Mmedea burduli qarTuli tradiciuli samedicino kultura

<strong>Mmedea</strong> <strong>burduli</strong><br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>tradiciuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong> <strong>kultura</strong><br />

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axalcixis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

<strong>Mmedea</strong> <strong>burduli</strong><br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>tradiciuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong> codna<br />

Aaxalcixis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

gamomcemloba<br />

Aaxalcixe<br />

2010<br />

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krebulSi Sesulia 1997_2009 wlebSi sxvadasxva<br />

samecniero krebulebsa da JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli<br />

statiebi. naSromebis umetesoba exeba dasavleT<br />

(svaneTi, raWa_leCxumi, imereTi) saqarTvelos. savele _<br />

eTnografiuli da saarqivo masalis safuZvelze<br />

gadmocemulia qarTveli xalxis <strong>tradiciuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

<strong>kultura</strong> _samkurnalo saSualebebi da meTodebi,<br />

rogorc naturopaTiuri, ise magiur_religiuri.<br />

xalxuri <strong>samedicino</strong> codnisa da <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

xelnawerebis Sejereba naTels xdis qarTveli saxalxo<br />

mkurnalebis maRal profesiul dones.<br />

naSromi gankuTvnilia specialistebisa da xalxuri<br />

medicinis sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.<br />

wigni gamodis rusTavelis fondis sawelmwifo<br />

grantis _ ,,xalxuri <strong>samedicino</strong> codna da<br />

eTno<strong>samedicino</strong> terminologiis Tezaurusi~, farglebSi<br />

redaqtori: filologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />

profesori k. kakitaZe<br />

recenzentebi: istoriis doqtori n. jalabaZe<br />

istoriis doqtori n. RambaSiZe<br />

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meanobisa da ginekologiur daavadebaTa<br />

mkurnalobis zogierTi xalxuri tradicia<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

(svaneTis, raWa-leCxumis da imereTis eTnografiuli<br />

masalis mixedviT)<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, ise rogorc saerTod mTel<br />

saqarTveloSi, janmrTeli STamomavlobisaTvis zrunva<br />

qalis fexmZimobis pirveli dRidanve iwyeboda. kidev ufro<br />

adre-qorwinebis win xdeboda saqorwino wyvilTa SerCeva,<br />

`jiS-jilagianobis gakiTxva,~ maTi memkvidreobis Semowmeba,<br />

radgan iTvleboda, rom bevri daavadeba: tuberkulozi,<br />

zogierTi saxis fsiqo-nervuli avadmyofoba (mag: epilefsia)<br />

da sxva. aseve fizikuri nakli-sibrmave, siyrue da misT.<br />

memkvidreobiT gadadioda da Tu gvarSi romelimes aseTi<br />

daavadeba hqonda, maTi STamomavlobisaTvis es saSiSi iyo.<br />

amitom sapatarZlos Tu sasiZos ojaxis, gvaris<br />

STamomavlobis gakiTxva-gamorkvevas did mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebdnen. Tu gaigebdnen, rom sapatarZlos an sasiZos,<br />

gvarSi aseTi daavadeba `moudioda~, Tundac ramdenime<br />

Taobis win, maSin qorwinebisgan Tavs ikavebdnen.<br />

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT xdeboda sarZlos SerCeva:<br />

`dainteresebuli mxare pirvel rigSi gaigebda qalis mamis<br />

ojaxisa da gvaris avkargianobas, Rirseba-naklovanebas. mere<br />

iwyeboda misi dedis ojaxisa da gvaris `Zir-Zirobamde~<br />

gamokiTxva. Tu aRmoCndeboda raime memkvidreobiTi daavadeba<br />

(sikoWle, Wleqi, siqaCle, fsiqikuri daavadeba da a. S), maSin<br />

am qalis rZlobaze uars ambobdnen (XV; 19)<br />

qalis gasinjvis dros sadedamTilo gamoelaparakeboda<br />

qals `enaClungi xom ar ariso, gaatarebdnen – koWli xom<br />

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ar ariso, kisers gausinjavdnen – Tiadora yelisa xom ar<br />

aqvsT~ (XIX; 35).<br />

aRniSnuli mizezi edo safuZvlad TbilisSi abanoSi qalis<br />

gasinjvis Cveulebasac (X; 60).<br />

cnobilia, rom qarTvel xalxSi uSviloba did ubedurebad<br />

iTvleboda da gansazRvravda qalis mdgomareobas ojaxSi.<br />

uSvilo qalebi yovel Rones xmarobdnen, rom Svili<br />

miscemodaT (wamloba, Selocvebi, salocavebSi msxverplis<br />

Sewirva da sxva). pirvel rigSi isini eqimbaSebsa da<br />

bebiaqalebs mimarTavdnen, romlebic uSvilobis<br />

mkurnalobaSi sakmaod did gasamrjelos iRebdnen.<br />

sul axlo warsulSi imereTSi, sofel kulaSSi<br />

cxovrobda bebiaqali olRa naWyebia, romelic cnobili iyo<br />

uSvilobis samkurnalo `uebari wamlis~ damzadebiT. misi<br />

sityviT, Tu saSvilosno `gakiruli~ (rogorc Cans aq<br />

saSvilisnos ganuviTarebloba an falopiusis milebis<br />

gaumtaroba igulisxmeba) ar iyo, aucileblad uSvelida da<br />

Tavisi Sinauri wamliT qalis dafexmZimebas Seuwyobda<br />

xels. es wamali Sav Rvinoze mzaddeboda, masSi TerTmeti<br />

`Tavi wamali~, e.i. ingredianti Sedioda (am<br />

gasaidumloebuli wamlis recepti bunebrivia eqimbaSis mier<br />

ar iyo dasaxelebuli). uSvilo qalis daaxloebiT erTi<br />

Tvis manZilze cxra litra wamali unda daelia. eqimbaSi<br />

sam litra wamalSi oTxmocdaaT maneTs iRebda 1990 wlis<br />

kursiT. e.i. mkurnalobis mTeli kursi qals 270 maneTi<br />

ujdeboda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bebiaqali<br />

momSobiarebaSi gasamrjelod oc maneTs iRebda, naTeli<br />

gaxdeba zemoaRniSnuli wamlobis mniSvneloba.<br />

imereTSi, uSvilobis samkunalo wamlebis damzadebiT,<br />

warsulSi<br />

cnobili yofila ana wereTeli<br />

(akakis da), romelic Tavis codnas Sinamosamsaxureebsac ki<br />

uziarebda.<br />

Tu qals `uSvilobis~ wamlebi ar uSvelida, maSin ukve<br />

zebunebriv Zalebs - xat-salocavebs mimarTavda.<br />

ZiriTadad RvTismSobels evedrebodnen Svilierebis<br />

miniWebas, svaneTSi ki lamariasTan (RvTismSobeli) erTad<br />

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uSvilo qalebis damxmare RvTaebad iTvleboda latalis<br />

mTavarangelozic - `dabadebis RvTaebas romelsac `muxeria<br />

Targlezers~ eZaxian, saerTod araerTxel mouwadinebia, rom<br />

uSvilo colqmars Svili miscemoda, Tuki es colqmari<br />

wminda salocavebs momarTavda, zvarakebs Seswiravda da<br />

madliT savse RvTaebis guls moigebda. ,,muxeria<br />

Targlezeris~ saxelobis saydari latalSi `brZanebuli~<br />

iyo (XII; 9-10).<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> saqorwilo ritualebi Seicavdnen mraval<br />

magiur qmedebas, romlebic axalSeqmnili ojaxis<br />

gamravlebisken iyo mimarTuli.<br />

fexmZime qals ojaxis wevrebi sakmaod<br />

ufrTxildebodnen: mZime samuSaos aridebdnen - simZimes ar<br />

awevinebdnen, magram mas intensiurad unda emoZrava, radgan<br />

moZraoba, xalxis gadmocemiT, advil mSobiarobas uwyobda<br />

xels.<br />

orsuli qali garkveul dietas icavda: mas<br />

ekrZaleboda cxare da mariliani saWmlis miReba.<br />

adgilobrivi informatoris gadmocemiT, fexZime qals,<br />

Zlieri tkivilic ki (mag., saxsrebis tkivili), unda moeTmina,<br />

wamali ar unda daelia, raTa `muceli ar moSloda~, an<br />

wamals sxva mxriv, cudad ar emoqmeda nayofze.<br />

raWaSi da mosazRvre imereTis soflebSi moZiebulia<br />

masala, romlis mixedviTac, fexmZimes zogjer adgilobriv,<br />

soflis mkurnalTa mier damzadebul `znis~ (saymawvilo,<br />

epilefsia) wamals ar aZlevdnen am avadmyofobis<br />

profilaqtikis mizniT. imereTSi cnobilia Terjolis<br />

raionis sofel RvankiTSi mcxovrebi ugrexeliZeebis wamali.<br />

saymawvilos samkurnalo wamlebis damzadebiT ganTqmuli<br />

iyo raWis sofel bugeulSi mcxovrebi gabiCvaZeebis ojaxi,<br />

ris gamoc am wamals xSirad `raWul~ an `bugelis<br />

wamalsac~ eZaxdnen. gabiCvaZeebs samkurnalo codna<br />

memkvidreobiT hqoniaT miRebuli da karabadinebiT<br />

Sevsebuli.<br />

eqimbaSi ilia gabiCvaZe XXs. 30-ian wlebSi<br />

dapatimrebulic ki yofila samkurnalo saqmianobisaTvis.<br />

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mas respublikis jandacvis ministris saxelze dauweria<br />

Txovna-ganmarteba (sabuTi ojaxSi inaxeba), romelSic<br />

CamoTvlilia `bugeulis wamlis~ ingredientebi.<br />

aRniSnul sabuTis wyalobiT, CvenTvis cnobili<br />

gaxda epilefsiis samkurnalod xmarebul wamalSi Semavali<br />

mcenareebisa da nivTierebebis mxolod saxelebi. esenia:<br />

kataparia//katabalaxa (Valeriana officinalis L), javzi<br />

(Myristica moschata Thub), badani (IIIicum atisatum (L)),<br />

revandi (Rheum), Wiaferi (Phytolacla Americana L), magnezia,<br />

Zirtkbila (Glycurrhiza Glabra L).<br />

aRniSnuli ojaxebis samkurnalo saqmianoba dResac<br />

grZeldeba.<br />

fexmZime qalis janmrTelobaze zrunva adamianTa<br />

crurwmenasa da warmodgenebsac ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, ar<br />

SeiZleboda fexmZime qalis SeSineba. ityodnen `muceli<br />

moeSlebao~. mZime fsiqikuri tramva SeiZleba sabediswero<br />

gamxdariyo. amitom fexmZime qals usiamovno emociebs<br />

aridebdnen.<br />

orsul qals ekrZaleboda bevri iseTi ram, rac<br />

mosaxleobis warmodgeniT, nayofze cud gavlenas moaxdenda.<br />

mag: mas ar unda ecqira Roris dakvlisTvis, ityodnen -<br />

`Cvils xixini dayvebao~, aseve momakvdavisaTvis -`bavSvs<br />

sulis xuTvas dautovebso~ da sxva.<br />

fexmZimes muceli rom ar moSloda, umetes<br />

SemTxvevaSi qals garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi sawolSi<br />

moaTavsebdnen da intensiur moZraobas ukrZalavdnen. Tu mas<br />

muceli xSirad eSleboda, maSin mimarTavdnen adgilobriv<br />

meanebs, romlebsac sakuTari meTodebiTA da TviTnamzadi<br />

Sinauri wamlebiT mkurnalobdnen. amaTgan upirvelesi iyo<br />

`welis Sekvra~ sxvadasxva mafiqsirebeli saSualebebiT.<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi aseve farTod iyo<br />

gavrcelebuli muclis SesanarCunebeli Selocvis<br />

sxvadasxva variantebi:<br />

ani dadga, bani dadga, dRe dadga<br />

mTvare dadga, naZravi dadga, uZravi dadga,<br />

motexili dadga, mowyvetili dadga.<br />

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vinc es wyali dalios<br />

imis mucelSi bavSvi dadges,<br />

mze daunaxavi, mTvare daunaxavi,<br />

dromde iyavi da droze gamodi.<br />

ferdo bavSvi Seinaxe,<br />

ferdo bavSvi Seinaxe. (imereTi)<br />

Selocvis dros Semlocvels xelSi eWira TeTri an<br />

Savi mZivi. Seulocavdnen cxrajer da Semdeg `Senaloc~<br />

mZivs fexmZimes welze Seabamdnen~. cxrajer Seulocavdnen<br />

imitom, rom bavSvi cxra Tve unda yofiliyo mucelSi. es<br />

mZivi qals mSobiarobamde unda etarebina, Semdeg moixsnida,<br />

spilenZis fulTan erTad, bavSvs Tavze Semoavlebda, Tan<br />

ityodnen: amas gayves bavSvis yovelgvari avadmyofobao da<br />

sadme moSorebiT dadebda.<br />

svaneTSi odnav gansxvavebuli Selocva da ritualia<br />

damowmebuli:<br />

ani dadga, bani dadga,<br />

xe dadga, miwa dadga,<br />

ca da qveyana dadga, wyali dadga,<br />

moZravi dadga, uZravi dadga,<br />

qalis mucelSi boSi dadga.<br />

ani iZra, bani iZra,<br />

xe inZra, miwa inZra<br />

ca da qveyana inZra, wyali inZra,<br />

moZravi inZra, uZravi inZra,<br />

qalis mucelSi bavSvi inZra.<br />

Selocvis dros Semlocveli fexmZime qals mucelze<br />

xels usvamda, Senaloc wyals daalevinebda, welsa da<br />

mucelze cxrajer ganaskvul Senaloc matylis Zafs<br />

Semoavlebda, kanafis dawnil qerqs mucelze Semoakravda.<br />

Zafi da kanafi qals mSobiarobamde unda etarebina.<br />

Selocvis dros qals fexebs kirian wyalSi Caayofinebda -<br />

`wels umagrebso~. rogorc vxedavT, Selocva mimarTulia<br />

`naZravi~, e. i. `daZruli~ nayofis dasamagreblad.<br />

rogorc avRniSneT muclis moSlis erT-erT mizezad<br />

SiSi iTvleboda. imereTSi Cawerilia Selocvis saintereso<br />

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varianti, romelSic gaerTianebulia `SiSisa~ da ~muclis<br />

waxdenis~ Selocvis teqstebi:<br />

alisasa, malisasa, me gilocav Sewyenilisasa,<br />

gTxovT ufalo RmerTo, Seni ZaliTa da madliT<br />

moexmare yvela qalT mSobiares,<br />

dromde rom yolodes saRi da kargi Svili!<br />

ramac Segawyina?<br />

gadaxtomam gawyina, mainc Sewyenili xar,<br />

waiqeci, mainc Sewyenili xar,<br />

glaxaT dajeqi, mainc Sewyenili xar,<br />

inerviule, mainc Sewyenili xar,<br />

ani iZra, bani iZra,<br />

miwa iZra, ca iZra,<br />

yvela sulieri da usulo iZra,<br />

iZra da dadga, iZra da dadga, iZra da dadga<br />

am Cemi ... is* mucelSi<br />

kargi bavSvi iZra da dadga<br />

iZra da dadga, iZra da dadga~<br />

RmerTo momiwyve xeli,<br />

arge locva – madli Cemi,<br />

gadasaxe jvari Seni,<br />

alisasa, malisasa, me gilocav Sewyenilisasa,<br />

ani iZra, bani iZra,<br />

miwa iZra, ca iZra,<br />

yvela sulieri da usulo iZra,<br />

iZra da dadga, iZra da dadga, iZra da<br />

dadga<br />

am Cemi ... is mucelSi<br />

dromdi bavSvi iZra da dadga.<br />

iZra da dadga, iZra da dadga!<br />

dido RmerTo! arge locva-madli Cemi.<br />

gadasaxe jvari Seni amin!<br />

Semlocvels xelSi eWira puri an nigozi da imaze<br />

ulocavda samjer, Semdeg ki avadmyofs SeaWmevda (XVIII; 115-<br />

116).<br />

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dasavleT saqarTveloSi muclis xelovnuri moSla<br />

did codvad iTvleboda. wesiT qals unda gaeCina imdeni<br />

Svili, ramdenic `ayveboda~. miuxedavad amisa, zogjer<br />

qalebi mainc mimarTavdnen xelovnur aborts da umetes<br />

SemTxvevaSi daxmarebas bebiaqalebs sTxovdnen, romelTagan<br />

zogierTi Cumad eweoda muclis moSlis praqtikas.<br />

eTnografiuli monacemebiT svaneTSi aRniSnuli<br />

miznisaTvis qals aZlevdnen e. w. `sulemans~ es wamali<br />

didi sifrTxiliT unda exmaraT. Tu zedmeti doza<br />

mouvidodaT, SeiZleba qals Svili saerTod aRar<br />

miscemoda an TviTonac daRupuliyo.<br />

rogori iyo `sulemani~? – eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT, ver davadastureT, SeiZleba es iyo sulema<br />

(sulemisa) – qloris sindiyis Zlier Sxamiani TeTri<br />

fxvnili, romelic mcire doziT ixmareba medicinaSi (XXX).<br />

rogorc Cans, arasasurveli fexmZimobis<br />

mosacileblad qalebi zogjer riskzec midiodnen.<br />

muclis moSlis xalxuri saSualebebis arsebobas<br />

svaneTSi adasturebs saarqivo masalebic: `sofelSi<br />

agreTve gavrcelebuli iyo saidumlod Svilosnobis<br />

sawinaaRmdego balaxebi, muclis moSlis saSualebani~ (XII;<br />

13). ra balaxebia es saidumlod darCa, radgan aRniSnul<br />

saqmianobas farulad eweodnen da am saqmeSi SemCneuli<br />

pirovneba sastikad isjeboda.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, muclis mosaSlel<br />

saSualebebs Zalian saidumlod inaxavdnen. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, movaxerxeT dagvefiqsirebina erT-erTi mcenare,<br />

romelsac imereTSi aRiSnuli miznisaTvis iyenebdnen. esaa<br />

xarisZira//TeTri yayaCo (Helleborus caucasius cb. Br.).<br />

mcenaris gawmendil da gaTlil Zirebs Zafs moabamdnen da<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> sanTlebisnairad iyenebdnen. ris Semdegac qali<br />

ori saaTis ganmavlobaSi unda woliliyo. informatorTa<br />

gadmocemiT, es saSualeba did, 3-4 Tvis nayofze ufro<br />

swrafad moqmedebda, magram sakmaod saSiSi iyo da mis<br />

xmarebas didi sifrTxile sWirdeboda, radgan SeiZleba<br />

Zlieri sisxldena, an sxva garTulebebi gamoewvia.<br />

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Zvel qarTul medicinaSi xarisZira maTrobela da<br />

Sxamian mcenared iyo cnobili. misi gamoyeneba mxolod<br />

ukiduresi saWiroebis dros iyo daSvebli.<br />

dRes cnobilia, rom misi fesura Seicavs<br />

glukozidebs, romlebic moqmedeben gulze, nervul<br />

sistemaze, iwveven krunCxvebs, da safaRaraTo Tvisebebi<br />

aqvT.<br />

samwuxaroa, rom ukanasknel xanebSi imereTis<br />

soflebSi kvlav iCina Tavi am mcenaris gamoyenebam, rac<br />

xalxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis daqveiTebisa da<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> momsaxurebis gaZvirebiT unda aixsnas. amas ki<br />

SeiZleba savalalo Sedegi mohyves.<br />

bebiaqalebi mkurnalobdnen menstrualuri ciklis<br />

moSlas, saSvilosnodan sisxlis denas, gaxangrZlivebul<br />

da Semawuxebel klimaqsur movlenebs da sxva.<br />

menstrualuri ciklis moSlas Sav Rvinoze<br />

damzadebuli wamliT mkurnalobdnen. Sav RvinoSi<br />

samkurnalo balaxebis naxarSs Seurevdnen, Svidi dRis<br />

manZilze avadmyofs sami litri unda daelia.<br />

dasalev wamals amzadebdnen ,,garTulebuli~<br />

klimaqsis samkurnalodac (receptis dadgena jerjerobiT<br />

ver moxerxda), magram es wamlebi ZiriTadad sxvadasxva<br />

samkurnalo balaxebis naxarSs warmoadgens, romelSic<br />

Sedis katabalaxas (Valeriana oficinalis L.) Zirebic.<br />

Zvelad am mcenaris Zirebi mravali wamlis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

Sedioda. miaCndaT, rom es wamali ,,amxiarulebda guls da<br />

stomaqs~. amJamad katabalaxas preparatebi ixmareba rogorc<br />

gulis moqmedebis gasaumjobesebeli da nervuli sistemis<br />

damamSvidebeli saSualeba. amdenad misi gamoyeneba<br />

zemoaRniSnuli daavadebis dros mizanSewonili Cans.<br />

saSvilosnodan sisxlis denis SemTxvevaSi erT<br />

kilogramamde WinWars sam litr wyalSi moxarSavdnen da<br />

avadmyofs dReSi xuTi-eqvsjer miscemdnen. Zvel qarTul<br />

medicinaSi WinWari (Urtica urens L., U. Dioica L.)<br />

gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva daavadebebis dros. umTavresad ki<br />

sisxlis denis SesaCereblad. ,,vinc WinWris foTlebi<br />

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danayos da an asurimos, da oriv cxviri gamoitenos,<br />

cxvirsa sisxli daswyvitos~, vkiTxulobT iadigar daudSi<br />

(I; 262).<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi TiTqmis yvelgan mSobiaroba<br />

miwaze xdeboda. mag: imereTSi `uwin miwaze cecxlis piras<br />

daafendnen Wilofs, dayridnen Tivas da qali iq<br />

mSobiarobda. msgavsi masala mowmdeba raWa-leCxumSi, aq<br />

miwaze CalasTan erTad Calis leibsac daagebdnen. miwaze<br />

xdeboda mSobiaroba svaneTSic, oRond gansxvavebiT sxva<br />

kuTxeebisagan, aq qali calke, saxlidan moSorebiT<br />

mSobiarobda - `qals rom mSobiarobis dro mouwevda, mas<br />

gancalkevebul `ukacur~ saxlSi gadaiyvandnen, Tuki aseTi<br />

ojaxs gaaCnda, Tu ara da wisqvilSic moaTavsebdnen xolme,<br />

magram ara momuSave wisqvilSi, radgan iq ifqveboda<br />

Sesawiravi puri, aramed gauqmebulSi~ (XI; 24).<br />

zogierTi monacemis mixedviT, qals SeiZleba svanuri<br />

saxlis darbazSic emSobiara. `mSobiarobis dros qals<br />

calke oTaxSi awvendnen, xSirad darbazSi, sadac Tivas<br />

inaxavdnen~ (XXXIV; 21).<br />

garda am erTi cnobisa, verc saarqivo da verc<br />

savele masaliT svaneTSi qalis darbazSi mSobiaroba ver<br />

davamowmeT. CimakaZes es wesi SeiZleba SedarebiT SeZlebul<br />

ojaxebSi hqonda dafiqsirebuli.<br />

ojaxisagan izolirebuli mSobiaroba, svaneTis<br />

garda, damaxasiaTebelia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTielebisaTvisac. es Cveuleba cnobilia, rogorc<br />

kavkasiis, ise msoflios sxva xalxebSic da dakavSirebuli<br />

mSobiare qalis `uwmindurad~ aRiarebis SexedulebasTan.<br />

aRniSnuli wesi (miwae mSobiaroba) damowmebulia<br />

mTel saqarTveloSi, rasac garkveuli mniSvneloba<br />

miewereboda. qarTvelTa (da ara marto qarTvelTa)<br />

warmodgenaSi miwa dedur sawyiss ganasaxierebda da<br />

`qalisagan yrmis Soba gaigivebuli iyo miwisagan nayofis<br />

SobasTan~ (XXVII; 82).<br />

mSobiaresTan miyavdaT bebiaqali, igi xelebs Tbili<br />

wyliT daibanda da mSobiares daexmareboda.<br />

13

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leCxumSi damowmebuli masalis mixedviT, rodesac<br />

qals mZime mSobiaroba hqonda, WinTvebis gasaZliereblad<br />

mSobiares aZlevdnen amosaxvelebel saSualebebs,<br />

romeliRac balaxis naxarSs, romlis saxelic ver<br />

davadgineT. Tu bavSvi TaviT ar modioda, bebiaqalebi<br />

xeliT Seucvlidnen mdebareobas. gansakuTrebiT<br />

daxelovnebuli bebiaqalebis saxelebi dRemde SemorCa<br />

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mexsierebas. aseTi iyo,<br />

magaliTad, qvemo svaneTSi eliso quraspediani –<br />

bendeliani, romelic ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Tu nayofi<br />

qalis mucelSi daiRupeboda, dedis gadarCenis mizniT<br />

`bavSvs daWrida~ da ise amoiRebda dedis saSodan, e.i.<br />

atarebda embriotomias. bebiaqalebis mier aRniSnuli<br />

operaciis Catarebis praqtikas Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

xelnawerebic adastureben (XXIX; 153).<br />

rogorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSi uwin qali<br />

daCoqili mSobiarobda. dasavleT saqarTvelos arc erT<br />

regionSi mas marto ar tovebdnen, bebiaqalis garda kidev<br />

2-3 qali exmareboda. imereTSi maT `damswre qalebs~<br />

eZaxdnen. svaneTSi, sadac qali mSobiarobda, Werze<br />

Camoabamdnen Toks, gaWirvebis dros qali Toks Caavlebda<br />

xels, an Tokebi horizontalurad iyo gabmuli, daCoqili<br />

mSobiare iRliebiT zed daekideboda da ise mSobiarobda.<br />

gaZnelebuli mSobiarobis dros qals muclis da welis<br />

areSi meani qali xels daaWerda. imereTSi bebiaqali<br />

mSobiares fexebs Tbil wyalSi Caayofinebda, rom `qals ar<br />

Sescivnoda. saxsrebi ar dakunToda da advilad<br />

gaxsniliyo~, - gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

zemo imereTSi gaZnelebuli mSobiarobis dros<br />

mimarTavdnen magiur ritualebs, mohyavdaT qali an iseTi<br />

kaci, romelsac `gvel-bayayi hyavda erTmaneTisagan<br />

daSorebuli~. mas samjer unda gadaebijebina<br />

mSobiaresaTvis da Tan eTqva: `gvel-bayayi gamiSvia,<br />

dedaSvili daSordiT~. melogines maxloblad Tofs<br />

dacildnen, mamakacis qudiT an `bluzis~ kalTiT wyals<br />

daalevinebdnen, Zalas Sematebso, qalamnebs erTmaneTze<br />

14

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gadaabamdnen da mucelze gadaadebdnen (XVII; 35). qali<br />

sadac mSobiarobda, im oTaxis win Tofs gaisrodnen,<br />

eSmakebi dasdevdnen aseT qalsao (mSobiarobis dros) da<br />

mas aSinebdnen.<br />

aRniSnuli Cveulebebi mciredi saxesxvaobebiT mTel<br />

saqarTveloSi mowmdeba.<br />

roca qali mSobiarobda, ojaxSi saqonels<br />

auSvebdnen, dabmuls arafers datovebdnen - `mSobiaroba<br />

gaadvildebao~.<br />

mSobiarobis Semdeg axalSobils da melogine qals<br />

bebia uvlida. axalSobils Wips narTis ZafiT<br />

`gaufskvnida~ da `sami TiTis dadebaze~ Wiplars<br />

gadaWrida. Wipze mosamSraleblad daadebdnen daReWil<br />

purs an nigozs. nerwyviT ganzavebuli puri an nigozi,<br />

rogorc Cans, baqteriociduli moqmedebis iyo. adebdnen<br />

aseve odnav gamdnar ,,darbilebul~ Taflis sanTels,<br />

spilenZis ,,Jangs~ (Wvartls). Wipi rom moZvreboda zed<br />

damrgvalebul bambas daadebdnen. ,,TiTiT daabrunebdnen~<br />

da gadaukravdnen.<br />

zogi bebiaqali axalSobils maSinve dabanda, zogi<br />

ki pirdapir Seaxvevda da mxolod mesame dRes dabanda.<br />

zogierTi bebiaqali imereTSi axalSobils wyalRvinoSi<br />

gabanda. svaneTSi erTi kviris mere Cvils deda dReSi<br />

orjer Tbil wyalSi abanavebda da Semdeg qons wausvamda<br />

(XI; 26). mSobiaresac, Tu yvelaferi normalurad Caivlida,<br />

imave an meore dRes dabandnen.<br />

Tu qals mSobiarobis Semdeg raime gaurTuldeboda,<br />

mag.: Tu sisxlis dena daewyeboda fexebs kirian civ wyalSi<br />

Caayofinebdnen – sisxlis denis Sewyvetas Seuwyobs xelso.<br />

mSobiarobis Semdgomi tkivilebis gasayuCeblad<br />

sxvadasxva saSualebebs mimarTavdnen. mag.: svaneTSi balax<br />

moloqas-balba-tuxti (Malva silvestris L.) foTlebisa da<br />

fesvebis fxvnilebisagan gaakeTebdnen ,,locfeqs~ da<br />

mSobiares daalevinebdnen, rom SeRavaTi miscemoda.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom balbas Zvel qarTul medicinaSi<br />

iyenebdnen, rogorc Sinagan ise garegan samkurnalo<br />

15

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saSualebad (XXVIII; 108). locfeqs azavebdnen nivriT. niors,<br />

rogorc cnobilia, axasiaTebs baqteriociduli Tvisebebi,<br />

stimuls aZlevs kuWis wvenis gamoyofas da aumjobesebs<br />

saWmlis monelebas (16; 95).<br />

svaneTSi mSobiarobis Semdeg Tu qals Tavis tkivili<br />

Seawuxebda, dasayuCeblad wyalSi ,,galesil~ gaxsnil<br />

daTvisa da batis naRvels daalevinebdnen.<br />

melogines muclis tkivilis dros asmevdnen kanafis<br />

(Cannabis sativa L.) zeTs (XXIV; 79). Zvel qarTul<br />

medicinaSi kanafi sxvadasxva daavadebebis dros<br />

gamoiyeneboda, rogorc samkurnalo saSualeba (XXIX; 432. I,<br />

170-316-409). cnobilia, rom kanafis Teslisagan amzadeben<br />

narkotikul nivTierebas – haSiSs (XXXVII; 95). amdenad<br />

naTelia misi tkivilgamayuCebeli moqmedebac. rogorc<br />

melogine qalis, aseve Cvilis muclis tkivilis dros<br />

iyenebdnen gvirilas (Pyrethrum) naxarSs. gvirilas<br />

gamoyeneba sxvadasxva daavadebis dros saqarTveloSi Zveli<br />

droidanve iyo cnobili. cnobilia, rom gvirila anTebis<br />

sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebs Seicavs (XVI; 201).<br />

saqarTveloSi cnobili iyo gvirilas sami saxeoba –<br />

wiTeli gvirila (Pyrethrum roseum M. B), yviTeli gvirila<br />

(Chamaemelum oulgare) da TeTri gvirila (Matricaria<br />

chamomila L). Zvelad samive samkurnalod gamoiyeneboda.<br />

,,iadigar daudSi~ vkiTxulobT - ,,ese sami<br />

gvirilaebi samnive mxurvali da xmelia da yovlisa<br />

grilisa senisa da WirisaTvis samive wamali aris, rome an<br />

misi SarbaTi asvan, an danayon, tled qnan da sadac<br />

stkiodes da an usivdes iq Semosvan. yovelsa qarsa dalews<br />

da gaayenebs, da yovlisa grilsa sensa argebs da wamali<br />

aris civebisa, sisxlisa, grilisa xafayanisa, asosa, Zulisa<br />

da saxsrebis tkivilisaTvis, Tavisa da welisa<br />

tkivilisaTvis da yovlis balRamis wamalia~ (I; 207).<br />

Tu qals jer gogo hyavda da mere biWi SeeZineboda,<br />

an piriqiT, aseT mSobiarobaze ityodnen ,,upenacvaliao~.<br />

mosaxleobis dakvirvebiT qals am dros ufro tkiva<br />

muceli. mas ,,upenacvalis tkivils~ eZaxian. sulxan-saba<br />

16

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orbelianis mixedviT, ,,upe-Wipia. uped mas uwodeben,<br />

axalSobilTa WipTa welebr rom abia~. tkivilis<br />

dasaameblad kvliavis – zira (Carum Carvi L) Teslis<br />

naxarSs asmevdnen dReSi samjer, sami dRis ganmavlobaSi.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom kvliavis nayofi (Tesli) didi<br />

raodenobiT Seicavs eTerovan zeTebs, tanins, fisovan<br />

nivTierebebs, cxims. medicinaSi igi gamoiyeneba kuWnawlavis<br />

spazmebis, saWmlis momnelebeli organoebis<br />

funqciebis darRvevis dros (XVI; 128).<br />

Zvel qarTul medicinaSi zira (kvliavi) mravali<br />

daavadebis dros gamoiyeneboda, maT Soris zemoaRniSnuli<br />

tkivilebis drosac (I; 24).<br />

raWaSi qali rom imSobiarebda, or Wiqa Sav Rvinos<br />

wamoaduRebdnen, Sig erT sufris kovz kvliavis Tesls<br />

Cayridnen, xarSavdnen 15-20 wuTis ganmavlobaSi da<br />

asmevdnen muclis tkivilis dasayuCeblad. amas ,,Rvinis<br />

Tbils~ eZaxdnen.<br />

svaneTSi axalmomSobiarebulebs zogjer cota<br />

araysac daalevinebdnen - `stomaqs~ mouxdebao. Tu<br />

melogine qals yabzoba Seawuxebda, daadnobdnen qons da<br />

daalevinebdnen. bavSvisaTvis ki damdnar qons Seurevdnen<br />

Tafls da roca Semagrdeboda, TiTiT aalokinebdnen, kuWi<br />

rom gaewmindaT (XI; 26).<br />

svaneTSi Cvil bavSvebs kuWis Sekrulobis dros<br />

aZlevdnen mcire raodenobis zeTsac.<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo<br />

e.w. saymawvilo. informatorTa gadmocemiT, es daavadeba<br />

bavSvs Tu TxuTmet wlamde ar gauvlida, SeiZleba `zned~<br />

(epilefsiad) gadaqceoda. am daavadebis profilaqtikis<br />

mizniT, sxvadasxva saSualebebs mimarTavdnen. mag:<br />

Wiplaridan gamonaden sisxls `gamousvamdnen pirSi~.<br />

erT-erT bebiaqalisagan CaviwereT Semdegi: `…visac<br />

aviyvandi, Wiplars rom movWridi imis sisxls gamousvamdi<br />

pirSi da Cems ayvanils aravis ar mosvlia arc saymawvilo,<br />

da arc kai Tavi” (epilefsia).<br />

17

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qali rom moimSobiarebda, bebiaqali mas dabanda da<br />

mucels gaukravda. Semdeg, rogorc aRvniSneT, igi xSirad<br />

dadioda meloginesTan da Cvils uvlida.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi Zvelad mSobiarobis Semdeg qali 40 dRe iwva<br />

loginSi, Tumca zogieri cnobiT, `loginobis xana~ sam<br />

kviramde iyo Semcirebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom am SemTxvevaSi<br />

es dro loginSi wolas gulisxmobs, radgan yvela saxis<br />

saojaxo saqmis gakeTeba (mag: puris gamocxoba) qals<br />

mxolod ormoci dRis Semdeg SeeZlo. aq ra Tqma unda,<br />

gaTvaliswinebulia saojaxo pirobebic.<br />

imereTSi uwin mSobiarobis Semdeg qali 40 dRe unda<br />

woliliyo loginSi. `loginobis vada 6 kviraa~ -<br />

gadmogvcemdnen mTxrobelebi da amitom ufro janmrTelad<br />

iyvnen qalebio. eqvsi kviris gasvlis Semdeg pirvelad savse<br />

Wurze ~gadaiyvandnen~ `savse eqneba ube kalTao~, moxdidnen<br />

Wurs da dailocebodnen.<br />

raWaSic mSobiare 40 dRis an erTi Tvis<br />

ganmavlobaSi mainc iwva. ori kvira qali iqve iyo, sadac<br />

imSobiarebda, Semdeg Sedioda saxlSi, sadac misi Sesvlis<br />

win nakurTx wyals moapkurebdnen.<br />

svaneTSi n. CimakaZis cnobiT qali male erTveboda<br />

saojaxo saqmeebSi. mSobiarobis dRidan sami, oTxi dRis<br />

Semdeg qali dgeba loginidan da muSaobs Cveulebriv<br />

(XXXIV; 21) wers igi, rac Cvens eWvs iwvevs, es SeiZleba<br />

yofiliyo mxolod gamonaklisi.<br />

s. guledanis cnobiT ki, `melogine am cud SenobaSi<br />

(igulisxmeba mitovebuli wisqvili, sadac qalma imSobiara)<br />

da pirobebSi iyo ori-sami kvirs ganmavlobaSi da<br />

`ganwmendis~ Semdeg brundeboda saxlSi~ (XI; 26).<br />

Cveni masalis mixedviTac mSobiarobis Semdeg qali<br />

sakmaod gvian Caebmeboda saojaxo saqmianobaSi, radgan ara<br />

marto svaneTSi, aramed mTel saqarTveloSi Zvelad<br />

mSobiarobis Semdeg qali ormoc dRemde `uwmindurad~<br />

iTvleboda da mas ar SeeZlo gaekeTebin saojaxo saqmeebi.<br />

`es Cveuleba humanuri mosazrebiT ki ar iyo gamowveuli,<br />

18

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aramed imiT, rom melogines Tavisi mikarebiT ar<br />

gaeuwmindurebina rame da ubedureba ar moetana<br />

ojaxisaTvis~ (XXXVI; 50). magram Tu sakiTxs qalis<br />

janmrTelobaze zrunvis TvalsazrisiT mivudgebiT, maSin<br />

aRniSnuli akrZalvebi gamarTlebulad unda CaiTvalos.<br />

`misi aseTi izolacia saojaxo saqmeebisagan marto im<br />

crurwmeniT rodi iyo ganpirobebuli, rom igi uwmindurad<br />

iTvleboda, aramed imiT, rom qalis janmrTelobas<br />

mSobiarobis Semdeg gafrTxileba undoda. SeiZleba<br />

vifiqroT, rom `uwmindurobasac~ mas am mizniT ufro<br />

abralebdnen, vidre imis gamo, rom SeeZlo ziani mieyenebina<br />

sxvaTa materialuri mdgomareobis an janmrTelobisaTvis~<br />

(XVII; 16-17).<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom svaneTSi qali umetesad<br />

gancalkevebul SenobaSi mSobiarobda, igi iq marto<br />

TiTqmis arasodes rCeboda, arc – mSobiarobamde da arc<br />

Semdeg, masTan xSirad midiodnen mezoblebi – mokeTe<br />

qalebi da mihqondaT mosakiTxi: saWmeli, sasmeli. melogine<br />

qalis sakvebi didad ar gansxvavdeboda Cveulebrivisagan.<br />

qals Tavdapirvelad jer wvnian saWmels aZlevdnen, rZe<br />

rom moeZaleboda, wvnianebs uzRudavdnen. Tu qals cota<br />

rZe hqonda aZlevdnen iseT saWmels, romelic maTi azriT,<br />

rZes moumatebda. magaliTad: `Roris muclis qonisa da<br />

zeTisagan (igulisxmeba kanafis zeTi m. b.) Semzadebul –<br />

lŒhne-s, qvemo svaneTSi mxolod rZenaklul qalebs<br />

aWmevdnen~ (XXIV; 70).<br />

imereTSic, melogines saWmels maincdamainc ar<br />

urCevdnen - `yvelanair saWmels aWmevdnen rac eqnebodaT,<br />

rom bavSvi Tavidanve Yyvelafers SeCveoda”. bavSvs ZuZus<br />

erTi dRis mere micemdnen, pirvel dRes qali ZuZus<br />

gamoiwvelida, rZes buxris piras daaqcevdnen. gasasvlel<br />

adgilas misi daqceva ar SeiZleboda, rom zed fexi ar<br />

dadgmoda – fexs gayveba da qals rZe daekargebao. erTi<br />

weli mainc unda eWama bavSvs dedis rZe.<br />

19

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leCxumSi damowmebuli zogierTi masalis mixedviT<br />

axalSobils ZuZus sam dRemde ar miscemdnen. rac gamoyva<br />

dedis muclidan is unda daiwmindoso.<br />

Cvili bavSvis muclis tkivilis samkurnalod<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad iyeneben cxovelur<br />

saSualebebs: maCvis, daTvis, Txis naRvels, romelsac<br />

Zalian mcire raodenobiT `galesavdnen~ - gaxsnidnen dedis<br />

rZeSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, amave mizniT gamoiyeneboda<br />

gvirilas naxarSic.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, naRvlis wvenSi arsebuli naRvlis<br />

mJaveebi xels uwyobs cximebis gadamuSavebas da<br />

aumjobesebs saWmlis monelebis unars.<br />

Cvilis Casawven akvans bebiaqali moamzadebda.<br />

svaneTSi igi ase gamoiyureboda: fetvis Calas zemodan<br />

qeCis naWeri da narmis zewari efina, bavSvs fexebze<br />

axvevdnen kravis patara tyavs, zemodan ki sabani exura (XIII;<br />

83)<br />

bavSvs akvanSi erTi-ori kviris Semdeg awvendnen.<br />

manamde dedis gverdiT, misTvis specialurad gamarTul<br />

qveSagebSi iwva. imereTSi axalSobili erTi kvira dedis<br />

gverdiT specialurad ficarze gakonili iwva, romelzedac<br />

jer miwas dayridnen da mere bavSvis qveSagebs gaSlidnen.<br />

erTi kviris Semdeg bebiaqali bavSvs akvanSi Caawvenda, aqac<br />

akvnis leibs da qveSageb TeTreuls Soris fxvieri sufTa<br />

miwa iyo dayrili, romelsa periodulad cvlidnen.<br />

bebiaqals xalxi did pativs scemda – aZlevdnen<br />

specialur gasamrjelos an saCuqars, visac ra SeeZlo.<br />

imereTSi – bavSvis dabadebidan ramdenime dRis Semdeg<br />

bebiaqals da mezoblebs dauZaxebdnen – dilas bavSvis<br />

`xmiadis moxda~ maqvs da ar Wamo rameo – stumrebi uzmod<br />

unda mosuliyvnen. axalSobili Tu gogo iyo varikas<br />

daklavdnen, Tu biWi – yvinCilas. bebiaqali aanTebda wyvil<br />

sanTels, yvelis gulianebs miitandnen im adgilze, sadac<br />

bavSvi daibada da dailocebodnen, RmerTo gazardeo.<br />

asrulebdnen aseT wessac: gamoacxobdnen xuT patara<br />

purs `xmiads~. erTpurs mamas esrodnen. mas igi haerSi unda<br />

20

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daeWira da siarulSi SeeWama. gaakeTebdnen oTx sanTels,<br />

erT WiqaSi Rvinos da wyals Caasxamdnen, qalis<br />

mSobiarobis adgilidan bebiaqali cota miwas aiRebda,<br />

wyal-RvinoSi Seurevda da qals ZuZuze mousvamda, kargi<br />

ZuZu eqnebao. axalSobils ki saxeze wausvamda, kargi feri<br />

eqnebao.<br />

aRniSnuli rituali erTgvar gamoZaxilad gveCveneba<br />

akad. g. Citaias mier adre aRwerili guruli Cveulebisa<br />

`guriaSi dRemde SemorCenilia miwisaTvis zvarakis mitanis<br />

Cveuleba. mas `miwis gajereba~ hqvia da mdgomareobs<br />

SemdegSi:~ dedakacis mologinebis mere meore dRes<br />

bebiaqali gamoacxobs puris burTs (viTom Taviao), Sig<br />

CaurTavs yvels (axalSobils kargi Wkua eqnebao) da<br />

broweuls (saRi iqnebao), bebiaqali kidev gamoacxobs wivs<br />

da sam kvers da maTSi yvels Cadebs. Semdeg amoTxris daniT<br />

miwas, saca qali morCa... da Cadebs Sig xaWapuris gulis<br />

nawils, jvaris purs da goWis Zvlebs. baRnebs miscems wivs<br />

da etyvis: irbine da SeWame, irbine da SeWame. gakeTebul<br />

Tavs baRnis mamas gadascems. mama Rvinos daasxams<br />

amoTxril miwaSi. bebiaqali Caflul purebs da Zvlebs<br />

kargad gagozavs da ityvis: miwav gamijerebixar puriT,<br />

RviniT, kai feri da xorci mieci qal da baRanas orues~<br />

(XXXV; 228).<br />

aq deda-miwa warmodgenilia, rogorc adamianis nayofis<br />

gamomRebi RvTaeba, romelsac Sesaferisi Sesawiravi unda<br />

miezRos (XXXV; 229).<br />

gansxvavebiT guruli wesisa, imereTSi miwisagan<br />

,,iTxoven~ rZis siuxvesa da karg fers, samagieros ki<br />

arafers ,,aZleven~, rituali ufro martivia, magram<br />

orivegan miwa nayofierebis RvTaebas ukavSirdeba.<br />

zemoaRwerili ritualis msgavsi Cveuleba aqvs aRwerili<br />

imereTSi – xuskivaZes ,,Zeobis~ saxeliT, sadac misi cnobiT<br />

,,Zeobas~ qarTlelebis msgavsad mesame dRes marTaven.<br />

meloginis ojaxis wevri an axlo naTesavi qali acxobs<br />

did da mrgval xaWapurs da am dRisaTvis moiwveven yvela<br />

im qals, romlebic mSobiarobas daeswrnen. bebia xaWapuris<br />

21

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garSemo wmida sanTlebs Semoawyobs. TviTon xelSi RviniT<br />

savse Wiqa uWiravs, atrialebs xaWapurs marcnidan marjvniv<br />

da bavSvisaTvis loculobs. locvas rom morCeba,<br />

xaWapuris Sua guls amoWris TavisTvis, danarCeni iyofa<br />

imden nawilad, ramdeni sulic ojaxSia da TiToeuli<br />

stumarTagani am xaWapuris naWers bavSvis mimarT locvavedrebiT<br />

Seeqceva~ (XXXVIII, 179-180; V, 264).<br />

mSobiarobidan erTi kviris Semdeg raWa-leCxumSi<br />

icodnen ,,fuZis locva~. gogo Tu SegveZineboda dedal<br />

qaTams davklavdiT, biWis dros mamalso. gamoacxobdnen<br />

xaWapurebs, kverebs ,,moiwvevdnen bebiaqals da sam cal<br />

xaWapurs mas gaatandnen. dakluli qaTmis Zvals ki<br />

cecxlSi ar Caagdebdnen – bavSvs wvivi daewvebao.<br />

mosaxleobis rwmeniT, melogine qalsa da Cvil bavSvs<br />

Zalian etanebian boroti Zalebi (avi Tvali, ali, eSmaki,<br />

uJmuri da sxv.).<br />

ali//hali – (TeTrad Semosili grZelTmiani lamazi<br />

qali) xalxuri rwmeniT ufro daWrilebs, fexmZimeebs da<br />

melogine qals etaneboda.<br />

svaneTSi dafiqsirebuli gvaqvs SeSinebulis locvis<br />

saitereso varianti, sadac pirdapir aris miTiTebuli, rom<br />

ali melogine qals emtereba: -<br />

... Se alo, Se eSmako saidan momavali xar?<br />

me var joris fexqveS gazrdili,<br />

me veZeb daWrilsa kacsa,<br />

me veZeb melogine qalsa.<br />

zogs Zvals gamovtex,<br />

zogs rbils SevuWam,...<br />

rogorc vxedavT, qarTveli xalxis rwmenis<br />

mixedviT, dedasa da Svils uamravi safrTxe moeloda,<br />

ris gamoc isini gansakuTrebul dacvasa da<br />

gafrTxilebas saWiroebdnen.<br />

amitom, gasakviri ar aris, rom dRevandel yofasac<br />

SemorCa zogierTi wes-Cveuleba, romelic meloginisa da<br />

axalSobilis dasacavad iyo gankuTvnili.<br />

22

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imereTSi Sekrebili eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT, axalnamSobiarebi ormoc dRemde gareT Tu<br />

gavidoda, avi sulebis dasafrTxobad unda hqonoda<br />

asanTi da dana. erT-erTi informatorisagan CaviwereT<br />

Semdegi masala - `oci dRis namSobiarevi viyavi da<br />

mezobelTan gadavedi mamis dasaZaxeblad. gzad patara<br />

gubes gadavaxti, saxlSi rom davbrundi oc wuTSi<br />

maRali sicxe momca, maJrialebda tanSi, TvalebSi veRar<br />

vixedebodi. dedam Semiloca wyalze nauJmurevis locva<br />

da kargad gavxdi~ (nazi nikolozis asuli leJavasuroSvili,<br />

42 w. sof. kulaSi).<br />

mSobiarobis Semdeg qali sadme rom gadavidoda,<br />

pirSi Tma unda Caedo, rom rame ar Sexvedroda,<br />

Senaxvedris - `uJmuris eSinodaT ufro. aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom imereTSi erT-erT balaxs `Senaxvedris balaxs~<br />

eZaxdnen, mas mosresavdnen xeliT, Sublze miikravdnen<br />

da iTvleboda, rom amis Semdeg uJmuri aRar<br />

SexvdebodaT~.<br />

mSobiarobis Semdeg Tu qali SeSindeboda icodnen<br />

agreTve ritualuri purebis - `deda-Svilis~ gamocxoba,<br />

romlebic erTi meorisagan zomiT gansxvavdeboda. es iyo<br />

`yvelis guliani ganatexi~ (ganatexi – sarTviani puri).<br />

rituali `kai mTel dRes~ - samSabaTs, xuTSabaTs,<br />

SabaTs, mTvaris Sevsebis periodSi unda<br />

Sesrulebuliyo, dilidan SuadRemde. dauZaxebdnen cxra<br />

qals, TiToeul ganatexsac cxra-cxra naWrad daWridnen<br />

da TiToeulidan TiTo naWers Camourigebdnen da<br />

SeaWmevdnen. es rituali `loginobis xanaSi~ sruldeba<br />

(40 dRemde).<br />

imereTSi, avi sulebisagan dacvis mizniT, melogine<br />

qalis sawolTan saTevzao bades Camokidebac icodnen (1-<br />

2).<br />

Tevzis saWeri bade aRniSnuli miznisaTvis<br />

gamoiyeneboda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSic. mag.,<br />

guriaSi (XXXIII), kaxeTSi (XX), samcxe-javaxeTSi (XIV).<br />

23

---

aRniSnuli Cveuleba damowmebulia ara marto<br />

mosaxleobis mdabio fenebSi, aramed TavadaznaurebSic.<br />

qali `raJams ganTavisufldis da iSvis yrma... dResa<br />

mesamesa Jamsa bindisasa Seawvendnen qals taxtsa zeda<br />

didaT turfiTa sagebeliTa da gardaagdebdnen zed<br />

badebr mSvenierad moqsovilsa baldaxinad~ (II; 18).<br />

sulxan-saba orbeliani wers: ,,iqman abreSumTagan, badekaravTa,<br />

oqro-vercxliTa mopetalebulTa, didebulTa<br />

colTa mSobiareTaTvis: (XXI; 196). zemo imereTidan g.<br />

Citaias mier Camotanilia ,,mSobiare qalis bade~,<br />

romelic inaxeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi<br />

(kol. #223, #9-35).<br />

rogorc Cans, saTevzao bades qarTveli xalxi<br />

ritualur, magiur daniSnulebas aniWebda. mas iyenebda<br />

meloginis dasacavad avi Tvalisa da avi sulebisagan<br />

(XXI; 45).<br />

leCxumSi – avi Tvalisagan bavSvis dacvis mizniT,<br />

akvanze dakidebdnen qarvis kakals (Senaloc mZivs),<br />

alisyurs (niJara), TavqveS danas an makratels<br />

daudebdnen. bavSvs gareT ise ar gamoiyvandnen, rom dana<br />

ar gamoeyolebinaT. `sacavi~ - amuleti bavSvs yelze<br />

hqonda dakidebuli.<br />

imereTSi bavSvis avi Tvalisagan dasacavad akvanze<br />

hkidebdnen mware blis totisagan damzadebul jvars da<br />

giSris mZivs, romelic Cvils xelzedac hqonda Sebmuli.<br />

aseve iqceodnen svaneTSic.<br />

saerTod ki, rogorc mTel saqarTveloSi, ise CvenTvis<br />

saintereso regionSi (imereTi, raWa-leCxumi, svaneTi) avi<br />

Tvalisa da avi sulebisagan meloginisa da bavSvis<br />

dacvaSi didi adgili eWira cecxlsa da rkinas. Cvilis<br />

sawol oTaxSi ise vereavin ver Sevidoda Tu cecxlze<br />

ar gadaivlida da karebSi dagdebul rkinis jaWvs ar<br />

daadgamda fexs.<br />

xalxis rwmenas, rom avi Tvali, avi sulebi yvelaze<br />

metad mSobiares da Cvil bavSvs etanebian. v.<br />

bardaveliZe xsnis qarTveli xalxis msoflmxedvelobiT,<br />

24

---

omlis mixedviTac keTilsa da borots Soris mudmivi<br />

Widilia da es brZola `gansakuTrebiT mZafrdeba<br />

sicocxlis sakiTxSi da ramdenadac qali WurWelia,<br />

romelSic isaxeba da iSvis axali sicocxle bavSvis<br />

saxiT, amdenad is xalxis TvalSi warmoadgens metad<br />

mimzidvel ares keTili da boroti sulebis<br />

WidilisaTvis~ (V; 253)<br />

mSobiarobis Semdeg qals zogjer `gaciebis an rZis<br />

dagubebis~ gamo emarTeboda sarZeve jirkvlebis anTeba –<br />

mastiti, romelsac raWa-leCxumSi – wylisas, imereTSi –<br />

qarwylisas eZaxdnen. aRniSnul daavadebas<br />

mkurnalobdnen kompleqsurad specialurad damzadebuli<br />

wamlebiT, masaJiTa da SelocvebiT. am daavadebas<br />

axasiaTebda maRali sicxe da Zlieri tkivili, sarZeve<br />

jirkvlis dasieba da gamagreba.<br />

svaneTSi eqimbaSebi (xergianebi) akeTebdnen specialur<br />

malamos, romelsac adebdnen mtkivan ZuZuze da Tan<br />

Seulocavdnen:<br />

batonebo wylisa, savarcxelo bzisa,<br />

gareT gamodi, ZuZus moSordi,<br />

wylisao, wylisao, goWis kudiT qanqalao,<br />

anareTi, danareTi, moWriT danaeTi.<br />

Selocvis dros ZuZuze usvamdnen zemodan qvemoT<br />

savarcxels da danas. icodnen civi safenebis gakeTebac<br />

an Taflis da sanTlis nazavis dadeba.<br />

zogierTi informatoris cnobis mixedviT, raWaSi -<br />

`qals rom ZuZu gausivdeboda, Roris qonis kompress<br />

daadebdnen, mere magar `arays`, Semdeg malamos. Tu<br />

malamo ar eqnebodaT, maSin saqonlis filtvi unda<br />

gaeWraT Txlad da is daedoT gasiebulze. is Tavs<br />

mouyrida da morCeboda. gaskdomis mere malamo unda<br />

daedoT da dila-saRamos ecvalaT~ (VII).<br />

saqonlis filtvis magivrad icodnen agreTve<br />

gogris cilis gamoyenebac. mkurnaloba aqac Selocvis<br />

TanxlebiT xdeboda:<br />

savarcxelo xisao, ara nafotisao,<br />

25

---

aval zecas vetyvi dedas.<br />

Camovitan dana-Cangals,<br />

davkrav wylisas, daikarga wylisa dilas.<br />

dReSi samjer – dilas, SuadRes, saRamos<br />

ulocavdnen. Tan xis savarcxelze dadebdnen Zvals da<br />

dasiebul adgilze usvamdnen (Zvals saidanac aiRebdnen,<br />

iseve im adgilze dadebdnen).<br />

leCxumSi mtkivan ZuZuze Taflian wamals<br />

(malamos) daadebdnen, Tan ulocavdnen:<br />

aval zecas, vkiTxav dedas,<br />

ra aris wylisas wamali.<br />

rava ra aris!<br />

momcems kalamsa da kalmis Zirxa,<br />

gavkrav, gavabnev am ZuZuebis wylisas.<br />

imereTSi mastitis dros ZuZus cxel-Zmrian wyals<br />

wausvamdnen, msubuq masaJs gaukeTebdnen, Tan<br />

Seulocavdnen:<br />

ani iyo, bani iyo, wyalTaSua navi iyo<br />

aval zecas, vkiTxav dedas, metyvis deda<br />

Camovitan Cangal-Cungals,<br />

Cavkrav Cqifsa, amovaden sisxlda.<br />

wminda giorgim daswyevlos, geiparos wylisa.<br />

savarcxlis garda msubuq masaJs ukeTebdnen<br />

zRarbis eklian tyaviTac.<br />

mastitis dros garda garegani saSualebebisa<br />

xmarobdnen dasalev wamlebsac. mag.: asfurcelas<br />

(Pyrethrum oulgare L.) an CitisTavas (Gadea) naxarSs,<br />

aseve Tagvis saros (Guscus Ponticus g). am balaxebis<br />

Zirebs Sav RvinoSi moxarSavdnen da avadmyofs dReSi<br />

daaxloebiT erT litras asmevdnen. an diyis<br />

(Hereacleum) sam Zirs fesvian foTlianad. Tagvis saros<br />

da oxokvas//orovandis (Arctium) Zirebs xuT litr<br />

wyalSi moxarSavdnen da ise micemdnen.<br />

26

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Zlieri tkivilebis dros mtkivan ZuZus Tu<br />

mozrdili bavSvi gamowovda uebar saSualebad<br />

iTvleboda.<br />

amgvarad, Cven warmovadgineT dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi damowmebuli qalis mSobiarobis,<br />

axalSobilis movlisa da ginekologiur daavadebaTa<br />

mkurnalobis zogierTi wesi da meTodi, romelic<br />

mosaxleobis yofam dRemde Semoinaxa.<br />

aRvwereT is wes-Cveulebebi da rwmena-warmodgenebi,<br />

romlebic dakavSirebulia fexmZimobasTan,<br />

mSobiarobasTan da axalSobilTan, agreTve magiuri<br />

ritualebi, romelTa daniSnulebac meloginisa da<br />

axalSobilis ,,avi Tvalisa~ da ,,avi sulebisagan~ dacva<br />

iyo.<br />

zemoT ganxiluli eTnografiuli masalis<br />

safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Zvelad qarTveli<br />

xalxi sakmaod did yuradRebas uTmobda meanobasa da<br />

ginekologiur daavadebaTa mkurnalobas. da Tumca<br />

fexmZimoba da mSobiaroba daavadebad ar ganixileboda<br />

(rac savsebiT marTebulia), magram xalxisaTvis mainc<br />

kargad iyo cnobili, rom fexmZime qalis organizmSi<br />

xandaxan iseTi cvlileba xdeba, rom misi uyuradRebod<br />

datoveba ar SeiZleboda.<br />

ojaxi fexmZime qals SeZlebisdagvarad iseT<br />

pirobebs uqmnida, rom fizikuri muSaoba naklebi<br />

Sexvedroda. aseve zrunavdnen mis fsiqikur<br />

mdgomareobazec. qals aridebdnen uaryofiT emociebs.<br />

rasac mowmobs zogi aRkveTa. dadebiTi fsiqoTerapiuli<br />

efeqti hqonda agreTve Selocvebs, romlebic muclis<br />

SesanarCunebeli Selocvebis saxeliTaa cnobili.<br />

SelocviT gamowveuli dadebiTi emociebi qalis<br />

fsiqikaze damamSvideblad moqmedebda, mas SiSisagan<br />

aTavisuflebda (rogorc aRvniSneT, muclis moSlis<br />

erT-erT mizezad SiSi iTvleboda) da awynarebda.<br />

Tu mSobiarisa da axalSobilis movlis xalxur<br />

tradiciebs Tanamedrove <strong>samedicino</strong> codnasTan<br />

27

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SevajerebT davinaxavT, rom maTSi dadebiTi da misaRebi<br />

ufro metia, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans.<br />

saqorwino wyvilis ,,SerCeva-gakiTxvis~ tradicia,<br />

rac qorwinebas uZRoda win – xalxis mravasaukunovani<br />

gamocdilebis Sedegia, Tu mas ,,janmrTel<br />

STamomavlobaze zrunvis~ kuTxiT ganvixilavT, igi<br />

dadebiT faqtorad unda miviCnioT, rac genetikur<br />

daavadebaTa Tavidan acilebas uwyobda xels.<br />

axalnamSobiarebi qalis 40 dRis manZilze saojaxo<br />

saqmianobisagan izolirerbac misi uwmindurad miCnevis<br />

gamo, obieqturad qalis janmrTelobas icavda.<br />

dasavleT saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela sofelSi<br />

iyo gamocdili meani qali, romelic fexmZimobis<br />

periodSi da mSobiarobis dros saWiro daxmarebas<br />

uywevda qals. isini mkurnalobdnen zogierT<br />

ginekologiur daavadebasac, cdilobdnen unayofobis<br />

gankurnebas da zog SemTxvevaSi sasurvel Sedegsac<br />

aRwevdnen.<br />

mSobiaroba yvelgan (raWa-leCxumi, svaneTi,<br />

imereTi) bebiaqalis ŒdaxmarebiT xdeboda, ZiriTadad<br />

sacxovrebeli saxlis calke oTaxSi. gamonakliss<br />

warmoadgenda svaneTi, sadac qali saxlidan moSorebiT,<br />

gancalkevebul nagebobaSi mSobiarobda.<br />

axali wevris Sematebas ojaxi didi sixaruliT<br />

xvdeboda. imisaTvis, rom igi kargi bedis yofiliyo da<br />

daecvaT ,,avi Tvalisa~ da ,,boroti Zalebisagan~,<br />

asrulebdnen mraval magiur rituals. gansakuTrebiT<br />

sainteresod gveCveneba imereTSi damowmebuli wesi<br />

axalnamSobiarebi qalis mkerdze wyalRvinoSi Sereuli<br />

miwis wasma, romelic g. Citaias mier adre aRweril<br />

gurul Cveulebas ,,miwis gajerebas~ exmianeba da miwis<br />

nayofierebis uZveles rwmenas ukavSirdeba.<br />

wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

28

---

I bagrationi d., iadigar daudi, Tb., 1938<br />

II batoniSvili v., istoriuli aRwera s.<br />

kakabaZis gamocema, tf.,<br />

1914<br />

III bardaveliZe v., svanur xalxur dReobaTa<br />

kalendari, I, axali<br />

wlis cikli, tf., 1938<br />

IV bardaveliZe v., <strong>qarTuli</strong> (svanuri)<br />

grafikuli xelovnebis<br />

nimuSebi, Tb., 1953<br />

V bardaveliZe – lomia v., bavSvis<br />

dabadebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

rituali mTian qarTlSi, ssmm t. 4, Tb., 1928<br />

VI <strong>burduli</strong> m., svaneTis eTnografiuli<br />

dRiurebi (xelnaweri<br />

inaxeba avtorTan)<br />

VII <strong>burduli</strong> m., raWis eTnografiuli dRiurebi<br />

(xelnaweri<br />

inaxeba avtorTan)<br />

VIII <strong>burduli</strong> m., leCxumis eTnografiuli<br />

dRiurebi (xelnaweri<br />

inaxeba avtorTan)<br />

IX <strong>burduli</strong> m., imereTis eTnografiuli<br />

dRiurebi (xelnaweri<br />

inaxeba avtorTan)<br />

X griSaSvili i., Zveli tfilisis<br />

literaturuli bohema, Tb., 1927<br />

XI guledani s., Zveli adaT-zne-Cveulebani zemo<br />

svaneTSi<br />

(eTnografiuli narkvevebi), (xelnaweri inaxeba<br />

mestiis<br />

mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi)<br />

XII daviTiani a., svaneTis (balsqvemouri)<br />

eTnografiuli masalebi,<br />

1941 (istoriisa da eTnografiis institutis<br />

ganyofilebis<br />

29

---

arqivi, М 1 39)<br />

XIII daviTiani a., svanuri eTnografiuli<br />

masalebi, 1941 (istoriisa<br />

da eTnografiis institutis ganyofilebis arqivi,<br />

MМ 1 39)<br />

XIV zedginiZe g., javaxeTi, mSobiaroba, bavSvis<br />

aRzrda (istoriisa<br />

da eTnografiis institutis ganyofilebis arqivi,<br />

1,67. rv.2, 1946)<br />

XV ivelaSvili T., saqorwino wes Cveulebani<br />

samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb.,<br />

1987.<br />

XVI Йорданов Д., Никонов П., Бойчинов Л.,<br />

Фитотерапиа, София, 1976Й<br />

XVII kapanaZe n., bavSvis aRzrdis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

xalxuri tradiciebi, Tb.,<br />

1994.<br />

XVIII krebuli `<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri Selocvebi~,<br />

baTumi, 1994. krebuli<br />

Seadgina da<br />

SeniSvnebi daurTo Tina SoSiaSvilma.<br />

XIX maCabeli n., qorwinebis instituti<br />

qarTlSi, Tb., 1978.<br />

XX М Машурко М., Из области народной фантазий и<br />

быта, СМОМПК, 3. отдел 3, Тб., 1894шурко<br />

XXI orbeliani s.s. Txzulebani t., IV, Tb., 1966.<br />

XXII orbeliani s.s. leqsikoni <strong>qarTuli</strong>, t. 2,<br />

1993.<br />

XXIII ruxaZe j., ZeobasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

zogierTi Cveulebani (xelnaweri inaxeba<br />

avtorTan).<br />

XXIV ruxaZe j., xalxuri agri<strong>kultura</strong> dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1976.<br />

XXV saakaSvili m., gelaSvili a., saqarTvelos<br />

medicinis istoria t. III, w. II, Tb, 1958.<br />

30

---

XXVI Соловьева Л., Грузия, Этнография детства, М.,<br />

1995<br />

XXVII surgulaZe i., qarTvelTa agraruli rwmenawarmodgenebis<br />

istoriidan, mse, XIX, 1978.<br />

XXVIII fanaskerteli z., samkurnalo wigni<br />

(karabadini), Tb., 1950<br />

XXIX qananeli, usworo karabadini, Tb., 1940.<br />

XXX <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t.<br />

VI, Tb., 1960.<br />

XXXI RambaSiZe d., karabadini. gamoc. me-2, quTaisi,<br />

1983.<br />

XXXII yaraulaSvili c., saqarTvelos<br />

materialuri kulturis istoriidan (qsovis<br />

xalxuri wesebi kaxeTSi), (sakandidato<br />

disertacia), Tb., 1972.<br />

XXXIII SilakaZe iv., Zveli guria, (xelnaweri<br />

masala, istoriisa da eTnografiis<br />

institutis ganyofilebis arqivi, saqaRalde<br />

111)<br />

XXXIV CimakaZe n., Tavisufali svaneTi, Zveli<br />

saqarTvelo, saqarTvelos saistorio da<br />

saeTnografio sazogadoebis krebuli, t., II<br />

1911-1913.<br />

XXXV Citaiag., eTnografiulo mogzaurobidan<br />

aRbulaRis raionSi, saqarTvelos muzeumis<br />

moambe, t IV, 1927, tfilisi, 1928.<br />

XXXVI Чурсин Г., Народные обычайуи верования Кахетии,<br />

ПЗКОРГО, кн. XXI, вып. 2. Тифлис,р1905син Г<br />

XXXVII wuwunava n., saqarTvelos samkurnalo mcenareebi, Tb.,<br />

1966.<br />

XXXVIIIФФ. Хускивадзе, Местечко Квирилы. Кутайской<br />

губерний. Шорапанского уезда, СМОМПК, вып. XIX,<br />

отд. 1.ю хускивадзе<br />

31

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travmebis mkurnaloba svaneTsa da leCxumSi<br />

(eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)<br />

32

---

saqarTveloSi travmebis xalxuri mkurnaloba<br />

mTian regionSi ufro maRal doneze idga da saxalxo<br />

mkurnalebmac Tavisi funqciebi bolo dromde swored<br />

mTaSi SeinarCunes. aRniSnuli viTarebis mizezad<br />

SeiZleba davasaxeloT bunebrivi pirobebi (mkacri<br />

zamTari da droebiTi izolireba gare samyarosagan,<br />

zvavebi, zafxulSi qvaTa cvena da sxv. rac xSir<br />

travmul dazianebas iwvevda), sayofacxovrebo pirobebi<br />

da zne-Cveulebebi (sisxlis aReba), amitom, xevsureTSi,<br />

mTa-TuSeTSi, svaneTSi, leCxumSi da sxva mTian<br />

raionebSi travmebis sixSire da qirurgiul daavadebaTa<br />

mkurnalobis gazrdili moTxovnileba saxalxo<br />

mkurnalebis maRal profesiul dones moiTxovda da<br />

ganapirobebda kidec. <strong>samedicino</strong> codnis gasaidumloebam<br />

da gamocdilebis mamidan Svilze gadacemam<br />

TandaTanobiT gamokveTa gvarebi, romelTa <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

da profesiuli done ganTqmuli iyo ara marto<br />

romelime erT, aramed ramdenime TemSi da mTel<br />

mxareSic. mag.: svaneTSi – gviWianebi, xergianebi,<br />

margvelanebi; leCxumSi – kopalianebi, svaniZeebi da sxv.<br />

statiaSi mokled ganvixilavT leCxumeli da svani<br />

saxalxo mkurnalebis saqmianobas. <strong>samedicino</strong> codnis<br />

urTierTgavlenis gamosavlenad, geografiulad mezobel<br />

am or mxareSi, amjerad mxolod Wrilobis mkurnalobiT<br />

SemovifarglebiT.<br />

travmul dazianebaTa mkurnalebs svaneTSi<br />

,,aqimebs~, mkurnals (muÃCov), xolo leCxumSi ,,eqimbaSs~,<br />

,,dalaqs~ uwodebdnen. aqve avRniSnavT, rom leCxumel<br />

,,dalaqebs~ - svaniZeebs <strong>samedicino</strong> saqmianobaSi iseTi<br />

warmatebisaTvis miuRweviaT, rom sityva ,,dalaqis~<br />

xmarebam maT mimarT dakarga pirvandeli funqcia da<br />

dastaqris aRmniSvnelad iqca. ,,sadalaqo~ saqmeSi<br />

cnobilni iyvnen kopalianebic, romlebic sofel<br />

luxvanoSi cxovrobdnen. rogorc Cans, ufro cnobili<br />

,,dalaqebi~ svaniZeebi iyvnen (yovel SemTxvevaSi asea Cven<br />

mier mopovebuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT). maT<br />

33

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STamomavlobas dResac dalaqisanebs uwodeben.<br />

winamdebare statiaSi swored maT saqmianobas<br />

ganvixilavT.<br />

xalxuri mkurnalebi sagvareulo <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

codnis dasawyiss sxvadasxvanairad gadmogvcemen. svani<br />

,,aqimebi~ amas uZveles dros da legendas ukavSireben,<br />

sadac gveli gvevlineba mkurnalebis maswavleblad.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom gveli saeqimo sibrZnis mcodned<br />

msgavsi saxis TqmulebebSi mTel saqarTveloSi iyo<br />

aRiarebuli da uZvelesi droidan momdinareobs.<br />

leCxumeli svaniZeebi TavianT maswavleblad<br />

TurmaniZeebs Tvlian, rac zogadad xalxuri<br />

profesiuli mkurnalebis, kerZod ki TurmaniZeTa<br />

cnobili gvaris mier profesiuli saidumlos mkacri<br />

dacvis gamo saeWvo Cans. es kidev erTxel dadasturda<br />

TurmaniZeebTan Cven mier Catarebuli savele<br />

eTnografiuli muSaobisas, magram ra Tqma unda, misi<br />

mTlianad gamoricxvac ar SeiZleba.<br />

rogorc svaneTSi, ise leCxumSi qirurgiul<br />

mkurnalobas umeteswilad mamakacebi eweodnen.<br />

svani ,,aqimebi~ kargad iyvnen daostatebulni<br />

Wrilobis mkurnalobaSi, akeTebdnen rTul operaciebs<br />

(Zvlis gadanergva, Tavis qalis trepanacia da defeqtis<br />

adgilas spilenZis firfitis Cadgma da sxv.).<br />

svani ,,aqimebisagan ~ gansxvavebiT svaniZeebi<br />

axdendnen muclis Wrilobis gakervas, saWiroebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi ki kiduris amputacias.<br />

xalxur mkurnalebs TavianTi saqmianobis<br />

Sesaferisi sadastaqro iaraRebic hqoniaT, romelTa<br />

Sesaxeb mxolod aRwerilobiTi masala gagvaCnia, radgan<br />

sxvadasxva mizezis wyalobiT, gansakuTrebiT ki xalxuri<br />

medicinis warmomadgenelTa devna-Seviwrovebisa da<br />

akrZalvis gamo, nivTieri masalis mopoveba dRes TiTqmis<br />

SeuZlebelia. gamonakliss warmoadgens ,,dalaqebis~<br />

kbilis amosaRebi marwuxi - ,,gazi~. amis garda, dalaqebs<br />

hqondaT ,,leSteri~ - foladis orpiriani wvetiani dana.<br />

34

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mas iyenebdnen daxuruli motexilobis dros qsovilis<br />

gasaWrelad. damsxvreul Zvals ki pincetis msgavsi<br />

,,maSiT~ amoiRebdnen. Wrilobis gasakeri iyo moxrili,<br />

ovaluri formis nemsi (oqrosi). patara xerxi<br />

gamoiyeneboda Zvlis gadasaxerxad.<br />

,,aqimebs~ adgilobrivi mWedlebis mier<br />

damzadebuli qirurgiuli iaraRebi hqondaT: xis tariani,<br />

foladis piriani (2-4 sm) dana; makratlis moyvanilobis<br />

iaraRi - ,,wkali~. romliTac tampons iRebdnen da<br />

debdnen WrilobaSi; ,,marwuxi~ - Wrilobidan<br />

damsxvreuli Zvlebis amosaRebi, ,,wkiparti~ - sisxlis<br />

ZarRvis gasaWreli patara, ToxiviT moxrili, Txeli da<br />

wvrilpiriani dana da sisxlis gamosaSvebi xelsawyoebi<br />

- saqonlis rqa, wvergadaWrili, ,,qarax~ da xis Wiqa -<br />

,,hayar~.<br />

wamlebs, rogorc ,,aqimebi~, ise ,,dalaqabi~<br />

specialur WurWelSi amzadebdnen. mis Sesanaxad ki xis<br />

WurWels an saqonlis rqas iyenebdnen. svan ,,aqimebs~<br />

wamlebis Sesanaxad patara kidobani (,,kibdon~) hqondaT.<br />

xolo iaraRebis Sesanaxad jibeebiani tyavis CanTa.<br />

leCxumeli ,,dalaqebic~ wamlebs specialur<br />

karadaSi (,,ujrebian karadaSi~) inaxavdnen.<br />

rogorc svaneTSi, ise leCxumSi mkurnalobis<br />

safasurad gadamrjelos iRebdnen, romelic Wrilobis<br />

simZimisa da mis mosarCenad gaweuli Sromis mixedviT<br />

ganisazRvreboda. svaneTSi ,,aqimis~ gasamrjelo adaTiT<br />

iyo gansazRvruli, xolo leCxumSi es ar dasturdeba.<br />

orive kuTxeSi gasamrjelos naturiT iRebdnen –<br />

svaneTSi, ZiriTadad, saqonliT, leCxumSi – garda<br />

saqonlisa, -RviniTa da xorbliT.<br />

leCxumel xalxur mkurnalebs binaze hqoniaT<br />

gaxsnili saavadmyofos magvari nageboba, sadac 5-10<br />

avadmyofis miReba da Senaxva SeeZloT. svani ,,aqimi~ ki<br />

mZime tramvis SemTxvevaSi avadmyofis saxlSi midioda<br />

da, Tu saWiro iyo, iq ramdenime dRe rCeboda. mxolod<br />

gamonaklisis saxiT SeiZleboda avadmyofi ,,aqimTan~<br />

35

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darCeniliyo, magram calke oTaxi avadmyofisaTvis,<br />

rogorc es leCxumSia, svaneTSi ver davadastireT.<br />

zemoaRniSnul orive kuTxeSi xalxur<br />

mkurnalTaTvis moqmedebda dauwereli moraluri kanoni<br />

– isini mkurnalobaze uars mtersac ver etyodnen.<br />

,,aqimi~, ,,pap~-i (mRvdeli) da mWedeli yvelasiao~ -<br />

ambobdnen svaneTSi, aseve iyo leCxumSic. yofila<br />

SemTxvevebi, rodesac CxubSi ,,dalaqs~ dauWria Tavisi<br />

mowinaaRmdege, magram mere TviTonve umkurnalebia da<br />

mourCenia igi.<br />

moZiebul eTnografiul masalaze dayrdnobiT<br />

SevecdebiT aRvweroT is samkurnalo saSualebebi da<br />

meTodebi, riTac svani ,,aqimebi~ da leCxumeli<br />

,,dalaqebi~ mkurnalobdnen Wrilobebs.<br />

WrilobaTa mkurnaloba.<br />

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, svani ,,aqimebi~ yvela<br />

daavadebaze ukeT travmul dazianebebs, maT Soris<br />

Wrilobas (lÁqaC) mkurnalobdnen. Wrilobis simZimes,<br />

imis miuxedavad, Tu ra saxis iaraRiT iyo miyenebuli,<br />

adgilmdebareobisa da xarisxis mixedviT<br />

ganasxvavebdnen. msubuq da nakleb saSiS Wrilobad<br />

kidurebis dazianeba iTvleboda; xolo mZime –<br />

sicocxlisaTvis saziano da saSiS Wrilobad – muclis,<br />

mkerdis, yelis, Tavis areSi miyenebuli Wriloba<br />

iTvleboda. Wrilobis mkurnalobas misi gasufTavebiT<br />

iwyebdnen. amisaTvis ornaxad arays (rogorc Zveli<br />

qartuli <strong>samedicino</strong> werilobiTi Zeglebidan irkveva,<br />

alkoholiani xsnarebiT Wrilobis mobanva saqarTveloSi<br />

miRebuli yofila), marilwyals, aduRebul wyals,<br />

mcenareebidan – balax qristesisxlas - ,,Svara Jagar~ -<br />

/Chelidonium majus L./ wvens da cxims – kanafis zeTs da<br />

36

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,,lecvms~ iyenebdnen. ,,lecvmi~ Semdegnairad mzaddeboda:<br />

ori dRis amoyvanil umarilo yvels tafaSi<br />

moSuSavdnen, daumatebdnen cota fqvils da ramdenime<br />

wuTs aduRebdnen – gamoiyofa didi raodenobiT cximi _<br />

,,lecvmi~.<br />

Wrilobas miwas da WuWys qaTmis gamoxarSuli<br />

frTiT aclidnen, frTis ZiriT zomavdnen Wrilobis<br />

siRrmes, xolo Semdeg ornaxadi aryiT an<br />

zemoTCamoTvlili romelime saSualebiT mowmendnen.<br />

Wrilobis gasufTavebis Semdeg, sisxlis denis<br />

SeCerebas cdilobdnen. am mizniT sxvadasxva saSualebebs<br />

mimarTavdnen.<br />

patara Wrilobidan (,,likac~) sisxlis denis<br />

SesaCereblad Semdegi mcenareebi gamoiyeneboda: Tamabaqo<br />

- ,,TuTvin~//,,TuTun~/ Nicotiana/, xvarTqla -<br />

,,naxÁrwel~//,,nawÁrxel~/Conoonvulus aroensis L./,<br />

mravalZarRva - ,,mŒZarRvol~//,,mudruwa~//,,quTvkvax~<br />

/Plantago major L./, fSukura-,,Tusbale~//,,malaTus~<br />

/Lucoperdon/, fiWvi - ,,gÁgib~//,,gÁgÁf~/Pinus sillofrish L./, soWi -<br />

,,nenz~ /Abiss/.<br />

fiWvis an soWis lafans Semoaxvevdnen Wrilobaze.<br />

xanjliT moyenebul did, sisxlmden Wrilobaze (,,skodi<br />

lŒqaC~) sisxlis SesaCereblad, Tu SesaZlebeli iyo,<br />

laxts daadebdnen (Wrilobis damuSaveba-Sexvevamde).<br />

yovelgvar Wrilobaze sisxlis denis SesaCereblad<br />

axal umarilo yvelsac iyenebdnen. mas anTebis<br />

sawinaaRmdego Tvisebas miawerdnen – Wriloba aRar<br />

Riziandeboda.<br />

axlo warsulSi svaneTSi cnobili ,,aqimis~,<br />

mamerza xergianis Svili mamis saqmianobis Sesaxeb<br />

gadmogvcems, rom igi didi Wrilobidan sisxlis denis<br />

SesaCereblad samkurnalo qvidan ,,streptocidismagvar<br />

fxvnils~ akeTebda da imas ayrida Wrilobaso.<br />

samkurnalo qvis fxvnils zogjer Sabiamansac urevdnen,<br />

romelic sisxlis sadinarebs moswvavda da sisxli aRar<br />

37

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gamovidoda. sisxlis denis SesaCereblad Sabiamnis<br />

gamoyenebas Zvel qarTul samkurnalo wignebSic<br />

vxvdebiT. mag.: ,,sxua wamali, rome dakodilisa gaxsnilsa<br />

sisxli daayenos. aiRe… anu arjaspi (Sabiamani) danaye,<br />

moayare da daayenos~ (2. 1985. 651.).<br />

zemoCamoTvlili mcenareebidan anTebis<br />

sawinaaRmdego nivTierebebs Seicavs da rogorc<br />

aseptikuri saSualeba medicinaSi gamoiyeneba<br />

mravalZarRvasa (12. 1976. 228.) da fiWvis wiwvebisagan (12.<br />

1976. 227.) damzadebuli samkurnalo preparatebi.<br />

patara Wrilobidan sisxlis denis SesaCereblad<br />

yvelaze gavrcelebul saSualebas fSukura soko<br />

warmoadgenda. saTibSi Tu tyeSi muSaobisas igi<br />

yovelTvis Tan dahqondaT, magram did an saxeze<br />

miyenebul Wrilobas ar daayridnen, vinaidan daRs<br />

tovebda da Rrma WrilobaSi SeiZleba infeqcia Seetana.<br />

aseve Tambaqo sisxls aCerebda, magram mere Wrilobis<br />

morCenas xangrZlivi dro sWirdebodao, gadmogvcemen<br />

mTxrobelebi. Wrilobas, misi simZimis mixedviT,<br />

sxvadasxva wesiT mkurnalobdnen. msubuqi Wrilobis<br />

mosarCenad sakmarisad miaCndaT mravalZarRvas nedli<br />

foTlis dadeba, an wminda fisis (naZvis an soWis)<br />

wacxeba da zed naZvis nazi kanis mikvra. Tu am<br />

saSualebas maSinve miuswrebdnen da ramdenjerme<br />

gamoucvlidnen, Wriloba ar daCirqdeboda da male<br />

morCeboda (9. 1942. 48.), an Wrilobas moxarSul yvels –<br />

xawamwvars//,,TaSmijabs~ Tavisi cximianad daadebdnen.<br />

didi da Rrma Wrilobis samkurnalod sxvadasxva<br />

saxis malamo (,,mahlam~) gamoiyeneboda. malamoebs<br />

ZiriTadad amzadebdenen naZvis, fiWvis an soWis<br />

fisisagan, saqonlis (Zroxis, Txis, Roris) umarilo<br />

qonisagan, Taflisagan, Taflis sanTlisagan. malamos<br />

SemadgenlobaSi urevdnen, agreTve, samkurnalo qvebis<br />

nafxeks an sxvadasxva balaxis fxvnils (malamoebSi<br />

Semavali samkurnalo mcenareebis umravlesoba<br />

38

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xalxisaTvis ucnobia, raki maT svani ,,aqimebi~<br />

saidumlod inaxavdnen).<br />

aRniSnul sakiTxebze XIX s-Si b. niJaraZes<br />

Cawerili aqvs Semdegi: ,,iaris, Wrilobis mosarCenad<br />

svani eqimebi xmarobdnen: erTnair safxek TeTr qvas,<br />

naZvis fiss (orive eseni Wrilobas wmendnen, dalpobas<br />

xels uSlian) margi muSks da ,,kirbils~ (порошок), e. i.<br />

balaxis foTlebs, romelTac gaSrobis Semdeg fSvnian<br />

da fqvilad gadaqceuls wylulze ayrian. ,,kirbili~<br />

samnairi ician: erTi Wrilobas, wyluls swmends,<br />

asufTavebs, meore aSrobs da mesame arCens (18. 1962. 171.).<br />

amgvari masala Cvens mieracaa damowmebuli.<br />

TiTqmis mTeli saukunis manZilze malamoTa momzadebis<br />

wess didi cvlileba ar ganucdia, ver davadastureT<br />

margi muSki. vfiqrobT, rom termini `margi muSki~ swori<br />

ar unda iyos. muSki, rogorc samkurnalo nivTiereba<br />

cnobilia karabadinebidan (33. 1936. 60_62, 67_69; 26. 1978. 939, 979).<br />

sulxan _ sabas mixedviT muSki aris ori saxis<br />

`xazareTis muSkis cxoeli TaÃusa hgavs, xolo afrikisa<br />

cxensa da maTis asoTagan ars muSki~ (20. 1924. 232),<br />

cnobilia xis muSkic (20. 1924. 41.).<br />

rac Seexeba `margi~_s, igi s. s. orbelianis<br />

leqsikonis mixedviT aris `bostnis dakvaluli, bostnis<br />

rigis kvalni~ (23. 1965. 442.), rasac ra Tqma unda,<br />

wamalTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvs. qarTul<br />

samkurnalo wignebSi vxvdebiT margis msgavs termins<br />

`marv~- is , mag: `marvis Tesli~. SesaZlebelia aq<br />

sityvebis `margi~ _ `marvi~ aRrevasTan gvqondes saqme.<br />

savele eTnografiuli masalebisa da werilobiTi<br />

monacemebis (18. 1962; 29. 1960. 122.) mixedviT `mahlam~ –s<br />

amzadebdmnen : naZvis (an soWis, an fiWvis) axali fisis,<br />

Roris qonis, sanTlisa da Taflisagan. yvelafer amas<br />

erTad wamoaduRebdnen da Seurevdnen Wrilobis<br />

samkurnalod cnobil romelime balaxis fxvnils.<br />

malamos didxans ar aduRebdnen. wamlad ucecxlo<br />

Tafls xmarobdnen.<br />

39

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Tafli, Taflis sanTeli, fiWvis fisi, Txis qoni,<br />

erbo Wrilobis samkurnalod aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTianeTSic aris damowmebuli (3. 147; 15. 1981. 147.).<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs Wrilobis samkurnalod kvercxis<br />

gulis gamoyeneba, igi Seicavs Zlier baqteriocidul<br />

nivTierebas _ lizocims. amdenad, aRniSnuli<br />

miznebisaTvis misi xmareba mizanSewonilia.<br />

fiWvis fisi Seicavs eTerovan zeTebs, rac<br />

anTebiTi procesebis sawinaaRmdego saSualebad<br />

iTvleba medicinaSi (13. 1976. 227.).<br />

svani `aqimebi~ sakuTari gamocdilebis Sedegad<br />

upiratesobas ama Tu im samkurnalo saSualebas<br />

aZlevdnen. zogi naZvis fiss da saqonlis qons xmarobda,<br />

zogi Txis qons, fiWvis fiss da sxva. malamos<br />

momzadebis teqnologia ki TiTqmis erTnairia.<br />

garda zemoT aRniSnuli malamosi, svaneTSi<br />

WrilobisaTvis saqonlis Zvlis tvinsa da qonis<br />

nazavsac iyenebdnen. es mxars uWers mosazrebas, rom<br />

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad sakaJias gamoqvabulSi<br />

aRmoCenili cxovelis qonisa da Zvlis tvinisagan<br />

Semzadebuli nazavi samkurnalo daniSnulebis iyo (19.<br />

1955. 59.).<br />

daCirqebuli Wrilobis samkurnalod specialur<br />

malamos - ,,kaxvra~-s (am terminis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Sesatyvisa<br />

ver davadgineT) amzadebdnen: iRebdnen fiWvis fiss,<br />

Taflis sanTels (ufro meti raodenobisas, vidre<br />

Cveulebrivi malamos momzadebisaTvisaa saWiro), Txis<br />

qons, samkurnalo qvisa da mcenaris fxvnils erTmaneTSi<br />

urevdnen da 10-15 wuTs aduRebdnen. momzadebul malamos<br />

xis an rqis wylian WurWelSi Caasxamdnen, rom gaciebis<br />

Semdeg advilad gamoeRoT. ,,kaxvra~ mkvrivi da webovani<br />

malamo iyo, Wrilobaze wasmis win SeaTbobdnen.<br />

mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT ,,kaxvra~ Wrilobidan Cirqs<br />

iRebda, dabeJil xorcs asufTavebda, ,,Wamda~ uvargis<br />

xorcs da sufTa karg xorcs ki stovebda.<br />

40

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TofiT daWrilisa da saerTod Rrma Wrilobis<br />

samkurnalod svaneTSi tampons iyenebdnen, romelsac<br />

,,patrik~//,,patruq~-s uwodebdnen. ,,patruqs~ Taflis<br />

sanTlisgan, aryis xis wvrili totis an abedis sokosgan<br />

amzadebdnen. Taflis sanTlisagan Camoqnidnen solisebs<br />

patruqs, romlis ufro wvril mxares wausvamdnen<br />

wamals da Cadebdnen Rrma WrilobaSi. abedis sokosagan,<br />

an aryis xis wvrili totebisagan gamoTlidnen erTi<br />

mxridan ufro wvril, wamaxvilebul Cxirebs, wausvamdnen<br />

malamos da Cadebdnen WrilobaSi. patruqad iyenebdnen<br />

wvrilad daxveul, malamoSi gaJRenTil bambasac.<br />

,,aqimebi~ Wrilobas ornaxadi aryiT, an sxva<br />

romelime saSualebiT gaasufTavebdnen, mere patruqs<br />

malamos wausvamdnen da Cadebdnen WrilobaSi ise, rom<br />

nawili gareT darCeniliyo, raTa misi gamocvla advili<br />

yofiliyo. Wriloba Tu gamWoli iyo, patruqi orive<br />

mxridan Canda. patruqs dReSi erTxel an orjer<br />

ucvlidnen, es damokidebuli iyo Wrilobis xasiaTsa da<br />

TviT ,,aqimze~. zogi aqimi Wrilobas pirveli Sexvevis<br />

Semdeg 3-4 dRes aRar gaxsnida. patruqi Wrilobidan<br />

,,wkaliT~ amohqondaT. aseTi mkurnaloba Wrilobas 2-3<br />

kvira sWirdeboda.<br />

patruqs imisaTvis iyenebdnen, rom Wriloba marto<br />

,,garegnulad ar gankurnebuliyo da SigniTac<br />

morCeniliyo~ - gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

patruqiT mkurnalobis zemoT aRwerili wesi<br />

Tanamedrove medicinaSi tamponiT mkurnalobis<br />

analogiuria.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom TviT termini da misi gamoyenebis<br />

wesic analogs poulobs Zvel qarTul <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

wignebSi: ,,...dakodili...Tu Rrmad iyos (wamali m. b.)<br />

patruqiT Seudev~ (30. 1940. 391.). ,,...Tu isriTa iyos da<br />

SubiT, an ÃrmliTa an daniTa, ...Tu erTob Rrma iyos,<br />

...(dakodili m. b.) patruqiTa Seudev wamali ZueliTa<br />

bambiTa, da Tu Rrma ar iyos, bambiTa zeda dasdev<br />

erTxel dilas da erTxelac saRamos~ (26. 1978. 646.).<br />

41

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sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT<br />

patruqiT//patruk ewodeboda sanTlisa da bambis Clas<br />

(21. 1966. 613.), xolo Cla aris naZenZi rame (22. 1949. 425.).<br />

,,aqimebi~ Rrma WrilobaSi Casasxmelad specialur<br />

Txier wamalsac amzadebdnen – balax walikas/Polygonum<br />

hydropiper L./ gamxmar fesvebs danayavdnen, aurevdnen<br />

Taflis sanTelsa da naTaved araySi. es mcenare Seicavs<br />

glukozidebs, vitamin K, eTerovan zeTebs. cnobilia<br />

rogorc sisxlis denis SesaCerebeli saSualeba ( 13. 1976.<br />

233.).<br />

Wriloba samkurnalo qvebis nafxekiTac<br />

mkurnalobdnen, mas iyenebdnen rogorc sxva samkurnalo<br />

saSualebebTan Sereuls, ise calke. WrilobaSi jer<br />

Cafxekdnen TeTr qvas (romelsac safxek wamals -<br />

,,lŒxkŒne Jagrars~ eZaxdnen), mere wausvamdnen malamos.<br />

samkurnali qvebi sxadasxva feris da daniSnulebis<br />

iyo: `lŒxkŒnali~- patara moTeTro qvaa, romelic<br />

Wrilobas asufTavebda da arCenda. mas meorenairad<br />

mosarCen wamals- `mŒJgeni Jagral~-sac eZaxdnen. iyo<br />

kidev mowiTalo feris qva, `romelic gafuWebul xorcs<br />

mosWamda~- mas wiTel wamals -`wŒrni malgimiS~-s<br />

(Jagral) uwodebdnen.<br />

samkurnalo qvebi ojaxSi ganZad iTvleboda da<br />

Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda. gviWianebis ojaxSi<br />

(aqimis) Cven vnaxeT TeTri feris samkurnalo qva,<br />

romelic maT ojaxs gayrisas garkveuli sazRauris<br />

gaRebis Semdeg ergo. eqim a. iaSvilis cnobiT, saerTod,<br />

saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva saxis qvebis nafxekiT an<br />

nalesi wyalxsnariT mkurnalobdnen mTel rig<br />

davadebebs da maT Soris Wrilobasac (34. 1904. 41_42.).<br />

saqarTveloSi qvis samkurnalo saSualebad xmareba, -<br />

wers p. firfiraSvili, - uZvelesi droidan dasturdeba,<br />

rogorc ucxo, ise <strong>qarTuli</strong> werilobiTi wyaroebisa da<br />

eTnografiul yofaSi SemorCenili masalebis mixedviT<br />

(27. 1972. 81.).<br />

42

---

svaneTis garda, WrilobaTa qvebiT mkurnaloba<br />

eTnografiuli masalebiT damowmebulia mTel<br />

saqarTveloSi (15. 1981. 15; 7; 8.). aRniSnuli samkurnalo<br />

saSualebis gamoyeneba mTel kavkasiaSic yofila<br />

gavrcelebuli (16. 1893/94. 374_376.).<br />

qvebis samkurnalod gamoyenebas zogi avtori qvis<br />

Tayvaniscemas ukavSirebs (16. 1893/94. 542.), zogi ki<br />

piriqiT, qvebis Tayvaniscemas maT samkurnalo Zalas<br />

miawers, romelic xalxis rwmeniT qvas RvTaebam mianiWa<br />

(33.1904. 43_45.). safiqrebelia, rom WrilobaTa<br />

samkurnalod qvebis gamoyenebis farTod dadebiT Sedegs<br />

iZleoda <strong>samedicino</strong> praqtikaSi.<br />

samkurnalo qva `xviTos~ laboratoriuli<br />

SeswavliT dadginda, rom am qvebs garkveuli<br />

samkurnalo Tvisebebi gaaCniaT. daSvebulia varaudi, rom<br />

qva samkurnalo mizniT saqarTveloSi Zv. w. I<br />

aTaswleulidan gamoiyeneboda (27. 1972. 98.).<br />

ufro naTeli rom gaxdes Wrilobis mkurnalobis<br />

Tanmimdevroba, moviyvanT erT-erTi svani aqimis, runTu<br />

xergianis mkurnalobis meTods, romelic mis mier<br />

morCenili avadmyofebisagan CaviwereT mestiaSi 1979<br />

wels. `pataraobisas TamaSis dros, rkinis wveriani joxi<br />

momxvda mklavze, mxarTan da Zvali gamitexa, gaWrili ar<br />

iyo Zvali ise gatyda, mklavi gamisivda. mestiaSi im<br />

dros msaxurobda pirveli svani eqimi giorgi niJaraZe.<br />

man mamas urCia Cemi TbilisSi wayvana. mamam runTu<br />

xergianTan mimiyvana. is cnobili aqimi iyo da xSirad<br />

miyavdaT oseTSi, afxazeTSi, samegreloSi. runTum<br />

didxans mimkurnala, magram momarCina. jer iseT malamos<br />

mismevda, rom xeli magrad gamisivda, mere or adgilas<br />

danis dartymiT gaWra, rom Cirqi gamosuliyo.<br />

maSinaHhqonda rezinisa (sabavSo oyna), am maSiniT xis<br />

jamidan iRebda anaduReb wyals da asxamda WrilobaSi.<br />

gamorecxavda, gawmendda, mere patruqs wausvamda wamals<br />

da Cadebda<br />

43

---

WrilobaSi. dila-saRamos mixvevda. yoveli Sexvevis win<br />

Wrilobas gamoasufTavebda. marwuxs Cadebda WrilobaSi<br />

da sinjavda Zvals, Zvali TandaTan amodioda zemoT,<br />

bolos Wrilobidan Zvlis mozrdili natexi gamoiRo.<br />

patruqs imitom sdebda, rom Zvlis gamoRebamde Wriloba<br />

ar Sexorcebuliyo da Sig Cirqi ar Camdgariyo. Zvlis<br />

gamoRebis Semdeg malamoTi mimkurnala, romelsac<br />

fiWvis fisis, kvercxis gulisa da Roris qonisagan<br />

akeTebda. Sesaxvevi naWrebi saxlidan mimqonda. xeli<br />

morCenamde yelze mqonda Camobmuli~ (mTxr. WiWiko<br />

jafariZe, 80 wlis, 1980 w. mestia).<br />

Wriloba Tu gaRiziandeboda, garTuldeboda<br />

(daCirqdeboda), mas rogorc avRniSneT, ,,kaxvra~-Ti<br />

mkurnalobdnen. xalxis gadmocemiT Wrilobis<br />

garTulebas (daCirqebas) iwvevs: Tu Wriloba kargad ar<br />

gasufTavda, WuWyi Sehyva an Tu gacivda. aseTi Wriloba<br />

galurjdeba, gasivdeba da daCirqdeba, ,,xorci<br />

afuvdeboda~.<br />

garTulebul Wrilobas ,,kaxvra~-s garda sxva<br />

saSualebebiTac mkurnalobdnen, kerZod, balax<br />

qristesisxlas wvens an mis fxvnils (mcenares ivlisSi<br />

krefdnen, gaaxmobdnen CrdilSi da ise inaxavdnen.<br />

saWiroebis dros dafSvnidnen da gacridnen) aurevdnen<br />

kvercxis cilaSi da daadebdnen Wrilobas. am mizniT<br />

soWis fissac iyenebdnen.<br />

,,roca Wrilobaze ,,glaxa xorci~ fexs moikidebda,<br />

maSin daadebdnen soWis axali ylortis wvenSi<br />

mogrovil fiss, romelsac ,,nenza maSan~, e. i. soWis<br />

nayofi hqvia. es wveni asufTavebda Wrilobas da xels<br />

uwyobda morCenas. agreTve, Cirqovan Wrilobaze<br />

dasdebdnen erTgvar balaxis foTols, romelsac<br />

,,modrona bales~ eZaxian (11. 85.).<br />

,,daCirqebuli balRamiani~ WrilobisaTvis<br />

xmarobdnen gvirilis - ,,nagvirila~ /Mantricaria chamomilla/<br />

wvens, imiT mowmendavdnen Wrilobas, Rrma WrilobaSi<br />

44

---

Sigac Caasxamdnen. cnobilia, rom gvirila anTebis<br />

sawinaaRmdego nivTierebas Seicavs (13. 1976. 201.).<br />

gvirilas Sesaxeb ,,iadigar-daudSi~-c vkiTxulobT:<br />

,,...rome an misi SarbaTi asvan, an danayon tled qnan da<br />

sadac stkiodes an usivdebodes iq Semosdvan… da<br />

yovlisa balRamisa wamalia~ (2. 1985. 207.).<br />

daCirqebul WrilobaSi Roris gamdnari, umarilo<br />

qonis Casxmac icodnen. zogierTi ,,aqimi~ daCirqebuli<br />

Wrilobidan gamonaden balRams amowovda. mTxrobelebs<br />

axsovT erTi aseTi ,,aqimi~ simon kvasdiani (qvemo<br />

svaneTi).<br />

garda zemoaRniSnulisa, ,,aqimebs~ hqoniaT<br />

specialuri wamali, romelsac ,,malgimiSs~ uwodebdnen.<br />

risgan amzadebdnen am wamals ver davamowmeT. mas<br />

Wrilobaze mcire xniT daadebdnen, radgan Zalian<br />

Zlieri iyo da avadmyofi ver itanda, misi xmareba 2-3 –<br />

jer metad ar SeiZleboda. aRniSnuli wamlis Tviseba is<br />

iyo, rom gafuWebul, dazianebul qsovils ,,mosWamda~ da<br />

Wrilobas gaasufTavebda. ,,malgimiSs~ dazianebuli<br />

Zvlovani qsovilis amosasufTavebladac iyenebdnen.<br />

am wamlis Semadgenlobas ,,aqimebi~ metad<br />

saidumlod inaxavdnen, amitom misi dadgena dRes<br />

SeuZlebelia.<br />

yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi daCirqebul Wrilobas<br />

mkurnalobdnen Cveulebrivad – daamuSavebdnen, tamponebs<br />

(patruqs) Caudebdnen, Seuxvevdnen.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom xorcis ,,mosaWmel~ wamalTa<br />

gamoyenebas karabadinebSic vxvdebiT. ase magaliTad,<br />

,,sxva malama, gaaxmos Zueli mRieri da Tu sxua feri avi<br />

xorci gamovides, isica mosWamos...~ an ,,sxua malama<br />

mwuane, rome xorci mosWamos da bayli gawmindos, an<br />

matlsa da krkilsa uSuelos, da Tu TeTri iyos<br />

mRierSigan daawiTlos da gaamrTelos...~ (26. 1978. 648.).<br />

svaneTSi damowmebulia WrilobaTa organuli<br />

nivTierebebiT mkurnalobis saintereso meTodic. gaWris<br />

dros Tu ZarRvi daziandeboda cocxal Wiayelas<br />

45

---

Cadebdnen WrilobaSi da Seuxvevdnen. Wia rom<br />

gaTeTrdeboda gamocvlidnen. ,,igi gamoyofs lorwos da<br />

amiT ganikurneba Wriloba~-o.<br />

analogiuri mkurnaloba mowmdeba saqarTvelos<br />

sxva kuTxeebSic, raWaSi (6.1982_83.), xevsureTSi (3. ),<br />

sadac mas ,,Wia-zeTs~ uwodeben. aseTi Wrilobis<br />

samkurnalod svaneTSi iyenebdnen saqonlis ZarRvis<br />

nafxeksac.<br />

Tavis Wrilobis mkurnaloba<br />

svaneTSi mowmdeba Tavis qalis trepanacia.<br />

samwuxarod eTnografiuli masala saSualebas ar<br />

gvaZlevs am rTuli operaciis msvleloba srulad<br />

warmovidginoT. trepanacia keTdeboda Tavis tramvis<br />

SemTxvevaSi. Tavis Wrilobis dros ,,aqimebi~ jer<br />

dazianebul midamos gaasufTavebdnen, Tmebs<br />

gadaparsavdnen, dazianebul xorcs mosWridnen, ornaxadi<br />

aryiT daamuSavebdnen Wrilobas da wamals (malamos)<br />

daadebdnen.<br />

Wriloba Tu Rrma iyo da Zvali gatexili, Zvlis<br />

namsxvrevebi wamlebis saSualebiT amohqondaT.<br />

amotexili Zvlis adgilze svani ,,aqimebi~ spilenZis<br />

firfitas dgamdnen. zogi ,,aqimi~ aseT dros avadmyofs<br />

arays daalevinebda, rom tkivili naklebad egrZno.<br />

s. guledanis gadmocemiT, yofila SemTxvevebi,<br />

,,rodesac kacs Wrilobis gamo Tavis Zvlis nawili<br />

amovardnia, maSin aqimebs es Zvlis naklovaneba<br />

daufaravT spilenZiT, romelic Tavis qalisaTvis<br />

miuerTebiaT imgvarad, rom Zvlis magivroba gauwevia da<br />

Sezrdia Zvals. amnair Tavs eZaxdnen ,,na-Ciarv~, e. i.<br />

spilenZSeduRebuli-spilenZnarevi Tavis patroni<br />

Cveulebriv saR azrze da janze iyo xolme da<br />

sakvirvelia da samwuxaro misi dakargva (11. 67.). amasve<br />

gadmogvcems b. niJaraZe (18. 1962. 172.). analogiuri masala<br />

velze muSaobis dros Cvenc davadastureT.<br />

46

---

zemoTxsenebuli faqti did yuradRebas imsaxurebs,<br />

igi Tanamedrove medicinaSi gavrcelebuli<br />

aloplastikuri operaciis identuria, es ki svani<br />

,,aqimebis~ maRal profesiul doneze miuTiTebs.<br />

aloplastikis (plastikuri operacia), masalad<br />

gamoyenebulia ucxo sxeuli, spilos Zvali, oqro,<br />

vercxli da sxv. ( 1. 1973. 26.).<br />

sainteresoa, rom cnobebs Tavis qalis Zvlis<br />

dazianebis SemTxvevaSi spilenZis Cadgmis Sesaxeb<br />

qarTul literaturaSic vxvdebiT: ,,kaci erTi omSi<br />

damwyvdeoda. Tavis WaSa srulobiT damsxvreuli hqonda.<br />

igi Zvali aRar moebmoda srulobiT, Zvali gamoviRe da<br />

Zvlisa wil spilenZi Cavugdev. SeduRda da man kacman<br />

didi xani icocxla~ (24. 1983. 102.).<br />

Tavis Wrilobis samkurnalo malamod ZiriTadad<br />

,,kaxvras~ xmarobdnen, mas Tbil-Tbils daadebdnen<br />

Wrilobaze da Seuxvevdnen. pirveli Sexvevis Semdeg 4-5<br />

dRes ar xsnidnen, mere ki or dReSi erTxel uxvevdnen.<br />

saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebidan Tavis qalis<br />

trepanacia axlo warsulSi xevsurTa eTnografiul<br />

yofaSic aris dadasturebuli (12. 1930. 99.). igi<br />

damowmebulia kavkasiis sxva xalxebSic (25. 1982. 67_79.).<br />

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli Zvlovani<br />

masala adasturebs, rom Tavis qalis trepanacia<br />

saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan keTdeboda (28. 1956.8.).<br />

mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT, svani ,,aqimebi~ Zvlis<br />

namsxvrevs sxva dazianebuli organodan, ZiriTadad<br />

kidurebidanac iRebdnen. ,,sadac Zvali iyo dazianebuli,<br />

im adgilze Cirqdeboda~ da ase igebdnen sad iyo Zvali<br />

gatexili. aseTi Wrilobis mosarCenad ,,aqimebs~ ori Tve<br />

mainc sWirdebodaT.<br />

47

---

Wrilobis mkurnalobis dros ,,aqimebi~ did<br />

yuradRebas aqcevdnen agreTve avadmyofis movlas, kvebas.<br />

zrunavdnen misi saerTo mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze.<br />

mZimed daWrils sufTa qveSagebs daufendnen, axdendnen<br />

sxeulis dazianebuli nawilis imobilizacias,<br />

magaliTad, daWril xels Camokidebdnen, rac Wrilobis<br />

Sexorcebaze dadebiTad moqmedebda, icavdnen siwynares<br />

avadmyofTan.<br />

garkveuli yuradReba eqceoda daWrilis movlas.<br />

avadmyofs ukrZalavdnen alkoholiani sasmelis miRebas.<br />

xorceulidan Txis, xbos da qaTmis xorcs urCevdnen.<br />

aridebdnen Roris xorcs. aWmevdnen rZis produqtebs.<br />

daWrili Tu bevr sisxls dakargavda, saqonlis<br />

sisxlsac daalevinebdnen. naTesavebs da mezoblebs<br />

avadmyofTan mosakiTxi xili, xaWapuri da sxv. mihqondaT.<br />

saWiro SemTxvevaSi Rameebs uTevdnen. cdilobdnen<br />

gaerTod, ukravdnen Wunirs da dabal xmaze uyvebodnen<br />

sxvadasxva ambebs: ,,avadmyofobaze aRar fiqrobs imdenad<br />

da ukeTesad xdebao~- gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

musikiT avadmyofis garTobas dadebiTi Sedegi<br />

mohqonda. igi avadmyofis nerviul sistemaze<br />

damamSvideblad moqmedebda, rac misi saerTo<br />

mdgomareobisaTvis ukeTesi iyo. cnobilia, rom musikas<br />

rogorc damxmare samkurnalo saSualebas, msoflios<br />

xalxebSi uZvelesi droidan iyenebdnen (17. 1893. 5º1_594; 5.<br />

1983.) mas qarTvelebi, somxebi da kavkasiis sxva xalxebi<br />

mZime avadmyofis da maT Soris, daWrilis mkurnalobis<br />

dros mimarTavdnen (17. 1893. 499).<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom svani ,,aqimebi~ Wrilobis<br />

samkurnalod malamos dasamzadeblad ZiriTadad im<br />

nivTierebebs iyenebdnen (Tafli, Taflis sanTeli, Roris<br />

qoni, zeTi, erbo), romlebic imave miznisaTvis qarTul<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> wignebSia moxseniebuli. mag.: ,,marama<br />

wylulisaTvis – aiRe sakmeli TeTri-xuTisa dramisa<br />

woni, qalbana da Zira - or-ori dramisa woni, dingeli –<br />

ori unkia, cvili - sami unkia da Roris xorci msuqani,<br />

48

---

da berZnuli zeTi da erbo furTa. amiT aaduRon ese<br />

wamalni, maramani Sehqmen da zeda dasdva~ (26. 1978. 780.).<br />

an ,,aiRe dindgeli ori nawili, cvili erTi nawili da<br />

zeTi erTi nawili, erboTa aaduRe, marama Sehqmen da<br />

zeda dasdebdi~ (26. 1978. 781.).<br />

leCxumeli eqimbaSebic da ,,dalaqebic~ Wrilobis<br />

mkurnalobas misi gasufTavebiT iwyebdnen. Wrilobis<br />

dasamuSaveblad iyenebdnen marilwyals, mcenare<br />

Zirmwares (Aristolochia chematitis L.) nayens, romelsac aseTi<br />

wesiT amzadebdnen – mcenaris Zirebs daCeCqavdnen,<br />

daasxamdnen aduRebul wyals, ramdenime saaTis Semdeg<br />

dawuravdnen da am wveniT daamuSavebdnen Wrilobas.<br />

aRniSnul mcenares <strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerebis mixedviT<br />

saqarTveloSi Wrilobis samkurnalod iyenebdnen (2.1985.<br />

535.). Tanamedrove medicinac Zirmwares fesvebs<br />

rekomendacias aZlevs, rogorc antiseptikur da anTebis<br />

sawinaaRmdego saSualebas, romelic Wrilobis<br />

Sexorcebas aCqarebs (13. 1976. 105_106.). Wrilobis<br />

dasamuSaveblad leCxumur xalxur medicinaSi<br />

gamoiyeneboda, agreTve mcenare qristesisxlas wveni;<br />

mineraluri saSualebebidan almasis qvis nalesi<br />

wyalxsnari.<br />

sisxlis SesaCereblad xmarobdnen TuTuns. did<br />

sisxlmden Wrilobas saxalxo mkurnalebi laxts<br />

adebdnen.<br />

,,balaxian wamals vakeTebdiT – WinWars<br />

movxarSavdiT, davnayavdiT, Roris qons da Zirmwaris<br />

danayil Zirs SevzelavdiT erTimeoreSi umad da<br />

davadebdiT Wrilobas. am wamalSi bebia urevda kidev<br />

gunda laxustags – ebraelebisagan yidulobda. sisxlis<br />

denis dros danayavda gundas da pirdapir daafarebda<br />

zemodan qaRalds da burTiviT daxveul rames daadebda<br />

zemodan rom daswoloda, amas laxts eZaxda. mesame dRes<br />

gaxsnida Wrilobas, Tu sisxli aRar modioda,<br />

zemoaRweril balaxs daadebda~ - mogviTxrobs griSa<br />

biqtoris Ze TuTisani, 66 wlis, sof. Cqumi.<br />

49

---

unda aRiniSmos, rom gunda laxustagi ori<br />

sxvadasxva nivTierebaa, romlebic xalxur medicinaSi<br />

erTadac ixmareba da cal-calkec. cnobilia, rom gunda<br />

mcenare /Quercus infenctoria wild/-is nayofia. is<br />

warmoadgens taninis Sencvel kaklisodena warmonaqmns.<br />

samkurnalod gamoiyeneboda TviT gunda ,,mwvane da<br />

daumwifebeli, gundis qerqi anu naWuWi, gundis<br />

gamowuri, romelsac gundis sasmeli ewodeboda~ (32. 1966.<br />

57.).<br />

Zvel qarTul medicinaSi gunda ixmareboda<br />

rogorc sxvadasxva xasiaTis sisxlis denis<br />

SesaCerebeli saSualeba (2. 1985. 467, 468; 30. 1940. 67.)<br />

,,wigni saaqimo~-Si vkiTxulobT: ,,sisxlis kurneba rome<br />

dakodilisagan ar ukudgebodes igi ars, romel Tu<br />

SeeZlos orive napiri gakveTilisa erTgan mokrifos<br />

xelTa daiWiros, rome sisxli Sigan Seikras da<br />

ukuagdos. da Tu erTgan ar mokrfebodes qsinaari zeda<br />

Semosdvas anu danayili gundai...~ (33. 1936. 292.).<br />

laxustagi//laxostaki /Cuprum Aceticum Cristellisatum/<br />

(26.1978. 826.) igive ,,rasustonicqari damwvari spilenZia,<br />

laxustagi aris~ (26. 1978. 258.). laxostaki Sedioda<br />

wylulis malamos SemadgenlobaSi (2. 1985. 618.).<br />

,,laxostaki, bunebaSi poebuli mkvrivi SenaerTia,<br />

romelsac gundasTan erTad xmaroben warbebis<br />

saRebavad, laxostaki TavisTavadac ixmareba medicinaSi<br />

wamlebis Sesamzadeblad~ (30. 1940. 497.).<br />

Rrma Wrilobis samkurnalod leCxumSi iyenebdnen<br />

tamponismagvar saSualebas. ,,balaxiani wamali~<br />

tamponiviT iyo, ra zomis Wrilobac iqneboda, im zomaze<br />

gaakeTebdnen da Catenidnen WrilobaSi. wamlis<br />

gamocvlis dros Wrilobas Zirmwares fesvebis wveniT<br />

amoswmendnen. Wrilobis samkurnalod gamoiyeneboda<br />

fiWvis fisic.<br />

Wriloba Tu garTuldeboad (daCirqdeboda)<br />

specialur wamals - ,,Taflian wamals akeTebdnen~<br />

Semdegnairad: tafaze aaduRebdnen Tafls, Seurevdenen<br />

50

---

Tanabari raodenobis umarilo qons, rom Segrildeboda<br />

,,imqlis~ (ifqli) fqvils Seurevdnen da Seasqelebdnen,<br />

magram magari ar unda yofiliyo. aseT Wrilobas dReSi<br />

erTxel ucvlidnen wamals. Wrilobas simsivne Tu<br />

Seetyoboda wamalSi Sabs gaurevdnen. xalxis<br />

dakvirvebiT WrilobaSi wiTeli feris xorci rom<br />

wamovidoda, ukve rCenas iwyebda.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT eqimbaSebi<br />

sakmaod rTul Wrilobebs arCendnen, ase magaliTad,<br />

,,erT kacs beWze hqonda najaxi dartymuli. Zvali hqonda<br />

gaCexili beWis frTasTan, xels rom ar emoZrava,<br />

mkerdze mivakoneT CvrebiT. sadac Wriloba iyo iq<br />

vxsnidiT marto, ise iyo mowyobili, rom vucvlidiT<br />

wamals, erTi Tve hqonda Sekonili avadmyofs~ (griSa<br />

biqtoris Ze TuTisani, sof. Cqumi).<br />

Wrilobis dros, Tu ZarRvic iuo gaWrili,<br />

`ZarRvis gadasabmel~ wamals adebdnen. mcenare `TeTri<br />

Ziris~ Zirebs daCeCqvavdnen da gazeldnen Roris qonSi.<br />

calke aiRebdne saqonlis ZarRvs (Zvlis siaxloves),<br />

gamxmars daCeCqvavdnen xiT ise, rom dawewiliyo, magram<br />

ar unda gadawyvetiliyo, amas Caqridnen Tbil wyalSi<br />

`ZarRvi jer gaibneoda wyalSi da mere Seikreboda<br />

burTiviT~. am burTs Cadebdnen, sadac ZarRvi iyo<br />

gaWrili da zemodan Roris qonSi gazelil<br />

zemoaRweril wamals daadebdnen. naxvevs mxolod mesame<br />

dRes gaxsnidnen.<br />

`dalaqebs~ Wrilobis mosawmendad specialuri<br />

siTxe hqondaT, romlis Semadgenloba ver davazusteT.<br />

amiT mowmendnen Wrilobas da danayil TeTr SabSi<br />

Sezelil tyemlis tylaps daadebdnen. `sicxe gamohqonda<br />

da Wrilobas swmendda~-o. aseve ucnobi Semadgenlobisaa<br />

`TeTri feris fxvnili~, romliTac `dalaqebi~ Wrilobas<br />

mkurnalobdnen. isini (`dalaqebi~) icavdnen garkveul<br />

aseptikur wesebs – Wrilobis mkurnalobis dawyebamde<br />

`babua xelebs margancovkis xsnariT ibanda~-o,<br />

gadmogvcemen maTi STamomavlebi.<br />

51

---

`dalaqebi~ Wrilobas uxvevdnen dReSi erTxel an<br />

orjer, magram roca sxva soflebSi mihyavdaT, Wrilobis<br />

Sexvevis periodi 2-3 dRes udrida.<br />

Wrilobis da aseve damwvrobis samkurnalod<br />

amzadebdnen specialur wamals, romelsac `dazelil<br />

wamals~ eZaxdnen. aRniSnuli wamlis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

Sedioda: murdasaki, Zmari, zeiTunis zeTi, kvercxis<br />

guli da TeTri Sabi – damwvari. amaT yvelapers<br />

erTmaneTSi Seazeldnen grilad, didxans undoda zelva.<br />

proporcia aseTi iyo: Zmari 4-5 kovzi, murdasaki –<br />

erTi cais kovzi, zeiTunis zeTi – 2 Cais kovzi.<br />

murdasaki//murdasangi /Plumbum oxudatam/ - tyviis<br />

Jangia. qarTul <strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerebSi murdasangi<br />

malamoebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. `marama, romeli<br />

gaakurnebs yovelsa wylulsa advilad: aiRe damlaxueni<br />

da maruxis Ziri da vercxlis nacari, amaTgani TiTo<br />

umkia, da murdasangi, SeerTen, mogale da dacar, da<br />

zeTiTa berZnuliTa aaduRe neliTa cecxliTa, Seasqele<br />

da WurWelsa Cadev, da ixmare, rodes gindes~ (26. 1978.<br />

781.).<br />

iarian (daCirqebul) Wrilobas aRapi svaniZe piriT<br />

amoswovda, Turme. amiT is zogierT svan da xevsur<br />

dastaqarebs hgavs.<br />

patara Wrilobebs xalxi sxvadasxva saSualebebiT<br />

Tavad mkurnalobda. am miznisaTvis iyenebdnen<br />

samkurnalo mcenareebs – mravalZarRvas, xvarTqlas,<br />

axal yvels, qaTmis damwvari Zvlis fxvnils, damwvari<br />

puris kaklis fxvnils da sxv.<br />

winamdebare statiaSi SevecadeT maqsimalurad<br />

Segvedarebina erTmaneTisaTvis svaneTsa da leCxumSi<br />

Wrilobis mkurnalobis xalxuri saSualebebi da<br />

meTodebi, <strong>samedicino</strong> terminebi, agreTve Cveni mizani iyo<br />

gamogvevlina is kavSirebi, rac xalxursa da Zvel<br />

qarTul tradiciul werilobiT medicinas Soris<br />

arsebobs da Tanamedrove medicinis monacemebTan<br />

52

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Sejerebis gziT dagvedgina ama Tu im saSualebebisa da<br />

meTodebis racionaluroba.<br />

ganxiluli masalidan Cans, rom Wrilobis<br />

samkurnalo saSualebebis umravlesoba (rogorc<br />

svaneTSi, ise leCxumSi), iseTi Semadgenlobisaa, rom<br />

xels uwyobs dazianebuli qsovilebis aRdgenas,<br />

mdidaria sxvadasxva vitaminebiT, eTerovani zeTebiT,<br />

cximovani mJaveebiT, axasiaTebT baqteriociduli,<br />

aseptikuri Tvisebebi, icaven infeqciisagan. maTi<br />

umrvlesoba aRniSnuli mizniT gamoiyeneba mTel<br />

saqarTveloSi, rac ueWvelad Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

xelnaweri wignebis (karabadinebis) qarTvel xalxSi<br />

farTod gavrcelebisa da popularobis Sedegia.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom karabadinebi ise iyo<br />

Sedgenili, rom misi gamoyeneba SeeZlo ara marto eqim<br />

specialists, aramed nebismier daintersebul<br />

pirovnebasac. TviT d. batoniSvili Tavis `iadigar<br />

daudis~ SesavalSi wers: `Tu kaci aseTsa alagsa avad<br />

gaxdes, rom iq aqimi da Semtyobi kaci ar iyos, ese wigni<br />

daidvan wina da ama wigniTa uaqimon. da rarigadca ama<br />

wignSigan eweros, an mravalgvarisa senebisa niSnebi da<br />

alamaTebi, an Tav-Tavisa senis Sesaferi wamlebi da<br />

xelis Sewyoba da majunisa da SarbaTebisa da yarurasa<br />

Setyoba, an sisxlisa da an zafrisa, an balramisa da an<br />

sevdisa da senebisa niSnebi, da maTi Sesaferi wamlebi<br />

da Setyoba sweria yuela isre qnan~ (2. 1985. 97.).<br />

savele eTnografiuli muSaobis dros leCxumSi<br />

eqimbaSebis ojaxebSi davamowmeT karabadinebis<br />

arsebobis faqtebi. rac Seexeba svaneTs, Cven iq ar<br />

gvinaxavs karabadini, magram samkurnalo saSualebebis,<br />

neTodebis, terminebis farTod gavrceleba<br />

gvafiqrebinebs, rom svani aqimebic sargeblobdnen<br />

samkurnalo wignebiT.<br />

cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos gansacdelis Jams<br />

`svaneTi gadaqceula misi saeklesio simdidrisa da<br />

Zveli naSTebis saxizrad da damcvelad da svaneTsac<br />

53

---

Tavisi mZime misia Rirseulad Seusrulebia~ 10. 1925.<br />

111_112.).<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, ` ...ecerSi... ars<br />

eklesia svetad wodebuli, saxizari svetis cxovelis<br />

samkaul-saunjisa~ (4. 1973. 787. ). sruliad SesaZlebelia,<br />

am `saxizar nivTebs~ Soris karabadinebic yofiliyo,<br />

miTumetes, rom sasuliero wodeba saqarTveloSi<br />

samkurnalo saqmianobasac eweoda.<br />

a. Carkviani svaneTis kulturuli donis Sesaxeb<br />

wers: `feodaluri periodis svaneTSi swavla-ganaTlebis<br />

calkeuli kerebi eklesiebTan unda arsebuliyo. magram<br />

savaraudebelia, rom moswavleTa ricxvi TiTebze<br />

CamoiTvleboda, miuxedavad imisa, rogorc saerTo<br />

kulturuli doniT, ise swavla-ganaTlebiT, svaneTi bars<br />

TiTqmis ar Camouvardeboda~ (31. 1967. 73_74.).<br />

svaneTis kulturul ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani<br />

wvlili miuZRvis im mravalricxovan eklesiebs,<br />

romlebic yvela sofelSia. `vgoneb, marTla arsad aris<br />

amisTana qveyana, rom svaneTsaviT mdidari iyos Zveli<br />

eklesiebiT, xatebiT da saeklesio wignebiT. ras ar<br />

naxavs aq kacis Tvali? ver warmomigdenia saidan gaCnda<br />

amdeni oqro-vercxliT moWedili xati, Zvirfasi qvebiT<br />

morTuli azarfeSebi, tyavzed dawerili saeklesio<br />

wignebi da sxva Zvirfasi nivTebi... es Zvirfasi xatebi da<br />

wignebi gafantulni arian sxvadasxava eklesiebsa,<br />

koskebsa da saxlebSi, sadac maT Tvalyurs aravin ar<br />

adevnebs~ (14. 1901. 5_6.).<br />

eTnografiuli masalis SedarebiT analizidan<br />

Cans, rom svan da leCxumel xalxur mkurnalebs bevri<br />

ram aqvT saerTo da erTnairi warmatebiT mkurnalobdnen<br />

travmul daavadebebs, amJRavnebdnen mWidro kavSirs Zvel<br />

qarTul medicinasTan, rac udaod karabadinebis<br />

gavleniT unda aixsnas.<br />

54

---

Ggamoyenebuli literatura<br />

1. abaSiZe, s. abaSiZe, l. Rusul_laTinur_<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 1973.<br />

2. bagrationi, d. Iadigar daudi, Tb.,1985.<br />

3. baliauri, m. xalxuri medicina xevsureTSi, iv.<br />

javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />

institutis arqivi, М' 41, 1940.<br />

4. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa<br />

saqartvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV. Tb., 1973.<br />

5. baxtaZe, g. Mmusika mkurnali, Jurn. ,,droSa~, №3,<br />

1983.<br />

6. <strong>burduli</strong>, m. raWis eTnografiuli eqspediciis<br />

dRiurebi, 1982_1983 w.w.<br />

7. <strong>burduli</strong>, m. leCxumis eqspediciis dRiurebi, № 1; 2;<br />

3. 1984.<br />

8. <strong>burduli</strong>, m. imereTis eqspediciis dRiurebi, № 1; 2;<br />

3. 1988.<br />

9. dabitiani, a. svanuri eTnografiuli masalebi.<br />

bavSvis dabadeba da aRzrda. Iv. javaxiSvilis sax.<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutes arqivi, М’<br />

48, 1942.<br />

10. gabliani, eg. Zveli da axali svaneTi, tf., 1925.<br />

11. guledani, s. Zveli aadaT_zne_Cveulebani zemo<br />

svaneTSi, mestiis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis<br />

fondi.<br />

12. TedoraZe, g. xuTi weli fSav_xevsureTSi, Tb., 1930.<br />

13. Иорданов, Д. Никонов, Д. Бойчиновб,Асп. Фитотерапия,<br />

,,Медицина и физкултура”, София, 1976.<br />

14. margiani, iv. Zveli nivTebis (naSTebis) dacvis<br />

Sesaxeb, ,,mwyemsi~, №16, 1901.<br />

15. mindaZe, n. Qartuli xalxuri medicina (aRmosavleT<br />

saqartvelos eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT),<br />

Tb., 1981.<br />

55

---

16. Минкевич, И.И. Камни как медицинское средство и как<br />

предмет обожения на Кавказе (сравнительное исследование),<br />

ПЗИКМО- 1893/94, №3.<br />

17. Минкевич, И.И. Музыка, как медицинское средство на<br />

Кавказе (сравнительное исследование), ПЗИКМО, 1893, №3.<br />

18. niJaraZe, b. (Tavisufali svani),<br />

istoriul_eTnografiuli werilebi, w. I. Tb., 1962.<br />

19. nioraZe, g. Qvis xanis adamianebi sakaJias<br />

gamoqvabulSi, Tb., 1955.<br />

20. orbeliani, s.s. <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsikoni, Tb., 1924.<br />

21. orbeliani, s.s. leqsikoni <strong>qarTuli</strong>, w. I. 1966.<br />

22. orbeliani, s.s. sityvis kona, Tb., 1949.<br />

23. orbeliani, s.s. Txzulebani, IV, Tb., 1965.<br />

24. orbeliani, s.s. wigni sibrZne_sicruisa~, qartuli<br />

proza, V Tb., 1983.<br />

25. Попов, П., Лечение ран у кавказских горцев. ,,Военномедицин.<br />

журнал’’, X, №2, 1982.<br />

26. fanaskertel_ciciSvili, z. samkurnalo wigni,<br />

karabadini, Tb., 1978.<br />

27. firfilaSvili, p. Qvis gamoyeneba samkurnalo<br />

mizniT qarTul xalxur medicinaSi, ,,macne~, 1972,<br />

#2.<br />

28. firfilaSvili, p. paleoanTropologiuri masalebi<br />

Zvel saqarTveloSi daavadeba_dazianebaTa da<br />

samkurnalo manipulaciebis SeswavlisaTvis, Tb.,<br />

1956.<br />

29. robaqiZe, a. Mmefutkreobis istoriisaTvis,, Tb.,<br />

1960.<br />

30. qananeli, usworo karabadini, Tb., 1940.<br />

31. Carkviani, a. svaneTi, Tb., 1967.<br />

32. wuwunava, n. saqarTvelos samkurnalo mcenareebi,<br />

Tb., 1966.<br />

33. xojayofili, wigni saaqimoÁ, Tb., 1936.<br />

34. Яшвили, А.О., Народная медицина в Закавказском крае,<br />

Тифлис, 1904.<br />

56

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Лечение травм в Сванетии и Лечхуми<br />

(по этнографическим материалам)<br />

(резюме)<br />

Горные районы Грузии и среди них Сванетия и Лечхуми до<br />

последнего времени сохранили традиции лечения хирургических<br />

заболеваний, что было обусловлено определёнными причинами.<br />

Лекарей травматических повреждений в Сванетии называли<br />

«Акими» (знахарь), в Лечхуми – «далаки» и «экимбаши» (знахари).<br />

Лечением в основном занимались мужчины. Лечебное дело<br />

устаивалось от посторонних и переходило по наследству от отца к<br />

сыну, в результате чего постепенно определились известные по<br />

профессиональному уровню врачевания фамилии: в Сванетии –<br />

Гвишиани, Хергиани, Маргвелиани; в Лечхуми – Копалиани,<br />

Сванидзе.<br />

По этнографическим данным, они лечили раны всех видов:<br />

дклали трепанацию черепа (Сванети), ампутацию<br />

конечностей(Лечхуми), пересадку кости, аллопластическую<br />

операцию (Сванети) и др.<br />

Следует отметить тесную связь знаний народной и<br />

традиционной грузинской медицины, что является заслугой<br />

лечебных книг (карабадинов).<br />

Сопоставление лечебных методов и средств лечения ран с<br />

достижениями современной медицины дает нам возможность<br />

заключить, что лечение хирургических заболеваний сванскими и<br />

лечхумскими народными лекарями в основном проводились<br />

правильно.<br />

57

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tuberkulozis mkurnalobis <strong>tradiciuli</strong> saSualebebi<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

medea <strong>burduli</strong><br />

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis sax.<br />

istoriisa da eTnografiis instituti<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri medicina saintereso masalas<br />

gvawvdis garkveuli daavadebebis gavrcelebis, maTi<br />

gamomwvevi mizezebis, samkurnalo saSualebebisa da<br />

meTodebis Sesaxeb. aseT daavadebaTa rigs ganekuTvneba<br />

filtvebis tuberkulozic.<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi (svaneTi, raWa-leCxumi,<br />

imereTi) filtvebis tuberkulozi daavadebuls -<br />

,,Wleqians~, xolo TviT daavadebas - ,,filtvis<br />

xvelas~//,,cud xvelas~//,,Wleqs~ uwodebdnen.<br />

XIX saukunesa da XX s-is I naxevarSi aRniSnuli<br />

daavadeba met-naklebad yvela zemoT CamoTvlil<br />

regionSi yofila gavrcelebuli, rasac xels uwyobda<br />

rogorc garemo (mdebareoba, klimati), ise<br />

sayofacxovrebo, ekonomikuri pirobebic. daavadeba<br />

periodulad mwvave epidemiur xasiaTs atarebda da<br />

sikvdilianobas iwvevda, amitom am avadmyofobisa<br />

eSinodaT da saxeliT ar moixseniebdnen. Tu vinmes<br />

wamoscdeboda, SeSinebuli saswrafod ityoda: ,,iqav<br />

iyoso~.<br />

mkurnalobis xalxuri tradiciebi bevradaa<br />

damokidebuli daavadebaTa gamomwvevi mizezebisa da<br />

xasiaTis xalxur axsnaze. Cvens mier moZiebuli<br />

eTnografiuli masala zamoaRniSnuli avadmyofobis<br />

Sesaxeb sainteresoa am TvalsazrisiTac. tuberkulozis<br />

gamomwvev mizezad iTvleboda memkvidreobiToba, gacieba,<br />

cudi kveba, ,,Cqara gazrdils emarTeba kidev, haeri ar<br />

hyofniso~. garda CamoTvlili mizezebisa imereTsa da<br />

raWaSi ,,Wleqis~ gamomwvevad miaCndaT patara, wvrili<br />

Wiebi, romlebic TiTqosda RviZlSi da filtvebSi<br />

58

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uCndeba adamians da aavadmyofebs mas. tuberkulozis<br />

gadamdebi xasiaTi kargad iyo cnobili xalxisaTvis.<br />

daavadebis ,,gadamtanad~ imereTsa da raWaSi es wvrili<br />

Wiebic miaCndaT, romlebic TiTqos bolos frTebs<br />

isxamdnen da momakvdavs piridan ,,amoufrindebodnen~.<br />

aRniSnuli Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba<br />

aixsnas is damokidebuleba, rasac xalxi (zogierT<br />

kuTxeSi) tuberkuloziT daavadebulis mimarT iCenda.<br />

zog SemTxvevaSi es damokidebuleba sakmaod mkacria da<br />

SeiZleba antihumanuradac mogveCvenos, magram efeqturi<br />

samkurnalo saSualebebis ararsebobis pirobebSi<br />

avadmyofis mkacri izolacia da misgan morideba<br />

rCeboda erTaderT Tavis dasacav profilaqtikur<br />

RonisZiebad. aRniSnul daavadebas axasiaTebda umadoba,<br />

sisuste, Zlieri sigamxdre, xvela, sisxliani naxveli.<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi tuberkulozis gavrcelebis<br />

geografia avadmyofobis gavrcelebis intensivobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT aseT suraTs iZleva: zemo svaneTSi igi<br />

SedarebiT xSiri movlena yofila, vidre qvemo svaneTSi,<br />

an raWa-leCxum-imereTSi. TviT imereTSi ki<br />

damaxasiaTebeli yofila baris soflebisaTvis, mTian<br />

soflebSi ki an sul ar iyo, an Zalian iSviaT movlenas<br />

warmoadgenda.<br />

amis mizezad mTisa da baris zonebis klimatur<br />

pirobebs Tvlian, amitom mimarTaven iseT<br />

profilaqtikur RonisZiebebs, romlebic saSiS<br />

daavadebebs - ,,Wleqsa~ da ciebas Tavidan aacilebT. am<br />

RonisZiebaTa rigs ganekuTvneba _ samosaxlo adgilebis<br />

SerCeva, tansacmeli, kvebis sistema.<br />

imerlebis aseT sifrTxileze da dakvirvebulobaze<br />

miuTiTeben ucxoeli mogzaurebic. Jak fransua gamba<br />

aRniSnavda, rom ,,imerlebs SeuZliaT civilizebul<br />

xalxebs kargi rCeva miscen samosaxlod Sesaferisi<br />

adgilis SesarCevad~ (7, gv. 17).<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi erT-erT<br />

jansaR regionad raWa iTvleboda. ,,raWis olqs imereTSi<br />

59

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yvelaze kargi adgilmdebareoba aqvs. haeri aq sufTaa da<br />

klimaturi pirobebic sijansaRis sawindaria. swored<br />

amitomaa avadmyofebi aq cotaa, xolo dRegrZeli<br />

adamianebi mravlad arian~ (7, gv. 197).<br />

svaneTSi, XIX s-is mogzauris stoianovis mixedviT,<br />

filtvebis daavadeba sakmaod xSiri movlena yofila (14,<br />

gv. 199). tuberkulozis sixSires zemo svaneTSi Cvenis<br />

azriT avadmyofisadmi gansxvavebuli damokidebulebac<br />

ganapirobebda. aq avadmyofi ojaxis sxva wevrebTan<br />

erTad erT WerqveS cxovrobda. rogorc Cans, mkacri<br />

klimaturi pirobebi (xangrZlivi zamTari) da<br />

sayofacxovrebo pirobebi avadmyofis calke oTaxSi an<br />

SenobaSi moTavsebis saSualebas ar iZleoda, maSin<br />

rodesac imereTSi da raWa-leCxumSi, aseve qvemo<br />

svaneTSic aseT avadmyofs aucileblad calke<br />

sacxovrebels uSenebdnen.<br />

imereTSi, ,,dedas Tu Svili gauxdeboda avad,<br />

waiyvanda, saxlidan gaacilebda. karavs gaukeTebda da iq<br />

hyavda, rom sxvas ar gadadeboda seni. misi sikvdilis<br />

Semdeg misas yvelafers daswvavdnen. ojaxSi Wleqi erTs<br />

datovebda sanaSenod da is erTi rom moSendeboda da<br />

gamravldeboda, maSin codnia kidev xelis gakvra, kidev<br />

erTs datovebda, es avadmyofoba Camomavlobazea~,<br />

gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

aseT ojaxze imereTSi icodnen ,,naWleqari ojaxiao~<br />

da masTan damoyvrebas eridebodnen. ase iyo sxva<br />

kuTxeebSic. qorwinebis win xdeboda saqorwino wyvilTa<br />

SerCeva ,,jiS-jilagianobis gakiTxva~, maTi<br />

memkvidreobiTobis Semowmeba, radgan iTvleboda, rom<br />

zogierTi daavadeba da maT Soris tuberkulozi<br />

memkvidreobiT gadadioda (8, gv. 19; 13, gv. 35).<br />

aqve avRniSnavT, rom memkvidreobiT miRebuli<br />

aRniSnuli daavadeba ganukurneblad iTvleboda, xolo<br />

gacivebis Sedegad gamowveul filtvebis tuberkulozis<br />

gankurneba SesaZleblad miaCndaT.<br />

60

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imereTSi, rodesac gaigebdnen, rom ,,kacs Wleqi<br />

uCndeba~, cota xans ar umxelen mas, magram didi da<br />

patara iseTi SiSiT uyurebs avadmyofs, TiTqos mgeli<br />

iyos, bolos avadmyofic gaigebs imaT qcevas da<br />

TviTonve urCevs maT gaSordnen, an TviTonve ecleba<br />

Sinaurebs, dasawol binas calke mouwyoben, saWmelsasmels<br />

karTan dauwyoben, Tu TviTon ver SeZlebs<br />

siaruls, grZeli joxiT miawvdian... ramdenime xnis<br />

Semdeg romelime monaTesave, didi gabedviT aixvevs pirs,<br />

gamoitans mkvdars da damarxavs. karavs, romelSic<br />

avadmyofi iyo, daswvavdnen~ (21).<br />

avadmyofs ezoSive saxlidan moSorebiT miuwnavdnen<br />

facxs leCxumSic, raWaSic. aris gadmocema, romlis<br />

mixedviT raWaSi zogierTi soflis ganapiras mdgara<br />

saxlebi (ficrulebi) aseTi avadmyofebisaTvis. magram<br />

avadmyofis bedisanabara mitovebas Cvens mier<br />

mopovebuli eTnografiuli masala ar adasturebs, ,,deda<br />

Svils xom ar miatovebdao~. axlobeli adamiani yvelas<br />

hyavda, ufro xnieri mouvlida. avadmyofis momvleli<br />

garkveul profilaqtikur RonisZiebas mimarTavda: pirs<br />

aixvevda, arays dalevda, niors SeWamda an waisvamda<br />

xelebze.<br />

aRniSnuli daavadebis farTod gavrcelebas,<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, zogierTis<br />

arakeTilsindisieri saqcielic uwyobda xels; kerZod,<br />

avadmyofis naxmar tansacmels misi sikvdilis Semdeg<br />

zogi Wirisufali bazarze hyidda. Cveulebriv ki<br />

avadmyofis sikvdilis Semdeg mis yvela nivTs wvavdnen.<br />

aqve gvinda mivuTiToT, rom zogierTi<br />

arakeTilsindisieri adamianis gverdiT, sabednierod,<br />

mravlad iyvnen iseTi adamianebi, romlebic am saSineli<br />

seniT daavadebuli adamianebis bediT iyvnen<br />

dainteresebuli. kerZod, quTaisSi yovelwliurad<br />

tardeboda Turme saqvelmoqmedo RonisZieba, romelic<br />

miznad isaxavda materialuri daxmareba gaewia<br />

ukurnebeli seniT Sepyrobili adamianebisaTvis. es iyo e.<br />

61

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w. ,,gviriloba~. ,,gvirilobis~ dRes Segrovili Tanxa<br />

avadmyofebis mkurnalobas xmardeboda. quCaSi dadiodnen<br />

koxtad gamowyobili qalebi da gogonebi gvirilebiani<br />

kalaTebiT. yelze dakidebuli hqondaT yuTebi. gulze<br />

mogabnevdnen gvirilas, romlis safasuri yuTSi unda<br />

CageSva~ (20).<br />

imereTsa da raWaSi ,,Wleqis~ gavrcelebis erT-erT<br />

mizezad, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, avadmyofis sxeulidan<br />

wvrili Wiebis amofrena miaCndaT. xalxis SexedulebiT<br />

aseTi avadmyofi sikvdilis win gamoyofda yvelaze met<br />

peplebs, amitom iqve hqondaT Wyinti yveli da sulis<br />

amosvlis dros pirTan axlos daukavebdnen, ,,peplebi<br />

yvelSi Sevlen da avadmyofoba aRar gavrceldebao~.<br />

TviTon ki piraxveulebi idgnen.<br />

xalxuri medicina filtvebis tuberkulozis<br />

samkurnalo efeqtur saSualebas ar icnobda.<br />

mkurnaloba am SemTxvevaSi avadmyofis mdgomareobis<br />

Semsubuqebas da SeZlebisdagvarad misi sicocxlis<br />

gaxangrZlivebas isaxavda miznad da ZiriTadad<br />

gulisxmobda avadmyofisaTvis klimaturi pirobebis<br />

gaumjobesebas da srulfasovan kvebas.<br />

avadmyofi gadahyavdaT gaZlierebul kvebaze,<br />

saWmelad urCevdnen rZes, Tafls, kvercxs, qaTmis xorcs,<br />

wvnian saWmelebs, rZis Tavs (naRebs), axal niors, axal<br />

yvels, karaqs.<br />

amjobinebdnen Txisa da cxenis axalCamowvelil,<br />

auduRar rZes.<br />

avadmyofi unda morideboda mJave da cxare<br />

saWmelebs, Roris qons. filtvebiT daavadebuli<br />

gaZlierebul kvebaze gadahyavdaT aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTveloSic (11; gv. 58).<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul samkurnalo wignebSi,<br />

karabadinebSi, didi adgili ukavia avadmyofis kvebiTi<br />

reJimis Sedgenas. ,,usworo karabadinSi~, miTiTebulia,<br />

rom eqimi roca avadmyofs gasinjavs da amoicnobs<br />

62

---

daavadebas, man avadmyofs wamalTan erTad sakvebic unda<br />

SeurCios (19; gv. 6).<br />

rogorc ,,iadigar daudidan~ irkveva, tuberkulozis<br />

dros avadmyofs eniSneboda gaZlierebuli kvebiTi<br />

reJimi, mas unda mieRo metad cximiani sakvebi, Tafli,<br />

kvercxi, da sxva.<br />

,,da am rigi saWmelebi aWamon: karaqiTa Seqnili<br />

muxudos SeWamadi, karaqiTa Seqnili qaTmis xarSo,<br />

romel amaSiga an ispanaxi da an qinZi gamoexarSos, da<br />

Tu xaxusa, Talgamsa da stafilosa gamovxarSavT, is<br />

mwoed jobs da xvelas kargad mouxdebis da ucilo<br />

Toxlo kvercxi Wamon. Tafli da kvercxi da leRvi<br />

aWamon. TafliTa unda Wamon da mxurvali xili da<br />

saWmelebi Wamon~ (1; gv. 339).<br />

xvelis dawynarebis mizniT avadmyofs urCeven ar<br />

mieRo metismetad mJave, tkbili da mariliani sakvebi (9;<br />

gv. 259).<br />

,,aTsa dResa mariliansa da mJavisa saWmelisagan<br />

frTxilad Seinaxe~ (8; gv. 186).<br />

aseTi avadmyofis mkurnalobaSi karg saSualebad<br />

iTvleboda klimaturi pirobebis Secvla. urCevdnen<br />

fiWvnaris sufTa haerze yofnas da agreTve fiWvis an<br />

naZvis fisis ReWvas.<br />

Roris qonsa da Tafls Tanabari raodenobiT<br />

Seurevdnen, romelsac dReSi samjer sufris kovziT<br />

SeaWmevdnen avadmyofs.<br />

zogierTi eqimbaSi kvercxis naWuWis fxvnilis,<br />

Taflisa da maCvis qonisagan amzadebda wamals.<br />

vinaidan am avadmyofobis Tanmxlebia Zlieri xvela,<br />

mdgomareobis Semsubuqebis mizniT amzadebdnen<br />

sxvadasxva wamlebs: or sufris kovz Saqars daswvavdnen,<br />

Cadebdnen wyalSi da am wyals daalevinebdnen.<br />

joristerfas//viristerfa (tussilago farfara L.) naxarSs<br />

asmevdnen ,,karabadinSi sweriao~ - gadmogvcemen<br />

mTxrobelebi.<br />

63

---

medicinaSi aRniSnuli mcenare, misi naxarSi da<br />

nayeni gamoiyeneba sasunTqi gzebis anTebiTi procesebis<br />

dros, gansakuTrebiT efeqturia qronikuli bronqitis,<br />

bronqialuri asTmis da sxv. dros (16; gv. 227). amdenad<br />

xalxur medicinaSi misi gamoyeneba tuberkuloziani<br />

avadmyofebisaTvis mizanSewonilia.<br />

mTis raWaSi, sadac yvelaze naklebad iyo<br />

gavrcelebuli es daavadeba, davamowmeT, rom Wleqian<br />

maCvis da Cvili lekvis xorcs aWmevdnen.<br />

xalxuri medicinis dadebiT miRwevad unda<br />

CaiTvalos dindgelis (skis Savi cvili) gamoyeneba<br />

tuberkulozis samkurnalod.<br />

svaneTSi dindgels Cayridnen@`naTaved~ araySi,<br />

gaaCerebdnen oTaxis temperaturaze 12-20 dRis<br />

ganmavlobaSi. dila-saRamos SeanjRrevdnen, Semdeg<br />

sawuraviT gawuravdnen. erT Cais kovz wamals<br />

ganazavebdnen erT Wiqa wyalSi da uzmoze, Wamis win,<br />

naxevari saaTiT adre daalevinebdnen avadmyofs.<br />

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT dindgelis antibaqteriul,<br />

anTebis sawinaaRmdego da antifungalur Tvisebebs (12,<br />

gv.26), maSin misi gamoyeneba tuberkuloziani avadmyofis<br />

mkurnalobaSi, mizanSewonilad unda CaiTvalos.<br />

dindgelis samkurnalo Tvisebebi, rogorc<br />

filtvebis araspecifikuri daavadebis, ise<br />

tuberkulozis dros damowmebulia specialur<br />

literaturaSi (...114-115; ...112-113).<br />

akeTebdnen Semdeg samkurnalo saSualebebsac: or<br />

litr rZeSi 1-2 kbil niors Caagdebdnen, aduRebdnen da<br />

imas asmevdnen adamians, an erT Wiqa rZeSi Seurevdnen<br />

erT kovz Txis qons; an fiWvis kanis naxarSs, xolo<br />

fiWvis norCi girCebis nayenSi Seurevdnen Tafls da<br />

dila-saRamos asgramiani WiqiT daalevinebdnen. qarTul<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> wignebSi mravalZarRvas naxarSi<br />

moxsenebulia rogorc sisxlis denis Sesawyveti<br />

saSualeba, ,,an sisxlsa arwyevdes da ama mravalZarRvas<br />

wveni svas, maSinve sisxlsa moswyuets~ (1, gv. 179).<br />

64

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cnobilia fiWvisa da mravalZarRvas gamoyeneba<br />

tuberkulozis dros (9, gv. 228).<br />

filtvebiT daavadebuls, garda zemoT CamoTvlili<br />

saSualebebisa, svaneTSi asmevdnen vacis (Txis) damdnar<br />

qons sufris kovziT dReSi samjer, an rZeSi Seurevdnen<br />

,,lecvmis~*, an ,,moxarSul Taflis wyals~ - ,,SarbaTs~.<br />

rogorc ganxiluli masalidan gamoCnda, Tumca<br />

tuberkulozi//,,Wleqi~ ganukurnebel daavadebad<br />

iTvleboda, radgan efeqturi xalxuri saSualeba ar<br />

arsebobda, cdilobdnen rogorme SeemsubuqebinaT<br />

avadmyofis mdgomareoba, rac ZiriTadad klimaturi<br />

pirobebis gaumjobesebiT da swori maralkaloriuli<br />

kvebiT miiRweoda. zemoaRniSnuli avadmyofisa organizms<br />

brZolisunarianobas uZlierebda agreTve zogierT<br />

xalxur saSualebas (dindgeli, mravalZarRva,<br />

viristerfa, fiWvi da sxv.) samkurnalo Tvisebebic<br />

gaaCnia. is sistemac, rasac avadmyofis dros<br />

mimarTavdnen, gamarTlebulad unda CaiTvalos, igi xels<br />

uSlida daavadebis farTod gavrcelebas. amdenad,<br />

qarTul tradiciul samkurnalo saSualebebs<br />

tuberkulozis mkurnalobaSi garkveuli dadebiTi<br />

Sedegebi hqonda.<br />

* ,,lecvmi~ - axali, umarilo yvelis moxarSvis dros<br />

miRebuli cximi.<br />

65

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literatura:<br />

1. bagrationi d. iadigar daudi, Tb. 1938.<br />

2. <strong>burduli</strong> m. xalxuri medicina dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi (svanuri eTnografiuli<br />

masalebis mixedviT) sakandidato disertacia,<br />

Tb. 1990.<br />

3. <strong>burduli</strong> m. raWis eTnografiuli dRiurebi,<br />

1982_1984w. (inaxeba avtorTan).<br />

4. <strong>burduli</strong> m. leCxumis eTnografiuli dRiurebi,<br />

1985 (inaxeba avtorTan).<br />

5. <strong>burduli</strong> m. imereTis eTnografiuli dRiurebi,<br />

1986; 1987; 1988; 1989; 1991 (inaxeba avtorTan).<br />

6. guledani s. Zveli adaT-zne-Cveulebani zemo<br />

svaneTSi (eTnografiuli narkvevebi),<br />

(xelnaweri inaxeba mestiis mxareTmcodneobis<br />

muzeumSi).<br />

7. gamba J. f. mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi 1987.<br />

8. ivelaSvili T. saqorwino wes-Cveulebani<br />

samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb. 1987.<br />

9. Иорданов Д., Никонов П., Войчинов Л., Фитотерапия.<br />

София, 1976.<br />

10. Каримов З., Родионов Е., Прополис в комплексном<br />

лечении туберкулёза, лёгких и бронхов. Бухарест, 1975.<br />

11. mindaZeEn. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri medicina, Tb. 1981.<br />

12. mayaSvili z. saubrebi <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

mefutkreobaze, Tb. 1979.<br />

13. maCabeli n. qorwinebis instituti qarTlSi Tb.<br />

1978.<br />

14. Стоянов А. Путешествие по Сванетии ЗКИРГО в- II. кн.х,<br />

Тифлис. 1876.<br />

15. saakaSvili m. gelaSvili a. saqarTvelos<br />

medicinis istoria. t. III, wigni 2, Tb. 1958.<br />

16. Соколов С., Замотаев И., Справочник по лекарственным<br />

растениям и фитотерапии. М. 1987.<br />

66

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17. Танасименко Ю. О профилактике и лечении хронических<br />

неспецифических пневмоний и бронхиальной астмы у<br />

детей. Бухарест, 1975.<br />

18. fanaskerteli z. samkurnalo wigni<br />

(karabadini), Tb. 1950.<br />

19. qananeli. usworo karabadini, Tb. 1940.<br />

20. quTaisis n. berZeniSvilis sax. istoriuleTnografiuli<br />

muzeumis eTnografiuli arqivi.<br />

21. Sorapneli. ,,ramdenime sityva Wleqianis<br />

movlaze imereTis mdabio xalxSi~, ,,droeba~,<br />

1989, #29.<br />

TRADITIONAL METHODS OF TREATMENT OF<br />

TUBERCULOSIS IN WESTERN REGIONS OF GEORGIA<br />

Medea Burduli<br />

Institite of History and Ethnography I. Javakhishvili Academy of<br />

Sciencies of Georgia<br />

The work resumes a large material on the folk methods of pulmonary<br />

tuberculosis treatment in Western regions of Georgia. Methods of<br />

quarantine of patients with TB to isolated rooms from other family<br />

members are described. But such patients were not doomed to loneliness<br />

and starvation. On the contrary, mother or another family leader brought<br />

necessary food to the patient, warm clothes, medicines and Kept them<br />

informed about family events. In towns and villages of Georgia regularly<br />

were held charity to raise money to help the families with such a patient.<br />

Among medicinal means black beeswax, plantain decoction and<br />

potion of coltsfoot leaves, potion of prine cones (with honey), melted<br />

sheep fat and others were popular.<br />

67

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Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> medicina arqeologiuri<br />

masalis mixedviT<br />

qarTl xalxur medicinas mdidari tradiciebi<br />

gaaCnia. igi aerTianebs, rogorc empiriul ise<br />

tradiciul-werilobiT (karabadinebis) <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

codnas. Cvenamde moRweuli <strong>samedicino</strong> xelnaweri<br />

wignebi (XI-XII ss.) imis dasturia, rom Teoriuli da<br />

praqtikuli medicina saqarTveloSi imdroindeli<br />

kulturuli msoflios mowinave doneze idga.<br />

Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> medicinis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan<br />

cnobebs gvawvdis saqarTvelos teritoriaze Catarebuli<br />

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli masalis<br />

analizi. sainteresoa arqeolog g. nioraZis mier<br />

gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom sakaJias gamoqvabulSi<br />

mcxovrebma paleoliTelma adamianma icoda erTgvari<br />

malamo-cxovelis Tavis tvini qonTan erTad (11. 1953. 59.).<br />

aRniSnuli saxis malamos gamoyenebis faqti<br />

saqarTvelos eTnografiul yofaSi dResac<br />

SesaZlebelia. mag.: svaneTSi ,,Wrilobis samkurnalod<br />

saqonlis Zvlis tvinsa da qonis nazavs iyenebdnen~ (4.<br />

1990. 25.).<br />

qvis xanisa da eneoliTis arqeologiuri Zeglebi<br />

medicinis Sesaxeb mwir masalas iZleva, mdgomareoba<br />

icvleba brinjaos xanidan, rodesac saqarTvelos<br />

mosaxleobis <strong>kultura</strong>m da meurneobam ganviTarebis<br />

maRal dones miaRwia. ufro gvian, gviani brinjaos da<br />

adre rkinis xanaSi saqarTvelo da mTeli kavkasia,<br />

ganviTarebis tempebisa da donis mxriv erT mTlian<br />

erTeulad yalibdeba. qarTveli tomebi sxva xalxebTan<br />

erTad, uSualod monawileoben wina aziis uZvelesi<br />

kulturis SeqmnaSi.<br />

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli<br />

Zvlovani masalis, sadastaqro iaraRebis, wamlis<br />

mosamzadebeli da Sesanaxi WurWlis da sxv. Seswavla-<br />

68

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gaanalizebas ukve karga xania miaqcies yuradReba<br />

medicinis istoriiT dainteresebulma mkvlevarebma<br />

(13.1956; 21. 1959;16. 1987.) da gamoTqmulia sayuradRebo<br />

Sexedulebebi.<br />

eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT sakiTxis Seswavla<br />

im mxrivacaa saintereso, rom saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />

xalxuri medicinis Sesaxeb yofaSi dafiqsirebuli<br />

cnobebi SevajeroT arqeologiur masalasTan.<br />

gvelis gamosaxulebiani WurWlis daniSnulebis<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

arqeologiur masalebSi saerTod, da kerZod<br />

saqarTveloSic, Zalian xSiria gamosaxuleba WurWelze,<br />

romlis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa<br />

sxvadasxvaobaa.<br />

b. kuftinis mier TrialeTSi mopovebuli gvelis<br />

gamosaxulebani ori didi WurWeli Sua brinjaos xanas<br />

(Zv. w. a. II aTaswleulis Suaxanebi) ekuTvnis. b. kuftini<br />

mas mimdinare wylis nakads da samiwaTmoqmedo kults<br />

ukavSirebs (8. 1949. 28.).<br />

gvelis gamosaxulebiani WurWeli saqarTveloSi<br />

TrialeTis garda aRmoCenilia mcxeTaSi (1. 1955. 131.),<br />

aseve bakurcixeSi (2. 1941.), qvasaTalSi (5. 1947.),<br />

nacargoraze (6. 1951.) da sxv.<br />

qarTveli arqeologebi eTnografiul masalaze<br />

dayrdnobiT askvnian, rom armazisxevis antikuri drois<br />

WurWlis yurze daZerwil gvelis gamosaxulebas magiuri<br />

daniSnuleba hqonda.<br />

medicinis istoriis mkvlevari l. kotetiSvili<br />

gvelis gamosaxulebian WurWels magiuri medicinis xanas<br />

ukavSirebs (7. 1936.). zogi, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri medicinis<br />

istoriaSi profesionali mkurnalebis gamoCenas (17.<br />

1957. 380.).<br />

mcxeTaSi, samTavros samarovanSi, napovnia Zalze<br />

saintereso agebulebis Tixis orsarTuliani WurWeli,<br />

gvelis reliefuri gamosaxulebiT. iosini<br />

69

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daTariRebulia Zv. w. VIII-VI ss. mas wamlis<br />

mosamzadeblad miiCneven (17. 382; 16. 1987. 23_24.).<br />

svaneTis eTnografiul yofaSi Cvens mier<br />

damowmebulia naxarSi wamlis mosamzadebeli,<br />

specialuri ,,orsarTuliani WurWeli~, romelsac<br />

Semdegnairad awyobdnen _ did doqSi Tanabari<br />

raodenobis fiWvis fissa da gogirds Cayridnen fenafenad.<br />

doqs dolbandiT moukravdnen Tavs. qvabis<br />

saxuravs, an ficars ise amoWridnen, rom doqis piri Sig<br />

Cateuliyo da mas qvabze daapirqvavebdnen. Semdeg qvabs<br />

mTlianad da sanaxevrod doqsac miwaSi Camarxavdnen.<br />

doqze zemodan cecxls daanTebdnen. doqi cxeldeboda,<br />

rom gawiTldeboda, Sig moTavsebuli fisi dnobas<br />

iwyebda da wamali qvabSi iwureboda. aRniSnuli wamali<br />

kanis daavadebaTa samkurnalod gamoiyeneboda.<br />

arqeologiuri Txrisas kaxeTSi mopovebulia iseTi<br />

WurWlebic, romelTac yurebis magivrad gvelis, cxvris<br />

skulpturuli gamosaxuleba aqvT (20. 1973. 115.).<br />

eTnografiuli masalebiT cnobilia, rom mraval<br />

xalxSi WurWlis yurs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />

eniWeba, mag., daRestanSi WurWlis yurs avi sulis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolis mniSvnelobas aniWeben. amitom<br />

uyuro WurWlis daxurva aucilebelia, yurianisa ki ara,<br />

radgan masSi eSmaki ver CaZvreba.<br />

mcxeTaSi aRmoCenilia oqrosa da brinjaos<br />

beWdebi, romelTa gemaSic gamosaxulia medicinis<br />

,farveli RvTaeba asklepiosi.<br />

gamoTqmuli varaudi, rom oqros beWeds mcxeTaSi<br />

atarebda samefo karis mkurnali eqimi (16. 1987. 27.). xolo<br />

brinjaos beWeds, SedarebiT dabali rangis eqimi (16. 1987.<br />

40.).<br />

msgavsi beWdebi napovnia urbnisSi da sxv. Zvel<br />

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli iyo iseTi saxis<br />

Tqmulebebi, romelTa mixedviTac saeqimo saqmis<br />

swavleba gvels ukavSirdeba, igi saeqimo sibrZnis<br />

mcodnea aRiarebuli.<br />

70

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svani saxalxo mkurnalebi TavianT <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

codnas gvels ukavSireben 15.<br />

e.i. arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT, aseve miTologiuri gadmocemebiTac gveli<br />

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli <strong>samedicino</strong> saqmianobasTan.<br />

verZis Tavis gamosaxulebiani nivTebis<br />

daniSnulebis Sesaxeb<br />

gvelTan erTad xSiria Wurwelze Tu sxva nivTebze<br />

verZis Tavis gamosaxulebac, xan erTimeoris<br />

paralelurad, xanac calke. verZis Tavis stilizebuli<br />

an reliefuri gamosaxuleba xSiria Tixis WurWelze,<br />

sarkofagis fexebze, amuletebze da sxva. (1.1955. 87.)<br />

rogorc Cans, masac avi Tvalisagan Tu avi Zalisagan<br />

damcavi mniSvneloba hqonda.<br />

cxvari – erTi im cxovelTagania, romelTa<br />

gamosaxulebasac adamiani ZvelTaganve miawerda avi<br />

sulebisagan dacvis unars. SeiZleba imitom, rom cxvari,<br />

Cveulebriv samsxverplo cxovels, zvaraks warmoadgenda<br />

(15. 1935.).<br />

cxvari an cxvris Tavi saqarTveloSi Zveli<br />

droidanve warmoadgens mcire plastikis erT-erT<br />

yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul motivs. fiqroben, rom igi<br />

albaT ZiriTadad apotrofiuli funqciis matarebeli<br />

iyo 18. verZis Tavis gamosaxulebani napovnia afxazeTSi,<br />

walkaSi. beSTaSenis samarovanze aRmoCnda brinjaos<br />

abzinada, romlis niskarti rqaxveuli cxvris TaviTaa<br />

dagvirgvinebuli. igi moipoveba yazbegis ganZSic da sxva<br />

(9. 1941.).<br />

mkvlevarTa nawili verZis Tavisa da gvelis<br />

gamosaxulebas WurWelze erTsa da imave mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebs. da bolos, saqarTveloSi gvian, Sua<br />

saukuneebamde da zogan XIX s-dan SemorCa wesi, saflavis<br />

qvebis cxvris saxiT gamokveTisa (3. ). cxvari, rogorc<br />

71

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sakulto cxoveli, saqarTveloSi dResac farTodaa<br />

gavrcelebuli. wm. giorgisaTvis Sesawirad, ZiriTadad,<br />

cxvaria miRebuli.<br />

wm. giorgi ki boroti Zalebis winaaRmdeg ibrZvis<br />

da avi Tvalisa da avi Zalebisagan damcav wmindanad<br />

iTvleba.<br />

samarxeuli amuletebi<br />

saqarTveloSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri<br />

gaTxrebis Sedegad uxvadaa napovni avi Zalisagan<br />

damcavi sxvadasxva formisa da xarisxis amuletebi. mag.:<br />

sof. melaanis samlocveloSi, romelic miekuTvneba Zv.w.<br />

I aTaswleulis I naxevars, aRmoCenilia 12 saavgaroze (20.<br />

1973. 117_118.).<br />

mcxeTaSi, umravles samarxebSi, Zvirfasi<br />

liTonisagan damzadebuli saavgaroze nivTebia<br />

aRmoCenili. erT-erTSi aRmoCnda oqros rva viwro<br />

sifrifana lenti, dakecili da SekumSuli, TiToeul<br />

maTganze `armazuli~ warweris TiTo bwkari iyo<br />

amokawruli, warwera amoukiTxavia, g. wereTlis<br />

varaudiT, igi raRac magiur teqsts, Selocvas unda<br />

warmoadgendes. am aRmoCenam daadastura varaudi, rom es<br />

Taviseburi sagnebi avgarozebad CaTvliliyo (1. 1955. 81.).<br />

saqarTvelos eTnografiul yofaSi dResac<br />

SegviZlia sxvadasxva formisa da masalisagan<br />

damzadebuli `Senaloci~ sagnebis damowmeba, romlebsac<br />

`avi Tvalisagan~ damcveli funqciebi aqvs miniWebuli da<br />

maT garkveuli wesiT amzadeben.<br />

arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas mopovebuli<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> daniSnulebis iaraR-WurWeli<br />

Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> medicinis istoriisaTvis<br />

mniSvnelovania arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili<br />

72

---

<strong>samedicino</strong> daniSnulebis sadastaqro iaraRebi Tu<br />

wamlis mosamzadebeli da Sesanaxi WurWeli.<br />

uZveles periodSi (paleoliTi, eneoliTi) aseTi<br />

xasiaTis masala saqarTvelos teritoriaze ar<br />

mogvepoveba. Tumca, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT,<br />

obsidianis danebi SeiZleboda warmatebiT gamoeyenebinaT<br />

sadastaqro saqmianobisTvisac. Zv. w. aR. II aTaswleulis<br />

Sua xanebidan, ukve dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

zogierT iaraR-WurWelze, rom isini <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda. am periodis samarxebSi<br />

aRmoCenilia neStrisebri brinjaos danebi, Cqifebi<br />

(pincetebi), sisxlis gamosaSvebi iaraRebi da sxv. `am<br />

sagnebis Seswavla safuZvels iZleva, isini <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

daniSnulebis iaraRebad miviCnioT, SesaZlebelia<br />

zogierTi maTgani qirurgiul praqtikaSic yofiliyo<br />

gamoyenebuli~ (1. 1955. 81.).<br />

p. firfilaSvilma Seiswavla saqarTvelos<br />

saxelmwifo muzeumSi daculi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis<br />

Sedegad mopovebuli nivTebi da gamoTqva mosazreba, rom<br />

isini SeiZleba yofiliyo, rogorc saojaxo _ sameurneo<br />

daniSnulebis, ise sadastaqro gamoyenebisaTvis<br />

gamiznuli (18. 1957 495_502.).<br />

wamalTmcodne s. saluqvaZe Tvlis, rom brinjaos<br />

nemsebs ufro zianis motana SeeZlo, vidre gankurneba.<br />

amasTanave, brinjaos zonds igi maxaTs uwodebs da<br />

aRniSnavs, rom igi avadmyofs axal iaras gauCenda (16.<br />

1987. 29.), rac gadaWarbebulad gveCveneba, radgan zondi<br />

miCneulia WrilobebSi patruqis Casadebad da ara<br />

gasakerad.<br />

aRniSnuli periodi – klasikuri brinjao –<br />

kalanarevi brinjaos epoqaa, romelic, dariSxaniani<br />

brinjaosagan gansxvavebiT, mavne minarevebs ar Seicavs.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleboda zemoaRniSnuli<br />

iaraRebis sadastaqrod gamoiyeneba. brinjaos danis<br />

gamoyeneba operaciebis Casatareblad Sesabamisi<br />

periodis werilobiT wyaroebiTac dasruldeba (21. 1988.).<br />

73

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Zvlovani masalis, kerZod trepanirebuli Tavis<br />

qalebis SeswavliT dasturdeba, rom im periodSi<br />

qirurgiuli saqmianoba sakamaod maRal doneze mdgara.<br />

Tavis qalaze gakeTebuli xvrelis forma, kideebis<br />

sisadave da misi damuSavebis niSnebi Sesabamis<br />

sadastaqro iaraRebis arsebobasac Txoulobda.<br />

eTnografiuli masaliT dasturdeba, rom xevsuri<br />

da svani saxalxo mkurnalebi TavianT warmatebul<br />

sadastaqro saqmianobas adgilobrivi mWedlebis mier<br />

gakeTebuli rkinis iaraRebiT eweodnen (10. 1981. 27; 4. 1990. 18).<br />

mcxeTaSi, samTavros samarovnis zogierT samarxSi<br />

mravladaa aRmoCenili minis WurWeli. zogi maTgani<br />

nelsacxeblis, zogi ki wamlisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili.<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs aRniSnuli WurWlis didi<br />

raodenobiT aRmoCena samarxSi. medicinis istoriis<br />

mkvlevarTa azriT, aRniSnuli samarxi unda ekuTvnodes<br />

wamalmkeTebels (13. 1959. 42.) , rac imis maniSnebelia, rom es<br />

saqme ganviTarebis maRal doneze unda yofiliyo.<br />

wamlisaTvis calke WurWlis arsebobis Sesaxeb<br />

cnobas jer kidev argonavtebis miTSi vxvdebiT, saidanac<br />

vigebT, rom medea, ukun RameSi, kaspiur niJaraSi<br />

agrovebda promeTes balaxis wvens. arqeologiuri<br />

gaTxrebis dros I aTaswleulis samarxebSi napovnia<br />

araerTi niJara. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom isini<br />

wamlis WurWlad ixmareboda (13. 1959. 31.). eTnografiuli<br />

masalis mixedviT, qarTvel saxalxo mkurnalebs hqoniaT<br />

wamlis dasamzadebeli (Tixis, Tujis) da Sesanaxi (xis,<br />

saqonlis rqis) WurWeli, romelTac mxolod aRniSnuli<br />

miznisaTvis iyenebdnen.<br />

mcxeTaSi aRmoCenilia, agreTve, Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

xelis saswori da wvrili sawonebi, romlebic I-III<br />

saukuneebiT TariRdeba; agreTve, minis kolba, siTxovani<br />

wamali, formebis dozatori, aseve I-III saukuneebisa, rac<br />

aSkarad miuTiTebs farmacevtul saqmianobaze.<br />

74

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ganaTxari namkurnalevi Zvlovani masala<br />

rentgenopaleopaTologiuri gamokvlevebiT<br />

SesaZlebloba miecaT mecnierebs daedginaT gardasuli<br />

drois adamianTa Zvlebis asaki da konstituciuri<br />

Taviseburebani, paTologiuri procesebis siZvele,<br />

sixSire, Taviseburebani da maTi paTogeografia,<br />

invalidobis xangrZlivoba, xarisxi da uZvelesi saeqimo<br />

teqnikis mdgomareoba.<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> TvalsazrisiT, saqarTveloSi<br />

mopovebuli Zvlovani masala Seswavlili aqvs<br />

firfiraSvils. maT Soris defeqtiani 2 Tavis qala,<br />

romelTac aSkarad emCneodaT mkurnalobis kvali,<br />

ganekuTvneboda X-Viss (19. 1956. 376.).<br />

saqarTvelos mTianeTis eTnografiul yofaSi,<br />

Tavis qalis trepanacia XX saukuneSic aris<br />

damowmebuli. igi samkurnalo mizniT keTdeboda da am<br />

saqmeSi daxelovnebul dastaqrebs didi saxeli da<br />

pativi hqondaT xalxSi damsaxurebuli (10. 1981. 24_25;4.<br />

1990. 31_33.).<br />

aseve warmatebiT mkurnalobdnen Zvel<br />

saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva saxis travmebs, rogorc<br />

motexilobebs – mxris Zvlis motexilobas, idayvis<br />

Zvlis, wvivis da sxva, ise basri iaraRiT moyenebul<br />

travmebs. am mizniT Seswavlili Zvlovani masala<br />

ganekuTvneba Zv. w. XIII-I saukuneebs.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT sul axlo<br />

warsulSi qarTveli saxalxo mkurnalebi - `dastaqrebi~<br />

(xevsureTi) `aqimebi~ (svaneTi) – didi warmatebiT<br />

eweodnen sxvadasxva saxis travmul dazianebaTa<br />

mkurnalobas.<br />

amgvarad, rogorc davinaxeT, arqeologiuri masala<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> medicinis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobebs<br />

iZleva, romlis Sejerebac eTnografiul monacemebTan<br />

saintereso daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.<br />

75

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G<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura<br />

1. afaqiZe, a. gobejiSvili, g. kalandaZe, a.<br />

lomTaTiZe, g. mcxeTa, t. I, armazisxevis<br />

arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb., 1955.<br />

2. afaqiZe, a. bakurcixis arqeologiuri Zeglebi,<br />

sakandidato disertacia, nabeWdi Tezisebi, Tb.,<br />

1941.<br />

3. boWoriSvili, l. qvemo qarTlis istoriuli<br />

eTnografiidan (saflavis qvebi), mse, VIII.<br />

4. <strong>burduli</strong>, m. xalxuri medicina dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi svanuri eTnografiuli<br />

masalebis mixedvit), sakandidato disertacia,<br />

Tb., 1990.<br />

5. gobejiSvili, g. samxreT oseTis<br />

arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1947 wlis muSaobis<br />

angariSi.<br />

6. gobejiSvili, g. staliniris nacargora,<br />

mimomxilveli, t. II, Tb., 1951.<br />

7. kotetiSvili, l. ,,wigni saaqimoÁ~_s<br />

winasityvaoba, Tb., 1936.<br />

8. kuftini, b. <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis uZvelesi kera<br />

TrialeTSi, Tb., 1949.<br />

9. Куфтин Б. А., Археологические раскопки в Трялети.<br />

Опыт периодизации памятников, Тб., 1941.<br />

10. mindaZe, n. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri medicina<br />

(armosavlet saqarTvelos mTielTa<br />

eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT), Tb., 1981.<br />

11. nioraZe, g. qvis xanis adamiani sakaJias<br />

gamoqvabulSi, Tb., 1953.<br />

12. niJaraZe, b. istoriul_eTnografiuli<br />

werilebi, wigni I, Tb., 1962.<br />

13. saakaSvili, m. gelaSvili, m. saqarTvelos<br />

medicinis istoria, t. I_II, Tb., 1956.<br />

76

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14. Степани, А. обьяснение вещей наиденных металлам<br />

художественних предметы из золоти, серевра и бронзы<br />

М-Л 1935.<br />

15. saluqvaZe, s. wamalTmcodneoba Zvel<br />

saqartveloSi, Tb., 1987.<br />

16. firfiraSvili, p. TrialeTsa da samTavroSi<br />

arqeologiuri Txrisas aRmoCenili gvelis<br />

gamosaxulebiani WurWlis daniSnulebis<br />

Sesaxeb, saq_os ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />

moambe, t. XVIII, №3, 1957.<br />

17. firfiraSvili, p. arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas<br />

mopovebuli zogierTi iaraRis Sesaxeb, saq_os<br />

ssr mecnierebaTa akad. Moambe, t. XVIII, №4,<br />

1957.<br />

18. firfiraSvili, p. zogierTi daavadebis kvali<br />

paleoanTropologiuri masalebis mixedviT,<br />

saq_os ssr mecnierebaTa akad. Moambe, t. XVII,<br />

№4б 1956.<br />

19. ficxelauri, k. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

tomTa istoriis ZiriTadi problemebi ( Zv.<br />

W.aR. XV_XVII ss.), Tb., 1973.<br />

20. xamurabis kanonebi, mTargmneli z. kiknaZe, Tb.,<br />

1988.<br />

21. Sengelia, m. uZvelesi kolxur-iberiuli<br />

medicina, Tb., 1959.<br />

77

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OLD GEORGIAN MEDICINE ACCORDING TO THE<br />

ARCHEOLOGICAL MATERIAL<br />

SUMMARY<br />

The archeological material obtained in Georgia gives the important<br />

information about the old Georgian medicine.<br />

Comparing the ethnographical information with the archeological<br />

achievement (medical tools, bone materials, trepanned skulls, the traces of<br />

correct treatment of traumas etc) gives the opportunity to the medical<br />

history investigators to confirm a number of their considerations.<br />

M<br />

78

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Terapiuli mkurnalobis xalxuri tradiciebi<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

Sinagan daavadebaTa mkurnalobis xalxuri<br />

tradiciebis Seswavlisas ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod svaneTSi, raWa-leCxumsa<br />

da imereTSi Cvens mier sxvadasxva (1979-1991) wlebSi<br />

mopovebul eTnografiul masalas. aseve saarqivo<br />

monacemebisa da sakiTxis irgvliv arsebul specialur<br />

da zogad literaturas, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />

warmovadginoT sakvlevi regionis samkurnalo<br />

tradiciebi, is samkurnalwamlo saSualebebi da<br />

meTodebi, romelTa umravlesoba dResac warmatebiT<br />

gamoiyeneba.<br />

cnobilia, rom adamianis janmrTelobas<br />

gansazRvravs is ekologiuri garemo, sadac mas uxdeba<br />

cxovreba. janmrTelobaze gavlenas axdens, rogorc<br />

geografiul-klimaturi garemo, ise sayofacxovrebo<br />

kulturis done, dasaxlebis forma, sacxovrebeli da<br />

piradi higienis dacva da sxv.<br />

zemoaRniSnulis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs<br />

gvawvdis rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong> da istoriuli<br />

wyaroebi, ise hagiografiuli literaturac. Zveli<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> medicinis werilobiT ZeglebSi janmrTelobis<br />

dacvis zogad profilaqtikur RonisZiebebs specialuri<br />

Tavi eZRvneba - ,,simrTelisa Tebiri da SenaxvaÁ~ 1 , sadac<br />

saubaria janmrTelobisaTvis xelSemwyob mniSvnelovan<br />

faqtorebze. didi adgili aqvs daTmobili piradi<br />

higienis dacvas 2 . rogorc Cans, Zvelad saqarTveloSi<br />

swor kvebas, rogorc janmrTelobis SenarCunebis erTerT<br />

mniSvnelovan pirobas, udidesi yuradReba eqceoda.<br />

iakob xucesi urCevs SuSaniks Tavi anebos dausrulebel<br />

marxvas, raTa janmrTeloba ar Seeryas: ,,nu Wexma,<br />

rameTu daumZimeb xorcTa magaT zeda, rameTu ver<br />

dagiTmon da merme verRaras SeZlebel iyo yofad raisme<br />

79

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saqmed keTilsa egodeniTa magiT ficxlad marxviTa...<br />

arca saWmeli rai miiRos... da mcired oden wueni<br />

mxalisa Seqmnuli – igica mcired miiRos, xolo purisa<br />

gemoÁ ara ixilos vidre aRvsebamde“ 3 , xolo petre<br />

iberielis cxovrebis aRmweri pirdapir ambobs, rom<br />

,,...friadsa marxvisagan ganiryuna stomaqi misi” 4 .<br />

yuradReba eqceoda agreTve sakvebis raodenobasa<br />

da saWmlis miRebis garkveuli wesebis dacvas 5 .<br />

aseve sacxovrebel saxls mniSvnelovani higienuri<br />

pirobebi unda daekmayofilebina - ,,sasaxle aseTisa<br />

alagas qnas, rome ragvarca mze amovides moadges da<br />

kedelni uyunes da Werni maRalni iyvnen, aRmosavleTiT<br />

da CrdiloeTiT sarkmelni didroni iyos, rome ragvarca<br />

mze amovides saxls Seadgen da aeri gaamSvenieros,<br />

didisa mTisa Zirsa Tu saxli hqna, rome mTa<br />

aRmosavleTiT iyos, sxvisa alagisagan sneuleba iqi uwin<br />

iqneba da Tu mTa dasavleTiT iyos ara gavara 6~ .<br />

es zogadi principi iyo, magram cxadia saxlis<br />

aSeneba da mowyoba garemo pirobebsa da mosaxlis<br />

ekonomiur mdgomareobaze didad iyo damokidebuli.<br />

rogorc ucxoeli mogzaurebi gadmogvcemen, qarTvelma<br />

xalxma kargad icoda samosaxlo adgilis SerCeva, raTa<br />

Tavidan aecilebina sxvadasxva daavadebebi. rogorc<br />

gamba wers: ,,imerlebi sameurneod dablobs iyeneben,<br />

magram saxl-karad maRlob platoebs irCeven wyaroebTan<br />

axlos” 7 .<br />

rogorc eTnologi n. mindaZe aRniSnavs – qarTveli<br />

xalxis <strong>samedicino</strong> codnis Sesaxeb arsebuli<br />

eTnografiuli masala adasturebs, rom ,,saqarTvelos<br />

mosaxleobis codna daavadebisa da garemos<br />

urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb racionaluria da axlo<br />

dgas Tanamedrove <strong>samedicino</strong> monacemebTan” 8 .<br />

rogorc geoklimaturi, ise sayofacxovrebo<br />

kulturis doniT Cveni sakvlevi regionis kuTxeebi<br />

erTimeorisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba, rac<br />

adekvaturad aisaxeba rogorc gavrcelebul<br />

80

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daavadebebSi, ise xalxuri medicinis dargebis<br />

ganviTarebaSic. kerZod – mTian mxareSi ufro xalxuri<br />

qirurgiaa dawinaurebuli, xolo barSi xalxuri<br />

Terapia. aqve avRniSnavT, rom zogadad qarTul xalxur<br />

medicinas da maT Soris Terapiul saSualebebs maRal<br />

Sefasebas aZlevdnen XIXs-Si saqarTveloSi moRvawe<br />

ucxoeli eqimebi. 1869 w. eqimi pantiuxovi werda, ,,rom<br />

xalxur medicinaSi Terapiul saSualebaTagan, yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovania da damsaxurebuli popularobiT<br />

sargeblobs mineraluri wylebi~ da iqve miuTiTebs, rom<br />

mineraluri wylebis organizmze zemoqmedebas<br />

qarTvelebi wylis zebunebriv Zalas ki ar miaweren,<br />

aramed mis fizikur-qimiur Tvisebebs, riTac ufro<br />

maRla dganan vidre evropis zogierTi xalxic~ 9 .<br />

xalxuri Terapiuli samkurnalo saSualebebi<br />

ZiriTadad klasificirdeba mcenareul, mineralur<br />

(samkurnalo qvebi, mineraluri wylebi) da organuli<br />

(cximebi, naRveli da a. S.) saSualebebad.<br />

zemoCamoTvlilTagan amzadeben rogorc martiv, ise<br />

rTuli Semadgenlobis wamlebs.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo dros gansakuTrebiT<br />

gaizarda interesi xalxuri naturaluri samkurnalo<br />

saSualebebisadmi. daintereseba SeiniSneba rogorc<br />

medicinis muSakTa, ise xalxuri kulturis<br />

SemswavlelTa mxridan. es daintereseba gamowveulia,<br />

rogorc xalxuri samkurnalo saSualebebis<br />

efeqturobiT, ise xalxuri medicinis tradiciebis<br />

gamococxlebis mizezebis Seswavlis surviliT.<br />

Sinagan daavadebaTa mkurnals xalxi ,,eqimbaSs~<br />

uwodebs. raWaSi davamowmeT paraleluri terminic -<br />

,,mewamle qali~, es termini pirdapir miuTiTebs xalxuri<br />

mkurnalobis am sferoSi qalebis prioritetze. aqve<br />

avRniSnavT, rom ara marto raWaSi, zogadad<br />

saqarTveloSi ,,xalxur TerapiSi~ ZiriTadad qalebi<br />

dominireben, iseve rogorc ,,xalxur qirurgiaSi~ kacebi.<br />

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Sinagan daavadebaTa mkurnali ,,eqimbaSebi~<br />

dasavleT saqarTvelos soflebSi dResac sakmao<br />

raodenobiT arian, romelTa <strong>samedicino</strong> codna da<br />

saqmianoba ZiriTadad memkvidreobiTi xasiaTisaa da<br />

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli qarTul tradiciul<br />

(werilobiT) medicinasTan. Tumca vxvdebiT TviTnaswavl,<br />

mediciniT dainteresebul pirovnebebsac, romlebic<br />

mecnieruli da xalxuri samkurnalo saSualebebis<br />

Tavisebur sinTezirebas axdenen. winamdebare statiaSi<br />

Cven maT saqmianobas ar SevexebiT.<br />

xalxuri <strong>samedicino</strong> codna saWmlis momnelebeli<br />

sistemis (kuW-nawlavis) daavadebaTa dawvrilebiT<br />

klasifikacias ver iZleva, da xSirad sxvadasxva<br />

mizeziT gamowveuli avadmyofoba erTi terminiT<br />

,,muclis tkiviliT~ gamoixateba, an simptomebis mixedviT<br />

- ,,kuWis aSla~, ,,kuWis Sekra~, ,,muclis Seberva~ da a. S.<br />

iwodeba.<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi ,,muclis tkivilis~<br />

samkurnalod gamoyenebuli mcenareebia: kvliavi (carum<br />

caroi L.); abzinda (Artemisia absinthium L.); mravlZarRva<br />

(Plantago major); duci (Agayllis caucasica spr.(=A latifolia (M. B)<br />

Boiss); mocvi (Vaccinium arcto staphylos L.); mayvali (Rubus idaeis<br />

L.); anwli (Sambacus nigra L.); niori (Alliun sativum L.); WinWari<br />

(Urtica dioeia L.); laSqara (Sumphutum officinall L.); gvirila<br />

(Matricaria chamamela L.); kamis yvela saxeoba – kama (Anethum<br />

graveolens L.); didi kama (Foeniculum vulgare Mill);<br />

anisuli//cereco (Pimpinela anisum L.); farsmanduki (Achilea<br />

millefolium L.); panta (Purum caucasica A); msxali (Purus sp. dio.<br />

cubt); julabi (Euphorbia lathyris L.); matitela (Polygonium);<br />

prasi (Allium porrum L.); oxraxuSi (Petroselinum crispum (Mill)<br />

Num. (=P. sativum Hoffm.)); pitna (Menthoi); gareuli qondari<br />

(Satureia laxiflora C. Koeh); niaxuri (Apium graoelens L.);<br />

broweuli (Punica granatum L.) da sxv.<br />

zemoCamoTvlil mcenareebs Sinagan daavadebaTa<br />

samkurnalod iyenebdnen rogorc nedls, ise gamxmars –<br />

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fxvnilis saxiT, maTgan amzadebdnen nayens da naxSirs.<br />

aqve mivuTiTebT, rom samkurnalo mcenareebis Segroveba<br />

dResac xdeba, oRond, im gansxvavebiT, rom Zvelad ufro<br />

did yuradRebas aqcevdnen mTvaris fazebs: - ,,6-7 dRis<br />

mTvare rom iqneba maSin unda moikrifos, maSin aris<br />

kargio~, anA,,mTvare rom gamoixuTSabaTebso~, -<br />

gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi. unda aRiniSnos rom<br />

,,eqimbaSTa~ garkveuli nawili dResac am tradiciis<br />

gamgrZelebelia.<br />

empiriuli dakvirvebis Sedegad xalxma gamoimuSava<br />

codna, Tu rodis da rogor unda momxdariyo<br />

samkurnalo mcenareebis Segroveba. eTnografiuli<br />

masalebidan Cans, rom mcenareebs agrovebdnen maSin,<br />

roca Tvlidnen, rom samkurnalo Tvisebebis<br />

akumulireba maTSi piks aRwevda – zogis norC foTlebs<br />

agrovebdnen, zogs yvavilobis periodSi krefdnen, zogs<br />

momwifebuls – Teslianad iRebdnen da ise inaxavdnen. es<br />

xdeboda aucileblad karg amindSi. Sesanax nedleuls<br />

CrdilSi axmobdnen.<br />

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, ,,muclis tkivilis~<br />

samkurnalo mcenareebs sxvadasxva saxiT – nedli<br />

foToli, fxvnili, nayeni, naxarSi – iRebdnen. xalxuri<br />

mkurnalobis yvela receptis motana winamdebari<br />

statiaSi SeuZlebelia, SevexebiT zogierT maTgans.<br />

svaneTSi ,,muclis tkivilis~, an ,,muclis Sebervis~<br />

uebar samkurnalo saSualebad iTvleboda kvliavis<br />

Teslis fxvnili. mas calkec aZlevdnen avadmyofs da<br />

araySi an wyalSi gaxsnils niorTan erTadac.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom kvliavis nayofi (Tesli) didi<br />

raodenobiT Seicavs eTerovan zeTebs, tanins, fisovan<br />

nivTierebebs, cxims. medicinaSi igi gamoiyeneba kuWnawlavis<br />

spazmebis, saWmlis momnelebeli organoebis<br />

funqciebis darRvevisas, kuW-nawlavis kataris dros 10 .<br />

bunebrivia xalxur medicinaSi mis gamoyenebas dadebiTi<br />

Sedegi mohqonda.<br />

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amave miznisaTvis iyenebdnen fesvian mravalZarRvas<br />

naxarSs, an mravalZarRvas nedl, wvrilad dakepil<br />

foTlebis TaflTan nazavs. Tanamedrove medicinis<br />

monacemebiT, mizanSewonilia aRniSnuli saSualebis<br />

gamoyeneba saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis funqciis<br />

darRvevisas 11 . mravalZarRva aRniSnuli daavadebis<br />

samkurnalod saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi gamoiyeneba 12 .<br />

svamen abzindas naxarSs, romelic aseve<br />

rekomendirebulia kuW-nawlavis sxvadasxva daavadebis<br />

dros 13 .<br />

svaneTSi ,,muclis tkivilis samkurnalod erT-erT<br />

saukeTeso saSualebad niori iTvleboda. masze<br />

ambobdnen ,,Tormeti sxvadasxva daavadebas Sveliso~.<br />

misi miReba sxvadasxva saxiT xdeboda: axal yvels da<br />

danayil niors Sezeldnen, gaakeTebdnen patara<br />

burTulebs da gadaaylapebdnen avadmyofs; danayil<br />

niors da pilpils aurevdnen araySi da asmevdnen, umad<br />

miirTmevdnen an ,,locfeqs~ amzadebdnen.<br />

mecnieruli medicinis monacemebiT niors<br />

axasiaTebs baqteriociduli Tvisebebi, stimuls aZlevs<br />

kuWis wvenis gamoyofas. kuW-nawlavis daavadebis dros<br />

avadmyofs urCevdnen erTi-ori kbili nivris SeWmas 14 .<br />

svaneTSi ,,kuWis tkiviliT~ qronikulad<br />

daavadebuls urCeven mcenare ducis umad Wamas, an misi<br />

naxarSis uzmoze dalevas. rogorc b. niJaraZe<br />

gadmogvcems ,,lehi~ (duci) Svelis saWmlis monelebas,<br />

igi svanebis sayvareli saWmeli xilia sadil-vaxSmis<br />

Semdeg 15 .<br />

mcenareuli samkurnalo saSualebebidan leCxumSi<br />

kamis yvela saxeoba gamoiyeneboda. kama da kamis Tesli<br />

Seicavs eTerovan zeTebs da misi gamoyeneba aRniSnuli<br />

mizniT mizanSewonilad miaCniaT 16 .<br />

kama Zvel qarTul medicinaSi mravali<br />

avadmyofobis, maT Soris kuW-nawlavis samkurnalodac<br />

gamoiyeneboda. kamis Tesli `... kacisa tanidaRman qarsa<br />

da naRvelsa gaaqarvebs~ 17 .<br />

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farTo gamoyeneba hqonda xalxur medicinaSi<br />

farsmandukis nayens da naxarSs. dResac medicinis<br />

muSakebi misi preparatebis miRebas urCeven kuWis<br />

WvlebiTa da kuWis aSlilobiT daavadebulT 18 .<br />

Sinagan daavadebaTa samkurnalod zogadad, da<br />

kerZod, `muclis tkivilis~ dros raWaSi metad<br />

popularuli yofila e.w. `bargis wamlebi~. mas<br />

meorenairad `julabs~-ac uwodeben. igi rogorc<br />

jafariZe gadmogvcems mravali ingredientisagan Sedgeba:<br />

- `kus da siraqlemas kvercxis, qafuris, ardaxSanis,<br />

dedal-mamali javzis, dedal-mamali fufalis, Taxvis<br />

wamali, rehandis rubrevandis, wiTeli miwis, lila,<br />

Wiisferi, zRvispiruli, kibos Tvali da mravali sxva~ 19 .<br />

aRniSnuli wamali velze muSaobisas Cven veRar<br />

davadastureT, aRniSnuli terminiT, igive daniSnulebis,<br />

magram sxva wamali mowmdeba.<br />

karabadinebis mixedviT `julabi~ ewodeba<br />

yovelgvar sirofs. `julabi~ aris arabul-iranuli<br />

`gulab-Taflis sirofi, vardis wyali, Semdeg<br />

yovelgvari sirofi~ 20 .<br />

leCxumSi mowmdeba zemoaRniSnuli saxelwodebis<br />

mcenare, romelic kuW-nawlavis daavadebis dros<br />

gamoiyeneba. am mcenaris mwife kaklebs – 5-15 cals –<br />

kuWis gasawmendad iyeneben. igi Zliermoqmedia. `mcenare<br />

julabi buCqia, ikeTebs Txilis simsxo Teslebs, mwvanes.<br />

am mcenares cisferi yvavili aqvs. Teslebs davnayavT da<br />

wyalSi gareuls davalevinebT avadmyofs~, -<br />

gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

cageris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi daculi<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT - `julabi kuWis<br />

gasawmendi wamali mcenarea, romlis Ziri ixmareba<br />

wamlad. gaifxikeba Ziri, Semdeg dainayeba, wyalSi<br />

davayenebT erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi. erT saRvine WiqaSi<br />

Caiwureba. Suamdis amoivseba danayali ZiriT da Semdgom<br />

ixmareba sasmelad – diliT adre, uzmad, rodesac<br />

moqmedebs wamali. Semdeg avadmyofma unda miiRos qaTmis<br />

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wveni (bulioni), mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi. meored aRar<br />

ganmeordeba. ipoveba soflad (ixmareba ciebis<br />

drosac)~ 21 .<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT<br />

julab-i (Euphorbia lathyris) – erTwlovani mcenare<br />

rZianebis ojaxisaa, misi Tesli Seicavs sasaqmebel<br />

zeTs 22 .<br />

a. mayaSvili saqarTvelos sarevela mcenareebs<br />

Soris mis 16 saxeobas aRwers 23 . eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, `julabis~<br />

botanikuri aRweriloba erTgvarovani ar aris, aris<br />

rogorc erTwliani, ise mravalwliani. yvela maTgans<br />

axasiaTebs Sxamiani rZewveni 24 . aRniSnuli mcenare Zvel<br />

qarTul <strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerebSi sxvadasxva saxeliT<br />

gvxvdeba: farfioni, afarbioni, mazariini, Subrebi.<br />

samkurnalod xmaroben mcenaris rZe-wvens `kuWis<br />

aSlilobis~ dros. `rZianas rZe-mxurvali da xmeli aris.<br />

kacisa asosa da tanidaRman balRamsa da qars, gaswmends<br />

da gaaqarvebs da ama rZianas rZe, rom kacman xuTis<br />

muxudos wona suas da an Wamos, maSinve sisxis sensa<br />

uSvelis da kacsa tanidaRman yuiTlisa wyalsa da<br />

walasa gaswmends~ 25 .<br />

warmodgenili masalidan Cans, rom `julabi~<br />

xalxur da werilobiT qarTul medicinaSi erTi da<br />

igive daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda.<br />

saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis sxvadasxva<br />

funqciebis darRvevebis dros qarTul xalxur<br />

medicinaSi farTod gamoiyeneboda mineraluri<br />

saSualebebi, maT Soris, `samkurnalo qvebi~.<br />

XIX saukuneSi saqarTveloSi moRvawe eqimi i.<br />

minkeviCi samkurnalo qvebis daxasiaTebisas aRniSnavda,<br />

rom kavkasiaSi, da kerZod, `saqarTveloSi Zalian<br />

sjerodaT qvebis samkurnalo Zalisa, da rom<br />

saqarTveloSi iyvnen ojaxebi, maT Soris aristokratTa<br />

ojaxebic, sadac qvebis mTeli koleqcia iyo. es<br />

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Taobidan-Taobas gadaecemoda, rogorc Zvirfasi<br />

samkurnalo saSualeba~ 26 .<br />

zemoTqmuls SegviZlia davamatoT, rom samkurnalo<br />

qvebs ojaxis gayris dros garkveuli fasi hqonda (mag.:<br />

svaneTSi). amas garda velze muSaobis dros mravali<br />

eqimbaSis ojaxSi – ufro imereTSi – Cven davamowmeT<br />

samkurnalo qvebis koleqciebi. mag., erT-erTi eqimbaSis<br />

ojaxSi memkvidreobiT miRebuli Tvrameti cali<br />

samkurnalo qva vnaxeT. sainteresod gveCveneba, rom es<br />

qvebi formiT waagavs adamianis im Sinagan organoebs,<br />

romelTa samkurnalodac gamoiyeneba da Sesabamisi<br />

saxelebic aqvT. ase mag.: `RviZli~ - bordosferi qvaa,<br />

koleqciaSi aseTi ori cali iyo; `elenTa~ - mogrZo,<br />

oTxkuTxa formis Jangisferi qva (1 c.); ,,Tirkmeli~ -<br />

gamWvirvale qarvis feri (2 c.); ,,filtvi~ - moTeTro,<br />

rZisferi qvaa (1 c.); ,,guli~ - gulis moyvanilobis<br />

Calisferi (1 c.); ,,kuWi~ - erT mxareze brtyeli,<br />

gverdebze RarebiT, moTeTro (1 c.) da sxva.<br />

ama Tu im Sinagani organos samkurnalod mis<br />

,,sexnia~ qvas iyeneben, anu mas ,,Calesavdnen~ wyalSi da<br />

daalevinebdnen avadmyofs. zogjer aseTi mkurnaloba<br />

Selocvebis TanxlebiT xdeboda.<br />

moyvanili eTnografiuli masala Cveni azriT,<br />

amyarebs samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmul im<br />

mosazrebas, romelic qvis samkurnalo Zalas mis magiur<br />

zemoqmedebaSi xedavs da qvis Tayvaniscemas ukavSirebs 27 .<br />

Tumca arc im mosazrebis uaryofa SeiZleba, romelic<br />

Tvlis, rom qvis Tayvaniscema misma samkurnalo<br />

Tvisebebma gamoiwvia 28 .<br />

am ukanasknelis sasargeblod zogierTi<br />

samkurnalo qvis laboratoriuli Seswavlis Sedegebi<br />

metyvelebs. kerZod, ,,qva xviTos~ laboratoriuli<br />

gamokvlevebis Semdeg gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom<br />

,,xviTos~ naless Zvelad saqarTveloSi avadmyofis<br />

mkurnalobaSi daaxloebiT igive Sedegis motana SeeZlo,<br />

rasac gvaZlevs dRes susti mineralizaciis<br />

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hidrokarbonat-sulfatkaliciumiani wyaros wylebi.<br />

saxeldobr igi xmarebuli unda yofiliyo mimdinare<br />

qronikuli kolitebis dros da qolecistitebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi, rogorc amosarecxi saSualeba 29 .<br />

Cveni masalis mixedviT garda Sinagani daavadebisa,<br />

samkurnalo qvebis nalesi gamoiyeneboda fsiqo-nervuli<br />

daavadebebis drosac, samkurnalo mcenareebis naxarSTan<br />

erTad.<br />

arqanjelo lambertis cnobiT saqarTveloSi<br />

(kerZod, samegreloSi) samkurnalo qvis nalesi<br />

ixmareboda Sekrulobis dros, rogorc gamxsneli<br />

saSualeba 30 .<br />

saintereso masala davamowmeT raWaSi, saidanac<br />

Cans, rom eqimbaSebi samkurnalo qvebis wyalxsnaSi<br />

garkveul gasamrjelos iRebdnen. sofel RebSi<br />

cxovrobda eqimbaSi, romelsac `hqonda sxvadasxva<br />

ferisa da sididis samkurnalo qvebi. im qvebs dalesavda<br />

wyalSi da Wiqa wyalSi Saurs vaZlevdiT. sxvadasxva<br />

daavadebebis dros sxvadasxva qvebs dalesavda. muclis<br />

tkivilis dros ramdenime qvas dalesavda~, -<br />

gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

raWaSi samkurnalo qvas `almasis qvas~-ac uwodeben<br />

- `almasis qvebi hqondaT eqimbaSebs – TeTri, ruxi, Savi,<br />

yavisferi.... 9 cali unda yofiliyo~.<br />

samkurnalo qvebis wyalxsnari Sinagani<br />

daavadebebis dros svaneTSic farTod gamoiyeneboda.<br />

aseTi qvebi hqondaT eqimbaSebs: `Tu adamians kuWis an<br />

sxva raime Signeulobis avadmyofoba daemarTeboda....<br />

qals eqimbaSs moiyvandnen, romelsac ukve, `saswaulis<br />

moqmedi~ gasalesi, sxvadasxva feris mrgvali patara<br />

qvebi hqonda, am qvebis ganaless, cxadia Taviseburad<br />

Selocvils avadmyofs daalevinebda... am qvebis naless<br />

didi saxeli hqonda moxveWili~ 31 .<br />

svaneTis eklesiebSi mravladaa Sewiruli qvebi.<br />

marto uSgulis macxovris eklesiaSi aseTi qvebis<br />

ricxvi ramdenime aseuls aRwevs.<br />

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eqim TedoraZis cnobiT, xevsuri eqimebi xviTos<br />

naless xmarobdnen `sisxas~ (dizenteriis) da `yabzobis~<br />

samkurnalod 32 .<br />

dasavleT saqarTvelo mdidaria mineraluri<br />

wylebiT, romelTac Zveli droidanve iyenebdnen Sinagan<br />

daavadebaTa samkurnalod. svanuri masalis mixedviT,<br />

,,sodiani mJave wyali kargia Sinagani daavadebebis, xolo<br />

gogirdiani – revmatizmebis samkurnalod~. cnobilia,<br />

rom sodiani mJave wyali xels uwyobs saWmlis<br />

monelebas.<br />

organuli nivTierebebidan Sinagan daavadebaTa<br />

samkurnalod, kerZod ,,muclis tkivilisas~ ZiriTadad<br />

naRveli gamoiyeneboda. Cvili bavSvis ,,muclis Sebervis~,<br />

,,muclis tkivilis~ dros iyenebdnen – Txis, daTvis,<br />

mglis naRvels. patara bavSvs dedis rZeSi gaulesavdnen<br />

Cais kovzze da ise daalevinebdnen, xolo didebs wyliT<br />

asmevdnen. Unda aRiniSnos, rom naRvlis wvenSi arsebuli<br />

naRvlis mJavebi kargi saSualebaa cximebis<br />

monelebisaTvis, rac Cvil bavSvTa asakSi xSirad<br />

darRveulia.<br />

,,muclis tkivilis~ samkurnalod dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi gamoiyeneboda agreTve Tafli da<br />

Taflwyali. rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven,<br />

,,sadilis Semdeg erTi Wiqa Taflwyali marTlac xels<br />

uwyobs saWmlis monelebas, kargia kuWis wvis, kuWis<br />

wylulis samkurnalod~ 33 .<br />

mravalferovania ,,kuWis aSlilobis~ dros<br />

gamoyenebuli xalxuri saSualebebi. aRniSnuli wamlebis<br />

momzadebis teqnologia svaneTSi, raWa-leCxumsa da<br />

imereTSi TiTqmis erTnairia. mag., broweulis qerqis<br />

naxarSs Seurevdnen mravalZarRvas Teslis naxarSs da<br />

cota xniT erTad aduRebdnen. patara bavSvs Cais kovziT,<br />

xolo dids sadilis kovziT daalevinebdnen dReSi<br />

samjer. ,,kuWis aSlilobis~ saukeTeso samkurnalo<br />

saSualebad iTvleboda anwlis nayofis sirofi –<br />

anwlis nayofs daayridnen Saqris fxvnils, cota xans<br />

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gaaCerebdnen, Semdeg moxarSavdnen da gawuruls<br />

inaxavdnen wamlad.<br />

mravalZarRvas Teslis naxarSs calkec<br />

Rebulobdnen – erT muWa Tesls daasxamdnen erT litr<br />

wyals, gaanaxevrebdnen xarSviT, gawuravdnen, ris<br />

Semdegac SaqarTan erTad kvlav aduRebdnen.<br />

Rebulobdnen Wamis win.<br />

`kuWis aSlilobis~ dros garkveul dietasac icavdnen.<br />

avadmyofs urCevdnen moxarSuli kvercxis, brinjis<br />

fafis, yvelis Wamas, svaneTSi moxarSul yvels –<br />

TaSmijabs, moxarSuli qeris fqvilSi (qers<br />

moxarSavdenen, gaaxmobdnen da dafqvavdnen. saWiroebis<br />

dros aduRebul wyalSi gaxsnidnen da miscemdnen<br />

avadmyofs.) Sereuli yvelis, msxlis, an pantis Ciris<br />

nayens. mocvis nayofis arayze dayenebuli nayeni,<br />

bavSvs fafaSi Caudebdnen Taflis sanTels da<br />

aWmevdnen. aseve mocvis naxarSi ,,kuWis aSlilobis~<br />

samkurnalod saukeTeso saSualebad miaCndaT.<br />

zemoCamoTvlil samkurnalo saSualebaTa<br />

umravlesobas gaaCnis aRniSnuli daavadebis samkurnalo<br />

Tvisebebi. mocvis gamxmari nayofi, ufro ki masze<br />

damzadebuli nayeni rekomendirebulia faRaraTis, kuWnawlavis<br />

anTebis dros 34 , aseve anwlis nayofi<br />

medicinaSi gamoiyeneba rogorc kuW-nawlavis anTebis<br />

samkurnalo saSualeba 35 .<br />

broweuls Zvel qarTul medicinaSi mravalmxrivi<br />

samkurnalo gamoyeneba hqonda. mas iyenebdnen Semkvrel<br />

saSualebadac: ,,broweulis SarbaTi grili da xmelia,<br />

kacsa rome sisxlisa da simxurvalisagan da an<br />

Rvinisagan Tavi da sefeTqlebi stkiodes da es<br />

broweulis SarbaTi svas Tavis da safeTqlebis tkivils<br />

maSinve uSvelis, sisxlsa da simxurvalesa daavsebs.<br />

kacsa rome stomaqis Tavi stkiodes, an RviZli nawyenad<br />

iyos an kai gulze da sustad iyos da ese broweulisa<br />

SarbaTi svan, gulsa, RviZlsa da stomaqs samsave mwoved<br />

argebs da daaZalianebs, safras mohkueTs da gaaqarvebs<br />

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da kacsa rome mucelSiga gaxsnis iyos, mucelSiga<br />

Sehkravs~ 36 .<br />

broweuli Setanilia Tanamedrove farmakopeaSi.<br />

aRniSnuli mizniT broweulis qerqis naxarSi dResac<br />

gamoiyeneba.<br />

mayvlis Zirebis naxarSi xalxur medicinaSi<br />

gamoiyeneba rogorc Semkvreli saSualeba. Tanamedrove<br />

medicinis mier aRniSnuli samkurnalo saSualeba<br />

rekomendirebulia.<br />

mayvlis Sesaxeb iadigar daudSi vkiTxulobT,<br />

,,kacsa mucelsaSiga Sehkravs, wyurvils mouklavs,<br />

rwyevasa ukuagdebs da yovlisa mxurval senisaTvis aqimi<br />

da wamali aris, rom ese seni an sisxlsa da an sxvis<br />

simxurvalisagan wahkidebodes~ 37 .<br />

,,kuWis Sekrulobis~ samkurnalod amzadebdnen<br />

sxvadasxva mcenareebis (maT Soris vaSlis da msxlis)<br />

nakrebis naxarSs, aduReben 15-20 wT-s nel cecxlze.<br />

Wamis win avadmyofs aZleven 2-2 sufris kovzs.<br />

,,kuWis Sekrulobis~ samkurnalod iyenebdnen Savi<br />

qliavis Ciris naxarSs.<br />

,,muclis tkivilis~ samkurnalod iyenebdnen sabrs<br />

(aloe), sabri Zvel qarTul medicinaSi sxvadasxva<br />

daavadebis, maT Soris madis momgvrel da saWmlis<br />

monelebis gamaumjobesebel saSualebad iTvleba. mcire<br />

dozebiT, xolo did dozas safaRaraTo saSualebad<br />

aZlevdnen. ,,gulsa stomaqsa Zalasa miscems kacsa<br />

saWmels moaqarvebs, kaci rome mucelSiga gaxsniT iyos<br />

maSinve Sehkravs...~ 38 .<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom eqimbaSebi amzadebdnen (axlac<br />

amzadeben) rTuli Semadgenlobis wamlebs., rasac<br />

saidumlod inaxaven da cxadia Cven ver SevZeliT maTi<br />

dafiqsireba. sainteresoa, rom eqimbaSebis umravlesoba<br />

Tanamedrove <strong>samedicino</strong> terminologiasac iyenebs da<br />

daavadebis aRmniSvnelad, mag., ,,kuWis wyluli~, ,,koliti~<br />

da sxv.<br />

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sainteresoa agreTve xalxuri Sexeduleba kuWnawlavis<br />

zogierT daavadebaze - ,,kuW-nawlavze muwukebi<br />

aqvs dayrili~. aseT dros amzadebdnen sakmaod rTul<br />

wamals: qaTmis kuWis gamxmar garss (17 cals)<br />

dafqvavdnen wmindad, Seazeldnen 4 sufris kovz Txis<br />

qons da or mln penicilins, gaakeTebdnen patara<br />

burTulebs, Seaxvevdnen raime mcenaris foTolSi,<br />

Caawyobdnen WiqaSi da Cadgamdnen wylian WurWelSi.<br />

calke aiRebdnen naxevar kilo maisis Tafls.<br />

Wamamde ori saaTiT adre erT kovz Tafls da mcire<br />

raodenobiT qaTmis kuWis fxvnils miscemdnen avadmyofs<br />

dReSi oTxjer, xolo zemoaRniSnul wamlis burTulebs<br />

Wamis win an Semdeg dReSi orjer.<br />

leCxumSi ,,muclis tkivilis~ samkurnalod<br />

davamowmeT aseTi wamali: 1 kg Tafls daumatebdnen 200<br />

gram Roris qons, erT litra Rvinos (usaxelaurs), am<br />

naxarSs aZlevdnen avadmyofs dReSi orjer ormocdaaTi<br />

gramis raodenobiT.<br />

marTalia Sinagani daavadebebis samkurnalod<br />

xalxuri medicina ZiriTadad e. w. ,,racionalur~<br />

saSualebebs iyenebs, magram zogierTi eqimbaSi wamlebiT<br />

mkurnalobasTan erTad avadmyofs Seulocavda kidec.<br />

movitanT Selocvis teqsts:<br />

,,udumara xidzedao,<br />

Savi ZaRli morbodao,<br />

Savi muclis tkivilo,<br />

gadauare drozedao~.<br />

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom dRes moqmedi<br />

eqimbaSebis sakmaod didi nawili Sinagani daavadebebis<br />

samkurnalo wamlebis momzadebisas xSirad mimarTavs<br />

xalxur samkurnalo saSualebebSi saafTiaqo wamlebis<br />

Serevas.<br />

Cven SevecadeT SeZlebisdagvarad warmogvedgina<br />

saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis mkurnalobis xalxuri<br />

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tradiciebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, misi kavSiri<br />

qarTul werilobiT medicinasTan (karabadinebTan) da<br />

misi Tanamedrove mdgomareoba. amasTan specialuri<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> sacnobaro literaturis daxmarebiT<br />

dagvedgina ama Tu im xalxuri wamlis racionaluroba.<br />

rogorc warmodgenili eTnografiuli masalidan<br />

gamoCnda, xalxuri medicinis mier gamoyenebul wamalTa<br />

umravlesobas mocemuli daavadebebis samkurnalod<br />

dadebiTi Sedegis motana SeeZlo. mWidro<br />

urTierTkavSiri Cans xalxur tradiciul da medicinas<br />

Soris (terminebi, samkurnalo saSualebebi). amave dros<br />

eqimbaSebis mier xdeba Tanamedrove <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

miRwevebis gamoyeneba, axali samkurnalo saSualebebis<br />

Setana xalxur medicinaSi.<br />

НАРОДНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА ТЕРАПЕВТИЧЕСКОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ В<br />

ЗАПАДНОЙ ГРУЗИИ<br />

Анализ, относящегося к Грузинской народной медицине,<br />

этнографического материала и его сравнение с достижениями<br />

современной медицины, явно свидетельствует о рациональности<br />

народного лечения; а также выявляет местную связь народных<br />

лечебных традиций с классической (карабадини) грузинской<br />

медициной. Это свидетельствует о том, что, соответствующее эпохе<br />

медицинское знание не было чуждо народным врачевателям. Такая<br />

взаимосвязь проявляется в общих представлениях, как об отдельных<br />

средствах лечения, так и причинах вызывающих заболевания.<br />

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Грузины хорошо знали связь здоровья и заболевания с<br />

некоторыми внешними факторами – гео-климатические условия,<br />

питание, бытовая и личная гигиена. Большое внимание уделялось<br />

общим профилактическим мероприятиям (выбор места для<br />

строительства жилого дома, одежда и т. д.).<br />

Многообразны, предназначенные для лечения заболеваний<br />

желудочно-кишечного тракта, народные средства: растительные,<br />

минеральные (лечебные камни, минеральные воды), органические<br />

(жиры, желчь и др.) Из перечисленных лечебных средств<br />

изготавливали как простые, так и сложные лекарства, большинство<br />

которых обладает лечебными или болеутоляющими свойствами и в<br />

этих целях их применение оправдано с т. з. современной медицины.<br />

В некоторых случаях народные врачеватели не могли объяснить<br />

реальные причины вызывающие внутренние заболевания.<br />

Соответственно, лечение носило симптомный характер и больному<br />

давало облечение лишь на некоторое время. В таких случаях<br />

прибегали к магическим средствам лечения к заговорам и т. п.<br />

Следует отметить еще одно обстоятельство – в селах Грузии и<br />

сегодня можно встретить действующих народных целителей,<br />

которые продолжают семейную медицинскую традицию и в своей<br />

деятельности успешно применяют современные (аптечные) лечебные<br />

средства.<br />

FOLK METHODS OF NON-SURGICAL TREATMENT IN<br />

WESTERN GEORGIA<br />

Analysis of ethnographic materials of Georgian folk medicine and<br />

its comparison with achievements of modern medicine demonstrates<br />

rationality of folk methods of treatment; close links are also detected<br />

between the traditions of folk medicine and Georgian classic medicine<br />

(medicine of “karabadins”). This illustrates the fact that practitioners of<br />

folk medicine – healers had medical knowledge, relevant to the existing<br />

epoch. Relationships of this type are revealed in particular means and<br />

94

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methods of treatment, as well as in general awareness about causative<br />

factors of diseases.<br />

Georgian population as well familiar with the correlation of health<br />

and disease with several external factors – geo-climatic conditions, diet,<br />

conditions of life, personal hygiene. Much attention was paid to general<br />

preventive measures (choosing location for building, clothing, etc.)<br />

Variety of remedies is used for treatment of gastrointestinal<br />

diseases: herbal, mineral (solutions of minerals, mineral waters), organic<br />

(fats, bile, etc.) From the above mentioned remedies drugs with simple and<br />

complex structure were prepared. Most of them act as therapeutic means<br />

and analgesics; hence it is justified to use them from the point of view of<br />

modern medicine.<br />

In a number of cases folk healers could not understand real causes<br />

of internal diseases due to their character, therefore, only symptomatic<br />

treatment was used, which gave a patient temporary relief. In cases like<br />

this a magic method of treatment – bewitchment – was practiced.<br />

It is worth mentioning one particular circumstance – one can meet<br />

functioning folk healers in Georgian villages even today. They continued<br />

medical traditions of their family and at the same time successfully use<br />

modern pharmaceuticals in practice.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura<br />

1. saakaSvili m., gelaSvili a., saqarTvelos<br />

medicinis istoria, t. III, w. 2 Tb., 1958, gv. 117.<br />

2. wigni saaqimoÁ, Tb., 1936, gv. 31; d. bagrationi,<br />

iadigar daudi, Tb., 1938, gv.10.<br />

3. iakob curtaveli, SuSanikis wameba <strong>qarTuli</strong> proza<br />

I, Tb., 1982, gv.<br />

4. makari mesxi, `cxovreba petre iberielisa~, Zveli<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis qrestomaTia I, Sedg. s.<br />

yubaneiSvilis mier, Tb., 1946, gv. 266.<br />

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5. qananeli, usworo karabadini, Tb., 1940, gv. 46, 421;<br />

wigni saaqimoÁ, gv. 35; d. bagrationi dasax. naSromi,<br />

gv. 106.<br />

6. qananeli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 423.<br />

7. Jak fransua gamba, mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, Tb.,<br />

1987, gv. 176.<br />

8. n. mindaZe, qarTveli xalxis codna daavadebisa da<br />

garemos urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb, krb. daavadeba<br />

da garemo (istoriul eTnologiuri gamokvleva)<br />

`mecniereba~, Tb., 1996, gv. 17.<br />

9. Пантюхов И. И. Народная медицина Рионской долины, мед.<br />

сб. КМО 1869, № 6.<br />

10. Йорданов Д., Никонов П., Бойчинов Асп. Фитотерапия,<br />

«Медицина и физкультура», София, 1979, стр. 159.<br />

11. iqve, gv. 228.<br />

12. n. mindaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri medicina (aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos mTianeTis eTnografiuli masalebis<br />

mixedviT), Tb., 1981, gv. 50.<br />

13. Йорданов и др. dasax. naSromi, gv. 95.<br />

14. iqve, gv. 95.<br />

15. b. niJaraZe, (Tavisufali svani), istoriuleTnografiuli<br />

werilebi, wigni II, Tb., 1964, gv. 19.<br />

16. Йорданов и др. dasax. naSromi, gv. 159.<br />

17. qananeli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 469.<br />

18. Йорданов и др. dasax. naSromi, gv. 87.<br />

19. Джапаридзе Т. Болезнь и народные приёмы, их лечения в<br />

местечке Они, Кутаисской губернии СМОМПК т. 16, отд. II,<br />

1893, ст. 133-134.<br />

20. wigni saaqimoÁ, gv. 338.<br />

21. cageris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis fondi # 1521,<br />

rv. 2.<br />

22. <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, II, Tb., 1990.<br />

23. a. mayaSvili, saqarTvelos sarevela mcenareebi,<br />

Tb., 1934.<br />

24. n. wuwunava, saqarTvelos samkurnalo mcenareebi,<br />

Tb., 1966.<br />

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25. d. bagrationi, dasax. naSromi, gv. 136.<br />

26. Минкевич И. И. Камни как медицинское средство и как<br />

предмет обожания на Кавказе (сравнительное исследование)<br />

ПЗИКМО 1893/94 № 13, стр. 374-375.<br />

27. n. mindaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri medicina, gv. 542.<br />

28. Яшвили А. О. Народная медицина в закавказском крае,<br />

Тифлис, 1904, ст. 43-45.<br />

29. p. firfiraSvili, qva `xviTos~ qarTul xalxur<br />

medicinaSi gamoyenebis sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis,<br />

saqarTvelos ssr. mecn. akad. `moambe~ 34-e, t. I, Tb.,<br />

1964, gv. 233.<br />

30. a. lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, Tb., 1938. gv. 105.<br />

31. s. guledani, Zveli adaT-zne-Cveulebani zemo<br />

svaneTSi, mestiis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis<br />

fondi, gv. 36.<br />

32. g. TedoraZe, xuTi weli fSav-xevsureTSi, naw. I-II,<br />

Tb., 1930, gv.<br />

33. z. mayaSvili, saubrebi <strong>samedicino</strong> mefutkreobaze,<br />

Tb., 1979, gv. 15.<br />

34. Йорданов и др. dasax. naSromi, gv. 278-279.<br />

35. iqve, gv. 256-257.<br />

36. d. bagrationi, dasax. naSromi, gv. 598.<br />

37. iqve, gv. 197.<br />

38. iqve, gv. 595.<br />

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mkurnalobis magiuri saSualebebi –fsiqoTerapia<br />

Tu crurwmena?<br />

(dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT)<br />

iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />

instituti<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri medicina magiur ritualebs<br />

TiTqmis yvelanairi daavadebis mkurnalobis dros<br />

mimarTavda damoukideblad an samkurnalwamlo<br />

saSualebebTan erTad, magram aRniSnul meTods wamyvani<br />

adgili eWira sxvadasxva fsiqonervul daavadebis: -<br />

,,SeSinebuli~-s (simptomebi - ,,nervebmoSliloba~, ,,Tavis<br />

tkivili~, ,,moswydeba avadmyofi~, ,,areuladaa~, SeiZleba<br />

Wkuidanac SeiSalos~-o); ,,gaTvalulis~ (,,mTvraliviTaa~,<br />

,,moisxliteba~, ,,siarulis Tavi ara aqvs~, ,,awuxebs<br />

gulis revis SegrZneba~, ,,umadoba~, ,,mTqnareba~,<br />

,,uxSirdeba sunTqva~, ,,uRonod aris~); ,,anayoli~ //<br />

,,uJmuri~ // ,,monadebi~ (,,maRali sicxe icis~, ,,gulis<br />

reva~, ,,Tavbrusxveva~, ,,Tavis tkivili~, ,,krunCxvebi~,<br />

,,SokSi vardeba~, ,,abodebs~, ,,Wamis mada ekargeba~,<br />

,,sxeulze uCndeba Savi da wiTeli laqebi~); epilepsia //<br />

bneda // ,,avizne~ (ganarCeven sxvadasxva formebs - ,,zogi<br />

yefs, zogi giJiviTaa, zogi maSinve davardeba da guli<br />

wauva. duJi icis ,,avma znem~, farTxali, yvirili, eZleva<br />

Zalian didi Zala~) – mkurnalobaSi, rac gamowveuli iyo<br />

xalxis rwmeniT – uZvelesi droidan fsiqo-nervul<br />

daavadebaTa gamomwvev mizezad zebunebrivi Zalebi<br />

iTvleboda (2, 81-92; 8, 73; 9, 22) aseTi Sexeduleba<br />

msoflios sxva xalxebisTvisac aris damaxasiaTebeli (4,<br />

54-67; 10, 12).<br />

mistiuri warmodgenebi avadmyofobaze (demonebis //<br />

avi sulis Casaxleba sxeulSi) qristianulma rwmenam<br />

adamianis sxeulSi eSmakis CasaxlebiT Secvala. Zveli<br />

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droidan momdinare Selocvebma saxe icvala<br />

qristianuli transformaciebiT. warmarTuli motivebis<br />

gverdiT Selocvis teqstebSi qristianuli motivebi<br />

Cndeba, aseve xSiria maTi aRreva. qristianuli eklesiis<br />

wmindanebi gvevlinebian avadmyofTa Semwed da<br />

mfarvelad. maT mier gadatanili martvilobis mixedviT<br />

isini gansazRvruli senis mkurnalebi arian.<br />

saqarTveloSi am mxriv udaod wminda giorgi pirvelobs.<br />

avi sulebisagan dacvis mizniT (da nebismieri gasaWiris<br />

dros) pirvel rigSi mas mimarTavdnen dasaxmareblad.<br />

cnobilia, rom qristianul religiaSi wminda giorgi<br />

suliT avadmyofTa mkurnalad iTvleboda (6. 221-226).<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri religia qarTveli eTnologebis<br />

mier sinkretul religiad moiazreba, rac qristianuli<br />

da qristianobamdeli warmodgenebis Tanaarsebobas<br />

gulisxmobs (1; 11). es Tanaarseboba kargad Cans<br />

mkurnalobis magiur-religiur situaciebSic.<br />

cnobilia, rom samkurnalo magias safuZvlad<br />

udevs rwmena zebunebrivi Zalebisadmi da agreTve im<br />

adamianebis mimarT, romelTac SeswevT unari kavSiri<br />

daamyaron am ZalebTan, maTi daxmarebiT ki sasurveli<br />

Sedegi miiRon mkurnalobisas. aseTi rigis mkurnalebs<br />

sxvadasxva xalxSi sxvadasxva saxeliT icnobdnen:<br />

,,jadoqari~, ,,Samani~, ,,eqimbaSi~, ,,Semlocveli~ da sxv.<br />

saqarTveloSi maT ,,Semlocvel qalebs~ an ,,eqimbaSs~<br />

uwodeben.<br />

magiuri mkurnalobis dadebiTi Sedegi avadmyofis<br />

fsiqikaze zemoqmedebiT aixsneba. radganac Selocvis<br />

ritualis praqtikuli mizania daicvas adamiani mis<br />

sxeulSi avis sulis SeRwevisagan, an gamodevnos igi<br />

avadmyofis sxeulidan.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom fsiqo-nervuli daavadebiT<br />

Sepyrobili avadmyofis mkurnalobaSi mniSvnrlovani<br />

adgili ukavia rwmenas, Segonebas, hipnoss.<br />

,,eqimbaSebi~ (,,Semlocvelebi~) kargad flobdnen<br />

avadmyofis fsiqikaze zemoqmedebis xelovnebas.<br />

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,,eqimbaSi~ upirveles yovlisa fsiqologia. mkurnalobis<br />

dawyebamde igi winaswar emzadeboda – pacientTad<br />

Sesabamis fsiqologiur kontaqts amyarebda. Cven<br />

mkurnalobis am meTods fsiqoTerapias vuwodebT (12).<br />

h. raiti fsiqoTerapias adamianis fsiqikis<br />

mkurnalobis mecnierebas uwodebs. xalxur mkurnalebze<br />

xangrZlivi dakvirvebis Sedegad askvnis, rom eqimbaSTa<br />

mier mkurnalobisas moxdenili ,,saswaulebi~<br />

fsiqologiisa da farmakologiur mecnierebaTa<br />

saidumloebebis marjve Sexamebaa, da rom magiis<br />

xelovneba fsiqologiisa da fsiqoTerapiis elementebiT<br />

aris gajerebuli.<br />

unda avRniSnoT, rom am TvalsazrisiT qarTvel<br />

,,eqimbaSTa~ saqmianobac sakmaod warmatebulia, razec<br />

qvemoT gveqneba saubari.<br />

cnobilia, rom magiur mkurnalobaSi mTavar rols<br />

asrulebs rwmena, Segoneba, magram cxadia SegonebiT<br />

yvela saxis fsiqo-nervuli avadmyofis gankurneba<br />

SeuZlebelia. amis pretenzia xalxur medicinas arca<br />

aqvs, magram zogierTi saxis fsiqo-nervuli daavadebis<br />

mkurnalobis xalxur meTods – mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs<br />

magiuri ritualebi – marTlac mohqonda dadebiTi<br />

Sedegi. amiT aixsneba is popularoba, romliTac<br />

,,Semlocvelebi~ // ,,eqimbaSebi~ sargeblobdnen xalxSi,<br />

da isic, rom aRniSnuli saxis mkurnalobas<br />

saqarTvelos soflebSi dResac SexvdebiT.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

TiTqmis yvela sofelSi 2-3 saxelganTqmuli<br />

,,Semlocveli~ mainc iyo, maTi STamomavlebi ki dResac<br />

ewevian mam-papeul saqmianobas.<br />

aRniSnuli meTodiT (fsiqikuri zemoqmedebiT)<br />

mkurnalobas dadebiTad afasebs mecnieruli medicinac<br />

(3, 50; 12, 57).<br />

akad. a. zurabiSvili aRniSnavda, rom STagonebiT<br />

zogierTi saxis fsiqo-nervuli daavadebis, magaliTad,<br />

,,epilefsiis mkurnaloba nakleb efeqturia, magram<br />

100

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arsebobs epilefsiis magvari daavadebani, romlebic<br />

garegnuli niSnebis mixedviT hgvanan epilefsias da<br />

isini advilad eqvemdebarebian mkurnalobas~ (5. 240-249).<br />

rogorc ukve avRniSneT fsiqo-nervul daavadebaTa<br />

gamomwvev mizezad zebunebrivi boroti Zalebi<br />

gvevlinebian, magram <strong>qarTuli</strong> eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT zog SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli daavadebiT RmerTi<br />

sjis adamians Cadenili codvis gamo; mag.: svaneTSi,<br />

roca Tvlian rom esa Tu is pirovneba RmerTis winaSe<br />

Cadenili codvis gamo gagiJda, iyeneben termins<br />

,,naRerbaT~ (,,RerbeT~ _ RmerTi).<br />

aseT SemTxvevaSi magiurTan erTad religiuri<br />

ritualebic sruldeba, romlis mizanic RmerTis<br />

wyalobis mopoveba da Sesabamisad avadmyofis gankurneba<br />

iyo. samkurnalo magiur-religiuri ritualebi<br />

sruldeboda, rogorc avadmyofis gansakurneblad, ise<br />

mosalodneli daavadebis Tavidan asacilebladac.<br />

ritualebi sruldeboda rogorc saxlSi, ise salocavSi<br />

_ (eklesia, niSi, salocavi xeebi). svanuri masalis<br />

mixedviT yvela daavadebas Tavisi ,,gamomSvebi RvTaeba~<br />

hyavda (amjerad religiuri ritualebis ganxilva Cvens<br />

mizans ar warmoadgens).<br />

zogierTi saxis fsiqo-nervuli daavadebis _<br />

,,SeSinebulis~ gamomwvevad asaxeleben realur<br />

mizezebsac, mag.: SeSineba da Sesabamisad daavadeba<br />

SeiZleba gamoewvia _ ZaRlis yefas, ucabed xmaurs,<br />

Zlier stress da sxv. ,,gaTvalva~ _ adamianis ,,av Tvals~<br />

_ braldeba.<br />

eTnografiuli masala cxadyofs, rom xalxi<br />

fsiqo-nervul daavadebebs yofs _ gamoyofs Tandayolil<br />

(memkvidreobiT) da SeZenilad. mkurnalobis Sedegianoba<br />

zemoaRniSnulze iyo damokidebuli. mTxrobelTa<br />

gadmocemiT ,,dabadebidan giJi ar rCeba, eSmakisagan<br />

vincaa is rCeba~, ,,eSmakiT gafuWebulis wamali<br />

marCielebma ician~-o.<br />

101

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aseve miuTiTeben, rom aRniSnuli daavadebiT yvela<br />

ar avaddeboda _ ,,zogi adamiani imisTana dReze ibadeba,<br />

rom imas dasdevs qaji da eSmaki, yvelas ki ar dasdevs~o.<br />

,,susti gulis patroni vincaa, is Sindeba da xdeba<br />

avad. avi Zalebi ufro sustebs etanebian, umetesad<br />

bavSvebs da qalebs~-o. maT aucileblad unda etarebinaT<br />

,,Senaloci~ // Tilisma, romelsac ,,Semlocveli qalebi~<br />

amzadebdnen garkveuli magiuri ritualiTa da<br />

SelocviT.<br />

SiSis gamomwvevi mizezis dasadgenadac garkveuli<br />

rituali sruldeboda.<br />

unda aRiniSnos rom, zogjer samkurnalo magia<br />

daavadebis sxva pirze gadacemasac gulisxmobs, rogorc<br />

sityvieri formuliT, ,,... am avadmyofs (saxeli) gaecale<br />

sxvas (saxeli) Seeyare~-o, ise qmedebiTac _ avadmyofis<br />

naqon raime nivTs an ,,salocav purebis~ gzajvaredinze<br />

gatana an xeze dakideba (igulisxmeba _ vinc am nivTebs<br />

gaekareba an SeWams, avadmyofoba masze gadava).<br />

saqarTveloSi magiuri mkurnalobis yvelaze<br />

gavrcelebuli forma _ Selocvebia. ,,Semlocvelebi~<br />

ZiriTadad qalebi iyvnen, kaci Zalian iSviaTad misdevda<br />

am saqmes. Tumca kacis Selocvas ufro didi saxeli<br />

hqonda xalxSi.<br />

mniSvnelovani momenti iyo SelocvisaTvis dRisa<br />

da mTvaris fazebis SerCeva. SelocvebisaTvis karg<br />

dReebad _ orSabaTi, xuTSabaTi da SabaTi iTvleboda.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom fsiqo-nervuli (,,SeSinebuli~,<br />

,,gaTvaluli~, ,,dauJmurebuli~ da sxv.) daavadebis<br />

samkurnalo SelocvaTa teqstebis struqtura TiTqmis<br />

identuria. Selocvis pirveli nawili eZRvneba<br />

daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezis dadgenas, meore Txovnas _<br />

daanebos avadmyofs Tavi da bolos muqaras.<br />

magaliTisaTvis moviyvan uJmuris Selocvis teqsts<br />

(svanurs):<br />

,,everezi, geverezi, keverezi, daviTi, angarozi,<br />

mival sanadirosa. veZeb adamiansa, vnaxe naTareSevi,<br />

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naxevars sisxlsa daulev, naxevars Zvals gavutex,<br />

naxevars fers wavarTmev. ara Se uJmuro.<br />

nu waarTmev fersa. nu daulev sisxlsa,<br />

nu gautex Zvalsa.<br />

Tu ara aviReb, Cemsa oqrosa orTiTas,<br />

boqlomian qvabsa, zeviT niavs mivcem<br />

Sens Tavsa, qveviT wyalsa.<br />

fu ase gaqarvebula mosadebi da eSmaki.<br />

daswere jvari Seni miqel-gabriel<br />

mTavarangelozo~.<br />

aqve avRniSnav, rom SelocvaSi avi Zalebis<br />

dasamarcxeblad daxmarebas sTxoven wm. giorgis<br />

(yvelaze xSirad), RvTismSobels, miqel-gabriel<br />

mTavarangelozebs, xolo Selocvebi xSirad iwyeba<br />

formuliT:<br />

,,saxeliTa RvTisa mamiTa da ZiTa~-o.<br />

fsiqo-nervuli daavadebebis samkurnalo<br />

ritualebi met-naklebi gansxvavebiT tardeboda.<br />

,,uJmuris~ // ,,monadebis~ dros cxveboda adamianis<br />

msgavsi gamosaxuleba comisagan, imereTSi mas ,,zerans~<br />

uwodeben. 9 wyarodan motanili wyliT mozeldnen da<br />

gamoacxobdnen qalis da kacis gamosaxulebas. an es<br />

gamosaxuleba keTdeboda Tixisagan (svaneTi, raWaleCxumi).<br />

garda amisa svaneTSi acxobdnen salocav<br />

purebs _ mariam RvTismSoblisa da samyaros Semoqmedi<br />

RmerTis saxelze. midian im adgilze, sadac avadmyofs<br />

,,Seeyara uJmuri~, Tan moaqvT avadmyofis sigrZe ori Zafi<br />

(imereTi), sanTlis jvars Cadebdnen kaklis naWuWSi,<br />

daasxamdnen Rvinos da kacis gamosaxulebasTan erTad<br />

miwaSi damarxavdnen, Tan dailocebodnen: ,,miwis da<br />

wylis angelozo: es gqondes arCivad da avadmyofi<br />

gaaTavisufle~-o (leCxumi). imereTSi zenarebs miwaze<br />

daalagebdnen, saidanac ,,ayva~, an gzajvaredinze da<br />

dailocebodnen: ,,avadmyofi mogvirCine da misi Tavis<br />

samagiero mogvirTmevia SenTvis~-o. gzajvaredinzeve<br />

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daabneven 9 ojaxidan mogrovil marcvleuls, romelsac<br />

jer avadmyofs Semoavleben Tavze.<br />

svaneTSi avadmyofobis sirTulis mixedviT<br />

ritualis CamtarebelTa ricxvi izrdeba samidan (3-6-9).<br />

kacis gamosaxulebas aqac miwaSi marxaven, daiCoqeben da<br />

dailocebian, sTxoven miwis angelozs _ `Tu gekadreba<br />

miiRe, Tu ara gvapatie~- o.<br />

magiuri ritualis Sesrulebisas ielis totebisgan<br />

avadmyofis garSemo cxra adgilze daanTebdnen cecxls,<br />

ise rom wre Sekruliyo. cecxlze dayridnen _ Roris<br />

jagars, qaTmis bumbuls, naZvis fiss, puris fqvils.<br />

saidanac `ayva~ monadebi miwas aiRebdnen da avadmyofs<br />

tansacmelSi Cauyridnen.<br />

imereTSi, Selocvis mimdinareobisas avadmyofs<br />

wyalSi xelebs Caayofinebdnen da Selocvis damTavrebis<br />

Semdeg gamdinare wyalSi (mdinareSi, ReleSi) CaRvridnen,<br />

iqidan ki sufTa wyals wamoiRebdnen, avadmyofs<br />

daakvlevinebdnen, an apkurebdnen da ityodnen: `rogorc<br />

mowameTaSi akurTxes, ise arge Cemi locva~-o. aqve<br />

avRniSnavT, rom imereTSi fsiqo-nervul avadmyofTa<br />

mTavar salocavad mowameTa iTvleboda, _ `mowameTa<br />

nervebiT daavadebulebs Svelis~_o, _ gadmogvcemen<br />

mTxroblebi.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT, mkurnalobis magiuri saSualebebi gulisxmobs<br />

daavadebis gamomwvev mizezze uSualo zemoqmedebas da<br />

avadmyofis gankurnebas. fsiqo-nervuli avadmyofebis<br />

(`SeSinebuli~, `gaTvaluli~, `monadebi~ \\ `uJmuri~)<br />

samkurnalo magiuri ritualebi rTulia. isini<br />

`gankurnebamde~ dReSi ramdenjerme (mzis<br />

amosvlamde, SuadRisas, mzis Casvlisas) meordeba.<br />

ritualSi sxvadasxva gvaris ramdenime, (ZiriTadad 3)<br />

`Semlocveli qali~ Rebulobs monawileobas. avadmyofis<br />

garSemo iqmneba gansakuTrebuli garemo _ siwynare,<br />

simSvide, naxevrad Cabnelebuli garemo, CurCuliT<br />

monotonuri Selocva, masaJi gulis areSi da sxva. e. i.<br />

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`eqimbaSi~ avadmyofisaTvis qmnis iseT garemos, rom am<br />

ukanasknels rac SeiZleba meti ndoba gauCndes misi<br />

moqmedebis mimarT. STaagonebs, rom igi avadmyofobis<br />

gamomwvev mizezs (av borot Zalas, als da eSmaks)<br />

gandevnis misi sxeulidan. STagoneba da ndoba ki<br />

magiuri mkurnalobis `eqimbaSisadmi~ mTavari iaraRia.<br />

ramdenime warmatebuli seansi ki `eqimbaSis~<br />

avtoritetis zrdis sawindaria, razedac metyvelebs<br />

eTnografiuli masala. kerZod:<br />

mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT magiur mkurnalobas,<br />

dadebiTi Sedegi hqonda. amis dasturad gamodgeba isic ,<br />

rom fsiqo-nervul daavadebaTa dros magiur<br />

mkurnalobas dResac mimarTaven. velze muSaobis<br />

procesSi araerTi `eqimbaSis~ \\ `Semlocvelis~ karze<br />

davafiqsireT avadmyofTa rigebi. moviyvanT ramdenime<br />

magaliTs: imereTSi dResac didi saxeli aqvs `boslevis<br />

\\ kapanaZeebis wamals~, romelsac `eSmakeulis~ \\<br />

`xelnakraulobis~ wamalsac eZaxian. maTTan<br />

samkurnalod midian ara marto axlo-maxlo soflebidan,<br />

aramed saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan. Cven<br />

`eqimbaSis~ karze 8-10 avadmyofi davafiqsireT.<br />

rogorc `eqimbaSma~ gadmogvca aRniSnul wamals<br />

Selocvebis TanxlebiT amzadebs sxvadasxva samkurnalo<br />

balaxebisa da qvebisagan. ra Tqma unda avadmyofsac<br />

ulocavs. mkurnalobs ZiriTadad SiSiT da nervuli<br />

stresisagan gamowveul daavadebebs. `visac genebiT<br />

mosdgamda, maT ver vSveliTo~.<br />

rogorc Cans, es is SemTxvevaa, roca `eqimbaSi~<br />

fsiqologiisa da farmakologiis karg codnas flobs<br />

da warmatebiT iyenebs maT.<br />

qvemo svaneTSi, `eqimbaS~ maro gabianTan (sof. zeda<br />

Skedi, 1985 w-s) quTaisidan Camoiyvanes avadmyofi qali<br />

samkurnalod, romelsac SiSze daemarTa es avadmyofoba<br />

_ `mTel sxeulSi mWams, meSinia, sul fiqrebSi var<br />

wasuli, Cems nebaze verafers vakeTeb, goneba mereva~_o.<br />

rogorc avadmyofis meuRlem gadmogvca aRniSnul<br />

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`eqimbaSs~ yofili pacientebi da maTi patronebi Zalian<br />

emadlierebian.<br />

samkurnalo magiiT mkurnalobaSi did rols<br />

asrulebda `Senaloci wyali~ da `wminda wyali~<br />

(eklesiidan motanili nakurTxi wyali).<br />

rogorc davinaxeT, qarTveli `eqimbaSebi~ \\<br />

`Semlocvelebi~ magiuri mkurnalobisas iyenebdnen<br />

fsiqoTerapiis (rwmena, STagoneba) meTods da warmatebiT<br />

uxamebdnen samkurnalwamlo saSualebebs.<br />

literatura:<br />

1. v. bardaveliZe, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis<br />

istoriidan (RvTaeba barbar-babar), Tb., 1941.<br />

2. m. <strong>burduli</strong>, xalxuri medicina dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi (svanuri eTnografiuli masalebis<br />

mixedviT), sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 1990.<br />

3. П. И. Булъ, Основы психотерапии, Л., 1974.<br />

4. Dr. Junter Wippermann, Aberglaube und medizin, Berlin, 1959.<br />

5. a. zurabaSvili, fsiqiatria, Tb., 1959.<br />

6. l. kvirikaSvili, literaturuli sabuTi miTologiis<br />

asaxsnelad, ,,aRmosavluri filologia~, I, Tb., 1969.<br />

7. А. Я. Люле, Верования, религиозные обряды и предрассудки у<br />

Черкес, ЗКОРГО, 1862.<br />

8. n. mindaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri medicina, Tb., 1981.<br />

9. n. mindaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri <strong>samedicino</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>,<br />

avtoreferati (istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris<br />

samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad), Tb., 2000.<br />

10. Л. И. Минко, Знахарство, Минск.<br />

11. T. oCiauri, recenzia z. kiknaZis naSromze, ,,<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

miTologiuri gadmocemebis sistema~, qarTulkavkasiuri<br />

eTnografiuli studiebi, Tb., 1991.<br />

12. Г. Райт, Свидетель колдоводства, «Молодая гвардия», 1971.<br />

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MMAGIC MEANS OF HEALING – PSYCHOTHERAPY OR<br />

SUPERSTITION?<br />

(ACCORDING TO ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA FROM<br />

WESTERN GEORGIA)<br />

MEDEA BURDULI<br />

Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology<br />

According to the Georgian ethnological data, the unknown reasons<br />

for diseases were explained by irrational and supernatural forces, such as<br />

deity, departed soul, evil eye, evil spirits – ali, kaji (Names of the<br />

Georgian mythological evil personages), devil, etc. This concerned<br />

especially psychoneurotic diseases. It was believed that they were caused<br />

by devil residing within the body of the sick individual. Belief in<br />

supernatural causes of diseases favoured origination of magic healing<br />

rituals, and emergence of magicians, exorcists, shamans and pagan priests.<br />

The study of ethnographical data concerning health and diseases,<br />

as well as folk methods of healing revealed their syncretic character, the<br />

result of intercultural relations through history.<br />

Mystical beliefs about diseases ( demons, evil spirits living within<br />

a body) were changed. The Christian Church attributed diseases to demonpossessed<br />

man. Christian prayers substituted for ancient incantations. The<br />

pagan and Christian motives existed side-by-side in the text of incantation.<br />

Quite often they were mixed with each other. Christian saints became the<br />

healers. St. George is considered the leading healer in Georgia. People<br />

seek (by praying, bringing sacrifices etc.) his protection from evil spirits<br />

and other diseases.<br />

As it is well known, confidence and suggestion play main role in<br />

magic healing. It works even in case of treatment by physician. But<br />

suggestion has its limits and is based on confidence and trust. Magic<br />

healing plays great role in the society, the members of which believe in<br />

evil magicians, bewitching, evil forces, evil eye, departed souls. Good<br />

magicians, exorcists and other kinds of healers have high level of trust as<br />

they are believed to be able to cure by exorcism.<br />

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The complicated system of religious rituals associated with magic<br />

aimed at winning deity’s favour and healing. People went through rituals<br />

both to be healed and to prevent diseases (Svaneti, Lechkhumi and other<br />

regions of Georgia).<br />

Magic and religious rituals were performed at home, divine place<br />

or in the sanctuary (church, divine tree etc.). According to materials from<br />

Svaneti, each disease had its own “sending deity”. Therefore, the ritual<br />

was held in a sanctuary dedicate to the certain deity.<br />

It is worth to be mentioned that in some cases healing magic<br />

implied transfer of disease from a patient to another person by verbal<br />

formula or action. Any belonging of the sick was hung on a tree or put<br />

somewhere. The disease was thought to be transferred to the person who<br />

touched the object.<br />

The incantation was the most popular kind of magic healing.<br />

Exorcists had confidence and authority among people.<br />

The so-called “good days” – Monday, Thursday and Saturday and<br />

certain phases of the Moon were chosen for incantation.<br />

According to ethnographical data main role in treatment of<br />

diseases (e. g. psycho-neurotic ones) was given to exorcism and ritual. In<br />

some cases (skin diseases, wounds, etc.) herbal and other kinds of<br />

traditional healing means were used in the first place, exorcisms and<br />

rituals – in the second place.<br />

It is worth to note that the structure of incantation texts against<br />

different kinds of psycho-neurotic diseases is almost identical. The first<br />

place of patient and the last one, if treatment isn’t effective, is a demand<br />

and threat towards the given disease.<br />

The number of persons participating in a ritual depended on<br />

heaviness of illness. The number varied from 3 to 9. In some cases nine<br />

bonfires were burned in a circle around the sick individual.<br />

Magical sources of treatment affect diseases and its causing<br />

reasons with the purpose of curing a patient. Text and ritual are<br />

complicated and often repeated when incantation is the main treating<br />

method. Thus the patient finds himself in calm, partly darken environment<br />

where exorcist is whispering in a low, monotonous voice. These actions<br />

are necessary to calm neurotic patient and bring him out of stress. If the<br />

108

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patient is treated mainly by medicines, incantation texts are short and the<br />

ritual-primitive.<br />

109

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epidemiur daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli<br />

rwmena_warmodgenebi da wes_Cveulebebi<br />

saqarTveloSi<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> eTnografiuli masala uxv da saintereso<br />

cnobebs Seicavs epidemiur daavadebaTa (Savi Wiri,<br />

qolera, tifi da sxva). gamomwvevi mizezebisa da masTan<br />

dakavSirebuli wes-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli<br />

masalis mixedviT epidemiuri daavadebebis kerebi<br />

saqarTveloSi ar iyo, isini mezobeli saxelwifoebidan<br />

vrceldebodnen periodulad da SiSis zars scemdnen<br />

mosaxleobas. vinaidan aRniSnul daavadebaTa gamomwvevi<br />

realuri mizezebi xalxisaTvis ZiriTadad ucnobi iyo,<br />

aqedan gamomdinare ar arsebobda masTan brZolis<br />

efeqturi samkurnalo saSualebebic, amitom maTi<br />

warmomavloba zebunebriv Zalas daukavSirda,<br />

Sesabamisad warmoiSva uamravi wes_Cveuleba, romelic<br />

daavadebaTa Tavidan asacileblad da ,,samkurnalodac~<br />

sruldeboda. am warmodgenaTa mixedviT epidemiuri<br />

daavadebebis movlineba dedamiwaze RmerTis nebaa, amiT<br />

igi adamianebs sjis Cadenili codvebis gamo.<br />

zemoTqmulis damadasturebeli eTnografiuli masala<br />

yvelaze ukeT saqarTvelos mTam (svaneTi, xevsureTi da<br />

sxv.) Semoinaxa Cvens dromde.<br />

b. niJaraZis mier svaneTSi Cawerili Tqmulebis mixedviT<br />

(XIX s.), gzaabneuli adamiani ,,zigeTis~// Wiris qveyanaSi<br />

moxvda da daxmareba ,,batonebis~ dedas sTxova, man Tavis<br />

mxriv Svils _ yvavils – daavala es kaci saxlSi<br />

daebrunebina. yvavilma dedas uTxra ,,..es-es aris exla<br />

RmerTTan viyavi, xval am kacis mezoblisas Jamsa<br />

hgzavnis da am kacsac imas gavatan-o. am kldis Tavze<br />

yvavilisa da wiTelas garda sxva sneulebaTac hqoniaT<br />

bina... aCvena Jamis binac, is adgili saidanac Savi kvamli<br />

amodioda~ (niJaraZe. 1962. 147_148).<br />

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msgavsi Tqmuleba CavwereT 1981 wels qvemo svaneTSi,<br />

romlis mixedviTac aseve gzaabneuli, ,,zigeTis~<br />

qveyanaSi moxvedrili biWi dainaxavs sxvadasxva feris<br />

saxlebs. mas auxsnian, rom Savi saxli - Savi Wiris<br />

sacxovrebelia, wiTeli – wiTela batonebisa, TeTri –<br />

yvavilisa da a. S. (<strong>burduli</strong>. 1981. 2).<br />

zemoT ganxiluli Tqmulebebis mixedviT Savi feri,<br />

yvelaze saSiS epidemias, Sav Wirs ukavSirdeba.<br />

analogiuri Sexedulebebi dasturdeba saqarTvelos sxva<br />

kuTxeebSic. xevsureTSi, prof. T. oCiauris mier<br />

damowmebul gadmocemaTa mixedviT - ,,Jamni pawawina,<br />

adamianis msgavsi arsebani yofilan... JamT Tan saxedrebi<br />

mouyvaniaT, romlebzec sami feris isrebi hqoniaT<br />

akidebuli: TeTri, wiTeli da SavTbiani. visac SavTbian<br />

isars dahkravdnen, is Turme maSinve stovebda samzeos,<br />

visac wiTels SedarebiT didxans cocxlobda, magram<br />

mainc iRupeboda, TeTri feris isriT dakodili ki<br />

inkurneboda...~ (oCiauri. 1977. 103_104.).<br />

isari miCneulia RmerTis, RvTaebis iaraRad, romlis<br />

saSualebiTac Cndeboda sxvadasxva epidemia, umetesad ki<br />

Savi Wiri (mindaZe. 2000. 158.). Savi Wiris sinonimad<br />

qceuli ,,sityva Jami somxuria da dros aRniSnavs. avi<br />

Jami – sityva-sityviT avi, cudi drois aRmniSvnelia, e. i.<br />

Savi Wiris epidemiis drois~ (mindaZe. 2000. 159)<br />

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom qarTul enaSi sityva Jami<br />

drois aRniSvnasTan erTad gaigivebulia kacis<br />

mkvlelTan. Jami – kacis mkvleli (orbeliani. 1991.).<br />

sainteresoa, rom xalxSi Savi Wiris sinonimad gvxvdeba<br />

termini ,,Savi Jami~, e. i. Savi dro, roca aRniSnuli<br />

daavadeba iyo gavrcelebuli.<br />

epidemiuri daavadebebi RvTis sasjelad iyo miCneuli<br />

evropis xalxebSic (mindaZe. 2000. 158.), kavkasiis sxva<br />

xalxebSic, mag: somxebi epidemiuri daavadebis gamoCenas<br />

RvTis sasjelad Tvlian. maTi rwmenis mixedviT Wiri<br />

qalis saxiT moevlineba xalxs, mas Tan ori mamakaci<br />

axlavs – erTi wiTeltansacmliani, xelSi wiTeli<br />

111

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xelsaxociT, meore Savtansacmliani, Savi xelsaxociT.<br />

visac wiTeli xelsaxociT Seexebian ar mokvdeba, xolo<br />

visac Sav xelsaxocs mousvamen is kvdeba (Бунатова. 1893.<br />

180-181.). RmerTi Tavisi qveSevrdomebis meSveobiT<br />

avrcelebda epidemiur daavadebebs. svanuri<br />

eTnografiuli masaliT RmerTi ,,sunduq deceS~-is<br />

(zeciuri sunduqis) da wminda barbares saSualebiT<br />

mouvlenda adamianebs zeciur sasjels – epidemiebs.<br />

,,sunduq deceS~-i cis RmerTia, romlis xelT aris<br />

epidemiuri daavadebebis movlineba dedamiwaze. svaneTSi<br />

moCxubrebi ase daswyevlidnen erTmaneTs - ,,sunduq<br />

deceSma iseTi avadmyofoba gagiCinoT, ojaxSi aravin<br />

darCeTo~. aRniSnul RvTaebas Seusaxelebdnen mozvers,<br />

romelsac ,,sunduqvaÁ~-s eZaxdnen da siberemde<br />

inaxavdnen, bolos gaasuqebdnen da Seswiravdnen<br />

,,sunduqs~, evedrebodnen–aeSorebina maTi ojaxis<br />

wevrebisaTvis mis mier gamoSvebuli avadmyofoba.<br />

epidemiuri daavadebebisagan, - cudi Wiris//xola mazig–<br />

isagan dacvas SesTxovdnen wminda barbaresac (sv.<br />

barblaSi), radganac am wmindanis funqcia xalxis azriT<br />

aris - ,,gansakuTrebiT gadamdeb sneulebaTa acileba.<br />

Tvalis tkivilisagan gankurneba da Tvalis Suqis<br />

miniWeba barblaSis locvis teqstebis mTavar Sinaarss<br />

da am dReobaze Sesawiravebis mitanis mTavar mizans<br />

Seadgenda. am dReobis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba<br />

maincdamainc daavadebuli Tvalebis gankurneba, TvalTa<br />

Suqis miniWeba da ,,avi Wirisagan ~(xola mazig) dacva<br />

iyo~ (bardaveliZe. 1941. 45.). cnobilia, rom wminda<br />

barbare epidemiuri daavadebisagan, maT Soris Savi<br />

Wirisagan mfarvel wmindanad iTvleboda mraval<br />

qristianul qveyanaSi _ ungreTSi, avstriaSi, kievis<br />

ruseTSi, rumineTSi da a.S. (mindaZe. 2000. 255).<br />

T. oCiauri religiuri xasiaTis zepirsityvierebis<br />

analizis Semdeg wers: ,,xevsuruli religiuri<br />

Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad, Jamni, RvTisSvilTa samsaxurSi<br />

sxva wvrili damsjeli Zalebis (memarcvleni,<br />

112

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meyuriadeni da a. S.) msgavsad, RvTaebaTa mier ukve ymaTa<br />

dasasjelad movlenil arsebebad warmoidginebian.<br />

RvTaeba maT saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi urC yrmaT miusevs<br />

da gaanadgurebs~ (oCiauri. 1977. 110.).<br />

xalxuri SexedulebiT RmerTi Savi Wiris movlinebas<br />

raime niSnis mixedviT agebinebda adamianebs. mag.: svanuri<br />

masaliT - ,,svaneTis Jamobis dros (Cems mamas misi<br />

mamisagan gaugonia), igi svaneTis dasavleTiT dawyebula.<br />

Oori TeTri, wiTelTaviani ZaRli dadioda Turme<br />

erTad xev_soflebSi. mosaxlis karze misvlisas am<br />

ojaxSi ori an sami kvdeboda, SigniT saxlSi Tu<br />

Sevidodnen ZaRlebi – ojaxi mTlianad iRupeboda. erTerT<br />

mosaxlesTan rom misulan da diliT adre ojaxis<br />

ufross es ZaRlebi Tavis ezoSi daunaxavs,<br />

xmisamouRebliv Sebrunebula saxlSi, colisaTvis erTi<br />

saceri salocavi purebi daucxobinebia, gamoutana da<br />

ZaRlebs Caudga Turme SuaSi. ZaRlebs purebi SeuWamiaT,<br />

amdgaran da mTaze asulan, iqidan zemo svaneTSi<br />

wasulan da Jamobac iq dawyebula~ (daviTiani. М 2. 30.)<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, epidemiuri daavadebebis, maT<br />

Soris Savi Wiris kera saqarTveloSi ar yofila.<br />

eTnografiul masalasTan Seusabamoa zogierTi ucxoeli<br />

mogzauris cnobebi. mag: Jan Sardeni aRwers ra<br />

saqarTvelos geo_klimatur garemos, epidemiur<br />

daavadebebs, maT Soris Savi Wiris gavrcelebas mas<br />

ukavSirebs - ,,aq haeri Zlier notioa (dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi m. b.), wvims TiTqmis gadauReblad.<br />

zafxulSi nestiani miwa, gaxurebuli mwvave mziT,<br />

wamlavs haers da iwvevs mraval daavadebas – xSirad Sav<br />

Wirsac. ucxoelebi am haers ver itanen. isini<br />

uZlurdebian, sustdebian, yviTeli feri edebaT da<br />

CaCanakdebian. adgilobrivi mcxovrebni ufro itanen am<br />

haers, magram maT Soris Zalian mcirea iseTebi,<br />

romlebic samoc wels aRweven~ (Jan Sardeni. 1975. 100.).<br />

Savi Wiris – epidemiaTa Soris yvelaze saSineli<br />

daavadebisagan Tavis dacvis raime efeqturi saSualeba<br />

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XIV s-mde arsad ar arsebobda, vidre ar SemoiRes<br />

karantinis sistema. xalxTa moZraobis gzebze – rogorc<br />

xmeleTze, ise zRvaze – Seqmnes barierebi (kvitaiSvili,<br />

svaniZe. 1969. 404.).<br />

saqarTveloSi karantinis sistema ar moqmedebda<br />

ruseTTan SeerTebamde, (XIX saukuneSi saqarTveloSi<br />

ramdenjerme ifeTqa Savi Wiris epidemiam_1803_07; 1811_12;<br />

1855; 1857 wlebSi, amoqmedda karantinis sistema)<br />

(Sengelia. 1970. 230; 234.), magram xalxi TviT axdenda<br />

daavadebuli keris izolacias icoda ra daavadebis<br />

xasiaTi – gadadebiT gavrcelebis unari – eridebodnen<br />

avadmyofTan kontaqts. mag.: raWaSi, mosaxleoba rom<br />

gaigebda tifis an sxva raime epidemiuri daavadebis<br />

SemTxvevis Sesaxeb, mTeli sofeli tyeSi ixizneboda.<br />

iqidan uyurebdnen kvamli amodioda kidev im saxlidan<br />

Tu ara. Tu vinmes hqonda tifi moxdili is rCeboda da<br />

uvlida avadmyofs. AaseTi avadmyofis momvleli ,,sacavs~<br />

daikidebda yelze. ,,sacavi~ iyo vercxlis jvari.<br />

,,sacavs~ anaTxovrebdnen. Mmicvalebulsac is mouvlida,<br />

snebiT mkvdars Rame daasaflavebdnen, mRvdeli ki<br />

damarxuls augebda wess.Aaseve iqceodnen saqarTvelos<br />

yvela kuTxeSi. gansakuTrebiT Savi Wiris dros. qarTlis<br />

masalis mixedviT profilaqtikuri daniSnulebiT<br />

iyenebdnen agreTve niors, ojaxis wevrebi da mnaxveli<br />

(Tuki aseTi vinme gamoCndeboda) niors Wamdnen da<br />

agreTve danayil niors ismevdnen xelebze, saxeze.<br />

aRniSnul profilaqtikur RonisZiebas<br />

saqarTveloSi yvelgan mimarTavdnen (mindaZe. 2000. 76.),<br />

magram zogierTi kuTxe damatebiT saSualebasac iyenebda<br />

epidemiis Tavidan asacileblad – saTemo<br />

gadawyvetilebiT cdilobdnen aeZulebinaT Temis wevrebi<br />

meti sifxizle gamoeCinaT. svaneTSi vinc gadamdeb<br />

daavadebas ,,Caitanda~ adgilobrivi adaTiT<br />

gadawyvetili sasjeli eloda. mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT<br />

– mucela, Savi Wiri, yvavili da sxva gadamdebi<br />

sneulebani svaneTSi ki ar Cndeboda, aramed SemohqondaT<br />

114

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mimosvlis dros imereTidan da Crdilo kavkasiidan.<br />

zemoaRniSnuls saarqivo masalebic adasturebs -<br />

,,amboben, uZveles droSi, erTobilsa xevsa svaneTisasa,<br />

gadawyvetileba hqonda gamotanili. am gadawyvetilebiT<br />

dawyevlili iyo is svani, romelic Semoitanda yvavils<br />

da sxva misTana gadamdeb mZime daavadebas, romelsac<br />

adgilobrivad eZaxian sens Tu sentrs, Jams (Savi Wiri), -<br />

qelefens (qelefani) da sxv. wyevlis garda Wiris<br />

Semomtans ajarimebdnen da zogierT SemTxvevaSi<br />

ayramdec ki miiyvandnen. saqmeso~ (daviTiani. М`35.).<br />

eTnografiuli masalidan Cans, rom epidemiuri<br />

daavadebebidan saqarTveloSi yvelaze xSiri movlena<br />

tifi yofila. imereTSi tifis sinonimad gvxvdeba<br />

termini ,,xurveba~, raWaSi_sneba//saxadi. Tifs snebis<br />

saxeliT icnobdnen leCxumSic. S.s. orbeliani snebas<br />

ganmartavs, rogorc sneulebas, sneulebas_senT darTva<br />

(orbeliani. 1991,), sneuleba_avadmyofobaa mZime,<br />

gadamdebi (q.e.l. 1986.)<br />

qarTlSi Sav Wirs saxadis//xorvelis saxeliTac<br />

icnoben, leCxumSi Sav Wirs//Savi Jams//Savi tifs//saxads<br />

uwodeben _,,Savi Jami//saxadi klavs adamians, sicxes<br />

aZlevs, Savad daafens. Zalian iSviaTad Tu vinme<br />

gadarCeboda am avadmyofobisagan. AaseT ojaxs aravin ar<br />

ekareboda. maSin araferi wamloba ar icodnen.<br />

Avadmyofoba ufro zafxulSi Cndeba~_o.<br />

Zvelad epidemiuri daavadebebis efeqturi<br />

samkurnalo saSualebebis ararsebobis pirobebSi<br />

,erTaderTi racionaluri RonisZieba avadmyofobis keris<br />

izolacia da morideba rCeboda. Aam wess uklebriv<br />

saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi icavdnen. qarTlis masalis<br />

mixedviT ,,saxadiT bevri ixoceboda, sadac avadmyofoba<br />

gaCndeboda imis saxlkars aRar vekarebodiT. saWmels<br />

Sors davdgamdiT da saxls qvas vesrodiT, gamovidodnen<br />

da TviTon Seitandnen~_o.<br />

eTnografiuli masalidan Cans, rom epidemiuri<br />

daavadebebi saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva sixSiriT<br />

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vrceldeboda. Mmag. Savi Wiri ufro iSviaTi movlena iyo,<br />

Tumca yvelaze saSiSi. saintereso masalas gvawvdis<br />

aRniSnulis Sesaxeb a. Ooniani_ ,,yvela avadmyofobaze<br />

meti saSiSi aris ,,zig~_ Wiri, romelic moevlineba<br />

xolme xalxs iSviaTad, ramdenime saukunis iqeT,<br />

romelsac uwodeben ,,dgma~_s. erTi ,,dgma~ rom gadurCeba<br />

SemdegSi aRar ganmeordeba zigi da am xans uwodeben<br />

,,Jamobas~. Jamobis dros zigi gaCndeba xolme da<br />

erTbaSad musrs avlebs yvela mosaxles; Jamobas anu<br />

zigs Tan mosdevs SimSiloba da SimSilobis gamo<br />

erTbaSad gawyvets xolme xalxs; zig gaaSavebs visac<br />

Sexvdeba da ucbad kidec klavs (oniani. 136.). igive<br />

avtoris cnobiT Savi Wiris//Jamis saxelze mravali uqme<br />

dRe aqvT Sewiruli sadResaswaulod da mravali saxis<br />

adaT_wesebi, rom zigisagan daifaron Tavi. Ritualebi<br />

iyo rogorc saojaxo, ise sagvareulo. mag: ,,onianTa<br />

gvars aqvs zigis dReobisaTvis erTi adgili Sewiruli,<br />

romelic exlac sagvareulodaa darCenili da sruldeba<br />

im adgilze limziri didis ambiT mTeli gvaris mier da<br />

adgilic daculia amJamad~ (oniani. 136.).<br />

yvelaze xSiri epidemia ki tifi yofila, mas<br />

ganmeorebadobis ufro mcire periodic hqonia. imereTSi<br />

tifis sinonimad gvxvdeba termini ,,xurveba~, raWaSi –<br />

sneba/saxadi. tifs ,,snebis~ saxeliT icnobdnen<br />

leCxumSic. s.-s. orbeliani snebas ganmartavs, rogorc<br />

sneulebas, sneulebas – senT darTva (orbeliani. 1991.).<br />

sneuleba – avadmyofobaa mZime, gadamdebi ( qegl).<br />

mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT aRniSnuli epidemia ufro<br />

zafxulobiT vrceldeboda, roca xili Semodioda.<br />

SesaZlebelia isini tifs dizenteriaSic urevdnen.,<br />

radgan cnobilia, rom daavadeba ,,tifis~ qveS (berZn.<br />

Typfos_gonebis dabindva) gaerTianebulia ramdenime<br />

mwvave infeqciuri daavadeba_ muclis tifi, partaxtiani<br />

tifi, SebrunebiTi tifi, paratifi, romelTa mZime<br />

mimdinareobis dros goneba ibindeba (kvitaSvili, svaniZe.<br />

1969. 318_334.). xalxi zogjer urevs erTimeoreSi saerTo<br />

116

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simptomebiT ( maRali sicxe, gonebis dabindva da sxv.)<br />

mimdinare sxvadasxva daavadebebs. mag. imereTSi<br />

ganasxvaveben tifis ramdenime saxes: Savs, muclis tifs,<br />

partaxtian tifs,-,,Savi tifi Zvelad iyo, romelic<br />

klavda adamians, naxevari xalxi daxoca, bavSvi viyavi<br />

maSin~_gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi. svanuri masalis<br />

mixedviTac yvelaze xSirad gadamdebi daavadebebidan<br />

tifi meordeboda. ,,avadmyofi Wkuas kargavda im<br />

dRidanve, azrSi aRar iyo. zogi male kvdeboda. sicxes<br />

aZlevda dids kuWi gaqvavebuli hqonda~_o.<br />

muclis tifis damaxasiaTebel simptomebs ase<br />

axasiaTebs xalxi_ maRali sicxe, 40 dRe verafers Wamda,<br />

ugrZnoblad iyo, davardnili, mowyvetili,<br />

ujan_uRono,wylis moTxovnileba hqonda, avadmyofs<br />

abodebda, kuWSi Sekruli iyo, gamonayari hqonda. Uunda<br />

aRiniSnos rom muclis tifis garegani simptomebis<br />

xalxuri arwera uaxlovdeba mecnieruls.<br />

radgan efeqturi samkurnalo saSualeba ar<br />

arsebobda, amitom misi Zalian eSinodaT da Tavs<br />

izolaciiT icavdnen, avadmyofis ojaxs eridebodnen, mis<br />

ezoSi ar Sevidodnen, avadmyofisaTvis<br />

,,mosakiTxs~WiSkarTan datovebdnen. Aavadmyofs ar<br />

daelaparakebodnen _,,haeridanac gadadiso~, ofli ufro<br />

saSiSi iyo.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT daavadebis gamomwvevi<br />

mizezis arcodnis gamo mkurnalobis efeqturi<br />

saSualeba (Tu ar CavTvliT moridebas) ar arsebobda,<br />

magram mainc cdilobdnen sicxis damwevi saSualebebiT<br />

avadmyofisaTvis Sveba miecaT. ZmarSi dasvelebuli<br />

tiloTi gamouwmindavdnen pirs, radgan avadmyofs ,,ena<br />

qalamaniviT gauSavdeboda, gauxmebodao~, ,,tifisgan<br />

damcav saSualebad iTvleboda niori da mcire naWeri<br />

,,mexis guli~~ (Джапаридзе. 1893. 134.).<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT avadmyofi rom<br />

,,gamobrundeboda~ mere kargi kveba sWirdeboda, saWmels<br />

urCevdnen ,,naavadmyofar kuWs rom moenelebina~.<br />

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imereTSi ,,Savi tifi~ gaigivebulia ,,Sav WirTan~, radgan<br />

igi saSiSi daavadeba iyo da musrs avlebda mosaxleobas<br />

mas ,,momsreli senis~ saxeliTac moixsenieben.<br />

epidemiuri daavadebebidan dizenteria erTaderTia,<br />

romlis gamomwvev mizezad zebunebriv ZalasTan erTad<br />

saxeldeba – arajansaRi kveba, Semousvleli xilis Wama<br />

da sxv.<br />

dizenteria, rogorc epidemiuri daavadeba Zveli<br />

droidanvea cnobili. sakmaod did msxverpls iwvevda.<br />

igi Tan axlda omianobasa da SimSilobas.<br />

saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli daavadeba sxvadasxva<br />

saxeliTaa cnobili, - raWaSi – mucela; leCxumSi –<br />

tifi, mucela; svaneTSi – muclis Wiri//Ãadi mazig-i,<br />

sisxas; aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi – sisxa,<br />

qarTlSi muclis tifi, kaxeTSi sisxas da a.S.<br />

rogorc mTxroblebi gadmogvcemen<br />

dizenteria//mucela//sisxa metad saSiSi da gadamdebi<br />

daavadeba iyo. - ,,igi rom gamoCndeboda soflebs Soris<br />

mimosvla wydeboda~. dizenteriis dros (sxva<br />

epidemiebisagan gansxvavebiT) garkveul samkurnalo<br />

dietasa da xalxur samkurnalo saSualebebsac<br />

mimarTavdnen, romelic garkveul SeRavaTs aZlevda<br />

avadmyofs. Mmag: ,,daSuSuli~ qeris ,,yavas~//Cais asmevdnen,<br />

aseve mcenare TavSavasa (Origanum vulgare L.,) da pantis<br />

(Pyrus caukasika A.) Ciris naxarSs asmevdnen, moxarSul<br />

kartofilsa da kvercxs aWmevdnen.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, xalxi zogjer erTimeoreSi<br />

urevs muclis tifsa da dizenterias, radgan gamoxatvis<br />

msgavsi niSnebi axasiaTebda. Aase mag. erTi rigi<br />

eTnografiuli masalebisa gadmogvcems, rom tifis dros<br />

avadmyofi kuWSi Sekruli iyo, xolo meores<br />

mixedviT_,,tifis niSnebi rom hqonda_sisxlze gadioda,<br />

muceli stkioda , sicxe hqonda~. Aaq maRali sicxe da<br />

muclis tkivili orive daavadebisTvisaa<br />

damaxasiaTebeli, faRaraTi ki mxolod dizenteriis<br />

niSania, magram radgan orive epidemiam didi<br />

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,,sikvdilianob icoda~, SesaZlebelia amitomac<br />

moixseniebdnenen erTi terminiT.<br />

raWuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT _ tifi//<br />

,,mucela~ xasiaTdeba faRaraTobiT, avadmyofi sisxlze<br />

gadioda, daavadeba Zalian gadamdebi iyo. mucela rom<br />

gamoCndeboda soflebs Soris mimosvla wydeboda.<br />

saqonelsac aridebdnen im soflis saqonels, radgan<br />

,,daavadeba ganavalze fexis dadgmiTac gadadiodao~.<br />

aseTive damokidebulebaa am epidemiuri daavadebis<br />

mimarT saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi. Ddizenterias<br />

svaneTSi muclis Wirs//Ãadi maziq//sisxas uwodeben da<br />

aRniSnaven, rom es daavadeba samuSaod wasuli svanebis<br />

ukan dabrunebis dros, gazafxul_zafxuls emTxveoda. B.<br />

niJaraZe gadmogvcems ,,mulaxSi gaCenila sneuleba....<br />

gadamdebi aRmoCnda da meore sazogadoebaSi, lenjerSic<br />

gadasula....…avadoba iwyeba sicxiT, mere daiwyeba<br />

faRaraToba, grZeldeba 4_6 kvira. rogorc gadmomces or<br />

zemoxsenebul sazogadoebaSi 30_de kaci mouklavs.<br />

xalxs Zlier eSinia am sneulebis (niJaraZe. 1962. 125.). am<br />

cnobis mixedviT dizenterias (aRwerili daavadeba<br />

Tavisi simptomebiT _<strong>samedicino</strong> aRwerebiT cnobilia,<br />

rom dizenteria mwvave infeqciuri daavadebaa, romelsac<br />

axasiaTebs msxvili nawlavis anTeba, xanmokle cxeleba<br />

da zogadi intoqsikacia ) XIX s_is II naxevarSi svaneTSi<br />

didi msxverpli gamouwvevia.<br />

radgan epidemiuri daavadebebis gamomwvevi realuri<br />

mizezebi xalxisaTvis ZiriTadad ucnobi iyo, aqedan<br />

gamomdinare garda profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebisa<br />

(morideba, gaxizvna, daavadebuli keris izolacia da<br />

sxv.) ar arsebobda efeqturi xalxuri samkurnalo<br />

saSualebebi. zemoaRniSnuli ganapirobebda religiuri<br />

ritualebis simravles, romlebic epidemiuri<br />

daavadebebis Tavidan asacileblad agreTve<br />

,,gansakurneblad~ iyo gankuTvnili saqarTveloSi.<br />

svaneTSi, raWa-leCxumSi da sxv. am miznisTvis hqondaT<br />

Sewiruli dReebi, romlis drosac salocavi ritualebi<br />

119

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eklesiaSi an saxlSi tardeboda. an kidev mamulSi,<br />

romelime msxmoiare xis qveS, uRliT jvaredinad<br />

gadazomavdnen miwas, romlis damuSaveba ojaxs<br />

SemdgomSi aRar SeeZlo da Sewiravdnen ,,daavadebis<br />

gamomSveb~ RvTaebas. weliwadSi erTxel am adgilze<br />

tardeboda rituali, romelsac svaneTSi ,,lidbaSi<br />

limzir~ - ,,yanaSi locva~ hqvia, rituali xuTSabaT dRes<br />

(cis dRe) tardeboda. aqve avRniSnavT, rom es wes-<br />

Cveulebebi yvelaze ukeT da srulfasovnad svaneTSi<br />

davamowmeT, amitom maT ZiriTadad am kuTxis magaliTze<br />

ganvixilavT.<br />

svaneTSi ,,Savi Wiris//Jamis saxelzedac mravali uqme<br />

dRe aqvT Sewiruli sadResaswaulod da mravali saxis<br />

adaT-wesebi, rom zigisagan daifaron Tavi~ (oniani. М.<br />

136.). – gadmogvcems arsen oniani. ritualebi iyo<br />

rogorc saojaxo, ise sagvareulo. mag.: ,,onianTa gvars<br />

aqvs zigis dReobisaTvis erTi adgili Sewiruli,<br />

romelic exlac sagvareulodaa darCenili da sruldeba<br />

im adgilze limziri didis ambiT mTeli gvaris mier da<br />

adgilic daculia amJamad~ ( oniani. М. 136.).<br />

saerTod sxvadasxva rituali sruldeboda – iseTi<br />

rogorsac SeuTqvamdnen. mag: SeuTqvamdnen, rom<br />

mariamobis TveSi (agvisto) fexSiSveli ivlidnen, an<br />

fexSiSveli mividodnen eklesiaSi da miitandnen<br />

salocav purebs.<br />

im dRes, roca saxlSi an salocavSi muclis tkivilis<br />

Tavidan asacilebeli locvebi sruldeboda Ãadobas<br />

(Ãad-muceli) eZaxdnen. salocavi rituali ivnisSi,<br />

xuTSabaT dRes - Ãadba caaSs – ZiriTadad ojaxSi<br />

sruldeboda. ojaxSi TiToeul wevrze TiTo<br />

yvelisgulian salocav purs gamoacxobdnen da<br />

dailocebodnen: ,,dideba mogsvlodes, madli<br />

mogsvlodes muclis tkivilis gamomSvebo RmerTo, Seni<br />

gamoSvebuli avadmyofoba ar mogvakaro, muclis tkivili<br />

agvaSore~.<br />

120

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zogierT TemSi salocavi rituali eklesiebSi<br />

tardeboda: mag.: cxumarSi – macxovris eklesiaSi. am<br />

dRes cxumarelebi xils da mwvanils ar Wamdnen.<br />

sofel zeganSi (zemo svaneTi, ifaris Temi) daavadebebis<br />

,,gamomSvebi RmerTis, qveynis batonis, dambadeblis~ -<br />

,,fusna buasdiS~-is saxelze tardeboda salocavi<br />

ritualebi. am sofelSi wminda mariamis saxelobis<br />

eklesiis maxloblad aris amaRlebuli borcvi, sadac<br />

aRniSnuli locva sruldeboda. gadmogvcemen am wes-<br />

Cveulebis yofaSi damkvidrebis istorias - ,,Zvelad<br />

Turme mTel sofelSi gavrcelda muclis tkivili (tifi,<br />

dizinteria) da bevri adamiani imsxverpla, amitom<br />

dauarsebiaT es dReoba~-o. avadmyofis saxelze xbos<br />

wiravdnen, xolo Tu salocavi rituali profilaqtikis<br />

mizniT – daavadebis Tavidan asacileblad tardeboda,<br />

maSin mxolod salocavi purebiTa da zedaSiT<br />

midiodnen. aRniSnuli rituali winaT yovel wels,<br />

zafxulobiT imarTeboda, exla ki TandaTan miviwyebas<br />

eZleva, Zalian iSviaTad tardeba. epidemiuri<br />

daavadebebis saSiSroebis gaqrobasTan erTad, vfiqrobT<br />

aRniSnuli procesi kanonzomieri movlenaa. locvis<br />

teqsti aseTia: ,,dideba mogsvlodes qveynis dambadebelo.<br />

kargad gvamyofe, Seni gamoSvebuli avadmyofoba ar<br />

mogvakaro me, Cems qmarsa da Svilebs, Seismine locva da<br />

xvewna~.<br />

saintereso cnobas gvawvdis d. margiani ,,yvelieris<br />

xuTSabaTs da namariebis xuTSabaTs svanebi uqmoben da<br />

aqvT es ori dRe Sewiruli quTaisis RvTismSoblis<br />

eklesiis saxelze – sen ,,mucelas~ Taobaze. Turme<br />

Zvelad, erT weliwads gaCnda saSineli seni svaneTSi<br />

,,mucela~, romelmac bevri adamiani imsxverpla. maSin<br />

misces quTaisis RvTismSoblis eklesias aRTqma:<br />

weliwadSi erTxel msxverpls swiravdnen da sTxovdnen,<br />

rom es seni ar SeeSva svaneTSi. osmalebis mier am<br />

taZris dangrevis Semdeg, am aRTqmas svanebi asruleben<br />

imiT, rom uqmoben. qalebi Wamas sTmoben dilidan-<br />

121

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saRamomde, rasac ,,Ãadi mazigxan litmes~ (mucelkeTilis<br />

saxelze Tmobas) uwodeben. saRamos acxobdnen Sesawir<br />

purebs da evedrebodnen quTaisis RvTismSobels, daecva<br />

isini senisgan. mucela, yvavili, Savi Wiri da sxva<br />

gadamdebi sneulebani svaneTSi ar Cndeboda, aramed<br />

gadmohqondaT xolme mimosvlisas imereTidan da Crdilo<br />

kavkasiidan. xsenebul wels ,,mucela~ imereTidan<br />

gavrcelebula da amitom Tavi quTaisis RvTismSoblis<br />

taZars Seavedres~ (margiani. 1935. 58_59.). zemoT motanili<br />

masala gvafiqrebinebs, rom aRniSnuli ritualebi<br />

yofaSi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mkvidrdeboda.<br />

saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva epidemiebis dros ara marto<br />

salocavi ritualebis damkvidrebis, aramed eklesiebis<br />

agebis faqtebic dasturdeba. mag.: Savi Wiris epidemiis<br />

SeCerebis mizniT XVIII s-Si TbilisSi (navTluRi) wminda<br />

barbares eklesia aSenebula (Кавказ. 1884. 273.). qarTlis,<br />

sofel berSueTSic aris damowmebuli ,,Wiris niSi~,<br />

wminda barbares niSi, rogorc Cans, epidemiis SeCerebis<br />

mizniT (oCiauri. 1949. mindaZe. 2000. 259.).<br />

rogorc n. mindaZe aRniSnavs, epidemiebis dros<br />

mcire zomis taZrebis mSeneblobis tradicia uZvelesi<br />

droidan momdinareobs (mindaZe. 2000. 260.)<br />

epidemiebis Tavidan asacileblad saqarTveloSi<br />

sasoflo dReobebsac (saRvTos) ixdidnen. svaneTSi es<br />

dReoba agvistos TveSi tardeboda - ~muclis Wiris~-agan<br />

dasacavad.<br />

sasoflo saRvTos ,,mucelas~ saxelze ixdidnen<br />

raWaSic.<br />

garda Sewiruli dReebisa zogierTi sakvebis<br />

miRebisagan Tavis Sekavebas SeuTqvamdnen RmerTs. es<br />

aRkveTebi ZiriTadad xils exeboda. mag: qvemo svaneTSi<br />

mariamobamde (28 agvisto) Txils ar Wamdnen: - ~muclis<br />

tifi yofila Zvelad da iqidanaa Sewiruli, rom ar<br />

vWamoTo~ - gadmogvcemdnen mTxrobelebi. mariamobas<br />

gamoacxobdnen Txilix gulianebs da amis Semdeg<br />

SeeZloT ukve Txilis Wama.<br />

122

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eTnografiul masalaze dayrdnobiT, SevecadeT<br />

gveCvenebina is RonisZiebebi, rogorc e. w. racionaluri<br />

_ morideba, avadmyofobis keris izolacia, ise rwmenawarmodgenebi<br />

da wes-Cveulebebi, romlebic<br />

saqarTveloSi epidemiur daavadebebTan dakavSirebiT<br />

dasturdeba. rogorc davinaxeT aRniSnul daavadebaTa<br />

gamomwvev mizezad ~daavadebaTa gamomSvebad~ - zeciuri<br />

Zala - ~samyaros Semoqmedi RmerTi~ saxeldeba, romelic<br />

Tavisi qveSevrdomebis meSveobiT moqmedebs.<br />

SesaZlebelia amitomac salocavi ritualebis<br />

umravlesoba svaneTSi xuTSabaT dRes (sv. cis dRe),<br />

sruldeboda. aRniSnuli ritualebi warmoiSva im dros,<br />

roca xalxs epidemiebisagan Tavdacvis sxva saSualeba<br />

ar gaaCnda. roca SemuSavda Tavdacvis efeqturi<br />

(mecnieruli) saSualebebi da epidemiuri daavadebebi<br />

saSiSroebas aRar warmoadgenda, aRniSnuli ritualebis<br />

umravlesoba daviwyebas mieca.<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura<br />

1. bardaveliZe, v., qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis<br />

istoriidan (RvTaeba barbar_babar), Tb., 1941.<br />

2. <strong>burduli</strong>, m., svaneTis 1981 wlis eTnografiuli<br />

mivlinebis masalebi (lentexis r_ni), rveuli 2.<br />

3. daviTiani, a., ,,yvavili da wiTela~, istoriisa da<br />

eTnologiis institutis arqivi, М` 35.<br />

4. Джапаридзе, Болезны и народные приемы их лечения в<br />

местечке Они, Кутаисской губерний. СМОМПК, 16, 1893.<br />

5. kvitaiSvili, g. svaniZe, d., mwvave infeqciuri<br />

sneulebani, Tb., 1969.<br />

123

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6. Историческая заметка о Навтлугской Церкви//Кавказ, 1884,<br />

233.<br />

7. Бунатова, Г., Из поверий предразсудков и народных примет<br />

армян Эчмиадзинского уезда; СМОМПК, 1893, в- 17 отд- II.<br />

8. daviTiani, a., gadamdebi daavadebebi, svaneTis<br />

Jamoba, istoriisa da eTnologiis institutes<br />

arqivi, М 2, 3<br />

9. margiani, d., masalebi svanuri (mulaaxis<br />

sazogadoeba) da sxv. religiuri wesebis Sesaxeb,<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi, М`9,<br />

1935.<br />

10. mindaZe, n., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

<strong>kultura</strong>, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 2000,<br />

xelnaweri, arqeologiuri kvlevis centris<br />

biblioTeka.<br />

11. niJaraZe, b., istoriul_eTnografiuli werilebi,<br />

Tb., 1962.<br />

12. oCiauri, T., xevsureTi da xevsurebi, Tb., 1977.<br />

13. oCiauri, qarTlis eTnografiuli dRiurebi,<br />

(xelnaweri), piradi arqivi, 1949.<br />

14. orbeliani, s.s., leqsikoni <strong>qarTuli</strong>, Tb., 1991.<br />

15. oniani, a., Tqmulebebi RvTaebaTa Sesaxeb qvemo<br />

svaneTSi, istoriis da eTnologiis institutis<br />

arqivi, М` 21. rv. XI<br />

16. <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni.<br />

17. Jan Sardeni, mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis<br />

sxva qveynebSi (cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb), Tb., 1975.<br />

124

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liToTerapiuli mkurnalobis xalxuri<br />

tradiciebi<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

(eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)<br />

bunebriv-mcenareul, cxovelur Tu mineralur<br />

nivTierebebs adamiani samkurnalod uZvelesi droidan<br />

iyenebda.<br />

sxvadasxva mineralebis, Zvirfasi da naxevradZvirfasi<br />

qvebisaTvis samkurnalo, magiuri, Tu simboluri<br />

Tvisebebis miniWebis tradicias saqarTveloSi, iseve<br />

rogorc mTel civilizirebul samyaroSi, didi xnis<br />

istoria aqvs (3; 12; 13; 14; 15; 17; 18; 19_20; 21; 24; 25; 27; 28;<br />

31; 33; 36; 37; 38; 39). . am tradiciam garkveuli<br />

modificirebiT Cven dromdec moaRwia.<br />

samkurnalod Zvirfasi Tu naxevradZvirfasi, Cveulebrivi<br />

mineralisa Tu cxoveluri warmoSobis (fazari, bezoari)<br />

qvebis farTod gamoyenebam mecnierTa Soris azrTa<br />

sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. zogi avtori aRniSnul faqts<br />

qvis kultidan momdinared Tvlis, zogic qvis realur<br />

samkurnalo Zalas miawers (18. 542; 13. 12; 37. 144.).<br />

am interesis Sedegia is, rom ukve XX s-is dasawyisSi<br />

farmacevtul sazogadoebas Cautarebia ramdenime qva<br />

,,xviTos~ laboratoriuli Seswavla (37. 144.) amave<br />

saukunis 60-ian wlebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />

ipyrobs p. firfiraSvilis Sromebi (29. ; 30), sadac<br />

avtori ganixilavs samuzeumo koleqciidan 34<br />

samkurnalo qvaze Catarebuli laboratoriuli<br />

analizis Sedegebs da wers, rom ,,qvebis<br />

laboratoriulma (petrografiulma, rentgenologiurma,<br />

speqtralurma da qimiurma analizebma) Seswavlam<br />

cxadyo, rom qanebis TiTqmis yvela nimuSSi monawileobs<br />

iseTi mineralebi, romelTac TavianTi struqturuli<br />

Taviseburebebis gamo adsorbaciis unari aqvT. aseTebia:<br />

qloritebis jgufis mineralebi, Tixis mineralebi da<br />

125

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zogierTi hidroqarsuli minarevebi (fenobrivi<br />

silikatebi).<br />

amasTan, meores mxriv, Cvens mier Seswavlili qva<br />

,,xviToebis~ nalesi Tavisi qimiuri SemadgenlobiT da<br />

zogierTi qimiur-fizikuri TvisebebiT SeiZleba<br />

pirobiTad SevadaroT agreTve susti mineralizaciis<br />

hidrokarbonat-sulfat-kalciumian wyaros wylebs (28.<br />

151.).<br />

rogorc p. firfiraSvili aRniSnavs ,,xviTo~ aris<br />

,,ubralo qva~ romelsac xalxi samkurnalod iyenebda (28.<br />

125).<br />

sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT ,,xuTo qva<br />

gesliT mkurnali~-a (22.). <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiti<br />

leqsikonis mixedviTac ,,xuTo qva, romelic viTomda<br />

kurnavda SxamiT mowamluls~ ( 32).<br />

am ganmartebebis mixedviT termini ,,xviTo~ ar<br />

SeiZleba vuwodoT yvela saxeobis samkurnalo ,,ubralo<br />

qvas~, romelic sxvadasxva daavadebebis dros<br />

gamoiyeneboda, rasac savele eTnografiuli masalac<br />

adasturebs. ,,xuTo qva aris, TeTri ferisa, erTi mxridan<br />

brtyeli, muStisxela da xmarebiT ileva, pataravdeba,<br />

xuTos gasiebulisaTvis vxmarobT~ - gadmogvcemen<br />

mTxroblebi (qarTli).<br />

efeqturi samkurnalo Tvisebebis mqoned<br />

iTvleboda cxovelis an frinvelis organizmSi<br />

warmoqmnili qva, romelsac Zvel qarTulSi fazari<br />

rqmevia: ,,fazari ese ars qva naRvelTa Sina, romeli<br />

niamorTa ufrosTa gvarobs, samkurnalo saxmari~ (22).<br />

,,fazari, qua naRvelTa da RviZlTa Sina cxovelTasa da<br />

ufrore niamorTasa, anu kldeTa Soris povebuli,<br />

ixmarebis samkurnalod, wamlad, romelsa galesen<br />

wyalsa Sina da daalevineben mas sneulTa~ (35)<br />

svanuri eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT jixvis<br />

kuWidan amoRebul qvas ,,natvris Tvals~ uwodeben (34),<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi damowmebuli masalis<br />

126

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mixedviT ki, frinvelis (weros) kuWidan amoRebul<br />

moTeTro feris qvas – margalits (16. 15.).<br />

v. zuxbaias mixedviT, <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelwodeba<br />

,,fazari~ unda udrides rusul da evropul enebSi<br />

gavrcelebul termin – bezoars (12.). misive mtkicebiT<br />

aRniSnul qvas hqonia magiuri daniSnulebac.<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi – svaneTi, raWa-leCxumi,<br />

imereTi – savele eTnografiuli muSaobisas, mravali<br />

saxalxo mkurnalis ojaxSi davamowmeT<br />

sxvadasxva Seferilobisa da moyvanilobis samkurnalo<br />

qvebis didi raodenoba.<br />

Cven verafers vityviT am qvebis samkurnalo<br />

Tvisebebze, radgan maTi laboratoriuli Seswavla ar<br />

moxerxda. Tumca mosaxleobaSi am qvebiT mkurnaloba<br />

sakmaod popularulia.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom XX s-is swavluli medikosebi<br />

liToTerapiuli mkurnalobis Sedegebis axsnas<br />

fsiqoTerapiaSi eZeben, radgan Tvlian, rom<br />

liToTerapia, Tavisi arsiT aris fsiqoTerapia (10).<br />

Tumca, Zvirfasi qvebis samkurnalo Tvisebebze<br />

sapirispiro Sexedulebebic arsebobs. rogorc Zvirfasi<br />

qvebis mkvlevari, geologi zaur qoqraSvili wers: ,,dRes<br />

saqveynod cnobilia, rom bunebriv patiosan qvas aqvs<br />

Tavisi sakuTari, swored misTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

energetikuli veli (energo-struqtura da<br />

energotevadoba) rac Sesabamisad samkurnalo TvisebebiT<br />

gamoixateba~ (33. 35). qvebis es Tviseba uZvelesi droidan<br />

iyo cnobili (33. 35.). SuasaukuneebSi samkurnalo mizniT<br />

mineralebis gamoyeneba farTod iyo gavrcelebuli,<br />

gansakuTrebiT aRmosavlur medicinaSi. im xanis<br />

samecniero naSromebSi mraval qvas miawerdnen<br />

samkurnalo Tvisebas. am mxriv mniSvnelovania X-XI<br />

saukuneebis aRmosavleTis mecnier-enciklopedistebis<br />

abu raihan birunis (973-1048) da ibn sinas (avicena) (980-<br />

1037) Sromebi. ibn sina Tavis naSromSi ,,<strong>samedicino</strong><br />

codnis kanonebi~ aRwers mineralebisagan samkurnalo<br />

127

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wamlebis damzadebas, mag: ,,samkurnalo fafa iagundidan~<br />

- gamoiyeneba gulis daavadebis dros (1. 60) da sxv.<br />

birunic sxvadasxva mineralebisagan – almasi,<br />

giSeri, margaliti, marjani, malaqiti, qarva da sxva -<br />

damzadebul mraval wamals aRwers (2.).<br />

aRniSnul wamlebSi mineralebis doza mcenareul<br />

ingredientebTan SedarebiT Zalze mcire iyo.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> samkurnalo tradiciebi mWidro<br />

urTierTobaSi iyo aRmosavleTis medicinasTan.<br />

karabadinebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, qarTveli eqimebi<br />

icnobdnen da praqtikul saqmianobaSi iyenebdnen Tavisi<br />

drois <strong>samedicino</strong> miRwevebs. karabadinebis gavlena ki<br />

qarTul xalxur medicinaze eWvs ar iwvevs.<br />

qarTul samkurnalo wignebSi (karabadinebSi) uxvad<br />

gvxvdeba sxvadasxva mineralebiT mkurnalobis<br />

magaliTebi. zaza fanaskerteli ,,samkurnalo wignis~<br />

calke TavSi - ,,saxeliTa RvTisaTa daviwyoT werad<br />

xasiaTsa Tualebisasa~ - aRwers Zvirfasi qvebis<br />

samkurnalo Tvisebebs. aq Tvlebis Tvisebis xazgasma<br />

SemTxveviTi ar aris, radgan humoraluri Teoriis<br />

Tanaxmad (romelic medicinaSi TiTqmis XVIII s-mde iyo<br />

gabatonebuli) adamiani oTxi nivTierebisagan (wvenisagan)<br />

Sedgeboda, samyaroSi arsebuli yvela nivTiereba ki<br />

oTxi pirveladi TvisebiT xasiaTdeba: mxurvali, civi,<br />

nedli da mSrali. adamianis Semadgeneli wvenebi<br />

Sesabamisad atarebs romelime am Tvisebas. mag.: sisxli –<br />

mxurvali da nedlia (teniani); lorwo – civi da teniani;<br />

yviTeli naRveli – mSrali da Tbili; Savi naRveli –<br />

mSrali da civi.<br />

aseTive TvisebebiT ,,xasiaTdeba~ yvela Zvirfasi<br />

qva. mag.: Zowi da iagundi – cxeli da mSralia; almasi –<br />

civi da mSrali; qarva _ civi; zurmuxtis buneba grilia,<br />

lalis (iagundi) _ mxurvali da xmeli.<br />

amitomac mniSvnelovnad iTvleboda<br />

samkurnalod miwodebuli nivTierebebis Tvisebebis<br />

codna, raTa eqims mkurnalobis nacvlad, ziani ar<br />

128

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mieyenebina avadmyofisaTvis.<br />

winamdebare naSromSi ganvixilavT ZiriTadad<br />

Cvens mier velze mopovebul masalas, romlis<br />

mixedviTac qarTvel xalxs swamda (da dResac<br />

sjera) qvebis samkurnalo Tvisebebisa.<br />

qarTul xalxur medicinaSi qvebi gamoiyeneboda<br />

TiTqmis yvela saxis (qirurgiuli, Terapiuli,<br />

nevrofsiqikuri) daavadebaTa samkurnalod (16;5.).<br />

XIX s-Si saqarTveloSi moRvawe rusi eqimi i.<br />

minkeviCi aRniSnavda, rom kavkasiaSi da kerZod,<br />

saqarTveloSi Zalian sjerodaT qvis samkurnalo Zalis,<br />

da rom saqarTveloSi iyvnen ojaxebi, maT Soris<br />

aristokratTa ojaxebic, sadac qvebis mTeli koleqcia<br />

iyo. es Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda, rogorc Zvirfasi<br />

samkurnalo saSualeba (18. 374.).<br />

zemoaRniSnuls saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi<br />

mopovebuli eTnografiuli masalac adasturebs. kerZod,<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi Cven davamowmeT xalxur<br />

mkurnalTa <strong>tradiciuli</strong> ojaxebi, romelTac<br />

mravalricxovani, sxvadasxva Seferilobis, formis da<br />

zomis samkurnalo qvebi hqondaT. es qvebi memkvidreobiT<br />

gadadioda Taobidan Taobaze da ojaxis gayris<br />

SemTxvevaSi, sxva qonebasTan erTad nawildeboda<br />

(5;6;7;8;9.).<br />

mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia ramdenime eqimbaSis ojaxSi<br />

arsebuli samkurnalo qvebis aRwera. aqve avRniSnavT,<br />

rom samkurnalo qvebis ,,koleqciebis~ simravliT, yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Cvens mier mopovebuli masalis mixedviT,<br />

zemo imereTi gamoirCeva. erT-erTi eqimbaSis ojaxSi<br />

Tvrameti samkurnalo qva vnaxeT. sainteresod gveCveneba,<br />

rom es qvebi formiT da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, feriTac<br />

waagavs adamianis im Sinagan organos, romlis<br />

samkurnalodac gamoiyeneboda da maT Sesabamisi<br />

saxelebic hqviaT. ase mag.: ,,RviZli~ - bordosferi qvaa (2<br />

c.); ,,elenTa~ - mogrZo, Jangisferi (1 c.); ,,Tirkmeli~ -<br />

gamWvirvale, qarvisferi (2 c.); ,,filtvi~ - moTeTro,<br />

129

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Zisferi qvaa (1 c.); ,,guli~ - gulis moyvanilobis,<br />

Calisferi (1 c.); ,,kuWi~ - erT mxareze brtyeli,<br />

daRaruli gverdebiT, moTeTro feris (1 c.) da sxv.<br />

sainteresoa TviT mkurnalobis procesi –<br />

avadmyofs daavadebuli organos saxelwodebis mqone<br />

qvis ,,ganaless~ (samkurnalo qvebs ,,sales qvaze~<br />

(specialur, rogorc Cans ufro ,,magar qvaze~ (qanze)<br />

xaxuniT ,,galesavdnen~ wyalSi) daalevinebdnen, rac<br />

garkveuli daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva.<br />

vfiqrobT igi samkurnalo magiur qmedebas unda<br />

Seicavdes – kerZod, qvis simagris // janmrTelobis<br />

avadmyofisaTvis gadacemas. aRniSnuli mkurnalobis<br />

aucilebeli Tanmxlebia agreTve verbaluri magiac –<br />

Selocva.<br />

zemoaRniSnuli, Cvenis azriT, amyarebs im<br />

mosazrebas, romelic qvis samkurnalo Zalas, mis magiur<br />

zemoqmedebaSi xedavs da qvis Tayvaniscemas ukavSirebs.<br />

Tumca angariSgasawevia agreTve qvebis mineraluri<br />

Semcvelobis samkurnalo Tvisebebic (amaze qvemoT).<br />

xalxur medicinaSi, daavadebis xasiaTidan<br />

gamomdinare samkurnalo<br />

qvebi Cveulebriv sasmel wyalSi an samkurnalo<br />

mcenareebis naxarSSi galesili gamoiyeneboda, xolo<br />

WrilobisaTvis samkurnalo qvis fxvnils<br />

calke an malamoSi Sereuls iyenebdnen.<br />

sof. saxokiaSi (imereTi) cxovrobs eqimbaSi<br />

maro daviTis asuli<br />

wignaZe-giorgaZe. mas samkurnalo qvebi klasificirebuli<br />

aqvs daavadebaTa xasiaTis mixedviT. calke aqvs Sinagan<br />

daavadebaTa samkurnalo qvebi, romelTa saxelebia:<br />

,,gvirgvini~; ,,Wadi~; ,,xerxemali~; ,,mali~; ,,naxevari guli~;<br />

,,WaWa~ (Tirkmeli); ,,muxlis kviristavi~; ,,gverdis nekni~;<br />

,,xorxi~ - (gaxvretili qvaa); ,,stomaqi~ - (amoWrilia<br />

SuaSi da Sig gaTlili qvaa Cadebuli); ,,muWi~; ,,saqonlis<br />

ena~; ,,qajis kbili~ da sxv.<br />

130

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calke – nevrofsiqikuri daavadebebis<br />

(,,gaTvalulis~, SeSinebulis, anayolis, saymawvilos),<br />

romlisganac wamals sxvadasxva mcenareebTan (naxarSi)<br />

erTad amzadeben. amave dros warmosTqvamen saTanado<br />

Selocvas. calke ki nawyenis//mowamlulis<br />

(qvewarmavalTa nakbenis) samkurnalo qvebi: ,,gaqvavebuli<br />

gveli~ - spiraliviT daxveuli qvaa; ,,gaqvavebuli gvelis<br />

natexi~ - mogrZo qvaa; ,,gaSlili gveli~; ,,gveleSapis<br />

rqebi~; ,,almasi~; ,,irmis rqa~; ,,xoWos qva~; ,,gaqvavebuli<br />

miwis Txili~; ,,gaqvavebuli xvliki~ da mravali sxva,<br />

romelTa saxelebi Tavadac ar icis.<br />

aRniSnuli koleqciidan Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs<br />

terminebi: ,,gaqvavebuli gveli~, ,,gaqvavebuli xvliki~...<br />

radgan samkurnalo qvebis ,,xviToebis~ laboratoriuli<br />

Seswavlis Semdeg gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom zogierTi<br />

maTgani cxoveluri warmoSobisaa - ,,qva xviToebis~<br />

koleqciaSi daculi oTxi qva xviTo ganekuTvneba<br />

zedacarcul periods da warmoSobilia cocxali<br />

organizmebis – zRvis zRarbebisa da mxarferianTa<br />

gakaJebis (gaqvavebis) Sedegad (29. 132.).<br />

WiaTuris raionis sof. darkveTSi cxovrobs<br />

eqimbaSi olia germanes asuli xvedeliZe – RuRunaSvili,<br />

romelsac aseve sakmaod bevri samkurnalo qvebi aqvs: -<br />

,,gvelis rqa~ - gveliviT daxveuli, erTi mxridan<br />

brtyeli qvaa; ,,lokokina~ - Savi feris qvaa; ,,qajis<br />

kbili~ - Savi feris, kbilis formisaa; ,,Tevzi~ - SuaSi<br />

erTi didi, Savi wertiliT – romelsac ,,Rame<br />

SeSinebulis~ samkurnalod iyenebda; ,,moyavisfro<br />

grZeli qva~ (saxeli ar icis) - ,,haeriT SeSinebulis~<br />

samkurnaloa, ,,irmis rqa~ - simsivneebis samkurnalo da<br />

sxv.<br />

leCxumSi eTnografma l. soseliam Carkvianebis<br />

ojaxSi naxa samkurnalo qvebi, romelTac ZiriTadad<br />

,,saymawvilos~ wamlis dasamzadeblad iyenebdnen da<br />

zogs ,,gvelis rqas~, zogs ,,zRvis zRarbs~, ,,fufals~,<br />

,,almass~, ,,TeTr qvas~ da sxva uwodebdnen.<br />

131

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s. janaSias saxelobis muzeumis geologiur<br />

ganyofilebasa da qimiur laboratoriaSi gakeTebuli<br />

analizebis mixedviT 1) ,,zRvis zRarbi~ (braxiopoda),<br />

carculi asakis gaqvavebuli cxovelia; 2) ,,gvelis rqa~<br />

(belamenti), gaqvavebuli cxoveli (gadaSenebuli);<br />

,,fufali~ (marjani). carcul naleqebSi napovni es<br />

gaqvavebuli cxovelebi ZiriTadad karbonatebs Seicaven;<br />

4) salesi qva Savi feris, wiTeli laqebiT, amonTxeuli<br />

magmuri qania ,,wiTeli miwa~ da revandi rkinis Janguri<br />

SenaerTia (26. 178_179.).<br />

saqarTveloSi, samkurnalo qvebis wyalxsnarebi,<br />

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, sxvadasxva Sinagani daavadebis<br />

dros gamoiyeneboda. svaneTSi ,,Tu<br />

adamians kuWis an sxva raime Sinagani organos,<br />

avadmyofoba daemarTeboda... eqimbaSs moiyvandnen,<br />

romelsac ,,saswaulis moqmedi~ gasalesi sxvadasxva<br />

feris mrgvali patara qvebi hqonda. am qvebis ganaless,<br />

cxadia Taviseburad<br />

Selocvils, avadmyofs daalevinebda... am qvebis<br />

naless didi saxeli hqonda moxveWili~ (11. 36.) (ix. sur.<br />

1-3).<br />

svaneTis eklesiebSi mravladaa Sewiruli qvebi,<br />

marto uSgulis macxovaris eklesiaSi, maTi ricxvi<br />

STambeWdavia (ix. suraTebi).<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, samkurnalo<br />

qvebiT mkurnaloba sakmaod Zviri Rirda. raWaSi erTerTi<br />

mTxrobelis gadmocemiT, ,,erTi Wiqa samkurnalo<br />

qvebis wyalxsnarSi Saurs aZlevdnen~ (6) (daaxloebiT<br />

XX s-is dasawyisisaTvis).<br />

Sinagan daavadebaTa samkurnalod gamoyenebuli<br />

zogierTi qvis qimiuri analizis Sedegad dadginda, rom<br />

isini iseT nivTierebebs Seicaven, rom Sinagan<br />

daavadebaTa mkurnalobaSi garkveuli dadebiTi Sedegis<br />

132

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motana SeeZloT (29. 151.), rac naTels xdis aRniSnuli<br />

mkurnalobis popularobis mizezs.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, mniSvneloba<br />

hqonda qvis fers, sxvadasxva daavadebis dros sxvadsxva<br />

feris qvas iyenebdnen. raWaSi - ,,muclis~ tkivilisas<br />

lurji feris qvas, ,,kai Tavis~ (epilefsiis) mkurnalobis<br />

dros – wiTels, saymawvilosaTvis – wylisfer qvas,<br />

mowamlulis // ,,nasunTqi~ adgilis mosabanad moSavo<br />

feris qvasa da sxv.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom raWaSi samkurnalo qvebis<br />

zogadi saxelia ,,almasis qvebi~ (ra Tqma unda namdvil<br />

almasTan maT araferi aqvT saerTo), isini sxvadasxva<br />

Seferilobisaa: TeTri , ruxi, Savi, yavisferi... ,,almasis<br />

qvebis~ konkretuli saxelebia - ,,bayayis rqa~, ,,gvelis<br />

rqa~ da sxv. mowamluli // nakbeni adgilis mosabanad<br />

cxra cali sxvadasxva feris ,,almasis ganalesi~<br />

almasis wyalxsnari iyo aucilebeli.<br />

aseve Zalian mniSvnelovania xalxur mkurnalobaSi<br />

samkurnalo qvebis mopovebis gza - igi sxvadasxvanairia.<br />

magaliTad, ,,sizmris qvis~ mopovebis istoria Semdegia:<br />

ukurnebeli seniT Sepyrobil adamians sizmarSi<br />

moevlineba vinme (qali an kaci) aZlevs qvas da aswavlis<br />

mis samkurnalo Tvisebebs. erT-erTi mTxrobeli<br />

gviambobs - ,,18 wlis viyavi roca gavTxovdi da nervebiT<br />

davaavaddi. araferi mSveloda. erT Rames damesizmra,<br />

movida viRac moxuci qali, xelSi Camido qva da miTxra<br />

– eg qva Senc gargebs da sxvasaco. gamomeRviZa, qva<br />

xelSi meWira. im dRidan vkurnav xalxs am qviT, visac<br />

eqimis wamali ar Svelis~ (mTx. gaiane maxareiSvili).<br />

aRniSnuli ,,sizmris qvis~ erT mxares, sxvadasxva<br />

kuTxidan Sexedvisas, sxvadasxva cxovelis gamosaxuleba<br />

Cans – ZaRlis, cxvris, xaris. qvis meore mxare<br />

amoburculia da Ria nacrisferia. saerTod ki qva muqi<br />

yavisferia. iwonis daaxloebiT 300 grams. ,,sizmris qvas~<br />

wamlis momzadebisas WurWelSi deben da ,rogorc<br />

eqimbaSi gadmogvcems, am dros igi ,,wonaSi klebulobs~.<br />

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aseTi warmoSobis (e. i. ,,sizmris~) qvebi<br />

ZiriTadad nevrofsiqikuri<br />

daavadebebis samkurnalod gamoiyeneboda.<br />

baRdaTis r-is sofel roxSi ucxovria xelaZe<br />

gaianas, am kuTxeSi<br />

cnobili iyo gaianas ,,sizmris qva~, ,,gaianas wamali~.<br />

gadmocemiT mas sizmarSi aswavles mkurnaloba da<br />

misces qva, rom gaeRviZa qva xelSi<br />

eWira~. gaiana am qvas samkurnalo balaxebis xarSvis<br />

dros Sig debda. qvas xaris Tavis gamosaxuleba hqonia.<br />

aRniSnuli wamliT gaiana mkurnalobda<br />

nevrofsiqikur daavadebebs, e.w. ,,SiSebs~ da uSvilobas.<br />

ojaxuri samkurnalo tradicia mJamadac grZeldeba.<br />

(masala mogvawoda lela salariZem)<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, zogierTi<br />

samkurnalo qvis mopoveba sakmaod Zneli iyo radgan<br />

Rrma iyo miwaSi - ,,cxra metris siRrmeze~, mag: aseTebia<br />

,,muWi~ da ,,Wadi~. mniSvnelovani faqtia, rom qarTul<br />

xalxur medicinaSi ricxvi 9 xSirad figurirebs<br />

samkurnalo ritualebSi (Selocvebis dros,<br />

,,batonebiani~ bavSvis samkurnalo ritualSi da sxv.).<br />

fiqrobdnen, rom 9 metris (rogorc Cans<br />

maqsimaluri) siRrmidan amoRebul qvas saukeTeso<br />

samkurnalo Tvisebebi unda hqonoda.<br />

rogorc ukve avRniSneT, dResdReobiT samkurnalo<br />

qvebis ganalesi wamlebiT mkurnalobas ZiriTadad<br />

nevrofsiqikuri daavadebebis dros mimarTavdnen. ase mag:<br />

imereTSi metad popularulia ,,kapanaZeebis wamali~.<br />

kapanaZeebi cxovroben zestafonis raionis sofel<br />

boslevSi, amitom es wamali ,,boslevis wamlis~<br />

saxeliTacaa cnobili, radgan igi nevrofsiqikuri<br />

daavadebebis samkurnalod gamoiyeneba. mas eSmakeulis //<br />

xelnakraulobis // SiSis // uJmuris wamalsac uwodeben.<br />

aRniSnuli wamali sxvadasxva samkurnalo mcenareebis<br />

naxarSs warmoadgens, romelSic samkurnalo qvebs<br />

134

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galesavdnen. wamlis damzadebis dros Selocvasac<br />

warmosTqvamdnen.<br />

Cven saSualeba gvqonda gvemuSava kapanaZeebis<br />

gvaris erT-erT warmomadgenelTan. eqimbaSis ,,mosacdel<br />

oTaxSi~ saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camosuli<br />

aTamde avadmyofis patroni icdida, romlebic aRniSnul<br />

wamals Zalian emadlierebodnen. kapanaZeebis wamliT<br />

mkurnalobis Sedegad maTi avadmyofebis saerTo<br />

mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesebula.<br />

saqarTveloSi qvebiT mkurnalobdnen Wrilobasac<br />

(39. 41_42.).<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi damowmebulia<br />

WrilobaTa qvebiT mkurnaloba. samkurnalo qvebs mTaSi<br />

margalits, xviTos uwodebdnen. ,,mTielTa gadmocemiT,<br />

margaliti frinvelis (weros) kuWidan amoRebul<br />

moTeTro qvas ewodeboda. am qvas mxolod monadireebi<br />

Soulobdnen. margaliti Wrilobis uebar wamlad<br />

iTvleboda~ (16. 15.). amitomac ,,margalitiT wamloba~<br />

sakmaod Zvirad fasobda - ,,Cafxeka~ erTi ,,feÃiTi~<br />

(cocxali) cxvari Rirda. ramdenjerac Cafxekdnen, imdeni<br />

cxvari unda mieca daWrils margalitis patronisaTvis<br />

(4. 141.).<br />

Wrilobis samkurnalod duSeTis raionSi<br />

davamowmeT sxva saxeobis qvac ,,TeTri feris qva iyo,<br />

rogorc fqvili ise davfqvavdiT~. xevia aq, kods<br />

veZaxiT. iq icis es qva, ise brwyinavs, rogorc marili,<br />

Rrma WrilobaSi CavyridiT mis fxvnils~ ( 9. 2).<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi Wrilobis qvebiT<br />

mkurnaloba davadastureT<br />

svaneTSi, raWaSi. svaneTSi Wrilobis samkurnalo qvebi<br />

umetesad moTeTro feris iyo. mas ,,safxek TeTr qvas~<br />

uwodebdnen da iyenebdnen rogorc<br />

calke, ise sxvadasxva ingredientebTan erTad. Wrilobas<br />

jer safxeki wamlis fxvnils daayridnen, Semdeg ki<br />

malamos wausmevdnen.<br />

135

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Wrilobis samkurnalo qvebic sxvadasxva feris da<br />

daniSnulebis iyo: ,,lŒxkŒnali~ - patara moTeTro feris<br />

qvaa, romelic asufTavebda Wrilobas<br />

da arCenda. mas meorenairad mosarCen wamals - ,,mŒJgeni<br />

Jagral~-sac eZaxdnen. iyo kidev mowiTalo feris qva, -<br />

,,romelic gafuWebul xorcs mosWamda – mas wiTel<br />

wamals - ,,wŒrni malgimiSs~ uwodebdnen.<br />

raWaSi Wrilobas da simsivnes qarvis nalesi<br />

wyalxsnariT mobandnen.<br />

sainteresoa uSgulis macxovris eklesiaSi daculi<br />

erTi mxriv brtyeli, xolo meore mxares sferos formis<br />

TeTri feris samkurnalo qvebi (ix. sur. 4-5). gadmocemis<br />

mixedviT, gaciebuli avadmyofis samkurnalod<br />

gaaTbobdnen qvebs da gul-mkerdis areze, zurgze<br />

daalagebdnen.<br />

zogierT qvas (giSeri, qarva da sxv.) miniWebuli<br />

hqonda boroti, avi Zalebis gasaneitralebeli<br />

zebunebrivi Zala. aseT qvebs iyenebdnen amuletebad.<br />

umetesad Cvili bavSvebis dasacavad avi Tvalisagan.<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi davamowmeT aseTi<br />

tradicia – amaRleba dRes, ojaxis diasaxlisi umZraxad<br />

midis mdinaris napirze, saidanac saxlSi moaqvs TeTri<br />

feris (,,kaJnarevi~), mrgvali qvebi da awyobs TvalsaCino<br />

adgilebze – WiSkarTan, Robeze da sxv. rom am qvam misi<br />

ojaxi avi Tvalisagan daicvas.<br />

svaneTSi zogierT qvas magiur Tvisebas miawerdnen.<br />

erT-erT aseT qvas sulaÁmans (Zvirfasi) eZaxian.<br />

sjerodaT, rom Tu romelime ojaxSi aseTi qva iyo, im<br />

ojaxSi qali ar dafexmZimdeboda (23. 96.).<br />

Cvens mier mopovebuli eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT, xalxur medicinaSi Zvirfasi da<br />

naxevradZvirfasi qvebidan ZiriTadad mxolod qarvas,<br />

giSers, marjans da Zows iyenebdnen. Tumca sxvadasxva<br />

avtorebis monacemebisa da Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

wyaroebis mixedviT, <strong>qarTuli</strong> medicina kidev mravali<br />

136

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sxva Zvirfasi Tu naxevradZvirfasi qvis samkurnalo<br />

Tvisebebs icnobda.<br />

arqanjelo lambertis cnobiT, megrelebi<br />

sxvadasxva daavadebas sxvadasxva Zvirfasi qviT<br />

mkurnalobdnen (15. 98; 101;105.), a. iaSvilis mixedviT,<br />

saqarTveloiSi samkurnalod: almass, nefrits, safirons,<br />

laJvards, ameTvistosa da sxv. Iyenebdnen (39). karabadinSi<br />

ki samkurnalo saSualebaTa Soris moxseniebulia:<br />

zurmuxti, iagundi, margaliti, lali, almasi, Zowi,<br />

laJvardis qva da sxv.<br />

rogorc warmodgenili masalidan Cans, qarTul<br />

xalxur medicinas sxvadasxva mineralebiT mkurnalobis<br />

mdidari tradicia gaaCnia. samkurnalo qvebi<br />

gamoiyeneboda rogorc damoukideblad – fxvnilisa da<br />

wyalxsnarebis saxiT, ise sxva samkurnalo<br />

saSualebebTan erTad.<br />

dResdReobiT samkurnalo qvemis mxolod mcire<br />

nawilia laboratoriulad Seswavlili, magram miRebuli<br />

Sedegebi sakmarisia maTi samkurnalo Tvisebebis<br />

naTelsayofad, amasTan erTad qarTul xalxur<br />

medicinaSi sxvadasxva ubralo, Zvirfas Tu<br />

naxevradZvirfas qvas zebunebrivi moqmedebis unarsac<br />

miawerdnen da samkurnalo magiaSi xSirad naturopatiur<br />

samkurnalo saSualebebTan erTad, warmatebiT<br />

iyenebdnen, rasac dadebiTi fsiqoTerapiuli efeqti<br />

hqonda. yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze unda iTqvas,<br />

rom samkurnalo qvebis gamoyeneba xalxur medicinaSi<br />

racionaluri da mizanSewonili iyo.<br />

137

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Ggamoyenebuli literatura<br />

1. Авиценна (Абу Али Ибн Сина), Канон врачевной науки Т.<br />

V, Ташкент, 1980.<br />

2. Абу-Р-Райхан Мухаммед Ал- Бируни, Собрание сведений<br />

для познания драгоценностей (минералогия), Ленинград,<br />

1963.<br />

3. bagrationi d., iadigar daudi, Tb., 1985.<br />

4. baliauri m., xalxuri medicina xevsureTSi,<br />

xelnaweri, 1940. istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />

institutes arqivi.<br />

5. <strong>burduli</strong> m., xalxuri medicina dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi (svanuri eTnografiuli masalebis<br />

mixedviT) sakandidato disertacia, Tb., 1990.<br />

6. <strong>burduli</strong> m., 1983_1984 wlebis raWis savele<br />

dRiurebi.<br />

7. <strong>burduli</strong> m., 1985 wlis leCxumis savele dRiurebi.<br />

8. <strong>burduli</strong> m., 1986_1992 wlebis imereTis savele<br />

dRiurebi.<br />

9. <strong>burduli</strong> m., 1986 wlis duSeTis eqspediciis<br />

dRiuri №2.<br />

10. Банк Г. Вюб В ьире самоцветов, Мюб 1979.<br />

11. guledani s., Zveli adaT_zne_Cveulebani zemo<br />

svaneTSi (xelnaweri) mestiis mxareTmcodneobis<br />

muzeumis fondi.<br />

12. zuxbaia v., qvis <strong>kultura</strong> saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1965.<br />

13. Кагаров Евг., Культ фетишей, растений и животных в<br />

Древней Греции, СПБ. 1913.<br />

14. Ковнер С., История иедицины, ч. I, Киев. 1878.<br />

15. lamberti arqanjelo, samegrelos aRwera, Tb., 1938.<br />

16. mindaZe n., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri medicina, Tb., 1981.<br />

138

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17. meliqseTbegi l., megaliTuri <strong>kultura</strong><br />

saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1938.<br />

18. Минкевич И. И. Камни как медицинское средство и как<br />

предмет обожания на Кавказе, ПЗКМО № 13, 1893.<br />

19. niJaraZe b., istoriul_eTnografiuli werilebi, t.<br />

I, Tb., 1962.<br />

20. niJaraZe b., istoriul_eTnografiuli werilebi,<br />

Tb., 1964.<br />

21. Никобадзе И.Июб Татишвили Ирюб Курчишвили И.Б.,<br />

Основные этапы развития медицины в Грузии, Тб., 1964.<br />

22. orbeliani s.s., leqsikoni <strong>qarTuli</strong>, I, 1993.<br />

23. oniani ars., mitologiisaTvis, istoriisa da<br />

eTnologiis institutis arqivi, М' 21. rv. VIII.<br />

24. Оганесян А.А. История медицины в Армении II, Ереван,<br />

1946.<br />

25. Пиляев М. П., Драгоценные камниб 1896.<br />

26. soselia l., mkurnalobis xalxuri tradiciebi<br />

leCxumSi. Krb. masalebi leCxumis eTnografiuli<br />

Seswavlisatvis, Tb., 1985.<br />

27. fanaskerteli zaza, samkurnalo wigni, karabadini,<br />

Tb., 1988.<br />

28. firfiraSvili p., narkvevebi Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

medicinis istoriidan, Tb., 1989.<br />

29. firfiraSvili p., qva ,,xviTos~ qarTul xalxur<br />

mkurnalobaSi gamoyenebis sakiTxisaTvis,<br />

saqartvelos ssr mecn. Akad. ,,moambe~, t. XXXIV, I,<br />

1964.<br />

30. firfiraSvili p., qvis gamoyeneba samkurnalo<br />

miznit qarTul xalxur medicinaSi, ,,mavne~,<br />

istoriis.... seria, №2, Tb.,1972.<br />

31. qananeli, usworo karabadini, Tb., 1940.<br />

32. <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, II, Tb., 1986.<br />

33. qoqraSvili z., bibliur patiosan qvaTa da etlTa<br />

Sesaxeb (uZvelesi <strong>qarTuli</strong> xelnawerebis<br />

mixedviT), Tb., 2001.<br />

139

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34. CarTolani m., qarTveli xalxis materialuri<br />

kulturis istoriidan, Tb., 1961.<br />

35. CubiniSvili n., <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsikoni, Tb., 1984.<br />

36. xaxanaSvili a., epifania episkoposis kiprisa<br />

qvaTaTvis, ,,kvali~, 1896, №30.<br />

37. xojayofili., ,,wigni saaqimoÁ~, (l. kotetiSvili),<br />

Tb., 1936.<br />

38. Юшкин Е. М. Амулеты и талисманы кавказских народов,<br />

Махачкала,1920.<br />

39. Яшвили А., Медицина в Закавказском крае, Тиф., 1904<br />

M<br />

FFFFOLK TRADITION OF LITHOTHERAPY IN WEST<br />

GEORGIA<br />

Georgian folk medicine has the ancient and rich tradition of<br />

treatment by various minerals and precious and half-precious stones. Such<br />

stones were used for treatment of diseases either separately or mixed<br />

with different remedies in the form of solution or powder.<br />

Georgian written sources and ethnographic materials evidence the<br />

popularity of such stones among the population of Georgia. Besides, it is<br />

still practiced at present: lithotherapy is used by popular healers for<br />

treatment of some, and especially psycho-neurological diseases. The<br />

number of their patients is solid enough. Healing stones were used both in<br />

the form of solution or powder and together with other means of<br />

treatment. Such stones are, too, used against the evil eye and accordingly,<br />

against the resulted illnesses. Children wear some stones as talismans.<br />

It is worth mentioning that close relation is observed between the<br />

folk tradition of lithotherapy and traditional professional (Karabadiani)<br />

knowledge.<br />

140

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RviniT mkurnalobis xalxuri tradiciebi<br />

saqarTveloSi<br />

(enoTerapia)<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, erT_erT uZveles<br />

naturalur samkunalo saSualebad saqarTveloSi<br />

yurZnis Rvino iTvleboda. cnobilia, rom<br />

mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze qarTvelma xalxma<br />

Seqmna mevenaxeoba_meRvineobis originaluri <strong>kultura</strong><br />

(Citaia, 2001: 137.). mevenaxeobas imdenad didi mniSvneloba<br />

hqonda miniWebuli, rom qveynis mTad da barad dayofa<br />

misi gavrcelebis arealze iyo orientirebuli (vaxuSti<br />

bagrationi, 1973: ). vazi iyo saqarTvelos ekonomikuri<br />

siZlieris wyaro, amitom Semoseuli mteri pirvel rigSi<br />

vazs Cexavda qveynis dasauZlureblad. vazis kultTan,<br />

Wuris TavTan da maranTanaa dakavSirebuli sakraluri<br />

xis mitologiuri saxe saqarTveloSi (Бардавелидзе 1957;<br />

54-93: abakelia, 1997: 112.) SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos,<br />

rom wminda nino vazis jvriT xelSi uqadagebda<br />

qartvelebi qristes rjuls, xolo erTi <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

legendis mixedviT, rmerTma adamiani vazis cremlebiT<br />

mozelili miwisagan Seqmna venaxis mosavlelad(SamaniZe,<br />

1973: 30.). isic cnobilia, rom Zvel civilizebul<br />

samyaroSi, sadac ki arsebobda vazis <strong>kultura</strong>, Rvinis<br />

samkurnalod gamoyenebas uZvelesi tradicia aqvs.<br />

Hhomerosi ,,iliadaSi~ ixseniebs or meomar eqims _<br />

maxaonsa da paladirs, romlebic daWrilebs Rvinos<br />

asmevdnen, agreTve RviniT umuSavebdnen Wrilobebs<br />

(saluqvaZe, 1987: 371.).<br />

cnobili romaeli eqimi klavdius galena (201_131) Cv.<br />

w. aR_mde daWrili gladiatorebis samkurnalod Rvinis<br />

xsnarSi dasvelebul safenebs iyenebda (sixaruliZe, 1979:<br />

92.).<br />

141

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Bbunebrivia, rom vazisa da Rvinis klasikur qveyanaSi,<br />

saqarTveloSic, Rvinis samkurnalod gamoyenebis<br />

tradicias saukunovani fesvebi gaaCnia, rasac<br />

adasturebs rogorc eTnografiuli masala, ise<br />

werilobiTi wyaroebi. Unda aRiniSnos isic, rom qarTul<br />

xalxur medicinaSi RviniT mkurnaloba mevenaxeobis<br />

gavrcelebis zolSia moqceuli, Tumca vazis <strong>kultura</strong><br />

arc mTis mosaxleobisTvis iyo ucxo _ maT barSi<br />

hqondaT venaxebi - ,,xatis venaxebi~ (Tofuria, 1984: 30; 60-<br />

75.).<br />

qarTul xalxur medicinaSi Rvinos mravalmxrivi<br />

daniSnuleba hqonda. igi gamoiyeneboda rogorc<br />

profilaqtikuri, mastimulirebeli da samkurnalo<br />

saSualeba mravali sxvadasxva saxis (bavSvTa asakSi<br />

gavrcelebuli zogierTi saxis daavadebebis _ ,,simWle~,<br />

,,saymawvilo~; ginekologiuri, tramvuli, Terapiuli da<br />

sxv.) daavadebaTa samkurnalod, rogorc calke ise sxva<br />

ingredientebTan (rTuli Semadgenlobis wamlebSi)<br />

erTadac. Aaseve mravalferovania RviniT mkurnalobis<br />

speqtri Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerebis<br />

mixedviTac (qananeli, 1940: ,,wigni saaqimoÁ~, 1936;<br />

bagrationi, 1985; fanaskertel-ciciSvili, 1988.).<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, Rvinos mcire<br />

dozebiT aZlevdnen adamians umadobisa da sisustis<br />

dros. uZveles werilobiTcnobas, Rvinis biogenuri<br />

stimulatorad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb vxvdebiT V saukunis<br />

literaturul nawarmoebSi _ ,,SuSanikis wameba~. Iakob<br />

xucesi sTxovs SuSaniks, rom man sakvebad RvinoSi<br />

Cambali puri miiRos. ,,....maSin miviRe mcired Rvino da<br />

puri. Ddavalbe da mcired gemo ixila~ (iakob<br />

curtaveli, 1986: 47.).<br />

winamdebare statiaSi miznad davisaxeT xalxuri<br />

(empiriuli) da <strong>tradiciuli</strong> (karabadinebis) <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

codnis eRTmaneTTan Sedareba. cnobilia, rom<br />

karabadinebi qarTvel xalxSi didi popularobiT<br />

sargeblobdnen, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli maTi<br />

142

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xelnaweri variantebi. Savele eTnografiuli kvlevis<br />

dros ara erTi ,,bebiis namziTvi~ karabadini davamowmeT<br />

mosaxleobaSi. Aamitom, vfiqrobT metad sainteresoa<br />

SedarebiTi analizis gakeTeba Tundac erTi konkretuli<br />

samkurnalo saSualebis (Rvinis) magaliTze.<br />

Tu Rvinis smis <strong>kultura</strong>s, mis samkurnalod<br />

gamoyenebis xalxur codnasa da gamocdilebas<br />

SevadarebT karabadinebSi aRweril cnobebs, saintereso<br />

suraTs miviRebT: eTnografiuli masalidan Cans, rom<br />

xalxi Rvinis sasargeblo TvisebebTan erTad, misi<br />

gadaWarbebuli smis Sedegad gamowveul uaryofiT<br />

mxareebzec amaxvilebs yuradRebas, _,,gadametebuli<br />

Rvinis sma da loToba Tavad iwvevs sxvadasxva<br />

daavadebebs~_o. igive Tvalsazrisia gatarebuli<br />

karabadinSi: ,,....Tu kaci cotasa svams da zomiersa, kacsa<br />

karga daaSundebis, Tu kaci bevrsa svams mowed awyens da<br />

kaci Rvinis Triaqi (loti) Seiqmnebis~ (bagrationi, 1985:<br />

185.). an ,,magra Tu kaci bevrsa Rvinosa svams, kacsa<br />

awyens da RviZls daukods, Tavsa da xelebs<br />

auTrTolebs, TualTa cremlsa da wuwsa moadens~<br />

(bagrationi, 1985: 185.). samkurnalo wignSi vkiTxulobT<br />

,,rasaca kacsa andaziTa Ruino esuas da Tavi Seenaxos<br />

misgan, simrTele hqondes. Tu merme daiwyos Warboba<br />

Ruinisa ima andazazeda, raca pirvelad simrTele<br />

yofiliyos, isi yuala senad da snebad Seeqnas~<br />

(fanaskertel-ciciSvili, 1988: 773.).<br />

Rvinisa da alkoholis mometebuli miRebisagan<br />

gamowveul uaryofiT Sedegebze gansakuTrebul<br />

yuradRebas amaxvilebs biblia, romlis mixedviTac<br />

Rvinis uzomod smam SeiZleba gamoiwvios mravali<br />

sxvadasxva daavadeba da sikvdilic ki (rasel<br />

Togseni, 1991: 88-91.). Tumca iqve didi adgili aqvs<br />

daTmobili agreTve alkoholis (Rvinis), ,,samkurnalo<br />

miznebisaTvis gamoyenebas da saTanado rekomendaciebs.<br />

rogorc wamali, alkoholi sworadaa ,,gamowerili~<br />

bibliaSi (rasel Togseni, 1991: 91-92.).<br />

143

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enoTerapiuli mkurnaloba Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />

sxvadasxva formiT gamoiyeneboda. Kkarabadinebis<br />

mixedviT sxvadasxva daavadebebis dros Rvino<br />

gansxvavebuli wesiT gamoiyeneboda: ,,RviniTa Sezilos~<br />

(mag. malamo m. b.), ,,RviniTa daalbos~, ,,Rvino wyalsa<br />

gaurion~, ,,orTqli RvinisaÁ~, ,,coati Rvino didsa<br />

wyalsa gaurion~ da sxv.<br />

analogiuria Rvinis samkurnalod gamoyenebis gzebi<br />

xalxur medicinaSic. Mkurnaloben sufTa RviniT,<br />

wyalgareuli RviniT, Rvinis orTqliT_inhalaciiT,<br />

Rvinoze civad Sezelili wamliT. zogierT daavadebas,<br />

mag: tramvuls (Wriloba, motexiloba damwvroba da sxv.)<br />

alkoholiani RviniT mkurnalobdnen, zogierTs ki<br />

(bavSvTa, ginekologiuri, Terapiuli) ,,dadaRuli~ an<br />

,,moxarSuli~ RviniT. xalxis dakvirvebit aseTi Rvino<br />

simagres (alcohols) kargavs, sxva yvela sasargeblo<br />

Tvisebas ki inarCunebs. ,,dadaRuli~ Rvino martivi<br />

Semadgenlobis wamalia. ( Tu imas ar CavTvliT, rom<br />

Tavad Rvino aris metad rTuli Semadgenlobis). RvinoSi<br />

Caagdebdnen naRverdals, misi Caqrobis Semdeg naxSirs<br />

gadaagdebdnen, xolo Rvinos daalevinebdnen wamlad.<br />

,,moxarSuli~ Rvino ki rTuli wamlis Semadgeneli<br />

komponentia, igi aris ZiriTadi nivTiereba, romelSic<br />

sxvadasxva danamatebs ureven (daavadebis xasiaTidan<br />

gamomdinare).<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom xalxur medicinaSi upiratesi<br />

gamoyeneba Sav Rvinos aqvs, mas ufro met sasargeblo<br />

Tvisebebs miaweren. Kkarabadinebis mixedviT ki<br />

samkurnalod yvelanairi Rvino gamoiyeneboda, ufro ki<br />

,,Zueli Rvino~. ,,wigni saaqimoÁs~ mixedviT samkurnalo<br />

wamlebi mzaddeboda _ ,,ZueliTa RviniTa~, Znelisa<br />

Rvinisa Zuelisa~, ,,RvinoÁ esei yvelaÁ~, ,,yoveliTa<br />

RviniTa~, ,,Zalianisa Rvinisa~, ,,kargsa RvinoÁsa~,<br />

,,Rvinoisa wyalreulsa~.... da sxv.<br />

zaza fanaskertel_ciciSvilis karabadinSi vxvdebiT<br />

Rvinoze Semzadebuli wamlis sxvadasxva formebs _<br />

144

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malamos, naxarS wamals, Sesanax abebs, _ romlebsac<br />

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi wyalSi gaxsnils aZlevdnen<br />

avadmyofs. xalxur medicinaSi ki Sesanaxi abebis<br />

damzadebis tradicia ar arsebobda.<br />

ganvixiloT Rvinis samkurnalod gamoyenebis<br />

tradicia da msgavseba_gansxvaveba xalxur da<br />

werilobiT (karabadinebis) medicinas Soris zogierTi<br />

daavadebis mkurnalobis magaliTze. rogorc zemoT<br />

aRvniSneT tramvul dazianebaTa mkurnalobaSi Rvino<br />

naturaluri (alkoholiani) saxiT gamoiyeneboda.<br />

rogorc xalxur, ise tradiciul (karabadinebis)<br />

medicinaSi samkurnalo saSualebad farTodaa<br />

warmodgenili Rvinis Zmaric. Aase magaliTad: Wrilobas,<br />

Tu is amave dros ,,gaRizianebuli~//inficirebuli iyo<br />

Rvinis garda ZmriT an masze damzadebuli e.w.<br />

,,dazelili wamliT~, mkurnalobdnen. aRniSnuli wamlit<br />

mkurnalobdnen damwvrobasac. wamali civad Sezelvis<br />

wesiT mzaddeba _ garkveul samkurnalo saSualebebs<br />

(rasac xalxuri mkurnalebi saidumlod inaxaven)<br />

mcire_mcire dozebiT asxamdnen Zmars da zeldnen.<br />

Wrilobaze afendnen Rvinis an Zmris safenebs<br />

(kompress): ,,daCirqebul Wrilobaze jer wavusmevdit<br />

Roris qons da mere Rvinis an Zmris safens davafendiT,<br />

rom gaSreboda,gamovucvlidiT~,_ gadmogvcemen<br />

mTxrobelebi<br />

karabadinebis mixedviTac _ ,,vinca samoseli ZmarSiga<br />

daasolvos da da davafendiT, rom gaSreboda,<br />

gamovucvlidiT~_ gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi kodilzeda<br />

(Wrilobaze m.b.) gardakras, ima dakodilsa aRar<br />

gausivebs da marTalsa rigzeda amyofebs~ (bagrationi,<br />

1985: 537.). an ,,da Tu dakodili Tavzed iyos....moitane<br />

zaravandi mudaraji da dajeWke da RvinoSiga moxarSeT<br />

da kidev gaaxmeT, danayon da gacran da dakodilzeda<br />

daayaron da mwoved kargad uzams~ (bagrationi, 1985: 534.).<br />

Rvinis gamoyenebas Wrilobebis dasamuSaveblad<br />

vxvdebiT bibliaSic. mag: qristes igavi keTil<br />

145

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samarielze, rodesac is momakvdav adamians daexmara<br />

,,zeTiTa da RviniT mohbana Wrilobebi da Seuxvia~<br />

(saxareba lukasi, 10:34). A<br />

alkoholi (spirti) Tanamedrove medicinaSic<br />

Wrilobebis dasamuSavebeli antiseptikuri xsnarebis<br />

mTavari Semadgeneli nawilia (rasel Togseni, 1991: 92.).<br />

Rvino da Rvinis Zmari gansakuTrebiT farTod aris<br />

warmodgenili damwvrobis mkurnalobaSi rogorc<br />

dazianebuli, aris septikurad dasamuSavebeli<br />

nivTiereba da rogorc wamali. Ddamwvars ,,pirvelad<br />

Rvinos, an Rvinis Zmars gadavasxavdiT, rom ar<br />

apepkiliyo~_ gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi. amave<br />

daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda Sav RvinoSi mozelili<br />

simindis fqvilis comi, romelsac daafendnen damwvarze<br />

da gaSrobisTanave ucvlidnen, an asvelebdnen RviniT.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom damwvari aredan sxva samkurnalo<br />

saSualebebis mosacileblad Rvinos iyenebdnen. rogorc<br />

zemoT aRvniSneT,damwvrobis samkurnalo ,,dazelil<br />

wamals~ amzadebdnen Zmarze an Rvinoze.<br />

leCxumSi savele eTnografiuli muSaobis dros<br />

cnobili saxalxo mkurnalebis svaniZeebis<br />

STamomavlisagan CaviwereT damwvrobis samkurnalo,<br />

Rvinis Zmarze civi SezelviT damzadebuli wamali,<br />

romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedis_murdasaki//murdasangi<br />

/Plumbum oxudalum_ tyviis Jangi, Zmari, zeiTunis zeTi,<br />

kvercxis guli, TeTri damwvari Sabi. svaniZeebis ojaxSi<br />

daculi gadmocemis mixedviT maT samkurnalo saqmiaoba<br />

TurmaniZeebisagan SeuswavliaT (<strong>burduli</strong>, 1997: 186.). unda<br />

ariniSnos, rom leCxumeli saxalxo mkurnalebis<br />

_,,dalaqebis~_ <strong>samedicino</strong> codna aSkarad atarebs<br />

karabadinebis gavlenis kvals (<strong>burduli</strong> 1997: 185_201.).<br />

Ddamwvrobis samkurnalod Zmrisa da Rvinis gamoyeneba<br />

damowmebulia Zvel qarTul <strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerebSic.<br />

,,vinca ama Wadrisa qerqi ZmarSiga moxarSos da<br />

damwvarzeda daidvas da an marto Zmari Seicxos,<br />

damwvarsa xorcsa gaamTelebs~ (bagrationi, 1985: 54.).<br />

146

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xalxuri medicina rvinos motexilobis<br />

mkurnalobaSic iyenebs,_Sav RvinoSi xarSaven mcenare<br />

saros/Symphytum caucasium m. b./ Zirebs da aRniSnuli<br />

wamliT mkurnalobdnen. Aaseve wyal_Rvinisa da danayili<br />

nigvzis SereviT amzadebdnen naRrZobis samkurnalo<br />

wamalsac.<br />

Uunda aRiniSnos, rom xalxuri enoTerapiuli<br />

mkurnalobis tradiciebi saqarTveloSi dResac<br />

cocxalia. cnobilia, rom moqmedi ,,eqimbaSebi~<br />

wamlis damzadebis teqnologias saidumlod inaxaven,<br />

magram zogjer mainc xdeba wamlis Semadgnlobis<br />

nawilobrivi gamxela. Aase mag: imereTSi cnobili<br />

,,gafrindaSvilebis saymawvilo wamali~<br />

(,,saymawvilo~_bavSvobis asakis fsiqo_nervuli<br />

daavadeba)_wyal_Rvinisa da samkurnalo mcenareTa<br />

(romelic ar gaamxiles) naxarSs warmoadgens. aseve<br />

Rvinoze mzaddeboda saqarTveloSi ,,saymawvilo senis~<br />

samkurnalod ganTqmuli ,,paWkoriebis wamali~.<br />

savele eTnografiuli muSaobisas davafiqsireT<br />

agreTve erT wlamde asakis bavSvebSi gavrcelebuli<br />

mZime daavadebis ,,simWlis~//,,goJos~ Rvinit mkurnaloba.<br />

AaseT bavSvs (romelic aRar izrdeba, kunTebi<br />

modunebuli da momCvaruli aqvs, axasiaTebs sigamxdre,<br />

umadoba, yviTldeba da sxv.) RvinoSi sxvadasxva<br />

samkurnalo mcenareebis naxarSis abazanebiT<br />

mkurnalobdnen.<br />

Aaxlo warsulSi, imereTSi ,,eqimbaSebi~ sxvadasxva<br />

(Terapiuli da ginekologiuri) daavadebebis<br />

samkurnalod Sav Rvinoze ,,daduRebis~ wesiT<br />

amzadebdnen Zvirad Rirebul wamlebs, romlebSic Rvinis<br />

garda mravali sxva samkurnalo nivTiereba Sedioda.<br />

Rogorc gadmogvces sxvadasxva ginekologiuri<br />

(uSviloba, klimaqsuri movlenebi da sxv.) daavadebis<br />

samkurnalod avadmyofs 9 litri wamali unda daelia<br />

ocdaerT dReSi. (1991 wels sami litri wamali 90 maneTi<br />

147

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Rirda, miuxedavad amisa eqimbaSebs bevri pacienti<br />

hyavdaT).<br />

Mmoxerxda mSobiarobis Semdgomi ,,muclis tkivilis~<br />

dasaamebeli, Rvinoze damzadebuli wamlebis<br />

Semadgenlobis Cawera: _ a) Rvinos moaduRebdnen da<br />

nivriT Seazavebdnen; b) 2 Wiqa RvinoSi moxarSavdnen erT<br />

Cais kovz kvliavis/Carum carvi L./ Tesls, aduRebdnen<br />

15_20 wuTs.<br />

uSvilobis samkurnalod karabadinebSic Rvinoze<br />

damzadebuli wamlebia mowodebuli, oRond wamlis<br />

formaa gansxvavebuli. naxarSis magier keTdeba kverebi,<br />

abebi (Txilisxela), romelic Tanamedrove<br />

ginekologiuri sanTlebis analogiurad gamoiyeneboda.<br />

ase mag: ..aiRe muri da kuWumbra da kina, amaTgani _<br />

TuiTonawili, danayen da dagalen da Sezilen RuiniTa<br />

da Seqen kueri TuiTo mutylis wona, da gaaxme Crdilsa,<br />

da odes daabanos wesisagan, ikmios miT~ (fanaskerteli,<br />

1988: 693.).<br />

Aan, qali rom ar fexmZimdeba_,,....amis wamali ese aris:<br />

moitane Txis Tirkmlis qoni, gaadnon da gawuron, da<br />

moitane uSari, rome sparsni danai Cadirsa (umi kevi m.b.)<br />

eZaxian da Zveli RviniTa sqlad gaayene, rome<br />

malamosaviTa Seiqnas, da mere ama Txis Tirkmlis qoniTa<br />

kargad da magrad mozilon, da imave rigad erTi Txilis<br />

odeni gunda Seqmnas..~ (bagrationi, 1985: 463.).<br />

xalxur medicinaSi Rvinoze naxarSi wamlebi<br />

gamoiyeneboda Sinagani daavadebebis- ,,muclis tkivilis~,<br />

RviZlis da sxv. daavadebebis samkurnalodac....sam litr<br />

Sav RvinoSi moxarSavdnen erT kilogram mayvlis Zirebs,<br />

xarSviT daiyvandnen erT litrze da Wamis win 100<br />

grams asmevdnen avadmyofs.<br />

RviZlis samkurnalod karabadinebSi Rvinoze<br />

damzadebuli naxarSi wamlebia mowodebuli<br />

(fanaskerteli, 1988: 693.).<br />

Aaloes da maisis ucecxlo Tafls Seurevdnen<br />

Tanabari raodenobiT (600_600gr.), daumatebdnen sam<br />

148

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sufris kovz aryis xis /Betula/ kvirts da sam litr Sav<br />

Rvinos (xvanWkara). aRniSnuli wamali Rvinoze civad<br />

dayenebis wesiT mzaddeba. Dakepil aloes da sxva<br />

ingredientebs Cayrian RvinoSi da bnel da gril<br />

adgilze dadgamen.<br />

sxvadasxva saxis daavadebebis samkurnalo naxarS<br />

wamlebSi icvleba ,,Rvinoze dasaduRebeli~ (RvinoSi<br />

moxarSuli) mcenareebi: kvliavi; broweulis /pinica<br />

grenatum/ kani; askilis /Roza canina/ da leRvis /fikus<br />

carica/ ylortebi; mayvlis /Rubus/ Zirebi; aloe da sxva.<br />

CamoTvlili mcenareebi tkivilgamayuCebel da<br />

samkurnalo Tvisebebs Seicaven (wuwunava, 1966.). Rvinis<br />

naxarSi wamliT (askilisa da Savi leRvis norCi<br />

Stoebi TiTo muWa + 5 l. Savi Rvino) mkurnalobdnen<br />

buasilsac. Aavadmyofs dReSi 500 grami unda daelia<br />

(100gr. 5_jer).<br />

yuris tkivilis dasaameblad Rvinis orTqliT<br />

inhalaciur mkurnalobas mimarTavdnen. naRvinar doqSi<br />

Caasxamdnen aduRebul wyals da mtkivan yurs mis<br />

orTqlze gaiCerebdnen, Semdeg Tbilad Seixvevdnen.<br />

Rvino gamoiyeneboda kbilis amoRebis dros rogorc<br />

aseptikuri gamosavlebi saSualeba. RvinoSi moxarSuli<br />

broweulis qerqis naxarSi ki, kbilis tkivilis<br />

samkurnalo saSualeba iyo.<br />

zaza fanaskertelis karabadinSi vkiTxulobT _ ,,sxua<br />

wamali kbilisa, rome iZvrodes da jangi ekidebodes _<br />

aiRe: tenco (pitna) da RuiniTa kargad aduRe. isi Ruino<br />

pirSiga daiWiros da ergos~ ( fanaskerteli, 1988: 374.).<br />

winamdebare statiaSi ganvixileT mxolod mcire<br />

nawili RviniT mkurnalobis tradiciisa saqarTveloSi,<br />

Tumca, rogorc warmodgenili masalidanac Cans, rvinos<br />

rogorc xalxur, ise tradiciul (karabadinebis)<br />

medicinaSi gamoyenebis farTo speqtri hqonda da dResac<br />

aqvs. Tanamedrove mecnieruli gamokvlevebis mixedviTac<br />

Rvinis bioqimiuri struqtura rTuli kompleqsia da<br />

mraval samkurnalo Tvisebebs Seicavs. Mas aqvs<br />

149

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aqteriociduli da antitoqsikuri Tvisebebi, amitom<br />

erT_erTi saukeTeso profilaqtikuri saSualebaa. Rvino,<br />

rogorc mastimulirebeli, samkurnalo da<br />

profilaqtikuri saSualeba mowodebulia sxvadasxva<br />

daavadebebis (Sinagani, malaria, gul_sisxlZarRvTa da<br />

sxv.) dros. aqedan gamomdinare xalxur mkurnalobaSi<br />

Rvinis zemoaRniSnuli mizniT gamoyeneba, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

<strong>tradiciuli</strong> da salxuri medicinis miRwevaTa rigSi<br />

dgeba.<br />

Cveni erT_erTi mizani iyo agreTve gveCvenebina<br />

xalxuri da profesiuli (karabadinebis) medicinis<br />

urTierTgavlena da urTierTkavSiri. Tu ar CavTvliT<br />

mcireoden gansxvavebas _ mag: xalxuri medicina Sav<br />

Rvinos met sasargeblo Tvisebebs miawers, karabadinebis<br />

mixedviT ki yvela saxis Rvino, gansakuTrebiT ki Zveli<br />

Rvino gamoiyeneba; agreTve karabadinebSi mowodebuli<br />

Rvinoze damzadebuli wamlis forma_kverebi//abebi<br />

xalxurSi ver davamowmeT. sxvafriv xalxuri<br />

samkurnalo tradiciebisa da profesiuli medicinis<br />

Sexedulebebi Rvinis xasiaTisa da misi samkurnalo<br />

tvisebebisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb aSkarad adasturebs<br />

maT Soris mWidro urTierTobas.<br />

xalxuri medicinis miRwevad unda CaiTvalos isic,<br />

rom zogierTi<br />

saxis (mag: ginekologiuri, bavSvTa) daavadebebis<br />

samkurnalod xalxuri<br />

mkurnalebi Sav Rvinoze wamals dResac amzadeben da<br />

madlieri pacientebic hyavT.<br />

150

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Folk Traditions of Treatment with Wine in Georgia<br />

(enotherapy)<br />

Summary<br />

According to ethnographic materials wine considered one of the means<br />

of treatment with valuable properties. It was used either separately or in<br />

combination with other remedies for treatment of different ailments (<br />

traumatic, internal, children’s diseases, gynecological..). Important<br />

information on treatment with wine is given in Georgian medical<br />

manuscripts (Uscoro Karabadini, Cigni Saekimoi, Iadigar Daudi,<br />

Samkurnalo cigni- Karabadini)<br />

The medicines made from wine had different forms: decoction,<br />

ointment, tablets for storage. In treatment of some serious pediatric<br />

illnesses (simchle//gijo) bath of wine diluted with water or different plant<br />

broths were recommended.<br />

In folk medicine mainly black wine used. It is worth mentioning that<br />

for treatment of some illnesses (children’s diseases, gynecological, etc.)<br />

Healers prepare medicines from wine even today; there is great likeness<br />

between folk and traditional (karabadin) medicine regarding evaluation of<br />

therapeutic properties of wine and treatment with it.<br />

According to the present-day scientific researches treatment with wine<br />

is acceptable as it contains many wholesome substances.<br />

151

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Народные<br />

Резюме<br />

традиции энотерапии в Грузии<br />

Как свидетельствуют этнографические материалы, в Грузии<br />

чистое вино издавна считалось благодатным лечебным средством.<br />

Вино как лечебное средство принималось как в чистом виде,<br />

так и комплексно с другими лечебными средствами для лечения<br />

различных (трамватологических внутренних детских<br />

гинекологических и пр.) заболеваний.<br />

Обилние сведениа по энотерапии содержатся в грузинских<br />

рукописях (,,Усцоро карабадини~ ,, Цигни саакимои~, ,,Ядигар<br />

Дауди~, ,,лечебная книга карабадини~).<br />

Встречались различние формы лекарств изготовленных на<br />

основе вина заварки, мази, таблетки (головки).<br />

Интересно, что для лечениа некоторых тяжелых форм<br />

детских заболеваний (,,симчле~..,,гожо~) рекомендовалось<br />

приниатие винных ван (заварки различных лечебных растений в<br />

чистом или разбавленном виде). Народная медицина в основном<br />

применяла черное вино.<br />

Особо следует отметить, что народние лекари и сегодня<br />

изготавливают лекарства на основе вина при некоторых<br />

заболеваниях (детских, гинекологическ.). Заслуживает внимание<br />

и то, что народная и традиционная (книжная) медицина<br />

проявляют большое сходство в оценке лечебних своиств вина.<br />

И, наконец, современные научные исследованиа потверждают<br />

целесообразность и оправданность лечениа вином, ибо оно<br />

содержит огромное количество вешеств полезных для<br />

здоровья.<br />

152

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gamoyenebuli literatura<br />

1. g. Citaia. Mmevenaxeoba_meRvineoba. ,,Sromebi~. t. IV.<br />

Tb. 2001,Ggv. 137.<br />

2. vaxuSti bagrationi. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. Tb. 1973.<br />

3. Бардавелидзе В.Вю Древнейшие религиозние верованиа и<br />

графическое искусство грузинских племен. Тб. 1957. gv.<br />

54_93; n. abakelia. simbolo da rituali qarTul<br />

<strong>kultura</strong>Si. Tb. 1997. gv. 112.<br />

4. n. SamaniZe. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri legendebi. Tb. 1973. gv.<br />

30.<br />

5. s. saluqvaZe. wamalTmcodneoba Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />

da misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis gzebi uZvelesi<br />

droidan XX s_de. Tb. 1987. gv. 371.<br />

6. T. sixaruliZe. Eetiudebi Rvinoze. Tb. 1979. gv.92.<br />

7. n. Tofuria. qarTveli xalxis sameurneo yofis<br />

istoriidan. Tb. 1984. gv. 30; 60_75.<br />

8. G qananeli. ,,usworo karabadini~, Tb. 1940;<br />

9. ,,wigni saaqimoÁ~ Tb. 1936;<br />

10. daviT bagrationi. ,,iadigar daudi~;, Tb. 1985;<br />

11. z. fanaskertel-ciciSvili. ,,samkurnalo wigni,<br />

karabadini. Tb. 1988.<br />

12. iakob curtaveli. wameba SuSanikisi. Tb. 1986. gv 47.<br />

13. rasel Togseni. Bibliis <strong>samedicino</strong> sibrZne. Tb. 1991.<br />

gv. 88_91<br />

14. m. <strong>burduli</strong>. travmebis mkurnaloba svaneTsa da<br />

leCxumSi (eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT). Tsu<br />

axalcixis filialis Sromebi. I. Tbilisi_axalcixe.<br />

1997. gv.186.<br />

15. n. wuwunava. saqarTvelos samkurnalo mcenareebi. Tb.<br />

1966.<br />

153

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nevrofsiqikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobis religiuri<br />

centrebi svaneTSi<br />

(eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT)<br />

xalxur medicinaSi ama Tu im daavadebis mkurnalobis<br />

meTodi da saSualebebi ZiriTadad emyareba<br />

avadmyofobis gamomwvev mizezebze maT codnasa da<br />

Sexedulebas. dResac ki, Tanamedrove fsiqiatriul<br />

mecnierebaSi miRweuli warmatebebis miuxedavad,<br />

fsiqikur daavadebaTa umravlesobis etiologia xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi ucnobia (1, 119), mit umetes, Zneli asaxsneli<br />

iqneboda igi saxalxo mkurnalebisaTvis (da saerTod,<br />

xalxisaTvis). Bbundovani mizezebi, ki bunebrivia,<br />

daukavSirda sxvadasxva zebunebriv Zalebs _ RmerTs, an<br />

sxvadasxva avsulebs. eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT,<br />

avsulebi daavadebas iwveven damoukidebladac da<br />

RmerTis davalebiTac, es ki maSin xdeboda, Tu RmerTis<br />

winaSe raime did codvas Caidendnen. RmerTi Tavisi<br />

xelqveiTi romelime wmindanis meSveobiT maSin sjida<br />

adamianebs daavadebiT, Tu isini mis samsaxurs<br />

iviwyebdnen, arRvevdnen RmerTsa da adamianTa<br />

sazogadoebas Soris dawesebul normebs, ar<br />

emsaxurebodnen uzenaess saTanado ridiTa da pativiT.<br />

zemoaRniSnuli Sexedulebebi damaxasiaTebelia ara<br />

marto svaneTisaTvis, aramed zogadad mTeli<br />

saqarTvelosaTvis. ,,xalxuri warmodgenit, codvil<br />

adamians zogjer daavadebiT sjida RmerTi an wmindani<br />

da am sasjels avsulis saSualebit axorcielebda~(2,<br />

142). xevsurTa warmodgeniT, bneda adamians maSin<br />

emarTeba, Tu mas RvTisSvilni aÃdebodnen<br />

(ganSordebodnen), eSmakisagan aRar icavdnen (3, 61),<br />

154

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unebrivia es maSin xdeboda, Tu adamiani uzenaesis<br />

winaSe Sescodavda.<br />

svaneTSi yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi avadmyofis<br />

patroni daavadebis mizezis mizezis gasarkvevad<br />

mkiTxavTan midioda, romelic misi xelobisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva saSualebit (lobios<br />

marcvlebze marCielobiT, sizmriT an ,,frTilebis<br />

daxveviT~) ,,gaugebda~, Tu ra danaSaulisaTvis romelma<br />

wmindanma dasaja (ra Tqma unda ,,didi RmerTis~<br />

davalebiT) avadmyofobiT da ra saxis samsaxuri<br />

_msxverplSewirvis rituali da sxv. Unda SeesrulebinaT<br />

RvTaebis gulis mosagebad.<br />

svanebs swamdaT, rom RmerTis winaSe Cadenili<br />

danaSauli gadadioda STamomavlobaze; amitom winapris<br />

mier Cadenili raime codvis gamo SeiZleboda sruliad<br />

udanaSaulo dasjiliyo. Aaqedan gamomdinare, miaCndaT,<br />

rom ,,es daavadeba (epilefsia//bneda//,,bnAb~) modgmiTac<br />

aris, garkveuli STamomavlobis xalxs axasiaTebso~. Tu<br />

zemonaTqvams moralur_eTikuri normebis TvalsazrisiT<br />

ganvixilavT, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom igi<br />

garkveulwilad cudi saqcielis Cadenisagan<br />

Semakavebeli faqtoric iqneboda, aregulirebda rogorc<br />

sazogadoebriv urTierTobas, ise sazogadoebasa da<br />

eklesias Soris urTierTobasac, radganac umZimes<br />

codvad, risTvisac RmerTi sjida adamianebs<br />

nevrofsiqikuri daavadebiT, iTvleboda ,,xatis gatexva~,<br />

e.i. xatis winaSe (eklesiaSi) tyuilis Tqma, tyuilze<br />

daficeba, saeklesio siwmindeebis Seuracxyofa, eklesiis<br />

kuTvnili miwis mitaceba da sxv.<br />

svanuri eTnografiuli masaliT, zemoCamoTvlili<br />

mizezebis gamo, RmerTi nevrofsiqikuri daavadebiT<br />

sjida adamianebs. Yyvelaze mZime sasjeli ki<br />

epilefsia//bneda//bnAb//avi kanWi//naRerbaT moixsenieboda.<br />

xalxi epilefsias yofda memkvidreobiT (ganukurnebel)<br />

da Zlieri stresis (SiSis) gamo gamowveul daavadebad,<br />

romlis gankurnebac SesaZleblad miaCndaT. Oorsave<br />

155

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SemTxvevaSi avadmyofobis mizezad sxeulSi avi sulis<br />

(eSmakis) Casaxleba iTvleboda, amitom epilefsia rom<br />

daemarTeboda vinmes, Tofis srolasa da xanjlebis<br />

erTimeoreze dartymas iwyebdnen eSmakebis dasaSineblad.<br />

b. niJaraZis cnobiT, svaneTSi avi zne rom<br />

daemarTeboda vinmes, Tofis sroliTa da xanjlebiT<br />

aSinebdnen, egonaT, eSmaks gamovdevniTo avadmyofisagan.<br />

Aavadmyofs cxvirTan uxrColebdnen mglis balans da<br />

sxv. (4).<br />

zemoaRniSnuli Sexedulebebi gavrcelebulia ara<br />

marto svaneTSi, aramed mTel saqarTveloSi. Epilefsias<br />

qarTveli xalxi eSmakeul daavadebad miiCnevda (2, 140; 5,<br />

305_310).<br />

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis rpmena_warmodgenebis<br />

mixedviT, ,,samyaros keTili Zalebi~_ RmerTi,<br />

angelozebi, RvTaebebi, wmindanebi_ adamianis<br />

keTildReobaze zrunvasTan erTad, maTi msjavrmdeblis<br />

funqciasac asruleben. maT mier dadebuli msjavri<br />

metwilad sneulebiT gamoixateboda (2, 145).<br />

Aadamianis mfarveli angelozi sazogadoebis, misi<br />

wevris mier miRebuli eTikuri normebis darRvevisa da<br />

codvis Cadenis gamo, xels iRebda mis mfarvelobaze,<br />

ris Sedegadac boroti Zalebi aqtiurdebodnen dam is<br />

dauflebas cdilobdnen, rac ZiriTadad nevrofsiqikuri<br />

sneulebis saxiT vlindeboda.<br />

xalxuri SexedulebiT, epilefsiuri gulyra mTvaris<br />

fazebzea damokidebuli: ,,avma znem ufro axal mTvareze<br />

icis movla, an Tvis Tavze meordeba. Nerviuli sistema<br />

rom moeSleba adamians, mere ufro xSirad<br />

umeordeba~,_gadmogvcemen mTxroblebi.<br />

Aakad. Aa. zurabiSviliwerda, rom Zvel droSi<br />

SeiniSneboda erTgvari kavSiris arseboba gulyris<br />

sixSirisa da mTvaris moZraobas Soris. Mmag.: gulyra<br />

TiTqos xSirdeboda _ axali mTvaris gamoCenaze; amitom,<br />

Zvelad epilefsias ganixilavdnen, rogorc<br />

,,samTvareulos~ (6, 221).<br />

156

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eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, qarTveli xalxi<br />

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mTvaris fazebis<br />

gavlenas janmrTeloba_avadmyofobaze, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki_nevrofsiqikuri sneulebiT Sepyrobilebze:<br />

saymawviloze, epilefsiaze da sxv.<br />

Mmag.: samegreloSi damowmebuli eTnografiuli<br />

masalis mixedviT, TuTaSi ,,movliTaa~, axal mTvareze<br />

emarTebaT, rogorc mkvdari, egre xdeba bavSvi, Tu ar<br />

umkurnale, zned (epilefsiad) gadaiqceva (2, 32).<br />

guriaSi bnedas ,,momTvarasac~ uwodeben (2, 32).<br />

samcxe_javaxeTSi bneda mTvaris fazebTan garkveul<br />

kavSirSi ganixileboda. ,,daavadebis gamwvaveba ZiriTadad<br />

axalmTvareobis dros xdeba, axalmTvareze daibnideba<br />

bnediani~ (5, 306).<br />

zemoaRniSnuli Sexeduleba daavadebis gamwvavebasa<br />

da mTvaris fazebis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb uZvelesi<br />

droidan momdinareobs.<br />

Aavadmyofobis gamomwvevi xalxuri axsna TavisTavad<br />

ganapirobebs mkurnalobis saSualebebsa da meTodebsac.<br />

Aamitomac, radgan aRniSnuli daavadeba sxeulSi avi<br />

sulis (eSmakis) Casaxlebas miewereboda, bunebrivia,<br />

mTeli Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo adamianis organizmidan<br />

mis gamoZevebaze; aseTi avadmyofis mkurnaloba<br />

ZiriTadad religiuri xasiaTisaa da mniSvnelovani<br />

adgili uWiravs magiur ritualebsac.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom svaneTSi nebismieri garTulebuli<br />

daavadebis dros tardeboda religiuri ritualebi,<br />

xolo nevrofsiqikuri, kerZod, epilefsiis//bnedis<br />

mkurnalobaSi maT ZiriTadi adgili ukaviaT.<br />

sainteresoa, rom saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi<br />

eSmakeul daavadebaTa egzorcizmis ritualebi<br />

ZiriTadad tardeboda wminda giorgis salocavebSi (2,<br />

201). Cnobilia,rom, qristianili religiis mixedviT,<br />

wminda giorgis erT_erTi funqcia, suliT avadmyofTa<br />

mkurnalobaa (7, 221_6).<br />

157

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magram svaneTSi wminda giorgi, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

Zalian popularuli wmindania da TiTqmis yvela<br />

SemTxvevaSi mas sTxoven Semweobas, zemoaRniSnuli<br />

funqciis matarebeli naklebadaa. Aq mas enacvlebia<br />

Gabriel mTavarangelozi da wminda kvirike. Cvens xelT<br />

arsebuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, Ggabriel<br />

mTavarangelozi mxolod mfarveli RvTaebaa, is ar sjis<br />

adamians aRniSnuli sneulebiT, maSin rodesac wminda<br />

kvirike eSmakebs miusevs damnaSaves da aavadebs avi<br />

znit//bnediT. Wminda kvirile ormagi funqciis<br />

matarebelia _ igi aris damsjelic da mfarvelic.<br />

svanebi ,,dargobriv RvTaebaTa Soris, Gabriel<br />

mTavarangelozs znisa da gunebagulis (gvibnAb)<br />

mTavarangelozad Tvlidnen dam as iloris eklesias<br />

utolebdnen. svaneTSi mas avi znisagan gadamrCenad<br />

Tvlidnen, rogorc ilors samegrelosa da afxazeTSi~<br />

(80).<br />

zemoaRniSnuli masalidan naTlad Cans, rom svaneTSi<br />

aRniSnul sferoSi wminda giorgis Ggabriel<br />

mTavarangelozi Caenacvla. svaneTSi Cem mier mopovebuli<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, nevrofsiqikur<br />

daavadebasTan mxolod Gabriel mTavarangelozia<br />

dakavSirebuli. v. bardaveliZis mixedviT ki _<br />

miqel_gabriel mTavarangelozebi saxeldeba (9, 13).<br />

n. mindaZis masalebis mixedviTac, mTavarangelozebs<br />

damsjeli funqciac akisriaT, umeteswilad<br />

nevrofsiqikuri daavadebiT sjidnen adamians (2, 210).<br />

svaneTSi epilefsiani (bnediani) samkurnalo<br />

religiuri centrebia: wminda kvirikes eklesia balszemo<br />

svaneTis sofel kalaSi, sadac weliwadSi orjer _<br />

aRdgomas da kvirikobas _ 28 ivliss, imarTeba wmindanis<br />

saxelobis dResaswauli. Am dros mihyavdaT avadmyofebi<br />

dasalocad Gabriel mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi, beCos<br />

Temis sofel gulSi, amitom mas adgilobrivi<br />

mcxovrebni ,,gula gabrielad~ moixsenieben. Misi<br />

salocavi dRea aRdgomis momdevno samSabaTi_,,gula<br />

158

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TaxaS~ (gulis samSabaTi), magram aRniSnuli dRidan<br />

ivnisamde da 27 noembridan ,,gula TaxaSamde~ avadmyofis<br />

patrons yovel samSabaTs SeeZlo salocavSi misvla da<br />

avadmyofis saxelze locvis Catareba.<br />

avadmyofis patroni salocavSi iseTi wesiT midioda,<br />

rogori aRqmac hqonda micemuli, an rogorc mkiTxavi<br />

urCevda. Salocavi rituali Semdegnairad tardeboda: wm.<br />

Kvirikes eklesiaSi avadmyofs Sesasvlel karebTan<br />

dalocavdnen: eklesiidan droSas gamoitandnen,<br />

avadmyofi droSis win daiCoqebda, win Sesawir cxovels<br />

_ cikans dauyenebdnen, avadmyofs xelSi eWira anTebuli<br />

sanTeli, romelsac ritualis damTavrebis Semdeg<br />

eklesiis kedelze miakravda.<br />

rac ufro mZime formebSi gamoixateboda avadmyofoba,<br />

miT metad unda ,,daesaja Tavi~ avadmyofis patrons, rom<br />

RmerTs misi vedreba Seesmina: avadmyofis sigrZe<br />

sanTels, muxlebze daCoqili xelSi Caiwvavda; yelze<br />

sayelos//uRels//wirx//yiaSlebar_s Seibamda da ise<br />

loculobda (sayelos//wirxs salocavSi asvlisas, gzaze<br />

aryis xis wvrili totebisagan akeTebda), locvisas mas<br />

xels mohkidebda da ise Seevedreboda wm. Kvirikes, rom<br />

misi locva Seesmina. Ritualis damTavrebisas sayelos<br />

salocavSi tovebda.<br />

avadmyofobis dros yelze rogorc wnelis, aseve<br />

rkinis uRlis tareba da Semdgom misi xatSi datoveba<br />

cnobilia saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic (10, 145_146;<br />

11,202; 12, 47_48). Igi SeiZleba xatis monobis<br />

gamartivebul formad miviCnioT. Rogorc v. bardaveliZe<br />

wers:_ ,,xatis monobis atributi Tavdapirvelad xis<br />

uRliani jaWvi unda yofiliyo, romelic Semdgom<br />

liTonis saqedurian jaWvSi gadaizarda. Tavdapirvelad<br />

igi samsxverplo monisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, Semdgom<br />

msxverplad Sewirva Secvlila simbolurad jaWvis<br />

tarebit. Yovelive es dakavSirebulia winaqristianul<br />

religiebTan~(13, 25_28).<br />

159

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kvirikeSi avadmyofs eklesiis msaxuri (momzir)<br />

dalocavda: ,,dideba lagurkas, gexvewebiT, Sen uSvele am<br />

avadmyofs, am Wirisagan gankurne, mieci janmrTeloba,<br />

guli mxiaruli da tani mrTeli~. Locvas salocavSi<br />

TavSeyrili xalxi ,,amin~_s daayolebda. Mlocvels<br />

xelSi avadmyofis ojaxidan motanili salocavi purebi<br />

eWira, romelTac zemodan jvris formis puri_,,fusna<br />

muJeR~_i ,,batoni winamZRoli~_edo; igi aucileblad<br />

xeluxleblad unda daebrunebinaT saxlSi. Eklesiidan<br />

vercxlis suriT gamohqondaT ,,Salianis~ xatis ,,nabani~<br />

wyali da avadmyofs asmevdnen. Es wyali ,,mTel svaneTSi<br />

iyo cnobili, rogorc saswaulmoqmedi da iyenebdnen<br />

avadmyofobasa da ficis dros~ (14, 54; 15, 180).<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom xatis ,,nabani~ wylis Sesxurebas<br />

an dalevas mTel saqarTveloSi samkurnalo<br />

daniSnuleba hqonda.<br />

dalocvis Semdeg avadmyofs yelze Seabamdnen<br />

kvirikes eklesiisaTvis Sewirul mZivs, romelic erTi<br />

weli unda etarebina da Semdgom ukan daebrunebina.<br />

locvis damTavrebis Semdgom samsxverplo cikans<br />

marjvniv Semoabrunebdnen, avadmyofs Tavze<br />

Semoavlebdnen, sanTliT bewvs Seutrusavdnen,<br />

gaiyvandnen eklesiis galavnis gareT da iq Seswiravdnen.<br />

Semdeg misi Semwvari gul_RviZliT dalocvis rituali<br />

xelaxla tardeboda.<br />

wminda kvirikes samsxverplo cxovelad ciknis<br />

dawesebis Sesaxeb ramdenime gadmocema arsebobs. erTi<br />

variantiT, wminda kvirikes xati kalis eklesiidan<br />

mouparavT da balsqvemo svaneTSi wauRiaT. erT kalel<br />

kacs didi wvalebis Semdeg ciknis gudiT xati ukan<br />

daubrunebia. Amis Semdeg Sesawirad dawesda cikani.<br />

Meore variantis mixedvit ki, RmerTis winaSe Cadenili<br />

danaSaulisaTvis kvirike adamians avi zniT//bnediT<br />

sjis_ av sulebs (eSmakebs) miusevs. Txac eSmakia da<br />

amitom swiraven mas kvirikes Cadenili codvis<br />

gamosasyidad.<br />

160

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sainteresoa avadmyofis saxelze samsxverplo<br />

cxovelis Sesaxelebis rituali. Aadamians, sadac<br />

pirvelad mouvlida epilefsiuri Seteva, im adgilze<br />

dedal cxvars miiyvandnen, daiCoqebdnen da wminda<br />

kvirikes Seevedrebodnen: oRond avadmyofi<br />

gaeTavisuflebina da mas Sesawir cikans ar<br />

gamoulevdnen, SeuTqvamdnen, rom am Txis naSiers<br />

yovelwliurad mas Seswiravdnen.<br />

vinc sofel kalidan Sors cxovrobda da yovel<br />

weliwads ar SeeZlo kvirikes salocavSi misvla.<br />

Ddedal Txas aiyvandnen kalaSi da romelime mosaxles<br />

sTxovdnen, rom maT magier avadmyofis saxelze kvirikeSi<br />

CaetarebinaT msxverplSewirvis rituali da locva.<br />

Roca Txa daikargeboda an daberdeboda, magiers<br />

Seusaxelebdnen. Txas ,,gvirkaY~_s eZaxdnen. sanam<br />

avadmyofi cocxali iyo, mis saxelze zemoT aRwerili<br />

dalocvis rituali yovel wels unda SeesrulebinaT.<br />

gamojanmrTelebis SemTxvevaSic ki, Torem ,,kvirike<br />

ganuaxlebda avadmyofobas~. salocavSi avadmyofis<br />

asvla pirvel wels iyo aucilebeli.<br />

avadmyofis dalocvis rituali Ggabriel<br />

mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi mcireodeni gansxvavebit<br />

tardeboda. Ggansxvaveba is iyo, rom, Tu kvirikes<br />

eklesiaSi avadmyofis saxelze yoveliwads unda unda<br />

SeesrulebinaT dalocvis rituali, Gabriel<br />

mtavarangelozis salocavSi savaldebulod mxolod<br />

sami weli iTvleboda da Sesawiravic _ yoCi _ pirvel<br />

wels iyo aucilebeli. salocav purebs zemodan gulis<br />

formis lemzirs//luWvens daadebdnen, zedaSe arrays da<br />

Semwvar gul_RviZls momzirs miscemdnen, romelic ase<br />

dalocavda avadmyofs: ,,oo, dideba myof madls, dideba<br />

mogsvlodes, madly mogsvlodes, gulis gabriels<br />

dideba, dideba mogsvlodes; gulis gabriels gexvewebi<br />

RvleWiT (igivea rac wirx//uReli), zedaSiT, RviZliT,<br />

daSen uSvele am avadmyofs....aq dalocva rom daiwyo, mas<br />

mere yvelaze ukeTesad visac daxmarebixar, meored amas<br />

161

---

daexmare, SenTan mosvlas arc amis mere daiviwyebs es<br />

kaci~ (16, 35).<br />

Ggansxvaveba iyo isic, rom avadmyof qals eklesiis<br />

karebTan daaCoqebdnen da iq dalocavdnen, kacs ki<br />

eklesiaSi Seiyvandnen.<br />

svanuri eTnografiuli masalis mixedvit, avi zne//bnAb<br />

saTakilo da dasamali daavadeba ar iyo. dafarva cudi<br />

iyo, epilefsiuri Setevebi ufro gauxSirdeboda<br />

avadmyofs. ,,RmerTis mier aris da samarcxvino rad<br />

iqnebao~,_ gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

epilefsiis erT_erTi saxelwodeba ,,naRerbaT~_<br />

RmerTismiers niSnavs.<br />

epilefsiani avadmyofis mkurnalobis sruli suraTis<br />

warmosaCenad aucilebelia mokled SevexoT magiur<br />

qmedebebs, romlebic ZiriTadad daavadebis niSnebis<br />

pirveli gamovlenis dros sruldeboda. svaneTSi,<br />

rodesac vinmes, ufro ki bavSvs, pirvelad daemarTeboda<br />

epilefsiuri gulyra, zurgis mxares, perangSi kvercxs<br />

Caudebdnen, muWiT daiWerdnen, amoWridnen perangs<br />

kvercxianad da Sors gadaagdebdnen_amiT TiTqos<br />

avadmyofobas acilebdnen.<br />

Epilefsias SelocvebiTac mkurnalobdnen,<br />

gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu daavadebis gamomwvev mizezad<br />

SeSinebas Tvlidnen. aseT dros avadmyofs dReSi samjer<br />

,,SeSinebulis locviT~ Seulocavdnen. ritualis<br />

Sesrulebisas iyenebdnen iseTi nivTierebebiT<br />

,,SexrColebas~ (gogirdis dawva, Tofis wamlis SesunTqva<br />

da sxv.), romelic gamoiwvevda cxvirisceminebas da am<br />

gziT avi sulis (eSmakis) gamodevnas sxeulidan.<br />

aseTi avadmyofi mudmivad atarebda Tilismas,<br />

romelSic Selocvis teqsti da mglis xorxis nawili<br />

iyo Cadebuli.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom svaneTSi epilefsian//bnedian<br />

avadmyofs mxolod kaci Seulocavda da aseve igi<br />

mixedavda avadmyofobis Setevis drosac. Qali axlos ar<br />

unda misuliyo. SeiZleba vivaraudot, rom es qalis<br />

162

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dacvis mizniTac xdeboda, radgan, qarTveli xalxis<br />

rwmeniT, mas kacTan SedarebiT susti mfarveli<br />

angelozi hyavs da arsebobda safrTxe, rom gamxdariyo<br />

mkurnalobis Sedegad avadmyofis organizmidan<br />

gandevnili eSmakis (avi sulis) axali msxverpli.<br />

Cnobilia, rom epilefsia rTuli saxis nervuli<br />

daavadebaa, rasac Tan sdevs mZime Zvrebi fsiqikis<br />

sferoSi (6, 529; 17, 231) da, cxadia, misi mkurnaloba<br />

Zalian rTulia, xSirad SeuZlebelic. zemoaRwerili<br />

mkurnalobis pozitiuri mxare avadmyofis fsiqikaze<br />

dadebiT zemoqmedebaSi gamoixateba. xolo fsiqikuri<br />

zemoqmedebiT mkurnaloba sasargebloa, dResac ki<br />

mecnierul medicinas ar SeuZlia mas gverdi auaros (18,<br />

50; 19, 57). gamojanmrTelebaSi udides rols asrulebs<br />

rwmena.<br />

akad. Aa. zurabaSvilis azriT epilefsiis mkurnaloba<br />

STagonebiT nakleb efeqturia, magram arsebobs<br />

epilefsiismagvari daavadebani, romlebic garegnuli<br />

niSnebis mixedvit hgvanan epilefsias da isini advilad<br />

eqvemdebarebian mkurnalobas (6, 231).<br />

sainteresoa, rom svanuri eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT ,,avi zne//bnAb sxvadasxvanairad emarTebaT _<br />

zogi yefs, zogi giJiviTaa, zogi maSinve davardeba da<br />

guli misdis. duJi icis avma znem, farTxali, yvirili<br />

Zalian didi Zala eZleva. Es grZeldeba cota xans, mere<br />

TviTon modis gonze. aseT dros wamlis micema ar ician,<br />

ar SeiZleba~, _ gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi, _ an zog<br />

,,gauTxovar qals zedmeti sisxlis gamoisobiT<br />

bnedismagvari krunCxva emarTeboda~ (20, 110).<br />

Cxadia, xalxi garegnuli niSnebiT msgavs daavadebebs<br />

erTi saxelwodebiT moiazrebda, gankurnebis SemTxvevebi<br />

ki mkurnalobis meTodis, aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi_<br />

religiuris, gamarjvebaiyo. xalxis azriT wm. Kvirikes<br />

da gula_gabrielis eklesiebSi locva Sveloda<br />

avadmyofs _ ,,rom ar eSvela as ear gandiddeboda~, _<br />

gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

163

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cnibilia, rom avadmyofobis mizezad sxeulSi avi<br />

sulebis Casaxlebis rwmena_warmodgenebi uZvelesi<br />

droidan momdinareobs, amitom religiasa da medicinas<br />

Soris Tavidanve Camoyalibda mtkice kavSiri.<br />

Nevrofsiqikur avadmyofTa mkurnalobaSi ki religias<br />

gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira.<br />

,,Zveli da axali aRqmis wignebSi didi adgili eTmoba<br />

pasaJebs, romlebSic ubralo adamianebisaTvis gasagebi<br />

eniT gadmocemulia sxvadasxva sneulebebiT<br />

SepyrobilTa gankurnebis amsaxveli moTxrobebi, rac<br />

saSualebas iZleva garkveuli daskvnebi gavakeToT<br />

medicinisadmi Zveli da axali eklesiis<br />

damokidebulebis Sesaxeb~ (21, 95).<br />

sainteresod gveCveneba, rom, xalxis rwmeniT, Tu<br />

eklesiaSi salocavad misul avadmyofs daemarTeboda<br />

epilefsiuri Seteva, es ,,kargi niSani iyo~. vfiqrobT am<br />

,,karg niSanSi~ wminda kvirikes an Gabriel<br />

mTavarangelozis eSmakTan SebrZoleba unda<br />

igulisxmebodes, rac bunebrivia, wmindanis (RvTaebis)<br />

gamarjvebiT da avadmyofis eSmakisagan ganTavisuflebiT<br />

unda damTavrebuliyo.<br />

qarTvel xalxs sjeroda, rom eSmakis mier fizikuri<br />

SexebiTa Tu molandebiT SeSinebuli da gonebaareuli,<br />

zogjer ki eSmakis mier Sepyrobilis Svela SeiZleboda<br />

salocavebSi eSmakis gamodevnis ritualis CatarebiT (2,<br />

140).<br />

aseT avadmyofebs, rogorc fsiqiatrebi aRniSnaven,<br />

aqvT eklesiisaken, rogorc mxsnelisaken ltolvis<br />

tendencia (1, 122).<br />

warmodgenili eTnografiuli masalac adasturebs<br />

zemoaRniSnuls. rwmena imisa, rom avadmyofoba RvTiuri<br />

sasjelia, romelic RmerTma garkveuli danaSaulis,<br />

codvis gamo mouvlina adamians, garkveulwilad<br />

TavisTavad ganapirobebda RvTisadmi morCilebis,<br />

monaniebisa da patiebis saTxovnelad gamarTul<br />

164

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samkurnalo religiuri ritualebis Catarebas, rac<br />

Sesabamisad avadmyofs gamojanmrTelebis imeds aZlevda.<br />

Lliteratura:<br />

1. m. kurataSvili, fsiqikuri daavadebebi mecnieruli<br />

fsiqiatriisa da qristianuli religiis<br />

TvalTaxedviT da maTi integraciis<br />

SesaZleblobani, Jurnali ,,logosi~, III, 2004.<br />

2. n. mindaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri <strong>samedicino</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>,<br />

sadoqtoro disertacia, 2000 (xelnaweri).<br />

3. m. baliauri, xalxuri medicina xevsureTSi, iv.<br />

javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />

institutes arqivi, 1940.<br />

4. b. niJaraZe, istoriul_eTnografiuli nawerebi, t.<br />

I, Tb., 1962.<br />

5. n. CirgaZe, epilefsiis mkurnalobis xalxuri<br />

tradiciebi samcxe_javaxeTSi, masalebi<br />

saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXVI, 2005.<br />

6. a. zurabaSvili, fsiqiatria, Tb., 1954.<br />

7. l. kvirikaSvili, literaturuli sabuTi<br />

miTologiis asaxsnelad, ,,aRmosavluri<br />

filologia~, I, Tb., 1969.<br />

8. a. daviTiani, eTnografiuli masalebi, iv.<br />

javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnografiis<br />

arqivi, 180, 1939.<br />

9. v. bardaveliZe, saxato miwebi (xelnaweri), iv.<br />

javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />

institutes arqivi, 1949.<br />

10. s. makalaTia, mTiuleTi, Tb., 1930.<br />

11. s. makalaTia, fSavi, Tb., 1939.<br />

165

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12. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. I, Tb.,<br />

1928.<br />

13. v. bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTianeTis <strong>tradiciuli</strong> sazogadoebriv_sakulto<br />

Zeglebi, t. I, fSavi, 1974.<br />

14. Д. Бакрадзе, Сванетия, ЗКОРГО, кн., Тиф., 1864.<br />

15. eqvT. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia<br />

raWa_leCxumSi, 1910, parizi, 1937.<br />

16. m. <strong>burduli</strong>, svaneTis 1980 wlis eTnografiuli<br />

mivlinebis masalebi, dRiuri #2.<br />

17. a. mindaZe, nerviuli daavadebani, Tb., 1984.<br />

18. П. И. Буль, Основы психотерапии, Л., 1974ю<br />

19. Г. Райт, Свидетель колдовства, ,,Маладая гвардия~ 1971.<br />

20. s. guledani, Zveli adaT_zne_Cveulebani zemo<br />

svaneTSi, mestiis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis<br />

arqivi.<br />

21. iRumeni lazare gagniZe, moZRvris Sexedulebani<br />

sazogadoebriv jandacvaze, Jurn. ,,logosi~, III,<br />

2004.<br />

M<br />

166

---

tramvul dazianebaTa mkurnalobis xalxuri<br />

tradiciebi qvemo qarTlSi<br />

xalxuri medicinis dargebs Soris Tavisi racionaluri<br />

meTodebiTa da saSualebebiT gansakuTrebuli adgili<br />

ukavia xalxur qirurgias. EeTnografiuli kvlevis<br />

Tanaxmad aRniSnuli dargis mkurnalebze moTxovnileba<br />

mTian regionebSi ufro meti iyo, vidre barSi. MmTa<br />

Tavisi bunebriv-geografiuli TaviseburebebiTa da<br />

sayofacxovrebo-socialuri yofiT ganapirobrbda<br />

travmebis sixSiresac da maT mkurnalobaze<br />

moTxovnilebasac.<br />

aRniSnuli, ra Tqma unda, sulac ar niSnavs cnobili<br />

dastaqrebis naklebobas barSi. rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

medicinis istoriis mkvlevari mix. Sengelia wers, me_19<br />

s.Ppirvel naxevarSi sayovelTaod ganTqmuli iyvnen<br />

xalxuri dastaqrebi-,,Zmebi iagulaSvilebi, iaSvilebi,<br />

bajiaSvilebi, TurmaniZeebi, zaqaraiebi da sxvebi,<br />

romlebic gvarovnulad gadascemdnen TavianT xelobas<br />

memkvidreebs da patiosnad ekidebodnen tradiciiT<br />

miRebul am keTilSobiur saqmes”(Sengelia, 1970: 238).<br />

qvemo qarTlSi, sofel muxaTSi (TeTri wyaros r_ni)<br />

cxovrobs Zveli droidanve sadastaqro saqmianobiT<br />

cnobiliBbajiaSvilebis gvari. MmaTi zogierTi<br />

warmomadgeneli dResac eweva mama-papur saqmianobas da<br />

sakmao warmatebiTac.<br />

gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi savele eTnografiuli<br />

muSaobisas masala CaviwereT erT-erTi dastaqris –<br />

geurqa bajiaSvilis ojaxSi, romelic im dros ukve<br />

Rrmad moxucebuli iyo da rZali exmareboda<br />

samkurnalo saSualebebis momzadebasada avadmyofTa<br />

mkurnalobaSi. rogorc cnobilia, saqarTveloSixalxuri<br />

mkurnalebi TavianT codnas saidumlod inaxavdnen<br />

damxolod Svilebs (vaJebs) gadascemdnen am tradicias.<br />

167

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gamonaklisiarc bajiaSvilebis gvaria_geurqasTvis<br />

mkurnaloba mamamiss, azarias uswavlebia romelmac,<br />

Tavis mxriv, mamis, zaqariasagan miiRo codna (e. i. Qqvemo<br />

qarTlSi me_19 s_Si moRvaweobdnen zaqaria, azaria da<br />

geurqa bajiaSvilebi), magram am ukanasknelma Tavis<br />

vaJebs veRar gadasca mama_papeuli gamocdileba. me_20<br />

s_is pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli<br />

cnobili movlenebis gamo (sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />

damyarebis Semdeg) aRniSnuli saqmianoba idevneboda da<br />

isjeboda kidec. ramac xalxur mkurnalTa<br />

STamomavlebs winaparTa codnis dauflebis survili<br />

mouspo. zemoaRniSnulis gamo aRarc geurqas vaJma<br />

isurva ojaxuri tradiciis gagrZeleba da mxolod<br />

rZalma(nazi CuguaSvili_bajiaSvili) Seiswavla<br />

mkurnaloba da mamamTilis damxmare gaxda. radgan<br />

miuxedavad akrZalvisa, isini farulad<br />

mainc eweodnen xalxis mkurnalobas, ,,samkurnalod<br />

mosulsUuars ver veubneodiTo”. AaRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

geurqasTan motexiliFfexis samkurnalod TviT raikomis<br />

mdivanic ki misula (anu is visac kanoniT geurqas dasja<br />

evalebda) da masac umkurnalia.BbajiaSvilebi travmul<br />

dazianebaTa garda mraval sxvada_sxva avadmyofobebsac<br />

arCendnen, mag: revmatiul (radikuliti, iSiazi), kanis<br />

daavadebebs mag; egzemas da sxv. Aar mkurnalobdnen<br />

mxolod Sinagan daavadebebs.<br />

travmebis samkuralod bajiaSvilebi amzadebdnen<br />

sxvadasxva saxis wamlebs, motexilobisaTvis iaxos da<br />

SreSs, damwvrobisa<br />

Tvis_malamos da samkurnalo siTxes,<br />

WrilobsaTvis_aseve malamos (sxva Semadgenlobis) da<br />

gansakuTrebul siTxes mosasufTaveblad, romelsac<br />

rogorc Cans aseptikuri Tvisebis iyo da sxv. wamlebis<br />

Semadgenloba da damzadebis teqnologia ga<br />

saidumloebulia dResac, Mmcire gamonaklisis garda, an<br />

amxelen mxolod imas, rac isedac cnobilia. Aase mag:<br />

,,iaxo da SreSi sxva<br />

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Dasxva Semadgenlobisaa, SreSSi ufro cota wamlebia,<br />

iaxoSi ki meti”_o. Aan ,,iaxos SemadgenlobaSi<br />

Sedis_kvercxis guli, arayi da fqvili”_o da a. S.<br />

Aamzadebdnen sami saxis iaxos: daJeJilobis<br />

samkurnalos silurje gamohqonda dazianebuli<br />

qsovilidan; mote<br />

xilobisa da amavardnilobisaTvis ornairi iaxo<br />

hqondaT_civi iaxo_simsivnes acxrobda, ris Semdegac<br />

Savi iaxoTi uxvevdnen.<br />

moZiebuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT SevecdebiT<br />

aRvweroT tramvul dazianebaTa mkurnalobis<br />

bajiaSvilebis meTo<br />

debi.<br />

saxsrebis amovardnilobis mkurnaloba_ rogorc<br />

gadmogvcemen, am saxis dazianebisaTvis hqoniaT<br />

specialuri wamali, romelsac isini ,,mazs” uwodeben.<br />

,,mkurnalobis Cveni meTodi gvaqvs, rogori<br />

amovardnilobacaa ise vudgebiT mkurnalobas, ,,maziT”<br />

gavuzelT, CavagdebT saxsars Tavis adgilze, mere<br />

civi iaxTi SevuxvevT, simsivne rom dacxreba, Tu<br />

saWiro iqneba Savi iaxoTi SevuxvevdiTo”.<br />

NnaRrZob majas SreSiT Seuxvevdnen, igi ,,male<br />

Sreba, magram iaxo ukeTesia_o”. radgan amovardnilobas<br />

xSirad<br />

Tan sdevs ,,ZarRvis ayra”, mis samkurnalod mtkivan<br />

adgils ,,maziT” gauzeldnen, ZarRvis kvanZs ,,abazians”<br />

(liTonis fuli) daadebdnen da ise Seuxvevdnen. Tvlian,<br />

rom yvelaze rTulad samkrnalo idayvisa da koWis<br />

amovardniloba da motexiloba iyo.<br />

mxris saxsris amovardnam ki ,,daSineba” da gameoreba<br />

iciso.<br />

daJeJils etapobrivad mkurnalobdnen: jer<br />

wausvavdnenA<br />

specialur malamos (,,mazs”), Semdeg erTi kvira civ<br />

iaxos ucvlidnen (samjer) da mere ki Sav iaxos<br />

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daafendnen. DdaJeJils mkurnalobdnen agreTve axali,<br />

dabegvili, xorcis dafeniTac.<br />

motexilobis mkurnaloba _ mkurnali motexil Zvals<br />

xeliT<br />

gaasworebda, TiTebiT grZnobda rogor iyo Zvlebi<br />

erTmaneTTan mierTebuli, Semdeg 2_3 fena civ iaxos<br />

Semoaxvevda, garedan ki artaxs daadebda da mWidrod<br />

Sekravda. Tu motexilobas Wrilobac axlda, jer mis<br />

samkurnalo malamos daadebda calke safeniT xolo<br />

Semdeg zemoaRwerili meTodiT umkurnalebda,<br />

gansxvaveba is iyo, rom aseT dros iaxos safens<br />

ufro xSirad,sam dReSi erTxel ucvlidnen.<br />

Mmotexilobas ori kvira civi, Semdeg ki Savi iaxoTi<br />

mkurnalobdnen. Tu motexili Zvali mruded<br />

Sexorcdeboda, amzadebdnen Zvlis ,,damarbilebel”<br />

waals, romelic cudad Sezrdil Zvlebs daacilebda<br />

erTmaneTs, mkurnali ki xelaxla gaasworebda maT da<br />

ise Seaxvevda.<br />

aRwerili meTodis ZiriTadi principia imobilizacia,<br />

rac<br />

Ddamowmebulia saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic. (<strong>burduli</strong>,<br />

1990: 34_35; mindaZe, 1981: 35).<br />

zogadad saqarTveloSi motexilobis mkurnalobis<br />

,,ZiriTadi principiMmotexilobis mkurnalobisa iyo<br />

imobilizacia (artaSani, SreSi, iaxo, kuprieli),---<br />

,,SreSis falasiT” Sexvevis win manipuliatoriK kidurs<br />

sWimavda da asworebda: ,,SreSis falasze” Semoadebdnen<br />

xolme bambas, Semdeg ki iwyebdnen Sexvevas 4_7 ficriani<br />

artaSani sWirdeboda” (raWveliSvili, 1964: 249_250).<br />

damwvroba _ bajiaSvilebi damwvrobis samkurnalod sami<br />

saxis malamosa da ,,safenis siTxes”//,,boTlis wamals”<br />

amzadebdnen. kanis daavadebebisaTvis ki daavadebis<br />

Sesabamis malamoebs (samwuxarod am sakiTxze meti<br />

araferi gviTxres).<br />

Mmastitis _ mastitis mkurnaalobis metnaklebad<br />

srulyofili masala CaviwereT maT mier morCenili<br />

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pacientisagan. ,,geurqa bajiaSvilma mimkurnala. ZuZu<br />

gamisivda da sam adgilze mqonda<br />

gamagrebuli. Zalian mtkioda. EeqimbaSma momisufTava<br />

raRac siTxiT, moyviTalo feris siTxe iyo tkivili<br />

damiamda, mere gamiWra. E es iyo 45 wlis win (masala<br />

Caviwere 1990 wels). daniseburi iaraRi hqonda<br />

wvrili wveriT _imiT CaWra simsivne. maSinve wamovida<br />

sisxli da Cirqi. M mere sxva iaraRiT gaWra erTi<br />

santimetris sigrZis, or adgilze. raRac xsnariT<br />

mombana Wriloba. is iaraRebic, romliTac Wriloba<br />

gaWra im xsnarSi hqonda Cawyobili. Bbamba dagrixa,<br />

malamoTi gaJRinTa da Cado WrilobaSi. P pirvelad<br />

patara siRrmis iyo mere da mere CaRrmavda<br />

YTavisiT Cirqisagan rom daicala. M mesame dRes<br />

gamomicvala WrilobaSi Cadbuli wamliani bamba,<br />

mosawmendad igive siTxe gamoiyena. sul oTxjer<br />

gamomicvala. Bbolos malamo wausva zemodan Wrilobas<br />

da binti daado. Amis Semdeg 2_3 dReSi momirCa”. (mTx.<br />

Eekaterine artemis asuli marqaraSvli<br />

_nikoloziSili, 62 w. 1990).<br />

zemoaRwerli mkurnalobis wesSi daculia rogorc<br />

higienuri pirobebi _ Wrilobisa da iaraRebis<br />

damuSaveba gansakuTrebul<br />

siTxeSi, romelsac rogorc Cans aseptikuri<br />

Tvisebebi unda hqonoda (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />

Wriloba garTuldeboda da bajiaSvilebic aseTi<br />

saxelganTqmuli mkurnalebi aRar iqnebodnen). A<br />

aseve Rrma WrilobisaTvis mizanSewonilia<br />

wamliani ,,bambis//tamponis gamoyeneba romelic<br />

Wrilobas zedapiruli Sexorcebis saSualebas ar<br />

miscemda.<br />

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Rrma Wrilobas analogiuri wesiT mkurnalobdnen<br />

saqarTvElos sxva kuTxeebSi moRvawe saxalxo<br />

mkurnalebic. (mindaZe, 1981: 18_19; <strong>burduli</strong>, 1998: 193_194).<br />

WrilobistamponiT mkurnalobis analogiur meTods<br />

vxvdebiT Zvel qarTul <strong>samedicino</strong> wignebSic, ase mag: ,,<br />

dakodili (Wriloba m.b.)----Tu Rrmad iyos(wamali m.b.)<br />

patruqiT Seudev”. (qananeli, 1940: 391), an ,, Tu isriTa<br />

iyos an SubiT, an xrmliTa, an daniTa,---Tu erTob Rrma<br />

iyos,---(Wriloba m.b.) patruqiTa Seudev wamali ZueliTa<br />

bambiTa, da Tu Rrma ar iyos, bambiTa zeda dasdev<br />

erTxel dilas da erTxel saRamos”. (fanaskertel _<br />

ciciSvili, 1978: 646).<br />

sulxan_saba orbelianis ganmartebT patruqi//patrik<br />

ewodeba<br />

sanTlisa da bambis Clas, (orbeliani, 1966: 613), xolo<br />

Cla aris naZenZi rame. (orbeliani, 1949: 425).<br />

mkurnalobis zemoaRwerili wesi Tanamedrove<br />

medicinaSi tamponiT mkurnalobis analogiuria. Ee.i.<br />

gamarTlebulia. xalxuri mkurnalebi tampobad<br />

iyenebdnen agreTve wamalSi amovlebul qsovilis naWers,<br />

romelsac fanqriseburad daaxvevdnen da Cadebdnen<br />

WrilobaSi. tamponebs iyenebdnen sxva daavadebebis<br />

drosac. Mmag: Zirdedas//Zirmagaras, romelsac jer<br />

mosamwifebeli wamlebiT umkurnalebdnen, Semdeg<br />

neStris dartymiT gaWridnen, amis Semdeg ki tamponiT<br />

SehqondaT wamali. rogorc gadmogvcemen, neStars<br />

operaciamde cecxlze moatarebdnen.<br />

qirurgiul dazianebaTa mkurnalobas qvemo qarTlSi<br />

sxva<br />

saxalxo mkurnalebic misdevdnen, magram, rogorc Cans,<br />

bajiaSvilebis mkurnalobis saidumlo maT mier<br />

damzadebuli wamlebis, malamoebis SemadgenlobaSi unda<br />

veZioT. Aam wamlebis Semadgenlobas da momzadebis<br />

teqnologias ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ojaxi dResac<br />

saidumlod inaxavs. Tumca eTnografiulimasalidan<br />

gamoCnda, rom Zveli sagvareulo codnidan zogi<br />

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ammaTac aRar axsovT, dakargulia. ase mag;_ ,,mamamTilma<br />

icoda”, an,,adre vakeTebdiT”, ,,exla am wamals aRar (an<br />

veRar) vakeTebT” da a.S. ufro savaraudoa rom ar<br />

amxelen saidumlos, Tumca arc is aris gamoricxuli,<br />

rom es ,,daviwyeba” imiTac iyos gamowveuli, rom bevri<br />

daavadebis samkurnalod maT ukve aRar akiTxaven<br />

pacientebi. Zvelad ki, rogorc azaria bajiaSvilis<br />

rZali (geurqas Zmis coli) ixsenebs maT saxlSic<br />

ewvinaT avadmyofebi da adgilze mkurnalobdnen.<br />

AaRsaniSnavia, rom Tu avadmyofi uimedo iyoxels ar<br />

mohkidebdnen, rac maTi profesionalizms kidev erTxel<br />

usvams xazs.<br />

bajiaSvilebi revmatiuli daavadebebisaTvis<br />

amzadebdnen<br />

specialur wamals, romelsac ,,cxare mazs” eZaxdnen. Aam<br />

,,maziT” avadmyofs xerxemlisa da TeZodan fexis<br />

koWebamde, masaJs ukeTebdnen. mkurnalobis dros<br />

avadmyofi loginSi unda woliliyo da ofli moedina.<br />

MmasaJi 20_25 wuTi grZeldeba, ris Semdegac welze<br />

Salis qsovils Semoaxveven da da sami_oTxi dRe<br />

gaaCereben loginSi, radgan es avadmyofoba ,,siciveze,<br />

nervis gaciebiT emarTebaT da siTboze unda mourCeso”.<br />

sainteresoa rom maT praqtikaSi fiqsirdeba iseTi mZime<br />

daavadebebis mkurnalobac, rogoricaa<br />

,,bednieri”//,,Tvali”, egzema da gangrena: ,,roca<br />

gangrenis dasawyisi aqvT, Cirqi da sisxli mosdiT, maSin<br />

modian CvenTan da Cveni malamoTi varCenTo”_<br />

gadmogvcemen bajiaSvilebi. ,,Tvals” veZaxiT daCirqebul<br />

afsks, romelsac SuaSi Savi wertili aqvs, amasac<br />

malamoTi varCenT”.<br />

bajiaSvilebis samkurnalo saqmianobis Sesaxeb<br />

moZiebuli<br />

eTnografiuli masala ver gvaZlevs amomwurav pasuxs<br />

gasagebi mizezebis gamo, Tumca mainc miuTiTebs maT<br />

sakmaod maRal profesiul doneze. MmaT mier<br />

gamoyenebuli samkurnalo saSualebebiDda meTodebi,<br />

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cxadia karg Sedegs iZleoda, amitom sargeblobdnenN<br />

damsaxurebuli pativiscemiTa da avroritetiT sxva<br />

mkurnalebTan SedarebiT.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, qvemo qarTlis <strong>qarTuli</strong> mosaxleoba<br />

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan sxvadasxva dros aris<br />

mosuli.<br />

migrantebs Tan CamohqondaT Tav_TavianTi kuTxeebisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli mkurnalobis elementebi, riTac<br />

gaamdidres xalxuri medicinis adgilobrivi tradicia.<br />

Aase mag; sofel javaxSi (dmanisis r_ni) cxovroben<br />

javaxeTidan Camosaxlebuli aduaSvilebi. GgadmocemiT<br />

am gvarSi <strong>samedicino</strong> codnis damkvidreba XVIs_idan<br />

iRebs saTaves. ,,petre xarisWiraSvilis winapari<br />

aduaSvili yofila, romelic ,,xaris Cirqisagan”<br />

adamianebs acrebs utarebda da aqedan miviReT<br />

xatisWiraSvilebis gvario”. zemoT motanili cnoba<br />

metad sainteresoa, radgan rogorc cnobilia<br />

saqarTveloSi Zveli droidanve tardeboda yvavils<br />

acra, variolacia. AaRsaniSnavia, rom garda travmul<br />

dazianebaTa mkurnalobisa,AaduaSvilebi atarebdnen enis<br />

,,aWris” operaciasac. ,,ena dabmuli”//,,ena falTaki //<br />

enablu” rom iyo bavSvi operacias neStriT ukeTebdnen.<br />

qvemo qarTlSi mcxovrebi xalxuri mkurnalebi travmul<br />

dazianebebs ZiriTadSi sworad da zemoT aRwerili<br />

(bajiaSvilebis) meTodebiT mkurnalobdnen.<br />

samkurnalo saSualebebic ZirTadad sworad iyo<br />

SerCeuli, magram zogjer ,,eqimbaSi”upiratesad im<br />

nivTierebas iyenebda, romelic mis kuTxeSi (mesxeTi,<br />

raWa, imereTi, mTiuleTi, da sxv) iyo cnobili ase mag;<br />

axalqalaqis raionidan, gardabnis raionSi<br />

gadmosaxlebuli eqimbaSi, maro beriZe, mastitis<br />

samkurnalo wamlis SemadgenlobaSi urevs TuTis<br />

baqmazs, romelic qvemo qarTlisaTvissaerTod ucnobia,<br />

mesxeTSi ki didi popularobiT sargeblobsrogorc<br />

sxvadasva avadmyofobis dros uebari wamali (TuTis<br />

wvens xarSaven imden xans, sanam TafliviT blant siTxes<br />

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ar miiReben). Aaqve aRvniSnavT, rom bajiaSvilebis garda<br />

qvemo qarTlSi sxva eqimbaSebi wamlis Semadgenlobis<br />

saidumlos mkacradaRar icaven. Yyovel SemTxvevaSi<br />

nawilobriv mainc gvimxeln malamoebis, Sesazeli Tu<br />

dasalevi wamlebis Semadgenel igredientebsa da<br />

damzadebis teqnologias. MmoviyvanT ramdenimeMmagaliTs:<br />

maro beriZis mier momzadebuli mastitis<br />

samkurnalo malamo Semdegi Semadgenlobisaa: kvercxis<br />

guli (cilis gareSe), naxevari Wiqa (100grami) TuTis<br />

baqmazi,an Tafli,erTi sufris kovzi Saqris fxvnili da<br />

xorblis fqvili. Aam nivTierebebs Seurevda erTimeores<br />

daafenda naWerze da Seuxvevdagasiebul ZuZus.<br />

Wrlobis samkurnalo malamos ki ase amzadeben: aiReben<br />

,,saWmel zeTs ( adre selis zeTs) karaqs da sanTels.<br />

Kkaraqs da zeTs erTad wamoaduRebdnen, sanTels calke<br />

gaadnobdnen da Seazeldnen erTmaneTs. Ddoza<br />

miaxloebiTi iyo _ erTi Rvinis Wiqa zeTi, 100 grami<br />

karaqi da erTi kvercxis wona sanTeli.<br />

damwvrobis malamo: mzesumziris gacxelebul zeTSi<br />

CaWridnen sanTels, umarilo karaqs da Txis qons,<br />

aduRebdnenMmcire xans da Seinaxavdnen. Ddamwvrobis<br />

samkurnalo malamo SedarebiT Txeli iyo. damwvrobas<br />

etapobrivad mkurnalobdnen: jer sicxis ,,gamosayvan”<br />

saSualebebs (kangaclili daReRqvili kartofili, an<br />

RvinoSi, an ZmarSi ,,mocomili” simindis fqvili)<br />

daafendnen da xSirxSirad ucvlidnen ,,sanam damwvari<br />

aipepkeboda”, Semdeg ki malamoTi mkurnalobdnen.<br />

Eetapobrivad mimdinareobda ZirmagarasMmkurnalobac:<br />

amzadebdnen iaris ,,mosamwifebel”, gasaxeTq daMmosarCen<br />

wamlebs. Aam mizniT iyenebdnen mayvlis foTols, Semwvar<br />

xaxvs, selis fafas, sapnisa da puris xaSis (safuaris)<br />

nazavsa da bolos malamos. Mmalamos SemadgenlobaSi<br />

samkurnaloBbalaxebis fqvilsac urevdnen.<br />

motexilobis samkurnalod qvemo qarTlSi iyenebdnen<br />

mcenare saros//laSqaras (Symphytum cavcasicum MB). Mmis<br />

Zirebs daCeCqvavdnen (am bolo dros xorcis sakepSi<br />

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gaatarebdnen). gaSrobis Semdeg safeni mkvrivdeboda da<br />

TabaSiris msgavs efeqts iZleoda _ axdenda<br />

motexilobis imobilizacias.<br />

sainteresoa cudad Sexorcebuli ,,Zvlis<br />

dasarbileblad~ mcenare svintris P(Poligonatum multiflorum<br />

L.) gamoyeneba. Svintris daCeCqvil fesvs daadebdnen Zvlis<br />

Sexorcebis adgils, garkveuli drois Semdeg<br />

,,darbilebul Zvals~ gaasworebdnen da ganagrZnobdnen<br />

mkurnalobas. aRniSnuli mizniT kalmaxic gamoiyeneboda.<br />

Axlad daWeril kalmaxs daCeCqvavdnen da arasworad<br />

Sezrdil Zvals daadebdnen. Ramdenime xnis Semdag isic<br />

,,Slida Sexorcebul Zvlebs~. Sesworebis Semdeg kvlav<br />

iaxos da artaxs adebdnen.<br />

moZiebuli eTnografiuli masala warmoaCens qvemo<br />

qarTlis xalxuri samkurnalo tradiciebis<br />

racionalurobas. travmul dazianebaTa mkurnalobis<br />

meTodebi da etapobrivi Tanmimdevroba ki<br />

gamarTlebulia Tanamedrove medicines TvalsazrisiTac.<br />

,,dalaqebi~ qvemo qarTlSi qirurgiul mkurnalobaze<br />

sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia SevexoT<br />

e.w. ,,dalaqTa~ saqmoanobasac. Aq ,,dalaqis~ samkurnalo<br />

sfero kbilis amoRebiTa da ,,sisxlis gamoSvebiT~<br />

Semoifargleboda. aRniSnuli miznebisaTvismaT hqondaT<br />

kbilis amosaRebi specialuri ,,gazi~ da ,,sisxlis<br />

gamosaRebi~ ,,nestari~. Nestari patara piriani<br />

xanjliseburi wveris mqone iaraRi iyo. sisxls<br />

,,uRebdnen~ wurbelebis saSualebiTac _ ,,arami~ sisxli<br />

gamohqondao wurbelas. Sisxlis gamoRebas mimarTavdnen<br />

sxvadasxva daavadebebis dros: Tavis tkivilebi,<br />

Tvalebis dawiTleba, venebis gaganiereba da a. S. Tavis<br />

tkivilebis gamo wurbeliT sisxlis ,,gamoRebis~ dros<br />

adamians kefaze moparsavdnen Tmas da sam wurbelas<br />

daasvamdnen. ,,pirvelad sul Savi sisxli gamohqondaT,<br />

meored cota amRvreuli iyo kidev sisxli da amitom<br />

mesamedac sWirdeboda. erT kviraSi samjer<br />

gaumeorebdnen~._gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi. nestriT<br />

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sisxls safeTqlidan//,,yurmalidan~ uRebdnen. ,,visac<br />

,,venebis gaganiereba hqonda, Tavis tkivili awuxebda, an<br />

kani uSavdeboda nestris uecari dartymiT ZarRvs<br />

gauWrida ,,dalaqi~ da sisxls gamouRebda. venas sigrZiv<br />

gasWrida, rom siganiT ar gadaWriliyo ZarRvi. venebis<br />

gaganierebis dros mimarTavdnen sisxlis gamoRebis<br />

orive xerxs. zogierTi ,,dalaqi~ simsivnis<br />

mkurnalobasac eweoda, mag; ZuZus (mastitis dros)<br />

gauWrida nestriT.<br />

sainteresoa rom scodniaT ,,dalaqabis~ saqmianobis<br />

Taviseburi anazRaureba: ,,zafxulSi kaloze puris<br />

le3wvis dros garkveuli odenobis xorbals aZlevdnen<br />

_ Zvelad litras, mogvianebiT ki (XX s. 30_iani wlebi)<br />

rva litras (naxevari fuTi).<br />

Rogorc davinaxeT, qvemo qarTlSi ,,dalaqebis~<br />

saqmianoba mkacrad Semofarglulia (kbilis amoReba,<br />

,,sisxlis gamoReba~). saqarTvelos zogierTkuTxeSi ki,<br />

mag; leCxumSi, igi yvela saxis qirurgiul dazianebas<br />

mkurnalobs _ dastaqaria.<br />

Folk Traditions of Treatment of Traumatic in Injuries in Kvemo Kartli<br />

Summary<br />

A folk surgeru is well known in the treatment of traumatic injuries with its rational<br />

means and methods The Bajiashvilebi – one of the well known, folk doctors lived<br />

in kvemo kartli. ( village Mukhati, tetri Tskaro region). The authority they had<br />

among people was caused with their medical achievements and treatment results.<br />

The Bajiashvilebi treated all kinds of traumatic injuries and some other (besides<br />

inner) diseases The means and methods used by them, were similar to the<br />

medical knowledge giwen in the old Georgian medical book (Karabadini). It is also<br />

approved by modern medicine.<br />

177

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The other folk doctors also lived in Kwemo Kartli. One part of population there was<br />

from different parts of Georgia. The volk doctors broudht different elements of<br />

treatment from their regions and enriched the local traditions of folk medicine.<br />

G<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura<br />

1. <strong>burduli</strong> 1990_ m. <strong>burduli</strong>, xalxuri medicina<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi (svanuri eTnografiuli<br />

masalis mixedviT) sakandidato disertacia, Tb.,<br />

1990.<br />

2. <strong>burduli</strong> 1998 _ m. <strong>burduli</strong>, travmebis mkurnaloba<br />

svaneTsa da leCxumSi (eTnografiuli masalebis<br />

mixedviT), Tsu axalcixis filialis ,,Sromebi~, I<br />

Tbilisi_axalcixe, 1998.<br />

3. mindaZe 1981 _ n. mindaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri<br />

medicina (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa<br />

eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT) Tb., 1981.<br />

4. orbeliani 1949 _ s.s. orbeliani, sityvis kona, Tb.,<br />

1949.<br />

5. orbeliani 1966 – s.s. orbeliani, leqsikoni<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong>, wigni I. 1966.<br />

6. raWveliSvili 1964 _ b. raWveliSvili,<br />

racionaluri elementi qarTul xalxur<br />

medicinaSi, krb. qarTveli xalxis yofa da<br />

<strong>kultura</strong>, Tb., 1964.<br />

7. fanaskertel ciciSvili 1978 _ z.<br />

fanaskertel_ciciSvili, samkurnalo wigni,<br />

karabadini, Tb., 1978.<br />

8. Sengelia 1970 _ mix. Sengelia, <strong>qarTuli</strong> medicines<br />

istoria, Tb., 1970.<br />

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travmebis mkurnalobis istoriidan<br />

(svani ,,aqimebi~)<br />

svaneTi, saqarTvelos erT_erTi yvelaze maRalmTiani<br />

da umSvenieresi kuTxe, mdebareobs kavkasionis mTavari<br />

qedis centraluri nawilis samxreT kalTebze da<br />

kavkasionis paraleluri svaneTis qedis orive kalTaze.<br />

svaneTis miwa_wyali saqarTvelos teritoriis 7%_s ar<br />

aRemateba, magram igi <strong>qarTuli</strong> eTnikuri samyaros,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturisa da saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

ganviTarebis erT_erTi uZvelesi keraa. miuxedavad<br />

maRalmTianobisa, mravalricxovani sauReltexilo<br />

gzebiT svaneTs mWidro urTierToba hqonda saqarTvelos<br />

sxva kuTxeebTan. albaT amitomac, svanuri <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

tradiciebis Seswavla da Sedareba saqarTvelos sxva<br />

kuTxeebTan da qarTul <strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerebTan<br />

(karabadinebTan), saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom<br />

igi kuTxuri karCaketilobiT ki ar xasiaTdeba, aramed<br />

organuladaa dakavSirebuli saerTo qarTulTan,<br />

rogorc mkurnalobis meTodebis, ise samkurnalo<br />

saSualebebis mixedviT.<br />

eTnografiuli masala cxadyofs, rom xalxuri<br />

medicina svaneTSi, gansakuTrebiT ki qirurgiuli<br />

mkurnaloba, sakmaod maRal doneze idga. xalxuri<br />

qirurgiis upirates ganviTarebas mravali faqtori<br />

ganapirobebda. erT_erTi iyo travmebis sixSire, rac<br />

gamowveuli iyo bunebriv_geografiuli pirobebiT<br />

(zvavebis sixSire, qvaTa cvena da sxv.) da<br />

zne_CveulebebiT (sisxlis aReba), xolo_ travmul<br />

dazianebaTa TvalsaCinoeba xalxur mkurnalebs<br />

uadvilebda maT morCenas.<br />

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svaneTSi aqims travmebis mkurnals eZaxdnen. termin<br />

aqimis garda gamoiyeneba meore saxelwodebac _<br />

muHCov//mkurnali.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri mkurnalobis tradiciisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebelia <strong>samedicino</strong> codnis gasaidumloeba,<br />

profesiuli codnis mamidan Svilze gadacema.<br />

Ggamonaklisi arc svaneTia. samkurnalo saqmis codniT<br />

zemo svaneTSi cnobili gvarebia: margvelanebi (kalis<br />

sazogadoeba), xergianebi (mestia), gviWianebi (latali) da<br />

gujejianebi (gujejianebis Sesaxeb cnobebi momawoda<br />

eTnografma r. gujejianma) (eceris Temi). aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom aqimobis tradicia mTeli gvarisaTvis ar iyo<br />

xelmisawvdomi _ igi garkveuli ganStoebis<br />

(mamiSvilobis) prioritets warmoadgenda. Mmama Tavis<br />

codnas mxolod vaJiSvils gadascemda. ,,eqimi mama Svils<br />

uanderZebs Tavis xelobas, rogorc samkvidrebels da<br />

Tu Svili ara hyavs cols. iSviaTia, rom ZmamZmas<br />

gauziaros Tavisi codna~1 _gadmogvcems b. niJaraZe.<br />

svanuri gadmocemebis mixedviT, samkurnalo<br />

saqmianobis swavleba gvels ukavSirdeba. Mmsgavsi<br />

Tqmulebebi uZvelesi droidan iyo gavrcelebuli mTel<br />

saqarTveloSi. Yyovel maTganSi gveli saeqimo sibrZnis<br />

mcodnedaa miCneuli, romlisganac xalxi gaecno<br />

samkurnalo mcenareTa Tvisebebs.<br />

svani aqimebi (dastaqrebi) kargad iyvnen<br />

daostatebulni Wrilobis da sxva saxis travmebis<br />

mkurnalobaSi, akeTebdnen rTul operaciebs: Zvlis<br />

gadanergva, Tavis qalis trepanacia _ defeqtis adgilas<br />

spilenZis firfitis Cadgma da sxv.<br />

svani aqimebis ostatobaze metyvelebs, rogorc<br />

werilobiTi, ise savele eTnografiuli ise savele<br />

eTnografiuli masala. s. guledani wers, rom ,,rodesac<br />

kacs Wrilobis gamo Tavis Zvlis nawili amovardnia,<br />

maSin aqimebs es Zvlis naklovaneba daufaravT<br />

spilenZiT, romelic Tavis qalasTvis miuerTebiaT<br />

imgvarad, rom Zvlis magivroba gauwevia da Sezrdia<br />

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Zvals. Aamnair Tavs hqvia ,,naCiarv~, e. i.<br />

spilenZSeduRebuli. spilenZnarevi Tavis patroni<br />

Cveulebriv saR azrze da janze iyo da sakvirvelia da<br />

samwuxaro misi (mkurnalobis receptis _ m.b.) dakargva~2.<br />

imave cnobas ufro adre gadmogvcems b. niJaraZe3,<br />

xolo savele muSaobis dros aRniSnuli faqti Cvenc<br />

davadastureT. vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovania TviT termin<br />

,,naCiarv~//spilenZSeduRebulis arseboba, rogorc Cans es<br />

mxolod erTjeradi SemTxveva ar unda yofiliyo.<br />

Zemoxsenebuli yuradRebas imiTac imsaxurebs, rom igi<br />

Tanamedrove medicinaSi gavrcelebuli aloplastikuri<br />

operaciis identuria, romlis drosac gamoyenebulia<br />

ucxo sxeuli _ spilos Zvali, oqro, vercxli da sxv.4.<br />

Tavis qalas Zvlis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi spilenZis<br />

Cadgmis Sesaxeb cnobebs qarTul literaturaSic<br />

vxvdebiT. _ ,,kaci erTi omSi damwyvdeoda. Tavis WaSa<br />

srulobiT damsxvreuli hqonda. Igi Zvali aRar moebmoda<br />

srulobiT, Zvali gamoviRe da Zvlisa wil spilenZi<br />

Cavudev. SeduRda da man kacman didi xani icocxla~5.<br />

Aaqimebs TavianTi saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad<br />

adgilobrivi mWedlebis mier damzadebuli qirurgiuli<br />

iaraRebi hqondaT: xistariani dana, romelsac 2_4 sm_is<br />

sigrZis foladis Txeli piri hqonda; makratlis formis<br />

iaraRi _ ,,wkali~, romliTac tampons iRebdnen an<br />

debdnen WrilobaSi; ,,marwuxi~ (gazis formis iaraRi),<br />

romelsac iyenebdnen Wrilobidan damsxvreuli Zvlebis<br />

amosaRebad; patara, moxrili, Txeli da wvrilpiriani<br />

dana_ ,,wkiparti~_ sisxlis ZarRvis gasaWreli da sxv.<br />

Svani aqimebi muSaobis dawyebis win iaraRebs an<br />

ornaxadi aryiT wmendnen, an cecxlze moatarebdnen.<br />

Wamals saqonlis rqaSi, an Tavsaxuravian xis WiqaSi<br />

debdnen d axis patara kidobanSi (kibdon) awyobdnen, aqve<br />

inaxavdnen parkebiT samkurnalo mcenareTa fxvnils da<br />

samkurnalo qvebs.<br />

svaneTSi aqimisaTvis misacemi mkurnalobis safasuri<br />

Wrilobis samZimisa dam is mosarCenad gaweuli Sromis<br />

181

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mixedviT, adaTobrivi samarTliT iyo gansazRvruli.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, travmebis sixSiris erT_erTi<br />

mizezi sisxlis aRebis Cveuleba iyo. moSuRarTa<br />

Serigebis process aqimic eswreboda, romelic daWrilis<br />

mdgomareobas moaxsenebda Suamavlebs. Aaqimis<br />

gasamrjelo damWrels unda gadaexada. Tu aqimi<br />

daWrils Wrilobidan Zvals amouRebda ( mag: Tavis<br />

Wrilobidan), maSin gadasaxadi izrdeboda, ,,amnairi<br />

Wriloba metad fasobda, radgan sircxvil_wvalebis<br />

(sazRauris m. b.) garda, damWrels unda gadaexada<br />

daWrilis mier eqimbaSisaTvis micemuli Tanxa, rac<br />

aramcire raodenobas udrida, ase rom,amnairi Wrilobis<br />

safasuri naxevari ,,woris~ (wori _ sisxlis safasuri<br />

mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, rac svaneTis sxvadasxva TemSi<br />

gansxvavebuli iyo) safasurs udrida~6. g. gasvianis<br />

azriT, termini ,,wor~ unda momdinareobdes swor_idan<br />

da fasis gadaxda _miRebiT gasworebas unda niSnavdes7.<br />

Aaqimis gasamrjelos Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT cnobebs<br />

gvawvdis b. niJaraZe: ,,pirvel mowvevaze eqims eZleva<br />

erTi ,,lerqvaSi~ (1 man.), romelsac xeWiks eZaxian. Eeqimi<br />

avadmyofTan unda iyos da amis xarjze cxovrobdes aqa.<br />

Tu ise moxda, rom mosarCeni eqimisqs aris, maSin is<br />

iRebda Tavis da avaadmyofis roWiks8. eqims eZleva<br />

msubuqi WrilobisaTvis 3_8 maneTamde, xanjliT<br />

daWrilisagan Tu Zvlebamde aris Wriloba dasuli 10<br />

maneTamde, Tu daWrils aso gauxma (xeli an fexi) _3 man;<br />

Tofit daWrilisagan _ Tu tyvia asoSia gasuli _ erTi<br />

xari, durblisa da mWamelis morCenaSi _ 60 maneTamdea.<br />

morCenis Semdeg eqims saCuqari unda mierTos, da Tu ra<br />

saCuqari iqneba, kaczea damokidebuli, Tu Wriloba isev<br />

ganuaxlda, eqimma usasyidlod unda ueqimos~9.<br />

aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom b. niJaraZe uSualod<br />

icnobda savan aqimebs da zogierT maTganTan<br />

naTesauradac iyo dakavSirebuli, amdenad misi cnobebi<br />

sarwmuno da metad mniSvnelovania ramdenime mosazrebiT:<br />

1) cnobilia, rom svani aqimebi TavianT codnas Zalze<br />

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ufrTxildebodnen da saidumlod inaxavdnen _ codnis<br />

sxvisTvis gadacema warmoudgeneli iyo. amitom bevri ram<br />

xalxisTvis ucnobi darCa da Cvenamde ver moaRwia.<br />

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom Cvens mier mopovebuli<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT gansxvavebul<br />

situaciasTan gvaqvs saqme qvemo svaneTSi. xalxis<br />

mexsierebaSi SemorCenil mkurnalTa umravlesoba sul<br />

sxvadasxva gvarisaa, romelTac erTimeorisagan<br />

uswavliaT mkurnalobis saSualebebi da meTodebi.<br />

SesaZlebelia es gansxvaveba gviani xanis movlena iyos.<br />

Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom<br />

mkurnalobis sxvisTvis swavleba, gamonaklisis saxiT,<br />

zemo svaneTSic mowmdeba (roca aqims memkvidre ar<br />

rCeboda). aseT SemTxvevaSic aqimi Tavisi codnis<br />

mxolod nawils gadascemda Segirds (Tavisi gvarisas!),<br />

risTvisac garkveul gasamrjelos Rebulobda. ,,Tavisi<br />

Segirdisagan eqimi iRebs swavlebisaTvis Zroxas, xars,<br />

cxens da metsac. Kargi eqimi mxolod mcired codnas<br />

gauziarebs Segirds da ara yvelafers~10.<br />

2) irkveva ara marto aqimis avadmyofTan miyvanis,<br />

aramed aqimis binaze mkurnalobis faqtic, rac<br />

eTnografiuli masaliTac dasturdeba, kerZod<br />

gviWianebis ojaxSi.<br />

3) b. niJaraZe aRniSnavs, rom svani aqimebi didi<br />

gasamrjelos fasad mkurnalobdnen kanis daavadebis<br />

umZimes formas _ mWamelas. medicinaSi mWamela<br />

cnobilia, rogorc kanis tuberkuliozuri daavadeba. is<br />

axalgazrdul asakSi Cndeba da xangrZlivi qronikuli<br />

mimdinareobiT gamoirCeva11. asRniSnul daavadebas s. s.<br />

orbeliani ase ganmartavs: mWameli _ wyluli, kirCxibi,<br />

wylulia mometebuli, avi wyluli12. ,,mWamela~ _ Tavisi<br />

garegnuli niSnebiTa da avadmyofobis mimdinareobiT<br />

waagavs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi damowmebul<br />

kanis daavadebas _ ,,sidamples~13, romelis asese<br />

mourCenel daavadebad miaCndaT. Cven mier mopovebuli<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, aRniSnuli daavadeba<br />

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xSiri ar iyo, Tumca, Tu vinme daavaddeboda amiT, igi<br />

ganwiruli iyo.<br />

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Tuki aRniSnuli daavadebis<br />

morCenisaTvis svanuri adaTobrivi samarTliT<br />

gansazRvruli iyo yvelaze maRali gasamrjelo, rasac b.<br />

niJaraZe adasturebs, svan aqimebs hqondaT am senis<br />

morCenis precendenti.<br />

svani aqimebi TavianT mfarvelad wm. Barbares<br />

Tvlidnen. ,,zagralSi (adgilia latalSi _ m.b.) gvaqvs<br />

salocavi barboli. iq vloculobT xolme _ ,,Seni xelis<br />

naxlebad gadaiqces Cveni xelnaxlebi avadmyofio~.<br />

samSabaTobiT vloculobT xolme, lemzirebs (salocav<br />

purebs) gamovacxobT, sanTels avanTebT. Barboli<br />

tkivilebis RmerTia da is aCen Cvens TemSi iseTs,<br />

romelsac aqimoba ecodineba. iman dagviwera, rom<br />

gviWianebma icodnen mkurnaloba, kargi xelis iyvneno~<br />

(mTxr. saCxi gviWiani. Llatali).<br />

cnobilia, rom balszemour_qvemo svanuri<br />

rwmena_warmodgenebis mixedviT, RvTaeba barbal_is<br />

erT_erTi ZiriTadi funqcia mkurnalobaa, amitom mas<br />

barbal kurnal da barbal eqmaS epiTetebiT<br />

moixseniebdnen~14.<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze pativcemuli pirovneba svaneTSi<br />

aqimi iyo. mis ojaxs mtrobas iSviaTad gaubedavdnen.<br />

,,sufrasTan dasajdomad pativsacemi xalxisaTvis<br />

,,saskam~ gvqonda, aqimi Tu gvstumrobda im skamze<br />

davsvamdiT~ -gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aqimis ojaxTan mtrobas<br />

eridebodnen, magram, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aqimi<br />

mkurnalobaze uars mtersac ar etyoda. ,,aqimi, pap_i<br />

(mRvdeli) da mWedeli yvelasiao~_ ambobda xalxi.<br />

zemoTqmulis naTeli dadasturebaa gujejianebis<br />

aqimobis Sesaxeb arsebuli masala _ balsqvemo svaneTSi<br />

yvelaze cnibili aqimi sieS gujejiani yofila,<br />

romelsac batoni Semoakvda da iZulebuli gaxda<br />

eceridan ayriliyo, magram dadeSqelianebma mdevari<br />

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daadevnes Turme da meore batoniSvilis morCenaSi<br />

(romelic faris Stos dadeSqelianebma daWres)<br />

xelSeuxeblobis garantiac misces da sacxovrebeli<br />

saxlic aCuqes.<br />

am cnobidan Cans, rom aqimis profesia metad<br />

pativcemuli iyo.<br />

saeqimo codnis memkvidreobiToba, saeqimo gadasaxadis<br />

normaTa gansazRvra, TviT aqimobis swavlebis faqti,<br />

aqimis mier Tavisi avtoritetis gafrTxileba _ aqimi<br />

jer daaTvalierebda Wrilobas, avadmyofis saerTo<br />

mdgomareobas da Tu morCenis imedi ar hqonda, xels ar<br />

mohkidebda _ safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom<br />

svaneTSi iyvnen ,,profesionali~ aqimebi (dastaqrebi).<br />

maTi ostatobis Sesaxeb XIX s_idan mogvepoveba<br />

werilobiTi cnobebi. Bb. niJaraZe wers: ,,quTaisSi erTi<br />

fexmomsxvreuli svani miiyvanes samkurnalod. Eqimebma<br />

gadawyvites fexi moeWraT, svani ar daTanxmda, gaswia<br />

gviWianTan da man moarCina~15.<br />

srulyofili suraTis warmosadgenad, eTnografiul<br />

masalaze dayrdnobiT mokled aRvwerT im samkurnalo<br />

saSualebebsa da meTodebs, riTac svani aqimebi travmebs<br />

mkurnalobdnen.<br />

Wrilobis mkurnalobas misi gasufTavebiT iwyebdnen,<br />

risTvisac iyenebdnen, risTvisac iyenebdnen ornaxad<br />

arrays, marilwyals, anaduRar wyals, mcenare<br />

qristesisxlas (Chelidonium majus L.) wvens, kanafis<br />

(Cannabis), xvarTqla (Conoonvulus aroensis.), mravalZarRvas<br />

(Plantago major L,) da sxv. F<br />

fxvnils ayridnen, xolo did sisxlmden Wrilobaze, Tu<br />

SesaZlebeli iyo laxts adandnen.<br />

Ddidi da Rrma Wrilobis samkurnalod sxvadasxva saxis<br />

malamo gamoiyeneboda. Malamoebs amzadebdnen naZvis<br />

(Picea), fiWvis (Pinus Sillofrish L.) an soWis (Abiss) fisis,<br />

saqonlis (Zroxis, Txis, Roris) umarilo qonis, Taflisa<br />

da Taflis sanTlisagan, romelSic urevdnen agreTve<br />

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sxvadasxva samkurnalo qvebisa da balaxebis fxvnils.<br />

malamoSi Semavali samkurnalo mcenareebi<br />

gasaidumloebulia. rac Seexeba samkurnalo qvebs, isini<br />

sxvadasxva feris da daniSnulebis iyo: TeTri feris qva<br />

_ Wrilobas asufTavebda da arCenda, da ,,mosarCen<br />

wamals~, xolo mowiTalo feris qvas, romelic<br />

,,gafuWebul xorcs mosWamda~ _ wiTel wamals eZaxdnen.<br />

daCirqebuli Wrilobis samkurnalod gansxvavebul<br />

malamos amzadebdnen, romelic ufro mkvrivi da webovani<br />

iyo. mas ,,kaxvras~ eZaxdnen.<br />

Rrma WrilobaSi wamali ,,patruqiT~ (tamponi)<br />

SehqondaT, romelsac Taflis sanTlis, aryis xis<br />

wvrili totis an abedis sokosagan amzadebdnen.<br />

WrilobasTan erTad Tu Zvali gatexilic iyo, Zvlis<br />

namsxvrevebi specialuri iaraRiT _marwuxiT amohqondaT.<br />

daWrilis mkurnaliobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira<br />

kvebas da Sesaferisi garemos Seqmnas.<br />

unda iTqvas, rom svani ,,aqimebis~ Mmier Wrilobis<br />

samkurnalod gamoyenebuli samkurnalo mcenareebi Tu<br />

sxva nivTierebebi (Tafli, Taflis sanTeli, cximi da<br />

sxv.) mdidaria sxvadasxva vitaminebiT, eTerovani<br />

zeTebiT, cximovani mJavebiT. axasiaTebT baqteriociduli<br />

da aseptikuri Tvisebebi, rac Wrilobis inficirebas<br />

xels uSlis da qsovilis aRdgena_regeneracias axdens.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom aqimebi zogierT<br />

daavadebas, mag.: kanqveS simsivnur warmonaqmns,<br />

operaciuli CareviTac mkurnalobdnen.<br />

svaneTisa da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis xalxuri<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> tradiciebis msgavseba, gansakuTrebiT<br />

travmul daavadebaTa mkurnalobis meTodebisa da<br />

saSualebebis identuroba <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

xelnawerebis (karabadinebis) damsaxurebad migvaCnia.<br />

cnobilia, rom xelnaweri karabadinebi saqarTvelos<br />

yvela kuTxeSi iyo gavrcelebuli. Bunebrivad Cndeba<br />

kiTxva, iyo Tu ara SesaZlebeli, rom svan aqimebsac<br />

hqonodaT isini? eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, es<br />

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ealuria ramdenime momentis gamo _ svaneTSifarTodaa<br />

gavrcelebuli karabadinebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

terminologia; aqimTa mier travmebis mkurnalobaSi<br />

gamoyenebuli xerxebi da meTodebi msgavsia<br />

karabadinebSi damowmebuli codnisa. Dda bolos,<br />

marTalia, velze muSaobis dros, uSualod ver<br />

davamowmeT, magram gadmocemiT, zogierT aqims<br />

(xergianebsa da gujejianebs) hqonia xelnaweri<br />

karabadinebi.<br />

zemoTqmuls Tu svaneTis istoriul rolsac<br />

davumatebT, maSin es azri ufro damajerebeli gaxdeba.<br />

cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos gansacdelis Jams ,,svaneTi<br />

gadaqceula misi saeklesio simdidrisa da Zveli<br />

naSTebis saxizrad da damcvelad, da svaneTsac Tavisi<br />

mZime misia Rirseulad Seusrulebia~16.<br />

istorikosebis azriT, feodaluri xanis svaneTis<br />

kulturuli done barisas ar Camouvardeboda17. raSic<br />

mniSvnelovani wvlili svaneTSi arsebul<br />

mravalricxovan eklesiebs miuZRviT, romlebic saves iyo<br />

saeklesio wignebiTa da sxva Zvirfasi saeklesio Tu<br />

saero nivTebiT18, da romlebic, swavla_ganaTlebis<br />

kerebic unda yofiliyo.<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT _,,.... ecerSi (b/qv.<br />

svaneTi) ....ars eklesia svetad wodebuli, saxizari<br />

sveticxovlis samkaul_saunjisa~19.<br />

sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom am ,,saxizar nivTebs~<br />

Soris karabadinebic yofiliyo. miTumetes, rom<br />

sasuliero wodeba saqarTveloSi samkurnalo<br />

saqmianobasac eweoda da karabadinebis gadamwerebic<br />

ZiriTadad isini iyvnen.<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia TviT karabadinebis struqturac.<br />

isini ise iyo Sedgenili, rom misiT sargebloba ara<br />

marto eqims, aramed nebismier dainteresebul pirsac<br />

SeeZlo. davit batoniSvili ,,iadigar daudis~ SesavalSi<br />

wers: ,,Tu kaci aseTsa alagsa avad gaxdes, romel aqimi<br />

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da Semtyobi kaci ar iyos, ese wigni daidvan wina da ama<br />

wigniTa uaqimon~20.<br />

zemoaRniSnuli, vfiqrobT xes uwyobda saqarTveloSi<br />

karabadinebis farTod gavrcelebas da Sesabamisad,<br />

ganapirobebda xalxuri medicinis maRal<br />

profesionalizms. Aamis Tqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs is<br />

faqti, rom aqimebis mier travmebis samkurnalod<br />

gamoyenebuli meTodebis da saSualebebis umravlesoba<br />

Tanamedrove medicinis TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebulia.<br />

Lliteratura da SeniSvnebi:<br />

1. b. niJaraZe (Tavisufali svani),<br />

istoriul_eTnografiuli werilebi, wigni I, Tb.,<br />

1962, gv. 170.<br />

2. s. guledani, Zveli adaT_zne_Cveulebani zemo<br />

svaneTSi, xelnaweri, mestiis mxareTmcodneobis<br />

muzeumis fondi, gv.67.<br />

3. b. niJaraZe, dasax. naSr., gv.172.<br />

4. s. abaSiZe, l. abaSiZe, rusul_laTinur_<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, Tb., 1973.<br />

5. s._s orbeliani, wigni sibrZne_sicruisa,<br />

,,<strong>qarTuli</strong> proza~, V, Tb., 1983, gv. 102.<br />

6. s. guledani, dasax. naSr., gv. 65.<br />

7. g. gasviani, dasavleT saqarTvelos nTianeTis<br />

istoriidan, Tb., 1973, gv. 169.<br />

8. roWiki _ ulufa da ese ars sameufoTa<br />

gamosazrdeli, Sjulieri mTavrobisa niWi (s._s<br />

orbeliani, sityvis kona, Tb., 1949).<br />

9. b. niJaraZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 173.<br />

10. iqve.<br />

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11. p. buaCiZe, kanis veneriuli sneulebani, Tb., 1963,<br />

gv. 98_101.<br />

12. s._s orbeliani, sityvis kona, Tb., 1949.<br />

13. n. mindaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri medicina<br />

(aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa<br />

eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT), Tb., 1981, gv.<br />

67.<br />

14. v. bardaveliZe, qarTvelTa uZvelesi<br />

sarwmunoebis istoriidan (RvTaeba barbar_babar),<br />

Tb., 1941, gv. 56.<br />

15. b. niJaraZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 170.<br />

16. eg. Gabliani, Zveli da axali svaneTi, tf., 1925,<br />

gv. 111_112.<br />

17. a. Carkviani, svaneTi, Tbilisi, 1967, gv.73_74.<br />

18. iv. Mmargiani, Zveli nivTebis (naSTebis) dacvis<br />

Sesaxeb, ,,mwyemsi~, #16, 1901, gv. 56.<br />

19. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa<br />

saqarTvelosa, Tb., 1973, gv. 787.<br />

20. daviT batoniSvili, iadigar daudi, Tb., 1985, gv.<br />

47.<br />

189

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FROM THE HISTORI OF THE TRAUMA TRAUMA<br />

TREATMENT<br />

(THE SVAN DOCTORS)<br />

(Summary)<br />

Svaneti is one of the oldest hearths of the Georgian cultural<br />

and national development. In spite of being a mountainous region,<br />

Svaneti has always densely been connected with the other regions<br />

of Georgia with the help of the passes. Probably it is the cause that<br />

the medical tradicions of Svaneti are the same to the medical<br />

cultures of the other regions of Georgia.<br />

The medical terminology typical to the Carabadin (wick//patrik,<br />

phelinji, swaddles and so on) and these kinds of methods used for<br />

trauma treatment show us that maybe the Svan doctors had the<br />

opportunity of using the ancient Georgian medical scripts<br />

(Carabadins). According to the ethnographic materials this was<br />

absolutely possible, and historically it is known that during the<br />

danger, the Georgian church wealth and the books were taken to<br />

churches in Svaneti. It is absolutely possible that among these<br />

books there were a number of Carabadins. The majority of the<br />

sphere of spiritual class was conducting the medical activities as<br />

well.<br />

The folk tradition of the medical treatment in Svaneti, as in<br />

entire Georgia, includes keeping the medical knowledge in secret,<br />

the transmission of the professional knowledge from father to son,<br />

the reward defined by the custom, the fact of having the apprentice<br />

and so on. The Svan doctors (Gvichians- Latali, Khergians-Mestia,<br />

Margvalans-Kala and so om) were good and skillful at curing the<br />

different traumas (fractures, wounds), they were running difficult<br />

operations (the skull trepanation-putting the copper plate on the<br />

defective place, the transplantation of bone and so on), they had<br />

190

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the medical tools made by the local smiths. The price of the<br />

medical treatment was defined by the custom, based on the<br />

seriousness of the wound and the labour spent on curing it.<br />

It is interesting that there existed a moral rule-the doctors<br />

couldn`t refuse to cure the enemu.<br />

The trauma treatment by the Svan doctors had some good<br />

results, for this they had a good authority in people.<br />

191

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daavadebaTa profilaqtikis istoriidan qvemo qarTlSi<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>tradiciuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> mdidari<br />

da mravalferovania; zogadqarTulTan erTad mas<br />

axasiaTebs regionuli – geografiul garemosa da<br />

klimatTan misadagebuli – Taviseburebani. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />

qvemo qarTli erT-erTi saintereso kuTxea,<br />

rogorc geografiuli mdebareobiTa da havis TaviseburebebiT,<br />

ise eTnikuri mravalferovnebiTac, rac,<br />

garkveulwilad, gansazRvravs mxaris eTnografiul<br />

yofas da Taviseburad aisaxeba xalxur medicinazec.<br />

qvemo qarTlis polieTnikur regionad Camoyalibebis<br />

mizezebi safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili qarTul<br />

istoriografiaSi. xolo rac Seexeba aRniSnuli kuTxis<br />

eTnografiul Seswavlas, igi XX s. 20-iani wlebidan<br />

ukve sistematur xasiaTs atarebs. am „Zveli drois<br />

eTnografiul qarTlSi“, rogorc mas korneli kekeliZe<br />

uwodebda 1 , samecniero mivlinebebi da eqspediciebi<br />

ewyoboda, rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis<br />

eTnografiuli ganyofilebis, ise istoriisa da<br />

eTnologiis institutis eTnograf TanamSromelTa<br />

monawileobiT 2 . mopovebuli eTnografiuli masalis<br />

safuZvelze ki mosaxleobis yofisa da kulturis sxvadasxva<br />

sakiTxebze daiwera eTnologiuri gamokvlevebi 3 ,<br />

maT Soris xalxuri medicinis zogierT sakiTxzec 4 .<br />

winamdebare naSromi emyareba Cem mier sxvadasxva<br />

(1984; 1985; 1990; 1997) wlebSi qvemo qarTlis qarTul<br />

mosaxleobaSi Sekrebil eTnografiul masalas. qvemo<br />

qarTlSi qarTvelebis garda kompaqturad saxloben<br />

sxvadasxva eTnosis warmomadgenlebi: azerbaijanelebi,<br />

somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi, osebi da sxv. radgan xalxuri<br />

medicina janmrTelobis dacvas emsaxureba, sxvadasxva<br />

eTnosis warmomadgenlebi advilad pouloben saerTo<br />

enas da erTmaneTis „xalxur mkurnalebs“<br />

daxmarebisaTvis xSirad mimarTaven. g. Citaia werda:<br />

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„kodaSi 170 komli cxovrobs, aris saswavlebeli<br />

maswavlebliTa da 80 mowafiT. magram ar aris<br />

kooperativi, afTiaqi da aramcTu eqimi, ferSalic ki.<br />

cnobilia erTi mola, romelic gadmosulia mezobeli<br />

TaTris soflidan da arCens (suliT avadmyofebs)~ 5 .<br />

eTnografiul yofaSi msgavsi magaliTebi (molasTan<br />

qarTveli pacientis misvla, an qarTvel saxalxo mkurnalebTan,<br />

mag: bajiaSvilebTan, mahmadianebis misvla)<br />

Cveulebrivi ambavia.<br />

qarTveli mosaxleobis mniSvnelvoani nawili qvemo<br />

qarTlSi XVIII s. bolosa da XIX-XX saukuneebSia<br />

migrirebuli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan. akad.<br />

giorgi Citaia TeTri wyaros mosaxleobis Sesaxeb<br />

gvacnobebs, rom qarTveli mTielebi (mTiulebi da<br />

gudamayrelebi) aq mosvlidan, daaxloebiT, sam Tavobas<br />

iTvlian (qsovreTi, vake, mawevani da sxv.); baris<br />

qarTvelebi ki umTavresad aborigenebi arian 6 .<br />

xSirad erT sofelSi Tavs iyris saqarTvelos<br />

ramdenime kuTxis mosaxleoba. mag.: „sofel marabdaSi<br />

dReisaTvis (1990 w. – m. b.) 90 komlia. Zveli adgilobrivi<br />

gvarebi yofila: avWaleli xizaniSvilebi, feiqriSvilebi,<br />

oZelaSvilebi, naCxataSvilebi, aRdgomelaSvilebi,<br />

maTiaSvilebi, iaSvilebi, fiCxulovebi, kaxniaSvilebi<br />

da sxv. Roubnidan Camosaxlebulan: yelberaSvilebi,<br />

giorgaSvilebi, azaraSvilebi, kenkebaSvilebi,<br />

baxutaSvilebi, ComaxaSvilebi, amave sofelSi<br />

iremaSvilebi ertisidan mosulan, igiTovebi -<br />

durnukidan, sofel did kldeisSi aspanaZeebi – javaxeTidan,<br />

oqropiriZeebi dasavleT saqarTvelodan, WaliZeebi<br />

– gomareTidan, ziraxiSvilebi – kaxeTidan; aqve<br />

arian berZnebic“ 7 .<br />

aseve „dmanisis sof. javaxSi 200-mde komlia, yvela<br />

isini sxvadasxva soflebidan mosulobas ityvian:<br />

aduaSvilebi da biZinaSvilebi – qveSidan, oqriaSvilebi<br />

goridan, beruaSvilebi – ToneTidan, javaxiSvilebi –<br />

Sulavridan, maxaraSvilebi – gomareTidan“ 8 .<br />

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Cems mier mopovebuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT<br />

ki dmanisis raionSi, soflebis: javaxis, ganTiadis,<br />

boslebis mosaxleobis didi nawili javaxeTidanaa<br />

gadmosaxlebuli, romelic jer qvemo qarTlis dablob<br />

soflebSi – bolnisis raionSi – CausaxlebiaT, Semdeg<br />

ki zemodasaxelebul soflebSi amovidnen, ris<br />

mizezadac qveda zonis soflebSi malariis arsebobas<br />

asaxeleben.<br />

giorgi biZinaSvili (sof. javaxi) gadmogvcems, rom<br />

misi papa Telavis raionidan aris gadmosaxlebuli.<br />

isini jer dasaxlebulan sofel qveSSi (bolnisis<br />

raioni), magram radgan aq cieba yofila gavrcelebuli,<br />

aqedanac gadasaxlebulan da sof. javaxSi<br />

dasaxlebulan 9 .<br />

aduaSvilebi ki TavianT warmomavlobas javaxeTs<br />

ukavSireben da gadmogvcemen, rom: „1811-12 wlebSi, roca<br />

axalqalaqi xelidan-xelSi gadadioda, maSin dawyebula<br />

javaxeTidan gadmosaxleba. Tavad isini 1816 wels<br />

gadmousaxlebia grigol orbelianis ojaxs.<br />

ltolvilebi sof. qveSSi dausaxlebia, magram isini aq<br />

ciebis gamo ver gaCerebulan da dasaxlebulan<br />

soflebSi: javaxi, ganTiadi, boslebi, patara dmanisi<br />

(mTx. Salva aduaSvili). marneulis raionSi dReisaTvis<br />

mxolod ramdenime sofelia <strong>qarTuli</strong>: sioni, weraqvi,<br />

orjonikiZe, wereTeli, Tamarisi da am soflebis<br />

„dRevandeli mosaxleoba XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi aq<br />

mcxovrebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> mosaxleobis pirdapiri<br />

STamomavlebi ki ar arian, aramed saqarTvelos sxvadasxva<br />

regionebidan XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi iqnen Camosaxlebulni“<br />

10 .<br />

`sof. orjonikiZeSi – imereTidan, saCxeridan gadmosaxlebulebi<br />

cxovroben. sof. wereTlis sakrebulos<br />

soflebSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> mosaxleobis Camosaxleba sam etapad<br />

momxdara: I – 1941 w; II – 1952 w., III – ufro masobrivi<br />

Camosaxleba ki 1953 wels momxdara“ 11 .<br />

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sof. TamarisSic 1942 w. daiwyo <strong>qarTuli</strong> mosaxleobis<br />

Camosaxleba jer saCxeredan, mere 1954 w. mTiuleTidan<br />

12 .<br />

1987 w. stiqiuri ubedurebis gamo dazaralebuli<br />

mosaxleoba Camoasaxles svaneTidan da aWaridan.<br />

dmanisis raionis sofeli gomareTi javaxeTidan<br />

jgufurad gadmosaxlebulebs auRorZinebiaT 13 ; aseve am<br />

kuTxidan gadmosaxlebulebs vxvdebiT qvemo qarTlis<br />

Semdeg soflebSi: kumisSi, TeleTSi, did ToneTSi 14 .<br />

ganxiluli masalidan Cans, rom qvemo qarTlis<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> mosaxleoba mcirericxovan adgilobrivebTan<br />

erTad, saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan – (Sida<br />

qarTli, kaxeTi, raWa, svaneTi, aWara, imereTi, mTiuleTgudamayari),<br />

sxvadasxva dros (XVIII-XIX-XX ss.),<br />

Camosaxlebulebisagan Sedgeba. zemoaRniSnulidan<br />

gamomdinare, xalxuri medicinis tradiciebi, samkurnalo<br />

saSualebebi Tu meTodebi metad mravalferovania.<br />

cnobilia, rom xalxuri medicina aerTianebs, rogorc<br />

sakuTriv avadmyofis mkurnalobas, ise profilaqtikisa<br />

da higienis sakiTxebs, rac xalxis yofis sxvadasxva<br />

sferoSi vlindeba: sacxovrebeli adgilis SerCevisa da<br />

saxlis dagegmarebis, sanitaruli wesebis dacvisa da<br />

piradi higienis, sakvebis miRebis wesSi da sxv.<br />

winamdebare statiaSi ZiriTadad ganvixilavT adamianis<br />

janmrTelobaze geografiuli garemosa da<br />

klimatis gavlenis Sesaxeb arsebul xalxur codnasa da<br />

gamocdilebas, agreTve im profilaqtikur RonisZiebebs,<br />

romlebsac qvemo qarTlSi gavrcelebuli zogierTi<br />

daavadebis (malariis, sxvadasxva epidemiebis, filtvebis<br />

daavadebis – „Wleqis“) dros mimarTavdnen.<br />

Zveli droidanve cnobilia bunebriv-geografiuli<br />

garemos gavlena adamianis janmrTelobaze. „ama Tu im<br />

xalxis xalxuri medicinis Taviseburebebis erT-erTi<br />

ganmsazRvrelia mocemul geografiul garemoSi<br />

gavrcelebul daavadebaTa specifika, e. i. daavadebaTa<br />

lokaluri xasiaTi, rasac, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

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ganapirobebs sxvadasxva faqtori: reliefi, hava, da<br />

sxv.“ 15 .<br />

klimatur-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, „qvemo qar-<br />

Tli warmoadgens iseT regions, sadac zomieri raodenobiT<br />

Camoedineba mdinareebi. am mdinareTa davakeba<br />

mTlianad mzis eqspoziciaSia moqceuli. wliuri<br />

saSualo temperatura davakebaze 13 0 aRwevs. naleqebi 350-<br />

500 mm. SedarebiT grilia TeTri wyaros da dmanisis<br />

raionis is soflebi, romlebic zeganze mdebareoben“ 16 .<br />

es zogadad, konkretulad ki qvemo qarTlSi Semavali<br />

kuTxeebis klimatur-geografiuli daxasiaTeba sakmaod<br />

gansxvavebulia. ase mag.: “TeTri wyaros raioni<br />

mTagoriania, misi hava zomier-civ zols ekuTvnis. kuTxe<br />

mdidaria wylebiT“ 17 .<br />

marneulis raioni ufro dablobia. „adgili dabali,<br />

nestiania, imis gamo, rom mowyobilia primitiuli<br />

sarwyavi arxebi, adgili Zlier danotioebulia“ 18 .<br />

walkisa da dmanisis raionebi miekuTvnebian mTian<br />

zols. vaxuSti batoniSvili qvemo qarTlis aRwerisas<br />

xazs usvams xeobebis mixedviT klimatis avkargianobas.<br />

ase mag.: „marneulis samxriT ars daba eklesia, da<br />

sicxisTvis jojoxeTad wodebuli” 19 ; bolnisisxevs ki<br />

ase axasiaTebs: „ars Semkobili yovliTa... haeri... keTili,<br />

tyeni bevrni, wyaroni civni da mSvenni uamravni...“ 20 , aseve<br />

„-dbanis Ãevi haviT mSveni...“ 21 .<br />

qvemo qarTlis, kerZod curtavis klimaturi pirobebi<br />

asea daxasiaTebuli „SuSanikis wamebaSi”: „Jamsa<br />

zafxulisasa cecxlebr Semwueli igi mxurvalebaÁ<br />

mzisaÁ. qarni xorSakni da wyalni mavnebelni, romlisa<br />

mkvidrnica mis adgilisani – savseni seniTa, wyliTa<br />

gansivebulni da ganyviTlebulni, wertilni da<br />

damWnarni da damRierebulni, Caradovanni, pir-msivanni<br />

da dRemokled cxorebulni da moxucebulni aravin ars<br />

maT queyanaTa” 22 .<br />

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vfiqrobT, gaZneldeba geografiuli garemosa da<br />

klimatis adamianis organizmze zemoqmedebis ukeT daxasiaTeba.<br />

istoriuli wyaroebis da eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT qvemo qarTlis zogierT kuTxeSi arajansaRi<br />

havis da wylis uvargisobis gamo Zveli droidanve gavrcelebuli<br />

yofila malaria.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT - „marabda, marneuli,<br />

borCalo, Tamarisi ciebis bude iyo, xaSmiani adgili<br />

iyo, gansakuTrebiT ki sofeli qveSi (bolnisis<br />

raioni) iTvleboda saSiS zonad imdenad, rom mezobeli<br />

soflebidan iq stumrobasac ki eridebodnen. sofel<br />

qveSSi „WirixiviT“ eyara xalxi, yvelas aciebda. ufro<br />

wylis brali iyo. guburebidan svamdnen wyals. sofelSi<br />

wyaros wylis gamoyvanis Semdeg Sewyda cieba~ 23 .<br />

gavrcelebuli Sexedulebidan irkveva, rom sofelma<br />

kazreTma (bolnisis raioni) ramdenjerme Seicvala<br />

adgilmdebareoba swored raRac daavadebis (ver<br />

davazusteT) gavrcelebis gamo. kazreTSic yofila<br />

malaria//cieb-cxeleba Zvelad, radgan sofelSi ar iyo<br />

wyaro da sasmelad xevis wyals ezidebodnen. kazreTs<br />

Zvelad „jaldams eZaxdnen. aq naklebmosavliani miwebi<br />

da cudi pirobebi yofila, mere raRac daavadeba<br />

gaCenila, mosaxleoba erTianad ayrila da sxvagan<br />

gadasaxlebula. axla is adgili nasoflaria, radgan<br />

madnis aRmoCenis Semdeg xalxi Zvel samosaxloebs<br />

daubrunda“ – gadmogvcemen mTxroblebi.<br />

cieba umTavresad bolnisis raionis soflebSi<br />

yofila gavrcelebuli. iq rom midiodnen samuSaod<br />

iqidan dabrunebulebi xdebodnen cudad, zogi ver<br />

itanda da kvdeboda kidec.<br />

umravlesobis azriT ki cieba sasikvdilo daavadeba<br />

ar iyo. ciebis Sesaxeb arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazreba.<br />

zogs cieba gadamdeb daavadebad miaCnia. sofel kodaSi<br />

hqoniaT aSenebuli patara oTaxi, sadac aseT avadmyofs<br />

aTavsebdnen, rom sxvas ar gadasdeboda, zogi ki mas<br />

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gadamdeb daavadebad ar Tvlida da arc erideboda. aqve<br />

unda aRvniSnoT, rom XIX s. mefis ruseTis mcdelobas –<br />

moexdina saqarTvelos kolonizacia, swored malariam<br />

SeuSala xeli, radgan Camosaxlebulebi 3-4 weliwadSi<br />

ixocebodnen. revoluciamdel periodSi saqarTveloSi<br />

yovelwliurad malariiT avad xdeboda 800000 kaci da<br />

kvdeboda 2000 24 . d. axvledianis mixedviT, borCalos<br />

raionSi 1897-1923 w. 26 wlis manZilze 51,490 adamiani<br />

daRupula malariiT 25 .<br />

maRalmTian soflebSi xalxis dakvirvebiT „jansaRi<br />

hava“ iyo da amitom zogadad avadmyofobebi da maT<br />

Soris ciebac ki saerTod ar vrceldeboda. sadac cieba<br />

„ar icoda“ „saRi adgili“ iyo. 1200 m. zemoT<br />

dasaxlebuli soflebi aseTad iTvleboda.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom malaria italiuri sityvaa da<br />

„cud haers“ niSnavs, riTac aRniSnulia daavadebis<br />

kavSiri garkveul geoklimatur pirobebTan.<br />

eTnografiuli masaliT ciebis gamomwvevad iTvleboda<br />

ara marto `haeri~ da wyali, aramed koRoc,<br />

romelic zafxulobiT Waobian adgilebSi iyo gavrcelebuli.<br />

rogorc n. gvaTua wers: „xalxs zustad SeeZlo<br />

ganesazRvra, romel adgils ra dascdida adamians.<br />

magaliTad: Tu qalaq bolnisSi (romelic cxel adgilad<br />

iTvleboda), SexvdebodaT malaria, ityodnen: „haerma<br />

dascada“, „haerma uxama, „xamobso“, magram Tu sof.<br />

qveSSi an kianeTSi wasuls Sexvdeboda, ityodnen „wyalma<br />

dascada“, „wyalma uxama“, „wyali ver aitanao“. e. i. erT<br />

SemTxvevaSi Secvlili haeri iTvleboda daavadebis<br />

mizezad, meore SemTxvevaSi ki SeuCveveli wyali“ 26 .<br />

rogorc istoriuli, ise eTnografiuli masalebidan<br />

cxadad Cans, rom malaria qvemo qarTlis barSi, cxel<br />

da „xaSmian“ adgilebSi gaSenebuli soflebisaTvis,<br />

endemur daavadebas warmoadgenda, sadac „saRi” (1200 m-ze<br />

zeviT mdebare) soflebidan metnaklebad xangrZliv<br />

stumrobasac ki eridebodnen, radgan maT haeri an wyali<br />

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„dascdida“, „uxamebda“ da ciebiT daavaddebodnen. visac<br />

saSualeba hqonda baris soflebidan sacxovreblad<br />

mTaSi adioda, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, zafxulis cxel<br />

TveebSi: „ivlisSi, agvistosa da seqtemberSi xalxi<br />

SedarebiT janmrTel adgilebSi garboda“ 27 .<br />

borCalos mazraSi ”malariam aiZula mosaxleoba<br />

momTabareoba daewyo. mosaxleobis didi nawili zafxulis<br />

dawyebisTanave, gaurbis ra malarias, MmTebSi<br />

ixizneba. es adgili aRiarebulia mZlavr malariian adgilad”<br />

28 .<br />

saerTod, saqarTveloSi, samosaxlod maRlobi<br />

adgilebis SerCeva SemCneuli da dadebiTad Sefasebuli<br />

aqvT ucxoel mogzaurebsac, rasac ciebisagan Tavis<br />

dasaRwevad (sxva faqtorebTan erTad: sakvebi, tansacmeli,<br />

Suacecxli...) erT-erT saukeTeso saSualebad<br />

Tvlidnen 29 .<br />

garda klimatur-geografiuli pirobebisa, aRniSnuli<br />

daavadebis mizezad antisanitariac iTvleboda – zarmacebis<br />

avadmyofoba iyoo – gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

cudi sayofacxovrebo pirobebi ufro amZimebda<br />

daavadebulis mdgomareobas.<br />

mesxeTSi Cawerili eTnografiuli masalidanac Cans,<br />

rom imereTidan mesxeTSi Camosaxlebis pirvel wlebSi,<br />

migrirebul mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebul ciebas,<br />

mTxrobelebi haerisa da wylis `dacdis~, `xamobis~<br />

garda cxovrebis antihigienur pirobebsac ukavSirebdnen:<br />

”rom movediT binZuri iyo es sofeli, uamravi tyavebi da<br />

bumbuli eyara saxlebSi da quCebSi, mSieri ZaRlebi<br />

dadiodnen, sofeli mingreul-mongreuli da<br />

dabinZurebuli iyo. cieba dagvemarTa da 2-3 wels<br />

gagrZelda ase” 30 .<br />

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, xalxi SeZlebisdagvarad<br />

cdilobda sofelSi sisufTavis dacvas. saintereso<br />

masala gvaqvs damowmebuli qvemo qarTlSi<br />

soflis wyaroebis movlis wesTan dakavSirebiT: ”wyaros<br />

sufTad vinaxavdiT, mis auzSi sarecxi rom vinmes<br />

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gaerecxa, vajarimebdiT. gobebiT migvqonda sarecxi da<br />

ise vrevcxavdiT. wyaros WuWyiani wyali ar unda<br />

Sereoda” 31 .<br />

wyarosTan erTad, qvemo qarTlis mosaxleoba sasmelad<br />

Wis wyalsac iyenebs. wylis avkargianobas<br />

janmrTelobisaTvis ase gamoxataven: ”kodis wyali naklebad<br />

mlaSea, Cveni sakmaod mariliania. Cveni wyali<br />

Zalian kargia janmrTelobisaTvis, janmrTeli wyalia. aq<br />

xalxi RviZlisa da kuW-nawlavis mxriv Zalian<br />

janmrTelia”. ”es wyali kargia kanis daavadebebisTvis –<br />

gamonayrebisaTvis”. ”Webic gvaqvs, magram is ufro metad<br />

mlaSea, nargizis mxares Wis wylebi ufro kargia<br />

(nargizi – sof. kodasa da muxaTis marcxniv, zemoT). Cven<br />

wyals dasalevad ar vxmarobT, wyaros wyals vsvamT”.<br />

”Wis wyals raRac miwis gemo aqvs, xams vityviT” da sxv.<br />

profilaqtikis da mkurnalobis mizniTac qvemo<br />

qarTlSi winaTac da axlac iyeneben bolnisis mineralur<br />

e. w. ”mJave wyals”. mas svamen kuW-nawlavis sxvadasxva<br />

daavadebebis dros.<br />

sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia qvemo qarTlSi sakmaod<br />

cnobili e.w. ”Sardis wyali”. mis Sesaxeb vaxuSti<br />

batoniSvili werda ”dbanis xevis” aRwerisas: ”ars aqa<br />

wyaro, romeli hkurnebs muwukTa. aqav ars wyaro, romeli<br />

daamsxvrevs qvasa Sirimisasa da dayrevinebs smiTa” 32 .<br />

wyaro mdebareobs dmanisis raionis sofel tnusTan,<br />

tyeSi. iTvleba Tirkmelebis samkurnalo wamlad:<br />

”swmends Tirkmelebs”, aris Sardmdeni Tvisebis. wyali<br />

moaqvT saxlebSi da svamen aTi dRis manZilze; Semdeg<br />

aTi dRe isveneben da kvlav imeoreben. wyali umariloa.<br />

rogorc gadmogvcemen, igi Tixis milebiT iyo gayvanili<br />

dmanisis naqalaqarSi. dRes wyaros gverdze sami metris<br />

sigrZis talaxia, romelsac muwukebis samkurnalod<br />

iyeneben. wyarosa da talaxs Soris amaRlebuli adgilia.<br />

rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, vaxuSti batoniSvili or<br />

wyaros asaxelebs, romelTagan dRes mxolod erTia<br />

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SemorCenili, meore ki – bJantea, sveli adgili (talaxiania).<br />

daavadebis Tavidan asacilebeli xalxuri profilaqtikuri<br />

saSualebebidan yvelaze efeqtur RonisZiebas<br />

unda mivakuTvnoT avadmyofis calke oTaxSi, an binaSi<br />

izolireba, morideba, gaxizvna, rasac sxvadasxva saxis<br />

epidemiuri daavadebebis dros mimarTavdnen. aRniSnul<br />

daavadebaTa kontagiozuri xasiaTi xalxisaTvis<br />

cnobili iyo. zogierTi epidemiuri daavadebis<br />

mkurnaloba ZiriTadad profilaqtikuri RonisZiebebiT<br />

xdeboda.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, qvemo qarTlSi<br />

yvelaze xSirad Savi Wiris (saxadi//xorvela) da tifis<br />

epidemiebi vrceldeboda periodulad (ra Tqma unda, Tu<br />

ar CavTvliT bavSvTa infeqciur daavadebebs, romelTa<br />

Soris yvavili aseve saSiSi daavadeba iyo).<br />

Savi Wiris bolo epidemia (1997 w. Cawerili masalis<br />

mixedviT), daaxloebiT 90-100 wlis win yofila, tifisa<br />

ki, XX s-is 50-ian wlebSi. orive saxis epidemia<br />

sikvdilianobis maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva.<br />

cxadia, aRniSnuli daavadebebis samkurnalo efeqturi<br />

saSualebebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, erTaderT<br />

racionalur saSualebad avadmyofobis keris izolacia<br />

da morideba rCeboda. rogorc Cveni mTxrobelebi<br />

gadmogvcemen: ”saxadiani avadmyofis saxl-kars ar<br />

mivekarebodiT. Tu raime saWmlis miwodeba gvindoda,<br />

saxls qvas vesrodiT da Sors davudgamdiT - TviTon<br />

Seitandnen. ded-mama myavda avad da sanaxavad ar<br />

gamiSves. erTxel gavipare da rom davbrundi, saxlSi<br />

aRar SemiSves – ”wadi niori Wameo”. daCeCqvili niori<br />

wamasmevines xelebze, saxeze” (mTx. taTia nonis as.<br />

miruaSvili-menTeSaSvili, 98 w., sof. vaSlovani, 1990 w.).<br />

aseve eridebodnen tifiani avadmyofis ojaxs.<br />

aRniSnuli daavadebis mimarT analogiuri Sexedulebebia<br />

dadasturebuli saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela<br />

kuTxeSi 33 .<br />

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unda iTqvas, rom infeqciis keris izolireba da morideba<br />

erTaderTi racionaluri RonisZieba iyo Zvel<br />

droSi, radgan arsad ar arsebobda ufro efeqturi<br />

samkurnalo saSualebebi epidemiebis winaaRmdeg. mxolod<br />

XIV saukunidan SemoiRes karantinis sistema Savi Wiris<br />

SesaCereblad 34 , rac saqarTveloSi ar moqmedebda<br />

ruseTTan SeerTebamde. magram xalxi, icoda ra<br />

daavadebis xasiaTi, Tavad axdenda daavadebis keris<br />

izolirebas. eridebodnen daavadebuls da mis garemos.<br />

saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi jarimac ki iyo<br />

dawesebuli, Tu vinme sifxizles ar gamoiCenda da<br />

daavadebas Caitanda TemSi 35 .<br />

epidemiur daavadebad ar Tvlidnen tuberkuliozs//Wleqs,<br />

magram raki igi gadamdeb da amave dros<br />

STamomavlobiT avadmyofobad miaCndaT, ityodnen: ”jiSad<br />

moudiTo”. eridebodnen ara marto am pirovnebas, mTeli<br />

misi sicocxlis manZilze, aramed mis axlo sanaTesaos.<br />

eridebodnen imdenad, rom, aseT ojaxTan saqorwino<br />

urTierTobas gaurbodnen, radgan Tvlidnen, rom es<br />

daavadeba ”modgmaSi aucileblad ganmeordeboda”.<br />

dasaqorwinebel wyvilTa jiS-jilagianobis gakiTxvas<br />

saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi didi yuradReba<br />

eTmoboda 36 , raTa darwmunebuliyvnen, rom sarZlos an<br />

sasiZos ojaxs raime iseTi daavadeba (maT Soris Wleqi),<br />

xom ar “moudioda~ modgmiT, STamomavlobiT, romelic<br />

SemdegSi iCenda Tavs 37 .<br />

sainteresoa, rom Wleqis gamomwvev mizezad gacieba<br />

da “cudi”, arasrulfasovani kveba miaCndaT. amitom<br />

“Wleqianis” mkurnalobaSi mniSvnelovani yuradReba<br />

hqonda daTmobili kvebas da “haeris gamocvlas”.<br />

avadmyofs unda mieRo kaloriuli, vitaminebiT mdidari<br />

sakvebi: rZe, rZis produqtebi, Tafli, karaqi, xorci,<br />

Roris qonis da Taflis nazavi.<br />

avadmyofi mihyavdaT mTian soflebSi: manglisSi,<br />

TeTriwyaroSi da sxv. momvlelad xnier adamians<br />

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miuCendnen, radgan miaCndaT, rom “Wleqi” xniers ar<br />

emarTeba.<br />

saukeTeso saSualebad “tyis haeri” iTvleboda,<br />

gansakuTrebiT Tu daavadeba gaciebis niadagze iyo<br />

warmoSobili da ar iyo STamomavlobiTi.<br />

`Tu vinmes Tavbrusxveva hqonda, uqeifod iyo, tyeSi<br />

waiyvandnen, muxis xis qveS hyavdaT da imis haeriT<br />

mkurnalobdnen. adre xalxis wamali eg iyo.” “Cemi<br />

mezobeli cxvarSi iyo da iq gacivda, Wleqi daemarTa.<br />

eqimebma daiTxoves. misi morCena aRaravis egona. mamamisma<br />

urmiT waiyvana tyeSi, muSavraanT velSi (toponimia, m.b.).<br />

erTi Tve hyavda iq da moarCina” (mTx. eTer Saqros<br />

asuli rTvelaZe-adamaSvili, 61 w. sof. gomareTi).<br />

zemoaRniSnul Sexedulebas qarTvel xalxSi Rrmad<br />

aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli. uZvelesi droidan muxa da<br />

cacxvi wminda xeebad iTvleboda 38 . aseT xeebTan ki<br />

samkurnalo ritualebi sruldeboda da zogierT kuTxeSi<br />

dResac sruldeba.<br />

erT-erTi gadmocemis Tanaxmad, sveticxovlis adgilze<br />

wminda muxa mdgara, romelic qristianobis mi-<br />

Rebis mere, mirian mefem moaWrevina da mis adgilze eklesia<br />

aago 39 .<br />

leonti mroveli xis samkurnalo Tvisebis Sesaxeb<br />

gadmogvcems: `viTarca naTeliRes mefeman da dedofalman<br />

da SvilTa maTTa da yovelman erman, maSin<br />

dga xe erTi adgilsa erTsa, kldesa zeda borcvsa<br />

Seuvalsa, da iyo xe igi Svenieri friad da sulneli –<br />

da ese sakvirveleba iyo xisa misgan, rameTu isarcemuli<br />

nadiri, romeli movidis da Wamis furceli misi da gina<br />

Tesli misi, ganeris sikvdilisagan, daRacaTu saklavsa<br />

adgilsa didad wylul iyvis” 40 .<br />

eTnologi ir. surgulaZe werda, rom: “qarTvelTa<br />

warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, xe sicocxlis momniWebeli<br />

ZaliTaa mosili” 41 , rom “sveticxoveli” sicocxlis (an<br />

cxovrebis) momniWebel svets, sicocxlis xes niSnavs 42 .<br />

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vfiqrobT, zemoTqmuls exmianeba, Cvens mier cocxal<br />

yofaSi damowmebuli, avadmyofis muxis xesTan miyvanisa<br />

da gankurnebis rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli tradicia.<br />

qvemo qarTlSi, zogierTi daavadebis Tavidan asacileblad,<br />

icodnen “sisxlis gamoSveba” gazafxulze.<br />

ityodnen “sisxli auduRdao”, “sisxli moawva<br />

TvalebSio” da sxv. sisxls dalaqi gamoiRebda, romelic<br />

yvela sofelSi yofila Zvelad. sisxlis gamosaSvebad<br />

mas specialuri iaraRi – nestari _ hqonia.<br />

aRniSnul RonisZiebas saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic<br />

mimarTavdnen, radgan Tvlidnen, rom gazafzulze<br />

“sisxli ireva” da amitom, “cxra marts cxra wveTi<br />

sisxli mainc unda gamouSva”, radgan “glaxa sisxlsa”<br />

da “met sisxls” sxvadasxva daavadebebis gamowveva<br />

SeeZlo.<br />

Zvel qarTul <strong>samedicino</strong> wignebSi (karabadini)<br />

miTiTebulia, Tu rodis unda gamouSvan sisxli. “Tu<br />

Tvalni da feri wiTeli iyos da yuriswineT rom ZarRui<br />

aris, isi savse iyos da Zalianad feTqdes, icodi rome<br />

sisxlisagan aris. imas Tavzeda kotoSi unda mohkedos<br />

da merme yifali gauxsnas, anu isi rome yuriswinaT<br />

ZarRuis aris, isi gauxsen” 43 .<br />

profilaqtikur RonisZiebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />

daavadebis Tavidan asacileblad Catarebuli magiurreligiuri<br />

ritualebi. movitanT ramodenime magaliTs:<br />

xalxis gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagani iyo Cvili<br />

bavSvisa da melogine qalis dacva “avi Tvalisa” da “avi<br />

qarisagan”. xalxis rwmeniT, maT mravali sxvadasxva<br />

saxis daavadebis gamowveva SeeZloT, rac,<br />

gaufrTxileblobis SemTxvevaSi, cudi SedegiT –<br />

sikvdiliT mTavrdeboda.<br />

sifrTxilis zomebi ki, SemdegSi mdgomareobda:<br />

avsulebisagan Tavis dasacavad eqimbaSebs an molebs<br />

amzadebinebdnen damcav saSualebebs – Senalocebs.<br />

avi Tvalis asacileblad bavSvis akvanze dahkidebdnen<br />

Svid kviraZalze Selocvil giSers, an qarvas, avi<br />

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qaris//avi sulebis dasafrTxobad ki akvanSi, bavSvis<br />

leibis qveS dadebdnen danas. bavSvs xelzec Senaloci<br />

mZivi hqonda Sebmuli.<br />

avi sulebisagan bavSvis dacvis saukeTeso saSualeba<br />

iyo monaTvla. SeZlebisdagvarad, 40 dRis bavSvs<br />

ukve naTlavdnen.<br />

cecxli erT-erT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs<br />

avsulebis winaaRmdeg. bavSvian ojaxSi udro-udrod<br />

misul stumars karebSi cecxls daaxvedreben – “bavSvi<br />

avi qarisagan” rom daifaron.<br />

avi qari Tu Sebindebisas da RamiTaa saSiSi, avi<br />

Tvali dRisiTac da RamiTac erTnairad saxifaTod<br />

iTvleboda. qvemo qarTlis mosaxleoba, iseve rogorc<br />

saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi, avi qaris//avi sulis qveS<br />

mraval sxvadasxva avsuls: qajs, devs, eSmaks, Winkas,<br />

als, uJmurs da sxv. gulisxmobs, romelTa samoqmedod<br />

gamosvlis dro aris saRamo, Rame, `udroudro~ dro, e.i.<br />

sibnele, xolo maTi adgilsamyofeli ki, adamianTa<br />

sacxovreblis paralelurad uRran tyeSi, miuval<br />

adgilebSi, nasaxlarebSia. aseT adgilebs xalxi<br />

“naZraxi adgilis” saxeliT moixseniebs da iq gavlas<br />

SebindebisTanave ufrTxis.<br />

mTxroblebi sakmaod mxatvrulad gviyvebian avsulebTan<br />

(qaji, ali, Winka da sxv.) Sexvedris scenebs,<br />

romelic TiTqosda an maT, an maT axloblebs SeemTxvaT,<br />

ris Semdegac SiSis niadagze daavadnen.<br />

sakmaod farTo gamoyeneba aqvs qvemo qarTlSi<br />

molas mier damzadebul Senaloc damcav saSualebas,<br />

romelsac qarTvelebi “nusxas” (molas qaRalds), xolo<br />

mola “qiTabs” an “tuas” uwodebs. es aris samkuTxa<br />

formis, Savi naWrisagan Sekerili Senaloci.<br />

rogorc mTxroblebi gadmogvcemen, bavSvisaTvis<br />

mola sami saxis Senalocs amzadebda. erTs, romelsac<br />

“avgarozs” eZaxis xalxi, gulze dahkidebdnen. meores<br />

bavSvis banaobis dros wyalSi Cadebdnen, gaavlebdnen,<br />

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mesames ki, dawvavdnen da mis alze gadaatarebdnen<br />

bavSvs.<br />

warmodgenili eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT<br />

qvemo qarTlis xalxuri samkurnalo tradiciebis mravalferovnebas<br />

ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebda.<br />

aRniSnuli regioni klimatur-geografiuli pirobebis<br />

nairgvarobiT xasiaTdeba. mis zogierT kuTxeSi arajansaRi<br />

havisa da wylis uvargisobis gamo Zveli<br />

droidanve gavrcelebuli iyo malaria, ramac Tavis<br />

mxriv ganapiroba xalxuri codnis dagroveba aRniSnuli<br />

daavadebis Tavidan asacilebeli iseTi RonisZiebebis<br />

SemuSavebis saqmeSi, rogoricaa: samosaxlo adgilis<br />

SerCeva, higienuri pirobebis dacva, sacxovreblad<br />

sezonuri adgil-monacvleoba da sxva, rac racionalur<br />

saSualebad unda CaiTvalos.<br />

mniSvnelovania agreTve sasmeli wylis avkargianobis,<br />

janmrTelobaze misi zegavlenis Sesaxeb arsebuli<br />

xalxuri codna, soflis wyaros sufTad Senaxvis<br />

tradicia.<br />

icodnen ra epidemiur daavadebaTa xasiaTi, misgan<br />

Tavis dasacavad mimarTavdnen iseT profilaqtikur<br />

RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa avadmyofis calke oTaxSi an<br />

binaSi izolireba, morideba, gaxizvna. unda aRiniSnos,<br />

rom infeqciis keris izolireba da morideba Zvelad<br />

yvelaze racionaluri RonisZieba iyo.<br />

xalxur profilaqtikur RonisZiebaTa rigs miekuTvneba<br />

“zedmeti sisxlis” gamoSveba, rac aseve racionalur<br />

RonisZiebad unda CaiTvalos maRali wnevis<br />

dros.<br />

M<br />

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FROM THE HISTIRY OF DISEASE PROPHYLAXSIS IN<br />

KVEMO KARTLI<br />

The paper deals with the problems of disease prophilaxsis and hygiene.<br />

Tradicional knowledge about the influence of geographic conditions, climate,<br />

drinking water, living condicions and food on a human being is also discussed in<br />

tfe paper.<br />

According to etnographikal data folk traditions of treatment and prophilaxis<br />

are various. The diversity is determined by several factors such as: geographic<br />

and climatic conditions of the region. Unhealthy climate and unusable drinking<br />

water had been spreading malaria in sone parts of Kvemo Kartli from ancient<br />

times. The wide spreading of the disease caused the accumulation the knowledge<br />

how to avoid malaria. These measures are: choosing of healthy place for<br />

dwelling, keeping hygiemnic conditions, seasonal changing of lokacion, etc.<br />

People k new well that empiric diseases were infectious and to prevent them<br />

they tried to avoid contact with diseased person or her. For prophylaxis people<br />

used to let the blood out. The magic rituals and amulets were also used for<br />

preventing some diseases.<br />

ИЗ ИСТОРИИ<br />

ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ КВЕМО КАРТЛИ<br />

В статье описаны средства, способы гигиены и профилактика болезни,<br />

традиционно сложившиеся в данном регионе. Оны обусловлены знанием<br />

влияния географической среды., климата, питьевой воды, жизненных<br />

условий и пиши на здоровье людей.<br />

Этнографические данные свидетельствуют о разнообразных способах и<br />

средствах профилактики и лечения болезней. Нездоровый климат и<br />

непригодная питьевая вода в давние времена способствовали<br />

распрастнанению малярии в отдельных частях Квемо Картли. Это<br />

заставило людей выработать и аккумулировать определенные знания<br />

борьбы против нее. Осознав инфекционную природу эпидемической<br />

болезни люди старались ограничить контакты с больным или<br />

изолировать их. Профилактика болезни включала такие мероприятия как<br />

207

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правильный вибор места жилья, соблюдение гигиегических условий,<br />

сезонное изменение местонахаждения, выпускание кровы и т.д.<br />

С целью предотврашения болезни использовались также магические<br />

средства и ритуалы: амулеты, молитвы и т. д.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. k. kekeliZe, ucxo avtorebi Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi,<br />

etiudebi, V, Tb., 1957.<br />

2. 1926 wlis eTnografiuli eqspedicia aRbulaRisa da<br />

walkis raionebSi; 1984 da 1985 wlebis eTnografiuli<br />

eqspediciebi qvemo qarTlSi (muzeumi); 1984, 1985 da<br />

1990 wlebis eTnografiuli eqspediciebi qvemo<br />

qarTlSi (istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis<br />

sulieri kulturis eTnografiuli Seswavlis<br />

ganyofileba); 2002-2003 wlebi – istoriisa da<br />

eTnologiis institutis sameurneo yofisa da<br />

kulturis ganyofilebis eTnografiuli eqspediciebi<br />

qvemo qarTlSi.<br />

3. g. Citaia, aRbulaR-walkis raionebSi mogzaurobis<br />

Sesaxeb (dRiuri); misive, eTnografiuli mogzaurobidan<br />

aRbulaRis raionSi; misive, 1926 wlis aRbulaRwalkis<br />

mogzauroba (mogoneba), „Sromebi“, t. III, Tb.,<br />

2001, gv. 246-320; kreb. „qvemo qarTli“ (eTnografiuli<br />

gamokvleva), Tb., 1990; m. qanTaria, g. gociriZe,<br />

marneulis raionis eTnodemografiuli<br />

Taviseburebani, krb., mse, t. XXV, Tb., 2005 da sxv.<br />

4. n. gvaTua, mSobiarobisa da Cvil bavSvTa movlis<br />

xalxuri tradiciebi qvemo qarTlSi, krb. „<strong>tradiciuli</strong><br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>, I, Tb., 1997, gv.<br />

41-75; misive, malariis gavrceleba da xalxuri<br />

mkurnalobis tradiciebi qvemo qarTlSi, krb. „daavadeba<br />

da garemo“, Tb., 1996, gv. 20-32.<br />

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5. g. Citaia, aRbulaR-walkis raionebSi mogzaurobis<br />

Sesaxeb (dRiuri), „Sromebi“, t. III, Tb., 2001, gv. 246.<br />

6. g. Citaia, eTnografiuli mogzaurobidan aRbulaRis<br />

raionSi, „Sromebi“, t. III, Tb., 2001, gv. 295.<br />

7. g. jalabaZe, qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobis eTnikuri<br />

suraTi, krb., `qvemo qarTli~ Tb., 1940, gv. 10.<br />

8. iqve, gv. 9-10.<br />

9. m. <strong>burduli</strong>, dmanisis r-nis eTnografiuli mivlinebis<br />

dRiuri, #2, 1997 w.<br />

10. m. qanTaria, g. gociriZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 271.<br />

11. iqve, gv. 273.<br />

12. iqve.<br />

13. r. TofCiSvili, mosaxleobis Sida migraciuli procesebis<br />

mniSvnelobisaTvis saqarTvelos istoriaSi,<br />

eTnoistoriuli etiudebi, w. I, Tb., 2005, gv. 227.<br />

14. r. TofCiSvili, sad wavida javaxeTis <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

mosaxleoba, Tb., 2000, gv. 49; 55; 58.<br />

15. n. mindaZe, qarTveli xalxis codna daavadebisa da<br />

garemos urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb, krb. „daavadeba<br />

da garemo“, Tb., 1996, gv. 1.<br />

16. l. maruaSvili, saqarTvelos fizikuri geografia,<br />

Tb., 1964, gv. 263.<br />

17. g. Citaia, eTnografiuli mogzauroba aRbulaRis<br />

raionSi, `Sromebi~, t. III, Tb., 2001, gv. 292.<br />

18. i. abakelia, tuberkulozTan brZolis mdgomareoba<br />

saqarTvelos respublikaSi, tf., 1928, gv. 10.<br />

19. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa,<br />

qarTlis cxovreba, IV, Tb., 1973, gv. 328.<br />

20. vaxuSti batoniSvili, dasax. naSr., Tb., 1941, gv. 37.<br />

21. iqve, gv. 40.<br />

22. iakob curtaveli, SuSanikis wameba, <strong>qarTuli</strong> proza,<br />

I, Tb., 1982, gv. 21.<br />

23. m. <strong>burduli</strong>, 1997 wlis dmanisis raionSi mivlinebis<br />

dRiurebi, #1, 2, 3.<br />

24. g. kvitaiSvili, d. svaniZe, mwvave infeqciuri sneulebani,<br />

Tb., 1969, gv. 404.<br />

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25. d. axvlediani, saqarTvelos malariuli geografia,<br />

malariuli rukiT, tf., 1929, gv. 15-16.<br />

26. n. gvaTua, malariis gavrceleba da xalxuri mkurnalobis<br />

tradiciebi qvemo qarTlSi, dasax. naSr., gv.<br />

24.<br />

27. И. И. Пантюхов, Вляние маларии на колонизацию Кавказа (с<br />

картою), Изд. редакции газеты «Кавказ», Тифлис, 1899.<br />

28. i. abakelia, dasax. naSromi, gv. 10.<br />

29. jak fransua gamba, “mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi”, Tb.,<br />

1987, gv. 176.<br />

30. m. <strong>burduli</strong>, axalcixis r-ni, 2001 w., dRiuri #1.<br />

31. m. <strong>burduli</strong>, qvemo qarTlis eTnografiuli eqspedicia,<br />

1990, dRiuri #2.<br />

32. vaxuSti batoniSvili, “aRwera samefos saqarTvelosa~,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> proza, V, Tb., 1983.<br />

33. n. mindaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri <strong>samedicino</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>,<br />

sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 2000, xelnaweri,<br />

arqeologiuri kvlevis centraluri biblioTeka, gv.<br />

76; m. <strong>burduli</strong>, epidemiur davadebebTan dakav-<br />

Sirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi da wes-Cveulebebi<br />

saqarTveloSi, mse, XXVI, Tb., 2004, gv. 45.<br />

34. g. kvitaSvili, d. svaniZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 404.<br />

35. a. daviTiani, “yvavili da wiTela”, istoriisa da<br />

eTnologiis institutis arqivi, M' 35.<br />

36. T. ivelaSvili, saqorwino wes-Cveulebani saqarTveloSi,<br />

Tb., 1999, gv. 38-39.<br />

37. m. <strong>burduli</strong>, meanobisa da ginekologiur daavadebaTa<br />

mkurnalobis zogierTi xalxuri tradicia dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi (svaneTis, raWa-leCxumis da imereTis<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT), krb. <strong>tradiciuli</strong><br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>, I, Tb., 1997, gv. 107.<br />

38. iv. javaxiSvili, xeTa msaxureba da mcenareulobis<br />

RvTaeba. Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. I, Tb., 1979, gv.<br />

133-135.<br />

39. v. lomia, xis kulturisaTvis saqarTveloSi, ssmm, t.<br />

III, gv. 171.<br />

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40. leonti mroveli, cxovreba mefeTa, <strong>qarTuli</strong> proza,<br />

t. I, Tb., 1987, gv. 100.<br />

41. ir. surgulaZe, “<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri ornamentis<br />

simbolika”, Tb., 1993, gv. 184.<br />

42. iqve, gv. 176.<br />

43. z. fanaskerteli – ciciSvili, samkurnalo wigni –<br />

karabadani, Tb., 1978, gv. 282.<br />

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samkurnalo ritualebi svaneTSi<br />

daavadebis gamomwvevi Seucnobeli mizezebi Zveli<br />

droidanve daukavSirda zebunebriv samyaros. xalxis<br />

rwmeniT, daavadebas iwvevs ara marto boroti, aramed ke-<br />

Tili Zalebic. svaneTSi gavrcelebuli analogiuri Sexedulebebis<br />

kvlevas im daskvnamde mivyavarT, rom daavadeba,<br />

svanebis rwmeniT, zogadad salocavis winaSe Cadenili<br />

codvis sazRauri iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, daavadebaTa<br />

Tavidan asacileblad Tu avadmyofis samkurnalod<br />

Catarebuli religiuri ritualebi, maTi salocavebis,<br />

RvTaebaTa Tu wmindanebis gulis mogebas emsaxureboda.<br />

aRniSnuli religiuri ritualebi sruldeboda, rogorc<br />

ojaxebSi, ise salocavebSi da `wminda xeebTan~.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, yvela daavadebas<br />

Tavisi `gamomSvebi salocavi~ hyavda da amitomac konkretuli<br />

avadmyofobis dros mas evedrebodnen mSvidobiT<br />

gadarCenas. mag.: gverdebis tkivilis dros `isLgldaS deceS~-s,<br />

xvelebis dros xvalmis, Tvalebis _ `simon deceSs~<br />

(`ians, wm. barbares), yvavils dedamiwaze `sunduq<br />

deceS~-i agzavnida da sxv. a. daviTianis masalis mixedviT,<br />

svaneTSi `RmerTebi dargobiT gayofilni iyvnen, yovel<br />

RmerTs Tav-Tavisi saRmrTo miCenili hqondao da<br />

Tavis Zalas da gavlenas mxolod am dargSi gamoaCendao.<br />

sxva dargSi is ar ereoda, an adamianisadmi misi<br />

madli da Zala mxolod im garkveuli movaleobiT ganisazRvreboda.<br />

dargobrivi ganawileba sxvadasxva Rmer-<br />

Tebs didi RmerTisagan hqondaT mikuTvnebuli _ ucvlelad,<br />

samudamod~ 1 .<br />

svaneTSi daavadebis mizezis dasadgenad pirvel rig-<br />

Si mkiTxavTan midiodnen. daavadebis `gamomSvebis~ dadgenis<br />

Semdeg, Sesawirs SeuTqvamdnen, maT Soris garkveul<br />

dReebs. es dReebi uqmed cxaddeboda, marxviT aRiniSneboda,<br />

an am dros sruldeboda raime rituali, romelTa<br />

Sesrulebac wesdeboda yovelwliurad `samudamod~ an<br />

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garkveuli wlebis manZilze aRniSnul daavadebaTa Tavidan<br />

acilebis mizniT. am tradicias saqarTvelos yvela<br />

kuTxeSi vxvdebiT, magram gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu<br />

vityviT, rom SeTqmuli dReebis siuxviT svaneTi gamoir-<br />

Ceva. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom SeTqmuli dReebi ar em-<br />

Txveva salocavebis ZiriTad religiur dResaswaulebs.<br />

erTi da imave daavadebis samkurnalod, erTi da imave<br />

RvTaebis saxelze SeTqmuli dRe svaneTis sxvadasxva<br />

TemSi SeiZleba sxvadasxva yofiliyo, radgan, rogorc<br />

zemoT aRvniSneT, es dRe ar emTxveoda salocavis saeklesio-religiur<br />

dResaswauls.<br />

mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom SeTqmuli<br />

dReebi wliuri ciklis mixedviT ise iyo ganawilebuli,<br />

rom ama Tu im daavadebis gamwvavebis periods emTxveoda.<br />

ase mag.: Tavis, Tvalis, revmatiuli daavadebebis `gamom-<br />

Svebi salocavis~ saxelze SeTqmuli dReebi ZiriTadad<br />

zamTris periods, bavSvTa infeqciuri daavadebebis Tavidan<br />

acilebisaTvis salocavi dRe _ gazafxuls, xolo<br />

kuW-nawlavis problemasTan dakavSirebuli _ rogorc zogadad<br />

uwodeben, `muclis tkivilis~ _ ritualebi zafxulSi<br />

tardeboda.<br />

iTvleboda, rom yvela daavadebas Tavisi `gamomSvebi<br />

RvTaeba~ hyavda. miuxedavad amisa, zog SemTxvevaSi erTi<br />

da igive wmindani gvevlineba sxvadasxva avadmyofobisagan<br />

damcvelad. yvelaze popularuli svaneTSi wminda giorgia.<br />

mas nebismieri daavadebis dros evedrebodnen Semweobasa<br />

da Svelas. Tumca, zogjer garkveul diferencirebas<br />

aqac hqonda adgili, mag.: Tavis tkivilisagan dacvas<br />

uRvalis (adgilia _ m. b.) wminda giorgis (jgrag uRvlaSiS),<br />

xvelebisagan _ xvalmis wm. giorgis (jgrag<br />

xvalmiS), saxsrebis tkivilis _ `Zvlis texisagan~ (wm.<br />

giorgi texaisa) da sxv.<br />

ojaxSi Sesrulebuli locvebi, rogorc wesi, gvian<br />

RamiT tardeboda, ucxo aravin ar unda daswreboda. am<br />

Rames `damcveli Rame~ _ `lalCa leT~ erqva. Sesabamisad,<br />

romeli avadmyofobisaganac undodaT Tavis dacva,<br />

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im daavadebis `gamomSvebi~ wmindanis saxelze tardeboda<br />

locva. acxobdnen salocav purebs, akmevdnen `natusuns~<br />

_ nakverCxalze Taflis sanTels daafxvnidnen da sxv.<br />

ojaxebSi Tavis tkivilis, xvelebis, damblis da sxva<br />

daavadebaTa Tavidan asacilebeli locvebi, ZiriTadad,<br />

qristianuli wmindanebis saxelze tardeboda, miuxedavad<br />

amisa, aRniSnul ritualebSi magiuri qmedebebi sakmaod<br />

mravali iyo. xSirad, romelime ritualis damTavrebis<br />

Semdeg, salocav purs ezoSi gaitandnen da iq datovebdnen,<br />

rom katas an ZaRls SeeWama da am gziT avadmyofoba<br />

masze gadasuliyo. amave mizniT, xvelebis Tavidan<br />

asacileblad (an samkurnalod), diasaxlisi diliT adre<br />

adgeboda, ojaxis wevrebis sawolis qveS cocxs gamousvamda,<br />

Semdeg nagavs anTebuli lampris TanxlebiT gaitanda<br />

saxlidan da Sors gadayrida, Tan dailoceboda:<br />

`cis macxovaro, mogvaSore xvelebao~.<br />

d. margianis monaTxrobis mixedviT, mulaxSi, xvelebisa<br />

da Tvalis tkivilis asacileblad, Tebervlis bolos<br />

`ojaxis TiToeuli wevris saxelze gamoacxobdnen<br />

sam-sam Sesawir purs, Sewvavdnen Roris mwvads da TiTo<br />

kvercxs. yvelafer amas derefanSi gaitandnen (derefani<br />

svanis saxls meore sarTulze aqvs midgmuli). ojaxis<br />

ufrosi qali aiRebda saTiTaod sam lemzirs, mwvads da<br />

kvercxs, dasavleTisaken mibrundeboda da evedreboda<br />

xvalmis wminda giorgis, misi Tvalebis tkivili Tu xveleba<br />

(imis mixedviT, Tu vis ra stkioda) dasavleTiT<br />

wylisTvis gaetanebina, aRmosavleTiT qarisTvis. Semdeg<br />

yvela Tav-Tavis lemzirs da mwvads iqve SeWamda~ 2 .<br />

erTi da imave RvTaebis saxelze erTi da imave daavadebis<br />

Tavidan asacilebeli locva SeiZleboda ojax-<br />

Sic Catarebuliyo da salocavSic. mag.: xvelebisgan dasacavad<br />

(imis miuxedavad, Tu ra iyo gamomwvevi mizezi _<br />

yivanaxvela, tuberkulozi Tu ubralod gacieba) mulax-<br />

Si xvalmis wminda giorgis evedrebodnen. s. mulaxis dasavleTiT,<br />

ferdobze idga fiWvis xe, romelsac `xvalmis~<br />

eZaxdnen. `vinc filtvebiT iyo daavadebuli, cxadia,<br />

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amas xvalmis abralebdnen da misTvis gamzadebuli hqondaT,<br />

Sepirebis da `marCielis~ miTiTebis Tanaxmad, zogs<br />

mamali, zogs kvercxebi. `xvalmis~ Sesawir mamals `xvalmas~<br />

eZaxdnen... umetesad zamTrobiT swiravdnen mamals<br />

da kvercxebs `xvalmis~ da evedrebodnen xvelebisagan<br />

gaenTavisuflebina avadmyofi da sxvebi ar daeavadebina.<br />

amave dRes keriaze, qonSi gamoacxobdnen patara vaSlis<br />

msgavs purebs, Samfurze wamoagebdnen, `xvalmis~ Seswiravdnen<br />

da Semdeg gareT kedelSi gauyridnen am Samfurs,<br />

purebi Citebis ulufa xdeboda~ 3 .<br />

ritualis erT-erTi mizanic swored es iyo _ daavadeba<br />

avadmyofs moscileboda da Citebze gadasuliyo.<br />

zemoaRniSnul `salocav xesTan~ tardeboda samkurnalo<br />

rituali yivanaxvelis drosac.<br />

laxamulaSic _ `xolmi uflis~//~xolmi fusdis~ saxelze<br />

acxobdnen salocav purebs da salocav xesTan<br />

atarebdnen rituals.<br />

Tu vinmes `cudi xvela~ _ `xola PvaS~ sWirda, mis<br />

saxelze sanTels aanTebdnen, naZvze mZivs Camohkidebdnen.<br />

mZivs yivanaxveliani bavSvebic Seabamdnen naZvis tots.<br />

xalxs sjeroda, Tu vinme mZivs moxsnida, xveleba masze<br />

gadavidoda 4 .<br />

laxamulas `xolmi ufali~ svaneTSi xvelebis RvTaebad<br />

ixsenieba.<br />

svaneTSi Tebervlis Tvis erTi dRe `Zvlis texvis~<br />

(revmatiuli daavadebebis) Tavidan asacilebeli ritualis<br />

Casatareblad iyo gankuTvnili. es dRe uqme iyo,<br />

`texSob~-s eZaxdnen. loculobdnen `texSa Targlezeris~<br />

_ Zvlis texvis mTavarangelozis saxelze. salocavi rituali<br />

ZiriTadad saxlebSi sruldeboda salocav fanjarasTan.<br />

ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci an moxuci qali sam salocav<br />

purs da zedaSe arays (salocavisTvis gankuTvnili<br />

specialuri Sesawiri) aiRebda da dailoceboda: `dideba<br />

mogsvlodes, madli mogsvlodes (Zvlis) texvis mTavarangelozs,<br />

Cvens saxlSi myof kacs aacile Zvlis texva da<br />

tkivili~.<br />

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aRniSnuli avadmyofobiT daavadebulni am dRes saWmels<br />

ar Wamdnen.<br />

svaneTis zogierT TemSi es rituali salocavSi<br />

tardeboda, mag.: latalSi _ `hatincxovelis~ eklesiaSi<br />

(dRes aRar arsebobs), cxumarSi `texiS~-is, xolo lenjerSi<br />

_ `Ãvid~-is niSebTan, romelTac Zvlis texvisa da<br />

revmatizmis Tavidan acilebasa da gankurnebas evedrebodnen.<br />

`Ãvidis~ niSTan midiodnen qalebi. lemzirebs iq<br />

acxobdnen, Seswiravdnen `Ãvids~ da sTxovdnen ojaxis<br />

wevrebis janmrTelobas. `texiSSi~ ki mamakacebi midiodnen<br />

salocavad 5 .<br />

beCos Temis sofel mazerSi salocavi niSia, iqvea<br />

muxis xe. mas eZaxian `Ãvids~ da loculoben saxsrebis<br />

daavadebisa da Tvalis tkivilis dros.<br />

rogorc Cans, saxsrebis daavadeba svaneTSi sakmaod<br />

gavrcelebuli iyo, radgan TiTqmis yvela TemSia dadasturebuli<br />

misi salocavi rituali. a. daviTianis SexedulebaTa<br />

mixedviT, `texosoba _ texSob saRvTo saritualo<br />

dRea, rituali liPvdiSis momdevno xuTSabaTs sruldeboda.<br />

visac Zvlis texva sCveoda, am dRes Zafs izomavda<br />

mklavebze da muxlebze locviT: `wminda giorgi texaobisa,<br />

sicxe da Zvlis texva amacdineo~. am Zafze sanTels<br />

Camoqnidnen da anTebuls miuZRvnidnen salocav kverebTan<br />

erTad, es dRe umoqmedobis dRed iTvleboda, muSaoba akrZaluli<br />

iyo~ 6 .<br />

wminda xeebTan samkurnalo ritualebis Catarebis<br />

praqtikas qarTvel xalxSi Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli.<br />

uZvelesi droidan muxa da cacxvi wminda xeebad iTvleboda<br />

7 da samkurnalo Tvisebebi miewereboda 8 . sul axlo<br />

warsulSi dmanisis r-is sof. gomareTSi Cawerili eTnografiuli<br />

masalis mixedviT, muxis xesTan urmiT mihyavdaT<br />

avadmyofebi. eTnologi ir. surgulaZe werda, rom<br />

`qarTvelTa warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, xe sicocxlis momniWebeli<br />

ZaliTaa mosili~ 9 , da rom `sveticxoveli~ si-<br />

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cocxlis (an cxovrebis) momniWebel svets, sicocxlis<br />

xes niSnavs~ 10 .<br />

sainteresod gveCveneba `muclis tkivilis~ samkurnalo<br />

ritualebis Sesaxeb arsebuli eTnografiuli masala.<br />

vfiqrobT, igi nawilobriv mainc xsnis `Sewiruli<br />

dReebis~ yofaSi damkvidrebis tradicias.<br />

aRniSnuli daavadebisagan dasacavad aRTqmul dRes<br />

`Ãadobas~ (Ãad-muceli) eZaxian. salocavi rituali ivnisagvistoSi<br />

tardeboda ojaxSic da salocavSic. rituali<br />

xilis, mwvanilis da sxv. saWmlis aRkveTas gulisxmobda.<br />

msgavsi rituali cxumarSi macxovris eklesiaSi<br />

tardeboda.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, ifarSi `muclis<br />

tkivilis~ gamomSvebad `qveynis batons, dambadebels _<br />

`fusna buasdiSs~ Tvlidnen. ifaris Temis sof. zeganSi<br />

RvTismSoblis eklesiidan 60-80 m-is moSorebiT aris<br />

amaRlebuli borcvi, sadac mis saxelze salocavi rituali<br />

sruldeboda. rogorc gadmogvcemen, Zvelad Turme,<br />

mTel sofelSi gavrcelebula muclis tkivili (tifi//xola<br />

zig) da bevri xalxi daxocila. amitom sofelma<br />

daaarsa salocavi `am daavadebis gamomSvebi _ Rmer-<br />

Tis `fusna buasdis~ saxelze. rituali Tu avadmyofis<br />

gansakurneblad tardeboda, Sesawirs _ xbos klavdnen,<br />

Tu daavadebis Tavidan asacileblad, maSin salocavSi<br />

mxolod zedaSiTa da salocavi purebiT midiodnen. rogorc<br />

gadmogvcemen, winaT, zafxulobiT, rituals yovelTvis<br />

asrulebdnen, bolo wlebSi mianebes Tavi, radgan<br />

daavadeba, romlis Tavidan asacilebladac igi tardeboda,<br />

saSiSroebas aRar warmoadgenda.<br />

aseTive xasiaTis cnobas gvawvdis d. margiani _ `yvelieris<br />

xuTSabaTs, da namariebis (mariamobis dResaswaulis,<br />

anu 28[14] agvistos Semdeg _ m. b.) xuTSabaTs svanebi<br />

uqmoben da es ori dRe Sewiruli aqvT quTaisis RvTismSoblis<br />

eklesiis saxelze _ sen mucelas Taobaze. Turme<br />

Zvelad, erT weliwads gaCnda saSineli seni svaneTSi<br />

_ `mucela~, romelmac bevri xalxi daxoca. maSin misces<br />

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quTaisis RvTismSoblis eklesias aRTqma: weliwadSi er-<br />

Txel msxverpls swiravdnen da sTxovdnen, rom es seni<br />

ar SeeSva svaneTSi... avtori aRniSnavs, rom gadamdebi<br />

sneulebani da maT Soris `mucelac~ svaneTSi ar Cndeboda,<br />

aramed gadmohqondaT xolme mimosvlis dros imere-<br />

Tidan da Crdilo-kavkasiidan. zemoxsenebul wels `mucela~<br />

imereTidan gavrcelda, amitom Tavi quTaisis RvTismSoblis<br />

taZars Seavedres~ 11 .<br />

Cven mier am ukanasknel xanebSi moZiebuli eTnografiuli<br />

masala, vfiqrobT, exmianeba n. mindaZis mosazrebas,<br />

romlis mixedviT, wminda barbares saxelobis mcire<br />

samlocveloebis mSeneblobis farTod gaSla saqarTveloSi,<br />

kerZod svaneTSic, epidemiuri daavadebebis gavrcelebis<br />

periods ukavSirdeba 12 . svaneTidan saqarTvelos<br />

sxvadasxva kuTxeSi samuSaod wasuli svanebi ojaxebSi<br />

gazafxulis bolos brundebodnen. rogorc Cans,<br />

gadamdebi daavadebebic maSin iCenda Tavs da, bunebrivia,<br />

samkurnalo religiuri ritualebic maSin sruldeboda<br />

an fuZndeboda.<br />

Tu adamiani xangrZlivad iyo avad, SeiZleboda mis<br />

gamosajanmrTeleblad samkurnalo rituali sxvadasxva<br />

salocavSi ramdenjerme Catarebuliyo _ mamakacis avadmyofobis<br />

dros, ZiriTadad, wminda giorgis, xolo qalis<br />

avadmyofobis dros, RvTismSoblis (lamarias) saxelobis<br />

eklesiebSi.<br />

Sesawiris ojaxSi SeuTqvamdnen xolme: Sesawir saqonels<br />

gamoiyvandnen ezoSi, sanTels aanTebdnen, daiCoqebdnen<br />

da SesTxovdnen RvTaebas: `avadmyofi mogvirCine,<br />

dagvitove da imis magivrad es miiReo~. Sewirva SeiZleboda<br />

saxlSic da eklesiaSic.<br />

gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia soflis `aminiT~<br />

dalocva, romelic Semdegnairad tardeboda: avadmyofis<br />

patroni eklesiaSi waiyvanda saklavs da mTeli soflis<br />

mkvidrT moiwvevda. mlocveli dalocavda avadmyofs, mis<br />

gamojanmrTelebas SesTxovda RmerTs: `RmerTo da wmin-<br />

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da giorgi, Tqven uSveleT am avadmyofs (saxeli), gexvewebiT,<br />

rac SeZleba gqondes ar daaklo...~. dalocvas rom<br />

morCeboda, TavSeyrili xalxi `amin~-s etyoda.<br />

mniSvnelovania, rom `...avadmyofi morCeba Tu mokvdeba,<br />

ojaxma es wesi `yeriaSi~ mainc unda gadaixados~ 13 .<br />

soflis `aminiT~ avadmyofis dalocva scodniaT religiuri<br />

dResaswaulebis drosac, rodesac xalxi TavisiT<br />

iyo salocavSi TavSeyrili (kvirikobas, giorgobas,<br />

`skalda Tarigzelis~ dResaswaulze da sxv.).<br />

koleqtiuri locva-vedrebis formiT avadmyofis dalocva<br />

soflis `aminiT~, msgavsebas poulobs aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi avadmyofis saxelze soflis<br />

mexvewuris Sekrebasa da dalocvasTan, im gansxvavebiT,<br />

rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Sesawir saklavs sofeli<br />

yidulobda, xolo svaneTSi _ mxolod avadmyofis<br />

ojaxi.<br />

aRsaniSnavia mZime avadmyofobis dros didi RmerTis<br />

`xoSa RerbeT~-is//~fusna buasdiS~-is (samyaros Semomqmedi<br />

RmerTis) saxelze Catarebuli rituali msxmoiare<br />

xis, ufro msxlis xesTan. aseT dros xis ZirSi uRliT<br />

jvaredinad gadazomavdnen miwas da SeuTqvamdnen<br />

RmerTs. SemdegSi es adgili saojaxo salocavis saxes<br />

iRebda, romelsac `lidbaSi limzir~ (yanaSi locva) erqva.<br />

miwis Sewirva avadmyofis gamosajanmrTeleblad<br />

cnobilia saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic 14 , iseve rogorc<br />

daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli zemoaRwerilis msgavsi religiuri<br />

ritualebi 15 .<br />

svaneTSi gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoir-<br />

Ceva Tvalis daavadebaTa samkurnalo da profilaqtikuri<br />

magiur-religiuri ritualebi, romlebic TiTqmis yvela<br />

sofelSi tardeboda, zogjer sxvadasxva salocavSi<br />

daavadebis specifikidan gamomdinare. mag.: zogadad Tvalis<br />

sisaRisaTvis loculobdnen wminda barbares, ians<br />

(ioane naTlismcemeli, latali), simon deceSs. Tvalze<br />

libris gadakvris SemTxvevaSi _ abrham deceSs evedrebodnen.<br />

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zemo svaneTSi Tvalebis `sajanmrTelo~ samkurnalo<br />

ritualebs atarebdnen: ianis eklesiaSi (latali); ufli-<br />

Sis eklesiaSi (uSguli); wminda barbares eklesiebSi,<br />

romelic balszemo svaneTis TiTqmis yvela sofelSia<br />

da, agreTve, salocav xeebTan (ifari, cxumari da sxv.).<br />

Tvalis tkivilisagan damcvelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT<br />

popularuli wmindani svaneTSi iyo wminda barbare.<br />

dReoba barblaSis ZiriTadi daniSnulebac `daavadebuli<br />

Tvalebis gankurneba, TvalTa Suqis miniWeba da avi Wirisagan<br />

(xola mazig) dacva iyo~ 16 .<br />

wminda barbares SeuTqvamdnen: Tikans, xbos, mamals.<br />

dReobisaTvis specialurad Senaxuli fqvilisagan gamoacxobdnen<br />

patara, mrgvali formis kverebs. am purebs zedaSe<br />

arayTan da Sesawiravis Semwvar gul-RviZlTan er-<br />

Tad wm. barbares eklesiaSi waiRebdnen da ilocebdnen _<br />

wmindans Tvalis sisaRes da sinaTles SesTxovdnen.<br />

qvemo svaneTSi Tvalebis salocavi dRe iyo 15 ivlisi<br />

(Zv. stiliT), aseve, TebervalSi _ `meisarob ladeRi~<br />

(meisroba dRe). loculobdnen wm. barbares salocavSi.<br />

eTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT, SabaTi qvemo svaneTSi<br />

qristes dRed iTvleboda da Tvalis sinaTles<br />

SesTxovdnen.<br />

Tvalebis mkurnalad iTvleboda, agreTve, `simon deceSi~<br />

(zeciuri simoni) mis saxelze soflis eklesiebSi<br />

`lamprobas~ anu `svimnozas~ (mirqmis, migebebis dResaswauli)<br />

_ Zv. stiliT 2 Tebervals, yvela ojaxidan TiTo<br />

anTebuli lampari miaqvT da sTxoven aacilos maTi ojaxis<br />

wevrebs Tvalis daavadeba.<br />

Tvalebis samkurnalo ritualebi tardeba `wminda<br />

xeebTanac~. cxumarSi salocavad aryis xea _ sadac ianis<br />

(ioane naTlismcemeli) saxelze loculobdnen, ifarSi _<br />

naZvis xesTan, romelzec aryis totebisagan gakeTebul<br />

wres hkideben. adgils, sadac naZvi dgas, simons eZaxian,<br />

loculoben, rogorc Cans, winaswarmetyvelisa da mTavarangelozis<br />

(?) saxelze: `simon Taringzel, kargad gvimyofe<br />

Tvalebi. gulis sisaRe mogveci~.<br />

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wminda xeebTan samkurnalo ritualebis Catareba<br />

ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel kavkasiaSi far-<br />

Tod iyo gavrcelebuli 17 .<br />

svaneTSi aRniSnuli daavadebis samkurnalod aseTi<br />

mravalferovani da mdidari tradiciebis Camoyalibebas<br />

xeli Seuwyo Tvalis sxvadasxva daavadebis farTod gavrcelebam,<br />

romelic, Tavis mxriv, am kuTxis ekologiuri<br />

da mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo pirobebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />

`SeTqmul dReebSi~ daavadebis Tavidan asacilebel,<br />

an samkurnalo religiur ritualebs, imisda mixedviT,<br />

Tu sad tardeboda _ ojaxSi, wminda xeebTan Tu eklesia-<br />

Si _ met-naklebad gansxvavebuli xasiaTi hqonda.<br />

saxlSi Catarebul ritualSi mxolod ojaxis wevrebi<br />

Rebulobdnen monawileobas, ucxos daswreba ar SeiZleboda.<br />

eklesiaSi Catarebul locvas rac meti adamiani<br />

daeswreboda da ilocebda avadmyofis gamosajanmrTeleblad,<br />

miT ukeTesi iyo.<br />

salocav xeebTan Catarebul ritualSi ufro naTlad<br />

ikveTeba daavadebis sxvaze gadacemis magiuri qmedeba;<br />

mag.: avadmyofis naqoni mZivis, an salocavi purebis<br />

xeze dakideba _ vinc am nivTebs Seexeboda, daavadeba<br />

masze gadavidoda, xolo Semwirveli gaTavisufldeboda<br />

avadmyofobisagan.<br />

eklesiidan wamoRebuli mZivi, romelic avadmyofs<br />

unda etarebina, mxolod daavadebisgan dacvas emsaxureboda.<br />

winamdebare naSromSi Cven warmovadgineT mxolod<br />

nawili magiur-religiuri ritualebisa, romelic adamianis<br />

janmrTelobis dasacavad da avadmyofis gankurnebis-<br />

Tvis iyo gankuTvnili sxvadasxva salocavis (wmindanis)<br />

saxelze. zogierTi maTgani yofaSi dResac dasturdeba,<br />

xolo nawili aRar sruldeba. kerZod, daviwyebas mieca<br />

ZiriTadad im daavadebebisaTvis `Sewiruli~ dReebi, romlebic<br />

dRes mosaxleobisaTvis problemas aRar warmoadgens.<br />

rac Seexeba avadmyofis gamosajanmrTelebel sam-<br />

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kurnalo ritualebis eklesiebSi Catarebas, TiTqmis araferi<br />

Secvlila. aRniSnuli tradicia (msxverplSewirva<br />

avadmyofis saxelze da sxv.) dResac cocxalia.<br />

THE RITUALS OF THE MEDICAL TREATMENT<br />

IN SVANETI<br />

The work presents the rituals for saving health in Svaneti. People<br />

thought that the disease was the divine punishment, by which people were<br />

being punished for their sins made against God. For winning God’s heart<br />

and avoiding the diseases, in certain days (the days of the donations) there<br />

were arranged the different types of religious rituals in churches, in houses<br />

or near “The Saint Trees” “near the icons”.<br />

The prophylactic types of rituals were made during the special days<br />

in the names of the deities provoking some concrete diseases.<br />

The most popular saint in Svaneti is Saint George. He is asked for<br />

help during every disease. For example, during the headache people ask<br />

for help Saint George of Ugvali (Jgrag Ugvlash), during the cough – Saint<br />

George of Khvamli is asked for help (Jgrag Khvalmish), during the rheumatic<br />

desease – Saint George of Tekhi is asked for help (Jgrag Tekhash)<br />

and so on.<br />

The most varied rituals are those of the medical and the prophylactic<br />

types of the eye disease. According to the type and the seriousness of the<br />

disease some different saints (Saint Barbara, John the Christener, Simon<br />

the Foreteller or in ~Abraham Detse” Abraham the Foreteller) are asked<br />

for patronage and there are made the conformable rituals.<br />

The religious rituals were more or less different according to where<br />

they were held (in churches, in houses or near “The Sacred Trees”). The<br />

rituals held near “The Sacred Trees” show the magical action of transmit-<br />

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ting the disease from one person to another, for example, hanging the property<br />

(the bead) of the sick man on the tree. We imply that the disease would<br />

be transmitted to the person who would take the bead.<br />

In Svaneti ~The Saint Trees” include leaf trees (oaks, birch trees)<br />

and coniferous trees (pine-trees and fir-trees). There were conducted medical<br />

and prophylactic rituals near them for curing cough, eye, rheumatic<br />

and other diseases.<br />

It is important that during the serious illnesses, the rituals carried out<br />

in the name of the great God, “Khosha Gerbet” “Fusna Buasdish” (the creator<br />

of the universe) was held next to the fruit-bearing trees, mostly next to<br />

the pear trees. At that time the ground was crossed with the help of the yoke<br />

in the bottom and God was asked for patronage. Further this site became<br />

the place for praying named “Lidbashi Limzir” (praying in the cornfield).<br />

DDdamowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura<br />

1. a. daviTiani, RmerTebi svanTa rwmeniT... iv. javaxiSvilis<br />

sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi,<br />

1940, M135, gv. 128.<br />

2. d. margiani, svanuri masala. iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa<br />

da eTnologiis institutis eTnografiuli<br />

arqivi, M2 69, 1946, gv. 36-37.<br />

3. s. guledani, Zveli adaT-zne-Cveulebani zemo svaneTSi,<br />

xelnaweri, mestiis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi, gv. 128.<br />

4. a. daviTiani, svaneTi eTnografiulad, iv. javaxiSvilis<br />

sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi,<br />

M2 4, gv.18.<br />

5. s. guledani, dasax. naSr., gv. 111-112.<br />

6. a. daviTiani, svaneTi eTnografiulad... gv. 28.<br />

7. iv. javaxiSvili, xeTa msaxureba da mcenareulobis<br />

RvTaeba. Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. I, 1979, gv. 133-<br />

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135; v. lomia, xis kultisaTvis saqarTveloSi, saqar-<br />

Tvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, t. III, gv. 170-171.<br />

8. leonti mroveli, cxovreba mefeTa, `<strong>qarTuli</strong> proza~,<br />

t. I, Tb., 1987, gv. 100.<br />

9. ir. surgulaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri ornamentis simbolika,<br />

Tb., 1993, gv. 184.<br />

10. iqve, gv. 176.<br />

11. d. margiani, dasaxelebuli masala, gv.59.<br />

12. n. mindaZe, wminda barbare qarTul tradiciaSi, II saer-<br />

TaSoriso simpoziumi _ qristianoba Cvens cxovrebaSi:<br />

warsuli, awmyo, momavali, Tb., 2005, gv. 116.<br />

13. a. niJaraZe (Tavisufali svani), istoriul-eTnografiuli<br />

werilebi, w. 1, Tb., 1962, gv. 72.<br />

14. al. oCiauri, religia mowmaoSi (bude xevsureTi), istoriisa<br />

da eTnologiis institutis arqivi, 1935, gv.<br />

23.<br />

15. n. mindaZe, <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri medicina (aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos mTielTa eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT)<br />

Tb., 1981, gv.91; Машурко М. Г., Из области<br />

народной фантазии и быта Тифлисской и Кутайсской губ.<br />

СМОМПК, XVIII, 1894, стр. 337-338; Степанов И., Приемы и<br />

поверия грузин Телавского уезда Тифлисской губернии.<br />

СМОМПК, 1894, т. 19, и. др.<br />

16. v., bardaveliZe, qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan<br />

(RvTaeba barbar-barbal) Tb., 1941, gv. 45.<br />

17. Минкевич И. И. Растения, как медицинские средства и как<br />

предмет обожения на Кавказе, ПЗИКМО, 1895, №13, стр. 543.<br />

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M<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>tradiciuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> xalxuri<br />

da wignieri (karabadinebis) codnis urTierTobis<br />

sakiTxisaTvis<br />

ama Tu im xalxis <strong>samedicino</strong> kulturis dones didad<br />

gansazRvravs Sesabamisi drois mowinave <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

miRwevebis xalxSi gavrcelebis xarisxi. Aam mxriv<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri da profesiuli (karabadinebis)<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> codnisa da tradiciebis Sejerebuli<br />

Seswavla metad sainteresoa da iZleva mniSvnelovani<br />

daskvnebis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. winamdebare<br />

naSromis mizania eTnografiul masalaze dayrdnobiT<br />

vaCvenoT, ramdenad sargeblobdnen qarTveli saxalxo<br />

mkurnalebi (,,eqimbaSebi~) Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> werilobiTi<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> ZeglebiT _ karabadinebiT.<br />

ramdenad iyo SesaZlebeli karabadinebis codnis<br />

xalxSi gavrceleba, an visTvis iyo gankuTvnili aseTi<br />

wignebi, amis Sesaxeb cnobebs TviTon karabadinebi<br />

gvawvdian. davit bagrationi ,,iadigar daudSi~ wers: ,,Tu<br />

kaci aseTsa alagsa avad gaxdes, rome iqi aqimi da<br />

Semtyobi kaci ar iyos, ese wigni daidvan wina da ama<br />

wigniTa uaqimon. Da rarigadac ama wignSigan<br />

eweros........yuela isre qnen~ (bagrationi, 1985:97).<br />

Medicines istoriis mkvlevari prof. mix. Sengelia<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT wers: ,,karabadinebis arqiteqtonika<br />

da Sinaarsi (gamonaklisia ,,wigni saaqimoÁ~) saSualebas<br />

gvaZlevs misi funqciac ganvsazRvroT. Karabadinebi<br />

gamiznuli iyo masobrivi gamoyenebisaTvis. Sedgenili<br />

iyo rogorc eqimTaTvis, ise araeqimTaTvisac,<br />

saxeldaxelod advilad mosaxmari cnobaris<br />

saxiT~(Sengelia, 1970:125).<br />

saqarTveloSi karabadinebis popularobasa da<br />

farTid gavrcelebas adasturebs mravali faqti. Jer<br />

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kidev XX s. dasawyisSi a. iaSvili werda, rom man Tavad<br />

naxa saqarTveloSi, ojaxebSi, 14 karabadini, romlebic<br />

warmoadgendnen memkvidreobiT sakuTrebas. Karabadinebi<br />

hqondaT saxalxo mkurnalebsac da Cveulebriv<br />

mcxovreblebsac. Miuxedavad imisa rom, isini sakmaod<br />

Zvirad fasobdnen. erT kacs karabadinSi ori kameCi<br />

hqonda gadaxdili (Яшвили. 1904:125).<br />

amave faqts miuTiTebs mkvlevari lado kotetiSvili:<br />

,,Zvelad qarTveli eqimebi...... gacxovelebul saeqimo _<br />

saganmanaTleblo muSaobas awarmoebdnen da sakmaod<br />

codniTa da gamocdilebiT wvrTnidnen qarTvel xalxs.<br />

Cven ara gvgonia rom iyos sadme kidev iseTi qveyana,<br />

sadac xalxuri medicina iseTi mdidari da<br />

mravalferovani iyos, rogorc es CvenSia...... iSviaTia<br />

iseTi sofeli sadac karabadinebis saxiT an<br />

zepirsityvierad Senaxuli ar iyos xalxSi<br />

ferad_feradi samkurnalo saSualebani da saeqimo<br />

ostatoba, rac uZvelesi saukuneebidan momdinareobs.<br />

Aqedanve aris sibevre da nairsaxeoba karabadinebisa,<br />

romlebic Cvens xalxSi aris daculi~ (kotetiSvili,<br />

1940:3).<br />

zemoTqmulis dadasturebaa Cven mier savele<br />

eTnografiuli muSaobisas (ZiriTadad das.<br />

saqarTveloSi _ raWa_leCxumi, imereTi) mopovebuli<br />

cnobebi karabadinebis mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebis<br />

Sesaxeb. TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi sadac ki mogvixda<br />

savele muSaobis Catareba, aSkarad SeiniSneba<br />

werilobiTi medicines gavlena da karabadinebic<br />

ZiriTadad tradiciul (sagvareulo) mkurnalTa<br />

ojaxebSi davadastureT. aRniSnuli karabadinebi<br />

warmoadgens arasrul variantebs an sxvadasxva<br />

xelnawerebidan amokrefil maTTvis saWiro cnobebs,<br />

amitom Zneli saTqmelia romel oficialurxelnawers<br />

ganekuTvneba igi. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb jer kidev a.<br />

iaSvili werda, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

xelnawerebis gadawerisas gadamweri sxvadasxva wyaros<br />

226

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iyenebda, an iwerda imas rac mas ainteresebda da<br />

sWirdeboda (Яшвили, 1904:83). ojaxebSi davamowmeT<br />

rogorc e. w. ,,bebiis namziTvi~, ise nayidi Zveli<br />

xelnaweri karabadinebi. Mag; raWaSi, sof. bugeulSi,<br />

gabiCvaZeebis ojaxSi ( saxalxo mkurnalebi sasuliero<br />

wodebidan) vnaxeT ori saxios karabadini, erTi Zveli,<br />

xelnaweri, saidanac xelmZRvanelobdnen wamlebis<br />

damzadebisas da meore petre klapitonovis<br />

(klapitonaSvilis) mier moskovSi 1830_32w. gamocemuli<br />

,,mokle karabadini, anu darigeba~_ rusulidan<br />

Targmnili da gadmokeTebuli. raWaSive, sofel<br />

nikorwmindaSi mcxovreb gegeSiZeebs SiSis gamo dauwviaT<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> xelnaweri (cnobilia, rom XX s_is 30_40<br />

_ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi devnidnen ,,eqimbaSebs~).<br />

leCxumSi_ sof. CqumSi cnobili mkurnalebis _<br />

TuTisanebis ojaxSi davamowmeT agreTve ,,bebiis<br />

namziTvi~ karabadini.<br />

karabadinebis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT imereTi<br />

gamorCeuli kuTxea. aq mraval ojaxSi vnaxeT Zveli<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerebi. Mravali xelnaweri karabadinia<br />

daculi quTaisis n. berZeniSvilis sax. saxelmwifo<br />

muzeumis arqivSi, rogorc kerZo pirebis (agiaSvilebis,<br />

niJaraZis, quTaTelaZis, wereTlis da sxv.), ise<br />

samonastro kompleqsebidan, mag; jruWis monastridan<br />

Semotanili. Kargad Semonaxuli karabadionebis<br />

Tavfurclebze aris rogorc gadamwerTa, ise SemkveTTa<br />

anderZebi, saidanac Cans, rom maT Segnebuli hqondaT<br />

aRniSnuli saqmianobis mniSvneloba. Aam anderZebidan<br />

aseve irkveva, rom saqarTveloSi karabadinebis xeliT<br />

gadawera XIX s_is 50_ian wlebamde grZeldeboda. Aase<br />

mag; agiaSvilebis ojaxidan Semosuli karabadinis<br />

gadamweris anderZSi vkiTxulobT: ,,wigni ese, romelsac<br />

ewodebis munaTxafi Sahba viTamc sruli saheqimo<br />

wignebidan gamorCeuli, gamokrefili aris da aRwera<br />

xeliTa xizabavreli godebaZe ter anton xucianovisa da<br />

Tumca wignsa amasa Sina ipoebodnen mraval sakudiano<br />

227

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ameni da romelica vscani, rom sakudiano iyo, gare<br />

ganvTxien da zogni msgavsni maTni, romelic umetesad im<br />

wamalT xasiaTTa mivaCeme, igini Savswere da<br />

ucodinarobisa da ganurCevlobisaTvis nu vin mmbasriT,<br />

aramed momiteveT, xolo aRiwera welsa macxovrisasa<br />

1836 da oqtombris ocs aRsrulda~.<br />

aRniSnuli anderZidan Cans, rom gadamweri erkveoda<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> saqmianobaSi, igi SerCeviT iwerda saWiro<br />

sakiTxebs. Mmeores mxriv ki cxadia aseTi gadaweris<br />

dros Tavdapirveli teqsti mniSvnelovnad icvleboda.<br />

Zogjer erTi xelnaweri or an met sxvadasxva karabadins<br />

aerTianebda.<br />

sanimuSod movitan zemoaRniSnuli karabadinis<br />

SemkveTis anderZsac: ,,me giorgi erisTavis Zeman da<br />

kavalerman aRvimsTe winaSe RvTisa Txovnad madlsa da<br />

povnad samkurnaloisa werilisa da, viTarca mowyale<br />

ars, momeca Sewevna da vipove maZiebelman da misTana<br />

misi xelovani pronoTari giorgi, romel ars<br />

mosaxsenebelTa mwerali, romeli me aRviyvane<br />

megobrobisa pativsa zia da aRvawerine doxturTa mier<br />

saqebeli da mravalTa samefoTa sayabuli piveli<br />

karabadini. Srulmyofelman saqmeni xeliTa CemTani<br />

warmimarTna da aw keTilisa mizezman namizezevi ese Cemi<br />

Seiwiros, Rirs myos marjvenisa Tvisisa dgomisa,<br />

romelsa Svenis yovelTa mier didebisa Sewirva, pativi<br />

da Tayvaniscema mamisa da Zisa da wmidisa sulisa aw da<br />

maradis da ukuniTi ukunisamde amin~.<br />

rogorc SemkveTis anderZidan Cans, aRniSnuli<br />

saqmianoba saRvTo saqmed da sulis sacxoneblad<br />

iTvleboda. aRniSnuli azri gatarebulia TiTqmis yvela<br />

SemkveTis anderZSi. SemkveTebi rogorc wesi<br />

didgvarovnebi _ erisTavebi, Tavadebi arian, gadamwerebi<br />

ki ZiriTadad sasuliero wris warmomadgenlebi.<br />

zogierTi gadamweri cdilobda Tavisi wvlili<br />

Seetana, gaeumjobesebina karabadini gamosayeneblad, mag:<br />

avTandil TayinasSvilis (gadamweri) anderZSi<br />

228

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vkiTxulobT: srulad ese mcire karabadimi as da<br />

Tequsmeti kari aris da zemod yovelsa karisaTvis<br />

Tavidgan vidre bolomde ricxvi damirTavs da aw aqana<br />

yovlis karis saxelsa da ricxvs mogaxseneb da<br />

saZiebeli aris imisaTvis, rome, romeli karic gindodes<br />

aqedgan advilad iZio da hpoo, raTa maSuraloba ar<br />

SegemTxves. saZiebeli dedans ar hqonda, Cven mdabals da<br />

ucodvils mwignobarTagans avTandils SegviZenia.<br />

Karabadinis aRmomkiTxvelman ese saZiebeli aRmoikiTxos<br />

da yovelsave, raica zemoT weril ars, is uCvenebs, da<br />

romeli raica enebis is kari iZios~.<br />

karabadinebis sixSire aRniSnul kuTxeSi pirdapir<br />

kavSirSia xalxis <strong>samedicino</strong> codnis donesTan. TiTqmis<br />

yvela SeZlebuli ojaxi cdilobda hqonoda samkurnalo<br />

wigni, da radganac karabadins ZiriTadad praqtikuli<br />

daniSnuleba hqonda, misi simravle ganapirobebda<br />

samkurnalo saqmis mcodne pirTa simravlesac.<br />

Ramdenadac mkurnalobis xalxuri tradiciebis<br />

matareblebi ZiriTadad saxalxo mkurnalebi arian,<br />

savele eTnografiuli muSaobisas gansakuTrebul<br />

yuradRebas vaqcevdiT masalis Sekrebas maTze (icavdnen<br />

Tu ara mkurnalobis saidumlos, STamomavlobiT Tu<br />

gadascemdnen codnas, icnobdnen Tu ara karabadinebs da<br />

a. S.) moZiebuli masalis mixedvit xalxuri mkurnalebi<br />

pirobiTad SeiZleba or ZiriTad kategoriad davyoT,<br />

pirvelni _ ufro ganswavlulni, qarTul tradiciul<br />

samkurnalo codnas ( karabadinebis) naziarevi da meore,<br />

_ romelTa codna ZiriTadad empiriul gamocdilebazea<br />

damyarebuli.<br />

Cvens sakvlev regionSi, erTaderTi kuTxe, sadac<br />

uSualod ojaxebSi ver movaxerxeT karabadinebis<br />

damowmeba, svaneTia. Tumca gadmocemit zogierT saxalxo<br />

mkurnals _ ,,aqims~ (xergianebisa da gujejianebis<br />

gvarSi) hqoniaT is. erTerTi cnobili ,,aqimis~ Svilma<br />

dagvidastura, rom ,,mamamiss hqonda raRac wigni<br />

saiidanac amzadebda wamals~. marTlac am kuTxis<br />

229

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xalxur medicinaSi gamoyenebuli terminologia da<br />

samkurnalwamlo saSualebebi, agreTve mkurnalobis<br />

xerxebi da meTodebi, romlebic Zalian uaxlovdebian,<br />

zog SemTxvevaSi identuric kia karabadinebis <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

codnisa, gvafiqrebinebs, rom svan saxalxo mkurnalebs<br />

marTlac hqondaT Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

xelnawerebi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ,,saqarTvelos<br />

gansacdelis Jams svaneTi gadaqceula misi saeklesio<br />

simdidrisa da Zveli naSTebis saxizrad da damcvelad~<br />

(gabliani, 1925:111_112). vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT<br />

,,....ecerSi (balsqvemo svaneTi m. b.)....ars eklesia svetad<br />

wodebuli, saxizari svetis cxovlis samkaul_saunjisa~<br />

(batoniSvili, 1973:787). gamoricxuli ar unda iyos am<br />

,,saxizar nivTebs~ Soris karabadinebis arsebobac.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, karabadinebis gadaweris<br />

tradicia saqarTveloSi XIX s_is 50_ian wlebamde<br />

grZeldeboda, imave saukunis meore naxevridan ki<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> codnis xalxSi gavrceleba qarTulma<br />

periodulma presam ikisra, am mxriv gamoirCeva<br />

,,saqarTvelos kalendari~, da ,,sasoflo gazeTi~,<br />

romelTa statiebSi ZiriTadad yuradReba<br />

gamaxvilebulia imaze, Tu sxvadasxva daavadebebis dros<br />

rogor unda umkurnalon Sinaur pirobebSi, ra niSnebiT<br />

unda gamoicnon esa Tu is daavadeba. agreTve<br />

aqveynebdnen sxvadasxva dasalevi Tu garegani (malamo)<br />

wamlebis damzadebis receptebs. aRniSnul swavlebas<br />

ukvalod ar Cauvlia, rasac savele eTnografiuli<br />

masala adasturebs.<br />

xalxuri da profesiuli <strong>samedicino</strong> codnis<br />

Sedarebas garkveuli kriteriumebis mixedviT vaxdenT,<br />

kerZod _ daavadebaTa gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb<br />

arsebuli Sexedulebebis msgavseba gansxvaveba;<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> terminologia; mkurnalobis meTodebi da<br />

saSualebebi; avadmyofis movla da sxv. winamdebare<br />

statiaSi Cven SevexebiT msgavseba _ gansxvavebis mxolod<br />

zogierT sakiTxs.<br />

230

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Sexedulebebi daavadebaTa gamomwvevi mizezebis<br />

Sesaxeb: xalxSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebis mixedviT<br />

mTeli rigi daavadebebi, mag: Tavis tkivili,<br />

qarebi//revmatizmi da sxv. ,,glaxa sisxlis~ bralia.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT ,,kacs rom saxrebSi<br />

qarebi gauCndeboda, is maSinve sisxls gamoiRebda,<br />

radgan misi azriT glaxa sisxlis bralia saxsrebis<br />

tkivili~. ,,sisxlis metobiT~ gamowveul Tavis<br />

tkivilsac sisxlis gamoSvebiT mkurnalobdnen.<br />

Ddaavadebis simptomad ,,saxeze wamoWarxleba da<br />

Tvalebis siwiTle~ iTvleboda. aseT dros avadmyofs<br />

specialuri xelsawyoebit sisxls gamouRebdnen kefidan<br />

an safeTqlidan _ sisxlis ZarRvs ,,wkipartis//nestaris~<br />

(viwro, Txelpiriani, moxrili dana) msubuqi dartymiT<br />

gasWridnen.<br />

xalxSi gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba ,,glaxa sisxlis~<br />

Sesaxeb karabadinebis gavlenis Sedegi unda iyos.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, hipokrates humoralur_paTologiuri<br />

moZRvreba medicinaSi gabatonebuli iyo mTel<br />

SuasaukuneebSi (romlis mixedviTac adamianis organizmi<br />

otxi elementisagan _ sisxli, zafra, balRami, sevda _<br />

Sedgeba. maTi wonasworoba organizmSi janmrTelobaa,<br />

wonasworobis darRveva ki daavadeba.) da <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

samkurnalo xelnawerebic _ ,,usworo karabadini~, ,,wigni<br />

saaqimoY~, ,,samkurnalo wigni _ karabadini~ da ,,iadigar<br />

daudi~ AM Teoriis mixedviT ganixilavs yvela Teoriul<br />

sakiTxsa da daavadebas.<br />

Hhumoraluri paTologiis gavlenis damadastureblad<br />

l. kotetiSvils moyavs qarTul salaparako enaSi<br />

xmarebuli gamoTqmebi: ,,naRveli gamiskda~,,,naRvela<br />

gamixeTqa~, ,,sevdiani kaci~, ,,sevda maxrCobs~, ,,balRami<br />

amoanTxia~, ,,gesliani anu balRamiani kaci~, ,,ZarRviani<br />

kaci~, ,,sisxli amemRvra~, ,,sisxli gamiSro~, ,,kaci gaSra~<br />

da sxv. (kotetiSvili, 1940:40).<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerebis mixedviTac ,,sisxlis<br />

metobiT~ gamowveuli daavadebebis mkurnaloba sisxlis<br />

231

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gamoSvebaSi mdgomareobs. sisxlis gamoSvebis meTodi,<br />

xelsawyoebi, adgili (saidanac sisxls uSveben) TiTqmis<br />

erTnairia. ,,Tavis tkivili rome sisxlisagan<br />

iyos....ficxlav xeli gauxsen, anu safeTqeli, anu Subli,<br />

anu Tavsa kotoSi mohkide~ (qananeli, 1940:172.). simptomebi<br />

,,sisxlis metobiT~ gamowveuli daavadebisa ki asea<br />

aRwerili _ ,,Tu Tvalni da feri wiTeli iyos da<br />

yuriswineT rom ZarRui aris, isi saves iyos da Zalianad<br />

feTqdes, icodi, rome sisxlisagan aris. imas Tavzeda<br />

kotoSi unda mohkidos da merme yifali gauxsnas, anu<br />

isi rome yuriswinaT ZarRui aris, isi gauxsen~<br />

(fanaskerteli, 1978:284).<br />

xalxSi gavrcelebulia Sexeduleba, rom kbilis<br />

daavadebas, tkivils, ,,daWianebas~iwvevs ,,wvrili Wiebi~<br />

da Sesabamisad mkurnalobac ,,Wiebis kbilidan<br />

gamodevnas~ isaxavs miznad. ,,Turme adamians kbilSi<br />

uCndeba abreSumis Zafis msgavsi wvrili Wiebi~_<br />

gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi. xalxi WianaWam kbils ase<br />

mkurnalobs _ samkurnalo mcenareebis lemis (datura<br />

stramonium L.) an lencofis (hyoscyamus niger L.) Tesls<br />

gaSlidnen ficarze da zed Camoqnil Taflis sanTels<br />

gaagorebdnen, an Tavidanve Tesls da sanTels erTad<br />

Camoqnidnen. xis wvril Rruian Reroze miamagrebdnen<br />

Zabrs, xis reros ,,WianaWam~ kbilze miadebdnen, xolo<br />

Zabris qveS sanTels aanTebdnen rom kvamli Sig<br />

Sesuliyo, Tan qvemoT wylian jams udgamdnen, romelSic<br />

,,kbilis Wiebi cvioda~, an lemis Tesls dayridnen<br />

nakverCxalze, zemodan raime liTonis jams<br />

daaxurebdnen, Semdeg gadmoabrunebdnen, eyals<br />

Caasxamdnen da amiT iorTqlebdnen _zemodan raimes<br />

gadaifarebdnen da piriT isunTqebdnen, ,,TasSi patara<br />

Wiebi cvioda~_ gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

igive Sexedulebas da mkurnalobis analogiur wess<br />

vxvdebit karabadinebSic. ,,Tu SeWmulsa (kbilsa m. b.)<br />

WiaY iyos, prasisa Tesli da lemisa Tesli, romelsa<br />

232

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angi hquian, danayos da cviliTa Sezilos da kbilTa<br />

qveS ikmolos, WiaY Camoscvivis yvelaY~ (wigni saaqimoY,<br />

1936:136). an ,,sxua wamali kbilisa, rome Wia Seeqmnas._aiRe<br />

Savi Txis balani, sandi da qoni, danaye erTad, grZeli<br />

qva gaaTbe da ese wamlebi zeda daakmie, piri zed<br />

daaWirvine, matli Camoyaros da uSuelos~<br />

(fanaskerteli, 1978:371).<br />

xalxSi gavrcelebuli rwmena_warmodgenebis Tanaxmad<br />

mTel rig daavadebebs avi sulebi iwveven. isini aSineben<br />

da avad xdian adamianebs. maTgan Tavis dasacavad ki<br />

sxvadasxva saSualebebs mimarTaven – Selocvebs,<br />

Senalocebis (Tilismebis) tareba da sxv. svaneTSi avi<br />

sulebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT atarebdnen mglis xorxs<br />

da kbils. iadigar daudSi vkiTxulobT_,,......da Tu mglis<br />

kbili martvilsa dahkidon devisa da macdurisagan da<br />

yovlisa RamiT mavnisagan eminad iyos aRar eSinodes da<br />

aRarc ra gadaekidos~ (bagrationi, 1938:535). aRniSnuli<br />

Sexeduleba SesaZloa xalxuridan iyos Sesuli wignier<br />

medicinaSi.<br />

mkurnalobis saSualebebi da meTodebi xalxur<br />

medicinasa da <strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerTa Soris mraval<br />

paralels vxvdebiT zogadad daavadebaTa da kerZod<br />

travmul dazianebaTa mkurnalobaSi. magaliTisaTvis<br />

SevexoT Wrilobis mkurnalobas.<br />

qarTveli saxalxo mkurnalebi Wrilobis<br />

mkurnalobas misi gasufTavebiT iwyebdnen, risTvisac<br />

iyenebdnen ornaxad arrays. Alkoholiani xsnarebiT<br />

Wrilobis mobanvis wess vxvdebiT <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

xelnawerebSic (qananeli, 1940:394.).<br />

sisxlis denis SesaCereblad svaneTSi saxalxo<br />

mkurnalebi (,,aqimebi~) sxva saSualebasTan erTad<br />

iyenebdnen Sabiamansac._,,sisxlis sadinarebs moswvavs da<br />

sisxli aRar gamovidodao~_ gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

karabadinebSi _ ,,sxua wamali, rome dakodilsa<br />

(Wrilobas m. b.)......gaxsnilisa sisxli daayenos aiRe ......<br />

anu arjaspi (Sabiamani m. b.)...... danaye moayare da<br />

233

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daayenos~ (fanaskerteli, 1978:651.). an ,,Sabiamani mxurvali<br />

da xmeli aris, vinca ese Sabiamani danayos da aseTsa<br />

dakodilzeda daayaros, rome sisxli ar daswydebodes,<br />

maSinve sisxls daswyvuets da wyalsa da walasa<br />

moaSrobs ...... da kbilis sisxlis denasa uSuelis~<br />

(bagrationi, 1985:537).<br />

xalxur medicinaSi Wrilobis mkurnalobis erT_erTi<br />

ZiriTadi saSualebaa malamo. svaneTSi mas mahlam hqvia.<br />

karabadinebSic<br />

_<br />

malamo//marlam//mahlamaY//marama//mahlamaYs saxeliT<br />

vxvdebiT. Pparalelis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa TviT<br />

malamoTi mkurnalobis wesi. xalxur mkurnalebs<br />

svaneTSi, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi,<br />

Rrma WrilobaSi malamo patruq//patrik_is saSualebiT<br />

SehqondaT. Mis dasamzadeblad iyenebdnen _ Taflis<br />

sanTels, bambas, aryis xis wvril totebs da sxv.<br />

patruqs gaJRinTavdnen malamoTi da Cadebdnen<br />

WrilobaSi, raTa igi zedapirulad ar Sexorcebuliyo.<br />

karabadinebSi Rrma Wrilobis mkurnalobis wesi asea<br />

gadmocemuli ,,.... dakodili (daWrili m. b.)......Tu Rrma<br />

iyos (wamali m. b.) patruqiT Seudev~(qananeli, 1940:391), an<br />

,,......Tu isriTa iyos da Tu SubiT, an xrmliTa an daniTa,<br />

Tu Rrma iyos...... (Wriloba m. b.)patrukiTa Seudev wamali<br />

ZueliTa bambiTa~(fanaskerteli, 1978:646).<br />

z. fanaskertelis samkurnalo wigns darTul<br />

leqsikonSi patruki//patruqi ganmartebulia rogorc<br />

,,fTila~ (fanaskerteli, 1978:870). sulxan_saba orbeliani<br />

ki mas Semdegnairad ganmartavs _ ,,patruqi//patruk<br />

ewodeba sanTlisa da bazmis Clas~ (s.s. orbeliani,<br />

1966:613), xolo Cla aris naZenZi rame (orbeliani, 1949:<br />

425) rogorc davinaxeT mkurnalobis wesi da terminic<br />

erTimeoris msgavsia.<br />

Svan ,,aqimebs~ gaRizianebuli, daCirqebuli Wrilobis<br />

mosarCenad hqoniaT raRac gansakuTrebuli malamo _<br />

,,malgimiS~, misi Semadgenloba ver davadgineT, magram<br />

234

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xalxis gadmocemiT es wamali ,,glaxa xorcs mosWamda<br />

da kargs stovebda~.<br />

karabadinebSi vkiTxulobT_ ,,sxua malama, rome Zueli<br />

mRieri da sxua feri avi xorci gamovides isica<br />

mosWamos~, an ,,sxua malama mwuane rome xorci mosWamos<br />

da bayli gawmindos da matls da krkilsa uSuelos, da<br />

Tu TeTri iyos mRierSigan gaawiTlos da gaamrTelos~<br />

(fanaskerteli, 1978:648) an ,,vinca xami kevi danayos da<br />

xorcmetzeda daiyaros, meti da avi xorci<br />

mosWamos~(bagrationi, 1985:537).<br />

mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT ,,aqimebi~ garkveuli saxis<br />

operaciebsac atarebdnen. kerZod, kanqveS gaCenil<br />

simsivnes amohkveTdnen. Rogorc eTnografiuli<br />

masalidan Cans aseTi saxic operacia sul axlo<br />

warsulSi Cautarebia erTert cnobil ,,aqims~ mamerza<br />

xergians. Mis mier morCenili pacienti gadmogvcems:<br />

,,barZayi dawiTlebuli mqonda da xelis SexebiT<br />

vgrZnobdi kaklis nayofze did simsivnes. 8_10 wlis<br />

viqnebodi. Mamerza xergianma mimkurnala. Jer malamos<br />

mismevda xis kovziT. sanam siwiTle Zalian ar<br />

dawiTlda. Bolos dana gaaxura cecxlze, TiTqmis<br />

gaawiTla, raRac wausva zed, mere gamiWra da mozrdili<br />

simsivne gamoiRo. operaciis Semdeg malamos mismevda da<br />

ramodenime dReSi momirCina~ (nugzar amiranis Ze<br />

niguriani, 35 wlis, 1979. mestia).<br />

simsivnuri warmonaqmnis mkurnalobis saukeTeso gzad<br />

operacia saxeldeba karabadinebSic ,,Tia imas quian,<br />

rome tyavsa da xorcs Sua iyos mrguali da gorvides.<br />

Iqnebis rome magari iyos da xmeli; da iqnebis rome<br />

rbili iyos. Tu tyavsa da xorcsa Sua iyos, misi ukeTesi<br />

dastaqroba aris, rome gamouRos~. (fanaskerteli,<br />

1978:630).<br />

Sbanur masalaze ufro imitom gavamaxvileT<br />

yuradReba, rom rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT uSualod<br />

mosaxleobaSi<strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerebi (karabadinebi) ver<br />

davamowmeT. Tumca rogorc davinaxeT, xalxur da<br />

235

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wignier medicinas Soris bevri saerToa. Aaseve mravali<br />

paralelis motana SeiZleba, rogorc travmul ise<br />

Sinagan, kanis da sxva daavadebaTa mkurnalobaze<br />

xalxur da <strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerebs Soris. vfiqrobT<br />

motanili masalac garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis imis<br />

Sesaxeb, rom qarTveli xalxi icnobda karabadinebs da<br />

saxalxo mkurnalebi ki praqtikul saqmianobaSi<br />

iyenebdnen mas. Adgili hqonda piruku processac,<br />

xalxuri gamocdileba sxvadasxva gadamwerTa meoxebiT<br />

Sedioda <strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerebSi.<br />

Aavadmyofis movla. xalxuri da wignieri samkurnalo<br />

Tu leqsikuri aparatis siaxlove da urTierTzegavlena<br />

vlindeba iseT sferoSic, rogoricaa avadmyofis movla.<br />

xalxuri gamocdilebiT avadmyofze dadebiTad<br />

moqmedebda sasiamovno garemos Seqmna. mZime,<br />

gaxangrZlivebulidaavadebis dros (daavadebis xasiaTs<br />

mniSvneloba ara aqvs) avadmyofs Rameebs uTevdnen,<br />

arTobdnen sasiamovno ambebiT, musikiT da sxv. ufro<br />

metic, saqarTveloSi wes_CveulebaTa mTeli sistemaa<br />

Camoyalibebul;I ,,batonebiani~ (bavSvTa gadamdebi<br />

daavadebebi_wiTela, yvavili, yivanaxvela da sxv.) bavSvis<br />

movlisa. asset dros ojaxSi xmamaRali laparakic ki<br />

ikrZaleboda, myudro da sasiamovno garemo, bavSvis<br />

survilebis gaTvaliswineba, kvebiTi reJimi da sxv.<br />

romelic sruldeboda viTomda ,,batonebis~ saameblad<br />

avadmyofis nerviul sistemaze dadebiTad moqmedebda<br />

rac gamojanmrTelebas uwyobda xels.<br />

karabadinebSi ama Tu im daavadebis wamlebit<br />

mkurnalobasTan erTad aris darigeba avadmyofis<br />

movlasac. Aase mag. ..lamazi adamistomis naxva, lamazis<br />

pirutyvis naxva, lamazis alagis naxva da lamazis<br />

sakravisa kais xmis gagoneba avad mofsa es yuela kargad<br />

mouxdebis da yuela guls ukuhyris. xolo rac an<br />

Tvalsa an gulsa, an yursa da an Wkuas iamebis, avad<br />

myofsa yuela kargad mouxdebis, da sensa da gulis<br />

Semoyras ukuhyris~ (qananeli, 1940:140).<br />

236

---

Zvelad rogorc viciT mteli rigi daavadebebis, mag:<br />

epidemiebis (yvavili, Savi Wiri, tifi da sxv.), efeqturi<br />

samkurnalo saSualebebi ar arsebobda. asset dros,<br />

rogorc eTnografiuli masalis, ise karabadinebis<br />

mixedviTac erTaderTi racionaluri RonisZieba<br />

daavadebis Tavidan acilebisa infeqciis keris<br />

izolireba, morideba rCeba, rasac xalxi zedmiwevniT<br />

asrulebda. Wydeboda soflebs Soris mimosvla, icodnen<br />

gaxizvna da sxv. karabadinebidanac aseTi darigeba<br />

ismoda ,,romelsa saxlSigan sneuli iwves, Sen nu<br />

dasdgebi da nurca daswvebi, da raca maT eWamos<br />

saWmeli, mis naWamsa Tquen nu sWamT, Tvarem saSiSari<br />

aris. nurca maTiTa WurWliTa wyals suamT, romliTa<br />

sneuli smides. Ese raca seni dagviweria, ima sneulisa<br />

naWamsa da nasvamsa vinca sWams da svams, maT<br />

gardaexvevis....~(qananeli, 1940:5).<br />

Mmotanili samkurnalo Tu profilaqtikuri<br />

RonisZiebebi fiqsirdeba saqarTvelos yvela regionSi.<br />

Mmsgavseba xalxuri da wignieri medicinisa<br />

TvalSisacemia. vfiqrobT am mokle mimoxilviTac ki,<br />

mizani _ xalxuri da profesiuli <strong>samedicino</strong> codnis<br />

urTierTmimarTebis Cveneba_ miRweulia.<br />

237

---

Georgian Traditional Medical Culture About The Relations<br />

Of Folk And Professional Knowlenge<br />

Symmaru<br />

The article deals with interrelations of Georgian folk and professional<br />

medical knowledge. The ethnographical material profess the existence of<br />

medical knowledge in the population of Georgia. Medical manuscripts<br />

kept in the folk doctors` families, treatment lexis, the same (in some xases)<br />

analogical opinions about some diseases, ways and means of treatment are<br />

the examples prowing it. It shows thet the majority of Georgian<br />

manuscripts in their practice. The above mentioned event shows us the<br />

relation between old Georgian folk and professional medical knowledge.<br />

G<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura<br />

1. bagrationi 1985 _ d. bagrationi, iadigar daudi,<br />

Tb., 1985w.<br />

2. gabliani 1925 _ e. gabliani, Zveli da axali<br />

svaneTi, Tb., 1925w.<br />

3. batoniSvili 1973 _ vaxuSti batoniSvili,<br />

aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, Tb., 1973w.<br />

4. kotetiSvili _ l. kotetiSvili, qananelis<br />

,,usworo karabadini~ 1940 wlis gamocemis<br />

winasityvaoba.<br />

5. orbeliani 1949 _ s.s. orbeliani, sityvis kona,<br />

Tb., 1949w.<br />

6. orbeliani 1966 _ s.s. orbeliani, leqsikoni<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong>, wigni I, Tb., 1966w.<br />

7. fanaskerteli 1978 _z. fanaskerteli_ciciSvili,<br />

samkurnalo wigni _ karabadini, Tb., 1978w.<br />

238

---

8. qananeli 1940 _ qananeli, usworo karabadini,<br />

Tb., 1940.<br />

9. Sengelia 1970 _ mix. Sengelia, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

medicines istoria, Tb., 1970.<br />

10. wigni saaqimoY 1936 _ wigni saaqimoY, tfilisi, 1936.<br />

11. Яшвили 1904 – А.О. Яшвили, Народная медицина в<br />

закавказском краеб Тифлис, 1904.<br />

A<br />

239

---

<strong>samedicino</strong> cnobebi qarTul hagiografiul nawarmoebebSi<br />

( V_Xss.)<br />

hagiografiuli nawarmoebebi mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdian<br />

V_X saukuneebis saqarTveliSi <strong>samedicino</strong> codnis Sesaxeb.. H<br />

hagiografiuli literaturis mniSvneloba maTi epoqis<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> Sexedulebebis Seswavlis saqmeSi aRniSnuli aqvT<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> medicinis istoriis mkvlevarebs (m.saakaSvilisa da<br />

a. gelaSvilis, m. Sengelias da sxv.). wminda <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

(eqimis) poziciebidan aqvs ,,SuSanikis wameba~ ganxiluli eqim<br />

v. AaladaSvils da garkveul daskvnebsac akeTebs. Uunda<br />

aRiniSnos, rom hagiografiuli literaturaSi damowmebuli<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> Sexedulebebs ganxilva eTnografiuli<br />

TvalsazrisiTac saintereso suraTs iZleva, radgan maTi<br />

damowmeba garkveulwilad xalxur mkurnalTa saqmianobaSic<br />

(xalxSi gavrcelebul SexedulebebSic) aris SesaZlebeli.<br />

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs ,,SuSanikis wamebas~. Nnawarmoebis avtori<br />

eqvsi wlis manZilze uvlida da akvirdeboda SuSanikis<br />

janmrTelobas da cxadia is <strong>samedicino</strong> codna rac<br />

gadmocemulia ,,SuSanikis wamebaSi~ iakobis profesionalizms<br />

usvams xazs, es ki gvafiqrebinebs, rom ,,avadmyofTa<br />

movla_patronoba da mkurnaloba sasuliero pirTa erT_erT<br />

funqcias Seadgenda da isini sakmaod kargad erkveodnen<br />

medicinis sakiTxebSi~.(aladaSvili. 1985. 47.) am Sexedulebas<br />

savele eTnografiuli masalebic adastureben, romlis<br />

mixedviTac saqarTveloSi moqmed saxalxo mkurnalTa didi<br />

wili modis sasuliero wodebis STamomavlebze.<br />

v. aladaSvilis azriT sasulierosTan erTad arsebobda<br />

saero medicinac, romelsac emsaxurebodnen profesionali<br />

eqimebi da saxalxo mkurnalebi, amas asabuTebs imiT, rom<br />

Tavad SuSanikma mohkida xeli sneulTa mkuralobas. A<br />

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba gvaqvs,<br />

radganac cnobilia, da hagiografiuli literaturis<br />

analizis mixedviTac TvalsaCino xdeba, rom qristes<br />

rjulisaTvis wamebulTa erT_erTi funqcia RmerTisagan<br />

boZebuli iyo, sneulTa mkurnalobis zegardmo gadmosuli<br />

240

---

unari. isini ZiriTadad locviT kurnavdnen avadmyofebs.<br />

,,rameTu ityvis ufali: romelsa me vhrwmene, umetesi Cemsa<br />

qmnes~.(zarzmeli, 1987. 668.). cnobilia, rom qriste Sepirda<br />

Tavis mimdevrebs, ,,rasac iTxovT Cemi saxeliT, gavakeTeb~_o.<br />

(ioane. 14:13). SuSanikic swored ase iqceva, ,,--- da mieriTgan<br />

ganiTqva yovelsa qarTlsa saqmei misi. Dda movidodes mamani<br />

da dedani aRnaTqvemTa Sewirvad da, rai vis uxmda,<br />

miemadleboda wmidiTa locviTa SuSanikisiTa, romelsa<br />

moscemda mas kacTmoyvare RmerTi. UuSviloTa_Svili,<br />

sneulTa_kurnebaY, brmaTa_TvalTa axilvaY~. (curtaveli, 1987.<br />

235_236.) nawarmoebSi ar Cans, rom SuSaniks es unari wamebis<br />

gzaze dadgomamde hqonoda. aRniSnulis dadastureba<br />

SegviZlia sxva hagiografiuli nawarmoebebidanac. Aase mag.<br />

,,abo Tbilelis martvilobaSi~, vkiTxulobT, rom roca abo<br />

sikvdiliT dasajes, Tbilisis amiras ewvia mahmadianTa<br />

delegacia da moiTxoves abos neSti, raTa ,,_Cven viciT,<br />

rameTu CveulebaÁ ars qristianeTaÁ esresaxed. Tu vinme Tavi<br />

moiklis qristes maTisaTvis, moiparian gvami misi da pativs<br />

scian mas dafvliTa da tyuviliT reca Tu saswaulsa da<br />

kurnebasa rasme ganTqmed ersa Soris da samoselsa da Tmasa<br />

Tavisa misisasa da Zvalsa missa ganiyofed reca sacod<br />

sneulTaTvis---~ ioane sabanisZe ki darwmunebiT ambobs _,,amas<br />

daRaTu qristianeTa SurisaTvis ityodes, aramed WeSmaritsa<br />

da marTalsa wamebdes, vinaiTgan igi arian qristes mowameni<br />

mkurnal..~(sabanisZe.465). evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebis ucnobi<br />

avtori wers, rom qriste mociqulebs avalebs ,,-miiReT Tqven<br />

suli cxorebisai ---- da hyofdiT niSebsa da saswaulebsa da<br />

kurnebasa..~(ucn. avtori, 1987. 266_267), xolo Tavad evstaTis<br />

dasjis win aRuTqvams, ,,_ara unakluleis iyo Sen pirvelTa<br />

maT madliTa kurnebisaYTa, romelTa vhrwmene me--~ (ucn.<br />

Avtori. 270.).<br />

serapion zarzmelis cxovrebaSi vkiTxulobT ,,---xolo<br />

ukanaisknel mcire egvterica aRaSena, rameTu niSni da<br />

kurnebani sneulTani iqnebodes saRmrToÁsagan madlisa<br />

wmidaTa maT mTavarangelozTaÁsa~ (zarzmeli, 1987.652.). an<br />

kidev ,,da mravalni Jamsa mas daflvisa misisasa mravalferTa<br />

senTagan ganikurnes, raÁTa yovelTa uwyodian, viTarmed<br />

sikvdilisaca Semdgomad cxovel ars da iRwvis sarwmunoebiT<br />

SevedrebulTas..~ (zarzmeli, 1987. 675.).<br />

241

---

,,SuSanikis wameba~ gamoirCeva <strong>samedicino</strong> cnobebis<br />

mravalferovnebiT, da rac yvelaze metad sayuradReboa<br />

avtori daavadebis gamomwvev mizezad (garda uzenaesis<br />

risxvisa) asaxelebs mTel rig janmrTelobisaTvis mavne<br />

faqtorebs, mag. cud geo_klimatur da sacxovrebel pirobebs,<br />

SimSils, mZime sulier mdgomareobas da sxv. ,,Jamsa<br />

zafxulisasa cecxlebr Semwueli igi mxurvalebaÁ mzisi,<br />

qarni xorSakni da wyalni mavnebelni, romlisa mkvidrnica mis<br />

adgilisani savseni seniTa, wyliTa gansivebulni da<br />

ganyviTlebulni, pir_msivanni da dRe_mokled cxovrebulni,<br />

da moxucebuli ara vin ars mas queyanasa~. (curtaveli, 1987.<br />

238_239.).<br />

EeTnografiuli masalis mixedviTac aRniSnuli codna<br />

xalxSi sakmaod fexmokidebulia. QqarTvelebi did<br />

yuradRebas aqcevdnen samosaxlo adgilis SerCevas. am<br />

empiriul codnaze ucxoeli mogzaurebic miuTiTeben:<br />

,,imerlebs--- SeuZliaT civilizirebul xalxebs kargi rCeva<br />

miscen samosaxlod Sesaferisi adgilis SesarCevad---<br />

imerlebi sameurneod dablobs iyeneben, magram saxlkarad<br />

maRlob adgils irCeven wyaroebTan axlos~. (gamba, 1987. 176.).<br />

qvemo qarTlSic, sadac malaria iyo gavrcelebuli,<br />

samosaxlo adgilis SerCevasa da higienuri pirobebis<br />

dacvasTan erTad didi yuradReba eqceoda sacxovreblad<br />

sezonur adgilmonacvleobas. (<strong>burduli</strong>. 2008. 309). SuSaniki<br />

rodesac sapyrobileSi gadaiyvanes_,,--poves saxlaki erTi<br />

CrdiloiT kerZo, mcire da bneli, da mun Seayenes wmidai<br />

igi~.raTa dasneulebuliyo da da male moReboda bolo.<br />

iakob curtavelis mixedviT janmrTelobaze zegavlenas<br />

axdens mZime sulieri gancdebic, igi wers: ,,mived da vixile<br />

wmidaÁ SuSanik damSrSali da dabuSebuli tiriliTa~, an<br />

gavixsenoT SuSanikis sityvebi; ,,miagos mas ufalman, viTar man<br />

uJamod nayofni Cemni moisTulna da sanTeli Cemi daSrita da<br />

yuavili Cemi daaWno, Suenierebai sikeTisa Cemisai daabnela<br />

da didebai Cemi daamdabla~ (curtaveli, 1987. 241.). iakobi<br />

urCevs SuSaniks, rom Sewyvitos SimSiloba da miiRos sakvebi<br />

_ ,,viTar friad vaiZule mcired oden gemoÁ ixila da<br />

vhmadlobdiT RmerTsa~ (curtaveli.236.), an ,,maSin miviRe<br />

mcired RvinoÁ da puri, davalbe da mcired gemoÁ<br />

ixila~.(curtavel, 1987. .231.). SuSanikis sanaxavad cixeSi<br />

242

---

misul varsqens mcveli eubneba: ,,ufalo, sikvdil kerZo ufro<br />

sagonebel ars, vidre sicocxliT, rameTu SimSiliTa ufroÁs<br />

xolo mokvdebis, rameTu araras miiRebs sazrdels~.<br />

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi metyvelebs, rom V s_is<br />

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebi adamianis<br />

janmrTelobasa da daavadebis gamomwvev mizezebze, ZiriTadad<br />

emTxveva Tanamedroves, xolo iakob xucesis moqmedebebi<br />

SuSanikTan mimarTebaSi <strong>samedicino</strong> moralisa da eTikis<br />

TvalsazrisiT saeqimo kodeqss.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom ,,SuSanikis wameba~_Si CamoTvlilia<br />

sxvadaxva samkurnalo saSualebebi, rogoricaa mag;_,,salbuni~<br />

(malamo) da wamali, adgili aqvs samkurnalo saSualebebis<br />

klasifikacias dasalev da garegan wamlebad, Tavad<br />

termonologias ki 15 saukunis manZilze ar ganucdia<br />

cvlileba. Ggadmocemulia daavadebaTa simptomebi da a.S.<br />

sulieri wonasworobis dakargva asea daxasiaTebulia_ ,,yioda<br />

da izaxda viTarca cofi~_ aq cofi afeqtSi myofi adamianis<br />

avadmyofurad agznebuli qcevaa. EeTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT Cans, rom aRniSnul termins igive mniSvnelobiT<br />

dResac vxvdebiT xalxSi_ ,,ra cofianiviT iqceva (iqcevi)~, an<br />

,,ra cofi daemarTa (dagemarTa)~ da sxv.<br />

iakob curtaveli janmrTelobaze mavned moqmed faqtorTa<br />

Soris asaxelebs religiur ritualebs da SezRudvebs.<br />

zogierTi mkvlevaris (aladaSvili) azriT esaa protesti<br />

religiuri dogmatis winaaRmdeg, magram, curtaveli mxolod<br />

gadametebuli marxvebisa da Tavis datanjvis winaaRmdegia,<br />

radgan SuSaniki, ,,--eqvsTa welTa Sina arca dRisiT, arca Rame<br />

ara dajdis qve, arca daiZinos, arca saWmeli ra miiRis, garna<br />

dResa xolo kviriakesa eziaris xorcsa da sisxlsa qristeÁs<br />

RmrTisa Cvenisasa; da mcired oden wveni mxalisa Seqmnuli_<br />

igica mcired miiRis, xolo purisa gemo ara ixilis, vidre<br />

aRvsebamde~ (curtaveli, 1987. 238.). igive azrs aviTarebs<br />

grigol merCulec ,,..sneulebaÁca SeemTxvia ZlierTa maT<br />

SromaTagan..~ (merCul, 1987. 581.), an ,,xolo gardareulisa<br />

Sromisagan mouZlurda, rameTu mouklebeli locvaÁ,<br />

wyurvili da SimSili maradis da uZiloba, zedgomaÁ da<br />

muxlTa modrekaÁ friadi aqvnda netarsa mas. dascemda vnebasa<br />

xorcTasa da sulisa mterni moauZlurna. xolo JamiswirvaÁ<br />

243

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araodes daacadis Tvinier mizezisa da uZlurebisa~.<br />

(merCule, 1987. 580_581.).<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> hagiografiuli nawarmoebis mixewdviT Yyovelgvari<br />

daavadebis mizezi RmerTis winaSe Cadenili Secodebaa da<br />

gamojanmrTelebac adamianis gulwrfel monaniebazea<br />

damokidebuli. aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom wminda mamebi<br />

ara marto mkurnalobden, aramed maT daavadebis Seyrac<br />

SeuZliaT, oRond ara rogorc SurismaZieblebs, aramed<br />

daCagrulis mfarvelebs. Mmag: grigol xanZTelma, rodesac<br />

adarnersem dedofali ganuteva da sxva qali moiyvana,<br />

daswyevla igi _ ,,ara smenisaTvis sityvaTa Cem glaxakisaTa<br />

miece borotsa senTa, da romel aw Zeni gesxnes, igvemnen<br />

eSmakTagan da ver ganikurno Sen da verca Svilni igi Senni,<br />

vidre ara SeindoT dedofalsa misgan, usamarTlod<br />

ganpatiJebulisa mxevlisa mis RmrTisa---~(merCule,1987. 604.) da<br />

,,Semdgomad mciredTa dReTa SeemTxvia adarnerses seni<br />

texisai wrdiali, romelsa hqvia nikrisi, da tkivilTa maTgan<br />

igvemeboda mwared, rameTu mun Jamadmde yovlad uvnebel iyo<br />

igi~. (merCule, 1987. 605.) ase ewameboda sanam dedofalma ar<br />

Seundo danaSauli, ,,--qristeman Seundven yovelni codvani da<br />

gankurnen suliT da xorciT~._daloca dedofalma ,,da<br />

mswrafl ganikurna adarnerse~. (merCule. 605.), igive moxda<br />

SvilebTan mimarTebaSic.<br />

Aanu RmerTi Tavisi rCeuli adamianebis saSualebiT axdens<br />

saswaulebs: ,,xolo eseviTarTa saswaulTa iqmoda qriste<br />

netarisa grigolisiTa, rameTu uZlurni, TiTosaxeTagan senTa<br />

Sepyrobilni, da vnebulni sulTagan arawmidaTa locviTa<br />

misiTa da cremliTa ganikurnebodes Txovisaebr sarwmunoebiT<br />

mavedrebelTaisa~.(merCule, 1987. 609.)<br />

RmerTi gankurnebis unars aniWebs Tavis rCeulebs<br />

sicocxleSic, da gardacvalebis Semdegac maT saflavebs.<br />

,,..da aw saflavi misi (netari miqaelis m.b.) da didebulisa<br />

mamisa basilisi, romelica Semdgomad missa parexTa mkvidri<br />

iyo, erTgan arian da kacTa kurnebasa mihmadleben, romelni<br />

sarwmunoebiT mivlenan maTda~. (merCule, 1987. 576,) wmindanTa<br />

saflavebze zemoaRniSnuli Sexeduleba xalxSi dResac<br />

cocxalia, romlis naTeli magaliTia mama gabrielis saflavi<br />

mcxeTaSi. mas yoveldRiurad mravali morwmune adamiani<br />

akiTxavs da loculobs, SesTxovs gamojanmrTelebas. rogorc<br />

244

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cnobilia Mmsgavsi Sexeduleba mTeli qristianuli<br />

samyarosTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> eTnografiuli masalis mixedviTac adamiani avad<br />

xdeboda maSin Tu mfarveli angelozi ganeSoreboda, es ki<br />

maSin xdeboda Tu igi arasworad cxovrobda (cruobda, xatis<br />

mamuls Seuracyofda, ,,xatze daificebda~ tyuilze, da a.S.).<br />

hagiografiul naSromebSi aseTi ram xdeboda maSin, roca<br />

adamianis saqcieli ar jdeboda qristianuli moralis<br />

CarCoebSi. ,,da munTavqve dasca igi sulman ukeTurman, rameTu<br />

kadnierebisa misTvis ganeSora suli madlisai. …..( Semdeg<br />

nawarmoebSi aRwerilia, rom kaci gaugzavnes wm. epifanes<br />

TxovniT, rom Tavisi locviT ganekurna, da maT iloces<br />

guliT, amis Semdeg ki).. friad sawyalobeli iyo igi da<br />

mswrafl ganikurna, rameTu kualad daemkvidra mis Tana suli<br />

madlisai mcvelad ukunisamde da arRara evno~(merCule, 1987.<br />

594.). anu hagiografiuli nawarmoebebis mixedviT daavadebis<br />

gamomwvevi mizezi_eSmakeulia, boroti sulia, xolo es maSin<br />

xdeba roca madliT mosili suli stovebs adamians.<br />

zemoaRniSnulis dasadastureblad saukeTeso magaliTebia<br />

grigol xancTelis cxovrebaSi aRwerili wm. epifanes<br />

saswaulebi, Tu rogor kurnavda da acocxlebda<br />

sasikvdilod ganwilul sneulebs sityvis ZaliT: ,,--didi<br />

epifane-----cremliTa daTxeviTa sulTa ukeTurTa ganasxmida<br />

da sneulTa mswrafl ganhkurnebda da mravalTa sxvaTa<br />

saswaulTa iqmoda~. (merCule, 1987. 591.), sainteresodaa<br />

aRwerili Svidi wlis bavSvis, _ romelsac ,,salmobai<br />

sikvdilisani~ sWirda, _mkurnaloba. wm. epifane muxlebze<br />

daeca da qristes Seavedra yrmis gadarCena, bolos jvari<br />

gadaswera, upyra xeli, da hrqva:_ ,,gangkurnebs ufali iesu<br />

qriste, aRdeg yrmao, da cocxal iqmena!~ (merCule, 1987. 592.)<br />

Aaranakleb saswaulebs axdenda wm. grigori mxolod sityvis<br />

meSveobiT -,,saxeli qristeiYsi gangxdis, eSmako! ganeSore<br />

ukunisamde Cvilsa amisgan umankoisa~.(merCule, 1987. 598.)<br />

AaseTi magaliTebi bevria wmindanTa cxovrebaSi, isini<br />

imeoreben im gzas da saqmianobas rac qristem gaiara miwieri<br />

cxovrebis pirobebSi. Nnebismier daavadebas qristes saxelis<br />

moxmobiT kurnavdnen. ,,ufalo iesu, Zeo RmrTisa mamisao,<br />

romeli moxved soflad moZiebad SecTomilTa. viTarca _ igi<br />

sityviTa aRatyve yrui igi da utyvi, agreTve meufeo ufalo<br />

245

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RmerTo, gankurne yrmaica ese, romeli Sescda siveragiTa<br />

eSmakisaYTa~(zarzmeli,1987.667.). saintereso paralelis<br />

gavleba SegviZlia qarTul eTnografiul masalasTan, romlis<br />

mixedviTac <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>tradiciuli</strong> medicinis warmomadgenlebi<br />

mkurnalobis dawyebamde mfarvel wmindans sTxovdnen Svelas.<br />

svani aqimebi TavianT mfarvel RvTaebad barbares Tvlidnen.<br />

Mmkurnalobis dawyebamde garkveul rituals asrulebdnen,<br />

anTebdnen sanTlebs da sTxovdnen wm. barbares ,,Seni xelis<br />

naxlebad gadaiqces Cveni xelnaxlebi avadmyofio~ (<strong>burduli</strong>.<br />

1990. 17.)<br />

wmindanTa xelis nabani wyalic Sveloda avadmyofebs.<br />

Ggrigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi aRwerilia, dabadebidan<br />

yru_munji qaliSvilis gankurneba wm. Epifanes xelnabani<br />

wyliT. saqarTvelos eTnografiul sinamdvileSic sxvadasxva<br />

daavadebaTa samkurnalod gavrcelebuli iyo ,,xatis nabani~<br />

wylis gamoyeneba.<br />

zogjer wminda mamebis xelze Sexebac ki sakmarisi iyo rom<br />

mourCeneli, an gaxangrZlivebuli avadmyofobisagan<br />

gankurnebuliyvnen. ,,--da kvalad sxvai vinme iyo dedakaci<br />

sisxlisdinebiTa gvemuli mravalTa JamTa. mas esma saswauli<br />

ese da mivida gulismodgined wmidisa mis da ver SemZlebel<br />

iyo Tvissa mas sensa saajmno yofad---, rameTu cna suliTa<br />

vnebai igi dafaruli da misca marjvene Tvisi, raiTa<br />

SeimTxvios da man yo egreT da masve Jamsa ganikurna<br />

uZlurebis misgan da warvida sixaruliT~(merCule, 1987. 590.).<br />

hagiografiuli naSromebidan Cans, rom garda imisa rom<br />

wminda mamebs SeswevT unari gankurnon avadmyofi, es maTi<br />

movaleobacaa.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom hagiografiul nawarmoebebSi mravlad<br />

vxvdebiT sxvadasxva daavadebaTa aRmniSvnel terminebs, da<br />

ufro metad mniSvnelovania imitom, rom es avadmyofobebi<br />

dResac am saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. Mmag: _eSmakeuli,<br />

Tandayolili nakli (siyrue, simunje), sisxlisdena, seni<br />

texisai//nikrisi, cofi, saxadi//mjdomi//kurTxeuli.<br />

(,,kurTxeul uwodian, xolo Zvelad hqvian satali~, s.s.<br />

orbelianis ganmartebiT satali senia, mucela momsrveli).<br />

zogierTi daavadebis simptomebi ki isea aRwerili rom<br />

advilia dadgena ra avadmyofobazea saubari, ase mag; ,,..myis<br />

winaSe yovelTasa daeca kaci igi uxmod mdebare da<br />

246

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gardmoagdo enai gansivebuli saSineliTa.. dagorvida~<br />

(zarzmeli, 1987. 659.)<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, svaneTSi damowmebulia<br />

Zvlis texvisa da saxsrebis daavadebis saxeli texSob//texiS,<br />

mkurnalobis erT_erTi saSualebaa misi saxelobis<br />

salocavSi garkveuli samkurnalo ritualis Catareba.<br />

saerTod samkurnalo ritualebis (RamisTeva, msxverplSewirva<br />

da sxv.) damaxasiaTebeli iyo da dResac aris qarTul<br />

eTnografiul yofaSi. AaRniSnuli Zeglebi CvenTvis<br />

sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac specialuri <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

xelnawerebi (karabadinebi) gvaqvs mxolod XI saukunidan,<br />

manamde arsebuli sicarielis Sesavsebad sxva wyaroebTan<br />

(arqeologiuri. Uucxouri, zepirsityviereba da sxv.) erTad<br />

hagiografiuli Zeglebic mniSvnelobvan rols asrulebs.<br />

gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis, rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT,<br />

,,SuSanikis wamebaze~. vfiqrobT es gamowveuli unda iyos imiT,<br />

rom igi antikuri xanis bolo Zeglia, agrZelebs antikuri<br />

xanis tradicias medicinaSi, (Tundac hipokrate gavixsenoT<br />

rodesac igi kolxeTs aRwers did yuradRebas aqcevs<br />

geo_klimatur pirobebs da miuTiTebs, rom macxovreblebi<br />

daavadebulni arian malariiT aq arsebuli Waobebis gamo) da<br />

medicina jer kidev ar aris sabolood qristianuli<br />

Sexedulebebis gavlenis qveS moqceuli, rodesac<br />

janmrTeloba_daavadeba ZiriTadad RmerTis neba_surviliT<br />

aixsneba. iakob xucesic srulad gadmoscems im periodis, V<br />

saukunis, saqarTveloSi arsebul <strong>samedicino</strong> Sexedulebebs.<br />

Ees Tavisufleba Semdgomi xanis avtorebs (i. sabanisZe, g.<br />

merCule) ukve aRar aqvT, Tumca iSviaTad, magram mainc aris<br />

,,gaparuli~ e.w. racionaluri Sexedulebebi daavadebis<br />

gamomwvev mizezebze, mag: g. merCulesTan aseTad aRiarebulia<br />

gadametebuli marxuloba da Sroma. AaRniSnul ZeglebSi<br />

dafiqsirebulia mkurnalobis safasuris gadaxda, rac<br />

xalxur medicinaSi Semagrebulia imiT, rom ,,ufaso<br />

mkurnalobas Sedegi ar moaqvso~. safasuris gadaxda imiTicaa<br />

mniSvnelovani, rom es profesiuli saqmianobis erT_erTi<br />

mniSvnelovani momentia.<br />

247

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gamoyenebuli literatura<br />

1 aladaSvili v., ras mogviTxrobs,,wamebai wmidisa SuSanikisi<br />

dedoflisai~ Zveli saqarTvelos medicinis Sesaxeb. mse.<br />

t.XXII. ,,xeleuli~, Tb., 1985.<br />

2. <strong>burduli</strong> m., xalxuri medicina dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

(svanuri eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT), sakandidato<br />

disertacia, (xelnaweri), Tb., 1990.<br />

3. <strong>burduli</strong> m., daavadebaTa profilaqtikis istoriidan qvemo<br />

qarTlSi, Jurn. ,,analebi~, Tb.,2008.<br />

4 gamba Jak fransua., mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, Tb., 1987.<br />

5 merCule g., grigol xanZTelis cxovreba, ,,<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

mwerloba~, t. I. Tb., 1987.<br />

6 curtaveli i., SuSanikis wameba, ,,<strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba~, t. I.<br />

Tb., 1987.<br />

7 sabanisZe i., habos wameba, ,,<strong>qarTuli</strong> mwerloba~, t. I. Tb.,<br />

1987.<br />

8 zarzmeli b., serapion zarzmelis cxovreba, ,,<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

mwerloba~, t. I. Tb., 1987.<br />

9 saakaSvili m., gelaSvili a., <strong>qarTuli</strong> medicinis istoria,<br />

t. III. wigni I_II. 1956_1958.<br />

10 Sengelia m., <strong>qarTuli</strong> medicinis istoria, Tb., 1970.<br />

11. ucnobi avtori., evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba. <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

mwerloba t.I. Tb., 1987.<br />

12. ioanes saxareba, axali aRTqma da fsalmunebi, stolkhomi.<br />

1993.<br />

248

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MEDIKAL NOTES IN THE GEORGIAN HAGIOGRAPHIC WORKS (V-<br />

X CC.)<br />

Summary<br />

In hagiographic monuments of the Middie Ages (V-X) – Jacob Tsurtaveli’s<br />

,,The Martyrdom of Shushanik~, Ioane Sabanisdze’s ,,The martyrdom of Saint<br />

Abo~, Giorgi merchule’s ,,Life of Grigol Khandzteli~, Basil Zarzmeli’s ,,Life<br />

of Serapion Zarzmeli~ provide notes regarding Georgian medicine. Role of<br />

these sources in the study of the medical approaches of this period is very<br />

important as they give a description of both of secular medicine and religious<br />

curing rituals. Discussion of the theme is interesting from the point of historical<br />

ethnography as we can compare them to the people’s medical acquaintance.<br />

,,The Marturdom of ShuSanik~ is interesting from the point of medical<br />

geography as one passage remarks a site of the spread of malaria (Tsurtavi).<br />

It also makes a note about suitable natural factors for causing the disease.<br />

The work emphasizes influence of inappropriate living conditions on<br />

health. Hagiographic monuments provide significant information concerning<br />

remedies and curing methods.<br />

Hagiographic monuments give numerous materials about curative capabilities<br />

of holy fathers and martyrs ,,which were granted to them by almighty God~<br />

not only during life but even after death and granted their graves a remedial<br />

and phenomenal power.<br />

According to hagiographic monuments patronage of the sick people was<br />

one of the functions of the religious authorities and it is proved by the<br />

etnographical data even nowadays. A portion of the Georgian public doctors<br />

used to come out of religious circles.<br />

249

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xalxuri mkurnalobis tradiciebi kavkasiaSi<br />

kavkasiis regionSi saukuneTamanZilzeTimeoris gverdiT<br />

mcxovreb xalxebs, miuxedavad eTnikuri da sarwmunoebrivi<br />

sxvaobisa, cxovrebisa da yofis metnaklebad msgavsi<br />

kulturuli formebi CamouyalibdaT. MmaT Soris aRsaniSnavia<br />

xalxuri medicina, romelmac saukuneTa manZilze<br />

daavadebebze empiriuli dakvirvebis Sedegad mniSvnelovan<br />

warmatebebs miaRwia. cnobilia, rom samkurnalo codna<br />

Taobidan Taobas memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda da saxalxo<br />

mkurnalTa mier SemuSavebuli samkurnalo meTodebi da<br />

saSualebebi efeqturad kurnavda mTel rig daavadebebs.<br />

adamianis janmrTeloba_avamyofobaze mniSvnelovan<br />

gavlenas axdens is ekologiuri garemo, sadac mas uxdeba<br />

cxovreba,_klimatur_geografiuli garemo, sayofacxovrebo<br />

kulturis done, sacxovreblisa da piradi higienis dacva da<br />

sxv. am TvalsazrisiT sakvlevi regionis Seswavla metad<br />

saintereso suraTs iZleva, radgan metad mravalferovania,<br />

rogorc klimatur_geografiuli ise sayofacxovrebo<br />

pirobebiT. Kkavkasiis xalxTa xalxuri medicinis SeswavliT<br />

mkvlevarebi XIX saukunis meore naxevridan dainteresdnen.<br />

mniSvnelovani cnobebia Tavmoyrili TbilisSi gamomaval<br />

periodul presaSi (СМОМПК ; Кавказ ; ЗКИРГО ; ПЗИКМО<br />

;Кавказский календар ; Медицинский сборникda agreTve qarul<br />

Jurnal_gazeTebSi). gansakuTrebiTdidi wvlili aRniSnuli<br />

sakiTxis SeswavlaSi miuZRvis 1861 wels TbilisSi daarsebul<br />

kavkasiis saimperatoro <strong>samedicino</strong> sazogadoebas.<br />

sazogadoebis eqimebi ZiriTadaddadebiTad afasebdnen<br />

xalxur mkurnalTa saqmianobas, amave dros ruseTsa da<br />

evropas acnobdnen kavkasiis xalxTa mdidar gamocdilebas<br />

xalxuri medicinis dargSi. GmaT gansakuTrebiT maRali<br />

Sefasebamisces travmul dazianebaTa mkurnalobis xalxur<br />

meTodebsa da saSualebebs.<br />

Mmkvlevarebi axasiaTeben kavkasiis<br />

klimatur_geografiul pirobebs da maT zemoqmedebas<br />

adamianis janmrTelobazec. Mmag: yabardos Sesaxeb<br />

weren_,,janmrTeli guli, janmrTeli filtvebi, janmrTeli<br />

250

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RviZli da elenTa” ai yvelaferi rac gamokvlevis Sedegad<br />

miviReT. Aavadmyofobebi yabardoSi mainc da mainc bevri ar<br />

aris gavrcelebuli. Svidi weli vicxovre yabardoSi da ar<br />

gamigia Wleqianis ojaxis araferi, aseve keTrze da simsivnur<br />

daavadebebze” (Вышоград.1895.86.–cnoba aRebulia Тхагапсова<br />

_dan.) magram Crdilo kavkasiis yvela olqi aseTi jansaRi<br />

ar Cans, mag: Tergis olqis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT ,,Tergis<br />

olqSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo Tvalis, kbilis,<br />

kanis daavadebebi. Cveulebrivi movlenaa cinga, xSiria<br />

dizenteria, Sardis Sekvra da saSiSi daavadeba qelefan,<br />

keTris msgavsi an STamomavlobiTi sifilisi”(Казак К-ин, 1887.<br />

56.)<br />

zogadad ki Crdilo kavkasiaSi yvelaze metad<br />

gavrcelebuli yofila_cieba, dizenteria, kbilis da Tvalis<br />

daavadebebi da sxv. zogierTi avtoris cnobiT CrdiloeT<br />

kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli yofila endemuri faruli Ciyvi.<br />

(Нестеров . 1930 .80.)<br />

saqarTveloc, iseve rogorc mTeli kavkasia,<br />

bunebriv_geografiuli mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba rac<br />

daavadebaTa gavrcelebis geografiazec aisaxeba. mag: svaneTis<br />

mkacri klimatis sapirispirod imereTis zona Tbili haviT<br />

xasiaTdeba, raWa_leCxumi ki maT Soris gardamavali<br />

xasiaTisaa da sxv. unda aRiniSnos rom raWa yvelaze jansaR<br />

kuTxed iTvleboda. ,,raWis olqs imereTSi yvelaze kargi<br />

adgilmdebareoba aqvs, haeri aq sufTaa da klimaturi<br />

pirobebic sijansaRis sawindaria. swored amitomaa<br />

avadmyofobebi aq cota, xolo dRegrZeli adamianebi mravlad<br />

arian.”(gamba. 1987.197.)<br />

kavkasiis xalxebis sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze<br />

miuTiTeben sxva avtorebic, ase mag: ,,Cveulebriv Cerqezebis<br />

sicocxlis xangrZlivoba maRalia, xSiria as wels<br />

mitanebuli moxucebi. MmaT ar hyavT eqimebi. eqimis rols<br />

asruleben sasuliero pirebi da moxuci qalebi. (Лонгворт.<br />

1974. 62.)<br />

janmrTelobisa da bunebriv_geografiuli garemos<br />

urTierTmimarTebis eTnografiul Seswavlas saqarTveloSi<br />

garkveul tradicia gaaCnia ,,ama Tu im xalxis xalxuri<br />

medicinis Taviseburebebis erT_erTi ganmsazRvrelia mocemul<br />

geografiul garemoSi gavrcelebul daavadebaTa specifika<br />

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e.i. daavadebaTa lokaluri xasiaTi, rasac upirveles yovlisa<br />

ganapirobebs sxvadasxva faqtori: reliefi, hava da<br />

sxv.(mindaZe. 1996. 1.)<br />

zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT saintereso dakvirvebebia<br />

qarTul literaturul, saistorio Tu <strong>samedicino</strong> wyaroebSi.<br />

iakob curtaveli ,,SuSanikis wamebaSi,” qvemo qarTlis bunebis<br />

daxasiaTebisas wers: ,,Jamsa zafxulisasa cecxlebr Semwueli<br />

igi mxurvalebai mzisai, qarni xorSakni da wyalni mavnebelni<br />

---da moxucebuli aravin aris maT qveyanaSi.(curtaveli.<br />

1984.21.). giorgi merCule tao_klarjeTs jansaRi haviT<br />

Sezavebulad axasiaTebs, sadac macxovreblebi sijansaRiT<br />

gamoirCevian.(merCule. 1982. 245.). vaxuSti batoniSvili<br />

saqarTvelos geografiul aRwsrilobaSi, adgilmdebareobisa<br />

da havis aRwerisas yuradRebas amaxvilebs aq macxovrebelTa<br />

janmrTelobazec (batoniSvili. 1973.321; 378; 520) qarTveli<br />

xalxis gamocdilebas klimatur_geografiul garemosTan<br />

Seguebis TvalsazrisiT dadebiTad afaseben ucxoeli<br />

mogzaurebi Tu misionerebi.(lamberti.1991; Sardeni. 1975.; gamba.<br />

1987.176.).<br />

kavkasiis regionis bunebriv_geografiuli da klimaturi<br />

mravalferovnebis Sesabamisad Cven gvaqvs regionebi sadac esa<br />

Tu is daavadeba nakleb an saerTod ar aris gavrcelebuli,<br />

zogierTi olqi ki (Tergis, kolxeTi, qvemo qarTli) Zveli<br />

droidanve malariis kerad iyo aRiarebuli. Aaseve kavkasiaSi_<br />

rogorc samxreTSi, ise CrdiloeTSi_ gavrcelebuli iyo<br />

maRalmTiani qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli endemuri<br />

daavadeba _Ciyvi.<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, janmrTelobaze gavlenas axdens<br />

sayofacxovrebo pirobebic. Mmiuxedavad imisa rom zogadad<br />

kavkasia (zogierTi olqis gamoklebiT) jansaRi klimaturi<br />

pirobebiT gamoirCeva, sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofila XIX<br />

saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli daavadeba<br />

tuberkuliozi//,,Wleqi”, (sxvadasxva kuTxeSi sxvadasxva<br />

sixSiriT). raSic mniSvnelovani roli sayofacxovrebo<br />

pirobebs ukavia. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi daavadebis<br />

xasiaTi_gadamdeblobac.<br />

cnobilia, rom xalxur medicinaSi daavadebis realuri<br />

mizezis codna gansazRvravs mkurnalobis Sedegsac. Sinagani<br />

da gansakuTrebiT ki nevro_fsiqologiuri daavadebebis dros<br />

252

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ki mizezis gamorkveva yovelTvis ar iyo SesaZlebeli,<br />

zogjerki igi xalxuri mkurnalebisaTvis miuRweveli iyo.<br />

AaseT dros xalxi avadmyofobis gamomwvev mizezad yovelTvis<br />

zebunebriv Zalas Tvlis.<br />

Kkavkasiis xalxebSi gavrcelebuli<br />

rwmena_warmodgenebis mixedviT daavadebis gamomwvevia<br />

sxvadasxva saxis avi sulebi:_qaji, ali, eSmaki da sxv.<br />

agreTve avi Tvali, micvalebulis suli da RvTaebebic<br />

(adamianis mier Cadenili codvis gamo). nevro_fsiqologiuri<br />

daavadebebi ZiriTadad zemoaRniSnuli faqtorT aris<br />

axsnili. CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebSi, garda zemoT<br />

CamoTvlili avsulebisa swamdaT raRac ,,moCvenebebis”<br />

arsebobac, romlebic iyvnen WuWyiani, gawewilTmiani,<br />

xelpirdaubaneli arsebebi, romlebic sadRac zRvispireTSi<br />

cxovrobdnen, drodadro eCvenebodnen adamianebs da<br />

aavadebdnen.(Семенова. 1893. 15.)<br />

sainteresod gveCveneba ciebis gamomwvevi mizezis Sesaxeb<br />

arsebuli Sexedulebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom saukunovani<br />

xalxuri dakvirvebisa da gamocdilebis Sedegad dagrovda<br />

racionaluri codna aRniSnuli daavadebis gamomwvevi<br />

realuri mizezebis_ekologiuri garemo,_Waobiani adgili,<br />

arajansaRi hava, daavadebis gadamtani koRo da sxv. kavkasiis<br />

xalxebs, maT Soris qarTvelebsac, miaCniaT, rom daavadebas<br />

raRac idumali arsebebic iwveven. Mmag: Tergis olqSi<br />

miaCniaT rom ciebis gamomwvevi ,,Tormeti daa,” maTi boroti<br />

Zala ufros_umcrosobazea damokidebuli, ufrosi da<br />

yvelaze Zlieri da borotia. Tergis kazakebi maT ricxvs<br />

samocdaCidmetamde zrdian. Aam Sexedulebidan gamomdinare<br />

daavadebis mkurnalobis erT_erTi saSualebaa ciebiani<br />

avadmyofis SeSineba (bunebrivia es keTdeba gamomwvevi mizezis<br />

SesaSineblad rom man avadmyofis sxeuli datovos) rac<br />

moulodnelobis efeqtma unda ganapirobos. qarTvelebic,<br />

ciebian avadmyofs mieparebodnen da moulodnelad civ wyals<br />

253

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Seasxavdnen, an sulac Sig Caagdebdnen_,,SiSidan gaiTiSeba is<br />

oxeri cieba da avadmyofs moSordebao.” ra YTqma unda<br />

mkurnalobaSi gansxvavebebicaa.<br />

Kkavkasiis xalxTa samkurnalo tradiciebze garkveuli<br />

warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovania xalxur<br />

mkurnalTa saqmianobisa da profesionalizmis Sedareba.<br />

monografiulad CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebidan adiReelebis<br />

xalxuri mkurnalobaa Seswavlili, amitom am konkretul<br />

SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad qarTvel da adiRel saxalxo<br />

mkurnalTa saqmianobas SevexebiT. rogorc gamokvlevidan Cans<br />

adiRel xalxuri mkurnalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yofila<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> codnis Taobidan Taobaze mxolod zepiri<br />

gadacema. EeqimbaSebis winaaRmdeg gaCaRebulma brZolam (XX<br />

s_is I naxevari) ki Taobebs Soris kavSiri gawyvita.<br />

profesiuli eqimbaSebis STamomavlebi uars ambobdnen<br />

mSoblebis profesiasa da gamocdilebaze, ramac mdidari<br />

memkvidreoba gaaRariba. (Тхагапсова. 1992. 21.).<br />

eqimbaSebis winaaRmdeg gaCaRebulma brZolam qarTul<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> tradiciebzec uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina.<br />

daikarga garkveuli codna_gamocdileba, aRar agrZeleben<br />

mama_papaTa saqmianobas zogierTi, <strong>samedicino</strong> tradiciebiT<br />

mdidari gvaris warmomadgenlebi, magram unda aRvniSnoT, rom<br />

qarTvel da adiRel saxalxo mkurnalTa codna<br />

gamocdilebasa da maTi miRebis gzebs Soris ganssxvaveba<br />

udavoa. KkerZod Tu adiReli eqimbaSebi samkurnalo codnas<br />

memkvidreobiT mxolod zepiri gadacemis gziT Rebulobdnen,<br />

qarTveli saxalxo mkurnalebi (,,aqimebi,”<br />

,,eqimbaSebi,”,,dalaqebi”), empiriul gamocdilebasa da<br />

sagvareulo tradiciebTan erTad icnobdnen da TavianT<br />

saqmianobaSi iyenebdnen qarTul <strong>samedicino</strong> xelnawerebs, rac<br />

maT profesiul dones kidev ufro amaRlebda. cnobilia, rom<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong> wignebi (karabadinebi) ise iyo<br />

Sedgenili, rom dainteresebul pirs misi gamoyeneba SeeZlo.<br />

Aamitom qarTvel xalxSi karabadinebi didi popularobiT<br />

sargeblobda da farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, razec<br />

metyvelebs <strong>samedicino</strong> terminologia, samkurnalwamlo<br />

meTodebi da saSualebebi, agreTve savele eTnografiuli<br />

muSaobisas xalxSi dafiqsirebuli xelnaweri karabadinebi.<br />

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adiReelebSi xalxur mkurnalTa or fenas gamoyofen:<br />

pirveli_romlebic avadmyofebs locvebiT (SelocvebiT)<br />

mkurnaloben da meore_wamlebiT (Хан-гирей. 1978. 16.)<br />

txagapsovas mixedviT, ,,arian mkurnalebi romlebic mxolod<br />

erT romelime daavadebas kurnaven, romlebsac aranairi<br />

Teoriuli codna ar gaaCniaT ara aqvT sistemuri xasiaTi,<br />

wminda praqtikuli xasiaTisaa da damaxasiaTebelia<br />

winaklasobrivi sazogadoebisaTvis~ (Тхагапсова 1992 43)<br />

mkurnaloba adiReebSi dRemde saojaxo privilegias<br />

warmoadgens. adiReeli eqimbqSi Tavis codnas gareSe pirs ar<br />

gadascems.<br />

garda zemoT aRniSnuli gansxvavebisa, rom qarTvel<br />

saxalxo mkurnalebs (maT nawils mainc) Teoriuli codnac<br />

gaaCndaT, aqve mivuTiTebT, rom saxalxo mkurnalTa nawili<br />

sasuliero wres ganekuTvneboda da bunebrivia maT SeeZloT<br />

samkurnalo xelnawerebis gamoyeneba, miT umetes, rom maT<br />

mrevlis ara marto sulieri, aramd xorcieli janmrTelobis<br />

dacvac evalebodaT. amasTanave eTnografiuli masaliT<br />

dasturdeba saxalxo mkurnalTan Segirdis yolis faqtebic,<br />

rac Zalze mniSvnelovania.<br />

CerqezebSic, rogorc xan_girei wers, mkurnalobis saqme<br />

Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda. Ggarda amisa aRniSnavs, rom<br />

CerqezeTSi zogierTi samkurnalo mcenare atarebs im gvaris<br />

saxels, vinc pirvelad gamoiyena. rogorc Cans, aRniSnuli<br />

tradicia kavkasiaSi sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli.<br />

saqarTveloSic, kerZod svaneTSi, davamowmeT msgavsi faqti,<br />

mag: ,,semzaSa bale”//semzaSas balaxi (semzaSa sagvareulo<br />

Temia m.b.), an ,,lomkac bale//lomkacas balaxi (lomkac _<br />

kacis saxelia).<br />

kavkasiis xalxebSi samkurnalo codna mkacrad iyo<br />

daculi da memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. saidumlos dacva<br />

axsnili iyo imiT, rom misi gacema samkurnalo Tvisebebis<br />

dakargvas gamoiwvevda. aseve gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba,_rom<br />

,,ufaso mkurnaloba Sedegs ar gamoiRebso,” ekonomikuri<br />

faqtoriT unda yofiliyo gamowveuli.<br />

xalxuri mkurnalebi srulad iyenebdnen kavkasiis bunebis<br />

florisa da faunis mravalferovnebas samkurnalo<br />

saSualebebis dasamzadeblad. Mmcenareuli, cxoveluri da<br />

mineraluri nivTierebebsagan azadebdnen rogorc martiv, ise<br />

255

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Tuli Semadgenlobis wamlebs. magram rogorc ukve<br />

aRvniSneT, Sinagani daavadebebi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi nakleb,<br />

an sulac ar iyo gavrcelebuli (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs_gulis,<br />

RviZlis, kuW_nawlavis sxvadasxva daavadebebi da sxv.) amitom<br />

am sferoSi, profesiuli mkurnalebi ar mowmdeba.<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSic, rogorc n. MmindaZe<br />

wers, analogiuri mdgomareobaa. ,,aRniSnul daavadebebs<br />

(Sinagan m.b.) umetesad soflis moxuci, gamocdili qalebi<br />

mkurnalobdnen, magram TavianTi Sromis sazRaurad araviTar<br />

dadgenil gasamrjelos ar iRebdnen”(mindaZe. 1981. 48_49).<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi ki davadastureT Sinagan daavadebaTa<br />

mkurnali profesionali ,,eqimbaSebis”//,,mewamle qalebis”<br />

arseboba, romlebic TavianT codnas memkvidreobiT<br />

gadascemdnen da mkurnalobaSic dadgenil gasamrjelos<br />

iRebdnen. (svaneTi, raWa, imereTi).<br />

Kkavkasiis geo_klimaturi pirobebisa (xangrZlivi zamTari,<br />

qvaTa cvena, zvavebi da sxv.) da sayofacxovrebo (sisxlis<br />

aRebis) Cveulebis gamo xSiri iyo sxvadasxva saxis travmebi<br />

(motexiloba, Wriloba daJeJiloba da sxv.). Sesabamisad<br />

medicinis es dargi_xalxuri qirurgia_metad iyo<br />

ganviTarebuli da profesiuli saxalxo mkurnalebi<br />

(dastaqrebi) met_naklebad kavkasiis yvela eTnosSia<br />

dafiqsirebuli.<br />

savele eTnografiuli, saarqivo da literaturuli<br />

wyaroebis mixedviT kavkasiis xalxebSi Zveli droidanve<br />

gavrcelebuli yofila sxvadasxva mineralebis, Zvirfasi da<br />

naxevrad Zvirfasi qvebis samkurnalo mizniT gamoyenebis<br />

tradicia. samkurnalo qvebis koleqciebs flobdnen ara<br />

marto eqimbaSebi, aramed aristokratiuli ojaxebic (Минкевич.<br />

1893/ 94. № 13. 375.) aRniSnul qvebs miniWebuli hqonda ara<br />

marto samkurnalo aramed magiuri da simboluri datvirTvac.<br />

garkveulwilad am Sexedulebebma Cvens dromde moaRwia.<br />

(<strong>burduli</strong>. 2005.125_133.).<br />

Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebiT, kiTxvas, Tu ramdenad<br />

iyenebdnen kavkasiis xalxebi erTimeoris samkurnalo codnasa<br />

da gamocdilebas, SegviZlia dadebiTaad vupasuxoT. TviT is<br />

faqti, rom bevr msgavsebas vxvdebiT rogorc daavadebis<br />

gamomwvevi mizezebis axsnaSi, ise samkurnalo saSualebebsa<br />

da meTodebSi bevris mTqmelia. garda amisa, eTnografiuli<br />

256

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masala adasturebs, rom gaWirvebis dros avadmyofis patroni<br />

xSirad mimarTavda mezobel, sxva eTnosis ganTqmul<br />

mkurnals. amis magaliTebi xSiria, mag: Crdilo<br />

kavkasielebs,_yabardoelebs, mZime avadmyofis (daWrilis)<br />

samkurnalod svaneTidan mihyavdaT ,,aqimi”_ <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

saqmianobiT cnobili xergianebis gvaridan. zogierTi<br />

daavadebis samkurnalod ki piriqiT maT mimarTavdnen<br />

dasaxmareblad. qvemo qarTlSi mcxovreb saxalxo mkurnalebs<br />

_ bajiaSvilebs, daxmarebisaTvis mimarTavdnen ara marto<br />

qarTvelebi, aramed somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, berZnebi. e.i.<br />

saxalxo mkurnalebi yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen avadmyofis arc<br />

eTnikur da arc konfesiur kuTvnilebas, mkurnalobdnen<br />

yvelas. zemoaRniSnuli, ra Tqma unda xels uwyobda<br />

sxvadasxva eTnosTa samkurnalo tradiciebis erTmaneTSi<br />

gadasvlas, rasac adasturebs kavkasiis xalxebis samkurnalo<br />

tradiciebis Seswavla.<br />

Folk Traditions of Treatment in the Caucasus<br />

According to ethnographic and archival materials and written sources folk<br />

medicine ( especialy surgery) was well developed among the peoples of the<br />

Caucasus. Various species of Caucasian flora and fauna were used by healers<br />

for prepareing different remedies .<br />

Among the Caucasian peoples the medicinal knowledge was kept strictly in<br />

secrecy and was handed down. Noteworthy is that the Georgian healers applied<br />

to the ancient Georgian medicinal scripts— The Karabadini.<br />

Generally the Caucasus is famous for its healthy climat; however there are<br />

some regions with unhealthy climatic-geographical environment , where the<br />

endemic diseases, such as goitre amd malaria had been spread from ancient<br />

times.<br />

257

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Despite their ethnic origin and confession the Caucasian peoples had close<br />

connections with each other, they exchanged their medicinal knowledge, applied<br />

each other when medical aid was necessary. This promoted diffusion of<br />

medicinal traditions of different Caucasian peoples and aided their affective<br />

communication.<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura<br />

batoniSvili_batoniSvili v. AaRwera samefosa<br />

saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, t.IV, Tb;1973.<br />

<strong>burduli</strong>_ <strong>burduli</strong> m. LliToTerapiuli mkurnalobis<br />

xalxuri tradiciebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

(eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT), masalabi<br />

saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXV. 2005.<br />

gamba_Jak fransua gamba, ,,mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi,” Tb.<br />

1987.<br />

lamberti _ arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, Tb.<br />

1991.<br />

mindaZe _ mindaZe n. Q<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri medicina<br />

(aRmosavleT saqarTvelis mTielTa eTnografiuli<br />

masalebis mixedviT), Tb. 1981.<br />

mindaZe _ mindaZe n. ,,qarTveli xalxis codna daavadebisa<br />

da garemos urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb,” krb. ,,daavadeba<br />

da garemo” (istoriul_eTnologiuri gamokvleva), Tb;<br />

1996.<br />

merCule _ giorgi merCule, grigol xanZTelis cxovreba,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> proza, t.I Tb; 1982.<br />

Sardeni_ Jan Sardeni, mogzauroba sparseTsa da<br />

aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi (cnobebi saqarTvelos<br />

Sesaxeb), Tb; 1975.<br />

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curtaveli _ iakob curtaveli, SuSanikis wameba, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

proza, t.I. Tb; 1982.<br />

Казак К-ин. беседа о народной медицине и суеверях в терский<br />

овласти ,,Кавказ,” 1887. 59<br />

Лонгворт, Дж; Адыги, балкарци и карачаевцы в известях<br />

европеиских авторов ХVIII_ XIX вв- Налчик . 1974.<br />

Минкевич –Минкевич И. И. Камни как медицинское средство и как<br />

предметь обожения на Кавказе, ПЗКИМО, 1893 /94 № 13.<br />

Нестеров – Нестеров В. С. Эндемический зоб с явленями<br />

гипертиреоидизма // Адыге, их быт, физическое-развитие и<br />

болезни сб. статией под редакциеи К. Р. Марим-Ростов-На-<br />

Дону, 1930.<br />

Семенова – Семенова П. О. народной медицине , СМОМПК, Т. 6.<br />

1893.<br />

Тхагапсова – Тхагапсова Г. Г. Народная медицина Адыгов<br />

(историко-мировоззренческий аспект) , Маикоп-Тбилиси. 1992 .<br />

Хан-Гирей, - Хан-Гирей, Записки о Черкесия- Нальчик, 1978.<br />

259

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medea <strong>burduli</strong>, nino CirgaZe<br />

bavSvTa zogierTi daavadebis mkurnalobis xalxuri<br />

tradiciebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

xalxuri pediatriis eTnografiuli Seswavlis<br />

Sedegad gamovlinda, rom xalxuri medicinis am dargSi<br />

qarTvel xalxs sakmao codna-gamocdileba aqvs<br />

dagrovili. xalxur pediatriaSi gamoiyofa ori rigis<br />

daavadebani _ pirveli, romelic damaxasiaTebelia<br />

rogorc bavSvobis, ise zrdasrul asakSi, aRniSnul<br />

daavadebaTa mkurnalobaSi gansxvaveba mxolod wamlis<br />

dozebSia gamoxatuli. da meore, romelic mxolod<br />

bavSvobis asakSi -12 wlamde aris damaxasiaTebeli.<br />

winamdebare naSromSi am rigis daavadebebs ganvixilavT.<br />

isini met-naklebad saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi<br />

iyo gavrcelebuli da mkurnalobis tradiciebic<br />

TiTqmis analogiuria.<br />

pirvel rigSi gamovyofdiT ,,saymawvilos~<br />

saxelwodebis qveS gaerTianebul sxvadasxva daavadebebs.<br />

eTnografiuli masaliT aRniSnuli daavadeba Cvil<br />

bavSvebs (umetesad TeTrebs) emarTebaT da gastans 12-13,<br />

iSviaTad 15 wlamde.<br />

,,saymawvilos~ damaxasiaTebel simptomad iTvleba<br />

_ maRali sicxe; krunCxvebi, romlis mizezi SeiZleba<br />

iyos maRali sicxe an SiSi; fiCinebi; duJi; enaze<br />

gamonayari; kani uxeSdeba; bavSvi Jinianobs, tiris;<br />

uZiloba aqvs; fermkrTaldeba; RamiT krTis ZilSi;<br />

zogjer Tvalebi ewirpleba; Tvalebis siwiTle, kuWis<br />

aSliloba aqvs; jirkvlebi uCndeba kisrisa da<br />

sazardulis areSi da sxv.<br />

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,,patara bavSvebs emarTebaT saymawvilo _ ToTo<br />

bavSvs gamoayris wiTlad, dasicxuliviT, saxeze mrgvalmrgvalad,<br />

wiTlad eqneba loyebi, yuris ZirebSi<br />

gamoayris, kani gauxeSdeba, bavSvi uzneobs, tiris,<br />

uZiloba aqvs, fermkrTaldeba, krunCxvebi emarTeba,<br />

gaxdeba~- gadmogvcemen mTxroblebi.<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT, aRniSnul daavadebas bavSvis asakis mixedviT<br />

ecvleba saxeli – 10 wlamde bavSvebSi _ ,,saymawviloa~,<br />

Tu igi 10-15 wlamde grZeldeba _ ,,matauri~, xolo Tu 15<br />

wels gadascilda, ukve bneda (epilefsia), avi zne.<br />

saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi mowmdeba yvela<br />

masala, romlis mixedviT bavSvs ,,saymawvilo~ 11-12<br />

wlamde Tu ar gauvlida ,,av zned~, ,,bnedad~ eqceoda.<br />

rogorc Cans, xalxi terminiT ,,saymawvilo~<br />

aerTianebda bavSvobaSi gamovlenil spazmofilias da<br />

epilepsias.<br />

spazmofilia spazmophilia (berZn. spasmos –<br />

krunCxva, philia – siyvaruli) – bavSvTa tetania,<br />

aRiniSneba 3 wlis asakamde bavSvebSi (umetesad 4-20 Tvis<br />

bavSvebSi), axasiaTebs nervul-kunTovani aRgznebadobis<br />

momateba, midrekileba spazmuri SekumSvisadmi, romlis<br />

mizezia kalciumis da fosforis cvlis moSla [3].<br />

epilefsia (bneda) avi zne epilepsia (berZ.<br />

epilepsia daWera, Secvla) Tavis tvinis qronikuli<br />

polietiologiuri daavadebaa, romelsac axasiaTebs<br />

cnobierebis dakargva, krunCxviTi paraqsizmebi,<br />

gulyrebi, pirze duJi, aRgznebadoba da sxv. [3].<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT,<br />

saymawvilo tuberkuliozis gamovlinebis erT-erTi<br />

formaa, romelsac axasiaTebs organizmis kvebis moSla<br />

da midrekileba sxvadasxva organos qronikuli<br />

anTebisadmi... bavSvTa daavadeba, romelic viTardeba<br />

maRali temperaturis dros organizmSi kalciumis<br />

naklebobiT, axasiaTebis krunCxvebi [10].<br />

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es ganmartebebi daavadebaTa speqtrs zrdis da<br />

aerTianebs bavSvTa tuberkuliozisa da organizmSi<br />

kalciumis naklebobiT gamowveul alergiul<br />

sneulebebs.<br />

ap. wulaZis cnobiT, ,,guriaSi didad iyo<br />

gavrcelebuli da didi ziani mohqonda katajvars. es<br />

daavadeba umTavresad ymawvilebs avlebda musrs da<br />

amitom mas avadmyofobis pirvel stadiSi saymawvilos<br />

eZaxdnen. saymawvilo Tu garTuldeboda jirkvlebi<br />

mosdevs, Semdeg filtvebze gadadis da Wleqad iqceva da<br />

mkurnalobac amao iyo~ [16, 33].<br />

saymawvilo, xalxuri etimologiis mixedviT,<br />

STamomavlobiTia. ,,saymawvilo modgmiTaa~, magram<br />

arsebobs sapirispiro Sexeduleba, rom ,,saymawvilom ar<br />

icis Camomavloba, Camomavloba avma znem icis~-o.<br />

erTi SexedviT gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba, rogorc<br />

Cans, unda momdinareobdes sxvadasxva daavadebebis<br />

garegani niSnebis msgavsebidan. rogorc ukve avRniSneT,<br />

bavSvobis asakSi gamovlenili spazmofiluri<br />

daavadebebi erTi terminiT - ,,saymawvilo~-Ti aRiniSneba.<br />

bavSvis asakis matebasTan erTad zogi maTgani qreba<br />

(ikurneba), zogi ki bnedaSi, epilepsiaSi gadadis. amitom<br />

es daavadeba 15 wlamde ,,saymawvilo senad~ aRiqmeba.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom xalxuri dakvirveba<br />

zemoaRniSnuli daavadebis genetikuri xasiaTis Sesaxeb<br />

simarTles Seefereba.<br />

es Sexeduleba qarTul <strong>samedicino</strong> werilobiT<br />

ZeglebSicaa dadasturebuli. ,,usworo karabadinSi~<br />

daavadebebi or jgufad aris dayofili. erTi jgufi,<br />

genetikuri, Tandayolilia, meore SeZenili, an<br />

infeqciuri.<br />

,,...senisa gvari ori feria, erTi ese, rome<br />

gvarisagan waekidos. misa gvarsa sWirdebodes, meore ese<br />

rome anasdaT daemarTos~ [9, 29]. eTnografiuli masaliT,<br />

saymawvilo seni SeiZleba gamoiwvios SiSma, gaciebam da<br />

sakvebiT mowamvlamac ki.<br />

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saqarTveloSi saymawvilos gamomwvevad miaCndaT<br />

,,avi qari~, ,,avi suli~. dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

imdenadaa gavrcelebuli aRniSnuli daavadeba, rom 5<br />

wlis asakamde, TiTqmis yvela bavSvs, profilaqtikis<br />

mizniTac asmevdnen ,,saymawvilos wamals~.<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT, saymawvilos ori forma Cans _ ,,dedali~ da<br />

,,mamali~. ,,mamli saymawvilo~ saSiSia. maRal sicxes<br />

aZlevs, bavSvi krunCxvaSi vardeba da SeiZleba mokvdes<br />

kidec. aseT dros bavSvs yelze uCndeba lurji an Savi<br />

zoli, ityvian ,,dakla mamalma saymawvilomao~ -<br />

gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

,,dedali ,saymawvilo~ SedarebiT iol formad<br />

iTvleba.<br />

imereTis zogierT regionSi ,,saymawvilos~,<br />

,,momTvarvasac~ uwodeben. sagulisxmoa, rom momTvarvamTvareuli<br />

Zvel qarTulSi da zogierT dialeqtSi<br />

,,bnedianis~ aRmniSvneli terminia.<br />

zemoaRniSnuli sainteresoa indenad, rom imereTis<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT ,,zne~, romelSic<br />

SeiZleba saymawvilo gadaizardos, sxvadasxvagvaria.<br />

arsebobs:<br />

avi zne _ mamali znea, bavSvs Tu mouswro, akvanSi<br />

ar gadarCeba, igi SiSze da nawyenze Cndeba, krunCxvebi<br />

icis.<br />

TeTri zne _ Tvalis ,,dabuJeba~, xel-fexis Sesieba<br />

icis, bavSvs TeTri Sardi aqvs.<br />

Savi zne _ ,,simWleSi~ gadadis, oflianoba<br />

axasiaTebs, xelebze siyviTle aqvs, saxeze cocxlad<br />

aris bavSvi, tanze ki CamomWknaria.<br />

wiTeli zne _ wvril-werili wiTeli gamonayari da<br />

qavili icis, kuWis aSla, pirRebineba.<br />

vfiqrobT, SesaZlebelia, zemoaRniSnuli erTi<br />

saxelwodebis qveS gaerTianebuli sxvadasxva<br />

daavadebebis gancalkevebis erTgvari cda iyos, razedac<br />

aqcenti Sedegis simZimis mixedviT keTdeba., amaze<br />

263

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saxelwodebebic (TeTri, wiTeli, Savi, avi zne (mamali<br />

zne)) metyvelebs.<br />

medicinaSi cnobilia, rom arsebobs epilefsiis<br />

magvari daavadebebi, romlebic garegnuli niSnebis<br />

mixedviT gvanan epilefsias, magram maTi mkurnaloba<br />

SesaZlebelia [4, 246].<br />

,,saymawvilos~ xalxuri mkurnaloba moicavs<br />

rogorc magiur, ise naturopatiur saSualebebs.<br />

bavSvs ,,saymawvilo~ pirvelad rom mouvlida, neka<br />

TiTSi nemss uCxvletdnen, sisxls gamoadendnen da pirSi<br />

gamousmevdnen, an saswrafod perangs gaxdidnen da<br />

daswvavdnen, zogjer ki, damwvari perangis fxvils<br />

wyalSi gaxsnidnen da bavSvs daalevinebdnen, tansacmlis<br />

dawvisas, bolze gadaatarebdnen bavSvs.<br />

samxreT saqarTveloSi gogirdTan calke an sxva<br />

nivTierebebTan – mcenare uzalikTan (mariamsakmela)<br />

(peganum harmulal), Roris jagarTan, cxvris yvelTan,<br />

SaqarTan, qaTmis bumbulTan, wiTel simindTan – erTad<br />

daswvavdnen da SeuxrColebdnen. am proceduras 2-3 dRes<br />

mainc imeorebdnen - ,,avi sulebi cecxlSi daiwvebian~-o.<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi (raWa-leCxumi, imereTi,<br />

svaneTi) avadmyofoba rom mouvlida bavSvs, zurgis<br />

mxares, perangiSi kvercxs Caudebdnen, momuWavdnen da<br />

amoWridnen, perangis naWersac da kvercxsac cecxlSi<br />

Seagdebdnen - ,,avadmyofoba daiwveba~-o. ,,saymawvilos~<br />

Setevis dros icodnen bavSvisaTvis Savi naWris<br />

gadafareba.<br />

,,saintereso masalaa damowmebuli samxreT<br />

saqarTveloSi. bavSvs, romelsac ,,saymawvilo~ xSirad<br />

mouvlida, Zilis dros Sav, uxmar naWers<br />

gadaafarebdnen, zevidan bavSvis sigrZe, bambisgan<br />

gakeTebul jvars daadebdnen, romelsac Semdeg cecxls<br />

waukidebdnen da ityodnen - ,,Savma miiRos da bavSvi<br />

gadarCeso~.<br />

264

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aRniSnuli magiuri qmedebebi, ra Tqma unda,<br />

daavadebis gamomwvevi avi sulis bavSvis organizmidan<br />

gamosadevnad, mis gasanadgureblad sruldeboda.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, saymawvilos<br />

medikamentozuri mkurnalobiT gamoirCeva dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelo: raWa-leCxumi, imereTi, guria-sadac TiTqmis<br />

yvela sofelSi mzaddeboda ,,saymawvilos wamlebi~,<br />

maTgan gamoirCeva ramdenime sagvareulos wamali,<br />

romelTac mTel saqarTveloSi hqondaT saxeli<br />

ganTqmuli. aseTebi arian saxelganTqmuli paWkoriebi,<br />

maTi ,,saymawvilos wamali~ didi xania gascilda guriis<br />

farglebs, aseve saxelganTqmulia ,,raWuli wamali~,<br />

,,bugeulis wamali~ (soflis saxelis mixedviT),<br />

romelsac gabiCvaZeebi amzadeben. imereTSi –<br />

gafrindaSvilebis, boWoriSvilebis, ugrexeliZeebis,<br />

suluxiebis; leCxumSi – giorgobianebis, kopalianebis,<br />

TuTisianebis da sxv.<br />

svanuri eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT,<br />

,,saymawvilos~ wamals iqac amzadebdnen, magram cnobili<br />

eqimbaSebi am dargSi ar hyoliaT. rogorc gadmogvcemen,<br />

mis SemadgenlobaSi Svidi saxis samkurnalo mcenare<br />

Sedioda.<br />

rogorc wesi, wamlis damzadebis teqnologia da<br />

Semadgenloba saojaxo saidumlos warmoadgens. rac<br />

yvelasTvis cnobilia, isaa, rom TiTqmis yvela iyenebs<br />

valerianas (Valeriana officinalis. L) fesvebs. am mcenaris<br />

fesvebis naxarSs raWaSi TiTqmis yvela bavSvs aZlevdnen<br />

Cais kovziT, yuris bibiloebTan, cxviris nestoebTan<br />

TiTiT mousmevdnen, es profilaqtikis mizniT<br />

tardeboda. es mcenare qarTul xalxur medicinaSi<br />

fsiqo-nervuli daavadebebis samkurnalo yvela wamlis<br />

ucvleli komponentia, igi aRiarebulia oficialuri<br />

medicinis mierac - ,,katabalaxas (valerianas)<br />

preparatebi farTod gamoiyeneba medicinaSi, rogorc<br />

damawynarebeli saSualeba uZilobis, nerviuli<br />

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aRgznebulobis, gulsisxlZarRvTa sistemis nevrozis<br />

dros~ [15, 58-69].<br />

XIX s-Si, quTaisis guberniaSi, dafiqsirebulia<br />

,,saymawvilos wamlis~ Semdegi recepti: ,,sami Wiqa wyali,<br />

ori naWeri Saqari, Txis naRveli – 14 grani, ,,Safrani~ -<br />

8 grani; ,,TeTri koCi~ - erTi an ori grani; ,,yviTeli<br />

koCi~ - amdenive; javzi ori – dedali da mamli – 14<br />

grani; ,,wiTeli sandali~ - 15 grani; ,,TeTri sandali~ -<br />

14 grani; ,,Savi sandali~ - 6 grani; ,,revandi~ - 16 grani;<br />

,,Zirtkbila~ - 2 skrupuli da 10 grani; sicxis<br />

gamosayvani ,,wiTeli wamali~ - anu miwa – 2 skrupuli, 16<br />

grani; ,,lila~ - 1 grani; ,,oboli sakmeveli~ - 2<br />

skrupuli, 7 grani; ,,danamastiki~ - 1 skrp. 8 grn;<br />

,,qalbani~-1 skrp. 14 grn; ,,murdasangi~. garda amisa,<br />

quTaiseli eqimbaSebi am SemadgenlobaSi urevdnen Taxvis<br />

qonsa da kus kvercxs [17, 335-336].<br />

guriaSi saymawvilos wamalis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

Sedioda ZirwiTela (Echinarubum L), ZirTeTra (Pastinaca<br />

Satina L), Zirtkbila (Elycyrrhiza dlabra L), WinWari (Lrtica urens<br />

L) mravalZarRva (Plantago major L) romelTac erTad<br />

moxarSavdnen, Sig qarvis fxvnils Seurevdnen da<br />

avadmyof bavSvs ase aZlevdnen [11].<br />

Cven movaxerxeT dasavleT saqarTveloSi erT-erTi<br />

yvelaze cnobili ,,raWuli wamlis~ receptis Cawera.<br />

cnobili eqimbaSis, ilia gabiCvaZis saxlSi gviCvenes mis<br />

mier saqarTvelos janmrTelobis ministris saxelze (30-<br />

ian wlebSi eqimbaSebi saqmianobis gamo daupatimrebiaT)<br />

dawerili Txovna, romelic exeba patimrobidan mis<br />

ganTavisuflebas. am TxovnaSi CamoTvlilia is<br />

nivTierebebi risganac igi wamals amzadebda, esenia:<br />

valeriana, javzi (Myristica morsehata Thnb), badani –<br />

(SeiZleba iyos badioni//badiani – (surnelovani kama m. b.)<br />

(JLLicium anisatum (L) Jaerth), revandi (Pheum palmatum L., Rh.<br />

officinale Baill Rh. chinensis), Wiaferi (Phutolaca cmaricena L),<br />

magnezia (Magnesia), Zirtkbila (Elycyrrhaza glabra L).<br />

266

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dRes moqmedi eqimbaSis (ilia gabiCvaZis rZlis)<br />

gadmocemiT, wamals 10-12 saxeobis balaxisagan amzadebs.<br />

dozireba bavSvis asakis mixedviT xdeba. erTi Tvis<br />

asakidan SeiZleba miscen bavSvs saymawvilos wamali 15<br />

wlamde. 15 wlis zeviT, rogorc ukve avRniSneT, es<br />

daavadeba ukve `zned~ iyo miCneuli.<br />

saymawvilo wamlis Semadgenloba leCxumSi ver<br />

davadgineT, garda imisa, rom TuTisanebi aRniSnul<br />

wamalSi urevdnen – yviTel, wiTel da Sav sandals.<br />

sandals (Sandalum) Zvel qarTul medicinaSi<br />

samkurnalo daniSnuleba hqonda [8; 322].<br />

imereTSic ramdenime gvari iyo ganTqmuli<br />

`saymawvilos~ wamlis damzadebaSi. maTgan gansakuTrebiT<br />

cnobili ugrexeliZeebi (sof. RvankiTi) arian. isini<br />

wamals dResac amzadeben da ra Tqma unda, Semadgenloba<br />

da teqnologia mkacrad gasaidumloebulia. zogjer<br />

wamals fxvnilis saxiTac atanen avadmyofis patrons.<br />

ToTo bavSvs dedis rZeSi gaxsnils daalevinebdnen.<br />

wlamde asakis bavSvs Cais, xolo mozrdils sadilis<br />

kovziT asmevdnen dila-saRamos. erTi kursi 4-5 dre<br />

grZeldeba. (unda Catardes 3 kursi, eqvs TveSi erTxel).<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom `saymawvilos~ mkurnaloba,<br />

umeteswilad SelocvasTan erTad mimdinareobda..<br />

mogvyavs Selocvis teqsti:<br />

`saymawvilo modioda, sa mixval saymawviloo.<br />

sa misivi gveliviTa, sa miWyivi gveliviTa,<br />

sa mikokinob mamaliviTa?<br />

me mival mimixaria<br />

ferovan adamianis tanSi,<br />

sisxl vsvam, xorcs vWam.<br />

_ es mamam, Zem da suli wmindam,<br />

arca sisxlis gesmivos, arca xorci gaWmevios,<br />

wadi indauri dahkali, es aris misi saWmeli,<br />

misi sasmeli da misi gasastumrebeli [2].<br />

aWaraSi Selocvis aseTi teqstia dafiqsirebuli:<br />

,,_ modioda erTi kaci, sa midixar Savo kaco<br />

267

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Savi mokazmulobiTa?<br />

baRnis satirlad, sayvirlad, saWyipinod.<br />

ferianis (feris) asarTmelad, uferulisaTvis<br />

feris misacemad.<br />

ar gagiSveb:<br />

agWri-dagWri Savtariani daniTa,<br />

agitan maRal qedze, Cagyri qvabSi.<br />

gaxarxareb Svid dRe-Rames.<br />

migcem qarsa niavsa dagiberav aliviTa [12].<br />

aseTia met-naklebad sruli suraTi, ,,saymawvilo<br />

senis~ mkurnalobisa samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi.<br />

bavSvis dalaxva//galaxva<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT bavSvis<br />

dalaxvas//galaxvas iwvevda micvalebuli. aRniSnuli<br />

daavadeba bavSvis modunebas, kidurebis moZraobis<br />

SezRudvas, zogjer ki dakutebas iwvevda. informatorTa<br />

cnobiT mounaTlavi bavSvi dailaxeboda, amitom ojaxSi<br />

Tu vinme gardaicvleboda, bavSvs mounaTlavs ar<br />

gaaCerebdnen.<br />

Tu saxlTan axlos micvalebuls miasvenebdnen da<br />

Cvili akvanSi iwva, aucileblad amoiyvandnen akvnidan,<br />

ukidures SemTxvevaSi, akvans wamoayenebdnen. Tu ki ama<br />

ver moaswrebdnen, maSin im micvalebulis saflavze<br />

waiyvandnen bavSvs da zed daayenebdnen, an saflavidan<br />

motanil miwas Cayridnen gobSi, sxvadasxva xis<br />

nafotebTan erTad moxarSavdnen da am naxarSiT<br />

dabandnen bavSvs.<br />

T. oCiauri bavSvis dalaxvasTan dakavSirebul<br />

Cveulebas simpatikuri magiis safuZvelze xsnis, radgan<br />

bavSvis wola da Zili (akvanSi) miagavs micvalebulis<br />

Zils, da rom garegnulma msgavsebam namdvili Sedegi<br />

ar gamoiRos, igi fexze unda daayenon [7].<br />

ra Tqma unda, angariSi unda gaewios micvalebulis<br />

uwmindurobis uZveles da universalur rwmenasac.<br />

268

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samcxe_javaxeTisa da aWaris eTnografiuli<br />

monacemebis mixedviT micvalebulis garda, bavSvis<br />

dalaxva SeeZlo mTvares, saqonels, Tevzs da sxv..<br />

aWaraSi bavSvis daqelvas `basxuns~ uwodebdnen. savse<br />

mTvarianobisas saxlis zRurblze sanTels dadebdnen,<br />

zed bavSvs daayenebdnen da ityodnen _ `aqamde me viyavi<br />

basxuni axla ki Sen gaxdi_~o Semdeg ki sxvadasxva<br />

balaxebs moagrovebdnen, gaaxmobdnen, sanTelTan erTad<br />

moxarSavdnen da am naxarSSi bavSvs dabandnen [13].<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvilis mTvariT ,,daqelvis~,<br />

,,daWeris~ Sesaxeb warmodgenebi ZiriTadad samcxejavaxeTsa<br />

da aWaraSi mowmdeba. s. makalaTias mixedviT,<br />

Tu Cvils kuWi aeSleboda, ityodnen, mTvarem daWrao.<br />

patroni mividoda ailuRis (mTvaris) amomWrelTan da<br />

etyoda: Cems bavSvs ama da am mTvareze (Zveli, savse,<br />

axali da sxv.) ,,Wriso~. ,,mTvaris amomWreli~ im Rames,<br />

romeli saxis mTvarec bavSvs Wrida mucelSi,<br />

dajdeboda gereT, ityoda locvas da gamoWrida im saxis<br />

mTvares, romelic bavSvs mucelSi ,,Wrida~, Semdeg<br />

xelosani sifrifana TiTbrisagan gamoWrida am mTvaris<br />

saxes da bavSvs mxarze daukerebda [5, 99].<br />

aRniSnul sakiTxze eTnolog n. mindaZes<br />

gamoTqmuli aqvs mosazreba, rom SeiZleba es<br />

ukavSirdebodes im periods, roca daavadebis gamomwvev<br />

mizezad suli, am SemTxvevaSi _ mTvaris suli _<br />

miiCneoda. igi ar gamoricxavs, rom es SeiZleba Turquli<br />

gavlena iyos, vinaidan ,,basxuni~ Turqulia da<br />

Tavdasxmas niSnavs. rac ufro sainteresoa, igi SeiZleba<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> terminis, ,,mterTa dacemis~, analogiuri iyos<br />

da avi sulis TavdasxmiT bavSvis daavadebas<br />

gulisxmobdes.<br />

rogorc davinaxeT, aRniSnuli daavadebis<br />

mkurnaloba, ZiriTadad, magiuri qmedebebiT<br />

gamoixateboda, magram, amave dros, avadmyofs sxvadasxva<br />

samkurnalo mcenareebis naxarSis abazanebsac<br />

ukeTebdnen.<br />

269

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,,simWle~//,,Separuli//,,goJo~<br />

wlamde asakis bavSvebs zogjer emarTeba iseTi<br />

saxis daavadeba, rom uecrad Sewyvetda zrdaganviTarebas,<br />

gaxdeboda, kunTebi moCvaruli da rbili<br />

gauxdeboda, tyavi daekideboda, yurebi uyviTldeboda,<br />

Tvalebi da tuCebi uwiTldeboda, umadod iyo, saWmels<br />

ver Wamda, muceli udiddeboda, axasiaTebda yiflibandis<br />

sirbile, didi Tavi.<br />

aRniSnul daavadebas dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

samWles//Separuls//goJos, xolo samcxe-javaxeTSi da<br />

aWaraSi – goJos eZaxdnen. gamomwvev mizezad ki, gacieba<br />

da SiSi iTvleboda.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi iyvnen eqimbaSebi, romlebic<br />

mkurnalobdnen aseT bavSvebs da arCendnen kidec. erTerT<br />

aseT eqimbaSze mogviTxrobs XIX s-is <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

presa, kerZod, ,,cnobis furceli~. statiaSi -<br />

,,sayuradRebo mkurnali qali~ - vkiTxulobT:<br />

,,gaxSirebulia ,,goJo~, anu Separulis avadmyofoba Cvil<br />

yrmaTa Soris. am seniT daavadebuli bavSvi<br />

gulSemzaravi sanaxavia. zezeurad amRrali, sul Zvaltyavad<br />

qceuli, gayviTlebuli, TvalebCacvenili da<br />

davardnili. ganuwyvetliv Rnavis da Zili ar modis.<br />

amgvar avadmyofobas Cveni eqimebi ver Svelian. am<br />

avadmyofs kurnavs sofel askanis mcxovrebi aRaTia<br />

siamaSvilisa, TalakvaZis qali~ [14].<br />

xalxuri mkurnalebi simWlis//goJos samkurnalod<br />

abazanebs, dasalev da Sesazel wamlebs iyenebdnen.<br />

saCxereSi (1987 wlis eTnografiuli masalebis<br />

mixedviT) moqmedi eqimbaSi, romelic aRniSnul<br />

daavadebas mkurnalobda, iyo katuSa gelbaxiani.<br />

,,simWlis~ samkurnalo wamali aris samkurnalo<br />

balaxebis fxvnili. mkurnalobis erTi doza udris erT<br />

aryis Wiqas, romelic 6 maneTi (maSindeli kursiT)<br />

Rirda.<br />

270

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mkurnaloba Semdegnairad mimdinareobs: fxvnils<br />

Suaze yofen. naxevari mcire dozebiT saWmelTan erTad<br />

unda miscen bavSvs. meore naxevriT ki, abazanebs<br />

ukeTeben. abazanis Semdeg, bavSvs SeumSraleblad<br />

Seaxveven da ise daaZineben. bavSvis perangs imave wyalSi<br />

amoavleben, gaaSroben da ise Caacmeven. am process<br />

ramodenimejer gaumeoreben. ,,karg dReebSi~_ orSabaTs,<br />

oTxSabaTs da kviras – am wamliT ar dabanen.<br />

garda dReebisa, zogierTi eqimbaSi mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebda ricxvebs, (figurirebs_3,7,9) mag.: 9 wyarodan<br />

aRebuli wyali, cxrajer dabana da a. S. ,,aiRebdnen<br />

yvelanair balaxs, xis totebs, da xarSavdnen mJave<br />

wyalSi, an cxra wyarodan aRebul wyalSi, masSi<br />

urevdnen cxra Tav safuars, bavSvs cxra dRe<br />

abanavebdnen~.<br />

garda balaxebisa, raWaSi qacvis (Hippophaem<br />

rhamnoides L) mwife nayofis naxarSis abazanebs ukeTebdnen<br />

bavSvs.<br />

zogierTi eqimbaSi dasazel-dasaban wamals<br />

amzadebda sami dasaxelebis samkurnalo balaxisagan,<br />

dReSi samjer Seazeldnen mTel tanze da sami dRis mere<br />

dabandnen. samkurnalo proceduras imeorebdnen samjer,<br />

amisaTvis erTi litri wamali iyo saWiro.<br />

aWaraSi ,,goJoian~ bavSvs Semwvar lekvis an<br />

zRarbis xorcs aWmevdnen, zRarbis tyavs ki<br />

moxarSavdnen da mis naxarSSi bavSvs abanavebdnen,<br />

ityodnen - ,,bavSvi win wamovao~-o.<br />

noRaidelis monacemebiT, aWaraSi ,,goJos~ dros,<br />

aiRebdnen Svidi wisqvilis borblidan gamomaval wyals<br />

da Svid baRCaSi mokrefil foTlebs, Svidi wyaros<br />

wyals da tyidan motanil foTlebs. am wyalSi<br />

moxarSavdnen yvela saxis balaxs da bavSvs ise<br />

,,uxrColebdnen~. wyali roca gagrildeboda, bavSvs<br />

dabandnen da moxarSul balaxebSi Caawvendnen, an<br />

keredan sakidels Camoxsnidnen da mis cecxlze<br />

gadaatarebdnen. Semdeg gaxurebul sakidlis jaWvs<br />

271

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kalad Sekravdnen da rkalSi bavSvs samjer<br />

gadaatarebdnen. am ritualis dros gaxurebuli jaWvi<br />

or kacs xis kavebiT eWira, ori adamiani jaWvis win da<br />

ukan dadgeboda da bavSvs jaWvis rkalidan erTimeores<br />

gadaawodebdnen. Semdeg jaWvs miwaze dadebdnen, SuaSi<br />

bavSvs Caayenebdnen. jaWvs wyals daasxamdnen da anaden<br />

orTqls avadmyof bavSvs ,,uxrColebdnen~. amis Semdeg<br />

asrulebdnen ,,goJos~ ,,aWras~ bavSvs kibeze daayenebdnen,<br />

rodesac is kibis meSvide safexurze Sedgamda fexs,<br />

daiwyebdnen Selocvas, am dros Semlocvels xelSi dana<br />

eWira, romliTac kibis safexurs Cexda da Tan<br />

ulocavda:<br />

,,saxeliTa ZisiTa, mamiTa ZiTa, suliTa wmindiTa,<br />

locviTa goJoisa:<br />

goJov, goJovelav, Ranwvav, Rankielav, arxalako,<br />

marxalako, pawai, (bavSvis saxeli) faTrafo, ali<br />

monadirobda, meli molas cdilobda, is rom rkinas<br />

Wamda, rogor xrida qviSas. ,,dambadebelma gauwera,<br />

geipara goJo dilasa~.<br />

,,goJos~ Selocva mTvaris ,,cxromaze~<br />

icodnen_samSabaTs, xuTSabaTs da SabaTs. gadmocemiT<br />

axal mTvareze ar Seulocavdnen, radgan ,,axali mTvare<br />

izrdeboda da ,,goJoc~ gaizrdeboda~ [6,18].<br />

guriis eTnografiuli masaliT<br />

,,goJos~//,,Separulis~ dros icavdnen garkveul dietas.<br />

bavSvs ar aWmevdnen kvercxs. garda amisa, avadmyofs<br />

axaldakluli saqonlis Tbil faSvSi svamdnen aTi –<br />

TxuTmeti wuTiT. mkurnalobis es forma svaneTSi<br />

davamowmeT susti da raqituli bavSvis samkurnalod.<br />

leCxumSic _ soflis eqimni avadmyofs xaris Tbil<br />

faSvsi xveven [1].<br />

leCxumSi, aseve, bavSvs fiWvis (pinus) wiwvebisa da<br />

siravaSlas//Rortyemalas (Piracantha coccinea Roem)<br />

foTlebis naxarSis abazanas ukeTeben.<br />

warmodgenili eTnografiuli masalis safuZvelze<br />

Cans, rom didi yuradReba eqceoda bavSvis<br />

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janmrTelobaze zrunvas. mkurnalobdnen yvelanairi<br />

saSualebebiT _ magiuri iqneboda Tu racionaluri.<br />

xalxuri pediatriis maRal doneze metyvelebs<br />

isic, rom igi axdens daavadebaTa klasifikacias,<br />

gamoyofs mxolod bavSvobis asakSi gavrcelebul<br />

daavadebebs, e. w. ,,saymawvilo sens~, cdilobs daavadebis<br />

gamomwvevi realuri mizezebis axsnas.<br />

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Seswavlili<br />

pediatriuli samkurnalo tradiciebi cxadyofs, rom<br />

xalxuri medicina momavali Taobis janmrTelobas did<br />

yuradRebas aqcevda da mkurnalobasac, ZiriTadad,<br />

dadebiTi Sedegi mohqonda.<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura:<br />

1. beriZe v., sityvis kona imerul da raWul<br />

TqmaTa, 1912.<br />

2. <strong>burduli</strong> m., leCxumis 1985 wlis<br />

eTnografiuli eqspediciis dRiurebi.<br />

3. dgebuaZe r., abesaZe a., qarTul-rusullaTinuri<br />

mokle <strong>samedicino</strong> ganmartebiTi<br />

leqsikoni, Tb., 1988.<br />

4. zurabaSvili a. d., fsiqiatria, Tb., 1959.<br />

5. makalaTia s., mesxeT-javaxeTi, Tb., 1938.<br />

6. noRaideli j., eTnografiuli narkvevi<br />

aWarelTa yofa-cxovrebidan, Tb., 1935.<br />

7. oCiauri T., dakrZalvis wesebi qarTlSi<br />

Zvelad da axla, Tb., 1987.<br />

8. fanaskerteli z., samkurnalo wigni<br />

karabadini, Tb., 1950.<br />

9. qananeli, ,,usworo karabadini~, Tb., 1940.<br />

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10. <strong>qarTuli</strong> enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. VI,<br />

Tb., 1960.<br />

11. CirgaZe n., guriis eTnografiuli dRiurebi,<br />

1994.<br />

12. CirgaZe n., aWaris eTnografiuli dRiurebi<br />

#3, 1990.<br />

13. CirgaZe n., aWaris eTnografiuli dRiurebi,<br />

1990.<br />

14. ,,cnobis furceli~, 1898, #693.<br />

15. xidaSeli S., papunaZe v., saqarTvelos tyis<br />

samkurnalo mcenareebi, baTumi, 1980.<br />

16. wulaZe ap., eTnografiuli guria, Tb., 1971.<br />

17. Машурко М., Из области народной фантазии и быта<br />

Тифлисской и Кутаиской губернии, СМОМПК, 1894.<br />

Медеа Бурдули, Нино Чиргадзе<br />

НАРОДНЫЕ ТРАДИЦИИ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ НЕКОТОРЫХ<br />

ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ДЕТЕЙ В ЮГО-ЗАПАДНОЙ ГРУЗИИ<br />

Резюме<br />

В работе показан накопленный в течении веков опыт<br />

грузинского народа в лечении педиатрических заболеваний. В<br />

основном рассматриваются лечения заболеваний характерных<br />

лишь в младенческом (до 12 лет) возрасте. Одним из<br />

распространенных заболеваний в детском возрасте была т. н.<br />

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«Младенческая болезнь» в которой по сходству внешнего<br />

проявления, объединялись различные спазмофилические<br />

заболевания. Народные способы лечения «Младенческая болезнь»<br />

вмещают в себе натуропатические и магические средства.<br />

Изготовление лекарств против «Младенческой болезни» считалось<br />

родовым знанием и тайно передавалось из поколения в поколение.<br />

в Грузии известны несколько фамилий изготовляющих такие<br />

лекарства, например – Пачкория, Угрехелидзе, Габичвадзе и т. д.<br />

Кажется интересным также связанные с фазами Луны<br />

магические способы лечения таких детских заболеваний, как<br />

«галахва», «далахва» (ребёнок ослабевает, утрачивает способность<br />

стоять на ногах, а иногда происходит полная атрофия<br />

конечностей).<br />

Дети до одного года могли заболеть опасной болезнью, т.н.<br />

«Симчле», «Шепарули», «Гожо». (Ребёнок начинал худеть и<br />

прекращал). В юго-западной Грузии были (и теперь есть) народные<br />

врачеватели, которые названную болезнь лечили комплексно,<br />

используя ванны, мази и питьевые лекарственные средства.<br />

275

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Medea Burduli, Nino Chirgadze<br />

FOLK TRADITIONS OF TREATMENT OF SOME DISEASES IN<br />

CHILDREN IN SOUTH-WEST GEORGIA<br />

The article shows the experience of Georgian people in treatment of<br />

pediatric diseases, gained during centuries. We mainly discuss the<br />

treatment of diseases in children till the age twelve. One of the spread<br />

diseases in children was scrofula (“childish”) where some diseases of<br />

spasmodic characters were united. The folk treatment of this disease was<br />

mainly the combination of natural and magic means. It was ancestral and<br />

was passed from generation to generation. There are lots of medicines<br />

against scrofula in Georgia today. Such as: “Pachkoria medicine”,<br />

“Ugrekhelidze medicine”, “Gabichvadze medicine”, “Rachuli medicine”<br />

and so on.<br />

The second disease that caused weakness in children was called<br />

“galakhva” (in translation – to beat). It was also treated with the help of<br />

magic means connected to the moon phases.<br />

The following dangerous disease – “simchle”, caused the problems in<br />

children’s height and development. Children shopped to grow up. There<br />

are still some folk - “doctors” who treat this disease completely with<br />

baths, mixture and ointment.<br />

276

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<strong>Mmedea</strong> <strong>burduli</strong>, nino CirgaZe<br />

Sidamigraciul procesebTan dakavSirebuli<br />

zogierTi problemis Sesaxeb<br />

(samcxe_javaxeTSi xalxuri mkurnalobis magaliTze)<br />

saqarTveloSi istoriulad yovelTvis hqonda<br />

adgili mTiani qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />

Sidamigraciul procesebs (meliqiSvili, 1970: gv. 547.).<br />

amas ganapirobebda mravali mizezi (TofCiSvili, 1984:<br />

122.). aRniSnuli movlenis kanonzomierebisa da<br />

periodulobis miuxedavad, axal geo_klimatur<br />

pirobebTan Seguebis procesSi mosaxleoba dgeboda<br />

sxvadasxva problemis (socialuri,<br />

kulturul_sayofacxovrebo, janmrTelobis da a.S.)<br />

winaSe.<br />

winamdebare naSromis mizania, 1944 wels<br />

samcxe_javaxeTSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan<br />

erT_erTi masobrivi Sidamigraciis magaliTze, aCvenos<br />

ra gavlenas axdens adamianis janmrTelobaze axali<br />

sacxovrebeli garemopirobebi.<br />

adamianisa da garemos urTierTmimarTebis kvleva<br />

dRes sabunebismetyvelo da humanitaruli mecnierebis<br />

erT_erTi problemaa. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

tradiciebis Seswavla naTels xdis, rom xalxs kargad<br />

hqonda gacnobierebuli garemos gavlena maT<br />

janmrTelobaze. swored amitom, ,,xalxuri <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

tradiciebis kvlevisas, xalxuri codnis gamovlenas da<br />

Seswavlas daavadebis da garemos urTierTmimarTebis<br />

Sesaxeb gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba~ (mindaZe,<br />

1996: 1.).<br />

277

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unebrivi garemo, klimati, sasmeli wyali da sxva<br />

faqtorebi garkveulwilad ganapirobeben daavadebaTa<br />

gavrcelebis geografias da maT regionalur<br />

Taviseburebebs. Ggeo_klimaturi garemo<br />

mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba saqarTveloSi, aris<br />

erTimeorisagan gansxvavebuli mikroklimaturi kuTxeebi.<br />

Sesabamisad, eTnografiuli masala saintereso suraTs<br />

iZleva saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli daavadebebis<br />

regionaluri Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb.<br />

Hhipokrate kolxeTis dablobis<br />

bunebriv_geografiul garemos ukavSirebs malarias,<br />

riTac iqauri mcxovreblebi arian daavadebulni<br />

(yauxCiSvili, 1955: 19_20.).<br />

iakob curtaveli aRwers ra qvemo qarTlis uvargis<br />

klimats, mas ukavSirebs iq gavrcelebul daavadebebs:<br />

,,Jamsa zafxulisasa cecxlebr Semwueli igi<br />

mxurvalebaÁ, qarni xorSakni da wyalni mavnebelni,<br />

romlisa mkvidrnica mis adgilisani _ savseni seniTa,<br />

wyliTa gansivebulni, da ganyviTlebulni, dawertilni<br />

da damWnarni da damRierebulni, Caradovanni, pirmsivanni<br />

da dRemokled cxorebulni; da moxucebulni ara vin ars<br />

maT qveyanaTa~ (curtaveli, 1986: 72.).<br />

sapirispiro suraTs xatavs giorgi merCule<br />

,,grigol xancTelis cxovrebaSi~, romlis mixedviTac<br />

tao_klarjeTi jansaRi haviTa da janmrTeli<br />

mosaxleobiT gamoirCeva _ ,,rameTu bunebiT erT gvam ars<br />

qveyanaÁ udabnoTaÁ maT da keTilad Sezavebul mzisagan<br />

da haerisa. rameTu arca friadi sicxeÁ Seswvavs maT da<br />

arca gardareuli sicive Seaurvebs myofTa misTa.<br />

Aaramed ganwesebiT dgas Tvissa sazRvarsa unotioÁ,<br />

uxorSakoÁ, umiwoÁ, mzvareÁ. rameTu kacTa naxWani<br />

ferxTani araodes Tixian eqnebian svlasa maTsa. xolo<br />

wyali keTili da SeSaÁ nebisaebr unaklulod aqvs<br />

aRmocenebuli qviSaTa maT Sina, uricxvi maRnari da<br />

278

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simravle wyalTa hamoTaÁ. bunebiT mxiarulebaÁ micemul<br />

ars RmrTisagan~ (merCule, 1982: 245.).<br />

garemo pirobebis zemoqmedebas adamianis<br />

janmrTelobaze yuradRebas uTmobs v. batoniSvilic.<br />

samcxe_saaTabagos igi ase axasiaTebs_,, xolo ars<br />

qveyana ese friad mraval da didrovan kldiani, xeviani,<br />

Rrantiani, tyiani, SambSroSaniani, mdinarian_tbiani da<br />

mcired velovani. zamTar adgil_adgil civi da did<br />

Tovliani da adgil_adgil friad Tbili, zafxuls<br />

Sezavebuli, rameTu aqvT mTani da agarakni friad<br />

axlos, xolo adgils friad cxeli da gausaZlisi~<br />

(vaxuSti bagrationi, ..: 447.).<br />

aseve dadebiTad axasiaTebs imereTis klimats: ,,haviTa<br />

keTilmSvenier, garna tyisa gamo zafxuls imyofis<br />

sicxe, vinaidgan Zniad iZvris qari da ara gauZlis sicxe<br />

Tvinier adgilTa romelTame, zamTari Tbili, rameTu<br />

verodes ganyinavs mdinareTa, verca gubesa~ (vaxuSti<br />

bagrationi, ..: 452.).<br />

ucxoeli mogzaurebic TavianT ,,aRwerebSi~ mniSvnelovan<br />

yuradRebas uTmoben zemoaRniSnul sakiTxs. ,,raWis olqs<br />

imereTSi yvelaze kargi adgilmdebareoba aqvs. Hhaeri aq<br />

sufTaa da klimaturi pirobebic sijansaRis sawindaria.<br />

swored amitomaa avadmyofobebi aq cota, xolo<br />

dRegrZeli adamianebi mravlad arian~ (gamba, 1987: 197.).<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviTac _ wyali, hava,<br />

adgilmdebareoba _ pirdapir kavSirSia adamianis<br />

janmrTelobasTan. rogorc informatorebi gadmogvcemen<br />

,,hava winaT ufro janmrTeli iyo~ da amitomac _,,Zvelad<br />

sad iyo amdeni avadmyofobao~. zemoT CamoTvlili<br />

faqtorebi _ ,,wyali, hava, adgilmdebareoba<br />

ganapirobeben agreTve zogierTi endemuri daavadebis<br />

(malaria, Ciyvi) gavrcelebasac. aRniSnuli<br />

daavadebebis Sesaxeb cnobebi saqarTveloSi uZvelesi<br />

droidan mogvepoveba (yauxCiSvili, 1955; gamba, 1987;<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvili, ..: 714; baqraZe, 1864: 25; Пантюхов,<br />

279

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1893; Пантюхов, 1866; CimakaZe, 1913; Орбели, 1904.) adamianis<br />

janmrTelobaze zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

garemopirobebsa da sacxovrebeli saxlis<br />

adgilmdebareobas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> samkurnalo wignebi_karabadinebi ( wigni<br />

saaqimoÁ 1936: 48_49.).,,iadigar daudSi~ pirdapir aris<br />

miTiTebuli jansaRi saxlis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

saxli unda aSendes iseT adgilas, sadac haeri<br />

Sezavebulia ( bagrationi, ..: 105.).<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, winamdebare statiis mizania<br />

samcxe_javaxeTSi migranti mosaxleobis janmrTelobis<br />

problemis kvleva adaptaciis periodSi, ris<br />

ganxorcielebasac SevecdebiT adgilobriv mosaxleobasa<br />

da CamosaxlebulebSi wlebis manZilze Sekrebili<br />

eTnografiuli masalis analizis safuZvelze (CirgaZe,<br />

1986_88; 1999; <strong>burduli</strong>. 2000_2001.).zemoaRniSnul<br />

problemas ZiriTadad ganvixilavT axalcixis raionis<br />

sofel kldeSi imereTidan _ WiaTurisa da xaragaulis<br />

raionebidan gadmosaxlebulTa magaliTze.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, maT pirvel wlebSi<br />

Zalian gauWirdaT, mougvarebel sayofacxovrebo<br />

pirobebs Tan daerTo iseTi avadmyofobebic, romelic<br />

maT adrindel sacxovrisSi ar awuxebdaT, kerZod ki<br />

cieba, ris gamoc mosaxleobis nawili ukan dabrunda.<br />

ciebis gamomwvev ZiriTad mizezad ki ,,haeris dacdas~,<br />

koRos da antisanitariul pirobebs asaxeleben. Aaqve<br />

aRvniSnavT, rom cieba adgilobriv mosaxleobas ar<br />

awuxebda.<br />

rogorc gadmogvcemen maSindeli sofeli mZime<br />

sanaxavi iyo _ ,,aq rom movediT binZuri iyo es sofeli,<br />

uamravi tyavi eyara, bumbuli, mSieri ZaRlebi<br />

dawanwalebdnen. sofeli mingreul_mongreuli iyo. bevri<br />

ukan dabrunda, magram mere Cven Semogvnatrodnen. Aaq<br />

ufro mosavliani mxarea, vidre imereTSi, sadac Cven<br />

vcxovrobdiT~_o, gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi. ,,aq rom<br />

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CamovediT cieba dagvemarTa, iq (imereTSi) ar iyo, mere<br />

movidnen axalcixidan eqimebi, Sewamles arxebi,<br />

dagviriges wamlebi. 2_3 weli gagrZelda es avadmyofoba,<br />

mere aRar gvemarTeboda~_o.<br />

cnobilia, rom saqarTveloSi cieba (malaria)<br />

_kolxeTis dablobis da qvemo qarTlisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli endemuri daavadebaa (gvaTua, 1996.).<br />

mesxeTisaTvis ki es daavadeba endemuri ar iyo.<br />

,,cieb_cxelebas~, igive malarias epidemiuri xasiaTi ar<br />

hqonia, TumcaRa zogierT sofelSi_xizabavra, toloSi<br />

xerTvisi da sxv. am daavadebis SemTxvevebi zafxulSi an<br />

Semodgomis dasawyisSi mainc fiqsirdeba.<br />

Camosaxlebulebs ki sami weli stanjavda cieba. Mmere<br />

,,SeeCvivnen havas~.<br />

Eendemuri ar aris aRniSnuli daavadeba zemo<br />

imereTisTvisac. rogorc Cans, misi afeTqeba migrantebSi<br />

gamoiwvia ara ,,kargi klimaturi pirobebidan cudSi<br />

gadasaxlebam~, aramed, rogorc xalxi uwodebs ,,haeris<br />

dacdam~, ,,es daavadeba haeris dacdam iciso~, imereTSi,<br />

sxva soflidan gamoTxovil qalebsac emarTebodaT<br />

cieba, an WalaSi rom ,,wavidodiT samuSaod, dagvcdida<br />

haeri~_o, da sxv.~_ gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi.<br />

Mmalarias gamomwvevi realuri mizezebis (arajansaRi<br />

klimati, koRo) codna, imis garantic iyo, rom qarTvel<br />

xalxs gamoemuSavebina efeqturi profilaqtikuri da<br />

samkurnalo saSualebebi. Aam RonisZiebebidan, pirvel<br />

rigSi, unda davasaxeloT samosaxlo adgilis SerCevis<br />

xalxuri codna, aseve tansacmeli da kvebis sistema.<br />

Zveli xalxi gadmogvcems, rom Tu SesaZlebeli iyo<br />

samosaxlod maRlob adgils irCevdnen, imitom, rom ,,iq<br />

haeri janmrTelia da avadmyofobac ar Cndebao~. Ees<br />

gamocdileba SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT ucxoel<br />

mogzaurebs. Jak fransua gamba wers: ,,imerlebs SeuZliaT<br />

civilizilebul xalxs kargi rCeva miscen samosaxlod<br />

Sesaferisi adgilis SesarCevad. imerlebi sameurneod<br />

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dablobs iyeneben, magram saxl_karad maRlob platoebs<br />

irCeven wyaroebTan axlos. ciebisagan Tavis dasaRwevad<br />

am windaxedulobis garda, isini kidev bevr sxva zomas<br />

mimarTaven: saxlSi cecxli dRedaRam unTiaT, es haeris<br />

gawmendis saukeTeso saSualebaa da amasTan erTad miwis<br />

sinestesac STanTqavs.... saWmelad xorcs maincdamainc ar<br />

etanebian, maTi saWmelia Romis an fetvis fafa da Wadi.<br />

Rvinos bevrs svamen. tansacmeli, gansakuTrebiT ki Txis<br />

bewvisagan qeCis mosasxamebi, temperaturis mkveTr<br />

dacemas maT advilad gadaataninebs xolme, amis gamo<br />

cieba maT ar emarTebaT~ (gamba, 1987: 176.).<br />

cxadia, zemoCamoTvlili profilaqtikuri<br />

RonisZiebebis dacva Camosaxlebulebs Zalian<br />

gauWirdebodaT. gansakuTrebiT es unda iTqvas<br />

sacxovrebel saxlebze, maT adgilze daxvdaT miwurebi,<br />

sadac pirvel wlebSi mouwiaT cxovreba da ramac,<br />

rogorc gadmogvcemen, maT janmrTelobaze uaryofiTad<br />

imoqmeda.<br />

ciebisagan Tavis dasaxsnelad iyenebdnen arays _,,8_9<br />

wlis otkas~ (rogorc mTxrobelebi gadmogvcemen).<br />

Rvino da arayi aRniSnuli miznisaTvis mTel<br />

saqarTveloSi miRebuli yofila` (mindaZe, 1996:2.). velze<br />

muSaobisas davafiqsireT ciebiani avadmyofis SardiT<br />

mkurnaloba, rac aseve cnobili iyo Zveli droidanve<br />

(gvaTua, 1996: 28.) da rasac zogierTi mkvlevari dadebiT<br />

Sefasebas aZlevs ( Tofuria, 1977: 56.).<br />

EeTnografiuli masalis analizi metyvelebs, rom<br />

realuri mizezebis gverdiT, ciebis gamomwvevad raRac<br />

uxilavi arsebac iTvleboda. Aase mag; cieba rom<br />

mouvlida, avadmyofs mieparebodnen da civ wyals<br />

Seasxamdnen _ ,,SiSidan gaiTiSeba i oxeri cieba da<br />

avadmyofs moSordebao~.<br />

erT_erTi mZime daavadeba, romelic<br />

CamosaxlebulebSi gavrcelda, aris Ciyvi. aRniSnuli<br />

daavadeba maRalmTiani qveynebisaTvis aris<br />

damaxasiaTebeli da igi winaT saqarTveloSi<br />

282

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metnaklebad yvela regionSi yofila gavrcelebuli,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki svaneTSi, raWaSi, aWaraSi da sxv..<br />

samcxe_javaxeTSi Ciyvi yvelaze metad adigenis<br />

raionSi yofila<br />

gavrcelebuli.<br />

i. aslaniSvilis mixedviT, Ciyvis gavrcelebis mxriv<br />

axalcixis mazra, umTavresad qvablianis xeoba<br />

gamoirCeoda. TviT axalcixeSi misi gavrcelebis<br />

SemTxvevebi iyo mis zemo nawilSi, e.w. rabaTSi.<br />

Axalcixis midamoebi irgvliv mofenili iyo mravali<br />

CiyvianebiT (aslaniSvili, 1929: 126.).<br />

mesxeTSi Cawerili eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT,<br />

Ciyvi umetesad qalebSi yofila gavrcelebuli.<br />

Ggamomwvev mizezad saxeldeba nerviuloba da<br />

adgilobrivi sasmeli wyali, ityodnen: ,,ijavra da Ciyvi<br />

Camouvidao~.<br />

sofel kldeSi Cawerili eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT ki imereTSi _ WiaTurasa da xaragaulSi,<br />

saidanac arian Camosaxlebulni, Ciyvi iSviaTi movlena<br />

iyo. ,,Zvelad Cvens sofelSi or qals hqonda Ciyvi, isic<br />

sxva soflidan mosul rZlebs~ (mTx. Mariam vasilis as.<br />

kurtaniZe_kapanaZe, 80 w. 2001w.). dResdReobiT ki am<br />

sofelSi Ciyvis gavrcelebis mxriv metad savalalo<br />

mdgomareobaa, rasac mosaxleoba adgilobrivi wylis<br />

uvargisobas ukavSirebs. Tumca unda aRiniSnos rom es<br />

problema saqarTveloSi bolo dros TiTqmis yvelgan<br />

kvlav aqtiuri gaxda, gaizarda CiyviT daavadebulTa<br />

ricxvi. Yvelaze samwuxaro ki isaa, rom ufro meti<br />

procenti Ciyvianebisa mozard TaobaSia. Mmag; 2001 wels<br />

sofel kldis skolaSi Catarebuli <strong>samedicino</strong><br />

gamokvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT 100 bavSvidan mxolod<br />

10_s ar aReniSneboda Ciyvis niSnebi. Amave masalis<br />

mixedviT skolis bavSebs urigdebodaT iodis Semcveli<br />

kafsulebi _ antistrinini. skolamdel da ufrosi<br />

Taobis warmomadgenlebs ki ara.<br />

283

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,,Ciyvi axla bevrsa aqvs, igi camet avadmyofobas<br />

aCens~_o_ gadmogvcemen mTxrobelebi. rogorc Cvens mier<br />

mopovebuli eTnografiuli masala, ise Ciyvis<br />

problemebisadmi miZRvnili gamokvlevebi (kupcisi, 1926:<br />

393_401; aslaniSvili 1926, 41_42; aslaniSvili, 1945;<br />

Бакрадзе, 1861.), Ciyvs pirdapir ukavSireben sasmeli<br />

wylis vargisianobas, agreTve im geografiul garemosa<br />

da sayofacxovrebo pirobebs (margiani, 1945; <strong>burduli</strong>,<br />

1979_1985.). sadac maT uxdebodaT cxovreba.<br />

sainteresod migvaCnia, rom eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT, saqarTveloSi CiyviT daavadebulTa mimarT<br />

sxvadasxvagvari damokidebuleba mowmdeba. Mmag: svaneTSi<br />

igi samarcxvino daavadebad ar iTvleboda da<br />

qorwinebisaTvis xelSemSleli piroba ar iyo<br />

(<strong>burduli</strong>. 1979_1985.), xolo imeruli (kldeSi Cawerili)<br />

masalis mixedviT ki, ,,qals gaTxovebis dros aTasnairad<br />

gaCxrekdnen, Ciyvians vin waiyvanda, an Tu misians<br />

vinmes hqonda, mas ar iTxovdnen~ (<strong>burduli</strong>, 2001.). mizezi<br />

gansxvavebuli damokidebulebisa, vfiqrobT, Ciyvis<br />

gavrcelebis masStabidan unda gamomdinareobdes.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT, xalxis<br />

janmrTelobisaTvis gadmosaxlebas uaryofiTTan erTad<br />

garkveuli dadebiTi Sedegic moutania. Camosaxlebulebi<br />

kanis mZime daavadebis _ pelagrasgan (pellagra_ kanis<br />

daavadeba, romelsac iwvevs sakvebSi vitaminis [nikotinis<br />

mJavas] nakleboba) (dgebuaZe, abaSiZe, 1988.), romelic<br />

sakvebTan, kerZod, simindTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />

mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT, imereTSi maT zemoaRniSnuli<br />

daavadeba awuxebdaT, romelic xel_fexze da saxeze<br />

uCndebodaT. Aam dros kani skdeba, icis Zlieri qavili,<br />

,,sul gatyavdeboda xel_fexi~. informatorTa nawili<br />

daavadebas gafuWebul, mware simindis fqvils<br />

ukavSirebs, nawili ki sakvebad simindis fqvilis mudmiv<br />

gamoyenebas. Camosaxlebis mere xalxi am daavadebisagan<br />

swrafad ganikurna, radgan siminds xorbali Caenacvla.<br />

284

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Cveni mizani iyo dagvefiqsirebina xalxuri codna<br />

garemo pirobebisa da janmrTelobis urTierTmimarTebis<br />

Sesaxeb, amdenad, xalxur samkurnalo saSualebebsa da<br />

maT dadebiT an uaryofiT Sedegebs naklebad vexebiT.<br />

eTnografiuli masalis analizi saSualebas iZleva<br />

davaskvnaT, rom qarTvel xalxs kargad hqonda<br />

gacnobierebuli janmrTelobisaTvis geo_klimaturi<br />

pirobebis, sacxovrebeli binisa Tu kvebis mniSvneloba.<br />

samcxe _javaxeTSi Camosaxlebulebi aRniSnaven axali<br />

sacxovrebeli pirobebis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs<br />

da marTebulad akavSireben ama Tu im daavadebis<br />

gamomwvev mizezebTan, ase mag: wyalTan _ Ciyvs<br />

(cnobilia, rom wyalSi iodis nakleboba iwvevs<br />

aRniSnul daavadebas); klimatTan//,,haeris dacdasTan~ _<br />

ciebas (malaria); sakvebis erTferovnebasTan _ kanis<br />

daavadebas, pelagras, da sxv.<br />

G<br />

gamoyenebuli literatura<br />

1. g. meliqiSvili saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi.<br />

t. I. 1970.<br />

2. 2. r. TofCiSvili, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTielTa migracia XVII_XX ss. Tb. 1984.<br />

285

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3. vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba t. IV. Tb. 1973; r. TofCiSvili,<br />

dasax. naSromi; g.Citaia, Sromebi. t. I.<br />

4. n. mindaZe, qarTveli xalxis codna daavadebisa da<br />

garemos urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. krb.<br />

,,daavadeba da garemo~ (istoriul_eTnologiuri<br />

gamokvleva). Tb. 1996.<br />

5. T. yauxCiSvili. Hhipokrate da misi cnobebi<br />

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb. 1955.<br />

6. iakob curtaveli. wameba wmindisa SuSanikisi<br />

dedoflisa. Tb. 1986.<br />

7. giorgi merCule. Grigol xancTelis cxovreba.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> proza. I. Tb. 1982.<br />

8. vaxuSti bagrationi. aRwera samefosa<br />

saqarTvelosa. ,,qarTlis cxovrebaA~ t. IV. Tb. G<br />

9. Jak fransua gamba. ,,mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi~. Tb.<br />

1987.<br />

9. d. baqraZe. Сванетия. ЗКИРГО. кн.VI. 1864. 25;<br />

10. Пантюхов И. И. Антропологические наблюдения на Кавквзе.<br />

ЗКИРГ. Тиф.1893<br />

11. Пантюхов И. И. Особенности болезни на склонах Кавказа.<br />

Мед. Св. КМО. 1866. № 1;<br />

12. n. CimakaZe, Tavisufali svaneTi, Zveli saqarTvelo.<br />

t. II. tf. 1913;<br />

13. Орбели Д. Сванетия. Зоб и кретинизм в Сванетия. Петербург.<br />

1904.<br />

12. wigni saaqimoÁ. Tb. 1936.<br />

13. d. bagrationi. iadigar daudi. G<br />

14. n. CirgaZe. 1986_1988, 1999 ww.<br />

15.Mm. <strong>burduli</strong> 2000_2001 ww. samcxe javaxeTis savele<br />

eTnografiuli dRiurebi.<br />

16.Nn. gvaTua. ,,malarias gavrceleba da xalxuri<br />

mkurnalobis tradiciebi qvemo qarTlSi~. Kkrb.<br />

,,daavadeba da garemo~. Tb. 1996.<br />

17. i. Tofuria. Mmalaria saqarTveloSi, Tb. 1977.<br />

286

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18. i. aslaniSvili. Ciyvis axali kerebi saqarTveloSi.<br />

,,Tanamedrove medicina~. 1929.<br />

19. r. kupcisi. ,,sasmeli wylis radioaqtiuroba,<br />

rogorc SesaZlebeli eTiologiuri momenti endemuri<br />

Ciyvis warmoSobisa~. ,,Tanamedrove medicina~. Tb. 1926. №5.<br />

20. i. aslaniSvili. Ciyvi svaneTSi. Tb. 1926.<br />

21. i. aslaniSvili. Ciyvis sawinaaRmdegod<br />

CatarebuliRonisZiebebis Sedegebi qvemo svaneTSi.<br />

Jurnali ,,sabWoTa endokrinologia~. №8. 1945<br />

22. Бакрадзе Д. Сванетия ,,Кавказ”. 1861. №1.<br />

23. d. margiani. svanuri masala, 1945w. istoriisa da<br />

eTnologiis institutes arqivi;<br />

24. m. <strong>burduli</strong>. svaneTis eTnografiuli dRiurebi.<br />

1979_1985.<br />

25. r. dgebuaZe. A. abaSiZe. qarTul_rusul_laTinuri<br />

mokle <strong>samedicino</strong> ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. Tb. 1988.<br />

Burduli Medea, Chirgadze Nino<br />

About problems connected to some inner migration processes<br />

according<br />

the example of public medicine in Samtskhe-Javakheti Region<br />

Simmary<br />

Studying traditions of public medicine shows that people have well<br />

acknowledged the influence of environment on their heath. Climate and<br />

water often determined Geography and regional exclusiveness of the<br />

spread deceases Etnological study of heath problems of people in<br />

Samtskhe- Javakheti proves this.<br />

It is well-Known fact that ecological disbalanse provoked such<br />

deceases in migrants, that were not noticeable in the places where they<br />

lived before and on the contrary some deceases wholly disappeared.<br />

287

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Вурдули Медеаб Чиргадзе Нино<br />

О некоторых проблемах связанных с внутремиграционными<br />

процессами<br />

(на примере народной медицины в Самцхе-Джавахети)<br />

Резюме<br />

Изучение традиций народной медицины показывает что народ<br />

хорошо созновал влияние окружаюшей среды на их здоровье. Климат<br />

и питьевая вода часто определяли географию распростанения<br />

болезней и их региональные особенности. Это подверждаетсия<br />

этнографическим изучением проблем здоровья населения<br />

переселенного в Самцхе-Джавахети. Доказано что экологический<br />

дисбаланс вызвал у мигрантов такие заболевания которые не<br />

отмечались в месте их проживания или же наоборот некоторые<br />

заболевания вовсе исчезли.<br />

288

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sarCevi<br />

CONTENTS<br />

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ<br />

meanobisa daginekologiur daavadebaTa mkurnalobis<br />

zogierTi xalxuri tradicia dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

(svaneTis, raWa_leCxumisa da imereTis eTnografiuli<br />

masalis mixedviT)………………………………………………….<br />

………………………………<br />

(krb: ,,<strong>tradiciuli</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>~, I. _<br />

,,mSobiarobisa da Cvili bavSvis movlasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli wes_Cveulebebi saqarTveloSi~,<br />

(istoriul_eTnografiuli gamokvleva), ,,mecniereba~,<br />

Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 107_135.……<br />

travmebis mkurnaloba svaneTsa da leCxumSi<br />

(eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .<br />

. . . . .. . . . . . . ………………………………………….<br />

(iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu axalcixis filialis<br />

,,Sromebis krebuli~, I. Tbilisis universitetis<br />

gamomcemloba, 1998. gv.185_202.).<br />

ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ТРВМ В СВАНЕТИИ И ЛЕЧХУМИ (ПО<br />

ЭТНОГРАФИЧЕСКИМ МАТЕРИАЛАМ)<br />

289

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tuberkulozis mkurnalobis <strong>tradiciuli</strong> saSualebebi<br />

dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi<br />

………………………………………………………………………………<br />

…<br />

(medicinis istorikosTa saerTaSoriso samecniero<br />

konferenciis SromaTa krebuli, miZRvnili <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> Zeglis ,,usworo karabadinis~ 1000<br />

wlisTavisadmi. ,,kavkasia_aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis<br />

civilizaciaTa gzajvaredini~, Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 259_263)<br />

TRADICIONAL METHODS OF TREATMENT OF<br />

TUBERCULOSIS IN WESTERN REGIONS OF GEORGIA<br />

Institute of History and ethnography I. Javakhishvili Akademy of<br />

Sciencies of Georgia<br />

Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> medicina arqeologiuri masalis<br />

mixedviT<br />

(iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tsu axalcixis filialis<br />

,,Sromebis krebuli~, II. Axalcixe, 2000, gv. 117_123.).<br />

................................................................................................<br />

OLD GEORGIAN MEDICINE ACCORDING TO THE<br />

ARCHEOLOGICAL MATERIAL<br />

Terapiuli mkurnalobisxalxuri tradiciebi dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi….<br />

(saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis<br />

sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutes Jurnali<br />

,,analebi~, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 57_63.).<br />

НАРОДНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА ТЕРАПЕВТИЧЕСКОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ<br />

В ЗАПАДНОЙ ГРУЗИИ<br />

FOLKMETHODS OF NON_SURGICAL TREATMENTIN<br />

WESTERN GEORGIA<br />

mkurnalobis magiuri saSualebebi _ fsiqoTerapia Tu<br />

crurwmena?<br />

(dasavleT saqarTvelos eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT). ……………………<br />

290

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(Jurnali ,,logosi~, _saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel<br />

eklesiasTan arsebuli qristianuli kvlevis<br />

saerTaSoriso centri; saqarTvelos sapatriarqo;<br />

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriisa da<br />

eTnologiis instituti; mecnierebis fondi ,,udabno~,<br />

Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 112_118.).<br />

MAGIK MEANS OF HEALING-PSYCHOTHERAPHY OR<br />

SUPERSTITIO? (ACCORDING TO ETNOGRAPHIC DATA<br />

FROM WESTERN GEORGIA)<br />

epidemiur daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli<br />

rwmena_warmodgenebi d awes_Cveulebebi dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi …………………………………………….<br />

(krb. ,,masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~, t.<br />

XXVI, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 44_47.).<br />

liToTerapiuli mkurnalobis xalxuri tradiciebi<br />

dasavleT saqarTveloSi (eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT) ………………………………….<br />

(krb. ,,masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~, t. XXV,<br />

Tbilisi 2005, gv. 125 _ 135.).<br />

RviniT mkurnalobis xalxuri tradiciebi saqarTveloSi<br />

(enoTerapia)…….<br />

(saistorio krebuli ,,mesxeTi~, t. VIII_IX,<br />

Tbilisi_axalcixe, 2007, gv. 24_35.)<br />

FOLK TRADITIONS OF TREATMENT WITH WINE IN<br />

GEORGIA (ENOTHERAPY)<br />

НАРОДНЫЕ ТРАДИЦИИ ЭНОТЕРАПИИ В ГРУЗИИ<br />

nevrofsiqikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobis religiuri<br />

centrebi svaneTSi (eTnografiuli masalis<br />

mixedviT)……………………………………………………..<br />

(Jurnali ,,logosi~, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel<br />

eklesiasTan arsebuli qristianuli kvlevis<br />

saerTaSoriso centri; saqarTvelos sapatriarqo;<br />

291

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istoriis, eTnologiis, religiis Seswavlisa da<br />

propagandis samecniero centri, Tbilisi, IV, 2007, gv.<br />

302_308.).<br />

travmul dazianebaTa mkurnalobis xalxuri tradiciebi<br />

qvemo qarTlSi<br />

(ssip axalcixis institutis ,,Sromebi~, I. Tbilisi, 2008,<br />

gv. 48_51.).<br />

FOLK TRADITIONS OF TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC<br />

INJURIES IN KVEMO KARTLI<br />

travmebis mkurnalobis istoriidan (svani<br />

,,aqimebi~)……………………………..<br />

(sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos_patriarqis<br />

uwmindesisa da unetaresis ilia II_is dabadebis 75_e da<br />

aRsaydrebis 30_e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero<br />

krebuli _ ,,svaneTi _ <strong>qarTuli</strong> kulturis savane~,<br />

Tbilisi, 2008, gv.321_327.)<br />

FROM THE HISTORY OF TRAUMA TREATMENT (THE<br />

SVAN DOKTORS)<br />

daavadebaTa profilaqtikis istoriidan qvemo<br />

qarTlSi……………………….<br />

(istoriis, eTnologiis, religiis Seswavlisa da<br />

propagandis samecniero centris Jurnali, ,,analebi~, №2,<br />

Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 295_314.)<br />

FROM THE HISTORY OF DISEASE PROPHYLAXIS IN<br />

KVEMO KARTLI<br />

ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ БОЛЕЗНЕЙ В КВЕМО<br />

КАРТЛИ<br />

samkurnalo ritualebi svaneTSi<br />

……………………………………………………….<br />

292

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(istoriis, eTnologiis, religiis Seswavlisa da<br />

propagandis samecniero centris Jurnali ,,analebi~,<br />

№3, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 422_435.).<br />

THE RITUALS OF THE MEDIKAL TREATMNT IN SVANETI<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>tradiciuli</strong> <strong>samedicino</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> xalxuri da<br />

wignieri (karabadinebis) codnis urTierTobis<br />

sakiTxisaTvis……………………………….<br />

(ssip axalcixis instituti, Jurnali ,,gulani~, №2,<br />

axalcixe, 2008, gv. 36_49.).<br />

GEORGIAN TRADITIONAL MEDIKAL CULTURE ABOUT<br />

THE RELATIONS OF FOLK AND PROFESSIONAL<br />

KNOWLEDGE (KARABADINES)<br />

<strong>samedicino</strong> cnobebi qarTul hagiografiul<br />

nawarmoebebSi (V_X ss.)<br />

(ssip axalcixis instituti, Jurnali ,,gulani~, #1,<br />

axalcixe, 2009, gv. 24_34.)<br />

MEDIKAL NOTES IN THE GEORGIAN HAGIOGRAPHIC<br />

WORKS (V-X CC.)<br />

alxuri mkurnalobis tradiciebi<br />

kavkasiaSi……………………………………………..<br />

FOLK TRADITIONS OF TREATMENT IN THE CAUCASUS<br />

TanaavtorTan erTad<br />

<strong>Mmedea</strong> <strong>burduli</strong>, nino CirgaZe<br />

293

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avSvTa zogierTi daavadebis mkurnalobis xalxuri<br />

tradiciebi<br />

samxreT_dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi……………………………………………………….<br />

(iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis mesxeTis filialis ,,Sromebi~,<br />

humanitarul mecnierebaTa seria, I, axalcixe_Tbilisi,<br />

2006, gv. 318_331.).<br />

МЕДЕА БУРДУЛИ, НИНО ЧИРГАДЗЕ<br />

НАРОДНЫЕ ТРАДИЦИИ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ НЕКОТОРЫХ<br />

ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ДЕТЕЙ В ЮГО-ЗАПАДНОЙ ГРУЗИИ<br />

MEDIA BURDULI, NINO CHIRGADZE<br />

FOLK TRADITIONS OF TREATMENT OF SOME DISEASES<br />

IN CHILDREN IN SOUHT-WEST GEORGIA<br />

<strong>Mmedea</strong> <strong>burduli</strong>, nino CirgaZe<br />

Sidamigraciul procesebTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi<br />

problemis Sesaxeb<br />

(samcxe_javaxeTSi xalxuri mkurnalobis<br />

magaliTze)……………………………<br />

(iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis mesxeTis filiali, saistorio krebuli<br />

,,mesxeTi~, t. VIII_IX, Tbilisi_axalcixe,<br />

2007, gv. 36_46.).<br />

MEDIA BURDULI, NINO CHIRGADZE<br />

ABOUT PROBLEMS CONNECTED TO SOME INNER<br />

MIGRATION PROCESSES ACCORDING THE EXAMPLE OF<br />

PUBLIK MEDICINE IN SAMTSKHE-JAVAKHETI REGIO<br />

МЕДЕА БУРДУЛИ, НИНО ЧИРГАДЗЕ<br />

ОБ НЕКОТОРЫХ ПРОБЛЕМАХ, СВЯЗАННЫХ С<br />

ВНУТРЕМИГРАЦИОННЫМИ ПРОЦЕСАМИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ<br />

НАРОДНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ В САМЦХЕ-ДЖАВАХЕТИ)<br />

294

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295