eleqtronuli gazomvebis sawyisebi - ieeetsu

<strong>eleqtronuli</strong> <strong>gazomvebis</strong> <strong>sawyisebi</strong><br />

Tema 1. analogur-cifruli gardamqmnelebi<br />

adamianis saqmianobis warmatebuli Sedegi, an maRali xarisxiT<br />

Sesrulebuli samuSao yovelTvis efuZneba codnas. Taobidan TaobaSi<br />

codnis gadacemis magaliTebi cxovelur samyaroSic aRiniSneba, adamiani ki,<br />

mas Semdeg, rac Homo sapiens-i, anu “adamiani gonieri” gaxda, codnas<br />

Segnebulad agrovebs, amuSavebs da anviTarebs. praqtikul saqmianobaSi, an<br />

garemomcveli samyaros Semecnebisas, adamiani axdenda da axdens misi<br />

Semadgeneli obieqtebis an movlenebis Seswavlasa da aRweras. rac ufro<br />

srulyofilad, ufro maRali xarisxiT vswavlobT da vadgenT maTTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebel sxvadasxva kanonzomierebas, miT ufro Rrmad vigebT maT<br />

bunebas da calsaxad vagebT Sesabamis models, anu gamartivebul, magram<br />

kanonzomierebis zustad amsaxvel analogs. modelis arseboba - miRebuli<br />

codnis warmatebulad gamoyenebis sawindaria.<br />

imisaTvis rom Sedegiani viyoT praqtikul saqmianobaSi, yovel konkretul<br />

SemTxvevaSi Cveni qmedeba codnaze agebul swor da safuZvlian<br />

gadawyvetilebebs unda emyarebodes. es codna ki, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba<br />

obieqtisa da movlenebis damaxasiaTebeli parametrebis raodenobriv, anu<br />

ricxviT monacemebs. Amravali Cveni daskvnis marTebuloba damokidebulia<br />

raodenobrivi - ricxviTi monacemebis sizustze.<br />

zusti ricxviTi monacemebis misaRebad aucilebelia <strong>gazomvebis</strong> Sesabamisi<br />

sizustiT Catareba. dasaxuli amocanis mixedviT saWiroa sxvadasxva<br />

sizustis <strong>gazomvebis</strong> Catareba da, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva gazomvis<br />

sizustis mqone gamzomi xelsawyoebis SerCeva, Seqmna da urTierTSedareba.<br />

dReisaTvis SemuSavebulia sxvadasxva etalonebisa da standartebis sistema,<br />

romelic, ama Tu im saxiT, moicavs yvela sazom xelsawyos. mecnierebis da<br />

sainJinro saqmianobis erTerT dargi – metrologia, emsaxureba <strong>gazomvebis</strong><br />

erT sistemaSi moyvanas, sistemis mdgradobas da sidideebis etalonebis<br />

Senaxvasa da funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofas. nax. 1-ze warmodgenilia<br />

CamoTvlili mosazrebebis metad sasargeblo zogadi sqema, romelic<br />

uzrunvelyofs saqmianobis warmatebul Sedegsa da xarisxs.<br />

nax. 1.<br />

Tanamedrove eleqtruli <strong>gazomvebis</strong> SemTxvevaSi, raodenobrivi, anu<br />

ricxviTi warmodgena fizikuri obieqtis Sesaxeb garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT<br />

yalibdeba. fizikuri movlenebis mimarT mgrZnobiare mTeli rigi<br />

xelsawyoebis – sensorebis gamoyenebiT, fizikuri movlenis<br />

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damaxasiaTebeli sidide gardaiqmneba eleqtrul denad an sxva eleqtruli<br />

bunebis mqone efeqtad. obieqtis Tvisebis damaxasiaTebeli es eleqtruli<br />

analogi Tanmimdevrulad “muSavdeba” ricxviTi mniSvnelobis misaRebad. nax.<br />

2-ze warmodgenilia es Tanmimdevroba.<br />

sensoris mier gamomuSavebuli eleqtruli sidide, rogorc wesi, pirvelad<br />

damuSavebas moiTxovs – es aris e.w. xarvezebisagan gawmenda da gaZliereba.<br />

analogur-cifruli gardamqmneli warmoadgens im xelsawyos, romelic<br />

fizikuri sididis eleqtrul analogs gardaqmnis da ricxvis saxiT<br />

warmoadgens. miRebuli ricxvebi SesaZlebelia procesorSi damuSavdes,<br />

dagrovdes, CairTos sxvadasxva monacemTa nakadSi da gaxdes modelis<br />

nawili an saeqsperto Sefasebis obieqti. Tanamedrove teqnologiur doneze<br />

Sesrulebuli es xelsawyo SeiZleba iyos mikrokontroleri an sxvadasxva<br />

tipis an simZlavris gamoTvliTi manqana – kompiuteri. am Tanmimdevrobis<br />

ganxorcielebis Sedegad, ricxviTi sididiT gamosaxuli fizikuri sidide<br />

(sidideebi) xdeba e.w. kompiuteruli mecnierebis obieqti da SesaZlebelia<br />

damuSavdes mecnierebis am dargis yvela miRwevis gamoyenebiT.<br />

xSir SemTxvevaSi miRebuli sidide gamoiyeneba pirvelad obieqtze<br />

kontrolis an raime saxis zemoqmedebis gansaxorcieleblad, magaliTad<br />

marTva, regulireba, raime procesis CarTva da sxva. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

informacia procesoridan gadaicema e.w. cifrul-analogur gardamqmnels,<br />

romelic procesoris programis Sesabamisad qmnis ricxviTi sididis<br />

eleqtrul analogs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aZlierebs mas da gadascems<br />

Zalovani eleqtronikis raime xelsawyos (Zrava, eleqtromagniti,<br />

tranzistori da sxva), es ukanaskneli ki raime tipis Semsrulebeli<br />

mowyobilobis meSveobiT axorcielebs obieqtze zemoqmedebas. am<br />

TanmimdevrobiT ikvreba e.w. ukukavSiris maryuJi.<br />

nax. 2<br />

analogur-cifruli gardamqmneli (acg)<br />

analogur-cifruli gardamqmneli (acg) – ganxiluli ciklis da gamzomi<br />

aparaturis umniSvnelovanesi komponentia. acg gardaqmnis Zabvis analogur<br />

signals cifrul kodSi, romelsac SemdgomSi mikroprocesori da<br />

programuli uzrunvelyofa amuSavebs.<br />

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arsebobs mravali saxis teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone acg. sxvadasxva<br />

xelsawyoebi moiTxoven sxvadasxva tipis acg-s gamoyenebas. magaliTad:<br />

cifrul oscilografebSi moiTxoveba monacemTa diskretizaciis (anaTvlTa<br />

aRebis) maRali sixSire, magram araa savaldebulo monacemTa maRali<br />

garCeva (didi sizuste). oscilografebis gamoyenebiT xdeba maRali<br />

sixSiris mqone rxeviTi movlenebis an swrafad cvalebadi movlenebis<br />

Seswavla. cifrul multimetrebSi (farTo moxmarebis universalur gamzom<br />

xelsawyoebSi, romlebic zomaven Zabvas, dens, winaRobas da eleqtruli<br />

wredebis da komponentebis parametrebs), ki piriqiT, saWiroa maRali<br />

garCeva, anu maRali sizuste, da araa savaldebulo anaTvalTa aRebis didi<br />

siCqare. zogadi daniSnulebis monacemTa damuSavebis sistemebSi gamoiyeneba<br />

saSualo garCevisa da saSualo diskretizaciis sixSiris mqone acg-ebi,<br />

ZiriTadad e.w. Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis acg-ebi. yvelaze maRali<br />

diskretizaciis sixSire aqvT paralelur acg-ebs, yvelaze maRali garCeva –<br />

e.w. maintegrirebel acg-ebs.<br />

nax. 3-ze warmodgenilia acg-s ZiriTadi tipebis SesaZleblobebi garCevis<br />

unarisa da diskretizaciis sixSiris mixedviT. Semoxazulia maTi<br />

parametrebis areebi. sixSiris sazomi erTeuli herci (Hz) am SemTxvevaSi<br />

aRniSnava anaTvlebis aRebis sixSires – 1 wamSi aRebuli anaTvlebis<br />

raodenobas.<br />

davaleba gansazRvreT xelsawyoebis Tanrigianoba aTobiT sistemaSi da<br />

SeadgineT nax. 3-is Sesabamisi cxrili.<br />

nax. 3<br />

Cven gavecnobiT sami ZiriTadi tipis acg-s - paralelur acg-s,<br />

Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis acg-sa da maintegrirebel acg-s, maTi muSaobisa<br />

da agebulebis principebs.<br />

paraleluri analogur-cifruli gardamqmnelebi<br />

maRalsixSiriani oscilografebi da zogierTi maRalsixSiriani gamzomi<br />

xelsawyoebi iyeneben paralelur acg-ebs maTi diskretizaciis maRali<br />

9<br />

sixSiris gamo, romelmac SeiZleba miaRwios 5G ( 5 ⋅10 ) anaTvals wamSi<br />

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standartul xelsawyoebSi da 20G anaTvals wamSi originalur<br />

xelsawyoebSi.<br />

sazogadod paralelur acg-ebs aqvT 8 Tanrigiani garCevis unari<br />

(xelsawyos gazomvis mTeli diapazoni iyofa 2 8 =256 nawilad), Tumca<br />

SeiZleba Segvxvdes 10 Tanrigiani modifikaciac (diapazoni iyofa 2 10 =1024<br />

nawilad).<br />

me-4 suraTze mocemulia 3 Tanrigiani paraleluri acg-s gamartivebuli<br />

blok-sqema (ufro maRalTanrigiani acg-s muSaobis proncipi analogiuria).<br />

aq gamoyenebulia komparatorTaA Tanmimdevroba. yoveli komparatori<br />

erTmaneTs adarebs Semosul Zabvas da misTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />

individualur sabazo Zabvas, romelsac qmnis naxazze warmodgenili<br />

preciziuli rezistiuli (didi sizustiT SerCeuli winaRobebisagan<br />

Semdgari) gamyofi. sabazo Zabvis sawyisi mniSvnelobaa V REF /8 (V REF gasazomi<br />

diapazonis udidesi mniSvnelobaa). gamyofi izrdeba yovel momdevno<br />

Tanrigis Sesabamis komparatorze bijiT V REF /8, amitom 3 Tanrigian acg-Si<br />

aris 7 komparatori. (8 Tanrigian acg-Si aris 2 3 -1=255 komparatori).<br />

Sesavali Zabvis gazrdisas komparatorebi Tanmimdevrulad iZlevian<br />

gamosavlze logikur erTianebs komparatorebis Tanrigis zrdis mixedviT,<br />

pirveli erTiani gamova umciress Tanrigze, Semdeg ki Zabvis zrdis<br />

mixedviT Tanmimdevrulad Seivseba erTianebiT zeda Tanrigebi.<br />

nax. 4<br />

a) komparatori warmoadgens<br />

eleqtronul xels<br />

awyos, romelsac gaaCnia ori<br />

wyaros eleqtruli Zabvis<br />

mniSvnelobebis Sedarebis<br />

funqcia. Ty ”+” eleqtrodze<br />

miwodebuli Zabva metia “-<br />

”eleqtrodze miwodebuli<br />

Zabvisa – komparatoris<br />

gamosavalze Cndeba 1. Tu,<br />

piriqiT, naklebia –<br />

gamosavalze Cndeba 0.<br />

b) omis kanonis Tanaxmad, tol<br />

winaRobaTa mwkvrivze Zabva<br />

V REF Tanabrad nawildeba–<br />

TiToeul winaRobaze modis<br />

V REF /8, radgan gvaqvs 8<br />

winaRoba. V 0 -V 6 wertilebSi<br />

Zabvis mniSvneloba iqneba –<br />

1*V REF /8, 2*V REF /8, 3*V REF /8,<br />

4*V REF /8, 5*V REF /8, 6*V REF /8 da<br />

7*V REF /8.<br />

naxazze mocemuli deSifratori gansxvavdeba adre ganxiluli<br />

deSifratorebisagan. misi Sesavali kodi ar asaxavs ricxvebs Tvlis raime<br />

sistemis Sesabamisad. misi deSifrirebis wesi mocemulia cxrilSi. saTanado<br />

aTobiT ricxvs Seesabameba Sesaval kodSi arsebuli erTianebis raodenoba.<br />

naxazze moyvanil magaliTze ganxilulia SemTxveva, rodesac CairTo 4<br />

komparatori. deSifratoris gamosavlis umcrosi Tanrigi aRniSnulia LsB,<br />

xolo ufrosi MsB.<br />

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Zabvis<br />

Sesabamisi<br />

aTobiTi<br />

ricxvi<br />

deSifratoris<br />

Sesavali<br />

kodi<br />

deSifratoris<br />

gamosavali<br />

kodi<br />

0 0000000 000<br />

1 0000001 001<br />

2 0000011 010<br />

3 0000111 011<br />

4 0001111 100<br />

5 0011111 101<br />

6 0111111 110<br />

7 1111111 111<br />

paraleluri acg-ebi Cqari mowyobilobebia, magram maT aqvT susti<br />

mxareebic. maTSi mravali komparatoris gamoyenebis gamo, muSaobisas isini<br />

denis wyarisagan moixmaren did simZlavres da amitomac maTi gamoyeneba<br />

araa rekomendirebuli iseT xelsawyoebSi romlebis muSaoben mcire<br />

tevadobis avtonomiuri eleqtruli wyaroebidan, magaliTad, batareebidan.<br />

Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis analogur-cifruli gardamqmnelebi<br />

rodesac moiTxoveba 12-16 Tanrigiani (SedarebiT maRali) garCeva da araa<br />

saWiro anaTvalTa aRebis didi siCqare da amasTan gamsazRvreli<br />

faqtorebia xelsawyos dabali Rirebuleba da ekonomiuri energomoxmareba,<br />

Cveulebriv iyeneben e.w. Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis acg-ebs. am tipis acg-ebi<br />

yvelaze xSirad gamoiyenebian sxvadasxvanair gamzom Tu informaciis<br />

dammuSavebel sistemebSi. dResdReobiT Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis acg-ebi<br />

saSualebas iZlevian gazomon daZabuloba 16 Tanrigiani sizustiTa da<br />

diskretizaciis sixSiriT 100 K -dan 1 M -mde anaTvali wamSi, anu muSaoben<br />

sixSireebiT 100kHz da 1 MHz .<br />

am meTodze dafuZnebuli gardaqmna simZimeebis awonvis proceduris<br />

msgavsia, amitom meTods xSirad uwodeben Tanrigis mixedviT<br />

gawonasworebis meTods. gavecnoT meTodis arss. jer warmovidginoT, rom<br />

gvaqvs <strong>eleqtronuli</strong> mowyobiloba, romelic gardaqmnis ricxviT<br />

informacias eleqtrul ZabvaSi. jerjerobiT es Savi yuTia, romlis<br />

Sesavalze miewodeba ricxviTi kodi, xolo gamosavalze iqmneba am kodis<br />

mniSvnelovis proporciuli Zabva. am mowyobilobas daarqves cifrulanaloguri<br />

gardamqmneli - cag.<br />

me-5 naxatze warmodgenilia Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis acg-s gamartivebuli<br />

blok-sqema. am tipis acg-s ZiriTadi nawilebia Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis<br />

specialuri procesori (mas xSirad Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis registrs<br />

uwodeben), komparatori da cifrul-analoguri gardamqmneli. gardaqmnis<br />

ciklis dasawyisSi am procesoris yovel gamosavalze mocemulia logikuri<br />

0-ebi, umaRlesi Tanrigis garda. amis gamo cifrul-analoguri<br />

gardamqmnelis gamosasvlelze gamova signali romelic acg-s Sesasvleli<br />

diapazonis naxevris tolia (orobiT sistemaSi tanrigis momareba orjer<br />

zrdis ricxvis mniSvnelobas). komparatoris gamosasvleli gadairTveba im<br />

mdgomareobaSi, romelic Seesabameba gasazomi signalisa da cag-is<br />

gamosasvlelis sxvaobas.<br />

magaliTad: 8 Tanrigiani Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis acg-sTvis procesoris<br />

gamosavalze gveqneba orobiTi 10000000 (mTeli diapazoni Seesabameba<br />

5

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orobiT ricxvs 11111111). Tu komparatorze Semavali gasazomi daZabuloba<br />

naklebia acg-s Semavali diapazonis naxevarze, maSin komparatoris<br />

gamosasvlelze gveqneba logikuri 0, rac aZlevs brZanebas Tanmimdevruli<br />

miaxloebis procesors gadarTos Tavisi gamosavali 01000000 mdgomareobaSi,<br />

rac Tavis mxriv Secvlis cag-is gamosasvlels Zabvas, romelic Sedis<br />

komparatorSi. amasTan Tu komparatoris gamosasvlelze isev miviRebdiT 0-s<br />

(e.i. cag-dan Sesuli Zabva isev meti iqneboda gasazom Zabvaze)<br />

Tanmimdevruli procesoris gamosavalze miviRebdiT 00100000. magram am<br />

SemTxvevaSi komparatorSi cag-dan Sesuli Zabvis mniSvneloba naklebia<br />

gasazomi Zabvis mniSvnelobaze (ix. naxati 6) da komparatoris<br />

gamosasvlelze miviRebT 1-s, rac miuTiTebs Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis<br />

procesors ar Secvalos Sesabamis TanrigSi erTiani da miawodos momdevno<br />

Tanrigzec erTiani “awonvis” proceduris gasagrZeleblad. aRwerili<br />

algoriTmi (procedura) gagrZeldeba iqamde sanam ar mivalT bolo<br />

(umcros) Tanrigamde. amgvarad, Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis acg-s esaWiroeba<br />

gardaqmnis erTi taqti (Sedarebis da kodis Secvlis erTi cikli) yoveli<br />

TanrigisTvis, e.i yoveli Tanrigis mniSvnelobis gasarkvevad, e.i. N taqti N<br />

Tanrigiani gardamqmnelisaTvis.<br />

nax. 5<br />

gardamqmnelis blok-sqema<br />

miuxedavad amisa, Tanmimdevruli miaxlovebis acg-s muSaobas aqvs<br />

Tavisebureba romelic dakavSirebuli cag-Si mimdinare gardamaval<br />

procesebTan. Teoriulad, Zabvis mniSvneloba cag-is gamosavalze yoveli N<br />

Sida taqtis ganmavlobaSi unda damyardes (Sesruldes) erTnair drois<br />

SualedSi. magram realurad, drois es Sualedi pirveli taqtebisTvis<br />

gacilebiT ufro metia vidre bolo taqtebisTvis. amitom 16 Tanrigiani<br />

Tanmimdevruli miaxloebis acg-s gardaqmnis dro 2-jer ufro metad<br />

aRemateba 8 Tanrigiani acg-s gardaqmnis dros.<br />

nax. 6-ze warmodgenilia gardamqmnelis muSaobis ciklis amsaxveli<br />

informacia – cag-is gamosavali Zabvis mniSvneloba da saTanado kodi,<br />

romelic Tanmimdevrulad zustdeba proceduris ganmavlobaSi.<br />

maintegrirebli analogur-cifruli gardamqmneli<br />

nax. 5-ze moyvanili sqema SegviZlia gamoviyenoT kidev erTi tipis acg-is<br />

Sesaqmnelad. warmovidginoT, rom procesori muSaobs Semdegi programiT:<br />

iwyebs muSaobas kodis 00000000 mniSvnelobidan da Tanmimdevrulad cvlis<br />

kods erTi bitiT 11111111 mde. aSkaraa, rom kodis sawyis mdgomareobaSi<br />

cifrul-analoguri gardamqmneli gamosavalze gvaqvs 0 da Zabva<br />

6

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Tanmimdevrulad matulobs maqsimalur mniSvnelobamde. im momentidan<br />

dawyebuli, rodesac komparatoris Sesaval eleqtrodebze orive Zabva<br />

erTmaneTs gautoldeba, Semdegi bitis gamoCena gamoiwvevs komparatoris<br />

gadarTvas. kodis es mniSvneloba Seesabameba gasazom Zabvas. am momentSi<br />

procesori SeaCerebs kodis cvlilebas da miRebuli kodi SesaZlebelia<br />

damaxsovrdes an gadaeces sxva bloks dasamuSaveblad.<br />

nax. 6<br />

gardamqmnelis miSaobis principis amsaxveli diagrama<br />

aseTi sqema Zalian farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mikroeleqtronikis<br />

ganviTarebis sawyis etapze. aseTi sqema Zalian nela muSaobs sxvebTan<br />

SedarebiT. mas araviTari upiratesoba ar gaaCnia Tanmimdevrul<br />

miaxlovebasTan SedarebiT. Tu “arsad gveCqareba”, ukeTesia gamoviyenoT<br />

sxva sqema, romelsac erTi upiratesoba gaaCnia.<br />

cifrul multimetrebSi, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba ortaqtiani<br />

maintegrirebeli acg-ebi, radgan aseT gamzom xelsawyoebSi aucilebelia<br />

rogorc maRali garCeva aseve eleqtruli Seferxebebis CaxSobis maRali<br />

unari.<br />

nax. 7-ze naCvenebia ortaqtiani maintegrirebeli acg-s muSaobis principi.<br />

Semomavali Zabva muxtavs kondensators fiqsirebuli drois ganmavlobaSi,<br />

romelic Cveulebriv mkvebavi qselis (50 an 60 herci) sixSiris erT<br />

periodis tolia. am drois ganmavlobaSi Semavali signalis integrirebiT<br />

efeqturad ixSoba maRalsixSirovani Seferxebebi, amavdroulad<br />

gamoiricxeba gardaqmnis sizusteze kvebis qselis Zabvis zegavlenac. es<br />

miiRweva imiTi, rom sinusoidaluri signalis misi rxevis erT periodis<br />

jerad drois SualedSi miRebuli jami nulis tolia.<br />

damuxtvis drois dasrulebisas acg ganmuxtavs kondensators fiqsirebuli<br />

siCqariT, xolo misi Sida mTvleli iTvlis taqturi impulsebis<br />

raodenobas kondensatoris ganmuxtvis drois ganmavlobaSi, anu ganmuxtvis<br />

dros. amgvarad, ganmuxtvis didi dro, Sesabamisad mTvlelis mier aTvlili<br />

7

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taqturi impulsebis meti raodenoba, Seesabameba gasazomi Zabvis met<br />

mniSvnelobas da piriqiT.<br />

ortaqtiani maintegrirebeli acg-s aqvs SedarebiT martivi struqtura,<br />

maRali sizuste da didi garCevis unari. aseTi acg-ebis ZiriTadi<br />

naklovanebaa – gardaqmnis didi dro, romelic ganpirobebulia<br />

integrirebis periodis mibmiT mkvebavi qselis periodTan. magaliTad: 50<br />

herciani mowyobilobisTvis ortaqtiani maintegrirebeli acg-s<br />

diskretizaciis sixSire ar aRemateba 25 anaTvals wamSi. cxadia, aseT acgebs<br />

SeuZliaT imuSavon ufro didi diskretizaciis sixSiriTac, magram am<br />

ukanasknelis gazrdisas mcirdeba misi medegoba Seferxebebis mimarT.<br />

nax. 7<br />

gardamqmnelis muSaobis principis amsaxveli diagrama<br />

sigma-delta gardamqnelebis garCeva moiTxovs damatebiTi informaciis<br />

codnas da ar ganixileba Sesaval kursSi.<br />

8