br />

wmenda absoluturi Zalauflebis gzaze bolo nabijia. politikuri wmendis<br />

gatarebisas totalitaruli mTavrobebi TiTqmis erTnair brals deben TavianT<br />

mowinaaRmdegeebs: saxelmwifosa da mmarTveli moZraobis winaaRmdeg<br />

ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba. marTebulia Tu ara braldeba, amas arsebiTi<br />

mniSvneloba ar aqvs: isini ubralod `oficialuri~ mizezia totalitarul<br />

mmarTvelisaTvis, raTa gaanadguros is pirovnebebi, romlebic safrTxed an<br />

minimum politikur balastad aRiqmebian. amgvari `opozicionerebis~ karieruli<br />

daqveiTeba an ucabedi sikvdili sxvagvarad moazrovneebs uCvenebs,<br />

rom uzenaesi lideris winaaRmdeg wasvla Zalian Zviri jdeba.<br />

erTi avtoris dakvirveba, rom mao Zeduni `arasodes yoymanobda, misi<br />

mtrebi, [maT Soris] metoqe komunistebi, gomindanis aqtivistebi da miwaTmflobelebi<br />

gaenadgurebina,~ 22 SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT sxva

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totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

135<br />

totalitari mmarTvelebis dasaxasiaTeblad. Tumca, amgvari wmendebis<br />

masStabi da sisastike sxvadasxva mmarTvelis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisagan<br />

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda. hitleri, magaliTad, partiaSi mowinaaRmdegeebs<br />

TiTqmis qirurgiuli sizustiT Catarebuli operaciebis Sedegad<br />

iSorebda. 1934 wlisTvis hitlers aRelvebda ramdenime misi momxris ganwyoba<br />

da qmedebebi, gansakuTrebiT ernst romis. rogorc SA­s (Sturmabteilung<br />

anu `moieriSe Zalebis~) xelmZRvaneli da kunTmagari adamianebis jgufis<br />

ufrosi, romlis mTavar mizans hitleris xelisuf lebaSi aRzevebisas politikuri<br />

oponentebis daSineba warmoadgenda, romi agrZelebda Zaladobrivi<br />

qmedebebis gatarebas maSinac ki, rodesac mTavrobaze fiureris sruli `legaluri~<br />

kontrolis daweseba TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo. amas garda, hitlers<br />

surda SA­s Secvla SS­is (Schutzstaffel anu `uSiSroebis eSeloni~) ufro<br />

disciplinirebuli da sando legionebiT. yvela mcdeloba, rom romi da misi<br />

mxardamWerebi gegmas mihyolodnen, Caflavda. ase rom, hitleri romsa da<br />

partiis sxva wevrebs daupirispirda, romlebmac nacistebis xelisufle ba­<br />

Si mosvlis saqmeSi sakvanZo roli Seasrules. fiureris brZanebiT, romis<br />

fraqcia 1934 ganadgurda. hitlerma mTeli incidenti Tavis politikur<br />

mtrebs gadaabrala da romis mkvlelobis faqtic Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena,<br />

germaniaSi mxar daWera gaimyara da saxelmwifos winaSe mdgar (misi mtkicebiT)<br />

uzarmazar safrTxeebze moaxdina koncentrireba.<br />

leninis mier ganxorcielebuli wmendebi ufro masStaburi iyo. 1921 wels<br />

yvela konkurenti partiis ganadgurebis Semdeg, man yuradReba im xalxze<br />

gadaitana, romlebic Tavad moZraobis SigniT mis liderobas eWvqveS ayenebdnen.<br />

profkavSirebis aTasobiT wevri da mravali mezRvauri, romelic<br />

adre bolSevikebis mxardamWerTa xerxemals Seadgenda, saidumlo policiam<br />

mokla, radgan maT Tavisufali profkavSirebi da arCevnebi moiTxoves. amis<br />

Semdeg, lenini bolSevikur partiaSi e.w. muSaTa opoziciur fraqcias gausworda,<br />

romelic moiTxovda, rom partias <strong>politika</strong> Seecvala da muSebisTvis<br />

TavianTi sawarmoebis kontrolis ufleba mieca. le ninma jgufs brali<br />

dasdo `fraqcionalizmSi~ da partiisa da revoluciis safrTxeSi CagdebaSi<br />

daadanaSaula. muSaTa opoziciuri jgufis wevrebi garicxul iqnen partiidan,<br />

magram am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, rom isini ar dauxocavT.<br />

amgvari, SedarebiT rbili aqciebi leninis memkvidres, ioseb stalins<br />

ar axa siaTebda, romelic, rogorc sabWoTa komunisturi partiis xelmZRvaneli<br />

(1924­53 ww.) politikuri mtrebis likvidaciaze ar yoymanobda. politikur<br />

mtrebze stalinis saboloo gamarjveba or faqtorze iyo damokidebuli.<br />

pirveli, man ostaturad aiTvisa leninis saliamis taqtika, romelsac<br />

lenini misi mowina aRmdege partiebis gasaCumeblad iyenebda, stalini ki<br />

Sidapartiuli metoqeebis winaaRmdeg. meore, stalinma Sidapolitikuri<br />

brZolebis gamorCeuli talanti gamoamJRavna. igi leninis viwro wreSi<br />

yvelaze ufro aqtiuri, mizandasaxuli da rkiniseburi nebisyofis mqone aRmoCnda.<br />

es faqtori 1924 wels leninis sikvdilis Semdeg atexil memkvidreobisaTvis<br />

brZolaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamodga.

---

136 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

monoliTuri sazogadoebis Seqmna<br />

totalitaruli mmarTveloba sazogadoebis uzarmazar organizaciul<br />

kont rols moiTxovs, radgan is sazogadoebis srul gardaqmnas cdilobs.<br />

Sesaba misad, man kontroli unda moipovos ekonomikaze, xelovnebaze, jarze,<br />

skolaze, mTavrobaze, mokled rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela<br />

aspeqtze. kontrolis miRma arafris datoveba da am kontrolis SesanarCuneblad<br />

arc erTi meTodis gamoricxva ar SeiZleba. rogorc nacisturi propagandis<br />

Sefma iozef gebelsma SeniSna, `Cven mier moxdenili revolucia totaluri<br />

revoluciaa...~ 23 sazogado ebis arc erTma aspeqtma _ arc politikurma<br />

partiebma, arc religiam, arc xelovnebam, arc ganaTlebam an akademiurma Tavisuflebam<br />

_ ar SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos axali sazogadoebis Seqmnas. amgvar<br />

viTarebaSi totalitari lideris neba uzenaesia. kidev erTi nacisti maRali<br />

Tanamdebobis piris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `yvela universitetis profesor­<br />

Ta tvinebi rom sasworis erT pinaze davdoT, xolo meoreze _ fiurerisa,<br />

romeli gadawonis Tqveni azriT?~ 24<br />

totaluri kontrolis programis gansaxorcieleblad yvela qalaqsa da<br />

regionSi mTavrobisa da sazogadoebis yvela elementi erTgul momxreebs<br />

unda Cabardes. es procesi dokumenturad gansakuTrebiT kargad iyo aRwerili<br />

hitleris germaniaSi. 25 xelisuflebas CamoaSo res momcro qalaqebis Tanamdebobis<br />

pirebic, romlebic manamde sajarod mxars ar uWerdnen nacistebs, . amavdroulad,<br />

`xalxis uamravi mteri~ iqna `aRmoCenili~ da gestapos (saidumlo<br />

po licia) mier dauyovnebliv sastikad dasjili. sasjelis simkacres, gestapos<br />

yovlisSemZleobas da nacistebis mimarT gamovlenil mxardaWeras gansakuTrebul<br />

reklamas uwevdnen da mediiT da xalxSi xmebis gavrcelebiT azviadebdnen.<br />

moqalaqeebi darwmunebulebi iyvnen TavianT sastik xvedrSi, Tuki<br />

nacistebs SeewinaaRmdegebodnen. amdenad, daSineba da iZuleba nacistebis<br />

warmatebas didwilad uwyobda xels.<br />

teroris am taqtikis efeqturoba gvexmareba <strong>gavigoT</strong>, ratom gauwies mcire<br />

winaaRmdegoba nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, magram es srul suraTs<br />

mainc ar gvaZlevs.<br />

nacistebma Zalauflebis mopoveba daSinebis gziT SeZles, magram maT warmatebaSi<br />

Tavisi roli moralurma apaTiam da egoisturma interesebmac Seasrula.<br />

es azri, albaT, yvelaze kargad warmoaCina germaneli ltolvilis mier<br />

moTxrobilma namdvilma ambavma, romelic prestiJul frankfurtis universitetSi<br />

aswavlida. nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis dros universitets<br />

samagaliTo (da liberaluri) akademiuri dawesebulebis reputacia hqonda,<br />

sadac profesura mecnierebis, sindisis Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis<br />

erTguli iyo. 26 gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, Tu nacistebi SeZlebdnen<br />

frankfurtis universitetze seriozuli incidentebis gareSe kontrolis<br />

damyarebas, maSin isini daSinebis meTodiT sxva germanuli universitetebis<br />

damorCilebasac moaxerxebdnen. naciste bis oponentebi gansakuTrebiT imedovnebdnen,<br />

rom partias gauWirdeboda cnobili bioqimikos­fiziologis<br />

winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva, romelic frankfurtis universitetSi aswavlida<br />

da romlis akademiuri reputacia da humanizmi msoflio masStabiT iyo cno­

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

137<br />

bili. universitetSi nacisti komisris daniSvnis Semdeg, yvela profesori da<br />

studenti mniSvnelovan krebaze daibares:<br />

axal nacist komisars dro ar daukargavs zrdilobian mimarTvebze.<br />

man dauyovnebliv gamoacxada, rom ebraelebs universitetis<br />

teritoriaze Sesvla aekrZalebodaT da xelfasis gacemis gareSe 15<br />

marts daTxovnilebi iqnebodnen. nacistebis xmamaRali antisemituri<br />

gancxadebebis miuxedavad, amas mainc aravin eloda. Semdeg man daiwyo<br />

Seuracxyofis, uwmawuri sityvebisa da samasoiani sityvebis tirada,<br />

romelsac barakebSic ki iSviaTad gaigonebdiT da akademiur samyaroSi<br />

_ veraso des. man rigrigobiT TiTi gaiSvira kaTedrebis gamgeebisaken<br />

da Tqva: `Tqven an imas gaakeTebT, rasac me getyviT, an sakoncentracio<br />

banakSi moxvdebiT~. misi laparakis Semdeg siCumem daisadgura. yvelani<br />

cnobil bioqimikos­fiziologs elodnen.<br />

didi liberali fexze wamodga, xma Caiwminda da Tqva: `Zalian sainteresoa<br />

es yvelaferi, batono komisaro, da, garkveuli aspeqtiT,<br />

mravlismTqmeli, magram erTi ram mTlad kargad ver gavige. `fiziologiaSi<br />

kvle vebisaTvis ufro meti fuli gamoiyofa?~ amis Semdeg kreba<br />

Zalian male damTavrda, komisarma mecnierebs aRuTqva, rom sakmao<br />

fuli gamoiyofoda `rasobrivad sufTa mecnierebebisaTvis~. mxolod<br />

mcireodens eyo gambedaoba oTaxi TavianT ebrael kolegebTan erTad<br />

daetovebina, magram umravlesobam arCia distanciaze yofiliyo am<br />

adamianebisgan, romlebTanac sul ramdenime saaTis win megobroba<br />

akavSirebda~. 27<br />

amgvari adamianuri sisusteebi _ unebisyofoba, moraluri sibrmave da<br />

yve laferze maRla mdgomi egoisturi interesebi _ daSinebis sastik taqtikasTan<br />

erTad nacistebs SedarebiT uiolebda politikur xelisuflebaSi<br />

sakuTari partiis wevrebis moyvanas.<br />

sazogadoebis transformacia<br />

politikuri Zalis konsolidacia mxolod preludiaa totalitaruli sa ­<br />

xelmwifos arsebobis ufro gansakuTrebul safexurze gadasasvlelad _ saxelmwifoSi<br />

wamyvani politikuri doqtrinis mixedviT sazogadoebis transformirebis<br />

mcdelobis dasawyebad. es safexuri, zogadad, reJimis mier<br />

ekonomikis kontrolsa da saxelmwifos aqtiur dagegmvasa da intervencias<br />

moiTxovs. 28 imisTvis, rom gaamarTlos axali sazogadoebrivi wesrigis Seqmnis<br />

ganzraxva, reJimi xSirad miuTiTebs saqveynod gavrcelebul socialur<br />

usamarTlobaze, romelic yoveli revoluciis Semaferxebelia da ambobs,<br />

rom yovelgvari arastabiluroba qveyanaSi kontrrevolucionerebis, ja­<br />

SuSebisa da diversantebis mieraa mowyobili.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT, totalitaruli reJimebi naTlad avlenen TavianT<br />

idumal maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic erTmniSvnelovnad gamosaxaven im revo­

---

138 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

luciur moZraobebs, romlidanac Tavad iReben saTaves. Kkarl fridrixma<br />

da zbigniev bJezinskim, am sakiTxebis gamoCenilma mkvlevarebma, totalitaruli<br />

saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eqvsi Tviseba gamoyves. 29<br />

TiToeul saxelmwifos gaaCnia sakuTari ideologia, anu politikuri ideebis<br />

wyoba, romelic realobas uaryofs da saxelmwifos qmedebebs ga marTlebas<br />

uZebnis momavali bednieri cxovrebis saxeliT. Yyvela totalitarul saxelmwifos<br />

hyavs erTaderTi, ierarqiuli partia, romelic an xelisuflebazea<br />

gadaxlarTuli, an masze maRla dgas. yvela maTgani endoba saidumlo<br />

policias, romelsac surs da SeuZlia saxelmwifos mtrebis winaaRmdeg<br />

teroris kampania awarmoos. Yyvela totalitaruli saxelmwifo inar Cunebs<br />

mWidro kavSirs SeiaraRebul ZalebTan da organizebu li Zaladobis sxva sa­<br />

SualebebTan. Yaseve, yvela cdilobs ganaxorcielos monopolia masobrivi<br />

komunikaciis saSualebebze, romelic gamoiyeneba oficialuri propagandis<br />

gasavrceleblad. Ddabolos, yvela totalitaruli sazogadoeba ekonomikis<br />

centralizebul kontrols axorcielebs, romlis saSualebiTac cdilobs<br />

radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebi gaataros. arsebiTad, totalitaruli<br />

sa xelm wifos es maxasiaTeblebi saTaves iRebs revoluciuri moZraobebidan<br />

(lideroba, ideologia, organizacia, propaganda, Zaladoba), romelic axla<br />

ukve saxelmwifos yoveldRiuri administraciisa da transformaciis Semadgeneli<br />

nawili xdeba.<br />

sazogadod, saxelmwifos transformirebis mcdeloba winaswar dadgenil<br />

ideologiur instruqciebs mihyveba da iSviaTad ganicdis ufro pragmatuli<br />

mosazrebebis gavlenas. am safexurze totalitaruli reJimebi<br />

TavianTi ideologiis erTgulni rCebian da naklebad cdiloben, upasuxon<br />

praqtikul saWiroebebs. stalinis, hitleris, mao Zedunis politikuri karieridan<br />

aRebuli magaliTebi am Tvalsazrisis saukeTeso gamo xatulebaa.<br />

stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri<br />

politikuri mtrebis damarcxebis Semdeg, 1928 wels stalinma sabWoTa<br />

ekonomikis koleqtivizaciasa da industrializacias Cauyara safuZveli.<br />

ekonomikaSi misi pirveli xuTwliani gegmiT (1928­1932 ww.) sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

istoriaSi ka taklizmebis periodi daiwyo. Semdegi aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

milionobiT uda naSaulo adamiani gaagzavnes an daxoces muSaTa banakebSi.<br />

SedarebiT SeZlebul miwaTmflobelTa, e.w. kulakTa mTelma klasma arseboba<br />

Sewyvita. amas garda, sabWoTa kavSiris soflis meurneobis produqciis<br />

mTeli struqtura radika lu rad Seicvala.<br />

imisaTvis, rom <strong>gavigoT</strong>, Tu ratom daatexa stalinma sabWoTa regionebs<br />

aseTi kataklizmebi Tavs, upirveles yovlisa, kargad unda gaviazroT<br />

totali tarul saxelmwifoSi ideologiis gansakuTrebuli roli. stalinis<br />

pirveli xuTwliani gegma Zalian centralizebuli ekonomikuri sistemis<br />

Seqmnas iTva liswinebda, raTa sabWoTa ekonomika swrafad ganviTarebuliyo<br />

da mniSvnelo vanwilad Zalauflebis politikiT iyo motivirebuli. Tumca,<br />

faqtebi gveubneba, rom stalini amave dros ganviTarebuli industriuli

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

139<br />

sazogadoebis Seqmnis ideologiuri miznis WeSmaritad erTguli gaxldaT,<br />

romelic, Tavis mxriv, marq sizm­leninizmis principebze iyo dafuZnebuli.<br />

Aam miznis ganxorcieleba marqsizms danarCeni msofliosTvis ara mxolod<br />

saCvenebel magaliTad gaxdida, aramed, agreTve, axladfexadgmul revolucias<br />

mtruli `kapitalisturi garemocvisagan~ daicavda. stalinma gadawyvita,<br />

rom erTaderTi saSualeba am sagmiro saqmis misaRwevad mZime mrewvelobaSi<br />

masiuri investireba iqneboda. amavdroulad, mogeba maqsimalurad<br />

unda gamowuruliyo soflis meurneobidan, ruseTis ekonomikis tradiciuli<br />

dasayrdenidan. Aaq marqsiszm­leninizmis dogma batonobda: Ffermebis,<br />

cxovelebisa da sawarmoo saSualebebis kerZo mflobeloba unda ganadgurebuliyo<br />

da miwaTmflobeloba `koleqtivizebuli~ gamxdariyo. stalinis<br />

koleqtivizaciis gegmis mixedviT, soflis meurneobis warmoebis didi<br />

nawili did kooperatiul erTeulebSi ganaTavses, romlebsac kolxozebs<br />

(koleqtiur fermebs) eZaxdnen. maTi wevrebi mogebis danatovars iyofdnen<br />

mas Semdeg, rac mosavlis savaldebulo nawils Caabarebdnen saxelmwifos.<br />

savxozebSi (saxelmwifo meurneobebSi), glexebi xelfass iRebdnen.<br />

stalins sjeroda, rom am strategiiT industriis warmoeba gaormagdeboda<br />

an pirveli xuTwledis ganmavlobaSi sulac samjer gaizrdeboda.<br />

Sede gad, sabWoTa soflis meurneobam koleqtivizacia gaiara, raTa sabWoTa<br />

industrializacia daecva. soflad yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis aRmofxvriTa<br />

da koleqtiur fermebSi glexebis SerekviT, saxelmwifos SeeZlo politikuri<br />

kontrolis gazrda da drakonuli sagadasaxado sistemis danergva.<br />

`gadasaxadebi~ am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos sakvebis mwir maragSi Senatanebs<br />

niSnavda, romelic industriuli muSebis mzardi armiis gamosakvebad da importirebuli<br />

kapitaluri saqonlis gasastumreblad gamoiyeneboda.<br />

am yvelafris fonze, stalinis koleqtivizaciam, imis miuxedavad, ramde ­<br />

nad Zviri jdeboda igi adamianuri sicocxlis TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro civi,<br />

gaTvlili da maxinji ganzomileba SeiZina, sadac moraluri SezRudvebi ar<br />

arsebobda. rodesac gegma ganviTarda, stalini ara imdenad imiT Sewuxda, rom<br />

is bevri adamianis sicocxlis fasad jdeboda, aramed ufro imiT, rom gegmis<br />

Sesrulebas piri ar uCanda. erT­erTi mizezi, Tu ratom ver imuSava am gegmam,<br />

iyo is, rom stalinma gadaWarbebuli zomis ganurCeveli Zaladoba da sisastike<br />

gamoiCina. daxoces an gadaasaxles ara mxolod kulakebi, aramed mTeli<br />

glexoba aRgaves miwisagan pi risa. vrceldeboda istoriebi, rogor dalies<br />

stalinis agentebma uzomo raodenobiT arayi da Semdgom mTeli soflebi gadacxriles,<br />

raTa qveyanas daundobeli rusuli zamTrisTvis gaeZlo. Bbevrma<br />

rusma glexma amjobina, nebayoflobiT gadaewva Tavisi mosavali da daexoca<br />

saqoneli, vidre stalinis agentebis miTiTebe bi Seesrulebina da maTTan eTanamSromla.<br />

Sedegi mosalodneli iyo. Mmiuxedavad saxelmwifos yovelgvari<br />

mcdelobisa, industriuli warmoeba Zalian nela viTardeboda, Tu amas saer­<br />

Tod ganviTareba erqva. AamasobaSi SimSilma mTeli sof lebi gawyvita.<br />

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, stalinma ar aRiara piradi damarcxeba. Mman ubra<br />

lod ugulebelyo SimSili da ukusvla, romelic misi ekonomikuri politikiT<br />

iyo gamowveuli da imis `dasamtkiceblad,~ rom realurad progresi<br />

mimdinareobda, statistika gaayalba. veravin bedavda es monacemebi kiTxvis

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140 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

niSnis qveS daeyenebina. erT­erTi eqspertis TqmiT, `stalinis reJimi daundobeli<br />

da Tanmimdevruli iyo: yvela faqti, romelic ar eTanxmeboda an naklebad<br />

eTanxmeboda mis Tvalsazriss _ monacemebi marcvleulis mosavalze,<br />

kriminalur viTarebebze, `kontrrevolucionerebis~ namdvil qmedebebze...<br />

ararsebul faq tebad iTvleboda.~ 30<br />

Tumca, stalini, romelic imaze wuxda, rom misi <strong>politika</strong> mas axal da<br />

farul mtrebs sZenda, ufro da ufro paranoiduli xdeboda. 1934 wels,<br />

rodesac pirveli xuTwliani gegma arcTu saxarbielo SedegebiT dasrulda,<br />

sabWoTa diqtatorma gamoacxada, rom man Sors mimavali miznebis mqone<br />

SeTqmuleba aRmoaCina, romelsac ucxoeTis agentebi da kontrrevolucionerebi<br />

axorcielebdnen, raTa sabWoTa ruseTSi kapitalizmi aeRorZinebinaT.<br />

am SeTqmulebis Teorias damajerebloba Seemata, rodesac sergei kirovi,<br />

leningradis partiuli organizaciis dinamiuri axalgazrda lideri, 1934<br />

wlis dekemberSi mokles. am incidents sastiki represiebi, uamravi Tavdasxma,<br />

moCvenebiTi sasamarTloebi, sikvdiliT dasja da masStaburi gadasaxlebebi<br />

mohyva. gakvriT iqna naTqvami, rom msxverplTa umetesoba e.w. leningradis<br />

centris wevrebi iyvnen.<br />

ra Tqma unda, `leningradis centrs~ arasodes uarsebia da arc stalinis<br />

Camosagdebad gamiznuli gegma moumzadebia vinmes (komunisturi partiis<br />

pir velma [generalurma _ mTargmn. Sen.] mdivanma nikita xruSCovma 1956 wels<br />

mianiSna, rom stalini Tavad idga kirovis mkvlelobis ukan). Tumca, am `gegmam~<br />

stalins uzarmazari Sansi misca imisaTvis, raTa `moRalateebis~, albaT,<br />

yvelaze didi, sisxliani wmenda moewyo istoriaSi. daakaves da daapatimres<br />

leninis Tavdapirveli wris gamoCenili liderebi, e.w. Zveli bolSevikebi.<br />

pirveli fazis dros, romelsac Semdeg didi terori uwodes (1934 wlis ianvridan<br />

1936 wlis aprilamde), komunisturi partiis wevrTa raodenoba daaxloebiT<br />

800 000 kaciT, anu 25 procentiT Semcirda. sabWoTa presa maT kicxavda,<br />

rogorc `mavneblebs, jaSuSebs, diversantebsa da mkvlelebs, romlebic<br />

partiuli baraTs efarebodnen da bolSeEvikebad iniRbebodnen~. 31<br />

stalinuri wmendebis meore faza (1936­38) gamoirCeoda cnobili saCvenebeli<br />

sasamarTloebiT, sadac Zvel bolSevikebs, partiis maRalCinosan liderebs<br />

saxalxod asamarTlebdnen da aiZulebdnen aRmaSfoTebeli `aRiarebebi~<br />

miecaT. Tumca, sasamarTloebi mxolod aisbergis wveri iyo. 1934 wlis<br />

meCvidmete partiuli yrilobis daaxloebiT 2000 delegatidan 1100­ze meti<br />

(daaxloebiT 56 procenti) 1934­1938 wlebSi daxvrites. yrilobaze damswre<br />

1827 Tanamdebobis mqone delegatidan mxolod 35 procenti daeswro Semdgom<br />

yrilobas, romelic xuTi wlis Tavze gaimarTa. 1934 wels arCeuli partiis<br />

centraluri komitetis 139 wevris samocdaaTi procenti 1938 wlisTvis<br />

likvidirebuli iyo. 1939 wlis Tvis partiis aparati saguldagulod iyo<br />

gawmendili.<br />

wiTel armiaSi igive movlenebi xdeboda. didma terorma Seiwira sabWoTa<br />

kav Siris 5­dan 3 marSali, 16­idan 14 sardali, rvave admirali, 67­dan 60 SenaerTis<br />

meTauri da 397 brigadis meTauris daaxloebiT naxevari. amas garda,<br />

81 umaRlesi rangis politikuri komisaridan mxolod 5 gadaurCa wmendas.

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

meoce saukunis erT­erTma yvelaze daun­<br />

dobelma diqtatorma ioseb stalinma<br />

(1879­1953) saerTaSoriso komunisturi<br />

revolu ciis marqsisa da leniniseul sab­<br />

WoTa mo dels `gadauxvia~, raTa `erT qveya­<br />

naSi da em yarebina socializmi~. miznebisak­<br />

en saval gza ze man masStaburi sikvdiliT<br />

dasja ga mo iyena da milionobiT adamiani<br />

monad aqcia gulagebSi (iZulebiTi Sromis<br />

banakSi).<br />

141<br />

aseve ar daundiaT dawinaurebuli muSebi. 1930­iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

stalinma gaatara <strong>politika</strong>, romelic estafetis saxeliTaa cnobili,<br />

rodesac sabWoTa muSebis koleqtivizacia samuSao Zalis iZulebiT<br />

gawvevis gziT moxda. samuSao erTeulebi samxedro analogiiT iqmneboda<br />

da muSebi diviziebis msgavsad iyvnen organizebuli. am politikis Sedegad<br />

daibada e.w. gulagis arqipelagi, ukacriel adgilebSi aSenebuli monuri<br />

Sromis banakebi, romelsac sabWoTa saidumlo policia icavda da marTavda,<br />

sadac sazogadoebrivi da politikuri TvalsazrisiT arasasurvel pirebs<br />

cxovrebas aiZulebdnen. gulagis sistemis meSveobiT rkinigzas, arxebsa<br />

da kaSxlebs aSenebdnen moSorebul da Znelad mi sadgom adgilebSi, sadac<br />

muSebi nebiT ar wavidodnen. gamoCenili rusi mwerlis, aleqsandre solJenicinis<br />

SefasebiT, romelmac banakSi arsebuli cxovreba aRwera, yovel mocemul<br />

momentSi am banakebSi daaxloebiT 12 milioni adamiani hyavdaT dapatimrebuli,<br />

romelTa naxevari politikuri patimari iyo. `zogierTebis<br />

gardacvalebis paralelurad~, SeniSnavs igi, `manqanas maTi Semcvlelebi<br />

moh yavda~. 32<br />

dabolos, meore msoflio omis dawyebis win stalini mwvervalze marto<br />

idga. mrewveloba ayvavebuli iyo, magram sabWoTa kavSiri yvelaferi iyo mu­<br />

SaTa samoTxis garda. terorma didi politikuri cvlilebebi moitana, romlis<br />

drosac sabWoTa komunisturi partiis istoriis furclebze aRbeWdili<br />

mravali gamoCenili adamiani moRalated gamocxadda da saxalxo sasamarTloze<br />

warsdga. braldebulTa sia oqtombris revoluciis sapatio monawile­<br />

Ta reestrs hgavda. umaRlesi samxedro xelmZRvaneloba daTxovnil iqna,<br />

partiaSi Tanamdebobis pirTa wmenda moxda da `umweo masebi~ samrewvelo<br />

monobis doneze daiyvanes. marTalia, stalini 1953 wlamde _ sakuTar sikvdilamde<br />

marTavda qveyanas, magram misi sa xeli, pirvelyovlisa, 1930­iani<br />

wlebis sisxlian wmendebTan asocirdeba.

---

142 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

hitleris germania<br />

mesame raixis dros (1933­45 ww.) nacional­socialisturi (nacisturi)<br />

partiis ideologiis wamyvani Tema ebraelebisa da sxva `sazogadoebrivad<br />

arasasurveli~ pirebis ganadgureba iyo da amis Semdeg `rasobrivad sufTa~<br />

ariuli sazogadoebis Seqmna, romelsac misi damaarsebeli adolf hitleri<br />

ganasaxierebda. rasizmma, romelic hitlers mTeli Tavisi karieris ganmavlobaSi<br />

akviatebuli hqonda, mas ubiZga germaniis cxovreba mTlianad Seecvala.<br />

mis mier nebadarTuli saSualebebi axla ukve cnobilia: sazogadoebis<br />

nacisturi ideologiis safuZvlebiT masobrivi indoqtrinacia; nacisturi<br />

partiis mkacri kontrolis qveS yola. germaniis cxovrebis wamyvan Zalad<br />

gadaqceva da sazogadoebis morCilebis uzrunvelsayofad saidumlo policiis<br />

anu gestapos intensiuri gamoyeneba da ekonomikaze, jarsa da masmediaze<br />

centralizebuli kontrolis daweseba.<br />

nacisturi ideologiisa da propagandis meSveobiT germanel xalxs Caunerges<br />

ebraelebis dasjis, omis saWiroebisa da sazogadoebis radikaluri<br />

trans formaciis idea. germanuli cxovrebis yvela aspeqti politizirebul<br />

iqna gestaposa da SS­is teroris taqtikiTa da saxelmwifos mier mxardaWerili<br />

`kulturuli revoluciis~ meSveobiT, romelic gulisxmobda yvela<br />

im xelovanis, Jurnalistisa da mecnieris likvidacias, romelTa politikuri<br />

azris ndoba ar SeiZleboda. axali samTavrobo uwyebebi, maT Soris<br />

raixis literaturis, presis, mauwyeblobis, Teatris, musikisa da saxviTi<br />

xelovnebis palatebi erTaderT mizans emsaxureboda, moexdina `saxifaTo~<br />

werilobiTi an mxatvruli gamovlinebebis cenzura­gafiltvra.<br />

musikis sferoSi germanuli xalxuri musika Caenacvla `dekadentur~ Tanamedrove<br />

da klasikur musikas, romelTaA avtorebi iyvnen ebrauli warmo­<br />

Sobis kompozitorebi, magaliTad, feliqs mendelsoni da gustav maleri.<br />

aseve dagmobil iqna Tanamedrove mxatvrobac. nacistebis mmarTvelobisas<br />

arc li teratura iyo ukeTes dReSi. mesame raixis erT­erTi istorikosis<br />

karl ditrih braxeris TqmiT:<br />

dausruleblad dgeboda Savi siebi da istoria Tavidan iwereboda...<br />

biblioTekebisa da wignebis maRaziebis `gawmenda~ garkveul problemebs<br />

qmnida, magram germanuli literaturis ganadgureba da TviTganadgureba<br />

ramdenime TveSi iqna miRweuli pirvelxarisxovani mwerlebis<br />

meore da mesame xarisxovani mjRabnelebiT CanacvlebiTa da<br />

saukeTeso mwerlebis gare samyarosTan kavSiris xelis SeSliT. 33<br />

xelovnebaze nacistebis Seteva imis maCvenebeli iyo, sadamde SeeZlo<br />

hitlers wasvla, raTa nacisturi Rirebulebebis propaganda momxdariyo.<br />

Tumca, germanuli cxovrebis verc erTma sferom ver gamoxata hitleris<br />

Tavdadeba axa li momavlisadmi ise, rogorc es saskolo sistemaSi moxda.<br />

rogorc braxerma aRniSna, `nacional­socializmis mcdeloba Tavidanve<br />

mimarTuli iyo totalitaruli politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani instrumentebis<br />

_ propagandisa da ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT~. 34

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

143<br />

nacisturi partiis ideologiis wamyvani Tema iyo ebraelTa da sxva `sazogadoebrivad<br />

arasasurvelTa~ ganadgureba da Semdgom `rasobrivad gawmendili~ ariuli<br />

eris Seqmna. 1933­1945 ww. nacistur sikvdilis banakebSi daaxloebiT 6 milioni<br />

evropeli ebraeli daiRupa.<br />

nacisturi saganmanaTlebo <strong>politika</strong> sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT ganxorcielda.<br />

Tavdapirvelad, skolis administratorebi da maswavleblebi,<br />

romlebic eWvmitanilebi iyvnen hitleris, nacizmis an nacisturi `reformis~<br />

mimarT winaaRmdegobis gawevaSi, dauyovnebliv gaTavisufldnen dakavebuli<br />

Tanamde bobebidan. amis Semde, yvela akademiuri sagani gGaiJRenTa ideologiuri<br />

SinaarsiT. istoria gadaiqca `rasobriv istoriad~, biologia gardaiqmna<br />

`rasobriv biologiad~ da a.S. yvela sagani ise Seicvala, rom maTSi hitleris<br />

antisemituri ra sobrivi Teoriebi asaxuliyo. dRe ar gaivlida, rom<br />

moswavleebisaTvis is sa zareli rasobrivi Teoriebi ar eqadagaT, romlebic<br />

nacistur politikur wyobilebas amarTlebdnen. xSirad es Teoriebi gadajaWvuli<br />

iyo samxedro Zliere bis istoriebTan. faqtobrivad, yvela akademiuri<br />

sagans laitmotivad gasdev da ari elebis CamorCenil rasebze triumfis<br />

idea. dabolos, nacistebma daaarses specialuri skolebi, sadac partiis momaval<br />

elitas wvrTnidnen, maT Soris sam xedro liderebs, partiul muSakebsa<br />

da saxelmwifo moxeleebs. moswavleebi am skolebSi asakobrivi jgufisa da<br />

karieruli interesebis mixedviT iricxebodnen. maga liTad, adolf hitleris<br />

skolebSi swavlobdnen Tormetidan Tvramet wlamde axalgazrdebi, visac<br />

partiuli funqcioneroba surda. zogadad rom vTqvaT, yvela specskola<br />

garkveuli saxis ZiriTad kursebs aswavlida (maga liTad, rasobriv istoriasa<br />

da biologias) da aqcents samxedro varjiSebze akeTebda (amis magaliTia<br />

`saxelganTqmuli~ hitleruli axalgazrdoba).<br />

nacisturi saganmanaTleblo programa Zalze warmatebuli gamodga.<br />

erTi avtoritetuli pirovnebis azriT, `reJimis winaSe maswavleblebisa<br />

da mSob le bis kapitulaciis paralelurad axalgazrdebis indoqtrinaciac

---

144 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

warmatebulad mi dioda. axalgazrdobas, romelic heroikul legendebsa da<br />

Sav­TeTr ferebad gamartivebul samyaros suraTs advilad ijerebda, re­<br />

Jimis gansacvifrebel xatebas gadascemdnen.~ 35 axalgazrdebis ganaTlebas<br />

aZlierebda kargad dagegmili zar­zeimebi da ceremoniebi: `adreuli bavSvobidan<br />

maT aswavlidnen droSis awevas, aRlumebSi monawileobis miRebas,<br />

qveynis masStabiT xorcieldeboda sko lebze mauwyebloba, bavSvebi dahyavdaT<br />

salaSqrod.~ 36 STagoneba, propaganda da ara terori gaxda is instrumentebi,<br />

romlis meSveobiT mesame raixis bavSvebs axal wyobas aziarebdnen.<br />

savaraudod, yvelaze metad amgvari masobrivi STagonebis programam SesaZlebeli<br />

gaxada is, rom hitleri atarebda sastik rasobriv <strong>politika</strong>s,<br />

romlis kulminaciac holokosti iyo. Zalauflebis mopovebis Semdeg, hitlerma<br />

an tiebrauli <strong>politika</strong> etapebad ganaxorciela, romelTagan TiToeuli<br />

winaze ufro radikaluri iyo. 37 pirvelad daiwyo imis gansazRvra, vin iyo<br />

ebraeli. amis Semdeg reJimma daiwyo ebraelebis germanuli cxovrebidan<br />

izolaciis kampania da maTi qonebis eqspropriacia. Semdgom, yvela ebraeli,<br />

romelmac qveyana 1933­1938 wlebSi ar datova, germanuli sazogadoebidan<br />

ZaliT gamoacalkeves da cnobil sakoncentracio banakebSi gaagzavnes. masobrivi<br />

deportacia win uswrebda meoTxe da saboloo etaps: yvela ebraeli kacis,<br />

qalisa da bavSvis ganadgurebas, viszec xeli miuwvdeboda mesame raixs.<br />

im dros, rodesac 1930­ian wlebSi antiebrauli <strong>politika</strong> Zalas ikrefda<br />

germaniaSi, hitlerma germanuli sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela elementi<br />

Tavisi mkvlelobebis sqemaSi CarTo. biurokratia antiebraul brZanebebs<br />

adgenda da ganadgurebis procesisTvis aucilebel logistikur process<br />

gegmavda. germa nuli biznesi sargeblobda ebrauli qonebiTa da sakoncentracio<br />

banakebSi iZu lebiTi muSaxeliT. maSin, rodesac germania aRmosavle­<br />

TiT miwebs ipyrobda, armiis specdanayofebi mTlianad CaerTvnen mkvlelobis<br />

operaciebis yvela aspeqtSi. dabolos, Tavad nacisturi partiis ierarqia<br />

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda ganadgurebis mTliani programis dagegmvasa<br />

da warmarTvaSi. partiis naxevrad gasamxedroebuli organo SS­i realurad<br />

xelmZRvanelobda sasikvdilo banakebSi daxocvis operaciebs.<br />

hitlerisTvis meore msoflio omi iyo SesaZlebloba, rom mTel evropa­<br />

Si gaevrcelebina misi xedva wminda ariuli germaniis Sesaxeb. adrindeli<br />

tira nebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic oms teritoriis, Zalauflebis an<br />

didebis siy varulis gamo awarmoebdnen, hitleris motivacias radikalurad<br />

axal da revoluciur sazogadoebaze ocneba warmoadgenda. ase rom,<br />

maSinac ki, rodesac germaniis armia da mesame raixi damarcxebis piras iyo,<br />

hitleri kidev ufro Sors wavida ebraelebis ganadgurebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

sabolood, daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraeli iqna mokluli. adre arsebuli<br />

rasob rivad motivirebuli politikuri mkvlelobebi daCrdila holokostis<br />

barbarosobam, romlis Semoqmedi adolf hitleri `gabatonebuli<br />

rasis~ Camoyalibebas da Tavis warmosaxva Si arsebuli groteskuli samyaros<br />

Seqmnas cdilobda.

---

maos GineTi<br />

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

145<br />

CineTSi mao Zedunis xelisuflebaSi mosvla revoluciuri brZolis epikuri<br />

magaliTia _ WeSmaritad masobrivi moZraoba Rarib sazogadoebaSi,<br />

sadac glexoba did umravlesobas Seadgenda. oc welze met xans (1927­49)<br />

mao sastik `erovnuli gaTavisuflebis oms~ awarmoebda gomindanis CineTis<br />

erovnuli partia _ mTargmn. Sen.) winaaRmdeg, romelsac Can kai­Si xelmZRvanelobda,<br />

xolo meore msoflio omis dros _ iaponiis winaaRmdeg. 1930­iani<br />

wlebis Sua xanebSi mao iyo legendaruli Setevis lideri, romlis drosac<br />

partizanebis cudad gawvrTnilma razmma 6000 milis manZilze daipyro,<br />

daatyveva an gaanadgura Canis mravalricxovani da ukeT aRWurvili nacionaluri<br />

armia. 1949 wlisTvis, rodesac man sabolood moigo ukanaskneli gadamwyveti<br />

brZola da CineTis xelmZRvaneli gaxda, mao Zedunis `klasobri vi<br />

brZola~ CineTis masebis saxeliT or aTwleulze mets iTvlida.<br />

mao ara marto Tavisi revoluciuri gmirobiT amayobda, aramed Tavisi<br />

politikuri azrovnebiTac. im droisTvis mis `wiTel wignSi~ Setanilma<br />

`Tavmjdomare maos azrebma~ Cinur sazogadoebaSi wminda werilis statusi<br />

SeiZina. misma xedvam axali, uklaso saxelmwifosa da samagaliTo komunisti<br />

kadrebisa da amxa nagebis Sesaxeb, romelTac zneobrivad gadaxalisebuli<br />

sazogadoeba unda ganesaxierebinaT, dasabami misca radikalur <strong>politika</strong>s,<br />

romelsac icnoben saerTo saxeliT _ maoizmi.<br />

marTalia, maos msoflmxedveloba marqsizmis ZiriTadma postulatebma<br />

Camoayaliba, magram 1920­ian wlebSi CineTi preindustriuli sazogadoeba<br />

iyo realuri proletariatis (sawarmoSi momuSave) an `monopolisti kapitalistis~<br />

gareSe, romelic marqsma `kapitalSi” aRwera. Cineli glexobis<br />

ubedureba fabrikebis bosebi ki ar iyvnen, aramed xarbi miwaTmflobelebi<br />

da biurokratebi, romelTac statusk vos, TavianTi Zalauflebisa da privilegiebis<br />

SenarCuneba aRelvebdaT. Cagruli umravlesobis gasaTavisufleblad<br />

xelisuf lebaSi myofni unda CamoegdoT. maos sjeroda, rom amgvari<br />

istoriuli misiis gansaxorcieleblad, aucilebeli iyo `qvemodan~ Zaladobrivi<br />

revoluciis mowyoba. `politikuri Zalaufleba~, werda igi, `Tofis<br />

lulidan amodis.~ 38<br />

marqsizmis Cinur realobasTan adaptirebisas (anu `sinifikaciisas~) mao<br />

adidebda didi xnis manZilze Cagrul Cinel glexobas, romelsac komunisturi<br />

Rirsebebis matarebel modelad ganixilavda. misi azriT, Cineli glexebi<br />

`Raribebi da sufTebi~ iyvnen. maos sjeroda, rom vinaidan isini arasodes<br />

garyvnilan `burJuaziuli materia lizmiT~ da didi qalaqebis dekadansiT,<br />

maTi samagaliTo komunistebad gardaqmna ufro advili iyo, vidre maTi qalaqeli<br />

daxvewili TanamoZmeebisa. amgvarad, maom glexebi utopiuri, uklaso<br />

sazogadoebis qvakuTxedad aqcia, sadac eqspluatacia arasodes moxdeba da<br />

masebi harmoniasa da TanasworobaSi mdidrad icxovreben.<br />

am didebuli xedviT aRWurvilma maom 1949 wlis Semdeg CineTi erTgvar<br />

socialur laboratoriad aqcia. postrevoluciur wlebSi CineTis komunisturi<br />

partia da CineTis armia bihevioristul da biologiur inJineriaSi<br />

grandiozul eqsperimentebs atarebdnen. pirveli nabiji moicavda masobrivi

---

146 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

kampaniis warmoebas specifikuri borotebebis aRmosafxvrelad an imgvari<br />

arasasurveli socialuri elementebis gasanadgureblad, rogorebic iyvnen<br />

miwaTmflobelebi, kontrre volucionerebi da e.w. banditebi. am `gadasamzadebel<br />

kampaniebs~ Tan axlda yovlismomcveli miwis reformis programa,<br />

romelic sabolood CineTis soflis meurneobis mTliani koleqtivizaciiT<br />

dasrulda. rogorc wesi, rTulad gasatarebeli miwis reforma masobrivi<br />

propagandisa da fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis TanxlebiT ganxorcielda.<br />

1950­iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi daiwyo stalinuri gegmis msgavsi industrializacia.<br />

maos mmarTvelobaSi erTmaneTs enacvleboda Tavisuflebisa da represiebis<br />

periodebi. 1956 wels, magaliTad, man gamoacxada asi yvavilis kampania,<br />

romelic mkacri socialuri wesrigis Serbilebas hpirdeboda mosaxleobas.<br />

rogorc partiis maRalCinosanma maSin ganacxada, `CineTis komunisturi<br />

partia cdilobs, rom asi yvavili ayvavdes ganaTlebuli muSebisaTvis da<br />

Seecdeba asi skola waaxalisos samecniero sferoSi... damoukidebeli azrovneba,<br />

Tavisufali debatebi, Tavisufali Semoqmedeba da kritika, adamianis<br />

mier sakuTari azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmis ufleba~. 39 ise Canda, rom<br />

TviT partiis xelmZRvanelobis SezRuduli doziT kritikac nebadarTuli<br />

iqneboda.<br />

Can kai­Sis kgomindanis winaaRmdeg erovnuli gaTavisuflebis warmatebuli<br />

omis garda, maos mmarTveloba 1949­1976ww. rogorc socialuri eqsperiment­<br />

ebis siuxvis, aseve politikuri represiebis periodebiT xasiaTdeboda.<br />

Sedegma, mao gaakvirva. mTeli qveynis masStabiT oficialur <strong>politika</strong>s<br />

akritikebdnen. saxalxo protesti da antipartiuli demonstraciebi gamor­<br />

Ceulad kritikuli iyo pekinis universitetsa da sxva umaRles saswav lo<br />

dawesebulebebSi mTeli CineTis masStabiT. daiwyo gaficvebi da mcire ajanyebebi.<br />

Tavdapirvelad frTxilad gamoTqmuli gansxvavebuli azrebi ufro<br />

xma maRali gaxda. partiis Tanamdebobis pirebze calkeuli Tavdasxmebic<br />

moxda. asi yvavilis nacvlad, aTasobiT `sarevelam~ gaixara CineTis baRSi.<br />

maT amosaZirkvad mZlavri kampania daiwyo. partiis oficialurma saxalxo

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

147<br />

yoveldRiurma gazeT ma saxis SesanarCuneblad ganmarteba gaavrcela, rom<br />

asi yvavilis mTeli kampania saxelmwifos mtrebis gareT gamosatyueblad<br />

Catarda.<br />

retroperspeqtivaSi asi yvavilis kampania ubralo moTelva iyo maos<br />

didi naxtomis win (1957­60ww.). didi naxtomi atyorcnis gamorCeuli mcdeloba<br />

iyo _ CineTi, masobrivi mobilizaciis saSualebiT, `sruli komunizmis~<br />

safexurze unda aetyorcnaT.<br />

maom wamoiwyo ssazogadoebrivi transformaciis programa, romelic im<br />

rwmenaze iyo dafuZnebuli, rom adamianis nebisyofas SeuZlia obieqtur movlenebze<br />

gaimarjvos, rac, Tavis mxriv, CineTSi gavrcelebuli siRa ribidan,<br />

gaunaTleblobisa da garemoze damokidebulebidan iRebda sa Taves.<br />

CineTis cnobili amerikeli mkvlevaris jon king ferbenkis TvalsazrisiT:<br />

1958 wels didi naxtomis strategiis ganviTareba iyo is, risi mofiqrebac<br />

partizanebs SeeZloT. maT iswavles kampaniis warmoeba da xalxis<br />

mobilizeba, raTa im konkretuli socialuri miznebisTvis mieRwiaT,<br />

romlebic omSi poziciebis dakavebas waagavda _ samxedro terminologiis<br />

gamoyeneba aq swored rom upriania. kampaniis mTeli meqanizmi axla<br />

ukve ekonomikuri transformaciisken, soflis meurneobisa da warmoebis<br />

erTdrouli ganviTarebisken, dualizmis strategiis anu rogorc<br />

mao ambobda `or fexze siarulisken~ iyo mimarTuli, raTa daenergaT<br />

Tanamedrove warmoebis procesebi da mieRwiaT ganviTarebisTvis... CineTis<br />

komunistur partias surda CineTis soflebis CamorCenilobiTa<br />

da damatebiTi muSaxeliT sargebloba. maoistebs swamdaT, rom ideologiuri<br />

motivacia ekonomikur Sedegebs moitanda, rom axali suliskveTeba<br />

materialuri waxalisebis gareSe gamoiyenebda adamianuri<br />

energiis aqamde auTvisebel resursebs. 40<br />

didi naxtomis Yyvelaze ufro naTeli da dramatuli simbolo uTvalavi<br />

komunis daarseba iyo, romlebic SedarebiT did, damoukidebel da TviTkmar<br />

socialur, ekonomikur da administraciul erTeulebs warmoadgendnen.<br />

Pkomuna lurma miwebma STanTqa kerZo sakuTreba, magaliTad, qvabi, ta fa<br />

da sxva saojaxo nivTebi saerTo moxmarebis nivTebad gadaiqca. Aamas garda,<br />

ferbenki SeniSnavs:<br />

bevri glexi garkveul dros uzarmazar mouwesrigebel derefanSi Wamda<br />

saWmels. Yyvela muSa kontroldeboda. Yyvela valdebuli iyo TveSi<br />

28 dRe emuSava, bavSvebs dRisiT ZiZebTan tovebdnen. Aes yvelaferi Zalian<br />

efeqtiani unda yofiliyo soflisTvis, mTeli muSaxe li, maT Soris<br />

qalebi, mzad unda yofiliyvnen sruli datvirTviT emuSa vaT. 41<br />

ratom damkvidrda gansakuTrebuli sazomebi, romlebic maos grandiozul<br />

koncefciasTan asocirdeboda? Fferbenkis TqmiT: `imedi hqondaT, rom<br />

Sedegad aSendeboda soflis meurneobaze dafuZnebuli qalaqebi, sadac

---

148 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

is gaproletarebuli glexebi icxovrebdnen, romlebic sakuTari miwidan<br />

iyvnen amoZirkvulni~ _ amasTan, arsebobda zogadi Sexeduleba, rom saxelmwifos<br />

unda gaezarda muSaxelze kontroli da Seecvala glexebis damokidebulebebi.<br />

42<br />

swrafi naxtomi gadaiqca totalur saSinelebad, radgan Tavadac cudad<br />

mofiqrebuli iyo da bunebac, rogorc Canda, xels ar uwyobda. 1950­iani<br />

wlebis bolos da 1960­iani wlebis dasawyisSi, CineTma sakvebis didi nakleboba<br />

da mousavlianoba ganicada. mxolod 1960 wels qveynis mTliani erovnuli<br />

produqti erTi mesamediT Semcirda. momdevno aTwleulis pirvel xanebSi<br />

maos Zalaufleba da gavlena SedarebiT Sesustda. Tumca, es amosunTqvis<br />

mxolod mcire periodi iyo.<br />

1966­1969 wlebSi diadma proletarulma kulturulma revoluciam<br />

CineTis sazogadoeba Zirfesviand Searyia. danarCeni samyarosTvis es revolucia<br />

saukunis erT­erTi yvelaze araordinaluri movlena iyo. is maos<br />

yvelaze ambiciuri mcdeloba gaxldaT, romlis mizanic revuliciuri suliskveTebis<br />

gacocxlebaSi, burJuaziuli kapitalizmisa da CineTis religiur­kulturuli<br />

tradiciis Zirfesvianad aRmofxvraSi mdgomareobda.<br />

kulturuli revolucia ori etapad warimarTa: pirvel etapze CineTis<br />

cxovrebaSi arsebuli yovelgvari `dekadenturis~ Camorecxva moxda. Dam mizniT,<br />

maom yvela skola daxura da Tavis axalgazrda mimdevrebs, romelTac<br />

wiTel gvardias uwodebdnen, mouwoda biurokratiuli xelisuflebisa da<br />

damkvidrebuli privilegiebis bastionze ieriSi mietanaT. mTeli qveynis<br />

masStabiT milionobiT maoisti axalgazrdis mier mowyobili gamosvlebi<br />

mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi aSinebda da arTobda garesamyaros. Tumca, im<br />

droisTvis, rodesac qaosi da dabneuloba dasrulda, revoluciis am fazam<br />

miaRwia imas, rac maos ganzraxuli hqonda: wiTelma gvardiam `respublikis<br />

biurokratiuli institute bis umravlesoba daangria da maT xelisuflebasa<br />

da gamocdilebas Zala daukarga~. 43 wmendebma, sajaro damcirebebma, dasjam<br />

da marTulma anarqiam xalxi gatanja. taZrebi da istoriuli simdidreebi ganadgurebuli<br />

iyo, iseve, rogorc partia, mTavroba da SeiraRebuli Zalebi.<br />

mosalodneli iyo, rom Kkulturuli revoluciis meore etapi nakleb<br />

warmatebuli iqneboda, vidre pirveli. Mmeore etapisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

pirveli metwilad negatiuri iyo im gagebiT, rom mis mizans arsebul sazogadoebriv<br />

da politikur wesrigSi erTgvari arasasurvili elementebis ganadgureba<br />

warmoadgen ­da. meore etapi pozitiuri qmedebisaken mouwodebda,<br />

raTa warsuli wyoba axliTa da ukeTesiT Secvliliyo. samwuxarod, ekonomika,<br />

gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi, Zlier Seryeuli iyo. skolebi, romelic maos<br />

axali revoluciuri wyobisaTvis daixura, aRar gaxsnila Tveebis an wlebis<br />

ganmavlobaSi. Sedegad, Cineli axalgazrdobis mTelma Taobam ver SeiZina<br />

is codna da unarebi, romlebic qveynis ganviTarebad ekonomikas aseri gad<br />

sWirdeboda.<br />

kulturuli revoluciis saboloo fasis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia.<br />

Tumca erTi faqti naTelia: maos dauRalavi mcdeloba, daemtkicebina, rom<br />

adamianis buneba ukiduresad moqnili iyo da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis<br />

srulyofac dausruleblad SeiZleboda, politikuri realobis kldovan na­

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

149<br />

pirs Seejaxa. 1976 wels misi sikvdiliT Tanamedrove samyaros politikuri<br />

istoriis unikalu ri Tavi dasrulda.<br />

totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi<br />

stalinuri ruseTis, hitleruli germaniisa da maos CineTis garda, arseboben<br />

sxva totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi, romelTa dasaxeleba da Seswavla<br />

upriania. marTalia, am naklebtotalitaruli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba<br />

gaq ra an reJimebis mmarTveloba ufro Serbilda, magram maTi saqmianobis<br />

Sedegad saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi Rrma Wrilobebi da rTuli memkvidreoba<br />

darCa.<br />

pol poti kambojas (saxeli gadaerqva da kampuCia ewoda) 1975­dan 1979<br />

wlamde marTavda. is da misi momxreebi cdilobdnen radikalurad gansxvavebu<br />

li sazogado e bis Seq mnas, romelic glexobidan SerCeuli kadrebis sada<br />

da spartanul cxovrebaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. Zveli wyobilebis yvela<br />

nakvalevi, dawyebuli kalendridan da dasrulebuli ojaxiT, ganadgurda.<br />

pol potma 1978 weli `nulovan wlad~ gamoacxada, rac absurdi iyo, magram<br />

erTgvarad Seesabameboda im SeEdegs, rac misi xanmokle mmarTvelobis bolos<br />

miiRo qveyanam: am wlebSi daixoca 2 milioni kambojeli (7.5 milioniani<br />

mosaxleobidan). isini wmendebis, SimSilis an gasamarTlebis msxverplni<br />

gaxdnen.<br />

totalitari mmarTvelis meore magaliTia eTiopieli mengistu haile<br />

ma riami, romelic qveyanas 1970­iani wlebis Sua xanebidan 1991 wlis maisamde<br />

meTaurobda. men gistu saxelmwifos reorganizacias xalxis diviziebSi gaerTianebi<br />

Ta da ltolvilTa banakebSi ganTavsebiT Seecada, raTa mTavrobas<br />

maTi intensiuri TvalTvalis, propagandis da STagonebis saSualeba miscemoda.<br />

misma mcde lobebma qveynis soflis meurneoba daangria da SimSili<br />

gamoiwvia. marTalia, dasavleTma scada eTiopiaSi bavSvebs sakvebiT daxmareboda,<br />

magram Tavad eTiopiis mTavroba am sakiTxiT aSkarad naklebad iyo<br />

dainteresebuli. maSin, rodesac mi si xalxi SimSilobda, mengistu pompezur<br />

samxedro aRlumebs atarebda, xorbals mezobel saxelmwifoebze yidda da<br />

miRebul Semosavals iaraRis Sesyidvaze xarjavda. 1991 wlis maisSi, roca<br />

misi mTAvroba ajanyebulebis koaliciurma Zalebma alyaSi moamwyvdies, mengistu<br />

qveynidan gaiqca.<br />

totalitari mmarTvelebi mTel msoflioSi modiodnen xelisuflebis sa­<br />

Ta veSi. fidel kastro, romelic 1959 wlidan kubis lideria, yvelaze xangrZlivadaa<br />

am Tanamdebobaze. [2008 wels, janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, fidel<br />

kastrom qveynis prezidentis posti Tavis Zmas raul kastros gadasca.<br />

mTargmn. SeniSvna.] 1994 wlamde CrdiloT koreas rkiniseburi xeliT mar­<br />

Tavda kim ir seni da misi sikvdilis Semdeg es qveyana kvlav totalitarul<br />

saxelmwifod darCa. aziaSi bevrgan, magaliTad CineTsa da vietnamSi, kvlav<br />

iyeneben arademokratiul, adreuli totalitaruli reJimebis meTodebs.

---

150 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

1979 wlis ianvris revolu ciis Sem deg aia­<br />

Tola ruhola xomeinis (1900­1989) xe l mZR­<br />

vanelobiT ira ni Te ok ratiad gardaiqmna,<br />

romelic fundamen talisturi Siituri mus­<br />

limuri principebiT ima rTeboda.<br />

rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi ukve aRiniSna, totalitaruli reJimebi sxva<br />

dasxva formas iReben, amis magaliTia iranis fanatikuri me marjvene fundamentalisti<br />

lideri aiaTola ruhola xomeini (1979­89). xomeinim irani<br />

Teokratiad gardaqmna, mmarTvelobad, romelic religiazea da fuZnebuli da<br />

romelsac sasuliero pirebi xelmZRvaneloben. sabolood iranSi cxovrebis<br />

arc erTi aspeqti ar darCenila mTavrobis kontrols miRma. maswavleblebi,<br />

saxel mZRvaneloebi, ganaTleba, garToba, samarTlebrivi sistema, arSiyoba<br />

da seqsualuri qcevac ki fundamentalistur islamur Sexedulebebs<br />

daumorCiles. reJimma omi gamoucxada sajaro moxeleebs, inteleqtualebs,<br />

saSualo klasis profesionalebsa da mewarmeebs da yvela maT, vinc Tanamdrove<br />

dasavluri cxovrebis wess da kulturas aRiarebda.<br />

xomeneis iranma totalitarul mmarTvelobasTan asocirebuli mravali<br />

Tviseba gamoamJRavna: sazogadoebis gardaqmnis mcdeloba, diqtatura, romelic<br />

usityvo erTgulebas, morCilebasa da Tavganwirvas moiTxovda, yovlismomcveli<br />

kredo, romelic awesrigebda, xsnida da asabuTebda sa xelmwifos<br />

qmedebebs, presis cenzura da saidumlo policia, saCvenebli sasamarTloebi,<br />

dasja da wminda omebi. iranis magaliTi kargad aCvenebs, rom totalitarulma<br />

reJimebma, demokratiulisa da tradiciuli diqtatorulis msgavsad, SeiZleba<br />

msoflios sxvadasxva wertilSi sxvadasxva saxe miiRon, mag ram amavdroulad<br />

hqondeT saerTo arsi.<br />

totalitarizmis usaxelo msxverplni<br />

totalitarul reJimebs erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli<br />

miznebi da saSualebebi aqvT. Tuki amgvari saxelmwifoebis miznebi xSirad

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

151<br />

RvTivkurT xeulad aris warmodgenili, am miznebis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli<br />

saSualebebi _ institucionalizebuli dasja, wmenda da genocidebi _ eSmakiseulia.<br />

mravali damkvirveblis azriT, nacisturi germaniis sasikvdilo<br />

banakebi da stalinuri ruseTis samuSao banakebi meoce saukunis totalitarizmis<br />

arss ganasaxiereben. es faqtebi gviCvenebs, rogori warmoudgeneli<br />

saSinelebebi SeiZleba gan xorcieldes totalitaruli diqtaturis mmarTvelobisas,<br />

radgan mTAavrobas araferi upirispirdeba Zaladobisa da Tundac<br />

TviTganadgurebis ukiduresi formebis gzaze.<br />

totalitarul represiebis adamianuri msxverplis mokrZalebul Sefasebebs<br />

gvTAavazobs politologi s.u. kasineli hitleris, stalinisa da maos<br />

miseul SedarebiT analizSi. kasinelis TqmiT, `sami revoluciis saxeliT,<br />

daaxloebiT, 110 milioni adamiani daiRupa, xolo fizikuri da fsiqologiuri<br />

tanjva, romelic maT gamoiwvies, adamianur warmodgenas scildeba.~ 44<br />

kasinelis TqmiT, es cifri, romelic meore msoflio omis msxverplsac<br />

moicavs, SesaZloa, realurad naklebi iyos. 45 Semdgom mopovebulma mtkicebulebebma<br />

misi eWvebi daadastura. Tumca, kasinelis mier dasaxelebuli raodenoba<br />

orzec rom gavyoT, monacemebi mainc gansacvifrebelia.<br />

omSi daRupulTa ricxvma `germaniasa da avstriaSi 6 milions miaRwia,<br />

xolo sabWoTa kavSirSi _ 20 milions da erTad aRebul danarCen evropul<br />

saxelmwifoebSi _ 10 milions, rac jamSi 36 milioni gamodis.~ 46 hitleris<br />

<strong>politika</strong>m daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraelis daxocva gamoiwvia,<br />

rom aRaraferi vTqvaT araebraelebze, romelTac hitleri `sazogadoebrivad<br />

arasasurvelad~ miiCnevda. mTlianobaSi, pirdapir Tu iribad adolf<br />

hitleris <strong>politika</strong>s daaxloebiT 42 milioni adamiani Seewira.<br />

1917 wlis ruseTis revolucia da misi Semdgomi periodi aranaklebi<br />

msxverp liT gamoirCeodAa. 1918­1923 wlebSi daaxloebiT 3 milioni sabWoTa<br />

moqalaqe daiRupa tifis, dizinteriisa da qoleris Sedegad, daaxloebiT<br />

9 milionze meti ugzoukvlod daikarga. mravali maTgani 1921 wels Zlieri<br />

gvalvebis gamoc daiRupa, magram umravlesobis sikvdilis mizezi pirdapir<br />

Tu iribad, <strong>politika</strong> iyo.<br />

1920­iani wlebis bolos stalinis titanuri industrializaciis periodSi<br />

kulakebi, rogorc klasi, ganadgurda. amas garda, meore damRupveli<br />

SimSilobis periodi daiwyo 1930­iani wlebis dasawyisSi. Tu koleqtivizaciis<br />

adreuli etapis msxverplT SimSiliT gardacvlilebs davamatebT,<br />

1929­1934 wlebSi daRupulTa ricxvi ramdenime mi lions aRwevs.<br />

Tumca, yvelaze didi saSineleba jer kidev win iyo. 1934 wlis Semdeg, stali ­<br />

nis masobrivi wmendebi _ istoriis, albaT, yvelaze sisxliani terori _ gadaizarda<br />

1 milioni sabWoTa moqalaqis mkvlelobaSi da damatebiT 2 milionma `klasobrivma<br />

mterma~ suli dalia cimbirSi arsebul iZulebiT samuSao banakebSi. arc<br />

1938 wlis didi wmendebis Semdeg dasrulebula politikuri angariSsworebebi,<br />

ramac meore msoflio omTan erTad, sabWoTa sazogadoebas uzarmazari Zala<br />

daakargvina. kasinelis gamoTvlebiT, 1938­dan 1950 wlamde iZulebiT samuSao<br />

banakebsa da cixeebSi, savaraudod, 12 milioni adamiani mokvda. mTlianobaSi<br />

stalini (da SedarebiT naklebi xarisxiT lenini) pasuxismgebelia milionobiT<br />

udanaSaulo daucveli moqalaqis sikvdilSi, romelTaTvisac `revoluciuri

---

152 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

samarTali~ samuSao banakebSi nel sikvdils an sadamsjelo aTeulis mier nasrol<br />

tyvias niSnavda.<br />

maoisturi revolucia, msxverplTaA raodenobis mixedviT, ufro `mokrZalebulad~<br />

gamoiyureba, vidre nacisturi an sabWoTa revoluciebi, Tumca,<br />

1927­1949 wlebSi, CineTSi daaxloebiT 50 000 adamiani daiRupa. maTi sikvdilis<br />

faqtebi, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebuli iyo komunisturi kontrolis<br />

qveS moqceul teritoriebze miwis mflobelebisa da mdidari glexebis ganadgurebasTan.<br />

1949 wels komunistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan 1957 wlis `didi<br />

naxto mis~ programamde araerTi masobrivi kampania daiwyo kontrrevoluciuri<br />

ZalebTan sabrZolvelad. kasinelis TqmiT:<br />

1949 wlidan 1952 wlamde mimdinare miwis reformis programam ueWvelia,<br />

rom ramdenime milioni `miwismflobeli~ da msgavsi kategoriis<br />

adamiani Seiwira. kontrrevolucionerebis winaaRmdeg 1951­52 wlebSi<br />

warmoebuli kampaniis gamo, damatebiT milionnaxevari adamiani daiRupa;<br />

banditebis ganadgurebis kampaniis dros, romlis mizans fizikuri<br />

winaaRmdegobis saboloo gatexva warmoadgenda, 1949­dan 1956 wlamde<br />

uamravi adamiani daiRupa. 1951­53 wlebSi `sami anti~ da `xuTi anti~ kampaniebis<br />

da 1958­59 wlebSi anti­memarjvene kampaniis Sedegad uamravi<br />

mkvleloba moxda. dabolos, 1957­dan 1967 wlamde soflis meurneobis<br />

koleqtivizacias Tan axlda mniSvnelovani danakargebi. zusti informacia<br />

ar arsebobs da saxalxo respublikis pirvel aTwleulSi adamianuri<br />

danakargebis Sesaxeb xSirad informirebuli pirebis varaudebic<br />

naklebia. daaxloebiT 12 milioni sicocxle mokrZalebuli, magram realisturi<br />

Sefasebaa. 47<br />

es monacemebi ar exeba gaWirvebisa da qonebis dakargviT ga mo wveul sikvdilianobas,<br />

romelic yvelaze xSiri iyo 1950­ian wlebSi gan xorcielebuli<br />

`di di naxtomis~ dros xalxis sacxovrebeli adgilidan ayrisas.<br />

`kulturuli revolucia~ (1966­69) CineTis istoriis kidev erTi sisxliani<br />

epizodi iyo, Tumca, daRupulTa zusti monacemebis mopoveba Seu­<br />

Zlebelia. gacilebiT didi iyo CineTis gulagis sistemis Sedegad gamowveuli<br />

danakargi. savaraudod, 15 milioni adamiani daiRupa iZulebiT samuSao<br />

banakebSi araadamianuri mopyrobis Sedegad. roca kasineli politikur mkvlelobebs<br />

ajamebs da mas `sxvadasxva mizeziT gardacvlil 1 milions amatebs~,<br />

is gansacvifrebel monacemamde midis: `daaxloebiT 33.5 milioni.~ 48<br />

marTalia, am ricxvis Semowmeba SeuZlebelia, magram is arsebul faqtebs Seesabameba.<br />

TviT is faqti, rom aRniSnuli ricxvi daujerebeli ar Cans, metyvelebs<br />

amgvari mkvlelobebis masStabebze.<br />

rogorc wesi, totalitarul reJimebs ar surT imis aRiareba, rom nebismieri<br />

mizani _ zneobrivi Tu uzneo _ politikurad miuRwevelia. SesaZloa,<br />

swored am Zalze mcdari koncefciebis Semowmebis surviliT aixsnas is paTologiuri<br />

Zaladoba, romliTac totalitaruli mmarTveloba gamoirCeva.

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

totalitaruli reJimebis sicocxlisunarianoba<br />

153<br />

adgili ar gveyofa imisaTvis, rom srulad aRvweroT meoce saukunis yvela<br />

totalitaruli reJimis mier Cadenili Zaladoba da despotizmi. Tumca,<br />

mniSvnelovania gaviazroT, rom omebSi, revoluciebsa da sistematur saxelmwifo<br />

terorSi monawileobiT, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi pirdapir<br />

Tu iribad pasuxismgeblebi arian adamianTa uzarmazari raodenobis<br />

sikvdilsa da wamebaSi.<br />

totalitaruli reJimebi xSirad xmamaRla acxadebdnen pretenzias TavianTi<br />

arsebobis xangrZlivobasa da sicocxlisunarianobaze. magaliTad,<br />

hitleri Tavis imperias aTaswlovans eZaxda. Uufro da ufro meti samxili arsebobs<br />

imis savaraudod, rom totalitaruli reJimebis arseboba xanmoklea.<br />

isini scenaze dramatulad Cndebian, Semdeg Zalian maleve sakuTar Tavs<br />

amowuraven xolme. yvelaze didxans, totalitaruli reJimebi maTi revoluciuri<br />

liderebis sikvdilis Semdeg ramdenime aTwleuls Zleben. ratom<br />

xdeba ase?<br />

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis uecari aRsasruli SeiZleba gamoiwvios<br />

sxva erebTan fatalurma omebma, magaliTad gamodgeba meore msoflio omSi<br />

mokavSire saxelmwifoebis mier hitleris damarcxeba. agreTve, konkretuli<br />

qarizmatuli da warmatebuli lideris sikvdilma _ magaliTad, stalinis<br />

an maosi _ SeiZleba daaCqaros spiraliseburi daRmasvla. uRimRamo<br />

memkvidreebma, romlebic saxelmwifos marTaven Zalisa da teroris<br />

meSveobiT da ara Se TanxmebiT, SeiZleba is ekonomika, mora luri Zala da<br />

politikuri idealizmi daasuston, romlebsac legitimuri politikuri<br />

Zalaufleba realurad efuZ neba. Aamdenad, sabWoTa kavSiris dangreva<br />

gamowveuli iyo, upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom xangrZlivad gagrZelda<br />

ekonomikuri daRmavloba da xalxSi reJimisa da politikuri ideebisadmi<br />

rwmena mTeli qveynis masStabiT daikarga. Ees iyo `totalitarizmis<br />

daRmasvlis~ periodi. 49 Ooficialuri ideologiisadmi (ko munizmis) rwmenis<br />

Sesabamis dakargvas dRes, rogorc Cans, adgili aqvs Ci neTSic.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom totalitarizmis mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSi<br />

sul raRac samocdaaTi weli gagrZelda, xolo CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi<br />

ki TiTqmis xuTi aTeuli wlis Semdegac xeluxlebelia, istoriuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT es periodebi mainc xanmoklea. samwuxarod, gamocdileba<br />

gviCvenebs, rom totalitaruli diqtaturis mcire xniT arsebobac ki didi<br />

zianis momtania.<br />

daskvna<br />

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi utopiuri xedvis realizebasa da axali<br />

politikuri wesrigis Seqmnas cdiloben. Aavtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis<br />

msgav sad, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi arademokratiulebi arian. EreJimis<br />

es ori forma mniSvnelovani TvisebebiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. ker­

---

154 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

Zod, tota litaruli saxelmwifoebi mosaxleobis cxovrebis yvela aspeqtis<br />

totalur gakontrolebas eswrafvian da amomrCevlisagan moiTxoven aqtiur<br />

monawile obas da ara pasiur Tanxmobas.<br />

gasuli saukunis samma totalitarulma saxelmwifom (sabWoTa ruseTi,<br />

nacisturi germania, maoisturi CineTi) ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexuri<br />

gaiara. Ppirveli etapi Zaladobrivi revoluciebis periodia. warmatebuli<br />

revoluciisTvis xuTi arsebiTi elementia saWiro: qarizmatuli lideri,<br />

ideologia, organi zeba, propaganda da Zaladoba. Mmeore safexurze, romelic<br />

totalitaru li lideris xelSi Zalauflebis konsolidacias gulisxmobs,<br />

opoziciuri partiebi nadgurdeba, partiis erTguli pirebi sakvanZo adgilebs<br />

ikaveben da spoben partiis realur an warmosaxul mtrebs. Mmesame etapze<br />

xdeba sazogadoebis sruli transformaciis mcdeloba. 1928 wels sabWoTa kavSirSi<br />

stalinma pirveli xuTwliani gegmis ganxorcieleba daiwyo. Nnacistur<br />

germaniaSi hitleris mizanma, moexdina `rasobrivi wmenda~, gaamarTla totalitaruli<br />

Zalis gamoyeneba, romelmac kulminacias meore msoflio omsa<br />

da holokostSi miaRwia. Mmaoistur CineTSi sazogadoebis transformirebis<br />

pirveli mcdeloba `didi naxtomi~ gvian 1950­ian wlebSi damarcxda, Tumca mas<br />

`kulturuli revolucia~ (1966­69) mohyva.<br />

totalitarizmis mier gamowveuli adamianuri danakargi yovelgvar<br />

sa zRvrebs scildeba. Aarsebuli statistikis gadamowmeba xSirad ar xerxdeba,<br />

Tumca yvelaze uxeSi gaangariSebiTac rom vimsjeloT, meoce saukunis<br />

totalitarulma eqsperimentebma milionobiT adamians moutana<br />

wameba da sikvdili.<br />

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi mravalgvari formiT Cndebian da aranairi<br />

garantia ar arsebobs, rom amgvari saxelmwifoebi momavalSi aRar gamovlen<br />

asparezze. realurad, axlaxan avRaneTSi xelisuflebidan CamoSorebuli<br />

Talibebis reJimi kvalificirdeba, rogorc totalitarizmis axali forma,<br />

romelmac masobrivi religiis (islamis) damaxinjebuli forma politikur<br />

ideologiad gamoiyena.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

totalitarizmi<br />

masobrivi moZraoba<br />

rektifikacia<br />

gancalkevebis kunZulebi<br />

WeSmariti morwmune<br />

ujredebi<br />

centraluri komiteti<br />

partiuloba<br />

propaganda<br />

saliamis taqtika<br />

momindani<br />

wmenda<br />

gestapo<br />

kulakebi<br />

koleqtivizacia<br />

partiis yriloba<br />

gulagis arqipelagi<br />

asi yvavilis kampania<br />

didi naxtomi<br />

diadi proletaruli kulturuli<br />

revolucia<br />

Teokratia

---

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

155<br />

1. ra ganasxvavebs totalitarizms mmarTvelobis sxva arademokratiuli<br />

for mebisagan?<br />

2. ra aris saWiro warmatebuli sayovelTao revoluciebisTvis?<br />

3. rogor axerxeben totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi Zalauflebis konsolidacias?<br />

4. ra aris totalitaruli mmarTvelobis sistemis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi?<br />

5. ra iyo stalinis mTavari mizani sabWoTa sazogadoebis gardaqmnis mcdelobisas<br />

1930­ian wlebSi? ra meTodebs iyenebda amisTvis?<br />

6. rogor da ratom cdilobda hitleri germanuli sazogadoebis<br />

gardaqmnas?<br />

7. ra motivacia arsebobda didi naxtomisa da kulturuli revoluciis ukan?<br />

ra meTodebs iyenebdnen maoistebi? rogori sazogadoeba warmoedginaT<br />

maT?<br />

8. adamianuri sicocxlis TvalsazrisiT, ra `Rirs~totalitarizmi?<br />

9. `totalitarizmi dasrulda hitleris, stalinisa da maos sikvdiliT~. axseniT<br />

es fraza.<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

1. William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (New York: Free Press, 1959),<br />

123.<br />

2. C.W. Cassinelli, Total Revolution: A Comperative Study of Germany, the Soviet<br />

Union under Stalin and China under Mao (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Clio Books, 1976),<br />

225.<br />

3. gansazRvreba ekuTvnis hans buqheims, citirebulia Leonard Shapiro, Totalitarianism<br />

(New York: Praeger, 1972), 104.<br />

4. Carl Friedrich da Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy,<br />

me­2 gamocema (New York: Praeger: 1966), 88.<br />

5. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 231.<br />

6. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship, 279-339.<br />

7. Eric Hoffer, The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements (New<br />

York: Harper & Row, 1951), 104-105.<br />

8. iqve, 86.<br />

9. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Harper& Row,1961),<br />

12.<br />

10. citirebulia Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 16.<br />

11. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship (New York: Holt, 1972), 181.<br />

12. Maurice Latey, Patterns of Tyranny (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 172.<br />

13. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, mTargm. R. Manheim<br />

(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 179-180.

---

156 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi<br />

14. iqve, 182.<br />

15. citirebulia David Shub, Lenin (Baltimore: Pelican, 1966), 62.<br />

16. E.Kohr Bramstedt, citirebulia Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism<br />

(New York: Harcourt,1951), 333.<br />

17. iqve.<br />

18. iqve, 335­336.<br />

19. citirebulia Leo Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli (Seattle: University of Washington<br />

Press,1968), 9.<br />

20. Latey, Patterns of Tyranny, 100.<br />

21. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 103.<br />

22. iqve, 186.<br />

23. citirebulia Bracher, German Dictatorship, 257.<br />

24. iqve, 187.<br />

25. W.S. Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The experience of a Single German Town,<br />

1930-1935 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1965).<br />

26. Peter Drucker, “The Monster and the Lamb” Atlantic (December 1978): 84.<br />

27. iqve.<br />

28. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship, 374.<br />

29. iqve, 9­10.<br />

30. Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism (Orlando: Fla.: Harcourt, 1968), xiv.<br />

31. ix. Stalin, Mastering Bolshevism, 10; citirebulia Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is<br />

Ruled, ganaxlebuli gamocema (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964),<br />

435.<br />

32. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956 (New York: Harper &<br />

Row, 1974), 595.<br />

33. Bracher, German Dictatorship, 258.<br />

34. iqve, 259­260.<br />

35. iqve, 262.<br />

36. iqve.<br />

37. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 31.<br />

38. Mao Zedong, Selected Works (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,1960-1965), 224.<br />

39. Franz Michaels and George Taylor, The Far East in the Modern World (New York:<br />

Holt, 1964), 479.<br />

40. John King Fairbank, The United States and China, me­4 gamocema (Cambridge,<br />

Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), 409.<br />

41. iqve, 413.<br />

42. iqve.<br />

43. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 195.<br />

44. iqve, 243. rasakvirvelia, monacemebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.<br />

MmagaliTad, rumeli, romelic sxva kriteriumebs iyenebs, hitleris,<br />

Llenin­stalinis da maosTvis sagrZnoblad gansxvavebul ricxvebs<br />

asaxelebs. Tumca mis mier dasaxelebuli mTliani monacemi 105.5 milioni<br />

mokluli adamiani sakmaod axlosaa kasinelis gamoTvlebTan. ix. R.<br />

J.Rummel, Death by Government. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1996 ), 8.<br />

45. magaliTad, manamade gasaidumloebuli dokumentebis 1.5 milioni gverdi

---

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi<br />

157<br />

(britaneTis mier meore msoflio omis dros gadaWerili germanuli Setyobinebebi,<br />

iseve, rogorc axladgamomzeurebuli rusuli dokumentebi)<br />

cxad yofs, rom hitlerma savaraudod 7 milionamde ebraeli gawyvita (gansxvavebiT<br />

xuTi­eqvsi milionisa, rogorc amas kasineli da sxvebi varaudobdnen).<br />

Aix. aseve 47­e SeniSvnis komentari.<br />

46. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 46.<br />

47 iqve, 186. kasinelis wignis gamosvlis Semdeg aRmoCenili axali faqtebi<br />

cxadyofs, rom es monacemebi mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeboda aRniSnul<br />

periodSi moklul adamianTa ricxvs. erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris azriT,<br />

1959­1962 wlebSi, mxolod SimSilobis Sedegad, sul mcire 30 milioni<br />

Cineli daiRupa. SimSilobis ZiriTadi mizezi maos <strong>politika</strong> iyo, romlis<br />

mixedviT Cinel glexebs sakuTreba waarTves da komunebad daasaxles. ix.<br />

Jasper Becker, Hungry Goasts: Mao’s Secret Famine (New York: Free Press, 1997).<br />

48. iqve, 187.<br />

49. lakori am koncefcias sabWoTa kavSirs argebs, gansakuTrebiT totalitarizmis<br />

Sesaxeb TavSi. ix. Walter Laqueur, The Dream That Failed, Reflections on<br />

the Soviet Union (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 77-95, 84.

---

158

---

n a w i l i I I<br />

Camoyalibebuli<br />

da ganviTarebadi<br />

demokratiebi<br />

Tavi VI<br />

saparlamento demokratia<br />

Tavi VII<br />

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval<br />

periodSi: axali demokra -<br />

tiebi da aRmocenebadi<br />

bazrebi<br />

Tavi VIII<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi:<br />

demokratia Tu diqtatur?<br />

159

---

160<br />

Tavi VI<br />

saparlamento<br />

demokratia<br />

didi britaneTi: nimuSi<br />

Sereuli wyoba ZalauflebaTa Serwyma<br />

xeli suflebaSi yofnis ganusazRv reli<br />

vadebi `disciplinebuli~ partiebi<br />

ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi? SesaZlebelia<br />

Tu ara britanuli institutebis<br />

`gadanergva~?<br />

demokratiis Seguebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva<br />

safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis<br />

winaaRmdeg<br />

mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />

erovnuli asambleis SezRuduli roli<br />

politikuri partiebi konstitucia<br />

qveS: balansis gamocda sasamarTlo<br />

sistema muSaobs Tu ara demokratia<br />

safrangeTSi?<br />

germania: federalizmi militarizmis<br />

winaaRmdeg<br />

vaimaris respublika gayofili germania:<br />

civi omis mini modeli gaerTianebuli<br />

germania: demokratiis triumfi<br />

germanuli federalizmi aRmasrulebeli<br />

xelisufleba sakanonmdeb lo xelisufleba<br />

politikuri partiebi<br />

sasamarTlo xelisufleba ZiriTadi<br />

kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi<br />

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi?<br />

iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba<br />

konsensusis qveyanaSi.<br />

istoriuli wanamZRvrebi axali<br />

konstitucia saparlamento demokratia:<br />

garegnuli da realuri partiuli<br />

sistema politikur cvlilebaTAa<br />

Semaferxebeli faqtorebi sasa marTlo<br />

xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi?<br />

saparlamento mmarTveloba moulodnel adgilebSi<br />

indoeTi: saparlamento saswauli israeli: omis respublika<br />

prezidentebi da parlamentebi: SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sasamarTlo<br />

xe lisufleba ori sistemis upiratesobebi da nak lovanebebi konstituciebi<br />

da konteqstebi

---

saparlamento demokratia<br />

161<br />

konstitucionalizmis cneba (igive kanonis uzenaesoba) Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli<br />

britanul istoriaSi. Tumca, amerikis `dawerili~ konstitucia<br />

mkveT rad gansxvavdeba britaneTis `dauwereli~ konstituciisagan, romelic<br />

efuZneba precedentebs, kanonebs, tradiciebs, da aseve saparlamento uzenaesobis<br />

princips.<br />

maSin roca amerikuli saprezidento sistema racionaluri gansjisa da<br />

azrovnebis Sedegad Seqmnil da furcelze gadatanil erTgvari `wesdebis~<br />

praqtikul ganxorcielebas warmoadgens, brita nuli saparlamento sistema<br />

britaneTis politikuri cxovrebis mdidar gamocdilebas efuZneba. britaneTis<br />

politikuri institutebi ganviTarda da TandaTan Camoyalibda samoqalaqo<br />

sazogadoebis erTgvar `laboratoriaSi,~ am ukanasknelis evoluciis<br />

paralelurad. amrigad, britanul `konstitucias~ aqvs sakmaod Rrma istoriuli<br />

fesvebi. britanuli saparlamento sistemis organuli bunebidan gamomdinare,<br />

ismis logikuri kiTxva _ ramdenad SesaZlebelia misi gadanergva<br />

da adaptireba sxva sazogadoebebSi? Tumca, vidre am sakiTxs gavarkvevT,<br />

ufro detalurad ganvixiloT warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis britanuli<br />

formis Taviseburebebi.<br />

didi britaneTi: nimuSi<br />

konstituciuri demokratiis amerikuli eqsperimenti warmoadgenda evropul<br />

avtokratiul tradiciasTan mkveTr gamijvnas, ramac axali politikuri<br />

Teoriebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba warmoSva. magaliTisaTvis, `federalists~<br />

ar gaaCnia britanuli analogi. Tumca, britanuli demokratiis<br />

erTgvari Teoria SesaZloa amoikribos da Seikras edmund berkis (1729­1797)<br />

werilobiTi naSromebisa da gamosvlebis Sesabamisi fragmentebisagan. berkma<br />

detalurad daaxasiaTa britaneTis politikuri ganviTarebis uwyveti<br />

jaWvi, romlis drosac ekonomikuri Tanasworobisken gadadgmul nabijebs<br />

Tan axlda politikur TavisuflebaTa sferos gafarToeba. monarqiis Sesustebis<br />

paralelurad, britaneTis xelisufleba TandaTan ufro demokratiuli<br />

gaxda da saparlamento sistemisken gadaixara. aseve TandaTanobiT<br />

damkvidrda is tradicia, rom britaneTis monarqi avtomaturad amtkicebda<br />

parlamentis mier arCeul premier­ministrs. droTa ganmavlobaSi, premierministrma,<br />

rogorc xelisuf lebis qmediTma meTaurma, Caanacvla monarqi.<br />

dReisaTvis, britaneTis premier­ministri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />

eqskluziuri ganmkargavia, maSin roca monarqi mxolod nominaluri figuraa.<br />

Sereuli wyoba<br />

me­17 saukunidan britaneTis saparlamento sistema iqca pirvel magali­<br />

Tad aristoteles mier daxasiaTebuli Sereuli reJimisa, sadac sxvadasxva<br />

klasebs sxvadasxva institutebi warmoadgenen. me­19 saukuneSi parlamentis

---

162 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

mzardi upiratesoba samefo xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT, miuTiTebda im<br />

faqtze, rom parlamentis ori palata warmoadgenda britanuli sazogadoebis<br />

sxvadasxva klasis interesebs. lordTa palata warmoadgenda tradiciuli<br />

mmarTveli klasebis interesebs, maSin roca TemTa palata, Tavisufali<br />

arCevnebis gziT, TandaTanobiT iqca amomrCevelTa sul ufro farTo wreebis<br />

interesebis gamomxatvelad.<br />

didi britaneTis Sereulma reJimma, sxvadasxva klasTa Soris garkveuli<br />

politikuri wonasworobis uzrunvelyofiT, istoriulad Seuwyo xeli<br />

stabi lurobas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, es klasebi SesaZloa Riad dapirispirebodnen<br />

erTmaneTs da safrTxe SeeqmnaT mTlianad politikuri sistemisaTvis.<br />

dReisaTvis bevri ram Seicvala. is, rasac xSirad britanul `keTildReobis<br />

saxelmwifos~ uwodeben, faqtobrivad SemosavalTa gadanawilebis kargad<br />

gamarTuli sistemaa, romelic miznad isaxavs farTo saSualo klasis Camoyalibebas.<br />

Zlieri da mravalricxovani saSualo klasis ganviTarebam azric<br />

ki daukarga ekonomikurad gancalkevebuli klasebis interesTa tradiciul<br />

warmomadgenlobas, Tumca, konservatuli da leiboristuli partiebi mainc<br />

agrZeleben `maRali~ da `dabali~ socialuri jgufebis interesTa lobirebas.<br />

am tendencias TvalsaCinod asaxavs ufro farTo warmomadgenlobiTi<br />

mandatis mqone TemTa palatis istoriulad mzardi upiratesoba aristokratiul<br />

lordTa palatasTan SedarebiT. lordTa palata Sedgeba 1100 warmomadgenlisagan,<br />

romelTac gaaCniaT aristokratiuli titulebi (rome lic<br />

ZiriTadad memkvidreobiT gadaecemaT), magram maTgan mxolod 300­mde<br />

monawileobs aqtiurad palatis muSaobaSi. 1 lordTa palatam faqtobrivad<br />

aRiara TemTa palatis upiratesoba 1911 da 1949 wlebis saparlamento<br />

aqtebis damtkicebiT, romelTa mixedviTac lordTa palatas ar ZaluZs<br />

TemTa palatis mier miRebul kanonebze vetos gavrceleba (mas SeuZlia<br />

maqsimum erTi wlis vadiT mxolod gaaWianuros kanonis ZalaSi Sesvla).<br />

ZalauflebaTa Serwyma<br />

britanuli saparlamento sistemis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba,<br />

anu premier­ministri da kabineti, dakompleqtebulia TemTa palataSi<br />

xmaTa umravlesobiT gamarjvebuli partiis liderebiT. arCevnebis<br />

Semdeg, gamarjve­buli partia asaxelebs axali kabinetis wevrebs (ministrebs),<br />

romelTac amtkicebs parlamenti da niSnavs dedofali. amgvarad yalibdeba<br />

axali mTavroba. mTavroba pasuxismgebelia sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis<br />

Camoyalibebasa da wardgenaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom parlamentis yvela<br />

wevrs, maT Soris opoziciuri partiis warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT sruli<br />

ufleba gaakritikon an sulac saeWvo gaxadon sakanonmdeblo iniciativis<br />

marTebuloba, mTavrobas faqtobrivad garanti rebuli aqvs sakanonmdeblo<br />

programis damtkiceba, radganac britanul sistemaSi yovelTvis aris erTgvarovani<br />

umravlesoba.<br />

saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba moqmedebs britanuli sistemis<br />

msgavsad, Tumca, umetes SemTxvevebSi, mTavrobas ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos

---

saparlamento demokratia<br />

163<br />

erTgvarovan umravlesobas sakanonmdeblo organoSi. amis mizezi gaxlavT<br />

is, rom saparlamento mmarTvelobis qveynebSi sakanonmdeblo struqtura<br />

dakompleqtebu lia xuTi­eqvsi sxvadasxva konkurenti politikuri partiiT,<br />

gansxvavebiT britaneTisagan, sadac mxolod ori ZiriTadi partiaa warmodgenili.<br />

Tavis mxriv, mravalpartiul parlamentebSi, xSirad arc erT partias<br />

ar aqvs xmaTa aSkara umravlesoba imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibos mTavroba. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli xdeba koaliciis Seqmna (ori an meti partiis SeTanxmebiT<br />

da ZalTa gaerTianebiT). zo gierT SemTxvevaSi koaliciuri mTavroba<br />

sakmaod warmatebulad muSaobs, zogjer _ ver amarTlebs. uares SemTxveva­<br />

Si, ise rogorc es, magaliTad, italiaSia, saparlameto mmarTveloba SesaZloa<br />

iyos arastabiluri da qaosuric ki.<br />

xelisuflebaSi yofnis ganusazRvreli vadebi<br />

rodesac 1997 wlis maisSi britaneTis premier­ministri leiboristi toni<br />

bleri gaxda, igulisxmeboda, rom igi am funqcias momdevno xuTi wlis vadiT<br />

an ufro naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi Seasrulebda. am mimarTebaSic, britanuli<br />

da amerikuli sistemebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. aSS­Si saprezidento<br />

arCevnebi yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel tardeba, xolo kongresis (sakanonmdeblo<br />

organo) warmomadgenelTa palata yovel or weliwadSi erTxel<br />

mTlianad gadairCeva, iseve rogorc senatis erTi mesamedi (rotaciulad).<br />

britanul sistemaSi xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadebi faqtobrivad ganusaz­<br />

Rvrelia. parlamenti savaldebulod yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel unda gadairCes,<br />

Tumca premier­ministri uflebamosilia daniSnos vadamdeli arCevnebi,<br />

Tu miiCnevs, rom mocemul momentSi eleqtoratis ganwyoba mmarTveli<br />

partiisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia. amis msgavsad, sakanonmdeblo<br />

organosac SeuZlia iZulebiT daiTxovos mTavroba, misTvis `undoblobis~<br />

gamocxadebis gziT. am SemTxvevaSi, an axali mTavroba yalibdeba Sesabamisad<br />

axali SemadgenlobiT, an dedofali daiTxovs parlaments da daniSnavs axal<br />

arCevnebs.<br />

axali arCevnebis daniSvnis uflebamosileba britanul sistemaSi mniSvnelovani<br />

prerogativaa, radgan is zrdis mmarTveli partiis Sansebs gaixangrZlivos<br />

xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadebi dadgenil xuT weliwadze meti<br />

xniT. premier­ministrma margaret tetCerma zedmiwevniT kargad gamoiyena<br />

amgvari SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, 1983 wels _ premier­ministrobis meo­<br />

Txe weliwads _ britanuli partiotizmis erTgvari aRzevebis fonze, rac<br />

provocirebuli iyo folklendis kunZulebis krizisiTa da misi Tanmdevi<br />

xanmokle omiT argentinasTan, man warmatebiT moaxerxa mmarTveli konservatiuli<br />

partiis mandatis gaxangrZliveba damatebiT xuTi wlis vadiT. Semdgom,<br />

1987 wels _ isev xelisuf lebaSi meore vadiT yofnis oTxi wlis Tavze<br />

_ man gamoacxada vadamdeli arCevnebi da mmarTveloba kidev damatebiT xuTi<br />

wlis vadiT gaixangrZliva. premier­ministris funqciis vadaze adre Sewyveta<br />

SesaZloa sxva mizeziTac iyos gamowveuli. kerZod, Tu politikuri<br />

zewola an daZabuloba matulobs, politikuri liderebis Secvla SesaZloa

---

164 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

arsebuli situaciidan optimaluri gamosavli gaxdes. 1992 wels premierministr<br />

margaret tetCeris reitingi mkveTrad daeca qveyanaSi mis mier Zalze<br />

arapopularuli da, bevris azriT, regresuli da usamarTlo individualuri<br />

gadasaxadis mxardaWeris gamo. tetCeri sakuTari partiis SigniTac<br />

mwvave kritikis obieqtad iqca. man arCevnebSi damarcxebas partiis liderisa<br />

da premier­ministris postis datoveba arCia, mmarTvelobis sadaveebi ki<br />

mis mierve xeldasxmul jon meijors gadasca. margaret tetCers britane­<br />

Tis premier­ministris Tanamdeboba uwyvetad aT weliwadze met xans ekava,<br />

rac am postze yofnis yvelaze xangrZlivi vadaa. konservatorTa (`torTa~)<br />

partiam meijoris TaosnobiT bevris gasaocrad moigo momdevno arCevnebi,<br />

Tumca mcire _ cxra saparlamento mandatis upiratesobiT, ramac `torTa~<br />

mTavrobas SeunarCuna da gauxangrZliva xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada 1997<br />

wlis gazafxulamde, roca `tetCeris epoqa~ leiboristTa STambeWdavma<br />

gamarjvebam daasrula.<br />

margaret tetCeris gadadgoma partiis lideris postidan ar yofila uprecedento.<br />

1940 wels konservatori premier­ministri nevil Cemberleni gadadga,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom misi partia kvlavac warmoadgenda aSkara umravlesobas<br />

TemTa palataSi. magram, miunxenSi adolf hitlerTan daTmobebze wasvlis gamo,<br />

misi popularoba da reitingi xalxSi imdenad daeca da imdenad Seirya misTvis<br />

miniWebuli `ndobis~ mandati partiis SigniT, rom premieri iZulebuli gaxda<br />

ganze gamdgariyo da posti daetovebina. Tumca, amis Semdgom axali arCevnebi ar<br />

daniSnula, radgan konservatorebs parlamentSi myari umravlesoba hqondaT<br />

da partiis erT­erTma gamorCeulma warmomadgenelma TemTa palataSi, uinston<br />

CerCilma, warmatebiT SeZlo britanelTa mobilizeba misi pirovnuli qarizmis<br />

irgvliv.<br />

arsebobs sxva garemoebebic, ramac vadamde, anu dadgenil xuT wlamde,<br />

mTavrobis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta SeiZleba gamoiwvios. im SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Tu umravlesobis partia gansakuTrebiT arapopularuli xdeba, an mTavroba<br />

gaexveva raime skandalSi, opozicias SeuZlia isargeblos zemoT naxsenebi<br />

undoblobis votumis uflebiT. am uflebis ganxorcieleba, Cveulebriv,<br />

moiTxovs umravlesobis rigebidan ramdenime ukmayofilo an mTavrobis<br />

politikiT gaRizi anebuli wevris gadmobirebas da maTi xmebis daxmarebiT,<br />

SesaZlebeli xdeba mTavrobis iZulebiT daTxovna. rogorc wesi, roca kabineti<br />

gadadgeba, premier­ministri mimarTavs dedofals, daiTxovos parlamenti<br />

da daniSnos axali arCevnebi. amgvari ram xSiria mravalpartiul saparlamento<br />

sistemebSi, Tumca did britaneTSi axlo warsulSi es ar momxdara.<br />

dabolos, aris kidev erTi mizezi, ramac SesaZloa mTavrobis vadaze adre<br />

daSla gamoiwvios. amgvari viTareba SeiZleba Seiqmnas maSin, roca umravlesobas<br />

Zalze umniSvnelo upiretesoba aqvs parlamentSi da mesame partiis<br />

mcire warmomadgeloba or ZiriTad partias Soris balansisa Tvis kritikul<br />

mniSvnelo bas iZens. magaliTad, germaniaSi msgavsi viTareba grZeldeba ukve<br />

ocdaaT weliwad ze met xans. mTavrobas SesaZloa seriozuli problemebi<br />

Seeqmnas xelisuflebis stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT an sulac daiSalos,<br />

Tu misi `umcrosi partniori~ meryeobs, icvlis mxareebs an mniSvnelovani<br />

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas uars acxadebs mxardaWeraze.

---

`disciplinebuli~ partiebi<br />

saparlamento demokratia<br />

165<br />

britanuli saparlamento sistemis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia e.w. disciplinebuli<br />

partiebis arseboba. amgvari partiebi, midrekilni arian<br />

koordinirebuli qmedebebis, erTsulovani xmis micemis principebisken da<br />

mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba amerikuli partiebisagan, romlebic, Tavis<br />

mxriv, uf ro decentralizebulni, naklebad mkacrad struqturizebulni da<br />

individeb ze orientirebulni arian. amrigad, britaneTSi konservatuli da<br />

leiboristuli partiebi inarCuneben mdgrad partiul platformebs, romlebic<br />

gansxvavebul filosofiur da tradiciur wanamZRvrebs efuZneba:<br />

kerZod, erTi _ konservatul Rirebulebebsa da biznesze, xolo meore socialistur<br />

ideebsa da muSaTa klasze orientirebul tradiciul politikur<br />

Zalas warmoadgens.<br />

parlamentSi arCevnebis Sedegad mosuli umravlesoba, iRebs ra qveynis<br />

marTvis sadaveebs xelSi, Tavisi wevrebisagan moiTxovs erTsulovan mxardaWeras<br />

saarCevno programis ganxorcielebaSi. parlamentis im wevrebs<br />

(umravlesobidan), romlebic mTavrobis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan kanonproeqts<br />

mxars ar dauWeren, partiis ukmayofileba emuqrebaT, rac ZiriTadad<br />

gamoixateba momdevno arCevnebSi am pirebis partiuli siidan amoRebaSi.<br />

`ukompromisoTa~ mxolod Zalze mcire ricxvi axerxebs am riskis Tavidan<br />

acilebas.<br />

Tumca, mkacri partiuli disciplina sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom parlamentis<br />

wevrebi arasdros gadadian dawesebul zRvars iqiT da sakuTar<br />

xmas ar iyeneben opoziciuri gadawyvetilebebis mxardasaWerad, an kidev<br />

imas, rom naklebad pompezurma wevrebma yovelTvis uyoymanod Tavi unda<br />

uqnion kolegebs ama Tu im sakiTxis kenWisyrisas da xma miscen mis sasargeblod.<br />

magaliTisaTvis, maT SeuZliaT Zalze mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebSic<br />

ki, warmatebiT gamoiyenon xmis micemisagan Tavis Sekavebis SesaZlebloba.<br />

gansakuTrebiT ukmayofilo wevrebs ki SeuZliaT sruladac ganudgnen partias<br />

da Seqmnan axali politikuri organizacia. es praqtikaSi iSviaTad<br />

xdeba, Tumca SesaZloa gamoiwvios mniSvnelovani politikuri gadajgufebebi<br />

da cvlilebebi. meoce saukunis dasaw yisSi amgvar SemTxvevas hqonda<br />

adgili. kerZod, tradiciuli liberalu ri partia (vigebi) daCrdila da<br />

faqtobrivad Caanacvla mzardi popularobis mqone leiboristulma partiam,<br />

romelmac warmatebiT SeZlo britaneTis muSaTa klasis angariSgasawev<br />

politikur Zalad mobilizeba. 1980­iani wlebis dasawyisSi, parlamentis<br />

zogierTma imedgacruebulma leiboristma wevrma datova partia da<br />

Camoayaliba social­demokratiuli partia, romelic 1987 wlis zafxulSi<br />

SeuerTda Zvel liberalur partias (da Seqmna e.w. aliansi), romelic politikuri<br />

centris dakavebas Seecada. 1990 wels social­demokratiuli partia<br />

sakuTari gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze daiSala.<br />

Cndeba logikuri kiTxva: ra rols asrulebs am saparlamento sistemaSi<br />

e.w. `misi aRmatebulebis /dedoflis/ erTguli opozicia~, rogorc mas xSirad<br />

uwodeben did britaneTSi? imdenad, ramdenadac umravlesobis partias<br />

xelewifeba sasurveli sakanonmdeblo programis `gatana~ parlamentSi sa­

---

166 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

kuTari xmebis meSveobiT, opoziciur partiebs, anu umciresobas, limitirebuli,<br />

Tumca ara umniSvnelo funqciis Sesruleba uwevs. isini akritikeben<br />

umravlesobis mier warmodgenil iniciativebs da calkeul SemTxvevebSi, gavlenasac<br />

axdenen Sesabamis gadawyvetilebebze. maSinac ki, rodesac opoziciuri<br />

partiis gavlena umniSvneloa, misi kritika ZiriTadad safuZvliania da<br />

pasuxismgeblobiT ganmsWvaluli, radgan oponentebi `sakuTar Tavze fiqroben,<br />

rogorc momdevno xelisuflebaze, da `keTilgonieri opozicia~ moqmedebs<br />

im farglebSi, romelsac imedovnebs, rom aseve ar gadaaWarbeben misi<br />

momavali oponentebi, roca ZalTa ganlageba Seicvleba.~ 2 aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

britanul saparlamento tradiciaSi opoziciis cneba aranair stigmas ar<br />

ukavSirdeba. rogorc loialur opozicias, umciresobis wevrebs miaCniaT,<br />

rom maTi movaleobaa mTavrobis kritika. rogorc erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs:<br />

britanul politikur cxovrebaSi ukve tradiciad iqca, rom unda arsebobdes<br />

partia, romelic ayalibebs mTavrobas, iseve rogorc partia,<br />

romelic ayalibebs opozicias da romelic faqtobrivad warmoadgens<br />

alternatiul mTavrobas. organizebuli opozicia axla ar iTvleba<br />

sabotaJur an moRalateobriv Zalad. 1973 wlidan, opoziciis lideri<br />

iRebs specialur gasamrjelos sajaro fondidan da xalxi xSirad saubrobs<br />

`misi aRmatebulebis opoziciaze~, radgan opoziciis arseboba<br />

moiazreba, rogorc dedoflis xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani nawili. 3<br />

ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi?<br />

aSS­sagan gansxvavebiT, sadac erTi umaRlesi xelisuflebis piri (prezidenti)<br />

erTdroulad aris saxelmwifos meTauri da mTavrobis meTauri, didi<br />

britaneTi inarCunebs gaorebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis tradicias,<br />

romelic yofs am or funqcias. britaneTis saxelmwifos meTauri aris<br />

gvirgvinosani monarqi. dedofali elisabed II­s, `savaraudod msoflios<br />

yvelaze cnobil adamians,~ ukve xuT aTwleulze metia britaneTis samefo<br />

taxti uWiravs. rogorc saxelmwifos nominaluri meTauri, monarqi ZiriTadad<br />

ceremoniul rols asrulebs saxel mwifo cxovrebaSi, uZRveba erovnul<br />

dResaswaulebTan dakavSirebul saxalxo zeimebsa da ceremoniebs, awyobs<br />

diplomatiur miRebebs elCebisa da sxva qveynebis meTaurTaTvis, garkveul<br />

saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebze warmoadgens saxelmwifos. monarqi nacionaluri<br />

simbolo da erTianobis wyaroa, romelic warmoadgens saxelmwifos da<br />

ara xelisuflebas.<br />

britaneTis xelisuflebis realuri meTauria saparlamento sistemis<br />

sayrdeni figura _ premier­ministri, romelic kabinetis ZiriTad wevreb Tan<br />

erTad (xSirad uwodeben Sida kabinets), gansazRvravs qveynis saSinao da sa ga ­<br />

reo <strong>politika</strong>s. erovnuli <strong>politika</strong> muSavdeba mTavrobis ZiriTadi gundis<br />

mier, romelic Semdgom waredgineba mTlianad kabinets. kabinetis is wevrebi,<br />

romlebic kritikul sakiTxebsa Tu sakvanZo gadawyvetilebebSi ar eTanxmebian<br />

mTavrobas, rogorc wesi, xmauris gareSe TviTonve toveben Tanamdebobas.

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

167<br />

didi britaneTis ormagi aRmasrulebeli sistema warmodgenilia dedoflis elisabed<br />

II­is (marcxniv) – saxelmwifos meTauris erovnuli simbolosa da premier ministris,<br />

toni bleris (marjvniv) – qveynis xelisuflebis realuri meTauris saxiT (2007<br />

wlidan didi britaneTis premier­ministri gordon braunia _ mTargmn. Sen.).<br />

bunebrivia, yvela saparlamento sistema ar funqcionirebs britanulis<br />

msgavsad. umetesobas ar gaaCnia saparlamento mmarTvelobis xangrZlivi<br />

istoria da Zlieri tradicia, rac britanuli sistemisaTvis myar<br />

saZirkvels qmnis. amdenad, msgavsi politikuri kulturis arqonis pirobebSi,<br />

britanuli stilis demokratiuli institutebis mqone sxva qveynebis<br />

umravlesoba daweril konstitucias eyrdnoba. samwuxarod, dawerili<br />

konstituciebis umravlesobasac ara aqvs iseTi `xangrZlivi istoria<br />

da Zlieri tradicia,~ rogoric amerikul saprezidento sistemas. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, am ori politikuri sistemis magaliTad gamoyeneba Seicavs<br />

safrTxes, rom mkiTxvelma moaxdinos mcdari gaigiveba demokratiasa da xelisuflebis<br />

stabilurobas Soris. sinamdvileSi, saprezidento Tu saparlamento<br />

demokratiebis umravlesobas xSirad uxdeba arastabilurobis<br />

xanmokle `ryevebTan~ gamklaveba.<br />

SesaZlebelia Tu ara britanuli institutebis `gadanergva~?<br />

saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba evropaSi Camoyalibda britanuli<br />

nimuSis msgavsad. italia saparlamento mmarTvelobaze meore msoflio<br />

omis Semdeg gadavida. safrangeTSi saparlamento sistema arsebobda 1876<br />

wli dan (mesame respublikis dasawyisi) 1958 wlamde (meoTxe respublikis<br />

dasasruli). orive qveyanas amgvari mmarTvelobis gansxvavebuli gamocdileba<br />

gaaCnia.

---

168 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

safrangeTsa da italiaSi politikuri partiebi da parlamenti iqca wamyvan<br />

politikur Zalad. britaneTis konstituciur sistemaSi arsebuli premier­minitrisa<br />

da kabinetis, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi marTvis institutis<br />

roli, am or qveyanaSi Semcirda. tradiciulobiT, TavdaWerilobiTa da<br />

pragmatulobiT gamorCeuli britaneli xalxisagan gansxvavebiT, franguli<br />

da italiuri sazo gadoebebi ufro Rrma socialuri dapirispirebebiTa da<br />

radikaluri po litikuri partiebis mxardaWerisken midrekilebiT xasiaTdeba.<br />

orive qveyanaSi politizebis maRalma donem xeli Seuwyo mravalpartiulobis<br />

ganviTarebasa da mcire politikuri dajgufebebis warmoqmnas.<br />

amgvar viTarebaSi, partiuli sistema danawevrda, Sidapartiuli disciplina<br />

faqtobrivad moiSala da mTavroba iqca dausrulebeli sakanonmdeblo<br />

qiSpobis mZevlad. ganzogadebulad SeiZleba iT qvas, rom rac ufro aqtiuri<br />

da rTulad samarTavia sazogadoeba da ramdenadac ufro danawevrebulia<br />

politikuri speqtri, miT ufro qaosuri da aramyari xdeba xelisufleba.<br />

amgvar sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovania Zlieri da energiuli aRmasrulebeli<br />

Stos arseboba, romelic safrangeTSi 1958 wlamde ar arsebobda, xolo italiaSi,<br />

faqtobrivad, dRemde ar arsebobs.<br />

amgvarma situaciam politikuri Cixis mdgomareobamde miiyvana orive<br />

qve yana sxvadasxva dros. safrangeTSi, mesame da meoTxe respublikis mmarTvelobis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, verc erTma partiam ver SeZlo adgilebis umravelsobis<br />

mopoveba nacionalur asambleaSi. imave periodSi, safrangeTma 119<br />

mTavroba gamoic vala, romelTa saSualo sicocxlisunarianoba mxolod<br />

weliwads Seadgenda. calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki mTavrobaTa xelisuflebaSi<br />

yofna mxolod ramdenime Tve an kvira grZeldeboda. aseTive meryeobiT xasiaTdeboda<br />

politikuri mmar Tveloba italiaSic, sadac 1945­dan 1986 wlamde<br />

40 premier­ministri Seicvala, (saSualod TiToeulis mmarTvelobis weliwadze<br />

naklebi xangrZlivobiT).<br />

ekonomika da eleqtorati<br />

britanuli dRis wesrigi: magaliTi<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikis mdgomareoba did britaneTSi<br />

mTavari politiku ri sakiTxi iyo. germaniis, italiis da safrangeTis mudmivad<br />

ukeTesi maCveneblebi SeSfoTebas iwvevda. leiboristTa xelmZRvanelobiT<br />

XX saukunis 50­60­ian wlebSi britaneTi ganviTarda keTildReobis<br />

saxelmwifos modelad, rogorc mas keTilganwyobili damkvirveble bi uwodebdnen.<br />

1970­ian wlebSi britaneTis daRmavali ekonomika `stagflaciam~<br />

(inflaciisa da recesiis yvelaze cudma kombinaciam) daasusta.<br />

konservatori lideri margaret tetCeri didi, Zlieri mTavrobis mkacri<br />

oponenti iyo. 1979 wels, premier ministrad gaxdomis Semdeg tetCerma<br />

saxelmwifo sawarmoebis xelaxa li privatizacia da britaneTis ekonomikis<br />

sistematuri dabalanseba daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1980­ian wleb­

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

169<br />

Si tetCeris xelmZRvanelobiT, ekonomikis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda, did<br />

britaneTSi SedarebiT kvlav maRalia umuSevroba, arasaxarbieloa zrda da<br />

pasiuria sawarmoo seqtori. 1992 wels tetCeri sakuTari survilis sawinaaRmdegod<br />

gadadga. konservatorebma arCevnebSi rogorRac kidev erTi<br />

gamarjveba moipoves da jon meijorma, tetCeris memkvidrem, qveyanas igive<br />

ekonomikuri kursi SeunarCuna. meijoris xelmZRvanelobiT britaneTis ekonomikam<br />

winsvla daiwyo _ 1996 wels 2.2%, xolo 1997 wels – 3.2%­iT gaizarda.<br />

inflacia zomieri iyo, daaxloebiT 2.5%. 1997 wlis dasawyisSi umuSevrobis<br />

donec ki Semcirda 6.2%­mde (SeadareT safrangeTis umuSevrobis dones, romelic<br />

12%­s Seadgenda).<br />

britaneli amomrCevlebi jer isev cud gunebaze iyvnen da 1997 wlis<br />

maisSi, pirvelad Tvrameti wlis manZilze, konservatorebs xelisuflebidan<br />

iSorebdnen. amis erTi mizezi is iyo, rom statistikuri monacemebis<br />

miuxedavad, britaneTis saSualo klasis mravali warmomadgeneli cxovrebis<br />

xarisxis dacemas grZnobda. axlad arCeuli premier ministris toni bleris<br />

winaSe mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da politikuri kiTxva dadga evropis ekonomikur<br />

kavSirSi gaerTianebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

gadasaxadebi da saxelmwifo xarjebi<br />

1979 wels, konservatorebis arCevnebSi gamarjvebis dros, leiboristuli<br />

partiis danatovari gadasaxadebi mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) daaxloebiT<br />

40% Seadgenda. premier­ministrma margaret tetCerma gadasaxadebis<br />

tvirTis Semcirebis Sesaxeb danapirebi Seasrula da 1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />

gadasaxadebi mSp­s 34%­s Seadgenda. magram am uSedego statistikam<br />

muSaTa klass gadasaxadebis tvirTi ver Seumsubuqa. 1994 wels finansTa<br />

saministros monacemebma aCvena, rom jon meijoris konservatorTa mier<br />

ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad gadasaxadebis saSualo gadamxdeli<br />

1994­95 wlebSi, 1978­79 (leiboristTa xelisuflebaSi yofnis bolo weli)<br />

wlebTan SedarebiT, sakuTari Semosavlis ufro met wils Tmobda. arCevnebamde<br />

sociologiurma gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom amomrCevlebi axali leiboristuli<br />

xelisuflebisagan gadasaxadebis gazrdas moelodnen, Tumca bevri<br />

ise iyo ganrisxebuli jon meijorze, rom yvelafris miuxedavad leiboristebisTvis<br />

apirebda xmis micemas. Tavis mxriv, toni bleri amomrCevlebs<br />

dahpirda, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi ar gaizrdeboda da gaTbobaze<br />

damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxads (dRg) Sekvecda.<br />

terorizmi da GrdiloeT irlandia<br />

1969 wlidan moyolebuli kaTolike da protestanti eqstremistebis<br />

mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebis Sedegad daaxloebiT 3<br />

aTasi adamiani daiRupa. 1994 wlis cecxlis Sewyvetamde irlandiis respublikurma<br />

armiam teroristuli Setevebi ganaxorciela, ra Ta britanelebs<br />

CrdiloeT irlandia daetovebinaT: scades rogorc tetCeris, aseve meijoris<br />

mokvla. 1990 wels armiis teroristebma ian gou _ parlamentis konser­

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170 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

vatori wevri da tetCeris mesaidumle mokles. problemis gadaWrisas unda<br />

gaeTvaliswinebinaT im protestantTa moTxovnebi, romelTac britaneTis<br />

mxardaWera hqondaT da ricxobrivad aWarbebdnen CrdiloeT irlandiaSi<br />

mcxovreb kaTolikeebs, aseve kaTolikeTa moTxovnebi, romlebic irlandiis<br />

respublikis umravlesobas Seadgendnen. problemis mogvarebis imedi<br />

1998 wlis aprilSi Caisaxa, rodesac dainteresebuli mxareebi mravalmxriv<br />

xelSekrulebaze SeTanxmdnen. xelSekrulebiT CrdiloeT irlandiaSi TviTmmarTveloba<br />

aRdga. mis safuZvelze Seiqmna axali politikuri institutebi,<br />

romelTa mizani kaTolike umciresobaTaTvis meti politikuri xmis mini­<br />

Weba da imavdroulad, CrdiloeT irlandiis britaneTis nawilad darCenis<br />

Taobaze protestantTa moTxovnis gaTvaliswineba iyo. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,<br />

daZabulobis Sedegad 2001 wels konfliqti isev gaCaRda da momavali<br />

gaurkveveli gaxada.<br />

Tumca, mcdari iqneboda im daskvnis gamotana, rom saparlamento<br />

sistema arsad muSaobs britaneTis garda. naxevar saukuneze metia es wyoba<br />

dominirebs TiTqmis mTels evropul kontinentze CrdiloeTidan _<br />

skandinaviidan dawyebuli (SvedeTi, norvegia, dania), samxeTiT _ iberiis<br />

naxevarkunZulamde (espaneTi da portugalia), iseve rogorc germaniaSi,<br />

avstriaSi, belgiaSi, niderlandebsa da SveicariaSi. saparlameto demokratiebis<br />

ricxvs miekuTvneba aseve fineTi, irlan dia, saberZneTi, poloneTi,<br />

CexeTis respublika, ungreTi, slovakeTi da slovenia, iseve rogorc sxva<br />

ramdenime post­komunisturi qveyana aRmosavleT evropaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom saparlamento wyoba aris didi britaneTis saCuqari mTlianad evropisaTvis.<br />

demokratiis Seguebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva<br />

rogor muSaobs saparlamento mmarTvelobis forma sxva qveynebSi? imuSavebs<br />

Tu ara amgvari forma avtoritaruli tradiciebis qveynebSi? risi Tqma<br />

SeiZleba im qveynebze, sadac adgili aqvs politikur arastabilurobas da<br />

revoluciebsac ki? SesaZloa Tu ara gansxvavebuli politikuri kulturis<br />

pirobebSi demokratiam moikidos fexi?<br />

safrangeTis, germaniis, iaponiis, indoeTisa da israelis magaliTebma<br />

cxadyo, rom demokratia gacilebiT ufro Seguebadia, vidre es TeoretikosTa<br />

umetesobas warmoedgina. es mniSvnelovania, radganac demokratia<br />

TiTqmis yvelgan savaldebulo qebis obieqtad gadaiqca. msoflios<br />

TiTqmis yvela qveyana, raoden tiranuli xasiaTisac unda iyos igi, garegnulad<br />

iZens konstituciurobis elfers da sakuTar Tavs demokratiulad<br />

acxadebs. im qveynebSi, sadac media xelisuflebis mier kontrolirdeba, sadac<br />

ucxoelebisaTvis gadaadgileba da kontaqtebis damyareba SezRudulia,<br />

sadac Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs gamudmebiT policiuri represiebis SiSis<br />

gancda awuxebT, mTavrobas realurad araferi zRudavs imaSi, rom demokra­

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

171<br />

tiuloulobasa da liberaluri Rire bulebebis erTgulebaze isaubros da<br />

imavdroulad, devnides, amcirebdes da aSinebdes saku T ar moqalaqeebs.<br />

eWvgareSea, rom demokratiis mzardi popularoba arnaxul masStabebs iZ ens<br />

(Tumca, ar aris universaluri) _ CrdiloeT afrikis muslimuri qveynebi,<br />

axlo aRmosavleTisa da samxreTi aziis zogierTi saxelmwifo am mxriv gamonaklisia.<br />

yvelaze mkacri diqtatoruli reJimebic ki demokratiulobaze<br />

acxadeben pretenzias. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis<br />

saukeTeso formaa da amas aRiareben kidec?<br />

am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar aris martivi. zogierT ers aqvs tradiciebi _ magaliTad,<br />

avtoritaruli politikuri tradiciebi _ romelic demokratias<br />

arabunebrivad da arasasurveladac ki warmoaCens. sxvebis Cveulebebi da<br />

kulturuli memkvidreoba, sruliad SeuTavsebelia demokratiis ideisaTvis<br />

umniSvnelovanes individualizmisa da egalitarianiz mis principebTan. dabolos,<br />

im qveynebSi, romelebsac awuxebs Warbi mosaxleobisa da sakvebze permanentuli<br />

deficitis problemebi, konstitucionalizmi sruliad usargeblo<br />

da abstraqtul cnebad miaCniaT. xalxisaTvis, romelic SimSilis zRvarzea,<br />

nebismieri xelisufleba, romelic SeZlebs maTi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis<br />

problemis Semsubuqebas, ukve TavisTavad kargi xelisuflebaa.<br />

Bbevr qveyanas mouxda sakmaod rTuli kulturuli, socialuri Tu eTnikuri<br />

winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxva warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis<br />

Camoyalibebis gzaze. sakmaod axlo warsulSi, eqstremalurma individualizmma<br />

da samoqalaqo TviTSegnebis naklebobam saeWvo gaxada demokratiis<br />

mizanSewoniloba safrangeTSi. miuxedavad amisa, mexuTe respublika ager<br />

ukve meoTxe aTwleulia funqcionirebs, rac swrafi politikuri cvlilebebis<br />

istoriis mqone erisaTvis mniSvnelovani miRwevaa. bevri analitikosi<br />

pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom daarsebuli germaniis vaimaris respublikis<br />

dacemas ukavSirebda germanelTa antidemokratiul miswrafebebs, rac germanul<br />

sazogadoebaSi zedmiwevniTi wesrigisa da disciplinis Camoyalibebis<br />

survils gulisxmobs. magram dasavleT germaniis Semdgomma warmatebam am<br />

Teorias safuZveli gamoacala. aseve, iaponiasac demokratiuli cxovrebis<br />

gamocdileba ar hqonia meore msoflio omamde da misi konsensusis principze<br />

damyarebuli da@ patron­klienteluri tipis urTierTobebze agebuli<br />

sazogadoeba sruliad winaaRmdegobrivi Canda demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

Tumca, iaponia ukve naxe vari saukunea demokratiul mmarTvelobas<br />

axorcielebs. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT, indoeTi da israeli aseve qmediT<br />

demokratiebs warmoadgenen pirvel SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis mkveTri si­<br />

Wrelis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mudmivi dapirispirebebis pirobebSi.<br />

sainteresoa gavarkvioT, es magaliTebi gamonaklisia, Tu marTlac adasturebs,<br />

rom arasworia ganzogadebiTi daskvna demokratiis zogierT sazogadoebaSi<br />

ararelevanturobis Sesaxeb? safrangeTis, germaniis, iaponiis, indoeTisa<br />

da israelis magaliTebi cxadyofen, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis<br />

saocrad moq nili da adaptirebadi formaa.

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172 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis winaaRmdeg<br />

amerikis saprezidento da brinateTis saparlamento sistemebi warmoadgens<br />

demokratiuli mmarTvelobis or gansxvavebul formas. mexuTe respublikis<br />

periodSi safrangeTi warmatebulad iTavsebs orive sistemisaTvis<br />

damaxa siaTebel elementebs.<br />

mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema<br />

1958 wels mexuTe respublikis Seqmna misi winamorbedebis naklovanebebis<br />

gamosworebis mcdeloba iyo. misma damfuZnebelma Sarl de golma (1890­1970)<br />

am nakls franguli politikis fataluri kvanZi uwoda_ uZluri aRmasruleblebi<br />

imarTebodnen ficxi kanonmdeblebis mier. xelisuflebis qronikuli<br />

paralize ba da saxalxo imedebis gacrueba konstituciuri wesrigis<br />

sistematuri damxobis provocirebas axdenda. rogorc de goli xSirad<br />

aRniSnavda, respublikuri mmarTvelobis damyarebis pirveli sami mcdeloba<br />

safrangeTSi diqtaturiT damTavrda. safrangeTis istoria 1878 wlidan 1958<br />

wlamde imis mSvenieri ilustraciaa, rac @`federalistis~@ avtorebs kargad<br />

esmodaT: xelmZRvanelobas moklebuli xelisuflebas sakuTar Tavze uaresi<br />

mteri ar hyavs.<br />

meoTxe respublikis periodSi (1946­58) mTavroba saSualod eqvs TveSi<br />

icv leboda. politikuri partiebis arnaxulma siWarbem, romelTa nawilis<br />

sicocxlisunarianoba Zalian xanmokle iyo, safrangeTis saparlamento<br />

sistema parodiad aqcia. metic, politikuri speqtris sxvadasxva polusze<br />

mdebare partiebi _ memarjvene golistebi da memarcxene komunistebi _<br />

cdilobdnen Ziri gamoeTxaraT meoTxe resublikis konstituciisaTvis.<br />

erTaderTi sakiTxi, razec es ori partia Tanxmdeboda, iyo is, rom meoTxe<br />

respublika ana Temaa, da amitom periodulad TanamSromlobdnen mTavrobis<br />

damxobis mizniT. am or @eqstremistul@ partias erToblivad hqonda sakmarisi<br />

Zala nacionalur asambleaSi, rom daebrkolebinaT arasasurveli sakanonmdeblo<br />

iniciativebi daam gziT gadaeyenebinaT susti koaliciuri mTavrobebi<br />

(aseT qmedebas uaryofiTi veto ewodeba).<br />

safrangeTSi bevrs imedi hqonda, rom 1958 wlis konstitucia qveyanaSi<br />

gamefebul politikur arastabilurobas daasrulebda. axali konstitucia<br />

SedarebiT mokled da gasagebi eniT iyo dawerili. misi debulebebi de golis<br />

politikur Sexedulebebs efuZneboda, risi ZiriTadi principebi man Tavis<br />

cnobil gamosvlaSi konstituciis miRebamde 12 wliT adre ase Camoayaliba:<br />

@aSkaraa, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ar unda iyos damokidebuli<br />

parlamentze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, orpalatiania da warmoadgens<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adgili eqneba<br />

pasuxismgeblobebis aRrevas, sadac mTavroba sxva araferi iqneba Tu<br />

ara partiuli delegaciebis dajgufeba... safrangeTis xelisuflebis<br />

erTianoba, koordinirebuloba da Sida wesrigi unda iqces mTavar

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

amocanad, Torem qveynis mmarTveloba iqceva uunarod da sneulad.<br />

maS rogor unda iqnas miRweuli amgvari erTianoba, koordinirebuloba<br />

da wesrigi, Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gamomdinarobs sxva<br />

organo dan, romelic wesiT mis dabalansebas unda axdendes da mTavrobis<br />

TiToeuli wevri, romelic qveynis warmomadgenlobiTi organos<br />

winaSe koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobas unda iziarebdes, araferia, Tu<br />

ara sakuTari partiis emisari? amitomac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />

unda iyos warmodgenili saxelmwifos meTauris saxiT, romelic iqneba<br />

partiebisagan damoukidebeli da airCeva im organos mier, romelic<br />

moicavs parlamentsac, magram masze ufro farToa...<br />

saxelmwifos meTauris prerogativaa sazogado interesebis gan xilva<br />

mis mier SerCeul pirebTan erTad da aseve, parlamentis orientaciis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT. misive uflebaa ministrTa nominireba da maT<br />

Soris, pirvel rigSi premier­ministris dasaxeleba, romelmac unda<br />

war marTos mTavrobis <strong>politika</strong> da muSaoba. misi movaleobaa kanonis<br />

propaganda da gancxadebebis gakeTeba, radganac isini vrceldeba<br />

mTeli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebze. aseve, is unda xelmZRvanelobdes<br />

kabinets da am funqciiT daicvas erovnuli gangrZobiToba. man unda<br />

Seasrulos arbitris funqciac, romelic yoveldRiur politikur<br />

garemoebebze maRla dgas da uzrunvelyofs kabinetis normalur muSaobas,<br />

an gansakuTrebuli areulobis periodSi, daniSnos arCevnebi,<br />

raTa xalxma gamoavlinos misi suverenuli gadawyvetileba am gziT.<br />

man, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyana raime safrTxis winaSe dadgeba, unda<br />

aiRos qveynis usafrTxoebis garantiebisa da yvela im xelSekrulebis<br />

Sesrulebis valdebuleba, rasac safrangeTi SeuerTdeba. 4<br />

173<br />

saerTo jamSi, mTavari konstituciuri sistemis sqemaSi, rasac de goli<br />

daJinebiT moiTxovda, iyo Zlieri aRmasruleblis arseboba, romelsac unda<br />

gaewonasworebina gamudmebiT danawevrebuli parlamenti; aRmasrulebeli<br />

xe li suflebis centralur figurad ki moiazreboda saxelmwifos meTauri<br />

(prezidenti) da ara premier­ministri.<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />

sajaro xelisuflebis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebuli de golis koncefciis<br />

ZiriTadi elementebi 1958 wlis konstituciis TiTqmis yvela<br />

debulebaSia asaxuli. saparlamento modelis Sesabamisad, safrangeTis<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebac dayofilia. konstituciis mixedviT, premier­ministri<br />

aris mTavrobis meTauri, xolo prezidenti ki saxelmwifos<br />

meTauria. britaneli monarqisagan gansxvavebiT, bunebrivia, safrangeTis<br />

prezidenti arCeulia demokratiuli wesiT da gacilebiT meti politikuri<br />

Zalauflebac aqvs. saf rangeTis prezidenti, romlis farTo uflebebi Tavad<br />

de golis ambiciebs moarges, qveynis wamyvani politikuri figuraa. igi<br />

damoukidebelia saknonamdeblo Stosagan, gaaCnia Zalauflebis mravali

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174 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

berketi da saprezidento posts gansazRvruli vadiT ikavebs (Svidi weli<br />

1962­dan 2000 ww., amJamad xuTi weli).<br />

konstituciam prezident de gols konfliqturi interesebisa da konkuren<br />

ti politikuri partiebis momrigeblis funqciac SeuTavsa. konstituciam<br />

aseve mianiWa de gols da mis memkvidreebs sagareo politikis sferoSi<br />

upiratesi uflebebi. prezidents SeuZlia daniSnos da gaaTavisuflos premier­ministri,<br />

daiTxovos sakanonmdeblo organo, daniSnos axali arCevnebi,<br />

gamoacxados sagangebo mdgomareoba, gamosces kanonis Zalis mqone brZanebulebebi<br />

da uxelmZRvanelos kabinetis sxdomebs. garda amisa, prezidentma<br />

SeiZleba Caataros erovnuli re ferendumi qveynisaTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />

mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze.<br />

1958 wlis konstitucia Tavdapirvelad iTvaliswinebda, rom prezidenti<br />

arCeuli unda yofiliyo amomrCevelTa kolegiis mier, romelSic Sevidodnen<br />

adgilobrivi da cetraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, raTa am

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

175<br />

gziT prezidenti yoveldRiur <strong>politika</strong>ze maRla damdgariyo. 1962 wels de<br />

golma TviTneburad daniSna referendumi, sadac frang xalxs prezidentis<br />

pirdapiri wesiT arCevis sakiTxi unda gadaewyvita (`TviTneburad~ imdenad,<br />

ramdenadac mas konstitucia cvlilebebis Setanis procesSi nacionaluri<br />

asambleis gverdis avlis uflebas ar aZlevda). referendumma, absoluturi<br />

umravlesobis gadawyvetilebiT, safrangeTis prezidentis mmarTvelobas<br />

saxalxo mandati mianiWa. de golma kargad icoda, rom demokratiuli mmarTvelobis<br />

pirobebSi araferi aZlevs politikur liders imxela Zalauflebas<br />

da legitimurobas, rogorc amomCevelTa pirdapiri mxardaWera.<br />

safrangeTSi premier­ministrs prezidentTan SedarebiT naklebi Zalaufleba<br />

da gavlena aqvs, Tumca ukanasknel periodSi am or instituts Soris<br />

gacilebiT meti balansia, vidre de golis mmarTvelobis dros iyo. premieri<br />

prezidentis mier irCeva da emsaxureba mis nebas. rogorc mTavrobis<br />

meTauri, premieri marTavs ministrTa kabinets da sakanonmdeblo organos<br />

winaSe pasuxismgebelia sajaro <strong>politika</strong>sa da erovnul Tavdacvaze. premieri<br />

da misi kabineti Tvalyurs adevnebs da akontrolebs mTavrobisa da<br />

biurokratiis muSaobas. Tumca, mexu Te respublikis konstitucia zustad<br />

arc gansazRvravs ra uflebamosilebani da funqciebi aqvs prezidents, da<br />

ra _ premier­ministrs. de gols, frangul <strong>politika</strong>Si misi mniSvnelobidan<br />

gamomdinare, moswonda konstituciis miseburi interpretirebis SesaZleblobis<br />

arseboba. amitom, de golis mmarTvelobis periodSi, saprezidento<br />

Zalaufleba Zalze moqnili iyo da mocemul momentSi yvela saWiro resursisa<br />

da berketis gamosayenebis SesaZleblobas uqmnida.<br />

de golis Semdgom, arcerTi prezidenti ar yofila ase dominanturi<br />

frangul <strong>politika</strong>Si. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialist fransua miterans<br />

safrange Tis prezidentis posti 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi ekava (1981­1995), misi<br />

reputacia verasdros miuaxlovda de golis reitings. Tumca, miteranis<br />

mmarTvelobis umetes periodSi ZalTa balansi mainc prezidentis sasargeblod<br />

ixreboda premieris sapirispirod. safrangeTs, mexuTe respublikis<br />

daarsebidan 1988 wlamde, ar hyolia iseTi premieri, romelic prezidentis<br />

Zalauflebas daabalansebda an daCrdilavda. 1986 wlis erovnul arCevnebSi<br />

miteranis socialistur partiaze centristul­memarjvene partiis gamarjvebis<br />

Semdgom or weliwadSi safrange Tis premieri am ukanasknelis warmomadgeneli<br />

Jak Siraki gaxda. 1997 wels ki li onel Jospeni gaxda premierministri<br />

mas Semdeg, rac misma socialisturma partiam erovnul arCevnebSi<br />

daamarcxa ori wlis win prezidentad arCeuli Sirakis momxreebi nacionalur<br />

asambleaSi. orive SemTxvevaSi, prezidentis partiis warumatebloba parlamentSi<br />

saprezidento gavlenis Sesustebasa da axali premieris (da mTavari<br />

opoziciuri partiis lideris) Tundac droebiT politikur upiratesobaSi<br />

gamoixata.<br />

erovnuli asambleis SezRuduli roli<br />

Tuki saprezidento instituti mexuTe respublikis realuri poli­

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176 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

tikuri monapovaria, garkveulwilad Sesustda saparlamento Sto. igi<br />

or palatad: se natad da erovnul asamblead aris gayofili. safrangeTis<br />

senati, romelsac SezRuduli uflebamosileba gaaCnia, irCeva arapirdapiri<br />

gziT, xolo erovnuli asamblea irCeva pirdapiri wesiT mravalmandatiani<br />

raionebidan ormagi xmis micemiT (oretapiani arCevnebis Sedegad).<br />

erovnulma asambleam unda daamtkicos yvela wardgenili kanonproeqti da<br />

amdenad aRasrulos misi ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo uflebamosileba. Tumca,<br />

1958 wlis konstituciaSi kanonis cneba sakmaod viwrod aris ganmartebuli.<br />

bevri naxevrad sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetileba aRmasruleblis kompetenciaSi<br />

rCeba, romelsac, sxvaTa Soris, `brZanebulebiTi kanonis~ gamocemis<br />

ufleba aqvs.<br />

erovnuli asamblea ufro saintresoa im uflebamosilebebis ganxilvis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, romelic mas ar gaaCnia, nacvlad imis CamoTvlisa, rac mis<br />

kompetenciaSi Sedis. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gansazRvravs safrangeTis<br />

parlamentis dRis wesrigs. parlaments gaaCnia mxolod komitetebis<br />

SezRuduli raodenoba, mas SeuZlia imuSaos weliwadSi mxolod eqvsi Tvis<br />

ganmavlobaSi da ara aqvs finansuri kanonproeqtebis wardgenis ufleba.<br />

Tuki is raime mizeziT ver moa xerxebs aRmasruleblis mier wardgenili<br />

biujetis damtkicebas mocemul vadamde, maSin biujeti ZalaSi Sedis aRmasruleblis<br />

dekretis safuZvelze. metic, SesaZloa aRmasrulebelma mosTxovos<br />

parlaments kanonproeqtTa mTel pakets erTdroulad uyaros kenWi.<br />

dabolos, mTavrobas SeuZlia raime konkretul qmedebaze moiTxovos parlamentisagan<br />

ndobis xma. Tu amgvar SemTxvevaSi parlamentis gadawyvetileba<br />

iqneba uaryofiTi, maSin erovnuli asamblea faqtobrivad iTxovs mTavrobis<br />

gadayenebas da prezidents aniWebs arCevanis uflebas, daakompleqtos<br />

alternatiuli mTavroba an daniSnos axali arCevnebi. magram, rogorc wesi,<br />

kanonmdeblebs arcTu ise xiblavT axali arCevnebis idea, miT umetes, Tu maT<br />

mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebiT gavleniani prezidentis ukmayofileba<br />

gamoiwvies.<br />

de goli imdenad Sors wavida parlamentze kidev ufro didi upiratesobis<br />

mosapoveblad, rom man sakmaod sainteresod SeakavSira ramdenime calkeuli<br />

kons tituciuri debuleba. misi miTiTebiT, mTavrobas SeeZlo moeTxova<br />

sakiTx Ta paketze kanonmdebelTa mxardaWera erTiani kenWisyris gziT da<br />

Semdgom es mxar daWera sulac ndobis upirobo gamocxadebad eqcia. mas Semdeg,<br />

rac 1969 wels de golma datova <strong>politika</strong>, safrangeTis prezidentebi<br />

erovnul asamb leas SedarebiT ufro meti pativiscemiT epyrobian.<br />

politikuri partiebi<br />

safrangeTSi politikuri partiebis sakmaod didi speqtria. evropis sxva<br />

mravalpartiul sistemaTa msgavsad, safrangeTSic politikuri partiebi<br />

kla sificirebulni arian memarjvene da memarcxene Zalebad. umniSvnelovanesi<br />

memarcxene partiebi arian komunisturi da socialisturi (Sesabamisad,<br />

radikaluri da liberaluri orientaciis).

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

177<br />

Jak Sirakma, neogolistma premier­ministrma 1995 wlis maisSi socialisti prezidenti<br />

fransua miterani Secvala. 1997 wlis ivnisSi prezidentma Sirakma axali saparlamento<br />

arCevnebi moiTxova da iZulebuli gaxda socialisti lionel Jospeni daesaxelebina<br />

axal premier­ministrad, mas mere rac centristuli partiebi memarcxene<br />

partiebTan damarcxdnen. 2002 wlis gazafxulze Jospeni saprezidento arCevnebSi<br />

marcxis Semdeg gadadga.<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1970 wlamde komunisturi partia saSualod<br />

xmaTa 20 procents iRebda erovnul arCevnebSi. Tumca, bolo ori aTwleulis<br />

ganmavlobaSi misi poziciebi mniSvnelovnad Sesustda. socialisturi partia<br />

iqca memarcxeneTa mxardaWeris ZiriTad mimRebad. 1981 wels socialisturma<br />

partiam STambeWdavi gamarjveba moipova arCevnebSi, xolo misi kandidati, fransua<br />

mite rani safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1986 wlis<br />

arCevnebSi partiis mimarT mxardaWeram iklo, socialistebma poziciebi 1988<br />

wels miteranis xelmeored arCevisas aRidgines da kvlavac wamyvan politikur<br />

Zalad iqcnen parlamentSi (Tumca, maT ar hqondaT mandatebis umravlesoba).<br />

1990­iani wlebSi saxalxo mxardaWera centristul­memarjvene Zalebisaken<br />

gadaixara. 1993 wels ki maT absoluturi gamarjveba izeimes da erovnul<br />

asambleaSi daibrunes dominanturi pozicia. ori wlis Semdeg, neogolisti<br />

kandidati _ Jak Siraki arCeuli iqna qveynis prezidentad. Sirakis arCevam,<br />

romelsac da emata imave wels centristuli­memarjvene Zalebis triumfi<br />

senatis arCevnebSic, konservatiuli Zalebs marTvis sruli sadaveebi<br />

Caugdo xelT, Tumca ara xangrZlivi vadiT. 1997 wels prezident Sirakis<br />

mierve vadaze adre daniSnulma saparlamento arCevnebma yvela gaakvirva,<br />

gansakuTrebiT TviTon Siraki, rome lic mniSvnelovani saxalxo mxardaWeris<br />

mopovebas eloda misi seriozuli ekonomikuri programis gamo. magram<br />

memarcxene Zalebma, isev socialistTa xelmZRvanelobiT, damajerebeli<br />

gamarjveba moipoves. Siraks aRar hqonda sxva arCeva ni, garda socialisti<br />

lionel Jospenis axal premier­ministrad gamocxadebisa.

---

178 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

TavisTavad is faqti, rom Jan mari le penis ultra memarjvene nacionalisturma<br />

partiam 1997 wlis arCevnebSi mxolod erTi saparlamento mandati<br />

miiRo, safrangeTis oretapiani saarCevno proceduris ucnauri Sedegia.<br />

gamarjvebulis gamosavlenad saWiroa arCevnebis meore turis Catareba im<br />

saarCevno olqebSi, sadac pirvel etapze verc erTi kandidati ver miiRebs<br />

gadamwyvet umravlesobas (Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom 2002 wlis arCevnebSi<br />

le penis STambeWdavma poziciebma saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi<br />

ultramemarjveneebs gaZlierebisaTvis damatebiTi biZgi misca). xSirad,<br />

urTierTmsgav si politiku ri Sexedulebebis mqone partiebi arCevnebis<br />

pirvel da meore turs Soris ayalibeben aliansebs, sxvadasxva olqSi erTmaneTis<br />

kandidatebis mxar daWeris piro biT, riTac parlamentSi marginaluri<br />

da radikaluri partiebis gavlena mcirdeba.<br />

konstitucia zewolis qveS: balansis gamocda<br />

1964 wels, premier­ministrma JorJ pompidum (romelic mogvianebiT safrangeTis<br />

prezidenti gaxda, 1969­1974) mexuTe respublikis rTuli institucionaluri<br />

balansi imgvarad aRwera, rom is dReisTvisac adekvaturia:<br />

safrangeTma airCia Sualeduri mmarTvelobis forma amerikul saprezidento<br />

sistemasa da britanul saparlamento sistemas Soris, sadac<br />

sa xelmwifos meTauris (romelic gansazRvravs saerTo politikur<br />

kurss) Za laufleba saxalxo mxardaWeridan momdinareobs, magram am<br />

Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba mxolod mTavrobasTan erTad SeuZlia,<br />

romelsac Tavadve airCevs da waradgens, Tumca am ukanasknelma, saku­<br />

Tari Tavis gadasarCenad, unda SeinarCunos asambleis ndoba. 5<br />

mexuTe respublikam safrangeTs stabiluri demokratia moutana naxevari<br />

saukunis ganmavlobaSi. 1958 wlis konstituciaze dafuZnebulma sistemam<br />

ufro kargad imuSava, vidre misma winamorbedebma, ukve oTxjer met xans<br />

gastana vidre meoTxe respublika da gacilebiT ufro nakleb meryevi aRmoCnda<br />

vidre mesame respublika. de golis gavlenam misi prezidentobis Semdegac<br />

did xans gastana. misma memkvidreebma ganagrZes erovnul Rirsebasa da<br />

damoukideblobaze orientirebuli <strong>politika</strong>, romelic emyareboda swrafad<br />

ganviTarebad evropaSi safrangeTis wamyvani rolis degoliseul xedvas, mis<br />

survils, kidev ufro aemaRlebina saerTaSoriso asparezze qveynis prestiJi<br />

(maT Soris, rogorc erT­erTi birTvuli saxelmwifosi). de golis memkvidreobis<br />

kidev erT ilustracias warmoadgens Zlieri erovnuli ekonomikis<br />

modeli, sadac, franguli tradiciiT, aRiarebulia saxelmwifos didi roli<br />

da aseve, gaTvaliswinebulia sabazro ekonomikis principebi.<br />

mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi erovnuli asambleac mxars uWerda<br />

am <strong>politika</strong>s. mxolod erTi xanmokle gamonaklisi dadga 1981 wlis SedegebTan<br />

erTad, romelmac socialistebs aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo<br />

arCevnebSi gamarjveba moutana. warmatebiT STagonebulma socialistebma,

---

saparlamento demokratia<br />

179<br />

xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave gaaZlieres socialuri programebi da franguli<br />

industriis didi nawilis nacionalizacia moaxdines. Tumca, rogorc<br />

ki sabazro ekonomikis sapirispirod gatarebuli memarcxene politikis<br />

Sedegad qveynis ekonomikam stagnacia daiwyo, amomrCevelma socialistebi<br />

dasaja da1986 wlis arCevnebSi Zalauflebis sadaveebi isev memarjvene­centristebs<br />

daubruna. gzavnili aSkara iyo: sakmarisia, Tavi dagvanebeT.<br />

zogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, rac ufro moSorebulia prezidenti<br />

sazogadoebrivi azrisagan, miT ufro metad demokratiuli xdeba franguli<br />

sistema im sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac igi emsaxureba. iqidan gamomdinare,<br />

rom prezidenti 2000 wlamde Svid weliwadSi erTxel, xolo axali parlamenti<br />

xuT weliwadSi erTxel mainc irCeva, arCevnebis sixSire da masTan<br />

dakavSirebuli mzadeba franguli politikis erT­erT mniSvnelovan nawils<br />

warmoadgens. marTlac, 1962­dan 1997 wlamde ToTxmetjer Catarda arCevnebi.<br />

erT­erTi avtoris TqmiT, `saarCevno taqtikis logikidan gamomdinare,<br />

grZelvadian programebs momentalur Sedegebze gaTvlili <strong>politika</strong> da partiuli<br />

aliansebi sWarbobs~. 6 (arCevnebi kidev ufro meti sixSiriT tardeba<br />

aSS­Si, magram warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebi yovel or weliwadSi an<br />

senatis mesamedis ganaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli procesebi, rogorc wesi,<br />

didi eleqtoraluri interesiT da aqtivobiT ar gamoirCeva).<br />

mexuTe respublikis dasawyisSi arsebobda imis potenciuri safrTxe,<br />

rom safrangeTis gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba mniSvnelovan<br />

winaaRmde gobebs Seqmnida im SemTvevaSi, Tu prezidenti da premieri sxvadasxva<br />

politikuri Zalebis warmomadgenlebi iqnebodnen, sxvadasxva politikur<br />

ideologi as gaatarebdnen da gansxvavebuli politikuri xedva eqnebodaT.<br />

dRemde sami amgvari precedenti iyo, Tumca amas raime mniSvnelovani problema<br />

namdvilad ar gamouwvevia. 1986 wels, roca memarjvene Zalebma gaimarjves<br />

erovnul arCevnebSi, socialisti prezidenti fransua miterani iZulebuli<br />

iyo moewvia pari zis neogolisti meri Jak Siraki premierad, romelsac<br />

unda Camoeyalibebina axali mTavroba. 1993 wels, roca socialistebi ganmeorebiT<br />

damarcxdnen saparlamento arCevnebSi memarjvene­centristuli<br />

koaliciis mier, miterani isev iZulebuli gaxda moewvia gamarjvebuli Zalis<br />

warmomadgeneli eduard baladuri premier­ministrad. dabolos, 1997 wlis<br />

ivnisSi prezidentma Jak Sirakma analogiuri garemoebebis gamo (mxolod amjerad<br />

konservatorebze memarcxeneebis gamarjvebis mizeziT), premier­ministrad<br />

socia listi lionel Jospeni daniSna, romelmac, sxva Ta Soris, 2002<br />

wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirvelive turSi samarcxvino damarcxeba<br />

iwvnia Sirakis kanidaturasTan dapirispirebis gamo.<br />

gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis problemam dRis wesrigSi Tanaarsebobis<br />

aucilebloba daayena, roca gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />

sxvadasxva partiebis mier kontroldeba. ramdenad kargad muSaoben<br />

erTad prezidenti da premier­ministri sxva sakiTxia. rogorc aRvniSneT, am<br />

or aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris Zalauflebis formaluri gayofa<br />

xSirad samar cxvino formas iRebs da xelisuflebas CixSi aqcevs. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, `Tanaarsebobis~ xanmokle gamocdilebam aCvena, rom Tavad sistemas<br />

safrTxe ar eqmneba.

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180 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

evropa da msoflio vaWroba<br />

franguli dRis wesrigi: magaliTi<br />

safrangeTi frTxilad agrZelebs evrokavSiris farglebSi gafarToebul<br />

savaWro SesaZleblobebaTa mxardaWeras. miuxedavad amisa, bolodroindeli<br />

gamokvlevebi cxadad adasturebs frangebis umravlesobis Sexedulebas,<br />

rom evrokavSirTan mWidro urTierToba `Zalze bevr msxverpls~ moiTxovs.<br />

prezident miteranis xelmZRvanelobiT safrangeTma mxari dauWira ekonomikuri<br />

integraciis mimarTulebiT svlas. Tumca, safrangeTis bevr tradiciul<br />

produqcuas germaneli da sxva evropeli qveynebis konkurentebis mxridan<br />

safrTxe daemuqra. frangi fermerebi gansakuTrebuli simkacriT moiTxovdnen<br />

proteqcionisturi zomebis miRebas zogjer ga afTrebuli protestebisa<br />

da demonstraciebis (magaliTad, traqtorebiT ZiriTadi quCebisa da gzebis<br />

gadaketva) gamarTviT. evropul savaluto kavSirSi gawevrianebas azrTa<br />

didi sxvadasxvaoba mohyva, radgan franguli sazogadoebis didi seqtori<br />

nebismier supranacionalur da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi<br />

yovelTvis gaafTrebiT icavda erovnuli suverenitetis ideas. amas garda,<br />

unificirebuli evropuli valutis SemoReba damokidebuli iyo erovnuli<br />

biujetis deficitis mTliani Sida produqciis 3%­mde Semcirebaze – standarti,<br />

ramac prezident Sirakis biujetis Sekvecis zomebis mxardaWera ai­<br />

Zula. es arapopularuli RonisZiebebi, Tavis mxriv, socialistebisa da sxva<br />

memarcxene partiebis xelSi 1997 wlis ivnisis arCevnebSi Sirakis partiis<br />

damarcxebis iaraRad iqca.<br />

umuSevroba da ekonomika<br />

Tanamedrove frangul sazogdoebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli imedgacruebis<br />

mizezebis gamocnoba Zneli ar aris. 1996 wels gadasaxadebma da<br />

umuSevrobam rekordul maCvenebels miaRwia, xelfasebi gaiyina, sazogadoebrivi<br />

danaxarjebi da seqtori Seikveca; erovnuli vali 1993 wlis mSps<br />

45.4%­dan 1997 wels daaxloebiT 58%­mde gaizarda. franguli ekonomika<br />

1996 wels neli tempiT 0.9%­iT, xolo 1997 wels daaxloebiT 2.6%­iT gaizarda.<br />

safrangeTi umuSevrobis maRali doniT ­ 12%­iT, evrokavSirSi espane­<br />

Tis Semdeg meore adgilze iyo. es mudmivi problema kidev ufro amZafrebs<br />

daZabul urTierTobebs profkavSirebSi gaerTianebul muSebsa da xelisuflebas<br />

Soris im qveyanaSi, sadac muSebi xSirad awyoben gaficvebsa da demonstraciebs.<br />

bevri frangi xedavs mWidro kavSirs umuSevrobasa da emigracias<br />

Soris – emigrantebi Tanaxma arian dabal xelfasad imuSaon, qalaqebSi iyrian<br />

Tavs da SezRuduli samuSao adgilebisaTvis konkurenciaSi ebmebian.<br />

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis dabalanseba<br />

umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad frangebs ekonomikuri zrda sWirdebaT. pre­

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

181<br />

mier­ministrma lionel Jospenma 1997 wels Tavisi saarCveno kampaniis dros<br />

350 aTasi samoqalaqo mosamsaxuris dasaqmebisa da samuSao kviris 39 saaTidan<br />

35 saaTamde Semcirebis piroba dado xelfasis Semcirebis gareSe. gasagebi<br />

mizezebis gamo am zomaTa popularobis miuxedavad, safrangeTi msoflio<br />

ekonomikur konkurenciaSi arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda _ franguli<br />

ekonomikisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebel grZelvadian ekonomikur<br />

zrdas safrTxe Seeqmna.<br />

emigracia da sazogadoeba<br />

ukiduresi memarjvene erovnuli fronti Jan mari le penis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />

yvelaze seriozulad moekida emigraciis sakiTxs. amJamad safrangeTSi<br />

ZiriTadad CrdiloeT afriki dan Camosuli 3 milionze meti arabi da afrikisa<br />

da aziis yofili koloniebidan emigrirebuli mravali adamiani cxovrobs.<br />

umuSevrobam da qalaqebis saxis dakargvam politikuri devnilebis,<br />

ltolvilebis da TavSesafris maZebarTa mimarT tradiciuli franguli<br />

stumarTmoyvareoba Seasusta. sazogadoebis mxridan zewolisa da ukiduresi<br />

memarjveneebis pretenziebis sapasuxod xelisuflebam gaaZliera<br />

moTxovnebi aralegaluri emigrantebis mimarT da po litikuri devnilebis<br />

mier TavSesafris Ziebas meti skepticizmiT moekida. ucxoelebi, turistebis<br />

CaTvliT xSirad Civian, rom maT safrangeTSi gulRiad ar xvdebian. le penis<br />

meore adgilma 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi safrange­<br />

Ti (da mTeli evropa) SokSi Caagdo; miuxedavad imisa, rom Sirakma sabolood<br />

sruli gamarjveba moipova, le peni da misi mimdevrebi wamyvani partiebisaTvis<br />

seriozul safrTxes warmoadgenen.<br />

sasamarTlo sistema<br />

safrangeTis sasamarTlo sistema dayofilia ori umTavresi tipis sasamar­<br />

Tlod: Cveulebrivi sasamarTlo da administraciuli sasamarTlo. miuxedavad<br />

am sakmaod rutinuli klasifikaciisa, safrangeTis iuridiuli sistema<br />

ramdeni me sakmaod saintereso da uCveulo inovacias Seicavs. magaliTad,<br />

iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo respublikis prezidentis TavmjdomareobiT ganixilavs<br />

sasamarTlo dawinaurebebisa da disciplinur sakiTxebs. uzenaesi<br />

sasamarTlo uflebamosilia gaasamarTlos respublikis prezidenti qveynis<br />

RalatisaTvis da xelisuflebis wevrebi sajaro valdebulebebis Sesrulebisas<br />

kriminaluri danaSaulis Cade nisaTvis.<br />

sakonstitucio sabWo Sedgeba cxra mosamarTlisa (romelTaganac sami<br />

respublikis prezidentis, sami _ nacionaluri asambleis prezidentis,<br />

xolo danarCeni sami ki _ senatis prezidentis mier aris dasaxelebuli) da<br />

aseve qveynis yvela yofili prezidentisagan. mas sasamarTlo meTvalyureobis<br />

funqciac aqvs, rac sakmaod mniSvnelovania frangul sistemaSi. igi<br />

zedamxedvelobs prezidentis arCevnebs da aseve ZaluZs winaaRmdegobrivi

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182 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

sakanonmdeblo davebis gamoZieba da gadawyveta. garkveul SemTxvevebSi, mas<br />

SeuZlia moamzados daskvnebi momavali kanonmdeblobis an ukve ZalaSi Sesuli<br />

kanonebis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb. sabWosaTvis gadacemuli saqmeebi<br />

ar atarebs individualuri davebis an mimarTvis xasiaTs (rogorc es aSS­Sia).<br />

es saqmeebi sabWoSi xelisuflebis danarCeni ori Stos specialuri mimarTvis<br />

safuZvelze SeiZleba moxvdes. aqedan gamomdinare, sakiTxebi, romelsac<br />

sabWo ganixilavs, ZiriTadad politikuria da pirdapir exeba konstituciuri<br />

uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebas xeli suflebis sxvadasxva Stosa<br />

Tu struqturis mier.<br />

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia safrangeTSi?<br />

safrangeTi msoflioSi erT­erTi yvelaze xandazmuli demokratiuli<br />

tra diciebis matarebeli qveyanaa. safrangeTis revolucia amerikis<br />

revolu ciidan mxolod ramdenime wlis Semdeg moxda da TiTqmis swored im<br />

isto ri ul momentSi, roca amerikeli damfuZneblebi filadelfiaSi ganixilavdnen<br />

msoflioSi pir veli konstituciuri demokratiis modelis Seqmnis<br />

sa kiTxs. orive revoluciam Tavisufleba aRiara umTavres principad da<br />

orivem miiCnia politikuri Tanasworoba (igive demokratia) Tavisuflebis<br />

dacvis saukeTeso, Tu ara erTaderT saSualebad. magram safrangeTis gza<br />

demokratiamde amerikasTan SedarebiT ga cilebiT ufro grZeli da rTuli<br />

aRmoCnda. xuTjer scades frangebma am sistemis warmatebiT awyoba da mar­<br />

Tebulad gaTaviseba da marTlac miaRwies amas. dResdReobiT safrangeTs<br />

aqvs Zlieri ekonomika (romelic xandaxan mainc awydeba problemebs), Zlieri<br />

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba (romelic drodadro studentebis, fermerebisa Tu<br />

muSaTa jgufebis saprtotesto aqtivobiTac gamoixate ba) da mravalferovani<br />

kultura. safrangeTi axali evropis lideria (evrokavSiri), misi SedarebiT<br />

didi mezoblis (da istoriuli mowinaaRmdegis) germaniis Tanaswori<br />

partniori da CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (natos)<br />

erT­erTi wamyvani wevri. qsenofobiuri politikis uaryofa umravlesobis<br />

mier, rac 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis meore turSi Jan mari le penis<br />

damarcxebam cxadyo, safrangeTis eleqtoratis samoqalaqo simwifeze<br />

miuTiTebs. safrangeTSi, yvela Sesaba misi parametris mixedviT, demokratia<br />

funqcionirebs kargad (ramdenadac es saerTod SesaZlebelia idealurisgan<br />

Sors myof msoflioSi).<br />

germania: federalizmi militarizmis winaaRmdeg<br />

Tanamedove germaniam Camoyalibeba daiwyo me­19 saukunis bolo period­<br />

Si, roca ori STambeWdavi samxedro gamarjvebis (1866 wels avstriaze, xolo<br />

1871 wels safrangeTze) Sedegad aRzevda evropul asparezze. meoce saukunis<br />

ganmavlobaSi germaniis mSfoTvare istoriis gasagebad, aucilebelia<br />

misi warumatebeli demokratiuli eqsperimentis ganxilvac.

---

vaimaris respublika<br />

saparlamento demokratia<br />

183<br />

hitleris mesame raixi aRmocenda vaimaris respublikaSi, romelic Tavis<br />

mxriv germaniaSi konstituciuri demokratiis Camoyalibebis pirveli eqsperimenti<br />

iyo. bevri eqsperti miiCnevs, rom problema iyo ara vaimaris respublikis<br />

warumatebloba TavisTavad, aramed warmatebis Sansis ararseboba.<br />

daarsebisTanave, 1919 wels igi asocirebuli iyo germaniis samarcxvino<br />

da marcxebasTan pirvel msoflio omSi da SezRuduli iyo versalis samSvidobo<br />

xelSekrulebiT dadgenili mkacri pirobebiT. respublikas dakisrebuli<br />

hqonda mZime kompensacia gamarjvebulTa aliansis mxridan, ramac gamoiwvia<br />

mwvave ekonomikuri problemebi, umuSevrobis maRali done, biznesis<br />

Cavardna, swrafi inflacia da Sedegad, vaimaris respublikis Sesusteba.<br />

amgvari daZabuli viTarebis fonze, germanulma sazogadoebam polarizeba<br />

ganicada ukidures memarjvene da ukidures memarcxene mimdinareobebad.<br />

eqstremizmis aRmocenebam ki TavisTavad xelisuflebis krizisi ganapiroba.<br />

erT­erTi eqspertis SefasebiT: `stabiluri demokratiuli mmarTveloba<br />

vaimaris respublikis arsebobis periodSi mudmivad safrTxis qveS imyofeboda.<br />

qveyana imarTeboda... arapopularuli umciresobaTa kabinetebis, Signidan<br />

susti `didi koaliciebis~, an kidev, parlaments miRma avtoritaruli<br />

saprezidento kabinetebis mier.~ 7<br />

Tu warsuls gadavavlebT Tvals, aSkaraa, rom vaimaris respublikis dacema<br />

gardauvali iyo. rogorc varaudoben, Zalian cota demokratia Tu SeZlebda<br />

amgvari winaaRmdegobebis daZlevas. Znelia imis warmodgenac, Sedgeboda<br />

Tu ara demokratia pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom germaniaSi ufro ukeTes<br />

politikur da ekonomikur pirobebSi. bolos da bolos, kancler oto fon<br />

bismarkisa (1871­1890) da vilhelm II­is mmarTvelobis (1888­1891) periodSi<br />

germa nia demokratiulobis ideisagan namdvilad Zalian Sors idga. am avtoritari<br />

mmarTvelebis dros, sityvis Tavisufleba, politikuri monawileoba<br />

da partiuli <strong>politika</strong> akrZaluli iyo. metic, mmarTvelisadmi morCileba<br />

germanul Taviseburebad iqca. amdenad, germanuli sazogadoeba 1919 wels,<br />

rogorc Cans, moumzadebeli iyo demokratiisaTvis. Tumca amavdroulad, versalis<br />

SeTanxmebiT dawesebulma araSorsmWvretelma sadamsjelo <strong>politika</strong>m<br />

kidev ufro daamZima demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis isedac araxelsayreli<br />

garemo. am gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1949 wels erTi ZiriTadi kiTxva<br />

gaCnda: saerTod, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara demokratiis muSa oba odesme im<br />

qveyanaSi, romelic cota xnis win Tavs uxrida sastik tirans (hitlers), emsaxureboda<br />

totalitarul mTavrobas (nacistur reJims) da Tvals xuWavda,<br />

roca milionobiT udanaSaulo adamians (maT Soris bavSvebs) gazis kamereb­<br />

Si xocavdnen?<br />

gayofili germania: civi omis minimodeli<br />

germaniis federaciuli respublikis (dasavleTi germaniis) safuZvlebis<br />

gaanalizeba mniSvnelovania misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sesafase­

---

184 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

blad. meore msoflio omma daangria germania. qveyana da misi dedaqalaqi<br />

berlini gayofili iqna aliansis wevrebs (aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi<br />

da sabWoTa kavSiri) Soris. Tavdapirveli ganzraxva iyo saokupacio<br />

zonebis gaerTianeba da maTi TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis Semzadeba, magram<br />

sabWoTa kavSirma uari ganacxada mis kontrols qveS myofi segmentis daTmobaze.<br />

es ukanaskneli gamocxadda germaniis demokratiul respublikad<br />

(aRmosavleTi germania), maSin roca dasavleT germaniam danarCeni seqtorebi<br />

gaaerTiana. 1949 wlidan 1990 wlamde germaneli eri gayofili iyo. berlini,<br />

istoriuli dedaqalaqi, iqca aSS­sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris civi omis Ria<br />

placdarmad. orad gayofili germania msoflios dasavleTisa da aRmosavle­<br />

Tis mkveTr politikur dayofas Seaxsenebda, igi safrT xes uqmnida mTlianad<br />

msoflios momavals.<br />

miuxedevad imisa, rom aRmosavleT germania aRmosavleT evropis yvela ze<br />

ganviTarebul komunistur saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, dasavleT germaniis<br />

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba masTan SedarebiT bevrad warmatebuli iyo. dasavleT<br />

germaniis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da misi aRmasvlis daujereblad<br />

swrafi tempi meore msoflio omis damangreveli efeqtis fonze, saswauladac<br />

ki monaTles. 1960 wels dasavleT germania evropis axladCamoyalibebuli<br />

saerTo bazris dasayrdenad iqca, rac Semdgom msoflios umsxviles<br />

savaWro gaerTianebad da TandaTan erTian evropul ekonomikad Camoyalibda.<br />

Cven mas dRes evrokavSi ris saxeliT vicnobT. imavdroulad, dasavleT germaniis<br />

ekonomika kvlavac rCeba evropis yvelaze dinamiur Zalad.<br />

aseve STambeWdavi aRmoCnda demokratiis warmateba dasavleT germaniaSi,<br />

misi aRmosavleli komunisti mezoblisagan, germaniis demokratiuli<br />

respublikisagan gansxvavebiT. uzarmazari gansxvaveba or germanias Soris<br />

gaxda mizezi 1961 wels berlinis kedlis aSenebisa, romelsac aRmosavleT<br />

germanelebis (da sxva aRmosavleT evropelebis) izolireba unda moexdina<br />

dasavleTisagan da dasavleT berlinis gziT maTi dasavleTSi gaqcevis Sesa­<br />

Zlebloba aRekveTa. berlinis kedeli ara mxolod dasavleT da aRmosavleT<br />

berlinis wyalgamyofs warmoadgenda, aramed simbolurad gamoxatavda maT<br />

Soris arsebul politikur da ekonomikur gansxvavebebs.<br />

30 wlis Semdeg germania isev gaerTianda. Tumca, manamde, cxovrebis gacilebiT<br />

dabali standartebis mqone aRmosavleT germanelebs ekrZalebodaT<br />

dasavleT germaniaSi emigrireba da vizitic ki. sabWoTa kavSiris liderma,<br />

mixeil gorbaCovma (1985­1991) axali realiebi Semoitana sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

mier. meore msoflio omis Semdeg aRmosavleT evropaSi damyarebuli arapopularuli<br />

da warumatebeli komunisturi reJimebi TandaTan dauZlevel<br />

problemad iqca. gorbaCovis periodSi, sabWoTa kavSirs aRar Seswevda am<br />

warumatebeli ekonomikuri sistemebisa da dangrevis piras myofi saxelmwifoebis<br />

aRorZinebis unari. aRmosavleT germaniis reJimis aRsasruli dadga<br />

maSin, roca aRmosavleT evropaSi erovnuli winaaRmdegobis talRa pikSi<br />

iyo: poloneTsa da ungreTs ukve gadadgmuli hqonda mniSvnelovani nabijebi<br />

komunisturi reJimis rRvevis mimarTulebiT. maT didad ar CamorCeboda<br />

Cexoslovakia, rumineTi da bulgareTic.<br />

aRmosavleT germaniis komunizmis rRveva daiwyo masobrivi emigraciebiT.

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

185<br />

asobiT aTasi adamiani gaiqca ungreTis, poloneTisa da Cexoslovakiis<br />

mimarTulebiT, sadac iqauri komunisti liderebi uSedegod cdilobdnen<br />

azvirTe bu li talRis Sekavebas. imavdroulad, adgilze darCenili aTasobiT<br />

aRmosav leT germaneli masobriv demonstraciebSi iRebda monawileobas<br />

berlinSi, laif ci g sa da sxva qalaqebSi. amas mohyva berlinis kedlis ngrevis<br />

emociuri epizodebi da aRmosavleT germaniis reJimis rRveva 1989 wels.<br />

gaerTianebuli germania: demokratiis triumfi<br />

sul ramdenime kviraSi saxalxo zewolis Sedegad daemxo erix honekeris<br />

[aRmosavleT germaniis komunisti lideris _ mTargmn. Sen.] reJimi, ramac gza<br />

gauxsna ori germanuli saxelmwifos gaerTianebas. es gaerTianeba ufro swrafad<br />

moxda, vidre eqspertTa umravlesoba varaudobda. 1990 wlis gazafxulze<br />

germaniis demokratiul respublikaSi Catarebul demokratiul arCevnebSi<br />

umravlesobam mxari ar dauWira aRmosavleT germaniis komunistur partias.<br />

1990 wlis oqtomberSi, ori germania gaerTianda saerTo saxelmwifo sivrceSi<br />

da berlini aRdgenili iqna rogorc axali germaniis dedaqalaqi. sabWoTa kav­<br />

Siris daSlis Semdgom ki germania evropis wamyvan saxelmwifod iqca.<br />

Tumca, germaniis gaerTianeba pirdapiri gagebiT Zalian Zviri aRmoCnda<br />

da weliwadSi aTobiT miliardi dolari `dajda.~ aRmosavleT germaniis ekonomikis<br />

reabilitaciisTvis dasavleT germanelebs mouxdaT 7,5 procentiT<br />

gazrdili saSemosavlo da aseve momatebuli brunvis gadasaxadis gadaxda.<br />

gaerTianebas aseve Tan axlda socialuri daZabuloba _ muSaTa gaficvebi,<br />

politikuri demonstraciebi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seneleba, umuSevrobis<br />

maRali done, imigrant muSaxelTan dapirispireba da aseve, ultramemarjvene<br />

da neonacisti eqstremistebis aRzeveba. 1990­iani wlebis miwuruls<br />

germaniis aRmosavleTSi umuSevrobis done kvlavac maRal niSnuls, 21<br />

procents utoldeboda _ anu orjer meti iyo, vidre dasavleTSi. germaniaSi<br />

erTiani ekonomikisa da erTiani sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas kidev didi<br />

dro dasWirdeba.<br />

germanuli federalizmi<br />

demokratia namdvilad yvavis germaniaSi. 1989 wlamde germaniis federaciuli<br />

respublika 10 federalur miwas (Länder, mxolobiTSi Land) da berlinis<br />

dasavleT nawils moicavda. mas daaxloebiT aSS­is oregonis Statis<br />

Tanazomadi teritoria ekava. gaerTianebam ki federaluri respublikis<br />

struqtura eqvsi axali miwiTa da, Sesabamisad, damatebiTi mosaxleobiTa<br />

da teritoriiT gaafarTova. sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom gaerTianebuli<br />

germaniis analogiuri te ritoriuli farTobis mqone 25 saxelmwifoc<br />

ki Tavisuflad `daeteoda~ aSS­is kuTvnil teritoriul farTobze. Tumca,<br />

germaniis federalizmi, romelic centralur xelisuflebaze mudmiv kontrols<br />

uzrunvelyofs, ufro politikuri movlenaa, vidre geografiuli.

---

186 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdgom mokavSireebma daadgines germanuli miwebis<br />

sazRvrebi, romlebic faqtobrivad maT istoriul sazRvrebs emTxveoda.<br />

miuxedvad imisa, rom germaniis geografiuli kompaqturoba erTi SexedviT<br />

gamo ricxavs regionul mravalferovnebas, mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi<br />

CveulebebSi, midgomebSi, dialeqtSi da a.S. mainc TvalSisacemia. TumcaRa,<br />

amgvari regionuli Tu adgilobrivi mravalferovneba sulac ar axasiaTebs<br />

zogierT mi was da amitomac gasakviri ar aris, rom germaniis federaluri<br />

sistemis SigniT am federaluri erTeulebis standartizaciis done ufro<br />

maRalia, vidre aSS­is Statebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

miwebi warmoadgens qvakuTxedebs germanuli sistemisa, romelic Seiqmna<br />

politikuri decentralizaciis maRali donis uzrunvelsayofad. miwebis<br />

xelisuflebis ZiriTad uflebamosilebas ganekuTvneba adgilze kanonebis<br />

amoqmedeba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa ganaTleba an kultura. mxolod<br />

maT gaaCniaT Sesabamisi berketebi federalur doneze miRebuli kanonebis<br />

aRsrulebis uzrunvelsayofad, maT Soris adgilobriv administraciebSi<br />

Sesabamisi gankargulebebis gacemisa da saganmanaTleblo sistemis marTvis

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

187<br />

ufleba, iseve rogorc sapolicio Zalaufleba. dabolos, mxolod maT gaaCniaT<br />

presaze limitirebuli, magram mainc garkveuli SezRudvebis dawesebis<br />

ufleba.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, federaluri xelisufleba namdvilad ar warmoadgens<br />

germanuli sistemis sust rgols. berlinSi ganlagebul mTavrobas aqvs<br />

eqsklu ziuri sakanonmdeblo uflebebi sagareo, savaluto da fiskaluri<br />

politikis, moqalaqeobis miniWebis, sarkinigzo komunikaciis, safosto momsaxurebisa<br />

da telekomunikaciis, agreTve saavtoro uflebebis sferoebSi.<br />

zogierTi sxva sa kiTxi, kerZod ki samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba<br />

da ekonomikuri re gulaciebi centraluri da regonuli xelisuflebis<br />

saerTo kompetenci e bis sferos ganekuTvneba.<br />

germania ufro federaluria vidre aSS; federaluri miwebi aRWurvilni<br />

arian ufro meti ZalauflebiT da gadasaxadebis proporciulad ufro<br />

didi wilic adgilobriv biujetSi miemarTeba. magaliTisaTvis, kerZo da<br />

korporati uli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi centrsa da miwebs Soris Tanabrad<br />

nawildeba da TiToeuli 40 procents iRebs, danarCen 20 procenti ki qalaqebis<br />

biujetSi mi dis. miwebi aseve iReben damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis<br />

(dRg) erT mesa meds, rac evropaSi udides, magram xSirad dafarul<br />

brunvis gadasaxads warmoadgens. Sedegad, maSin roca berlinidan kidev<br />

garkveuli damatebiTi Tanxebis gadaricxva xdeba federaluri erTeulebisa<br />

da qalaqebis biujetSi, maT ar uwevT ganmeorebiTi mimarTvebis gzavna centrSi<br />

aSS­is Statebisa da qalaqebis msgavsad, romlebic cdiloben am gziT<br />

miiRon saWiro dafinanseba vaSingtonidan. 8<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />

germania warmoadgens saparlamento mmarTvelobis formas danawevrebuli<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT. centraluri samTavrobo figura aris<br />

kancle ri, romelic parlamentis TanxmobiT niSnavs da aTavisuflebs kabinetis<br />

wev ­rebs. sagangebo mgomareobis SemTxvevaSi, kancleri xdeba armiis<br />

mTavarsardali da sajaro politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaze<br />

pasuxismgebeli piri.<br />

saxelmwifos meTauria prezidenti, romelsac met wilad mxo lod simboluri<br />

funqcia aqvs, garda im gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisa, Tu parlamenti<br />

politikur CixSi moeqceva.<br />

did britaneTSi mefisa Tu dedoflis msgavsad, germaniaSi prezidents<br />

partiuli politikis miuxedavad SeuZlia SeinarCunos Zalaufleba da amdenad<br />

ganasaxierebdes sistemis gangrZobiTobasa da stabilurobas. prezidenti<br />

irCeva arapirdapiri arCevnebis gziT xuTi wlis vadiT. parmalentis<br />

qveda palataSi um ravlesobis partiis lideri xdeba qveynis kancleri. im<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Tu verc erTi partia ver moipovebs umravlesobas, da xSirad asec<br />

xdeba praqtikaSi, maSin kanclers irCevs ramdenime partiisagan Semdgari<br />

mmarTveli koalicia.

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188 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba<br />

germaniaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba orad aris gayofili: bundestagi<br />

warmoadgens parlamentis qveda palatas da bundesrati _ zeda palatas. iseve<br />

rogorc safrangeTsa da did britaneTSi, germaniis orpalatian parlamentSic,<br />

qve da palata ufro mniSvnelovania. Tumca, am ori qveynisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

zeda palata (bundesrati) germaniaSi gacilebiT ufro qmediTia da funqciurad<br />

datvirTuli.<br />

bundestagi. bundestagis Tavmjdomare yovelTvis irCeva umravlesobis<br />

partiis liderTagan. proceduruli sakiTxebi mowesrigebulia im normebiT,<br />

romlebic raixstagidan (sakanonmdeblo organo omamde) momdinareobs.<br />

mniSvnelovani gada wyvetilebebi, rogorc aris sakomiteto davalebebis, debatebis<br />

dRis wesrigis da saparlamento muSaobis sxva yoveldRiuri sakiTxebis<br />

gansazRvra, xdeba uxucesTa sabWos mier. es organo Sedgeba bundestagis<br />

prezidentis (Tavmjdomaris), misi moadgileebis da ramdenime sxva wevrisagan,<br />

romelTac irCevs TiToeuli partia.<br />

bundestagis wevrebi demokratiulad irCevian oTxi wlis vadiT, Tumca,<br />

rogorc sxva saparlamento sistemebSi, maTi funqcionirebis vada SesaZloa<br />

Semcirebuli iqnes mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

amgvar viTarebaSi, kancleri unda gadadges da prezidentma unda daiTxovos<br />

parlamenti. Tumca, germaniaSi, sxva saparlamento sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

ZiriTadi kanoni moiTxovs `undoblobis xmis konstruqciul~ gamoyenebas,<br />

rac imas gulisxmobs, rom kancleri ar SeiZleba daTxovnili iqnas bundestagis<br />

mier `undoblobis xmiT,~ Tu imavdroulad wardgenili da arCeuli<br />

ar aris misi Semcvlelis, axali kancleris kandidatura.<br />

bundestagis yvelaze mniSvnelovan komponentebs wamoadgens fraqciebi.<br />

imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibos fraqcia, politikurma partiam sul mcire 15 adgili<br />

unda moipovos parlamentSi. bundestagis procedurebiTa da ganawesiT,<br />

mxolod am saparlamento organizaciis meSveobiT SeiZleba deputatebis<br />

wardgena komitetebSi da partiebis formaluri aRiareba parlament Si. imis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo samuSao mimdinareobs swored<br />

komitetebis SigniT, partiebisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania parlamentSi<br />

adgilebis sakmarisi raodenobis mopoveba da Sesabamisad fraqciis Camoyalibeba.<br />

bundesrati. zeda palatis kompetencias miekuTvneba yvela is sakiTxi, rac<br />

centralur da regionul (miwebis) ZalauflebaTa balansis dacvas Tu<br />

Secvlas gulisxmobs. bundesratis wevrebi arian miwebis xelisuflebis mier<br />

daniSnuli da ara arCeuli deputatebi da blokuri xmis micemis princips<br />

iye neben. amrigad, germanul miwebs gaaCniaT qmediTi da efeqtiani berketi,<br />

raTa Tavi daicvan fe de raluri xelisuflebis mxridan SesaZlo Seviwroebisagan.<br />

Sedegad, bundesrati msoflioSi erT­erTi yvelaze ufro qmediTi<br />

da mniSvnelovani zeda saparlamento palataa. germaniis miwebi umTavres<br />

rols asruleben federaluri politikis ganxorcielebaSi, iseve rogorc

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

189<br />

saerTo an gamijnuli kompetenciis sferoebisTvis Sesabamisi politikis<br />

gansazRvraSi, rogorc es ZiriTadi kanoniT aris gansazRvruli.<br />

politikuri partiebi<br />

politikuri partiebis sistema imgvarad iqna Camoyalibebuli, rom partiebis<br />

raodenoba garkveul zRvars ar gascileboda da mcire eqstremistur<br />

dajgufebebs qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis<br />

Sesrulebis Sansi ar hqonodaT. partiebma unda gadalaxon xuTprocentiani<br />

barieri saerTo arCevnebSi da sul mcire sam saarCevno raionSi moipovon<br />

adgilebi imisaTvis, rom bundestagSi iqnan warmodgenilni.<br />

kidev erTi faqtori, rac ZiriTadi partiebis gaZlierebas kidev ufro<br />

uw yobs xels, aris bundestagis arCevnebis principi. TiToeuli amomrCeveli<br />

orjer aZlevs xmas: erTs _ konkretul kandidats, meores _ partiis mier<br />

gansazRvrul sias. arCevnebis es Tavisebureba saSualebas aZlevs ZiriTad<br />

partiebs gadamwyveti roli SeEasrulon politikuri da sajaro karieris mosurneTa<br />

momavlis gansazRvraSi, radganac bundestagis Semadgenlobis naxevari<br />

proporciuli arCevnebis, anu saarCevno regionebis partiuli siidan<br />

xvdeba parlamentSi. (proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemaSi politikuri<br />

partia ara mxolod gansazRvravs siaSi Casmuli kandidatebis vinaobas,<br />

aramed maT ranJirebasac: siaSi pirvels prioritetulad yvelaze didi San si<br />

aqvs parlamentSi moxvedrisa, ukanasknels ki _ yvelaze naklebi).<br />

1949 wlidan germaniis federalur respublikaSi mxolod ori ZiriTadi<br />

par tia arsebobda: social­demokratiuli partia (SPD) da konservatiuli<br />

qri s tian­demokratiuli kavSiri/qristian­socialisturi kavSiri (CDU/<br />

CSU). garda amisa, SedarebiT ufro momcro Tavisufal­demokratiuli par tia<br />

(FDP) axerxebda Zalauflebis SenarCunebas, gaaCnda mniSvnelovani strategiuli<br />

funqcia da asrulebda gadamwyvet rols mmarTveli Zalis gansaz­<br />

RvraSi Tanabari Zalis mqone or partias Sors erT­erTTan koaliciuri erTobis<br />

CamoyalibebiT. TiTqmis Tanabari xmebis mqone ori msxvili partiisaTvis<br />

Tavisufal­demokratebis xmebs xSirad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda bundestagSi.<br />

amitomac, Sedare biT mcire partiis didi gavlena xSirad araproporciulic<br />

ki iyo mis masStabTan mimarTebaSi. igi koaliciur mTavrobaTa<br />

umravlesobaSi umcrosi partnioris statusiT warmatebiT sargeblobda.<br />

axlo warsulSi kidev erTi, mwvaneTa partia damkvidrda rogorc mcire,<br />

magram angariSgasawevi Zala. aRniSnuli partia saTaves iRebs garemos<br />

dacvis sakiTxebze aRzevebuli socialuri moZraobidan. 1998 wels, rodesac<br />

social­demokratebma daamarcxes qristian­demokratebi arCevnebSi,<br />

magram ver daag roves xmaTa (da Sesabamisad adgilebis) umravlesoba parlamentSi,<br />

maT Seqmnes koalicia mwvaneTa partiasTan mTavrobis Camosayalibeblad,<br />

Sedegad gerhard Sroderi, social­demokratebis lideri, gaxda<br />

germaniis kancleri, xolo ioSka fiSeri, mwvaneTa lideri _ germaniis<br />

sagareo saqmeTa ministri. garda amisa, mwvaneebma ramdenime sxva postic<br />

daikaves kabinetSi. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca mwvaneTa partia germaniis<br />

xelisuflebaSi aRmoCnda.

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190 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

amavdroulad, arsebobs ramdenime mcire, magram sakmaod aqtiuri ultra­memarjvene<br />

politikuri gaerTianeba, romlebic germanuli nacionalizmis<br />

aRzevebisaken miiswrafvian, miuxedavad qveynis mosaxleobis eTnikuri,<br />

rasobrivi Tu religiuri mravalferovnebisa, maT Soris muslimuri<br />

da ebrauli umciresobiT. amgvar partiebs ganekuTvneba: nacionalur­demokratiuli<br />

partia (NPD), germaniis saxalxo kavSiri (GVU) da respublikuri<br />

partia. jerjerobiT es ukiduresad memarjvene Zalebi mxolod mcireodeni<br />

mxardaWeriT sargeblobs Tumca, germaniaSi ultramemarjvene eqstremizmis<br />

gaZliereba TavisTavad Sema SfoTebelia qveynis politikuri warsulis gamo,<br />

romelic hitleris reJimsa da holokostTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />

sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />

germaniis sxva federaluri institutebis msgavsad, sasamarTlo sistemac<br />

imgvarad iqna Camoyalibebuli, rom Seekavebina centraluri xelisuflebis<br />

mier Zalauflebis koncentrirebis safrTxe. sasamarTlo sistema,<br />

romlis zemgdom instancias federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlo warmoadgens,<br />

muSaobs oTxi specializebuli tribunalis irgvliv. esenia: Sromis<br />

federaluri sasamarTlo, federaluri socialuri sasamarTlo, federaluri<br />

finansuri sasamarTlo da federaluri administraciuli sasamarTlo.<br />

politikuri TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze mniSvnelovan sasamarTlo struqturas<br />

federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo warmoadgens, romelic eqskluziurad<br />

konstituciur sakiTxebze muSaobs da uflebamosilia gamoacxados<br />

federaluri Tu miwis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi arakonstituciurad.<br />

aSS­Si federalur mosamarTleTa arCevis procedurisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

germaniaSi umaRlesi rangis mosamarTleebi (anu federaluri sakonstitucio<br />

sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi) airCevian sakanonmdeblo organos mier. bundestagi<br />

irCevs am mosamarTleTa erT naxevars, xolo bundesrati _ meores. Tumca,<br />

mosamarTleTa umravlesoba airCeva sakonkurso sajaro samsaxuris tipis<br />

testirebis safuZvelze da mtkicdeba mTeli sicocxlis vadiT iusticiis<br />

minis t ris mier, romelic Sesabamis daxmarebas Tavis mxriv iRebs federaluri<br />

da miwe bis kanonmdebelTa mier arCeuli nominirebis komitetebisagan.<br />

sasamarTloSi ierarqiuli aRmasvlisaTvis, mosamarTle unda dawinaurdes<br />

ukve sistemis SigniT, msgavsad saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi Cveulebrivi sajaro<br />

moxelisa. sasamarTlo damoukidebloba garantirebulia mosamarTle­<br />

Ta sicocxlis xangrZlivobis vadiT daniSvniT. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom sasamarTlo xelisufleba adekvaturad aris aRWurvili imisaTvis, rom<br />

efeqtianad daabalansos sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />

Zalaufleba da daicvas samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi.<br />

ZiriTadi kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi<br />

samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa sferoSi, rogorc germanuli politikis<br />

erTma mkvlevarma ganacxada `Sesabamisi istoriuli gamocdileba miRebu­

---

saparlamento demokratia<br />

191<br />

li iqna mesame raixis dros, roca represiuli reJimis pirobebSi adamianis<br />

yvela Tavisuflebebi SezRuduli da uxeSad darRveuli iyo.~ 9 ZiriTadi kanonis<br />

pirveli cxrameti muxli detalurad aRwers yoveli germaneli moqalaqis<br />

ganuyofel uflebebs. diskriminaciis yvela forma, maT Soris religiuri<br />

da rasobrivi, calsaxad akr Zalulia. sityvis, gadaadgilebis, Sekrebisa<br />

da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba garantirebulia, im SemTxvevis gamoklebiT,<br />

roca es uflebebi gamo yenebulia `Tavisufali demokratiuli wesrigis xelyofisaTvis.~<br />

es ukanaskne li Caswore ba aSkarad ori radikaluri polusisaTvis<br />

_ erTi mxriv, ultramemarc xene komunizmisa da meore mxriv, ultramemarjvene<br />

nacizmisTvis, iyo gamiznuli, romel Ta aRzevebam seriozuli kvali<br />

daasva germaniis istorias meoce saukuneSi. udavod, es aris omisSemdgomi<br />

periodis gamoZaxili, roca mTel atlantikur sivrces da, gansakuTrebuli<br />

simZafriT, germaniis aRmosavleT nawils komunizmis seni moedo. Tumca,<br />

arc ukiduresad memarjvene Zalebis isev gaZlierebis saSiSroebaa mxo lod<br />

moCvenebiTi. amitom, aRniSnuli SezRudva omisSemdgom periodSi `Tavisufali<br />

demokratiuli wesrigis~ winaaRmdeg mimarTul ZiriTad safrTxed<br />

neo­nacizms gulisxmobs.<br />

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi?<br />

ZiriTadi kanonis erT­erTi ZiriTadi mizani iyo `axali germaniis~ instituciuri<br />

konstruireba ise, rom gamoricxuli yofiliyo `Zveli germaniis~<br />

ganmeoreba. SezRuduli xelisufleba _ ZiriTadi kanonis Semqmnelebma<br />

germanuli konstituciuri demokratiis mSeneblobisaTvis im saZirkvlad<br />

moiazres, romelic yvela sxva meqanizmze ukeTesad uzrunvelyofda Zalauflebis<br />

centralizaciis potenciurad saSiSi tendenciis Sekavebas,<br />

ramac germaniis axal istoriaSi Semzaravi Sedegebi moitana.<br />

germanuli dRis wesrigi: magaliTi<br />

yofili germaniis demokratiuli respublikis<br />

ekonomika da rekonstruqcia<br />

germaniis xelaxla gaerTianeba `Zviri dajda~. yofili aRmosavleT germania<br />

dasav leT Tan SedarebiT ekonomikurad dasustebuli iyo. in f rastruqtura<br />

cud mdgomareobaSi iyo, qarxnebi moZvelebuli manqana­da na dgarebiT muSaobda,<br />

muSebs mniSvnelovani unarebi ar hqondaT, sawarmoTa daxurvis gamo umuSevrobis<br />

done maRali iyo da komunisturi epoqis wvri li biurokratia, romelsac<br />

Tanamedrove menejmentis araferi gaegeboda, sakuTar poziciebs ar Tmobda.<br />

ekonomikam winsvla daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac gaerTianebuli xelisuflebis<br />

saTaveSi helmut koli movida. 1994 wlis oqtomberSi koli meoTxe vadiT<br />

airCies kanclerad. marTalia, ekonomika 1992 wlidan 1994 wlamde weliwadSi

---

192 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

7­8%­iT izrdeboda, aRmosavleT germaniis ekonomika 1996 wels mxolod<br />

3.5%­iT gaizarda, xolo 1997 wels mxolod 1.0%­iT zrdas elod nen. amrigad,<br />

unda vivaraudoT, rom germaniis ekonomika, sadac dasavleTi qveynis mTlian<br />

erovnul Sida produqtSi 90%­s iTvlis, male ver Seicvleba.<br />

ucxoeli muSebi, aralegaluri emigrantebi<br />

da neofaSisturi reaqcia<br />

maRali umuSevroba (aRmosavleT germaniaSi daaxloebiT 21%) gansakuTrebiT<br />

mtkivneuli iyo aRmosavleT germanelebisaTvis, romlebic komunisturi<br />

mmarTvelobis dros srul dasaqmebas, dasaqmebis garantiasa<br />

da dabal samomxmareblo fasebs iyvnen miCveulni. amas garda, aRmosavleT<br />

evropidan, yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan da axlo aRmosavleTidan mravali<br />

droebiTi muSa da aralegaluri emigranti keTildReobis saZebnelad germaniaSi<br />

wavi da. aman politikuri uTanxmoeba, eTnikuri daZabuloba da qsenofobiac<br />

ki gamoiwvia _ germaneli moqalaqebi wuxdnen, rom maT ers ucxoelebis<br />

mier ganadgureba eloda. qsenofobiis yvelaze usiamovno gamovlinebaa neonacistebis<br />

(`sqinhedebis~ CaTvliT), moqmedeba da ucxoelebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli<br />

Zaladobis aqtebi.<br />

evrokavSiris aRmavloba<br />

kolis xelisufleba kvlav ucvlelad uWerda mxars evrokavSirs axali<br />

evropuli savaluto kavSiris Seqmnis CaTvliT. germaniisaTvis saerTo evropis<br />

idea xelsayrelia, radgan amgvari legitimuri struqturis gareSe,<br />

axali germanuli fanatizmis safrTxe dgeba dRis wesrigSi, romlis msgavss<br />

1930­ian wlebSi hitlerma Cauyara safuZveli. meore mizezi is aris, rom germaniam<br />

kargad uwyis gaerTianebul evropaSi Tavisi dominanturi Zalauflebis<br />

Sesaxeb. misi Zlieri ekonomika imis garantias iZleva, rom mas sxva wevr<br />

qveynebze politikuri gavlena da konkurentuli upiratesoba eqneba.<br />

aRmosavleTSi investireba<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT germaniis upirvelesi mizani aRmosavleTi<br />

nawilis aRorZinebaa, germanelebi istoriulad da geografiuladac<br />

centralur evropaSi eZeben bazrebs, nedleuls da investirebis SesaZleblobebs.<br />

germania bunebrivi savaWro partnioria poloneTisa da CexeTis<br />

respublikisaTvis, aseve didi interesi aqvs gaafarToos vaWroba yofili<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebTan.<br />

evropasa da msoflioSi sakuTari rolis xelaxla gansazRvra<br />

Tanamedrove germania gardamaval periodSia. misi mniSvneloba da dinamika<br />

gvkarnaxobs, rom evropasa da mis farglebs miRma is lideris rols<br />

iTamaSebs, Tumca am rolis zusti buneba bundovania. 1990­iani wlebis Sua

---

saparlamento demokratia<br />

193<br />

xanebSi bosniaSi gaerTianebuli erebis mSvidobis misiis Sesrulebisas germaneli<br />

jariskacebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg pirvelad gagzavnes saz­<br />

RvargareT. germania ar Seurigdeba naxevari saukunis winandel samxedro<br />

SezRudvebs. jer ucnobia, kerZod rogori roli eqneba mas evropasa da<br />

msoflioSi.<br />

Tumca, federaluri respublikis demokratiuli cxov rebis naxevarsaukunovani<br />

gamocdileba namdvilad STambeWdavia. vai maris istoriuli ganmeoreba<br />

ar momxdara. Tu vaimaris respublika mZime ekonomikurma krizisma<br />

CixSi moaqcia, 1949 wlis Semdgom dasavleT germaniis swrafi omisSemdgomi<br />

reabilitacia da mgdradi industriuli ganviTareba xSirad ekonomikur<br />

saswauladac ki moixsenieba. federaciuli respublika dasavleT evropis<br />

wamyvan industriul saxelmwifod da `Tavisufali msoflios~ mesame udi des<br />

ekonomikur Zalad iqca, aSS­sa da iaponiis Semdeg. ekonomikuri warmateba<br />

erT­erTi im ZiriTad mizezTagania, ris Sedegadac demokratia warmatebulad<br />

ganviTarda meore msoflio omis Semdeg, xolo vaimaris respublika<br />

daem xo. swored dinamikuri ekonomikis wyalobiT, Tanamedrove germanelebma<br />

SeZles sicocxlisunariani da efeqtiani demokratiis Seqmna im miwaze,<br />

sadac erT dros warmoudgeneli iyo demokratiis muSaoba. am warmatebam,<br />

yvela sxva calkeul faqtorze ufro metad, daaCqa ra mezobel aRmosavleTY<br />

germaniaSi komunizmis marcxi.<br />

jer adrea daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, Tu ra grZelvadian Sedegebs<br />

moitans germaniis gaerTianeba evropisa da mTlianad msofliosaTvis.<br />

Tanamed rove germania warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis erTgulia da misi<br />

ekonomika mzardi evrokavSiris farglebSi viTardeba. eWvi TiTqmis aRaravis<br />

epareba, rom axali germania evropaSi nebismieri axali politikuri Tu<br />

ekonomikuri forma ciis wamyvani Zala iqneba. isic eWvgareSea, rom germaniis<br />

demokratia kvlavac ganviTardeba im rTuli gamowvevis daZlevis Semdgom,<br />

rasac aRmosavleT germaniis momakvdavi diqtaturidan srulfasovan demokratiad<br />

gadaqceva warmoadgenda.<br />

iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba<br />

konsensusis qveyanaSi<br />

msgavsad sxva aziuri sazogadoebebisa, iaponiasac ar hqonda demokratiuli<br />

cxovrebis gamocdileba 1947 wlamde. metic, misi istoria da kultura<br />

zogjer dasavluri demokratiuli ideebs ewinaaRmdegeboda kidec. Tumca,<br />

dReisaTvis, iaponia aziis erT­erTi yvelaze xandazmuli saparlamento demokratiaa<br />

(meore amgvari tradiciis qveyana indoeTia, sadac saparlamento<br />

demokratia imave periodSi Camoyalibda Zalian rTul pirobebSi). imisaTvis,<br />

rom kargad <strong>gavigoT</strong> rogor moxda amgvari transformireba, pirvel rigSi,<br />

unda mimovixiloT iaponiis istoria. 10

---

194 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

istoriuli wanamZRvrebi<br />

iaponiaSi feodaluri xana 1868 wels meiZis restavraciamde grZeldebo<br />

da. Zveli didebis dabrunebis fonze, taxtze axali imperatori (meiZis<br />

dinastiidan) avida da daiwyo iaponiis modernizacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

demokratiuli principebi marginalurad, magram mainc ukve Sesuli iyo<br />

qveyanaSi, meiZis dinastiis iaponia kvlavac oligarqiad rCeboda. marTvis<br />

sadaveebs uxuces saxelmwifo moRvaweTa sabWo, anu genro, flobda. imperatoris<br />

funqcia, rogorc es istorikosebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi miaCndaT,<br />

simbolu ri iyo. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma cxadyo, rom amgvari Sefaseba<br />

arasworia. marTlac, miiCnevdnen ra xorciel RvTa ebad, imperators Tayvans<br />

scemdnen da aRiqvamdnen, rogorc erovnuli erTianobis simbolos. Tumca,<br />

amavdroulad, qveynisaTvis kritikul situaciaSi imperatori realurad aqtiur<br />

saxelmwifo figurad da gadawyvetilebis mimReb xelisuflad iqceoda<br />

xolme. 11<br />

iaponiam am periodis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani Sida progresi ganicada.<br />

modernizebulma elitam waaxalisa ekonomikuri ganviTareba proteqcionizmisa<br />

da subsidirebis gziT. mxolod ZiriTadi an strategiuli mniSvnelobis<br />

industiuli dargebi darCa saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi. ekonomikuri<br />

modernizaciis modeli didwilad dasavluris msgavsad Seiqmna. miuxedavad<br />

miwismflobelTa perioduli winaaRmdegobisa, xelisuflebis ekonomikuri<br />

<strong>politika</strong> kapitalis ganviTarebis programiT xelmZRvanelobda da miznad<br />

isaxavda mZime mrewvelobis xelSewyobas. qveynis liderebma meiZis dinastiis<br />

mmarTvelobis ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc erTi mkvlevari<br />

aRniSnavs, `gaauq mes feodaluri institutebi, daakanones miwaze kerZo<br />

sakuTreba, aamuSaves dasavluri tipis samarTlebrivi sistema, SemoiRes<br />

savaldebulo ganaTleba, Camoayalibes centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis<br />

axleburi formebi da aRmofxvres legaluri barierebi socialur<br />

klasebs Soris.~ 12<br />

pirveli msoflio omisa da meiZis dinastiis mmarTvelobis dasrulebis<br />

Semdeg, iaponia politikuri ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sevida. nacionalizmi,<br />

romelsac skolebSic aswavlidnen rogorc disciplinas, erTgvar religiadac<br />

ki iq ca. xelisufalni Zalian swrafad da qaosurad icvlebodnen. Tumca,<br />

iyo demok ratiuli reformebis ganxorcilebis garkveuli mcdelobebi: magaliTisaTvis,<br />

1925 wels moixsna arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis ekonomikuri<br />

cenzi da xmis mice ­ mis uflebiT sargeblobis neba mieca 25 wels gadacilebul<br />

yvela mama kacs. magram, 1930­ian wlebSi militarizmis mzardma talRam<br />

axladCamoyalibe buli demokratiuli Canasaxi gadafara. ultranacionalistebi<br />

acxadebdnen, rom demokratiis mesveuri politikosebi iaponiis Zlevamosilebas<br />

akninebdnen da qveyana msoflioSi misi sakadrisi adgilis mopovebas<br />

mxolod Zlieri militaristuli mmarT velobis pirobebSi SeZlebda.<br />

militaristebma gaimarjves, magram maTi gamarjveba iaponias meore msoflio<br />

omSi samarcxvino damarcxebis fasad daujda.

---

saparlamento demokratia<br />

195<br />

1930­ian wlebSi pirveladi demokratiuli reformebis sakmaod swrafi<br />

da umtkivneulo CaSla cxadyofs, rom iaponiaSi realurad arc momxdara<br />

konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ideis gatareba. zogadi rwmeniT, suvereniteti<br />

gamomdinareobda imperatoris RvTaebriobisagan da ara xalxisgan. am denad,<br />

omamde pe riodis iaponia demokratiis ideas mxolod zedapirulad<br />

Seexo.<br />

axali konstitucia<br />

iaponiis 1947 wlis konstitucia, romelic meore msoflio omSi iaponiaze<br />

gamarjvebuli aSS­is mier iqna SemoRebuli, miznad isaxavda qveynis politikuri<br />

sistemis gardaqmnas. axali konstituciis mixedviT, suverenitetis wyaros<br />

ukve xalxi warmoadgenda da ara imperatori. amerikuli gavlena aSkaraa<br />

iaponiis kons tituciaze, gansakuTrebiT mis preambulaze:<br />

Cven, iaponeli xalxi, vmoqmedebT ra erovnul parlamentSi Cven mier<br />

arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT, viRebT gadavwyvetilebas,<br />

CvenTvis da Cveni keTildReobisaTvis davamyaroT mSvidobiani Tanam­

---

196 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

Sromloba yvela erTan, davicvaT Tavisufleba am miwaze, aRarasdros<br />

davuSvaT omis ganmeoreba da gamowveva xelisuflebis raime qmedebiT,<br />

vacxadebT, rom Zalaufleba momdinareobs xalxisgan da vamtkicebT<br />

am konstitucias... xelisufleba aRWurvilia xalxis ndobiT, xelisuflebis<br />

Zala ufleba momdinareobs xalxisgan da xelisufleba emsaxureba<br />

xalxs.<br />

iaponiis 1947 wlis konstituciis avtorebi cdilobdnen warmomadgen lobiTi<br />

demokratiis detalurad gawerili sistema SeemuSavebinaT. im fundamentur<br />

uflebebs Soris, romelTac konstitucia iTvaliswinebda, iyo moqalaqeTaTvis<br />

ganaTlebis miRebis Tanaswori ufleba da muSaTa Sekrebisa da<br />

koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis ufleba. iaponiis konstituciis kidev erTi Tavisebureba<br />

gaxldaT isic, rom igi erTmniSvnelovnad gmobda oms da acxadebda,<br />

rom qveyana arasdros iqoniebda `saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero Zalebs an<br />

omis warmoebis sxva potencials~ (Tumca, am daTqmam iaponiis xelisufleba<br />

mainc ver SeaCera, Seeqmna li mitirebuli `TavdacviTi Zalebi~).<br />

saparlamento demokratia: garegnuli da realuri mxareebi<br />

konstituciis mixedviT iaponiaSi saparlamento mmarTvelobis forma damkvidrda.<br />

imperatori qveynis formalur mmarTvelad rCeba, Tumca misi funqcia<br />

mxolod ceremoniulia. premier­ministri aris qveynis realuri meTauri.<br />

konstituciis avtorebma formaluri xelisuflebis uzenaesoba axal orpalatian<br />

sakanonmdeblo organos mianiWes. es organo, romelsac asamblea ewodeba,<br />

Sedgeba 511 wevriani warmomadgenelTa palatisagan, romelic yovel oTx<br />

weliwadSi erTxel irCeva (SesaZlebelia, arCevnebi ufro xSiradac Catardes<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu palata daTxovnili iqneba da SedarebiT naklebi gavlenis<br />

mqone 252 wevriani mrCevelTa palatisagan, romelic eqvsi wlis vadiT irCeva<br />

(misi naxevari sam weliwadSi erTxel axldeba) [es cifrebi SeiZleba icvlebodes<br />

_ mTargmn. Sen.].<br />

Tavidan, orive palatis wevrebi kenWs iyridnen mravalmandatiani ubnebidan<br />

sayovelTao arCevnebis wesiT, sadac amomrCeveli mxolod erT arCevans<br />

akeTebda. am sistemam 1994 wlamde imuSava, anu vidre saarCevno reformis<br />

mixedviT ar Seicvala saarCevno ubnebis sazRvrebi da saarCevno procedura<br />

warmomadgenel Ta palatisaTvis (kerZod, Camoyalibda 300 erTmandatiani saarCevno<br />

erTeuli, xo lo danarCeni 200 mandati proporciul warmomadgenlobaze<br />

gadanawilda).<br />

konstitucia acxadebda, rom saxalxo suverenitetis matarebeli organo<br />

aris asamblea, romelic erTaderTi kanonSemoqmedi saxelisuflo institutia.<br />

Tuki adre premier­ministri da kabineti angariSvaldebulni iyvnen<br />

imperatoris winaSe, axla es valdebuleba parlamentis, `rogorc xelisuflebis<br />

umaRlesi organos~ winaSe daekisraT. iaponiis uzenaesi sasamarTlo<br />

uflebamosili gaxda kanonebi arakonstituciurad gamoecxadebina (rac Zalian<br />

iSviaTad xdeba), mosamarTleebi ki maTi daniSvnis Semdgom yoveli aTi

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

197<br />

weliwadSi xelaxla unda yofiliyvnen damtkicebulni amomrCevelTa mier (am<br />

procesma faqtobrivad avtomaturi xasiaTi SeiZina).<br />

rogorc qvemoT gavigebT, iaponias mouxda dasavluri institutebis sakuTar,<br />

sakmaod Zlier da Tavisebur kulturul tradiciebze morgeba. Sedegad,<br />

Camoyalibda unikaluri sistema, romelic axlis (demokratiuli <strong>politika</strong><br />

da sabazro ekonomika) da Zvelis (politikuri ierarqia, ekonomikuri<br />

centra lizacia, sazogadoebrivi disciplina) saintereso kombinaciaa.<br />

partiuli sistema<br />

liberalur­demokratiuli partia dominirebda iaponur <strong>politika</strong>Si<br />

1955­dan 1993 wlamde. marTalia, arsebobda sxvadasxva, ufro mcire politikuri<br />

partiebic, magram isini araefeqturni da naklebad gavlenianni iyvnen.<br />

am opoziciur partiebs Soris, socialistebma da komunistebma ramdenjerme<br />

SeZles xmaTa mniSvnelovani raodenobis dagroveba, magram maTi sakanonmdeblo<br />

roli ZiriTadad saparlamento oponirebiT Semoifargleboda. daaxloebiT<br />

oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, qveynis realuri marTvis sadaveebs<br />

TiTqmis eqskluziurad flobda liberalur­demokratiuli partia.<br />

Tu erTi partia xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs saparlamento<br />

adgilebis umravlesobas Tavisufali arCevnebis pirobebSi, es rogorc<br />

wesi, imaze mianiSnebs, rom am partiam SeZlo socialuri interesebis<br />

farTo speqtris dakmayofileba. liberal­demokratebis warmateba iaponiaSi<br />

ganapiroba iman, rom ldp­m viwro partiul interesebze maRla farTo<br />

saxalxo moTxovnebi daayena, gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare iyo ramdenime<br />

specifikuri da yvelaze aqtualuri interesis mimarT, gaaCnda Zalian didi<br />

upiratesoba finansuri da organizaciuli resursebis TvalsazrisiT da<br />

kargad sargeblobda politikuri inerciiT. ori mosazrebis Tanaxmad:<br />

im mizezebis dadgena, Tu ram gamoiwvia konservatorebis xangrZlivi<br />

dominireba, rTuli ar aris. pirvel rigSi, es ganapiroba konservatorebis<br />

mier ganxorcielebulma reformebma, romelTac sazogadoe ­<br />

bas daanaxes, rom ar xdeboda sruli wyveta warsulTan. damoukideblobis<br />

miiRebisTanave gaatares miwis reforma. is cvlilebebi, rac maT<br />

ganaxorcieles ufro centralizebuli mmarTvelobis sasargeblod,<br />

mimarTuli iyo okupaciuri mmarTvelobis mier daSvebuli aSkara Secdomebis<br />

gamos worebisaken. garda amisa, liberal­demokratebs gaaCn ­<br />

daT resursebis kontrolis mniSvnelovani berketi, rac maT saWiro<br />

momentSi saWiro ekonomikuri da profesiuli kavSirebis mxadaWeris<br />

mopovebaSi uwyobda xels. partia erTdroulad sargeblobda sameurneo<br />

da biznes­jgufebis umravlesobis mxardaWeriT, rac mis pozicias<br />

kidec ufro aZlierebda. is biurokratiasTan Zalian axlos idga. Tumca,<br />

sainteresoa isic, rom mWidrdo kavSirebi biurokratiasTan, biznes­sazogadoebasTan<br />

an resursebis kontroli ar iyo sakmarisi. 1955<br />

wels liberalur­demokratiulma partiam daiwyo farTo partiuli

---

198 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

aRmSenebloba wevrebis masobrivi mizidviT. partiam namdvilad rTul<br />

amocanas gaarTva Tavi qveyanaSi, sadac Znelad warmosadgeni iyo regionul<br />

partiul organizacias Caenacvlebina tradiciuli pirovnuli<br />

kulti da gamxdariyo is faqtori, ris garSemoc SeiZleboda sazogadoebrivi<br />

konsolidacia. 13<br />

liberal­demokratebis, rogorc iaponiis umTavresi partiis mier damkvidrebuli<br />

konsensusis miRwevis principi qveynis politikis maxasiaTebel niSnad<br />

iqca. partia ar warmoadgenda monoliTur politikur bloks, igi iyo sxvadasxva<br />

interes­jgufebis erTgvari Tavisufali koalicia, sadac Sida konsensusis<br />

miRweva umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda. 1993 wlamde partiis mier arCeuli<br />

Tavmj domare, sayovelTao arCevnebis Semdgom, avtomaturad xdeboda qveynis<br />

premier­ ministri. partiis lideris arCeva ki, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebuli<br />

iyo sakmaod intensiur molaparakebebsa da garigebebTan partiis Semadgenel<br />

gansxvavebul fraqciebs Soris, romelTac TavianTi liderebi, samoqmedo<br />

programebi da mxardamWeri regionebi hyavdaT.<br />

iaponiis stabiluri, erTi partiis mier dominirebuli sistema Seirya 1993<br />

wlis istoriuli sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad. sinamdvileSi, liberalurdemokratiulma<br />

partiam TviTon ganapiroba sakuTari damarcxeba. 1990­iani<br />

wlebis dasawyisSi partia faqtobrivad daiSala: im gaxmaurebuli politikuri<br />

skandalebis Semdeg, raSic partiis maRalCinosnebi iyvnen CarTuli da ramac<br />

partiis imiji mkveTrad Selaxa, mas gamoeyo ramdenime fraqciis lideri.<br />

politikuri skandalebi kiiCi miiaZavas mTavrobis damxobis katalizatorad<br />

iqca. ufro Rrma da realur mizezs ki sazogadoebaSi uxvad dagrovili socialuri<br />

problemebi warmoadgenda: dRiTidRe mzardi socialuri ukmayofileba,<br />

maRali fasebi, grZeli samuSao dReebi da a.S.<br />

Tumca, mmarTveli partiis damarcxebas ar gamouwvevia gamokveTili alternativis<br />

gaCena: liberal­demokratebi aSkarad damarcxebulebi iyvnen, magram<br />

ar Candnen aseTive aSkara gamarjvebulni. rva centristuli, memarcxene­centristuli<br />

da memarcxene partiis aramyarma koaliciam axalbeda politikosi<br />

morihiro hosokava airCia premier­ministrad. hosokava manamde patara partiis<br />

_ `axali iaponiis~ lideri iyo, romelmac mxolod 35 mandati moipova parlamentSi<br />

da am parametriT mexuTe adgili daikava liberal­demokratebis (223<br />

mandati), social­demokratebis (70 mandati), iaponiis aRorZinebis partiisa<br />

(55 mandati) da `sufTa mmarTvelobis~ partiis (51 mandati) Semdeg. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom rvave partia erTiandeboda koaliciaSi liberal­demokratebis<br />

winaaRmdeg, es gaerTianeba ar iyo sakmarisad erTsulovani imisaTvis, rom xangrZlivad<br />

daeWira mxari hosokavas mmarTvelobisaTvis.<br />

amrigad, hosokavas mmarTveloba erT weliwadsac ar gagrZelebula. momdevno<br />

mTavrobam cutoumo hatas xelmZRvanelobiT kidev ufro mokle xans,<br />

sul raRac or Tves dahyo xelisuflebaSi. hosokavas msgavsad, hatac yofili<br />

liberal­demokrati iyo, romelic gamoeyo partias imisaTvis, rom axali politikuri<br />

organizacia Seeqmna. mis mier Camoyalibebuli partia `axali fronti~<br />

ar aRmoCnda politikurad dRegrZeli, hatam axali politikuri berketi _ nacionaluri<br />

partia Seqmna. am da sxva axali organizaciebis erTdrouli gamoCena

---

saparlamento demokratia<br />

199<br />

arenaze iaponiaSi mniSvnelovan politikur transformacias moaswavebda. erT<br />

dros Zalze stabiluri partiuli sistema mokle xanSi gadaiqca danawevrebul<br />

da Znelad prognozirebad politikur speqtrad. iaponia partiuli Zalebis<br />

gadajgufebisa da cvlilebebis procesSi aRmoCnda, romlis saboloo Sedegi<br />

sakmaod bundovani iyo.<br />

iaponiis politikuri meryeoba kvlav grZeldeboda. 1994 wlis ivnisSi, liberal­demokratebis<br />

marTuli koaliciis mier iaponiis mTavrobis axal xelmZRvanelad<br />

arCeul iqna socialisturi partiis lideri. amgvari ram, Tundac erTi<br />

wliT adre warmoudgeneli iqneboda. weliwadnaxevris Semdgom ki ruiuitaro<br />

haSimoto, liberal­demokratebis Tavmjdomare gaxda bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

iaponiis ukve rigiT mexuTe premier­ministri. amavdroulad, 1996<br />

wlis arCevnebis Sedegebma moaxdina liberal­demokratebis erTgvari politikuri<br />

reabilitaciac sakanonmdeblo organoSi, sadac maT gaimarjves, Tumca<br />

ara damajereblad (xmebis umravlesobis mopoveba mainc ver SeZles). Ppartia<br />

rCeboda cvlilebebis mowinaaRmdege konservatori liderebis kontrolis<br />

qveS da am mouqnelma <strong>politika</strong>m 1990­iani wlebis bolos ekonomikuri regresi<br />

da Sesaba misad, eleqtoratis mxardaWeris Sesusteba gamoiwvia.<br />

2001 wlis gazafxulze, sakmaod daZabuli politikuri brZolis Sedegad,<br />

qarizmatuli reformisti, Ziunitiro koiZumi gaxda liberal­demokratiuli<br />

par tiis Tavmjdomare. koiZumi partiis uxucesTa da maTi mkacrad<br />

konservatiuli midgomebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda. sainteresoa, rom mas ar<br />

gaaCnda sakuTari partiis saparlamento warmomadgenlobis mxridan sakmarisi<br />

mxardaWera, magram partiaSi garkveuli wreebi da aseve zogadad xalxi<br />

enTuziazmiT Sexvda koiZu mis pirovnul qarizmas, axlebur ideebsa da mizanmimarTulobas.<br />

misi xedva Zireul reformebs gulisxmobda, gansakuTrebiT<br />

qveynis daxuruli da izolirebuli eko nomikuri sistemis reformirebas,<br />

romelmac ganapiroba xangrZlivi ekonomikuri Cavardna, arcTu STambeWdavi<br />

mdgomareoba safondo birJaze (kargad gamoixata Nikkei­s indeqsSi [tokios<br />

safondo birJis indeqsi _ mTargmn. Sen.]), da uZrav qonebaze fasebis mkveTri<br />

dacema (1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi sakuTrebis Rirebuleba zogierT SemTxvevaSi<br />

80 procentiTac ki gaufasurda). Tumca, vidre iaponiis ekonomikur<br />

`Semobrunebas~ uzrunvelyofda, koiZumis mouxda 1993 wlidan inicirebuli<br />

da Semdgom Seferxebuli politikur­ekonomikuri reformebis bolomde miyvana.<br />

tradiciebis erTgul iaponiaSi es udavod rTul da sapasuxismgeblo<br />

amocanas warmoadgenda.<br />

politikur cvlilebaTa Semaferxebeli faqtorebi<br />

Tanamedrove iaponiis demokratia warmodgens adgilobrivi kulturisa<br />

da importirebuli demokratiis unikalur kombinacias. kerZod, 1947 wels<br />

iaponiaSi damyarebulma demokratiulma sistemam SeinarCuna tradiciuli<br />

politikis maxasiaTebeli imgvari elementebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad,<br />

patron­klienteluri tipis urTierTobebi. es ukanaskneli kargad vlindeba<br />

fraqciuli liderebisa da erTguli momxreebis damokidebulebebSi.

---

200 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

pirovnuli erTguleba da ndoba aris finansuri daxmarebis, Sidapartiuli<br />

Zalauflebis da calkeuli partiuli lideris avtoritetis mopovebis winapiroba.<br />

Tumca, Znelia imis zustad Tqma, Tu ramdenad Searyia am sistemis<br />

safuZveli liberal­demokratiuli partiis danawevrebam da 1994 wels<br />

ganxorcielebulma saarCevno da antikorufciulma reformebma. aSkaraa,<br />

rom fragmentirebuli partiuli sistemisa da naklebad stabiluri xelisuflebis<br />

pirobebSi, politikuri Zalauflebac ufro aramdgradi da advilad<br />

warmavali gaxda. Tumca, ucnobia, am cvlilebebma ramdenad moaxdina gavlena<br />

klienteluri tipis urTierTobebze xelisuflebas, biurokratiasa da<br />

biznes­elitas Soris kuluarul garigebebSi.<br />

liberalur­demokratiuli partiis<br />

lideri, premier­ministri<br />

Ziunitiro koiZumi 2001 wlis<br />

zeda palatis arCevnebSi sakuTari<br />

partiis STambeWdav gamarjvebas<br />

zeimobs. koiZumim liberalurdemokratiul<br />

partias iaponiis<br />

<strong>politika</strong>Si wamyvani ro li<br />

daubruna.<br />

kidev erTi tradicia, rac mniSvnelovan politikur cvli lebebs SeiZleba<br />

emsxverplos, aris iaponiisaTvis maxasiaTebeli konsensusis principi<br />

gadawyveti lebebis miRebisas. erT­erTi eqspertis azriT:<br />

es meTodi emyareba winapirobas, rom erTi jgufis _ magaliTad, soflis<br />

sabWos wevrebma unda ganagrZon diskusia, molaparakeba da kompromisuli<br />

garigebebi manam, sanam konsensusi iqneba miRweuli... demokratiuli<br />

normebis gavrcelebis miuxedavad, konsensusiT marTvis tradicia<br />

jer kidev aqtualuria da zogjer iwvevs `umravlesobis tiraniis~ winaaRmdeg<br />

xmamaRal gamosvlebs _ magaliTisaTvis, maSin roca mmarTveli<br />

Zala axdens imgvari sakanonmdeblo iniciativis gatanas, romelsac<br />

opozicia sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba.~ 14<br />

iseve rogorc patron­klinteluri tipis urTierTobebi, konsensusis<br />

principi Rrmad fesvgadgmulia iaponiis kulturasa da tradiciaSi da amitom,<br />

naklebad mosalodnelia am Rirebulebebis Canacvleba axlo momaval­<br />

Si. Tumca, arsebobs imis garkveuli molodinic, rom mravalpartiulobam<br />

da politikuri arastabilurobis zrdam SesaZloa gaarTulos da moSalos<br />

kidec sazogadoeb rivi konsensusis miRwevis principi da gansxvavebul azrs,<br />

politikur sistema ­Si faruli TanamSromlobisa da Cumi garigebebis nacvlad,<br />

pirdapiri oponire­bisaken ubiZgos.

---

sasamarTlo xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura<br />

saparlamento demokratia<br />

201<br />

iaponiis sasamarTlo sistema amerikuli da evropuli gavlenis saintere­<br />

so ma galiTs warmoadgens. amerikuli gavlena aSkaraa Tundac iaponiis umaR­<br />

le si sasamarTlo organos, uzenaesi sasamarTlos dasaxelebaSi. umaRlesi<br />

mo sa marT le, mTavrobis wardginebis Semdgom, iniSneba imperatoris mier.<br />

danarCeni mosamarTleebi iniSnebian pirdapir kabinetis mier imperatoris<br />

yovelgvari formaluri Carevis gareSe. uzenaesi sasamarTlo, misi amerikuli<br />

analo gis msgavsad, uflebamosilia iuridiuli revizia moaxdinos (anu SeuZ­<br />

lia ga mo acxados esa Tu is sakanonmdeblo aqti arakonstituciurad). miuxe­<br />

da vad imi sa, rom amerikuli sistemisaTvis ucxo ar aris, mainc eqstraordinalu<br />

ria ra modeni me daniSnuli pirisaTvis imgvari Zalauflebis miniWeba, ri­<br />

Tac SesaZ le belia 750 arCeuli piris gadawyvetilebis kanongareSed gamocxa<br />

de ba da gauqmeba. konstituciuri demokratiebis umravlesobaSi mosamarTlee<br />

bi kanonmdebleb ze amgvari upiratesobiT ar arian aRWurvilni.<br />

zogadad, sasamarTlo sistema ufro eropuli modelis mixedviT aris<br />

age buli, magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikul gavlenas ganicdis. kul ­<br />

turuli TvalsazrisiT ki iaponelebi amerikelebTan SedarebiT ufro nakleb<br />

midrekilni arian sxvadasxva davebis sasamarTlo gziT gadawyvetisaken _ ama<br />

Tu im samoqalaqo konfliqtis Tu msubuqi danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, iuridiul<br />

saSualebebze metad socialuri institutebsa da nor mebs mimarTaven. xSirad,<br />

Temis pativsacemi pi ris, oja xis ufrosis an samsaxurebri vi xelmZRvanelis<br />

warmatebuli Careva amgvar SemTxvevebSi saqmis legaluri msvlelobis aucileblobas<br />

xsnis.<br />

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi?<br />

miuxedavad ekonomikuri da politikuri ryevebisa ukanaskneli aTwleulis<br />

ganmavlobaSi, demokratia iaponiaSi meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi<br />

ZiriTadad stabiluri da myaria. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iaponias<br />

manamde ar hqonia saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis raime gamocdileba, es miRweva<br />

ufro STambe W davia. iseve rogorc germaniis SemTxvevaSi, iaponiaSic stabiluri<br />

demokrati is CamoyalibebaSi ekonomikam Seasrula wamyvani roli.<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomika Zalian swrafad da dinamiurad ganvi­<br />

Tarda, xolo omis Sedegad ganadgurebuli qalaqebi (romelebsac simbolurad<br />

ganasaxierebda hirosima da nagasaki), gadaiqca efeqtiani da inovaciuri<br />

industriuli warmoebis modelebad. reformatori samewarmeo elitis mier<br />

ekonomikuri zrdis mizanmimarTuli dagegmare ­ba mniSvnelovani iyo iaponiis<br />

swrafi aRmasvlisaTvis. aranaklebi wvlili Seitana am saqmeSi msoflio<br />

savaWro sistemaSi intensiurma da moculobiTma CarTvam, iseve rogorc koreis<br />

omis dros (1950­53 ww.) masobrivma amerikulma Sesyidvebma. eqsportze<br />

orientirebulma, merkantilisturma ekonomikurma strategiam momdevno<br />

ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi uzarmazari winsvla ganapiroba mZime mrewvelobis<br />

dargSi _ kerZod manqanaTmSeneblobaSi, avtomatikisa da samomxmare­

---

202 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

blo eleqtronikis warmoebaSi. dResdReobiT iaponia msoflios erT­erT<br />

wamyvan ekonomikas warmoadgens miuxedavad `omamde arsebuli teritoriebis<br />

52 procentis dakargvis, kaliforniis Statis farTobis qveyanaSi 5 milionze<br />

meti adamianis dabrunebis, sanaosno Zalebis 80%­ze metis ganadgurebisa da<br />

sawarmoTa erTi mexuTedis da mravali didi qalaqis dangrevisa.~ 15<br />

1980­iani wlebis Sua periodSi, iaponiis sabazro ekonomikis warmatebis<br />

TvalsaCino niSani gaxda aSS­sTan mravalmiliardiani vaWrobidan miRebuli<br />

STambeWdavi mogeba. aSS iaponuri eqsportis mesamedis momxmare bels warmoadgenda.<br />

aman aSS­Si iaponiis savaWro strategiis mwvave kritika gamo iwvia.<br />

iaponeli xeli sufalni irwmunebodnen, rom amerikaSi arsebobda mzardi<br />

moTxovna produqciaze iarliyiT `damzadebulia iaponiaSi~ (made in Japan),<br />

radgan amerikuli produqcia xarisxiT Camouvardeboda mas. am tipis daZabuloba<br />

or ers Soris TiTqmis mTeli aTwleuli grZeldeboda da gamoixateboda<br />

iaponiaSi nacionalizmis erTgvari zrdiT, xolo aSS­Si `antiiaponuri~, e.w.<br />

`SeiZine amerikuli~ [produqcia] sentimentebis gaZlierebiT.<br />

iaponia aRmocenda rogorc aziis pirveli, xolo msoflioSi rigiT meore<br />

umZlavresi ekonomika, magram axlo warsulis gamocdileba gvarwmunebs, rom<br />

amgvari jansaRi da Zlieri ekonomikac ki ar aris dazRveuli recesiisagan.<br />

1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi, iaponiaSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempi mkveTrad<br />

daeca, ramac stagnacia gamoiwvia. Tavis mxriv es ukavSirdeboda bolo 12<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi oTxi ekonomikuri recesiis gavlenas. 1996 wlidan iaponiis<br />

sabanko sistema uzarmazari zewolis qveS aRmoCnda, radgan saxelmwifo<br />

Carevisa da daxmarebis moTxovnam kritikul zRvars miaRwia da amas­<br />

Tanave, aziis mravali ekonomika da eca sabanko da kreditebis daudevari<br />

politikisa da finansuri institutebis Zalze araadekvaturi regulirebis<br />

gamo. axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi iaponiis ekonomika ganagrZobda ukusvlas,<br />

rasac Tan axlda qveynis sabanko sistemis CixSi Sesvla, mTavrobisagan<br />

damoukidebelad gaformebuli msxvili biznes­garigebebis Sedegad ganviTarebul<br />

dargebSi gaCenili problemebis gamo. kerZod, imgvari industriebi,<br />

rogoricaa mSenebloba, uZravi qonebis biznesi da sacalo vaWoba, iqcnen<br />

sabanko sistemidan miRebuli uzarmazari sesxebis nakleb gadaxdisunarian<br />

mevaleebad.<br />

iaponiis dRis wesrigi: magaliTi<br />

xelisuflebis Tanmimdevrulobis aRdgena<br />

1990­iani wlebSi iaponiis winaSe mdgari yvelaze mZime politikuri<br />

sakiTxi bunebiT institucionaluri iyo: liberal­demokratiuli partiis<br />

monopoliis mospobis Semdeg, SeZ lebda Tu ara iaponia im politikuri stabilurobis<br />

aRdgenas, romelic ldp­s mmarTvelobisas hqonda da romlis gareSe<br />

meore msoflio omis Semdgomi `ekonomikuri saocreba~ iqneb arc momxdariyo?<br />

isev iqneboda Tu ara iaponur demokratiaze gavlena xelisuflebis<br />

susti koaliciiebiT ganpirobebul ryevebs, farTo masebis mxardaWeris

---

saparlamento demokratia<br />

203<br />

mopovebis an SeTanxmebis miRwevis uunarobas im sazogadoebaSi, sadac mudam<br />

fasobda konsensusi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas?<br />

konkurentuli upiratesobis SenarGuneba<br />

ukanasknel periodSi aziam aramdgradoba daadastura. Tumca, didi<br />

drois ganmavlobaSi iaponiis upiratesi savaWro mdgomareoba aziaSi ramdenime<br />

mimarTulebiT awydeboda sirTuleebs. sirTuleTa erTi jgufi e.w. axal<br />

samrewvelo qveynebs _ samxreT kKoreas, taivans da singapurs, moicavs (honkongi<br />

am jgufis wevri iyo 1997 wels CineTis kontrolis qveS xelmeored moqcevamde.<br />

misi bedi, rogorc msoflio ekonomikis damoukidebeli aqtorisa<br />

kvlav bundovania). ganviTarebadi aziuri qveynebis meore talRa, tailandisa<br />

da malaiziis winamZRolobiT, aseve ucvlis saxes aziis regionul ekonomikur<br />

urTierTobebs. grZelvadian periodSi iaponuri merkantilizmisaTvis<br />

gacilebiT did aziur safrTxes globa lur ekonomikaSi CineTis swrafad<br />

mzardi dominanturi roli warmoadgens.<br />

SeerTebul StatebTan mWidro urTierTobebis SenarGuneba<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi iaponiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mokavSire da<br />

savaWro partnioria. SeerTebuli Statebi, rogorc udidesi bazari da investirebisaTvis<br />

upiratesi adgili iaponiisaTvis, sasicocxlod arsebiTia am<br />

ukanasknelis ekonomikuri keTildReobisaTvis (da piriqiT). wynari okeanis<br />

dasavleT auzSi SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro bazebis arsebobam da amerikulma<br />

birTvulma dacvam (romelic Teoriulad ara mxolod SeerTebul<br />

Statebs, aramed amerikis uaxloes samxedro mokavSireebsac icavs birTvuli<br />

Tavdasxmisagan) saSualeba misca iaponias, samomxmareblo mrewvelobis<br />

maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebasa da sagareo bazrebze gadarTuliyo da<br />

mTliani Sida produqtis 1%­ze naklebi daexarja Tavdacvaze. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, vaWrobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Zveli kamaTis gamo daZabulobam<br />

da CrdiloeT koreis birTvuli iaraRis ganviTarebis programis irgvliv<br />

azrTa sxvadasxvaobam mainc iCina Tavi ormxriv urTierTobebSi. SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis xelisuflebis azriT, iaponiasTan mimarTebaSi xangrZlivi<br />

amerikuli savaWro deficitis mizezi iaponiis proteqcionisturi <strong>politika</strong><br />

da Caketili kulturaa, romelic xSirad iaponias potenciuri ucxoeli<br />

konkurentebisaTvis TiTqmis miuwvdomels xdis.<br />

cxovrebis maRali donis SenarGuneba<br />

1990­iani wlebis dasawyisidan moyolebuli xangrZlivi ekonomikuri<br />

recesiis miuxedavad, iaponia mdidar sazogadoebad rCeba. is patara qveyanaa<br />

mravalricxovani mosaxleobiT; misi miwis udidesi nawili mTiania da<br />

sacxovreblad gamousadegari. iaponiaSi WarbmosaxleobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

iseTi problemebia gavrcelebuli, rogoricaa haeris dabinZureba,<br />

xmauri, sacobebi gzebze, miwis maRali fasi. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi ia­

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204 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

poniasa Tu romelime sxva qveyanas jer ver sTavazobs ekonomikuri WarbganviTarebis<br />

uaryofiT aspeqtebis mogvarebis gzebs.<br />

tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis balansi<br />

iaponuri kultura dRemde did gavlenas axdens iaponuri sazogadoebis<br />

iersaxeze. SemTxveviTi damkvirveblisaTvis iaponia Tanamedroveobis<br />

gansaxierebaa. Tumca sinamdvileSi iaponelTa umravlesobaSi tradiciuli<br />

faseulobebi da damokidebulebebia Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari da jiutad<br />

ebRauWebian warsuls. amis gamo, ucxoelisTvis Zalze Znelia iaponiaSi saqmis<br />

dawyeba da warmatebis miRweva. gauTavebeli debatebis Temaa tradicia da Tanamedroveoba.<br />

zogi amtkicebs, rom iaponiam kari unda gauRos sxva xalxebs,<br />

sxvebi ki SiSoben, rom isedac mravalgvari ucxouri gavlena dauSves, rac<br />

safrTxes uqmnis iaponur kulturas. iaponuri ekonomikis daRmavloba kidev<br />

ufro aRrmavebs am arguments da zogs afiqrebinebs, rom iaponiis ekonomikas<br />

saswrafod sWirdeba modernizacia da safuZvliani struqturuli reforma.<br />

im `ekonomikuri saswaulis~ Semdgom, romelic iaponiaSi demokratiis<br />

ganviTarebis sawyis aTwleulebs da 1980­iani wlebis ekonomikur bums<br />

daemTxva, da rasac STambeWdavi pikidan swrafi vardna mohyva, sainteresoa,<br />

aRmoCnda Tu ara safrTxis qveS iaponiis saparlamento demokratia?<br />

pasuxia _ ara. miuxedavad 1990­iani wlebis Seferxebebisa,<br />

sazogadoebrivi azri pozitiuria: iaponelTa 60 procenti kvlavac<br />

kmayofilia arsebuli cxovrebis doniT, rac imaze miuTiTebs rom es<br />

maCvenebeli sruliadac ar Secvlila im `Zveli kargi drois~ Semdgom,<br />

roca iaponia SesaSurad swrafad viTardeboda da aziisa da mTeli<br />

msoflios mowinave qveynad iqca. amgvari optimizmis arseboba qveynisaTvis<br />

sakmaod rTul etapze garkveulwilad iZleva im rwmenis safuZvels,<br />

rom iaponiaSi demokratia myaria da mas mniSvnelovani safrTxe<br />

ar emuqreba. metic, warmateba TavisTavad Sedegiania. SemTxveviTi sulac<br />

ar aris, rom ekonomikurma warmatebam ganapiroba imgvari politikuri<br />

sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebs<br />

yovelgvar avtoritarul mmarTvelobasa Tu samxedro eqspansionizmze<br />

maRla ayenebs.<br />

saparlamento mmarTveloba moulodnel adgilebSi<br />

Tuki saparlamento sistema muSaobs evropasa da iaponiaSi (sadac am<br />

sistemis danergva iaponiis meore msoflio omSi damarcxebis Semdgom `garedan~<br />

moxda), sainteresoa, ramdenad unariania igi im regionebSi, sadac demokratias<br />

ar gaaC nia adgilobrivi wanamZRvrebi an sulac im qveynebSi, romlebic<br />

mezobleb Tan mudmivi omis mdgomareobaSi imyofebian? indoeTisa da<br />

israelis magaliTebi bevris mTqmelia, SeiZleba iTqvas, pasuxis Semcvelic:<br />

pasuxi ki namdvilad sasiamovno moulodnelobas warmoadgens saparlamento<br />

demokratiis momxreebisTvis.

---

indoeTi: saparlamento saswauli<br />

saparlamento demokratia<br />

205<br />

indoeTi uZvelesi civilizaciebisa da didi imperiebis, maT Soris mogolebis<br />

(muslimi dampyroblebis) istoriuli samSobloa. igi me­19 saukune­<br />

Si didi britaneTis koloniad gadaiqca, Tumca meore msoflio omis Semdgom<br />

damoukidebloba aRidgina. mosaxleoba or ZiriTad da gansxvavebul jgufad<br />

iyofa: eseni arian indusebi (Hyvelaze mravalricxovani) da muslimebi,<br />

romelebic meore msoflio omamde cxovrobdnen indoeTis istoriul teritoriaze.<br />

muslimTa yvelaze mWidro dasaxlebebi indoeTis Crdilo­dasavleT<br />

da aRmosavleT nawilebSia koncentrirebuli, maSin roca maT Soris<br />

mdebare farTo teritoria (romelic britaneTis rajis mmarTvelobis qveS<br />

imyofeboda) dasaxlebulia ZiriTadad indusTa TemebiT. am or religiurad<br />

gansxvavebul jgufs Soris konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad britanelebma<br />

koloniis datovebisas teritoria gayves da ori saxelmwifo: indoeTi da<br />

pakistani Camoayali bes. pakistanis dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebs erTmaneTisagan<br />

maT Soris mdebare indoe Tis teritoria aSoriSorebda.<br />

es geografiuli anomalia, mxolod erT­erTia im mravalricxovan problemaTAgan,<br />

romelic britanelebma gadauWreli datoves. garda amisa, arsebobda<br />

aseve indusebisa da muslimebis dapirispireba Tavad indoeTSi. marTalia,<br />

am ukanasknelTa umravlesoba pakistanSi iyo koncentrirebuli, magram sakmaod<br />

didi muslimuri umciresoba darCa axlad Camoyalibebuli indoeTis<br />

damouki debeli saxelmwifos teritoriazec. kidev ufro problematur<br />

Tavi seburebas indoeTisaTvis, rogorc demokratiisaTvis, warmoadgenda<br />

misi eTnikuri da kulturuli siWrele. qveyanaSi Zalian bevri lingvisturi<br />

jgufia, romlebic sxvadasxva da erTmaneTisaTvis sruliad gaugebar enebze<br />

saubroben, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT religiur mravalferovnebaze, siqizmis,<br />

jainizmis, qristianobis, induizmisa Tu islamis saxiT.<br />

dabolos, aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom Tanamedrove indoeTi xasiaTdeba<br />

siRaribis maRali maCvenebeliTa da mosaxleobis feTqebadi zrdis<br />

tempiT. es ori problema e.w. ganviTarebadi msoflios bevr qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan<br />

kav SirSi da erTmaneTis paralelurad arsebobs. mosaxleobis raodenobis<br />

mixedviT indoeTi iyo da kvlavac rCeba msoflioSi meore qveyanad<br />

(CineTis Semdgom). dResdReobiT indoeTSi miliardze meti adamiani<br />

cxovrobs. aTobiT milioni wera­kiTxvis ucodinaria, asobiT milioni soflis<br />

macxovrebeli ki (romlebic mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgnen)<br />

_ Zalian Raribi.<br />

indoeTma araerTi politikuri areuloba da konfliqti gamoiara, maT<br />

Soris omebi mezoblebTan _ CineTTan da pakistanTan. gansakuTrebiT mwvavea<br />

konfliqti pakistanTan qaSmiris sadavo teritoriaze. amasTanave,<br />

indoeTsac da pakistansac gaaCnia atomuri ganviTarebis programebi da,<br />

savaraudod, moqmedi birTvuli iaraRic. or qveyanas Soris daZabulobam<br />

ramdenimejer SeiaraRebuli konfliqtic gamoiwvia, maT Soris uaxles warsulSi,<br />

2002 wels. erT­erTi yvelaze kritikuli epizodi Seiqmna 1970­iani<br />

wlebis dasawyisSi, roca aRmosavleT pakistani gamoeyo qveynis danarCen<br />

teritorias da damoukidebel saxelmwifod _ bangladeSad Camoyalibda.

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206 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

garda amisa, Temebis dapirispireba (indusebis, muslimebis, siqhebis) da<br />

eTnikuri Zaladoba mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnida indoeTis saxelmwifoebriobasa<br />

da stabilurobas.<br />

da mainc, saparlamento demokratia ager ukve naxevar saukuneze metia<br />

funqcionirebs im sazogadoebaSi, romelic sxvadasxva tipis uamravi da<br />

urTulesi problebis winaSe dgas da sadac erTiani saxelmwifos arseboba,<br />

erTi xelisuflebis kontrolqveS _ ra formisac unda iyos es xelisufleba<br />

_ ukve TavisTavad saocrebaa. erTi SemTxvevis garda (rodesac 1970­iani<br />

wlebis bolos premier­ministrma indira gandim gamoacxada sagangebo mdgomareoba<br />

da SeiTavsa diqtatoruli Zalaufleba), indoeli liderebi (didi<br />

javaharlar nerudan moyolebuli) britanuli stilis saparlamento demokratiis<br />

CarCoebSi moqmedebdnen.<br />

indoeTi federaluri sistemaa arapirdapiri wesiT arCeuli prezidentiT,<br />

romelsac xelisuflebaSi metwilad ceremonialuri datvirTva aqvs. realur<br />

Zalauflebas flobs xalxis mier arCeuli parlamenti da premier­ministri,<br />

romelic arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli umravlesobis lideria (iseve rogorc sxva<br />

saparlamento sistemebSi). premier­ministri akompleqtebs kabinets da dasamtkiceblad<br />

warudgens parlamentis qveda palatas, romelsac lok sabha<br />

ewodeba. parlamentis zeda palata (rajia sabha) arapirdapiri wesiT irCeva.<br />

igi erTgvarad qveda palatis `meore xmas~ warmoadgens, Tumca ganixilavs da<br />

SeuZlia gaaWianuros kidec kano nis miReba, riTac Tavis wevrebs kanonSemoqmedebisa<br />

da gadawyvetilebis miRe bis procesze garkveuli gavlenis moxdenis<br />

saSualebas aZlevs.<br />

israeli: omis respublika<br />

indoeTis msgavsad, israeli meore msoflio omis Semdgom Seiqmna. Tumca,<br />

indoeTisagan gansxvavebiT, israeli ara adgilobriv macxovrebelTa,<br />

aramed axalCasaxlebulTa saxelmwifod Camoyalibda. indoeTisagan ganmasxvavebeli<br />

kidev erTi mkveTri niSani isic aris, rom israelis problema<br />

mosaxleobisa da teritoris ukiduresi simcirea, maSin roca indoeTisaTvis<br />

problemaa am faqtorebis ukiduresi sidide. mtrulad ganwyobili arabuli<br />

saxelmwifoebiT garSemortymuli israeli arsebobis dRidan dapirispirebebisa<br />

da winaaRmdegobebis arealad iqca. metic, TviTon israelis Seqmnac<br />

ZaladobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli _ xangrZliv da sastik brZolebTan,<br />

romelsac israeli adgilobriv palestinel arabebTAn awarmoebda.<br />

israelis saxelmwifo sekularulia, magram sazogadoeba iudeuria. ebraelTa<br />

masobrivi migracia palestinaSi 1930­ian wlebSi germaniaSi hitleris<br />

aRzevebasTan erTad daiwyo. Tumca, ebrauli saxemwifosaTvis brZola ufro<br />

adre, 1890­ian wlebSi gaiSala. sionizmi (rogorc es moZraoba iwodeboda)<br />

gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1917 wels (pirveli msoflio omis dros), cnobili<br />

balfuris deklaraciis Sedegad, romelic britaneTis maSindeli sagareo<br />

saq me Ta ministris saxels ukavSirdeba da romelmac, Tavis mxriv, pirvelad<br />

oficialurad gamoTqva ebrauli saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea (im dros, pa­

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

207<br />

lestina faqtobrivad didi britaneTis kolonias warmoadgenda). magram<br />

realurad israelis saxelmwifo nacisturi germaniis mier 1939­1945 wlebSi<br />

ganxorcielebuli holokostis (ix. V Tavi) pirmSoa. am Semzaravi tragediis<br />

Semdgom, masobrivi lozungebis `aRarasodes ganmeordes~ fonze, da ori<br />

wamyvani qveynis mxardaWeriT, israelis saxelmwifos damaarseblebma 1947<br />

wels gamarjveba izeimes.<br />

israeli omisa da cecxlis Sedegad Seiqmna, Tumca mis legitimurobas<br />

sami wamyvani Zalis _ aSS­is, didi britaneTisa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis<br />

(erTa ligis `STamomavali~) _ erToblivi mxardaWera uzrunvelyofda.<br />

Tavdapirvelad iyo idea, rom Seqmniliyo ori saxelmwifo: israeli<br />

da palestina, xolo ierusalimi, rogorc sami religiis wminda adgili, yofiliyo<br />

saerTaSoriso qalaqi gaeros egidis qveS. am ideis ganxorcielebis<br />

perspeqtiva CaiSala maSin, roca palestinelma arabebma uaryves amgvari winadadeba<br />

(ebraelebma igi miiRes). amis Semdeg, palestinel arabTa umravlesoba<br />

gaaZeves teritoriidan. gaZevebu lebma Tavi ltolvilTa banakebs Seafares<br />

Razas seqtorSi, mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapirosa da libanSi. nawili<br />

ltolvilebisa sxva arabul qveynebSi gaiqca.<br />

am movlenebma sasowarkveTiTa da SurisZiebiT aRsavse Zalian mZime memkvidreoba<br />

datova, ramac waruSleli daRi daasva axlo aRmosavleTis istorias.<br />

israelma sami omi awarmoa egviptesTan da samiveSi gamarjveba moipova:<br />

1956 wlis suecis omi, 1967 wlis eqvsdRiani omi, 1973 wlis iom kipuris omi.<br />

1967 wlis omis Sedegad israelma Tavisi kontrolis qveS moaqcia Razas seqtori<br />

da sinais udab no egvipteSi, mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapiro<br />

(iordania), siriis golanis maRlobebi. 1973 wlis omSi israelma moipova<br />

imgvari upiratesoba, roca SeeZlo mTeli egviptis dapyroba, magram aSS­is<br />

mxridan seriozuli diplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad, gadaifiqra amis ganxorcieleba.<br />

1978 wels aSS­is prezident jimi karteris ZalisxmeviTa da SuamavlobiT<br />

gaformda kemp­devidis SeTanxmeba _ zavi israelsa da egviptes<br />

Soris. es istoriuli garigeba aSS­is mxridan orive mxarisaTvis gamoyofil<br />

seriozul subsidiebs ukavSirdeboda. samagierod, am SeTanxmebam rea lurad<br />

imuSava: israelsa da egviptes 1973 wlis Semdgom, anu ukve sam aTeul weliwadze<br />

meti xania, aRar hqoniaT SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, samwuxarod, axlo aRmosavleTisa da gansakuTrebiT israelis<br />

istoria 1978 wlidan arastabilurobisa da Zaladobis pirobebSi vi­<br />

Tardeba. umetes SemTxvevebSi amgvari movlenebis epicentrSi swored israelia.<br />

daZabulobisa da konfrontaciebis am dausrulebel jaWvSi libani,<br />

libia, siria, erayi da irani warmoadgenen israelis ZiriTad mowinaaRmdegeebs.<br />

1980­ian da 1990­ian wlebSi, okupirebul teritoriebze xangrZlivma<br />

palestinurma ajanyebam _ romelsac arabulad intifada ewodeba _ uamravi<br />

sicocxle Seiwira da aunazRaurebeli tanjva da danakargi gamoiwvia orive<br />

mxares. xSirad or amgvar ajanyebas moixsenieben, Tumca realurad es erTi<br />

xangrZlivi procesia, romelic 1990­ian wlebSi samSvidobo garigebis imedad<br />

droebiT Sewyda. magram mSvidobis molodini ar gamarTlda. axlac, israeli<br />

okupirebul teritoriebis palestinelebTan SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi imyofeba,<br />

xolo palestinelebi agrZeleben TviTmkvleli teroritebis mier<br />

ganxorcielebuli afeTqebebs serias israelSi.

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208 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

yvela am winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, israeli daarsebis dRidan Seferxebis<br />

gareSe funqcionirebda rogorc saparlamento demokratia. didi<br />

britaneTis msgavsad, israels ara aqvs dawerili konstitucia. konstituciuri<br />

principebis werilobiT gaformebas Tavi aari des im mize zis gamo,<br />

rac saparlamento mmarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvisac mniSvnelovania: arsebobs<br />

imis gancda, rom aucilebelia usafrTxoebis eqstremaluri zomebis<br />

gatareba, rac iwvevs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis garkveul SezRudvas da<br />

faqtobrivad 600 000 palestineli arabis sistematiur diskreditacias<br />

(SedarebisaTvis, ebrauli mosaxleoba daaxloebiT, 5,1 milionia). Tumca,<br />

israelis moqalaqeebs Tavisufal arCevnebSi regularuli monawileobis<br />

ufleba da SesaZlebloba aqvT.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom israeli zogierT SemTxvevaSi zedmetad demokratiulic<br />

ki aris: arCevnebi, romelic Ria sistemas eyrdnoba, Riaa yvelasaTvis<br />

da saSualebas aZlevs Tundac axladCamoyalibebul patara partiebs mandatebis<br />

garkveuli raodenoba moipovon qneseTSi (parlamenti), rac zogjer<br />

qaosur siWrelesac ki qmnis. yalibdeba koaliciuri mTavrobebi, sadac xSirad<br />

SesaZ lebelia erTad vixiloT memarjvene da memarcxene Zalebi, gamomdinare<br />

qveyanaSi arsebuli viTarebidan, arab mezoblebTan urTierTobebis<br />

mdgomareobidan da bu nebrivia, arCevnebis Sedegebidan. krizisulma situaciebma<br />

da safrTxeebis ga neitralebis mudmivma aucileblobam erTgvarad<br />

gadaarCina kidec sazogadoe ba winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri kulturis<br />

aRzevebis, qaosuri partiuli sistemis Camoyalibebisa da Sedegad, xelisuflebis<br />

arastabilurobisagan.<br />

Tumca, isreali rCeba erTgvarad saocar ekonomikur da politikur fenomenad,<br />

romelic viTardeba daarsebis dRidan misTvis araxelsayrel,<br />

xSirad mtrul garemoSi. da Tuki israels ZaluZs qmediTi saparlamento demokratiis<br />

SenarCuneba, Tundac aSS­is uzarmazari saxelmwifo Tu sazogadoebrivi<br />

mxar daWeriT, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom nebismier sazogadoebas<br />

Sesabamisi kulturuli wanamZRvrebiT, SeuZlia igive.<br />

dasavleTis (gansakuTrebiT didi britaneTis) gavlena garkveulwilad,<br />

Tumca ara srulfasovnad, gvexmareba avxsnaT, ra aris demokratiis<br />

war matebis mizezi indoeTSi. am ori qveynis magaliTi, sadac warmoudgenel<br />

pirobebSi mu Saobs saparlamento demokratia, ar amtkicebs imas, rom<br />

saxalxo TviTmmarT veloba yvelgan iqneboda qmediTi, magram namdvilad<br />

cxadyofs, rom igi muSaobs zogjer sruliad warmoudgenel adgilebSic ki.<br />

prezidentebi da parlamentebi:<br />

SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba<br />

sainteresoa, rogor gamoiyureba saparlamento da saprezidento demokratiis<br />

sistemebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi? SedarebiTi daxasiaTebis gamartivebisaTvis<br />

aSS­sa da didi britaneTis modelebs gamoviyenebT.

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sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba<br />

saparlamento demokratia<br />

209<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis funqcia nebismier konstituciur demokratiaSi<br />

kanonSemoqmdebeba da kanonis amoqmedebaa. am ZiriTadi saerTo niSnis<br />

garda, britanuli da amerikuli sakanonmdeblo Stoebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba<br />

erTmaneTisagan. britanuli tradiciis mixedviT, parlamenti suverenuli<br />

organoa. cnobili britaneli iuristis, ser uiliam bleqstounis<br />

(1723­1780 ww.) sityvebiT, parlaments SeuZlia `yvelafris keTeba, rac bunebrivad<br />

SeuZlebeli ar aris~. kidev erTi cnobili avtoris Tanaxmad, `saparlamento<br />

suverenitetis koncefcias udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs da gamoarCevs<br />

britaneTs demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesobisagan. parlaments SeuZlia<br />

miiRos nebismieri kanoni, romelsac is miiCnevs mizanSewonilad da arc erT<br />

sxva organos ar ZaluZs am kanonis ugulebelyofa misi arakonstituciurad<br />

gamocxadebis an arasasurvelad miCnevis motiviT.~ 16 amerikuli sistema konstitucias<br />

kongresze maRlac ki ayenebs. 1803 wlis `marberi medisonis winaaRmdeg~<br />

saqmis Semdgom, aSS­is uzenaesma sasamarTlom warmatebiT daamkvidra<br />

sakuTari ufleba da movaleoba kongresis mier damtkicebuli nebismier kanoni<br />

`daZiros,~ Tu mas arakonstituciurad miiCnevs. 17<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom ori qveynis sakanonmdeblo Stos bevri msgavsi funqcia<br />

aqvs. magaliTad, es arCeuli organo orive sistemaSi uflebamosilia miiRos<br />

an `Caagdos~ esa Tu is kanoni, daamtkicos ministrebi aseve, orives gaaGCnia<br />

ufleba, moiTxovos an moikvlios informacia umaRlesi aRmasruleblis da<br />

aseve kabinetis wevrebis Sesaxeb, Tumca es ufleba ufro aSkarad da masStaburad<br />

britanul sistemaSi gamoiyeneba, vidre amerikulSi. garda amisa, es<br />

organoebi orive qveyanaSi warmoadgens forums qveynis yoveldRiurobaSi<br />

yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxebis Ria ganxilvisaTvis.<br />

Tumca, didi britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, sxva saparlamento demokratiebs<br />

(garda israelisa) gaaCnia dawerili konstitucia. rogorc wesi, konstituciis<br />

mierve Seqmnili parlamenti ar aris uflebamosili daarRvios<br />

uzenaesi kanoni an misiT manipulireba moaxdinos. Sesworebebis Setana, ra<br />

Tqma unda, SesaZ lebelia, magram es procesi, rogorc wesi, Zalian rTuli da<br />

winaaR mdegobrivia. konstitucia iTvaliswinebs specialuri sakonstitucio<br />

sasamar Tlos Seqmnis SesaZleblobas, rogorc es, magaliTad, germaniaSi,<br />

safrangeTsa da espaneTSia, mas miniWebuli aqvs ufleba gamoacxados esa<br />

Tu is kanoni an samTavrobo aqti arakonstituciurad.<br />

sakanonmdeblo Stos damoukidebloba. marTalia, kongresis Zalau f l eba<br />

SezRudulia konstituciiT, magram aSS­is kanonmdeblebs damoukideblad<br />

manevrirebisaTvis gacilebiT ufro farTo asparezi aqvT britanel kolegebTan<br />

SedarebiT, radgan amerikeli warmomadgenelTa palatis wevrebisa<br />

da senatorebis arCevisas pirovnuli faqtori gacilebiT mniSvnelovan<br />

rols TamaSobs, vidre `partiuli bileTi.~ kongresi faqtobrivad 500­ze<br />

meti potenciuri popularuli lideris asambleas warmoadgens. politikur<br />

partiebs udavod aqvT garkveuli gavlena, magram aSS­Si naklebad Zlevamosilni<br />

arian imisaTvis, rom mtkice da mkacri kontroli ganaxorcielon.

---

210 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

aseve, imis realuri SesaZlebloba, rom kongresis erT palataSi erTi partia<br />

dominirebdes, xolo meoreSi ki sxva, kompromiss aucileblobadac ki<br />

aqcevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, azrs ukargavs mkacri partiuli disciplinisa Tu<br />

morCileba­erTgulebis raime saWiroebas. amave al baTobiT, SesaZlebelia<br />

kongress akontrolebdnen, magaliTad, demokratebi, xolo TeTr saxls<br />

_ respublikelebi (rac sakmaod xSirad xdeba), rasac igive efeqti aqvs. 18<br />

dabolos, kongresmenebi ZiriTadad konkretul da lokalur interesebze<br />

ufro arian orientirebulni, vidre saqveyno masStabis saerTo sa kiTxebze.<br />

isini arCeulni arian swored konkretuli Statisa da saarCevno olqis mier<br />

imisaTvis, rom adgilobrivi interesebis lobireba moaxdinon, maT Soris, im<br />

gavleniani interes­jgufebisa, romelic TiTqmis yvela arCeul kandidats<br />

sWirdeba winasaarCevno kampaniis mxardaWerisa da dafinansebisaTvis da amitom<br />

gamarjvebis Semdgom `valSi~ arian maTTan. rogorc warmomadgenelTa<br />

palatis yofilis spi keri tip o’nili xumrobiT aRniSnavda, `yvela <strong>politika</strong><br />

adgi lobrivia,~ rac garkveulwilad simarTlis marcvalsac Seicavda erT<br />

dros. Tumca, dResdReobiT vaSingtonSi nebismieri <strong>politika</strong>, ramdenad `adgilobrivic~<br />

unda iyos igi garegnulad, finansdeba politikur qmedebaTa<br />

komitetis (PAC) [ix. Tavi X. mTargm. Sen.] mier, naclad nebismieri erTeuli<br />

Statis Sida resursisa. amitomac, xSirad swored finansebi yovelgvar partiul<br />

kuTvnilebaze metadac ki gansazRvravs kanonmdebelTa gadawyvetilebebs<br />

sakiTxebis umetesobis irgvliv.<br />

saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba, aSS­sTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT<br />

ufro mkacr partiul disciplinas da wesrigs emyareba, gansakuTrebiT im<br />

qveynebSi, sadac proporciuli saarCevno sistemaa. am SemTxvevaSi, sakanonmdeblo<br />

organos deputatebi airCevian mravalmandatian saarCevno olqeb­<br />

Si partiuli siis mixedviT. imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is kandidati arCeuli<br />

iqnas, saWiroa kargi urTierTobebi hqondes partiasTan da mis gavlenian<br />

gundTan, romelic wyvets, Casvas Tu ara kandidati saarCevno siaSi da ra<br />

nomrad (anu, siis dasawyisSi, bolos Tu Sua nawilSi). siis dasawyisSi myof<br />

kandidatebs yvelaze didi Sansi aqvT iyvnen arCeulni.<br />

struqturuli sirTule. gavlenisa da Zalauflebis dayofa kongresSi mis<br />

struqturas britaneTis parlamentTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro kompleqsurs<br />

xdis. aRsaniSnavia, rom britaneTis TemTa palataSi mxolod eqvsi<br />

mudmivi komitetia, romelic 20­dan 50­mde deputats aerTianebs da ar gaaCnia<br />

specia lizacia, anu ganixilavs kanonproeqtebis mTel rigs Tematikis<br />

miuxedavad. Sesabamisad, komitetebi ar arian uflebamosilni moiwvion specialuri<br />

mosmena an moiTxovon saeqsperto ganxilva da aseve ar SeuZliaT<br />

Tavi aaridon ganxilvas. yvelaze meti, rac maT SeuZliaT, garkveuli teqnikuri<br />

da lingvisturi cvlilebebis Setanaa proeqtSi. sakomiteto muSaoba<br />

amitom sakmaod mosawyeni da trivialuric ki SeiZleba iyos, Tumca is limitirebul,<br />

magram mainc garkveul saSualebas iZ leva lobizmisaTvis.<br />

amdenad, britaneTis parlamentis sakomiteto sistema Zalian gansxvavdeba<br />

aSS­is kongresisagan. warmomadgenelTa palataSi, iseve rogorc senatSi,<br />

TxuT metze meti specializebuli komitetia, romlebic qmnian politikur

---

saparlamento demokratia<br />

211<br />

landSafts. am komitetebs gaaCnia mravalricxovani qvekomitetebi kidev<br />

ufro viw ro speci alizaciiT. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis programebisa<br />

da saqmianobis ga moZiebis SemTxvevaSi, komitetebsa da qvekomitetebs Seu­<br />

ZliaT specialuri mosmenis mowveva da mowmeebis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis<br />

moTxovna. kargad struqturirebuli sakomiteto sistema didwilad gansaz­<br />

Rvravs sakanonmdeblo saqmianobas qveyanaSi. imdenad, ramdenadac deputatebi<br />

ver iqnebian erTdroulad yvela sakiTxis eqspertebi, isini irCeven<br />

konkretul specializacias _ iqneba es soflis murneoba, sagareo <strong>politika</strong>,<br />

SromiTi urTierTobebi da a.S. amasTanave, amgvari specializacia sakmaod<br />

did dros moiTxovs. politologebi xSirad saubroben erTgvar sakvalifikacio<br />

sistemaze kongresis orive palataSi. zogadad, yvelaze gavleniani da<br />

qmediTi kanonmdeblebi arian isini, vinc ukve garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

floben mandats da Sesabamisad, kargad erkvevian ama Tu im sakiTxSi.<br />

maT mosazrebas da pozicias gansakuTrebuli wona aqvs.<br />

kongresis mxridan mudmivi monitoringisa da kontrolis funqcia sxva da ­<br />

sxva formiT gamoixateba. Secdomebs SesaZloa adgili hqondes kanonSemoqmedebi<br />

Ti procesis ama Tu im etapze (magaliTad, sabiujeto procesis avtorizaciis<br />

da asignebis fazaSi, an sakiTxis mokvlevisa da sakomiteto mosmenis dros).<br />

is kanonmdeblebi, romelTac sakmarisi raodenobis profesionali kadrebi<br />

hyavT, regularulad axorcieleben programis Sefasebasa da politikis<br />

revizi as. es kadrebi ki xSirad gavleniani funqcionerebi arian `kulisebidan~,<br />

romelTa rCevebsa da eqspertizas eyrdnobian.<br />

britanuli saparlamento sistema mkveTrad gansxvavdeba am kuTxiT. angariSvaldebulebis<br />

gamoxatvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani meqanizmia SekiTxvebis<br />

saa Ti, romelic kviris ramdenime dRes tardeba da sadac calkeuli ministrebi<br />

parlamentarTa mier miRebul SekiTxvebs pasuxoben. SekiTxvebi TavisTavad<br />

SeiZleba iyos rogorc mwvave xasiaTis, ise sakmaod trivialuri,<br />

SesaZloa miznad isa xavdes mTavrobisaTvis misi pasuxismgeblobebis Sexsenebas,<br />

sajaro yuradRe bis miqcevas konkretul sakiTxze, da/an damatebiTi<br />

informaciis miRebas. SedarebisaTvis, amerikuli kongresisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

specializacia TiTqmis srulad ignorirebulia angariSvaldebulebis<br />

saparlamento sistemaSi.<br />

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebli funqciebis SekavSireba. kidev erTi<br />

Tval Sisacemi gansxvaveba or politikur sistemas Soris gaxlavT is, Tu ra<br />

do ziT monawileobs sakanonmdeblo organo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis<br />

dakompleq tebaSi. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, saparlamento sistemaSi parlamenti<br />

gadamwyvet rols asrulebs axali administraciis (kabinetis) CamoyalibebaSi.<br />

premier­ministri aris saparlamen to umravlesobis partiis lideri<br />

da kabinetis danarCeni wevrebis SerCevac partiis liderTa rigebidan xdeba.<br />

radganac saparlamento sistemaSi `wyalgamyofi xazi~ aRmasrulebel da<br />

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas Soris arc ise mkafioa, Znelia imis zustad<br />

Camoyalibeba, sad iwyeba erTis da mTavrdeba meoris Zalaufleba.<br />

ZalTa amgvar gaerTianebas adgili ara aqvs saprezidento sistemaSi.<br />

senatorebisa da warmomadgenlebisagan gansxvavebiT, prezidents gaaCnia

---

212 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

naciona luri saxalxo mandati da misi Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs konstituciis<br />

cal ke segmentidan. TumcaRa, kongress mainc gaaCnia garkveuli<br />

gavlenis moxdenis berketi aRmasruleblis dakompleqtebaze, radgan misma<br />

orive palatam unda daamtkicos warmodgenili Semadgenloba da aseve gadawyvitos<br />

sxva maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis daniSvnis sakiTxi. Tu aRmasruleblis<br />

esa Tu is qmede ba winaaRmdegobrivia an eWvs iwvevs, sakanonmdeblo organos<br />

Sesabamis komitets, konstituciis mier miniWebuli makontroleblis<br />

funqciis gamoyenebiT, SeuZ lia moiTxovos aRmasrulebeli pirebis da/an sxva<br />

mowmeebis sasamarTlo dakiTxva. amdenad, adgili aqvs mudmiv urTierTqmedebas<br />

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrule ­bel Stoebs Soris. Tumca, britaneTis<br />

parlamentisagan gansxvavebiT, aSS­is kongress ar SeuZlia aRmasrulebeli<br />

xelisuflebis daTxovna `undoblobis gamocxadebis~ uflebiT. im SemTxveva­<br />

Sic, Tu kongresi ar miiRebs TeTri saxlis mier warmodgenil raime sakvanZo<br />

mniSvnelobis programas, prezidenti darCeba Tanamdebobaze sruli oTxwliani<br />

vadiT (eqstraordinaruli SemTxvevebis _ impiCmenti, gardacvaleba,<br />

an gadadgoma _ gamoklebiT).<br />

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />

xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli Sto warmodgenilia mTavrobis meTauriT<br />

da saxelmwifos meTauriT, kabinetiT da biurokratiuli aparatiT.<br />

Zalian bevr msgav sebasTan erTad, ori politikuri sistemis aRmasrulebel<br />

xelisuflebas axasiaTEebs zogierTi gansxvaveba, romlebsac Cven ganvixilavT.<br />

upirvelesad, aSS prezidenti aris mTavrobis meTauri da saxelmwifos<br />

meTauri, maSin roca britaneTSi es funqciebi gayofilia premier­ministrsa<br />

da monarqs Soris. am ori uflebamosilebis SeTavseba aSS­is prezidentis<br />

instituts ufro gavleniansa da prestiJuls xdis britanuli premierministris<br />

institutTan SedarebiT. prezidenti ara mxolod uZRveba<br />

mTavrobas da gamodis saxelmwifos saxeliT, ara med, britaneTis premierisgan<br />

gansxvavebuiT, arCeulia personalurad sa er To erovnul arCevnebSi.<br />

aSS­is prezidentis fiqsirebuli samoqmedo vadac sakmaod daculia.<br />

bri taneTis premieris pozicia ki mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia imaze,<br />

Tu ramdenad SeZlebs igi TemTa palataSi umravlesobis mxardaWerisa da<br />

ndobis SenarCunebas. sakmaod xSirad yofila premier­ministris postidan<br />

daTxovnis precedentebi, saxalxo ukmayofilebis an parlamentSi sakvanZo<br />

umravleso bis dakargvis gamo.<br />

mxolod amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT moqmedi prezidentis gadayeneba, Tu ar<br />

CavTvliT aseve eqstraordinaruli garemoebebs. amerikis arc erTi prezidenti<br />

ar yofila impiCmentis wesiT gadayenebuli (endriu jonsons da uiliam<br />

klintons kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatam gamoucxada impiCmenti, magram<br />

arc erT SemTxvevaSi senats ar daudasturebia es gadawyvetileba). di di<br />

albaTobiT, riCard niqsoni SesaZloa realurad gam xdariyo prezidenti,<br />

romelsac impiCmentis wesiT gadaayenebdnen, magram amgva ri Sedegis dadgomamde<br />

igi Tavad gadadga.

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

213<br />

saprezidento postis kidev erTi upiratesoba meti avtonomiurobaa<br />

gada wyvetilebis miRebis pro cesSi. aSS­is kabinetis wevrebs ZiriTadad<br />

administra ciuli da sakonsultacio funqciebi aqvT da prezidents Sexedulebisamebr<br />

SeuZlia gamoiyenos an ar gamoiyenos maTi rCeva ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis<br />

miRebi sas. britaneTis premier­ministri ki kabinetSi moqmedebs,<br />

rogorc `pir veli TanasworTa Soris~. TumcaRa am tradiciam didwilad dakarga<br />

Zala, premieri ZiriTadad mainc kolegialur gadawyvetilebebs iRebs<br />

[kabinetis danarCen wevrebTan TanamSromlobiT]. imave logikiT moqmedebs<br />

koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis principic, romelic faqtobrivad gamoricxavs<br />

kabinetis wevrebis mxridan xelisuflebis politikis nebismieri<br />

aspeqtis kritikas, an saerTo pasuxismgeblobis aridebas.<br />

dabolos, prezidenti qveynis mxedarTmTavaria, aseve mTavari kanonmdebeli<br />

(ara mxolod misi vetos uflebidan gamomdinare, aramed aseve mis mier<br />

wardgenili mravalricxovani sakanonmdeblo proeqtebis gamo) da mTavari<br />

diploma tic. aSS­is prezidents uWiravs posti, romelsac demokratiulad<br />

arCeul mTavar aRmasruleblebs Soris faqtobrivad yvelaze meti Zalaufleba,<br />

uflebamosileba da avtoriteti gaaCnia.<br />

Tumca, erT aspeqtSi britaneTis premier­ministris uflebamosilebebi<br />

mainc aWarbebs aSS­is prezidentisas. marTalia, prezidenti imavdroulad<br />

partiis lideric aris, magram es funqcia mniSvnelovanad SezRudulia partiebis<br />

decentralizebuli, susti struqturis gamo. britaneTis premierministri<br />

ki gacilebiT ufro metia, vidre mmarTveli partiis tituliani<br />

lideri. did britaneTSi partiis xelmZRvaneloba udides rols asrulebs<br />

partiuli programisa da politikis warmatebis saqmeSi. premieri swored<br />

partiis meSveobiT axorcilebs marTvas. maSin, roca, amerikul sistemaSi<br />

partiebs ZaluZT garkveuli gavlenis moxdena maT Tanapartiel konkretul<br />

pirebze warmomadgenelTa palata Si an senatSi, britaneTis sistemaSi partiebi<br />

orientirebulni arian TemTa palataSi kenWisyrisas maTi deputatebis<br />

politikuri qcevis [xmis micemis] saerTo kont rolze. sxva demokratiuli<br />

sistemebis umravlesoba am TvalsazrisiT brita nul sistemasTan ufro axlos<br />

dgas, vidre amerikulTan.<br />

sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />

miuxedavad mniSvnelovani struqturuli gansxvavebebisa amerikul da<br />

britanul sasamarTlo sistemebs Soris, maT aerTianebT e.w. saerTo samar-<br />

Tlis (common law) tra dicia. saerTo samarTali emyareba mosamarTleTa<br />

gadawyvetile bebs, nacvlad werilobiTi kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul<br />

normebisa. es tradi cia XII saukunidan iRebs saTaves, kerZod mefe henri IIis<br />

mcdelobidan daemkvidrebina sistema, sadac mosamarTleebi valdebulni<br />

iqnebodnen aResrulebinaT mefis kanoni adgilobrivi Cveulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

davebis gadawyvetisas, TiToeuli mosamarTle amzadebda moxsenebas<br />

sasamarTlo procesis mimdinare obis Sesa xeb da agzavnida londonSi.<br />

wlebis ganmavlobaSi, msgavs saqmeTa Sesa xeb moxsenebebidan gamomdinare,

---

214 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

konkretuli midgomebi da iuridiuli principebi Camoya libda. ramdenadac<br />

precedentuli samarTali saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi formulirde boda, ramdenime<br />

cnobili da gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sedegad<br />

moxda misi popularizacia. droTa ganmavlobaSi, iuridiulma komentatorebma<br />

(maT Soris yvelaze cnobili Carlz blakstouni gaxldaT) moaxdines am<br />

gadawyvetilebebis prece den tebis kodificireba. maTi meSveobiT, amgvari<br />

normebi farTod gavrcelda, maT Soris amerikul koloniebSic.<br />

prezidenti, rogorc mTavrobisa da saxelmwifo<br />

meTauri yovelwliur moxsenebas amzadebs<br />

qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kongresis wevrebisa<br />

da amerikeli xalxisaTvis.<br />

saerTo samarTlis wanamZRvrebs Soris msgavsebas Tu ar CavTvliT, britanuli<br />

da amerikuli sasamarTlo sistema bevri niSniT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan:<br />

mosamarTleTa SerCevis wesiT, sasamarTlos organizaciiT,<br />

sasamarTlo kontrolis ganxorcielebiT da sxva sakvanZo struqturuli<br />

aspeqtiT.<br />

mosamarTleTa SerCeva. did birtaneTSi ori tipis samarTlis skola arsebobs.<br />

qveda donis skolebSi xdeba studentis kvalificireba solisitorad,<br />

[iuriskonsulti], anu sasamarTlo moxeled, romelic amzadebs saqmeebs<br />

sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis, konsultacias uwves klientebs, adgens<br />

kontraq tebs, anderZebs da sxva samarTlebriv dokumentebs. eqskluziuri<br />

skolebi ki amzadeben baristerebs [umaRlesi donis advokati], romelTac<br />

SeuZliaT solisitoris yvela funqciis ganxorcieleba da amavdroulad,<br />

aqvT sasamarTloSi gamosvlisa da saqmis warmoebis ufleba. mosamarTleebad<br />

iniSnebian mxo lod baristerTa rangis mqone pirebi. metic, imisaTvis, rom<br />

baristeri daniSnuli iqnes mosamarTled (romelic aSS­is federaluri donis<br />

msgavsad mTeli sicocxlis vadiTaa), mas unda hqondes umaRlesi kvalifikacia<br />

samarTlis skolidan da amasTanave gaaCndes warmatebuli iuridiuli<br />

praqtikis mravalwlia ni gamocdileba.<br />

amerikaSi sasamarTlos dakompleqtebis principi ufro politikuria.<br />

aqac, mosamarTled SeiZleba daniSnuli iyos piri prestiJuli iuridiuli<br />

skolis warCinebiT damTavrebis an gamorCeuli da xangrZlivi praqtikuli<br />

sasamarTlo gamocdilebiT, Tumca yovelTvis ara. ufro xSirad, federalur<br />

doneze mosamarTleTa SerCeva aSkara politikuri gaTvlebiT aris

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saparlamento demokratia<br />

215<br />

ganpirobebuli _ iqneba es konkretuli pirisaTvis garkveuli damsaxurebebis<br />

gamo erTgvari jildo, gavleniani kongresmenis Tu adgilobrivi<br />

partiuli xelmZRva nelis interesis dakmayofileba, Tu garkveuli geografiuli<br />

balansis miRweva mosamarTleTa wamomadgenlobaSi. Statisa da<br />

adgilobriv doneebze mosamarTlis posti xSirad arCeviTia.<br />

federaluri sasamarTloebi unitarulTan mimarTebaSi. amerikuli sasamarTlo<br />

sistema federalur safuZvelzea agebuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom<br />

igi moicavs 51 sasamarTlo sistemas. federaluri sasamarTlo ganixilavs im<br />

saqme ebs, sadac erT­erT mxares warmoadgens federaluri xelisufleba an<br />

miesadageba federaluri kanoni. federaluri sasamarTlo iyofa qvesistemad,<br />

romelic warmodgenilia saolqo sasamarTloebiT _ sadac ZiriTadad<br />

iwyeba kidec saqmeTa gan xilva, saapelacio sasamarTloebiT _ romelic<br />

apelaciis safuZvelze ganixilavs saolqo sasamarTloebis mier warmoebul<br />

saqmeebs da uzenaesi sasamarTloTi _ romelic faqtobrivad funqcionirebs<br />

rogorc umaRlesi ins tanciis sasamarTlo, iRebs ra gadawyvetilebebs<br />

im gansakuTrebul saqmeebze, sadac winaaRmdegobriv iuridiul interpretacias<br />

an konstituciasTan Sesa bamisobis dadgenis saWiroebas vawydebiT.<br />

federalur sasamarTlo erTeulTan erTad funqcionirebs kidev ormocdaaTi<br />

Statis sasamarTlo, romelTa umravlesobas msgavsi samsafexuriani<br />

struq tura gaaCnia. Statis sasamarTloebi federaluri sasamarTlosagan<br />

srulad gancalkevebuli ar aris. aSS­s uzenaesi sasamarTlo xSirad ganixilavs<br />

Statis umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlodan wamosul saqmes im SemTvevaSi,<br />

Tu iuridiul sakiTxebs konstituciuri Sinaarsi aqvs.<br />

aSS­sgan gansxvavebiT, britanuli sasamarTlo sistema ufro sworxazovania,<br />

rac britaneTis unitaruli wyobis gamoZaxilia. Statis sasamarTloebis<br />

analogis ararseboba britanul sistemas amerikuli sistemisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli iurisdiqciuli da proceduruli sirTuleebisagan aTavisuflebs.<br />

sasamarTlo kontroli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze mkveTri politikuri<br />

gansxvaveba or sasamarTlo sistemas Soris sasamarTlo gadasinjvis (kontrolis)<br />

ganxorcielebas ukavSirdeba, anu sasamarTlos uflebas Tvalyuri<br />

adevnos da kanongareSed gamoacxados aRmasrulebeli Tu sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis<br />

qmedeba/gadawyvetileba. aSS­Si orives, Statis da federalur<br />

sasamarTlos aqvs xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis aqtebis ganxilvis ufleba,<br />

pirvels _ Statis konstituciasTan, xolo meores _ federalur konstituciasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi.<br />

sasamarTlo gadasinjvis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro zrdis dawerili konstituciis<br />

arseboba, radgan igi wamoadgens mkveTr sazoms, ris mixedviTac<br />

fasdeba Cveulebrivi (statuturi) kanonebi. garkveulwilad, federalurma<br />

wyobam rogorc aseTma, TavisTavad ganapiroba sasamarTlo kontrolis<br />

aucilebloba. Tu Statis sasamarTloebs eqnebodaT imis ufleba, moexdinaT<br />

federaluri kanonis survilisamebr interpretireba, iurisprudenciis<br />

nacionaluri organos arseboba dakargavda yovelgvar mniSvnelobas. 19 iu­

---

216 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

ridiuli erTgvarovnebis saWiroebisa da im saerTo kanonieri principebis<br />

mniSvnelobis gaTaviseba, romelTac nebismier doneze warmodgenili xelisuflebis<br />

qmedebebi unda daeqvemdebaros, warmoadgens sasamarTlo kontrolis<br />

arsebobis safuZvels ara mxolod aSS­Si, aramed konstituciuri<br />

demokratiebis umravlesobaSi.<br />

rac Seexeba britanel mosamarTleebs, isini mxolod marginalurad monawileoben<br />

qveynis marTvaSi. maSin roca aSS­Si kanonmdeblisa da aRmasruleblis<br />

nebismieri gadawyvetileba aqtiurad ganixileba konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis<br />

kuTxiT, did britaneTSi sasamarTlos ar ZaluZs parlamentis mier miRebuli<br />

aqtebis gauqmeba. maT, amerikeli kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar gaaCniaT<br />

samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis `konstituciuri mcvelebis~ funqcia, maSin roca<br />

amerikeli mosamarTleebi ama Tu im sakanon mdeblo aqtze individis uzenaesi<br />

uflebebis mtkicebisas, xSirad swored am ampluaSi gvevlinebian. iSviaT SDem­<br />

TxvevebSi, britaneli mosamarTleebi mxolod mianiSneben aRmasulebels Tu<br />

igi gascdeba moqmedebis kanonier CarCoebs. erT­erTi SefasebiT:<br />

britaneTis mTavrobis Zalaufleba SezRudulia samarTlis forma luri<br />

institutebis miuxedavad da ara maT mier. ingliselebi ufro nakle bad<br />

asaCivreben samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis an kanonieri samarTlebrivi<br />

procesis ugulvebelyofas, vidre im qveynebis moqalaqeebi, romelTac<br />

gaaCniaT dawerili konstitucia, adamianis uflebaTa bili an mkveTrad<br />

gansazRvruli sasamarTlo kontrolis procedura. 20<br />

aSS­is uzenaesi sasamarTlo damoukidebeli organoa, romelic gamiznulad<br />

daculia politikuri cxovrebis gavlenisagan. britaneTis sasamarTlo<br />

xelisuflebas ki saTaveSi udgas kabinetis wevri _ cnobili lordi kancleris<br />

statusiT, romelic amavdroulad aris lordTa palatis Tavmjdomare<br />

da iZ le ­va rekomendaciebs sasamarTlo daniSvnebTan dakavSirebiT. Teoriulad,<br />

britaneTis umaRles sasamarTlos lordTa palata warmoadgens. praqtikulad<br />

ki es erToba warmodgenilia palatis mxolod ramdenime iuridiuli<br />

kvalifikaciis mqone gamorCeuli wevriT. ZalauflebaTa gaerTianeba,<br />

romelic zogadad damaxasiaTebelia britaneTis saparlamento sistemisaTvis,<br />

am SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba parlamentis zeda palataSi sakanonmdeblo da<br />

sasamarTlo xelisuflebebis SeTavsebiT, iseve rogorc es xdeba mis qveda<br />

palataSi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel funqciebs Soris.<br />

ori sistemis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi<br />

erT­erTi amerikeli avtoris SefasebiT, `saparlamento sistema [avtomanqana]<br />

`kadilakia~ saxelisuflo formebs Soris.~ igive avtori amerikul saprezidento<br />

sistemas fordis `modeli T~­s adarebs. 21 saparlamento sistemebi iTvaliswinebs<br />

xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis maRal dones amomrCevlis winaSe.<br />

politikuri partiebi saarCevno kampaniebs gansxvavebul da kargad Camoyalibebul<br />

politikur platfor mebze ageben. Tu arCevnebis Sedegebi Zlieri<br />

mandatiT aRWurvavs erT romelime partias, maSin am ukanasknels parlamen­

---

saparlamento demokratia<br />

217<br />

tis mxardaWeriT sakuTa ri programis ganxorcielebis didi Sansi aqvs. Tu<br />

mTavrobis <strong>politika</strong> arapopularuli, arapraqtikuli an winaaRmdegobrivi<br />

aRmoCndeba, SesaZlebelia premier­ministris an mmarTveli partiis Secvla<br />

mTEeli politikuri sistemis ryevis gareSe. da bolos, zogierTi analitikosi<br />

miiCnevs, rom britaneTis partiebis disciplinirebuloba ufro efeqtians xdis<br />

mis saparlamento sistemas aSS­is saprezidento sistemasTan SedarebiT.<br />

rogorc kritikosebi aRniSnaven, aSS­is saprezidento wyoba xSirad awydeba<br />

dilemebs, rac misi samganStoebiani stuqturis gawonasworebisa da<br />

dabalansebis (checks and balances) principidan gamomdinareobs. Zalian xSirad,<br />

erTi partia warmoadgens saprezidento xelisuflebas, xolo meore akontrolebs<br />

kongress. metic, Zalian rTulia arakompetenturi da Tundac arapopularuli<br />

prezidentis daTxovna. garda amisa, orpartiuli aramoqnili<br />

sistema bevr gansxvavebul interesTa jgufs kongresSi warmomadgenlobis<br />

saSualebas ar aZlevs. bolos, e.w. prezidentis saxalxo arCevnebi sakmaod<br />

iluzorulia: saqme isaa, rom prezidents realurad irCevs aSS­is xmis micemis<br />

uflebis mqone mosaxleobis mxo lod daaxloebiT 25 procenti. kritikosTa<br />

mosazrebiT, maJoritarul principze (winner-takes-all) damyarebuli<br />

amomrCevelTa kolegiis arCevis ukve dromoWmuli praqtika xSirad imgvar<br />

suraTs qmnis, rom realuri umravlesobis neba ar sruldeba _ magaliTisaTvis<br />

gamodgeba 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi, sadac kandidatma al gorma<br />

miiRo xmebis realuri umravlesoba, magram jorj buSi umcrosi gamocxadda<br />

gamarjvebulad.<br />

saprezidento sistemis momxreebi ki aRniSnaven, rom namdvilad aris Sem­<br />

Txvevebi, roca saWiro da mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi swored vaSington ­<br />

Si miiReba da ara sxvagan (SegviZlia gavixsenoT lindon jonsonisa da ronald<br />

rei ganis sawyisi sakanonmdeblo warmatetebi). maTive azriT, legalurad<br />

fiqsirebuli saprezidento vada swored rom uparatesobaa. miuxedavad<br />

sirTuleebisa, rasac xandaxan prezidentis impiCmentis uaRresad rTuli<br />

procesi qmnis (maga liTad, riCard niqsonis gadayenebis proceduruli<br />

sirTule, miuxedavad mis mier Zalauflebis gadametebis faqtis TvalsaCinoobisa),<br />

prezidentisaTvis garantirebuli vadis arseboba pozitiur maxasiaTebels<br />

warmoadgens. magaliTad, hari trumeni, romelic dResdReobiT<br />

amerikis erT­erT udides prezidentad miiCneva, misi mmarTvelobis umetes<br />

periodSi sakmaod arapopularuli iyo. aseve, prezidents gaaCnia krizisul<br />

viTarebaSi qveynis marTvis efeqtiani konstituciuri berketebi, maSinac ki,<br />

roca sazogadoebrivi interesi mas ubiZ gebs arapopularuli nabijebis gadadgmisaken.<br />

es SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc saprezidento sistemis<br />

aSkara upiratesoba.<br />

konstitucia da konteqsti<br />

saparlamento mmarTvelobebis Sedegianobis empiriuli Seswavla, maTi<br />

gan sxvavebulobidan gamomdinare, kidev erTxel adasturebs jer kidev ar­

---

218 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

istoteles mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom politikuri swavlebebi Sesa­<br />

Zloa Zalian abstraqtuli gaxdes. aristoteles mixedviT, mTavaria ara is,<br />

Tu ra aris umjobesi, aramed is, ra aris SesaZlebeli arsebul garemoebebSi.<br />

zogierT SemTxvevaSi saparlamento wyoba amarTlebs, zogan ki _ ver. amdenad,<br />

aristoteles mosazrebani dResac aqtualuria:<br />

daskvna<br />

Cven ar unda vfiqrobdeT mxolod imaze, Tu rogori unda iyos idealuri<br />

konstitucia. Cven unda vifiqroT imazec, rac praqtikulia [anu,<br />

saukeTeso mocemuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT] _ da amasTan erTad,<br />

ad vilad ganxorcielebadi da zogadad ufro Sesaferisic... konstituciuri<br />

sistemis imgvari forma unda iqnas SerCeuli, rac xalxs advilad<br />

daarwmunebs ukve arsebuli sistemis nacvlad misi da nergvis<br />

aucileblobaSi da SeaZlebinebs kidec amis ganxorcielebas. 22<br />

britanul saparlamento models axasiaTebs ZalauflebaTa Serevisa da<br />

gaerTianebis principi, mmarTvelobis ganusazRvreli vadebi, disciplinirebuli<br />

partiebi, da ormagi aRmasrulebeli. konstituciuri demokratiis<br />

es modeli ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi (garda laTinuri amerikisa),<br />

vidre amerikuli modeli. igi gansakuTrebiT dominanturia evropaSi, sadac<br />

britaneTis magaliTis mixedviT Camoyalibda amJamindeli konstituciuri<br />

demokratiebis umrvalesoba.<br />

safrangeTi konstituciuri demokratiis hibridul formas warmoadgens,<br />

romelic aerTianebs britanuli da amerikuli sistemebis maxasiaTeblebs.<br />

germania saparlamento demokratiaa, magram gansxvavdeba rogorc<br />

britanuli, ise franguli sistemebisagan imiT, rom is ara unitaruli, aramed<br />

federaciuli sa xelmwifoa (da moicavs federalur miwebs). iaponiac<br />

saparlamento demokratiaa, da evropisagan ara imdenad politikuri struqturiT,<br />

ramdenadac politikuri kulturiT gansxvavdeba. iaponiis konsensusis<br />

principze aRmocenebul sazogadoebas, araformalur da didwilad<br />

pirovnul kavSirebze damyarebuli politikuri Zalauflebis mqone da patronaJul<br />

urTierTobebze agebuli politikuri struqturebi gaaCnia, romlebic,<br />

zedapiruli ganxilvisas SesaZloa misi evropuli analogiebisTvis<br />

migvemsgavsebina (Tumca, es institutebi realurad ame rikaSi Seiqmna, aSS­is<br />

mier meore msoflio omSi iaponiis damarcxebis Semdeg).<br />

indoeTi da israeli is ori SemTxvevaa, sadac, erTi SexedviT, respublikuri<br />

wyobis arseboba warmoudgenelic ki unda iyos, sinamdvileSi ki orive<br />

qveyanaSi saparlamento demokratia ukve naxevari saukunea arsebobs. indoe­<br />

Tisa da israelis magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom britanuli modeli moqnili<br />

da adaptirebadia imgvar adgilebSic ki, sadac arCevnebis Catareba da stabiluri<br />

xelisuflebis SenarCuneba warmoudgenladac ki gveCveneba Zalze<br />

rTul pirobebSi.

---

saparlamento demokratia<br />

219<br />

amerikuli da britanuli sistemebis Sedarebisas ikveTeba msgavsebebic<br />

da sakmaod provokaciuli gansxvavebebic sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli<br />

da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis struqturirebisa da ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

Tumca Znelia calsaxad imis Tqma, romeli sistemaa ukeTesi. amaze<br />

pasuxi TiToeuli qveynis gansakuTrebuli konteqstisa da arsebuli garemoebebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganisazRvros.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

saparlamento sistema<br />

Sereuli reJimi<br />

undoblobis votumi<br />

disciplinebuli partiebi<br />

erTguli (loialuri) opozicia<br />

gaormagbuli aRmasrulebeli<br />

xelisuf leba (dual executive)<br />

nacionaluri asamblea<br />

gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />

Tanaarseboba (kohabitocia)<br />

vaimaris respublika<br />

civi omi<br />

bundestagi<br />

bundesrati<br />

meiZis dinastiis aRorZineba<br />

mogolebi<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

britaneTis raji<br />

qaSmiri<br />

lok sabha (qveda palata)<br />

raja sabha (zeda palata)<br />

palestineli arabebi<br />

palestina<br />

sionizmi<br />

balfuris deklaracia<br />

kemp devidis SeTanxmeba<br />

intifada<br />

qneseTi<br />

saparlamento suvereniteti<br />

SekiTxvebis saaTi<br />

saerTo samarTali<br />

saapelacio sasamarTlo<br />

uzenaesi sasamarTlo<br />

sasamarTlo gadasinjva<br />

1. ratom ganixileba britanuli politikuri sistema xSirad saparlamento<br />

demokratiis nimuSad?<br />

2. rogoria saparlamento sistemis ZiriTadi samuSao principebi?<br />

3. rogor cxovroben britanelebi dauwereli konstituciis gareSe?<br />

4. rogor da ra garemoebebSi warmoiSva Tanamedrove franguli respublika?<br />

5. ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa safrangeTis, SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi<br />

britaneTis demokratiebs Soris? (mimaniSnebeli SekiTxva: romeli qveyana<br />

gamoiyena safrangeTma sakuTari politikuri sistemis modelad?)<br />

6. rodis da ra garemoebebSi SemoiRo iaponiam saparlamento sistema?<br />

7. SeadareT iaponiis demokratia safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis demokratiebs.

---

220 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

8. rogoria Tqveni mosazrebebi saparlamento demokratiis mniSvnelobaze<br />

indoeTsa da israelSi.<br />

9. SeadareT saparlamento da saprezidento xelisuflebis upiratesobebi<br />

da naklovanebebi.<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

1. 1958 wlis the Life Peerage Act (warCinebulTa titulis sasicocxlod miniWebis<br />

aqti) mixedviT, monarqi uflebamosilia premier­ministrTan konsultaciis<br />

safuZvelze, mianiWos araaristokratiuli warmoSobis pirebs warCinebulis<br />

tituli mTeli sicocxlis vadiT, Tumca is memkvidreobiT ar gadaecema<br />

mis STamomavals. am iniciativis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda partiebis<br />

balansis SenarCuneba da lordTa palatis qmediTi wevrebis raodenobis<br />

gazrda. lordTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi da lordTa palatis aqtiur wevrTa<br />

procentulad kidev ufro didi Semadgenloba swored am gziT flobs war­<br />

Cinebulis tituls.<br />

2. Sidney Bailey, British Parliamentary Democracy, me­3 gamocema (Westport, Conn.:<br />

Greenwood, 1978), 130.<br />

3. iqve, 131.<br />

4. Suzanne Berger, The French Political System, 3rd ed.<br />

(New York, Random House, 1974), 368.<br />

5. Berger, French Political System, 368.<br />

6. Roy Macradis, red., Modern Political Systems: Europe, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-<br />

Hall, 1986), 120.<br />

7. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship, (New York: Holt, 1970), 75.<br />

8. Michael Roskin, Countries and Concepts: An Introduction to Comparative Politics, (En-<br />

glewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982), 190.<br />

9. Guido Goldman, The German Political System (New York: Random House, 1974), 56.<br />

10. ix. John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, (New York:<br />

Norton, 2000).<br />

11. ix. Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan<br />

(New York: HarperCollins, 2000).<br />

12. Franz Michael and George Taylor, The Far East in the Modern World,<br />

(New York: Holt, 1964), 263.<br />

13. iqve, 607.<br />

14. Nobutaki Ike, Japanese Politics: Patron-Client Democracy, me­2 gamocema<br />

(New York: Knopf, 1972),<br />

15. Michael and Taylor, Far East in the Modern World, 603.<br />

16. iqve, 5.<br />

17. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 (1803).<br />

18. ronald reiganis prezidentobis periodi (1981­1987 ww). kongresis or<br />

palatis amgvari gaxleCvis magaliTia, roca respublikelebi senats, xolo

---

saparlamento demokratia<br />

221<br />

demokratebi warmomadgenelTa palatas akontrolebdnen; miuxedavad amisa,<br />

ufro gavrcelebulia aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebebis<br />

`gaxleCvis~ SemTxvevebi. rogorc wesi, demokratebi sakanonmdeblo<br />

Stos akontrolebdnen maSinac ki, roca prezidenti respublikeli iyo,<br />

magram 1994 wlis Sualedur arCevnebSi respublikelebma kongresis orive<br />

palataSi kontrolis ufleba demokrat bil klintonis prezidentad ar­<br />

Cevidan ori wlis Semdeg moipoves.<br />

19. ix. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816).<br />

20. Richard Rose, “Politics in England”, wignSi Comparative Politics Today: A World View,<br />

red. Gabriel Almond (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), 148.<br />

21. Edward Courtier, Principles of Politics and Government (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1981),<br />

84.<br />

22. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University<br />

Press, 1962), 1288b-89a, 155-56.

---

Tavi VII<br />

saxelmwifoebi<br />

gardamaval<br />

periodSi<br />

axali demokratiebi da<br />

aRmocenebadi bazrebi<br />

komunizmis kraxi<br />

ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia<br />

(Tu mxolod areuloba?)<br />

gorbaCovis tranzicia reformis<br />

marcxi: sistemis dezintegracia<br />

Tanamedrove sirTuleebi<br />

bolosdabolos, gamoCnda lideri?<br />

samomavlo perspeqtivebi<br />

aRmosavleTi evropa: tranziciuli<br />

gzagasayarze: mokvdeba Tu ara odesme<br />

Zveli Cvevebi<br />

CineTi: gadasvla marTvad kapitalizmze<br />

(ra iqneba Semdeg?)<br />

mao xelisuflebaSi xelisufalTa<br />

cvla dominanti partia<br />

ideologiis Sesusteba bazarze<br />

orientirebuli reformebi gazrdili<br />

pirovnuli Tavisufleba<br />

ax ali saxelmwifoebrivi problemebi<br />

politikuri da religiuri<br />

represiebi politikuri fragmentaciis<br />

safrTxe amomavali<br />

saxelmwifoebi<br />

azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia (da<br />

Tavisuf lebac?)<br />

samxreTi korea taivani<br />

aziis vefxvebi<br />

laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia (da keTildReobac?)<br />

reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Cile) meqsika<br />

222

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

223<br />

1991 wlis dekembris bolo dRes, sabWoTa kavSirma, erT­erTma im or super­saxelmwifoTagan,<br />

romlebic dominirebdnen msoflio <strong>politika</strong>Si TiTqmis<br />

naxevari saukunis manZilze, arseboba Sewyvita. am komunisturi `monstris~<br />

sikvdili XX saukunis erT­erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovan politikuri<br />

movlenaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi aRsasruli sakmaod moulodnelad<br />

dadga, es ar momxdara winapirobebis gareSe; piriqiT, 1985 wlidan moyolebuli,<br />

sabWoTa kavSirs mimzidveli, Tumca mSfoTvare cvlilebebis periodi<br />

daudga, rodesac mixeil gorbaCovma, qveynis axalma qarizmatulma liderma,<br />

reformebis mTeli seria wamoiwyo.<br />

sabWoTa wyobilebis dezintegraciam saTave daudo axal epoqas msoflio<br />

<strong>politika</strong>Si. man aseve gamokveTa gardamavali periodis prob leme bi, rac<br />

aRmosavleT evropaSi disfunqciuri politikur­ekonomikuri sistemebis<br />

winaSe idga. am qveynebSi tranziciis problemebi, nawilobriv, xelaxali<br />

politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aucileblobiTaa ga mowveuli.<br />

tranzicia da ganviTareba (romelic am TavSi iqneba ganxi luli) erTmaneT­<br />

Tan mWidro kavSirSia; tranziciis sakiTxebs gadakveTis mravali wertili<br />

aqvs gardamaval procesSi myofi sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis sakiTxebTan.<br />

ufro metic, rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, cneba `saxelmwifoebi tranziciis<br />

(gardamaval) periodSi~ dRes bevr qveyanas miesadageba msoflios faqtobrivad<br />

yvela regionSi. yofili ko munisturi qveynebis problemebis gacnobis<br />

Semdeg, Cven mokled SevexebiT azii ­sa da laTinuri amerikis sxva dasxva<br />

saxelmwifoebs, romlebic sabazro libera luri demokratiis mimarTulebiT<br />

gadasvlis sxvadasxva etapze imyofebian.<br />

komunizmis kraxi<br />

is, rasac erT dros `komunistur samyaros~ uwodebdnen, ukve aRar arsebobs.<br />

komunizmma, rogorc politikurma Zalam, rogorc erovnul, aseve<br />

saerTaSoriso doneebze, mcire gamonaklisebis garda, msoflioSi arseboba<br />

Sewyvita. 1988 wels, civi omis dasrulebamde, TxuTmeti saxelmwifo klasificirdeboda<br />

rogorc komunisturi. 2002 wlisTvis maTi raodenoba 5­6<br />

saxelmwifomde Semcirda (CineTi, kuba, laosi, CrdiloeT korea, vietnami<br />

da, savaraudod, kamboja); TiToeuli maTgani damoukidebel <strong>politika</strong>s axorcielebs,<br />

Sesabamisad dRes `komunistur banakze~ saubari yovelgvar azrs<br />

moklebulia. ra moxda? 1989 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ori wliT<br />

adre, aRmosavleT evropam moulodnelad uaryo komunisturi mmarTveloba.<br />

am droidan moyolebuli, demokratia da privatizacia (saxelmwifos mier<br />

marTuli sawarmoebis gadasvla kerZo seqtorSi) poloneTSi, ungreTsa da<br />

CexeTis respublikaSi. es procesebi, gansakuTrebiT poloneTsa da ungreT­<br />

Si, garkveuli politikuri zigzagebiT xasiaTdeboda. am qveynebis amomrCevlebma<br />

xelisuflebaSi kvlav yofili komunistebi moiyvanes, Tumca, daiwyo<br />

amavdroulad, uaryves centralizebuli, gegmiani ekonomika dasavluri,<br />

sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT orientirebuli politikuri kursis<br />

sasargeblod. rumineTSi, slovakeTSi, bulgareTsa da albaneTSi demokra­

---

224 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

tizaciis mimarTulebiT moZraoba bevrad neli iyo, Tumca mainc SeiniSneboda.<br />

gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas yofili aRmosavleT germania warmoadgens,<br />

romelic 1990 wels dasavleT germaniasTan gaerTianda.<br />

komunisturi reJimebi aziaSi ufro myari gamodga. 1976 wels, maos gardacvalebis<br />

Semdeg, CineTis saxalxo respublikam Searbila totalitaruli re­<br />

Jimi da ekonomikis garkveuli liberalizacia moaxdina, Tumca, igi mainc<br />

rCeba represiul saxelmwifod. is agrZelebs reformebs sabazro ekonomikis<br />

mimarTulebiT, ramac xeli Seuwyo swraf ekonomikur zrdas, gansakuTrebiT<br />

mis samxreT sanapi ro regionebSi. CrdiloeT korea, stalinisturi marTvis<br />

meTodebis erTguli qveyana, amJRavnebs nacnob tendencias qsenofobiis,<br />

yvelafris gasaidumloebisa da TviTdawesebuli izolaciis mimarTulebiT.<br />

vietnami da laosi rCebian komunisturi mmarTvelobis qveS, magram CrdiloeT<br />

koreisagan gansxvavebiT, orive maTgani msubuq saerTaSoriso gavlenas<br />

ganicdis da ufro miRebulia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi. dabolos,<br />

kambojaSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis xangrZlivi mcdeloba xeli<br />

Seewyo am saxelmwifoSi demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis, uSedego aRmoCnda<br />

1997 wels han senis mier organizebuli gadatrialebisa da iq diqtatoruli<br />

mTavrobis Camoyalibebis gamo.<br />

kubaSi fidel kastro ebRauWeba politikur Zalauflebas [(2008 wlidan<br />

qveyanas oficialurad fidelis Zma raul kastro marTavs _ mTargm.<br />

Sen.)]. igi cdilobda Caenacvlebina dakarguli sabWoTa daxmareba da amavdroulad,<br />

gamklaveboda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier dawesebuli<br />

ekonomikuri embargos Sedegebs. kubaSi, gansxvavebuli azrisadmi aratolerantuli<br />

policiuri saxelmwifos pirobebSic ki, gaxSirda perio duli saxalxo<br />

demonstraciebi, ramac kastros mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli sa xalxo<br />

ukmayofilebis Zlieri nakadi gamoamJRavna. 1998 wels romis papis, ioane<br />

pavle II­isa da 2002 wels amerikis yofili prezidentis, jimi karteris istoriuli<br />

vi zitebi _ orive pirveli SemTxveva iyo kubis revoluciis Semdeg _<br />

aRq muli iqna rogorc SesaZlo nabijebi religiuri da politikuri Tavisuflebis<br />

mimarTulebiT da rogorc niSani imisa, rom asakovani diqtatori<br />

rbildeboda. Tumca, sxva eqspertebi eWvobdnen, rom am procesebs safuZvliani<br />

reformebi SeiZleboda mohyoloda da miiCnevdnen, rom erTaderTi<br />

ram, rac kastros adardebda, dagrovili politikuri problemebis fonze<br />

Zalauflebis SenarCuneba iyo.<br />

ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia<br />

(Tu mxolod areuloba?)<br />

1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiri msoflio imperiebs Soris<br />

bolo imperias warmoadgenda. is batonobda dapyrobil xalxebsa da kulturebze,<br />

Tumca didi Sida daZabulobebis fonze. SeZleben Tu ara aseTi<br />

imperiebi arsebobas im msoflioSi, sadac izrdeba nacionalizmis, egalitarizmis<br />

gavlena da TviT gamorkvevis rwmena? Tu yvela aseTi imperia samudamod<br />

ganwirulia?

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

225<br />

stalinisturi saxelmwifo, romelic 1991 wlamde arsebobda, totalitaruli<br />

mmarTvelobis yvela Taviseburebas amJRavnebda, maT Soris: centralizebuli<br />

kontroli samxedro Zalebze, masmediasa da ekonomikaze; gabatonebuli<br />

monopolisti partia; oficialuri ideologia; sistemuri terori<br />

saeWvo politikuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg da reJimisaTvis uvargisad an<br />

saSiSad miCneuli udanaSaulo adamianebis masobrivi mkvlelobebi. sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris totalitaruli warmomavloba arsebiTi safuZvelia dRevandeli<br />

ruseTis politikis bunebis gasagebad.<br />

1991 wels, Zveli sabWouri reJimis marcxis Sedegad, axali Semcirebuli<br />

rusuli saxelmwifo aRmocenda. postsabWoTa mTavrobam boris elcinis me­<br />

TaurobiT gawyvita kavSiri warsulTan da Tavdapirvelad konstituciuri<br />

de mokrati is dafuZnebas Seecada. Semdeg man Seqmna Zalian susti konfederacia,<br />

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT), romlis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

Sevida ruseTi da yofili sabWoTa respublikebi, baltiispireTis<br />

qveynebis _ litvis, latviisa da estoneTis gamoklebiT (ix. sqema 7­1).<br />

sqema 7-1. ruseTi da respublikebi<br />

wyaro: Based on Milton F. Goodman, Global Studies: Russia, Eurasia, and Central/Eastern Europe, 5th ed. Copyright<br />

(c) 1994, the Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., Guilford, Conn. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.<br />

gorbaGovis tranzicia<br />

1985 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi komunisturi par tiis erT­erTi<br />

yve laze axalgazrda generaluri mdivani gaxda 54 wlis mixeil gorbaCovi. mis<br />

winaSe bevri politikuri da ekonomikuri problema idga. gorbaCovs swamda,<br />

rom am problemebis mogvareba mniSvnelovani politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />

reformebis gareSe ver moxerxdeboda da radganac politikuri sistema sxva<br />

araferi iyo, Tu ara komunisturi partiis Zalauflebisa da gavlenis anarekli,<br />

man miiRo sabediswero da amavdroulad mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba:<br />

gardaeqmna komunizmi da partia orive maTganis SenarCunebis mizniT. gor

---

226 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

baCovma am mizniT ganaxorciela qmedebebi, rac dasavleTSi perestroikis,<br />

glastnostis da demokratizaci is saxelebiT gaxda cnobili.<br />

ratom gariska gorbaCGovma. leninis mier 1917 wels Zalauflebis mopovebis<br />

Semdeg, ekonomika sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo gegmuri, an sxvanairad, mbrZa neb luri,<br />

sadac yvela mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri gadawyvetileba (ra da ramdeni unda<br />

ewarmoebinaT da a.S.) komunisturi partiis zeda eSelonebSi miiReboda.<br />

konkurencia, sargeblisaken swrafva da kerZo sakuTrebis umravlesi formebi<br />

akr Zaluli iyo, rogorc SeuTavsebeli komunistur principebTan.<br />

centraluri dagegmvis am sistemam sabWoTa kavSiri pirveli xarisxis samxedro<br />

Zalad aqcia, Tumca didi sabiujeto deficitis fasad. garda amisa,<br />

1980­iani wlebis Sua xanebSi aSkarad gamoCnda, rom centralurma dagegmvam<br />

ekonomikuri stagnacia gamoiwvia, ramac sabWoTa kavSiri konkurentunarianobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT arasaxarbielo pirobebSi Caayena iseT industriul, demokratiul<br />

qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi,<br />

iapo nia da ramdenime evropuli saxelmwifo. 1 1985 wlisTvis, qveynis ekonomikuri<br />

zrdis tempi 2 procentamde daeca da Seadgina daaxloebiT na xevari imisa,<br />

rac aTi wlis win iyo. cxra industriuli sawarmodan sul mcire erTi da saxelmwifo<br />

meurne obebis TiTqmis mesamedi kotrdeboda. sakvebi, sacxovrebeli<br />

saxlebis mSeneb loba, samkurnalo saSualebebi da transporti moTxovnebis<br />

sruliad araadekvaturi iyo, rogorc xarisxobrivad, aseve raodenobrivad.<br />

sabWoTa moqalaqeTa umetesobis cxovreba zogadad gausaZlisi iyo. rac<br />

sabWoeTSi komfortad da xelsayrel pirobebad miiCneoda, dasavleTisTvis<br />

Cve ulebrivi movlena iyo. maRaziebi xSirad uxeirod an saerTod ar maragdeboda.<br />

garkveuli saxis saTadarigo nawilebis Sovna xSirad SeuZlebeli<br />

iyo. erT­erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, miRebul normas warmoadgenda is faqti,<br />

rom qalebi, Cveulebriv, dReSi or saaTs, kviris Svidive dRis ganmavlobaSi<br />

rigebSi atarebdnen. 2 1980­iani wlebis bolosaTvis, sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis<br />

28 procenti oficialurad miCneul siRaribis zRvars qveviT<br />

cxovrobda. 3<br />

soflis meurneobis sferoSi sakvebis warmoeba Zlivs uwyobda fexs<br />

mosaxleobis zrdas da miuxedavad am sferoSi ganxorcielebuli uxvi investiciebisa,<br />

mTavroba bevrs xarjavda importirebul xorcsa da marcvleulSi.<br />

amasTanave, soflis meurneobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris sainvesticio<br />

prioritetebi aSkarad asaxavda saSineli dagegmarebis arsebobas. produqciis<br />

meurneobebidan bazrisaken gadaadgileba, sacavebad gankuTvnili<br />

sawarmoebi, sakvebis gadamuSaveba, dafasoeba da sacalo gayidva absoluturad<br />

ugulebelyofili iyo. sabWoTa ekonomistebma daiangariSes, rom<br />

marcvleulis mTeli mosavlis daaxloebiT erTi meoTxedi yovelwliurad<br />

bazarze moxvedramde ikargeboda. gorbaCovma ganacxada, rom 1988 wels<br />

danakargi daaxloebiT 4 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis importirebuli<br />

marcvleulis raodenobas utoldeboda. amis Sedegad, Cveulebrivi<br />

sabWoTa mo qalaqis mier xorcisa da rZis produqtebis moxmareba,<br />

or aTwleulze ufro mci re droSi, 30 procentiT Semcirda. 4

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

227<br />

sabWoTa ekonomikis daqveiTebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis dace<br />

mis fonze, gauaresebulma socialurma problemebma safrTxe sabWoTa<br />

sazogadoebis safuZvels Seuqmna. yvelaze did problemebs Soris iyo alkoholizmi<br />

da korufcia. alkoholizmi didi xnis manZilze sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

yvelaze myar da Zvir problemas warmoadgenda. alkoholis miReba mavne gavlenas<br />

axdenda ada mianis janmrTelobasa da ojaxur cxovrebaze, amcirebda<br />

produqtiulobas da Sromisunarianobas, zrdida Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianobas<br />

(fexmZimobisas alkoholis miRebis gamo), amcirebda cxovrebis xangrZlivobas<br />

da didwilad ganapirobebda axalgazrdebSi damnaSaveobis zrdas.<br />

amasTanave, korufciac yvaoda. samomxmareblo saqonlis qronikuli ararseboba<br />

da saxelmwifos mier fase bis kontroli Savi bazris ayvavebas iwvevda.<br />

sabWoTa cxovrebis mniSvnelovani nawili biurokratizirebuli iyo da<br />

nebismier sakiTxze oficialur saxelmwifo Tanxmobas saWiroebda, ramac<br />

gavlenebis araoficialuri sistemis ganviTareba gamoiwvia. imisaTvis, rom<br />

daeCqarebinaT oficialuri Tanxmoba an biurokratiisgan sasurveli mopyrobisaTvis<br />

mieRwiaT, sabWoTa moqalaqeebisaTvis nebismieri me Todis gamoyeneba<br />

Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda.<br />

sxva kritikul problemas 1970­1980­ian wlebSi gaRrmavebuli teqnologiuri<br />

CamorCeniloba warmoadgenda _ kompiuteruli revolucia ascda sab­<br />

WoTa moqalaqeebs maSin, roca maTi ekonomikuri konkurentebi gardaqmna. am<br />

sferoSi fulis dabandeba menejerebisTvis araxelsayreli iyo da partiac<br />

SiSobda, rom misi farTo moxmareba politikur oponentebs gaaZlierebda.<br />

amgvari damokidebu lebis Sedegad sabWoTa industriisa da infrastruqturis<br />

modernizacia SeuZlebeli xdeboda.<br />

am problemaTa umetesi nawilis safuZvels centraluri dagegmva<br />

war moadgenda, romelic ar uwyobda xels axal iniciativebs, radganac<br />

qarxnebis mmarTvelebi da saxelmwifos mier marTuli sawarmoebis<br />

direqtorebi cent ra lur gegmaze rCebodnen mibmulni, romelic qarxnisa da<br />

meurneobebis war moebaze mkacr kvotebs awesebda. gegmis Sesruleba sabWoTa<br />

ekonomikis yvela ad ministratoris umTavres prioritets warmoadgenda.<br />

stalinisturma siste mam xarisxi Seswira raodenobas. garda amisa, zevidan<br />

wamosuli instruqciebiT moq medi menejmentisaTvis ar arsebobda sakmarisi<br />

iniciativa Tu SesaZlebloba axali teqnologiebis dasanergad. masalebisa<br />

da aRWurvilobebis mi wodebis SewyvetiT gamowveulma problemebma mou lodnelad<br />

Seaferxa aRmSeneblobiTi proeqtebi da qarxnisa da meurneobebis<br />

warmo e ba Seamcira. warmoebis ambiciur kvotebis miRwevis mizniT da<br />

dausrulebeli ze wolis gamo, direqtorebi arsebuli Cavardnebis dasafarad<br />

xSirad sxvadasxva xrikebs iyenebdnen.<br />

mmarTvelTa cinizmi erwymoda sabWoTa muSaxelis dabal morals. igi iyo<br />

arasaTanadod dasaqmebuli, uxalisod muSaobda, an romelsac, ubralod sa ­<br />

muSao motivacia ar gaaCnda. sando da efeqtiani muSaxelis ararsebobis pir ­<br />

dapiri Sedegi iyo saSinlad dabali produqtiuloba. muSebis cinizmi kargad<br />

Canda iseT popularul sabWoTa gamonaTqvamebSi, rogoricaa, `partia<br />

Tavs ikatunebs, TiTqos gvixdis da Cvenc Tavs vikatunebT, rom vmuSaobT~.<br />

es cinizmi ikvebeboda partiuli muSakebis TvalTmaqcobiT, romlebic mxars

---

228 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

uWerdnen ega litarul idealebs, magram cxovrobdnen simdidreSi, maSin<br />

roca proletariati, romelsac isini adidebdnen, purisa da sxva pirveladi<br />

moTxovnilebis nivTebis SesaZenad grZel rigebSi idga. moxda yvelaze uaresi:<br />

bevrma sabWoTa kavSir Si sakuTari politikuri sistemis mimarT<br />

rwmena dakarga. 5<br />

reaqciuli Zalebi, nacionalistebi da nomenklatura. adamianebs, vinc<br />

flob dnen Tanamdebobebs da gavlenas sabWoTa sistemaSi, nomenklaturas uwodebd<br />

nen. sabWoTa kavSirSi es adamianebi privilegirebul elitarul klass<br />

Se ad gendnen. 6 maT SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen politikuri biurokratiis<br />

wevrebi (e.w. aparatCikebi), ufrosi ekonomikuri mmarTvelebi da samecniero<br />

administratorebi, aseve konkretuli mwerlebi, msaxiobebi, kosmonavtebi,<br />

aTletebi da generlebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen sabWoTa saxelmwifos da<br />

aZlierebdnen mis reputacias.<br />

nomenklaturis arseboba ori mizeziT iyo mniSvnelovani. pirveli:<br />

kargad ganviTarebuli, eqskluziuri da umeteswilad SeniRbuli keTilmowyobili<br />

binebis infrastruqtura, specialuri maRaziebi, sanatoriumebi,<br />

saavadmyofo ebi, klinikebi, kurortebi da skolebi, am fenas ara<br />

marto ganze ayenebda Cveulebrivi sabWoTa moqalaqisagan, aramed sruliad<br />

ewinaaRm degeboda Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis marqsistul da<br />

komunistur ide alebs, romelsac komunistebi xSirad qadagebdnen. meore:<br />

nomenklatura, ara efeqtiani iyo da ufro metad ainteresebda sakuTari<br />

Zalauflebis SenarCunebiT, vidre saxelmwifo politikis Sesruleba. 1980iani<br />

wlebis Sua periodisaTvis, aravin iyo ise Sefiqrianebuli politikuri<br />

elitis mier ekonomikuri ganvi Tarebis Seferxebis perspeqtiviT, rogorc<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris axali lideri, mi xeil gorbaCovi.<br />

reformis <strong>politika</strong>. gorbaCovis sami reformistuli programis _ peres ­troikis,<br />

glastnostis da demokratizaciis mizans warmoadgenda komunizmis<br />

gadarCena da ara misi dangreva. perestroikis mizani centraluri dagegmvis<br />

dogmaturi sistemis gamococxleba iyo. gorbaCovi am ambiciuri miznis<br />

miRwevas qveynis ekonomikuri problemebis socialur da politikur sa­<br />

Taveebze ieriSis mitaniT imedovnebda _ rac niSnavda nomenklaturisa da<br />

aparatCikebis gavlenis Semcirebas da amavdroulad, sabWoTa muSaxelis<br />

efeqtian omis zrdas. sabediswerod, verc gorbaCovi xvdeboda, an kidev<br />

Tvals ar usworebda qveynis ekonomikur struqturaSi radikaluri cvlilebebis<br />

gatarebis aucileblobas. Sesabamisad, perestroikis idea ufro mimzidvel<br />

politikur slogans warmoadgenda, vidre Tanmimdevrul ekonomikur<br />

<strong>politika</strong>s.<br />

gorbaCovis damsaxureba iyo nawilobrivi reformebis gatarebis mcde lo ba,<br />

romelic miznad isaxavda individualuri iniciativis amaRlebas. xelfase bis<br />

gamomuSavebis, ganawilebisa da faswarmoqmnis sistemis reformirebis, zeda<br />

eSelonis biurokratebis Zalauflebis Semcirebas, adgilobrivi menejeruli<br />

Tavisuflebis xelSewyobis, saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da muSebis mflobelobaSi<br />

arsebuli sawarmoebisa da kooperativebis waxalisebis gziT. ga­

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

229<br />

tarda aseve sxva saxis sabazro orientaciis reformebic, magram verc erTma<br />

maTganma SeZlo fundamenturad Seecvala ekonomikuri sistema saxelmwifo<br />

mmarTvelobaSi arsebuli warmoebis saSualebebisa da centraluri dagegmvidan<br />

kerZo sakuTrebisa da individualuri iniciativis mimarTulebiT.<br />

fotoze mixeil gorbaCovisa da misi meuRlis raisas fineTSi vizitia asaxulia 1989<br />

wels. gorbaCovma mmarTvelobis periodSi, 1985 wlis martidan 1991 wlis agvistomde,<br />

komunizmisa da komunisturi partiis reformirebis radikaluri politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />

<strong>politika</strong> SeimuSava. saboloo jamSi am wamowyebebma stalinisturi saxelmwifos<br />

erozia gaaRrmava da mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis damxobas Seuwyo xeli.<br />

1989 wlisTvis, sabWoTa ekonomika swraf dezintegracias ganicdida da<br />

or weliwadSi igi srul depresiaSi aRmoCnda; 1991 wlisTvis, sabWoTa kav­<br />

Siris ekonomika yovelwliurad 10 procentiT mcirdeboda. daisva kiTxva,<br />

ra unda mo e moqmedaT? mmarTveli elita or nawilad iyo gayofili. radikaluri<br />

refor mis momxreebi mxars uWerdnen centraluri da mbrZanebluri<br />

ekonomikidan mkveTr tranzicias sabazro sistemis mimarTulebiT. Zveli<br />

kursis momxre konservato re bi (gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc samxedro da saidumlo<br />

po liciasTan asocir debodnen) ewinaaRmdegebodnen aseT revoluciur<br />

cvli lebebs. sabWo Ta mmarTveli elita cdilobda gamklaveboda mzard ekonomikur<br />

kriziss, Tumca, gansxvave biT den si aopinis droindeli CineTisagan,<br />

mas arasodes Camouyalibebia momavlis zusti xedva da ar gaerTianebula kompleqsuri<br />

reformebis aucileblobiT.<br />

am areulobis fonzec ki, gorbaCovis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi gaurkveveli<br />

rCeboda. Tanamdebobaze yofnis bolo TveebSi aSkara gaxda, rom perestroikam<br />

(romelic miznad isaxavda gamoecocxlebina centraluri dagegmva

---

230 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

da ko munizmi) ar gaamarTla da revoluciuri ekonomikuri cvlileba (romelic<br />

sabediswerod Tavad perestroikis mier iyo wamowyebuli) Cqar deboda.<br />

kerZo sakuTreba da ekonomikuri winapirobebi TandaTanobiT viTardeboda<br />

maSin, roca ekonomikuri areuloba da uimedoba matulobda.<br />

glastnosti. gorbaCovis ufro metad gaxmaurebulma `glastnostis~ (sajarooba)<br />

<strong>politika</strong>m gaaZliera perestroika da sabWoTa istoriaSi mediasaSualebebze<br />

cenzu ra arnaxulad Seamcira. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, am<br />

<strong>politika</strong>m gamoiwvia gorbaCovis mimarT didi simpaTia da warumatebeli ekonomikuri<br />

reformebisgan mosaxleobis yuradRebis gadatana.<br />

glastnosts aseve didi gamoZaxili hqonda sabWoTa sazRvrebs miRma; man<br />

gorbaCovi msoflio presisaTvis Zvirfas pirovnebad da dasavleTis bevr<br />

qveyanaSi popularul figurad aqcia.<br />

miuxedavad misi sagareo politikuri warmatebebisa, glastnosti, pirvel<br />

rigSi, Sida politikis instrumenti iyo. mis sawyis ganzraxvas oficialuri<br />

korufciisa da arakompetenturobis gamoaSkaraveba warmoadgenda, rasac<br />

gorbaCovi sabWoTa ekonomikis arasrulyofilebis erT­erT mizezad miiCnevda.<br />

mas surda masiuri cvlilebis mowinaaRmdege sabWoTa biurokratiis Seryeva<br />

da muSaTa klasis gamococxleba. sabWoTa mSromelebs ar hqondaT, erTi<br />

mxriv, muSaobis stimuli da, meore mxriv, gaficvis ufleba, ris gamoc apa­<br />

Tiasa da alkoholizmSi Cafluliyvnen. realurad, es bolo, epidemiuri xasiaTis<br />

proble ma _ gaxrwnili sazogadoebis tragikul simptoms warmoadgenda.<br />

glastnosti mWidro kavSirSi iyo perestroikasTan: is iyo im komunisturi<br />

sazogadoebis gamococxlebis saSualeba, romelsac mamoZravebeli<br />

Zala gamoecala da romelmac arsebobis mizani dakarga. politikur liberalizacias<br />

unda Seeqmna amaRlebuli ganwyoba, rac sazogadoebas energiuls<br />

gaxdida, miecemoda ra mas Zveli, muSaobis araefeqtian maxasiaTeblebisa<br />

da mmarTvelobis kritikis uflebas. glastnostma swrafad SeiZina<br />

sakuTari mimarTuleba, mas Semdeg, rac adre akrZaluli wignebi da filmebi<br />

bevrisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda. Tumca, yvelaze gasaocar faqts sabWoTa<br />

mediis saxelmwifo politikis moqnili instrumentidan sazogadoebrivi<br />

kritikis meqaniz ­mad gardaqmna warmoadgenda. popularuli axali satelevizio<br />

arxebi sabWoTa oficialuri korufciisa da Zalauflebis uzurpaciis<br />

mxilebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, sabWoTa gazeTebi da Jurnalebi ki yavlgasuli<br />

politikuri principebisa da wesebis Sesaxeb kritikul statiebs<br />

aqveynebdnen. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari Tavi realurad erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi<br />

gardaqmna. qveyna, romelic ar uSvebda aranair kritikas, iqca im<br />

qveynad, sadac kritika swrafad aclida legitimurobas komunistur partiasa<br />

da politikur sistemas, rac didi xnis manZilze misi mmarTvelobis<br />

instrumentebs warmoadgenda.<br />

demokratizacia. iseve rogorc perestroikis SemTxvevaSi, zustad arc is<br />

iyo cno bili, Tu ras gulisxmobda gorbaCovi rusul enaze demokratizaciis<br />

xsene bisas. demokratizacia, minimum, moiazreboda rogorc politikuri<br />

sistema, sadac arCevnebi iqneboda nebadarTuli, Tumca ra doziT _ gaurkveve­

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

231<br />

li rCeboda. es xedva asaxuli iyo 1989 wels mTeli saxelmwifos masStabiT<br />

Catarebul saka nonmdeblo organos arCevnebSi, romelic amomrCevels uflebas<br />

aZlevda xma mieca opoziciisaTvis komunisturi partiis wevrebis winaRmdeg,<br />

rac pirveli SemTxveva iyo sabWoTa istoriaSi. amavdroulad, gorbaCovi<br />

marTavda rogorc sabWoTa prezidenti (arapirdapiri gziT arCeuli Tanamdeboba,<br />

romelic man SemoiRo, rogorc misi politikuri reformis nawili)<br />

da ara rogorc komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivani. demokratizaciis<br />

Sedegad gamowveuli politikuri cvlilebebi sakmaod gansacvifrebeli iyo<br />

da mianiSnebda ufro demokratiuli momavlisaken. is moicavda:<br />

. opoziciis, gavleniani arakomunisturi da antikomunisturi pirovnebebis<br />

da partiebis gaCenas, romelTaganac zogierTi centralur<br />

sakanonmdeblo organoSi airCies;<br />

. komunisturi partiis Sida disciplinis mniSvnelovnad Sesusteba<br />

(ra sac mis rigebSi urTierTqiSpisa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis zrda<br />

sdevda Tan) sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT partiis wevrebis ricxvis<br />

Semcirebis fonze;<br />

. centraluri mTavrobis Zalauflebisa da prestiJis xarjze respublikebis<br />

gavlenisa da Zalauflebis zrda;<br />

. reformebi mTavrobis SigniT, romelsac ara partiis generaluri mdivani,<br />

aramed arCeuli oficialuri pirebi da prezidenti marTavdnen<br />

da romelic SeZlebda komunisturi partiisagan realuri, damoukidebeli<br />

Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas.<br />

reformis marcxi: sistema iSleba<br />

gorbaCovis mcdeloba _ moexdina sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />

sistemebis cvlileba, marcxiT damTavrda. faqtobrivad, mis mier<br />

Zalauflebis mopovebis sawyis etapze arsebuli yvela sazogadoebrivi,<br />

politikuri da ekonomikuri problema gacilebiT gamwvavebuli iyo im droisaTvis,<br />

roca man, daaxloebiT 6 wlis Semdeg, Tanamdeboba datova. mosaxleobis<br />

molodinis zrdis paralelurad, dramatulad mcirdeboda cxovrebis<br />

done, rac qmnida politikurad aramdgrad situacias. am yvelafers Tan daerTo<br />

axali problema _ swrafi inflacia, ramac kidev ufro Seasusta mTavrobisadmi<br />

ndoba. saxalxo mRelvareba gamoixata sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis iseTi<br />

axali fenomenis gaCeniT, rogoricaa muSaTa gaficvebi. sazogadoebrivi<br />

mRelvarebis eskalaciasTan erTad, gorbaCovis popularuloba da misi gavlena<br />

partiuli da saxelmwifo biurokrati is rigebSi Semcirda.<br />

sabWoTa reJimis ukanasknel dReebSi Sida aramdgradobis mTavari mizezi<br />

iyo saukunovani erovnuli problema. ricxobrivad yvelaze didi Cvidmeti<br />

erovneba sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 90%­ze mets Seadgenda, maT Soris,<br />

rusebi 50%­ze odnav meti, xolo ukrainelebi 16%­ze odnav naklebi wiliT<br />

294 milioniani mosaxleobis 2/3­s Seadgendnen 1991 wels. garda amisa, sabWo­<br />

Ta kavSirSi daaxloebiT 20 erovnuli jgufi cxovrobda, romelic cal­calke<br />

1 mln adamianze mets iTvlida. am msxvil jgufebs Soris iyo 15 erovneba,

---

232 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

romelTa saxelebi ewodeboda respublikebs; aseve, TaTrebi, polonelebi,<br />

germanelebi, ebraelebi, CuvaSebi, baSkirebi da mordovelebi (ix. cxrili<br />

7.1). sul yofil ssrk­Si 100­ze meti sxvadasxva erovneba cxovrobda da 130mde<br />

enaze saubrobdnen.<br />

cxrili 7.1<br />

ZiriTadi erovnebebi sabWoTa kavSirSi misi daSlis dros (1989)<br />

erovnebebi<br />

procentuli<br />

Semadgenloba a<br />

erovnebebi procentuli<br />

Semadgenloba<br />

rusebi 50.78 moldovelebi 1.17<br />

ukrainelebi 15.47 litvelebi 1.07<br />

uzbekebi 5.84 Turqebi 0.95<br />

belorusebi 3.50 yirgizebi 0.85<br />

yazaxebi 2.84 germanelebi 0.71<br />

azerbaijanelebi 2.38 CuvaSebi 0.64<br />

TaTrebi 2.32 latvielebi 0.51<br />

somxebi 1.62 ebraelebi b 0.50<br />

tajikebi 1.48 baSkirebi 0.50<br />

qarTvelebi 1.39 polonelebi 0.39<br />

a. monacemebi aRebulia sabWoTa kavSiris bolo oficialuri saxalxo aRweridan.<br />

b. yofili sabWoTa kavSiri ebraelebs calke erad gamoyofda.<br />

wyaro: Population Today, November 1991, Population Reference Bureau. ibeWdeba<br />

nebarTviT.<br />

istoriulad, sabWoTa mTavroba ararusi jgufebis asimilirebisaTvis<br />

Zaladobas mimarTavda. amasTan erTad, saxelmwifo politikis erT­erT mTavar<br />

instruments ganaTlebis sistema warmoadgenda: sabWoTa kavSiris yvela<br />

skolis yvela moswavle valdebuli iyo Seeswavla rusuli.<br />

amis Sedegad, ori enis floba Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda sabWoTa respublikebSi<br />

_ ararusi mosaxleobis umravlesobas SeeZlo gamarTuli rusuliT<br />

esaubra. magram sabWoTa kavSiris ulmobeli mcdeloba, daenerga rusebis<br />

kulturuli dominantoba, xSirad sastik winaaRmdegobas awydeboda. komunisturi<br />

partiis zeda eSelonebSi eTnikuri rusebi dominirebdnen, romlebic<br />

mmarTveli elitis daaxloebiT 70 procents Seadgendnen, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />

kidev ufro zrdida eTnikuri umciresobebis gaRizianebas. sabWoTa kavSiris<br />

warumatebelma mcdelobam, moexdina eTnikuri umciresobebis sruli asimilireba,<br />

msoflios erT­erT ukanasknel imperias safuZveli ga moacala.

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

233<br />

moskovs sakmaod kargi safuZveli hqonda efiqra, rom `erovnuli<br />

sakiTxi~ adre Tu gvian sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis mizezi gaxdeboda. ironiulad,<br />

swored gorbaCovis reformebma Seqmna iseTi situacia, rodesac<br />

ararusi erovnebis mosaxleobas SeeZlo gaebeda TviTgamorkvevisa da damoukideblobis<br />

moTxovniT moZraobis dawyeba. glastnostma, garkveulwilad,<br />

centraluri mTavrobisa da komunisturi partiis kritika waaxalisa.<br />

gorbaCovis sabediswero gadawyvetilebam _ neba daerTo yofili `sateliti<br />

saxelmwifoebisaTvis~ (poloneTi, aRmosavleT germania, Cexoslovakia,<br />

ungreTi, bulgareTi da rumineTi) daetovebinaT sabWoTa gavlenis sfero,<br />

aseve gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa. pirvelad damoukideblobisaTvis moZraoba<br />

baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebSi daiwyo, sadac litvam, latviam da<br />

estoneTma (romlebic damoukidebelni iyvnen 1939 wlamde, sanam stalinma<br />

maTi xelSi Cagdeba ar moaxerxa hitlerTan samarcxvino paqtis dadebis<br />

Semdeg) reformebs sul sxva simZafre da mimarTuleba misca, vidre gorba­<br />

Covs hqonda ganzraxuli. baltiis saxelmwifoebi litvis winamZRolobiT,<br />

pirvelebi gamoeyvnen sabWoTa kavSirs. erovnulma demonstraciebma da amboxebebma<br />

gadauara sabWoTa imperias, da respublikebi erTmaneTis miyolebiT<br />

acxadebdnen damoukideblobas.<br />

1991 wlis bolosTvis sabWoTa kavSiri TavisiT daiSala. gorbaCovis<br />

yvela mcdeloba, gadaeWra sabWoTa kavSiris fundamenturi politikuri da<br />

ekonomikuri problemebi, marcxiT dasrulda. 1991 wlis agvistoSi, gorba­<br />

Covi Zalauflebad Camoacila komunisturi partiis rvakacianma jgufma,<br />

romelsac samxedroebTan da e.w. suk­Tan (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti)<br />

hqonda kavSiri, magram gadatrialeba marcxiT dasrulda: demokratiisa da<br />

sabazro reformebisaTvis mebrZolma boris elcinma, romelic moskovSi<br />

alyaSemortymuli ruseTis parlamentis SenobaSi imyofeboda da STaagonebda<br />

quCaSi gamosul uzarmazar masas ebrZola demokratiisaTvis, winaaRmdegoba<br />

gauwia saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobas. elcinis daJinebiT,<br />

gorbaCovma kvlav daikava Tavisi yofili Tanamdeboba, 1991 wlis bolos, sab­<br />

WoTa kavSiris formalur daSlamde, Tumca ruseTs ukve axali gmiri hyavda.<br />

boris elcini: postsabWoTa ruseTis pirveli prezidenti<br />

1991 wlis ivnisSi ruseTis respublikis saprezidento arCevnebSi gamarjvebis<br />

mopovebis Sedegad boris elcini pirveli saxalxod arCeuli prezidenti<br />

gaxda ruseTis istoriaSi. ori Tvis Semdeg, 1991 wlis agvistoSi, man<br />

CaaCuma reaqciuli Zalebi, romelTac saxelmwifo gadatrialebis gziT<br />

daamxes sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris prezidenti mixeil<br />

gorbaCovi. dramatul momentSi, rodesac Sedegi jer kidev gaurkveveli rCeboda,<br />

elcini avida tankze da waikiTxa axla kargad cnobili manifesti, romelic<br />

saxelmwifo gadatrialebas aralegitimurad acxadebda da moiTxovda<br />

konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgenas, maT Soris prezident gorbaCovis xelisuflebaSi<br />

dabrunebas.

---

234 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

es situacia sakmaod ironiuli iyo. boris elcini sabWoTa <strong>politika</strong>Si<br />

Tavis grandiozul aRmasvlas gorbaCovs umadloda.<br />

1980­iani wlebis Sua xanebSi elcini<br />

iyo ucnobi partiuli muSaki sverdlovskSi,<br />

rodesac gorbaCovma igi<br />

moskovSi partiis adgilobrivi organizaciis<br />

xelmZRvanelad gadaiyvana.<br />

magram elcini maleve daupirispirda<br />

mas; brals sdebda gorbaCovs imaSi,<br />

rom igi realuri reformebis<br />

gatarebis saqmeSi fexs iTrevda, Tvi­<br />

Ton ki ufro radikaluri liberalizaciis<br />

<strong>politika</strong>s uWerda mxars. elcinis mkacri da saxalxo kritikiT<br />

gaRizianebulma gorbaCovma gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mqone es adamiani politbiuros<br />

1987 wels CamoaSora.<br />

magram elcini ar danebda. igi brZolas agrZelebda DADAda bevri momxrec<br />

gaiCina mSobliur ruseTSi. 1991 wlis arCevnebSi gamarjvebiT elcinma<br />

daCrdila gorbaCovi, romelic arasodes yofila saxalxod arCeuli da Sesabamisad,<br />

akl da ndobis is mandati, romelic elcins gaaCnda. elcinma gadamwyveti<br />

roli Seasrula gorbaCOovis gaurkveveli, da, savaraudod, fataluri<br />

momavlisagan gadarCenaSi, ramac sabolood elcini upirates poziciaSi<br />

Caayena gorbaCovTan mimarTebaSi, romlis ndoba da prestiJi da, Sesabamisad,<br />

Zalauflebac gaqra sa xelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobis Semdeg. bolos,<br />

gorbaCovi ara mxolod mixvda, rom daetovebina komunisturi partiis generaluri<br />

mdivnis Tanamdeboba da ganecalkevebina partia mTavrobisagan, aramed<br />

aseve saWirod CaTvala Segu eboda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas. gorbaCovma<br />

prezidentis Tanamdeboba 1991 wlis 25 dekembers datova.<br />

elcini darCa ruseTis mTavrobis saTaveSi,<br />

magram gaRrmavebuli socialuri da<br />

ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi mas uwevda<br />

saparlamento opoziciasTan gamklaveba.<br />

elcinis Seusabamo da sastikma damokidebulebam<br />

ruseTis separatistuli regionis,<br />

CeCneTis mimarT ver gaaumjobesa misi Selaxuli<br />

imiji, verc qveynis SigniT da verc<br />

mis gareT. misi popularoba, ramac igi uZleveli<br />

gaxada 1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi,<br />

1996 wlis ivnisSi, axali saprezidento ar­<br />

Cevnebis win Zalian dacemuli iyo. elcins<br />

mouxda Sejibreba prezidentobis komunist kandidat evgeni ziuganovTan,<br />

da meore turSi mciredi upi ratesobiT mainc gaimarjva. misi triumfi janmr­<br />

TelobasTan dakavSire bulma prob lemebma gaafermkrTala. 1996 wlis bolos<br />

elcinma gulis operacia gai keTa. 1997 wlisTvis is gamojanmrTelda, Tumca<br />

ar iyo iseTive qmediTi, rogorc wina wlebSi. 2000 wels vladimer putini air­

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

235<br />

Cies mis memkvidred. putinis winaSec seriozuli problemebi idga, maT Soris:<br />

dasneulebuli ekonomika, korufciuli sazogadoeba, sastiki damna­<br />

Saveoba da CeCneTSi aalebuli omi.<br />

Tanamedrove sirTuleebi<br />

moicavs ra yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis 75, mosaxleobis 50 da<br />

mTliani erovnuli produqtis daaxloebiT 60 procents, ruseTi rCeba evraziis<br />

gabatonebul Zalad. ruseTis uzarmazari gavlena dsT­s sivrceze bevr<br />

fundamentur kiTxvas wamoWris: iqneba Tu ara dsT meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac<br />

axa li damoukidebeli respublikebi ganimtkiceben TavianT damoukideblobas,<br />

Tu is iqneba struqtura, romliTac ruseTi daSlili imperiis aRdgenas<br />

Seecdeba? 1990­iani wlebis Sua periodSi aSkara niSnebi ikveTeboda meore<br />

scenaris sasargeblod, radgan ruseTi Zveli ruseTis imperiisa da slavuri<br />

evropis teritoriebze dakarguli gavlenis aRdgenas cdilobda.<br />

rusuli jari ganlagebuli iyo bevr yofil sabWoTa respublikaSi, maT<br />

Soris latviaSi, estoneTSi, moldovaSi, saqarTveloSi, azerbaijansa da<br />

taji keTSi. konfliqtur saxelmwifoebSi _ azerbaijanSi, tajikeTsa da<br />

saqarTveloSi moskovma samxedro intervencia `samSvidobo~ safuZvlebze<br />

gaamarTla, rodesac axal damoukidebel respublikebSi, an maT Soris, rogorc<br />

Sida, aseve sagareo uTanxmoebebi warmoiSva.<br />

danarCeni msoflio gansakuTrebulad Sefiqrianebuli iyo im faqtiT,<br />

rom ruseTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi da belorusia maT teritoriebze ganTavsebuli<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris birTvuli iaraRis memkvidreebi iyvnen. amis Sedegad<br />

msoflioSi moulodnelad gaCnda ramdenime axali birTvuli saxelmwifo da<br />

es maSin, roca birTvuli iaraRi kidev ufro amwvavebda daZabulobas axal<br />

damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris. politikuri motivebiT ruseTi yofili<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris birTvuli iaraRis sakuTar arsenalSi moqcevas Seecada.<br />

ukrainamac da yazaxeTmac piroba dades, gadaecaT es iaraRi ruseTisaTvis,<br />

Tumca amavdroulad, am nabijis gadadgmamde, moskovisagan ekonomikur da<br />

finansur daTmobebs moiTxovdnen, xolo dasavleTisgan _ usafrTxoebis<br />

garantiebs. 1996 wlisTvis yvela birTvuli iaraRi, maT Soris belorusiaSi<br />

arsebulic, ruseTSi iqna gadatanili. ruseTis uzarmazari masobrivi ganadgurebis<br />

biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRis arsenalis usafrTxoebac dasavleTis<br />

didi Sefiqrianebis sagans warmoadgenda. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers<br />

amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtebis<br />

Semdeg es problema kidev ufro gamwvavda, ramdenadac arsebobda saSiSroeba,<br />

rom zogierTi am momakvdinebel nivTierebaTagan (maT Soris antraqsi)<br />

SeiZleboda avRaneTSi da sxvagan dabinavebul saerTaSo riso teroristul<br />

dajgufebebs CaegdoT xelSi.<br />

ruseTis ganviTarebis procesSi myof politikuri da ekonomikuri proeqtia.<br />

Tumca, SeuZlebelia viwinaswar metyveloT misi momavali perspeqtivebi.<br />

is faqti, rom ruseTi rCeba mniSvnelovan da Zlevamosil sa xelmwifod, eWvs

---

236 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

ar iwvevs. ruseTis warmateba damokidebuli iqneba mis unarze, gaumklavdes<br />

sul mcire sam gamowvevas: ekonomikur vardnas, eTnikur fragmentacias da<br />

saxelmwifo mSeneblobas.<br />

ekonomikuri vardna. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg mudmivma ekonomikurma<br />

problemebma did gasaWirSi Caagdo dsT­s saxelmwifoebi. arc ruseTi<br />

warmoadgenda am mxriv gamonakliss: misi susti ekonomika ganapirobebs Cveulebrivi<br />

moqalaqeebis yoveldRiur duxWir cxovrebas. 1991 wlis Semdeg,<br />

dsT­is saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis msgavsad, ruseTma samrewvelo warmoebaSi,<br />

sacalo gayidvasa da erovnul SemosavalSi gansacvifrebeli vardna<br />

ganicada. gaizarda sabiujeto deficiti. Tavdapirvelad am ekonomikur Cavardnebs<br />

Tan axlda farTod gavrcelebuli inflacia.<br />

am droidan moyolebuli ekonomikuri gamococxlebis niSnebi gamoCenas<br />

agvianebda. ekonomikurma vardnam, romelic asocirdeboda sabWoTa Zalauflebis<br />

kolafsTan da elcinis mTavrobis mier Tanmimdevruli da energiuli<br />

ekonomikuri reformis gatarebis mcdelobisas gancdil marcxTan, warmoebis<br />

masStabebi 1990­iani wlebis Sua periodSi erTi mesamediT Semcirda. 7<br />

magram aqve zogierTi dadebiTi simptomic SeimCneoda, maT Soris: fasebis<br />

gaTavisuflebiT sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis mcdeloba, Tavdacvis<br />

dafinansebis Semcireba, distribuciis Zveli centralizebuli sistemis<br />

uaryofa, vauCeruli privati zaciis farTomasStabiani programis gatareba,<br />

kerZo bankebis daarseba da sagareo vaWrobis demonopolizacia.<br />

1996 wlisTvis elcinma inflaciis Semcirebisa da rublis stabilizirebis<br />

TvalsazrisiTac warmatebas miaRwia. miuxedavad am nabijebisa, ekonomika kvlav<br />

daRmavlobas ganagrZobda. mTliani Sida produqti da samrewvelo warmoebis<br />

moculoba 6 procentze metiT daeca. 8 (Tumca, vardna ufro neli iyo<br />

vidre ori wlis win, rodesac is 15 procents Seadgenda.) amaSi nawilobriv ruseTSi<br />

privatizaciis SedarebiT dabali done (CexeTis, poloneTisa da ungre­<br />

Tis ufro warmatebul ekonomikebTan SedarebiT) SeiZleba davadanaSauloT,<br />

magram sabazro ekonomikis xelSewyobisa da sagareo investiciebis waxalisebis<br />

mizniT myari samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis ganviTarebac ver moxerxda,<br />

rac ekonomikuri vardnis aseve mniSvnelovani gamomwvevi faqtoria. sxva<br />

faqtorTa Soris iyo aqcionerTa zustad gansazRvruli uflebebis, miwis bazrebis<br />

ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi kanonebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis qselis<br />

ararseboba, rac sawarmoebs muSebisaTvis SeRavaTebis uzrunvelyofis<br />

tvirTisagan gaaTavisuflebda.<br />

mniSvnelovan ekonomikur problemas mudmivad aqvs mniSvnelovani socialuri<br />

Sedegebi. dRes rusebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom maTi mdgomareoba<br />

wleb Tan erTad uaresdeba. farTod gavrcelebuli jandacvis problemebi<br />

(nawilobriv gamowveuli mTavrobis uunarobiT, xeli Seewyo sazogadoebrivi<br />

jandacvis programisaTvis), arsebuli xelfasebis Semcireba (inflaciis<br />

gamo), saxelfaso davalianebisa da umuSevrobis swrafi zrda kvlav rCeba<br />

rusebis SeSfoTe bis mTavar mizezebad. 1990­iani wlebis Sua periodSi, daaxloebiT<br />

36.6 milioni rusi, anu mosaxleobis erTi meoTxedi, siRaribis zRvars<br />

qvemoT cxovrobda. erTaderT naTel wertils inflaciis tempis Sem­

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

237<br />

cireba warmoadgenda _ 1998 wlis dasawyisisaTvis 10.2 procentamde. 2001<br />

wels, inflaciam kvlav imata (daaxloebiT 20 procenti), magram rusuli ekonomika,<br />

prezident vladimer putinis Zlieri xelmZRvanelobis wyalobiT,<br />

aRorZinebis niSnebs amJRavnebda. 9 [Semdeg wlebSi ruseTis ekonomikis gajansaRebas<br />

ganapirobebda navTobze maRali fasebi _ mTargmn. Sen.]<br />

eTnikuri fragmentacia. 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas Zveli imperiis<br />

bevr nawilSi samoqalaqo omi, religiuri devna da eTnikuri amboxebebi axlda<br />

Tan. ruseTi rCeba eTnikurad mravalferovan qveynad, romelic jer kidev<br />

cdilobs gadalaxos konfliqturi eTnikuri jgufebis Zlieri centridanuli<br />

Zala, miT umetes, rom zogierT maTgans suverenuli damoukidebloba<br />

surs. am jgufebis rusul saxelmwifoSi warmatebuli integracia daum­<br />

Tavrebel saqmed darCa axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi.<br />

1993 wlis konstituciiT eTnikuri jgufebi ruseTis federaciaSi 21<br />

res publikis safuZvels qmnian. es federaluri erTobebi (msgavsi Statebis<br />

mmarTve lobisa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi) warmodgenilia, rogorc respublikebi<br />

ruseTis sakanonmdeblo organos zeda palataSi. Tumca, verc<br />

erTi konstitucia ver SeZlebs gadaWras eTnikuri daZabuloba ruseTis SigniT<br />

_ dro, urTi erT pativiscema da ekonomikuri warmateba dominantur rusul<br />

da peri ferieb ze mcxovreb erovnebebs Soris grZelvadiani stabiluri<br />

urTierTobis nebismie ri receptis aucilebeli ingredientebia (es exeba rogorc<br />

ruseTis sazRvrebs SigniT, aseve mis gareT arsebul viTarebas).<br />

politikur saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebuli erovnebebis integraciis problemis<br />

daZleva sxva sirTulesac ukavSirdeba. tradiciulad, sabWoTa kav­<br />

Siri biurokratiulad moskovidan regionuli administraciuli erTobebis<br />

(ob lasti) da eTnikuri (an erovnuli) respublikebis meSveobiT imarTeboda.<br />

ormagi iurisdiqciis es sistema ruseTSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg kvlav<br />

agrZelebda funqcionirebas. magram centraluri mTavrobis Zalaufleba<br />

komunizmis marcxis Sedegad Semcirda, maSin roca regionebis Zalaufleba<br />

gaizarda. daTrgunulma eTnikurma siamayem da rusuli dominantobis mimarT<br />

protestis grZnobam respublikebSi gansxvavebul erovnul jgufebsa da<br />

centralur xelisuflebas Soris dapirispirebis ali aanTo. amavdroulad,<br />

res publikebi metoqeobas uwevdnen oblastebs ruseTis politikur sistemaSi<br />

Zalauflebisa da gavlenis mopovebisaTvis.<br />

ruseTis eTnikuri respublikebis mier gamowveulma politikurma problemebma<br />

wina planze 1994 wlis dekemberSi wamoiwia, rodesac ruseTma samxedro<br />

Tavdasxma ganaxorciela mis SemadgenlobaSi arsebul, eTnikurad<br />

muslimur respublikaze, CeCneTze, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, Sav da<br />

kaspiis zRvebs ASoris mdebareobs. adre CeCneTma ruseTisagan damoukidebloba<br />

gamoacxada. gadawyvita ra bolo moeRo CeCneTis daumorCileblobisaTvis,<br />

ruseTis prezidentma elcinma amboxebis CasaxSobad iq rusuli jari<br />

gaagzavna. omis msvlelobisas ruseTis samxedro TviTmfrinavebma sastikad<br />

dabombes CeCneTis dedaqalaqi _ grozno. CeCeni jariskacebi Zalian motivirebulebi<br />

iyvnen, maSin roca rusi jariskacebi, asaxavdnen ra farTod<br />

gavrcelebul saxalxo skepticizms, naklebad mondomebulebi iyvnen brZo­

---

238 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

laSi Casabmelad (albaT, axsovdaT sastiki omi avRaneTSi 1980­ian wlebSi) da<br />

did danakargebsac ganicdidnen.<br />

gaWianurebuli `binZuri~ omis Sedegad dasjili ruseTi iswrafvoda mSvidobisaken.<br />

1996 wlis bolos xelmowerilma zavma faqtobrivad separatistuli<br />

meamboxeebis gamarjveba aRiara. man ruseTs misca saSualeba 2001 wlamde<br />

gadaewyvita, rogor mopyroboda CeCneTis mier damoukideblobis moTxovnas.<br />

amavdroulad ZalaSi rCeboda pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvebi:<br />

. SenarCundeba Tu ara cecxlis Sewyveta?<br />

. miscems Tu ara ruseTi CeCneTs gamoyofis uflebas?<br />

. mosalodnelia Tu ara, rom ruseTSi arsebulma ramdenma sxva eTnikurma<br />

jgufma mibaZos CeCnebs da moiTxovos damoukidebloba?<br />

. Caefloba Tu ara uzarmazari birTvuli iaraRis mqone ruseTi<br />

anarqiaSi?<br />

eTnikurad mravalferovani ruseTis SenarCuneba da Sida marTva mxolod<br />

erTi problemaa; Tumca, sxvadasxva eTnikuri dapirispireba, romelic gavlenas<br />

axdens sagareo politikur urTierTobebsa da politikur kavSirebze ruseTsa<br />

da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris bevr axal damoukidebel respublikas Soris,<br />

gansxvavebuli saxis problemebs warmoSobs. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom ukraina da ruseTi damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis organizaciis<br />

wevrebi arian, maT Soris garkveulma uTanxmoebam mainc iCina Tavi. am<br />

problemis erTi nawili istoriulia. ukraina (gansakuTrebiT kievi) ruseTis<br />

istoriuli dabadebis adgilia (kievis ruseTi). is, 40 milioniani mosaxleobiT,<br />

aRmosavleT evropis erT­erTi yvelaze didi qveyanaa (uxeSad rom vTqvaT,<br />

mezobeli poloneTis zomis). ukrainis kuTvnil strategiul naxevarkunZulze,<br />

romelic yirimis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, aris Savi zRvis sanapiroze arsebuli<br />

uZravi qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili. yirimis dRevandel mosaxleobas<br />

didi rusebi [ukrainelebs mcirerusebs uwodeben _ mTargmn. Sen.] warmoadgenen,<br />

romlebmac Caanacvles adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, yirimeli TaTrebi<br />

mas Semdeg, rac stalinma isini cimbir Si gadaasaxla 1930­ian wlebSi. rodesac<br />

1994 wlis ianvarSi prorusuli nacionalisti airCies yirimis prezidentad,<br />

igi imuqreboda, rom ukrainisagan gamoyofisa da ruseTTan SeerTebis<br />

moTxovniT referendums Caatarebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom referendumi ar<br />

Ca tarebula, ukrainis gayofis albaTobas dasavleT (ukrainul) da aRmosavleT<br />

(rusul) nawilebad, ver gamovricxavT.<br />

krizisi warmatebiT mowesrigda 1990­iani wlebis Sua periodSi. dawesda<br />

ormagi kontroli yofil sabWoTa sazRvao sawarmoebsa da samxedro Zalebze<br />

samxreT ukrainis saporto qalaq se vastopolSi (yirimis naxevarkunZulze),<br />

rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs momavali konfliqtis SesaZleblobaze ruseTsa<br />

da ukrainas Soris. krizisi amoizarda am or yofil partniors Soris arsebuli<br />

ambiciuri da konfliqturi interesebidan yofili sabWoTa kavSiris Savi<br />

zRvis sazRvao teqnikis mflobelobis sakiTxis garSemo. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom uTanxmoeba mSvido bianad gadawyda 1997 wels (ruseTma miiRo flotis 80<br />

procenti, Tumca daTanxmda, rom Tavad porti ukrainas ekuTvnoda), es kidev

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

239<br />

erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom es ori didi slavuri saxelmwifo dRes ufro metoqeebi<br />

arian, vidre Zmebi (miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriisa da eTnikurobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT isini SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc erTi da imave ojaxis xis<br />

ori ganStoeba).<br />

aseTive aqtiuri an potenciuri konfliqtis mravali sxva magaliTi arsebobs.<br />

magaliTad, 1997 wels yazaxeTSi (romelic ruseTs esazRvreba) mosaxleobis<br />

51 procenti iyo yazaxi da 32 procenti rusi. dapirispireba or<br />

jgufs Soris yazaxeTis sazogadoebriv mSvidobas emuqreba imdenad, ramdenadac<br />

aseT SemTxvevaSi ruseTis intervenciis SesaZlebloba izrdeba.<br />

eTnikuri da politikuri dapirispireba moxda moldovaSi, saxelmwifoSi,<br />

romelic esazRvreba rumineTs yofili sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleT sazRvarze.<br />

ruseTis mier moldovaSi eTnikuri rusebis mier wamoyene buli teritoriuli<br />

moTxovnebis mxardaWeram (romlebic mTeli mosaxleobis 13 procents<br />

Seadgenen), gamoiwvia uTanxmoebebi, er Ti mxriv, moldovel rusebsa da adgilobriv<br />

moldovelebs (romlebic mosaxleobis 65 procentia) da meore mxriv,<br />

ruseTisa da moldoveTis mTavrobebs Soris.<br />

saxelmwifos mSenebloba. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, diskreditirebu<br />

li komunisturi partiis Casanacvleblad axali samTavrobo struqturebi<br />

da mTavrobebi gaxda saWiro. axladSeqmnil saxelmwifoebs axali<br />

samTavrobo struqturebi sWirdebodaT samarTavad, miT ufro araxelsayreli<br />

ekonomikuri garemosa da eTnikuri daZabulobis fonze.<br />

ruseTma unda gadaWras saxelmwifo mSeneblobis seriozuli problemebi<br />

imisaTvis, rom momavali politikuri stabiluroba uzrunvelyos. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom sakanonmdeblo arCevnebi Catarda 1993 da 1995 wlebSi, xolo<br />

saprezidento arCevnebi gaimarTa 1996 da 2000 wlebSi [saparlamento arCevnebi<br />

aseve Catarda 1999, 2003, 2007 wlebSi,xolo saprezidento 2004 da 2008 ww.<br />

_ mTargmn. Sen.], demokratia ruseTSi kvlav ganviTarebis sawyis etapze rCeba.<br />

saxelmwifos mSeneblobis sirTuleebi, romelsac ruseTi politikuri stabilurobis<br />

miRwevis mizniT unda gaumklavdes, Semdegia:<br />

. myife konstitucia: 1993 wels miRebulma ruseTis konstituciam gaaZliera<br />

prezidenti parlamentTan mimarTebaSi, ramac elcins saparlamento<br />

opoziciaze warmatebis mopovebis saSualeba misca. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

igi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli politikuri dokumentia, jerjero ­biT ar<br />

warmoadgens sakadrisi pativiscemis obieqts, rasac, rogorc we­si, aseTi<br />

donis dokumentebi imsaxureben.<br />

. danawevrebuli partiuli sistema: ruseTis partiuli sistema Zalian danawevrebulia.<br />

1995 wlis dekemberSi dumis, ruseTis erovnul sakanonmdeblo<br />

organos federaluri asambleis qveda palatis arCevnebSi 42 partia dafiqsirda.<br />

es partiebi saucxood gamoxatavdnen profesiuli, ideologiuri da<br />

eTnikuri interesis mTel speqtrs; maT Soris zogierTi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa:<br />

ekologiuri partia, ruseTis qalebi, muslimuri moZraoba,<br />

ruseTis advokatTa asociacia da TviT ludis msmelTa partiac ki. ruseTis<br />

wamyvani politikuri partiebi warmoadgens or politikur speqtrs _<br />

nacionalistebs, romlebic mxars uWeren Zveli ruseTis imperiis aRorZine­

---

240 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

bas da komunistebs, romlebic ekonomikuri da demokratiuli reformebis<br />

tempis Semcirebis an saerTod gauqmebis momxreebad gvevlinebian. aseTma<br />

uTanxmoebam gamoiwvia politikur CixSi Sesvla da radikalizmi _ rac, Tavis<br />

mxriv, politikuri SeSfoTebis mizezia.<br />

. gaurkveveli federalizmi: ruseTis oficialuri saxelwodeba _ ruse­<br />

Tis federacia, gamoxatavs Zalauflebis danawilebas centralur da adgilobriv<br />

mTavrobebs Soris. amasTan, konstitucia naTlad ver gamosaxavs<br />

centrsa da federaciis wevrebs Soris arsebul uflebamosilebebs. zogierTi<br />

damkvirvebeli amtkicebs, rom ZalTa balansi centraluri xelisuflebidan<br />

adgilobrivi mTavrobebis sasargeblod inacvlebs. 1993 wlis<br />

konstituciis miRebam da Sesabamisma kanonmdeblobam, romelic federaciis<br />

sabWoSi (federaluri asambleis zeda palata) msxdomi adgilobrivi<br />

liderebis arCevnebs awesebda, gavleniani liderebis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />

regionuli Zalis centrebis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. moskovi veRar SeZlebs<br />

gamodevnos daumorCilebeli adgilobrivi mTavrobebi; axla mas mouwevs<br />

molaparakebebi gamarTos liderebTan qveda doneebze [putinis dros ganxorcielda<br />

reforma, romelmac centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebas<br />

Seuwyo xeli da regionebis moskovis kontrols dauqvemdebara _ mTargmn.<br />

Sen] . 11<br />

. organizebuli danaSaulis zrda. saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aucileblobas<br />

kvazisamTavrobo funqciis Sesrulebis msurveli mopaeqre organizaciebis<br />

gavlenisa da raodenobis zrdac asaxavs, romlebic am miznis<br />

miRwevas damoukideblad an arsebuli samTavrobo struqturebis meSveobiT<br />

cdiloben. erT­erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, organizebul damnaSaveobaSi<br />

dRes daaxloebiT 3 milioni adamiania CarTuli da man rogorc ruseTis, aseve<br />

sxva respublikebis policiasa da biurokratiaSic ki SeaRwia. qurduli samyaros<br />

gavlena yvelganaa: `dasavleTs aSfoTebs misi SeWra yvela sferoSi:<br />

warmoSobis stadiaSi myof Tavisufal bazarze, privatizaciaSi, ganiara­<br />

RebaSi, samxedro sferoSi, sagareo humanitarul Semweobasa da finansur<br />

daxmarebaSi da TviT saxelmwifos savaluto da oqros rezervebSi.~ 12 1995<br />

wlis martSi, mafiis mier cnobili Jurnalistis mkvle lobis Semdeg, elcinma<br />

ganacxada, rom organizebuli damnaSaveoba seriozul safrTxes uqmnis ruseTis<br />

politikur stabilurobas. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebma<br />

gamoxates SeSfoTeba, rom rusul mafias, agreTve im mecnierebs, inJinrebs<br />

da teqnologebs, romlebic sakmaod dazaraldnen samsaxurebidan gaTavisuflebebiT<br />

da xelfasebis mkveT ­ri SemcirebiT, SeiZleba moparuli birTvuli,<br />

qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRi Sav bazarze teroristuli dajgufebebisa<br />

da urCi saxelmwifoebisaTvis mieyidaT (iaraRiTa da narkotikebiT<br />

saerTaSoriso aralegalu ­ri vaWroba did bizness warmoadgens).<br />

. kanonis mimarT upativcemulobis zrda: organizebuli damnaSaveobis<br />

zrda, adgilobrivi politikuri bosebis gaCena, korufciis farTod<br />

gavrceleba da iseTi sazogadoebrivi problemebi, rogoricaa Cveulebrivi<br />

damnaSaveoba, prostitucia da narkotikebis moxmareba, sazogadoebrivi<br />

struqturis xarjze ikvebeboda. farTod gavrcelebuli damna­<br />

Saveobac asaxavs mTavrobis uunarobas _ daicvas kanoniereba da wesrigi.<br />

am problemebis erTi Sedegi aris zogadad kanonis ideis upativcemuloba,<br />

romelsac `ruseTis yvelaze did gasaWirs~ uwodebdnen. 13

---

olosdabolos, gamoGnda lideri?<br />

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

241<br />

1999 wlis agvistoSi, imdroindelma prezidentma boris elcinma vladimer<br />

putini, yofili suk­is oficeri da politikurad ucnobi adamiani, axal<br />

premier­ministrad daasaxela. elcinis oTx wina premier­ministrTagan<br />

didi xniT arc erTi darCenila am Tanamdebobaze, Sesabamisad putinis moulodneli<br />

da winaureba SesaZloa didi ambavi sulac ar yofiliyo. realurad<br />

ki es marTla didi garigeba aRmoCnda: rva Tvis Semdeg putini ruseTis<br />

axlad arCeuli prezidenti gaxda.<br />

Tu elcini saprezidento Tanamdebobaze putinis memkvidreobas gegmavda,<br />

maSin 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda.<br />

putinma, Tavis mxriv, ori ram gaakeTa, ramac gaamyara misi poziciebi amomrCevlebSi.<br />

pirvel rigSi, CeCneTis omTan mimarTebaSi mkacri kursis aRebis<br />

Sedegad, man swrafad moipova bevri rusis mxardaWera. misi winamorbedebi am<br />

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi veranair gadawyvetilebas<br />

ver iRebdnen (winamorbedebSi, ra Tqma unda, prezidenti elcinic igulisxmeba).<br />

meo re, man gabedulad dauWira mxari or moulodnelad gamoCenil partias<br />

_ erTobas (mas aseve uwodebdnen medveds, rac daTvs niSnavs), romelic bolo<br />

wuTis koalicias warmoadgenda da aravin icoda misi politikuri prog rama<br />

da memarjvene ZalTa kavSirs, liberal­reformatorTa partias. erToba<br />

lamis pirvel adgilze gavida da mcirediT CamorCeboda komunistebs, maSin<br />

roca memarjvene ZalTa gaerTianeba meoTxe adgilze gavida. erTad am orive<br />

partiam amomrCevelTa xme bis mTeli raodenobis erTi mesamedi moagrova da komunistebTan<br />

SedarebiT odnav naklebi adgili miiRo dumaSi. ruseTis parlamentSi<br />

erTmaneTis pirispir pirve lad aRmoCnda ori bloki warmodgenili _<br />

erTi centridan marcxniv, xolo meore centridan marjvniv. xdeboda Tu ara<br />

ruseTis politikuri partiuli sistema bolos da bolos naklebad qaosuri,<br />

SesaZloa, ufro normaluric?<br />

mTlad asec ar iyo saqme. axlad arCeuli dumis pirvel Sekrebaze, komunistebma<br />

da erTobam (ZiriTadma pro­putiniseulma partiam) ucnauri<br />

aliansi Sekres, erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen ra mTavari komitetebis Tavmjdomareebis<br />

Tanamdebobebs. komunistebi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen:<br />

maT SeinarCunes dumis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdeboba da miiRes cxra komitetis<br />

Tavmjdomaris posti. samagierod, maT mxardaWera aRuTqves putinis mier<br />

SeTavazebuli premier­ministris kandidaturas da axal mTavrobas, aseve<br />

reformis programas. opoziciurma partiebma wesebis darRvevaze gamoTqves<br />

ukmayofileba (yofilma premier­ministrma, evgeni primakovma, am garigebas<br />

`wabilwva~ uwoda). miuxedavad yvelafrisa, ruseTis axalgazrda demokratiisaTvis<br />

es pirveli garigeba iyo: aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas arasdros<br />

hyolia gamokveTili umravlesoba parlamentSi.<br />

retrospeqtulad, elcinis gadawyvetileba gaexada putini premier­ministri<br />

1999 wels, warmoadgenda pirvel scenas dramis saboloo aqtSi, romelic<br />

daaxloebiT aTi wlis win daiwyo. xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg<br />

putinma swra fad scada ruseTis Sida da sagareo politikisaTvis Tavisi<br />

`xelwera~ daetyo. qveynis SigniT man wamoiwyo moZraoba organizebuli damna­

---

242 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

Saveobisa da ruse Tis cnobili `oligarqebis~ (mdidari finansuri magnatebi,<br />

romelTac elcinis dros moipoves kontroli sabWoTa ekonomikis uzarmazar<br />

nawilze) winaaRmdeg; qvey nis gareT, man ruseTis sagareo <strong>politika</strong>s axali<br />

ieri misca, Seamcira ra Tavidan daZabulo ba yofil sabWoTa respublikebTan,<br />

daxura ruseTis mosasmeni posti vietnamSi da sazRvao baza kubaSi, ganaaxla<br />

msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevriane bis moTxovna da myarad dauWira<br />

mxari amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kampanias terorizmis winaaRmdeg 2001<br />

wlis bolos.<br />

putinma aseve jerovani yuradReba dauTmo ekonomikur reformebs, maT Soris<br />

cvlilebebs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaR mdeg<br />

sabrZolvelad finansuri dazvervis samsaxuris Seqmna. 1990­iani wlebis<br />

bolos navTobze gazrdili fasebis wyalobiT amotivtivebuli ruseTis<br />

ekonomika ga mococxlebis niSnebs amJRavnebda. amaSi mas 1998 wels rublis<br />

gaufasurebac daexmara. magram ruseTis proteqcionistuli, karteluri<br />

ekonomikis struqtura ucvleli darCa, maT Soris misi mTavari seqtorebi:<br />

sawarmoebi, bankebi da saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli dawesebulebebi.<br />

arc politikuri landSafti Secvlila fundamenturad: regionebSi kvlav<br />

gamefebulia intriga da korufcia, biurokratia aris imperiuli da SeuRwevadi,<br />

damoukidebeli presa saxelmwifosagan TiTqmis daucvelia (muqarebi<br />

Jurnalistebis misamarTiT romlebic Jurnalistur gamoZiebas awarmoeben,<br />

ar warmoadgens UuCveulo movlenas da ar SeiZleba amis ugulebelyofa).<br />

sabolood, komunisturi mmarTvelobis safarvelis mocilebidan aTi<br />

wlis Semdegac, dasavleTisa da msofliosaTvis ruseTi kvlav gamocanas<br />

warmoadgens. putinis swrafi gaZliereba da myari mmarTveloba adasturebs<br />

or rames: rogorc araprognozirebadobas, aseve ruseTis mier demokratiis<br />

sakuTari eqsperimentis dawyebas.<br />

momavlis perspeqtivebi<br />

dReEs ismis kiTxva: ruseTi daqveiTebis, daqucmacebisa da anarqiis procesSi<br />

myofi didi imperiis narCenia Tu igi moaxerxebs stabilizacias da<br />

msoflio mniSvnelobis saxelmwifod da imperiad xelmeored aRmocenebas?<br />

rogor daasrulebs ruseTi tranziciis process: rogorc demokratiuli Tu<br />

rogorc avtoritaruli saxelmwifo? es ori kiTxva gansazRvravs nebismier<br />

varauds ruseTis momavlis Sesaxeb.<br />

ekonomikuri, eTnikuri da politikuri uwesrigobis pirobebSi, ruseTi<br />

itanjeba identobis krizisiT. rwmenaTa romeli sistema miscems azrs mosaxleobis<br />

cxovrebas, gansakuTrebiT, arasaxarbielo politikur da ekonomikur pirobebSi?<br />

komunizmma, rogorc gavlenianma rwmenaTa sistemam, TandaTanobiT<br />

dakarga ndoba stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg da sabolood, marcxi ganicada. rusuli<br />

marTlmadidebeli eklesia bevrs sTavazobs nugeSiscemas, Tumca miuxedavad<br />

komunizmis marcxisa, mainc ibrZvis farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri<br />

gavlenisa gan gaTavisuflebisaTvis. rogorc vnaxeT, zogierTs rusuli<br />

mafia sTavazobs Zalaufle bis sacdurs da gavlenis moxveWas. albaT, yvelaze

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

243<br />

sanukvari xati aRdge­nili, Zlieri, impe rialisturi ruseTia, romelic far­<br />

Tod gavrcelebuli nostalgiiTa da ruseTis istoriaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli<br />

samSoblos siyvaruliT aris motivirebuli. rogorc Cans, putini swored patriotizmis<br />

am Tandayolil grZnobasa da erovnul siamayes mimarTavs demagogiuri<br />

mowodebebisa Tu ukidures memarjveneTa gulis mogebis gareSe.<br />

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi despotizmisa da centralizebuli marTvis gamo<br />

demokratia ruseTSi yovelTvis gaurkvevel perspeqtivas warmoadgenda.<br />

jer kidev 1990­ian wlebSi optimistebs sjerodaT, rom ruseTi demokratiis da<br />

Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT moZraobda. mogvianebiT imave<br />

aTwleulSi, waawyda ra uamrav kulturul, politikur da ekonomikur dabrkolebas,<br />

politikuri da ekonomikuri liberalizacia Soreul imedad iqca.<br />

sanam ruseTis momavali uwonadobis mdgomareobaSia, demokratia kvlav myife<br />

rCeba sxvadasxva politikuri jgufebis arsebobis fonze, romelTaTvisac<br />

eTnikuri aratolerantuloba da warsulis nostalgia saerTo maxasiaTeblebia.<br />

ruseTis liberalur­demokratiuli konstitucia qaRaldze sakmaod<br />

damaime deblad gamoiyureba. Tumca, mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu rogor gamoiyureba<br />

konstitucia qaRaldze, aramed is, Tu rogor muSaobs igi praqtikaSi.<br />

aSkaraa, rom momaval wlebSi demokratias ruseTSi bevri mkacri gamocdis<br />

Cabareba mou wevs. Tu ruseTs gadawyvetili aqvs daasrulos tranzicia Ria<br />

da liberaluri sazo gadoebis SeqmniT, es, erTi mxriv, ganpirobebuli una<br />

iyos brZnuli da gabedu li mmarTvelobiT da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis<br />

uzarmazari SeupovrobiT.<br />

Cven axla mokled gavecnobiT aRmosavleT evropas. es aris regioni tranziciis<br />

procesSi myofi saxelmwifoebiT. Tqven ver naxavT or qveyanasac<br />

ki, romlebsac gardaqmnis procesSi absoluturad msgavsi politikuri da<br />

ekonomikuri problemebi hqondea. Sesaba misad, yvelaze warmatebul da warumatebel<br />

saxelmwi fo ­ebs Soris Zalian didia zRvari.<br />

aRmosavleTi evropa gzagasayarze<br />

(mokvdeba Tu ara odesme Zveli Cvevebi)<br />

am regionis axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi oTx aTwleulze met<br />

xans komunisturi mmarTvelobis qveS imyo feboda. sabWoTa `didi Zmis~ msgavsad,<br />

maTac centralizebuli dagegmili ekonomikis uReli edga. centralurma<br />

dagegmvam grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ver gaamarTla rogorc sabWoTa<br />

kavSirSi, aseve sxvaganac. rodesac komunizmi sabolood gaqra, aRmosavleT<br />

evropis didi xnis manZilze natanj xalxs ukeTesi momavlis imedi gauCnda.<br />

ocnebebi TiTqmis yvelgan maleve daingra da eiforia imedgacruebam Secvala.<br />

es fenomeni universaluri iyo regionSi, magram imedgacruebis masStabi<br />

da siRrme ekonomikuri ganviTarebis pirdapirproporciulad icvleboda.<br />

dReisaTvis aRmosavleT evropaSi yvelaze dinamikuri ekonomikebis mqone<br />

sa xelmwifoebi, sadac yvelaze mkacri reformebi gatarda, aris poloneTi,<br />

Ce xeTis respublika da ungreTi. poloneTi moulodnelad gadaeSva ekonomikur<br />

reformebSi 1989 wlis Semdeg, rodesac iq `Sokuri Terapiis~ saxelwo­

---

244 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

debiT cnobili ekonomikuri politikis mTeli seria wamoiwyes, romelic<br />

miznad isaxavda moqmedi bazrebis Seqmnas da komunisturi mmarTvelobis<br />

danatovari araefeqtiani saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizacias. marTalia<br />

poloneTs mcire kerZOo seqtori komunizmis pirobebSic ki hqonda, magram<br />

dRes iq or milionamde oficialurad registrirebuli biznesia.<br />

poloneTis mtkice midgomam reformisadmi 1990­ian wlebSi STambeWdavi<br />

Sedegebi gamoiRo. regionis bevri aRmocenebadi bazrisagan gansxvavebiT<br />

(maT Soris ungreTisa da CexeTis respublikis CaTvliT), poloneTma aicila<br />

vardnebi da savaluto krizisi. amavdroulad, poloneTis ekonomika ufro<br />

swrafad viTardeboda, vidre misi yofili komunisturi mezoblebis: 1995<br />

da 2000 wlebs Soris ekonomikuri zrda yovelwliurad saSualod xuT procentze<br />

mets Seadgenda. poloneTma aseve moaxerxa daeZlia inflacia, romelic<br />

regionis masStabiT socialuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobis mTavar<br />

safrTxes warmoadgenda. gasul wlebSi am ekonomikurma nabijebma poloneTSi<br />

didi raodenobiT sagareo investiciebis Sedineba gamoiwvia.<br />

meore mxriv, mniSvnelovan problemas gazrdili umuSevroba warmoadgenda,<br />

gansakuTrebiT im qveynisaTvis, sadac komunisturi mmarTvelobis<br />

oTx aTwle ulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi samsaxuri yvela axalgazrdisaTvis<br />

garantirebu ­li iyo. mzardi uTanasworoba mdidar da Rarib, qalaqisa da soflis<br />

mosaxleo bas Soris aseve seriozul sakiTxs warmoadgenda, radganac ga­<br />

Raribebuli soflis mosaxleoba ufro da ufro CamorCeboda qalaqis saSualo<br />

fenis mosaxleobas. poloneTis mosaxleobis ukiduresad Raribi fenebi<br />

dResac dasaqmebulia soflad arsebuli SinameurneobebSi. 14 mniSvnelovania<br />

aqve aRvniSnoT, rom poloneTis soflis meurneobas koleqtivizaciis procesi<br />

ar Sexebia.<br />

poloneTSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan regionSi, aris SemaZrwunebeli ur TierTdamokidebuleba,<br />

erTi mxriv, uTanasworobasa da siRaribes, xolo meore<br />

mxriv, damnaSaveobas Soris. gamokvlevam aCvena, rom polonelTa umetesoba poloneTs<br />

sacxovreblad usafrTxo adgilad aRar miiCnevs. garda amisa, oficialurma<br />

korufciam mTavrobisadmi sazogadoebis ndobas Ziri gamouTxara. ar<br />

aris gasaocari, rom oTxi poloneli amomrCevlidan da gadasaxadis gadamxdelidan<br />

sami miiCnevs, rom qveyana araswori mimarTulebiT viTaArdeba.<br />

CexeTis respublikaSi premier­ministri vaclav klausi qebas asxamda<br />

sabazro ekonomikis Rirsebebs da vauCerizaciis ambiciuri gegma ganaxorciela,<br />

rac CexeTis yvela moqalaqes Teoriulad axlad privatizirebuli<br />

(adre saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli) sawarmoebis wilebis miRebis<br />

uflebas aZlevda. magram ganawileba ganxorcielda adekvaturi garantiebis<br />

gareSe da ver SeZlo uzrunveleyo misi erT­erTi mTavari mizani _ mieca<br />

CexebisaTvis fsoni axal sabazro ekonomikaSi. realurad, biurokratebma miisakuTres<br />

ZiriTAdi saaqcio kapitali (romelTa umetesoba arasodes yofila<br />

xelmisawvdomi sazogadoebisaTvis) da gamoiyenes kavSirebi, rom xelSi CaegdoT<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani qoneba. sabediswerod, reformis gatarebis am<br />

areul­dareulma mcdelobam, nacvlad imisa, rom ganemtkicebina sazogadoebrivi<br />

mxardaWera, rogorc es Tavidan iyo Cafiqrebuli, gamoiwvia Cexebis apaTia<br />

demokratiisa da kapi talizmis mimarT. inflaciam, samsaxuris dakargvis

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

245<br />

SiSma, korufciam maRal Tanamdebobebze, mzardma zRvarma mdidrebis jgufsa<br />

da umravlesobas Soris, imis mtkivneulma Segnebam, Tu rogor CamorCnen<br />

dasavleTs aRmosavleT evropelebi da, kerZod, Cexebi, kidev ufro gaaRrmava<br />

imedgacrueba bneli mewarmeebisa da TviTgandidebuli politikosebis<br />

mimarT, vinc xalxis TvalSi sistemasTan gaigivdnen.<br />

farTod gavrcelebuli saxalxo ukmayofilebis miuxedavad cxovrebis<br />

zogadi donis gaumjobesebis tempiT, CexeTi mainc Semdgari respublikaa<br />

(Cexoslovakia Seiqmna I msoflio omis Semdeg, rogorc srulmasS tabiani<br />

saparlamento demokratia _ saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis erTaderTi magaliTi<br />

aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 wlamde). garda amisa, CexeTis ekonomikam,<br />

romlis ganviTareba TiTqmis aTwleulis manZilze iyo Seferxebuli, 1997­<br />

1999 wlebis recesiis Semdeg aSkara ganaxleba moaxerxa. struqturulma reformebma<br />

(magaliTad, sabanko seqtorSi) xeli Seuwyo am Sedegebis miRwevas.<br />

Tumca, rac zemoT iTqva poloneTis SemTxvevaSi, aseve vrceldeba CexeTis<br />

respublikazec: Cexebis umravlesoba ukmayofiloa im mimarTulebiT,<br />

rac dRes aqvs qveyanas arCeuli. amavdroulad, is arc imdenad didia, rom<br />

mosaxleobis umravlesobas komunizmis, centraluri dagegmvis da totalitaruli<br />

saxelm wifos nostalgia gauCndes.<br />

ungreTi iyo pirveli qveyana aRmosavleT evropaSi, romelmac ekonomikuri<br />

reformebi komunizmis marcxamde wamoiwyo. 1968 wels, CexoslovakiaSi<br />

praRis xmauriani gazafxulis Tanadroulad, ungreTis komunisturma mTavrobam<br />

Seqmna axali ekonomikuri meqanizmi, romelic miznad isaxavda ekonomikis<br />

SezRudul decentralizacias da sabazro mimarTulebis mqone sxva<br />

reforme bis gatarebas. axali ekonomikuri meqanizmis sawyis fazaSi zomieri<br />

warmatebis miRweva gaxda SesaZlebeli. samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoeba<br />

(rac, yovelTvis naklebad prioritetuli iyo sabWouri tipis ekonomikebSi)<br />

gaizarda da ungrele bis cxovrebis done zogadad gaumjobesda. magram reaqcioneri<br />

komunistebi Sin da gareT (kerZod sabWoTa kavSirSi) am reformebs<br />

winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen. 1980–ian wlebSi axali ekonomikuri meqanizmi gaauqmes.<br />

marTAlia ekonomikis ganviTareba am drois ganmavlobaSi swrafad Semcirda,<br />

ungreTi maleve miubrunda dasavleTs savaWrod, daxmarebisa da investirebisaTvis.<br />

libera lizacia, romelic Tan sdevda am <strong>politika</strong>s, uSvebda<br />

kerZo bizness da saerTaSoriso mravalerovnul kompaniebTan TanamSromlobas.<br />

ase rom, ungreTis SezRudulma mcde lobam reformis mimarTulebiT<br />

mas kargi sastarto mdgomareoba misca im droisaTvis, rodesac komunizmma<br />

TviTon mouRo bolo sakuTar Tavs 1980­iani wlebis dasasruls.<br />

1989 wlis Semdeg ungreTis axalma liberal­demokratiulma mTavrobam<br />

daaCqara Tavisufali bazris reformebis tempi. kerZod, rogorc wamyvanma<br />

aRmocenebadma bazarma regionSi, ungreTma aRmosavleT evropaSi ganxorcielebuli<br />

pirdapiri sagareo investiciebis naxevarze meti miizida, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom ungreTis mosaxleoba (daaxloebiT 10 milioni) wamoadgenda<br />

poloneTis mosaxleobis (40 milioni) mxolod 25 procents da ruseTis 147<br />

milionian mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mxolod umniSvnelo nawils. postkomunisturma<br />

ungreTma swrafad moaxdina saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli<br />

sawarmoebis privatizacia: 1993 wlisaTvis kerZo seqtoris wilma mTlian

---

246 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

Sida produqtSi 50 procenti Seadgina. privatizaciis tempi TandaTan Semcirda,<br />

rodesac socialis tebma moipoves umravlesoba parlamentSi 1994<br />

wels, magram momdevno wels imave parlamentma gamosca kanoni, romelsac<br />

unda daeCqarebina saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis privatizacia,<br />

agreTve moemzadebina gasayidad sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da foladisa<br />

da eleqtroenergiis strategiuli sawarmoebi. miuxedavad restruqturizaciis<br />

am seriozuli mcdelobebisa, ung reTi ganicdida inflaciisa da<br />

umuSevrobis iseT maRal dones, romelic komuni zmis dros ar arsebobda.<br />

dadebiTi kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, dRes ungreTi myarad aris damkvidrebuli<br />

evropuli saxelmwifoebis liberalur­demokratiul kategoriaSi. 1989<br />

wlidan pirvel sam Tavisufal arCevnebSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva<br />

partiam moipova kontroli mTavrobaze _ rac, Tavis mxriv, partiuli<br />

konkurenciisa da politikuri pluralizmis arsebobis niSania. ufro metic,<br />

am cvlilebebs ar gamouwvevia mkveTri gadaxrebi marcxniv an marjvniv da<br />

arc politikuri sistemis destabilizaciis wyaro gamxdara. sabolood, ungreTis<br />

ekonomika aCvenebs, rom igi stabiluri ganviTarebis gzaze dgas.<br />

Tu am sam qveyanaSi tranziciis procesebi dausrulebelia, maSin sxva bevri<br />

yofili komunisturi respublika, maT Soris ukraina, bulgareTi da rumineTi<br />

ufro cud mdgomareobaSia. slovenia, adre yofili iugoslaviis federaciis<br />

nawili, aris erTi mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi, romelic Crdilavs<br />

da narCen qveynebs (maT Soris poloneTs, ungreTs da CexeTis respublikas).<br />

zogadi keTildReobiT slovenia aRemateba evropis kavSiris or wevrs, saberZneTsa<br />

da portugalias da mcirediT CamorCeba evrokavSiris kidev erT<br />

wevrs _ espaneTs. slovakeTi (adre Cexoslovakiis nawili) da xorvatia(aseve<br />

iugoslaviis nawili mis daSlamde) axlos arian sam wamyvan qveyanasTan da<br />

sakmaod win zozina qveynebTan SedarebiT. belorusia, moldova, makedonia<br />

da albaneTi am regionSi warumatebel qveynebs Soris arian. rac Seexeba serbeTsa<br />

da montenegros, am saxelmwifoebs merve TavSi ganvixilavT.<br />

am nawilSi aRmosavleT evropis ori subregioni imsaxurebs mokled aRniSvnas.<br />

baltiis saxelmwifoebi _ latvia, litva da estoneTi liderebsa da<br />

CamorCenilebs Soris Tavsdebian. samxreT kavkasiis sami saxelmwifo _ saqar­<br />

Tvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani _ slavur aRmosavleT evropasa da Turqul<br />

axlo aRmosavleTsa da centralur azias Soris bundovan geografiul da kulturul<br />

zonaSi mdebareoben. tranziciis SejibrSi isini bolo rigebis siaxloves<br />

dganan, magram mdidari navTobis sabadoebi kaspiis zRvaSi am regions<br />

strategiul Rirebulebas aniWebs, rac mas sxva SemTxvevaSi ar eqneboda.<br />

jamSi, komunizmi gauCinarda evropis rukidan, Tumca komunisturi partiebi<br />

(xSirad axali saxelebiT) kvlav arsebobs. Tavisufali da samarTliani<br />

arCevnebi tardeba TiTqmis yvelgan da WeSmariti saparlamento demokratiebi<br />

mTavrobis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens. magram yvela am<br />

qveyanam aRmoaCina, rom bevrad martivia ganaxorcielo politikuri cvlilebebi<br />

institucionalur doneze, vidre Secvalo politikuri kultura. maT<br />

aseve iswavles, rom arCevnebis Catareba ufro martivia, vidre inf laciisa<br />

da deficitis moTokva da rom politikuri struqturebis Secvla bevrad<br />

martivia, vidre ekonomikuris. iqac ki, sadac tranzicia politikuri plu­

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

247<br />

ralizmisa da sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT yvelaze Sors wavida, xalxi<br />

gamoxatavs zogad ukmayofilebas reformebis tempiTa da mimarTulebiT. ase<br />

rom, komunizmis marcxis ambavi savsea moulodnelobebiT. dREeisaTvis is kvlav<br />

sanaxevrod dawerilia, misi dasasruli saidumloebiTaa moculi manam,<br />

sanam gardamavali epoqa sabolood ar dasruldeba _ sxva sityvebiT rom<br />

vTqvaT, komunizmi mxolod mravali wlis Semdeg dasruldeba.<br />

CineTi: marTvad kapitalizmze gadasvla<br />

(ra iqneba Semdeg?)<br />

axla, roca sabWoTa kavSiri da `msoflio socialisturi sistema~ (rogorc<br />

mas moskovi uwodebda) istorias Cabarda, CineTi erTaderT mTavar<br />

komunistur saxelmwifod rCeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom iaponiasTan, samxreT<br />

koreasa da singapurTan SedarebiT CineTi Raribi qveyanaa, is iafi muSaxelis<br />

(misi mosaxleoba 1.3 miliardia) udidesi mimwodebeli da Zlieri ekonomikis<br />

mqone qveyanaa, rac windaxeduli optimizmis ori mizezia. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba<br />

Tanxmdeba imaze, rom CineTma memkvidreobiT miiRo maoisturi totalitaruli<br />

mmarTveloba (ix. Tavi 5); mxolod zogierTisaTvis aris sakamaTo,<br />

rom is represiul, avtoritarul saxelmwifod rCeba.<br />

Zalauflebisaken gza, romelic mao Zedunis CineTis komunisturma partiam<br />

airCia, mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda leninis bolSevikebiseuli gzisagan.<br />

maos gamarjveba iaponiisa da Can kai­Sis CineTis erovnuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg<br />

gaWianurebul partizanul oms mohyva. armiam gacilebiT didi roli<br />

iTamaSa maoseuli revoluciis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi, vidre leniniseulSi.<br />

roca Cineli komunistebi 1949 wels xelisuflebaSi movidnen, armia da partia<br />

erT organizaciad iyo Serwymuli. virtualuri xelisuflebis rolSi<br />

armias ara marto brZola, aramed administrirebac evaleboda, rac moicavda<br />

kanonisa da wesrigis dacvas, mSeneblobasa da sazogadoebriv saqmianobas,<br />

ekonomikis marTvas, ganaTlebasa da ideologiur muSaobas. arsebiTad armia<br />

saxalxo respublikis birTvi gaxda, CineTis axali xelisufleba.<br />

mao xelisuflebaSi<br />

1950­iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTis saxalxo respublika (Csr) mniSvnelovanwilad<br />

iyo damokidebuli sabWoTa kavSiris politikur, ekonomikur da<br />

samxedro daxmarebaze. es damokidebuleba kidev ufro gazarda koreis omma<br />

(1950­53). ssrk, romelsac xandazmuli stalini marTavda, daJinebiT moiTxovda,<br />

rom pekinis axalbeda komunistur xelisuflebas staliniseuli modeli<br />

gadaeRo. amrigad, CineTis saxelmwifos politikuri struqtura iseve, rogorc<br />

misi ekonomikuri da sagareo <strong>politika</strong> Zalze hgavda sabWoTa kavSirisas.<br />

yvelaferi, dawyebuli soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciiT, samrewvelo<br />

investiciebze calsaxa aqcentiT da damTavrebuli sabWoTa ganaTlebis<br />

sistemiT, TiTqmis cvlilebis gareSe iqna gadaRebuli.

---

248 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

gardatexis momenti dadga, rodesac stalinis memkvidrem, nikita xruS­<br />

Covma 1956 wels moxseneba gaakeTa partiis XX yrilobaze, romelzec man<br />

aRiara stalinis danaSaulebani da ganacxada dasavleTTan mSvidobiani<br />

Tanaarsebobis epoqis dasawyisis Sesaxeb. im droidan dawyebuli CineTis<br />

komunistebma maos eqscentriuli mmarTvelobiT sakuTari uCveulo gziT<br />

gaagrZeles svla.<br />

G1958 wels dawyebuli G`didi naxtomis~ <strong>politika</strong> warmoadgenda maos<br />

gancxadebas samrewvelo ganviTarebis sabWouri modelisagan damoukideblobis<br />

Sesaxeb. staliniseul mZime mrewvelobaze, gansakuTrebiT farTomasStabian<br />

mopovebiT da metalurgiul kompleqsebze aqcentis nacvlad<br />

didma naxtomma xazi gausva decentralizebul samrewvelo warmoebas, raTa<br />

warmatebiT gamoeyenebina Cine Tis udidesi bunebrivi resursi _ adamianuri<br />

Sroma. uamravi mciremasStabiani moZvelebuli foladsadnobi Rumeli am<br />

Sromatevadi midgomis simbolo xdeba.<br />

maoseulma `masobrivi mobilizaciis~ midgomam, romlis mixedviT yvelafris<br />

miRweva SeiZleba glexTa masebis STagonebuli ZalisxmeviT, Caanacvla<br />

sabWoTa partiis saxelmwifo biurokratia, rogorc sazogadoebis revoluciuri<br />

gardaqmnis (transformaci is) mamoZravebeli Zala. didi proletarul­kulturuli<br />

revolucia – maos mier STa gonebuli reaqcia nebismieri<br />

biurokratiis winaaRmdeg, am midgomis kulmina cia iyo. CineTisaTvis sabWo­<br />

Ta sistema kontrrevoluciis modeli gaxda.<br />

xelisufalTa cvla<br />

saxalxo rspublikis ori didi fuZemdeblis CJou enlaisa da mao Zedunis<br />

gardacvalebam 1976 weli Tanamedrove CineTis istoriis wyalgamyofad aqcia.<br />

erT­erTi Cineli mecnieris azriT, `maos sikvdili epoqis dasasruli iyo; bundovani<br />

iyo, momaval eraSi vin gauZRveboda CineTs da ra mimarTulebiT~. 15<br />

Seferxebuli reformebidan ori wlis Semdeg qveyanas den siaopini marTavda<br />

(is maom orjer amxila moCvenebiTi revoluciuri suliskveTebis braldebiT),<br />

romelmac wamoiwyo ZiriTadi kampania ideologiuri dogmis ukugdebisa<br />

da pragmatizmis adaptirebis mizniT. am kampaniis simbolo iyo lozungebi:<br />

`praqtika WeSmaritebis erTaderTi kriteriumia~ da `veZeboT WeSmariteba<br />

faqtebSi~. 16 ekonomikurma ganviTarebam Caanacvla klasTa brZola,mtavrobam<br />

kari gauxsna investiciebisa da savaWro kavSirebis dasaleTidan. uaryves<br />

masobrivi kampaniebi, damkvreluri programebi, gmiris (pirovnebis) kulti<br />

da ideologiuri fanatizmi, rogorc maoizmis simboloebi.<br />

vaWrobis gafarToeba, gansakuTrebiT samrewvelo demokratiis mqone<br />

qveynebTan, pekinis diplomatiis principul miznad iqca. denis ekonomikuri<br />

reformebi TandaTanobiT gatarda 1978­1982 wlebSi, roca man frTxilad da<br />

moTminebiT moaxdina sakuTari Zalauflebis konsolidacia mmarTveli politbiuros<br />

farglebSi. 1982 wlis SemodgomisaTvis reformebis sulisCmdgmel<br />

dens sruli Zalaufleba hqonda.

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

249<br />

deni sikvdilamde CineTis umaRlesi xelisufali iyo. is 92 wlisa gardaicvala<br />

1997 wlis 19 Tebervals. Tavdapirvelad misi adgili denis yofili<br />

oTxi Tanapartielis koleqtiurma mmarTvelobam Secvala, romelTa Soris<br />

Zian Zeminma gaimarjva da komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivani da qveynis<br />

prezidenti gaxda. profesiiT inJineri Ziani 1989 wels komunisturi partiis<br />

liderobamde Sanhais meri iyo. qveynis liderad gaxdomis Semdeg Zianma<br />

detaluri miTiTebebi gasca denis politikuri da ekonomikuri politikisa<br />

da institutebis gagrZelebis Taobaze. am politikisa da institutebis<br />

gamorCeuli Taviseburebebi Semdeg qveTavSia aRwerili.<br />

dominanti partia<br />

CineTs isev komunisturi partia marTavs. is daaxloebiT 57 milion wevrs<br />

_ CineTis mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 5 procents aerTianebs. partiis<br />

wevrebi politikur elitas Seadgenen, romelTac gansakuTrebuli privilegiebi<br />

aqvT. amas garda, maRali rangi partiaSi politikuri Zalauflebis winapirobad<br />

rCeba.<br />

mmarTvelobis mTel periodSi deni komunisturi partiis xelSewyobas<br />

cdilobda. maosagan gansxvavebiT, romelic xSirad yuradRebis centrSi<br />

yofnas cdilobda da romlis socialuri da politikuri aRmasvlebi Zirs<br />

uTxrida CineTis komunistur partias, deni mSvidad idga scenis miRma da<br />

Tavis ormag rols asrulebda _ qveynis didi stabilizatorisa da partiis<br />

damcvelisa. misi memkvidre Zian Zemini denis cxovrebis wess agrZelebda.<br />

amrigad, im dros, roca zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebda, rom CineTi<br />

samarTavad ufro da ufro rTuli qveyana xdeba, komunistur partias Seswevs<br />

Zala myarad eWiros CineTis politikis sadaveebi. 17<br />

ideologiis Sesusteba<br />

1978 wlamde marqsizmis maoseuli adaptacia CineTis oficialuri ideologia<br />

iyo. 1978 wlis Semdeg upiratesi gaxda denis pragmatuli xedva, rom<br />

ekonomikuri zrda da ara klasTa brZola unda iyos rogorc partiis, ise<br />

qveynis warmatebis sazomi. partias aRar sWirdeba marqsistuli ideologiis<br />

moSvelieba sakuTari programebis an politikis gasamarTleblad an partiis<br />

mmarTvelobis dasakanoneblad. 18<br />

marTlac rom saintereso movlenaa komunisturi partia, romelic sakuTar<br />

Tavs komunizmisgan Sors iWers. utopiur dapirebebze moraluri<br />

imedis nacvlad CineTis komunisturi partia sakuTar rols pragmatulad<br />

gansazRvravs: myari politikuri wesrigis dacva da warmatebuli ekonomikis<br />

xelSewyoba. politikuri legitimurobis da xSirad sastiki mmarTvelobis<br />

gamarTlebis safuZvels dRes calkeuli tendenciebi ufro qmnis, vidre komunikaciuri<br />

ideologiis koreqtivebi.

---

250 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

bazarze orientirebuli reformebi<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, maos sikvdilis Semdeg denis orientireba ekonomikur<br />

ganviTarebaze arsebiTi cvlileba iyo, romelic radikalurad<br />

gascilda marqsistul models. igi akeTebda aqcents SedarebiT Tavisufal<br />

bazrebze, biznesis kerZo sakuTrebas da sabazro stimulebze, mogebis CaTvliT.<br />

am politikis gasatareblad pekini TavgamodebiT cdilobs ucxouri<br />

sesxebisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mopovebas, upiratesad<br />

dasavleTidan (da amrigad, arRvevs myar ideologiur tabus). dasavleTTan<br />

urTierTobebisadmi CineTis axleburi `Ria karis~ midgomis mizani qveynis<br />

ekonomikis (rogorc soflis meurneobis, aseve mrewvelobis) rac SeiZleba<br />

swrafi modernizeba iyo. am midgomam gaamarTla, rogorc ki dasavluri investiciebi<br />

da sesxi Sevida qveyanaSi 1980­ian 1990­ian wlebSi da uzrunvelyo<br />

CineTi modernizebisaTvis Zalze saWiro kapitaliT (ix. sqema 7­2).<br />

sqema 7-2 ucxouri kapitalis Semodineba (mlrd dolari)<br />

*1998 wels jamuri 42.6 mlrd dolari moicavs rogorc ucxour sesxebs, aseve pirdapir<br />

ucxour investiciebs.<br />

wyaro: Economist, 22 Tebervali, 1997, gv. 22; 2000 World Bank Atlas (Washington, DC:<br />

World Bank, 2000), gv. 56.<br />

ucxouri sesxi<br />

pirdapiri ucxouri<br />

investicia<br />

ucxouri sesxi da<br />

pirdapiri ucxouri investicia<br />

amave dros, mniSvnelovani transformacia moxda soflis meurneobaSic.<br />

arsebiTi sityva iyo – dekoleqtivizacia – soflis meurneobaSi saxelmwifo<br />

sakuTrebis uaryofa da saojaxo meurneobaze damyarebul fermerobaze mibruneba.<br />

mravali eqsperimentis Semdeg reJimi SeCerda iseT sistemaze, sadac<br />

saxelmwifo xelSekrulebebs debs individualur saojaxo meurneobebTan<br />

gansazRvruli produqciis Sesyidvaze. reforma warmatebuli aRmoCnda,<br />

radgan fermerebma rekorduli mosavali miiRes da kerZo bazarze gayides.<br />

mrewvelobasa da vaWrobaSic CineTi win sabazro Zalebze dayrdnobiT miiw­<br />

*

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

251<br />

evda. gansakuTrebiT aRsa niSnavia erTi statistikuri monacemi: 1978 wels<br />

CineTSi arc erTi kerZo biznesi ar arsebobda; daaxloebiT 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

mTeli biznesis erTi mesamedi kerZo sakuTrebaSi iyo (ix. sqema 7­3).<br />

CineTis soflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobaSi momxdari revoluciis<br />

Sedegebi STambeWdavi iyo. maos mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli uwesrigobis aTwleulebis<br />

Semdeg CineTis ekonomika gamococxlda. faqtobrivad, dRes CineTs<br />

msoflioSi erT­erTi yvelaze swrafad mzardi ekonomika aqvs, Tumca is<br />

kvlavindeburad Raribia erT sul mosaxleze simdidris mixedviT. magali­<br />

Tad, CineTis mTliani Sida produqti germaniis naxevars udris, Tumca germaniis<br />

mosaxleoba CineTis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT erTi meTeqvsmetedia.<br />

am pirobebSic ki, zogierTi Sefasebis mixedviT daaxloebiT 150­200 milionma<br />

adamianma (dasavleT evropis mosaxleobis naxevris toli) Tavi daaRwia<br />

ukidures siRatakes. maSin roca umiwo CinelTa sami meoTxedi kvlav Raribi<br />

rCeba, sasoflo sameurneo reformebis gatarebis kvaldakval fermebis Semosavali<br />

mkveTrad izrdeba. 19<br />

sqema 7-3 aRmocenebadi (ganviTarebadi) kerZo seqtori<br />

biznesis kerZo mflobeloba CineTSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.<br />

saxelmwifo<br />

kerZo<br />

Sereuli<br />

* nawilobriv saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli.<br />

wyaro: Newsweek, 3 marti 1997, Tavi. cxxxix, #9, gv. 27. gamokvleva ekuTvnis mosaxleobis<br />

fondsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, avtorebi arian ana kuCmenti<br />

da dante Cini.<br />

© 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.<br />

maos sikvdilis Semdeg meoTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi gadadgmuli<br />

uzarmazari nabijebis miuxedavad, CineTi Rarib qveynad rCeba (SedarebiTi<br />

monacemebisaTvis ix. cxrili 7­2). miuxedavad imisa, rom CineTma 1990­ian wleb­<br />

Si oficialurad aRiara siRatakeSi mcxovrebi 80­100 milioni adamiani, sxva<br />

Sefasebebis mixedviT, magaliTad, msoflio bankis mier, es cifri 350 milions<br />

udris. 20 Semosavlebis indikatorebi umravlesobis, iseve rogorc moqalaqe­<br />

Ta cxovrebis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis xarisxis indikatorTa mixedviT<br />

(rogoricaa CvilTa sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli), CineTi klasificirdeba<br />

rogorc ganviTarebadi qveyana an rogorc aRmocenebadi bazari.

---

252 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

arsebobda sxva ekonomikuri sirTuleebic. maRali inflacia zogjer<br />

aferxebs qveynis ekonomikas. amas garda, CineTSi Semosavlis mkveTri uTanasworobac<br />

arsebobs. TvalSisacemi uTanasworoba uamrav soflel Rarib<br />

glexsa da mzardi raodenobis SedarebiT mdidar qalaqel Cinels (mdidari<br />

mewarme elitis CaTvliT) Soris, romlebic CineTis swrafad mzard sanapiro<br />

qalaqebSi cxovroben. mzardi axali klasi CineTis sezonur migrantebTan<br />

Tanacxovrobs, romelic 100 milioni umuSevris an minimalurad dasaqmebuli<br />

adamianisagan Sedgeba. isini provinciebidan qalaqebSi Cadian samuSaosa<br />

da ukeTesi cxovrebis ZiebaSi. aRmosavleTis sanapiro provinciebi gacilebiT<br />

swrafad izrdeba, vidre centraluri da dasavleT CineTi. oficialuri<br />

statistikis mixedviT maT amJamad Sida provinciebTan SedarebiT 2­4­jer<br />

meti Semosavali aqvT. 21<br />

Sanxai ekonomikuri eqspansiis gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi magaliTia _<br />

1997 wels mas, msoflios udides qalaqebTan SedarebiT, ekonomikuri zrdis<br />

erT­erTi yvelze maRali tempi hqonda. uZvelesi saporto qalaqi mdinare<br />

ianZis piras mdebareobs centralur aRmosavleT CineTSi. misi upiratesoba<br />

imaSia, rom pirdapiri kvSiri aqvs aziis sxva mniSvnelovan portebTan da<br />

swrafad viTardeba msoflio mniSvnelobis safinanso da savaWro centrad.<br />

cxrili 7.2<br />

CineTi da SeerTebuli Statebi _ cxovrebis donis<br />

SedarebiTi indikatorebi<br />

cxovrebis donis indikatorebi CineTi SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi<br />

mosaxleoba<br />

mosaxleobis wliuri zrda<br />

qalaqis mosaxleoba<br />

sicocxlis xangrZlivoba (wlebi)<br />

CvilTa sikvdilianoba (1000<br />

axalSobilze)<br />

Sobadoba (bavSvi erT qalze)<br />

mSp erT sul mosaxleze (1998)<br />

safondo birJis kapitalizacia (1998)<br />

eleqtroenergiis moxmareba erT sulze<br />

kilovati (1998)<br />

wera­kiTxvis mcodne<br />

erTi telefoni mosaxleobaze<br />

erTi televizori mosaxleobaze<br />

personaluri kompiuteri 1000 adamianze<br />

(1998)<br />

1,203,097,268<br />

1.04%<br />

30%<br />

68.08<br />

52.1<br />

1.84<br />

3,051 aSS<br />

dol.<br />

330 mlrd.<br />

dol.<br />

714<br />

78%<br />

36.4<br />

6.7<br />

8.9<br />

284,796,887<br />

1.02%<br />

76%<br />

75.99<br />

7.88<br />

2.08<br />

29,240 aSS dol.<br />

13.451 tril. dol.<br />

11,822<br />

97%<br />

1.3<br />

1.2<br />

458.6<br />

wyaro: Newsweek, 3 marti 1997, Tavi. cxxxix, #9, gv. 27. gamokvleva ekuTvnis heritijis<br />

fondsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, avtorebi arian ana kuCmenti<br />

da dante Cini. © 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.<br />

2000 World Bank Atlas (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000), gv. 50­51; U.S. Census Bureau,<br />

www.census.gov, 2002 wlis 13 maisi.

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

253<br />

dabolos, Tavisufali bazris principebi da marTvadi kapitalizmi Tanamedrove<br />

CineTSi rogorc Semosavlebis, aseve uTanasworobis stimuli gaxda.<br />

mniSvnelovani kiTxva kiTxvad rCeba: ramdenad Sors SeiZleba wavides CineTis<br />

Tavisufali mewarmeoba? CineTSi privatizacia neli tempiT mimdinareobs,<br />

udidesi firmebi _ araefeqtiani, intensiurad subsidirebuli da valebSi<br />

Cafluli _ isev saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia. saxelmwifo ar apirebs xelidan<br />

gauSvas yvelaze strategiuli mrewveloba, maT Soris manqanaTmSenebloba<br />

da iaraRis mwarmoebeli kompaniebis. CineTs arasrul yofili progresi aqvs<br />

privatizaciis mimarTulebiT (ix. sqema 7­3). aTi wlis win warmoudgeneli<br />

iyo, rom Cinur kompaniaTa aqciebi niu iorkis safondo birJaze gaiyideboda<br />

(rogorc dRes iyideba). CineTis ufro liberaluri ekonomikisaken mibrunebas<br />

SeerTebulma Statebma imiT upasuxa, rom winaaRmdegoba aRar gauwia CineTis<br />

gawevrianebas msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi (mso); 2001 wels CineTi<br />

formalurad gawevrianda mso­Si. Jurnal `ekonomistis~ mixedviT `CineTis<br />

gawevrianeba mso­Si. . . qveynis udidesi nabijia ekonomikuri sistemis kapitalistur<br />

dasavleTTan integraciisaken mas Semdeg, rac 50 welze meti xnis<br />

win daiwyo komunisturi mmarTveloba~. 22<br />

gazrdili pirovnuli Tavisufleba<br />

CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi totalitarizmis dasasrulis erT­erTi<br />

niSani is aris, rom CineTi `mravali adamianisaTvis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT ufro Tavisufali xdeba~. 23 adamianebs SeuZliaT samsaxuris<br />

Se cvla, qveynis erTi adgilidan meoreSi gadasvla, ufro meti individualobis<br />

gamomJRavneba Cacmulobasa da sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvaSi, aqvT Tavisufali<br />

arCevani iseT mniSvnelovan pirovnul sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa qorwineba<br />

da gayra. aseTi individualuri Tavisuflebebi Znelad warmosadgeni iyo<br />

maos CineTSi. es axali Tavisuflebebi jer kidev Zalze Sors aris dasavle­<br />

TisTvis Cveuli konstituciuri uflebebisagan. magaliTad, xelisuflebis<br />

SezRudviT wyvils mxo lod erTi Svili unda hyavdes. rogorc vnaxavT, ar<br />

arsebobs politikuri da religiuri Tavisuflebebi.<br />

axali sazogadoebrivi problemebi<br />

saocaria, magram CineTs zogierTi iseTi problemac awuxebs, romelic<br />

gavlenas axdens dasavlur demokratiaze. erTi eqspertis azriT, `avtoritetis<br />

tradiciuli formebis Sesustebis Sedegad CineTSi danaSaulis talRa<br />

gaizrda~. 24 qalaqebSi gavrcelebuli qurdoba da yaCaRoba, narkotikebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli danaSaulisa da prostituciis zrda _ CineTis ekonomikuri<br />

eqspansiis uaryofiTi Sedegebia.<br />

korufcia CineTis cxovrebis wesi xdeba. saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebs<br />

Soris zRvris waSlasa da CineTis mzard ekonomikaSi fulis udidesi masis mimoqcevasTan<br />

erTad biznesisa da politikisaTvis Cveuli xdeba meqrTameoba,<br />

nepotizmi da `araoficialuri favoritizmi~.

---

254 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

politikuri da religiuri represiebi<br />

ekonomikasa da sazogadoebriv sferoebSi liberalizaciis miuxedavad,<br />

CineTSi ar wydeba politikuri da religiuri devna. CineTis amJamindeli xelisufalni<br />

araviTar miniSnebas ar iZlevian am aSkarad Seusabamo kursisagan<br />

Tavis daRwevis Taobaze, romelsac safuZveli den siapinma Cauyara.<br />

dengis mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi iyo raRac momenti, roca TiTqos ra Racis<br />

Secvla SeiZleboda. 1978 wels demokratiis kedlis saxelwodebiT cno bi lma<br />

fenomenma msoflio yuradReba miipyro. am kedelze, romelic pekinis centrSi<br />

idga, oficialuri kursis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi da Sexedulebebi,<br />

arsebuli sistemisa da liderebis uxeSi kritikis CaTvliT, xelisuflebis<br />

Cumi sanqciiT gamoCnda. demokratiis kedelTan presis am uprecedento Tavisuflebis<br />

garda sityvis axlad aRmoCenilma Tavisuflebamac gaSala frTa.<br />

magram 1979 wels xelisuflebam gadawyvita gansxvavebuli azrisaTvis bolo<br />

moeRo. Semd gomma dapatimrebebma, saCvenebelma sasamarTlo procesebma da<br />

politikuri represiebis sxva sayovelTaod cnobilma formebma cxadyo, rom<br />

CineTis komunisturi partia ar apirebda rkinis marwuxebis modunebas poltikuri<br />

Zalauflebis berketebze.<br />

aTi wlis Semdeg tiananmenis moedanze momxdarma Jletvam gamoaaSkarava<br />

CineTis xelisuflebis mtroba adamianuri uflebebis winaaRmdeg. 1989 wels<br />

studentebma da muSebma masobrivi gamosvla moawyes pekinSi partiis privilegiebisa<br />

da kopufciis gasaprotesteblad da demokratiuli reformebis<br />

moTxovniT. protesti gamZafrda mas Semdeg, rac demonstratebi tiananmenis<br />

moedanze dabanakda da sityviT gamosvlebi da lozungebis Zaxili daiwyes.<br />

msoflio aRfrTovanebuli yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvalyurs movlenebs,<br />

roca dasavleTis satelevizio kamerebis win drama ganviTarda. im faqtma,<br />

rom mixeil gorbaCovi `komunizmis reformis~ mama pekins swored im TveSi<br />

(sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi pirvel Cinur­sabWour samitze) stumrobda<br />

drama kidev ufro gaamZafra. rodesac mRelvareba mTel CineTSi gavrcelda,<br />

pekinma savsebiT usargeblo samxedro mdgomareoba gamoacxada.<br />

3 ivniss CineTis dedaqalaqSi tankebiTa da iaraRiT Sevida armia. male<br />

aSkara gaxda, rom Zalis demonstrireba blefi ar iyo. damsjelma RonisZiebebma<br />

demokratiuli moZraoba sisxlian dasasrulamde miiyvana. asobiT<br />

(SesaZloa aTasobiT) protestanti daiRupa an daiWra, kidev ufro meti daapatimres.<br />

Semdeg usafrTxoebis Zalebma Tavi mouyares aTasobiT disidents<br />

da sul mcire 31 awames da sikvdiliT dasajes. uiaraRo moqalaqeebis mimarT<br />

sisastikem cxadyo, rom CineTi jer kidev represiuli saxelmwifo iyo.<br />

tiananmenis movlenebi CineTSi kritikosebisa da disidentebis devnis simbolo<br />

iyo, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi, vinc gabedavda da partiis umaRles liderebs<br />

gaakritikebda. meore sakiTxi iyo, rogor epyrobodnen politikur patimrebs.<br />

bevri maTgani monasaviT qancis gawyvetamde muSaobda fabrikebSi, sadac saeqsportod<br />

iaffasian saqonels awarmoebdnen sagareo vaWrobisaTvis.<br />

kidev erTi problema iyo CineTis xelisuflebis mier religiuri jgufebis<br />

gamudmebuli devna. garkveulwilad mTavrobis mier religiis mimdevarTa<br />

dapatimreba religiis mimarT marqsizmis ideologiuri undoblobisa da

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

255<br />

mtrobis naSTi iyo. ufro metad ki, is asaxavda partiis gamudmebul gancdas,<br />

rom religia politikur safrTxes warmoadgenda reJimis mTlianobisa da sijansaRisaTvis.<br />

mTavroba akontrolebs religias religiuri institutebis (eklesiebis,<br />

monastrebis, meCeTebis da sxv.) licenzirebisa da zedamxedvelobis<br />

gziT. budistebs, muslimebsa da qristianebs lamis sakuTari rwmenisaTvis<br />

apatimreben. Cinelebi gansakuTrebiT daundoblebi iyvnen tibetSi, sadac<br />

maT daxures budisturi monastrebi, daapatimres da gaasamarTles morwmuneebi<br />

da gadaasaxles tibetis religiuri lideri dalai lama. 1997 wlis<br />

dasawyisSi antiCinuri masobrivi areulobebi tibetis Crdilo­dasavle­<br />

TiT mdebare upiratesad muslimur provincia sinZianSi CineTis xelisuflebis<br />

mxridan represiebis mizezad iqva [igive ganmeorda 2009 wels _<br />

mTargmn. Sen.].<br />

CineTis mier adamianis uflebaTa Selaxva SeumCneveli ar darCa SeerTebul<br />

Statebs. iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa qristianTa koalicia gansakuTrebiT<br />

kritikuli iyo CineTSi qristianTa devnis mimarT. CineTis mier<br />

adamianis uflebaTa Selaxva. is sakiTxi daisva SeerTebuli Statebis kongresSi<br />

maT mier, vinc ewinaaRmdegeboda CineTisTvis upiratesi xelSewyobis<br />

savaWro reJimis aRdgenas, rac gaafarToebda CineTis eqsports SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi iseTive SedarebiT dabali tarifiT, romliTac amerikis savaWro<br />

partniorebi sargeblobdnen.<br />

cinikuria, rom statusis aRdgenis Taobaze debatebis centri SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi idelistebsa da pragmatistebs Soris disputi iyo. oponentebi amtkicebdnen,<br />

rom ekonomikuri zewola yvelaze naTlad gamoxatavda moralur<br />

gakicxvas da imavdroulad CineTs realurad azRvevinebda adamianis uflebaTa<br />

Selaxvis gamo. upiratesi xelSewyobis savaWro statusis miniWebis<br />

momxreebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom amgvari poziciiT mxolod amerikuli biznesi<br />

dazaraldeboda, maSin roca msoflios sxva qveynebi didi siamovnebiT daakavebdnen<br />

aSS­s bazris wils. mxardamWerebi aseve acxadebdnen, rom grZelvadian<br />

periodSi vaWroba da ara ekonomikuri izolacia Seasustebda politikur<br />

devnas CineTSi. 2000 wlis seqtemberSi SeerTebuli Statebis kongresma<br />

CineTisTvis keTilsasurveli eris (MFN) statusis miniWeba damokidebuli<br />

gaxada. mas Semdeg Cinur imports aRar emuqreba satarifo diskriminaciis<br />

gameoreba SeerTebuli Statebis uzarmazar bazarze.<br />

politikuri fragmentaciis safrTxeSi<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom komunisturi partia kvlav mkacrad akontrolebs<br />

sazogadoebas, Sida problemac uxvad aqvs. 25 erT­erTi sirTule CineTis<br />

Soreul regionebSi arsebuli daZabulobaa. meore _ vaWrobis pirobebis<br />

Sesaxeb kamaTi bunebrivi resursebiT mdidar qveynis centrSi mdebare provinciebsa<br />

da sanapiro provinciebs Soris, romlebic mza produqcias awarmoeben<br />

da hyidian. kidev erTi problemaa isic, rom CineTis provinciebi da<br />

olqebi drodadro savaWro barierebsa da tarifebs aweseben konkurenciisa­

---

256 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

gan adgilobrivi mrewvelobis dacvis mizniT. magaliTad, 1997 wels Sanxais<br />

municipalurma mTavrobam folksvagenis mwarmoebeli adgilobrivi manqanaTmSenebeli<br />

qarxanis sasargeblod axali standartebi daawesa (Zravis zoma,<br />

sabargulis tevadoba da a.S.) im manqanebisaTvis, romlebic taqsis funqcias<br />

asrulebdnen. CineTi kvlav agrZelebs adgilobrivi liderebis rotaciuli<br />

wesiT moZraobas mTeli qveynis masStabiT, imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicilos<br />

maT mimarT adgilobrivi simpaTiebisa da loialurobis gaCena.<br />

amomavali zesaxelmwifo<br />

garda imisa, rom ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi CineTi regionis<br />

dominanturi saxelmwifo xdeba, is aseve swrafad yalibdeba globaluri Zaladac.<br />

msoflioSi yvelaze mravalricxovani mosaxleobiT CineTis saxalxo<br />

respublika Zalze advilad SeZlebs axalwveulebis moZebnas Tavisi Seiara­<br />

Rebuli ZalebisaTvis, romelic isedac 3 milion jariskacs iTvlis. 1970­iani<br />

wlebis miwurulidan CineTi sakuTari samxedro SesaZleblobebis modernizebas<br />

cdilobs. dRes mas msoflios uZlieres saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT<br />

SeiaraRebaze yvelaze mzardi xarje bi aqvs. CineTma msoflio yuradReba imi­<br />

Tac miipyro, rom agrZelebs birTvuli iaraRis gamocdasa da uaxlesi SeiaraRebis<br />

gayidvas saerTaSoriso bazarze (zog jer im momxmareblisaTvis,<br />

romelsac SeerTebuli Statebis xelisufleba saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da<br />

wesrigis safrTxed miiCnevs).<br />

amerikis vaWroba CineTTan: problema Tu SesaZlebloba?<br />

SeerTebul Statebsa da CineTs Soris vaWroba diskusiis sagania. didi<br />

xnis ganmavlobaSi amerikuli biznesi CineTs erT uzarmazar, ganuviTarebel<br />

bazrad miiCnevda: 1 miliardi Cineli mouTmenlad eloda amerikuli saqonlis<br />

SeZenas. mravalma amerikulma mravalerovnulma korporaciam Zal­Rone<br />

ar daiSura imisaTvis, rom gavlena moexdina saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze da<br />

amerikis mTavrobis lobirebiT CineTTan kargi urTierToba SeenarCunebina.<br />

Zalze saintereso tendencia ganviTarda. SeerTebul Statebis savaWro<br />

balanss CineTTan maRali deficiti hqonda (rac imas niSnavs, rom SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi gacilebiT met saqonels yidulobs CineTisagan, vidre CineTi<br />

SeerTebuli Statebisagan). 1990­iani wlebis miwuruls SeerTebuli Statebis<br />

savaWro deficiti CineTTan iaponiasTan deficits gautolda (romelTanac<br />

SeerTebul Statebs savaWro balansis udidesi deficiti hqonda) da zogierTi<br />

ekonomisti varaudobda, rom male CineTi gauswrebda iaponias. CineTs<br />

saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi udidesi upiratesoba aqvs: is iafad awarmoebs saqonels,<br />

radgan dabal xelfass uxdis Cinel muSebs.<br />

emuqreba Tu ara SeerTebuli Statebisa da CineTis savaWro urTierTo­

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

257<br />

bebs iseTive daZabuloba, rogoric SeerTebul Statebsa da iaponias aqvs?<br />

SeiZleba, ara! acxadebs zogierTi eqsperti. safeiqro nawarmis garda Cinu ri<br />

saqoneli pirdapir konkurencias ver uwevs amerikul saqonels; Cinu ri produqcia<br />

dabalteqnologiuria (magaliTad, tansacmeli, safeiqro nawar mi,<br />

saTamaSoebi da nedleuli), maSin roca iaponia maRalteqnologiur produqcias<br />

awarmoebs (manqanebs, kompiuterebs, eleqtrosaqonels da telesakomunikacio<br />

mowyobilobas). garda amisa, iaponiisagan gansxvavebiT, Cine Tidan<br />

Semosuli yvela saqoneli Cinuri ar aris, rac imas niSnavs, rom savaWro balansis<br />

maCveneblebi arasaimedoa. ratom? imitom, rom CineTidan eqsportirebuli<br />

saqonlis daaxloebiT 50% im sawarmoebSi iwarmoeba, romelsac<br />

erToblivad floben an marTaven araCinelebi. rogorc Cans, dabali danaxarjebi,<br />

romelic mimzidvels xdis Cinur eqsports SeerTebul StatebSi, aseve<br />

mimzidvels xdis CineTis biznes­SesaZleblobebs araCineli mewarmeebisa da<br />

biznesisaTvis.<br />

CineTis mzardi samxedro Zalaufleba SeumCneveli ar darCa arc aziasa da<br />

arc mTel msoflioSi. 26 indoeTis winaaRmdegoba uari erTqva birTvuli iara­<br />

Ris sakuTar programebze SesaZloa nawilobriv CineTis mimarT misi frTxili<br />

damokidebulebiTac iyos gamowveuli. imave mizeziT, iaponiis liderebi CineTis<br />

samxedro modernizacias cudad SeniRbuli gangaSiT uyureben. vietnamelebs<br />

ar daviwyebiaT 1979 wels CineTTan sasazRvro omi da periodulad<br />

samxreT­aRmosavleT aziis usafrTxoebis aliansis Seqmnis mcdelobas iwyeben<br />

CrdiloeTis kolosis winaaRmdeg. filipinebs, wynari okeanis dasavleTSi<br />

amerikis Zvel erTgul mokavSires, gadauWreli dava aqvs CineTTan samxreT<br />

CineTis zRvaSi mdebare potenciurad navTobiT mdidari kunZulebis Taobaze.<br />

yvelaze saSiS mdgomareobaSi taivani imyofeba, romelsac pekini CineTis<br />

nawilad miiCnevs da romlis SemoerTebis survili aqvs.<br />

CineTis perioduli samxedro­sazRvao wvrTnebi am SiSs aZlierebs, miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom taivani simtkicis SenarCunebas cdilobs SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis samxedro­sazRvao flotis mxardaWeriT. kidev erTi potenciurad<br />

feTqebadi sakiTxi gadaiWra incidentis gareSe, roca 1997 wels didma britaneTma<br />

formalurad daabruna honkongi CineTis kontrolis qveS. es aqti,<br />

romelmac wertili dausva TiTqmis saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi britanul<br />

mmarTvelobas xmaurian saerTaSoriso savaWro da finansuri centrze, pekinma<br />

msoflio <strong>politika</strong>Si CineTis axali statusis niSanad.<br />

CineTi amomavali zesaxelmwifoa, ara ubralod ekonomikuri, aramed samxedro<br />

TvalsazriTac (ix. sqema 7­4). zogierTi damkvirvebeli miiCnevs, rom<br />

XXI saukuneSi CineTi SesaZloa SeerTebuli Statebis metoqedac ki mogvevlinos.<br />

ase rom, amerikuli perspeqtividan mniSvnelovani kiTxva ikveTeba:<br />

iTanamSromleben da SeinarCuneben Tu ara CineTi da SeerTebuli Statebi<br />

karg ur TierTobebs, Tu metoqeobisaTvis, an SesaZloa mtrobisTvisac ki<br />

arian isni ganwirulni?

---

258 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

CineTi<br />

indoeTi<br />

CrdiloeT korea<br />

ruseTi<br />

SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi<br />

sabrZolo<br />

TviTmfrinavi<br />

5 224<br />

700<br />

730<br />

4500<br />

4 971<br />

samxedro<br />

gemi<br />

110<br />

39<br />

26<br />

299<br />

237<br />

tanki mln<br />

jariskaci<br />

9 400<br />

3500<br />

4.200<br />

17 000<br />

12 500<br />

3.0<br />

1.1<br />

1.1<br />

1.5<br />

1.5<br />

birTvuli<br />

qobini<br />

300 +<br />

25<br />

n/a<br />

6.000<br />

6.000<br />

mSp­Si<br />

samxedro<br />

xarjebis<br />

%­li wili<br />

5.7<br />

2.5<br />

25.2<br />

7.4<br />

3.8<br />

sqema 7-4 CineTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis modernizeba denis erT­erTi prioriteti iyo,<br />

rac safiqrals aCenda, rom `mzard CineTs~ aziis samxedro balansis darRveva SeeZlo.<br />

wyaro: Newsweek, 3 marti 1997, Tavi. cxxxix, #9, gv. 28. gamokvleva ekuTvnis heritiqis<br />

fondsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, avtorebi arian ana kuCmenti da dante Cini.<br />

© 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.<br />

azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia<br />

(da Tavisuflebac?)<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom CineTi aziis giganturi saxelmwifoAa, yvelaze STam ­<br />

beW davi ekonomikuri miRwevebi am regionSi mainc sxvagan dafiqsirda. iaponiis<br />

Semdeg yvelaze warmatebuli, eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />

strategiebi Semdegma saxelmwifoebma SeimuSaves: samxreT koream,<br />

taivan ma, hon kongma (CineTis naxevrad damoukidebeli nawili 1997 wlidan) da<br />

singapurma. am oTxi saxelmwifos mier miRweulma warmatebebma, romelTac<br />

xSirad oTx patara drakons an aziis vefxvebs uwodeben, dasabami misca saxelmwifoTa<br />

axali kate go riis _ axali industriuli qveynebis (NIC) _ warmoSobas.<br />

aziis sxva saxelmwifoebmac, maT Soris tailandma, malaiziam da indoneziam,<br />

kursi Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikuri reformebisaken aiRes, im<br />

mizniT, rom sagareo investiciebi miezidaT da eqsportis ganviTarebisaTvis<br />

SeewyoT xeli. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi am etapze samx reT korea da taivani<br />

moeqceva, radgan isini saeqsporto bazrebisaTvis konkurencias iaponias<br />

uweven da amavdroulad, politikuri libera lizaciis mimarTulebiTac gadadges<br />

nabijebi. am mxriv, isini mkveTrad gansxvavdebian regionis uzarmazari<br />

saxelmwifosagan, CineTisagan, romelic yovelTvis ewinaaR mdegeboda<br />

fundamentur politikur cvlilebebs.<br />

nax. 4<br />

samxreTi korea<br />

samxreT koreis ekonomikuri transformacia Raribi, soflis meurneobaze<br />

damokidebuli qveynidan Zalamokrebil, teqnologiurad dawinaurebuli<br />

mewarmeobis seqtoris mqone Tanamedrove industriul saxelmwifod XX saukunis<br />

miwurulisaTvis dasrulebul faqts warmoadgenda. samxreT koreis

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

259<br />

mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) erT sul mosaxleze, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, mas<br />

imave doneze ayenebs, ra donezec portugalia da saberZneTia, orive evrokavSiris<br />

wevri. ra Tqma unda, es ukanasknelni evropis mdidar saxelmwifoebTan<br />

SedarebiT RaribTa ricxvSi Sedian. ukeTesad rom warmovaCinoT samxreT koreis<br />

miRwevebi, sakmarisia mxolod aRvniSnoT, rom samxreT koreis mTliani<br />

Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze metia laTinuri amerikis yvelaze mdidari<br />

qveynis, argentinis Sesabamis maCvenebelze da orjer meti braziliis, Ciles,<br />

meqsikis da venesuelis, regionis oTxi wamyvani sa xelmwifos maCveneblebze,<br />

romlebic aseve tranziciis procesSi imyofebian.<br />

1990­ian wlebSi, rodesac samxreT koreis ekonomikam stagnacia daiwyo,<br />

mTavrobam prezident kim de iungis meTaurobiT gabeduli reformebis<br />

prog rama wamoiwyo. tradiciulad, samxreT koreis ekonomikaSi uzarmazari<br />

industriuli konglomeratebi da regulirebisagan Tavisufali didi<br />

bankebi dominirebdnen: specifikuri interesebis gavlenis gazrdam Sedegad<br />

konkurenciis CaxSoba moitana. 1990­iani wlebis bolos aziuri gripis<br />

saxelwodebiT cnobili aziis finansuri krizisi marTalia samxreT koreaSi<br />

ar dawyebula, magram iqac gamanadgurebeli gavlena hqonda. didma bankebma<br />

fuli didi biznesis warmomadgenlebs yovelgvari finansuri garantiebis<br />

gareSe asesxes. am situaciam da qveynis ekonomikis gamococxlebis zogadma<br />

saWiroebam daarwmuna saxalxod arCeuli prezidenti, rom aucilebeli<br />

iyo agresiuli saxelmwifo Careva ganexorcielebina _ SewinaaRmdegeboda<br />

mTavrobis mier ekonomikis kontrols da amavdroulad, moqmedebis meti<br />

Tavisufleba sabazro ZalebisaTvis mieca. Sedegad, gvian 1990­ian wlebSi<br />

samxreT koreis mTavrobam tranziciis meore ZiriTadi procesi wamoiwyo,<br />

romelic moicavda sxvadasxva didi industriuli konglomeratebis restruqturizacias<br />

da sabanko reformebs, ramac Zalian dadebiTi Sedegebi<br />

gamoiRo. 2000 wels samxreT koreis ekonomika Zlier aRmavlobas da dabal<br />

inflacias ganicdida.<br />

ramdenad iyo es meore tranzicia politikuri da amavdroulad ekonomikuric?<br />

eWvgareSea, rom <strong>politika</strong>m mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa. aziis sxva<br />

sazogadoebaTa msgavsad, koreelebic mudam avtoritaruli saxelmwifos mier<br />

imarTebodnen. CrdiloeT korea meore msoflio omis periodidan iyo (da aris)<br />

komunisturi, maSin roca samxreT korea, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axlo<br />

mokavSire saxelmwifo, antikomunisturia. miuxedavad amisa, samxreTkoreuli<br />

`demokratia~ sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara prodasavluri politikis mqone saxelmwifos<br />

fasadi. magram 1997 wels, gaprezidentebis wina ori warumatebeli<br />

mcdelobis Semdeg, kim de iungi gaxda samxreT koreaSi pirveli opozicioneri<br />

kandidati, romelic prezidentad airCies, (iseve rogorc, visente foqsi gaxda<br />

pirveli arCeuli opozicioneri prezidenti meqsikaSi, sadac mis arCevamde<br />

sul raRac sami wliT adre erTpartiuli sistema iyo gabatonebuli). opozicioneri<br />

kandidatis prezidentad arCeva garRvevaa nebismier qveyanaSi, romelic<br />

liberaluri demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimarTulebiT politikuri<br />

tranziciis procesSi imyofeba. rogorc vnaxavT, 2000 wels aseTi garRveva<br />

kidev sul mcire erT adgilas moxda.

---

260 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

taivani<br />

taivani damoukidebeli II msoflio omis Semdeg gaxda, rodesac Cinelma<br />

komunistebma, mao Zedunis meTaurobiT, daamarcxes Can kaiSis nacionalistebi.<br />

1972 wlamde, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aRiarebda taivans,<br />

rogorc CineTis legitimur mTavrobas, Tumca isic aSkara iyo, rom qveynis<br />

kontinentur nawils pekinis komunisturi reJimi akontrolebda. 1972<br />

wlidan taivani gaxda damoukidebeli, Tumca mas suverenul sa xelmwifod<br />

ar aRiareben. amis mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom CineTis saxalxo respublikam<br />

miaRwia eRiarebinaT misi moTxovna, rom taivani aris CineTis nawili, rom<br />

arsebobs mxolod erTi CineTi da rom pekini aris CineTis dedaqalaqi.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, taivani inarCunebs mWidro ekonomikur kavSirebs aSS­<br />

Tan, kvlav sargeblobs misi samxedro ZlierebiTa da diplomatiuri keTili<br />

nebiT. taivanis ekonomika erT­erTi yvelaze dinamikuria aziaSi, didi tempiT<br />

uswrebs ra samxreT koreas. realurad, taivani evropaSi rom iyos, erT<br />

sulze mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqtis mixedviT ufro win iqneboda,<br />

vidre portugalia da saberZneTi da imave ligaSi, sadac aris espaneTi. am<br />

`ekonomikur saswaulSi~ araferia axali, magram taivanis bolodroindeli<br />

moZraoba liberaluri sazogadoebrivi da politikuri wesrigisaken namdvilad<br />

axalia.<br />

1988 wels, li ten­hui gaxda pirveli adgilobrivi taivaneli lideri, romelmac<br />

moipova prezidentoba da amavdroulad iyo pirveli saxalxod arCeuli<br />

prezidenti taivanis istoriaSi. lim, misi Tormetwliani prezidentobis<br />

dros, gaatara radikaluri politikuri reformebi, agrZelebda ra 1980­iani<br />

wlebis SuaxanebSi Tavisi winamorbedis, Can Cin­kuos (Can kaiSis vaJi) mier<br />

wamo wyebul procesebs. nacionalisturi partiis rkinis xelis CamoSorebis<br />

yvelaze didi Sedegi iyo 2000 wlis arCevnebSi opoziciis kandidatis, Cen<br />

Sui­binis gama rjve ba. esec erT­erTi pirveli SemTxveva iyo taivanis politikur<br />

istoriaSi.<br />

aziis vefxvebi<br />

samxreT koreasa da taivanSi dRes arsebuli politikuri libera lizacia mas<br />

Semdeg daiwyo, rac ekonomikurma cvlilebebma am ori sazogadoebis transfor<br />

macia moaxdina. ekonomikuri liberalizaciis aseTi forma, garkveuli mniSvnelo<br />

va ni politikuri cvlilebis gareSe, damaxasiaTebelia mTeli aziisaTvis.<br />

realu rad, aziis yvelaze warmatebul ekonomikas qalaq­saxelmwifo singapuri<br />

warmoadgens, romlis mmarTveloba mTlianad uaryofda dasavluri tipis<br />

libe ralur­demokratiul institutebs. filipinebmac da tailandmac da<br />

SedarebiT naklebad malaiziam da indoneziam, liberalizaciis reformebi<br />

gansxvavebuli xarisxiT ganaxorcieles. magram iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa<br />

CrdiloeT korea, vietnami, laosi da mianma (birma) Caflulni rCebian im struqturebsa<br />

da sistemebSi, ra mac fundamenturi ekonomikuri da politikuri cvlilebebi<br />

SeuZlebeli gaxada.

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

261<br />

maSin roca tranziciis procesi aziis saxelmwifoebma ekonomikuri refor<br />

mebiT daiwyes, laTinurma amerikam igive procesi politikuri cvlilebiT<br />

daiwyo. 1980­ian wlebSi laTinuri politikis demokratizaciis procesi swrafi<br />

iyo da myari, magram laTinuri amerika kvlav rCeba ekonomikuri aRorZine bis<br />

receptis Zebnis procesSi myof regionad.<br />

laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia<br />

(da keTildReobac?)<br />

me­19 saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi mopovebuli damoukideblobidan moyolebuli<br />

samxedro­biurokratiuli mmarTveloba saukuneebis manZilze<br />

laTinur amerikaSi tradicias warmoadgenda. laTinuri amerikis saxelmwifoebi<br />

(adre portugaliis an espaneTis koloniebi) damoukidebelni gaxdnen<br />

didi xniT adre, vidre msoflios sxva nawilebSi evropuli koloniuri imperiebi<br />

daiSlebodnen. samxedro diqtatura praqtikaSi da liberalur­demokratiul<br />

Rirebulebebi TeoriaSi didi xani Tanaarsebobdnen. saxalxod<br />

arCeuli samoqalaqo mTavroba 1980 wlamde mxolod ramdenime qveyanaSi iyo<br />

_ kolumbia, venesuela da kosta­rika. magram viTareba Seicvala _ sakmarisi<br />

cvlilebebi moxda imisaTvis, rom daiw yos axa li epoqa laTinuri amerikis istoriaSi,<br />

axali gverdi laTinu ri amerikis <strong>politika</strong>Si da savaraudod, axali<br />

etapi laTinuri amerikis ekonomi kur ganviTarebaSi.<br />

reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Gile)<br />

1980­ian wlebSi samxedro diqtaturebi erTi meoris miyolebiT tovebda<br />

politikur arenas da adgils demokratiulad arCeul samoqalaqo mTavrobas<br />

uTmobda. dRes, regionSi faqtobrivad yvela mTavroba liberalur<br />

demokratias warmoadgens. politikuri tranziciebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi<br />

erTmaneTs daemTxva, rac gulisxmobda, rom laTinuri amerika momwifebuli<br />

iyo politikuri reformisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom politikur cvlilebas<br />

Zala ekonomikuri reformebis saWiroebam SesZina, rasac am regionis mravali<br />

saxelmwifos uzarmazari sagareo valic adasturebda. valebis simZimem,<br />

gaerTianebulma moZvelebul ekonomikur struqturebTan da arakonkurentunarian<br />

sawamoebTan, maRal inflaciasTan, masobriv umuSevrobasTan,<br />

farTod gavrcelebul siRaribesTan da Sokis momgvrel uTanasworobas­<br />

Tan mdidarsa da Rarib fenebs Soris, regionSi TviTrwmenis krizisi da moxmarebis<br />

arnaxuli vardna gamoiwvia (milionobiT adamians, gansakuTrebiT<br />

kampesinoebs [glexebs _ mTargmn. Sen.] soflebSi, gadarCenisaTvis brZola<br />

saarsebo minimumis pirobebSi uwevT).<br />

Cilem gezi sakuTari ekonomikis reformirebaze aiRo. faqtobrivad, Ci le<br />

gamonaklisia laTinur amerikaSi, radgan qveyanam sabazro reformebi sakuTari<br />

politikuri sistemis demokratizaciamde ganaxorciela. augusto pinoCetis<br />

mmarTvelobis pirobebSi (1974­1990), Cile erT­erT yvelaze mkveTrad

---

262 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

gamokveTil samxedro diqtaturas warmoadgenda, magram sabazro Zalebis mier<br />

stimulirebuli Ciles ekonomika mainc gamococxlda. amis msgavsi warmateba<br />

sxvagan laTinur amerikaSi ar momxdara, rac, Tavis mxriv, gvexmareba avxsnaT<br />

1980­ian wlebSi samxedro mmarTvelobis dacemis mizezebi.<br />

braziliaSi 1985 wels samxedro mmarTvelobam gza samoqalaqo mTavrobas<br />

dauTmo da sami wlis Semdeg man axali konstitucia miiRo, romelmac prezidentis<br />

pirdapiri arCevenebis Catareba uzrunvelyo. braziliis mTAvroba<br />

ekono mikis restruqturizaciasa da reformirebas cdilobs. qveyanas mZime<br />

tvir Tad awevs didi sagareo valebi, qronikuli sabiujeto deficiti, eqstensiuri<br />

siRaribe soflad da aSkara uTanasworoba. brazilias saswrafod<br />

sWirdeba socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemis arsebiTi gadaxedva da sagadasaxado<br />

reforma, raTa gaawonasworos sazogadoebis mdgomareoba. magram<br />

es zomebi qveyanaSi, sadac konstituciuri demokratia jer kidev misi siWabukis<br />

(Tu ara Cvilobis) asakSia, politikurad urTules sakiTxs warmoadgens.<br />

argentinis samxedro mmarTvelebi gaecalnen qveyanas mas Semdeg, rac<br />

isini britaneTTan folklendis kunZulebisaTvis omSi samarcxvinod damarcxdnen<br />

(1982w). saprezidento demokratia _ argentina erT sul mosaxleze<br />

mTliani Sida produqtis maCveneblis mixedviT umdidres qveyanas<br />

warmoadgens samxreT amerikaSi. Tumca, argentinis ekonomikuri qmedebebi<br />

aseve imedgacruebas iwvevda. imisaTvis, rom SeekavebinaT inflacia da<br />

sabiujeto deficiti, argentinis valebiT datvirTulma mTavrobam gadawyvita<br />

wasuliyo mkacr sabiujeto ekonomiaze (maRali gadasaxadebi da Sez­<br />

Rudvebi xarjvaze). amis Sedegad, umuSevroba daaxloebiT 15 procents<br />

Seadgenda gasul wlebSi, mag ram `muxruWze fexis aSvebis SemTxvevaSi~,<br />

mTavroba SiSobs, rom ucxoel investorebs daafrTxobs.<br />

problemebi, romlis winaSec dganan brazilia da argentina, mTeli danar­<br />

Ceni regionisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. laTinur amerikaSi politikuri<br />

reforma (demokratizacia) aRmoCnda ufro martivi, vidre ekonomikuri reforma<br />

da aRorZineba. amis mizezi bevri da gansxvavebulia; yvelaze ufro<br />

gadauWreli problemebi arsebiTad socialuri da kulturuli problemebia.<br />

laTinur amerikuli sazogadoeba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo zedmetad<br />

elitisturi da usamarTlo. uTanasworoba imdenad didia da simdidre imdenad<br />

aris koncentrirebuli, rom mosaxleobis umravlesobas ara aqvs sakmarisi<br />

msyidvelobiTi SesaZlebloba imisaTvis, rom iyos momxmarebeli, am<br />

sityvis yvelanairi mniSvnelobiT. myarad mzardi ekonomika yovelTvis asocirdeba<br />

masobrivi moxmarebis fenomenTan. laTinur amerikaSi masebs xSirad<br />

ar gaaCniaT kargi samsaxuri an mdgradi Semosavali da Sesabamisad ver CaerTvebian<br />

im saxis moxmarebaSi, romelic, eqsportTan erTad, swraf ekonomikur<br />

ganviTarebas iwvevs. ase rom `simdidris ganawileba~ ara mxolod zneobrivi<br />

imperativia, aramed ekonomikuri imperativicaa _ simdidris mudmivi cirkulacis<br />

pirobebSi, rodesac am proces Si mTeli sazogadoeba araa CarTuli,<br />

rTulia, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, daasrulo tranzicia sasoflo tipis, neli tempebiT<br />

mzardi, proteqcionistuli ekonomiki dan Tanamedrove, bazarze dafuZnebuli,<br />

saqalaqo­industriuli, eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomikis<br />

mimarTulebiT. Tumca, sabolood rogorc Cans, laTinuri amerika mainc mi­

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

263<br />

aRwevs am mizans, magram regionis gaRaribebul masebs iq misasvlelad didi<br />

dro dasWirdebaT.<br />

meqsika<br />

bolos, Cven mivubrundebiT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTel<br />

mezobels _ meqsikas. meqsika aris kargi magaliTi im istoriuli winaaRmdegobisa,<br />

romelic laTinuri amerikis Zalian bevr qveyanaSi SeimCneva _ romantikuli<br />

mikuTvnebuloba demokratiuli idealebisadmi, romelic respublikis<br />

mantiaSi gamowyobil avtoritarul reJimTan Tanaarsebobda. I msoflio<br />

omidan moyolebuli meqsika warmoadgenda liberalur demokratias, oRond<br />

qaRaldze. realobaSi ki, 2000 wlamde meqsikaSi konkurentuli arCevnebis<br />

msgavsi araferi yofila. sabolood, instituciur-revoluciuri partiis<br />

erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis aTwleulebis Semdeg, meqsikel amomrCevlebs<br />

realuri arCevani da realuri SesaZlebloba miecaT. arCevani iyo instituciur-revoluciuri<br />

partiis kandidatsa da opoziciis sxva kandidatebs<br />

Soris. es iyo pirveli SesaZlebloba meqsikaSi _ Tavisufali da samarTliani<br />

arCevnebi. Sedegi iyo gamaognebeli: opoziciis kandidatma visente foqsma,<br />

romelic erovnuli qmedebis partias warmoadgenda, gamarjveba moipova.<br />

1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi meqsika amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan da<br />

kanadasTan erTad SeuerTda CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis<br />

SeTanxmebas (NAFTA), ramac biZgi misca meqsikis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />

perspeqtivas. Tumca, araefeqtiAani saxelmwifo kompaniebis (magaliTad,<br />

sanavTobo monopolisti PEMEX) …myarad momagrebuli interesebis da korumpirebuli,<br />

sakuTari privilegiebis dakargvis SiSiT Sepyrobili biurokratiis<br />

pirobebSi Sida sabazro reformebis gatareba sakmaod rTulia.<br />

CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciaSi wevroba meqsikas<br />

uxsnis gzas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bazrebTan. is aseve aZlevs aSS­s<br />

meqsikis mTavrobaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebs imisaTvis, rom man ekonomikuri<br />

reformebi daaCqaros. roca prezident foqsi xelisuflebaSi movida,<br />

igi pirobas debda, rom zustad amas gaakeTebda. es ar iqneba ufro advili<br />

meqsikaSi, vidre iyo mTels danarCen laTinur amerikaSi, magram meqsikas,<br />

sxva arCevani arc aqvs Tu mas surs konkurencia gauwios amerikis SeerTebul<br />

Statebsa da kanadas, rogorc NAFTA-s Tanasworma wevrma.<br />

regionis masStabiT laTinurma amerikam politikuri pluralizmisa da<br />

liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT mkveTri Semobruneba moaxdina. magram<br />

liberalizaciis ekonomikuri sargebeli jer kidev gansaxorcielebelia<br />

da elodeba sul mcire or rames: pirveli, gabedul reformebs umaRles xelisuflebasa<br />

da fesvgadgmul biurokratias Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis<br />

da cvlilebis momxreebsa da mdidar miwaTmflobel elitas Soris konfliqtis<br />

fonze; meore, saarCevno uflebaminiWebuli da gaZlierebuli glexebis mobilizacias,<br />

visac pirvelad mie ­ca sistemaSi sakuTaAri sityvis Tqmis SesaZlebloba.

---

264 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

daskvna<br />

komunisturma xelisuflebam TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi marcxi ganicada.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla am fenomenis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, ramdenime saxelmwifom _ gansakuTrebiT CineTma _ gaagrZela komunisturi<br />

mmarTveloba. komunizmis marcxi yuradRebas miapyrobs yofili sabWo­<br />

Ta blokis saxelmwifoebis tranziciis problemebze. sxva qveynebi, rogoricaa<br />

samxreT korea da taivani aziaSi da argentina, brazilia da Cile laTinur<br />

amerikaSi aseve gadian politikuri da ekonomikuri tranziciis process.<br />

tradiciulad, sabWoTa sistema iyo totalitaruli, stalinis imijis Sesaferisad<br />

Seqmnili. mixeil gorbaCovamde mxolod nikita xruSCovma scada<br />

misi Serbileba. sabWoTa sistemaSi marTavda komunisturi partia da Tanamdeboba<br />

partiaSi iyo saukeTeso indikatori pirovnebis politikuri Zalauflebis<br />

Sesafaseblad. rodesac gorbaCovi dawinaurda komunisturi partiis<br />

wamyvan Tanamdebobaze 1985 wels, mis winaSe idga rogorc rTuli ekonomikuri,<br />

aseve socialuri problemebi, romelic centraluri dagegmvis marcxiT<br />

iyo gamowveuli. damatebiT, mas aseve unda daeZlia sabWoTa elitis,<br />

nomenklaturis TviTkmayofileba da winaaRmdegoba. komunisturi sistemis<br />

reorganizaciis mcdelobisas, gorbaCovma gaatara ekonomikuri reformebi<br />

(perestroika), politikuri liberali zacia (glastnosti) da demokratiul<br />

politikuri reformebi (demokratizacia). es zomebi arasakmarisi aRmoCnda<br />

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris gadasarCenad.<br />

ruseTi (boris elcinis mmarTvelobis dros) da damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa<br />

Tanamegobroba, sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidreobas warmoadgenda. elcinic<br />

saSiSi politikuri gamowvevebis winaSe idga, maT Soris: mudmivi ekonomikuri<br />

uwesrigoba, eTnikuri fragmentacia da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aucilebloba.<br />

Tu ramdenad warmatebulad Sexvdeba ruseTi am gamowvevebs, amazea<br />

damokidebuli am qveynis momavali, aseve, iqneba Tu ara igi demokratiuli.<br />

samxreTi korea da taivani tranziciis procesSi myofi aziuri sazogadoebis<br />

ori magaliTia. orive qveyanam tranzicia ganaxorciela jer sabazro<br />

(Tumca naxevrad proteqcionistuli) ekonomikis mimarTulebiT da<br />

Semdeg miubrunda politikur reformebs. samxreT koream axlaxan wamoiwyo<br />

reformis axali programa, romelic miznad isaxavda bolo moeRo ganviTarebis<br />

Semaferxebeli monopolisturi struqturebisa da saqmianobisaTvis.<br />

taivans aqvs erT­erTi yvelaze dinamikuri ekonomika aziaSi, magram bolo<br />

dromde is nacionaluri partiis erTpartiul diqtaturas warmoadgenda.<br />

politikurma reformebma 2000 wels opoziciis kandidatis Cen Sui binis ar­<br />

Ceva gamoiwvia.<br />

tranziciis procesi laTinur amerikaSi warmoadgens aziis Sebrunebul variants.<br />

argentina, brazilia, Cile da meqsika regionis oTxi ZiriTadi qveyanaa.<br />

tranzicia liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT am qveynebSi, garda<br />

meqsikisa, ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebamde ganxorcielda. laTinuri<br />

amerika politikuri ekonomiis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi `tranziciasa~ da `ganviTarebas~<br />

Soris waSlili zRvris ilustraciaa. sanam laTinuri amerikis

---

saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi<br />

265<br />

qveynebi Zalian mdidre bad (umciresoba) da Zalian Raribebad (umravlesoba)<br />

dayofili sazogadoe bis tranzicias daasruleben, SesaZloa ekonomikuri<br />

ganviTareba Seferxdes.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba<br />

(dsT)<br />

nomenklatura<br />

perestroika (gardaqmna)<br />

glastnosti (sajarooba)<br />

liberalizacia<br />

demokratizacia<br />

federaluri asamblea (ruseTis<br />

federaciis sakanonmdeblo organo)<br />

federaciis sabWo (ruseTis federaciis<br />

sakanonmdeblo organos<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

zeda palata)<br />

duma (saTaTbiro, ruseTis federaciis<br />

sakanonmdeblo organos<br />

qveda palata)<br />

politbiuro (komunisturi partiis<br />

centraluri aRmasrulebeli<br />

oragno)<br />

axali industriuli qveynebi<br />

aziuri gripi<br />

CrdiloT amerikis Tavisufali<br />

vaWrobis xelSekruleba (NAFTA)<br />

1. ra problemebis winaSe idga sabWoTa kavSiri 1985 wels?<br />

2. rogor daupirispirda prezidenti gorbaCovi sabWoTa kavSiris problemebs?<br />

ramdenad warmatebuli iyo igi? axseniT.<br />

3. erT­erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiTxva, romelic dRes dgas ruseTis winaSe,<br />

aris Semdegi: SeZlebs Tu ara igi stabilur demokratiad Camoyalibebas?<br />

gaakeTe komentari ruseTis tranziciis problemebze.<br />

4. aqamde romelma qveynebma moaxdina yvelaze warmatebuli tranzicia?<br />

5. Seadare tranziciis procesebi aRmosavleT evropasa da laTinur<br />

amerikaSi.<br />

6. Seadare tranziciis procesebi aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi.<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

1. Thomas M. Magstadt, Nations and Governments: Comparative Politics in<br />

Regional Perspective (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 226-235.<br />

2. Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Time Books, 1978), 83.<br />

3. ixileT, Susan Dentzer, Jeff Triamble, and Bruce Auster, `The Soviet Econ-

---

266 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

omy in Shambles,~ US News&World Report, November 20, 1989, 25-29,32,<br />

35-37, and 39.<br />

4. iqve., 25 da 26 gv.<br />

5. Walter Laquer, The Dream That Failed (New York: Oxford University<br />

Press, 1994), 71-73.<br />

6. ixileT, Milovan Djilas, The New Class ( New York,: Praeger, 1957); and<br />

Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Time Books, 1978), 30-67.<br />

7. `Russia,~ World Factbook (electronic edition), Central Intelligence Agency,<br />

1996, 6.<br />

8. `Emerging Market Indicators,~ Economist, March 15, 1997, 108.<br />

9. ix. `Emerging Market Indicators,~ Economist, April 13, 2002,104.<br />

10. Vera Tolz, `Thorny Road toward Federalism in Russia,~ Radio Free Europe/Radio<br />

Liberty Research Report 48 (December 1993): 1.<br />

11. `Russia’s Regions: Fiefs and Chiefs,`Economist, January 25, 1997, 47.<br />

12. Claire Sterling, `Redfellas: The Growing Power of Russia’s Mob,~ New Republic,<br />

11 aAprili, 1994, 19.<br />

13. Xan Smiley, `Russia’s Wobbles Ahead,`The World in 1997 (ekonomistis<br />

weliwleuli)., 39.<br />

14. ix. Matthew Valencia, `Lipming Towards Normality: A Survey of Poland,~<br />

The Economist, October 27, 2001, 3-16<br />

15. A. Doak Barnett, `Ten Years after Mao,~ Foreign Affairs (Summer 1986): 38.<br />

16. iqve, 39.<br />

17. ix. Peter Ferdinand, `Social Change and the Chinese Communist Party,~ Journal of<br />

International Affairs 49, no. 2 (Winter 1996): 478-492.<br />

18. `Deng’s China,~ Economist, February 22,1997,21.<br />

19. iqve. ix. aseve Johanna McGeary, `The Next China,~ Time, March 3,1997, 52-53.<br />

20. es 1996 wlis monacemebia. gansxvaveba aixsneba im faqtiT, rom msoflio<br />

banki siRaribis standartad miiCnevs dReSi 1 aSS dolaris gamomuSavebas.<br />

CineTis standarti gansazRvravs ramdeni Cinelia Raribi CineTis keTildReobis<br />

standartis mixedviT. ix. World Bank News, October 25, 1996, 5. ix.<br />

aseve msoflio bankis pres­relizi # 96/41 EAP.<br />

21. `China’s Feuding Regions,~ Economist, April 20,1996,27.<br />

22. `China Learns the World’s Rule,~ The World in 2001 (London: The Economist Newspaper<br />

Limited, 2000), 85-86.<br />

23. Ferdinand, `Social Change and the Chinese Communist party,~ 483.<br />

24. iqve, 478.<br />

25. es msjeloba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba `China’s Feuding Regions,~ 27-28.<br />

26. ix., `Charting the Deng Revolution,~ Newsweek, March 3,1997,26-27.<br />

27. Robert G. Wesson, Communism and communist systems (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:<br />

Prentice-Hall, 1978), 172-173.

---

Tavi VIII<br />

ganviTarebadi<br />

qveynebi<br />

demokratia Tu<br />

diqtatura<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla<br />

kolonializmis memkvidreoba<br />

politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi<br />

gamowveva<br />

demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

demokratiis korelatebi demokratiuli<br />

strategiebi demokratia<br />

ganviTarebad qveynebSi:<br />

tendencia Tu iluzia?<br />

ganviTarebis Tavsatexi<br />

ganviTarebis motivebi ganvi­<br />

Tarebis sazogadoebrivi barierebi<br />

ganviTarebis winaSe mdgari<br />

fsiqologiuri barierebi<br />

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabrkolebebi<br />

ganviTarebis marcxi<br />

disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi:<br />

somali iugoslavia sieraleone<br />

avRaneTi<br />

ganviTarebis Teoria: tendenciuri<br />

msjeloba?<br />

WarbganviTareba: kapitalizmis patara<br />

bin Zu ri saidumlo<br />

267

---

268 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi arc eri­saxelmwifod da arc zeaxelmwifod<br />

meoce saukunemde ar Camoyalibebula. geografiulma izolirebam,<br />

ener giulma xalxma, uxvma bunebrivma resursebma da uzarmazarma teritoriebma<br />

xeli Seuwyo mis ganviTarebas, brZenma damfuZneblebma da iRbalma ki<br />

msoflio lide robisaken misi saboloo aRmasvla ganapiroba. ekonomikurad<br />

sakmaod mdidari aSS­s sazogadoeba industriuli da samecniero kuTxiT ganviTarebulia:<br />

ameri k eli xalxis mniSvnelovani procenti inawilebs qveynis<br />

simdidres, aris nakiT xi da ganaTlebuli da sakuTar Tavs didi sazogadoebis<br />

wevrad miiCnevs. politikurad _ aSS­s mTavroba kargad Camoyalibebulia, igi<br />

efeqtianad qmnis politikuri Zalauflebis gadacemis winapirobas da uzrunvelyofs<br />

sayofacxovrebo mom saxurebasa da individualur usafrTxoebas.<br />

amis sapirispirod, ganviTarebadi qveynebi (romlebsac agreTve naklebad<br />

ganviTarebul qveynebs, modernizirebad an mesame samyaros eri­saxelmwifoebs<br />

uwodeben) ver akmayofileben erT an ramdenime CamoTvlil<br />

krit eriums. xSirad, yovelive amas dramatuli xasiaTi aqvs. amgvari warumateblobis<br />

mtkivneuli Sedegebia: siRaribe, eTnikuri, religiuri da<br />

traibaluri (tomTaSorisi) konfliqtebis maRali maCvenebeli, farTod<br />

gavrcelebuli gaunaTlebloba, politikuri areulobebi da mniSvnelovani<br />

klasobrivi dayofa. dRes mravali afrikuli, aziuri da laTinur­amerikuli<br />

eri miiswrafvis imgvari ayvavebulobisa da stabilurobisaken, romelic<br />

aqvs evropisa da wynari okeanis sartyelis qveyne bs (avstralia, axali zelandia<br />

da iaponia), agreTve amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadas. egreT<br />

wodebuli ganviTarebadi qveynebi sruli politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />

ganviTarebisaken mimaval saxifaTo bilikze udides dabrkolebebs<br />

awydebian. yvelaze cud SemTxvevebSi, ekonomika ganicdis mkveTr vardnas,<br />

mTavroba uaRresad warumatebelia, sazogadoeba nawilebad ixliCeba da<br />

mTeli mosaxleoba CaTreulia swored imgvar koSmarul samoqalaqo omSi,<br />

romelsac cnobili ingliseli politikis filosofosi Tomas hobsi meCvidmete<br />

saukuneSi moiazrebda rogorc `yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg~. amgvari<br />

saSineli winaswarmetyveleba realobad iqca iseT adgilebSi, rogoricaa<br />

yofili iugoslavia, avRaneTi, afrikis qveynebi (maT Soris somali, ruanda,<br />

kongo da siera­leone). imisaTvis, rom ukeTesad <strong>gavigoT</strong> is eqstremaluri<br />

sirT uleebi, romle bsac ganviTarebadi qveynebi awydebian, saWiroa ufro<br />

axlodan SevxedoT egreT wodebuli `mesame samyaros~ (termini, romelic kvlav<br />

moxerxebulia, magram drois Se saferisi aRaraa) politikur konteqsts.<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia<br />

adamianebi pirobiT aRniSvnebs an Jargonebs, rogorc semantikur instruments,<br />

yoveldRiur saubrebSi xSirad iyeneben. amasTan, es terminebi banalurobis<br />

elfers iZens, xSirad maTi gamoyeneba sasargeblo ar aris. swored<br />

amgvar Se mTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme ganviTarebadi qveynebis `mesame samyarod~<br />

moxseniebisas. es termini civi omis dros popularuli klasifikaciis sqemidan<br />

momdinareobs, rodesac pirveli samyaro Crdilo­amerikis, dasavleT

---

ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

269<br />

evropis, iaponiis, avstraliis da axali zelandiis mowinave industriuli<br />

demokratiebisagan Sed geboda, xolo meore samyaro komunistur qveynebs<br />

aerTianebda da moicavda yofil sabWoTa kavSirs, mis satelitur qveynebs<br />

centralur da aRmosav leT evropaSi, sxvadasxva komunistur saxelmwifoebs<br />

aziaSi, kubasa da CineTs. yvela sxva danarCeni qveyana, romelic arc<br />

ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli da arc komunisturi iyo, mesame samyarod<br />

iwodeboda. asea Tu ise, komunizmis kraxisa da yofil komunistur saxelmwifoebSi<br />

transformaciis dawyebis Sedegad (ix. Ta vi VII) mesame samyaros<br />

cnebas azri daekarga _ Tuki meore samyaro gaqra, mesame rogor iarsebebs<br />

(Tu mesame samyarom meoris adgili daikava maSin, roca meore jerac ar Serwymia<br />

pirvels?). termini kvlav gamoiyeneba, Tumca ukve iSviaTad.<br />

ganviTarebad qveynebs `samxreTsac~ uwodebdnen, rac ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT<br />

mdebare ganviTarebul industriul qveynebsa da samxreTis naklebad ganviTarebul<br />

qveynebs Soris udides uTanasworobas asaxavs. zogierT damkvirvebels<br />

miaCnia, rom CrdiloeTis mdidari erebi ekonomikur eqspluatacias<br />

uweven samxreTis Rarib erebs, rasac `CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis~ konfliqtsac<br />

ki uwodeben. amgvari kategorizacia damabnevelia. `CrdiloeTad da<br />

samxreTad~ dayofis sityva­sityviT ganmarteba gulisxmobs ara marto samxre­<br />

Tis ekonomikurad Rarib qveynebs, aramed agreTve avstraliasa da axal zelandiasac<br />

_ or qveyanas, romlebic aSkarad igive kategorias miekuTvnebian,<br />

rasac dasa vleT evropis mdidari liberaluri demokratiebi. erovnuli<br />

simdidris, politikuri institutebis da saerTaSoriso statusis mixedviT,<br />

iseTi gans x vavebu li qveynebi, rogorebicaa saudis arabeTi, samxreT<br />

afrika da brazilia ar Seesabamebian CrdiloeTis da samxreTis paradigmas.<br />

aseve samxreTi korea, taivani, honkongi da singapuric.<br />

Cven vuyurebT ganviTarebad samyaros da gviCndeba kiTxva `vin?~. romelia<br />

im samyaros qveynebi, romelic ganviTarebis sirTuleebs gadis? sinamdvileSi,<br />

yvela qveyana an viTardeba, an ingreva. is, rac zogadad termin `ganviTarebad<br />

qveynebSi~ igulisxmeba, aris Semdegi: msoflios xalxTa (erTa)<br />

umetesobas ara aqvs ganaTlebis, dasaqmebis, dasvenebis, mogzaurobis an<br />

Warbi moxmarebis saSualeba, rac dasavleT evropis qveynebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli<br />

(ara marto dasavleTis, aramed iaponiis, avstraliis, axali zelandiisa<br />

da ramodenime sxva qveynisTvisac). ufro metic, mravali qveyana<br />

ver daikvexnis kargi mTavrobiT, anu pasuxismgeblobis mqone, stabiluri<br />

da sufTa (arakorumpirebuli) mTavrobiT. Sedegad, rodesac vambobT, rom<br />

qveyana viTardeba, vgulisxmobT, rom is jer araa WeSmaritad modernizebuli<br />

(dasavleTis qveynebis analogiurad) da vvaraudobT, rom rodesac (Tu) es<br />

qveynebi ganviTardebian, isini ufro da ufro me tad daemsgavsebian SeerTebul<br />

Statebs (urbanizaciis, sekularizaciis, materializmisa da teqnologiebze<br />

damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT).<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebis martivad ganzogadeba SeuZlebeli Tu ara, Zalze<br />

rTulia. ar arsebobs im qveynebis kategoriebad dayofis advili gza, romle­

---

270 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

bic dedamiwis zedapiris TiTqmis naxevars faraven da msoflios mosaxleobis<br />

daaxloebiT 60 procents Seadgenen 1 (ix. cxrili 8­1). uxeSad rom vTqvaT,<br />

dedamiwaze arsebuli 190 qveynidan 115­s SeiZleba ganviTarebadi ewodos;<br />

amaTgan mTeli 40% saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikaze modis; TiTqmis 25%<br />

laTinur amerikaze, xolo danarCeni sruliad Tanabrad nawildeba aziis,<br />

wynari okeanis auzis da arabuli samyaros qveynebze (axlo aRmosavleTi da<br />

CrdiloeT afrika). sinamdvileSi, mravalferovneba ganviTarebadi qveynebis<br />

erT­erTi umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSania. zogierTi maTgani uzarmazaria<br />

_ braziliis teritoria sam milion kvadratul kilometrs Seadgens (ufro<br />

didia, vidre kontinenturi SeerTebuli Statebi), xolo mosaxleoba ki _ 160<br />

milions; indoeTSi ki milion kvadratul kilometrze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba<br />

miliards aWarbebs.<br />

es gigantebi kontrastulad gansxvavdebian iseTi Zalian patara kunZu li­<br />

saxelmwifoebisagan, rogoricaa barbadosi (teritoria 166 kvadratuli<br />

ki lometri; mosaxleoba 252 aTasi) karibis zRvaSi; kiribati (teritoria<br />

266 kvadratuli kilometri; mosaxleoba 61 aTasi) wynar okeaneSi. wynari<br />

okeanis kunZuli nauru albaT yvelaze `juja~ saxelmwifos prizs miiRebda.<br />

aq 8000 adamiani cxovrobs aT kvadratul kilometrze. nauru SeiZleba<br />

pataraa, magram ara Raribi: fosforis eqsportiT erT sul mosaxleze misi<br />

yovelwliuri Semosavali 20.000 dolars aWarbebs.<br />

nauru ganviTarebad samyaroSi gamonaklisia _ aq, zogadad, siRaribe<br />

batonobs. gan viTarebadi ekonomikebis umetesoba jer kidev uSualod aris<br />

damokidebuli soflis meurneobaze. mxolod ramodenime maTganis ekonomika<br />

eyrdnoba mineralur resursebs, ZiriTadad sparseTis yuris navTobiT mdidari<br />

qveynebi (bahreini, quveiTi, omani, saudis arabeTi da arabeTis gaer­<br />

Tianebuli saamiroebi).<br />

mcire gamonaklisis garda, ganviTarebad qveynebze modis msoflios<br />

mosaxleobis zrdis udidesi tempi (msoflios mosaxleobis yovelwliuri<br />

zrdis tempi daaxloebiT 1.48%­ia; am tempiT, igi ormocdarva weliwadSi<br />

gaormagdeba). mosaxleobis mkveTri zrda ekonomikur, socialur da politikur<br />

struqturebs SeiZleba uzarmazar tvirTad daawves da xeli SeuSalos<br />

maT ganviTarebas.<br />

Sedarebebi xSirad siurprizebs gvTavazobs. magaliTisaTvis, meqsikis<br />

mosaxleoba daaxloebiT iseTive siswrafiT izrdeba, rogorc indoeTisa.<br />

aziaSi, romelic msoflioSi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionia,<br />

msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60 procenti cxovrobs, magram mxolod<br />

misi teritori is 18 procentze. aziisa da egviptis garda, romlis mosaxleobac<br />

mdinare nilosis gaswvrivaa gansaxlebuli, mosaxleobis simWidrove<br />

ganviTarebad qveynebSi SedarebiT dabalia. afrikis mosaxleobis saSualo<br />

simWidrove mxolod 24 adamiania kvadratul kilometrze, gansxvavebiT indoeTisa<br />

(sadac es maCvenebeli 296­ia) da singapurisagan (5571). israelSi mosaxleobis<br />

zustad iseTive simWidro vea, rogorc indoeTSi, Tumca israeli<br />

jer kidev miesalmeba emigrantebs. amas gar da, amgvari cifrebi ar iTvaliswinebs<br />

im faqts, teritoriis ra nawilia sacxov reblad vargisi (magali­<br />

Tad, urbanizaciis SemTxvevaSi). aRsaniSnavia, rom afrikas SedarebiT Ymeti

---

ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

271<br />

saxnav­saTesi miwa aqvs erT sul mosaxleze, vidre nebismier sxva ganviTarebad<br />

regions. amavdroulad, mosaxleobis zrdis tempi saharis mimdebare afrikis<br />

qveynebSi (maT Soris somali, uganda, kongo, nigeria, angola da burkina­faso)<br />

erT­erTi yvelaze maRalia. msoflioSi yvelaze swrafad mzardi mosaxleoba<br />

mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas seqtoris israelis mier<br />

okupirebul teritoriebzea; iemeni da avRaneTi, Sesabamisad, meore da mesame<br />

adgilebzea. mTlianobaSi, islamuri da arabuli mosaxleoba demografiuli<br />

afeTqebis msgavss ganicdis. muslimTAa raodenoba CrdiloeT afrikaSi, axlo<br />

aRmosavleTsa da samxreT aziis qveregionSi, zogierTi gamoTvlis mixedviT,<br />

1,5 miliards uaxlovdeba.<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ekonomikuri socialuri da politikuri ganviTareba<br />

mxolod ganviTarebad qveynebSi ar xdeba. marTlac, erTdrouli<br />

ganvi Tareba da daRmasvla mTeli msofliosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli _ arcerTi<br />

maTgani ar aris statikuri. magram ganviTareba araTanabrad xdeba;<br />

zogierTi eri, rogoricaa avRaneTi, bangladeSi, burundi, Cadi, kongo, eritrea,<br />

eTiopia, gvinea­bisau, mali, malavi, mianma, ruanda, siera­leone, somali<br />

da sudani, uaRresad Raribi da gaWirvebulia (yuradReba miaqcieT, am<br />

RaribTa Soris uRari bes qveyanaTa CamonaTvalSi ramdeni mdebareobs saharis<br />

samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSi). es globaluri uTanasworoba konfliqtebisa<br />

da Zaladobis potenciuri wyaroa, iseve, rogorc ufro maRali kategoriis<br />

moraluri sakiTxi.<br />

ratom arian Raribi qveynebi Raribebi? ganicdian Tu ara isini resurse bis<br />

naklebobas? iqneb es bunebis sastiki xumrobaa? iqneb, dasavleTia damnaSave (kolonializmi<br />

da neokolonializmi)? es kiTxvebi Semdeg TavebSia ganxiluli.<br />

kolonializmis memkvidreoba<br />

gaerTianebuli erebis orgnizaciis dRevandel wevrTagan 1800 wels mxo ­<br />

lod 23 qveyana iyo damoukidebeli. am saxelmwifoTa naxevarze meti evropaSia;<br />

sias avRaneTi, CineTi, eTiopia, iaponia, irani, nepali, omani, ruseTi,<br />

tailan di, TurqeTi da SeerTebuli Statebi agvirgvinebs 2 . mas Semdeg damoukidebel<br />

sa xelmwifoTa ricxvi rvajer (da ufro metadac) gaizarda. meore<br />

msoflio omi (1945­1949) warmoadgenda mijnas, vinaidan man evropuli koloniuri<br />

imperiebi swraf daSlamde miiyvana. dRes arsebuli qveynebis naxevarze<br />

meti ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis manZilze warmoiSva da maTi umravlesoba<br />

SeiZleba ganviTarebad qveynad CaiTvalos.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam uSualod gamoiwvia axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis<br />

Seqmna aRmosavleT evropaSi, samxreT kavkasiasa da centralur<br />

azia Si. meore talRa zogierTi ukve damoukidebeli saxelmwifos dezintegraciis<br />

an dayofis Sedegad warmoiqmna (magaliTad Cexoslovakia da iugoslavia).<br />

1994 wlisT vis, dezintegraciis procesis Sedegad daaxloebiT 25 axali<br />

damoukidebeli saxel mwifo Seiqmna. 3 saukuneebis manZilze evropis zesaxelmwifoebi<br />

msoflios uSo res kuTxeebSi ganlagebuli, susti da teqnologiurad<br />

naklebad ganviTarebu li xalxebisa da teritoriebis koloniur mpyrob­

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272 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

elobaSi, marTvasa da gamgebloba Si ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs. es koloniuri<br />

samflobeloebi ara mxo lod prestiJis, aramed (rac ufro mniSvnelovania)<br />

ekonomikuri upirate sobis wyarosac warmo adgenda. mizezTa da mizezTa gamo<br />

afrika kolonizaciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli iyo da evropulma Zalebmac<br />

mecxramete saukunis bolomde faqtobri vad mTeli afrika dainawiles<br />

da miiTvises. meoce saukunis dasawyisisaTvis britaneTi, safrangeTi, belgia,<br />

germania, portugalia, holandia, italia da espaneTi (ise ve, rogorc Turqe­<br />

Ti) kolonializmis an imperializmis erTgulni iyvnen. saxe lis miuxedavad, es<br />

evrocentruli sistema adgilobrivi afrikeli, azieli da laTinoamerikeli<br />

xalxis TvalSi `fermkrTali ucxoelebis~ mier daqvemdebarebisa da eqsploataciisa<br />

sinonimad iqca.<br />

arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kolonializmi<br />

sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara evropelebis batonoba adgilobriv xalxze da rom<br />

igi efuZneboda rasobrivi upiratesobisa da religiuri swrafvebis Ria da<br />

dafa rul warmodgenebs. asea Tu ise, kolonizatorTa Zalebis mier gamoyenebul<br />

meTodeb sa da saSualebebs Soris udidesi gansxvaveba arsebobda. magaliTad,<br />

britanuli midgoma xazs usvamda kanonis uzenaesobas da bevrad ufro rbili<br />

iyo, vidre espanu ri koloniuri mmarTveloba, romelic sisastikiT gamoirCeoda.<br />

portugalielebi da frangebi cdilobdnen koloniuri xalxebis asimilirebas<br />

(magaliTad, frangebi alJirelebs erovnul sakanonmdeblo organoSi da<br />

nacionalur kabinetSi adgilebiT ajildovebdnen), maSin roca holandielebi<br />

nebas rTavdnen adgilobriv mmarTvelebs Zalaufleba SeenarCunebinaT. britaneTi<br />

orive am strategias misdevda, iTvaliswinebda ra adgilobrivi avtoritetebis<br />

Sexedulebebs, raTa maT SeenarCunebinaT samarTlianoba da wesrigi<br />

da, amave dros, adgilobrivi mosaxleo bis niWier warmomadgenlebs sajaro administraciaSi<br />

karieris gakeTebis, britanul skolebsa da universitetebSi<br />

swavlis saSualebas aZlevda. 4<br />

miuxedavad amisa, koloniuri xalxebis umravlesobisaTvis Semzaravi iyo<br />

imis gaazreba, rom Soreuli qveynis mier xar marTuli. maT sabolood, Ziri­<br />

TaAdad, Zaladobis mravali formis gamoyenebiT moipoves damoukidebloba.<br />

indoeTSi mahaTma gandi waruZRva araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegobis saerToerovnul<br />

kampanias (satiagraha) ­ es meTodi, romelsac agreTve samoqalaqo<br />

daumorCileblobas uwodebdnen, mogvianebiT, 1960­ian wlebSi martin luTer<br />

king umcrosis, SeerTebul StatebSi adamianis uflebaTa moZraobis didi<br />

lideris mier iqna ga moyenebuli (sainteresoa, rom orive, gandic da kingic,<br />

mokles).<br />

kolonializmis saboloo memkvidreoba winaaRmdegobrivi rCeba. pozitiuri<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs evropelebis mier modernizaciis zogierTi elementis<br />

gavrcelebas, rac jandacvis (saavadmyofoebi), ganaTlebis (skolebi) da<br />

transportis (gzebi) umniSvnelo gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, am cv lilebaTa gavlena xSirad sakmaod SezRuduli iyo da ekonomikuri<br />

da politikuri TviTkmarobis, agreTve cxovrebis tradiciuli gzebis<br />

xarjze xdeboda. amasTan, nebismieri mogeba danakargebTan mimarTebaSi<br />

izomeba. danakargebi ki Zalian didia: Seuracxyofa, Cagvra, avadmyofobebi<br />

(evropelebis mier gavrcelebuli epidemiuri daavadebebi, romelsac adgi­

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ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

273<br />

lobrivi mosaxleoba ewireboda), _ es yvelaferi koloniur mmarTvelobas<br />

ukavSirdeba. 5<br />

sadavo xdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebi damoukideblobis<br />

mopovebis Semdegac mdidari dasavluri qveynebis eqsploataci<br />

is qveS rCebian. magaliTisTvis, e.w. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebi amtkicebd<br />

nen, rom ganuviTarebloba araa bunebrivi movlena, igi dasavluri<br />

eqsploataciis Sedegia. isini askvnian, rom jer bunebrivi resursebis iafad<br />

miRebiT, Sem deg ki samecniero da teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyenebiT<br />

am resursebis ZviradRirebul produqtebad gardaqmniT industriulma<br />

qveynebma ara marto eqs ploatacia gauwies ganviTarebad qveynebs, aramed<br />

yvelaferi gaakeTes imisaT vis, rom isini sustebad da Raribebad darCeniliyvnen.<br />

sxva mkvlevarebi uaryofen am mosazrebas da ganviTarebadi qveynebis<br />

mZime mdgomareobis mizezad iseT endemur faqtorebs miiCneven, rogorebicaa<br />

klimati da bunebrivi resursebi, saxnav­saTesi miwa, mosaxleobis ricxovnoba<br />

da misi zrda, epidemiebi, eTnikuri winaaRmdegobebi da Rirebulebebi.<br />

kolonializmis Sedegebi Tanamedrove msoflioSic gvxvdeba. koloniuri<br />

imperiebi manamde arsebuli eTnikuri identobebis, teritoriuli saz­<br />

Rvrebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis loialurobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe<br />

Seiqmna. rodesac evropulma Zalebma ukan daixies, maT warmoSves uazro,<br />

axali, naglej­nagleji saxelmwifoebi, romelTa sazRvrebic sruliad gauazrebeli<br />

iyo, vinaidan isini tradiciul religiebs, eTnosebs da tomobriv­teritoriul<br />

xazebs kveTdnen. mosalodnelma Sedegmac ar daayovna: qroniku li<br />

politikuri arastabiluroba, gadatrialebebi, revoluciebi, samoqalaqo<br />

omebi da TviT genocidic ki. kolonializmis am mware memkvidreobam gasul<br />

wlebSi mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo daRupa, maT Soris angola, burundi,<br />

kamboja (yofili kampuCia), kongo (yofili zairi), eTiopia, liberia,<br />

nigeria, ruanda, siera­leona da Sri­lanka.<br />

politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi sirTule<br />

qveynebi, romlebic modernizaciis strategiebs misdeven, cdiloben daafuZnon<br />

stabiluri mTavroba; uzrunvelyon sajaro momsaxureba (policia,<br />

sa xanZro samsaxuri, ganaTleba, jandacva da sanitaruli pirobebi); daamkvidron<br />

samarTlebrivi sistema (kanonebi da sasamarTloebi). es elementebi<br />

politikuri ganviTarebis minimaluri da socialuri da ekonomikuri<br />

progresis winapirobaa. Tumca, am miznebis miRweva, farTod gavrcelebuli<br />

korufciis, siRaribis, gaunaTleblobis da uTanxmoebis pirobebSi, imgvar<br />

sirTuled iqceva, romelsac Zalian cota ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo Tu<br />

arTmevs Tavs.<br />

vinaidan ganviTarebis procesi TavisTavad ryevebiT xasiaTdeba, mravali<br />

ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos mTavroba xSirad qronikulad arastabiluria.<br />

es mTavrobebi TiTqmis yovelTvis avtoritarulia, midrekilia gadatrialebebisaken<br />

da krizisebiTaa garemoculi. ganviTarebadi qveynebis winaSe,<br />

rogorc wesi, oTxi fundamenturi sirTulea: eris Camoyalibeba, saxelmwifos<br />

mSenebloba, monawileoba (CarTuloba) da gadanawileba. 6

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274 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

am sirTuleTagan umTavresi eris mSeneblobaa, procesi, romlis Sedegadac<br />

mocemuli teritoriis yvela macxovrebeli, miuxedavad TiToeuli<br />

maTganis eTnikuri, tomobrivi, religiuri an lingvisturi gansxavebebulobisa,<br />

sakuTari Tavis identificirebas saxelmwifos simboloebTan da institutebTan<br />

axdens da saerTo bedis gancdas iziarebs. Teoriulad, erovnulobis<br />

axali gancda, rasac axali eri hqvia, procesis bolos yalibdeba. magram,<br />

praqtikulad, ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, udidesi mravalferovnebis<br />

gamo es mizani uaRresad rTulad miRwevadi rCeba.<br />

zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana ver gaumklavda am sirTules, rasac Sedegad<br />

mtanjveli samoqalaqo omebi da zogi qveynis daSlac ki mohyva. aseTi qveynis magaliTebia<br />

pakistani (bangladeSi 1971 wlamde aRmosavleT pakistani iyo) da kongo<br />

(yofili zairi). samoqalaqo omebma gaaCanaga agreTve nigeriis, Cadis, angolis,<br />

ruandas da somalis sazogadoebebi _ da es mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia.<br />

xSirad politikuri liderebi Sida dapirispirebebisaken am gamaognebel<br />

mid rekilebas kolonializmsa da imperializms abraleben. aseve, xSirad damoukideblobisaTvis<br />

brZola TavisTavad xdeba saerTo mizeziT axali eris<br />

ga erTianebis saSualeba. droSebi, aRlumebi da TviT erovnuli aviaxazebic ki<br />

(romelic SeiZleba mxolod erTi an ori samgzavro TviTmfrinavisagan Sedgebodes,<br />

romelsac zed qveynis saxeli da ferebi eqneba gamoxatuli) SeiZleba<br />

erovnuli identobis grZnobis gaCenas exmarebodes. mezobeli saxelmwifoebisa<br />

gan momdinare safrTxe _ realuri, moCvenebiTi Tu gamogonili _ SeiZleba<br />

agreTve sasargeblo aRmoCndes. dabolos, qarizmatuli erovnuli lideris<br />

arseboba erT­erTi umniSvnelovanesi cvladia. sagulisxmo magaliTebia egvipteli<br />

gamal abdel naseri (romelic qveyanas1954 wlidan 1970 wlamde mar­<br />

Tavda), keniis jomo keniata (1963­1978), indoeTis javaharlal neru (1947­64),<br />

indonezie li axmed sukarno (1949­65) da libieli muamar kadafi, romelic kvlav<br />

xelisufle baSia.<br />

politikuri ganviTarebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia saxelmwifos<br />

mSenebloba _ politikuri institutebis Seqmna, kerZod ki centraluri<br />

mTavrobisa, romelic mTel sazogadoebaze SeZlebs Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas.<br />

politikuri SeRwevis es tipi iseTi saSualebebiT, rogoricaa infrastruqturis<br />

Seqmna (gzebi, xidebi, satelefono xazebi) xels uwyobs integrirebuli<br />

erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis aucilebel ekonomikur ganviTarebasa<br />

da sazogadoebriv erTobas. amgvari infrastruqturis Seqmnis dasafinanseblad<br />

mTavrobas, ro gorc minimumi, gadasaxadebis daweseba da Segroveba unda<br />

SeeZlos (efeqtiani mTavro bis maxasiaTebeli). magram ganviTarebadi qveynebis<br />

mTavrobebs xSirad ar SeuZliaT gadasaxadebisagan adekvaturi Semosavlebis<br />

miReba im martivi mizezis gamo, rom dasabegri araferia (an arasakmarisadaa).<br />

esaa `mojadoebuli wre~, romlisagan Tavis daRwevac mxolod ucxouri kapitalis<br />

SemodinebiT SeiZleba (vaWroba, daxmareba da, rac mTavaria, investiciebi).<br />

magram ucxouri investiciebi (gare cvladi) damokidebulia politikur<br />

stabilurobaze (Sida cvladi). ganviTarebad qveynebSi `mojadoebul wreTa~<br />

yvela saxeoba gvxvdeba.<br />

kidev erTi sirTule, romlis winaSe ganviTarebadi qveynebi jer kidev<br />

dganan, monawileobaa. imisaTvis, rom axali sazogadoebebi ekonomikurad

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ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

275<br />

gaizardos da ayvavdes, xalxi ganviTarebis procesSi aqtiurad unda iyos<br />

Cabmuli. ganviTarebis nebismieri, kargad gaazrebuli strategiis aucilebeli<br />

Semadgeneli nawilia xalxis mobilizeba, sazogadoebis erTi konkretuli<br />

mimarTulebiT wasayvanad. magram mobilizacia politikur dilemas<br />

aCens: vinaidan mobilizebuli xalxi ufro aqtiuradaa Cabmuli <strong>politika</strong>Si<br />

da ganicdis mTavrobis (karg an cud) zegavlenas, is mmarTvelis arCevasa da<br />

mmarTvelobis formis gansazRvraSi ufro meti xmis uflebas iTxovs. Tuki<br />

monawileobis saxalxo moTxovna win uswrebs institutebis ganviTarebasa da<br />

mTavrobis SesaZleblobas _ moaxdinos pozitiuri reagireba, saxelmwifos<br />

epizoduri da qronikuli arastabilurobis seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, monawileobis gamowvevaa: rogor iqnes gamoyenebuli saxalxo<br />

energia ise, rom ar amoZravdnen politikuri dezinteg raciisa da revoluciis<br />

Zalebi.<br />

azriani monawileoba politikur organizacias saWiroebs. agrarul sazogadoebebSi<br />

saxalxo monawileobis manadme arsebuli modelebi xSirad naTesaur<br />

kavSirebsa da (gansakuTrebiT aziaSi) patron-klientelur urTier-<br />

Tobebzea dafuZnebuli. am ukanasknelSi, `patronebi~ gavleniani figurebia,<br />

romle bic TavianT statuss, simdidresa da politikur kavSirebs erovnul da<br />

provinciul doneebze iyeneben, raTa uzrunvelyon materialuri sargebeli`<br />

klientebisTvis~ (samsaxurebi, skolebi, gzebi da a.S). sapasuxod, `klientebi~<br />

mxars uWeren `patronebs~, rac am ukanasknelT politikuri saqmianobisaTvis<br />

esaWiroebaT. amgvar damokidebulebaSi igulisxmeba loialuri mxardaWera,<br />

fizikuri dacva, naturaluri gadaxda (magaliTad, moxaliseTa Sroma), da<br />

saarCevno xmebi. vinaidan socialuri sistema ierarqiulia, erT doneze `patronebi~<br />

meore doneze `klientebi~ arian. ganviTarebas ki iwvevs urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />

personaluri loialurobis CaxlarTuli qseli, rac naTesaur,<br />

kulturul an geografiul kavSirebs efuZneba. amgvarad, iqmneba eqskluziuri<br />

interesTa jgufebi, romelTa meSveobiTac politikuri moTxovne ­bi,<br />

instruqciebi da gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gadaicemodes rogorc vertikalurad,<br />

aseve horizontaluradac. `patron­klienteluri~ urTierTobebis<br />

eqskluziuri da partikularuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare, viTardeba qselebis<br />

sistema, romelSic TiToeuli qseli ayalibebs daxarisxebis politikur `meqanizms~.<br />

am struqturaTagan Tanamedrove politikuri sistemis prototipi<br />

SeiZleba Seiqmnas (Tumca, dasavleTis samarTlebrivi politikuri kulturisgan<br />

sapirispiro principebze dafuZnebuli).<br />

meoTxe miSvnelovani sirTule ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebisaTvis<br />

aris gadanawileba _ imis uzrunvelyofa, rom ar moxdes simdidris, sakuTrebisa<br />

da Zalauflebis zedmeti koncentrireba, rac xSirad axasiaTebs<br />

tradiciul da gardamaval sazogadoebebs. resursebis amgvar zedmet koncentrirebas<br />

usamarTlobis gancdis gavrceleba da masiuri amboxebis gamowveva<br />

SeuZlia (ix. Tavi XIV). usamarTlobis amgvari gancda xSirad dakavSirebulia<br />

grZnobasTan, rom sazo gadoebrivi sikeTeebi usamarTlodaa ganawilebuli<br />

(mdidrebi eqspluatacias uweven Raribebs) da rom revolucia realuri cvlilebebis<br />

moxdenis erTaderTi gzaa. marqsistuli Teoriisa da ideologiis<br />

gavlena xSirad igrZnoba ara mxo lod komunistur CineTsa da vietnamSi, ar­

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276 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

amed agreTve iseT Soreul da mou lodnel adgilebSi, rogorebicaa iemeni,<br />

angola, eTiopia, kamboja, laosi, indonezia, filipinebi, Cile, kuba, nikaragua,<br />

el salvadori da kolumbia (es grZeli CamonaTvalic ki arasrulia).<br />

mTavrobebi gadanawilebis gamowvevas zogjer miwis reformis meSveobiT<br />

pasuxoben. amis Semdgom isini axdenen sagadasaxado tvirTis koreqtirebas<br />

da SeiZleba TviT socialuri keTildReobis kanonmdeblobac ki aamoqmedon.<br />

magram amgvari nabijebi damokidebulia ekonomikuri warmatebis maCveneblebze,<br />

romlebic yofil koloniebs xSirad ar wyalobs.<br />

demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, politikur ganviTarebas ufro farTo politikuri mo nawileobisken<br />

mivyavarT. magram moiTxovs ki igi xelisuflebis demokrati ul<br />

formas? sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ganviTareba da konstituciuri demokratia<br />

aucileblad moiTxovs erTmaneTs Tu ara? aris Tu ara demokratiuli<br />

xelisuf leba politikuri ganviTarebis TavisTavadi niSani? rogorc III TavSi<br />

aRvniSneT, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba konstituciuri demokratiis Tvisebaa.<br />

Tumca demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi mainc SezRudulebi arian zogierT<br />

uflebasTan, wesTan, kanonTan da, rasakvirvelia, sazogadoebriv azrTan dakavSirebul<br />

qme debaSi. ase rom, demokratiis da ganviTarebis Tanaarseboba<br />

xSirad advili ar aris.<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi xelisufleba arc demokratiu ­<br />

lad aris arCeuli da arc samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis Tavgadakluli damcvelia.<br />

Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi erebis umravlesobas samxedroebi marTaven<br />

an akontroleben. samoqalaqo xelisuflebebi ki, rogorc wesi, avtoritarulia<br />

da (damfuZnebeli) mama­marCenalis iseTi figuris garSemoa Semokrebili,<br />

rogorebic iyvnen jomo keniata (kenia), joSua (kvame) nkruma (gana), gamal abdel<br />

naseri (egvipte), javaharlal neru (indoeTi) da axmed sukarno (indonezia).<br />

dasavleli damkvirveblebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciis mixed viT<br />

demokratia politikuri ganviTarebis niSnad aRiqmeba. demokratiul saxelmwifo<br />

Ta umravlesoba ganviTarebuli eria, Tumca ara yvela; arc yvela ganviTarebuli<br />

eria aucileblad demokratiuli, Tumca umravlesoba aris. magram faqti<br />

saxezea _ warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia erT­erTia im mraval maxasiaTebels<br />

Soris, romlebic politikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi xSirad gvxvdeba.<br />

demokratiis korelatebi<br />

stabiluri xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba, romelsac efeqtiani marTva See­<br />

Zleba, advili amocana ar aris. demokratiuli xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba<br />

gansakuTrebiT garTulebulia im sazogadoebebSi, romlebic modernizaciis<br />

gamowvevebs waawydnen. imisaTvis, rom sicocxlisunariani iyos, demokratia<br />

garkveuli mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis arsebobas moiTxovs. ganviTarebadi<br />

eris mier demokratiis miRwevis potencialis gazomvis erT­erT gzas war­

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ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

277<br />

moadgens demokratiis korelatebze (dakavSirebul cnebebze) fokusireba.<br />

sadac es korelatebi yvelaze didi ricxviTi mniSvnelobiTa da sididiT arsebobs,<br />

iq demokratiis albaToba yvela ­ze didia; da piriqiT, sadac maTi seriozuli<br />

naklebobaa, iq demokratias warma­te bis yvelaze mcire Sansi aqvs. 7<br />

ekonomikuri korelatebi albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania:<br />

. erovnuli simdidre. keTildReoba zogadad kavSirSia demokratiasTan.<br />

siRaribe ki, piriqiT, demokratias xels ar uwyobs. magram<br />

Tu demokratia is fufunebaa, romelic Raribi erebisTvis<br />

araa gankuTvnili, rogor avxsnaT indoeTis SemTxveva, romelic<br />

damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg demokratiuli, metismetad<br />

mravalferovani da Zalian Raribia?<br />

. sabazro an Sereuli ekonomika. sabazro ekonomika iTvaliswinebs<br />

warmoebis da ganawilebis faqtorebis rogorc kerZo, aseve saxelmwifo<br />

sakuTrebas. aseTi tipis ekonomikur sistemaSi mosaxerxebelia<br />

sabazro ekonomikis elementebis Serwyma sxvadasxva<br />

formis da xarisxis saxelmwifoebriv intervenciasTan. yvelaze<br />

mTavari is aris, rom aseT sistemaSi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebi,<br />

romlebic produqciis da momsaxurebis warmoebas da ganawilebas<br />

exeba, mTlianad kerZo mesakuTreebis da momxmareblebis<br />

mier miiReba. msgavs gadawyvetilebebSi farTo masStabis<br />

centralizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi dagegmareba araviTar rols<br />

ar TamaSobs. . saSualo fena. es korelati ufro sazogadoebaze simdidris gadanawilebas<br />

usvams xazs, vidre mis zogad uTanasworo ganawilebas.<br />

socialur fenebs Soris mkveTri gansxvavebebi xels ar uwyobs<br />

demokratiis stabilurobas.<br />

politikuri korelatebia:<br />

. komunikaciis Tavisufleba. demokratia moiTxovs gamWvirvalobas<br />

(mxolod ukiduresad aucilebeli informacia unda iyos<br />

gasaidumloebuli). amdenad, gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis Tavisufali<br />

gaSuqeba, presis Tavisufleba da informaciis Tavisufali<br />

gacvla demokratiis mniSvnelovani korelatebia.amis<br />

sapirispirod, iq, sadac presaze cenzura xorcieldeba da Jurnalistebs<br />

emuqrebian an apatimreben, demokratiis ganviTareba<br />

SeuZlebelia.<br />

. stabiluri partiuli sistema. es politikuri korelati xazs usvams<br />

politikuri partiebis arsebobis saWiroebas, raTa moxdes<br />

sxvadasxva individTa da jgufebis interesebis reprezentacia.<br />

sistemis efeqtianobisaTvis aucilebelia erTze meti partiis<br />

arseboba; amavdroulad, TiToeul partias unda hqondes moq­

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278 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

medebis Tavisufleba da ar unda ganicdides zewolas da muqaras<br />

saxelmwifos mxridan.<br />

. samoqalaqo kontroli samxedro seqtorze. vinaidan samxedro seqtori<br />

ganvi Tarebad saxelmwifoebSi xSirad miiswrafis Zalauflebisken,<br />

is samoqalaqo wesrigisTvis realur safrTxes warmoadgens.<br />

. Zlieri da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisufleba. demokratiis<br />

efeqtianad funqcionirebisTvis aucilebelia samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis<br />

da umciresobebis uflebebis dacva, rac, Tavis<br />

mxriv, Zlieri da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistemis arsebobazea<br />

damokidebuli. . politikuri da socialuri pluralizmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

qveynis SigniT mkveTrma politikurma da socialurma dayofam<br />

SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas demokratiis ganviTarebas, xSirad<br />

miiCneva, rom gansxvavebuli politikuri jgufebi da nebayoflobiTi<br />

gaerTianebebi (profkavSirebi, savaWro samrewve lo<br />

gaerTianebebi, inteleqtualuri, saganmanaTleblo da religiuri<br />

dawese bu lebebi, amxanagobebi, samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi,<br />

romelTa mizania samoqalaqo ganaTlebis donis amaRleba da<br />

mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebis gazrda) warmomadgenlobiTi<br />

demokratiuli politikuri kompromisisaTvis legitimur da<br />

aucilebel safuZvels warmoadgens. 8<br />

ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani fsiqokulturuli korelati aris:<br />

. gansxvavebul individTa da jgufTa mimarT tolerantuloba. Tu<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom demokratia moiTxovs sxvaTa uflebebis<br />

aRiarebas, socialuri da kulturuli gansxvavebebis pativiscema<br />

demokratiuli mTavrobis mniSnelo van korelats warmoadgens.<br />

SeuZlebelia demokratiis ganviTareba gavrcelebuli sazogadoebrivi<br />

undoblobis pirobebSi, romlis mizezi gamokveTili<br />

eTikuri, religiuri da traibaluri gansxvavebebia.<br />

. demokratiis mtkice rwmena. es korelati axnas ar saWiroebs:<br />

xalxs ver aiZu ­leb, rom Tavisufali iyos.<br />

bolo wyvili istoriuli, anu garemoebiTi korelatebisaa:<br />

. demokratiis adrindeli gamocdileba. zogierT saxelmwifos,<br />

magaliTad, Ci les, ekvadorsa da urugvais aqvsdemokratiuli<br />

mmarTvelobis gamocdileba. aq demokratiul xelisuflebas<br />

periodulad cvlidnen avtoritaruli mTavrobebi. im qveynebSi,<br />

sadac demokratiuli mmarTveloba sazogadoebis koleqti ur<br />

mexsierebaSia SemorCenili, demokratiis ganviTarebis albaToba<br />

sagrZnoblad izrdeba.<br />

. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis mezobloba. mezobeli warmate­

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ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

279<br />

buli qveynebis mmarTvelobis formebs dadebiTi gavlenis moxdena<br />

SeuZliaT. espaneTsa da portugaliais xSirad asaxleben im<br />

erebis magali Tad, romelTa politikur momavalze didi gavlena<br />

iqonia evropaSi warmatebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis<br />

arsebobam.<br />

erTma politologma demokratiis korelatTa yovlismomcvel Teorias<br />

Za lauflebis resursebis ganawilebis Teoria uwoda. 9 es indeqsi moicavs eqvs<br />

specifikur korelats, romelTa mizania eris SigniT ekonomikuri da inteleqtualuri<br />

resursebis ganawilebis gazomva (am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro<br />

di dia gadanawileba, miT metia demokratiis ganviTarebis Sansi). erT­erTi<br />

aseTi sazomi damokidebulia urbanizaciis doneze. Teoriulad, rac ufro<br />

maRalia urba nizaciis done, miT ufro mravalferovania ekonomika, dasaqmebis<br />

SesaZleblobe bi da unar­Cvevebi da, Sesabamisad, adgili aqvs Semosavlebis<br />

ufro mravalfero van da farTo gadanawilebas. meore sazomi, romelic ekonomikuri<br />

resursebis sasurvel ganawilebasTan asocirdeba, damokidebulia<br />

saojaxo meurneobaTa procentze. ufro rTuli sazomebi zomaven araagraruli<br />

ekonomikis decentralizaciis dones. dabolos, inteleqtualuri<br />

resursebis ganawilebis gasazomad xdeba mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donisa da<br />

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis raodenobrivi Sefaseba.<br />

demokratiuli strategiebi<br />

ganviTarebad qveynebSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis danergva advil amocanas<br />

ar warmoadgens. ra strategia unda gamoiyenos demokratiuli tradiciis<br />

armqone saxelmwifom? am SekiTxvis aqtualobas 1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />

yofili komunisturi saxelmwifoebi awydebodnen. sakiTxavia, jer<br />

politikuri reformebi unda ganxorcieldes da mere unda moxdes ekonomikis<br />

restruqturizacia sabazro ekonomikad (`glastnostis~ pirveladobis<br />

modeli) Tu jer ekonomikuri reformebi unda ganxorcieldes (`perestroikis~<br />

pirveladobis modeli)? 10 erTi mxriv, yofili sabWoTa qveynebis<br />

magaliTi, romlebmac jer politikuri reformebi gaatares da ukidures<br />

socialur da ekonomikur siZneleebs waawydnen da, meore mxriv, meqsikis,<br />

Ciles, samxreT koreis, CineTis, taivanis, singapuris, tailandis da malaiziis<br />

SedarebiTi warmateba, rasac am qveynebma Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri<br />

reformebis ganxorcielebiT miaRwies, amtkicebs, rom jer ekonomikuri reformebis<br />

gatareba unda moxdes. amis ori mTavari mizezi arsebobs: pirveli,<br />

ZiriTadi ekonomikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba mTvarobis ufro fundamentur<br />

valdebulebas warmoadgens, vidre politikuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />

Tu xalxi mSieri, avadmyofi da usaxlkaroa, samoqalaqo uflebebi<br />

mas saerTod ar ainteresebs. meorec, ekonomikis ganviTareba ufro<br />

adre axdens pozitiur gavlenas cxovrebis doneze, socialur momsaxurebaze,<br />

infrastruqturasa da ganaTlebis SesaZleblobeb ze, vidre politikuri<br />

struqturebis reformireba.

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280 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

demokratia ganviTarebad qveynebSi:<br />

tendencia Tu iluzia?<br />

1974­1990 wlebSi samxreT da aRmosavleT evropis, laTinuri amerikis<br />

da aRmosavleT aziis ocdaaT saxelmwifoze meti avtoritarulidan demokratiul<br />

mmarTvelobaze gadavida. erT­erTma cnobilma mecnierma am movlenas<br />

globaluri revolucia da meoce saukunis meore naxevris yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani mov lena uwoda. 11 yvelaze dramatuli cvlilebebi 1980­ian<br />

wlebSi laTinur amerikaSi moxda, sadac samxedro diqtaturebi erTimeo ris<br />

miyolebiT Seicvala sayovelTao arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli mTavrobebiTa<br />

da mravalpartiuli demokratiuli mmarTvelobebiT. aseT cvlilebebs adgili<br />

hqonda braziliaSi, argentinaSi, CileSi da sxva qveynebSi. nikaraguasa<br />

da panamaSic moxda diqtaturis Canacvleba arCeuli mTavrobebiT. meqsika ­<br />

Si, sadac mravali aTwleulis manZilze dominirebda instituciur­revo luciuri<br />

partia, 2000 wels preziden tad arCeuli iqna visente foqsi; prezidenti<br />

foqsi bolo samocdaaTi wlis manZilze pirveli opozicioneri iyo,<br />

romelic qveyanas Caudga saTaveSi.<br />

SesaZlebelia Tu ara momavalSi paralelurad warimarTos ganviTarebisa<br />

da demokratizaciis laTinur amerikaSi demokratiis saboloo triumfze<br />

laparaki jer Zalian adrea, radgan zogierT SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo mTavrobebi<br />

mwvave winaaRmdegobas awydebian. regions mTavrobebis umravlesobas xan<br />

erTi, xanac meo re saxis destabilizaciasTan uwevs gamklaveba. didi sagareo<br />

valis garda saxelmwifoebs did dartymas ayenebs umuSevroba, inflacia,<br />

savaluto krizisi da sxva uaryofiTi movlenebi. 1990­ian wlebSi terorizmi<br />

destabilizacias qmnida perusa da meqsikaSi. kolumbia, romelsac ufro xangrZlivi<br />

demokratiuli tradiciebi aqvs vidre laTinuri amerikis qveynebis<br />

umravlesobas, ZiriTad siZneleebs narkobarone bis didi gavlenis da memarcxene<br />

partizanebis gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebis gamo awydeboda.<br />

istoriac gviCvenebs, rom laTinuri amerikis demokratiulobis Sesaxeb<br />

Tamami gancxadebebis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. regionSi bolo dromde mTavar<br />

rols samxedro Zala TamaSobda. 1980­ian wlebamde laTinuri amerikis Zalian<br />

cota qveyanaSi Tu iyo demokratiuli mmarTveloba. xSirad, sayovelTao ar­<br />

Cevnebi plebiscits emsgavseboda, riTac avtoritaruli mmarTvelobisTvis<br />

mandats iRebda. sxva SemTxvevebSi, kaudilo (Zlieri lideri) samxedro maRal­<br />

Cinosnebis xuntebi ubralod auqmebdnen arCevnebis Sedegebs da Zalauflebas<br />

ukanonod itacebdnen.<br />

adreul 1990­ian wlebSi `defeqtiani~ demokratia gavrcelda saharis<br />

samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSic. 12 1990 da 1991 wlebSi am regionis sul cota<br />

cxra qveyanaSi, maT Soris beninSi, kabo­verdesa da gabonSi gaimarTa Tavisufali<br />

arCevnebi, rac am qveynebis umetesobisaTvis pirveli SemTxveva<br />

iyo. 1991 wlis martSi beninis prezidenti generali meTiu kereku gaxda<br />

pirveli afrikeli lideri, romelic mosaxleobam gadairCia. regionis sxva<br />

qveynebma, maT Soris mozambikma da kongom, gaatares gamiznuli reformebi<br />

demokratiu li mmarTvelobis gaZlierebisaTvis. 1990­ian wlebSi samxreT<br />

afrikis respublikam gansacvifrebeli cvlilebebi ganicada. Savkaniani um­

---

ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

281<br />

ravlesobis mmarTvelobam Secvala burebis (holandielebis) TeTrkanianTa<br />

upira tesobaze dafuZnebuli mmarTveloba. 1997 wlisaTvis benini, bocvana,<br />

gvinea­bisau, madagaskari, mali, namibia da san tome, iseve rogorc samxreT<br />

afrikis respublika, namdvilad mravalpartiuli saxelmwifoebi iyvnen, sadac<br />

adamianis uflebaTa pativiscema da kanonis uzenaesoba arsebobda. 13<br />

saharis samxrTiT mimdebare afrikis `demokratiuli romansi~ uaRresad<br />

mouxeSavi da uwesrigo aRmoCnda. nigerielma samxedro mmarTvelebma 1993<br />

wels gaauqmes arCevnebis Sedegebi. kot­divuaris mTavrobamac igive gaakeTa<br />

(nigeriam swori mimarTulebiT svla sabolood 1999 wels daiwyo, rodesac<br />

olusegun obasanjo 1983 wlis Semdeg qveynis pirveli demokratiulad ar­<br />

Ceuli prezidenti gaxda). 1992 da 1993 wlis arCevnebs keniaSi, kamerunsa da<br />

gabonSi areulobebma da korufciam miayena Crdili. ruanda 1994 wels genocidis<br />

asparezad iqca. 1996 wels samxedro mTavrobebi CadiSi, gambiasa da nigeriaSi<br />

nacionaluri arCevnebiT manipulirebdnen, raTa sasurveli SedegisaTvis<br />

mieRwiaT. arc sxva afrikuli saxelmwifoebis sazogadoebebia gamorCeulad<br />

stabiluri (da demokratiisaTvis xelsayreli). liberiam da siera­leonem sakmaod<br />

sisxliani samoqalaqo omebi gadaitanes, xolo kongos demokratiuli<br />

respublika (yofili zairi) 1990 wlebis bolosaTvis anarqiam moicva. klanobrivi<br />

da tomobrivi dapirispirebebi safrTxes uqmnis Sida stabilurobas<br />

saharis samxreTiT afrikis mraval saxelmwifoSi, sadac nebismieri tendencia<br />

demokratiisaken mZlavr sawinaaRmdego tendencias awydeba. 14<br />

ganviTarebis Tavsatexi<br />

politikuri ganviTareba, romelic demokratiuli xelisuflebis Senar­<br />

Cunebis Zalisxmevasac moicavs, modernizaciis jer kidev mtkivneuli da<br />

dausrulebeli procesis nawilia. xalxTa Soris tradiciul kavSirebs Ziri<br />

eTxreba, xalxi sakuTar fesvebsaa mowyvetili, xolo kulturis saxecvlileba<br />

xSirad Seuqcevadi procesia. sakvebis ukmarisoba da socialuri ukmayofileba<br />

xSirad industrializaciis Tanmdevi movlenebia. maS ratom surT<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebis liderebs modernizaciasTan dakavSirebul riskebze<br />

wasvla?<br />

ganviTarebis motivebi<br />

ganviTarebad qveynebs xSirad modernizaciis garda sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT.<br />

mxolod cotaa iseTi iRbliani, rogorc, magaliTad, yatari (arabeTis<br />

naxevarkunZulze), romelsac uxvad aqvs navTobi da mcire mosaxleobac yavs.<br />

venesuelac navTobis didi maragis mflobeli. imisaTvis, rom es bunebrivi<br />

resursebi fulad eqciaT, TviT venesuelasa da yatarsac ki dasWirda Wabur­<br />

Rilebis gaTxra, gzebis gayvana, navTobis specialistebis gamozrda, navTobgadamamuSavebeli<br />

da sawyobi infrastruqturebis ageba, navTobsadenebis<br />

gayvana, sabanko sistemis dafuZneba, saeqsporto bazrebis ganviTareba, anu,<br />

sxva sity vebiT rom vTqvaT, modernizeba.

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282 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

naklebad iRbliani ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTareba<br />

gabatonebuli siRaribisagan Tavis daRwevis erTaderTi imedia. am qveyanaTa<br />

umetesoba Raribia. RaribTa Soris uRaribes qveynebSi, romlebsac xandaxan<br />

yvelaze ganuviTarebel qveynebs uwodeben, yovelwliuri Semosavali<br />

erT sul mosaxleze 250 dolarze naklebia. TviT is erebic, romlebic SedarebiT<br />

ganviTarebulni arian, farTod gavrcelebuli siRaribiT itanjebian.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, 1990­iani wlebis Sua periodSi erT sul mosaxleze wliuri<br />

Semosavali afrikis da aziis mxolod ramodenime qveyanaSi aRemateboda<br />

1000 dolars.<br />

ganviTarebis kidev erTi stimuli Tanamedrove SeiaraRebis nebismier<br />

fasad SeZenis survilia, rac erovnul siamayes ukavSirdeba. meore msoflio<br />

omis Semdeg TiTqmis yvela omi mesame samyaroSi mimdinareobda. 15 mesame samyaros<br />

qveynebis dapirispirebis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTebia iranisa<br />

da erayis, pakistanisa da indoeTis, vietnamisa da CineTis, libiisa da Cadis,<br />

eTiopiisa da somalis omebi, laTinuri amerikis mravali qveyana agreTve<br />

Cabmulia mezoblebTan konfliqtSi. magaliTisaTvis, Cile Caeba samxedro<br />

SetakebebSi samive mezobel saxelmwifosTan: argentinasTan, boliviasa da<br />

perusTan. amas garda, perus ekvadorTan sasazRvro dava hqonda. urTier­<br />

Tobebi kolumbiasa da venesuelas Soris sazRvris sakiTxis mougvareblobis<br />

gamo drodadro mwvav deboda. ra Tqma unda, saomar moqmedebebs, izidavs<br />

ra xelisuflebis mTel yuradRebas, SeuZlia Seafrexos, an saerTod SeaCeros<br />

saxelmwifos ganviTareba da bolomde amouwu ros isedac SezRuduli<br />

resursebi.<br />

Tavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis arseboba uzrunvelyofs ganviTarebis<br />

stimulis gaCenas. Tanamedrove globaluri komunikaciebi, satransporto<br />

sistema da msoflio urTierTdamokidebulebis sul ufro metad gaRrmaveba<br />

calkeuli erebis Zalasa da simdidres kidev ufro TvalSisacems xdis.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, mravali industriuli saxelmwifos warmateba dasabams<br />

udebs (rogorc amas Cveulebriv uwodeben) mzardi molodinebis revolucias,<br />

sazogadoebrivi, romlis miznebis ganxorcielebac mxolod ganviTarebis<br />

meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli.<br />

ra konkretul problemebs unda gaumklavdnen ganviTarebadi qveynebi,<br />

rom farTomasStabiani ganviTareba warmatebiT ganaxorcielon? adre ganxiluli<br />

politikuri gamowvevebis garda, ganviTarebis gzaze xSiria agre T ve<br />

socialuri, ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri winaRobebi.<br />

ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi barierebi<br />

mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo yofili koloniuri samflobeloebisagan<br />

warmoiSva da moklebulia mocemuli teritoriis geografiul Tu istoriul<br />

Sinaarss, agreTve adgilobriv eTnikur, religiur, tomobriv Tu lingvistur<br />

modelebs. yovelive amis Sedegad, kulturuli mravalferovneba mesame<br />

samyaros mra vali qveynisaTvis TvalSisacemi maxasiaTebelia. zogjer es mravalferovnebac<br />

axali `erovnuli~ politikuri kulturis kategoriaSia ayvani­

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ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

283<br />

li, Tumca, ufro xSirad, igi eTnikur davebsa da samoqalaqo omebs iwvevs.<br />

yvela SemTxvevaSi, ganviTareba aCens damafiqrebel problemebs. fragmentirebuli<br />

mosaxleobis pirobebSi, rac eri­saxelmwifos koncefciaSi ar jdeba,<br />

esaa eris idea. warmatebuli ganviTarebis erT­erTi umTavresi elementia<br />

erTi erovnuli identobis gamoWedva da saerTo politikuri bedisweris gancda.<br />

uf ro metic, zogierTi meomari jgufi an moZraoba SeiZleba socialuri integraciisa<br />

da mSvidobiani modernizaciisadmi mtruladac ki iyos ganwyobili.<br />

magaliTisaTvis, islami Cveulebriv, modernizaciis dabrkolebad aris miCneuli,<br />

vinaidan mis mier yuradRebis gamaxvileba RvTismosaobaze, erTgulebaze<br />

da alahze, agreTve yoveldRiuri locvebi (xuTjer dReSi) iseve rogorc<br />

misi moraluri qcevis mkacri wesebi, religias Seuwynarebels xdis sekularizaciis,<br />

seqsualuri revoluciis, materializmisa da yovelgvari siamovnebis<br />

mimarT, rac evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi da yvelgan Tan axlda socialur<br />

cvlilebebs. sabolood, aRniSnul eTnikur, religiur, tomobriv an lingvistur<br />

gansxvavebulobaTa gamo, arabuneb rivia, rom mocemuli ganviTarebadi<br />

qveynis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovanma umravleso ­<br />

bam arsebuli mTavroba legitimurad aRiqvas.<br />

specifikuri magaliTebi saukeTesod aRwers mosaxleobis mravalfe rovnebiT<br />

gamowveul praqtikul problemebs. nigeria da indoeTi ganviTarebadi<br />

qveynebia uaRresad mravalferovani mosaxleobiT.<br />

nigeria. dasavleT afrikis es didi qveyana ramodenime, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul<br />

eTnikur jgufs moicavs, romelTa gavlena qveynis sxvadasxva<br />

nawilebSi vrceldeba. 16 garda amisa, arsebobs mravali patara tomi. isini<br />

erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben (daaxloebiT 400<br />

damoukidebeli ena). gansakuTrebuli daZabulobaa qristianebsa da muslimebs<br />

Soris. religiuri, eTnikuri da enobrivi gansxvavebebiT ganpirobebulma<br />

mtrulma damokidebulebam qveyana 1967 wlis samoqalaqo omamde miiyvana,<br />

rodesac nigerias aRmosavleT nawili gamoeyo da biafras damoukidebel<br />

saxelmwifod gamocxadda. omma, romelic sami weli grZeldeboda da biafrelebis<br />

damarcxebiT dasrulda, 600 aTasi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.<br />

1967 wlidan nigerias umetesad korumpirebuli samxedro reJimebi mar­<br />

Tavda. miuxedavad saxelmwifos kuTvnili navTobis maragebisa, romlis eqsportsac<br />

qveynisTvis sakmaod didi Semosavali mohqonda, nigeriis ekonomika<br />

sul ufro da ufro metad efloboda WaobSi da nigeriis mosaxleobis udidesi<br />

umravlesoba (106 milioni 2000 wels) sakvebis fuls Zlivs Soulobda. nigeriaSi<br />

erT sul mosaxleze Semosavali, romelic daaxloebiT 300 dolars<br />

Seadgenda, orjer naklebi iyo indoneziis maCvenebelze, miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom indoneziis mosaxleoba nigeriisas orjer aRemateba. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

nigeria, yvela standartis mixed viT, yovlad uunaro ekonomikis mqone qveynad<br />

iTvleboda.<br />

Cndeba kiTxva: ratom? pasuxi sakmaod naTelia. amis pirveli mizezi cudi<br />

mTavrobaa. 1967 wlidan TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv qveyanas korumpirebuli samxedro<br />

reJimebi marTavda. moqmedi diqtatorebi xSirad iZleodnen sayovel­<br />

Tao arCevnebis gamarTvis pirobas da ramodenime SemTxvevaSi Caatares kidec

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284 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

arCevnebi, magram, rogorc wesi, Sedegebs an winaswar adgendnen, an Tu samxedro<br />

generlebs ar moewonebodaT, saerTod auqmebdnen, rogorc es 1993 wels<br />

gaakeTes. nigerieli generlebis sisastikis da ulmoblobis wyalobiT qveyana<br />

1990 wlisTvis saerTaSoriso borotebis kerad gadaiqca, romelic odnav Tu<br />

CamorCeboda Sav siaSi moxvedril saxelmwifoebs: irans, erays da CrdiloeT<br />

koreas. didi roli iTamaSa saerTaSoriso zewolam, romlis gavleniTac bolos<br />

da bolos nigeriis samxedro mmarTvelebi arCevnebis Catarebaze daTaxmdnen<br />

da aRiares misi Sedegebi. am arCevnebSi, pirvelad oci wlis manZilze,<br />

prezidentobis popularulma kandidatma gaimarjva [nigeriaze ix.Tavi IV _<br />

mTargmn. Sen.].<br />

indoeTi. es qveyanac bevri gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufisagan Sedgeba,<br />

romlebic gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben. indoeTi mosaxleobis mixedviT<br />

msoflioSi meore adgilzea (1 miliardze meti adamiani). igi amave dros<br />

erT­erTi yvelaze mravalferovani qveyanaa. indoeTis konstitucia Teqvsmet<br />

enas aRiarebs, magram aRweris mixedviT indoeTSi, dialeqtebis CaTvliT,<br />

1500­ze met enaze saubroben. sami yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelmwifo<br />

enebia: inglisuri, hindi, urdu. hindize indoeTis mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi<br />

laparakobs. inglisuri elitaruli mosaxleobis enas warmoadgens,<br />

masze ZiriTadad sauniversiteto ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi laparakoben.<br />

urdu ki indoeli muslimebis enaa, romlebic qveynis yvelaze did umciresobas<br />

warmoadgenen.<br />

eTnikuri da lingvisturi gansxvavebebis garda, indoeTi religiuri niSniTac<br />

mkveTrad dayofili qveyanaa. induizmi indoeTis mosaxleobis umravlesobis<br />

religiaa, magram muslimuri mosaxleobis ricxvic sakmaod didia<br />

(mTliani mosaxleobis 11%). arian sxva mniSvnelovani religiuri umciresobebi<br />

(siqhebi, jainebi, parsiebi, budistebi da qristianebi). indoeTis mier<br />

damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg periodulad adgili hqonda mowinaaRmdege<br />

religiurTemebs Soris dapirispirebas. zogjer erT­erT religiuri<br />

jgufis warmomadgeneli meore jgufis wevrebs xocavda. aseTi SemTxvevebi<br />

indusebs da muslimebs erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyobda. msgavsi dapirispirebebi<br />

xdeboda indusebsa da siqhebs Sorisac. 1984 wels siqhma piradma<br />

mcvelma mokla indoeTis indusi premier­ministri indira gandi. 1991 wels<br />

mokles indoeTis yofili premier ministri, indira gandis vaJi rajiv gandi,<br />

romelic premier­ministris postis xelaxla dasakaveblad saarCevno kampanias<br />

awarmoebda. ZaladobiT aRsavse warsuli amZafrebs uaryofiT damokidebulebas<br />

da xels uSlis Serigebas da kompromiss.<br />

indoeTSi arsebuli tradiciuli kasturi sistema ganviTarebisTvis damatebiT<br />

bariers warmoadgens. am sistemaSi yvela ibadeba ama Tu im socioekonomikur<br />

kastaSi da mTeli cxovreba iq rCeba. cxadia, rom aseT sistemaSi<br />

SeuZlebelia socialuri mobiloba, rac aucilebel safuZvels warmoadgens<br />

tradiciulidan Tanamedrove sistemaze gadasasvlelad. tradiciul indoeT­<br />

Si yvelaze dabali klasis warmomadgenlebs _ miukareblebs _ araviTari<br />

uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCniaT. indoeTis mTavrobam axlaxan akrZala<br />

`miukarebloba~, magram Zveli Sexedulebebis gavlena indoeTis tradici­

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ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

285<br />

ul soflis sazogadoebebSi Zalian nela sustdeba (mosaxleobis 75­80% patara<br />

soflebSi cxovrobs).<br />

indoeTis mravalferovani mosaxleobis minimum kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli<br />

imsaxurebs yuradRebas: tendenciuri socialuri dayofebi Sesustebis nacvlad<br />

kidev ufro mZafrdeba. indoeli muslimebi mxolod TavianT gansxvavebul religias<br />

ki ar misdeven, aramed isini agreTve TavianT Caketil teritoriebze cxovroben,<br />

aqvT gansxvavebuli eTnikuri memkvidreoba da saubroben sakuTar enaze.<br />

TiTqmis igives Tqma SeiZleba siqhebze, ianebze da sxva jgufebze. indoeTis<br />

socialuri jgufebis mier maT saTemo dayofis gacnobierebas uamravi faqtori<br />

ganapirobebs, amave dros igi Zirs uTxris centraluri xelisuflebis mcdelobas,<br />

Seqmnas erovnuli erTobis gancda. xSirad es dayofebi separatizms iwvevs,<br />

risi magaliTic aris siqhebis mier Crdilo­dasavleT indoeTSi damoukidebeli<br />

saxelmwifos gamocxadeba (sadac isini kkompaqturad cxovroben).<br />

Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT nigeriasa da indoeTze. aseTive problemebi<br />

mravali sxva ganviTarebadi qveynisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad,<br />

Sri­lanka gaxleCilia sinhalelebis umravlesobasa (74%, romlebic umetesad<br />

budistebi arian) da tamilebs Soris (18%, romelTa umetesobac induizmis<br />

mimdevaria da qveynis CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT nawilebSia dasaxlebuli).<br />

mavrebi, evropelebi da vedebi aborigeni Seadgenen qveynis mosaxleobis<br />

darCenil 8 procents. ta milTa mebrZoli jgufebi gamoyofisaken iswrafvian,<br />

teroristul aqtebs awyo ben da partizanul oms awarmoeben centraluri xelisuflebis<br />

winaaRmdeg (mas Semdeg, rac 1983 wels adgilobriv TEemSi momxdar<br />

areulobebs 2000 tamilis sicocxle Seewira). 17 Sri­lanka, indoeTis msgavsad,<br />

mkveTri sazogadoebrivi dayofis mqone kulturuli mravalferovnebis models<br />

warmoad gens.<br />

afrikis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas da mraval aziur Tu laTinuramerikul<br />

saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi mravalferovnebis maRAli done axasiaTebs.<br />

132 qveynis kvlevam aCvena, rom 53 maTganis (anu 40 procentis) mosaxleoba<br />

xuTze met msxvil jgufad iyofoda. 18 ase rom, mesame samyaroSi<br />

`mozaikuri sazogadoebebi~ sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli. es mravalferovneba<br />

xSirad mniSvelovan barierebs uqmnis ganviTarebas.<br />

ganviTarebis fsiqologiuri barierebi<br />

individis identobis gansazRvrisas mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs rogorc<br />

individis urTierToba socialur jgufTan, aseve am jgufis statusi sazogadoebaSi.<br />

es urTierTobebi aseve gvexmareba imis gagebaSi, Tu ramdenad aigivebs<br />

xalxi Tavs erovnul xelisuflebasTan da aRiarebs misi mmarTvelobis uflebas<br />

(mis legitimurobas). am kuTxiT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs mocemul kulturaSi<br />

fesvgamd gar Cvevebsa da rwmenebsac. warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis<br />

saWiroa, rom Seicvalos fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba da individTa moraluri<br />

Rirebulebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi. vnaxoT, ratomaa ase.<br />

amerikelebis umetesoba Tanamedroved azrovnebs. amis gamo, amerikelebs<br />

xSirad uWirT gaugon sxva kulturis xalxebs, gansakuTrebiT, ganvi­

---

286 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

Tarebad erebs. magaliTad, adamianebi amgvar tradiciul sazogadoebebSi,<br />

gansazRvrebidanve gamomdinare, Zlier damokidebulni arian yoveldRiuri<br />

cxovrebis Zvelebur wesze. amerikelebi (ufro metad, vidre dasavleTSi<br />

mcxovrebTa umetesoba) arad agdeben tradiciebs.<br />

is soflebi, romlebic tradiciuli cxovrebiT cxovroben, rogorc wesi,<br />

Znelad eguebian cvlilebebs, Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari Cveulebebi maT­<br />

Tvis usafrTxo da saimedoa, xolo axlisa da uCveulosi xSirad eSiniaT.<br />

gaurkvevlobis da siaxlis SiSisadmi Tavis aridebis tendencia gasagebia,<br />

rodesac gare mo xifaTiT aRsavse uamravi gaurkvevlobiTaa savse. tradiciulad<br />

ganwyobili adamianebi bunebas mokrZalebiT da mowiwebiT uyureben,<br />

isini bunebis keTil ganwyobis mopovebas misi TayvaniscemiT cdiloben.<br />

tradiciuli xalxebi naklebad endobian ucnobebs (anu yvelas, visac<br />

isini ar icnoben). ra Tqma unda, maT iSviaTad aqvT urTierToba ucnobebTan;<br />

zogadad, maTi socialuri urTierTqmedeba izRudeba ojaxiT, klaniT Tu<br />

maTive soflis macxovreblebiT. ucnobebis SiSis, bunebis stiqiebis Sesaxeb<br />

fatalisturi warmodgenebis da sakuTari Tavis rwmenis uqonlobis gamo<br />

tradiciuli wesebiT mcxovrebi soflis mosaxleobas ar uyvars gariskva.<br />

advili warmosadgenia, rogor aferxebs ganviTarebas msgavsi Cvevebi.<br />

frTxil da konservatiulad ganwyobil adamianebs naklebi midrekileba<br />

aqvT siaxleebisadmi, iqneba es kulturuli, Tu agrokulturuli teqnologiuri<br />

siaxleebi. es adamiane bi Znelad eguebian da xSirad ganicdian identobasTan<br />

dakavSirebul problemebs, rodesac ganviTarebis procesi maT<br />

qalaqSi sacxovreblad gadasvlas da im soflis datovebas aiZulebs, sadac<br />

maT da maTma winaprebma cxovrebis udidesi nawili gaaatares.<br />

ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli SeiZleba iyos sxva tradiciuli Cvevebic. tradiciul<br />

adamianebs naklebad aqvT drois gancda, iSviaTad gegmaven winaswar<br />

TavianT saqmianobas da ara aqvT sakuTari Tavis rwmena, gansxvavebiT im adamianebisgan,<br />

romlebic miCveulni arian Tanamedrove cxovrebas. individualuri<br />

miRwevebis, socialur kibeze maRla moZraobis, piradi damsaxurebis da interesTa<br />

dakmayofilebis ideebi ucxoa maTTvis, vinc SezRudulia tradiciuli<br />

RirebulebebiT da CveulebebiT. es yvelaferi gamomdinareobs tradiciuli<br />

sazogadoebebis midrekilebidan askriptiuli sazogadoebebisaken (risi<br />

yvelaze mkafio magaliTicaa indoeTis kasturi sistema) _ rac gulisxmobs<br />

imas, rom pirovnebis statusi da mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi ganisazRvreba<br />

misi religiis, asakis da a. S. mixedviT. statusi da mdgomareoba aseve mniSvnelovanwilad<br />

damokidebulia sqesze mamakacebis socialuri da politikuri<br />

upiratesoba gacilebiT ufro aSkarad gamokveTilia ganviTarebad qveynebSi,<br />

romelTac axasiaTebT dabali teqnologiuri done, dawyebuli mZime teqnikis<br />

uqonlobiT da damTavrebuli Sobadobis kontrolis meqanizmebis ararsebobiT,<br />

axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis maRali maCveneblebiT da tradiciuli<br />

genderuli rolebiT da CveulebebiT. amrigad, ganviTarebad erebSi, piradi<br />

Tavisuflebis ideebi da individualuri miswrafebebi xSirad iTrguneba wes­<br />

CveulebebiT da tradiciuli sazogadoebebis Temuri bunebiT.

---

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabrkolebebi<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

287<br />

ganviTarebad erebs Soris ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da erovnuli simdidris<br />

ganawilebis doneebSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis miuxedavad,<br />

maTi umetesoba Raribia. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, siRaribe, yvela sxva<br />

faqtorebze ufro metad, ubiZgebs am qveynebs ganviTarebisaken. siRaribes<br />

ganapirobebs vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebi, didi sagareo vali, mosaxleobis<br />

swrafi zrda, miwis sakuTrebis problema, avadmyofobebi da cudi kveba,<br />

ganaTlebisa da teqnologiebis dabali done da mZime bunebrivi pirobebi.<br />

miuxedavad optimisturi molodinebisa, es problemebi siRrmiseulia. isini<br />

gvevlinebian siRaribis mizezad da amavdroulad aferxeben ekonomikur ganviTarebas,<br />

romlis saSua lebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda siRaribis daZleva.<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikebi umeteswilad efuZneba soflis meurneobas<br />

da nedleulis mopovebas _ Raribi mosaxleobis soflidan qalaqebSi<br />

migraciis maRali (da zrdadi) donis miuxedavad. Sedegad, cxovrebis standartebis<br />

zrda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, Zalian nela xdeba, farTo ekonomikuri<br />

uTanasworoba ki kvlav arsebobs (ix. cxrili 8­1).<br />

gadaWarbebul damokidebulebas soflis meurneobasa da nedleulis mopovebaze<br />

rTuli problemebi sdevs. zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanas mohyavs<br />

mxo lod erTi saxeobis mcenare (rasac monokultura ewodeba). bangladeSi,<br />

magaliTAd, saeqsportod mxolod juTs awarmoebs. roca juTze fasi ecema,<br />

bangladeSs _ erT­erT uRaribes ganviTarebad saxelmwifos _ araferi rCeba.<br />

eTiopiis ekonomika Zalianaa damokidebuli yavaze, kubas saeqsportod<br />

ZiriTadad sigara gaaqvs, hondurass _ banani da a. S. zogierTi ganviTarebadi<br />

qveyana ekonomikurad damokidebulia aralegaluri, magram momgebiani<br />

mcenareebis moyvanaze: magaliTad, kolumbieli, ekvadoreli, perueli glexebi<br />

saeqsportod kokains awarmoeben. avRaneTi msoflioSi heroinis nomer<br />

pirveli wyaroa. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobas<br />

ramdenime saxeobis mcenare an mineraluri resursi gaaCnia, maT gan cotas<br />

Tu aqvs imdenad diversificirebuli ekonomika, rom soflis meurneobi sa da<br />

mrewvelobis jansaRi Serwyma moaxerxos.<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis am qveynebma unda moaxdinon samrewvelo produqciis<br />

importi; aRniSnuli produqciis fasis gadasaxdelad maT unda gaitanon<br />

sakvebi, qsovilebi da madani, magram vaWrobis kanonebi maT sawinaRmdegod<br />

moqmedebs: samrewvelo produqciis fasi maRalia, im dros, rodesac sasoflo<br />

produqciis da nedleulis fasi xSirad dabalia. ufro metic, msoflio<br />

bazarze saqonlis fasebi Zalian meryeobs, rac gaurkvevlobas uqmnis am qveynebs<br />

da zrdis maT sagareo vals.<br />

amasTan erTad, zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana awydeba seriozul demografiul<br />

problemas. industriul demokratiebSi mosaxleobis zrda erT<br />

procentze naklebia da 1990 wlisaTvis zogierTma dasavlurma evropulma<br />

qveyanam `miaRwia~ mosaxleobis nulovan, an uaryofiT zrdasac ki; maSin roca,<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis zrdis yovelwliuri<br />

maCvenebeli ori an sami procentia (ix. sqema 8­1 da 8­2). Tumca, zogierT qveyanaSi,<br />

magaliTad, nigeriaSi, eTiopiasa da angolaSi, mosaxleoba gacilebiT<br />

ufro swrafi tempe biT izrdeba.

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288 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

cxrili 8-1<br />

regioni<br />

erT sul mosaxleze mTliani erovnuli produqti<br />

(mep) regionis mixedviT<br />

afrika<br />

saharis samx. afrika<br />

CrdiloeT afrika<br />

aRmosavleT afrika<br />

dasavleT afrika<br />

centraluri afrika<br />

samxreT afrika<br />

CrdiloeT amerika<br />

laTinuri amerika da karibis<br />

zRvis auzi<br />

centraluri amerika<br />

karibis zRvis kunZulebi<br />

samxreT amerika<br />

azia<br />

azia, CineTis garda<br />

dasavleT azia<br />

centraluri aziis samxreTi<br />

samxreT­aRmosavleT azia<br />

aRmosavleT azia<br />

evropa<br />

CrdiloeT evropa<br />

dasavleT evropa<br />

aRmosavleT evropa<br />

samxreT evropa<br />

okeaneTi<br />

mep-i erT sul mosaxleze<br />

(aSS dolarebSi)<br />

$1,790<br />

1,370<br />

3,070<br />

1,000<br />

850<br />

_<br />

8160<br />

31,260<br />

6,460<br />

6,900<br />

_<br />

6,730<br />

3,930<br />

4,130<br />

4,810<br />

2,250<br />

3,210<br />

5,750<br />

14,970<br />

21,460<br />

23,480<br />

6,770<br />

16,520<br />

17,880<br />

wyaro: 2001 wlis msoflio mosaxleobis monacemebi, cxrili 5, Population Reference<br />

Bureau, www.prb.org, 16 maisi, 2002.<br />

rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis swrafi mateba yvelaze metad urbanul<br />

arealeb ze aisaxeba. soflebSi arsebuli siRaribe da xelisuflebis <strong>politika</strong><br />

ganapirobebs migracias qalaqebSi. swrafi urbanizacia problematuria,

---

ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

289<br />

ramdenadac ganviTarebad qveynebs ar gaaCniaT saTanado resursebi saxelmwifo<br />

momsaxurebebiT mosaxleobis uzrunvelsayofad da axali skolebis,<br />

saavadmyofoebis, sacxovrebeli kompleqsebis da rac yvelaze mTavaria, samuSao<br />

adgilebis Sesaqmnelad. mosaxleobis matebis da migraciis pirobebSi,<br />

TviT optimaluri klimatisa da ekonomikuri winamZRvrebis arsebobis Sem­<br />

TxvevaSic ki, ganviTarebadi qveynebis fermerebisaTvis sul ufro Zneli<br />

xdeba sakvebis warmoebis sakmarisad swrafad gazrda, raTa fexi auwyon mosaxleobis<br />

zrdis temps. miuxedavad rig ganviTarebad qveynebSi (maT Soris<br />

indoeTSi, meqsikaSi, taivansa da filipinebSi) mwvane revoluciad wodebuli<br />

warmoebis mkveTri zrdisa, rodesac xorblis da brinjis maRalmosavliani<br />

jiSebis moyvana Seuxames Tanamedrove sairigacio sistemebsa da sinTetikur<br />

sasuqebs _ es qveynebi kvlav siZneleebis winaSe rCebian.<br />

vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebis, mzardi sagareo valis da demografiuli<br />

afeTqebis garda, ganviTarebad qveynebs warmatebuli ganviTarebis gzaze<br />

sami umniSvnelovanesi winaaRmdegoba eRobebaT: dabali teqnologiuri done,<br />

miwis sakuTrebis seriozuli problema da mZime garemo pirobebi. mwvane revolucia<br />

SesaZlebelia mxolod iq, sadac ganviTarebuli sasoflo­sameurneo<br />

teqnologiebi arsebobs, gaumjobesebuli Teslis, pesticidebis, herbicidebis,<br />

xelovnuri sasuqis, irigaciis, mecxoveleobis, fermidan bazramde<br />

misasvleli gzisa da sawyobebis CaTvliT. es, Tavis mxriv, sainvesticio kapitalisa<br />

da ucxouri rezervebis xelmisawvdomobas gulisxmobs.<br />

mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi miwis sakuTrebac mniSvnelovan problemas<br />

warmoadgens. miwis sakuTrebis sqemebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi (da regionSi) sxvadasxvaa,<br />

magram ganviTarebadi qveynebidan efeqtianad mxolod erTeulebma<br />

gaarTves Tavi am sferos problemebs. es imitom xdeba, rom tradicia yvelaze<br />

ufro metad damabrkolebeli soflis garemoSia, sadac Camoyalibebuli wesebi<br />

da meTodebi Zalian nela icvleba. umTavresi problema miwis nakveTebis<br />

usamarTlo an ekonomikurad araswori ganawilebaa. qveynis zogierT nawilSi<br />

miwaze sakuTreba (da adgilobrivi xelisufleba) metismetad koncentrirebulia,<br />

sxva adgilebSi ki miwa mcire fragmentebadaa dayofili, rac mogebis<br />

saSualebas ar iZleva. laTi nur amerikaSi es ori problema gverdigverd arsebobs<br />

_ uzarmazari samflobeloebis (e. w. latifundiebis) gverdiT gvxvdeba<br />

Zalzed patara nakveTebi (minifundiebi). msgavsi problema arsebobs egvipte­<br />

Sic. ufro metic, bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi Cveulebrivi ambavia, rodesac<br />

glexebi ijariT amuSaveben miwas da damokidebul ni arian didi miwaTmflobelebis<br />

neba­survilze.<br />

afrikaSi gavrcelebulia sasoflo miwebis erToblivi sakuTreba. aq Cndeba<br />

sxva tipis problemebi. soflis macxovreblebs ekuTvniT miwis nakveTebi<br />

da inawileben mosavals, romlis didi nawili maT mierve moixmareba da ar iyideba.<br />

Tumca, bolo dros sul ufro vrceldeba komerciuli plantaciebi,<br />

momgebiani naTesebi enacvleba naklebad momgebian tradiciul kulturebs.<br />

rac yvelaze uaresia, umuSevrobis gamo axalgazrdebi iZulebulni arian<br />

datovon soflebi; bevri maTgani samuSaod ewyoba fermaSi da kidev ufro<br />

metad efloba siRaribesa da uimedobaSi. aziaSi mdgomareoba garkveulwilad<br />

gansxvavebulia, magram miwis ganawilebis problemebi iqac xels uSlis

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sqema 8-1. msoflios mosaxleoba, 1995: 5,692,210,000<br />

© 1997 The Washington Post. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

---

sqema 8-2. msoflios mosaxleoba, 2030: 8,474,017,000 (49%­iT gaizarda 1995 wlis msoflio mosaxlobasTan SedarebiT)<br />

rukebi 8­1 da 8­2 gviCvenebs mosaxleobis mosalodnel zrdas 1995­2030 wlebSi. rukebi isea Sedgenili, rom yoveli qveynis zoma<br />

misi mosaxleobis proporciulia. rukebi xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom mosaxleobis mosalodneli zrda upiratesad ganviTarebad<br />

qveynebSi moxdeba.<br />

wyaro: Boyce Ransberger, `Damping the World’s Population: Birthrates Are Falling Now but More Needs to Be Done in the Long Term~,<br />

Washington Post Ntional Weekly Edition. September 12-18, 1994, 10-40. © 1994 The Washington Post. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

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292 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

xelisuflebas, gadaaxalisos jer kidev soflis meurneobis wamyvan rolze<br />

dafuZnebuli ekonomika da moderniza ciis gziT xeli Seuwyos saerTo ekonomikur<br />

zrdas.<br />

bunebrivi pirobebi xSirad yvelaze ufro seriozul winaaRmdegobas uqmnis<br />

ekonomikur ganviTarebas. yvelaze saSineli is tragediebia, romlebic<br />

bunebriv katastrofebsa da adamianebis ugunurobas aerTianebs. magaliTad,<br />

1980­ian wlebSi saZovrebis zedmetad intensiurma gamoyenebam gaamwvava uwyloobis<br />

problema afrikis Sua sartyelis udides nawilSi. msgavsad amisa,<br />

wyaldidobebi zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi nawilobriv mainc gamowveuli<br />

iyo xe­tyis masalis intensiuri gamoyenebis mizniT mdinareebis napirebze<br />

tyis gaCexviT. amgvari bunebrivi katastrofebis yvelaze xSiri Sedegia<br />

farTomasStabiani da Zalagamomcleli SimSilianoba. Tumca, amgvari<br />

tragediebisa da xSirad maTi Tanmdevi epidemiebis gareSec ki, sakvebis ukmarisobis<br />

problema kvlavac dgas asobiT milioni adamianis winaSe ganviTarebad<br />

qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi. adamianebs, romlebic ganicdian<br />

ukidures SimSils, ar gaaCniaT warmoebis energia, rac bevr ganviTarebad<br />

qveyanas Caketil wreSi aqcevs: isini arian Raribebi imitom, rom ar arian sakmarisad<br />

produqtiulebi, da ar arian sakmarisad produq tiulebi imitom,<br />

rom arian Raribebi.<br />

ganviTarebis marcxi<br />

erebi viTardebian politikuri, fsiqologiuri, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri<br />

ganzomilebis mqone mravalmxrivi procesebis Sedegad. Secdoma<br />

iqneboda gvevarauda, rom ganviTareba uwyveti, an Seuqcevadi procesia. ganviTarebis<br />

nebismier safexurze myofi eri­saxelmwifoebi da sazogadoebebi<br />

SeiZleba iqcnen arastabilurobis da dakninebis gamomwvevi Zalebis msxverplad.<br />

arc erT mkvle vars, romelic Seiswavlis amerikis samoqalaqo oms, an<br />

iseTi qveynebis uaxles istorias, rogorebicaa somali, yofili iugoslavia<br />

da Tanamedrove egvipte, ar SeuZlia ignorireba gaukeTos dezintegraciiis<br />

safrTxeebs, romlebic SeiZleba daemuqros rogorc ganviTarebad, aseve ganviTarebul<br />

industriul qveynebs.<br />

ra iwvevs dezontegracias? sainteresoa, rom politikuri daknineba xSirad<br />

gamomdinareobs eris uunarobidan, gadawyvitos ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli<br />

siRrmiseuli problemebi. mTavrobebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT daZlion<br />

religiur, eTnikur, rasobriv an kulturul jgufebs Soris daZabulobaTa<br />

niadagze warmoSobili problemebi, xSirad amJRavneben dakninebis SesamCnev<br />

niSnebs. XIX saukunis Sua periodSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi idga umniSvnelovanesi<br />

sirTulis winaSe, rac momdinareobda monobis gadauwyveteli<br />

sakiTxidan. dRevandel msoflioSi uamravi msgavsi da gansxvavebuli problemaa.<br />

egviptis xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad aris Sesustebuli fundamentalisturi<br />

muslimuri opoziciis arsebobiT. Sri­lanka (yofili ceiloni)<br />

dasustebulia perioduli dapirispirebiT tamil umciresobasa da sinhalel<br />

umravlesobas Soris. ruan daSi hutus da tutsis tomebis Soris sisxliani konfliqtis<br />

Sedegad gamudmebuli samoqalaqo omebi da Zaladoba mZvinvarebs.

---

ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

293<br />

ekonomikurma warumateblobebma aseve SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadobrivi<br />

da politikuri daknineba. ara marto qveynis Sida ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,<br />

aramed msoflio masStabis makroekonomikuri cvlilebebic SesaZloa gansakuTrebiT<br />

mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes. 1970­ian wlebSi adgili hqonda movlenas,<br />

romelic zemoTqmulis arcTu maxasiaTebel, magram istoriul magaliTad<br />

SeiZleba gamodges: mcire resursebisa da saeqsporto Semosavlebis mqone mesame<br />

samya ros bevr qveyanas udidesi problemebi Seuqmna navTOBobze fasebis mkveTma<br />

zrdam. am qveynebis mTavrobebis mier gatarebul mkacr zomebs Tan mohyva politikuri<br />

sirTuleebi da socialuri areulobebi. Sedegad, afrikis, aziis da<br />

laTinuri ame rikis qveynebis umravlesobaSi gaizarda sagareo vali da TiTqmis<br />

ori aTwle ulis manZilze adgili hqonda ekonomikur arastabilurobas.<br />

sabolood, dezintegracia SeiZleba gamowveul iqnas politikur sistemaSi<br />

arsebuli uTanasworobebiTac. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rodesac xelisufleba<br />

ver uzrunvelyofs gafantuli erovnuli grZnobebis erT identobad<br />

SekavSirebas, moqalaqeTa politikur monawileobas, an simdidris<br />

mTel sazogadoebaze gadanawilebas, politikuri ganviTareba wydeba. amas<br />

garda, rogorc ukve didi xania aRniSnaven politologebi, ganviTareba<br />

SeiZleba SeCerdes maSinac, rodesac xelisuflebas SeuZlia am miznebis<br />

miRweva (magaliTad, ganaTlebis xelSewyobiT, masobrivi komunikaciebis<br />

ganviTarebiT, saarCevno monawileobiT da urbanuli cxovrebiT), magram<br />

ar gaaCnia institutebi, gamocdileba an SesaZlebloba, rom efeqtianad<br />

gaarTvas Tavi politikur cvlilebebs. 19 amgvar SemTxvevebSi, politikuri<br />

daknineba SeiZleba iqces ganviTarebis bnel mxared. rogorc politologi<br />

semuel hantingtoni aRniSnavs, `modernizacia praqtikaSi yovelTvis gulisxmobs<br />

cvlilebebs da xSirad tradiciuli politikuri sistemis daSlasac,<br />

magram igi yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs ganviTarebas Tanamedrove<br />

politikuri sistemis mimarTulebiT... magram xSirad varaudoben, rom Tu<br />

mimdinareobs sazogadoebrivi modernizacia, paralelurad mimdinareobs<br />

politikuri modernizaciac~. 20<br />

disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi<br />

bolo aTwleulebSi msoflio gaxda ramdenime sazogadoebis TviTganadgurebis<br />

mowme, ramac gamoiwvia destabilizacia mezobel qveynebSi da<br />

daemuqra mSvidobas mTlianad msoflioSi. disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi<br />

is usixarulo adgilebia, sadac ukiduresobebi normadaa qceuli, sadac<br />

mTavrobebi an metismetad represiulia, an metismetad susti, imdenad, rom<br />

ar SeuZli aT uzrunvelyon elementaruli wesrigi da kanoniereba. qalaqis<br />

quCebSi kriminaluri da politikuri Zaladobaa gamefebuli, rac emuqreba<br />

policiisgan daucvel soflebsa da Tavisufal presas. msoflio xSirad<br />

dReebis, kvirebis da zogjer Tveebis manZilzec ki ver amCnevs am saSinelebebs.<br />

es SemaSfoTebeli suraTia, Tumca metismetad realuria msoflios Zalian<br />

bevr adgilSi. am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT oTx magaliTs iseTi politikuri<br />

sistemebisa, romlebic arian (an iyvnen) disfunqciuri _ samwuxarod,

---

294 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

am magaliTebiT ar amoiwureba kandidatebis sruli sia, romelSic yofili<br />

sabWoTa kavSiric Sedis (ix. Tavi VII).<br />

somali<br />

afrikaSi mdebareobs ramdenime uRaribesi qveyana, maT Soris sudani,<br />

so mali, eritrea da eTiopia. 1980­ian da 1990­ian wlebSi am regionSi gvalva,<br />

SimSili, saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi, samoqalaqo omebi da yvelanairi<br />

saxis Zaladoba mZvinvarebda. 1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi sakvebis yvelaze<br />

katastrofuli ukmarisoba somaliSi iyo, sadac samoqalaqo omma da gvalvam<br />

adamianTa saSineli tanjva gamoiwvia. 1992 wlis agvistoSi gaeros bavSvTa<br />

fondi (UNICEF) masiuri saerTaSoriso daxmarebis mozidvas Seecada, rodesac<br />

ganacxada, rom ori milioni somaleli (qveynis mTliani mosaxleoba<br />

odnav aRemateba rva milions) eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi SimSilobda.<br />

Zaladobisa da amgvari gausaZlisi mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg amboxebuleb ­<br />

ma 1991 w. ianvarSi daamxes somalis diqtatori siad bare, romelic didi xnis<br />

ganmavlobaSi marTavda qveyanas. amas mohyva Setakebebi da SimSili, ramac Seiwira<br />

300 aTasi adamianis sicocxle da milionobiT adamiani safrTxis winaSe<br />

daayena. kanonisa da wesrigis TiTqmis absoluturi ararsebobis pirobebSi<br />

qveyana anarqiam moicva; qalebi da bavSvebi SeiaraRebuli banditebis mowyalebis<br />

imedad darCnen. maT CaSales saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan<br />

mosaxleobisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvela mcdeloba, iparavdnen bavSvebisaTvis<br />

gankuTvnil sakvebs da xocavdnen humanitaruli misiebis TanamSromlebs.<br />

1992 w. bolos, aSS­s prezidentma jorj buSma (ufrosma), Tavisi saprezidento<br />

vadis miwuruls wamoiwyo samxedro intervencia, raTa uzrunveleyo<br />

humanitaruli daxmarebis usafrTxoeba. mdgomareoba imdenad qaoturi iyo,<br />

rom wesrigis da kanonierebis aRdgena SeuZlebeli Canda. mas Semdeg, rac<br />

ZiriTadad amerikelebisgan Semdgarma gaeros Zalebma datova qveyana 1995 w.<br />

martSi (ramdenime amerikeli jariskacis sastiki mkvlelobis Semdeg), somali<br />

darCa erovnuli xelisuflebis gareSe _ qveynis rukaze aRniSnuli iyo romeli<br />

dajgufeba romel teritorias akontrolebda, rac ufro Tavsatex suraTs<br />

waagavda, vidre politikur gaerTianebas.<br />

somali rCeba afrikis erT­erT uRaribes qveyanad, romlis mTliani Sida<br />

produqti (mSp) erT sul mosaxleze 500 dolarze naklebia, xolo wera­kiTxvis<br />

armcodne mosaxleobis wili 75 procents Seadgens. somali ganuviTarebelia<br />

ara marto ekonomikurad, aramed aseve politikuradac. somalis<br />

sazogadoebis struqtura efuZneba naTesaur kavSirebs, anu klanebs, xolo<br />

samoqalaqo omi, faqtobrivad, klanebs Soris gaCaRebuli omia. Tu somali<br />

ver ipovis politikuri stabilurobis formulas, igi ver aaRorZinebs ekonomikas.<br />

samarTliania Sebrunebuli debulebac: stabiluroba damokidebulia<br />

ekonomikur da socialur progresze. jer adrea saubari, ipovis Tu ara<br />

somali efeqtiani xelisufle bis recepts. misi reputacia ki, rogorc disfunqciuri<br />

saxelmwifosi, ar Seicvle ­ba, sanam Tavad somali ar Seicvleba.

---

iugoslavia<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

295<br />

am saxelmwifosagan mxolod saxeliRa arsebobs. civi omis periodis udides<br />

nawilSi igi SedarebiT Tavisufali saxelmwifo iyo, magram daiSala mas<br />

Semdeg, rac sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevam Secvala evropis geopolitikuri ruka<br />

1990­ian wlebSi. yofili iugoslaviis daSlam wina planze wamowia is, rasac<br />

zogierTi mkvlevari `koSmarul scenars~ uwodebs _ politikuri kolafsis<br />

perspeqtiva, romelsac eTnikuri siZulvili kvebavs da rac, sxvadasxva alba­<br />

TobiT, bevr yofil komunistur saxelmwifos emuqreba.<br />

balkanuri krizisi istoriul perspeqtivaSi. iugoslaviis urTierToba<br />

sab Wo Ta kavSirTan 1945 wlidan II msoflio omis Semdgom Seqmnili<br />

specifikuri pirobe bis safuZvelze Camoyalibda. aRmosavleT evropis<br />

sxva qveynebisgan gansxvave biT, romlebic germanuli okupaciisgan sabWoTa<br />

sqema 8-3. yofili iugoslaviis dayofa<br />

wyaro: adaptirebuli yofili iugoslaviis # 728104, CIA 1993 da bosniisa da hercegovi­<br />

nis (politikuri) # 802474, CIA 1997 rukebidan.

---

296 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

armiam gaaTavisufla, iugoslavia gaaTavisufla marSal ioseb broz titos<br />

partizanulma Zalebma. iugoslaviuri winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi Setanili<br />

wvlilis gamo, tito erovnuli gmiri gaxda da sabolood axali iugoslavuri<br />

nacionalizmis simbolod iqca.<br />

omis Semdgom periodSi tito uars ambobda moskovidan miRebuli brZanebebis<br />

Sesrulebazea stalinma iugoslavias samagiero komunisturi Tanamegobrobidan<br />

gaZevebiT gadauxada. cota xnis Semdeg, titom daiwyo garkveuli<br />

nabijebis gadadgma sakuTari mmarTvelobis popularizaciisaTvis, pirvel<br />

rigSi sasoflo­sameurneo koleqtivizaciis tempis SenelebiT, xolo SemdgomSi<br />

misi srulebiT gauqmebiT. iugoslavurma komunizmma gamorCeuli<br />

kvali datova samrewvelo urTierTobebSi. ukiduresi centralizacia, romelic<br />

axasiaTebda sabWoTa kavSirs, uaryofil iqna da mis sanacvlod titom<br />

saTave daudo socialisturi ekonomikuri organizaciis axal formas, romelic<br />

TviTregulirebas efuZneboda. man farTo regionuli avtonomia mianiWa<br />

iugoslaviis federaciaSi Semaval eqvs respublikas, yovel SemTxveva­<br />

Si, formalurad. rac ufro mniSvnelovania, amas ekonomikur sawarmoebSi<br />

muSaTa sabWoebis Seqmna mohyva. qarxnis, an sxva tipis sawarmos muSaTa mier<br />

mier arCeuli sabWoebi Tavis mxriv irCevdnen mmarTvel komitetebs, xolo<br />

mmarTveli komitetebi ikribebodnen rogorc regionuli asociaciebi da<br />

irCevdnen sxvadasxva sawarmoTa direqtorebs partiis TanxmobiT. 1950<br />

wels mSromelebs mieniWaT gaficvis ufleba, profkavSirebi gamocxadda<br />

damoukideblad, xolo pirdapiri gegmuri ekonomika Seicvala naklebad<br />

iZulebiTi `gegmuri xelmZRvanelobiT~. 1970­ian wlebSi moxda kontrolis<br />

zogadi gamkacreba iugoslaviis ekonomikasa da sazogadoebaze, rodesac xelisufleba<br />

Seecada bolo moeRo azrTa sxvadasxvaobisaTvis da miZinebuli<br />

ekonomikas gamoecocxlebina.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, iugoslavia unikaluri iyo sxva komunistur reJimebs<br />

Soris. erTma mkvlevarma Semdeg nawyvetSi asaxa qveynis cxovreba titos<br />

mmarTvelobis pirobebSi:<br />

`xelovnebisa da literaturis umetesi nawili apolitikuria da mxatvrebs<br />

da mwerlebs SeuZliaT imoRvaweon Tavisuflad, Tu maTi Semoqmedeba<br />

xelisuflebis mkveTr kritikas ar Seicavs. ar arsebobs winaswari<br />

cenzura, mxolod sasamarTlos SeuZlia saboloo jamSi akrZalos<br />

nawarmoebi; xolo kerZo gamomcemlebi TiTqmis imdenive wigns uSveben,<br />

ramdensac oficialuri gamomcemlobebi. gazeTebi TiTqmis erTsa da<br />

imaves weren, magram isini gacilebiT ufro informatiuli arian, vidre<br />

sxva aRmosavleT evropuli komunisturi qveynebis gazeTebi, rom aRaraferi<br />

vTqvaT sabWoTa kavSirze. Tavisuflad iyideba ucxouri presa.<br />

partiis oratorebi gmoben dasavleTis gavlenebs presaSi, magram Jurnalebi<br />

misdeven sensaciurobasa da siSiSvles, rac ucxoa komunisturi<br />

moralisTvis. savaraudod, yovelwliurad 15 milioni adamiani kveTs<br />

sazRvars. arsebobs gaerTianebebis Tavisufleba, Tu es partiis winaaRmdeg<br />

ar aris mimarTuli. titos arasdros dauxvretia da iSviaTad<br />

Tu daupatimrebia oponentebi.~ 21

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ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

297<br />

1980­iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi iugoslaviis centraluri xelisuflebis<br />

Zalaufleba da avtoriteti mkveTrad daeca. iugoslavia warmoadgenda xelovnur<br />

qveyanas, romelic Sedgeboda mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli eTnikuri<br />

warmomavlobis, religiis da kulturuli fesvebis mqone adamianebisgan<br />

_ marTl madidebeli serbebi da Cernogorielebi kaTolike xorvatebi da<br />

slove ne bi, muslimi umciresobebi serbiaSi da Sereuli bosnielebi, hercegovinelebi<br />

da dalmatebi. maT erTmaneTTan titos prestiJi da avtoriteti<br />

akavSirebdaT. 1980 wels, rodesac tito gardaicvala, bzarebi, romlebic<br />

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda, gadaizarda iugoslaviis erTiani struqturis<br />

aSkara gaxleCvaSi. aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis dacemam daaCqara<br />

daSlis procesi. 1990­ian wlebSi demokratiam da Tavisufalma arCevnebma<br />

Secvala komunizmi. es didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1990­iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />

ekonomikas amZimebda ucxouri vali (16 miliardi dolari), 100 procentiani<br />

inflacia da umuSevrobis maRali done (20 procenti). iugoslaviis<br />

sazogadoeba moicva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dafarulma eTnikurma mtrobam<br />

da centraluri xelisufleba moiSala respubli kebs Soris konfliqtebis<br />

Sedegad. politikurad warmatebuli slovenia da xorvatia eqiSpebodnen<br />

tradiciulad dominant serbebs eris bedis gansazRvraSi.<br />

serbiis sworxazovan prezidents, slobodan miloSeviCs surda sicocxle<br />

SeenarCunebina iugoslaviis komunisturi centralizebuli federaluri<br />

sistemisaTvis, xolo slovenias da xorvatias surdaT Tavisufali konfederacia<br />

da sabazro ekonomika. sabolood gaimarjves nacionalisturma Zalebma.<br />

1991 wlis ivnisSi sloveniam da xorvatiam damoukidebloba gamoacxades<br />

da daiwyo sisxliani samoqalaqo omi serbias da xorvatias Soris, romelmac<br />

daaxloebiT 10 aTasi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. Tumca, sloveniis da xorvatiis<br />

mcdeloba warmatebuli gamodga da 1992 wlis ianvarSi orive maTgani<br />

sayovelTaod cnes, rogorc damoukidebeli eri­saxelmwifoebi.<br />

bosniuri da kosovos tragedia. didi xani ar gasula serbiisa da xorvatiis<br />

konfliqtis dasrulebidan, rodesac axalma konfliqtma ifeTqa, amjerad<br />

bosnia­hercego vinis respublikaSi. bosnia warmoadgens eTnikuri daZabulobiT<br />

gajerebul sazogadoebas, romlis mosaxleobac Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi<br />

eTnikuri jgufisgan _ serbebis, xorvatebis da bosnieli muslimebisgan.<br />

ukanaskneli jgufi yvelaze mravalricxovania, Tumca isini yvelaze mcire<br />

teritoriaze arian koncentrirebulni. eTnikur gansxvavebebs aZlierebs<br />

religiuri faqtori (xorvatebi kaTolikeebi arian, serbebi ki miekuTvnebian<br />

marTlmadideblur eklesias) da istoriuli mtrobac, romelsac ganapirobebs<br />

am jgufebis mier erTmaneTisaT vis warsulSi miyenebuli wyena.<br />

bosniuri konfliqti iyo brZola teritoriisaTvis daamave dros, Zveli<br />

angariSebis gasworeba. mas sami ganzomileba hqonda: serbebi xorvatebis<br />

winaaRmdeg, muslimebi xorvatebis winaaRmdeg da yvelaze metad, serbebi<br />

muslimebis winaaRmdeg. serbebis da muslimebis brZola bosniaSi yvelaze<br />

sastiki da uTanasworo iyo. serbebma daikaves teritoriis didi nawili. maT<br />

aseve ganaxorcieles masiuri eTnikuri wmenda _ gaupatiurebebi, Zarcva<br />

da masiuri mkvlelobebi, ramac gamoiwvia yvela muslimis da araserbis gan­

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298 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

devna im qalaqebidan da soflebidan, romlebic serbebma daikaves da serbuli<br />

saxelmwifo serbskas SemadgenlobaSi Seyvana scades. 1993­94 wlebSi<br />

bosnielma serbebma, romelTac zurgs serbia umagrebda, alya Semoartyes<br />

saraevos, bosniis dedaqalaqs da ramdenime did muslimur qalaqs. saraevos<br />

alya dasrulda mxolod maSin, rodesac moxda natos da gaeros intervencia.<br />

sxva SemTxvevaSi alya gagrZeldeboda, miuxedavad gaeros araefeqtiani<br />

rezoluciebisa, romlebic safrTxis winaSe mdgom am qalaqebs `usafrTxo<br />

TavSesafrad~ acxadebda. gaerom daadanaSaula agreTve xorvatia bosniasTan<br />

konfliqtis gaRvivebaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis. igi aseve daemuqra<br />

bosniel serbebs natos sahaero ieriSebiT. intensiur saSuamavlo mcdelobebTan<br />

(gansakuTrebiT ruseTis mxridan) Sejerebulma am RonisZiebebma<br />

Sedegi moitana.<br />

1994 wlis TebervalSi serbebi daTanxmdnen mZime iaraRis gamotanaze<br />

saraevodan da erTi kviris Tavze bosniis mTavrobam da bosnielma xorvatebma<br />

xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas cecxlis Sewyvetis Taobaze. 1994 wlis martSi<br />

droebiT gaCnda mSvidobis perspeqtiva, rodesac xorvatulma xelisuflebam<br />

da adgilobrivma serbma mmarTvelebmac dades SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetis<br />

Taoba ze, romelsac bolo unda moeRo mtrobisTvis.<br />

Tumca, mSvidoba mxolod iluzia aRmoCnda. rodesac gaeros Zalebi gaemarTnen<br />

bosniaSi humanitaruli daxmarebis gasawevad, bosnielma serbebma<br />

moulodnelad Seuties maT da ganagrZes brZolebi. natos sahaero dartymebi,<br />

romlebic ganxorcielda 1994 wlis aprilsa da noemberSi da 1995 wlis<br />

maisSi, miznad isaxavda daecva gaeros samSvidobo Zalebis usafrTxoeba.<br />

bosnia kidev erTxel moicva sisxlianma anarqiam.<br />

sabolood, gaeros ganaxlebuli samSvidobo gegma gaxda axali Ta nac<br />

xovrebis safuZveli. yvela dapirispirebulma mxarem SeimuSava samSvidobo<br />

gegma 1995 wlis noemberSi deitonSi, ohaios StatSi (aSS) da xeli moawera<br />

deitonis samSvidobo SeTanxmebas parizSi 14 dekembers. SeTanxmebis mixedviT,<br />

bosniis 49 procenti gadaeca bosniis serbul respublikas da 51 procenti<br />

muslim­xorvatul federacias. saraevo rCeba dedaqalaqad muslimurxorvatuli<br />

federaciis teritoriaze. centraluri xelisufleba, romelic<br />

Sedgeba prezidentis koleqtiuri postisa da parlamentisgan, warmarTavs<br />

sagareo <strong>politika</strong>s, ekonomikas, finansebs da sxva saqmeebs. bosniis TiToeul<br />

naxevars sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da policia gaaCnia.<br />

bosniaSi samSvidobo procesis monitoringisaTvis natos meTaurobiT gaigzavna<br />

60 aTasi jariskacisgan Semdgari saerTaSoriso Zalebi. miuxedavad<br />

sxvadasxva darRvevebisa, arCevnebi Catarda 1996 wlis seqtemberSi. magram<br />

cota vinme Tu eloda deitonis SeTanxmebis SenarCunebas. ukve 1997 wlis<br />

SuaxanebSi nacionalistma serbebma da xorvatebma bosniaSi moindomes bosniis<br />

gayofa eTni kurad `wminda~ teritoriebad. 1998 wlis martSi regioni SeZra<br />

serbiis mier zurggamagrebulma Zaladobam albaneli umravlesobis winaaRmdeg<br />

kosovos avtonomiur provinciaSi. amgvari teritoriuli ambiciebis da<br />

gauTavebeli eTnikuri emociebis fonze, SeuZlebeli Canda imis warmodgena,<br />

rom bosnia gaagrZeleb da arsebobas erTiani mravaleTnikuri da mravalreligiuri<br />

saxelmwifos saxiT.

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ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

299<br />

srulmasStabiani samoqalaqo omi kosovoSi 1990­iani wlebis bolos daiwyo.<br />

omis mizezi avtonomiis sakiTxi iyo _ kosovoelebi iTxovdnen mas, xolo serbebi<br />

uars acxadebdnen. serbulma Zalebma ar daindes mSvidobiani mosaxleoba,<br />

sistematurad aZevebdnen kosovarebs (albanel serbebs) qveynidan (kosovodan).<br />

im droisTvis, rodesac natos intervenciam sabolood daaCoqa miloSeviCis<br />

mTavroba, milionze meti kosovari (daaxloebiT sami mexuTedi eTnikurad<br />

albaneli mosaxleobisa) ltolvilad iyo qceuli. mSvidoba kosovos<br />

mxolod kosovos gaTavisuflebis armiis gaafTrebuli brZolebis da gaeros<br />

da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis intervenciis Semdeg daubrunda.<br />

brZolebis tkivilian dasasruls Tan axlda Tavsmoxveuli mSvidoba.<br />

gaerom moaxdina sakuTari `droebiTi administraciis~ formireba, natos Zalebi<br />

ki garkveulwilad policiis funqcias asrulebdnen. deklarirebuli<br />

mizani iyo `arsebiTi avtonomia da TviTmmarTveloba~ provinciisTvis. gaeronatos<br />

reJimma ganaiaraRa kosovos gaTavisuflebis armia da dado mcirericxovani<br />

(5 procentiani) serbuli umciresobis ganrisxebuli albanelebis<br />

SurisZiebisa gan dacvis piroba. es piroba srulad ar Sesrulda, ramdenadac<br />

xSiri iyo kosovoSi serbebze Tavdasxmisa da muqaris SemTxvevebi.<br />

saboloo jamSi, gadawyvetilebis miReba ver moxerxda. miloSeviCis xelisuflebaSi<br />

yofnisas gaeros proteqto rats bolo ar uCanda. keTili survilebis<br />

miuxedavad, gaerom kidev erTxel daamtkica, rom ar iyo mzad mmarTvelobis<br />

gansaxorcieleblad. gaeros administracia ar icnobda adgilobriv<br />

Cveulebebs da awydeboda Znelad gadasalax enobriv bariers. natos Zalebi,<br />

romlebmac axla serbebis dacvis rTuli misia ikisres, uflebaSelaxuli kosovarebisgan<br />

mtrul damokidebulebas waawydnen. amavdroulad, Seiqmna institucionaluri<br />

da samarTlebrivi vakuumi, sadac ar arsebobda arc kanoni, arc<br />

sasamarTloebi, arc adgilobrivi policia, raTa gamklavebodnen Cveulebriv<br />

(da arcTu mTlad Cveulebriv) kriminals [(2008 wlis TebervalSi kosovom<br />

damoukidebloba gamoacxada, rac ukve aRiara ramdenime saxelmwifom _<br />

mTargmn. Sen)].<br />

sisxliani diqtatori miloSeviCi sabolood daamxes saprezidento ar­<br />

CevnebSi 2000 wels (igi ecada arCevnebis gayalbebas, magram daamxo saxalxo<br />

opoziciis mZlavrma talRam) [miloSeviCi haagis saerTaSoriso tribunals<br />

gadasces 2001 wels. igi gulis SetviT gardaicvala cixeSi 2006 w. _ mTargmn.<br />

Sen.]. mxolod dro aCvenebs, SeZleben Tu ara miloSeviCis memkvidre (an memkvidreebi)<br />

daubrunon politikuri wesrigi da saerTaSoriso pativiscema<br />

dangreuli ekonomikis mqone am daqucmacebul ers.<br />

siera-leone<br />

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, demokratia sulac ar aris Cveuli ambavi saharis<br />

samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSi. iqac ki, sadac igi TiTqos muSaobda, damarcxda<br />

_ zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sruliad unugeSod. arsad igi ise umowyalod ar damarcxebula,<br />

rogorc siera­leoneSi.<br />

1986 wels siera­leoneSi sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebi gaimarTa da

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300 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

partiam saxelwodebiT `saerTo saxalxo kongresi~ (saxeli marjved iyo Ser­<br />

Ceuli), SearCia 335 kandidati, raTa ebrZola 105 adgilisaTvis. partia Cveulebriv<br />

ayenebda sam konkurents TiToeul adgilze, rac gavrcelebuli praqtikaa<br />

regionis erTpartiul qveynebSi. amrigad, amomrCevlebs siera­leoneSi<br />

faqtobrivad hqondaT meti arCevani _ sul mcire, pirovnebebTan mimarTebaSi<br />

_ vidre amomrCevlebs aSS­is sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebis umravles<br />

SemTxvevaSi.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, siera­leone 1990­ian wlebSi anarqiaSi gadaeSva. 1996<br />

da 1998 wlebs Soris mTavroba oTxjer gamoicvala. Semdeg daiwyo sruli<br />

koSmari da ajanyebulebma (e. w. erTiani revoluciuri frontis wevrebma)<br />

sisxliani areulobebi moawyves. isini itacebdnen patara biWebs da maT seqsualuri<br />

Zaladobis msxverplad da mkvlelebad aqcevdnen. SeuZlebelia,<br />

da arc aris saWiro, aRwero siera­leoneSi momxdari yvela saSineleba. am<br />

qveyanaSi ar Camoyalibebula arc politikuri institutebi da arc samoqalaqo<br />

kultura, rac aucilebelia demokratiis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze, garegnuli demokratiis miRma iniRbeboda<br />

sazogadoeba, romelic nebismier momentSi mzad iyo samoqalaqo Zaladobis<br />

vulkanisebri amofrqvevisaTvis.<br />

avRaneTi<br />

dabolos, yuradRebas SevaCerebT avRaneTze, sadac saerTaSoriso mxardaWeriT<br />

zurggamagrebulma aSS­m moaxdina samxedro intervencia msoflio<br />

savaWro centrsa da pentagonze 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmebis<br />

Semdeg. erT dReSi avRaneTi amerikelebisTvis rukaze ararsebuli<br />

qveynidan iqca qveynad, romelzec yvelaze mets saubroben msoflioSi.<br />

amerikelebma uceb gaiges, rom sastiki banditebis xrova, romelic mokalaTebuli<br />

iyo Talibebis saxelwodebiT cnobil totalitarul reJimSi, daCagrul<br />

da uaRresad gaRatakebul qveyanas gaukuRmarTebuli islamis saxeliT mar­<br />

Tavda. maT aseve gaiges, rom Taliburi reJimi warmoadgenda myudro TavSesafars<br />

osa ma bin ladenisa da misi teroristuli qselis _ al­qaidasTvis. cotas<br />

Tu esmoda istoriuli foni: avRaneTi iyo msoflios erT­erTi yvelaze ufro<br />

disfunqciuri saxelmwifo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi im movlenebamde,<br />

romlebmac uSua lod gamoiwvia avRaneTis miwaze amerikis specialuri Zalebis<br />

Sesvla. 1970 wlamdec ki avRaneTi msoflios erT­erTi uRatakesi qveyana iyo;<br />

mdgomareoba swrafad gauaresda monarqiis damxobis Semdgom ramdenime aTwleulSi.<br />

2001 wels mTeli qveyana nangrevebSi iyo da milionobiT adamiani,<br />

gansakuTrebiT qalebi da bavSvebi, sikvdilis zRvarze cxovrobdnen.<br />

avRaneTSi mravali eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobs, romlebic enaTesavebian<br />

mezobeli qveynebis _ pakistanis, iranis, TurqmeneTis, tajikeTis, uzbeke­<br />

Tisa da CineTis mosaxleobas. udidesi jgufi, puStunebi, mosaxleobis daaxloebiT<br />

40 procents Seadgens (rac 2000 wels 26 milioni iyo). amrigad, qveyanaSi<br />

ar arsebobs umravlesobis jgufi, cxovroben mxolod sxvadasxva zomis

---

ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

301<br />

umciresobebi. avRanelebis daaxloebiT 99 procenti muslimia, aqedan 15<br />

procenti Siitia (msgav sad iranelebis umravlesobisa).<br />

avRaneTi 1747­1973 wlebSi monarqia iyo. rodesac qveyanam daSla daiwyo,<br />

maSinve aSkara gaxda, rom am mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi bevri bzari arsebobda.<br />

sxvadasxva jgufebi ibrZodnen upiratesobis mosapoveblad 1973<br />

wlidan, sanam sabWoTa kavSirma ar gamoitana sabediswero gadawyvetileba<br />

SeWriliyo avRaneTSi misi favoriti dajgufebis (komunistebis) saxeliT.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris avRaneTSi SeWras Sedegad mohyva sastiki da xangrZlivi<br />

omi, damarcxebulma sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari Zalebi sabolood 1989 wels<br />

gaiyvana, aTi wlis damangreveli (da damamcirebeli) brZolebis Semdeg. 1992<br />

wels oponentebma daamxes komunisturi reJimi da xelSi Caigdes Zalaufleba.<br />

rodesac misi vada amoiwura, xelisuflebam uari ganacxada Zalauflebis<br />

daTmobaze, magram Talibebma ieriSi miitanes dedaqalaqze da daaamxes igi<br />

1996 wels. axalma reJimma daamyara totalitaruli Zalaufleba, romelic islamis<br />

enasa da ideebs qadagebda, magram efuZneboda yuranis (wminda werilis)<br />

Tavnebur interpretirebas da SariaTis kanonebs (muslimi sasuliero pirebis,<br />

anu molebis swavlebas). qalebi da gogonebi iZulebulni iyvnen sazogadoebaSi<br />

Cadri etarebinaT da maT aekrZalaT saxlis gareT muSaoba, skolaSi siaruli<br />

da oficialurisagan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis gamoxatva. aikrZala<br />

televizia, filmebi, musika, cekva da `garyvnili~ garTobis sxva elementebi.<br />

SezRuduli iqna TviT bavSvTa TamaSebic ki (presis monacemebis mixedviT, magaliTad,<br />

aikrZala qaRaldis franiT TamaSi).<br />

avRaneTi yvelaze cnobili magaliTia disfunqciuri saxelmwifosi, magram<br />

ara erTaderTi. rogorc misi istoriis bolo sami aTwleuli gviCvenebs,<br />

disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba Zalian saxifaToni aRmoCndnen regionuli<br />

stabilurobisa da TviT msoflio wesrigisTvisac ki. am problemis<br />

gasaRebis povna iseve advilia, rogorc Znelia misi ganxorcieleba: ekonomikuri<br />

da politikuri ganviTareba ukeTes cxovrebas qmnis ZaladobiT, Sim­<br />

SiliT, avadmyofobiT da uimedobiT daCagruli sazogadoebebisaTvis.<br />

ganviTarebis Teoria:<br />

tendenciuri msjeloba?<br />

dasavleTSi ganviTareba da demokratia xSirad sinonimebad ganixileba da<br />

ganviTarebis yvela aspeqti sasurvelad miiCneva. politikuri mecnierebis<br />

ena da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb literatura ufro bevr rames aaSkaravebs. igulisxmeba,<br />

rom ganuviTarebel qveyanas ganviTarebuli sjobia. daukvirdiT<br />

am ukanaskneli terminis antonimebs: sustad ganviTarebeli, naklebad ganvi­<br />

Tarebuli, ganviTarebadi, tradiciuli an CamorCenilic ki. zog jer, politikuri<br />

koreqtulobis mizniT, politologebi termin `premodernulsac~<br />

ki iyeneben ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze myof sazogadoebaTa dasaxasiaTeblad.<br />

amdenad, ganviTarebis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom ganviTareba kargia. amis<br />

mizezi SesaZlebelia isic iyos, rom yvelaze nakleb ganviTarebuli da araTa­

---

302 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

namedrove sazogadoebebi imavdroulad, rogorc wesi, uRaribesebic arian.<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da sazogadoebrvi modernizacia<br />

zogjer politikur demokratiasTanac asocirdeba.<br />

Tuki asea, maSin ismis kiTxva: arian ki Tanamedrove moqalaqeebi industriulad<br />

ganviTarebul eri­saxelmwifoebSi ufro bednierni, vidre afrikuli<br />

tomis wevrebi, romlebic SedarebiT ioli cxovrebiT cxovroben, romelTa<br />

moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia tomis mier (im Temis mier, romelSic<br />

cxovroben) da romelTa religiur da metafizikur SekiTxvebs calsaxa pasuxebi<br />

gaaCnia Taobidan Taobaze gadacemuli rwmenebis safuZvelze? daxvewili<br />

medasavleTeebi amgvar cxovrebasA primitiulad da CamorCenilad miiCneven.<br />

maTi azriT crurwmenebi, miTebi da warsulis mkvdari xeli aferxebs<br />

rogorc individebis, aseve sazogadoebis ganviTarebas.<br />

magram zogierTi kritikosi aRniSnavs, rom diskusiebi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb<br />

xSirad ar scdeba dasavluri yaidis ganviTarebis qebas da adanaSaulebs<br />

dasavlel eqspertebs eTnocentrizmSi. 22 sinamdvileSi, dasavleli<br />

filosofosebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ebrZodnen am problemas. 1750 wels<br />

frangi filosofosi Jan Jak ruso werda: `Cveni sulebi damaxinjebulia mecnierebisa<br />

da xelovnebis srulyofisaken Cveni swrafvis Sesabamisad~. 23 rusos<br />

politikuri filosofia efuZneba ideas, rom Tanamedrove civilizaciam<br />

ufro gamofita, vidre gaamdidra Cveni adamianuri buneba. udavoa, rom ganviTarebad<br />

qveynebSi bevri adamiani, romelic iZulebuli iqna mietovebina<br />

sofeli da SeCveoda qalaqis cxovrebis cvalebadobas (xSirad WuWyian jur­<br />

RmulebSi), daeTanxmeboda am ideas.<br />

WarbganviTareba: kapitalizmis patara<br />

binZuri saidumlo<br />

dasawyisSi Cven gamovTqviT varaudi, rom ganviTareba mxolod dasavleTsa<br />

da mis farglebs myof erTeul qveynebSi ar xdeba. yvela sazogadoeba<br />

mudmivi cvlilebebis procesSia, isini ganicdian an aRmavlobas, an dacemas,<br />

magram erTi ram cxadia: isini arasdros iyinebian erT adgilze. sazogadoebebi<br />

sxvadasxva gziT, tempiT da sxvadasaxva dros viTardebian. Tanamedrove<br />

epoqaSi, dasavlur ma sazogadoebebma pirvelebma gaikvlies gza _ isini ganviTardnen<br />

ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri ganviTarebis paralelurad,<br />

ganaviTares politikuri institutebi. maT am perspeqtivaSi, ganviTareba<br />

Tanamedrove gagebiT, warmoadgenda bunebriv process, romlis saTavec am<br />

sazogadoebebSia. ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis xSirad sapirispirod xdeba:<br />

ganviTareba ucxo procesia, romelic saTaves garedan iRebs (anu msoflios<br />

sabazro Zalebisgan, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis zewolisgan, ucxouri<br />

kapitalidan, romelic iaf samuSao Zalas eZebs da a. S.).<br />

amdenad, ganviTareba dasavleTSi zogadad naklebad damangreveli iyo, vidre<br />

mesame samyaros bevr qveyanaSi. magram ganviTarebis istoria ar mTavrdeba<br />

postindustriuli periodis mosvliT. dasavlurma sazogadoebebma gaiares

---

ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

303<br />

ganviTarebis agraruli da industriuli safexurebi da Seqmnes maRalteqnologiuri<br />

ekonomikebi, romlebic momxmarebels sTavazoben komerciuli<br />

da finansuri servisebis farTo speqtrs (ra Tqma unda, es qveynebi kvlavac<br />

CarTulni arian soflis meurneobaSi, madneulis mopovebasa da mrewvelobaSi,<br />

magram ekonomikis es seqtorebi daCrdila maRalteqnologiuri produqciis<br />

mniSvnelobam, maT Soris kompiuterulma programebma, finansurma servisebma,<br />

mecnierebasa da kvlevaze dafuZnebulma produqciam, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />

medikamentebis warmoeba da sxva). es axali produqtebi cxovrebis axal xarisxs<br />

qmnis momxmareblebisaTvis, magram am yvelafers Tan sdevs gverdiTi efeqtebic:<br />

transportis sacobebi, qalaqis gadaWedva, atmosferos dabinZureba<br />

da xmauri, stresuli daavadebebi, ojaxebis dangrevis maRali maCveneblebi,<br />

narkomania, Zaladobrivi kriminalis zrda, gadaWarbebuli moxmareba, qalaqebis<br />

uzomod zrda, energiis ukmarisoba (mag. kaliforniaSi), narCenebis<br />

ganadgurebis problema, miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZureba, toqsikuri wvimebi,<br />

globaluri daTboba, ozonis fenaSi xvrelebis gaCena, mcenareTa da cxovel­<br />

Ta uamravi saxeobis ganadgureba da bevri sxva boroteba, rac, Cveulebriv,<br />

ganviTarebis Tanmdevi movlenebia.<br />

postindustriuli qveynebis winaSe mdgari am problemebidan mxolod zogierTis<br />

dasaxelebac ki gviCvenebs, rom ganviTarebis maRal safexurebs Tavisi<br />

sirTuleebi gaaCnia. es sirTuleebi sxvadasxvagvaria, magram yvela Tavisebur<br />

safrTxes Seicavs. kargi iqneboda, Tu WarbganviTarebuli qveynebi _<br />

is qveynebi, sadac ganviTarebam gaaswro sazogadoebis SesaZleblobebs gamklavebodnen<br />

aCqarebuli tempis teqnologiuri da socialuri cvlilebebis<br />

Tanmdev arasasurvel gverdiT efeqtebs _ met yuradRebas dauTmobdnen maT<br />

winaSe mdgar problemebs, da ara ganuviTarebeli qveynebis aRzrda­swavlebas<br />

_ ra da rogor gaakeTon.<br />

daskvna<br />

ganviTarebad qveynebs ase imitom uwodeben, rom isini ekonomikurad naklebad<br />

ganviTarebulni da naklebad modernizebulni arian, vidre dasavluri<br />

liberaluri demokratiebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia ganviTarebadi<br />

qveynebis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo niSnebis gamoyofa (magaliTad, siRaribe,<br />

Sobado bis maRali maCveneblebi, soflis meurneobis wamyvani roli),<br />

es qveyneba uaRresad mravalferovania. ganviTarebadi qveynebis istoriuli<br />

memkvidreoba _ gansakuTrebiT evropuli kolonializmi – Raribi samxreTis<br />

gaunelebeli aRSfoTebis mizezia mdidari CrdiloeTis mimarT. am istoriuli<br />

memkvidreobis nawilia arajansaRi politikuri ruka: sazRvrebi xSirad ar<br />

asaxavs adgilobriv eTnikur, religiur da tomobriv danawilebas da amrigad,<br />

politikuri arastabilurobis, maT Soris ajanyebebis, samoqalaqo omebis da<br />

genocidis mizezic ki xdeba.<br />

politikuri ganviTareba qveynis liderebisgan moiTxovs mosaxleobis

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304 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

war matebul gaerTianebas (eris mSenebloba), xelisuflebis iseTi institutebis<br />

Seqmnas, romlebic asaxaven xalxis nebas (saxelmwifos mSenebloba),<br />

moqalaqeTa monawileobis uzrunvelyofas da simdidris, Zalauflebisa da<br />

sakuTrebis samarTliani ganawilebis xelSewyobas. konkretulad, politikuri<br />

ganviTareba moiTxovs, rom mTavrobam marTos efeqtianad da moxdes<br />

xelisuflebebis um­tkivneulo cvlilebebi. rogorc wesi, politikuri ganviTareba<br />

aseve gulisxmobs progress demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimar­<br />

TulebiTac. demokratia ganviTarebad qveynebSi dakavSirebulia garkveuli<br />

ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialuri da qceviTi pirobebis arsebobasTan.<br />

demokratiuli reformebis gasatareblad, erma an politikuri, an ekonomikuri<br />

reformebis ganxorcieleba unda daiwyos, magram ekonomikuri reformebis<br />

pirveladobis strategia ufro metad ralur perspeqtivebs qmnis<br />

demokratiis warmatebisTvis. 1974­dan 1990 wlamde mravali ganviTarebadi<br />

eri gaxda demokratiuli, magram es tendencia Seqcevadia.<br />

ganviTareba SesaZloa rTuli amocana iyos. ganviTarebisaken mimarTuli<br />

programebis gatarebisas erebi motivirebulni arian ekonomikuri siZneleebiT,<br />

politikuri qiSpobiT da maRali molodinebiT, Tumca am procesSi maT<br />

mniSvnelovani barierebi eRobebaT win. maTi mosaxleoba xSirad socialurad<br />

fragmentirebulia, individebi fsiqologiurad Zlier damokidebulni arian<br />

tradiciebze da xSirad ewinaaRmdegebian cvlilebebs. ekonomikaSi arsebuli<br />

problema uamravia _ vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebi, didi ucxouri vali,<br />

mosaxleobis swrafi zrda, teqnologiebis dabali done, miwis nakveTebis ganawileba,<br />

mkacri bunebrivi pirobebi da a.S. rodesac politikuri liderebi<br />

ver axerxeben warmatebiT daakmayofilon ganviTarebis socialuri, ekonomikuri<br />

da politikuri moTxovnebi (mraval mizezTa gamo), ganviTareba wydeba<br />

da erebSi ganxeTqilebebi iwyeba.<br />

zogierTi sazogadoeba ganviTarebis nacvlad dakninebisa da daSlis msxverpli<br />

xdeba. amis bolodroindeli magaliTebia somali, iugoslavia, siera­<br />

leone da avRaneTi. sabWoTa kavSiri da bevri sxva qveyanac gamodgeba daSlis<br />

da daqveiTebis magaliTad.<br />

WarbganviTareba (ganuviTareblobis sapirispirod) warmoadgens problemas,<br />

romelic bevr dasavlur sazogadoebas awuxebs. Tanamedrove diskusiebi<br />

ganviTarebis Temaze upiratesad ganviTarebis qeba­didebas warmoadgens,<br />

Tumca mi si aserigad sasurveloba SeiZleba eWvqveS dadges.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

pirveli samyaro<br />

meore samyaro<br />

mesame samyaro<br />

kolonializmi<br />

araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba<br />

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba<br />

politikuri ganviTareba<br />

eris mSenebloba<br />

saxelmwifos mSenebloba<br />

politikuri SeRweva<br />

monawileoba

---

patron­klienturi urTierTobebi<br />

demokratiis korelatebi<br />

`glastnost~­is pirveladobis<br />

modeli<br />

`perestroik~­is pirveladobis<br />

modeli<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

ganviTarebadi qveynebi<br />

mzardi molodinebis revolucia<br />

mozaikuri sazogadoebebi<br />

tradiciuli sazogadoebebi<br />

askriptiuli sazogadoebebi<br />

mwvane revolucia<br />

eTnikuri wmenda<br />

deitonis SeTanxmebebi<br />

305<br />

1. ra aris e. w. mesame samyaros ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi? rogor ukavSirdeba<br />

es maxasiaTeblebi ganviTarebis process?<br />

2. daasaxeleT demokratiis korelatebi. axseniT, ramdenad marTebulia analizis<br />

amgvari mimarTuleba.<br />

3. ra aris modernizaciis miznebi? ra uSlis xels mas?<br />

4. mivyavarT Tu ara ganviTarebas yovelTvis demokratiisken? Tu piriqiT?<br />

moitaneT magaliTebi.<br />

5. ra dabrkolebebi eRobeba ganviTarebas? Tu ganviTareba ase Znelia, ratom<br />

eswrafvian mas?<br />

6. rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs ganviTareba da daknineba? Cerdebian Tu<br />

ara saxelmwifoebi da sazogadoebebi odesme erT adgilze? axseniT.<br />

7. daasaxeleT oTxi disfunqciuri saxelmwifo da erT­erTi maTganis magaliTze<br />

aRwereT disfunqciuri saxelmwifos buneba.<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

1. es monacemebi WeSmaritia klasifikaciis TiTqmis yvela sistemis<br />

mixedviT, Tumca CineTis ganviTarebad qveynad CaTvla/arCaTvla mniSvnelovnad<br />

imoqmedebs zust maCveneblebze. Cvens cxrilSi CineTi ganviTarebad<br />

qveynad aris miCneuli.<br />

2. John Allen, Student Atlas of World Politics (Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, 1994),<br />

16. tailands maSin siami ewodeboda, irans ki sparseTi.<br />

3. iqve, 17. Tumca, Tanamedrove politikis, gansakuTrebiT ki yofili iugoslaviis,<br />

cvalebadobis gamo es maCvenebeli Zalze aramyaria.<br />

4. rogorc aRniSnavs Robert Clark, Power and Politics in the Third World, 4th<br />

ed. (New York: Macmullian, 1991), 26.<br />

5. ix. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies: (New<br />

Yaork: Norton, 1997).<br />

6. am sakiTxebs sazogadod esmeba xazi literaturaSi. ix. James A. Bill da

---

306<br />

Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi<br />

Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr, Comparative Politics: The Quest fir Theory (Websterville,<br />

Ohio: Merrill, 1973), 70-71.<br />

7. magaliTisaTvis ix. Seymour Lipset, Political man: The Social gases of Democracy<br />

(Garden City. N.Y. Doubleday, 1983); Tatu Vanhamen, The Process<br />

of Democratization: A Comperative Study of 147 States, 1980-1988 (Bristol, Pa:<br />

Taylor & Francis, 1990); da Samuel P. Huntington, “Will More countries Become<br />

Democratic?” Political Science Quarterly 99 (1984): 193-218. aseve sainteresoa<br />

Thomas Scanton, “Democracy’s Fragile Flower Spreads Its Roots”,<br />

Time, July 13, 1987.10-11. amgvar korelatebze dafuZnebul, demokratiis<br />

optimistur xedvas gvTavazobs Carl Garsman, “Democracy as the Wave of<br />

the Future: World Revolution”, Current, (May 1989): 18-23. aseve ix. Morton<br />

Kondracke, “Freedom Bummer”, New Republic, November 26, 1990, 21-24.<br />

8. Gershman “Democracy as the Wave of the Future”, 23.<br />

9. Vanhamen, Process of Democratization, 51-65.<br />

10. ix. Kondracke, ”Freedom Bummer,~ 23<br />

11. Samuel Hantington `How Countries Democratize”, Political Science Quarterly<br />

106, (1991-1992): 579.<br />

12. magaliTisaTvis ix. Robert M. Press “Africa’s Strugle for for Democracy”,<br />

Christian Science Monitor, March 21, 1991, 7; da Kennet B. Noble, “Despots<br />

Dwindle as Reform Alters Face of Africa”, New York Times, April 13, 1991, 1.<br />

13. rogorc aRniSnavs Thomas R. Lansner “Out of Africa”, Wall Street Journal,<br />

December 10, 1996. A18.<br />

14. Huntington, “How Countries Democratize”, 12.<br />

15. Cveulebriv, mesame samyaros qveynebis mier. ukanaskneli periodis<br />

mniSvne lovani gamonaklisi iyo 1991 wlis dasawyisSi SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis winamZRolobiT gaerTianebuli erebis jarebisa da erays Soris<br />

omi.<br />

16. Jean Herskovits, “Nigeria: Power and Democracy in Africa”, Headline Series<br />

527 (January-February 1982): 18.<br />

17. Vyvyan Tenorio, “Sri Lanka Process at Delicate point”, Cristian Science Monitor,<br />

September 2, 1986,11.<br />

18. Robert E. Gamer, Developing Nations: A Comparative Perspective, 2nd ed.<br />

(Dubuque, Lowa: William C Brown, 1982), 312-314.<br />

19. Samuel Huntington, "Political Development and Political Decay," Worlds Politics<br />

17 (April 1965): 386-430.<br />

20. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.:<br />

Yale University Press, 1968), 35.<br />

21. Robert G. Wesson, Communism and Communist Systems (Englewood Cliffs,<br />

N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978), 172-173.<br />

22. magaliTisaTvis ix. Bill and Hardgrave, Comparative Politics, 58-59.<br />

23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “The First Discourse,” wignSi The First and Second<br />

Discourses, red. Roger D. Masters (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964), 39.

---

n a w i l i I I I<br />

politikis<br />

samoqalaqo<br />

ganzomileba<br />

Tavi IX<br />

politikuri socializacia:<br />

moqalaqis Gamoyalibeba<br />

Tavi X<br />

politikuri monawileoba:<br />

gavlenis safasuri<br />

Tavi XI politikuri<br />

lideroba: Zalauflebis<br />

mravalsaxeoba<br />

Tavi XII sazogadoebrivi<br />

keTildReobis zRublze:<br />

ideologiebi da izmebi<br />

Tavi XIII sajaro politikis<br />

problemebi:<br />

principebi, prioritetebi<br />

da praqtika<br />

307

---

308

---

Tavi IX<br />

politikuri<br />

socializacia<br />

moqalaqis<br />

Gamoyalibeba<br />

kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba<br />

sapirispiro ganmartebebi<br />

klasikuri xedva<br />

politikuri socializacia<br />

ojaxi<br />

Tanatolebi<br />

masmedia<br />

kanoni<br />

ZiriTadi politikuri Rire­<br />

bulebebi: rogor vipovoT oqros<br />

Sualedi?<br />

politikuri socializaciis marcxi<br />

309

---

310 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

1932 welia. sabWoTa kavSiri sakvebis saSinel naklebobas ganicdis, milionobiT<br />

adamiani SimSilobs. ioseb stalinma, komunisturi partiis liderma<br />

da sabWoTa xelisuflebis Tavkacma, wamoiwyo sabWoTa soflis meurneobis<br />

Zirfesviani reorganizacia, rac miwaTmflobelTa mTeli socialuri klasis<br />

(kulakebis) mospobasa da mTliani miwebis koleqtivizacias gulisxmobda<br />

_ amieridan miwis yoveli nakveTi da masze moweuli produqti saxelmwifos<br />

ekuTvnis. imisaTvis, rom ar momxdariyo aw ukve saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi<br />

arsebuli qonebis qurdoba, sabWoTa xelisuflebam SemoiRo kanoni, romli­<br />

Tac TiToeul glexs aekrZala piradi moxmarebisaTvis marcvlelulis nebismieri<br />

raodenobis miTviseba. am kanonis gavleniT, patara biWma mamamisi marcvleulis<br />

damalvisaTvis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan daasmina. mama<br />

saxelmwifo qonebis qurdobis gamo daxvrites. amis Semdeg didi dro ar gasula<br />

da glexebis jgufma, romelsac am biWis saqcieliT ganrisxebuli biZa winamZRolobda,<br />

igi sicocxles gamoasalma. xelisuflebam, romelic SemTxvevas<br />

sruliad gansxvavebuli kuTxiT ganixilavda, biWi tanjul gmirad Seracxa.<br />

kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba<br />

stalini am patara biWs samagaliTo moqalaqed, gmirad miiCnevda. is faqti,<br />

rom sakuTari mamis damsmeni bavSvi SeiZleba karg moqalaqed CaTvliliyo,<br />

miuTiTebs gansxvavebaze romelic pirvelad aristotelem aRniSna: karg moqalaqes<br />

gansazRvravs kanonebi, reJimebi da wesebi, magram kargi pirovnebis<br />

zneob­rivi saxe (da universaluri Tvisebebi) myaria da nebismieri politikuri<br />

reJimis moTxovnebze maRla dgas. 1 amrigad, kargi moqalaqeoba gulisxmobs<br />

saxelmwifoSi da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli wesebis, normebisa da molodinis<br />

Tanaxmad moqcevas. magram kargi moqalaqeobis arsebuli kriteriumebi,<br />

SesaZloa, Zlier gansxvavdebodes (da es asecaa) sxvadasxva erSi. 1930­iani<br />

wlebis sabWoTa ruseTSi kargi moqalaqe iyo is, vinc, upirveles yovlisa, komunisturi<br />

partiis erTguli iyo. kargi moqalaqeobis sazomi totalitarul<br />

saxelmwifoSi aseTia: kargi moqalaqe mzad unda iyos politikuri xelisuflebis<br />

nebas (brZanebas) dauqvemdebaros yovelgvari piradi Sexedulebebi da<br />

ojaxis erTgulebac ki, da mihyves diqtatoris neba­survils, saiTac ar unda<br />

iyos igi mimarTuli. konstituciur demokratiebSi arsebuli moqalaqeobis<br />

standartebi mkveTrad gansxvavebulia: waxalisebuli da daculia pirovnebis<br />

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, daemorCilon saku ­Tar sindiss da<br />

gamoxaton Tavisi mosazrebebi.<br />

maSin, rodesac abstraqtuli kargi moqalaqisadmi arsebuli moTxovnebi<br />

(romlebsac yovelTvis saxelmwifo gansazRvravs) upirispirdeba realuri<br />

adamianebis (moqalaqeebis, rogorc keTili da TanamgrZnobi<br />

adamianebis)zneobriv orientirebs da sadac saxelmwifo cdilobs mospos<br />

gansxvaveba am ors Soris, warmoiSoba seriozuli Teoriuli da praqtikuli<br />

saxis problemebi. rodis wyvets adamiani namdvil moqalaqed yofnas da iqceva<br />

ubralo, rigiT subieqtad, SeiZleba monadac ki? adamiani saxelmwifos<br />

emorCileba Tu sakuTari sindisis karnaxs?

---

politikuri socializacia<br />

311<br />

istoriis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva zneobrivi mrwamsis adamianebi iCemebdnen<br />

sazogadoebis karg moqalaqeobas. moqalaqis zneobriv saxes da mmarTvelobis<br />

sxvadasxva formas Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiri xazs usvams<br />

(aZlierebs) aristoteles mosazrebas, rom politikuri sistemis WeSmariti<br />

sazomi is moqalaqea, romelsac igi ayalibebs. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, kargi<br />

saxelmwifo isaa, romlis sanimuSo moqalaqe kargi pirovnebacaa; cudia saxelmwifo,<br />

romlis sanimuSo moqalaqe ise emorCileba brZanebas, rom Tavs ar<br />

iwuxebs keTilisa da borotis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze pasuxiT. raoden martivic<br />

ar unda iyos amgvari formulireba, igi mniSvnelovan mosazrebas gvTavazobs<br />

mmarTvelobasa da moqalaqes Soris urTierTobaze da magaliTad, imazec<br />

miuTiTebs, rom samoqalaqo saTnoe ba (sazogadoebrivi zneoba) ganuyofelia<br />

individualuri keTilsindisierebisagan (piradi moraluri principebisagan).<br />

sapirispiro ganmartebebi<br />

gasakviri araa, rom sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis gansxvavebuli<br />

definiciaa miRebuli. bevr avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi adamianebis<br />

moqalaqeebad kvalificireba mxolod am sityvis Zalian viwro gagebiT<br />

SeiZle ba, anu isini cxovroben romeliRac konkretuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze<br />

da mis kanonebs emorCilebian. aseTi saxelmwifos da moqalaqis<br />

urTierToba calmxrivi moZraobis quCas hgavs: rogorc rigiTi moqalaqeebi,<br />

isini ar monawileoben imis gadawyvetaSi, vin da rogor marTavs (maSinac<br />

ki, rodesac isini arCevnebSi mona wileoben). zogadad, Tuki isini sistemis<br />

mimarT damTmobni arian, mTavroba maT ar awuxebs.<br />

gansxvavebiT amisagan, totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, romlebSic xelisufleba<br />

cdilobs Secvalos sazogadoeba da axali tipis moqalaqe Camoayalibos,<br />

adamianebi iZulebuli arian CaerTon politikur sistemaSi. Tumca,<br />

moqalaqis poziciidan msgavs monawileobas azri ara aqvs, radgan es ar aris<br />

nebayoflobiTi da gulisxmobs valdebulebebs Sesabamisi uflebebis gareSe.<br />

kargi moqalaqeo ­bis ganmsazRvrelia erTguleba da fanatizmi, ramac SeiZleba<br />

aiZulos isini maTTvis moralurad miuRebeli brZanebebic ki Seasrulon.<br />

demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, adamianebi moqalaqeobas sul sxvagvarad<br />

ganmartaven. dawyebiT skolaSi karg moqalaqed iTvleba is mowafe, romelic<br />

karg magaliTs iZleva, pativs scems sxvebs, wesierad iqceva da davalebebs<br />

droze asrulebs. mozrdilebi karg moqalaqeebad iTvlebian, Tuki seriozulad<br />

ekidebian moqalaqeobriv valdebulebebs, icaven kanonebs, ixdian<br />

gadasaxadebs da regularulad monawileoben arCevnebSi. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi<br />

kargi moqalaqeobis definicia kanonebSia mocemuli, kanonebs ki<br />

kanonmdeblebi weren, romel Tac xalxi irCevs _ sxva sityvebiT, WeSmariti<br />

respublika Slis, spobs (an amcirebs mainc) daZabulobas moqalaqeobasa da<br />

sindiss Soris.<br />

bevri adamiani, libertarianelebis CaTvliT, amtkicebs, rom moqalaqeobis<br />

arsi individualur uflebebsa da pirad TavisuflebaSia. amerikis<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi moqalaqeobisadmi formaluri moTxovnebi minim­

---

312 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

aluria, moqalaqeobis uparatesobebi ki iseTi, rom msoflioSi nebismier<br />

adamians SeSurdeba (amitomac, aSS­Si imigrantebis uwyveti nakadia aSS­dan<br />

sxva qveynebSi moqalaqeTa mcire gadinebis fonze). meToTxmete Sesworebis<br />

Tanaxmad, `yvela piri, romelic dabadebulia an naturalizebulia amerikis<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi da mis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeba, aris moqalaqe amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebisa da im Statisa, romel Sic cxovrobs~. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

am qveyanaSi moqalaqeoba gansazRvrulia/ganmar tebulia konstituciiT.<br />

aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeebi moqalaqeobis<br />

armqoneTagan imis mixedviT ki ar arian gamorCeuli, ras akeTeben an<br />

adre ra aqvT gakeTebuli, aramed, ubralod, dabadebis adgilis mixedviT. amis<br />

safuZveli ki isaa, rom Tu erTxel gaxdi moqalaqe, sul iqnebi moqalaqe, Tuki<br />

raime gansakuTrebuli danaSauli ar Caidine (rogoricaa Ralati) an nebayoflobiT<br />

ar Tqvi uari moqalaqeobaze. mSvidobis dros amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebis moqalaqe obis miRebaze arsebuli moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi, sakmaod<br />

sustia.<br />

klasikuri xedva<br />

SesaZloa moqalaqeobis minimalisturi xedva sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom<br />

erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT `Sinaurebi da `ucxoebi~, magram is ar iTvaliswinebs<br />

erTi koncefciis WeSmarit arss, romelsac dasavlur civilizaciaSi<br />

didi xnis ganmav­lobaSi gansakuTrebul pativs scmdnen. Zveli berZnebisTvis<br />

moqalaqeoba mxolod nawilobriv iyo dakavSirebuli dabadebis faqtsa da<br />

politikur geografiasTan; moqalaqeobis umniSvnelovanes kriteriums warmoadgenda<br />

sazogadoebis sajaro saqmeebSi seriozuli da uangaro monawileoba.<br />

aristoteles miaCnda, rom `moqalaqis cnebas yvelaze ukeT gansazRvravs<br />

sasamarTlosa da saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba~. 2 aristotelesdroindeli<br />

aTeni patara politikuri sazogadoeba, qalaqi­saxelmwifo<br />

iyo, romelSic moqalaqeTa proporciulad did nawils miniWebuli hqonda<br />

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis ufleba. moqalaqeoba iyo pativi,<br />

romlis saSualebiTac saTanado mondomebisa da ganaTlebis mqone Tavisufali<br />

adamianebi marTavdnen sxva Tavisufal adamianebs, TviTon ki imarTebodnen<br />

maT mier da amiT emsaxurebodnen winsvlas, sazogadoebriv wes ­<br />

rig sa da keTildReobas.<br />

meTvramete saukunis evropaSi berZnuli ideali modernizebuli formiT<br />

xelaxla gacocxlda. moqalaqe iqca terminad, romliTac axasiaTebdnen imaT,<br />

vinc ibrZoda uflebisaTvis, TxovniT miemarTa an eCivla mTavrobisaTvis.<br />

moqalaqeebs ganasxvavebdnen monebisagan, romelTac qonebad Tvlidnen da<br />

moTxovnebi da uflebebi ar SeiZleba hqonodaT. moqalaqeebi gansxvavdebodnen<br />

aseve qveSevrdomebisagan (vasali), romelTa pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

valdebuleba xelmwifis erTguleba da morCileba iyo. germaneli<br />

filosofosis imanuel kantis (1724­1804ww.) mixedviT, moqalaqeebs, monebisa<br />

da qveSevrdomebisagan gansxvavebiT, hqondaT konstituciuri Tavisufleba<br />

anu ufleba, damorCilebodnen mxolod kanonebs, romlebzec maT sakuTari

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politikuri socializacia<br />

313<br />

Tanxmoba hqondaT micemuli. kanti aseve amtkicebda, rom moqalaqeebs hqondaT<br />

samoqalaqo Tanasworoba da politikuri damoukidebloba. pirveli<br />

aTavisuflebda maT im kanonisa Tu wesisgan, romelic avaldebulebda Tavis<br />

Soris ufrosi eRiarebinaT, meore ki imis aRmniSvneli iyo, rom pirovnebis<br />

politikuri statusi fundamenturi uflebeb i dan gamomdinareobda da ara<br />

vinmes nebidan. 3<br />

moqalaqeobis cnebis aSkarad ganuyofeli nawili yovelTvis iyo pirovnuli<br />

Rirsebis idea. moqalaqes unda moqceodnen rogorc Tavisufal da Tanaswor<br />

pirovnebas, romelsac unari Seswevs gansazRvros, ra Sedis mis intereseb­<br />

Si. moqalaqeebi sxvebs ar unda emarTaT TviTneburad (despoturad); rogorc<br />

gonieri arsebebi, isini imsaxureben pativiscemiT mopyrobas. moqalaqeobis<br />

am idealTan yvelaze axlos respublikuri mmarTveloba mivida. sabolood,<br />

rogorc kanti da meTvramete saukunis sxva moazrovneebi aRiarebdnen, moqalaqeobisagan<br />

ganu yofeli Tavisufleba da Rirseba mxolod respublikuri<br />

mmarTvelobisas ganmtkicdeboda da aseTi mmarTveloba ki funqcionirebas<br />

SeZlebda mxolod maSin, Tuki misi rigiTi wevrebi gaiazrebdnen da gasaqans<br />

miscemdnen moqalaqeobis valdebulebebs.<br />

amJamad ukve gacilebiT meti adamiani kanonierad iwonebs Tavs `moqalaqeobiT~<br />

ara marto msoflio masStabiT, aramed calkeul qveynebSic. magaliTad,<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, rasobriv umciresobebs, qalebs da<br />

qonebis armqone pirebs mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi uxdebodaT brZola ar­<br />

CevnebSi monawi leobis uflebisa da sakuTari samoqalaqo uflebebis kanonis<br />

farglebSi dasa cavad. es procesi ar mimdinareobda Secdomebisa da Cavardnebis<br />

gareSe. ga izar da ra mo qalaqeTa (da saerTod adamianebis) raodenoba,<br />

ufro rTuli gaxda efeqturi politikuri monawileobac: gaZlierda zemoqmedeba<br />

mTavrobazec, raTa man uzrunvelyos samoqalaqo ganaTleba da<br />

socialuri garemo, rac imisaTvisaa aucilebeli, rom yvela moqalaqem Se­<br />

Zlos Tavisi uflebebis saTanadod dacva. Zvel aTenSi, qalaqis SedarebiT<br />

mcire zomisa da moqalaqeTa mci re raodenobis gamo (monebi da qalebi moqalaqeebad<br />

ar iTvlebodnen), nebismi er moqalaqes SeeZlo daekavebina saxelmwifo<br />

Tanamdeboba da aqtiuri monawileo ba mieRo kanonebisa da politikis<br />

CamoyalibebaSi. mzard erebSi, milionobiT moqalaqiT, sadac TiTqmis yvela<br />

srulwlovans moqalaqis statusi aqvs, Sinaarsiani da efeqtiani monawileoba<br />

xSirad miuwvdomel idealad rCeba.<br />

politikuri socializacia<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom moqalaqeobis zust ganmartebaze SeiZleba vikama ToT,<br />

zogadad yvela aRiarebs: karg moqalaqed ki ar ibadebian, aramed yalibdebian.<br />

bavSvebi xdebian pasuxismgeblobiT aRWurvili moqalaqeebi sxvadasxva gavlenisa<br />

da institutis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad; esaa ojaxi, religia, skola,<br />

Tanatolebi, masmedia da kanoni, romlebic uyalibeben moqalaqis valdebulebisa<br />

da sakuTari Tavis rwmenis SegrZnebas. socializacia ewodeba pro­

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314 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

cess, rom li Tac adamiani iZulebuli xdeba ifiqros da imoqmedos sazogadoebrivad<br />

mi saRe bi formiT.<br />

politikuri socializacia aris procesi, romelSic moqalaqes uyalibdeba<br />

Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi da azrebi, romelTa saSualebiTac maT SeuZliaT<br />

politikur sistemas daexmaron. 4 yoveli TviTkmari sazogadoeba moqalaqeebs<br />

Caunergavs garkveul ZiriTad Rirebulebebs. eWvgareSea, nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis<br />

aucilebeli saSeni masala (aguri) saerTo Sexedulebebia. iseTi Seudrekeli<br />

individualistic ki, rogoric ingliseli filosofosi jon stiuart<br />

mili iyo (1806­1873ww.), acnobierebda, rom loialobis da erTgulebis moqalaqeobrivi<br />

grZnoba `SeiZleba sxvadasxva obieqts Seexebodes da mmarTvelobis<br />

romelime erT formaze ar iyos mijaWvuli; magram demokratiasa Tu monarqiaSi<br />

misi arsi yovelTvis isaa,… rom saxelwifos konstituciaSi aris raRac gansaz­<br />

Rvruli, samudamo, rac eWvs ar iwvevs, rasac sayovelTao SeTanxmebis safuZvelze,<br />

aqvs ufleba iyos iq, sadac aris da rac ar unda Seicvalos, iyos daculi<br />

da xeluxlebeli~. 5<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, verc erTi xelisufleba, ra legitimuric ar unda<br />

iyos igi, ver miscems Tavs uflebas ugulebelyos moqalaqeTa mier politikuri<br />

Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebis gza. es procesi ojaxSi iwyeba.<br />

ojaxi<br />

ojaxi axdens pirvelad da yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas pirovnuli (individualuri)<br />

Rirebulebebis formirebaze. sxvadasxva politikuri reJimi<br />

sxvadasxvagvarad ganixilavs ojaxs. zogierTi mTavroba mxarSi udgas da<br />

mfar velobs ojaxs; sxva reJimebi gulgrili arian mis mimarT; zogierTi cdilobs<br />

mas niadagi gamoacalos, radganac ojaxuri kavSirebidan gamomdinare<br />

siyvarulsa da erTgulebas saxelmwifosaTvis ZirgamomTxrelad miiCnevs.<br />

miuxedavad am gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebisa, yvela mTavroba aRiarebs<br />

ojaxis mniSvnelo bas socializaciis procesSi.<br />

im erebmac ki, romlebic Riad aRiareben tradiciul ojaxur Rirebulebebs,<br />

SeiZleba ver moaxerxon sazogadoebaSi misi warmatebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />

magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1960­iani wlebis Semdeg martoxela<br />

mSoblebTan mcxovrebi bavSvebis ricxvi, ganqorwinebebisa da martoxela<br />

qalebs Soris Sobadobis zrdis Sedegad, sagrZnoblad gaizarda (ix. sqema 9­<br />

1). Tu 1970 wels axalSobilTa daaxloebiT 12 procenti modioda martoxela<br />

qalebze, 1996 wlisaTvis igi 33%­s miuaxlovda. zogierT SemTxvevaSi bavSvis<br />

mamisagan mitovebuli deda iZulebulia marto itvirTos bavSvis movlisa<br />

da ojaxis patronobis mZime tvirTi. orsuloba TineijerebSi (mozardebSi),<br />

siRaribe da ganaTlebis dabali done pirdapir kavSirSia amgvar danawevrebul<br />

ojaxebTan. problemis gamo izrdeba socialuri uzrunvelyofis xarjebi,<br />

magaliTad `gaWirvebuli ojaxebis droebiTi daxmarebis~ da sakvebze<br />

talonebis programebis meSveobiT.

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politikuri socializacia<br />

315<br />

sqema 9-1. martoxela ojaxebSi mcxovrebi amerikeli bavSvebi, 1960­95ww wyaro:<br />

“Keeping Track”, New York Times, 20 ivlisi, 1994, A7.<br />

momavalSi mosalodnelia problemiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />

xarjebis sagrZnobi zrda. rogorc kvlevebi adasturebs, martoxela<br />

mSoblis mier gazrdil bavSvebs skolidan garicxvis, kriminalTa da<br />

narkotikebis momxmarebelTa wreSi moxvedris, ara Tavisi specialobiT muSaobis<br />

da siRaribeSi darCenis, mozrdilobaSi ki uiRblo piradi kavSirebis<br />

da uiRblo ojaxebis Seqmnis ufro realuri riski emuqrebaT, vidre orive<br />

mSobelTan aRzrdil bavSvebs. 6 ra Tqma unda, xSirad erTmSobliani ojaxebic<br />

warmatebuli arian xolme da maTi aRzrdili bavSvebic mSvenivrad uReben<br />

alRos cxovrebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki erT­erTi mSobeli bavSvze negatiur<br />

fizikur an emociur gavlenas axdens, bavSvisTvis SeiZleba ukeTesic iyos<br />

calke im mSobelTan cxovreba, romelic aseT zemoqmedebas ar mimarTavs.<br />

bavSvi Tavdapirvel socializacias sakuTar saxlSi, ojaxSi gadis da<br />

iRebs ra Tavisi yoveldRiuri qcevisTvis jildos an sasjels, swavlobs, ra<br />

aris daSvebuli da ra ara. amgvarad, bavSvi erkveva, ra valdebulebebi aqvs<br />

ojaxis da sxvebis mimarT. nel­nela is xdeba ojaxis moqalaqe (wevri), rogorc<br />

wesi, mkafi od gansazRvruli movaleobebiT, nawilobriv, uflebebiTa<br />

da privilegiebiT. gansakuTrebulad esmeva xazi mniSvnelovan moralur<br />

wesebs maSinac ki, Tu bavSvs ar ganumartaven am wesebis mizezebs (`giTxari<br />

da gaakeTe~). ndoba, Ta namSromloba, Tavisi Tavis pativiscema, sxvebis<br />

pativiscema da TanagrZnoba fesvgadgmulia ojaxur urTierTobebSi, maT<br />

efuZneba pirovnebis qceviTi da zneobrivi ganviTareba. 7<br />

ojaxi aseve gvexmareba gavarkvioT, sad migviyvans sabolood bavSvebis<br />

politikuri socializacia da ramdenad warmatebuli iqneba igi. partiuli<br />

orientacia da kuTvnilebac ki xSirad ojaxidan modis, gansakuTrebiT maSin,<br />

rodesac orive mSobeli erTi partiis wevria. amas garda, ojaxi mniSvnelovan<br />

gavlenas axdens rwmenaze (religiur Sexedulebebze), rac mWidrodaa dakav­<br />

Sirebuli rogorc partiul kuTvnilebasTan, aseve konkretul politikur

---

316 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

SexedulebebTan (fundamentalisti protestanebi, rogorc wesi, abortis<br />

winaaRmdegi arian; ebraelebi israels uWeren mxars da a. S.). 8 SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi, im bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70 procenti, romelTa orive mSobelic<br />

erT partias uWers mxars, TviTonac imave partias aniWebs upiratesobas. 9<br />

Tumca, rogorc kvlevebma aCvena, rodesac saqme midis ufro abstraqtul<br />

politikur sakiTxebamde, mSoblebis gavlena sakmaod SezRuduli xdeba. 10<br />

dabolos, im faqts, rom ukve zrdasrulebi, xSirad ar veTanxmebiT Cveni mSoblebis<br />

Sexedulebebs <strong>politika</strong>ze (sxva raRacebTan erTad), miaweren xolme<br />

`TaobaTa Soris~ gansxvavebas.<br />

socialuri klasi da umciresobis statusi. ramdenime kvlevam aCvena, rom<br />

politikuri socializaciis struqtura (modeli) mSobelTa sxvadasxva socialur<br />

klasSi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba. 11 saSualo da maRali fenis bavSvebis<br />

<strong>politika</strong>Si aqtiuri Cabmis albaToba ufro maRalia, radgan iTvleba,<br />

rom politikiT ojaxis daintereseba socialur statusTan erTad izrdeba.<br />

daba li fenebis ojaxebidan gamosuli bavSvebs <strong>politika</strong>ze naklebi informacia<br />

aqvT da ufro iSviaTadac monawileoben politikur RonisZiebebSi. 12<br />

ojaxis farglebSi, umciresobis statusma SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli<br />

Se asrulos politikuri socializaciis procesSi. magaliTad, zogierTma mkvlevarma<br />

daadgina, rom amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi afro­amerikeli bavSvebi<br />

ufro naklebad endobian mTavrobas, vidre maTi TeTrkaniani Tanatolebi.<br />

es bavSvebi aseve naklebad arian darwmunebuli mTavrobaze gavlenis moxdenis<br />

sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi. 13 gasakviri araa, rom amdagvarive damokidebulebaa<br />

politikur SexedulebaTa mimarTac; amgvarad, Savkaniani amerikelebi<br />

(aRiare ben ra klasebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs mudmiv, ucvlel mocemulobad),<br />

ekono mikuri da sagareo politikis umravles sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi<br />

(Tumca, es ganwyoba yvela politikur sakiTxze rodi vceldeba, risi magaliTicaa<br />

danaSaulis mi marT damokidebuleba) ufro politikurad liberalur<br />

ganwyobebs amJRavneben, vid ­re TeTrkaniani amerikelebi. amis msgavsad, aziuri<br />

warmoSobis amerikelebi, xelisuflebis da tradiciuli ojaxis struqturisadmi<br />

maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli pativiscemidan gamomdinare, TeTrkanian<br />

eTnikur jgufebTan ufro axlos dganan, vidre SavkanianTa jgufebTan, gansakuTrebiT<br />

sayofacxovrebo sakiTxebSi. espanurenovan amerikelebs SeiZleba<br />

Savkanian da TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris mivakuTvnoT adgili, Tumca<br />

ojaxuri socializaciis da politikuri Sexedulebe bis gadacemis efeqtma<br />

gavlena iqonia kubel amerikelebze, romlebic, rogorc calke jgufi, ufro<br />

mtkice konservatorebad Camoyalibdnen (gansakuTrebiT sagareo politikis<br />

sakiTxebSi), vidre sxva espanurenovani amerikelebi, meqsikelebisa da puertorikoelebis<br />

CaTvliT. amis erT­erTi mizezi isaa, rom rodesac revoluciis<br />

dros kubelebis nawili amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaiqca, kubis liderma<br />

fidel kastrom maT qoneba CamoarTva da kubaSi darCenil maTi ojaxis wevrebs<br />

devna dauwyo.<br />

genderi da <strong>politika</strong>. amerikul <strong>politika</strong>Si mamakacebsa da qalebs xandaxan<br />

mmarTvelobis da politikis gansxvavebuli xedva aqvT; klasebsa da rasebs

---

politikuri socializacia<br />

317<br />

Soris gansxvavebis msgavsad, sqesTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebac SeiZleba<br />

politikuri qcevis da Sexedulebebis mniSvnelovani damoukidebeli korelatebi<br />

iyos. rogorc Cans, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, zogierT politikur<br />

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi SegviZlia visaubroT erTgvar genderul gansvlaze,<br />

anu im gansxvavebebze, rasac fiqroben da mxars uWeren mTlianobaSi<br />

mamaka cebi da qalebi. magaliTad, 1996 wlis sayovelTao arCevnebSi qalebis<br />

54 procentma xma misca demokrat bil klintons, xolo 37 procentma _ konservator<br />

bob douls; sruliad gansxvavebuli maCveneblebi hqondaT mamakacebs,<br />

romelTa xme bi TiTqmis Tanabrad gaiyo klintonsa da douls Soris<br />

(TiToeulma 44 procen ti miiRo). imave arCevnebSi, qveynis masStabiT, warmomadgenelTa<br />

palatis arCevnebSi qalebis 55 procentma xma demokratebs misca,<br />

xolo mamakacebis 54 procentma _ respublikelebs.<br />

rogor SeiZleba aixsnas es fenomeni? zogierTi mkvlevari sqesTa Soris<br />

arsebul gansxvavebas ojaxSi gancdil adrindel gamocdilebasa da molodinebs<br />

ukavSirebs; sxvebi amtkiceben, rom arsebobs Tandayolili gansxvavebebi<br />

kacebisa da qalebis zneobrivi da politikuri Segnebis Camoyalibebis<br />

procesis mimdinareobaSi. erTi Teoriis mixedviT, socilizaciis da<br />

biologiis garkveuli kombinaciis Sedegad, qals, rogorc dedas da bavSvis<br />

ZiriTad momvlels, uviTardeba moraluri da politikuri xedva, romelSic<br />

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba TanagrZnobasa da adamianis sicocxlis<br />

dacvas. 14 sxva, alternatiuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, genderze dafuZnebuli<br />

politikuri gansxvavebebi safuZvels iRebs zogierTi qalis gviandel<br />

cxovrebiseul gamocdilebebSi. xmis micemis kanonzomierebaTa erTma<br />

amaswindelma kvlevam aCvena, rom `gaTxovili qalebi, gansakuTrebiT isini,<br />

romelTac arasodes hyoliaT bavSvi, mamakacebis msgavs arCevans akeTeben,<br />

martoxela da gaSorebuli qalebi ki lamis memarcxene frTis proletariats<br />

warmoadgenen~. 15<br />

rogoric unda iyos gansxvavebebis wyaro, isini ar warmoiqmneba mxo lod<br />

sqesTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebidan _ magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi azris<br />

gamokiTxvebma ver gamoavlina veraviTari gansxvaveba samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis<br />

an Tanasworuflebianobis sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb mamakacebisa da<br />

qalebis damokidebulebaSi. rogorc Cans, sqesTa Soris erTi mniSvnelovani<br />

politikuri gansxvaveba ukavSirdeba mTavrobis mier Zalis gamoyenebis<br />

sakiTxs. zogadad, qalebi naklebad arian ganwyobili omis mxardasaWerad,<br />

ufro ewina aRmdegebian sikvdiliT dasjas da ixrebian iraRze kontrolis<br />

gamkacrebisaken. aseve, qalebi ufro metad emxrobian ojaxebis, RaribTa da<br />

xelmokleTa dasaxmareblad gamiznuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis programebs.<br />

am gansxvavebaTa meSveobiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba avxsnaT, ratom daexmara<br />

sqesTa Soris arsebuli sxvadasxvaoba ukanasknel wlebSi demokratebs<br />

aSS­Si.<br />

religia. eklesiac da saxelmwifoc SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs moraluri avtoritetis<br />

WeSmarit wyarod warmoadgendes, ris gamoc religias socializaciis<br />

procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. iseve rogorc religias<br />

SeuZlia moaxdinos gavlena Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi axalgazrdis

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318 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

politikur Sexedulebebze, aseve <strong>politika</strong>s SeuZlia gadamwyveti roli Seasrulos<br />

ojaxSi religiis faqtoris damkvidrebaSi da gansazRvros is adgili,<br />

romelsac reli gia sabolood politikur wesrigSi daikavebs.<br />

xandaxan religia arsebul Cveulebebs legitimurobas aniWebs da gardamaval<br />

periodSi myof sazogadoebas stabilurobas sZens. magaliTad, induizmi<br />

indoeTSi cvalebadi politikuri institutebisaTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda.<br />

induizmi, romelic erTma eqspertma daaxasiaTa, rogorc `mravali Sris mqone<br />

rTuli warmonaqmni, romelic aRiarebs mravali RmerTis, mravali inkarnaciis,<br />

WeSmaritebis mravali Sris arsebobas,~ 16 istoriulad, arsebuli mdgomareobis<br />

SenarCunebas uwyobda xolme xels. maSinac ki, rodesac arsebuli<br />

mdgomareoba (status quo) ufro dabal safexurze mdgomis (`xelSeuxebelTa~<br />

kastis) sistematur diskriminacias gulisxmobda, induizmi qadagebda moTminebasa<br />

da gamZleobas momavali cxovrebis molodinSi. samyaros sxva mxareebSi,<br />

sxvadasxva religiurma doqtrinam agresiul <strong>politika</strong>s mimarTa. magaliTad<br />

libiasa da iranSi, islamu ri fundamentalizmis daxmarebiT gaCaRda<br />

agresiuli sagareo da omis mxardaWeris <strong>politika</strong>.<br />

religia da <strong>politika</strong> xandaxan erTmaneTs upirispirdeba. magaliTad, nacisturi<br />

mTavroba geramaniaSi ebrZoda luTeranul da kaTolikur eklesiebs.<br />

yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, reJimi funqcionirebis saSaulebas aZlevda<br />

istoriulad damkvidrebul rusul marTlmadideblur eklesias, magram<br />

zRudavda da Tvalyurs adevnebda mis saqmianobas, xSirad devnida morwmuneebs.<br />

17<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, religia da <strong>politika</strong> erTmaneTs ramdeni me<br />

doneze aZlierebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom umaRlesi sasamarTlos ganmartebiT<br />

konstitucia krZalavs xelisuflebis mier religiis pirdapir mxardaWeras,<br />

konstituciis pirveli damateba aseve krZalavs xelisuflebis mier<br />

pirovnebis religiuri rwmenis Tavisuflad ganxorcilebaSi xelis SeSlas.<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religiis absoluturi Tavisuflebaa.<br />

`amerikelTa 90 procent ze meti Tavs miakuTvnebs romelime religiur mimdinareobas<br />

da 40 procentze meti kviraobiT dadis eklesiaSi~. ufro metic,<br />

`TiTqmis yvela maCvenebliT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi SeiZleba nebismier<br />

evropul saxelmwifoze ufro religiur qveynad CaiTvalos, irlandiisa<br />

da poloneTis gamoklebiT.~ 18 miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes religia bevri<br />

amerikelis cxovrebaSi ufro naklebad mniSvnelo vania, vidre winaT iyo, is<br />

mainc rCeba mniSvnelovan Zalad amerikul sazogado ebaSi, kulturasa da<br />

<strong>politika</strong>Si (ix. sqema 9­2).<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi kvlavac dominirebs iudeur­qristianuli<br />

tradicia, romelSic mniSvnelovani mravalferovneba SeiniSneba. mosaxleobis<br />

daaxloebiT 30 procenti protestantia; 20 procenti _ kaTolike; 20<br />

procenti TeTri evangelistur­protestantuli eklesiebis mimdevaria; 8<br />

procenti ki Savi protestantuli eklesiisa; 3 procenti iudevelia. 2001<br />

wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmis Semdeg sazogadoebam da masmediamac<br />

yuradReba gaamaxviles im faqtze, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

mniSvnelovani muslimuri umciresobac aris.

---

amerikelebis %-li raodenoba<br />

sqema 9-2. amerikelebisaTvis religiis mniSvneloba, 1952­96ww.<br />

politikuri socializacia<br />

319<br />

wyaro: “Influence, Relevance of Religion in Today’s Society” (28­30 marti, 1994; Survey GO<br />

422041), Gallup Poll Monthly, 2­4 aprili, 1994 da “Importance of Religion”, Gallup Poll (21­24<br />

noemberi, 1996).<br />

religiis pirovnuli mniSvneloba<br />

adamianebi, romlebic kiTxvaze `rogor<br />

SeafasebdiT religiis mniSvnelobas Tqvens<br />

cxovrebaSi _ Zalze mniSvnelovania, sakmaod<br />

mniSvnelovania, Tu arc ise mniSvnelovania?~<br />

pasuxoben, rom `Zalze mniSvnelovania~.<br />

zogierTi mniSvnelovani politikuri gansxvaveba kavSirSia religiur<br />

gansxvavebebTan da SeiZleba religiuri doqtrinebidanac ki gamomdinareobdes.<br />

magaliTad, kvakerebi da menonitebi pacifistebi arian, fundamentalisti<br />

protestane bi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, abortis winaaRmdeg gamodian,<br />

xolo iudevelebi israe lis damcvelebi arian. aseve, protestantuli eklesiis<br />

Savkaniani mimdevrebi politikurad ufro liberalurad ganwyobilni arian, vidre<br />

ZiriTadi mimdinareobis protestantul eklesiaTa wevrebi, es ukanasknelni<br />

ki ufro liberalurad ganwyobilni, vidre evangelistur­protestantuli<br />

eklesiis mimdevrebi. ufro zogadad, politikuri konservatizmis da liber­

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320 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

alizmis Skalaze, protestantebi kaTolikeebze cota ufro konservatorebad<br />

da iudevelebze gacilebiT konservatorebad warmogvidgebian. iudevelebi da<br />

kaTolikeebi istoriulad demokratiul partiasTan ufro aigivebdnen Tavs,<br />

maSin rodesac protestanebi respublikuri partiisken ixrebodnen. Tumca, religiasa<br />

da partiul kuTvnilebas Soris arsebuli korela­cia sul ufro klebulobs.<br />

SesaZlebelia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religias utilitaruli<br />

politikuri Rirebulebac aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, religias sargebloba<br />

moaqvs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisTvis, vinaidan, jorj vaSingtonis sityvebiT<br />

`aucilebeli mxardaWeris~ aRmomCenia warmomadgenlobiTi xelisuflebisaTvis.<br />

qadagebs ra RmerTis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobas, religia<br />

nergavs pirovnul/kerZo zneobriobas, romelic akeTilSobilebs sazogadoebriv<br />

cxovrebas.<br />

xandaxan politikuri liderebi mimarTaven religiur ideebs (saxeebs) ra­<br />

Ta gaaerTianon moqalaqeebi Tanamedroveobis saerTo aRqmaSi an STaagonon<br />

maT momavlis ufro Rirseuli xedva. 19 magaliTad, cnobilma amerikelma sasuliero<br />

pirma da samoqalaqo uflebaTa damcvelma martin luTer kingma<br />

sakuTari ocnebiT ers im dRis dadgoma STaunerga, `rodesac yvela RvTis<br />

Svili, TeTri da Savkaniani, ebraeli da urwmuno, protestanti da kaTolike,<br />

xelixelCakidebuli erTad imRerebda SavkanianTa Zvel saeklesio simReras<br />

`Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last~. kingis tragikulma<br />

sikvdilma (mkvlelobam), iseve rogorc erTi saukuniT adre abraam linkolnis<br />

mkvlelobam, amerikeli xalxi rasobrivi uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad<br />

darazma.<br />

osama bin ladenma da al­qaidas teroristulma qselma warmogvidgina religiis<br />

da politikis Serwymis bneli mxaris Tanamedrove magaliTi, rodesac<br />

isi ni 2001 wlis Semodgomaze Seecadnen msoflios 1.3 miliardi muslimi<br />

gaeerTianebinaT `jvarosnebis~ (qristianebisa da ebraelebis) winaaRmdeg<br />

jihadSi (saRvTo omSi). es ganzraxva CaiSala, magram is faqti, rom bin ladeni<br />

Seecada religia politikur ideologiad da Tavisi moZraobis dasavleTis<br />

(ZiriTadad aSS­s) winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sapropagando kampaniis safuZvlad<br />

gamoeyenebina, Wkuis saswavlebelia. es kidev erTxel gviCevenebs, rom<br />

religia SeiZleba yvelaze keTilSobili an yvelaze boroti miznebis samsaxurSi<br />

aRmoCndes.<br />

skola. skola samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi, anu axalgazrdebSi sazogadoebis<br />

fundamentur RirebulebaTa da SexedulebaTa CanergvaSi umniSvnelovanes<br />

rols asrulebs. sajaro ganaTlebis meSveobiT saxelmwifo cdilobs gavlena<br />

moaxdinos axalgazrdebze manam, sanam maTi zneobrivi saxe sabolood<br />

Camoyalibdeba.<br />

yvela qveyana skolas politikuri socializaciis saSualebad iyenebs.<br />

zogierTi mTavroba ubralod samoqalaqo ganaTlebis an istoriis erT­or<br />

kurss awesebs savaldebulod, moiTxovs, rom moswavleebi droSas miesalmon<br />

da skolis kedlebze erovnuli gmirebis suraTebi ekidos. zogierTi mTavroba<br />

mTel saskolo programas karnaxobs, bavSvebs TavSi lozungebs uWedavs,

---

politikuri socializacia<br />

321<br />

mkacr cenzuras awesebs saxelmZRvaneloebsa da sabiblioTeko Sesyidvebze<br />

da maswavleblebs erTgulebis niSniT arCevs.<br />

yvela saxelmwifo cdilobs samudamod `ukvdavyos~ zogierTi ZiriTadi<br />

Rirebuleba, magram am RirebulebaTa arsi, iseve rogorc maTi damkvidrebis<br />

meTodebi, SeiZleba Zalian mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes. gansxvavebuli<br />

reJimebi gansxvavebul Rirebulebebs amkvidrebs. zogierTi reJimis dros<br />

(magaliTad, 1930­ian wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi) xelisuflebis brma morCileba<br />

norma iyo. sxvagan xdeba patriotizmis waxaliseba, magram amave dros xels<br />

uwyoben kritikuli da damoukidebeli azrovnebis unarsac.<br />

socializaciis kvlevebma kargad gviCvena, rogor swavloben bavSvebi<br />

politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul Rirebulebebs amerikul sajaro<br />

skolebSi. 20 dawyebiT skolaSi amerikel bavSvebs dadebiTi emociuri ganwyoba<br />

uyalibdebaT iseTi ZiriTadi politikuri cnebebis mimarT, rogoricaa<br />

Tavisufleba, demok ratia da erTmaneTis pativiscema. garda amisa, bavSvebi,<br />

rogorc wesi, xelisuflebas aRiqvamen avtoritetis mqone piris _ policielis,<br />

prezidentis da a.S. saxiT.<br />

asakTan erTad, bavSvebi naklebemociurad da ufro SemecnebiT reagireben,<br />

igeben iseTi abstraqtuli cnebis detalebs, rogoricaa demokratia.<br />

ymawvilobasa da adreul mowifulobaSi, maTi damokidebuleba xelisuflebisadmi<br />

xSirad radikalurad icvleba. mSoblebis zedamxedvelobis Se sus tebasa<br />

da damoukideblobis matebasTan erTad, bavSvebi aRar emorCilebian avtoritets<br />

usityvod (SekiTxvebis, eWvis gareSe). isini sul ufro metad cdiloben<br />

damoukideblad miiRon gadawyvetilebebi. es damokidebuleba politikis<br />

sferoSic advilad gadadis.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi mkvlevari saSualo skolis samoqalaqo<br />

ganaTlebis tipur gakveTils kargi moqalaqeobisaTvis aucilebeli yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani formaluri treiningis (wvrTnis) asparezad ganixilavs, ramdenime<br />

kvlevam aCvena, rom samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gakveTilebi naklebmniSvnelovania,<br />

vidre swavlis gamocdilebis saerTo konteqsti. 21 gavlenis<br />

mqone faqtorebSi Sedis maswavleblebis damokidebuleba demokratiisadmi;<br />

saxelmZRvaneloSi eris istoriis, kulturis, ekonomikuri sistemisa da a.S.<br />

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis warmodgenis xasiaTi; mTlianad saswavlo<br />

programa; formaluri ritualebi, rogoricaa droSasTan ficis dadeba<br />

da patriotuli simRerebis Sesruleba; klasgareSe RonisZiebebi, musika<br />

da sporti, naTlad gviCvenebs keTilsindisieri monawileobisa da saerTo<br />

miznisaTvis muSaobis mniSvnelobas. saskolo gazeTze muSaoba naTelyofs<br />

mediis rols sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi. debatebis klubebSi moswavleebi ecnobian<br />

politikur, socialur da ekonomikur sakiTxebs da swavloben, rom<br />

yovel sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi sul cota ori azri SeiZleba arsebobdes. dabolos,<br />

moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobaSi mo nawileoba maT politiku ri procesis<br />

fundamentur wesebs acnobs.<br />

zogadad, rac ufro maRalia ganaTlebis done, moswavles <strong>politika</strong>ze<br />

informaciis miRebisa da masSi monawileobis miT meti interesi aqvs. ufro<br />

zustad, arsebobs pozitiuri kavSiri (urTierTdamokidebuleba) ganaTlebis<br />

donesa (moswavlis codna imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlena aqvs xelisuflebas in­

---

322 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

dividze, interesi axali ambebis mimarT, politikis Sesaxeb saerTo ganaTleba,<br />

SexedulebaTa horizonti) da <strong>politika</strong>ze msjelobis, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />

bevr gansxvavebul adamianTan msjelobis survils Soris. dabolos, gana­<br />

Tlebis maRali done dakavSirebulia imis SegnebasTan, rom adamians SeuZlia<br />

gavlena moaxdinos xelisuflebaze, aseve sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwmenasa<br />

da sxvebis ndobasTan. 22<br />

umaRlesi ganaTlebis gavlena. Znelia gansazRvro, ramdenad didia umaRlesi<br />

ganaTlebis gavlena politikur socializaciaze. amerikis SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi kolejis saswavlo programa xSirad profesiul­teqnikuri wvrTnis<br />

(treningis) da liberaluri ganaTlebis nazavia; es ukanaskneli moicavs<br />

literaturas, filosofias, zust mecnierebas, istorias da lingvistikas da<br />

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaze.<br />

23 liberaluri ganaTlebis momxreebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven<br />

imas, rom studentebi iZulebuli arian iazrovnon naTlad, zustad weron<br />

da sworad imetyvelon. maT usvamen xelovnebisa da mecnierebis maradiul<br />

SekiTxvebs da acnoben diad ideebs, Tanac agulianeben gadaxedon (kritikuli<br />

TvaliT Sexedon) im zneobriv da materialur Rirebulebebs, romlebic<br />

mocemul epoqaSi aRiarebul WeSmaritebas warmoadgenen. am TvalTaxedvis<br />

momxreebi amtkiceben, rom liberaluri ganaTlebis mqone studentebi Sei­<br />

Zenen im inteleqtualur saSualebebs, romelic dasWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom<br />

itvirTon demokratiuli moqalaqeobis valdebulebebi.<br />

amerikuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis zogierTi konservatori kritikosi adanaSaulebs<br />

akademiur wreebs imaSi, rom isini metwilad memarcxene (memarcxeneobasTan<br />

axlomyof) politikur Sexedulebebs aniWeben upiratesobas, rac<br />

gavlenas axdens swavlebisa da swavlis Sinaarsze. marTlac, arsebobs garkveuli<br />

mtkicebuleba, rom studentTa politikur Sexedulebebze gavlenas axdens<br />

kolejis maRal inteleqtze gaTvlili wignebi, ideebi da maswavleblebi;<br />

Tumca, naTeli araa, pirdapir mivyavarT Tu ara kolejis gamocdilebas ufro<br />

liberalur azrovnebasTan. is SesaZleblobis farglebSi axerxebs imas, rom<br />

zrdis adamianebs, romelTac SeuZliaT kritikuli azrovneba. anu, amerikuli<br />

kolejis kursdamTavrebulebi ufro aqtiurad dauWeren mxars samoqalaqo<br />

Tavisuflebebs da sa xelmwifo socialur programebs. 24<br />

liberaluri ganaTlebis ideali advilad jdeba konstituciuri demokratiis<br />

sqemaSi, sadac daculia xelisuflebaze eWvis mitanis ufleba. ama ve<br />

dros, ganaTlebis maRali done ubiZgebs moqalaqeebs Sinaarsianad Caeban<br />

<strong>politika</strong>Si. 25 im qveynebSi, sadac xelisuflebas usityvod emorCilebian, moqalaqeebs<br />

ar gamo umuSavdebaT politikuri monawileobis unar­Cvevebi. liberaluri<br />

ganaTlebis mizania moamzados msgavsi unarebis, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />

kritikul azrovnebaze dafuZnebuli unarebis mqone moqalaqeebi. demokratiul<br />

sazogadoebaSi kargi moqalaqe xotbas asxams mTavrobas, roca mTavroba<br />

amis Rirsia da akritikebs, Tuki is kritikas imsaxurebs. amitom, mxolod<br />

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi ar iTvleba damoukidebeli azrovneba da gansxvavebuli<br />

azri mavneblobad. gaixseneT, berZeni filosofosi sokrate mavneblad<br />

CaTvales da sikvdili miusa jes (sawamlavis miRebiT) ara imitom,

---

politikuri socializacia<br />

323<br />

rom Tavis mowafeebs aswavlida ra efiqraT, aramed imitom, rom aswavlida<br />

rogor eazrovnaT.<br />

Tanatolebi<br />

adamianTa umravleobas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom Tanatolebi mniSvnelovan<br />

gavlenas axdenen Cvens politikur qmedebebsa da Sexedulebebze,<br />

magram ori sakiTxSi mainc saWiroa garkveuli sicxadis Setana. jererTi, am<br />

termins Tandayolili orazrovneba axlavs. TanatolTa jgufi SeiZleba<br />

ewodos megobrebis jgufs an erTi asakisa da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mqone<br />

adamianTa jgufs. orive SemTxvevaSi, cneba yuradRebas amaxvilebs `pirovnebaTa<br />

midrekilebaze, Tavi gaaigivon Tavis msgavss adamianTa jgufebTan~. 26<br />

meore, da ufro seriozuli sakiTxi _ sirTules is qmnis, rom am sferoSi<br />

Zalze cota kvlevaa Catarebuli. magaliTad, 1930­ian wlebSi Catarebulma<br />

kvlevam, romelic beningtonis kolejis student gogonaTa politikur<br />

ASexedulebebze TanatolTa jgufis gavlenas Seiswavlida, aCvena rom jgufis<br />

gavleniT mis wevrTa Sexedulebebi ufro liberaluri gaxda. 1965 wlis<br />

kvlevisas sxvadasxva politi kur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT studentebze<br />

TanatolTa jgufebisa da mSoblebis gavlena Seadares da daadgines,<br />

rom zogierT politikur sakiTxTan mimarTeba Si mSobelTa gavlena ufro<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo _ magaliTad, partiuli iden tifikaciis an saprezidento<br />

arCevnebze xmis micemis gadawyvetilebis miRebi sas. es kvlevebi bevr kiTxvas<br />

pasuxobs, magram amdenive kiTxva upasuxod rCeba. 27<br />

genderi (sqesi) TanatolTa jgufebTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi gamocanaa.<br />

Cven viciT, rom biWebi midrekilni arian Seqmnan jgufebi sxva biWebTan<br />

erTad da gogonebi ki gogonebTan erTiandebian, da vvaraudobT, rom aseTi<br />

jgufebis politikuri Sexedulebebi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, miviCnevT,<br />

rom mesamedan merve klasamde biWebs Tanatol gogonebze ufro Camoyalibebuli<br />

da naklebad idealisturi warmodgena aqvT prezidentobaze, Tumca<br />

amis damadasturebeli (an uarmyofi) kvlevis Sedegebi xelT ara gvaqvs. 28<br />

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mamrobiTi sqesis kanondamrRvev mozardTa<br />

antisocialuri Sexedulebebis ganviTarebasa da TanamoazreTa jgufebSi<br />

(da ban debSi) maT wevrobas Soris arsebuli kavSiri. igi miuTiTebs siZneleze,<br />

rac Tan axlavs im gavlenis gansazRvras, rasac TanatolTa jgufebi axdenen<br />

pirovnebis Sexedulebebze. am sferoSic SedarebiT naklebi kvlevaa Catarebuli.<br />

29 miuxedavad imasa, rom TanatolTa jgufebisa da bandebis cnebis<br />

gageba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania TineijerTa danaSaulis gasagebad,<br />

mainc bolomde cxadi araa `kargi~ biWebi (da gogonebi) xdebian `cudi wris~<br />

uaryofiTi gavlenis da TanatolTa antisocialuri Sexedulebebis msxverpli<br />

Tu axalgazrdebis dajgufebebi izidaven kriminaluri midrekilebebis,<br />

antisocialuri ganwyobebis mqone pirebs. axlo urTierToba msgavs<br />

dajgufebasTan, gansakuTrebiT bandis wevroba zrdis saSualo statistikuri<br />

Tineijeris mier danaSaulis Cadenis sixSires. Tanatolebi da bandebi<br />

`gavlenas axdenen pirovnebis mier danaSaulis CadenisaTvis miniWebuli

---

324 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

jildos Rirebulebaze~ (amas emateba nadavlis Rirebulebis an qmedebis<br />

pirdapiri jildos gamo kolegebis mier gamoTqmuli mowoneba). 30<br />

fsiqologiurad, TanatolTa jgufebi adastureben maTi wevrebis survilis<br />

ganxorcielebis aucileblobas, rac gavlenas axdens politikuri Sexedulebis<br />

da rwmenis Camoyalibebaze. zogadad, TanatolTa jgufebi iqmneba<br />

nebayoflo biT da araformalurad. Tuki TanatolTa jgufebis cnebas ise<br />

gavafarTovebT, rom man moicvas iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa gogona<br />

skautebi, axalgazrda demokratebi, studentTa Jurnalisturi klubi da sxva<br />

politikur konteqstSi moqmedi msgavsi organizaciebi _ saintereso aRmoCenas<br />

gavakeTebT. totalitarul sa xelmwifoebSi, sadac xelisufleba cdilobs<br />

Secvalos politikuri wesrigi Se xedulebebisa da rwmenis radikaluri cvlilebis<br />

gziT, msgavsi jgufebi SeiZleba saxelmwifom Seqmnas rogorc axalgazrdebisaTvis,<br />

aseve zrdasrulebisaTvis. es aranebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebi<br />

reJimis gzavnilis gasavrceleblad da moqalaqeebisTvis ganaTlebis an xelaxali<br />

ganaTlebis misacemad aris Seqmnili. es fonemeni aRwerilia sqemaze<br />

9­3, sadac Cans, rogor axerxebda nacisturi partiis ierarqia (aRniSnulia<br />

po­Ti _ partiuli organizacia) farTomasStabiani saxalxo moZraobis mar­<br />

Tvas, romlis saboloo mizani germanuli sazogadoebis saxecvlileba iyo.<br />

nacional­socialisturi (aRniSnulia ns­Ti) partiis mmarTvelobisas germaniis<br />

cxovrebis organizeba xdeboda erTi centris mier marTuli Tanaswor­<br />

Ta jgufebis kargad gaTvlili qselis saSualebiT, rasac unda uzrunveleyo<br />

droTa ganmavlobaSi yvela germanelis mier `swori~ politikuri Sexedulebebis<br />

SeTviseba da axal nacistur saxelmwifoSi saTanadod socializeba. amis<br />

msgavsad, sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturma partiam Seqmna yovlismomcveli<br />

erTi centris mier marTuli sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi (klubebis da<br />

samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis safarvelis qveS).<br />

masmedia<br />

masmediac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs politikur socializaciasa da<br />

moqalaqeTa Semdgom aRzrdaSi. arademokratiul saxelmwifoebSi, masmedia<br />

(televizia, radio, gazeTebi da didtiraJiani Jurnalebi) TiTqmis yovelTvis<br />

saxelmwifos mflobelobaSia an mis mier kontroldeba. zogierTi<br />

demokratiuli xelisuflebac axdens radio da telemauwyeblobis monopolizebas<br />

(rogorc es daniaSia) an flobs da amuSavebs satelevizio qsels<br />

(rogorc es did britaneTSia). aseT SemTxvevebSi, ZiriTadi gansxvaveba demokratiul<br />

da arademokratiul saxelmwifoebs Soris isaa, rom demokratiuli<br />

saxelmwifoebi iReben kanonebs an SeimuSaveben procedurebs, romlebic<br />

uzrunvelyofen masmediis samarTlianobasa da obieqturobas. aSS­Si, sadac<br />

TiTqmis yvela satelevizio da radioqseli da individualuri sadguri<br />

kerZo sakuTrebaSia, komunikaciebis federaluri komisia, maregulirebeli<br />

saagento, romelic uflebamosilia gansazRvros radio da satelevizio<br />

sadgurebis erovnuli licenzirebis <strong>politika</strong>, drodadro aqveynebs dadgenilebebs,<br />

romlebic uzrunvelyofen politikur mauwyeblobaSi mxareTa

---

politikuri socializacia<br />

325<br />

Tanasworobas. dadgenilia wesebic, romlebic arasasurveli da saSiSi qcevis<br />

Tavidan acilebas emsaxureba. swored am mizezebiT, aSS­Si satelevizio<br />

sadgurebs ekrZalebaT sigaretis reklamis eTerSi gaSveba.<br />

imperiis<br />

sakvebi<br />

fondi<br />

ns<br />

mebrZolTa<br />

liga<br />

ns<br />

teqnologiebis<br />

A liga<br />

ns<br />

maswavlebelTAa<br />

liga<br />

germanel<br />

TemTa<br />

asociacia<br />

ns<br />

omis veteranTa<br />

A zrunvis liga<br />

germanel qalTa<br />

kavSiri<br />

ns<br />

saaviacio<br />

Senaer­<br />

Tebi<br />

hitleruli<br />

axalgazrdoba<br />

ns germanel<br />

studentTa<br />

liga<br />

ns<br />

qalTa<br />

liga<br />

ns<br />

iuristebis<br />

liga<br />

sqema 9-3. nacisturi moZraobis organizaciebi<br />

po<br />

ns motorizebuli<br />

Senaer­<br />

Tebi<br />

germanel<br />

sajaro moxeleTa<br />

saimperio liga<br />

ns fizikuri<br />

kulturis<br />

imperiuli<br />

liga<br />

germanuli<br />

Sromis<br />

fronti<br />

germanel<br />

studentTa<br />

asociacia<br />

ns universitetismaswavleblebi<br />

ns<br />

saxalxo<br />

sa<br />

keTildReobisorganizacia<br />

ns<br />

eqimebis<br />

liga<br />

ns<br />

universitetis<br />

kursdam­<br />

TavrebulTaA<br />

asociacia<br />

wyaro: Mark N. Hagopian, Regimes, Movements, and Ideologies, me­2 gamocema (White Plains,<br />

N.Y.: Longman, 1984). saavtoro ufleba © 1984 Longman Inc. yvela ufleba daculia.<br />

ss<br />

SromiTi<br />

servisi<br />

maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi<br />

swrafad viTardeboda e.w. eleqtronuli media (radio da televizia).<br />

aSS­Si bevrs kamaToben televiziis mzard gavlenaze. zogi amerikeli, kongresis<br />

zogierTi wevris CaTvliT, wuxs televiziiT Zaladobis didi odenobiT<br />

Cvenebisa da im gavlenis gamo, rasac igi moqalaqeTa qcevaze axdens.<br />

sxvebi miuTiTeben, rom televizia uazro, vulgaruli da zedmetad Tamamia.<br />

SeSfoTebis sababs iZleva aseve masmediis politikur procesSi gamoye ne­

---

326 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

bis sakiTxic. magaliTad, satelevizio politikuri reklama sul ufro mniSvnelovani<br />

xdeba, vinaidan amerikelebi gazeTebs sul ufro naklebad kiTxuloben<br />

da politikuri partiebis Sekrebebsac ufro iSviaTad eswrebian. 31 aq<br />

mniSvnelovania msgavsi reklamis maRali safasuri, misgan imedgacruebuli<br />

kandidatebis raodenoba, misi efeqtianoba, is Tu ramdenadaa misi Sinaarsi<br />

gansazRvruli mediakonsultantebis mier, radgan yvelaferi es SeiZleba Seexos<br />

(da es asec xdeba xolme) ara mxolod kampaniis xarisxs, aramed kandidatsac.<br />

aseve SemaSfoTebelia sareklamo rgolebis Sinaarsic. 1970­iani wlebidan,<br />

amerikis politikur kampaniebSi dominirebda mokle, emociuri, ieriSis<br />

stilis reklama (gansxvavebiT adre gavrcelebuli dokumenturi xasiaTis<br />

gancxadebebisagan), romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis martivi, simboluri da<br />

personificirebulia. xSirad amgvar reklamebSi Warbobs muqi ferebi, avismomaswavebeli<br />

musika, dabali xma da simboloebi, romelTac negatiuri datvirTva<br />

aqvT. maTi samiznea politikuri kandidatebis keTilsindisiereba,<br />

motivebi an maTi warsuli.<br />

Zalze saeWvoa isic, rogor gvawvdian axal ambebs, gansakuTrebiT televiziiT.<br />

zogierTi konservatori kritikosi amtkicebs, rom satelevizio axali<br />

ambebi (da zogadad media) asaxavs politikur dRis wesrigs an JurnalistTa<br />

da diqtorTa Sexedulebebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, ZiriTadad liberaluri aris<br />

xolme. garda amisa, radio da televizia xSirad zedmetad zedapiruli da<br />

sensaciebs gamodevnebulia. isini cud ambebs ufro eZeben, vidre mniSvnelovan<br />

siaxleebs. magaliTad, saarCevno kampaniebis teleasaxva yuradRebas<br />

amaxvilebs kandidatis Zalisxmevaze, romelic mimarTuUlia startegiuli<br />

upiratesobis mosapoveblad, imis magivrad, rom xazi gausvas im <strong>politika</strong>sa<br />

da ideebs, romlebsac isini qadageben da xSirad did dros uTmoben Seu­<br />

Tavseblobebs da Secdomebs _ rogor waiborZika da Camovarda prezidenti<br />

vertmfrenis safexuridan an cudad gaxda iaponiaSi yofnisas erT­erT<br />

oficialur vaxSamze. amasobaSi, nebismiers SeuZlia isargeblos internetteqnologiebiT,<br />

Seqmnas veb­gverdi, sadac asaxuli iqneba saxelmwifo moRvaweTa<br />

piradi cxovreba da amgvarad gavceldeba Worebi. gasakviri araa, rom<br />

medias adanaSauleben ukanasknel oTx aTwleulSi sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebul<br />

mware cinizmSi. marTlac, rogorc erTi politologi amtkicebs `aSS­Si<br />

saRi kampania manam ver iarsebebs, sanam is axal ambebze iqneba agebuli~. 32<br />

vinaidan qseluri da sakabelo satelevizio biznesis Semosavlebi damokidebulia<br />

mayurebelTa maRali reitingebis SenarCunebaze, satelevizio axali<br />

ambebi Sinaarsis nacvlad garTobasa da tragediaze akeTeben aqcents.<br />

magaliTad, iSviaTi araa saRamos axal ambebSi ixiloT cxare kamaTi mowmesa<br />

da senatis romelime komitetis Tavmjdomares Soris maSin, rodesac micemuli<br />

Cvenebis Sinaarss aranairi yuradReba ar eqceva. es Segnebuli korporaciuli<br />

gadawyvetilebaa. televiziis xelmZRvanelebma ician, rom konfliqti<br />

da dapirispireba xalxs arTobs da, rogorc wesi, cud ambebs kargi reitingi<br />

moaqvs xolme. amis gamoc, televizia TiTqmis yovelTvis warmoaCens saprezidento<br />

arCevnebs rogorc `doRs~, xazs usvams, vin aris win, vin moigo da vin<br />

waago raime Secdomis Tu samxilis gamo. telearxebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian,<br />

vin daaswrebs ramdenime wuTiT da gamoacxadebs raime siaxles arCevnebis

---

politikuri socializacia<br />

327<br />

Sesaxeb. amitom bevri moqalaqisaTvis, saprezindento kampaniasa da arCevnebSi<br />

swored Sejibria yvelaze mniSvnelovani da ara Sedegebi.<br />

ufro metic, axali ambebis saRamos gamoSvebebSi, telearxebi sul ufro<br />

nakleb dros uTmoben informacias amerikis politikuri liderebis Sesaxeb.<br />

axali ambebis gaSuqebis kvlevam aCvena, rom 1968 da 1988 wlebSi prezidentis<br />

gamonaTqvamebis citirebis saSualo xangrZlivobam 45 wamidan 9 wamamde<br />

iklo. 33 reportioris mokle Sesavali da prezidentis SedarebiT xangrZlivi<br />

sityva Seicvala reportioris SesavaliT da komentarebiT, romlis fonze<br />

prezidentis komentarebi ukve mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba. imave sqemiT moqmedeben<br />

telearxebi adgilobriv doneze (regionebSi) _ isinic mniSvnelovnad,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas zedmetad arian damokidebuli imave faqtorebze razec didi<br />

telearxebi. kandidatebma da saarCevno kampaniis menejerebmac kargad gaiTavises<br />

axali ambebis gaSuqebis es Taviseburebani, amitom winaswar amzadeben<br />

Wkvianur gamonaTqvamebs, imisaTvis, rom moxvdnen mediis zedapiruli da xSirad<br />

myvirala axali ambebis saTaurebSi. rogorc kritikosebi amboben, Rrma<br />

analizi didi xania iqca manipulaciebis obieqtad mediakonsultantebis, piarspecialistebisa<br />

da politikis guruebis mxridan, romlebic amisTvis did<br />

gasamrjelos iReben.<br />

kidev erTi aSkara tendencia, romelic SeSfoTebis mizezs iZleva,<br />

satelevizio axal ambebSi e.w. tabloiduri (bulvaruli, dabali donis) Jurnalistikis<br />

mimarTulebiT gadaxraa. Worebsa da insinuaciebze (arapirdapir<br />

miniSnebebze) aqcenti mediis mier xSirad gamoiyeneba, rogorc axali ambebis<br />

dafaruli mxareebis ganxilvis saSualeba; gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo procesebis<br />

gaSuqebisas aqcenti keTdeba ZiriTadad ambis uCveulo da gaukuRmarTebul<br />

mxareze. satelevizio Jurnalistikis amgvarma midrekilebam gaabundovana<br />

an saerTod waSala gansxvaveba sensaciebs gamokidebul yovelkvireul<br />

gamocemebsa da seriozul axal ambebs Soris. mayureblis yvelaze cxovelur<br />

instinqtebze gaTvlilma axali ambebis gaSuqebis stilma SeiZleba eTeridan<br />

gandevnos ufro seriozuli da kompleqsuri axali ambebi.<br />

uaryofiTi reklama _ patiosani Tu upatiosno TamaSi?<br />

masmedia sul ufro da ufro met uaryofiT politikur reklamas gvawvdis.<br />

es reklamebi SesaZloa simarTles an Seesabamebodes an ara, magram xSirad Zalze<br />

efeqtiania. zogjer erTgvar politikur `Casafrebad~ warmodgenili, is<br />

politikuri oponentebis zedmiwevniT Seswavlis Sedegia da kampaniis period­<br />

Si strategiuli mniSvnelobis momentebSi gadaicema masmediis saSualebiT.<br />

ganvixiloT sandra Sulc niumenis SemTxveva, romelic 1993 wlis Semodgomaze<br />

pensilvaniis mosamarTleobaze iyrida kenWs. niumens, filadelfiis<br />

gareubnis advokats, aranairi politikuri gamocdileba ar hqonda, magram<br />

man politikuri konsultantebis gundi daiqirava. mis oponents jozef<br />

mistiks ukeT icnobdnen _ pitsburgeli advokati meriaSi muSaobda da adgilobrivi<br />

zonebisa da dagegmarebis sabWos wevri iyo.

---

328 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

niumenis konsultantTa gundma mistikis warsulis dasadgenad mkvlevarebi<br />

daiqira va. maT pitsburgis Zveli gazeTidan eqvsi wlis winandeli ambavi<br />

amoqeqes. masSi naTqvami iyo, rom pitsburgis zonebad dayofis komisiaSi<br />

muSaobisas mistikma sakuTari biznes­partniorebis sasargeblod, arc meti<br />

arc naklebi, 40­jer warmarTa saqme. niumenis gundma ocdaaTwamiani reklama<br />

moamzada, romelSic mistiks politikur arakoreqtulobaSi adanaSaulebd ­<br />

nen. reklama kampaniis dasrulebamde ramdenime dRiT adre gauSves, ris gamoc<br />

mistiks TiTqmis ar darCa dro pasuxis gasacemad. niumeni gamarjvebas<br />

zeimobda maSin, roca damarcxebuli mis tiki zonebad dayofis seqciaSi muSaobisas<br />

sakuTar patiosnebas amtkicebda.<br />

wyaro: adaptirebulia James M. Perry­is ”Young Guns: A Second Generation<br />

of Political Handlers Outduels Forebears”, Wall Street Journal, ianvari 10, 1994, A6.<br />

ibeWdeba Wall Street Journal­is nebarTviT, saavtoro ufleba © 1994, Dow Jones<br />

& Company, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia msoflios masStabiT.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT kritikulobas garkveuli Sedegi moaqvs, mainc<br />

saWiroa TavSekaveba. televizia aris Sejibrze damokidebuli industria,<br />

romelzec gavlenas axdens momxmareblis gemovneba da survilebi. aqdan gamomdinare,<br />

axali ambebi gasarTobi xasiaTisaa, radgan mayurebels unda, rom<br />

is aseTi iyos. metic, vinaidan saSualo mayurebeli yuradRebis koncentrirebas<br />

mxolod mcire droiT axdens, televiziis xelmZRvanelebi upiratesobas<br />

aniWeben eqstravagantur videoteqnologiebs, myvirala kompiuterul<br />

grafikasa da blic­interviuebs, swrafad cvlian ambebs, adgilebsa da kameris<br />

dayenebis kuTxes. televiziis xelmZRvanelebs esmiT, rom mayurebels urCevnia<br />

axali ambebi winaswar damuSavebuli ulufebiT miiRos. damRleli samuSao<br />

dRis bolos, mayurebelTa didi nawili sulac araa rTuli politikuri debatebis<br />

xasiaT ze _ politikuri sakiTxebi xom, rogorc wesi, rTulia.<br />

mediis tendencia, yuradReba gaamaxvilos negatiur ambebze, Segvaxsenebs,<br />

rom sityvis Tavisufleba da xelisuflebis kritika liberalur<br />

demokratieb Si daculi uflebebia. marTlac, gazeTebis Sinaarsi, radioTi<br />

da televiziiT gadmocemuli axali ambebi erT­erTi indikatoria imisa, rogoria<br />

Tavisuflebis xarisxi am qveyanaSi. iq, sadac daSvebulia mTavrobis<br />

kritika, rogorc wesi, Tavisufleba daculia. sabolood, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi<br />

masmedia pirov nuli Tavisuflebis sazomicaa da garantic.<br />

kanoni<br />

zogierT sazogadoebaSi kanonSi ukve asaxulia moqalaqeTa Rirebulebebi<br />

da Sexedulebebi, magram kanoni aseve exmareba am Rirebulebebisa da Sexedulebebis<br />

formirebasac. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi kanoni ubralod sazogadoebrivi<br />

wesrigis dacvas emsaxureba (magaliTad, quCis marjvena mxares

---

politikuri socializacia<br />

329<br />

moZraobis ufleba). Tumca sxva kanonebi krZalavs iseT qmedebebs, romlebsac<br />

sazogadoeba Tavisi arsiT borotebad miiCnevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />

mkvlelobasTan, pedofiliasTan, qurdobasa da rasobriv diskriminaciasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli kanonebi. msgavsi kanonebis miReba da cxovrebaSi gatareba<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis gankuTvnili gzavnilebia (gansakuTrebiT ki sazogadoebis<br />

axalgazrda wevrebisaTvis, romelTa moraluri Rirebulebebi msgavsi<br />

kanonebis saSualebiT yalibdeba), romelic iuwyeba, rom mkvleloba, yalbi<br />

Cvenebis micema, qurdoba da rasobrivi diskriminacia kanonis TvalSi dana­<br />

Saulia da mas sasjeli mohyveba. moqalaqeTa politikur socializaciaze am<br />

gzavnilis gavlena damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad xdeba mi si miReba, gageba<br />

da cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba.<br />

ZiriTadi politikuri Rirebulebebi:<br />

rogor vipovoT oqros Sualedi?<br />

eris politikur kulturas safuZvlad udevs is fundamenturi Rirebulebebi,<br />

romlebic Zvirfasia misi xalxisaTvis. araa aucilebeli es Rirebulebebi<br />

mTlianad Tanmimdevruli iyos, isini SeiZleba xandaxan konfliqturic<br />

aRmoCndes. amas garda, araa aucilebeli, rom pirovnebaTa<br />

yoveldRiuri politikuri Sexedulebebi da qmedebebi yovelTvis standarts<br />

emTxveodes (xSirad asec xdeba). 34 Tumca, politikuri kulturis<br />

logika gulisxmobs politikuri Rirebulebebis arsebobas, maT farTo aRiarebas<br />

da mTavrobis politikis Sesafaseblad am Rirebulebebis gamoyenebas.<br />

am erTobliv RirebulebaTa ubralo arsebobac ki, momaval moqalaqeTa<br />

socializaciis procesSi samoqalaqo Rirsebebis Sesaxeb mocemuli sazogadoebis<br />

warmodgenis Camoyalibebis sulisCamdgmeli Zala xdeba. es procesi<br />

aseve gansazRvravs im temps, romliTac eris ZiriTadi politikuri Rirebulebebi<br />

viTardeba mimdinare cvlilebaTa fonze (maT Soris samecnieroteqnologiuri<br />

cvlilebebis). yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom farTod<br />

aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi saukeTeso dacvaa im problemebisgan, romelic<br />

sazogadoebas SeiZleba Seeqmnas qronikuli (an Tundac epizoduri) arastabilurobis<br />

gamo.<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, piradi Rirebulebebi axlo kavSirSia Ziri­<br />

Tad sazogadoebriv (an samoqalaqo) RirebulebebTan. 35 amerikelebs Zvalsa<br />

da rbilSi aqvT gamjdari iseTi fundamenturi Rirebulebebis myari rwmena,<br />

rogoricaa pirovnuli Tavisufleba, politikuri Tanasworoba, kerZo sakuTreba<br />

da religiuri Semwynarebloba. es ara marto asaxulia eris ZiriTad<br />

dokumentebSi, damoukideblobis deklaraciis, konstituciis da `federalistis~<br />

CaTvliT, isini amerikel axalgazrdebSi inergeba socialicaziis sxvadasxva<br />

strategiis daxmarebiT.<br />

sxva demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, socialicaziis procesi amis msgavsad<br />

mimdinareobs da imave miznebs emsaxureba rasac aSS­Si, magram iseTi ZiriTadi<br />

Rirebulebebis gamoxatva rogoricaa Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, usafrTxoeba,<br />

keTildReoba da samarTlianoba (ix. Tavi XIII), iseve rogorc maTi zusti

---

330 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

Sinaarsi da maT Soris balansi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia.<br />

magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi (da zogadad evropaSi), Tanasworobas<br />

gaaCnia rogorc socialuri (klasobrivi), aseve politikuri ganzomileba<br />

(samoqalaqo uflebebi). Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo awarmoebs gacilebiT met<br />

socialur momsaxurebas (magaliTad, yvelasaTvis garantirebuli jandacva),<br />

vidre amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. aseve, bevr evropul saxelmwifoSi Tavisufleba<br />

ar uSlis xels policias kriminaluri gamoZiebis dros ise, rogorc<br />

es aSS­Si xdeba xolme da aseve ar zRudavs saxelmwifos mkacri antiteroristuli<br />

RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, ZiriTad saerTaSoriso<br />

aeroportebSi mZimed SeiraRebuli samxedro piradi Semadgenlobisa da<br />

specialuri aparaturis gamoyeneba).<br />

politikuri socializaciis marcxi<br />

rodesac mravaleTnikuri eri ver axerxebs moaxdinos didi raodenobis moqalaqeTa<br />

erTi Temis (erTobis) wevrebad (axal erad) socializacia (politikuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT), amas SeiZleba Sors mimavali Sedegebi mohyves. Tuki arsebobs<br />

mravali Temi (erToba), iarsebebs mravali procesi da mravali politikuri<br />

kultura damkvidrdeba. ar moxdeba sxvadasxva erovnuli Temis wevrebis politikur<br />

sistemaSi warmatebuli integrireba; maT ar eqnebaT saerTo normebi, wesebi<br />

da kanonebi.<br />

msgavsi warumatebloba SeiZleba daemuqros eri­saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis<br />

msurvel, mravaleTnikur an raime sxva mizeziT Sinaganad gaxleCili<br />

sazogadoebis arsebobasac. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi msoflio masStabiT<br />

gaxSirebuli studenturi gamosvlebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bevr sazogadoebaSi<br />

axalgazrdebis politikuri socializacia aRaraa iseTi efeqtiani,<br />

rogoric odesRac iyo. maga liTad, 1987 wlis Semdeg samxreT koreaSi studentebma<br />

moawyves ramdenime masobrivi gamosvla, rac xSirad policiasTan<br />

fizikur dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda. am studentTagan bevrma daufaravad<br />

gamoucxada undobloba mTlianad sistemas, da ara mxolod romelime<br />

konkretul <strong>politika</strong>s. aSS­Si rasobrivi amboxebebi los­anjelesSi 1992<br />

wels, iseve rogorc ufro gviandeli msoflio bankis sawinaaRmdego demonstraciebi<br />

(magaliTad, 2000 wels sietlSi) iyo aSS­is xelisuflebis mimarT<br />

gaucxoebisa da undoblobis gamomxatveli gzavnili.<br />

zogierTi moqalaqis sruli politikuri socializacia SeiZleba arc<br />

arasodes moxdes. politikuri reJimis uunaroba, moaxdinos moqalaqeTa sociali­zacia<br />

SeiZleba moqalaqeTa mimarT xelisuflebis araerTgvarovani an<br />

usamarTlo mopyrobiT iyos gamowveuli. aseTma damokidebulebam SeiZleba<br />

gamoiwvios moqalaqeTa gabrazeba, cinizmi, gamwareba an maTi danaSaulSi CarTva<br />

da revoluciac ki. ukiduresi usamarTlobis, tiranuli mmarTvelobis Sem­<br />

TxvevaSi SesaZloa moqalaqeTa `danaSaulebani~ gavamarTloT kidec. amgvarad,<br />

Tuki politikuri socializaciis warumatebloba xelisuflebaSi myofi ZalebisaTvis<br />

yovelTvis zianis momtania, msgavsi warumateblobis zneobrivi<br />

da politikuri Sedegebi yovelTvis advilad Sesafasebeli sulac araa.

---

daskvna<br />

politikuri socializacia<br />

331<br />

moqalaqeobis koncefcias sxvadasxva xelisufleba sxvadasxvagvarad udgeba.<br />

ra Tqma unda, yvela saxelmwifo moiTxovs wesebis (kanonebis) dacvas<br />

da umravlesoba dabadebas an naturalizacias politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis<br />

sine qua non (aucilebel pirobad) miiCnevs. demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi<br />

moqalaqeobis koncefcia aseve dakavSirebulia Tanasworobisa da<br />

Tavisuflebis ideeb Tan, iseve rogorc <strong>politika</strong>Si monawileobis ideasTan<br />

(magaliTad, perioduli arCevnebi). demokratiuli moqalaqeobis es ideali<br />

dasabams iRebs Zveli berZnuli qalaq­saxelmwifoebidan, romlis moqalaqeebi<br />

imdenad mcirericxovanni iyvnen, rom pirdapiri demokratiis saSualebas<br />

iZleodnen (xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebi piradad eswrebodnen sajaro<br />

Sekrebebsa da plebiscitebs).<br />

rogor yalibdeba moqalaqe? politikuri socializacia aris procesi,<br />

romelSic moqalaqes uyalibdeba Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi, rwmena da<br />

azrebi, romelTa saSualebiT igi kavSirs amyarebs da moqmedebs politikur<br />

sistemaSi. ganviTarebis procesSi myof moqalaqeze gansakuTrebuli gavlena<br />

aqvs ojaxs, religias, sajaro ganaTlebas, masmedias, kanons, Tanatolebsa<br />

da ZiriTad politikur Rirebulebebs. politikuri socializacia udidesi<br />

mniSvnelobisaa; Tu eri ver axerxebs moqalaqeTa didi nawilis socializacias,<br />

am eris politiku ri stabiluroba safrTxeSi aRmoCndeba.<br />

sakvanZo sityvebi<br />

moqalaqeoba<br />

politikuri socializacia<br />

genderuli gasvla<br />

samoqalaqo ganaTleba<br />

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis<br />

liberaluri ganaTleba<br />

TanatolTa jgufebi<br />

masmedia<br />

1. ratom iyo moqalaqeobis cneba aristotelesa da sxva politikuri moazrovneebisaTvis<br />

centraluri mniSvnelobis?<br />

2. rogoria sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis ganmarteba? romeli<br />

maTgani aRwers saukeTesod moqalaqeobis Tqveneul gagebas? daasabu­<br />

TeT sakuTari mosazreba.<br />

3. xandaxan amtkiceben, rom WeSmarit moqalaqeebs mxolod demokratiul<br />

saxelm wifoSi SexvdebiT. ras gulisxmoben amiT?

---

332 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

4. romeli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas moqalaqeTa politikur socializaciaze?<br />

SeniSvnebi<br />

1. Aristotle, The Politics, Targm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University<br />

Press, 1962), 1276b, 101-102.<br />

2. iqve, 1274b, 93.<br />

3. Immanuel Kant, The Science of Right, tomi 42 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica,<br />

1952), 436.<br />

4. politikuri socializaciis Tanamedrove Seswavla mWidrod aris dakav­<br />

Sirebuli xasiaTis Camoyalibebis berZnul midgomasTan. maT Soris erTerTi<br />

ZiriTadi gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qceviTi politikuri<br />

mecniereba ZiriTadad im proceszea koncentrirebuli, romlis Sedegad<br />

politikuri Sexedulebebi yalibdeba, xolo berZnuli, yvela kargi moqalaqisaTvis<br />

aucilebeli xasiaTis Taviseburebebs usvams xazs.<br />

5. John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Deductive, tomi 2 (London:<br />

Longmans, Green, 1879), 518.<br />

6. damajerebeli samxili moaqvs Barbara Defoe Whitehead­s naSromSi “Dan Quayle<br />

Was Right”, Atlantic (aprili 1993), 41. Tumca, ojaxi martoxela mSobliT<br />

arSemdgari ojaxis mxolod erTi mizezia. aRsaniSnavia, James Q. Wilson­is<br />

azri: erT­erTi mizezi `ojaxis dasustebisa, imaSia, rom sul ufro meti<br />

bavSvi izrdeba martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi da xSirad es martoxela mSobeli<br />

Tineijeri dedaa. meore mizezi im drois simcirea, romelsac martoxela<br />

an srulfasovani ojaxebi imeteben sakuTari SvilebisaTvis da aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, arasaxarbielo aRzrda”. ormSobliani ojaxebis Sesaxeb akademiuri<br />

msjelobisaTvis ix. James Q. Wilson-is “The Family-Values Debate”,<br />

Commentary (aprili 1993), 24­31. citata motanilia 24­e gverdidan.<br />

7. ix. James Q. Wilson-is The Moral Sense (New York: Free Press, 1995), 141-163.<br />

8. Harry Holloway da John George, Public Opinion, me­2 gamocema (New York: St.<br />

Martin’s Press, 1985), 73-77.<br />

9. Herbert Winter da Thomas Bellows, People and Politics (New York: Wiley, 1977),<br />

120.<br />

10. Dean Jaros, Socialization to Politics (New York: Praeger, 1973), 87-88.<br />

11. iqve, 83.<br />

12. ix. M. Margaret Conway da Frank Fergert, Political Analysis: An Introduction (Boston:<br />

Allyn & Bacon, 1972), 106.<br />

13. Holloway da George, Public Opinion, 79.<br />

14. ix. M. Kent Jennings-is “Preface”; Henry Kenst-is “The Gender Factor in a Changing<br />

Electorate”; da Arthur Miller-is “Gender and the Vote”, wignSi The Politics of<br />

the Gender Gap: The Social Construction of Political Influence, red. Carol Mueller<br />

(Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987). politikur literaturaSi mxars uWeren im

---

333<br />

politikuri socializacia<br />

333<br />

mosazrebas, rom sqesTa Soris bunebrivi gansxvaveba ganviTarebis fsiqologiaSi<br />

garkveul codnas moicavs; ix. Carol Gilligan-is In a Different Voice<br />

(Camridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982); da M. Belenky-is, B. Clinchyis,<br />

W. Goldberger­isa da J. Tarule­is Women’s Ways of Knowing: The Development<br />

of Self, Voice, and Mind (New York: Basic Books, 1986).<br />

15. Michael Barone da Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics, 1994 (Washington,<br />

D.C.: National Journal, 1994), xxvii.<br />

16. Ralph Buuljens, “India: Religion, Political Legitimacy, and the Secular State”, Annals<br />

of Political and Social Sciences 483 (ianvari 1986): 107.<br />

17. James Billington, “The Case for Orthodoxy”, New Republic, 30 maisi 1994, 26.<br />

18. A. James Reichley, Religion in American Public Life (Washington, D.C.: Brookings<br />

Institution, 1985), 2.<br />

19. amiT imas ar uarvyofT, rom religia uprincipo liderebis mier samarcxvino<br />

miznebiT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.<br />

20. msjeloba agebulia William Flanigan-isa da Nancy Zingale­is, Political Behavior<br />

of the American Electorate (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1979), 184-187.<br />

21. Kenneth Langton da M. Kent Jennings, “Political Socialization and the High School<br />

Civics Curriculum”, American Political Science Review (seqtemberi 1968): 851.<br />

22. Conway da Fergert, Political Analysis, 110. ix. aseve, Judith Torney-Purta, “From<br />

Attitudes and Knowledge to Schemata: Expanding the outcomes at political Socialization<br />

Research”, wignSi Political Socialization, Citizenship Education, and Democracy,<br />

red. Orit Ichilov (New York: Teachers College Press, 1990), 99.<br />

23. an ase Cans. mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT ara marto is, Tu ras vswavlobT,<br />

aramed isic, Tu rogor vswavlobT. ix. Albert Speer­is komentarebi germanuli<br />

ganaTlebis Sesaxeb wignSi Inside the Third Reich, R. Winston­isa da C.<br />

Winston-is Targm. (New York: Avon, 1971), 35.<br />

24. Robert Erikson, Norman Luttbeg da Kent Tedin, American Public Opinion (New<br />

York: Macmillan, 1991), 113.<br />

25. iqve, 7.<br />

26. es sayovelTaod aRiarebulia. ix. James MacGregor Burns, J. W. Peltason,<br />

Thomas E. Cronin, da David B. Magleby, Government by the People, me­17 gamoc.<br />

(Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), 293.<br />

27. iqve, 49­50.<br />

28. Richard Dawson da sxvebi, Political Socialization, me­2 gamoc. (Boston: Little,<br />

Brown, 1977), 62-63.<br />

29. James Q. Wilson da Richard Hernstein, Crime and Human Nature (New York: Simon<br />

& Schuster, 1985), 293.<br />

30. iqve, 311.<br />

31. es nawili agebulia Montague Kent-iseul analizze wignSi Thirty-Second Politics:<br />

Political Advertising in the Eighties (New York: Praeger, 1989).<br />

32. Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Vintage, 1994), 25.<br />

33. Daniel Hallin-is kvleva citirebulia rogorc ufro vrceli diskusia am<br />

sakiTxze Samuel Popkin­is wignSi The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Persuasion<br />

in Presidential Campaigns (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 228-<br />

229.

---

334 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

34. amitom daaskvna qcevis Semswavleli erT­erTi cnobili kvlevis avtorma<br />

`Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis principebs naklebi enTuziazmiT uWeren<br />

mxars, roca isini maTeul specifikur an praqtikul formebs ewinaaRmdegebian~.<br />

ix. Herbert McCloskey­is “Consensus and Ideology in American Democracy”,<br />

American Political Science Review 58 (ivnisi 1964): 361-384.<br />

35. Donald Devine, The Political Culture of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown<br />

1972), 187-230. amerikuli kredos Semadgeneli faseulobebis Sesaxeb farTo<br />

msje lobisaTvis ix. aseve Seymour Martin Lipset-is American Exceptionalism: A<br />

Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996)

---

Tavi X<br />

politikuri<br />

monawileoba<br />

gavlenis safasuri<br />

monawileobis formebi<br />

samarTlebrivi formebi<br />

arasamarTlebrivi formebi<br />

moqalaqeTa monawileobis<br />

gansazRvreba<br />

sazogadoebrivi azri<br />

gamokiTxvebi arCevnebi saarCevno<br />

sistemebi pirdapiri demokratia<br />

monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT<br />

xma?<br />

xmis micema amerikisSeerTebul<br />

StatebSi monawileobis tendencie<br />

bi individualizmi da sazogadoebrivi<br />

monawileoba politikuri<br />

apaTia: amerikuli daavadeba?<br />

monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician<br />

amomrCevlebma?<br />

monawileobis Sefaseba: mbrunavi kari<br />

elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis<br />

kanonebi da demokratiis ironia<br />

pluralistebi da elitistebi<br />

politikuri monawileoba<br />

avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi<br />

politikuri partiebi<br />

istoriuli winamZRvrebi<br />

ZiriTadi miznebi erTpartiuli<br />

sistema orpartiuli sistema mravalpartiuli<br />

sistema partiuli<br />

sistemebis ganmsazRvrelebi pers­<br />

peqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba?<br />

interesTa jgufebi<br />

interesTa jgufebis tipebi zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi interesTa<br />

jgufebis bumi interesTa jgufebi demokratiebSi iklebs Tu<br />

ara sazogadoebisi interesi? interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi<br />

335

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336 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

XI TavSi vnaxeT, rom <strong>politika</strong>Si mniSvnelovani monawileoba kargi moqalaqeobis<br />

Semadgeneli atributia. imisaTvis, rom iyos mniSvnelovani, monawileoba<br />

minimum nebayoflobiTi da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom politikuri monawileoba SeiZleba Zalian martiv da wesier saqmed<br />

gveCvenos, ufro axlos gacnobisas mis arasasurvel mxareebsac davinaxavT.<br />

magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom totalitarul sazogadoebebSi monawileoba<br />

TiTqos uzrunvelyofilia, mas aranairi azri ar gaaCnia, vinaidan<br />

saxelmwifo yvelas aiZulebs cru arCevnebSi monawileobas da mmarTveli<br />

partiis SerCeuli kadidatebisaTvis xmis micemas. amis sawinaaRmdegod, demokratiul<br />

qveynebSi politikuri monawileoba nebayoflobiTia; moqalaqeebs<br />

aq miniWebuli aqvT sruli Tavisufleba, maT Soris armonawileobis.<br />

bevr amerikels garkveuli dausabuTebeli varaudi aqvs demokratiasa da<br />

politikur monawileobaze:<br />

• rac ufro meti moqalaqe monawileobs, miT ufro jansaRia demokratia;<br />

• monawileoba bunebrivia, anu moqalaqeebs undaT monawileoba;<br />

• saSualo amomrCeveli kargad informirebulia, anu monawileebma ician<br />

da esmiT is politikuri arCevani, romelsac akeTeben;<br />

• sazogadoebrivi azri mniSvnelovania.<br />

am Sexedulebebs ufro axlos gavecnobiT politikur procesSi moqalaqe­<br />

Ta monawileobis sxvadasxva formis ganxilvis Semdeg.<br />

monawileobis formebi<br />

moqalaqeebs, romlebsac surT <strong>politika</strong>Si monawileoba, ori alternativa<br />

aqvT _ isini SeiZleba CaerTon samarTlebriv an arasamarTlebriv saqmianobeb­<br />

Si. moqalaqeTa umetesoba samarTlebriv monawileobas irCevs an saerTod ar<br />

mona wileobs.<br />

samarTlebrivi formebi<br />

politikuri monawileobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipebi arsebuli institutebis<br />

farglebSi konvenciuri samarTlebriv saqmianobebs moicavs.<br />

moqalaqeTa umetesoba <strong>politika</strong>Si metwilad simbolurad, pasiurad an ritualurad<br />

monawileobs _ magaliTad, eswreba politikur mitingebs, monawileobs<br />

politikur gamokiTxvebSi, werils wers adgilobrivi gazeTis redaqtors<br />

an sakuTar manqanaze afiSas akravs.<br />

xmis micema tradiciuli monawileobis yvelaze TvalsaCino formaa.<br />

Tumca, xmis micemis efeqtianoba, rogorc aqtiuri moqalaqis monawileobis<br />

sazomi, damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze: ramdenad patiosnad aris<br />

daTvlili xmebi, eleqtoratis sididesa (rac ufro metia amomrCeveli, miT<br />

ufro naklebi gavlena aqvs TiToeul xmas) da realuri arCevanis arsebobaze.<br />

xmis micemas mniSvnelovani gzavnilis gadmocema SeuZlia; is SeiZleba

---

politikuri monawileoba<br />

337<br />

Zlieri an komikuri elferis mSvidobiani protestis forma iyos. magali­<br />

Tad, 1959 wels san­paulos (braziliis) ukmayo filo mosaxleobam qalaqis<br />

sabWoSi airCia martorqa adgilobrivi zooparkidan! 1 analogiurad, gasuli<br />

sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi Sedegze orientirebuli<br />

iniciativebisa da referendumebis raodenobis zrdis mowmeni viyaviT; am<br />

periodis manZilze saxelmwifo amomrCeveli gansjida iseTi gansxvavebuli<br />

sakiTxebis avkargianobas, rogoricaa sakuTrebis gadasaxadis Semcireba an<br />

gayinva, homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis samarTlebrivi dacvis<br />

donis gansazRvra da usafrTxoebis Rvedebisa da motociklistis Caf xutis<br />

gamoyenebis moTxovna.<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeTa meoTxedi Tu iqneba met­naklebad aqtiurad<br />

CarTuli <strong>politika</strong>Si. 2 politikur aqtivistTa didi nawili politikuri<br />

partiebisaTvis xarjavs drosa da fuls, miekuTvneba sazogadoebriv<br />

interesTa jgufs da nebayoflobiT iRebs monawileobas Tavisi favoriti<br />

kandidatis kampaniaSi. bevri moqalaqe muSaobs samTavrobo organoebSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

saxelmwifo da adgilobriv doneze rogorc aqtivisti. xSirad<br />

es moqalaqeebi anazRaurebas ar iReben. realurad SeerTebul StatebSi bevr<br />

adgilobriv mTavrobaSi saerTod aravin iRebs xelfass. adgilobriv doneze<br />

sajaro samsaxuri momavali profesionali politikosisaTvis garkveul<br />

skolas warmoadgens, romelic procedurebis, normebisa da marTvis praqtikis<br />

sferoSi Rirebul pirvelad gamocdilebas uzrunvelyofs.<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi politikuri aqtivistebi sakmaod iSviaTad gvxvdebi<br />

an, magram mcirea im adamianTa ricxvi, vinc politikur karieras umiznebs.<br />

kidev uf ro. es im xalxis jgufia, romlebic warmoadgenen xelisuflebas<br />

anazRaurebad politikur an arCeviT Tanamdebobaze (partiuli Tanamdebobebi,<br />

lobistebi, daniSvniTi Tanamdebobebi, saStato mosamsaxureebi, kanonmdeblebi<br />

da sxva). ra Tqma unda, yvela Tanamdebobis piri ar iwyebs saqmianobas<br />

profesional politikosad. marTlac, demokratiul sazogadoebebSi<br />

SedarebiT gamoucdeli kandidats iSviaTad irCeven maRal Tanamdebobaze.<br />

politikuri saqmianobis samarTlebrivi, Tumca moqalaqeTa um ra v ­<br />

lesobisaTvis miuRebeli forma, arakonvenciuri monawileobaa. bu neb rivia,<br />

misaRebi politikuri qceva gavrcelebul politikur kulturazea damokidebuli<br />

da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT. SeerTebul<br />

StatebSi, sadac moqalaqeTa umetesobisTvis kanoni da wesrigi didi Rirebule<br />

baa, umetesoba tradiciulad ar iwonebda protestebs da demonstraciebs.<br />

es prin cipi garkveulwilad Seicvala boboqar 1960­ian wlebSi da 70­ianis<br />

da sawyisSi, romelic rasobrivi TanasworuflebianobisaTvis brZolisa<br />

da viet namis omis sawinaaRmdego sayovelTao studenturi gamosvlebis<br />

aRmasvliT gamoirCeoda. Tumca, uotergeitis skandalis Semdegac ki, ramac<br />

prezidenti riCard niqsoni 1974 wels aiZula gadamdgariyo, sazogadoebis<br />

mxolod 8 procenti uWerda mxars raime saxis demonstraciebs, magaliTad<br />

mjdomare aqcias, masobriv gamosvlas, mitinsi an samTavrobo saqmianobis<br />

obstruqcias. 3<br />

imave wlis gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis<br />

umetesoba arakonvenciuri politikuri qmedebis aTi formidan mxolod sams

---

338 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

afasebda dadebiTad: peticiebis xelmoweras, kanonier demonstraciebSi<br />

monawileobas da boikots (rogoric aris salaTis furclis yidvisgan Tavis<br />

Sekaveba dabalanazRaurebadi migranti muSebisadmi solidarobis niSnad)<br />

4 gamokiTxulTa mxolod 2 procenti amarTlebda politikuri miznebis<br />

misaRwevad Zaladobis gamoyenebas. arakonvenciuri monawileobis rbili<br />

formebis mxardaWera ufro maRalia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amgvari qmedeba ar<br />

gadacdeba samarTlebriv zRvars.<br />

arasamarTlebrivi formebi<br />

politikuri reJimebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan imiT, ras<br />

aniWeben isini arasamarTlebrivi monawileobis klasifikacias da ramdenad<br />

mkacrad sjian aseT qcevas. rogorc wesi, avtoritaruli mTavrobebi politikur<br />

saqmianobis ufro met formas acxadeben ukanonod, vidre demokratiuli<br />

mTavrobebi. magaliTad, demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi sul ramdenime<br />

(an saerTod arc erTi) politikuri partia cxaddeba aralegalurad da<br />

moqalaqeebs, rogorc wesi, SeuZliaT Sevidnen nebismier partiaSi sakuTari<br />

neba­surviliT, totalitaruli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi ki, erTis garda<br />

yvela partia aralegaluria. metic, avtoritaruli mTavrobebi `politikur<br />

danaSauls~ metad ganazogadeben da ufro mkacrad sjian `politikur damna­<br />

Saveebs~, vidre maTi demokratiuli analogebi.<br />

amerikelTa umravlesobisaTvis misaRebia kanonieri demonstraciebi, ro­<br />

gorc politikuri protestis forma. fotoze 1997 wels United Parcel Service­<br />

is winaaRmdeg mowyobili gaficvaa asaxuli.<br />

zogierTi ukanono qmedeba _ gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo daumorCileblobad<br />

wodebuli _ miznad isaxavs erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRvivebas (amitomac<br />

zogierT qveyanaSi isini ufro efeqtiania, vidre sxvagan). samoqalaqo

---

politikuri monawileoba<br />

339<br />

daumorCilebloba niSnavs konkretuli kanonebis darRvevas maTi usamarTlobis<br />

demonstrirebis mizniT. mahaTma gandim (1869­1948ww.) samoqalaqo<br />

daumorCileblo ba gamoiyena didi britaneTisgan indoeTis gaTavisuflebisaTvis<br />

brZolisas. martin luTer kingmac (1929­1968ww.) SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

rasobrivi Tanasworo bis miRwevis mizniT araZalismieri protestis mZlavri<br />

talRa aagora.<br />

samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba uars ambobs Zaladobaze da mouwodebs<br />

monawileebs, sasjeli legitimurad aRiaron. speqtris meore mxares ki dgas:<br />

politikuri terorizmi, romelic oponentTa demoralizebis, daSinebisa da<br />

damorCilebisaTvis Zaladobas an Zaladobis muqaras mimarTavs; sabotaJi,<br />

mTavrobis damxobis mcdeloba, rac xSirad gareSe Zalebis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba;<br />

ajanyebisken waqezeba, buntisa da antisamTavrobo qmedebebis<br />

provocireba. yoveli maTga ni revoluciuri qmedebaa. Tumca, imis mixedviT,<br />

ra reJimTan gvaqvs saqme, sabotaJad da provokacid SeiZleba miCneul iqnes<br />

aralegalur SexvedraSi monawileoba an ukanono politikur partiaSi Sesvla,<br />

mTavrobis gamakritikebeli proklamaciebis dabeWdva an oficialuri<br />

politikisa da ideologiisagan gansxvavebuli azris qona. bevr avtoritarul<br />

saxelmwifoSi mTavrobis nebismieri saxis oponireba, Tundac iseTi uwyinari<br />

ram, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, megobrisaTvis werilis miwera, romelic Seicavs sa­<br />

TaveSi myofi xelisuflebis farul kritikas, SeiZleba CaiTvalos mTavrobis<br />

ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobad.<br />

mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego, winaswar dagegmili teroristuli aqtebi yovelTvis<br />

revoluciuria. aseTi aqtebi ukanonoa im qveynebSic ki, ro melTac<br />

TviTmarqvia revoluciuri reJimebi marTavs (ix. Tavi XV).<br />

moqalaqeTa monawileobis gansazRvreba<br />

demokratiul qveynebSi moqalaqeebi monawileoben <strong>politika</strong>Si azris<br />

gamoxatvisa da xmis micemis gziT. gamokiTxvebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />

sazogadoebriv azrze da gamoxatavs mas. pirvelad sazogadoebriv azrs<br />

ganvixilavT.<br />

sazogadoebrivi azri<br />

gamokiTxvebs, romlebic mkafiod gamokveTil sazogadoebriv azrs an mis<br />

arsebiT cvlilebebs gviCveneben, SeuZliaT saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa<br />

gadawyvetilebebze, qmedebebsa da <strong>politika</strong>ze iqonion gavlena. demokratiul<br />

qveynebSi sazogadoebrivi azri imitomac aris legitimuri, rom mTavroba<br />

angariSvaldebulia amomrCevlebis winaSe. sazogadoebriv azrs imitom Seu­<br />

Zlia gavlenis moxdena <strong>politika</strong>ze, rom politikosebs survili aqvT iyvnen<br />

arCeulni da rac SeiZleba met xans darCnen Tanamdebobaze. magram rodesac<br />

sazogadoebrivi azri iyofa, rac iSviaTad ar xdeba, arCeul pirebs xSirad<br />

SeuZliaT misi ignorireba moaxdinon.

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340 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

sazogadoebrivi azrisa da misi gavlenis Sefaseba SeiZleba bundovani<br />

iyos. misi gavlena maqsimaluria, rodesac: (1) moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovan raodenobas<br />

calkeul problemaze sakuTari Sexeduleba aqvs da smi mimarT<br />

ubralod indiferentuli ar aris; (2) is stabiluria xangrZlivi drois<br />

ganmavlobaSi; (3) is garkveuli mimarTulebiT calsaxadaa gadaxrili; (4) is<br />

aSkarad sagrZnobia; da (5) sakiTxi, romelsac igi exeba, yvelasaTvis cnobilia<br />

anu amomrCevlebi mas prioritetad miiCneven.<br />

ramdenad seriozulad unda iTvaliswinebdnen liderebi moqalaqeTa<br />

azrs mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros? am sakiTxis ganxilvisas<br />

ar unda daviviwyoT, rom sazogadoebrivi azri xSirad naklebadaa racionaluri<br />

gaazrebis Sedegi da, rogorc wesi, narTauli gamonaTqvamebis, eWvebisa<br />

da varaudebis nazavia, rac Tavis mxriv efuZneba crurwmenebs, winaTgrZnobebs<br />

da im adamianebis arasrul informacias, romlebic, Cveulebriv, <strong>politika</strong>s<br />

did yuradRebas ar aqceven.<br />

gamokiTxvebi<br />

yvela mTavroba cdilobs sazogadoebrivi azris Sefasebasa da gaanalizebas.<br />

demokratiul saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebrivi azri sxvadasxva problemaze<br />

Tavisuflad fasdeba da ganixileba ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebis,<br />

aramed agreTve politikuri partiebisa da kandidatebis, mediis,<br />

sxvadasxva kerZo organizaciis, kvleviTi institutebisa da mkvlevarebis<br />

mier. imis gansasazRvrad, ra damokidebuleba gaaCnia sazogadoebas mocemul<br />

sakiTxze, organizaciebi eyrdnobian sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvas<br />

(moqalaqeTaTvis maTi azris gamokiTxva), romelic yvelaze popularuli da<br />

sazogadoebrivi azris cvlilebebis gansazRvrisa da grafikulad gamosaxvis<br />

zusti saSualeba gaxda.<br />

sazogadoebrivi azris gazomvis pirveli mcdeloba iyo `Calis gamokiTxvebi~<br />

(straw polls), romelic mecxramete saukuneSi gazeTebma ganaviTares.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom es gamokiTxvebi daumuSavebeli iyo, xSirad swor prognozs<br />

akeTebda gamarjvebulis Taobaze. lokalur doneze gazeTebi, radio da<br />

televizia dResac iyeneben am meTods. amgvari gamokiTxvebis mTavari problema<br />

isaa, rom ar iZleva imis garkvevis saSualebas, ramdenad asaxavs aseTi<br />

gamokiTxva mTliani mosaxleobis azrs.<br />

Jurnal Literary Digest-is gamokiTxva, romelmac iwinaswarmetyvela, rom alf<br />

lendo ni daamarcxebda franklin d. ruzvelts 1936 wels, aris yvelaze cnobili<br />

maga liTi imisa, rogor SeiZleba aramecnieruli gamokiTxva damRupveli<br />

aRmoCndes _ am SemTxvevaSi im JurnalisTvis, romelmac es gamokiTxva<br />

Caatara. ra iyo am konkretuli gamokiTxvis Secdoma? moqalaqeTa SerCevisas<br />

gamoiyenes satelefono cnobari da manqanebis registraciis siebi _ ori Zalian<br />

arareprezentantuli reestri, vinaidan 1930­ian wlebSi (didi depresiis<br />

periodi) mxolod mdidrebs SeeZloT telefonisa da avtomobilis SeZena.<br />

Tumca, SerCevis imave meTodiT Literary Digest-ma zustad iwinaswarmetyvela<br />

wina sami saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegebi. miuxedavad amisa, 1936 wels

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politikuri monawileoba<br />

341<br />

gamokiTxva `Secda~ _ ruzveltma didi upiratesobiT moigo. sxvaTa Soris,<br />

amiT dasrulda Literary Digest–is gamokiTxvebi da, faqtobrivad Tavad Jurnalis<br />

arsebobac. 1938 wlidan man arseboba Sewyvita.<br />

ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebis<br />

teqnologiebma ufro seriozuli saxe miiRo. gamokiTxvaTa umetesoba<br />

adamianebs ekiTxeba eTanxmebian Tu ara isini ama Tu im debulebas an<br />

<strong>politika</strong>s. zogierTi gamokiTxva moqalaqeebs sTxovs sxvadasxva politikur<br />

alternativas Soris airCion erT­erTi (Tumca bevri Tvlis, rom es meTodi xelovnurad<br />

zrdis politikuri Sexedulebis mqone adamianTa raodenobas). ase­<br />

Ti gamokiTxvis meTodebiT mkvlevarebi SedarebiT mcire raodenobis respondentTa<br />

pasuxebis safuZvelze mosaxleobis didi nawilis poziciis prognozs<br />

akeTeben. yvelaze xSirad mimarTaven SemTxveviT SerCevis meTods, rodesac<br />

xdeba mTeli mosaxleobidan (`generaluri erToblioba~) SemTxveviT SerCeul<br />

moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva (statistikosebma daadgines, rom 1500 respodentis<br />

SerCeva idealuria iseTi gamokiTxvebisaTvis, romlebmac xalxis didi raodenoba<br />

unda moicvas). amgvari SerCevisas asakobrivi, rasobrivi, religiuri,<br />

politikuri, ganaTlebis niSniT SerCeuli da sxva jgufebi met­naklebad unda<br />

Seesabamebodes mTel mosaxleobas.<br />

gamokiTxvebis politikuri da borotad gamoyeneba<br />

tradiciulad, gamokiTxvebi afasebda sazogadoebriv azrs mas Semdeg,<br />

rac politikuri liderebi ikavebdnen Tanamdebobas an amtkicebdnen kanons.<br />

Tumca, saarCevno kampaniaSi gamokiTxva ufro da ufro metad gaxda momavlis<br />

orientiri _ igi gamoiyeneba imis gansasazRvrad, ra pozicia unda daikavon<br />

kandidatebma, rogor gavidnen mowinave poziciaze, an rogori politikuri<br />

gancxadebebi Seuqmnis maT pozitiur imijs. amas xandaxan strategiuli<br />

gamokiTxva (strategic polling) ewodeba.<br />

imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros, romeli politikuri gancxadeba an pozicia<br />

iqneba popularuli, gamoiyeneba fokus-jgufebi (focus groups) _ xalxis mcire<br />

raodenoba komunikaciebis profesionali eqspertis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />

ganixilavs politikuri gzavnilis konkretul sakiTxebs. ufro gvian ganvi­<br />

Tarda eleqtronuli gamokiTxva, romelmac moicva satelefono jgufebic<br />

(dial groups), romelic saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs darekviT daaregistriron<br />

dadebiTi an uaryofiTi pasuxi.<br />

strategiuli gamokiTxva jimi karteris prezidentobis Semdeg gaxda<br />

politikuri cxovrebis wesi, maT Soris Tanamdebobis pirTaTvisac ki. prezidenti<br />

bil klintoni mniSvnelovnad eyrdnoboda gamokiTxvebs imis gansasazRvrad,<br />

romeli sakiTxebisaTvis mieqcia gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da<br />

rogor waredgina isini.

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342 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

imis gamo, rom yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli asobiT calkeuli intervius<br />

Catareba, mkvlevarebi xandaxan winaswar irCeven respondentTa<br />

mcirericxovan jgufebs, iseTi sakvanZo maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

rogoricaa asaki, religia, Semosavali da partiis wevroba. gamokiTxvis am<br />

meTods stratificirebul SerCevas (strarified sampling) uwodeben. egzitpolebi,<br />

romlebic televiziebs saSualebas aZlevs saarCevno ubnebis daxurvis<br />

Semdeg iwinaswarmetyvelon politikuri gamarjvebulebi, warmoadgens<br />

stratificirebuli SerCevis or dones. pirvel rigSi mkvlevarebi adgenen<br />

saarCevno ubans, romelic statistikurad uaxlovdeba ufro did politikur<br />

erTeuls (saarCevno olqs, Stats an qveyanas). Semdeg isini, vinc atareben<br />

egzit­polis intervius, cdiloben ise moaxdinon adamianTa SerCeva, rom<br />

is yvelaze kargad asaxavdes saarCevno ubnis saerTo maxasiaTeblebs.<br />

ganmeorebad gamokiTxvaSi, anu adamianTa erTi da imave jgufis mravaljerad<br />

gamokiTxvebSi (tracking polls), rasac xSirad kandidatebi saxelwifo<br />

organizaciebisaTvis, kampaniis mimdinareobisas atareben, erTi da igive<br />

amomrCevlebi monawileoben ganmeorebiT. aseTi gamokiTxvebiT cdiloben<br />

daadginon cvlilebebi amomrCevlis damokidebulebaSi da daakavSiron is mediis<br />

strategiasTan, sakiTxebis cvlilebebTan, kandidatebis SecdomebTan<br />

da a.S. amgvari gamokiTxvebis mizania kandidats miawodos informacia imis<br />

Sesaxeb, romeli strategia muSaobs (da romeli ara) mocemuli kampaniis dros.<br />

amgvari strategiuli gamokiTxvebi xSirad gamoiyeneba fokus­jgufebTan da<br />

kampaniis sxva saSualebebTan erTad.<br />

gamokiTxvebi, Cveulebriv, sakmaod zustia, magram iSviaTad _ uSecdomo;<br />

TviT umaRles doneze organizebul gamokiTxvebSic ki SeiZleba iyos<br />

cdomilebebi. rogorc wesi, 0.05 sarwmunoobis xarisxis SemTxvevaSi maT aqvT<br />

3 procentiani cdomilebis zRvari, rac imas niSnavs, rom 100­dan 95 SemTxvevaSi<br />

nebismieri mimarTulebiT cdomileba araumetes 3 procentia. gamokiTxvis<br />

ama Tu im meTodSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kiTxvis zusti da<br />

cxadi formulireba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi roca xalxs ar gaaCnia<br />

kargad Camoyalibebuli mosazreba; ori alternatiuli politikis arCevanis<br />

SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, `federalurma mTavrobam unda aiRos sakuTar<br />

Tavze mosaxleobis sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa, Tu adamianebma TviTon<br />

unda izrunon sakuTar saxlebze?~) zogierTi respondenti SeiZleba imdenad<br />

moeqces alternativaTa Tanmimdevrobis gavlenis qveS, rom aman or arCevans<br />

Soris 30 procentiani gansxvaveba gamoiwvios. es damokidebulia mxolod<br />

imaze, pirvelad romeli alternativaa mocemuli. 5 ufro metic, imave kiTxvis<br />

imgvarad dasma, rom sakiTxis mxolod erTi alternativa iyos naxsenebi<br />

(magaliTad, `federalurma mTavrobam unda aiRos Tu ara sakuTar Tavze mosaxleobis<br />

adeqvaturi sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa?~) savaraudod, gamoiwvevs<br />

ufro met dadebiT pasuxs, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am kiTxvis formulirebaSi<br />

Sevidoda mocemuli sakiTxis erTze meti alternativa.<br />

calkeuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebidan daskvnebis gamotanis arasaimedoba<br />

naTlad Cans 10­1 sqemidan (`ori erTi da igive gamokiTxva, gansxvavebuli<br />

Sedegebi~). es maga liTi agreTve gviCvenebs, rogor SeuZlia gamokiTxvebs<br />

ara marto gazomos sazogadoebrivi azri, aramed gavlenac iqonios masze.

---

politikuri monawileoba<br />

343<br />

magaliTad, Tu respondentebs usvamen kiTxvas Tambaqos mowevis Sesaxeb individualuri<br />

arCevanis uflebis kuTxiT, ufro meti iqneba Tanaxma, vidre<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igive kiTxvaSi moxseniebuli iqneba safrTxe, romelsac<br />

moweva uqmnis sxvebis janmrTelobas. kandidatebi, korporaciebi da sxva<br />

organizebuli interesTa jgufebi, visac surs aCvenos ama Tu im poziciis an<br />

produqtis popularoba, maTTvis sasurvel Sedegebs xSirad iReben kiTxvis<br />

Sesabamisi formulirebis gziT. samwuxarod, aseTi midgoma aprobirebuli<br />

meTodia rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo seqtorSi.<br />

`noemberSi saprezidento arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT<br />

... prezidentis arCevnebi dRes rom Catarebuliyo<br />

da kandidatebi bil klintoni da bob douli<br />

yofiliyvnen.. vis miscemdiT xmas?~<br />

klintoni douli ar gadauwyvetia<br />

gamokiTxva Catarda 1996 wlis 8­11 ivliss<br />

`damdeg saprezidento arCevnebSi visTvis<br />

apirebT xmis micemas, Tu jer ar gadagiwyvetiaT?<br />

danamdvilebiT iciT, rom xmas<br />

(saxeli) aZlevT, Tu jer ar gadagiwyvetiaT?~<br />

klintoni douli ar gadauwyvetia<br />

gamokiTxva Catarda 1996 wlis 29 ivnisi­2 ivlisi<br />

sqema 10-1. ori erTi da igive gamokiTxva: gansxvavebuli Sedegebi<br />

es ori gamokiTxva TiTqmis erTdroulad Catarda, magram Sedegebi radikalurad gansxvavebulia.<br />

es faqti nawilobriv mainc gamowveulia kiTxvebis formuli rebiT.<br />

wyaro: The Polling Company National Survey, reprinted from John H. Fund, `The Perils of Polling,~<br />

Wall Street Journal, August 13, 1996, A12. ibeWdeba Wall Street Journal­is nebarTviT. Copyright ©<br />

1996 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia msoflio masStabiT.<br />

samwuxarod Tu sabednierod, gamokiTxvebma saprezidento arCevnebis<br />

kampaniebSi did roli Seasrula. 1996 wlis arCevnebis ganmavlobaSi marto<br />

CNN-ma daaxloebiT 200 gamokiTxva Caatara. SeadareT es 1992 wlis prezidentis<br />

saarCevno kampanias, rodesac yvela mediasaSualebam erTad Caatara 125­<br />

150 gamokiTxva. 6 xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi gamokiTxvebis popularobam<br />

mniSvnelovnad imata. erTma mkvlevarma aRniSna, rom 1968 wels Sromis<br />

dResa da arCevnebis dRes Soris (maisidan noembramde _ mTaArgm. Sen.) mxolod<br />

10 saerTo erovnulma gamokiTxvam mimarTa amomrCevlebs kiTxviT: `vis miscemdiT<br />

xmas, arCevnebi dRes rom tardebodes?~ 1996 wlis saprezidento ar­<br />

Cevnebis dros ki 300 saerTo erovnulma gamokiTxvam dasva igive kiTxva. 7

---

344 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

cxrili 10.1<br />

1996 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis saboloo gamokiTxvis prognozi<br />

gamokiTxvis<br />

organizatori klintoni douli pero<br />

CBS/New York Times<br />

Pew Research<br />

ABC News<br />

Harris<br />

NBC/Wall Street Journal<br />

USA Today/CNN/Gallup<br />

HOTLINE/Battleground<br />

Reuters/Zogby<br />

53%<br />

49%<br />

51%<br />

51%<br />

49%<br />

52%<br />

45%<br />

49%<br />

35%<br />

36%<br />

39%<br />

39%<br />

37%<br />

41%<br />

36%<br />

41%<br />

9%<br />

8%<br />

7%<br />

7%<br />

9%<br />

7%<br />

8%<br />

8%<br />

gamarjvebulis<br />

zRvari<br />

realuri Sedegebi 49% 41% 8% 8<br />

wyaro: From Everett C. Ladd’s `The Pollster’s Waterloo~ in the Wall Street Journal (November<br />

19, 1995), p. A-22. monacemebi mogvawoda koneqtikutis universitetis sazogadoebrivi<br />

kvlavis Roper Center-ma. ibeWdeba avtoris nebarTviT.<br />

bolo wlebSi sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva ufro saimedo gaxda. magaliTad,<br />

jorj buSsa da el gors Soris 2000 wlis saprezidento maraTonis<br />

dros CNN/USA Today/Gallup­sa da CNN/Time­is gamokiTxvebi saprezidento<br />

arCevnebis wina dRes orive kandidatisTvis erTnair Sedegs winaswarmetyvelebda.<br />

sabolood buSma gamarjvebisaTvis sakmarisi amomrCevelTa kolegiis<br />

xmebi daagrova floridis sakmaod saeWvo arCevnebis Semdeg. Sedegebi<br />

mogvianebiT uzenaesma sasamarTlomac daadastura, realurad ki gorma<br />

ufro meti xma miiRo, vidre buSma. gamokiTxvis Sedegebma gaamarTla.<br />

gamokiTxvebi mainc ar aris yovelTvis zusti an SedarebiT zusti, rogorc<br />

es naCvenebia 10­1 cxrilSi. yvela politikuri gamokiTxva garkveul<br />

risks Seicavs. gamokiTxva, pirvel rigSi, drois mcire monakveTSi arsebuli<br />

sazogadoebrivi azris gamovlenis saSualebaa, xolo sazogadoebrivi<br />

azri Zalian xSirad icvleba. meorec, gamokiTxvebi farTod gavrcelda da<br />

momabezrebeli gaxda, ris gamoc moqalaqeebi naklebi enTuziazmiT iReben<br />

maTSi monawileobas. mesamec, sxvadasxva gamokiTxvas Soris mniSvnelovani<br />

meTodologiuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs. arCevnebs Soris Catarebuli<br />

gamokiTxvebi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes saarCevno<br />

kampaniebis dros Catarebul gamokiTxvebs. magaliTad, prezidentis popularoba,<br />

romelsac zomavs sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva, xels uwyobs<br />

imis gansazRvras, ra gavlena aqvs prezidents ama Tu im politikur sakiTxze.<br />

imaves Tqma SeiZleba prezidentisa da kongresis urTierTobebze, gansa­<br />

18<br />

13<br />

12<br />

12<br />

12<br />

11<br />

9<br />

8

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politikuri monawileoba<br />

345<br />

kuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mowinaaRmdege partias umravleso ba hyavs erT­erT<br />

an orive palataSi.<br />

arGevnebi<br />

mniSvnelovani arCevnebi gamokiTxvebs yvelaze saWiro politikur gamar­<br />

Tlebasa da gamoyenebas uZebnis. arCevnebis gareSe gamokiTxvebis politikuri<br />

gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli iqneboda.<br />

arCevnebis funqciebi. raoden saocaric ar unda iyos, gansxvavebul politikur<br />

sistemebSi arCevnebs gansxvavebuli funqciebi aqvs. samxedro diqtaturebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, regularuli arCevnebi, ubralod, ar<br />

tardeba _ rac aseT reJimebSi samoqalaqo monawileobis minimalur an srul<br />

ararsebobaze mianiSnebs. Tu arCevnebi totalitarul saxelmwifoSi mainc<br />

tardeba, maT ubralo politikuri ritualis saxe aqvs, rac mmarTvelebs<br />

maTi xelisuflebis legitimaciis saSualebas aZlevs. maTgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

konstituciuri demokratiebis pirobebSi arCevnebi principuli saSualebaa<br />

moqalaqeTa mier mmarTvelis gansasazRvrad. arCevnebi iribad imasac gansaz­<br />

Rvravs, ra saxis <strong>politika</strong> iqneba gatarebuli momavalSi.<br />

Tavisufali arCevnebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs warmomadgenlobis koncefcias.<br />

warmomadgenlebi, romlebic moqmedeben amomrCevelTa saxeliT,<br />

iReben sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel gadawyvetilebebs, romlebsac<br />

moqalaqeebi, maTi didi raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, erToblivad ver miiRebdnen.<br />

Tanamedrove konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi idea ukve<br />

gulisxmobs, rom arCevnebi umniSvnelovanesia WeSmaritad warmomadgenlobiTi<br />

sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis.<br />

arCevnebis SezRudvebi. idealur SemTxvevaSi arCevnebma demokratiul<br />

sazogadoebas Tavisi moqalaqeebis survilebis kanonebsa da <strong>politika</strong>Si<br />

asaxvis saSualeba unda misces. Tumca, realurad arCevnebs yovelTvis ar<br />

mosdevs idealuri Sedegebi. arCevnebs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi arCevanis<br />

saSualebas, Semdegi Tanmdevi SezRudvebi gaaCnia:<br />

1. Tu umniSvnelovanes movlenaze sazogadoebrivi azri arasworad gansaz­<br />

Rvruli an daqsaqsulia, axladarCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi amomrCevelTagan<br />

ver miiReben mkafiod gansazRvrul mandats. Tu aseTi mandati<br />

mainc iqneba micemuli, Tanamdebobis pirebma SeiZleba konkretul<br />

sakiTxze sa zogadoebrivi azri an arasworad gaigon, an ugulebelyon, an<br />

Secvalon.<br />

2. saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad saWiro saarCevno kampanias Zalian<br />

didi dro da uamravi fuli sWirdeba, ris gamoc bevri kvalificiuri<br />

kandidati ver iRebs arCevnebSi monawileobas, an zog SemTxvevaSi<br />

upiratesoba usamarTlod eniWeba ama Tu im kandidats.<br />

3. rac SeiZleba meti amomrCevlisa da interesTa jgufis mozidvis mizniT<br />

sajaro moxeleobis kandidatma SeiZleba ama Tu im sakiTxze aramyari

---

346 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

pozicia daikavos. am winaswar ganzraxulma gaurkvevlobam SeiZleba patiosan<br />

amomrCevels gonivruli arCevanis gakeTeba gaurTulos.<br />

4. kandidatebi xSirad iZlevian dapirebebs, romelTa Sesrulebac maT ar<br />

SeuZliaT, vinaidan saTanadod ver afaseben mosalodnel sirTuleebs.<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi rTulia politikuri cvlilebebis gatareba,<br />

radgan xSirad prezidentis da kongresis <strong>politika</strong> gansxvavdeba. winaaRmdegobas<br />

qmnis isic, rom warmoudgenlad CaxlarTuli sabiujeto<br />

procesi mTel yuradRebas iqcevs da xSirad kongresis paralizebasac<br />

ki iwvevs.<br />

5. Tanamdebobaze arCevis Semdeg kandidatma SeiZleba ubralod Seicvalos<br />

Sexeduleba konkretuli politikis sasurvelobasa da vargisianobaze.<br />

specifikuri interesebis Zlierma zegavlenam, ufro meti da ukeTesi<br />

informaciis xelmisawvdomobam an gansxvavebuli saSinao da sagareo<br />

politikis CaxlarTuli urTierTdamokidebulebis gacnobierebam kongresis<br />

axalarCeul wevrze SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena iqonios.<br />

Tanamedrove konstituciuri xelisuflebis idea gulisxmobs politikur war­<br />

momadgenlobas, xolo WeSmaritad warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis funqcio ni re bisaTvis<br />

arCevnebi arsebiTia. fotoze kenieli amomrCeveli biuletens agdebs.<br />

miuxedavad SezRudvebisa, sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT, arCevnebi<br />

saukeTeso saSualebaa moqalaqeTa azrebis saxelmwifo <strong>politika</strong>d realizaciisaTvis,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki did da mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi. realurad<br />

arsebobs kargi safuZveli vifiqroT, rom politikuri dapirebebi ufro<br />

xSirad sruldeba, vidre irRveva. 8 xandaxan Tanamdebobis pirebi imedebs<br />

gvicrueben, Tumca siurprizebsac iSviaTad gviwyoben. amomrCevels sakmaod

---

politikuri monawileoba<br />

347<br />

kargad aqvs warmodgenili, ras unda elodos konkretuli kandidatisgan,<br />

romelsac igi irCevs. dabolos, xandaxan kandidatebs darRveuli piroba<br />

Zvirad ujdebaT.<br />

saarGevno sistemebi<br />

saarCevno sistemebi SeiZleba struqturulad sxvadasxvagvari iyos ma­<br />

Joritaruli, roca mogebuli iRebs yvela mandats (gamarjvebuls yvelaferi<br />

miaqvs) da proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemebi arCeviTi warmomadgenlobis<br />

yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli meTodebia.<br />

maJoritaruli sistema _ gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs (Winner-take-all).<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi kongresis wevrs irCeven erTmandatiani saarCevno ubnidan<br />

xmaTa martivi umravlesobiT; anu am sistemaSi mxolod erTi warmomadgeneli<br />

airCeva TiToeuli saarCevno ubnidan da is kandidati, vinc yvelaze<br />

met xmas daagrovebs, ikavebs Tanamdebobas. vinaidan Statis ori senatori<br />

irCeva sxva dasxva wlebSi, mTliani Stati warmoadgens erTmandatian saarCevno<br />

ubans. dabolos, saprezidento arCevnebis drosac, ormocdaaTive<br />

Stati erTmandatiani saarCevno ubania, vinaidan yvela saarCevno xma eniWeba<br />

prezidentobis im kandidats, romelic iRebs xmaTa umravlesobas am Tu im<br />

konkretul StatSi.<br />

aseTi sistemis praqtikuli politikuri Sedegebi mravalferovania. erTmandatian<br />

saarCevno ubanSi nebismieri arCevnebis dros, rodesac mxolod<br />

ori kandidatia, erT­erTi maTgani aucileblad miiRebs martiv umravlesobas,<br />

romelic amomrCevelTa yvelaze did gaerTianebad ganisazRvreba. Tu<br />

sami an meti kandidati ibrZvis gamarjvebisaTvis, arCeulad iTvleba is, vinc<br />

miiRebs yvelaze met xmas: xuTi kandidatis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa gaimarjvos<br />

iman, vinc miiRebs xmaTa 25 procents (an naklebs). rogorc vnaxavT, es meTodi<br />

xels uwyobs orpartiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas.<br />

maJoritaruli sistemis _ aseve cnobili, rogorc first past the post saar­<br />

Cevno sistemis Sedegebi, aSS kongresis arCevnebis hipoTetur cxrilSi 10­<br />

2 aris grafikulad asaxuli. gaiTvaliswineT, rom am sistemas aqvs minimum<br />

erTi upiratesoba mainc: igi gansazRvravs sufTa gamarjvebulebs. ubralo<br />

umravlesoba wyvets, vin iqneba saarCevno ubnis warmomadgeneli. cxrilSi<br />

moyvanil magaliTSi liberali joni aris sufTa gamarjvebuli. magram am<br />

xelsayreli SedegisaTvis safasuri unda iqnes gadaxdili _ umravlesobam<br />

(amomrCevelTa 57 procentma) ar misca xma liberals. ubralod, maT SeeZloT<br />

darCeniliyvnen saxlSi. arc konservatori jeinisa da upartio aimas <strong>politika</strong><br />

da arc umravlesobis mier miniWebuli upiratesobebi am saarCevno ubnidan<br />

warmodgenili ar iqneba.<br />

maJoritarul saarCevno sistemas SeuZlia qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri<br />

naklovanebebi warmoaCinos. Cvens hipoTetur arCevnebSi liberalma<br />

gaimarjva saarCevno ubnis xmaTa mxolod 43 procentiT, magram igi gaxda 100<br />

procentiani warmomadgeneli. ra Tqma unda, misi kandidatura dafinansebu­

---

348 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

li iyo Zlieri organizaciis ori wamyvani amerikuli politikuri partiidan<br />

erT­erTis mier. amas garda, es ori partia inerciis wyalobiTac igebs _ xmas<br />

aZleven Cveulebis da ara rwmenis gamo.<br />

cxrili 10.2<br />

hipoTeturi politikuri maraToni<br />

partia kandidati miRebuli<br />

xmebi<br />

demokratiuli<br />

respublikuri<br />

damoukidebeli<br />

liberali joni<br />

konservatori jei­<br />

ni<br />

upartio aima<br />

25,800<br />

24,600<br />

9,600<br />

xmebis<br />

procentuli<br />

raodenoba<br />

aseTi sistemis dros ori mTavari partiidan erT­erTi yoveli arCevnebis<br />

Sedegad mudmivad iRebs warmomadgenlobis uflebas, rac arCevnebSi<br />

monawile meore partiisa da meorexarisxovani partiebis xarjze miRebuli<br />

saarCevno xmebis proporciuli ar aris. amgvarad, mTavarma partiam, romelic<br />

amomrCevlis 40­dan 45 procentamde xmas iRebs, SeiZleba mandatebis<br />

umravlesoba miiRos, rogorc es ZiriTadad xdeba britanul arCevnebSi.<br />

arCevnebis suraTis aseTi damaxinjeba imdenad gavrcelebulia did britaneTSi,<br />

rom mTavar parti as, romelic iRebs xmebis naxevarze naklebs, SeuZlia<br />

damajereblad gaimarj vos (xmaTa SedarebiTi umravlesobis miRebis Sedegad<br />

iRebs saparlamento umravlesobas).<br />

amgvarad, maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema xels uwyobs ori mTavari politikuri<br />

partiis Camoyalibebas da arTulebs mcire politikuri partiebis<br />

zrdas. mravalpartiul sistemasTan SedarebiTi upiratesoba gamoixateba<br />

ufro met politikur stabilurobaSi. Tumca, zogierTi kritikosis azriT,<br />

amgvari stabiluroba miiRweva warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiisTvis<br />

misi dedaazris mospobiT _ anu aqcentis gakeTebiT mTavrobaze, romelic<br />

umravlesobis sur vils (da preferenciebs) gamoxatavs. imis gamo, rom es<br />

sistema ar war moaCens amomrCevlis mTeli speqtris azrebsa da interesebs,<br />

igi iswrafvis gazardos mmarTveli partiis (an partiebis) sakanonmdeblo<br />

Zalaufleba da dabrkolebebi Seuqmnas umciresobis partiaTa mcdelobas,<br />

Seiqmnan sakanonmdeblo niadagi.<br />

proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemebi. maJoritaruli sistemebis<br />

alternativas warmoadgens proporciul warmomadgenlobaze dafuZnebuli<br />

saarCevno sistema, romlis mizania uzrunvelyos sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebaSi<br />

partiebisaTvis eleqtoratis mxardaWeris TiTqmis Sesabamisi warmomadgenloba.<br />

rogorc wesi, aseTi sistemis SemTxvevaSi qveyana dayofilia<br />

saarCevno ubnebad, saidanac irCeven ramdenime deputats. maT Soris Tanam­<br />

43<br />

41<br />

16

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politikuri monawileoba<br />

349<br />

debobebi nawildeba partiebis mi er TiToeul ubanSi miRebuli xmebis raodenobis<br />

Sesabamisad.<br />

im mraval qveyanas Soris, romlebmac danerges es sistema, aris israeli,<br />

italia, belgia, norvegia da irlandia. germaniac iyenebs proporciuli warmomadgenlobis<br />

sistemas bundestagis (parlamentis qveda palatis) wevrTa<br />

naxevris asarCevad. rogorc wesi, kandidati ubanze igebs arCevnebs, Tu igi miiRebs<br />

xmaTa garkveul raodenobas. xmaTa minimaluri raodenoba ganisazRvreba<br />

gamoyofil mandatebze xmaTa raodenobis gayofiT. magaliTad, warmovidginoT,<br />

rom 10­2 cxrilis SemTxvevaSi proporciul warmomadgenlobasTan gvaqvs<br />

saqme. saarCevno ubanze gamoyofilia sami mandati da amomrCevelTa saerTo<br />

raodenoba 60 000­ia. aseTi viTarebaSi kandidati arCeuli iqneba partiis<br />

mier miRebuli yoveli 20 000 xmis SemTxvevaSi. am formulis mixedviT orive<br />

kandidati, liberalic da konservatoric arCeulad CaiTvleba, vinaidan<br />

TiToeulma 20 000­ze meti xma miiRo. saarCevno ubnis mesame warmomadgeneli<br />

ganisazRvreba regionuli gadanawilebis principiT, romelic Semdegnairad<br />

moqmedebs: demokratebis 5 800, respublikelebis 4 600 da damoukidebeli<br />

kandidatebis 9 600 xma gadaecema regions, sadac igi sxva saarCevno ubnebis<br />

xmebTan erTad daiTvleba da xelaxla gadanawildeba. im SemTvevaSi, Tu regionuli<br />

gadanawilebiT kandidati ver airCeva, SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes qveynis<br />

masStabiT gadanawileba. amgvarad, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistema<br />

uzrunvelyofs, rom arc erTi sarCevno xma ar ikargeba.<br />

Tumca, zogierTma qveyanam patara, umniSvnelo partiebis momravlebis<br />

Tavidan acilebis mizniT proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemis modificireba<br />

moaxdina. aseT qveynebSi umciresobis partiebma unda miiRon<br />

gansazRvruli minimaluri xmebis raodenoba (saarCevno barieri _ mTAargm.<br />

Sen.), raTa saarCevno ubnidan hyavdeT TavianTi warmomadgeneli. germaniasa<br />

da ruseTSi es minimumi 5 procentia, sxva qveynebSi SeiZleba 15 procenti da<br />

metic ki iyos.<br />

saarCevno siebi proporciuli warmomadgenlobis gamoyenebis yvelaze<br />

gavrcelebuli meTodia. amgvari sistemis dros partias SeuZlia saarCevno<br />

ubanze ramdenic surs, imdeni kandidati waradginos. am SemTxvevaSi partiam<br />

saarCevno biuletenSi unda moaxdinos maTi ranJireba _ Tu partia miiRebs<br />

xmaTa raodenobas, romelic sakmarisia mxolod erTi mandatis mosapoveblad,<br />

mandats miiRebs saarCevno siaSi miTiTebuli pirveli kandidati; Tu<br />

partia daagrovebs ori mandatis mosapoveblad sakmaris xmaTa raodenobas,<br />

maSin siaSi miTiTebuli meore kandidatic miiRebs mandats da a.S. saarCevno<br />

siebis sistema mniSv nelovnad aZlierebs partiebs, vinaidan moqalaqeebi xmas<br />

aZleven partias (da ara kandidats) da partia akontrolebs kandidatTa Tanmimdevrobas<br />

saarCevno biuletenebSi.<br />

arsebobs saarCevno siebis alternatiuli sistemebi. erT­erTi maTgani<br />

emyareba calkeul, gardamaval xmis micemas da ufro metad aqcents akeTebs<br />

individualur kandidatebsa da personebze, vidre partiebze. kandidatebi<br />

Tavisuflad ecilebian erTmaneTs dasakavebel Tanamdebobebs. kvota winaswar<br />

aris gansazRvruli da yvela kandidati, vinc daagrovebs xmaTa saWiro

---

350 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

raodenobas, iTvleba arCeulad. magram es sistema ucnaur xriks Seicavs:<br />

yvela amomrCeveli miuTiTebs pirvel da meore arCevans. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />

pirveladi arCevanis xmebis daTvlis Semdeg kidev rCeba auTvisebeli mandatebi,<br />

zedmeti xmebi, amomrCevlis meore arCevanis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadadis<br />

darCenil kandidatebze.<br />

saarCevno sistemaTa Sedareba. proporciul warmomadgenlobiT sistemas<br />

maJoritarul warmomadgenlobiT sistemasTan SedarebiT garkveuli upiratesobebi<br />

gaaCnia. ufro naklebi xma ikargeba, SexedulebaTa ufro farTo<br />

speqtria warmodgenili da sakanonmdeblo organoSi ufro met partias SeuZlia<br />

hyavdes warmomadgeneli. es sistema mandatebi ufro samarTliani da miukerZoebelia,<br />

vinaidan Tanamdebobebi partiebs Soris nawildeba maT mier<br />

miRebuli xmebis raodenobis Sesabamisad.<br />

Tumca, proporciul warmomadgenlobas, gansakuTrebiT saarCevno siebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, ramdenime arasasurveli movlena axasiaTebs, maT Soris partiis<br />

centralizaciis aSkara tendencia, erT sakiTxze koncentrirebuli<br />

partiebis aRmoceneba, ufro intensiuri saparlamento fraqcionalizmi,<br />

qveynis masStabiT konsensusis miRwevis garTuleba, politikuri partiebis,<br />

rogorc politikuri arCevanis ZiriTadi saSualebebis sasargeblod individualuri<br />

kandidatebis ugulebelyofa. zogierTi am movlenaTagani Sei­<br />

Zleba sasurvelic ki iyos. miuxedavad maJoritaruli sistemis xarvezebisa,<br />

amerikelTa umetesoba ar emxroba axali, ucnobi sistemiT mis Canacvlebas.<br />

siaxlisadmi SiSi amerikuli politikis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalaa.<br />

pirdapiri demokratia<br />

pirdapiri demokratia niSnavs, rom politikur sakiTxebs amomrCeveli<br />

TviTon wyvets. albaT amis sayovelTaod cnobili modelia qalaq niu­inglendis<br />

municipalitetis Sexvedra. konstitucia, arCeuli warmomadgenlebis<br />

uzrunvelyofiT, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis sasargeblod uaryofs<br />

pirdapiri demokratiis ideas.<br />

dRes bevrgan pirdapiri demokratia Tanaarsebobs warmomadgenlobiT<br />

demokratiasTan. zogierT demokratiul qveyanaSi, rogoricaa Sveicaria da<br />

avstralia, agreTve amerikis ramdenime Stati, moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT gverdi<br />

auaron kanons an Caanacvlon igi sajaro politikis specifikur sakiTxebze<br />

pirdapiri kenWisyriT. rogorc wesi, aseT kenWisyras plebisciti ewodeba.<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs pirdapiri demokratiuli monawileobas sami<br />

forma. referendumi tardeba maSin, rodesac kanonmdebloba an konstitucia<br />

sakiTxs an sajaro <strong>politika</strong>s gansaxilvelad warudgens amomrCevlebs.<br />

zogierT SemTxve va Si xmis micemas ufro sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs (eleqtoratis<br />

preferencie bis maCvenebelia); sxva SemTxvevebSi ki imisaTvis, rom<br />

kenWisyraze dayenebuli sakiTxi ZalaSi Sevides, amomrCevlis Tanxmobaa<br />

saWiro. sakanonmdeblo iniciativis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi amomrCevels Tvi­<br />

Ton gaaqvs gansaxilvelad xelmoweraTa winaswar dadgenili raodenobis

---

iniciativa, referendumi<br />

da impiCmenti<br />

iniciativa da referendumi<br />

iniciativa<br />

politikuri monawileoba<br />

351<br />

sqema 10-2. moqalaqeTa mier safuZvelCayrili iniciativa, referendumi da impiCmenti<br />

tatebis doneze<br />

wyaro: ibeWdeba Thomas E. Cronin­is wignis Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative,<br />

Referendum, and Recall­is gamomcemelTa nebarTviT (Cambride, Mass.: Harvard University<br />

Press). saavtoro ufleba 1989, Twentieth Century Fund, Inc. ganaxlebulia Thomas Magstadt­is<br />

mier, 2002w.<br />

Segrovebis Semdeg. gawveva aris politikuri meqanizmi arCeuli Tanamdebobis<br />

piris gadasayeneblad. igi iniciativis msgavsia da gansaxilvelad gadis<br />

moqalaqeTa xelmowerebis winas war gansazRvruli raodenobis Segrovebis<br />

Semdeg. [saqarTvelos referendums xelisuflebisaTvis savaldebulo xasiaTi<br />

aqvs, xolo plebiscits _ sarekomendacio _ mTargmn. Sen.].<br />

iniciativa da referendumi<br />

impiCmenti<br />

referendumi<br />

arc erTi<br />

arsebobs ori saxis iniciativa _ pirdapiri da iribi; referendumic<br />

ori saxis arsebobs _ saxalxo da sakanonmdeblo. ocdasamma Statma Statis<br />

masStabiT daakanona iniciativa an sa xalxo referendumi 1898­1959 wlebSi;<br />

oTxma Statma ki _ 1958 wlis Semdeg.

---

352 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

• ocdaSvid Stats aqvs garkveuli saxis iniciativa an saxalxo referendumi.<br />

• ocdaoTx Stats aqvs iniciativis raRac forma.<br />

• ocdaoTx Stats aqvs saxalxo referendumi.<br />

• ormocdacxra Stats gaaCnia sakanonmdeblo referendumi.<br />

• pirveli Stati, romelmac 1778 wels Caatara sakanonmdeblo referendumi<br />

konstituciis miRebis mizniT, iyo masaCusetsi.<br />

• pirveli Stati, romelmac 1898 wels daakanona iniciativa da saxalxo<br />

referendumi, iyo samxreT dakota.<br />

• pirveli Stati, sadac 1904 wels iniciativas eyara kenWi, iyo oregoni.<br />

• pirveli Stati, romelmac 1897 wels qalaqebs misca iniciativisa da<br />

saxalxo referendumis Catarebis ufleba, iyo nebraska.<br />

• pirveli Stati, romelmac 1907 wels sakuTar konstituciaSi gaiTvaliswina<br />

iniciativa da saxalxo referendumi, iyo oklahoma.<br />

• ukanaskneli Stati, romelmac 1992 wels daakanona iniciativa, iyo<br />

misisipi.<br />

wyaro: adaptirebulia Initiative and Referendum Institute, http://www.iandrinstitute.org/factsheets/quickfacts.htm,<br />

accessed May 15, 2002.<br />

mravali demokratia politikur sakiTxTa pirdapiri xmis micemiT gadawyvetis<br />

cnobil magaliTebs gviCvenebs. 1962 wels safrangeTis prezidentma,<br />

Sarl de golma prezidentis pirdapiri arCevnebis Casatareblad referendumis<br />

gziT Sesworeba Seitana konstituciaSi. 1973 wels didma britaneTma,<br />

pirvelad mis istoriaSi, Caatara referendumi imis gansasazRvrad, gawevrianebuliyo<br />

Tu ara saerTo bazarSi (evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis<br />

araoficialuri saxelwodeba). (xmaTa mcire upiratesobiT sazogadoebam<br />

mxari gawevrianebas dauWira). SeerTebul StatebSi pirdapiri demokratiis<br />

Tanamedrove periodi saTaves iRebs 1978 wlis kaliforniis cnobili Proposition<br />

13­dan (sakanonmdeblo cvlileba), romelmac ara marto minimum gaanaxevra<br />

gadasaxadi kerZo sakuTrebaze, aramed safuZveli Cauyara sxvadasxva<br />

inicitivisa da re ferendumis saqveyno Catarebas.<br />

pirdapiri demokratiis mravali RonisZieba sakamaToa. magaliTad, 1996<br />

wels miRebulma kaliforniis samoqalaqo uflebaTa iniciativam kaliforniis<br />

konstituciis Secvlis gziT SezRuda pozitiuri diskriminaciis<br />

programebi da akrZala upiratesi damokidebuleba `sajaro samsaxurSi,<br />

sazogadoebriv ganaTlebaSi an saxelmwifo kontraqtebis dadebisas rasobrivi,<br />

sqesobrivi, kanis feris, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis an erovnuli warmomavlobis<br />

safuZvelze. iniciativis damcvelebisa da mowinaaRmdegeebis brZola<br />

gagrZelda misi miRebis Semdegac, rode sac mowinaaRmdegeebma sasamarTloebSi<br />

iniciativis arakonstituciurobis damtkicebis gziT misi ganxorcielebis<br />

gadadebas miaRwies. sasamarTlos Careva am SemTxvevaSi asaxavs<br />

saerTo tendencia: sasamarTloebi konstituciur problemebs pouloben

---

politikuri monawileoba<br />

353<br />

pirdapiri demokratiis gziT gatarebul bevr RonisZiebaSi da aferxeben<br />

pirdapiri demokratiis realizacias.<br />

sakiTxis amgvari ganxilva mniSvnelovania, radgan pirdapiri demokratiis<br />

farglebSi ganxorcielebuli sxvadasxva qmedeba mudam demokratiis gama­<br />

Zlierebel saSualebad aRiqmeboda. amgvar RonisZiebebSi igulisxmeboda<br />

mTavrobis mgrZnobiarobisa da pasuxismgeblobis gazrda, amomrCevlis monawileobis<br />

gaaqtiureba da arCeul korumpirebul, Seusabamo an upasuxismgeblo<br />

warmomadgenlebze adeqvaturi reagireba. 9 pirdapiri demokratiis oponentebi<br />

amtkiceben, rom fulma da sxvagvarma dainteresebam SeiZleba Seusabamod<br />

didi roli iTamaSos amgvar specialur kenWisyraSi, vidre Cveulebriv<br />

sakanonmdeblo procesSi. isini imasac amboben, rom iniciativebi da referendumebi<br />

xSirad teqnikurad imdenad rTulia, rom saSualo amomrCeveli verc<br />

erkveva gansaxilveli sakiTxebis arsSi. Tumc,a am azrs ar iziarebs am procesis<br />

erT­erTi cnobili mkvlevari, romelic amtkicebs: `Statebis gamocdileba<br />

aCvenebs, rom amomrCevlebs, rogorc wesi, kargad esmiT im sakiTxis arsi,<br />

romelsac isini xmas aZleven da Sesabamisad kompetenturad moqmedeben, gansakuTrebiT<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sakiTxi farTod iyo gaSuqebuli.~ 10<br />

amgvarad, pirdapiri demokratiis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis negatiuri<br />

Se fasebebi gadametebulia. ra Tqma unda, oponentebis mxridan imis mtkiceba,<br />

rom fuli savaraudod daamaxinjebs plebiscitis Sedegebs, saukeTeso<br />

SemTxve vaSi TvalTmaqcobaa _ dRes fuli aris ZiriTadi (SesaZlebelia,<br />

umniSvnelovanesic) faqtori faqtobrivad yvela mniSvnelobis amerikul ar­<br />

CevnebSi. niSnavs es imas, rom iniciativebisa da referendumebis gavrceleba<br />

absoluturi si keTea? ara, es ar aris aucilebeli. Zalian gadaWarbebulma<br />

demokratiam SeiZleba problema Seqmnas. problemis gadaWra moicavs mis<br />

sworad dabalansebas. aseTi zomebi lokalur doneze TviTmmarTvelobas<br />

aZlierebs. magram Tu es zomebi mravalricxvovania da sakiTxebic rTulia,<br />

specifikuri interesebi izrdeba da kompetenturi amomrCevelis arsebobis<br />

albaToba klebulobs. dRes am mizezTa gamo pirdapiri demokratia aRiqmeba,<br />

rogorc warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis damateba da ara misi Semcvleli.<br />

monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT xma?<br />

pirdapiri demokratiis Sesaxeb msjelobisas varaudi efuZneba imas, rom<br />

moqalaqeTa monawileoba bunebrivia _ maT undaT monawileoba miiRon demokratiul<br />

mmarTvelobaSi, magram zogjer isini procesSi ar daiSvebian.<br />

amgvari Sexeduleba sakmaod damajerebelia. ubralo mamakacebi da qalebi<br />

mTel msoflioSi ibrZodnen arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebisaTvis, vinaidan<br />

isini didad afaseben Tavisufal arCevnebs da xmis micemis uflebas. is<br />

uflebebi, romelTa mopovebac adreuli TaobebisaTvis Zalian rTuli iyo,<br />

amJamad TavisTavad, cxad mocemulobad iTvleba. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad<br />

Cans SeerTebuli Statebis ma galiTze. Cndeba kiTva: ratom?

---

354 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

xmis micema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebSi monawileobis gasagebad yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

faqtia is, rom arCevnebSi monawileTa procentuli maCvenebeli<br />

dabalia da droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro klebulobs. 1960 wels kenediniqsonis<br />

arCevnebSi zrdasruli mosaxleobis TiTqmis 63 procentma miiRo<br />

monawileoba. 1996 wels raodenoba Semcirda 49 procentamde da odnav maRali<br />

iyo 2000 wels (50.4 procenti). 2000 wlis arCevnebi respublikelma jorj<br />

buSma amomrCevelTa kolegiaSi (romelic irCeva SeerTebul StatebSi prezidentisa<br />

da vice­prezidentis asarCevad) Zalian mcire upiratesobiT moigo<br />

mas Semdeg, rac qveynis masStabiT faqtobrivad damarcxda. odnav met adamians<br />

rom mieRo monawileoba arCevnebSi floridis (zrdasruli mosaxleobis<br />

mxolod naxevarze naklebi mivida arCevnebze) an ramdenime sxva StatSi, ar­<br />

Cevnebs namdvilad demokrati al gori moigebda.<br />

xmis micemis asakis mosaxleobis<br />

procentuli raodenoba<br />

Sualedur arCevnebze amomrCevelTa maCvenebeli kvlav dabalia. is mkveTrad daeca<br />

mas Semdeg, rac 1971 wels xmis micemis asakma 18 wlamde daiwia da kvlav daRmavlobis tendenciiT<br />

xasiaTdeboda, Tu ar CavTvliT odnav matebas recesiis periodSi 1982 wels da<br />

mniSvnelovan matebas 1994 wels.<br />

misisipis Statis qalaq tenesisa da luizianaSi (sadac mxolod amomrCevelTa erTi<br />

olqi dafiqsirda noemberSi) amomrCevelTa maCvenebelma 20%­sac ki ver miaRwia. mxolod<br />

oTx StatSi miiRo monawileoba xmis micemis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis umravlesobam<br />

warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebSi: meni (55.6 procenti), minesota (54.8 procenti),<br />

montana (54.6 procenti) da alaska (52.5 procenti).<br />

sqema 10-3. SeerTebul StatebSi Sualedur arCevnebSi amomrCevelTa raodenoba,<br />

1962­94w. eyrdnoba warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebis monacemebs (xmis micemis asakis<br />

mosaxleobis procentuli raodenoba)<br />

wyaro: adaptirebulia Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 23 Tebervali, 1991w., 484.<br />

arCevnebSi monawileobis sxva sazomi aris Sualeduri arCevnebi (rodesac

---

politikuri monawileoba<br />

355<br />

ar tardeba saprezidento arCevnebi). 1962 wels Sualedur arCevnebSi monawileoba<br />

miiRo amomrCevelTa 46,3 procentma, 1994 wels es ricxvi 38.7­mde Semcirda<br />

(ix. sqema 10­3); 1998 wels mxolod 36 procenti (mesamedze odnav meti)<br />

mivida gamokiTxvaze. arCevnebSi monawileTa raodenobas meore msoflio<br />

omis Semdeg 45 procentisTvis ar gadauWarbebia. sxva demokratiebTan SedarebiT<br />

(magaliTad italiaSi, belgiaSi, SvedeTSi, saberZneTSi, holandia­<br />

Si, avstraliaSi, daniasa da norvegiaSi saSualod eleqtoratis 80 procenti<br />

iRebs monawileobas saprezidento an mis ekvivalentur arCevnebSi), amomrCevelTa<br />

aqtiuroba SeerTebul StatebSi samarcxvinod dabalia. 11<br />

amomrCevlis dabali aqtiuroba aris gamocana (da sircxvili), vinaidan igi<br />

im cvlilebaTa safuZvelze warmoiSva, romlebsac sruliad sxva efeqti unda<br />

hqonda. rogorc orma eqspertma aRniSna, amomrCevlis aqtiurobis klebis periodSi<br />

moxda bevri iseTi ram, rasac Teoriulad amomrCevlis monawileobis<br />

mateba unda gamoewvia. pirvel rigSi iyo grZelvadiani cvlilebebi kanonmdeblobaSi:<br />

wesebi, dadgenilebebi, romlebic arTulebda kenWisyraSi amomrCevlis<br />

daSvebas, rogoric iyo saarCevno gadasaxadis daweseba, ganaTlebis<br />

cenzisa da qveyanaSi xangrZlivi binadrobis moTxovnebi, TiTqmis srulad<br />

gauqmda. xmis micemis mi nimalurma asakma 18 wlamde daiwia. Sedegad qveyanam<br />

Seqmna (struqturulad da iuridiulad) eleqtoratis didi masis arsebobis<br />

potenciali, romelSic mcire gamonaklisis garda, faqtobrivad yvela zrdasruli<br />

adamiani Sevidoda. 12<br />

ufro metic, 1993 wels e.w. `mZRoli­amomrCevelis kanoni~ miRebiT axal<br />

amomrCevels SeuZlia daregistrirdes marTvis mowmobis aRebis an ganaxlebis<br />

dros. dabolos, dabali saarCevno maCvenebeli asve moulodnelia<br />

iqidan gamomdinare, rom `farTomasStabianma cvlilebebma mosaxleobaSi<br />

aamaRla ganaTlebis, Semosavlisa da dasaqmebis done, rac dakavSirebulia<br />

arCevnebSi aqtiurobis maRal maCvelebelTan~. 13 sinamdvileSi, albaT, upriania<br />

kiTxva ara `vin aZlevs xmas?~ aramed `vin ar aZlevs xmas?~<br />

monawileobis modelebi<br />

aqsiomaa, rom <strong>politika</strong>Si amerikis moqalaqeTa mxolod umciresoba iRebs<br />

aqtiur monawileobas. erT­erTma pirvelma kvlevam, romelic Caatares julian<br />

vudvordma da elmo ruperma 1950 wels, aCvena, rom zrdasruli mosaxleobis<br />

daaxloebiT 70 procenti politikurad pasiuri iyo. 14 mogvianebiT Catarebulma<br />

kvlevebma cxadyo, rom amerikis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 26 procenti<br />

SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT aqtivistebs. mosaxleobis danarCeni nawilis monawileoba<br />

Semoifargleba mxolod xmis micemiT an saerTod politikisaTvis Tavis<br />

aridebiT. 15 aqtiuri monawileebis dadgena iolad aris SesaZlebeli: ufro<br />

metad aqtiurebi arian Suaxnis moqalaqeebi, vidre axalgazrdebi an xanSi Sesulebi;<br />

ufro metad ofisSi momuSaveni, vidre warmoebaSi dakavebulni; ufro<br />

metad daqorwinebulni, vidre martoxelebi; ufro metad TeTrkanianebi, vidre<br />

Savkanianebi da ufro metad Savkanianebi, vidre laTinoamerikelebi.<br />

maT, vinc monawileobas iRebs <strong>politika</strong>Si (xmis micemis gziT mainc), ro­

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356 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

gorc wesi, gavlenis moxdenis ufro didi rwmena aqvT. ar aris gasakviri, rom<br />

politikuri qmedunarianobis amgvari SegrZneba xSirad asaxavs bunebriv<br />

SesaZleblobaTa, individualuri mdgomareobisa da socialur garemoebaTa<br />

nazavs. Tumca ZalaSi rCeba kiTxva: ratom aris, rom amdeni amerikeli xmasac<br />

ki ar aZlevs da miuxedavad perioduli zrdisa, ukanasknel sam aTwleulSi<br />

maCvenebeli klebulobs?<br />

zogierTi mkvlevari eyrdnoba 1971 wels saarCevno asakis Tvramet wlamde<br />

dawevas da miuTiTebs, rom Tvrametidan ocdaerT wlamde moqalaqeTa arCevnebSi<br />

monawileobis maCvenebeli SedarebiT dabalia. moqalaqeTa gazrdili<br />

mobilu roba, damokidebulebis faqtorebi, gansakuTrebiT ki partiasTan<br />

identifika ciis kleba da mzardi SegrZneba imisa, rom individualuri qmedebebi<br />

araefeqtiania, <strong>politika</strong> ki mosawyeni an xelovnuri gaxda, sruli pasuxis<br />

mxolod nawilebia. ar sebobs Zalian bevri mtkicebuleba mosaxleobis generalur<br />

er TobliobaSi samoqalaqo valdebulebebis Semcirebisa. dabolos,<br />

xangrZlivi po litikuri kampaniebi (gansakuTrebiT saprezidento arCevnebis<br />

dros) da ugemovno satelevizio reklamebis arnaxuli Semoteva aRizianebs<br />

Zalian bevr amomrCevels.<br />

individualizmi da sazogadoebrivi monawileoba<br />

am faqtorebma SeiZleba naTeli mofinos amomrCevlis monawileobis saerTo<br />

klebas. magram ras SeiZleba mivaweroT amomrCevlis aqtiurobis mudmivad<br />

dabali done? zogierTi sociologi Tvlis, rom SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

politikuri monawileobis SedarebiT dabali done farTod gavrcelebuli<br />

gaucxoebis damamtkicebelia, raSic amerikelebis mxridan mTavrobis undoblobas<br />

gulisxmoben. magram amerikelebis umetesoba sakuTar Tavs ar<br />

Tvlis gaucxoebulad an ukmayofilod miuxedavad imisa, rom ukanaskneli<br />

ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi isini gacilebiT ufro cinikurebi gaxdnen (ix.<br />

sqema 10­4). mTavrobisadmi undobloba mxolod nawilobriv xsnis amomrCevlis<br />

monawileobis klebas. ufro srulyofili axsna sxvagan unda veZioT.<br />

didi xnis win frangma mweralma aleqsis de tokvilma (1805­1859) dakvirvebis<br />

Sedegad daadgina, rom Tu Tanasworobis rwmena farTodaa gavrcelebuli,<br />

individebi sakuTar TavSi moralurad darwmunebulni xdebian. aseT<br />

SemTxvevebSi socialur orientirTa sxva wyaroebs _ religias, ojaxs,<br />

monarqias, tradiciasa Tu mTavrobas _ iseTi wona ara aqvs, rogoric bevr<br />

tradiciul sazogadoebaSi.<br />

tokvili am socialur Taviseburebas, romelsac individualizms<br />

uwodebda, ganixilavda, rogorc egoizmis moralur ekvivalents. is werda,<br />

rom<br />

individualizmi momwifebulobisa da simSvidis gancdaa, romelic Temis<br />

TiToeul wevrs axlobeli adamianebisagan gasamijnad ganawyobs;<br />

CamoaSorebs ojaxs da megobrebs imisaTvis, rom sakuTari patara wris<br />

formirebis Semdeg man xalisiT datovos sazogadoeba, romelsac Tavdapirvelad<br />

miekuTvneboda. 16

---

politikuri monawileoba<br />

357<br />

tokvilis azriT, amerikelebi imdenad egocentristebi (da zogadad<br />

egoistebi) arian, rom sajaro sikeTeze zrunva gaqrobis safrTxis winaSe<br />

dadga. am sazogadoebaSi, warmateba ganisazRvreba, rogorc `mezoblebs Soris<br />

materialur keTildReobaSi Sejibri, rac amerikelebs pirad ambiciebze<br />

gamodevnebisaken ubiZgebs~. aqedan gamomdinare is askvnida, rom `amerikaSi<br />

fizikuri keTildReobisadmi swrafva... yvelaferSi igrZnoba~ da rom `kargi<br />

nivTebis SeZenis survili amerikeli xalxis umTavresi vnebaa~. 17<br />

`endobiT Tu ara vaSingtonis xelisuflebis qmedebis marTebulobas?~<br />

sqema 10-4. amerikuli cinizmis zrda<br />

wyaro: Thomas D. Gallagher­is Wall Street Weighs the Election. © 1Lehman Brothers. ibeWdeba<br />

Americans Talk Issues Foundation­is nebarTviT.<br />

tokvilis azriT, individualizmis damRupvel efeqts garkveulwilad<br />

ewinaaRmdegeboda is, rom amerikelebi gawevrianebuli iyvnen Zalian mravalricxovan<br />

da mravalferovan samoqalaqo asociaciebSi. es asociaciebi<br />

afarToebdnen saSualo amerikelis Tvalsawiers da amavdroulad sazogadoebrivi<br />

TanamSromlobis waxalisebiT, sxvaTa azris pativiscemis swavlebiT<br />

da kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebisa da umravlesobis<br />

ZalauflebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebiT, aZlierebdnen<br />

demokratiis safuZvels.<br />

dRes zogierT eqsperts swams, rom yvela saxis jgufSi monawileo ba da<br />

jgufuri aqtivoba SeerTebul StatebSi klebulobs. 1980­dan 1993 wlam de<br />

boulingis moTamaSeTa ricxvi 10 procentiT gaizarda maSin, rodesac amave<br />

periodSi boulingis ligis wevrTa 40 procentiT Semcirda. es daskvna mocemulia<br />

robert patnemis cnobil naSromSi, romlis mixedviTac boulingi<br />

amerikuli cxovrebaSi cvlilebebissimbolod iqca. 18 amomrCevlis Semcirebuli<br />

aqtivoba am fenomenis politikuri analogiaa. patnemma agreTve miuTi­<br />

Ta, rom religiur ritua lebSi da jgufebSi, profkavSirebSi, maswavleblebisa<br />

da mSoblebis asociaciaSi, tradiciul qalTa jgufebSi, rogoric

---

358 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

aris amomrCevel qalTa liga da sazogadoebriv klubebSi, vTqvaT, masonebSi,<br />

ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi monawi leoba Semcirda. asevea moxaliseTa<br />

servis­organizaciebSi, magaliTad, boi skautebSi.<br />

dRes amerikelebi mezoblebTanac nakleb dros atareben, vidre ocdaaTi wlis<br />

win. Sedegebi SemaSfoTebelia: Temis SegrZnebis Sesusteba da sxvebze zrunvis<br />

Semcireba _ rac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ori umniSvnelovanesi komponentia.<br />

politikuri apaTia: amerikuli daavadeba?<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, SeerTebuli Statebi politikuri ukmayofilebisgan<br />

Tavisufali ar aris. politikosebis misamarTiT amerikelebi sul ufro<br />

mzard ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen. magram amomrCevlis apaTia ZiriTadad<br />

ga momdinareobs ara rwmenidan, rom arCeul Tanamdebobis pirTa umetesi<br />

nawili korumpirebulia an politikuri sistema daingra da aRdgenas aRar<br />

eqvemdebareba; politikis mimarT amerikelebis gulgrilobis mizezi ufro<br />

metad aris is, rom maT ar emuqrebaT safrTxe, zewola, ar ixdian uzarmazar<br />

gadasaxadebs, ar ganicdian sxvagvar Seviwroebas mTavrobis mxridan<br />

(rodesac ase xdeba, amomrCevlis aqtiuroba matulobs). Tu am kuTxiT<br />

SevxedavT, politikuri apaTia erTgvari fufunebaa. mxolod mdidar da<br />

kmayofil sazogadoebaSi Tvlis xalxi xmis mice mis uflebas bunebrivad, an<br />

epyroba mas, rogorc trivialur nivTs.<br />

metic, zogadi dakvirveba, rom farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri apa­<br />

Tia politikis gadagvarebis niSania, SeiZleba mcdaric iyos. piriqiT, amerikuli<br />

demokratia funqcionirebda, rogorc stabiluri politikuri sistema<br />

da harmoniulad Tanaarsebobda mudmivad mzard ekonomikasTan, miuxedavad<br />

politikuri monawileobis Zalian dabali donisa. rodesac Cveulebriv<br />

SemTxvevebSi apaTiuri adamianebi ucabedad politikiT gansakuTrebiT interesdebian,<br />

rogorc wesi, es imis maCvenebelia, rom qveyanaSi yvelaferi<br />

kargad ar aris. magaliTad, samoqalaqo omamde cota xniT adre politikuri<br />

apaTia TiTqmis gaqra monobasa da Statebis uflebebze davis gamo, Tumca<br />

qveyana daSlis piras iyo. rodesac azrebi ise mkveTrad aris gayofili, rom<br />

kompromisis miRweva SeuZlebeli Cans da sakiTxi iseTi mniSvnelovania, rom<br />

moqalaqeTa did wres exeba, monawileoba da arastabiluroba erTdroulad<br />

izrdeba.<br />

Tumca, Secdoma iqneboda dagveskvna, rom radgan amerikul demokratias<br />

Se uZlia funqcionireba miuxedavad apaTiisa, xolo arastabiluroba xSirad<br />

aso cirdeba mzard monawileobasTan, amitom apaTia kargia da monawileoba<br />

cudi. erTi mxriv, apaTia, romelic aRmocendeba gaucxoebis Rrma grZnobidan,<br />

seriozuli dafiqrebis safuZvelia; meore mxriv, monawileobis maRali<br />

xarisxi, romelic sazogadoebrivi sikeTis WeSmarit erTgulebas efuZneba,<br />

saukeTeso saSualebaa zedmetad maRali xarisxis individualizmis sawinaaRmdegod.<br />

dabolos, un da iTqvas, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom monawileobis<br />

maRali xarisxi demokratiisaTvis ar aris savaldebulo, warmomadgenlobi­<br />

Ti xelisuflebis efeqtiani muSa obisaTvis amomrCevelTa minimaluri daintereseba<br />

mainc aucilebelia.

---

politikuri monawileoba<br />

monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician amomrCevlebma?<br />

359<br />

mravalma zrdasrulma amerikelma ar icis mTavrobis liderTa saxelebi,<br />

ar icnobs saarCevno sakiTxebs da ar esmis <strong>politika</strong>. saxelmwifo samsaxurSi<br />

umaqnis kandidatebs irCeven; damnaSaveebi, romlebic garTobis mizniT kenWs<br />

iyrian ama Tu im saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze, iReben aTasobiT xmas. politikurma<br />

konsultantebma miuTiTes, rom bevr saarCevno maraTonSi (gansakuTrebiT<br />

qalaqebsa da soflebSi, sadac grZeli saarCevno biuletenia), asobiT an aTasobiT<br />

xma SeiZleba miiRos iman, vinc saarCevno siaSi ubralod pirvelia.<br />

ukanasknelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom aTidan oTxma amerikelma ver SeZlo<br />

sworad daesaxelebina vice­prezidenti, xolo orma mesamedma ver SeZlo daesaxelebina<br />

pirovneba, vinc warmoadgens maT saarCevno ubans warmomadgenel­<br />

Ta palataSi. amerikelebma amaze ukeT verc maTi mTavrobis funqcionirebis<br />

elementaruli faqtebis gansazRvra SeZles. TiTqmis naxevarma ar icoda,<br />

rom kanonis konstituciurobis dasadgenad saboloo instancia uzenaesi<br />

sasamarTloa, xolo oTxidan samma ar icoda, rom senatorebs irCeven eqvsi<br />

wlis vadiT. 19 rodesac aseT ucodinrobasTan gvaqvs saqme, rogor SeiZleba<br />

amerikelebma miiRon gaazrebuli an gonivruli gadawyvetileba? saqmis<br />

amgvari viTareba problemu ri iqneboda, jansaRi demokratia mxolod informirebuli<br />

da Wkviani mo qalaqeebis arsebobac rom moiTxovdes.<br />

magram mdgomareoba arc ise mZimea, rogorc amas zogierTi mkvlevari warmoaCens.<br />

pirvel rigSi iq, sadac xmis micemis asakis mqone mosaxleobis umciresoba<br />

monawileobs arCevnebSi, es umciresoba, rogorc wesi, ukeT aris<br />

informirebuli, vidre is, vinc ar monawileobs. meorec, vinaidan moqalaqeebi<br />

Zalian cudad informirebuli arian, amerikelebma <strong>politika</strong>ze imdenive<br />

ician, ramdenic 1940­ian wlebSi (da qveyanam es monakveTi sakmaod kargad<br />

gamoiara). 20 mesame _ is, rom amerikelebma ar ician bevri, SesaZloa bunebrivic<br />

iyos. amerikis mTavrobis gavleniani eqspertis, jeims vilsonis azriT problema<br />

aris ara is, `rom amerikeli xalxi aris uvici, arastabiluri an mimndobi,<br />

aramed is, rom amerikelebs ar miaCniaT saWirod <strong>politika</strong>ze fiqrSi im drois<br />

xarjva, romelsac isini atareben samsaxurSi, ojaxSi da megobrebTan.~ 21<br />

meoTxec, bevri amerikuli arCevnebi rTulia da moicavs mraval gaurkvevel<br />

saxelwifo da adgilobriv kandidats da sakiTxs (da amiT gansxvavdeba<br />

evropuli qveynebis arCevnebisagan, sadac moqalaqeebi mxolod partiebs aZleven<br />

xmas). mexuTec, bevr kandidats ar gaaCnia naTeli politikuri pozicia,<br />

xolo visac gaaCnia, ganzrax abundovnebs mas.<br />

dabolos, Tumca es gamokiTxvebi da kvlevebi aaSkaravebs farTod gavrcelebul<br />

politikur umecrebas, agreTve gviCvenebs, rom amerikelebma raRac<br />

mainc ician mTavrobisa da politikis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, am nawilis SesavalSi<br />

ganxiluli kvlevisas aRmoCnda, rom respodentTa umetesobam icoda<br />

prezidentis arCevis vadis SezRudulobis Sesaxeb da rom uotergeitis skandalis<br />

dros prezidenti iyo riCard niqsoni. aTidan TiTqmis cxram icoda,<br />

rom prezidenti klintoni demokratiuli partiis wevri iyo da aTidan rvam<br />

icoda, rom kongresma miiRo kanoni, romlis mixedviT kerZo struqturebs<br />

daevalaT TanamSromelTa SvebulebiT uzrunvelyofa bavSvis gaCenis an

---

360 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

ojaxuri aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi. realurad safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT,<br />

rom amomrCevels SeuZlia kandidatebsa da sakiTxebze saRad msjeloba<br />

maSinac ki, Tu isini naklbad informi rebulni arian. 22<br />

mkvlelma 33.000 xma miiRo<br />

zogierTma amomrCevelma ar icis an ar anaRvlebs, vis aZlevs xmas. magaliTisTvis<br />

mo viyvanoT leonard riCardsi, romelmac 1990 wels minesotas<br />

winaswar arCevnebze 33 004 xma miiRo da mesame adgilze gavida. gamarjvebulma,<br />

maikl makgratma miiRo 148 617 xma. riCardss ar uwarmoebia saarCevno<br />

kampania, vinaidan henpinis cixeSi imyofeboda da mis mier Cadenil mkvlelobaze<br />

saqmis ganmeorebiT ganxilvas elodeboda. 1987 wlidan riCardsi<br />

sasjels ixdida sagadasaxado agentis sasikvdilod daWrisaTvis. saqmis<br />

ganmeorebiT ganxilvis ufleba mas misca minesotas uzenaesma sasamarTlom,<br />

radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi mas ar mieca ufleba piradad yofiliyo sakuTari<br />

Tavis advokati. saqmis xelmeored ganxi lvam riCards saSualeba misca wamoeyenebina<br />

Tavisi kandidatura arCevnebSi da amiT teqni kurad SeeCerebina<br />

procesis warmoeba. kampaniis dros riCardsis suraTebi daibeWda gazeTSi.<br />

mis misamarTad miTiTebuli iyo cixe, sadac sasjels ixdida.<br />

arCevnebis Sedegebze reaqcia sxvadasxvagvari iyo. `SeuZlebelia amomrCevelma<br />

Zali an bevri icodes yvela kandidatis Sesaxeb~, _ SeniSna saxelmwifo<br />

mdivanma joan gruvma. `unda gaxsovdeT, rom winaswari arCevnebi aris<br />

mxolod erTi safexuri. amitomac gvaqvs amdeni safexuri da imedia, aseTi<br />

ram aRar ganmeordeba. es ar aris srulyofili sistema, magram igi gasagebia.<br />

es aris realuri, Ria demokratiis buneba~. winaswari arCevnebis gamarjvebulma,<br />

makgratma Tqva: `me ar maqvs aranairi axsna imisa, ratom unda mieca<br />

misTvis vinmes xma~ da daamata: `me masze mxolod kargi vTqvi.~ arCevnebis<br />

Semdeg riCardsi isev gaasamarTles da sagadasaxado agentis mkvlelobis<br />

gamo samudamo patimroba miusajes. 1994 wlis maisSi mas sakuTari naxevari<br />

dis mkvlelobis bralic daemata.<br />

wyaro: adaptirebulia Kevin Diaz, ‘Blind Ballots? 33,004 Voted for Candidate<br />

Who’s in Jail’, Star Tribune, September 13, 1990, 1A, 17A; da Margaret Zack, ‘Richards<br />

Convicted of Killing Half Sister: Case has been Long and Costly, ‘Star Tribune, May<br />

13, 1994, 1B, 4B.<br />

politologi samuel popkinsi kargad xsnis, Tu informaciis uqonlobis<br />

dros rogor axerxeben amomrCevlebi xmis micemas gaazrebulad. is amtkicebs,<br />

rom amomrCevlebi iyeneben mwiri informaciis racionalobas,<br />

aerTianeben ra `codnasa da informacias warsuli gamocdilebidan, yoveldRiuri<br />

cxovrebidan, mediidan da politikuri kampaniebidan~. 23 amomrCevelma<br />

SeiZleba ar icodes, romeli partia warmoadgens kongresSi umravle­

---

politikuri monawileoba<br />

361<br />

sobas da vin aris maTi senatori, magram maT ician ekonomikis, maTi Svilebis<br />

skolebis, sapensio gegmebis, abortis Taobaze Sexedulebebisa da a.S. Sesaxeb.<br />

moqalaqeebi politikuri mjelobisas `Semoklebebsa~ da `gamartivebul<br />

varaudebs~ iyeneben, magaliTad kandidatebze msjelobisas an partiis<br />

identificirebisa.<br />

popkinsiseuli naklebi informaciis mqone amomrCeveli arc idealuri<br />

moqalaqea, vinc sruli informaciis safuZvelze Wkvianurad aZlevs xmas da<br />

arc sruliad suleli. albaT samarTliania imis Tqma, rom bevri moqalaqe<br />

xmis micemas, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, imdenive dros da energias andomebs, ramdensac<br />

manqanis yidvas. aSkarad arakeTilgonivrulma arCevanma da manqanis<br />

sulelurma SeZenam SeiZleba Sedegebi gamoiRos, magram es ufro metad gamonaklisia,<br />

vidre wesi. Tumca gadamwyveti gansxvaveba manqanis myidvelebsa<br />

da amomrCevlebs Soris aris is, rom amomrCevlebs, rodesac midian saarCevno<br />

ubanze, gacilebiT mcire arCevani aqvT, vidre manqanis myidvelebs _ es aris<br />

problema da misi mogvareba mxolod arCeul warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT,<br />

romlebic, samwuxarod, misi armogvarebis kanonieri ufleba aqvT.<br />

dabolos, unda avxsnaT, ratom irCevs amomrCeveli kongresSi xelaxla<br />

Zvel warmomadgenels maSin, rodesac kongress, rogorc instituts, ar endoba.<br />

xSirad es SeiZleba iyos amomrCevlis mcdeloba, ganamtkicos saku­<br />

Tari ekonomikuri da politikuri interesi am interesis damcveli yvelaze<br />

Sesaferisi warmomadgenlis arCeviT, gansakuTrebiT sxva Statebidan wamosuli<br />

konkurenciis fonze. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamdebobis pirTa arCevisadmi<br />

amgvari midgoma mTlad kargad gasagebi ar aris, is racionaluria adgilobriv<br />

doneze. demokratiisaTvis dilemas ki qmnis is faqti, rom amgvari<br />

`komfortuli xmis micema~ mTlianobaSi aucileblad racionaluri ar aris<br />

saxelmwifo doneze _ umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebebis, kanonebisa da<br />

politikis doneze.<br />

monawileobis Sefaseba: mbrunavi kari<br />

zogierTi gavleniani politikuri Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom `mmarTveli<br />

elita~ politikur process Tavidan bolomde akontrolebs. am Teoriis<br />

yvelaze popularuli versiis mixedviT, rigiT moqalaqeebs arCevnebisa da<br />

sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevebis Sedegebis miuxedavad, didi gavlenis moxdena<br />

arasodes SeuZliaT. politikuri sistemiT manipulireba zemodan ufro<br />

xdeba, vidre qvemodan. manipulatori ki aris Zalauflebis mqone elita, individebis<br />

mcire jgufi, romelsac aqvs ra eris bedze zemoqmedebis uzarmazari<br />

Zalaufleba, Sedis da gadis `mbrunav karSi~ industriis mmarTvelebsa da xelisuflebis<br />

daxvewil eSelonebs Soris. am mudmivi politikuri klasis statusi,<br />

sim didre da Zalaufleba uzrulvelyofs, rom mTavrobis yvela doneze<br />

xelmisawvdomoba mxolod ramdenime individis mier iyos monopolizebuli.<br />

mmarTveli elita xelisuflebas iyenebs piradi da ara sazogado interesebisTvis.

---

362 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis kanonebi da demokratiis ironia<br />

am Teoriebis mixedviT demokratias amomrCevlebi an sazogadoebrivi<br />

azri da sxvadasxva konkurentuli interesebi ki ar marTavs, aramed mdidar<br />

individTa mcire jgufi. am Teoriam mniSvneloba da gavlena 1950­ian wlebSi<br />

moipova mas Semdeg, rac misiT sociologi rait milsi dainteresda. 24 milsma<br />

Seiswavla SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTveli fena, romelic saTuTad inaxavs<br />

politikuri Tanasworobis princips. `mmarTveli elitisaTvis~ sayovelTao<br />

yuradRebis mipyrobiT sadavo gaxada `xalxis mmarTvelobis~ idea da gaCnda<br />

seriozuli kiTxva _ arsebobs (an odesme arsebobda) Tu ara igi amerikaSi.<br />

robert mixelsma aseve Seqmna elitizmis Teoria, magram misi mosazreba<br />

exeboda yvela Tanamedrove biurokratul organizacias. misi daskvnebi<br />

eyrdnobo da germaniis social­demokratiuli partiis analizs, romelic<br />

pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebamde yvelaze didi socialisturi partia iyo<br />

msoflioSi. mixelsi Tvlida, rom vinaidan partia mxars uWerda simdidrisa<br />

da statusis Tanasworobas, is demokratiuli principebis erTguli unda<br />

yofiliyo. amis magivrad man aR mo aCina, rom partias marTavdnen elituri<br />

jgufebi, romlebic Zalauflebas da xelisuflebas iRebdnen kargad<br />

ganviTarebuli organizaciuli unar­CvevebiT.<br />

SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis<br />

koaliciam niu­iorkis<br />

safondo birJis win moawyo saprotesto<br />

aqcia, romlis drosac<br />

simbolurad ganasaxieres<br />

sikvdili. sabolood, mwarmoebelma<br />

Burroughs Wellcome­ma<br />

Seamcira wamlis Rirebuleba da<br />

xelmisawvdomi gaxada is imunodeficitis<br />

virusisa da SeZenili<br />

imunodeficitis sindromis<br />

mqone adamianebisaTvis.<br />

am aRmoCenam mixelsi miiyvana oligarqiis rkinis kanonis cnobil postulatamde,<br />

romlis mixedviT yvela msxvili organizacia, maT Soris mTav­

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politikuri monawileoba<br />

363<br />

roba, imarTeba erTnairad. mas sjeroda, rom rodesac demokratiuli organizaciebi<br />

iwyeben saqmianobas, droTa ganmavlobaSi isini aucileblad<br />

ufro oligarqiuli, biurokratuli da centralizebuli xdebian, vinaidan<br />

saTaveSi myofni iReben met informacias, codnas, komunikaciebze kontrolis<br />

SEesaZleblobasa da daxvewil organizaciul unar­Cvevebs. xolo masa<br />

(an moqalaqeebi) rCeba apolitikuri, misi wevrebi dakavebuli arian piradi<br />

saqmeebiT da abnevT mravalricxvovani sakiTxebis sirTule. am Sexedulebis<br />

mixedviT, xalxi, vis sasargeblodac Seiqmna demokratiuli institutebi,<br />

gardauvlad gamoidevneba politikuri da organizaciuli procesebidan, iseve<br />

rogorc korporaciul organizaciebSi mosamsaxure ebi da biurokratebi<br />

marTaven rigiTi aqcioneris anu xalxis saxeliT.<br />

elitistur TeoriebSi demokratia aRqmulia, rogorc mistifikacia an<br />

miTi: ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ras fiqrobs, ambobs an akeTebs xalxi, vinaidan mas<br />

ar gaaCnia realuri gavlena sazogadoebriv <strong>politika</strong>ze. Tu xalxis umetesobas<br />

sjera, rom sazogadoebrivi azri mniSvnelovania, mxolod imitom, rom<br />

isini gulubryviloebi arian da ver xvdebian, rogor muSaobs `sistema~.<br />

umetesobas sjera, rom `demokratia ramdenimesTvis~ mmarTvelobis arss<br />

ewinaaRmdegeba, magram mxolod ramdenime Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom<br />

ameriku li politikuri sistema marTulia ramdenime privilegirebulis<br />

mier da yvelani mniSvnelovnad varT maTze damokidebuli, vinaidan xalxi,<br />

rogorc er Ti mTliani, ver marTavs sakuTar Tavs. am Sexedulebis mixedviT,<br />

`masebi arian avtoritarulebi, aratolerantulebi, arainteleqtualurebi,<br />

atavistebi, gaucxoebulebi, zizRiT aRsavseni da moZaladeebi~. 25 am kuTxiT<br />

`demokratiis ironia~ naTelia: xalxisaTvis realuri Zalauflebis micema<br />

_ marTvis ufleba, gamoiw vevs mxolod antidemokratiuli survilebis da<br />

politikis ganxorcielebas.<br />

pluralistebi da elitistebi<br />

elitisturi azrovnebis skolis mTavari mowinaaRmdegeebi arian pluralistebi.<br />

pluralistebic da elitistebic eTanxmebian mosazrebas, rom yvela<br />

sazogadoebaSi arsebobs Zalauflebis gradacia da gansazRvruli jgufebi<br />

an individebi ama Tu im politikur sakiTxze araproporciul gavlenas<br />

axdenen. isi ni ver Tanxmdebian politikuri sistemis arsze.<br />

pluralistebis azriT, amerikuli politikuri sistema rTuli da decentralizebulia.<br />

isini aRiareben, rom interesTa sxvadasxva organizebuli<br />

jgu fe bi mTeli Tavisi energiis, resursebis da yuradRebis koncentrirebas<br />

axdenen erT sakiTxze (an sakiTxTa erT sferoze) da araproporciul gavlenas<br />

axdenen politikis am specifikur sferoze. isini agreTve aRniSnaven, rom<br />

drodadro uqoneli an arapopularuli jgufebi SeiZleba araadekvaturad<br />

iyos warmodgenili. magram arc erT individs an jgufs ar SeuZlia sazogadoebrivi<br />

politikis mTel speqtrze moaxdinos totaluri gavlena. politikuri<br />

sistema zedmetad mravalferovani, Tavisuflad moZravi da instituciurad<br />

danawevrebulia imisaT vis, rom Zalis aseTi akumulireba dauSvas. erTi cnobili<br />

pluralistis azriT:

---

364 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi sazogadoebrivi cvlilebis damabrkolebeli<br />

mniSvne lovani garemoebaa ara Zalauflebis koncentracia, aramed misi<br />

gab neva... Zalaufleba sakmarisad koncentrirebuli rom yofiliyo, cvlile<br />

bis msurvels mxolod am Zalauflebis mqonesTan mouwevda molaparakeba<br />

da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi masze zewolasac moaxdenda. magram Zalaufleba<br />

imdenad gabneulia, rom bevr instanciaSi aravin aris, visTanac<br />

SeiZle ba molaparakeba an viszec ganxorcieldeboda zewola. 26<br />

ra Tqma unda, is faqti, rom milionobiT amerikelisTvis arsebobs saxelmwifo<br />

dawesebulebaTa mxolod mcire raodenoba, niSnavs imas, rom pirdapiri<br />

po litikuri monawileoba SezRudulia. magram vinaidan Zalaufleba<br />

ase gabneulia da politikuri zewolis ganxorcielebis mravali saSualeba<br />

arsebobs, plura­listebis mtkicebiT, sazogadoebrivi interesi _ romelic<br />

ganimarteba, rogorc kerZo interesebis erToblioba _ sxva sistemebTan SedarebiT<br />

ukeTesad muSaobs konstituciuri demokratiis pirobebSi.<br />

pluralistebi ar uaryofen, rom maT, visac maRali Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT<br />

mTavrobasa da biznesSi, msgavsi warsuli da Tvisebebi axasiaTebT: eWvgareSea,<br />

rom Ivy League (amerikis Crdilo­aRmosavleTSi mdebare 8 privilegiuri<br />

universitetis gaerTianeba) ganaTlebamiRebulTa umetesoba mdidari WASP<br />

(TeTri anglo­saqsuri protestanti) ojaxis mamakacebi arian. magram pluralistTa<br />

azriT, mxolod is faqti, rom simdidre, statusi da ganaTleba<br />

axlo kavSirSia politikur monawileobasTan, ar amtkicebs sistemis Caketilobas<br />

da sazogadoebrivi politikis winaswar gansazRvrulobas; arc imas,<br />

rom demokratiuli moqalaqe oba simulaciaa. Znelia elitisturi Teoriebis<br />

uaryofa. Tumca, sazogadoeb rivi <strong>politika</strong> drodadro sazogadoebrivi azris<br />

gavlenis qveS namdvilad iyo. magali Tad, vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg far­<br />

Tod gavrcelebuli da mudmivad mzardi sazogadoebrivi ganwyoba efeqtiani<br />

saSualeba iyo amerikis konfliqtidan gamosayvanad. SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba xSirad dana wevrebu li iyos, magram es ar niSnavs,<br />

rom igi ar arsebobs an ararelevanturia.<br />

politikuri monawileoba<br />

avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi<br />

demokratiulisgan gansxvavebiT, <strong>politika</strong>Si mniSvnelovani monawileoba<br />

avtoritarul qveynebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi<br />

moqalaqeebi TiTqmis arasodes monawileoben TavianTi qveynis mmarTveloba­<br />

Si. SedarebisTvis, totalitarul qveynebSi moqalaqeTa monawileoba xSirad<br />

waxa lisebuli an savaldebuloa. masobrivi mitingebi da politikur an partiul<br />

Sexvedrebze xSiri daswreba monawileobis imitaciaa da damkvirveblebi<br />

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis yvelaze aqtiur safexurs masobrivi<br />

mobilizaciis reJimad moixsenieben. aseT saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeebi Car­<br />

Tuli arian <strong>politika</strong>Si, magram mxolod maTze ideologiuri zemoqmedebisa<br />

da kontrolis, da ara maTi Sexedulebis gagebis mizniT.<br />

avtoritarul xelisuflebas ara aqvs kerZo gamokiTxvebis Catarebis mizezi,<br />

agreTve gamokiTxvebis gamoyenebis saWiroeba (Tumca sabWoTa kavSiris

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politikuri monawileoba<br />

365<br />

arsebobis ukanasknel dReebSi mTavrobam daafinansa sazogadoebrivi gamokiTxvebi).<br />

zogierT avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi arCevnebi daSvebulia da<br />

zogjer moqalaqeebs moeTxovebaT kidec arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba, Tumca<br />

Sedegebi TiTqmis yovelTvis gayalbebuli da amis gamo azrs moklebulia.<br />

avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovani monawileobis<br />

formebis umetesoba. amis gamo, moqalaqeTa monawileobis waxalisebas (da<br />

demokratiis mxardaWeras) xelisufleba ZiriTadad afasebs, rogorc kanondarRvevas<br />

da mkacrad sjis. zogjer mniSvnelovani monawileoba SeiZleba<br />

aixsnas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul protestad da boikotis formac ki<br />

miiRos. erTi magaliTi SeiZleba iyos arCevnebSi monawileobisgan Tavis Sekaveba<br />

maSin, rodesac monawileoba savaldebuloa, magram azrs moklebulia.<br />

moqalaqeTa mier monawileobis protestis ukiduresi formaa emigraciaSi<br />

wasvla da sakuTari qveynidan gaqceva. amgvari reJimebis udides ironiad<br />

SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom misi moqalaqeebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani protesti<br />

_ qveynis datovebaa.<br />

politikuri partiebi<br />

mraval Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi erTi individualuri xma Zalian sus ­<br />

tia imisTvis, rom is sazogadoebam gaigos. imisaTvis, rom moqalaqeTa xmebs<br />

sazogadoebam yuradReba miaqcios, maTi raodenoba bevrad unda gaizardos.<br />

amis gamo, moqalaqeTa monawileobis yvelaze efeqtiani forma individualuri<br />

interesebisa da Sexedulebebis gaerTianebaa. politikuri partiebi da<br />

interes Ta jgufebi aris ori struqturuli tipi, romelic gamodgeba gaer­<br />

Tianebis funqciis Sesasruleblad. ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi aseTi struqturebis<br />

xelmisawvdomoba an efeqtianoba didadaa damokidebuli imaze, ra<br />

zomiT icavs xelisufleba politikur da samoqalaqo uflebebs da ramdenad<br />

mgrZnobiarea xal xis moTxovnebis mimarT.<br />

farTo speqtris politikuri partiebi sxvadasxva gansakuTrebul interess<br />

erTi qolgis qveS aerTianeben. ukanasknel wlebSi interesTa jgufebis<br />

gav lena SeerTebul StatebSica da evropaSic gaizarda; amave dros politikuri<br />

partiebis roli Semcirda. axla ganvixilavT amgvari ganviTarebis<br />

mizezebsa da mis Sedegebs demokratiebisaTvis.<br />

politikuri partiis mizania arCeviT Tanamdebobaze kandidatebis Ser­<br />

Ceva, dasaxeleba da mxardaWera. politikuri partiebi yvela liberaluri<br />

demokratiis, maT Soris SeerTebuli Statebis ucvleli nawili gaxda. gasakviria,<br />

rom politikuri partiebi ar Sedioda damfuZnebel mamaTa Tavdapirvel<br />

gegmaSi. orpartiuli sistemis gaCena aSS­is istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi<br />

movlena gaxda.<br />

istoriuli winamZRvrebi<br />

aSS­iskonstituciaSi politikuri partiebi ar aris naxsenebi; damfuZnebeli<br />

mamebis umetesoba partiebs ver itanda. jorj vaSingtonma Seqmna kabineti,