saSeni masalebi

T.esaZe 

saSeni masalebi 

Tbilisi 

2008 

1

S e s a v a l i 

samecniero-teqnikuri progresis tempebis daCqareba metad aqtualuri 

amocanaa saSeni masalebis warmoebis dargSi. igi iTvaliswinebs axali 

teqnologiis da perspeqtiuli masalebis danergvas, produqciis xarisxis 

ganuxrel amaRlebas, adgilobrivi nedleulis da warmoebis narCenebis 

farTo gamoyenebas, samSeneblo masalebis warmoebis dros 

Tboenergetikuli da materialuri resursebis ekonomias. 

axali samSeneblo konstruqciebis, arqiteqturuli formebis da 

mSeneblobis meTodebis warmoSoba yovelTvis iyo uSualod dakavSirebuli 

axali saSeni masalebis SeqmnasTan. ase iyo maSinac, rodesac qvis, aguris 

da xis masalebTan erTad daiwyo im droisaTvis axali masalebis 

gamoyeneba, romelsac miekuTvneboda foladi, rkinabetoni da mina. 

mSeneblobaSi am masalebis farTo gamoyenebam warmoSva axali 

konstruqciebi, mSeneblobis axali meTodebi da axali arqiteqturuli 

formebi. aseve xdeba dResac, rodesac yovelwliurad sul ufro metad 

gamoiyeneba axali xelovnuri saSeni masalebi Seqmnili polimerebis, minis, 

msubuqi Senadnobebis, xis boWkos da sxva masalebisgan. am masalebis axali, 

ufro daxvewili Tvisebebi saSualebas iZleva gamoviyenoT isini ara 

rogorc tradiciuli masalebis Semcvleli, aramed, rogorc mSeneblobis 

xarisxis asamaRlebleli saSualeba, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia 

maRali fizikur-meqanikuri da mxatvrul dekoratiuli Tvisebebi. 

saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemulia saSeni masalebis da nakeTobebis 

fizikur-qimiuri da meqanikuri Tvisebebi, warmoebis meTodebi, nakeTobaTa 

warmoebis teqnologiebi da gamoyenebis sfero. 

2

Tavi I 

saSeni masalebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi 

mSeneblobaSi masalebis gamoyenebamde cnobili unda iyos maTi 

Tvisebebi. saSeni masalebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi SeiZleba daiyos ramdenime 

jgufad: 

pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba fizikuri Tvisebebi: simkvrive, 

moculobiTi masa, forianoba; 

meore jgufs miekuTvneba Tvisebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs masalebs 

wylisa da uaryofiTi temperaturis moqmedebis dros: wyalSTanTqma, 

tenianoba, higroskopuloba, wyalSeRwevadoba, yinvagamZleoba. 

mesame jgufSi gaerTianebulia Tvisebebi, romlebic masalebs 

axasiaTebs maTze siTbos moqmedebis dros: Tbogamtaroba, Tbotevadoba, 

cecxlmedegoba, cecxlgamZleoba. 

meoTxe jgufSi gaerTianebulia meqanikuri Tvisebebi: simtkice, 

simagre, cveTadoba da sxva. 

1.1. fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi 

simkvrive aris masalis erTeuli moculobis masa absoluturad 

mkvriv mdgomareobaSi, forebis da sicarieleebis gareSe. simkvrive 

ganisazRvreba masalis mSrali m masis SefardebiT absolutur Va moculobasTan 

m 

3 

ς = g/sm . 

Va 

masalebis simkvrive meryeobs did zRvrebSi. wylis simkvrive 

miCneulia 1-is tolad. umetesi saSeni masalebisTvis simkvrive erTze metia. 

3

absoluturad mkvriv mdgomareobaSi masalebi bunebaSi ar gvxvdeba, 

gamonaklisis garda (kvarci, liToni, mina). 

simkvrivis gansazRvra xdeba le-Satelie-kandlos xelsawyos 

saSualebiT. masalas fqvaven wmindad 0,25 mm zomis nawilakebamde, yrian 

le-Satelie-kandlos xelsawyoSi, romelSic asxia siTxe garkveul 

niSnulamde da romelic ar Sedis fxvnilTan qimiur reaqciaSi. siTxis 

moculobis namati Cayrili fxvnilis moculobaa absoluturad mkvriv 

mdgomareobaSi. Cayrili fxvnilis masis da absoluturi moculobis 

SefardebiT gamoiTvleba simkvrive. 

moculobiTi masa aris masalis erTeuli moculobis masa bunebriv 

mdgomareobaSi. (forebiT da sicarieleebiT). ganisazRvreba formuliT: 

m 

V 

3 

3 3 

ς = g/sm ; kg/m ; t/m , 

sadac m aris mSrali nimuSis masa (g, kg,t); 

V _ nimuSis moculoba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi (sm 3 ;m 3 ). 

moculobiT masas sazRvraven rogorc mSrali, aseve teniani 

masalisaTvis, wesieri da arawesieri geometriuli formis nimuSebze. 

wesieri geometriuli formis nimuSebis moculobas sazRvraven grZivi 

zomebis saSualebiT, xolo arawesieri formis nimuSebis moculobas misi 

siTxeSi CaZirviT da siTxis moculobis namatis mixedviT an siTxeSi 

CaZirvisas masis danakargiT. am SemTxvevaSi moculoba ganisazRvra 

formuliT 

V 

m2 

− m1 

3 

= , 

sadac m1 aris nimuSis masa haerze, (g); 

d 

4 

sm 

m2 _ nimuSis masa siTxeSi, (g); 

d _ siTxis simkvrive.

cnobili gaxdeba ra masalis masa da moculoba, moculobiTi masis 

formuliT ganisazRvreba misi mniSvneloba. 

saSeni masalebis moculobiTi masa meryeobs did zRvrebSi: 20 kg/m 3 - 

dan 7850 kg/m 3 -mde (foladisaTvis). moculobiTi masa ganapirobebs masalis 

teqnikur Tvisebebs. magaliTad, simtkices, rac ufro didia masalis 

moculobiTi masa, miT metia misi simtkice. 

forianoba aris masalis moculobis Sevsebis xarisxi forebiT. 

forianoba sididis mixedviT avsebs simkvrives erTamde an 100%-mde. 

sadac P aris forianoba; 

ς _ simkvrive; 

ς m _ moculobiTi masa. 

ς m 

g 

ς − ς 

P = 1− an P = 1− 

⋅100% 

, 

ς 

ς 

forebi aris wvrili ujredebi masalaSi, romlebic Sevsebulia 

wyliT an haeriT, xolo sicariele _ ki aris ujredebi da Rruebi, 

romlebic warmoiqmneba fxvieri masalis natexebs Soris. forebis sididis 

mixedviT masalebi SeiZleba iyos wvrilforiani (forebis zomebi 

milimetris measedi da meaTasedi) da msxvilforiani (forebis zomebi 0,2-2 

mm). masalebis forianoba meryeobs did zRvrebSi 0-dan (mina, foladi) 90%- 

mde. 

zogierTi metad gavrcelebuli saSeni masalis simkvrive, 

moculobiTi masa da forianoba mocemulia 1.1. cxrilSi. 

5

Tixis aguri 

mZime betoni 

qafbetoni 

xis masalebi 

masala simkvrive, g/sm 3 moculobiTi 

masa, kg/m 3 

bunebrivi qvis qanebi 

fanjris mina 

foladi 

plastmasi 

2,4 

2,6 

2,6 

1,55 

2,2-3,3 

2,45-2,65 

7,8-7,85 

0,96-2,2 

6 

1600-1900 

1800-2400 

300-600 

400-750 

300-3300 

2450-2650 

7800-7850 

20-1400 

cxrili 1.1 

forianoba, % 

23-32 

8-31 

77-85 

50-73 

0,1-75 

wyalSTanTqma aris masalis Tviseba Seiwovos da Seakavos wyali 

Tavis forebSi. ganasxvaveben masiT da moculobiT wyalSTanTqmas. 

ganisazRvreba formulebiT: 

m 

− m 

2 

Bmas − 

m1 

B moc 

m2 

− m 

− 

V 

1 

1 

⋅100% 

, 

⋅100% 

, 

sadac m1 aris masalis masa mSral mdgomareobaSi; 

m2 _ masalis masa gaJRenTil mdgomareobaSi; 

V _ moculoba. 

moculobiTi da masiTi wyalSTanTqmis fardoba tolia masalis 

moculobiTi masis. 

B 

B 

moc 

mas 

m2 

− m1 

= 

V m1 

= = βm 

. 

m2 

− m1 

V 

m 

1 

0 

0 

0-95

aqedan miviRebT formulas wyalSTanTqmis erT formidan meoreze 

gadasvlisTvis 

B = B ⋅ς 

. 

moc 

mas 

7 

m 

masalis wyalSi gaJRenTvisas icvleba misi Tvisebebi: izrdeba 

Tbogamtaroba, moculobiTi masa, mcirdeba simtkice. amitom, sasurvelia 

ganisazRvros masalis simtkice ara marto mSral, aramed wyliT 

gaJRenTil mdgomareobaSi. masalis simtkicis damokidebulebas gaJRenTil 

mdgomareobaSi masalis simtkicesTan mSral mdgomareobaSi uwodeben 

masalis darbilebis koeficients. 

RgaJR 

K dar = . 

R 

mSr 

darbilebis koeficienti meryeobs 0-dan 1-mde zRvrebSi. masalebs, 

romelTa darbilebis koeficienti 0,8-ze metia uwodeben wyalmedegs. 

masalebi, romelTa darbilebis koeficienti 0,8-ze naklebia, ar SeiZleba 

gamoyenebul iqnes nagebobebSi, romlebic sistematurad ganicdian 

datenianebas. 

tenianoba aris konkretul pirobebSi masalis wyliT an teniT 

gaJRenTvis xarisxi. ganisazRvreba formuliT: 

m2 

− m1 

W = ⋅100% 

, 

m 

sadac m1 aris mSrali masalis masa; 

m2 _ masalis masa konkretul SemTxvevaSi. 

1 

wyalSeRwevadoba _ es aris masalis Tviseba gaataros wyali wnevis 

qveS. wyalSeRwevadobis sidide ganisazRvreba wylis raodenobiT, romelic 

gaivlis 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi 1sm 2 masalis zedapirs mudmivi wnevisas.

wyalSeRwevadoba damokidebulia masalis simkvriveze da agebulebaze. 

gansakuTrebiT mkvrivi masalebi (foladi, mina) da masalebi wvrili 

daxuruli forebiT praqtikulad wyalSeuRwevadia. 

wyalSeRwevadoba mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia hidrosaizolacio da 

saxuravis masalebisaTvis. aseT masalebs, rogorebic aris kramiti, 

ruberoidi cdian 50 mm wylis svetis wneviT da sazRvraven dros, rodesac 

xdeba masalaSi pirveli wveTebis gaJonva. 

yinvagamZleoba aris masalis unari wyliT gaJRenTil mdgomareobaSi 

gauZlos gayinva-galxobis mravaljerad cikls, daSlis niSnebis da 

simtkicis (ara umetes 25%) da wonis (ara umetes 5%) mniSvnelovani klebis 

gareSe. yinvagamZleobas sazRvraven normaluri temperaturis wyalSi 

(20±5 0 C) gaJRenTili masalis nimuSebis gayinviT 17 0 C-ze da Semdgomi 

galxobiT. es aixsneba imiT, rom daxurul forebSi wyali iyineba 15-17 0 C-ze. 

wyali gayinvisas imatebs moculobaSi daaxloebiT 9%-iT. forebis wyliT 

mTlianad Sevsebis da misi gayinvis Sedegad mis kedlebze imoqmedebs didi 

Zabvebi, rac iwvevs simtkicis nawilobriv Semcirebas an arasakmarisi 

simtkicis SemTxvevaSi mis daSlas. 

yinvagamZleobaze markebia 10, 15, 35, 50, 100, 200 da 300. 

mocemuli raodenobis SenacvlebiT gayinva-galxobaze gamocdis 

Semdeg sazRvraven masalis yinvagamZleobis koeficients 

Rgayin 

K yinv = , 

R 

gaJR 

sadac R gayin aris masalis nimuSebis simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas, 

romlebmac gaiares gayinva-galxobis n cikli; 

R gaJR _ wyliT gaJRenTili nimuSebis simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas 

gayinvamde; 

K yinv _ unda iyos aranakleb 0,9-isa. 

Tbogamtaroba _ masalis Tvisebaa gaataros siTbo masalis erTi 

zedapiridan meoreze, rac gamowveulia mis zedapirebze temperaturis 

8

sxvaobiT. Tbogamtaroba xasiaTdeba Tbogamtarobis koeficientiT λ . 

warmovidginoT σ m sisqis, Fm 2 farTis brtyeli kedeli, romlis 

zedapirebzec temperatura t 1 da t2 gansxvavebulia t1>t2 siTbos raodenoba Q, 

romelic gaivlis kedlis sisqes ZsT ganmavlobaSi pirdapirproporciuli 

iqneba temperaturaTa sxvaobis, kedlis farTis, drois da 

ukuproporciuli sisqis: 

F( 

t1 

− t2 

) Z 

Q = λ 

kkal . 

α 

am formulidan Tbogamtarobis koeficienti λ toli iqneba: 

Qα 

0 

λ = kkal/m.sT . 

F( 

t1 

− t1) 

Z 

Tu CavTvliT, rom α =1m, F=1m 2 , (t1, t2)=1 0 , Z=1sT da CavsvamT am 

mniSvnelobebs formulaSi, miviRebT rom 

λ = Q kkal . 

e.i. Tbogamtarobis koeficienti tolia siTbos im raodenobis, 

romelic gadis 1m sisqis, 1m 2 farTobis masalaSi, 1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, 

roca temperaturaTa sxvaoba kedlis mopirdapire zedapirze 1 0 -ia. 

Tbogamtaroba damokidebulia masalis forianobaze, forebis 

xasiaTze, masalis saxeobaze, tenianobaze, moculobiT masaze da saSualo 

temperaturaze, romlis drosac xdeba siTbos gadacema. 

zogierTi saSeni masalis Tbogamtarobis koeficientis mniSvnelobebi 

mocemulia cxrilSi 1.2. 

9

masala 

betoni 

aguri 

graniti 

mineraluri bamba 

foladi 

fibroliti 

moculobiTi 

10 

masa, kg/m 3 

2000-2400 

1800 

2600 

75-125 

7860 

450-550 

Tbogamtarobis 

koeficienti, 

kkal/m. grad. sT 

1,10-1,30 

0,7 

2,5 

0,036-0,040 

50 

0,15-0,2 

cxrili 1.2 

Tbotevadoba _ masalis Tvisebaa, STanTqos siTbos garkveuli 

raodenoba gaxurebisas. masalis, romlis wonaa m, gasaxureblad t2 

temperaturidan t1-mde saWiroa daixarjos siTbos raodenoba Q, romelic 

pirdapirproporciulia wonis da temperaturaTa sxvaobis: 

Q = cm t − t ) kkal , 

( 1 2 

sadac, c aris Tbotevadobis koeficienti da ganisazRvreba formuliT: 

Q 

0 

c = kkal/kg C . 

m t t ) 

( 1 − 2 

Tu miviRebT, rom m=1kg da temperaturaTa sxvaoba t1-t2=1 0 maSin 

C = Q kkal .

e.i Tbotevadobis koeficienti warmoadgens siTbos raodenobas, 

romelic saWiroa 1 kg masalis 1 0 -iT gasaxureblad. 

Tbotevadobis codna aucilebelia Senobis sakedle da gadasaxuri 

masalebis Tbomedegobis Semowmebis da Rumelebis dasaproeqteblad. 

Tbomedegoba _ masalis Tvisebaa, SeinarCunos mudmivi temperatura 

mkveTri temperaturuli cvlilebebis dros. 

cecxlmedegoba aris masalis Tviseba gauZlos maRali temperaturis 

da wylis (xanZris dros) moqmedebas rRvevis gareSe, ceclmedegobis 

mixedviT masalebi iyofa sam jgufad: 

uwvadi masalebi, romlebic maRali temperaturis dros ar aaldebian, 

ar naxSirdebian da iferflebian. (aguri, kramiti da sxva). 

Znelad wvadi masalebi maRali tempereturis moqmedebis dros Znelad 

aaldebian, naxSirdebian da iwvian. (fibroliti, asfaltbetoni). maTi wva 

wydeba cecxlis keris mocilebisTanave. 

wvadi masalebi aaldebian an iwvian cecxlis da maRali temperaturis 

moqmedebis dros da ganagrZoben wvas cecxlis keris moSorebis drosac 

(organuli masalebi). 

cecxlgamZleoba aris masalis Tviseba gauZlos maRali temperaturis 

xangrZliv moqmedebas dnobis da deformirebis gareSe. cecxlgamZleobis 

mixedviT masalebi iyofa sam jgufad: 

cecxlgamZleebi _ romlebic uZleben 1580 0 C da met temperaturas 

(dinasi, Samoti da sxva); Zneldnobadi masalebi cecxlgamZleobis 

temperaturiT 1350 0 C-dan 1580 0 C-mde. (gJelskis aguri); 

advildnobadi masalebi _ cecxlgamZleobiT 1350 0 C-mde. (Cveulebrivi 

Tixis aguri). 

qimiuri medegoba _ masalis unaria winaaRmdegoba gauwios mJavebis, 

tuteebis, marilebis da agresiuli airebis mrRvev moqmedebas. rRvevis 

xarisxi damokidebulia bevr faqtorze da pirvel rigSi masalis 

Sedgenilobaze. qimiur medegobas sazRvraven qimiuri analiziT. maRali 

qimiuri medegobiT mJavebis da tuteebis mimarT gamoirCevian keramikuli _ 

masalebi da mina. 

11

1.2. Mmeqanikuri Tvisebebi 

simtkice aris masalis unari winaaRmdegoba gauwios gare Zalebis an 

sxva faqtorebis moqmedebas rRvevis gareSe. 

masalebi konstruqciebSi, sxvadasxva Zalebis moqmedebis dros 

ganicdian kumSvas, Runvas, gaWimvas. bunebrivi da xelovnuri masalebi 

(betoni, aguri, graniti da a.S.) xasiaTdeba maRali simtkiciT kumSvisas da 

dabali simtkiciT gaWimvisas. amitom am masalebs ZiriTadad iyeneben 

kumSvaze momuSave konstruqciebisaTvis. masalebi rogorebic arian liToni 

da xe, kargad muSaoben rogorc kumSvisas, aseve gaWimvisas. 

maqsimalur Zabvas, romelic Seesabameba datvirTvas, romlis drosac 

xdeba masalis nimuSis rRveva, simtkicis zRvars uwodeben. simtkicis 

zRvari samSeneblo dargSi masalis markas uwodeben. R simtkicis zRvari 

kumSvisas ganisazRvreba formuliT: 

sadac R aris mrRvevi Zala, kvZ; 

kgZ/sm mgpa) 

2 

PmrR 

R = ( , 

F 

F _ nimuSis ganikveTis farTobi, sm 2 . 

kumSvisas simtkicis zRvris dasadgenad cdian 5-30 sm waxnagian kubebs 

an cilindrebs diametriT da simaRliT 3-10sm. maT gamocdian hidravlikur 

an meqanikur wnexebze. didi mniSvneloba aqvs nimuSis rogorc formas, ise 

zomas. mcire zomis nimuSebs simtkicis gadidebuli maCveneblebi aqvs didi 

zomis nimuSebTan SedarebiT. es aisaxeba masalis araerTgvarovnebiT. rac 

metia masalis moculoba, miT metia araerTgvarovneba. am sakiTxis 

saregulireblad SemoRebulia yvela masalisaTvis standartuli zomis 

nimuSebi, (mag. betoni, romlis standartul zomad miRebulia 15×15×15sm, 

xolo gadamyvan koeficientad 1), xolo sxva zomebisaTvis gadamyvani 

koeficientebia: cxrili 1.3. 

12

forma da nimuSis zomebi 

sm 

kubebi: 7,07×7,07×7,07 

10×10×10 

15×15×15 

20×20×20 

30×30×30 

cilindrebi: 7,14×14,3 

10×20 

15×30 

20×40 

13 

gadamyvani koeficienti α 

0,85 

0,91 

1,0 

1,05 

1,10 

1,16 

1,17 

1,20 

1,24 

cxrili 1.3 

simtkicis zRvari Runvisas gamoiTvleba Zelakebis gamocdiT. 

Zelakebis zomebia 4×4×16sm. erTi Seyursuli Zalis moqmedebisas koWis 

marTkuTxa kveTze RR ganisazRvreba formuliT: 

R 

R 

3Pl 

2 

= kgZ/sm (mgpa) , 

2 

2bC 

xolo, rodesac ori tvirTi simetriuladaa modebuli 

sadac P aris mRrvevi Zala, kgZ; 

R 

R 

3P( l −α 

) 

2 

= kgZ/sm (mgpa) , 

2 

2bC 

l _ manZili sayrdenebs Soris, sm; 

b da C _ koWis ganivi sigane da simaRle, sm; 

α _ or datvirTvas Soris manZili, sm. 

simagre _ masalis Tvisebaa winaaRmdegoba gauwios masSi sxva ufro 

magari sxeulis SeWras. qvis masalis simagre isazRvreba ramdenime 

meTodiT.

simagris 

maCvenebeli 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

talki an carci 

moosis skala 

14 

cxrili 1.4 

minerali simagris maxasiaTeblebi 

TabaSiri an qvamarili 

kalciti an anhidriti 

mlxobi Spati 

apatiti 

orToklazi 

kvarci 

topazi 

korundi 

almasi 

advilad ikawreba frCxiliT 

ikawreba frCxiliT 

advilad ikawreba daniT 

Znelad ikawreba daniT 

didi dawoliT ikawreba daniT 

ar kawravs minas 

odnav kawravs minas. foladis 

daniT ar ikawreba 

advilad kawravs minas, foladis 

daniT ar ikawreba 

moosis skalis saSualebiT simagris dasadgenad nimuSis zedapirze 

gausvamen simagris skalis mineralebs. simagre ganisazRvreba ori 

mosazRvre mineraliT, romelTagan erTi ikawreba gamosacdeli masaliT, 

xolo rigiT momdevno TviT kawravs nimuSebs. Tu gamosacdeli masalis 

nimuSi ikawreba kvarciT, xolo TviT nimuSi kawravs orToklazs, maSin 

gamosacdeli masalis simagre am mineralebis simagreebs Sorisaa 

moTavsebuli da Seadgens 6,5. 

cveTadoba _ cveTadobaze simtkicis gansazRvra warmoebs im 

masalebisTvis, romlebsac uxdebaT cveTaze muSaoba. (kibis safexurebi, 

iatakis filebi, sagzao betoni, gzis safari da sxv.). masalis cveTadoba

ganisazRvreba masis danakargis sididiT misi cveTis dros da 

ganisazRvreba formuliT: 

m1 

− m2 

2 

cveT = g/sm , 

R 

F 

sadac m1 aris masalis masa cveTamde, g; 

m2 _ masalis masa cveTis Semdeg, g; 

F _ cveTis farTobi, sm 2. 

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisTvis: 

1. saSeni masalebis Tvisebebis klasifikacia; 

2. fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi; 

3. meqanikuri Tvisebebi. 

15

Tavi II 

bunebrivi qvis saSeni masalebi 

2.1. mTis qanebi, maTi warmoSoba da klasifikacia 

bunebriv qvis masalebs uZvelesi droidan iyeneben mSeneblobaSi. 

cnobilia xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi, romlebic agebulia da mopir- 

keTebulia qvis masalebiT: sveticxoveli, jvris monasteri, gelaTi da 

sxva. 

bunebrivi qvis masalebi es aris mTis qanebis meqanikuri damuSavebis 

Sedegad miRebuli masalebi. qani mineraluri masaa, romelic Sedgeba erTi 

an ramdenime mineralisagan. monomineraluri qanebia _ kvarcis qviSa, 

magneziti, kirqva,wminda TabaSiri, xolo polimineraluri qanebia _ 

graniti, bazalti, gabro da sxva. minerali warmoadgens qimiuri 

SedgenilobiT da fizikuri TvisebebiT erTgvarovan bunebriv sxeuls. igi 

warmoiqmneba dedamiwis qerqSi mimdinare fizikur-qimiuri procesebis 

Sedegad. 

bunebriv qvis qanebs sxvadasxva fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebis gamo 

farTod iyeneben mSeneblobaSi: damuSavebis gareSe (xreSi, qviSa) da 

meqanikuri damuSavebiT (RorRi, mosapirkeTebeli filebi da sxva) mTis 

qanebs iyeneben, rogorc ZiriTad nedleuls Semkvreli nivTierebebis 

(cementi, TabaSiri, kiri) da xelovnuri qvis masalebis (aguri, betoni, 

duRabi da sxva) dasamzadeblad. 

mTis qanebis klasifikacia damyarebulia mis warmoSobaze. warmoSoba 

da warmoqmnis pirobebi gansazRvravs maT qimiur-mineralogiur 

Sedgenilobas, kristalur agebulebas da struqturas. Ees maCveneblebi 

ganapirobeben qanebis simtkices, xangrZlivobas, dekoratiul Tvisebebs. 

warmoSobis pirobebis mixedviT qvis qanebi iyofa sam jgufad: 

amofrqveuli, naleqi da saxeSecvlili anu metamorfuli qanebi. 

16

amofrqveuli qanebi warmoiqmneba Txevadi cecxlovani masis 

amofrqveviT dedamiwis siRrmidan. im SemTxvevaSi Tu magma gacivda da 

gamagrda dedamiwis zedapiridan did siRrmeze, maRali wnevis da 

temperaturis dros warmoiqmneba siRrmuli masuri qanebi. (graniti, sieniti, 

gabro, dioriti). Tu magma gacivda dedamiwis zedapirTan axlos, dabali 

temperaturis da wnevis dros, warmoiqmneba gadmonTxeuli qanebi (diabazi, 

andeziti, bazalti). 

amofrqveuli qanebis ZiriTadi qanTwarmomqmneli mineralebia: kvarci, 

mindvris Spati, qarsi, da rkinamagneziuri mineralebi. amofrqveuli qvis 

qanebis ZiriTadi saxeebia: graniti, sieniti, dioriti, gabro, bazalti, 

diabazi, porfiriti da andeziti. 

fxvieri namtvrevi qanebi warmoiqmeba vulkanuri amofrqvevebis dros, 

magmis mcire nawilakebis swrafi gaciebiT. Mmetad wvril fxvnilisebr 

masas, 0,15 mm-ze naklebi zomis marcvlebs, vulkanur ferfls uwodeben; 

ufro msxvilmarcvlovans (5-30 mm) - pemzas. 

vulkanuri tufi namtvrevi dacementebuli qania. igi warmoiqmneba 

vulkanuri ferflis, qviSisa da pemzis marcvlebis erTmaneTTan bunebrivi 

Secementebis Sedegad. 

naleqi qanebi warmoiqmnen amofrqveuli da sxva qanebis meqanikuri 

daSlis da qimiuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad, temperaturuli cvlilebebis, 

wylis da qaris moqmedebiT. naleqi qanebi ganlagebulia, rogorc 

dedamiwis qerqis zeda fenebSi, aseve zRvebis, mdinareebis, tbebis fskerze. 

naleqi qanebis warmomqmneli mineralebia: kalciti – CaCO3, magneziti – 

MgCO3, dolomiti, TabaSiri, anhidridi. Nnaleqi qanebis ZiriTadi saxeebia: 

kirqva, carci, niJarqva, kirqvovani tufi _ ujredovani agebulebis qania, 

diatomiti da trepeli _ fxvieri foriani qanebia. Nnamtvrev fxvier qanebs 

simsxos mixedviT Semdegnairad yofen: kaWari _ 15 sm-dan 1m-mde; xreSi - 0,5- 

15 sm-mde; qviSa-0,15-5 mm-mde; mtveri _ 0,005-0,15 mm-mde; Tixa _ 0,005 mm-mde. 

Nnamtvrevi fxvieri qanebi droTa ganmavlobaSi dacementdeba TixiT, 

kalcitiT an kaJmiwiT da warmoqmnis dacementebul qanebs: qviSa-qvebs, 

konglomerats da breqCias. 

17

metamorfuli qanebi _ warmoiqmneba dedamiwis qerqis siRrmeSi 

amofrqveuli da naleqi qanebis gardaqmniT maRali wnevis, temperaturis da 

airebis moqmedebis Sedegad. aseTebia: gneisi, kvarcitebi, marmarilo, 

fiqlebi. 

gneisi mineralogiuri SemadgenlobiT granitis msgavsia. gneisi 

naklebad yinvamedegia, vidre graniti. miuxedevad amisa, maRali simkvrive 

da sakmarisi simtkice (200 mgpa) saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebul iqnes 

gzebis mokirwylisaTvis, trotuaris filebis dasamzadeblad da sxva. 

gavrcelebulia ukrainaSi, uralSi, Soreul aRmosavleTSi. 

marmarilo warmoiqmneba kirqvis da dolomitebis gadakristalebiT 

maRali temperaturis da wnevis moqmedebiT. marmarilo masSi Semavali 

marilebis, liTonis Jangeulebis da sxva danamatebis mixedviT sxvadasxva 

Seferilobisaa: vardisferi, yviTeli, Savi da sxva. Mmarmarilos sabadoebia 

cimbirSi, uralSi, Sua aziaSi, yirimSi da sxva. saqarTvelo mdidaria 

maRalxarisxovani marmarilos sabadoebiT. cnobilia Telavis, SroSis, 

svaneTis, sadaxlos sabadoebi. 

kvarcitebi warmoiqmneba kvarcis marcvlebis gadakristalebiT da 

maTi SezrdiT kaJmiwian qviSasTan. Ees kavSiri imdenad mWidroa, rom 

kristaluri marcvlebis gamorCeva macementeblisgan SeuZlebelia. 

kvarcitebi gvxvdeba wiTeli, iisferi, mwvane, TeTri, muqi Sindisferi. 

kvarcitebi moipoveba uralSi, ukrainaSi, cimbirSi. saqarTveloSi misi 

sabadoebia – bolnisSi. Ggamoiyeneba cecxlgamZle nakeTobebis 

dasamzadeblad sadnobi Rumelebis amosagebad, misi xangamZleoba da 

atmosferomedegoba saSualebas iZleva gamoyenebul iqnes mosapirkeTeblad 

monumentur nagebobebSi. 

fiqlebi. mSeneblobaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba Tixovani fiqlebi, 

romlebic warmoiqmnen Tixisagan maTi Semkvrivebis da nawilobrivi 

gadakristalebiT. Tixovani fiqlebi Seicaven qarsis furclebs, mindvris 

Spats, kvarcs da sxva mineralebs. fiqlebis feria muqi ruxi. gamoiyeneba 

rogorc saxuravis masala (bunebrivi Siferi). fiqlebis sabadoebia 

18

uralSi, ukrainaSi. saqarTveloSi fiqlebi moipoveba onis, mestiis da sxva 

raionebSi. 

mixedviT: 

2.2. bunebrivi qvis masalebis klasifikacia, 

saxeebi da gamoyeneba 

bunebrivi qvis saSen masalebs ganasxvaveben Semdegi maCveneblebis 

1. moculobiTi masis mixedviT (mSral mdgomareobaSi): msubuqi 

ς m < 1800 kg/m3 (iyeneben ZiriTadad gasaTbobi nagebobebis kedlebisaTvis) da 

ς m < 1800 kg/m3 (gamoiyeneba sayrden kedlebSi, cokolebSi, saZirkvlis 

wyobisaTvis da sxva). 

2. simtkicis mixedviT kumSvisas: dabali simtkicis, romelTa 

simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas aris 2,5-10 mgpa; saSualo simtkicis – 15-40 mgpa; 

maRali simtkicis – 50 mgpa da meti. 

3. yinvagamZleobis mixedviT klasificirdeba Semdeg markebad; 

10,15,25,35,50,100,150,200,300 da 500. 

4. wyalmedegobis mixedviT qvis masalebi iyofa jgufebad darbilebis 

koeficientis sididis mixedviT: K dar aranakleb 0,6, 0,75, 0,9 da 1. 

nagebobebis saZirkvlebis da kedlis wyobisTvis gamoiyeneba yore qva. 

darbilebis koeficienti unda iyos _ aranakleb 0,75, xolo yinvagamZleoba 

_ aranakleb 15 –is. yoreqva warmoadgens 150-500 mm zomis araswori formis 

natexebs. 

qvis blokebi wesieri geometriuli formis qvis saSeni masalaa. 

gamoiyeneba samrewvelo, samoqalaqo da sxva saxis nagebobebis kedlis 

wyobis da sxva daniSnulebiT. Mmisi zomebia; xeliT wyobisaTvis: 390×190×188 

da 490×240×188 mm; meqanizebuli wyobisaTvis 3000×1000×500 mm. blokebis 

dasamzadeblad iyeneben dolomitebs, kirqvebs, vulkanur tufs da sxva qvis 

qanebs. 

19

nagebobebis gare mopirkeTebisaTvis gamoiyeneba graniti, sieniti, 

dioriti, gabro, kvarciti. Siga mopirkeTebisTvis gamoiyeneba marmarilo, 

forovani kirqvebi, tufebi da sxva, iatakis mosapirkeTeblad gamoiyeneba 

mkvrivi qanebisgan (graniti, sieniti, kvarciti, marmarilo da sxva) 

miRebuli gaprialebuli filebi, sisqiT aranakleb 20 mm. kibeebi keTdeba 

mkvrivi, cveTa medegi qanebisgan. 

sagzao mSeneblobisaTvis gamoiyeneba amofrqveuli danaleqi 

bunebrivi qvis Semdegi masalebi da nakeTobebi: bortis qvebi, Zelakebi, 

napobi an riyis qva, RorRi, qviSa da mineraluri fxvnili. 

bortis qvebi gamoiyeneba gzis savali nawilis gamosayofad 

trotuarisagan. igi warmoadgens 70-200 sm sigrZis Zels; aris dabali-30 sm 

simaRlis da maRali _ 40 sm simaRlis; zeda nawilis sigane aris 10,15 da 20 

sm. Bbortis qvebi mzaddeba granitis, bazaltis da diabazis qanebisagan. 

wyalSTanTqma ar unda aRematebodes 0,6%-s, xolo simtkice kumSvisas unda 

iyos 100 mgpa. 

Zelura _ napobi an Tlili Zelia, romlis simaRle _ 10-16 sm; sigane 

_ 12-15 sm. da sigrZe _ 15-25 sm. gamoiyeneba qvafenilebis, moednebis da sxva 

Mmosawyobad. 

riyis qvas iyeneben miwayrilebis, wylis auzebis, napirebis 

gasamagreblad da sxva. 

bunebrivi qvis mopoveba xdeba ERia xerxiT, Tu igi dedamiwis qerqis 

zedapirul fenebSia; xolo Tu qani dedamiwis siRrmeSia, mopoveba xdeba 

Saxturi wesiT. 

bunebrivi qvis masalebi miekuTvneba xangamZle saSen masalebs. 

Mmiuxedavad amisa, atmosferuli teni, mJavebi da sxva agresiuli wylebi 

iwveven qvis nakeTobebSi bzarebis gaCenas da maT nawilobriv an srul 

rRvevas. dacvis meTodebis SerCeva damokidebulia qvis masalis 

Taviseburebaze da misi muSaobis pirobebze. Eefeqturia qvis nakeTobis 

zedapiris gaJRenTva fluatebiT, romlebic garkveul siRrmeze aRweven 

qvaSi da amkvriveben mas. aseTebia siliciumfToriani magniumi da 

20

siliciumfToriani alumini. Qqvis masebis dacva SeiZleba konstruqciuli 

saSualebiTac, rac iTvaliswinebs qvis nakeTobis daxras. 

SekiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis: 

1. mTis qanebis klasifikacia; 

2. bunebrivi qvis masalebi, maTi mopoveba da gamoyeneba; 

3. bunebrivi qvis masalebis dacva. 

21

moliTis marmarilosmagvari kirqva 

eklaris kirqva 

22

dizis marmarilo 

SroSis marmarilosmagvari kirqva 

23

lopotis marmarilo salieTis marmarilosmagvari kirqva 

sadaxlos marmarilosmagvari kirqva 

24

olnisis tufi 

kursebis tuSeniti 

25

Tavi III 

keramikuli nakeTobebi 

keramikuli nakeTobebs amzadeben bunebrivi Tixebisagan, zogjer maT 

umateben sxvadasxva organul da mineralur danamatebs. Kkeramikuli 

nakeTobebis teqnologia moicavs oTx ZiriTad process – Tixebis 

momzadeba, dayalibeba, Sroba da gamowva. keramikuli nakeTobebi iyofa or 

jgufad – forian da mkvriv masalebad. foriani masalebi xasiaTdeba 

wyalSTanTqmiT 5% da meti, xolo mkvrivi masalebis wyalSTanTqma 

naklebia 5%-ze. Fforian nakeTobebs miekuTvneba Cveulebrivi Tixis aguri, 

Rruebiani aguri, Rruebiani kedlis qvebi, saxuravis kramiti, 

mosapirkeTebeli masalebi da keramikuli milebi. mkvriv nakeTobebs 

miekuTvneba iatakis filebi, sagzao aguri, sanitarul-teqnikuri nakeTobebi. 

keramikuli nakeTobebis maRali simtkice, farTo asortimenti, 

teqnologiis simartive, da xangamZleoba saSualebas iZleva, rom farTod 

iqnes gamoyenebuli Senobis yvela nawilSi. Kkeramikul nakeTobebs aqvT 

erTi mniSvnelovani nakli – sxva samSeneblo masalebTan SedarebiT 

gadidebuli simyife. 

keramikuli masalebisaTvis ZiriTad nedleuls warmoadgens Tixa. 

teqnologiuri da fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebis gasaumjobeseblad TixaSi 

SehyavT danamatebi. (kvarcis qviSa, Samoti,wida,xe-tyis naxerxi, qvanaxSiris 

mtveri da sxva). Tixebi warmoiqmnebian amofrqveuli mTis qanebis-mindvris 

Spatebis gamoqarviT. Tixis SedgenilobaSi Sedis mineralebi: kvarci, qarsi, 

mindvris Spati, kalciti, magneziti da sxva. SedarebiT sufTa Tixebi 

Sedgeba umetesad kaolinitisagan, romlebic miiReba mindvris Spatze 

wylis da naxSirorJangis moqmedebiT. AaseT Tixebs uwodeben kaolinitur 

Tixebs Al O ⋅ 2sio 

⋅ H O). 

( 2 3 2 2 

Tixebi warmoqmnis pirobebis mixedviT iyofa narCen da gadatanil 

Tixebad. narCeni Tixebi danagvianebulia im qanis nawilebiT, romlisganac 

warmoiqmnen. Ggadatanili Tixebi umetesad dispersiulia, isini 

26

Tavisufalia pirveladi qanis msxvili fraqciebisagan, magram SesaZlebelia 

danagvianebuli iyos qviSiT, kirqviT, rkinis naerTebiT da sxva. 

maRal temperaturebze damokidebulebis mixedviT arCeven Tixebis sam 

jgufs: cecxlgamZle, Zneladdnobadi da advildnobadi. cecxlgamZle 

Tixebi uZlebs temperaturas O1580 0 C. aseTi Tixebi Seicaven didi 

raodenobiT Tixamiwas (Al2O3- 40%-mde) da mcire raodenobis minarevebs. 

Tixebs, romlebsac gamowvis Semdeg aqvs TeTri feri, uwodeben 

faifurovans. maT iyeneben qaSanuris (fainsi) da faifuris warmoebaSi. 

Zneldnobadi Tixebi uZleben temperaturas _ 1350_1580 0 C. gamoiyeneba 

iatakis filebis, sakanalizacio milebis, mosapirkeTebeli aguris da sxv. 

Ddasamzadeblad. advilad dnobadi Tixebis cecxlgamZleoba naklebia 

1350 0 C-ze. isini Seicaven qviSis da kirqvis minarevebs, organul naerTebs, 

rkinis Jangeulebs. maT iyeneben aguris blokebis, kramitis da sxva 

masalebis dasamzadeblad. 

Tixebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da minarevebi. Tixebi Sedgeba 

sxvadasxva Jangeulebisagan, Tavisufali da qimiurad mierTebuli wylis da 

organuli minarevebisagan. Jangeulebidan Tixis SedgenilobaSi Sedis: 

Tixamiwa _ Al2O3, kaJmiwa – SiO2, kalciumis Jangi _ CaO, rkinis Jangi _ Fe2O3, 

natriumis Jangi _ Na2O, magniumis Jangi _MMgO da kaliumis Jangi – K2O. 

Tixamiwa – Al2O3 mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens keramikuli nakeTobebis 

Tvisebebze, rac metia misi raodenoba, miT metia Tixis plastikuroba da 

cecxlgamZleoba. kaJmiwa _ SiO2 ZiriTadi (raodenobrivad 60-80%) 

Jangeulia, romelic warmoqmnis Tixas. rkinis Jangis raodenoba 

ganapirobebs Tixis nakeTobebis fers da natexaris Secxobis temperaturas. 

minarevebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen Tixis Tvisebebze. rkinis 

naerTebi amcirebs Tixis cecxlgamZleobas. Oorganuli nivTierebebis 

Semcveloba ki dakavSirebulia gamowvis dros masis kargvasTan da 

Sesabamisad nakeTobis SeklebasTan; garda amisa organuli naerTebis 

gadidebuli raodenoba amcirebs Tixis cecxlgamZleobas. 

Tixis ZiriTadi da mniSvnelovani teqnologiuri Tvisebaa 

plastikuroba. plastikurobis xarisxi damokidebulia Tixis mineralogiur 

27

da granulometriul Sedgenilobaze, marcvlebis formas da zedapiris 

xasiaTze, organul naerTebsa da wylis Semcvelobaze. plastikurobis 

xarisxis mixedviT Tixebi iyofa maRalplastikur Tixebad – 

wyalmomTxovneloba 28% da meti, haeruli Sekleba 10-15%. saSualo 

plastikurobis Tixebi _ wyalmoTxovniloba _ 20-28%, haeruli Sekleba 7- 

10%; mcire plastikurobis Tixebi _ wyalmomTxovneloba _20%-ze naklebi, 

haeruli Sekleba _5-7%. 

Tixebis granulometriuli Sedgeniloba Semdegia: 

qviSis fraqcia -5-0,14 mm; mtvrisebri fraqcia -0,14-0,005 mm; Tixis 

fraqcia _ 0,005 mm-ze naklebi. 

keramikuli nakeTobebisaTvis sxvadasxva Tvisebebis misaniWeblad 

TixaSi SehyavT damamWlevebuli, amowvadi da specialuri danamatebi. 

araplastikur TixebSi umateben damamWleveblebs (kvarcis qviSa, dafquli 

wida, nacari, nakeTobis lewi), romlebic mniSvnelovnad amcireben wylis 

xarjs da Seklebas. garda amisa aumjobeseben masis dayalibebas, 

aadvileben teqnologiur process. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi aumjobeseben 

nakeTobis Tbomedegobas da Tbogamtarobas. amowvadi danamatebi gamoiyeneba 

mcire moculobiTi masis da maRali forianobis nakeTobebis 

dasamzadeblad. umetesad gamoiyeneba organuli danamatebi: qvanaxSiris 

fxvnili, torfis mtveri, xis naxerxi da sxva. gamoiyeneba agreTve 

danamatebi, romlebic maRal temperaturaze gamowvis dros gamoyofen 

naxSirorJangs, romelic warmoqmnis forebs. aseTebia carci, dolomiti da 

Tixovani mergeli. 

specialuri danamatebi gamoiyeneba nakeTobebisaTvis specialuri 

Tvisebebis misaniWeblad. Mmag. MmJavamedegi nakeTobebis da mosapirkeTebeli 

filebis damzadebisas Tixebs umateben qviSian narevebs, romlebic 

aduRabebulia Txevadi miniT an tuteebiT. Tixebs sxvadasxva 

SeferelobisaTvis emateba zogierTi liTonis Jangeulebi. 

28

3.1. keramikuli nakeTobebis saerTo 

teqnologiuri sqema 

keramikuli nakeTobebis warmoebis teqnologia Sedgeba Semdegi 

stadiebisagan: Tixis mopoveba da masis momzadeba, nakeTobebis dayalibeba, 

Sroba, gamowva, nakeTobis damuSaveba (daWra, moWiqureba da sxva). 

masis momzadeba iTvaliswinebs Tixebis damsxvrevas, dawvrilmanebas, 

Tixis arevas danamatebTan erTad, mis datenianebas da 

advildasayalibebeli masis miRebas. 

keramikuli nakeTobebis damzadeba warmoebs sveli, plastikuri da 

naxevrad mSrali meTodiT. sveli xerxis dros nedleuls awvrilmaneben da 

ureven 60%-mde wyalSi. Aam dros miiReba erTgvarovani masa _ Slikeri. 

Pplastikuri xerxiT dayalibebisas datenianeba xdeba 20-25%-mde da Tixis 

areva danamatebTan erTad xdeba TixasarevSi. naxevrad mSrali xerxiT 

warmoebis dros Tixas amsxvreven, aSroben, awvrilmaneben da atenianeben 8- 

12%-mde. 

nakeTobebis dayalibebas plastikuri da sveli xerxebis dros 

awarmoeben lentur wnexebze, xolo naxevrad mSrali xerxis SemTxvevaSi 

dayalibeba xdeba hidravlikur an meqanikur wnexebze. 

Semdegi stadia aris Sroba. Sroba warmoebs xelovnurad, airebis an 

cxeli haeris saSualebiT, perioduli moqmedebis kamerul an uwyveti 

moqmedebis gvirabisebr saSrobebSi. Srobis dros warmoebs tenis 

gadaadgileba nakeTobis Siga nawilidan zedapirze da Semdgom aorTqleba. 

tenis aorTqlebis Sedegad masalis nawilakebi uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs da 

warmoebs Sekleba. 

keramikuli nakeTobebis gamowvis procesi SeiZleba daiyos sam 

periodad: gaxurebis, gamowvis da gaciebisGgaxurebis dros 100-120 0 C-mde. 

temperaturas nel-nela zrdian bzarebis gaCenis Tavidan asacileblad. 

Semdeg temperaturas swrafad zrdian 750-800 0 C-mde. Aam dros advildnobadi 

SenaerTebi iwyeben dnobas, gars ekvrian udnobad nawilakebs, rasac Tan 

sdevs wrfivi zomebis Semcireba da nakeTobis gamkvriveba. advildnobadi 

29

Tixebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi gamowvas awarmoeben 900-1100 0 C-ze. Zalzed 

mniSvnelovania gaciebis periodi. gacieba xdeba TandaTanobiT bzarebis 

gaCenis Tavidan asacileblad. 800 0 C-mde temperaturas sweven nela, xolo 

Semdeg SeiZleba temperaturis dawevis aCqareba. 

3.2. Cveulebrivi Tixis aguri 

Tixis aguri swori paralelepipedis formis xelovnuri qvaa, 

romelic mzaddeba advildnobadi Tixebisagan dayalibebiT, SrobiT da 

gamowviT. aguris standartuli zomebia: 250×120×65mm. agurs amzadeben ori 

xerxiT: plastikuri da naxevrad mSrali. Uufro gavrcelebulia 

plastikuri xerxi, romelic Semdegi teqnologiuri procesebiT 

mimdinareobs: Tixis dawvrilmaneba xdeba lilvakisebur samsxvrevelebSi, 

Semdeg TixasarevSi xdeba Tixis datenianeba 18-25%-mde da areva 

erTgvarovani plastikuri masis miRebamde. momzadebuli masa miewodeba 

lentur wnexs. lentur wnexze Tixis masa Snekis saSualebiT 

SemWidrovdeba da gadaagildeba gamosasvleli xvrelisaken – satuCesaken. 

satuCedan uwyvetad gamodis dayalibebuli Tixis Zeli, romelic iWreba 

aguris zomebad da ewyoba saSrobis vagonetze. aseTi wnexis mwarmoebloba 

10000 cali aguria saaTSi. Srobis xangZlivoba 24 saaTidan 70 saaTamdea. 

damamTavrebeli stadiaa aguris gamowva. gamowvas awarmoeben uwyveti 

moqmedebis wriul an gvirabisebur RumelebSi. wriuli Rumelebi 

gamoirCeva maRali SromatevadobiT da muSaobis mZime pirobebiT, amitom 

axal qarxnebSi maT ar aSeneben da gamoiyeneben gvirabisebur Rumelebs. 

gvirabiseburi Rumeli warmoadgens 3,5_5,5 m 2 kveTis 100_150 m sigrZis 

arxs. arxSi aris relsebi, romlebzec moZraoben vagonetebi. dayalibebuli 

agurebiT. Ggvirabisebur Rumels aqvs sami zona: gaxurebis, gamowvis da 

gaciebis. Ggaxurebis periodSi aguris masidan orTqldeba higroskopiuli 

da hidratiuli teni, iwvis organuli minarevebi, Tanabrad xurdeba masa da 

iSleba karbonatebi. Ggadnobis dros xdeba Tixis dnobadi nawilakebis 

30

gadnoba, romlebic gars ertymis Tixis udnob nawilakebs da Seacxobs mas. 

Ggaciebis periodSi xdeba qvis warmoqmna. 

nax. 1. gvirabiseburi Rumeli. 

aguris warmoebis naxevrad mSral xerxs is upiratesoba aqvs 

plastikurTan SedarebiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia 

mcireplastikuri Tixebis gamoyeneba da gamoricxulia Srobis procesi. 

naxevrad mSrali xerxiT aguris dayalibebis dros nedleul masalebs, 

winaswari dawvrilmanebis Semdeg aSroben saSrob dolSi 6-8% 

tenianobamde, awvrilmaneben dezintegratorSi, crian, atenianeben 8-12%-mde 

da ureven. dayalibeba warmoebs hidravlikur an meqanikur wnexebze. 

naxevrad mSrali meTodiT SesaZlebelia rogorc mTliani, ise 

naxvretebiani aguris da sxvadasxva keramikuli filebis dayalibeba. 

31

aguris Tvisebebi. Aaguris xarisxi unda akmayofilebdes saxelmwifo 

standartis moTxovnebs. Aagurs unda hqondes marTkuTxa paralelepipedis 

forma, swori kuTxeebiT da wiboebiT. aguris zomebia: sigrZe _ 250±6 mm, 

sigane _ 120±4 mm da sisqe _ 65±3 mm. aguri unda iyos normalurad 

gamomwvari. wyalSTanTqma normalurad gamomwvari agurisTvis unda iyos 

aranakleb 8%, xolo yinvagamZleoba _ aranaleb 15 ciklisa. moculobiTi 

masa meryeobs 1700-1990kg/m 3 -is farglebSi, Tbogamtarobis koeficientia 0,5- 

0,75. aguri mzaddeba xuTi markis: 75,100,125,150 da 200. 

Cveulebrivi Tixis aguri gamoiyeneba Siga da gare kedlebis 

panelebis dasamzadeblad, gare da Siga kedlebis, svetebis da sxva mzidi 

konstruqciebisaTvs. 

3.3. efeqturi keramikuli masalebi 

efeqtur keramkul masalebs uwodeben iseT masalebs, romlebsac aqvT 

mcire moculobiTi masa, dabali Tbogamtarobis koeficienti, sakmarisi 

simtkice da SedarebiT naklebi Rirebuleba. mSeneblobaSi Cveulebrivi 

Tixis aguri xSirad adgils uTmobs iseT efeqtur masalebs, rogoricaa 

Tixis Rruebiani aguri, msubuqi aguri, Rruebiani keramikuli qvebi da sxva. 

Tixis Rruebiani aguri mzaddeba advildnobadi Tixebis da 

danamatebis gamoyenebiT, plastikuri da naxevrad mSrali dawnexvis xerxiT. 

Ddayalibeba sasurvelia vakuumwnexebze, romlebsac aqvT specialuri 

mowyobilobebi (kernebi) agurSi sicarieleebis warmosaqmnelad. 

sicarieleebi agurSi SeiZleba iyos mrgvali _ diametriT ara umetes 15 mm 

da marTkuTxa _ siganiT 15 mm. Rruebian agurs amzadeben 250×120×65 mm an 

250X120X88 mm zomisas. misi markebia: 75, 100, 125 da 150; moculobiTi masa _ 

1000 _ 1450 kg/m 3 , wyalSTanTqma _ aranakleb 6%; yinvagamZleoba _ aranakleb 

15 ciklis. gamoiyeneba gare da Siga kedlebis, tixrebis da Senobebis sxva 

nawilebisaTvis. Aar aris rekomendebuli misi gamoyeneba Senobebis 

saZirkvlebis, cokolis da sveli kedlebis wyobisaTvis. 

32

nax. 2. Tixis Rruebiani aguri. 

samSeneblo msubuqi aguri mzaddeba diatomitis an trepelisagan 

Tixis damatebiT. an Tixisa da amosawvavi danamatebisagan. am agurs aqvs 

mcire moculobiTi masa da Tbogamtaroba. misi gamoyenebiT SeiZleba 

Semcirdes kedlis sisqe 40%-iT, Semsubuqdes konstruqcia 36%-iT. aguri 

mzaddeba zomebis: 250×120×88 mm Tu moculobiTi masa aris 700-1000 kv/m 3 

gamodis Semdegi markebis: 35,50,75 kmZ/sm 2 ; roca moculobiTi masa 1000-1300 

km/m 3 -ia, markebia 50 da 75 kmZ/sm 2 , xolo roca moculobiTi masa aris 1300- 

1500 kv/m 3 , simtkice aris 50,75 da 100 kmZ/sm 2 yinvagamZleoba unda iyos – 

aranakleb 10 ciklisa. Mmsubuq agurs iyeneben normaluri tenianobis 

SenobebisaTvis. 

keramikuli qvebi. maT ayalibeben gluvi an daRaruli zedapirebiT, 

vakuumwnexebze gamWoli an Caketili sicarieleebiT. Qqvis zomebia: sigrZe _ 

250-290 mm, sigane _ 120-190 mm, sisqe _ 138-288 mm moculobiTi masa _ 1300-1450 

kv/m 3 wyalSTanTqma aranaklebi 6%-sa, yinvagamZleoba – aranakleb 15 

ciklisa. keramikuli qvebi gamodis oTxi markis: 75,100,125,150. isini cvlian 

Cveulebriv agurs, magram maTi gamoyeneba ar aris mizanSewonili 

nagebobebis saZirkvlebsa da cokolebSi da teniani Senobebis gare 

kedlebSi. 

33

3.4. specialuri daniSnulebis keramikuli masalebi 

Tixis mrudTarga aguri mzaddeba Cveulebrivi aguris analogiurad. 

amzadeben zomebiT: sigrZe _ 80-225 mm, simrudis radiusi _ 850-1500 mm. misi 

markebia: 100, 125 da 150. wyalSTanTqma _ aranakleb 8%-is, yinvagamZleoba _ 

aranakleb 15 ciklis. gamoiyeneba bol _ da airsadeni milebis wyobisa da 

amogebisaTvis, rodesac aguri airebis saSualebiT cxeldeba 700 0 C - mde. 

sagzao aguri – mzaddeba Zneldnobadi Tixebisagan. misi zomebi; 

220X110X65 mm. sagzao aguri mzaddeba Semdegi markebis: 400, 600, 1000 kgZ/sm 2 

(40, 60, 100 mgpa); yinvagamZleoba – 30, 50, 100 cikli, wyalSTanTqma ara 

umetes 2, 4, 6%-is; cveTis koeficienti %-Si – aranakleb 14, 16, 18. 

sadrenaJo keramikuli milebi mzaddeba plastikuri Tixebisagan, 

lentur wnexebze dayalibebiT da Semdgomi gamowviT. milebis gare 

zedapirs faraven WiquriT. sadrenaJo milebi mzaddeba 25-250 mm diametris, 

335-500 mm sigrZis da yinvagamZleobiT aranakieb 15 ciklis. 

sakanalizacio keramikuli milebi mzaddeba cecxlgamZle an 

Zneldnobadi Tixebisagan, diametriT 100-dan 600 mm-mde, sigrZiT _ 800-1200 

mm. milebis gare da Siga zedapiri dafarulia WiquriT. kedlis sisqe Siga 

diametris Sesabamisad unda iyos 19-41 mm. dayalibeba warmoebs milisebr 

wnexebze. gamowva xdeba kamerul da gvirabisebur RumelebSi 1250- 

1300 0 C-ze. sakanalizacio milebi wyalSTanTqmis mixedviT aris I da II 

xarisxis. I xarisxis milebisaTvis wyalSTanTqma unda iyos _ ara umetes 

9%-is, xolo II xarisxisaTvis _ ara umetes 11%-is. mJavamedegoba unda iyos 

aranakleb 90%-is. unda uZlebdes hidravlikur wnevas aranakleb 2 

atmosferosi. gamoiyeneba sawarmoo da sameurneo-fekaluri, sakanalizacio 

da wyalsadinari qselebisaTvis. 

3.5. Tixis kramiti 

Tixis kramiti gamoiyeneba uZvelesi droidan. igi lamazi, xangamZle 

da iafi masalaa. misi naklia – simZime (65 kg/m 2 ) da saxuravis samuSaoebis 

34

didi Sromatevadoba. mzaddeba advildnobadi Tixebisagan. mSeneblobaSi 

gamoiyeneba oTxi saxis kramiti: daStampuli, kiloiani, brtyeli, kexis da 

lenturi. 

kramitis damzadebis teqnologia ZiriTadad ar gansxvavdeba aguris 

damzadebisagan. dayalibebamde Tixas guldasmiT amuSaveben erTgvarovani 

plastikuri masis miRebamde. ayalibeben lentur wnexebze. Semdeg xdeba 

Sroba da bolos gamowva natexaris srul Secxobamde. gamowva xdeba 950- 

1000 0 C-ze. kramiti unda iyos kargad gamomwvari. unda hqondes swori da 

gluvi zedapiri, wyalSeuRwevadi da yinvagamZle. 


1. Tixa da misi Tvisebebi; 

2. keramikuli nakeTobebis warmoSobis saerTo teqnologiuri sqema; 

3. aguri, warmoebis teqnologiuri sqema da Tvisebebi; 

4. efeqturi keramikuli masalebi; 

5. sadrenaJo da sakanalizacio masalebi; 

6. kramiti. 

35

Tavi IV 

araorganuli Semkvreli nivTierebebi 

Semkvreli nivTierebebi, maTi Tvisebebis, Sedgenilobis da 

gamoyenebis mixedviT iyofa: araorganul da organul Semkvrelebad. 

araorganuli Semkvreli nivTierebebi warmoadgens fxvnilisebr 

masalas, romlebic wyalTan urTierTqmedebisas gadadian plastiur 

mdgomareobaSi, fizikur-qimiuri procesebis moqmedebis Sedegad nel-nela 

magrdebian da gadadian qvisebr mdgomareobaSi. organuli Semkvreli 

nivTierebebi hidrofoburia: isini muSa mdgomareobaSi gadadian 

gacxelebiT an organul xsnarebSi aduRabebiT. Aaraorganuli Semkvreli 

nivTierebebi iyofa haerul da hidravlikur Semkvrelebad. 

haeruli Semkvreli nivTierebebi wyalSi aduRabebis Semdeg gadadian 

qvisebr mdgomareobaSi, inarCuneben da imateben simtkiceSi mxolod haerze. 

haerul Semkvrelebs miekuTvneba: TabaSiri, haeruli kiri, magneziuri 

Semkvrelebi da Txevadi mina. 

hidravlikuri Semkvreli nivTierebebi magrdebian, inarCuneben da 

imateben simtkiceSi ara mxolod haerze, aramed wyalSic. hidravlikur 

Semkvrelebs miekuTvneba: hidravlikuri kiri, portlandcementi da misi 

nairsaxeobebi da sxv. 

haeruli Semkvreli nivTierebebi gamoiyeneba mxolod miwiszeda 

nagebobebSi, xolo hidravlikuri Semkvrelebi, rogorc miwiszeda, aseve 

miwisqveSa da wyalqveSa nagebobebSi. 

calke jgufad SeiZleba gamoiyos avtoklavuri gamyarebis 

Semkvrelebi, romlebic magrdeba mxolod maRali temperaturisa da 

gajerebuli oTqlis wnevis moqmedebis Sedegad avtoklavebSi. aseTebia: 

kir-kaJmiwovani, kir-nacriani, kir-wida da sxva Semkvrelebi. 

36

4.1. haeruli Semkvreli nivTierebebi 

TabaSiri 

TabaSiri haeruli Semkvreli nivTierebaa, romelic nedleulis saxisa 

da damzadebis teqnologiuri procesis mixedviT iyofa or jgufad; 

dabali gamowvis (TabaSirovani) da maRali gamowvis (anhidridul) 

Semkvrelebad. 

dabali gamowvis TabaSiri swrafmWidi da swrafmyarebadi 

nivTierebaa, romelic miiReba bunebrivi TabaSiris qvis CaSO4·2H2O 

gaxurebiT 140-180 0 C-mde. am jgufs miekuTvneba: samSeneblo TabaSiri, maRali 

simtkicis da sayalibo TabaSiri. 

maRali gamowvis (anhidriduli) TabaSiri miiReba bunebrivi TabaSiris 

qvis gamowviT 700-1000 0 C-ze. mas miekuTvneba anhidriduli cementi da maRali 

gamowvis TabaSiri (estrix – TabaSiri). es Semkvrelebi nela myardeba da 

Seicavs uwylo kalciumis sulfats (CaSO4). 

TabaSirovani Semkvrelebis misaRebad ZiriTad nedleuls 

warmoadgens bunebrivi TabaSiris qva, gaji (Tixa – TabaSiris narevi) da 

qimiuri mrewvelobis narCenebi. 

samSeneblo TabaSiri – miiReba nedleulis msxvreviT, dafqviT da 

Tburi damuSavebiT. TabaSiris Tburi damuSaveba xdeba saxarS qvabebSi 140- 

180 0 C-ze, 90-120 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. saxarSi qvabis moculoba aris 3-5 m 3 . 

140-180 0 C-ze warmoebs orwyliani TabaSiris qvis dehidratacia: 

CaSO4 2 

4 2 

2 

⋅ 2 H O → CaSO ⋅ 0, 

5H 

O + 1, 

5H 

O . 

miRebuli naxevarwyliani TabaSiri warmoadgens samSeneblo TabaSirs. 

samSeneblo TabaSiri TeTri feris fxvnilia. misi moculobiTi masa aris 

800-1000 kg/m 3 , simkvrive – 2,65-2,75 g/sm 3 . igi swrafSemkvreli da 

swrafmyarebadia. Sekvris procesis dasawyisi aris 3-5 wuTi, dasasruli – 

37

12-30 wuTi. TabaSiris gamagreba warmoebs orwyliani kalciumis sulfatis 

warmoqmniT: 

⋅ 0, 5H 

O + 1, 

5H 

O → CaSO ⋅ 2H 

O . 

CaSO4 2 

2 

4 2 

TabaSiris gamagrebis procesSi ganasxvaveben sam periods: gaxsnis, 

koloidaciis da kristalizaciis periodebs. 

TabaSiris Tvisebebze gavlenas axdens gaxsnisaTvis saWiro wylis 

raodenoba da dafqvis siwminde. Teoriulad TabaSiris sruli 

hidrataciisaTvis saWiroa 18,6% wyali, xolo normaluri sisqis comis 

misaRebad saWiroa 50-70% wyali. gamyarebis procesSi zedmeti wyali 

orTqldeba, matulobs TabaSiris qvis forianoba (40-50%) da Sesabamisad 

klebulobs simtkice. TabaSiris dafqvis simtkice ganisazRvreba TabaSiris 

fxvnilis narCeniT sacerze #02. pirveli xarisxis TabaSirisaTvis es 

narCeni ar unda aRematebodes 15%, meore xarisxisaTvis _ 20%, mesame 

xarisxisaTvis _ 30%. 

TabaSiris simtkice ganisazRvreba 4×4×16 sm zomis Zelakebis 

gamocdiT Runvaze da kumSvaze. dafqvis siwmindis mixedviT nimuSebis 

simtkicis zRvari Runvisas 1,5 saaTis Semdeg unda iyos aranakleb 2,7; 2,2 

da 1,7 mgpa, xolo naxevarZelakebis simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas unda iyos 

aranakleb 5,5; 4,5 da 3,5 mgpa, Sesabamisad 1, 2 da 3 xarisxis TabaSirisaTvis. 

samSeneblo TabaSiri gamoiyeneba dekoratiuli da mosapirkeTebeli 

nakeTobebis, tixris filebis, panelebis da sxvaTa dasamzadeblad. 

gamoiyeneba TabaSiriani da TabaSirbetonis samSeneblo nakeTobebis 

dasamzadeblad nagebobebis Sua nawilisaTvis, mSrali baTqaSis da 

TabaSiris da Sereuli duRabebis dasamzadeblad. 

sayalibo TabaSiri gamoiyeneba arqiteqturuli nakeTobebis yalibebis 

da modelebis dasamzadeblad keramikul da mrewvelobis sxva dargebSi. 

igi xasiaTdeba dafqvis maRali siwmindiT. narCeni #02 sacerze ar unda 

aRematebodes 2%. 

38

anhidriduli cementi miiReba bunebrivi TabaSiris qvis gamowviT 600- 

700 0 C-ze da Semdgomi dafqviT danamatebTan erTad. danamatebad gamoiyeneba 

haerkiri (1-5%), brZmedis granulirebuli wida (10-15%) da sxva. 

anhidriduli cementi xasiaTdeba neli Sekvris unariT. Sekvris procesi 

iwyeba 30wT-Si da mTavrdeba ara ugvianes 24 saaTisa. misi markebia: 5, 10, 15 

da 20 mgpa. gamoiyeneba wyobisa da sabaTqaSe duRabebisaTvis, xelovnuri 

marmarilos, Tbosaizolacio masalebis da sxva dekoratiuli masalebis 

dasamzadeblad. 

maRali gamowvis TabaSiri (estrix-TabaSiri) miiReba bunebrivi 

TabaSiris qvis gamowviT 800-1000 0 C-ze da Semdgomi dafqviT. gamowvis dros 

xdeba TabaSiris gauwyloeba da anhidridis nawilobrivi daSla CaSO4→ 

CaO+ SO4. wamoqmnili CaO moqmedebs rogorc katalizatori da aCqarebs 

Sekvris process. misi markebia 10, 15, 20 mgpa. gamoiyeneba wyobisa da 

sabaTqaSe duRabebisaTvis, xelovnuri marmarilos, mozaikuri iatakis 

mosawyobad da sxva. 

gaji _ haeruli Semkvreli nivTierebaa, romelic miiReba 

TixaTabaSiriani qanebisagan. gamowva xdeba 150-250 0 C. gajis Sekvris procesi 

iwyba 3-5wT-Si da mTavrdeba 30-40 wuTSi. gajis simkvrivea 2,25-2,6 g/sm 3 , 

moculobiT masa nayar mdgomareobaSi 800-1000 kg/m 3 , simtkice kumSvaze _ 40 

mgpa. mas iyeneben kedlebis wyobaSi da Siga zedapirebis mobaTqaSebisaTvis. 

tenian garemoSi gajis duRabs ar iyeneben. 

4.2. magneziuri Semkvreli nivTierebebi 

magneziur Semkvrel nivTierebebs miekuTvneba kaustikuri magneziti 

da kaustikuri dolomiti. 

kaustikuri magneziti miiReba bunebrivi magnezitis qvis (MgCO3) 

gamowviT 800-850 0 C-ze. gamowvis Sedegad MgCO3 iSleba: MgCO3→MgO+CO3. 

miiReba kaustikuri magneziti MgO, romelic xasiaTdeba Semkvreli 

TvisebebiT. gamowvis Semdeg kaustikur magnezits fqvaven da fuTaven. 

39

Sekvris procesis dasawyisia ara uadres 20 wT-sa da dasasruli ara 

ugvianes _ 6sT-sa. 

kaustikuri dolomiti MgO·CaCO3 miiReba bunebrivi dolomitis 

MgCO3·CaCO3 gamowviT 650-750 0 C-ze. magneziuri Semkvrelebi ixsneba ara 

wyalSi, aramed marilis xsnarebSi. gansakuTrebiT efeqturia eqvswyliani 

qlorovani magniumis xsnari MgCl2·6H2O, romelic uzrunvelyofs did 

simtkices. 

kaustikuri magneziti xasiaTdeba SedarebiT maRali simtkiciT. 

simtkice 28 dRis asakSi aRwevs 40-60 mgpa, xolo kaustikur dolomits aqvs 

naklebi simtkice - 10-30 mgpa. 

magneziuri Semkvrelebisgan amzadeben qsilolits da fibrolits, 

nagebobebis Siga mosapirkeTebel filebs, Tbosaizolacio masalebs da 

sxva. 

4.3. Txevadi mina 

Txevadi mina warmoadgens natriumis silikats Na2O·nSiO2 an kaliumis 

silikats K2O·nSiO2, romelic miiReba wmindad dafquli kvarcis qviSis 

dnobiT sodasTan Na2CO3 an natriumis sulfatTan Na2SO4 erTad 1300-1400 0 C- 

ze. 

Txevadi mina magrdeba mxolod haerze. mas iyeneben mJavagamZle 

cementebis da mxurvalmedegi betonis misaRebad, qviSiani gruntebis 

gasamagreblad da sxva. 

4.4. haerkiri 

haerkiri miiReba bunebrivi qanebis: carcis, kirqvebis dolomitebis, 

dolomitizirebuli kirqvebis zomieri gamowviT, romlebic Seicaven 8%- 

mde Tixas. 

40

magniumis Jangis MgO-s Semcvelobis mixedviT haerkiri iyofa mcire 

magneziur (MgO

mergeluri kirqvebis gamowvis Sedegad miRebuli kalciumis Jangi 

uerTdeba TixaSi Semavali SiO2, Al2O3 da Fe2O3 Jangeulebs da warmoqmnis 

Semdeg mineralebs: 2CaO·SiO2 _ orkalciumi silikati; 2CaO·Fe2O3 _ 

orkalciumiani feriti da CaO·Al2O3 _ erTkalciumiani aluminati. miRebuli 

mineralebi ganapirobeben mis gamagrebas, ara marto haerze, aramed 

wyalSic. hidravlikuri kiri aris ori saxis: susti da Zlieri. 

susti hidravlikuri kiris simtkicea _ 1-1,5 mgpa, xolo 

Zlierhidravlikuris _ 5 mgpa. simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas ganisazRvreba 28 

dRis kombinirebuli Senaxvis Semdeg. (7 dRe haerze, 21 dRe _ wyalSi). 

hidravlikuri kiri magrdeba nela. gamoiyeneba dabali simtkicis 

betonebis, samSeneblo duRabebis dasamzadeblad. transportireba da 

Senaxva unda moxdes daxuruli WurWliT, raTa dacul iqnes 

datenianebisagan. 

4.6. portlandcementi 

portlandcementi ZiriTadi hidravlikuri Semkvreli nivTierebaa, 

romelic miiReba kirqvis da Tixis narevis Secxobamde gamowviT da 

miRebuli klinkeris wvrilad dafqviT. Sekvris vadebis regulirebisaTvis 

klinkers dafqvisas umateben 1,5-3,5%-mde TabaSirs cementis masidan 

gogirdmJavas anhidridze SO3-ze gadaangariSebiT. portlandcementSi 

Jangeulebis Semcveloba meryeobs Semdeg zRvrebSi: CaO-60-70%; SiO2-19-24%; 

Al2O3-4-8%; Fe2O3-2-6%; MgO – ar unda aRematebodes 5%-s, SO3-1,5-3,5%. 

ZiriTadi teqnologiuri procesebi portlandcementis warmoebis 

Semdegia: nedleulis mopoveba da momzadeba, gamowva da gamowvis Sedegad 

miRebuli klinkeris dafqva danamatebTan erTad. 

xerxiT. 

nedleuli gamowvisaTvis SeiZleba momzaddes sveli da mSrali 

portlandcementis warmoebis sveli xerxi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: 

qarxanaSi mitanil nedleuls awvrilmaneben 5 mm simsxomde. magari qanebi 

42

imsxvreva samsxvrevelebSi, xolo rbili qanebi (Tixa, carci) wvrilmandeba 

wyalTan erTad TixasaTqvefelebSi. 35-40% datenianebul Slams, dafqul 

kirqvas da danamatebs gadatumbaven milisebr wisqvilSi saboloo wvrili 

dafqvisaTvis. milisebri wisqvili warmoadgens foladis cilindrs, 

romlis sigrZe aris 8,5-16 m, diametri _ 2-4,5 m. wisqvili Siga mxridan 

tixrebiT gayofilia or-sam kamerad. pirvel da meore kameraSi 

moTavsebulia foladis an Tujis burTulebi, xolo mesameSi _ mcire 

zomis cilindrebi. milisebri wisqvilidan gamosuli Txevadi masa tumbos 

saSualebiT gadadis cilindruli formis Slamis auzSi, sadac xdeba 

Slamis qimiuri Sedgenilobis saboloo koreqtireba da iqmneba maragi 

Rumelis uwveti muSaobisaTvis. gamowva xdeba mbrunav RumelSi. mbrunavi 

Rumelis sigrZe aris _ 185-200 m, diametri _ 3-5 m, Rumelis doli daxrilia 

4 0 C-iT da brunavs 1-2 br/wT. sixSiriT. Slami itvirTeba Rumelis zeda 

nawilSi, brunvis dros gadaadgildeba qveda nawilSi, sadac temperatura 

aRwevs 1450 0 C-s. Slami gadaadgilebis dros cxeldeba, orTqldeba 

meqanikurad mierTebuli wyali, masa Sreba da warmoiqmneba koStebi. 500 0 C- 

ze xdeba qimiurad mierTebuli hidratuli wylis aorTqleba; 800-1000 0 C-ze 

warmoebs kalciumis karbonatis disociacia: CaCO3→CaO+CO2. naxSiroJangi 

wvis produqtebTan erTad gamodis Rumelidan, xolo kalciumis Jangi 1000- 

1200 0 C-ze Sedis qimiur reaqciaSi kaolinitis da sxva mineralebis daSlis 

produqtebTan da warmoqmnis qimiur naerTebs. 1450 0 C-ze sruli gamowvis 

Sedegad miiReba cementis klinkeri, romlis mineralogiuri Semadgenloba 

Semdegia: 

1. 3CaO·SiO2 _ samkalciumiani silikati _ aliti; 45-65% _ C3S 

2. 2CaO·SiO _ orkalciumiani silikati _ beliti; 15-35% _ C2S 

3. 3CaO·Al2O3 _ samkalciumiani aluminati _ celiti; 4-14% _ 

C3A 

4. 4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3 _ oTxkalciumiani alumoferiti _ 10-8% _ C4AF 

miRebuli klinkeri dafqvamde unda gacivdes. gacieba did gavlenas 

axdens cementis xarisxze. neli gaciebisas miiReba dabali xarisxis 

portlandcementi. klinkeris swrafi gaciebisas izrdeba cementis xarisxi, 

43

isTvisac RumelebSi gamoyenebulia specialuri macivrebi. klinkeri 

ifqveba danamatebTan erTad mravalkamerian burTula wisqvilebSi. 

dafquli cementi separatorebidan miemarTeba silosebSi, sadac xdeba 

misi dayovneba, raTa cementSi darCenili Tvisufali kalciumis Jangi 

Caqres haeris teniT. Semdeg miewodeba SesafuT ganyofilebas. SefuTva 

xdeba mravalfenian qaRaldis tomrebSi. 

portdancementis miRebis mSrali xerxi, svelTan SedarebiT 

xasiaTdeba maRali teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT. cementis sveli 

xerxiT miRebis dros gaadvilebulia nedleulis dawvrilmaneba da male 

miiRweva kazmis erTgvarovneba, vidre mSrali xerxis dros. mSrali xerxis 

dros gacilebiT metia eleqtroenergiis xarji da warmoebis 

Sromatevadoba. 

4.7. portlandcementis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi 

portlandcementis simkvrive meryeobs 3,05-3,2 g/sm 3 _ Soris. igi 

damokidebulia mis Sedgenilobaze. 

moculobiTi masa fxvier mdgomareobaSi Seadgens 900-1100 kv/m 3 , xolo 

datkepnil mdgomareobaSi _ 1400-1700 kg/m 3 . 

dafqvis siwminde mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs Sekvris vadebsa da 

simtkiceze. rac ufro wvrilad aris dafquli cementis klinkeri, miT 

ufro swrafad da srulad warmoebs urTierTqmedeba cementsa da wyals 

Soris. am dros cementis yvela molekula Rebulobs monawileobas 

hidrataciaSi, ris safuZvelzec izrdeba cementis qvis simtkice. dafqvis 

siwminde ganisazRvreba sacruli analiziT. narCeni #008 sacerze gacrisas 

ar unda aRematebodes aRebuli sinjidan 15% masis mixedviT. dafqvis 

siwmindis ufro zusti maxasiaTebelia misi xvedriTi zedapiri anu 1 gram 

cementSi Semavali marcvlebis zedapiris farTobebis jami. 

portlandcementis xvedriTi zedapiria 2800-3000 sm 2 /g da meti. 

wyalmomTxovneloba da comis normaluri sisqe. wyalmomTxovneloba 

wylis is raodenobaa, romelic saWiroa ara marto cementis 

44

hidrataciisaTvis, aramed normaluri sisqis comis misaRebadac. normaluri 

sisqis comis misaRebad saWiroa 28-30% wyali cementis masidan. 

Sekvris vadebis gansazRvra xdeba vikas xelsawyos gamoyenebiT. 

Sekvris procesis dasawyisi normaluri sisqis comisaTvis aris ara uadres 

45 wT-isa, xolo dasasruli ara ugvianes 10 sT-sa. 

moculobis Tanabari cvlileba cementis gamagrebisas mniSvnelovani 

Tvisebaa. moculobis araTanabari cvlilebebisas mcirdeba cementis qvis 

ara marto simtkice, aramed xdeba rRvevac. moculobis araTanabari 

cvlileba gamowveulia masSi Tavisufali kalciumis Jangis CaO-s 

hidrataciiT. standartis mixedviT am Tvisebas adgenen normaluri sisqis 

comisagan damzadebuli kverebis gamocdiT. Tu kverebi daiSala, daibrica 

da gauCnda mniSvnelovani bzarebi, aseTi cementis gamoyeneba mSeneblobaSi 

ar SeiZleba. 

portlandcementis simtkice anu marka aris misi simtkicis zRvari 

Runvaze da kumSvaze. ganisazRvreba 4×4×16 sm-is Zelakebis gamocdiT, 

romlebic damzadebulia cementis duRabisagan fardobiT 1:3 (erTi masiTi 

nawili cementi, sami nawili volskis qviSa). gamocda xdeba 28-e dRes. 

pirvel xanebSi myardeba yalibebSi tenian haerze, xolo Semdeg wyalSi 

normaluri temperaturis pirobebSi 20±5 0. volskis qviSa saxelmwifo 

standartiT etalonur qviSad aris miCneuli. Mmas aqvs mudmivi 

granulometriuli Sedgeniloba (marcvlebis simsxoa 0,5-dan 0,85 mm-mde) da 

Seicavs upiratesad kvarcis marcvlebs (SiO2 98%-ze meti). Zelakebs jer 

cdian Runvaze, xolo Semdeg mis naxevrebs kumSvaze. 

simtkicis zRvari Runvaze Seyursuli Zalis moqmedebisas malis 

SuaSi gamoiTvleba formuliT: 

sadac P aris mrRveli Zala, kgZ; 

kgZ/sm (mgpa) 

2 

3Pl 

R R = , 

2 

2bh 

l _ sayrdenebis centrebs Soris manZili, sm; 

b da h nimuSis kveTis sigane da simaRle, sm; 

45

simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas gamoiTvleba formuliT: 

kgZ/sm (mgpa) 

2 

P 

R k = . 

ab 

simtkicis zRvars kumSvisas 28-e dReze cementis aqtivobas uwodeben. 

potlandcementis markebia: 300, 400, 500, 600. 300 markis cements 

simtkice kumSvaze unda hqondes 300 kgZ/sm (30 mgpa), simtkicis zRvari 

Runvaze unda iyos 45 kgZ/sm 2 (4,5 mgpa); 400 markis cementis simtkice 

kumSvaze unda hqondes 400 kgZ/sm 2 (40 mgpa), xolo Runvaze _ 55 kgZ/sm 2 (5,5 

mgpa); 500 markianisTvis simtkicis zRvari kumSvaze 500 kgZ/sm 2 (50 mgpa), 

Runvaze _ 60 kgZ/sm 2 (6 mgpa); 600 markianisTvis simtkicis zRvari kumSvaze 

aris 600 kgZ/sm 2 (60 mgpa), Runvaze _ 65 kgZ/sm 2 (6,5 mgpa). 

cementis gamagreba _ rTuli fizikur-qimiuri procesia, romlis 

drosac cementis qvis simtkice TandaTanobiT izrdeba. gamagrebis sami 

periodia: mosamzadebeli anu gaxsnis periodi, romlis drosac cementis 

comi TandaTanobiT magrdeba; koloidaciis periodi, romlis drosac comi 

kargavs plastikurobas da iwyebs Sekvras; kristalizaciis periodi, 

rodesac xdeba cementis qvis warmoqmna. 

cementis qvis korozia xdeba agresiuli garemos zemoqmedebiT, 

romelic Seicavs mavne nivTierebebs. ganasxvaveben koroziis sam saxeobas. 

pirvels miekuTvneba procesebi, romlebsac iwvevs mtknari wylebis 

moqmedeba. 

meores miekuTvneba procesebi, romlebic mimdinareobs wylis 

moqmedebiT, romelic Seicavs qimiur nivTierebebs; 

mesames miekuTvneba procesebi, romelic dakavSirebulia naklebad 

xsnadi produqtebis warmoqmnasTan, romlebic nel-nela grovdeba cementis 

qvis kapilarebSi, forebSi da sicarieleebSi. 

koroziisagan dacva _ es aris mkvrivi betonis damzadeba, dafarva 

wyalSeuRwevadi masalebiT an specialuri mJavamedegi cementebis 

gamoyeneba. 

46

4.8. cementebis gamoyeneba, transportireba da 

Senaxvis wesi 

cementebi gamoiyeneba miwiszeda, miwisqveSa da wyalqveSa nagebobebSi. 

portlandcementi ZiriTadi Semkvrelia, romelic gamoiyeneba betonis da 

rkinabetonis konstruqciebis, samSeneblo duRabebis, Tboizolacio 

masalebis da sxv. dasamzadeblad. 

cementis transportireba xdeba SefuTul an nayar mdgomareobaSi, 

specialuri avtocementmzidebiT, rkinigzis vagoncementmzidebiT da sxva 

saSualebebiT. cementis yovel partias Tan axlavs pasporti, sadac 

aRniSnuli aris: cementis dasaxeleba, marka da sxva fizikur-meqanikuri 

Tvisebebi. 

cementi inaxeba daxurul sawyobebSi. hermetul WurWelSi cementi 

simtkices inarCunebs, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi igi kargavs simtkices: 3 Tvis 

ganmavlobaSi 10-20%-mde; 6 TveSi _ 28-30%-mde; 12 TveSi _ 35-40%-mde. 

4.9. portlandcementis specialuri saxeebi 

mrewveloba uSvebs sxvadasxva Tvisebebis mqone cementebs. 

plastificirebuli portlandcementi _ miiReba portlandcementis 

klinkeris da maplastificirebeli danamatebis erToblivi dafqviT. aseT 

danamatebad gamoiyeneba sulfat-spirtuli durdo da sulfat-safuari 0,15- 

0,25% cementis masidan. plastificirebuli portlandcementis gamoyeneba 

saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes wyalcementis fardoba, rac zrdis betonis 

simtkices. 

hidrofobuli portlandcementi _ miiReba portlandcementis 

klinkeris da hidrofobuli danamatebis gamoyenebiT. danamatebad 

gamoiyeneba saponnavTi, asidoli, oleinmJava da sxva. hidrofobuli 

danamatebi aumjobeseben betonis narevis denadobas da advilCawyobadobas. 

47

hidrofobuli cementi xasiaTdeba didi wyalmedegobiT da 

wyaluJonadobiT. misi markebia 300, 400, 500, 600. 

swrafmyarebadi portlandcementi Cveulebrivi portladcementisagan 

gansxvavdeba simtkicis swrafi matebiT gamagrebis adreul asakSi. am 

cementis dafqvis siwminde xasiaTdeba didi xvedriTi zedapiriT. misi 

markebia 400,500,600. 

sulfatmedegi portlandcementi miiReba portlandcementis 

klinkeris wvrilad dafqviT, romelic Seicavs samkalciumian aluminats 

3CaO·Al2O3 ara umetes 5%-isa. klinkeri dafqvisas ar saWiroebs mineralur 

danamatebs. cementi xasiaTdeba maRali sulfatmedegobiT, magram 

axasiaTebs gamyarebis dabali intensiuroba. markebia 300 da 400. gamoiyeneba 

hidroteqnikur mSeneblobaSi. mas iyeneben agreTve mineralizebul da 

mtknar wyalSi momuSave betonis konstruqciebis dasamzadeblad. 

TeTri portlandcementi _ miiReba sufTa kirqvebisa da TeTri Tixis 

gamowviT, romlebic Seicaven mcire raodenobiT mRebav mineralebs da 

gansakuTrebiT rkinis Jangs. TeTri cementi siTeTris xarisxis mixedviT 

sami saxisaa: БЦ-1, БЦ-2, БЦ-3. gamoiyeneba dekoratiuli miznebisaTvis. misi 

markebia: 300, 400, 500. 

feradi portlandcementi miiReba TeTri portlandcementis 

klinkeris, ferisa da tutemedegi mineralebis (oxra, surinjis, muris, 

rkinis surinjis) erToblivi dafqviT. misi markebia: 400, 500. gamoiyeneba 

xelovnuri marmarilosa da mosapirkeTebeli filebis dasamzadeblad. 

4.10. pucolaniani portlandcementi 

pucolaniani portlandcementi hidravlikuri Semkvreli nivTierebaa, 

romelic miiReba portlandcementis klinkeris, aqtiuri mineraluri 

danamatebis da TabaSiris dafqviT. TabaSirs umateben 5%-mde Sekvris 

procesis regulirebisaTvis. aqtiuri mineraluri danamatebi aris ori 

saxis: bunebrivi da xelovnuri. bunebrivi danamatebidan farTod 

48

gamoiyeneba pemza, vulkanuri wida, diatomiti, trepeli da sxva, xolo 

xelovnuri danamatebidan gamoiyeneba brZmedis wida, nacari, gamomwvari 

Tixa da sxva. Cveulebriv portlandcementTan SedarebiT pucolaniani 

portladcementi xasiaTdeba cementis qvis didi wyalmedegobiT, naklebi 

siTbos gamoyofiT Sekvrisa da gamyarebis dros, cementis qvis 

wyaluJonvadobiT da dabali TviTRirebulebiT. axasiaTebs naklovani 

mxareebic: gadidebuli wyalmomTxovneloba, rac iwvevs cementis xarjis 

gazrdas da dabali yinvamedegoba. 

pucolaniani portlandcementis dafqvis siwminde da Sekvris vadebi 

igivea, rac Cveulebrivi portlandcementisaTvis. igi xasiaTdeba 

Senelebuli simtkicis matebiT gamagrebis pirvel dReebSi, magram 28-e 

dRes misi simtkice aRwevs portlandcementis simtkices. misi markebia: 200, 

300, 400 da 500. ZiriTadad iyeneben hidroteqnikur mSeneblobaSi, miwisqveSa 

da wyalqveSa nagebobebSi da sxva. 

4.11. widiani cementebi 

widaportlandcementi _ hidravlikuri Semkvrelia, romelic miiReba 

portlandcementis klinkeris, granulirebuli brZmedis widis da 

TabaSiris erToblivi an cal-calke dafqviT da Semdgomi areviT. brZmedis 

widis raodenoba unda iyos 30-60% cementis masidan. widaportlandcementis 

dafqvis siwminde igivea, rac Cveulebrivi portlandcementis. misi 

simkvrivea _ 2,8-3,8 g/sm 3 ; moculobiTi masa nayar mdgomareobaSi _ 1100-1300 

kg/m 3 , xolo datkepnil mdgomareobaSi 1600 kg/m 3 . Sekvris procesis 

dasawyisi 4-6 sT; damTavreba _ 10-12sT. misi markebia: 200, 300, 400, 500. 

gamoiyeneba hidroteqnikur nagebobebSi. naklebi yinvagamZleobis gamo ar 

aris sasurveli misi gamoyeneba konstruqciebSi, romlebic ganicdian xSir 

gayinvas da galxobas. 

kirwidiani cementi _ hidravlikuri Semkvrelia, romelic miiReba 

wvrilad dafquli kiris da granulirebuli brZmedis widis areviT mSral 

mdgomareobaSi. Camqrali an Caumqrali saxis kiri aiReba 10-30%, 

49

granulirebuli brZmedis wida _ 90-70%. Sekvris procesis 

regulirebisaTvis umateben 5%-mde TabaSirs. kirwidiani cementi nela 

ikvreba: Sekvris procesis dasawyisi _ 5-6sT, dasasruli _ 12-20sT. misi 

markebia: 50, 100 da 150. 

kirwidiani cementi xasiaTdeba arasakmarisi haer da yinvamedegobiT. 

amitom rekomendirebulia misi gamoyeneba betonebisa da duRabebis 

dasamzadeblad, romlebic mudmivad tenian garemoSi imyofebian. 

sulfadwida cementi _ hidravlikuri Semkvrelia, romelic miiReba 

granulirebuli brZmedis widis (80-85%), TabaSiris an anhidridis (20-15%) 

da portlandcementis klinkeris (5%-mde) erToblivi dafqviT. misi 

markebia: 300, 400. xasiaTdeba didi medegobiT sulfatian wylebSi. amitom 

mas iyeneben zRvis hidroteqnikur nagebobebSi da miwisqveSa 

konstruqciebSi, romlebzec moqmedeben agresiuli wylebi. 

4.12. Tixamiwovani cementi 

Tixamiwovani cementi _ swrafadmyarebadi hidravlikuri Semkvrelia, 

romelic miiReba Secxobis an dnobis temperaturamde gamomwvari klinkeris 

wmindad dafqviT. nedleulad gamoiyeneba boqsitebis da kirqvebis narevi. 

boqsiti bunebrivi qania, romelic Seicavs 80% Tixamiwas. kirqva unda iyos 

sufTa mavne minarevebisagan. 

Tixamiwovan cements aqvs Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi: moculobiTi masa 

nayar msgomareobaSi 1000-1400 kg/m 3 , datkepnil mdgomareobaSi 1600-1800 kg/m 3 . 

simkvrive _ 3,3 g/sm 3 . dafqvis siwminde ufro didia, vidre 

portlandcementis; narCeni sacerze #008 ar inda aRematebodes 10%-s. 

Tixamiwovani cementis Sekvris vadebia: dasawyisi _ 30wT, dasasruli _ ara 

ugvianes 12 sT-sa. Tixamiwovani cementis samarko simtkices sazRvraven 3 

dRe-Ramis Semdeg. gamagrebidan 6-7 saaTis Semdeg Tixamiwovani cementis 

simtkice aRwevs samarko simtkicis 30%-s, xolo erTi dRe-Ramis asakSi 80- 

90%-s. sami markisaa: 300, 400, 500. 

50

Tixamiwovani cemnti 2-3-jer ufro Zviria, vidre portlandcementi. 

amitom mas im SemTxvevaSi iyeneben, rodesac ufro racionalurad xdeba 

misi specifiuri Tvisebebis gamoyeneba. kerZod, daCqarebul samontaJo da 

saremonto samuSaoebSi, sxvadasxva avariul samuSaoebSi, betonisa da 

rkinabetonis konstruqciebSi, romlebic ganicdian Zliermineralizebuli 

wylebis moqmedebas, cecxlmedegi betonebis dasamzadeblad. 


1. araorganuli Semkvrelebis klasifikacia gamagrebis pirobebis 

mixedviT; 

2. TabaSiri da kiri, maTi miReba da Tvisebebi; 

3. hidravlikuri kiri; 

4. portlandcementi, misi miReba da Tvisebebi, nairsaxeobebi da 

gamoyeneba. 

51

Tavi V 

betoni 

5.1. ZiriTadi cnobebi 

betoni uZvelesi saSeni masalaa, romelic Cvens welTaRricxvamde 

gamoiyeneboda. betonisagan aSenebulia egviptis labirinTi, CineTis didi 

kedlis nawili. Semdgom saukuneebSi misi gamoyeneba TiTqmis mTlianad 

Sewyda. am masalis meored dabadeba daiwyo me-19 saukuneSi. betonis 

teqnologiis fuZemdeblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos akademikosi i.g.maluga. mis 

naSromSi “cementis betonis momzadeba da Semadgenloba” (1893 w.) 

gadmocemulia kvlevebis Sedegebi betonis Sesaxeb. 1927 w. gamoqveynebuli 

iyo prof. n.m.beliaevis betonis Seswavlis masalebi. dRemde betoni erT- 

erTi Zvirfasi masalaa, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba samoqalaqo, 

satransporto, hidroteqnikur da sxva nagebobebSi. 

betoni xelovnuri qvis masalaa, romelic miiReba racionalurad 

SerCeuli Semkvreli nivTierebebis (wvrili Semvsebi – qviSa, msxvili 

Semvsebi – xreSi an RorRi), wylisa da sxva specialuri danamatebis areviT 

da Semdgomi gamyarebiT. gamyarebamde am masalebis narevs betonis narevs 

uwodeben. 

Semkvreli nivTiereba da wyali warmoadgens betonis aqtiuri 

Semadgenlebs. maT Soris qimiuri reaqciebis Sedegad miRebuli cementis 

comi gars ekvris qviSisa da xreSis an RorRis marcvlebs, avsebs maT 

marcvlebs Soris sicarieleebs da asrulebs SemzeTavis rols, rac narevs 

aniWebs denadobas, xolo Semdgomi gamyarebis Sedegad akavSirebs 

Semvsebebis marcvlebs erTmaneTTan da warmoqmnis xelovnur qvas – betons. 

52

5.2. betonis klasifikacia 

betonebi klasificirdeba moculobiTi masis, simtkicis, Semkvrelis 

saxeobis, daniSnulebis, Semvsebebis marcvlebis simsxosa da saxis, 

yinvagamZleobis, struqturis da gamyarebis pirobebis mixedviT. 

moculobiTi masis mixediviT betoni aris: zemZime – moculobiTi 

masiT 2500 kg/m 3 -ze meti; mZime betonebi – moculobiTi masa – 1800-2500 kg/m 3 

msubuqi betonis moculobiTi masa 500-1800kg/m 3 . zemsubuqi _ moculobiTi 

masiT 500 kg/m 3 -ze naklebi. 

simtkicis mixedviT (kumSvaze) betoni iyofa Semdeg markebad: zemZime 

betoni – 100-200 markamde; mZime betoni mkvriv Semvsebebze – 100-800; msubuqi 

betoni 25-300; cecxlgamZle betoni 100-400; mkvrivi silikaturi betoni – 

100-400; ujredovani betoni – 25-200. 

Semkvrelis saxeobis mixedviT betonebi iyofa Semdeg jgufebad: 

cementiani, romelic mzaddeba portlandcementisa da mis nairsaxeobebis 

gamoyenebiT; silikaturi sadac Semkvrelad gamoiyeneba kiri; TabaSirovani, 

romelic mzaddeba TabaSiris an TabaSirovan Semkvrelebze da organul 

Semkvrelebze damzadebuli betonebi. 

daniSnulebis mixedviT betonebi aris: Cveulebrivi – Senobebisa da 

nagebobebis mzidi konstruqciebisaTvis (svetebi, filebi, koWebi da sxva.; 

hidroteqnikuri betoni – kaSxlebis, gvirabebis da sxva nagebobebis 

safarad; sagzao betoni – sagzao nagebobebisaTvis; specialuri 

daniSnulebis betonebi, rogoricaa: mJavamedegi, tutemedegi, mxurvalmedegi, 

biologiuri da sxva. 

Semvsebebis marcvlebis simsxos mixedviT betonebi aris: 

wvrilmarcvlovani betonebi, romlebic ar Seicaven msxvil Semvsebebs 

(xreSi an RorRi) da msxvilmarcvlovani betonebi, wvrili da msxvili 

SemvsebebiT. 

Semvsebebis saxis mixedviT aris betonebi mkvriv Semvsebebze, 

marcvalTa moculobiTi wyalSTanTqma ar aRemateba 6%-s da betonebi 

forian Semvsebebze, marcvalTa moculobiTi wyalSTanTqma metia 6%-ze. 

53

yinvagamZleobis mixedviT betonebi iyofa Semdeg markebad: mZime 

betonebisaTvis 50-300 cikli gayinva-galxobis da msubuqi betonebisaTvis 

10-200 cikli. yinvagamZleobis xarisxiT afaseben betonis xangamZleobas. 

struqturis mixedviT betonebi aris: mkvrivi, msxvilforovani, 

forizebuli da ujredovani. mkvrivia betoni, romlis Semvsebebis 

marcvlebs Soris Sevsebis xarisxi aris aranakleb 94%-is. msxvilforian 

betonSi marcvlebs Soris sicarieleebi nawilobriv aris Sevsebuli 

wvrili SemvsebiT da SemkvreliT. forizebul betonebSi marcvlebs Soris 

sicarieleebi Sevsebulia gadidebuli forianobis mqone cementis qviT, rac 

miiReba betonis narevSi qaf da arawarmomqmnelebis SeyvaniT. ujredovani 

betoni warmoadgens maRalforebian betons Tanabrad ganawilebuli 

forebiT, 1-2 mm diametris ujredebis saxiT. 

gamyarebis pirobebis mixedviT arsebobs betonebi bunebrivi 

gamyarebiT, TbodamuSavebiT da avtoklavuri gamyarebiT. 

5.3. masalebi mZime betonis dasamzadeblad 

cementi. betonebis dasamzadeblad iyeneben portlancements da mis 

narsaxeobebs. cementis SerCevis dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos 

betonebis mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi (simtkice, yinvagamZleoba, qimiuri 

medegoba da sxv.) da agreTve nakeTobebis damzadebis teqnologia. cementis 

marka rekomendebulia SeirCes betonis saproeqto markis mixedviT kumSvaze. 

54 

cxrili 5.1 

betonis marka 150 200 300 400 

cementis marka 300 300-400 400-500 500-600

da a.S. mZime betonis dasamzadeblad gamoiyeneba portlandcementi, 

plastificirebuli portlandcementi, portlandcementi hidravlikuri 

danamatebiT, widaportlandcementi da sxva. 

wyali. betonisaTvis ZiriTadad xmaroben sufTa sasmel wyals. 

wyali ar unda Seicavdes mavne minarevebs (mJavebs, sulfatebs, Saqars, 

cximebs da sxv.), romlebic xels uSlian cementis Sekvrisa da gamyarebis 

process. SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos bunebrivi wyali, romlis wyalbadis 

maCvenebeli PH

dayvanili iyos minimumamde; rac ufro naklebia marcvalTSorisi 

sicarieleebi qviSaSi, miT ufro naklebi cementia saWiro mkvrivi betonis 

misaRebad. 

qviSis marcvlovani Sedgeniloba ganisazRvreba 1 kg qviSis gacriT 

0,14; 0,315; 0,63; 1,25 da 2,5 zomis naxvretebian standartul nakreb sacrebSi. 

sacrebSi gacris Semdeg sazRvraven narCens TiToeuli sacerisaTvis, 

romelsac kerZo narCens uwodeben. ganisazRvreba 0,1% sizustiT da 

gamoiTvleba formuliT: 

m1 

ai = ⋅100% 

, 

m 

sadac m1 aris narCenebis masa aRebul sacerze; 

m – sinjis masa. 

sruli narCeni Ai TiToeuli sacrisaTvis aris aRebul sacerze 

kerZo narCens damatebuli mis zemoT mdebare sacrebis kerZo narCenebis 

jami. gamoiTvleba 0,1% sizustiT formuliT: 

Ai = a + a + ......... + ai , 

2 , 5 

1, 

25 

sadac a2,5; a1,25.....ai – kerZo narCenebia %-Si. 

sacrebze sruli narCenebis jamis SefardebiT 100-ze isazRvreba 

qviSis simsxos moduli: 

A2, 

5 + A1, 

25 + A0, 

63 + A0, 

315 + A0, 

14 

Mi = , 

100 

sadac A2,5; A1,25; A0,63; A0,315; A0,14 aris sruli narCenebi sacrebze %-Si. 

qviSis marcvlovani Sedgeniloba betonSi unda Seesabamebodes 

standartul grafiks (nax. 3). 

Tu gacris mrudi Sedgenili qviSis sruli narCenebis mixedviT, 

moTavsdeba daStrixul zonaSi, qviSa ar moiTxovs koreqtirebas. Tu 

gacris mrudi gascda daStrixul nawils, maSin saWiroa qviSis 

marcvlovani Sedgenilobis koreqtireba. 

56

nax. 3. qviSis marcvlovani Sedgenilobis grafiki 

qviSebs simsxos modulis mixedviT yofen: msxvil, saSualo, wvril 

da Zalian wvril qviSebad. 

msxvili qviSa _ simsxos moduli metia 2,5-ze 

saSualo qviSa – simsxos moduli 2,5-2 

wvrili qviSa – simsxos moduli 2-1,5 

Zalian wvrili – simsxos moduli 1,5-1 

qviSis sicariele ganisazRvreba formuliT: 

⎛ ⎞ 

V car = ⎜1− 

⎟ ⋅100 

, 

⎝ ϑ ⋅1000 

⎠ 

sadac ς n.m aris qviSis nayari moculobiTi masa mSral mdgomareobaSi, 

kg/m 3 ; 

ς _ qviSis simkvrive, g/sm 3 . 

qviSis damakmayofilebeli granulometriuli SemadgenlobiT, ar 

aRemateba 40%-s. qviSis nayari moculobiTi masa 1300-1500 kg/m 3 . igi 

damokidebulia marcvlebis Sedgenilobaze, tenianobaze, carielobaze. 

RorRs. 

msxvili Semvsebi. betonebSi msxvil Semvsebebad iyeneben xreSs an 

57 

ς n.m

xreSi miiReba mTis qanebis bunebrivi daSlis Sedegad. maT aqvT 

momrgvalebuli da gluvi zedapiri. xreSis marcvlebis zomebia 5-70 mm; 

masiuri nagebobebis dabetonebisas iyeneben 150-200 mm zomisas. warmoSobis 

mixedviT aris mTis, mdinaris da zRvis xreSi. qviSis msgavsad xreSic 

Seicavs mavne minarevebs, romelTa raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes 1-3%-s. 

xSir SemTxvevaSi xreSi moipoveba qviSasTan erTad. rodesac xreSis 

SedgenilobaSi qviSis raodenoba meryeobs 25-40%-s Soris masalas 

uwodeben qviSaxreSovan narevs. marcvlebis simsxos mixedviT xreSi iyofa 

Semdeg fraqciebad: 5-10, 10-20, 20-40 da 40-70 mm. 

xreSis simtkices sazRvraven cilindrSi msxvrevadobaze gamocdiT. 

igi iyofa markebad: msx. 8 – masis 8% danakargisas; msx. 12 _ masis 9-12% 

danakargisas da msx. 16 _ masis 13-16% danakargisas. 300 da meti markis 

betonisaTvis iyeneben msx. 8 markis xreSs; 200 markis betonisaTvis msx. 12 

da mcire simtkicis betonisaTvis (marka 200 da mcire simtkicis) 

dasamzadeblad xreSs markiT msx. 16. 

xreSis cveTadobas sazRvraven Tarovan dolSi gamocdiT, masis 

danakargebis saSualebiT, markebia: cv – 20; cv – 45; cv – 55. dartymaze 

simtkice isazRvreba urnaliT markebia: dr – 75; dr – 50; dr – 40. 

yinvagamZleobis markebia: 15, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300. xreSis marcvlovani 

Sedgeniloba isazRvreba 10 kg xreSis gacriT 70, 40, 20, 10 da 5 mm zomis 

naxvretebian standartul sacrebSi. 

RorRi. RorRis misaRebad gamoiyeneba specialuri qvasamsxvrevebi, 

romelTa muSaobisas garda RorRisa miiReba xelovnuri qviSa da mtveri. 

xreSisagan gansxvavebiT, RorRis marcvlebis zedapiri ufro xorkliania 

da maTi SeWiduloba cementis qvasTan ukeTesia, vidre xreSis. maRali 

simtkicis (marka 400 da meti) betonebis misaRebad iyeneben mxolod RorRs. 

msxvrevadobis, yinvagamZleobis, cveTadobis, dartymis winaaRmdeg RorRs 

waeyeneba igive moTxovnebi, rac xreSs. 

RorRi iyofa Semdeg markebad: 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400. 

mis simtkices kumSvaze aRdgenen mTis qanebis gamocdiT, wyalnajer 

mdgomareobaSi. igi 1,5-2-jer meti unda iyos betonis markaze. RorRi ar 

58

unda Seicavdes susti qanebis marcvlebs 10%-ze mets; firfitovani da 

nemsisebri formis marcvlebs 15%-ze mets. 

ganleqviT. 

Tixisa da mtvrisebri nawilakebis Semcveloba RorRSi isazRvreba 

RorRis marcvlovani Sedgeniloba ganisazRvreba iseve, rogorc 

xreSis. TiToeuli an ramdenime fraqciis narevi unda akmayofilebdes 

Semdeg moTxovnebs (cxr. 5.2). 

sacrebis 

naxvretebis zomebi, mm 

sruli narCeni 

sacerze, % masiT 

59 

cxrili 5.2 

D min a5(D min+ D maq.) D maq. 1,25 D maq. 

95-100 40-70 0-5 0 

5.4. betonis narevis Tvisebebi, momzadeba da 

transportireba 

betonis narevi es aris racionalurad SerCeuli da guldasmiT 

areuli betonis Semadgeneli komponentebi Sekvris procesisa da gamyarebis 

dawyebamde. igi unda akmayofilebdes or ZiriTad moTxovnas: unda iyos 

advilCawyobadi da SeinarCunos erTgvarovneba transportirebasa da 

Cawyobis dros. 

advilCawyobadoba narevis Tvisebaa Seavsos yalibi erTgvarovnebis 

SenarCunebiT. betonis narevis advilCawyobadoba xasiaTdeba narevis 

ZvradobiT da sixistiT.

narevis Zvradoba narevis struqturuli simtkicis maxasiaTebelia. 

es aris narevis unari ganiRvaros yalibSi da Seavsos igi sakuTari masis 

an mcire meqanikuri Zalebis moqmedebiT. betonis narevis denadoba 

Semvsebis 70 mm-mde marcvlebis simsxoTi ganisazRvreba konusis jdomiT 

firfitaze, yalibs avseben betonis narevis erTnairi simaRlis sami SriT. 

TiToeul Sres amkvriveben ReroTi 25-jer CaxiStviT. moasworeben yalibis 

zedapirs da Semdeg aTavisufleben betonis narevs yalibisagan. betonis 

narevi sakuTari masis gavleniT jdeba, romlis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba 

sm-Si. narevis Zvradobis dadgenisas unda Semowmdes bmulobac, radganac 

nebismieri Zvradobis betonis narevma unda SeinarCunos erTgvarovneba da 

ar unda ganSrevdes. konusis jdomis mixedviT betoni narevebi iyofa: xist 

narevebad – 0 sm; mcired Zvradi – 2-4 sm; Zvradi – 4-12 sm da sxmuli 

narevebi – 12 sm da meti. 

nax. 4. Zvradobis gansazRvra konusis saSualebiT. 

Tu betonis narevis Zvradoba nulis tolia, advilCawyobadoba 

xasiaTdeba sixistis maCvenebliT, rac ganisazRvreba teqnikuri 

viskozimetriT. betonis narevis sixiste, rodesac Semvsebis marcvlebis 

simsxo 70-100 mm-ia, ganisazRvreba gamartivebuli meTodiT. vibro magidaze 

aTavseben 20X20X20 sm zomis liTonis yalibs, romelSiac aris 

60

standartuli konusi. konusSi asxamen betonis narevs da amkvriveben 

CaxiStviT. Semdeg yalibs aTavisufleben konusisagan da iwyeben vibrirebas. 

vibrirebis dawyebisTanave rTaven wamzoms, vibrireba grZeldeba 

manam, sanam betonis narevi mTlianad ar Seavsebs yalibs da zedapiri ar 

miiRebs horizontalur mdgomareobas. betonis narevis sixiste 

ganisazRvreba droiT (wm-Si), romelic mravldeba koeficient 1,5. sixistis 

maCveneblis mixedviT narevebi aris: Cveulebrivi narevebi 30-200 wm. 

sixistiT da gansakuTrebiT xisti narevebi, sixistiT 200 wm-ze meti. 

betonis narevis adgilCawyobadobaze did gavlenas axdens 

Semvsebebis simsxo, forma, forianoba, marcvlovani Sedgeniloba. qviSis 

raodenobis gazrda iwvevs Zvradobis Semcirebas; xreSis an RorRis 

fraqciebis gazrda ki jamuri zedapiris Semcirebis gamo iwvevs Zvradobis 

gazrdas. advilCawyobadoba agreTve damokidebulia Semkvrelis saxeobaze. 

magaliTad, portlandcementze damzadebuli narevi ufro Zvradia, vidre 

pucolaniani da widaportlandcementze damzadebuli narevebi, rac 

aixsneba am cementebis wyalmomTxovnelobiT. betonis narevSi wylis 

xarjis gazrda zrdis betonis narevis Zvradobas, magram amcirebs 

simtkices. 

nax. 5. betonis narevis Zvradobis ganmsazRvreli standartuli 

konusi. 1 – konusi; 2 – saxelurebi; 3 – sabjenebi. 

61

etonis narevis momzadeba. betonis narevis momzadebis ZiriTadi 

operaciebia. masalebis dozireba da areva. dozireba xdeba uwyveti an 

wyvetili moqmedebis dozatorebiT. srulyofilia avtomaturi masiTi 

(woniTi) dozatorebi. 

dozirebuli masalis areva xdeba perioduli an uwyveti moqmedebis 

betonmrevebSi sxvadasxva xerxiT. Semadgeneli masalebis Tavisufali 

vardniT, masalebis iZulebiTi areviT da vibroareviT. denadi betonis 

arevas awarmoeben iZulebiTi vardnis betonmrevebSi. xisti da 

gansakuTrebiT xisti narevebis asarevad gamoiyeneba vibroamrevebi, 

romlebSic areva xdeba vibrirebasTan erTad. xisti, mcireZvradi narevebis 

areva xdeba iZulebiTi xerxiT. 

nax. 6. perioduli moqmedebis betonamrevi dasaxreli doliT. 

1 –amZravi, dolis dasaxrelad; 2 – CasatvirTi da gansatvirTi 

xvreli; 3 – asarevi doli; 4 – dolis amZravi; 5 – sadgari. 

betonis narevis transportireba. betonis narevis 

transportirebisas SenarCunebuli unda iyos misi erTgvarovneba da 

advilCawyobadoba. betonis narevis transportireba ar unda aRematebodes 

1 saaTs, radganac Semdeg iwyeba cementis hidratacia, narevi sqeldeba da 

kargavs Cawyobis unars. aseT SemTxvevaSi iyeneben avtobetonmrevebs. 

betonis narevis transportirebas awarmoeben lenturi transportirebiT, 

bunkerebiTa da vagonetebiT, avtotvirTmclelebiT, betonmzidebiT da sxv. 

62

5.5. betonis narevis Cawyoba da gamkvriveba 

betonis narevis Cawyoba yvelaze Sromatevadi samuSaoa betonis 

teqnologiaSi. igi xorcieldeba badeebiT, xorTumebiT, lenturi 

konveierebiT, amweebiT, betontumboebiT, betonCamwyobebiT. betonCamwyobebi 

gansakuTrebiT kargad uzrunvelyofen betonis narevis yalibSi 

ganawilebas. 

narevi yalibSi ise unda ganawildes, rom masSi ar darCes 

Tavisufali adgilebi, gansakuTrebiT kargad unda Seivsos yalibis 

kuTxeebi da viwro adgilebi. 

Cawyobis Semdeg unda moxdes gamkvriveba vibrirebiT, dawnexiT, 

vakuumirebiT, centrifugiviT da sxva meTodebiT. yvelaze gavrcelebuli 

da efeqturi meTodia vibrireba. vibracias rxeviT moZraobaSi mohyavs 

betonis narevis nawilebi. am dros mcirdeba xaxunis Siga Zalebi da 

SeWideba nawilakebs Soris. Semvsebebis nawilebs Soris sicarieleebi 

ivseba cementis comiT, xolo haeri gamoiwnexeba gareT, ris Sedegadac 

warmoiqmneba mkvrivi da monoliTuri struqturis betoni. 

vibrogamkvrivebis efeqturoba damokidebulia rxevis sixSireze, 

romelic meryeobs 2800-7000 rx/wT, anu 25-150 hercs Soris da rxevis 

amplitudaze, romelic meryeobs 0,3-0,7 mm zRvrebSi. 

ganasxvaveben eleqtromeqanikur, eleqtromagnitur, prevmatikur da 

hidravlikur vibratorebs. yvelaze gavrcelebulia eleqtromeqanikuri 

vibratorebi. rxevebis gadacemis meTodis mixedviT vibratorebi 

klasificirdebian: zedapirul, Siga da gare vibratorebad, zedapiruli 

vibratorebi vibracias axdenen liTonis baqnis saSualebiT betonis 

narevis zedapirze. rxevis gavrcelebis siRrme betonis sisqeSi 20-30 sm-ia. 

gare vibratorebi magrdeba nakeTobis yalibze, romelic rxevebs 

gadascemen betonis narevs. Siga anu siRrmiseuli vibratorebi yvelaze 

efeqturia, radganac igi Tavsdeba betonis narevSi da uSualo kontaqtiT 

gadascems rxevas. rxevaTa sixSire 5-7 aTasi rxeva wuTSi, simZlavre 1-1,5 

kvt, mwarmoebloba 2-20 m 3 /sT. 

63

nax. 7. siRrmiseuli vibratori: 1 _ eleqtroamZravi; 2 – moqnili 

lilvi; 3 – vibrobuniki. 

betonis movla gamyarebis dros. betonis gamyarebisas simtkicis 

mateba damokidebulia temperaturasa da garemoze. normalur pirobebad 

iTvleba 20±5 0 C temperatura da 90-100% fardobiT tenianoba. temperaturis 

aweviT simtkice intensiurad izrdeba. Tu temperatura uaxlovdeba 0 0 -s, 

betonis simtkicis zrda Cerdeba. maRali xarisxis betonis miReba 

SesaZlebelia, Tu SeuqmniT normalur pirobebs gamyarebis dros. amisaTvis 

saWiroa misi zedapiris dacva gamoSrobisagan. yvelaze efeqturia betonis 

zedapiris dafarva afskiseburi nivTierebebiT. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba 

bitumis emulsiebi da sxv. horizontalur zedapirebs faraven qviSiT an 

naxerxiT da asveleben periodulad. bolo dros farTod gamoiyeneba 

polimeruli wyalgaumtari afskebi. civ dReebSi betoni unda davicvaT 

gayinvisagan. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva meTodi. maT Soris: Semvsebis 

an wylis gacxeleba (dayalibebisas temperatura ar unda aRematebodes 

30 0 C-s) da swrafadmyarebadi maRali simtkicis cementebis gamoyeneba. 

5.6. betonis Tvisebebi 

Senobebisa da nagebobebis konstruqciebSi betoni ganicdis 

sxvadasxva saxis datvirTvebs: kumSvas, Runvas, gaWimvas, xleCas da sxv. 

yvelaze kargad betoni muSaobs kumSvisas. amitom misi mTavar 

maxasiaTeblad iTvleba simtkice kumSvaze. 

64

etonis simtkices kumSvaze betonis saproeqto markas uwodeben. 

betonis marka ganisazRvreba 15X15X15 sm. kubebis gamocdiT 28 dRis 

gamyarebis Semdeg normalur pirobebSi, roca temperatura aris 20±2 0 C da 

fardobiTi tenianoba 90-100%. kubebi SeiZleba agreTve damzaddes zomebiT; 

10X10X10 sm; 20X20X20 sm da 30X30X30 sm betonis araerTgvarovnebis da 

masStabis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT betonis faqtiuri simtkicis 

dasadgenad gamoyenebulia gadamyvani koeficientebi: 10 sm – 0,91; 15 sm – 

1,0; 20 sm – 1,05 da 30 sm – 1,10. mZime betonis markebia: 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 

300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800. 

betonis simtkice kumSvisas da gaWimvisas ganisazRvreba mrRvevi 

Zalis SefardebiT nimuSis kveTis farTobTan: 

kgZ/sm mgpa) 

2 

PmrR 

R = ( . 

F 

mZime betonis markebi RerZuli gaWimvisas aris: 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40. 

betonis simtkiceze moqmedebs mravali faqtori, rogorebicaa 

cementis aqtivoba, wyalcementis fardoba, Semvsebebis xarisxi, gamagrebis 

pirobebi, magram ZiriTadi faqtorebia cementis aqtivoba da wyalcementis 

fardoba. maRali aqtivobis cementisagan miReba ufro maRali simtkicis 

betoni. magram amasTanave erTi da igive aqtivobis cementisagan SeiZleba 

miviRoT sxvadasxva simtkicis betoni, rac gamowveulia wylis raodenobis 

cvalebadobiT. es damokidebuleba pirvelad daadgina prof. i.g. malugam 

1895 wels. SemdgomSi gamoyenebul iqna empiriuli formulebi, romlebic 

akavSireben erTmaneTTan betonis simtkices, cementis aqtivobas da 

wyalcementis fardobas. cnobilia prof. n.m.beliaevis formula: 

sadac R b aris betonis simtkice; 

R 

b 

Rc 

= , 

K( 

wy/c)n 

65

R c – cementis aqtivoba; 

K da n – parametrebia, romlebic damokidebulia Semvsebebis 

xarisxze da saxeobaze. 

RorRisaTvis K=3,5; xreSisaTvis K=4; mZime betonisaTvis _ n=1,5. 

betonis simtkicis damokidebuleba wyalcementis fardobasTan grafikulad 

mocemulia nax. 8. 

nax. 8. 

adgilCawyobadi betonis misaRebad wyalcementis fardoba Cveulebriv 

miiReba w/c=0,4-0,7, maSin rodesac cementsa da wyals Soris qimiuri 

reaqciisaTvis saWiroa mxolod 15-20% wyali cementis masidan. zedmeti 

wyali, romelic ar Sedis qimiur reaqciaSi cementTan orTqldeba 

betonidan da masSi warmoqmnis forebs, rac amcirebs betonis simkvrives da 

Sesabamisad mis simtkicesac. gamomdinare aqedan, betonis simtkicis gazrda 

SeiZleba w/c fardobis SemcirebiT. 

SemdgomSi betonis simtkicis formula Secvlil iqna skramtaev- 

bolomeis SedarebiT martivi formulebiT: 

betonebisaTvis wyalcementis fardobiT 0,4 an wy/c >0,4 da c/wy ≤ 2,5. 

66

R = AR ( c/w - 

betonebisaTvis wy/c < 0,4 da c/w >2,5 

b 

b 

c 

1 c R 

67 

0,5) 

= ( s/w + 0,5) 

A R 

sadac A da A1 aris gamoyenebuli masalebis xarisxis maCveneblebi. 

Semvsebebi da 

Semkvrelebi 

maRali xarisxis 

saSualo xarisxis 

dabali xarisxis 

A A1 

0,65 

0,6 

0,55 

0,43 

0,4 

0,37 

cxrili 5.3 

betonis simtkiceze moqmedebs sxva faqtorebic, romelTa 

gaTvaliswineba formulebSi jerjerobiT SeuZlebelia. Semvsebebis 

simtkice betonis simtkiceze axdens gavlenas maSin, Tu maTi simtkice 

naklebia dasaproeqtebeli betonis markaze. am dros saWiroa cementis 

xarjis gazrda. betonis simtkiceze moqmedebs Semvsebis zedapiris 

xorklianoba, rac ufro xorkliania zedapiri, miT ufro kargia misi 

SeWiduloba cementis qvasTan da metia simtkice. amitom Tanabar pirobebSi 

RorRze damzadebuli betonis simtkice metia xreSze damzadebuli betonis 

simtkiceze. mniSvneloba aqvs betonis gamyarebis xangrZlivobas. gamyarebis 

dasaCqareblad iyeneben qlorovan kalciums CaCl2, Na2SO4 da sxv. gamyarebis 

siCqareze moqmedebs cementis mineralogiuri Sedgeniloba, garemo pirobebi 

da sxva faqtorebi. betonis simtkicis zrda xelsayrel pirobebSi

grZeldeba xangrZlivad, Tavdapirvelad intensiurad, Semdeg ki naklebi 

intensiurobiT. es kanonzomiereba gamosaxulia Semdegi logariTmuli 

damokidebulebiT; 

Lgn 

Rn = R , 

28 

lg28 

sadac Rn da R28 aris zRvari kumSvisas n da 28 dRes, mgpa. 

n – betonis asaki, dR. 

daculi unda iyos piroba, rom n≥3 dReze. 

betonis gamyarebis normalur pirobebad iTvleba haeris fardobiTi 

tenianoba 90-100% da temperatura 15-20 0 C. 

simkvrive gavlenas axdens betonis simtkiceze, xangamZleobaze da sxv. 

betonis maRali simkvrive mniSvnelovania iseTi konstruqciebisaTvis, 

romlebic gamoiyenebian hidroteqnikur nagebobebSi. simkvrivis gazrda 

SeiZleba cementis markis gazrdiT, w/c fardobis SemcirebiT da sxva 

saSualebebiT. 

yinvagamZleoba. betonis yinvagamZleoba xasiaTdeba gayinva-galxobis 

im ricxviT, romelsac gauZlebs betonis nimuSebi, ise rom maT ar 

moakldes simtkicis 25%-ze meti. yinvagamZleobis mixedviT betonis 

markebia: 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500 didi yinvagamZleobiT xasiaTdeba 

maRali simkvrivis betoni. 

betonis wyalSeuRwevadoba. wyalSeuRwevadi betoni Txeli 

konstruqciebisTvis SeiZleba damzaddes hidrofobuli nivTierebebis 

(bitumis emulsiebi, holimerebi da sxv.) SeyvaniT betonis narevSi. garda 

amisa, iyeneben wyalsaizolacio safars an zedapirze daaqvT mkvrivi 

duRabi pnevmaturi xerxiT. 

wyalSeuRwevadobis mixedviT betonebi iyofa markebad: B – 2; B – 4; B – 

6; B – 8; B – 10 romlebic Sesabamisad uZleben 0,2; 0,4; 0,6; 0,8; 0,10 mgpa atm. 

wnevas. 

68

Tbogamtaroba betonis Tbogamtaroba meryeobs did zRvrebSi 0,07-0,15 

kkal/m.sT.grad. Tbogamtarobis koeficienti izrdeba betonis moculobiTi 

masis zrdiT da mcirdeba forianobis gazrdiT. 

5.7. betonis Sedgenilobis gaangariSeba 

betonis Sedgenilobis gaangariSeba iTvaliswinebs betonis 

Semadgeneli komponentebis raodenobas, romelic uzrunvelyofs saWiro 

Tvisebebis betonis miRebas. betonis narevis Sedgenilobas gamosaxaven 

masSi Semavali komponentebis masiTi (an moculobiTi) SefardebiT da 

wyalcementis fardobis CvenebiT. cementis raodenoba miCneulia 1-is 

tolad. amitom betonis narevis Sedgenilobas gamosaxaven Semdegnairad: 

cementi : qviSa : xreSi (RorRi) – 1 : X : Y, w/c = Z. betonis narevis 

Sedgenilobis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa Seswavlil iyos Semadgeneli 

yvela masala: cementi, qviSa, xreSi (RorRi) saxelmwifo standartebis 

moTxovnebis mixedviT. Sedgenilobis gaangariSebisTvis ZiriTadad 

gamoyenebulia skramtaev-baJenovis absolitur moculobaTa meTodi. sawyisi 

monacemebia: betonis marka, cementis marka, betonis narevis Zvradoba da 

sixiste, Semvsebebis: qviSis, xreSis an RorRis simkvriveebi da moculobiTi 

masebi; marcvlebis udidesi simsxo da carieloba. Sedgenilobis 

gaangariSeba xdeba Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: wyalcementis fardobis 

gansazRvra, wylis, cementis xreSis (RorRis) raodenobis gansazRvra; 

narevis Zvradobis Semowmeba; sakontrolo nimuSebis damzadeba; 

laboratoriuli nimuSebis damzadeba; laboratoriuli Sedgenilobis 

gadaangariSeba sawarmoo Sedgenilobaze. gaangariSeba xdeba 1m 3 

betonisTvis. 

wyalcementis fardobis gansazRvra xdeba Semdegi formulebiT: 

rodesac c/w0,4 

69

w 

c 

rodesac c/w>2,5-ze; w/c

pucolaniani cementis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi wylis xarji izrdeba 20 

litriT, radganac pucolaniani cementi, gansxvavebiT portland- 

cementisagan danamatebiani cementia da wyalmomTxovneloba ufro didi 

aqvs. wvrili qviSis an RorRis gamoyenebis dros wylis xarji izrdeba 10 

litriT, radganac wvrili qviSa xasiaTdeba didi xvedriTi zedapiriT, 

RorRi ki Tavisi xorkliani zedapiris gamo zrdis narevis Sua xaxunis 

Zalebs da saWiroa wylis raodenobis gazrda. 

wylis xarji cxrilebis saSualebiT aseve ganisazRvreba 

Zvradobisa da msxvili Semvsebis udidesi simsxos mixedviT. 

betonis narevis advilCawyobadoba da wyalmomTxovneloba 

betonis narevis 

71 

xreSis udidesi simsxo, mm 

cxrili 5.4 

maxasiaTeblebi 10 20 40 80 

konusis 

jdoma, sm 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

2 

3 

5 

7 

8 

10 

sixiste, wm wylis xarji 1m 3 betonisaTvis litrobiT 

150-20 

90-120 

60-80 

30-50 

15-30 

15-30 

15-30 

15-30 

15-30 

15-30 

15-30 

15-30 

145 

150 

160 

165 

175 

185 

190 

195 

200 

205 

210 

215 

130 

135 

145 

150 

160 

170 

175 

180 

185 

190 

195 

200 

120 

125 

130 

135 

145 

155 

160 

165 

170 

175 

180 

185 

115 

120 

125 

130 

135 

140 

145 

145 

150 

160 

170 

170

cementis raodenoba kg-Si iangariSeba formuliT: 

w 

c = . 

w/c 

1m 3 betonisaTvis cementis minimaluri xarji dadgenilia samSeneblo 

normebis da wesebis mixedviT. 

Semvsebebis raodenobis gansazRvris dros kg-Si 1m 3 betonisaTvis, 

vsargeblobT Semdegi ori pirobiT: betonis yvela Semadgeneli komponentis 

absolutur moculobaTa jami udris 1000 l (1m 3 ): 

c qv xr(R) 

+ + + wy = 1 

ςc 

ςqv 

ςxr(R) 

72 

000l, 

sadac, ς c, ς qv, ς xr(R) – aris masalebis simkvriveebi, kv/m 3 . 

meore pirobiT, betonis arevisas cement-qviSis duRabi Seavsebs 

sicarieleebs msxvili Semvsebis marcvlebs Soris, marcvalTSorisi 

gawevis koeficientis gaTvaliswinebiT. 

c qv xr(R) 

+ + wy = σgk 

⋅ V 

m 

ςc 

ξqv 

ς 

xr(R) 

sadac σg.k. aris msxvili Semvsebebis gawevis koeficienti; 

Vcar – xr(R) carieloba fxvier mdgomareobaSi 

car 

m 

ς xr(R) _ xr(R) moculobiTi masa, kg/m3 . 

Vcar. xr(R) formulaSi Caismeba SefardebiTi sididis saxiT 100-jer 

Semcirebuli (mag., Vcar=43%, Caismeba 0,43) σg.k. xisti betonis 

narevebisaTvis miiReba 1,05-1,1, xolo wvrilqviSiani narevebisaTvis – 1,2. (1) 

da (2) gantolebebis amoxsniT miviRebT xreSs (RorRs) da qviSis xarjs 1m 3 

betonisaTvis: 

(1) 

(2)

qv 

xr(R) = 

1 

ς 

xr(R) 

1000 

V 

+ m 

ς 

car 

xr(R) 

73 

⋅σg.k. 

⎡ ⎛ c xr(R) ⎞⎤ 

⎢1000 

- ⎜ + + wy⎟⎥ 

⋅ςqv 

⎢ 

⎜ ςc 

ς ⎟ 

⎣ ⎝ 

xr(R) ⎠⎥⎦ 

= . 

betonis Sedgenilobis gaangariSebis Semdeg amzadeben sacdel narevs 

da sazRvraven konusis jdomasa da sixistes. Tu narevi aRmoCnda naklebad 

Zvradi, gaangariSebaSi SeaqvT Sesworeba. emateba cementisa da wylis 

raodenoba, ise, rom wyalcementis fardoba ar Seicvleba. Tu Zvradoba 

metia, maSin emateba mcire porciebiT qviSa da msxvili Semvsebi, maTi 

fardobis Seucvlelad. am gziT miiReba saWiro Zvradobis betonis narevi. 

betonis Sedgenilobis dazusteba xdeba sasinj narevebze. amisaTvis 

mzaddeba sami sacdeli anarevi. erTi anarevi gaangariSebulia 

Sedgenilobis mixedviT, xolo ori ki wyalcementis fardobiT, 20%-iT meti 

an naklebi saangariSo Sedgenilobidan. am narevebidan mzaddeba sam-sami 

15X15X15 sm zomebis kubebi, romelsac inaxaven normalur pirobebSi da 

gamocdian 28-e dRes. gamocdis Sedegebis mixedviT igeba grafiki betonis 

simtkicesa da wyalcementis fardobis damokidebulebis, romlis 

saSualebiTac SeirCeva w/c fardoba, romelic iZleva saWiro markis 

betons. 

betonis komponentebis arevisas msxvil Semvsebebs Soris 

sicarieleebs ikavebs qviSis wvrili fraqciebi, xolo cementis comiT 

ivseba qviSis marcvlebs Soris sicarieleebi. miRebuli betonis narevis 

moculoba yovelTvis naklebia misi mSrali Sedgenilobis nayar 

moculobaTa jamze; amitomac SemoRebulia betonis gamosavlianobis 

koeficientis cneba, romelic ganisazRvreba miRebuli betonis narevis 

moculobis SefardebiT mSrali komponentebis nayar moculobaTa jamTan. 

,

.n. 

β = 

. 

V + V + V 

c 

V 

74 

qv 

msxvilmarcvliani betonebisaTvis β = 0, 6 − 0, 

7 , xolo 

wvrilmarcvlovani betonebisaTvis β = 0, 7 − 0, 

8. 

am koeficientiT SeiZleba 

ganisazRvros betonebis erTi arevisaTvis saWiro komponentebis xarji 

Semdegi forulebiT: 

βV 

βV 

cv = ⋅c; 

wv = ⋅wy; 

1000 

1000 

βV 

βV 

qvv = ⋅qv; 

xr(R)v = ⋅xr(R) 

; 

1000 

1000 

sadac, cv, wyv, qvv, xr(R)v aris V moculobis betonmrevis erTi arevisaTvis 

saWiro wylis, cementis, qviSis, xreSis, an RorRis raodenoba. 

c, qv, wy, xr(R) – xarjebi cementis, wylis, qviSis, xr(RorRis) 1m 3 

betonis narevisaTvis, kg. 

xr(R) 

5.8. betonis specialuri saxeebi 

hidroteqnikuri betoni mZime betonis saxesxvaobaa, romelic 

xasiaTdeba didi wyalmedegobiT, wyaluJonadobiT, yinvagamZleobiT, dabali 

siTbogamoyofiT da rig SemTxvevaSi qimiuri medegobiT. yinvagamZleobaze 

misi markebia 50-500 hidroteqnikuri betonis simtkice ganisazRvreba 180 

dRis asakSi. misi markebia: 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 da 500. 

wyaluJonadobaze betonis markebia: B-2; B-4; B-6; B-8 da B-12. miwisqveSa, 

wyalqveSa da nagebobebis Siga nawilebisaTvis betonSi SehyavT 

wvriladdafquli qviSa da sxva mineraluri danamatebi (diatomiti, 

granulirebuli wida), rac iwvevs agresiuli moqmedebis mimarT medegobis 

zrdas da amcirebs egzoTermul movlenebs. plastificirebuli da 

hidrofobuli danamatebi amcirebs wyalmomTxovnelobas da cementis

xarjs, zrdis betonis simkvrives da yinvagamZleobas. Semvsebebi – qviSa, 

xreSi an RorRi unda akmayofilebdes ufro maRal moTxovnebs, vidre 

Cveulebrivi betonis. gamoiyeneba mxolod saSualo da msxvili qviSebi. 

betonis narevi Cawyobisas maqsimalurad unda Semkvrivdes, xolo 

gamyarebisaTvis unda Seiqmnas saWiro temperatura da tenianobis reJimi. 

hidroteqnikuri betoni gamoiyeneba iseT nagebobebSi, rogorebicaa 

sazRvao nagebobebi, kaSxlebi, sayrdeni kedlebi, xidis burjebi, rabebi da 

sxv., romlebic periodulad an mudmivad ganicdian wylis moqmedebas. 

mJavamedegi betoni gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva konstruqciebis, 

rezervuarebis, milebis da aparatebis dasamzadeblad qimiuri 

mrewvelobisaTvis. igi cvlis iseT Zvirfas masalebs, rogoricaa 

mJavamedegi keramika, furclovani tyvia, Tlili qva da sxv. 

mJavamedegi betonisaTvis gamoiyeneba Txevadi minas (15%), kaJftorovan 

natriums Na2SiF6 da mkvriv mJavamedeg Semvsebebs: kvarcis qviSas, andezitis, 

granitis, kvarcitebis RorRs da mtvrisebr fraqcias (

mxurvalemedegi betonis markebia 100-250, moculobiTi masa 1,7-2 t/m 3 , 

forianoba 20-35%, wyalSTanTqma 10-20%. 

dekoratiuli betoni miiReba betonis narevSi tute da Suqmdegi 

pigmentebis (mumia, surinji da sxv.) SeyvaniT, 8-10% cementis masidan an 

feradi cementis gamoyenebiT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneben ferad 

Semvsebebs: tufi, marmarilo, wiTeli kvarci da sxv. dekoratiul betons 

garda ferisa, moeTxoveba xangamZleoba, atmosferomedegoba, simtkice, 

simkvrive da zogierT SemTxvevaSi yinvagamZleoba da cveTamedegoba. igi 

gamoiyeneba Senobebisa da nagebobebis rogorc gare elementebis, aseve 

interierebis gasaformeblad, parkebSi savali bilikebis mosawyobad, gzis 

safarisaTvis da sxva. dekoratiuli betonis markebia: 150, 200. 

radioaqtiuri gamosxivebisagan damcavi betoni. atomuri energiis 

mSvidobiani miznebisaTvis gamoyenebam, moiTxova momsaxure personalis 

dacva gamosxivebisagan. atombirTvuli daSlis reaqciebisas yvelaze metad 

saSiSia σ - sxivebi da neitronuli gamosxiveba. neitronuli gamosxi- 

vebisagan efeqturad icavs wyali da is nivTierebebi, romlebic Seicaven 

didi raodenobis wyalbads. radgan wyali mcire simkvrivisaa, amitom 

neitonuli da σ - gamosxivebis erTdrouli dacvisaTvis gamoiyeneba 

zemZime betoni 3000-5000 kg/m 3 moculobiTi masiT, sadac Semvsebebad 

gamoyenebulia mZime masalebi: bariti, magnititi, Tujisa da foladis 

narCenebi da sxv. Semkvrelebad gamoiyeneba portlandcementi, 

widaportlandcementi da Tixamiwovani cementi. damcveli betonebis 

markebia 100, 150 da 200. 

5.9. msubuqi betoni 

msubuq betonebs miekuTvneba betonebi, romelTa moculobiTi masa 

naklebia 1800 kg/m 3 -ze da gamoirCevian maRali forianobiT. 

76

forianobis Seqmnis meTodebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben msubuq betonebs 

msubuq forian Semvsebebze, msxvilforiani (uqviSo) betonebi da 

ujredovani betoni. 

daniSnulebis mixedviT msubuqi betonebi iyofa: Tbosaizolacio 

betonebad, romelTa moculobiTi masa 500 kg/m 3 -ze naklebia, Tbogamtarobis 

koeficienti 0,2 vt/m 0 C; konstruqciul betonebad, romlebic Senobebsa da 

nagebobebSi iRebs mniSvnelovan datvirTvebs. maTi moculobiTi masa aris 

1400-1800 kg/m 3 , marka aranakleb 50, yinvagamZleoba ara nakleb 15 cikli; 

konstruqciul – Tbosaizolacio betonebi, romlebSiac SeTavsebulia wina 

orive saxis betonis Tvisebebi. maTi moculobiTi masa 500-1400 kg/m 3 , marka 

aranakleb 35, Tbogamtarobis koeficienti aranakleb 0,64vt/m 0 C. 

msubuq betonebs forian Semvsebebze maTi universaluri Tvisebebis 

gamo iyeneben sxvadasxva samSeneblo elementebis dasamzadeblad Senobebsa 

da negebobebSi. maTgan amzadeben gasaTbobi Senobebis kedlisa da 

gadaxurvis panelebs, koWebs, kibis marSebs, filebsa da sxva 

konstruqciebs. 

msubuqi betoni forian Semvsebebze gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi mZime 

betonisagan, rac gamowveulia foriani SemvsebebiT. mkvriv SemvsebebTan 

SedarebiT foriani Semvsebebi xasiaTdeba mcire masiT, mniSvnelovnad 

dabali simtkiciT. Semvsebebi ganapirobeben betonis narevis 

wyalmomTxovnelobas da betonis Tvisebebs. wylis optimluri xarjis 

SemTxvevaSi betonis narevi xasiaTdeba kargi advilCawyobadobiT da 

betonis markac izrdeba, xolo optimalurze meti wylis gamoyenebisas 

mcirdeba betonis simtkice. msubuqi betonis gaangariSeba xdeba iseTive 

principiT, rogorc mZime betonis. wylisa da cementis xarjis 

gaangariSebis Semdeg xdeba wvrili da msxvili Semvsebebis xarjis 

angariSi, ris Semdeg mzaddeba ramdenime msgavsi narevi msxvili Semvsebebi 

15-20%-is gansxvavebiT. mzaddeba kubebi 15X15X15 sm zomis da xdeba maTi 

simtkicis gansazRvra 28-e dRes. gamocdis Sedegebis mixedviT adgenen 

msubuqi betonis optimalur Sedgenilobas. betons awyoben, amkvriveben, 

rogorc Cveulebriv mZime betonebs. 

77

msxvilforovani (uqviSo) betonebi gamoirCevian dabali moculobiTi 

masiT da dabali simtkiciT kumSvisas – 5 mgpa. msxvilforovani agebuleba 

miiReba masSi wvrili Semvsebebis arqonis gamo. am betonebs iyeneben 

kedlis blokebis da naklebad datvirTuli samSeneblo detalebis 

dasamzadeblad, sacxovrebeli da samrewvelo SenobebisaTvis, romelTa 

simaRle ar aRemateba 4 sarTuls. 

msxvilforovani betoni Sedgeba xreSisagan (an RorRisagan), 

marcvlebis simsxoTi 5-40 mm (sasurvelia 10-20 mm), portlandcementis an 

widaportlandcementisa da wylisagan. moculobiTi masa Semvsebebis saxis 

mixedviT 1500-1800 kg/m 3 -ia, Tbogamtarobis koeficienti 0,58-0,98 vt/m 0 C. 

5.10. masalebi msubuqi betonis dasamzadeblad 

Semkvreli nivTierebebi. betonis sxvadasxva markebisaTvis samSeneblo 

normebiT da wesebiT rekomendebulia Semkvrelebis Semdegi markebi: 

betonis marka ................................ 35-mde; 50-75; 100-150 

Semkvrelis marka ........................ 200-300; 250-300; 400-500. 

wyali. gamoiyeneba sufTa sasmeli wyali, romelic unda 

akmayofilebdes yvela im moTxovnebs, rasac Cveulebrivi mZime 

betonisaTvis gamoyenebuli wyali. 

Semvsebebad gamoiyeneba bunebrivi da xelovnuri forovani masalebi. 

bunebrivi forovani Semvsebebi miiReba forovani qvis qanebisagan: 

vulkanuri widebisa da tufebis, pemzis, niJarovani kirqvebis da sxvaTa 

msxvreviT da daxarisxebiT. xelovnuri forovani Semvsebebi miiReba 

warmoebis narCenebis specialuri gadamuSavebiT. xelovnurad damzadebuli 

Semvsebebia keramzitis xreSi da qviSa, romelic miiReba Tixebis afubiT da 

gamowviT. 100 0 -1250 0 C temperaturaze. afuebuli perliti, vermikuliti da 

obsidiani miiReba bunebrivi perlitis, vermikulitisa da obsidianis maRal 

temperaturaze TbogadamuSavebiT. 

78

danamatebi. msubuq betonSi danamatebad iyeneben dafqvil, 

granulirebul widebs, diatomits, tufs, pemzas da sxv. gamagrebis 

dasaCqareblad SehyavT kalciumis qlori CaCl2 1-2% cementis masidan. 

forebis warmosaqmnelad umateben aluminis fxvnils, fissaponian 

qafwarmomqmnelebs da sxv. 

5.11. ujredovani betoni 

ujredovani betoni, msubuqi betonis nairsaxeobaa, romelic 

gamoirCeva didi raodenobiT (85%-mde betonis moculobidan) xelovnurad 

Seqmnili daxuruli forebiT, ujredebis saxiT 0,5-2 mm diametriT, 

romelic Sevsebulia haeriT an airiT. 

ganasxvaveben ori saxis ujredovan betons: qafbetoni, romelic 

miiReba Semkvrelis, wylis da kaJmiwiani komponentis qafTan SereviT da 

airbetoni, romelic miiReba analogiuri narevis airwarmomqmnelebTan 

SereviT. 

gamoyenebuli Semkvrelis mixedviT ganasxvaveben qafbetons da 

airbetons damzadebuls portlandcementze, cement-kiris da kir-nefelinis 

Semkvrelebze; qafsilikatebs da airsilikatebs haerkirze, qafwidabetons 

da airwidabetons damzadebuls brZmedis widisagan gamaaqtivebeli 

danamatebiT (kiri da TabaSiri). 

gamoyenebis mixedviT ujredovani betoni iyofa: Tbosaizolaciod, 

moculobiTi masa 500 kg/m 3 da naklebi; konstruqciul – Tbosaizolaciod, 

moculobiTi masa 500-dan 900 kg/m 3 -mde da konstruqciul betonad, 

moculobiTi masiT 900-dan 1200 kg/m 3 . ujredovani betonis simtkice 

damokidebulia moculobiT masaze. moculobiT masis 500, 600, 700, 900, 1000 

da 1200 kg/m 3 Seesabameba simtkice 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7,5; 10 da 15 mgpa. 

gamyarebis pirobebis mixedviT ujredovani betoni klasificirdeba 

bunebrivi da avtoklavuri gamyarebis betonad. mSeneblobaSi farTod 

gamoiyeneba avtoklavuri gamyarebis ujredovani betoni. 

79

qafbetons amzadeben cementis comis an xsnaris SereviT specialur 

mdgrad qafTan. cementis comis an xsnaris qafTan areva xdeba 2-3 wuTis 

ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg am narevs asxamen yalibebSi da ayovneben. Semdeg 

xdeba qafbetonis nakeTobis gamyareba avtoklavSi, gacieba, nakeTobis 

ganyalibeba da gamoyvana. 

qafi miiReba qafbetonisagan wyalTan areviT. qafwarmomqnelad 

iyeneben saponis wylian xsnars, kolofonisgan damzadebul 

webokolofonis xsnarebsa da sxva nivTierebebs. 

Tbosaizolacio qafebisagan amzadeben filebs, blokebs, tixrebsa da 

gare kedlebisaTvis da sxva Tbosaizolacio elementebs. daarmaturebuli 

konstruqciul-Tbosaizolacio da konstruqciuli qafbetoni xasiaTdeba 

maRali simtkiciT da dabali TbogamtarobiT. iyeneben iseT 

konstruqciebSi, sadac SeTavsebulia mzidi da Tbosaizolacio funqciebi. 

aseTi betoni daarmaturebuli foladis badeebiT, gamoiyeneba Senobebis 

gadaxurvisaTvis. 

nax. 10. qafbetonsarevi 

1 – doli cementis comis dasamzadeblad; 

2 – doli qafis dasamzadeblad; 

3 – qafbetonis dasamzadebeli doli. 

80

airbetonis miRebis procesi qafbetonis miRebis procesis 

analogiuria, mcired gansxvavebiT teqnologiaSi. airbetonsarevSi asxamen 

wyals, Semdeg awvdian Jangmiwa komponents da Semkvrels. arevidan 2-3 

wuTSi SehyavT airwarmomqmneli aluminis fxvnili, wyal-aluminis 

suspenziis saxiT. arevis Semdeg narevs asxamen yalibSi, sadac xdeba 

afueba wyalbadis gamoyofis gamo, romelic warmoiqmneba Semdegi reaqciiT: 

2Al + 3Ca( 

OH ) 2 + 6H 

2O 

= 3CaO 

⋅ Al2O3 

⋅ 6H 

2O 

+ 3H 

2. 

gamoyofili wyalbadi iwvevs cementis comis afuebas, romelic 

gamagrebis Semdeg inarCunebs forovan struqturas. 

airbetonis saorientacio Sedgenilobaa: 90% portlandcementi, 9,75% 

kir-fifqi, 0,25% aluminis fxvnili da w/c=0,55-0,65. 

airbetonisagan nakeTobebs amzadeben Semdegnairad: dafquli qviSisa 

da wylis narevi miewodeba sarevSi da ureven cementTan, aluminis 

fxvnilTan, wyalTan da qviSasaTan. areul narevs asxamen yalibSi, sadac 

myardeba 4-5 sT-is ganmavlobaSi. amis Semdeg airbetons Wrian filebad da 

SeaqvT avtoklavSi, sadac 175 0 C temeraturaze da 8 atm wnevis dros 

warmoebs nakeTobis saboloo gamyareba. airbetonis avtoklavSi gamyareba 

uzrunvelyofs maRal simtkices da iZleva saSualebas cementis xarjis 

Semcirebis, cementis kiriT nawilobriv an mTlianad SecvliT. 

airbetonis warmoebaSi airwarmomqmnelad gamoiyeneben agreTve 

perhidrols-wyalbadis teqnikuri zeJangis H2O2 wylis xsnars 

2H O + O 

2 

81 

2 → 2H 

2O 

2 . 

airbetons da qafbetons erTi da igive daniSnulebiT iyeneben, magram 

unda aRiniSnos, rom airbetonis nakeTobebs aqvs ufro wvrili forebi 

dabali Tbogamtaroba, meti mdgradoba da mcire moculobiTi masa.


1. betonis klasifikacia; 

2. masalebi mZime betonisaTvis; 

3. betonis narevis Tvisebebi; 

4. betonis Tvisebebi; 

5. betonis Sedgenilobis gaangariSeba; 

6. qafbetoni da airbetoni, maTi miReba da Tvisebebi. 

82

Tavi VI 

samSeneblo duRabi 

samSeneblo duRabi xelovnuri qvis masalaa, romelic miiReba 

racionalurad SerCeuli Semkvrelis, wylis, wvrili Semvsebis da 

specialuri danamatebis gamagrebis Sedegad. gamagrebamde mas duRabis 

narevs uwodeben. 

duRabi gamoiyeneba aguris da qvis wyobaSi, calkeuli panelebisa da 

blokebis SesaerTeblad, zedapiris mobaTqaSebisaTvis da sxv. 

duRabis klasifikacia xdeba oTxi ZiriTadi niSniT: Semkvrelis 

saxeobis, moculobiTi masis, daniSnulebis da fizikur-meqanikuri 

Tvisebebis mixedviT. 

Semkvreli nivTierebis saxeobis mixedviT duRabebi aris cementis, 

kiris, TabaSirovani, cement-kiris, cement-Tixis. 

moculobiTi masis mixedviT samSeneblo duRabs gamagrebul 

mdgomareobaSi yofen mZime da msubuq duRabebad. mZime duRabis 

moculobiTi masa metia 1500 kg/m 3 -ze. Semvsebebad gamoiyeneba bunebrivi 

qviSebi. msubuqi duRabis moculobiTi masa naklebia 1500 kv/m 3 -ze. Semvsebad 

gamoiyeneba foriani Semvsebebi (pemza, vulkanuri widis, keramzitis da sxv. 

qviSebi). 

daniSnulebis mixedviT aris sakalatozo, gamosayvani (salesi) da 

specialuri duRabebi. 

fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebis mixedviT duRabi klasificirdeba 

simtkicisa da yinvagamZleobis mixedviT. 

duRabis Sedgeniloba gamoisaxeba Semadgeneli masalebis 

raodenobiT, masiT an moculobiTi saxiT 1m 3 duRabis narevze an TiToeuli 

Semadgenlis fardobiT SemkvrelTan masiT an moculobiT, romlis drosac 

Semkvrelis xarji miRebulia erTeulad. 

83

martivi duRabis Sedgenilobas, romelic erTi Semkvrelisagan 

Sedgeba aRniSnaven ricxvTa SefardebiT. magaliTad, 1:3. es niSnavs, rom 1 

nawil Semkvrelze masiT an moculobiT modis 3 nawili qviSa. 

Sereuli duRabebi, romlebic Sedgebian ori Semkvrelisagan an 

Seicaven mineralur danamatebs, aRiniSneba 3 cifriT. 1:0,4:5 (cementi 1; kiri 

an Tixa 0,4; qviSa 5). 

6.1. samSeneblo duRabis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi da 

duRabis momzadeba 

duRabis narevis ZiriTadi Tvisebebia: Zvradoba, advilCawyobadoba da 

wyalSekavebis unari, xolo gamagrebuli duRabis – simtkice da 

yinvagamZleoba. 

Zvradoba – duRabis narevs Sedgenilobis mixedviT SeiZleba hqondes 

sxvadasxva konsistencia – xistidan sxmulamde. Zvradoba ganisazRvreba 

duRabis narevSi 300 gr-iani konusis CaZirvis siRrmiT santimetrebSi. 

konusis simaRlea – 145 mm, fuZis diametri – 75 mm, kuTxe wverosTan – 30 0 . 

nax. 11. duRabis narevis Zvradobis ganmsazRvreli xelswayo. 

1 – damWeri; 2 – Stativis dgari; 3 – Stangi; 4 – ciferblati; 

5 – konusis sriala Rero; 6 – zambaris knopi; 7 – konusi; 

8 – gamosacdeli narevis WurWeli. 

84

sxvadasxva daniSnulebis duRabi sxvadasxva ZvradobiT xasiaTdeba. 

qvis wyobisTvis duRabis Zvradoba aris – 4-6 sm; aguris wyobisTvis 6-10 sm; 

Selesvis pirveli fenisTvis _ 8-11 sm; meore fenisTvis – 6-8 sm. duRabis 

narevis Zvradoba damokidebulia masSi Semavali Semkvrelisa da wylis 

raodenobaze, agreTve qviSis simsxosa da saxeze. 

wyalSekavebis unari aris duRabis Tviseba SeinarCunos wyali 

transportirebisa da fuZeze datanisas. forian fuZeze datanisas (Tixis 

aguri, betoni, xe) duRabi swrafad gadascems mas wyals da gauwyloebis 

xarisxi SeiZleba imdenad mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes, rom mas aRar eyos 

wyali narevis gamagrebisaTvis. meore mxriv duRabidan wylis garkveuli 

nawilis gamoyofa zrdis duRabis narevis simkvrives wyobaSi, rac iwvevs 

duRabis simtkicis matebas. wyalSekavebis unars amaRlebs 

wvrildispersiuli mineraluri nivTierebebis Seyvana duRabis narevSi 

(kiri, nacari, Tixa da aqtiuri mineraluri danamatebi). 

advilCawyobadoba duRabis narevis unaria minimaluri energiis 

xarjviT datanil iqnes fuZeze Txel, Tanabar fenebad da mtkiced 

SeeWidos fuZis zedapirs. 

simtkice gamagrebuli duRabis ZiriTadi Tvisebaa; igi damokidebulia 

Semkvreli nivTierebis aqtivobaze, Semkvrelisa da wylis fardobaze. 

portlandcementze damzadebuli duRabis simtkices 28 dRis asakSi 

sazRvraven prof. n.popovis formuliT: 

⎛ c ⎞ 

R ⎜ ⎟ 

d = 0, 

25Rc 

⎜ 

− 0, 

4 

⎟ 

, 

⎝ w ⎠ 

sadac Rd aris duRabis simtkice kumSvisas, kgZ /sm2 ; 

fuZeze. 

R c _ cementis aqtivoba, kg Z /sm 2 ; 

c/w – cement-wylis fardoba. 

es formula marTebulia duRabebisaTvis, romlebic datanilia mkvriv 

foriani fuZis SemTxvevaSi duRabidan wyali Seiwoveba, rac zrdis 

cement-wylis fardobas, duRabis simkvrives da simtkices 1,5-jer. 

85

erTi da igive Sedgenilobis duRabSi, fuZis mier wylis garkveuli 

nawilis Sewovis Semdeg duRabSi rCeba wylis erTi da igive raodenoba. 

amitom duRabis simtkice am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoisaxos cementis 

xarjiT da qviSis xarisxiT: 

R = KR ( c - 0,05) + 4 , 

sadac c aris cementis xarji 1 m 3 qviSaze, t; 

K – qviSis xarjis koeficientia. 

saSualo simsxos qviSisaTvis K=0,8 

wvrili qviSisaTvis K=0,5-0,7 

msxvili qviSisaTvis K=1. 

d 

c 

Sereuli duRabis simtkice damokidebulia wvrilad dafqvili 

danamatebis raodenobaze. roca duRabSi danamatad gamoyenebulia kiris an 

Tixis comi, maSin misi raodenoba ganisazRvreba formuliT: 

d = 0,17(1 - 0,002 ) , 

sadac d aris danamatis raodenoba 1 m 3 qviSaze; 

c – cementis xarji 1 m 3 qviSaze, kg. 

c 

cementis duRabis yovel Sedgenilobas Seesabameba danamatis 

optimaluri sidide, romlis drosac narevs axasiaTebs saukeTeso 

advilCawyobadoba da maRali simtkice. 

duRabis simtkice anu marka ganisazRvreba saxelmwifo standartiT 

7,07X7,07X7,07 sm zomis kubebis gamocdiT , kumSvaze 28 dRis asakSi, romelic 

magrdeba normaluri temperaturis (20±5 0 ) da haeris raodenobiTi 

tenianobis 90-100% pirobebSi. 

duRabis damzadeba. duRabis damzadeba xdeba gadasaadgilebel 

duRabsarevebSi an stacionalur duRabsarev kvanZebSi, saWiro Zviradobis 

mza narevis an mSrali narevis saxiT, romelsac aaduRabeben gamoyenebis 

win. mSrali narevis damzadebisas saWiroa qviSis winaswar gamoSroba 1% 

tenianobamde. Semkvrelad ukeTesia hidrofoburi cementis gamoyeneba, 

radgan igi didxans inarCunebs aqtivobas. 

duRabis damzadebisas saWiroa: qviSis gacra (zamTarSi gacxeleba), 

komponentebis dozireba da kargad areva. areva xdeba duRabsarevebSi, 

86

omelic awarmoebs duRabis komponentebis iZulebiT arevas dolSi. 

duRabsarevebi aris perioduli da uwyveti moqmedebis. maTi tevadobaa: 150, 

375, 750 da 1500 litri. Cveulebrivi duRabis arevis xangrZlivobaa – 1,5-2,5 

wT; msubuqi duRabis – 2,5-3,5 wT, xolo hidravlikuri da sxva 

danamatebisTvis – 5 wT. 

6.2. sakalatozo duRabi 

sakalatozo duRabi gamoiyeneba aguris da qvis wyobaSi, didi zomis 

nakeTobebis montaJisTvis. misi daniSnulebaa calkeuli qvebis da 

elementebis SekavSireba, maT Soris uTanabro zedapirebis mosworeba da 

wyobis da kedlis dacva gamofitvisagan da wylis SeRwevisagan. 

sakalatozo duRabi Semkvrelis saxeobis mixedviT oTxi saxisaa: 

cementis, cement-kiris, cement-Tixis da kiris. cementis duRabi gamoiyeneba 

Cveulebrivi wyobisTvis, panelebis, betonis da aguris blokebis 

montaJisTvis da sxva daniSnulebiT. cementiani duRabisTvis iyeneben yvela 

saxis cements, maTi specifikuri Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. cement-kiris 

duRabi xasiaTdeba kargi adgilCawyobadobiT, maRali simtkiciT da 

yinvagamZleobiT. gamoiyeneba, rogorc miwisqveSa, ise miwiszeda nawilebis 

wyobisaTvis. cement-Tixis duRabic xasiaTdeba advilCawyobadobiT, 

sakmarisi simtkiciT da yinvagamZleobiT. igi warmoadgens cementis, Tixis 

comis, qviSisa da wylis narevs. gamoiyeneba miwiszeda da miwisqveSa 

nawilebis wyobisaTvis. kiris duRabi Seicavs kiris coms, qviSas da wyals. 

xasiaTdeba maRali plastikurobiT, kargad eWideba zedapirs, xanmedegia, 

magram nela magrdeba. gamoiyeneba miwiszeda samuSaoebisTvis, romlebic 

ganicdian mcire datvirTvebs. 

duRabs ar moeTxovebaT maRali simtkice, amitom Semkvrelis xarji 

masSi gacilebiT naklebia, vidre betonSi. cementis xarji 1 m 3 qviSaze 

cementis duRabSi 150-175 kg, cement-kiris duRabSi 75-100 kg, xolo cement- 

Tixis duRabSi 25-125 kg. 

87

6.3. gamosayvani duRabi 

gamosayvani duRabi daniSnulebis mixedviT iyofa Cveulebriv sabaTqaSe 

da dekoratiul duRabad. 

sabaTqaSe duRabi gamoyenebis mixedviT iyofa gare da Siga kedlebis 

duRabad. Senobebis gare SelesvisaTvis iyeneben cementis da cement-kiris 

duRabs, xolo Siga kedlebis da Weris SelesvisaTvis iyeneben cement- 

kiris, TabaSiris, kir-TabaSiris da gajis duRabs. 

dekoratiul duRabs iyeneben nagebobebis fasadebis da Siga 

zedapirebis feradi mobaTqaSebisaTvis. ferad dekoratiul duRabSi 

Semvsebebad gamoiyeneba kvarcis, marmarilos, granitis, kirqvis da sxva 

TeTri da feradi qvis qanebis qviSebi. Semkvrelebad gamoiyeneba TeTri da 

feradi portlandcementi. 

6.4. specialuri duRabi 

specialur duRabs miekuTvneba saineqcio, hidrosaizolacio, 

satamponaJo, akustikuri, mxurvalmedegi, rentgenodamcveli, duRabi 

iatakebisa da asawyobi rkinabetonis konstruqciebs Soris nakerebis 

amosavsebad. 

hidrosaizolacio duRabi gamoiyeneba betonisa da rkinabetonis 

miwisqveSa nagebobebis hidrosaizolacio garsis mosawyobad da sxv. 

saineqcio duRabi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saxis gvirabebSi bzarebis da 

napralebis amosavsebad, armaturis koroziisagan dasacavad da sxv. 

akustikuri duRabi gamoiyeneba bgeraTSTanTqmeli baTqaSis misaRebad, 

SenobebSi xmauris gavrcelebis Sesamcireblad. rentgenodamcveli duRabi 

gamoiyeneba rentgenokabinetebSi kedlebis da Weris mobaTqaSebisaTvis. 

mxurvalmedeg duRabs iyeneben iseTi konstruqciebis da elementebis 

asagebad, romlebic ganicdian maRali temperaturis zemoqmedebas. 

88


1. duRabis Sedgeniloba da klasifikacia; 

2. samSeneblo duRabis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi; 

3. duRabis nairsaxeobebi. 

89

Tavi VII 

rkinabetonis nakeTobebi 

7.1. zogadi cnobebi 

rkinabetoni warmoadgens samSeneblo masalas, sadac kargad aris 

Serwymuli betonis da foladis erToblivi muSaoba. 

betoni, rogorc qvis masala, kargad ewinaaRmdegeba mkumSav 

datvirTvebs da cudad ewinaaRmdegeba gamWimav Zalvebs. betonis simtkice 

gaWimvaze 10-15-jer naklebia mis simtkiceze kumSvisas. aseTi gansxvavebis 

gamo, mxolod betonis gamoyeneba iseT konstruqciebSi, sadac aRiZvreba 

gamWimavi Zalvebi usargebloa. amitom konstruqciebis gaWimul zonaSi 

aTavseben foladis armaturas. betonis da armaturis SexamebiT, miiReba 

xarisxobrivad axali masala – rkinabetoni, sadac mkumSavi Zalvebi miiReba 

betonis, xolo gamWimavi Zalvebi – armaturis mier. foladis armaturis da 

betonis erToblivi muSaoba ganpirobebulia SemdegiT: 

1. betoni da armatura xasiaTdeba kargi SeWidulobiT urTierTSoris; 

2. temperaturis cvalebadobisas 0-dan 80 0 C-mde betons da armaturas 

aqvT erTi da imave sididis temperaturuli gafarToebis koeficientebi, 

amitom temperaturis cvlilebisas rkinabetonis monoliTuroba ar irRveva. 

3. betoni saimedod icavs armaturas koroziisagan. 

rkinabetonis konstruqciebi iyofa monoliTur konstruqciebad da 

asawyob konstruqciebad. monoliTur rkinabetonis konstruqciebs 

amzadeben mSeneblobis adgilze, xolo asawyob konstruqciebs amzadeben 

rkinabetonis qarxnebSi da amontaJeben mSeneblobis adgilze. 

asawyobi rkinabetonis gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva gaizardos 

Sromis nayofiereba da mSeneblobis tempebi, Semcirdes mSeneblobis 

Rirebuleba, amartivebs samuSaoebis warmoebas zamTris pirobebSi da 

zrdis mSeneblobis xarisxs. 

90

kinabetonis konstruqciebi mzaddeba Cveulebriv da winaswar 

daZabuli. winaswar daZabvis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom damzadebisas 

betons xelovnurad kumSaven, ris gamoc betoni mxolod maSin iWimeba, 

rodesac gadailaxeba moWimviT gamowveuli mkumSavi Zabvebi. Tu es Zabvebi 

Warbobs datvirTvisagan gamowveul gamWimav Zabvebs, SeiZleba Tavidan iqnes 

acilebuli betonSi naadrevi bzarebis gaCena. winaswar daZabul betonSi an 

sul ar warmoiqmneba gamWimavi Zabvebi, an warmoiqmneba imdenad mcire 

sididiT, romelic ar Warbobs betonis simtkices gaWimvisas. 

winaswar daZabva xdeba armaturis daWimviT dabetonebamde da 

konstruqciebSi betonis mier garkveuli simtkicis miRebis Semdeg. Tu 

armaturis daZabva xdeba dabetonebamde, maSin yalibSi Cawyobil armaturas 

gaWimaven da ase gaWimul mdgomareobaSi Caamagreben yalibSi. betonis 

narevis gamagrebis Semdeg armaturas aTavisufleben damWimavi 

mowyobilobisagan, romelic cdilobs ra daubrundes Tavis sawyis 

mdgomareobas, awarmoebs betonis SekumSvas. Tu armaturis daZabva xdeba 

betonis gamyarebis Semdeg gaWimul zonSi toveben arxebs, sadac SehyavT 

armatura betonis gamyarebis Semdeg, romelsac Wimaven da amagreben 

sabjenebze, xolo arxebs avseben duRabiT. 

armaturis winaswari daZabva aramarto gamoricxavs bzarebis gaCenas, 

aramed saSualebas iZleva Semcirdes armatris xarji; Semcirdes 

konstruqciis wona, gaizardos maTi xangamZleoba. amitom winaswar 

daZabuli rkinabetonis konstruqciebis gamoSveba yovelwliurad 

matulobs. 

rkinabetonis konstruqciebis daarmaturebisTvis iyeneben rogorc 

Rerovan, aseve mavTulovan armaturas. foladis armaturas ganasxvaveben 

simtkicis, diametris da gare zedapiris (gluvi da perioduli profilis) 

mixedviT (nax. 12). 

armaturas dauZabavi rkinabetonis konstruqciebisTvis amzadeben 

SeduRebuli karkasebis da badeebis saxiT. 

91

nax. 12. armaturis saxeebi: a – gluvi Rerovani; b – gluvi mavTulovani; 

g – cxladnaglini perioduli profilis; d-v – wna mavTulisagan; 

e – civSetyleJili; z – SeduRebuli bade. 

winaswar daZabuli konstruqciebis daarmaturebisaTvis iyeneben 

maRali simtkicis Rerovan folads da maRali simtkicis naxSirbadovani 

foladis civWimul mavTuls. msxvili elementebis daarmaturebisaTvis 

iyeneben 8 mm diametris mavTuls, armaturis gvarlebis konebis saxiT, 

romelic Seicavs 10-60 Zafs. 

SeduReba warmoebs wertilovani kontaqturi eleqtroSeduRebiT. 

7.2. rkinabetonis nakeTobebis klasifikacia 

asawyobi rkinabetonis nakeTobebis klasifikacias safuZvlad udevs 

Semdegi maCveneblebi: armaturis saxe, moculobiTi masa, betonis saxeoba, 

Sinagani agebuleba da daniSnuleba. 

92

armaturebis saxeobis mixedviT nakeTobebi iyofa winaswar daZabuli 

da Cveulebrivi armaturebiT. 

moculobiTi masis mixedviT rkinabetoni iyofa: zemZime betonisagan 

damzadebuli (moculobiTi masa 2500 kg/m 3 diametri), mZime betonisagan 

(moculobiTi masa 1800-2500 kg/m 3 ), msubuqi betonebisagan (moculobiTi masa 

500-800 kg/m 3 ) da zemsubuqi (moculobiTi masiT 500 kg/m 3 -ze naklebi) 

betonebisagan damzadebuli. 

betonis saxeobisa da masSi gamoyenebuli Semkvrelis mixedviT 

rkinabetonis nakeTobebi iyofa: cementian betonebze damzadebuli, 

silikatur betonebze, ujredovan betonebze da specialur betonebze 

(mxurvalmedegi, qimiur mdgradi da sxv.) damzadebul nakeTobebad. 

Sinagani agebulebebis mixedviT rkinabetonis nakeToba SeiZleba iyos 

mTliani an carielobiTi, damzadebuli erTi saxeobis betonisagan, 

erTfeniani an orfeniani da mravalfeniani, damzadebuli betonis 

sxvadasxva saxeobaze an sxvadasxva masalisagan damzadebuli (mag. 

Tbosaizolacio) erTi saxeobis rkinabetonis nakeToba SeiZleba 

gansxvavdebodes tipobrivi zomebiT, rodesac maTi konstruqcia an zomebi 

gansxvavebulia (mag. kedlis kuTxis bloki, fanjrisqveSa bloki da sxv.). 

erTi tipobrivi zomis nakeToba kidev iyofa markebad. markebad dayofas 

safuZvlad udevs sxvadasxva armireba, samontaJo xvretebis an detalebis 

sxvadasxvaoba. 

daniSnulebis mixedviT asawyobi rkinabetonis nakeTobebi iyofa 

Semdeg ZiriTad jgufebad. sacxovrebeli da sazogadoebrivi 

nagebobebisaTvis, samrewvelo SenobebisaTvis, sainJinro da saerTo 

daniSnulebis nakeTobebad. 

rkinabetonis nakeTobebi unda pasuxobdes standartul moTxovnebs. 

93

7.3. rkinabetonis nakeTobebis warmoeba 

rkinabetonis da betonis nakeTobebs da konstruqciebs amzadeben 

qarxnebSi da poligonebze. maTi damzadebis procesi Sedgeba oTxi 

ZiriTadi operaciisagan: betonis narevis momzadeba, armaturis damzadeba, 

dayalibeba (betonis narevis Cawyoba da gamkvriveba) da Tboteniani 

damuSaveba. garda amisa, Semdeg xdeba nakeTobis saxiani zedapirebis 

dekoratiuli gamoyvana. 

rkinabetonis nakeTobaTa ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, SeiZleba 

gamovyoT teqnologiuri procesis sami principialuri sqema: 

1. nakeTobebis damzadeba stacionalur yalibebSi – stenduri da 

kaseturi meTodebi; 

2. nakeTobebis damzadeba gadasaadgilebel yalibebSi ganasxvaveben 

konveirul da nakadur-agregatul meTods (rodesac ramdenime operacia 

sruldeba erT postze); 

3. dayalibebis uwyveti xerxi – warmoebs vibrosaglinav dganze. 

nakeTobebis damzadebisas stacionalur yalibebSi, yvela ZiriTadi 

teqnologiuri operacia sruldeba erT teqnologiur postze. 

stenduri xerxis dros yalibi rCeba erT adgilze – stendze, mTeli 

teqnologiuri ciklis ganmavlobaSi. stendi warmoadgens rkinabetonis 

baqans gluvi zedapiriT, sisqiT 12-20 sm, romelic nakeTobebis 

dayalibebisas yalibis Ziris movaleobas asrulebs. rTuli konfiguraciis 

nakeTobebis dabetonebisas, stendze amagreben matricebs – rkinabetonis 

yalibebs. matricaSi datanebulia nakeTobaSi siRrmiseuli warmomqmneli 

elementebi. matricas Siga zomebi Seesabameba nakeTobebis gare zomebs. 

nakeTobebis Tboteniani damuSavebisaTvis stendis tanSi an matricaSi 

Cawyobilia gasaTbobi xelsawyoebi – milebi, sadac atareben orTqls, 

cxel wyals an zeTs. stenduri xerxi mizanSewonilia gamoyenebul iyos 

zomagrZeli konstruqciebis, maRali svetebis da sxvaTa dasamzadeblad. 

kaseturi xerxis dros nakeTobebis formireba da gamyareba xdeba 

uZrav vertikalur yalibebSi-kasetebSi, romelic Signidan foladis 

94

kedlebiT dayofilia nakeTobad, TiToeuli nakeTobis dasayalibeblad. es 

mniSvnelovnad zrdis Sromis nayofierebas, xolo nakeTobebis vertikalur 

mdgomareobaSi damzadeba mkveTrad amcirebs sawarmoo farTobs (nax. 13). 

nax. 13. kaseta rkinabetonis nakeTobebis dasamzadeblad. 

kasetur danadgars aqvs specialuri mowyobilobebi (perangebi) 

nakeTobebis orTqliT an eleqtroenergiiT gamyarebisaTvis. kaseturi xerxi 

gamoiyeneba brtyeli Txelkedliani nakeTobebis (Siga da gare sakedle 

panelebi da sxv.) damzadebisaTvis. 

nakeTobebis damzadebisas gadasaadgilebel yalibSi nakadur- 

agregatuli meTodiT xdeba Semdegnairad: armaturis da betonis narevis 

Cawyoba yalibebSi da narevis Semkvriveba xdeba erT teqnologiur postze, 

xolo nakeTobebis gamyareba xdeba specialur Tbur aparatebSi 

(gasaorTqli kamerebi an avtoklavebSi). am meTodis dros xdeba saerTo 

teqnologiuri procesebis danawevreba. 

yvelaze didi danawevreba xdeba konveiruli warmoebis dros am dros 

yvela operacia sruldeba calkeul specialur postebze, romlebic 

mTlianobaSi qmnian daxurul xazs – konveiers. yalibebi nakeTobebiT 

postidan gadaadgildeba mkacrad gansazRvruli drois (15 wT) Semdeg. 

nakeTobebis gamyareba xdeba uwyveti moqmedebis kamerebSi (nax. 14). 

95

nax. 14. konveieruli teqnologiuri xazi 

I – konveieri farTo nakeTobisaTvis; II – konveieri viwro nakeTobisaTvis; 

III – gvirabisebri gasaorTqli kamerebi; 

1 – yalibebis gawmendis posti; 2 – yalibebis SezeTvis posti; 

3 – daarmaturebis posti; 4 – yalibi-vagoneti daWimuli armaturiT; 

5 – betonCamwyobi; 6 – dayalibebis posti; 7 – gadamcemi xazis yalibi; 

8 – sawevela yalib-vagonebis CasatvirTad kamerebSi; 9 – kameridan yalib- 

vagonis gansatvirTi mowyobiloba; 10 – gadamcemi xazi vagonebis 

dasabruneblad mza nakeTobebis gamyalibebis postze; 11. ganyalibebis da 

mza nakeTobebis sawyobSi gamcemi posti. 

aseTi danawevreba teqnologiuri procesebis saSualebas iZleva 

mTlianad meqanizebuli da avtomatizebuli gaxdes teqnologiuri 

operaciebi. amaSi mdgomareobs konveiruli meTodis upiratesoba. 

nakadur-agregatuli meTodebis dros yalibebis gadaadgileba 

postidan postze xdeba amweebis saSualebiT garkveuli drois intervaliT, 

romelic meryeobs ramdenime wuTidan ramdenime saaTamde, rac saSualebas 

iZleva erTi da imave xazze sxvadasxva teqnologiuri mowyobilobebiT 

damzaddes sxvadasxva saxis nakeTobebi (nax. 15). 

96

nax. 15. nakaduri agregatuli teqnologiuri xazi: 

1 – vibrobaqani; 2 – damyalibebeli danadgari, 

3 – betonCamwyobi; 4 – betonis sazidi estakada; 5 – ormos 

tipis gasaorTqli kamerebi; 6 – nakeTobebis ganyalbebis, 

yalibebis gawmendis da armaturis karkasebis Cawyobis posti; 

7 – armaturis eleqtroTermuli daZabvis danadgari; 8 – xiduri 

amwe. 

dayalibebis uwyveti xerxi warmoebs vibrosaglinav dganze. moZrav 

lentze dganis sawyis ubanze awyoben armaturas, Semdeg ubanze awodeben 

betonis narevs, amkvriveben vibrirebiT da nawilobriv sakalibrebeli 

livlivakebiT. dayalibebuli nakeToba lentis moZraobiT gadadis 

Tboteniani damuSavebis zonaSi da 2 saaTis gaorTqvlis Semdeg mza saxiT 

Camodis lentidan da miemarTeba mza produqciis sawyobSi. 

am procesis gansxvavebuli Tavisebureba is aris, rom yvela 

teqnologiuri operacia, betonis narevis damzadebidan, mza nakeTobis 

miRebamde mimdinareobs erT danadgarze, romelic uwyvetad moZraobs 15-30 

m/sT siCqariT. 

97

7.4. rkinabetonis nakeTobebis damzadebis ZiriTadi 

teqnologiuri operaciebi 

rkinabetonis nakeTobebis damzadeba iTvaliswinebs Semdeg 

teqnologiur operaciebs; betonis narevis damzadeba, foladis armaturis 

momzadeba, dayalibeba, gamyareba da Tboteniani damuSaveba. 

armaturis momzadeba. gluvi armaturis foladi, 12 mm-iani diametriT, 

qarxanaSi miewodeba daxveuli gorglebis saxiT, didi diametris liToni 

da perioduli profilis ki Reroebis saxiT. armaturis momzadeba 

iTvaliswinebs liTonis Reroebis gawmendas, gamarTvas, Reroebis daWras 

saWiro zomebad da Runvas. maTi damuSaveba (Runva) warmoebs specialur 

dazgebze. mcire diametris Reroebisa da mavTulis wnexisagan karkasebisa 

da badeebis miReba xdeba kontaqturi eleqtroSeduRebiT, erTwertilovani, 

mravalwertilovani da sivrculi SemduRebeli manqanebis gamoyenebiT, 

kontaqtis adgilebSi foladis gacxelebiT dnobis temperaturis zeviT. 

didi diametris Reroebis SeerTeba xdeba pirapiruli eleqtroSeduRebiT 

an Cveulebrivi rkaluri SeduRebiT. 

rkinabetonis nakeTobebis dayalibeba iTvaliswinebs Semdeg 

teqnologiur operaciebs: yalibebis gawmenda, SezeTva da awyoba, 

armaturis Cawyoba, betonis narevis Cawyoba da Semkvriveba. 

rkinabetonis dasamzadeblad iyeneben xis liTonis, rkinabetonis 

yalibebs. yvelaze didi gamoyeneba aqvs liTonis yalibebs, radganac isini 

xasiaTdebian zomebis sizustiT, maRali sixistiT, xangamZleobiT; 

gamoirCeva awyobis da daSlis simartiviT. liTonis yalibebis naklovani 

mxarea liTonis didi xarji, rac zrdis nakeTobis Rirebulebas. xis 

yalibebi yvelaze iafia, magram misi eqspluataciis vada mcirea. yalibebi 

iwmindeba SekumSuli haeriT. didi mniSvneloba aqvs yalibebis dasazeTi 

masalis swor SerCevas, romelic icavs betons yalibTan SeWidebisagan. 

dabetonebis win yalibi unda SeizeTos. yalibebis dasazeTad iyeneben 

zeTis emulsiebs kalcinirebuli sodis damatebiT, teqnikur vazelins da 

sxva emulsiebs. 

98

awyobil, gasufTavebul da dazeTil yalibebSi ewyoba armaturis 

karkasebi da warmoebs maTi fiqsacia saproeqto moTxovnis Sesabamisad. 

betonis narevis Cawyoba yalibebSi warmoebs kiduri badeebiT, 

betonCamwyobebiT da sxv. betonis narevis gamkvriveba xdeba: vibraciiT 

dawnexviT da vibrodawnexviT, centrifugviT, vibrovakuumirebiT, 

vibrogaglinviT da sxv. 

centrifugirebas iyeneben iseTi nakeTobebis dasamzadeblad, 

romlebsac SigniT aqvs gamWoli, mrgvali kveTis sicariele. liTonis 

mrgval yalibSi daayeneben armaturas, Caawyoben betonis narevs da yalibs 

abruneben 600-1000 br/wT sixSiriT. centridanuli Zalis gavleniT betonis 

narevi Tanabar fenad ganawildeba yalibis zedapirze, didi ZaliT awveba 

mas da kargad mkvrivdeba. am dros betonis narevidan gamodis haeri da 

zedmeti wyali. centrifugvis procesi grZeldeba 15-20 wuTs. mza nakeTobas 

agzavnian gamyarebis kameraSi, ris Semdegac mas anTavisufleben yalibidan 

da agzavnian mza nakeTobebis sawyobSi. 

stenduri xerxis dros nakeTobebi mzaddeba stendebze, matricebSi an 

kasetebSi. dayalibebis procesi stendze da matricaSi mdgomareobs 

SemdegSi: dazeTil matricaSi an stendSi awyoben armaturas da masze 

betonis narevs. narevs amkvriveben siRrmuli an zedapiruli vibratorebiT. 

matrica warmoadgens stacionalur, upiratesad rkinabetonis yalibs. 

nakadur-agregatuli xerxis dros nakeTobas ayalibeben gadasatan. 

liTonrkinabetonis yalibebSi. yalibs armaturiT dgamen vibrobaqanze, 

Semdeg asxamen betonis narevs da iwyeben vibracias. am dros betonis 

narevi avsebs yalibs da mkvrivdeba. 

bolo xanebSi didi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba vibrodartymis reJimi. 

inergeba agreTve mravalsixSiriani vibrobaqnebi, romlebic sagrZnoblad 

zrdian betonis simtkices, magram gamoirCevian konstruqciis sirTuliT da 

eleqtroenergiis didi xarjiT. 

rkinabetonis nakeTobebis gamyareba. gamyareba warmoadgens 

rkinabetonis nakeTobebis saboloo etaps. ganasxvaveben nakeTobebis 

bunebriv da xelovnur gamyarebas. bunebrivi gamyareba gamoiyeneba iSviaT 

99

SemTxvevebSi, radgan am dros mniSvnelovnad izrdeba teqnologiuri 

procesis xangrZlivoba. am meTodis teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblis 

gazrda SesaZlebelia Tu gamoyenebuli iqneba swrafmyarebadi cementebi, 

xisti betonis narevi, danamatebi (gamyarebis damaCqareblebi) da narevis 

intensiuri Semkvriveba vibraciiT da erTdrouli mtvirTavis gamoyenebiT 

an dawnexviT 100g/sm 2 ZaliT. 

Tanamedrove qarxnebSi farTod gamoiyeneba gamyarebis xelovnuri 

meTodi e.w. Tboteniani damuSaveba. aseTi damuSavebis nairsaxeobebia: 

nakeTobis gaorTqvla kamerebSi normaluri wnevis da 100 0 C temperaturis 

dros; nakeTobis SeorTqvla avtoklavebSi 175-250 0 C temperaturisa da 8-12 

atm wnevis dros; gamyareba cxeli wylis abazanebSi, eleqtrogaxureba; 

nakeTobebis kontaqturi gaxureba. 

yvelaze gavrcelebulia nakeTobebis kamerebSi gaorTqvla. 

CatvirTvis da gantvirTvis meTodebis mixedviT gaorTqvlis kamerebi iyofa 

uwyveti da perioduli moqmedebis kamerebad. uwyveti moqmedebis kamera 

warmoadgens gvirabs, sadac erTi mxridan uwyvetad CatvirTaven 

dayalibebul nakeTobebs da meore mxridan gadmotvirTaven mza nakeTobebs. 

gvirabSi moZraobis dros nakeTobebi gaivlian gacxelebis, izoTermuli da 

gaciebis zonebs. perioduli moqmedebis kamerebs CatvirTaven da 

gadmotvirTaven periodulad. 

nakeTobebis gaorTqvlis reJimi mravalnairia da damokidebulia 

betonis simtkiceze, miRebul teqnologiaze, cementis saxeobaze da sxva 

faqtorebze. yvelaze xSirad iyeneben gaorTqvlis reJims, romelic Sedgeba 

sami ciklisagan: temperaturis aweva 2-3 sT, izoTermuli gaxurebis 

periodi mudmivi temperaturis dros 6-8 sT, gaciveba 2 sT. ciklis saerTo 

xangrZlivoba 10-13 sT. gaorTqvlis operaciiT rkinabetonis nakeTobebis 

warmoebis procesi mTavrdeba, Tu ar saWiroeben Semdgom damuSavebas da 

mopirkeTebas. 

Tanamedrove pirobebSi nakeTobaTa zedapirebis gamoyvana warmoebs 

saRebavebiT, feradi betonebiT da mosapirkeTebeli masalebiT. saRebavebi 

unda iyos wyalmedegi, xangamZle da medegi gaxurebis mimarT. am mxriv 

100

saukeTesoa silikaturi, cementis da polimeris saRebavebi. saRebavebi 

rkinabetonis nakeTobebis zedapirze daitaneba haeris normaluri 

temperaturis dros, or an sam fenad. mosapirkeTebeli masalebi unda iyos 

xangamZle, cvladi atmosferuli movlenebis moqmedebis pirobebSi. 

mosapirkeTebel masalebad iyeneben keramikis, azbestis, minis filebs da 

feradi betonis blokebs da sxv. 

rkinabetonis nakeTobebi inaxeba sawyobebSi, iseT mdgomareobaSi 

rogoric eqnebaT maT nagebobaSi eqspluataciis dros. magaliTad, kedlis 

panelebi da tixrebi – vertikalur an odnav daxril mdgomareobaSi, 

gadaxurvis fenilebi, koWebi da fermebi ewyoba horizontalur 

mdgomareobaSi; gadaxurvis fenilebi, koWebi da fermezi ewyoba 

horizontalur mdgomareobaSi. mza nakeTobebis transportireba xdeba 

specialurad mowyobil avto da rkinigzis platformebiT, romlebzec 

nakeTobebi datvirTulia grZivi RerZiT moZraobis mimarTulebis gaswvriv. 

7.5. asawyobi rkinabetonis nakeTobebis nomeklatura 

asawyobi rkinabetonisagan amzadeben nagebobebis yvela nawils: 

saZirkvlebs, sardafis kedlebs, Siga da gare kedlebs, kedlis blokebs, 

svetebs, sanitarul-teqnikur nakeTobebs, sarTulSua gadaxurvebs, kibis 

marSebs da sxva elementebs. 

fundamentis fila warmoadgens foladis badiT daarmaturebul 

masiur rkinabetonis elements zomebiT: sigane 120-320 sm, sigrZe 80, 100 da 

120 sm da simaRle 40-50 sm. saZirkvlis blokebi marTkuTxa formisaa 

sigrZiT 3 m-mde, sisqe 40-60 sm da simaRle 60 sm. bloks torsul mxareebze 

ukeTeben kiloebs saZirkvelis montaJisas vertikaluri nakeris duRabiT an 

betoniT Sesavsebad. asawyobi saZirkvlis elementebis masa aRwevs 3 t. maT 

dasamzadeblad iyeneben 150 markis mZime betons (nax. 16). 

101

nax. 16. saZirkvlis elementebi 

1 – filebi; 2 – blokebi. 

karkasuli Senobebis nakeTobebs miekuTvneba svetebi, gadaxurvis 

koWebi, rigelebi da zewrebi, nivnivqveSa koWebi da fermebi. amzadeben 

daarmaturebuli aranakleb 300 markis mZime betonisagan. 

kedlis panelebs miekuTvneba: panelebi uTbobi Senobebis gare 

kedlebisaTvis, romlebsac amzadeben mZime da msubuqi betonisagan; 

panelebi gasaTbobi Senobebis gare kedlebisaTvis, panelebi Siga 

kedlebisaTvis; gare panelebisaTvis betoni unda iyos aranakleb 200 

markis, xolo Siga panelebisaTvis aranakleb 150 markis, tixris panelebi, 

romlebsac amzadeben yvela saxis daarmaturebuli da dauarmaturebeli 

betonisagan. betonis marka mTlian filebSi unda iyos aranakleb 50, xolo 

RruebSi aranakleb 75 (nax. 17). 

nax. 17 kedlis panelebi. 

102

kedlis blokebs amzadeben msubuqi betonisagan, moculobiTi masiT, 

araumetes 1600 kg/m 3 . blokebs amzadeben Rruebian da mTlians, erTi, ori 

an sami SriT. gare mxare dafarulia dekoratiuli betonis SriT. xolo 

Siga mxare sabaTqaSe duRabiT. blokebi mzaddeba rogorc gare, ise Siga 

kedlebisaTvis. gare kedlebis blokebi konstruqciuli Taviseburebis 

mixedviT iyofa: kuTxis, Taros, Suakedlis, karnizis da cokolis 

blokebad (nax. 18). 

nax. 18. kedlis bloki 

1 – Suakedlis; 2 – zRudaris; 

3 – rafis; 4 – kuTxis; 5 – cokolis. 

sarTulSua gadaxurvis elementebs miekuTvneba gadaxurvis panelebi 

da fenilebi, panelebi iatakis da Weris gadaxurvisaTvis. gadaxurvis 

panelebi da fenilebi konstruqciis mixedviT aris brtyeli, mTliani, 

wiburiani da Rruebiani (nax. 19). 

nax. 19. fenilebi. a – mrgvali RruebiT; 

b – ovaluri RruebiT. 

103

gadaxurvis panelebi fenilebis analogiuria. maTac marTkuTxa forma 

aqvT, mrgvali an ovaluri RruebiT. 

kibis marSebi mzaddeba specialur yalibebSi. safexurebis zedapiri 

mopirkeTebulia cementis duRabiT da marmarilos nafxvenebiT. kibis 

marSis sigrZe aRwevs 3,6 m, sigane – 1,8 m (nax. 20). 

kibis baqans aqvs marTkuTxa filebis forma, romelic mzaddeba 200 

markis betonis gamoyenebiT. daarmaturebulia foladis badiT da 

mopirkeTebulia mozaikuri duRabiT an keremikuli filebiT. 

nax. 20. kibeebis asawyobi elementebi 

a – kibis baqani; b – kibis marSi. 

samrewvelo Senobebis karkasis elementebi mzaddeba rkinabetonis 

qarxnebSi. samrewvelo nagebobebSi iyeneben asawyobi rkinabetonis Semdegi 

saxis svetebs: erT da orkonsolians, ukonsolos, mTlians, marTkuTxa da 

tesebri kveTiT an ortotians. svetebi mzaddeba 300 da 400 markis 

betonisagan. 

koWebi mzaddeba 300 da 400 markis betonisagan. formis mixedviT 

ganasxvaveben trapeciisebrs da segmenturs. sigrZiT 12, 17 da 24 m (nax. 21). 

104

nax. 21. samrewvelo Senobebis koWebi. 

a – trapeciisebri; b – segmenturi. 

fermebi da TaRebi gamoiyeneba Senobebis 18 m da meti malis 

gadaxurvis mzid elementebad. fermebs SeiZleba hqondes trapeciisebri, 

samkuTxa da mrudxazovani segmenturi forma. fermebs amzadeben mTlians an 

calkeuli elementebisagan Sedgenils. 100m da meti malis Senobebi ixureba 

rkinabetonis TaRebiT, romlebsac amzadeben mTliani an cxaura kedlebiT 

da rogorc wesi ori naxevarTaRisagan, radgan TiToeuli naxevarTaRis 

masa aRwevs 30-40 tonas. TaRebs iyeneben sxvadasxva saxis gamofenebis, 

pavilionebis, sawyobebis da sxva gadasaxurad. 

monoliTuri rkinabetonisagan aSenebulia Tbilisis dinamo stadioni, 

sportis sasaxle, moskovis satelevizio koSki da sxv. 


1. rkinabetonis arsi; 

2. daZabuli da dauZabavi, asawyobi da monoliTuri nakeTobebi; 

3. rkinabetonis warmoebis etapebi da meTodebi; 

4. rkinabetonis nakeTobebi da maTi gamoyeneba. 

105

Tavi VIII 

armocementi 

armocementi rkinabetonis nairsaxeobaa. igi wvrilmarcvlovani 

betonia, romelic daarmaturebulia foladis mavTulis wnelebiT an 

qsovilis badeebiT ise, rom misi nebismieri gaWimuli muSa kveTi imyofeba 

daarmaturebis didi gavlenis qveS. armocementi drekadi, bzarmedegi, 

wyaluJonadi da maRali simtkicis masalaa. igi xasiaTdeba mTeli rigi 

upiratesobebiT rkinabetonTan SedarebiT: 

1. armocementis konstruqciebi 30-50%-iT msubuqia; 

2. masSi gaCenili bzarebi gacilebiT naklebi sididisaa, vidre 

rkinabetonSi; 

damzadeba. 

3. TiTqmis wyalSeuRwevadia; 

4. misgan SeiZleba Zalze rTuli profilis konstruqciebis 

armocementSi gamoyenebuli badeebis mavTulis diametri meryeobs 0,5- 

1,5 mm zRvrebSi, xolo ujredebis zomebia 6X6 mm-dan 10-20 mm-mde. bade 

mzaddeba mavTulisagan, romlis simtkicis zRvari 300-500 mgpa. amzadeben 

rulonebiT, romelTa siganea 1 600 mm, xolo sigrZe aranaklebi 40 metrisa. 

daarmaturebis dispersiulobis xarisxi gamoisaxeba armaturis 

xvedriTi zedapiris fardobiT armocementis erTeul moculobaze, 

romelic meryeobs 0,5-0,8-mde, daarmaturebis koeficienti ganisazRvreba 

Semdegi empiriuli formuliT: 

μ = 1, 25dkxv 

, 

sadac d aris mavTulis diametri, sm; 

K xv – armaturis xvedriTi zedapiri. 

saSualod daarmaturebis koeficienti meryeobs 1,5-2,5%-is zRvrebSi. 

armaturis xarji 400-500 kg-ia 1 m 3 betonze. 

armocementis konstruqciebis sisqea 10-30 mm. armaturis damcveli 

fenis sisqe ki 2-3 mm. 

106

armocementis konstruqciebSi gamoyenebulia 40-60 mgpa markis cementi. 

cementis raodenoba armocementis SedgenilobaSi didia – 600-1000 kg/m 3 . 

armocementis konstruqciebis damzadebis Semdegi teqnologiuri 

xerxebia: xeliT damzadebis xerxi, vibroCamosxma, vibrodayalibeba 

vibroStampebis gamoyenebiT, torkretireba da pnevmodabetoneba, 

vibrogaglinva. 

xeliT damzadebis xerxi. konstruqciis xeliT damzadebisas, 

miuxedavad karkasebisa da badeebis guldasmiT Cawyobisa, mainc ar miiRweva 

konstruqciis saproeqto monacemebi. nakeTobis masa gaTvaliswinebulze 15- 

20%-iT metia. 

vibroCamosxma. es procesi mimdinareobs betonis narevis CamosxmiT da 

erTdroulad misi vibrodamuSavebiT ormag yalibebSi. am xerxis 

upiratesoba imaSia, rom amzadeben rTuli geometriuli formis 

konstruqciebs. uaryofiTia: cementis didi xarji, yalibebis maRali 

liTontevadoba, armaturis karkasis mdebareobis kontrolis siZnele 

narevis Cawyobis da damuSavebis dros. 

vibrodaStampva. es meTodi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: matricaze awyoben 

armaturis karkass da miawodeben betons, romelic ganawildeba matricaze 

da yalibdeba nakeTobebis Sesabamisi konfiguraciis vibroStampebiT. 

torkretireba da pnevmodabetoneba. torkretireba aCqarebs elementze 

betonis narevis datanis process. torkretirebas awarmoeben cement- 

zarbaznebis saSualebiT. 

pnevmodabetoneba warmoadgens torkretirebis xerxis nairsaxeobas, 

romlis drosac gamoiyeneba duRabtumboebi, sadac narevis pnevmomiwodeba 

xorcieldeba specialuri SlangebiT. 

vibrogaglinva. igi iTvaliswinebs nakeTobis iseT dayalibebas, roca 

muSa organo uwyvetad gadaadgildeba nakeTobaze da ayalibebs mas. 

armocementis samSoblo italiaa. igi Seqmna italielma arqiteqtorma 

da konstruqtorma nervim. armocementis unikaluri konstruqciebi da 

nagebobebi ganaxorciela nervim Tavis samSobloSi. 1946 wels aaSenes da 

wyalSi CauSves swrafmavali armocementis gemi “irene”, romelmac mraval 

107

wels icura xmelTaSua zRvaSi yovelgvari SekeTebis gareSe. armocementis 

konstruqciebs farTod iyeneben samoqalaqo da samrewvelo mSeneblobaSi. 

gamoyenebuli iqna turinis sagamofeno darbazis Siga mopirkeTebis da 

kamarisaTvis. armocementis talRiseburi asawyobi elementebisagan q.venaSi 

gadaxures sasaxlis 128 m diametris gumbaTi. misgan amzadeben rTuli 

geometriuli formis kedlis da gadaxurvis panelebs, tixrebs da sxva 

elementebs. 


1. armocementis upiratesoba rkinabetonTan SedarebiT; 

2. armocementis damzadeba da gamoyeneba. 

108

Tavi IX 

9.1. silikaturi saSeni masalebi da 

nakeTobebi 

1880 wels germanelma qimikosma mixaelisma daadgina, rom kiris da 

qviSis narevebis avtoklavuri damuSavebis dros miiReba mtkice da 

xangamZle nakeTobebi. bunebriv pirobebSi kir-qviSis narevSi qviSa 

inertulia da ar Sedis qimiur reaqciaSi kirTan. avtoklavSi ki najeri 

orTqlis garemoSi, 170-200 0 C temperaturis dros qviSis kaumiwa aqtiuri 

xdeba, reaqciaSi Sedis kalciumis hidroJangTan, ris Sedegad miiReba 

kalciumis hidrosilikati, romelic warmoadgens mtkice da wyalmdeg 

nivTierebas. kir-qviSis narevisagan amzadeben blokebs da panelebs, 

silikatur agurs, silikatur filebs da sxv. 

silikaturi masalebis dasamzadeblad ZiriTadi nedleulia: kiri, 

kvarcis qviSa da wyali. 

kiri gamoiyeneba dafquli kirduRias, kir-fifqis da nawilobriv 

Camqralis saxiT. kvarcis qviSas iyeneben daufqvav da uxeSad dafquls, 

agreTve daufqvavi da wvrilad dafquli qviSebis narevs. 

wyali unda iyos sufTa, ar unda Seicavdes mavne minarevebs. 

9.2. silikaturi aguri 

silikatur agurs amzadeben Caumqrali kiris da kvarcis qviSis 

narevis dawnexiT da Semdgomi avtoklavuri damuSavebiT. narevis 

SemadgenlobaSi SehyavT dafquli Caumqrali kiri 5-8% da kvarcis qviSa 92- 

95%. dawnexvis dros kir-qviSis narevs atenianeben 7%-mde. silikaturi 

aguris warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba swrafqrobadi kiri, romelic Seicavs 70%- 

mde kalciumis Jangs da mcire raodenobiT (ara umetes 5%-isa) magniumis 

Jangs. 

109

silikaturi aguri formiT da zomebiT ar gansxvavdeba Tixis 

Cveulebrivi agurisagan. ekonomiuri TvalsazrisiT ufro xelsayrelia. 

silikaturi aguris warmoebisaTvis sawvavis da eleqtroenergiis xarji 

orjer ufro naklebia, vidre Tixis aguris warmoebisas. misi damzadebis 

sruli cikli 15-18 saaTs Seadgens, xolo Tixis aguris warmoeba 

grZeldeba 4-5 dRe-Rame da meti. Rirebuleba 30-50 %-iT mcirea, vidre Tixis 

aguris. silikaturi aguri iseve gamoiyeneba, rogorc Tixis aguri, 

zogierTi SezRudviT: ar SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba teniani da sveli 

nagebobebis kedlebisaTvis hidroizolaciis gareSe; ar SeiZleba misi 

gamoyeneba cokolebis da saZirkvlebis wyobaSi. 

agurs amzadeben doluri da silosuri xerxiT. doluri xerxis dros 

qviSa da dafquli, Caumqrali kiri miemarTeba bunkerSi, romelic 

moTavsebulia Camqrobi dolis Tavze. moculobiT dozirebul qviSas da 

masiT dozirebul kirs tvirTaven Camqrob dolSi, romelic hermetulad 

ixureba. CatvirTvis Semdeg abruneben dols, awvdian orTqls 0,15-0,2 mgpa 

wneviT. kiris Caqrobis procesi grZeldeba 40 wT. silosuri xerxis dros 

winaswar areuli da datenianebuli masa miemarTeba silosebSi Casaqrobad 

da iq imyofeba 10-12 saaTs, 10-15-jer metxans, vidre dolSi. dayalibebamde 

kir-qviSis narevs kargad aureven frTian sarevSi an rbiaSi da damatebiT 

atenianeben 7%-mde. ayalibeben meqanikur wnexebze 15-20 mgpa wneviT. 

dayalibebul agurebs tvirTaven vagonetebze da agzavnian avtoklavSi 

gamyarebisaTvis. avtoklavi warmoadgens 2-3 m diametrisa da 20 m sigrZis 

foladis cilindrs, romelic hermetulad ixureba. reaqcia kirsa da 

qviSas Soris temperaturis momatebasTan erTad (1700-200 0 C) mkveTrad 

Cqardeba. mimdinareobs intensiurad da grZeldeba 8-10 sT. silikaturi 

aguris gamyarebis dasaCqareblad saWiroa ara marto maRali temperatura, 

aramed maRali tenianobac. amisaTvis avtoklavSi awvdian orTqls maRali 

wnevis qveS 0,8-1,2 mgpa. temperatura Seadgens 175-200 0 C. am dros 

mimdinareobs qimiuri reaqcia kirsa da kaumiwas Soris: 

Ca( OH ) 2 + 

SiO2 

→ CaO ⋅ SiO2 

+ H 2O 

110

miRebuli kalciumis hidrosilikatis kristalebi mWidrod ekvris 

kvarcis marcvlebs. silikaturi aguris simtkicis mateba xdeba 

avtoklavuri damuSavebis Semdegac. igi haerze ufro mtkice xdeba. kiris 

nawili, romelic Sevida reaqciaSi qviSis kaumiwasTan, reagirebs 

naxSiroJangTan da warmoqmnis mtkice kalciumkarbonats: 

Ca ( OH ) 2 + CO2 

= CaCO 3+ 

H 2O. 

karbonizaciis Sedegad simtkicis matebasTan erTad imatebs 

silikaturi aguris wyalmedegoba. 

silikatur agurs amzadeben 250X120X65 mm zomis da 250X120X88 mm 

zomis. simtkicis mixedviT igi xuTi markisaa: 75, 100, 125, 150 da 200. 

moculobiTi masa 1800-1900 kg/m 3 ; Tbogamtarobis koeficienti 0,71-0,75, 

yinvagamZleoba 15 cikli, wyalSTanTqma 8-16%. 


1. gansxvaveba Cveulebrivi Tixis agurisagan; 

2. silikaturi aguris warmoebis Tavisebureba; 

3. silikaturi aguris gamagrebis Tavisebureba. 

111

Tavi X 

mina da minis nakeTobebi 

mina xelovnuri saSeni masalaa, romelsac jer kidev 6 000 wlis 

winaT iyenebdnen egviptesa da mesopotamiaSi. mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda 

minis damzadeba IX saukuneSi veneciaSi. ruseTSi minis pirveli qarxana 

1 635 wels aSenda. 1870 wels Seiqmna simensis minis saxarSi Rumeli. 

momdevno wlebSi daiwyo minis warmoebis farTo ganviTareba da misgan 

nakeTobebis damzadeba. samSeneblo praqtikam aCvena, rom mina gamoiyeneba 

ara marto fanjrebis Sesaminad, aramed rogorc gare da Siga 

mosapirkeTebeli masala. 

minisagan damzadebuli konstruqciul – mosapirkeTebeli masalebi 

SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg jgufebad: furclovani, gamWvirvale mina, 

gaumWvirvale mosapirkeTebeli mina da minis konstruqciuli nakeTobebi. 

10.1. furclovani gamWvirvale da gaumWvirvale mina 

am jgufs miekuTvneba Cveulebrivi fanjris mina, vitrinis, nawrTobi, 

daarmaturebuli, uviolis, samfenovani, talRovani, dekoratiuli 

(marbliti) da feradi furclovani da stemaltis mina. 

furclovani fanjris mina. gamWvirvale masalas warmoadgens, 

romelic yvelaze metad gamoiyeneba mSeneblobaSi. mis dasamzadeblad 

gamoiyeneba kvarcis qviSa, natriumis sulfati an soda, kirqva, dolomiti 

da sxva nivTierebebi. Cveulebriv fanjris minas amzadeben sisqiT 2-6 mm. 

furclis maqsimaluri zomebia: 1600-2200 mm. sinaTlis gamtaroba 85-90%. 

minis simtkice kumSvaze meryeobs 600-1200 mgpa, Runvaze 40-60 mgpa, gaWimvaze 

70-100 mgpa. cudad muSaobs dartymaze. aqvs dabali Tbogamtaroba. 

112

vitrinis mina. mzaddeba vertikaluri gaWimviT an horizontaluri 

gaglinviT, Semdgomi gaxexviT da gaprialebiT. brtyeli an mrudxazovani 

vitrinis minis sisqea 7 mm, furclebis zomebi 4450X2950 da 3950X2950 mm. 

gamoiyeneba maRaziebis, kinoTeatrebis, sagamofeno darbazebis, 

restornebis, kafeebis Sesaminad. 

uviolis mina. mina kargad atarebs ultraiisfer sxivebs (aranakleb 

25%-isa), vinaidan Seicavs Zalian mcire raodenobiT rkinas, qromis da 

titanis (ara umetes 0,1%) Jangulebs. uviolis minis sisqea 2-4 mm, 

furclebis zomebia 250X250 mm-dan 600X1200 mm-mde. gamoiyeneba 

saavadmyofoebis, sanatoriumebis, sabavSo baRebis, skolebis Senobebis 

Sesaminad. agreTve saTburebis saxuravis mosawyobad. 

nawrTobi minis warmoeba xorcieldeba 600-700 0 C-ze gaxurebiT da 

swrafi, Tanabari gaciebiT, SekumSuli haeris saSualebiT. igi warmoadgens 

furclovan minas, maRali meqanikuri TvisebebiT da Termuli mdgradobiT. 

damsxvrevisas iZleva gluvwiboebian namsxvrevebs. gamoiyeneba minis 

karebebis, tixrebis, aivnebis da kibis moajirebis mosapirkeTeblad. 

daarmaturebuli mina. warmoadgens furclovan masalas, romelSic 

damzadebis procesSi amzadeben liTonis bades. dartymisas ar iZleva 

namsxvrevebs, maT iWers liTonis bade. iyeneben liftis Saxtebis, kibis 

ujredebis SemoRobvis Sesaminad da sxv. 

samSriani minac miekuTvneba “usafrTxo minebis” jgufs. igi Sedgeba 

ori furclisagan, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia gamWvirvale 

elastikuri organuli nivTierebebiT, romelic damsxvrevis SemTxvevaSi 

akavebs warmoqmnil namsxvrevebs. minis sisqe meryeobs 4-dan 7 mm-mde. 

talRovani mina. mzaddeba uwyveti gaglinviT. talRovani zedapiri 

mas aniWebs did sixistes. igi SeiZleba iyos daarmaturebuli liTonis 

badiT. gamoiyeneba sinaTlis gamtari saxuravebis, sinaTlis gamtari 

kedlebis Suqfarnebis Sesaminad da sxv. 

saxian minas amzadeben horizontaluri gaglinviT, romlis drosac 

specialuri sagraviro lilvakebiT erT an orive mxares daitaneba 

reliefuri naxati. saxiani mina SeiZleba iyos daarmaturebuli, feradi da 

113

ufero. reliefuri naxatis gamo es mina miekuTvneba Suqgambnev minas. 

gamoiyeneba karebis, tixrebis da sxvaTa Sesaminad. 

feradi furclovani mina arqiteqturaSi gamoiyeneba dekoratiuli 

miznebisaTvis. minisaTvis sxavadasxva feris misaniWeblad kazmSi SehyavT 

qromis, kobaltis, rkinis da sxva liTonis Jangulebi. am SemTxvevaSi minis 

masa mTlianad aris SeRebili. SesaZlebelia agreTve ufero minaze 0,2-1,5 mm 

sisqiT datanil iqnes feradi minis Sre. ferad minas amzadeben 

vertikaluri gamoWimviT sisqiT 4 mm da gaglinviT sisqiT 4-10 mm. feradi 

mina SeiZleba iyos gamWvirvale da gaumWvirvale. gamWvirvale ferad minas 

iyeneben dekoratiuli vitraJebis mosawyobad. 

merbliti gamoiyeneba rogorc dekoratiuli mosapirkeTebeli masala, 

romelic warmoadgens sqel, gauWvirval ferad furclovan minas. igi 

mzaddeba gaglinviT. misi zedapiri SeiZleba iyos moxatuli, xorkliani an 

gaprialebuli. Siga zedapirebis mosapirkeTeblad gamoiyeneba merblitis 

filebi zomebiT: 150X150; 150X300; 200X300 da 200X400 mm. gamoiyeneba 

restornebis, kinoTeatrebis, fasadebis mosapirkeTeblad. SesaZlebelia 

damzaddes merbliti marmarilos imitaciiT. mas amzadeben sxvadasxva 

ferisas: TeTri, Savi, ruxi, wiTeli, iisferi, yviTeli da sxv. 

stemaliti nawrTobi furclovani mina sisqiT 6-12 mm, romelic cali 

mxridan dafarulia keramikuli WiquriT. stemalitis furclebis 

maqsimaluri zomaa 2400X1200 mm. zedapiri SeiZleba iyos gaprialebuli, 

naWedi da saxiani. mzaddeba 25 sxvadasxva feris. gamoirCeva Termuli 

mdgradobiT, simtkice, feris mudmivobiT da sxv. gamoiyeneba Senobebis 

rogorc Siga, ise gare mopirkeTebisas. 

minis mominanqrebuli mosapirkeTebeli filebi mzaddeba furclovani 

minis warmoebis narCenebisagan. iWreba zomebad 150X150 da 150X75 mm; filebs 

zemodan faraven dafqvili, wyalSi gaxsnili minanqriT, romelic gamowvis 

Semdeg minis zedapirze warmoqmnis 0,2-0,3 mm sisqis priala ferad Sres. 

gamoiyeneba sanitaruli kvanZebis, abazanebis, saoperacio darbazebis da 

sxvaTa mosapirkeTeblad. 

114

minis mozaika ori saxisaa: xaliCismagvari da smalta. xaliCismagvari 

minis mozaika warmoadgens gaumWvirvale ferad wvril filebs, romlebic 

winaswar webdeba qaRaldze 2-3 mm daSorebiT. zomebia: 20X20 an 25X25 mm, 

sisqe 5-6 mm. xaliCismagvari mozaikuri filebis zomebia 100X60 sm. 

zedapirze amagreben cementis xsnariT. gamagrebis Semdeg asveleben da 

aSoreben qaRalds. gamoiyeneba fasadebis mosapirkeTeblad da Tematuri 

panoebis mosawyobad. filebi mzaddeba priala, gluvi da daRaruli 

faqturiT sxvadasxva feris. 

smalta miiReba gaumWvirvale minis sxvadasxva formis natexebad 

damsxvreviT. gamoiyeneba mozaikuri panoebis asawyobad. 

10.2. minis konstruqciuli nakeTobebi 

minapaketebi mzaddeba fanjris an sxva saxis furclovani minisagan, 

romlis sisqea 2-8 mm. igi Sedgeba ori an sami minisagan, romlebic 

erTmaneTTan hermetulad arian Sewebebuli mTel perimetrze CarCoTi. 

minebs Soris sivrce (15-18 mm) Sevsebulia mSrali haeriT. minapaketebi 

mosaxerxebelia eqspluataciaSi da ufro ekonomiuria ormag Seminvaze. 

minapaketebis sigrZea – 1100-2000 mm, sigane 300-800 mm. minis furclebis 

SemaerTebeli CarCo SeiZleba iyos xis, plastmasis da feradi 

daprofileburi liTonis. maTi damzadeba SeiZleba CarCos gareSec minebis 

erTmaneTTan SeduRebiT. minapaketebs iyeneben fanjrebis, karebebis, 

vitrinebis Sesaminad. isini daaxloebiT 2-jer amcireben fanjridan 

Tbogadacemas. 

115

nax. 22. minapaketebi: a) SeduRebuli; 

b) xis CarCoeTi; 

g) plastmasis CarCoeTi; 

d) aluminis CarCoeTi. 

minis Rruebiani blokebi rogorc konstruqciuli elementi, farTod 

gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove sacxovrebel, sazogadoebriv da sawarmoo 

daniSnulebis SenobaSi. minablokebiT SeiZleba kibis ujredebis, liftebis 

Saxtebis, tixrebis mowyoba da sxv. warmoeba amzadebs kvadratul, 

marTkuTxa, kuTxovan da radialur minablokebs. yvelaze metad 

gavrcelebulia kvadratuli minablokebi, romelTa zomebia 194X194X98 mm 

da 300X300X100 mm; Tbogamtarobis koeficientia 0,36 kkal/m.s.grad. 

sinaTlisgamtaroba – aranakleb 65%; simtkice kumSvaze – aranakleb – 4 

mgpa. blokebis garegani saxiani zedapiri SeiZleba iyos gluvi an 

daRaruli. 

minis milebi gamoiyeneba agresiuli siTxeebis da gazebis 

transportirebisaTvis, qimiur, farmacevtul, kvebis da sxva mrewvelobaSi. 

minis milebi xasiaTdeba maRali qimiuri medegobiT, TermomedegobiT, aqvT 

gluvi Siga zedapirebi, higienuria. mzaddeba Semdegi zomebis: cxrili 10.1.. 

116

minis milebis zomebi 

117 

cxrili 10.1 

milebis sigrZea 1-3 m. milebis SeerTeba xdeba SemaerTebeli quroebis 

da rezinis samajurebis saSualebiT, romlebic liTonis rgolebiT aris 

moWimuli. 

milebis diametri, mm 

45 

68 

93 

122 

169 

sitalebi da widasitalebi specialuri teqnologiiT damzadebuli 

mina, romelsac minakristaluri aRnagoba aqvs. xasiaTdebian maRali 

simtkiciT, mcire cveTadobiT, kargi qimiuri medegobiT da kargi 

dieleqtrikuli TvisebebiT. sitalebi da widasitalebi SeiZleba iyos 

gamWvirvale da gaumWvirvale sxvadasxva SeferilobiT, widasitalebisagan 

mzaddeba iataki da trotuaris filebi, fanjris rafebi, kedlis 

mosapirkeTebeli furclebi, sanitarul-teqnikuri nakeTobebi. 


1. furclovani minis nakeTobebi; 

2. minis konstruqciuli nakeToba; 

3. minis dekoratiuli masalebi; 

4. sitalebi da widasitalebi. 

milebis kedlebis 

sisqe, mm 

4±1 

5±1 

6±1 

7±1 

9±1

Tavi XI 

xis saSeni masalebi 

11.1. zogadi cnobebi 

xes, rogorc saSen masalas axasiaTebs iseTi dadebiTi Tvisebebi, 

rogorebic aris maRali simtkice, mcire moculobiTi masa, mcire 

Tbogamtaroba, damuSavebis siadvile, dekoratiuloba, maRali 

yinvamedegoba, magram aqvs uaryofiTi Tvisebebic: higroskopiuloba, lpoba, 

wvadoba. qimiis Tanamedrove miRwevebma SesaZlebeli gaxades am uaryofiTi 

Tvisebebis SezRudva. mSeneblobaSi didi yuradReba eqceva xe-tyis 

masalebis ekonomias da maT Secvlas, sxva ufro efeqturi masalebiT, 

rogorebic aris betoni, rkinabetoni, plastmasebi da sxv. didi yuradReba 

eqceva agreTve axali efeqturi masalebis damzadebas xis narCenebis 

gamoyenebiT. 

mSeneblobaSi gamoiyeneba rogorc wiwvovani, aseve foTlovani xis 

jiSebi. farTod iyeneben wiwvovan xis jiSebs: naZvi, kedari, fiWvi. es 

aisaxeba imiT, rom isini ufro msubuqi arian foTlovan jiSebTan 

SedarebiT; maTi damuSaveba ufro advilia; maT aqvT swori tani, rac 

saSualebas iZleva merqnis srulad gamoyenebis, xolo fisianoba ki 

ewinaaRmdegeba merqnis lpobas. yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba fiWvi. mas 

iyeneben rogorc konstruqciul masalas koWebis, ximinjebis, ficrebis, 

kar-fanjrebis da sxv. dasamzadeblad. 

foTlovani xis jiSebs miekuTvneba: aryis xe, muxa, cacxvi, kakali, 

wifela da sxv. 

aryis xes moyviTalo an moyviTlo feris merqani aqvs. mas iyeneben 

avejis da faneris dasamzadeblad. lamazi teqstura aqvs kareliis aryis 

xes, romelsac iyeneben mxatvruli nakeTobebis dasamzadeblad. 

kakali warmoadgens Zvirfas foTlovan jiSs. Znelad muSavdeba, 

kargad prialdeba da gamoirCeva dekoratiuli TvisebebiT. 

118

muxa xasiaTdeba maRali simtkiciT, da xangamZleobiT haerze, wyalSi 

da gruntSi eqspluataciis dros. farTod gamoiyeneba mosapirkeTeblad. 

misgan mzaddeba karnizebi, kar-fanjara, parketi da sxv. 

cacxvis merqans TeTri an mowiTalo-moTeTro feri aqvs. igi advilad 

iWreba, irandeba da ipoba. gamoiyeneba sadurglo nakeTobaTa 


wifela xasiaTdeba maRali simtkiciT. wifelas uaryofiTi Tvisebaa 

maRali wyalSTanTqma da dabreca gaSrobis dros. gamoiyeneba 

mosapirkeTebeli samuSaoebisaTvis. misgan mzaddeba parketi, moajirebi da 

sxv. 

kopitis xes magari, ruxi feris merqani aqvs. is kargad prialdeba da 

iZleva lamaz teqsturas. gamoiyeneba sadurglo nakeTobebis da parketis 


rcxila da wabli gamoirCeva maRali dekoratiulobiT. gamoiyeneba 

sadurglo nakeTobebis da suvenirebis dasamzadeblad. 

xis masalebs sWirdebaT lpobis da wvisgan dacva. lpobisagan 

dasacavad ori xerxi arsebobs: konstruqciuli da qimiuri. konstruqciuli 

xerxi iTvaliswinebs xis masalebis da nakeTobebis gamoyenebas mSral 

garemoSi, xolo qimiuri-merqnis gaJRenTas organuli da araorganuli 

nivTierebebiT – antiseptikebiT. organul antiseptikebs miekuTvneba 

kreozitis zeTi. romelic zrdis merqnis eqspluataciis vadas. mas mkveTri 

suni aqvs da misi gamoyeneba interierSi ar SeiZleba. Senobebis SigniT 

SeiZleba gamoviyenoT araorganuli warmoSobis antiseptikebi, rogorebic 

aris NaF-fToriani natriumi, ZnCl2-qloriani TuTia da sxv. 

xis masalebis cecxlmedegobis gasadideblad gamoiyeneba specialuri 

nivTierebebiT – antipirenebiT gaJRenTva. gaxurebisas antipirenebi lRveba 

da xis zedapirze warmoqmnis specialur afsks, romelic ar atarebs 

Jangbads. aseTia mag., bornatriumis marili Na2B4O7·10H20 – da sxv. 

119

11.2. merqnis agebuleba 

merqnis agebulebis Seswavla xdeba mcire simZlavris lupebiT an 

mikroskopebiT da SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT. pirvels uwodeben merqnis 

mikrostruqturas, meores-makrostruqturas. 

xis makrostruqturuli Seswavla xdeba xis tanis sam WrilSi: (nax. 

23) torsuli anu ganivi Wrili, xis tanis RerZis perpendikularuli (a), 

radialuri, xis tanis gaswvriv (b) da tangenciuri – xis tanis RerZidan 

moSorebiT (g). WrilebSi kargad Cans xis tanis oTxi ZiriTadi nawili: 

qerqi, kambiumi, merqani da gulguli. 

qerqi icavs xes meqanikuri dazianebisagan. Sedgeba ori Srisagan: gare 

Sre (kani) da Siga Sre (lafani). lafanis saSualebiT xes miewodeba sakvebi 

nivTierebebi, romelic saWiroa misi zrdisaTvis. lafnis qvemoT 

moTavsebulia kambiumis Txeli fena, romelic Sedgeba cocxali 

ujredebisagan. misi erTi nawili ganlagebulia lafanisaken da lafanis 

ujredebs warmoqmnis, meore ki – xis centrisaken da warmoqmnis merqnis 

ujredebs. lafanis mxares mcire raodenobis da sididis ujredebia, xolo 

merqnis mxares – gacilebiT meti raodenobis da sididis. amitom aris, rom 

merqnani izrdeba gacilebiT swrafad da metad, vidre lafnis fena. 

kamziumi xels uwyobs xis zrdas sisqeSi. kambiumis SigniT mdebareobs 

merqani. zog jiSSi merqans orferianoba axasiaTebs: centris maxloblad 

mdebare muqi Sreebi da Ria feris periferiuli Sreebi. centralur muq 

nawils ewodeba merqnis guli, xolo perifiul Ria nawils – cila. guli 

mkvdari ujredebisagan Sedgeba da nakleb teniania, cila cocxali da 

mzard ujredebs Seicavs da ufro teniania. merqnis jiSebs, romelTac 

guli aqvT uwodeben gulian jiSebs (kedari, fiWvi, muxa, verxvi, tirifi da 

sxv.). arsebobs jiSebi, romelTa merqans TiTqmis erTgvarovani Seferiloba 

aqvT. maT ugulo jiSebs uwodeben (wifela, cacxvi, naZvi da sxv.). arsebobs 

ciliani jiSebic, romelTac guli srulebiT ar emCnevaT (bza, aryis xe, 

rcxila da sxv.). xis Sua nawilSi merqnis mTel sigrZeze moTavsebulia 

gulguli, romelic erTmaneTTan sustad mierTebuli Txelkedliani 

120

ujredebisgan Sedgeba. gulgulis diametri 1-10 mm-is farglebSi icvleba. 

gulguli xis tanis susti nawilia, romelic advilad lpeba da ifSvneba. 

xis tans torsul Wrilze aqvs koncentruli wreebi, romelsac wriuli 

Sreebi ewodeba. wriuli Sre or fenas Seicavs: Sida da gare . Sida fena 

warmoiqmneba gazafxulze da mas adreuli merqani ewodeba. gare fena 

warmoiqmneba gvian zafxulSi da mas gvian merqans uwodeben. 

adreuli merqani naklebad mkvrivia, ufro foriania da naklebad 

mtkicea gvian merqanTan SedarebiT da amitomaa, rom rac ufro 

ganviTarebulia gviani merqani, miT ufro mtkicea xe. 

nax. 23. xis tanis Wrilebi 

a – torsuli; b – radialuri; g _ tangenciuri, 

1 – gulguli; 2 – merqani; 3 – kambiumi; 4 – lafani; 5 – qerqi; 

6 – radialuri sxivebi; 7 – guli; 8 – cila. 

121

nax. 24. xis wliuri Sreebi 

1 – torsuli; 2 – radialuri da 

3 – tangenciur WrilebSi. 

mikrostruqtura. merqnis mikroskopiuli Seswavla aCvenebs, rom 

merqani Sedgeba mravalricxovani cocxali da mkvdari ujredebisagan. 

ujredebs sxvadasxva forma da zoma aqvT da maTi daniSnuleba sxvadasxvaa. 

yvela cocxal ujreds aqvs garsi, romelSic moTavsebulia protoplazma, 

ujredis wveni da guli. protomlazma warmoadgens mzard cilas, romelic 

Sedgeba naxSirbadis, wyalbadis, azotis da gogirdisagan. gulis qimiuri 

Sedgeniloba Zalian axlos aris protoplazmis SedgenilobasTan, 

gansxvavdeba imiT, rom igi Seicavs fosfors. guli aris sxvadasxva 

formis, Warbobs ovaluri. ujredebis garss qmnis bunebrivi 

maRalmolekuluri polimeriuli nivTiereba celuloza an ujredisi. 

ujredebis zrdis procesSi xdeba garsis gamerqneba, rac ganpirobebulia 

nivTierebaSi ligninis kedlebis warmoqmniT. 

merqnis ujredebi asrulebs sxvadasxva funqciebs. ganasxvaveben 

gamtar, meqanikur da maragis ujredebs. gamtari ujredebi sakveb 

nivTierebebs gadascems fesvebidan totebs da foTlebs. meqanikuri 

ujredebi merqans aniWebs simtkices. maragis ujredebi inaxaven sakveb 

122

nivTierebebs da gadascemen maT cocxal ujredebs horizontalur 

mdgomareobaSi. 

merqnis qimiuri Sedgeniloba. merqani Seicavs daaxloebiT 99% 

organul nivTierebebs; celuloza, hemiceculoza lignini da sxva 

maRalmolekuluri naxSirwylebi. mineraluri nivTierebebi daaxloebiT 1%- 

mdea, romelic wvis Sedegad iZleva nacars. mSrali merqnis yvela jiSis 

qimiuri Sedgeniloba Semdegia: naxSirbadi (C) – 49-50%, wyalbadi (H) – 60%, 

azoti (N) – 0,1-0,3% da Jangbadi (O) – 43-44%. 

11.3. merqnis dekoratiuli da fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebi 

feri da teqstura. merqnis feri misi jiSis mixedviT 

sxvadasxvagvaria. zomieri klimaturi sartylis jiSebi Seferilia 

mkrTalad. tropikuli sartylis jiSebi kaSkaSa feriT xasiaTdeba. 

moWrili merqani droTa ganmavlobaSi muqdeba. magaliTad, axlad moWrili 

Txmelis merqani, romelic vardisferia droTa ganmavlobaSi moyviTalo 

Seferilobas Rebulobs; muxis da wablis merqani Savdeba da a.S. 

xis wliuri rgolebi, moyvaniloba, simsxo, agreTve adreuli da 

gviani merqnis Seferilobis nairgvarovneba merqans sxvadasxvagvar 

teqsturas aniWebs. muxa, wabli, kakali lamazi teqsturiT xasiaTdeba 

tangenciur kveTaze. wifels, nekerCxals lamazi teqstura aqvT radialur 

WrilSi. 

mravalgvari Seferilobis da mdidruli teqsturis wyalobiT, xe 

saukeTeso mosapirkeTebel masalas warmoadgens. 

tenianoba merqnis mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa, romelic did gavlenas 

axdens mis xarisxze. ganisazRvreba formuliT: 

m1 

− m2 

W = ⋅100% 

, 

m 

sadac m1 aris merqnis masa gamoSorebamde, 

m2 – merqnis masa gamoSrobis Semdeg. 

2 

123

merqnis pirobiT standartuli tenianoba Seadgens 12%-s. 

merqanSi SeiZleba gairCes 3 saxeobis wyali: kapitaluri – es aris 

ujredSorisi sivrcis Semvsebi wyali; higroskopiuli, romelic 

moTavsebulia TviT ujredebis garsis kedlebSi; qimiurad bmuli wyali, 

romelic warmoadgens merqnis cocxali ujredebis Semadgenel 

nivTierebebTan mierTebul wyals. axlad moWrili da sveli merqani 

Seicavs, rogorc kapilarul, aseve higroskopiul wyals, mSrali merqani ki 

– marto higroskopiuls. 

sinestis mixedviT arCeven: svel-axalmoWril merqans (tenianoba 35%), 

sahaero-mSral merqans (tenianoba 15-20%), oTaxis _ mSrali merqani 

(tenianoba 8-13%) da sveli merqani, romlis tenianoba ufro metia, vidre 

axalmoWrili merqnis da SeiZleba 100%-ze meti iyos. 

higroskopiuloba merqnis Tvisebaa STanTqos haeridan teni. STanTqmis 

xarisxi damokidebulia garemos temperaturasa da tenianobaze. garemos 

temperaturis da tenianobis garkveul Tanafardobas Seesabameba merqnis 

garkveuli higroskopiuli tenianoba. haeris temperatura da tenianoba 

mudam icvleba. Sesabamisad icvleba merqnis tenianobac. merqnis tenianobis 

cvlileba iwvevs xis moculobis cvlilebas, rasac SeiZleba mohyves 

merqnis dabrecva, daskdoma. merqnis tenianobis cvlilebisagan dacvis 

umartivesi saSualebaa merqnis zedapiris dafarva sxvadasxva saRebavebiT 

da laqebiT. bolo periodSi ufro xSirad mimarTaven merqnis Termul da 

qimiur damuSavebas. 

wyalSeRwevadoba. merqnis wyalSeRwevadoba damokidebulia xis 

jiSze, sawyis tenianobaze, merqnis asakze, wliuri rgolebis sisqeze, 

Wrilis sibrtyeze (torsuli, radialuri, tangenciuri) da sxva. 

foTlovani jiSebis wyalSeRwevadoba metia, xolo wiwvovani jiSebis 

naklebi. kveTebis mixedviT wyalSeRwevadoba metia torsuli kveTebis 

zedapirze, vidre tangenciur da radialur kveTebze. 

SeSroba da gajirjveba. tenianobis cvlileba iwvevs merqnis zomebisa 

da moculobis cvlilebas. tenianobis SemcirebiT xe ganicdis SeSrobas – 

zomebis Semcirebas, tenianobis zrdiT ki xe matulobs zomebSi, adgili 

124

aqvs merqnis gajirjvebas. merqnis SeSroba misi araerTgvarovnebis gamo 

sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT araerTgvarovania: boWkoebis gaswvriv 0,1-0,3%-iT 

mcirdeba, radialuri mimarTulebiT 3-6% Seadgens, xolo tangenciuri 

mimarTulebiT 7-12%. es iwvevs mis dabrecvas, daskdomas. gajirjvebac 

sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT aseve araTanabrad mimdinareobs: boWkoebis 

gaswvriv 0,1-0,8%, radialuri mimarTulebiT 3-5%, tengenciuri 

mimarTulebiT – 6-12%. 

moculobiTi masa damokidebulia tenianobaze da forebis 

moculobaze. igi ganisazrvreba normaluri 12%-iani tenianobisaTvis 

Semdegi formuliT: 

[ 1+ 

0, 

01( 

1− 

K )( −W 

] 

12 w 

ς = ς 

12 g/sm3 , 

m 

m 

sadac, 12 

ς m aris nimuSis moculobiTi masa 12% tenianobiT; 

125 

m 

w 

ς m _ moculobiTi masa im tenianobisTvis, romelic nimuSs hqonda 

gansazRvris momentSi; 

K m – moculobiTi SeSrobis koeficienti (aryis, lariqsis, wiflis 

merqnisaTvis K m=0,6, xolo sxva jiSebisaTvis K m=0,5); 

W – merqnis tenianoba moculobiTi masis gansazRvris momentSi %- 

Si. 

merqnis simkvrve yvela jiSisaTvis TiTqmis erTnairia da saSualod 

1,55 g/sm 3 tolia. 

Tbogamtaroba. merqani rogorc foriani masala xasiaTdeba dabali 

TbogamtarobiT. mSrali merqnis Tbogamtaroba izrdeba simkvrivis da 

tenianobis gazrdiT. Tbogamtaroba boWkoebis gaswvriv daaxloebiT 1,8-jer 

metia ( = 0, 

27) 

λ vidre boWkoebis ganivad ( = 0, 

15) 

λ . 

merqnis simtkice kumSvisas. merqnis meqanikuri Tvisebebi 

damokidebulia xis jiSebze, tenianobaze. merqani, romlis moculobiTi 

masa didia maRali simtkiciT xasiaTdeba. 

simtkice kumSvisas, imis mixedviT Tu ra mimarTulebisaa merqanze 

moqmedi Zala, ganisazRvreba boWkoebis gaswvriv da boWkoebis ganivad. 

merqnis simtkicis gansazRvrisas gamoiyeneba marTkuTxa prizmebi, romelTa

zomebia 20X20X30 mm. boWkoebis gaswvriv simtkicis zRvari ganisazRvreba 

formuliT: 

P mrR 

R w = , 

ab 

sadac R w aris simtkicis zRvari kumSvisas boWkoebis gaswvriv; 

W _ enianobis dros; 

P mrR – mrRvevi Zala, kg; 

a da b – ganivi kveTis zomebi, sm, m. 

gamoTvlili simtkice unda gadaangariSdes merqnisaTvis 

standartuli tenianobis (12%) dros formuliT: 

12 

[ 1+ 

( −12) 

] 

R = Rw 

α W , 

sadac R12 aris merqnis simtkice 12%-iani tenianobis dros, mgpa; 

Rw – simtkice gamocdis momentSi W tenianobisas; 

α – Sesworebis koeficienti da aCvenebs merqnis simtkicis 

cvlilebas misi tenianobis 1%-iT cvlilebis dros. 

merqnis simtkice kumSvisas boWkoebis gaswvriv standartuli 

tenianobis dros damokidebulia xis jiSze da did farglebSi meryeobs: 

30-dan 80 mgpa-mde. simtkice kumSvisas boWkoebis ganivad 6-12-jer naklebia, 

vidre grZivi mimarTulebiT. 

simtkice Runvisas. merqani kargad muSaobs Runvaze da warmatebiT 

gamoiyeneba Runvaze momuSave konstruqciebSi. simtkice ganisazRvreba 

20X20X300 mm zomis nimuSis gamocdiT. simtkice Runvisas erTi Seyursuli 

Zalis moqmedebisas Sua malSi ganisazRvreba formuliT: 

3Pl Rw = , 2 

2bC 

xolo ori Seyursuli Zalis moqmedebisas: 

Pl 

Rw = , 2 

2bC 

sadac Rw aris simtkicis zRvari Runvisas W tenianobis dros; 

126

P – mrRvevi Zala; 

l – sayrdenebs Soris manZili, sm, m; 

b da C nimuSis sigane da simaRle, sm, m. 

sxvadasxva jiSis merqnisTvis simtkice Runvisas standartuli 

tenianobis dros 50-100 mgpa-s Seadgens. 

11.4. merqnis manki 

merqnis manki ewodeba misi garegani saxis cvlilebebs, dazianebebs da 

naklovanebebs, rac auaresebs merqnis Tvisebebs da zogierT SemTxvevaSi 

mSeneblobisTvis sruliad uvargissac ki xdis. merqnis yvela manki 

SeiZleba gaiyos sam kategoriad: bzarebi, mankebi xis tanis agebulebaSi da 

rokebi. bzarebs miekuTvneba: yinvabzari, gulnabzari, qarnabzari, anatkeCi 

(nax. 25 ). 

nax. 25. merqnis manki: 1. qarnabzari 

2 – gulnabzari; 3 – yinvabzari; 

4 – anatkeCi; 5 – gverdula. 

127

merqnis tanis agebulebis mankebs miekuTvneba javarianoba, gverdula, 

iribSre da rokebi (nax. 26 ). 

nax. 26. rokebi. 1 – jgufuri; 2 – Canakeri; 

3 – TaTiseburi; 4 – saRi; 5 – rqiseburi; 

6 – Savi fisovani; 7 – fatari; 8-9 – rokebis zomebis 

gansazRvra. 

128

nax. 27. rokis ZiriTadi saxeobebi. 

1 – mrgvali; 2 – ovaluri; 3 – wagrZelebuli; 

4 – fenuri; 5 – nawiburi; 6 – wibovani; 

7 – Canakeri; 8 – jgufuri; 9 – ganStoebuli. 

11.5. merqnis saSeni masalebi da nakeTobebi 

xe-tyis masala, romelic mSeneblobaSi gamoiyeneba sam ZiriTad 

jgufad iyofa: mrgvali xe-tye, daxerxili xe-tyis masalebi da merqnis 

nakeTobebi da naxevarfabrikatebi. 

mrgvali xe-tyis masala. aranakleb 14 sm diametris da 4 m da meti 

sigrZis mrgval xes mors uwodeben. 8-14 sm-mde diametris monaWers latan- 

mors uwodeben. 3-8 sm-mde diametriT – latans uwodeben. maTi sigrZe 3-9 m- 

mdea. 

daxerxili xe-tyis masalebi. mSeneblobaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba 

wiwvovani jiSebi daxerxili masala. foTlovani jiSebi samSeneblo saqmeSi 

gacilebiT naklebad gamoiyeneba. am jiSebis maRalxarisxovani 

129

saxeobebisagan (wabli, muxa) mzaddeba sxvadasxva sadurglo nakeTobebi 

(kar-fanjrebi, maTi CarCoebi, parketi da sxv.). 

ficari. daxerxili masalaa, romlis sigane 2-jer da metad aRemateba 

sisqes. mzaddeba siganiT 80-250 mm, da sisqiT 13-50 mm, sigrZe 1-65 m-mde 

wiwvovani jiSebisaTvis da 5 m-mde foTlovani jiSebisaTvis. 

Zelaki. daxerxili masalaa sisqiT 100 mm-mde da siganiT 80-200 mm. 

Zelebi. sisqiT da siganiT 100 mm-ze metia, xolo sigrZe dadgenilia 

igive, rac ficrebisaTvis. 

nakeTobebi da naxevarfabrikatebi. merqnisagan amzadeben garandul 

ficrebs da Zelakebs. maT erT nawiburze aqvT Rari (narandi), xolo 

meoreze Sverili (qimi), romelic Sedis narandSi. narandis da qimis zomebi 

mkacrad aris daculi. 

parketi. iatakebis mosawyobad Tavisi dadebiTi Tvisebebis gamo, jer 

kidev farTod iyeneben parkets. iatakis masalas unda hqondes maRali 

simtkice, simtkice cveTaze, mcire Tbogamtaroba da bgeraTizolacia. 

xisTvis damaxasiaTebelia yvela es Tviseba. parketi mzaddeba gamomSrali 

wifelis, muxis, kopitis, aryis xis jiSebisagan. mSeneblobaSi gamoiyeneba 

calobiTi, asawyobi (mozaikuri) da farisebri parketi. 

calobiTi parketi Sedgeba calkeuli Tamasebisagan, romlebic 

erTmaneTTan SesakavSireblad mzaddeba kiloTi da qimiT. parketis 

Tamasebis zomebia: sigrZe 15-40 sm, sigane 3-6 sm da sisqe – 1,5-1,8 sm. 

asawyobi (mozaikuri) parketi warmoadgens Tamasebisagan awyobil 

iatakis filas mocemuli naxatiT. filis zomebia 40X40 da 60X60 mm. 

parketis Tamasebis awyoba xdeba mkvriv qaRaldze da Semdeg webdeba 

filaze. parketis Tamasebis zomebia: sigrZe – 10-15 sm, sigane – 2-3 sm da 

sisqe – 0,8-1,8 sm. 

farisebri parketi Sedgeba farisagan, romelzec dawebebulia parketis 

Tamasebi. faris zomebia: 65X65, 85X85 da 140X140 sm. faris mosawyobad 

gamoyenebulia xerxvis narCenebi – ficrebi, burbuSelis da xis boWkovani 

furclebi, TamaSebi. am saxis parketi ufro ekonomiuri da industriulia, 

vidre calobiTi parketi. 

130

efeqturad gamoiyeneba merqnis narCenebic. merqans iyeneben qaRaldis, 

muyaos, kanifolis, eTilis da meTilis spirtebis da sxv. dasamzadeblad. 


1. mSeneblobaSi gamoyenebuli xis jiSebi; 

2. xis qimiuri Sedgeniloba; 

3. xis tenianobis gavlena mis fizikur-meqanikur Tvisebebze; 

4. xis masalebis gamoyeneba mSeneblobaSi. 

131

Tavi XII 

Tbosaizolacio masalebi 

Tbosaizolacio masalebi ewodeba masalebs, romlebic gamoiyeneba 

sayofacxovrebo, sazogadoebrivi da sxva nagebobebis dasacavad siTbos 

dakargvisagan. mas axasiaTebs maRali forianoba, mcire moculobiTi masa 

(700kg/m 3 ) mSral mdgomareobaSi da dabali Tbogamtarobis koeficienti 

(0,25kkal/m.sT.grad.). gamoyenebuli nedleulis mixedviT Tbosaizolacio 

masalebi iyofa or jgufad: araorganul da organul masalebad. 

agebulebis mixedviT Tbosaizolacio masalebi iyofa or jgufad: 

araorganul da organul masalebad. agebulebis mixedviT Tbosaizolacio 

masalebi aris fxvieri, - boWkovani, fxvnilisebri da marcvlovani; xisti – 

filebi, aguri, asawyobi farebi da sxv; naxevrad xisti-filebi, furclebi, 

rulonebi, zonrebi da xaliCebi; moqnili – sagebebi, gobanebi. garegani 

Sexedulebis mixedviT Tbosaizolacio masalebi aris calobiTi da 

fxvieri. calobiT masalebs Rebuloben dayalibebiT, garkveuli formisa 

da zomis miniWebiT (filebi, sagebebi da sxv.). maT uwodeben 

Tbosaizolacio nakeTobebs. fxvier masalebs iReben uyalibod; igi 

warmoadgens boWkovan an fxvnilisebr masalas (afuebuli vermikuliti, 

merqnis matyli, keramzitis xreSi da sxv.). fxvier masalebs iyeneben 

samrewvelo nagebobebis izolaciisa da sxvadasxva gadaxurvebis 

dasaTbuneblad. Tbosaizolacio nakeTobebis warmoeba Tanamedrove 

pirobebSi industriulia – maT amzadeben meqanizebul qarxnebSi, winaswar 

gansazRvruli receptiT da teqnologiiT, ris Sedegadac warmoebs mza 

produqciis xarisxis kontroli. calobiTi nakeTobebis gamoyeneba 

Tbosaizolaciod dakavSirebulia SromiTi danaxarjebis mniSvnelovan 

ekonomiasTan. 

Tbosaizolacio masalebis swori gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva 

sagrZnoblad Semcirdes industriuli konstruqciebis wona da 

erTdroulad davzogoT aguri, cementi, xe da sxva masalebi. 

132

12.1. araorganuli Tbosaizolacio masalebi da 

nakeTobebi 

mineraluri da minis bamba miiReba gamdnari minis da mTis qanebisagan 

an metalurgiuli galRobili widebisagan. mineraluri da minis bamba 

yinvamedegi da naklebad higroskopiuli masalaa. is ar iwvis, ar lpeba da 

ar ziandeba mRrRnelebisagan. misgan amzadeben mineralur qvas da naxevrad 

xist nakeTobebs rulonebis, furclebis saxiT, dawnexviT. mineraluri 

bambis boWkoebis SesakavSireblad gamoyenebulia bitumis emulsia da 

sinTezuri fisebi. nakeTobebi mineraluri da minis boWkoebis gamoyenebiT 

ixmareba kedlebis da gadaxurvebis dasaTbuneblad, macivrebis da cxeli 

wylis wyalsadenebis (200 0 C) saizolaciod. 

qafmina. miiReba minis lewis an zogierTi vulkanuri qanis (sieniti, 

traqiti) SecxobiT. forovani aRnagobisaTvis kazmSi umateben 

airwarmomqmnel danamatebs (kirqva an antraciti). qafminis moculobiTi 

masa ar aRemateba 100-700 kg/m 3 ; Tbogamtarobis koeficienti – 0,05-0,11 

kkal/m.sT.grad. qafmina advilad ixerxeba, iburReba da iWreba. is 

xasiaTdeba maRali yinva da wyalmedegobiT. ar iwvis. 

azbestis masalebi. azbesti efeqturad gamoiyeneba maRali 

temperaturis mqone zedapirebis dasacavad, rogoricaa qvabebi, 

avtoklavebis, milsadenebi da sxv. azbestis da saxameblis narevisagan 

mzaddeba rulonuri azbestis qaRaldi (sisqe 0,5-1,5 mm), azbestis muyao 

(sisqe 2-10 mm), azbestis qeCa (sisqe 5-50 mm). ZiriTadad es masalebi 

gamoiyeneba cxeli wyalsadenebis da orTqlsadenebis saizolaciod 

(maqsimaluri temperaturaa 500 0 C). 

garda Tbosaizolacio nakeTobebisa, mSeneblobaSi farTod iyeneben 

marcvlovan, fxvier da boWkovan Tbosaizolacio masalebs, romlebsac 

miekuTvnebian metalurgiuli da vulkanuri warmoSobis widebi, pemza, 

azbesti, afuebuli perliti, vermikulti da sxv. 

133

12.2. organuli Tbosaizolacio masalebi da 

nakeTobebi 

organuli Tbosaizolacio masalebis dasamzadeblad ZiriTadad 

gamoyenebulia xis merqnis narCenebi (naxerxi, burbuSela da sxv.). garda 

amisa, gamoiyeneba lerwami, Cala, torfi da sxv. organuli Tbosaizolacio 

masalebisagan umTavresad mzaddeba didi zomis furclebi da filebi. 

xisboWkovani filebi. drekadi furclovani masalaa, romelic 

mzaddeba merqnis narCenebisagan da sinTezuri polimerebis dawnexiT da 

Semdgomi Termuli damuSavebiT. filebis dasamzadeblad merqnis narCenebis 

garda gamoiyeneba qaRaldis makulatura, selis da kanafis narCenebi da 

sxv. am saxis filebis zomebi da fizikur-meqanikuri maCveneblebia: sigane – 

1800, 2500, 2700 da 3000 mm; sigrZe – 1200-1600 mm; sisqe – 5, 12, 16 da 25 mm. 

moculobiTi masa – 250kv/m 3 ; simtkicis zRvari Runvisas – 1,2 mgka, xolo 

Tbogamtarobis koeficienti 0,06 kkal/m.sT.grad. xisboWkovani filebi 

advilad ixerxeba, iWreba, ibruneba. gamoyenebis sferoa: kedlis Weris, 

iatakis tixris Tbo da bgeraTboizolacia. 

xisburbuSeliani filebi – mzaddeba sinTezuri polimerebis da xis 

burbuSelis narevis cxeli dawnexiT. filebs amzadeben Semdegi zomisas: 

sigane – 120-180, sigrZe – 250-360, sisqe – 1,3-2,5 sm. maTi simtkicis zRvari 

Runvisas unda iyos aranakleb 5 mgpa, wyalSTanTqma ara umetes 80%, 

Tbogamtarobis koeficienti – 0,05-0,06 kkal/m.sT.grad, moculobiTi masa – 

250-400 kg/m 3 . gamoyenebis sfero igivea, rac xisboWkovani saizolacio 

masalebis. 

xisburbuSeliani Tbosaizolacio masalis warmoeba ufro 

xelsayrelia, vidre xisboWkovani masalis, radgan orTqlis da 

eleqtroenergiis xarji am SemTxvevaSi orjer naklebia. 

torfis filebi. Tbosaizolacio masalaa, romelic mzaddeba 

torfisagan dawnexis saSualebiT, torfis filebis misaRebad Semkvrelebs 

ar iyeneben, radganac misi TbodamuSavebis (120-150 0 C-ze) dros, nedleulidan 

gamoiyofa mwebavi nivTierebebi. filebis zomebia: 100X50X3 sm, moculobiTi 

134

masa – 150-250 kg/m 3 , Tbogamtarobis koeficienti 0,05-0,06 kkal/m.s.grad. 

simtkicis zRvari Runvaze – aranakleb 0,3 mgpa. maRali wyalSTanTqmis gamo 

torfis filebi aucileblad unda Seilesos. maT iyeneben kedlis da 

gadaxurvis dasaTbuneblad samoqalaqo, samrwevelo da sasoflo 

mSeneblobaSi. 

fibroliti. Tbosaizolacio masalaa, romelic mzaddeba filebis 

saxiT merqnis matylis da araoganuli Semkvreli nivTierebebis 

(portlandcementi an magneziuri Semkvreli) masis dawnexiT da Semdgomi 

gamagrebiT. merqnis matyli warmoadgens merqnis grZel da wvril 

burbuSelas, romlis sigrZea – 400-500 mm, sigane 4-7 mm da sisqe 0,25-0,5 mm. 

mas iReben merqandamamuSavebel Carxebze merqnis narCenebisaTvis iseTi 

jiSebidan, rogoricaa naZvi, fiWvi da sxv. fibrolitis filebis 

moculobiTi masa damokidebulia dawnexis xarisxze da meryeobs 300-500 

kg/m 3 zRvrebSi; Tbogamtarobis koeficienti aris 0,085-0,130 kkal/m.sT.grad; 

xasiaTdeba sakmarisi simtkiciT. maTi simtkice Runvisas aRwevs 2-2,5 mgpa. 

fibrolitis filebi advilad ixerxeba, iburReba da misi xorkliani 

zedapiri kargad iWers desils. fibrolitiT aTbuneben Senobis kedlebs da 

gadaxurvas. aSeneben tixrebs, karkasul kedlebs. igi inaxeba mSral 

adgilas datenianebis da sokos gaCenis Tavidan asacileblad. 

samSeneblo qeCa – mzaddeba dabali xarisxis matylis, mcenareuli 

boWkoebis da saxameblis webos erTad areviT. miiReba elastiuri 

furclebi, romelTa zomebia 200X200X1,5 sm. moculobiTi masa 100-300 kg/m 3 ; 

Tbogamtarobis koeficienti 0,05 kkal/m.sT.grad. samSeneblo qeCas iyeneben 

kedlebis da Weris Tbosaizolaciod baTqaSis qveS, fanjrebis da 

karebebis CarCoebis dasaTbuneblad. garda amisa, mas iyeneben samrewvelo 

mowyobilobebis da milsadenebis zedapirebis izolaciisaTvis. 

135


1. araorganuli Tbosaizolacio masalebi; 

2. merqnis bazaze damzadebuli Tbosaizolacio masalebi; 

3. azbestis bazaze damzadebuli masalebi; 

4. samSeneblo qeCa. 

136

Tavi XIII 

organuli Semkvreli nivTierebebi 

samSeneblo saqmeSi farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva organuli 

Semkvrelebi da maT safuZvelze damzadebuli sxvadasxva saxeobis masala- 

nakeTobebi. maT iyeneben sagzao mSeneblobaSi, saxurav da 

hidrosaizolacio samuSaoebSi da sxv. 

arCeven ori saxeobis organul Semkvrel nivTierebebs: 

1. bitumis Semkvreli nivTierebebi – bunebrivi da navTobis bitumi; 

2. kupris da sqelfisis Semkvreli nivTierebebi; aseTebia nedli 

kupri (qvanaxSiris, xis daSlis produqti, torfi); misi gamoxdis Sedegad 

miRebuli kupris zeTi da sqelfisi (kupris gadamuSavebis magari narCenebi). 

yvela am masalas axasiaTebs saerTo Tvisebebi. isini warmoadgenen 

maRalmolekuluri naxSirwylebis da maTi araliTonuri nawarmis 

(naxSirwylebis SenaerTi JangbadTan, azotTan, gogirdTan) rTul qimiur 

Sedgenilobebs. gaxurebiT blanti an myari mdgomareobidan gadadian 

Txevad mdgomareobaSi da gaciebiT isev magrdebian. es Semkvrelebi wyalSi 

uxsnadia, magram advilad ixsnebian organul gamxsnelebSi. aqvT Savi an 

muqi yavisferi feri da amis gamo xSirad maT Sav Semkvrelebsac uwodeben. 

13.1. bitumi 

bitumi ori saxisaa – bunebrivi da navTobis. 

bunebrivi bitumi. warmoiSva dedamiwis qerqis zedafenebSi migraciis 

Sedegad SeWrili navTobisagan, romelic JRenTavda da avsebda qvis qanebis 

sicarieleebs. sufTa bitumi bunebaSi iSviaTad moipoveba. gavrcelebulia 

bitumiT gaJRenTili mTis qanebi – kirqvebi, qviSaqvebi da sxv. bitumis 

raodenoba mTis qanebSi Seadgens 10-15%. aseTi qanebi gamoiyeneba bunebrivi 

bitumis misaRebad. dawvrilmanebuli qanis wyliT gamoxarSviT an 

137

organuli gamxsnelebis gamoyenebiT. bunebrivi bitumis sabadoebi 

naklebadaa gavrcelebuli, maTi mopoveba did xarjebTan aris 

dakavSirebuli da samSeneblo saqmeSi mcire gamoyenebas poulobs. 

navTobis bitumi. warmoebis xerxis mixedviT navTobis bitumi Semdegi 

saxisaa: narCeni, daJanguli da krekinguli. 

narCeni bitumi – warmoiqmneba uwyveti moqmedebis atmosferul- 

vakuumur milisebur RumelebSi, navTobidan msubuqi fraqciebis benzinis, 

navTis da zeTis garkveuli nawilis gamoxdiT. 

daJanguli anu naqrevi bitumi. miiReba navTobis narCenebis gaqreviT 

haeris nakadiT. aseTi gaqrevisas haeris Jangbadis moqmedebis Sedegad xdeba 

navTobis narCenebis daJangva da gamkvriveba. 

krekinguli bitumi. navTobis narCenia, romelic miiReba navTobis da 

navTobis zeTis daSliT maRal temperaturaze. 

navTobis bitumebs gacxelebul mdgomareobaSi asxamen rkinis an xis 

taraSi da gaciebis Semdeg gzavnian daniSnulebisamebr. 

fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebis mixedviT ganasaxvaveben samSeneblo, 

sagzao da specialur bitums. 

samSeneblo bitumi sami markisaa: БН-IV; БН-V; БН-VК; saxuravis bitumis 

markebia: БНК-2 da БНК-5 sagzao bitumis markebia: БНД 200/300; БНД 130/200; 

БНД 90/130; БНД 60/90; БНД 40/60.specialuri bitumis markebia: Б, В da Г. 

navTobis bitumis marka ganisazRvreba Semdegi maxasiaTeblebiT: 

xelsawyo penetrometris nemsis CarWobis siRrme, 5 wm-is ganmavlobaSi 25 0 C 

temperaturaze 100 gr datvirTviT. 

bitumis darbilebis temperatura ganisazRvreba xelsawyoTi “rgoli 

da sfero”. TiTberis rgolSi, romlis Sida diametria 16 mm da simaRle – 

6,4 mm, mTel simaRleze asxamen Semkvrels, Semdeg acieben. gaciebul 

Semkvrelze deben sferos. or aseT sferoian rgols Cadeben minis wylian 

WurWelSi, aTboben da izomeba wylis temperatura. darbilebis 

temperatura ganisazRvreba wylis temperaturiT, romlis dros bitumi ise 

rbildeba, rom foladis sfero sakuTari masis moqmedebiT gaivlis 

gamosacdeli bitumis savse rgolSi (nax. 28). 

138

itumis Wimvadoba ganisazRvreba duqtolometrze bitumisagan 

damzadebuli rvianebis gawyvetiT. nimuSi temperaturis moqmedebiT iWimeba 

wvril Zafad. Zafis gawyveta fiqsirdeba xelsawyoTi, saxazaviT ki izomeba 

Zafis sigrZe gawyvetamde. gamoisaxeba sm-ebiT (nax. 28). 

nax. 28. a) “rgoli da sfero” darbilebis koeficientis 

gansazRvrisaTvis: 1 – rgoli; 2 – sfero; 3 – bitumi; 

4 – darbilebuli bitumi; 5 – Termometri. 

139

) penetrometri markis gansazRvrisaTvis: 1 – Stativi; 2 – diski 

ciferblatiT; 3 – mimWeri; 4 – sarke; 5 – nemsi; 6 – gamosacdeli bitumis 

nimuSi; 7 – WurWeli; 8 – magida. 

g) duqtulometri Wimvadobis gansazRvrisaTvis: 1 – yuTi; 

2 – mqnevara; 3 – moZravi nalo; 4 – skala; 5 – uZravi nalo; 6,7,8 – asawyob 

dasaSleli yalibis nawilebi; 9 – bitumis nimuSi _ rviani. 

bitumis marka 

samSeneblo 

БН-IV 

БН-V 

БН-VК 

saxuravis 

БНК-45-80 

БНК-90/40 

sagzao 

БНД 200/300 

БНД 130/200 

БНД 90/130 

БНД 60/90 

БНД 40/60 

zogierTi bitumis maxasiaTeblebi mocemulia cxrilSi 

darbilebis 

temperatura, 

t 0 C 

40-50 

85-95 

85-95 

40-50 

85-95 

35 

40 

45 

48 

52 

nemsis 

SeRwevis, 

siRrme mm 

21-40 

5-20 

≥20 

140-220 

35-45 

201-300 

131-200 

91-130 

61-90 

40-60 

140 

Wimvadoba, sm. 

3 

1 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

65 

60 

50 

40 

cxrili 13.1 

aalebis 

temperatura, 

t 0 C 

230 

230 

230 

240 

240 

180 

200 

200 

200 

200

13.2. kupri 

kupri Savi an muqi yavisferi siTxea. igi miiReba qvanaxSiris, mura 

naxSiris, torfis merqnis, fiqlis mSrali gamoxdiT. yvela SemTxvevaSi 

produqts warmoadgens Sesabamisi dasaxelebis kupri: qvanaxSiris, torfis, 

fiqlebis, merqnis kupri. mSeneblobaSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia 

qvanaxSiris kupri, romelic miiReba qvanaxSiris koqsviT da gazifikaciiT. 

igi warmoadgens rTuli Sedgenilobis Sav zeTisebr siTxes, romlis 

simkvrivea 1,12m/xm 3 . aqvs damaxasiaTebeli mZafri suni, rac ganpirobebulia 

masSi fenolebis, krezolebis da navTolinis arsebobiT. masSi Sedis 

agreTve Tavisufali wyali da sxva iolad aqrolebadi da msubuqi zeTebi. 

es nivTierebebi kupris ubralo gaTbobiT (mzis sxivebis moqmedebiTac ki) 

ganicdis aqrolebas. kupri xdeba myife, skdeba, kargavs Tavdapirvel 

samSeneblo Tvisebebs da naklebvargisiani xdeba. am mxriv gacilebiT 

xelsayrelia sqelfisi. 

sqelfisi. miiReba kupris gamoxdiT da misgan wylis, zeTebisa da sxva 

aqroladi nivTierebebis gamoyofiT. Tavdapirvelad 100 0 C-ze gaTbobiT 

kupridan gamoiyofa wyali, 170 0 C-ze – msubuqi zeTebi, 270 0 C-ze – saSualo 

zeTebi, 270-300 0 C-ze – mZime (xis Spalebis gasaJRinTi zeTebi), 360 0 C-ze ki 

yvelaze mZime e.w. anTracenis zeTi. 360 0 C-ze gamoxdis procesi mTavrdeba. 

miRebuli produqti civdeba, miiReba Savi feris amorfuli nivTiereba, 

romlis simkvrivea 1,25 – 1,28 g/sm 3 , romelsac qvanaxSiris sqelfisi ewodeba. 

qvanaxSiris sqelfisi mzaddeba 2 markis – saSualo da maRaltem- 

peraturuli saSualo markis sqelfisi, Tavis mxriv SeiZleba iyos ori 

saxis A da Б. 

bitumis, kupris da sqelfisis SereviT miRebuli Semkvrelebi 

xasiaTdebian maRali Sewebebis unariT. atmosferuli medegobiT, mcire 

mgrZnobiarobiT temperaturuli cvlilebebis mimarT da sxv. 

kuprbitumis Semkvrelis saxesxvaoba gudrokami, romelic miiReba 

bitumis an gudronis daJangviT anTracenis an mZime qvanaxSiris zeTiT. 

141

gudrokami, bitumisagan gansxvavebiT, uzrunvelyofs organuli masalebis 

biomedegobas da xasiaTdeba sxva gaumjobesebuli TvisebebiT. 

sqelfisi da misi narevi kuprTan an anTracenis zeTTan erTad 

gamoiyeneba gzebis fenilebis mosawyobad, saxuravi tolis dasamzadeblad, 

sawebavi da saRebavi kuprovani mastikebisaTvis da a.S. 

13.3. asfaltovani da kuprovani duRabi da betoni 

asfaltis duRabi warmoadgens bitumis, wvrili mineraluri Semvsebis 

da qviSis narevs. 

narevia. 

kupris duRabi. kupris, wvrildispersiuli Semvsebis da qviSis 

mSeneblobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba asfaltis duRabi. 

hidrosaizolacio baTqaSis, sawarmoTa iatakebis mosawyobad da sxva 

daniSnulebiT. kupris duRabs iyeneben ufro iSviaTad misi naklebi 

xanmedegobis gamo. asfaltis duRabi gamyarebis Semdeg xasiaTdeba 

sakmarisi simkvriviT, simtkiciT, wyaluJonvadobiT, TermomedegobiT. igi ar 

unda rbildebodes mzis sxivebis da maRali temperaturebis moqmedebis 

dros. didi raodenobiT bitumis da dabali darbilebis koeficientis 

mqone bitumis gamoyenebisas duRabis Termomedegoba mcirdeba. 

asfaltbetoni da kuprbetoni warmoadgens mkvriv narevs, romelic 

Sedgeba bitumis an kupris, qviSis, xreSis an RorRis da mineraluri 

fxvnilisagan. 

Semvsebebis marcvlebis simsxos mixedviT asfaltbetonebi aris; 

msxvilmarcvlovani (40 mm), saSualomarcvlovani (25 mm) wvrilmarcvlovani 

(25 mm) da qviSis (5 mm). 

struqturis mixedviT asfaltbetonebi aris mkvrivi (forianoba 

naklebia 3-5%-ze) da msxvilforiani (forianoba aRwevs 10%). 

142

asfaltbetonis da kuprbetonis momzadebis teqnologia Semdegia: 

berketebidan dozirebuli qviSa, xreSi an RorRi da mineraluri danamati 

ganicdis Srobas da gacxelebas 170-190 0 C-ze. Semdeg winaswar gamdnar 

bitumTan arevas specialur sarevebSi 8-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi. mza cxeli 

narevi transportirdeba avtoTviTmclelebiT samuSao adgilze, sadac 

xdeba misi ganawileba da Semkvriveba mZime sagoravebiani satkepni manqaniT. 

gamoyenebis mixedviT asfaltbetonebi da kuprbetonebi SeiZleba iyos 

cxeli-gamoiyeneba cxel mdgomareobaSi, romelic Semdeg magrdeba gaciebiT 

da civi, romelic marTalia mzaddeba cxlad, magram gamoiyeneba civ 

mdgomareobaSi da magrdeba organul SemkvrelSi Semavali aqrolebadi 

nivTierebebis aqrolebiT, nawilobriv ki masSi Semavali Txieri nawilebis 

fuZis mier Sewovis Sedegad. civ betons iyeneben gzis safarisaTvis. misi 

upiratesoba Cveulebriv asfaltbetonTan SedarebiT, aris is, rom civi 

betonis datana SesaZlebelia mTeli wlis manZilze nestian da civ 

amindSi. 

13.4. hidrosaizolacio da saxuravis masalebi 

bitumovan kuprovan saxuravis da hidrosaizolacio masalebs 

amzadeben rulonebis da calkeuli furclebis saxiT. 

rulonuri saxuravi da hidrosaizolacio masalebi organul 

Semkvrelze damzadebuli masalaa da miiReba specialuri muyaos organuli 

SemkvreliT gaJRenTvis Sedegad. rulonuri saxuravi masala gamoyenebuli 

nedleulis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos bitumis da kupris. Tvisebebis mixedviT 

ukeTesia bitumis rulonuri masala, vinaidan igi ufro mdgradia da 

xangamZle, ukeT uZlebs atmosferuli faqtorebis mavne gavlenas kuprovan 

rulonur masalebTan SedarebiT. kuprovani rulonuri masalebi SedarebiT 

ufro mdgradia lpobisadmi maRali tenianobis pirobebSi. 

ruberoidi. mzaddeba saxuravis muyaos navTobis rbili bitumiT 

gaJRenTviT da Semdgomi dafarviT orive mxridan Zneladdnobadi navTobis 

143

itumiT. daniSnulebis mixedviT ruberoidi gamoiyeneba saxuravis zeda 

fenisaTvis da qvesadebi saxuravis Sris qveda fenisaTvis, ruberoids 

zedapirze mieyreba wvrili mineraluri fxvnili, romlis mixedviT 

ganasxvaveben msxvilmarcvlovani da qerclovani moyriT. ruberoidis qveda 

zedapirs (rulonSi gare) aqvs wvrili, an mtvrisebri mineraluri monayari. 

qvesadeb ruberoids aseTi monayari aqvs orive mxridan. msxvilmarcvlovani 

mineraluri moyrisaTvis iyeneben kvarcis qviSas da sxva mineralur 

nafxvens, romelsac unda hqondes Semdegi Sedgeniloba: 1,2-dan 0,8 mm-mde _ 

ara nakleb 80%; 0,8-dan 0,6 mm-mde ara umetes 20%. 

ruberoidi momxmarebels miewodeba rulonebis saxiT. rulonis 

siganea 750-1050 mm, rulonis saerTo farTobia 10m 2 . amJamad, mrewveloba 

uSvebs Semdegi markis ruberoidebs: PK-400, PK-350, PЧ-350 da Р4-250. 

ruberoids iyeneben damreci saxuravebis (7-15 0 ) qanobis mosawyobad. 

toli. rulonuri masalaa, romelic mzaddeba saxuravis muyaos 

kuprSi gaJRenTviT. tolis zedapiri Tanabrad unda iyos dafaruli 

kvarcis qviSis minayriT. amzadeben rulonebis saxiT, romlis siganea 650- 

1050mm, rulonis saerTo farTobi aris 15m 2 . tolis markebia: ТВК-420, ТВК- 

350 da ТП-350. didi xangamleobiT gamoirCeva toli msxvilmarcvlovani 

miyriT. aseTi safarisaTvis iyeneben Zneladdnobad produqtebs mineralur 

SemvsebTan erTad (granitis wvrili qviSa, xreSi da sxv.). 

pergamini. hidrosaizolacio rulonuri masalaa, romelsac amzadeben 

saxuravis muyaos gaJRenTviT navTobis bitumiT. pergamins ruberoidisagan 

gansxvavebiT zedapirze ar aqvs damcavi Sre. pergameni ZiriTadad 

gamoiyeneba mravalfeniani rulonuri masalebis saxuravebis qveda 

fenebisaTvis. pergamins ruberoidis da tolis msgavsad uSveben rulonebis 

saxiT, romelTa siganea 750-1050 mm, xolo rulonis saerTo farTi 20 m 2 . 

hidroizoli. hidrosaizolacio rulonuri masalaa, romelic 

mzaddeba azbestis muyaos gaJRenTviT navTobis bitumiT. hidroizolis 

rulonebis siganea 950±5 mm, sigrZe 20±4 mm. gamoiyeneba miwisqveSa 

konstruqciebis hidroizolaciisaTvis, liTonis miRebis koroziuli 

izolaciisaTvis, brtyeli saxuravebis hidroizolaciisaTvis da sxv. 

144

13.5. bitumis da kupris mastikebi 

Semkvrelis saxeobis mixedviT mastikebi aris: bitumis, kupris, 

kuprbitumis da gudrokamis. 

bitumis mastikebi mzaddeba navTobis bitumisagan an bunebrivi bitumis 

narevis safuZvelze; kupris mastikebi mzaddeba qvanaxSiris kupriT, 

qvanaxSiris da fiqalsawvavis kupris nareviT an qvanaxSiris da kupris 

qvanaxSiris sqelfisis nareviT. kuprbitumis mastikebs amzadeben 

qvanaxSiris kupris da navTobis bitumis safuZvelze; gudrokamis mastikebi 

mzaddeba qvanaxSiris zeTis da navTobis gudronis narevis erTad 

daJanguli Semkvrelis safuZvelze. 

Semvsebebad mastikebSi gamoiyeneba kirqva, carci, azbesti, mineraluri 

bamba, merqnis boWkoebi da sxv. 

zedapirze datanis xerxis mixedviT aris cxeli da civi mastikebi. 

cxeli mastikebi gamoiyeneba winaswar gacxelebiT: bitumis – 160-180 0 C-mde 

da kupris da gudrokamis – 130-150 0 C-mde gacxelebiT. civi mastikebi 

gamoiyeneba gacxelebis gareSe, Tu temperatura aris 5 0 C-an gacxelebiT 60- 

70 0 C-mde, Tu temperatura 5 0 C-ze naklebia, daniSnulebis mixedviT cxeli 

mastikebi iyofa misawebebel, saxurav-saizolacio, asfaltovan da 

antikoroziul mastikebad. 

misawebebeli mastikebi gamoiyeneba rulonuri masalebis misawebeblad, 

mravalSriani saxuravis safaris mowyobis da hidroizolaciisaTvis. 

saxurav-saizolacio mastikebi saxuravis hidrosaizolacio Sris 

mosawyobad. mastikebs amzadeben qarxnebSi. maT SemadgenlobaSi Semvsebebi 

unda Sediodes Semdegi raodenobiT: misawebebeli da saxurav-saizolacio 

masalebSi 10-30%; hidrosaizolacio asfaltovan mastikebSi fxvniliseburi 

Semvsebebi unda iyos 65-70%, boWkovani Semvsebebi ki 15-25%. 

civi mastikebi mzaddeba ganzavebuli organuli Semkvrelis da bitumis 

pastisagan (asfaltis mastika). aseT mastikebs miekuTvneba bitumovani da 

gudrokamuri. civi bitumovani mastika Seicavs navTobis bitums, 

ganzavebuls, plastifikators an antiseptiks. gudrokamis civi mastika 

145

Seicavs bitumis pastas, mineralur Semvsebs, antiseptiks, gamzavebels. 

orive saxis mastika gamoiyeneba civ mdgomareobaSi rulonuri saxuravebis 

mosawyobad: rulonebis fuZeze da erTmaneTze Sesawebeblad, agreTve 

hidrosaizolacio da orTqlsaizolacio samuSaoebisaTvis. 


1. bitumis da kupris miReba; 

2. bitumis da kupris bazaze damzadebuli duRabebi da betonebi; 

3. bitumis da kupris bazaze damzadebuli rulonuri 

hidrosaizolacio masalebi; 

4. bitumis da kupris mastikebi da maTi gamoyeneba. 

146

Tavi XIV 

laq-saRebavi masalebi 

laq-saRebavebi ewodeba bunebriv, xelovnur da sinTezur masalebs, 

romlebic Txier-blant mdgomareobaSi Txeli fenis saxiT daitaneba 

nakeTobebis da konstruqciebis zedapirze, mWidrod ekvris fuZes da 

warmoSobs mkvriv afsks. maTi daniSnulebaa: daicvas konstruqcia garemos 

mavne gavlenisagan, gaaumjobesos Senobebis sanitarul-higienuri pirobebi 

da nagebobas mianiWos mxatvrul-dekoratiuli elferi. 

laq-saRebavebi iyofa saRebavebad, laqebad da damxmare masalebad. 

saRebavebis daniSnulebaa gaumWvirvale feradi dekoratiuli da damcavi 

safaris Seqmna. laqebi gamoiyeneba zedapirebis gamWvirvale safaris da 

maTi saboloo dekoratiuli gamoyvanisaTvis, amasTanave laqi ar cvlis 

SesaRebi zedapiris teqsturas. damxmare masalebi gamoiyeneba zedapirebis 

mosamzadeblad SeRebvisaTvis. 

samRebro saqmeSi gamoyenebuli saRebavebi iyofa or ZiriTad jgufad: 

wylian da uwylo saRebavebad. wylian saRebavebs miekuTvneba webovani, 

kiris, silikaturi da emulsiuri saRebavebi. uwylo saRebavebia: zeTis, 

minanqris, emulsiuri da sinTezuri. 

samSeneblo saRebavebis aucilebel komponentebs warmoadgens 

pigmentebi da Semkvreli nivTierebebi. saRebavebSi Sedis agreTve 

gamxsnelebi, Semvsebebi, plastifikatorebi. 

14.1. pigmentebi 

pigmentebs uwodeben wvrilad dafqul mRebav nivTierebebs, romlebic 

ar ixsnebian wyalSi da organul gamxsnelebSi (zeTSi, spirtSi, 

skipidarSi). pigmentebi SeiZleba iyos mineraluri da organuli 

warmoSobis. mSeneblobaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba mineraluri pigmentebi, 

radgan isini gamoirCeva meti atmosferomdgomareobiT, qimiuri mdgradobiT 

147

da SuqmedegobiT. Siga da iSviaTad gare SeRebvisas iyeneben organul 

pigmentebs, romlebic xasiaTdebian sakmarisi SuqmedegobiT. 

mineraluri pigmentebi iyofa or jgufad: bunebriv da xelovnur 

mineralur pigmentebad. 

bunebrivi mineraluri pigmentebi bunebaSi mza saxiT gvxvdeba, 

mxolod saWiroa maTi dafqva da gacra. TeTri feris bunebriv pigmentebs 

miekuTvneba carci, kiri da kaolini, romlebic ZiriTadad wylis 

saRebavebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. bunebrivi pigmentebia: Jangmiwa (oxra) – 

yviTeli feris, siena – narinjisferi, umbra – yavisferi, mumia – 

moyavisfro-wiTeli feris, surinji (suriki) – wiTeli feris. yviTeli 

feris, grafiti da manganumis zeJangi – Savi feris pigmenti (oxra) 

gaxurebis Semdeg icvlis fers da mowiTalo fers iZens, xolo wiTeli da 

moyavisfro pigmentebi ki muqdeba. amrigad, bunebrivi mineraluri 

pigmentebis sxvadasxva tonalobis miReba SesaZlebelia maTi gaxurebiT. 

xelovnuri mineraluri pigmentebi ferebis palitriT ufro mdidaria, 

vidre bunebrivi pigmentebi da amitomac isini ufro farTod gamoiyenebian 

samRebro saqmeebSi. maT miekuTvneba: ultramarini (lurji), qromis Jangi 

(mwvane), brinjaos pudri (oqrosferi), tyviis mwvana, spilenZis wiTeli, 

aluminis pudri (vercxlisferi), TuTiis TeTra, Wvartli (Savi) da sxv. 

pigmentebis xarisxs gansazRvraven maTi Tvisebebis Semdegi ZiriTadi 

maCveneblebi: gaumWvirvaloba, dafqvis siwminde, Suqmedegoba, 

cecxlmedegoba, atmosferomedegoba da sxv. 

14.2. Semkvreli nivTierebebi da gamxsnelebi 

pigmentebis wvrili nawilakebis SesakavSireblad da zedapirze 

Txeli feradi afskis Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva Semkvreli 

nivTierebebi. 

148

Semkvreli nivTierebebi iyofa sam jgufad: zeTis (olifa da zeTis 

laqebi), webos – webos wylis xsnarebi da emulsiis, romlebic Seicaven 

zeTs, wyals da emulgatorebs. 

wylis siRrmeSi mWida nivTierebad gamoiyeneba kiri da TeTri da 

feradi cementebi. kiri wylis saRebavSi erTdroulad asrulebs TeTri 

pigmentis rolsac. 

webovani saRebavebis dasamzadeblad farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva 

saxis weboebi: mcenareuli, cxoveluri, xelovnuri da sinTezuri. 

zeTis da sxva uwyalo saRebavebSi mWida nivTierebad gamoiyeneba 

olifa, romelic SeiZleba iyos naturaluri, naxevrad naturaluri da 

xelovnuri. naturaluri olifa mzaddeba selis, soios da sxva 

mcenareuli zeTebis xarSviT da maTSi sikativis damatebiT, romelic 

aCqarebs zeTis gaSrobas. sikativebad gamoiyeneba tyviis Jangi da 

manganumis zeJangi. 

naturaluri olifa gamoiyeneba I da II klasis nagebobebSi, foladis 

furclovani gadaxurvebis SeRebvisaTvis, liTonis konstruqciebis 

dagruntvisaTvis da sxv. naxevrad naturaluri olifa Seicavs aranakleb 

55% gasqelebul mcenareul zeTs da gamxsnels (skipidari, benzini, qsildi 

da sxv.). naxevrad naturalur olifebs miekuTvneba olifa oqsoli, oqsil- 

narevi. maT iyeneben yvela saxis samRebro samuSaoebSi I da II klasis 

nagebobebisaTvis, im SemTxvevaSi, roca naturaluri olifis gamoyeneba 

akrZalulia (mag., dagruntvis, SefiTxvnis da baTqaSis zedapiris 

SeRebvisas). xelovnuri olifa naturaluri da naxevrad naturaluri 

olifisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom mcenareul zeTebs Seicavs 35%-mde. 

xelovnuri olifebidan iyeneben: eriftilis, sintolis, entolis (kauCukis 

narCeni) da sxva saxis olifebs. xelovnur olifas iyeneben Siga 

SeRebvisaTvis. rekomendebuli ar aris maTi gamoyeneba saxuravebis, iatakis 

da sayofacxovrebo nivTebis – skamebis, magidebis da sxv. SesaRebad. 

laqebi. laqi warmoadgens xsnars, romelic miiReba afskwarmomqmneli 

nivTierebebis an bitumis gazavebiT gamxsnelSi. afskwarmomqmnelebs 

miekuTvneba bunebrivi fisebi, zeTebi da polimerebi. gamxsnelad iyeneben 

149

ogorc zeTebs, aseve aqrolad nivTierebebs: laqis benzins, skipidars, 

benzols da sxv. 

Sedgenilobisa da afskis warmoqmnis procesis mixedviT laqi aris 

zeTis da aqroladi. zeTis laqebi iZleva ufro mtkice, elastiur, mdgrad 

da xangamZle afsks, vidre aqroladi laqebi. aqrolad laqebs iyeneben 

nagebobebis mxolod Siga nawilebisaTvis. isini gacilebiT male Srebian, 

xasiaTdebian gaprialebis kargi unariT da iZlevian ufro mbzinav 

zedapirs, vidre zeTis laqebi. 

gamxsnelebi. warmoadgens siTxeebs, romlebsac iyeneben myari 

afskwarmomqmnili nivTierebebis Txevad mdgomareobaSi gadasayvanad. 

gamxsnelebi mTlianad unda aorTqldnen laq-saRebavebis Sridan misi 

gaSrobis procesSi, ar unda Sevidnen qimiur reaqciaSi laq-saRebav 

masalebTan. gavrcelebuli gamxsnelebia: skipidari, benzini, navTobis 

solventi, laqiani navTi, acetoni. 

14.3. Semvsebebi da damxmare masalebi 

Semvsebebi mineraluri nivTierebebia, romlebsac umateben laq- 

saRebavebSi pigmentebis ekonomiisaTvis. Semvsebebi saRebavebs aniWeben did 

simtkices, mJavamedegobas, cecxlmedegobas da sxva. Semvsebebad gamoiyeneba 

kaolini, qviSa, andeziti, diabazi, azbestis mtveri, diatomiti da sxva. 

damxmare masalebia: safiTxni, sagozavi, grunti. 

safiTxnis daniSnulebaa SesaRebi zedapirebis gasworeba 

gamoyenebuli saRebavebis saxis mixedviT safiTxnebi sxvadasxva 

Sedgenilobisaa. ajapsis an Sabis safiTxni gamoiyeneba wyalSi gaxsnili 

saRebavebis qveS. mis SedgenilobaSi Sedis: olifa (1,1%), mSrali webo 

(1,7%), carci (70%), sameurneo saponi (0,6%), ajaspi spilenZis an TuTiis 

(0,6%), wyali (30-35%), bubko (3%). igi gamoiyeneba saremonto samuSaoebSi 

webovani an silikaturi saRebavebis qveS. zeTis da minanqris saRebavebis 

150

qveS gamoyenebuli safiTxnis SedgenilobaSi Sedis didi raodenobiT 

olifa (5%) da webo (2,5%). wylis xarjia 20-25%. 

sagozavi gamoiyeneba merqnis nakeTobebis waglesisaTvis. igi SeiZleba 

iyos carcis, tyviasurinjovani, TeTrasagan damzadebuli. sagozalis yvela 

Semadgenloba gamoirCeva wyalmedegobiT da plastikurobiT. 

grunti saRebavi Sedgenilobisaa. Seicavs pigmentebs, Semvsebebs da 

Semkvrelebs. gamoiyeneba SesaRebi zedapirebis gasworebisaTvis, 

ZviradRirebuli saRebavebis ekonomiisaTvis, liTonis zedapirebis 

koroziisagan dasacavad, xis da sxva masalebis winaswari SeRebvisaTvis. 

14.4. Spaleri 

warmoeba amzadebs Spalers rulonebis saxiT, romlis siganea 30,50 

da 75 sm. sigrZe – 12-18 m., zogierTi rulonis sigrZe aRwevs 30-50 m. 

Spaleris warmoebisaTvis iyeneben specialur qaRalds, romlis wona 70-dan 

200 g/m 2 -mdea. maT SesaRebad gamoyenebulia carcSi areuli anilinis 

saRebavebi, webovani an zeTovani Semkvrelebi da mineraluri pigmentebi: 

Jangmiwa, mumia, aluminis da brinjaos fxvnilebi. gamoyenebuli 

saRebavebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Suqmedegoba da aratoqsikuroba. 

Spaleris akvra yvela samRebro samuSaoebis damTavrebis Semdeg unda 

daiwyos. Spaleris akvra svel zedapirze ar SeiZleba, radgan is cudad 

ewebeba da SemdgomSi SeiZleba aZvres. garda amisa, Spaleris zedapirze 

SesaZlebelia gaCndes arasasurveli laqebi da obic ki. amitomac, 

mosapirkeTebeli zedapiris tenianoba reglamentirebulia: xis zedapiris 

tenianoba ar unda aRematebodes 12%, xolo sxva danarCeni zedapirisaTvis 

ara umetes 8%. 

151


1. ras ewodeba laq-saRebavi masalebi.; 

2. ra aris pigmenti. pigmentis saxeebi; 

3. Semkvreli nivTierebebi da gamxsnelebi; 

4. damxmare masalebi. maTi saxeebi. 

152

Tavi XV 

15.1. polimerebi da saSeni masalebi 

maT safuZvelze 

plastikuri masalebi (plastmasebi) – masalebia, romelTa 

SemadgenlobaSi Sedis polimerebi – maRalmolekuluri organuli 

nivTierebebi, romlebsac unari SeswevT gaxurebiT da wnevis moqmedebiT 

miiRon garkveuli forma da gaciebis Semdeg SeinarCunon igi. plastikuri 

masebis Semadgeneli komponentebia: Semkvreli nivTiereba – polimeri, 

romelic gansazRvravs plastmasis Tvisebebs; Semvsebebi – romelic 

aumjobesebs plastmasis meqanikur maCveneblebs, Tbomedegobas da amcirebs 

mis cocvas. Semvsebad gamoiyeneba: fxvnilisebri (merqnis fqvili, naxerxi), 

boWkovani (celuloza, azbesti, xis burbuSela, minis boWko) da 

furclovani (qaRaldi, xis Sponi, bambisa da minis qsovili) masalebi; 

plastifikatorebi, romlebic zrdian plastmasis plastikurobas da 

drekadobas; stabilizatorebi, romlebic ayovneben plastmasis daberebas 

misi eqspluataciis dros; saRebavebi, romlebic plastmasebs aZleven 

nebismier fers. 

organuli warmoSobis plastikuri masalebi jer kidev uZvelesi 

droidan iyo cnobili. magaliTad, bunebrivi bitumi VII saukuneSi Cvens 

welTaRricxvamde gamoiyeneboda babilonSi, rogorc wyalmedegi Semkvreli 

nivTiereba md. evfratis arxis mSeneblobaze. bunebriv asfaltebs saSen 

masalad iyenebdnen jer kidev Zvel romSi sagzao samuSaoebisaTvis. 

bunebriv plastmasebs miekuTvneba agreTve qarva. mas uZvelesi droidan 

xmarobdnen samkaulebis dasamzadeblad. SemdgomSi organuli plastikuri 

masalebis gamoyeneba saTanadod ver ganviTarda. mxolod XIX saukunis 

meore naxevridan daiwyes plastmasebis farTo gamoyeneba. sinTezuri 

plastmasa pirvelad 1868 wels Seiqmna. amerikelma mbeWdavma haitma 

SemTxveviT aRmoaCina, rom eTerspirtovani xsnaris da naturaluri qafuris 

areviT miiReboda xelovnuri masala, romelsac SeuZlia Secvalos spilos 

153

Zvali. am masalas daarqva celuloidi. igi gamoiyeneboda saTamaSoebis, 

saTvaleebis, biliardis burTulebis, kinofiris dasamzadeblad. 

celuloidis damzadebis Semdeg aRmoaCines viskozis da celofnis 

damzadebis teqnologia. XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan iwyeba 

konstruqciuli masalebis – minaplastikatebis warmoeba, sadac Semvsebad 

gamoyenebulia minis boWko. minaplastikatidan mzaddeba samSeneblo 

konstruqciebi, navebi, avtomanqanis Zarebi, TviTmfrinavebis detalebi da 

sxva. Semdgom Seiqmna polieTileni, romelsac saukeTeso 

eleqtrosaizolacio Tvisebebi aqvs, ramac didi roli iTamaSa radios da 

televiziis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. kosmiurma kvlevebma biZgi misces 

plastmasebis warmoebas. gamoigones neiloni da dakroni, romlebisganac 

damzadda kosmonavtebis kostumebi. aseTi kostiumebi saimedod icavs 

adamians mTvaris dabali da maRali temperaturis zemoqmedebisagan. 

dRes plastmasebi gamoiyeneba warmoebis TiTqmis yvela dargSi, 

gansakuTrebiT ki mSeneblobaSi. plastmasebs iyeneben Senobis Siga 

zedapirebis mosapirkeTeblad. Tanamedrove mSeneblobaSi farTod 

gamoiyeneba plastmasis milebi da sanitarul teqnikuri nakeTobebi, 

romlebic gamoirCevian simsubuqiT da maRali antikoroziuli TvisebebiT. 

plastikuri masebisagan amzadeben avejs, sportuli moednebis safars, 

romelic mudam mwvanea, hgavs mwvane mols. aseTi moednis eqspluatacia 

SesaZlebelia nebismier amindSi. 

plastmasisagan damzadebuli masalebis da nakeTobebis gamoyeneba 

mSeneblobaSi yovelwliurad izrdeba, rac saSualebas iZleva mSeneblobis 

xarisxis gaumjobesebis, Sromatevadobis Semcirebis. 

15.2. plastmasebis Tvisebebi 

plastmasebi xasiaTdebian mTeli rigi dadebiTi TvisebebiT: mcire 

moculobiTi masa 20-dan 2200 kg/m 3 -mde; simkvrive meryeobs 1,0-dan 2,2 g/sm 3 - 

mde. maRali simtkice, romelic damokidebulia rogorc Semkvrel 

154

nivTierebebze (polimerebze), aseve sxva komponentebze. xasiaTdebian maRali 

meqanikuri simtkiciT Runvisas, kumSvisas da gaWimvisas. es maCveneblebi 

meryeobs 60-dan 200 mgpa-mde plastmasebs mcire Tbogamtaroba aqvT, 

romelic meryeobs 0,026-0,6kkal/m.sT.grad. maT axasiaTebT qimiuri 

mdgradoba wylis, mJavebis, mariliani xsnarebis da organuli gamxsnelebis 

(benzini, benzoli da sxv.) mimarT; maRali simtkice cveTaze; maRali 

dekoratiuli Tvisebebi (plastmasebi SeiZleba SeiRebos nebismier ferad). 

damuSavebis siadvile; plastmasebis erTmaneTTan da sxva masalebTan 

(liToni, xe da sxv.) dawebebis siadvile; plastmasebis warmoebisaTvis 

ganusazRvreli da xelmiswavdomi nedleulis arseboba; gamWvirvaloba da 

optikuri Tvisebebi. 

amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom plastikur masebs aqvT uaryofiTi 

Tvisebebic: dabali Tbomedegoba (200 0 C-mde), rac zRudavs maT efeqtur 

gamoyenebas; dabali cecxlgamZleoba da maRali Termuli gafarToeba; 

plastikuri masebi cudad ewinaaRmdegeba mzis radiacias, rac droTa 

ganmavlobaSi iwvevs maT gamoxunebas da deformacias; cocvadoba _ mcire 

datvirTvebis drosac ganicados neli plastikuri dineba (deformaca). 

plastmasebis cocvadoba mkveTrad matulobs temperaturis zrdasTan 

erTad; garda amisa, aRsaniSnavia plastmasebis daZveleba, rac gamoixateba 

droTa ganmavlobaSi Tvisebebis SecvliT. 

sakiTxi. 

amJamad, aqtualuria plastikuri masebis Tvisebebis gaumjobesebis 

15.3. polimerebi 

maRalmolekuluri polimeruli SenaerTebi miiReba dabal- 

molekuluri SenaerTebis polimerizaciiT an polikondensaciiT. 

polimerizacia da polikondensacia patara molekulebis did 

molekulebad SeerTebis procesia; gansxvaveba imaSia, rom polimerizaciis 

dros miRebul masalas iseTive Sedgeniloba da Tvisebebi aqvs, rogorc 

sawyis molekulas; polikondensaciis dros miRebuli nivTierebebis 

155

Tvisebebi da Sedgeniloba ki mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sawyisi 

nivTierebebisagan. 

miRebuli polimerebis Tvisebebze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens 

temperaturis da wnevis moqmedeba, ris mixedviTac isini iyofian 

Termoplastikur da Termoreaqtiul polimerebad. 

molekulebis wrfivi aRnagobis Termoplastikur polimerebs aqvs 

darbilebis da gamagrebis Tviseba maTi mravaljeradi gacxelebis da 

gaciebis Sedegad. polimerebi, romlebsac molekulebis sivrcobrivi 

aRnagoba aqvT, miekuTvneba Termoreaqtiul jgufs. isini pirveli 

gacxelebisas rbildebian da gacivebis Semdeg magrdebian. xelmeored 

gacxeleba ar ubrunebs plastikurobas da amitomac gamoiyenebian 

nakeTobebis erTjeradi damzadebisaTvis. 

Termoplastikur jgufs miekuTvneba: polieTileni, polistiroli, 

polimeTilmetakrilati (organuli mina), polivinqloridi da sxv. 

Termoreaqtiul jgufs ki miekuTvneba: karbamidis, polieTeris, epoqsiduri 

fisebi, rezorcinformaldehidis da sxv. 

polieTileni miiReba eTilenis polimerizaciis reaqciiT. igi 

xasiaTdeba meqanikuri simtkiciT, qimiuri medegobiT, mcire TbogamtarobiT, 

simsubuqiT. polieTileni advilad muSavdeba. gamoiyeneba santeqnikuri 

milebis warmoebaSi. misgan amzadeben hidro, orTql – da airsaizolacio 

afskebs. 

polipropileni miiReba propilenis polimerizaciiT. igi magari da 

msubuqia. xasiaTdeba maRali TbomedegobiT, simtkiciT, qimiuri medegobiT, 

sixistiT. misi simkvrivea 0,9 g/sm 3 , darbilebis temperatura – 164-168 0 C. 

gamoiyeneba mcire da SedarebiT didi diametriani (20-150 mm) milebis 

dasamzadeblad. aseTi milebi moixmareba, agreTve, siTxeebis sadeni 

gayvanilobisaTvis, centridanuli tumboebis da sxvadasxva qimiuri 

aparaturis milgayvanilobisaTvis. iyeneben, agreTve, boWkovani masalebis, 

sxvadasxva afskebis da mosapirkeTebeli filebis warmoebaSi, 

sayofacxovrebo nakeTobebisaTvis da a.S. 

156

polistoroli miiReba stirolis polimerizaciiT. igi ufero da 

gamWirvalea. misi simkvrivea 1,05 g/sm 3 . xasiaTdeba qimiuri medegobiT; kargi 

dieleqtrikuli TvisebebiT. misi naklia dabali atmosferomedegoba, didi 

simyife. misgan mzaddeba mosapirkeTebeli filebi da furclebi SenobaTa 

Sida vertikaluri zedapirebis mosapirkeTeblad (saavadmyofoebSi, 

samzareuloebSi, sanitarul kvanZebSi da sxv.); farTod gamoiyeneba 

sxvadasxva avejis da sayofacxovrebo nivTebis warmoebaSi. 

poliakrilati miiReba mwvave sunis mqone akrilis da meTilakrilis 

mJaveebis polimerizaciiT. igi ufero, gamWvirvale polimeria. kargad 

ixsneba sxvadasxva organul gamxsnelebSi. gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva 

gamWvirvale xelovnuri minis warmoebaSi. am masalebis damaxasiaTebeli 

Tvisebaa maRali Suqgamtaroba. poliakrilatis masalebi kargad ixerxeba, 

ixexeba, iTleba, iRebeba da webdeba. gansakuTrebiT kargi TvisebebiT 

xasiaTdeba poliakrilatis erT-erTi nairsaxeobis polimeri _ 

polimeTilmetakrilati da misi nawarmi – organuli mina. mas iyeneben 

gemTmSeneblobis, saaviacio da saavtomobilo mrewvelobaSi. 

rezorcinformaldehilis polimeri miiReba rezorcinis da 

formaldehidis kondensaciiT. advilad ixsneba wyalSi, spirtsa da 

zeTebSi. xasiaTdeba didi simagriT da TbomedegobiT, gamoiyeneba 

sxvadasxva weboebis dasamzadeblad; gamoiyeneba liTonis da sxva 

masalebis Sesawebeblad. 

karbamidis polimerebi miiReba Sardovanas formaldehidTan 

kondensaciiT. maTi urTierTqmedebiT miiReba rogorc Termoplastikuri, 

aseve Termoreaqtiuli polimerebi. karbamidis polimerebi gamoiyeneba 

mosapirkeTebeli masalebis dasamzadeblad. maT iyeneben, agreTve, 

merqanburbuSeliani filebis da Tbosaizolacio qafplastis 


epoqsiduri polimeri miiReba epiqlorgidrinis polikondensaciiT 

fenolTan, spirtTan da aminebTan. epoqsiduri polimeri warmoadgens 

blant siTxes, ixsneba spirtsa da acetonSi. epoqsiduri polimerebi 

gamoiyeneba maRali xarisxis weboebis misaRebad, gamoiyeneba monoliTuri 

157

iatakebis da polimercementiani da polimeruli betonebis dasamzadeblad. 

fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis mixedviT iyofa markebad: ЭД-5; ЭД-6; ЭД-8; ЭД-10; 

ЭД-14; ЭД-20; ЭД-22. 

siliciumorganuli polimerebi miiReba siciliumis SeerTebiT 

wyalbadTan da JangbadTan. xasiaTdeba qimiuri medegobiT, yinvagamZleobiT, 

wyalmedegobiT; uZlebs 500-600 0 C-is moqmedebas ramdenime saaTis 

ganmavlobaSi wvis gareSe. misi gamoyenebiT amzadeben laqebs da minanqars, 

romlebic gamoiyenebian Savi da feradi liTonebis dasacavad 

koroziisagan. samSeneblo duRabebSi maTi gamoyeneba zrdis duRabebis 

wyalmedegobas. 

15.4. polimeruli saSeni masalebi da nakeTobebi 

mSeneblobaSi gamoyenebul polimerul saSen masalebs da nakeTobebs 

miekuTvneba mosapirkeTebeli sanitarul-teqnikuri, konstruqciuli, Tbo da 

bgeraTsaizolacio, hidrosaizolacio da saxuravis masalebi. 

iatakis polimeruli masalebi 

polimeruli masalebiT mowyobili iataki akmayofilebs yvela im 

moTxovnas, rac iatakis masalas waeyeneba. maT axasiaTebT maRali simagre, 

simtkice, simkvrive, winaaRmdegoba cveTis da xexvisadmi; xasiaTdebian 

dabali wyalSTanTqmiT da maRali dekoratiulobiT. iatakis polimeruli 

masalebi SeiZleba iyos: rulonuri (linoleumi); filebis da furclebis 

saxiT da iatakis monoliTuri (unakero) safari. 

linoleumi. rulonuri masalebis ZiriTadi saxeobaa. igi miiReba uxeS 

qsovilze polimerebis da Semvsebebis narevis dataniT. narevis 

SedgenilobaSi SehyavT pigmentebi, plastifikatorebi da teqnologiuri 

danamatebi (kaolini, talki, azbesti da sxv.) gamoyenebuli sawyisi 

158

nedleulis mixedviT ganasxvaveben linoleumis Semdeg saxeebs: 

poniviniqloridis, alkidis, koloqsilonis, rezinis (relini) da sxv. 

poliviniqloridis linoleumi mzaddeba ponivinilqloridis, 

Semvsebis, plastifikatorebis, pigmentebis da sxva danamatebisagan. 

linoleums amzadeben qsovilis fuZeze an ufuZod. ufuZo SeiZleba iyos 

erTfeniani, orfeniani da mravalfeniani. qeCis fuZeze damzadebuli 

linoleumi xasiaTdeba maRali bgera da Tbosaizolacio TvisebebiT. 

poniviniqloridis linoleumi xasiaTdeba maRali simtkiciT, ar lpeba, aqvs 

mcire Tbogamtaroba da higienuria. mzaddeba rulonis saxiT, romelTa 

sigrZea aranakleb 12 m, sigane – 1,6 m, sisqe – 2,0-2,5 mm. 

koloqsilinis linoleumi (natrocelulozis) erTfeniani ufuZo 

rulonuri masalaa, romelic mzaddeba koloqsilinis (nitrocelulozis), 

plastifikatorebis, Semvsebebis da pigmentebisagan. koloqsilinis 

linoleumis rulonebis sigrZea 12 m, sigane 100-1200 mm, sisqe – 2-4 mm. 1m 2 -is 

masaa 3,4-6,9 kg. 

rezinis linoleumi (relini) ori fenisagan Sedgeba. zeda fena 

mzaddeba feradi sinTezuri rezinisagan da sisqea 1-2 mm, xolo qveda fena 

2-3 mm sisqisaa da mzaddeba bitumis da Zveli dawvrilmanebuli rezinis 

narevisagan. relini sakmaod mtkicea, kargad ewinaaRmdegeba cveTas, 

xasiaTdeba kargi bgeraTsaizolacio TvisebebiT, mJava da tutemedegobiT. 

gamoiyeneba sacxovrebeli Senobebis, savaWro da samedicino 

dawesebulebebis da sxva saxis nagebobebis iatakis dasafarad. relinis 

rulonebis sigrZea 12 m, sigrZe 1,4-1,6 m, sisqe 5 mm. 

alkidis linoleumi mzaddeba qsovilis fuZeze alkidis polimeris, 

Semvsebebis da pigmentebis narevis dataniT. ruloni mzaddeba sigrZiT 20-30 

m. siganiT 1,8-2,0 m, sisqiT 2,5-5,0 mm. 1 m 2 -is masa meryeobs 2,6-5,2 kg-is 

farglebSi. alkiduri linoleumis naklia is, rom igi saWiroebs 

ZviradRirebul naturalur mcenareul zeTs, Tumca bolo dros inergeba 

am linoleumis warmoebis axali meTodi naturaluri zeTis nawilis 

SecvliT parafinis warmoebis narCeni produqtebiT. 

159

ponoviniqloridis filebi mzaddeba ponoviniqloridis fisis, 

plastifikatoris, Semvsebebis da pigmentis gamoyenebiT. filebs amzadeben 

sxvadasxva feris, maT Soris, marmarilos imitaciiT. aseTi filebi 

saeqspluataciod ufro praqtikulia, radgan mis zedapirs ar emCneva 

nakawrebi da cveTis defeqti. filebi xasiaTdeba Semdegi TvisebebiT. 

wyalSTanTqma (ara umetes 4%), Tbomedegoba – 60%, cveTis koeficienti -0,05 

sm 2 . filebis zomebia 15X15; 10X20; 20X20; 30X30 sm; sisqea – 3 mm. gamoiyeneba 

iatakis safarad sacxovrebel da sazogadoebriv SenobebSi; agreTve, 

kedlebis mosapirkeTeblad. 

kumaronis filebi miiReba kumaronis fisis, plastifikatoris da 

umTavresad azbestis boWkos gamoyenebiT. axasiaTebT mcire wyalSTanTqma, 

didi simtkice cveTaze. filebis zomebia: 15X15 da 20X20 sm, sisqe 3 mm. 

kumaronis filebi magrdeba civi bitumis mastikiT. filebi kargad 

irecxeba. cecxlmedegia, ar cvdeba. gamoiyeneba sazogadoebrivi da 

samrewvelo nagebobebis iatakebis safarisaTvis. 

rezinis filebi mzaddeba rezinis narCenebisagan. isini xasiaTdebian 

qimiuri medegobiT, maRali mdgradobiT cveTaze, kargi dieleqtrikuli 

maCveneblebiT. garda amisa gamoirCeva maRali simtkiciT ara marto 

kumSvisa da Runvisas, aramed dartymazedac, rasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs 

sawarmoo Senobebis iatakebis eqspluataciis dros. filebis zomebia: 15X15, 

20X20 da 30X30 sm., sisqe 3 da 5 mm. maTi cveTis koeficienti ar aRemateba 

0,5 g/sm 2 , wyalSTanTqma – 2%. gamoiyeneba qimiuri qarxnebis, 

laboratoriebis, eleqtrosadgurebis iatakebis mosawyobad. 

merqanboWkovani da merqanburbuSeliani filebi sxvadasxva 

daniSnulebisaa: avejis, sakedle Tbo da bgeraTsaizolacio. iatakisaTvis 

gamoiyeneba magari da mkvrivi merqanboWkovani da merqanburbuSelis 

filebi. filebis sigrZea 120-540 sm, sigane 120-180 sm, sisqe 0,3-0,4 sm. 

moculobiTi masa aranakleb 950 kg/m 3 , simtkicis zRvari Runvisas 50 mgpa, 

wyalSTanTqma 24 sT-is ganmavlobaSi ara umetes 15%. gamoiyeneba 

linoleumis zedapiriani iatakebis mosawyobad normaluri temperaturis 

da tenianobis oTaxebSi. 

160

iatakis monoliTuri (unakero) safari mzaddeba polimeruli 

masalebis gamoyenebiT, xasiaTdeba maRali meqanikuri TvisebebiT, 

higienurobiT da saeqspluatacio TvisebebiT. maTi mowyoba xdeba 

specialuri mastikebis an polimeretonis da plastbetonis fuZeze, Txeli 

fenis dataniT. aseTi iatakebi ekvris fuZes, ar warmoqmnis mtvers da 

siarulis dros uxmauroa. unaklo iatakebis mowyoba 4-jer ufro iafia 

parketis iatakTan da 2-jer linoleumis iatakTan SedarebiT. gamoyenebuli 

masalebis mixedviT unakero iataki SeiZleba iyos polivinilacetatis, 

polimercementis da plastbetonis, romlebic gamoiyeneba sazogadoebriv, 

samrewvelo da sacxovrebel SenobebSi. polivinilacetatis mastikebis 

gamoyeneba maRali tenianobis saTavsebSi ar SeiZleba 

15.5. plastmasis grZivi nakeTobebi 

plastmasis grZiv nakeTobebs miekuTvneba: plinTusebi, saxelurebi, 

safexurebis zedsadebebi, pirulebi, kuTxovanebi da sxv. es masalebi 

mzaddeba masisagan, romelic Seicavs polimers (poliviniqlorids), 

Semvsebs, gamxsnels, pigments, plastifikators. grZivi nakeTobebi mzaddeba 

masis eqstruzirebiT specialur manqanebSi, romelsac eqstruderi ewodeba. 

es nakeTobebi warmatebiT cvlis nakeTobebs, damzadebuls xis, qvis da 

liTonis masalisagan. 

plinTusebis daniSnulebaa kedels da iataks Soris darCenili 

RreCos dafarva, isini aumjobeseben konstruqciis bgera da Tboizolacias 

da warmoadgenen arqiteqturuli gaformebis elementebsac. 

plinTusebi mzaddeba 1,2 da 2,4 m. sigrZis da ifuTeba paketebSi. 

kedelze amagreben weboebiT. 

161

nax. 29. polimeruli grZivi nakeTobebi: 

1 – plinTusi; 2 – saxelurebi; 3 – kibis safexurebis 

zedsadebebi; 4 – kuTxovani elementebi; 5 – tesebri da 

ortesebri masalebi. 

saxelurebi. saxelurebs uSveben gorglebad, romelTa sigrZea 12 m. 

erTi grZivi metris wona daaxloebiT 700 gramia. dayenebis win saxeluri 

cxeldeba 70-80 0 C –mde, ris Sedegadac is rbildeba da advilad Camoecmeba 

foladis moajirs. gacivebis Semdeg mWidrod magrdeba moajirze. 

safexuris zesadebebi farTod gamoiyeneba betonis kibis cveTisagan 

dasacavad. uzrunvelyofs konstruqciis maRal dekoratiulobas da 

higienurobas. 

162

15.6. saxuravis da hidrosaizolacio masalebi 

polimeruli masalebi sul ufro farTod gamoiyeneba saxuravebis da 

hidrosaizolacio masalebis dasamzadeblad. 

maTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia: simsubuqe, maRali simtkice, 

wyalgamtaroba da sxv. saxuravis da hidrosaizolacio masalebi iyofa sam 

jgufad: rulonuri, furclovani masalebi da mastikebi. 

polieTilenis afski warmoadgens rulonur masalas, romlis sigrZea 

25 m, sigane – 120-140 sm, sisqe 0,06-0,2 mm. igi xasiaTdeba qimiuri medegobiT 

agresiuli garemoSi. gamoiyeneba sasoflo mSeneblobaSi, kerZod 

saTburebSi minis nacvlad. iyeneben sarwyavi arxebis izolaciisaTvis da 

sxv. 

izoli ufro rulonuri masalaa, romelic mzaddeba rezin-bitumis 

Semkvrelis, kumaronis, Semvsebis (azbesti) da antiseptikebis 

Termomeqanikuri damuSavebiT. gamoiyeneba rogorc saxuravebisaTvis, aseve 

hidrosaizolaciod. garda rulonuri izolisa, samSeneblo saqmeSi 

gamoiyeneba izolis filebi da mastikebi. izolis fila rulonisagan 

gansxvavdeba SedgenilobiT – Seicavs met Semvsebs. izolis mastika 

warmoadgens rulonuri izolis plastikur masas. 

talRovani minaplastiki polimeruli furclovani masalaa. mzaddeba 

polieTerebis minis boWkoebiT, daarmaturebiT. furclis sigrZea 5 m, 

sigane 90 sm, sisqe 1,5-4 mm. Suqgamtaroba aRwevs 90%, temperaturamedegoba 

50-dan 90 0 -mdea. 

15.7. plastmasis sanitarul-teqnikuri nakeTobebi 

plastmasisagan mzaddeba sxvadasxva saxis sanitarul-teqnikuri 

nakeTobebi. maT miekuTvneba pirsabanebi, abazanebi, saSxapo kabinebi, milebi 

da sxv. es nakeTobebi did konkurencias uwevs liTonisagan damzadebul 

analogiur nakeTobebs da sul ufro met gamoyenebas poulobs. isini ufro 

163

msubuqia, advilia maTi montaJi, ar iJangeba, ar saWiroebs periodul 

SeRebvas, lamazia, aqvT maRali simtkice da higienuroba. 

milebi. plastmasis milebis mTeli rigi upiratesobani liTonis 

milebTan SedarebiT uzrunvelyofs maTi warmoebis zrdas. liTonTan 

SedarebiT xasiaTdeba mJaveebis da tuteebis mimarT maRali mdgradobiT, 

amitom warmatebiT iyeneben qimiur sawarmoebSi. polimeruli milebi 

msubuqia da SeiZleba gacilebiT ufro grZeli iyos, vidre liTonis 

milebi. polimeruli milebis damuSaveba warmoebs Cveulebrivi 

liTondamamuSavebeli danadgarebis meSveobiT. 

nax. 30. sanitarul-teqnikuri nakeTobebi; 

1 – milebi; 2 – sanitarul-teqnikuri armatura; 3 – unitazis saxuravi; 

4 – karis saxeluri; 5 – eleqtrogamomrTveli; 6 – WurWlis sarecxi 

plastmasis milebidan umetesad gamoiyeneba polieTilenis, 

poliginiqloridis da minaplastikis milebi. 

164

polieTilenis milebi gamoiyeneba 80 0 C temperaturamde, gamoirCeva 

yinvagamZleobiT. milebis diametri 13-150 mm, sigrZe – 120 m, wyalSTanTqma 

24 sT-Si 0,01%-mde. gamoirCeva medegobiT tuteebis da mJaveebis, sxvadasxva 

saxis zeTebis da gamxsnelebis mimarT. liTonis miRebaze 9-jer msubuqia. 

poniviniqloridis milebi xasiaTdeba qimiuri medegobiT da 

antikoroziuli TvisebebiT. mas iyeneben sxvadasxva daniSnulebis 

milsadenebisaTvis, sadac transportirdeba 40 0 C-mde gacxelebuli siTxeebi 

milebis diametria 6-150 mm, sigrZe – 1,5 m, sisqe – 2-8 mm, simtkice gaWimvisas 

50 mgpa, kumSvisas 30 mgpa, Runvisas 120 mgpa, wyalSTanTqma 24 sT-Si – 0,4%. 

minaplastikis milebi gansakuTrebuli warmatebiT gamoiyeneba 

navTobebis mrewvelobaSi, radgan navTobproduqtebi masze ar reagireben. 

milebis simtkice kumSvisas 300 mgpa-mdea, xolo Runvis 600 mgpa-mde. 

xasiaTdeba 150 0 C-mde TbomedegobiT. 

15.8. mosapirkeTebeli masalebi 

plastikuri masebi sul ufro farTod gamoiyeneba Senobebis 

interierebis mosapirkeTeblad. isini gamoirCevian praqtikulobiT 

eqspluataciisas, higienuria, ar saWiroeben xSir remonts. aqvT maRali 

dekoratiuli Tvisebebi. 

plastikuri masebisagan damzadebul sakedle masalebs miekuTvneba 

rbili da naxevradrbili merqanboWkos da merqanburbuSelas filebi, 

merqanSereuli plastikebi da minaplastika; agreTve, kedlis 

mosapirkeTebeli furclovani masalebi; polistirolis da fenolis 

filebi, qaRaldSereuli plastikati da rulonuri masalebi: linkrusti, 

wyalmedegi Spaleri da sxv. 

merqanboWkos, merqanburbuSelis, merqanSreuli da minaplastikis 

sakedle masalebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc konstruqciuli, aseve 

Tbisaizolacio. isini SeiZleba iyos erTfeniani, samfeniani da 

siRrueebiani. 

165

nax. 31. merqanburbuSelis erTfeniani (1) samfeniani (2) 

da siRrueebiani filebi (3). 

merqanboWkos da merqanburbuSelis filebi miiReba boWkovani masis 

dayalibebiT, cxeli dawnexiT da Semdgomi SrobiT. filebis zomebia: 

sigrZe 1200-3300 mm, sigane 100-1800 mm, sisqe 10-25 mm. maT iyeneben kedlebis 

Sida mopirkeTebisaTvis, tixrebis, kedlebSi CaSenebuli avejis da sxv. 


merqanSreuli plastiki furclovani masalaa, romelic miiReba 

polimeriT gaJRenili merqnis Sponebis cxlad dawnexviT. ZiriTad 

nedleulad gamoiyeneba fenolformaldehidis da karbamidis fisebi da 

specialuri xarisxis qaRaldi. mzaddeba furclebis saxiT: sigrZiT 100-360 

sm, siganiT 60-160 sm da sisqiT 3-5 mm; moculobiTi masa 1300-1450 kg/m 3 ; 

simtkice Runvisas 150-200 mgpa, wyalSTanTqma 24 sT-is ganmavlobaSi 

araumetes 5% da tenianoba ara umetes 7%-isa. maTi Tbogamtarobis 

koeficienti ar aRemateba 0,15-0,25kkal/m.sT.grad. axasiaTebT qimiuri 

166

mdgradoba organuli gamxsnelebis da zeTebisadmi. mas iyeneben kedlebis, 

rogorc Sida, aseve gare zedapirebis mopirkeTebisaTvis, samfeniani 

sakedle panelebis dasamzadeblad. 

minaplastikebi miiReba sxvadasxva saxis polimerebisa da 

minaboWkovani Semvsebebisagan. Semkvrelebad gamoiyeneba epoqsidis, 

siliciumorganuli da sxva polimerebi. Semvsebebad minis Sponi, minis 

qsovili, daWrili minaboWko. minis boWkos upiratesoba aqvs sxva saxis 

boWkoebTan, radganac igi gamoirCeva maRali simtkiciT, ar lpeba, ar iwvis 

da xasiaTdeba qimiuri medegobiT. ganasxvaveben sami saxeobis minaplastiks: 

minaplastikebi daWril boWkoebze, minateqstoliti da minaboWkovani 

anizotropuli masalebi. minaplastikebi gamoiyeneba Suqgamtari kedlebis 

da tixrebis mosawyobad, Weris SuqfanrebisaTvis, or da samfeniani 

sakedle panelebisaTvis. agreTve sxvadasxva milebisa da santeqnikuri 

mowyobilobisaTvis. 

rulonuri mosapirkeTebeli masalebidan qaRaldis SpalerTan erTad 

didi gamoyeneba aqvs plastmasebze damzadebul ufro gamZle, wyalmedeg da 

higienur rulonur masalebs, rogorebicaa wyalmedegi Spaleri qsovilis 

fuZeze, linkrusti da sxv. 

wyalmedegi Spaleri mzaddeba rulonebis saxiT, romlis sigrZea 8-12 

m, sigane 0,5 m, sisqe 0,4-0,6 mm. igi warmoadgens tenmedeg dekoratiul 

safars gazrdili saeqspluatacio TvisebebiT, amitomac iyeneben 

sacxovrebeli saxlebis samzareuloebis, derefnebis, sanatoriumebis, 

saavadmyofoebis da sxva nagebobebis Siga mopirkeTebisaTvis. Cveulebrivi 

Spaleris msgavsad wyalmedeg Spalers mosapirkeTebel zedapirze awyoben. 

zogierT wyalmedeg Spalersac meore mxridan qarxnuli wesiT datanebuli 

aqvs mSrali webos Sre, romelic dawebebis win unda dasveldes mxolod 

wyliT. 

linkrusti mzaddeba qaRaldis fuZeze ponoviniqloridis fisis, 

Semvsebis (merqnis fqvili, korpi da sxv.) plastifikatoris narevis 

dataniT. ferad reliefur linkrustTan erTad warmoeba amzadebs ufero 

linkrustsac, romelic dawebebis Semdeg unda SeiRebos zeTis saRebaviT. 

167

linkrusts amzadeben rulonebad, romelTa sigrZea 12 m, sigane 500-750 mm, 

sisqe – 0,6-12 mm. linkrusti wyal da lpobamedegia. is ar ibriceba da 

kargad ewinaaRmdegeba meqanikur moqmedebebs. gamoiyeneba satransporto 

vagonebis (troleibusi, metro da rkinigzis vagonebi) interieris 

gasaformeblad. 


1. plastmasebis Tvisebebi da maTi gamoyeneba mSeneblobaSi; 

2. plastmasis sanitarul-teqnikuri nakeTobebi; 

3. polimerebi, maTi saxeebi da nakeTobebi; 

4. iatakis da kedlis polimeruli masalebi. 

168

literatura 

1. v.bolqvaZe, i.andriaZe – saSeni masalebi, nawili 1, Tbilisi 

1978 w; 

2. v.bolqvaZe, i.andriaZe – saSeni masalebi, nawili 1, Tbilisi 

1981 w; 

3. En.lomiZe – mosapirkeTebeli masalebi da samuSaoebi, 

Tbilisi, 1982 w; 

4. a.nadiraZe _ saSeni masalebi da nakeTobebi, Tbilisi, 1984 w; 

5. Воробьев В.А. – Строительные материалы. М. 1973; 

6. Горчаков Г.Н., Баженов Ю.М. - Строительные материалы. М. 1986; 

7. Пискарев В.А. – Декоративно-отделочные строительные материалы, М. 

1978; 

8. Рамачандран В.С., Фельдман Р.Ф., Мальхота В.М., Долч В.Л., Мехта 

П.К., Охама И. и др. – Добавки в бетон by Noyes Publications, 1999; 

9. Рыбьев И.А. – Арофьева Т.Н., Баскаков и др. – Общий курс 

строительных материалов, М. 1987. 

169

s a r C e v i 

Sesavali -1 

Tavi I 

saSeni masalebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi - 2 

1.1. fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi - 2 

1.2. meqanikuri Tvisebebi - 11 

Tavi II 

bunebrivi qvis saSeni masalebi - 12 

2.1. mTis qanebi, maTi warmoSoba da klasifikacia - 12 

2.2. bunebrivi qvis masalebis klasifikacia, saxeebi da gamoyeneba – 18 

Tavi III 

keramikuli nakeTobebi - 25 

3.1. keramikuli nakeTobebis warmoebis saerTo teqnologiuri sqema -28 

3.2. Cveulebrivi Tixis aguri - 29 

3.3. efeqturi keramikuli masalebi - 31 

3.4. specialuri daniSnulebis keramikuli masalebi - 33 

3.5. Tixis kramiti - 33 

Tavi IV 

araorganuli Semkvreli nivTierebebi - 35 

4.1. haeruli Semkvreli nivTierebebi. TabaSiri - 36 

4.2. magneziuri Semkvreli nivTierebebi -38 

4.3. Txevadi mina - 39 

4.4. haerkiri - 39 

4.5. hidravlikuri Semkvreli nivTierebebi. hidravlikuri kiri - 40 

4.6. portlandcementi - 41 

4.7. portlandcementis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi - 43 

4.8. cementis gamoyeneba, transportireba da Senaxvis wesi - 46 

4.9. portlandcementis specialuri saxeebi - 46 

4.10. pucolaniani portlandcementi - 47 

4.11. widiani cementi - 48 

170

4.12. Tixamiwovani cementi - 49 

Tavi V 

betoni - 51 

5.1. ZiriTadi cnobebi - 51 

5.2. betonis klasifikacia - 52 

5.3. masalebi mZime betonis dasamzadeblad - 53 

5.4. betonis narevis momzadeba da transportireba - 58 

5.5. betonis narevis Cawyoba da gamkvriveba - 62 

5.6. betonis Tvisebebi - 63 

5.7. betonis Sedgenilobis gaangariSeba - 68 

5.8. betonis specialuri saxeebi - 73 

5.9. msubuqi betonebi - 75 

5.10. masalebi msubuqi betonis dasamzadeblad - 77 

5.11. ujredovani betoni - 78 

Tavi VI 

samSeneblo duRabi - 82 

6.1. samSeneblo duRabis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi da duRabis momzadeba -83 

6.2. sakalatozo duRabi - 86 

6.3. gamosayvani duRabi - 87 

6.4 specialuri duRabi - 87 

Tavi VII 

rkinabetonis nakeToba - 89 

7.1. zogadi cnobebi -89 

7.2. rkinabetonis nakeTobebis klasifikacia - 91 

7.3. rkinabetonis nakeTobebis warmoeba -93 

7.4. rkinabetonis nakeTobebis damzadebis ZiriTadi teqnologiuri 

operaciebi - 97 

7.5. asawyobi rkinabetonis nakeTobebis nomeklatura -100 

Tavi VIII 

armocementi - 105 

Tavi IX 

9.1. silikaturi saSeni masalebi da nakeTobebi - 108 

171

9.2. silikaturi aguri - 108 

Tavi X 

mina da minis nakeTobebi - 111 

10.1. furclovani gamWvirvale da gaumWvirvale mina - 111 

10.2. minis konstruqciuli nakeTobebi - 114 

Tavi XI 

xis saSeni masalebi - 117 

11.1. zogadi cnobebi - 117 

11.2. merqnis agebuleba - 119 

11.3. merqnis dekoratiuli da fizikur-meqanikuri Tvisebebi - 122 

11.4. merqnis manki - 126 

11.5. merqnis saSeni masalebi da nakeTobebi - 128 

Tavi XII 

Tbisaizolacio masalebi - 131 

12.1. araorganuli Tbosaizolacio masalebi da nakeTobebi - 132 

12.2. organuli Tbosaizolacio masalebi da nakeTobebi - 133 

Tavi XIII 

organuli Semkvreli nivTierebebi - 136 

13.1. bitumi - 136 

13.2. kupri - 140 

13.3. asfaltovani da kuprovani duRabi da betoni - 141 

13.4. hidrosaizolacio da saxuravis masalebi - 142 

13.5. bitumis da kupris mastikebi - 144 

Tavi XIV 

laq-saRebavi masalebi - 146 

14.1. pigmentebi - 146 

14.2. Semkvreli nivTierebebi da gamxsnelebi - 147 

14.3. Semvsebebi da damxmare masalebi - 149 

14.4. Spaleri - 150 

Tavi XV 

polimerebi - 151 

15.1. polimerebi da saSeni masalebi - 151 

172

15.2. plastmasebis Tvisebebi - 152 

15.3. polimerebi - 153 

15.4. polimeruli saSeni masalebi da nakeTobebi. iatakis polimeruli 

masalebi - 156 

15.5. plastmasis grZivi nakeTobebi -159 

15.6. saxuravisa da hidrosaizolacio masalebi - 161 

15.7. plastmasis sanitarul-teqnikuri nakeTobebi - 161 

15.8. mosapirkeTebeli masalebi - 164 

l i t e r a t u r a - 167 

s a r C e v i - 168 

173

saSeni masalebi

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