soxumis universitetis S r o m e b i

ssip _ soxumis universiteti 

soxumis universitetis 

S r o m e b i 

I 

humanitarul da socialur-politikur 

mecnierebaTa seria 

soxumis universitetis gamomcemloba 

Tbilisi _ 2007

SOKHUMI UNIVERSITY 

SOKHUMI UNIVERSITY 

PROCEEDINGS 

I 

Humanities, Social and Political Sciences 

Series 

Sokhumi University Publishing House 

Tbilisi – 2007

Sromebis I tomSi (humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa 

seria) warmodgenilia axladdaarsebuli soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis 

TanamSromelTa samecniero gamokvlevebi enaTmecnierebis, literaturaTmcodneobis, 

istoriis, arqeologiis, politologiis, sociologiis, 

samarTalmcodneobis, pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis aqtualur problemebze. 

krebuli gankuTvnilia rogorc Sesabamisi dargebis specialistebisaTvis 

da studentebisaTvis, ise farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis. 

Sromebis 

mTavari saredaqcio sabWo: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, 

prof. joni afaqiZe (Tavmjdomare), filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. 

diana alania, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. revaz xarebava, fizika-maTematikis 

mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. vladimer kircxalia, 

biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. zurab lomTaTiZe, filologiis 

mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. mariam miresaSvili, filologiis mecnierebaTa 

doqtori, prof. oTar miqiaSvili, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. 

zurab papasqiri (Tavmjdomaris moadgile), fizika-maTematikis mecnierebaTa 

doqtori, prof. Teimuraz CilaCava, filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, 

prof. leonide jaxaia, pedagogikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. jemal 

jinjixaZe, iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. zaur jinjolava 

mTavari saredaqcio sabWos mdivani: asoc. prof. roin beria 

humanitarul da socialur-politikur 

mecnierebaTa seriis 

saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. 

zurab papasqiri (mTavari redaqtori), filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, 

prof. diana alania, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. joni afaqiZe, 

doqtori, prof. marine bokuCava, doqtori, prof. ema kilanava, filologiis 

mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. mariam miresaSvili, filologiis mecnierebaTa 

doqtori, prof. oTar miqiaSvili, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, 

prof. olRa petriaSvili, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. luara 

sordia, iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. giorgi xubua, filosofiis 

mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. leonide jaxaia, pedagogikis mecnierebaTa 

doqtori, prof. jemal jinjixaZe, iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, prof. 

zaur jinjolava 

© ssip _ soxumis universiteti, 2007

The I volume of “PROCEEDINGS” (Humanities, Social and Political Sciences 

Series) represents the researches on the topical issues in linguistics, literary studies, 

history, archaeology, political sciences, social sciences, law, pedagogics and psychology. 

The authors are professors of the newly estalblished Sokhumi University. 

The edition is intended for the specialists, students, and general readers. 

CHIEF EDITORIAL COUNCIL OF “PROCEEDINGS”: 

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Prof. John Apakidze (Head of the Council), 

Doctor of Philological Sciences, Prof. Diana Alania, Doctor of Physico-Mathematical 

Sciences, Prof. Teimuraz Chilachava, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Prof. 

Leonid Djakhaia, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Prof. Jemal Jinjikhadze, Doctor 

of Juridical Sciences, Prof. Zaur Jinjolava, Doctor of Economical Sciences, Prof. 

Revaz Kharebava, Doctor of Physico-Mathematical Sciences, Prof. Vladimer Kirtskhalia, 

Doctor of Biological Sciences, Prof. Zurab Lomtatidze, Doctor of Philological 

Sciences, Prof. Mariam Miresashvili, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Prof. Otar 

Mikiashvili, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Prof. Zurab Papaskiri (Deputy head of 

Council) 

Secretary of the Chief Editorial Council: Associate Professor Roin Beria 

EDITORIAL BOARD OF HUMANITIES, 

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES 

SERIES 

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Prof. Zurab Papaskiri (Editor-in-Chief), Doctor 

of Philological Sciences, Prof. Diana Alania, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Prof. 

John Apakidze, Prof. Marine Bokuchava, Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Prof. 

Leonid Djakhaia, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Prof. Jemal Jinjikhadze, Doctor 

of Juridical Sciences, Prof. Zaur Jinjolava, Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Prof. Giorgi 

Khubua, Prof. Ema Kilanava, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Prof. Mariam Miresashvili, 

Doctor of Philological Sciences, Prof. Otar Mikiashvili, Doctor of Philological 

Sciences, Prof. Olga Petriashvili, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Prof. Luara 

Sordia 

© Sokhumi University – 2007

soxumis universitetis Sromebi 

humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa seria 

t. I, 2007 

e n a T m e c n i e r e b a 

merab naWyebia 

preqarTveluri enis divergenciis 

qronologiis sakiTxi da qarTveluri 

enobrivi samyaro 

qarTvelebs erTi saxelmwifo ena _ qarTuli gvaqvs. saqarTveloSi 

saliteraturo, anu samwerlobo ena yovelTvis iyo qarTuli. 

megrelebs, lazebs da svanebs kancelariisTvis, RvTismsaxurebisTvis, 

mwerlobisTvis, kulturisTvis garda qarTulisa, sxva ena ar hqoniaT. 

gamonakliss ar icnobs istoria. amitomacaa, rom qarTvelologiaSi 

moRvawe mecnierebs (maT Soris ucxoel qarTvelologebsac) Tanamedrove 

qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebis genetur erTianobasa da saer- 

To warmomavlobaSi eWvi arasodes SeutaniaT. azrTa sxvadasxvaobasa 

da kamaTs iwvevda preqarTveluri enis divergenciis Tanamimdevrobis 

problema da saerToqarTveluri enis qronologiasTan dakavSirebuli 

sakiTxebi. 

bunebrivia, mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba ruseTis mier saqarTvelos 

aneqsiis Semdeg jer carizmis moxeleTa da Semdgom bolSevikuri ruseTis 

reaqcioner politikosTa dakveTiT SemuSavebuli gegma qarTveli 

eris erTianobis sawinaaRmdegod, aqaoda megrelebi, lazebi da 

svanebi qarTvelebi ar ariano, riTac surdaT qarTveli eris danarCeni 

nawilisagan CamoeSorebinaT ZirZveli qarTveluri tomebi maTi garusebis 

mizniT. 

samegrelosa da svaneTis dapyrobisTanave carizmi permanentulad 

krZalavda iqaur skolebsa da eklesiebSi qarTuli enis gamoyenebas da 

yovelmxriv xels uwyobda adgilobriv dialeqtebze swavlebisa da saqmiswarmoebis 

SemoRebas. sainteresoa, rom megruli da svanuri enobrivi 

masalis gadmosacemad gamoyenebuli iyo rusuli damwerloba. am 

aqciis WeSmariti mizani kargad Cans prof. a. grenis mier megruli 

saanbano saxelmZRvanelosaTvis wamZRvarebul winasityvaobaSi: àm anbanis 

Sedgenisas me miznad mqonda, rogorme, Tundac arapirdapir, ga- 

5

momewvia nacionaluri brZolisaTvis megrelebi, romelnic iTvlebian 

ufro Zlieri qarTveli xalxisagan, aseTi brZola, WeSmaritad, sruliad 

SeuZlebelia sakuTari erovnuli anbanis uqonlad, im anbanisa, 

romliTac megreli Tavis azrebs iseve gamoxatavda, rogorc misi mteri, 

am SemTxvevaSi _ qarTveli 1 . 

marTebulad SeniSnavda Tedo saxokia: `yvelas mogexsenebaT, rom 

megruli enis sakiTxi rusebis Semosvlamde ar arsebobda. es sakiTxi 

gaCnda mas aqeT, rac rusebma saqarTveloSi fexi moikides, roca saqarTvelos 

sxvadasxva samTavroebi gauqmda da Cveni samSoblos sxvadasxva 

nawilebi gaerTianda, ruseTis mTavrobam igrZno am gaerTianebis 

saSiSroeba da gadawyda xelovnurad Seeqmna daqucmaceba Cveni qveynisa. 

1870-ian wlebSi ieriSi mitanil iqna samegrelos skolebze. aq saministro 

skolebidan qarTuli ena gamodevnili iyo, rogorc aradedaena... 

”. 2 analogiuri mizani hqonda ruseTs svaneTisa da svanuri metyvelebis 

mimarTac. svaneTis samTavros gauqmebamde didi xniT adre, 

jer kidev 1834w., rusma oficerma Saxovskim kavkasiis mefisnacval g. 

rozens warudgina gegma qarTveli eris danarCeni nawilisagan svanTa 

Camocilebisa da maTi garusebisa 3 . 

preqarTveluri enis divergenciis sqema istoriul-hipoTetur 

doneze erT-erTma pirvelma niko marma warmogvidgina, sadac Svidi qarTveluri 

(n. maris terminologiiT-iafeturi) enaa gamoyofili 4 . aRniSnuli 

sqema moklebulia mecnierul argumentacias da amdenad, misi 

gaanalizeba zedmetad gveCveneba. 

samecniero literaturaSi popularobiT sargeblobs fuZe-enis 

(winare-enis) genealogiis is sqema, romlis mixedviTac preqarTveluri 

enis diferenciacia or etapad unda momxdariyo. fuZe-ena jer gaiyo 

svanurad da qarTul-zanurad, mogvianebiT ki daiSala qarTul-zanuri 

erToba. es Tvalsazrisi sarwmunod miaCniaT mkvlevarTa erT 

jgufs. 5 am sqemas, avtoris mixedviT, deetersis sqemas uwodeben 1 : 

1 t. xundaZe. carizmis saganmanaTleblo politika saqarTveloSi (XIXs. 

80-iani wlebi). Tb., 1940, gv. 98. 

2 T. gvancelaZe. enisa da dialeqtikis sakiTxebi qarTvelologiaSi. Tb., 

2006, gv. 125, xazgasma Cvenia _ m.n. 

3 a. gelovani. svaneTis kulturis istoriidan. Tb., 1998, gv. 31. 

4 Н. Я. Марр. Граматика чанского (лазского) языка с хрестоматиею и словарём. Петербург, 

1910. gv. 23. 

5 K. H. Schmidt. Studiem Zur Rekonstuktion Das Laustandes Der Sudkaukasischen Grundspreche. 

Wiesbaden, 1962; Г. А. Климов. Этимологический словарь картвелских языков. 

М., 1964; T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani. sonantTa sistema da ablauti qar- 

Tvelur enebSi, saerTo qarTveluri struqturis tipologia. Tb., 1965. 

6

g. deetersis sqema 

saerTo qarTveluri 

svanuri lazuri megruli qarTuli 

gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba Camoayaliba arn. Ciqobavam. 2 misi azriT, 

saerToqarTvelurs jer gamoeyo zanur-svanuri dialeqturi 

jgufi, romelic Semdeg daiSala zanur da svanur enobriv erTeulebad 

3 . 

arn. Ciqobavas sqema 

svanuri 

zanuri 

zanur-svanuri 

saerTo qarTveluri 

qarTuli 

saerToqarTveluri enis divergenciisa da qarTvelur enaTa ur- 

TierTmimarTebis axleburi, sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli sqema warmoadgina 

1 G. Deeters. Das Kharthwelische Verbum. Leipzig. 1930. 

2 Арн. Чикобава. Картвельские языки, их исторический состав и древний лингвистический 

облик. – iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba. t. II, Tb., 1948, gv. 24. 

3 arn. Ciqobavas sqemas iziarebs q. lomTaTiZe, romelTanac istoriuli 

qarTuli saerToqarTveluris uSualo gagrZelebadaa miCneuli; sxvaoba 

SeimCneva mxolod zanurisa da svanuris urTierTmimarTebaSi. konkretulad, 

CiqobavasTan zanuris primatobaa aRiarebuli, lomTaTiZesTan ki _ 

svanurisa. q. lomTaTiZe. qarTvelur enaTa diferenciaciis sakiTxisaTvis. 

_ II saerTaSoriso qarTvelologiuri simpoziumis masalebi. Tb., 

1993, gv. 5. 

7

m. qurdianma 1 : 

m. qurdianis sqema 

a 

b 

g 

d 

e 

sadac: a _ saerTo qarTveluri enaa; ab _ svanur-zanuri enobrivi er- 

Toba; bg _ svanuri; bd _ zanuri; ae _ qarTuli. 

riT gansxvavdeba winamdebare sqema adre arsebulTagan 

avtoris mtkicebiT g. deetersis sqemisagan igi gansxvavdeba: “a) 

zanuris ara qarTul-zanuri, aramed svanur-zanuri erTianobisagan gamoyofiT... 

b) meTodis samkacriT, radgan emyareba mxolod fonologiur 

izoglosebs da mtkicebisTvis ar saWiroebs leqsikur-morfologiuri 

izoglosebis moxmobas, rac ara marto koreqtulia meTodis TvalsazrisiT, 

aramed arc utyuaria, rogorc es qarTvelur enaTa morfologiisa 

da leqsikis istoriul-SedarebiTi kvlevis Tanamedrove etapma cxadyo... 

g) megrulisa da lazuris (Wanuris) or enad miCnevis Sesaxeb”. 2 

sakiTxis m. qurdianiseuli gadawyveta erTgvarad upirispirdeba 

arn. Ciqobavas sqemas imiT, rom svanur-zanuri erTianobis daSlisas aRiarebulia 

svanuris pirveladoba da zanuris mermindeloba (Sdr.: arn. Ciqobavas 

sqema); xolo k. Smidtisa da g. wereTlis TvalsazrisTagan winamdebare 

sqema sxvaobs rogorc fuZe-enis fonologiuri sistemis interpretaciiT, 

aseve, aqedan gamomdinare, istoriuli qarTveluri enebis 

urTierTmimarTebis xasiaTiTac. k. Smidts saerToqarTveluri ena zanursvanur 

tipisad gamohyavs, xolo g. wereTels svanuri tipisad 3 ). 

1 m. qurdiani. saerTo-qarTveluri ena da misi diferenciaciis Tanamimdevrobis 

problema. _ kr. `qarTveluri memkvidroeba~. t. I. quTaisi, 1996, gv. 

253-262. 

2 m. qurdiani. saerTo-qarTveluri ena da misi diferenciaciis.., gv. 257. 

3 K. H. Schmidt. Studiem zur Rekonstruktion des Lautstandes der sudkaukasischen Grundsprache. 

Wiesbaden, 1962; g. wereTlis mosazreba ix. wignSi: T. gamyreliZe, g. 

maWavariani. sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi. Tb., 1965. 

8

ac Seexeba fuZe-enis diferencirebis TariRs, arsebuli Tvalsazrisebi 

mokled ase SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: saerToqarTveluri enis 

arsebobis drod mecnierTa erTi nawili asaxelebs Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebs, 

meore nawili ki _ Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulebs 1 . k. bergslandi 

da h. fogti 2 saerTo-qarTveluri enis funqcionirebas Zv. w. I aTaswleuliT 

aTariReben; amave periods varaudobs arn. Ciqobavac 3 . mkvlevarTa 

nawili, romelic saerTo-qarTveluris realobas Zv. w. V-IV 

aTaswleulSi varaudobs, eyrdnoba enaTa daTariRebis e.w. glotoqronologiuri 

meTodis Sedegebs. am meTodiT monaTesave enaTa ZiriTadi 

leqsikuri fondidan aRebulia 100 an 200 sityva da maTi cvlilebebis 

koeficientis mixedviT adgenen enaTa daSlis dros. 

glotoqronologiuri anu leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT saer- 

ToqarTveluri enobrivi samyaros diferenciaciis daTariReba 100 sityviani 

sacdeli siis mixedviT pirvelad mogvca g. klimovma 4 . daskvna 

aseTia: saerToqarTvelurs svanuri gamoeyo Zv. w. II aTaswleulis, 

xolo zanuri _ I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi. amave meTodiT, 200 sityviani 

sacdeli siiT, T. gamyreliZem da g. maWavarianma svanuris gamoyofa 

fuZe-enidan daaTariRes Zv. w. X saukuniT, xolo zanurisa _ 

welTaaRricxvaTa mijniT 5 , e.i. erTi da igive meTodiT miRebulia 

1000-wlovani cdomileba, rac am meTodis aSkara naklze miuTiTebs; 

amas dasaxelebuli avtorebic grZnobdnen. amitomac mogvianebiT daweril 

fundamentur SromaSi “indoevropuli enebi da indoevropelebi” 

T. gamyreliZes da v. ivanovs saerToqarTveluri fuZe-enis arsebobis 

drod 4000-5000 wlebi aqvT miCneuli; svanuris gamoyofa navaraudevia 

Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi, zanurisa _ Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi. 6 

enobrivi kontaqtebi, sesxebis faqtebi, mezobel xalxTa enebSi 

Sesuli qarTveluri nasesxobani, e.w. onomastikuri masala... iZleva 

safuZvels, Tanamedrove qarTveluri ena-kiloebis Camoyalibebis drod 

welTaaRricxvaTa mijna miviCnioT (miTumetes, qarTvelTa _ lazTa, 

megrelTa, svanTa, kaxTa, mesxTa... saxelebic am droidan Cndeba isto- 

1 t. futkaraZe. qarTvelebi. Tb., 2005, gv. 280-297. 

2 k. bergslandi, h. fogti. glotoqronologiis safuZvlianobisaTvis. _ 

mimomxilveli, 6/9. Tb., 1972, gv. 255. 

3 arn. Ciqobava. iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali. Tb., 1979, 

gv. 253. 

4 Г. Климов. О глотохронологическом методе датировки распада преязика. М., 1952, gv. 119. 

5 T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani. sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur 

enebSi. Tb., 1965. gv. 17. 

6 Т. Гамкрелидзе, В. Иванов. Индоевропеиский язык и индоевропеицы. Тб., 1984, I, 

gv. 209. 

9

iul wyaroebSi), Tumca fuZe-enis diferencirebis TariRis calsaxa 

pasuxamde misvlas seriozuli kvleva-Zieba sWirdeba. 

rac Seexeba qarTveluri jgufis wevrebis _ megrulis, lazurisa 

da svanuris urTierTmimarTebisa da qarTvelur enobriv velSi ma- 

Ti statusis garkvevas, am sakiTxSi rogorc qarTvel, aseve ucxoel 

qarTvelologTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. kerZod, mecnierTa erTi 

nawili megruls, lazursa da svanurs “qarTveluri dialeqtebis” kontinuumebad 

miiCnevda (a. giuldenStedti 1 , f. miuleri 2 (kvlevis meore 

etapze), a. cagareli, 1873 wels gamocemul SromaSi 3 , Tumca sxva 

SromebSi dasaxelebuli enobrivi erTeulebi damoukidebel enebadaa 

miCneuli 4 , p. Waraia 5 , r. erkerti 6 , n. mari pirvel etapze megrulsa 

da lazurs erTi enis or dialeqtad Tvlida 7 , WaneTSi mogzaurobis 

Semdeg ki azri Seicvala da isini enebad gamoacxada...) 8 . 

lingvistTa mier “qarTvelur enebad” kvalificirebuli qarTuli, 

megruli, lazuri, svanuri da aRniSnul enebze metyveli qarTvelebis 

(eniT, kulturiT, warmomavlobiT) sxvadasxva xalxebad miCnevas 

safuZveli eyreba XIXs. dasawyisidan, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos 

aneqsiis Semdeg, rac aqtiur diskusiaSi gadaizarda amave saukunis 60- 

ian wlebSi; imperiis mizani naTeli iyo: qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturul-eTnikuri 

danawevreba. igive procesi gagrZelda sabWoTa period- 

Sic, roca lingvistikaSi ZiriTadad batonobda ori Tvalsazrisi: 1. 

qarTveluri jgufi sami enis SemadgenlobiT (qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri, 

svanuri) da 2. qarTveluri jgufi oTxi eniT (qarTuli, megruli, 

lazuri, svanuri). aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisebi, kerZod, megrulisa da 

1 I. A. Guldenstadt. Reisen durch Russland und in Caucasischen Geburge. St.-Peterburg, Bd. 

II, 1879, gv. 496-504. 

2 F. Muller. Uber die sprachwissenchaftliche Stellung der Kaukasischen Sprachen. – Orient 

und Occident, Insbesondere in ihren gesenscitigen Bezichungen – Forschungen und Mittheilungen, 

II, Bd. Gottingen, 1864, gv. 222. 

3 А. Цагарели. О грамматической литераттуре грузинского языка. С.-Петербург, 1873, 

gv. 8-9. 

4 А. Цагарели. Мингрельские этюды. Второй выпуск. Опыт фонетики мингрельского 

языка. С.-Петербург, 1880, gv. 11. 

5 p. Waraia. megruli dialeqtis naTesaobrivi damokidebuleba qarTul- 

Tan. _ wgn.: p. Waraia. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni. Tb., 1997, gv. 204. 

6 R. Ercert. Die Sprachen des Kaukasischen Stammes. Wien, 1895, gv. 287. 

7 Н. Я. Марр. Грамматика чанского (лазского) языка с хрестоматиею и словарем. С.- 

Петербург, 1910, gv. ХХШ. 

8 Н. Я. Марр. Из поездки в турецкий Лазистан. (Впечатления и наблюдения). – «Изв., 

Академии наук», VI серия, т.IV, No 7. СПб., 1910, gv. 547-570. amis Sesaxeb dawvr. 

ix. m. naWyebia. qarTvelTa eTnolingvisturi terminebi. Tb., 1906, gv. 24-28. 

10

lazuris damoukidebel enebad miCneva ufro politikuri iyo, vidre 

mecnieruli. amitomacaa, rom gamonaklisis garda, sabWoTa periodSi 

arc erT qarTvel enaTmecniers cal-calke enebad megruli da Wanuri 

ar miuCneviaT; TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari qarTveluri enobrivi samyarosi 

_ a. SaniZe, arn. Ciqobava, v. Tofuria, karp. dondua, g. rogava 

da mravali sxva, megrulsa da Wanurs erTi _ kolxuri anu zanuri 

enis dialeqtebad miiCnevda, rac bunebrivia, bolomde ar Seesabameboda 

imperiis xelisufalTa pozicias. 

qarTveluri kontinuumebis damoukidebel enebad miCnevas, vfiqrobT, 

mecnieruli mxare naklebad gansazRvravda, mizezi sxvagan, sab- 

WoTa imperiis saSinao Tu sagareo politikaSi ufroa saZiebeli. 

komunisturi reJimis daufaravi strategiuli mizani iyo dedamiwaze 

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba, eTnosTa da enaTa Serwyma da mTel 

msoflioSi erTi (rusuli) an ori (rusuli da inglisuri) enis gabatoneba, 

brZola jansaRi nacionalizmis winaaRmdeg, masobrivi migraciebisTvis 

xelis Sewyoba, eTnikuri struqturis radikaluri Secvla, dapyrobil 

xalxTa daxleCa-danawevreba da maTi dasusteba, eTnosTa enebis 

ufro mcire erTeulebad, “damoukidebel enebad” gamocxadeba da maTTvis 

damwerlobaTa Seqmna... marTlac, imperiam ara erTgan miaRwia damoukidebel 

enebad gamoecxadebina da anbanic Seeqmna iseTi erTeulebisaTvis, 

rogoricaa: CaCnuri da inguSuri, adiRuri da yabardouli, yaraCauli da 

balyaruli, erzia mordovuli da moqSa mordovuli, komi enis ori teritoriuli 

varianti da a.S. ucxo Zalebis mzakvruli politika naTlad 

hqondaT gaazrebuli Cvens saxelovan winaprebs; sakiTxisadmi maTi damokidebulebidan 

da naazrevidan moviyvanT ramdenime amonarids: 

akaki wereTeli: “megruli dRes salaroa namdvili qarTuli sityvebis. 

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dahkargvia namdvili qarTuli sityvebi, 

maT nacvlad somxur-TaTrul-sparsuli SemouRia, romelic qarTvelis 

yurs cudad eCxireba da guls swyvets... da megrul enaSi ki Senaxulan 

margalitebad es Zveli sityvebi... Cven vurCevT Cvens mweralmwignobrebs, 

meti yuradReba miaqcion megruls, rom iqidan amokrebili 

sityvebiT Seivsos dRes maTi Selaxuli qarTuli leqsikoni. ... Tu ara 

mzakvreba da ugunureba, goniereba da simarTle amas ver ityvis, rom 

megrelebi qarTvelebi ar iyos da megruli ZiriTadi qarTuli!~. 1 

iakob gogebaSvili: “cnobilia, rom yovel ers aqvs mTavari ena, 

romelic saerTo saunjes Seadgens am eris yvela nawilisaTvis da iwodeba 

miss deda-enad, da Temiuri kilo-kavebad (nareCia), romelnic ixma- 

1 a. wereTeli. ubralo saubari. _ rCeuli nawerebi. xuTtomeuli, t. V, 

Tb., 1957, gv. 266-267. 

11

ebian adgilobriv. (...) yvela skolaSi swavleba mowyobilia deda-enazed 

da adgilobrivs kilo-kavebs xmaroben asaxsnelad da gansamarteblad 

im saerTo sityvebisa, romelnic adgilobriv bavSvebs ar esmiT. 

(...) aseTi gonivruli wesi iyo Cvens saqarTveloSiac... yvela Cveneburs 

skolebSi, Savi zRvidgan dawyebuli daRistnis sazRvramde, ixmareboda 

mxolod wignebi, saerTo literaturuls deda-enazed dawerilni, gansamartavad 

adgilobriv gaugebar sityvebisa da frazebisa, maswavleblebi 

xmarobdnen sityvierad adgilobrivs terminebsa da frazebsa, magaliTad, 

samegrelosa da svaneTSi, da swavlasTan erTad avrcelebdnen 

deda-enis srul codnasa. (...) arsad, arc somexTa Soris, arc TaTarTa 

Soris da arc sxva kavkasielebSi ar aRmoCenila imisTana Wkua-mokle 

da ukuRmarTi adamiani, romelsac eTqvas, skolebSi swavleba saTemo 

kilo-kavze unda iyos da ara deda-enazeo. CvenSi ki gamoCndnen imisTana 

WkuiT glaxakni, romelTac gabedes da warmosTqves, rom samegrelosa 

da svaneTis skolebidgan deda-ena unda iqmnas gamoricxuli, radgan aq 

xalxi adgilobriv kilo-kavebsa xmarobso”. 1 

`... sakuTari guliswadilis gamo megrelebma, yvela qarTvelur 

tomTan erTad, imTaviTve aRiares qarTuli anbani Tavis sakuTar anbanad, 

da Tavis saliteraturo enad miiCnies qarTuli ena, provincial kilos 

ki mxolod SinaurobaSi xmarobdnen”. 2 `...megrelTa tomi qarTul enas 

yovelTvis Tvlida Tavis ZiriTad enad (deda-enad), xolo Tavis adgilobriv 

dialeqts ucqeroda rogorc mSobliur kilos”. 3 “frangi mogzauris 

Sardenis gadmocemiT, romelmac meTvramete saukunis damdegs 

inaxula samegrelo, samegreloSi mcxovreb da mqadagebel kaTolike misionerebs, 

megruli kilos Seswavlis Semdeg, advilad esmodaT qarTuli 

enac”. 4 “qarTuli ena, qarTuli damwerloba da literatura saukuneTa 

manZilze ise mWidrod Seezarda megrelTa Segnebas, iseTi Rrma fesvebi 

gaidga masSi da iseT mtkice safuZvels eyrdnoba, rom maTi gandevnis 

cda kidev ufro gaaZlierebs megrelTa siyvaruls am Zvirfasi saerTo 

saunjisadmi, rasac ase naTlad vxedavT ukanasknel xanebSi~. 5 

ìs, rac megrelTa Stos Sesaxeb iTqva, savsebiT Seexeba qarTveli 

xalxis meore Stosac _ svanebs, romelTa araqarTvelebad gadaqcevas 

lamoben igive gulmodgine, magram xepre politikanebi, winaaRmdeg 

am simpaTiuri mTieli qarTvelebis survilisa, romlebic Cveni 

1 i. gogebaSvili. boroti wadili samegrelos Sesaxeb. Tb., 1902, gv. 64. 

2 i. gogebaSvili. megruli dawyebiTi skolis sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1903, gv. 114. 

3 i. gogebaSvili. megruli dawyebiTi skolis.., gv. 115. 



12

welTaaRricxvis IV saukunidan dRemde mxolod qarTul enas da qar- 

Tul alfabets xmaroben eklesiaSic, skolaSic da Tavisi cxovrebis 

yvela sxva sferoSic”. 1 

“megrelTaTvis imis Tqma, rom isini qarTvelebi ar arian, rom 

maT ara aqvT arc anbani, arc damwerloba, arc literatura, rom yvelaferi 

es amieridan unda Seiqmnas, gana es imas ar niSnavs, rom wavarTvaT 

maT mTeli maTi saxelovani warsuli, mTeli istoriuli monapovari, 

gamovacxadoT gonebriv Ratakebad da gverdiT amovuyenoT 

iseT barbarosul tomebs, romelTac araviTari istoria ar gaaCniaT”. 2 

niko mari: “vostorgovs ara aqvs namdvili warmodgena imisa, rom saukuneebis 

manZilze erTiani qarTuli nacionaluri kultura Seiqmna 

yvela qarTveli tomis mier: amitomaa, rom “saRvTo werilis” teqst- 

Si Cven vpoulobT wminda Wanurs, anu megruls da sxva sityvebs. am 

realuris kulturul-istoriulis SexedulebiT qarTuli saliteraturo 

ena imdenaTve svanuria da megruli, imdenaTve gurulia da imeruli, 

ramdenaTac qarTuli aris RviZli ena yvela saqarTvelos tomebisaTvis”. 

3 

“...kulminaciuri punkti vostorgovis mecnierebisa gamoixateba 

qarTuli saliteraturo enis sakiTxSi (i. vostorgovi sxvadasxva 

enad warmoadgenda saeklesio da saliteraturo qarTuls; garda amisa, 

igi amtkicebda, rom megrelebisa da svanebisaTvis qarTuli iseTive 

ucxoa, rogorc rusuli, rom megrelebi da svanebi umwignobro 

xalxebia _ m.n.). rogorc viciT, aris mxolod erTi saliteraturo 

ena, romelsac “qarTuli ena” hqvia, magram es ena sazogadoa yvela 

qarTvel tomTaTvis... qarTvelebs ara aqvs calke saeklesio saliteraturo 

ena, rogorc, magaliTad, rusebs slavianuri ena. qarTvelebs 

aqvT mxolod ori saweri anbani, xucuri da mxedruli (anu saeklesio 

da samoqalaqo), magram ena ki erTia, rogorc, magaliTad asurelebs 

Zvelad sami sxvadasxva saweri anbani hqondaT: strangelo, nestorianuli 

da iakobituri, magram asuruli saliteraturo ena ki 

erTi iyo. maSin, rodesac ambobs vostorgovi didis rixiT, rom “SkolebSi 

SemoRebuliao saeklesio qarTuli enis swavleba saliteraturos 

magier, romelic zneobrivis gawvrTnisaTvis sustia da sruliadac 

ar Seeferebao saeklesio mizans. ...saWiroa exla mainc gaigon rusebma, 

namdvilad Tvali gaaxilon da darwmundnen, rom kavkasia is 

qveyana aris, sadac rusebi TviT ruseTis kanonebis darRvevas swavlo- 



3 n. mari. qarTvelTa erovneba. quTaisi, 1905, gv. 10. 

13

en, viTomc saxelmwifos interesis gulisaTvis”... 1 

ivane javaxiSvili: àkad. n. marri misayvedurebs, rom megrelebs, 

svanebs da afxazebs me qarTvelebs vuwodeb... afxazebs me qarTvelTa 

monaTesaved vTvli, magram qarTvelebs ar vuwodeb. rac Seexeba megrelebsa 

da svanebs da, davumateb, Wanebsac, maT marTla qarTvel tomebad 

vTvli da vuwodeb... Tu amaze uwinares ara, XI s-dan moyolebuli 

“qarTveli” SemkreblobiT mniSvnelobiT ixmareba yvela qarTvelTa aRsaniSnavad. 

aseTi saerTo SemkreblobiTi mniSvnelobis mqonebeli terminis 

(qarTl-kaxel-imerel-gurul-megrel-Wan-svanTa enisa, zne-Cveulebebisa 

da sarwmunoebis saerTo Tvisebebis dasaxasiaTeblad) saWiroebis 

uaryofac aravis SeuZlia, winaT amas n. marric ar uaryofda. 

Tavis-da-Tavad cxadia, rom mkvlevaris azris Secvlis gamo am mravalsaukunovani 

monapovarisa da Segnebis gaqarwyleba da mospoba ar 

SeiZleba~. 2 

ambrosi xelaia: `cdilobdnen samegrelos skolebidan da eklesiebidan 

ganedevnaT qarTuli ena; am faqtma “erovnulobis SenarCunebis 

Zalumi swrafva gamoaRviZa: megrelebi ganimsWvalen TavianTi saliteraturo 

da saeklesio enis dacvis ideiT~... 3 sakiTxisadmi aseTi midgomaa 

dafiqsirebuli TiTqmis yvela cnobili winapris naazrevSi. 

ukanasknel wlebSi qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros Semadgenlobis 

lingvisturi statusis gansazRvris sakiTxSi qarTvel lingvistTa 

Soris azri kvlav orad gaiyo: erTni qarTvelur jgufSi sam an oTx 

qarTvelur enas gamoyofs; meoreni ki _ qarTuli saliteraturo enis 

teritoriuli dialeqtebis gverdiT megruls, lazursa da svanursac 

“qarTvelur dialeqtebad” moixseniebs. ar gamovricxavT orive Teoriis 

arsebobas samecniero sivrceSi (samuSao variantis saxiT), magram 

gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi faqtorebic: 

1. rogorc qarTveli, ise ucxoeli qarTvelologebi ugamonaklisod 

aRiareben WeSmaritebas _ qarTveluri enobrivi kontinuumebis 

erTi saerTo enidan (fuZe-enidan) momdinareobas; 

azrTa sxvadasxvaoba mxolod fuZe-enis diferencirebis Tari- 

Ria, romlis saboloo gadawyveta bevr sakiTxSi Seitans sicxades; 

Tumca amas kidev araerTi weli dasWirdeba. 

2. qarTveluri jgufis wevrebis klasifikaciisas enobrivi niSan- 

1 n. mari. qarTvelTa erovneba.., gv. 22,60. 

2 iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. _ Txzulebani Tormet tomad. 

t. I. Tb., 1979, gv. 152, xazgasma Cvenia _ m.n. 

3 ambrosi (xelaia). ruseTis saeklesio politikis Sesaxeb afxazeTSi. gamosacemad 

moamzada n. papuaSvilma. Tb., 1906, gv. 122_123. 

14

Tvisebebis, anu lingvisturi kriteriumebis garda, gasaTvaliswinebelia 

eTno-politikuri faqtorebic, romlis ignorireba, 

gauTvaliswinebloba kategoriulad dauSvebelia. sakmarisia 

Tvalis erTi gadavlebac ki saqarTvelos politikuri 

rukis cvlilebaze IX-XIX saukuneebis manZilze, raTa naTlad 

warmoCndes is zegavlenebi, rac SeiZleboda hqonoda eTnikuri 

kuTxeebis mcxovrebTa rogorc sulier wyobaze, aseve 

yofa-cxovrebaze, msoflmxedvelobasa da metyvelebaze. gasaTvaliswinebelia 

isic, rom yvela Zveli wyaro saqarTvelos 

aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSic (samegrelo, svaneTi, afxazeTi) 

migvaniSnebs saeklesio, saliteraturo da saxelmwifoebrivi 

saWiroebisaTvis mxolod qarTuli enis gamoyenebaze (IX-X 

saukuneebidan mainc), rogorc saerTo-saxalxo/zogaderovnul 

enaze. am enaze iTargmna IV-V saukuneebSi wm. werili. savaraudebelia, 

rom imdroindeli ena (Zveli qarTuli ena) erTnairad 

gasagebi iyo yvela qarTuli tomisaTvis, winaaRmdeg Sem- 

TxvevaSi warmoSobiT laz-egriseli mravali didi saeklesio 

moRvawe uTuod SeZlebdnen wm. werilis Targmnas TavianTi 

mrevlisaTvis, magram maT ukeT uwyodnen TiToeuli qarTveluri 

tomis Rvawli erTiani saeklesio-samwignobro enis Camoyalibebis 

saqmeSi. mravali mowinave qveynis literaturis 

istoria, saeklesio ena-mwignobroba viTardeboda da viTardeba 

tomobriv-kuTxuri mimarTulebiT. sabednierod, msgavsi 

procesebi Cvens istorias ar axsovs: saukuneebis ganmavloba- 

Si tomobriv-geografiuli gankerZoebulobis miuxedavad, saeklesio 

da saero literatura arsebiTad iyo erTiani qarTuli: 

mniSvneloba ar hqonda saqarTvelos romel kuTxeSi iqmneboda 

esa Tu is nawarmoebi da romeli tomis warmomadgeneli 

iyo misi avtori. 

3. niSandoblivi faqtia: mefis ruseTis mier saqarTvelos srul 

aneqsiamde qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxis ideologiuri dapirispireba 

istorias ar axsovs. qarTveluri saxelmwifoebrivi cnobiereba 

radikaluri partikularizmis pirobebSic ki ar gamqrala, 

amitomac erTiani qarTuli sxeulis danawileba-daSlis 

mosurneTa winaaRmdeg TavdadebiT ibrZodnen Cveni didi winaprebi, 

rasac zemoT moyvanili TiTo-orola amonaridic adasturebs. 

4. metyveleba, romelic ar emsaxureba saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas, 

rogorc urTierTobis oficialuri saSualeba, metyve- 

15

leba, romelic araa samwignobro _ dialeqtia. magram mainc, 

wminda lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, gaumarTleblad gveCveneba 

megrulis, svanuris, lazuris _ erTis mxriv, da qarTluris, 

kaxuris, aWarulis, imerulis, xevsurulis, fSauris... meoris 

mxriv, erTi terminiT _ dialeqtiT saxeldebac. 

5. qarTveluri jgufis wevrebis klasifikaciis orsaukunovani 

diskusia, ra Tqma unda, araa specifikuri Cveni sinamdvilisaTvis. 

msgavsi problema msoflios mraval qveyanaSia da bevrad 

ufro radikaluradac, Tumca evropis qveynebi met-naklebad 

umtkivneulod axerxeben sakiTxis mogvarebas 1 . sakiTxis 

gadawyvetas xels uSlis terminologiuri problemebic. terminTa 

siWrele iwvevs seriozul dabneulobasa da gaurkvevlobas 

ara marto aralingvistTa wreSi, aramed lingvistebs 

Sorisac. xSiria mecnierebis erTi dargis SigniT da mecnierebis 

dargebs Soris terminTa polisemiurobisa da sinonimuro- 

1 magaliTad, roca laparakoben qvemogermanulze zemogermanulTan SepirispirebiT, 

gulisxmoben kilos, romelic mxolod istoriuli viTarebis 

gamo ar ganviTarda damoukidebel enad da ganixileba rogorc germanuli 

enis dialeqti, Tumca imavdroulad man Semoinaxa sakmaod mniSvnelovani 

nairsaxeobani fonetikaSi, gramatikasa da leqsikur wyobaSi. 

masTan dakavSirebiT, h. birti aRniSnavda: `SeuZlebelia urTierTgagebineba 

zemogermanelebsa, Svabebsa da bavarielebs Soris... TviT me ver vugeb 

badenels, bavarielsa da zemogermanels, roca isini Tavis dialeqtze 

laparakoben~ (moyvanilia wignidan: b. jorbenaZe. qarTuli dialeqtologia. 

t. I. Tb., 1989, gv. 35). gamodis, rom araTu ubralo germaneli moqalaqes, 

aramed enaTmecniersac ki ar esmis kuTxuri metyveleba bavarielisa, 

zemogermanelisa, badenelisa. analogiuri viTarebaa saberZneTSic, 

sadac, kulturuli sidiadis miuxedavad, dResac mimdinareobs erTiani 

saliteraturo-saxalxo enis Seqmnis procesi. rTuli iyo enobrivi saki- 

Txi somxebisTvisac. mZlavri dialeqturi gansxvavebulobis gamo kilikiuri 

somxuri absoluturad gansxvavdeba bulgareTis somxebis enisagan. 

miuxedavad amisa, oficialuri saliteraturo somxuri ena didad gansxvavdeba 

dialeqtebisagan da im metyvelebisagan, romelzec ojaxebSi laparakoben. 

amave dros msoflios bevr qveyanaSi, garda saxelmwifo enisa, 

damwerloba aqvs dialeqtebsac. kerZod, safrangeTSi saxelmwifo da samwignobro 

enaa franguli; magram samxreT safrangeTSi arsebobs provansuli 

ena, romelsac damwerloba gaaCnia XI saukunidan. provansuli ena, 

bunebrivia, araa franguli enis dialeqti, magram mas da msgavs umciresobaTa 

enebs gansxvavebuli terminiT moixsenieben (arsebobs ramdenime 

dubl-termini, romelTagan ukanasknel xanebSi gabatonebulia regioleqti...). 

zemoTqmulidan martivia daskvnis gamotana: msgavsi problemebisgan 

Sorsaa qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro. maSin ra gviSlis xels problemis 

mogvarebaSi xom ar igrZnoba zedmeti Tavdajerebuloba da ambiciuroba 

mxareebs Soris 

16

is SemTxvevebi, rac yovlad dauSvebelia. amitomac aucileblobad 

gvesaxeba dapirispirebulma mxareebma miaRwion SeTanxmebas: 

gansxvavebul TvalsazrisTagan SearCion optimaluri 

varianti, raTa profesiuli gansjis safuZvelze erTxel da 

sabolood gadawydes qarTveluri enobrivi klasifikaciis sakiTxi. 

istoria Secdomebis daSvebas ar gvpatiobs, amitom, qveynis dRevandeli 

viTarebidan gamomdinare, TiToeuli qarTvelis upirvelesi 

movaleobaa meti windaxeduleba gamoiCinos dasmul “problemaze” msjelobisas 

da daskvnebis gamotanisas. 

MERAB NACHKEBIA 

THE KARTVELIAN LINGUISTIC WORLD AND 

THE PROBLEM OF DIVERGENCE OF THE 

PREKARTVELIAN LANGUAGE 

The article focuses on the problem of the genetic,linguistic and Georgians’cultural 

world, analyzing different ideas,suggesting in Kartvelology in accordance 

with the divergence of the Georgian language. Based on the research, 

dating differentiation of the language – assuming the boundary of the old and 

modern systems of chronology. It should be taken into consideration the linguistic 

status of the members of Georgian groups, a great amount of literature has 

been published,the research is still going on. 

2. soxumis universitetis Sromebi 

17

18 



t. I, 2007 

Tamila zviadaZe 

-viT Tandebulis erTi funqciisaTvis 

imerulSi 

-viT Tandebuli safuZvlianad aris Seswavlili qarTvel enaTmecnierTa 

mier. am mxriv sayuradReboa T. SaraZeniZis, a. martirosovis, 

z. jafariZis, i. gigineiSvilis, i. imnaiSvilis, S. afridoniZis, T. 

kvaWantiraZis, z. sarjvelaZis, n. WumburiZis, g. burWulaZis, i. kikna- 

Zis, t. futkaraZis, m. miqaZisa da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi 1 . Tanamedrove 

qarTulisaTvis SemuSavebulia saliteraturo normac -viT Tandebulis 

xmarebisa saxelis fuZis mixedviT brunvebSi 2 . rogorc cnobilia, 

-viT Tandebuli daerTvis sami brunvis _ saxelobiTis, micemiTisa da 

naTesaobiTis formebs. sxvadasxva brunvasTan Cveulebriv sxvadasxva 

mniSvneloba unda hqondes, magram aRniSnavs erTi da imaves, kerZod, 

gadmogvcems msgavsebas da imave mniSvnelobas atarebs, rasac zmnisar- 

Ti “rogorc”. 

Zvel qarTulSi viTa/viT Tandebuli ar gvaqvs. msgavsebas gamoxa- 

1 T. SaraZeniZe. -viT Tandebuli qarTulSi. _ Tsu Sromebi, X, 1939, gv. 145- 

159; a. martirosovi. Tandebuli qarTulSi. _ iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, 

I, 1946, gv. 236-237; z. jafariZe. -viT Tandebulis xmarebisaTvis zmnas- 

Tan qarTulSi. _ qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, III, Tb., 1963, gv. 

96-97; i. gigineiSvili. Tandebuli da Tandebulian saxelTa marTlwera. _ 

Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi, I. Tb., 1970, gv. 101; i. imnaiSvili. 

qarTuli saliteraturo enis normalizaciis sakiTxebi. _ ciskari, 

#11, 1974, gv. 138-144; S. afridoniZe. fonetikur-morfologiuri cvlilebebi 

da leqsikuri mniSvneloba. _ saqarTvelos MmecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 

t. 87, Tb., 1977, #3; T. kvaWantiraZe. -viT Tandebulis saxelobiTsa da 

micemiT brunvaSi ganawilebis sakiTxi. _ macne, enis.. seria, 1977, #1, gv., 97- 

103; z. sarjvelaZe. -viT Tandebulis istoriidan. _ qarTuli ena da literatura 

skolaSi, #4, 1979, gv., 122-124;Ng. WumburiZe. -viT Tandebulis Camoyalibebis 

istoriisaTvis. _ qarTuli Eena da literatura skolaSi, 1982, 

#2, gv, 83-91;Gg. burWulaZe. kvlav -viT Tandebulis Sesaxeb qarTulSi. _ 

iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, 24, 1985, gv. 84-87; i. kiknaZe. Tanxmovanfu- 

Zian saxelTa -viT Tandebuliani saxelobiTis gamo. _ enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, 

I-II, Tb; 2006, gv. 73-74; t. futkaraZe. saxelis formaTwarmoebis sakiTxebi 

qarTulSi. _ kreb.: „besarion jorbenaZes“, Tb., 2003, gv. 121-123; m. miqaZe. 

Tandebulis warmomavlobisa da funqciisTvis. _ „metexi“, t. I. Tb., 

2001, gv. 80; 

2 Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebi, I. Tb., 1970, gv. 104.

tavdnen -ebr, msgavsad, viTarca (mogvianebiT -viTa); -viT miRebulia 

“viTar” formisagan: viTar-viTa-viT 1 . -viTa gvxvdeba hadiSis oTxTav- 

Si 2 , xolo rac Seexeba -viT Tandebuls, dasturdeba parizis nacionalur 

biblioTekaSi dacul XI saukunis erT xelnawerSi: “... me verca 

wmidisa mamisa efTBmessaviT davagdebdi~ 3 . “-viT Tandebuli aq naTesaobiTi 

brunvis formas daerTvis. z. sarjvelaZis azriT, es arc aris 

gasakviri, radgan sulieri sagnis (adamianis) gamomxatvel saxelTan 

ixmareba 4 . aseve gveqneboda: kacisaviT, mefisaviT, mamaisaviT. 

naTesaobiT brunvasTan -viT Tandebuli XVII-XIX saukuneebis 

qarTvel mweralTa nawarmoebebSic SeiZleba Segxvdes. arsebobs mosazreba, 

rom naTesaobiTis gardaqmniT unda iyos miRebuli dRevandeli 

saxelobiTis forma TanxmovanfuZian saxelebTan: kac-is-a-viT, kac-iviT, 

sadac a emfatikuri xmovnisa da -is naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis - 

s komponentis dakargva simultanuri procesia, -viT Tandebulis win 

-i elementi ki naTesaobiTi brunvis erT-erTi alomorfia 5 . 

Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi -viT or brunvas daerTvis. 

xmovanfuZiani saxelebi (mx. ricxvSi) da nacvalsaxelebi mas mxolod 

micemiTSi dairTaven: ZmasaviT, mzesaviT, oqrosaviT, busaviT, SensaviT... 

TanxmovafuZiani saxelebi (da -ebian mravlobiTSi dasmuli 

xmovanfuZiani saxelebi) ki _ orive brunvaSi: saxl-i-viT, saxl-saviT; 

klde-eb-i-viT, klde-eb-sa-viT; naTesaobiT brunvasTan -viT Tandebuli 

saliteraturo qarTulSi ar gamoiyeneba. 

ra viTareba gvaqvs imerulSi 

imerulSi -viT boloxmovnian saxelebs marTavs micemiTSi: rkinasaviT, 

xbosaviT, dResaviT... TanxmovanfuZian saxelebs ki daerTvis rogorc 

saxelobiTSi (qaliviT, bavSviviT), ise naTesaobiTSi: “es rZe 

wyalisaviTaa da ras argebda bovSs!”, “rava babuaCemisaviT laparakobs 

es kaci!”, “im tyeSi racxa cecxlisaviT anaTebda.” (Cawerilia 

wyaltubos raionis sofel CuneSSi). -viT nacvalsaxels cvlis misi 

fonetikuri nairsaxeoba -veT (xalxisaveT, cxenisaveT, oqrosaveT...) b. 

jorbenaZis azriT, SesaZlebelia, -veT fonetikuri nairsaxeobis warmoqmnas 

-viT da -ebr//ef TandebulTan kontanimaciamac Seuwyo xeli: 

kac-i-saviT//kacisaef _ kacisavef”. 6 -viT Tandebuli imerulSi daerTvis 

zmnis formebsac. es ewinaaRmdegeba qarTuli saliteraturo enis 

1 a. SaniZe. qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi. Tb., 1980, gv. 600. 

2 z. sarjvelaZe. -viT Tandebulis istoriidan.., gv. 124. 



5 i. kiknaZe. TanxmovanfuZian saxelTa -viT Tandebuliani.., gv. 74. 

6 b. jorbenaZe. qarTuli dialeqtologia. Tb., 1989, gv. 462. 

19

normebs, magram kiloebisaTvis savsebiT SesaZlebeli da bunebrivia. 

rogorc cnobilia, -viT TandebuliT gaformebul zmnebs mimar- 

Tavs sulxan-saba Tavis leqsikonSi: amxila-aswavlasaviT, gaawbila-SearcxvinasaviT 

1 . sabasaTvis msgavsi formebi sityvis mniSvnelobaze sinonimuri 

sityviT miTiTebis xerxs warmoadgens, xolo dialeqtebSi - 

viT zmnasTan gamoiyeneba imave funqciiT _ gamoxatavs msgavsebas: mSiasaviT, 

mwyuriasaviT, mtkivasaviT ... aRniSnulia, rom Tanamedrove qar- 

TulSi msgavsebas ver gamoxatavs verc -sa, -i brunvis niSniseuli 

elementebi da verc mxolod -viT morfema. -iviT // -saviT erTiani 

Serwymuli formanti migviTiTebs msgavsebis semantikaze, maSasadame, 

gvaqvs -saviT // -iviT morfema. brunvis niSanTan Serwymuli Tandebuli 

garkveul gramatikul mniSvnelobas iZens, anu -saviT Sedgenili 

morfemaa 2 . es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa zmnebTan, romelTac erTvis - 

viT Tandebuli micemiTis brunvis niSansa da a emfatikur xmovanTan 

erTad: magaliTad mSia-saviT, mciva-saviT, mwyuria-saviT. 

ratom mimarTa zmnam msgavsebis gamosaxatavad am formas saTanado 

zmniT gadmocemuli moqmedeba (procesi, gancda) sustia, -viT Tandebuli 

ki am SemTxvevaSi procesis odnaobiTobas aRniSnavs. xSirad 

gamosaxatavia iseTi gancda, romelic enaSi arsebuli sityviT zustad 

ar aisaxeba. magaliTad, tkivilis, wyurvilis susti grZnoba. -viT am 

SemTxvevaSi grZnobis sisustes aRniSnavs (cota mtkivasaviT) 3 . imerulSi 

am mxriv SezRudva ar aris. -viT Tandebuli daerTvis aramarto 

grZnoba-aRqmis gamomxatvel zmnebs, aramed sxva formebsac da gamoxatavs 

odnaobiTobas. magaliTad: “sad waxval, Se dafsxrekilo, 

Sen! _ SemomcinasaviT”; 4 “mzem kargad gadaiTavdaRmarTa da viTom dacxrasaviT”. 

5 

amave funqciiT gamoiyeneba wa- zmniswinic (waitira, waeTamaSa, 

waeWidava). mklevarTa umravlesoba wa-, wamo- zmniswinebs moqmedebis 

simciris, sicotavis anu odnaobis gamomxatvelad miiCnevs. wa- zmniswiniT 

gamoxatuli odnaobis formebi xSiria imerulSi: “SarSandel 

mouWrel fesvebze balaxma erTi-aTad iyara da siminds waajoba”; 6 “xumrobiTac 

ar SeiZleboda masTan waWidaveba”; 7 “suli rom wavubero, babu- 

1 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I. Tb., 1991, gv. 53. 

2 t. futkaraZe. saxelis formaTwarmoebis sakiTxebi.., gv. 124. 

3 z. jafariZe. -viT Tandebulis xmarebisaTvis.., gv. 97. 

4 o. ioseliani. avtobiografiuli novela. _ rCeuli Txzulebebi or 

tomad. I tomi. Tb., 1989, gv. 44. 

5 o. ioseliani. avtobiografiuli novela.., gv. 51. 

6 o. ioseliani. varskvlavTcvena. Tb., 1965, gv. 422. 

7 o. ioseliani. varskvlavTcvena, gv. 319. 

20

awverasaviT gavfantav”. 1 

-viT Tandebuli xSirad swored wa- zmniswinian formebs daerTvis 

da xdeba odnaobis gaZliereba, gaormageba: weitirasaviT, weeWidavasaviT, 

wamoTovasaviT, wamowvimasaviT, waagavsaviT, waioxunjasaviT...). 

ram gamoiwvia erTi da imave Sinaarsis orgzis aRniSvna rogorc cnobilia, 

qarTulSi zmniswini da Tandebuli zogjer msgavs funqcias avlens. 

magaliTad, adgilmdebareoba zmnaSi zmniswiniT gamoixateba, saxelSi 

_ Tandebulis saSualebiT: Se-vida saxl-Si; Se-Zvra fuRuro- 

Si. Tandebulisa da windebulis funqciuri msgavsebiT unda aixsnas 

Zvel qarTulSi uTandebulo brunvaTa xmareba, sadac zmna windebuliania. 

magaliTad: “ver Sevides sasufevelsa caTasa”; 2 “tanjvasa didsa 

Segagdon Sen”. 3 

dRes Tanabari sixSiriTaa gamoyenebuli rogorc Tandebuli, ise 

zmniswini. imerulisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia zmniswinis (wa/we) da Tandebulis 

(-viT) erT formasTan gamoyeneba, rac emsaxureba Sinaarsis 

gaZlierebas, odnaobis gadmocemas. amgvarma formebma odnaobis garda, 

SeiZleba gamoxatos: moqmedebis uneblioba (wamZvrasaviT, wasrialdasaviT, 

wamicdasaviT...). zerele, saxeldaxelo qmedeba (waibanasaviT, wai- 

ZinasaviT, xeli waukrasaviT...). sazedao moqmedeba (waaWrasaviT, waaTalasaviT, 

waawyvitasaviT...) da sxva. 

ra Tqma unda, am mniSvnelobebs zmnas ZiriTadad zmniswini ani- 

Webs, magram -viT Tandebuli aSkarad aZlierebs Sinaarss. imerulSi - 

viT Tandebulisa da wa- zmniswinis erTad gamoyeneba xdeba sxva Sem- 

TxvevaSic _ roca moubar pirs surs erTi adamianis Tviseba miaweros 

meores, zerele niuansiT gamoiyenebs wa- zmniswins: weiCxeiZeebs, weigogoebs... 

4 -viT aseT formebsac daerTvis imave funqciiT _ msgavsebis 

odnaobas aZlierebs: weiTuTberiZeebsaviT, weivanelebsaviT... 

-viT Tandebulis gamoyeneba SeniSnulia agreTve sxva metyvelebis 

nawilebTan: agersaviT, magramsaviT.., rac ar dasturdeba imerulSi. 

1 o. ioseliani. varskvlavTcvena, gv. 118. 

2 giorgi merCule. grigol xanZTelis cxovreba. _ qarTuli mwerloba, 

t. I. Tb., 1987, gv. 528. 

3 iakob curtaveli. SuSanikis wameba. _ qarTuli mwerloba, t. I. Tb., 1987, 

gv. 227. 

4 k. kublaSvili. qvemoimeruli dialeqti. Tb., 1985, gv. 73. 

21

TAMILA ZVIADADZE 

FOR THE FUNCTION OF THE LAST SYLLABLE 

-VIT IN IMERETIAN 

The last syllable vit is attached to the forms of the nominative case, genitive 

case, and dative case and denotes similarity. In modern literary language 

the forms of the genitive case are not used, in dialects, particularly in 

Imeretian, they are used till present.The last syllable vit is also attached to the 

verb of the same function, i.e. it denotes similarity. This happens when the action 

transmitted by the verb (process, feeling) is weak and the last syllable denotes 

diminution of the process. Diminishing is also denoted by the prefix – tsa. 

In the article is narrated the event when both (the last syllable and the prefix) 

are used together, which serves to strengthening of the content, for more expression 

of diminution. Also, in case of usage of the prefix and the last syllable 

with a form of verb expresses character of one person to another by a talker 

with a surface nuance. 

22



t. I, 2007 

oTar miqiaSvili 

rusulis kalkebisaTvis ilia WavWavaZis 

`saqarTvelos moambeSi~. 

mdidari istoriuli warsulis mqone xalxebs sxvadasxva periodSi 

zogjer iZulebiT, zogjer ki _ Tavisi neba-surviliT garkveuli 

kontaqtebi hqoniaT sxvadasxva xalxTan. enaTa kontaqtebis donis 

mixedviT gansxvavebulia gavlenis xarisxic: `gavlena kvals tovebs, 

Cveulebriv, ara marto leqsikaSi, aramed sintagmebis sferoSi, enis 

stilistikur mxareSi~. 1 

XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnidan, rodesac saqarTveloSi safuZveli 

Caeyara ruseTis batonobas da rusuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo 

ena gaxda, qarTulze rusulis gavlenam intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo. evropuli 

yofis, evropuli kulturis amsaxveli informaciebi aRniSnuli 

periodidan CvenSi rusulis meSveobiT Semodioda. sakmaod moikida 

fexi leqsikurma sesxebam rusulidan, magram, sabednierod, leqsikuri 

nasesxobani arsebiTad rusuli yofis amsaxveli sagnebisa da movlenebis 

sferos ver gascda. aq Tavisi sityva Tqva qarTuli enis leqsikurma 

simdidrem, rusul leqsikas ar mieca gasaqani qarTuli leqsikis Sesaviwroeblad. 

amitomacaa, rom TviT dialeqturi metyvelebis donezec 

ki nasesxeb rusul sityvaTa raodenoba ver gascda erT aseuls. 

samagierod, farTod moikida fexi rusulidan momdinare sityvaTSexamebebma, 

rusulidan Semosulma, qarTulad gadmokeTebulma frazebma. 

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi umravlesoba evropuli kulturis 

elementebis gaCenis kvaldakval gaCnda TviT rusulSic, mravalsaukunovanma 

qarTulma saliteraturo enam uari Tqva rusulidan 

leqsikur nasesxobebze, magram iZulebuli gaxda, gadmoeqarTulebina 

isini, radgan saTanado enobrivi inventari sakmao raodenobiT da daxvewilobiT, 

romelic srulad asaxavda imdroindeli social-politikuri, 

ekonomikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis dones, axal qarTul 

enas jerac ar gaaCnda. es viTareba sakmao sisruliT da pirdapirobiT 

aisaxa didi ilias naazrevSi. 

1 q. lomTaTiZe. kalkebTan dakavSirebuli zogi sakiTxi qarTulSi. _ 

qarTuli sityvis kulturis sakiTxebi, wigni 8. Tb., 1998, gv. 59. 

23

XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze TviT rusulma enam gamoiara sakmaod 

didi gza, romlis Sedegadac man evropuli enebis gavleniT mniSvnelovan 

daxvewilobas miaRwia. am moZraobas ruseTSi saTaveSi edga n. 

m. karamzini, romelic miznad isaxavda, Seeqmna farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis 

misawvdomi erTi ena wignebisa da sazogadoebisTvis, `rom vweroT, 

rogorc metyveleben, da vimetyveloT iseve, rogorc vwerT~ 1 (sayovelTaod 

cnobilia, rom aseTive iyo didi ilias damokidebuleba er- 

Tiani saliteraturo enis mimarT). 

erTi enis gavlena meore ucxour enaze mxolod sityvaTa pirdapiri 

sesxebiT ar amoiwureba. xSirad adgili aqvs erTi enis siRrmiseul 

struqturul zegavlenas. struqturuli zegavlena Znelad SesamCnevia 

ara mxolod enis rigiTi matareblisaTvis, aramed specialistisTvisac 

ki. enaTa struqturuli urTierTzegavlenis Sedegebs uwodeben 

kalkebs (frang. `calcue~ _ àsli~). maSasadame, sityvaTa sesxebisagan 

gansxvavebiT, kalkirebis dros enobrivi masala sakuTaria, oRond 

konkretuli enobrivi erTeuli agebulia sxva enis struqturuli bunebis 

karanaxiT. amitomac amboben, rom kalkebi enaTa Rrma urTierTgamsWvalvas 

gulisxmobs 2 . enobrivi kalkebis gaCenis erT-erT wyarod 

miiCneven orenovnebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, enaTa kontaqtebis Sedegia. l. 

SCerbam wamoayena Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom enaTa kontaqtebis procesis 

mimdinareoba ganpirobebulia orenovnebis sxvadasxva saxiT 3 . 

bilingvizmTan, orenovnebasTan akavSirebs kalkebs b. meCkovskaiac. 

`wyaro kalkebisa, _ ambobs mecnieri, _ aris bilingvTa sametyvelo 

praqtika~. 4 i. otkupSCikovs kalkirebasTan orenovnebis kavSiris sailustraciod 

Semdegi magaliTi mohyavs: `Немец на вопрос: у вас есть 

мясо – ответит: имеем или не имеем, а не есть или нет~. aseTi sityvasityviTi 

TargmaniT gamyidveli ìyenebs sintaqsur kalks, mSobliuri 

enis sintaqsur konstruqcias~, _ ambobs mecnieri da ganagrZobs: 

`swored es Tavisebureba udevs safuZvlad yovelgvar kalkirebas, rodesac 

ivaraudeba kalkis avtoris orenovneba 5 . 

1863 wels ilia WavWavaZis TaosnobiT gamovida Jurnal `saqarTvelos 

moambis~ Tormeti nomeri. 1991-1992 wlebSi mkiTxvelma miiRo 

1 vimowmebT wignidan: В. В. Виноградов. Очерки истории русского литературного 

языка XVII-XIX веков. М., 1982. gv. 197. 

2 a. arabuli. qarTuli metyvelebis kultura. Tb., 2004, gv. 43. 

3 vimowmebT wignidan: Новое в лингвистике, вып. VI. Языковые контакты, составление, 

редакция и коментарии В. Ю. Розенцвейг. М., 1972, gv. 8. 

4 Н. Б. Мечковская. Общее языкознание. Структурная и социальная типология языков. 

Учебное пособие для студентов. М., 2001, gv. 111. 

5 И. В. Откупщиков. К истокам слова. М., 1986, gv. 114. 

24

`saqarTvelos moambis~ faqsimiluri gamocemis ortomeuli: 1991w. pirveli 

tomi, 1992w. ki _ meore tomi. winamdebare statiaSi yuradReba 

gavamaxvileT `saqarTvelos moambis~ 1991-1992 wlebSi gamocemul 

ortomeulSi Setanil, Cveni azriT, rusulidan qarTulSi kalkirebul 

frazebze. masalis analizma gviCvena, rom damowmebuli qarTuli 

teqstebi Seicaven TavianTi agebulebiT da SinaarsiT rusulidan momdinare 

frazeologiur kalkebs. 

motanil magaliTebSi frCxilebSi miTiTebulia qarTuli teqstis 

gverdi da striqoni: 

• ès saqme rom gadaixila, komisia im azrze dadga, rom...~. 1 

`Когда дело это пересмотрела, комиссия остановилась на том, 

что...~ 

• `saWiroa, rom gvqondes yuradRebaSi~. 2 _ `Нам надо иметь во 

внимание, что...~ 

• `Cans, rom sicocxles SenTvis Zalian daumarilebia~. 3 _ `Видно, 

что жизнь очень тебе насолила. 

• àrc me var laCrebTagani~. 4 _ `Я тоже не из трусливых. 

• àq erTis gankidurobidan Cavvardi meoreSi~. 5 _ `Здесь я из 

одной крайности попал в другую~. 

• `raRac viTarebis SeerTebisa gamo saxeli Cemi Cawerili iyo 

imis saxelis Semdeg~. 6 _ `По стечению каких то обстоятельств, 

моё имя было записано после его имени~. 

• ìmisi sityvebi iyo xmis gamocema sazogados azrisa~. 7 _ `Его 

слова были отзвуком общественного мнения~. 

• `mudam usrulebda da uars araferSi ar eubneboda xolme~. 8 _ 

`Всегда выполнял его желания и ни в чем ему не отказывал~. 

• `me ar vxedav saWirod~. 9 _ `Я не вижу нужным~. 

• `nu gavxdebiT XIX saukunis vandalebad~. 10 _ `Не станем же 

вандалами XIX века~. 

1 i. WavWavaZe. `saqarTvelos moambe~, w. II. Tb., 1992, gv. 19. 

2 i. WavWavaZe. `saqarTvelos moambe~, w. II, gv. 24. 







9 i. WavWavaZe. `saqarTvelos moambe~, w. I. Tb., 1991, gv. 100. 

10 i. WavWavaZe. `saqarTvelos moambe~, w. I, gv. 100. 

25

• `magram romaelebi sulac ar iyvnen vandalebad~. 1 _ `Но римляне 

вовсе не были вандалами~. 

• èrTi sityviT, iseTnairad uyvarT, rom uerTmaneTod suls ve- 

Rar igeben~. 2 _ `Одним словом, так они любят другдруга, что 

души не чаят~. 

• `...romelic anpirovnebda umaRles RvTaebas~. 3 _ ... `Который 

олицетворял (ganasaxierebda) высшее божество~. 

• ìseTi saucxovo wiTel-sityvaoba unda eCvenebina, rom qveyana 

gaekvirva~. 4 _ `Он должен был показать такое чудесное красноречие, 

чтобы удивить мир~. 

• àmgvari wiTel-sityvaobiT aRhswera Tavisi daRestanSi mogzauroba, 

rom yvelani gaakvirva~. 5 _ `Он описал свое путешествие 

по Дагестану таким красноречием, что всех удивил~. 

• `yvelas survili iyo, rom aRsrulebaSi ar yofiliyo moyvanili 

proekti arabebis gadasaxlebisa~. 6 _ `Все желали, чтобы 

не был приведен в исполнение проэкт переселения арабов~. 

sruliad ueWvelia, rom motanili qarTuli magaliTebi kalkirebulia 

rusulidan. 







26

OTAR MIKIASHVILI 

THE GEORGIAN PHRASES BORROWED FROM THE RUSSIAN 

LANGUAGEIN THE JOURNAL OF ILYA CHAVCHAVADZE 

“SAQARTVELOS MOAMBE” 

In the beginning of the 19-th century the Russian language became the 

official state language of Georgia. Its influence on the Georgian language became 

very intensive. Information about the style of the life of Europen nations, 

European culture was spreading through the Russian language. It is necessary 

to note that the lexical borrowings from the Russian language were of the usual 

meaning only (the names of things, everyday events). The main reason of that 

was the lexical wealth of the Georgian language. Together with the lexical elements 

of the Russian language the structural element, calcs became the part of 

the Georgian language. The Georgian word-combinations of Russian origin 

were not seldom (they became the part of the Russian and were borrowed from 

the Russian language). The article is dedicated to the researching of phraseological 

calcs of the Russian origin in the journal of Ilya Chavchavadze “Saqartvelos 

Moambe” (“The Bulletin of Georgia”), published in 1863. 

27

28 



t. I, 2007 

marine kakaCia, marine jRarkava 

megruli sasoflo-sameurneo leqsika 

,,yazayiSi gazeTis~ mixedviT 

megruli leqsikis calkeul sakiTxebs sxvadasxva dros ikvlevdnen 

al. cagareli, n. mari, i. yifSiZe, p. Waraia, i. javaxiSvili, arn. 

Ciqobava, v. Tofuria, q. lomTaTiZe, g. rogava, k. danelia... leqsika 

icvleba imdenad, ramdenadac ganviTarebas ganicdis, ikargeba an Cndeba 

konkretuli sameurneo dargebi. es ki garkveuli jgufis dargobriv 

leqsikas zogjer srul gaqrobas uqadis. amitomac werda arn. Ciqobava: 

,,dargobrivi leqsika mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli xalxis yofa-cxovrebasa 

da SexedulebebTan. maTSi mimdinare cvlilebebi xSirad gamoavlenen 

faqtebs, romlebic did kulturul-istoriul interess aRZraven 

da romelTac TanamedroveobisaTvis aqtualuri mniSvneloba” gaaCnia 

1 . am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa 1930-34 wlebSi q. zugdidSi megrul 

enaze gamocemuli ,,yazayiSi gazeTi”. miuxedavad uamravi xelovnuri 

formisa, romelsac gazeTi nergavda, masSi ,,ibeWdeboda mravali 

sasargeblo rCeva-darigeba soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva dargSi. 

qveyndeboda kiTxva-pasuxebi. aq ki bevri saintereso sityvaa dafiqsirebuli”. 

2 amasTanave megrulis dargobrivi leqsikis monacemebi Zalze 

mniSvnelovania saerTo qarTveluri enis kvlevisaTvis. swored aman 

ganapiroba Cveni interesi megruli sasoflo-sameurneo leqsikisadmi. 

arsebul masalaSi, Cveni azriT, gamoiyofa ori qvejgufi; 

1. mecxoveleobasTan dakavSirebuli leqsika; 

2. miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli leqsika; 

gazeTis leqsikaze dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom am dargebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel 

leqsemaTa umravlesoba saerTo qarTveluri leqsikis 

kuTvnilebaa (Txa, cxeni, kuro, simindi, guTani, farcxi, TuTumi, boseli, 

xonua, binexi). 

1. ùnero cxenefi do SxukuCxami orinjiSi raodenobaq 1931 

wanas qidiWy rkebani 1933 wanaSi boloSa rkebulend. muT 

oxu Rejefi do Txa do Sxurcuni, TenefiSi raodenoba daT- 

1 arn. Ciqobava. dargobrivi leqsika da misi Seswavlis mecnieruli aqtualuroba. 

– iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba. II, Tb., 1975. gv. 43. 

2 o. qajaia. megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni. t. I. Tb., 2001-2002, gv. 10.

manTxudu 1932 wanaS boloSa~. 1 _ `cxenebisa da msxvilfexa 

saqonlis raodenobam 1931 wels rom daiwyo kleba, 1933 

wlis bolomde klebulobda. rac Seexeba Rorebis, Txebisa 

da cxvrebis raodenobas, is ecemoda 1932 wlis bolomde~. 

2. èleqtroniSi SuquraT ganaTebuli boseli isNndi re klasikuri 

terefiSo~. 2 _ èleqtronaTuriT ganaTebuli boseli 

laxvaria klasobrivi mtrebisTvis~ 

3. `sodeTi dudi moSayareli re binexiSi 88 %~. 3 _ sadac Tavmoyrilia 

venaxis 88%). 

4. `simindi nakaka Tolicalo re Senaxebuli~. 4 _ simindi Tvalis 

CiniviT aris Senaxuli~. 

5. `boselc Was uWkaWkuo arzena, namuTi odiares aoxrencNni~. 

5 _ `boselSi Calas daukepavad aZleven, rac balaxs 

afuWebs~. 

6. ,,Wifana” saqmefc xonuaSi periodis Sara do Saras mawesrigenani~. 

6 _ `wvrilman saqmeebs xvnis periodSi gzadagza moawesrigeben~. 

7. `muWoT Taure rCqNni TuTumiSi damzadeba Teli raionc susTas 

meurcu~. 7 _ `rogorc aqidan Cans, Tambaqos damzadeba 

mTel raionSi sustad mimdinareobs~. 

8. `kolmeurneobas Tasuas periodiSo garCq guTani 32 c., oxaCqali 

17c., oTasali maSina 7c., farcxi 14c., maToxi 7c~. 8 

_ kolmeurneobas Tesvis periodisaTvis gaaCnia guTani 32c., 

saToxni 17c., saTesi manqana 7c., farcxi 14c., Toxi 7c.~. 

gamoiyofa sakuTriv megruli sityvebi (finaxari, orinji, qablefi, 

xaCqua, obaQali, xoji, arguni, agafa, Wa...). 

1. òrinjiSi finaxarc qNnaxvilua 10 dRari Was~. 9 _ `saqonlis 

sakvebis uZiro CasayrelSi SeniSnavT 10 dRis Calas~. 

2. `sanWuafo zomefi re saWiro plantaciaSi orinjiSe dacvebelo~. 

10 _ `saswrafo zomebia saWiro plantaciis saqonlisa- 

1 `yazayiSi gazeTi~, #16, 1933. 










29

gan dasacavad~. 

3. `pirvel ianarSe 25 ianarSa giuninas orinjiSi eWaruaq~. 1 _ 

`pirveli ianvridan 25 ianvramde Catardes saqonlis aRwera~. 

4. `xojefi dRaSiT meuraQuna saodiaroT utoriSa~. 2 _ `xarebs 

dRisiT mierekebian sabalaxod sakuntruSod~. 

5. àmdRariSa vare ekorofili bergi, bargi, arguni, burWuli, 

agafa, kinaxona do Sxva Wifana iaraRefi~. 3 _ `dRemde ar 

aris akrefili Toxi, culi, najaxi, kavi, saxnisi da sxva 

wvrilmani iaraRebi~. 

6. `fermas pundes dida Reji _ 18, keri _1, Tulefi _ 3, 

Cxou 13, kuro 1 do ginefi 13. amdRa Cqi puna xojefi 168 

cali, kambeSi 46, cxeni 6, maWvali Cxou 18, kuro 1, qablefi 

29, dida Reji 20, keri 3, Tulefi 27~. 4 _ `fermaSi gvyavda 

deda Rori 18, taxi 1, goWebi 3, Zroxa 13, kuro 1, 

xborebi 13. dRes Cven gvyavs xarebi 168 cali, kameCi 46, 

cxeni 6, mewveli Zroxa 18, kuro 1, uSobeli 29, deda Rori 

20, taxi 1, goWebi 27~. 

7. `Rejefi arTo (Qori Reji) 120 pundes. 5 _ `Rorebi sul 

(dedali Rori) 120 gvyavda~. 

dasaxelebuli gazeTis sasoflo-sameurneo leqsikaSi garkveuli 

adgili uWiravs nasesxeb sityvebs, romelTa meti wili rusuli enidan 

aris SeTvisebuli. es sityvebi yovelgvari cvlilebebis gareSe, an 

fonetikur wesebs damorCilebuli Semovida im periodis qarTul saliteraturo 

enaSic (furaJi, ferma, maSinefi, Cai, ambura...) 

1. `furaJi meRalir re adgilSa, boselefi dasabaRi raodenobaT~. 6 

_ `sakvebi adgilze mitanilia, boslebi sakmarisi raodenobiTaa~. 

2. `giSakerzafili yuradReba erziebudu orinjiSi jiSiSi gaujguSebas, 

aTe mizaniT, sajiSo fermaSe sakolmeurneo fermefiSa 

do kolmeurneefiSa meCamil re iorqSiriSi jiSiSi 

296 Tu darinafalo~. 7 _ `gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eZleoda 

saqonlis jiSis gaumjobesebas, am mizniT, sanaSene fermidan 

sakolmeurneo fermebisa da kolmeurneebisaTvis micemulia 

iorqSiris jiSis 296 goWi mosaSeneblad~. 








30

3. `kolmeurneobefiSi orinjiSi 90% dabinebuli re gasazogadebuli 

amburefc~. 1 _ ` kolmeurneobebis saqonlis 90% dabinavebulia 

gasazogadoebul sadgomebSi~. 

4. àrTi dekadaSi vada gagmorTani furaJi Ti raodenobaT, namuTi 

gagmajerenc orinjiSi giTozoTuasQn~. 2 _ ` erTi dekadis 

vadaSi gamoyon furaJi im raodenobiT, rac sakmarisi 

iqneba saqonlis gamosazamTreblad~. 

5. `saujguSoT manwyu ambura muSa orinjiSo, sodeTi srulaSe 

dokiril re muSa orinji~. 3 _ `saukeTesod moawyo muSa saqonlisaTvis 

sadgomi,sadac dabmulia muSa saqoneli~. 

6. `vareno amdRariSa xolo xvarebas re muma papuSi agafaT dixaSi 

damuSeba do mumac aTerigiq Teli 100 procentiT Tirelq 

oko iQuas gauSuqebuli sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRi _ 

maSinefiT~. 4 _ `dRevandlamde iyeneben mamapapeul kavs miwis 

dasamuSaveblad, momavalSi es 100%-iT unda Seicvalos, gaumjobesdes 

sasoflo-sameurneo manqana-iaraRebiT~. 

7. `CaiSi kulturaSi garda merCqineli periodis dejinj teqnikuri 

kulturefiSi (rami, soia, araxisi do TuTuni) ganviTarebaq~. 

5 _ `Cais kulturis garda aRniSnul periodSi dainerga 

teqnikuri kulturebi (rami, soia, araxisi da Tambaqo)~. 

8. `sawyobis abarwas Jiri wanaSe meti re RanjiSi Wkumili 

awoZ dixaSi oWkirali disko, oTasali maSinefiSi nawilefi, 

obaQali maSinefi~. 6 _ `sawyobis aivanze or welze metia 

Jangis SeWmuli yria miwis saWreli disko, saTesi manqanis 

nawilebi, saniavebeli manqanebi~. 

qarTuli saliteraturo enis gavleniT Cans Seqmnili msazRvrel-sazRvrulis 

iseTi SeTanxmebani, rogoricaa: maWvali Cxou (mewveli 

Zroxa), oTasali maSina (saTesi manqana), oWkirali disko (saWreli 

disko), muSa orinji (muSa saqoneli), gasazogadebuli amburebi 

(gamoyofili sadgomebi)... 

dasaxelebuli magaliTebi mowmobs, rom im periodis megrul 

presaSi mecxoveleobasa da miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli leqsika 

enobrivi TvalsazrisiT saintereso masalas warmoadgens. 







31

MARINE KAKACHIA, MARINE JGARKAVA 

MEGRELIAN AGRICULTURAL VOCABULARY ON 

THE MATERIAL OF “KAZAKISHI GAZETI” 

Special vocabulary is closely connected with peoples life and their attitudes. 

Some changes, taking place time by time in their lives and activities elicit 

such facts which arise cultural-historical interest greatly and are significant nowadays. 

From this point of view the newspaper “kazakish gazeti” which was 

issued in the Megrelian Language in Zugdidi in the years of 1930-1934 is really 

interesting. Notwithstanding many artificial forms a lot of useful suggestions 

about different fields of agricultural were printed in the paper. There also 

appeared questions and answers about different things. In this process of communication 

many interesting words were used. Because all of this I directed my 

attention to the Megrelian agricultural vocabulary. The observation has shown 

that two subgroups can be singled out from the given material. They are: 

1. Special vocabulary connected with stock-raising; 

2. Special vocabulary connected with agriculture. 

The article deals with the language material which appears in the issue 

of “Kazakishi Gazeti” printed in 1932. Some samples, which show the characterizing 

peculiarities of special vocabulary of that time are analyzed. In the article 

the lexems associated with the stock-rising and agriculture and their connection 

with general Georgian are especially underlined. 

32



t. I, 2007 

manana Selia 

sityvawarmoebis sistema da misi adgili 

Tanamedrove lingvistikaSi 

bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda lingvistikis 

interesTa sfero. pirvel planze enis irgvliv Catarebul 

kvlevebSi gamoikveTa problemebi, romelic miekuTvneba enis Sinaarsobriv 

mxares da, rac mTavaria, enis adgils Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. 

rogorc cnobilia, enis leqsikuri Semadgenloba yovelTvis cvalebadia 

da misi moZravi mxare mudam ivseba axali sityvebiT. zogadad 

cnobilia, rom arsebobs leqsikuri Semadgenlobis Sevsebis saSualebebi; 

nasesxoba, romelic xdeba epizodurad da damokidebulia garkveul 

socialur pirobebTan, ukve arsebul sityvaTa moculobis mniSvnelobis 

gafarToeba. leqsikuri Semadgenlobis ZiriTad saSualebas warmoadgens 

sityvawarmoeba, romelsac adgili hqonda rogorc Zvel, aseve 

Sua saukuneebis periodSi. igi moqmedebs enaSi dResac. 

o. meSkovi mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs Semdegs: 

,,roca vsaubrobT sityvawarmoebaze mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs enis leqsikuri 

Semadgenlobis Sevseba axali sityvebiT. rasakvirvelia, axali sityvebis 

warmoSoba sityvawamoebis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens~. 1 termins 

,,sityvawarmoeba~ gaaCnia ori ZiriTadi mniSvneloba, romelic 

saWiroebs gansxvavebas. pirveli mniSvnelobiT is gamoiyeneba enaSi axali 

sityvebis warmoSobis mudmivi procesis gamosaxatavad. cnobilia, 

rom ena ganicdis mudmiv cvlilebasa da ganviTarebas, romelic gulisxmobs 

garkveul enobriv procesebs, maT Soris, axali leqsikuri er- 

Teulebis Seqmnis process, romelmac miiRo saxelwodeba ,,sityvawarmoeba~. 

meore mniSvnelobiT, rogorc lingvisturi mecnierebis nawili, 

Seiswavlis leqsikuri erTeulebis warmoSobis process 2 . 

sityvawarmoebis Teoria Seadgens mecnierebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan 

ganxras enis Sesaxeb, romelic Seiswavlis rogorc axali leqsikuri 

erTeulebis warmoSobis saSualebaTa mTel kompleqss mTlia- 

1 О. Д. Мешков. Словообразование современного английского языка. М., 1976, gv. 5. 

2 Е. Н. Бортничук, И. В. Василенко, Л. П. Пастушенко. Словообразование современного 

английского языка. Уч. пособие для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. Киев, 1988, gv. 6. 


33

nobaSi, aseve calkeul struqturebsa da modelebs maT Tanamedrove 

mdgomareobaSi da istoriul ganviTarebaSi, maT tipebsa da produqtulobas. 

amave dros didi yuradReba eqceva ukve Seqmnili sityvebis 

sityvawarmoebiT struqturebs. sakiTxi, romelic dakavSirebulia 

sityvawarmoebis adgilTan lingvisturi disciplinis sistemaSi, ukve 

didi xania warmoadgens mudmivi interesis sagans enaTmecnierTa Soris. 

“sityvawarmoebis” Tema pirvelad Setanes 1977 wlis XII saerTa- 

Soriso lingvistikis kongresis dRis wesrigSi. pirvelad mas miuZRvnes 

specialuri plenaruli sxdoma. bolo xanebSi mkveTrad gaizarda 

interesi sityvawarmoebis problemebis mimarT. lingvistebi cdiloben 

axsnan sityvawarmoebis axali Teoriis safuZvlebi. gamoCnda mravali 

naSromi, romelSic aRniSnulia sityvawarmoebis problemebis gansaku- 

Trebuli roli. 

sityvawarmoebis CarTva morfologiis sferoSi warmoadgens tradiciuls 

da aqvs didi xnis istoria. msgavs azrs iziarebdnen enaTmecnierebi 

i. boduen de kurtene 1 , l. SCerba 2 da sxvebi. sityvawarmoebis 

Teoriis ganviTarebis sakiTxSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani roli 

iTamaSa rusi lingvistis v. vinogradovis mier wamoyenebulma “konstruqciulma 

Tezisma sityvawarmoebis adgilis Sesaxeb lingvisturi 

disciplinis sistemaSi”. sainteresoa misi Sexeduleba sityvawarmoebis, 

rogorc enaTmecnierebis gansakuTrebul sferoze, romelic mWidrod 

aris dakavSirebuli rogorc enis gramatikul wyobasTan, aseve 

mis leqsikur SemadgenlobasTan, magram TviT leqsikologia aris swavleba 

enis leqsikuri erTeulebis Sesaxeb, romelsac ori aspeqti gaaCnia 

morfologiuri da semantikuri 3 . 

sityvawarmoeba, rogorc lingvistikis nawili didi xnis ganmavlobaSi 

iTvleboda gramatikis Semadgenel nawilad an Sedioda leqsikologiis 

SemadgenlobaSi. yvelaze marTebulad Tvlian v. vinogradovis 

azrs, romelsac miaCnda, rom sityvawarmoeba warmoadgens leqsikologiuri 

da gramatikuli kvlevis sagans, e.i. is unda iqnes gamokvleuli 

rogorc Sinaarsis, aseve gamoxatvis mxriv. SesaZloa, aseTi 

ornairi ganxilva ganapirobebs sityvawarmoebis gamoyofas damoukidebel 

disciplinad. sityvawarmoeba aucileblad unda ganixilebodes 

rogorc procesi, cocxali enis Tviseba, xolo Teoriuli debulebebi 

1 И. А. Бодуэн де Куртене. Введение в языкознание. СПБ., 1917, gv. 50. 

2 Л. В. Щерба. Преподавание иностранных языков в средней школе. Общие вопросы 

методики. М-Л., 1947, gv. 41. 

3 Г. Н. Шевченко. Некоторые замечания о словообразовательном анализе. – Словообразование 

и его место в курсе обучения иностранных языков. Ежегодный межвузовский 

тематический сборник. Вып. 5. Владивосток, 1978, gv. 25. 

34

unda gamomdinareobdes enobrivi realobidan da eyrdnobodes mas 1 . 

ufro gviandeli periodis lingvistTa naSromebSi sityvawarmoeba 

mTlianad miakuTvnes leqsikologiis sferos. es Tvalsazrisi far- 

Tod gaSuqda a. smirnickis 2 , k. levkovskaias 3 , r. ginzburgis 4 , i. arnoldisa 

5 da sxva lingvistTa publikaciebSi. SesaZloa, am koncefcias 

safuZvlad daedo debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamedrove periodis 

leqsikologia ar SemoisazRvreba mxolod leqsikuri SemadgenlobiT, 

aramed agreTve iTvaliswinebs misi Sevsebis gzebsa da saSualebebs, ma- 

Sasadame, ase Tu ise, saqme aqvs sityvawarmoebasTan. igive azrs iziarebs 

m. stepanova. sityvawarmoeba, misi azriT, warmoadgens damoukidebel 

disciplinas, Tumca esazRvreba, erTi mxriv, leqsikologias, xolo, 

meore mxriv, gramatikas 6 . zogierTi mkvlevari sityvawarmoebas 

miakuTvnebs rogorc gramatikas (radgan sityvawarmoebis wesebi ,,wminda 

morfologiuri wesebia~), ise leqsikologias (raki sityvawarmoeba 

,,leqsikis gamdidrebis saSualebaa~). 

moZRvrebas sityvawarmoebis Sesaxeb da leqsikologias imitom 

ukavSireben erTmaneTs, rom orives sityvasTan aqvs saqme. morfologiasTan 

dakavSireba imiT sabuTdeba, rom morfologia sityvis agebulebas 

swavlobs, xolo leqsikologiasTan dakavSirebis safuZveli isaa, 

rom nawarmoebi sityva iseve rogorc yoveli sityva, garkveuli mniSvnelobis 

matarebelia 7 . daaxloebiT bolo oci welia, rac sityvawarmoeba 

Camoyalibebulia rogorc enaTmecnierebis damoukidebeli dargi, 

romelic awarmoebs kvlevebs morfologiaSi, sintaqsSi, leqsikologiaSi, 

sociolingvistikaSi, teqstis lingvistikaSi. 

sityvawarmoebis Teoriuli sakiTxis kvlevisas aucilebelia zustad 

ganvacalkevoT mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebuli sami ZiriTadi 

kategoria: danawevreba, romelic iTvaliswinebs sityvis morfemuli 

Semadgenlobis dadgenas sinqronul planSi; warmoeba, romelic ganixilavs 

sxvadasxva sityvis morfologiur komponents Soris urTierTobas; 

produqtuloba (sityva da modeli), romelic dakavSirebulia sityvawarmoebiTi 

modelebis kvlevasTan da maT realizaciasTan leqsi- 

1 Н. А. Виноградов. Словообразование и его отношение к грамматике и лексикологии. 

– В сб.: «Вопросы теории и истории языка» М., 1952, gv. 25, 105. 

2 А. И. Смирницкий. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1968, gv. 83. 

3 K. A. Lewkowskaia. Lexikologie der deutshen Gegenwartssprache. Moskau, 1968, gv. 57. 

4 R. S. Ginzburg, S. S. Khidekel, G. Y. Knyazeva, A. A. Sankin. A Course in Modern English 

Lexicology. Moscow, 1979, gv. 89. 

5 И. В. Арнольд. Лексилология современного английского языка. М., 1986, gv. 10. 

6 М. Д. Степанова. Методы синхронного анализа лексики. М., 1968, gv. 54. 

7 b. foCxua. qarTuli enis leqskologia. Tb., 1974, gv. 11. 

35

kur erTeulSi. enas, romelsac gaaCnia mdidari sityvawarmoebiTi sistema, 

sityvawarmoeba warmoadgens aucilebel pirobas misi funqcionirebisaTvis. 

miTumetes, inglisuri enisaTvis sityvawarmoebiTi saSualebebi 

ufro mravalricxovania da mniSvnelovani, vidre morfologiuri 

saSualebebi. inglisur enaSi metyvelebis nawilebs, rogorc wesi, 

ar gaaCniaT morfologiuri ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tvisebebi da xSirad 

metyvelebis nawilebis markerebad gamodian sityvawarmoebiTi saSualebebi. 

sityvawarmoebis mniSvneloba ar Semoifargleba mxolod enis 

leqsikuri Semadgenlobis SevsebiT. Tanamedrove ganviTarebul enebSi 

sityvawarmoeba TviT warmoadgens enis funqcionirebis formas. 

maSasadame, sityvawarmoebis specifika, misi statusis avtonomiuroba 

aixsneba imiT, rom yvela lingvisturi qvesistemidan mas specialurad 

evaleba nominaciis gansakuTrebuli erTeulebis _ nawarmoebi 

sityvebis formireba da normaluri funqcionireba. eWvs ar iwvevs is 

faqtori, rom sityvawarmoebis mravali problemis wamoyeneba da gadaWra 

mniSvnelovania mocemul sferoSi muSaobis ara mxolod Teoriisa 

da praqtikisaTvis, aramed zogadi enaTmecnierebis mTeli rigi sakiTxebis 

gadasawyvetad. cnobilia, rom sityvawarmoebis Seswavlis 

tradicias gaaCnia Rrma fesvebi. aRsaniSnavia is, rom Tanamedrove 

etapze lingvistebma Seitanes TavianTi wvlili sityvawarmoebis Teoriis 

ganviTarebis sakiTxSi. 

36

MANANA SHELIA 

SYSTEM OF PRESENT-DAY ENGLISH WORD-FORMATION AND 

ITS POSITION IN LINGUISTICS 

As it is known the vocabulary of language is constantly enriched by 

word-formation. It is one of the branches of language studying science and the 

system of derivative types of words and patterns on which the English language 

builds new words. Word-formation inquires separate structures and models 

in historical development and modern condition, different types and productivity 

of linguistic units. The given article is devoted to a question of system of 

modern English word-formation and its positions in linguistics. It’s known that 

word-formation can deal only with words which are analyzable both structurally 

and semantically, i.e. with all types of complexes. Word of language is a 

complex phenomenon and the principal and basic unit of the language system, 

the largest on the morphologic and the smallest on the syntactic plan of linguistic 

analysis. It has been universally acknowledged that a great many words have 

a composite nature. Derived words numerically constitute the largest class 

of words in the existing word-stock. Of interest is the classification of wordformation 

means many scholars follow. About twenty-five years word-formation 

has been formed as an independent discipline and is always a subject of 

constant interest among linguists and inquires problems of morphology, syntax, 

lexicology, sociolinguistics and linguistics of the text. 

37



t. I, 2007 

38 

irina yruaSvili 

sityvawarmoebis leqsikologiuri 

problemebi 

sityvawarmoebis procesSi axali enobrivi erTeulebi warmoiqmneba, 

romelTa YTvisebebi da arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebi leqsikologiuri 

kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens. sityvawarmoebisadmi leqsikologiuri 

midgoma savsebiT kanonzomieria da imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom sityvawarmoeba 

aTwleulebis manZilze leqsikologiis SemadgenlobaSi 

ganixileboda. aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi gamarTlebulia TviT sityvawarmoebis 

bunebiT: igi ikvlevs leqsikur erTeulebs, amdenad, ar Sei- 

Zleba misi uSualo kavSiris uaryofa leqsikur semantikasTan. 

sityvawarmoebis problemebi mudmivad ipyrobs mkvlevarTa yurad- 

Rebas. eWvs aRar iwvevs, rom maRalganviTarebul enebSi SemoWrili 

mZlavri nakadi axali sityvebisa aRweras da sistematizacias moiTxovs, 

rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs enaSi arsebuli modelebis gadasinjvas, 

sityvawarmoebiTi saSualebebis Sefasebas motivirebis, produqtiulobis 

da aqtivobis xarisxis mixedviT, leqsikasTan maTi mimarTebebis 

eqsplicirebas da a.S. 1 warmodgenil statiaSi Cven yurad- 

Rebas SevaCerebT ramdenime aspeqtze, romlebic naTlad metyveleben 

sityvawarmoebis leqsikologiur problemebze. 

1. sityvawarmoebiTi elementebisa da modelebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli 

xdeba leqsikur-semantikuri klasebis dadgena, romelTac 

esa Tu is sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqcia miekuTvneba. swored am kuTxiT 

sityvawarmoeba mWidrod ukavSirdeba leqsikur-semantikur mimar- 

Tebebs enis leqsikur maragSi. magaliTad, arsebiTi saxelebi, romlebic 

zmnur bazisze -ung sufiqsis darTviT arian warmoqmnili, SeiZleba 

Semdeg leqsikur-semantikur jgufebSi gavaerTianoT: 

a) moqmedebis aRmniSvneli saxelebi: Behandlung, Auszeichnung, 

Ausarbeitung, Bekanntmachung, Bemerkung, Fälschung, Ermutigung, 

Beschäftigung da a.S. 

1 i. yruaSvili. sityvawarmoeba rogorc TviTmyofi enaTmecnieruli disciplina 

da misi Seswavlis mecnieruli done Tanamedrove germanistika- 

Si. _ kavkasiis macne, #10, 2004, gv. 160.

) procesis aRmniSvneli saxelebi: Landung, Entsehung, Herausblidung, 

Entfremdung, Schwankung, Bewerbung da a.S. 

g) Sedegis aRmniSvneli saxelebi: Schwächung, Stärkung, Entblößung, 

Übersetzung, Verstimmung da a.S. 

d) saganTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi: Sammlung, Ansiedlung, Lenkung, 

Kupplung, Erfrischung, Bestätigung, Erfindung da a.S. 

e) krebiTi saxelebi: Bekleidung, Dielung, Bevölkerung, Bezifferung, 

Täfelung, Schaltung, Bebilderung, Bestuhlung da a.S. 

v) pirovnebaTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi: Bedienung, Vertretung, Begleitung, 

Führung, Leitung, Regierung, Vereinigung da a.S. 1 

amgvari semantikur-sityvawarmoebiTi jgufebis gamoyofis Teoriuli 

safuZveli mocemulia l. vaisgerberis SromebSi 2 . igi gamoyofs sityvaTa 

niSebs (Wortnischen) erTi da igive metyvelebis nawilis sityvawarmoebiT 

modelebSi, Semdeg ki am niSebs aerTianebs sityvaTa blokebad 

(Wortstände). sityvaTa niSa aris formalurad msgavsi struqturis mqone 

da semantikurad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli derivatebis jgufis aRniSvna. 

sityvaTa niSebis farglebi ZiriTadad derivatebiT SemoisazRvreba da 

isini ganixileba, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli 

jgufebi. calkeuli niSis farglebSi arsebobs qvejgufebi, romlebic 

maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli konkretuli niSnis gamoxatvasTan erTad 

saerTo Sinaarsis gamoxatvasac emsaxurebian. derivaciuli tipebis amgvari 

sistemuri dalageba niSebad formalur mxarezea orientirebuli, ramdenadac 

amosavals formaluri jgufebi warmoadgens, Tumca saboloo 

mizani Sinaarsze orientirebuli analizia 3 . 

2. sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciisaTvis, rogorc erTiani nominaciuri 

erTeulisaTvis da amavdroulad sintaqsuri Sesityvebis paraleluri 

konstruqciisaTvis, damaxasiaTebelia sinonimuri mimarTebebis 

ganviTareba. am movlenas safuZvlad udevs sinonimiis cneba, romelic 

Tavis TavSi moicavs gansxvavebebs sinonimebs Soris sxvadasxva 

doneze. es Seexeba aseve sityvawarmoebiTi sinonimebis mniSvnelobebis, 

stilistikuri Seferilobebisa da distribuciuli Taviseburebebis 

gansxvavebebs. mag.: Rauchender – Raucher, Trinkender – Trinker, Lesender – 

Leser, Suchender – Sucher da a.S. 

1 W. Fleischer, I. Barz. Wortbildung der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. 2. durchges. und erg. 

Aufl. Max Niemeyer Verlag. Tübingen. 1995, gv. 174. 

2 L. Weisgerber. Vierstufige Wortbildungslehre. Muttersprache 1964; L. Weisgerber. 

Grundzüge der inhaltbezogenen Grammatik. Pädagogischer Verlag Schwann. Düsseldorf. 

1971. 

3 L. Weisgerber. Grundzüge der inhaltbezogenen Grammatik.., gv. 216. 

39

sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqcia SeiZleba warmoadgendes Sesityvebis 

an simpleqsis sinonims, antonims an hiperonims. am kuTxiT maT ga- 

Suqebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs sityvaTa maragis semantikuri danawevrebisaTvis 

da teqstebSi semantikuri mimarTebebis dadgenisaTvis. sinonimebia, 

magaliTad, dehnbar – kann gedehnt werden; bewohnbar - kann 

bewohnt werden; Lederbekleidung - Bekleidung aus Leder. TviT sityvawarmoebiTi 

konstruqciebi SeiZleba erTmaneTis sinonimuri iyos, mag., determinatiuli 

kompoziti `Fernsehgerät~ da derivati `Fernseher~. ase- 

Tive SemTxvevas warmoadgens `Fernsprechapparat~ da `Fernsprecher~. kompoziti 

SeiZleba Semoklebuli sityvis sinonimi iyos, ase mag., 

`Lastkraftwagen~ da `LKW~, `Personenwagen~ da `PKW~, `Schallplatte~ da 

`Platte~. 

3. zogjer sityvawarmoebiT morfemebs SeiZleba igive funqcia 

hqondeT, rac Tavisufal morfemebs an leqsemebs. amis naTel magaliTs 

warmoadgens zemoT naxsenebi – er, erTi mxriv, da – gerät, -apparat, meore 

mxriv. prefiqsebi stock- (stockdunkel, stockheiser), super- (superschlau, 

superelegant), hyper- (hypermodern, hypersensibel), erz- (erzfaul, erzreaktionär), 

hoch- (hochmodern, hochfein) gamoiyeneba gaZlierebis gamosaxatavad. 

Sesabamisad, isini konkurencias uweven gramatikul saSualebebs 

(mag., heiserer, fauler, modernste) an gaZlierebis gamomxatvel zmnizedebs: 

sehr, meist, außerordentlich. 1 

rogorc wesi, sityvawarmoebiT sinonimebs erTi da igive fuZiseuli 

morfema aqvT, rac ganapirobebs maT nawilobriv formalur msgavsebas. 

maT formalur struqturaTa Soris gansxvavebebs gansazRvravs 

Semdegi faqtorebi: 

a) gansxvavebuli afiqsebi, mag., Wirk-ung/Wirk-sam-keit, aus-klingen/ver-klingen; 

b) gansxvavebuli fuZeebi, mag., Erd-satellit/Erd-trabant; 

g) ramodenime fuZis sxvadasxva kombinacia, mag., Tanker-riese/Riesen-tanker. 

metad gavrcelebul movlenas warmoadgens sityvawarmoebiTi sinonimebis 

warmoqmna sinonimuri afiqsebis meSveobiT, romlebic erTsa 

da imave fuZes ukavSirdebian. afiqsis semantikis ganzogadebis xarisxi 

imdenad maRalia, rom erTi da igive fuZe, romelic ukavSirdeba sxvadasxva 

mniSvnelobaTa speqtris, magram erTnairi semantikuri niSnebis 

Tundac nawilobrivad mqone afiqsebs, swored am msgavsi niSan-Tvisebebis 

aqtualizebas axdens. mag., fehler-los/fehler-frei, Wend-ung/Wend-e, 

1 Th. Schippan. Lexikologie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Max Niemeyer Verlag. Tübingen, 

1992, gv. 111. 

40

auf-blitzen/er-blitzen da a.S. Tumca sinonimuri sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebisaTvis 

aucilebelia sul mcire erTi erTnairi fuZiseuli 

morfemis arseboba. aman zogjer SeiZleba mkafio, STambeWdav magali- 

Tebamde migviyvanos, rogoricaa zahl-los/zahl-reich, un-zahl/Viel-zahl. 

sinonimuri afiqsebi ar wamoqmnian sityvawarmoebiT sinonimebs gansxvavebul 

fuZiseul morfemebTan mierTebisas, mag., be- da ver- ornatiuli 

mniSvnelobis mqone (`raimeTi aRWurvilobis~ gamomxatveli) 

prefiqsebi zmnebSi be-bildern da ver-minen. 

sinonimiis gansakuTrebul saxeobas warmoadgens germanuli da 

ucxouri, anu nasesxebi afiqsebis paraleluri gamoyeneba, romlebic 

uerTdebian nasesxeb fuZes. mag., in-akzeptabel/un-akzeptabel, Ko-produzent/Mit-produzent 

da a.S. nasesxeb fuZes upiratesad germanuli da 

aseve nasesxebi sufiqsebi daerTvis, xolo germanuli fuZis SemTxveva- 

Si erTmaneTs konkurencias uwevs germanuli da nasesxebi prefiqsebi. 

mag., Extra-vorstellung/Sonder-vorstellung, super-klug/über-klug. es dakavSirebulia 

sufiqsisa da prefiqsis funqciebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebasTan 

1 . derivaciuli sufiqsi sityvas kategorialurad garkveul 

klasSi miuCens adgils. amasTan derivaciuli sufiqsis darTviT ama 

Tu im bazisze yovelTvis ar vRebulobT sxva metyvelebis nawils, 

mag., blau - bläulich. prefiqsTan ki saqme sxvagvaradaa. prefiqss ara 

aqvs sintaqsuri transpoziciis funqcia. prefiqsi mza sityvis win 

dgas da ver cvlis mas rogorc metyvelebis nawils: les- morfemis 

win, romelic rogorc sityva am formiT ar arsebobs, ar SeiZleba 

idges prefiqsi, magram mza konstruqciis win is SeiZleba Segvxvdes: 

un-lesbar. ramdenadac prefiqss ara aqvs sityvis ama Tu im metyvelebis 

nawilisadmi mikuTvnebis funqcia, nasesxeb fuZesTan germanuli prefiqsis 

mierTeba metad `gaucxoebulad~ gamoiyureba, maTi erTianobis 

xarisxi arc Tu ise maRalia. 

Tanamedrove enaSi germanuli da ucxouri sufiqsebis Tanaarseboba 

paraleluri semantikuri jgufebis warmoSobamde midis. Sdr., magaliTad, 

zedsarTauli sufiqsebi – abel/-ibel da – bar (disponibel – verfügbar), 

-in da –en (kristallin/kristallen). aRniSnuli paralelizmi garkveulwilad 

konkurenciasa da sinonimias iwvevs, Tumca germanuli da ucxouri 

sufiqsebis semantika, Cveulebriv, mTlianad ar faravs erTmaneTs. 

maT mxolod nawilobriv aqvT Sexebis wertilebi. sayuradReboa 

is faqti, rom germanuli sufiqsi bazisuri ucxouri sityvis Zlier 

integracias iwvevs, xolo ucxouri sufiqsi germanuli bazisuri si- 

1 М. Д. Степанова, В. Фляйшер. Теоретические основы словообразования в немецком 

языке. М., 1984, gv. 78. 

41

tyvis `gaucxourebas~ uwyobs xels. 

rac Seexeba antonimias, igi arsebobs sityvawarmoebiT saSualebebs 

Soris, kerZod, sapirispiro mniSvnelobis mqone prefiqsebs Soris 

an uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis mqone prefiqsebs Soris Zireul sityvasTan 

mimarTebaSi, mag., ein- da aus- (eingießen/ausgießen), hinein- da hinaus- (hineinbringen/hinausbringen), 

hin- da her- (hinkommen/herkommen), zu- da ab- 

(zunehmen/abnehmen), un- (Abhängigkeit/ Unabhängigkeit, anständig/unanständig, 

selbständig/unselbständig), miß- (glücken/ mißglücken, Erfolg/Mißerfolg). 

igive iTqmis sufiqsebsa da sufiqsoidebze, mag., - leer da -voll (ausdrucksleer/ausdrucksvoll), 

-haft da - los (fehlerhaft/fehlerlos), -voll da -frei 

(schmerzvoll/schmerzfrei). 

rogorc vxedavT, sityvawarmoebis farglebSi uamravi leqsikologiuri 

problema iCens Tavs. sityvawarmoeba uSualo kavSirSia leqsikologiasTan, 

radgan ikvlevs leqsikur erTeulebs. igi aRwers da 

adgens modelebs, romelTa mixedviTac xdeba sityvebis rekonstruireba, 

internuli struqturireba da axali sityvebis Seqmna. sityvawarmoebiTi 

saSualebebis gamoyenebiT dgindeba leqsikur-semantikuri klasebi, 

sityvawarmoebiT sinonimebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi da antonimuri 

sityvawarmoebiTi konstruqciebis maxasiaTeblebi. 

42

IRINA KRUASHVILI 

LEXICOLOGICAL PROBLEMS 

OF WORD-FORMATION 

Being an independent sphere of the language, word-formation is tightly 

connected with other linguistic disciplines, namely, with lexicology. In the process 

of word-formation there are created new lexical elements, the features and 

characteristics of which represent the subject of lexicological study. The issue 

of lexical-semantic category, represented in various word-formative structures, 

was posed already in the classical linguistics. In the present article on the material 

of the German language there are discussed word-formative structures with 

a generalized semantic character. The theoretical basis to mark out semantic 

and word-formative categories is given in L. Weisgerber’s works. He distinguishes 

word niches in the word-formative models of a same part of speech, and 

then unites these niches in the blocks of words. Development of synonymic relationships 

is very important for a word-formative construction. This event is 

based on the notion of synonymy, which embraces differences between the 

synonyms on various levels. For word-formative construction it is also characteristic 

to develop antonymic relationships. The corresponding examples are given 

in the article. 

43



t. I, 2007 

44 

ciuri suqniZe 

sociolingvisturi faqtori ucxouri enis 

sociokulturuli masalis 

optimizaciisas 

Tanamedrove etapze sociokulturuli masalis swavlas, internacionaluri 

komunikaciis Sesabamisad, ucxouri enebis swavlebis 

programisaTvis wamyvani funqcia ekisreba. qveyanaTmcodneobis (Sesaswavli 

enis qveynis kultura) saswavlo programa ufro metad reagirebs 

saerTo politikur da pedagogiur cvlilebebze, vidre ucxouri 

enebis swavlebis sxva nawilTa programebi. im cvlilebebisagan damoukideblad, 

romlebic droiTaa ganpirobebuli, qveyanaTmcodneoba maSinac 

iZens mniSvnelobas, rodesac ucxouri enis swavleba mimdinareobs 

kanonmdeblobis krizisisa da reformis fazebSi, TviT dRevandeli 

globalizaciis pirobebSic ki. ucxouri enebis swavlebaSi igulisxmeba 

sociokulturuli masalis codna, ucxouri enisa da literaturis 

floba, rasac Tavisi specifikuri wvlili Seaqvs ucxos gagebaSi. 

enaTmecnierebaSi didi xania damtkicda, rom bunebrivi ena ara mxolod 

faqtebis Setyobinebaa, aramed aris am faqtebTan adamianis damokidebulebis 

gamoxatvis saSualebac. eniT adamiani gamoxatavs ara marto 

raimes, enis saSualebiT gamoxatavs agreTve Tavis Tavsac 1 . enaTmecnierTa 

umravlesoba, vilhelm fon humboldtidan moyolebuli, TavianT kvlevebSi 

Rrmad aanalizeben da saTanado daskvnebsac akeTeben, rom yoveli 

ena eris istoriuli gamocdilebis uzarmazari rezervuaria da, rom sityvebi 

maTsave kulturis cnebebTan urTierTdamokidebulebaSia. 

razedac ar unda iyos saubari, yovelTvis SeiZleba misi dakav- 

Sireba adamianTan, kerZod, misi inteleqtualuri da zneobrivi organizaciis 

mTlianobasTan. enaTmecnierebi ikvleven ra gansxvavebul 

enebs, amave dros ikvleven im xalxTa istorias, anTropologias da 

eTnofsiqologias. enaTa sxvaoba aris ara sxvaoba bgeriTi formebisa 

da niSnebisa, aramed msoflxedvisa. aRsaniSnavia, rom arafers ise ar 

1 В. Гумбольдт. О различии строения человеческих языков и его влияние на духовное 

развитие человечества.– wgn.: В. Гумбольдт. Избранные труды по языкознанию. М., 

1984, gv. 46.

SeuZlia adamianis da xalxTa saidumlos axsna, rogorc maT enebs 1 . 

SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis amocanaSi igulisxmeba misi warmoSobisa, 

siRrmisa da moqmedebis sivrcis kvleva. anu enis warmoSobis ara garegani 

faqtori, aramed Sinagani genezisi, raSic ar igulisxmeba adamianis 

marto enobrivi unari, “enis forma, SeiZleba ewodos yvelafer 

imas, raSic ama Tu im enis mTlianobiTi xasiaTi Cans, igi SesaZlebelia 

garedanac Candes. mag.: gramatikuli formebis saxiT... Cven saqme 

gvaqvs enis gareformasTan, bgeriT formebTan”. 2 enis Sinaformac gareT 

gamovlenili araa, bgeriTi Sedgenilobis araa, magram TviTon 

udevs safuZvlad aseT gareT mocul formebs, TviTon gansazRvravs 

maT. “grZnobad STabeWdilebaTa da gonis TviTmoqmed moZraobaTa er- 

Toblioba, romelic win uswrebs enis daxmarebiT cnebis Sedgenas, 

enis inteleqtualur nawilad unda CaiTvalos”. 3 

v. humboldtma moaxerxa ganesazRvra, Tu rogor myardeba wonasworoba 

enasa da azrovnebas Soris. man gamoimuSava meTodi, romlis 

meSveobiTac SeiZleba enisa da azrovnebis miaxloveba Tavdapirvel er- 

TianobasTan da agreTve kulturis fenomenTa erTianobasTan, romli- 

Tac imTaviTve safuZveli daedo enaTmecnierebisa da kulturis erTianobas. 

misi varaudiT, enebi SeiZleboda warmoSobiliyvnen erTbaSad. 

enis agebulebis sirTulem SeiZleba migviyvanos im azramde, rom igi 

meoredi xasiaTis siZnelea, anu Sedegia martiv struqturaTa Tanda- 

TanobiTi garTulebisa droTa ganmavlobaSi, an aris produqti maTi 

Semqmnelebis azrovnebis udidesi Zalisxmevisa. 

v. humboldti uaryofs orive varauds. misi azriT, enebi SeiZleboda 

warmoSobiliyvnen erTbaSad. erTi sityvis saTqmeladac ki, masSi 

Cadebulia mTeli ena, misi yovelgvari kavSirebiT. igi enis Sinagan 

formebs inteleqtualur instiqts (intellektueller Instikt-s) uwodebda 4 . 

azrovneba yovelTvis damokidebulia enaze, sxvagvarad azri ver gamoiTqmeba, 

ena azris warmoSobis organoa, ufro konkretulad: “sityva, 

romelsac marto SeuZlia cneba gaxados damoukidebeli erTeuli azrovnebis 

sferoSi, mas bevrs Tavisgan umatebs, da idea, romelic garkveulobas 

iZens sityvis meSveobiT, imavdroulad Sedis garkveul sazRvrebSi, 

magram es ar xdeba abstraqtulad, araa “ena zogadad”, ara- 

1 g. ramiSvili. enaTa Sinaarsobrivi sxvaoba enaTmecnierebisa da kulturis 

Teoriis TvalsazrisiT. Tb., 1995, gv. 18. 

2 d. uznaZe. enis Sinaforma. _ saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia. fsiqologiis 

institutis Sromebi. t. IV. Tb., 1960, gv. 167. 

3 d. uznaZe. enis Sinaforma.., gv. 168. 

4 В. Гумбольдт. О различии строения человеческих языков.., gv. 39; g. ramiSvili. humboldti 

da enis filosofiis sakiTxi. _ Tsu Sromebi. t. 93. Tb., 1960, gv. 119. 

45

med realur konkretul enebSi”. 1 

azrovneba zogadad araa enaze damokidebuli, aramed garkveul 

donemde. igi ganpirobebulia TiToeuli calkeuli eniT. Tu sakiTxs 

ise mivudgebiT, rom enaTa gansxvaveba xalxTa cxovrebis SemTxveviTi 

Tanaarsebobaa 2 . magram Tu moviSveliebT v. humboldtis dakvirvebebs 

baskebis Sesaxeb: “ena gaigeba ara zogadad, aramed TiToeuli calcalke. 

yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebulic ki imsaxurebs dawvrilebiT 

Seswavlas. sxvadasxva enebi _ es araa erTi da igive sagnis sxvadasxva 

aRniSvna, aramed sxvadasxva Sexeduleba masze. enaTa sxvadasxvaoba amdidrebs 

Cvens codnas da is rasac Cven aRviqvamT am samyaroSi, erTdroulad 

farTovdeba CvenTvis adamianTa arsebobis diapazonic~. 3 

Tu problemas socialur-filosofiuri aspeqtiT mivudgebiT, ma- 

Sin erovneba arsebiTad igivea, rac “xalxi”, adamianis sulis formis 

iseTi “individualizacia”, romelsac enobrivi statusi aqvs. eri (nacia) 

kacobriobis sulieri formaa, vinaidan kacobriobis dayofa enebad 

emTxveva mis dayofas xalxebad. aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom enebsa 

da xalxs Soris, ufro sworad, xalxTa suls Soris arsebobs aucilebeli 

Tanmimdevruli kavSiri. ena da xalxis sulieri Zala viTardeba 

ara erTmaneTisagan cal-calke, an erTi meoris TanmimdevrobiT, 

aramed rogorc inteleqtualuri unaris ganuyofeli erTi da igive 

moqmedeba. ena im goniTi bunebis faqtoria, romelic adamianis “Teoriuli 

horizontis” gafarToebas uwyobs xels. Sinaarseul-energeistuli 

mimarTuleba Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi, rac adamianis enobrivi 

da inteleqtualuri unaris erTianobaa, gulisxmobs enis Tanamonawileobas 

Semecnebis procesSi _ gardaqmnas sinamdvilis faqti cnobierebis 

obieqtad. enaSi, inteleqtis muSaobisa da bgeriT-motorul 

procesebs garda, ganwyobac aucilebel monawileobas Rebulobs 4 . d. 

uznaZe umatebs, rom enis struqturac marto inteleqtualuri faqtoriT 

ar amoiwureba, rom orsave faqtors win uswrebs mesame, romelsac 

fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs orivesaTvis da romlis mixedviTac, 

yovel konkretul enaze metyvelebas saTanado enobrivi ganwyoba 

udevs safuZvlad 5 . 

dedamiwaze enaTa simravle aris adamianuri gonis nairgvari gamovlineba, 

azrsavse mravalferovneba. “yoveli ena sulieri erTiano- 

1 g. ramiSvili. enaTa Sinaarsobrivi sxvaoba.., gv. 18. 


3 В. Гумбольдт. О различии строения.., gv. 39; g. ramiSvili. enaTa.., gv. 11. 

4 d. uznaZe. enis Sinaforma.., gv. 168. 

5 d. uznaZe. ganwyobis fsiqologia. Tb., 2004, gv. 246. 

46

is ganumeorebeli gzaa, rac enaTa Sinaarsis agebulebaSi Cans”, ena 

iseTi namdvili realobaa, romelic sagnebsa da adamianebs Sorisaa Casmuli. 

enis saSualebiT xdeba “samyaros azrebad gardaqmna”. “igi ar 

aris eqvivalenti sagnisa, aramed aris Tvalsazrisi mis Sesaxeb”. 1 eni- 

Taa ganpirobebuli kacobriobis dayofa xalxebad. Tumca, bunebrivi 

aucileblobac gaaCnia. sxvadasxva enebi erTi da igive sagnis gansxvavebuli 

bgeriTi aRniSvnebi ki ara, maT sxvadasxvagvari xedvaa. sxvadasxva 

enebi ar daiyvaneba marto bgeriT faqtorebamde. esaa samyaros gadaqceva 

azrebad. 

TSIURI SUKNIDZE 

SOCIO-LINGUISTIC FACTOR FOR OPTIMIZATION OF SOCIO- 

CULTURAL MATERIAL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE 

In accordance with the international communication teaching of sociocultural 

material on the modern stage in higher institution has leading function 

for foreign teaching programme. Natural language is not only the fact of communication 

of human relations to these facts. It is connected with the intellectual 

and moral integrity. In W. Von Humboldt’s works the foundation was laid to 

the fact of unity of linguistics and culture. Humboldt managed to define how to 

do the balance between the language and thinking. He worked out the method 

by which the language and thinking can be approached to the initial unity. He 

means the language participation in the process of cognition. 


47



t. I, 2007 

TAMAR JOJUA 

DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE TECHNIQUES 

FOR THE EFFECTIVE FORMATION OF LISTENING SKILLS 

IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING ENGLISH 

The importance of listening in foreign language teaching/learning can 

hardly be overestimated. Through reception, we internalize linguistic information 

without which we could not produce language. We cant develop other basic 

skills of communication (reading, speaking, writing) unless we also develop 

listening skills, to have a successful conversation, students must understand 

what is said to them. The formation of effective skills of listening is considered 

by language teaching specialist as one of the most fundamental and important 

factors in the process of teaching a foreign language 1 . 

Listening is difficult for learners, because they have to decode speech sounds 

quickly, retain them while hearing a word, a sentence and fail to do the 

same in the target language. They are not always as competent as they think. 

The situation usually becomes obvious when the student makes his first contact 

with native speakers in their natural environment. Often the foreign speakers 

feel lost and can’t cope with the speed of delivery of the native speakers or their 

accents 2 . 

N. Dogonadze lists a series of main difficulties in the process of listening. 

They are: 

- sound distinction; 

- word – boundary distinction; 

- word – distinction; 

- comprehension of first level (words, sentences); 

- comprehension of second level (between the lines and cultural background); 

- memorization of what has been heard; 

- speed of the speech, its distinctness; 

- presence of unfamiliar language phenomena; 

- length of the sentences within the text and of the text itself;content 

1 A. Doff. Teach English – A Training Course for Teachers. Cambridge University Press, 1990, 

p. 198-200. 

2 Zukong N. Nicolas. Teaching Listening Comprehension. English Teaching Forum, January 

1988, p. 88-89. 

48

complexity of the listening materials 1 . 

For the effective formation of the listening skills the necessity of making 

available suitable materials should be emphasized. Good classroom activities 

can themselves be effective solutionsto listening problems. While teaching the 

teacher should use such techniques that motivate his/her students to listen with 

keen concentration. It is a pleasure and positive experience to try various exercises, 

tasks and classroom activities, for successful lessons depend on the teacher’s 

knowing and using variety of teaching methods. 

Among the exercises promoting the effective formation of listening 

skills, it’s necessary to mention: 

- exposing students to real-life situations in which native speakers of 

English use the language in a spontaneous, conversational, communicative 

way. The teacher asks students to prepare some appropriate 

questions with which to interview a native speaker or a group of native 

speakers of English, and then bring to class clear answers to the 

question; 

- teaching students to listen by teaching them how to take or leave 

messages, make appointments, and get information via the telephone; 

- False and true statements; 

- Watching movies can be a relatively relaxed way of learning by listening; 

The student learns to improve his/her listening in quite specific ways. 

Successful students mention the importance of repetition. Understanding comes 

gradually, increasing the more he/she listens 2 : 

- Conversations on cassette – tape. Some conversations designed for 

language practice will 

- Also be available in other forms, such as audio-cassette, video-cassette 

and compact disk. 

- Particularly at the early stages of language acquisition such activities 

are useful. Adopting 

- real every day situations using short taped segments at radio or TV 

news and weather; 

- Reports, talk shows. Even cooking programs 3 ; 

- Listening and note- taking. The following technique is useful mainly 

in teaching listening; 

1 N. Dogonadze. Methods of Teaching Languages as the Guidelines of Creating EFL Textbook. 

Tbilisi, 1996, p. 58-66. 

2 H. Douglas Brown. Teaching by Principles – An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. 

San Francisco State University Press, 1990, p. 262-264. 

3 A. Jesus, A. Bastidas. The Cloze Procedure as a Teaching Technique to Improve Reading 

Comprehension. English Teaching Forum, April 1984, p. 91-93. 


49

- comprehension to advanced students of English; 

- choosing the correct answer among the given ones; 

- dictation or self-dictation (writing down what you remembered); 

- listening to the whole text and then in fact retelling it in mother tongue; 

- listening to the recording and trying to recording and trying to reconstruct 

the details; 

- filling in blanks (students are given the transcript of a passage with 

some words missing 

- and must fill in the blanks while listening); 

- matching (students are asked to match items that have the same meaning 

as those they 

- hear); 

- paraphrase (students are asked to focus on certain sentences and paraphrase 

them); 

- problem-solving (students hear all the information relevant to a particular 

problem and then set themselves to solve it); 

- Finding main ideas and supporting details. (Listen to a short conversation 

between two 

- Friends. On your answer sheet are scenes from television programs. 

Find and write the name of the program and the channel. Decide 

which speakers watched which program); 

- Listening to some instructions and fulfilling them after you finished 

listening 1 . 

The above list presents only some types of exercises that can be used for 

listening. The tasks we ask our students for performance must be sufficiently 

realistic and motivating for them to see a useful purpose for study. Listening 

techniques must be interesting in order to simulate learners in acquitting better 

skills. 

Teachers must find out all they can about how listening can be improved 

and what activities are useful to this end and then use this knowledge and these 

techniques in the own classrooms. 

1 F. Jagang. Listening: Problems and Solution. English Teaching Forum, January, 1993, p. 

194-195. 

50

Tamar jojua 

audirebis efeqturi unar-Cvevebis maformirebeli 

komunikaciur savarjiSoTa tipebi inglisuri 

enis swavlebis procesSi 

audirebis roli ucxouri enis swavlebis procesSi eWvgareSea. 

audireba, rogorc sametyvelo aqtivoba, metyvelebis aucilebeli pirobaa. 

SeuZlebelia sametyvelo aqtivobis sxva ZiriTadi saxeebis 

srulyofili ganviTareba manam, sanam ar moxdeba mosmenis unar-CvevaTa 

formirebaze efeqturi muSaoba. winamdebare naSromSi ganxilulia inglisuri 

enis swavlebis procesSi audirebis, rogorc sametyvelo aqtivobis 

erT-erTi yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani komponentis maformirebeli 

komunikaciur savarjiSoTa zogierTi saxe, romelic xels Seuwyobs 

am unar-CvevaTa efeqturobasa da srulyofas. am tipis savarjiSoebs 

ganekuTvneba: 

- studentebis CarTva realuri, cxovrebiseuli situaciebis 

msgavs aqtivobaSi, sadac isini gamodian sxvadasxva rolebSi, 

erTmaneTs usvamen SekiTxvebs, pasuxoben da axdenen Semdgom- 

Si am pasuxebis reproducirebas; 

- telefoniT, radioTi da televiziiT miRebuli informaciis 

aRqmis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba; 

- gamonaTqvamebis, moTxrobis variantebis mosmena da gansxvavebis 

dadgena; 

- mosmenili masalis mokle Canawerebis gakeTeba; 

- mocemuli ramdenime pasuxidan swori pasuxis SerCeva gamomdinare 

mosmenili teqstidan; 

- mosmenilis gagrZeleba; 

- mosmenili teqstis moyola da darRveuli logikuri Tanamimdevrobis 

aRdgena; 

- mosmenilis ZiriTadi azris gageba; 

- mosmenilis perifrazi; 

- ramdenime davalebis mosmena da Semdgom am davalebaTa Sesruleba; 

- filmebis, satelevizio Sokebis, sportuli Sejibrebebis komentirebis 

gageba; 

- mosmenilis irgvliv diskusiis warmoeba da sxva. 

51



t. I, 2007 

leda qobalia 

substantiuri sityvaTSeerTebis da drois 

kategoriis teqstwarmoqmnis funqcia 

teqstis gramatikis debuleba da metyvelebis kompoziciuri formebis 

tipologia sagazeTo publicistikis teqstis temporaluri 

struqturis kvlevis amosavali punqtia. teqstis struqturuli da 

Sinaarsobrivi organizaciis kvlevam sxva problemebs Soris teqstis 

temporaluri organizaciis problemis sakiTxic dasva. drois kategoriis 

teqstwarmoqmnis funqciis debuleba zogadi formiT aRiniSneboda 

jer kidev teqstis lingvistikis Sesaxeb pirvelive naSromSi 1 da 

temporaluri mTlianobis niSani miewereboda rogorc teqsts am sityvis 

viwro gagebiT _ zefrazul erTianobas, aseve teqsts _ erTian 

metyvelebis nawarmoebs. teqstSi gamoyenebuli calkeuli drois garda, 

erTian teqsts gaaCnia Tavisi `dro~. Tu teqsts ar gaaCnia gansazRvruli 

dro, maSin es niSnavs, rom masSi saubaria iseT zogad 

`zedroul~ problemebze, rogoricaa bunebis kanonebi an maradiuli 

religiuri WeSmaritebani. am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTad dros warmoadgens 

yvelaze neitraluri (aramarkirebuli) dro neitralur kilosTan da 

aspeqtTan (Tu es ukanaskneli gaaCnia enas) SeTavsebiT. aseTs evropul 

enebSi warmoadgens Präsens Indikativ. 

Tanamedrove germanul enaSi metyvelebis calkeuli funqciur-azrobrivi 

tipebis temporaluri gaformebis TaviseburebebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli 

mniSvneloba aqvs harald vainrixis naSromebs. Tavis wign- 

Si `Tempus. Besprochene und erzählte Welt~ h. vainrixi mijnavs germanul 

enaSi drois gamoyenebis or qvesistemas, ukavSirebs ra maT `gansaxilvel 

samyarosa~ da `mosaTxrob samyaroze~ Tavis koncefcias 2 . enaTmecnierebis 

Seswavlis sagans, h. vainrixis azriT, warmoadgens drois ori 

ganzomileba: paradigmuli _ dro temporalobis sistemaSi da sintagmaturi 

_ dro sxva momijnave drosTan erTad konteqstSi 3 . 

yovel sagazeTo JanrSi aris Tavisi drois dominanta, romelTa- 

1 А. И. Белич. К вопросу о распределении грамматического материала по главным грамматическим 

дисциплинам. – Вестник МГУ. №4. М., 1947, gv. 22. 

2 H. Weinrich. Tempus. Besprochene und erzählte Welt. 2. Aufl. Stuttgart, 1974, gv. 36-45. 

3 H. Weinrich. Tempus. Besprochene und erzählte Welt.., gv. 36-45. 

52

nac urTierTqmedebs sxva drois formebi Janris xasiaTis Sesabamisad. 

Sesabamisi Janris temporaluri struqtura ganpirobebulia misTvis 

Cveuli funqciur-azrobrivi metyvelebis tipebisa da Sesabamisi teqstebis 

temporaluri modelebis urTierTqmedebiT. temporaluri maxasiaTeblebi 

warmoadgens erT-erT umniSvnelovanes teqstwarmoqmnis 

faqtors da agreTve teqstebis tipologiis maCvenebels. eWvgareSea 

drois formebis arCevis damokidebuleba metyvelebis viTarebaze. igi 

mtkicdeba sagazeTo publicistikaSi teqstebis kompoziciuri da temporaluri 

struqturebis ganxilviT. sxvadasxva Janris sagazeTo teqstebis 

temporaluri struqturis sxvaoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba ama 

Tu im JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebel metyvelebis funqciur-azrobriv tipebs 

da maT urTierTqmedebas. 

sagazeTo publicistikis teqstis struqturis kvlevisas aucilebelia 

sityvaTSeerTebis sistemis sxvadasxva erTeulebis, maT Soris, 

substantiuri sityvaTSeerTebis funqcionirebis gaTvaliswineba. 

sityvaTSeerTeba teqstSi asrulebs sxvadasxvagvar funqciebs. warmoebuli 

sityva, SemdgomSi erTeuli, gamoyofili gansazRvruli leqsikuri 

mniSvnelobiT, amavdroulad warmoadgens derivaciuli mniSvnelobis 

mqone struqturas, axorcielebs teqstur kavSirs sityvebs 

Soris leqsikuri semantikis kuTxiT, erTis mxriv, da ufro ganzogadebuli 

mniSvnelobis kuTxiT, meores mxriv, amasTan aqtualizirdeba 

warmoebulebs Soris sxvadasxva saxis kavSiri. amgvarad, sityvaTSeer- 

Teba asrulebs teqstis gamoyofis, graduirebis da eqspresiulobis 

funqcias. 

sityvaTSeerTeba warmoadgens teqstis eqspresiulobis, misi 

calkeuli fragmentebis aqtualizaciis, horizontaluri urTierTobis 

doneze niSnis motivirebis faqtoris gaZlierebis saSualebas. 

teqsturi sityvaTSeerTebis aqtiuroba damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove 

germanikuli enebis sxvadasxva sferosTvis. igi, garkveulwilad, ni- 

Sandoblivia mxatvruli, gazeTisa da salaparako enisaTvis. realur 

komunikaciaSi sityvaTSeerTebis sistema ar urTierTqmedebs uSualod 

teqstTan, igi ufro zemoqmedebs cnobierebaze, romelic axdens teqstis 

interpretirebas an producirebas. enobrivi masalis kvlevisas 

aRiniSneba Semdegi kanonzomierebebi: sityvaTSeerTebis warmoSoba an 

gamoCenac ki xdeba zmnuri formebis Sekvecis Sedegad 1 . germanul ena- 

Si substantiuri sityvaTSeerTeba atarebs ufro sistemur xasiaTs 

germanikuli jgufis danarCen enebTan SedarebiT, ufro metic, subs- 

1 Е. А. Земская, Е. С. Кубрякова. Проблема словообразования на современном этапе. – 

Вопросы языкознания, №6, 1978, gv. 71. 

53

tantiuri sityvaTSeerTebis mometebul sixSires teqstSi, kerZod, 

publicistur teqstSi, masTan SeTanxmebuli drois formebi ukana 

planze gadaaqvs, xdeba maTi Sekveca da mocemuli teqsti xdeba ufro 

graduirebuli da eqspresiuli. sityvaTSeerTebis SedarebiT dabali 

sixSirisas teqsts graduirebulsa da eqspresiuls xdis ukve drois 

formebi, an drois formebis mkveTri cvlileba, riTac iqmneba metyvelebis 

situaciis polifoniuri suraTi. substantiuri sityvaTSeer- 

Tebebis da drois formebis aseTi urTierTqmedebis ganxilvisas metyvelebis 

iseTi funqciur-azrobrivi tipebis fonze, rogoricaa msjeloba, 

Txroba da aRwera Sesabamisi saxesxvaobebiT, SegviZlia darwmunebiT 

vTqvaT, rom substantiuri sityvaTSeerTebebis mometebuli six- 

Sire winaswar gansazRvravs metyvelebis iseT funqciur-azrobriv 

tips, rogoricaa aRwera, radgan temporalobis kuTxiT aRwera xdeba 

prezensSi da masTan kontaqtirebad perfeqtSi, rasac TvalsaCinod 

gviCvenebs nawyveti gazeTis `Berliner Morgenpost~ teqstidan: 

magaliTi gazeT „Berliner Morgenpost“-is (13.08.2000w.) mkiTxvelis 

werilidan: 

„Guten Morgen“: „Zum Beispiel ich: Schnell vorm Ladenschluss geparkt, 

schnell noch lebenswichtige Vitamine gekauft, anschliessend zum Wagen 

gelaufen, vergessene Habseligkeiten rausgeholt. Und nicht abgeschlossen, 

über Nacht! „Papperlapapp“. Na schön, nur soll dann auch griffbereit die Disigner-Sonnenbrille 

auf dem Beifahrersitz liegen, nebenbei noch 50 seltene 

CDs auf dem Rücksitz. Super! Und nix passiert.“ 

magaliTi gazeT „Berliner Morgenpost“-is (22.03.2000w.) komentaridan: 

„Lampenfieber in den unendlichen Weiten des Alls“: „Die mir noch 

nicht abgestürzt, schon gibt es einen neuen Star im intergalaktischen Raum: das 

Raumschiff-Kabarett Lampenfieber, eine Kreuzung aus USS-Enterprise und 

Traumschiff. „Dritte Milchstrasse links“ heisst deren jüngste Produktion. 

Diesmal begibt sich die vierköpfige Truppe auf gefährliche Mission in die unendlichen 

Weiten des Weltalls“. 

magaliTi gazeT „Berliner Morgenpost“-is (2.05.2000w.) recenziidan: 

„Auf dem Grat zwischen Coolness und Kommerz“: „Der von Rafael 

Horzons „Wissenschaftsakademie Berlin“ angekündigte Friebe – Vortrag über 

aktuelle Anzeigentrends ist also mit Gewissheit als investigative Satire zu erwarten. 

Schliesslich zeichnet sich die veranstaltende Institution durch bunt gemixte 

Kurz-Seminare wie „Schabrackentapir – Säuger des Dschungels“, 

„Sprengstoffe und Sprengverfahren“ und „Hüftgelenkoperation in Indien“ aus“. 

mocemuli teqstebisTvis ZiriTad da metnaklebad damaxasiaTebel 

metyvelebis funqciur-azrobriv tipad unda vaRiaroT aRwera. aRwerisas 

pirveli winadadeba warmoadgens ganmazogadebels, romelsac Se- 

54

moyavs danarCeni. Semdegi winadadebebi axorcieleben, xsnian pirvels. 

isini aranairad ar arian damokidebuli erTmaneTze. TiToeuli maTgani 

SeiZleba mTliani teqstisTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe iqnas gamotovebuli, 

Secvlili, Semcirebuli an axali detalebis xarjze gafarToebuli. 

Tuki msjelobaSi aSkaraa teqstis xazovaneba (msjelobis jaWvuri, 

Tanmimdevruli xasiaTi), aRweraSi am SemTxvevaSi sWarbobs paralelizmi, 

calkeuli elementebis Tanadaqvemdebareba. aRwera mimdinareobs, 

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Präsens da masTan kontaqtirebad Perfekt 

formaSi. ufro metic, Perfekt SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos arasruli 

formiT, rogorc zmnuri formis Sekvecis Sedegi. 

cxrilis formiT warmovadgenT aRniSnuli teqstebis kompoziciur 

da temporalur struqturebs: 

mkiTxvelis werili („Guten Morgen“) gazeTidan „Berliner Morgenpost“ 

(13.08.2000w.) 

metyvelebis funqciurazrobrivi 

tipi 

winadadebebis raodenoba 

zmnuri formebis 

raodenoba 

sityvaTSeerTebebis 

raodenoba 

aRwera 4 7 6 

drois formebis gamoyeneba 

Perfekt _ 6 

Präsens _ 1 

recenzia („Auf dem Grat zwischen Coolness und Kommerz“) gazeTidan 

„Berliner Morgenpost“ (2.05.2000w.) 


tipi 



raodenoba 


raodenoba 

aRwera 2 2 6 


Perfekt _ 1 

Präsens _ 1 

55

komentari („Lampenfieber in den unendlichen Weiten des Alls“) gazeTidan 

„Berliner Morgenpost“ (22.03.2000w.) 


tipi 



raodenoba 


raodenoba 

aRwera 3 4 5 


Perfekt _ 1 

Präsens _ 3 

`gansaxilvel~ da `mosaTxrob samyaroze~ h. vainrixis zemoTxsenebuli 

koncefciis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba dadastureba imisa, rom 

sagazeTo publicistikis teqstSi Warbobs `gansaxilveli samyaros~ 

gegma (Sesabamisad, aRweris gegma), romlis dominirebul drois formas 

warmoadgens Präsens da masTan kontaqtirebadi Perfekt. magram mocemuli 

teqstebis temporaluri gaformebis fonze substantiur sityvaTSeerTebebs 

drois formebi ukana planze gadaaqvs, kvecavs maT (upiratesad 

Perfekt), raSic mdgomareobs substantiuri kompozitologiis, 

teqstis temporaluri struqturis da Sesabamisi teqstebisTvis 

damaxasiaTebeli metyvelebis funqciur-azrobrivi tipebis Tvisobrivi 

urTierTganpirobeba. 

teqstis (publicisturi teqstis) substantiuri sityvaTSeerTebebis 

da temporaluri modelebis kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi 

warmoadgens interess substantiuri sityvaTSeerTebis, drois formebis 

da mocemuli teqstisTvis damaxasiaTebeli metyvelebis funqciur-azrobrivi 

tipebis urTierTganpirobebis TvalsazrisiT. ra Tqma 

unda, ar SeiZleba kategoriuli mtkiceba, rom arsebobs myari da er- 

TmniSvnelovani kavSiri erTis mxriv, metyvelebis gansazRvrul funqciur-azrobriv 

tipebs, substantiur sityvaTSeerTebasa da, meores 

mxriv, ama Tu im drois formebs Soris, magram metyvelebis sxvadasxva 

funqciur-azrobrivi tipebis temporaluri gaformebis fardobiTi gansazRvruloba 

sityvaTSeerTebebTan mimarTebaSi, eWvgareSea. 

56

LEDA KOBALIA 

TEXT-FORMING FUNCTION OF THE WORD-BUILDING 

AND TENSE CATEGORY 

In the given article the author expresses the opinion that the study of 

complex word features, the definition and specification of their semantic and 

syntactic signs, the formation principles and the distribution in language system 

are of great importance because they give possibility to mark both general, 

typological dominative units and specific laws and rules, which regulate the inner 

development of a certain language. Substantive composites in different language 

systems are the main objects of the investigator’s study. He takes a comparative 

typological approach in his dealing with substantive word order 

system in English and German Languages. 

57

58 



t. I, 2007 

l i t e r a t u r a T m c o d n e o b a 

rusudan fifia 

ioane minCxis Semoqmedebis kvlevis 

Tanamedrove aspeqtebi 

qarTulma himnografiam ganviTarebis mwvervals X saukuneSi miaRwia. 

gamoCenil qarTvel himnografTagan mkvlevarTa sagangebo yuradReba 

ioane minCxma da misma udidesma mxatvrulobisa da poeturobis 

niSniT aRbeWdilma sagaloblebma miipyres. ioane minCxi qarTuli 

sasuliero poeziis klasikosia. misi mxatvruli naazrevi gansakuTrebuli 

movlenaa Sua saukuneebis himnografiul memkvidreobaSi. 

ioane minCxis moRvaweobis, misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis, saxismetyvelebiTi 

problemebis esa Tu is sakiTxi Seswavlili aqvT mecnierebs: 

ivane javaxiSvils 1 , pavle ingoroyvas 2 , korneli kekeliZes 3 , 

dimitri janeliZes 4 , manana gigineiSvils 5 , nestan sulavas 6 da sxv. poetis 

himnografiuli naRvawis gaanalizeba da misTvis adgilis gansazRvra 

qarTuli himnografiis istoriaSi umTavresad profesor lela 

xaCiZis 7 damsaxurebaa. mecnier-himnologebi TavianT SromebSi qarTvel 

himnografTagan yvelaze meti sixSiriT ioane minCxs imowmeben. SeiZleba 

Tamamad iTqvas, rom qarTuli sasuliero poeziis specifikis 

kvlevisas, marTlac ver auvli gverds meaTe saukunis am udidesi himnografis 

poetur memkvidreobas. 

1 i. javaxiSvili. sinis mTis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. Tb., 1947, 

gv. 145-165. 

2 p. ingoroyva. Zveli qarTuli sasuliero poezia. _ Txzulebani. t. III. 

Tb., 1965, gv. 392-393. 

3 k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I. Tb., 1980, gv. 

172-173. 

4 d. janeliZe. meaTe saukunis qarTuli dramis sakiTxisaTvis. _ sabWoTa 

xelovneba, 1987, #7, gv. 37. 

5 m. gigineiSvili. `mziani Rame~ vefxistyaosansa da qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis 

zogi sakiTxi. _ Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sakiTxebi. t. III. 

Tb., 1968, gv. 24. 

6 n. sulava. qarTuli himnografia: tradicia da poetika. Tb. 2006,gv. 39-57. 

7 l. xaCiZe. winaTqma, gamokvleva. _ wgn.: ioane minCxis poezia. teqsti gamosacemad 

moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo lela xaCiZem. Tb., 1987, gv. 8-148.

ioane minCxi, rogorc poeti-himnografi, ivane javaxiSvilma aRmoaCina 

1902 wels sinuri koleqciis qarTul xelnawerebze muSaobisas. 

didma mecnierma gadmowera iq aRmoCenili yvela xelnaweri, romlis 

Sesaxebac sazogadoebas niko marma auwya sinuri koleqciis aRwerilobebSi 

1 . ioane minCxis poeziis Sesaxeb pirveli mecnieruli dakvirvevebi 

gamoTqmuli aqvs korneli kekeliZes ,,Zveli qarTuli literaturis 

istoriis” I tomSi, sadac mokledaa ganxiluli ioane min- 

Cxis Semoqmedeba. cnobilia, rom poets korneli kekeliZe ayenebs im 

gamoCenil qarTvel himnografTa Soris, romlebsac miznad dausaxavT 

qarTuli RvTismsaxurebisa da himnografiuli krebulebis nacionalizacia. 

kerZod, ioane minCxs is miawers qarTuli marxvanisa da zatikis 

Sedgenas. rogorc korneli kekliZe aRniSnavs: “ioanes himnebs axasiaTebs 

Rrma patriotuli grZnoba da rogorc es SeuniSnavs akademikos 

niko marsac, subieqtivoba, gulwrfeloba da uaRresi simartive, 

romelic Sorsaa Cveulebrivi himnografiuli enawylianobisagan~. 2 pavle 

ingoroyva ioane minCxs miiCnevs saleqso forma “spaduqnis” anu 

“morTulnis” SemomRebad. is asabuTebs, rom ioane minCxis mier Semo- 

Rebul am saleqso formas farTo gavrceleba miuRia X saukuneSi. 

rac Seexeba poetis Semoqmedebis mxatvrul specifikas, pavle ingoroyva 

aRniSnavs, rom ioane minCxis leqsebi aRbeWdilia qristianuli 

pesimizmiT. am debulebis sailustraciod mkvlevari miuTiTebs, rom 

“ioane minCxis striqonebi, rom cxovreba ariso sizmari, da iseve rogorc 

sizmari ajerebso adamians amaos, rom viTomc igi sinamdvile- 

Siao da “amaosa damajerebs, viTarca Rame sizmari mZinaresa” gvagonebs 

ganTqmul adgils Seqspiris “qariSxalidan”. 3 pavle ingoroyvas “giorgi 

merCuleSi” araerTgzis daumowmebia da msjelobis sagnad uqcevia 

ioane minCxis poeziis esa Tu is mxare 4 , magram misi kvleva ZiriTadad 

leqsmcodneobiTi xasiaTisaa. 

qarTuli klasikuri sagaloblis poeturi metyvelebis kvlevisas 

gaioz imedaSvils mravali sainterso mxatvruli saxe da pasaJi mohyavs 

ioane minCxis poeziidan. is aanalizebs poeturi Sedarebis mSvenier 

magaliTs “viTarca lomman miyrdnobiT miiZina.” ganxiluli aqvs 

poetis kidev ramdenime metafora. gansakuTrebiT maxvildeba yuradReba 

ioane minCxis saRvTismetyvelo tropul metyvelebaze, bibliuri 

saxelebis Semotanaze Sedarebis masalad da sxv. 5 

1 Н. Я. Марр. Описание грузинских рукописей Синайского монастыря. М-Л., 1940, gv. 92. 

2 k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria.., gv. 173. 

3 p. ingoroyva. Zveli qarTuli sasuliero poezia.., gv. 134-149. 

4 p. ingoroyva. Zveli qarTuli sasuliero poezia.., gv. 392. 

5 g. imedaSvili. qarTuli klasikuri sagaloblis poeturi metyvelebis 

59

ioane minCxis Semoqmedeba monografiulad Seiswavla lela xaCi- 

Zem. man pirvelad gamoaqveyna poetis dRemde ucnobi sagalobeli, ramac 

axleburad warmoaCina ioane minCxis adgili qarTuli himnografiis 

istoriaSi. Tavis monografiaSi mkvlevarma minCxis Semoqmedeba ganixila 

mTeli qarTuli himnografiis, agreTve bizantiuri himnografiis 

problemebTan mWidro kavSirSi. lela xaCiZis mier gaweuli udidesi 

Sroma, ioane minCxis memkvidreobis warmosaCenad, ZiriTadad filologiuri 

xasiaTisaa. mkvlevarma ioane minCxis Semoqmedebis mxatvruli 

Taviseburebebis kvleva momavlis saqmed dasaxa, Tumca monografiaSi 

igi am problemazec metad sayuradRebod da sagulisxmo mosazrebebs 

gamoTqvams: 

“didi tradiculobis gverdiT ioane minCxis Semoqmedebas axasia- 

Tebsa didi originalurobac. swored am ori faqtoris SerwymiT unda 

aixsnas gansakuTrebuli adgili qarTuli himnografiis istoriaSi. 

ioane minCxis originaluroba mJRavndeba erTi mxriv, arsebuli motivebisa 

da mxatvruli saxeebis Taviseburi gadaazrebiT, meore mxrivsruliad 

axali saxismetyvelebis, ganwyobilebebisa da mxatvruli 

enis SeqmniT”. 1 l. xaCiZe miuTiTebs ramdenime sakiTxze, romelic ioane 

minCxis poeziis mxatvruli specifikis mkvlevarma aucileblad 

unda gaiTvaliswinos. “ ioane minCxis mxatvruli saxeebi, ganwyobilebebi, 

emociebi ar CamorCeba andria kriteliseuls, magram maTi forma 

gadmocemisa gawonasworebulia, gonismieri. emociis amgvari uSualoba 

da semantikuri siRrme, minCxis mravalricxovani originaluri mxatvruli 

saxeebi, romelTa kvlevisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli 

himnografiis tradiciuloba, misi ZiriTadi Tavisebureba”. 2 

xelnawerebze muSaobisas l. xaCiZes parizis erovnul bibloTekaSi 

Geogica-5 _ is xelnaweris Seswavlisas aRmouCenia ioane minCxis 

sagalobeli, romelic marxvanisTvisaa gankuTvnili. mkvlevari ganixilavs 

am galobis mxatvrul raobas. igi miuTiTebs, rom “minCxis bevr 

sagalobelSi yuradReba maxvildeba locvis “farsa” da marxvis “maxvilze.” 

es saxeebi ucxo araa Sua saukuneebis sasuliero prozisaTvis, 

aq sagulisxmoa minCxis mier maTze yuradRebis gamaxvileba da is 

poeturi Zalisxmeva, romelic ganumeoreblobas aniWebs maT”. 3 aqve 

mkvlevari erT saintereso niuansze migviTiTebs: poetis striqonebs 

zogi sakiTxi. _ korneli kekeliZis saiubileo krebuli. Tb., 1959, gv. 153. 

1 l. xaCiZe. winaTqma, gamokvleva, gv. 91. 

2 l. xaCiZe. winaTqma, gamokvleva, gv. 93. 

3 l. xaCiZe. parizuli xelnaweri – Georgica-5 da misi siaxleni. _ Jurn. `literatura 

da xelovneba~, #1, 1993, gv. 202. 

60

miRma dafarul gznebas erovnuli garemoc unda ganapirobebdes 1 . 

saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs gamoTqmuli ioane minCxis poeziis 

mxatvruli specifikis zogi aspeqtis Sesaxeb cnobil qarTvel Teatrmcodnes 

dimitri janeliZes. is paralels avlebs miTologiur “Wiri 

iqa”- sa da minCxiseul “Tavs vidvaT aqa Wiri da vpovoT lxini saukunoi”-sao. 

Soris da daskvnis saxiT gvTavazobs: “ ... Tumca saxecvlilebiT, 

magram mainc ioane minCxis sagalobliT fiqsirebulia, dokumentirebuli 

uZvelesi qarTveluri zRaprul-miTologiuri formula. 

es aris erT-erTi adreuli xanis folklorul-miTologiuris 

damowmeba qristianul sagalobelSi da igi Cveni welTaRricxvis pirveli 

aTaswleulis bolo meaTe saukuniT TariRdeba”. 2 dimitri janeliZe 

xazs usvams, rom miTosuris gamoyenebis SemomRebi ki araa ioane 

minCxi, aramed gamgrZelebeli, radganac jer oTxTavis xanmet teqstebSi 

moipoveba miTosuri sityva-Tqmani. ioane minCxsac mravlad gamouyenebia 

uZvelesi mxatvruli azrovnebis sityvieri nimuSi, romelTagan 

mkvlevari gamohyofs ramdenimes, esenia: “gareskneli,” “qveskneli,” 

“vazi” da “venaxi”, “talaveri”, “ebani”, “Znoba”. am magaliTebis safuZvelze 

dimitri janeliZe askvnis, rom ioane minCxis SemoqmedebaSi 

farTodaa warmoCenili Cveni kulturis uZvelesi Sreebi. am mosazrebis 

dasturad mecniers mohyavs poetis cnobili ,,galobani wmidisa 

georgisni, mkvlevari Tvlis, rom qarTvelTa wmida giorgi qristianizebuli 

amirania, amiranis ZvelTaZveli miTosuri madidebloba qristianul 

xanaSi Seicvala qristianobis did dResaswaulebad”. 3 amitomac 

ioane minCxis es poema Seicavs simboloTa mTel sistemas amiranis 

miTosidan, ris naTelsayofad mecniers moaqvs ramdenime damaxasiaTebeli 

nimuSi. ioane minCxis Semoqmedebis am kuTxiT ganxilva dimitri 

janeliZes dasWirda qarTuli Teatraluri xelovnebis adreul periodSi 

arsebobis mtkicebisaTvis. 

daviT guramiSvilze Tavisi monografiebiT tite mosiam gamorCeuli 

sityva Tqva qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi. man aRorZinebis 

xanis udidesi poetis Semoqmedeba ganixila sasuliero mwerlobasTan 

mimarTebaSi da qarTvel himnografTa mxatvrul specifikaze araerTi 

sagulisxmo mosazreba gamoTqva. bolo periodSi tite mosiam gamosca 

ramdenime naSromi, romlebic did daxmarebas gauweven qarTuli sasuliero 

saxismetyvelebiT dainteresebul mkvlevarT. mis yvela Sroma- 

1 l. xaCiZe. parizuli xelnaweri – Georgica-5.., gv. 202. 

2 d. janeliZe. meaTe saukunis qarTuli dramis.., gv. 37-42. 

3 d. janeliZe. amirani svaneTis xalxur saxilvelSi. _ Jurn. ,,sabWoTa 

xelovneba~. 1979, #11, 62-69. 

61

Si ioane minCxis tropuli metyvelebis nimuSebi araerTgzisaa moxmobili 

da gaanalizebuli 1 . 

rogorc ioane minCxis Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero literaturis 

mimoxilvidan Cans, Tu poetis himnografiuli memkvidreoba filologiuri 

TvalsazrisiT kargadaa Seswavlili, imaves ver vityviT 

misi mxatvruli azrovnebis kvlevaze. bolo periodSi am mxrivac SeimCneva 

garkveuli siaxleebi. ukve sadavo araa, rom ,,sagaloblis paradigmuli 

azrovneba poeziis maxasiaTebel TvisebaTa rigs ganekuTvneba”. 

2 Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneoba qarTvel himnografTa sagaloblebis 

mxatvruli azrovnebis kvlevisas cdilobs warmoaCinos ama 

Tu im poetis SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli originaluri niSnebi: 

gancdis intensivoba, xarisxi, pirobiTobasa da kanonikurobis miRma 

mdgari WeSmaritad adamianuri grZnobebi, romliTac Sepyrobilia Semoqmedi, 

rigiTi qristiani da ara mxolod himnografi. 

nebismieri himnografis Semoqmedebis kvlevisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT 

Tu rogoria konkretulad adamianur doneze da siRrmeze universaluri 

Temebi. ioane minCxis SemoqmedebasTan mimarTebiT ukve aris 

mcdelobebi gamoikveTos is zogadqristianuli motivebi, romlebic 

wamyvania poetis sagaloblebSi. Tanamedrove himnologiuri kvleva interesdeba 

ioane minCxis poeziis mxatvrul _ esTetikuri efeqtebiT 

datvirTuli SemoqmedebiT. ioane minCxis poezia gamorCeulia sasuliero 

Tematikis gansakuTrebiT maRal doneze ayvaniT. marxva, locva, sinanuli 

is motivebia, romelic gamudmebiT dominirebs poetis jadosnur 

samyaroSi. 

marxva-locvas maSin aqvs RvTiuri madli, Tu is WeSmarit sinanulTanaa 

wilnayari. codviT dacemulma adamianma unda igrZnos namdvili 

sinanulis Zala, raTa aRadginos dacemuli ,,me” da Tvali uzenaess 

gausworos. adamiani rom ganiwmindos da uamravi codva ganagdos, 

monanuli qristianis cxovrebiT unda icxovros. es ki adamianis 

mTlian gardaqmnas gulisxmobs. axali aRTqmis mixedviT: ioane naTlismcemeli 

da winamorbedi macxovrisa, codvebSi gaqvavebul, sinanulis 

uqonel adamianebs iordanes udabnoSi mouwodebs, moinanion ,,rameTu 

moaxloebul ars sasufeveli caTa moimkan sinanulis Rirsi nayofi 

anu akeTon uangaro keTili saqmeebi, gza ganumzadon ufals, moasworon 

misTvis bilikebi~ 3 . cxadia, ioane gulisxmobs ara gamzadebasa 

da gasworebas fizikuri gzebisas da bilikebisas, aramed adamianTa 

1 magaliTisaTvis: t. mosia. `daviTianis~ saxismetyveleba. Tb., 2005. 

2 n. sulava. qarTuli himnografia.., gv., 116. 

3 maTe, 3,2. 

62

sulebisas, romelnic codvebis simravlis, sinanulis uqonlobisa da 

codvaTagan ganuwmedelobis gamo uswormasworo gzebsa da dagrexil 

bilikebs daemsgavsebian 1 . 

ioane minCxs xelovanis ZalmosilebiT ganuzogadebia saxarebiseuli 

es pasaJi da Tavis msmenelebs auwyebs: xmai mRaRadebeli udabnosa, 

gvqadagebda sinanulsa, etyoda ra ersa gulficxelsa, RmrTisa ganmamwarebelsa: 

,,codvilno, iqednisa naSobno, vin giCvena risxvisagan sivltola 

SeinaneT, rameTu axlos ars sasufeveli!”. 2 saintereso mxatvruli 

saxea ,,ersa gulficxelsa, RmrTisa ganmamwarebelsa”, rogorc 

saRvTismetyvelo literaturidan viciT, gulficxeloba iseTive codvaa, 

rogorc sxva uaryofiTi Tvisebani adamianisa. amitomac gvaswavlian 

wminda wignebi: ,,gulficxeli igi ver miemTxvos keTilsa”. 3 Tavisi 

eris gulficxelobas araerTxel ganurisxebia ufali, jer kidev udabnoSi 

xetialis dros ebraelebma araerTxel gamoiCines TavianTi Semqmnelis 

mimarT undobloba da sisastike, riTac fsalmunis sityvebs 

Tu moviSveliebT, ,,gangamwares Sen, ufalo”. 4 TviTon ufalic xazs 

usvams imas, rom ,,kerpebiTa maTiTa ganmamwares me”. 5 bibliidan momdinare 

es saxe ioane minCxTan sruliad axal mxatvrul datvirTvas Sei- 

Zens da mkiTxvelsa Tu msmenels SeagrZnobinebs sinanulis aucileblobas. 

rogorc samecniero literaturaSi ukve SeniSnulia, ioane min- 

Cxi Tu erTgan monanuli lirikuli gmiria, sxva SemTxvevaSi Secodebul 

monaTa saxeliT eajeba RmerTs lxinis moniWebis Sesaxeb: ,,mas 

Jamsa gvalxine, RmerTo, SecodebulTa monaTa SenTa”. 6 poeti ara marto 

ufals evedreba, aramed ,,Secodebul monebs” damrigebluri toniT 

uxsnis sinanulis Zalmosilebas. igi meoTxe samSabaTis mwuxris ,,Ra- 

Ratyvsa”-Si Seaxsenebs codvil monebs, Tu ra dRe awia ufalma Tavgasul 

sodom-gomors, rogor cecxlsa da gogirdSi Cahyara isini, radganac 

“ara Seinanebdes saZaglebaTa maTTa”. 7 mouwodebs maT ninevelTa 

msgavs Tavmdablobisa da sinanulisaken, radganac RvTisagan wyalobis 

miReba mxolod aseTi vedrebiT SeiZleba. 

aranaklebi simZafriT xatavs poeti ebraelTa mimarT RvTis gan- 

1 a. mindiaSvili. xelovnebis religiurobisa da Tanamedrove sinamdvilis 

Sesaxeb. _ ciskari, 1999, #3, gv. 111. 

2 ioane minCxis poezia.., gv. 163. 

3 II Sjuli, 10,6. 

4 fsalmunebi, 5.11. 

5 II Sj. 32,21. 



63

isxebis suraTs, roca uCino maxviliT uwyalod mosra codvilni. es 

yovelive daviTis Secodebis gamo iyo da rodesac man Seinana Tavisi 

codva da mware cremliT SesTxova ufals maTi miteveba, rac ormocdameaTe 

fsalmuniT gamoxata, RmerTma apatia mas, Svilic mianiWa, romelsac 

naTan winaswarmetyvelma “RvTisagan Seyvarebuli” uwoda. ioane 

minCxi virtuozuli sisadaviT xatavs am bibliur epizods da Tan 

xsnis mis mniSvnelobasac: “wardga daviT igi winaSe RmrTisa, tiroda 

sulTqumiT, sinanuliT, lmobierad, sTnda ufalsa knini igi sinanuli 

da wyaloba yo-esreT didi ars Zali sinanulisa”. 1 

lela xaCiZe sagangebod gamohyofs ioane minCxis “didi Semoqmedis 

niSniT aRbeWdil erT mxatvrul saxes: 

,,xolo ver vikadreb me 

cad axilvad TualTa CemTa.” 

ioane minCxis sxva sagalobelSic gvxvdeba: 

,,simrgule mimarT cisad 

ver vikadreb me TualTa axilvad 

codvaTa CemTa simravlisagan...”. 2 

es dauviwyari, STambeWdavi saxe “saxarebas” efuZneba: ,,xolo mezuere 

igi Sors idga da ara ikadrebda TualTaca ze axilvad, aramed 

icemda mkerdsa da ityoda ufalo, milxine codvilsa amas”. 3 es saxarebiseuli 

saxe ioane minCxis SemoqmedebaSi sxvadasxvagvari gaazrebiT 

gvxvdeba. zemoTmotanil sagalobelSi igi gamoxatavs “simedgreTa ufskrulSi” 

danTqmuli adamianis sinanuls, romlis “qvedamzidveloba 

lirikul subieqts RvTisaken axedvis nebas ar aZlevs. aseTive zneobrivi 

simaRliTaa gamorCeuli daviT aRmaSeneblis “galobani sinanulisani.” 

codvaTa ufskrulSi danTqmis motivi ioane minCxis sxva sagaloblebSic 

gvxvdeba. erTaderTi imedi RvTisagan gamowvdili marjvenaa, 

romelmac warwymedisagan unda ixsnas suli. minCxis sagalobleb- 

Si es pirovnuli xsnis gzadaa dasaxuli, simbolurad ki, es eris 

gzacaa ,,mamulisa Cveulebisamebr svlai”. 4 

sinanulis mTavari arsi umaRlesi “me”-s mopovebaa. amisaTvis ki 

aucilebelia codvebis aRiareba da gulwrfeli sinanuli. adamianis 

arsis gardamqmnel aRsarebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos ioane minCxis sityvebi: 

,,borotad dacemul var, mxolod mwared vinani me da moveli 



3 luka, 18,13. 

4 l. xaCiZe. ioane minCxis axladaRmoCenili sagaloblebi. _ gaz. `literaturuli 

saqarTvelo~, 1991, #1. 

64

RmrTisagan wyalobasa;” ,,viRviZebdeT gonierebiT rameTu aha aw ars 

Jami keTilisa sinanulisaT, raTa ganverneT satanjvelTa”. 1 es mowodeba 

RvTisken midrekil pirovnebas namdvilad gardaqmnis; Tumca satanjvelidan 

Tavis daxsna isev tanjviTaa SesaZlebeli. mudmivi glova da 

Tavis dadreka, mudmivi Segneba Tavisi codvilobisa, adamians RvTis 

wyalobas miaaxlebs. 

ioane minCxi, rogorc epoqis Svili da yvela Rirseuli tradiciis 

gamgrZelebel _ ganmaxorcielebeli, sinanulis darad gaiazrebs 

wuTisoflis amaoebis Temas. poeti ,,sofelTan” dakavSirebul filosofiur 

motivebs mxatvrul-esTetikurad ganazogadebs. meore kviriakis 

mwuxris mcire formis sagalobels poeti mTlianad sawuTros 

amaoebis filosofiur Wvretas uTmobs. pirveli tropari eklesiastes 

mxatvruli gardaTqmaa, mowodebaa imisa rom: 

,,gulisxma-vyoT 

amaoebaT Cueni 

rameTu yovelni mokudav da miwa varT 

da Jamni Cueni _ viTarca sizmarni 

da arai verCdeT Cuen 

wuTsa amas cxorebasa, 

rameTu viTarca aCrdili warvals 

da viTarca mtueri queyanisaT ganibnevis”. 2 

troparis meore nawili mTlianad fsalmuniseul Sedarebebzea 

agebuli. magaliTad: ,,dReni Cemni viTarca aCrdilni warxdes”. 3 “nu 

iyofin Senda RmerTo sawuTro”. 4 “mtueri, romel agavis qarman pirisagan 

queyanisa”. 5 himnografs fsalmunidan momdinare motivi erTmane- 

TisaTvis saocari mxatvruli ZaliT Seuxamebia da miuxedavad imisa, 

rom troparis TiToeul frazas moepoveba Tavisi bibliuri arqetipi, 

is kacTa yofis amaoebis filosofiis mxatvruli gardaqmnis saucxoo 

nimuSad uqcevia. 

ioane minCxis poeziaSi CaRrmavebam dagvanaxa, rom misi Semoqmedebis 

mTavari motivi _ sinanuli, aucileblad ukavSirdeba ,,SiSi Rmr- 

Tisais,” cremlisa da wuTisoflis amaoebis motivebs. ioane minCxis 

poezia damuxtulia monanie adamianis SiSiT uflisadmi da amqveyniur 

siameTa uaryofis aucileblobis SegnebiT. mis SemoqmedebaSi mxatvru- 

1 ioane minCxis poezia.., gv. 235, 194. 


3 fsalmunebi. 101,12. 




65

lad relizebuli zogadqristianuli motivebi qmnis misi poeziis saxismetyvelebas, 

poetis sada da amaRlebuli Semoqmedebis specifikas. 

problemis sruliad Seswavla momavlis saqmed gvesaxeba. 

RUSUDAN PIPIA 

MODERN ASPECTS OF RESEARCHING 

IOANE MINCHKHI’S POETRY 

Georgian hymnologic poetry reached its peak of development in the 10 th 

century. Ioane Minchkhi is a classic of the Georgian ecclesiastic poetry. He led 

his activity exactly in this period. Artistic creation by Ioane Minchkhi has become 

the research object of many famous scientists. While testifying facts scientist-hymnologists 

indicate Ioane Minchkhi more often than other Georgian 

hymnographers. Its seems from the scientific literature about Ioane Minchkhi 

that the poet’s hymnologic inheritance is studied well. Modern scientists take 

an interest in researching of his hymnologic inheritance according to artistic 

aesthetics. In the paper there is an effort of researching poetry of Ioane Minchkhi 

according to artistic aesthetics. While researching artistic thought of Georgian 

hymnographers’ hymns, contemporary philology tries to show original features 

that is characteristic for the poets’ creative works. Artistically realized 

general Christianity motives in Ioane Minchkhi’s creation make specificity of 

the poet’s simple and wonderful creation. 

66



t. I, 2007 

tite mosia 

erTi istoriuli personaJis warmosaxvisaTvis 

`qarTlis WirSi~ 

daviT guramiSvili TvalnaTliv xedavda, rom qveynis umweo mdgomareobidan 

gamosvla SesaZlebeli iyo qarTlisa da kaxeTis _ am 

ori erTmaneTs dapirispirebuli samefos _ gaerTianebiT, rac progresisti 

mefeebis survilic iyo Tavis droze. `qarTlis WirSi~ saqarTvelos 

gaerTianebis idealebi d. guramiSvilma kaxeTis mmarTvelis _ 

konstantine mamadyulixanis piriT gadmogvca. aRsaniSnavia am mahmadiani 

mefis werili vaxtang meeqvsisadmi gagzavnili swored im momentSi, 

rodesac qarTlis mefes Sahma taxti waarTva da `misca erekles Zes 

kostantiles~. erTi nawyveti am werilidan: `mosTxova (konstantinem 

_ t.m.) gurgens mdivansa qaRaldi, sawer-kalami, daxata cecxli galavnad, 

Suva erT gorad walami, zed oris qveynis igavi, maze TavdaxriT 

alami. erTze dawera `feSqaS-dur~ da meoreze `salami~. 1 

am strofSi Cateuli alegoriuli Sinaarsi qveynis erTianobis 

aucileblobisa iqve aris `komentirebuli~ Tu `gaSifruli~ vaxtang 

meeqvsis mier. mefe Seagnebinebs progresuli azris mowinaaRmdegeebs, 

rom `feSqaSdur qarTlis moZRvna ars: salam-alami mSvidoba~ 2 , xolo 

cecxlis galavani samSoblos sazRvrebs zvavad momdgari gareSe mterTa 

`didobaa~, cecxlis galavnis SigniT erT did gorad aRmarTuli 

walamni _ arian qarTlelebi da kaxelebi: àmad gvisaxavs erT gorad 

orisav qveynis walamsa. mas Rvari veRar Seswvdebis, verc daSlis; 

verca walamsa ... Tu orad dadgas, iqnebis oriv patara gorebi: daqrolebs 

qari, gardaqcevs, zRvas SerTavs niaRorebi~ 3 (aq `Rvari~ da 

`qari~ alegoriulad mters gulisxmobs _ t.m.). `maze TavdaxriT 

alami~ mefem axsna rogorc mokrZalebiT mSvidobis Txovna-wadili 

(`mSvidobas Txovlobs simdabliT, amad Tavs uxris alamsa~) 4 . magram 

qarTl-kaxeTis erTianobis mowinaaRmdege pirebi cdilobdnen saanalizo 

strofis Sinaarsi arasworad, progresuli idealis sapirispirod 

1 d. guramiSvili. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb., 1980, gv. 96. 

2 d. guramiSvili. TxzulebaTa sruli.., gv. 97. 



67

ganemartaT da masSi mtkiced daerwmunebinaT `gurjistanis vali~. isini, 

e. i. vezirebi ase `sTargmnidian~ salams, alams, cecxls, walams, 

feSqaS-durs da `qveynis igavs~: feSqaS-duri qarTlis Txovnaa konstantine 

mamad-yulixanis mxridan, simdabliT droSis Tavdaxra _ muqara, 

cecxlis galavani _ kaxelebi (`gars cecxlad kaxni muSqarad~), 

walmis gora ki _ qarTlelebi (`Suva walmad Tqves qarTvelni~). ase 

cdilobdnen qveynis moRalate iesesTana adamianebi progresuli ideebis 

CaxSobas, saqarTvelos daSla-daqucmacebas calkeul kuTxeebad da 

ase uwyobdnen xels eris gadagvarebisa Tu mospobis saqmes. 

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sagangebo msjelobas iTxovs erTi momenti: 

d. guramiSvilma qarTl-kaxeTis (anu saqarTvelos) erTianoba _ 

mTlianobis idea ratom mainc da mainc konstantine mamadyulixanis 

eniT gvamcno da ara, vaxtang meeqvsisa. sinamdvileSi xom konstantine 

vaxtang meeqvsis moqiSpe, samSoblos gamyidveli, gadagvarebuli da muxanaTi 

kaci iyo. d. guramiSvili ki Tavisi xalxis moRalate arsebas 

dadebiT personaJad warmosaxavs `daviTianSi~. igi xom im ambebs gadmogvcems 

mematiane-istorikosis kalmiT, risi TviTmxilveli da momswre 

Tavad gaxldaT. maS, ra wyaro asazrdoebs `daviTians~ konstantine 

mamadyulixanis ase dasaxatavad es sakiTxi zogierT mkvlevars 

afiqrebda dRemde da momavalSic araerTxel gaxdeba igi msjelobis 

sagani. giorgi leoniZe werda: `winaaRmdeg vaxuStis da sxvaTa Sexedulebebisa, 

konstantine daviT guramiSvils gamohyavs gonier politikosad, 

romelsac kargad esmis Zala erTobisa da mizezic saqarTvelos 

daqsaqsvisa, rac Cven nawilobriv gadaWarbebulad migvaCnia~. 1 

vaxuSti bagrationis daxasiaTebiT konstantine yofila `friad 

mahmadiani, laRi da amayi, mdidari da mesisxle, rameTu ara ridebda 

mciresa zeda kacTa sikudilisa~. 2 didi istorikosis koncefciasTan SedarebiT, 

erTis SexedviT, sruliad sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisze dgas 

poeti, romelic kaxTbatons ase afasebs: ìyo sanaxavad vargi, mkveTelobiT 

uCnda fxani ... avis kacis Tav-savarcxlad aqBndis kargi mosafxani~. 

3 iese tlaSaZe `kaTalikoz-baqarianSi~, sadac igive istoriuli 

Znelbedobaa naCvenebi, rac `qarTlis WirSi~, konstantines gvacnobs 

im TvisebebiT, rac mas gaaCnda istoriulad da aq igi vaxuStis zemoT 

citirebul sityvebs gvagonebs: `vis (qarTvel kacs _ t.m.) ga- 

1 g. leoniZe. cxovreba daviT guramiSvilisa. _ wgn. g. leoniZe. gamokvlevebi 

da werilebi. Tb., 1958, gv. 229. 

2 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. _ qarTlis cxovreba. 

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCi- 

Svilis mier. t. IV. Tb., 1973, gv. 819. 


68

uwyreba, Tavs unays, mal miscems xelSi jalaTsa~. 1 avtori vaxtangis 

eniT kax-batonze ambobs: `me momarCine satanas, am eSmaks da gvelsa~. 2 

konstantine wodebulia satanad, eSmakad da gvelad. am Txzulebis mixedviT 

vaxtang meeqvse SiSiT Zrwis, taxti ar waerTva vinmes: àxla 

es (konstantine _ t.m.) gadamekida, swads gamimwaros puria~. 3 

zogierTma mkvlevarma mxolod gakvirveba gamoxata da arc ucdia 

dafiqreba saidumlos axsnis problemaze. `saqarTvelos istoriis furclebze 

gamahmadianebuli konstantine, igive mahmad-yulixani erT-er- 

Ti Seuswavleli da gaurkveveli TeTri laqaa~, _ marTebulad wers 

e. maRraZe 4 . am mxriv gamonakliss warmoadgens m. svaniZe, romelmac 

scada wyaroebisa da axlad gamovlenili masalebis safuZvelze gaerkvia 

konstantine kaxTa mefis moRvaweoba 5 . misi azriT, `konstantine 

mravalmxriv sayuradRebo pirovnebaa da unda gadaisinjos qarTul istoriografiaSi 

damkvidrebuli misi mcdari Sefaseba 6 . avtors, radgan 

qarTulma saistorio wyaroebma veraferi saxeiro masalebi miawoda 

kaxbaton konstantines `moRvaweobis~ Sesaxeb, cda ar dauklia moeZia 

araqarTuli istoriuli wyaroebic, e. w. àxlad gamovlenili masalebiT~ 

moexdina am `daviwyebuli~ istoriuli pirovnebis reabilitacia. 

avtoris azriT, `daviT guramiSvili pirveli qarTveli mematiane iyo, 

romelmac sworad gaigo da Seafasa konstantine kaxTa mefis moRvaweoba~. 

7 

m. svaniZe CamoTvlis kaxTbatonis damsaxurebis ramdenime moments, 

ris mixedviTac surs igi dadebiT moRvawed dagvixatos da moiTxovs 

saqarTvelos istoriaSi misTvis kuTvnili adgilis miniWebas. 

konstantine mamadyulixanis Rvawli m. svaniZis mier moZiebuli masalebis 

mixedviT aseTia: 1. ganjasTan osmalTa damarcxebaSi Setanili 

didi wvlili, 2. konstantine kaxTa mefe mTeli amierkavkasiis antiosmaluri 

Zalebis damrazmveli da xelmZRvaneli, 3. zedavelaze qarTvelTa 

laSqris meTauroba. e. i. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba kaxTbatonis 

mier Catarebul sam did oms (ganjaSi, yarabax-yazaxSi, zedavelaze). 

principSi es Sefaseba konstantine mamadyulixanisa gadaWarbebuli 

Cans, rac ar iZleva xmamaRla gancxadebis safuZvels qarTul isto- 

1 e. TayaiSvili. kaTalikoz-baqariani mRvdlis iese tlaSaZisa. tf., 1895, gv. 7. 

2 e. TayaiSvili. kaTalikoz-baqariani.., gv. 7. 

3 e. TayaiSvili. kaTalikoz-baqariani.., gv. 7. 

4 e. maRraZe. godeba. Tb., 1974, gv. 221. 

5 m. svaniZe. daviT guramiSvili da saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi. 

_ mnaTobi, #12, 1980, gv. 162-168. 

6 m. svaniZe. daviT guramiSvili.., gv. 168. 

7 m. svaniZe. daviT guramiSvili.., gv. 168. 

69

iografiaSi am `mravalmxriv sayuradRebo pirovnebis~ mcdari Sefasebis 

gadasinjvisa, radgan mis aq CamoTvlil `damsaxurebebs~ araviTari 

sikeTe ar moutania qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis. jer erTi, Tbilisidan (osmalTa 

tyveobidan) baqaris daxmarebiT (da es daxmareba araviTar sayuradRebo 

faqtad CaiTvleba, rogorc amas miiCnevs m. svaniZe) gaqceuli 

konstantine osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolas qarTveli xalxis interesebisaTvis 

ki ar iwyebs, aramed mas mxolod da mxolod piradi 

`gegmebi~ amoZravebda: SiSi imisa, rom misi sabatono kaxeTic ar Caegdo 

qarTlSi Semosul mters. arc ise didad sarwmunod gveCveneba 

imis aRiareba, rom konstantine amierkavkasiis xalxebis ganmaTavisuflebeli 

brZolis saTaveSi idga. am SemTxvevaSi m. svaniZe prof. a. ioanisians 

emyareba: `Отныне он (igulisxmeba kaxTa mefe konstantine _ 

t.m.) будеть в меру своих сил руководить освободительным движением 

народов Закавказья в целом~. 1 

marTlac, saSineli dRe daadgaT qarTvelebs: osmalTa monobisagan 

Tavis dasaRwevad isini iZulebulni gaxdnen konstantinesTvis See- 

TavazebinaT daxmareba kaxelTa ZalebiT, im kaxTbatonisTvis, romelmac 

ramdenime xnis win qarTlis taxtis dasapyrobad qarTlelTa sisxli 

daTxia (`TeTrsa mtkvarsa wiTlad Rebda, rac maT sisxli daaqcives~) 

2 , Semdeg osmalebs Tbilisis kari gauRo, cixis kliteni Caabara 

(`win miegeba, miarTva kliteni cixis karisa~, TviTon ki `mimarTa 

fSav-xevsureTis kidesa~. 3 davuSvaT da zedavelas laSqrobis meTauroba 

qarTvelTa TxovniT ikisra kaxTbatonma konstantinem _ gana es faqti 

imaze miuTiTebs, rom igi qarTveli xalxis interesebis dasacavad 

ibrZoda osmalTa winaaRmdeg ra Tqma unda, ara. mas mxolod erTi 

mizani hqonda _ daebrunebina qarTlis taxti da ebatona ganukiTxavad 

qarTl-kaxeTSi. vaxuSti wers: èzraxnen qarTvelni mahmadyuli-xans, 

raTa mivides spiTa kaxeTisaTa, ganaZon osmalni da iyos mefed maTda~. 

4 

umZimesma gasaWirma gadaawyvetina qarTvel xalxs `spiTa kaxeTisaTa~ 

maTTvis daxmareba gaewia konstantines. vaxuStis cnobidan ar 

Cans, rom zedavelas laSqrobis winamZRoloba daevalebinoT misTvis 

adgilobriv mkvidrT. amas arc d. guramiSvili gvidasturebs. marTlis 

piruTvnelad mTqmeli poeti migvaniSnebs, rom qarTlisa da kaxeTis 

1 А. Р. Иоанисян. Армяно-русские отношения в первой трети XVIII в. Сборник документов. 

Ереван, 1964, Т. II, ч. I, gv. 53. 



4 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.., gv. 622. 

70

sazogadoebis jansaRma nawilma ganizraxa erTiani ZaliT moeSorebinaT 

mtris uReli, fici misces erTmaneTs, uRalatod mieRwiaT sawadlisaTvis: 

`Sewuxdnen kaxni-qarTvelni, miadgaT ra es Wirebi. SeiTqvnen, 

Seqmnes ficebi, erTmaneTs misces pirebi~. 1 m. svaniZe amtkicebs, rom 

`daviTianis~ mixedviT, zedavelasTan qarTvelTa laSqris meTauri konstantine 

iyoo 2 . vfiqrobT, es faqti ar Cans `qarTlis WirSi~. Tu 

amas m. svaniZe asabuTebs Semdegi striqonis safuZvelze: `kaxma batonma 

momarTa dabdabni da sayvirebi~ _ es laSqris meTaurobaze ar unda 

migvaniSnebdes. amiT poeti migvaxvedrebs goris cixesTan kaxTbatonis 

mosvlas `spiTa kaxeTisaTa~. amas adasturebs `kaTalikos-baqarianic~: 

`sardlobs, aswavlis laSqarsa, mterze amguarad midia~. am Txzulebis 

mixedviT qarTvelebis damarcxebis erT-erTi mizezi iyo is, rom 

maT meTauri ar hyavdaT: `Tavi ar hyvanda qarTvelTa, urumi miT moeria~. 

ufro metic: es Zegli pirdapir migvaniSnebs, rom qarTvelTa 

sisxlis daqcevis codva konstantines awevs zurgze: àavses gufTa 

mkdariTa, cxenma iara zedao, es Sen qen kaxo batono, dawyevlilo da 

bedao. samjer yaTlani qarTvelTa damarTe zedi zedao, leks akocine, 

urumsa, RmerTs ratom ar Sexedao~. 

gavimeorebT samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmul azrs, an dasmul 

kiTxvas: d. guramiSvilma saistorio wyaroTa sapirispirod ratom 

dagvixata konstantine mamadyulixani dadebiT pirovnebad, es istoriuli 

sinamdvilis gamoZaxilia Tu poets gangeb mouxda daerRvia 

`marTlis Tqmis~ principi, warmoedgina aRniSnuli viTareba Seferil- 

Selamazebuli saxiT. Tumca d. guramiSvili konstantines uaryofiT 

Tvisebebsac ar umalavs mkiTxvels. poeti gvamcnobs mis vinaobas. igi 

warmoSobiT iyoo erekles Ze (`CamoarTves qarTli, misces erekles 

Zes konstantines~. gamahmadianebuli (`konstantiles TaTris eniT erqo 

mamad-yulixani~). gana konstantineze, rogorc uaryofiT pirovnebaze, 

ar metyvelebs is sityvebi, rasac d. guramiSvili vaxtang meeqvsis 

eniT gvamcnobs: `gawyra, brZana (vaxtangma _ t.m.): `hxedavT buSi 

sityvebs mkadrebs, rogor mqisebs (tlanqi, uxeSi)~, an kidev: `TviT 

giJi Wkuas maswavlis, usjulo me sjuls midebsa, uyureT cal-gverd 

Wiansa, ra sityvebs isvris didebsa~. 3 axla gavixsenoT konstantines 

mimarTva vaxtang meeqvsis mimarT: àw Tqvenis sjulis ambavi Tqven 

ukeTesad iciTa~. 4 d. guramiSvilis mier mocemuli kaxTbatonis Sefa- 


2 m. svaniZe. daviT guramiSvili.., gv. 168.ю 



71

seba gana misi adamianobisa da dadebiTi pirovnebis sasargeblod metyvelebs 

e. i. `qarTlis Wiris~ Tanaxmad, konstantine gaTaTrebuli (anu 

gamuslimebuli) qarTvelia, buSi (e.i. nabiWvari), tlanqi, uxeSi, 

giJi, `cal-gverd Wiani~ (yaWis matli), ùsjulo~. SeiZleba, erTi SexedviT, 

d. guramiSvilis mier konstantines misamarTiT Tqmuli Semdegi 

sityvebi mis dadebiT daxasiaTebad mogveCvenos: ìspaanis taruRada 

(qalaqis ufrosi, bazris zedamxedveli iranSi) morWmiT ijda karga 

xani. avis kacis Tav-savarcxlad aqvndis kargi mosafxani~. vfiqrobT, 

am striqonebSi ironia ufro Jonavs, vidre karg kacad warmodgena 

imisa, viszecaa es Sefaseba mocemuli. vfiqrobT, d. guramiSvilisaTvis 

saamayo faqtad ver CaiTvleba is garemoeba, rom qarTveli kaci `karga 

xani ijda ispaanis taruRad~, Tanac ijda `morWmiT~ (Zlevamosili, 

bednieri, sviani, dovlaTiani, Zalauflebisa da simdidris patroni). 

konstantines rom hqonia àvis kacis Tav-savarcxlad kargi mosafxani~, 

verc am sityvebis ganzogadeba SeiZleba. poeti mis am Tvisebaze 

migvaniSnebs mxolod da mxolod iranSi qalaqis ufrosad yofnis periodSi, 

e. i. yeenis samsaxurSi yofnisas. ai, am TvisebebiT `Semkul~ 

konstantine mamadyulixans gvacnobs `qarTlis Wiris~ avtori. amis 

Semdeg ramdenad sarwmunod gamoiyureba d. guramiSvilis mier daxatuli 

konstantine, rogorc saqarTvelos erTianobis mqadagebeli, vaxtang 

meeqvsisaTvis Wkuis maswavlebeli da a.S. 

miuxedavad yovelive amisa, d. guramiSvilma, istoriuli sinamdvilis 

sapirispirod, ratom dagvixasiaTa kaxTbatoni amave dros ase 

rigianad da keTilSobil pirovnebad eWvi ar aris, rom poeti piradad 

icnobda konstantine mamadyulixans, yvelaferi icoda misi saqmianobis 

Sesaxeb, savaraudoa, rom poeti icnobda agreTve vaxuSti bagrationis 

saistorio Sromasac, saidanac ver amoikiTxavda iseT faqtebs, 

romelic konstantines did mamuliSvilobaze, kai ymobaze, an saerTod 

mis dadebiT Tvisebebze rame sasikeTos metyvelebdes. v. donduas sityvebiT, 

`sabuTi gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom konstantine, uTuod susti nebisyofis 

politikuri moRvawe veRar gaswvda mis irgvliv gabmuli 

intrigebis qsels~. 1 d. guramiSvilma aseve kargad icoda, rom gamahmadianebuli 

konstantine sparsuli orientaciis kaci iyo. poets arc 

is daumalavs, Tu rogor urCevs kaxTbatoni vaxtang meeqvses: `damor- 

Cileba ufalTa uTqvams daviTis enasa~. aq mravlobiT ricxvSi naxmari 

ùfalnis~ qveS konstantine gulisxmobs ciur meufes da qveynis gamgebels, 

mefes, anu konkretul SemTxvevaSi sparseTis Sahs, romlis 

1 v. dondua. daviT guramiSvili da saqarTvelos istoria. _ wgn.: v. dondua. 

saistorio Ziebani. t. III, Tb., 1985, gv. 115. 

72

damorCilebisaken mouwodebda igi `gurjistanis vals~. yovelive es 

imaze migviTiTebs, rom konstantine moiTxovda kategoriulad Sahisadmi 

erTgul samsaxurs, rac ase zustad gamoxata `qarTlis Wiris~ 

piruTvnelma avtorma. d. guramiSvili aSiSvlebs kaxTbatonis saSinlad 

meryev Tvisebebs: `kaxs-batons kostantilesa saqme mou da yala- 

Ti (yalani-begara), tanT xvanTqris qurqi Caicva, dasTmo yeenis xala- 

Ti~. 1 avtori aq srul istoriul simarTleze migvaniSnebs. cnobilia, 

rom konstantinem ùgulebelyo Sahis Seryeuli xelmwifeba da osmalebs 

miekedla~. Tumca verc aman uSvela mis cbier politikur zraxvebs, 

bolos osmalebic gadaikida da mas emsxverpla kidec. 

`daviTianis~ is adgilebi, romelsac zemoT SevexeT, mainc da mainc 

ar Seicavs iseT mTlad damarwmunebel sabuTebs imis dasamtkiceblad, 

rom konstantine mamadyulixani dadebiT pirovnebad davsaxoT, 

qveynis gulSematkivar patriotad vaRiaroT. maS, ratom unda mosvloda 

d. guramiSvils `marTlis Tqmis~ principis `darRveva~, sinamdvilidan 

gadaxveva da iseT pirovnebad warmosaxva konstantine mefisa, 

romelic TiTqos mieltvis qarTl-kaxeTis erTianobas, mis udides 

mniSvnelobas saqarTvelos ZlierebisaTvis, vaxtangisaTvis Zmobis pirobis 

micemas, misi `mamad mokidebas~, rigi-wesisa da samarTali baton-ymuris 

Camogdebas, zurgis misayudeb zRudeTa gamagrebas da a.S. 

amrigad, d. guramiSvilis damokidebuleba konstantine mamadyulixanis 

Sefasebisadmi winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis Semcvelia. mas igi TiTqos 

Tanabrad hyavs daxatuli rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT pirovnebad. 

samecniero literaturaSi gabatonebuli azriT (mas nawilobriv zemo- 

Tac SevexeT), `qarTlis Wiris~ avtors konstantine dadebiT pirovnebad 

gamouyvania, Zveli da Tanamedrove qarTveli istorikosebis SexedulebaTa 

sapirispirod. vinc Sexebia `daviTianis~ erT-erT personaJs 

konstantines am Txzulebis teqstidan gamomdinare, aravin amaxvilebs 

yuradRebas im uaryofiT Tvisebebze kaxTbatonisa, romelzec naTeli 

warmodgena Segviqmna poetma. aseve vfiqrobT, rom vinc konstantines 

dadebiT personaJad ganixilavs da mis keTilSobil Tvisebebze gviyveba 

`qarTlis Wiris~ safuZvelze, igi teqsts pirdapir kiTxulobs da 

ar ukvirdeba mis qveteqstebs, an es yvelaferi Sedegia `daviTianis~ 

im monakveTis aradetaluri analizisa, sadac kaxTbatonTan gviwevs 

Sexvedra. dawvrilebiT gavyveT teqsts. 

ruseTis didma xelmwifem petre pirvelma qarTlis mefes vaxtang 

meeqvses amcno: mamad migiCnev, SevkavSirdeT, `gijobs me zurgi 


73

momyudo, gulzeda guli mamado, merme Sens mterze mimiZRve~... CafarelCTa 

mier motanili am ambiT gaixara `gurjistanis valma~: ègreT 

xelmwifis brZaneba mefes ra esma, iama~. `Seiqna wveva Cum-Cumad vazirTa, 

Tanganmzraxisa~. mefis winadadebiT `Seikribnen~ qarTvelT batonymani~, 

`dasxdnen rigiT, ivezires~. gamoiTqva sapirispiro azris 

Semcveli winadadebebi. zogi miesalma `qristianis xelmwifis xel-debas~, 

garkveulma nawilma moTaTbireTa dabejiTebiT Tqva: `vinem rusni 

gviSvelian, manam Cveni gardagvxdebis~. vaxtang mefes ruseTis xelmwifesTan 

Sexvedra swyuroda, amitom àmjobinebda wasvlasa~. vinc 

mis survils ar iziarebda da sawinaaRmdego poziciaze idga, `mazeda 

erTgulad ar uyuroda~. mefem mtkiced gadawyvita Tavisi laSqriT 

wavides da `ganjis momTxrelTa~ dasdvas `muqafis niSnebi~. mowinaaRmdegeni 

mefis augs ambobdnen: `mesame kidev moiba, ori sabeli Tavs 

eba. sami veSapi erT lomsa aw viTar moeTavseba~. magram vin usmenda 

maT wuxils, radgan vaxtangis, rogorc mefis, brZaneba Seuvali kanoni 

iyo: mefe iyo da brZanebda, iqmoda, rasac inebda~. qarTlis mefe 

aravis rCevas ar daemyara, ar gaiziara imaTi azri, vinc ar emxroboda 

ruseTis xelmwifesTan kavSirs: `Semoiyara laSqari, Tvals vervin 

gardawvdinebda, wavida, ganjis midamos sisxlis RvarT moadinebda~. 1 

XVIIIs. I meoTxedis saqarTvelos istoriaSi Caxedul mkiTxvels 

kargad moexseneba, Tu ra istoriul sinamdvileze mogviTxrobs poeti: 

1722w. 2 ivliss vaxtang meeqvsesTan petre pirvelis mier astraxanidan 

boris TurqestaniSvilis gamogzavna, Setyobineba kaspiis zRvis 

napirze rusTa jaris gamoCenis Sesaxeb, vaxtangisTvis winadadebis 

micema ganjaSi lekTa winaaRmdeg galaSqrebisa, dagegmva rusTa da qar- 

TvelTa jaris TavSeyrisa darubandsa da baqos Soris 2 . d. guramiSvili 

ganagrZobs: vaxtang mefis mimxroba petre pirvelisadmi, misTvis 

`zurgis miyudeba~, ganjaSi qarTvelTa jaris Cayvana lekTa dasalaSqravad 

yeenisaTvis ucnobi iyo. rusTa laSqari aRar gamoCnda daruband-baqos 

gzaze: `vera naxes rusT xelmwife, ver aCvenes samsaxuri~, 

ris gamoc `yeenzedac avad darCnen, maT dakarges orniv puri~. rogorc 

vaxuSti wers, vaxtang meeqvse Tavisi laSqriTurTY ganjaSi 

darCenila sami Tvis manZilze da elodeboda rusTa jars: `vaxtangma~ 

dahyo sam TTues mun da vera ra scna xelmwifis petresi~. 3 vaxtangi 

iZulebuli gaxda TbilisSi dabrunebuliyo. poeti ambobs, rom Sahis 


2 g. paiWaZe. qarTlis samxedro politikuri kavSiri ruseTTan. _ saqarTvelos 

istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV. Tb., 1974, gv. 418. 

3 batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.., gv. 500. 

74

samefo karze `vaxtangs bevrni mterni udgnen mzirsa~. `gurjistanis 

vali~ daabezRes yeenTan, rom vaxtangma giRalatao, àris ruseTs wamavali~. 

e.i. petre pirvelTan kavSiriT apirebs Sens winaaRmdeg galaSqrebaso. 

Sahma guliswyroma gamoxata vaxtang mefis mimarT, `CamoarTves 

qarTli, misces erekles Zes kostantines~. 

amis Semdgom TavebSi (id, ie, iv, iz, i) d. guramiSvili mogviTxrobs 

iseT ambebs, rasac mematianeTa wignebSi ver vpoulobT. swored 

aq aris warmodgenili erTi SexedviT da, rogorc zemoTac vTqviT, 

pirdapir Tu wavikiTxavT teqsts, konstantine mamadyulixani dadebiT 

pirovnebad. mivyveT `qarTlis Wiris~ teqsts. kaxT-batonma rogorc ki 

miiRo Sahisgan winadadeba qarTlis taxtis vaxtangisTvis CamorTmevisa 

da misTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb, TaTbiri gamarTa `Zmasa, ymaTa da monaTa~ 

winaSe: me vaxtang mefes Sevrigdi, piroba miveci Zmobisa, Sevfice, 

rom qarTlis taxts ar Sevecilebodi. aqve uaRresad yuradRebas 

iqcevs erTi momenti: èsec vici, Semityvia, Wkuva miWris, guli mignebs; 

mefe vaxtang am rayamsa arc ismens da arc iwignebs. Tu qarTlsa 

vsTxov, ameSlebis, ficxlav idebs xrmalzed ig nebs, unda rome am 

saqmiTa ZaRls aWmevdes Zma Zmis Signebs~. e. i. Tu konstantine winaswar 

darwmunebulia, rom vaxtang mefe am rayams ar Seismens, ficxlad 

aeSleba mas, Zma Zmis Signebs ZaRls SeaWmevs, maSin ra azri aqvs im 

rCevas kaxTbatonisa, rasac qvemoT gavecnobiT. swored aq unda davinaxoT 

upirvelesad daeWvebis is sayrdeni wertili, rom konstantines 

es `rCeva~ istoriuli faqti rodia, aramed poets dasWirda ase moeca 

da Tu ratom, amasac qvemoT davinaxavT. 

konstantine ganagrZobs `rCevas~: me mokvdavi var, mtrad sxvebic 

meyofian, Zmas (e. i. vaxtangs) rogor movikideb mtrad (`Zmasa rad-Ra 

davmterdebi~), vaxtangs hqondes Tavisi qarTli, me ki Cems kaxeTs davsjerdebi. 

lekebze unda viyaroT javri, kaxeTi ganvamagro (`SemovzRudav, 

kars Saviyri~), yeens Tavidanve gavuxdivarT orad, àxla rodis 

SegvaerTebs, saqme gvigdo mosaRorad~. man qarTli Camabara `ZmaT 

saCxubrad, amxanagTa mosaSorad~. amis Semdeg poeti gadmogvcems 

qarTl-kaxeTis erTianobis ideas konstantine mamadyulixanis eniTa da 

iniciativiT, razedac zemoT visaubreT. qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebis 

udides mniSvnelobaze kaxTbatonis mier vaxtangisaTvis miwerili werili 

moewona qarTlis mefes, rac ìeses gulsa, viT laxvari, xvda, 

daRrija~. gadagvarebulma iesem SeuTvala konstantines: ar endo vaxtang 

mefes, is Seni mteria, mogklavs. girCev, vaxtangTan dasamoyvreblad 

nu moxval (`me damijere, nu moxval, Torem gaebmi badeso~), Torem 

amas Seityobs yeeni, `wagarTmevs batonobasa~. beris saSualebiT 

75

ieses es `rCeva~ konstantines roca moxsenda, anu epifanem mas `xelSi 

misca minaweri~, kaxT batonma misi wakiTxvisTanave `daiqniva Tav-kiseri~, 

vaxtangisken momavali ficxlad gabrunda ukan. daufiqreblad gadawyvita, 

wavides da qarTlis mefes `daumtvrios~ karni magra danajarni~. 

magram kaxTbatonma, `qarTlis Wiris~ mixedviT, vaxtangis samefos 

aoxrebis ganzraxvis aRsrulebamde kvlav miswera qarTlis taxtis 

mpyrobels werili, romelic metad sayuradReboa Cveni sakiTxisaTvis, 

sadac ixsneba is saidumloeba, poets, marTlac keTilSobil 

pirovnebad hyavs Tu ara konstantine warmosaxuli. SedarebiT dawvrilebiT 

gavecnoT `daviTianis~ am monakveTs (`kaxis batonisagan berebis 

mociqulad gagzavna qarTvelT batonTan da qarTlis Txovna~). pirvelad 

jer es miswera: msurda Seni naxva, wamovel, mogmarTe, saswrafod 

miveSurebodi Senken, `magram momesma, sasmelTa masmevdi, rac ar 

mwyuroda~, amitom ver geaxeli. saqmes vapirebdi `karga monagvarsa~, 

magram Sen àr mimindev, saxe ucan maxes, SengniT monagarsa~. kaxma batonma 

kvlav miswera vaxtangs: `Cven erTmaneTsa nu vaxdenT, Torem 

wagvaxdens mterebi~, ar motyuvde, iyav frTxilad, ar usmino orgul- 

Ta sityvas, nu aqcev zurgis misayrden zRudes: `batonis upatiuri 

ymas ar SerCebis arosa, arc RmerTi batons SearCens ymaze saudiarosa~. 

xolo vis gulisxmobs d. guramiSvili konstantines naTqvamSi 

`batonis~ da `ymis~ qveS, amas gvixsnis momdevno strofi: `batons awyine, 

gagiwyra, abrale Sensa wyenasa... damorCileba ufalTa uTqvams 

daviTis (fsalmunTa avtori _ t.m.) enasa, Sen Tu Sens ufals ar usmen, 

nurc Sens monas eWv smenasa~. es batoni yeeni yofila Turme (`yeens 

umtyune, gagiwyra, _ aq zixar Semamwyralia; qarTli wagarTva, me 

momca, Cemi xom ara bralia~). e. i. `batoni~ yeenia, xolo misi monayma 

_ vaxtangi. 

ase rom, ar unda iyos swori v. donduas Tvalsazrisi zemoT 

motanili saanalizo striqonebTan dakavSirebiT, rom aq batonymuri 

urTierTobis Sesaxeb iyos poetis azri Camoyalibebuli, TiTqos mas 

am momentSi `batonymuri rigis perspeqtivebi aRelvebda~: `me mindoda 

yofiliyo CvenSi siyvaruli Zmuri, Camomegdo rigi wesi. samarTali 

batonymuri~. gamoTqmaSi _ `me mindoda yofiliyo CvenSi siyvaruli 

Zmuri, Camomegdo rigi wesi, samarTali baton-ymuri~ _ romelic konstantines 

eniT gadmoica, saubaria kaxTbatonisa da vaxtangis politikur 

urTierTmimarTebaze. e. i. Sens batons _ yeens umtyune, igi gagiwyra 

da amitom qarTli me Camabara. me qarTls ar gTxovdi, magram 

ridi maqvs yeenisa, Tu mas ar vusmine, gamiwyreba, ise rogorc axla 

76

Sen giwyreba. amis Semdeg kaxTbatons vaxtangis Sesagoneblad bibliuri 

epizodebi moaqvs; iudac qristes mimarT `Cemobda kais ymobasa~, 

magram mas sZlia sixarbem, `mixvda satanas Zmobasa~. iudam vercxlis 

safasurad gayida qriste, mere Seinana es Ralati, Tavi daixrCo, rac 

`mouvida nasado~. mas rom Tavi ar daexrCo, monaniebis gamo umZimes 

Secodebas RmerTi Seundobda, petremac Sescoda ufals, romelzec 

ityvian `sarwmunovebiT iuda sjobdao~. magram petrem sinanuliT gamoisyida 

danaSauli da àw mkvidrobs klde simtkiciTa~. konstantine 

dasZens: `vinc Seinanebs, Seundobs ufali Tavis codvasa~. wadi, evedre 

yeens, `daexsen cudsa borgvasa~. Sahs nu eSuRlebi, `Torem mogiSlis 

mjiRebsa~. kvlav emsaxure yeens. misganve daixure Tarj-Tomari~. 

dabolos muqariT wers kaxTbatoni vaxtangs: `vera gTnev, Tu taxts 

ar dascliT, mivxvdebiT Wra da kodvasa~. 

amrigad, samive werilis mixedviT konstantine gaorebul pirovnebad 

hyavs gamoyvanili d. guramiSvils. rogor SevaTavsoT erTmaneT- 

Tan: jer iyo da kaxTbatoni mtkivneulad ganicdis imas, rom yeens Si- 

SiT `TaviTganve gauxdivarT erTi-orad~ da qarTli misTvis miucia 

`ZmaT saCxubrad, amxanagTa mosaSorad~. igi sTxovs vaxtangs, erTad 

dagmon Sahis saqcieli; yeenis rayamis sawinaaRmdegod SeerTdnen (qar- 

Tli da kaxeTi), `gvxams erTmaneTis mindoba~, aRvimarToT erT did 

gorad, romelsac `qari ver gardaaqcevs~, `mounaxovT wylurT wamali~. 

mere momdevno (mesame) werilSi ki konstantine `gurjistanis 

vals~ STaagonebs da mouwodebs Sahis (e. i. Tavisi batonis) morCilebisken, 

Cadenil SecdomaTa monaniebisken, masTan Serigebisken, Tanac 

muqariT Txoulobs qarTlis taxts. yovelive es imisken migvaniSnebs, 

rom d. guramiSvili kaxTbatons gvixatavs ara dadebiT, aramed uaryofiT 

pirovnebad, samSoblos moRalate renegatad. rac Seexeba mis werilebs 

vaxtangisadmi, sadac TiTqos igi qarTvelTa erTgulad gamoiyureba, 

qveynis erTianobis upiratesobas qadagebs da SahTan dapirispirebas 

imiT apirebs, rom, misi survilis sawinaaRmdegod, qarTlis 

taxts aRar daeufleba, es yvelaferi d. guramiSvilis mier gamoyenebuli 

`poeturi xerxia~, rasac istoriul sinamdvilesTan saerTo 

araferi moepoveba. es `poeturi xerxi~ avtors imitom dasWirda, rom 

ufro Rrmad eCvenebina, Tu gaeSiSvlebina is Sinagani intrigebi, rac 

samefoTa mmarTvelebsa da, saerTod, gadagvarebuli feodaluri sazogadoebis 

wres mosdgamda. ufro dawvrilebiT moeTxro STamomavlobisaTvis 

Zmis Ralati Zmisadmi, ieses dari qarTvelebis Ralati mamulisadmi. 

xolo konstantines eniT gamoTqmuli qarTl-kaxeTis mTlianobis 

idea, Tu is `mamuliSviluri winadadebebi~, rac man vaxtangs Ses- 

77

Tavaza, es yvelaferi `gurjistanis valis~ ankesze wamogebis, xafang- 

Si Setyuebis saSualeba iyo, rac mesame werilis bolos daufaravad 

gaaSiSvla poetma, roca sabolood gamoaSkarava konstantines cbiereba, 

orpiroba, TvalTmqacoba. 

TITE MOSIA 

ABOUT ONE HISTORICAL CHARACTER 

IN “DAVITIANI” 

In David Guramishvili’s “The Plague of Kartli” the Moslem son of 

Erekle the first, Konstantine who was the ruler of Kakheti, is shown as a befurcated 

person. At the beginning he seems to be the supporter of the idea of united 

Kartl – Kakhet; Principality (Kingdom) and the person who condoles the 

sorrow of Vakhtang VI. In the end he is the betrayer of Vakhtang VI and the 

Kartli Principality or betrayer Regent of his country. It has no common with 

historical reality (Different from “Davitiani”) Konstantine never was the supporter 

of united Karti-Kakheti Principality. David Guramishvili used a “poetic 

method” to show the intrigue between the Rulers of these Principalities. The 

poet pointed to the perfidious and double-facedness of Konstantine. 

78



t. I, 2007 

nino vaxania 

zogierTi mosazreba vaJa-fSavelas 

`gvelismWamelTan~ dakavSirebiT 

vaJa-fSavelas `gvelismWamelis~ Sesaxeb uamravi saintereso mosazreba 

arsebobs Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi. es rTuli, mravalwaxnaga 

poema iZleva sruliad sapirispiro, urTierTgamomricxav SexedulebaTa 

gamoTqmis SesaZleblobas, Tanac ise, rom yvela mkvlevars 

nawarmoebSi Tavisi azris damadasturebeli myari argumentis moZebna 

SeuZlia. vaJas `gvelismWameli~ is Txzulebaa, romlis erTmniSvnelovnad, 

calsaxad axsna ar xerxdeba (arc saWiroa). mec amitom vbedav, 

mokrZalebiT SemogTavazoT mindias saxis Cemeuli wakiTxva.GG 

jer oriode sityva mzias Sesaxeb. samecniero literaturaSi azrTa 

sxvadasxvaobaa imasTan dakavSirebiTac, Tu rogori personaJia 

(dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi) mindias meuRle _ mzia. vfiqrob, mzias Sefaseba 

dadebiTad an uaryofiTad ar SeiZleba. mzia kerZo qali, coli, 

deda ki ar aris, aramed cxovrebaa mTlianad. arsebiTad mindias konfliqti 

sazogadoebasTan da ojaxTan erTi da igivea. esaa Sejaxeba realur 

cxovrebasTan. cxovreba Tavis TavSi yovelTvis Seicavs winaaRmdegobas 

da igi mocemuli gvaqvs, rogorc gardauvali, aucilebeli 

realoba. cxovrebas, saaqaos, am qveyanas sxva alternativa ar gaaCnia, 

amitomac mzias Sefaseba (rogorc cxovrebis) dadebiT-uaryofiTi kriteriumebiT 

ar SeiZleba. 

mkvlevarTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom mindia ara marto dadebiTi 

personaJia, aramed araCveulebrivi adamiani, zekacia. Tumca arsebobs 

sruliad sapirispiro Sexedulebebic. nimuSad mxolod ramdenime citatas 

davimowmeb. `mindia ar ganekuTvneba Cveulebriv adamianTa wyebas, 

am sityvis farTo da sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli mniSvnelobiT~. 

1 àq TiTqmis yoveli gmiri imisTvis arsebobs, rom mindias buneba 

naTelyos, yoveli viTareba imitomaa mowodebuli, rom mindias buneba 

cxadyos, misi Sinagani arseba gaarkvios~. 2 

1 b. doborjginiZe. buneba da adamiani vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi. Tb., 

1962, gv. 123. 

2 gr. kiknaZe. vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba. Tb., 1957, gv. 152. 

79

`mindias saxis Seqmna logikuri dasasrulia im magistraluri 

xazisa, romelic vaJa-fSavelas mTel Semoqmedebas gasdevs _ qveynis 

keTildReobisaTvis Tavdadebul adamianTa problema~. 1 `vaJas bunebis 

kosmiuri koncefcia mindiaSi gansaxierda~. 2 `titanuri brZola, romelic 

daiwyo mindias sulSi qajurisa da adamianuris sawyiss Soris, 

damTavrda adamianuris gamarjvebiT~. 3 `mwerlis mizania dagvixatos 

xvedri sazogadoebis saerTo Segnebaze amaRlebuli adamianisa~. 4 `mindia 

mze-kacia, gabrZenebuli gmiri, romelic mewvrilmanurma Sexedulebam,…cxovrebis 

umsgavsobam CaiTria da daRupa~. 5 

sxvadasxvanairad aris axsnili agreTve mindias tragediac. Tu 

amiran arabuli Tvlis, rom: `yoveldRiurobis wvrilmani, ukompromiso 

utilitarizmi, miwieri sinamdvile daupirispirda misi [mindias] 

nebis simtkices, mowodebis simaRles, RvTismier bunebas... rwmenis Ralatma 

daRupa gvelismWameli...”. 6 akaki baqraZe ase xsnis gvelismWamelis 

tragedias: `nayofierebis RvTaeba samZimari Semoswyra mindias. mindia 

am avxorci RvTaebis rCeuli iyo, man ki ar apatia col-Svilis 

mokideba da dasaja imiT, rom RvTaebrivi codna waarTva”. 7 

nawarmoebis mixedviT, mindiam Tavis rwmenas uRalata ojaxis, 

col-Svilis, mzias daJinebiT. maSin roca gvelismWamelis winaSe dadga 

sakiTxi _ an ojaxi, an rwmena, ojaxma gadawona. es gardauvali 

iyo da amaSi mindias dadanaSauleba SeuZlebelia. moimoqmedebda Tu 

ara mindia imaves, coli (ojaxi) rom ar hyoloda sakiTxis ase dasmac 

ki umarTebuloa. misi ojaxi TviTon cxovrebaa. rogorc amqveyniur 

realobas ver auqcev gverds, versad daemalebi, rogorc warmoudgenelia 

cocxali adamiani, romelic amqveynad ar cxovrobs, aseve warmoudgenelia 

mindia ojaxis gareSe. 

mindia “gvelis” WamiT raRac did saidumlos eziara. man ipova 

harmonia bunebaSi (es harmonia baraTaSvilsac swamda: `mrwams, rom 

ars ena ram saidumlo uasakoTa da usulT Soris”) 8 . mindia RvTis 

swori gaxda. es adamis mier vaSlis xis nayofis mirTmevas hgavs, 

1 m. Sengelia. ucnauri poema. _ ciskari, ,#5, 1982, gv. 128-129. 

2 m. kveselava. fausturi paradigmebi, naw. 2. Tb., 1961, gv. 125. 

3 d. benaSvili. vaJa-fSavela. Tb., 1961, gv. 147. 

4 a. maxaraZe. narkvevebi qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, t. 2. Tb., 

1962, gv. 465. 

5 k. abaSiZe. etiudebi. Tb., 1962, gv. 393. 

6 a. arabuli. sabediswero simaRle. _ wgn.: _ a. arabuli. vaJa-fSavelas 

poetur samyaroSi. Tb., 1990, gv 14. 

7 a. baqraZe. vaJa-fSavela da miTosi. _ Txzulebani, t. 2. Tb., 2004, gv. 356. 

8 n. baraTaSvili. Cinari. _ Txzulebani. Tb., 1996, gv. 41. 

80

utoldeba. mindiam adamis gza gaiara. mkvlevarma janri kaSiam aRniSna: 

“mindia Wams gvels da Tavisufldeba, Seiqmneba yovlismcodne da sike- 

Tismoqmedi, e.i. aRadgens Tavis miTiur yofas samoTxeSi”. 1 Cemi azriT, 

am uaRresad saintereso msjelobas aklia logika. Tu adamma akrZaluli 

xiliT raRac uxilavisa da miuwvdomlis Secnoba SeZlo 

(RmerTs gauxda metoqed), aseve mindia gvelis WamiT sxvaTaTvis dafaruls 

Cawvda da mixvda (isic RvTis swori gaxda). 

amis Semdeg igi TiTqos sxva ganzomilebaSi cxovrobs, sxva kriteriumebiT 

azrovnebs. principulad SeuZlebelia misi gageba sazogadoebis 

mxridan da aseve SeuZlebelia mis mier sazogadoebis, cxovrebis 

gardaqmna. man an am yofierebaSi unda icxovros, an sxva samyaro- 

Si, sxva sivrceSi. is, rom sxvagan da sxvanairad cxovrebis arc safu- 

Zveli arsebobs, arc SesaZlebloba, qmnis mindias tragedias. mindia 

isjeba ara sikvdiliT, aramed zebunebrivi codnis dakargviT. RmerTma 

TavisTan Setoleba ar apatia adams, arc mindias, dasaja adami samoTxidan 

gamoZevebiT, mindia codnis dakargviT. 

dantes “RvTaebriv komediaSi” personaJad vxvdebiT dasjil ulises. 

igi, rogorc Tavad gviyveba, dasjilia keTilSobiluri da gabeduli 

mogzaurobisTvis, akrZalulis, SeuZlebelis Secnobis survilisTvis. 

borxesi aseT komentars akeTebs am epizodTan dakavSirebiT: 

“dante grZnobs, rom ulise raRacnairad TviTonaa... gangebas win ver 

gavuswrebT, ver gavigebT, vin gadarCeba da vis elis sasjeli. dantem 

gabeda win gaeswro (poeturi saxiT) am samsjavrosaTvis. mas unda 

scodnoda, rom es saxifaToa. SeuZlebelia, ar scodnoda, rom win 

uswrebs RvTis miuwvdomel msjavrs”. 2 

faqtia, rom yvela zemodasaxelebul SemTxvevaSi sasjeli dakav- 

Sirebulia codnasTan, akrZalulis gagebasTan, Seucnoblis Secnobas- 

Tan. didi poetebi Tavad arRveven idumal kanonebs wyvdiadisa da ase 

mieaxlebian RvTaebrivs. amitomacaa, rom sxva samyaros naziarebi suli 

am samyaroSi ver Zlebs. “ara sicocxle, ara sikvdili, aramed raRac 

sxva”, ocnebobda terenti graneli 3 . materialuri, fizikuri arsebobisgan 

gaTavisuflebuli SemoqmedebiTi suli miaCnda n. baraTaSvilsac 

adamianuri yofis saocnebo gamovlinebad. oRond es iseTi mdgomareobaa, 

rogoric mokvdavTagan aravis ganucdia (an iqneb xanmokled ga- 

1 j. kaSia. gvelismWameli. parizi, 1990, gv. 2. 

2 xorxe luis borxesi. Svidi saRamo. Targmani nino qajaiasi _ Jurn.: 

`Cveni mwerloba~, #9, 2008, gv. 31. 

3 t. graneli. gulidan sisxlis wveTebi. _ kreb.: terenti graneli. Tb., 

1991, gv. 6. 


81

nucdia), masze mxolod ocneba SeiZleba da amaze fiqric ki yvelas 

rodi ZaluZs, es mxolod rCeulTa, RvTis sworTa xvedria, cocxali 

adamianisTvis amqveynad sruli Tavisuflebis miRweva SeuZlebelia. 

adamis modgma gaCenis dRidan uamravi ramiT aris SezRuduli. 

pirvel rigSi, es gonebriv da sulier SesaZleblobaTa dasazRvrulobaSi 

vlindeba. aris zRvari, romlis iqiTac adamianur gonebas gadaxedva 

ar SeuZlia. survili ki Seucnoblis Secnobisa, RvTis sauflo- 

Si SeRwevisa da dafarulis xilvisa uCndebaT RvTis swor, rCeul 

adamianebs, imaT, vinc TavianTi unariT, SesaZleblobebiTa da miswrafebebiT 

pirvelSemoqmeds edarebian. aseT kacTaTvis ki miznis misaRwev 

gzaze dabrkolebad iqceva xolme materialuri garsi sulisa da gonebisa, 

anu sxeuli, romelic Tavisas moiTxovs (Wama, Zili, gaTboba...) 

albaT, SemTxveviTi araa, rom geniosi mwerlebi, mecnierebi sicocxlis 

bolomde “did bavSvebad” rCebian xolme, umaRles sivrceebSi monavarde 

maTi goneba sruliad ususuria yoveldRiuri wvrilmanebis 

winaSe. iqneb, swored aseTi mdgomareobiTaa gamowveuli n. baraTaSvilis 

es warmosaxva: `gulis-Tqma Cemi Sens iqiTa eZiebs sadgurs zenaarT 

samyofs, rom daSTos aq amaoeba...”. 1 

oRond amaoebis aq datovebaSi ar igulisxmeba fizikuri da sulieri 

gardacvaleba-mospoba. poetis fantazia eZebs da “poulobs”, 

TavisTvis qmnis mesame gzas. roca sxeuli dabrkolebad aRar eqceva 

sulier da gonebriv Tavisuflebas da mxolod goni SeZlebs SeuzRudav 

arsebobas da kacobriobis samsaxurs. mindias tragedia tragediaa 

sxva samyaros naziarebi sulisa, romelsac Zveleburad, Cveulebrivad 

cxovreba ar surs, xolo sxvanairad (aramiwierad) arseboba ar ZaluZs. 

“gvelismWameli” Ziebaa “mesame gzisa”. 

1 n. baraTaSvili. SemoRameba mTawmindazed. _ Txzulebani. Tb., 1996, gv. 6. 

82

NINO VAKHANIA 

SOME CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT VAZHA PSHAVELA’S 

POEM “SNAKE EATER” 

Many interesting opinions are expressed in the Georgian History of Literature 

about poem of Vazha-Pshavela “Snake eater”. Differently of them I 

suppose that Mindia is looking for the “third way”of existence, the way when 

soul gets Free from body and like that goes on creating. Mindia’s tragedy is a 

tragedy of a reasoning man, a gifted creator, who is seeking for absolute Freedom 

in this world. Mindia repeats the way of Adam; he somewhat rivals with 

The Lord and at last is punished by him. And the “third way” of existence was 

dreaming and it remains a dream for a soul sached to other spaces. 

83

84 



t. I, 2007 

Sio mRvimeli _ 140 

indira gadilia 

qarTuli sabavSvo literaturis 

klasikosi 

Sio mRvimeli 

sabavSvo literatura, mxatvruli literaturis, sityvakazmuli 

mwerlobis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. mas Tavisi specifikuri 

amocanebi aqvs: maRali zneobrivi Tvisebebis aRzrda, sazogadoebisa da 

xalxisaTvis sasargeblo interesebisa da miswrafebebis Canergva bavSvebSi, 

maTi gonebrivi horizontis gafarToeba da mexsierebis gamdidreba 

sasargeblo codniT. i. gogebaSvili werda: `saymawvilo literaturas 

didi mniSvneloba aqvs eris cxovrebaSi, mis warmatebaSi. es 

aris saukeTeso saZirkveli, romelzedac Sendeba mTeli literatura 

da mecniereba xalxisa. gonebiTi moZraoba erisa qviSazea agebuli, Tu 

igi Raribia sayrmo nawarmoebebiT, saymawvilo literaturiT~. 1 

qarTuli sabavSvo literaturis fesvebi Soreuli warsulidan 

momdinareobs da mas saxelovani istoria aqvs. `Cvens winaprebs, romelTac 

Seqmnes didi da TviTmyofadi kultura, ar SeiZleboda ar 

hqonodaT sagangebod yrmaTaTvis gankuTvnili literatura. samwuxarod, 

danamdvilebiT araferia cnobili, Tu ras kiTxulobdnen siymawvileSi 

grigol xanZTeli, ioane petriwi, daviT aRmaSenebeli, Tamari, 

SoTa, magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom maTi gonebisa da zneobis Camosayalibeblad 

ar ikmarebda mxolod biblia da xalxuri zRaprebi~. 2 

Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi (V-XVIIIss.) sakmaod mniSvnelovnad Cans qarTveli 

xalxis daintereseba norCi Taobis sulieri sazrdos SeqmniT. 

uZveles droSi Seqmnila specifikuri xasiaTis saymawvilo nawarmoebi: 

`wameba yrmaTa wmindaTa, ricxviT cxraTa~, `qarTlis cxovreba~-is matianeebi, 

sagmiro-safalavno moTxrobaTa krebuli àmiran-darejaniani~ 

da a.S. bavSvTa gatacebis sagani aucileblad iqneboda S. rusTavelis 

`vefxistyaosani~. SeuZlebelia, qarTvel mozard Taobaze udidesi 

1 i. gogebaSvili. nobaTi. _ Txzulebani. t. 2. Tb., 1945, gv. 10. 

2 b. bardaveliZe. winasityvaoba. _ wgn.: Sio mRvimeli. leqsebi da poemebi. 

Tb., 1973, gv. 5-6.

zneobrivi da esTetikuri zegavlena ar moexdina am poemis gmirebs. 

me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ki saqarTveloSi Cndeba sistematuri 

gamocemebi bavSvebisaTvis. am dros CvenSi samoRvaweo asparezze 

gamovida inteligenciis axali Taoba, romelmac qarTuli kulturis 

ganaxleba iTava. vaJa-fSavela werda: `nuravis hgonia advili iyos sabavSvo 

moTxrobebisa da leqsebis wera, yvelaze Zneli swored esaa, 

da Tu ara suliT mdidars, sxvas ar SeuZlian gaxdes sabavSvo mwerali~. 

1 saqarTveloSi iTxzveboda didi literatura patarebisTvis. iakob 

gogebaSvilis daucxromeli moRvaweobis Sedegad Seiqmna qarTuli 

sabavSvo presa, Jurnalebi: `nobaTi~, `jejili~, `nakaduli~. swored 

am Jurnalebis saSualebiT moefina mTel saqarTvelos vaJa-fSavelas, 

niko lomouris, ekaterine gabaSvilis, Tedo razikaSvilis, irodion 

evdoSvilisa da sxvaTa sabavSvo nawarmoebebi. sabavSvo mwerlobis ostatTa 

am didebul pleadaSi Sio mRvimels Rirseuli adgili ukavia. 

Sio mRvimeli (quCukaSvili) 1866 wels (TebervalSi) daibada qarTlis 

erT patara sofelSi (qarelis r-ni), breTSi, Raribi mRvdlis 

mravalSvilian ojaxSi. am sofelSi gaatara bavSvoba momavalma poetma. 

is daaxloebiT 7 wlis iqneboda, roca ufrosma Zmam giorgim waiyvana 

SildaSi, sadac is maswavleblobda. 1879w. Sio quCukaSvili TbilisSi 

Camoiyvanes, magram aq didxans ar darCenila. 1881w. Sio goris 

saostato seminariasTan arsebul sanimuSo skolaSi miabares. am dros 

goris seminariaSi swavlobda luka razikaSvili. Sio da vaJa aq daumegobrdnen 

erTmaneTs. aqve gaicno Siom vaJa-fSavelas Zmebi _ baCana 

da Tedo. 1887w. Siom daamTavra goris samoqalaqo oTxklasiani saswavlebeli. 

amave wlis Semodgomaze igi TbilisSia da muSaobas iwyebs 

`qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi~. 1909 

wlidan koreqtorad muSaobs Jurnal-gazeTebis redaqciaSi. 1925w. 

Sio mRvimels literaturuli moRvaweobis 40 wlis iubile gadauxades. 

Sio mRvimeli 1933 wels gardaicvala. igi dakrZalulia didubis 

panTeonSi. 

`mRvimeli~ SiosTvis mweral niko lomours daurqmevia: Senc 

iseTive saTno da uwyinari xar, Cemo Sio, _ uTqvams nikos, _ rogorc 

beri Sio mRvimeli iyo Zvelado 2 . poets moswonebia niko lomouris 

sityva da mTeli Tavisi poeturi cxovreba mRvimelis fsevdonimiT 

gaatara. 

Sio mRvimeli samwerlo asparezze gasuli saukunis oTxmocdaa- 

Tian wlebSi gamovida. misi Tematikurad mravalferovani poezia 

1 vaJa-fSavela. Sio mRvimeli. _ Txzulebani. Tb., 1985, gv. 744. 

2 g. kaWaxiZe. Sio mRvimelis cxovreba da poezia. Tb., 1966, gv. 39. 

85

mTlianad bavSvebis kuTvnilebaa. is dajildoebuli iyo genialuri 

adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli unariT _ Rrmad Caswvdomoda bavSvis 

sulier samyaros, udidesi gulTamxilaobiT axerxebda zustad garkveuliyo 

bavSvebis gulisnadebSi, Seucdomlad gamoecno maTi miswrafebani, 

survilebi, xasiaTebi da interesebi. `bavSvs Tavisi sakuTari 

fiqrebi, sagnis sakuTari xedva da cxovrebis SegrZnobis sakuTari manera 

aqvs. amitom nawarmoebi, romelSic gadaWarbebulad aris warmodgenili 

bavSvis SegrZnobisa da xedvis unari, yalbia. amgvari Txzuleba 

zemoqmedebas ver moaxdens patara mkiTxvelis sulier Camoyalibebaze. 

bavSvs nawarmoebi samsaxurs mxolod maSin gauwevs, roca igi 

Seqmnilia bavSvis cxovrebis mixedviT da damrigeblobiT. cnebebiT ki 

ara, misi asakisaTvis damajerebeli mxatvruli saxeebiT da situaciebiT 

aCvevs maT karg qcevebs~. 1 

Sio mRvimelis pirveli leqsi gazeT `droebaSi~ daibeWda 1885w. 

Semdeg Sio mRvimelis leqsebi `jejilisa~ da `nakadulis~ furclebze 

ibeWdeboda `mcirewlovan yrmaTaTvis~, `ymawvilTaTvis~. mRvimelis 

poezia emsaxureba Tavisufali samSoblos siyvarulis, humanuri 

grZnobebis gaRviZebas, borotebis dagmobas, sikeTis apologias. misi 

poeziis didi nawili bunebis suraTebs, mcenareTa, cxovelTa da 

frinvelTa samyaros asaxavs. poeziaSi warmodgenilia weliwadis yvela 

dro, yvela Tve. mis leqsebSi patara mwyemsebi, mexreebi, onavari 

biWebi mxneoben, celqoben, magram amave dros, Sromasa da garjaSi ar 

CamorCebian ufrosebs. Sio mRvimelis ideali iyo Tavisufali saqarTvelo, 

Tavisufali Sroma, mSobliuri enisa da samSoblos usazRvro 

siyvaruli. saqarTvelo da misi Cagruli mSobliuri xalxi aris misi 

mTeli Semoqmedebis safuZveli da sazrunavi. 

leqsi `muxa~ qarTuli patriotuli poeziis erT-erTi brwyinvale 

nimuSia. igi alegoriuli xasiaTisaa, masSi gadmocemulia saqarTvelos 

didebuli warsuli, misi Zliereba da ukeTesi momavlis Rrma 

rwmena. muxa Zlierebisa da simtkicis simboloa. poeti muxas adarebs 

mefis TviTmpyrobelobis drois saqarTvelos. 

Sio mRvimeli werda: `bavSvamde unda daxvide, rom aamaRlo igi 

Seni Segnebis donemde, rom gasagebi gaxado misTvis is, risi Tqmac ginda~. 

poeti Tavis norC mkiTxvels ayvarebda mSobliur mxares da masSi 

patriotul suliskveTebas zrdida. mis poeziaze aRzrdil bavSvs 

WeSmaritad nazi da saTuTi siyvaruliT uyvars Tavisi samSoblo. 

poetis Semoqmedeba Tematurad mravalferovania, magram gansakuT- 

1 v. jibuti. norCi Taobis megobrebi. Tb., 1971, gv. 50-51. 

86

ebiT gamokveTilia oboli, mSoblebis mzrunvelobas moklebuli da 

bedisagan daCagruli bavSvebi. poeti ambobs: `rac unda Sxami SevWamo, 

bavSvebTan mival tkbiliTao~, magram igi realisti mwerali iyo da 

drodadro mainc uxdeboda bavSvebis mware cxovrebis Cveneba. 

leqsi òboli~ poeturi gamosaxvis ZaliT erT-erTi umSvenieresi 

leqsia Sio mRvimelis SemoqmedebaSi. martodmarto darCenili bavSvi, 

romelsac `guli eleva~ dedisa da mamis lodinSi, mwared qviTinebs, 

verc karis Caketva mouxerxebia da verc loginSi Cawolila. mis 

mware fiqrebs kidev ufro amZimebs Rame, qaris griali, finias yefa 

karebze. deda sxvagan hgonia wasuli, ver mixvedrila patara, risTvis 

acvia mamas Savi samosi. 

leqsis emociuri Zala TandaTan matulobs, sizmarSi deda gamoecxadeba. 

kabis Rils uxsnis da ZuZuze kocnis. roca mSobeli dedis 

alersiT da cqeriT datkbeba, sayveduriT etitineba: 

sad damemale, sad waxvel, 

visTan iyavi, dedao 

sami Ramea mSieri 

viZineb zedizedao. 

bolos ki exveweba: `nuRarsad waxval, dedilo, Sens ZuZus venacvaleo, 

Tu kidev sadme waxvide, mec SenTan wamiyvaneo~. 1 

TviTon Sio mRvimelma ganicada obloba da am grZnobis gadmocema 

didi poeturi ZaliT SeZlo. àdrianad daoblebuli, ususuri bav- 

Svis gaucnobierebeli ubedurebis amsaxveli striqonebi leqsSi òboli~ 

yvela asakis mkiTxvels SesZravs, magram gamorCeulad moqmedebs 

norC mkiTxvelze da iwvevs oblisadmi Rrma TanagrZnobas, rac badebs 

Tanadgomisa da daxmarebis survils~. 2 

sainteresoa leqsi `deda kabas ukeravda~. am leqsSi gamoxatulia 

didi adamianuri keTilSobileba. poeti aqac Seudareblad gadmogvcems 

obolTa da RaribTa mdgomareobas. SeuZlebelia igi waikiTxos 

bavSvma da ar ganimsWvalos oblisadmi daxmarebis surviliT. leqsis 

Sinaarsi aseTia: deda Tavis Svils elos kabas ukeravda saaxalwlod, 

magram elo Sin ar iyo, is TbilisSi swavlobda. gasasinjad mezoblis 

gogonas melos dauZaxa da Caacva. melos kaba Zalian mouxda. roca 

gasasinjad Cacmuli kaba gaxades, gulistkivili ver damala: 

Tu mixdeba, raRada mxdiT, 

zedve mecvas baremao, 

erTxel CemSic gaixaros 

1 S. mRvimeli. rCeuli. Tb., 1946, gv. 137. 

2 c. bablovani. sabavSvo literatura. rusTavi, 1996, gv. 145. 

87

oblobis mze-mTvaremao. 1 

qalaqidan rom Camovida elo, melos kaba aCuqa da amasac ar dasjerda, 

aRuTqva, rom wera-kiTxvasac Seaswavlida. 

oboli bavSvi Sios poeziaSi ara marto mSoblebsaa moklebuli, 

aramed ubralo arsebobis materialur saarsebo safuZvelsac. amitomac 

gamoxatavda poeti Tavis did TanagrZnobas Raribebisadmi, gvaCvenebda 

Tavis keTil guls. Sromis cocxali suraTebia mocemuli leqsebSi 

`gazafxuli~, `gogocuna da simRera~, `ra ambavia~ da sxv. mRvimeli 

sofelSi daibada da aRizarda. is mTeli uSualobiT gvixatavs 

sofels Tavisi SromismoyvareobiTa da mravalferovani peizaJiT. poema-leqsSi 

`beRura Citis ambavi~ poeti mouTxrobs Tavis norC mkiTxvels, 

uangaro SromiT rogor moipova ubralo beRuram sayovelTao 

siyvaruli. 

megobroba da siyvaruli, Zmoba da erTguleba Rrmad adamianuri 

grZnobebia, romelTac pataraobidanve unda wrToba bavSvis arsebaSi. 

am amocanas Sio mRvimeli Tavisi lirikis saSualebiT udidesi gulmodginebiTa 

da siyvaruliT akeTebs. 

Sio mRvimelis Semoqmedebis mizania xeli Seuwyos axalgazrda 

adamianis aRzrdas, zegavlena moaxdinos mis sulier Camoyalibebaze, 

daexmaros bavSvis gonebrivi da fizikuri ganviTarebis process. igi 

ferebs ar iSurebs bunebis naTeli, mimzidveli mxatvruli saxeebis 

Sesaqmnelad, ostaturad xatavs frinvelTa da cxovelTa samyaros, 

amJRavnebs maTs uaryofiT Tvisebebs, verag bunebas. 

poeti cocxali ferebiT xatavs weliwadis yvela dros. Semodgomaze 

foTlebs siyviTle epareba, mosavals abinaveben, soflad yur- 

Zensa da xils krefen. gazafxuli bunebis ganaxlebis, misi gamococxlebis 

Jamia. weliwadis es dro poeziaSi yovelTvis sicocxlis simbolo 

iyo. Sio mRvimelsac gansakuTrebiT uyvars gazafxuli. gazafxulze 

yvelaferi yvavis da xarobs, mzes elvareba emateba, Tbili 

qveynebidan brundebian frinvelebi. gazafxuli Sromisa da garjis 

droc aris. 

zamTari civi, weliwadis yvela drosTan SedarebiT daRvremili 

da Tovlian-yinuliania. zamTarma `mdinaresa da wyaros moavlo brolis 

zRude~. bavSvebi gatacebiT gundaoben da cigaoben. maT zamTris 

mosvla uxariaT. roca miwaze Tovli devs an Tovs da bardnis, bavSvebi 

JriamuliT gamoefinebian ezoebsa da moednebze, maT ver aSinebT 

zamTris susxi. 

1 S. mRvimeli. sabavSvo leqsebi. t. II. Tb., 1964, gv. 51. 

88

Sio mRvimelma kargad icis bavSvis buneba, misi xasiaTi, miswrafeba. 

man icis, ra uyvars bavSvs, ra izidavs, riTi SeiZleba bavSvis 

daintereseba. Tu mwerali adamianis sulis inJineria, Sio mRvimeli 

bavSvis faqizi sulis inJineria. 

bavSvebis TamaSi Sios SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovan adgils iWers. 

TamaSi zemoqmedebs bavSvis sulis Camoyalibebaze. TamaSi yvela bavSvis 

moTxovnilebaa. TamaSi pataras Sromis Cvevebsac aZlevs da savsebiT 

uTavsdeba moazrovne da Semoqmedi adamianis aRzrdis principebs. cigiT 

sriali bavSvebis sasiamovno garTobaa. civ, susxian zamTarSi 

`vinc ki gareT gamohbedavs, cremli mosdis yvelas Tvalze~, 1 magram 

es gogias ar aSinebs, is guladia da surs winaaRmdegobis gadalaxviT 

mizans miaRwios. 

bavSvuri TamaSi cocxlad da uSualodaa gadmocemuli `cxenobanaSi~. 

poeti pirze RimiliT Sescqeris joxis cxenebze amxedrebul 

vaJkacebs, yvela maTgani cdilobs Tavi gamoiCinos cxenosnobaSi. 

roca bavSvi wamoizrdeba, igi TamaSiT ar kmayofildeba, misi goneba 

ufro met sazrdos moiTxovs. bavSvis survilia swavlas daewafos. 

swavla advili araa, is araa garToba da aq poeti Tavisi mxatvruli 

sityviT cdilobs Seayvaros bavSvs swavla, daainteresos is. 

swavlis epizodebia gamoxatuli leqsSi òjaxis gamxareblebi~. 

bejiT bavSvebs Sio mRvimeli ojaxis gamxareblebs uwodebs. maT sixaruli 

da sicocxle SeaqvT yvelgan. isini mSoblebs Svebas gvrian da 

mxneobas mateben, netarebis grZnobiT avseben. 

leqsSi àde, biWo, zaqaria~ zaqros ZilisTvis ver waurTmevia 

Tavi. poeti mas dayvavebiT mimarTavs: 

mzis sxivebi oqrosfrad 

xuWuW TmaSi gefineba, 

mercxalic Tavs dagWikWikebs, 

Sen ki isev geZineba! 2 

poeti zaqarias gamoRviZebuli bunebis suraTs uxatavs da gamofxizlebis 

ganwyobas uqmnis. amis Semdeg ki poeti darigebas mimar- 

Tavs: 

ade, ade, kmara Zili! 

erTi kidev gadikiTxe 

dRevandeli gakveTili, 

Torem dedas ewyineba... 3 

1 S. mRvimeli. leqsebi, poemebi. Tb., 1973, gv. 36. 

2 S. mRvimeli. leqsebi.., 36. 

3 S. mRvimeli. leqsebi.., 36. 

89

Sio mRvimelis poeziaSi vxvdebiT sikeTisa da borotebis dapirispirebas. 

poeti cdilobs norC mkiTxvelebs borotebac daanaxos da 

SeazizRos igi. keTilsa da borots xSirad poeti cxovelTa da mcenareTa 

urTierTobaSi gviCvenebs. borotebis erT-erT warmomadgenlad 

obobas xatavs. obobam Taflis mkeTebeli futkari ar daindo, wuwna 

dauwyo, sisxli gaarTva da mospo. poeti borotebis Camdens kicxavs: 

fuh, Sens av znes da bunebas, 

Sens macdur ablabudasa, 

cecxli gauCndes Sens mucels 

codvians, sisxlis gudasa. 1 

Sio mRvimelis poeziaSi calke unda gamoiyos yvavilTa samefo. 

poetis ia cocxalia, adamianuri grZnobiTaa Semkuli. TiTqos igi yvavili 

ki ara, molaparake gogonaa: 

velSi ia amovida, 

miixeda, moixeda, 

_ mwyuriao! _ Cumada Tqva, 

daZaxeba ver gabeda. 2 

`Sios yvavilebi imitom modian amqveynad, rom sxva daatkbon, xolo 

kvdebian imitom, rom maT Semdeg ufro Zlierma yvavilma ixaros. 

poetis leqsebSi mcenareebi, mwvaniT mosili mTa-bari, yvavilebiT morTuli 

mindori Tbili qveynebidan mofrenil frinvelebs siyvaruliT 

xvdeba moJriamule bavSvebTan erTad. mercxali Sios Semoqmedebis sayvareli 

frinvelia. 

Sio mRvimelis poeziaSi erT-erTi saukeTesoa leqsi `me pawia 

mercxali var~. 3 ès leqsi Tavisi ganumeorebeli poeturi saxeebiT, 

gulSi Camwvdomi lirikuli JReradobiT ara marto mSvenieri frinvelis 

sibraluls gvaswavlis, aramed uSualod exeba sulis unazes simebs, 

madlierebisa da siyvarulis grZnobebs aRgviZravs mSobliuri 

bunebisadmi~. pawia mercxali sesesken moiswrafoda, man sixaruliT, 

siyvaruliT gadmolaxa mTebi da zRvebi. biWs SoriT Tvalebs ukocnida 

da masTan misvlamde erTxelac ar daukvnesia. Sori gzidan momavali, 

daRlili dabla-dabla eSveboda da seses eZebda. ai, movida, dainaxa 

biWi, gulSi ia-vardi gadaeSala, ufro tkbilad aWikWikda, `xmebi 

gaiukeTesa~ da biWis cudi saqcielis gamo, mxolod axla daikvnesa: 

àr grcxvenia, umizezod, qvebs rom mesvri, biWo sese!~ àmgvari SepirispirebiT, 

patara SemTxvevis Rrma poeturi gaazrebiT, qmnis Sio 

1 S. mRvimeli. sabavSvo leqsebi. t. II, gv. 125. 



90

mRvimeli Tavis Cinebul sabavSvo nawarmoebebs~. 1 

Sio mRvimeli, rogorc sabavSvo mwerali, icnobda da eyrdnoboda 

didaqtikis principebs. oRond is arasodes mimarTavda mSral didaqtikas, 

Wkuis swavlebas. didaqtika mis poeziaSi isea Serwymuli 

mxatvrul sityvasTan, rom mis Semoqmedebas sabavSvo lirikis klasikur 

nimuSad aqcevs. Sio mRvimelis poeziaSi gvxvdeba mSvenieri iumori. 

iumoristuli suraTebia daxatuli mis leqsebSi: `Tamriko da nina!~, 

`cicunia~, `saCuqrebi~, `kata da bebia~, `nabia da wkipa~, `patar- 

Zali da Tagvi~ da sxva mravali. leqsSi `nabia da wkipa~ erTmaneTs 

SeekamaTebian wkipa da nabia. 

amrigad, Sio mRvimelis poeziis Zala imaSia, rom is kargad 

efardeba bavSvebis interesTa wres. maTTvis misawvdomi eniT gamoTqva 

poetma samSoblosa da Tavisuflebis siyvaruli, Sroma-garjisa da 

swavla-bejiTobis fasi, pirdapirobis, samarTlianobis suliskveTeba, 

usaqmurobasTan brZola, bunebis movlenebis, frinvelTa da mcenareTa 

Tvalwarmtaci samyaros SegrZneba. Sio mRvimelis saleqso fraza moqnili 

da sadaa, riTmi tradiciuli. poetis sayvareli leqsia rvamarcvledi. 

Sios ena mCqefarea, ZarRviani, xatovani gamoTqmebiT damSvenebuli. 

leqsebs moxdenili epiTeti amSvenebs, bavSvebisaTvis axlobelia: 

`fiso yveliparia~, òfofi savarcxliani~, `lurjqaTiba ia~ da 

a.S. Sio mRvimelis leqsebSi gvxvdeba aforizmiseburi gamoTqmebic. Sio 

mRvimelis leqsebma qarTuli literaturis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi 

daimkvidra adgili. maTi avtori mudam darCeba qarTveli bavSvebis 

sayvarel poetad. 

1 S. CiCua. Sio mRvimeli. _ qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. V. Tb., 

1982, gv. 409. 

91

INDIRA GADILIA 

THE CLASSIC OF GEORGIAN 

CHILDREN’S LITERATURE 

SHIO MGHVIMELI 

Shio Mghvimeli is a classic of children’s writing. Poet is an exceptionally 

sensitive, affectionate, deeply thinker creator, who draws patriotism, humanism, 

relation between mother and children in wonderfully features, he 

eulogizes brotherhood, friendship, condemns envy, unreliability, hostility. He 

cheerfully stands at the watch of children’s life in order that they have happy 

and peaceful life and sleep. In his consciousness a child is a symbol of beauty, 

kindness, happiness and that’s why he caresses them. In poetry of Shio 

Mghvimeli nature elements, universe, sea and land occupies great place. In his 

poems nature is animated and begins to speak. Here an animal, bird or plant 

has ability for expressing gladness and sorrow. Poet paints all the seasons of 

the year-spring, summer, autumn and winter in perfect colors to make the children 

happy. Poetic language of Mghvimeli is simple, artistic, free and emotional. 

In his poetry there are aphoristic expressions. Poetry of Shio Mghvimeli 

took the place in school manuals of Georgian literature. Their author will always 

be as a lovely poet of children. 

92



t. I, 2007 

luara sordia 

galaktion tabiZis „dominos“ 

problematika da saxeebi 

galaktion tabiZis lirika gamoirCeva idumalebiT, enigmebiT, ur- 

Tulesi metaforuli saxeebiT, romelTa umetesoba dakavSirebulia 

msoflmxedvelobasTan da poetis qristianul koncefciaze migvaniSnebs. 

erT-erTi aseTi gamocanebiT savse, naklebad Seswavlili leqsia 

`domino~, romlis Sesaxebac ar arsebobs erTiani, dasabuTebuli mosazreba 

da es kidev ufro zrdis mis mimarT interess. 

galaktionma imTaviTve scada Tavisi poeturi gzebis moZieba 

(„sad~) da gansazRvra, daakonkreta kidec mTavari Tu meorexarisxovani 

orientirebi. misi gza `dausrulebloba~ iyo. mSobliuri WyviSis 

gza `wminda gzas~, ìisfer gzas~, `vercxlisfer bilikebs~ aedevna, 

gamoCnda saocnebo `gza maradisiT ganalandari~. poets ewada àRmosavleTis, 

dasavlis, CrdiloeTis da samxreTis~ (`niavi, ia, nargizi~) 

gzebis ganWvreta. `mzis saTavemde~ mimavali gzaze iyo `maia, deda 

msofliois~, `frTebi eladaTa sibrZnis demonis~, egviptis genia, `himalais 

mwvervalTa gzebi~ (`poema vefxvisa~), sparsuli gazelebi 

(`Semodgoma umanko Casaxebis mamaTa savaneSi~), dasavleTis qarebi, 

CrdiloeTis yinuli, àRmosavleTi ferebSi sxmuli~, gaRviZebis stadiaSi 

myofi aRmosavleTi - àxali drois hamleti~ (àRmosavleTi~). 

poeti iyo edgar pos aCrdilis `Tanaziari~ (`saubari edgarze~), 

novalisis cisferi yvavilis maZiebeli (ès iyo 15 wlis winaT~), Caild-Caroldis 

wamosasxamiT da hamletis niRbiT movlenili msoflio 

sevdis raindi (`hamletis qnariT~), goeTes faustis ideebiT gatacebuli, 

Sori yinuliT ganawamebi, `Tovlis niRabis~ avtorTan Sexmianebuli. 

is da bloki iyvnen `paladinebi erTi imedis~. 

qarTvelma poetma ver igua `mokakane Taris~ xma, Wianuris qviTini, 

Siqastebi, aRmosavluri baiaTebi (ìgi omia~, `mTvaris Crdili 

baRs efina qargad~). modioda axali eresi, `SemoRamebis celi~ emuqreboda 

arsebobas, magram poetis locvis xmebi axSobda satanurs, 

uzenaesis lodinis simReras aRavlenda, alvis xis, vardebis gadarCenaze 

zrunavda (alva, vardi saRmrTo saxelebia) da qmnida `gadarCenis 

himns~, umReroda `gadarCenis bednierebas~. 

93

gadasarCeni ki bevri ram iyo, upirvelesad, rwmena. rwmenis um- 

Tavresi mteri iyo CrdiloeTis yinulovani monstri, `mgmobari megobari~, 

`mteri meore~. 1 poetma ganicada òkeane, Sori yinuli~, ixila 

yinulovani qveyana, yinulis qalaqi, `yinulis sasaxleTa munjni grovani~, 

yinulis koSkebi, yinulis mTebi, yinulovani garemocva, romelic 

gzas ketavda saocnebo edemisken (`SexedeT miwa~). 

`miuRweveli mwvane napirebi~ Semosili iyo `Zveli TovliT da 

yinviT~, èlvare TovlSi~ mieqaneboda TeTri marxili, `TeTr avdar- 

Si~ èlami~ iyo mze (òforti~), @`Tovlis ferumarili~ ecxo yovelives. 

tkioda Tovlad saxeldebuli samSoblo, Tovliani iyo alva, 

suls yinavda „ivlisisferi yinvis Tasebi~, gayinuli iyo ca, „TeTrad 

spetaki, magram marad Savi~ guli, gayinuli iyo mxedari. ianvris Tovlma 

dauWkno sulis naadrevi iebi („samreklo udabnoSi~), „mwuxare 

Tovlis~ samefoSi gaamgzavra „feradma gemma~ („guli grZnobs~). 

iyo `bneli Tova~, luciferis landi („ver gaigones~), Savi Tovli 

(„Semodgoma umanko Casaxebis mamaTa savaneSi~), sulSi Tovli iyo 

ìribi, almaceri~, („Tovli iyo iribi, almaceri~), Tovlisagan silisTvis 

minebebuli novalisis yvavili, „saukuneTa Tovli~ („warwera 

xovles ornamentze~), fifqiT mtroba („domino~), „gza, dafenili msxverpliT, 

cxedrebiT da sisxliT sveli, gza, sasikvdilo gadaTeTrebiT~, 

mwuxarebis gamo „daZmobilebuli Ramis tye-veli~, nazarevelis 

gareSe arseboba („samSoblo Savi liuciferis~), calTvala mefistofelis 

saukune („brma cali TvaliT~). 

mis mSobliur gzebze gazafxulismagvari zamTris Tovli modioda, 

iyo Tovlis kravebis, Tovlis madonas, iisferi da vardisferi 

Tovlis xibli, realobaSi ki suls uSfoTebda „maTi mindori, maTi 

nislebi da burusebi~.... natrobda, gascloda `maT Tovlebs~, zamTars, 

eZebda mSobliur TibaTves, Cvens napirs („918~), sinamdvileSi ki moucilebeli 

iyo „Tovlis mxare, nisliani mTa da bari, sicive da 

mRvrie dari~ („mRvrie qari~), „nawvimar silaSi~ egdo ocnebis vardi. 

saocnebo sasaxlemde mravali karibWe iyo gasavleli. „dominos~ 

mixedviT, poeti Sevida „dawyevlili samaris~ minamgvan saSiSar sasaxleSi, 

sadac mkvdrebis landebi rialebdnen da haerSic sikvdilis suni 

igrZnoboda: 

„SevdivarT sasaxleSi. 

wmindao, damicev! 

suroSi, saSiSrad mivardnil kedlebiT 

1 g. tabiZe. mSvidobis wigni. _ Txzulebani 12 tomad. t. XI. Tb., 1973, gv. 

352. 

94

es saxli magonebs dawyevlil samares: 

aq mkvdrebi dahqrian zRapruli raSebiT 

da bedis etlebiT, haeri sikvdiliT dafares...~. 1 

am bneli sasaxlis mTavari binadari iyo „dRegrZeli moxuci~, 

aTasgvari wamlis Sezavebis da Selocvis ostati, „fermkrTali qalebis~ 

garemocviT. am grZneuli pirovnebis Tanamdevi iyo „sanTlebis, 

wignebis wyevla da vedreba!.. risxva! amxedreba!~. 

„gandegil cxovrebiT dRegrZeli 

moxuci cxovrobda aq erT dros. 

vin iyo saxeli aravin icoda. 

aTasgvar wamliT da SelocviT eZebda 

bednier samkvidros da 

mudam faruli RelvebiT iwvoda... 

mis Tvalwin qariviT dgebodnen 

yovelRam fermkrTali qalebi, 

sanTlebis, wignebis wyevla da vedreba! 

isini tirodnen, isini rekavdnen Tvalebis rkalebiT, 

risxva! amxedreba!~ 2 

vfiqrobT, Zalze sayuradRebo, mTavari aqcentis matarebeli 

frazaa „sanTlebis, wignebis wyevla da vedreba!~ wigni uflis metaforuli 

saxelia. misi variantebia galaktionis „mSvidobis wignSi~: 

ùZvelesi wigni, uaxlesi wigni, 

wigni _ sicocxle, wigni _ sindisi, 

mSvidobis wigni, wigni cis da dedamiwis, 

Cveni wyvdiadis da ganTiadis wigni, 

maradis manaTobeli, 

Zvirfasze Zvirfasi wigni, 

wigni _ mxneoba, wigni _ saamo, 

wigni _ simarTlis mcveli, 

wigni _ viTarca asomTavruli~. 3 

aseTive gagebisaa poetis maradiuli wigni („saSveli qveynad 

aRar yofila~), erTaderTi wigni („Semodgoma~), wigni vedrebiani 

(„gviani ocneba~). poeti hpirdeba samSoblos im uZvelesi da uaxlesi 

wignis dacvas („mSobliuro Cemo miwav~). galaktionis SemoqmedebaSi 

gvxvdeba agreTve „Savi wigni~ („xelovneba~, „magida alembikebiT~), 

romelic sikvdilis wignis identuria. „wigni da xmeli Tavis qala~ 

1 g. tabiZe. Txzulebani 2 wignad. w. I, Tb. 1988, gv. 83. 

2 g. tabiZe. Txzulebani 2 wignad. w. I, gv. 83. 

3 g. tabiZe. mSvidobis wigni, gv. 309-343. 

95

(„portreti~) poeziisa da sikvdilis dapirispirebas gulisxmobs iseve, 

rogorc poetis meore wignis saxelwodeba: „Tavis qala artistuli 

yvavilebiT~. 

galaktionis saRvTo Sinaarsis wignis wyarod gvesaxeba esaia winaswarmetyveli, 

romelic qristes movlinebas aRiqvams, rogorc dabeWdili 

wignis sityvebis gaxmianebas: „iqneba mTeli es xilva, rogorc 

dabeWdili wignis sityvebi. gaigoneben im dRes yruebi wignis 

sityvebs da brmaTa Tvalebi bnelidan da ukuneTidan gamoixedaven~. 1 

analogiuri gagebisaa netari avgustines „aRsarebis~ maradiuli wigni: 

„arasdros ar daixeva maTi wigni, arasdros ar aixeva maTi gragnili 

imitom, rom TviT xar, ufalo, es wigni maTTvis da am wignadve hgieb 

ukunisamde~. 2 wignis saxeSi RmerTi amoicno dantem da mas uwoda „sanukveli 

wigni~, „diadi wigni~. 3 

galaktionis „mSvidobis wignSi~ eris yovelgvari ubedureba axsnilia 

„mSvidobis wignis~ (RmerTis) uaryofiT da mxolod masTan mibrunebis 

Semdgom xdeba sabediswero problemebis mogvareba. poetebis 

mefe gvafrTxilebs, rom WeSmariti rwmenis uaryofa da orientirebis 

areva, kerpebis gaidealeba, satanisturi seqtebis wevroba dausjelad 

ar Caivlis: „Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls sdevs mxolod wyevla 

da SeCveneba~ (`Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls~). 

sanTeli, sanTeli naTlisa sasuliero poeziaSi aris RmerTis 

simbolo 4 . „dominos~ moxucis xvedria „wyevla, risxva, amxedreba~, 

rac miniSnebaa WeSmariti RmerTis dakargviT mosalodnel safrTxeze. 

aSkara xdeba, rom „aTasgvar wamliT da SelocviT~ gatacebuli dRegrZeli 

moxuci erT-erTi „sakuTari nebiT gawinaswarmetyvelebuli~ is 

cru winaswarmetyvel-misanTagania, romelTac dasjiT emuqreba RmerTi 

ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebaSi: 

„...vai cru-winaswarmetyvelT, romlebic sakuTar suls mihyvebian 

da araferi uxilavT! 

„naoxar adgilebSi rom meliebi arian, imaT hgvanan Seni winaswarmetyvelni, 

israelo!~ 

„maTi xilvebi fuWia da maTi misnoba sicrue. ki amboben, ufalma 

Tqvao, magram ufals ar mouvlenia isini. irwmunebian, axdebao Cveni sityva. 

„raki fuWs laparakobT da sicrues xedavT, amitomac, aha, Tqveni 

winaaRmdegi var, ambobs ufali RmerTi. 

1 biblia or wignad. w. II. Tb., 1990, gv. 94. 

2 netari avgustine. saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari. Tb., 1985, gv. 217. 

3 dante. RvTaebrivi komedia. Targmani k. gamsaxurdiasi. Tb., 1941, gv. 383. 

4 t. mosia. saRvTo saxismetyveleba. zugdidi, 1995, gv. 92. 

96

„iqneba Cemi xeli fuWmxilvel winaswarmetyvelTa da sicruis 

misanTa winaaRmdeg. Cemi eris sabWoSi ar iqnebian isini, israelis saxlis 

wignSi ar Caiwerebian da israelis miwaze ver mivlen. 

„swored imis gamo, rom acduneben Cems ers, rom eubnebian, mSvidobao 

da ar aris mSvidoba, Cemi xalxi kedels aSenebs da, aha, eseni 

kiriT lesaven. 

„uTxariT mlesavT, Camowveba-Tqo Tqveni kedeli. wamova Tavsxma 

da, Tqven, yinulis qvebo, CamocvivdebiT da qariSxali amovardeba~. 1 

„grZneuli Semlocvelis~ aseTive gafrTxilebaa esaia winaswarmetyvelTan: 

„grZneul Semlocvels dasjis ufali~. 2 

„cru sibrZnis~ winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebda galaktioni („puSkini parizSi~). 

„dominos~ lirikuli personaJi sulier sazrdos ver hpovebs 

grZneuli moxucis jadosnur saxlSi da igonebs rwmeniT gajerebul 

warsuls, mas mudam axsovs „erTi Sori ocneba.. Zvel motividan~ 

(„gulo ra gemarTeba~). poeti itanjeba „sayvareli aCrdilebis~ gau- 

CinarebiT, „saocari Senobisgan~ gaucxoebuli „idumali dominos~ wyurviliT: 

„aq xSirad vxedavdi sayvarel aCrdilebs: 

uecari gaxela, saocari Senoba, 

rogor movandomino. 

mesmis ucxo saxeli, 

mtanjavs me uSenoba, 

idumalo domino!~ 3 

Senoba da sasaxle mravalnairia galaktionis poeziaSi: „yinulis 

sasaxleTa munjni grovani~ („SexedeT miwa!~), `mefis sasaxle _ sisa- 

Zagle~ („sul male~), sasaxle _ aRfrTovanebis mona („aTrobda xalxTa 

mwuxareba~), ucnauri sasaxle, romlisgan ganSoreba aryofnis 

tolfardia („ucnauri sasaxle~), landebis sasaxle („saubari edgarze~), 

siyvarulis sasaxle („mova... magram rodis~). arsebobs kidev sasurveli 

„saxli-saunje~ („mSvidobis wigni~). poeti aris mgosani 

RmerTis da ara ama qveynis ZlierTa, miwier TavadTa mexotbe. is mxolod 

rwmenis, RmerTis monaa: „Tu mona xar, mona isev sakuTari rwmenis~ 

(„idea~). 

galaktionis wignis furclebSi „dahqris misi sasaxlis landi~ 

(„Rrublebi oqros amurebiT~) anu poetis wignSi davanebulia Rmer- 

1 biblia.., w. II, gv. 94. 

2 g. tabiZe. rCeuli. Tb., 1977, gv. 266. 

3 g. tabiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. I. Tb. 1973, gv. 89. 


97

Tis landi iseve, rogorc „momavlis Crdili~ („mimRere rame~). poetis 

mxatvruli qmnilebebis Zalmosilebas gvagrZnobinebs „axal-axali 

sasaxle~ („maRal mTazeda~). „dominos~ sasaxlis moxuci, „aTasgvar 

wamals da Selocvas~ rom mimarTavda, okultistia, `grZneuli Semlocveli~ 

(esaia), „sicruis misani~ (ezekieli), romelsac asdevnebia 

„sanTlebis, wignebis wyevla da vedreba~, igi „risxvas, amxedrebas~ 

imsaxurebs. 

poets uecrad „saocar SenobaSi~ aexileba Tvali, itanjeba 

„idumali dominos~ monatrebiT, irgvliv ki nairgvari niRbebi rialeben, 

Tumca ver Crdilaven umTavress _ uwindel, udiades cas: 

„araferi eSvela: 

niRabebi wiTeli, niRabebi aTasi! 

magram me momeCvena Cemi ca uwindeli, 

ufro udiadesi~. 1 

„ca, caTa ca, sulieri ca, caTa uvrcelesi, caTa umaRlesi mariam 

RvTismSoblis simboluri saxelia~. 2 

niRbebis karnavalSi „Cveni uwindeli, udiadesi cis~ mozmaneba 

uflis dedis monatrebis mimaniSnebelia. galaktioni xedavda „iqaur 

cas~ („iqauri ca foTliT qsovili~ _ „gobeleni~), darwmunebuli 

iyo, rom „aris wminda ca SuqiT mgznebare~ („grZnobaTa ferfli~). 

„iqauri cis~ brwyinvalebiT netarebda terenti graneli: („ra brwyinvalea 

ca iqauri~...). RmerTis uarmyofeli epoqis tragedias gamoxatavda 

galaktioni `damwvari cis~, `gacrecili da mtvriani cis~, „dalewili 

cis~, `dangreuli zecis~ saxeebiT. 

galaktions Ziebis procesSi mravali niRabi mousinjavs, magram 

mxolod sasurvelis niRabSi grZnobda Tavs daculad da, rac umTavresia, 

SeeZlo niRbis sulis gaTaviseba: 

„Cemi roli niRabiT 

iyo suli niRabis~ („bnel qimerebSi~) 3 . 

„dominoSi~ Zieba, xedvis gamZafreba idealis xelebis lands afiqsirebs, 

xolo cisartyelebis gamoCena sasikeTo feriscvalebis macned 

isaxeba: 

„landad sCanda xelebi da geZebdi TvalebiT. 

daRaluli TvalebiT! rekdnen cisartyelebi 

feris Cumi cvalebiT da mZafri gamalebiT~. 4 

1 g. tabiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. I, gv. 89. 

2 t. mosia. saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba. zugdidi, 1996, gv. 119-120. 

3 g. tabiZe. rCeuli, gv. 377. 


98

„cisartyela, irise xan iesos, xan mariamis simboluri saxelia~. 1 

ufals locva-vedreba aRevlineba („wmindao, damicev!~), raTa ganaridos 

im dawyevlil, saSiSar, samarismagvar saxls, romelsac mxolod 

sulis sikvdili moaqvs. 

„qalTa xmaSi faruli yvavilebi suroTi, 

Tovlis fer-umarili, gafiTrebis suraTi 

da Tvalebis wyvdiadi 

da sicilis fereba _ 

rogorc yru baiaTi _ 

fifqiT damemtereba...~ 2 . 

„Tvalebis wyvdiadi~ borotebas SegvagrZnebinebs, igi „yru baia- 

Tis~, „fifqiT mtrobis~... konteqstSi jdeba. „idumali domino~ ki sinaTlis 

momfenia, gansxvavebiT „Savi idumalebisagan~, „fardebis SrialSi~ 

rom gvxvdeba. 

„Tovlis fer-umarili~ gafiTrebas moaswavebs, leqsis lirikul 

gmirs aZrwunebs aRmosavluri „yru baiaTi~, `Tovlis fer-umarili~ 

da „fifqiT mtroba~. detalebiT miniSnebaa arsebiTze _ Tovlian samyaroze, 

romelic cdilobda daeviwyebina Cveni „udiadesi ca~ da 

„idumali domino~. pirveli saxe („Tovlis ferumarili~, `fifqiT 

mtroba~) qaragmaa Tovlian-yinuliani imperiisa, romelic angrevda 

rwmenis sasaxles da yinulis, sicarielis, sikvdilis saxlSi gvepati- 

Jeboda. „yru baiaTi~, anu Cveni aRmosavluri istoriuli mtris cru 

religiac iseve Rupavda suls, rogorc yinulovani samefos aTeistTa 

urwmunoeba. 

leqsi 1916 wliT TariRdeba, esaa marqsizmis, social-demokratiis 

uRmerTobis, aTeisturi satanizmis zeimis periodi. poeti xedavda 

mis Savbnel Zalas da RmerTs (wmindas) evedreboda Cvens sulTan 

wilnayari „uwindeli, udiadesi cis~ ZalmosilebisaTvis Seewyo xeli. 

„dominoSi~ Tu wyevlas, „risxvas, „amxedrebas~ imsaxureben saSi- 

Sari sasaxle da misi binadarni, poeti miesalmeba „saocar SenobaSi~ 

zambaxis princesis _ (mariamis) xelebis TiTebis gaelvebas, `daCrdilul 

beWeds~, amasTan, am gamyinveli samefos siaxlovis miuxedavad, 

poetis arseba didebis sadguria: „oh, vici: sicividan terfamde var 

dideba!~ 

dante evedreboda uzenaess: „didebis Senis natvifari momadle 

Cems suls~. 3 „RvTismetyvelebaSi suliwmindis RmrTeebaze saubrisas 

1 t. mosia. saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba. zugdidi. 1996, gv. 12. 

2 g. tabiZe. Txzulebani or wignad, w. I. Tb. 1988, gv. 84. 

3 dante. RvTaebrivi komedia. Tb., 1941, gv. 411. 

99

mudam aRniSnaven mis didebas da mzeebr brwyinvalebas~. 1 `pavle mociqulisTvis 

igi aris suli didebisa: „rameTu didebisai igi da RmrTisai 

suli Tquen zeda gansvenebul ars~, _ wers zviad gamsaxurdia 2 . 

galaktioni, rogorc suliwmindis madliT cxebuli, didebis TanxlebiT 

miiswrafvis parnasisken: 

„me momdevs ganTqmul saxelis taSi, 

dideba, cremli, Relva, muqara~. 3 

„diadi didebis~ Tanxlebis gancda axlavs striqonebs: 

„Sen gelis dafna, 

Sen diadi dideba gelis~. 4 

„dominoSi~ saSiSarTa sakrebulos ganerida poeti, kankeli aRimarTa, 

„masTan~ „ardarideba~ irCia, „alebiT~ (cecxliT) miaexla 

„idumal dominos~. „TiTebis grZel zambaxebze~ „daCrdiluli beWedi~ 

ixila, jer mxolod konturebi isaxeboda sasurvelis: 

„masTan alebs mivitan, 

vetyvi... ardarideba! 

vici, frTasac ver axebs idumalad bejiTi, 

TiTebis grZel zambaxebs daCrdiluli beWedi~. 5 

beWedi, zecis beWedi mariam RvTismSobelia saRvTismSoblo simbolikis 

mixedviT 6 . galaktionis leqsSi es simboluri beWedi „daCrdilulia~. 

masSi landiviT Cans „molebi~, „motexili zafxuli~, rac 

„oxvris parolebs~ uxmobs: 

„landiviT maqvs naxuli 

beWdis TvalSi molebi, 

motexili zafxuli da oxvris parolebi~. 7 

erT leqsSi poeti „swuxs nazi frCxilebis grZel zambaxebs, 

swuxs sxvagvar cremlebs, TeTr beWdebis Tvalebs _ SiSvels, TeTr 

yvavils~ 8 . 

„TeTri beWedi~ mariamis saxelia, Tvali, yvavili _ qristesi, 

saRvTo saxismetyvelebis kvalobaze 9 . „SiSveli yvavili~ rwmenis damdablebaze 

mianiSnebs. leqsSi _ „xelebi~ aris „damsxvreuli beWdebis~ 

1 z. gamsaxurdia. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba. Tb., 1991, gv. 126. 

2 z. gamsaxurdia. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba.., gv. 127. 

3 g. tabiZe. Txzulebani 5 tomad. t. I. Tb. 1993, gv. 200. 



6 t. mosia. saRvTismSoblo saxismetyveleba.., gv. 43. 

7 g. tabiZe. Txz., I, gv. 90. 

8 g. tabiZe. Txz., I, gv. 96. 

9 t. mosia. saRvTo saxismetyveleba.., gv. 191. 

100

saxe. sxvagan erT personaJs surs madonas (mariamis) xelebis ambori 

da „araqauri sunTqvis~ gancda: „bagiT Seexo madonas xelebs da igrZno 

sunTqva araqauri~ („Cveni dRis ambebs~) 1 . 

qarSi dakarguli beWdis saxe ubedobis reqviemia leqsSi „meri~. 

amasTan galaktions hqonda „sakuTari beWdiT moWrili~ oqro, anu Seudarebeli 

poeturi qmnilebebi. epiTetebi _ „daCrdiluli~, „damsxvreuli~ 

anareklia realuri viTarebis, roca religiuri saxeebi, rwmena iyo 

ignorirebuli. vardis cvriani beWedi, locvebi, sameba, yvavilebi, ca, saukuno 

gamosalmeba (rwmenasTan), demonis gamoCena da „SeeWveba~ Rrma, 

mniSvnelovani saTqmelis gamJRavnebaa analogiuri paradigmebiT: 

„saRamov, vici, 

baRSi Sexval eklesiidan 

da gaocebis mwuxarebas masTan miitan. 

TiTqos beWdebze dageyreba vardebis cvari 

da surnelebiT aivseba Seni locvani. 

da mxolod RamiT igrZnobs suli, 

rogorc samebas: yvavilebs da cas, saukuno gamosalmebas! 

mogonebebi elvareben isev beWdebad, 

mova demoni, dafiqrdeba da SeeWvdeba 

da savanisgan sizmariviT miaqvs 

Ramis qars mxevalT galoba: 

SeibraleT, igi wminda ars!~ („saRamov, vici~) 2 . 

beWdebze dayrili vardebis cvari qristes gagvaxsenebs. mivmar- 

ToT biblias: „viqnebi cvari israelisaTvis, ayvavdeba rogorc SroSani 

da libaniviT gaidgams fesvebs~. 3 saRvTo simbolikaSi vardi xan 

qristes, xan mariams miemarTeba. beWedi RvinosTanac moiazreba: „CavuSvaT 

Rvinis siankareSi Cveni beWdebi~ („puSkini parizSi~). am frazaSi 

beWdis adresati mariamia, Rvinisa _ qriste. religiuri Sinaarsis 

Rvinis, Zveli Rvinis wyaro SeiZleba moviZioT bibliaSi: „gaumarTavs 

cabaoT ufali yvela xalxs am mTaze nadims msuye kerZebiT, nadims 

Zveli RviniT, Zveli, dawmendili RviniT~. 4 

saanalizo leqsis „zafxuli~ qristes saxelia fsalmunidan: 

„gvirgvini daadgi Seni sikeTis zafxuls 

da Seni nakvalevidan wveTavs simsuqne~. 5 



3 biblia.., w. II, gv. 273. 

4 biblia.., w. II, gv. 91. 

5 axali aRqma da fsalmunebi, stokholmi, 1992, gv. 588. 

101

zeviT beWdis epiTeti iyo `daCrdiluli~. zafxulis msazRvrelia 

`motexili~. „daCrdiluli~, „motexili~ unda niSnavdes ugulebelyofils, 

daviwyebisaTvis ganwiruls, anu rwmenis ignorirebazea 

aqcenti. aseTi iyo realoba. galaktioni Tavgadakluli eZebda Tavis 

saTayvano deda-Zes, mas mudam „rwmenis taxti~ edga. sxvagan beWedi 

(mariami) galaktionma moiazra vardis cvris, Rvinis saxeebTan, anu 

isev da isev religiur konteqstebSi. 

ufro rTuli da amoucnobi saxea beWdis TvalSi landiviT danaxuli 

„molebi~. zviad gamsaxurdia aRniSnavs, rom „odiseaSi~ qvesknelad 

STasvlisaTvis iyeneben jadosnur balaxs, molis, romelsac odisevss 

aZlevs kirke, kolxeTis mefis asuli. „vefxistyaosanSic~ fatmanis 

grZneuli mona mols wamoisxams da midis qajeTSi. e.i. moli 

iseTi balaxia, romelic exmareba adamians iniciaciaSi... „vefxistyaosnis~ 

gmirebi _ tarieli, avTandili, fridoni moliT ki ar gadian 

iniciacias, aramed iaraRis ZaliT. „vefxistyaosnis~ avtorisaTvis moli 

iniciaciis arakanonzomieri gzaa, vinaidan mas iyenebs grZneuli 

zangi, Savi magiis mimdevari, Tanac fatmanis mona. TviT sityva „moli~, 

rogorc Cans, uZvelesi qarTuli sityvaa, Tanac misi gamoyeneba 

kolxeTis mefis asulis mier unda miuTiTebdes antiuri iniciaciis 

institutis kolxur warmoSobaze, rasac aRniSnavs o. neeraxeric~. 1 

nana kucias mixedviT, molebi yvavilia xalxur poeziaSi: „qalsa 

visme erqva SroSani, xuTsa TiTsa ecva beWedi, beWdis Tvalsa moli mosula~. 

2 nana kucia imowmebs aseve, rismag gordezians: „odiseas~ mixedviT, 

moli RmerTebis enaSi arsebuli sityvaa. homerosis ganmartebiT, es 

aris Savi Zirisa da rZis msgavs yvavilTa mqone mcenare kirkes kunZul 

aieze... `moli ixmareba yovelgvari Targmanis gareSe~. 3 aqedan gamomdinare, 

mkvlevari varaudobs: „iqneb rZis msgavs yvavilTa mqone mcenareSi 

SroSani igulisxmeba, RvTismSoblis yvavili~. „erTurTs Tanxvdeba 

TiTqos xalxuri poeziis, homerosisa da galaktionis paradigmebi~. 4 

yvavilebis saxelebia xalxurSi nugeSi (galaktionTanac _ „pirvel 

Tavelebs~), qristesisxla, mariamula. galaktionis „molebis~ Sinaarss 

rom ufro mivuaxlovdeT, gavixsenoT isic, rom molebi arian 

mahmadianTa sasuliero pirebi. erTgan poeti wers: 

„da igonebdnen molebs, 

1 z. gamsaxurdia. vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba., gv. 215-216. 

2 qarTuli poezia. t. 17, Tb., 1985, gv. 14. 

3 n. kucia. galaktionis `domino~. _ wgn. n. kucia. literaturuli werilebi. 

Tb., 2005, gv. 93. 

4 n. kucia. galaktionis `domino~.., gv. 10-11. 

102

ogorc dawyevlil sindiss. 

idga gaSiSis sevda, 

mware nisliviT vrceli, 

mas burusebze xvevda TeTri obobas qseli~ („sad dasasruli 

iyo~) 1 . 

sulxan-saba orbelianis mier gaigivebulia „muyrni~ da mola: 

„muyri _ mahmadianTa mola~. 2 „vefxistyaosanSi~ gulwasuli tarielis 

mosasuliereblad mosuli mahmadianTa sasuliero pirebi ironiulad 

arian moxsenebulni: 

„srulni muyrni da mulimni me gare Semomcvidian, 

maT xelTa hqonda musafi, yovelni ikiTxvidian, 

mter-dacemuli vegone, ar vici, ras Cmaxvidian...~. 3 

„dominoSi~ moli ki ara, molebia, es mravlobiTis forma ki 

molidanac miiReba da moladanac. raki zeviT „baiaTia~ (aRmosavluri), 

iqneb aq „molaa~ da ara moli da Tu „molia~, kirkes jadosnuri balaxi, 

Tu yvavili, isev im „dRegrZeli moxucis~, aTasgvari wamlisa 

da Selocvis ostatisaTvis saWiro grZneulebis saSualebaa, romelic 

cdilobs „daCrdilos~ beWedi _ mariami. miT ufro, mere irkveva, rom 

zafxulic (Zveli qarTuliT gazafxuli _ saRvTo Sinaarsis saxeli) 

`motexilia~. 

vfiqrobT, uTuod kavSirSia es jadosnuri moli am „cru misanis~, 

„cru winaswarmetyvelis~ satanur saqmianobasTan, romliTac 

cdilobs idumali „dominos~ gauCinarebas, beWdis daCrdilvas, zafxulis 

ignorirebas. 

galaktioni sxvaganac „wuxs` „TeTr beWdebis Tvlebs~, („samreklo 

udabnoSi~), gazafxulis gaqrobas: „ra adre gaqra gazafxulis 

mziani Crdili~ („elegia~), `gazafxulisa gahqra mSveneba da miefara 

nisls sizmareuls~ („Zveli wignebis gverdebs areuls~). 4 

„dominoSi~ „TeTri kvamlia~ qvegamxedvari yinulovani mezoblis 

Tu pirsisxliani axlo aRmosavleTis zRaprebis da baiaTebis... anu 

ori ukiduresoba. poetis gulmxurvale locviT uCinardebian „bednier 

samkvidros~ amaod maZebar mzakvarTa aCrdilebi... bolos mainc kankeli 

aRimarTeba didi wvalebis, Ziebis, monatrebis Semdeg, didi Zalisxmevis 

Sedegad. poets axsovs ganukiTxaobis periodis „ca ukankelo~ 

(„sad iyo smena da gagoneba~), msoflio omis dros Zirs dagde- 

1 g. tabiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. I, gv. 66. 

2 sulxan-saba orbeliani. leqsikoni qarTuli, I. Tb. 1991, gv. 530. 

3 SoTa rusTaveli. vefxistyaosani. Tb., 1991, gv. 72. 

4 g. tabiZe. Txzulebani or tomad, t. II, gv. 307. 

103

uli kankeli, Camavali mze, Rriankeli, cisartyelebi: 

„egdo kibeze oqros kankeli, 

Camavali mze lurji xelebiT da Rriankeli, 

cad mimavali cisartyelebiT~ („qari, msoflio omis mauwyebeli~) 

1 . 

rwmenis zeobisas moCans „TvalebaSkara cecxlis kankeli~ („dabrunda 

grZnoba da sisadave~). „dominoSi~ gacudda „yru baiaTi~, fifqiT 

mtroba. grZneuli moxucis saSiSari, sikvdilis momtani sasaxlidan 

lirikulma personaJma „saocar SenobaSi~ gadainacvla da gamoCnda 

domino, locva-vedrebiT miRweul iqna mizani. nana kucias azriT, domino 

aris mariami. mkvlevari eyrdnoba ganmartebiT biblias, romlis 

mixedviT, mariami berZnulad aris maria, arameulad - mariami, ieronimes 

mixedviT ki igi niSnavs dominas~. 2 domen, domeniko gvxvdeba dantes 

„RvTaebriv komediaSi~: „domeniko... mebaRea igi qristesi, soflad 

mosuli uflis baRis mosaSeneblad~. 3 guram doCanaSvilis „samoseli 

pirvelis~ domeniko uZRebi Svilia, mamasTan (RmerTTan) mudmiv kontaqtSi 

myofi. 

galaktion tabiZe afiqsirebda, rom aTeistur periodSi axali 

eresi mkvidrdeboda: „epoqa isvris axal eresebs~. vfiqrobT, poetebis 

mefis domino aris eresis dasaTrgunavad, miwaze uflis venaxis mosa- 

Seneblad mosuli piri, romlis movlinebasac natrobda „dominos~ avtori. 

domino faqtobrivad, poetis meore mea, idumali meore saxe, 

romelic gaerTsuldeba misi uflis wyurviliT savse pirovnebasTan, 

xolo vidre es moxdeba, igi itanjeba uzenaesTan Serwymis surviliT. 

galaktionisaTvis ucxo iyo 

„amaod Seqmnil ciur sulTan 

mxurvale locva 

da qveyniurad Seqmnil kerpTan 

mware Secdoma~ („sanam Sors iyav~) 4 . 

„momavlis Rrma sibrZniT Tvalnaxeli~ poeti qmnida ara muxambazebs, 

ara aRmosavlur baiaTebs an romanseroebs, aramed dardis, sikvdilis 

dammarcxebel saRvTo hangebs, samoTxis xmebs, cxovrebis zRvaze 

gadamyvan frTian simRerebs: 

„gevedrebi, gamagone, 

is simRera, me rom miyvars, 


2 n. kucia. galaktionis `domino~.., gv. 10. 

3 dante. RvTaebrivi komedia, gv. 324. 

4 g. tabiZe. Txuzulebani xuT tomad. t. I, Tb. 1993, gv. 130. 

104

laJvardovan frTebis mqone, 

Sua zRvad rom gadamiyvans~ („odes mZime rame dardi~) 1 . 

galaktioni upiratesobas aniWebda „siyvarulis simReras~: 

„gulSi JRers ra xania, 

siyvarulis simRera, 

rogorc erTaderTi xsna, 

erTaderTi imedi~ („ilias motivi~) 2 . 

siyvaruli RmerTia: „RmerTi siyvarulia~ 3 (ioane, 4,8). poetis 

gulSi erTiÛRmerTis siyvaruli xmianobda: 

„..Sens gulSi erTi gaxmaurdeba zeca da RmerTi, 

ros dagSordebi _ var me zedmeti, 

saSineleba da jojoxeTi~ („ar gapativa~) 4 . 

galaktionis `domino~ aris poetis ukidegano sulis odisea samaresaviT 

dawyevlili saSiSari saxlidan „saocari Senobisken~, uwindeli 

udiadesi cisken, Zebna, Zieba, xetiali sulis uxilav labirin- 

TebSi. poetma, epoqis eresis miuxedavad, ipova Tavisi wminda qristianuli 

oreuli. poeti aq aris ara „me, aramed „is~. meore Tu mesame 

piriT sakuTari arsebis warmoCena saerTod axasiaTebda poets: „Sen, 

galaktion, ici~, `vican, galaktion SenSi aqteoni~. èpoqis gedi ocnebas 

mReris gabediTebiT~, ìs mReris, rogorc daris dareba~, `rogorc 

erTia qveyana mTeli, ise erTia galaktioni~... poets „wuxiliT 

avsebda is, rom „siyvarulis xma arsiT ismoda~. samagierod iyo „valaleba 

grZnobaT damxobis~ („is~). magram epoqaluri kataklizmebis 

miuxedavad, mis leqsebSi gamudmebiT JRerda ciuri simfonia, „sixarulis 

uvertura~, rac locvasaviT amaRlebuli da diadia. „ratom aravin 

iyo, roca movedi, roca viZaxdi da aravin iyo pasuxis gamcemi~, 

_ kiTxulobda winaswarmetyveli esaia 5 . 

winaswarmetyvelis darad, galaktionsac igive problema awuxebda: 

„rodesac me movel, aravin ar Canda~ („me moval~) 6 . 

poetis mwuxare, spetaki wigniT cocxldeboda „imedTa mdelo~, 

ismoda „locva-vedreba, galoba axali~. gamocxadebis mixedviT, meqnareTa 

xmis, axali sagaloblis Seswavla mxolod waubilwavT, Rmer- 

Tisgan gamosyidulT xelewifebaT, romelTac gangebam daakisra „ukve 

Camqrali alis~ anTeba, dakarguli grZnobis moZieba, „damarxuli ime- 


2 g. tabiZe. Txzulebani or tomad, t. 2, gv. 429. 

3 g. tabiZe. Txzulebani or tomad, t. 2, gv. 223. 


5 biblia.., II, gv. 221. 

6 g. tabiZe, rCeuli, gv. 76. 

105

dis~ gacocxleba, „aRdgomis kvalis~ migneba („axali weli~). „dominoSi~ 

qristes simboloebia: sanTeli, wigni, zafxuli. mariamis saxexatebia: 

udiadesi ca, xelebi, TiTebis grZeli zambaxebi, beWedi. 

saanalizo leqsSi galaktionis pirovneba gacxadda, rogorc 

„qristes sxivebiT Semosili mcenareulis~ (dantes frazaa) zeciuri 

vardebis, alvis xis „SemoSenebiT~ (galaktionis terminia) gatacebuli, 

uflisagan kurTxeuli mebaRe anu domino. „domino~ poetis mier 

sakuTari zeciuri misiis, uflis erTguli msaxurebis SegrZnoba-gacnobierebaa 

originaluri poeturi xerxebiT da, amdenad, epoqis yvelaze 

mwvave problemis dasma-gadaWraa sulieri individualobis mauwyebeli 

saxe-xatebiT, anu TviT poets rom davesesxoT, „esaa grZnoba 

kvlav siyvarulTa, gadaqceuli sxvisaTvis Waobad~... 

„domino~ mudam iwvevda mkiTxvel-specialistTa interess. i. ken- 

WoSvili galaktionis „dominoSi~ andrei belis „maskaradis~ gavlenas 

xedavs 1 . z. saria eTanxmeba am mosazrebas: „es leqsi marTlac iwvevs 

andrei belis „maskaradis asociacias~. 2 mkvlevari aseve eZebs paralelebs 

aleqsandre blokis rkalebTan: „Маска~ da `Снежная маска~, 

sadac „qali, vneba da qaris stiqia ganuyofelia.~ z. saria imowmebs 

blokis leqsebis cikls „Пляски смерти~ - imis gamo, rom masSi aris 

aCrdilTa motivi, sikvdilis TemasTan gaSinaureba da gaucnaurebuli 

garemo. „belis leqss erTvis refrenad taepi: „Маска смерти, чёрное 

домино~. `galaktionTan domino SeiZleba moTamaSe bedisweris simbolo 

iyos~, _ askvnis zeinab saria 3 . 

s. sigua exeba wiTeli dominos saxes, romelic SiSismomgvrelia 

da gvxvdeba andrei belis roman „peterburgSi~. 4 es igive nikolai ableuxovia, 

senatoris vaJi, romelmac maskaradze saidumlo baraTi waikiTxa. 

man pensnes gakeTebisas niRabi aiwia da yvelas Tvalwin gamoCnda 

niRabaxdili, SiSismomgvreli domino. es SemTxveva skandaliT dasrulda. 

edgar pos „wiTeli niRabis sikvdilSi~ wiTeli masxaras ni- 

Rabia. „galaktions „peterburgi~ wakiTxuli ar hqonda, roca „domino~ 

dawera, ase rom, soso sigua gamoricxavs andrei belisa da, miTumetes, 

edgar pos qarTvel poetze gavlenis moments 5 . 

vfiqrobT, galaktionis „domino~ gansxvavebulia a. blokis, a. be- 

1 i. kenWoSvili. galaqtionis samyaroSi. Tb., 1999, gv. 133. 

2 z. saria, galaktion tabiZis intimur-meditaciuri da samoqalaqo-publicisturi 

lirika. Tb. 2003, gv. 132. 

3 z. saria. galaktion tabiZis intimur-meditaciuri.., gv. 133. 

4 s. sigua. qarTuli modernizmi. Tb., 2002, gv. 315. 

5 s. sigua. qarTuli modernizmi.., gv. 315. 

106

lis, edgar pos dominosagan, igi ufro dantes domenikos uaxlovdeba. 

Cveni SexedulebiT, domino aris galaktionis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi 

umTavresi problemis _ RmerTis Ziebis, misi povnisa da qristianuli 

rwmenis SeubRalavad dacva-Senaxvis ideis mxatvruli xorcSesxma ganumeorebeli 

saxe-simboloebiT. 

LUARA SORDIA 

CHARACTERS AND ASPECTS OF 

GALAKTION TABIDZE’S “DOMINO” 

Problem of belief, Christian religion engages a central place in Galaktion 

Tabidze creative work, who treats the above question by symbolic-metaphorical 

aspects. Such aspects are the keys of poet’s ideology in most cases. The poem 

“Domino” has been written in 1916 in the period of atheism and shows a 

process of searching Christian ideal and finding it by the poet. Galaktion opposed 

to the satanic materialism, Eastern religious, liar foretellers and warned that 

denial of veritable belief, mixing up of orients, idealization of idols, occultism, 

representative of which is a “magician old man” of “domino”, is a way of losing 

soul. In the Poet’s opinion, Christian Holly Trinity is the rescuer of soul, 

the ideal of morality. Domino is twin of Calaktion’s soul, which appeared on 

the land as a guard of belief. In the poetry face of Christian God is symbolic: 

candle, book, spring. There are appointing paradigms on Virgin Mary: the greatest 

sky, ring. Galaktion’s “Domino” differs from A. Block’s, A. Bell’s, Edgar 

Po’s Domino, it is close with Dante Domeniko most of all. The Georgian 

poet is absolutely original in the thinking of a problem and a question as well. 

107



t. I, 2007 

108 

lado Wania 

xvedri wamebisa 

k. gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi sxivmosili mgrZnobelobiTa da Rv- 

Taebrivi madliTaa warmoCenili qarTveli dedis sulieri samSvinveli. 

deda mwerlisaTvis sicocxlis netarebis masuldgmulebeli wyaroa, 

romlis salbuni da aTinaTi Svilebs sicocxlis karibWemde mihyvebaT. 

mweralic xarbad daewafa dedis mier davanebul sulier wyaros, amas- 

Tan erTad, mtkivneulad ganicdida im garemoebas, rom mSoblebis amagi 

jerovnad ar iyo dafasebuli misi mxridan. arada es xarki yvela WeSmaritma 

kacma unda gaiRos. k. gamsaxurdia erTgan aRniSnavs: `yovel 

did xelovans xarki miucia am diadi grZnobisaTvis, romelic marTebs 

yovel kacs, yovel suliers sakuTari mSoblisadmi~. 1 

mwerlis sulier formirebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis 

dedamiss elisabed TofuriZes, romelic friad morwmune da RvTisnieri 

qalbatoni yofila. is dawolis win mudmivad loculobda, fsalmunis 

leqsebs galobda da eklesiaSi wirva-locvasac sistematurad 

eswreboda. patara kostantine xSirad dahyavda eklesiaSi, RvTismosaobas 

da rwmenisadmi Tayvaniscemas unergavda bavSvs, romelic xasiaTi- 

Ta da niWierebiT aSkarad gamoirCeoda Tavisi Zmebisgan. es SeumCneveli 

ar darCeniaT mSoblebs da maT imTaviTve izrunes, rom bavSvisaTvis 

Sesaferisi ganaTleba miecaT. svimon gamsaxurdiam Svili quTaisis 

saTavadaznauro gimnaziaSi miabara. mSoblebi yuradRebas ar aklebdnen 

konstantines, magram male, mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg, bavSvis aRzrdis 

mTeli simZime elisabed TofuriZis mxrebs daawva, romelmac, Tavis 

mxriv, Svils obloba da miusafroba ar daatyo da dReniadag misi 

inteleqtualuri cnobierebis gafarToebaze zrunavda. amasTan erTad, 

deda gumaniT grZnobda, rom Svilis momavlisaTvis prioritetuli 

mniSvneloba mis evropaSi gamgzavrebas eniWeboda. marTalia, misTvis 

autaneli iyo SvilTan ganSoreba, magram roca amis saWiroeba dadga, 

elisabeds erTi wamiTac ar uyoymania da konstantines evropaSi gasamgzavreblad 

saTanado pirobebi Seuqmna. mzrunvelma dedam sofelSi 

1 k. gamsaxurdia. daviT kakabaZe. _ Txzulebani. aTtomeuli. t. IX. Tb., 

1985, gv. 500.

saxlic ki gayida da aTasi oqros maneTi laipcigSi gaugzavna konstantines, 

romelsac am nivTierma daxmarebam sulze mouswro, Tumca, 

dedasTan ganSorebiT gamowveul sulier satanjvels veranairi fuliT 

ver ganiqarvebda. 

k. gamsaxurdias germaniaSi gamgzavreba pirvel msoflio oms daemTxva. 

mwerali, rogorc ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomi, daapatimres 

da ismaningis cixeSi gamoamwyvdies. misTvis wameba iyo imis Secnoba 

da gaazreba, Tu rogor daitanjeboda dedamisi, Svilis cixeSi moxvedris 

ambavs rom gaigebda. amitomac Soreuli germaniidan gamogzavnili 

cremliT dawerili weriliT cdilobda daemSvidebina dedis aforiaqebuli 

suli: 

_ Cemo Zvirfaso dediko, rogor xar, Seni Wirime. amdeni xania 

Seni werili ar minaxavs. sul Sens suraTs vuyureb _ xandaxan tyveebi 

modian, mixsnian saaTis medalions da ixedebian Sig. es Seni colia 

es dedaa _ Zlier ggavs, meubnebian. marTla dediko sul mudam 

gxedav sizmarSi _ sul xlaforTob raRacas. 

me mgoni omi saSobaod gaTavdeba, ase rom male gnaxavT yvelas. 

omi rogorc ki gaTavdeba, maSinve Camoval. imwamSive Cavjdebi matarebelSi 

da gamovqandebi da aTass gakoceb Cemo dediko 1 . 

k. gamsaxurdias erCivna ucxoeTSi momkvdariyo, vidre dedas saqarTveloSi 

raime gasWirveboda. amiT aixsneba misi ganuwyveteli mudara 

pirveli meuRlisadmi, bereka vaSaZisadmi, raTa mas mometebuli 

yuradReba gamoeCina dedamisis mimarT. Tumca mwerali amas ar dasjerda 

da cdilobs germaniidan gaumarTos xeli dedas, odnav mainc Seumsubuqos 

moxucebul qals Tavisi jvari wamebisa. am mizniT is sTxoda 

rebekas, rom es ukanaskneli dakavSireboda gaz. `saxalxo saqmis~ redaqtors, 

samson fircxalavs, romelic elisabed TofuriZes yoveli 

Tvis bolos 100 maneTs miawvdida. mwerals surda, vinme sando kacisaTvis 

daevalebina am saqmis mogvareba. aseT pirovnebad mas Tavisi Zma, 

aleqsandre warmoedgina, romelsac miando kidec am saqmis mowesrigeba, 

magram aleqsandres ver moubams Tavi am davalebisaTvis, ris gamoc, 

gulmosuli mwerali Tavis Zmas werilebSi dedisadmi gamoCenili 

gulgrili damokidebulebisaTvis sajarod kicxavs da amunaTebs 2 . 

k. gamsaxurdia TiTqmis yvela gamogzavnil werilSi umorCilesad 

sTxovs meuRles, janmrTelad da uvneblad daaxvedros deda. imasac 

Seaxsenebs, rom amiT Sendami Cems survils erTi-orad gaaaskecebo. 

mwerali rebekas penelopas eZaxis. amiT is calsaxad mianiSnebda Tavis 

1 gaz. `graali~, 1996, #7, gv. 3. 

2 gaz. `graali~, 1996, #7, gv. 3. 

109

meuRles, rom masac penelopes msgavsad unda etvirTa mZime xvedri. 

mwerali ase naRvlobs Tavis gamwarebul beds: `ra uvargisi Svili 

gamovadeqi sawyal dedas. Tavisi sicocxle Semomavlo da axla ase 

RvTis anabarad davtove~. 1 am vedrebaSi odisevsis sevda SeigrZnoba. 

gamZafrebuli damokidebuleba hqonda el. TofuriZes konstantines 

qorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT. roca mwerali rebekas daSorda da 

evropas marto gaemgzavra, deda SiSobda Svili ucxo qalze ar daqorwinebuliyo. 

amitomac, roca konstantine germaniidan dedas atyobinebda: 

_ `deda, ra Camogitanoo 

_ nurafers nu Camomitan, oRond aravin Camomiyvanoo~, 2 _ uTvlida 

deda Svils, romelic Tavadac uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili Sereuli 

ojaxisadmi. mas verc warmoedgina Tanamecxedred hyoloda ise- 

Ti qali, romelic dedamiss qarTulad ver daelaparakeboda. mTeli 

pasuxismgeblobiT miuTiTebda am faqtorze: 

_ `mTavari isaa, rom me araqarTvel qals ver SevirTav. sxva ar 

iyos ra imitomac, rom dedaCemma qarTulis garda arc erTi ena ar 

icis~. 3 umTavresad, am mizeziT aixsneba is, rom mwerals ucxoeli qalebis 

siyvarulis daTmoba mouxda, Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, madls 

miawevs ufals, vinaidan eg rom ar eqna, samSobloc dakarguli eqneboda 

da sayvareli dedac. 

marTalia, k. gamsaxurdia ucxo qalze ar daqowinebula, Tumca 

Tavisi Seurigebeli, meomruli xasiaTis gamo, sxva sadardebeli gau- 

Cina mSobel dedas. mwerali daufiqreblad gaeSura TurqeTis frontis 

xazze, sadac sabrZolo naTloba miiRo. roca frontidan uvnebeli 

dabrunda, dedam es uTxra Tavis saamayo Svils: 

_ ès Cemma locvebma giwies Svilo~. 4 

k. gamsaxurdiam bolSevikebis mier Tbilisis aReba mZimed ganicada. 

usafrTxoebis mizniT, man deda sofelSi gaxizna, Tumca is iq 

didxans ar darCenila da saerTo gaWirvebis Jams Svils amoudga 

gverdSi, romelsac im wlebSi marTlac rom ar ulxinda. dauxures 

Jurnali àlioni~ da `saqarTvelos samreklo~. universitetidan gaa- 

Zeves, SimSilma karze miukakuna. amis gamo Tavis mokvlac bevrjer ganizraxa, 

Tumca moxucebuli deda ebraleboda da ukeTur ganzraxvaze 

1 gaz. `graali~, 1996, #7, gv. 3. 

2 k. gamsaxurdia. landebTan lacici. xelnaweri. g. leoniZis saxelobis 

literaturis istoriis muzeumi, gv. 104. 

3 k. gamsaxurdia. landebTan lacici. xelnaweri, gv. 65. 

4 gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1991, #28, gv. 3. 

110

fiqrs Tavidan icilebda. Tavad el. TofuriZe gautexeli sulis adamiani 

iyo. misTvis ucxo gaxldaT bediswerasTan Segueba da konstantines 

sulierad ase amxnevebda: `risi geSinia Svilo, sakerav manqanas 

viyidi erTs, qurTebis sacvlebs Sevkerav da miT varCen ojaxs~. 1 

sul male mwerals xelisuflebasTan urTierToba kidev ufro 

gaurTulda. 1924 wlis agvistos amboxebisas ki mis sicocxles seriozuli 

safrTxe daemuqra. komunistebi yovelgvari samxilis gareSe 

lamobdnen konstantines saxeli ajanyebulebTan daekavSirebinaT da 

amis safuZvelze daepatimrebinaT kidec. mwerals SeeZlo sulac gadaxvewiliyo 

saqarTvelodan, Tumca SiSi hqonda, misi gaqcevis gamo 

dedasTvis ar daeSavebinaT raime. am mizeziT SeuTvala `Cekas~ Tavmjdomaris 

moadgiles l. berias, Cekistebi gamoagzavneT da damiWireTo 2 . 

mwerali daapatimres da metexis cixeSi gamoamwyvdies. mTeli es periodi 

deda mzrunvelobas ar aklebda konstantines. 

k. gamsaxurdia cixidan male gaaTavisufles, Tumca bolSevikebi 

cdilobdnen, misTvis sasicocxlod jojoxeTuri pirobebi SeeqmnaT. 

misadmi amgvar damokidebulebas, uwinaresad, deda ganicdida, romelic 

absoluturad iyo darwmunebuli, rom konstantinesTana patiosani, ganaTlebuli 

da gabeduli vaJkaci sxva ar iyo amqveynad. mwerali mogvianebiT 

gaixsenebs: 

_ `sabralo dedaCemi metyoda xolme jer kidev menSevikebis 

dros: noe Jordaniam seminariis sami klasis swavla Zlivs moicodvila, 

Sen berlinis universitetis doqtori xar, ase rom, saqarTvelos 

prezidenti Sen unda iyveo. 

me gamecina. 

Sen xom gagigonia dedi: kacs sofelSi ar ayenebdnen da mamasaxlisad 

amirCieTo. prezidentoba ra Wirad minda. Cems qveyanaSi damayenon 

da muSaobis ufleba momcen, sxva raRa minda.~ 3 

elisabed TofuriZe Svilis devnas xelisuflebis mxridan mZimed 

aRiqvamda, Tumca sasowarkveTilebaSi ar vardeboda. roca mwerals mesamejer 

daupires dapatimreba, saxlSi SemoWril Cekistebs dedam xistad 

uTxra: 

_ ai rogori mxecebi xarT Tqven, ZaRlic ki gaaxela Tqvenma 

mosvlam 4 . 

Tumca CekistebSic iyvnen gulmowyale adamianebi. saqarTvelos `Ce- 





111

kaSi~ msaxurobda vinme popovi, sikvdilis komendanti, rogorc mas Searqves. 

is did mzrunvelobas iCenda mwerlisadmi. man sakuTari iniciativiT 

`Cekas~ manqaniT miiyvana elisabed TofuriZe Tbilisis sadgurze 

SvilTan gamosaTxoveblad, romelsac 10 wliT solovkaze gadasaxleba 

miusajes. deda mxned Seegeba saerTo gansacdels, sulierad dazafruls 

erTi cremlic ar Camougdia, mxolod es uTxra konstantines: 

_ àba Sen ici, ar SeSinde da ar Semarcxvino~. 1 

mwerals gadasaxlebaSi deda xSirad esizmreboda da es zmaneba 

mas sulier simtkices hmatebda, mxneobas unergavda, daumorCileblobis 

suls uRvivebda. Tavis mxriv, el. TofuriZe mTeli ZalisxmeviT 

lamobda Svilis tyveobidan daxsnas. man gulmowyalebis da mitevebis 

werilic gaugzavna s.s. saxelmwifo politsammarTvelos ufross mamia 

oraxelaSvils, romelsac mwerlis mimarT garkveuli TanagrZnoba gaaCnda. 

saxelmwifo Cinovnikma mwerlis dedis werili saqarTvelos 

sabWoebis cak-is Tavmjdomares _ f. maxaraZes gadaugzavna; ganawamebi 

qali ase moTqvams Tavis gasaWirs: 

_ `momiteveT, rom saxelmwifo saqmeebiT uzomod datvirTul 

adamians am Cemi TxovniT gawuxebT, magram sxva gamosavali ar maqvs 

da, imedia, mousmenT Svilis ubedurebiT gatanjul dedas. 

piradad mindoda Tqveni naxva, magram imdenad dauZlurebuli moxuci 

var, rom amis SesaZleblobac ar maqvs. SeiZleba mogexsenebaT, 

rom Cemi Svili k. gamsaxurdia ukve erTi weliwadze metia dapatimrebulia. 

amJamad is imyofeba solovkaSi - avadmyofi, dasustebuli. is 

avad iyo aq yofnis drosac, xolo solovkis mxaris haeri, es xom 

misTvis pirdapir daRupvaa, sikvdiliT dasjas udris. da, ai, mogmar- 

TavT Tqven, rogorc iseT adamians, romelsac SeuZlia misi mdgomareobis 

Semsubuqeba, Svilis sikvdilis xelidan gamotaceba, ubeduri dedisaTvis 

dabruneba. 

garwmunebT, rom mis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebuli braldeba sruli 

gaugebrobaa. Tu mas marTlac dauSavebia raime, Tavisi-axalgazrdobiT. 

man Tavisi danaSauli ukve gamoisyida Tavisi tanjviTa da sasjeliT. 

is mogexsenebaT, mweralia, kulturuli Zala, romelic yovelTvis 

SeZlebs Tavisi muSaobiT sargebloba moutanos qveyanas da Tu codva 

ram miuZRvis xalxisa da mTavrobis winaSe, am muSaobiT gamoisyidis. 

maS, daubruneT ubedur dedas misi sayvareli Ze, qveyanas _kulturuli 

moRvawe, SeundeT, Tu ram daaSava, mieciT saSualeba, emsaxuros 

xalxs. Tu SeuZleblad CaTvliT mis saqarTveloSi dabrunebas, 

mianiWeT ufleba samxreT oseTSi an ukrainaSi cxovrebisa, rac, yovel 


112

SemTxvevaSi, misi sicocxlisaTvis ar warmoadgens safrTxes, nu gamicruebT 

ukanasknel imeds, pativcemulo mamia, SeibraleT sabralo 

moxuci deda, gevedrebiT, nu daayovnebT Cemi Txovnis Sesrulebas. Ti- 

Toeul dRes SeuZlia aRmac daatrialos, waRmac mimarTos misi Sesustebuli 

janmrTelobis saqme~. 1 

gulis sisxliT dawerilma werilma iqneb Seberebuli guli au- 

Cuya f. maxaraZes, rameTu man imavdroulad dasva sakiTxi k. gamsaxurdias 

saqmis gadasinjvis Sesaxeb, ramac, sabolood, mwerlis Sewyaleba 

da vadaze adre gaTavisufleba daaCqara. k. gamsaxurdia solovkidan 

1928 wels gaaTavisufles. Tbilisis sadgurSi mas Zmebi daxvdnen. ma- 

Ti SeZrwunebuli saxeebi mowmobda imas, rom deda ukve cocxali ar 

iyo. sikvdilis win Turme is mxolod erT rames sTxovda Svilebs: 

_ `pirze xeli damafareT, egeb es oxeri suli ar amovideso~. 2 

am tragediis gancdam mwerals, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs, aTiode 

wlis sicocxle moaklo. misi tyveobaSi yofnis Jams dedamiss eqvsTvliani 

oda saxlis adgilas patara erTTvliani samzadi auSenebia, ra- 

Ta konstantines odiSTan sulieri kavSiri ar gaewyvita. am saxlis 

xilvam da dedis daRupvam mwerals naRvliani striqonebi aTqmevina: 

ìslis saxli, islis saxli! 

qari, 

qari, 

qari. 

Sen maCvene mzis siaxle 

da zRaprebis mxare. 

me zRvis nislebs gadavyevi da mTebs movefare, 

veRar vnaxe Seni saxe, veRar mogiswari. 

islis saxli, islis saxli! 

qari, 

qari, 

qari~. 3 

mwerlis sixaruls klite daedo. varamis gesliT moiSxama misi 

suli da sxeuli. is bnel Rames da cis naTels mimarTavs mudariT, 

dedis gza-kvali moaZebninon: 

`mec myavda deda, is wavida marto damtova, 

vis mivakiTxo aRar aris am saaqaos. 

1 literaturisa da xelovnebis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, f. 284. 

aR. 3, saqme 175. 


3 k. gamsaxurdia. islis saxli. _ Txzulebani.., t. VI. Tb., 1980, gv. 546. 


113

maxsovs aq iyo, isic vici, rom aRar mova. 

vis mivakiTxo am bnel Rames, Tu mrume qaoss~. 1 

dedis sikvdiliT gancdili mwuxareba da tkivili gabmul elegiasaviT 

gaismis novelaSi `damsxvreuli Conguri~: `vaime, Senma sikvdilma 

Cemi guli ise daamsxvria, rogorc Cemdami siyvarulma Seni 

mtirala Conguri. Rameebis saSineli melanqoliiT dasetyvili dRe da 

Rame vfiqrob dediko SenTvis. sixaruli gaeyara Cems suls. davmartoxeldi 

da ar mesmis, rogori iqneba, rom Cemi xma Sen veRar mogvwvdes. 

rogor iqneba Zvirfaso deda, rom Cven gagvTiSos, Tundac, sikvdilma~. 

2 

k. gamsaxurdias protagonistebi aRmerTebdnen da aidealebdnen dedas. 

misdami gansakuTrebul miusafrobas da martoobas ganicdian konstantine 

savarsamiZe da TaraS emxvari, vinaidan isini, mwerlis msgavsad, 

SemoqmedebiTi wvis ZiebaSi, ucxoeTis qarebs gadahyvnen da dedis 

xilvas danatrebulni, guls sevdiani mogonebebiT iqarvebdnen. savarsamiZis 

erTaderTi nugeSi sizmaria, roca yvelaze metad is dedas naxulobs, 

romelic gulmodgined sTxovs Svils samSobloSi dabrunebas: 

àxla saiT mixval Svilo. ar geyo sul sxvis qveyanaSi yofna 

Senze amboben, kargi biWia, magram saqarTvelo ar uyvars, sul ucxoeTSia. 

sityviT didi patriotia, arafers akeTebso. Seni amxanagebi dabrundnen, 

yvela ojaxs moekida, yvela bednieria, yvela muSaobs Tavis 

qveynisaTvis, Sen ki mTvareuliviT dadixar sxvis qveyanaSi~. 3 

savarsamiZe dedis damSvidebas lamobs. is hpirdeba gamzrdels, 

rom male Camova, uTuod qarTvel qals moiyvans colad. 12 Svili 

eyoleba da uklebliv yvela qarTulad ilaparakebs. mas dedis naCuqari 

lazuri fuli gasaocar ideebs aRuZravs, misi Segonebebi ki sicocxlis 

wyurvils uorkecebs. dedamiss sjeroda, sanamdis kacs deda 

hyavs, mudam axalgazrdad iTvleboda da is isev mSobel miwas daubrundeboda. 

savarsamiZec brundeba Tavis qveyanaSi, rogorc uZRebi Svili. 

samSoblos surnelebas monatrebuli, is saqarTvelos mcxunvare 

mzes sTxovs, amoaSros mis saxsrebSi ucxoeTSi SesunTquli nisli da 

sineste. mas uxaria, rom dedis kalTaSi wevs, rogorc gulwiTelas 

marTve Sin mobrunebuli. 

mSobeli miwis sinoyivrem da silbom savarsamiZis gardasaxva ga- 

1 k. gamsaxurdia. reqviemi. _ Txzulebani.., t. VI. Tb., 1980, gv. 546. 

2 k. gamsaxurdia. damsxvreuli Conguri. _ Txzulebani. octomeuli. t. I. 

Tb., 1992, gv. 221. 

3 k. gamsaxurdia. dionisos Rimili. _ Txzulebani. octomeuli. t. II. Tb., 

1992, gv. 118. 

114

moiwvia. is taia Selias jogSi apirebs Sesvlas, Tumca dedis xaTri 

aqvs, romelsac verafriT ver gaego, Svili saqarTvelos Tavmjdomare 

ratom ver gaxda. axla ki misi mejogeobis ambavs ucilod mZimed gadaitanda 

da gaumwardeboda moxucebuls darCenili cxovrebis wlebi. 

savarsimiZisTvis deda samSoblos alegoriuli saxea, romelsac dacva 

da movla sWirdeba. ruseTis imperiis simbolo slanski bagratovanTa 

gvirgvinsa da masSi moTavsebul Tamaris almass epotineba, rac savarsimiZis 

gaalmasebasa da gacofebas iwvevs. 

savarsimiZis msgavsad, TaraS emxvaric evropaSia, mas didi asparezi 

aqvs, Tumca, sadac didi asparezia, iq moasparezec mravalia, amitomac 

saamurad Caesmis oqumidan dedis mier mowerili sityvebi: 

`sxvis baRSi TuraSaulis dargvas, sakuTarSi maJalos daTesva gerCioso~. 

1 TaraSi grZnobda, Tu rogor eleoda dedas wlebi. majaganiT 

arCevda dedis nawerebs, sadac sityvebs alag-alag marcvlebi aklda. 

Tumca misTvis umTavresi iyo am werilis wakiTxvisagan mogvrili sixaruli 

da siTbo. amitomac, TaraSi mTeli erTi kvira atarebda ubiT 

dedis baraTs, vidre mTlad ar daicriceboda qaRaldi. parizSi yofnisas 

dedis alersze danatrebuli TaraSi ZilSi efereboda gamzrdels: 

_ àsi wlis rom gavxde, deda, da asi welic rom davrCe ucxoeTSi, 

Tu Sen Sin megulebi, fesvebi maqvs meTqi Cems miwaSi, ase 

vityodi. asi wlis rom gavxde deda, ucxoeTidan mobrunebuli dagiZaxeb 

karis alagTan, deda, Sin xar meTqi~. 2 

maias cremliT da jafiT savse sicocxle, cxra zamTris bneli 

Rameebi, martoxela gatarebuli oqumSi, erTaderTi vaJis ucxod gadaxvewis 

gamo gaRebuli Sinagani xarki iyo. TaraSi gulistkiviliT 

igonebda moxucebul dedas, romelic Svils ucxo qalze daqorwinebasac 

ar urCevda: `Tu Cemi siyvaruli ar gamoglevia, ucxo qali ar 

SeirTo, radgan ucxoeli qali Cvens wesebs arasodes Seegueba da me 

amis javrs gadavyvebio~. 3 TaraSmac daujera dedas, ris gamoc mravali 

qalis cremli Seexala dedamisis mtkice survils. 

TaraSi mudamJams gulistkiviliT igonebda dedas ucxoeTSi, 

Tumca saqarTveloSi mobrunebulma mxolod orjer moakiTxa oqumSi. 

sameurneo saqmeebSic ver exmareba dedas, romelic Svils mouclelobis 

gamo sayvedurobs kidec. TaraSi bavSvobaSi oqros zandukebs hpirdeboda 

gamzrdels, axla ki xelCaqneuli da SemoZarculi dgas mis 

1 k. gamsaxurdia. Txzulebani.., t. II, gv. 144. 

2 k. gamsaxurdia. Txzulebani.., t. I, gv. 341. 

3 k. gamsaxurdia. Txzulebani.., t. I, gv. 341. 

115

winaSe. magram dedisaTvis umTavresia, misi momavlis saso da saficari 

guliko jansaRi iyos, mas gverdSi edgas da samSoblos gamoadges. 

dedaSviluri siyvarulis apologiaa warmoCenili istoriul romanSi 

`didostatis marjvena~. aqac dedasa da Svils Soris Tvaluwvdeneli 

sivrcea aRmarTuli. movaleobis SegrZneba aiZulebs konstantine 

arsakiZes, fxovis miwaze mitovebuli moxuci dedis Soreuli 

Cveneba gonebis TvaliT sruliad Seicnos. xuroTmoZRvari grZnobs, 

Tu rogor dafacurobs SuacecxlTan deda, rogor aRvivebs cecxls 

da rogor avedrebs uzenaess Tavis erTaderT vaJs: 

`davsneuldi, Svilo, meSinia ar amomxdeso uSenod suli. cnoba 

movida kvetarSi: gaucvnixaro giorgi mefes. mefesac eyolebao deda, 

albaT mefesac eyvarebao deda, deda daafice mefes, Seevedre Cems magivrad, 

gamogiSvaso dedis sanaxavad. erTxel mainc, erTxel mainc 

Tvali mogkra rogorme, sikvdilis win dagloco Svilo, Semdeg amisa 

nu SemrCeba sunTqva, Semdeg amisa mimiRoso ufalma~. 1 movaleobis SegrZneba 

da mefisadmi micemuli vaJkacuri sityva ar aZlevs uflebas 

arsakiZes, gulCvili iyos da dedaSvilur grZnobebs ahyves. 

sasikvdilo agoniiT Sepyrobili arsakiZe, romelsac sveticxovlis 

moumTavreblobis gamo sicocxlis daTmoba enaRvleba, sizmarSi 

sTxovs dedas, ilocos misi sicocxlis gadarCenisaTvis. magram mSobeli 

deda taZrisaTvis sulSewirul Svils axlos ar ikarebs da wyalsac 

ar asmevs. TiTqos sicocxlis mwuxrs sindisis qenjnam Seawuxa xelovani 

da Tavisi qmedebis sazRaurad aRiqvams dedis aseT moqcevas. 

Tumca sizmarSi pirgamexebuli deda, cxadSi suliTa da xorciT daosebuli, 

sulTmborZavi utas gadasarCenad miemarTeba. morielebisagan 

dageslili Svilis naxvam ki sasowarkveTili deda qvad aqcia. 

dedis aRmzrdelobiTi roli da keTilismyofeli zegavlena miCqmalulia 

romanSi `beladi~, rasac Tavad mwerali Taviseburad xsnis: 

`me mqonda Cemi mosazreba, romelsac detalurad ar Sevexebi, rom 

stalinis deda da mama didad ar vaCvene. Tumca amis Sesaxeb masalebi 

bevri mqonda. me Cemi politika maqvs wignis werisas~. 2 

mweralma mSvenivrad uwyoda stalinis nel-Tbili urTierToba 

mSoblebisadmi, amitomac Seecada arsebuli sinamdvile da utyuari 

faqtebi garkeveuli SemoqmedebiTi doziT eCvenebina, ise rom, arc 

stalinis Tavmoyvareoba Selaxuliyo da arc ojaxuri tradiciebi yo- 

1 literaturisa da xelovnebis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, f. 284. 

aR. 3, saqme 190. 

2 literaturisa da xelovnebis centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi, f. 8. aR. 

1, saqme 832. 

116

filiyo ignorirebuli. 

k. gamsaxurdias meore istoriul romanSi _ `daviT aRmaSenebeli~ 

daviTis deda elene dedofali warmoCenilia, rogorc saTno, 

qristianuli RvTismosaobiT Semkuli qalbatoni, romelic samefo palatis 

darbazebSi, fxizlad adevnebda Tvalyurs zneobis dacvas. dedofali 

Zvalmagari da WirTamTmeni dedaa, romelic saxelmwifoebrivi 

masStabiT acnobierebda daviTis mier gadadgmul politikur svlebs. 

is grZnobda Svilis gamorCeulobas da daviTis mtrebs mtkiced pasuxobda: 

`roca moyvasi Seni saqmes daiwyebs, sanam mas ar moaTavebs, ar 

unda ganikiTxo igi.~ 1 

elene dedofali veJinis marcxis gamoc naRvlobda. gulmecnieri 

deda kargad xedavda, rom giorgi mefis axirebam saerTo saqme waaxdina. 

amitomac Svilis sawol darbazSi fexakrefiT Separuli, mZinare 

daviTs Sublze kocniT da locviT patiebas sTxovda. am locviT dafrqveul 

mduRarebaSi ki imdeni salbuni iyo, rom mtrebis dasaTrgunvelad 

xelmeored ivseboda mefis mdumare Zala. niSneuli da mravlismetyvelia 

rom daviTi Tavisi sicocxlis mizans saTayvanebel dedas 

umxels: 

`sanam tfilisi Cveni ar gaxdeba, me ver movisveneb dedi, sami 

sicocxle rom geboZa CemTvis, samives tfilisis asaRebad davlevdi, 

icode~. 2 

k. gamsaxurdias madlmofenil poetur samyaroSi qarTveli deda 

siyvarulis, saTnoebisa da sikeTis pirvelsawyisia, SvilTaTvis salocavi 

xati da saficari-upirvelesi. amitomac rekviemiviT JRers mwerlis 

gulis siRrmidan amoxeTqili sityvebi: 

`nu SeveleviT, moveferoT dedas madlians, dedis gareSe ar mravldeba, 

gwamdeT sikeTe, da arc ara ibadeba dedis uvneblad.~ 3 

1 k. gamsaxurdia. Txzulebani.., t. II.., gv. 59. 

2 k. gamsaxurdia. Txzulebani.., t. II.., gv. 59. 

3 gaz. `graali~. Tb., 1996, #7, gv. 28. 

117

LADO CHANIA 

FATE OF TORMENT 

The work masterly presents hard destiny of K. Gamsakhurdia’s mother 

Elizabeth Topuridze, her stoic nature and high spiritual world. On the base of 

deep study of K. Gamsakhurdia’s works, the author notes that K.Gamsakhurdia 

was one of the first who confirmed mother’s cult in Georgian Literature expressing 

his great respect and honour, first of all, to his patents and to all mothers. 

According to archive materials and primary sources, it’s very interesting 

E. Topuridze’s the most important and decisive role in spiritual formation of 

the writer, moreover it is particularly underlined the mother’s deed full of selfsacrifice 

and energy, to redeem him from prison. Thanks to E. Topuridze’s 

noncompromise and irreconcilable attitude to “Cheka” and state officials she 

managed to make them investigate and retrial K. Gamsakhurdia’s case again 

that led to her son’s acceleration of amnesty and pre-term release. In the author’s 

opinion apologetics of maternal love passes through K.Gamsakhurdia’s 

whole works, where Georgian Mother is presented as a symbol of kindness, love 

and mercy, but for children as icon of prayer. According to the author’s statement 

mother’s idealization and adoration in the writer’s prose is perceived as 

allegorical variation image of Motherland-The Virgin. 

118



t. I, 2007 

mariam miresaSvili 

mxatvruli saxe XX saukunis 

ideur-esTetikur sistemebSi 

XX saukunis aRiarebuli ideur-esTetikuri sistemebia: realizmi, 

modernizmi da postmodernizmi. TiToeul maTgans mxatvrul saxe- 

Ta sistemis sakuTari tipi gaaCnia, romelic ganpirobebulia fundamenturi 

msoflmxedvelobiTi SexedulebebiTa da esTetikuri idealebiT. 

aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT uamravi samecniero Sromaa dawerili, 

romelTa CamoTvla Zalze Sors wagviyvans. winamdebare naSromi 

miznad isaxavs XXs. aRiarebuli evropeli filosofosebisa da literaturis 

Teoretikosebis SexedulebaTa gadmocemas zemoxsenebul 

problemasTan dakavSirebiT, rac naklebadaa cnobili qarTuli saliteraturaTmcodneo 

wreebisTvis. 

rolan bartis TvalTaxedviT, realisturi xelovnebisTvis “modelis” 

rolSi SeiZleba gamovides saxviTi, sivrcobrivi kodebi, upirveles 

yovlisa, ferwera. realisturi mxatvruli saxe efuZneba mimesisis 

princips; mas axasiaTebs realisturi yofiToba, gansazRvrul 

rols TamaSobs vizualizacia, yvelaferSi igrZnoba materialuri samyaros 

adekvaturi aRqmis miswrafeba, swored iseTis, rogorsac mas 

adamiani xedavs. Tumca, mxatvrul saxeTa realisturi sistemis specifika, 

r. bartis mixedviT, mdgomareobs “ara realuris, rogorc ase- 

Tis zust gadaRebaSi, aramed misi mxatvruli aslis sworad gadmotanaSi”. 

1 r. bartis Tanaxmad, mwerali jer gardaqmnis realobas saxviTi 

xelovnebis sagnad (magaliTad, ferwerul tilod); Semdgom igi am sagans 

Camoxsnis kedlidan da amoiRebs misTvis saintereso detalebs an 

sulac xelaxla Seqmnis Tavad sagans, anu moaxdens mis reinkarnacias. 

amgvari qmedebiT “xelovani Slis pirobiTi niSnebis (kodebis) xali- 

Cas, adgens referenciul damokidebulebas ara enasa da referents 

Soris, aramed TviT kodebs Soris”. 2 

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, r. bartis azriT, mxatvrul saxe- 

1 Р. Барт. S/Z., М., 1994, gv. 68. 

2 Р. Барт. Эффект реальности. Избранные работы. Семиотика. Философия культуры. 

М., 1999. 

119

Ta realisturi sistema efuZneba meoradi mimesisis princips 1 . aqve 

SevniSnavT, rom r. barti mimesisis cnebaSi moiazrebs aristoteleseul 

gagebas. rogorc cnobilia, platonisgan gansxvavebiT, aristotele 

poezias, xelovnebas ganixilavs ara rogorc eqstatur, mxolod 

grZnobebze orientirebul sagans, romelsac “dionisurad Sepyrobili” 

poetebi, Semoqmedi adamianebi qmnian, aramed rogorc inteleqtualur- 

SemecnebiT aqts, romelic efuZneba adamianis Tandayolil Tvisebas _ 

realobis baZvas. amdenad, aristoteles Tanaxmad, xelovneba aris sinamdvilis 

baZva anu mimesisi. aristotelesTvis mimesisi aris iseTi 

realobis asaxva, romelic mxolod mwerlis _ Semoqmedis mier aris 

konstruirebuli da ar aris mocemuli mimesisis farglebs gareT. 

rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT platons gansxvavebuli 

mosazreba hqonda; kerZod, “saxelmwifos” X TavSi igi mimesiss 

ganmartavs rogorc ubralod mibaZvas _ “moqmedebis mibaZva aris 

fabula”, _ xolo fabulaSi gulisxmobs “faqtebis SeTanxmebas” an 

“SemTxvevaTa Semadgenlobas”. 2 

rolan barti aRniSnavs, rom semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT realobis 

efeqti miiRweva “referenciuli iluziis” saSualebiT da warmoiqmneba 

referentis pirdapiri kontaqtiT aRsaqmel saganTan. realisturi 

mxatvruli saxe ar warmoadgens ubralod “gaormagebul asls”. 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi ufro “kondensirebuli saxea”, romelSic 

mravali konkretul-grZnobadi, individualuria Tavmoyrili; anu erT- 

Si (erT mxatvrul saxeSi) aris sinTezirebuli mravalTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

Tviseba. amitomac gamonagonis, fantaziis roli mxatvrul 

saxeTa realistur sistemaSi aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva es- 

Tetikur sistemebSi. realisturi mxatvruli saxis avtoriseuli interpretacia 

xorcieldeba esTetikuri idealis poziciidan; aseTs ki 

realizmSi warmoadgens triada: WeSmariteba _ sikeTe _ silamaze. WeS- 

1 mimesisi (berZn. mibaZva) antikuri literaturaTmcodneobis erT-erT sakvanZo 

cnebas warmoadgens. platonis da aristoteles esTetikaSi igi 

ganixileba mxatvruli kulturis sxvadasxva Janris warmoqmnis safuZvlad. 

orive filosofosi arsebul samyaros, mis Semadgenel sagnebsa da 

movlenebs miiCnevs asaxvis/mibaZvis obieqtad, Tumca, gansxvaveba Tavs 

iCens imaSi, Tu ras warmoadgenen Tavad es sagnebi. aristoteles mtkicebiT, 

es sagnebi realurad arsebulni arian; amdenad, mimesisi obieqturi 

samyaros Semecnebisken swrafvas gulisxmobs. sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss 

aviTarebs platoni, romlis Tanaxmad mibaZvis obieqtebi (anu sagnebi) 

mxolod da mxolod obieqturad arsebul zogad ideaTa landebs, 

àCrdilebs~ warmoadgenen. 

2 antikuri literatura. redaqtorebi: r. gordeziani, n. tonia. Tb., 2007, 

gv. 47. 

120

maritebis Ziebisa da Semecnebis SesaZlebloba efuZneba gonebis prioritetis 

rwmenas. mSvenieri SeiZleba iyos mxolod zneobrivi; zneobrivis 

warmodgenas ki _ humanizmis filosofia ayalibebs. tipuri xasiaTebis 

warmoCena tipur garemoebebSi iZleva SesaZleblobas sinamdvilis 

(realobis) movlenebisa da obieqtebis erTgvari mxatvruli 

klasifikaciis ganxorcielebisa, maT Soris, arsebuli urTierTkavSirebis 

warmoCenisa, cxovrebis garkveuli kanonzomierebebis axsnisa, samyaros 

warmoCenisa misTvis prioritetuli, zneobrivi maxasiaTeblebiT, 

romlebic Camoyalibdnen ori ukanaskneli saukunis manZilze. 

XX saukuneSi realisturma xelovnebam gaafarTova sinamdvilis 

mxatvruli aTvisebis sazRvrebi. aRniSnul periodSi aSkarad SeiniSneba, 

erTi mxriv, mxatvrul saxeTa “damdablebis”, empiriul sinamdvileze 

dayvanis tendencia da, meore mxriv, maTi ideologizaciis tendencia 

(gansakuTrebiT socialisturi realizmis pirobebSi). realizmis 

kodis TandaTanobiTma “gacveTam”, mwerlebis mier konotaciebis 

nakrebis mravaljeradma gamoyenebam garkveul etapze realizmis “ganaxlebis” 

survili warmoSva (Tavad realizmis mimarTulebis farglebSi). 

es ganxorcielda pirobiTi formebisadmi aqtiuri mimarTvis 

gziT, rac sabolood gadaizarda sxva esTetikuri sistemebis poetikis 

elementebTan integrirebaSi. saboloo jamSi, amas mohyva esTetikuri 

revolucia, romelic dagvirgvinda modernizmis aRmocenebiT, rasac, 

bunebrivia, Tan axlda samyaros mxatvruli aTvisebis axali sa- 

Sualebebis damkvidreba. 

rogorc cnobilia, modernizmis ideur-esTetikuri sistemis 

msoflmxedvelobiT fundaments Seadgens “cxovrebis filosofia”, egzistencializmi, 

froidizmi. modernizmis esTetika efuZneba “wminda 

xelovnebis” Teorias; SemoqmedebiTi praqtika emyareba individualuri 

msoflaRqmis subieqturobis warmoCenas, orientacias siaxleze, rogorc 

mwerlis mier Seqmnili mxatvruli saxeebis Sefasebis ZiriTad 

kriteriums. amasTan dakavSirebiT xose ortega-i-gaseti aRniSnavda: 

“sagnebis asaxvidan mwerlebi ideebis asaxvaze gadavidnen; xelovani 

dabrmavda gare samyaros mimarT, radgan mzera Semoabruna SigniT, subieqturi 

landSaftis mxares”. 1 amdenad, modernizms ainteresebs “Sinagani 

samyaro”, cnobierisa da Seucnobadis periferiuli sferoebi. 

amasTan, fsiqoanalizis damkvidrebis kvaldakval, Rrmavdeba codna adamianis 

fsiqikasTan, pirovnebis struqturasTan dakavSirebiT (rogorc 

zogadad, ise kerZod, xelovanis bunebasTan mimarTebaSi). 

1 Х. Ортега-и-Гассет. Эстетика. Философия культуры. М., 1991, gv. 34. 

121

modernizmis esTetikam adamianis “siRrmiseuli amocnobis” saqme- 

Si CarTo intuicia. aqedan momdinareobs mimesisze uaris Tqma, realobis 

derealizacia, misi obieqtebis deformireba, realuri perspeqtivis 

Secvla, subieqturobis maRali xarisxi da, rac mTavaria, modernistuli 

mxatvruli sistemis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad im garemoebis 

aRiareba, rom mkiTxvelis winaSe cxovreba ki ar aris warmodgenili, 

aramed mxatvruli produqti _ artefeqti. 

esTetikuri elementis siWarbe ganapirobebs Sesabamis komunikacias, 

romelic “inovaciuri strategiebis Secnobis” saSualebas iZleva. 

amasTan erTad, modernistuli xelovnebis yoveli nawarmoebi Tavis kanons 

awesebs, gvTavazobs axal paradigmas, samyaros xedvis axal SesaZleblobas. 

semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT, “siaxlis efeqti” miiRweva 

im tipis niSnis (kodis) saSualebiT, romelSic aRsaniSnavi (mwerlis 

mier warmoCenili) sagani gamonagonTan (mxatvrul fantaziasTan) er- 

TobliobaSi aRemateba aRniSnuls (sinamdvileSi, realobaSi arsebul 

sagans). maTi “urTierTkavSiri” (e. i. kavSiri realursa da warmoCenils 

Soris) sakmaod myifea da advilad dasaSlelia. saqme iqamdec ki 

midis, rom iqmneba avangardistebis TviTreferentuli niSani (mag. futuristebis, 

dadaistebis mxatvruli ena). 

modernistuli samyarosTvis niSandoblivia simboloebi, miniSnebebi, 

naxevarTqmebi. swored maTi daxmarebiT warmoaCenen Semoqmedni 

realuri yofis siZneles, egzistencialur problemebs. Tumca, rogorc 

xose ortega-i-gaseti aRniSnavs, “realoba yovelTvis aRemateba 

pirobiT cnebas, romelic cdilobs mis moqcevas garkveul sazRvreb- 

Si.…sagani yovelTvis metia cnebaze da sulac ar aris iseTi, rogoric 

es ukanaskneli”. 1 filosofosis azriT, swored amitom warmoadgens 

modernistuli xelovnebis “substancias” (da ara ubralod mis 

dekoraciul elements) metaforuloba. 

modernistul esTetikur sistemaSi metaforis saSualebiT ganxorcielebuli 

daxasiaTebebi, warmoCenili kavSirebi emyareba asociaciebs, 

rac afarToebs mniSvnelobaTa sferos da obieqtis moulodneli 

rakursiT danaxvis saSualebas iZleva. modernistebis xelovnebaSi 

“models” xSirad warmoadgens mxatvruli kodebi (droiTi, droiT-sivrculi). 

Tu avtorebi mimarTaven ferwerul kodebs, maSin orientacias 

iReben pirvelyofil, barbarosul egzotikaze, rasac mivyavarT 

modernizebul primitivizmamde. yvelaze xSirad amis gamovlenas avangardizmSi 

vxedavT (kubizmi, dadaizmi, neoprimitivizmi da a.S.). 

1 Х. Ортега-и-Гассет. Эстетика. Философия культур.., gv. 79. 

122

saboloo jamSi, yovelive zemoaRniSnulis miRma ikveTeba xelovanis 

miswrafeba, SeinarCunos, daicvas individualoba da ar aiTqvifos 

masaSi, ar daemsgavsos sxvas; tipurs, standartuls, tradiciuls 

_ daupirispiros unikaluri, uCveulo, mxolod erT egzemplarad 

arsebuli. modernistuli xelovneba gaTvlilia inteleqtualur 

umciresobaze da ara masebze, radgan inteleqtualuri umciresoba 

ukeT iTvisebs siaxles, garkveulia SemoqmedebiT labirinTebSi da 

misTvis damatebiTi axsna-ganmartebis micema saWiro ar aris. 

modernizmma gamoscada TiTqmis yvela arsebuli saSualeba adamianis, 

cxovrebis calkeuli mxareebis, adamianis “Sida samyaros” mxatvrulad 

warmosaCenad. amis miuxedavad, gasuli saukunis Sua wlebisTvis igi 

mainc “daiSrita”, daiwyo erT adgilze “tkepna”. rogorc realizmis SemTxvevaSi, 

amjeradac gamoyenebul iqna sxvadasxva saSualebebi misi reabilitaciisTvis: 

erTi mxriv, cdilobdnen mis sinTezirebas arsebul es- 

Tetikur sistemebTan, literaturul skolebTan, mimdinareobebTan (zogjer 

modernizmis mier uaryofilTanac ki); xolo meore mxriv, daiwyo 

axali gzebis Zieba, rac praqtikulad ganxorcielda axal esTetikur 

ganzomilebaze _ postmodernizmze _ gadasvlaSi. 

postmodernizmi warmoadgens erTgvar reaqcias msoflio saerTocivilizebul 

krizisze, rasac Tanamedrove kacobrioba ganicdis. reaqcia 

gamowveulia im garemoebiT, rom progresistebis mier dapirebuli 

“naTeli momavlis” nacvlad kacobrioba aRmoCnda dRevandel situaciaSi, 

TviTganadgurebis zRvars miaxloebuli. postmodernizmSi garkveulwilad 

aisaxa miswrafeba im faseulobebis dasamkvidreblad, romelic 

ar uqmnis adamianTa sicocxles safrTxes, SeuZlia xalxTa gaer- 

Tianeba, SekavSireba pluralizmis, policentrizmis, panekologizmis 

niadagze. 

postmodernizmi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc ideur-esTetikuri 

sistema, romlis msoflmxedvelobiTi safuZveli emyareba postfilosofiis 

ideebsa da koncefciebs; romlis esTetika qadagebs kulturuli 

enebis, stilebis, meTodebis pluralizms; romlis mxatvruli 

praqtika efuZneba kulturuli interteqstis dekonstruqcias da hiperrealobis 

modelirebas. modernizmis msgavsad, postmodernizmic 

uars ambobs mimesisze, garesamyaros gaormagebaze, mimarTavs cnobierisa 

da Seucnobadis sferos. postmodernizms ainteresebs masebis cnobiereba 

da ara calkeuli individebisa, postmodernizmisTvis sainteresoa 

koleqtiuri Seucnobadi da ara individualuri, da rac mTavaria, 

masebis roli istoriul procesSi (amis dadasturebaa xose 

ortega-i-gasetis “masebis amboxi”). 

123

modernizmisgan gansxvavebiT, postmodernizms ainteresebs ara 

“Sinagani samyaros” realoba, aramed samyaro-teqstis, samyaro-niSnebis 

(kodebis) realoba. postmodernizmi aRiarebs ara erT, aramed mraval 

WeSmaritebas, riTac TavisTavad uars ambobs monocentrizmze da nebismieri 

konfrontaciuli msoflio ideis monopoliaze. amas xels 

uwyobs axali tipis niSnis _ simuliakris gamoyeneba (J. derida 1 , J. 

deliozi 2 ). 

simuliakrebs J. bodriari uwodebs saxeebs, romlebic STanTqaven, 

gandevnian realobas 3 . es marTlac aris dekonstruirebuli niSani, 

romelsac zusti gansazRvra ara aqvs. mas axasiaTebs cvalebadoba da 

samyaro-teqstis pirobebSi SeiZleba sulac ar gansazRvravdes sagans, 

aramed sxva, meore aRmniSvnel niSanTan agzavnides. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, 

rom samyaro-teqstSi (metateqstSi) yvela aRniSvna saboloo 

jamSi rizomatul kavSirSia erTmaneTTan, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom 

simuliakris ganmsazRvravi niSnebi mravlobiTia. realizmisa da modernizmisgan 

gansxvavebiT, mxatvrul saxeTa postmodernistuli sistema 

yalibdeba simuliakrebis saSualebiT. xSirad mas gaaCnia hibridulcitaturi 

xasiaTi; SeiZleba warmoadgendes gansazRvruli konceptebis, 

miTebis, nacionaluri arqetipebis, sulac “koleqtiuri aracnobieris” 

gamovlenis materializebul saxes. postmodernizmSi xdeba diskursis 

decentrireba, SesaZlebelia mxatvruli da aramxatvruli teqstebis 

(mag. informaciulis, samecnieros) gaerTianeba Tanasworuflebian 

sawyisebze. 

postmoderni iwyeba iq, sadac mTavrdeba mTlianoba. igi radikalurad 

pluralulia, radgan cdilobs im faseulobebis urTierTdakavSirebas, 

romelTac gansxvavebuli koncefciebi da proeqtebi Seicaven. 

aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania J. f. liotaris Sromebi, 

romlebmac praqtikulad postmodernizmis yvela warmomadgenelze moaxdina 

gavlena. J. f. liotaris TvalsazrisiT, Tu yvelafers ukiduresad 

gavamartivebT, maSin postmodernizmi unda gavigoT rogorc “metamoTxrobebisadmi” 

undobloba (“metamoTxrobas” igi uwodebs yvela 

im “ganmmartav sistemas”, romelic, misi azriT, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis 

organizebisa da misi TviTgamarTlebis saSualebad gvevlineba; 

mag.: religia, istoria, mecniereba, fsiqologia, xelovneba). frangi 

mecnieris azriT, “postmodernis saukune” xasiaTdeba im “diadi meta- 

1 Ж. Деррида. Письмо и различие, М., 2000. 

2 Ж. Делез. Различие и повтореие, СПб, 1998. 

3 Ж. Бодрийяр. Симулякры и симуляция. Философия эпохи постмодерна. Минск, 1996, 

gv. 114. 

124

morfozebisadmi” rwmenis eroziiT, romelic ganaxorcielebs warmodgenaTa 

legitimizacias realobis Sesaxeb 1 . 

ukanasknel xanebSi sul ufro xSirad gamoTqvamen evropeli literaturaTmcodneni 

mosazrebas, rom postmodernis epoqa damTavrda. 

aRniSnul Tvalsazriss saqarTveloSic iziareben. magaliTad, zurab 

qarumiZe wers: “dasrulda es TamaSi romelic qmnida gamogonili 

originalebis absoluturad idealur aslebs; dasrulda ontologiuri 

muSaiToba namdvilsa da SeTxzuls Soris bawarze; dasrulda orazrovan 

da ganusazRvrel niSanTa Ria sistemebSi, rogorc labirinTebSi 

xetiali”. 2 sinamdvileSi, saubari postmodernis epoqis dasasrulze 

aSkarad naadrevad gveCveneba, rasac mowmobs Tavad z. qarumiZis Semoqmedebac 

da saerTod, qarTul saliteraturo sivrceSi mimdinare 

procesebic, romelSic aSkarad ikveTeba postmodernistuli tendenciebi 

(g. doCanaSvili, n. gelaSvili, a. morCilaZe, l. buRaZe, d. turaSvili, 

z. burWulaZe, i. kasraZe da sxv.). 

da bolos, zogjer iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos realizmi, modernizmi 

da postmodernizmi erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi arian. sinamdvileSi, 

istoriuli gadasaxedidan isini erTmaneTs avseben, sxvadasxva 

ganzomilebaSi warmoudgenen mkiTxvels samyaros, romelSic 

Cven vcxovrobT. sulac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom dResdReobiT sul 

ufro xSirad postmodernuli esTetikis elementebs vxvdebiT realistur 

xelovnebaSi. Tu adre, gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, modernistuli 

esTetikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebis sinTezireba xdeboda 

realisturTan, dRes SesamCnevia modernistuli elementebis garkveuli 

transformacia. saboloo jamSi, mimdinare procesi azRvevs kulturas 

stagnaciisgan, stimuls aZlevs mis ganviTarebas, warmoaCens 

axal perspeqtivebs. 

1 Ж.-Ф. Лиотар. Состояние постмодерна. М.-СПб., 1998, gv. 31-35. 

2 z. qarumiZe. didi TamaSis dasasruli, anu godo akakunebs. _ Jurn. àrili~, 

2001, gv. 8; 

125

MARIAM MIRESASHVILI 

IMAGE IN IDEOLOGICAL-AESTHETIC SYSTEMS 

OF THE 20th CENTURY 

Image is one of the key notions in the study of literature. Every epoch has 

its own interpretation (e. g. Plato’s and Aristotle’s ideas). There are different 

points of view in accordance with the ideological-aesthetic systems of the 20 th 

century – such as realism, modernism, post modernism. It helps to carry out 

original classifications of objects and reality, connections between them, recreating 

the world in its valuable characteristic, existing for two centuries. 

126



t. I, 2007 

lela mircxulava 

avtoris niRabi guram doCanaSvilis moTxrobaSi 

`vater(po)loo anu AaRdgeniTi 

samuSaoebi~ 

XX saukunis ukanaskneli ocwleuli da XXI saukunis dasawyisi 

erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani monakveTia qarTuli 

mwerlobis istoriaSi gansxvavebuli TematikiT, mxatvruli stiliTa 

Tu esTetikuri azrovnebis mravalferovnebiT; axali adamianuri Rirebulebebis 

Camoyalibebam da istoriulma cvalebadobam xeli Seuwyo 

axali literaturuli mimdinareobis _ postmodernizmis Camoyalibebasa 

da ganviTarebas. udidesi Tavisufali nebis mqone mwerali sruliad 

gansxvavebul, Tavisufal `sivrceSi~ moeqca: Tavisufali formebi, 

moqmedeba, ganusazRvreloba, ironia, interteqsti, ormagi kodireba, 

avtoris niRabi, werili, mcire istoria... mTavari da mniSvnelovani 

gaxda `teqsti~, `samyaro, rogorc teqsti’’ da `cnobiereba, rogorc 

teqsti~; teqstologiuri analiziT SesaZlebeli xdeba adamianis 

fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis asaxva axal epoqaSi; mxatvruli nawarmoebi 

ar eqvemdebareba dadgenil wesebs, SesaZlebeli xdeba Tavisufali 

interpretireba; teqstSi udides adgils ikavebs asociacia, 

orazrovneba, simboluroba da a.S. 

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis qarTul literaturaSi mniSvnelovani 

adgili ukavia guram doCanaSvilis Semoqmedebas, is aris originaluri 

weris maneriT gamorCeuli mwerali. misi prozisTvis damaxasia- 

Tebelia qveteqstebi, mwerlis mier Seqmnili saxeebi adamianis msoflaRqmis, 

msoflSegrZnebis, garemomcvel samyaroSi misi adgilis damkvidrebis 

gamoxatulebaa. rogorc mecnieri s. hiu hlmeni aRniSnavs: 

`Tanamedrove mxatvruli nawarmoebebis umravlesoba, romlebsac eqsperimentuloba 

axasiaTebs, `postmodernulia” da efuZneba modernizmis 

ZiriTad filosofiur maxasiaTeblebs: istoriuli drois uwyvetlobis 

rRvevis tendencias, gaucxoebas, individualizms, solifsizmsa da 

egzistencializms”. 1 Tumca guram doCanaSvili Tavis SemoqmedebaSi sarwmunoebriv 

wiaRSi dabrunebis faqtiT ufro modernizmis pozicias 

1 s.Hhiu hlmeni, postmoderni. _ Jurn.: `kriteriumi~, #3, 2001, gv. 70. 

127

uaxlovdeba, magram eqsperimentuloba, qveteqstebi, avtoris niRabi, 

interteqsti, damaxasiaTebeli misi TxrobisaTvis, ufro postmodernistulia, 

vidre modernistuli; Tuki modernizmi axali formebis SeqmniT 

xasiaTdeba, postmodernizmi arsebuli formebis xelaxla gamoyenebazea 

orientirebuli, am formebis, citirebisa Tu stilisturi detalebis 

gamoyeneba SeiZleba iyos ironiulic; Tuki modernizmi Tavisi esTetikis 

centrSi avtorsa da Semoqmedebas aTavsebs, postmodernizmi interpretacias 

aniWebs upiratesobas, xSirad es yovelive avtokomentirebaSi 

gadadis. guram doCanaSvilis moTxrobaSi `vaterpoloo anu aRdgeniTi 

samuSaoebi~, avtori komentirebas ukeTebs da Tavadac monawileobs 

moqmedebaSi. moTxrobas mniSvnelovani gamoxmaureba mohyva qarTul samecniero 

kritikaSi. masSi vxvdebiT postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel 

erT-erT mTavar princips _ àvtoris niRabs”. 

postmodernistul literaturismcodneobaSi termini àvtoris 

niRabi~ erT-erTi mniSvnelovani cnebaa, avtorma sruliad gansxvavebuli 

`funqciebi” da Tvisebebi SeiZina; cnobili kritikosis r. bartis 

azriT, aucilebeli gaxda avtoris gauCinareba da Semdeg sikvdili, 

amitom mniSvnelovani roli avtoris niRabma daikava, romelic gulisxmobs 

avtoris refleqsias teqstsa da misi Seqmnis procesze teqst- 

Si 1 . misi, rogorc maorganizeblis funqcia, erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tvisebaa 

fragmentuli, qaoturi mxatvruli teqstis SeerTebisaTvis, SekvrisaTvis. 

àvtoris niRabi~, anu avtoris Semosvla teqstSi sruliad 

ar Tanxvdeba tradiciul qmnilebaSi avtoris monawileobas, Semoqmedi 

aq sakuTari naRvawis Teoretikosicaa. postmodernisti avtori, modernisti 

mwerlisgan gansxvavebiT, cdilobs ironizebulad warmoCinos 

Tavisi `TamaSi” da mkiTxvelis undoblobas, ironias, daukmayofilebas 

mzad Sexvdes, Tavadac ar malavs msgavs grZnobebs sakuTari 

teqstisadmi. Tavisufleba Tavis TamaSSi aris swored is prioriteti, 

romelic ar axasiaTebs modernizms. postmodernizmi modernizmis mier 

gadafasebuli principebiT mxolod imdenad interesdeba, ramdenadac 

gatacebulia TamaSis mza SesaZleblobebiT. rac Seexeba nawarmoebis 

gmirs, modernistuli epoqis Sinagani sirTuleebiT mocul gmirs, 

postmodernistul epoqaSi enacvleba gmiri, romelic alogikur viTarebaSi 

axorcielebs sakuTar warmosaxvaSi argumentirebul qmedebebs. 

avtoriseuli komentarebis garda, gvxvdeba vrceli msjelobebic 

mocemuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. refleqsia gvxvdeba rogorc 

prozaul, ise lirikul nawarmoebebSi. xelovnebis specifika gardauv- 

1 r. barti. avtoris sikvdili. _ Jurn.: `sjani~, yovelwliuri literaturul-Teoriuli 

samecniero krebuli, #3, 2002, gv. 54. 

128

lad moiTxovs avtoriseul komentars. j. failzis, r. bartis, a. 

rob-griies, r. siukenisis, f. solersis, x. kortasarisa da mravali 

sxva mwerlis ama Tu im `postmodernistul romanSi~ asaxulia ara 

marto movlenebi da maTSi monawile pirebi, aramed gvxvdeba vrceli 

msjelobac mocemuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. Txrobis qsovilSi 

Teoriuli pasaJebis CarTvisas postmodernistuli orientaciis mwerlebi 

xSirad uSualod apelireben rolan bartis, Jak deridas, miSel 

fukos da poststruqturalizmisa da postmodernizmis sxva Teoretikosebis 

avtoritetebisadmi. maTi SexedulebiT, SeuZlebelia àxal 

pirobebSi~ `Zveleburad~, e.i. tradiciuli realisturi maneriT wera 1 . 

àvtoris niRabi~, romelic asaxulia nawarmoebSi, aris ekleqturi, 

fragmentuli, zogjer ki qaoturi. rogorc b. wifuria aRniSnavs: 

`Tu modernistul prozaSi avtorisadmi orientacia gulisxmobda 

Sinagani problemebiT moculi realuri pirovnebis, mwerlisadmi 

orientacias, postmodernistul etapze prozaul teqstebSi àvtori~ 

gaxda iseTive fiqciuri figura, rogoric personaJebia. modernist avtorTa 

prioritetuloba sakuTar qmnilebaSi SesaZloa dasrulda imiT, 

rom postmodernist avtorebs darCaT prioritetis idea, magram aRar 

darCaT teqstSi sakuTar problemebze wrfelad saubris survili. avtoric 

iseve gaxda TamaSis monawile, rogorc gmiri an siuJeti~. 2 

moTxrobis saTauris qveS avtors miuweria `fantastikuri moTxroba”, 

magram aq Tavidanve Cans, rom ironiasTan gvaqvs saqme da ara 

`Cveulebriv” fantastikur moTxrobasTan, Tavad avtori ramdenjerme 

ubrundeba Tavisi moTxrobis Janris sakiTxs. dasawyisSive vkiTxulobT: 

àq afrederik mes cotaTi mogviSivda da gaaxsenda, fantastikur 

nawarmoebSi fantastikuri movlenebic saWiro roa, xolo daniSnuleba 

ese daakisra iseT martiv da am SemTxvevaSi uwyinar sagans, 

rogoricaa sigareti da, maSinve Tambaqos nawarmi `karmen” (namdvili 

karmeni aki Tambaqos qarxanaSi muSaobda erTxans, sanam molipul gzas 

sabolood ar daadgeboda) gaxsna, amoiRo ori Reri sigareti, samkuTxa 

tafaze dado, karaqiT Seswva da miirTva kidec, radgan zemoremotanili 

ambavi cotaTi mware RvarWnili gaxldaT”... 3 me-16 Tavi ki 

Semdegnairad iwyeba: àSaro karmen, xedav, rarig miaviwyda Cvens afre- 

1 Tanamedrove sazRvargareTuli literaturaTmcodneoba. Targmn. T. lomiZem. 

_ Jurn.: `sjani~, yovelwliuri literaturul-Teoriuli samecniero 

krebuli, #1. Tb., 2000, gv. 201. 

2 b. wifuria. komunikaciis Sesa(Seu)Zlebloba. _ Jurn.: `sjani~. yovelwliuri 

literaturul-Teoriuli samecniero krebuli, #3, 2002, gv. 155. 

3 g. doCanaSvili. vater(po)loo anu AaRdgeniTi samuSaoebi. _ wgn.: g. do- 

CanaSvili. gansmdgomi Suakaci. Tb., 1983, gv. 104. 


129

deriks, afrederik mes, dauZaleblad amorCeuli Janri cotaTi unda 

gavasworoT es xarvezi da sisuleles vTqomT, magram mainc erTiod 

wuTiT momapyariT Tavaziani yuri _ lokokina xtis, spilo dafrinavs, 

fleitas obi mosdebia, Tevzi ymuis da mgeli windas qsovs, cotaTi, 

vgoneb, raRac gasworda imaSi, ara _ Janrs vgulisxmob”. 1 

cxadi xdeba, rom aq fantastikur moTxrobasTan ki ara gvaqvs 

saqme, aramed avtori ironiulad, xumrobanarevi TviTSefasebiT aerTianebs 

mTlian `programas”, afredik me ki warmoadgens mxatvruli teqstis 

SemakavSirebel faqtors, romelic xan personaJTa gverdiT aRmoCndeba, 

TiTqos uCinmaCinis qudi exuros da sxvadasxva adgilidan gvawvdis 

metateqstualur cnobebs. avtori cdilobs moTxrobils namdvili 

ambis damajerebloba mianiWos. guram doCanaSvili aRwers gamogonil 

samyaroSi moqmed ucxo da xelovnuri xasiaTis gmirebs, am literaturul 

xerxs `gaucxoebis xerxi” uwoda kritikosma e. javeliZem 2 , xolo 

g. nodias miaCnia, rom aq avtori mimarTavs `gaucnaurebis xerxs”. 3 

moTxrobaSi `vater(po)loo anu aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi” ZiriTadad 

ori siuJeturi xazia mocemuli: besames Tavgadasavali da afredik 

mes àvtoris” saxe, misi lirikuli monologi prosper merimes karmenis 

Sesaxeb, romelic nawyvetebis saxiTaa CarTuli ZiriTad siuJetur 

xazSi. am siuJeturi xazis Sesaxebac arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba 

samecniero kritikaSi: e. javeliZe am moTxrobas dasavluri literaturis 

mibaZviT Seqmnil nawarmoebad miiCnevs, igi aseT mxatvrul 

xerxs àbsurdis xelovnebas~ uwodebs 4 . magram rogorc l. bregaZe 

aRniSnavs, absurduli xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi gansakuTrebiT 

xazs usvamdnen samyaros qaoturobas, adamianis sicocxlis uazrobas, 

rasac TviT kritikosi ar eTanxmeba, radgan miaCnia, rom àbsurdis 

xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi TavianTi SemoqmedebiT imas ki ar qadageben 

mTeli samyaro absurdia da arseboba uazroao, isini mSvenivrad 

grZnoben ra aris amqveynad absurduli da ra gonivruli. mxatvruli 

absurdiT isini cxovrebiseul absurds ebrZvian”, 5 swored amitom, 

ver daveTanxmebiT e. javeliZis mosazrebas guram doCanaSvilis moTxrobis 

Sesaxeb gamoTqmuls. 

moTxrobas aqvs Sesavali, sadac Tavidanve gansazRvrulia afredik 

mes adgili da roli nawarmoebSi: `qvemore moyvanili ambis avtor- 

1 g. doCanaSvili. vater(po)loo anu AaRdgeniTi samuSaoebi.., gv. 106 

2 e. javeliZe. poeziisa da prozis mijnaze. _ mnaTobi, #9, 1982, gv. 134 

3 g. nodia. davazustoT zogierTi cneba. _ mnaTobi, #12,1982, gv. 151 

4 e. javeliZe. poeziisa da prozis mijnaze.., gv. 135. 

5 l. bregaZe. mxatvruli nawarmoebi da kritikosis pozicia. _ mnaTobi, 

#12, 1982, gv. 126 

130

ma, afrederik me-m, gaiTvaliswina ra erovnul literaturaSi fantastikuri 

Janris gamovlinebaTa realuri nakleboba, gadawyvita, radac 

ar unda dajdomoda, Seeqmna Znelad mimosavlel gzaze dafuZnebuli 

am mimarTulebis nawarmoebi (igive: qmnileba, nimuSi, Sedevri, sisulele) 

da aRafrTovana im garemoebis gaxsenebam, nebismieri naSromis 

dasuraTxatebas mxolod sami ubralo ram rom sWirdeba _ qaRaldi, 

melani da Svindisferi kalmistari. am SemecnebiT gamxnevebulma, gaapipina 

ra lurji melniT (Savi ver iSova) zemorenaxsenebi feris kalamkalmistari, 

magidas miujda da iq aRmoaCina, rom am ukanasknel avejis 

saxeobasTan erTad ambis xorcSesxmisaTvis saWiroa skamic da sinaTleca 

da mxedvelobaca, agreTve marjvena xeli, da sxeulis sxva 

aTasi wvrilmanic, dawyebuli TaviT da damTavrebuli imiT, riTac 

skamze unda dajde, magram afrederik mes amaze didad ar unaRvlia _ 

axlomxedveli gaxldaT”. 1 

avtori afrederik me-s saxeliT esaubreba mkiTxvels, ufro xSirad 

ki _ karmens. afrederik me gviyveba karmenis Sesaxeb da am gziT 

moTxrobaSi `fantastikuri movlenebi” Semoaqvs, saubrebis dros ignorirebulia 

droisa da sivrcis elementebi, TiTqos es yvelaferi 

xdeba erTdroulad da yvelgan, magram es sivrce aris masStaburi, 

Ria, mravalferovani, TiTqos logikuric da warmogvidgeba, rogorc 

drosTan kavSirSi moazrebuli erTiani kontinuumi. 

rogorc l. bregaZe aRniSnavs: àvtoris niRbis saqrestomaTio 

nimuSs qmnis guram doCanaSvili moTxrobaSi `vater(po)loo anu aRdgeniTi 

samuSaoebi”. aq ormag niRabTan gvaqvs saqme: eseistur _ Teoriuli 

CanarTebis avtori formalurad (gramatikulad) TiTqos sxva 

pirovnebaa da ara am mxatvruli teqstis Semoqmedi, radganac am ukanasknelze 

CanarT-komentarebSi mesame pirSia saubari”. 2 

rogorc aRvniSneT, moTxrobaSi afrederik me mudmivad èsaubreba” 

prosper merimes moTxrobis gmirs, karmens, moTxrobilia, Tu rogor 

uyvarda karmens cecxlTan TamaSi, rogor daadga molipul gzas, 

ayva kontrabandistebs da aqve Cndeba mTavari simboluri saxe _ Tavisufleba 

da siyvaruli. mwerali karmenis mxatvrul saxes gansakuTrebul 

simbolur datvirTvas aZlevs, masSi aerTianebs zogadad xelovnebis 

dasayrden or arsebiT niSans, romlis gareSe namdvili xelovnebis 

Seqmna SeuZlebelia. `Tumca uwesrigod, magram mgoni... iqneb 

Tavisufali iyavi, ara _ mimarTavs igi karmens, _ Tuki asea, Tqven 

1 g. doCanaSvili. vater(po)loo anu AaRdgeniTi samuSaoebi.., gv. 107. 

2 l. bregaZe. postmodernizmi qarTul mwerlobaSi. _ Jurn.: `sjani~. yovelwliuri 

literaturul-Teoriuli samecniero krebuli, #3, gv. 140. 

131

grZnobdiT rogorc Tavad sakravi, Tanac sakravi uzenaesi, radgan TumcaRa 

mxolod ori, magram unetaresi yovlad simebi SiSvel sxeulze 

tan-tatanze gaWimvodaT da siyvaruli, da radgan yovel sakravSi es 

ori mcnebaa, aki viZaxi: ùzenaesia _ tanjviT sawvdomi Tavisufleba 

da siyvaruli, es orad-ori umaRlesi amaRzeveba saidumlod Zevs”. 1 

mwerali aRfrTovanebulia karmenis personiT: diadma xelma vrceli 

moTxroba dawera Senze, maSin, rodesac ramden ubiwo qalTa sqesis 

warmomadgenels SecdomiT depeSac ki ar Rirsebia. is ki ara da, gadasarevi 

operac ki SegviTxzes Senze maSin, rodesac ramden dadebiT 

ojaxis Svils abRavlebuli simRerac ki ara Rirsebia, ra naxes mainc 

SenSi aseTi, magram miyvarxar, mtkivixar, karmen”. 2 

karmenis saxesTan dakavSirebiT CarTuli epizodebis Sesaxebac 

azrTa sxvadasxvaoba warmoiSva kritikosTa Soris, erTi nawili miiCnevs, 

rom es meTodi Tanamedrove dasavleTis literaturidan aris 

aRebuli, rom am gadamkveTi `lirikuli wiaRsvlis” ZiriTadi mizani 

nawarmoebSi alogikuri, absurduli elementis Semotanaa. TiTqos es 

siuJeturi xazi kidev erTxel migvaniSnebs, rom xelovneba da, saer- 

Tod, cxovreba absurdia da meti araferi. e. javeliZis azriT moTxrobis 

struqturaSi aseTi xerxi `yuriT moTreuls hgavs da xelovnur, 

naZaladev STabeWdilebas stovebs. Cven gveCveneba, rom am mxatvruli 

elementis gamoCenas nawarmoebSi xeli Seuwyo dasavleTis literaturiT 

zedmetad gatacebam”. 3 am xerxs kritikosi àbsurdis xelovnebas” 

ukavSirebs. gansxvavebuli mosazreba gaaCnia l. bregaZes, 

misi azriT: vinc guram doCanaSvils Semoqmedebas dahkvirvebia, is 

usaTuod SeamCnevda misi weris manerisTvis damaxasiaTebel erT Tvisebas: 

`masTan Zlieria eseisturi nakadi, romelic organulad erwymis 

mxatvrul qsovils da specifikur, Zalze Tanamedrove elfers ani- 

Webs nawarmoebs”. 4 kritikoss miaCnia, rom swored CarTuli epizodebis 

saxiT vlindeba es eseisturi nakadi. am moTxrobaSi meditaciebi 

`karmenis” Temebze ùsistemobas” ki ar amkvidrebs, aramed, piriqiT, 

mxatvruli ideis gamokveTas emsaxureba. kritikosi agreTve avlebs paralels 

Tavisuflebismoyvare karmensa da reqsamCes zedmetad morCil 

aRsazrdelebs Soris. aseve mas avtori `gaucxoebis” anu `gaucnaurebis” 

xerxis erTgul mimdevrad miaCnia, romelTa mizania xelovnebis 




10 l. bregaZe. mxatvruli nawarmoebi da kritikosis pozicia. _ mnaTobi, 

#1, 1983, gv. 127. 

132

aRqmaSi emociurad gonebismier momentze gadarTva, raTa mweralma 

mkiTxveli daafiqros misTvis mniSvnelovan problemaze 1 . 

guram doCanaSvilis mwerlur pozicias `morcxv romantizmad” 

aRiqvams g. nodia, rasac ganapirobebs mwerlis gulubryvilo rwmena 

mudam sikeTis gamarjvebis Sesaxeb. doCanaSviliseul mxatvrul xerxs 

igi èqsperimentuli romantikosisTvis damaxasiaTebel ironiul-gauCveuloebis 

xerxs” uwodebs. àfrederik me tyuilad ar dahyveba besame 

karos yvelgan. am cotaTi ucnauri, subieqturi axirebis mqone kacis 

TvaliT unda naxos yovelive da swored ase mogviTxrobs. avtori _ 

afrederik me _ RmerTiviT `zemodan” ki ar uyurebs yovelives, aramed 

subieqturi simpatiebisa da antipaTiebis kacia”. 2 

moTxrobis erT-erTi siuJeturi xazia besame karos cxovreba. 

moqmedeba xdeba espanelebis kuTvnil teritoriaze, espanelebSi. igi 

daibada andaluziaSi, Raribi mwyemsis ojaxSi. ukravda fleitaze, daoblebis 

Semdeg mwyemsavda sxvis faras. erTxel moxucma musikosma 

mousmina mas da Tormeti wlis besame karo provincia mursiis qalaq 

alkarasSi waiyvana, sadac igi TeTri konservatoriis studenti gaxda. 

aRsaniSnavia misi konfliqti istoriis maswavlebelTan _ kartuzo 

babiloniasTan imis gamo, rom besame beThovens ufro afasebs, vidre 

napoleons, romlis brZanebiTac misi papa xiStze aages, ùrCobisTvis” 

dasjili besame karo moxvdeba aRdgeniT samuSaoebze, sadac aris mzadeba 

vaterpolosTvis iseTi Zaladobismieri meTodebiT, romlis Ziri- 

Tadi mizania `gaaZlieros’’ da sulierad Zirs dasces adamiani, daakargvinos 

yovelgvari adamianuri Tviseba. amis misaRwevad Justino 

reqsaCes SemuSavebuli aqvs originaluri meTodebi. 

cxadia, rom moTxrobaSi moTxrobili ambavi cxovrebiseul realobas 

ar warmoadgens, magram guram doCanaSvilis am nawarmoebSi 

mkiTxvels SeuZlia araerTi sayuradRebo qveteqsti amoikiTxos da 

igi filosofiur-zneobriv aspeqtSi dainaxos. reqsaCe Tavis aRsadgenlebs 

erT viwro sakanSi Cayris, Tavze virTxebs ayris, aRsadgenlebi 

erTmaneTs awydebian, erTmaneTs Tav-pirs akawraven. aseTi `wrTnis” Semdeg 

moxdeba besames uCeulo gardaqmna, Tu ki igi manamde mocartis 

musikis mosmenaze ocnebobda, axla aRarafrad agdebs, varjiSebma besames 

TandaTan adamianuri saxe daakargvina. mwvrTneli reqsaCes azriT: 

`daundobelni unda iyvneT, Cemo kargebo, sxvas Tu daindob, is ar dagindobs 

da is ar sjobs, rom Sen ar daindo, SoSiebo, ha! vaterpol- 

Si amxanagoba vis gaugia, daundobeli unda iyvneT, TviT cxovrebaa va- 

1 l. bregaZe. mxatvruli nawarmoebi da kritikosis pozicia.., gv. 128. 

2 g. nodia. davazustoT zogierTi cneba.., gv. 152. 

133

terpolo, TviTon cxovreba da yoveli moqalaqis mTavari mizani isaa, 

rom cxovrebaSi gamarjvebuli gamovides. gamarjvebuli ki ise ver gamoxval, 

sxvas Tu ar daamarcxeb da sxva rom daamarcxo, amisaTvis 

aTasnairi xerxi da xrikia saWiro da ameebs ki vaterpoloze ukeTesad 

veraferi SegaswavliT, gvritno~. 1 misi aRsadgenlebi TandaTan 

ufro mxecdebian da daundoblebi xdebian. obolma besamem ver SeZlo 

reqsaCesaTvis qrTami mieca, amitom yvelaze uares mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, 

Tavdacvis instiqtma igi mxeciviT daundobeli gaxada. igi 

darwmunda, rom ar daCagruliyo, unda hqonoda: `risxvanarevi Roniereba, 

Zala, siZulvili da, rac mTavaria, siTvalTmaqce~. 2 varjiSma Sedegi 

gamoiRo, besame popularuli wyalburTelic gaxda, cxadia, rom 

epoqaSi sadac pativs ar scemen WeSmarit idealebs, xelovnebaze metad 

Zalaze da risxvaze damyarebuli TamaSobebi fasdeba. gamdidrebuli 

besame daundobel mxecad iqceva, man Tavisi pirveli siyvaruli 

ramona, nadiriviT amoido iRliaSi da tyeSi waaTria, misi saqcielidan 

aSkaraa saocari gardatexa. mweralma gviCvena, Tu rogori zemoqmedeba 

SeiZleba moaxdinos garesamyarom adamianze. 

isev moxuci musikosi gamoCndeba besames cxovrebaSi, romelic 

mas kvlav adamianur saxes daubrunebs, Zlierad imoqmedebs namowafarze. 

simboluria moTxrobis finali: moZRvari besames binZur gomurSi 

Seiyvans, muxlamde uwmindurobaSi Caayenebs, xelSi fleitas daaWerinebs 

da aamborebinebs. Tuki garesamyaros zemoqmedebiT besamem adamianoba 

dakarga, swored am zemoqmedebiT daibruna Tavisi saxe. sibneleSi 

Cafluli, sikeTe, kacTmoyvareobadakarguli, daundobel mxecad gadaqceuli, 

xelovnebis wyalobiT, masTan ziarebiT ibrunebs pirvandel, 

Tavis dakargul saxes. mwerali gvixatavs besamesnairi gansacdelgamovlili 

adamianisaTvis Tu ra SeiZleba `namdvil aRdgeniT samuSaod” 

iqces. besame sofelSi brundeba. ìsev obols, miwaze fexSiSvelad 

mdgars da fleitiT Ramis makeTilSobilebels, ar awvalebda bevri 

CvenTaganisaTvis iseTi undo kiTxva: `ratom var... risTvis” _ Ramis 

lebanSi TiTqos kentad ijda besame garemosili fleitis mwuxriT. da 

es, swored es gaxldaT namdvili aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi, qveyanasa da 

misi jinWveleTze mCate fleitiT mimofenili Tavisufleba da siyvaruli”. 

3 xelovnebis wyalobiT aRsdga besames sulSi siyvaruli da 

Tavisufleba. moTxrobis dasasruls ki avtori ukanaskneli akordiviT 

svams bolo winadadebas: `xolo sivrceSi araferi ar ikargeba, 




134

eh!” avtori xazs usvams yofierebaSi mizez-Sedegobriv mimarTulebaTa 

primatis Sesaxeb Tavis mosazrebas. 

moTxrobis dasasruls `mwerlis naklad” Tvlis g. nodia: àseTi 

dasasruli mxolod imaze migvaniSnebs, rom mwerali verafriT egueba 

borotebis gamarjvebas sikeTeze, Tundac amas mere Seqmnili samyaros 

logika moiTxovdes. es, ra Tqma unda, arsebiTi naklia mwerlisa. is, 

rac damajerebelia, rogorc gmiris msoflSegrZneba (igulisxmeva sikeTis 

gamarjvebis gulubryvulo rwmena), ar epatieba mwerals, romelic 

Tavis naSromis mimarT RmerTia da sisuste ar SeSvenis”. 1 msgavs 

mosazrebas aviTarebs e. javeliZec 2 , Tumca kritikosebs ver daveTanxmebiT, 

moTxrobidan `vater(po)loo anu aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi” naTlad 

Cans, rom avtori kargad xedavs adamianis cxovrebis rTul da mZime 

gzas, magram mTlianad samyaro misaRebia misTvis Tavisi dadebiTi da 

uaryofiTi mxareebiT. avtori aRwers gzas borotebidan sikeTisaken, 

romelic am ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba ori ZiriTadi debulebis, 

Tavisuflebisa da siyvarulis gavleniT. 

Tavisuflebisa da siyvarulis gamoxatvis garda, nawarmoebSi 

mniSvnelovania xelovnebisa da cxovrebiseuli sisastikis, Semoqmedebisa 

da Zalauflebis mqone adamianis dapirispireba, am ori Zalis zemoqmedeba 

adamianze. avtori xSirad mimarTavs qveteqstebs, alegoriulad 

amaTraxebs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemas, romelic cdilobs 

sastiki samxedro ZaliT, uxeSi fizikuri ZaliT, adamianze udidesi 

zemoqmedebis moxdenas, iwvevs mis gonebriv, sulier gardaqmnas. 

politikuri Zalis simbolod avtorma warmogvidgina napoleoni da 

mis sapirispirod, Semoqmedi, sulieri srulyofileba _ beThoveni. 

mwerali maT dapirispirebas ganzogadebulad warmogvidgens. 

avtori amxels usamarTlobas, daundoblobis kanons, gmobs agresias, 

Zaladobas da amas napoleonis saxiT warmogvidgens. meore mxares 

aris beThoveni _ sikeTisa da amaRlebulobis gavlenis mqone Semoqmedi, 

romlis saxeSic aseve agresiis saxecvlil formas xedaven (l. bregaZe, 

g. nodia). l. bregaZe aRniSnavs: `principSi beThovenic agresoria, 

oRond beThovenis agresia saxecvlili, kultivirebuli agresiaa. 

mTavari gmiris, besame karos metamorfozis azric is aris, rom adamianma 

unda moaxdinos agresiul swrafvaTa sublimacia. civilizaciis 

istoria SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc agresiis uxeSi formirebidan 

agresiis gamovlenis sublimirebul formebze gadasvlis principi”. 3 

1 g. nodia. davazustoT zogierTi cneba.., gv. 152. 


3 l. bregaZe. mxatvruli nawarmoebi da kritikosis pozicia.., gv. 128 

135

amdenad, kritikosi gamoyofs or ZiriTad agresias: Zaladobas (napoleonis) 

da sublimirebuls (beThovenis), adamianis buneba ki iseTia, 

masSia aucileblad unda iyos an erTi, an meore. 

guram doCanaSvili originaluri weris maneriT gamorCeuli mweralia. 

misi moTxroba `vater(po)loo anu aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi” groteskuli 

xasiaTisaa da erTdroulad tragikomikuri ganwyobilebiT 

aris dawerili. gmirTa ucxo saxelebi, gramatikuli formebis ugulebelyofa, 

`gaucnaureba” Tu `gaucxoeba”, `CarTuli siuJeti”, èseisturi 

nakadi” emsaxureba sakuTar simarTleSi mkiTxvelis darwmunebis 

mizans. `guram doCanaSvilis moTxrobaTa umetesoba mkveTrad gamoxatuli 

tendenciebiT xasiaTdeba. es termini prqatikul-obivateluri 

da amaRlebul-idealuri samyaroebis dapirispirebaSi ixateba. 

avtori mikerZoebuli, subieqturi poziciidan akritikebs praqticizmis 

samyaros, oRond am pozicias iumoris, groteskis safarvelSi 

xvevs” _ aRniSnavs g. beniZe 1 . 

amrigad, Cven ver vityviT, rom guram doCanaSvili mTlianad iziarebs 

postmodernizmis principebs, magram sakmaod xSirad iyenebs am 

mimarTulebisTvis damaxasiaTebel mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs. 

xolo postmodernul nawarmoebSi `vaterpoloo anu aRdgeni- 

Ti samuSaoebi~ erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia avtoris saxe, aq 

SeiZleba ar myardebodes komunikacia TiTqmis arc erT Txrobis doneze 

_ personaJTa Soris, teqstsa da mkiTxvels Soris, realur avtorsa 

da mkiTxvels Soris _ erTaderTi wyvili, romlis Tanxmobac 

eWqveS ar aris dayenebuli, es aris avtoris niRabi da mkiTxveli. 

guram doCanaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi aSkarad vxedavT pustmodernizmisTvis 

damaxasiaTebel principebs: 

1) avtoris niRabs, romelic gulisxmobs mwerlis refleqsias 

teqstsa da mis Seqmnis procesze; 

2) interteqstulur TamaSebs; 

3) eseistur Teoriul CanarTebs; 

4) ironizmis princips, ironizirebulia ara marto personaJis 

pozicia, aramed avtoriseuli poziciac; 

5) metateqstualur komentarebs; 

6) stilur eklektizms; 

7) metapersonaJebs; 

8) TamaSs sityvis polisemiiT; 

9) sintaqturi wyobis rRvevas; 

10) gramatikuli da punqtualuri wesebis uaryofas. 

1 g. beniZe. guram doCanaSvilis proza. _ kritika, #2, 1987, gv. .20. 

136

LELA MIRTSKHULAVA 

“AUTHOR’S MASK” IN GURAM DOCHANASVHILI’S 

STORY “WATERPOLO OR REPAIR WORKS” 

In the Georgian Literature of 1980’s the special place is taken by the 

works of Guram Dochanashvili, the writer distinguished by original writing 

technique. We cannot say that Guram Dochanashvili fully follows the principles 

of postmodernism because by returning to religious depth in his works he 

gets closer to modernism, though we meet artistically pictorial means in his 

works characterized for postmodernism: author’s mask, which means author’s 

reflexion on text and on its creation process; intertextual plays; essayistic theoretical 

insertions; ironic principles, both character’s position and author’s position 

are mocked; metatextual comments; stylistic eclecticism; metacharacters; 

playing with word polysemy; breaking of syntactic structure etc. If modernism 

is characterized by creating new forms, postmodernism is oriented on reusing 

existing forms; using of these forms, quoting or stylistic details may be ironic, 

but if modernism places author and work in esthetic center, postmodernism 

prefers priority, often it grows into autocommenting. In the story of Guram 

Dochanasvhili “Waterpolo or repair works”, the author comments and he himself 

participates in action. Here we meet one of the main features of postmodernism 

“author’s mask”. 

137

138 



t. I, 2007 

ciala mesxia 

giorgi saakaZis fenomeni vaJa egriselis 

poeziaSi 

vaJa egriselis `mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva Tvali gadaavlos 

WeSmarit poetiseul msvlelobas am ukidegano mzisqveSeTSi da darwmundes 

imaSi, rom Semoqmeds grZneuli xilvebi Tavis aTasferovan panoze 

oden silamazisTvis ki ar Seuqmnia, aramed upirveles yovlisa 

Cvens SegnebaSi sawaRmarTo fiqrT aRsaZvrelad da amqveynad winaparTa 

kvalze mosuli qarTvelisaTvis Tavisi mamuliSviluri valis Sesaxseneblad...~. 

1 

vaJa egriselisaTvis sikeTisa da samarTlianobis maRali cis 

qveS mudmivad ismis siyvarulis hangebis xma, mamulisadmi ukvdavi sagalobeli 

da uflisadmi aRvlenili locva-vedreba. cnobili WeSmaritebaa, 

rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi aRelvebda da aocebda gamoCenil 

ucxoel mogzaurebs, mwerlebs, swavlulebs Cveni mravalricxovani 

xalxi Tavisi SeupovrobiTa da simtkiciT. istorias uyvars SemTxvevebi, 

uecrobani, sisastikeni, magram, rogorc akaki gelovani aRniSnavs, 

aqvs Tavisi rkinis logikac, mecnieruli Tu poeturi. am logikam 

ixsna saqarTveloc 2 . 

qarTveli xalxis gmiruli warsulis erT-erTi gamoCenili pirovnebaa 

giorgi saakaZe, romlis Rvawli gamorCeulia. igi simamacisa 

da sidiadis, Seupovrobisa da mamulisadmi uangaro samsaxuris gansaxiereba, 

ukeTilSobilesi da umamacesi pirovneba iyo. man didebis 

oqros gvirgvini daadga mSobel ers. ori vaJiSvili Seswira da Tavad 

tanjvis eklis gvirgvini irguna. mTelma msofliom icis giorgi saakaZis 

saxeli. giorgi saakaZis damsaxureba ganusazRvrelia ara marto 

saqarTvelos, aramed mTeli qristianuli samyaros winaSe. xSirad misi 

cxovreba, politikuri moRvaweoba gayalbebulia saqarTvelos istoriaSi, 

rogorc xdeboda bagrationTa dinastiis da TavadiSvil-feodalTa 

institutis zewolidan gamomdinare, rac sxvadasxva istoriul 

wyaroebTan analogiurad Sejerebis Sedegad dasturdeba. isini 

1 r. miSvelaZe. winaTqmis magier. _ wgn.: v. egriseli. kolxuri fsalmunebi, 

t. I. Tb., 2001, gv. 11. 

2 a. gelovani. marad cocxali xelovneba. Tb., gv. 82-83.

cdilobdnen, TavianTi Ralati samSoblos winaSe, uniaToba, ugergilo 

mefoba gadaebralebinaT giorgi saakaZisaTvis, razedac arsebobs xelovnuri, 

gayalbebuli urTierTgamomricxavi istoriuli masalebi da, 

amasTan, am masalebze dayrdnobiT dawerili da gayalbebuli araerTi 

leqsi Tu istoriuli cnoba. 

rusma mweralma ana antonovskaiam TiTqmis naxevari sicocxle 

Seswira giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb marTali tilos Seqmnas. Tavisi SemoqmedebiT 

antonovskaiam aRniSna kidec didi mouravis ganusazRvreli 

damsaxureba saqarTvelos samefo karze, Tumca qarTuli istoriografiis 

imdroindeli donisagan gansxvavebiT, mwerals romanze muSaoba 

uxdeboda maSin, roca yalibdeboda socialisturi wyobileba da misi 

ideologia zenitSi imyofeboda, rac kinoscenarSic iqna gadatanili. 

amas mohyva zogierTi kritikosis, mecnierisa Tu mwerlis gansxvavebuli 

Sexedulebebi an istorias CabRauWebuli faqtebi... 

giorgi saakaZis mamuliSviluri gulwrfeloba Seuryeveli iyo 

Tundac im TxuTmetwliani òrTaTrianobiT~ (sparsul-osmalur Jam- 

TabrunvaSic). gulwrfeloba _ meTqi, radgan sul sxva iyo misi calkeuli 

politikuri cTomilebani. ùaRresad keTilSobiluri da grandiozuli 

iyo misi ganazraxi `yoveli saqarTvelos~ gaerTianebisa da 

aRzevebisa, magram amdenadve umarTebulo da uniadago iyo am ukeTil- 

Sobiles ganzraxulobaTa ganxorcielebis gzebi da saSualebebi. mas 

bavSvis siwrfeliT sjeroda, rom misi salocavi saqarTvelos gadar- 

Cena, gaerTianeba da gamZleoba swored qarTveli xalxis momtere 

ucxo Zalebis saSualebiT SeiZleboda. swored am ùbadruk winaaRmdegobaTa~ 

wyalobiT iyo, rom saakaZis bevr Tanamedroves (zogjer 

Cvens Tanamedrovesac) ucxoeTis gzebze misi `samamuliSvilo Ziebani~ 

samSoblos Ralatad da renegatobad eCvenebodaT, vinaidan didi mWedeli 

mSobliuri istoriisa xSirad sakuTari samSoblos mosisxle 

ùcxo TeslTa~ istoriasac sWedda TavgamodebiT~. 1 

rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidan viciT, giorgi saakaZem jer indoeTSi, 

yandaaris dalaSqvrisas isaxela Tavi da pirveli SeiWra cixe-qalaqSi, 

Semdeg osmalTa winaaRmdeg omSi miiRo monawileoba da 

baRdadis aRebisas gamoiCina Tavi. misi gmiruli saqmeebi iranSi sayovelTao 

aRiarebisa da saubris sagani Seiqmna. masze leqsebs Txzavdnen, 

Sahis sasaxleSic gaismoda misdami saxotbod miZRvnili leqsebi 

da simRerebi da quCa-quCac mRerodnen. `saakaZis naqmnari omi da saqmeni 

pirvel gmirTaganca ar Tqmul ars~, _ ambobs mematiane 2 . 

1 l. sanikiZe. deda istoria. Tb., 1992, gv. 254. 

2 l. sanikiZe. deda istoria.., gv. 291. 

139

didma vaJa-fSavelam xangrZlivi fiqris, sulieri gamocdilebis 

dagrovebisa da didi gansjis Semdeg, Tavis swor da ZiriTad mosazrebaSi, 

qarTveli eris calkeul uaryofiT TvisebebTan dakavSirebiT, 

dawera gamafrTxilebeli samkurnalo leqsi qristefore kastelis mier 

Sesrulebuli giorgi saakaZis suraTis mixedviT: 

`Tu ver viguebT, ver SeviferebT, 

kargi Svilebi rad gvebadeba 

Svilis sikeTe mSobels SeSurdes, 

namdvils mSobelsa es ekadreba 

cremlebi maxrCobs, veRaras vambob, 

kargis daRupva rad gvenatreba 

Cveni Svilisa, Cvenive Zmisa 

veRaras vityvi, 

vTrTi, mexaTreba, 

Cemo qveyanav, Cemo sicocxlev, 

ar gekadreba, ar gekadreba!~... 1 

aq, am leqsSi, geniosi poetis mier STambeWdavadaa gadmocemuli 

sicxade, qarTveli eris genetikurad, STamomavlobiT Tandayolili 

uaryofiTi Tviseba, romlis gaRvivebas, ganviTarebas xels uwyobdnen 

saqarTvelos garsSemortymuli uamravi mtrebi TavianTi wamqezebluri 

meTodebiT, rac yvela iaraRze Zlieri iyo... da mainc, saocari qveyanaa 

saqarTvelo, igi Tanabari fanatizmiT uyvardaT mudam, rogorc 

Tavis ukeTur, uRirs SvilT, ise RirseulT, saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze 

iyvnen yvela isini amiraniviT mijaWvulni. es siyvaruli Zvirad 

ujdeboda Cvens qveyanasa da xalxs, amis magaliTad didi giorgi saakaZe 

kmara. 

vaJa egriselis rwmeniT, Cvens istoriaSi mravali bneli kuTxekunWulia, 

romelic Suqis mofenas moiTxovs. Cven Cvens istorias ver 

daviviwyebT, arcerTi eri ar iviwyebs Tavis istorias; ra marTebulad 

brZanebda didi ilia: `visac istoria hqonda da igi dauviwynia, aRarc 

imisTana ers aqvs mkvidrad mokidebuli fexi arsebobisaTvis saWidaod. 

imitom rom rac iyo is daviwyebuli aqvs da, maSasadame, ra aris, arc 

is icis, ar icis ra gaamagros, risTvis gaswiros Tavi, ras gamoesar- 

Clos da ras ara. aseT ers fexqveS gamoclili aqvs is magari miwa, 

igi tani Tavis vinaobisa, romelsac istoria SeaduRabebs xolme mamapapaTa 

naRvaw-namoqmedarisagan. warsuli mkvidri saZirkvelia awmyosi, 

rogorc awmyo momavlisa, es sami sxvadasxva xana, sxvadasxva Jami 

eris cxovrebisa, isea erTmaneTze gadabmuli, rom erTi umeorod war- 

1 vaJa-fSavela. giorgi saakaZis suraTze. _ Txzulebani. t. I. Tb., gv. 308. 

140

moudgeneli, gaugebari da gamoucnobia. daviwyeba istoriis, Tavis 

warsulisa da yofilis cxovrebis aRmofxvra xsovnisagan momaswavebelia 

eris suliT darRvevisa da mTlad wawymedisaca~. 1 

vaJa egriseli erT-erTi is qarTveli Semoqmedia, romelsac 

aRafrTovanebs giorgi saakaZis pirovneba. misi mxedruli SemarTeba da 

sardluri niWiereba aRorZinebs, ganadidebs da umaRlesi rwmeniT 

aRavsebs mis poetur suls: 

èWvi, oTxi saukune, 

zars arisxebs rogorc mnaTe, 

veRar moixada vali! 

maS qarTls Rames rad unaTebs 

elva _ saakaZis xmalis~. 2 

am leqsSi poeti poulobs marjve gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs 

da wers swori sazomiT, msgavsad miqelanjelosi, romelic marmarilos 

lodebs iyenebda. WeSmariteba giorgi saakaZis Sesaxeb, rogorc 

pirovnebisa da gmirisa, TviT masSia moqceuli harmoniis meSveobiT, _ 

gvaswavlis poeti. 

giorgi saakaZis cxovrebis suraTebis Seqmna vaJa egriselis ucnauri 

da saocari ocnebaa. poeti mTeli seriozulobiT, RirsebiTa da 

Rrma gagebiT gvTavazobs giorgi saakaZis gmirobis epizodebs: 

“vuaxlovdebiT Tbiliss, 

kolxebi, rom vxmobT `qarTad~. 

jer kaspia da xovle, 

wers dekemberi zamTars, 

TeTr papirusze Tovlis”. 3 

es idealizacia sxva araferia, Tu ara gapoetureba, sulieri 

gandideba, aRorZineba usayvarlesi, usazRvrod Zvirfasi da axlobeli, 

guliTadi da ukeTilSobilesi adamianis mSobliuri adgilebis xedvisa, 

sevdis naTelSi rom danTqmula. saintereso isaa, rom am suraTSi 

“Tovlis TeTr papirusze” uaRresad metaforulia da sizustiTa da 

maRalmxatvrulobiT gamoirCeva. 

vaJa egriselis poezia Cveni umSvenieresi gmiruli warsulisa da 

uZvelesi mxatvruli gamocdilebis bednieri Serwymaa, sadac Semoqmedis 

vaJkacuri energia, poetisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mgrZnobiare da 

nazi buneba Taviseburad vlindeba. poetis Tamami Tvali Wvrets da 

1 i. WavWavaZe. eri da istoria. _ Txzulebani. t. VI. Tb., 1955, gv. 350. 

2 v. egriseli. elva saakaZis xmlis. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri fsalmunebi, 

t. I. Tb., 2001, gv, 329. 

3 v. egriseli. elva saakaZis xmlis.., gv, 329. 

141

fardas xdis SeumCnevel silamazes. swored bunebisa da adamianis sulis 

silamaze, SeerTebuli vaJkacobasTan, aris vaJa egriselis Semoqmedebis 

mTavari Tema. 

istoriuli sinamdvilis, giorgi saakaZis droindeli qarTuli 

yofis beWedi aCnia vaJa egriselis im leqsebs, romlebic man legendarul 

gmirs miuZRvna da aranakleb naTelia is ganzogadebani, romlebic 

saTaves iReben zneobriv valdebulebebSi adamianisa, romelic yovelTvis 

win unda aRudges Sursa, samSoblos Ralats da yvelgan, yovelTvis 

ebrZolos mas. giorgi saakaZis rTuli, tragikuli, winaaRmdegobiT, 

moulodneli ZrwolvebiT aRsavse cxovreba Tavisebur gamo- 

Zaxils iwvevs poetis arsebaSi. 

poetis leqsebi gvimtkiceben im WeSmarit rwmenas, rom giorgi 

saakaZe iyo sulierad gawonasworebuli, mravalwliani laSqrobebiT 

gatanjuli, faruli omebiT Tu garemoebebiT nakarnaxevi feriscvalebiT 

SeWirvebuli pirquSi mxedari, romelmac Tavsmoxveuli diplomatiiT, 

cxenze amxedrebulma gaatara mTeli cxovreba da maxvili xelidan 

ar gaugdia. 

“osmaleTi arc sparseTi! 

saqarTvelo iyo Sveba da iara, 

iyo misTvis ekalic da yvavilic. 

saakaZem Sara rom gaiara, morCa! 

im gzas _ sxva veravin gaivlis~. 1 

poeti leqsis ferwerul mxares xSirad sagnis zustad gadmocemas 

uqvemdebarebs da mainc misi koloriti uaRresad TviTmyofadia. 

poetis es leqsi naxativiT mkafioa da amave dros am sityvebSi gamos- 

Wvivis WeSmariteba, rom `saakaZis gzas sxva veravin gaivlis~. 

vaJa egriselma SeZlo istoriuli sinamdvilis miseuli aRqma, 

SeZlo srulad gamoekveTa istoriuli realoba. leqsSi `gamTeniisas~ 

poeti gadmogvcems mefe Teimurazis erT “sabrZolo” epizods. am leqsSi 

poetis pesimisturi gancdebia da mainc unda iTqvas, rom did xelovnebas 

safuZvlad udevs harmonia, igia momniWebeli sulieri kmayofilebisa, 

wonasworobisa, amitomac unda iTqvas, rom vaJa egriseli 

Tavis saukeTeso leqsebSi udidesi moazrovnea: 

“gamTeniisas borgviT da SfoTviT, 

kaspTan SeCerda “Tbilisi-foTi”. 

midamo uceb TeTrad Seibura, 

da Seesia fifqebi Tovlis 

1 v. egriseli. osmaleTi arc sparseTi! _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri fsalmunebi, 

t. I, gv. 329. 

142

_ nostes da xovles fifqebi Tu... 

marbevelni, kvlav gamougzavnia mefe Teimurazs”. 1 

aq istoriuli sinamdvile, realoba gadmocemulia STambeWdavad 

da saocrad originaluri da romantikuli ferebiT gamoZerwili SedarebebiT: 

“fifqebi Tu marbevelni, kvlav gamougzavnia mefe Teimurazs”. 

am leqsSi adamianis mtanjveli warsulis sevda ikiTxeba. ikiTxeba 

gmiris satkivari, mterTan SebrZolebiT, saSiSi movlenebiT rom 

aris nasazrdoebi. vfiqrobT, saWiroa erT garemoebas gavusvaT xazi _ 

vaJa egriselis SemoqmedebaSi Sedarebas da epiTets mudam asazrdoebs 

poetis saswaulebrivi fantazia da saocari unari warmosaxvisa: 

“xelT SubTa tye aRumarTavT, 

Tavze muzaradi xuravT, 

_ qarTvel mxedrebs abjrianebs, 

bazaleTTan saakaZe _ xmalSi iwvevs Teimurazs 

da... qarTls tanSi aJrialebs”. 2 

an kidev: 

`maxvilawvdili da ulmobeli, 

aRdgnen dReebi SurisZiebad: 

qarTlis arwivi _ yvav da yornebs grigals gaatans. 

gamZvinvarebuls Sevyureb mxedars, 

da cremlnarevi xma momesmis: “Svilo paata”. 3 

vaJa egriselma poeturi gvirgvini daadga giorgi saakaZes. poetisaTvis 

giorgi saakaZe sakacobrio istoriuli movlenaa, misi erTerTi 

gauxsneli saidumloeba. vinc am leqsebs gadaikiTxavs, dagveTanxmeba, 

rom poeti uangaro guliT, saqmis codniTa da mRelvarebiT 

wers masze da istoriul sinamdvileze saerTod. am azriT, giorgi 

saakaZe erovnuli gmiris poeturi apologiaa, rameTu giorgi saakaZis 

akvans, rogorc levan sanikiZe aRniSnavs vaxtang gorgaslisa da daviT 

aRmaSeneblis aCrdilebi arwevdnen 4 . 

vin icis, ramdens SerCa qveynisa Tu xalxis dafaruli Tu daufaravi 

Ralati. xolo saakaZes uneblieT Tu rame SeeSala, im cdomilebam 

yvelaze metad TviTon mas da mis sisxlier monagars avno. ori 

vaJkaci Svili uyoymanod gaswira da TviTonac mTeli wuTisofeli 

1 v. egriseli. gamTeniisas borgviT da SfoTviT. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri 

fsalmunebi, t. I, gv. 275. 

2 v. egriseli. bazaleTi _ 1626. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri.., t. I, gv. 576. 

3 v. egriseli. maxvilawvdili da ulmobeli. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri 


4 l. sanikiZe. deda istoria, gv. 254-256. 

143

jvarze ekida salocavi saqarTvelosaTvis. vaJa egriselis saakaZe esaa 

titanuri pirovneba, romlis naTel saxes sagulisxmo sxivi Seemata. 

leqsi “velze martyofis” samSoblosaTvis dacemul gmirTa WeSmarit 

himnad ikiTxeba. vaJa egriseli Tvals usworebs saakaZis saqarTvelos. 

misi lirikuli gmiri sikeTesa da saTnoebas Tesavs. 

“mamulisaTvis dacemulebi, 

mtrebic _ mSobliur miwas aTboben, 

radgan mihyvebaT cecxli samyofi... 

mTvare usinjavs daWril mkerdebs caSi mnaTobebs, 

viT saakaZe Tavis gmirebs velze martyofis”. 1 

poets kargad euwyeba Sah-abasis veragobac; stkiva bazaleTis 

codviani miwa. “1626 wlis gviani Semodgoma, bazaleTis omi. samgloviaro 

xana qarTuli matianisa”. 2 qarTvelebi Jleten qarTvelebs. bazaleTis 

qarTvelTa sisxliT darecxili miwa iaradaa darCenili poetis 

gulSi. aq xom saakaZis meomrebTan erTad bazaleTis miwaSi damiwda 

diadi ganazraxi “yoveli saqarTvelois” gaerTianebisa da aRorZinebis”: 

diax, ZmaTamsvreli bazaleTis omi, uazro, samarcxvino da umsgavso 

rame iyo, wyenisa da pativmoyvareobis nayofi. Tu aqamomde mters ebr- 

Zodnen da imarjvebdnen, Tu marcxdebodnen, yvelaferi RvTis neba iyo. 

axla erTmaneTs samkvdro-sasicocxlod unda Sebmodnen RviZli Zmebi, 

qarTvels qarTvelze unda aRemarTa xeli, moZmeT samarcxvino omi saakaZis 

damarcxebiT damTavrda. bazaleTTan TiTqos dResac yria qarTveloba. 

im uazro xocva-Jletis msxverplTa gvamebs TiTqos dRemde 

yornebi kortnian da mainc didad SemZle da yovelTa umamacesis saxeli 

zavTiani xmiT quxda saakaZe evropa-aziis sazRvrebTan. giorgi saakaZem 

`Tavisi wuTisoflis mwuxare da cecxlovan gzaze, qedmouxrelma 

da muxlmagarma, xariviT atara Tavisi xalxis siyvaruli~. 3 

“sikvdilma maxvili _ cxel gulze alesa, 

da Semodgomis dRe civad gaTenda. 

Zmav ar megona _ Zmis sisxls Tu dalevdi! 

me wyali megona _ tba bazaleTis, 

Turme is sisxlia _ qarTvelTa”. 4 

es leqsi fantaziiTa da azris siRrmiTaa gamorCeuli, romlis 

1 v. egriseli. velze martyofis. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri fsalmunebi, 

t. I, gv. 557. 

2 l. sanikiZe. deda istoria, gv. 246. 

3 n. xerkelaZe. giorgi saakaZe _ 430. qsnis brZola. _ gaz. `dioskuria~, 

#26, agvisto, 2005, gv. 5. 

4 v. egriseli. bazaleTi _ 1626. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri ., t. I, gv. 461. 

144

grafika gvexmareba warmosaxuli Sedarebis _ “tba bazaleTis sisxlia 

qarTvelTa” vizualur gacxadebaSi da poeti vaJa egriseli, visac 

bedma daakisra erovnuli energiis SesaZleblobebi gaecxadebina, memkvidrea 

saukuneebSi gamotarebuli qarTuli sulisa, mexotbea WeSmariti 

patriotizmisa, rogorc dasabuTeba Tavisi xalxis sulieri da 

gonebrivi SesaZleblobebisa. misi giorgi saakaZe didebis SaravandediT 

mosili, gamarjvebuli gmiria, romlis raSis Wixvini qarTvel ers maradisobisaken 

uxmobs: 

“ros aCrdili gaielvebs velze _ didi mouravis, 

martyofi da taSiskari _ mis winaSe qeds kvlav ixris. 

da... dilamde usmens mtkvari, saakaZis raSis Wixvins”. 1 

mtrisTvis saakaZis mudam alesili xmali, Samxalsa da daRestnis 

warCinebulebsac miswvda. isini Sahs mzakvruli gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi 

mxarSi edgnen. giorgi saakaZes yizilbaSni sakuTar Crdilebad 

miwaze hyavda garTxmuli. 

“qarTlSi molas xma ar ismis 

da kaxeTSi ar Cans eli, 

saqarTvelos dgas ciskari, 

lomgul saakaZes elis martyofi da taSiskari~. 2 

poetis azriT, giorgi saakaZem Sah-abasis veraguli gegmebi mimar- 

Tuli qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg, xerxemalSi gadaamsxvria da poeti 

SeZrulia lomguli saakaZis boboqari cxovrebiT, romelsac WeSmaritebis 

Zieba uqcevia maradiul miznad. Semoqmedi Tavadaa SeZruli mSfoTvare 

emociebiT, romelTac warmoqmnis ara mduRare sisxli, aramed 

badebs boboqari gonis naperwklebi, poeturi azrebis Widili. mesame 

TvaliT unda aRiqva, ras Zerwavs poeti. ufro mzeris sinatife 

da aRqmis didi unaria saWiro, rom gaiTaviso poetis mier daxatuli 

kolorituli suraTi: 

“osmalo ara da arc sparseli, 

mas mosaklavad qarTveli mosdevs... 

qaris uswrafes mihqris iabo 

da saukunis wyvdiads miapobs 

saakaZe da ... bedkruli noste”. 3 

vaJa egriselis mxatvrul palitraSi SemogvanaTebs bibliuri 

sibrZne, sidiade. savsebiT bunebrivi meCveneba poeturi amaRlebuloba, 

1 v. egriseli. martyofi da taSiskari. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri 


2 v. egriseli. ros aCrdili. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri ., t. I, gv. 848. 

3 v. egriseli. osmalo ara. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri fsalmunebi, t. 

III. Tb., 2007, gv. 753. 


145

uCveuloba da yurebSi miwivis poetis xma, aRsavse diadi rwmeniT: 

“Sens droSis fers, 

Sens simaRles, viTarc vaxtang, 

viTarc cotne, 

Seewira sxva aTasi, 

qarTlis caze rom hkidia, 

mze ki ara, Tavi gaxlavT paatasi!” 1 

es leqsi naTeli ilustraciaa xalxis gmiruli sulis WeSmariti 

gamoxatulebisa. poetis realizmi eyrdnoba istoriul faqts da 

realobas, cxovrebis sinamdviles, mis umTavres azrs _ samSoblos 

bedis, xalxis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis mamuliSvilur movaleobas, 

romlis finalSi vlindeba umaRlesi humanizmi. poetis es leqsi 

aRsavsea marTali poeziis azriT da suliT. es ar aris veragulad 

mokluli mamuliSvilisadmi miZRvnili mistikuri simRera, aramed qebaTa-qebaa 

sicocxlisa, romelic adamianebs aRavsebs Tavisuflebis 

wyurviliT da mamulisaTvis Tavganwirvis diadi energiiT. 

giorgi saakaZis Rirseuli Svilis RvTaebrivi saxe salocav xatad 

xelisgulze daisvena mSobelma xalxma. vaJa egriselis leqsi 

`paata saakaZe~ samudamod rCeba mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi, viTarca uma- 

Rlesi esTetikuri tkbobisa da gansjis nimuSi, rasac mxolod WeSmariti 

xelovneba Tu warmoSobs xolme. poeti sxivnaTeli mamuliSvilis 

paata saakaZisadmi uCveulo Tayvaniscemas da madlierebas gamoxatavs 

WeSmariti sulieri aRfrTovanebiT. igi esityveba im STabeWdilebaTa 

siRrmes, romelic man moaxdina da im kvals, romelic man ganvlo 

istoriis bedukuRmarT gzaze: 

“miaqvs samSoblos boRma da dardi, 

qarTuli xmali da jvari vazis 

_ misTvis qceuli salocav xatad, 

da... saqarTvelos istoriis ukuRmarT gzaze, 

viT mama misi, martod-marto midis paata”... 2 

mTeli es poeturi qmnileba qarTveli ostati mesangris xeliTaa 

danaRmuli. sakmarisia striqons gonebis xma miwvdes an Tvali Seavlo, 

rom wamsve jaWvuri reaqcia daiwyeba. poetis sityva yovel Sexebaze 

elvarebs da almasiviT sul axal-axali ZalisxmeviT brwyinavs. 

istorias ucnaurobebi axasiaTebs, borotebis Jinmoreuli mtacebeli 

Sah-abasi lomgul saakaZes usayvarlesi Zis paatas mokveTili 

1 v. egriseli. Sens droSis fers. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri fsalmunebi, 

t. I, gv. 585. 

2 v. egriseli. paata saakaZe. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri ., t. I, gv. 594. 

146

TaviT “asaCuqrebs”. es iyo wminda msxverpli, gaRebuli mSobliuri 

qveynis TavisuflebisaTvis da iyo cremli, glova da Tavganwirva daunanebeli... 

qarTvelma xalxma gulmduRared daitira paata saakaZe da 

misi wamebuli neSti erTawmindis eklesiis miwas miabara. 

“mogonebebi miikvamleba erTawmindisken, 

miRma ikorTis, samSoblos caze Svilo paata, 

kargi Cans dari, 

magram warsuli guls kvlav mikortnis, 

rogorc ekali quslSi Camtydari”... 1 

an kidev: 

sadac rom paata Sobila, 

is miwa CvenTvis RmerTia”. 2 

am leqsebidan gamudmebiT moismis Zveli saqarTvelos, mamuliSvilTa 

SemarTebuli saomari yiJinac da drtvinvac, gmirTa omaxiani 

SeZaxilica da urvac, man Seulamazeblad, ferumarilis gareSe Rirseulad 

Seamko saakaZis gmiruli SemarTeba, romelsac samSoblosaTvis 

ar dauzogavs Zma, Zeni da asuli. vkiTxulobT am poetur qmnilebebs 

da gvesmis saakaZis sabrZolo cxenis floqvebis Tqaruni, lagam-avSris 

xvra, xmlebis Caxa-Cuxi, Subis mterze kveTebis xmauri, ommogebulTa 

Zlevis gamyinavi yiJinac da damarcxebulTa gulsaklavi godebac. 

vaJa egriseli Zveli saqarTvelos daumcxrali Wirisufali, mozare 

da damtirebelia, saakaZis varamiTa da sevdiT gulgaserili da 

misi gmirobis samzeoze gamomtani poetia. swams da sjera erTiani saqarTvelos 

xati. naRverdaliviT mwveli da aRmgznebia misi striqonebi. 

CqeraliviT ifrqveva misi sityva giorgi saakaZis sabrZolo epizodebis 

gadmocemisas. man SeZlo saukuneTa siRrmeSi SeWra da mTeli 

arsebiT gvaCvena giorgi saakaZis siyvaruli saqarTvelosadmi. giorgi 

saakaZes Tavisi xalxis Rirseba im ZaliT uyvarda, rom, garda Tavganwirvisa, 

araferi axsovda. rameTu Zali siyvarulisa didi ars, radgan 

SeuZlebels SesaZleblad hyofs... da xalxi mudam madlieria Semoqmedisa, 

romelic xorcs Seasxams mis idealebs, ganumeorebeli, gansacvifrebeli 

formiT da poeti, romelic erTmaneTs SeuTavsebs gamosaxvis 

simarTlesa da obieqtur WeSmaritebas, sakuTar Sexedulebebsa da 

eris suliskveTebas, Zlevamosil humanizms, imsaxurebs umaRles jildos 

_ xalxis siyvaruls. 

giorgi saakaZis gmiruli sabrZolo epizodebis gacocxlebiT va- 

Ja egriselma STambeWdavad gangvacdevina mamuls Tavsdatexili ubedu- 

1 v. egriseli. erTawminda. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri.., t. I, gv. 657. 

2 v. egriseli. paata saakaZe. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri.., t. I, gv. 753. 

147

eba, sisxli da cremli. mgloviare Cveni winaprebis gulis kvnesa da 

godeba, magram es tkivili mis poeziaSi Semodis, rogorc zneobrivad 

amaRlebuli da sulis gamakeTilSobilebeli. poetma siRrmiseulad, 

metad STambeWdavad da grZnobierad gamoxata Cveni eris yofis tragedia, 

didi ZalisxmeviT gangvacdevina Zala da Seuvaloba im rwmenisa, 

romelmac gaaZlebina Cvens samSoblos: 

“mTebis qvabSi duRs marabda 

da Ralatis frinveli iq, 

siZulvilis gabarjRul totze 

budes iqsovs da ikeTebs 

da Sig Cekavs. 

jvarismcemels, TvalismTxrels da TavismkveTels!” 1 

aki marabdis brZolis dawyebisas gamarjvebac axlos iyo TiTqos, 

magram mtris damxmare Zalis moSveliebam upiratesoba yizilbaSTa 

mxareze gadaitana. brwyinvale gamarjveba martyofis, sawyeni damarcxeba 

marabdisa... “saakaZis sabrZolo miznebi, gonivrul srulyofas 

eswrafvodnen. magram winaaRmdegoba iyo iseTi, romelic ar anebebda, 

Tundac sabrZolo, gind erovnul poziciebze dgomas, rac Zlier uSlida 

qarTveli kacis bunebas xels. arada normalur atmosferoSi, 

rogor gaifurCqneboda saakaZis niWi da SesaZleblobani. giorgi saakaZe 

did siRrmeTa wvdomiT xedavda im Rirsebasac da im naklsac, rac mis 

qveyanas fexdafex dasdevda, iyo didi toleranti da mimtevebeli...”. 2 

vaJa egriselis gansacvifrebeli da STambeWdavi poeturi samyaro 

kolosaluri ZalisxmeviT amzeurebs Cveni epoqis Rirebulebebsa da 

faseulobebs da universaluri siyvarulis xazzea provocirebuli misi 

Sinagani samyaros filosofiuri impulsebi. `poeti leqsis kompoziciaSi 

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs istoriul detalebsa da 

motivebs ama Tu im mxatvruli amocanis gadasawyvetad, leqsis ideuri 

Canafiqris xorcSesasxmelad~. 3 sazRvari ara aqvs poetis fantaziis 

usazRvroebas, sulisa da gonis sikeTis idumalebaTa aRmtac silamazes. 

vaJa egriselis giorgi saakaZisadmi miZRvnili leqsebi srul 

uflebas maZlevs vTqva: vaJa egriseli xalxis sayvaruli poetia, rameTu 

“marto saerTo siyvaruliT gamsWvaluli kacia uZleveli da gamarjvebuli. 

RmerTi amisTana kacsa swyalobs da qveyana amisTana kacis 

saxels hloculobs, radganac saqveyno saqme marto amisTana kacisagan 

1 v. egriseli. marabda _ 1625. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri.., t. I, gv. 948. 

2 n. xerkelaZe. giorgi saakaZe _ 430.., gv. 5. 

3 c. mesxia. warsulis zardaxSa. Tb., 2004, gv. 12 

148

hrigdeba da keTdeba”. 1 

vaJa egriseli brwyinavs viTarca mijnuri mamulisa da viTarca 

gmiri, rac mTeli arsebiT vlindeba mis lirikul leqsebSi. mTavari 

mainc, mis lirikul personaJSi rom cocxlobs da gansazRvravs qarTveli 

kacis yovel moqmedebas, aris misi goneba. poetma “kolxuri 

fsalmunebiT” migvaniSna, rom umTavresia eri da samSoblo. egriselis 

fiqri da ocneba samSoblos dastrialebs Tavs. igi ver urigdeba gaxleCil-dasaxiCrebul 

saqarTvelos. igi Zalumad ebrZvis mamulis gamyidvelebs, 

xelmrude mamuliSvilebs. poeti laparakobs WeSmariti 

patriotis eniT. laparakobs im kacis guldajerebiT, romelmac ukve 

igema cxovrebis simware da igrZno omis mTeli simZime, romelic ukve 

dauflebia WeSmaritebas: 

“camet vercxlad sulgayidulT, 

satanasTan naamborebT, 

sxvis sufraze madiT narebT. 

saakaZe Tqvi Sen, Torem, ra gamolevs Sadimanebs” 2 ... 

am viTarebis fonze mniSvnelovania fiqri, grZnoba da azri poetisa, 

romelic mtkivneulad ganicdis mamulis mZime mdgomareobas, 

rac gansakuTrebiT Zneli asatania da poeti avlens sevdiT avsili 

gulis tkivilebs: 

“qarTvels deda-wulianad, 

rom milalavs rogorc faras 

_ Sahi, marTla nadiria... 

da... marabdis vels rom faravs, 

nisli ara, aq dacemul _ cxra Zmis dedis mandilia”. 3 

vkiTxulobT am striqonebs da cxadad vgrZnobT, rom es Cveni 

warsulisa da istoriis Seumcdari Sefasebaa, magram “cxra Zmis dedis 

mandili” CvenSi saocar asociacias aRZravs da gvarwmunebs eris 

ukvdavebaSi, rameTu dResac Cveni eris tragedia ganpirobebulia SuRliTa 

da SuriT, magram poeti Tavs aRwevs cxovrebis damTrgunvel 

wvrilmanebs da yovelive iwyeba mamulis siyvarulidan, roca sacnauri 

xdeba qarTveli kacis siyvaruli mSobliuri miwisadmi. poeti Tanamedroveobas 

uziarebs sanukvar ocnebas: 

“aelvareben varskvlavebi oqros samxreebs 

1 i. WavWavaZe. ai istoria. _ i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani, t. IV. Tb., 1955, gv. 195. 

2 v. egriseli. camet vercxlad sulgayidulT. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri 


3 v. egriseli. nadir Sahi. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri fsalmunebi, t. I, 

gv. 103. 

149

da darajoben sivrceTa karebs. 

siSoris totze brwyinavs neoni. 

da mnaTTa sisxliT morwyul cis vels 

mwuxare mTvare gascqeris ise, 

viT vaterloos _ napoleoni”. 1 

poeti vaJa egriseli dajildoebulia rTuli politikuri Tu 

sazogadoebrivi viTarebis gansjis diadi unariT da WeSmariti misnuri 

ZaliT Wvrets momavals, misTvis Cveuli gulgautexelobiT, sadad 

da ubralod laparakobs xalxisa da samSoblos silamazeze, poeziisadmi 

Tavis siyvarulze: 

“kolxTa zRaprul warsulidan 

_ bRavili sul mesmis verZis, 

zafxuli Tu zamTaria. 

da... me sityvis devebs vebrZvi 

_ baybaysa da cxraTavians”. 2 

vaJa egriseli, rogorc yvela WeSmariti Semoqmedi, mtkivneulad 

ganicdis JamTa dinebas, romelic TviTon mTebmac ver SeaCeres da romlis 

gardauval Sedegsac kidev erTxel axsenebs poets daSlili cixis 

galavanTan dayrili qvebi. sad gaqrnen is pirtitvela mecixovneni, 

romelTac TvalebSi saqarTvelos ca ubrwyinavdaT vaJa egriselma 

istoriis mtveri Camobertya maT saxelebs da maTi adamianuri xatis 

mSvenierebas gvaziara. igi gvarwmunebs, gvajerebs imaSi, rom am 

gmirebs mterma ver apatia samSoblos silamaze: 

`mikaf-mokafes saqarTvelos ca da venaxi, 

magram saflavSi ver damarxes, ver Caaties~. 3 

“poeturi sityva, ferebi azrovneba, romelic qarTvel mkiTxvels 

SesTavaza vaJa egriselma, ara mxolod mniSvnelovani literaturuli 

faqtia, aramed RirsSesaniSnavi filosofiuri movlenaa saer- 

Tod im gagebiT, rom igi, rogorc poeti-moazrovne da poeti-novatori, 

Cvens sazogadoebriv azrovnebaSi, cxovrebiseul realobaTa SemecnebaSi 

sruliad axal midgomebs, xedvebsa da masStabebs amkvidrebs”. 4 

Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, vaJa egriselis saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulisadmi 

miZRvnili leqsebi rwmenisa da imedis gasaRviveblad aris 

dawerili. “loWins” gamomcdari SaTiri, xundebSi gabmuli qedani, 

1 v. egriseli. aelvareben varskvlavebi oqros samxreebs. _ wgn. v. egriseli. 

iqmen naTeli, t. I. Tb., 1993, gv. 105. 

2 v. egriseli. kolxuri fsalmunebi, t. I, gv. 103. 

3 v. egriseli. mikaf-mokafes. _ wgn. v. egriseli. iqmen naTeli, t. I. Tb., 1993, 

gv. 597. 

4 j. ninua. qarTveli da ucxoeli avtorebi vaJa egriselze. Tb., 1999, gv. 143. 

150

didTurqoba Tu Temurlengoba, sisxliT daorTqlili xmlebi, kvaml- 

Si abRavlebuli xarebi, sisxliT morwyuli qarTli, samcxe, Tu krwanisi, 

martyofi Tu taSiskari, marabda da qsani mxolod saqarTvelos 

istoriuli warsulis wiaRidan areklili STabeWdilebebi rodia, 

aramed dRevandel saqarTveloSi datrialebuli tragediis uSualo 

gamoZaxilia. 

“daCenCxvil Savebs icvams Savi zRva, 

tyvia nakravi Tbilisi gdia usulod 

da Cveni mtrebis gulgasaxarad, 

gadamwvari da gadatrusuli qarTuli miwa iqca saharad~. 1 

esaa Rrma analizi Cveni dRevandelobisa, im savalalo sinamdvilisa, 

romelic 1992 wlidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze datrialda, 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaJa egriselma kargad uwyis, ras niSnavs droTa 

kavSiris darRveva. mas Segnebuli aqvs Tavisi poeturi misia, igi WeSmaritad 

patriotuli ganwyobis poetia, romelic yelamdea Cafluli 

Tavisi qveynis sazrunav-safiqralSi. marTlacda, camde marTali yofila 

aristotele, poeziis saswaulmoqmedebaze rom migviTiTebda, vaJa 

egriselis leqsebma istoriaSic Cagvaxeda da Tanamedroveobis gansjis 

saSualebac mogvca. 

poetis erovnuli energia mowodebulia niaRvariviT movardnil 

mterTan Sesarkineblad. poetis lirikulma gmirma kargad icis, rom 

sruli harmonia mosawyenia da momabezrebeli, rom adamianis raoba mudmivi 

srulyofilebisaken swrafviT izomeba da erT-erTi megzuri am 

gzaze SuqnaTeli mTvarea: 

“roca mTvare SuqnaTeli, 

amovida Rrublis Savi dilegidan. 

maSin Ramem, pirmSvenier dilis karTan 

_ kvlav Caiwyo mnaTobebis qilebi 

da aikeca Savi Coxis Savi kalTa”. 2 

am lirikul leqsSi mTvaris SuqiviT SemogvanaTebs siyvarulis 

mdinaresaviT maradmdinari da maradxnieri grZnobis Zalmosileba da 

isev: 

“viTarca adre, didi xnis winaT, 

wveTavs da wveTavs mironi naTlis 

_ qarTuli cis qveS wuTebs da wamebs, 

1 v. egriseli. Tbilisi, samaCablo, samegrelo, afxazeTi. _ wgn. v. egriseli. 

kolxuri fsalmunebi, t. I, gv. 218. 

2 v. egriseli. roca mTvare SuqnaTeli. _ wgn. v. egriseli. iqmen naTeli, 

t. I., Tb., 1993, gv. 105. 

151

gaxamebuli da moqaTqaTe mTvaris perangi acvia Rames”. 1 

aseTi sxarti da lakonuri frazebi gaxedebs ukan da upirveles 

yovlisa eris sve-bedze gafiqrebs: 

“bilikad gdia aTaswleuli, 

zed Cemi kolxi winapari 

midis oxvriT _ da, 

Tvalebs cremli sdis, viT sakvamurebs. 

da naTlad vxedav: 

amofrenils misi qoxidan. 

qari, viT fantavs kvamlis Ramurebs”. 2 

winapris qoxidan amofrenili qari personaJis, xalxTa TavisuflebisaTvis 

mebrZoli gmiris WeSmariti simboloa. masSive kodirebulia 

kacobriobis momavali naTeli imedi da amgvarad xdeba gasagebi “kvamlis 

Ramurebis” mogerieba da poetis mizania yofierebis dasasrulisaken 

daqanebul kacTa modgmas siyvaruli mouvlinos mxsnelad, rameTu 

poets Rrmad sjera sicocxlis maradisobisa, ra vuyoT, Tu “Cveni sinamdvile, 

mware sinamdvilea”. da mainc: “TovlqveS mZinari ia-iebis 

ulurjes etliT _ sicocxle modis. xeebze hyvavis feri aqatis. da 

saflavebze damxobil lodebs _ amZimebT peplis Wreli farfati”. 3 

1 v. egriseli. viTarca adre. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri.., t. I.., gv. 789. 

2 v. egriseli. bilikad gdia aTaswleuli. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri 


3 v. egriseli. TovlqveS mZinari ia-iebi. _ wgn. v. egriseli. kolxuri fsalmunebi, 

t. I, gv, 713. 

152

TSIALA MESKHIA 

GIORGI SAAKADZE’S PHENOMENON 

IN VAZHA EGRISELI’S POETRY 

From modern aesthetical prineiples the work lights up one of the famous 

poets Vazha Egriseli’s attitude to the remarkable people’s hero – Giorgi Saakadze 

and tries to find Georgian spirit and moral development origins. He revives 

the face of our ancestor generalizing the devotion to his people and homeland. 

The poet’s imaginary sphere is boundless. His lyric personage feels values 

of past and reality. Giorgi Saakadze is a human phenomenon for poet. He is 

one his inexplicable mystery. Full of energy and selflessness he becomes like 

David the Builder’s patriotic qualities. Vazha Egriseli with pride looks at extinct 

distance of history and clearly sees Giorgi Saakadze’s glorious deeds. 

Giorgi Saakadze’s face created by poet evokes patriotic inspiration and strength 

in defending and uniting Georgia. 

153



t. I, 2007 

154 

naTia papasqiri 

Carlz dikensis `devid koperfildis~ 

qarTuli Targmanis zogierTi enobrivi 

Taviseburebis Sesaxeb 

warmodgenil naSromSi Cven SevexebiT gamoCenili ingliseli mwerlis 

Carlz dikensis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili romanis _ `devid koperfildis~ 

qeTevan baqraZe-ingoroyvas mier Sesrulebuli qarTuli Targmanis 

zogierT enobriv Taviseburebas. 

qarTuli Targmanis originalTan Sedarebis Sedegad Cvens mier 

SemCneul iqna mTeli rigi uzustobani. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia 

is faqti, rom originalSi Carlz dikensis es romani 850 gverdze 

mets iTvlis, maSin, rodesac qarTul TargmanSi 550-dan (1934 wlis 

gamocema) _ 650-mde (1948 wlis gamocema) meryeobs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT 

imas, rom Targmanis dadebiTad Sefasebis erT-erT kriteriumad 

miCneulia (verner koleri) is, rom Targmanma srulad unda gadmosces 

is informacia, rac mocemulia originalSi 1 , zemoTmoyvanili cifrebis 

Sedarebis Sedegad SeuZlebelia imaze fiqric ki, rom es Targmani 

srulad gadmoscems originalSi arsebul informacias. marTlac, 

ufro Rrma analizis Semdeg Cvens mier gamovlenil iqna araerTi umniSvnelo 

Tu mniSvnelovani epizodi, romlis arsebobis Taobaze warmodgenac 

ki ara aqvs qarTulenovan mkiTxvels. 

kidev erTi sagulisxmo faqti, romelic umal miipyrobs yurad- 

Rebas Targmanis originalTan Sedarebisas, aris is, rom C. dikensma mizanSewonilad 

CaTvala, Tavisi nawarmoebi 64 Tavad daeyo, qarTuli 

Targmani ki gamocemidan gamocemamde 2 mxolod 61 Tavisgan Sedgeba. 

amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRvniSnoT agreTve isic, rom mTargmnelma, 

ratomRac mizanSewonilad ar CaTvala yvela saTauris Targmna da ramdenime 

Tavi gaaerTiana. esenia: XV da XVI; XXVII da XXVIII; XXX 

1 Werner Koller. Einführung in die Übersetzungswissenschaft, (4) (1992):Quelle & Meyer 

Veralg. Heidelberg 3. miTiTebulia: m. jaSi, q. jaSi. Targmanis teqnika. Tb., 

2003, gv. 8. 

2 C. dikensi. daviT koperfildi. Tb., 1934; C. dikensi. daviT koperfildi. 

Tb., 1948; C. dikensi. daviT koperfildi. Tb., 1959; C. dikensi. daviT koperfildi. 

Tb., 1976; C. dikensi. daviT koperfildi. Tb., 1989.

da XXXI Tavebi. Sedegad miviReT is, rom daikarga sami saTauri. 

Tumca Cvens amocanas warmoadgens am Targmanis enobriv mxareebze saubari, 

amdenad, mizanSewonilad ar migvaCnia Targmanis yovelmxrivi ganxilva. 

daviwyoT iqidan, rom `devid koperfildi~ warmoadgens pirveli 

piris monaTxrobs, anu avtori mimarTavs avtobiografiis stilizebul 

xerxs. es aris nawarmoebi, romelSic mTavari gmiri ixsenebs ganvlil 

cxovrebas, rac romanis Tavebis dasaxelebaSic araerTxel iCens Tavs. 

ase, magaliTad, originalSi pirveli Tavi Semdegnairad aris dasaTaurebuli 

_ “I Am Born”, 1 meore Tavs hqvia “I Observe”. 2 rac sityvasityviT 

niSnavs: `me davibade~-s da `me vakvirdebi~-s. q. baqraZe-ingoroyvaseul 

TargmanSi ki gvaqvs: `dabadeba~ da `pirveli dakvirvebani~ 

(uklebliv xuTive gamocemaSi). TiTqos didi araferi, rodesac saTaurs 

vadarebT mTlianad Tavs, Sinaarsobrivad maT Soris ar aris gansxvaveba, 

magram arsebobs, Cveni azriT, erTi friad mniSvnelovani niuansi, 

originalSi am saTaurebidan vRebulobT informacias ara ubralod 

viRac pirovnebis dabadebis faqtis Sesaxeb, aramed konkretulad 

mTxrobelis dabadebis faqtis Sesaxeb; ara ubralod viRacis dakvirvebebze, 

aramed konkretuli pirovnebis (mTxrobelis) dakvirvebebze. 

Sesabamisad ufro marTebuli iqneboda Tuki Semdeg Tavebs TargmanSi 

erqmeoda `davibade~ da `vakvirdebi~, an `me davibade~ da `me vakvirdebi~. 

Tumca es ukanaskneli varianti zedmetad dakonkretebulad migva- 

Cnia: qarTul zmnas gaaCnia iseTi unari, romelic piris nacvalsaxelis 

darTvis gareSedac iolad gvagebinebs, Tu romel pirze da romel 

ricxvzea saubari. swored msgavsi situaciis aRwerisas aRniSnavs 

mkvlevari a. gaxokiZe, rom inglisur zmnas yovelTvis axlavs Tan piris 

nacvalsaxeli. qarTuli zmna ki mravalpiriania. masSi organulad 

SeiZleba aisaxos, rogorc subieqturi ise obieqturi piri. inglisuri 

piris nacvalsaxelebis Targmnisas saWiroa zomierebis dacva 3 . 

amasTan dakavSirebiT saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT isic, rom Cven 

gvesmis is sirTuleebi, romlebsac aucileblad aqvs adgili Targmanis 

procesSi. mTargmneli TiTqmis yovelTvis dgeba leqsikuri variantis 

SerCevis problemis winaSe. mTargmnelis Tavisuflebac swored 

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas SeuZlia airCios arsebuli variantebidan 

misTvis sasurveli, magram am arCevnis gakeTebisas mTargmnels ar unda 

daaviwydes, rom igi valdebulia TargmanSi SeZlebisdagvarad Seinar- 

1 Ch. Dickens. David Copperfield. Oxford World’s Classics, 1999, gv. 1. 

2 Ch. Dickens. David Copperfield, gv. 12 

3 a. gaxokiZe. rogor vTargmnoT inglisuridan. Tb., 1973, gv. 28. 

155

Cunos originalis yvela niuansi. rac ver moxerxda zemoxsenebuli 

saTaurebis qarTul TargmanSi. saTauri ki, rogorc viciT, saerTod 

teqstis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementia. swored saTauriT 

iwyeba teqstis aRqma. mas informaciis gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT 

erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari roli ekuTvnis. saTaurSi mocemulia informacia 

imis Taobaze, Tu zogadad razea saubari konkretul TavSi 

(an mTlianad nawarmoebSi). saTauri es aris erTgvari Sejameba teqstis 

zogadi Sinaarsisa. amitom metad mniSvnelovania saTauris zustad 

Targmna, anu Targmnisas aucilebelia SeZlebisdagvarad SevinarCunoT 

yvela is informaciuli erTeuli, romlis matarebladac gvevlineba 

esa Tu is saTauri. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki mTargmnelma mTlad adekvaturi 

varianti ver SearCia da Sedegad qarTul TargmanSi daikarga metad 

mniSvnelovani ram: originalisagan gansxvavebiT TargmanSi Cven sa- 

Tauridanve ver vigebT, Tu vin daibada da vis pirvel dakvirvebebzea 

saubari. 

rogorc viciT, Targmnis dros erTmaneTs xvdeba ori ena. am 

dros xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac adgili ara aqvs gramatikuli 

formebis Tanxvedras. es ki, bunebrivia, erTgvar siZneles uqmnis 

mTargmnels. Tumca Targmnisas ar aris prioritetuli maincdamainc 

originalis gramatikuli formis ucvlelad gadmotana. am SemTxvevaSi 

ufro mniSvnelovania originalis Sinaarsis zusti gadmotana. 

arsebobs Targmanis enasa da originalis enas Soris gramatikuli 

SeuTanxmeblobis sami ZiriTadi tipi: 

1) rodesac originalis enaSi gvxvdeba elementi, romelsac 

Targmanis enaSi ar moepoveba formalur-gramatikuli Sesatyvisi; 

2) rodesac Targmanis enaSi mogvepoveba iseTi elementebi, 

romelTac ara aqvT formaluri Sesatyvisi originalis 

enaSi, magram Targmanis enaSi arsebuli normebis gaTvaliswinebiT 

SeuZlebelia maTi argamoyeneba; 

3) rodesac Targmanis enaSi aris originalis enis formalurad 

Sesatyvisi elementebi, magram maT akisriaT gansxvavebuli 

funqciebi 1 . 

swored gramatikuli kategoriebis ardamTxvevasTan, kerZod, ki 

msgavsi SemTxvevis pirvel tipTan gvaqvs saqme Semdeg epizodSi, sadac 

erTi SexedviT TiTqos yvelaferi sworia. marTlac, masSi gramatikuli 

Secdoma ar aris, magram mxolod imitom, rom gramatikuli forma 

zustad ver gadmodis, qarTulSi dakargulia stilistur-emociuri 

1 А. В. Федоров. Основы общей теории перевода. М., 1983, gv. 175-176. 

156

mxare. rac yovlad gaumarTleblad migvaCnia. ai, es epizodi: 

“Well, ma'am,' resumed Mr. Chillip, as soon as he had courage, 'I am 

happy to congratulate you. All is now over, ma'am, and well over.' 

During the five minutes or so that Mr. Chillip devoted to the delivery of 

this oration, my aunt eyed him narrowly. 

'How is she' said my aunt, folding her arms with her bonnet still tied on 

one of them. 

'Well, ma'am, she will soon be quite comfortable, I hope,' returned Mr. 

Chillip. 'Quite as comfortable as we can expect a young mother to be, under 

these melancholy domestic circumstances. There cannot be any objection to 

your seeing her presently, ma'am. It may do her good.' 

'And SHE. How is SHE' said my aunt, sharply. 

Mr. Chillip laid his head a little more on one side, and looked at my aunt 

like an amiable bird. 

'The baby,' said my aunt. 'How is she' 

'Ma'am,' returned Mr. Chillip, 'I apprehended you had known. It's a boy.' 

My aunt said never a word, but took her bonnet by the strings, in the 

manner of a sling, aimed a blow at Mr. Chillip's head with it, put it on bent, 

walked out, and never came back. She vanished like a discontented fairy; or like 

one of those supernatural beings, whom it was popularly supposed I was entitled 

to see; and never came back any more”. 1 

moyvanili epizodi q. baqraZe-ingoroyvas mier Semdegnairadaa Targmnili: 

` _ neba miboZeT, qalbatono, suliT da guliT mogilocoT, _ 

daiwyo eqimma Cilipma, rogorc ki igrZno sakmarisi gabeduloba laparakis 

ganaxlebisaTvis. _ yvelaferi ukve gaTavda, miledi, da gaTavda 

bednierad. 

im sami Tu oTxi wamis ganmavlobaSi, romelic man moandoma am 

sityvebis warmoTqmas, papidas Tvalebi daSterebiT misCerebodnen mister 

Cilips. 

_ mere rogoraa igi (xazgasma Cvenia _ n.p.) _ hkiTxa gulxeldakrefilma 

papidam da misi lentebiT morTuli qudi kvlav aqanavda 

mis xelze. 

_ yvelaferi kargad gaxlavT, qalbatono. male igi srulebiT 

moikeTebs da imedi maqvs, iseve janmrTelad iqneba, rogorc yoveli 

axalgazrda deda, romelmac mSvidobianad daaRwia Tavi sicocxlis 

sabediswero kriziss. Tu gnebavT SegiZliaT naxoT igi; araviTari dabrkoleba 

ar arsebobs. piriqiT Tqvenma naxvam SeiZleba sargeblobac 

moutanos. 

1 Ch. Dickens. David Copperfield, gv. 11-12. 

157

_ isa is (xazgasma Cvenia _ n.p.) rogorRaa. gekiTxebiT! _ gaimeora 

papidam mkacrad. 

mister Cilipma ufro metad gadaigdo Tavi gverdze da alersiani 

TvalebiT Sexeda papidas. 

_ ratom aras ambobT rogoraa igi, (xazgasma Cvenia _ n.p.) axlad 

dabadebuli gogona 

_ ukacravad, qalbatono, me megona, rom Tqven ukve iciT, _ upasuxa 

mister Cilipma, _ axlad dabadebuli bavSvi vaJia. 

papidam xmaamouReblad, saCqarod moixsna mklavidan qudi, Camoifxata 

Tavze da swrafad gavida gareT. rom arasodes aRar dabrunebuliyo. 

igi gahqra, rogorc avi suli, an erTi im moCvenebaTagani, 

romelic miwinaswarmetyveles, da mas aqeT misi xseneba aRar yofila 

Cvens mxareSi~. 1 

TargmanSi, rogorc vxedavT, mTlianad daikarga is momenti, rom 

betsi trotvuds pirvelive wuTidan mxolod bavSvi _ ara ubralod 

axaldabadebuli Cvili, aramed gogona (is xom ase Zlier iyo darwmunebuli 

imaSi, rom aucileblad gogona daibadeboda, romelsac betsi 

trotvud-koperfilds daarqmevdnen da romlis cxovrebaSic adgili 

ar eqneboda aranair Secdomas. amaze igi Tavad izrunebda), swored 

axaldabadebuli bavSvis misamarTiT ambobs igi “She”-s da aq aranair 

gaugebrobas ara aqvs adgili inglisurenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis, vinaidan 

man icis, rom III piris mxolobiTi ricxvis nacvalsaxeli “She” 

aRniSnavs mdedrobiTi sqesis arsebas. qarTulSi ki, rodesac mas 

vTargmniT pirdapiri gramatikuli SesatyvisiT, anu III piris mxolobiTi 

ricxvis nacvalsaxeliT, ikargeba es, erTi SexedviT, TiTqmis umniSvnelo 

niuansi. 

ra Tqma unda, es gamowveulia imiT, rom qarTul enaSi ar mogvepoveba 

sqesis gramatikuli kategoria. magram xom SeiZleba raRac sxva 

saSualebebiT am danakargis kompensireba, miTumetes maSin, rodesac 

originalSi am “She”-s sakmaod didi datvirTva aqvs. swored imitom, 

rom es “She” mimarTulia axaldabadebuli bavSvisadmi, vigebT Cven 

imas, rom betsi trotvuds mxolod bavSvis _ gogos bedi ainteresebs. 

q. baqraZe-ingoroyvaseul TargmanSi situacia cota ar iyos, bundovnad 

aris naCvenebi da daukvirvebelma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba moyvanili 

dialogidan is azri gamoitanos, rom betsi trotvuds misis 

koperfildis bedic ainteresebda. sinamdvileSi ki es ase sulac ar 

iyo, rasac mowmobs is faqti, rom rogorc ki betsim Seityo, axal- 

Sobili bavSvi biWiao, kari gaixura da samudamod gaSorda iqaurobas. 

1 C. dikensi. daviT koperfildi. Tb., 1989, gv. 31-32. 

158

yovelive es naTelyofs, Tu raoden mniSvnelovani iyo TargmanSi 

SegvenarCunebina is stilistur-emociuri mxare, romlis matarebelic 

aris es “She”. migvaCnia, rom umjobesi iqneboda Tuki q. baqraZe-ingoroyva 

nacvlad III piris mxolobiTi ricxvis nacvalsaxelisa _ ìgi~, 

TargmanSi Casvamda sityvas `gogona~. miTumetes, rom es aranairad ar 

aisaxeboda Sinaarsze, samagierod ki SenarCunebuli eqneboda sityvis 

emociuri elferi. 

yuradRebis Rirsia kidev erTi monakveTi: `...unda mogaxsenoT, 

rom davibade paraskevs, swored Ramis Tormet saaTze. am RirSesaniSnavi 

SemTxvevis damswreebma SeniSnes da cnobad miiRes is garemoeba, 

rom saaTis SuaRamis rekva da axalSobilis pirveli tirili erTsa 

da imave wuTSi moxda. am damswreTa Soris iyvnen: gadia, bebiaqali da 

zogierTi sxva gonieri dedakaci... yvela am pirma, miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi 

dRe da saaTi Cemi dabadebisa, erTsulovnad da erTxmad gamoacxada, 

rom, jer erTi, _ me ubeduri viqnebi Cems sicocxleSi, da meorec 

_ isa, rom moCvenebaTa da sulebis naxva miweria. imaTi SexedulebiT, 

bedi aucileblad orive am upiratesobiT im bavSvebs ajildovebs, 

romelnic kviris mexuTe dRis SuaRames ibadebian~. 1 

am fragmentSi sainteresoa erTi fraza, kerZod, qarTul TargmanSi 

im damswreTa Soris, `gadia, bebiaqali da zogierTi sxva gonieri 

dedakaci~, maSin, rodesac originalSi mxolod bebiaqali da gonieri 

dedakacebi aris dasaxelebuli _ “the nurse, and some sage women”. 

marTalia, sityvis “the nurse” Targmna erTgvar sirTulesTan aris dakavSirebuli, 

radgan igi SeiZleba iyos, rogorc medda, am SemTxvevaSi 

bebiaqali, ise ZiZac. pegoti ki ZiZaa da igi marTlac imyofeboda devidis 

dabadebis dros saxlSi. marTalia, mas ar gamouTqvams azri 

imis Taobaze, rom axaldabadebuli bavSvi aucileblad ubeduri iqneboda, 

magram Cven unda gaviTvaliswinoT is, rom sityva mniSvnelobas 

iZens konteqstSi. 

es, upirveles yovlisa, exeba polisemantikur sityvebs. inglisur 

sityvaTa umravlesoba ki swored rom polisemantikuria. aqedan 

gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba daviviwyoT konteqstis faqtori. xSiria SemTxvevebi, 

rodesac sityvis mniSvneloba ukve im winadadebaSive ixsneba, 

romelSic igia moTavsebuli, an ukidures SemTxvevaSi abzacSi mainc. 

magram aris SemTxvevebi, roca saWiro xdeba, sityvis mniSvnelobis 

gagebis mizniT, mTeli Tavis an nawarmoebis guldasmiT wakiTxva. 

an kidev ufro rTuli SemTxveva, roca sityvis mniSvnelobis sworad 

1 C. dikensi. daviT koperfildi, gv. 21. 

159

gagebisTvis saWiroa iseTi faqtis codna, romelic ar aris moyvanili 

nawarmoebSi. amisaTvis ukve saWiroa mTargmnelis farTo erudicia da 

fonuri codna. es ukanaskneli SemTxveva miekuTvneba farTo konteqstis 

cnebas. 

imis mtkicebis safuZvels, rom xsenebuli “the nurse” aris bebiaqali, 

swored konteqsti gvaZlevs. kerZod, sadRac pirveli Tavis SuaSi 

aris moTxrobili imis Taobaze, rom pegotis ZmisSvili ramdenime 

dRis ganmavlobaSi, ise rom es misis koperfildma ar icoda, imaleboda 

saxlSi, raTa saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi igi saswrafod gaegzavnaT 

eqimisa da bebiaqalis mosayvanad. rogorc es originalSi weria: “...in 

case of emergency, to fetch the nurse and doctor”. 1 ai, saidan Cans, rom es 

“the nurse” aris bebiaqali. 

kidev erTi saintereso momenti. citirebuli monakveTis qarTul 

TargmanSi gvaqvs `kviris mexuTe dRe~ originalSi ki yovelgvari gadaxvevisa 

da zedmeti gansazRvrebis gareSe (rogoricaa `kviris mexu- 

Te dRe~) weria _ “Friday”, rac iTargmneba rogorc paraskevi. rasakvirvelia 

ar aris sadavo, rom paraskevi marTlac kviris mexuTe dRea. 

magram ar unda dagvaviwydes is faqti, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis 

erT-erTi umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebaa emociuroba da avtoris 

mier gamoyenebuli yvela mxatvruli xerxi Tu leqsikuri sa- 

Sualeba aris misi Canafiqris realizeba, radganac originalis avtorma 

saWirod miiCnia, rom teqstSi Caesva swored sityva “Friday”, e.i. 

es ar aris SemTxveviTi. swored am sityvaze modis originalSi mTeli 

emociuri datvirTva, swored imitom aris devidi ganwiruli ubedurebisaTvis, 

rom igi daibada paraskevs da ara zogadad kviris mexuTe 

dRes. 

inglisSi (iseve, rogorc msoflios sxva bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris 

saqarTveloSic) arsebobs crurwmena imis Taobaze, rom paraskevi 

aris navsi dRe. Cven, ra Tqma unda, gvesmis is, rom TargmanSi SeuZlebelia 

yvela im niuansis SenarCuneba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia originalSi 

naxmari leqsikuri erTeulisaTvis, TargmanSi aucileblad 

daikargeba Tundac erTi. magram aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom danakargi 

rac SeiZleba mcire unda iyos. amasTan sityvas yovelTvis gaaCnia 

ufro mniSvnelovani da nakleb mniSvnelovani elementi da mTargmnelis 

niWic swored imaSi vlindeba, Tu ramdenad sworad SeZlebs am 

ufro mniSvnelovanis danaxvas da Semdeg mis TargmanSi SenarCunebas, 

Tundac amas mohyves nakleb mniSvnelovani informaciis dakargva. 

1 Ch. Dickens. David Copperfield.., gv. 9. 

160

am patara monakveTSi aseve adgili aqvs gramatikuli drois 

araswor gadmotanas TargmanSi. iq sadac originalSi gamoyenebulia 

warsuli dro “..it was declared... I was destined... I was privileged...” qar- 

TulSi gvaqvs `...erTxmad gamoacxada... me ubeduri viqnebi... sulebis 

naxva miweria...~, maSin, rodesac stilisturad ufro marTebuli iqneboda, 

rom gvqonoda Sesabamisad: `gamoacxades... ubeduri viqnebodi... 

sulebis naxva mewera...~. 

Targmnis procesSi mTargmneli arc Tu ise iSviaTad awydeba e.w. 

uTargmnel epizodebs Tu ubralod leqsikur elementebs e.w. ùekvivalento 

leqsikas~. ai, ras werda amasTan dakavSirebiT didi germaneli 

mwerali iohan volfgang goeTe: `Targmnisas Cven unda mivakvlioT 

swored rom uTargmnels, mxolod maSin SeiZleba namdvilad gaicno 

ucxo xalxi, ucxo ena~. 1 

swored msgavs uTargmnel elementad SeiZleba CaiTvalos iseTi 

movlena, romelsac ewodeba _ kalamburi _ sityvaTa TamaSi. kalamburis 

arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adgili aqvs ori SeuTavsebadi mniSvnelobis 

moulodnelad erT fonetikur (Tu grafikul) formaSi Sejaxebas. 

kalamburis ZiriTadi elementebia, pirvel rigSi erTnairi an 

TiTqmis erTnairi (omonimuri) JReradoba da meore, antonimiamde dayvanili 

SeuTavsebloba 2 . kalamburi Sedgeba ori komponentisagan. pirveli 

komponenti es aris erTgvari leqsikuri safuZveli, sayrdeni elementi, 

erTgvari stimulatori mosalodneli sityvis TamaSisa. meore 

es aris sityva (Tu sityvaTSeTanxmeba), romelic warmoadgens kalamburis 

kulminacias, sityvaTa TamaSis mwvervals. mxolod meore komponentis 

realizaciis Semdeg miiRweva komikuri efeqti, anu adgili 

aqvs sityvis TamaSs 3 . 

Tuki Cveulebrivi teqstis Targmnisas saWiroa misi Sinaarsi ganvasaxieroT 

axal enobriv formaSi, sityvaTa TamaSis Targmnis dros 

gadmotanili unda iqnes originalis TviT formac _ fonetikuri an 

grafikuli, an orive erTad. ufro metic, xSirad saWiro xdeba TviT 

Sinaarsis Secvlac ki imisaTvis, rom ar daikargos forma, romelic 

am SemTxvevaSi wamyvania. metad Zneli, TiTqmis SeuZlebelic kia formisa 

da Sinaarsis ucvleli saxiT gadmotana, vinaidan sityvaTa TamaS- 

Si Semaval sityvebs Soris originalSi da maT ekvivalentebs Soris 

Targmanis enaze unda arsebobdes ara ubralod ekvivalenturi kavSi- 

1 С. Влахов, С. Флорин. Непереводимое в переводе. М., 1986, gv. 3. 

2 С. Влахов, С. Флорин. Непереводимое в переводе.., gv. 359. 

3 В. С. Виноградов. Лексические вопросы перевода художественной прозы. М., 1978, gv. 

153. 


161

i, aramed sruli ekvivalentoba. 

kalamburis daniSnulebaa Seqmnas komikuri efeqti. swored amitom 

metad mniSvnelovania, rom sityvaTa TamaSi SenarCunebuli iyos 

TargmanSi. magram xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac mTargmneli Tavs ver 

arTmevs am amocanas da ufro iol gamosavals poulobs _ igi ubralod 

gverds uvlis sityvaTa TamaSs. am mxriv gamonakliss arc q. baqraZe-ingoroyvaseuli 

Targmani warmoadgens. dikensi originalSi araer- 

Txel mimarTavs sityvaTa TamaSs, magram qarTvel mkiTxvels amis Taobaze 

aranairi warmodgena ara aqvs. 

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, moviyvanoT originalSi es epizodebi 

da maT davurToT Cveneuli Targmani. amiT naTelvyoT is, rom es epizodebi 

sakmaod didi datvirTvis matarebelia. garda imisa, rom maTSi 

adgili aqvs sityvaTa TamaSs, arsebobs kidev sxva niuansebic, romel- 

Ta argadmotanac erTgvarad arRvevs nawarmoebis mTlianobas. erT-er- 

Ti aseTi epizodi ukve romanis pirvelive TavSi gvxvdeba da igi sakmaod 

didi moculobisaa, ris gamoc misi arTargmna kidev ufro gaumarTlebelia. 

ai isic: 

“In the name of Heaven,’ said Miss Betsey, suddenly, ‘why Rookery’ 

‘Do you mean the house, ma’am’ asked my mother. 

‘Why Rookery’ said Miss Betsey. ‘Cookery would have been more to 

the purpose, if you had had any practical ideas of life, either of you.’ 

‘The name was Mr. Copperfield’s choice, ’returned my mother. ‘When 

he bought the house, he liked to think that there were rooks about it ’… 

‘Where are the birds’ asked Miss Betsey. 

‘The-’ My mother had been thinking of something else. 

‘The rooks – what has become of them’ asked Miss Betsey. 

‘There have not been any since we have lived here,’ said my mother.’We 

thought - Mr. Copperfield thought – it was quite a large rookery; but the nests 

were very old ones, and the birds have deserted them a long while.’ 

‘David Copperfield all over!’ cried Miss Betsey. ‘David Copperfield 

from head to foot! Calls a house a rookery when there is not a rook near it, and 

takes the birds on truth, because he sees the nests!”. 1 

` _ RvTis gulisaTvis, ratom `ruqeri~ (Wilyvavebis bude) 

ikiTxa uecrad mis betsim. 

_ saxls gulisxmobT, madam _ hkiTxa dedam. 

_ ratom `ruqeri~ Tqvengan romelimes mainc rom hqonoda cxovrebaze 

praqtikuli warmodgena, `quqeri~ (sasadilo) xom bevrad ufro 

momgebiani iqneboda, _ ganacxada mis betsim. 

1 Ch. Dickens. David Copperfield.., gv. 5-6. 

162

_ saxeli mister koperfildma SearCia, rodesac igi saxls yidulobda 

mas moswonda, rom axlo-maxlo Wilyvavebi budobdnen... 

_ da sad arian Citebi _ ikiTxa mis betsim. 

_ ra _ dedaCemi, Cans sxva rameze fiqrobda. 

_ Wilyvavebi, ra mouvidaT maT 

_ rac aq vcxovrobT, erTxelac ar gamoCenilan. Cven vfiqrobdiT 

_ mister koperfildi fiqrobda _ rom aq sakmaod moSenebuli ferma 

iyo. magram budeebi Zalian Zveli aRmoCnda da Citebsac didi xnis winaT 

mietovebinaT aqauroba. 

_ vcnob devid koperfilds! _ wamoiZaxa mis betsim, _ esaa devid 

koperfildi suliT xorcamde! mxolod mas SeeZlo ewodebina 

saxlisaTvis Wilyvavebis bude maSin, rodesac axlo-maxlo erTi Wilyvavic 

ki ar iyo da es mxolod imitom, rom budeebs xedavda.~ 

rogorc moyvanili epizodidan Cans, dikensiseuli sityvaTa Tama- 

Sis gadmosacemad Cven mivmarTeT transkrifciasa da saTanado ganmartebas. 

es xerxi Cven erT-erT yvelaze marTebulad migvaCnia sityvaTa 

TamaSis gadmosacemad. garda uSualod sityvaTa TamaSisa, es monakveTi 

kidev Seicavs saintereso informacias. kerZod, aq Cven vecnobiT gansvenebul 

devid koperfilds (masze romanSi saerTod bevri araferia 

Tqmuli da amitom migvaCnia, rom am fragmentis dakargviT es informacia 

kidev ufro mwiri xdeba); amave monakveTidan vgebulobT imasac, 

Tu ra azris iyo gansvenebul devid koperfildze betsi trotvudi 

da swored aqve Cndeba pirvelad im saxlis saxelwodeba, sadac daibada 

romanis mTavari gmiri. q. baqraZe-ingoroyvaseuli Targmanis mkiTxveli 

ki saxlis saxelwodebas pirvelad romanis mesame TavSi igebs. 

kidev erTi epizodis gaxseneba SeiZleba sityvaTa TamaSTan dakav- 

SirebiT. 

“As this was a great deal for the carrier (whose name was Mr. Barkis) to 

say – he being, as I observed in a former chapter, of aphlegmatic temperament, 

and not at all conversational – I offered him a cake as a mark of attention, 

which he ate at one gulp,exactly like an elephant, and which made no more impression 

on his big face than it would have done on an elephant's. 

'Did She make 'em, now' said Mr. Barkis, always leaning forward,in his 

slouching way, on the footboard of the cart with an arm on each knee. 

'Peggotty, do you mean, sir' 

'Ah!' said Mr. Barkis. 'Her.' 

'Yes. She makes all our pastry, and does all our cooking.' 

'Do she though' said Mr. Barkis. 

He made up his mouth as if to whistle, but he didn't whistle. He sat looking 

at the horse's ears, as if he saw something new there; and sat so, for a con- 

163

siderable time. By and by, he said: 

'No sweethearts, I b'lieve' 

'Sweetmeats did you say, Mr. Barkis' For I thought he wanted something 

else to eat, and had pointedly alluded to that description of refreshment. 

'Hearts,' said Mr. Barkis. 'Sweet hearts; no person walks with her!' 

'With Peggotty' 

'Ah!' he said. 'Her.' 

'Oh, no. She never had a sweetheart.' 

'Didn't she, though!' said Mr. Barkis. 

Again he made up his mouth to whistle, and again he didn't whistle, but 

sat looking at the horse's ears. 

'So she makes,' said Mr. Barkis, after a long interval of reflection, 'all the 

apple parsties, and doos all the cooking, do she”. 1 

da ai, ra aris Targmnili am epizodidan: 

`meetle (misi saxeli mister barkisi) flegmaturi temperamentisa 

da Cumi adamiani iyo. CemTan laparakma, rogorc Cans, daRala 

igi. me pativiscemis niSnad tkbili namcxvari mivarTvi; mister barkisma 

gadaylapa da tlanq saxeze sruliad araferi gamoexata. 

_ amisTanebs is acxobs 

_ Tqven pegotize laparakobT 

_ ho, rasakvirvelia. 

_ diax, pegoti acxobs Cvens saxlSi yvela namcxvars da amzadebs 

yvela saWmels. 

_ Sexede erTi, _ waiburdRuna mister barkisma. 

man miapyro Tvalebi Tavisi cxenis yurebs, TiTqos maTSi SesaniSnavi 

raRac dainaxao, da didxans dahyo am mdgomareobaSi. 

_ maS Tqven ambobT, rom am namcxvrebs is acxobs _ ikiTxa 

mister barkisma xangrZlivi fiqris Semdeg. 

_ diax, is amzadebs CvenTan yvelafers. 

_ werilis miweras xom ar apirebT, ser~. 2 

rogorc vxedavT, aq aranair sityvaTa TamaSs ara aqvs adgili _ 

is ubralod amoRebulia. magram amoRebulia ara marto sityvaTa Tama- 

Si, aramed masze mibmuli mTeli situacia. 

unda aRiniSnos is, rom am konkretuli sityvaTa TamaSis gadmosacemad 

transkrifciis (an transliteraciis) xerxi saTanado komentarebiT, 

albaT, ufro nakleb gamodgeboda. aq ufro marTebuli iqneboda 

inglisuri sityvebi “sweethearts” _ Tayvanismcemeli, rCeuli, da 

1 Ch. Dickens. David Copperfield.., gv. 61-62. 

2 C. dikensi. daviT koperfildi.., gv. 79. 

164

“sweetmeats” _ kanfeti, Secvliliyo sxva leqsikuri erTeulebiT, 

romelTa Sejaxebac originalis msgavs komikur efeqts mogvcemda. an 

arada mTargmnels sqolioSi mainc unda mieTiTebina originalSi arsebul 

sityvis TamaSze. 

rogorc viciT, Targmani aris rTuli esTetikuri fenomeni. Targmanis 

procesSi ara mxolod originalis aslis gadmoRebas aqvs adgili, 

Targmanisas erTmaneTs xvdeba ara marto ori sxvadasxva ena, aramed 

ori sxvadasxva kultura, sxvadasxva literaturuli tradiciebi, 

cnebebis aRqmisa da movlenebis Sefasebis gansxvavebuli kriteriumebi 

1 . yvela WeSmariti mxatvruli nawarmoebi aRbeWdilia im xalxis 

erovnuli koloritiT, romlis warmomadgenelicaa esa Tu is mwerali, 

Tumca SesaZlebelia, gansxvavebuli iyos erovnuli koloritis 

warmoCenis simZlavre. 

TargmanSi ucxo realiebis arseboba yovelTvis badebs ucxo garemosTan 

Sexvedris asociacias. igi xels ar uSlis Sinaarsis aRqmas, 

piriqiT, TviT yvelaze bundovani warmodgenac ki ama Tu im realiaze 

aRvivebs fantazias da mkiTxveli ucxo samyaroSi gadahyavs. nawarmoebSi 

erovnuli koloritis SenarCunebis mizniT marTebulad migvaCnia 

realiebis gadmotana, xolo rac Seexeba maT Targmnas an mTargmnel 

enaSi arsebuli analogiiT gadmotanas _ es yovelive iwvevs wminda 

mSobliur asociacias mkiTxvelSi da Sedegad ucxo samyarosTan Sexvedris 

gancda mcirdeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, marTebulad migvaCnia 

cnobili qarTveli mecnieris giorgi wibaxaSvilis Tvalsazrisi imis 

Sesaxeb, rom Targmnili nawarmoebi aris da yovelTvis darCeba sxva 

samyarodan mosul fenomenad 2 . 

erovnuli koloritis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa saxelebi. nebismier 

literaturul nawarmoebSi mravlad mogvepoveba saxelebi, gvarebi Tu 

metsaxelebi da maTi gadmotanis sakiTxi TargmanSi warmoadgens Targmanis 

Teoriis erT-erT mniSvnelovan amocanas 3 . saliteraturo kritikaSi 

xangrZlivi dava mimdinareobs sakuTari saxelebis Targmnis Taobaze. 

mkvlevari i. bernSteini ucxouri saxelebis gadmotanis sam 

xerxs asaxelebs. es aris transkrifcia, transliteracia da sakuTriv 

Targmani 4 . saxeli mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis adamianis Sesa- 

1 d. fanjikiZe. Targmanis Teoria da praqtika. Tb., 1988, gv. 7. 

2 g. wibaxaSvili. Targmanis Teoriisa da praqtikis sakiTxebi. Tb., 2000, 

gv. 37. 

3 Р. Файзуллаева. Национальный колорит и художественный перевод. Ташкент, 1979, 

gv. 57. 

4 И. Бернштейн. Английские имина в русских переводах. – Иностранная литература, 

1998, №4, gv. 164. 

165

xeb, kerZod igi aris imis niSani, Tu romel eTnikur sferos miekuTvneba 

esa Tu is adamiani. 

anTroponimebis Targmnisas gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi faqtorebi: 

1) Tu saerTo warmoSobis mqone saxelis matarebeli istoriuli 

an realurad arsebuli piria, misi saxeli mTargmnel enaSi dadgenili 

normebis Sesabamisad gadadis; 2) Tu am jgufis saxelis matarebeli 

literaturuli personaJia, misi saxeli TargmanSi sasurvelia 

gadavides dednis JReradobiT. es uzrunvelyofs erovnuli koloritis 

SenarCunebas. magram aq aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom am wesidan 

imdeni gamonaklisi arsebobs, rom faqtobrivad wesic ki ar 

rCeba. aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, Tu rogoria ama Tu im saxelis 

gadmotanis tradicia. 

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cven gvsurs imis garkveva, 

Tu rogor aris gadmotanili `devid koperfildis~ qarTul Targman- 

Si saxelebi. daviwyoT upirveles yovlisa mTavari gmiriT. original- 

Si misi saxeli ase gamoiyureba “David”; qarTul TargmanSi ki mas 

qvia `daviTi~, rac arasworad migvaCnia. marTalia, saxelis gadmotanisas 

aris misi gaqarTulebis SemTxvevebi, magram es ZiriTadad e.w. `molaparake~ 

saxelebs exeba. aseTi gza, marTlac mizanSewonilia vinaidan 

ase SesaZlebeli xdeba maTi mniSvnelobis SenarCuneba. xolo rac 

Seexeba Cvens SemTxvevas, aq yovlad dauSvebelia saxelis gaqarTuleba, 

radganac es iwvevs erovnuli (am SemTxvevaSi inglisuri) koloritis 

dakargvas. 

Tuki Cven Targmanis TeoriaSi arsebul wesebs gaviTvaliswinebT, 

maSin es saxeli unda gadmovitanoT transkrifciiT. vinaidan `Targmnisas 

sakuTari saxeli, rogorc wesi, transkrifciiT gadmoicema~, 1 

anu maqsimalurad SenarCunebulia misi JReradoba. Tuki asea, maSin es 

saxeli unda gadmocemuliyo rogorc `deivid~-i radganac, swored ase 

ikiTxeba igi (David _ deivid). aseve SesaZlebelia am saxelis transliteraciis 

gziTac gadmocema. maSin gveqneboda _ `david~-i. 

aq unda moviyvanoT kidev erTi saintereso mosazreba saxelebis 

gadmocemasTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, rusi mkvlevari l. barxudarovi 

aRniSnavs, rom praqtikaSi ar gvxvdeba mkacri gamijvna transkrifciasa 

da transliteracias Soris, Cveulebriv adgili aqvs am ori xerxis 

Serwymas 2 . amaze dayrdnobiT da kidev dRevandeli tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT, 

marTebulad migvaCnia, rom es saxeli gadmotanili yofiliyo 

TargmanSi, rogorc `devid~-i. es uTuod naklebi boroteba 

1 С. Влахов, С. Флорин. Непереводимое в переводе.., gv. 267. 

2 Л. С. Бархударов. Язык и перевод. М., 1975, gv. 177. 

166

iqneboda Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom ase am saxels SenarCunebuli 

eqneboda erovnuli koloriti. SesaZlebelia, mTargmnelma imitom 

gadmoaqarTula es saxeli, rom igi ufro misaRebi gamxdariyo 

qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis. magram maSin ratom ar Targmna man, vTqvaT, 

igive “Betsey” _ betsi da igi transkrifciiT gadmoitana. nuTu mxolod 

imitom, rom mas ar moepoveba qarTul sinamdvileSi Sesatyvisi 

qarTuli forma, xolo misi èlisabedad~ gadmotana ki ukve metismetad 

TvalSisacemi iqneboda. 

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom qarTvel mTargmnelze erTgvari gavlena 

moaxdina am romanis i. vedenskiseulma rusulma Targmanma, risi magali- 

Tic aris romanis kidev erTi personaJi “Ham”-i, romelic rusulSi transliterirebulia 

(`Хам~), qarTulSi ki gvaqvs _ `qami~, nacvlad imisa, 

rom yofiliyo an `hem~-i (Tuki transkrifcias mivmarTavdiT) an `ham~-i 

(Tu transliteracias gamoviyenebdiT). aseve rusuli Targmanis gavlenas 

vxedavT kidev erTi personaJis saxelis gadmotanisas. originalSi mister 

pegotis meore Svilobils hqvia “Emily”, rac unda gadmosuliyo, 

rogorc èmili~ (am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, Tu romel 

xerxs mivmarTavdiT _ transkrifcias Tu transliteracias). magram 

rusma mTargmnelma SemogvTavaza `Эмилия~ da es forma gadmoiRo qarTvelma 

mTargmnelmac. aRniSvnis Rirsia is, rom sworad aris arCeuli Sesatyvisi 

romanis kidev erTi personaJisTvis, romlis saxelic originalSia 

_ “Martha” TargmanSi gvaqvs `marTa~, rac marTebulad migvaCnia, 

vinaidan transkrifciiT [ma:θa] da transliteraciiT `marsa~ (am poziciaSi 

θ-s qarTulSi Seesabameba `s~) gadmotanis SemTxvevaSi es saxeli 

ver aRiqmeboda qarTveli mkiTxvelis mier. 

Targmanis TeoriaSi sayovelTaod miRebulia azri imis Sesaxeb, 

rom gvarebis gadmotana ZiriTadad ar warmoadgens did sirTules 

(Tu saubari ar aris `molaparake~ gvarebze. aq ukve mTargmneli, SesaZlebelia, 

didi sirTuleebsac waawydes), gvarebis gadmotanis drosac 

igive principebiT vxelmZRvanelobT, rac zogadad sxva realiebis 

Targmnisas. magram q. baqraZe-ingoroyvaseuli `daviT koperfildi~ 

aqac gamoirCeva individualurobiT. 

daviwyoT devidis maminacvliT. originalSi misi gvaria “Murdstone”. 

Sesabamisad Tuki Cven realiebis Targmnis pirvel xerxs mivmar- 

TavT da transkrifcias gamoviyenebT, es gvari qarTulad unda JRerdes, 

rogorc `mardstouni~, xolo Tu transliteracias mivmarTavT, 

unda iyos _ `murdstoni~. magram TargmanSi gvaqvs rusuli Targmanis 

varianti `mordstoni~. erTi personaJis gvari originalSi aris “Steerforth”-i, 

rac unda gadmovides, rogorc `sTirforsi~ da ara `stirfordi~, 

rogorc es qarTul TargmanSia. da kidev originaliseuli 

167

“Martha Endell”-i qarTulSi aris èngel~-i. nacvlad originaliseuli 

“Tom Treddles”-sa (tredlsi an tredlesi) aris `tredelsi~, “Mr. 

Pidger”-i ki _ `pikeri~, nacvlad `pidjeris~ an `pidgerisa”, petingolebi 

_ nacvlad netingolebisa (“Nettingalls”) da a. S. 

aqve gvsurs SevexoT mimarTvebis gadmotanis sakiTxs. rogorc 

viciT, yovel ers moepoveba mimarTvis gamomxatveli sityvebi. isini 

xSir SemTxvevaSi didi erovnuli elferis matarebelia. ase, magali- 

Tad, frangebs aqvT `mesie~, `madam~, `madmuazel~; italielebs: `senior~, 

`seniora~ da ` seniorita~ da a.S. ingliselebSi mimarTvebi Semdegia: 

`mister~, `misis~/`madam~, `mis~. rogorc moyvanili magaliTebidan 

Cans, mimarTvebi yvela ers sakuTari gaaCnia da isini TiTqmis 

ar imeoreben erTmaneTs. es ki TavisTavad adasturebs im mosazrebas, 

rom isini erovnuli suliskveTebis matareblebi arian. 

Cveulebriv, mimarTvebis Targmna erTgvar problemas uqmnis 

mTargmnels. mimarTva es aris sametyvelo etiketis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli 

niSani, igi TiTqmis yovel nabijze gvxvdeba mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, 

rac imas niSnavs, rom mTargmneli yovel wuTs usvams Tavs 

SekiTxvas, Targmnos Tu gadmoitanos (transkrifciiT an transliteraciiT) 

mimarTvebi. Targmanis SemTxvevaSi mimarTva, albaT, ufro axlo 

da ioli aRsaqmeli gaxdeba mkiTxvelisaTvis, magram es qmnis meore 

problemas _ ikargeba originalis erovnuli koloriti. 

mimarTvebi SeiZleba ramdenime jgufad daiyos. kerZod, 1) mimar- 

Tvebi, romelic Cveulebrivi pativiscemis gamoxatulebaa; 2) mimarTvebi 

gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi Tu socialuri wodebis pirisadmi; 

3) iseTi mimarTvebi, romlebic naTesaur kavSirze miuTiTeben da sxva. 

imisda mixedviT, Tu ra Sinaarss atarebs esa Tu is mimarTva, icvleba 

maTi Targmnisadmi midgomac. Tu mimarTva ar atarebs mkveTrad gamoxatul 

erovnul xasiaTs, maSin maTi ukeT aRqmis mizniT marTebuli iqneba 

maTi Targmna, magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu esa Tu is mimarTva erovnuli 

niSniT aris aRbeWdili, maSin mizanSewonilia isini pirdapir 

iqnes gadmotanili. 

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, gaumarTleblad migvaCnia, 

rom q. baqraZe-ingoroyva Tavis TargmanSi iseT mimarTvebs, rogoricaa: 

“mister” da “madam” cvlis maTi Sesatyvisi qarTuli formebiT (`batono~, 

`qalbatono~). Tanac aRsaniSnavia isic, rom igi paralelurad 

inglisur formebsac xmarobs. xdeba erTgvari aRreva, rasac koloritis 

dakargvamde an kidev ufro uaresi, anaqronizmamde mivyavarT. am 

mxriv sainteresoa Cvens mier zemoT motanili epizodi, romelSic 

eqimi betsi trotvuds esaubreba. kerZod, originalSi mister Cilipi 

mxolod da mxolod “madam”-iT (originalSi gvaqvs “ma’am”, riTac 

168

avtori xazs usvams eqim Cilipis dialeqts) mimarTavs betsi trotvuds, 

maSin, rodesac q. baqraZe-ingoroyvaseul TargmanSi gvaqvs `qalbatono~, 

`madam~ da `miledi~. anu vxvdebiT erTi da igive cnebis aRmniSvnel 

sam sityvas. amaSi miuRebeli TiTqos araferia, piriqiT, SeiZleba 

iTqvas, rom amiT mTargmneli Tavs aridebs erTferovnebas, magram 

arsebobs erTi momenti _ erT patara abzacSi Cven vxvdebiT sami sxvadasxva 

eris realias. 

mTargmnelma arc erTi wuTiT ar unda daiviwyos is, rom Targmani 

aris originalis enis matarebeli xalxis sinamdvilis asaxva, da 

isic, rom rodesac vTargmniT romelime xalxis erovnuli literaturis 

nimuSs, iq aucileblad Segvxvdeba swored im erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

realiebi: iqneba es ubralod saxelebi, tradiciebi Tu 

ama Tu im erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erovnuli Rirebulebebi, romlebsac 

advili SesaZlebelia ar aRmoaCndes Sesatyvisi Targmanis enaze. 

msgavsi cnebebis gadmocemis saukeTeso saSualebad migvaCnia transliteracia 

an transkrifcia, romelsac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mTargmnelma 

unda daurTos axsna-ganmarteba an TviT teqstSi an kidev 

sqolioSi. 

aseTia Cveni SeniSvnebi q. baqraZe-ingoroyvaseuli Targmanis enobriv 

Taviseburebebze. rasakvirvelia, naSromSi warmodgenil daskvnebs 

sulac ara aqvs absoluturi WeSmaritebis pretenzia. miT ufro, rom, 

rogorc cnobilia, Targmanis cneba metad subieqturia da is, rac er- 

TisTvis misaRebi da mosawonia, SeiZleba meorisaTvis sruliad miuRebeli 

aRmoCndes. 

169

NATIA PAPASKIRI 

ABOUT SOME LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES 

OF THE GEORGIAN TRANSLATION 

OF CHARLES DICKENS’ NOVEL 

“DAVID COPPERFIELD” 

The presented paper discusses some linguistic peculiarities of the georgian 

translation of well-known english writer’s – Charles Dickens’ one of the 

most popular novel – “David Copperfield”, which is done by Ketevan Bakradze-Ingorokva 

in 1930’s. In comparison attention is focused on such questions 

as: the translation of headings, names, forms of address.The article also discusses 

the problem of transferring the pun – play in words. Artistic and stylistic 

analysis of the georgian translation of Charles Dickens’ “David Copperfield” 

showed that Ketevan Bakradze-Ingorokva’s translation has some faults, the 

translator without any excuse has absolutely omited or abridged some key episodes. 

Because of this Ketevan Bakradze-Ingorokva’s translation leaves an impression 

mostly of an adaptation not the original. According to the achievements 

of modern literary translation one can’t agree with the transferring of the 

personal names. Also the idea of omitting the pun – play in words in the Ketevan 

Bakradze-Ingorokva’s translation is unjustified. The translation would by 

no means win if in translation of some chapters the translator had more carefully 

interpreted Dickens’ perception. But despite some faults the translation by 

all means has the episodes that are done by the professional and as a whole 

may be rated as well-done. 

NN 

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t. I, 2007 

НИНО ЭТЕРИЯ 

ФОРМЫ КОМИЧЕСКОГО В ПРОЗЕ МИХАИЛА 

БУЛГАКОВА 

О творчестве Михаила Булгакова по-настоящему стало известно с 

начала 60-х годов ХХ века. К настоящему времени, когда уже проанализированы 

многие стороны творчества писателя, однако, формы выражения 

комического ещё не стали предметом специального исследования. 

Данная статья является одной из попыток выявления функциональной 

специфики переходных форм комического в творчестве М. Булгакова. 

В произведениях писателей могут наличествовать отдельные сатирические 

мотивы, образы, гротескные начала, но не все они являются 

формами выражения комического. Например, в творчестве М. Булгакова 

наличествуют отдельные сатирические аспекты, а так же ироническая постоянность 

явлений, как одна из главных особенностей стиля писателя. 

Наряду с элементами сатирического в произведениях авторов звучат самостоятельные 

пафосные,лирические и вполне нейтральные мотивы. 

Если к сатире подходить как особому художественному принципу 

изображения действительности, то проза М. Булгакова наглядно отражает 

следующие разновидности форм вырожения комического: юмор, ирония, 

сарказм,сатира. Однако, проза М. Булгакова в большей степени иронична. 

К такому выводу можно прийти на основании изучения русской и зарубежной 

теоритической литературы 1 . 

Изучение художественной и теоретической литературы позволяет 

понять три особенности проявления иронического. Прежде всего, ироничным 

может быть сам писатель, соответственно авторское лицо, авторский 

голос, выступающий в произведении в ироническом аспекте. Поет приписывает 

своему персонажу явные достоинства: 

«Украшают тебя добродетели, 

До которых другим далеко, 

И беру небеса во свидетели, 

Уважаю тебя глубоко.» 2 

1 Г. Поспелов. Проблемы теории литературы. М.,1976; Л. Тимофеев. Основы теории 

литературы. М.,1976; А. Вулис. Сатира М. Булгакова.Ташкент,1990; Эли Обуэ. Жанры 

смеха. М., 1948; Я. Эльсберг. Вопрoсы теории сатиры. М.,1957. 

2 Н. Некрасов. Современная ода – Полное собрание сочинений. В 2-х томах, т 2. М., 

1996, с. 224. 

171

После подобного выпада идут объяснения, почему объект достоин 

такого уважения. Оказалось, что у него большие достоинства: 

« Не обидешь ты даром и гадины, 

Ты помочь и злодею готов.» 1 

В указанных словах можно найти намёк на всепрощение, заветы Нагорной 

проповеди, однако последующее высказывание – «Червонцы твои 

не украдены, У сиротов беззащитных и вдов…» 2 , – заставляет задуматься. 

В отрицании уже заключено утверждение – его богатство зиждется на 

эксплуатации и воровстве у простых людей. Именно в указанном несоответствии 

проявляется ирония. В словах автора легко угадать отсутствие 

у персонажа тех качеств, которые иронично ему приписываются. 

Может быть, персонаж считается порядочным гражданином, но ни автор, 

ни читатель в его порядочность не верят. Таково авторское мнение. 

Другая разновидность демонстрируется речью персонажа. В стихотворении 

Н. Некрасова « Нравственный человек» рассказчик повествует о 

ряде своих поступков: друг не сумел вовремя заплатить долг и рассказчик 

посадил его в тюрьму, где он и умер. Тогда нравственный человек простил 

ему долг. Дочь свою он выдал не за любимого человека, а за богатого 

нелюбимого старика. От горя дочь умерла. Далее повествование о подобных 

случаях продолжены. Поступки героя не подпадают под статьи уголовного 

кодекса, но нравственным человеком он считаться не может, таковым 

может показаться только в ироническом аспекте. 

Наконец ещё одна разновидность проявления иронии – пародия на 

известные произведения. Так, пародия Н. Некрасова на знаменитую «Казачью 

колыбельную» М. Лермонтова – это явный иронический перепев 

первоисточника. Он даёт представление о будущем чиновнике – взяточнике. 

Стихотворение Н. Некрасова можно считать новой, большой аллюзией. 

Она сразу становится понятной читателю. Иронический вариант 

старого мотива даёт представление о разновидности проявления форм выражения 

комического в литературе. 

Как известно, явление «сатира» определяется в двух проявлениях: в 

широком и более узком. Так можно сказать и об иронии и сарказме. Но 

последнее понятие известно в двух определениях: сарказм и злая ирония. 

Поэтому, когда говорят о злой иронии, то могут иметь в виду иронию, но 

несколько более насыщенную отрицательным смыслом, а сарказм в чистом 

виде – это отдельная самостоятельная единица проявления сатирического. 

В связи с подобным пониманием терминов приходится говорить 

вообще о размытых, половинчатых формах выражения комического. Можно 

некоторые отрезки текста трактовать как юмористические, но среди 

1 Н. Некрасов. Современная ода., с. 224. 

2 Н. Некрасов. Современная ода.., с. 224. 

172

них можно найти и такие, которые уже не считаются только юмористическими, 

в них видны определённые иронические начала. Например, Шарик 

называет профессора Преображенского «важным песьим благотворителем». 

Это, несомненно, юмор. 

А вот переходная форма от юмора к иронии: « А вы сегодня завтракали, 

вы, величина мирового значения, благодаря мужским половым железам» 

1 Вечно голодный пёс косвенно упоминает о профессиональной 

деятельности Преображенского и даже косвенно упрекает его в подобной 

деятельности. Вспомним, что пёс не захотел видеть безобразия, как он 

считал, в сцене приёма больных и специально заснул. Когда Шарик вспоминает 

о своём предыдущем бытие, то среди них всплывают данные о 

прогулках по Парку культуры и отдыха, где всегда можно было найти обгрызки 

колбасы, полизать бумажки с жирными пятнами. Однако он отмечает 

одно явление, которое портило впечатление от удовольствия пребывания 

в парке: «И если бы не грымза какая-то, что поёт на кругу при луне 

«милая Аида» – так, что сердце падает, было бы отлично». 2 Во внутреннем 

монологе пса Шарика (явно условность литературная, но и ироническая) 

можно различить и юмористические тенденции, и определённую 

иронию. Но иронией её делает контраст, подводящий к значимому подтексту. 

На представление «Аиды» часто ходил профессор Преображенский 

и часто во время работы или отдыха фальшиво напевал арии из оперы. 

И если в саду пса раздражала музыка и пение (сердце падало у пса от 

пения), то в доме профессора он примирился с «Аидой», хотя пение в саду 

и пародия на пение у Преображенского – явления художественно неоднородные. 

Можно считать подобное сопоставление ироническим, наряду 

с отдельными элементами сарказма. 

Многие оттенки иронии и переходной иронии к сарказму можно наблюдать 

в «Белой гвардии» при характеристике хозяина дома, инженера 

Василисы и его жены. Вот один из примеров: «Мозги и суп с постным маслом, 

как и следовало ожидать, были лишь симптомами той омерзительной 

болезни скупости (прямое отрицание – Н.Э), которой Василиса заразил 

свою жену (явно ироническое слово – «заразил»). На самом деле у Ванды 

были маринованные грибы, телятина, вишнёвое варенье, коньяк Шустова...». 

3 Создаётся противопоставление: у них была еда хорошая, ещё 

довоенная, но они ели постный суп. Именно такое положение и создаёт 

условие для появления иронии. Однако писатель идёт дальше. Он говорит 

о том, что у Ванды скаредность доходила до того, что она « хранила продукты 

до порчи.» Здесь уже явно видна линия от иронии к злой иронии – 

1 М. Булгаков. Багровый остров. М., 1990, с. 325. 



173

сарказму. Но подобная скаредность весьма напоминала поведение гоголевской 

«прорехе на человечество» – Плюшкина. Поэтому на поведение супругов 

накладывалось и подтекстовое сатирическое напоминание о персонаже 

Н. Гоголя. Однако гротеском данные образы считать было бы преувеличением: 

после ограбления Василиса, лишившись денег, стал как-то 

человечнее. Вспомним высказывание Николки о нём. 

Персонаж другого произведения – «Театрального романа» – Максудов 

на писательском пиру послушал рассказы Бондаревского о Париже, а 

затем прочёл книгу на данные темы. Указанные обстаятельства так подействовали 

на него, что, будучи больным и находясь в бреду, он во сне видел 

бондаревский Париж: «Париж стал совершенно невыносим...И как ни 

талантлив Измаил Александрович, но уж очень противно в Париже..» 1 . 

Внутреннее содержание отрывков текста о Бондаревском таково, что признаётся 

его талант, но отрицается тематика данной книги. Как известно, пёс 

Шарик в период подготовки первой операции тяпнул за ногу доктора Борменталя. 

Это была первоначальная размолвка, а затем они помирились. Но в 

сцене появления управдома Швондера Шарику захотелось укусить управдома: 

«Вот бы тяпнуть за пролетарскую мозолистую ногу. За все издевательства 

вашего брата» 2 . А затем Шарик понял, что его вмешательства не требуется, 

что его новый хозяин сам «тяпнет» этого пришедшего нахала. Он не мог 

представить – как, но знал, что тяпнет! И действительно, Преображенский 

так «тяпнул» Швондера, что всё домоуправление ушло оплёванным. Подобное 

положение так обрадовало благородного пса, что он совершил перед 

Филипп Филиповичем какой-то своеобразный намаз! И мысли Шарика (условность 

в ироническом аспекте) уже тянут на сарказм. Желание Шарика явно 

разделял и Преображенский, а сцена расправы со Швондером уже демонстрирует 

данную форму комического. 

Переход сарказма к сатире виден в подтексте рассказа Бомбардова 

об анекдотическом случае с бывшим сановником, а ныне актёром, серьёзно, 

но с иронической задумкой, ему начинает подыгрывать Максудов. И 

то, что в Независимом театре указанной истории придали такое большое 

значение, заставляет подумать об истинной значимости данной истории и 

постепенном нарастании от иронии к сарказму, а затем к сатире. Пример 

прямого отрицания – инвективы видится в следующем высказывании: 

«Они напрасно думают, – говорит Преображенский, – что террор им поможет, 

Нет-с, нет-с! Не поможет, какой бы он ни был: белый, красный и 

даже коричневый! Террор совершенно парализует нервную систему» 3 . 

Коричневый, т.е фашистский. 

1 М. Булгаков. Театральный роман. М., 1989, с. 274-276. 

2 М. Булгаков. Белая гвардия. М., 1989, с. 326. 

3 М. Булгаков. Белая гвардия. М., 1989, с. 331. 

174

Таким образом, переходные формы комического, переходы от юмора 

к иронии, от иронии к сарказму, от сарказма к сатирическому отрицанию 

в творчестве М. Булгакова широко представлены. Однако данные переходные 

формы свидетельствуют о преимущественно ироническом повествовании 

во всех произведениях писателя. 

nino eTeria 

komikuri formebi mixeil bulgakovis 

prozaSi 

mixeil bulgakovis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb sinamdvile cnobili gaxda 

meoce saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. dReisaTvis, rodesac ukve gaanalizebulia 

mwerlis Semoqmedebis mravali mxare, Seqmnilia safuZvliani 

narkvevi mis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebaze, komikuris gamoxatvis formebis 

Seswavlis Temebi jer-jerobiT ar gamxdara kvleviT literaturaSi 

mniSvnelovani. mocemuli statia warmoadgens komikuris gardamavali 

formebis funqcionaluri specifikis gamovlenis mcdelobas m. 

bulgakovis SemoqmedebaSi. satiruli motivebi, saxeebi, groteskuli 

sawyisebi SeiZleba mravali mwerlis nawarmoebebSi arsebobdes, magram 

yoveli maTgani ar aris komikuri gamoxatvis forma. m. bulgakovis 

SemoqmedebaSi farTod aris warmodgenili komikuri gamoxatvis gardamavali 

formebi, gadasvla iumoridan sarkazmze, sarkazmidan satirul 

uaryofaze. Tumca mocemuli gardamavali formebi upiratesad Txrobaze 

miuTiTebs mwerlis yvela nawarmoebebSi. 

175

NINO ETERIA 

THE COMIC FORMS IN MIKHAIL BULGAKOV’S TEXTS 

The truth about M. Bulgakov’s works became known in 1960’s. Although 

his literary legacy is studied well and there exist many fundamental researches 

and biographies, the forms and the comic expressioused by Bulgakov 

ns still remain insignificant for the scholars. The paper is one of the few attempts 

to expose specific transitional forms of comic in M. Bulgakov’s works. 

There are many satirical motives, modes, grotesque sources in many writers 

works, but not all of them are forms of comic expression. The passing comic 

forms – from humor to irony, from irony to sarcasm, from sarcasm to satirical 

negation – are widely introduced in Bulgakov’s works. However, given passing 

forms mainly testify ironical narration in all of his works. 

176



t. I, 2007 

i s t o r i a , a r q e o l o g i a 

kaxaber fifia 

neronis kavkasiuri laSqrobis miznebisa 

da mimarTulebis sakiTxisaTvis 

ax.w. 63w. romisa da parTia-somxeTis aTwliani omi kompromisuli 

zaviT dasrulda. romi Tanaxma iyo parTielTa samefo saxlis warmomadgeneli, 

tiridate somxeTis mefed ecno, magram im pirobiT, Tu 

es ukanaskneli romSi gamocxaddeboda da samefo insigniebs imperatorisagan 

miiRebda 1 . amgvarad, xangrZlivi omi somxeTisaTvis faqtobrivad 

romaelTa marcxiT dasrulda _ armeniaSi parTiis kandidati gamefda, 

imperia ki mxolod misi nominaluri vasalobiT dakmayofilda. 

armeniis krizisis metnaklebad mogvarebis Semdeg, romis sagareo 

politikaSi aRmosavleTis sakiTxi ar amowurula, Tumca imperiis 

orientaluri politikis ZiriTadma veqtorma CrdiloeTiT gadainacvla. 

rogorc Cans, imperatori neroni (54-68ww.) armeniaSi warumateblobis 

kompensacias garkveulwilad SavizRvispireTSi romis poziciebis 

ganmtkicebiT Seecada. 63w. gauqmebul iqna vasaluri polemoniduri 

pontos samefo. misi teritoria provinciad gamocxadda. imave 

dros bosforic uSualod romis proteqtoratis qveS moeqca. neronis 

brZanebiT yirimsa da kavkasiis sanapiroze ganlagebul iqna romauli 

samxedro nawilebi, xolo ZiriTad navsadgurebs 40 xomaldisagan 

1 neronis principatis dros romaelTa somxeTSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb 

dawvr. ix. n. lomouri. romisa da amierkavkasiis qveynebis urTierTobisa- 

Tvis ax.w. I saukuneSi. _ Tsu Sromebi, t. 77, 1959, gv. 132-138; О. В. Кудрявцев. 

Римская политика в Армении и Парфии в первой половине правления Нерона. – Вестник 

древней истории, 1948, №3, gv. 52-65; О. В. Кудрявцев. Рим, Армения и Парфия 

во второй половине правления Нерона. – Вестник древней истории, 1949, №3, gv. 46- 

62; Т. Моммзен. История Рима, т. V. М., 1949, gv. 346-355; Ф. Я. Коськё. Поход Пета в 

Армению в 61-62 гг. н.э. и поражение римской армии при Рандейе. – Ученые записки 

Московского государственного педагогического института имени В. И. Ленина, 1960, 

№153, gv. 80-92; А. Г. Бокщанин. Парфия и Рим, ч. II. М., 1966, gv. 188-203; К. В. 

Тревер. Очерки по истории культуры древней Армении. II в. до н.э. - IV в. н.э. М.-Л., 

1953, gv. 212-215. 


177

Semdgari eskadra icavda 1 . 

ase rom, TiTqmis mTeli SavizRvispireTi romis mflobelobaSi 

aRmoCnda, magram es mxolod dasawyisi iyo neronis farTomasStabiani 

gegmisa, romelsac iTvaliswinebda kavkasiaSi grandiozuli laSqrobis 

mowyobas. neroni am laSqrobisaTvis didi mondomebiTa da Cveuli pompezurobiT 

emzadeboda. 66w. rCeuli italieli axalgazrdebisagan dakompleqtda 

axali, gansakuTrebuli legioni, romelsac àleqsandre 

didis falanga~ ewoda 2 . britaneTidan gamoyvanil iqna erT-erTi sauke- 

Teso legioni _ XIV Martia Victrix. aRmosavleTisaken daiZrnen germaniisa 

da iliriis legionebic 3 . Tumca, kavkasiuri laSqroba CaiSala, 

radganac 68w. galiaSi dawyebuli vindeqsis ajanyebis gamo, neroni 

iZulebuli gaxda jarebi ukanve gaewvia 4 , male ki TviTonac TviTmkvlelobiT 

daasrula sicocxle. 

neronis mier ganzraxuli didi kavkasiuri laSqrobis miznisa da 

mimarTulebis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, 

rac wyaroTa monacemebis gansxvavebulobiT aris gamowveuli. tacitusis 

(55-120ww.), svetoniusisa (daaxl. 70-160ww.) da dion kasiosis 

(daaxl. 153-235ww.) cnobebiT, es laSqroba mimarTuli iyo kaspiis 

viwrobebisa (claustra Caspiarum) Tu kaspiis karebisaken (Caspia portas) 

5 . amasTan, am laSqrobis mizani mxolod tacituss aqvs aRniSnuli. 

misi cnobiT, britaneTSi, germaniasa da iliriaSi Sekrebili jarebi 

neronma `kaspiis viwrobebisaken gagzavna im omisaTvis, romelsac is 

albanelebis winaaRmdeg amzadebda~. 6 

gansxvavebul da ufro vrcel cnobas gvaZlevs pliniusi (23/24- 

79ww.): `saWiroa aq Seswordes mravalTa Secdoma, sxvaTa Soris, ma- 

Tic, vinc amas winaT oms awarmoebda armeniaSi korbulonTan 7 erTad, 

radganac isini kaspiisas uwodeben iberiis karebs, romelTac ewode- 

1 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-IIss. politikuri ur- 

TierTobebi. Tb., 2005, gv. 52-54, 68-75; k. fifia. traianes aRmosavluri politika 

da saqarTvelo. Tb., 2005, gv. 11-12. iqve ix. sakiTxis irgvliv arsebuli 

wyaroebi da literatura srulad. 

2 Suet., Nero, 19. 

3 Tac., Hist., I, 6; Т. Моммзен. Итория Рима, V.., gv. 356, Sen. 3. 

4 Tac., Hist., I, 6. 

5 svetoniusis cnobiT, ìs (neroni) amzadebda eqspedicias aseve kaspiis 

karebisaken...~ (Suet., Nero, 19), dion kasiosis Tanaxmad ki, `...neroni ar wavida... 

arc eTiopiisaken da arc kaspiis karisaken, rogorc es ganzraxuli 

hqonda~ (Dio Cass., LXIII, 8,1). 

6 Tac., Hist., I, 6. 

7 korbuloni gneus domicius _ romaeli strategosi da politikuri mo- 

Rvawe, neronis dros somxeTSi romauli jarebis mTavarsardali. 

178

aT, rogorc aRniSnuli gvqonda, kavkasiis [karebi]. gegmebze, romlebic 

gadaRebuli da iqidan gamogzavnil iqna, es saxelia aRniSnuli. 

swored aseve, eqspedicia, romelsac imperatori neroni amzadebda da 

romelic, rogorc amboben, kaspiis karebisaken unda dawyebuliyo, sinamdvileSi 

ganzraxuli iyo im karebisaken, romlebsac iberiidan sarmatebisaken 

mivyavarT~. 1 

amrigad, gansxvavebiT tacitusisagan, romelic neronis eqspedicias 

kaspiis viwrobebis mimarTulebiT albanelTa winaaRmdeg gamiznulad 

miiCnevda, pliniusi laSqrobis miznad iberiidan sarmatiaSi mimaval 

kavkasiis karebs asaxelebs da saerTod ar axsenebs albaneTs. wyaroTa 

aseTi winaaRmdegobrivi monacemebidan gamomdinare ki, gasakviri ar unda 

iyos, rom am kampaniis Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa Soris erToblivi azri ar 

arsebobs. mecnierTa nawili upiratesobas tacitusis cnobas aniWebs da 

ramdenadac iq saubaria albanelebis winaaRmdeg dagegmil omze, miiCnevs, 

rom eqspedicia mimarTuli iyo albaneTis teritoriaze mdebare 

kaspiis viwrobebis, e.i. darubandis gasasvlelisaken. mag., tacitusis 

cnoba yovelgvari kritikis gareSe gaiziara v. Surma neronis aRmosavluri 

politikisadmi miZRvnil Tavis specialur gamokvlevebSi 2 . mkvlevris 

azriT, neronis mier ganzraxuli laSqroba warmoadgenda ajanyebul 

albanelTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul sadamsjelo eqspedicias; albaneTis 

damorCilebiTa da derbentis gasasvlelis gakontrolebiT, neroni 

miznad isaxavda somxeT-parTiis CrdiloeT sazRvarTa gamagrebas; 

garda amisa, romi teritoriuladac dauaxlovdeboda mokavSire hirkanias 

da amasTan, xelSi Caigdebda transkavkasiur savaWro-sanaosno 

gzas 3 . v. Suris es mosazreba jer kidev 1924w. uaryo e. houlma 4 , xolo 

j. andersonma damajereblad aCvena, rom samxedro TvalsazrisiT, 

ajanyebul albanelTa dasamarcxeblad, nerons araferSi sWirdeboda 

jarebis gagzavna derbentisaken, romelic albaneTis ukidures Crdilo-aRmosavleT 

kuTxeSi mdebareobda; misTvis ufro advili iqneboda 

albanelebis damarcxeba dablob albaneTSi; amasTan, Tu ki nerons derbentSi 

misvla SeeZlo, albaneTi mas ukve dapyrobili eqneboda 5 . rac Se- 

1 Plin., NH, VI, 16, 6. 

2 W. Shur. Die Orientpolitik des Kaisers Nero. – Klio, Beiheft XV, 1923; W. Shur. Untersuchungen 

zur Geshichte der Kriege Corbulos. – Klio, Bd. XIX, Heft 1, 1923; W. Shur. Zur Neronischen 

Orientpolitik. – Klio, Bd. XX, 1925. 

3 W. Shur. Die Orientpolitik.., gv. 4-26. 

4 E. Hohl. recenzia W. Shur-is naSromze: “Die Orientpolitik des Kaisers Nero”. – Deutsche 

Literaturzeitung für Kritik der internationalen Wissenschaft, 1924, Heft 11, gv. 915-920. 

5 J. G. Anderson. The Eastern Frontier from Tiberius tu Nero. – Cambridge Ancient History, 

vol. X, 1934, gv. 884. 

179

exeba romis savaWro-ekonomikur interesebs, unda aRiniSnos, rom transkavkasiur 

savaWro magistrals am periodisaTvis ukve ar hqonda imdenad 

didi mniSvneloba, rom nerons misi xelSi Casagdebad grandiozuli laSqroba 

moewyo 1 . amdenad, v. Suris mTeli es koncefcia wyaroebSi ver poulobs 

dasabuTebas 2 da mkvlevarTa mier uaryofilia. 

rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, tacitusisagan sruliad gansxvavebul 

cnobas gvawvdis pliniusi. antikuri wyaroebis gansxvavebuli monacemebis 

Sejereba da maT Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis axsna scada 

T. momzenma. igi upiratesobas aniWebs pliniusis cnobas da miiCnevs, 

rom neronis eqspedicia mimarTuli iyo kavkasiis anu darialis karisaken, 

xolo tacitusis ìstoriaSi~ albanelebi SecdomiT arian dasaxelebuli 

alanebis magier; amdenad, tacitusis teqstSi Àlbanos~ 

unda Seswordes Àlanos~-ad 3 . T. momzenis es mosazreba gaziarebulia 

mkvlevarTa umravlesobis mier da dResdReobiT samecniero literaturaSi 

ZiriTadad miCneulia, rom neronis mier ganzraxuli kavkasiuri 

laSqroba mimarTuli iyo alanTa winaaRmdeg 4 da miznad isaxavda 

darialis gasasvlelze kontrolis dawesebas. Cven ZiriTadad viziarebT 

am mosazrebas da SevecdebiT, mis sasargeblod ramdenime damate- 

1 n. lomouri. romisa da amierkavkasiis qveynebis..., gv. 147; n. lomouri. 

dion kasiosis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Tb., 1966, gv. 127-128; Я. А. 

Манандян. О торговле и городах Армении. Ереван, 1954, gv. 52-57; Я. А. Манандян. 

Цель и направления подготовлявшегося Нероном Кавказского похода. – Вопросы истории, 

№7, 1946, gv. 69-70; О. В. Кудрявцев. Восточная политика Римской империи в начале 

правления Нерона (Критический обзор историографии вопроса). – Вестник древней 

истории, 1948, №2, gv. 90-92. 

2 v. Suris mosazrebas mTlianad imeorebs v. gaidukeviCi (ix. В. Ф. Гайдукевич. 

Боспорское царство. М.-Л., 1949, gv. 331-332), xolo k. treveris azriT, 

neronis kavkasiuri laSqroba mimarTuli iyo albanelebis winaaRmdeg 

da miznad isaxavda darubandis gasasvlelis Caketvas. Tumca, v. Surisagan 

gansxvavebiT, k. treveri Tvlis, rom am gasasvlelis gakontrolebiT 

nerons surda aRekveTa momTabare alanebis amierkavkasiaSi SemoWra (К. 

В. Тревер. Очерки по истории и культуре Кавказской Албании. М.-Л., 1959, gv. 121- 

126); am mosazrebis argumentirebuli kritika ix. n. lomouri. dion kasiosis 

cnobebi..., gv. 129-130. 

3 Т. Моммзен. История Рима, V.., gv. 356-357. 

4 tacitusis cnobebis al. gamyreliZiseul gamocemaSi aRniSnuli fragmentis 

qarTuli Targmani gaugebrobas iwvevs. ZiriTad qarTul teqstSi 

gaTvaliswinebulia T. momzenis mosazreba da dafiqsirebulia alanebi 

(ix. tacitusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. laTinuri teqsti qarTuli 

TargmaniT, Sesavali narkveviTa da komentarebiTurT gamosca al. gamyreliZem. 

Tb., 1973, gv. 125), magram komentarebsa da paralelur laTinur 

originalSi saubaria albanelebze (tacitusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.., 

gv. 125, gv. 133, Sen. 65). 

180

iTi argumentis motanas. 

pirvel rigSi, gvinda SevexoT uSualod wyaroebs. marTalia, 

pliniusis cnobebi saerTo jamSi sandoobiT Camouvardeba antikuri 

istoriografiis udidesi warmomadgenlis, tacitusis naSroms, magram, 

am SemTxvevaSi pliniusis cnoba ufro damajereblad gamoiyureba. jer 

erTi, pliniusi CvenTvis saintereso ambebTan qronologiurad ufro 

axlos dgas, vidre tacitusi. pliniusi neronis Tanamedrove iyo. is 

cxovrobda ax.w. 23/24-79 wlebSi. misi naSromis neronis epoqisadmi 

miZRvnili wignebi, gamoqveynda 68-77ww. Soris 1 , maSin, roca tacitusis 

ìstoriis~ imave epoqis amsaxveli nawili daiwera sakmaod didi 

xnis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 107 wels 2 , yovel SemTxvevaSi, 110 wlamde 3 , 

amasTan, tacitusis naSromi warmoadgens uZvirfases wyaros sakuTriv 

romSi momxdari movlenebis Sesaxeb, magram imperiis aRmosavluri politikis 

da aRmosavleTis provinciebis aRwerisas misi sandoobis xarisxi 

sagrZnoblad dabalia. aRmosavleTi tacitusis ZiriTadi interesis 

obieqts ar warmoadgenda 4 . rogorc Cans, tacitusi aRmosavlur 

provinciebSi arasdros yofila da kargad ar icnobda iqaur pirobebs. 

aRmosavleTis Sesaxeb tacitusis cnobebSi xSiria gaugebrobebi; misi 

aRwerilobis mixedviT laSqrobaTa marSrutebis dadgena Znelia; is 

iZulebuli iyo gaemeorebina Tavisi wyaroebis topografiuli monacemebi 

da ar hqonda maTi gadamowmebis saSualeba 5 . 

garda amisa, rogorc cnobilia, darialis gasasvlels Zveli mwerlebi 

sxvadasxva saxeliT ixseniebdnen. mag., ptolemaiosi (IIs.) Tavis 

`geografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi~ mas sarmatTa kars uwodebs, zogier- 

Ti ki, kaspiis karsac arqmevda 6 . rogorc Cans, romaul oficialur 

1 О. В. Кудрявцев. Истчоники Корнелия Тацита и Кассия Диона по истории походов 

Корбулона в Армению. –Вестник древнней истории, 1954, №2, gv. 130-135. 

2 О. В. Кудрявцев. Истчоники Корнелия Тацита.., gv. 129. 

3 berZeni da romaeli istorikosebi, Tb., 1998, gv. 233; Публий Корнелий Тацит. 

Анналы. Малые произведения. История. М., 2003, gv. 785. 

4 О. В. Кудрявцев. Истчоники Корнелия Тацита.., gv. 130. Cvens konkretul SemTxvevaSic, 

tacitusis ZiriTadi interesis sagans warmoadgens imperator 

galbas (68-69ww.) romSi Sesvlis droisaTvis qalaqSi Seqmnili situacia 

da swored am konteqstSi, sxvaTa Soris axsenebs, rom am dros romSi 

Tavmoyrili iyo neronis mier Sekrebili, kavkasiuri eqspediciisaTvis 

gamiznuli jarebi (Tac. Hist., I, 6). 


6 pliniusis `kavkasiis karebis~, tacitusis `kaspiis gzisa~ da ptolemaiosis 

`sarmatiis karebis~ (Cl. Ptol. Geogr., V, 8, 11) identurobis Sesaxeb ix. g. gozaliSvili. 

kaspiis kari. _ enimkis moambe, V-VI, Tb., 1940, gv. 469-477; tacitusis 

cnobebi..., gv. 36-37, 131, Sen. 23; В. И. Модестов. Сочинения Корнелия Тацита, т. 

II. М., 1887, gv. 280, Sen. 180; Публий Корнелий Тацит. Анналы.., gv. 829, Sen. 48. 

181

dokumentebSic kaspiisa da kavkasiis karebi xSirad erTmaneTSi ereodaT 

da darialis gasasvleli sxvadasxva saxeliT iyo fiqsirebuli. 

amitom pliniusi am sakiTxze sagangebod Cerdeba da aRniSnavs: `saWiroa 

Seswordes mravalTa Secdoma, sxvaTa Soris, maTic, vinc amas winaT 

oms awarmoebda armeniaSi korbulonTan erTad, radganac isini kaspiisas 

uwodeben iberiis karebs, romelTac ewodebaT, rogorc aRniSnuli 

gvqonda, kavkasiis [karebi]. gegmebze, romlebic gadaRebuli da 

iqidan gamogzavnili iqna, es saxelia aRniSnuli~. 1 aq pliniusi gulisxmobs 

korbulonis Canawerebs, romelsac es ukanaskneli, yoveli 

kampaniis an raime mniSvnelovani movlenis Semdeg, moxsenebebis saxiT 

gzavnida senatSi. es Canawerebi pliniusis mier gamoyenebuli iqna neronis 

sikvdilisTanave 2 . amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom pliniuss 

xelT hqonda oficialuri dokumentebi, igi mainc ar eTanxmeba maT, 

iseve, rogorc sxva avtorebs (`saWiroa Seswordes mravalTa Secdoma~), 

romlebsac erTmaneTSi ereodaT kaspiisa da kavkasiis karebi 3 . 

aqedan gamomdinare Cans, rom pliniusma zustad icoda Tu romel karebze 

iyo saubari da akonkretebs `...eqspedicia, romelsac imperatori 

neroni amzadebda da romelic, rogorc ambobdnen, kaspiis karebisaken 

unda dawyebuliyo, sinamdvileSi ganzraxuli iyo im karebisaken, 

romlebsac iberiidan sarmatebisaken mivyavarT~. 4 

yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg, Cveni azriT, pliniusis cnobis 

sisworeSi eWvis Setana Zalze Znelia. garda amisa, neronis mmarTvelobis 

periodSi aRmosavleTSi Seqmnili samxedro-politikuri koniunqturidan 

gamomdinare, gamoricxulad migvaCnia, rom kavkasiuri la- 

Sqroba mimarTuli yofiliyo albanelebis winaaRmdeg. rogorc vnaxeT, 

kavkasiaSi igegmeboda grandiozuli eqspedicia. am laSqrobisaTvis Seiqmna 

specialuri legioni, jarebi gamoiyvanes iliriidan, germaniidan da 

britaneTidan. migvaCnia, rom albaneTis dasamorCileblad roms ar das- 

1 Plin. NH, VI, 16, 6. 


3 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT srul gaugebrobas iwvevs i. manandianis Semdegi 

gancxadeba _ `tacitusisa da svetoniusis cnobebi aRniSnuli laSqrobis 

mimarTulebisa da miznis Sesaxeb... jer kidev ax.w. I saukuneSi uaryofil 

iqna plinius ufrosis mier~ (Я. А. Манандян. Цель и направления..., gv. 68). 

im avtorebSi, romelTac ar eTanxmeba pliniusi, ar SeiZleba tacitusi da 

svetoniusi igulisxmebodnen, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom es ukanasknelni 

ufro mogviano xanaSi moRvaweobdnen, da im dros, roca maTi naSromebi 

iwereboda, pliniusi ukve didi xnis gardacvlili iyo; piriqiT, rogorc 

cnobilia, pliniusis naSromi warmoadgenda rogorc tacitusis, aseve mogviano 

xanis sxva avtorebis, erT-erT wyaros. 

4 Plin. NH, VI, 16, 6. 

182

Wirdeboda evropis aseTi Soreuli, strategiulad mniSvnelovani sasazRvro 

provinciebidan ZiriTadi Zalebis gamoyvana; im periodisaTvis 

aRmosavleTSi koncentrirebuli samxedro nawilebi sruliad sakmarisi 

iyo ara Tu SedarebiT susti albaneTis dasapyrobad, aramed bevrad ufro 

farTomasStabiani RonisZiebebis gansaxorcieleblad 1 . 

da bolos, mesame da, Cveni azriT, yvelaze mTavari argumenti im 

mosazrebis sasargeblod, rom es laSqroba mimarTuli iyo darialis 

gasasvlelisaken alanTa winaaRmdeg, aris im periodisaTvis imierkavkasiaSi 

da uSualod darialis misadgomebTan Seqmnili viTareba, rasac 

mkvlevarebi ratomRac yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen. amasTan, neronis kavkasiuri 

laSqrobis miznebisa da mimarTulebis gageba, Cveni azriT, SeuZlebelia 

mTlianad ax.w. I saukuneSi romis saerTo-aRmosavluri, da 

kerZod, SavizRvispireTSi gatarebuli politikis gaazrebis gareSe. 

jer kidev gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebSi. logikurad gaCnda 

kiTxva: ra saWiro iyo darialis gasasvlelisaken sagangebo eqspediciis 

mowyoba da misi gamagreba, rodesac igi mokavSire iberebis xelSi 

iyo. es sakiTxi, Cveni azriT, savsebiT samarTlianad dasva i. manandianma 

2 da es im mecnierTa erT-erT ZiriTad arguments warmoadgens, 

romlebic ar iziareben pliniusis cnobas da neronis mier dagegmili 

eqspediciis mimarTulebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi gaaCniaT 3 . 

aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema scada n. lomourma. mkvlevarma 

samarTlianad aRniSna, rom, marTalia, iberia romis mokavSire qveyanas 

warmoadgenda, magram romSi kargad xedavdnen, rom iberia arc 

Tu ise erTguli iyo da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi iberiis mmarTvelebs 

SeeZloT alanTa gamoyeneba TviTon imperiis sawinaaRmdegodac 4 . Tumca, 

rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs mkvlevari, neronis kavkasiuri laSqrobis mi- 

1 neronis mmarTvelobisas, jer kidev 57-63ww. dasavleTidan aRmosavle- 

Tisaken gadaisroles rCeuli legionebi _ IV Scythica, V Macedonica 

da XV Apollinaris. garda amisa, kapadokia-armeniis sazRvarze Tavmoyril 

iqna saukeTeso Zalebi iliriidan, egviptidan da mokavSireTa mier 

gamogzavnili damxmare jarebi (ix. k. fifia. romi da.., gv. 72-73). 

2 Я. А. Манандян. Цель и направления.., gv. 71-72. i. manandiani sruliad gansxvavebul 

lokalizacias aZlevs kaspiis viwrobebs. misi azriT, kaspiis 

karebSi igulisxmeba ara darialis an darubandis gasasvleli, aramed 

awindeli axalqalaqisa da sof. xospias raioni. i. manandianis mtkicebiT, 

aq Tavi unda moeyaraT neronis legionebs da aqedan, e.w. meotidakolxeTis 

magistraliT, e.i. kolxeTze gavliT, unda elaSqraT alanTa 

winaaRmdeg. am mosazrebis sruli usafuZvlobis Sesaxeb ix.: n. lomouri. 

romisa da amierkavkasiis qveynebis..., gv. 146-153. 

3 К. В. Тревер. Очерки по истории т культуре Кавказской Албании.., gv. 121. 

4 n. lomouri. romisa da amierkavkasiis qveynebis..., gv. 148-149; n. lomouri. 

dion kasiosis cnobebi..., gv. 130-131. 

183

marTulebis sakiTxi ar SeiZleba sabolood gadaWrilad CaiTvalos 1 . 

rogorc cnobilia, darialis gasasvlels romisaTvis strategiuli 

mniSvneloba hqonda. misi meSveobiT imperias SeeZlo Crdilokavkasieli 

nomadebis moZraobis daregulireba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mravalricxovani 

damxmare samxedro Zalebis gadmoyvana da sakuTari survilisamebr 

gamoyeneba 2 . mag., imperator tiberiusis (14-37ww.) mmarTvelobis 

dros, parTia-romis dapirispirebisas, iberiis mefe farsman I-ma 

kaspiis gziT (darialis gasasvleli _ k.f.) gadmoiyvana imierkavkasieli 

momTabareebi da maTi daxmarebiT SeZlo parTelebis somxeTidan 

gaZeveba 3 . Tumca, mogvianebiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi situacia Seicvala 

da neronis mmarTvelobis periodisaTvis iberebi, marTalia, darialis 

gasasvlels akontrolebdnen, magram maT ukve aRar SeeZloT momTabareTa 

damxmare Zalebis gadmoyvana. 

imierkavkasiaSi gansaxlebuli sarmatuli tomebi or ZiriTad dajgufebad, 

sirakebisa da aorsebis politikur gaerTianebad iyofoda. 

sirakebs eWiraT imierkavkasiis teritoria azovis zRvidan Terg-sunjis 

raionamde, xolo maTi aRmosavleTiT, md. sulakamde dasaxlebuli 

iyvnen aorsebi 4 . sirakebi da aorsebi istoriulad erTmaneTis mtrebi 

iyvnen da maT Soris urTierToba mudmivad daZabuli iyo 5 . 

Is. 50-ian wlebamde imierkavkasiaSi darialis xeobis misadgomebi 

sirakTa xelSi iyo. isini tradiciulad iberebis mokavSireebi iyvnen 6 . 

swored sirakebi exmarebodnen 35 wels farsmans parTiis winaaRmdeg 

brZolaSi, xolo sarmatTa meore nawili, romelic, tacitusis cnobiT, 

parTelebis dasaxmareblad midioda 7 , aorsebi iyvnen. Tumca, maT 

1 n. lomouri. dion kasiosis cnobebi..., gv. 130. 

2 s. janaSia. adreuli feodalizmi. _ Sromebi, II, Tb., 1952, gv. 181-182; m. 

inaZe. kaspiis kari. dariali, darubandi ax.w. I-IV saukuneTa saerTaSoriso-diplomatiur 

urTierTobebSi. _ qarTuli diplomatia, 3. Tb., 1996, gv. 

49-54; k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-IIss.., gv. 29-30; Н. 

Ю. Ломоури. Грузино-римские взиамоотношения. Тб., 1981, gv. 105-106. 

3 Tac., Ann., VI, 33-36. 

4 sarmatuli tomebis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb ix. z. anCabaZe, T. bocvaZe, g. 

TogoSvili, m. cincaZe. Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis narkvevebi, 

nakv. I, Tb., 1969, gv. 24; Очерки истории Адыгей, т. I. Маикоп, 1957, gv. 55-56; Очерки 

истории Карачаево-Черкесии, т. I. Ставрополь, 1967, gv. 49-50; История народов Северного 

Кавказа с древнейших времен до конца XVIII в. Под редакцией Б. Б. Пиотровского. 

М., 1988, gv. 78-85. 

5 В. Б. Виноградов. Сарматы Северо-Восточного Кавказа. – Чечено-Ингушский научноисследовательский 

институт при совете министров ЧИАССР. Труды, т. VI. Грозный, 

1963, gv. 161-164; История Северо-Осетинской АССР, т. I. Орджоникидзе, 1987, gv. 47. 

6 В. Б. Виноградов. Сарматы Северо-Восточного Кавказа.., gv. 161. 

7 Tac., Ann., VI, 33. 

184

ver moaxerxes amierkavkasiaSi Semosvla, ramdenadac derbentis gza 

zafxulobiT gauvali iyo, xolo kavkasiis sxva gadasasvlelebs iberebi 

da maTi mokavSire sirakebi akontrolebdnen 1 . 

ase rom, Is. 30-ian wlebSi sirakebi iberTa mxares ibrZodnen da 

amdenad, romaelTa mokavSired gamodiodnen, xolo aorsebi romis mowinaaRmdege 

parTelebisaTvis cdilobdnen daxmarebis gawevas. magram, 

mogvianebiT situacia Seicvala. sirakebisa da romaelTa interesebi 

erTmaneTs daupirispirda bosforis taxtisaTvis brZolaSi 2 . 

jer kidev avgustusis (Zv.w. 27 _ ax.w. 14ww.) mmarTvelobis periodidan, 

bosforSi imperiis poziciebis ganmtkicebis mizniT, romi 

cdilobda ponto-bosforis gaerTianebuli samefos Seqmnas da amdenad, 

Savi zRvis samxreTi, aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeT sanapiroebis erTi 

xelisuflebis qveS gaerTianebas. Zv.w. 14w., romaelTa daxmarebiT, vasaluri 

polemoniduri pontos mefe polemon I bosforis taxtzec 

avida. magram, man ver moaxerxa bosforSi Zalauflebis Senaruneba. 

Zv.w. 8w. polemoni meotur tomebTan brZolaSi daiRupa 3 , ris Semdegac 

bosfori CamoSorda pontos samefos. bosforis taxtze adgilobrivi 

dinastiis warmomadgeneli, aspurgi avida da romi iZulebuli gaxda 

igi mefed ecno 4 . avgustusis msgavsad, imperatorma kaligulamac (37- 

41ww.) scada ponto-bosforis gaerTianebuli samefos Seqmna. am mizniT 

man bosforis taxti kvlav polemonidebs, amjerad ukve polemon 

II-s gadasca 5 . Tumca, bosforis taxtis kanonierma memkvidrem, miTridatem 

Tavi mefed gamoacxada, polemoni ki pontoSi darCa da mas realurad 

xeli ar miuwvdeboda bosforze. Seqmnil situaciaSi romaelebi 

iZulebuli gaxdnen isev daTmobaze wasuliyvnen da 41w. imperatorma 

klavdiusma (41-54ww.) bosforis mefed miTridate VII aRiara 6 . 

1 В. Б. Виноградов. Сарматы Северо-Восточного Кавказа.., gv. 161; История Северо- 

Осетинской АССР.., gv. 59-60. 

2 bosforisaTvis brZolaSi aziuri sanapiros tomebi jer kidev Zv.w. I s. 

Sua xanebidan iRebdnen aqtiur monawileobas. bosforze gansakuTrebiT 

Zlier zewolas sirakebi axorcielebdnen (ix. История народов Северного Кавказа..., 

gv. 80-81). yvela samxedro SetakebaSi, rac ki dafiqsirebulia sxvadasxva 

saxis wyaroebSi, bosforis mowinaRmdegeebad Cveulebriv gamodian 

tavro-skviTebi da sirakebi. tavro-skviTuri tomebi yirimis mxridan, 

xolo sirakebi aRmosavleT azovispireTidan moqmedebdnen. es ukanasknelni 

bosforisaTvis ZiriTad safrTxes warmoadgendnen (В. Ф. Гайдукевич. 

Боспорское царство.., gv. 337). 

3 Dio Cass. LVI, 24, 4; Strabo. XI, 2, 11; XII, 3, 29. 

4 С. Ю. Сапрыкин. Понтийское царство. М., 1996, gv. 326-327. 

5 Dio Cass. LIX, 12,1. 

6 ix. k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi I-II ss., gv. 49-50; В. 

185

omaelTa mxridan daTmobam, miTridate kidev ufro gaaqtiura 

da amjerad, man ukve romis gavlenisagan mTlianad gaTavisufleba scada, 

magram, 44/45w. meziidan gagzavnilma romaulma legionebma miTridate 

bosforidan gaaZeves, taxtze ki misi Zma, kotisi aiyvanes 1 . devnil 

miTridates mxari dauWira sirakebis tomTa gaerTianebam. am ukanasknelTa 

daxmarebiT, miTridate ieriSze gadavida. romauli jarebis 

mcirericxovnebis gamo, kotisi kritikul situaciaSi aRmoCnda, magram 

aq Tavi iCina sarmatul tomebs Soris arsebulma gaTiSulobam da ur- 

TierTmtrobam. romaelebma da kotisma moaxerxes sirakTa mezobeli da 

metoqe aorsTa mefe evnone miTridates winaaRmdeg erTobliv moqmedebaze 

daeTanxmebinaT. 49 wels miTridatesa da misi mokavSire sirakebis 

winaaRmdeg, romael legionebTan erTad, aorsTa cxenosani urdoebic 

gamovidnen. aorsTa konfederaciisa da romaelTa Zalebma gamanadgurebeli 

dartyma miayenes sirakebis tomTa kavSirs 2 . 

amdenad, Tu tiberiusis dros, sirakebi iberiis da Sesabamisad, 

romis interesebisaTvis ibrZodnen somxeTSi, klavdiusis dros viTareba 

Seicvala da isini romis mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi aRmoCndnen; ma- 

Tma istoriulma mtrebma, aorsebma ki romis mokavSireoba ikisres. am 

ukanasknelTa daxmarebiT, imperiam, marTalia, moaxerxa bosforze Tavisi 

gavlenis SenarCuneba, magram is erTbaSad ramdenime gauTvaliswinebeli 

problemis winaSe aRmoCnda. jer erTi, miTridatem, romelic 

sirakebis ganadgurebis Semdeg adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWeris 

gareSe darCa, daxmarebisaTvis ukve aorsTa mefe evnones mimarTa da 

misi Tavis mxareze gadayvana scada. evnonem mas, marTalia, samxedro 

mxardaWeraze uari ganucxada, magram TavSesafari misca da klavdiuss 

mosTxova misTvis sicocxle SeenarCunebinaT 3 . romis mmarTvel wreebs 

ar SeeZloT imis daSveba rom maTi Zalze saSiSi mowinaRmdege Tavisufali 

da Tanac, barbarosTa garemocvaSi yofiliyo, magram maT arc imis 

saSualeba hqondaT, rom ucnob, miuval da meomari barbarosuli tomebiT 

dasaxlebul adgilebSi axali samxedro moqmedebebi daewyoT 4 . Seqmnil 

situaciaSi imperator klavdiuss didi diplomatiuri Zalisxmeva 

Ф. Гайдукевич. Боспорское царство.., gv. 326-327; Е. С. Голубцова. Северное Причерноморье 

и Рим на рубеже нашей эры. М., 1951, gv. 128. 

1 Tac. Ann., XII, 15. 

2 Tac. Ann., XII, 15-17; В. Ф. Гайдукевич. Боспорское царство.., gv. 327-328; В. Б. Виноградов. 

Сарматы Северо-Восточного Кавказа.., gv. 161; История Северо-Осетинской 

АССР, т. I.., gv. 59-60. 

3 Tac. Ann., XII, 18-19. 

4 Tac. Ann., XII, 20; В. Ф. Гайдукевич Боспорское царство.., gv. 218; Е. С. Голубцова. 

Северное Причерноморье и Рим.., gv. 129. 

186

dasWirda imisaTvis, rom imperiis prestiJis Seulaxavad, aorsebs miTridate 

romisaTvis gadaecaT, Tumca iZulebuli gaxda misTvis sicocxle 

SeenarCunebina 1 . miTridate romSi sakmaod didi xnis manZilze cxovrobda 

da mxolod imperator galbas (68-69ww.) mmarTvelobis dros, ukve 

sxva danaSaulisaTvis, nimfidiusis SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis gamo, dasajes 

sikvdiliT 2 . ase rom, romma aSkarad dainaxa, rom maTi axali mokavSireebi 

_ aorsebi, arc Tu ise saimedoni iyvnen da iseT arastabilur 

regionSi, rogoric iyo CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis barbarosuli sivrce, 

maTze dayrdnobis imedi ar unda hqonoda. 

garda amisa, 49 wels romaelebisa da aorsebis mier sirakebis 

tomTa kavSiris damarcxebis Semdeg, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi sarmatul 

tomebs Soris arsebuli ZalTa balansi dairRva. iberiis tradiciulma 

mokavSireebma, sirakebma dakarges hegemonoba Tergi-sunjis raionSi, 

ris Sedegadac darialis gadmosasvlelis mimdebare teritoria daikava 

sarmatTa axalma jgufma _ alanebma 3 . alanebi sirakebis mosisxle 

mtrebi iyvnen da amdenad, pirvel xanebSi mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili 

sirakTa amierkavkasieli mokavSireebis, iberebis mimarTac 4 . 

yovelive amasTan erTad, alanTa gamoCenis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT 

gaZlierda sarmatuli tomebis zewola bosforze. alanebi, romlebic 

CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi, rogorc realuri Zala, gamoCndnen ax.w. 

Is. 50-60-ian wlebSi, maleve Caudgnen saTaveSi aRmosavleT azovispireTisa 

da CrdiloeT kavkasiis sarmatul tomTa kavSirs, Sedegad ki, 

sarmatuli tomebis aqtiuroba bosforis mimarTulebiT erTiorad gaizarda 

5 . 

axla rac Seexeba uSualod Cven sakvlev problemas. rogorc vnaxeT, 

alanTa gamoCenam imierkavkasiaSi didi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. alanTa 

xelSi gadavida darialis xeobis misadgomebi da imave dros gaZlierda 

sarmatuli tomebis zewola bosforze. ai, aseTi iyo neronis mmarTvelobis 

periodisaTvis CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Seqmnili situacia. 

1 Tac. Ann., XII, 20; Е. С. Голубцова. Северное Причерноморье и Рим .., gv. 129. 

2 Plut. Galba, 13, 15. 

3 В. Б. Виноградов. Сарматы Северо-Восточного Кавказа.., gv. 164. werilobiT wyaroebSi 

alanTa saxeli pirvelad swored I s. SuaxanebisaTvis Cndeba (ix. 

Ю. А. Кулаковский. Аланы по сведениям классических и византийских писателей. Киев, 

1899, gv. 102. alanTa Sesaxeb ix. agreTve: К. Ф. Смирнов. Сарматские племена 

Северного Прикаспия. – Краткие сообщения института материальной культуры, 

34, 1950, gv. 109-110; Очерки истории Карачаево-Черкесии.., gv. 49-50; История народов 

Северного..., gv. 85-86). 

4 В. Б. Виноградов. Сарматы Северо-Восточного Кавказа.., gv. 164. 

5 В. Ф. Гайдукевич Боспорское царство.., gv. 337, 543, Sen. 46. 

187

ogorc aRiniSna, darialis gadmosasvlels romisaTvis strategiuli 

mniSvneloba hqonda. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi darialis xeobis misadgomebis 

iberiisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili alanebis mier dakavebiT, 

faqtobrivad igi Caketili aRmoCnda da amdenad, roms ukve aRar SeeZlo 

imierkavkasiidan momTabareTa damxmare razmebis gadmoyvana da maTi 

samxedro resursebis gamoyeneba. es kargad gamoCnda armeniaSi korbulonis 

kampaniis dros. Tu Is. 30-ian wlebSi somxeTisaTvis brZolaSi, 

sarmatuli tomebis sirakTa dajgufeba aqtiurad ibrZoda parTiis winaaRmdeg, 

neronis dros, imave somxeTisTvis mimdinare bevrad ufro 

farTomasStabian omSi, isini wyaroebSi ukve aRar ixseniebian. aqedan 

gamomdinare, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom alanTa winaaRmdeg laSqroba 

daigegma swored darialis mimarTulebiT. 

laSqrobisaTvis mzadebis masStabebidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, 

rom mis mizans ar warmoadgenda mxolod darialis gakontroleba. 

Cveni azriT, mzaddeboda bevrad ufro grandiozuli operacia. am la- 

Sqrobis miznebi gacilebiT ufro didi rom iyo, vidre amierkavkasiaSi 

darialis xeobis misadgomebTan wesrigis damyareba, mowmobs Tundac is 

faqti, rom misi momzadebis Sesaxeb icoda yvela avtorma, vinc ki werda 

neronis epoqaze. garda amisa, migvaCnia, rom mxolod darialis gakontrolebisaTvis 

saWiro ar iyo specialurad axali legionis formireba, 

evropul provinciebSi _ iliriaSi, germaniasa da britaneTSi dislocirebuli 

jarebis, romlebic mTeli imperiis samxedro ZalebSi gamoirCeodnen 

Tavisi brZolisunarianobiT, aRmosavleTisaken gadasrola. darialis 

gakontroleba, Cveni azriT, iyo neronis mier dagegmili farTomas- 

Stabiani kampaniis mxolod pirveli etapi. 

am laSqrobis saboloo miznebis gageba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, 

SeuZlebelia neronisa da mTlianad romis saerTo-aRmosavluri politikis 

gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. dagegmili eqspedicia, Cveni azriT, pirdapir 

ukavSirdeba neronis politikas SavizRvispireTSi da warmoadgens 

am politikis logikur gagrZelebas. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, neronma 

somxeTSi warumateblobis kompensireba SavizRvispireTSi romis 

poziciebis ganmtkicebiT scada. am mizniT romaelebma SavizRvispireT- 

Si daiwyes gegmazomieri RonisZiebebis gatareba. 62w. meziidan yirimSi 

gadasrolil iqna romauli jarebi momTabareTa mier alyaSi moqceuli 

xersonesis dasaxmareblad. romaelebma skviTebi ukuagdes 1 , magram CrdiloeT 

SavizRvispireTis qalaqebs kvlav emuqreboda momTabareTa Tavdasxmis 

safrTxe. maSin neronis brZanebiT yirimsa da kavkasiis sanapiroze 

ganlagebul iqna romauli garnizonebi. meotida-pontospireTSi 

1 В. Н. Дьяков. Оккупация Таврики в Iв. н.э. – Вестник древней истории, №1, 1941, gv. 92. 

188

imperiis interesebs 3000 mZimed SeiaraRebuli meomari da 40 samxedro 

xomaldi icavda 1 . magram, neronis xelisufleba amiTac ar dakmayofilda 

da bosfori uSualod romis proteqtoratis qveS iqna moqceuli 

2 . 63w. ki romaelebma gaauqmes polemoniduri pontos samefo da 

misi teritoria, kolxeTTan erTad, provinciad gamoacxades 3 . 

ase rom, neronma avgustusisa da kaligulas msgavsad, scada Savi 

zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTi, aRmosavleTi da CriloeTi sanapiroebis 

erT _ mTlian administraciul-politikur erTeulad Camoyalibeba, 

rac saukeTeso saSualeba iqneboda romis gavlenis gasaZliereblad 

SavizRvispireTSi da romlis ganxorcielebasac romaelebi didi xnis 

manZilze uSedegod cdilobdnen. amasTan, neronis politika misi winamorbedebis 

gegmebTan SedarebiT bevrad ufro radikaluri iyo. Tu avgustusi 

da kaligula cdilobdnen ponto-bosforis gaerTianebas da 

mis taxtze romisaTvis sasurveli kandidatis ayvanas, neronma mTeli 

regionis uSualod romis provinciul sistemaSi CarTva scada. aseT 

viTarebaSi nerons, misi politikuri figuris mTeli odiozurobis miuxedavad, 

ar SeiZleboda ar gaeTvaliswinebina is, rom am gegmis yvelaze 

susti wertili bosfori iyo da SavizRvispireTis erTi xelisuflebis 

qveS gaerTianebis idea orive SemTxvevaSi swored CrdiloeT 

SavizRvispireTis barbarosuli tomebis aqtiurobis gamo Cavarda. 

romis xelisuflebisaTvis aSkara unda yofiliyo, rom bosforSi romis 

poziciebis gamyareba, SeuZlebeli iyo Crdilokavkasiel momTabare 

tomebze garkveuli kontrolis dawesebis gareSe. vfiqrobT, swored 

am mizniT daigegma alanTa winaaRmdeg darialis mimarTulebiT laSqroba, 

romelic miznad isaxavda mTlianad imierkavkasiaSi momTabare 

tomebis gakontrolebas. es gegma ki Tavisi masStabebidan gamomdinare, 

marTlac rom uprecedento da sakmaod Znelgansaxorcielebeli Canda. 

magram, neronis zRvargadasuli ambiciurobidan gamomdinare, moulodneli 

ar unda yofiliyo mis mier iseTi grandiozuli eqspediciis dagegmva, 

romelic warmatebiT ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, imperators 

marTlac rom didebis SaravandediT Semosavda. 

1 Jos. Flav., Bell. Jud., II, 366-368; М. И. Ростовцев. Римские гарнизоны на Таврическом 

полуострове и Айтодорская крепость. – Журнал министерства народного просвещения, 

1900, кн. 3, gv. 141-159. 

2 В. Ф. Гайдукевич. Боспорское царство.., gv. 330. 

3 k. fifia. romi da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi.., gv. 52-54. 

189

KAKHABER PIPIA 

TO THE ISSUE OF GOALS AND DIRECTIONS OF NERO’S 

CAUCASIAN CAMPAIGN 

At the beginning of the 60s of the 1 st century A.D., Nero tried to unify 

Northern and Eastern Black Sea Coast under the dominion of the sole ruler. For 

this purpose a direct protectorate under the kingdom of Bosporus was established 

in 62, and in 63 the territory of the kingdom of Polemonian Pontus was 

declared as a province of Rome. By the order of Nero, Roman garrisons were 

dislocated in the Crimea and on the Caucasian Sea Coast. After these measures 

Nero began the preparation for the grandiose campaign in the Caucasus. Selected 

legions from Britain, Germany and Illyria began moving to the East. Especially 

for this campaign a new legion was formed – “Phalange of Alexander the 

Great”. But as a result of the rebellion started by Vindex in Gallie, this campaign 

was disrupted. 

190



t. I, 2007 

nargiza gamisonia 

papebis saero xelisuflebis warmoSobis 

winapirobebis Sesaxeb 

rogorc cnobilia, qristianoba Caisaxa palestinaSi I saukuneSi 

da igi iyo iudevelTa erT-erTi seqta, saxeldobr seqta nazarevelTa. 

qristianobis Semdgomi istoria _ esaa istoria qristianul sazogadoebaTa, 

mTeli romis samyaroSi maTi gavrcelebis, iudevel elementebisagan 

qristianobis ganTavisuflebisa da romis imperiis socialur-politikur 

da kulturul formebTan misi Seguebisa. qristianul 

sazogadoebaTa organizaciasa da maT socialur SemadgenlobaSi 

momxdar cvlilebaTa Sesabamisad icvleboda agreTve qristianuli 

ideologiac, romelic TandaTan wyvetda kavSirs arqaul qristianoba- 

Si arsebul revoluciur ideebTan. ax. w. Is. dasasruls qristianuli 

sazogadoebani arsebobda romis imperiis yvela msxvil qalaqebSi. Tavisi 

adgilmdebareobis, wevrTa ricxvis simravlisa da simdidris meoxebiT 

romis qristianTa sazogadoebam gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moipova 

yvela danarCen qristianul sazogadoebaTa Soris. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom romis istoria qarTul istoriografiaSi sakmaod kargad 

aris Seswavlili, am saxiT naSromis gamoqveyneba saWirod CavTvale, 

vinaidan, Cemi mizania qarTul sazogadoebas, romelic dainteresebulia 

qristianuli eklesiis, kerZod, kaTolikuri eklesiis istoriiT, 

romelic Sua saukuneebSi iyo dasavleT evropis religiuri da sulieri 

cxovrebis warmmarTveli Zala, mivawodo garkveuli masala kaTolikuri 

eklesiis aqtiur monawileobaze sazogadoebis politikur 

cxovrebaSi da swored am fonze warmovaCino, Tu rogor cdilobdnen 

papebi gamxdariyvnen saero Zalauflebis mflobelebi. 

mas Semdeg, rac ierusalimSi jvars acves ufali ieso qriste, 

misi mociqulebi Tanaxmad macxovris sityvisa, maSinve Seudgnen axali 

sarwmunoebis qadagebas. ukve ori saukunis Semdeg cnobili qristiani 

RvTismetyveli da mwerali kvintus septus florens tertuliane 

(160-220ww.), werda: “guSin mosulebi varT, magram ukve avavseT Tqveni 

(warmarTebis) qalaqebi, kunZulebi, simagreebi, saqalaqo TviTmmarT- 

191

velobani da samxedro banakebic ki”. 1 

qristianobis swrafi gavrcelebis mizezi, pirvel rigSi, TviT 

sarwmunoebis xasiaTidan gamomdinareobda: igi ar yofda adamianebs socialuri 

da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mixedviT. qristianuli sarwmunoeba 

umweo xalxs qomagobda da morwmuneebs codvebis mitevebasa 

da maradiul cxovrebas hpirdeboda. Raribebisa da Ratakebis, monebis 

ricxvi romsa da mis samflobeloebSi, ra Tqma unda metad didi iyo, 

swored isini gaxdnen pirvelni _ axali religiis Tayvanismcemelni. 

imperiis qalaqebsa da sxva dasaxlebul punqtebSi iqmneboda qristianuli 

Temebi. qristianoba TandaTan msoflio religia xdeboda, Tumca 

manamde, yovel xalxs, yovel Tems Tavisi RmerTi hyavda. TviT romSi 

cnobili romaeli mwerlis, swavlulisa da saxelmwifo moRvawis gaius 

plinius sekundusisa (23/24, _ 79ww.) da aranakleb cnobili romaeli 

filosofosis, dramaturgisa da politikuri moRvawis senekas 

TqmiT, yovel xalxmraval moedanze ufro meti RmerTebis qandakebebi 

idga, vidre adamianebi 2 . amasTan, xSirad erTmaneTis maxloblad esvena 

egvipturi ZaRlis an xaris Taviani kerpebis, sparsuli, berZnuli da 

romis mier dapyrobili sxva xalxebis RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebi. yovelive 

es xalxSi da gansakuTrebiT romis aristokratiaSi mravalRmerTianobis 

STabeWdilebas qmnida da romauli religiebisadmi urwmunoebas 

iwvevda. jer kidev romaeli mwerali da mecnieri varoni (Zv. 

w. 116-27ww.) Tavis wignSi “religiuri siZveleebi” winaswarmetyvelebda, 

rom romSi male religia daiRupeba “ara gareSe mtris Tavdasxmis, 

aramed moqalaqeTa mier misi ugulebelyofis Sedegad”. 3 

amasTan im garemoebam, rom qristes mociqulebs ara marto ramdenime 

erTimeores mimarT mtrulad ganwyobil saxelmwifoebSi uxdebodaT qristianobis 

qadageba, aramed romis imperiaSi, romelmac gaaerTiana xmelTa- 

Sua zRvis mTeli auzi, daangria kedlebi xalxebs Soris da imperatoris 

kultis saxiT saerTo oficialuri religia Seqmna da Zlier Seasusta 

adgilobrivi RmerTebisadmi _ kultebisadmi pativiscema, gaadvila axali, 

sxvadasxva xalxebis mimarT Semwynareblurad ganwyobili sarwmunoebis 

gavrceleba. Is. meore naxevarSi qristianobis gavrcelebis centrma elinur 

sazogadoebaSi gadainacvla. pirveli eklesia, romelic berZnebisagan 

Sedgeboda, antioqiis Temi iyo. Semdeg Seiqmna aleqsandriis Temi. 

1 Тертулиан. О прескрипции [против] еретиков. http://www.biblicalstudies.ru/Lib/Father2/Tertulian4.html 

(rusulad), http://www.tertullian.org/ (inglisurad), (О крещении, 

О плоти Христа, Апология), http://www.svitlo.net. 

2 Лукиан. Избранные атеистические произведения. М., 1955, gv. 113. 

3 С. Г. Лозинский. История папства. М., 1986, gv. 17. 

192

amrigad, qristianoba iudaizmidan TandaTan emansipirebuli da 

universaluri gaxda mTeli msofliosaTvis 1 . I saukuneSi qristianuli 

Temebi iqmneboda imperiis qalaqebsa da sxvadasxva dasaxlebul punqtebSi. 

isini erTad ikribebodnen salocavad, saaRsarebod, satrapezod. 

ar arsebobda saeklesio organizacia, ar yavdaT dogmatikosebi da saeklesio 

Tanamdebobis pirebi. adreqristianuli Temebi gmobdnen simdidres, 

magram II-III saukuneebSi qristianul organizaciaSi gaerTiandnen 

saSualo da zogjer maRali fenis warmomadgenlebic ki. “qonebrivi 

nakadis” SemoWriT pirvandeli qristianuli Temis Semadgenloba 

socialurad Seicvala. TandaTan Camoyalibda ierarqiuli organizacia. 

eklesiaSi mTavar rols asrulebdnen winaswarmetyvelebi da mociqulebi, 

didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen agreTve presviterebi anu 

(xucesebi) 2 . 

II saukunidan qristianuli Temis mTavar Cins episkoposi (mzrunveli 

an zedamxedveli) warmoadgenda. igi TandaTanobiT umaRlesi xelmZRvaneli 

gaxda. episkoposi ganagebda sazogadoebis qonebas, romelic 

Sedgeboda Semowirulobebisa da saCuqrebisagan, rac sakmao siuxviT 

Semodioda qristianul sazogadoebebSi da imave dros is iyo sazogadoebis 

warmomadgeneli saero xelisufalTa winaSe”. 3 

pirvel saukuneSi romis saxelmwifo Seubraleblad devnida qristianebs 

da am devnam ufro meti Zala SesZina axal sarwmunoebas. 

“rac ufro met tanjvas gvayeneben, miT ufro mravldeba morwmuneTa 

ricxvi”, werda IIs. pirveli naxevris filosofosi da saeklesio mwerali 

iustine wamebuli (105-165) 4 . qristianuli Temebis ricxvis 

zrdasTan erTad episkoposebis irgvliv ikrebebodnen Tanamdebobis pirebi, 

romelTa movaleobaSi, garda qadagebisa, Sedioda finansebis, sasamarTlo-policiuri 

da sxva sakiTxebis gadaWrac. episkoposi, rogorc 

morwmuneTa sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli, Temis saTaveSi moeqca 

da Tavis Tavze aiRo rwmenis sakiTxSi meTvalyureoba 5 . II saukunis 

Suaxanebidan calkeuli Temebi mWidro kontaqts amyareben erTmaneT- 

Tan. rogorc wesi, SedarebiT mdidari Temebis episkoposebi xdebian 

sxva ufro Raribi Temebis xelmZRvanelebi. “ekonomikurad Zlieri Temis 

xelmZRvaneli absoluturi xelmZRvaneli xdeba”. 6 

1 Е. Гергей. История папства. Перевод с венгерского. М., 1996, gv. 15. 

2 Е. Гергей. История папства.., gv. 17. 

3 v. sergeevi. Zveli romis istoriis narkvevebi, naw. II., Tb., 1941, gv. 678. 

4 Церковь Христова. Саранск, 1991, gv. 29-30. 

5 С. Г. Лозинский. История папства.., gv.10. 

6 Е. Гергей. История папства .., gv. 18. 


193

II saukunis meore naxevarSi qristianuli Temi gadaiqca urTier- 

TdakavSirebuli eklesiebis farTo qselad. calke regionebs, Temebs 

saTaveSi edga qalaqSi arsebuli saepiskoposo 1 . episkoposebma, miiRes 

ra uZrav-moZravi qonebis SeZenis ufleba, es farTod gamoiyenes TavianT 

saqmianobaSi. IV saukuneSi saero xelisufleba afrTxilebda eklesias, 

rom zomebi iqneboda miRebuli imaT mimarT, romlebic Tavian- 

Ti gamorCenisaTvis eqspluatacias gauwevdnen “mamakacebis religiur 

grZnobebs da qalebis sisustes”. 2 am gafrTxilebis Tanaxmad, 370w. saeklesio 

Tanamdebobis pirebs aekrZalaT qvrivebisa da oblebis saxlebis, 

anderZebis da saCuqrebis miReba. 20 wlis Semdeg imperator Teodosius 

I-ma (379-395ww.) gaamkacra es gafrTxileba da misi darRveva 

Seafasa, rogorc motyueba da amkrZalavi kanonis eSmakuri miznebisaTvis 

gamoyeneba 3 . magram imperatoris xelisufleba ukve Zalze dasustebuli 

iyo da mas naklebad eridebodnen. 455w. gauqmda yovelgvari 

akrZalva saeklesio sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebiT. 

episkoposebma xelisuflebisagan miiRes mniSvnelovani nawili im 

uzarmazari qonebisa, romelsac adre warmarTuli RvTaebebis msaxurebi 

flobdnen. episkoposebis simdidris zrdasTan erTad eklesia gadaiqca 

Zlevamosil miwaTmflobelad 4 . pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba 

hqonda im garemoebas, rom mxolod episkoposebsa da mRvdlebs SeeZloT 

evqaristiis (ziarebis) saidumloebis, e. i. qristianuli kultis 

yvelaze mniSvnelovani aqtis Sesruleba. mowyalebis darigeba, trapezebisa, 

TavSesafarTa, mgzavrTa misaRebi saxlebis mowyoba, sazogadoebis, 

saxsrebis gankargva savsebiT damokidebuli iyo episkoposebis da 

misi xelqveiTi krebulisagan. “vinc episkoposs sZuls, igi unda 

sZuldes sazogadoebis mTel xalxs”, 5 _ vkiTxulobT II saukunis 

erT-erT darigebaSi. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ixveWen episkoposebi 

romis imperiis yvelaze TvalsaCino qalaqebSi: aleqsandriasa, karTagensa, 

konstantinopolsa, antioqiasa da romSi. II saukunis damlevidan 

da gansakuTrebiT III saukunidan yvela qristian episkoposTa Soris 

Tavisi materialuri ZaliTa da gavleniT gamoirCeva centraluri 

romis sazogadoebis episkoposi _ momavali romis papi. 

samagierod eklesiam mTeli Tavisi gavlena mmarTveli klasis samsaxurSi 

Caayena, Seecada ra gaenelebina monebisa da kolonebis brZo- 

1 Е. Гергей. История папства.., gv. 18 

2 С. Г. Лозинский. История папства.., gv. 10-11. 

3 С. Г. Лозинский. История папства.., gv. 11. 



194

la. erT-erTi krebis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, romlis gaziareba yvela 

qristianis valdebuleba iyo, “anaTemas gadaecemoda yvela, vinc 

waaqezebda monas batonisagan gaqceuliyo 1 . 

saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis dacemisa da saxelmwifo aparatis 

SesustebasTan erTad, didgvarovani ojaxebidan gamosuli episkoposebi, 

romlebic didi gavleniT sargeblobdnen, mTavari pirebi gaxdnen qalaqebSi 

da regionebSi. gansakuTrebiT gaizarda romis episkoposis simdidre 

da gavlena. maTi gandidebisaTvis Seiqmna legenda, romlis mixedviTac 

isini pirdapiri memkvidreebi iyvnen wmida petres taxtisa 2 . 

ungreli istorikosis e. gergeis azriT, romis episkoposis pirvelobis 

damadastureblad srulebiT ar iyo saWiro wm. petres episkoposobis 

faqti, radgan Tu am ufrosobas davukavSirebT petres pirovnebas, 

maSin logikuri iqneboda, antioqia CagveTvala centrad, vinaidan 

wm. petre pirvelad iq moRvaweobda, magram romi Tavidanve idga 

antioqiaze maRla, gaxda ra dasavleTis qristianuli centri. romi, 

rogorc msoflios politikuri centri _ uzrunvelyofda romis 

episkoposebis primatobas 3 . 

romis episkoposis mier Tavisi Tavis qristianul samyaroSi um- 

Tavresad gamocxadebas ebrZodnen didi aRmosavluri Temebi, romlebic 

ufro adre iyvnen daarsebulni _ aleqsandriis, ierusalimis, antioqiis. 

aleqsandriis qronika ityobineboda, rom vespasianes (69-79ww) 

imperatorobis pirvel wels gardaicvala petres mociquli da ierusalimis 

patriarqi iakobi, romelic petrem romSi gamgzavrebamde daniSna 

Tavis nacvlad da ierusalimis episkoposad 4 . imis uflebas, CaTvliliyo 

petres daarsebulad, eklesiis “klded” (petra _ berZnulad 

kldes niSnavs) da ciuri samefos gasaRebis mflobelad, roms 

yvelaze metad da Seupovrad ierusalimi ecileboda 5 . 

romis episkoposebi kaliqst I-dan (kaliqstusi) (217-222ww) moyolebuli 

amtkicebdnen, rom maT ekuTvnodaT iuridiuli pirvelobac. 

romis episkoposebi miwaze “RvTis moadgileebad” iwodebodnen, rom 

“Svidi zecis” yvela kari maTi Sexedulebisamebr SeeZloT gaeRoT nebismieri 

mokvdavis winaSe da yvelaze saSineli codvilebic ki ganewmindaT 

da pirdapir samoTxeSi SeeSvaT. romis episkoposTa mtkicebiT, 

1 Н. А. Сидоров. Революционное движение римских рабов и колонов. – wgn.: Всемирная 

история, т. 3. М., 1957, gv. 81. 

2 Н. А. Сидоров. Революционное движение римских рабов и .., gv. 81. 

3 Е. Гергей. История папства.., gv. 20-22. 



195

omis miwa gansakuTrebiT mZafrad iyo gaJRenTili wamebulTa sisxliT 

da mociqulebis pavlesa da petres wamebam romSi es qalaqi samudamod 

aqcia msoflios uwmindes qalaqad. 

romis episkoposebi pretenzias acxadebdnen gansakuTrebul titulze, 

romelic ganasxvavebda maT sxva episkoposebisagan, marcelinma 

(296-304ww.) aRmosavleTidan gadaiRo es tituli da Tavis Tavs papi 

uwoda, berZnuli sityvidan _ “Pappas” _ mama, rogorc uwodebdnen 

episkoposs aRmosavleTSi. mxolod VII saukunis dasawyisSi iwoda am 

saxeliT, gamorCeviT romis episkoposi 1 . 

qristianobam sabolood gaimarjva konstantine I didis dros (305- 

317ww.) dros. 305 wels konstantine gaxda imperatori, romelic mxolod 

sikvdilis win 337 wels moinaTla. STamomavlobam mas “didi” uwoda. 

daimsaxura kidec es saxeli, radgan man SeZlo momavlis ganWvreta da 

saTaveSi Caudga did revolucias, romelic qristianobam moaxdina. 

konstantine ambobda: “qristianTa RmerTi mkacrad sjis maT, vinc 

Seuracxyofs mis kults da madliT avsebs maT, vinc emsaxureba”. 2 gadmocemis 

Tanaxmad, maqsceniusis winaaRmdeg brZolisas, rodesac konstantines 

romauli RmerTebi ar wyalobdnen, man daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa 

ieso qristes. am droisaTvis cnobili gaxda, rom maqsenciusis 

jaris tibrosis xidze gadasvlis dros xidi Caingra da igi jarTan 

erTad mdinareSi daixrCo 3 . TviT konstantines romisaken mimaval gzaze 

gamoecxada moCveneba, romelic jars miuZRoda win. Camavali mzis 

zemoT dainaxa ganaTebuli jvari berZnuli warweriT: “en tuto nika!” 

(amiT gaimarjve!). imave Rames mas gamoecxada ieso qriste da ubrZana 

jvris msgavsi droSa gaekeTebina. madlierebis niSnad konstantinem 

qristianoba aRiara da moinaTla 4 . 

mesame saukunis bolodan iwyeba axali xana romis imperiis istoriaSi. 

sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi avgustusidan (Zv. w. 27 _ ax. w. 

14ww.) diokletianemde (284-305ww.) TandaTan viTardeboda saimperio 

administracia, rasac Sedegad mohyva senatis, rogorc politikuri 

dawesebulebis sruliad gaqroba. gaimarjva centralizaciam. es evolucia 

diokletianeTi damTavrda. diokletianem bolo mouRo im anarqias, 

romelic gamefebuli iyo imperiaSi bolo naxevari saukune, gaamagra 

Seryeuli imperia da amas miaRwia tetrarqiiT _ rodesac Tavi- 

1 es iyo brZola `wiTel qvebTan~ (Saxa Rubra) – etruriaSi, sadac damarcxebuli 

iqna maqsenciusi 312w. v. sergeevi. Zveli romis.., gv. 852. 



4 Е. Гергей. История папства.., gv. 24-25. 

196

si xelisufleba or avgustussa da or keisars Soris gaanawila, Tumca 

namdvili imperatori marto diokletiane iyo. 

diokletianem icoda, rom imperiis erTianobis SenarCuneba mxolod 

erTian Zlier eklesias SeeZlo. misi mmarTveloba qristianuli 

moZRvrebis aRmavlobis xanas daemTxva. magram imperatorma alRo au- 

Ro Seqmnil mdgomareobas, man saxelmwifos ideologiur safuZvlad 

romauli panTeoni airCia. qristianebis devnam mis dros apogeas miaRwia. 

303w. diokletianem nikomediaSi gamosca ediqti, romliTac qristianebis 

xocva-Jleta daiwyo. 303w. 23 Tebervals daiwyo devna. am 

dRes sazRvari unda daedo diokletianes qristianobis gavrcelebisaTvis, 

magram saxelmwifos Setakeba eklesiasTan damTavrda saxelmwifos 

marcxiT. ufro metic, Setakebam gamoiRo sawinaaRmdego Sedegi _ 

gaCndnen qristiani “wamebulni”, romelTac qristianuli sarwmunoebisa 

da eklesiis avtoriteti gazardes ara marto qristianebis, aramed 

kerpTayvanismcemelTa TvalSic 1 . 

diokletianes dros qristianebis devnis sababad gadaiqca xanZari 

imperatoris sasaxleSi (nikomediaSi), romlis mizezad asaxelebdnen 

qristianebs. qristianebis devnis iniciativa gamomdinareobda qurumebisagan, 

romelTac Zlier sZuldaT qristianebi, rogorc Tavisi profesiuli 

metoqeebi. qurumobas mxars uWerda mosaxleobis erTi nawili, 

gansakuTrebiT aristokratia, inteligencia da TviT imperatori. 

diokletiane saxelmwifo saqmeebSi da pirad cxovrebaSi damarcxebis 

mizezad sTvlida qristianul demonebs (RmerTebs), gansakuTrebiT ki, 

mTavar RmerTs, qristes. 

diokletianes religiuri marcxis mizezi mdgomareobda pirvelyovlisa, 

TviT romis saxelmwifos Sinagan uZlurebaSi. diokletianes 

TviTmpyrobeluri politika Tavisi uzomo gadasaxadebiT, xdida saimperatoro 

xelisuflebas arapopularuls mosaxleobaSi, TviT moxeleTa 

Soris, romlebic daajarimes da romlebic dasjis SiSiT asrulebdnen 

imperatoris reskriptebs. imperiis ideologiuri dasayrdeni 

_ Zveli religia ki gaxrwnis gzaze idga. qurumobam, romelic dayofili 

iyo mraval kultad da romelic Tavs iyrida taZrebis garSemo, 

ukve dahkarga Tavisi gavlena. igi sustad iyo organizebuli. qristianebis 

eklesiis tipis saerTo organizacia qurumebs ar hqondaT. qristianulma 

eklesiam saberZneT-romis kultidan bevri crumorwmeneoba 

aiTvisa da ramdenime Secvlili saxiT Seitana Tavis qristianul ritualSi. 

meore mxriT, TviT warmarTTa kultebi da religiuri Sexedulebani 

qristianuli sarwmunoebis zegavleniT Seicvala. warmarTo- 

1 v. sergeevi. Zveli romis.., gv. 852. 

197

isa da qristianuli sarwmunoebis sinkretizmis yvelaze mkveTri dasturia 

kultis RmerTis miTras “gaqristianeba”. eklesiis mTavar warmatebad 

iTvleboda Zlieri saepiskopo organizacia, romelic IV saukunisaTvis 

ukve saerTaSoriso organizaciad gadaiqca. 

qristianuli eklesiis gamarjvebisa da saxelmwifos damarcxebis 

oficialuri damadasturebelia milanis ediqti, _ gamocemuli konstantinesa 

da misi TanammarTvelis _ liciniusis mier. 

“milanis ediqtSi” 1 miTiTebulia: “Cven, konstantinem da liciniusma, 

avgustusebma, SevikribeniT ra milanSi, rom gagvesaja yvela is 

saqmeebi, rac ki exeba saxelmwifos keTildReobas da uSiSroebas, gadavwyviteT, 

rom im sakiTxTa Soris, romlebic Cven amJamad gvainteresebs, 

araferi ise ar iqneboda sasargeblo Cveni xalxisaTvis, rogorc 

dadgena imisa, Tu ra saSualebiT SeiZleba samsaxuri RvTaebisadmi. 

Cven davadgineT: mivaniWoT qristianebs da yvela sxva sarwmunoebis 

warmomadgenlebs ufleba, Tavisuflad aRiaron is sarwmunoeba, romelsac 

isini amjobineben. Cven gvgonia kargi da gonivruli iqneba 

uari ar vuTxraT aravis Cvens qveSevrdomebs, iqneba is qristiani, Tu 

sxva kultis mimdevari, _ hqondes ufleba gayves im sarwmunoebas, 

romelic misTvis ufro Sesaferia. amrigad, RvTaeba, romlis Tayvaniscema 

dReidan yvela Cvengans Tavisuflad SeuZlia, _ gardmogvivlens 

Cven, Tavis mowyalebas da sikeTes”. 2 

qristianebs unda dabrunebodaT mTeli qoneba, rac devnis dros 

waarTves, da is adgilebi (Senobebi), sadac ikribebodnen qristianebi, 

ediqtis mixedviT qoneba ubrundeboda ara calkeul pirs, mag. episkoposs, 

aramed qristianul Temebs 3 . “milanis ediqti” aRiarebda sjul- 

Semwynareblobas da scnobda qristianuli sarwmunoebisa da eklesiis 

gaTanabrebas saxelmwifoebriv warmarT kultebTan. gaTanabrebis aRiareba 

ki, eklesiis organizaciis upiratesobis wyalobiT, TiTqmis udrida 

qristianuli sarwmunoebis gabatonebul sarwmunoebad gamocxadebas 

romis imperiaSi. 

qristianuli eklesiis saxiT saxelmwifom miiRo Zlieri organizacia, 

romlis gankargulebaSic iyo disciplinirebuli moxeleebis _ 

mitropolitebis, episkoposebis, presviterebisa da diakvnebis mTeli 

1 teqsti milanis ediqtisa Semonaxulia ori redaqciiT _ laktancis TxzulebaSi 

`mdevnelTa sikvdilis Sesaxeb~ da evsevis _ èklesiis istoriaSi~. 

2 Евсевий Памфил. Церковная история. М., 1993. eleqtronuli versia ix. 

http://christianity.shu.ru/Texts/eusebius/history.htm. qarTuli Targmani motanilia 

wignidan: v. sergeevi. Zveli romis.., gv. 854. 


198

Stati. garda amisa, iseTi mbrZanebluri xasiaTis adamians, rogoric 

iyo konstantine, eklesia izidavda Tavisi monarqiuli organizaciiT, 

avtoritetis winaSe qedis moxris tradiciiT, xelisuflebis RvTaebrivi 

warmoSobis moZRvrebiT, da respublikis dapirispirebis mimarT 

uaryofiTi damokidebulebiT. xolo eklesia, Tavis mxriv, garda sa- 

Cuqrebisa da privilegiebisa, iZenda saxelmwifoebriv Zalas da avtoritets, 

rac ase saWiro iyo eklesiis Sinagani mTlianobis Sesaqmnelad, 

Rebulobda samxedro Zalas “qristes sarwmunoebis mtrebisagan” 

da ucxo sarwmunoebaTagan dasacavad. konstantinem liciniusze gamarjvebis 

Semdeg, gamosca mTeli rigi dekretebisa saxelmwifoebrivi eklesiis 

interesebis sasargeblod. amiT aekrZala municipalitets _ 

aiZulon qristianebi miarTvan Sewirulobebi warmarT RmerTebs. eklesiis 

msaxurT neba daerTo gaeTavisuflebinaT monebi eklesiis SuamdgomlobiT 

da eklesiis sasargeblod. `TiToeuls, naTqvamia imperator 

konstantines mimarTvaSi xalxisadmi, neba eZleva sikvdilis win uanderZos 

wminda kaTolikur da marTlmadidebel Tems Tavisi qoneba, da 

es misi gadawyvetileba ar iqneba sadao”. 1 ufro gvian, 321w. konstantinem 

gamosca kanoni kvira dRis dResaswaulad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb 

da amiT qristianoba upirates mdgomareobaSi Caayena. 

`milanis ediqtis” Semdeg qristianulma eklesiam daiwyo zrunva 

Sinagan organizaciaze. morwmuneTa Soris Tavidanve iyvnen xeldasmulni 

_ mRvdlebi, romlebsac unda daecvaT sarwmunoebis simbolo, eqadagaT 

xalxisaTvis, SeesrulebinaT RvTismsaxureba. Semdeg TviT samRvdeloebaSi 

damyarda ierarqia: mRvdel-diakvanze maRla idga episkoposi, 

romelsac eqvemdebareboda erTi Temis saeklesio saqmeebi. Temis 

episkoposze maRla idga provinciis episkoposi anu arqiepiskoposi an 

mitropoliti. 

sami saepiskoposo kaTedra _ romis, aleqsandriis da antioqiis 

_ yvelaze mniSvnelovan saepiskoposoebad iTvleboda. TandaTan romis 

episkoposi, faqtobrivad, romis gamgeblad gadaiqca, radgan qalaqs 

dakarguli hqonda imperatoris administraciuli centris mniSvneloba 

2 . es procesi moicavda or etaps. 313 wlis “milanis ediqti” qristianobis 

Tavisuflebaze prologi iyo. qristianuli eklesia sakmaod 

swrafad aRmoCnda privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi, 325 wlidan ki avtokratiul 

saxelmwifo eklesiad gadaiqca. imperatorma saeklesio 

samflobeloebi gaaTavisufla saxelmwifo gadasaxadebisagan. mniSvnelovani 

Tanxebi episkoposebs eklesiaTa mSeneblobisaTvis da eklesia- 

1 v. sergeevi. Zveli romis.., gv. 855. 


199

Ta saWiroebisaTvis saxelmwifo xazinidan gadaecemodaT. 333 wlidan 

episkoposebma miiRes samoqalaqo saqmeebSi sasamarTlos warmarTvis 

ufleba. 

papi silvester I (314-335ww.) miT ufro siamovnebiT emorCileboda 

konstantines, rac ufro guluxv-sapatio privilegiebs Rebulobda 

iuridiul da finansur sferoebSi. V saukuneSi Seiqmna legenda, 

rom papma imperatori sibrmavisagan gankurna 1 . amave dros papma imperatorisagan 

rezidenciad miiRo lateranis sasaxle 2 . swored papisa da 

eklesiis momadlierebiT miaRwia konstantinem Tavisi moTxovnis gatarebas 

nikeis msoflio saeklesio krebaze. nikeis saeklesio krebaze 

marTlmadidebelma episkoposma aleqsandrem gakicxa ariozi, aleqsandriis 

presviteri, romelic uaryofda mama-RmerTisa da Ze-RmerTis er- 

Tarsobas. ariozis swavleba eresad iqna miCneuli. ariozma mravali 

momxre SeiZina aRmosavleTSi. konstantinem ivarauda, rom eklesiis 

ganxeTqilebas SeeZlo imperiisaTvis calkeuli teritoriebi Camoecilebina. 

imperatorTan daaxloebulma episkoposebma oroziusma da aleqsandrem 

SeimuSaves specialuri termini “Tanaarsi”, romelic mTel 

qristianul samyaroSi unda danergiliyo. nikeis saeklesio krebam 

325w. imperatoris TavmjdomareobiT SeimuSava marTlmadideblobis 

dogma _ sarwmunoebis simbolo 3 . 

imperatori ereoda saeklesio da religiur saqmeebSi. igi iTvleboda 

qristes memkvidred. Tumca konstantine Tavs mRvdelmTavrad ki ar 

cnobda, aramed `sagareo saqmeebis episkoposad” _ “episcopus extrancus” an 

“episcopus in externis”. 4 romi warmarTi RmerTebis qalaqi iyo, Tan Zalze 

daSorebuli imperiis aRmosavleTi sazRvrebisagan, romelsac gamudmebiT 

emuqreboda mtris Tavdasxmebi, rac asustebda romisa da italiis mniSvnelobas. 

konstantinem politikuri da religiuri centri aRmosavleT- 

Si, bosforze gadaitana. berZenTa axalSenis-bizantionis adgilas. 330 

wlis 11 maiss axal sataxto qalqad konstantinopoli gamocxadda. imperatoris 

bizantiaSi gadasvlam, xolo Semdeg dasavleT romis imperatoris 

ravenaSi gadasvlam gazarda papis avtoriteti. 

qristianulma eklesiam ver SeZlo win aRdgomoda xalxTa didi 

gadasaxlebis epoqaSi barbarosebis Semosevebis Sedegad dasavleT romis 

imperiis dacemas (476w.). provincielma episkoposebma kavSiri daamyares 

barbaros mefeebTan. isini Tanamedroveebs umtkicebdnen romis 





200

imperiis dacemis garduvalobas. IVs. saeklesio mwerlebi avgustini 

da misi mowafe oroziusi acxadebdnen, rom romis imperiam damsaxurebuli 

sasjeli miiRo, Tavisi garyvnilebisaTvis. romis politikuri 

mniSvnelobis SesustebiT papebis avtoriteti ufro gaizarda. Tanda- 

Tan yalibdeboda papis uzenaesi xelisufleba. papebs gauCndaT politikuri 

pretenziebi. ìtalia Cuqnida paps samflobeloebs, mis magaliTs 

baZavdnen galia, dalmacia, Soreuli afrikac ki”. marto siciliaSi 

papis sakuTrebaSi Sedioda 400 udidesi miwis nakveTi 1 . papebis 

xelisuflebis ganmtkicebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis leo I 

dids da grigol I dids. 

leo I iyo mRvdelmTavari da diplomati. igi pirveli papi iyo, 

romelsac mudmivi warmomadgeneli hyavda bizantiis imperatoris karze 

da amiT mis kavSirs imperatorTan politikuri mniSvneloba eniWeboda 

2 . xalxTa gadasaxlebis dros italiasa da roms faqtobrivad papi 

icavda. roca atilam 452w. venecia da liguria moaoxra, leo I 

atilas mravali saCuqari gadasca da italiidan wasvlaze daiTanxma 3 . 

455w. ki vandalTa mefis geizerixis razmebisagan ixsna romi. cdilobda 

ra papobis gaZlierebas, leo I-ma imperator valentin III-s gamoacemina 

dekreti papis gadawyvetilebisaTvis kanonis saxis micemis Sesaxeb 

4 . leo I-ma Teoriulad da Semdeg grigol I-ma praqtikulad TavianTi 

ekonomikuri da saeklesio-organizaciuli politikiT moamzades 

papebis saero xelisuflebisa da universaluri mmarTvelobisaTvis 

pirobebi 5 . 

grigoli warmoSobiT aristokratiuli ojaxidan, anciusebis Zv. 

romaeli patriciebis gvaridan _ senatoris Ze iyo. man romis prefeqtis 

adgils miaRwia, magram Semdeg berad aRikveca. papi grigol I uzanaesi 

xelisuflebis praqtikuli realizaciisas, sxvadasxva ekonomikuri 

da saeklesio-administraciuli saqmianobisas eyrdnoboda centralizebul 

CinovnikTa aparats _ e. w. kurias. grigol I-ma Tavisi 

pontifikatobis dros romis ierarqia daxurul kastad gadaaqcia. V 

1 С. Г. Лозинский. История папства.., gv. 40. leon didze da mis damokidebulebaze 

papis xelisuflebisadmi ix.: А. Л. Дворкин. Папа Лев Великий и развитие 

идеи папского верховенства. – wgn.: А. Дворкин. Очерки по истории Вселенской 

Православной Церкви. Курс лекций. Нижний Новгород, 2005. eleqtronuli versia 

ix. http://www.sedmitza.ru/index.htmldid=31494 ix. agreTve: http://halkidon2006.- 

narod.ru/o/sobor/578dvorkin.htm 




5 С. Г. Лозинский. История папства.., gv. 44 

201

saukunidan umaRlesma saeklesio ierarqiam xalxi CamoaSora arCevnebs. 

papobis politikuri pretenziebi eyrdnoboda mtkice materialur 

bazas miwaTmflobelobis saxiT. romis saepiskoposom Tavis xelSi gaaerTiana 

umdidresi miwebi. aristokratTa Semowirulobebis garda, saukeTeso 

miwebis fondis Sevseba da gazrda glexebis miwebis xarjzec 

xdeboda. gaweuli samsaxuris sanacvlod eklesia glexisagan miwis nakveTs 

Rebulobda, romelSic igi ijaras ixdida. misi sikvdilis Semdeg 

nakveTi eklesiis sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. eklesiis mfarvelobaSi 

Sesul glexs prekaristi ewodeboda. feodaluri urTierTobebis ganviTareba 

sul ufro met glexs aiZulebda eklesiisaTvis miemarTa da 

amis Sedegad adreul Sua saukuneebSi prekaristebis fena sagrZnoblad 

gaizarda. papis gamgeblobaSi gadasuli miwis nakveTebi papis mamulSi 

_ patrimonium _ gaerTianda da nel-nela mamulebis gamgebloba 

sasuliero pirebma igdes xelT. 

papis uzarmazar Semosavalze TviTon cifrebi metyveleben: `VI 

saukuneSi marto galiis mamulebs 400 oqros solidi amohqonda. roca 

imperatorma leon III isavrielma (717-741ww.) waarTva paps siciliisa 

da kalabriis mamulebi, Tavisi Semosavali 3,5 aTasi oqros talantiT 

gaizarda. papis siciliuri mamulebidan bizantiis saxelmwifo 

xazinaSi 1500 solidi Sedioda”. 1 grigol I Zalze did saxsrebs 

xarjavda romis langobardebisagan dasacavad da maTgan tyveebis gamosasyidad. 

papis samflobeloebidan romSi Semodioda kvebis produqtebi 

da mravali sxvadasxva dasaxelebis saqoneli, romlebic saeklesio 

sawyobebSi _ goreebSi inaxeboda. imperatoris xelisuflebis dacemas- 

Tan erTad papis goreebi did mniSnelobas iZenda romis yoveldRiur 

cxovrebaSi. yoveli Tvis pirvel ricxvSi goreebidan rigdeboda produqtebi, 

tansacmeli, Zvirfaseulobac ki. papis kancelarias siebi gaaCnda 

im pirebisa, romelTac goreebiT sargeblobis ufleba hqondaT 2 . 

amrigad, romSi saxelmwifo funqciebi TandaTan papis xelSi gadavida. 

papma miiRo samoqalaqo xelisuflebisagan naturaluri gadasaxadebis 

akrefis ufleba. papis goreebSi grovdeboda xarki. aqedan uxdidnen 

jars, Cinovnikebs, romlebic TandaTan eguebodnen azrs, rom maT 

aWmevs ara saxelmwifo, aramed romis papi. papis xelSi gadavida dedaqalaqis 

administracia, qalaqis wyliT momarageba, galavnis dacva da 

sxv. xalxi Seegua im azrs, rom papis qveSevrdomebi iyvnen da mas, rogorc 

xelisufals ise uyurebdnen. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi paps armiis 

Seqmnac SeeZlo. xSirad isini politikur molaparakebebs awarmoebdnen 



202

da Semrigeblebadac gamodiodnen dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris. 

gamyarebuli politikuri Zala saSualebas aZlevda paps Tavisi 

gavlena mTels evropaze gaevrcelebina. mravali episkoposi romis qve- 

Sevrdomi xdeboda. VIII saukunis dasawyisidan yoveli arqiepiskoposi 

da mitropoliti papis erTgulebaze debda fics da misgan garkveul 

safasurad Rebulobda palias _ gansakuTrebul sayelos. paliis gadacema 

garegnuli gamoxatuleba iyo im politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalisa, 

romelic papma moipova TiTqmis mTel evropaSi. papis politikuri 

Zalis ganmtkicebas xels uwyobda dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs 

Soris gaZnelebuli urTierTkavSiri. romsa da konstantinopols Soris 

mimosvla garTulda, rac arCeuli papis imperatoris mier damtkicebas 

agvianebda. sulieri kavSirebic SesamCnevad irRveoda. italia- 

Si daiviwyes berZnuli, veRar ecnobodnen mcire aziis religiur swavlebebs 

da germaneli xalxis gavlena TandaTan aSkara xdeboda. 

grigol I-isa da romis sasuliero pirebis mier bizantiis winaaRmdeg 

dawyebuli ajanyebis CaxSobam, romis dasapyrobad momzadebul 

langobardebs daanaxa bizantiis imperiis uxerxemloba da xelebi gauxsna 

italiaSi bizantiis samflobeloebis dapyrobisaTvis. imperiis 

mZime gadasaxadebiT Sewuxebuli mosaxleoba winaaRmdegobas ar uwevda 

langobardebs. aseT dros eklesiam xelSi Caigdo mosaxleobis oficialuri 

mmarTveloba arCeuli tribunebis saxiT. papebma TandaTan daiwyes 

gamomJRavneba TavianTi mTavari miswrafebis _ mTeli qristianuli 

samyaros saTaveSi dgomisa. isini Tavs uwodebdnen `RvTis konsulebs”, 

romelTac evalebodaT yvela qristianze zrunva. grigol I ver 

egueboda konstantinopolis patriarqis privilegirebul mdgomareobas 

da mis mier `msoflio” titulis miTvisebas. igi cdilobda daerwmunebina 

bizantiis imperatori, moecilebina konstantinopolis eklesiisaTvis 

aseTi ùRmerTo da amayi” tituli, radgan masze ufleba 

mxolod romis paps hqonda, radgan igi iyo wminda petres memkvidre 1 . 

grigol I-ma Tavisi TxzulebebiTa da netari avgustines 2 ideebis 

popularizaciiT didi gavlena moaxdina Sua saukuneebis azrovnebaze. 


2 avgustine netari, avgustine avreliusi (13.XI.354-28.VIII.430 – Cr. afrika), 

qristiani RvTismetyveli da filosofosi, das. eklesiis mamaTagani. 391w. 

ekurTxa mRvdlad, xolo 395w. – hiponis episkoposad. igi Zalian bevrs 

werda. misi mTavari Sromebia: àRsareba~ `RvTis qalaqi~, `samebis Sesaxeb~, 

`WeSmariti religiis Sesaxeb~. amis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix.: Г. Орлов. Блаженный 

Августин, епископ Иппонийский. eleqtronuli versia: http://www.librarium.orthodoxy.ru/orlov/o–avgust.htm; 

Е. Н. Трубецкой. Миросозерцание Блаженного 

Августина. eleqtronuli versia ix. http://www.vehi.net/etrubeckoi/avgustin1.html. 

203

avgustines mtkicebam, rom èklesiis gareSe ar arsebobs gadarCena” 

da `vinc eklesias ar cnobs Tavis dedad, is arc qristes aRiarebs 

mamad” axali, farTo gageba miiRo. avgustineze dayrdnobiT, grigol I 

imperatorisadmi mimarTvaSi amtkicebda, rom `saero xelisufleba zeciurs 

emsaxureba”, rom qristianuli saxelmwifo RvTis samefos prototipi 

unda gaxdes 1 . 

mTeli qristianuli samyaros erTianoba da misi principis damorCileba 

gaxda grigol I-dan moyolebuli papobis mTavari mizani da 

amocana. 

NARGIZA GAMISONIA 

THE PRECONDITIONS OF THE ORIGINATION 

OF THE SECULAR POWER OF POPES 

The article is a constituent part of the monograph “The Italian Humanitarians 

on the Religion and Church”. The aim of the article is to analyse the 

conditions for the formation of the papistry as an institute. On the basis of the 

chronological analisis of the works of the concrete hictorical authorities and 

scholars the steps of the formation and evolution of the ecclesiastical hierarchy 

are described, the decisions of some most important congregations are discussed 

and the activities of the ecclesiastical figures are analysed. The research is 

carried taking into consideration the international relations of those times. Some 

concrete socio-political and historical moments of the late period of the Roman 

Empire which paved the way for the conversion of the Christianity as a 

true religion into the world religion are accentuated. The present work tries to 

actuaint the Georgian readers who are interested in the history of the Christian 

church, namely in the history of the Catholic church, with the active participation 

of the Catholic church in the political life of the society and against this background 

to show the attempt of the popes to become the rulers of the temporal 

power. 


204



t. I, 2007 

beJan xorava 

Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sanapiro da 

afxazeTi XIX saukunis 30-iani 

wlebis dasawyisSi 

XIXs. 30-ian wlebSi ruseTis xelisuflebis winaSe mwvaved idga 

afxazeTSi da saerTod Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze mtkiced 

damkvidrebis amocana. am amocanis gadawyvetis gareSe ruseTis poziciebi 

amierkavkasiaSi myari ver iqneboda, radgan es mxare imperiis centrs 

mowyvetili iyo. garda amisa, dasavleT kavkasiis mTielTa abazuri da 

adiRuri (Cerqezuli) tomebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad carizms am moxerxebul 

placdarmze damkvidreba aucileblad sWirdeboda. 

imperatoris mier dasaxuli gegmis ganxorcielebis mizniT kavkasiis 

korpusis mTavarsardalma da kavkasiis samoqalaqo administraciis mmarTvelma, 

general-feldmarSalma i. paskeviCma (1827-1831) 1830w. 21 noembers 

sazRvao Stabis winaSe gelenjikis yuris dakavebis sakiTxi daayena. misi 

azriT, gelenjikis yure, rogorc moxerxebuli navsadguri, ruseTis 

flots Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze bazad gamoadgeboda. i. paskeviCs 

ganzraxuli hqonda gelenjikis dakaveba 1831 wlis gazafxulze da 

iq simagris ageba. es RonisZieba garkveulwilad xels SeuSlida Turqebs 

dasavleT kavkasiis tomebTan urTierTobaSi, romelTac isini iaraRsa da 

saomar saWurvels awvdidnen. aseve, SesaZlebels gaxdida zRviT jarebis 

swrafad gadayvanas anapidan redut-kalemde da dasavleT kavkasiis tomebisa 

da afxazebis damorCilebas gaaadvilebda; Secvlida kreiserebis gamoyenebis 

saWiroebas, radgan afxazeTis sanapiroze wyalmarCxobis gamo 

xomaldebs napirTan miaxloeba ar SeeZloT. kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardalma 

Stabs am operaciis ganxorcielebaSi samxedro eskadriT daxmareba 

sTxova 1 . mTavari sazRvao Stabi i. paskeviCis winadadebas daTanxmda da 

operaciis momzadebas Seudga. 

30 noembers i. paskeviCma umaRlesi sardlobis winaSe aRZra sakiTxi, 

anapisa da Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros SemoerTebis Sem- 

1 Кавказский сборник. Под ред. подполковника C. Эсaдзе, т. ХХХII, ч. II. Тифлис, 1912, 

gv. 90-92. 

205

deg, kavkasiis xazis arsebuli dayofa Secvliliyo 1 . imperatorma gaiTvaliswina 

kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlis azri, nikoloz I-is 

(1825-1855) 1830w. 20 dekembris brZanebulebiT kavkasiis xazis arsebuli 

dayofa Seicvala. kavkasiis xazi, Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirodan 

(anapis simagridan) kaspiis zRvamde, oTx nawilad daiyo: marjvena 

flangi, centri, marcxena flangi da vladikavkazis komendantis 

sammarTvelo. dasavleT kavkasia marjvena flangSi Sedioda, romlis 

ufrosad general-maiori berxmani dainiSna, xolo mis adgilsamyofelad 

q. ekaterinodari ganisazRvra 2 . 

XIXs. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ruseTis sardloba Tavs ikavebda 

dasavleT kavkasiaSi farTo SeteviTi operaciebisagan da anapisa da gagris 

simagreebis dacvas sjerdeboda. ruseTisTvis es mxare jer kidev aqilevsis 

quslad rCeboda. mdgomareobas arTulebda osmaleTis emisrebisa da 

kontrabandistebis mcdeloba, xeli SeeSalaT ruseTis ganmtkicebisaTvis 

anapasa da foTs Soris Savi zRvis sanapiroze 3 . am periodSi carizmis yuradReba 

ZiriTadad Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiisaken iyo mipyrobili, 

Tumca CeCneT-daRestanSi saomari moqmedebebis paralelurad, ruseTis jaris 

nawilebis samxedro eqspediciebi moqmedebdnen dasavleT kavkasiaSi. 

1831w. aprilSi general-feldmarSali i. paskeviCi poloneTSi gaiwvies. 

kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlis movaleobis Sesruleba droebiT 

kavkasiis korpusis Stabis ufross, general-leitenant n. p. pankratievs 

daekisra, xolo agvistoSi, mTavarmarTeblad da kavkasiis 

korpusis mTavarsardlad infanteriis generali, general-adiutanti, 

baroni gr. rozeni dainiSna. baron gr. rozenis (1831-1837ww.) mmar- 

Tvelobis xanaSi safuZveli Caeyara yubanispireTis vakisa da kavkasionis 

mTiswineTis dakavebas, md. yubansa da md. labas Soris teritoriaze 

kazakTa dasaxlebebis Seqmnas 4 . kavkasiis sardloba Savi 

zRvis sanapiroze agebda simagreebs, gahyavda gzebi, rac am mxareSi 

carizmis batonobis ganmtkicebas uwyobda xels. gr. rozenis pirveli 

nabiji mTavarsardlis postze i. paskeviCis survilis ganxorcieleba 

iyo. 1831w. agvistoSi man gelenjiki daikava da iq simagre aago 5 . 

axalma mTavarmarTebelma da kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardalma 

1 Кавказский сборник.., gv. 93. 

2 Кавказский сборник.., gv. 92-93. 

3 История народов Северного Каавказа. Конец ХVIII в.– 1917 г. Отв. редактор акад. Б. 

Б. Пиoтровский. М., 1988. gv. 132. 

4 В. А. Потто. Описание картин и биографические очерки к портретам Военно-исторического 

музея. СПБ., 1897, gv. 3. 

5 А. А. Колесникова, В. В. Козицын, Д. Е. Щеглов. Геленджик. Краснодар, 1972, gv. 

6-7. 

206

TbilisSi CamosvlisTanave gansakuTrebuli yuradReba afxazeTs miaqcia, 

romelsac, misi azriT, Savi zRvis sanapiroze Tavisi mdebareobisa 

da bunebrivi simdidris wyalobiT umaRlesi keTildReobis miRweva 

SeeZlo 1 . afxazeTSi arsebul viTarebaSi gasarkvevad man mTavris biZa 

_ hasan-bei SarvaSiZe TbilisSi daibara. mTavarmarTebelTan afxazeTis 

mTavari mixeil SarvaSiZec (1823-1864) Camovida. maTTan saubarSi gr. 

rozenma gaarkvia, rom SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulodan «Один из князей 

оной обыкновенно признавался главным владельцем, но степень власти 

его совершенно соответствовала личным его достоинствам, и вообще владелец 

мало вмешивался во внутреннее управление частных уделов других 

князей, коих власть также ограничивалась почти только собственными их 

поместьями; подвластные же им князья весьма мало оказывали им повиновения». 

2 gr. rozenis azriT, afxazebi rusebis mimarT mtrulad ar 

iyvnen ganwyobili, «Главные князья нуждаются в нашей помощи для поддержания 

власти своей, но другие по сему самому не доверяют нам». 3 

afxazeTSi rusebs oTxi simagre hqondaT _ soxum-yale, bombora, 

biWvinTa da gagra, sadac 44-e egerTa polkis nawilebi idga. soxumidan 

biWvinTamde saxmeleTo gza miemarTeboda, magram gagrasTan dakav- 

Sireba mxolod zRviT iyo SesaZlebeli. gagris garnizons xSirad 

Tavs esxmodnen Cerqezebi, xolo sxva simagreebSi SedarebiT simSvide 

iyo. Turqebs kvlav hqondaT urTierToba afxazebTan da CerqezebTan 

ruseTis sabaJo punqtebis gverdis avliT. maT SemohqondaT denTi, tyvia, 

marili da sxva saqoneli, razec aq didi moTxovnileba iyo, xolo 

sanacvlod gahqondaT xe-tye, tyavi, simindi, gahyavdaT tyveebi 4 . 

Tavadebi sakmao mogebas iRebdnen am gziT da kavkasiis rusuli administracia 

darwmunebuli iyo, rom isini kontrabanduli vaWrobis aRkveTaSi 

ar daexmarebodnen. rusul administracias ar SeeZlo jaris 

nawilebiT daekavebina yvela punqti, sadac ucxo saxelmwifoTa xomaldebs 

SeeZloT midgoma, gansakuTrebiT patara navebs. Savi zRvis 

aRmosavleT sanapiroze, anapidan wm. nikolozis simagremde (SekveTili) 

kreisirebas eweodnen ruseTis xomaldebi, Tumca maTi raodenoba 

sakmarisi ar iyo. isini ver akavebdnen Turqul da afxazur brtyelZirian 

grZel navebs sanapiros wyalmarCxobis gamo da napirTan miaxloebas 

ver axerxebdnen. i. paskeviCi, da Semdeg gr. rozenic, sazRvao 

mTavari Stabis winaSe ayenebdnen sakiTxs, rom ruseTis sazRvao es- 





207

kadras unda hqonoda afxazuri da Turquli navebis msgavsi patara 

xomaldebi ruseTis simagreebiT dakavebuli sanapiros dasaTvaliereblad, 

xolo gagrasa da gelenjiks Soris saWiro iyo kreisirebis gagrZeleba 

1 . miuxedavad ruseTis xelisuflebis mier mkacri zomebis mi- 

Rebisa, Turquli savaWro xomaldebi mTeli 1831w. zafxulisa da Semodgomis 

ganmavlobaSi xSirad stumrobdnen Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT 

sanapiros, gansakuTrebiT, sujuk-kales yures, da CerqezebTan 

savaWro saqoneli CamohqondaT 2 . 

mixeil SarvaSiZisa da hasan-beis cnobiT, afxazebma icodnen, rom 

ruseT-osmaleTis 1828-1829ww. omis Semdeg portam Savi zRvis aRmosavleT 

sanapiro daTmo, magram ar icodnen ruseTis mTavrobis zraxvebi 

da ra moTxovnebi eqneboda mTavrobas afxazebisadmi. amitom isini 

iTxovdnen afxazeTSi Cinovnikis gagzavnas, romelic yvela Temis Tavads 

auxsnida imperatoris nebas mixeil SarvaSiZis mTavrad aRiarebis, 

samurzayanos samegrelos mTavris damokidebulebaSi datovebis, 

kontrabanduli vaWrobis aRkveTis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb; agreTve maTi sa- 

Wiroebebisa da survilebis gasagebad, maT Soris wamoWrili uTanxmoebebis 

mosagvareblad da sxv, rac kargi iqneboda mTavrobis mxridan 

afxazebis mimarT mzrunvelobis saCveneblad da mixeilisa da hasan-beisaTvis 

keTili Sedegebi eqneboda 3 . jer kidev i. paskeviCi 1830w. 21 

ivniss, samxedro ministrs, graf a. CerniSevs auwyebda, rom sapatio 

afxazi Tavadaznaurebi gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTad ar iyvnen ganwyobili 

ruseTis xelisuflebis mimarT. maTTvis cnobili iyo, rom ruseTi 

Seudga zrunvas afxazeTis mtkiced dauflebisTvis, magram mixeil 

SarvaSiZisadmi damorCileba ar surdaT 4 . 

mTavarsardalma gaiTvaliswina es rCeva da gadawyvita afxazeTSi 

gaegzavna Tbilisis general-gubernatori, general-leitenanti roman 

ivanes Ze bagrationi (1778-1834), romelsac adgilobrivi zne-Cveulebebisa 

da enis codnis gamo SeeZlo advilad daaxloeboda afxaz Tavadaznaurobas. 

mas unda xleboda general-maiori niko dadiani, romelic 

didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda afxazeTSi da ruseTis xelisuflebis 

erTguli iyo 5 . 

mixeilma da hasan-beim mTavarmarTebels aseve sTxoves, afxazeTSi 

samTavro saxlis gavlenis gazrdis mizniT, Suamdgomloba gaewia af- 






208

xazeTis mTavris giorgi SarvaSiZis qvrivis Tamar kacias asulis wm. 

ekaterines ordeniT dajildoebis Taobaze; agreTve lixnSi mRvdelmTavris 

daniSvnis Sesaxeb, misi wodebis Sesaferisi anazRaurebiT, radgan 

maTi cnobiT, afxazebi, rogorc qristianebi, ise muslimebi, did 

pativs scemdnen umaRles qristianul samRvdeloebas. maTi informaciiT, 

am ukanaskneli sakiTxis Taobaze ukve dawyebuli iyo molaparakeba 

sinodis ober-prokurorTan da saqarTvelos egzarqosTan 1 . 

1832w. 7 marts gr. rozenma werilobiTi miTiTebebi misca roman 

bagrations, ra unda gaerkvia da risTvis unda mieqcia yuradReba. afxazebs 

moeTxovebodaT imperatoris erTguleba, morCileba da simSvidis 

SenarCuneba; maT unda SeedginaT erTi mTliani Temi mTavris mmar- 

TvelobaSi. mTavrobas surda, rom mTavarsa da Tavadebs Soris Sewyvetiliyo 

uTanxmoeba; Sewyvetiliyo Zarcva, yaCaRoba, tyvis syidva, rac 

uTanxmoebisa da ubedurebis wyaro iyo. afxazebs unda scodnodaT, 

rom epidemiebisa da ucxoeTis gemebTan kontrabanduli urTierTobis 

aRsakveTad SemoRebuli iyo karantinebi da sabaJoebi; samurzayano samudamod 

iyo damtkicebuli samegrelos mTavris mflobelobaSi ruse- 

Tis xelisuflebisadmi erTgulebis gamo 2 . Tavis droze, abJuis Temis 

batonma ali-bei SarvaSiZem ramdenjerme iTxova ruseTis jaris nawilebis 

mier kodorisa da iloris dakaveba. imereTis mmarTvels, general-maior 

p. vakulskis (1831-1834) SesaZleblad miaCnda samurzayanoSi 

_ sof. ilorSi, aTangelaSi dislocirebuli ori aseulis gadayvana, 

radgan iloris saguSagos gavlena eqneboda simSvideze samurzayanoSic 

da abJuaSic 3 . r. bagrations unda gaerkvia, ramdenad sasargeblo 

iqneboda amis gakeTeba da jaris nawilis ilorSi ganlagebis 

SemTxvevaSi iqauri klimati cudad xom ar imoqmedebda 4 . 

kavkasiis administracias hqonda informacia, rom ukanasknel periodSi 

bevri Turqi dasaxlda samegrelosa da afxazeTSi, gansakuTrebiT, 

soxum-yales maxloblad, hasan-beis miwebze. isini mudmivad erT 

adgilze ar cxovrodnen, eweodnen wvrilman vaWrobas, atyuebdnen mosaxleobas, 

xels uwyobdnen tyvis syidvas; adgilobriv mcxovrebleb- 

Tan danaTesavebis SemTxvevaSi isini islamis aRmsareblobaze gadahyavdaT 

da rusebTan daaxloebaSi xels uSlidnen. r. bagrations unda 

gaerkvia, ramdenad swori iyo es informacia da ra unda gakeTebuliyo 

Turqebis damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg; daeyoliebina hasan-bei, ar mieRo 






209

isini Tavis miwebze, radgan mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobili ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi; 

yuradReba mieqcia afxazeTSi ganlagebuli jarebis 

sayofacxovrebo pirobebisTvis _ sacxovrebeli pirobebi, janmrTelobis 

mdgomareoba, lazareTebi, sakvebi da sxva, simagreebis mdgomareobisaTvis; 

gaerkvia, ra unda gakeTebuliyo am mxriv mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad; 

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqcia gagris garnizonis- 

Tvis; unda gaerkvia, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara biWvinTamde gzis oTxTvalebisTvis 

mowyoba, saerTod, yuradReba mieqcia ramdenad SesaZlebeli 

iyo gzebis mowesrigeba. xelisuflebas ainteresebda dawvrilebiTi 

cnobebi afxazebis mezobel xalxebze, gansakuTrebiT, gagridan gelenjikamde 

mcxovreb tomebze, anapidan afxazeTamde gzis aRwera da cnobebi 

afxazebis Sesaxeb 1 . 

1832w. aprilis bolos roman bagrationi Tbilisidan zugdidSi 

da Semdeg anakliaSi Cavida. man daaTvaliera aTangelas cixe, sadac 

idga razmi podpolkovnik gedrimoviCis meTaurobiT, Semdeg ilors 

ewvia, da afxazeTSi gadavida. misi azriT, razmis aTangelaSi kidev 

ramdenime xniT datoveba sasargeblo iqneboda, radgan mas gavlena eqneboda 

samurzayanoSi sruli wesrigis damyarebaze. aq 300 jariskaci 

idga da razmis gaZliereba arc iyo saWiro, Tanac adgili kargi iyo, 

sursaTiT uzrunvelyofa mTlianad samegrelos mosaxleobas hqonda 

dakisrebuli; rac Seexeba ilors, adgili arajansaRi iyo da razmis 

gasaCereblad saTanado pirobebi ar iyo, radgan garda ramdenime Raribi 

ojaxisa, axlo-maxlo aravin cxovrobda. 2 r. bagrationTan Sesaxvedrad 

ilorSi movida webeldeli marSaniebis erTi nawili, romlebmac 

mzadyofna gamoTqves imperatoris erTgulebis ficis dasadebad, rac 

uSualod samegrelos samTavro saxlis damsaxureba, am saxlis Suamavlobis 

Sedegi iyo 3 . 

iloridan r. bagrationi sofel kvitoulSi Cavida ali-bei SarvaSiZesTan 

da, Semdeg, sofel kelasurSi hasan-bei SarvaSiZesTan. alibeim 

da hasan-beim aRuTqves, rom daemorCilebodnen xelisuflebas, 

romelsac surda samegrelos msgavsad afxazeTSic erTmmarTveloba 

SemoeRo mTavris xelisuflebis saxiT. isini pirobas iZleodnen, rom 

mixeil SarvaSiZis qveSevrdomobaSi gadavidodnen, Tumca bevrs kargavdnen 

amiT, radgan TiTqmis damoukidebeli mflobelebi iyvnen. mixeil 

SarvaSiZe am faqtSi mis mimarT ruseTis mTavrobis aSkara mzrunvelobas 

da keTilganwyobas xedavda. r. bagrationma amis sanacvlod mas ga- 




210

numarta ramdenad sasargeblo iqneboda piradad misTvis da mis samflobeloSi 

wesrigisTvis, rom RaliZga yofiliyo sazRvari afxazeTsa 

da samegrelos Soris 1 . amdenad, ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobda 

afxazeTSi erTmmarTvelobis SemoRebis sanacvlod samurzayano samegrelos 

mTavris mflobelobaSi ganemtkicebina. kvitoulSi ruseTis imperatoris 

erTgulebis fici dades webeldelma marSaniebma, Tumca r. 

bagrationma maTTan molaparakebebiT gaarkvia, rom isini mixeil Sarva- 

SiZis an dadianis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis winaaRmdegi iyvnen. r. bagrationma 

saWirod CaTvala isini mixeil SarvaSiZis samflobelosTvis 

SeerTebis moTxovniT ar daefrTxo, radgan Tvlida, rom ruseTis xelisuflebas 

jer kidev ar hqonda am mxareSi sakmao Zala, raTa daJinebiT 

moeTxova webeldelebisagan morCileba, da, jerjerobiT, sakmarisi 

iyo erTgulebis ficiT, simSvidis dacvisa da xelisuflebis mo- 

Txovnebis Sesrulebis aRTqmiT dakmayofileba. amasTan, webeldelebma 

piroba dades, rom ar iyiddnen rus tyveebs da daabrunebdnen gaqceul 

jariskacebs. 2 mixeil SarvaSiZe TviTonac xedavda am zomierebis 

sargeblobas. amasTan, r. bagrationma mas rCevac misca, Tu rogor unda 

emoqmeda, raTa afxazeTTan geografiuli mdebareobiT, saerTo eniT 

da wes-CveulebebiT dakavSirebuli webelda daeaxloebina 3 . 

8 maiss kelasurSi Cavidnen danarCeni marSaniebic da erTgulebis 

fici dades. zogierTi maTgani TbilisSi Camosvlasac apirebda Temis 

saxeliT rozenTan warsadgomad. ficis dasadebad mxolod ori marSania 

ar gamocxadda, erTi avadmyofobis, xolo meore danarCen marSaniebTan 

didi xnis mtrobis gamo. r. bagrationi fiqrobda, marSaniebi 

erTmaneTTan Seerigebina, maT Soris Tanxmoba Camoegdo da ruseTis xelisuflebisadmi 

ndobiT ganewyo 4 . r. bagrationi daeTanxma p. vakulskis 

azrs da ali-beis Txovnas, rom md. kodoris marjvena napirze saguSago 

moewyoT, raSic abJuis mflobeli xelisuflebas daxmarebas 

aRuTqvamda. es saguSago Caketavda da morCilebaSi iyoliebda webeldas, 

amasTan gavlena eqneboda siwynareze ali-beisa da hasan-beis samflobeloebSi 

5 . r. bagrationma isic gaarkvia, rom webeldaSi oTxi gza 

midioda: lixnidan, kelasuridan, kodoris xeobiT da kvitoulidan, 

amasTan yvela isini imaze naklebad rTuli Canda, vidre kavkasiis rusuli 

administracia fiqrobda 6 . r. bagrationi darwmunda, rom biWvin- 




4 Кавказский сборник.., gv. 111, 115. 



211

Tidan gagramde jerac ar iyo usafrTxo saxmeleTo kavSiri damyarebuli. 

amis mizezad mas isic miaCnda, rom am teritoriaze iyo saZebis 

(jiqebis) saZovrebi da aq mcxovrebi afxazebi saZebTan kavSiris gamo 

naklebad iyvnen dawynarebuli. man daaTvaliera gagris simagre da darwmunda, 

rom es punqti samxedro TvalsazrisiT afxazeTis usafrTxoebisaTvis 

mniSvnelovani iyo 1 . 

14 ivliss r. bagrationma gr. rozens vrceli moxsenebiTi bara- 

Ti warudgina da auwya, rom misi davaleba warmatebiT Seasrula. afxazeTSi 

misiis Sesaxeb angariSSi r. bagrationi werda, rom am mxare- 

Si siwynare iyo, afxazebma gaiges simSvidis fasi. amis dasturad mas 

isic miaCnda, rom zogierTma gavlenianma Tavadma saidumlod iTxova 

oTxi yvelaze saSiSi yaCaRis _ ori Zma marRanias da ori Zma lakerbais, 

romlebic xalxs Zarcva-yaCaRobiT awuxebdnen, _ daWera, ris Sesaxebac 

man mixeil SarvaSiZes davaleba misca 2 . 

afxazeTSi SedarebiTi simSvidis damyarebis paralelurad, Crdilokavkasieli 

mTielebi kvlav cdilobdnen ruseTis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg 

afxazeTis mTis Temebi aemxedrebinaT. 1832w. zafxulSi imam yazi molasTan 

daaxloebulma ahmet efendim, romelic mTavari piri iyo mTielebTan 

sasuliero sferoSi, rogorc mufti, webeldelebs werili gamougzavna. 

igi webeldelebs auwyebda yazi molas moqmedebebze rusebis winaaRmdeg, 

mis warmatebebze, mouwodebda rusebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebisa da 

imamTan SeerTebisaken 3 . magram, amjerad, Crdilokavkasielma mTielebma webeldelebis 

ayolieba ver SeZles. 

1833w. ruseTis xelisuflebis CareviT marSaniebma mixeil Sarva- 

SiZes afxazeTis sanapiroze Tavdausxmelobis piroba misces, xolo 

TviT mTavari valdebulebas iRebda ar dasxmoda webeldas da ar Seeviwroebina 

mis samflobeloSi `keTili ganzraxviT gadmosuli webeldelebi~. 

4 marTalia, mixeil SarvaSiZe xelisuflebas arwmunebda, rom 

webeldis damorCileba mxolod mas SeeZlo, Tumca, rogorc Cans, kavkasiis 

rusuli administracia webeldaSi afxazeTis mTavris aqtiurobiT 

dainteresebuli ar iyo 5 . 

ruseTis xelisuflebas kargad esmoda kavkasiaSi mtkiced damkvidrebisaTvis 

mTielebis damorCilebis mniSvneloba da, am amocanis 




4 n. TakalanZe. mixeil SarvaSiZe, cxovreba da sazogadoebriv-politikuri 

moRvaweoba. sadisertacio naSromi istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis 

samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 2000, gv. 87. 

5 n. TakalanZe. mixeil SarvaSiZe.., gv. 87. 

212

gadawyvetis mizniT afxazeTSi sruli batonobis damyarebis aucilebloba. 

Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze da dasavleT kavkasiaSi 

damkvidreba ruseTs imitomac sWirdeboda, rom bolo moeRo 

tyvis syidvisa da kontrabandisaTvis, rac qveynis strategiul, politikur 

da ekonomikur interesebs kavkasiaSi zians ayenebda. amis aRkve- 

Tis Semdeg osmaleTisa da evropis saxelmwifoebis mtrul saqmianobas 

kavkasiaSi bolo moeReboda 1 . 

carizmis damkvidrebas kavkasiaSi gaafrTebul winaaRmdegobas 

uwevda inglisi, romelsac seriozulad aSfoTebda, rom ruseTma daaswro 

am regionSi. XIXs. I mesamedSi, TurqmanCaisa (1828w.) da adrianopolis 

(1829w.) sazavo xelSekrulebebis dadebamde, inglisi mxars 

uWerda sparseTisa da osmaleTis brZolas kavkasiisaTvis, magram Semdeg, 

TviTon ganacxada pretenzia am mxareze da Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi 

moqceva gadawyvita 2 . kavkasiis, rogorc mniSvnelovani samxedrostrategiuli 

placdarmis daufleba ingliss saSualebas miscemda maxlobel 

aRmosavleTSi gabatonebuliyo, xolo Semdeg Sua aziisa da 

indoeTisken gaWriliyo 3 . qveynis politikur kurss, romelic koloniuri 

eqspansiis meTodiT xorcieldeboda, britaneTis burJuaziis ekonomikuri 

da politikuri interesebi gansazRvravda 4 . 

ruseTic cdilobda kavkasiaSi ganmtkicebas da àRmosavleTis sakiTxis~ 

Tavis sasargeblod gadaWras. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ruseTi 

da osmaleTi mniSvnelovnad dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs. 1833w. 26 

ivniss maT Soris unqiar-isqelesSi SeTanxmebas moewera xeli, romelic 

ruseTis diplomatiis didi gamarjveba iyo maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. 

ruseTi da osmaleTi valdebulebas kisrulobdnen mesame qveyanasTan 

omis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs armiiT da flotiT daxmarebodnen; 

osmaleTi valdebulebas iRebda ruseTis winaaRmdeg sxva saxelmwifos 

mier warmoebuli omis SemTxvevaSi dardanelSi ar SeeSva samxedro 

gemebi, xolo bosforis srute ruseTis gemebisTvis nebismier pirobebSi 

Ria iqneboda 5 . amrigad, ruseTs mieca SesaZlebloba gaekontro- 

1 a. CxaiZe. inglisis politika kavkasiaSi. Tb., 1973, gv. 28. 

2 Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и средняя Азия во внешней политике 

России. Вторая половина XVIII – 80-е годы ХIХ в. M., 1984, gv. 131. 

3 Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ и средняя Азия.., gv. 131. 


5 История дипломатии. Издание второе, переработанное и дополненное, т. I. М., 1959, 

gv. 121; Н. С. Киняпина. Внешняя политика России первой половины ХIХ в. М., 1963, 

gv. 188-189; o. gigineiSvili. Turqizmi da osmaleTis sagareo politika. 

Tb., 1963, gv. 92; v. donaZe. bosfori, dardaneli. sakiTxis istoriis narkvevebi. 

Tb., 1983, gv. 78-79. 

213

lebina sruteebi da Sav zRvaze gabatonda, ramac mniSvnelovnad ganamtkica 

misi poziciebi osmaleTSi. 

unqiar-isqelesis xelSekrulebis dadebam gaamwvava ruseTis ur- 

TierToba inglis-safrangeTTan, romlebic masSi samarTlianad xedavdnen 

maxlobel aRmosavleTSi TavianTi poziciebis Sesustebas da carizmis 

gaZlierebas. Tumca maTi mcdeloba, xeli SeeSalaT ruseT-osmaleTis 

daaxloebisaTvis, uSedegod damTavrda. inglis-safrangeTis 

winaaRmdegoba maxlobel aRmosavleTSi xels uSlida maT SeTanxmebulad 

emoqmedaT. ingliss ar surda Tavis Tavze aeRo ruseTis winaaRmdeg 

samxedro konfliqtis gaCaRebis iniciativa da amjobinebda, es 

safrangeTs an avstrias gaekeTebina. safrangeTi, Tavis mxriv, ar iyo 

mzad omisTvis da arc surda ruseTTan omi; avstriis CarTvac ver 

moxerxda antirusul koaliciaSi 1 . inglisi meti energiiT da daJinebiT 

Seudga ruseTis maxlobeli aRmosavleTidan gamodevnisaTvis mzadebas. 

am procesSi man gansakuTrebuli yuradReba kavkasias, misi azriT, 

sadavo teritorias miaqcia. Tavisi miznis misaRwevad londoni 

Seecada kavkasiis omi gamoeyenebina 2 . gaaqtiurda inglisis agentebis 

sadazvervo saqmianoba kavkasiaSi. 1833w. maxlobel aRmosavleTSi imogzaura 

inglisSi farTod cnobilma publicistma devid urkartma da 

Seiswavla am regionis savaWro-ekonomikuri Taviseburebebi. àmJamad 

Cveni vaWroba, _ werda igi, _ SeiZleba iTqvas, gamodevnilia SavizRvispireTis 

yvela qveynidan, afxazeTisa da saqarTvelos sanapiro 

CvenTvis mTlianad daketilia~. 3 ingliseli vaWrebis mier kavkasiis intensiuri 

aTvisebis amocanas d. urkarti momwifebulad Tvlida. 

Tavis mxriv ruseTi gegmazomierad dgamda nabijebs kavkasiaSi dasamkvidreblad. 

1834w. 5 aprils imperatorma kavkasiis dapyrobis Taobaze 

kavkasiis korpusis Stabis ufross, general-maior v. volxovskis 

(1832-1837) saTanado miTiTebebi misca. imperatoris miTiTebebi 

warmoadgenda 1834w. samoqmedo gegmas, romelic iTvaliswinebda: 1. 

gelenjikis gamagrebuli xazis Seqmnas da, imavdroulad, am xazsa da 

Savi zRvis sanapiros Soris mcxovrebi tomebis damorCilebas; 2. afxazeTSi 

gzis gayvanas gagramde da, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneboda, gagris 

iqiTac, Savi zRvis sanapiros gaswvriv. imereTidan soxum-kalemde 

gzis ukeT mowyobas an axlis gayvanas 4 . 

samxedro ministrma 21 aprils gr. rozens auwya, rom imperatori 

1 Н. С. Киняпина. Внешняя политика Росcии.., gv. 190-191. 


3 D. Urquhart. Turkey and its Resources. L., 1833, gv. 160. 


214

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda imereTis samxedro gzas, romelic 

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos da, saerTod, amierkavkasiis mxaris erTaderTi 

sakomunikacio saSualeba iyo Sav zRvasTan. amdenad, erT-erT aucilebel 

RonisZiebad Tvlida ukeTesi gzis gayvanas, romelic soxumyales 

samegrelosTan da imereTis samxedro gzasTan SeaerTebda. imperators 

surda, rom pirvelsave xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi Sedgomodnen 

foTidan soxumamde da soxumidan gagramde gzis gayvanas 1 . samxedro 

ministris, graf a. CerniSevis azriT, es friad mniSvnelovani RonisZieba 

iyo. afxazeTSi sanapiro gzis gayvaniT Sewydeboda afxazebis ur- 

TierToba TurqebTan da maTTan akrZaluli vaWroba. kakasiis korpusis 

Stabis ufrosis, general-maior v. volxovskis cnobiT, am saqmis ganxorcielebas 

gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdegobebi ar Sexvdeboda 2 . 

amasTanave, samxedro ministri gr. rozens auwyebda, general-leitenant 

a. veliaminovisTvis ecnobebina imperatoris neba, rom ar surda 

mTielebs general a. ermolovis sisastikiT moqceodnen. Tavdapirvelad 

maTTvis nebayoflobiT damorCileba unda SeeTavazebinaT, xolo winaaRmdegobis 

gawevis SemTxvevaSi ise unda moqceodnen, rogorc saWiro iyo 3 . 

1834w. 25 aprils gr. rozenma Savi zRvis flotis sardals, admiral 

m. lazarevs sTxova gaeZlierebina samxedro xomaldebis eskadra 

gelenjiksa da soxum-yaleSi, agreTve afxazeTis sanapiros kreisirebisaTvis 

xomaldebi gamoeyo. m. lazarevma xomaldebis ori eskadra 

gamoyo, romelTagan erTs anapidan gagramde, xolo meores _ gagridan 

redut-yalemde teritoriis gakontroleba daevala. am xomaldebis bazad 

gelenjiki da soxum-yale ganisazRvra 4 . miuxedavad xelisuflebis 

mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebisa, romlebic miznad isaxavda Savi zRvis 

aRmosavleT sanapiros mosaxleobasTan ucxoelTa urTierTobis aRkve- 

Tas, aseT faqtebs kvlav hqonda adgili. ruseTis sardlobisTvis cnobili 

gaxda, rom 1834w. ivlisSi inglisuri samxedro iaxta `turkuazi~ 

Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiros moadga da mis oficrebs saeWvo 

urTierToba hqondaT mTielebTan. es iaxta stambolidan gamovida da 

Sevida soxumis yureSi, Semdeg sujukis yureSi, iyo anapaSic. misi me- 

Tauris, kapitan laionsis cnobiT, maT Savi zRvis sanapiros daTvaliereba 

surdaT 5 . rogorc cnobili gaxda, xomaldze d. urkarti imyofeboda. 

am eqspediciis dros igi mTielebs Sexvda da ruseTis winaaR- 






215

mdeg brZolis gaaqtiurebisaken mouwoda. gelenjiksa da anapaSi Sekriba 

cnobebi rusuli simagreebisa da maTi garnizonis, Cerqezebis rusebTan 

urTierTobis, kavkasiis korpusis Sesaxeb da sxva. am faqtis 

gaxmaurebis Semdeg, ruseTis xelisuflebam akrZala ucxoelebis mier 

kavkasiis sanapiros daTvaliereba da CerqezebTan urTierToba 1 . 

baron rozens gadawyvetili hqonda 1834w. seqtemberSi Savi zRvis 

Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze, gagridan gelenjikamde samxedro 

eqspediciis mowyoba. am eqspediciis Taobaze man imereTis mmarTvels, 

general-maior d. axlestiSevs (1834-1837) sTxova Tavisi azri gamoeTqva. 

d. axlestiSevma vrceli werili gaugzavna gr. rozens. imere- 

Tis mmarTveli werda, rom afxazeTSi ar arsebobda adgili, sadac simagridan 

or versze iaraRis gareSe gamosvla SeiZleboda; farTod 

iyo gavrcelebuli Zarcva, mkvleloba da sxva saxis danaSaulobebi, 

ris gamoc jer saWiro iyo am mxareSi ise damkvidreba, rom Savi 

zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze eqspediciisTvis gamiznuli razmis 

zurgi afxazTagan sruliad usafrTxo yofiliyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, 

eqspediciis pirvelive warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi afxazebi 

CerqezebTan erTad razms safrTxes Seuqmnidnen. amitom mas miaCnda, 

rom gagris iqiT wasvla jerjerobiT ar SeiZleboda, ukidures Sem- 

TxvevaSi, kidev erTi weli. am xnis ganmavlobaSi afxazeTSi ganlagebuli 

jarebi SeZlebdnen am mxareSi wesrigis damyarebas. garda amisa, 

d. axlestiSevis azriT, saxmeleTo eqspediciis mowyobisas garTuldeboda 

razmis sursaTiT momarageba, Zneli gadasatani iqneboda aRWurviloba; 

razmTan ver iqneboda kavaleria, verc artileria, amitom saxmeleTo 

eqspedicia, miTumetes, flotis daxmarebis gareSe, efeqturi 

ver iqneboda 2 . 

adgilobrivi rusuli administraciisTvis kargad iyo cnobili, 

rom Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze mravalricxovani da 

afxazebze ufro mamaci xalxebi cxovrobdnen. Sesabamisad, d. axlesti- 

Sevis azriT, yoveli nabiji miwa sisxlisRvris fasi dajdeboda. amitom 

jer saWiro iyo am mxaris kargad Seswavla. amis Semdeg eqspedicia 

naklebi msxverpli da saxsrebi dajdeboda. imereTis mmarTvelis 

azriT, am mxaris Seswavla SeiZleboda dakisreboda genStabis romeli- 

1 Акты собранные Кавказской археографической комиссией. (SemdgomSi: АКАК). Под 

ред. А. Берже, т. VIII. Тифлис, 1881, gv. 896; Шамиль, ставленник султанской Турции 

и английских колонизаторов. Сборник документальных материалов. Под ред. Ш. В. Цагареишвили. 

Тб., 1953, gv. 46-50; Н. С. Киняпина, М. М. Блиев, В. В. Дегоев. Кавказ 

и средняя Азия.., gv. 133. 


216

me oficers, romelic hasan-bei SarvaSiZes SeeZlo gaecilebina. mas miaCnda, 

rom redut-yaledan gagramde gza ise unda moewyoT, rom dacvis 

gareSe yofiliyo SesaZlebeli mgzavroba. rodesac Seswavlili iqneboda 

es mxare, dadgindeboda Tu sad SeiZleboda simagreebis ageba, simagreebSi 

Cadgeboda garnizoni, mere SeiZleboda eqspediciis mowyoba 1 . 

kavkasiis korpusis sardlobam gaiTvaliswina d. axlestiSevis 

azri da eqspediciis mowyoba gadado. amasTan, dasavleT kavkasiisa da 

Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros saTanadod Seswavla gadawyvita. 

swored am mizniT moewyo 1835 da 1836 wlebSi genStabis 

oficris, baron T. tornaus dazverviTi mogzauroba dasavleT kavkasiaSi, 

rodesac man garda strategiuli cnobebisa, dasavleT kavkasiis 

xalxebis _ ubixebis, jiqebis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb, maT Soris, afxazebis 

Sesaxebac, didZali eTnografiuli masala Seagrova 2 . 

kavkasiis rusulma administraciam gadawyvita Sedgomoda strategiuli 

mniSvnelobis gzis gayvanas Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze. 

am mizniT, 1834w. zafxulis sicxeebis Cavlis Semdeg, afxazeTSi 

gaigzavna razmi general-maior d. axlestiSevis meTaurobiT 3 . baronma 

rozenma levan V dadians daavala mis samflobeloSi d. axlestiSevisTvis 

daxmareba gaewia. am mizniT mas unda SeekeTebina xidebi engurze 

da sxva mdinareebze; agreTve 100 cxenosani da 200 qveiTi milicieliT 

daxmareboda ruseTis jaris nawils sagzao samuSaoebis SesrulebaSi 

4 . levan V dadianma Tavis samflobeloSi, marTlac, ramdenadme 

Seumsubuqa razms mdgomareoba. mis mier Sekrebili milicia Tanabrad 

iziarebda im siZneleebs, rac razms Sexvda. redut-yaledan gza zRvis 

sanapiroze, qviSian, Waobian da tyian adgilebSi gadioda. 

mdinareebis didi nawilis gadalaxva metad rTuli iyo. kokispiruli 

wvimebi arTulebda gzis gayvanas. redut-yaledan bomboramde 

gza Tumca gayvanili iyo, SekeTebas saWiroebda. d. axlestiSevma ilorSi 

300 meomrisTvis simagre aago, Semdeg gza ganagrZo, gadalaxa 

adidebuli kodori da drandis eklesiasTan, aseve 300 meomrisTvis 

simagre aago. adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisa da kazakebis mier mgzavrTa 

gasacileblad, aqve moewyo saguSago 5 . dranda strategiuli Tvalsaz- 


2 amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix.: Г. А. Дзидзария. Ф. Ф. Торнау и его кавказские материалы. 

М., 1976. 


4 c. qiria, S. saria. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis. XIX s. I naxevarSi. 

Tb., 1967, #33, gv. 61. 

5 Кавказский сборник.., gv. 178; М. Селезнев. Руководство к познанию Кавказа, кн. II. 

СПБ., 1847, gv. 171. 

217

isiT mniSvnelovani punqti iyo. md. kodoris xeobiT, drandis gavliT, 

Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi xSirad iWrebodnen webeldisa da 

dalis Tavisufali mTis Temebis mkvidrni. swored am gzis Casaketad 

aigo drandis simagre 1 . 

d. axlestiSevs afxazTagan arsad Sexvedria winaaRmdegoba da 

oqtomberSi bomboras miaRwia. aq moewyo zamTrisTvis droebiTi sacxovrebeli. 

Semdeg razmi biWvinTamde da gagramde gzis gayvanas Seudga. 

1835w. gazafxulze md. bzifis marjvena napirze, zRvis maxloblad, 

d. axlestiSevma konstantinovskoes simagre aago. simagre 40 meomrisa 

da ori qvemexisTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli (Tumca, 1836 w. is 

mTlianad Carecxa adidebulma bzifma). 1835w. zafxulSi d. axlesti- 

Sevma gagras miaRwia 2 . mTielebis TurqebTan urTierTobis aRkveTis 

mizniTac miRebul iqna garkeuli zomebi _ gaZlierda eskadra, romelic 

Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze kreisirebas eweoda. amasTan, 

gadawyda, rom sabaJo uwyeba SeiZenda kanjoebs, romelTa meSveobiTac 

baTumidan soxum-kalemde sanapiro zols gaakontrolebda 3 . amrigad, 

afxazeTSi TandaTan mtkicdeboda ruseTis poziciebi da carizmi mTeli 

kakasiis dapyrobis gegmas Tanmimdevrulad axorcielebda. 

1 М. Селезнев. Руководство к познанию Кавказа.., gv. 172. 

2 Кавказский сборник.., gv. 179; А. Н. Дьячков-Тарасов. Бзибская Абхазия. – Записки 

Кавказского отдела Императорского Русского географического общества, ХVIII. Тифлис, 

1905, gv. 51; Г. А. Дзидзария. Декабристы в Абхазии. Сухуми, 1970, gv. 34. 


218

BEZHAN KHORAVA 

THE NORTH-EASTERN BLACK SEA COAST 

AND ABKHAZIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 1830’S 

In the 30s of the XIX century Russia was faced with the question of the 

strong assertion in Abkhazia and the North-Eastern Black Sea Coast. For solving 

this issue, at the beginning of the 30s, the command of the Caucasian 

corps began taking strategically important posts and building fortifications. Besides, 

the Caucasian command deemed that it was necessary to stop disagreement 

among the princes, robbery, banditry and selling the captives, all these 

were the source of disagreement, disasters and disorder; to establish quarantine 

and customs control in order to stop illicit trade and illegal intercourse with foreign 

states; to enhance the prestige of the holder prince of Abkhazia and make 

him the sole ruler. Assertion of the Tsarist rule in the Caucasus was resisted by 

England, which was seriously worried about the fact that Russia outstripped it 

in the Caucasus. In order to achieve its goals, it was trying to use the Caucasian 

war (1817-1864). In such a difficult situation Russia tried to consolidate its positions 

in this region and began realizing its goals gradually – capture of the 

whole Caucasus. 

219



t. I, 2007 

g i o r g i S a r v a S i Z e _ 1 6 0 

zurab papasqiri 

Rvawli didi mamuliSvilisa 

giorgi SarvaSiZe 

160 weli Sesrulda didi mamuliSvilis, TvalsaCino poetisa da 

dramaturgis giorgi SarvaSiZis dabadebidan. giorgi SarvaSiZe sruliad 

unikaluri movlenaa XIXs. II naxevrisa da XXs. damdegis saqarTvelos 

sazogadoebriv-politikur da kulturul cxovrebaSi. man 

Tavisi saintereso SemoqmedebiT, mravalmxrivi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobiT 

waruSleli kvali datova TanamedroveebSi da didi zneobrivi 

magaliTi dautova STamomavlobas. 

giorgi SarvaSiZis cxovreba da Rvawli sakmaod kargadaa Seswavlili 

qarTveli mkvlevrebis mier. gansakuTrebuli wvlili am saqmeSi 

Seitana gamoCenilma istorikosma akad. simon janaSiam, romelmac pirvelma 

moiZia g. SarvaSiZis cxovrebis amsaxveli fragmentuli masalebi, 

agreTve kerZo koleqciebSi mimofantuli poetis literaturuli 

memkvidreoba da xelmisawvdomi gaxada is sazogadoebisaTvis 1 . yovelgvari 

gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom s. janaSias naSromi, 

romelsac mecnierma moridebulad `kulturul-istoriuli narkvevi~ 

2 uwoda, namdvili gzamkvlevia mwerlis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis 

SeswavliT dainteresebuli nebismieri mkvlevrisaTvis. s. janaSias 

garda giorgi SarvaSiZis cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas ikvlevdnen sxva- 

1 giorgi SarvaSiZe. lirika, drama, eposi. akad. s. janaSias redaqciiTa 

da narkveviT. soxumi, 1946; giorgi SarvaSiZe. lirika, eposi, drama. akad. 

s. janaSias redaqciiTa da narkveviT. II gamocema. Tb., 1986. 

2 s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe. kulturul-istoriuli narkvevi. _ wgn.: giorgi 

SarvaSiZe. lirika, eposi, drama. akad. s. janaSias redaqciiTa da narkveviT. 

soxumi, 1946; giorgi SarvaSiZe. lirika, eposi, drama. akad. s. janaSias 

redaqciiTa da narkveviT. II gamocema. Tb., 1986. ix. agreTve: s. janaSia. 

giorgi SarvaSiZe. kulturul-istoriuli narkvevi. _ Sromebi, t. 

VI, Tb., 1988, gv. 5-72; giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. I. quTaisi, 

2006, gv. 7-84, 311-329. 

220

dasxva Taobis mecnierebi: geronti qiqoZe 1 , oTar WurRulia 2 , giorgi 

ZiZaria 3 , solomon lekiSvili 4 , avTandil nikoleiSvili 5 , elguja TavberiZe 

6 , jumber TiTmeria 7 da sxv. sul axlaxan gamovida giorgi SarvaSiZis 

TxzulebaTa ortomeuli 8 , romelSic, garda sakuTriv mwerlis 

mxatvruli nawarmoebebisa da sagazeTo publikaciebisa, Sesulia calkeuli 

mogonebebi masze, agreTve sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa naSromebi, 

romlebSic mocemulia giorgi SarvaSiZis literaturul-publicisturi 

memkvidreobis sakmaod amomwuravi analizi 9 . miuxedavad amisa, ar 

SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom giorgi SarvaSiZes jerovnad icnobs farTo 

sazogadoeba. gansakuTrebiT es exeba mis sazogadoebriv-politikur 

moRvaweobas. warmodgenil naSromSi Cven SevecadeT, erTxel kidev gagveazrebina 

am didi mamuliSvilis mier gavlili gza da warmogveCina 

misi rogorc qarTveli moRvawis, qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli 

moZraobis erT-erTi uTvalsaCinoesi warmomadgenlis Rvawli 

erisa da samSoblos winaSe. 

giorgi SarvaSiZis sazogadoebriv asparezze gamosvla daemTxva 

saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis axali etapis 

1 g. qiqoZe. afxazeT-saqarTvelos urTierTobidan. sityva warmoTqmuli 

soxumis TeatrSi 1946 wlis 20 dekembers. _ wgn.: giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani 

or tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 50-57. 

2 o. WurRulia. giorgi SarvaSiZis patriotuli lirika. _ wgn.: o. WurRulia. 

`sityva fiqris sxeulia~. werilebi da gamokvlevebi. Tb., 1992, gv. 47- 

62; ix. agreTve: o. WurRulia. afxazi da qarTveli xalxebis kulturulmegobruli 

urTierTobis istoriidan. _ wgn.: o. WurRulia. kritikuli 

werilebi. I. soxumi, 1958, gv. 158-160; o. WurRulia. giorgi SarvaSiZe. wgn.: 

giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 58-124. 

3 Г. А. Дзидзария. Формирование дореволюционной абхазской интеллигенции. Сухуми, 

1979, gv. 87-94; 

4 s. lekiSvili. giorgi SarvaSiZe. dokumenturi masalebi. _ kreb.: saqarTvelos 

moambe, #31-32, Tb., 1975, gv. 246-296. 

5 a. nikoleiSvili. giorgi SarvaSiZe _ saqarTvelos erTianobisTvis mebrZoli 

afxazi mwerali. _ wgn.: a. nikoleiSvili. qarTveli mwerlebi da 

afxazeTi. quTaisi, 2004. ix. agreTve: giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani or 

tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 125-156. 

6 e. TavberiZe. ubedo mamulis yma. quTaisi, 2004. ix. agreTve: giorgi SarvaSiZe. 

Txzulebani or tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2004, gv. 157-250. 

7 j. TiTmeria. dialogi giorgi SarvaSiZesTan. _ wgn.: giorgi SarvaSiZe. 

Txzulebani or tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 251-272. 

8 giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. I, t. II. quTaisi, 2006. 

9 giorgi SarvaSiZis Txzulebebis axali krebulis gamocemiT, rasakvirvelia, 

namdvilad didi saqme gakeTda, Tumca dasanania, rom aRniSnul 

gamocemaSi, romelsac aqvs mwerlis mTeli Semoqmedebis srulad warmo- 

Cenis pretenzia, gamorCenilia s. lekiSvilis mier moZiebuli giorgi SarvaSiZis 

manamde ucnobi uaResad saintereso nawarmoebebi. ix.: s. lekiSvili. 

giorgi SarvaSiZe. dokumenturi masalebi.., gv. 253-257. 

221

dawyebas. marTalia, is uSualod ar iyo ilias gundis wevri 1 , magram 

Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobiT giorgi SarvaSiZe 

namdvilad idga XIXs. 60-ian wlebSi wamowyebuli didi erovnuli br- 

Zolis avangardSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom giorgi SarvaSiZe iyo erTgvari 

SemaerTebeli rgoli qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis 

Tavadaznauruli da iliaseuli etapebisa. masSi Zalumad iyo 

mozRvavebuli is patriotuli muxti, romlis matareblebi iyvnen er- 

Ti mxriv dimitri yifiani da misi Taoba, xolo meore mxriv ilia WavWavaZe, 

akaki wereTeli da maTi Tanamoazreni. 

giorgi SarvaSiZis, didi afxazisa da amave dros `qarTuli rasis 

namdvili vaJis” (grigol robaqiZe) 2 erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi 

da kulturul-sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba, rogorc mkafiod aCvena 

akad. s. janaSiam, mTlianad ganapiroba im tradiciebma, romelzec izrdebodnen 

SarvaSiZeTa samTavro saxlisa da sxva afxazur Tavadaznaurul 

sagvareuloTa Svilebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. diax, miuxedavad 

XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze ganviTarebuli 

procesebisa (kerZod, CrdiloeT kavkasiidan moZme jiq-afxazTa 

mTieli tomebis axali talRis mowolisa da osmaleTis ideologiuri 

eqspansiis Sedegad erT dros maRalganviTarebuli feodaluri 

mxaris _ afxazeTis _ erTgvari `gabarbarosebisa~ da iq qristianobis 

safuZvlebis moryevisa), afxazeTi gvian Sua saukuneebSi da 

mogvianebiTac (XIXs. 60-iani wlebis CaTvliT) ZiriTadad mainc rCeboda 

saerToqarTuli kulturul-politikuri samyaros organul nawilad 

3 . swored am samyaros RviZli Svili iyo afxazeTis ukanaskneli 

mTavris mixeil SarvaSiZisa da samegrelos mTavar dadianebis gverdiTi 

Stos warmomadgenlis aleqsandra (cuca) dadianis vaJi _ giorgi 

SarvaSiZe. 

oriode sityva mwerlis mSoblebze. giorgis mama _ mixeil SarvaSiZe, 

SarvaSiZeTa ZirZveli sagvareulos erT-erTi yvelaze kolorituli 

warmomadgenli iyo. is 40 wlis manZilze (1823-1864ww.) edga 

saTaveSi afxazeTis samTavros. mis moRvaweobas samTavro taxtze Ta- 

1 amiT Cven sulac ar vuaryofT Tbil urTierTobasa da sulier naTesaobas, 

romelic namdvilad akavSirebda ilia WavWavaZesa da giorgi SarvaSiZes 

(amis Sesaxeb ix. o. WurRulia. giorgi SarvaSiZe. wgn.: giorgi SarvaSiZe. 

Txzulebani or tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 65-67). 

2 givi gollendi (grigol robaqiZe). giorgi SarvaSiZe. _ gaz.: `saqarTvelo~, 

#45, 1918w. ix. agreTve: giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. 

II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 43. 

3 amis Sesaxeb dawvr. ix.: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis 

istoriuli warsulidan, nakv. I. uZvelesi droidan 1917 wlamde. Tb., 2004, 

gv. 87-103. 

222

namedroveni sxvadasxvanairad afasebdnen. ruseTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi 

aRniSnavdnen ra mixeil SarvaSiZis calkeul damsaxurebebs 

ruseTis mTavrobis winaSe, mTlianobaSi, mainc did undoblobas 

amJRavnebdnen mis mimarT da xSirad moRalatedac ki miaCndaT igi. aRsaniSnavia, 

rom mixeil SarvaSiZis negatiuri portretis (gansakuTrebiT 

yirimis omis periodSi) SeqmnaSi arc Tu umniSvnelo wvlili Seitana 

dadianTa samTavro saxlma (upirvelesad ekaterine dadianma) da 

TviT SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulos calkeulma warmomadgenlebma 1 . magram 

qarTuli feodaluri aristokratiis elitarul nawilSi iyvnen isinic, 

vinc yovelnairad cdilobda mixeil SarvaSiZis reabilitacias 

xelisuflebis winaSe. am mxriv, pirvel rigSi, unda davasaxeloT didi 

qarTveli erovnuli moRvawe dimitri yifiani, romelmac yvelaferi 

gaakeTa mixeil SarvaSiZis politikuri karieris gadasarCenad. 

rusuli istoriografia mixeil SarvaSiZis moRvaweobis Sefasebisas 

ZiriTadad oficialuri koniunqturiT xelmZRvanelobda, rac 

dRemde ucvleli rCeba 2 . pirveli mecnieri, romelic Seecada ruseTis 

xelisuflebisagan Serisxuli mTavris reabilitacias, iyo akad. simon 

janaSia, romelmac Tavis brwyinvale narkvevSi giorgi SarvaSiZis cxovrebisa 

da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb (iseve, rogorc Tavis droze dimitri 

yifianma) moiyvana afxazeTis mTavris qmedebebis gamamarTlebeli argumentebi 

da mTeli pasuxismgebloba afxazeTSi Seqmnili viTarebisaTvis 

kavkasiis rusul administracias daakisra 3 . analogiurad udgeboda mixeil 

SarvaSiZis moRvaweobis Sefasebis sakiTxs cnobili qarTveli mecnieri 

Salva Cxetia, romelmac skrupulozurad Seiswavla XIXs. 50- 

iani wlebis movlenebis amsaxveli masalebi 4 . magram mixeil SarvaSiZis 

yvelaze gamokveTil damcvelad mainc gamoCenili afxazi istorikosi, 

1 amis Sesaxeb ix.: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi.., gv. 158-159, 172—173. 

2 amis magaliTia vinme d. danilovis statia, romelSic sagangebodaa xazgasmuli, 

rom mixeil SarvaSiZe „преспокойно промышлял турецкой контрабандой 

и имел тайние связи с горскими племенами“. ix.: Д. Д. Данилов. Лорис-Меликов: 

Карьера парадоксального диктатора. – Вопросы истории, №11-12, 1998, gv. 147. 

3 s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe. kulturul-istoriuli narkvevi. _ Sromebi, 

VI, Tb., 1988, gv. 6-13. aRsaniSnavia, rom, Tavis droze, TviT giorgi 

SarvaSiZec cdilobda moexsna mixeil SarvaSiZisaTvis ruseTis saxelmwifos 

mimarT Cadenili `Ralatis~ braldeba (ix.: Г. М. Шервашидзе. Так 

пишется история. – gaz.: `Закавказье“, №125-126, 1910г. miTiTebulia wignidan: g. 

SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. I. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 293-296), Tumca, 

unda iTqvas, rom mis mier moyvanili argumentebi mTlad damajerebeli 

ver aris. 

4 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis. 1853-1855 ww. _ saistorio 

moambe, #15-16, Tb., 1963, gv. 127-128; 130-136. 

223

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti, prof. giorgi 

ZiZaria mogvevlina. Tavis fundamentur SromebSi XIXs. afxazeTis 

istoriis problemebze, man mogvca kavkasiaSi ruseTis koloniuri politikis 

sakmaod mkacri kritika da am fonze Seafasa afxazeTis ukanaskneli 

mTavris moRvaweoba. mecnieris azriT, mixeil SarvaSiZe TiTqmis 

yovelTvis moqmedebda ruseTis imperiis sasargeblod da ara mis 

winaaRmdeg 1 . faqtobrivad, am Tvalsazriss aviTareben s. lakoba 2 da 

sxva afxazi, aseve qarTveli istorikosebic, maT Soris axalgazrda 

mkvlevari n. TakalanZe, romelmac mixeil SarvaSiZis cxovrebas da mo- 

Rvaweobas specialuri monografia (sakandidato disertacia) miuZRvna 3 . 

miuxedavad ruseTis xelisuflebis veragobisa da zemoT dasaxelebul 

mkvlevarTa mier motanili sxva argumentebisa, Cven mainc gaumarTleblad 

migvaCnia mixeil SarvaSiZis moRvaweobaSi mxolod pozitiuri 

mxareebis saguldagulod Zebna. Cveni azriT, mixeil SarvaSiZe 

iyo uaRresad rTuli pirovneba, romelic yovelTvis cdilobda nebismieri 

saSualebiT xelisuflebis SenarCunebas. swored es miswrafeba 

ubiZgebda mas xan erT mxares gadaxriliyo, xan ki _ meores. erTi 

mxriv, igi aqtiurad TanamSromlobda rusul administraciasTan da 

exmareboda mas moZme mTieli tomebis winaaRmdegobis daZlevasa da Crdilo-dasavleT 

kavkasiaSi ruseTis gavlenis damyareba-ganmtkicebaSi 4 , 

meore mxriv, piriqiT, Riad Tu farulad uWerda mxars Tavis kavkasiel 

TanamoZmeTa (romelTa erT-erTi beladi ubixTa winamZRoli dagomuyva 

barzegi _ misi aRmzrdeli iyo) `saRvTo oms~ ruseTis imperiis 

winaaRmdeg 5 . araviTar eWvs ar unda iwvevdes is, rom mixeil SarvaSiZe 

namdvilad eweoda ormag TamaSs yirimis omis periodSi da arcTu iSviaTad 

Riad TanamSromlobda osmaleTis saokupacio reJimTan. ufro 

metic, is sulac ar iyo winaaRmdegi, TurqTa mxardaWeriT daufleboda 

mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos da gamxdariyo `brwyinvale portas~ 

mTavari dasayrdeni dasavleT kavkasiaSi 6 . TurqeTTan mixeil SarvaSi- 

Zes akavSirebda merkantiluri interesebic. is marTlac eweoda kont- 

1 Г. А. Дзидзария. Махаджирство и проблемы истории Абхазии XIX столетия. Сухуми, 

1982, gv. 140-141. 

2 С. З. Лакоба. Очерки политической истории Абхазии, Сухуми, 1990, gv. 17-25. 

3 n. TakalanZe. mixeil SarvaSiZe: cxovreba da sazogadoebriv-politikuri 

moRvaweoba, sakandidato disertaciis avtoreferati, Tb., 2000. 

4 amis Sesaxeb ix.: z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis istoriuli 

warsulidan, nakv. I. uZvelesi droidan 1917 wlamde. Tb., 2004, gv. 

151-152. 

5 amis Sesaxeb ix.: С. З. Лакоба. Очерки политической истории.., gv. 23-24; z. papasqiri. 

narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis.., gv. 175-176. 

6 z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis.., gv. 185. 

224

abandas da sakmaod soliduri Semosavalic gaaCnda am saqmianobidan 1 . 

magram am SemTxvevaSi, Cven ufro mixeil SarvaSiZis kulturulsaxelmwifoebrivi 

ier-saxe gvainteresebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTis 

ukanaskneli mTavari, rusi maRalCinosnebis TqmiT, arc Tu iSviaTad 

`velur~ araqristianul Cvevebs avlenda 2 , misi mmarTvelobis 

xanaSi SarvaSiZeTa saxli erTmniSvnelovnad rCeboda saerToqarTuli 

qristianuli samyarosa da iyo qarTuli wignierebis arealSi. rusuli 

administraciis xelmZRvaneli pirebic ki aRiarebdnen, rom „в фамилии 

князей Шарвашидзе употребительний письменный язык грузинский~ 3 . 

is, rom qarTuli wigniereba iyo mSobliuri mixeil SarvaSiZisa- 

Tvis, dasturdeba misi oficialuri da araoficialuri mimoweriT. mixeil 

SarvaSiZis epistolaruli memkvidreoba kargadaa cnobili mkvlevarTaTvis 

4 , amdenad, amjerad am Temaze sagangebod ar SevCerdebiT, 

magram mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, moviyvanoT afxazeTis mTavris erTi 

(konfidencialuri) werili, gagzavnili WkaduaSSi myofi meuRlisadmi: 

`sayvarelo aleqsandra! grigol SarvaSiZe da qirT tagu gamomigzavnia 

viTomc Seni da bavSvebis wamosayvanad aqeT, da aramc ar daujero 

imaT da ar wamoxvide. es aravin gaigos. ramdonic xans SegeZlos(!) 

Seiqcie, da mama Seni roca mova, TviTon mixvTeba. es wigni uCvene da 

ravarc sjobdes, iqs. giorgi SenTan moayvanine. leCxums ar waiyvanon. 

babuSia Cqotuebs gamoatane. gulnaklulad arian, gazrdili wagvarTvio. 

me male ver moval, magrame (!) CemTvis nu swuxar(!), patara giorgi 

Segiqcevs. Seni mixail SarvaSiZe, 18 maiss 1855 welsa: oCamCiriT~. 

garedan werils aweria: àfxazeTis mTavrina aleqsandra giorgis 

asulsa, WkaduaSs, sakuTars xels~. 5 

garda imisa, rom mixeil SarvaSiZis am werilSi pirdapiri miniSnebaa 

giorgi SarvaSiZis asakze _ is amdros jer kidev mcirewlovani 

iyo, afxazeTis mTavris es baraTi sxva mxrivacaa saintereso. am weri- 

1 amis damadasturebeli faqtebi Tavis droze moiZia g. ZiZariam. kerZod, 

Tavis naSromSi mahajirobis Sesaxeb mas mohyavs cnobili mogzauris fr. 

diubua de monperes Semdegi komentari: „Торг (рабами) прекратился бы совершенно, 

если бы Михаил-бей и Гасан-бей не были сами его первыми зачинщиками~ ix.: 

Г. А. Дзидзария. Махаджирство и проблемы истории Абхазии.., gv. 262. 

2 Акты, собранные Кавказскою археографической комиссиею (Semdgom – АКАК), т. 

VIII, Тифлисъ, 1881, gv. 447. 

3 S. Cxetia. afxazeTis samTavros istoriisaTvis.., gv. 154. 

4 ix.: s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe.., _ Sromebi.., gv. 33-35, S. Cxetia. afxazeTis 

samTavros istoriisaTvis.., gv. 195, 232, 239-241; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi 

Tanamedrove afxazeTis.., gv. 165-170,186. 

5 s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe... Sromebi.., gv. 34-35. 


225

lisa da afxazeTis mTavris samdivanmwignobros 1 mier momzadebuli 

sxva qarTuli dokumentebis filologiuri Seswavlis safuZvelze, 

Tavis droze akad. s. janaSia mivida im daskvnamde, rom afxazeTis sam- 

Tavro karis kancelaria marTlweris garkveul sistemas misdevda; es 

sistema gamomdinareobda Sesabamisi literaturul-gramatikul-orTografiuli 

moZRvrebidan, romelic eyrdoboda anton kaTalikozis did 

avtoritets. mecnieris azriT, afxazeTis `samTavros kancelariis qarTuli 

sabuTebis ...stili da marTlwera antoniseulia da misi gavlena 

nawilobriv TviT mixeil SarvaSiZesac etyoba... am skolis gavlenas... 

garkveulad emorCileba giorgi SarvaSiZec~. 2 

saerTo-qarTul kulturul samyarosTan mWidro kavSiris gamoxatuleba 

iyo isic, rom afxazuri Tavadaznauruli elitis warmomad- 

1 is, rom afxazeTis samTavro saxlis warmomadgenlebi mxaris `gabarbarosebis~ 

Semdegac _ XVII-XIXs. damdegs _ kvlav rCebodnen saerToqar- 

Tuli socialur-politikuri sistemisa da qarTuli wignierebis sivrce- 

Si, naTlad dasturdeba afxazeTis mTavrebis, yvapu SarvaSiZisa da qele- 

Sbei SarvaSiZis epistolaruli memkvidreobidanac. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul 

interess iwvevs mixeil SarvaSiZis papis, qeleS-bei SarvaSiZis xelwerili, 

romelic man misca Tavis axlo naTesavs sosranbeg SarvaSiZes: 

èse xelwerils gaZlev Sen, Cems Zmiswuls beqirbeqis Svils sosranbegs, 

ase rom me da Sen SevgulZvirdiT da Reneral-maior riqxofs da baton 

dedofals (igulisxmeba samegrelos dedofali nino bagrationi-dadiani 

_ z.p.) eaxeli; aw amaTman uganaTlebulesobam ineba Cveni da Seni garigeba 

da TavaT dedofali mobrZanda da gagvariges, ase rom rac mama Sens 

beqirbegs adgil-mamuli, yma da mosamsaxure hyavda, an rac hqonda, srulaT 

oTxive ZmebisaTvis mogvicemia mamiSeniseuli adgil-mamuli; kidec 

rogorc rigi aris batonymobisa, ise Tavis yma imsaxure da Senda nebad 

gyvandes, da Cemgan arc sikvdiliT, arc daWeriT, arc kacis SeCenilobiT 

fiqri ar gqondes, Tu cxadad Sengan vneba ar gamocxaddes ra~ (АКАК, т. 

II. Тифлис, 1868, gv. 190. xazgasma Cvenia _ z.p.). qeleS-bei SarvaSiZis es xelwerili 

Sedgenilia Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi gamomuSavebuli diplomatikuri 

normebis mixedviT. am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT xazgasasmelia 

is garemoeba, rom amgvari werili iwereba ara samurzayanoSi, romelic 

metad iyo integrirebuli danarCen saqarTvelosTan, aramed e.w. 

ùSinaganes~ afxazeTSi, im mTavris karze, romelic iTvleboda `marTlmorwmune 

muslimad~. ai, es afxazeTic cxovrobda im feodalur-batonymuri 

sistemis (`rigi... batonymobisa~) pirobebSi, romelic sayovelTao 

iyo mTeli saqarTvelosaTvis. yovelive es aSkarad migvaniSnebs imaze, 

rom miuxedavad gviani Sua saukuneebis afxazeTis erTgvari `warmarTad 

miqcevisa~, rac, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, gamowveuli iyo monaTesave 

mTiel tomTa axali talRis CamowoliT, es regioni mainc qarTuli feodaluri 

samyaros nawils warmoadgenda, xolo samTavros oficialur 

enad kvlav qarTuli rCeboda. 

2 s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe... Sromebi.., gv. 33-42. 

226

genelTa mniSvnelovani nawili atarebda qarTul saxelebs 1 . arcTu iSviaTad 

rusul oficialur dokumentebSi afxaz aznaurTa mimarT afxazuri 

àamsTas~ nacvlad naxmaria qarTuli àznauri~. da bolos, yvelaze 

mkafio dadastureba imisa, rom afxazeTis samTavro saxli rCeboda 

saerTo-qarTuli qristianul-kulturul-politikuri samyaros 

ganuyofel nawilad, aris is faqti, rom afxazeTis ukanaskneli mTavari 

mixeil SarvaSiZe da misi Ze giorgi daasaflaves moqvis taZarSi 

da maT saflavebs amSvenebs Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli warwerebi. 

sruliad naTel da erTmniSvnelovan warmodgenas, Tu rogor esmodaT 

qarTul-afxazuri istoriuli erToba TviT afxazebs, iZleva 

afxazeTisa da samurzayanos TavadaznaurTa e.w. `moxsenebiTi baraTi~, 

romelic maT 1870w. miarTves general-adiutant, Tavad d. sviatopolk-mirskis, 

maRali Cinis moxeles kavkasiis rusul administracia- 

Si (Председатель Тифлисского комитета по сословно-поземельным делам). 

am dokumentis, erTgvari Txovna-peticiis, romelsac xels awerdnen 

mTel afxazeTSi cnobili pirovnebebi, Tavadebi: baTa emuxvari, 

misoust marSania, titu marRania, konstantine inal-ifa, Seqmnis aucilebloba 

nakarnaxevi iyo afxazeTis Tavadaznaurobis surviliT, gaetarebinaT 

saglexo reforma afxazeTSi im saxiT, rogorc es ganxorcielda 

saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi. sakiTxis ase dasmis mTavar argumentad 

peticiis avtorebs mohyavdaT is garemoeba, rom „Издревне 

Абхазия составляла часть бывшего Грузинского царства. Последняя династия 

Грузинских царей – есть династия Абхазская. Древный Пицундский 

храм был в течение нескольких веков престольным храмом Католикосов 

Абхазских и Грузинских.… Народ Абхазский и Самурзаканский почти 

до последнего времени имел с Грузией (igulisxmeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelo 

_ z.p.), Мингрелией и Имеретией одну религию, одни обычаи, 

одни законы. Если вера христианская, под влиянием мусульманского ига и 

разных неуриядиц в Абхазии значительно ослабла, то несомненные следы 

ее сохранились в жизни Абхазского народа.… Из целого ряда Абхазских 

владетелей, отделившихся от Грузии после разделения последней на уделы, 

только двое: Зураб-бей и Келеш-Ахмет бей исповедовали мусульманскую 

религию.… Все же остальные владетели Абхазии были христиане. 

Цари Грузинские никогда не исключали Абхазию из большой грузинской 

семьи и как до разделения царства так и после существования своего титуловались 

царями Грузинскими, до самого последнего времени Картали- 

1 sxvaTa Soris, qarTuli saxelebi gvxvdeba ara mxolod afxazebSi, aramed 

saZ-ubixTa Sorisac. ase, magaliTad, XIXs. I naxevarSi aRniSnul tom- 

Ta liderebi iyvnen levan canubaia /canba/ (АКАК, т. IV.Тифлис, 1870, gv. 426, 

429, 953) da ubixebis Tavadi zurab xamiSi (АКАК, т. IX, ч. I. Тифлис, 1884, gv. 505. 

227

нскими, Абхазскими, Имеретинскими и Кахетинскими. Когда грузинский 

царь Вахтанг VI в начале прошедшего столетия (e. i. XVIIIs. _ z.p.) предпринимая 

издание законов, вызывал из всех провинции бывшего Грузинского 

Царства депутатов для содействия ему в этом труде, то между 

ними были и депутаты от Абхазского народа, который до последнего 

времени сохранил у себя древнейшие, грузинские обычаи. Не менее важными 

свидетелями, принадлежности Абхазии к Грузии могут служить 

кроме христианских храмов, развалины разных светских и военных построек. 

Так известные башни над ущельем Псыраста, сооружены, по преданию, 

славной грузинской Царицей Тамарой; Каменная стена в Келассауре 

поставлена Вамекем Дадианом… Большая часть местностей носит 

грузинские названия; Большая часть жителей признает своё мингрельское 

происхождение и сохранили свои грузинские и мингрельские 

фамилии. ...Из всего выше изложенного, легко будет усмотреть, что 

в Абхазии не могло быть другого гражданского устройства, кроме того, 

которое всегда существовало в остальном христианском Закавказьи. По 

этому и права наши сословные и поземельные были те же, что и в Грузии, 

Мингрелии, Имеретии и Гурии, с самыми незначительными особенностьями, 

обуславливавшиеся местными, чисто экономическими условиями 

и не превышавшими тех различии, какие существовали перед остальными 

областьями Грузии, например между Карталинией и Имеретией. 

Различие это может касатся только некоторых частностей, но нисколько 

не нарушает в общем полного сходства Абхазии со всеми областьями, 

входившими в состав владений Грузинских Царей.…Во главе всего Абхазского 

народа стоял владетель Абхазии из фамилии старинного грузинского 

рода Шарвашидзе~. 1 

ai, rogor hqondaT afxazi Tavad-aznaurobis Rirseul warmomadgenlebs 

Zval-rbilSi gamjdari (XIXs. 60-ian wlebSic ki) qarTulafxazuri 

istoriuli da kulturul-politikuri erTobis SegrZneba. 

ai, rogor esmodaT maT qarTvelTa da afxazTa Tanacxovrebis mravalsaukunovani 

istoria. swored aseT atmosferoSi yalibdeboda giorgi 

SarvaSiZis eTno-erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi mentaliteti, amitomac 

iqca is qarTul-afxazuri istoriuli Zmobisa da erTobis mebairaxtred. 

zogi ram giorgi SarvaSiZis dedaze _ aleqsandra (cuca) dadianze. 

is samegrelos cnobili Tavadis giorgi dadianis (“didi niko” 

dadianis vaJis) asuli iyo. TanamedroveTa erTsulovani aRiarebiT 

aleqsandra dadiani momxibvleli garegnobis, uaRresad keTilSobili 

1 А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки современного сепаратизма в Грузии. 

Тб., 1998, gv. 28-30. xazgasma Cvenia _ z.p. 

228

da ganaTlebuli adamiani yofila. mas didi avtoriteti hqonia afxazebSi 

1 . man didi roli iTamaSa giorgi SarvaSiZis aRzrdaSi, Tumca am 

mxriv aranakleb uRvawia aleqsandras mamidas, `didi nikos” asuls, 

cnobili afxazi Tavadis, abJuis mflobelis aleqsandre (ali-beg) SarvaSiZis 

qvrivs kesaria dadians 2 . 

giorgi SarvaSiZis biografiis Sesaxeb mxolod fragmentuli 

cnobebi mogvepoveba. miaCniaT, rom is dabadebuli unda yofiliyo 

`1846 wlis maxloblad~, vinaidan “dimitri yifians 1855 wlis Semodgomaze 

igi daaxloebiT 9 wlisa sCvenebia~. 3 1863w. oqtomberSi jer 

kidev sruliad axalgazrda giorgi msaxurobda TbilisSi, sadac ekava 

kavkasiis mefisnacvlis, didi mTavris mixeil nikolozis Zis adiutantis 

Tanamdeboba. swored am dros, mixeil SarvaSiZem, samTavro xelisuflebis 

gaxangrZlivebis mizniT, iTxova gadadgoma Tavisi vaJisa 

da memkvidris _ giorgi SarvaSiZis sasargeblod. amasTan dakavSirebiT 

man saTanado TxovniT mimarTa kavkasiaSi ruseTis jarebis mTavari 

Stabis ufross, raTa am ukanasknels gaeTavisuflebina giorgi samxedro 

samsaxuridan. mixeil SarvaSiZe Tavis am gadawyvetilebas xsnida 

imiT, rom is avadmyofobis gamo ver axerxebda afxazeTis marTvas da 

amitom surda xelisufleba Tavisi vaJisTvis gadaeca 4 . 

magram mTavris am ocnebas aRsruleba ar ewera. kavkasiis rusulma 

mmarTvelobam gamoiCina morigi veragoba da mixeil SarvaSiZis es 

iniciativa gamoiyena sababad imperiis umaRlesi xelisuflebis winaSe 

samTavros gauqmebis sakiTxis daayenebisaTvis. amiT ganawyenebulma mTavarma 

protestis niSnad demonstraciulad uari Tqva ruseTis xelisuflebis 

mier misTvis miniWebul pativze da moixsna general-leitenantisa 

da general-adiutantis uflebamosilebani, riTac faqtobri- 

1 ai, rogor Sefasebas aZlevda mis moRvaweobas generali m. kocebu kavkasiis 

mefisnacvlis n. muraviovisadmi gagzavnil werilSi: „Кн. Александра, 

женшина около 30 лет, отличается преданностью правительству, умом, благородными 

правилами и красотой. Она пользовалась неограниченной привязанностью абхазцев 

и живя прежде большей частю в Соуксу (lixni _ z.p.), управляла всегда во 

время отсутствия мужа своего Бзыбским округом с таким искуством, что управление 

её жители предпочитали управлению владетеля“. ix.: S. Cxetia. afxazeTis.., 

gv. 154. xazgasma Cvenia _ z.p. 

2 dimitri yifianis informaciiT, aleqsandra dadians misTvis (1855w.) uTqvams: 

„minda Svili (igulisxmeba giorgi –z.p.) saswavlebelSi gavgzavno, 

magram jer ymawvilia da Tavis aRmzrdels, kneina kesarias ver Sordeba“-o. 

ix.: s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe.., _ Sromebi.., gv. 44. xazgasma Cvenia 

_ z.p. 

3 s. janaSia. giorgi SarvaSiZe.., _ Sromebi.., gv. 13. 


229

vad, Tavisi Tavi ruseTis iurisdiqciidan gamoiyvana. magram amjerad 

imperiis xelisufleba ukan daxevas ar apirebda. 1864w. 24 ivniss kavkasiis 

mefisnacvalma afxazeTis mTavars oficialuri Setyobineba gaugzavna, 

romelSic, Seaxsenebda ra, Tu rogor iTxovda igi araerTgzis 

nebarTvas, daetovebina samTavro taxti 1 , acnobebda imperatoris 

gadawyvetilebas am Txovnis dakmayofilebis Sesaxeb. xelmwife-imperatoris 

brZanebiT mixeil SarvaSiZe da misi STamomavloba samudamod 

kargavda afxazeTis marTvis uflebas da iq myardeboda rusuli mmar- 

Tveloba 2 . 

ruseTis xelisuflebis es gadawyvetileba mixeil SarvaSiZem garegnulad 

mSvidad miiRo. afxazeTis mTavari, rogorc aRniSnavda qu- 

Taisis general-gubernatori gen. d. sviatopolk-mirski, romelic piradad 

eaxla mas tyvarCelSi, sadac mixeil SarvaSiZe imyofeboda samkurnalod, 

araTu win ar aRudga afxazeTSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebas, 

aramed „по первому требованию... созвал абхазцев для объявления 

им высочайшей воли~. 3 erTaderTi, rasac moiTxovda mixeil Sarva- 

SiZe, iyo is, rom misTvis neba daerToT, ecxovra afxazeTSi. im SemTxvevaSi, 

Tu amis nebas ar miscemdnen, is iTxovda mamuls imereTSi da 

cxovrebis uflebas zamTrobiT quTaisSi, xolo zafxulobiT raWaSi. 

da Tu amazec etyodnen uars, maSin mTavari iTxovda, miecaT misTvis 

ierusalimSi gamgzavrebis nebarTva, sadac, misi sityvebiT, is daelodeboda 

sikvdils ùflis saflavTan~. `winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, _ uTvlida 

mixeil SarvaSiZe xelisuflebas, _ SegiZliaT wamaTrioT aqidan 

ZaliT, dae mTelma qveyanam naxos Tqveni usamarTloba da sisastike~. 4 

1 cnobilia, rom mixeil SarvaSiZem misi mTavris taxtidan gadadgomis 

sakiTxi pirvelad oficialurad dasva jer kidev 1847w. (maSin is ukiduresad 

gaRizianebuli iyo `samurzayanos sakiTxSi~ imperiis mier gamoCenili 

`veragobiT~). xelisuflebas is atyobinebda, rom surda afxazeTis 

saerTod datoveba da imereTSi dasaxleba, sadac misTvis unda gadaecaT 

1500 glexi kar-midamoTi, romlebic ganTavisuflebulni iqnebodnen sam- 

Tavrobo gadasaxadebisa da valdebulebebisagan. magram kavkasiis mefisnacvalma 

mixeil voroncovma diplomatiurad uari Tqva mixeil SarvaSi- 

Zis Txovnis dakmayofilebaze da mouwoda mas, ganegrZo `RvTiT moniWebuli 

movaleobis~ Sesruleba. С. Эсадзе. Историческая записка об управлении 

Кавказом, I. Тифлис, 1907, gv. 134, 136; z. papasqiri. narkvevebi Tanamedrove 

afxazeTis.., gv. 153-154. 

2 Г. Г. Паичадзе. Абхазия в составе Российской империи. 1810-1917 гг. – Разыскания 

по истории Абхазии/Грузи. Тб., 1999, gv. 227. 

3 Г. А. Дзидзария. Абхазия в годы Крымской войны. Упразднение владетельного княжества. 

– Очерки истории Абхазской АССР, т. I. Сухуми, 1960, gv. 200. 


230

giorgi SarvaSiZis pirveli aqtiuri gamoCena politikur asparezze 

swored am periods, kerZod ki 1866w. tragikul movlenebs ukav- 

Sirdeba. am dros, rogorc cnobilia, afxazeTSi mZlavrma antirusulma 

ajanyebam ifeTqa, rac ZiriTadad mTavris xelisuflebis gauqmebi- 

Ta da rus moxeleTa ganukiTxaobiT iyo gamowveuli 1 . afxazebma didi 

Sekreba moawyves lixnSi, mTavris sasaxlis win. maTTan Sesaxvedrad 

gaemarTa soxumis ganyofilebis ufrosi polkovniki koniari, romelmac 

diplomatiuri mosazrebiT Tan iaxla mixeil SarvaSiZis vaJi _ 

giorgi da gardacvlili mTavris Zma _ aleqsandre SarvaSiZe. 

koniarma ultimatumi wauyena Sekrebil xalxs da Tavyrilobis 

iniciatorTa gacema moiTxova. aman isedac aRgznebuli afxazebi moTminebidan 

gamoiyvana da maT cecxli gauxsnes koniarsa da mis amalas. 

giorgi SarvaSiZe amaod cdilobda, SeeCerebina Tavisi Tanamemamuleni. 

xalxma mas ar daujera, SeiWra mTavris sasaxleSi, romelsac koniarma 

da misma garemocvam Tavi Seafara da soxumis olqis ufrosi da misi 

mxleblebi sicocxles gamoasalma. ase daiwyo lixnis amboxi, romelic 

male afxazeTis sxva raionebsac moedo da farTo masStabis antirusul 

gamosvlaSi gadaizarda. 

ajanyebulebma giorgi SarvaSiZe afxazeTis axal mTavrad gamoacxades 

da mosTxoves mas, gaZRoloda maT brZolas rusuli xelisuflebis 

winaaRmdeg. giorgi SarvaSiZe faqtobrivad erTgvari mZevlis 

rolSi aRmoCnda. is kvlav cdilobda SeeCerebina ajanyebulebi. magram 

mis replikas _ „Мы не в силах бороться с русскими~, xalxis xmamaRali 

SeZaxili mohyva: „Нас много~ 2 . èxla Sen Cveni mTavari xar, saiTac 

waxval, wamogyvebiT; saca Sen, Cvenc iq unda daviRupoT~, _ eubnebodnen 

amboxebuli afxazebi axalgazrda mTavars 3 da isic iZulebuli 

Seiqna, maT survils dahyoloda. giorgi SarvaSiZe kargad grZnobda 

Tavisi mdgomareobis tragikulobas da Riad gamoxatavda wu- 

1 miuxedavad imisa, rom ajanyebis uSualo sababi iyo afxaz glexTa uaryofiTi 

damokidebuleba im dros mimdinare saglexo reformisadmi, maTi 

es gamosvla imTaviTve gascda Cveulebrivi socialuri amboxis farglebs 

da ruseTis imperiis kolonialuri reJimis winaaRmdeg saerTo-saxalxo 

ajanyebis xasiaTi miiRo. savsebiT sworia cnobili afxazi istorikosi 

stanislav lakoba, rodesac wers, rom „Абхазское (Лыхненское) восстание 

1866 года... носило ярко выраженный, антиколониальный национально-освободительный 

характер~ (С. З. Лакоба. Очерки политической истории Абхазии.., gv. 

26. xazgasma Cvenia _ z.p.). 

2 Документы по истории Грузии. 1862-1917, т. I, ч. I. Под редакцией Ш. К. Чхетия. 

Тб., 1952, gv. 112. 

3 s. janaSia.Ógiorgi SarvaSiZe.., _ Sromebi.., gv. 15. 

231

xils Seqmnili situaciis gamo. „Меня поставили в такое положение, 

что не могу явиться к русским, которые меня вскормили и воспитали, 

предпочитаю себе смерть~ 1 _ ai, ra uTqvams mas gadamwyveti brZolis 

win Tavisi biZis aleqsandresaTvis. 

xelisuflebam saswrafo zomebi miiRo ajanyebis CasaxSobad. soxumSi 

gadasrolil iqna damatebiTi samxedro Zalebi piradad quTaisis 

general-gubernatoris d. sviatopolk-mirskis sardlobiT. ajanyeba 

CaaxSves, misi meTaurebi da wamomwyebni ki sastikad dasajes. soxumSi 

adgili hqonda ajanyebis aqtiur monawileTa sajaro daxvretasac 

ki. bevri gadaasaxles cimbirsa da ruseTis sxva regionebSi. gadaasaxles 

TviT giorgi SarvaSiZec, romelic gagzavnil iqna samxedro 

samsaxuris gasagrZeleblad orenburgis samxedro òkrugSi~. 2 

kidev erTi faqti giorgi SarvaSiZis sazogadoebriv-politikuri 

moRvaweobis warmosaCenad. es aris didi mamuliSvilis cxovrebis er- 

Tgvari reqviemi. 1917w. 8 noembers (am dros petrogradSi damxobili 

iyo droebiTi mTavroba da Zalaufleba ukve bolSevikebs epyraT) afxazeTis 

antiqarTulad ganwyobili àxladgamomcxvari~ liderebis 

aleqsandre SarvaSiZis, tataS marSanias, simon basarias, mixeil cagurias, 

dimitri alanias, mixeil tarnavasa da a.S. iniciativiT, mkvidri 

qarTuli mosaxleobis, agreTve regionSi mcxovrebi sxva erovnebebis 

warmomadgenelTa zurgs ukan, mowveul iqna e.w. àfxazi xalxis yriloba~, 

romelmac Seqmna àfxazTa saxalxo sabWo~ (`Абхазский Народный 

Совет~) da miiRo oficialuri dokumentebi: àfxazi xalxis deklaracia~ 

da àfxazTa saxalxo sabWos konstitucia~. 

`yrilobam~ oficialurad daadastura afxazi xalxis Sesvla 

(xazs vusvamT: afxazi xalxis da ara afxazeTis) `kavkasiis gaerTianebul 

mTielTa kavSirSi~. amave dros, yrilobam xelisuflebis adgilobrivi 

organoebisagan (samxareo komiteti, komisiebi da a.S.) moiTxova, 

waremarTaT TavianTi saqmianoba „в контакте с Абхазским Народным 

Советом~. 3 amiT afxazTa saxalxo sabWom, romelic mxolod erTi 

_ afxazi xalxis interesebis gamomxatveli iyo, mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobisa 

da regionis sxva mcxovrebTa nebis sruli ignorirebiT, 

faqtobrivad, moaxdina xelisuflebis uzurpireba afxazeTSi. 

yrilobam fexqveS gaTela mravalsaukunovani qarTul-afxazuri 

1 Документы по истории Грузии.., gv. 112. 

2 С. З. Лакоба. Очерки политической истории Абхазии.., gv. 26. 

3 afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri regionebis statusi saqar- 

Tvelos SemadgenlobaSi (1917-1988). politikur-samarTlebrivi aqtebis 

krebuli. krebulis Semdgeneli da mTavari redaqtori T. diasamiZe. Tb., 

2004, gv. 214. xazgasma Cvenia _ z.p. 

232

istoriuli Tanacxovreba da afxazi xalxis momavali calsaxad daukavSira 

`kavkasiis gaerTianebul mTielTa kavSirs~. `yrilobis~ mkveTrad 

gamoxatulma antiqarTulma paTosma da mimarTulebam qarTvel 

politikur moRvaweTa protesti gamoiwvia. rogorc aRniSnavs Tavisi 

separatistuli ganwyobilebebiT cnobili mixeil tarnava, yrilobaze 

gamocxadda akaki Cxenkeli _ ruseTis (IV) saTaTbiros deputati, 

òzakomis~ („Особый Закавказский комитет~ _ amierkavkasiaSi ruse- 

Tis droebiTi mTavrobis xelmZRvaneli organo) wevri, agreTve sxva 

cnobili pirovnebebi, romelTa Soris giorgi SarvaSiZec iyo 1 . 

giorgi SarvaSiZem afxazur enaze mimarTa `yrilobis~ monawileebs, 

auxsna maT ruseTSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis arsi, miuloca Tavisuflebis 

moaxloeba da mouwoda qarTvel xalxTan megobrobisa da 

TanamSromlobisaken: `Tqven Tqvens ufros Zmebs mihyeviT, maTTan er- 

Tad imoqmedeT da ibrZoleT Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad da Sesanar- 

Cuneblad. vici, zogierTebs ar moewonebaT Cemi aseTi azri, radgan 

isini moskovisaken iyurebian, me ki _ Tbilisisaken. sxva gza ar aris 

da arc yofila arodes afxazeTisaTvis, garda saqarTvelosTan mWidro 

kavSirisa da masTan yofnisa ganuyrelad WirSi da lxinSi~. am gancxadebis 

Semdeg, Tavis TanamoZmeTa antiqarTuli ganwyobilebebiT gawbilebulma 

giorgi SarvaSiZem datova darbazi da Semdgom arc mobrunebula 

2 . sul raRac sam TveSi ki _ 1918 wlis 19 Tebervals _ 

mTeli saqarTvelo SeZra soxumidan mosulma cnobam didi mamuliSvilis 

gardacvalebis Sesaxeb. 

giorgi SarvaSiZis _ afxazuri Tavadaznauruli elitis am ukanaskneli 

mohikanis, qarTul-afxazuri istoriuli Zmobisa da erTobis 

namdvili burjis, uecari gardacvaleba 1918w. damdegs, rodesac ax- 

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom s. lakoba romelsac (m. tarnavas mixedviT) mohyavs 

akaki Cxenkelisa da sxva moRvaweTa yrilobaze mosvlisa da masze am 

ukanasknelis gamosvlis faqti, krints ar Zravs imaze, rom qarTuli poziciebis 

aqtiuri dacviT gamovida giorgi SarvaSiZe. arada, s. lakobas 

sulac ar daviwynia giorgi SarvaSiZis arseboba. ufro metic, man àfxazeTis 

istoriis~ e.w. `damxmare saxelmZRvanelos~ zustad im nawilSi, 

(TiTqmis imave gverdze), sadac skrupulozurad acnobs mkiTxvels àfxazi 

xalxis yrilobis~ peripetiebs, moaTavsa giorgi SarvaSiZisa da aleqsandre 

SarvaSiZis 1917w. daTariRebuli foto. ix.: С. З. Лакоба. Абхазия в 

1917-1921гг. – wgn.: История Абхазии. Учебное пособие. гл. ред. С. Лакоба. Сухуми, 

1991, gv. 282-283. 

2 es masala saTauriT: `gaucxoebis dasawyisi (1917-1920)~. gamoqveynebulia 

berlinSi gamomaval qarTul gazeTSi `TeTri giorgi~ (1931w.). miTiTebulia 

wignidan: d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi. 

afxazeTis saxalxo sabWo 1917-1921 wlebSi. Tb., 2006, gv. 125-126. 

233

ladmovlenili afxazi liderebi yovelnairad cdilobdnen misi mSobliuri 

kuTxis danarCeni saqarTvelosagan mowyvetas, ramdenadme simboluric 

ki iyo. Tavisi didi samSoblos _ saqarTvelos _ mxurvale 

patriotis, romelmac WeSmaritad mamuliSviluri, Seurigebeli poziciis 

gamo araerTxel iwvnia ruseTis xelisuflebis risxva, gulma 

ver aitana TanamoZmeTa Ralati. savsebiT naTeli iyo, rom axal afxaz 

liderebs sruliad gansxvavebuli idealebi hqondaT. maT ukve ar See- 

ZloT da arc surdaT giorgi SarvaSiZis nakvalevze svla. amisTvis 

ar aRuzrdia isini `deda-ruseTs~. 

sxvaTa Soris, es SeumCneveli ar darCenia imdroindeli qarTuli 

sazogadobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs. kerZod, ai ra ganacxada 

amasTan dakavSirebiT cnobilma qarTvelma moRvawem niko TavdgiriZem 

giorgi SarvaSiZis dakrZalvaze: `Seni xalxisaTvis Tavisuflebis mopoebis 

xmamaRla aRiarebis gamo im dros, roca yvela wris Cven sazogadoebas 

RvTis wyalobad miaCndaT rusis mTavrobis yuradReba, Sen 

akrZaluli gqonda Sens samSobloSi _ afxazeTSi xangrZlivi cxovreba, 

mxolod 1905 wlis Sekvecil uflebaTa mopoebis Semdeg SesZel 

daubrkoleblad aq gecxovra; dauyonebliv moaSure Sens qveyanas, magram 

ra dagxvda im abxazebma, romlebis Rirsebas ucxoelebi SeniT 

pativs gcemdnen, romlebis TavisuflebisaTvis Sen Seswire mTeli Seni 

didebuli kariera, yovelive Seni qoneba, simdidre, Seni aq Camosvla 

verc ki SeamCnies... Seni aq yofniT ver isargebles. Tu es garemoeba 

mosaTmeni iyo am ori wlis wineT, exla am ukanasknel dros, roca 

yvela erovnebas mieniWa Tavisuflad amosunTqvis ufleba, Sendami 

uyuradReboba swored danaSauleba iyo... ra usamarTloba, ra ironia 

cxovrebis: mTeli Seni mSvenieri, momxiblavi axalgazrdobis Zala, 

ara Cveulebrivi gansakuTrebuli upiratesobiT aRsavse garemoeba msxverplad 

Seswire imas, rom Sens patara, magram SenTvis cxovrebaSi 

erTad-erT safasur-ganZs _ abxazeTs Tavisufleba movlineboda da Sen 

ukanaskneli Tavis ZaliT, rogorc bibliuri simoni mihgebebodi mas, 

magram Senma siyvarulma xalxma-abxazebma gverdi agixvia, ver SegamCnia 

Sen da im rusis aRzrda-azrovneba-mimarTulebiT gaJRenTil adamianebs 

mihyva, romelTan brZolas Seni xalxis daCagvrisaTvis mTeli Seni kacTa 

Soris aRiarebuli bedniereba Seswire~. 1 

saerTo-qarTuli erovnuli idealebi asuldgmulebda giorgi SarvaSiZis 

Semoqmedebas, mis mwvave publicistur werilebs. da es imitom, 

rom, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, feodaluri aristokratiis saukeTe- 

1 Jurn.: `Teatri da cxovreba~, #10; wgn.: giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani 

or tomad. t. II. quTaisi, 2006, gv. 39-40. 

234

so tradiciebze aRzrdilma giorgi SarvaSiZem bavSvobidanve Seisisxlxorca 

rogorc mSobliuri afxazeTis, ise Tavisi didi samSoblos 

_ saqarTvelos, romelsac is xSirad iverias uwodebda 1 , siyvaruli 

da erTguleba. is, rom giorgi SarvaSiZe Tavis samSoblod pirvel 

rigSi miiCnevda saqarTvelos mTlianad da ara sakuTriv afxazeTs, 

araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs. Tumca es sulac ar gvaZlevs uflebas, eWvi 

SevitanoT mis, iseve rogorc saerTod gvian Sua saukuneebis SarvaSi- 

ZeTa sagvareulos afxazobaSi eTno-tomobrivad. giorgi SarvaSiZes, 

romelic udavod iyo qarTveli istoriul-kulturulad, savsebiT na- 

Tlad hqonda gacnobierebuli Tavisi eTno-tomobrivi afxazoba. amis 

mkafio dadasturebaa Tundac misi poeturi Sedevri `varada~, romel- 

Sic is mTeli grZnobiT gamoxatavs survils, rom ar mowydes Tavis 

afxazur fesvebs: 

`gangebav! amas nu miwyen, 

ver gadavgvarde gvarada, 

xandisxan waviRuRuno 

mamapapuri varada~ (xazgasma Cvenia _ z.p.). 

sworad aRniSnavs akad. simon janaSia, rom `mSobliuri Taviseburebis 

didi grZnobis wiaRSi SeiZleboda mxolod dabadebuliyo iseTi 

Sedevri, rogoricaa... afxazuri simRera `varada~ _ uSinaganesi lirikuli 

mRelvarebis poeturi SenivTeba~. 2 

da es afxazi, mSobliur afxazeTze usazRvrod Seyvarebuli, Tavisi 

kuTxisa da afxazuri enis SesaniSnavi mcodne 3 , amave dros iyo 

Tavisi didi samSoblos _ saqarTvelos WeSmariti Svili da gulanTebuli 

patrioti, romelic xelidan ar uSvebda SesaZleblobas, medgrad 

damdgariyo saqarTvelos sadarajoze, daecva misi erovnul-kulturuli 

TviTmyofadoba da sakadrisi pasuxi gaeca Cveni qveynis arakeTilmosurneebisaTvis. 

amis naTeli magaliTia Tundac giorgi SarvaSiZis werili 

germanuli gazeTis „Berliner Tagebladt~-is redaqtorisadmi, pasuxad aRniSnul 

gazeTSi korespondent lorencis mier gamoqveynebuli statiisa. 

am statiaSi korespondenti mkiTxvelebs mouTxrobda misi yofnis Sesa- 

1 Tu ratom uwodebda giorgi SarvaSiZe sruliad saqarTvelos _ ìverias~ 

SesaniSnavad aqvs axsnili akad. s. janaSias. ix.: s. janaSia. Ógiorgi 

SarvaSiZe.., _ Sromebi.., gv. 54-59. 


3 s. janaSias mamamisisagan, cnobili qarTveli moRvawis, afxazmcodnis 

niko janaSiasgan da agreTve afxazeTis sxva mkvidrTagan (kiWin da mixeil 

marRaniebi, andria WoWua, beslan xvarckia da sxv.) hqonia gagonili 

àse axla aravin laparakobs afxazurso~. ix.: s. janaSia. giorgi Sarva- 

SiZe.., _ Sromebi.., gv. 22. 

235

xeb gagraSi princ oldenburgelis miwveviT. korespondentis mtkicebiT, 

wveulebis dros àdgilobrivi maRali wodebis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic 

emsaxurebodnen sufras~, Turme èrT-erTi stumrisaTvis palto 

mouparavT~. aseve erTgvari zizRiT werda lorenci Tbiliszec, igi aRniSnavda, 

rom àq adamianebi da cxovelebi erTnair mdgomareobaSi arian~. 

germaneli korespondentis amgvari Tavxeduri gamoxdomebis pasuxad 

giorgi SarvaSiZe werda: `Да, мы еще не дошли до европейской высоти 

цивилизации.., и такая отсталость может и делает нас похожим 

на людей медного века, но об этом не сожалеем, находим, что не следует 

усваивать себе... весь хлам, именуемый некоторым прогрессом, а мы 

стараемся выбирать из него, как жемчужины, выдающиеся произведения 

литературы и исскуства, следим за открытиями в науке, словом берём 

лишь то, что считаем с пользой применимым к жизни и обществу. 

Так безхитростно мы живём, и если бы г. Лоренц больше вникнул в бытовые 

стороны, он бы понял всё это и многое другое; узнал-бы, что 

этот народ к которому он отнёсся презрительно, имеет блестящее историческое 

прошлое; что грузины – рыцари, ходившие в крестовый 

поход поборниками первого христианства, стояли у врат Кавказа... в 

течение пятнадцать веков не для того, чтобы врываться в чужие 

страны и расхищать чужое добро, а для защиты отечества, – для охраны 

христианской культуры и гражданского быта, узнал бы также, 

что у грузин есть богатейшая древняя эпическая литература, сравниваемая 

с мировыми произведениями; узнал бы, что в иерархии грузинских 

царей и народа встречаются имена необыкновенных героев и людей 

гениальной мудрости и т.п. 

Можно бы еще многое сказать, но золотые страницы прошлого 

этого народа, омытые слезами и кровью всей нации, нельзя передать в 

газетном столбце. По правде говоря и не стоит...~. 1 

am werilidan sruliad aSkarad Cans, rom giorgi SarvaSiZisaTvis 

afxazebi da afxazeTi qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos ganuyofeli 

nawilia. es aris erTiani kulturul-politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi 

samyaro. swored qarTvelTa da afxazTa am saerTo samSobloTi 

amayobs is. ai, ratomaa, rom 1917 wels, rodesac gamoikveTa qarTuli 

erovnuli saxelmwifos aRorZinebis konturebi, giorgi SarvaSiZe mTeli 

arsebiT miesalma axali epoqis dadgomas. 

amasTan dakavSirebiT did interess iwvevs misi werili, gamoqveynebuli 

gazeT `saqarTvelos~ (1917w. 25-29 ivnisi) furclebze: `mar- 

Talia, Cvens samSoblos iverias yovelgvari didi kulturuli gancda 

gamouvlia, magram Cveni warsuli iseTs Jams gaSeSda, rom dagvebna bu- 

1 s. lekiSvili. giorgi SarvaSiZe.., gv. 285-286. xazgasma Cvenia _ z.p. 

236

nebrivi evoluciis Sara da kanoni. diaR, Cven SegviZlia Tamamadac vTqvaT, 

rom iRbalis ukuRmarTobas rom xeli ar SeeSala, evropis wina- 

Tac ki viqnebodiT Cven dRes; vinaidan, rodesac andria mociquli aq 

qristes mcnebas gviqadagebda, maSin evropaSi TviT dukebsac kameCis 

tyavi ecvaT tanze da fexSiSvela, SubebiT xelSi, nadirobdnen tyeeb- 

Si. mas mere, rogorc iyo, omiT, mudam davidarabiT, movitaneT Cveni 

kulturis cxovreba Tamar dedoflis dromdi, romelic iyo iveriis 

oqros xana! Semdeg ki ukuRmarTad datrialda eris arseba. Semoseuli 

mtrebi ar gvaZlevdnen saSvels da xalxi daiRala. nel-nela Caqra 

didebuli gonebrivi da qonebrivi Tanxa qveynisa da daiSala cxovreba 

TviTarsebobisa. ena gaRaribda, zneoba wagvixda, qoneba-SeZleba davkargeT, 

raindoba da patiosneba ganvagdeT da bolos movaRwieT im xanaSi, 

roca keTildReobasa vpovnidiT jaSuSobaSi da samSoblos mtrobaSi... 

am dros, rodesac Segnebuli nawili iverTa dakuwul xalxisa, xelguldakrefili, 

idga saflavebze Tavis daviwyebuli, damarxuli didebisa, 

dRes, uecrad gaisma xma simarTlisa da Tavisuflebisa! dahkra 

saqarTvelom naRara, dahkivla vaSa, vaSa!~ da aseTi erovnuli gamoRviZebis 

fonze giorgi SarvaSiZes guls uklavs mavanTa SeZaxilebi: 

`Cven ara gvsurs Tavisufleba, ar veZebT avtonomias, xalxi qveynierobisa 

yvela erTia, Cven gvinda mxolod muSa xalxs mieces sikeTe- 

SeRavaTi. amisaTvis saWiroa mamulebi CamoerTvas mebatoneebs da daurigdes 

miwaT muSebs, Zirs wodeba da miwaTpatronoba da sx... agre _ 

soflur angariSze CamoqveiTda brwyinvale mze eris ganTavisuflebisa 

da gamococxlebisa”. 1 marTlac Znelia ar aRfrTovande giorgi Sarva- 

SiZis am didi erovnuli, WeSmaritad iliaseuli SemarTebiT. 

giorgi SarvaSiZis, rogorc saqarTvelos didi patriotis, mamuliSvilis, 

mSobliuri qveynis Wir-varamze mudmivad mafiqrali kacis 

erovnuli satkivari SesaniSnavadaa gadmocemuli leqsSi `pasuxi v.o.~, 

romelic mas dauweria baTumSi 1883w. gazeT `droebaSi~ (#1, 1883w.) 

gamoqveynebuli vaxtang orbelianis leqsis _ àmer-imers~ wakiTxvisagan 

miRebuli STabeWdilebebis fonze 2 . am leqsSi (is cenzuris zewolis 

Sedegad ver dabeWda `droebam~) giorgi SarvaSiZe uerTdeba megobari 

poetis patriotul suliskveTebas da gulistkiviliT igonebs 

im dros, rodesac saqarTvelo iyo erTiani: 

1 g. SarvaSiZe. socializmi da saqarTvelo. _ gaz.: `saqarTvelo~, #137- 

140, 1917w.; giorgi SarvaSiZe. Txzulebani or tomad. t. I. quTaisi, 2006, 

gv. 306-307. xazgasma Cvenia _ z.p. 

2 es leqsi moiZia da gamoqveyna s. lekiSvilma. ix.: s. lekiSvili. giorgi 

SarvaSiZe.., gv. 256-257. 

237

`...diaR, mogaswros is bednieri 

dRe, roca xalxSi SeerTebuli, 

ZveleburaTa Zveli iveri 

Seiqmnas mZle da saxel-qebuli 

da saqarTvelos yovel kuTxidam 

lxinis sayvirTa gvesmas tkrciali; 

imerTa mRera mTisa lixidam, 

amers dasZaxdes iari-ialali!.. 

de, nuRar viyo maSin cocxali 

da nuRarca scems tanjuli guli, 

exlav windawin ocnebiT mTvrali 

SenTan gaxlavar, Zmav alla-verdi!~. 1 

giorgi SarvaSiZe mwared ganicdis, rom qarTvelobaSi daikarga 

erTianobis SegrZneba, qveyana moicva Surma da dapirispirebam. 

`raRac pawia dasebi, azrebi aWrelebulni, 

vahme sad ari qarTveli Zvelis Zvelidan qebuli! 

yayani, lanZRva, Worebi, SurianobiT sneuli, 

kalmis da xanjlis priali, orive daClungebuli. 

vahme, imeri sad ari goneba damiwebuli!.. 

sad aris vaxtang mterT mexi, maTganve lom wodebuli, 

mxargrZeli, sardalT sardali, aTasi wlisa qebuli, 

vaxuSti brZeni, rusTveli RvTaebiT amaRlebuli, 

da daviT mironcxebuli, ar xedavs is didebuli, 

rom yovelive daingra, ra hyo man aRSenebuli!~ 2 

amjerad Cven, gasagebi mizezebis gamo Tavs SevikavebT giorgi SarvaSiZis 

am brwyinvale nawarmoebis yovlismomcveli srulfasovani 

analizisagan, vfiqrobT, es specialistebis saqmea. vityviT mxolod, 

rom g. SarvaSiZis es leqsi Tamamad SeiZleba amovuyenoT gverdSi qar- 

Tuli patriotuli lirikis saukeTeso nimuSebs. 

giorgi SarvaSiZeze, rogorc qarTvel moRvaweze, saqarTveloze, 

qarTul enaze, mSobliur qarTul mwerlobaze mafiqral da mzrunvel 

kacze warmodgena ar iqneba met-naklebad sruli, Tu ar SevexebiT 

mwerlis kidev erT publikacias: `qarTuli enis garSemo~, 3 romelSic 

is qarTuli samwignobro tradiciebis aqtiuri damcvelis rolSi gvevlineba. 

mas ar moswons `sxvaTa enidan uxeSad Targmna sityvisa da 

mibaZviT gadmolageba sxvaTa gonebrivi vinaobisa~. giorgi SarvaSiZis 

1 s. lekiSvili. giorgi SarvaSiZe.., gv. 256-257. 

2 s. lekiSvili. giorgi SarvaSiZe.., gv. 256-257. 

3 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, #169, 1915. 

238

azriT, es `samSoblo enis gadagvarebisadmi~ miswrafebis gamoxatulebaa. 

1 is metad Sewuxebulia agreTve qarTulSi ucxo sityvebis usistemo 

momravlebiT. mwerlis azriT ucxo sityvebs da terminebs ùnda 

mivmarToT mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi, maSin roca dastur qarTulad 

ar iTqmeba azrisa Sinaarsi... diaR, saWiroa vecadoT Cvens enas 

SevsZinoT, gavamdidroT da ara gadavaSenoT, gardavagvaroT~. 2 rogorc 

vxedavT, aqac WeSmaritad iliasebur zrunvas iCens giorgi SarvaSiZe 

misi mSobliuri samwerlobo enisadmi. 

aseTia Cveni zogierTi dakvirveba sasiqadulo mamuliSvilis, afxazi 

da qarTveli xalxebis istoriuli Zmobisa da erTobis sworupovari 

damcvelisa da propagandistis, saqarTvelos didi patriotis 

_ giorgi SarvaSiZis sazogadoebriv-politikur moRvaweobaze. rasakvirvelia, 

Cvens mier aq warmodgenil masalas odnavadac ara aqvs giorgi 

SarvaSiZis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis srulad gadmocemis pretenzia 

_ es Tema safuZvlian, monografiul Seswavlas moiTxovs. 

1 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, #169, 1915; s. janaSia. Ógiorgi SarvaSiZe.., _ Sromebi.., 

gv. 20. 

2 gaz. `saqarTvelo~, #169, 1915; s. janaSia. Ógiorgi SarvaSiZe.., _ Sromebi.., 

gv. 20-21. 

239

ZURAB PAPASKIRI 

THE DEEDS OF COUNTRY’S GLORIOUS SON 

GIORGI SHARVASHIDZE 

This article is focused on comprehension of the multifarious public work 

of Giorgi Sharvashidze, a famous Abkhaz, a well-known Georgian poet and 

dramatist, the son and successor of Mikhail Sharvashidze, the last prince of 

Abkhazia. It is maintained that Giorgi Sharvashidze, who was brought up according 

to the traditions of the highest Georgian feudal nobility, absorbed love 

and devotion not only for his native Abkhazia, but also for Georgia (his greater 

native country). Giorgi Sharvashidze in the narrow ethnic sense of the word realized 

himself as an Abkhaz, and loved his country whole-heartedly. He was a 

brilliant expert not only of the history of his native land and its language, but at 

the same time he was the true son and a fiery patriot of Georgia, his big mother 

country. He was always on guard of its glorious history, cultural and national 

individuality and tried to defend his country from the abuses of various ill-wishers. 

It was clearly demonstrated in his letter to the editor of the German newspaper 

„Berliner Tagebladt“. For Giorgi Sharvashidze the Abkhazs and Abkhazia 

are an inseparable part of the Georgians and Georgia. They make up one 

whole unitied cultural, political and national space. 

240



t. I, 2007 

vaxtang Wania 

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 

mier soWis SemoerTebis 

sababi da mizezebi 

sakmarisi dokumenturi masalis arqonis gamo 1 Cven danamdvilebiT 

ar viciT, soWis aReba iyo spontanuri qmedeba saqarTvelos demokratiuli 

respublikis (sdr) mTavrobisa, ganpirobebuli afxazeTidan 

bolSevikebis gandevnis aucileblobiT, Tu mizanmimarTuli, Tanmimdevruli 

strategia qarTuli istoriuli miwebis dabrunebisa. am 

eWvs esaZirkvleba sami faqti: pirveli _ g. mazniaSvilis sruli arainformirebuloba 

soWis olqis aRebis aucileblobasTan dakavSirebiT; 

meore _ soWis olqSi sdr-is mTavrobis warmomadgenlis g. anjafari- 

Zis pozicia soWis olqSi sdr-is jarebis Sesvlis misiasTan dakavSirebiT; 

mesame _ sdr-is mTavrobis gaorebuli, gaurkveveli pozicia 

soWis olqis momavalTan dakavSirebiT 1918 wlis 25 seqtembris ekaterinodaris 

Sexvedramde. 

pirveli, afxazeTidan bolSevikebis gandevnis Semdeg, rodesac 

qarTuli jarebi g. mazniaSvilis meTaurobiT miadgnen ruseTis sazRvars 

md. fsousTan, maT misia amowuruli egonaT. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT 

g. mazniaSvili Tavis memuarebSi wers: “qarTuli jarebi rom 

mividnen sofel pilenkovosa da maxadirTan, rad waiwies win da rad 

Sevidnen Savi zRvis guberniaSi, romlis teritoria arasodes ar eku- 

Tvnoda aramc Tu saqarTvelos, afxazeTsac ki! 2 ... sof. pilenkovos 

daWeris Semdeg Cemi misia damTavrebuli megona, rac vacnobe samxedro 

ministrs da afxazeTis erovnul sabWos”. 3 

rogorc vxedavT, g. mazniaSvili afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebis 

dros ar iyo saqmis kursSi, rom afxazeTidan bolSevikebis gandevnis 

Semdeg, sdr-is mTavroba gegmavda soWis olqis aRebas, rasac istori- 

1 saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis arqivis didi nawili, 

samwuxarod, dRemde miuwvdomelia qarTveli mecnierebisaTvis. 

2 g. mazniaSvili, rogorc Cans, cudad erkveoda saqarTvelos istoriaSi 

da ar icoda, rom Sua saukuneebSi, erTiani qarTuli monarqiis arsebobis 

dros saqarTvelos Crd.-dasavleTiT sazRvari nikofsia iyo. 

3 g. mazniaSvili. mogonebani. baTumi, 1990, gv. 64. 


241

uli samarTlianobis aRdgenad moiazrebda (igulisxmeba saqarTvelos 

samefos Crd.-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT istoriuli sazRvris nikofsiis 

dabrunebas sdr-is sazRvrebSi). iqneb g. mazniaSvili ganzrax ar 

Caayenes saqmis kursSi, raTa ar momxdariyo am saidumlo samxedro 

operaciis gaSifvra da, sabolood, misi CaSla! 

meore, 1918w. 27 ivniss sdr-is jarebis mier tuafses aRebis Semdeg, 

sdr-is sagangebo rwmunebulma soWis olqSi g. anjafariZem Caatara 

didi mitingi da sdr-is mTavrobis saxeliT ganucxada iq mosul 

rusebs, rom qarTuli jari mxolod imitom Semovida tuafsesa da 

soWis olqSi, rom bolSevikebisgan gaewmindaT es mxare da miecaT mosaxleobisaTvis 

saSualeba, momzadebuliyo damfuZnebeli krebisTvis, 

xolo Tavad qarTvelebs soWis olqSi aranairi interesi (arc istoriuli, 

arc ekonomikuri) ara aqvT: «Если вы, товарищи и граждане, _ 

mimarTavda soWis olqis rusobas g. anjafariZe, – заявите, что вы хотите 

видеть в Туапсе большевистскую власть, и если вы дадите нам гарантию, 

что большевики снова не нарушат покой наших границ и не вторгнутся 

в пределах Грузинской республики, то наши войска немедленно покинут 

Туапсе и отойдут на нашу границу. Но если вы попросите у нас помощи 

против большевиков с целью опять-таки установления демократического 

порядка, то мы готовы оказать вам самую широкую помощь». 1 

1918w. gaz. “borbaSi” g. anjafariZem sajarod ganacxada, rom sdr-is 

jarma tuafse daikava ara imisTvis, rom SeierTos igi, aramed mxolod 

wesrigis dasamyareblad 2 .Ggaz. “saxalxo saqme” oficialurad acxadebda, 

rom “tuafses qarTveli jaris mier dakavebas is mizani aqvs, gauadvilos 

mgzavroba im pirebs, romelnic kavkasias stoveben da ara qalaqis 

aneqsia”. 3 1918w. 3 seqtembers soWis olqis gubernatori g. anjafariZe 

acnobebda sdr-is mTavrobas: «Как сообщает ген. Алексеев и вместе 

с ним Кубанское правительство, всю Черноморскую губернию, в том числе 

и Сочи, рассматривает как часть Кубани. Как нам быть в дальнейшем Думаем 

ли мы во что бы то ни стало оставить за собой Сочинский округ» 4 

q. soxumis meri niko TavdgiraZe soWis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT 

werda: “...Cvenma sagangebo rwmunebulma e. gegeWkorma me TviTon miTxra: 

“ras veCrebiT Cven tuafsesa da soWaSi, roca samegrelo ver dagvimSvidebiao...”. 

5 rogorc vxedavT, 1918w. 25 seqtembris Sexvedramde 

1 Чочия. На Черноморском побережье – gaz. „Борьба“, #148, 22 agvisto, 1918w. 

2 Чочия. На Черноморском побережье.., 

3 gaz. `saxalxo saqme~ #297, 1918w. 

4 Я. Шафир. Гражданская война в России и Меньшевитская Грузия. Тифлис, 1921, gv. 44. 

5 n. TavdgiriZe. afxazeTis da jiqeTis sakiTxi. _ gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 

1918w., RvinobisTve #2. 

242

q. ekaterinodarSi sdr-is mTavrobis da “moxaliseTa armiis” warmomadgenlebs 

Soris, sdr-is mTavrobaSi erTmniSvnelovani damokidebuleba 

soWis olqTan dakavSirebiT ar arsebobda. sdr-is mTavrobis jarebis 

mier soWis olqis da tuafses aReba pirdapir kavSirSia afxazeTSi 

moskovis mier provocirebul bolSevikur avantiurasTan. rusul bolSevizmTan 

brZolaSi gamoikveTa swored sdr-is mTavrobis strategia 

soWis da tuafses olqebis aRebasTan dakavSirebiT, erTi mxriv, rogorc 

buferuli zonis Camoyalibebis mizniT bolSevizmis (Semdgom 

“moxaliseTa”) agresiis SesaCereblad, meore mxriv, istoriuli qar- 

Tuli miwebis sdr-is sazRvrebSi dabrunebis TvalsazrisiT. 

1917w. 25 oqtombers petrogradSi bolSevikuri gadatrialebis 

Semdeg amierkavkasiis xalxebi da Sesabamisi warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi 

(mag. “ozakomi” da sxva)…alternativis winaSe dadgnen: an ecnoT 

sabWoTa xelisufleba, an saerTod gamijnodnen ruseTis sabWoTa xelisuflebas 

da, Sesabamisad, ar daeSvaT bolSevikuri revoluciis gamarjveba 

amierkavkasiaSi. 1918w. 15 noembers TbilisSi ozakomis mier 

Tavisi rwmunebebis gadacemis Semdeg Camoyalibda axali mTavroba _ 

amierkavkasiis komisariati, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga menSeviki e. gegeWkori.Kkavkasiis 

damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebas imTaviTve 

uaryofiTad Sexvdnen rusi bolSevikebi. “klasTa brZolis” da 

“proletaruli internacionalizmis” ybadaRebul lozungebs amofarebulni, 

isini cdilobdnen daeTesaT undobloba mosaxleobasa da maT 

mTavrobebs Soris, CamoegdoT eTnikuri SuRli da Seqmnili anarqiis 

pirobebSi sasurveli SedegisTvis mieRwiaT, moexdinaT erovnuli saxelmwifoebrivi 

warmonaqmnebis demontaJi. 

moskovelma bolSevikebma imTaviTve aamoqmedes “mexuTe kolona” 

_ rsdmp-is amierkavkasiis bolSevikuri organizaciebi. Sedegmac ar 

daayovna. 1918w. ianvar-TebervalSi amierkavkasiaSi, adgilobrivi bol- 

Sevikuri organizaciebis waqezebiT, daiwyo muSaTa da glexTa gamosvlebi. 

1918w. TebervalSi glexTa ajanyebebma TiTqmis erTdroulad 

ifeTqa goris, senakis mazrebsa da afxazeTSi. 1918w. Tebervlis miwuruls 

samegrelos soflebSi daiwyo glexTa masobrivi mRelvareba. 

mRelvarebis mizezebi iyo: 1) glexoba uars ambobda armiaSi gawvevaze; 

2) glexTa duxWiri materialuri mdgomareoba. cecxlze navTs asxamdnen 

frontidan dabrunebuli jariskacebi, gabruebulni bolSevikTa 

macduri lozungebiT: “miwa-glexebs, qarxnebi-muSebs”. isini glexTa 

mRelvarebas saTaveSi moeqcnen da TavianTi moufiqrebeli qmedebebiT 

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis arsebobas uqmnidnen safrTxes. rTuli 

sagareo politikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare (am dros saqarTve- 

243

lo-somxeTis sazRvrebs Turqebi utevdnen) amierkavkasiis komisariats 

sxva ara darCenoda ra, rom samegrelos glexobis mRelvarebis Casax- 

Sobad gadaesrola seriozuli Zalebi v. juRelis da koniaSvilis me- 

TaurobiT 1 . russ bolSevikTa mier agorebuli “samegrelos fronti” 

likvidirebul iqna. 

moskovelma bolSevikebma amierkavkasiis komisariats sulis moTqma 

ar acales da axali “bolSevikuri fronti” aagores afxazeTSi. 

glexTa mRelvareba afxazeTSi, romelsac moskovis emisrebi: e. eSba, n. 

lakoba da sxvani xelmZRvanelobdnen, “warmatebiT dagvirgvinda”. 

1918w. 21 marts afxazeTSi sabWoTa xelisufleba damyarda. dro ar 

iTmenda. kremlis SekveTiT Seqmnili sabWoTa xelisufleba afxazeTSi 

safrTxes uqmnida amierkavkasiis xalxebis damoukideblobas. Sesabamisad, 

amierkavkasiis seimmac ar daayovna da sabWoTa xelisuflebis dasamxobad, 

afxazeTSi msxvili SenaerTebi gadaisrola polk. koniaSvilisa 

da v. juRelis meTaurobiT, manamde ki samurzayanos ubanze gagzavnil 

iqnen menSevikTa razmebi kapitan dunduasa da kapitan Wkaduas 

meTaurobiT, es ukanaskneli dainiSna menSevikTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebis 

xelmZRvanelad 2 . amasobaSi arc afxaz bolSevikebs eZinaT. soxumis samxedro-revoluciurma 

komitetma TxovniT mimarTa ekaterinodarSi dabanakebul 

bolSevikebs _ soxumis okrugis SavizRvispireT-yubanis sabWoTa 

respublikasTan mierTebis Sesaxeb. am mizniT e. eSba soxumidan 

soWSi Cavida da winadadebiT mimarTa soWis muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis 

sabWos daxmarebodnen soxumis samxedro-revoluciur komitets 

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. 

soWis sabWom civi uariT gaistumra afxazi bolSevikebis Tavkaci e. 

eSba da miiRo gadawyvetileba aravisTan omi ar ewarmoebina 3 . 

Tavis mxriv àfxazTa saxalxo sabWom~ bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg 

brZolaSi daxmarebisTvis mimarTa sdr-is mTavrobas. g. mazniaSvili 

igonebs: `CemTan movida deputacia soxumidan.., romelmac... mommarTa 

TxovniT, gamewminda bolSevikebisgan rogorc soxumi, ise mTeli afxazeTi”. 

4 gen. a. denikini Tavis memuarebSi adasturebs g. mazniaSvilis 

informacias: «Абхазский национальный совет обратился за помощью к 

грузинам». 5 1918w. 10 maiss kodoris ubanze gemebiT da barJiT gad- 

1 gaz. `Кавказ~, 22 maisi, 1918w., #101. 

2 gaz. `Борьба~, 22 ivnisi, 1918w., #99. 

3 А. Ментешашвили. Исторические предпосылки современного сепаратизма в Грузии. 

Тб., 1998, gv. 24. 

4 g. mazniaSvili. mogonebani.., gv. 57. 

5 А. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты, т. II. Минск, 2002, gv. 80. 

244

mosxda menSevikebis desanti v. juRelis meTaurobiT, rasac SemdgomSi 

mohyva damatebiTi Zalebis mobilizeba polk. koniaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. 

afxazi Tavadaznauroba, daSinebuli glexTa mRelvarebiT, men- 

SevikTa xelmZRvanelobas miemxro. oCamCireSi v. juRels eaxla deputacia 

afxazTa Tavadaznaurobisa a. ServaSiZis da d. marSanias meTaurobiT. 

afxazma memamuleebma v. juRelis gankargulebaSi waradgines 

300 cxenosani afxazi 1 . 

sanam sajariso formirebebi daiwyebdnen Sturms kodoris monakveTze, 

sadac Tavmoyrili iyo bolSevikTa seriozuli Zalebi, v. juRelma 

glexTa Soris saagitacio saubrebi Caatara: «О цели и характере нашей 

экспедиции». Слушали хмуро, но внимательно». 2 afxazeTSi amierkavkasiis 

komisariatis mier ganxorcielebul sadamsjelo operaciebs afxazi bolSevikebi 

mxolod klasobriv sarCuls udebdnen safuZvlad: «Это _ борьба 

классовая, _ werda gazeTi “Сухумская правда” mowinave statiaSi 

16 maiss, _ и только слепые не видят, что борются, с одной стороны, банды 

Каледина, Корнилова, буржуазная рада, а с другой стороны...трудящийся 

народ...Меньшевики, идущие с этим реакционным потоком, служат только 

преступной ширмой для беспощадного подавления революции жестокой 

расправой с крестьянами и рабочими». 3 

16 maiss amierkavkasiis federaluri respublikis samxedro Zalebi 

miadgnen md. kodors. v. juRelma da polk. a. koniaSvilma bolSevikebs 

ultimatumi wauyenes, raTa saRamos 5 sT-mde daeyaraT iaraRi. 

afxazma bolSevikebma qarTvelebs saartilerio cecxliT upasuxes. v. 

juReli Tbiliss depeSiT atyobinebda: “xelSi CavigdeT 10 zarbazani, 

7 tyviamfrqvevi da mravali tyve... 17 maiss qarTuli samxedro nawilebi 

soxumSi Cavidnen. mosaxleoba maT ovaciiT Sexvda...” “bolSevikebs 

kidev davatovebineT 11 zarbazani, 21 tyviamfrqvevi, didi raodenobiT 

SaSxanebi. Ggarda amisa, Cvenma samxedro gemma gudauTasTan daikava 

bolSevikTa xomaldi”. 4 

1918w. 11 maiss daiwyo gaafTrebuli brZolebi kodoris monakveTze 

menSevikebis SenaerTebsa da bolSevikebs Soris. 17 maiss menSevikebis 

SenaerTebma aiRes soxumi, wiTeli razmis SenaerTebma ki datoves 

soxumi da gagra-gudauTis raionSi gamagrdnen. soxumis komendantad 

dainiSna praporSCiki l. tumarkini. menSevikurma xelisufle- 

1 В. Джугели. Тяжёлый крест. Записки Народногвардейца. С предисловием Е. П. Гегечкори. 

Тифлис, 1920, gv. 11. 

2 В. Джугели. Тяжёлый крест.., gv. 11. 

3 gaz. `Сухумская правда~, 16 maisi 1918w, # 23. 

4 gaz. èrToba~, 21 maisi, 1918w; d. Citaia. afxazeTis sakiTxi saqarTvelos 

pirvel respublikaSi. Tb., 2006, gv. 156-158. 

245

am oficialurad miuloca soxumis saqalaqo dumas afxazeTSi sabWo- 

Ta xelisuflebis damxoba. afxazeTis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT germaniis 

samSvidobo delegaciis warmomadgeneli gen. fon losovi Tavis saidumlo 

werilSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobisadmi 

jer kidev 1918w. 28 maiss acxadebda, rom is ganixilavs afxazeTs, 

rogorc saqarTvelos ganuyofel nawils: “soxumis okrugi (gagris 

CaTvliT) saqarTvelos nawils warmoadgens, sanam saqarTvelo 

qmnis calke saxelmwifos kavkasiis farglebSi, magram Tu Seiqmna kavkasiis 

xalxebis konfederacia saqarTvelos monawileobiT, soxumis 

okrugis mosaxleobas unda mieces ufleba TviTon gadawyvitos kavkasiis 

qveynebs Soris Tavisi mdgomareobis sakiTxi”. 1 

1918w. ivnisSi afxazma bolSevikebma miiRes ra seriozuli daxmareba, 

rogorc cocxali ZaliT, aseve samxedro aRWurvilobiT tuafse-maikopidan, 

gagra-gudauTis monakveTSi Tavi mouyares seriozul Zalebs 

da daiwyes soxumze Sturmis mzadeba. menSevikuri gazeTi “Борьба” 

werda: «В отряде, действующем против Сухуми, обнаружены большевики 

из Кубанской области». 2 magram 19 ivniss afxazeTSi sdr-is 

mTavrobam damatebiTi Zalebi gadmosxa gen. g. mazniaSvilis da polk. 

Tuxarelis meTaurobiT. g. mazniaSvils Sexvdnen v. juReli da àfxazTa 

saxalxo sabWos~ wevrebi. maT moaxsenes g. mazniaSvils, rom 

“bolSevikebma afxazi n. lakobas meTaurobiT isev aiRes gudauTa, gaanadgures 

erovnuli gvardiis mowinave nawilebi da miemarTebian soxumisken”. 

3 imave dRes gen. mazniaSvilis gankargulebaSi Camovida sami gamanadgurebeli 

da satransporto gemi “mixaili”. 4 

sdr-is mTavrobam, àfxazTa saxalxo sabWos~ daJinebuli moTxovnis 

safuZvelze, jer kidev 1918w. 11 ivniss dadebul xelSekruleba- 

Si Seitana damatebiT meeqvse muxli, romelic iTvaliswinebda afxazeTSi 

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gagzavnas revoluciuri moZraobis Casax- 

Sobad. gen. mazniaSvili daniSnul iqna afxazeTis general-gubernatorad 

5 . afxazi bolSevikebisgan gansxvavebiT, afxazi Tavadaznauroba, inteligencia 

sruli gagebiT ekideboda sdr-is mTavrobis politikas, 

mimarTuls bolSevikuri safrTxis winaaRmdeg. ase mag., gaz. „Борьба“, 

afxazi Tavadaznauri moxaliseebis Sesaxeb werda, rom isini «рвались 

1 z. avaliSvili. saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921 wlebis saerTa- 

Soriso politikaSi, t. I, Tb., 1990, gv. 89. 

2 gaz. „Борьба“, 20 ivnisi, 1918w. №97; А. Ментешашвили. Исторические.., gv. 24- 

25; Г. Дзидзания. Очерки истории Абхазии (1910-1921). Тб., 1963, gv. 185. 



5 gaz. „Борьба“, 10 ivlisi, 1918w., #113. 

246

в бой, чтобы расправиться с крестьянами». 1 afxazur cxenosanTa aseulis 

praporSiki Tavadi marSania «за отличие против большевиков» dajildoebul 

iqna me-4 xarisxis wm. Ggiorgis jvriT. 2 social-demokratiuli 

partiis organo gaz. “Борьба” ityobineboda, rom afxazi Tavadaznaurobis 

loialuroba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 

xelisuflebisadmi warmoaCenda gen. mazniaSvilis razmSi mowyalebis 

daTa simravles _ «множество дочерей абхазских дворянских и княжеских 

домов». 3 

16 ivniss samegreloSi g. mazniaSvils eaxlnen àfxazTa saxalxo 

sabWos~ delegatebi da moaxsenes, rom bolSevikebi kvlav SeiWrnen 

afxazeTSi. delegatebi daxmarebas iTxovdnen. mazniaSvilma delegatebi 

tfilisSi gaagzavna mTavrobasTan Sesaxvedrad. 18 ivniss sdr-is samxedro 

ministrma g. lorTqifaniZem depeSiT auwya g. mazniaSvils, rom 

is iniSneboda afxazeTis general-gubernatorad da Savi zRvis napirebis 

jarebis ufrosad 4 . g. mazniaSvili qveiTi jaris sami aseuliT, 

oTxi tyviamfrqveviTa da erTi batareiT gaemgzavra soxumisken. Gg. mazniaSvilma 

gemebSi razmis Casxmas ar moucada da imave dRes kater 

“Caika”-Ti wavida soxumSi, Tan axldnen: ufrosi polkovniki Tuxareli 

da ori adiutanti. 19 ivniss, gamTeniisas, g. mazniaSvili Cavida q. 

soxumSi. navsadgurSi mas daxvdnen isidore ramiSvili da àfxazTa 

saxalxo sabWos~ zogierTi wevri. maT moaxsenes g. mazniaSvils, rom 

bolSevikebma afxazi n. lakobas meTaurobiT kvlav aiRes gudauTa, 

amoxoces gvardiis mowinave razmi da miiweven soxumisken. amJamad 

bolSevikebi axal aTonTan gamagrebuliyvnen. q. soxums icavda soxumis 

garnizonis ufrosi amx. tumarkini, romelic realurad ver erkveoda 

saqmis viTarebaSi. ar iyo disciplina. g mazniaSvilma gaaTavisufla 

tumarkini dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan da soxumis garnizonis ufrosoba 

Tavad Caibara. imave dRes soxumSi Cavida mesame legionis sami aseuli 

da s. kargareTelis batarea, romelic dauyonebliv gagzavnil 

iqna axali aTonis mimarTulebiT 5 . 

g. mazniaSvili, rogorc niWieri da gamocdili samxedro piri, 

ar ereoda afxazeTis politikur da administraciul cxovrebaSi da, 

Sesabamisad, mTel Tavis energias da Zalisxmevas samxedro saqmes axmarda. 

amasTan erTad, g. mazniaSvils, rogorc moazrovne pirovnebasa 

1 gaz. `Борьба~, 10 ivlisi, 1918. 

2 Центральный государственный архив Абхазии (ЦГАА), fondi 339, saqme 2, gv. 30. 

3 gaz. `Борьба~, 9 ivlisi, 1918, #112. 


5 g. mazniaSvili. mogonebani.., gv. 59-62. 

247

da qarTvel patriots, kargad esmoda, rom afxazeTis momavali, misi 

yofna saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebuli 

iyo afxazeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis da afxazebis keTilmosurne 

urTierTobaze, urTierTndobis da urTierTpativiscemis principebze. 

aqedan gamomdinare, g. mazniaSvilma oficialurad mimarTa àfxazTa 

saxalxo sabWos~, raTa `moexdinaT saCqarod mobilizacia afxazebs 

Soris da amgvarad CaeyaraT safuZveli afxazeTis teritoriuli jarisTvis, 

romelic maT gamoadgebodaT, rodesac qarTuli jarebi ukan, 

tfilisSi dabrundebodnen”. 1 

afxazi separatistebi amtkiceben, rom sdr-is mTavrobam moaxdina 

afxazeTis okupacia da aneqsia, rom sajarod ilaxeboda afxazi xalxis 

erovnuli Tavmoyvareoba da erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi 

2 . maT gverds ubamen, samwuxarod, qarTveli fsevdodemokratebic. 3 

saqme ki piriqiT iyo. g. mazniaSvils surda, rom afxazeTSi mcxovrebi 

afxazi da qarTveli meomrebisgan Seeqmna afxazeTis sajaro formireba, 

SeiaraRebuli Tanamedrove samxedro aRWurvilobiT, raTa adgilobriv 

mkvidrT aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, Tavad daecvaT rogorc 

afxazeTis avtonomiis, aseve saqarTvelos sazRvari ruseTTan. 

àfxazTa saxalxo sabWo~ didi gagebiT moekida g. mazniaSvilis 

winadadebas da ori dRis Semdeg danayofs Seemata 300 cxenosani 

afxazi, romelnic dauyonebliv wargzavnes poziciebze. amasTan erTad, 

axal aTonSic daiZaba mdgomareoba. Ggen. mazniaSvili Tvlida, rom 

ajanyebulebi, gudauTis dakavebis Semdeg, Tavisuflad SeZlebdnen men- 

Sevikuri gvardiis mcirericxovani razmis ganadgurebas da soxumis 

aRebas. magram bolSevikebi gaCerdnen axal aTonTan da ar amJRavnebdnen 

aranair aqtiurobas. bolSevikebis pasiuroba ganpirobebuli iyo 

ori faqtoriT: pirveli _ mowinaaRmdegeni (e.i. bolSevikebi) sustebi 

iyvnen, anu ar iyvnen darwmunebulni sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi, meore 

_ elodebodnen rezervs, ZiriTadad Crd. Kkavkasiidan. Ggen. mazniaSvilma 

isargebla mdgomareobiT da dauyonebliv Seudga Tavisi razmis 

Sevsebas da gafarToebas 4 . 

axal aTonTan gen. mazniaSvilis razmebi waawydnen Zlier winaaRmdegobas. 

am monakveTze bolSevikebis sabrZolo moqmedebas xelmZRvanelobda 

artileristi i. antonovi. Seupovari samxedro Setakebebi g. 

mazniaSvilis razmebsa da bolSevikebs Soris axali aTonis monakveTze 


2 С. Лакоба. Абхазия после двух империи XX-XXI вв. М., 2004, gv. 57. 

3 Аспекты грузино-абхазского конфликта.., Т. IV, Ирвайн, 2000, gv. 46. 


248

mimdinareobda 19-22 ivniss. bolSevikebis mxridan gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina 

Tavi soWis wiTelgvardielTa razmma. gaafTrebuli brZolebis 

Semdeg bolSevikTa razmebi (n. lakobas meTaurobiT) iZulebulni gaxdnen 

daetovebinaT axali aToni da gudauTisken daexiaT. 1918w. 22 ivniss 

saRamos 7 saaTze menSevikebis mowinave razmebi Sevidnen gudau- 

TaSi. 25 ivniss menSevikebis jari miadga md. bzifs. bolSevikebs, romelTac 

xelmZRvanelobda i. antonovi, miuvidaT daxmareba soWidan. sami 

dRis gaafrTebuli brZolebis Semdeg menSevikebma SesZles md. bzifis 

gadalaxva sof. kaldaxvarasTan da 28 ivniss Sevidnen q. gagraSi 1 . 

sdr-is regularul jarebs zRvidan daxmarebas uwevdnen gamanadgurebelni 

da satransporto gemi “mixeili”. 2 amiT dasrulda afxazeTis 

gawmenda bolSevikebisgan 3 . 

bolSevikebis afxazeTidan gandevnis Semdeg sdr-is mTavrobis winaSe 

dadga sakiTxi garkveuli buferuli zonis Seqmnis aucileblobis 

Sesaxeb md. fsous Crd.-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT (soWi-tuafses monakveTi), 

bolSevikTa mxridan mosalodneli axali Tavdasxmis SeCereba-likvidaciis 

mizniT. soWis olqi imxanad bolSevikebis xelSi iyo 

da, Sesabamisad, iqmneboda permanentuli Tavdasxmebis saSiSroeba. aqedan 

gamomdinare, sdr-is mTavrobam miiRo politikurad swori, adeqvaturi 

gadawyvetileba soWis olqis dakavebasTan dakavSirebiT. sdr-is 

mTavrobas kargad esmoda, rom soWis da tuafses olqebis dakaveba Seuqmnida 

mTel rig problemebs, erTi mxriv, bolSevikebTan, meore 

mxriv _ “moxaliseebTan” (romelic TandaTanobiT moiwevda samxreT 

kavkasiisken) da “mokavSireebTan”, romlebic ormagi standartis politikas 

atarebdnen kavkasiaSi. saWiro iyo kuluaruli diplomatiis 

warmarTva filigranuli ostatobiT, bolSevik _ “moxaliseTa armias- 

Tan” urTierTobaSi bewvis xidze siaruli, rac miscemda sdr-is mTavrobas 

soWis daWeris da, rac mTavaria, sabolood sdr-is sazRvrebSi 

misi SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas. qarTulma diplomatiam, 1918w. 25 

seqtembris ekaterinodaris Sexvedraze, e. gegeWkoris meTaurobiT am 

istoriul misias brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi. 

magram soWis da tuafses olqebis dakavebisTvis ar kmaroda 

mxolod sdr-is mTavrobis argumentirebuli istoriul-politikuri 

interesebi, saWiro iyo ufro seriozuli, politikurad misaRebi sababi, 

Tanac gamomdinare saqarTvelos Zlieri mokavSiris interesebidan. 

aseTi sababic gamoiZebna. Ggermaniis imperiis warmomadgenels kav- 

1 gaz. `Борьба~, 9 ivlisi, 1918, #112. 


3 А. Ментешашвили. Исторические.., gv. 24-25. 

249

kasiaSi oto fon kress uxerxulad miaCnda soWis da tuafses olqebis 

daWera sdr-is jarebis mier. Sesabamisad, germanuli mxaris miTi- 

TebiT “dainteresebul pirad” am saqmeSi unda warmoCeniliyo àfxaz- 

Ta saxalxo sabWo~, romelic valdebuli iyo daesabuTebina sdr-is 

mTavrobis mier soWis da tuafses olqebis dakavebis motivacia 

«...историческими правами абхазского народа». 1 am faqts adasturebs 

gen. mazniaSvilis mogonebac: “...afxazTa erovnuli sabWos zogierTi 

wevri marwmunebda, rom afxazeTs ekuTvnoda aramc Tu soWi, aramed 

afxazeTis sazRvrebi UuZveles droSi anapamdec midioda.” 2 

amasTan erTad, 1918w. 24 ivniss àfxazTa saxalxo sabWom~ Tavis 

sxdomaze, sadac soWis da tuafses olqebis dakaveba motivirebuli 

iyo «...историческими правами абхазского народа», miiRo sxva dadgenilebac: 

«Абхазский Национальный Совет, обсудив политический момент 

и учитывая, во-первых, то, что большевитская анархия, которая раздирает 

Абхазию уже в течение трех месяцев, питается главным образом Сочинским 

и Туапсинским округами и во-вторых, учитывая также то обстоятельство, 

что большевитское настроение создалось и поддерживается на почве 

продовольственных затруднений, возникающих с момента занятия 

порта Туапсе большевиками, прекратившими сообщение с Северным Кавказом 

и задерживающими продовольственные грузы, идущие с Северного 

Кавказа для Черноморского побережья Абхазии и Грузии, постановил: 

для водворения прочного порядка в Абхазии и разрешения продовольственного 

кризиса как в Абхазии, так и в Грузии признать необходимым 

занятие Сочинского и Туапсинского округов с портом Туапсе. 

О настоящем постановлении довести до сведения Правительства 

Грузинской Демократической Республики и командующего отрядом 

генерал-майора Мазниева». dadgenilebas xels awers àfxazTa saxalxo 

sabWos~ Tavmjdomare v. ServaSiZe 3 . 

1918w. 25 seqtembers soWis da tuafses aRebis Semdeg q. ekaterinodarSi 

Catarebul Sekrebaze sdr-is mTavrobis da “moxaliseTa 

armiis” warmomadgenlebs Soris, e. gegeWkorma mkafiod Camoayaliba is 

motivacia, rac gaxda soWis da tuafses olqebis dakavebis da SemdgomSi 

sdr-is sazRvrebSi maTi moqcevis sababi: 

pirveli _ ulmobeli brZola bolSevizmis, rogorc antisaxelmwifoebrivi 

moZraobis winaaRmdeg, romelic emuqreboda qarTuli sa- 

1 Г. А. Дзидзария. Очерки истории Абхазии.., gv. 190. 


3 ЦГАА, fondi _ 39, aRwera 1, saqme 6, gv. 1-2; ix. Д. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. Абхазия 

– историческая область Грузии. Тб., 1997, gv. 415. 

250

xelmwifos mTlianobas da arsebobasac ki; 

meore _ samoqalaqo omi ruseTSi, sadac dapirispirebul ZalTa 

(bolSevikebi-TeTrgvardielebi) permanentuli warmatebebi saomari moqmedebis 

frontze, radikalurad cvlida ZalTa balanss samxreT kavkasiaSi da, 

Sesabamisad, safrTxis winaSe ayenebda qarTuli saxelmwifos arsebobas; 

mesame _ yubanis radis moTxovnis safuZvelze sdr-is mTavrobis 

mier yubanis mosaxleobis dacva bolSevikuri agresiisagan; 

meoTxe _ soWis qarTuli mosaxleobis (22 %) fizikuri usafr- 

Txoebis dacva. tuafseSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis xelze daxveva, 

rodesac “moxaliseTa armiis” daJinebuli moTxovnis safuZvelze qar- 

Tuli jaris mier tuafses datovebam, Zalian daazarala adgilobrivi 

qarTuli mosaxleoba; 

mexuTe _ Tu “moxaliseTa armias” “omis uflebiT” (gen. denikinis 

fraza) ekava stavropolis gubernia da yubani, imave logikiT, ratom 

ar SeeZlo sdr-is mTavrobas “omis uflebiT” daekavebina soWis 

da tuafses olqebi! 

meeqvse _ sanam “moxaliseTa armia” soWis qarTvelobis srul 

dacvas realurad ver uzrunvelyofda, anu sdr-is mTavrobas qarTvelTa 

usafrTxoebis dacvis garantiebs ar miscemda _ saqarTvelos xelisufleba 

soWis olqs droebiT tovebda sdr-is sazRvrebSi. 

meSvide _ sanam ruseTSi ar Sedgeboda damfuZnebeli kreba, romelsac 

eqneboda ufleba, elaparaka mTeli ruseTis saxeliT, soWis 

olqi droebiT rCeboda sdr-is sazRvrebSi; 

merve _ sdr-is mTavrobis gancxadebiT “moxaliseTa armia” iyo 

droebiTi, kerZo organizacia da ara sazogado-saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia. 

aqedan gamomdinare, soWis sakiTxi unda gadawyvetiliyo 

ufro kompetentur krebaze (damfuZnebeli kreba); 

mecxre _ sdr-is mTavrobis gancxadebiT soWis olqis yvela demokratiuli 

organizacia da partia TavianTi dadgenilebiT moiTxovdnen 

soWis olqis droebiT datovebas sdr-is sazRvrebSi; 

meaTe _ sdr-is mTavrobis TvalsazrisiT, im didi amocanis fonze, 

romelic idga “moxaliseTa armiis” winaSe (moskovis aReba, rac 

bolSevikuri xelisuflebis damarcxebis tolfasi qmedeba iqneboda), 

soWis sakiTxi umniSvnelod Canda. “moxaliseTa armiis” strategiul 

interess warmoadgenda is, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi saqarTvelos saxiT 

yoloda geopolitikuri partniori, ris safuZvelze “moxaliseTa armiis” 

samxreTuli fari daculi iqneboda bolSevikuri agresiisgan, 

rac miscemda “moxaliseTa armias” saSualebas, mTeli Tavisi energia 

da Zalisxmeva miemarTa moskovis winaaRmdeg, sadac Tavmoyrili iyo 

251

olSevikTa mTavari Zalebi 1 . 

e. gegeWkorma, rogorc rusuli erovnuli xasiaTis kargma mcodnem 

da egreTwodebul “rusul ideaSi” brwyinvaled Caxedulma politikosma, 

mSvenivrad icoda, Tu ras moaswavebda rus “derJimordebTan” 

teritoriul sakiTxebze dava. Sesabamisad, man filigranuli ostatobiT 

ramdenime kargad gaazrebuli, maprovocirebeli fraza Semoagdo 

diskusiis procesSi, ramac sakmaod daabnia “moxaliseTa” warmomadgenlebi 

da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, bundovani elferic mianiWa paeqrobis 

xasiaTs: 

1. “soWis olqis droebiTi daWera”; 

2. `moxaliseTa armia” aris droebiTi, kerZo organizacia da 

ara sazogado-saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia. es faqti Sesabamisad 

iTxovda mTeli ruseTis masStabiT damfuZnebeli 

krebis mowvevas da am krebaze soWis sakiTxis gadawyvetas; 

3. Tu uaxloes xanebSi aRsdgeboda axali ruseTi, raSic 

sdr-is mTavrobis warmomadgenlebs eWvi ar eparebodaT 

(!), maSin saqarTvelos mxare dasvamda ara marto soWis 

olqis dabrunebis sakiTxs, aramed ufro did sakiTxebsac 

(), risTvisac “moxaliseTa armiis” mTavarsardlobas angariSi 

unda gaewia... 

fraza “soWis olqis droebiTi daWera”, rasac wonasworobidan 

gamohyavda “moxaliseTa” warmomadgenlebi, e. gegeWkoris mier agebuli 

iyo kargad gaazrebuli da “moxaliseTa armiis” mTavarsardlobisaTvis 

met-naklebad misaReb debulebebze: 

jer erTi, qarTuli mxaris TvalsazrisiT, sdr-is jarebis winsvlas 

SavizRvispireTSi ar hqonda “dapyrobiTi”() miznebi. es ZiriTadad 

xdeboda “...yubanis warmomadgenlebis TxovniT, bolSevikebisgan Tavdacvis 

mizniT”. 2 meore mxriv, sdr-is mTavrobis “Savi zRvis napirebze 

moqmedebisa da win wawevisa aris brZola bolSevikebTan”. 3 amas adasturebs 

agreTve gen. koniaSvilis ganmartebiTi werili, sadac is moaxsenebda 

1919w. 11 Tebervals, rom «Моим правительством я был в августе 

1918 года прислан в сочинский округ для борьбы против большевизма». 

4 e. gegeWkorma Tavisi damokidebuleba bolSevizmTan denikin-aleqseevTan 

kamaTisas mkafiod gamoxata: “..saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi brZo- 

1 g. mazniaSvili. mogonebani.., gv. 79-113; Документы и материалы по внешней политике 

Закавказья и Грузии. Тб., 1990, gv. 391-414. 



4 Г. Дзидзария. Очерки истории Абхазии.., gv. 190. 

252

la bolSevikebTan ulmobelia. Cven yvela saSualebiT, rac xelTa 

gvaqvs, vspobT bolSevizms, rogorc antisaxelmwifoebriv moZraobas, 

romelic emuqreba Cveni saxelmwifos mTlianobas.” 1 

gen. denikins, rogorc samxedro strategiasa da diplomatiaSi 

gamowrTobil pirovnebas, eWvi Sehqonda e. gegeWkoris gulwrfeloba- 

Si da moiTxovda ufro seriozul argumentebs sdr-is mTavrobis mxridan 

bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis egidiT “soWis droebiT daWerasTan 

dakavSirebiT”. Tavis mxriv, denikins mohyavda Tavisi arcTu 

ususuri argumentebi: I. Tu sdr-is mTavrobis mier soWis daWera aixsneba 

bolSevizmis safrTxiT “...Cven (e.i. moxaliseebi _ xazi Cvenia) 

daviWerT mas Cveni jarebiT da davicavT maT~; 2 II. xolo Tu moxaliseebma 

ver moaxerxes soWis dacva bolSevikebisgan, maSin moxaliseebma 

“....SeiZleba sTxovon daxmareba TviT saqarTvelos”. 3 

e. gegeWkorma diplomatiurad aarida Tavi denikinTan paeqrobas 

da diskusia sxva mimarTulebiT waiyvana. e. gegeWkorma denikinis arguments, 

erTi mxriv, daupirispira tuafses precedenti. saqme is iyo, 

rom “moxaliseTa armiis” mTavarsardlobam nebsiT Tu uneblieT SecdomaSi 

Seiyvana g. mazniaSvili da am ukanasknelma sdr-is jarebs saswrafod 

daatovebina tuafse. gen. a. denikini cruobs, rodesac wers 

Tavis memuarebSi: «таманская группа большевиков, отступая от Новороссийска 

на юг, опрокинула отряд Мазниева». 4 Ge. mazniaSvili igonebs: 

“moxaliseTa armiis” jarebma, romlebmac gandevnes bolSevikebi novorosiskidan, 

ar macnobes bolSevikebis ramodena ricxvi modioda tuafseze, 

macnobes mxolod, rom modian damarcxebuli urdoebi, amitomac 

damSvidebuli viyavi da mTavari Cemi Zalebi sxva frontze davagrove. 

mis gamo me momixda gamklaveba 10000 jariskacebTan ori aseuliTa 

da adgilobrivi mcxovrebTagan Semdgari moxaliseTa erTi razmiT.” 

5 gen. mazniaSvilis motivirebuli argumentis gaTvaliswinebiT e. 

gegeWkori askvnida, rom amis gamo ver moxerxda “...Tavidan acilebuli 

yofiliyo is samwuxaro ambebi, romelic moxda tuafseSi, sadac metad 

dazaraldnen iq darCenili qarTvelebi”. 6 meore mxriv, e. gegeWkors, 

rogorc rusul sinamdvileSi kargad Caxedul politikoss, 

arc bolSevikebis sjeroda da arc moxaliseebisa, radgan bunebiTa da 




4 А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты, т. II. Минск, 2002, gv. 399. 



253

suliT isini erTi medlis or mxares warmoadgendnen _ rusuli imperializmis 

nairsaxeobas. Sesabamisad, e. gegeWkori diplomatiuri Tama- 

Sis wess misdevda, anu dro gahyavda. am situaciaSi misTvis mTavari 

iyo soWis olqis de-faqto SenarCuneba sdr-is sazRvrebSi. e. gegeWkori 

xedavda, rom ruseTSi orxelisuflianoba didxans ar gagrZeldeboda, 

Sesabamisad, gamarjvebul mxaresTan sdr-is mTavroba ufro 

welgamarTuli isaubrebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da teritoriuli 

mTlianobis dacvis Sesaxeb. 

amrigad, soWis olqis droebiTi daWeris sababad sdr-is mTavrobam 

gamoacxada brZola bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg, romelic Tavisi arsiT 

misaRebi unda yofiliyo “moxaliseebisaTvis”, rameTu bolSevikebi 

“moxaliseTa armiis” damarcxebas da maT fizikur ganadgurebas isaxavdnen 

miznad. Sesabamisad _ brZola SavizRvispireTSi bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg 

aerTianebda menSevikebsac da “moxaliseTa armiasac”. es maT 

saerTo interesebSi Sedioda. meore _ 1918w. 14 ivniss g. mazniaSvilis 

mier tuafses aRebis Semdeg SavizRvispireTSi “moxaliseTa armiis” 

jarebis WaWanebac ar iyo, mxolod 21 ivniss, rodesac “moxalise- 

Ta armiam” daiWira ekaterinodari, misi arseboba gaxda cnobili gen. 

mazniaSvilisaTvis. àmasTan, _ wers g. mazniaSvili, _ miviRe werili 

yubanis radis warmomadgenlisagan, sadac mTxovda wavxmarebodi maT. 

am mizniT waviwie beloreCenskisaken da yubanis mTavrobis warmomadgenlis 

TxovniT daviWire xodiuenski”. 1 amasTan erTad, g. mazniaSvilma 

bolSevikebisagan devnili kazaki ojaxebi Seifara, romelnic qluxoris 

uReltexiliT Camovidnen da Sesaferisi saarsebo pirobebi Seuqmna 

maT. g. mazniaSvili wers: “swored am xanebSi soWSi movida yubanis 

radis wevri, vinme lapini da gamogvicxada me da gizo anjafariZes, 

rom yubanis rada madlobas gvixdis kazak ltolvilebis mfarvelobisaTvis, 

da rom yubanis mTavroba mzad aris mogvyidos Cven sakmao puri, 

Tu saqarTvelo mieSveleba maT da daxmarebas gauwevs tuafsesa 

da maikopis daWeraSi”. 2 lapini irwmuneboda, rom maikopis rkinigzis 

sadgurze dagrovilia didi maragi xorblisa, xolo navTi dagrovilia 

imdeni daRestnis stanciebTan, rom didxans eyofoda mTel saqar- 

Tvelos. lapinis daJinebuli darwmunebiT, xorblisa da navTis “..gamosazidad 

saWiro iyo tuafse-maikopis rkinigzis daWera”. 3 gen. mazniaSvili 

denikinTan kamaTisas mkafiod afiqsirebda Tavis pozicias sdris 

jarebis winsvlis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT SavizRvispireTSi: 




254

“...amas Cavdiodi yubanis warmomadgenlis TxovniT, bolSevikebisagan 

Tavdacvis mizniT”. 1 

amrigad, “soWis olqis droebiT daWeris” meore sababad sdr-is 

mTavrobam gamoacxada yubanis radis interesebis Sesabamisad yubanis 

mosaxleobis dacva bolSevikuri agresiisagan, rac bunebrivia, emTxveoda 

aseve moxaliseebis interesebsac. da es gasagebic iyo _ puriT da 

navTobiT mdidari yubani iyo “moxaliseTa armiis” mTavari mommaragebeli, 

dasayrdeni bolSevikebTan brZolis saqmeSi. samoqalaqo omis pirobebSi 

bolSevikebis da “moxaliseTa armiis” mZarcvelurma da ampartavnulma 

damokidebulebam soWis olqis mosaxleobisadmi, aiZula so- 

Wis rusulenovani mosaxleoba daxmarebis mzera miepyro sdr-is mTavrobisadmi. 

1918w. 18 seqtembers q. soWSi Catarda socialistur partiaTa 

sabWos kreba, romelmac ganixila mxolod erTi sakiTxi _ so- 

Wis olqis Sesaxeb. krebam Seafasa mimdinare politikuri viTareba 

ruseTSi da gaakeTa Sesabamisi daskvna: 

1. ruseTis saxelmwifos gaerTianebis dro saerTo-saxalxo 

damfuZnebluri yrilobis safuZvelze jer ar damdgara; 

2. qveynis demokratiuli Zalebi imyofebian ormxrivi brZolis 

frontze: erTi mxriv, bolSevizmis da, meores mxriv, 

_ “moxaliseTa armiis” brboebis winaaRmdeg, romelnic 

gamsWvalulni arian monarqizmis restavraciis ideebiT; 

3. mTeli yofili imperiis farglebSi saqarTvelos respublikaa 

erTaderTi qveyana, sadac ara marto gaimarjva demokratiam, 

aramed is ZiriTad kanonebSi aris ganmtkicebuli; 

4. miuxedavad imisa, rom soWis olqi ekonomikurad miiswrafvis 

yubanis olqisken, magram am etapze yubanTan Seer- 

Teba gaafarToebda “moxaliseTa armiis” samxedro diqtaturis 

gavrcelebis areals, rac ewinaaRmdegeba demokratiis 

da saerTo-saxalxo mmarTvelobis ideas, meores mxriv, 

soWis mxaris mosaxleobas waarTmevda demokratiis 

yvela im monapovars, rac maT sWirdebodaT miwis reformis 

da demokratiuli arCevnebis CatarebisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, 

qalaq soWis socialisturi partiebis sabWom 

erTxmad miiRo rezolucia: 1) soWis mosaxleoba Tvlis, 

rom mxaris demokratiulad ganviTareba, miwis reformebis 

Catareba da TviTmmarTvelobis demokratiuli formebis 


255

SemoReba «Возможны лишь при условии присоединения округа 

к Грузинской Демократической Республике»; 1 2) aqedan 

gamomdinare, sabWo calsaxad gamoTqvams survils, rom 

«Грузинское Правительство немедленно особым декретом 

оформило временно присоединение Сочинского округа 

к Республике». 2 

1918w. 18 saqtembers socialist-revolucionerTa soWis organizaciam 

miiRo rezolucia: ìTvaliswinebs ra yofil imperiaSi mimdinare 

politikur procesebs da miaCnia ra saqarTvelo erTaderT qveynad 

yofili ruseTis imperiaSi, sadac demokratiuli idealebi ganmtkicebuli 

iyo respublikis ZiriTadi kanonmdeblobiT _ «... сочинская 

организация партии социалист-революционеров высказывается за временное 

присоединение Сочинского округа к Грузинской Демократической 

Республике и постановляет – просит через ее представителей оформить 

это временное присоединение Сочинского округа к Грузинской 

Демократической Республике официальным актом». 3 

1920w. 20 seqtembers q. soWSi sdr-is mTavrobis warmomadgeneli 

e. gegeWkori da soWis olqis gubernatori gizo anjafariZe adgilobriv 

mosaxleobasa da politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebs Sexvdnen. 

e. gegeWkori kmayofili darCa soWis mosaxleobis keTilganwyobiT 

sdr-is mTavrobis politikisadmi. “soWSi Cven movawyveT mitingebi, _ 

werda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministri 

e. gegeWkori, _ me moxseneba gavakeTe mimdinare momentis Sesaxeb, 

gavacani Cveni mdgomareoba. ilaparaka agreTve valiko juRelmac”. 

4 e. gegeWkoris gamosvlis Semdeg soWis moqalaqeebma miiRes rezolucia 

qalaq soWis saqarTvelosTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb. soWis mxaris 

mosaxleobas demokratiuli reformebis da miwis reformis gatareba 

SesaZleblad miaCnia «...лишь при условии присоединения округа 

к Грузинской Демократической Республике. На основании изложенного 

собрания граждане Сочи высказывают пожелание, чтобы Грузинское 

Правительство немедленно особым декретом оформило временное 

присоединение Сочинского округа к Республике». 5 

1918w. 1 dekembers Catarda soWis olqis glexTa yriloba, romelmac 

miiRo rezolucia, rom «временное присоединение округа к Грузии, 

основанное на резолюции сочинских социалистических партий и дру- 

1 Документы и материалы по внешней политике.., gv. 389. 

2 Документы и материалы по внешней политике.., gv. 389. 

3 Документы и материалы по внешней.., gv. 389-390, xazgasma Cvenia _ v.W. 

4 gaz. èrToba~, 1918w. 17 seqtemberi. 

5 Документы и материалы по внешней политике.., gv. 390, xazgasma Cvenia _ v.W. 

256

гих демократических организаций является актом, отвечающим интересам 

трудовых масс и избавляющим от всех ужасов реакций». 1 sdr-is mTavrobis 

mier soWis dakavebas soWis olqis mosaxleobis moTxovnis safuZvelze 

adasturebs gen. a. denikinic. «Оккупация Сочинского округа произведена 

была грузинами также на основании просьб о помощи различных 

местных собраний и съездов, преимущественно социалистического 

состава...» 2 

yovelive amis fonze ki cilismwameblurad JRers gen. denikinis 

sityvebi: «...из Грузии хлынули к нам вместе с волною беженцев и волнующие 

вести о проявлениях грузинского шовинизма. Из Сочи ... шли 

мольбы об избавлении края от грузин». 3 an kidev: «Из...Сочинского округа 

шли горькие жалобы и постоянные просьбы об избавлении от грузин, 

обращаемые к Добровольческой армии, когда она приблизилась к Чёрному 

морю»... 4 sdr-is mTavrobis mier rusuli mosaxleobis Seviwroebaze 

a. denikinis sapirispiros gamoxatavda yubanis mTavrobis warmomadgeneli 

biCi, romelic «...утверждал, что кубанцы, возвращающиеся 

из Грузии, не жаловались на скверное к себе отношение». 5 

amrigad, qarTuli diplomatia SesaSuri ostatobiT iyenebda ruseTis 

samxreTSi Seqmnil antibolSevikur ganwyobilebebs, rasac erTvoda 

“moxaliseTa armiis” mier monarqizmis restavraciis propagandac, 

romelic aseve ukmayofilebas iwvevda yubanis da donis mosaxleobaSi 

da, Sesabamisad, filigranuli ostatobiT axerxebda soWis olqis 

de-faqto SenarCunebas sdr-is sazRvrebSi. 

tuafses incidenti, soWis qarTuli mosaxleobis (22%) usafr- 

Txoebis dacvasTan erTad, gamoyenebul iqna sdr-is mTavrobis mier 

erT-erT sababad _ soWis olqis droebiT “dasaWerad”. e. gegeWkori 

am qmedebas amarTlebda imiT, rom “moxaliseTa armias” yovelTvis ar 

SeeZlo droulad daecva eTnikuri umciresobani, gamomdinare im far- 

To da mniSvnelovani miznebidan, rasac isaxavda es organizacia _ ruseTis 

ganTavisufleba bolSevizmisgan. aqedan gamomdinare, rom soWis 

olqSi cxovrobs qarTvelebis 21 %, _ askvnida e. gegeWkori, _ “...sanam 

saqarTvelo ar miiRebs realur garantias, rom tuafses istoria 

ar ganmeordeba, mas ara aqvs arc moraluri, arc politikuri ufleba, 

dascalos soWis olqi”. 6 

1 Документы и материалы по внешней политике.., gv. 414-415. 

2 А. И. Деникин. Очерки русской смуты, т. II.., gv. 81. 






257

gen. aleqseevs aSkarad aRizianebda soWis olqis droebiT daWeris 

saqmeSi, sdr-is mTavrobis mxridan soWis qarTveli mosaxleobis 

22% motivaciis xSiri apelireba. “iq 22% qarTvelia _ askvnida e. 

gegeWkori, _ da rad iRebs Tavis Tavze “moxaliseTa armia” am olqebis 

dacvis uflebas da ar scnobs am uflebas saqarTvelosTvis”. 1 gen. 

aleqseevi sakmaod argumentirebul pasuxs aZlevda e. gegeWkors. jer 

erTi, qarTvel-rusTa procentuli Sefardeba 22%-78% aZlevs moxaliseebs 

imis iuridiul uflebas, Tavad daecvaT soWis mosaxleobis 

usafrTxoeba, xolo, meore mxriv, aleqseevi askvnida, rom Tu amas 

moxaliseebi “...ver movaxerxebT, maSin daxmarebisTvis mivmarTavT saqarTvelos”. 

2 

gen. aleqseevs mxars ubamda stepanovic. mas aSkarad aRizianebs e. 

gegeWkoris fraza “soWis olqis droebiTi daWeris Sesaxeb”. “ras 

niSnavs “droebiT viWerT”, _ kiTxulobs stepanovi, _ romel dromde 

sanam “moxaliseTa armia” saqarTvelos mcxovrebT dacvas realurad 

uzrunvelyofs, Tu sanam damfuZnebeli 3 kreba ar Sedgeba”. 4 stepanovis 

eWvi argumentirebuli iyo. faqtobrivad e. gegeWkorma fraziT 

“droebiT viWerT soWis olqs” CixSi Seiyvana moxaliseTa warmomadgenlebi. 

stepanovis ar iyos, marTlac da sanam “moxaliseTa armia” 

soWis olqSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa usafrTxoebas realurad uzrunvelyofda 

_ sdr-is mTavroba arc apirebda soWis olqis datovebas, 

xolo, aqedan gamomdinare, sanam ruseTSi samoqalaqo omi mZvinvarebda 

da samxedro warmatebebi xelidan xelSi gadadioda monacvleobiT _ 

soWis olqSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa usafrTxoebis garantias realurad 

“moxaliseTa armiac” ver miscemda sdr-is mTavrobas. Sesabamisad, sdris 

mTavroba qarTvelTa usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT _ soWis olqs 

iWerda droebiT da iqidan gasvlasac ar apirebda. da kidev, rodis 

Seikribeboda (an ki saerTod Seikribeboda!) damfuZnebeli kreba _ 

RmerTma uwyoda. amis garantias aravin iZleoda. aqedan gamomdinare, 

soWis olqSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa usafrTxoebis mizniT _ soWis olqi 

droebiT rCeboda sdr-is sazRvrebis SemadgenlobaSi. 

e. gegeWkori kidev erT arguments iSveliebda, raTa gaemarTlebi- 



3 damfuZnebeli kreba (ruseTis mosaxleobis warmomadgenlobiTi dawesebuleba) 

Catarda petrogradSi 1918w. 5 ianvars. is daupirispirda sruliad 

ruseTis sabWoebis centralur aRmasrulebel komitets (caki) da Sesabamisad 

garekil iqna v. i. leninis mier. 


258

na soWis qarTvelTa usafrTxoebis dacvis egidiT sdr-is sazRvrebSi 

soWis olqis droebiT daWeris aucilebloba. e. gegeWkoris marTebuli 

poziciiT, “moxaliseTa armia” unda miiltvodes CrdiloeTisken 

(moskovi), sadac, ZiriTadad, Tavmoyrili iyo bolSevikTa mTavari Zalebi. 

bolSevizmis damarcxeba iyo ruseTisTvis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi. 

Sesabamisad, “moxaliseTa armias” am saSviliSvilo saqmeSi win 

bevri saqme da didi samuSao elis. am situaciaSi ki soWis olqSi 

sdr-is mTavrobis jarebis yofna qarTvelTa usafrTxoebasac uzrunvelyofda 

da moxaliseTa interesebic daculi iqneboda ruseTis samxreTSi, 

anu sdr iq Seasrulebda moxaliseTa armiisTvis samxreTuli 

faris rols bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg. aqedan gamomdinare, e. gegeWkori 

askvnida, rom “..am raionSi Cveni droebiTi yofna, Cveni mcxovreblebis 

interesebis dasacavad TqvenSi (e.i. moxaliseebSi _ v.W.) davas ar unda 

iwvevdes da vfiqrob, rom Cven SegviZlia miviRoT formula: soWis 

olqi droebiT saqarTvelos rCeba”. 1 e. gegeWkoris argumenti Seuvali 

iyo. rodesac “moxaliseTa armia” CrdiloeTisken daZravda Tavis ZiriTad 

Zalebs, soWi daucveli darCeboda. Sesabamisad _ qarTvelTa 

interesebs iq aravin ar daicavda. e. gegeWkori principulad idga poziciebze: 

“soWis olqi droebiT saqarTveloSi rCeba.” 

amrigad, sanam “moxaliseTa armia” soWis qarTvelobis dacvas realurad 

ver uzrunvelyofda, anu sdr-is mTavrobas qarTvelTa usafrTxoebis 

dacvis garantiebs ar miscemda _ saqarTvelos xelisufleba 

soWis olqs droebiT tovebda sdr-is sazRvrebSi. 

e. gegeWkors politikuri alRo ar Ralatobda. is grZnobda, 

rom orxelisuflebianoba ruseTSi didxans ar gagrZeldeboda. 1918 

wlis gadasaxedidan, rasakvirvelia, Wirda imis ganWvreta, Tu vis sasargeblod 

dasruldeboda samoqalaqo omi. Sesabamisad, saWiro iyo 

or frontze TamaSi, radganac bolSevikTa sabWoebs, romlebic Zaladobis 

gziT movidnen xelisuflebaSi, ar aRiarebda ruseTis mosaxleobis 

didi nawili da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba. soWis olqis sdr 

sazRvrebSi droebiT moqcevis TvalsazrisiT, e. gegeWkorma `moxalise- 

Ta armiis” mTavarsardlobasTan paeqrobaSi Semoagdo kidev erTi maprovocirebeli 

argumenti: “moxaliseTa armia” aris droebiTi kerZo 

organizacia da ara sazogado-saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia”. 2 aqedan 

gamomdinare _ askvnida e. gegeWkori, _ krebas ar hqonda kompetencia 

ganexila soWis sakiTxi. “me ganvacxade, rom soWis olqi Cven gviWi- 



259

avs droebiT, rom mis saboloo bedze laparaki gveqneba ufro kompetentur 

krebaze, radganac aq am krebaze, sruliad dauSvebelia erebis 

bed-iRblis gadawyveta, amisaTvis davaleba CvenTvis aravis moucia da 

ara gvaqvs amis ufleba”. 1 

e. gegeWkoris mxridan “moxaliseTa armiis” droebiT da kerZo organizaciad 

aRqmas ver eguebodnen gen. aleqseevi, stepanovi da, Sesabamisad, 

Tavis aRSfoTebas verc malavdnen. Ggen. aleqseevis replikas: “is 

(“moxaliseTa armia” _ v.W.) iqneba sazogado_saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia”, 

e. gegeWkorma mSvidad upasuxa: “maSin, rodesac es iqneba, maSin 

daviwyebT laparaks mravali sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelTa gansaxilvelad, 

Cemi azriT, dRevandel krebas ara aqvs kompetencia”. 2 stepanovma mxari 

auba gen. aleqseevis aRSfoTebas “moxaliseTa armiis” droebiT da kerZo 

organizaciad gamocxadebis gamo: “...Cven aq ar SegviZlia vilaparakoT 

sazRvrebze, radgan Cven gvTvlian kerZo organizaciebis warmomadgenleblad, 

xolo am SemTxvevaSi ifuSeba mTeli danarCeni muSaoba”. 3 

e. gegeWkori, rasakvirvelia, kargad iyo informirebuli, rom dasavleTi 

bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda 

`moxaliseTa armias” da, Sesabamisad, mas kerZo organizaciad ar aRiqvamda, 

magram, amasTan erTad, e. gegeWkorma icoda, rom inglisi orsaxovan 

politikas atarebda ruseTSi da, _ “moxaliseTa armiis” marcxis 

SemTxvevaSi ganapira mxareebis gamoyenebas Seecdeboda bolSevizmis 

winaaRmdeg. amitomac samomavlod soWis olqis de-faqtod Senar- 

Cuneba sdr-is sazRvrebSi _ ingliss vinicobaa dasWirdeboda, rogorc 

buferuli warmonaqmni bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. e. gegeWkoris 

gaTvla swori aRmoCnda. denikinis marcxis Semdeg, inglisi Seecada 

_ ruseTis ganapira mxareebi gamoeyenebina bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg. 

am mimarTulebiT daigegma kidec RonisZiebani... 

“moxaliseTa armiis~ gamocxadeba droebiT da kerZo organizaciad 

iyo e. gegeWkoris mier kargad mofiqrebuli da SeniRbuli svla 

drois gawelvis TvalsazrisiT. erTi SexedviT _ e. gegeWkori droebiT 

inarCunebda soWis olqs sdr-is sazRvrebSi sruliad ruseTis 

damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevamde, sadac soWis sakiTxi “pozitiurad~ 

gadawydeboda ruseTis sasargeblod, magram, meore mxriv, e. gegeWkori 

imasac Wvretda, aravin rom ar uwyoda, TuU rodis Seikribeboda (an 

saerTod Seikribeboda) damfuZnebeli kreba... 

amrigad, sdr-is mTavrobis gancxadebiT “moxaliseTa armia” iyo 




260

droebiTi, kerZo organizacia da ara sazogado-saxelmwifoebrivi. aqedan 

gamomdinare, soWis sakiTxi unda gadawyvetiliyo kompetentur 

(e.i, sruliad ruseTis damfuZnebel) krebaze... manamde ki soWis olqi 

sdr-is sazRvrebSi rCeboda. 

kidev erTi argumenti sdr-is sazRvrebSi soWis olqis droebiT 

datovebaze. e. gegeWkoris azriT, im istoriuli amocanebis fonze, 

romelic idga “moxaliseTa armiis~ winaSe (moskovis aReba, rac bol- 

Sevikebis xelisuflebis damarcxebis tolfasi qmedeba iqneboda), so- 

Wis sakiTxi iseTi umniSvnelo Canda, rom “moxaliseTa armiis” warmomadgenlebs 

ekaterinodaris Sexvedraze ase mwvaved ar unda daeyenebinaT. 

e. gegeWkori marTali iyo. “moxaliseTa armiis~ umaRles sardlobas 

droebiT uari unda eTqva akviatebul idea-fiqsze «Единая и 

неделимая Россия» da mTeli Tavisi energia, Zalisxmeva saqarTvelos, 

azerbaijanis da CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebis winaaRmdeg ki ar unda 

waremarTa, aramed moskovisa, sadac Tavmoyrili iyo bolSevikTa mTavari 

Zalebi. bolSevikTa bunagis _ moskovis ganadgurebis Semdeg, e. gegeWkoris 

azriT, ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris arsebuli yvela mougvarebeli 

sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyveta umtkivneulod SeiZleboda, maT 

Soris, soWis sakiTxisac. swored es hqonda mxedvelobaSi e. gegeWkors, 

rodesac mimarTavda “moxaliseTa armiis” mTavarsardlobas: 

“...me vfiqrob, rom soWis olqis Cven mier daWera arafriT ewinaaRmdegeba 

Tqvens miznebsa da amocanebs. Tu marTla SemdegSi aRsdga axali 

ruseTi, raSic me eWvi ara maqvs, maSin Cvens win, SeiZleba daisvas 

sakiTxi ara marto soWis olqis dabrunebis Sesaxeb, aramed ufro didi 

sakiTxebi, da es Tqven angariSSi unda miiRoT~. 1 

zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT: 

1. sdr-is mTavrobis mier soWis olqis daWera ar ewinaaRmdegeba 

“moxaliseTa armiis” miznebs da amocanebs. e. gegeWkors 

mxedvelobaSi hqonda is faqti, rom sdr-is mTavrobas 

da “moxaliseTa armias” hyavdaT saerTo mteri _ bol- 

Sevizmi. “moxaliseTa armiis” mier mTavari Zalebis CrdiloeTisken 

gadasrolis Semdeg samxreT kavkasia daculi 

iqneboda sdr-is Zalebis mier da, Sesabamisad, “moxalise- 

Ta armias” zurgSi mtris dartymis ar SeeSindeboda, anu, 

am SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo “moxaliseTa armiisTvis” iTamaSebda 

“samxreTuli faris~ rols; 

2. e. gegeWkors eimedeboda, rom aRsdgeboda axali, demokra- 


261

tiuli ruseTi, romelTanac SesaZlebeli iyo moZebniliyo 

kompromisuli forma yvela mtkivneuli problemis mosagvareblad, 

maT Soris, soWis sakiTxic; 

3. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT bundovani elferi dahkravs e. 

gegeWkoris sityvebs: “Cven win SeiZleba daisvas sakiTxi 

ara marto soWis olqis dabrunebis Sesaxeb, aramed ufro 

didi sakiTxebi, da es Tqven angariSSi unda miiRoT~. 1 romel 

did sakiTxebzea saubari, romelic anagariSSi unda 

mieRoT “moxaliseTa armiis” warmomadgenlebs ekaterinodaris 

Sexvedraze teritoriul pretenziebze ufro mniSvnelovani 

sakiTxebi ar damdgara dRis wesrigSi 

4. e. gegeWkors am TvalsazrisiT mxars ubams denikinis pozicia: 

“...saqarTvelos warmomadgenelni Tu uars ar ityvian 

soWis olqze, maSin, Cemi azriT, Cven unda SevwyvitoT yovelgvari 

laparaki da mivubrundeT im did samuSaos, romelic 

Cven mogvelis”. 2 

romel did samuSaoze iyo saubari, romelic Turme win eloda 

sdr-is mTavrobas da “moxaliseTa armias” samwuxarod, ekaterinodaris 

Sexvedra am SekiTxvebze mkafio pasuxebs ver iZleva. ekaterinodaris 

Sexvedraze rom mTavari sakiTxi iyo (yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase 

warmoCinda diskusiis dros) teritoriuli sakiTxi, aSkarad gamoikve- 

Ta gen. m. aleqseevis saboloo sityvaSi, romelic man gaakeTa ekaterinodaris 

krebis dasasruls: “...radganac mTavari sakiTxis (igulisxmeba 

soWis olqis sakiTxi _ v.W.) Sesaxeb ver gamovitaneT dadebiTi 

gadawyvetileba, sxdomas daxurulad vacxadeb”. 3 garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, 

dezorientirebuli Cans e. gegeWkoris gancxadebis Semdeg gen. 

lukomskic. mas ver gaurkvevia, “...soWi daikaves droebiT da daubruneben 

mas (e. i ruseTs _ v.W.) saqarTvelos danarCen organizmTan er- 

Tad, Tu sazogadod daabruneben.” 4 

ekaterinodaris Sexvedris zedmiwevniTi analizi ar iZleva srulyofil 

pasuxs SekiTxvaze: iyo Tu ara teritoriuli pretenziebis 

garda sxva ufro mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic moiTxovda sdr-is 

mTavrobis da “moxaliseTa armiis” warmomadgenelTa Soris kompromisul, 

SemTanxmeblur qmedebas g. mazniaSvilis, a. denikinis, gen. lukomskis, 

gen. m. aleqseevis memuarebSi amis Sesaxeb araferi ar daweri- 





262

la. unda vivaraudoT, rom esec garkveuli politikuri xriki iyo e. 

gegeWkoris mxridan ostaturad Semogdebuli paeqrobis dros, “moxaliseTa 

armiis” gulis mosagebad da, Sesabamisad, drois gawelvis 

TvalsazrisiT. amas adasturebs ori detali: 

pirveli _ tuafses daTmoba `moxaliseTa armiisTvis”; meore _ 

e. gegeWkoris depeSa gagzavnili n. JordaniasTan, 1918w. 15 seqtembers, 

anu aTi dRiT adre ekaterinodaris Sexvedramde, sadac e. gegeWkori 

mTeli kategoriulobiT moiTxovda n. Jordaniasgan soWis olqis 

saqarTvelosTan SeerTebas specialuri direqtiviT. “tuafses precedenti” 

e. gegeWkoris xelSi iyo “Разменная монета” soWis olqis 

SenarCunebis mizniT sdr-is sazRvrebSi. e. gegeWkorma filigranuli 

ostatobiT Semougdo moxaliseebs tuafses precedenti: “ar dagifaravT, 

rom Cveni gadawyvetilebaa tuafses SenarCunebac, magram amas ar 

Cavdivar, Cveni azriT, tuafses datoveba Cveni mxriv didi daTmobaa, 

magram amas CavdivarT imitom, rom ar gvinda saqmis zedmeti garTuleba”. 

1 e. gegeWkori Tavs ise aCvenebs moxaliseebs, rom mas ar eTmoba 

tuafse, da rom misi daTmoba didi kompromisia qarTvelTa mxridan _ 

ruseT-saqarTvelos samomavlo urTierTobebidan gamomdinare. amiT e. 

gegeWkori, jer-erTi moxaliseTa guls igebda da pozitiurad ganawyobda 

maT molaparakebis procesSi. meores mxriv, dezorientireba 

Sehqonda Tavad moxaliseTa gundSi, rameTu qmnida iluzias saqarTvelos 

ruseTis erTian organizmSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb; mesame, akmayofilebda 

maT “velikoderJavul” ambiciebs; meoTxe, mianiSnebda moxaliseebs, 

rom soWis olqi droebiT aris daWerili da mova dro da masac 

tuafsesaviT davabrunebT. 

vinicobaa, a. denikini wamoegeboda e. gegeWkoris ankesze da droebiT 

gauCndeboda iluzia ruseTis aRdgenasTan erTad (rac upirobod 

gulisxmobda bolSevizmis damarcxebas) ara Tu soWi, mTeli saqarTvelo 

daubrundeboda ruseTis organizms. savaraudod, misi fraza “...mivubrundeT 

im did samuSaos, romelic Cven mogvelis”, 2 am iluziis gamoZaxili 

iyo... meore mxriv, 1918w. 15 seqtembers q. soWSi myofi 

sdr-is sagareo saqmeTa ministri e. gegeWkori agzavnis vrcel depeSas 

soWis olqis saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasTan SeerTebis 

moTxovniT: «С нашей стороны было непростительной ошибкой, что мы 

не воспользовались благоприятной для нас коньюнктурой, когда все население 

округа встречало наши войска восторженно. В настоящее время отношение 

к нам изменилось к худшему... По моему глубокому убеждению, 



263

мы должны воспользоваться единственным козырем в наших руках – сочувствееным 

отношением к нам местных социал-демократов и эсеров и 

декретировать присоединение округа. Будет преступно, если мы пропустим 

и этот момент. Присоединение округа поставит командование 

Добровольческой армии Алексеева перед фактом... Почитаю своим долгом 

сказать, что если мы не примем целого ряда энергичных мер в смысле 

устроения Сочинского округа мы его можем лишиться...». 1 

amrigad, 1918w. 6 ivliss soWis aReba saqarTvelos demokratiuli 

respublikis jarebis mier da misi droebiTi SenarCuneba sdr-is 

sazRvrebSi gaxldaT ara marto qarTuli samxedro xelovnebis sidiadis, 

aramed qarTuli diplomatiis maRali ostatobis demonstrireba. 

1 saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi (scssa), fondi 

1861, aRw. 2, saqme 26, gv. 38-40; ix. Д. Гамахария, Б. Гогия. Абхазия – историческая 

область Грузии.., gv. 756-757. 

264

VAKHTANG CHANIA 

REASONS AND CAUSES OF ANNEXING SOCHI 

BY GEORGIAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 

At the end of June 1918, after banishment of the Bolsheviks from Abkhazia 

a question of necessity to form a buffer zone to the North-West of River 

Phsou (Sochi-Tuapse region) emerged before the Government of Georgian Democratic 

Republic in order to stop or abolish the Bolsheviks’ new attacks. By 

the indication of the representative of German Empire Otto Von Krase ,the government 

of Georgian Democratic Republic based their arguments on occupation 

of Sochi and Tuapse Districts (regions). At the same time, in June 24, 1918 

Abkhazian National Council adopted a decision that obliged the government of 

Georgian Democratic Republic under the aegis of struggle against Bolshevism 

to occupy Sochi and Tuapse regions. In September 25-26, 1918 a meeting was 

held between representatives of Georgian Democratic Republic government 

and voluntary army where E. Gegechkori distinctly stated the reasons why Sochi 

and Tuapse regions had been occupied and later placed in the frontiers of 

Georgian Democratic Republic. The basic principle of Georgian Democratic 

Republic was unmerciful struggle against Bolshevism and antistate movement 

that threatened the existence and even the wholeness of Georgian State. Georgian 

Democratic Republic insisted on the following: until voluntary army 

didn’t guarantee the security of Georgian population in Sochi the Georgian Government 

would keep Sochi region in the frontiers of Georgian Democratic Republic. 

In addition, Georgian Democratic Republic considered that until there 

was not formed Constituent Assembly that would be able to speak in the name 

of whole Russia, Sochi region would stay in the frontiers of Georgian Democratic 

Republic. To the statement of Georgian Democratic Republic government 

all democratic organizations and parties of Sochi region demanded in their resolution 

to keep (retain) Sochi region temporarily in the frontiers of Georgian 

Democratic Republic. It should be noted that the capture of Sochi in July 6, 

1918 by the Georgian Democratic Republic army and its temporarily keeping 

in the frontiers of Georgian Democratic Republic was the achievement not only 

of Georgian army but also the demonstration of high skill of Georgian Diplomacy. 

265



t. I, 2007 

MANANA KUPRAVA 

ZUR GESCHICHTE DES STAATLICH GELENKTEN AUFBAUS 

VON BILDUNG UND KULTUR IN ABCHASIEN 

IN DEN JAHREN 1921 BIS 1925 

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung eines vollständigen Bildes des Kulturaufbaus 

in Abchasien 1921-1925 mit allen seinen Komponenten. Der untersuchte 

Zeitraum ist dabei nicht zufällig gewählt. Es handelt sich um die ersten 

Jahre der Sowjetherrschaft nach der gewaltsamen Beseitigung des georgischen 

demokratischen Staates, und es soll gezeigt werden, in welcher Weise die Kommunisten 

in dieser Zeit Kultur- Wissenschafts- und Bildungspolitik betrieben 

haben. Beispielsweise wird untersucht, wie das Bildungssystem von kommunistischer 

Ideologie beeinflusst wurde. Ein wichtiges Ziel dieser ideologisch ausgerichteten 

Ausbildung war die Erziehung der Jugend zur Kompromisslosigkeit 

gegenüber westlichen, kapitalistischen Ländern. 

In diesem Artikel muß die Verf. bisweilen eine Terminologie anwenden, 

die in der westlichen Geschichtswissenschaft nicht benutzt wird, z. B. heißt das 

Ausbildungsministerium in den Jahren 1921-22 „Abteilung der Volksbildung“ 

und in den Jahren 1922-25 „Kommissariat für Volksbildung“. Es ist erforderlich, 

diese Begriffe unverändert zu übernehmen, weil sie in den Archivmaterialien 

so erscheinen. An dieser Stelle sollen nun hauptsächlich die reinen Fakten 

dargestellt werden, die kritische Analyse dieser Fakten wird in einer Arbeit erfolgen, 

welche die Verf. zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt publizieren wird. 

Historische Erfahrungen positiver oder negativer Natur verlieren niemals 

ihre wissenschaftlich-theoretische und praktische Bedeutung. Darunter fallen 

auch die Erfahrungen mit der staatlichen Lenkung des Aufbaus der sozialistischen 

Kultur in den ersten Jahren des Sowjet-Systems. 

Die Verf. hat das Problem der staatlichen Lenkung beim Kulturaufbau in 

Abchasien vom Moment der gewaltsamen Machtübernahme durch die Kommunisten 

im März 1921 an bis zum Ende der sogenannten „Wiederherstellungsperiode“ 

(1925) wissenschaftlich untersucht. Davon ausgehend wird sie einigen 

Problemen, die für die gründliche Erforschung dieses Themas wichtig sind, 

nachgehen. Eine der wichtigsten Fragen ist die Erforschung der Schaffung und 

Festigung des staatlichen Apparats für Volksbildung in Abchasien. Den Hauptakzent 

legt die Verf. auf das Bildungswesen, weil der größte Teil der Bevölke- 

266

ung Abchasiens zu dieser Zeit über sehr geringe Bildung verfügte. Von hochqualifizierten 

Fachleuten können wir in dieser Zeit kaum sprechen. Trotzdem 

gab es eine hochstehende geistige Kultur des Volkes, die nicht hinter denen anderer, 

hochentwickelter Völker zurückstand. 

Eine Herausforderung für die Arbeit war, daß dieses Thema bisher überhaupt 

nicht erforscht worden ist. Es gab zwar einige allgemeine Untersuchungen 

zur Kultur im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert, aber keine über die staatliche Lenkung 

beim Kulturaufbau. 

Der Aufbau des sowjetischen Volksbildungssystems in Abchasien lief 

von März 1921 bis Februar 1922 während der Existenz des sogenannten Revolutionskomitees. 

Dies ist eine der Besonderheiten beim Aufbau des Bildungssystems. 

Diese Periode endet im Februar 1922. Die höchste Machtinstanz in 

Abchasien ist nun der „Rat des Volkskommissariats“. Ab dieser Zeit beginnt 

eine neue Etappe im Volksbildungssystem Abchasiens, die bis Ende 1925 dauert. 

Eine Aufgaben der Verf. war es, nicht nur zu zeigen, wie sich das Volksbildungssystem 

in dieser Zeit entwickelt, sondern auch darzustellen, was dieses 

System in Abchasien bewirkte. 

Die Monate Januar bis März 1921 sind der Zeitraum, in welchem in Abchasien 

und in Gesamt-Georgien der Wechsel von einem kapitalistischen System 

hin zu einem kommunistischen erfolgte. Am Abend des 3. auf den 4. 

März übernahmen die Bolschewiken in Suchumi, der Hauptstadt Abchasiens, 

gewaltsam die Macht. Bisher existierte eine demokratische Regierung, die in 

die Türkei oder Frankreich fliehen mußte. Alle alten staatlichen Organe wurden 

liquidiert. Die Revolutionskomitees wurden die höchsten Machtorgane des 

Landes. Schon bei der ersten Sitzung schufen sie die „Abteilung der Volksbildung“, 

Leiter wurde S. Tschanba, Stellvertreter A. Čočua 1 . Zusammenhängend 

damit wurden alle Abteilungen der Revolutionskomitees, darunter auch die Abteilung 

für Volksbildung, am 19. April 1921 umbenannt in „Kommissariat für 

Volksbildung“ („Narodnyj komissariat Prosvescenija“) 2 . 

In diesem Aufsatz werden die Etappen der Formierung der Strukturen 

des Volksbildungsapparats (zuerst die „Abteilung der Volksbildung“, dann das 

„Kommissariat für Volksbildung“) ausführlich untersucht. Während der Zeit 

des Kommissariats für Volksbildung wurde der Apparat aufgrund finanzieller 

und ökonomischer Probleme verkleinert. Diese Organe mußten den Direktiven 

aus Moskau folgen, anstatt sich auf die spezifischen Gegebenheiten des Landes 

einzustellen. Das hatte sehr negative Auswirkungen auf den Erfolg der Volksbildung 

in Abchasien. 

Im Folgenden werden kurz diejenigen Organe vorgestellt, welche für die 

1 A. M. Čočua. Sobranie sočinenij v trech tomach, тom 3, Suchumi, 1976, S. 89-90. 

2 Revoljucionnye komitety Abchazii v bor’be za ustonovlenie i upročenie Sovetskoj vlasti (fevral’ 

1921g. – fevral’1922g.). – Sbornik dokumentov i materialov. Suchumi, 1961, S. 65. 

267

Volksbildung verantwortlich waren. Schon im März 1921 schuf die ”Abteilung 

der Volksbildung” folgende Unterabteilungen: Die Abteilungen für einheitliche 

Arbeitsschule, Kunst, Wissenschaft, Methodologie, Bibliothek, Vorschulerziehung, 

Sport, Außenbeziehungen, nationale Minderheiten, Jugendschutz und 

acht weitere Sektionen 1 . 

Das „Kommissariat für Volksbildung“ bestand von Anfang an aus verschiedenen 

Abteilungen und Kommissionen, welche hier nicht weiter in Einzelnen 

aufgezählt werden sollen. Die Namensänderung von „Abteilung der 

Volksbildung“ in „Kommissariat für Volksbildung“ hatte allerdings keine große 

Bedeutung, weil es inhaltlich keine Änderungen gab. Die Bildung mußte 

von kommunistischer Ideologie geprägt sein. Die oben genannte mechanische 

Übernahme der Strukturen aus Rußland, ohne Berücksichtigung der örtlichen 

Bedingungen, war für eine erfolgreiche Arbeit nicht geeignet. Trotz der Kürzungen 

des Apparats war dieser immer noch zu groß. Die einzige Abteilung, 

die einen gewissen Erfolg erzielt hat, war die Abteilung für nationale Minderheiten. 

Nach der Gründung der Sowjetherrschaft in Abchasien wurden auch regionale 

Abteilungen für Volksbildung geschaffen. In allen Bezirken Abchasiens 

existierten in dieser Zeit Abteilungen der Volksbildung unter der Leitung 

von Volkslehrern. Im Bezirk Gudauta leitete diese Abteilung A. Čukbar, im 

Bezirk Gumista M. Kvaschilava, im Bezirk Kodori B. Kvizinia, im Bezirk Samursakano 

I. Kolbaia. 

Im Januar/Februar 1922 wurden Wahlen in den Sowjeträten durchgeführt. 

Solche Räte wurden auch in den Bezirken und in den Dörfern gewählt. In 

der ersten Versammlung der Sowjeträte in Abchasien wurde das sogenannte 

„ZIK“ (zentrale Exekutivkomitee) gegründet, welches seinerseits bei seiner 

ersten Sitzung die sogenannten „Sownarkom“ (Räte der Volkskommissare) 

gründete. Damit war der Prozeß des Übergangs vom Revolutionskomitee zum 

Sowjetsystem vollendet. Entsprechend wurde auch die „Abteilung für Volksbildung“, 

die zum Revolutionskomitee gehörte, in „Kommissariat für Volksbildung“ 

umbenannt (s.o.). Ab diesem Moment kontrollierten die „Sownarkom“ 

die Arbeit des „Kommissariats für Volksbildung“. Sie faßten die Beschlüsse, 

die das Kommissariat beim Kulturaufbau ausführen mußte und erhielten darüber 

von diesem Rechenschaft. 

Während der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise 1922/23 in Abchasien mußten 

viele Schulen geschlossen werden. Selbst die Stellen beim „Kommissariat für 

Volksbildung“ wurden um 40% gekürzt, aber ab 1924, nachdem sich die Lage 

ein wenig gebessert hatte, wurde der Etat der Kommission wieder erhöht. Am 

Ende der sogenannten „Wiederherstellungsetappe“ (1925) wurden die Struktu- 

1 Zentral’nyj gosudarstvennyj archiv Abchazskoj ASSR (ZGGA), Fond 8, Opis’ 1, Delo 2, List 

109-110. 

268

en deutlich stabilisiert. Im Herbst 1925 wurden in den Bezirken die Abteilungen 

für Volksbildung vollständig wiederhergestellt. Nach den Angaben des 

Jahres 1926 bestand das „Kommissariat für Volksbildung“ aus folgenden Abteilungen: 

1. Hauptabteilung für soziale Erziehung und politechnische Bildung 

der Jugend 

2. Hauptabteilung für Berufsausbildung 

3. Hauptkommitee für politische Bildung 

4. Hauptabteilung für Literatur und Druckerei 1 . 

Diese Strukturen des „Kommissariat für Volksbildung“ existierten bis in 

die dreißiger Jahre. Es ist nicht nur interessant, den Aufbau und die Entwicklung 

der Strukturen für Volksbildung und Kultur zu untersuchen, sondern auch 

deren praktische Tätigkeit. 

Eine Besonderheit dieser Periode besteht darin, daß die Änderungen im 

Kulturbereich während der Existenz der Revolutionskomitees geschahen. Diese 

Komitees waren für eine begrenzte Zeit besondere Organe für die Lenkung des 

Staates. Diese Lenkung umfaßte alle Bereiche des kulturellen Lebens Abchasiens. 

Die Beschlüsse dieser Komitees waren bindend für alle Teile der Republik. 

Sie versuchten, möglichst viel Geld in die Volksbildung zu investieren, 

aber aufgrund der schlechten Wirtschaftslage war das sehr schwierig. Die Kommunisten 

wollten vor allem Reformen in der Schule durchführen, d.h. einen 

neuen Schultyp aufbauen, der sich mit seinem Programm gründlich vom vorhergehenden 

unterschied. Bei der ersten Möglichkeit wurde eine Trennung der 

Schule von der Kirche durchgeführt, die kirchlichen Lehrer mußten die Schulen 

verlassen, der Religionsunterricht wurde abgeschafft. Die Kommunisten 

verhinderten damit eine Erziehung, die auf christlichen Moralvorstellungen 

basierte 2 . 

Es gab außerdem viele Beschlüsse, die sich auf eine Erhöhung der Disziplin 

und Verantwortung der Lehrer der Schule gegenüber bezogen. Ende März 

1921 veröffentlichte das „Kommissariat für Volksbildung“ ein Dekret über die 

Auflösung des alten Bildungssystems und die Gründung einer neuen Schulform, 

der sogenannten ”Einheitlichen Arbeitsschule”. 3 Der Schulbesuch war 

kostenlos und für alle zugänglich. Die Lehrpläne waren von Moskau vorgegeben, 

mußten aber oft geändert werden, weil sie nicht den örtlichen Bedingungen 

gerecht wurden. Die Schulen waren unter nationalen Gesichtspunkten separiert, 

d.h. abchasische, georgische, russische, armenische, griechische und 

auch andere Schulen existierten getrennt voneinander 4 . 1921 gingen aber nur 

1 Zentral’nyj gosudarstvennyj archiv Abchazskoj.., Fond 8, Opis’ 1, Delo 228, List 72. 

2 V. I. Narsia. Sovetskaja škola v Abchazii (1921-1931 gg.). Suchumi, 1956, S. 56. 

3 Revoljucionnye komitety Abchazii v .., S. 258. 

4 A. M. Čočua. Sobranie sočinenij v trech tomach, тom 3.., S. 155. 

269

35% der Kinder der Gesamtbevölkerung in die Grundschulen. Im Sommer 

1921 wurden nach einem Beschluß des „Kommissariats für Volksbildung“ 

Spezialkurse zur Vorbereitung der Lehrer auf die neue Schulform geschaffen 1 . 

Der erste Unterricht an den neuen sowjetischen Schulen begann am 10. Oktober 

1921. 

Die materielle Basis und Ausstattung der Schulen in Abchasien war sehr 

schlecht. Es gab große Probleme mit den Schulgebäuden, weshalb das Komitee 

andere Institutionen zwang, Räume abzugeben. Außerdem waren Arbeiter und 

Bauern verpflichtet, neue Schulgebäude zu bauen. Trotzdem blieben noch gewaltige 

Mängel, so fehlten Schulbücher, Schreibwaren, Schuluniformen und 

Lehrer mit der entsprechenden Qualifikation. Viele Schulen waren nur Grundschulen 

bis zur vierten Klasse, deren Aufgabe hauptsächlich darin bestand, den 

Kindern Lesen und Schreiben beizubringen. 

Besonders problematisch war das Fehlen von Lehrern, die in abchasischer 

Sprache unterrichten konnten, auch gab es kaum Lehrbücher in dieser 

Sprache. Deshalb waren die abchasischen Schulen in folgender Weise organisiert: 

In der ersten und zweiten Klasse lief der Unterricht in der Muttersprache, 

ab der dritten Klasse bis zum Ende auf russisch, abchasisch wurde als spezielles 

Fach unterrichtet. 

Im Oktober 1921 begann man in Suchumi außerdem, Unterricht nach einem 

neuen Lehrprogramm in pädagogisch oder industriell ausgerichteten Spezialschulen. 

Diese wurden auf Grundlage der alten Oberschulen organisiert und 

waren Schulen zur Berufsausbildung. Sie bildeten Fachleute mit mittlerer Qualifikation 

für Abchasien aus. Ein Teil der Jugend Abchasiens studierte an Universitäten 

in Tiflis, Moskau oder anderen Städten, da es in Abchasien keine 

Universität gab. 1921 wurden 106 Personen zum Studium an fremde Universitäten 

geschickt 2 . Das war sehr wichtig, da Abchasien dringend hochqualifizierte 

Spezialisten brauchte. 

Eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der Volksbildung war der Kampf gegen 

das Analphabetentum in Abchasien. Im April 1921 schuf das Revolutionskomitee 

eine spezielle Kommission für die Lösung dieses Problems, welche in allen 

Bezirken Abchasiens angegangen wurde. 

Der Hauptanteil der Bevölkerung Abchasiens waren Bauern. Es war sehr 

wichtig, daß diese Menschen die elementaren Grundlagen des Lesens und 

Schreibens erlernten. Allerdings verbanden die Kommunisten diesen Unterricht 

mit politischer und ideologischer Erziehung. Zu diesem Zweck war im Mai 

1921 ein neues Organ geschaffen worden, das „GPP“ (Hauptkomitee für politische 

Erziehung). Außerdem mußte das „GPP“ Bibliotheken, Lesesäle in Bauernhäusern 

(„Izby-Tschitalni“) und Vereinsarbeit organisieren. 


2 Pravda Gruzii, 1921, 18 nojabrja. 

270

Am 12. Dezember 1921 veröffentlichte das Revolutionskomitee ein Dekret, 

das aufgrund des entsprechenden Dekrets aus Sowjetrußland erarbeitet 

worden war und dessen Ziel die Bekämpfung des Analphabetentums in Abchasien 

war. Die Bevölkerung von 14 bis 50 Jahren mußte in speziellen Schulen 

Lesen und Schreiben lernen 1 . Damals wendete sich das GPP durch die Zeitung 

„Golos Trudovoj Abchazii“ mit der Losung „Doloj negramotnost“ („Weg mit 

dem Analphabetentum“) an die Bevölkerung 2 . In Bezirkszentren und großen 

Dörfern wurden Vorträge in abchasisch, georgisch, russisch und anderen Sprachen 

gehalten, die sich gegen das Analphabetentum richteten 3 . 

Im Jahre 1921 hatte die Arbeit gegen das Analphabetentum noch keinen 

systematischen Charakter, es gab keine Finanzierung, es gab nur Initiativen an 

einzelnen Orten. Aber in diesem Jahr war immerhin die Einrichtung von Bibliotheken, 

Lesesälen in Bauernhäusern („Izby – Tschitalni“) und Vereinen 

zum Teil gelungen. 

Ab dem nächsten Jahr kümmerte sich das neugeschaffene ”Kommissariat 

für Volksbildung” um die Schaffung von Theatern, Kinos, Zirkussen und anderen 

kulturellen Institutionen. Die staatlichen Organe versuchten auch eine Lenkung 

der Kunst. 1921 war bereits unter Leitung von D. Gulia das Abchasische 

Theater gegründet worden. D. Gulia schuf außerdem das abchasische Alphabet 

und Grundlagen der abchasischen schöngeistigen Literatur. Weiterhin verfaßte 

er eine „Geschichte Abchasiens“ 4 . Nach dem Beschluß des Revolutionskomitees 

von Abchasien am 4. April 1921 wurden alle Theater und Kinos zum 

Staatseigentum erklärt. Alle Repertoires und Programme überprüfte später das 

„Kommissariat für Volksbildung“ auf ihre politischen Inhalte. Das bedeutete, 

daß Kunst, Wissenschaft und Kultur unter staatliche Kontrolle gerieten. Die 

ersten Vorstellungen abchasischer Theatergruppen fanden im Sommer 1921 in 

den Bezirken Kodori und Gudauta statt. Gleichzeitig wurden georgische, griechische 

und armenische Theater gegrünet. 

In der Zeit von 1921-25 wurde in Abchasien die Grundlage gelegt für 

den weiteren Aufbau der sozialistischen Kultur. In Abchasien haben die entsprechenden 

Volksbildungskommissionen Sowjetrußlands und Sowjet-Georgiens 

mitgewirkt. Dort arbeiteten viele Vertreter aus Tiflis und Moskau. 

Die Beseitigung des Analphabetentums gehörte zu den elementaren Aufgaben 

der sogenannten kulturellen Revolution, einer Aufgabe, ohne deren Erfüllung 

sich das Land weder wirtschaftlich noch kulturell weiterentwickeln 

konnte. 

Das extrem niedrige Niveau der Bildung war sehr besorgniserregend. Ein 

1 Revoljucionnye komitety Abchazii v .., S. 306. 

2 Golos trydovoj Abchazii, 1921, 7 dekabrja. 


4 D. Gulia. Istoria Abchazii. Tiflis, 1925. 

271

Fortschritt im Vergleich mit der zaristischen Zeit war während der Demokratie 

(Mai 1918 - März 1921) in Abchasien kaum feststellbar gewesen. Ausgehend 

davon stellte sich die kommunistische Regierung folgende Aufgaben: Erhöhung 

staatlicher Finanzierung für die Ausstattung der Grundschulen, Verbesserung 

der materiellen Lage der Lehrer, zentral ausgearbeitete Richtlinien für die 

Arbeit in den Dörfern, Beteiligung aller gebildeten Menschen an der Erwachsenenbildung. 

Ab 1923 wurde die Bekämpfung des Analphabetentums in Sowjet- 

Georgien zur wichtigsten Aufgabe der Volksbildung erklärt. Es wurde eine Gesellschaft 

gegründet, um diesem Problem Herr zu werden, die „Cera-Kithchva“ 

(„Schreiben und Lesen“) 1 . Die Bekämpfung des Analphabetentums in Abchasien 

hatte im Jahre 1922 immer noch keinen systematischen Charakter. Erst ab 

1923 konnte in diesem Bereich ein gewisser Fortschritt erzielt werden. Die 

staatlichen Organe versuchten nun, diesen Prozeß in geregeltem Maße voranzubringen. 

Es wurden 21 Einrichtungen gegründet, wo 600 Menschen Lesen 

und Schreiben lernen konnten. Dies waren die ersten staatlich finanzierten 

Schulen, die soweit möglich möglicherweise auch mit Lehrbüchern versorgt 

wurden 2 . 

Aber die Organisation traf in der Dörfern auf viele Schwierigkeiten: Die 

Bauern waren mit der Feldarbeit beschäftigt, die Dörfer lagen über weite Gebiete 

verstreut, es gab keine oder nur schlechte Wege, Unterrichtsgebäude fehlten, 

die Bevölkerung war vielsprachig, es gab zu wenig Lehrbücher in abchasischer 

oder entsprechender anderer Sprache. Auch gab es kaum Lehrer mit ausreichender 

Qualifikation, und es war problematisch, Frauen zur Teilnahme am 

Unterricht zu bewegen, da es den Vorstellungen und Lebensbedingungen der 

Frauen widersprach. Außerdem weigerten sich die Männer, zu einer weiblichen 

Lehrerkraft zu gehen und umgekehrt. 

In Sowjetrußland war es erklärtes Ziel, am zehnten Jahrestag der Oktoberrevolution 

(1927) das Analphabetentum endgültig besiegt zu haben. Diese 

Direktive beeinflußte auch die anderen Sowjetrepubliken. Deshalb beschloß 

man in Abchasien, den Kampf gegen das Analphabetentum zu beschleunigen. 

Bereits im Jahre 1924 legte man fest, sich an diese Direktive zu halten. Es wurde 

ein Generalplan („Likbez“) zur Abschaffung des Analphabetentums in den 

nächsten drei Jahren erstellt, Lehrbücher wurden gekauft, und einige in russischer 

Sprache kamen kostenlos aus Moskau. Außerdem wurde das abchasische 

Alphabet veröffentlicht. Die abchasische Bevölkerung bekam die Möglichkeit, 

sich in ihrer eigenen Muttersprache unterrichten zu lassen. Für die Lehrer wurden 

Spezialkurse geschaffen, um ihnen die Richtlinien des Programmes bekannt 

zu machen. 

1 C. P. Kalandadze. Kul’turnaja revoljucia v Gruzii. Tbilisi, 1963, S. 13. 

2 Zentral’nyj gosudarstvennyj archiv Abchazskoj.., Fond 55, Delo 40, List 7. 

272

Im Jahre 1925 wurde die Bildung der Gesellschaft „Doloj negramotnost“ 

(„Weg mit dem Analphabetentum“) abgeschlossen. Nach Angaben der kommunistischen 

Propaganda waren in den Jahren 1924 und 1925 die Unterrichtsjahre 

zwölfmal produktiver als in den Jahren davor. Aber auch mit solch einem 

Tempo war es nicht möglich, zum zehnjährigen Jubiläum der Oktoberrevolution 

das Analphabetentum auszurotten. Darum faßte das „ZIK“ Abchasiens am 

24. Dezember 1924 einen Beschluß, laut dem alle Bürger Abchasiens vom 18. 

bis zum 40. Lebensjahr, die nicht lesen und schreiben konnten, ungeachtet des 

Geschlechts oder Alters verpflichtet waren, Lesen und Schreiben in ihrer Muttersprache 

oder in Russisch zu lernen. Für die Lösung aller Fragen wurde überdies 

eine außerordentliche Kommission gebildet. In den Jahren 1925-26 lernten 

3120 Menschen und von 1923-26 insgesamt 8000 Menschen Lesen und 

Schreiben 1 . In den ersten Jahren der Sowjetherrschaft wurden die Maßnahmen 

zur Bekämpfung des Analphabetentums vor allem für Mitglieder der kommunistischen 

Partei, Komsomol und Gewerkschaften durchgeführt, erst danach für 

die ganze Bevölkerung. Denjenigen, die freiwillig lernten, gewährte die Sowjetregierung 

Abchasiens besondere Privilegien: Die Erlaubnis, Waffen zu 

tragen, die Befreiung von Arbeitseinsätzen sowie finanzielle Unterstützung bei 

der Durchführung ihrer landwirtschaftlichen Arbeit. Aber wie die Bevölkerungsstatistik 

im Jahre 1926 gezeigt hat, mußten in den kommenden Jahren 

noch 71,7% Lesen und Schreiben lernen, so daß diese Arbeit noch weiter fortgesetzt 

werden mußte 2 . Die Planung zum zehnjährigen Jubiläum der Oktoberrevolution 

konnte nicht eingehalten werden. 

Das „Kommissariat für Volksbildung“ mußte in den nächsten Jahren versuchen, 

dieses neue Bildungssystem zu verbessern. Die weitere Planung betraf 

folgende Aufgaben: Weiterer Ausbau von Schulen und Vorschulen, weitere 

Verbesserung der materiellen Lage der Lehrer, Versorgung mit genügend Lehrbüchern, 

Verbesserung der Qualifikaton der Lehrer, Ausbildung neuer Lehrer 

aus der örtlichen Bevölkerung und anderes. 

In den Dörfern wurden alle wichtigen Aufgaben des Kulturaufbaus bei 

Gemeindeversammlungen diskutiert. Sehr oft gingen Vertreter dieser Versammlungen 

in die Hauptstadt zum „Kommissariat für Volksbildung“, um die Belange 

ihres Dorfes vorzutragen. Im Jahre 1924 wurden in den Sowjeträten der 

Dörfer Abteilungen für Kultur und Erziehung gebildet, die sich hauptsächlich 

mit der Bekämpfung des Analphabetentums und dem Einrichten von Bibliotheken 

und Lesesälen in Bauernhäusern („Izby – Tschitalni“) beschäftigten. 

Die dritte Versammlung des obersten Sowjetrates in Suchumi im Jahre 

1925 beschloß ein Programm für die weitere Entwicklung der Volksbildung. 


2 A. E. Kuprava. Likvidacija negramatnosti naselenija v Abchazskoj ASSR. Suchumi, 1979, 

S. 35. 


273

Dem Lehrer mußte als dem einzigen Kulturvertreter im abchasischen Dorf 

mehr Unterstützung gewährt werden. Viele abchasische Schulen waren ohne 

Lehrer und die Beschaffung von Lehrbüchern in dieser Sprache war äußerst 

problematisch 1 . 

Nach dem Beschluß des „Kommissariats für Volksbildung“ war die Teilnahme 

am Unterricht der ersten vier Klassen für jedes Kind obligatorisch. Was 

aber eine sieben- oder neunjährige Schulausbildung anbetraf, so konnte der 

Staat nicht überall und nicht für jedes Kind einen Platz anbieten, weil die 

schwierige soziale und ökonomische Lage des Landes dies nicht ermöglichte. 

Viele Kinder beendeten ihren Schulbesuch nach der vierten Klasse. 

Ab Januar 1923 wurde für einige Jahre die Bildung in der Schule gebührenpflichtig. 

Das hierdurch eingenommene Geld verwendete man zur Verbesserung 

der materiellen Lage der Schulen 2 . In den letzten zwei Jahren der sogenannten 

Wiederherstellungsepoche (1924-25) nahm die Bevölkerung aktiv am 

Schulaufbau teil. Neben staatlichen Schulen gab es auch solche, welche die 

Dorfgemeinschaft finanzierte. 1924/25 waren dies 30, 1926 gab es 63 solcher 

Schulen. Diese Schulen bestanden aber nur für kurze Zeit 3 . 

Nach den Angaben des „Kommissariats für Volksbildung“ gab es in den 

Jahren 1925-26 insgesamt 263 Schulen, davon 242 Grundschulen (1.-4. Klasse), 

15 siebenjährige und 6 neunjährige Schulen 4 . Diese Zahl hat allerdings 

keine so große Aussagekraft, weil auch solche Schulen genannt werden, die 

sehr wenige Schüler hatten. Insgesamt besuchten nur 54% der schulpflichtigen 

Kinder eine Schule 5 . Es ist auch nicht ausgeschlossen, daß diese Zahlen künstlich 

erhöht sind. Man achtete eher auf die Quantität als auf die Qualität, um mit 

den kapitalistischen Ländern mithalten zu können. Es überwogen georgische 

Grundschulen, danach kamen armenische, griechische, abchasische und an 

letzter Stelle russische. Es existierten auch drei estländische, eine deutsche und 

eine türkische Grundschule. In den anderen Klassenstufen dominierten georgische 

und russische Schulen. Das lag vor allem daran, daß der größte Teil der 

Bevölkerung Abchasiens georgisch war und die Lehrbücher meistens in russischer 

und georgischer Sprache verfasst waren. 

Das „Kommissariat für Volksbildung“ versuchte, die Lehrpläne Rußlands 

aufgrund der jeweiligen örtlichen Bedingungen zu überarbeiten. Diese 

Lehrpläne wurden im Jahre 1925 festgesetzt und orientierten sich nicht an den 

Grundlagen der Wissenschaft, sondern an den praktischen Anforderungen. 

1 Rezoljucii tret’ego s’ezda Sovetov Abchazii. Suchum,1925, S. 16-17. 

2 A. E. Kuprava. Kul’turnoe stroitel’stvo v abchzskoj derevne (1921-1929 gg.). Suchumi, 

1973, S. 6-7. 

3 Zentral’nyj gosudarstvennyj archiv Abchazskoj.., Fond 8, Opis’ 1, Delo 175, List 89; Fond 

55, Delo 108, List 4. 


5 Zentral’nyj gosudarstvennyj archiv Abchazskoj.., Fond 8, Opis’ 1, Delo 228, List 78-80. 

274

Aber diese neuen Programme konnten den örtlichen Bedingungen trotzdem 

nicht gerecht werden, und sie wurden häufig geändert. Auch in den Jahren 

1925 und 1926 gab es Probleme mit Lehrbüchern. 1925 änderte N. Mar das 

abchasische Alphabet. Aber dieses war zu kompliziert und konnte im Schulalltag 

keine sinnvolle Anwendung finden. Wiederum sehr problematisch war das 

Fehlen abchasischer Lehrer. Die im Jahr 1926 in Suchumi eröffneten Spezialkurse 

für abchasische Lehrer konnten nur 30 Lehrer ausbilden. Insgesamt lag 

der Anteil der Lehrer mit Hochschulausbildung bei nur 8,8%, der mit mittlerer 

Ausbildung bei 43,7% , derjenigen, welche die oben genannten Spezialkurse 

besucht hatten, bei 11.9% und der Lehrer, die ungenügend ausgebildet waren, 

bei 35,0% 1 . 

Es wurden auch Maßnahmen in Richtung des Kinderschutzes durchgeführt, 

zum Beispiel wurde 1922 eine sogenannte „Kinderwoche“ organisiert 

und eine Woche der Hilfe für kranke und elternlose Kinder. Schon in dieser 

Zeit wurde versucht, Heime für elternlose Kinder aufzubauen. In Tiflis wurde 

1922 so ein Haus für abchasische Kinder eröffnet, das 1924 nach Abchasien, in 

die Stadt Gagra ausgelagert wurde. Dort gab es zu dieser Zeit über 100 obdachlose 

und elternlose Kinder. Weitere Kinderheime wurden 1925 in Suchumi und 

Gudauta eröffnet, aber sie konnten nicht alle bedürftigen Kinder aufnehmen 2 . 

Im vorliegenden Aufsatz untersucht die Verf. weiterhin die Tätigkeit der 

Vorschulen und Kindergärten. Im Jahr 1925 gab es in Abchasien acht Kindergärten 

mit 344 Kindern 3 . Das ist keine große Zahl, stellte aber für die damalige 

Zeit eine beachtliche Menge dar. 

Für Abchasien war es auch äußerst wichtig, die Menschen mit mittlerer 

und höherer Bildung auszustatten. In technischen Fachschulen wurden 1925/26 

zwei neue Fachgebiete eröffnet: Elektrotechnik und Verwaltungswirtschaft 4 . 

1923 wurden die ersten Frauen an den pädagogischen Fachschulen aufgenommen, 

1924 in Novij Afon eine technische Fachschule eröffnet. Wie bereits erwähnt, 

gab es in Abchasien keine Universität, die Studenten mußten nach Tiflis, 

Moskau oder in eine andere Stadt der Sowjetunion gehen. 

Für die Erwachsenenbildung spielten die Bibliotheken und die Lesesäle 

in Bauernhäusern („Izby – Tschitalni“) eine wichtige Rolle. Dort gab es aber 

nur alte Ausgaben und keine Bücher in der Muttersprache der Bevölkerung 

Abchasiens (erst Mitte 1924 wurden Grundlagen zur Bildung eines einheitlichen 

Bibliothekensystems in Abchasien geschaffen). Aber trotzdem waren diese 

Institutionen Zentren für die kommunistische Erziehung der Bevölkerung, 

oft gab es dort Versammlungen der Kommunisten und Komsomolen und sogenannten 

„Unterricht für die politische Bildung der Dorfbevölkerung“. 





275

Bis 1921 beschäftigten sich in Abchasien nur Laien und ortsfremde, zugereiste 

Fachleute mit den Wissenschaften. Die erste wissenschaftliche Organisation 

wurde im Jahre 1922 eröffnet. Das war die „ABNO“ (Abchasische Wissenschaftliche 

Gesellschaft). Sie war zunächst als private Gesellschaft gegründet 

worden, nach einigen Jahren wurde sie zu einer staatlichen Organisation. 

Anfang 1925 hatte sie 141 Mitglieder: Wissenschaftler, Heimatkundler, Ärzte, 

Agrartechniker, Ingenieure und Techniker 1 . Die „ABNO“ legte den Grundstein 

zu Kontakten zu anderen wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen der Sowjetunion. 

Es wurde viel getan für die Publikation von Forschungsergebnissen. Ein Austausch 

der Veröffentlichungen fand auch mit dem Ausland, z.B. mit Deutschland 

oder den USA statt 2 . 

Das wichtigste Ereignis im wissenschaftlichen Leben Abchasiens war die 

im September 1924 in Suchumi organisierte erste Versammlung der Heimatkundler 

des Schwarzmeerraumes und des westlichen Kaukasus. Hier kamen 

Wissenschaftler aus verschieden Städten zusammen und hielten Vorträge. Von 

121 Vorträgen waren 40 aus Abchasien. Besonders interessant waren die Vorträge 

von N. Mar (über das abchasische Alphabet), D. Gulia (über die Herkunft 

der Abchasier), B. Lukin (archäologische Untersuchungen an der Schwarzmeerküste 

in den Jahren 1923 und 1924) und andere. 

Im Oktober 1925 wurde in Suchumi auf Initiative von N. Mar die Akademie 

der abchasischen Sprache und Literatur eröffnet. Die Eröffnung dieser 

wissenschaftlichen Organisation hatte die Erforschung und weitere Entwicklung 

der abchasischen Sprache, sowie die Sammlung ethnographischen und 

folkloristischen Materials zum Ziel und außerdem die Erarbeitung einer Methodik 

zum Unterrichten der abchasischen Sprache. 

Die ”ABNO” beschäftigte sich auch mit der Erforschung der natürlichen 

Ressourcen Abchasiens. Die wichtigste Untersuchung in dieser Richtung war 

die Erforschung von Kohlevorkommen in Tkvarčeli 3 . Durchgeführt wurden 

außerdem archäologische Ausgrabungen unter der Leitung von A. Baschkirov, 

V. Stražev, A. Lukin und M. Ivaschtšenko. Für die Durchführung der Ausgrabungen 

im Jahre 1922 kamen aus Tiflis G. Zereteli und G. Čubinašvili. Mit der 

„ABNO“ ist auch die erste Veröffentlichung über die Geschichte Abchasiens 

verbunden. Im Jahre 1925 wurde von D. Gulia in Tiflis die „Geschichte Abchasiens“ 

veröffentlicht. Auch von anderen Autoren erschienen sehr interessante 

Arbeiten. 1924 nahm in Suchumi das Museum für Landeskunde seine 

Arbeit wieder auf, bereichert durch viel neues archäologisches und ethnographisches 

Material. 

1 Izvestija Abchazskogo naučnogo obščestva, vypusk I. Suchum, 1925, S. 202-203. 


3 L. M. Pricker. Istorija osvoenija Tkvarcel’skogo kamenno-ugol’nogo mestoroždenija (1881- 

1935 gg.). Suchumi, 1966, S. 57. 

276

Eine sehr produktive wissenschaftliche Arbeit wurde in der Malariastation 

in Suchumi geleistet. Die Hauptaufgabe dieser Station war die Bekämpfung 

der Malaria, die in Abchasien weit verbreitet war. Aus diesem Grund schickte 

die abchasische Regierung Professor N. Ruchadze nach Italien, Frankreich und 

Deutschland. Von dort brachte er Gambusien- Fische mit, die Mückenlarven 

vertilgen und damit die Malaria bekämpfen. 1926 wurde, auf der obengenannten 

Station aufbauend, das „Abchasische Tropische Institut“ gegründet. Diesem 

Institut gelang es in den folgenden Jahren, die Malaria in Abchasien vollständig 

auszurotten. 

Die Jahre 1922-25 waren nicht leicht für die Entwicklung des abchasischen 

Theaters. Theatergruppen arbeiteten in Suchumi, Otschamtschire, Gudauta 

und Gagra. Im Jahre 1922 wurde in Gagra ein historisches Drama von S. 

Čanba ( „Die Machadschiren") in abchasischer Sprache aufgeführt. Es existierte 

außerdem ein Wandertheater, das sehr von D. Gulia unterstützt wurde. 

Viele Schauspieler hatten keine professionelle Ausbildung, und es fehlten 

Stücke in abchasischer Sprache. Da es außerdem nur eine schlechte materielle 

Ausstattung der Theater gab, waren diese Gruppen eher unbeständig. Aber 

schon in dieser Zeit traten viele begabte Schauspieler auf, die später ein professionelles 

abchasisches Theater aufbauten. Erfolgreicher war die Tätigkeit des 

georgischen Theaters, da es hier mehr Tradition und Erfahrung gab. Es wurde 

geleitet von Mašo Ančabadze. Außerdem bekam man Hilfe aus Tiflis von bekannten 

Theaterschaffenden. Das Niveau der Schauspielkunst in Tiflis war sehr 

hoch. 1926 hatte das georgische Theater Sch. Rustaveli aus Tiflis unter der Leitung 

von A. Achmeteli ein Gastspiel in Suchumi. Aus allen Bezirken Abchasiens 

kamen die Menschen, um diesem Ereignis beizuwohnen. Dieses Gastspiel 

war ein wichtiger Impuls hin zur Gründung eines professionellen abchasischen 

Theaters 1 . 

1925 begann der Musiker K. Kovatsch seine Tätigkeit in Abchasien. Er 

sammelte die folkloristische Musik Abchasiens, die eine jahrhundertealte Tradition 

besaß und veröffentlichte später eine Sammlung abchasischer Lieder. Er 

gründete auch die musikalische Fachschule in Suchumi. 

In den Jahren 1922-25 begannen neben D. Gulia auch andere Schriftsteller 

und Poeten ihre Arbeit, wie z. B. I. Kogonia, M. Chaschba, D. Darsalia, M. 

Lakerbei und andere. Der begabteste von diesen war I. Kogonia, der die Grundlagen 

für die abchasische Poesie legte. Er verstarb im Jahre 1928 mit erst 25 

Jahren. Was die abchasische Prosa anbetrifft, so hat sie ihre Wurzeln in Kurzgeschichten 

und kleinen Erzählungen 2 . Mit seinen Stücken „Machadžiry“ und 

„Apsny-Chanym“ legte S. Čanba die Grundlage für eine eigenständige abchasische 

Dramaturgie. 

1 A. Ch. Argun. Scena i žizn. Suchumi, 1977, S. 132. 

2 Očerki istorii abchazskoj literatury. Suchumi, 1974, S. 55. 

277

Die Frage der Organisierung des Kinos, wenn man in dieser Zeit schon 

davon sprechen kann, wurde in einer Sitzung des Volkskomissariats („Narkompros“) 

im Jahre 1925 erörtert. Es gab aber auch in diesem Bereich keine Fachleute. 

Eine Person wurde ins cinematographische Institut nach Moskau geschickt, 

um diese Kunst zu erlernen. Ein 1926 aus Moskau eingeladener Regisseur 

drehte den ersten abchasischen Film, einen Dokumentarfilm über Kurorte 

in Abchasien, ein Pferderennen in Otschamtschire und eine Volkswanderung in 

Lichni 1 . Kino existierte zu dieser Zeit in Form von Wandervorstellungen. Diese 

Vorstellungen gab es erst ab November 1925. Die Bevölkerung zeigte ein großes 

Interesse am Kino, besonders in den Dörfern, wo die Vorführungen kostenlos 

waren. Es wurden sowohl alte Filme, die zu dieser Zeit noch nicht verboten 

waren, wie auch neue Filme gezeigt. 

manana kuprava 

ganaTlebisa da kulturis saxelmwifo marTvis 

istoriidan afxazeTSi 1921 _ 1925 wlebSi 

naSromSi warmoCenilia ara marto kulturuli mSenebloba afxazeTSi 

1921-25 wlebSi zogadad, aramed saxelmwifo organoebis roli 

am mSeneblobaSi. am mizniT iqmneboda axali struqturebi. revkomebis 

arsebobis periodSi 1921-22 wlebSi ganaTlebis saministros erqva 

saxalxo ganaTlebis ganyofileba, xolo 1922-25 wlebSi _ saxalxo 

ganaTlebis komisariati. 1921 wlis maisSi Seiqmna mTavari politikur-saganmanaTleblo 

komiteti (Главполитпросвет), romelic mozrdili 

mosaxleobis ideologiur da sxva saxis elementarul ganaTlebas 

kurirebda. 

saxalxo ganaTlebis organoebis Seqmna metad rTul pirobebSi 

mimdinareobda. ar arsebobda gamocdileba, saxeze iyo kadrebis ukmarisoba, 

zog dargSi ki sruli aryola, finansuri siZneleebi. siaxles 

warmoadgenda komunisturi ideologia, romliTac am organoebs unda 

exelmZRvanelaT da xalxis farTo masebSi misi propaganda moexdinaT. 

aRniSnul periodSi mimdinareobda ganaTlebis organoebis struqturis 

Seqmnisa da srulyofis procesi. 

1 B. E. Sagaria. Vozvrašajas mysl’ju k istokam. – Sovetskaja Abchazija, 1981, 21 fevralja. 

278

xelisuflebis umTavresi mizani iyo axali tipis skolis Seqmna. 

es iyo èrTiani SromiTi skola~. dekreti misi Seqmnis Sesaxeb gamoqveynda 

1921w. martis bolos. swavla ufaso unda yofiliyo, Tumca, 

1923 wels droebiTi gadasaxadi iqna SemoRebuli. axali tipis skolebSi 

swavla 1921 wlis 10 oqtombers daiwyo. programebi axali 

skolebisTvis moskovidan gamoigzavna. 1921 wels dawyebiT skolebSi 

bavSvebis mxolod 35% dadioda. 1925-26 saswavlo wlebSi arsebobda 

263 skola, aqedan 242 dawyebiTi, 15 Svidwliani, 6 cxrawliani. es 

ar niSnavs imas, rom am skolebSi bavSvebis didi raodenoba iyo. skola 

zogjer ewodeboda ramdenime bavSvisgan Semdgar saswavlo dawesebulebas, 

sadac 1 pedagogi iyo. 

1923 wlidan sabWoTa saqarTveloSi wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobas- 

Tan brZola saxalxo ganaTlebis mTavar amocanad gamocxadda. Seiqmna 

sazogadoeba `wera-kiTxva~. SemuSavda generaluri gegma Semdgomi sami 

wlisaTvis, SeiZines saswavlo wignebi, gamoaqveynes afxazuri anbani da 

a.S. afxazeTis ssr-is sabWoebis centralurma aRmasrulebelma komitetma 

1924 wlis dekemberSi miiRo dadgenileba, romlis mixedviT 

18-dan 40 wlamde mosaxleobas wera-kiTxva mSobliur an rusul enaze 

unda eswavla. 1923-26 wlebSi wera-kiTxva sul 8000-ma adamianma 

Seiswavla. 

didi yuradReba eTmoboda profesiul da umaRles ganaTlebas. 

soxumSi funqcionirebda industriuli teqnikumi, sadac 1924-25w. 

eleqtromeqanikuri da administraciuli ganyofilebebi gaixsna. pedagogiur 

teqnikumSi 1923w. pirvelad miiRes qalebi. imis gamo, rom afxazeTSi 

imJamad ar iyo umaRlesi saswavleblebi, adgilobrivi axalgazrdoba 

umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad Tbilissa da ssr kavSiris 

sxva qalqebSi midioda. 

1922w. Seiqmna afxazeTis samecniero sazogadoeba 141 wevriT, 

romelic Tavidan sazogadoebriv dawesebulebas warmoadgenda. am periodSi 

afxazeTSi aqtiurad moRvaweobdnen n. mari, d. gulia, v. straJevi, 

a. lukini, m. ivaSCenko. 1922w. Tbilisidan arqeologiuri gaTxrebis 

sawarmoeblad Camodian g. wereTeli da g. CubinaSvili. 1924w. mu- 

Saoba ganaaxla mxareTmcodneobis muzeumma. 1925w. TbilisSi gamoica 

dimitri gulias àfxazeTis istoria~ 

warmatebiT muSaobda qarTuli dramatuli koleqtivi maSo anCabaZis 

xelmZRvanelobiT. 1921w. d. gulia qmnis moZrav Teatralur 

dass, iqmneba afxazuri dramatuli wreebi soxumSi, gudauTaSi, gagrasa 

da oCamCireSi, romlebic jer ar warmoadgendnen profesiul koleqtivebs. 

s. Wanba qmnis pirvel istoriul dramas `mahajirebi~. 

279

1925 wlidan iwyeba k. kovaCis moRvaweoba, romelic agrovebs da 

swavlobs mravalsaukunovan afxazur musikalur folklors. is iyo 

soxumis musikaluri teqnikumis damaarsebelic. 

MANANA KUPRAVA 

FROM THE HISTORY OF STATE MANAGEMENT OF EDUCATION 

AND CULTURE IN ABKHAZIA IN 1921-1925 

The paper deals with the cultural construction in Abkhazia in 1921-25 in 

general as well as the role of the state bodies in this construction. For this purpose 

new structures were formed. In the period of the existence of revolutionary 

committees in 1921-22 the Ministry of Education was called the Department 

of Popular Schooling, and in 1922-25 – the Commissariat of Popular 

Schooling. In May 1921 the Main Political-Educational Committee was created, 

which managed the ideological and other type elementary education of 

adult population. 

The formation of bodies of popular schooling occurred under very difficult 

conditions. There was a lack, and even absence of specialists in some 

spheres, as well as financial difficulties. The communist ideology, which these 

bodies must have followed and spread its propaganda in the broad masses, was 

a novelty. In this period the process of the creation and perfection of educational 

bodies was under way. 

The basic goal of the authorities was the creation of a school of the new 

type. This was a “united working school”. The decree on its creation was issued 

at the end of March, 1921. Education must have been free, but in 1923 the 

temporary payment was introduced. Studies began in the new-type schools on 

October 10, 1921. The curricula for the new schools were sent from Moscow. 

In 1921 35% of the children attended elementary schools. During 1925-26 

school years, there functioned 263 schools, of these 242 elementary, 15 sevenyear, 

and 6 nine-year schools. This does not mean that a large number of children 

attended these schools. Sometimes an educational institution with several 

children and 1 teacher was called a school. 

From 1923 the struggle with illiteracy was proclaimed as the main task of 

popular schooling in soviet Georgia. The society Reading and Writing was established. 

The general plan for the next three years was drawn up, textbooks 

were purchased, the Abkhazian alphabet was published, etc. In December 1924 

the Central Executive Committee of the Councils of the Abkhazian SSR enacted 

a decree, according to which, the population, from 18 to 40 years of age, 

280

had to study reading and writing in their native or the Russian language. In 

1923-26 in total 8000 persons studied reading and writing. 

Great attention was devoted to the professional and higher education. In 

Sukhumi the Industrial Technical School functioned, where in 1924-25 the Electromechanical 

and Administrative Departments were set up. In 1923 women 

were enrolled for the first time at the Teachers College. Due to the fact that 

there were no higher educational institutions in Abkhazia at that time, the local 

youth went to Tbilisi and other cities of the USSR to receive higher education. 

In 1922 the Abkhazian Scientific Society with 141 members was founded, 

which represented initially a public-service institution. At this period N. 

Marr, D. Gulia, V. Strazhev, A. Levin, M. Ivashchenko were engaged in intensive 

activities in Abkhazia. In 1922 G.Tsereteli and G.Chubinashvili arrived 

from Tbilisi to conduct archaeological excavations. In 1924 the Museum of Local 

Lore resumed its functioning. In 1925 The History of Abkhazia by Dimitri 

Gulia was published in Tbilisi. 

The Georgian Drama Collective headed by Masho Anchabadze worked 

successfully. In 1921 D.Gulia created a mobile theatrical troupe, in Sukhumui, 

Gudauta, Gagra and Ochamchire Abkhazian theatrical circles were set up, 

which were not professional collectives yet. S.Chanba composed the first historical 

drama Mahajirebi. 

From 1925 the activities of K. Kovach began, who collected and studied 

the centuries-old Abkhazian musical folklore and also founded the Sukhumi 

Music School. 

281

282 



t. I, 2007 

Teimuraz papasqiri 

v. molotovis viziti berlinSi da bulgareTis 

sakiTxi germania-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobebSi 

1940w. Semodgomaze 

1940w. 12 noembers daiwyo sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo 

komisris, viaCeslav molotovis oficialuri viziti berlinSi. 

aRniSnuli viziti sulac ar iyo Cveulebrivi movlena. 12-13 noembers 

molotovma gamarTa molaparakebebi ara marto Tavis uSualo vizavi 

ioaxim fon ribentropTan, germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministrTan, aramed 

orjer Sexvda Tavad germaniis fiurers adolf hitlers. aqve xazi 

unda gaesvas, rom 1939w. Semodgomis Semdeg es iyo pirveli pirdapiri 

molaparakebebi ori qveynis sagareo saqmeTa uwyebebs Soris (1939w. 

seqtembris miwurulidan moyolebuli yvela sakiTxis gadawyveta xdeboda 

mxolod saelCoebis doneze). 

berlinSi gamarTuli molaparakebebis ganxilvisas aucileblad 

unda aRiniSnos, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda wyaroebis 

problema. meore msoflio omis Semdeg gamoqveynebuli iqna molotovis 

vizitis dros Semdgari Sexvedrebis mxolod germanuli Canawerebi, 

romlebsac awarmoebdnen oficialuri Tarjimnebi Smidti da hilgeri 

1 . gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi mTlianad emTxveva saarqivo monacemebs, 

magram mas gaaCnia erTi xarvezi: is garkveulwilad Semajamebel 

xasiaTs atarebs, radganac germanuli mxaris gamonaTqvamebi Cveulebriv 

moyvanilia mesame pirSi. rac Seexeba sabWoTa mxares, aq oficialuri 

Canawerebi mxolod 1993w. gamoqveynda 2 , Tumca Zneli saTqmelia, 

1 Akten zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik. Serie D. B. 11, 1. Die Kriegsjahre. Bd. 4, Hbd 1, 

1. September bis 13. November 1940. Bonn: Gebr. Hermes KG, 1964. aRsaniSnavia, rom 

originalis enaze dokumentebis gamoqveynebas win uZRoda inglisuri gamocema: 

Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941. Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign 

Office. Ed. by Raymond James Sontag and James Stuart Beddie. Washington, 1948, gv. 

218-255; Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945. Series D (1937-1945). V. XI. The 

War Years. September 1, 1940 – January 31, 1941. London, HMSO, 1961. vinaidan pirvelad 

aRniSnuli Canawerebi gamoqveynda krebulSi: Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939- 

1941.., Cven SemdgomSi swored mas daveyrdnobiT. 

2 Поездка Молотова в Берлин в ноябре 1940г. Предисловие академика Г. Н. Севостьянова, 

публикацию подготовили В. А. Лебедев и Б. Л. Хавкин. – Новая и новейшая исто-

amdenad sandoa isini. daeWvebis safuZvels iZleva is garemoeba, rom 

hitlerisa da molotovis Sexvedrebis aRwerisas ribentropis iq yofna 

saerTod ar aris dafiqsirebuli da germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministris 

yvela replika uSualod raixskanclerze aris miwerili 1 . 

garda oficialuri Canawerebisa, wyarod SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas 

sabWoTa Tarjimnis v. bereJkovis memuarebi, sadac am vizitis detalebic 

aris asaxuli 2 . arsebobs agreTve f. Cuevis mier Cawerili saubrebi 

molotovTan, magram, jer erTi, iq berlinSi vizits didi adgili 

ar ukavia, da meorec, maTi sandoobis xarisxi Zalian dabalia. 

sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom molotovs àr axsovs~, Tu ra saxis saidumlo 

SeTanxmebebi iqna gaformebuli germaniasTan 1939w. agvistoSi 

da es im fonze, rom mas Zalian kargad àxsovs~ sxvadasxva molaparakebis 

detalebi 3 . 

berlinSi molotovis yofnisas sul gaimarTa oTxi Sexvedra. pirveli 

da meoTxe Sexvedra iyo molaparakebebi uSualod sagareo saqmeTa 

uwyebebis xelmZRvanelebs Soris, meore da mesame ki iyo molotovis 

audiencia hitlerTan, romelsac eswreboda ribentropic. molaparakebebis 

mTavari sakiTxi, erTi SexedviT, iyo sabWoTa kavSiris 

SeerTeba sammxriv paqtTan, magram aq aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba: stalinis 

mier molotovisaTvis micemul direqtivebSi pirdapir iyo mi- 

TiTebuli, rom molaparakebebis mTavari sakiTxi iyo bulgareTi, romelic 

unda Sesuliyo sabWoTa interesebis sferoSi 4 . marTlac, bulgareTis 

sakiTxma erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi adgili daikava molaparakebebze, 

miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTqos mxareebs didi dro ar dauTmiaT 

misTvis 5 . ufro metic, pirvel dRes, 12 noembers, bulgareTis saрия, 

№5, 1993, gv. 64-99. 

1 Поездка Молотова в Берлин в ноябре 1940г, gv. 74-78, 80-88. 

2 В. М. Бережков. Страницы дипломатической истории. М., 1987, gv. 9-33. 

3 Ф. Чуев. 140 бесед с Молотовым. М., “Терра”, 1991, gv. 21. 

4 Директивы И. В. Сталина В. М. Молотову перед поездкой в Берлин в ноябре 1940г. – 

Новая и новейшая история, №4, 1995, gv. 76-79; Документы внешней политики. Т. 23, 

кн. 2. М., 1998, gv. 30-32; Л. А. Безыменский. Гитлер и Сталин перед схваткой. М., 

“Вече”, 2000, Tavi me-20. 

5 erTi SexedviT, berlinSi gamarTuli molaparakebebisas, centralur 

sakiTxad SeiZleba fineTis problema iqnas miCneuli, radganac swored 

mas daeTmo yvelaze meti dro ganxilvisas, magram am SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT 

ufro mniSvnelovania, Tu ra poziciebi gaaCndaT mxareebs fineT- 

Tan dakavSirebiT. stalinis mier molotovisaTvis micemuli direqtivebis 

Tanaxmad, mTavari iyo germanuli SenaerTebis gayvana fineTidan. Tavis 

mxriv, hitlerma molaparakebebis dros ramdenjerme gaimeora, rom 

fineTi sabWoTa interesebis sferoSi Sedioda da germania fineTis 

283

kiTxi saerTod ar damdgara dRis wesrigSi da mxareebi mas Seexnen 

mxolod meore dRes, 13 noembers. 

bulgareTis sakiTxi pirvelad wamoiWra sruteebis problemasTan 

konteqstSi. kerZod, molotovma hkiTxa hitlers, Tu rogori reaqcia 

eqnebodaT germaniasa da italias sabWoTa kavSiris mier bulgareTisaTvis, 

sruteebTan yvelaze axlos mdebare qveynisaTvis, iseTive garantiebis 

micemis SemTxvevaSi, rogori garantiebic misces germaniam da 

italiam rumineTs. aRsaniSnavia, rom hitlerma da ribentropma scades 

yuradRebis gadatana bulgareTis sakiTxidan (an CaTvales, rom molotovma 

ubralod bulgareTi axsena marTlac mxolod sruteebis sakiTxis 

konteqstSi) da aRniSnes, rom germania da italia mxars uWerdnen 

montres konvenciis revizias sabWoTa kavSiris sasargeblod 1 . 

hitlerma reagireba am Temaze moaxdina mxolod mas Semdeg, rac molotovma 

gaimeora, rom sabWoTa garantia bulgareTisTvis iqneboda 

germaniis mier rumineTisaTvis micemuli garantiis msgavsi da aranair 

zewolas saSinao sakiTxebSi bulgareTTan mimarTebaSi adgili ar eqneboda 

2 . 

aqve molotovma gamoTqva ukmayofileba germaniis da italiis mier 

rumineTisaTvis micemuli garantiebiT, romlebic, rogorc es fiureris 

sityvebidan Canda, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi ar iqneboda 

gauqmebuli. garda amisa, man aRniSna, rom es uSualod exeboda sab- 

WoTa kavSiris, rogorc SavizRvispira saxelmwifos interesebs, vinaidan 

sruteebi ramdenimejer iqna gamoyenebuli ruseTze TavdasxmisaTvis 

3 . pasuxad hitlerma ganacxada, rom germaniisa da italiis mier 

rumineTisaTvis micemuli garantia iyo erTaderTi SesaZlebloba, rom 

am ukanasknels daeTmo besarabia sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis. amasTan, rumineTma 

Tavad iTxova aRniSnuli garantia, raTa uzrunveleyo navTobmwarmoebeli 

obieqtebis usafrTxoeba. aqve germaniis raixskanclerma 

daadastura, rom omis damTavrebisTanave yvela samxedro SenaerTi gateritorias 

iyenebda mxolod kirkenesSi (CrdiloeT norvegia) tranzitisaTvis, 

rac uaxloes xanebSi dasruldeboda. 

1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941.., gv. 244. sabWoTa CanawerSi, rogorc zemoT 

aRiniSna, ribentropis yofna Sexvedris msvlelobisas saerTod ar aris 

dafiqsirebuli da, Sesabamisad, arc misi sityvebi aris moyvanili (ix.: 

Поездка Молотова в Берлин в ноябре 1940г., gv. 86). 

2 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941.., gv. 244; Поездка Молотова.., gv. 86. 

3 v. bereJkovis Tanaxmad, molotovma moiTxova rumineTisaTvis micemuli 

garantiebis anulireba (В. М. Бережков. Страницы дипломатической истории.., 

gv. 27), magram garantiebis pirdapiri anulirebis moTxovna ar aris dafiqsirebuli 

arc sabWoTa da arc germanul CanawerSi. ase rom, Cveni azriT, 

am SemTxvevaSi v. bereJkovma Secdoma dauSva saubris gadmocemisas. 

284

moyvanili iqneboda rumineTidan 1 . 

amis Semdeg ki hitlerma ganacxada, rom Tu bulgareTisaTvis misacemi 

iyo rumineTis msgavsi garantia, daismeboda kiTxva, Tavad bulgareTs 

Tu surda amgvari garantiis miReba, razec, fiureris TqmiT, 

mas informacia ar gaaCnda. amis Semdeg hitlerma isev scada sakiTxis 

montres konvenciis reviziaze gadatana da aRniSna, rom is mTlianad 

mxars uWerda sabWoTa moTxovnebs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT 2 . miuxedavad 

amisa, molotovi kvlav miubrunda bulgareTis Temas da ganacxada, 

rom sabWoTa garantia gamoricxavda bulgareTis saSinao saqmeeb- 

Si Caurevlobas da uzrunvelyofda am ukanasknels egeosis zRvaze gasasvleliT. 

rogorc Cans, hitleri metad gaRizianda am Temis kvlav 

wamoweviT (bereJkovs aqvs aRniSnuli misi gaRizianeba bulgareTis sakiTxis 

ganxilvisas, Tumca iq ar Cans, konkretulad ra momentSi moxda 

es. iqidan gamomdinare, rom bereJkovs ar aqvs dafiqsirebuli hitleris 

sxva replikebi, vTvliT, rom hitleri swored am momentSi ga- 

Rizianda) da molotovs gaumeora, rom bulgareTs msgavsi garantia 

ar mouTxovia. garda amisa, man aRniSna, rom musolinis gareSe is am 

sakiTxs ver gadawyvetda. amiT sakiTxis ganxilva Sewyda da is ganaxlda 

mogvianebiT, ukve molotovisa da ribentropis bolo saubrisas. 

aRniSnuli Sexvedrisas bulgareTis problema kvlavindeburad 

wamoiWra mas Semdeg, rac mxareebma daiwyes sruteebis sakiTxis ganxilva 

3 . molotovma xazi gausva im garemoebas, TiTqos sabWoTa kavSiri 

sruteebiT dainteresebuli iyo mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac eSinoda 

inglisis 4 (!) Tavdasxmisa ssrk-ze sruteebis gavliT 5 . rogorc Cans, 

1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941.., gv. 245; Поездка Молотова в Берлин.., gv. 86. 

2 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941.., gv. 245; Поездка Молотова в Берлин .., gv. 87. 

3 aRsaniSnavia, rom es nawili germanul CanawerebSi didi SemoklebiTaa 

gadmocemuli da molaparakebebis msvleloba praqtikulad mxolod sab- 

WoTa CanawerebSi aris dafiqsirebuli (ix.: Поездка Молотова.., gv. 87). 

4 Cveni azriT, molotovma aq seriozuli diplomatiuri Secdoma dauSva. 

vinaidan manamde man Tavad aRniSna, rom inglisi praqtikulad damarcxebuli 

iyo omSi, inglisis CaTvla ssrk-sTvis safrTxed ki niSnavda am 

sityvebis ukan waRebas da did britaneTTan omSi germaniis gamarjvebis 

eWvqveS dayenebas. garda amisa, germanelebisTvisac naTeli iqneboda, rom 

es mizezi TiTidan iyo gamowovili, rac, bunebrivia, gamoiwvevda maT daeWvebas, 

Tu ratom SeniRba sabWoTa mxarem Tavisi namdvili miswrafebebi. 

Sesabamisad, hitleri daiwyebda sabWoTa kavSiris realuri ganzraxvebis 

Ziebas da sabolood darwmundeboda, rom sinamdvileSi stalins rumine- 

Ti awuxebda da ara sruteebi. 

5 Поездка Молотова в Берлин в ноябре.., gv. 91. aRsaniSnavia, rom germanuli da 

sabWoTa Canawerebi aq erTmaneTisagan gasxvavdeba. germanul CanawerSi 

ar aris dafiqsirebuli molotovis sityvebi konkretulad inglisis 

285

ibentropi seriozulad gaaRiziana ssrk-s sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo 

komisris am sityvebma, radganac man Tarjimans Seawyvetina molotovis 

replikis Targmna da ganacxada, rom germania sruteebis sakiTxiT 

dainteresebuli iyo mxolod omis periodSi. misi TqmiT, sruteebi germaniisTvis 

meorexarisxovani sakiTxi, sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis ki mudmivi 

problema iyo da misi gadawyveta unda momxdariyo, pirvel rig- 

Si, swored ssrk-s interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, 

Tu saWiro iqneboda italiis zogierTi miswrafebis ugulebelyofa 1 . 

Tavis mxriv, molotovma ganacxada, rom germaniisTvis sruteebis saki- 

Txi meorexarisxovani ki ara, meaTexarisxovani iyo, italisTvis ki _ 

mexuTexarisxovani. misi TqmiT, mxolod bulgareTisTvis garantiebis 

micema uzrunvelyofda sabWoTa kavSiris usafrTxoebas sruteebis mxridan 

2 . 

etyoba, germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministris moTminebis fiala aq 

amoiwura da man pirdapir uTxra sabWoTa vizavis, rom bulgareTis 

garantiebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas italiis pozicia aucileblad unda 

yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli da iqve sTxova ganemarta, Tu rogor 

uzrunvelyofda bulgareTisaTvis micemuli garantiebi ssrk-s usafr- 

Txoebas 3 . rogorc Cans, ribentropis es replika moulodneli aRmoCnda 

molotovisTvis, romelmac Tavi aarida pasuxs da aRniSna, rom sabWoTa 

mxares surda ubralod germaniis mTavrobis Tvalsazrisis gageba 

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT 4 . ribentropma kvlavindeburad gaimeora, 

rom germaniis mTavrobas ar SeeZlo poziciis dafiqsireba italiasTan 

konsultaciebis gareSe, ssrk-s sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma 

ganacxada Tavdapirvelad da aRniSna, rom axlo aRmosavleTTan 

dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis ganxilvisas sabWoTa mxares awuxebda ara 

marto TurqeTi, aramed bulgareTic. aqve man miayola rumineTic, ungreTic, 

iugoslaviac da saberZneTic, riTac faqtobrivad agrZnobina 

ribentrops, rom ssrk-s interesebSi mTlianad balkaneTis regioni Sedioda 

centraluri evropis nawilTan erTad. bulgareTTan dakavSirebiT 

germaniis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma pirdapir ganacxada, rom mas 

arafris damateba ar SeeZlo hitleris sityvebisadmi (saubaria bulmxridan 

arsebuli safrTxisagan Tavis dasacavi garantiebis Sesaxeb (ix.: 

Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941.., gv. 252) da gamotovebulia mTeli monakveTi 

saubrisa, rodesac ribentropma gaawyvetina sityva Tarjimans. amitom, 

Cveni azriT, sabWoTa Canaweri aq bevrad ufro sandoa. 

1 Поездка Молотова в Берлин в ноябре.., gv. 91. 




286

gareTis moTxovnasa da italiis interesebze). 1 

amiT bulgareTis sakiTxis ganxilva TiTqos dasrulda, magram, 

rogorc Semdeg gairkva, mxolod droebiT. saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, 

rom ukanaskneli Sexvedrisas ribentropma molotovs gadasca oTxmxrivi 

SeTanxmebis proeqti, sadac gacxadebuli iyo, rom mxareebi pativs 

scemdnen erTmaneTis teritoriul SenaZenebs da pirobas debdnen, 

rom 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi ar Sevidodnen erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg raime 

blokSi da daexmarebodnen erTmaneTs ekonomikur sakiTxebSi 2 . am 

TiTqosda uvnebel proeqts Tan unda xleboda ori saidumlo oqmi. 

pirveliT, romelic oTxi muxlisagan Sedgeboda gansazRvruli iyo 

germaniis, italiis, iaponiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris interesebis sferoebi. 

pirveli punqtiT germania acxadebda, rom misi teritoriuli interesebis 

mTavari sfero iyo centralur afrikaSi, evropaSi ki is 

dakmayofildeboda im teritoriebis reviziiT, romlebic mohyveboda 

inglisTan zavis dadebas; meore muxliT italiis interesebis sfero 

ganisazRvra CrdiloeT da Crdilo-aRmosavleT afrikiT, evropasTan 

dakavSirebiT ki gameorebuli iyo pirveli punqtis formulireba; mesame 

punqtSi gacxadebuli iyo iaponiis interesebi aRmosavleT aziasa 

da iaponiis samxreTSi; meoTxe muxliT ki ganisazRvreboda ssrk-s interesebis 

sfero sabWoTa kavSiris samxreTiT indoeTis okeanis mimar- 

TulebiT 3 . meore saidumlo oqmi exeboda montres konvenciebis revizias. 

is Sedgeboda sami muxlisagan, gamoxatavda germaniisa da italiis 

srul mxardaWeras sabWoTa moTxovnebisadmi da masSi erTi sityvi- 

Tac ar iyo naxsenebi bulgareTi 4 . TiTqos yvela problema gadaWrili 

iyo, magram 26 noembers moskovidan movida pasuxi, romliTac sabWoTa 

mxarem wamoayena Tavisi moTxovnebi oTxmxrivi SeTanxmebis xelmosawerad. 

sul wamoyenebuli iyo oTxi moTxovna: 

5. germanias unda gamoeyvana yvela Tavisi SenaerTi fineTidan 5 , 

romelic, 1939w. miRweuli SeTanxmebebis Tanaxmad, sabWoTa 

interesebis sferoSi Sedioda; 


2 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941.., gv. 249; Поездка Молотова в Берлин.., gv. 94. 

3 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941.., gv. 257. 

4 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941.., gv. 257-258. 

5 rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, es sakiTxi berlinSic ganixileboda da maSin 

hitlerma aRniSna, rom fineTSi ar iyo ganTavsebuli germaniis samxedro 

nawilebi da rom maT ubralod gamoiyenes fineTis teritoria kirkenes- 

Si jarebis gadasayvanad, rac Seesabameboda kidec sinamdviles. 

287

6. sabWoTa kavSiris usafrTxoeba sruteebSi unda ganmtkicebuliyo 

ssrk-bulgareTis paqtiT da unda Seqmniliyo baza sab- 

WoTa qveiTi da sazRvao ZalebisaTvis bosforisa da dardanelis 

misadgomebTan (rogorc Cans, bulgareTSi); 

7. baTumisa da baqos samxreTiT mdebare teritoriebi sparse- 

Tis yuremde unda gamocxadebuliyo sabWoTa interesebis 

sferod; 

8. iaponias uari unda eTqva navTobisa da qvanaxSiris koncesiebze 

CrdiloeT saxalinSi 1 . 

rogorc vxedavT, meore sakiTxi aSkarad amovardnilia ssrk-germaniis 

urTierTobebis konteqstidan. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom danarCeni 

sami punqti hitlerisaTvis problemas ar warmoadgenda, radganac 

fineTi isedac micemuli hqonda sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis, indoe- 

Tis okeaneSi is sparseTis yuris midamoebsac gulisxmobda da saxalinis 

konvenciebi mas saerTod ar adardebda. rac Seexeba bulgareTs, 

Zneli misaxvedri ar iyo hitlerisaTvis, rom samxedro baza bulgareTSi 

stalins am SemTxvevaSi imdenad ara TurqeTis, ramdenadac rumineTis 

winaaRmdeg sWirdeboda. rumineTs ki, saidanac germania iRebda 

Tavisi navTobis udides nawils, misTvis namdvilad sasicocxlo mniSvneloba 

gaaCnda. rogorc Cans, hitleri mixvda stalinis TamaSs da 

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom erTi Tvis Tavze xeli moawera ssrk-ze Tavdasxmis 

gegmas. Cveni azriT, mis am gadawyvetilebaze didi gavlena 

iqonia swored 1940w. Semodgomaze wamoWrilma sakiTxma bulgareTis 

Sesaxeb. 

1 Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941.., gv. 258-259. 

288

TEIMURAZ PAPASKIRI 

MOLOTOV’S VISIT TO BERLIN (NOVEMBER 1940) 

AND THE ISSUE OF BULGARIA IN THE GERMAN-SOVIET 

RELATIONS DURING AUTUMN OF 1940 

The paper, on the basis of the documental sources (both German and 

Russian) and critical analysis of the existing literature, deals with the issue of 

Bulgaria in the German-Soviet relations in autumn of 1940, especially during 

the official visit of the People’s Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR 

Vyacheslav Molotov, which began on November 12, 1940. It is mentioned that 

despite the fact that at first glance the parties did not pay much attention to the 

questions regarding Bulgaria, it became the main issue during the talks. 

According to his directives to Molotov, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin 

considered Bulgaria to be the most important point of the talks. In accordance 

with those directives, Molotov several times raised the question of the Russian 

guarantees to Bulgaria, which would be similar to the ones given by Germany 

and Italy to Romania. Although the Soviet side was explaining the necessity of 

the guarantees to Bulgaria by the need of defence of the USSR from the 

English attacks through the Turkish Straits, it was quite clear that Stalin and 

Molotov were hiding their real intentions. The Soviet military base in Bulgaria, 

which had to be established according to the Soviet plan, more likely would 

have not as much defensive functions regarding the Turkish Straits, as it would 

be designed to menace Romania. Hitler, for whom Romania was the essential 

source of oil products, suspected the real inclinations of the Soviet side, and it 

is possible that the issue of Bulgaria had a great impact on his decision to 

attack the USSR in 1941. 


289



t. I, 2007 

290 

joni afaqiZe 

kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis 

sakiTxisaTvis 

Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos 

Sida qarTlisa da mesxeTis regionebis CaTvliT, CrdiloeT kavkasiis 

centralur da dasavleT nawils Tanamedrove CeCneTis, inguSeTis, CrdiloeT 

oseTis, yabardo-balyareTisa da yaraCai-CerqezeTis teritoriebze 

gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanaSi gavrcelebuli iyo kultura, 

romelic specialur literaturaSi xan „kolxur~, xan „yobanur~ 

da xanac „kolxur-yobanur~ kulturad moixsenieba. kavkasiis samxreT 

da CrdiloeT nawilSi gavrcelebuli kultura zogierT mkvlevars 

erT kulturad miaCnia da zogsac or erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul 

da damoukidebel kulturebad. 

dasavleT saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi 

gavrcelebuli arqeologiuri kulturis Seswavlas araerTi 

naSromi mieZRvna. me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebamde arsebuli gamokvlevebis 

istoriografiuli mimoxilva sakmaod detaluradaa mocemuli 

o. jafariZis 1 , d. qoriZis 2 , b. texovis 3 , i. voronovis 4 , l. fancxavas 5 , 

m. baramiZisa 6 da sxva mecnierTa publikaciebSi. amitomac aRniSnuli 

periodis istoriografia aq mokledaa warmodgenili. detaluradaa 

ganxiluli mxolod is naSromebi, romlebSiac sakvlevi problema axali 

monacemebis Suqzea gaanalizebuli da ukanaskneli 25 wlis man- 

1 o. jafariZe. kolxuri culi. _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, 

XVI-B, 1950, gv. 35-37. 

2 d. qoriZe. kolxuri kulturis istoriisaTvis. gamomc. `mecniereba~. Tb., 

1965. gv. 5-8. 

3 Б. В. Техов. Центральный Кавказ в XVI-Xвв. до н.э. Изд. Наук., М., 1977. gv. 184-188. 

4 Ю. Н. Воронов. Восточное Причерноморье в железном веке. (Вопросы хронологии и 

интерпретации памятников VIIIв. до н.э. – VIIIв. н.э.). Дисертация на соискание ученой 

степени доктора исторических наук. М., 1984, gv. 89-99. 

5 l. fancxava. kolxuri kulturis mxatvruli xelosnobis Zeglebi. gamomc. 

`mecniereba~. Tb.,: 1988, gv. 5-8 

6 m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulis pirvel 

naxevarSi (ZiriTadi problemebi). avtoreferati istoriis mecnierebaTa 

doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 1998, gv. 38-39.

Zilzea gamoqveynebuli. maTSi kvleva efuZneba uaxles arqeologiur 

monapovrebs da, Sesabamisad, mocemulia kvlevis Tanamedrove donis 

suraTi. Tumca es srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom adre gamoqveynebul 

naSromebs dRes mxolod sakiTxis istoriisaTvis aqvT mniSvneloba. 

problemis kvlevisaTvis maTi mniSvneloba dResac udaoa. 

problema warmoiSva 1926 wels, rodesac v. straJevma gamoaqveyna 

masalebi afxazeTidan, romlebic gasaocar msgavsebas iCendnen ukve kargad 

cnobil yobanis monapovrebTan 1 . afxazeTisa da dasavleT saqarTvelos 

masalebis analizis Suqze m. ivaSCenkom pirvelma daayena sakiTxi 

e.w. `yobanuri kulturis~ centrad dasavleT saqarTvelos miCnevis 

Sesaxeb. 2 1934w. arqeologiuri Zeglebisa da monapovrebis dasavleT 

saqarTveloSi adgilze gacnobis Semdeg i. meSCaninovic miiCnevda, rom 

yobanuri kulturis centri kolxeTSi mdebareobda da amitomac am 

kulturas, misi azriT, unda darqmeoda „kolxuri kultura~. 3 msgavs 

mosazrebas gamoTqvamda da asabuTebda s. janaSiac 4 . kolxeTsa da yobanSi 

aRmoCenili kulturis erTianobis idea TavianTNnaSromebSi SemdgomSi 

ganaviTares b. kuftinma 5 , a. iesenma 6 da b. piotrovskim 7 . 

ukve 1951w. gamocemul naSromSi a. ieseni aRniSnavda, rom dasavleT 

saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis centralur nawilSi aRmoCenili li- 

Tonis nawarmis saerTo ieris miuxedavad, sameurneo Taviseburebebis, 

1 В. И.Стражев. Бронзовая культура в Абхазии. – Известия Абхазского научного общества 

(ИАНО), 1926, IV, gv. 13. 

2 M. M. Ivaščenko. Beiträge zur Vorgeschichte Abchasiens. – ESA, VII, 1932, gv. 111; М. 

М. Иващенко. Исследования архаических памятников материальной культуры в Абхазии. 

– Известия Научно-Исследовательского Института Краеведения (ИНИИК), 3, 

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3 О. М. Джапаридзе. Бронзовые топоры Западной Грузии. – Советская Археология, 

XVIII, 1953, gv. 283. 

4 s. janaSia. Tubal-Tabali, tibareni, iberi. _ Sromebi, III. Tb., 1959, gv. 73. 

5 Б. А. Куфтин. Археологические раскопки в Триалети, I. Тб., 1941, gv. 16-17; Б. А. 

Куфтин. К вопросу о древнейших корнях грузинской культуры на Кавказе по данным 

археологии. – saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XII-В, 1944, gv. 232. 

6 А. А. Иессен. К вопросу о древнейшей металлургии меди на Кавказе. – Известия Государственной 

академии истории материальной культуры (ИГАИМК), вып. 120, 1935, 

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М.-Л., 1939; gv. 96; А. А. Иессен. Прикубанский очаг металлоброботки во второй половине 

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(КСИА), 18, 1947, gv. 30; А. А. Иессен. Прикубанский очаг металлургии и металлоброботки 

в конце мадно-бронзового века. – Материалы Института Археологии (МИА), 23, 

1951, gv. 80. 

7 Б. Б. Пиотровский. Археология Закавказья. Издат. ЛГУ. Л., 1949, gv. 60. 

291

dakrZalvis wesebis, keramikisa da sxva gansxvavebebis gamo saWiroa am 

ori raionis kulturebis erTmaneTisagan mkafio gamoyofa 1 . 1950 da 

1953 wlebSi o. jafariZem ganaviTara mosazreba dasavleT saqarTvelosa 

da yobanSi gansxvavebuli kulturebis arsebobis Sesaxeb 2 . 1982 

da 1991 wels gamoqveynebul naSromebSic o. jafariZe dasavleT saqarTvelosa 

da CrdiloeT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi gavrcelebul 

kulturas or gansxvavebul kolxur da yobanur kulturebad 

ganixilavs 3 . 

e. krupnovic Tavis naSromebSi am or regionSi aRmoCenil kulturebs 

erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel kulturebad ganixilavs da miu- 

TiTebs, rom gansxvaveba dasturdeba dakrZalvis wesebSi, keramikaSi, 

culebis tipebSi, abzindebsa da sxva samkaulebSi. CrdiloeT kavkasia- 

Si ar gvxvdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli segmentiseburi 

iaraRi. amis safuZvelze, man centralur kavkasiasa da dasavleT 

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli kultura orad gayo da pirvels 

yobanuri, meores kolxuri uwoda. 1960w. gamosul monografiaSi e. 

krupnovma kvlav gaimeora mosazreba ori gansxvavebuli kulturis arsebobis 

Sesaxeb 4 . 

1952w. g. gobejiSvilma yobanis samarovani kolxuri kulturis 

arealSi moaqcia 5 , xolo 1959w. aRniSna, rom kolxuri da yobanuri 

kulturebis urTierTobis sakiTxi jer-jerobiT ar aris sakmarisad 

Seswavlili da maTi erTianobis an gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb raimes 

garkveviT Tqma SeuZlebelia 6 . Tumca amave naSromSi avtori erTgan miuTiTebs, 

rom kolxuri kulturis „Zeglebi yobanSi marto samarxebis 

saxiTaa cnobili~. 7 Sesabamisad, is yobanSi aRmoCenil Zeglebs ganixilavs 

rogorc kolxuri kulturis Zeglebs. a. kalandaZe ki 1953w. 

werda, rom, „yobanuri kultura barsa da mTaSi farTod ganfenili 

kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis erT-erTi mikroraionis lokaluri 

TaviseburebebiT aRbeWdili kultura, mTaSi mosaxle kolxebis mier 

1 А. А. Иессен. Прикубанский очаг металлургии и металлоброботки.., gv. 80. 

2 o. jafariZe. kolxuri culi.., gv. 37-39; О. М. Джапаридзе. Бронзовые топоры 

Западной Грузии.., gv. 283-284. 

3 o. jafariZe. dasavleT saqarTvelo gvianbrinjaos xanaSi. _ macne, 1982, 

2, 51; o. jafariZe. saqarTvelos arqeologia. qvisa da brinjaos xana. Tsu 

gam-ba. Tb., 1991, gv. 219-220. 

4 Е. И. Крупнов. Древняя история Северного Кавказа. Изд. Наука, М., 1960, gv. 80-81. 

5 g. gobejiSvili. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sabWoTa saqarTveloSi. Tb., 

1952, gv. 97. 

6 g. gobejiSvili. gvianbrinjaos xanis Zeglebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi. 

_ saqarTvelos arqeologia, Tsu gam-ba, Tb., 1959, gv. 130. 

7 g. gobejiSvili. gvianbrinjaos xanis Zeglebi.., gv. 131. 

292

Seqmnili kultura unda iyos~. 1 

mosazrebam gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanaSi dasavleT saqar- 

Tvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi gavrcelebuli 

kulturis sxvadasxvaobis Sesaxeb momdevno 60-ian da 70-ian wlebSi ver 

hpova sayovelTao aRiareba. 1966w. l. saxarovam afxazeTi, raWa, leCxumi, 

svaneTi, CrdiloeTi da samxreTi oseTi gaaerTiana dasavlurqar- 

Tuli kulturis erT lokalur variantad, xolo samxreTis anu Woroxis 

zona meore lokalur variantad 2 . d. gazdapustaim ki „yobanuri~ 

kulturis SigniT oTxi arqeologiuri jgufi gamoyo: yobanuri, 

Tlias, dasavlurqarTuli da eSeris 3 . misi azriT, TiToeuli jgufi 

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba mxolod ama Tu im liTonis nivTis tipis 

arsebobiT, gansxvavebebiT keramikasa da dakrZalvis wesebSi. 1970w. gamocemul 

naSromSi g. gobejiSvili miuTiTebs, rom „Crdilo kavkasiis 

mTianeTSi batonobda dasavleT saqarTvelos tipis kultura, oRond 

mxaris geoklimaturi pirobebis kvalobaze ramdenadme gardaqmnili~. 4 

b. texovis Tanaxmad, centraluri kavkasiis teritoriaze gavrcelebuli 

iyo erTgvarovani yobanuri kultura. yobanuri anu centralurkavkasiuri 

kulturis farglebSi b. texovs Sehyavs CrdiloeT kavkasiis 

centraluri nawili, romelic moicavs yabardo-balyareTs da 

CrdiloeT oseTs. aqvea moqceuli samxreT oseTi cxinvalamde, raWa, 

leCxumi da svaneTi. kolxuri kulturis farglebSi ki misi SexedulebiT 

Sedis afxazeTi, samegrelo, guria, aWara da imereTi 5 . yobanuri 

kulturis SigniT b. texovma ori lokaluri varianti gamoyo: Crdilokavkasiuri 

(yabardo-balyareTi da CrdiloeTi oseTi) da samxreTkavkasiuri 

(svaneTi, raWa-leCxumi, saCxere da samxreT oseTis mTiani raioni) 

6 . amasTan mkvlevari dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul kolxur 

kulturas aseve centralurkavkasiuri (e.i. yobanuri _ j.a.) kulturis 

lokalur variantad miiCnevs 7 . amiT ki b. texovi aRiarebs CrdiloeT 

kavkasiis centralur nawilSi, samxreT oseTis mTian raionebsa 

da dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli kulturebis erTianobas. 

1 a. kalandaZe. soxumis mTis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. soxumi., 1953, gv. III. 

2 Л. С. Сахарова. Позднебронзовая культура ущелья реки Цхенисцкали. – Автореферат 

на соискание учёной степени кандидата исторических наук. Тб., 1966, gv. 29-30. 

3 Д. Газдапустай. Связи Северного Причерноморья с Передней Азией и Центральной 

Европой в эпоху перехода от бронзы к железу. Автореферат на соискание учёной степени 

кандидата исторических наук. Л., 1962, gv. 2-20. 

4 g. gobejiSvili. dasavleT saqarTvelos kultura. _ saqarTvelos istoriis 

narkvevebi, I. Tb., 1970, gv. 256. 

5 Б. В. Техов. Центральный Кавказ в XVI-X вв. до н. э. Изд. Наука, М., 1977, ruka. 

6 Б. В. Техов. Центральный Кавказ в XVI-X вв. до н. э.., gv. 192. 

7 Б. В. Техов. Центральный Кавказ в XVI-X вв. до н. э.., gv. 189. 

293

80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan kolxuri da yobanuri damoukidebeli 

kulturebis arsebobas sul ufro meti oponenti hyavs. maT Sorisaa 

i. voronovisa 1 da m. baramiZis 2 sadoqtoro disertaciebi. 

i. voronovis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTsa da kavkasiis 

centralur nawilSi arsebobda erTiani dasavlurkavkasiuri kolxur-yobanuri 

kultura anu metalurgiuli provincia, romlis teritoriazec 

avtorma 12 lokaluri varianti gamoyo: I _ centralurkolxuri, 

II _ Crdilokolxuri, III _ samxreTkolxuri, IV _ samxreTaRmosavleT 

SavizRvispireTi, V _ raWa-leCxumi-svaneTi, VI _ Tlia, 

VII _ samTavro, VIII _ yobanis centraluri varianti, IX _ aRmosavleTi 

varianti, X _ dasavleTi varianti, XI _ zemo yubanispireTi da 

XII _ Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi 3 . mkvlevarma daadgina samarxi 

nagebobebis da dakrZalvis wesebis nairferoba (siWrele) kolxur-yobanuri 

metalurgiuli provinciis teritoriaze da aseve aCvena, 

rom analogiuri formebi samarxebisa da analogiuri dakrZalvis wesebi 

damaxasiaTebeli iyo kavkasiis sxva regionebisaTvisac. 

i. voronovma aseve gadawyvita keramikis sakiTxi, romelic damoukidebel 

jgufebs ukve variantebis donezec qmnis. dasavleT saqarTveloSi 

samiwaTmoqmedo iaraRebis siWarbe, xolo maTi faqtobrivi ararseboba 

mTian zonaSi axsnilia ara kulturuli sxvadasxvaobiT, aramed 

„разницей в обусловленном природными условиями укладе хозяйства~ 

4 . mecnieris azriT, Zalze sayuradReboa isic, rom kolxeTSic da 

yobanSic, rogorc wesi, brinjaos nivTebi damzadebulia kalis maRali 

SemcvelobiT. es ukanaskneli ki yobanSi samxreTis gavlenis maCvenebelia. 

i. voronovs gamoyofili aqvs 50-mde nivTis saxeoba da naCvenebi 

aqvs maTi gavrcelebis raodenoba da xarisxi TiToeul lokalur variantSi. 

am Sedarebis Sedegad man daadgina, rom dRes erTmaneTTan 

yvelaze axlos dganan Tlias, yobanisa da afxazeTis samarovnebis monapovrebi. 

gravirebuli ornamentis mixedviT ki aq udavod saqme gvaqvs 

erT kulturasTan, radganac am komponentiT variantebis donezec ki 

SeuZlebelia kolxur-yobanuri kulturis diferenciacia 5 . mniSvnelova- 

1 Ю. Н. Воронов. Восточное Причерноморье в железном веке...Автореферат... 

2 m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulis... 

3 Ю. Н. Воронов. Восточное Причерноморье в железном веке... Автореферат.., gv. 10; 

Ю. Н. Воронов. Восточное Причерноморье в железном веке.(Вопросы хронологии и 

интерпретации памятников VIII в. до н.э. – VIII в. н.э.). Диссертация на соискание учёной 

степени доктора исторических наук. М., 1984, gv. 99-100. 

4 Ю. Н. Воронов. Восточное Причерноморье в железном веке... Автореферат.., gv. 10. 


294

nia i. voronovis daskvna: „Ни погребальные сооружeния, ни погребальный 

обряд, ни керамика, ни металлический инвентарь не дают оснований 

для чёткого разграничения колхидской и кобанской культур, а существующие 

различия должны объясняться хозяйственной специализацией в 

пределах организующего центра провинции и характерной для контактных 

зон культурной размытостью периферийных районов, обособление которых 

помимо воздействия соседних культур усугублялось их относительной 

географической замкнутостью в рамках речных долин и ущелий~. 1 

T. miqelaZem 1990w. gamoaqveyna naSromi, romelSiac pirdapir uTi- 

Tebs, rom „Центральный Кавказ, по-видимому, стал тем местом, где носители 

колхидской культуры принесли свою бронзовую культуру~. 2 miuxedavad 

mravali saerTo niSnebisa, romlebic dasavleT saqarTvelosa 

da centralur kavkasiaSi gavrcelebul kulturebs axasiaTebT, mkvlevari 

maT mainc or gansxvavebul kulturad miiCnevs. misi azriT, amis 

safuZvels iZleva gansxvavebebi namosaxlarebisa da nagebobebis tipeb- 

Si, dakrZalvis wesebSi, keramikaSi da aseve isic, rom waldi, segmentiseburi 

iaraRi da Toxi savsebiT ucnobia CrdiloeT kavkasiisaTvis. 

am argumetebis safuZvelze T. miqelaZe marTebulad miiCnevs a. iesenisa 

da e. krupnovis mosazrebebs dasavleT saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis 

centralur nawilSi gansxvavebuli kulturebis arsebobis Sesaxeb 3 . 

m. baramiZe miiCnevs, rom yobanur kulturas e.w. protoyobanur 

kulturaSi fesvebi ar eZebneba, maSin rodesac kolxuri kulturis 

protokolxuri kulturidan warmomavloba udaoa 4 . miuxedavad araerTi 

cdisa, yobans „saTaveebi adgilobriv ar eZebneba da misi fesvebi 

samxreTiT, kolxuri kulturis wiaRSia saZebneli~, da rom adre arsebuli 

mosazreba kolxeTSi brinjaos sworkuTxa balTebis, samajurebis, 

sakinZebis da sakisre rgolis zogierTi tipis, satevrebis jgufebisa 

da a.S. ararsebobis Sesaxeb axali aRmoCenebis Suqzeûnda Seicvalos 

5 . m. baramiZem kolxuri da yobanuri kulturebis igiveobis dasamtkiceblad 

airCia kolxuri da yobanuri keramikis Seswavla urTierT- 

Sedarebis safuZvelze. yobanur nawarmSi man gamoyo jgufebi, romleb- 

Siac aSkarad SeiniSneba samxreTuli, kolxuri inovaciebi. amgvar gavlenebs 

igi oTx etapad yofs. pirveli impulsebi igrZnoba jer kidev 


2 Т. К. Микеладзе. К археологии Колхиды. Издат. Мецниереба. Тб., 1990, gv. 76. 

3 Т. К. Микеладзе. К археологии Колхиды.., gv. 79-80. 

4 m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulis pirvel 

naxevarSi (ZiriTadi problemebi). disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris 

samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 1998, gv. 39. 

5 m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi... disertacia.., gv. 39. 

295

adrebrinjaos xanaSi, meore mZlavri talRa SeiniSneba Zv.w. II aTaswleulis 

SuaxanebSi, mesame _ Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi, xolo 

meoTxe yvelaze mZlavri gavlena _ winare da adreantikur xanaSi 1 . 

v. kozenkovam 1996w. gamosca monografia, romelSiac CrdiloeT 

kavkasiis centralur nawilsa da Sida qarTlis teritoriaze gavrcelebuli 

kultura ganixileba rogorc yobanuri kultura da naSromis 

sxvadasxva adgilas xazgasmulia misi gansxvavebis Sesaxeb dasavleT 

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli kulturisagan 2 . avtori umarTebulod 

miiCnevs iseTi terminebis xmarebas, rogoricaa „kolxur-yobanuri~ 

an „centralurkavkasiuri~ kultura 3 . dasavleT saqarTvelosa da 

Sida qarTlSi momxdari axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebisa da am regionebis 

Sesaxeb sadReisod Seqmnili axali gamokvlevebis gauTvaliswineblad, 

mkvlevari imeorebs e. krupnovis ukve moZvelebul mosazrebas 

dasavleT saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTian zolSi gvianbrinjaos 

xanaSi gansxvavebuli kulturebis arsebobis Sesaxeb 4 . samwuxarod, 

avtori aseve Secdomas uSvebs, rodesac yobanis centralur 

variantSi erTmniSvnelovnad Sehyavs Sida qarTlis aRmosavleTi nawili, 

kerZod, leningorisa (amJamad axalgori) da duSeTis raionebi 5 . 

amrigad, specialur literaturaSi ukve didi xania, rac Semovida 

cnebebi „kolxuri kultura~, „yobanuri kultura~ da „kolxuryobanuri 

kultura~. maTgan yvelaze Zvelia nomenklaturuli cneba 

„yobanuri kultura~. 125 wlis winaT g. filimonovma CrdiloeT kavkasiis 

centralur nawilSi gavrcelebul, gvianbrinjaodan rkinis xanaze 

gardamaval kulturas „Культура Кобани~ uwoda 6 . momdevno wlebSi 

gamosul naSromebSi ki igi mtkiced imkvidrebs adgils specialur 

literaturaSi da dResac specialistTa didi nawili xmarobs 

am termins. specialur literaturaSi aseve farTodaa gavrcelebuli 

saxeli „kolxuri kultura~ 7 da, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, avtorTa 

1 m. baramiZe. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTi... disertacia.., gv. 39. 

2 В. И. Козенкова. Культурно-исторические процессы на Северном Кавказе в эпоху поздней 

бронзы и в раннем железном веке. (Узловые проблемы происхождния и развития 

кобанской культуры. M., 1996. 

3 В. И. Козенкова. Культурно-исторические процессы.., gv. 7. 

4 В. И. Козенкова. Культурно-исторические процессы.., gv. 7. 

5 В. И. Козенкова. Культурно-исторические процессы.., nax. 1 da damateba. 

6 Г. Д. Филимонов. О доисторической культуре Осетин. – Известия Общества любителей 

естествознания, антропологии и этнографии. XXXI, отд. 4, М., 1878. 

7 kolxuri kulturis arseboba ganisazRvreba ara mxolod gvianbrinjaosa 

da adrerkinis xaniT. jer kidev 1982w. e. gogaZe miuTiTebda, rom nomenklaturuli 

cneba „kolxuri kultura“ ar unda isazRvrebodes mxolod 

gviani brinjaos xaniT, radganac axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis 

296

erT nawils misi gavrcelebis arealSi Semoyavs aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiis 

centraluri nawilic. 

SedarebiT naklebadaa gavrcelebuli iseTi mcneba, rogoricaa 

„kolxur-yobanuri kultura~. igi pirvelad b. kuftinma ixmara 1 . is 

Tvlida, rom rogorc kolxeTSi, ise yobanSi sruliad erTgvarovani 

kultura iyo gavrcelebuli. amitomac is mas „kolxur-yobanur kulturas~ 

uwodebda 2 . amas garda, Zalze mniSvnelovania b. kuftinis daskvna 

imis Sesaxeb, rom yobanuri kultura ara marto Tavisi teritoriuli 

gavrcelebiT, aramed warmoSobiTac kolxuria 3 . Cveni azriT, dasavleT 

saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi 

gavrcelebuli kulturis erTianobas xazs usvams aseve samecniero mimoqcevaSi 

bolo dros farTod gavrcelebuli iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa: 

„kolxur-yobanuri wre~, 4 „kolxur-yobanuri metalurgiuli provincia~, 

5 „kolxur-yobanuri samyaro~, 6 „kolxur-yobanuri brinjao~, 7 

„kolxur-yobanuri culebi~, 8 an „yobanur-kolxuri culebi~. 9 Cven ga- 

Suqze igi potenciurad ufro farTo mniSvnelobas iZens (ix.: e. gogaZe. 

kolxeTis brinjaosa da adreuli rkinis xanis namosaxlarTa kultura. 

Tb., 1982, gv. 52). sadReisod kolxuri kulturis etapobrivi ganviTareba 

daaxloebiT ase gamoiyureba: Suabrinjaos, gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis, 

rkinis farTo aTvisebis, adreantikuri, elinisturi da gvianantikuri. 

CamoTvlili istoriuli epoqebidan Cveni kvlevis sferoSi Semodis 

mxolod gvianbrinjaos, adrerkinisa da rkinis farTo aTvisebis xana, 

anu Zv.w. XV-VIIss. Zv.w. VI saukunis Suaxanebidan ukve dgeba adreantikuri 

xana da am drois kolxeTis materialuri da sulieri kultura gansxvavdeba 

winamavali kulturisagan, Tumca memkvidreobiTobac saxezea. 

1 Б. А. Куфтин. К вопросу о древнейших корнях грузинской.., gv. 398. 

2 Б. А. Куфтин. Археологическая маршрутная экспедиция 1945 года в Юго-осетию и 

Имеретию. Тб.,1949, gv. 2. 

3 Б. А. Куфтин. Археологические раскопки в Триалети, I. Тб., 1941, gv. 16-17. 


5 Ю. Н. Воронов. Восточное Причерноморье в железном веке... Автореферат.., gv. 9-12. 

6 a. ramiSvili. Sida qarTlis brinjaos xanis finaluri stadiebis arqeologiuri 

problemebi. avtoreferati istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris 

samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 1998, gv. 29, 63. 

7 М. М. Трапш. Памятники эпохи бронзы и раннего железа в Абхазии. – Труды в 4-х 

томах, т. I. Сухуми, 1970, gv. 164; Ю. Н. Воронов. Восточное Причерноморье в железном 

веке... Автореферат.., gv. 9. 

8 Б. А. Куфтин. Археологические раскопки в Триалети.., gv. 16-17; Б. А. Куфтин. Материалы 

к археологии Колхиды. I, Тб., 1949, gv. 232, nax. 50; d. qoriZe. lixnis ganZi 

da kolxur-yobanuri culebis genezisis sakiTxi. _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo 

muzeumis moambe, (ssmm), XXV-B, 1968, gv. 16-30; М. М. Трапш. Памятники 

эпохи бронзы и раннего железа в Абхазии.., gv. 186. 

9 А. Ю. Cкаков. Кобано-Колхидские орнаментированные топоры как исторический ис- 

297

movdivarT iqidan, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT 

nawilsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi gvianbrinjaosa 

da adrerkinis xanaSi erTiani kultura arsebobda. am teritoriebze 

gavrcelebuli erTiani kulturis aRsaniSnavad swori iqneboda, 

rom igi mxolod „kolxuri kulturis~ saxeliT mogvexseniebina. 

amgvari formulirebis sasargeblod metyveleben asurul-urartuli 

da berZnuli wyaroebi, romlebSiac garkveuli monacemebi gvxvdeba 

samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi mcxovrebi 

tomebis Sesaxeb. g. meliqiSvilis specialuri gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, 

asurul warwerebSi, kerZod, asureTis mefis tiglaTfalasar I (Zv. w. 

1115-1077ww) erT-erT warweraSi naxsenebi „kilxi~ kolxeTs unda 

davukavSiroT 1 . mecnieris azriT, kilxis administraciuli centri Tanamedrove 

dasavleT saqarTvelos samxreTiT, Woroxis auzSi unda arsebuliyo 

2 . Zv. w. VIIIs. urartul warwerebSi naxseneb „kulxas~ ki g. 

meliqiSvili yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe kolxeTs ukavSirebs da aRniSnavs, 

rom lursmul damwerlobaSi SeuZlebeli iyo niSan „o~-s 

xmareba da mis nacvlad gamoiyeneboda „u~. amitomac kulxas qveS kolxa 

unda vigulisxmoT 3 . 

точник. Автореферат на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук. М., 

1997. 

1 Г. А. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии. Тб., 1959, gv. 176-186, 203-206, 216- 

220; g. meliqiSvili. qarTvelebi, maTi warmomavlobis sakiTxi. _ saqarTvelos 

istoriis narkvevebi, I. Tb., 1970, gv. 312-357, gv. 365-366, 371, 385-389. 

2 Г. А. Меликишвили. К истории древней Грузии.., gv. 115; g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos, 

kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis 

sakiTxisaTvis. Tb., 1965, gv. 69; g. meliqiSvili. qarTvelebi, maTi warmomavlobis.., 

gv. 389. 1986w. gamoqveynebul naSromSi o. lorTqifaniZe g. meliqiSvilisagan 

gansxvavebul mosazrebas aviTarebs. misi SexedulebiT „arsebobs 

garkveuli safuZveli varaudisaTvis, rom miTSi argonavtebis Sesaxeb 

aias saxiT aisaxa swored kolxeTis dablobze... ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba 

Tavisi brwyinvale brinjaos kulturiT da intensiuri miwaTmoqmedebiT. 

am sazogadoebis politikur liderad gvevlineba mefe aieti“ 

(o. lorTqifaniZe. argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi. Tb., 1986, gv. 67). 

amdenad, o. lorTqifaniZis Tanaxmad, asurul-urartuli wyaroebisa (kilxi//kolxa//kulxa) 

da apolonios rodoselis argonavtikaSi (aia) aRwerili 

maRalganviTarebuli sazogadoeba unda veZeboT ara samxreT-aRmosavleT 

SavizRvispireTis, aramed Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos 

dablobSi, sadac gvianbrinjaos xanaSi amgvari sazogadoebis gaCenisaTvis 

yvela saWiro piroba arsebobda. kerZod, optimaluri ekologiuri 

garemo, sawarmoo efeqti da demografiuli optimumi (o. lorTqifaniZe. 

argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi.., gv. 67. 

3 Г. А. Меликишвили. Древнейшие раннеклассовые государства и племенные союзы в 

юго-западной Грузии. – Очерки истории Грузии, I. Тб., 1989, gv. 195. 

298

kulxa/kolxas winaaRmdeg mowyobili ori laSqrobis Sesaxeb saubaria 

urartus mefis sarduri II (Zv.w. 764-735ww) warwerebSi 1 . Zv.w. 

VIIIs. berZeni epikosi poeti evmelios korinTeli berZnul mwerlobaSi 

pirveli axsenebs „kolxeTis miwas~. 2 saerTod, berZnul wyaroebSi 

kolxeTis Sesaxeb araerTi cnobaa daculi 3 . gvianbrijaos xanis kolxeTis 

Sesaxeb Zalze mniSvnelovani cnobebia mocemuli Zv.w. IIIs. mecnierisa 

da epikosi poetis apolonios rodoselis „argonavtikaSi~. 4 

amrigad, istoriuli wyaroebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT gvianbrinjaosa 

da adrerkinis xanaSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul 

kulturas sruliad samarTlianad ewodeba kolxuri kultura. 

raki CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli 

materialuri kultura erTiania, maSin orive regionis kultura swori 

iqneboda mxolod „kolxuri kulturis~ saxeliT mogvexseniebina. 

amasTan, es saxeli absoluturad zustad asaxavs am kulturis arss, 

xolo saxeli „yobanuri~ _ pirobiTia. es ukanaskneli momdinareobs 

sof. zemo yobanSi 1869w. aRmoCenili samarovnis saxelidan. 

gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis kolxuri kultura gavrcelebuli 

iyo Tanamedrove dasavleT saqarTvelos, Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT 

raionebSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis centralur nawilsa da savaraudod 

samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi. am did teritoriaze gavrcelebuli 

es kultura, erTi mxriv, xasiaTdeba brinjaos liTonis 

inventaris gasaocari erTianobiT, meore mxriv ki saxezea lokaluri 

variantebis simravle samarxebis tipebis, dakrZalvis wesebisa da keramikuli 

nawarmis mixedviT. 

am naSromSi eTnikur problemebs ar vikvlevT, magram am sakiTx- 

Tan dakavSirebiT Cveni damokidebuleba gvinda gamovxatoT XXs. akad. 

n. berZeniSvilis Semdegi sityvebiT: „yovlad antiistoriuli iqneboda 

warmodgena, TiTqo kolxeTi erTi xalxi iyo, an qveyana kolxeTad 

iwodeboda imitom, rom aq mxolod urTierTmonaTesave tomebi isxdnen. 

kolxeTSi sxvadasxva tomTa (monaTesave Tu aramonaTesave) arseboba 

dadasturebulia (berZnuli wyaroebi). amis niadagze iyo SesaZlebeli, 

rom kolxeTis politikur nangrevebze araerTi samefo warmoiSva. 

ase rom Zveli kolxeTi es iyo tomTa gaerTianeba (nebayoflobiTi 

Tu naZaladevi) erTi kolxuri, Tu kolxTa tomis hegemono- 

1 Г. А. Меликишвили. Древнейшие раннеклассовые.., gv. 205-206. 

2 О. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Древняя Колхида. Миф и археология. Tб., 1979, gv. 14. 

3 dawvrilebiT ix.: О. Д. Лордкипанидзе. Древняя Колхида.., gv. 11-21. 

4 a. uruSaZe. Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi. Tb., 1964; a. gelovani. 

argonavtika, Tb., 1975; r. gordeziani. argonavtebi. Tb., 1999. 

299

iT _ (iseve rogorc lazika, an iseve rogorc iberia)~. 1 

dasavleT saqarTvelos aRsaniSnavad unda gamoviyenoT geografiuli 

da istoriuli cneba „kolxeTi~, „centraluri kolxeTi~ da a. 

S., kolxuri kulturis CrdiloeT kavkasiis lokaluri variantebis 

aRsaniSnavadKki _ Semdegi cnebebi: „kolxuri kulturis yobanis centraluri 

varianti~, „kolxuri kulturis yobanis dasavleTi varianti“ 

da „kolxuri kulturis yobanis aRmosavleTi varianti~. simoklis mizniT 

es cnebebi SeiZleba ase iqnes formulirebuli: „yobanis centraluri 

varianti~, „yobanis dasavleTi varianti“ da „yobanis aRmosavleTi 

varianti~. 

gvianbrinjaosa da adrerkinis xanis kolxuri kulturis namosaxlarebisa 

da samarovnebis analizma migviyvana daskvnamde, rom ukve 

droa gadaisinjos kolxuri kulturis Sesaxeb arsebuli zogierTi 

tradiciuli Sexeduleba da mosazreba. upirveles yovlisa, sadReisod, 

ukve sakmarisi monacemebi arsebobs imisaTvis, rom gvianbrinjaosa 

da adrerkinis xanaSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT 

nawilsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi erTiani 

kulturis, kerZod, kolxuri kulturis gavrceleba da arseboba vamtkicoT. 

termini „yobanuri kultura~ an „kolxur-yobanuri kultura~ 

unda Seicvalos terminiT „kolxuri kultura~. amasTan iseTi 

cnebebis xmareba, rogoricaa „yobanis centraluri varianti~, „yobanis 

dasavluri varianti~, „yobanis aRmosavluri varianti~ savsebiT mizan- 

Sewonilia da is zustad afiqsirebs kolxuri kulturis am lokaluri 

variantebis adgilmdebareobasa da maT gansakuTrebul adgils kolxuri 

kulturis SigniT. 

amJamad arsebuli monacemebiT Sida qarTlSi upiratesad sam- 

Tavruli kulturis gavrcelebis zonaa. Tumca ori kulturis garkveuli 

Tanaarsebobac saxezea. Sida qarTlis dasavleT raionebSi 

kolxuri kultura, rogorc Cans, pirvelad daaxl. Zv. w. XIII-XII 

saukuneebidan iwyebs gavrcelebas. kolxuri kulturis dasavleT 

saqarTvelos aRmosavleT regionebSi gvianbrinjaos adreul etapebze 

gavrcelebis Sesaxeb saintereso monacemebs Seicavs namosaxlari „cixura~, 

romelic zestafonis raionis sofel svirSi mdebareobs. raki 

zestafonis raionSi daaxl. Zv. w. XIV-XIII saukuneebSi kolxuri 

kultura ukve Sesulia, misi elementebis ufro aRmosavleTiT Sida 

qarTlis dasavleT raionebSi ukve Zv. w. XII saukunidan gavrcelebis 

SesaZlebloba logikuria. rac Seexeba yvirilis zemo welis auzs, iq 

1 n. berZeniSvili. egrisi, afxazeTi (egrisi da qarTlTan misi urTier- 

Tobis ganviTareba). _ saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1990, gv. 538. 

300

Zv. w. XI saukuneze ufro adreuli xanis kolxuri kulturis Zeglebi 

(jieTi, modinaxe, sabaduri, modinaxes gviandeli samarxebi) jerjerobiT 

aRmoCenili ar aris. ramdenadac Crdilo-dasavleT qarTlSi 

kolxuri kultura ZiriTadad aqedan da raWidan unda gavrcelebuliyo, 

savsebiT logikuria isic, rom Tlias lokalur variantSi, kerZod, 

Tlias samarovanze kolxuri kulturis arseboba Zv. w. XIs. meore 

naxevarze (an ukanasknel meoTxedze) adre ar dasturdeba. 

kolxuri tomebis moZraobis talRa, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri unda 

yofiliyo Sida qarTlis Crdilo-dasavleT mxareSi, radganac Zv. w. 

XIs. dasasrulidan aq mxolod kolxuri kulturaa gavrcelebuli. am 

dros es kultura, rogorc Cans, Sedis yobanis centralur variantSi 

da iq cvlis e. w. protoyobanur kulturas. aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis 

SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs is, rom miuxedavad zogierTi saerTo niSnebisa, 

protoyobanuri da kolxuri kulturebi erTmaneTs genetikurad 

ar ebmis. am ori kulturis erTmaneTTan detaluri Sedareba adasturebs, 

rom maRalganviTarebuli kolxuri kultura CrdiloeT 

kavkasiaSi Zv. w. XIs. bolos samxreTidanaa Setanili. daaxl. Zv. w. I 

aTaswleulis damdegisaTvis kolxuri kulturis elementebi farTod 

vrceldeba yobanis dasavlur da aRmosavlur variantebSic. 

gvianbrinjaos adreul etapebze, rogorc Cans, mesxeTis teritoria 

kolxuri da aRmosavlur-qarTuli kulturebis Tanaarsebobisa da 

Tanxvedris zonas warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, am droisaTvis es mxare 

SeiZleba Sereuli kulturebis zonad ganvixiloT. mexCis cixis gan- 

Zis aRmoCenis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, posofis provinciis Crdiloe- 

Ti nawilic am zonaSi unda eqceodes. am ganZSi erTmaneTis gverdiT 

aRmoCenili aRmosavlur-qarTuli da kolxuri culebi swored ori 

kulturis Tanaarsebobaze unda miuTiTebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom 

aRniSnul xanaSi mesxeTSi kolxuri kulturis elementebi farTodaa 

gavrcelebuli, jer-jerobiT mainc ise Cans, rom aq posofis mxaris 

CrdiloeT nawilTan erTad daaxloebiT Tanabrad iyo gavrcelebuli 

aRmosavlur-qarTuli da kolxuri kultura. amitomac dRevandeli 

monacemebis safuZvelze, albaT, ufro marTebuli iqneba gvianbrinjaos 

adreul etapebze es regioni Sereuli kulturebis zonad miviCnioT. 

Zv. w. II aTaswleulis miwurulidan vidre Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli 

naxevris CaTvliT ki mesxeTi kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis 

arealSi Semodioda. 

mTlianobaSi, kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis SigniT sami didi 

lokaluri regioni gamoiyofa: I varianti: mTiani zona, romelic eqvsi 

lokaluri variantiTaa warmodgenili; II varianti: dablobisa da mTi- 

301

swineTis zona anu centraluri kolxeTi; III varianti: mesxeTi. asuruli 

da urartuli istoriuli wyaroebis analizis safuZvelze gvianbrinjaosa 

da adrerkinis xanaSi kolxuri mosaxleobis arseboba SeiZleba 

Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSic vivaraudoT (g. meliqi- 

Svili). aRniSnul xanaSi am regionSi kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebaze 

brinjaos ganZebic miuTiTeben (ordu, arTvini/zazas kale). arqeologiuri 

gaTxrebis Catarebamde SavizRvispireTis es mxare jerjerobiT 

mxolod pirobiTad Segvyavs kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis 

arealSi. sabolood ki am kiTxvas mxolod arqeologiuri gaTxrebi 

gascems pasuxs. 

JONI APAKIDZE 

ON THE SPREADING OF COLCHIAN 

CULTURE 

In the paper general historiographic analysis of the scientific heritage existing 

around the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Age Colchian settlement sites 

and cemeteries is offered. It is noted that the present state of the problem and 

the results of the conducted studies give grounds to revise some traditional views 

concerning Colchian culture. At present there are sufficient grounds to 

consider as confirmed the distribution and existence of a single culture, namely, 

Colchian culture in Western Georgia, a part of Inner Kartli and the central 

part of the North Caucasus in the Late Bronze and the Early Iron Age. The 

term “Koban culture” or “Colchian-Koban culture” should be replaced by the 

term “Colchian culture”. Along with this, it is quite reasonable to use the notions 

such as “the central variant of Koban”, “the Western variant of Koban”, 

“the Eastern variant of Koban”, as they specify the location of these local 

variants of Colchian culture and their special place inside Colchian culture. 

302



t. I, 2007 

revaz xvistani 

kataulas wm. giorgis eklesia 

kataulas wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesiis restavraciis saproeqto 

samuSaoebisaTvis 2006 wlis zafxulSi warmoebuli arqeologiuri 

kvleva-Zieba mniSvnelovani SedegebiT damTavrda 1 . Zeglma yuradReba jer 

kidev gasuli saukunis ociani wlebis dasawyisSi miipyro sakurTxevel- 

Si gamovlenili qvasvetis (stela) fragmentis gamo, romlis reliefuri 

dekori Seicavs religiur-simbolikur da wmida personaJebis gamosaxulebebs, 

saero portretTa did raodenobas da Zvel qarTul (asomTavrul) 

warwerebs. plastikuri xelovnebis es unikaluri Zegli adre Suasaukuneebis 

qarTlis istoriis mniSvnelovani sabuTia 2 . 

eklesia mdebareobs kaspis raionis sof. kavTisxevSi, md. kavTuras 

marjvena mxareze monaselianT ubanSi, mTa kataulas samxreT ferdze. 

monaselianT ubani arqeologiur rukaze 1963 wels gamoCnda, md. 

kavTuras marcxena mxareze SemTxveviT aRmoCenil oTxkuTxa, mrgvalgumbaTovani 

gadaxurvis mqone saknisa (2,85X2, 27X3m.) da dromosisagan 

(sigrZe-1,5m., sigane-0,9-1,10m., simaRle-1m.) Semdgari akldamis gamo, 

romlis kedlebi duRabzea amoyvanili kldis qviTa da brtyeli 

aguriT, xolo kedlebi da iataki kiriTaa Selesili. 

1 saqarTvelos sapatriarqos TanxmobiTa da saqarTvelis kulturis, ZeglTa 

dacvisa da sportis saministros nebarTviT Zeglis teritoriaze 

arqeologiuri samuSaoebi awarmoa saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis o. 

lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis institutis klasikuri da Sua saukuneebis 

seqtoris ufrosma mecnier-TanamSromelma rezo xvistanma 

2 Г. Н. Чубинашвили. Вновь открытый памятник древней культуры (1924). – Вопросы 

истории искусства. Тб., 1970, gv. 140; g. CaCaniZe. grigol evpatosis Zegli. _ 

saistorio moambe, I. Tb., 1925, gv. 261-263; a. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos 

Zveli sakulto-memorialuri Zeglebi. 1949, xelnaweri, gv. 1-12; Н. Г. Чубинашвили. 

Хандиси. I. Тб., 1972, gv. 102, 108; qarTuli warwerebis korpusi, lapidaruli 

warwerebi. I. aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V-Xss.). Seadgina 

da gamosacemad moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma. Tb., 1980, gv. 119-123; m. mgalobliSvili. 

kataulas wm. giorgis eklesia. _ saqarTvelos istoriisa 

da kulturis Zeglebis aRweriloba. Tb., 1990, gv. 168; К. Мачабели. Каменные 

кресты Грузии. Тб., 1998, gv. 166-178; g. javaxiSvili. adrefeodaluri xanis 

qarTuli stelebi. Tb., 1998, gv. 37-38. 

303

saknis kuTxeebSi 1,4m. simaRleze aguriT isruli trompebia gadayvanili, 

romelTagan iwyeba aguris sferuli gadaxurva. dromosis 

SesasvlelTan orsafexuriani kibea SemorCenili. gumbaTs zemodan filaqvebi 

adevs, Semdeg qvis grova da miwayrili. saknis samxreT da dasavleT 

kedlebis zeda nawilSi dayolebulia SigniT daqanebuli Tixis 

milebi, romelTac gareTa nawili yrud aqvT daxSuli. milebis 

daniSnuleba gaurkvevelia. 

akldamaSi Zvlebi areulad eyara, rac imas adasturebs, rom igi 

adreve gauZarcvavT. akldamis arqiteqturas XVI-XVIII saukuneebis 

qarTl-kaxeTis umravles nagebobaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipuri niSnebi 

axasiaTebs 1 . arqeologiuri samuSaoebis dawyebamde kataulas samnawiliani 

taZris gegmis garCeva Zneli iyo, radgan misi gverdiTa sa- 

Tavsoebis Camomxobili kedlebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi warmoqmnili 

miwisa da RorRis sqeli feniT iyo dafaruli, romelzec xeebi da 

ekal-bardi iyo amosuli. nagebobis irgvliv analogiur masas erTi 

metridan ormetrnaxevramde sisqis `fena~ hqonda warmoqmnili. RorRisa 

da miwis sqeli feniT iyo dafaruli centraluri saTavsos iatakic. 

Senobis teritoriis didi sifrTxiliT gawmendis Semdeg miwis 

zedapirze moixaza Zlier dazianebuli, magram Zveli, SenarCunebuli 

Tavdapirveli kedlebis naSTebi. gamovlenili taZris saxe aseTia: er- 

TmaneTis gverdiT ganlagebuli sami wagrZelebuli sadgomi (navi) er- 

TmaneTTan karebiTaa dakavSirebuli, sadac Sua sadgomi danarCen orze 

ufro maRali da farToa. CrdiloeTis sadgomi or danaCenze ramdenadme 

moklea da centraluri navis Crdilo-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi safexuradaa 

SeWrili (tab. I, 1; tab. II). 

gareTa formebiTa da fasadze mkafiod gamovlenili siluetiT 

eklesia bazilikas hgavs, magram sivrcis organizebiTa da konstruqciuli 

azriT bazilikisagan sruliad gansxvavebulia. interierSi Sida 

sivrce kedlebiTaa dayofili sam nawilad, sam calke èklesiad~, 

romlebic erTmaneTTan gasasvlelebiTaa dakavSirebuli. 

gegmaSi sworkuTxedis formis mqone taZris (11,25X8,42 m.) centraluri 

èklesiis~ (8,42X5,72 m.) aRmosavleT nawilSi naxevarwriuli 

formis afsidia Cawerili. afsidis RerZze TaRovani sarkmelia 

gaWrili, xolo CrdiloeTiT _ erTi niSi. sakurTxevlis sivrce far- 

To mxrebiTa da maTze dayrdnobiTi naxevarwriuli formis TaRiTaa 

gamoyofili. TaRi qviSaqvis impostebs eyrdnoba, romelTa maRal tans 

1 b. jorbenaZe. kavTisxevi. – saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis Zeglebis 

aRweriloba. Tb., 1990. gv. 150. 

304

amdenadme winwamoweuli Taro agvirgvinebs. kamaris Semsubuqebis mizniT 

konqaSi kirxsnariT SeduRabebuli qvevria CaSenebuli. 

ganaTebisaTvis, sakurTxevlis sarkmlis garda, ori sworkuTxa 

sarkmelia dasavleTiT da samxreTiT. konqica da naxevarwriuli kamarac 

wvrili qviTaa amoyvanili kiris xsnarze. interierSi, gansakuTrebiT 

afsidaSi, romelic Tavdapirvelad Sesalesad ar unda yofiliyo 

gaTvaliswinebuli, yuradRebas ipyrobs wyobaSi cerad Casmuli mozrdili 

qvebis mwkrivebi, rac dekoratiul morTulobad aRiqmeba. rogorc 

SemorCenili moxatulobis fragmentebiT irkveva, mogvianebiT 

igi mainc SeulesavT. 

navSi (èklesiaSi~) ori arqitravuli Sesasvlelia _ samxreTi 

kedlis dasavleT monakveTSi da Crdilo kedlis aRmosavleT monakveTSi, 

afsidis moednis win. afsidis Tavdapirveli moedani SemdgomSi 

gadaukeTebiaT, gaufarTovebiaT, win wamouweviaT da aumaRlebiaT. am 

dros daufaravT Tavdapirveli kankelis () safuZvlis qva, romelzec 

qarTuli adreqristianuli reliefebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli motivi, 

wreSi Casmuli (`bolnuri~), gverdigverd ganlagebuli sami tolmklava 

jvaria amokveTili. 

pirveli jvari sammag wreSia Casmuli. formiT igi mcxeTis 

jvris samxreTis Sesasvlelis reliefze da dmanisis stelaze gamosaxuli 

jvrebis analogiuria. momdevno, kvarcxlbekze (orsafexurian 

sayrdenze _ bunze) aRmarTuli jvari naxevarwreSia Casmuli. mesame 

jvari sammag wreSia Casmuli, mis mklavebs Soris simetriuladaa mo- 

Tavsebuli vardulebi (tab. I,2). aqve aRmoCnda afsidis gafarTovebisas 

kedelSi xurdad Catanebuli adre Suasaukuneebis wiTlad moxatuli, 

brtyeli, gverdebakecili kramitis natexebi. 

gamovlenili reliefur jvarze gamosaxuli vardulis Sesaxeb 

unda aRvniSnoT, rom qarTul adreqristianul xelovnebaSi varduli 

reliefuri dekoris erT-erTi aucilebeli elementia. varduli, rogorc 

mnaTobis simbolo, gvxvdeba qristes da sxva wmindanebis gamosaxulebaTa 

fonze 1 . vardulebi gvxvdeba simetriulad moTavsebuli 

jvris mklavebs Soris (xandisi, JaleTi, bolnisi), varduli stela _ 

jvris centrSi, mklavebis gadakveTis adgilas (axali-gora, bolnisi) 2 . 

bolos varduli xdeba TviT jvris eqvivalenti da xSirad iseve 

gvxvdeba kvarcxlbekze aRmarTuli, an ayvavebuli rtoebiT iseve Semkuli, 

rogorc jvris gamosaxuleba. magaliTad, saTxis eklesiis erT- 

1 Н. Аладашвили. Монументальная скульптура Грузии. М.,1977, gv. 18, nax.. 11. 

2 n. CubinaSvili. qvemo qarTlis stela-jvrebi. _ Zeglis megobari, # 30, 

1972, gv. 35. 


305

erT stelaze or gverdze jvris gamosaxulebaa, orze ki rtoebs Soris 

moTavsebuli ormagi vardulisa 1 , an kidev dmanisis qva-jvarze, 

sam gverdze kvarcxlbekze aRmarTuli jvaria gamosaxuli, meoTxeze 

ki, iseTive kvarcxlbekze, wreSi Casmuli varduli 2 . 

CrdiloeTis navi (èklesia~) uafsidoa (6X2,5 m), romelic TiTqmis 

mTlianad dangreulia. igi pirdapir wyobiT ekvris centraluri 

èklesiis~ kedels. am ukanasknelze kamaris dasayrdnobad agebuli 

sammaliani TaRedia SemorCenili ori sworkuTxovani burjiT (tab. 

IV,2). burjebi da TaRebi natexi qviTaa nawyobi. centralur èklesiasTan~ 

damakavSirebeli karis arqitravuli Riobi TaRqveSaa moqceuli. 

am saTavsoSi Sesasvleli mxolod centraluri èklesiis~ SigniTa 

sivrcidan, uSualod sakurTxevlis siaxlovidanaa, rac, albaT, 

imaze miuTiTebs, rom mas Tavdapirvelad sasamsaxuro saTavsos, saweso 

samoselisa da sxva inventaris sacavis (salaro) daniSnuleba unda 

hqonoda. mogvianebiT igi saZvaled gamouyenebiaT. saTavsoSi uamravi 

Tavis qala da ConCxi iyo usistemod mimobneuli. saTavsos samxreTdasavleT 

kuTxeSi filaqviT daxuruli ori ormo-samarxi gaiwminda. 

ormoebi gaWrilia qva-RorRian niadagSi. ormos zomebia: 1,50X40. samarxebSi 

TiTo individia dakrZaluli, damarxvis wesi qristianulia. 

samrxebi uinventaroa. 

saTavsos aRmosavleT nawilSi, Sesasvlelis win aRmoCnda kapiteliani 

stelis fragmenti (svetis sigrZe _ 1,27 m; kapitelis gani 

_ 28 sm; svetis gani _ 26 sm). kvarcnarevi kirqvis oTxwaxnaga svetis 

kuTxis wiboebi ceradaa CamoTlili da monacvleobiT sapirispirod 

mimarTuli `koncentruli rkalebis~ rigiTaa Semkuli. waxnagebis zedapiri 

e. w. `TevzifxuriT~ moCarCoebul, araTanabar sworkuTxa areebadaa 

dayofili, sadac xaliCiseburad dafarul dabal reliefSi Sesrulebuli, 

erTmaneTis Tavze vertikalurad ganlagebuli, mayureblisaken 

momzirali, brtyeli, TiTqmis usxeulo wminda personaJebi da 

saero portretebi, agreTve religiur-simbolikuri gamosaxulebebia. 

wminda personaJebisa da saero portretebis fonis Tavisufal adgilebSi 

amoRarulia asomTavruli warwerebi, sadac ucnobi istoriuli 

pirebia moxseniebuli (sur. 1). saero portretebis, religiur-simbolikuri 

gamosaxulebebis, wminda personaJebisa da Zveli qarTuli (asomTavruli) 

warwerebis Semcveli stelis reliefuri dekoris Ses- 

1 v. jafariZe. adreuli Sua saukuneebis arqeologiuri Zeglebi qvemo qarTlidan. 

Tb., 1982, gv. 104, tab. LIX. 

2 k. maCabeli. qvajvaras gamosaxuleba Zvel qarTul reliefebze. _ sab- 

WoTa xelovneba # 7, 1988, gv. 65. 

306

wavla, romelic mravalgvari informaciis wyaroa, vfiqrobT, adre Suasaukuneebis 

saqarTvelos sulieri da socialuri cxovrebis mraval 

sakiTxs mofens Suqs. misi xaliCiseburad dafaruli dabal reliefSi 

Sesrulebuli plastikuri gamosaxulebebi, CarCoebis grafikuli ornamenti 

da gansakuTrebuli xatovani metyvelebiT Sesrulebuli reliefuri 

saxeebis kveTis manera srulad emTxveva amave eklesiis sakurTxevelSi 

adre aRmoCenili, zemoTaRniSnuli stelis grafikuli 

ornamentisa da reliefuri saxeebis kveTis maneras. danamdvilebiT SeiZleba 

iTqvas, rom isini Tanadroulni arian, erT saxelosnoSia damzadebuli 

da, SesaZloa, erTi ostatis naxelavic iyos. 

varaudoben, rom saqarTveloSi adreuli xanis qristianuli, 

qvisgan gamokveTili sakulto Zeglebis _ stelebis aRmarTvis Cveuleba 

qristianobis gavrcelebis droidan momdinareobs da Tavdapirvelad 

axali sarwmunoebis, qristianobis aRiarebas, naTelRebas gamoxatavda. 

stelebi Ria cis qveS, xSirad eklesiis gverdiT aRmosavleT 

mxares idgmeboda 1 . V-VII saukuneebSi stela jvrebis intensiuri aRmarTva, 

sxva mosazrebiT, iranis mier ZaliT Tavs moxveul zoroastrizmTan 

brZolas ukavSirdeba 2 . 

samxreTis afsidiani èklesiac~ (8,42X2,87 m.) dangreulia. naliseburi 

afsidis centrze maRali da viwro niSia, romlis Taroze 

mrgvali formis momwvano feris brtyeli qvaa oTxkuTxa fosoTi, SesaZloa, 

jvris safuZveli. afsidis moedani waSlilia gviandeli ormosamarxebis 

mier. taZarSi erTaderTi Sesasvleli saTavsos samxreTi 

kedlis dasavleT monakveTSia. CrdiloeT mxareze, kamaris dasayrdnobad, 

aqac ori sworkuTxa burjiT sammaliani TaRedia pirdapiri wyobiT 

mikruli centraluri èklesiis~ samxreT kedelze (tab. IV, 3). 

eklesiis sqeli kedlebi sxvadasxva zomis tlanqad damuSavebuli 

qviTaa naSeni kiris xsnarze. wvrili qvis gverdiT gvxvdeba didi lodebic. 

kargad gaTlili kvadrebi, romelsac mwvane feris qvac urevia, 

mxolod kuTxeebis, TaRebisa da sarkmelebisaTvisaa naxmari. nagebobas 

samkaulebi ara aqvs. mis mxatvrul efeqts aZlierebs fasadze sxvadasxva 

zomisa da feris qvebis monacvleoba. Senobis aRmosavleTi kedeli 

pirdapiri wyobiT ekvris sagangebod vertikalurad CaWril 

ferds, ris Sedegadac aRmosavleTis fasadi miwis zedapiridan gacilebiT 

dabalia, vidre dasavleTisa. amgvari gadawyvetiT nageboba bunebis 

silamazesTanaa Serwymuli (tab. V, 3). 

gaTxrebma gamoavlina samSeneblo (brtyeli, gverdebakecili, wiT- 

1 g. javaxiSvili. adrefeodaluri xanis qarTuli stelebi. Tb., 1998, gv. 5. 

2 n. CubinaSvili. qvemo qarTlis stela-jvrebi.., gv. 47. 

307

lad moxatuli da mouxatavi kramiti) da samzareulo (mouWiqavi da 

moWiquli WurWeli) keramikis, agreTve minis WurWlis mravalricxovani 

fragmentebi 1 , romlis mixedviT irkveva, rom eklesia aSenebis 

droidan uwyvetad funqcionirebda gvian Suasaukuneebamde (XVII- 

XVIIIss.). eklesiis irgvliv samarovania, romlis nawili, samwuxarod, 

restavraciisaTvis warmoebuli miwis samuSaoebisas gaanadgures (Ta- 

Rovani akldama, qvayuTebi), nawili gadarCenilia. 

kataulas wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesia warmoadgens ugumbaTo 

taZris nairsaxeobas, adre Suasaukuneebis e. w. `sameklesiiani bazilikis~ 

martiv variants. saqarTvelos adreuli Suasaukuneebis sakulto 

xuroTmoZRvreba (IV saukunidan VII saukunis Sua wlebamde), romelic 

nawilobriv emTxveva evropuli da winaaRmosavluri xelovnebis 

e.w. `Zvelqristianul xanas~, qarTuli qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis 

pirveli ayvavebis xanaa. aRniSnul xanaSi saqarTveloSi SemuSavda bazilikis 

Taviseburi varianti, romelsac qarTvelma mecnierebma `sameklesiani 

bazilika~ uwodes. garedan Tavisi `profiliT~ igi ar gansxvavdeba 

Cveulebrivi samnaviani bazilikisagan, magram SigniT navebi er- 

TmaneTisagan boZebiT ki ar aris gayofili, aramed kedlebiTaa gaTiSuli, 

e. i. arsebiTad, aq erT SenobaSi gaerTianebuli sami damoukidebeli 

samlocveloa. 

am tipis sakulto nagebobebis zogadi genezisi, gavrcelebis diapazoni 

da qronologiis sakiTxebi specialur samecniero literaturaSi 

sakmaod kargadaa garkveuli. bazilikis es tipi sxva qveynebSic 

gvxvdeba, magram am taZrebma CvenSi saintereso evolucia ganicades, 

wminda qarTuli warmomavlobis gansazRvrul damoukidebel tipad Camoyalibdnen 

da mxatvrulad dasrulebuli nawarmoebis saxe miiRes 2 . 

saqarTveloSi `sameklesiiani bazilikebis~ ageba kaxeTidan iwyeba, sadac 

am tipis or aTeulamde Zeglia Semonaxuli, Tumca am saerToqar- 

Tuli kulturuli movlenis amsaxveli Zeglebi qarTlsa da afxazeT- 

Sic mravlad SemogvrCa. mkvlevarTa azriT, `sameklesiiani bazilikis~ 

warmoSoba dRis ganmavlobaSi wirvis ramdenimejer gadaxdisa da yoveli 

wirvisTvis calke sakurTxevlis qonis aucileblobam ganapiroba 3 . 

am saxis Zeglebis uZveles nimuSebs, romlebic VI s-is Sua 

1 aRniSnuli masala calke gamoqveyndeba. 

2 Г. Н. Чубинашвили. Церковь близ сел Болнис-Капанакчи. – Христианский восток, т. 

V, вып. III. Петроград, 1916, gv. 67. g. CubinaSvili. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, 

t. I. tf., 1936, gv. 65-66; Г. Н. Чубинашвили. Архитектура Кахетии. Тб., 

1959, gv. 141. 

3 v. beriZe. Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba. Tb., 1974, gv. 25. 

308

wlebs miekuTvnebian, elementaruli aRnagoba aqvT: erTimeoris gverdiT 

ganlagebul sam wagrZelebul sadgoms erTmaneTTan karebi akavSirebs. 

Sua sadgomi gverdiTebze maRali da farToa, ris gamoc Senobas 

garedan namdvili bazilikis ieri aqvs. VII saukunidan, roca axali 

praqtikuli moTxovnilebebi gaCnda, mxatvruli amocanebic ufro mkafiod 

Camoyalibda, sameklesiiani bazilikebis tipi TandaTan garTulda, 

kompoziciurad ufro mTliani da Sekruli gaxda; gverdiTa navebi 

erTmaneTs dasavleTis SemaerTebeli galereiT daukavSirda. am galereidanaa 

Sesasvleli Sua eklesiaSi (navSi), romelic nagebobis dominantis 

mniSvnelobas iZens. calke gamoiyo ritualisTvis saWiro sadiakvne 

da samkveTlo. gaCnda axali motivi _ mrgval TaRebze dayrdnobili, 

gverdiTa eklesiebis or an samTaRiani Ria Sesasvlelebi. bazilikis 

es Taviseburi varianti arsebobas X saukunemde ganagrZobs. 

kataulas wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesia aRnagobiT saqarTvelo- 

Si gavrcelebuli `sameklesiiani bazilikebis~ pirveli nimuSebis 

msgavsia. aq ar aris dasavleTis SemaerTebeli nawili ganapira eklesiebs 

Soris, ar aris Sesasvleli dasavleTis mxridan. kataulas wm. 

giorgis adreulobaze metyvelebs qarTuli adreqristianuli reliefebisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebeli motivi _ wreSi Casmuli (bolnuri) tolmklava 

jvrebi. eklesia kompoziciur msgavsebas avlens kaxeTis zogierT 

ZeglTan, magaliTad, bolnisxevis wm. evstates eklesia gremTan 

da vazisubnis `samkarian~ eklesiasTan. es Zeglebi VI s-iT TariRdeba 

1 . kataulas wm. giorgis `sameklesiani bazilikis~ CrdiloeTis èklesiis~ 

oTxkuTxa formis absidis msgavsi absidebi gvxvdeba kondamianis, 

veliscixis, oTaraanis, vazisubnis, Sildis da sabuis `sameklesian 

bazilikebSi~. absidis oTxkuTxa formas g. CubinaSvili `sameklesiani 

bazilikebis~ TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis etapad Tvlis 2 . 

stilisturi niSnebiT kataulas wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesia 

sameklesiiani bazilikis martiv variants warmoadgens. taZris saxe 

jer kidev mxatvrulad SeumuSavebelia da arqaulobis aSkara xasiaTs 

atarebs. qvemo bolnisisa (V-VI ss.) 3 da gagris (VI s.) 4 sameklesiani 

bazilikebis msgavsad aqac ar aris SemaerTebeli nawili ganapira eklesiebs 

Soris, ar aris Sesasvleli dasavleTis mxridan, romlebic 

1 Г. Н. Чубинашвили. Архитектура Кахетии.., gv. 161, 159. 

2 Г. Н. Чубинашвили. Архитектура Кахетии.., gv. 163. 

3 Г. Н. Чубинашвили. Церков близ селения.., gv. 107, 115; v. beriZe. Zveli qar- 

Tuli xuroTmoZRvreba.., gv. 94. 

4 i. berZeniSvili. afxazeTis `sameklesiani bazilikebi~. _ marTlmadidebloba 

afxazeTSi da erovnuli TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxebi. Tb., 2005, 

gv. 57. 

309

am tipis SenobebSi mxolod VII saukunidan, axali moTxovnilebebis 

gamo (roca ritualisaTvis saWiro sadiakvne da samkveTlo gamoyves) 

Cndeba 1 . 

amrigad, xuroTmoZRvrul-stilisturi niSnebiT kataulas wm. 

giorgis eklesiis arqiteqtura VI-VII saukuneebs ukavSirdeba. `sameklesiiani 

bazilikebis~ pirveli nimuSebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli martivi 

kompozicia (Senobis dominantis, ganapira èklesiebis~ SemaerTebeli 

galereisa da mrgval TaRebze dayrdnobili Ria Sesasvlelebis 

ararseboba), stilisturi niSnebi, samSeneblo teqnika, arsebuli paralelebi 

da arqeologiuri masala (samSeneblo keramika, reliefuri 

jvrebi) myar safuZvels iZleva kataulas wm. giorgis saxelobis eklesiis 

aSenebis drod VI-VII saukuneebis mijna miviCnioT. 

1 g. CubinaSvili. qarTuli xelovnebis istoria.., gv. 66; Г. Н. Чубинашвили. 

Архитектура Кахетии.., gv. 141. 

310

REVAZ KHVISTANI 

KATAULA’S ST. GEORGE’S CHURCH 

Kataula’s St. George’s Church situated in Kavtiskhevi village of the 

Kaspi Region, Kartli, attracted the attention of the scientists in the 1920’s of 

owing to the stone-pillar (Stele) found in the altar whose relief decor contains 

the images of religious–symbolic and holy characters, mundane portraits and 

the Old Georgian legends (Asomtavruli). The summer archaeological expedition 

of 2006 organized by the Otar Lortkipanidze Institute of the Georgian National 

Museum (headed by R. Khvistani) and conducted with the aim of projection 

and restoration of Kataula’s St. George’s Church yielded significant results. 

After the removal of the detritus and the thick layer of earth from the monument 

there appeared the old damaged but the primary form of the church. It 

is a peculiar version of the basilica made in medieval Georgia, a construction 

with a simple composition characteristic of the first patterns of a three-church 

basilica (11.25X8.42 m). Among the material found in the monument as a result 

of the archaeological excavations (the kitchen, the building ceramics, the 

earthware, the relief crosses) of particular interest is the stone-pillar (stele) 

whose relief decor in the altar of the church’s central nave like the formerly 

discovered stone-pillar’s relief carving manner contains analogically executed 

images of religious-symbolic and holy characters, mundane portraits and the 

Old Georgian legends (Asomtavruli). The archaeological material, the building 

techniques, the stylistic sing and the existing parallels (the Lower Bolnisi’s and 

the Old Gagra’s tree-church basilicas dated 6 th century) gives us every reason 

to suppose that Kataula’s St. George’s Church was built in the 6 th century. 

311

312

tab. II 

313

1 

2 

tab. III 

314

tab. III 

3 

315

1 

2 

tab. IV 

316

tab. IV 

3 

1 

tab. V 

317

2 

tab. V 

3 

318

sur. 1 

319

320 



t. I, 2007 

politologia, sociologia 

dazmir jojua 

1991 wlis agvistos putCi da 

saqarTvelo 

roca 1870-1871 wlebis safrangeT-prusiis omis Semdeg safrangeTis 

mesame respublikis pirvelma prezidentma a. tierma cnobil germanel 

istorikoss rankes hkiTxa: _ vis ebrZvis germania napoleons 

III-is damxobis Semdeg _ rankem upasuxa: `germania ebrZvis ludoviko 

XIV-s~. pasuxi savsebiT naTelia imaTTvis, visac Tundac zedapiruli 

warmodgena aqvs evropis istoriaze: misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom 

elzasi da loTaringia safrangeTma swored ludoviko XIV-is dros 

SeierTa 1 . amave logikiT, vTqvaT, germania 1914-1918 wlebSi ebrZoda 

ivane mrisxanesa da petre pirvels. 

1991-1993 wlebSi ruseTi ebrZoda daviT aRmaSenebelsa da giorgi 

brwyinvales, simon I-sa da ilia WavWavaZes, e.i. ebrZoda ara z. gamsaxurdias 

`diqtaturas~ da àvtoritarul mmarTvelobas~, ara osebisa 

da afxazebis `genocidis~ surviliT Sepyrobil qarTul `fa- 

Sizms~, aramed saqarTvelos erTianobis strategias, misi erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi 

aRdginebis ideas. am brZolaSi kremlis imperokratias 

mravlad hyavda sayrdeni Zalebis rolSi XX saukunis liparit ba- 

RvaSebi Tu `civis mTaze gaJletili erisTavebi~, daud-xanebi Tu sergo 

orjonikiZeebi. aq saqme mxolod imaSi rodia, rom ruseTi cdilobda 

da yovelTvis ecdeba qarTuli miwebis mitacebas e.w. `mcocavi 

aneqsiis~ gziT. es problema gacilebiT rTuli da mravalwaxnagovania 

da misi obieqturi gaazreba mxolod geopolitikis kognitiuri struqturebis 

prizmaSia SesaZlebelic da aucilebelic. 

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi sabWoTa kavSirSi 

sagrZnoblad gaaqtiurdnen mZlavri teqtonikuri Zalebi, romelTac 

SeeZloT am imperiis mTeli geopolitikuri konfiguraciis radikaluri 

Secvla. m. gorbaCovis `perestroikasTan~ erTad, madestabilizebel 

1 Ю. С. Пивоваров, А. И. Фурсов. Проблема НАТО сквозь призму противостояния 

"Россия – Запад": конец пятисотлетнего спора http://www.e-journal.ru/p–euro-st1-9.- 

html.

Zalebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili daikava qarTulma erovnul-ganma- 

Tavisuflebelma moZraobam. 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris saparlamento 

arCevnebis Sedegad, romelsac Cven vuwodebT mSvidobian erovnul-konservatiul 

revolucias, qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba gaxda saxelmwifos 

politikuri xelisufleba. 1990 wlis 14 noembers axladarCeuli 

uzenaesi sabWos pirvelsave sesiaze mis Tavmjdomared airCies 

zviad gamsaxurdia. saqarTvelo gamocxadda respublikad da aRdgenil 

iqna erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi simbolika. `gardamavali periodis Sesaxeb~ 

miRebul dadgenilebaSi erovnulma parlamentma gamoacxada 

gardamavali periodi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sruli (de-faqto 

da de-iure) aRdgenisaTvis safuZvlebis Semzadebis mizniT. Tavis saprogramo 

gamosvlaSi z. gamsaxurdiam aRniSna, rom àxal etapze erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli 

moZraobis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobda, 

rom amieridan brZolas damoukideblobisaTvis saTaveSi Caudga uzenaesi 

sabWo, rogorc xelisuflebis arCeuli organo~. 1 maSasadame, moxda 

erovnuli moZraobis legitimizacia, gasaxelmwifoebriveba. erovnul 

parlaments eniWeboda dualisturi funqcia _ is warmoadgenda rogorc 

legitimur sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas, iseve erovnuli moZraobis 

warmmarTvel centrsac, erovnuli daumorCileblobis ZiriTad 

iuridiul instituts. 

z. gamsaxurdias gardamavali xelisufleba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos 

(obieqturad verc iqneboda) srulfasovan liberalur demokratiad. 

is SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc marTvadi demokratia avtoritaruli 

da qarizmatuli tendenciebiT, rogorc saprezidento xelisuflebis 

dominireba elituri urTierTobebis pluralisturi struqturebis 

SenarCunebiT. rac Seexeba sagareo politikasa da diplomatiur 

doqtrinas; 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom, eyrdnoboda 

ra amave wlis 31 martis saerToerovnuli referendumis Sedegebs, 

oficialurad gamoacxada saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb 

da miiRo Sesabamisi dokumenti _ damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti. 

arsebiTad, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena gulisxmobda ruseTTan 

da im periodisaTvis jer kidev arsebul ssrk-Tan subordinaciuli 

saxelmwifoebrivi kavSirebis gawyvetas da Tvisobrivad axali 

tipis, Tanasworuflebianobasa da saerTaSoriso-samarTlebrivi normebis 

prioritetze damyarebuli urTierTobebisaTvis mzadyofnas. amitom 

cxadia, rom axali qarTuli saxelmwifos diplomatiisa da sagareo 

politikis erT-erTi veqtori, garkveuli pozitiuri gagebiT, 

CrdiloeTisaken iyo mimarTuli. 

1 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 12 noemberi, 1990w. 


321

qarTuli diplomatiis am `CrdiloeTis veqtoris~ mniSvnelobas 

zrdida is garemoebac, rom saqarTvelos, rogorc ssr kavSiris yofili 

respublikis saerTaSoriso cnobis perspeqtiva ZiriTadad swored 

sabWoTa kavSirSi ganviTarebul procesebze iyo damokidebuli. amas- 

Tan, z. gamsaxurdia kargad acnobierebda moskovTan urTierTobis regionalur 

ganzomilebas _ es urTierToba aqtualuri iyo kavkasiis 

regionSi stabiluri geopolitikuri sivrcis Seqmnis Tvalsazrisi- 

Tac. ssrk-is daSlamde (1991 wlis dekemberi) qarTuli diplomatiis 

`CrdiloeTis veqtori~ ori mimarTulebiT viTardeboda. es gamowveuli 

iyo imperiis sivrceSi ori didi politikuri centris _ ssrk-is 

xelisuflebisa da sakuTriv ruseTis federaciuli respublikis xelisuflebis 

_ erTdrouli arsebobiT. 

z. gamsaxurdias urTierToba sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobas- 

Tan mudmivi daZabulobisa da konfrontaciis viTarebaSi warimarTa. es 

gamowveuli iyo prezident m. gorbaCovis aSkarad antiqarTuli politikiT 

`samaCablos sakiTxSi~. amave dros, kremlis seriozul ukmayofilebas 

iwvevda saqarTvelos kategoriuli uari monawileoba mieRo 

axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis (e.w. `novo-ogariovos procesi~) 

momzadebaSi da am formiT ar Seewyvita Tavisi wevroba sabWoTa kav- 

Siris SemadgenlobaSi. samagierod, sawyis etapze erTgvari aRmasvliT 

viTardeboda urTierToba ruseTis federaciis politikur elitasTan. 

mag., `samaCablos sakiTxSi~ b. elcinma maSin konstruqciuli pozicia 

daikava, rasac mohyva misi da z. gamsaxurdias Sexvedra yazbegSi 

1991w. 23 marts da e.w. `yazbegis deklaraciis~ xelmowera 1 . deklaraciaSi 

xazgasmuli iyo saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba da mis 

saSinao saqmeebSi ruseTis yovelgvari Carevis dauSvebloba. amave pozitiuri 

kuTxiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT z. gamsaxurdias monawileoba 

moskovSi gamarTul b. elcinis saprezidento inauguraciaSi (1991w. 

ivnisi). 

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobani radikalurad Seicvala 1991 

wlis 18-21 agvistos moskovSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Semdeg. 

cnobilia, rom es movlenebi istoriografiasa da politikur publicistikaSi 

àgvistos putCis~ definiciiT aris Sesuli 2 . moskovis putCi, 

miuxedavad mcire qronologiuri lokalizaciisa, imdenad rTuli 

da mravalwaxnagovani movlenaa, rom mis Sesaxeb srulyofili, Tundac 

mxolod mimoxilviTi naSromis Seqmna did siZneleebTan aris dakavSi- 

1 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 25 marti, 1991w. 

2 ix. Новейшая история отечества. XX век. Т. II. Под редакцией проф. Э. Щагина. М., 

1999, gv. 380-384. 

322

ebuli. amave dros, uaRresad rTuli samecniero problemaa putCis 

mimarT saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisuflebis damokidebulebis sruli 

da amomwuravi analizi. amitom, Cven xazi gavusviT mxolod procesis 

Sinagani dinamikis ganmazogadebel momentebs, ris gamoc sakiTxebi, 

romlebic problemis mecnieruli gadawyvetisaTvis aris saWiro, 

Cvens mier dasmulia saboloo garkvevis pretenziis gareSe. 

problemis srulfasovani mecnieruli atribucia aSkarad gaZnelebulia 

wyaroebrivi bazis uaRresad SezRuduli raodenobiT. garkveuli 

mizezebis gamo putCis mimarT saqarTvelos xelisuflebis damokidebulebis 

amsaxveli saarqivo masala faqtobrivad ar arsebobs, 

xolo kuluaruli informaciebi maTi avtorebis politikuri simpa- 

Tia-antipaTiebiT da Rrma fsiqologizmiT aris aRsavse, ris gamoc ma- 

Ti reprezentatulobis xarisxi sakmaoze dabalia. aman saSualeba misca 

opoziciur politikur publicistikas (mag., T. siguas interviuebi 

da maTSi aqcentis gakeTeba e.w. ìanaevis dakiTxvis oqmebze~, putCisturi 

`generalitetis~ warmomadgenelTa (T. kitovani, T. dumbaZe, g. 

lanCava) `mtkicebebi” gkCp-Tan z. gamsaxurdias TiTqosda SemTanxmeblur 

urTierTobebze da sxv.) da istoriografias (mag., u. bluaSvilis 

faqtobrivad calmxrivi da arafrismTqmeli ritorika g. ianaevis 

xuntasTan TanamSromlobiT() z. gamsaxurdias mier Cadenili `danaSaulis~ 

Sesaxeb 1 da a.S.), Seeqmna aSkarad manipulatoruli da piarteqnologiuri 

suraTi am problematuri sakiTxis garSemo. aRniSnul 

`koncefciaTa~ aradiplomatiuri da diletanturi `gnosisi~ maT avtorTa 

tendenciurobis produqtia. `SevardnaZis epoqam~ marTlac rom 

didi manipulatorebi da kombinatorebi warmoSva da ara mxolod politikosTa 

Soris. 

dRemde gansaxilvel problemasTan mimarTebaSi SeimCneva erTgvari 

publicisturi reduqcia _ uaRresad rTuli movlenis erTgvari 

gamartiveba, mTeli procesis dayvana erovnuli gvardiis statusis 

formalur-iuridiul Secvlaze da 1991w. 19 agvistos Sesabamisi br- 

Zanebulebebis absolutizaciaze. Cveni ZiriTadi amocana swored am 

reduqcionizmis uaryofa da problemis kompleqsuri obieqturi analizia. 

rac Seexeba zemoTTqmul wyaroTmcodneobiT `siviwroves~, istoriografiaSi 

aprobirebulia specifikuri, ase vTqvaT, kontrmeTodi: 

samecniero kvleva-Ziebisas dasaSvebia da bunebrivic, rom esa Tu is 

movlena, romelic SeuZlebelia aRdges saarqivo da sxva saxis wyaroebiT, 

rekonstruirebul iqnes konkretul-istoriuli situaciis gaT- 

1 u. bluaSvili. politikuri partiebi da erovnuli moZraoba saqarTveloSi 

1988-1991 wlebSi. Tb., 1994, gv. 43. 

323

valiswinebiT da logikuri analizis gziT. am SemTxvevaSi istoriuli 

`logosi~ akompensirebs istoriuli faqtografiis arasakmarisobas. 

saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisufleba kargad acnobierebda qveynis 

damoukideblobisaTvis sabWoTa da rusuli imperializmis mxridan 

momdinare safrTxeebs da riskis faqtorebs. man imTaviTve airCia sruli 

suverenitetisa da deokupaciis kursi da uari Tqva m. gorbaCovis 

administraciis egidiT mimdinare axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis 

momzadebis procesSi (e.w. `novo-ogariovos procesSi~) monawileobaze 

1 . saqarTvelom, baltiis qveynebma, somxeTma da moldovam 1991w. maisSi 

daafuZnes alternatiuli `kiSiniovis forumi~, rogorc samokav- 

Sireo xelSekrulebis armomwer saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobisa da 

koordinaciis saxelmwifoTaSorisi koalicia. 

rogor warimarTa agvistos putCi, rogorc politikuri procesi 

imTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom es procesi warmoadgenda ara imdenad 

dapirispirebas demokratiisa da konservatiuli reaqciis Zalebs 

Soris, ramdenadac brZolas ZalauflebisaTvis partiul-nomenklaturul 

dajgufebebs Soris da, aqedan gamomdinare, nomenklaturuli gadatrialebis, 

Sidasaxelisuflebo frondis mcdelobas. rac Seexeba 

xsenebul dajgufebaTa gegmebSi sabWoTa sivrcis politikur-teritoriuli 

mowyobis proeqtebs, aq erTmaneTs daupirispirda arsebuli imperiis 

SenarCunebisa da èlcinis gundis” mier SemuSavebuli `liberaluri 

imperiis” strategiebi. agvistos movlenebis Sinagani arsis 

amgvar definicias fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs z. gamsaxurdias mier 

gamoCenili neitralitetis marTlzomierebis mtkicebisaTvis. magram 

amaze qvemoT. 

`novo-ogariovos procesi~ dasasruls miuaxlovda da axali samokavSireo 

xelSekrulebis xelmoweris dRed 1991w. 20 agvisto dadginda. 

29 ivliss m. gorbaCovi konfidencialur viTarebaSi Sexvda ruseTisa 

da yazaxeTis prezidentebs _ b. elcinsa da n. nazarbaevs da 

maTTan ganixila samokavSireo xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdgomi 

sakadro cvlilebebi ssrk-s umaRles xelmZRvanelobaSi 2 . dadgenilia, 

rom konkretulad saubari iyo v. pavlovis (premier-ministri), b. pugos 

(Sinagan saqmeTa ministri), d. iazovis (Tavdacvis ministri) da v. 

kriuCkovis (suk-is Tavmjdomare) gadayenebaze 3 . amdenad, cxadze ucxa- 

1 molaparakebebi formuliT `9+1~ mimdinareobda m. gorbaCovis qalaqgare 

rezidenciaSi novo-ogariovoSi, 1991w. 29 aprilidan. proeqtis saboloo 

varianti miiRes 17 ivniss, xolo xelmowera daigegma 20 agvistosaTvis. 

2 Новейшая история отечества. XX век. Т. II.., gv. 379. 

3 Новейшая история отечества. XX век. Т. II, gv. 379. 

324

desia, rom 20 agvistos axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis dadebis- 

Tanave zemoxsenebuli pirebi avtomaturad kargavdnen Tanamdebobriv 

statuss sabWoTa imperiis umaRles ierarqiaSi. gadatrialebis organizaciisTvis 

maTi nomenklaturuli interesebi savsebiT naTelia. arada, 

swored es òTxeuli~ gaxda putCis Taviseburi mentaluri centri. 

18 agvistos forosis agarakze m. gorbaCovTan (is aq isvenebda 5 

agvistodan) gamocxaddnen o. baklanovi, n. Senini, gen. v. varenikovi 

da a. plexanovi. delegaciam gorbaCovs uCvena momavali sagangebo mdgomareobis 

saxelmwifo komitetis (e.w. ГКЧП – Государственный комитет 

по чрезвычайному положению. Cvens teqstSi qarTuli abreviatura 

vamjobineT _ SemdegSi `smsk~ _ d.j.) Semadgenloba da mosTxova 

qveyanaSi sagangebo mdgomareobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb brZanebulebis 

xelmowera 1 . m. gorbaCovma kategoriuli uari ganacxada qveyanaSi sagangebo 

situaciis samarTlebrivi reJimis dawesebaze, rac iniciatorebs 

SeTqmulebad da aralegitimur dajgufebad aqcevda. moskovSi dabrunebisTanave 

maT prezidenti araqmedunarianad gamoacxades da Camoayalibes 

sagangebo mdgomareobis saxelmwifo komiteti, rogorc sagangebo 

mdgomareobis reJimSi ssrk-is marTvis mTavari organo. smsk-Si 

Sevidnen: g. ianaevi _ prezidentis movaleobis Semsrulebeli, v. pavlovi 

_ premier-ministri, b. pugo _ Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, v. kriuCkovi 

_ suk-is Tavmjdomare, d. iazovi _ Tavdacvis ministri, o. 

baklanovi _ ssrk-s Tavdacvis sabWos Tavmjdomaris pirveli moadgile, 

v. starodubcevi _ ssrk-s agrarikosTa kavSiris Tavmjdomare da a. 

tiziakovi _ ssrk-s saxelmwifo sawarmoebis da mrewvelobis, mSeneblobis, 

transportisa da kavSirgabmulobis obieqtebis asociaciis 

prezidenti 2 . 1991w. 19 agvistos gamoqveynda smsk-is #1 brZanebuleba, 

romelSic putCistebi acxadebdnen maT mier ganxorcielebuli aqciis 

kanonierebisa da marTlzomierebis Sesaxeb, aseve Riad afiqsirebdnen 

saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mizezebs _ qveynis suverenitetisaTvis damRupveli 

politikis SeCereba da ssrk-s erTianobis SenarCuneba. smsk-ma 

gamoacxada _ qveynis zogierT regionSi sagangebo mdgomareobis Semo- 

Reba, opoziciuri politikuri partiebisa da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis 

akrZalva, mitingebisa da demonstraciebis akrZalva, masobrivi 

informaciis saSualebebze saxelmwifo kontrolis daweseba da a.S. 3 

Cvens mier dasmuli problemis konteqstSi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria 

smsk-is #1 brZanebulebis (sul igi Seicavda 16 punqts) ram- 

1 М. С. Горбачев. Августовский путч. Причина и следствия. М., 1991, gv. 34. 

2 А. А. Данилов, Л. Г. Косулина. История России. XX век. М., 2000, gv. 529. 


325

denime punqti, romlebsac srulad moviyvanT: 

... 2. dauyovnebliv gauqmdes ssrk konstituciisa da kanonebis 

sawinaaRmdegod moqmedi xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis organoebi, 

gasamxedroebuli formirebani. 

3. amieridan ukanonod iTvleba xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis 

organoTa is kanonebi da gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian 

ssrk konstituciasa da kanonebs. 

4. Sewydes im politikuri partiebis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa 

da masobrivi moZraobebis moRvaweoba, romlebic xels uSlian 

viTarebis normalizacias. 

7. ... aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi SemoRebul iqnas komendantis saaTi, 

teritoriis patrulireba, sasazRvro da sabaJo reJimis gamkacreba. 

kontrolqveS unda iqnas ayvanili umTavresi saxelmwifo da sameurneo 

da sasicocxlo daniSnulebis obieqtebi...~. 1 

rogorc vxedavT, agvistos putCi xdeboda seriozuli riskis 

faqtori saqarTvelos erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi usafrTxoebisaTvis. 

misi Tundac droebiTi warmateba Cvens qveyanaSic da mis irgvlivac 

permanentuli daZabulobis seriozul da saxifaTo kerebs qmnida. 

zemoTmoyvanili #1 gadawyvetilebis realizacia saqarTvelos mudmivi 

destabilizaciis perspeqtiviT emuqreboda. kerZod: me-2 punqti 

kanongareSe acxadebda saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosilebebs, 

prefeqturis instituts, 1991 wlis ianvarSi Camoyalibebul erovnul 

gvardias, aseve opoziciur erovnul kongresSi integrirebul paramilitarul 

jgufebs; me-3 punqti avtomatur reJimSi auqmebda saqarTvelos 

uzenaesi sabWos mier 1990 wlis 11 noembridan miRebuli 

kanonebis, normatiuli aqtebisa da gadawyvetilebebis umravlesobas, 

maT Soris, 1991 wlis 31 martis referendumis Sedegebs da 9 aprilis 

damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqts; me-4 punqti krZalavda ara mxolod 

opoziciuri partiebis, aramed TviT mmarTveli blokis funqcionirebas; 

me-7 punqti iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gverdis 

avliT saqarTvelos teritoriaze dislocirebuli amierkavkasiis 

samxedro olqis SenaerTebis saWiroebisamebr gamoyenebas. 

erovnuli gvardiis (iseve rogorc sxva respublikis analogiuri 

SenaerTebis) likvidaciis moTxovna xazgasmiT daafiqsira smsk-is Tavmjdomarem 

g. ianaevma Tavis 18 agvistos `mimarTvaSi~, romlis adresatebi 

iyvnen gaero-s generaluri mdivani da msoflios saxelmwifoTa 

da mTavrobaTa meTaurebi: `... gaTvaliswinebulia im antikonstituciuri, 

ukontrolo da arsebiTad danaSaulebrivi samxedro formirebebis 

1 gaz. «Правда», 20 Августа, 1991г. 

326

likvidacia, romlebic Tesen moralur da fizikur terors ssrk-is 

mTel rig regionebSi da warmoadgenen dezintegraciuli procesebis 

katalizatorebs~. 1 yvelam kargad icis, Tu ra `moraluri da fizikuri 

terori daTesa~ saqarTvelos erovnulma gvardiam Sida qarTlSi, 

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da samaCablos qarTuli mosaxleobis 

dacvisaTvis mimdinare samarTlian omSi. 

1991w. 19 agvistos ssrk umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomarem 

a. lukianovma 26 agvistosTvis moiwvia sabWos riggareSe sesia 

2 . cxadia, rom riggareSe sesias unda daemtkicebina gadawyvetileba 

sagangebo mdgomareobis SemoRebis Sesaxeb da amiT moexdina smsk-isa 

da putCisturi gadatrialebis legitimacia. 

agvistos putCis dReebSi gadatrialebis winaaRmdeg brZolis centri 

gaxda ruseTis federaciis xelmZRvaneloba. mimarTvaSi `ruseTis 

moqalaqeebs~ prezidentma b. elcinma, uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomarem r. 

xasbulatovma da ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomarem i. silaevma momxdari 

Seafases, rogorc reaqtiuli antikonstituciuri saxelmwifo gadatrialeba 

da mouwodes mosaxleobas ar Seesrulebina smsk-is gadawyvetilebebi. 

amave dros, specialuri brZanebulebiT b. elcinma saku- 

Tar daqvemdebarebaSi gadaiyvana ruseTis teritoriaze arsebuli 

ssrk-s aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebi, maT Soris suki, Tavdacvisa 

da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebi. 

rogori iyo dasavleTis reaqcia rasakvirvelia, calsaxad negatiuri. 

1991w. 19 agvistos aSS-is prezidentis administraciam gamoaqveyna 

specialuri gancxadeba, romelSic moskovSi mimdinare process 

antidemokratiuli gadatrialebis kvalifikacia misca da xazgasmiT 

aRniSna, rom TeTri saxli am gadatrialebas mxars ar dauWerda. amas- 

Tan, j. buSma Camoayaliba ssrk-s mimarT aSS-is politikis Semdegi sabaziso 

principebi: ssrk-Si demokratiisa da reformebis politikis 

gagrZeleba; aSS mxars uWers yvela konstituciurad arCeul xelmZRvanels 

da gamodis Zalis gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg; aSS gamodis Zalis 

gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebSi, aseve nebismier 

sxva respublikaSi mTavrobaTa Secvlis mizniT; aSS mouwodebs 

ssrk-s daicvas Tavisi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebani da valdebulebani 

helsinkis aqtisa da parizis qartiis Sesabamisad 3 . analogiuri 

gancxadeba gaakeTa nato-s generalurma mdivanma m. viornerma, romelmac 

aRniSna, rom `natos farglebSi miRebuli iqneba sifrTxilidan 

1 gaz. «Правда», 20 Августа... 

2 gaz. «Правда», 20 Августа... 

3 gaz. «Правда», 21 aвгуста 1991г. 

327

gamomdinare zomebi, raTa garkveulma Zalebma Tavi Seikavon sagareopolitikuri 

avantiurebisagan~. 1 

agvistos putCi damarcxda. elcinis dajgufebam SeZlo mosaxleobis 

udidesi nawilis upirobo mxardaWeris mopoveba da situaciis 

kontrolqveS ayvana. cxadia, udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda armiisa da 

suk-is specnawilebis mier gamoCenil neitralitets. 21 agvistos forosSi 

gafrindnen d. iazovi, o. baklanovi, v. kriuCkovi, a. lukianovi 

da sxva, magram isini m. gorbaCovma ar miiRo. ramdenime saaTSi forosSi 

Cavidnen ruseTis vice-prezidenti a. ruckoi da premier-ministri 

i. silaevi. maTi gorbaCovTan molaparakebis Semdeg smsk-is wevrebi 

daapatimres. imave Rames gorbaCovi moskovSi dabrunda 2 . 

agvistos movlenebis ori umTavresi Sedegia gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo 

da mniSvnelovani: 1. gaZlierda ssrk-is dezintegraciis procesi 

da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla Seuqcevadi gaxda; 2. imperiis metropoliur 

struqturebSi gaZlierda èlcinis dajgufebis~ statusi, 

romelmac arsebiTad Caanacvla `gorbaCovis dajgufeba~ da sakuTar 

Tavze aiRo erTiani imperiuli sivrcis SenarCunebis amocanis gadawyvetis 

funqcia. 

moskovis putCis Sesaxeb pirvelive cnobebis miRebisTanave prezidentma 

z. gamsaxurdiam saswrafod Sewyvita Svebuleba daba yazbegSi 

da dedaqalaqSi dabrunda. 18 agvistos mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi is 

awarmoebda politikur konsultaciebs Tavis uaxloes garemocvasTan 

da mmarTveli blokis saparlamento fraqciasTan. rogorc Cans, es 

konsultaciebi warimarTa gaurkvevlobisa da erTgvari dabneulobis 

reJimSi, radganac praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo putCis pirvel saa- 

TebSi moskovidan met-naklebad detaluri informaciis miReba. situaciis 

zogadi parametrebisa da saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri resursebis 

Sefasebis safuZvelze, smsk-Tan Ria konfrontaciis SemTxvevaSi 

qveynisaTvis SesaZlo totaluri saSiSroebis masStabebis gaTvaliswinebiT 

z. gamsaxurdiam airCia aqtiuri neitralitetis taqtika. 

raSi gamovlinda es aqtiuri neitraliteti 

1991w. 19 agvistos gamoqveynda saqarTvelos prezidentis, uzenaesi 

sabWos prezidiumisa da ministrTa sabWos erToblivi mimarTva saqarTvelos 

mosaxleobisadmi. masSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom moskovSi Seqmnilia 

arastabiluri situacia da axlo momavalSi SesaZloa igi umarTavi 

gaxdes, amitom saqarTvelos mosaxleobam unda gamoiCinos sifrTxile, 

goniereba, SorsmWvreteloba, ar ayves mosalodnel provoka- 

1 gaz. «Правда», 21 aвгуста... 


328

ciebs. respublikis yvela saxelmwifo dawesebulebam da sazogadoebrivma 

organizaciam saqmianoba unda gaagrZelos Cveulebriv reJimSi da 

a.S 1 . rogorc vxedavT, am erTobliv mimarTvaSi sakmaod naTlad da 

orazrovnebis gareSe, amasTan, garkveuli diplomatiuri etiketis dacviT 

dafiqsirda saqarTvelos xelisuflebis pozicia. 

19 agvistos TbilisSi sagangebo misiiT Camovida ssrk Tavdacvis 

ministris moadgile, armiis generali v. Suravliovi, romelsac specialuri 

instruqciebi hqonda rogorc g. ianaevisagan, aseve d. iazovisagan 

da marSal s. axromeevisagan. rasakvirvelia, es instruqciebi iTvaliswinebda 

saqarTvelos xelisuflebis daSinebas samxedro Zalis muqariT 

da amis Sedegad saqarTvelos teritoriaze smsk-is gadawyvetilebaTa 

realizaciis uzrunvelyofas. gen. v. Suravliovs Sexvdnen 

prezidenti z. gamsaxurdia da uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare a. asaTiani. 

molaparakebaSi monawileobda amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis sardali 

gen. v. patrikeevi. samwuxarod, molaparakebis oqmi an misi metnaklebad 

xelmisawvdomi aRweriloba ar arsebobs. magram SesaZlebelia 

misi arsebiTi mxareebis rekonstruireba saqarTvelos uzenaesi 

sabWos 26 agvistos sagangebo sesiis erovnuli gvardiisadmi mimarTvis 

teqstidan 2 da saqarTvelos prezidentis presmdivnis 1991 wlis 

27 agvistos gancxadebidan 3 . 

molaparakebaze gen. v. Suravliovma wamoayena ramdenime ultimatumi, 

romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo saqarTvelos erovnuli 

gvardiis gauqmebis moTxovna. cxadia, rom smsk-is #1 brZanebulebis 

me-2 punqtis fonze es moTxovna iyo kategoriuli da imperatiuli. 

TavisTavad, am moTxovnis ultimaturi formiT z. gamsaxurdiasaTvis 

wayeneba niSnavda saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi uxeS Carevas, Tanac 

samxedro ZaliT damuqrebis saxiT. sagulisxmoa, rom swored molaparakebis 

mimdinareobis droisaTvis amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis 

Tbilisis garnizonis nawilebma kontroli daaweses Tbilisis aeroportsa 

da rkinigzis sadgurze. 

Sexvedraze gen. v. Suravliovma pirdapir gamoacxada, rom moTxovnis 

Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa jaris nawilebs micemuli 

aqvT brZaneba saqarTvelos erovnuli gvardiis ganadgurebis Sesaxeb. v. 

Suravliovis aRniSnuli muqaris da saqarTveloze pirdapiri samxedro 

dartymis saSiSroebis safuZvlianobas naTelyofen sxva dokumentebic. 

magaliTad, 1991w. 19 agvistos dilis 4 sT-sa da 30 wT-ze ssrk Tav- 

1 saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos uwyebebi. #8, 1991, gv. 185. 

2 saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos uwyebebi, #8, 1991, gv. 188. 

3 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 27 agvisto, 1991w. 

329

dacvis ministrma d. iazovma ssrk jarebis saxeobaTa mTavarsardlebsa da 

generalur Stabebs, flotebisa da olqebis (maT Soris amierkavkasiis 

samxedro olqis) sardlebs gaugzavna saidumlo daSifruli telegrama 

#8825 1 . SifrogramaSi iyo samxedro mzadyofnaSi (`mzadyofna #1~) jarebis 

moyvanisa da maTi situaciis Sesabamisad amoqmedebis brZaneba. maSasadame, 

19 agvistosTvis saqarTveloSi dislocirebuli sabWoTa armiis 

yvela SenaerTi da nawili imyofeboda #1 mzadyofnis sagangebo reJimSi. 

sayuradReboa erTi interviu, romelic cota mogvianebiT gazeT `moskovskie 

novostis~ korespondents al. kakotkins misca amierkavkasiis samxedro 

olqis erT-erTi diviziis inkognitod darCenilma meTaurma. man 

Jurnalists ganucxada: `samxedro konfrontaciis SemTxvevaSi, imwuTsave 

saqarTvelos erovnuli gvardiis winaaRmdeg gadavisrodiT masze oTxjer 

met Zalebs...~. 2 

amdenad, smsk-is mier miRebuli brZanebulebis detaluri analizi, 

d. iazovis #8825 brZanebisa da gen. v. Suravliovis muqaris 

strategiuli atribucia, sabWoTa samxedro nawilebis moqmedeba Tbilisis 

aeroportsa da vagzlis moedanTan _ yovelive es safuZvels 

gvaZlevs vamtkicoT, rom arsebobda saqarTveloze pirdapiri samxedro 

dartymis realuri safrTxe. cxadia isic, rom smsk-Tan samxedro 

konfrontaciis SemTxvevaSi, saSiSroeba emuqreboda ara mxolod z. 

gamsaxurdias xelisuflebas, aramed saerTod saqarTvelos _ konstituciuri 

wyobilebis damxobiT, samxreT oseTis suverenizaciiT, partnomenklaturis 

xelisuflebaSi aRdgeniTa da sayovelTao anarqiiTa 

da destabilizaciiT. 

Seqmnil situaciaSi, mosalodneli Zalismieri zewolis Tavidan 

acilebisa da kremlisaTvis intervenciis sababis armicemis mizniT, z. 

gamsaxurdiam gadadga kompromisuli taqtikuri nabiji: 1991w. 19 agvistos 

man xeli moawera brZanebulebas `saqarTvelos respublikis 

Sinagan saqmeTa saministros Sinagani jarebis _ erovnuli gvardiis 

reorganizaciis Sesaxeb~. 3 brZanebuleba droebiT cvlida (da ar auqmebda) 

erovnuli gvardiis statuss, radganac igi ar auqmebda 1991w. 

29 ianvris organul kanons gvardiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. faqtobrivi status-kvo 

ucvlelad tovebda gvardiis SeiaraRebisa da piradi Semadgenlobis 

raodenobriv maCveneblebs, dislokaciis zonebs. cvlilebas 

daeqvemdebara mxolod de iure statusi _ gvardias eZleoda òmonis~ 

qvedanayofis statusi da eqvemdebareboda Sinagan saqmeTa minist- 

1 Август-9. М., 1991, gv. 14. 

2 gaz. «Московские новости», 8 сентября 1991г. 

3 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 21 agvisto, 1991w. 

330

is moadgiles, xolo erovnuli gvardiis sardlis Tanamdeboba da 

Tavdacvis samTavrobo komisia uqmdeboda. arsebiTad, sakuTriv erovnuli 

gvardiisaTvis 19 agvistos brZanebulebas mohyveboda erTaderTi 

nomenklaturuli cvlileba _ T. kitovani da misi garemocvis zogierTi 

araprofesionali generali kargavdnen Tanamdebobebs. 

aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebiT z. gamsaxurdiam gvardiac SeinarCuna 

da imperiis samxedro manqanas saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg damsjeli aqciebis 

Catarebis sababic mouspo. amave dros, smsk-is samxedro emisreb- 

Tan kontaqtebze TanxmobiT man Seqmna erTgvari kompromisuli foni, 

erTgvari politikuri sivrce manevrirebisaTvis putCis SesaZlo, Tundac 

droebiTi warmatebis SemTxvevisaTvis. mTavari mainc is aris, rom 

`19 agvistos kompromiss~ safuZvlad hqonda saqarTvelos erovnuli 

xelisuflebis sruliad logikuri miswrafeba _ mis qmedebebs ar gamoewvia 

`centris~ intervencia da samxedro represiebi, aRekveTa samxedro 

operaciebis provocirebis saSiSroeba. 

1991w. 20 agvistos z. gamsaxurdiam specialuri mimarTva gaugzavna 

dasavleTis qveynebis xalxebsa da mTavrobebs 1 . preambulaSi man 

moskovSi Seqmnil viTarebas àrastabiluri situacia~ uwoda da xazi 

gausva totalitarul imperiaSi liberalizaciisa da demokratizaciis 

procesebis absolutur SeuZleblobas. `politikuri Sefaseba momxdari 

gadatrialebisa, _ aRniSna saqarTvelos prezidentma, _ Zalian 

rTulia, vinaidan jerjerobiT ar aris naTeli namdvili gadatrialebaa 

es, Tu mxolod garigeba an Sou, romlisganac politikuri dividendebis 

miRebas mieltvian calkeuli saxelmwifo liderebi~. 

rogorc vxedavT, z. gamsaxurdiam agvistos movlenebi Seafasa 

rogorc gadatrialeba, rogorc ukanono antikonstituciuri putCi, 

Tanac savsebiT cxadad da araorazrovnad. amasTan, man iribad mianiSna 

kidec, rom es iyo ara `namdvili gadatrialeba~, e.i. realuri dapirispireba 

reaqciul-totalitarul da liberalur-demokratiul Zalebs 

Soris, aramed e.w. `sasaxlis gadatrialeba~, nomenklaturuli 

putCi, romlis arsebiTi daniSnuleba imperiul centrSi elitaTa cirkulaciaSi, 

ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, gorbaCovis jgufis elcinis 

jgufiT CanacvlebaSi mdgomareobda. agvistos movlenis amgvari 

definicia, romelic am movlenebidan sul raRac naxevar weliwadSi 

winaswarmetyveluri gamodga, gamoirCeoda originalurobiTa da aradiplomatiuri 

pirdapirobiT. amitom bunebrivia is negatiuri reaqcia, 

rac amgvar Sefasebas mohyva ruseTsa da dasavleTSi, maT Soris aSS- 

1 saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos uwyebebi, #8, 1991. gv. 186. 

331

is prezidentis mxridanac. 

20 agvistos mimarTvis centraluri Tema iyo mowodeba ssrk-is 

nacionaluri respublikebis damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso cnobisaken: 

`Seqmnili arastabiluri mdgomareoba, reaqciuli Zalebis gamarjveba 

safrTxes uqadis uwinares yovlisa ssrk-Si Semaval im respublikebs, 

romlebic ibrZvian damoukideblobisaTvis... isini uSualo samxedro 

agresiis safrTxis winaSe dganan. amitom me movuwodeb dasavleTis 

mTavrobebs, uwinares yovlisa, aSS-s, saswrafod da gadaudeblad de 

faqto da de iure cnon am respublikebis, maT Soris saqarTvelos 

damoukidebloba da diplomatiuri urTierToba daamyaron maTTan~. 

ras gulisxmobda `kiSiniovis forumSi~ monawile respublikebis 

damoukideblobis saswrafo diplomatiur reJimSi aRiarebis mowodeba, 

Tu ara putCis mimarT aSkara da sruliad gansazRvrul opozicias 

putCis ZiriTadi mizani xom `novo-ogariovos procesis~ CaSlasa da 

ssrk-s arsebuli saxiT SenarCunebaSi mdgomareobda. arada TviT aSS-sa 

da dasavleTis sxva saxelmwifoebis mier erovnuli respublikebis 

damoukideblobis cnoba swored rom putCis winaaRmdeg aSkara da 

pirdapiri diplomatiuri brZolis gacilebiT Zlieri berketi iqneboda, 

vidre aSS-s administraciis zemoTmoyvanili gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, 

rom aSS gadatrialebas mxars ar dauWerda. an kidev riT Camouvardeba 

z. gamsaxurdias 20 agvistos mimarTvis mowodeba estoneTis 

mier putCis dReebSi damoukideblobis gamocxadebas, an moldovas 

prezidentis m. sneguris àntigekaCepistur~ gamosvlas kiSiniovis 19 

agvistos mitingze, Tu, rasakvirvelia, ar aWarbebs maT Tavisi antiputCisturi 

paTosiT 

erTi sityviT, 20 agvistos mimarTvaSi z. gamsaxurdiam moskovis 

movlenebs antikonstituciuri gadatrialebac uwoda da dasavleTis 

mxridan putCistebis winaaRmdeg qmediTi politikur-diplomatiuri 

konfrontaciac moiTxova. am TvalsazrisiT mimarTva erTgvari gasaRebia 

moskovis putCTan mimarTebaSi saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisuflebis 

politikis obieqturi analizisaTvis. politikosTa (T. sigua, g. 

Wanturia da sxv.) da istorikosTa (u. bluaSvili, d. mWedluri) da 

sxvaTa mtkiceba, TiTqos adgili hqonda smsk-Tan kolaboracionistur 

SemTanxmeblobas, `gamsaxurdias alianss imperiis yvelaze reaqciul 

wreebTan~ (Sic!), miuReblad migvaCnia. miTumetes, roca maSin ganviTarebuli 

procesebis mimarT postfaqtum analitikuri midgomis deficiti 

namdvilad ar igrZnoba. 

unda iTqvas, rom z. gamsaxurdiam momavali smsk-s zogierTi wevri 

putCamde gacilebiT adre gaakritika maTi uaRresad konservatiu- 

332

li da imperokratiuli Sexedulebebis gamo. mag., 1991w. 3 ivliss moskovSi 

gamarTul preskonferenciaze man uaryo g. ianaevis (maSin ssr 

kavSiris vice-prezidentis) mier `SpigelisTvis~ micemul interviuSi 

gancxadebuli sicrue, TiTqos kremli ar axdenda aranair zewolas 

samokavSireo xelSekrulebis armomwer respublikebze. iqve z. gamsaxurdiam 

mkacrad gaakritika ssrk-s premier-ministri v. pavlovi, uwoda 

ra mas `Zalian konservatiuli da reaqciuli komunisti~. 1 

1991w. 26 agvistos saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos sagangebo sesiam 

miiRo dadgenilebaTa paketi 19-21 agvistos moskovis movlenebis 

Sesaxeb 2 . dadgenilebaSi `1991 wlis 19-21 agvistos movlenebis politikuri 

Sefasebis Sesaxeb~ es movlenebi daxasiaTda rogorc `ssrk-Si 

saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdeloba~, romlis mizani iyo totalitarizmisa 

da komunisturi diqtaturis aRdgena, sabWoTa imperiis 

rRvevis procesis SeCereba. dadgenilebaSi `1991 wlis 19-21 agvistos 

ssr kavSirSi mimdinare movlenebis dros saqarTvelos kompartiis 

centraluri komitetis biuros, saqarTvelos kompartiis afxazeTis 

saolqo komitetis, saqarTvelos kompartiis samxreT oseTis saolqo 

komitetisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis saxalxo deputatTa gauqmebuli 

sabWos TviTmarqvia aRmasrulebeli komitetis moqmedebaTa Sesaxeb~ 

uzenaesma sabWom mkacrad dagmo aRniSnuli struqturebis moqmedeba 

putCis dReebSi, rogorc `gadatrialebis organizatorTa jgufis mxardaWera~. 

miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba kompartiis gauqmebisa da misi 

qonebis nacionalizaciis Sesaxeb. cxadia, gauqmda kompartiis yvela 

instituciuri struqtura, maT Soris _ saparlamento fraqciac. amave 

dRes saqarTvelom cno putCis dros (21 agvistos) gamocxadebuli 

estoneTisa da latviis damoukidebloba. 

vfiqrobT, calke unda SevexoT sakiTxs agvistos putCze ssrk-is 

SemadgenlobaSi Semavali sxva respublikebis xelmZRvaneli elitebis 

reaqciis Sesaxeb. am reaqciis realuri Sinaarsis garkvevas arsebiTi 

mniSvneloba aqvs z. gamsaxurdias mier gadadgmuli taqtikuri politikuri 

nabijebis interpretaciisaTvis. 1991 wlis oqtomberSi gamoqveynda 

krebuli `Путч-Хроника тревожных дней~, misi erTi nawilis 

avtori aris proelcinuri dajgufebis Jurnalisti, vinme olga vasilieva, 

romelic TavSi _ `respublikebi putCis dros~ _ erovnul respublikebs 

sam nawilad hyofs da amgvari diferenciaciis safuZvlad 

aRebuli aqvs maTi xelmZRvanelobis mier smsk-Tan warmarTuli urTierTobebis 

sami varianti. o. vasilieva ase àxarisxebs~ respublikebs: 

1 gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 11 ivlisi, 1991w. 

2 saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos uwyebebi, #8, 1991, gv. 163-165. 

333

1. `winaaRmdegobis qronika _ latvia, litva, estoneTi, moldova. 

2. lodinis qronika _ ukraina, belorusia, somxeTi, yazaxeTi, 

yirgizeTi, tajikeTi, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi. 

3. SemTanxmebluri qronika _ azerbaijani da saqarTvelo....~. 1 

am Sesavlis Semdeg elcinis `demokratiuli~ ruseTis velikoderJavuli 

ambiciebiT Sepyrobili o. vasilieva sruliad utifrad acxadebs, 

rom àma Tu im formiT gkCp-sadmi, rogorc axali sakavSiro 

xelmZRvanelobisadmi, mxardaWera () gamoxates saqarTvelom (Sic!) da 

azerbaijanma~, rom `19 agvistos gamsaxurdia SeuTanxmda amierkavkasiis 

samxedro olqis sardals, rom 24 agvistomde () Seasrulebda gekaCepes 

yvela moTxovnas (!)~. 2 

Cven zemoT ukve gavaanalizeT z. gamsaxurdias taqtikuri nabijebi 

da vaCveneT maTi ualternativoba da marTlzomiereba. iZulebiTi 

formaluri kompromisis mizezebsac SevexeT. amitom aq sityvas ar gavagrZelebT, 

aRvniSnavT mxolod: o. vasilievas qronikaluri pasaJebi 

qveteqsturad mianiSneben am avtoris antiqarTul paTosze. xsenebul 

TavSi ar aris moyvanili Tu damowmebuli arc erTi oficialuri dokumenti 

da esoden mniSvnelovani sakiTxi mocemulia primitiuli Jurnalisturi 

gamoZiebis doneze. ZiriTad wyarod aRebulia sainformacio 

saagentoebis `ria~-sa da `postfaqtumis~ cnobebi. orive es saagento 

maSin b. elcinis gundis kontrolqveS iyo da TavisTavad cxadia 

maTi teletaipebidan da faqsaparatebidan mowodebuli informaciis 

sandooba da gaSifrvis meqanizmebi. 

naTelia, rom b. elcinis blokis mxardamWeri `demokrati~ Jurnalistis 

poziciebi, romlebic identuria maSindeli `demokratiuli 

ruseTis~ saerTo politikuri kursisa da qarTveli putCistebis Sexedulebebisa, 

generirebulia saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisuflebis 

sagareo-politikuri kursis mimarT aSkarad negatiuri damokidebulebiT. 

ruseTis politikuri istebliSmenti imedovnebda, rom putCis Semdeg 

ruseTSi marTlac realurad ganxorcielebuli liberalizaciis 

politikis wyalobiT axali èlcinuri centri~ miizidavda respublikebs 

da Seacvlevinebda maT winandel damokidebulebas samokavSireo 

xelSekrulebisadmi. formula sakmaoze martivi iyo: `gorbaCovuri 

centri~ aRar arsebobs (an dasustebulia). arsebobs èlcinuri centri~ 

da masTan moawereT xeli~. 

z. gamsaxurdias mier sruli suverenitetis kursis gagrZeleba 

1 Путч-Хроника тревожных дней. М., 1991, gv. 106. 

2 Путч-Хроника тревожных дней.., gv. 119. 

334

ar Sedioda èlcinuri centris~ neoimperiul interesebSi da o. vasilievac 

am interesebis gamomxatvelia. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier 

putCis dros gadadgmuli nabijebis kritika mxolod fonia, mTavari 

ki sxvaa, kerZod z. gamsaxurdias mier dsT-s proeqtze uaris Tqma. 

es kargad Cans imaSic, rom imave `qronikaSi~ Jurnalisti kritikis 

qarcecxlSi atarebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebis sxva, putCTan absoluturad 

araviTar kavSirSi armyof iseT aqciebs, rogoricaa _ `mxedrionis~ 

ganiaraReba da misi liderebis dapatimreba 1991w. TebervalSi, 

yofil samxreT oseTSi boevikTa ganiaraReba, 1991w. 10 seqtembris 

brZanebuleba ssrk Tavdacvis saministros samxedro komisariatebis 

gauqmebis Sesaxeb. sagulisxmoa da niSandoblivic, rom qarTveli 

putCistebisa da maTi imdroindeli Tu dRevandeli mxardamWerebis 

poziciebi z. gamsaxurdias putCTan damokidebulebis sakiTxSi aSkarad 

identuria ruseTis politikuri elitisa da mediakratiis zemoTmoyvanili 

Sexedulebebidan. 

davubrundeT sakiTxs agvistos movlenebze sxva respublikebis 

reaqciis Sesaxeb. meti sicxadisa da reprezentaciisaTvis umjobesia 

es reaqcia moviyvanoT faqtografiuli retrospeqciis saxiT. maS ase: 

ukraina _ 19 agvistos diliT prezident l. kravCuks Sexvda 

gen. v. varenikovi (v. Suravliovis Tbilisis vizitis sruli analogia 

da kievze samxedro-diplomatiuri zewola). am Sexvedris Semdeg ukrainis 

lideri gamovida televiziiT da mosaxleobas `sibrZnisa da 

simSvidisaken~ mouwoda. sityvac ar Tqmula arc gadatrialebis antikonstituciurobaze 

da arc smsk-is ukanonobaze. erTaderTi, ase 

vTqvaT, Zlieri toni l. kravCukis gancxadebaSi iyos is, rom `samarTlebriv 

saxelmwifoSi yvelaferi, maT Soris sagangebo mdgomareobis 

SemoReba, unda xdebodes kanonis safuZvelze~ 1 . 

yazaxeTi _ 19 agvistos gancxadebaSi prezidentma n. nazarbaevma 

gaakritika m. gorbaCovi `perestroikis~ kursis gatarebaSi gamoCenili 

meryeobisa da pasiurobisaTvis 2 . araviTari momxdaris pirdapiri politikuri 

Sefaseba da, miTumetes, daumorCilebloba. 

somxeTi _ 19 agvistos 17.00 sT-ze televiziiT gamovida prezidenti 

l. ter-petrosiani da mosaxleobas simSvidisa da wesrigisaken 

mouwoda 3 . 

latvia _ uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomarem a. gorbunovma xalxs 

mouwoda simSvidisaken da ganacxada, rom `moskovSi miRebuli gadawy- 

1 gaz. «Правда», 18 сентября 1991г. 

2 gaz. «Правда», 18 сентября... 

3 gaz. «Правда», 21 августа 1991г. 

335

vetilebebi latvias ar exeba~. 1 sad aris aq gadatrialebis antikonstituciurobis 

deklarireba da misi Sedegebis mimarT pirdapiri konfrontacia 

litva _ vilniusSi iyo simSvide. xalxis nawili Segrovda uzenaesi 

sabWos Senobis win. 19-20 agvistos Rames uzenaesma sabWom saswrafod 

moaxdina litva-rsfsr-s xelSekrulebis ratifikacia, sadac 

laparaki iyo 1940w. litvis aneqsiaze 2 . 

estoneTi _ mas Semdeg, rac talinis aeroportSi daeSva samxedro-satransporto 

TviTmfrinavi da medesanteTa ori aseuli gadmosxa, 

xolo talinis centrSi Sevida tankebisa da javSantransportiorebis 

kolona, parlamentis spikerma a. riutelma da premier-ministrma e. 

savisaarma xalxs mouwodes simSvidisaken da ar Sesuliyvnen jariskacebTan 

konfliqtSi 3 . sad Cans aq `winaaRmdegobis qronika~ sxvaTaSoris, 

swored estoneTSi ganxorcielebuli Zalismieri aqciis analogiuri 

aqciebiT daemuqra Suravliovi z. gamsaxurdias. 

moldova _ 19 agvistos kiSiniovSi gamarTul mitingze gamosvlisas 

prezidentma m. snegurma gaakritika putCi da mosaxleobas mouwoda 

qalaqisa da mTeli moldovis dasacavad 4 . 

amrigad, saqarTvelos erovnuli xelisuflebis politikuri kursi 

1991w. 19-21 agvistos putCis periodSi SeiZleba erTmniSvnelovnad 

Sefasdes, rogorc aqtiuri pozitiuri neitraliteti. es kursi, 

erTis mxriv, mkafiod gamoxatavda saqarTvelos distancirebas imperiuli 

centrisagan, romelsac ukve de iure aRar ekuTvnoda (1991w. 31 

martis referendumisa da 9 aprilis damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis 

ZaliT), meores mxriv, afiqsirebda garkveul dapirispirebas ssrk-s 

axal xelmZRvanel struqturasTan (mowodeba respublikebis damoukideblobis 

cnobisaken ewinaaRmdegeboda smsk-is #1 gadawyvetilebaSi 

dafiqsirebul formulirebebs ssrk-is SenarCunebis Sesaxeb). 

z. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebas ar ucvnia smsk-is kanoniereba, 

xolo 20 agvistos `mimarTvis~ Sesabamisi nawili iribad moiTxovda 

gadatrialebis Sedegebis anulirebas. z. gamsaxurdiam imTaviTve alRo 

auRo agvistos putCis Sinagan realur arss da mixvda, rom es iyo 

brZola ZalauflebisaTvis or imperokratiul dajgufebas Soris da 

ara liberalizm-totalitarizmis dapirispireba. saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi 

es orive Zala identuri imperiuli politikis matarebeli 





336

gaxda. saqarTvelos prezidentma Tavidanve gaacnobiera am òri ruse- 

Tis~ urTierTganusxvavebloba da erT-erTis Ria mxardaWeris saxiT 

saqarTvelo meores mxridan samxedro intervenciis saSiSroebis wina- 

Se ar daayena. swored amaSia gamoCenili neitralitetis politogema, 

nakarnaxevi erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis primatiT. 

arada, putCidan sul raRac weliwadnaxevarSi putCisdroindeli 

òrive~ ruseTi erTianad gaerTianda saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. smsk-is 

mimarT winaaRmdegobis moZraobis aqtiuri organizatorebi SemdgomSi 

gamoirCeodnen Ria da aSkara imperialisturi miswrafebebiT saqarTvelos 

winaaRmdeg. mag., vice-prezidenti a. ruckoi araerTxel moiTxovda 

Tbilisze sahaero Tavdasxmas afxazeTis konfliqtis dros; uzenaesi 

sabWos Tavmjdomare r. xasbulatovi uSualod mfarvelobda 

afxaz separatistebsa da mTiel xalxTa konfederacias; putCis dros 

ruseTis Tavdacvis ministri, general-polkovniki k. kobeci SemdegSi 

monawileobda ruseTis generaluri Stabis mier soxumis aRebis operaciis 

dagegmvaSi; ruseTis saxelmwifo ministri g. burbulisi saTaveSi 

edga saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo gadatrialebis koordinaciis saidumlo 

komitets. ai, is `demokratiuli~ ruseTi, romlis mxardaWeris 

gamo z. gamsaxurdias samxedro dartymis saSiSroebis winaSe unda 

daeyenebina saqarTvelo. 

da bolos: moskovis putCma sakuTriv saqarTveloSi gamokveTa 

Tvisobrivad axali Sidapolitikuri situacia. ganxorcielda opoziciis 

adre fragmentuli, araerTgvarovani dajgufebebis konsolidacia 

da antierovnuli opoziciis erTian sistemad Camoyalibeba. am sistemaSi 

aRmoCndnen sxvadasxva motivaciis gansxvavebuli politikuri subkulturebi 

_ partnomenklatura da masTan asocirebuli inteligenciis 

nawili, erovnul kongresSi Semavali partiebi, paramilitaruli 

gasamxedroebuli dajgufebebi, marginaluri da deklasirebuli socialuri 

jgufebi. es iyo sakuTriv qarTuli putCis socialuri infrastruqtura, 

TamaSis sakuTari wesebiTa da samxedro-politikuri mxardaWeris 

rusuli wyaroebiT. cota mogvianebiT mTeli es partokratiul-kriminalur-inteligenturi 

klientura ruseTis mier mobilizebul 

iqna samxedro gadatrialebisaTvis da erovnuli xelisuflebis 

damxobisaTvis sabrZolvelad. 


337

DAZMIR JOJUA 

1991 AUGUST PUTSCH AND GEORGIA 

The paper deals wicth the questions connected with one the important 

and debatable problems of the latest history of Georgia – positions of national 

government and president Z. Gamsakhurdia in person concerning military 

putsch, happend in Moscow on 18-21 august, 1991. On the basis of analysis of 

proper source materials, the author states absolute compatibility Z. Gamsakhurdia’s 

positions with national interests of Georgia. Policy of positive neutrality 

during Moscow putsch was the only true and acceptable for Georgia in that 

situation, as it was stipulated by the aspiration to protect Georgia from possible 

confrontation with Committee of State Emergency and prospect of military attack 

from the side of imperial centre. At the end of the paper it is argued definite 

succession between Moscow and proper – Georgian putsches. Namely after 

Moscow putsch it was begun intensive process of formation of social and 

political infrastructure of Georgian putsch movement as the revanchist coalition 

(“Moscow centre + former nomenklature + criminal + halfmilitary formations 

+ the part of nomenklature intelligentsia). 

338



t. I, 2007 

SoTa kvirtia, TinaTin zaldastaniSvili 

Gglobalizacia: variantebi saqarTvelosaTvis. 

globalizacia, rogorc politikuri Zalauflebis axali forma. 

aq CamovayalibebT globalizaciis Sesaxeb zogierT mosazrebebs, romlebic 

gansakuTrebiT gvawuxebs. globalizacia Seicavs saSiSroebas 

Tundac imitom, rom man ukve gayo adamianebi gaafTrebul mowinaaRmdegebad 

da Tavdadebul momxreebad. migvaCnia, rom am movlenis arss 

jer imdenad ver CavwvdiT, rom davikavoT raime radikaluri pozicia 

mis mimarT. sakuTari mosazrebebis Sesamowmeblad da dasaxvewad mivmarTavT 

sxvadasxva wyaroebs. umravlesoba globalizacias aanalizebs 

mondialistebis Sromebze dayrdnobiT, iyeneben citatebs J. atalis, 

f. fukuiamas, r. robertsonis, k. omaes da sxvaTa Sromebidan. sxva Sexedulebis 

arian rusebi a. panarini 1 , v. ilini 2 , mSvidi da kacTmoyvare 

pozicia ukaviaT qarTvel mecnierebs, b. lutiZes, e. koduas da 

sxvebs 3 . 

asea Tu ise yvela dava da kamaTi daiyvaneba globalizaciis im 

interpretaciaze, romlis mixedviT yvela qveyana da xalxi Seerwymian 

erTmaneTs da gadaiqcevian erTian, planetarul warmonaqmnad. rogorc 

etyoba, likvidirebul iqnebian eTnikuri, erovnuli, religiuri da 

kulturuli sazRvrebi. sayovelTao bazrisa da demokratiis sazRvrebis 

axal planetarul viTarebaSi gansxvavebul azrs iZenen istoria 

da kultura, eTnosi da eri. etyoba samyaro erTiandeba racionalurad 

funqcionirebad meqanizmad. globalizacia procesia, empiriulad 

fiqsirebadi gansxvavebuli cvlilebebia, magram gaerTianebulia samyaros 

erT mTlianobisaken svlis logikiT. is exeba yvela sferos. misi 

problemebi ukiduresad rTulia. is bevrs ar akmayofilebs, mas axasiaTebs 

moulodneli, ufro zustad, gauTvaliswinebeli efeqtebi. mas 

xSirad akritikeben, rogorc aSS inteleqtualuri centrebi _ saer- 

1 В. В. Илиьн, А. С. Панарин. Политическая антропология. М., 2000. 

2 В. В. Илиьн. Политология. М., 2004. 

3 b. lutiZe. Gglobalizacia: arsi, problemebi. Tb. 2003.; b. lutiZe. globalizacia, 

rogorc sayovelTao tendencia. F_ filosofiuri Ziebani, t. 

VI. 2002; e. kodua, sociologia. Tb., 2003. 

339

TaSoriso urTierTobaTa sabWo (sus); korporacia rendi; strategiuli 

da saerTaSoriso kvlevis centri (sskc); fsiqologiuri strategiis 

sammarTvelo (fss). yvelaze xSirad axseneben farTomasStabian 

proeqts ,,amerikis perspeqtivebi~, romelic XXs. 50-ian wlebis Sua 

xanebSi Seqmnes henri kisinjerma, din raskma, adolf bertim da sxvebma. 

masSi Teoriulad gadmocemulia urTierTdamokidebulebebis zrdis 

tendencia, samxedro usafrTxoebis gafarToebuli gageba, saerTaSoriso 

urTierTobebSi zenacionalur urTierTobebze gadasvla, e.i. yovelive 

is, rac dRes aris. Cven ar visaxavT miznad ganvazogadoT dReisaTvis 

globalizaciaze arsebuli Sexedulebebi. arc is gvaqvs gamiznuli 

mivemxroT romelime maTgans. Cven ufro SevexebiT kiTxvebs, romlebsac 

globalizacia ayenebs adamianis winaSe globalizaciis Semdegi 

formulis CarCoebSi: globaluri cnobiereba da ,,globaluri ur- 

TierTdamokidebuleba”. 

aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT globalizacia. gasagebia, rom es 

aris msoflio Zalauflebis axali forma. is axalia, radgan yvela 

Zveli forma demokratiis CaTvliT moZvelda. àr gvsurs visaubroT 

imis Sesaxeb, rom planeta male CaiZireba ukanonobis Sav morevSi~, 

rasac jorj riceri racionalobis iracionalobas uwodebs 1 , da rasac 

Cven vTvliT globalizaciis Zlier naklovan mxared. migvaCnia, 

rom politikuri Zalauflebis axali formis damxmare instrumentebad 

mogvevlineba _ informaciuli globalizacia (virtualizacia); 

ekonomikuri globalizacia (inovaciuroba); regionuli globalizacia 

(msoflio sazRvrebs gareSe); demografiuli globalizacia (mTavari 

resursi). globalizaciis CamoTvlili sistemebi orive kuTxiT, anu 

momxreTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa poziciebidan, kargadaa aRwerili literaturaSi 

2 . Cven mxolod sagangebod SevexebiT maT zogad niSnebs. saintereso 

iqneba Tvali mivadevnoT cnobierebis cvlilebas globalizaciasTan 

urTierTobis procesSi. rogor icvleba adamianis Tvisebebi 

globalizaciasTan urTierTobaSi da rac mTavaria, iqneb moviZioT 

kidec adamianis warmatebebis gasaRebi globalizaciis pirobebSi (faqtobrivad 

am abzacSi Camoyalibda Semdgom gansaxilvel sakiTxTa Tanmimdevroba). 

globalizacia, iseve, rogorc politika, araa martivi ram. is ar 

ganaxorcielebs xalxis erTian nebas da ar warmoadgens socialuri 

1 Джордж Ритцер. Современные социологические теории. С-П., 2002, gv. 339. 

2 amis Sesaxeb ix.: В. В. Илиьн, А. С. Панарин. Политическая антропология..; b. 

lutiZe. globalizacia: arsi, problemebi..; b. lutiZe. globalizacia, 

rogorc sayovelTao tendencia..; e. kodua, sociologia... 

340

problemis gadaWris mizniT eqspertTa codnis gamoyenebis obieqts 1 . 

globalizacia varaudia imis Sesaxeb Tu ras miadga adamiani misda 

uneburad.Gglobalizaciisagan adamianma Seqmna iseTi ram, rasac wesierad 

verc afasebs, verc misi momxre da verc mowinaaRmdege. ar iqneba 

swori misi utilitaruli kuTxiT ganxilva, rogorc meqanizmisa, romelic 

sWirdeba adamians raime konkretuli ekonomikuri an politikuri 

aqciebis mosagvareblad. is imdenad rTulia, rom SeuZlebelia 

adamianTa raime jgufs an organizacias SeemuSavebina da ganexorcielebina, 

rogorc demonuri gegma Sedgenili vinmes mier vinmes winaaRmdeg. 

globalizacia Tavad, masSi Cadebuli mecnieruli codnis xasia- 

TiT erTs aZlevs yvelafers (kart-blanSs), meores ki adgilsac ar 

utovebs am cxovrebaSi (cxadia, pirvelSi yvela ver ,,Caeteva”). 

globalizaciis garkveuli gegmebi cxadia, arsebobs, magram es 

gegmebi fragmentaruli da sustia. globalizacia es aris planetaruli 

masStabis ,,xelovnuri” movlena, romelic gaiZulebs Sexedo mas, 

rogorc bunebriv movlenas. is SeiZleba SevadaroT klimatis cvlilebas 

an miwisZvrisagan Tavis daRwevis mcdelobas. mecnierTa koleqtiurma 

inteleqtma Tavisi gancalkevebuli ZalisxmeviT uneblieT Seqmna 

iseTi sirTulis movlena, romelic gasakontroleblad ukve Teoriuladac 

ki miuwvdomelia mTeli mecnieruli TanamegobrobisaTvis. amitom 

globalizacia aravis ar ekuTvnis, aravis ar eqvemdebareba, arsebobs 

TavisTavad, Tavisive kanonebiT, yurs ar ugdebs adamianTa gancdebs, 

ar gamoyofs adamianebSi Tavisianebs. is aravisi araa. Cven yvelas 

erTnairi Sansi gvaqvs (samwuxarod ara misi keTilganwyobisa, magram 

misgan ganwirulobisa ki namdvilad). 

globalizaciam TavisTavad, misi funqcionirebis pirvelma Sedegebma 

eWvs qveS daayena msoflio wesrigi. aravis ar mosvlia azrad, 

rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi adamianTa erT mTlianobad gaerTianebis 

mSvidad mimdinare procesi, moulodnelad gadaiqceoda missave mTavar 

problemad. yovelive ki moxda drois istoriul masStabebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, 

erT wamSi, rodesac, msgavsad obobas qselisa, msoflio 

erT mTlianobaSi gaerTianda informaciuli, finansuri, satransporto, 

energetikuli komunikaciebiT. erT ablabudaSi moeqcnen sazogadoebis 

yvela cnobili da faruli problemebi. msoflio ablabudam 

daiwyo Taviseburi inventarizacia, romlis Sedegebma daayena swored 

eWvs qveS msoflio wesrigis arseboba. avtomaturad, liderTa yovelgvari 

Carevis gareSe moxda planetis yvela resursis _ adamianuri, 

1 Неил Смелзер. Социология. М ., 1994, gv. 522. 

341

finansuri, energetikuli, teqnologiuri, informaciuli, nedleulis 

_ gadafaseba. globaluri inventarizaciis Sedegi SeiZleba SevadaroT 

mxolod msoflio revolucias: icvleba yoveli adamianis, yvela xalxis, 

yvela qveynis, yoveli sagnis adgili, roli, Rirebuleba. globalizaciiT 

dasrulda kacobriobis romantikuli civilizacia, misTvis 

damaxasiaTebeli saidumloebebiT, intrigebiT, pirovnebis roliT da a.S. 

globalizaciisaTvis planeta gamWvirvale gaxda, magram planetisaTvis 

globalizacia saidumloebebiTaa moculi. ase daiwyo axali 

civilizacia, sadac globalizacias mieniWa msoflio samarTlianobis 

roli. mecnierebs didi Zalisxmeva dasWirdebaT raTa globalur komunikaciebSi 

maTi aRmoCenebi adamianebis sasargeblod iqnas gamoyenebuli. 

nebismieri mecnieruli aRmoCena naCqarevad iqna gamoyenebuli. 

bunebrivi matebisagan Tu sicivis, SimSilis, avadmyofobis SiSisagan 

adamianis gasanTavisufleblad. yoveli mecnieruli aRmoCena gaigivebuli 

iqna sikeTesTan, naklebi yuradReba eqceoda aRmoCenis realizaciis 

uaryofiT Sedegebs. aRmoCnda, rom globalizaciis sistemebs hqondaT 

uaryofiTi efeqtebi da isini efeqturad gaerTiandnen, magram ara 

mecnierebis ZalisxmeviT, aramed misi mowinaaRmdegis mcdelobebiTa da 

mecadineobiT 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers. 

globalizaciis Sesaxeb TviT globalizaciisagan verafers Seityob. 

analogiurad im ,,eSmakisa”, romelic tipografiul saRebavebSi 

imaleba, Gglobalizacia ,,imaleba” komunikaciebis ablabudaSi Teoriebis, 

mecnieruli kanonebis, gaTvlebis, logikis, parametrebis mniSvnelobebisa 

da a.S. formiT. TviT mecnierebs ar axsovT Tu ra aris Cadebuli 

globalizaciaSi. is daculia da imavdroulad susticaa, rac 

gamoavlina 11 seqtemberma niu-iorkSi. mTeli teqnologiuri garemo, 

aes-ic, informaciuli da sxva komunikaciebi muSaobdnen rkinis logikiT, 

gaTvlebisa da sizustis logikiT. magram, TviT logikis, gaTvlebis, 

wesis darRveva, nebismieri iracionaluroba da paradoqsuloba 

sasikvdilo Sxamia globalizaciisaTvis. Tanac Secdomam SeiZleba Tavi 

iCinos nebismier wertilTan, sadac muSaobs fizikis an maTematikis 

kanoni. Gglobalizacias SevxedeT Rimilis gareSe. 

globalizaciis mTavari usiamovneba is aris, rom is sWirdeba 

adamians, mas ki adamiani ar sWirdeba. adamians sxva gamosavali ar 

hqonda da gadaaqcia globalizacia Seuqcevad procesad, gaxada is 

yvelaze gavlenian idead dedamiwaze. Tu globalizacia daiRupeba, is 

daiRupeba adamianTan erTad. Gglobalizacias ,,verc moklav” da ,,verc 

daaSineb”, mas ara aqvs saSiSroebis gancdis sistema, ise, rogorc es 

esmis adamians. adamianis cxovreba sasrulia, xolo globalizaciis 

342

arsis Semadgeneli kanonebi da logika maradiulia. maTTvis sulerTia 

Tu ra daiTvleba _ kompiuteruli TamaSebi Tu kosmosuri mtveris 

brunva. Gglobalizacia aris adamianuri sazogadoebis erTianoba. Tu 

mas daakldeba resursebi, reaqciad moyveba mrewvelobiT_finansuri 

kolafsi, rac globalizacias arc ki awuxebs, ise rogorc ori asteroidis 

Sejaxeba andromedas nisleulis gadaRma. kacobrioba warsuls 

ver daubrundeba, globalizacia moqmedebs rogorc eleqtrostimulatori 

mZimed dasneulebuli adamianis mkerdSi. stimulators gafr- 

Txileba sWirdeba. 

globalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeni amtkiceben, rom globalizacia 

aris realuri, namdvili saSiSroeba kacobriobisaTvis. globalizaciam 

ukve daiwyo kacobriobis mier bolo ori aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi 

Seqmnili yvela humanuri konstruqciebis daSla. globalizacia daupirispirda 

im faqts, rom kacobriobam Tavi Semoinaxa sakuTari biologiuri 

sisustis da ara siZlieris wyalobiT. planetaze adamianis 

droebiTma zeobam uzrunvelyo misi savsebiT alogikuri qmedebebi, 

rogoricaa humanizmi. sustsa da ganwiruls mxardaWera daubrunda 

adamianis sulieri da inteleqtualuri Zalis saxiT, ramac is gaxada 

uZlieresad uZlieresTa Soris. adamianuri sazogadoebis am araracionalur 

da mflangvelur qcevaSi globalizaciam eWvi Seitana. globalizaciis 

mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom man uari Tqva kacobriobis aTaswleul 

gamocdilebaze, rogorc mcdarze. mcdaria Tu ara kacobriobis 

gamocdileba mcdaria Tu ara globalizacia magram mTavari sa- 

SiSroeba rasac globalizacia Seicavs esaa _ kacobriobis umaRlesi 

miRwevis, yvela formaSi politikuri Zalauflebis ngreva, iqneba es 

erovnuli saxelmwifo, ekonomika, demokratia, rogorc planetaze sicocxlis 

marTvis araracionaluri sistema. 

tradiciulad Zalauflebis yvela sistemebi aigeboda adamianis 

moRvaweobaze dayrdnobiT, romlebic imdenad rTulni arian, rom verc 

ki CamovayalibebT teqnikuri sistemis terminebSi: esaa adamianis cxovrebis 

sazrisi, esaa adamianuri Rirebulebebi, esaa sicocxlis mizani. 

erTi mxriv, rogorc ki dakargavs adamiani mis am umaRles miRwevas, 

amiT is faqtobrivad kargavs cnobierebas. es Zalze seriozulia, is 

veRar flobs sakuTar Tavisufal qcevebs. meore mxriv, adamianebi, 

romlebic kargaven sazriss, Rirebulebebs da miznebs ukve aRar arian 

Zalauflebis obieqtebi da aRaravis eqvemdebarebian. Tavdapirvelad 

ise Canda TiTqos globalizaciam elitas usazRvro SesaZleblobebi 

mianiWa masebis cnobierebis, qcevis manipulirebisaTvis, magram masebma 

Tavadac SeniSnes, rom globalizacia maT aniWebs adre warmoudgenel, 

343

elitisadmi daumorCileblobis SesaZleblobas. globalizacia saSualebas 

aZlevs misi instrumentebi gamoiyenos ara mxolod missave Semqmnelebma, 

aramed imaTac, vinc icis Tu rogor funqcionireben es instrumentebi. 

miuxedavad zemoTnaTqvamisa migvaCnia, rom globalizacia aris 

erTaderTi gamosavali im mdgomareobidan, rodesac adamianTa masebi 

Tavs aRweven morCilebas. globalizaciis garda ar arsebobs sazogadoebis 

marTvis raime instrumenti. absoluturad cxadia, rom saboloo 

jamSi globalizacia aRazevebs yvela Wkviansa da energiuls da 

gadauketavs gzas zarmacebsa da ugonoebs. Ggonieri da Wkviani adamianis 

xsna maTi srulyofaa, rac win unda uswrebdes globalizaciis 

procesebsa da maT srulyofas. amis gakeTeba advili araa, radgan 

globalizaciis samsaxurSi arian, rogorc Wkvianebi, aseve kargadanazRaurebadi 

adamianebi, xolo adamianis ganviTarebisaTvis moRvaweoben 

aseve Zalze gonieri adamianebi, magram anazRaurebis gareSe. gamodis 

rom, da es marTlac asea, globalizaciisa da kacobriobis urTierTobis 

problemis gasaRebi Cadebulia inteleqtualur-kulturul 

sprintSi, sadac prizi unda iyos TanamSromloba da axali, Tanamedrove 

politikuri Zalauflebis Camoyalibeba. 

globaluri cvlilebebi da adamianis cvalebadoba. anu globalizaciis 

gavlena adamianze _ gacxovelebuli diskusiis Temaa, Zalze 

xmauriani da mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT naklebad Seswavlili diskusiisa. 

Gglobalizaciis Sesaxeb gvaqvs garkveuli cnobebi, marTalia 

mTlianad ver vaxerxebT misi arsis gaazrebas, mis daniSnulebas, magram 

Tu ra gavlenas axdens adamianze CvenTvis jer-jerobiT, unda iTqvas, 

savsebiT ucnobia. bolo 10-15 wlis dakvirveba da analizi gviCvenebs, 

rom adamiani saqarTveloSi, misi qceva, pirovnebis struqtura, 

misi Rirebulebebis sia da miznebi radikalurad Seicvala. Uukve TiTqos 

aRar aris is xalxi, romlebic monawileobdnen 80-iani wlebis 

dasasrulis movlenebSi. Uukve sxva xalxia, sxvagvarad aRiqvamen saku- 

Tar Tavs msoflio xalxebs Soris. qveynis mosaxleobis mier gancdili 

metamorfozebi absoluturi fantastikuri xasiaTisaa, ukanaskneli 

saukunis manZilze aseTi ram ar yofila, TviT meore msoflio omis 

Semdegac. amitom, erTi mxriv, araa usafuZvlo demografiuli globalizaciisadmi 

SiSi da arc globalizaciis sxva mimarTulebis mimar- 

Tac SiSi. 

saqme is ki ar aris, rom xalxi gaigebs an ver SesZlebs daupirispirdes 

globalizacias, aramed imaSia miscems Tu ara amis saSualebas 

saxelmwifo globalizaciidan momavali mTavari saSiSroeba da 

344

mTavari imedic saqarTvelosaTvis aris qveynis xelisufleba. dasavle- 

Ti didi xania gadavida Zalauflebis iseT sistemebze, romlebic 

mTlianad efuZneba globalizaciis principebs. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris 

mere naTeli gaxda, rom gvWirdeba Ria da faruli cvalebadobebisadmi 

axali organizaciuli, samoqalaqo, fsiqologiuri mzadyofna. es 

niSnavs vicodeT Tu Cveni xalxis romel fsiqologiur parametrebs 

elodeba dawola, ra zomebia misaRebi, rom mosaxleobam mSvidad da 

adaptirebulad Seabijos axal politikur realobaSi. am mizniT, albaT, 

aucilebeli iqneba sistematizirebul iqnas adamianis yvela fsiqologiuri 

struqtura, raTa yoveli maTgani SevufardoT globalizaciis 

im saxes, romlis adresati swored es struqturaa. saqarTvelos 

moqalaqis momzadeba globalizaciisaTvis moiTxovs mis adeqvatur 

cnebaTa zust sistemas. adamianis globalizaciisadmi momzadebis 

rTuli sistema SeiZleba aRvweroT, rogorc adamianis aRzrdis, ganaTlebisa 

da saqmianobis yvela mxaris momcveli Tanmimdevruli mkacri 

sistema. unda gvaxsovdes, rom Seteva xorcieldeba TiToeuli adamianis 

azrovnebaze 1 . 

im fsiqologiuri struqturebis zogadi sqema, romlebzedac gavlena 

aqvs globalizacias gviCvenebs, rom maTi birTvi aris adamianis 

cnobiereba. cnobierebaze didxans SeiZleba saubari, magram Cvens Sem- 

TxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs sam cvladTan: sicocxlis sazrisi globalizaciis 

periodSi, globalizaciis epoqis Rirebulebebi, cxovrebis mizani 

am epoqaSi. am sam cvlads gamoyofs globalizaciisadmi miZRvnili 

literatura, rac yvela ganviTarebuli qveynis fsiqo-politikur 

problemas Seadgens. sakiTxi arc CvenTan aris gadaWrili da arc 

sxvaganaa mogvarebuli, magram bevri ram ukve gakeTebuli aqvT. amasTan 

dakavSirebiT, Cveni qveynis yvela problemebi _ korufcia, Ralati, 

Crdilovani ekonomika, damnaSaveoba, narkomania, siRaribe, umuSevroba 

_ es aris istoriis SurisZieba Cvens mier dakarguli sazrisis, Rirebulebebisa 

da miznebis gamo. politikosebi gveubnebian Cven da Cven 

Svilebs, irwmunebian, rom dawyebulia raRac axali sazrisis, Rirebulebebis, 

miznebis formireba, Tumca zust saxels ver arqmeven. mxolod 

dabalansebuli erTobis safuZvelze SeiZleba aigos gaazrebuli, 

adeqvaturi qceva, romelic gamoiyenebs globalizacias yvela interesebisaTvis. 

bevrs arc surs amis gaazreba da codna, radgan es Zalian 

rTulia 2 . 

1 saSobao epistole uwmindesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos 

kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meorisa. 2007 weli. 

2 P. Barker. Political Legitimacy and the State. Oxford, 1990. gv. 51. 

345

ogor ganvsazRvroT sazrisi saqarTvelosaTvis garduvali 

globalizaciis pirobebSi sazrisi azrovnebis produqtia, is mowodebulia 

moawesrigos adamianis yvela resursis uSecdomo moZraoba, 

danakargebis minimumamde dayvana da warmatebebis maqsimalizireba. is 

adamianisaTvis cnobili yvelaze Zvirfasi produqtia. sazrisi qmnis 

WeSmaritebasTan maqsimaluri miaxloebis SesaZleblobas. sazrisi es 

aris Zabva eleqtroqselSi, aris Zabva _ aris Rirebulebis saWiroeba, 

rogorc deni aamoqmedebs Zravebs, aseve sazrisi aamuSavebs adamianis 

cnobierebasa da adamianTa masebs, adamianTa sazrisis avtorsac da matarebelsac. 

aseTi xalxi gamoaRviZebs qveyanas. sazrisi adamianis yvelaze 

didi gancdaa, misi Zlieri frTebia. sazriss ewireba adamiani da 

jgufebi. ar aris sazrisi _ yvelaferi gaCerebulia. Ralati, qurdoba, 

usindisoba eufleba saxls saidanac sazrisi gaqra. SemoqmedobiTobis 

sazriss badebs ganaTlebis unikaluri sistema, rogoric bunebrivad 

Camoyalibda Cvens qveyanaSi. bavSvebi, e.i. momavlis adamianebi, sazogadoeba 

_ qveynis sazrisia. 

ras warmoadgens qarTuli Rirebulebebi Rirebuleba, es aris 

erTmaneTTan sworad dakavSirebuli sazrisis aRmqmeli moraluri principebis 

garkveuli erToblioba. Rirebulebebi _ es aris realuri 

adamianuri Tvisebebi da ara wignis formulebi. maT mwkrivs, msgavsad 

eleqtronuli mwkrivisa, wyvetili ar unda hqondes. erTi wyvetili 

da Zabva gaqreba, deni aRaraa. analogiurad, erTi Rirebulebis gaqroba 

sazriss anadgurebs, is ver ganxorcieldeba. Rirebulebebi kacobriobis 

mier Seqmnili umaRlesi xarisxis produqtebia. veranairi 

globalizacia ver daemuqreba siyvaruls, rwmenas, imeds da Sromas. 

magram is moiTxovs Cveneburi cxovrebis wess, msoflmxedvelobas, 

cxovrebiseul pozicias, samyaros Cvenebur suraTs. mwkrividan gamqrali 

Rirebulebebi Seicvleba alkoholizmiT, narkomaniiT, prostituciiT, 

kriminaliT. ganaTlebis mxolod unikaluri sistema ayalibebs 

Rirebulebis matarebel pirovnebas. aseTi sistema iyo da axlac aris 

CvenTan. 

ra miznebi unda davisaxoT mizani _ es aris Rirebulebebis sa- 

SualebiT sazrisis statikuri mdgomareobidan dinamiurSi gadayvanis 

aparati. miznis ararseboba gadaaqcevs adamians, qalaqs, qveyanas viTarebis, 

aRviraxsnilobis, SemTxvevis monad da msxverplad. mizani, rogorc 

amoZravebuli Zrava niSnavs Rirebulebis (mwkrivis) da sazrisis 

(Zravis) arsebobas. es Rirebulebebi ,,anaTeben”, ,,moZraoben”, ,,iZlevian 

siTbos”. maTi esmiT, maT xedaven, ixdian fuls, emadlierebian. mizani 

ar Cans, magram realuria, efeqturia. rac Seexeba sazriss da mizans 

346

_ orive uxilavia, ar Cans rogorc denis Zabva. mizans ver moigoneb 

sazrisisa da Rirebulebebisagan mowyvetiT. ,,qarTuli idea or umTavres 

svets eyrdnoba. esaa sulieri Rirebulebebi (rac gulisxmobs 

marTlmadideblur sarwmunoebas da mis wes-Cveulebebs) da erovnulkulturuli 

faseulobebi, riTac ase mdidaria Cveni qveyana”. 1 Cveni 

mizani yovelTvis iyo Segverigebina aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis 

kultura, warsulis tradiciuli gamocdilebis sinTezi bundovan momavalTan. 

yovelTvis gviwevda gaurkvevlobis mousvenari yofa, SeuTavseblis 

SeTavsebis mcdeloba, rasac ar hqonia adgili arc dasavleTSi 

da arc aRmosavleTSi, arc CrdiloeTSi da arc samxreTSi, arc warsulSi 

da arc (albaT) momavalSi. aqedan gamomdinare dReisaTvis Cveni 

amocanaa am Rirebulebebisa da sazrisis matarebeli axal-axali 

Taobebis aRzrda, romlebic aseve Searigeben aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis, 

CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis, warsulisa da momavlis globalur 

ideebs. 

1 saSobao epistole uwmindesisa da unetaresis, sruliad saqarTvelos 

kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia meorisa 

347

SHOTA KVIRTIA, TINATIN ZALDASTANISHVILI 

GLOBALIZATION: ALTERNATIVES 

FOR GEORGIA 

Globalization is a new form of the political power of the worldwide importance. 

It is a process of the most complex phenomena with the logic of transformation 

of the united world into a wholeness. In reality, globalization is a 

realization of international relations by the agents of various cultures. The historical 

view, culture, ethnos are changing. The universe is being transformed 

into a rationally functioning mechanism. Unexpectedly for all the process of 

uniting the mankind going on peacefully for centuries has turned into a general 

problem. This is the result of the informational, transportational, energetic 

communications turned simultaneously into one wholeness of the historical 

range. All the secrets of the society got intergated into this entity. The world 

began making an inventory of the property the result of which cast doubt on the 

rationality of the existing world order. Reappraising and a new apportioning of 

all the planet resources – human, financial, informational, technological and others 

– are under way. The consequences of the global inventory can be compared 

only to the universal revolution: the place, role and value of each country, 

each nation, each individual and thing are being changed. Together with globalization 

the romantic civilization with all its mysteries, secrets, with the role of 

an individual has ended and a new civilization has started. The preparation of 

each citizen of Georgia for globalization requires the exact system of the epoch’s 

adequate concepts. The comprehensive preparation of an individual for 

globalization can be described as a system where the essential parts are – the 

type of development, education, culture and achievement. 

348



t. I, 2007 

s a m a r T a l i 

zaur jinjolava 

saqarTvelos organuli kanoni 

referendumis Sesaxeb 

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 muxliT, `saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo 

xelisuflebis wyaroa xalxi~, xolo xalxi Tavis Zalauflebas 

axorcielebs referendumis, uSualo demokratiis sxva formebisa da Tavisi 

warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT 1 . rogorc vxedavT, xalxis mier Zalauflebis 

ganxorcielebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi saSualeba yofila uSualo 

demokratiis iseTi forma, rogoricaa referendumi, amitom, bunebrivia, 

saqarTvelosaTvis, romelic dgas samarTlebrivi da demokratiuli saxelmwifos 

mSeneblobis gzaze, didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu rogor 

iqneba kanonmdeblobiT mowesrigebuli is urTierTobebi, romelic dakav- 

Sirebulia referendumis mowyobisa da Catarebis wesTan. 

saqarTveloSi referendumis daniSvnasa da CatarebasTan dakavSirebuli 

zogadi sakiTxebi mowesrigebulia saqarTvelos konstituciiT, 

xolo ufro detalurad saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT `referendumis 

Sesaxeb~, romelic miRebulia 1996 wlis 15 maiss 2 . kanonis 

Tanaxmad, referendumi aris saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva kenWisyriT, 

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis sabolood 

gadasawyvetad 3 . referendumi imarTeba saqarTvelos mTels teritoriaze 

_ `sayovelTao, Tanaswori da nebis pirdapiri gamovlenis mizniT, 

faruli kenWisyriT~. 4 Tanasworobis safuZvelze _ referendumis yovel 

monawiles aqvs erTi xma 5 . rac mTavaria, `referendumSi monawileoba 

Tavisufalia da moqalaqeebis neba-survilis gamovlinebisadmi 

kontroli dauSvebelia~. 6 kanonSi xazgasmulia, rom referendumSi mo- 

1 saqarTvelos konstitucia. Tb., 2006, gv. 6. 

2 saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `referendumis Sesaxeb~. _ saqarTvelos 

parlamentis uwyebani, #14, 1996. 

3 saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `referendumis Sesaxeb~.., gv. 1/11. 




349

nawileobis ufleba aqvT mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs 18 wlis 

asakidan, `ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, 

politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri 

kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, 

sacxovrebeli adgilisa~. 1 

referendumis Catarebis procedura TiTqmis emTxveva arCevnebis 

proceduras, radgan orive SemTxvevaSi, rogorc referendumSi, ise 

arCevnebSi, monawileoben amomrCevlebi, magram, miuxedavad msgavsebisa, 

maT Soris gansxvaveba mainc aris. jer erTi, Tu arCevnebis dros 

amomrCevelTa nebis gamoxatvis obieqti deputatobis an sxva arCeviTi 

Tanamdebobis kandidatia, referendumis dros es konkretuli sakiTxia, 

romelzec tardeba referendumi. meore _ marTalia, maTi Catarebis 

organizaciuli mxare praqtikulad erTnairia, magram gansxvavebiT 

arCevnebisa, referendumis dros saarCevno olqebis Seqmna saWiro 

ar aris, radgan referendumis Sedegebi ganisazRvreba mxolod ma- 

Joritaruli meqanizmis safuZvelze. 

referendums amzadebs da awyobs sareferendumo komisia, xolo 

niSnavs saqarTvelos prezidenti, saqarTvelos parlamentis, aranakleb 

200 000 amomrCevlis moTxovniT an sakuTari iniciativiT misi mowyobis 

moTxovnis miRebidan 30 dRis vadaSi. roca kanonmdebelma prezidents 

mianiWa sakuTari iniciativiT an parlamentis moTxovniT referendumis 

daniSvnis ufleba, amiT mosaxleobis did umravlesobas misca 

saSualeba maT mier arCeuli prezidentisa da parlamentis meSveobiT 

mieRoT monawileoba referendumis daniSvnis sakiTxSi. magram kanonmdebelma, 

gaiTvaliswina ra referendumis udidesi mniSvneloba 

200 000 amomrCevlisaTvis referendumis daniSvnis moTxovnis uflebis 

miniWebiT, moqalaqeebs misca ufleba ara mxolod warmomadgenlebis 

meSveobiT, aramed TviTon, uSualod mieRo monawileoba referendumis 

daniSvnis sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi. centraluri sareferendumo komisiis 

mier wardgenili masalebis safuZvelze saqarTvelos prezidenti 

iRebs gadawyvetilebas referendumis TariRis daniSvnisa da misi 

mowyobis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb an referendumis mowyobis moTxovnaze 

motivirebuli uaris Sesaxeb, Tu darRveulia konstituciisa da 

referendumis Sesaxeb kanonis moTxovnebi. 

kanonis Tanaxmad, referendumis gamarTva ar SeiZleba `SeiaraRebuli 

Tavdasxmis SemTxveveaSi~; `qveynis saomar mdgomareobaSi yofnisas~; 

`masobrivi areulobis, samxedro gadatrialebis, SeiaraRebuli 

amboxebis, ekologiuri katastrofis da epidemiebis dros an sxva SemT- 


350

xvevaSi, roca saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebi moklebulni arian 

konstituciur uflebamosilebaTa normaluri ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas~. 

1 aseve ar SeiZleba ganmeorebiTi referendumis daniSvna er- 

Ti wlis ganmavlobaSi ìm dRidan, rodesac oficialurad gamoqveynda 

am sakiTxze gamarTuli referendumis Sedegebi~. 2 ruseTis federaciis 

kanonmdeblobis analogiur SemTxvevaSi dadgenila 2 wliani vada 3 . 

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT zustad ar aris gansazRvruli, Tu 

ra sakiTxebze SeiZleba moewyos referendumi. referendumis Sesaxeb 

organuli kanonis me-3 muxlSi zogadad aris naTqvami, rom `referendumi 

SeiZleba moewyos gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebriv 

sakiTxebze, maT Soris, saqarTvelos kanonebiT, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiTa 

da SeTanxmebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebisa da principebis 

Sesaxeb~. 4 migvaCnia, rom es muxli metad zogadia, radgan, 

jer-erTi, araferia naTqvami imaze, Tu romeli CaiTvleba `gansakuTrebiT 

mniSvnelovan~ saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxad, da meore, yvela saxelmwifoebrivi 

sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. samagierod, saqar- 

Tvelos konstituciac da kanonic `referendumis Sesaxeb~ dawvrilebiT 

CamoTvlis im sakiTxebs, romelzec referendumis mowyoba ar SeiZleba. 

konstituciisa da kanonis mixedviT, referendumis mowyoba ar 

SeiZleba: 

a) kanonis misaRebad an gasauqmeblad; 

b) amnistiisa da Sewyalebis gamo; 

g) saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa da SeTanxmebaTa ratificirebis 

da denonsirebis Sesaxeb; 

d) iseT sakiTxebze, romlebic zRudavs adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa 

da Tavisuflebebs 5 . 

rogorc vxedavT, Cveni kanonmdeblobiT ar SeiZleba referendumi 

moewyos kanonis misaRebad an mis gasauqmeblad. mTeli rigi qveynebi, 

Cveni azriT, albaT, samarTlianadac, amayoben imiT, rom maT mosaxleobas 

aqvs SesaZlebloba miiRon kanoni referendumis meSveobiT. aseT 

qveyanaTa rigs miekuTvnebian: safrangeTi, germania, italia, espaneTi, 

ungreTi, bulgareTi, dania, latvia, argentina, maroko, senegali, gambia, 

kameruni, filipinebi, Sveicaria da mravali sxva. ufro metic, 

zogierT qveyanaSi referendumebis gziT xdeba ara marto mimdinare da 



3 М. В. Баглай. Конституционное право Россиской Федерации. М., 2006, gv. 42. 



351

organuli kanonebis, aramed konstituciis miRebac da masSi cvlilebebisa 

da damatebebis Setanac. ase, magaliTad, ruseTis federaciis 

konstituciis 135-e muxlis mesame punqtSi miTiTebulia, rom `saer- 

To saxalxo kenWisyrisas ruseTis federaciis konstitucia miRebulad 

iTvleba, Tu mas mxari dauWira kenWisyraSi monawile amomrCevelTa 

naxevarze metma~. 1 Cveni mezobeli qveynis, somxeTis respublikis 

konstituciis 111-e muxliT: `konstituciis miReba an masSi Sesworebis 

Setana xdeba respublikis prezidentis an erovnuli krebis 

iniciativiT referendumis meSveobiT~. 2 referendumis gziT iqna miRebuli 

senegalis konstitucia _ 1963w., gambiis _ 1970w., kamerunis- 

1972w. da a.S. 3 

is garemoeba, rom Cveni kanonmdeblobiT ar SeiZleba referendumi 

moewyos kanonis misaRebad an gasauqmeblad, mas faqtobrivad aqcevs 

plebiscitad. plebisciti aris kenWisyriT saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva 

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebze saqarTvelos 

amomrCevelTa an misi nawilis azris gasagebad. am SemTxvevaSi mTavari 

isaa, rom plebiscitis Sedegebs iuridiuli Zala ara aqvs da is saboloo 

ar aris. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebisaTvis mas mxolod 

sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs. 

rac Seexeba referendums, aq saqme sxva garemoebasTan gvaqvs. 

`referendumis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis pirvelive 

muxlSi, sadac referendumis cnebaa Camoyalibebuli, naTqvamia, rom 

`referendumi aris saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva kenWisyriT, gansakuTrebiT 

mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis sabolood gadasawyvetad~. 

4 rogorc vxedavT, xazgasmulia, rom referendumis gziT 

unda moxdes sakiTxis saboloo gadawyveta. amave kanonis 28-muxlSi 

es sakiTxi ufro mkafiod da naTlad aris gadawyvetili. aq naTqvamia, 

rom `referendumis Sedegad miRebuli gadawyvetileba ZalaSi Sedis 

misi gamoqveynebis dRidan, aqvs iuridiuli Zala da sabolooa. referendumis 

Sedegebs aqvs pirdapiri moqmedebis Zala~. 5 `referendumis 

Sedegad miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Secvla an gauqmeba SeiZleba mxolod 

referendumiT~. 6 erTaderTi organo, romelsac SeuZlia referendumis 

Sedegebis baTilad cnoba, es aris sakonstitucio sasamarTlo 

1 Конституционное право зарубежних стран. Под обшей редакцией М. Баглая, Ю. Леибо, 

Л. Ентина. М., 2000, gv. 71. 

2 Конституционное право зарубежних стран.., gv. 71. 

3 Конституционное право зарубежних стран.., gv. 71. 


5 saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `referendumis Sesaxeb~.., gv. 10/11 

6 saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `referendumis Sesaxeb~.., gv. 11/11 

352

da isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu darRveulia saqarTvelos konstituciisa 

da `referendumis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 

moTxovnebi. 

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, referendumi ewyoba gansakuTrebiT 

mniSvnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis sabolood gadasawyvetad. 

amitom, bunebrivia, referendumis gadawyvetilebis didi umravlesoba 

unda Camoyalibdes, gaformdes kanonis saxiT, magram, rogorc viciT, 

Cveni kanonmdeblobiT referendumiT kanonis miReba ar SeiZleba. aseTi 

SemTxvevisaTvis gamoinaxa gamosavali. kerZod, referendumis gadawyvetileba 

kanonad rom iqces, mas parlamentze uyrian kenWs. Tu referendumis 

gadawyvetilebam miiRo xmebis saWiro raodenoba, is iqceva 

kanonad, magram advili SesaZlebelia gadawyvetilebam ver miiRos xmebis 

saWiro raodenoba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, marTalia referendumiT 

gadasawyveti sakiTxis kenWisyraSi monawileTa umravlesobis nebis saerTod 

ignorireba xdeba. yvelaferi es, ra Tqma unda, ewinaaRmdegeba 

`referendumis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organul kanons, romlis mixedviTac 

referendumis gadawyvetileba saboloo unda iyos. Cveni azriT, 

yvelaferi es gamowveulia imiT, rom Cveni kanonmdeblobiT dauSvebelia 

referendumis mowyoba kanonis misaRebad an gasauqmeblad. 

Cveni azriT, zemoTqmuli ufro gasagebi da TvalsaCino rom gaxdes 

moviyvanT erT magaliTs. dRes moqmed parlamentis arCevnebTan 

(2004w.) erTad Catarda referendumi. kenWisyraze daisva sakiTxi parlamentis 

wevrTa raodenobis 235-dan (proporciuli sistemiT 150 da 

maJoritaruli sistemiT 85) 150-mde (proporciuli 100 da maJoritaruli 

50) Semcirebis Sesaxeb. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, kenWisyraSi 

monawileTa didma umravlesobam xma misca deputatTa raodenobis Semcirebas. 

referendumis gadawyvetileba aucileblad unda qceuliyo 

kanonad, radgan deputatTa raodenobis gadawyvetileba gatanil iqna 

parlamentSi kenWis sayrelad. parlamentma gamoiCina goniereba da xma 

misca gadawyvetilebas, riTac is kanonad iqca da xalxis neba ganxorcielda. 

2008 wlis arCevnebSi xalxi parlaments airCevs ara 235, 

aramed 150 wevris SemadgenlobiT, magram xom SeiZleboda gadawyvetilebas 

ver mieRo xmebis saWiro raodenoba da xalxis neba ar aResrulebina. 

marTalia, `referendumis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT 

referendumis gadawyvetileba ZalaSi Sedis misi gamoqveynebis 

dRidan, aqvs iuridiuli Zala da sabolooa, magram sinamdvileSi, rogorc 

vnaxeT, referendumis gadawyvetilebas ara aqvs araviTari iuridiuli 

Zala da arc sabolooa. misTvis iuridiuli Zalis micema da- 


353

mokidebulia parlamentis nebaze. gamodis, rom saboloo gadawyvetilebas 

iRebs ara xalxi referendumis meSveobiT, aramed parlamenti. 

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, aucileblad migvaCnia `referendumis 

Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonis me-3 muxlis me-2 punqtidan 

amoRebul iqnas à~ qvepunqti, romlis mixedviTac ar SeiZleba referendumis 

mowyoba kanonis misaRebad an gasauqmeblad. amiT SesaZlebeli 

gaxdeba fiqtiuri referendumis realur referendumad gadaqceva. 

ZAUR JINJOLAVA 

GEORGIAN ORGANIC LAW “ON REFERENDUM” 

In accordance with the Constitution of Georgia and Organic Law of 

Georgia “On Referendum”, referendum is going to be held in connection with 

the decision of especial crucial governmental issues. Therefore, majority of referendum’s 

decisions should by all means be executed legally, but in accordance 

with the Georgian legislation, no law is enacted on the basis of referendum. 

In such a case a way out can be found. In particular, referendum decision is voted 

in the parliament in order to be equated to the law. If the referendum decision 

receives enough votes, it will obtain the status of law, though it is also possible 

that it can not receive enough votes. In such a case in referendum the will 

of majority of participants is disregarded and this of course contradicts with the 

Georgian Law “On Referendum”, on the basis of which the decision of referendum 

should be final. The parliament is authorized to decide upon giving the 

legal force. On the basis of this, the final decision by the referendum is made 

not by people, but parliament. That’s why it is considered the revocation of the 

subparagraph “A” of paragraph 2 in the Article 3 of Organic Law “On Referendum” 

necessary, on the basis of which no referendum can be held for the 

adoption or cancellation of the law. This gives the opportunity to replace the 

fictitious referendum with the real one. 

354



t. I, 2007 

mixeil mamniaSvili 

gamomZieblis uflebamosilebis zogierTi 

konceptualuri sakiTxi 

am bolo dros saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSi 

Setanilma cvlilebebma SeiZleba iTqvas, arsebiTad Secvala 

saproceso kanonmdebloba. sxva procesualur cvlilebaTa konteqstSi 

axleburad iqna modificirebuli saproceso saqmianobiT subieqtTa 

zogierTi uflebamosileba. es cvlilebani upirveles yovlisa gamom- 

Zieblis statuss Seexo, romlis zogierT procesualur aspeqtze 

gvsurs gavamaxviloT yuradReba. 

sisxlis samarTlis saqmis aRZvris gauqmebiT mosalodneli iyo 

winaswari gamoZiebisa da sisxlisamarTlebrivi devniT subieqtTa erTmaneTisagan 

mkveTrad gamijvna, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ufro dazustebuliyo, 

Tu vin awarmoebs winaswar gamoZiebas da vin sisxlissamarTlebriv 

devnas. erTis mxriv saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis 

saproceso kodeqsis (sssk) me-15 muxlSi Sesuli cvlilebebiT gamom- 

Ziebeli aRar warmoadgens braldebis mxares da es saproceso funqcia 

daekisra prokurors, agreTve dazaralebuls, samoqalaqo mosarCeles 

da maT warmomadgenels. amdenad, erTi SexedviT gamomZiebeli gadaiqca 

saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirad, romelic Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi 

uflebamosilia awarmoos mxolod sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa 

gamoZieba. 

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-15 da 58-e muxlebiT 

gaTvaliswinebuli gamomZieblis statusis amgvari saxiT interpretacia 

win gadadgmuli nabijia Cveni saproceso kanonmdeblobisaTvis. 

marTlac, rodesac gamomZiebeli aRar warmoadgens braldebis mxares 

da is neitraluri subieqtia sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis procesSi, 

eWvgareSea ufro gulmodginebiT da miukerZoeblad Seasrulos Tavisi 

valdebuleba, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gamoZieba awarmoos yovelmxriv, 

srulad da obieqturad, gamoavlinos braldebulis mamxilebeli 

da gamamarTlebeli mtkicebelebebi, agreTve pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebeli 

da Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi. 

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-15 da 

58-e muxlebi gamomdinareobs saqarTvelos saproceso kodeqsis 55-e 

355

muxlidanac, radgan prokuraturaa uflebamosili ganaxorcielos sisxlissamarTlebrivi 

devna da warmoadgens braldebis mxares, aqedan 

gamomdinare mxolod prokuroria valdebuli gamoitanos dadgenileba 

piris braldebulis saxiT pasuxisgebaSi micemis Sesaxeb da warudginos 

braldeba, Sewyvitos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna, anda Seadginos 

sabraldebo daskvna da saqme arsebiTad gansaxilvelad warmarTos sasamarTloSi 

1 . 

ramdenadac paradoqsulad ar unda mogveCvenos, saqarTvelos sisxlis 

samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 58-e muxlis moTxovnis sawinaaRmdegod, 

sadac saubaria gamomZieblis statusze, saproceso kodeqsis 

59-e muxlis ,,d” punqti da 284-e muxlis pirveli nawili uflebas 

rTavs gamomZiebels prokuroris TanxmobiT gamoitanos dasabuTebuli 

dadgenileba piris braldebulis saxiT pasuxisgebaSi micemis 

Sesaxeb da warudginos braldeba, imave moTxovnas iTvaliswinebs sisxlis 

samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 415-e muxli, sadac miTiTebulia: 

Tu aucilebelia braldebis Secvla ufro mZime an iseTi braldebiT, 

romelic Tavdapirveli braldebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba faqtobrivi 

garemoebebiT, prokurori saqmes ubrunebs gamomZiebels axali 

braldebis warsadgenad, an uSualod warudgens braldebuls axal 

braldebas, rogorc vxedavT, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 

58-e muxli aSkara winaaRmdegobaSia saproceso kodeqsis 59-e da 415- 

e muxlebTan, xolo Tavis mxriv saproceso kodeqsis 58-e muxli, savsebiT 

Seesabameba saproceso kodeqsis me-15 muxls, romelic gamoricxavs 

gamomZiebels braldebis mxaris funqciisagan. 

gamomZieblis neitraluri funqciisagan kidev ufro daSorebulia 

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 24-e muxli, romelic 

sajaro sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas iTvaliswinebs, romlis meore nawilis 

Tanaxmad, sajaro sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas axorcielebs 

prokurori da gamomZiebeli, amdenad gamomZieblis amgvari uflebamosilebis 

dakisreba faqtobrivad gamomZiebels aqcevs braldebis mxared, 

radgan: ,,sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna aris am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli 

uflebamosili piris mier ganxorcielebul moqmedebaTa 

erToblioba, romlis mizania eWvmitanilisa da braldebulis mimarT 

sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli 

RonisZiebis gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofa”. sxva sityvebiT 

rom vTqvaT, sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna es igivea rac braldeba 2 , 

1 v. iosava, m. mamniaSvili. uflebebi CamogvarTves mainc Cven gvedavebian. 

_ gaz. ,,saqarTvelos respublika~, 1997w. #282, 11 noemberi. 

2 S. fafiaSvili. sisxlis samarTlis saqmisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi 

356

omelic iwyeba piris braldebulis saxiT pasuxisgebaSi micemis stadiidan. 

kidev ufro Sors midis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 

59-e muxlis ,,s” punqti, romlis Tanaxmadac gamomZiebeli uflebamosilia 

Sewyvitos saqmis warmoeba am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sem- 

TxveviT da wesiT. sabednierod, amJamad saproceso kanonis es moTxovna 

gauqmebulia da mxolod prokuroria uflebamosili Sewyvitos 

sisxlisamarTlebrivi devnisa da winaswari gamoZiebis warmoeba. am 

SemTxvevaSi urigo ar iqneba moviyvanoT v. beniZis sityvebi imis Sesaxeb, 

rom ,,es norma isedac mkvdari normaa da cxadia amosaRebia 3 .” 

unda aRiniSnos, rom gamomZieblis statusis (rogorc neitraluri 

figura sisxlis samarTalwarmoebaSi) am saxiT daregulirebis sakiTxi 

dasmuli iyo jer kidev maSin, rodesac ixileboda moqmedi saqarTvelos 

sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis proeqti 4 , magram 

is gaziarebuli ar yofila, aman xeli Seuwyo im garemoebas, rom saproceso 

kodeqsis momzadeba daevala erT avtors prof. i. petruxins 

da isic sxva saxelmwifos warmomadgenels, xolo qarTveli specialisti 

_ iuristebis mosazrebebi bevr SemTxvevaSi usafuZvlod iyo 

ignorirebuli 5 . 

migvaCnia, rom gamomZiebeli sisxlis samarTlis procesSi unda 

warmoadgendes saproceso saqmianobis saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirs, 

romelic obieqturad, samarTlianad da yovelmxriv Tavisi kompetenciis 

farglebSi Caatarebs winaswar gamoZiebas, araviTar SemTxvevaSi 

ar unda iyos braldebis ara Tu mxare, aramed mas ar unda hqondes 

ufleba ganaxorcielos sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna (braldebis wardgena, 

sisxlis samarTlebrivi devnis Sewyveta da a.S.), rogorc amas 

moqmedi saproceso kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs. 

da bolos, gamomZieblis uflebamosilebis amgvari saxiT daregulireba 

xels Seuwyobs winaswari gamoZiebis procesSi SejibrebiTobis 

princips, realurad ganaxorcieldeba yovel konkretul saqmeze, obieqturi 

WeSmaritebis dadgena. 

devnis aRZvris problema sisxlis samarTlis procesSi. Tb., 1999, gv. 24. 

3 v. beniZe. dRes Tu ara xval, mainc Sesacvleli gaxdeba. _ gaz. ,,saqarTvelos 

respublika~N119, 2005w. 21 maisi 

4 gaz. ,,saqarTvelos respublika~, 1997w. #282, 11 noemberi. 

5 a. faliaSvili. sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kanoni, sisxlis samarTlis 

procesi. gamomc. ,,meridiani~. Tb., 2002, gv. 25. 

357

MIKHEIL MAMNIASHVILI 

CONCEPTUAL ISSUES OF INVESTIGATORS’ 

AUTHORITIES 

During past years, changes occurred in Georgian Criminal Code procedural 

legislature can be said that greatly impacted authorite of process participants. 

Given changes first of all touched the investigator’s status. It must mentioned 

that in accordance with 15 paragraph of the Procedural Code, an investigator 

is not considered as accusation side and he is considered as neutral person, 

that must be evaluated as a positive step. On the other hand, the given status 

of the investigator is preventeed by 24 th paragraph of the Procedural Code. 

In accordance with it, criminal persecution together with attorney is exercised 

as well with investigator. This influences negatively on investigator’s independent 

status. As criminal persecution is identified with prosecution. The article 

touches issues of improvement of Procedural legislature and is certified that investigator 

should not exercise criminal prosecution. Given rights must be granted, 

as a classical form in number of countries, to prosecutor. But investigators 

competence must be only objective and through investigation of a case. To the 

author’s point of view, such changes of Georgian Criminal Code will give possibility 

to the sides to realize such principles as competition and equality. 

358



t. I, 2007 

vefxvia gvaramia 

interpolTan urTierTobis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi 

meqanizmebisa da kanonmdeblobis efeqturobis 

sakiTxisaTvis saqarTveloSi 

Temis aqtualuroba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom masSi mocemuli 

sakiTxebi sxvadasxva mizezis gamo kompleqsurad dRemde saqarTvelo- 

Si ar yofila gamokvleuli, maSin, roca msoflios mowinave qveynebi 

integraciis procesis paralelurad aRniSnuli sakiTxebis kvlevasa 

da praqtikaSi damkvidrebas mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmoben. vfiqrob, 

mecnierulad dasabuTebuli informaciis miwodeba sargeblobas 

moutans samarTaldamcavi organoebis muSakebs da sazogadoebas. 

naSromis erT-erTi mizandasaxulobaa interpolTan da evropol- 

Tan efeqturi TanamSromlobisaTvis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi Sesatani 

cvlilebebis da Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis mosamzadeblad 

winadadebebis wardgena. amave dros, naSromis mizania mocemuli sakiTxis 

gamokvleviT misi mniSvnelobis warmoCena da saswavlo programebSi 

danergva saTanado kadrebis mosamzadeblad. 

warmodgenili naSromis dargTaSorisma xasiaTma ganapiroba istoriuli 

da SedarebiTi-samarTlebrivi analizis meTodebis gamoyeneba, 

ramac gamosakvlevi Temis kompleqsuri damuSavebis saSualeba mogvca. 

saxelmwifoTaSoris sapolicio TanamSromlobis efeqturi meqanizmebis 

gamoyenebas mniSvnelovani adgili unda eTmobodes Sida kanonmdeblobaSi. 

amdenad, aqtualuria saTanado samarTlebrivi bazis Seqmnis 

sakiTxi saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelo SeuerTda mTel rig saerTa- 

Soriso konvenciebs, sadac xazgasmulia interpolis roli samarTlebrivi 

daxmarebis sferoSi, maT Sorisaa gaerosa da evrosabWos egidiT 

miRebuli konvenciebi, sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos 

wesdeba da sxva. aRniSnuli dokumentebi saqarTvelos Sss SemadgenlobaSi 

Semavali interpolis erovnuli centraluri biuros (ecb-s) 

saqmianobaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyarod SeiZleba CavTvaloT. 

k. korkelia sruliad marTebulad miuTiTebs saerTaSoriso xel- 

Sekrulebebis gamoyenebis praqtikul mniSvnelobaze 1 . Tumca saqarTve- 

1 k. korkelia. saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv 

samarTalSi. sakandidato disertaciis xelnaweri. Tb., 1998, 

gv. 151. 

359

los mier sisxlisamarTlebrivi daxmarebis sferoSi dadebul ormxriv 

xelSekrulebebSi interpolis ecb-s resursebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs 

ar eTmoba jerovani yuradReba, rac xSirad abrkolebs da axangrZlivebs 

samarTlebrivi daxmarebis process. 

evropis qveynebTan samarTlebrivi daxmarebis sakiTxis wamoWrisas 

kanonebis mkacri dacvaa saWiro, amitom ormxrivi xelSekrulebebis 

ararsebobis gamo xSirad saWiroa xangrZlivi da rTuli samuSaos 

Sesruleba. am mxriv arasaTanado bazis uqonloba sazRvargareTis 

qveynebTan, SesaZloa, gamowveuli iyos saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso 

sisxlis samarTlis calkeuli institutebis xanmokle ganviTarebiT 

da mocemul sferoSi kadrebis simwiriT. 

iuristTa nawili interpolis Seqmnis aTvlas 1914 wlis aprilidan 

iwyebs 1 . meore nawili ki mis Seqmnas 1923 wlis 7 seqtembers 

sisxlis samarTlis policiis saerTaSoriso komisiis Camoyalibebas 

ukavSirebs 2 . Tumca interpolis saerTaSoriso samTavrobaTaSoriso 

specializebul organizaciad Camoyalibeba ar SeiZleba davukavSiroT 

erT konkretul TariRs, radgan misi formireba etapobrivad warimar- 

Ta da XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi dasrulda. 

1958 wels londonSi gamarTul interpolis generaluri asambleis 

sesiaze organizaciis monawile saxelmwifoebs miecaT winadadeba 

mieRoT zomebi termin interpolis dasacavad 3 . radganac aRniSnulma 

RonisZiebam mniSvnelovani Sedegi ver gamoiRo, generalurma asambleam 

1961 wels kopenhagenSi gamarTul sesiaze miiRo rekomendacia, raTa 

wevr-saxelmwifoebs daecvaT saxelwodeba ICPO _ interpoli aramar- 

Tlzomieri gamoyenebisagan 4 . 

1993 wels oqtomberSi saqarTvelos interpolSi miRebis Semdeg 

dRis wesrigSi dadga ecb-s sakanonmdeblo da materialuri bazis Seqmnis 

sakiTxi. saqarTvelos erovnuli centraluri biuros xelmZRvanelma 

g. aleqsiZem faqtobrivad Seqmna da Camoayaliba aRniSnuli 

struqtura, rac imJamad metad rTul da Sromatevad saqmes warmoadgenda. 

droTa ganmavlobaSi daiwyo Tanamedrove sakomunikacio sistemis 

danergva da funqcionireba, romlis gamoyenebac TandaTanobiT 

daiwyo praqtikaSi. 1996w. 4 oqtombers saqarTveloSi ecb-s axal Se- 

1 ix. Interpol. General information. Lyons: General Reference Department, 1995, gv. 2. 

2 К. С. Родионов. Интерпол. М., изд. “Международные Отношения”, 1990, gv. 25; В. 

И. Самарин. Интерпол. Международная организация уголовной полиции. М., изд. 

“ПИТЕР“, 2004, gv. 10. 

3 Resolution (1958) AGN /27 / RES / 1 

4 Resolution (1961) AGN /30 / RES / 6 

360

nobaSi gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos ecb-s xelmZRvanelobis 

mier mowveuli iqna interpolis generaluri mdivani raimond kendali, 

romelmac xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom saqarTveloSi wina 

wlebTan SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomareoba daxvda da imedi gamoTqva, 

rom saqarTvelo stabilurobisken nabij-nabij miiwevs. 

saqarTvelos interpolSi gawevrianebis Semdeg Seiqmna garkveuli 

sakanonmdeblo vakuumi, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom saqarTvelos interpolis 

ecb-s saqmianobis Sidanormatiuli baza ar arsebobda. moqmedi 

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi 

ver pasuxobda saerTaSoriso standartebs sazRvargareTis qveyneb- 

Tan saerTaSoriso sisxlisamarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis sferoSi. 

Nneli tempiT mimdinareobda interpolis erovnuli centraluri biuros 

saerTaSoriso urTierTobis bazis Seqmna. 

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs saqarTvelos ecb-s normatiul 

wyaroebs Soris interpolis konstituciis adgili. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT 

ikveTeba ramdenime problema, kerZod, azerbaijanis rekomendaciiT 

saqarTvelos interpolSi miRebiT iuridiulad aRiarebul 

iqna misi konstitucia. xSirad ismis SekiTxva, ramdenad kanonieria misi 

gamoyeneba praqtikaSi, roca saqarTvelos 1995 w. konstituciis 

65-e muxlis me-2 nawilis Tanaxmad, `savaldebuloa agreTve iseTi saerTaSoriso 

xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis ratificireba, romelic: 

a) iTvaliswinebs saerTaSoriso organizaciaSi an kavSirSi saqarTvelos 

Sesvlas ... e) moiTxovs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis 

Secvlas, nakisr saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad 

aucilebeli kanonebisa da kanonis Zalis mqone aqtebis miRebas~. 1 

pirvel SemTxvevaSi unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelo 

interpolis wevri gaxda 1993 wels, e. i. saqarTvelos konstituciis 

miRebamde da amave dros, ramdenadac interpolis konstitucia 

xels uwyobs samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvas, vfiqrobT, saqarTvelos 

kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, interpolis konstituciis gamoyeneba 

marTlzomieria. 

meore SemTxvevaSi gasarkvevia interpolis, rogorc saerTaSoriso 

samTavrobaTaSoriso specializirebuli organizaciis konstituciis 

savaldebulo xasiaTi saqarTvelos mimarT. TiToeuli saxelmwifosaTvis 

savaldebuloa ecb-s saqmianoba Seesabamebodes interpolis 

konstitucias, imdenad ramdenadac aRniSnuli struqura iTvleba Sualedur 

rgolad interpolsa da saxelmwifoTa samarTaldamcav organoebs 

Soris. interpolis konstitucis dacva savaldebuloa misi wev- 

1 saqarTvelos konstitucia. gamomc. `bona kauza~. Tb., 2008, gv. 31-32. 

361

ebisTvis da aparatSi momuSave TanamSromlebisaTvis, xolo misi organoebis 

mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi savaldebuloa organizaciis 

TanamSromlebisaTvis, Tumca wevri saxelmwifoebis mimarT sarekomendacio 

xasiaTs atarebs. amasTan, maTi Sesrulebis gareSe SeuZlebelia 

organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg saxelmwifoTaSoris efeqturi 

sapolicio TanamSromlobis ganxorcieleba. swored aRniSnuli garemoebebis 

gaTvaliswinebiT, marTebulad migvaCnia saqarTveloSi Sesabamisi 

sakanonmdeblo bazis momzadeba. 

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis dros saqarTvelos 

ecb moqmedebs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da saqarTvelos 

kanonmdeblobis dacviT, Tumca misi adgili da roli kanonmdeblobaSi 

saTanadod araa asaxuli. Cveni azriT, marTebulia saqarTvelos sisxlis 

samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis XXXII TavSi, kerZod, 247-e (samarTlebrivi 

daxmarebis saxeebi), 248-e (ucxo saxelmwifoSi samarTlebrivi 

daxmarebis Sesaxeb Suamdgomlobis gadagzavna), 252-e (ucxo 

saxelmwifos moqalaqis an moqalaqeobis armqone piris mier saqarTvelos 

teritoriaze Cadenili danaSaulis Sesaxeb masalebis gadagzavna) 

1 muxlebSi aisaxos interpolis ecb-s adgili mis mier realurad 

gansaxorcielebeli saqmianobis Sesabamisad. 

saqarTvelos operatiuli samZebro RonisZiebebis kanonis me-8 

muxlis I nawilis Tanaxmad, operatiuli samZebro saqmianobis Catarebis 

erT-erTi safuZvelia `saerTaSoriso samarTaldamcavi organizaciis 

... Txovna-SekiTxva samarTlebrivi daxmarebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis 

Sesabamisad~. 2 ramdenadac saerTaSoriso samarTaldamcavi organoebidan 

saqarTvelo interpolisa da sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso 

sasamarTlos wesdebis wevria, marTebulad mimaCnia me-8 muxlis I nawili 

formulirebuli iqnes Semdegnairad: `sisxlis samarTlis saer- 

TaSoriso sasamarTlos, interpolis da sxva saerTaSoriso samarTaldamcavi 

organoebis Txovna-SekiTxva samarTlebrivi daxmarebis xelSekrulebis 

Sesabamisad~. 3 aseve interpolTan TanamSromlobis specifikuroba 

marTebulia gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas `saqarTvelos kanonSi sasazRvro 

policiis Sesaxeb~. 

saqarTvelos ecb-s saqmianoba dRemde mowesrigebulia ramdenime 

1 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi. gamomc.: `bona kauza~. 

Tb., 2008, gv. 178-182. 

2 saqarTvelos operatiul samZebro saqmianobis Sesaxeb kanoni. _ `saqar- 

Tvelos sakanonmdeblo macne~, #14, 1999, gv. 21. 

3 v. gvaramia. kriminaluri policiis saerTaSoriso organizaciis roli 

damnaSaveTa saerTaSoriso Zebnisa da eqstradiciis saqmeSi. _ samarTali, 

#10-11-12, 2000, gv. 119-120. 

362

kanonqvemdebare aqtiT. pirveli dokumenti, romelic aregulirebda interpolis 

saqmianobas, iyo `saqarTvelos respublikaSi interpolis 

erovnuli centraluri biuros mier informaciis miRebis, gacemis da 

damuSavebis reglamenti~. 1 reglamentis I muxlSi ganisazRvra interpolis 

ecb-s saqmianobis normatiuli wyaroebi da misi urTierTobis 

sakiTxebi saqarTvelos da ucxo qveynis samarTaldamcav organoebTan 

interpolis struqturebTan da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan. II 

TavSi mniSvnelovani yuradReba daeTmo ecb-s mier informaciis da SekiTxvebis 

miRebisa da gadacemis wess. III TaviT daregulirda informaciis 

damuSavebis wesi, xolo mniSvnelovani yuradReba daeTmo `monacemTa 

bankis Seqmnasa da dacvas.~ reglamentis Tanaxmad, ecb-s TanamSromlobis 

subieqtebad iTvlebodnen `saqarTvelos respublikis yvela 

samarTaldamcavi organoebi da Sesabamisi sxva uwyebebi~, Tumca danar- 

TSi ganisazRvra uwyebaTa nusxa, romelTa momsaxureoba ecb-s mier 

xorcieldeboda satelekomunikacio xarjebis gareSe. maT Soris iyo 

`samTavrobo dacvis samsaxuri, sagareo saqmeTa saministro, kontrolis 

palata, sabaJo departamenti, sagadasaxado inspeqcia da sasazRvro 

jarebi.~ 

reglamenti aregulirebda mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval 

organoebs Soris TanamSromlobas informaciis gacvlisa da miRebis 

dros. mocemuli dokumenti samarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis regulirebis 

TvalsazrisiT ufro maRla idga, vidre yofili sabWoTa kavSiris 

SemadgenlobaSi Semavali qveynebis ecb-s saqmianobis maregulirebeli 

normatiuli aqtebi, radgan es ukanaskneli gamocemuli iyo Sss 

ministris mier da mas savaldebulo Zala gaaCnda uwyebis SigniT. saqarTvelos 

ecb_s 1994w. reglamenti saTanado sakanonmdeblo bazis 

uqonlobis pirobebSi nawilobriv avsebda vakuums. 

1994w. reglamentis me-2 Tavis me-5 nawilis Tanaxmad, ecb-s ufleba 

hqonda xelSekrulebis wesiT iuridiuli momsaxureba gaewia 

iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebisaTvis arasaidumlo informaciis miwodebis 

saxiT. informaciis mopovebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebi mTlianad 

anazRaurdeboda fizikuri da iuridiuli piris mier. me-6 nawilis 

Sesabamisad, miRebuli Semosavlebi rCeboda ecb-s. aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi 

msgavsi damokidebuleba sruliad misaRebia dResac, radganac 

is dRes sakanonmdeblo baziT ar aris regulirebuli, marTebulia 

misi saTanado mowesrigeba. 

saqarTvelos mier saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT nakisri val- 

1 damtkicebulia 6 seqtembers, 1994 wels, saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa 

kabinetis #637 dadgenilebiT. 

363

debulebebis Sesasruleblad dRiTi-dRe aucilebeli xdeba ecb-s sakanonmdeblo 

bazis srulyofis sakiTxi, razec, sxva qveynis sakanonmdeblo 

bazis gaTvaliswinebiT, Cvens mier yuradReba iqna gamaxvilebuli 

2000w. Jurnal `samarTalSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi 1 . 2005w. saqarTvelos 

Sss ministris brZanebiT damtkicebuli iqna ecb-s debuleba, 

romelSic aisaxa biuros saqmianobis amocanebi, kompetencia da biuros 

ufrosis samarTlebrivi statusi. aRniSnuli brZanebis xarvezad SeiZleba 

CaiTvalos is, rom masSi ar iyo mocemuli biuros struqturuli 

danayofebi da maTi kompetencia. amave dros, es debuleba Sida uwyebriv 

aqts warmoadgenda da mas sxva uwyebebis mimarT informaciis gacemisa 

da miRebis dros savaldebulo Zala ar gaaCnda, xolo 1994w. 

saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa kabinetis mier damtkicebuli 

reglamenti samarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis Tanamedroveobis moTxovnebs 

ver pasuxobda. 2006w. Sss ministris brZanebiT damtkicda interpolis 

axali debuleba, romelSic VI Tavis Sesabamisad, ganisazRvra 

biuros struqturuli danayofebi da maTi kompetencia. ecb-s debulebis 

me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, `biuros struqturuli danayofebia: 

a) saerTaSoriso Zebnis sammarTvelo; 

b) saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan TanamSromlobisa da sainformacio 

teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis sammarTvelo; 

g) saerTo ganyofileba. 

sammarTveloebi iyofa struqturul qvedanayofebad. msgavsi klasifikacia 

xels uwyobs funqciebis gamijvnas. amave dros, unda aRiniSnos, 

rom debulebis I muxlis Tanaxmad, biuro warmoadgens Sss 

struqturul qvedanayofs sammarTvelos statusiT. amdenad, ganmeorebebis 

Tavidan asacileblad marTebuli iqneboda ecb-s struqturas 

ewodos ganyofilebebi, xolo mis erTeulebs _ qveganyofilebebi. an 

ecb SSs struqturaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas departamentis saxiT, 

rac mTeli rigi qveynebis praqtikaSi damkvidrebulia. 

saqarTvelos prezidentis 2007w. brZanebulebam nawilobriv Seavso 

is xarvezi, romelic arsebobda ecb-s da sxva uwyebebs Soris samarTlebrivi 

daxmarebis sakiTxebze TanamSromlobisas. am dokumentis 

I muxlis Tanaxmad, ecb-s normatiul bazad ganisazRvra `saqarTvelos 

konstitucia, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi, 

saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, interpolis konstitucia sxva 

normatiuli aqtebi da rekomendaciebi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod 

aRiarebuli principebi da normebi~. 2 mocemuli ierarqia ar 

1 v. gvaramia. kriminaluri policiis saerTaSoriso.., gv. 119-128. 

2 saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba `saqarTvelos Sinagan saminist- 

364

Seesabameba saqarTveloSi dadgenil sakanonmdeblo principebs da normebs. 

amave dros, interpolis konstitucia SesaZlebelia CaiTvalos 

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaze ufro maRal normatiul aqtad, amdenad, 

marTebulad migvaCnia am normatiul aqtSi cvlilebebis Setana. 

imisaTvis, rom efeqturi gamxdariyo danaSaulobasTan brZola 

interpolis meSveobiT, prezidentis #99 brZanebulebaSi ganisazRvra 

ecb-sTvis saqarTvelos samarTaldamcavi da sxva uflebamosili samar- 

Taldamcavi organoebis mier interpolis ecb-sTvis moTxovnebis, pasuxebisa 

da Setyobinebis miwodebis wesi. III muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, 

ecb-s mier miRebuli an gagzavnili moTxovnebis mixedviT, Tu 

ramdenad saswrafoa maTi Sesruleba, eniWeba Semdegi grifebi: 

à) friad saswrafo _ savaldebuloa Sesruldes SeZlebisdagvarad 

dauyovnebliv, magram araugvianes miRebidan 24 saaTSi; 

b) saswrafo _ savaldebuloa Sesruldes miRebidan sam dReSi; 

g) arasaswrafo _ savaldebuloa miRebidan 3 dReSi.~ 

mocemuli vadebis dacva savaldebuloa uwyebebisaTvis, amdenad, 

maTi farTo gamoyenebis mizniT marTebulia maTi sakanonmdeblo regulireba. 

II muxlis meeqvse punqtSi gansazRvrulia subieqtTa is wre, 

romelTac ufleba aqvT mimarTon ecb-s, romelic amoiwureba mxolod 

samarTaldamcavi organoebis Tanamdebobis pirebiT. vfiqrob, marTebuli 

iqneboda subieqtTa am wris gafarToeba. saqarTvelos prezidentis 

brZanebulebis IV muxli iTvaliswinebs saerTaSoriso Zebnis ganxorcielebas 

interpolis qselis saSualebiT saqarTvelos samarTaldamcavi 

organoebis moTxovnis safuZvelze, romelSic mocemulia debulebebi 

saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisad. kerZod, SesaZlebelia 

ganxorcieldes im pirebis Zebna, romlebic braldebulni arian danaSaulis 

CadenaSi, Tavs arideben sasjelis moxdas, iTvlebian ugzo-ukvlod 

dakargulad. aseT SemTxvevaSi pirvel rigSi unda dadgindes: 

1. datova Tu ara pirma saqarTvelos teritoria; 

2. unda Semowmdes misi moqalaqeoba; 

3. Cadenili qmedebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes Tavisuflebis 

aRkveTa. 

#99 brZanebulebis me-18 muxlSi mocemulia `saqarTvelos interpolis 

ecb-s mier amoucnobi gvamebis da im ucnob pirTa identifikaciisas 

gansaxorcielebeli moqmedebis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa, 

romelTac janmrTelobis an asakis gamo ar SeuZliaT informaciis 

ros saqarTveloSi interpolis erovnuli centraluri biuros saqmianobisa 

da masTan TanamSromlobis wesis damtkicebis wesis Sesaxeb~, #99, 

12.02.2007. 

365

miwodeba~. me-19 muxli ki iTvaliswinebs aseT pirTa identifikaciis 

problemebs. sfecifikurobidan gamomdinare, marTebuli iqneboda erTmaneTisagan 

gagvemijna da sxvadasxva muxlSi Camogveyalibebina gvamebis 

da janmrTelobis an asakis gamo amoucnob pirTa identifikaciis sakiTxi, 

ramdenadac am problemas cal-calke eTmoba interpolis Savi 

da yviTeli cirkularebi. me-20 muxlSi Camoyalibebulia ecb-sTvis 

SuamdgomlobiT mimarTvis wesi, generaluri samdivnosaTvis specialuri 

cirkularis gamosacemad. am muxlis meore nawilis Tanaxmad, ecb-s 

moTxovnis safuZvelze generaluri samdivno gamoscems: 

a) wiTel cirkulars _ braldebulis (gansasjelis) an msjavrdebulis 

dakavebisa da eqstradiciis mizniT; 

b) lurj cirkulars _ piris identifikaciis, kriminaluri warsulis 

an adgilmdebareobis dadgenis mizniT; 

g) mwvane cirkulars _ im pirze informaciis gamoqveynebis mizniT, 

romelmac SeiZleba Caidinos danaSauli sxvadasxva qveyanaSi; 

d) yviTel cirkulars _ ugzo-ukvlod dakarguli piris an im 

piris Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebis mizniT, romelic ver 

axerxebs sakuTari vinaobis dasaxelebas; 

e) Sav cirkulars _ amoucnobi gvamebis identifikaciis mizniT; 

v) narinjisfer cirkulars _ policiis, sxva saxelmwifo organoebis 

da arasamTavrobo organizaciebisaTvis informaciis 

miwodebis potenciuri safrTxis Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba 

warmoiSvas safrTxis Semcveli masalebidan~. 

prezidentis mier miRebul dokumentSi marTebuladaa warmoCenili 

sxvasasxva feris cirkularebis gamosacemad SesaZlo informaciis 

TandarTvis wesi. mizanSewonilad migvaCvnia droTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi 

Seiqmnas baza iseTi biometriuli pasportebis gasacemad, 

sadac dafiqsirdeba TiTis anabeWdebi da sisxlis jgufi, rac gaaadvilebs 

Zebnisa da identifikaciis process. saqarTveloSi Zebnis gamocxadeba 

xSirad ferxdeba ecb-sTvis aradrouli informaciis miwodebis 

gamo, rac, SesaZloa gamowvios saWiro teqnikisa da saTanado 

operatiuli kavSirebis uqonlobam, aseve regionebSi saTanado codniT 

aRWurvili pirebis deficitma. vfiqrob, aRniSnuli problemis dasaZlevad 

sasazRvro gamSvebi punqtebi da is pirebi, romelTac evalebaT 

Zebna da operatiuli TanamSromloba, aRWurvili unda iyvnen saTanado 

codniT, kompiuteruli sistemiT. aseTi meTodebi danergilia ZiriTadad 

evropaSi da aSS-Si. 

saxelmwifoTaSoris sapolicio TanamSromlobis efeqturi meqa- 

366

nizmebis maqsimalurad gamoyenebisaTvis, vfiqrob, marTebulia saqarTveloSi: 

1. sasazRvro gamSvebi punqtebi, regionebSi ki operatiul sam- 

Zebro TanamSromlebi aRiWurvon saTanado kompiuteruli teqnikiT, 

romelebic interpolis ecb-s erTian qselSi iqnebian 

CarTuli; 

2. mizanSewonilia danaSaulobasTan brZolis Tanamedrove saer- 

TaSoriso sainformacio teqnologiebis swavlebis damkvidreba 

umaRlesi saswavleblebis iuridiul fakultetebze; 

3. sasazRvro samsaxurebSi da operatiul-samZebro uflebamosilebiT 

aRWurvili pirebis kvalifikaciis amaRleba, ecb-sTvis 

gadasacemi moTxovnebis da informaciis operatiulad momzadebisa 

da miwodebis mizniT; 

4. mowinave qveynebis interpolTan urTierTobis praqtikis gaziareba; 

5. saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlebrivi daxmarebis xelSekrulebis 

gaformebisas interpolis ecb-s TanamSromlebisa an sa- 

Tanado codniT aRWurvili eqspertebis monawileoba; 

6. sisxlis samarTlebrivi TanamSromlobis sferoSi saqarTvelos 

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobis srulyofa da misi 

evropul standartebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana; 

7. kanonis Sesabamisad, gaTvaliswinebul iqnas nebismieri piris 

ufleba mimarTos ecb-s Tavis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis 

dasadgenad da uzustobis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi mieces ufleba 

moiTxovos misi Secvla an amoReba; 

8. saqarTvelos ecb-Si gamocdili kadrebisa da eqspertebisagan 

specialuri sakonsultacio jgufis Seqmna, romelic mudmivad 

imuSavebs mis ganviTarebaze. 

saxelmwifoTaSoris sapolicio TanamSromlobis efeqturi meqanizmebi 

saerTaSoriso organizaciis farglebSi, saqarTveloSi SesaZlebelia 

gamoyenebul iqnas zemoaRniSnuli problemis srulyofisa da 

kompleqsuri midgomis gziT. 

367

368 

VEPKHVIA GVARAMIA 

ON A ISSUE OF EFFECTIVE RELATIONSHIP 

OF INTERSTATE MECHANISMS AND LEGISLATION 

WITH INTERPOL IN GEORGIA 

In the bilateral agreements of Georgia proper attention is not given to the 

use of NCB resources that often delay the legal assistance process. Issue of obligatory 

character of the Constitution of Interpol as of international intergovernmental 

specialized organization is to be clarified. Each state is obliged to conform 

and subordinate activities of NCB to the Constitution of Interpol. NCB is 

considered to be the intermediate circle between the Interpol and the national 

law-enforcement agencies. Thus, protection of the Interpol Constitution is 

mandatory for the member states and the Organization staff. Decisions of its 

bodies are obligatory for the organization personnel, but are recommendatory 

for the member states. It is preferable to reflect the Interpol NCB in the articles 

247, 248, 252 of the Criminal Code of Georgia, which refer to the international 

legal assistance issues. 

It is also preferable to add to the article 8, part I of the Law of Georgia on 

Operational Investigative Activities a request-question of the International Criminal 

Court, Interpol and other International law-enforcement organizations as 

the base of holding operational-investigative procedures. Issue of cooperation 

with Interpol should be determined in the Law of Georgia on Boarder Police. 

The first document that regulated the NCB activity was “The Regulation 

on Information Receiving, Delivery and Processing by the National Central 

Bureau of Interpol in Georgia”. The first article determined legal sources of 

NCB activity, relations between Georgia and the law-enforcement bodies of foreign 

country, also the structures of Interpol and the International organizations. 

Subjects of the NCB were considered to be “all the law-enforcement bodies 

and the other proper agencies of the Georgian Republic”. The Regulation 

defined the issue of cooperation between the structural units of the government. 

The Regulation had higher competence than the NCB activity regulating legal 

norms of the Post-Soviet countries, as those ones were issued by the Minister 

of Internal Affairs and were mandatory within the given institution. According 

to chapter 2, part 5 of the Regulation 1994 the NCB was authorized to provide 

service for the legal and physical entities based on agreements, if they provided 

funding for such service and if information was not confidential. Legal regulation 

of the mentioned issue is also applicable the present day. 

In Regulation of the NCB approved by the Order of the Minister of Internal 

Affairs in 2005 the tasks and competence of the Bureau was determined. 

Though, because of some defects, in 2006 a new Regulation of the Interpol was

approved with the Order of the Minister of IA. According to the article 1, the 

NCB is a structural unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Due to the article 

10, these structural units are set as follows: a) Division of international investigation; 

b) Division of international organizations relation and informational 

technical insurance; c) General Division. To avoid repetitions it would be correct 

to name the NCB structure as divisions, and the units – as subdivisions, or 

to determine the NCB within the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the form of a 

department. 

The Order of the President of Georgia of 2007 partially filled the gap imperfection 

that existed in cooperation with the NCB and the units. In hierarchy 

of legal sources of Interpol stipulated in the article 1, it would be preferable give 

some place to the universally declared International principles and norms, 

also to the Interpol Constitution following to the Constitution of Georgia. In 

the Order the rule of NCB information receiving and delivery was determined, 

though its legislative regulation is recommended. 

In the 6 th part of the article 2 a circle of subjects cooperating with the 

NCB is defined, which refers to the law-enforcement agency officials only. It is 

preferable to widen the circle of subjects. 

Effective work of Interpol and Europol depends on the structural liaison 

system within the state. 

The following activities are recommended to be carried out in Georgia: 

• Technical insurance of the structural units, which are relating with 

Interpol. 

• To pay more attention to the study of the International Information 

Technologies of fight against crime and to raise qualification of 

practicing personnel. 

• Ongoing improvement of the national legislation in compliance 

with the international standards. 

• Permanent improvement of the interstate police relations domestic 

mechanisms. 


369



t. I, 2007 

p e d a g o g i k a , f s i q o l o g i a 

370 

jemal jinjixaZe, giorgi jinjixaZe 

cnebaTa Soris mimarTebebis gamoyeneba, 

rogorc maTematikis dawyebiTi kursis Teoriuli 

safuZvlebis swavlebis interdisciplinaruli me- 

Todologiis erT-erTi aspeqti 

azrovnebis procesSi SeiZleba gamovyoT misi sxvadasxva forma: 

cneba, msjeloba, daskvna. cneba aris azrovnebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi 

forma. es iseTi formaa, romelSic gamoikveTeba obieqtebis arsebiTi 

Tvisebebi, araarsebiTi Tvisebebisagan gancalebuli da abstrahirebuli. 

ufro zustad, cneba aris azris iseTi forma, romelic 

asaxavs sagnebsa da movlenebs maT arsebiT niSnebSi. cneba unda ganvasxvaoT 

warmodgenisagan, romelic gvaZlevs saganTa TvalsaCino-grZnobad 

saxeebs da Tavis TavSi Seicavs mraval konkretul da araarsebiT 

niSans. cneba aris saganTa da movlenaTa abstraqtuli asaxva, misi 

warmodgena ar SeiZleba TvalsaCino saxiT. 

adamianis mier garesamyaros Semecneba Zalze rTuli procesia. 

igi moicavs sinamdvilis asaxvis sxvadasxva etaps, formebs, produqtebs. 

cneba aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi SemecnebiTi forma. amasTan, igi 

adamianis nebismieri inteleqtualuri qmedebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli 

formaa. viazrovnoT _ es niSnavs, Cvens cnobierebaSi avsaxoT samyaro 

cnebebiT, cnebebis meSveobiT, cnebebis formiT; es niSnavs, SegveZlos 

cnebebiT operireba. yovelgvari mtkiceba an uaryofa cnebebis 

gamoyenebazea bazirebuli. nebismieri inteleqtualuri operacia dafuZnebulia 

garkveuli erTobliobis cnebaTa Soris mimarTebebis gamorkvevasa 

da damyarebaze. asea nebismier saswavlo disciplinaSi. asea 

nebismier mecnierebaSi 1 . 

aqedan cxadia, rom cneba aris inteleqtualuri qmedebis safuZveli, 

is universaluri erTeuli, romlis gareSe azrovneba arc SeiZleba 

arsebobdes. inteleqtualur procesebSi cneba warmoadgens ise- 

Tive elementarul struqturul erTeuls, rogorsac, magaliTad, 

1 ganaTlebis fsiqologia. Tb., 2005, gv. 102.

warmoadgens ujredi organizmis sistemaSi 1 . es yovelive swavlebis 

procesSi garkveul siZneleebs qmnis, rac gamowveulia sxvadasxva saswavlo 

disciplinis specifikiT, da es siZneleebi ganpirobebulia miT 

umetes imiT, rom sxvadasxva saswavlo disciplinis cnebebi abstraqciis 

sxvadasxva doneze dganan. 

maTematikur cnebebs axasiaTebT sruliad gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebani. 

ZiriTadi arsi amisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom maTematikuri 

obieqtebi, romelTa Sesaxebac unda SevadginoT cneba, realobaSi ar 

arseboben. maTematikuri obieqtebi adamianis gonebam Seqmna. isini arseboben 

mxolod azrovnebaSi da im niSnebsa da simboloebSi, romlebic 

qmnian maTematikur enas. 

maSasadame, maTematikuri cnebebi abstraqciis yvelaze maRal doneze 

dganan da, amis gamo, uaRresad didi mniSvneloba unda mieniWos 

cnebiTi azrovnebis, e. i. cnebebiT azrovnebis, ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT 

maTematikis swavlebisas. xazgasasmelia, rom inteleqtis ganvi- 

Tarebis uzenaesi stadia swored cnebiTi azrovnebaa. individualur 

cnobierebaSi azrovneba viTardeba praqtikul-qmediTi mdgomareobidan 

TvalsaCino-saxovanisaken, aqedan ki _ sityvier-logikurisaken. cnobierebaSi 

cnebis warmoqmna, misi Camoyalibeba, warmoadgens zogadi inteleqtualuri 

ganviTarebis pirobasac, arsebasac da maCvenebelsac 2 . 

cnebiTi azrovnebis ganviTarebis procesSi, am ganviTarebis maCvenebelze 

damokidebulebiT, mkveTrad SeimCneva yvela SemecnebiTi funqciis 

dinamikuri cvlileba; amasTan, aRqma xatovan azrovnebad iqceva, 

damaxsovreba meqanikuridan logikurSi gardaiqmneba, yuradReba nebismieri 

xdeba. mokled rom vTqvaT, mimdinareobs inteleqtualuri qmedebis 

Zireuli gardaqmna, ris Sedegadac individis yovelgvari grZnobieri, 

mnemonikuri, vizualur-sivrciTi, operaciul-logikuri Tu 

sityvieri gamocdileba mTlianad erTveba cnebiT struqturebSi da 

cnebiT doneze obieqtis Sesaxeb adamianis yovelgvari codna met-naklebad 

srulad Camoyalibebul integralur struqturas warmoadgens. 

cnebis warmoqmnis procesis calkeuli elementebi vlindeba individualuri 

cnobierebis ganviTarebis sruliad sxvadasxva stadiaze. pedagogiuri 

fsiqologia amtkicebs, rom cnebiTi azrovnebis formireba 

ZiriTadad mozardobis asakSi xdeba 3 . 

miCneulia, rom maTematikas udavod didi mniSvneloba aqvs inteleqtis 

ganviTarebisaTvis. yvela sxva saswavlo saganTan SedarebiT 

1 В. И. Свинцов. Логика. М., 1987, gv. 34. 

2 j. jinjixaZe. maTematika. Tb., 1993, gv. 5-6. 

3 ganaTlebis fsiqologia.., gv. 113. 

371

moswavles maTematikaSi ufro efeqturad, mizanmimarTulad da Tanamimdevrulad 

uxdeba cnebaTa gansazRvris konstruireba, formulireba 

da gamoyeneba, maTi agebis kanonzomierebaTa gacnobiereba, uxdeba cnebaTa 

simravleSi dalagebulobis Setana, maTi sistemaSi moyvana, klasificireba. 

yovelive es moswavlis gonebrivi gamocdilebis struqturis 

friad mniSvnelovani elementi xdeba. 

amis gamo, swavlebis procesSi, interdisciplinaruli ideebis 

gatarebisas, Cvenis azriT, umjobesia, ganzogadeba maTemetikidan movaxdinoT, 

xolo sxva sagnebis swavlebisas analogiisaTvis maTematikuri 

faqtebi moviSvelioT. darwmunebuli varT, aseT pirobebSi swavlebis 

saganTaSorisi kavSirebi optimalurad ganxorcieldeba. 

cnebis formireba, Tavis mxriv, rTuli fsiqologiuri procesia, 

romelic xorcieldeba da mimdinareobs Semdegi sqemis mixedviT: 

SegrZneba aRqma warmodgena cneba. 

da moicavs etapebs: motivacia, arsebiTi Tvisebebis gamoyofa, 

gansazRvris formulireba. amasTan, es formireba SeiZleba miRweul 

iqnas rogorc induqciuri, ise deduqciuri gziT: 

warmodgenaTa faqtebis Seswavla 

cnebis arsebiTi niSnebis gamoyofa 

cnebis gansazRvra 

cnebis gamoyeneba 

sqema 1 

cnebis Seswavlis gzis SerCeva damokidebulia saswavlo sagnis, 

Temisa da TviT cnebis specifikaze 1 . 

1 Л. В. Виноградова. Методика преподавания математики в средней школе. Ростов-на- 

Дону, 2005, gv. 5. 

372

cnebas gaaCnia ori maxasiaTebeli: moculoba da Sinaarsi. cnebis 

moculoba aris simravle, im sagnebisa Tu movlenebisa, romelTa arsebiTi 

(maxasiaTebeli) niSnebic aisaxeba cnebaSi. cnebis Sinaarsi aris 

simravle im arsebiTi niSnebisa, romlebic axasiaTebT cnebis moculobaSi 

Semaval sagnebsa Tu movlenebs. cxadia, rom cnebis moculobaSi 

Semavali sagnebi Tu movlenebi erTi terminiT aRiniSneba, xolo cnebis 

Sinaarsi cnebis moculobaSi Semavali sagnebisa Tu movlenebis Ziri- 

Tad Tvisebebs warmoadgens. moculobis mixedviT cnebis sam saxes ganasxvaveben: 

zogadi (“magida”, “saxli”, “qimiuri elementi”...), erTeuladi 

(“pirveli kosmonavti”, “mTvare”...), carieli (“kentavri”, “ciklopi”, 

“devi”...) 1 . es gasaTvaliswinebelia yvela saswavlo disciplinaSi. 

cxadia, rom zogadi cnebis moculobaSi Sedis erTze meti elementi, 

erTeuladi cnebis moculobaSi erTaderTi elementia, xolo 

carieli (anu nulovani) cnebis moculobaSi ar Sedis arc erTi realurad 

arsebuli sagani. carieli cnebis gamoyenebis sakiTxi sifrTxiles 

moiTxovs, radganac man SesaZloa, zogjer gaugebrobamde da paradoqsamdec 

ki migviyvanos. daviwyoT imiT, rom zogjer Znelia davadginoT 

esa Tu is cneba carielia Tu ara. magaliTad, XIX saukunis fizikosebi 

darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom arsebobs eTeri _ gansakuTrebuli 

varskvlavTSorisi sivrce, romelSic vrceldeba eleqtromagnituri 

talRebi. mravali gamokvleva da didZali energia dasWirda imis 

damtkicebas, rom aseTi sivrce ar arsebobs da cneba ,,eTeri” carielia. 

aq dasazustebelia: ra unda gvesmodes ,,realurad arsebobis” 

qveS Tu mxolod fizikuri garesamyaro, maSin yvela maTematikuri 

cneba carieli yofila, radgan arc erTi maTgani ar arsebobs realur 

sinamdvileSi. magram es absurdia. 

maS, ra vqnaT aviRoT aseTi magaliTi: WeSmaritia Tu mcdari gamonaTqvami 

,,egviptis dRevandeli faraoni melotia”. Tu gadavsinjavT 

msoflioSi yvela melots, ver aRmovaCenT maTSi egviptis dRevandel 

faraons. e.i. mocemuli gamonaTqvami SeiZleba mcdarad CaiTvalos. magram, 

xom unda iyos WeSmariti sawinaamRdego gamonaTqvami ,,egviptis 

dRevandeli faraoni meloti ar aris” Tu davakvirdebiT, esec mcdaria. 

miviReT paradoqsuli situacia. axla, aviRoT msgavsi gamonaTqvami 

,,otelo iyo coliani”. otelo, es venecieli mavri, arasodes ar 

arsebula, rogorc realuri pirovneba. magram Seqspiris mier Seqmnil 

samyaroSi otelo marTla iyo da Cven misi colis saxelic viciT _ 

dezdemona. ase rom, roca carieli cnebebis Sesaxeb vlaparakobT, unda 

warmovidginoT Cveni msjelobis universumi: fizikuri realoba, 

1 Л. П. Стойлова. Математика. М., 2005, gv. 41. 

373

msoflios religiuri suraTi, mxatvrul nawarmoebTa samyaro, abstraqciaTa 

arseboba 1 . 

cnebebis SeTviseba SeuZlebelia, Tu ar gavicnobierebT mis kav- 

Sirs sxva cnebebTan. amitom, mniSvnelovania, vicodeT, rogori mimar- 

Tebebi arsebobs cnebebs Soris da unda SegveZlos am mimarTebaTa da 

urTierTkavSiris dadgena. Tu ori cnebis SinaarsebSi moiZebneba saer- 

To niSnebi, maSin am cnebaTa Sedareba SeiZleba maTi moculobebis mixedviT, 

da aseT cnebebs Sedarebadi cnebebi ewodeba. Tuki aseTi saer- 

To niSnebi ar arsebobs, maSin cnebaTa moculobebis Sedarebas azri ara 

aqvs. aseT cnebebs araSedarebadi ewodeba. marTlac, ar SeiZleba SevadaroT 

erTmaneTs iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa: ,,piramida” da ,,mravalwevri”, 

,,koeficienti” da evolventa”, ,,trapecia” da ,,utoloba”, agreTve, 

,,pasuxismgebloba” da ,,romansi”, ,,vauCeri” da ,,privatizacia” da a.S. 2 

Sedarebadi cnebebi, Tavis mxriv, iyofa or jgufad: Tavsebad da 

araTavsebad cnebebad. Tavsebadi cnebebi ewodeba iseT cnebebs, romel- 

Ta moculobebs gaaCniaT saerTo elementebi, xolo araTavsebadi cnebebi 

ewodeba iseT cnebebs, romelTa moculobebs saerTo elementebi 

ar gaaCniaT. 

Tavsebadi cnebebi or jgufad iyofa: igivur da araigivur cnebebad. 

igivuria iseTi cnebebi, romelTa moculobebi emTxveva erTmaneTs. 

araigivuri cnebebi, e. i. cnebebi, romelTa moculobebi erTmaneTs ar 

emTxveva, Tavis mxriv, iyofa or jgufad: gvarobiT-saxeobiT anu daqvemdebarebul 

da urTierTgadamkveT cnebebad. 

gvarobiT-saxeobiTi mimarTebaa cnebebs Soris maSin, roca erTi 

gvaria meorisa, xolo meore _ saxea pirvelis. 

daqvemdebarebis mimarTebas subordinaciis mimarTebasac uwodeben. 

urTierTgadamkveTi is cnebebia, romelTagan arc erTi ar eqvemdebareba 

meores da saerTo elementebi maT moculobebs gaaCniaT, e. i. 

Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, nawilobriv eqvemdebarebian erTmaneTs. 

araTavsebadi cnebebi, imis gamo, rom isini Sedarebadia, aucileblad 

iqnebian Tanadaqvemdebarebulni romeliRac mesame cnebis mimarT, 

romelic orivesaTvis gvarobiT cnebas warmoadgens. amasTan, Tumca 

isini erTmaneTisagan izolirebulni arian, magram erTmaneTTan mimar- 

TebaSi SeiZleba, TavianTi mniSvnelobiT, iyon mopirdapireni an ar 

upirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs. mopirdapire cnebebi ki ori saxisaa: 

kontraruli da kontradiqtoruli. maSasadame, araTavsebadi cnebebi 

or saxed iyofa: Tanadaqvemdebarebul mopirdapired da Tanadaqvemdeba- 

1 В. И. Свинцов. Логика.., gv. 38. 

2 А. А. Темербекова. Методика преподавания математики. М., 2003, gv. 51-52. 

374

ebul aramopirdapired. Tanadaqvemdebarebuli mopirdapire cnebebi 

ori saxisaa: kontraruli da kontradiqtoruli. 

sabolood, gvaqvs cnebaTa Semdegi klasifikacia: 

cnebebi 

cnebebi 

carieli 

aracarieli 

erTeuladi 

araerTeuladi 

Sedarebadi 

araSedarebadi 

Tavsebadi 

araTavsebadi 

igivuri 

aramopirdapire 

araigivuri 

mopirdapire 

TanamkveTi 

kontraruli 

sqema 2 

daqvemdebarebuli 

kontradiqtoruli 

sakiTxSi, swavlebis meTodikisaTvis, ukeT garkvevis mizniT, ganvixiloT 

cnebaTa saxeebi cal-calke 1 . 

1 j. jinjixaZe. maTematika.., gv. 68. 

375

• Tavsebadi cnebebi 

1. igivuri cnebebi (nax. 1). 

es is SemTxvevaa, roca A da B cnebebis moculobebi emTxveva 

erTmaneTs. e. i. A cnebis moculobis yvela elementi ekuTvnis B cnebis 

moculobas da B cnebis moculobis yvela elementi ekuTvnis A 

cnebis moculobas. weren: A=B. igivuri cnebebia, magaliTad, “samkuTxedi” 

da “samgverda”, “tolgverda samkuTxedi” da “tolkuTxa 

samkuTxedi”, “kvadrati” da “tolkuTxa rombi”, “yinulovani kontinenti” 

da “antarqtida”, “galaktioni” da “mTawmindis mTvaris” avtori” 

da sxv. igivuri cnebebi gvxvdeba yvela saswavlo disciplinaSi. 

qarTul enaSi aseTi cnebebia: ,,komSi” da ,,bia”, ,,TuTa” da ,,bJola” 

da sxv. aq ,,igivuri cnebebi”-s nacvlad gamoyenebulia termini: 

,,sinonimebi”. 

logikaSi aseTi cnebebis aRsaniSnavad mravali termini gamoiyeneba 

(sxvadasxva avtoris mier): ,,tolmoculobadoba”, ,,tolmniSvnelovneba” 

da sxv. ramdenadac aseT cnebaTa urTierTdamokidebulebebi ganixileba 

erTi simravlis mimarT, maT Soris gansxvaveba unda ganisazRvros 

mxolod Sinaarsis mixedviT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi arc SeiZleboda 

laparaki ori cnebis Sesaxeb. 

tolmoculobiani cnebebi imsaxureben gansakuTrebul yuradRebas 

imis gamo, rom isini cnobierebaSi erTsa da imave logikur klass 

warmoadgenen. ibadeba kiTxva: aris Tu ara mizanSewonili, moviazroT 

romeliRac obieqti sxvadasxva TvisebaTa nakrebis saxiT am kiTxvaze 

mxolod dadebiTi pasuxis gacema SeiZleba. cnobierebis unars, asaxos 

obieqtebi sxvadasxva cnebebSi, Sinaarsebis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, 

udidesi SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. igi gvaZlevs saSualebas, 

SeviswavloT sinamdvilis esa Tu is fragmenti sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT, 

cnebiswarmomqmneli niSnebis araTanxvdenil nakrebTa azrobrivi 

erTeulebis gamoyofiT. 

gansakuTrebul interess warmoadgens situaciebi, romlebSic 

cnebaTa tolmoculobadoba imTaviTve ar iyo cnobili da warmoCinda 

376

sinamdvilis ama Tu im fragmentis Semecnebis procesSi. aseTi tolmoculobiani 

cnebebi aris Taviseburi anaqronizmi, odesRac arsebuli 

iluzoruli warmodgenebis kvali. magaliTad, cargvalze veneras or 

sxvadasxva mdebareobas, romlebic diliT da saRamos SeiniSneboda, 

SecdomiT ukavSirebdnen ori sxvadasxva ciuri sxeulis arsebobas. 

Zveli berZnebis mier es gaugebroba gamoixateboda or cnebaSi: ,,fosfori” 

da ,,hesperi”, Semdgom ki igi ganmtkicda cnebebSi: ,,dilis varskvlavi” 

da ,,saRamos varskvlavi”, romlebic im droisaTvis gamiyeneboda, 

rogorc sxvadasxvamoculobebiani cnebebi. am moculobaTa tolobis 

damtkiceba astronomiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aRmoCenaa. ase- 

Ti cvlilebebi sxvadasxva mecnierebebSi xSirad iwvevs cnebiTi da 

terminologiuri aparatis gardaqmnas. 

2. gvarobiT-saxeobiTi cnebebi ( nax. 2). 

Tu B cnebis moculobis yvela elementi ekuTvnis A cnebis moculobas 

da A cnebis moculobis yvela elementi ar ekuTvnis B cnebis 

moculobas, e.i. B cnebis moculoba warmoadgens A cnebis moculobis 

sakuTriv nawils, maSin A-s ewodeba B-s damqvemdebarebeli 

cneba, xolo B-s ewodeba daqvemdebarebuli A-s mimarT. isini daqvemdebarebis 

anu subordinaciis mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, 

damqvemdebarebeli da daqvemdebarebuli cnebebia: ,,samkuTxedi” da 

,,tolferda samkuTxedi”, ,,burTi” da ,,wiTeli burTi”, ,,cxoveli” da 

,,spilo”, ,,kenkra” da ,,mayvali” da mravali sxva. 

Tu orive cneba zogadia, maSin damqvemdebarebel cnebas gvars uwodeben, 

xolo daqvemdebarebul cnebas _ saxes. magaliTad, cneba “oTxkuTxedi” 

cneba “trapeciis” gvaria, cneba “trapecia”, Tavis mxriv, cneba 

“marTkuTxa trapeciis” gvaria. cneba “marTkuTxa trapecia” cneba “trapeciis” 

saxea, xolo cneba “trapecia”, Tavis mxriv, cneba “oTxkuTxedis” 

saxea. e. i. ama Tu im cnebis logikuri kvalifikacia, rogorc damqvemdebareblisa 

an daqvemdebarebulis, xisti ar aris. erTi cneba erT 

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gvari iyos, meore SemTxvevaSi _ saxe. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom erTeuladi cneba arc gvari SeiZleba iyos da 

arc saxe. erTeuladi cnebebi yvela mecnierebaSi gvaqvs, maT Soris ma- 

TematikaSic. magaliTad, cneba “ricxvi” zogadia, magram cnebebi: 

“ori”, “xuTi” da misTanebi erTeuladia, isini, marTalia, ekuTvnian 

ricxvTa simravles, magram cneba “ricxvis” saxeebs ar warmoadgenen. 

ricxviTi saxelebi sakuTari saxelebia. magaliTad, terminiT “xuTi” 

aRniSnulia mxolod ricxvi 5, es sakuTari saxelia misi, hqvia mxo- 

377

lod mas da arc erT sxvas. 

aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom erTi obieqti SeiZleba meoris nawili 

iyos, magram, rogorc cnebebi isini ar iyon gvarobiT-saxeobiT mimar- 

TebaSi. magaliTad, wrfe da monakveTi erTmaneTTan mTelisa da nawilis 

mimarTebaSi arian. maTi moculobebi erTmaneTs ar kveTen. 

qarTul enaSi gvarobiT-saxeobiT mimarTebaSi myofi sityvebi SeiZleba 

(albaT, uprianicaa) mivakuTvnoT sinonimias. magram es sinonimoba 

calmxrivia. magaliTad, vaSli SeiZleba xilis sinonimad mivi- 

RoT, magram xili ar aris vaSlis sinonimi. 

3. urTierTgadamkveTi cnebebi (nax. 3) 

am cnebaTa moculobebs gaaCnia zogierTi saerTo elementi. ase- 

Tia, magaliTad, cnebebi tolferda samkuTxedi da marTkuTxa samkuTxedi. 

maTi moculobebis saerTo (TanakveTa) iqneba toli ferdebis 

mqone marTkuTxa samkuTxedebi. 

qarTul enaSi aseT sityvaTa mniSvnelobebi nawilobriv emTxveva 

erTmaneTs. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, afra da ialqani. qarTuli enis 

ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT afra-s gaaCnia oTxi mniSvneloba: 

378 

1. xomaldis anZaze mimagrebuli sagangebo tilo xomaldis asamoZraveblad 

qaris Zalis gamoyenebiT, 

2. ficruli saxlis kedelSi vetikalurad dayenebuli sqeli ficari, 

orive mxridan grZlad amoRaruli, 

3. qudis anakeci, 

4. samkuTxedi, romelic iqmneba gumbaTian SenobaSi sworkuTxovnad 

ayvanili kedlebidan wriul gumbaTze gadasvlis adgilas. 

ialqan-s ori mniSvneloba aqvs: 

1. xomaldis anZaze mimagrebuli tilo, romelsac saWiroebisamebr 

gaSlian xomaldis asamoZraveblad qaris saSualebiT, 

2. patarZlis saqorwino (jvrisweris) gvirgvini. am sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa 

nawilobrivi damTxveva sruliad aSkaraa.

urTierTgadamkveTi A da B cnebebis mocemisas arsebobs obieqtebis 

sami klasi: a) obieqtebi, romlebic saerToa A da B moculobebisaTvis, 

b) obieqtebi, romlebic ekuTvnis A-s da ar ekuTvnis B-s, g) 

obieqtebi, romlebic ekuTvnis B-s da ar ekuTvnis A-s. magaliTad, 

zemoT dasaxelebuli cnebebisaTvis arsebobs Semdegi klasebi: a) 

tolferda marTkuTxa samkuTxedebi, b) aratolferda marTkuTxa samkuTxedebi, 

g) aramarTkuTxa tolferda samkuTxedebi. 

urTierTgadamkveT cnebaTa magaliTebia: “rombi” da “marTkuTxedi”, 

“Sedgenili ricxvebi” da “kenti ricxvebi” da sxva, agreTve, 

“studenti” da ”sportsmeni”, “Jurnalisti” da ”oficeri”, “romani” 

da “satiruli nawarmoebebi” da a.S. 

qarTul enaSi Tavsebadi cnebebi sinonimebs Seesabameba. maTematikur 

cnebebSi cnebaTa Tavsebadobis Seswavla sinonimiis ufro Rrmad 

Seswavlis saSualebas gvaZlevs. 

urTierTgadamkveT cnebebze operireba xdeba yvela saswavlo 

disciplinaSi. 

• araTavsebadi cnebebi 

araTavsebadi cnebebi araTavsebadia imis gamo, rom maT moculobebs 

saerTo elementebi ar gaaCniaT, magram isini Tanadaqvemdebarebulni 

arian maTi saerTo gvarobiTi cnebis mimarT. magaliTisTvis avi- 

RoT cnebebi: “kvadrati” da “tolferda trapecia”. am cnebaTa moculobebs 

saerTo elementebi ara aqvT, amitom isini araTavsebadi cnebebia. 

kvadratis gvaria marTkuTxedi, tolferda trapeciis gvaria trapecia, 

magram isini arc erTisa da arc meoris mimarT ar arian Tanadaqvemdebarebulni 

erTdroulad. isini eqvemdebarebian TavianT gvarebs 

cal-calke. Tanadaqvemdebarebulebi arian isini erTdroulad cneba 

oTxkuTxedis mimarT, radganac oTxkuTxedi maTi saerTo gvaria. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanadaqvemdebarebuli SeiZleba urTierTgadamkve- 

Ti cnebebic iyon. magaliTad, rombi da marTkuTxedi urTierTgadamkveTia 

da amave dros Tanadaqvemdebarebulia paralelogramis mimarT (nax. 7). 

araTavsebad cnebaTa Tanadaqvemdebarebis kerZo SemTxvevaa mopirda- 

pireoba. magram mopirdapireoba ori saxisaa: kontraruloba da 

kontra-diqtoruloba. am SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdebian cnebaTa 

Sinaarsebi, e.i. maxasiaTebeli niSnebi. 

maSasadame, gvaqvs araTavsebad cnebaTa Semdegi saxeebi: 

379

1. Tanadaqvemdebarebuli cnebebi (nax. 4) 

es is SemTxvevaa, roca A da B cnebebi araTavsebadia da Tanadaqvemdebarebulia 

maTi saerTo C gvaris mimarT. A-sa da B-s sxva urTierTmimarTeba 

ar arsebobs. aseTi cnebebia: samkuTxedi da trapecia 

oTxkuTxedis mimarT da sxva, agreTve, muxa da Txmela xe-s mimarT da 

a.S. 

2. kontraruli cnebebi (nax. 5) 

kontraruli cnebebis magaliTebia: dadebiTi ricxvebi da uaryofiTi 

ricxvebi, maxvili kuTxe da blagvi kuTxe, meti da naklebi 

da sxv. agreTve, sibere da axalgazrdoba, cxeli da civi, dRe da Rame, 

mdidari da Raribi, keTili da boroti, maRali da dabali da a.S. 

kontraruli cnebebisaTvis yovelTvis arsebobs erTi mainc Sualeduri 

elementi. magaliTad, dadebiT da uaryofiT ricxvebs Soris 

arsebobs nuli, romelic arc dadebiTia da arc uaryofiTi. maxvil 

da blagv kuTxeebs Soris arsebobs marTi kuTxe da a.S. 

3. kontradiqtoruli cnebebi (nax. 6) 

380 

kontradiqtoruli cnebebi mopirdapire cnebaTa sxva saxea. isini

kontrarulisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom kontrarul cnebebSi erTis 

uaryofa meores ar udris, kontradiqtorulSi _ udris; kontrarul 

cnebebSi arsebobs erTi mainc Sualeduri elementi, kontradiqtorulSi 

aseTi ar arsebobs. kontraruli cnebebi mopirdapire aris, 

magram winaaRmdegobrivi ar aris. kontradiqtoruli cnebebi winaaRmdegobrivia. 

kontradiqtoruli cnebebia, magaliTad: tolferda samkuTxedi 

da aratolferda samkuTxedi, trapecia da aratrapecia, swori 

da araswori da mravali sxva. 

qarTul enaSi kontraruli da kontradiqtoruli cnebebi antonimebs 

Seesabameba. kontrarulobisa da kontradiqtorulobis Seswavlis 

gamocdileba, miRebuli maTematikur ganaTlebaSi, antonimiis ufro 

Rrmad Seswavlis saSualebas gvaZlevs. 

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba Tamamad davaskvnaT, 

rom maTematikur cnebaTa Soris mimarTebebis Seswavla da misi 

ganzogadeba, sxva saswavlo disciplinebSi, gvaZlevs axal codnas sinonimiisa 

da antonimiis Sesaxeb. kerZod: 

1. ar aris zusti is, rac gramatikaSia cnobili, rom sinonimebi ori 

saxisaa: absoluturi da relatiuri. sinamdvileSi relatiuri sinonimebi, 

Tavis mxriv, ori saxisaa: erTi maTgani simetriulia, e. 

i., Tu erTi sityva meoris sinonimia, maSin meore sityva pirvelis 

sinonimia; meore _ simetriuli ar aris, e. i., Tu erTi sityva meoris 

sinonimia, maSin meore sityva pirvelis sinonimi ar aris, 

radganac isini gvarobiT-saxeobiTia. magaliTad, jadoqari da misani 

simetriulia, magram kenkra da Jolo simetriuli ar aris. 

2. arc isaa zusti, rom antonimebi erTi saxisaa. sinamdvileSi antonimebi 

ori saxisa unda iyos: absoluturi da relatiuri. absoluturi 

antonimebia kontradiqtoruli sityvebi, radganac isini er- 

TmaneTis sawinaaRmdegoa da maTi Sualeduri ar arsebobs, erTis 

uaryofa udris meores. relatiuri antonimebi kontraruli sityvebia, 

radganac arsebobs maTi Sualeduri. magaliTad, qudianisa da 

uqudos Sualeduri ar arsebobs, amitom es sityvebi absoluturi 

381

antonimebia; dRe da Rame relatiuri antonimebia, radganac arsebobs 

maTi Sualeduri: dila, ganTiadi, ciskari, alioni, aisi, daisi, 

saRamo, mwuxri arc dRea da arc Rame 1 . 

cnebaTa Soris ganxiluli mimarTebani unda iqnes Seswavlili 

yvela saswavlo disciplinaSi, am disciplinis cnebaTa bazaze. es udavod 

Seuwyobs xels moswavlis cnebiTi da struqturuli azrovnebis 

ganviTarebas, interdisciplinaruli meTodologiis mravali principis 

gatarebas swavlebaSi. 

yvela saswavlo disciplinaSi sasargebloa Semdegi ori saxis 

savarjiSoebi: 

1. mocemulia ramdenime cneba, gamosakvlevia maT Soris mimarTebebi 

da asagebia eiler-venis diagramebi. 

2. saZiebelia cnebebi, romelTa Soris mimarTebebi Seesabameba, magaliTad, 

Semdeg grafikul sqemebs: 

sxvadasxva saswavlo disciplinaTa cnebebis fonze ganvixiloT 

gaxmaurebuli amocana ,,mCxavana katebis” Sesaxeb. 

mocemulia: 

• yvela kata, romelsac ruxi bewvi aqvs, mCxavanaa 

• yvela mCxavana katas ruxi feris bewvi aqvs 

• Wkvianebi mxolod aramCxavana katebi arian 

davuSvaT, es sami debuleba WeSmaritia. romeli daskvna ar gamomdinareobs 

maTgan 

1 l. jinjixaZe. qarTuli enisa da maTematikis saganTaSorisi kavSirebis 

zogierTi aspeqti. Tb., 2000, gv. 102. 

382

(a) Wkvianebi mxolod is katebi arian, romelTac ara aqvT ruxi 

bewvi 

(b) mCxavana katebis raodenoba da ruxi katebis raodenoba tolia 

(g) arc erTi ruxbewviani kata ar aris Wkviani 

(d) arseboben Wkviani mCxavana katebi 

amoxsna 

SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi: A _ “kata”, B _ “ruxbewviani kata”, C _ 

“mCxavana kata”, D _ “aramCxavana kata”, E _ “Wkviani kata”. 

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom mCxavana da aramCxavana kontradiqtoruli 

cnebebia da davakvirdebiT sxva monacemebis mimarTebas 

maTdami, advilad SevadgenT eiler-venis diagramas mocemuli amocanisaTvis 

(nax. 9), saidanac vaskvniT, rom mocemulobidan ar gamomdinareobs 

daskvna (d) imis Sesaxeb, rom arseboben Wkviani mCxavana katebi. 

SeniSvna: unda aRiniSnos, rom Zalze advilia am amocanis zusti 

analogis monaxva maTematikis, qarTuli enisa da literaturis, bunebismetyvelebis 

da sxva saswavlo disciplinaTa cnebebis bazaze. amisaTvis 

unda SevinarCunoT igive mimarTebani cnebaTa Soris. 

383

JEMAL JINJIKHADZE, GIORGI JINJIKHADZE 

APPLICATION OF RELATIONS BETWEEN CONCEPTS, 

AS ONE OF THE ASPECTS OF INTER-DISCIPLINARY 

TRAINING METHODOLOGY OF THEORETICAL BASICS 

OF AN INITIAL COURSE OF MATHEMATICS 

In the course of teaching of any subject matter in average and the higher 

school as well, for development of conceptual and structural thinking in pupils, 

rather the great value has the uniform approach to studying of concepts of different 

subject matters, revealing of isomorphism of classification of these concepts 

and research of laws of relations between concepts. This approach in 

work studies the general laws of relations between concepts. Isomorphism of 

these relations are displayed on conceptual systems of different subject matters. 

The special attention is pointed on research of synonymies and antonymies in 

the field of laws of relations between concepts. The approach applied in the 

present work gives possibility of deep structural studying of synonymies and 

antonymies in language systems. All it represents novelty in inter-disciplinary 

methodology of training. 

384



t. I, 2007 

kaxi kopaliani, irma Somaxia 

ufrosklaselTa statusis damokidebuleba 

TviTSefasebasTan saqmian da pirad 

urTierTobebSi 

TviTcnobiereba rTuli fsiqologiuri struqturaa, romelic 

Seicavs: sakuTari Tavis igiveobriobis cnobierebas, sakuTari `me~-s, 

rogorc aqtiuri, moqmedis sawyisis cnobierebas, sakuTari fsiqikuri 

Tvisebebis gacnobierebas da socialur-zneobrivi TviTSefasebis garkveul 

sistemas. yvela es sistema, yvela es elementi erTmaneTTan funqcionalurad 

da genetikuradaa dakavSirebuli 1 . 

sakuTari fsiqikuri Tvisebebis gacnobiereba da TviTSefaseba yvelaze 

did mniSvnelobas siWabukis asakSi iZenen. es periodi adamianis 

ganviTarebis damamTavrebel safexurs warmoadgens. igi gogonebTan daaxloebiT 

15-dan 20 wlamde grZeldeba, vaJebTan ki 16-dan 21 wlamde. 

Wabukobis dasawyisi gamoirCeva saerTo nervuli agznebadobis momatebiT 

da emociuri daZabulobebiT, rasac momwifebis Semdgomi agznebis 

fazas da axalgazrdobis kriziss uwodeben, magram es mdgomareoba 

didxans ar grZeldeba da Zalze male dgeba sicocxlis xalisiT aRsavse 

namdvili Wabukoba. aRniSnuli krizisi erwymis mozardis interesTa 

sferos mniSvnelovan gafarToebas, romelic moicavs farTo socialur 

movlenebs da TvalsaCinod scdeba skolisa da moswavleobis 

sazRvrebs 2 . 

am periodSi ganviTareba dasrulebas ganicdis yvela aspeqtiT. 

fizikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia sxeulis agebulebis 

harmoniulobis aRdgena. Wabuki qal-vaJebi TavianTi sqesisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebel aRnagobas Rebuloben. saxec harmoniuli da metyveli 

xdeba, moZraobebi ki daxvewili da koordinirebuli. aRniSnuli periodis 

Sua xanebSi yvela organo aswrebs zrdis damTavrebas da Rebulobs 

mocemuli individisaTvis bunebrivad gansazRvrul mdgomareobas. 

ramdenadac yvela es fsiqo-fiziologiuri komponenti urTierTdakav- 

Sirebulia, erT-erTi maTganis gamdidreba gardauvlad iwvevs mTeli 

1 d. Carkviani. eqsperimentuli socialuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi. Tb., 

2004, gv. 110. 

2 m. maRraZe. asakobrivi fsiqologiis sakiTxebi. quTaisi, 1998, gv. 34. 


385

sistemis Secvlas 1 . ukve mozardi iCens interess misTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

TviTdamkvidrebis JiniT, sakuTari `me~-sa da misi Tvisebebisadmi. 

sruliad gansxvavebulad aRiqvams igi Tavis fizikur iers, Tavis sxeuls. 

mozardisaTvis gansakuTrebiT is Tvisebebia mniSvnelovani, romlebzedac 

TanatolebTan prestiJi da popularoba aris damokidebuli 

2 . 

mozards Zalian unda icodes vinaa igi, ras warmoadgens, ra SeuZlia. 

TviTSefasebis ori saSualebaa _ erTi mdgomareobs sakuTar 

pretenziaTa donis miRweul SedegebTan SedarebaSi. TviTSefasebis meore 

gza socialuri Sedareba, garSemomyofTa azrebis urTierTSepirispirebaa 

3 . pirovnebis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Tviseba, romelsac 

safuZveli eyreba adreul siWabukeSi, aris sakuTari Tavis pativiscema, 

anu ganzogadebuli TviTSefaseba, sakuTari Tavis pirovnebad 

miReba-armiRebis xarisxi. sakuTari Tavis pativiscemis maRali done 

araa yoyoCobis an arakritikulobis sindromi. igi imaze miuTiTebs, 

rom adamiani ar Tvlis Tavs sxvebze uaresad, an sxvebze dabla myofad, 

rom igi dadebiTadaa Tavisi Tavisadmi ganwyobili, sakuTari Tavisadmi 

pativiscemis dabali done ki, piriqiT, mudmivi daukmayofileblobis, 

sakuTari Tavisadmi zizRis da sakuTari Zalebisadmi urwmunoebis 

niSania 4 . 

am periodSi aseve aRsaniSnavia sxvisi sulieri mdgomareobisa da 

gancdebis wvdomis unaris ganviTareba. Wabuks sxvisi sulieri mdgomareobis 

wvdomaSi exmareba, erTi mxriv, azrovnebis maRali formebis 

daufleba, meore mxriv ki, asakisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli filosofiuri 

ganwyoba: `me~-s TviTcnobiereba, romelic gardamaval asakSi intensiur 

ganviTarebas ganicdis, Wabukobis periodSi im simaRleze adis, 

rom moicavs `Sen~-is gancdasac, amitom Wabuki advilad axerxebs 

sxvis sulSi Caxedvas, rasac socialuri urTierTobebi da damokidebulebebi 

axal safexurze ahyavs. saTanado situaciebSi Wabuki namdvil 

TanagrZnobas ganicdis sxva adamianTa mimarT da WeSmariti Tanadgomis 

unaric Seswevs 5 . 

adamianTa Soris socialuri urTierTqmedebis iseTi forma, rogoricaa 

TanamSromloba, misi WeSmariti arsiT mxolod Wabukobis asa- 

1 T. gogiCaiSvili. ganviTarebis fsiqologia. Tb., 2005, gv. 354. 

2 m. maRraZe, o. deviZe. fsiqologia maswavlebelTaTvis. quTaisi, 2002, gv. 

31-32. 

3 asakobrivi da pedagogiuri fsiqologia. a. petrovskis redaqciiT. Tb., 

1977, gv. 214. 

4 S. CxartiSvili. aRzrda gardamaval asakSi, Tb., 1975, gv. 30. 

5 m. maRraZe. asakobrivi fsiqologiis sakiTxebi. QquTaisi, 1998, gv. 57. 

386

kidan vlindeba, rac safuZvlad edeba iseTi faqizi grZnobis ganviTarebas, 

rogoricaa amxanagoba. amxanagebi swored saerTo saqmiT gaerTianebuli 

adamianebia, romlebic gamoirCevian urTierTmxardaWeriT, er- 

TmaneTisadmi simpaTiiT, urTierTdafasebiT da pativiscemiT. Wabukeb- 

Tan amxanagoba emociuri gancdis donezea amaRlebuli da principul 

xasiaTs atarebs. Wabuki, rogorc sociometriuli meTodiT Catarebuli 

gamokvlevebi adasturebs, amxanagis SerCevisas gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas 

aniWebs mis pirovnul Tvisebebs da sakuTar Tavsac analogiur 

moTxovnebs uyenebs 1 . 

sociometriulma gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom saklaso jgufebSi 

TandaTan garkveuli `polarizacia~ xdeba: gamoiyofian, rogorc popularulni, 

aseve isini, visac naklebi arCevanis SesaZlebloba aqvs. 

jgufuri qcevis realizaciis procesSi xdeba jgufis wevrTa funqciuri 

specifikacia, jgufuri rolebis, rogorc gansakuTrebul funqciur 

warmonaqmnTa gamoyofa, maT Soris, lideris rolis gamoyofac. 

jgufis winaSe mdgari amocanis gadaWraSi yvelaze ufro aqtiuri wevri 

xdeba instrumentuli, anu saqmiani lideri, xolo jgufis is wevri, 

romlis moqmedeba ZiriTadad exeba jgufis Sinagani integraciis 

sferos da am mimarTulebiT jgufis yvelaze ufro warmatebul wevrs 

warmoadgens, xdeba eqspresiuli, anu social-emociuri lideri 2 . 

ufrosklaselisTvis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania miRebuli 

iyos TanatolTa mier, igrZnos, rom saWiroa jgufisaTvis, hqondes 

masSi garkveuli prestiJi da avtoriteti. sakuTar Tavze warmodgena 

anu `me xatis~ formireba sxvebTan urTierTobis procesSi adreuli 

bavSvobidan iwyeba, romlis dros gadamwyveti mniSvneloba etalonur 

jgufebs (ojaxi, saswavlo klasi, megobrebi) gaaCniaT. magaliTad, 

moswavlis dadebiT an uaryofiT TviTSefasebas misi maswavleblebis 

an Tanatolebis Sefaseba gansazRvravs 3 . TviTSefaseba ara mxolod sakuTari 

Tavis Sesaxeb codnas niSnavs, aramed is sakuTari Tavis mimarT 

grZnobad-emociuri damokidebulebis gamomxatvelic aris. adamianis 

TviTSefaseba misi cxovrebiseuli miswrafebis subieqturi dasayrdenia. 

gamoCenilma amerikelma fsiqologma uiliam jemsma TviTSefasebis 

Semdegi formalizebuli ganmarteba SemogvTavaza: TviTSefaseba 

aris funqcia, warmateba Sefardebuli miswrafebasTan. amdenad, rac 

1 T. gogiCaiSvili. ganviTarebis fsiqologia. Tb., 2005. gv. 384. 

2 k. kopaliani. ufrosklaselTa statusis damokidebuleba SfoTvis donesTan 

saqmian da pirad urTierTobebSi. fsiqologiuri gamokvlevebi.D_ 

dimitri uznaZis dabadebidan 120 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili respublikuri 

samecniero konferenciis masalebi. baTumi 2006, gv. 139-140. 

3 T. gogiCaiSvili. ganviTarebis fsiqologia. Tb., 2005, gv. 63. 

387

ufro didia miswrafeba, miT ufro didi unda iyos warmatebac, mxolod 

maSin iqneba adamiani sakuTari TaviT kmayofili. aq xazgasmuli 

is gaxlavT, rom adamianis miswrafebis Sinaarsze da xarisxze mZlavr 

zegavlenas socialuri garemo axdens 1 . 

amrigad, zemoT mocemuli literaturuli masalis gaTvaliswinebiT 

Cven movaxdineT Semdegi hipoTezebis formulireba: 

1. rac ufro maRalia ufrosklaselTa statusi saqmian sfero- 

Si, savaraudod miT ufro maRali iqneba masTan TviTSefasebis 

done. 

2. rac ufro maRalia ufrosklaselTa statusi pirad urTier- 

TobebSi, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom miT ufro dabali iqneba 

masTan TviTSefasebis done. 

kvlevis meTodi. sayovelTaod cnobili WeSmaritebaa, rom nebismieri 

kvleva-Zieba saWiroebs Sesabamis meTodologias. imis mixedviT, 

ra tipis kvlevasTan gvaqvs saqme, icvleba meTodologiuri principebic. 

mocemul SemTxvevaSi gvainteresebs konkretuli empiriuli kvlevis 

meTodologia. is warmoadgens proceduraTa sistemas, romlebic 

uzrunvelyofen empiriuli fsiqologiuri kvlevis Catarebas. procedura, 

Tavis mxriv, moicavs operaciaTa erTobliobis, kerZod, meTodebis, 

teqnikuri saSualebebis da kvlevis instrumentebis Tanmimdevrul 

gamoyenebas. meTodi fsiqologiur kvlevaSi warmoadgens informaciis 

(monacemebis) mopovebis, damuSavebisa da analizis ZiriTad xerxs. rac 

Seexeba teqnikas, is Seicavs specialur wesebs, romelTa gamoyenebac 

aucilebelia ama Tu im meTodis efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis. magaliTad, 

informaciis mopovebis erT-erT meTodad SeiZleba gamoiyenon 

anketuri gamokiTxva an interviu. teqnika, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, iqneba 

kiTxvebis formulirebis sxvadasxva wesi (Ria da daxuruli, pirdapiri 

da iribi, ZiriTadi da sakontrolo da a.S. kiTxvebi). rac Seexeba 

Tavad kiTxvars, misi Sevsebis instruqcias, interviueris Tu respodentis 

uflebamovaleobebs da sxva dokumentebs _ yvelaferi es warmoadgens 

instruments empiriuli kvlevisaTvis. 

mcire socialur jgufebSi mecnieruli kvlevis daniSnulebas jgufuri 

saqmianobis procesTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gacnobierebis 

done da jgufis wevrTa qcevis prognozirebis xarisxi warmoadgens. ufrosklaselTa 

qcevis da masTan uSualod dakavSirebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb 

arsebuli e.w. `yoveldRiuri~ Tvalsazrisebi Zalzed bevria. bunebri- 

1 d. Carkviani. eqsperimentuli socialuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi. Tb., 

2004, gv. 112. 

388

via, rom aqve Cndeba kiTxva, romelic maT siswores exeba. am kiTxvaze Cveni 

pasuxi erTaderTia: adamianis realur moqmedebasTan, an misgan gamomdinare 

SedegebTan (rogorc materialurs, aseve fenomenalur, anu gancdad 

Sedegebs vgulisxmobT) dakavSirebuli Tvalsazrisebis WeSmariteba-mcdarobis 

dadgenis yvelaze marTebuli xerxi mecnierul principebze damyarebuli 

sistemuri kvleva gaxlavT. saswavlo dawesebulebebSi mecnieruli 

kvlevis mimdinareobis kargi gaazreba praqtikuli problemebis gadaWras, 

mkvlevarTa mier miRebuli Sedegebis saTanado gamoyenebas da saorganizacio 

RonisZiebebis efeqturobis Sefasebas aadvilebs. 

mcire socialur jgufebSi, maT Soris, ufrosklaselebTan ur- 

TierTobis SeswavlisaTvis moxerxebul meTods warmoadgens sociometria, 

romlis daniSnuleba mdgomareobs pirovnebaTaSorisi urTier- 

Tdamokidebulebebis TaviseburebaTa SeswavlaSi. sociometriis fuZemdeblis 

j. morenos mixedviT, jgufSi pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierToba 

Seadgens im pirvelad socialur-fsiqologiur struqturas, romlis 

maxasiaTeblebi xSirad gansazRvravs ara mxolod jgufis mTlian maxasiaTeblebs, 

aramed calkeuli adamianis sulier mdgomareobasac 1 . 

sociometria, am sityvis yvelaze farTo gagebiT, niSnavs _ yvela 

socialur urTierTobaTa da damokidebulebaTa yovelgvar gazomvas, 

amitom mas saqme aqvs socialur jgufTa Sinagan struqturasTan, 

upirveles yovlisa, igi Seiswavlis garkveuli jgufis SigniT sxvadasxva 

individTa Soris simpaTia-antipaTiis Sedegad warmoqmnil 

rTul formebs. sociometriis mimdevarTa azriT, SeuZlebelia socialuri 

mTelis zusti suraTis mocema ise, Tu ar gamoviyenebT sociometriis 

meTodebs. aq wina planze wamoiweva maTematikuri meTodebi. 

`mosaxleobis fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis maTematikuri Seswavla, raodenobrivi 

da Tvisobrivi meTodebiT miRebuli Sedegebi~, morenos azriT, 

iwodeba kidec sociometriad 2 . 

mcire jgufis socialur-fsiqologiuri struqturis gansazRvra 

xdeba raodenobrivi da SedarebiTi analizis meSveobiT, cdispirTa mier 

minimum or SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiT _ erTi formaluri (instrumentuli, 

anu saqmiani) da erTi araformaluri (eqspresiuli, anu 

saurTierTobo). sociometruli gamokvlevebisaTvis aucilebeli da 

yvelaze damaxasiaTebelia individTa da jgufTa urTierTobebis Ses- 

1 J. L. Moreno. Who shall survive Foundations of sociometry, group psychotherapy, and 

sociodrama (2 nd ed.). New York, 1953, gv. 37; И. П. Волков. Социометрия. Практические 

занятия по психологии. М., 1989, gv. 17. 

2 J. L. Moreno. Who shall survive Foundations of sociometry.., gv. 42; А. А. Карелина. 

Психологические тесты. М. 2002, gv. 3-7. 

389

wavla, sxva sityvebiT Tu vityviT, igi ikvlevs individebs im adgilze 

da im situaciaSi, sadac isini faqtobrivad cxovroben, moqmedeben 

da saqmianoben. TavianTi arsebobis bunebriv atmosferoSi, e.i. im adgilze, 

sadac individi fiqrobs, grZnobs da moqmedebs bunebrivad, 

spontanurad da garkveuli doziT SemoqmedebiTad. 

sociometria gvaswavlis, rom adamianuri sazogadoeba Cveni cnobierebis 

warmodgena ki ar aris, aramed socialuri realobaa, romelic 

kanonebs eqvemdebareba da iseTi wesrigi aqvs, romelic gansxvavdeba 

samyaros danarCen nawilTa sxva kanonebisa da wesebisagan, Sesabamisad, 

igi iyenebs mis mierve SemuSavebul sociometriul meTods, 

romlis daxmarebiTac SeiZleba adekvaturad ganvsazRvroT da gamovikvlioT 

es sfero. sociometriuli teqnika gamoiyeneba pirovnebaTaSorisi 

da jgufTaSorisi urTierTobebis diagnostirebisaTvis maTi Secvlis, 

gaumjobesebis da srulyofis mizniT. sociometriis saSualebiT 

SeiZleba SeviswavloT jgufuri qcevis pirobebSi adamianTa socialuri 

qcevis tipologia, vimsjeloT konkretuli jgufis wevrTa socialur-fsiqologiuri 

Tavsebadobis Sesaxeb. 

urTierTobis oficialur an formalur struqturasTan erTad, 

romelic asaxavs racionalur, normatiul, adamianTa urTierTdamokidebulebebis 

aucilebel mxares, nebismier socialur jgufSi yovelTvis 

arsebobs araoficialuri an araformaluri rigis fsiqologiuri 

struqtura, formulirebuli, rogorc pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis 

simpaTiisa da antipaTiis sistema. aseTi struqturebi xSir Sem- 

TxvevaSi damokidebulia monawileTa RirebulebiT orientaciebze, maT 

aRqmebze, urTierTSefasebebsa da TviTSefasebebze. rogorc wesi, 

jgufSi xdeba ramdenime araformaluri stuqturis aRmoceneba, magaliTad, 

urTierTmxardamWeris, urTierTgavlenis, popularobis, prestiJis, 

liderobis da sxva struqturebi. jgufis araformaluri 

struqtura damokidebulia jgufis formalur struqturaze im xarisxiT, 

romliTac individebi uqvemdebareben TavianT moqmedebebs er- 

Toblivi qcevis miznebsa da amocanebs, roluri urTierTqmedebis wesebs. 

sociometriis saSualebiT SeiZleba Sefasdes es gavlena. sociometriuli 

meTodebi saSualebas iZleva gamovsaxoT Sigajgufuri ur- 

TierToba ricxobrivi sidideebis da grafikebis saxiT da amrigad miviRoT 

mniSvnelovani informacia jgufis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. 

sociometriuli gamokvlevebisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom araformaluri 

xasiaTis nebismieri struqtura proeqcirdebodes, gvsurs es 

Cven Tu ara, formalur struqturasTan da amrigad gavlena moaxdinos 

gundis SeWidulobaze, mis produqtiulobaze. rodesac erTi mov- 

390

lenis safuZvelze raime meore movlenis prognozireba gvainteresebs, 

maSin korelaciuri gamokvleva unda CavataroT. korelaciur gamokvlevaSi 

movlenebs Soris bunebrivad arsebuli kavSirebis Seswavla 

igulisxmeba. korelacia SeiZleba iyos uaryofiTi an dadebiTi: a) 

uaryofiTia korelacia, rodesac erTi movlenis zrda raodenobrivad 

iwvevs meore movlenis Semcirebas. b) xolo, rodesac erTi maCveneblis 

gazrda an Semcireba meoreSic igives iwvevs, maSin saqme dadebiT 

korelaciasTan gvaqvs. 

korelaciuri gamokvlevis tipiur formas gamokiTxva warmoadgens. 

gamokiTxvaSi respodentebis amonakrebidan standartizebuli 

kiTxvarebis da intervius gamoyenebiT empiriuli monacemebis mopoveba 

da maTi adamianTa farTo populaciaze ganzogadeba igulisxmeba. Teoriulad, 

gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros raime movlenasTan dakavSirebiT 

adamianTa mTeli raodenobis monawileoba idealur variantad unda CaiTvalos, 

magram es iseTi piroba gaxlavT, romlis dacva praqtikulad 

SeuZlebelia da arc aris saWiro. aseT dros Cveulebisamebr 

SerCeviT gamokiTxvas mimarTaven, rac uSualod amonakrebis cnebasTan 

aris dakavSirebuli. amonakrebSi zogadi erTobliobis (populaciis) 

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis gamomxatveli nawili (respodentebi) igulisxmeba. 

imisaTvis, rom amonakrebis gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi 

mTel populaciaze ganvazogadoT, TviT amonakrebis wevrebi 

masSi e.w. randomizaciis wesiT unda moxvdnen. 

randomizacia yoveli respodentis amonakrebSi Tanabari albaTobiT 

moxvedris uzrunvelyofas niSnavs. randomizaciis moTxovna imaSi 

mdgomareobs, rom didi ricxvis kanonis asamoqmedeblad gamokiTxvaSi 

monawileTa sawyisi raodenoba sakmaod didia, xolo respodentebis 

amonakrebSi moxvedra sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT (asaki, 

sqesi, ganaTlebis done, profesia, erovneba, socialuri statusi 

da sxv.) SemTxveviTi arCevanis (vTqvaT, monetis agdebiT an SemTxvevi- 

Ti ricxvebis ganawilebis cxrilis gamoyenebiT) wesiT unda moxdes. 

amgvari proceduris gamoyenebiT dadgenili amonakrebi, sakvlev populaciasTan 

mimarTebaSi, reprezentatulobis, anu warmomadgenlobiTobis 

Tvisebas iRebs, rac gamokiTxvis sandoobis safuZveli gaxlavT. 

gamokiTxvis erT-erTi Rirseba imaSia, rom is mravalvariaciuli 

analizis saSualebas iZleva. mravalvariaciuli analizi gamokiTxvis 

Semadgeneli nawilia, romlis saSualebiT saTanado statistikuri 

xerxebis gamoyenebiT, sakvlev faqtorTa garkveuli erTobliobis ur- 

TierTmimarTebis da sakvlev movlenaze maTi zemoqmedebis xvedriTi 

wonebis dadgena xdeba. saTanado faqtorebis Sesaxeb gamokiTxvis Se- 

391

degad miRebuli informacia maT Soris arsebul kavSirs arkvevs da, 

rac mTavaria, mkvlevrisaTvis saintereso movlenebze maTi erToblivi 

zemoqmedebis dadgenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. 

SerCeviTi gamokiTxva, adamianTa resursebis dazogvis TvalsazrisiT, 

marTlac ekonomiuria, radgan mTliani populaciis yoveli wevris 

maCveneblis gaTvaliswinebas (rac SemTxvevaTa umravlesobaSi SeuZlebelia) 

ar moiTxovs. garda amisa, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom 

miRebuli monacemebis raodenobrivi damuSaveba dRes ukve did siZneles 

ar warmoadgens. amave dros SerCeviT gamokiTxvas garkveuli naklovanebebi 

gaaCnia. gamokiTxulTa didi raodenobis SemTxvevaSi upasuxod 

darCenili SekiTxvebis raodenoba sakmaod didia, rac miRebuli 

monacemebis mTel populaciaze ganvrcobis SesaZleblobas sakmaod amcirebs. 

garda amisa, amgvari gamokvlevebis ZiriTad xerxs standartizebuli 

kiTxvebis gamoyeneba warmoadgens, xolo gamokiTxulTa realuri 

qcevis maCveneblebi xSirad ugulebelyofili rCeba. da bolos, 

SekiTxvebze respodentebis pasuxebi, arc Tu ise iSviaTad socialuri 

molodinebiT, anu sazogadoebrivi normebiT aris nakarnaxevi. 

ufrosklaselTa jgufebSi moswavlis statusis dadgenis xerxi. 

kvleva Catarda qalaq quTaisis rva skolis aT jgufSi: devnilTa 5-e 

skola, humanitaruli liceumi, 24-e skola, 5-e skola, xelovnebis 

liceumi, devnilTa 4-e skola, devnilTa 5-e (2) skola, 29-e skola, 

devnilTa 4-e (2) skola, 13-e skola. sul gamoikiTxa 217 respodenti 

_ 15-16 wlis mozardebi. 

jgufSi moswavlis statusis Sefaseba xdeboda ranJirebis meSveobiT. 

moswavleebi pasuxobdnen or SekiTxvas. pirveli maTgani miekuTvneboda 

instrumentul liderobas: 

392 

• rogoria, Seni azriT, Seni jgufis TiToeuli wevris 

wvlili jgufis warmatebaSi (e.i. jgufis romel wevrs 

daayenebdi Sen pirvel adgilze, rogorc saukeTeso moswavles, 

vis meore adgilze, vis mesameze) 

meore kiTxva warmoadgenda ufrosklaselTa jgufSi pirovnebaTa- 

Sorisi statusis (eqspresiuli lideroba) maxasiaTebels: 

• rogoria, Seni azriT, Seni jgufis TiToeuli wevris 

wvlili jgufSi megobrul urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis 

saqmeSi (e.i. jgufis romel wevrs daayenebdi Sen pirvel 

adgilze, rogorc megobars, meoreze romels, mesameze 

romels)

es kiTxvebi daibeWda da daurigda gamosakvlev jgufTa TiToeul 

wevrs. TiToeli moswavlis gvari Camoiwera alfabetis mixedviT da 

dainomra. vinc pirvel adgilze iqna dasaxelebuli, miewera sami qula, 

vinc meore adgilze, ori qula, vinc mesameze, erTi qula. ufrosklaselTa 

statusis dadgena TiToeul saqmianobaSi xdeboda jgufis 

TiToeuli wevris mier miRebuli qulebis SejamebiT, romelsac 

isini iRebdnen TavianTi partniorebisagan ranJirebis dros. xolo 

jgufuri liderobis orive ganzomilebis mixedviT (instrumentuli 

da eqspresiuli) mopovebuli qulebis SejamebiT xdeboda aSkarad gamoxatuli 

lideris dadgena. 

ufrosklaselTa Sefaseba da ranJireba ori aspeqtis mixedviT 

xdeboda maswavleblis mierac. damatebiTi masalis saxiT muSaobaSi 

gamoiyeneboda studentebTan miRebuli monacemebi. studentTa TviTSefasebis 

dadgena xdeboda rubinSteinis testis mixedviT. cdispirebi 

bipolaruli zedsarTavebiT da cxrabaliani gradualuri skalebiT 

Semdegi parametrebis mixedviT akeTebdnen TviTSefasebebs: 

I. janmrTeloba, 

II. xasiaTi, 

III. bedniereba, 

IV. garegnoba, 

V. ganaTleba, 

VI. warmateba, 

VII. konfliqti. 

ufrosklaselTa TviTSefasebis dadgena TiToeul sferoSi (saqmiani 

da saurTierTobo) xdeboda jgufis TiToeuli wevris mier sakuTari 

SefasebiT miRebuli qulebis SejamebiT. 

respodentTa mier jgufSi saukeTeso moswavlisa da yvelaze axlo 

megobris dasaxeleba, rac iZleoda instrumentuli, anu saqmiani 

da eqspresiuli, anu emociuri lideris garkvevis saSualebas da rubinSteinis 

testis mixedviT maTi TviTSefasebis donis dadgena atarebda 

anonimur xasiaTs. 

miRebuli Sedegebis ganxilva. Cvens mier ufrosklaselTa jgufebSi 

Catarebuli empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis 

mixedviT, liderobis rolur diferenciacias adgili hqonda gamokvleuli 

aTi jgufidan rva jgufSi. e.i. aTi jgufidan rva jgufSi instrumentul 

da eqspresiul liderTa rolebis realizeba xdeboda ufrosklaselTa 

jgufebis sxvadasxva wevrTa mier, xolo or jgufSi ki 

instrumentuli da eqspresiuli lideris rolebi erTi da igive pir- 

Ta mier ganxorcielda. 

393

aseve unda aRvniSnoT, rom TiTqmis yvela jgufSi saqmiani (instrumentuli) 

liderebi, saurTierTobo sferos mixedviT, arc Tu ise 

maRal qulebs agrovebdnen, vidre emociuri (eqspresiuli) liderebi. 

Sesabamisad, aSkarad gamoxatuli lideris rolSi yvela gundSi gamovida 

mxolod instrumentuli lideri. rac Seexeba damokidebulebas 

ufrosklaselTa statussa da TviTSefasebis dones Soris, Cvens mier 

Catarebuli empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis mixedviT, 

sociometriuli meTodisa da anketirebis gamoyenebiT, Semdegi 

suraTi miviReT: kerZod, saqmian sferoSi statistikurad sando kavSiri 

dadasturda mocemuli parametrebis mixedviT Semdegnairad: 

394 

saqmiani sfero 

I _ janmrTeloba _ korelacia aTidan cxra jgufSi statistikurad 

sandoa. 

II _ xasiaTi _ korelacia aTive jgufSi statistikurad sandoa. 

III _ bedniereba _ korelacia aTidan rva jgufSi statistikurad 

sandoa. 

IV _ garegnoba _ korelacia aTidan mxolod or jgufSi aris 

statistikurad sando 

V _ ganaTleba _ korelacia aTive jgufSi sandoa. 

VI _ warmateba _ korelacia aTidan cxra jgufSi statistikurad 

sandoa. 

VII _ damokidebuleba konfliqtsa da saqmian statuss Soris 

aTive jgufSi uaryofiTia, magram statistikurad sando arc erT 

jgufSi ar aris (cxrili 1). 

saurTierTobo sfero 

I _ janmrTeloba _ korelacia arc erT jgufSi ar aris statistikurad 

sando, Tumca garkveuli tendencia SeimCneva. 

II _ xasiaTi _ korelacia aTive jgufSi statistikurad sandoa. 

III _ bedniereba _ korelacia aTidan rva jgufSi statistikurad 

sandoa. 

IV _ garegnoba _ korelacia arc erT jgufSi ar aris statistikurad 

sando, Tumca aqac garkveuli tendencia SeimCneva. 

V _ ganaTleba _ korelacia arc erT jgufSi ar aris statistikurad 

sando. 

VI _ warmateba _ korelacia mxolod erT jgufSia statistikurad 

sando.

VII _ damokidebuleba konfliqtsa da saqmian statuss Soris 

arc erT jgufSi ar aris statistikurad sando (cxrili 2). 

amrigad, Cvens mier Catarebuli empiriuli kvlevebis Sedegad mi- 

Rebuli monacemebis korelaciuri analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT, 

rom ufrosklaselTa jgufebSi moswavlis statusi swavlaSi 

dakavSirebulia maTive TviTSefasebis donesTan, anu rac ufro maRalia 

ufrosklaselTa statusi saqmian sferoSi (swavlaSi), miT ufro 

maRalia maTTan TviTSefasebis done. 

rogorc vxedavT, gansxvavebuli suraTia saurTierTobo sferoSi, 

aq Cveni kvlevebis monacemebis mixedviT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom emociur 

lidersa da TviTSefasebas Soris korelacia ar aris statistikurad 

sando, anu ufrosklaselTa jgufebSi moswavlis TviTSefseba 

ar aris dakavSirebuli mis socialur-emociur statusTan. 

maSasadame, Cvenma hipoTezebma miiRo mniSvnelovani empiriuli dadastureba. 

cxrili 1 

korelaciuri analizis monacemebi TviTSefasebasa da U 

frosklaselTa statuss Soris saqmian sferoSi 

skola I II III IV V VI VII 

1 0,542** 0,447** 0,436** 0,127 0,494** 0,503** - 0,003 

2 0,489** 0,453** 0,461** 0,490** 0,662* 0,742* - 0,127 

3 0,233 0,513** 0,300 0,204 0,541** 0,368 - 0,054 

4 0,701* 0,612* 0,652* 0,330 0,655* 0,562** - 0,201 

5 0,689* 0,680* 0,710* 0,587** 0,550** 0,780* - 0,009 

6 0,532** 0,422** 0,290 0,241 0,593** 0,500** - 0,109 

7 0,502** 0,502** 0,491** 0,391 0,497** 0,531** - 0,121 

8 0,454** 0,484** 0,488** 0,401 0,676* 0,654* - 0,304 

9 0,690* 0,721* 0,517** 0,094 0,527** 0,540** - 0,280 

10 0,701* 0,711* 0,478** 0,321 0,481** 0,499** - 0,005** 

** P

cxrili 2 

korelaciuri analizis monacemebi TviTSefasebasa da 

ufrosklaselTa statuss Soris pirovnebaTaSoris urTierTobebSi 

skola I II III IV V VI VII 

396 

1 0,348 0,472** 0,340 0,223 0,353 0,014 0,003 

2 0,344 0,455** 0,432** 0,380 0,260 0,231 0,127 

3 0,278 0,483** 0,294 0,380 0,207 0,008 0,054 

4 0,128 0,617* 0,603* 0,401 0,305 0,117 0,201 

5 0,189 0,660* 0,709* 0,102 0,289 0,585** 0,009 

6 0,390 0,502** 0,584** 0,221 0,309 0,230 0,109 

7 0,304 0,490** 0,494** 0,362 0,231 0,218 0,121 

8 0,265 0,534** 0,502** 0,290 0,390 0,344 0,304 

9 0,306 0,694* 0,519** 0,180 0,300 0,265 0,280 

10 0,348 0,707* 0,554** 0,319 0,238 0,143 0,00 

** P

pirovnebis ganviTarebis meore damaxasiaTebel TaviseburebasTan, romelic 

momavalze orientaciaSi gamoixateba. Wabuki qal-vaJebi sakuTar 

Tavs ZiriTadad momavalSi iazreben da maTTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba 

aqvs imas, Tu rogori iqneba maTi momavali cxovreba. arc erT 

sxva asakSi adamiani imdens ar fiqrobs momavalze, imden gegmebs ar 

awyobs da ar ocnebobs, rogorc amas Wabukobis dros aqvs adgili. 

bunebrivia, yvela is parametrebi, romlis mixedviTac Cveni cdispirebi 

axdendnen TviTSefasebas, garkveulwilad momavalzea orientirebuli. 

yovelive, rasac ki Wabuki akeTebs, ganicdeba, rogorc momavlisaTvis 

samzadisi. axalgazrda adamianis ZiriTad saqmianobad Wabukobis periodSi 

jer isev swavla rCeba. asakis momavalze orientaciac, pirvel 

rigSi, swored swavlasTan damokidebulebaSi aisaxeba. swavla ganixileba 

rogorc momavlis interesebiT gansazRvruli procesi, ris gamoc 

Wabuki qal-vaJebi mas savsebiT safuZvlianad da seriozulad ekidebian. 

damamTavrebel klasebSi moswavleebi met yuradRebas uTmoben 

im sagnebs, romelTa dauflebasac maTi momavlis gegmebisaTvis aqvs 

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. Tumca, Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi 

gviCvenebs, rom TiTqmis yvela jgufSi saqmiani (instrumentuli) 

liderebi, saurTierTobo sferos mixedviT arc Tu ise maRal 

qulebs agrovebdnen, vidre emociuri (eqspresiuli) liderebi, rac 

imas gvafiqrebinebs, rom saqmiani lideris roli pirovnebaTaSoris 

urTierTobebSi arc ise kargad gamoiyureba. 

Wabuki qal-vaJebis miswrafeba, moZebnon cxovrebaSi TavianTi adgili, 

romelic maTi msoflmxedvelobis Sesaferisi iqneba, gamoxatulebas 

poulobs pirovnebaTSorisi qcevisa da saerTod cxovrebis ZiriTadi 

principebis gansazRvraSic, rac, agreTve, Zalze aqtualuria 

am periodSi. Wabuki analitikurad ukvirdeba cxovrebas, sazogadoeba- 

Si mimdinare movlenebs, garSemo myof adamianebs da ase imuSavebs mis- 

Tvis misaReb cxovrebiseul mrwamss. namdvilad moraluri cnobierebac 

mxolod Wabukobis periodSi miiRweva, radgan pirovnebis abstraqtuli 

azrovneba pirvelad am asakSi swvdeba sikeTis, sindisis, zneobrivi 

movaleobis, samarTlianobis da sxva moraluri kategoriebis 

WeSmarit azrs. swored am kategoriaTa Sinaarsis Taviseburi gegmebidan 

gamomdinareobs Wabukis mier qcevis iseTi ZiriTadi principebis 

dasaxva cxovrebis kredod, romelic gamoricxavs yovelgvar kompromiss, 

simdablisa da biwierebisadmi yovelgvar Semrigeblobas da daTmobas. 

albaT, amitomac aris, rom Cvens kvlevebSic, saurTierTobo 

ganzomilebaSi xasiaTis parametris mixedviT, sxva parametrebisagan 

gansxvavebiT, sakmaod maRali TviTSefaseba dadasturda. asakis am zo- 

397

gad ganwyobas Tavisi funqcia aqvs pirovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi 

da aRzrdis procesma igi efeqturad unda gamoiyenos. unda gvaxsovdes, 

rom fsiqo-fizikuri ganviTarebis maRali donis miuxedavad, Wabuki 

jer isev mozardia da aRzrdis obieqts warmoadgens. 

amrigad, Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli empiriuli 

monacemebis korelaciuri analizis mixedviT, SeiZleba Semdegi 

daskvnebis gakeTeba: 

1. ufrosklaselTa jgufebSi moswavlis TviTSefaseba damokidebulia 

missave saqmian statusTan, sxva sityvebiT, rac ufro 

maRalia ufrosklaselTa statusi swavlaSi, miT ufro maRalia 

maTTan TviTSefasebis done. 

2. ufrosklaselTa jgufebSi moswavlis TviTSefseba ar aris 

dakavSirebuli mis socialur-emociur statusTan. 

KAKHI KOPALIANI, IRMA SHOMAKHIA 

THE ATTITUDE OF THE STATUS OF SENIOR PUPILS TO THE 

SELF-ESTIMATION IN BUSINESS AND 

PERSONAL RELATIONS 

The given research concerns dependence of the status of senior pupils to 

a self-estimation in business and personal attitudes. By results of the lead researches 

with the use of sociometry a method and questioning on the received 

empirical data, the role differentiation of leadership took place in eight groups 

of ten. . In eight groups of ten embodiment of roles of Business and emotional 

leaders occured different members of groups of senior pupils, and in two groups 

of a role of business and emotional leaders were carried out by the same 

persons. Business leaders, in sphere of attitudes receive not so high points in 

comparison with emotional leaders. Accordingly, in all groups in a role of obviously 

expressed leader Business leaders act only. Under the analysis it was 

found out, that in groups of senior pupils a self-estimation of the pupil it is connected 

with its business status.The above the status of senior pupils in study, 

the above a level of their self-estimation. And dependence between last variable 

and the emotional status of senior pupils has not proved to be true. 

398



t. I, 2007 

lia svaniZe 

Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis 

fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi 

,,Tavisuflebav, Sen xar 

kacTa navsayudeli~ 

ilia 

adamianebi mTeli TavianTi arsebobis manZilze did dros andomeben 

yoveldRiur da sakacobrio mniSvnelobis problemebis gadawyvetas, 

romelTa gadaWris gareSe adamianis cxovreba, kacobriobis winsvla 

da ganviTareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. aseT problemaTa Soris gamoirCeva 

Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis problema. es problema mecnierTa 

yuradRebis centrSia moqceuli dawyebuli Soreuli warsulidan 

dRemde. am sakiTxebis irgvliv mravali sayuradRebo mosazrebaa 

gamoTqmuli filosofiis istoriaSi (dekarti, spinoza, laibnici, berkli, 

iumi, lametri, helveciusi, holbaxi, kanti, fixte, Selingi, hegeli, 

foierbaxi da a.S.) 1 , romelTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia aRniSnuli 

problemis gaazrebisas. 

sityva ,,Tavisufleba~ mravali mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. Tavisuflebis 

filosofiuri da fsiqologiuri gageba ver amowuravs yvela 

im mniSvnelobas, romelsac es sityva atarebs yoveldRiur cxovreba- 

Si. Cveulebriv, xmaroben: ,,politikuri Tavisufleba~, ,,ekonomikuri 

Tavisufleba~, ,,samarTlebrivi Tavisufleba~, ,,zneobrivi Tavisufleba~, 

,,SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba~, ,,sindisis Tavisufleba~ da sxva. 

Cven arsebiTad SevexebiT Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis fsiqologiur 

aspeqtebs, nebisyofis Tavisuflebis specifikas. 

adamianisa da misi nebisyofis Tavisuflebis problemaSi ganasxvaveben 

sam aspeqts: moqmedebis Tavisuflebas, arCevanis Tavisuflebas 

da survilis Tavisuflebas. moqmedebisa da arCevanis Tavisuflebis 

SemTxvevaSi ismis kiTxva, qcevis romel variants airCevs adamiani pasuxi 

garkveulia: romeli qcevis motivic ufro Zlieria. imarjvebs 

1 k. baqraZe, s. wereTeli, p. gujabiZe, m. WeliZe, m. nemsaZe. filosofiis 

istoria. Tb., 1961, gv. 132, 153, 182, 205-207, 212-213 da a.S. 

399

Zlieri motivi! magram sakiTxi amiT ar amoiwureba: axali siZnelis 

winaSe vdgebiT - gamoricxuli yofila arCevanis Tavisufleba, radgan 

Zlieri motivi TavisTavad gansazRvravs arCevans. aq ismis kiTxva imis 

Sesaxeb, Tu razea damokidebuli motivTa siZliere, aris Tu ara igi 

TviT adamianis nebaze damokidebuli, SeuZlia Tu ara pirovnebas ama 

Tu im motivis gaZliereba-Sesusteba, maTi regulireba SeuZlia Tu 

ara adamians is motivi gaaZlieros, romelic mas surs es aris sakiTxebi 

survilis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, rac ganixileba nebisyofis 

Tavisuflebis problemis yvelaze rTul siRrmiseul aspeqtad. 

swored survilis Tavisuflebaa nebis Tavisuflebis erTaderTi 

avtonomiuri sfero da mxolod is aZlevs Sinaarss adamianis Tavisuflebas. 

nebis Tavisuflebis Sinaarsi xom survilis Tavisuflebaa, 

amiT aixsneba, rom neba da survili xSirad erTi da igive mniSvnelobiT 

ixmareba an erTad warmoiTqmeba, rogorc kompoziti _ ,,neba-survili~. 

magram gana SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianis neba-survils aravi- 

Tari gareSe Zala aRar gansazRvravs da igi wminda avtonomiuria, 

TviTon gansazRvravs Tavis Tavs ara, ra Tqma unda, ara. adamianis neba-survilis 

wyaroebSi advilad davinaxavT mizez-Sedegobriv jaWvs, 

romelsac determinacia qvia da ori nakadisagan Sedgeba. erTi nakadia 

memkvidreoba, xolo meore _ cvalebadoba _ garemo aRzrdis zemoqmedebiT. 

adamianis neba-survili, gakveulwilad, gansazRvrulia am faqtorebiT. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom optimalur garemo-aRzrdas SeuZlia CaaxSos 

uaryofiTi memkvidreobis Zala. 

magram socialur praqtikaSi bunebrivad aris miCneuli, rom adamianebi 

TviTon ageben pasuxs TavianTi qcevebisaTvis 1 . es imas niSnavs, 

rom maTi neba-survili mTlianad, absoluturad ar aris gansazRvruli 

memkvidreobiTa da garemo aRzrdiT, rom amaT garda da maTTan er- 

Tad moqmedebs neba-survilis raRac wyaro, romelsac TviTon pirovneba 

da misi aqtivoba, misi neba-survili gansazRvravs. es aris is avtonomiuri 

neba, romelic pirovnuli ,,me-s~ saxeliT aris cnobili, 

da rac pasuxismgeblobisa da Seuracxadobis safuZvelia. es is pirovnuli 

,,me-a~, 2 romelic aZlierebs erT motivs da asustebs meores, 

igi cnobierebis samive unaris (SemecnebiTi, emociuri, motivaciuri) 

aucileblobiT ganpirobebuli erTianobaa. 

rogori mravalricxovani da mravalferovanic ar unda iyos pirovnebis 

Semadgeneli erTeulebi _ ganwyoba, molodini, motivi, Rire- 

1 В. Френкл. Человек в поисках смысла. М., 1990, gv. 97-98. 

2 А. Фреид. Психология Я и защитные механизмы. Перевод с английского. М.,1993. 

400

uleba, midrekileba da sxva, mainc unda arsebobdes sistemuri rgoli, 

romelic maT gaaerTianebs. ego, me-koncefcia, TviToba, propriumi 

aseTi ganzogadebuli konstruqtebia. Tavisufal nebas swored aseTi 

konstruqti unda axorcielebdes. gamoxatavs ra individis TviTrefleqsias, 

igi gansazRvravs TviTaRqmas, TviTSefasebas, TviTidentifikacias, 

TviTpativiscemas da a.S. bevr fsiqologiur TeoriaSi swored 

mas miewereba marTvis is funqcia, romelic adamianis qmedebaTa SerCevas 

da Sesrulebas uzrunvelyofs 1 . 

determinacia-Tavisuflebis diqotomiis konteqstSi mTavari sakiTxi 

is aris, Tu rogor warmoiqmneba aRniSnuli sistema, aris Tu 

ara igi adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis proeqtireba qmedobisa da, Sesabamisad, 

misi ,,Tavisufali da Semoqmedi nebis~ gamovlena Tanac 

ise, rom mas SeeZlos sakuTari Tavisagan gaakeTos yvelaferi, rac moesurveba 

cxadia, ara, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli da pasuxic iqvea 

gacemuli. samyaros mTeli ganviTareba dasabamidan dRemde mkacr 

aucileblobas, obieqtur mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebs emorCileba. yoveli 

aucilebloba uamrav SemTxveviTobaTa saSualebiT ikvlevs gzas, 

magram realizebuli SemTxveviToba TviTon iqceva mkacri aucileblobis 

gamovlenad, ramdenadac yovelTvis SeiZleba am faqtorebis Semecneba, 

ramac ganapiroba am SemTxveviTobis realizacia da ara sxvisi. 

Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis urTierTkavSiri arsebiTad ganapirobebs 

adamianis mizanSewonil moqmedebas. mravalgzis dakvirvebebma 

da eqsperimentulma gamokvlevebma cxadyves 2 , rom Tavisufleba aris 

Secnobili aucilebloba. es imas niSnavs, rom adamianma Seicnos da 

Seignos bunebisa da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebi, TviT 

sakuTari pirovnebis religiuri da fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebi. nebis 

Tavisufleba niSnavs mxolod saqmis codniT gadawyvetilebis mi- 

Rebis unars. sazogadoebis socialuri aqtivobis dros pirvel planzea 

wamoweuli eris Tavisuflebis problema da es arc aris gasakviri, 

radgan kacobriobis mTeli istoria zesvliT xasiaTdeba, xolo 

sazogadoebis progresi, upirvelesad Tavisuflebisaken miswrafeba, im- 

TaviTvea mocemuli adamianis bunebaSi, igi is Zalaa, rac ar asvenebs 

adamians, gamohyavs igi statikuri mdgomareobidan, aZlevs moqmedebis 

stimuls. yovelgvari SezRudulobisagan ganTavisuflebisaken swrafva 

normaluri adamianis Tvisebaa. gqondes Tavisufleba _ es erTgvari 

unaria, romelsac aucileblad esaWiroeba SinaarsiT avseba. adamians 

1 А. Маслоу. Самоактуализация. – wgn.: Психология личности. М., 1994. 

2 d. uznaZe. individualoba da misi genezisi. _ Sromebi, IX. Tb., 1986, gv. 

151-155; v. erqomaiSvili. filosofia. Tb., 1996, gv. 83-87; 132-134. 


401

kidec aqvs Tavisufleba _ RmerTisagan naboZebi Tavisufali arCevanis 

saxiT, da, amasTanave, mosapovebelic aris igi. saubari adamianis Sinagan 

Tavisuflebaze usagnod darCeba, Tu ar moxda misi gare gamovlineba 

socialuri an pirovnuli aqtiurobis meSveobiT. moqmedeba TavisuflebisaTvis, 

am cnebis Sinaarsis daudgenlad da mis Sesaxeb codnis 

gareSe, safrTxesTan aris dakavSirebuli, xolo marto Teoriuli 

codna moqmedebis gareSe bevr usiamovnebas warmoSobs. Teoria da 

praqtika erTmaneTiT arsebobs _ praqtika xom WeSmaritebis kriteriumia. 

WeSmariti Tavisuflebis safuZvels qmnis Sinaganisa da gareganis 

dialeqtika, maTi winaaRmdegoba da am winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva. 

es dapirispireba ori saxisaa: winaaRmdegoba TviT pirovnebis SigniT 

da winaaRmdegoba pirovnebis miswrafebebsa da garemos Soris. ,,sworad 

gavacnobiere Tavisuflebis raoba da msurs sakuTari arsebis realizacia, 

magram garemo pirobebi ar maZlevs amis saSualebas~. es 

asec gamoiTqmis: adamians aqvs TavisufZleba, magram igi ar aris Tavisufali. 

aucilebelia TviTrealizaciisaTvis saWiro garemo. 

TavisuflebisaTvis sakmarisi piroba ar aris, rom adamianma Seicnos 

samyaro. adamiani ver iqneba Tavisufali, igi ver ibatonebs gare 

samyaros movlenebze, Tu TviTon ar gaxdeba Tavisi Tavis batonpatroni. 

,,he, ufalo da meufeo, momaniWe me gancda TvisTa codvaTa~. 1 

Tavisufleba niSnavs ara imas, rom adamianma TviTneburad airCios Tavisi 

moqmedebis xazi, aramed imas, rom man Tavisi saqmianoba da moqmedeba 

obieqtur situacias Seufardos da mis Sesabamisad imoqmedos. 

Tavisufali rom iyos, adamianma unda icodes Tavisi adgili, funqcia 

da movaleoba, romelic mas sazogadoebaSi akisria. Segnebuli moqmedebis 

erT-erTi upiratesi winamZRvaria movaleobis grZnoba. Tu es pirobebi 

irRveva, maSin adamiani angariSs ar uwevs aucileblobas, kargavs 

orientacias da SesaZlebelia imis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebdes, 

rasac miznad isaxavs 2 . 

amgvarad, Tavisuflebasa da aucileblobas adamiani TviTneburad 

ver moeqceva. obieqturi kanonebi da Tavisuflebis struqtura garkveul 

moTxovnebs uyenebs adamianebs, amitom isini unda moqmedebdnen 

aucileblobisa da Tavisuflebis urTierTmimarTebis zemoxsenebuli 

principebis dacviT. WeSmariti Tavisuflebis princips Crdils ayenebs 

pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis interesTa Seusabamoba, pirovnebis TviTneboba. 

rodesac adamiani kargavs aucileblobisa da movaleobis Segnebas, 

1 wm. mama efrem asuri. locvebi. Tb., 1999, gv. 162. 

2 Э. Фромм. Бегство от свободы. М., 1990. 

402

irRveva Tavisuflebis struqtura, qreba pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. 

Tavisufleba aucileblobiT ukavSirdeba Rirsebas im SemTxveva- 

Si, Tu es Tavisufleba vlindeba, mJRavndeba RirseulobaSi, sazogadoebaSi 

dadgenili normebisa da idealebis dacva-xelSewyobaSi. pirovnebis 

Rirseba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi Tavisi nebiT, da ara iZulebiT, 

aris mimarTuli am idealisadmi. 

nebismieri qcevis mimdinareobis procesi Semdegi Tanmimdevrobisaa: 

jer xdeba azrovnebis funqciis monawileobiT mizanSewonili qcevis 

dadgena, Semdeg motivaciis (motivis Zebnis procesi) da, bolos, 

gadawyvetilebis aqti. rodesac adamiani raimes gadawyvets, es xdeba 

ara imitom, rom mas situacia aiZulebs am gadawyvetilebis gamotanas, 

aramed imitom, rom garkveuli mosazrebiT, swored es gadawyvetilebaa 

misTvis xelsayreli. arCevans aucileblad aqvs safuZveli, romelsac 

nebelobis SemTxvevaSi motivs uwodeben. 

gadawyvetilebis motivad iTvleba im Rirebulebis upiratesobis 

gacnobiereba, romelic ama Tu im qcevas aqvs subieqtisaTvis da amitom 

igi misi erTaderTi gamarTlebaa 1 . maSasadame, adamianis qcevas 

gansazRvravs obieqturi RirebulebiTi viTareba, rogorc motivi, romelic 

ganapirobebs ama Tu im SesaZlo moqmedebis arCevas da mis mimdinareobas. 

magram es mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, roca obieqturi 

RirebulebiTi viTarebebi subieqtis moTxovnilebas daukavSirdeba 

uSualod da ara rogorc romelime sxva subieqturi moTxovnilebis 

dakmayofilebis saSualeba. 

nebismier qcevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba or moments: 

pirveli, nebisyofis aqti imas ki ar akeTebs, rac subieqts amJamad 

unda, risi aqtualuri moTxovnilebac mas aqvs, aramed imas, rac amJamad 

uSualod ar unda, ar aqvs misi moTxovnileba. problema SemdegSi 

mdgomareobs: rogor axerxebs subieqti imis gakeTebas, rac mas ar 

surs mas Semdeg, rac subieqti raime gadawyvetilebaze SeCerdeba, 

Sesrulebis procesi SedarebiT advilad mimdinareobs. ra xdeba gadawyvetilebis 

momentSi iseTi, rom Sesrulebis process kidec aadvilebs 

da kidec awesrigebs gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebis safuZvlad 

ganwyoba gvevlineba. 

gadawyvetilebis gamotana im ganwyobis Seqmnis aqts niSnavs, romelic 

nebismier qcevas edeba safuZvlad, mis mimdinareobas gansazRvravs 

da, maSasadame, mis sisruleSi moyvanasac aadvilebs. rogor iqmneba 

nebismieri qcevis ganwyoba, rogoria ganwyobis aRmocenebis pirobe- 

1 Х. Хакхаузен. Мотивация и деятельность. М., 2003. 

403

i daculi nebisyofis aqtis SemTxvevaSi nebelobis damaxasiaTebeli 

isaa, rom igi subieqtis aqtualur moTxovnilebas angariSs ar uwevs, 

igi sxva moTxovnilebebs emsaxureba, im moTxovnilebebs, romlebic 

obieqturad sasurvelia da mizanSewonilia, magram subieqturad axla 

ar warmoadgens moTxovnilebas pirovnebisaTvis, igi moklebulia saTanado 

mimzidvelobas. 

maSasadame, pirovnebam gaacnobiera, Seicno im momavali moTxovnilebis 

aucilebloba, romelic obieqturad sasurveli, saWiro da mizanSewonilia 

da gamoitana Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba, riTac moipova Tavisufleba 

am gadawyvetilebis sisruleSi mosayvanad, anu adamianma nebisyofis 

meSveobiT, Tavisi Zlieri, mimzidveli da aqtualuri moTxovnileba 

amoiglija Tavisi survilebidan an gadaavada samomavlod. 

obieqtur Rirebulebas aqtualur Rirebulebad subieqtisaTvis 

motivi uzrunvelyofs: igi, im moqmedebas, romelic subieqtisaTvis 

amJamad arafers sasurvels ar Seicavs, fsiqologiurad iseT moqmedebad 

gardaqmnis, romelic misTvis aqtualuri Rirebulebis matareblad 

iqceva. mokled, moTxovnilebas, romelic nebismieri qcevis safuZvlad 

mdebare ganwyobis aRmosaceneblad aris saWiro, motivi ganapirobebs. 

rogor mimdinareobs am SemTxvevaSi nebelobis procesi subieqts 

unda gauCndes im qcevis ganwyoba, romelic nebismier qcevad aris nagulisxmevi 

da romelic Sesasrulebelia. magram saidan unda gaCndes es ganwyoba 

rogor unda SeiZinos igi subieqtma nebisyofis aqtis meSveobiT. 

fsiqologiaSi miRebulia nebelobis mTliani procesis sami periodi: 

1. gadawyvetilebis momzadebis periodi, romelic arkvevs gansjis 

meSveobiT ra unda gadawydes, ra mosazrebiT unda gadawydes 

ase; 

2. TviT gadawyvetis periodi; 

3. gadawyvetis sisruleSi moyvanis periodi. 

gadawyvetilebis aqtSi specifikuri mniSvneloba aqvs aqtualur 

moments, anu gancdil aqtivobas, ,,me minda~-s gancdas. es warmoadgens 

subieqtis momavali qcevisadmi damokidebulebis gancdas. igi me-dan 

momdinare gancdili aqtivobaa, sadac irkveva subieqtis pozicia momavali 

qcevis mimarT. nebelobis aqti iseT cvlilebebze miuTiTebs, romelic 

subieqts, rogorc mTels, exeba da mis momaval qcevas gansazRvravs. 

amdenad, aq saqme gvaqvs subieqtis ganwyobasTan. nebelobis aqti, 

romelic cnobierebaSi gveZleva _ ,,me namdvilad minda~ gancdis saxiT, 

miuTiTebs subieqtis ganwyobis Secvlaze. 

subieqts swored im qcevis ganwyoba uCndeba, romlis mimarTac 

is ,,me minda~-s ganicdis da romlis realizaciac misi Semdgomi moq- 

404

medebis Sinaarss warmoadgens. nebismier qcevas safuZvlad udevs Taviseburi 

ganwyoba. am ganwyobis Seqmna Cven gveZleva gancdis saxiT, Tvi- 

Taqtivobis specifikuri gancdis saxiT, romelsac nebelobis gancda 

ewodeba. raSi xedavs d. uznaZe Tavisuflebis moments: ,,... nebeloba 

Tavisufalia, ramdenadac aqtualuri situaciis gavlenas ar emorCileba, 

ramdenadac aqedan gamomdinare, iZulebas ar ganicdis. igi Tavisufalia, 

ramdenadac masze momqmedi situacia warmosaxulia, maSasadame, 

subieqtis mieraa gacnobierebuli~. 1 

radgan Tavisufleba es aris Secnobili aucilebloba, amitom gadamwyveti 

mniSvneloba eniWeba im aucileblobis Secnobas, romelic 

SesaZleblobas miscems adamians moipovos Tavisufleba. d. uznaZis 

erT-erTi didi damsaxureba fsiqologiaSi obieqtivaciis cnebis Semotanaa 

2 . pirovnebis Segnebuli saqmianobis ganxilvis dros, rodesac man 

unda Seicnos is aucilebloba, romelic adamians Tavis survilebsa 

da qcevaSi, situaciis arCevaSi Tavisuflebas moutans, xSir SemTxvevaSi 

did dabrkolebebs da siZneleebs awydeba, xdeba qcevis Seferxeba, 

rac gamosworebas saWiroebs. aseT SemTxvevebSi, pirovnebas unari Seswevs 

SeaCeros Tavisi qceva, moaxdinos qcevis Seferxebuli monakveTis 

xelmeored gancda, misi gacnobiereba da mizanSewonili moqmedeba. 

qcevis Sewyvetisa da mis damabrkolebel faqtorze SeCerebis 

unars d. uznaZem obieqtivacia uwoda 3 . 

impulsuri aqtivobis dros individi srulad aris CarTuli qceva- 

Si, obieqtivaciis aqtis Sesrulebis dros ki igi gamoeyofa aqtivobis 

process, iwyebs misgan sinamdvilis gamoyofas da TviTon xdeba damkvirvebeli 

subieqti. impulsuri qcevis procesSi individi sinamdvilisadmi 

momxmareblur damokidebulebaSi imyofeba, obieqtivaciis aqtis Semdeg 

igi icvleba Semecnebis urTierTobiT, romlis drosac subieqts obieqtis 

Semecnebis moTxovnileba uCndeba. am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas 

emsaxureba Semecnebis is procesebi, romlebic cnobierebis fsiqologia- 

Si Semecnebis funqciebis saxeliT aris cnobili. 

cnobilia obieqtivaciis sami forma, romelTa ganxilvac naTel 

warmodgenas Segviqmnis im aucileblobis Secnobaze, romelic Tavisuflebis 

samyarosaken gagviRebs karebs. 

1 d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia. Tb., 1998, gv. 220. 

2 S. nadiraSvili. ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebebi. 

_ fsiqologia. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis d. uznaZis 

saxelobis fsiqologiis institutis Sromebis krebuli, XVII. Tb., 1986, 

gv. 143. 

3 S. nadiraSvili. ganwyobis zogadfsiqologiuri Teoriis.., gv. 152. 

405

_ subieqti sagnis obieqtivacias maSin mimarTavs, rodesac qcevis 

dabrkolebas obieqturi sagani, misi saTanado gauTvaliswinebloba 

qmnis. saganTa obieqtivaciis safuZvelze adamians eqmneba codnis sistema 

sinamdvilis Sesaxeb. 

_ rodesac qceva ferxdeba Seusatyvis operaciaTa sistemis gamoyenebis 

gamo, maSin subieqti axdens Tavisi aqtivobis obieqtivacias da 

mimarTavs sakuTari moqmedebis reorganizacias. operaciaTa sistemis 

obieqtivaciis safuZvelze subieqti ayalibebs Tavis sensomotorul 

da inteleqtualur operaciaTa sistemas. 

_ adamianTa aqtivoba zogjer xdeba socialuri moTxovnilebebis 

gauTvaliswineblobis gamo. aseT SemTxvevaSi subieqti socialuri 

moTxovnilebebis obieqtivacias axdens, romlis safuZvelzec adamians eqmneba 

warmodgenebi da damokidebulebebi socialuri sinamdvilis Sesaxeb. 

eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze 1 naTeli gaxda, rom adamians 

obieqtivaciis doneze mopovebuli monacemebi Seaqvs Tavisi aqtivobis 

ganwyobaSi, ris gamoc misi saqmianoba Segnebuli da kidev ufro mizanSewonili 

xdeba. specifikuri adamianuri Segnebuli saqmianobis safuZvlad 

mdebare ganwyobis formirebaSi, aRniSnuli faqtorebis garda, 

adamianis cnobierebac monawileobs. am mimarTulebiT mopovebuli Sedegebis 

gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda individis, subieqtisa da 

pirovnebis cnebebi, romlebSic adamianis sinamdvilisadmi vitaluri, SemecnebiTi 

da socialuri damokidebulebebia gaTvaliswinebuli. 

adamianis Tavisufleba niSnavs gasaqani mieces mis Sinagan bunebas. 

es Sinagani buneba SemoqmedebiT aqtivobaSi mdgomareobs. adamiani Tavisi 

miznis mixedviT moqmedebs, TviTon marTavs Tavis Tavs. adamianis 

qcevas gansazRvravs obieqturi RirebulebiTi viTareba, rogorc motivi, 

romelic ganapirobebs ama Tu im SesaZlo moqmedebis arCevas da 

mis mimdinareobas. 

bunebis mizezobriobaTa jaWvSi brmad CarTuli adamiani stiqiurad 

moqmedebs, mas ar ZaluZs arsebul cdomilebaTa swori gaazreba 

da arc adamianuri miznis dasaxva. xolo bunebisa da sazogadoebis 

ganviTarebis kanonebis swori Semecneba winamZRvaria imisa, rom moxdes 

aucileblobis samyarodan Tavisuflebis samyaroSi damkvidreba. 

1 i. iremaZe. XX saukunis fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mimdinareobebi. Tb., 

2004, gv. 197-198. 

406

LIA SVANIDZE 

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FREE WILL 

AND INEVITABILITY 

The link between free will and inevitability is proofed in this adove-mentioned 

article which stipulated an expedient behaviour of human in essence. 

The article exposes recognizable truth with the formation system that free will 

is a realization invitability. The work represents, if human would be free, the 

decision impotence is to realize this inevitability which woud give him (her) an 

opportunity to obtain free will. The article focuses on the question of free will 

and considering it as a deep, complicated aspect of free will. The exact realization 

of nature and society’s development rules are previous conditions to settle 

human from the world of inevitability to the world of free will. ability to the 

world of free will. 

407



t. I, 2007 

brolisa wulaia 

bunebismetyvelebis integrirebuli kursis 

swavlebis meTodikisadmi midgomis 

zogadi tendencia dawyebiT skolaSi 

“cvrian balaxze Tu fexSiSvela 

ar gaviare _ raa mamuli” 

galaktioni 

buneba mravalferovania, bunebis mravalferovnebaSi mJRavndeba 

misi dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegoba-erTianoba. buneba adamianis Semecnebisa 

da silamazis aRqmis ZiriTadi wyaroa. bavSvebi bunebis wiaRsa da 

mis garemomcvel samyaroSi eZeben siaxleebs, uviTardebaT survili 

siRrmiseuli kvleva-Ziebisa. 

bunebismetyveleba, rogorc saswavlo sagani, swavlebis formebisa 

da meTodebis TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. igi Seiswavlis, rogorc 

konkretul obieqtebs, ise cocxali bunebis movlenebs. es ki moiTxovs 

saswavlo muSaobis organizaciis gansakuTrebul formebs. mecnierul-teqnikurma 

progresma gazarda sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis 

roli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi. Sesabamisad, 

ukanasknel periodSi aqtualuri gaxda zogadsaganmanaTleblo 

skolebSi bunebismetyvelebis Tanamedrove civilizaciis miRwevebze 

dafuZnebuli swavleba 1 . 

nebismieri sagnis aTviseba gacilebiT ufro efeqturad xdeba im 

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moswavle aqtiurad aris Cabmuli Sesaswavli 

sakiTxis kvleva-ZiebaSi da cnobismoyvareobas ikmayofilebs ara mxolod 

mza masalis aTvisebiT, aramed informaciis moZiebis, TvalsaCinoebebze 

muSaobis da interaqtiuli swavlebis procesSi Cabmis gziT. 

amitom bunebismetyvelebis sagnebis swavlebisas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba 

eqceva specifikuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas. sabunebismetyvelo 

mecnierebebis swavlebam mozards unda ganuviTaros garemomcveli 

samyaros Seswavlisa da kvlevis, misi dacvisa da SenarCunebis 

1 erovnuli saswavlo gegma. sagnobrivi programa bunebismetyvelebaSi. proeqtis 

pirveli redaqcia. Tb., 2004, gv. 5. 

408

unar-Cvevebi, aziaros moswavle sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebs 

da daanaxos maTi kavSiri yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan. codnis 

pasiuri mimRebidan moswavle unda Camoyalibdes aqtiur Sememcneblad, 

romelic SeZlebs miRebuli codna gamoiyenos, rogorc profesiuli 

warmatebisaTvis, aseve sazogadoebis sasikeTod. amisaTvis ki saWiroa, 

rom bunebismetyvelebis Seswavlis procesSi moswavles: gauCndes interesi 

garemomcveli samyaros kvlevis, siaxleTa aRmoCenisa da Secnobis 

mimarT 1 . 

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi ar aris mxolod aRwerilobiTi 

xasiaTis, isini aucileblad gulisxmoben sasicocxlo procesebis, 

fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebis kvlevis gziT Seswavlas. bunebismetyvelebis 

dauflebisaTvis aucilebelia im specifikuri unarCvevebis 

gamomuSaveba, romlebic ukavSirdeba garemos kvlevas. rogorc damoukidebeli 

saswavlo sagani bunebismetyveleba dawyebiT safexurze 

iswavleba, pirvelidan meeqvse klasis CaTvliT. dawyebiT skolaSi iswavleba 

integrirebuli sagani “bunebismetyveleba”, romelic aerTianebs 

codnas, geografiis, astronomiis, biologiis, fizikis, qimiis da 

samoqalaqo aRzrdis sferoebidan. 

bunebismetyvelebis disciplinebi xels uwyobs moswavlis mier 

samyaros adekvaturi aRqmis Camoyalibebas, xolo samoqalaqo ganaTleba 

uviTarebs moswavles garemosadmi pozitiur damokidebulebas da 

garemoze pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. sajaro skolaSi sagani “bunebismetyveleba” 

iswavleba ori alternatiuli sqemiT: 

a. biologiis, fizikis, qimiis safuZvlebis integrirebuli 

kursi; 

b. trimestruli kursi: TiTo trimestrSi _ TiTo disciplina. 

dawyebiT klasebSi, bunebismetyvelebis gakveTilebi ramdenadme 

gansxvavdebian sxva sagnebis gakveTilebidan. bunebismetyvelebis gakve- 

Tilze moswavleebi iReben codnas, unarsa da Cvevebs, romelic momavalSi 

aucilebelia saSualo skolis programiT gaTvaliswinebuli 

iseTi sagnebis Sesaswavlad, rogoricaa: botanika, zoologia, anatomia, 

geografia, maswavleblebi amisaTvis iyeneben swavlebis sxvadasxva 

sabunebismetyvelo sagnebisTvis damaxasiaTebel meTodebs. upirvelesad 

aq igulisxmeba bunebriv sagnebsa da movlenebze uSualo dakvirvebebi, 

romlebic bavSvebSi, logikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayrel 

niadags qmnian. dakvirvebebisa da eqskursiebis Catareba, cdebisa 

1 a. gegeWkori. meToduri miTiTebani da savarjiSoebi bunebismetyvelebaSi. 

Tb., 2002, gv. 7. 

409

da praqtikuli samuSaoebis Sesruleba SesaZleblobas iZleva warmatebiT 

iqnes gamoyenebuli gakveTilebze swavlebis mravalnairi teqnikuri 

forma 1 . 

rogorc integrirebuli sagani “buneba” dawyebiT skolaSi dayofilia 

4 mimarTulebad: 

1. cocxali samyaro (biologiis elementebi); 

2. sagnebi da movlenebi; 

3. dedamiwa da samyaro; 

4. adamiani da garemo. 

mimarTulebebi: “adamiani da garemo” da “dedamiwa da garesamyaro” 

mxolod dawyebiT safexurzea integrirebuli bunebis kursSi. moswavle 

dawyebiT skolaSi ecnoba cocxali bunebis mravalferovnebas, organizmebis 

agebulebasa da cxovrebis Taviseburebebs, ZiriTad sasicocxlo 

moTxovnilebebs, moswavle agrovebs informacias im garemo 

pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xels uwyobs organizmebis zrdasa da 

ganviTarebas. moswavle aseve ecnoba organizmebis garemosTan Seguebis 

formebs, acnobierebs, rom garemo mravalferovani da dinamiuria, Sedgeba 

erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli cocxali da aracocxali 

komponentebisagan. moswavle garemomcvel samyaros Seicnobs dakvirvebis, 

aRweris da klasifikaciis gziT 2 . 

sagnebi da movlenebis Seswavlisas dawyebiT skolaSi mimarTulebis 

mizania moswavles daanaxos kavSiri mis irgvliv arsebul sagnebsa 

da bunebriv movlenebs Soris. moswavle akvirdeba, ikvlevs da svams 

kiTxvebs nivTieri samyaros da masSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb. 

eufleba jgufuri muSaobis Cvevebs, swavlobs informaciis Segrovebas 

da cdilobs dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas. 

bunebismetyvelebis axali saxelmZRvaneloebis 3 koncefcia efuZneba 

erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gansazRvrul programas bunebismetyvelebaSi. 

mizanSewonilia mTlianobiT Sexedulebebis formireba moswavleTa 

inteleqtualur-SemecnebiTi ganviTarebis gzaze. mas safuZvlad 

udevs percefciis fsiqologiuri Teoria, romlis mixedviTac 

Tavdapirvelad yalibdeba mTliani warmodgenebi, Semdeg ki zustdeba 

detalebi, mTelis nawilebi: aRqmis bunebas Seesabameba codnis SeZena, 

1 e. megreliZe, d. megreliZe, T. qimeriZe. bunebismetyvelebis swavlebis 

meTodika. Tb., 1999, gv. 27. 

2 a. gegeWkori. deda-buneba. Tb., 1986, gv. 10. 

3 erovnuli saswavlo gegma. sagnobrivi programa bunebismetyvelebaSi. 

proeqtis meore redaqcia. Tb., 2006, gv. 7; g. kvantaliani. maswavleblis 

wigni. Tb., 2006, gv. 15. 

410

principiT _ “mTliani warmodgenebidan kerZo warmodgenamde”. Rirebulia, 

rom Cven isev vubrundebiT dawyebiT klasebSi integrirebuli da 

mTlianobiTi swavlebis i. gogebaSviliseul tradicias, rac naTlad 

ikiTxeba i. gogebaSvilis memkvidris luarsab bocvaZis, saprogramo 

debulebaSi: “SeuZlebelia, rom erTi sagnis fargali gancalkevebuli 

iyos meore sagnisagan. sazogadod swavlebis dros erTianobis darRveva, 

sagnebis gancalkevebiT da gankerZoebiT gadacema codnisa, did 

nakls Seadgenda skolebSi. yoveli sagnis warmateba, codna, damokidebulia 

im xalisze, rogorsac swavleba iwvevs bavSvebSi da mis mizan- 

Sewonilobaze. swavleba xalisiani da mizanmimarTuli iqneba maSin, 

roca im cnebaTa Soris, rac adgils iWers gonebaSi, mtkice kavSiri 

iqneba daculi, sxvadasxva codna unda avsebdes da aSuqebdes erTmaneTs... 

roca mecadineoba am saxiT mimdinareobs, bavSvebs rCebaT miyolebiTi, 

mTliani STabeWdileba da sagnebsac sruliad gaicnoben”. 1 

i. gogebaSvilis mier am midgomisTvis safuZvlis Cayras adasturebs 

guram ramiSvilic. igi wers: “i. gogebaSvilis `deda ena~, “bunebis 

kari”, “saistorio moTxrobebi” da “ bibliuri moTxrobebi” erTmaneTs 

avseben. aq aris saocari erTianoba, romelsac didi zneobrivi 

safuZveli aqvs Cadgmuli. sagnebis swavlebaSi informaciuli nakadis 

SemoWram daarRvia es sasicocxlo mTlianoba da pirvelkavSirebi. 

aseve aucilebelia am mTlianobis aRdgena-SenarCuneba. saWiroa saganTa 

swavleba ise aigos, rom codnas mTlianoba SeunarCundes, pirveli 

kavSirebi aRdges adamiansa da bunebas Soris. es sibrZne WeSmariti 

codnis aucilebeli safuZvelia”. 2 

bunebismetyvelebis swavlebisas, pirveli is aris, rom swavleba 

unda iyos ekologiuri. es ar niSnavs mxolod garemosdacviTi Sinaarsis 

tarebas. ekologia, es aris mecnieruli codna cocxal organizm- 

Ta urTierTkavSirebisa da maTi garemosTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb, romelic 

samyaroze mTlian warmodgenas gviqmnis da saSualebas gvaZlebs, 

aseve mTlianobaSi ganvixiloT saswavlo procesi. 

bunebismetyvelebis swavlebisas nebismieri sagani Tu movlena ganixileba 

moswavlis garesamyaros konteqstSi. moswavlis asakobriv 

zrdasTan erTad am garemos sazRvrebic farTovdeba. bunebismetyvelebis 

swavlebis erT-erTi mizani is aris, rom bavSvs Seayvaros cocxali 

Tu aracocxali buneba da ganuviTaros misadmi faqizi damokidebu- 

1 l. bocvaZe. saxalxo skola da saprofesio ganaTleba. tf., 1917, gv. 10; 

a. gegeWkori. meToduri miTiTebani da savarjiSoebi `deda-bunebis~ swavlebisaTvis. 

Tb., 2002, gv. 16. 

2 g. ramiSvili. qarTuli enis swavleba. Tb., 1962, gv. 15. 

411

leba, Camouyalibos bunebis dacvis aucileblobis Segneba da Seiara- 

Ros garkveuli SromiTi CvevebiT. bavSvis zogad ganviTarebas mniSvnelovnad 

ganapirobebs pedagogikurad organizebul garemoSi mis mier 

codnisa da unar-Cvevebis sistematiuri SeZena. metad mniSvnelovania 

is garemoeba, rom garesamyaros Sesaxeb SeZenili codna cnobaTa jamamde 

ar iyos dayvanili, aramed igi bavSvebs eZleodes garkveuli 

TanmimdevrobiT da dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleTaTvis misawvdomi 

formiT. TvalsaCino moqmedebiTi azrovnebidan TvalsaCino xatovan, 

xolo ukanasknelidan abstraqtul azrovnebaze gadasvliT bavSvebs 

unda SevuqmnaT sabunebismetyvelo warmodgenebi da cnebebi. 

amrigad, migvaCnia, rom sakiTxis aqtualuroba mdgomareobs klasikuri 

(gogebaSviliseuli) da Tanamedrove moTxovnilebebis Serwymis 

aucileblobaSi. 

BROLISA TSULAIA 

GENERAL TENDENCY OF METHODS OF TEACHING 

NATURAL SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL 

Natural Science as a teaching subject has got its characteristcs of teaching 

forms and methods. Natural Science isn’t descriptive, it’s considered as a 

physical, chemical searching process. It’s necessary to develop special skills to 

acquire Natural Science which is linked with searching the environment.As a 

subject Natural Science is taught in 4 stages, in Elementary school. 1. Wild 

World; 2. Things and Phenomena; 3. The Earth and the World; 4. A Human 

being and the Environment“. A human being and the Environment” and “The 

Earth and The Environment” is to be taught at the first stages. 

412



t. I, 2007 

lela rexviaSvili 

dasvenebisa da garTobis organizacia, rogorc 

socialur-pedagogiuri saqmianobis 

gansakuTrebuli saxe 

Tavisufali drois gonivrulad gamoyenebas metad didi mniSvneloba 

eniWeba moswavleTa harmoniulad ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Tavisufali 

dro, TavisTavad, ver uzrunvelyofs pirovnebis yovelmxriv ganvi- 

Tarebas, igi am amocanis gadaWris mxolod SesaZleblobas iZleva. 

imis mixedviT, Tu rogor iyeneben mas, Tavisufali dro SeiZleba adamianTa 

bednierebis an ubedurebis mizezi gaxdes. 

Tavisufali dro mozardTa yovelmxrivi ganviTarebis saSualebad 

rom iqces da Seasrulos misi daniSnuleba, saWiroa skolis pedagogiuri 

koleqtivis Zalisxmeva. marTalia, yovelmxriv ganviTarebuli 

adamianis momzadebis saqmes safuZveli eyreba ara mxolod skolaSi, 

aramed mis farglebs gareTac, magram mosaxleobis ekonomikuri da 

socialuri pirobebis gauaresebis fonze, rodesac saxelovnebo skolebi 

fufunebad iqca da mxolod SeZlebulTa xvedria, masobrivi es- 

Tetikuri aRzrda swored rom skolis prerogativaa. 

zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis amocanaa, miaRwios imas, rom moswavleTa 

swavlebasa da aRzrdas hqondes mudmivi xasiaTi. saWiro da 

aucilebelia moswavle swavlisagan Tavisufal dros Rebulobdes 

iseT sulier sazrdos, romelic xels Seuwyobs misi gonebrivi horizontis 

gamdidrebas, inteleqtualur, zneobriv da esTetikur ganvi- 

Tarebas. swored am amocanis gadaWras emsaxureba kulturul-saganmanaTleblo 

muSaoba skolaSi. axalgazrdobisaTvis saintereso kulturul-saganmanaTleblo 

formad miCneulia garTobisa da dasvenebis formebis 

organizeba. es pirovnebaze zemoqmedebis saSualebaa misi rekreaciuli 

saqmianobis regulirebis gziT. rekreacia adamianis fizikuri 

Zalebisa da fsiqikuri wonasworobis aRdgenaa 1 . 

dasveneba da garToba TviTganaTlebasTan erTad gvevlineba Tavi- 

1 d. darCia. n. cibaZe moswavleTa Tavisufali drois gonivrulad gamoyenebis 

zogierTi sakiTxi. Tb., 1989, gv. 18. 

413

sufali drois ZiriTadi funqciis Tvisebad da xorcieldeba rekreaciuli 

saqmianobis procesSi. Tu dasveneba xels uwyobs daRlilobisa 

da daqancvis moxsnas, garToba mowodebulia Seasrulos mniSvnelovani 

kompensatoruli amocanebi. dasveneba da garToba qmnis adamianis fizikuri 

da emociuri ganmuxtvis pirobebs. rekreacia saSualebas iZleva 

ufro srulad gaixsnas pirovnebis xasiaTis Tvisebebi, aqtiuroba. is 

moicavs modunebas, daZabulobis moxsnas, xels uwyobs emociebis gamonTavisuflebas, 

romlebic saswavlo procesSi Sekavebulia, aZlevs sivrces 

fantaziasa da TamaSs. garTobisa da dasvenebis organizaciis 

formebi ara mxolod qmnian pirobebs rekreaciuli saqmianobisaTvis, 

aramed zemoqmedeben pirovnebis Segnebasa da qcevaze, aswavlian dasvenebis 

kulturas. dasvenebis saRamoebi, konkursebi da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo 

muSaobis sxva formebi warmoadgenen esTetikuri gemovnebis 

sawyis wertils, eTikisa da etiketis gakveTilebs. 

gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom moswavleTa damokidebuleba 

kulturul-saganmanaTleblo muSaobis am formebTan araerTgvarovania. 

erTni eZeben maTSi mxolod garTobis SesaZleblobebs, meoreni amiT 

ar kmayofildebian. maT izidavT dasveneba, romelic gamdidrebulia 

SemecnebiTi informaciiT, romelic iZleva niWisa da unaris gamovlenis 

SesaZleblobas. dasveneba-garTobis Sinaarsis gamdidreba mimarTulia 

monawileTa sxvadasxva jgufebis damokidebulebis Secvlaze misi 

formebis mimarT, am jgufebis donis maqsimalur miaxloebaze auditoriis 

ganviTarebuli nawilis donesTan. es aris TandaTanobiTi gadasvlis 

gza primitiuli garTobidan saqmianobisaken, rodesac garToba 

erwymis sulier gamdidrebas, pasiur-samomxmareblo poziciidan aqtiur-SemoqmedebiTisaken 

1 . 

dasvenebis mravalferovani formebi SeiZleba klasificirebuli 

iyos sxvadasxva niSnebiT. monawileobis intensiurobis mixedviT dasvenebaSi 

SeiZleba gamovyoT pasiuri (gasarTobi warmodgenis, sportuli 

sanaxaobis, kinofilmis yureba) da aqtiuri (TamaSebSi, sportul 

SejibrebebSi, qalaqgare mogzaurobebSi, diskoTekebSi monawileoba) 

formebi. monawileTa raodenobisa da damokidebulebis mixedviT ki SeiZleba 

gamovyoT individualuri, jgufuri da masobrivi dasvenebis 

formebi. 

ganvixiloT dasvenebis formis ramdenime tipi. 

termini _ “dasvenebis saRamo” niSnavs saRamos tips, romelic 

mimarTulia Tavisufali drois pirobebSi kompleqsurad, garTobis 

1 Свободное время школьников. М., 1999, gv. 8-10. 

414

amdenime saxis gamoyenebaze. dasvenebis saRamos erT-erT tips warmoadgens 

sanaxaobiTi saRamo. sanaxaobiTi saRamo aris warmodgena, romelSic 

yvela monawile asrulebs masze dakisrebul rols. damswreTa 

monawileoba warmodgenaSi dasvenebis saRamos damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. 

sanaxaobiTi saRamoebi cekvis saRamoebidan gamomdinareoben da isini 

aigebian gansazRvrul Temaze. magram am SemTxvevaSi cekva, rogorc 

saqmianoba, gadadis meore planze da adgils uTmobs gasaTamaSebel 

speqtakls. aseTi saRamoebis magaliTs warmoadgenen maskaradebi, kostumirebuli 

mejlisebi. aq cekva mniSvnelovania, magram pirvel planze 

niRbebis msvleloba, maTi warmodgena da scenebia. cekvis Sinaarsi damokidebulia 

samaskarado Sinaarsze, masSi naTlad gamoixateba sacekvao 

saTamaSo momenti. 

didi gavrceleba hpova folklorulma saRamo-sanaxaobebma, sadac 

scenars safuZvlad udevs xalxuri stumarTmoyvareobis tradiciebis, 

TamaSobebis elementebi. aseTi saRamoebi nadimis elementebsac Seicavs, 

rac xels uwyobs sazeimo viTarebis Seqmnas. magaliTad, Tbilisis 

kerZo skola “aisi”-s meoreklaselebma Caatares RonisZieba, romelic 

eZRvneboda deda saqarTvelos kulturuli tradiciebis Seswavla-gacnobas. 

gaiSala sufra saqarTvelos TiToeuli kuTxisaTvis damaxasia- 

Tebeli pur-mariliT, tradiciebiT, CacmulobiT, kuTxuri kilo-kaviT, 

cekva- TamaSiT da iumoriT. 

saRamo-sanaxaobis momzadebisas tardeba saZiebel-kvleviTi muSaoba, 

romelic mimarTulia TemasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis mopovebaze 

da monawileTa rolebis ganawilebaze. dasvenebis saRamo SeiZleba 

agebuli iyos romelime erT-erTi saqmianobis safuZvelze (cekvis sa- 

Ramo, sanaxaoba, TamaSis saRamo da sxva.). cekvis saRamoebi mniSvnelovan 

funqcias asruleben axalgazrdobis cxovrebaSi. isini ara mxolod 

akmayofileben cekvis an msubuqi musikis mosmenis moTxovnilebas, 

aramed mozardebisaTvis xdebian socialuri praqtikis, damoukideblobis, 

TviTdamkvidrebis SesaZleblobis gamovlinebis adgilad. garkveuli 

nawilisaTvis cekvis saRamo warmoadgens kulturasTan ziarebis 

SesaZleblobas. aseTi tipis RonisZieba aris zneobrivi da esTetikuri 

aRzrdis, kulturuli urTierTobis sfero, magram vinaidan is 

naklebad eqvemdebareba kontrols, SesaZloa movides winaaRmdegobaSi 

sazogadoebriv normebTan. maswavleblebis mxridan saWiroa ara akrZalva, 

aramed regulirebis gzebis moZebna Tavad axalgazrdobis meSveobiT. 

sasurvelia liderebad im axalgazrdebis gamoyvana, romlebic ma- 

Rali kulturuli normebis matarebelni arian 1 . cekvis saRamos prob- 

1 Основные формы и методы КПР. Уч. пособие. М., 2000, gv. 32-34. 

415

lema misi Sinaarsis gamdidrebis, masSi gansazRvruli azrobrivi datvirTvis 

Setanis, cekvis gakulturebis problemaa. amitom, mravalferovnebis 

Setanisa da moswavleTa ganaTlebis mizniT kargia improvizirebuli 

konkursebis CarTva saukeTeso mocekvavis, momRerlis, eruditebis 

saxelis mosapoveblad. 

metad efeqturia sacekvao saRamos Tematuri warmarTva. Tematika 

SeiZleba iyos mravalferovani. magaliTad: 

“kinosacekvao reviu” (sadac naCvenebi iqneba cekvisadmi miZRvnili 

kinofragmentebi). 

cekvis warmoSobis istoria. 

Semodgomis mejlisi. 

yvelaferi valsis Sesaxeb da a.S. 

mozardi axalgazrdobis garTobis da dasvenebis metad gavrcelebuli 

da sayvareli formaa diskoTeka. musikaluri gaformeba diskoTekaze 

xorcieldeba Canawerebis saxiT, romelTa translireba xdeba 

xarisxiani aparaturis meSveobiT. aqedan gamomdinare diskoTekam 

SeiZleba daakmayofilos sacekvao musikis moyvarulTa moTxovnilebebi 

saukeTeso nimuSebis mosmenis gziT. 

diskoTekis wamyvans disk-Jokei ewodeba. is aris diskoTekis centraluri 

figura da mTeli misi saqmianoba organuladaa dakavSirebuli 

cekvasTan. disk-Jokei adgens programas da mihyavs igi, romelSic 

gaTvaliswinebulia Tavisi musikaluri gemovneba da amave dros publikis 

interesebi. man pauzebSi unda moaswros miawodos auditorias 

informacia mosasmeni musikis avtorebis, Semsruleblebis, “xit-aRlumSi 

“am simReris adgilis Sesaxeb da a. S. saocaria is tempi romli- 

Tac valdebulia imuSaos disk-Jokeim: cvalos diskebi, imReros, ixumros, 

aCvenos slaidebi, gaakeTos komentari da sxv. is aris musikaluri 

lideri, romelic eweva auditoriis musikaluri codnisa da gemovnebis 

formirebas. Tematuri saxis diskoTeka met SesaZleblobas aZlevs 

disk-jokeis gamoavlinos Tavisi Tavi 1 . 

saRamo-TamaSi dasvenebis saRamoa, romlis Sinaarsi Tematurad da 

siuJeturad gaerTianebulia saTamaSo situaciasTan. aq yvela, an monawileTa 

umravlesoba, gadis winaswar momzadebul an improvizirebuli 

davalebebis serias, romelic varaudobs koleqtiur an individualur 

Sejibrebebs. pirvelobisaTvis warmoqmnili brZola qmnis pirovnebis 

TviTgamovlenis, TviTdamkvidrebis pirobebs. TamaSis procesSi monawileni 

avlenen sazrianobas da simkvircxles, reaqciis siCqares da Za- 

1 Основные формы и методы КПР.., gv. 56-59. 

416

las. gansakuTrebulad sainteresoa moswavleTaTvis TamaSebi, romlebic 

qmnian SemoqmedebiTi niWisa da codnis gamovlenis SesaZleblobebs. 

es inteleqtualuri TamaSebia. aseTi saxis RonisZiebebis Catarebis 

sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs, rom damuSavebuli saTamaSo programis 

ganxorcielebasTan erTad unda Seiqmnas araformaluri, arareglamentirebuli, 

Zaldautanebeli urTierTobis pirobebi. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven statiaSi ver ganvixileT garTobisa 

da dasvenebis sxva formebi, sakiTxis dasmac ki skolaSi moswavleaxalgazrdobis 

Tavisufali drois gamoyenebis Sesaxeb maTive yovelmxrivi 

ganviTarebisa da sulieri gamdidrebis mizniT _ Rirebulad migvaCnia. 

LELA REKHVIASHVILI 

ORGANIZATION OF REST AND ENTERTAINMENT AS 

A SPECIFIC FORM OF SOCIAL AND PEDAGOGICAL 

ACTIVITY 

Reasonably using of free time in the harmonious development of pupils 

has a great importance. Pedagogical body’s efforts are necessary in order free 

time to become the means of adults’ development in all its aspects and perform 

its aim. As a result, teaching and training will have permanent character. The 

pupil will obtain such spiritual subsistence which helps enrichment of his/her 

mental scopes, intellectual, moral and aesthetical development. In the article 

the are discussed effective forms of rest and entertainment such as “dancing 

evening”, “discotheque”, “ evening-game”. 


417



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418 

guranda gabunia 

Ggonebrivad CamorCenil bavSvTa metyvelebis 

logoritmuli ganviTareba 

zogadi fsiqologiis kursSi metyveleba ganixileba, rogorc azrovnebis 

instrumenti da urTierTobis saSualeba. rogorc filogenezSi, 

iseve ontogenezSi metyveleba aris urTierTobis saSualeba. 

metyvelebis ganviTarebis Senelebis ZiriTadi mizezi _ aris qerqis 

Camketi funqciis sisuste, yvela analizatorebSi an romelime maTgan- 

Si axali diferencirebuli pirobiTi kavSirebis Senelebuli gamomu- 

Saveba. mniSvnelovan uaryofiT rols asrulebs Cumi Sriali an izolirebuli 

xma, romelsac mSoblebi warmoTqvamen, magram xmebi aRiqmeba 

daunawevreblad. es nawilobriv hgavs imas, Tu rogor esmiT ufrosebs 

ucxoelis saubari. bavSvi gamoyofs da arCevs Zalze cota sityvas. 

saubridan adekvaturi sityvebis gamoyofis procesi mimdinareobs 

absoluturad sxva, ufro Senelebuli tempebiT. bavSvs uWirs bgerebis 

Tanmimdevrobis daadgena, magaliTad sityvaSi ,,burTi”. man ukve 

iswavla am sityvis garCeva sxvisi saubris dros da metnaklebad zustad 

gadmoitana Tavis leqsikonSi, magram werisas, rodesac dasadgenia 

da gamosakvlevia bgerebis Tanmimdevroba, bavSvs uWirs amis gakeTeba 

da is burTis nacvlad wers ,,brTi” an ,,buTi” da a. S. inteleqtis 

darRvevis gamo da bavSvis fonematikuri analizis sisustis gamo, is 

smeniT cudad arCevs sityvebis daboloebebs, rac xels uSlis gramatikuli 

formebis aTvisebaSi 1 . 

fonematikuri smenis zemoT aRniSnuli mdgomareobis mizezi 

_smeniT analizatorebSi diferencirebuli pirobiTi kavSirebis Senelebuli 

Camoyalibebaa. skolaSi swavlis periodSi es kavSirebi ase 

Tu ise warmatebiT Camoyalibdeba, magram metyvelebis Senelebuli aTviseba 

saerTo fsiqikuri ganviTarebisaTvis bavSvebSi Zalze seriozulia. 

fonematikuri smenis defeqtebi Rrmavdeba artikulaciis ganviTarebis 

Senelebuli tempebiT, e. i. sityvebis warmosaTqmelad aucilebeli 

moZraobebis kompleqsiT. smeniTi aRqmis daqveiTeba amuxruWebs aR- 

1 Особенности усвоения учебного материала слабослышащими учащимися. Под ред. Р. 

М. Боскис, К. Г. Коровина. М., 1981, gv. 5-6.

qmis ganviTarebas, xolo warmoTqmis bundovnoba smeniTi aRqmis gaumjobesebas 

anelebs. 

maS ase, Senelebuli analizatorebis ganviTarebis arasrulobas 

mivyavarT iqiTken, rom oligofreniis dros, rogorc wesi, mkveTrad 

neldeba meytvelebis ganviTareba. im droisaTvis, rodesac metyveleba 

unda iyos urTierTobis saSualeba, leqsikoni Zalze mwiria. oligofreni 

bavSvebi TiTqmis ar iyeneben zmnebs, kavSirebs, zedsarTav saxelebs. 

leqsikonis is maragi, romelic ukve aTvisebulia damxmare skolis 

moswavlis mier, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi rCeba arasrulfasovnad, 

vinaidan gamoyenebuli sityvebis didi nawili am sityvis namdvil 

mniSvnelobas ar Seesabameba. am faqts adgili aqvs yvela normalur 

bavSvTanac. magaliTad, janmrTelma pataram SeiZleba ,,fiso” dauZaxos 

katasac, fafuk saTamaSo daTuniasac da dedis paltos sayelosac. Tavidan 

,,biZia” _ es yvela mamakacia, mamis garda; mxolod TandaTan bavSvi 

aRiqvams sityva ,,biZias” zust mniSvnelobas, rogorc naTesauri kavSiris 

garkveul xarisxs. i. seCenovis gamoTqmiT sityva rCeba bavSvisaTvis 

gaurkveveli, mxolod ,,zedmetsaxeli” _ ramdenime sagnis dasaxeleba. 

SemdgomSi xdeba misi mniSvnelobis TandaTanobiTi dazusteba 1 . 

fonematikuri smenis arasruli ganviTareba, warmoTqmis defeqtebi, 

sityvis marcvlebad dayofis sirTuleebi inteleqtdarRveul bavSvebSi 

_ am yvelafers bavSvi miyavs iqamde, rom TiTqmis yoveli sityva 

iwereba SecdomebiT. gonebrivad CamorCenil bavSvs uWirs mianiWos Ti- 

Toeul asos saWiro moxazuloba, rac bunebrivad ganapirobebs siZneleebs 

kaligrafiis CamoyalibebaSi. werisa da kiTxvis swavlebisas 

Tavs iCens mxedvelobis analizatorebisa da sivrciTi orientirebis 

defeqtebi. bavSvebi ver arCeven asoebs ,,v” da ,,g”; ,,w” da ,,S~ da a. S. 

msgavsi asoebis arevis garda bavSvebi weren TiTqos sarkeSi, e. i. marjvnidan 

marcxniv, werisa da kiTxvisas kargaven striqons 2 . 

yvela es siZnele, romelic gamowveulia analizatorebis Senelebuli 

ganviTarebiT, TandaTanobiT daiZleva. bavSvebi zogjer gamoiyeneben 

bevr rTul sityvas, samecniero terminebsac ki. saubrisas gramatikuli 

wyoba aris gaSlili da savsebiT sruli xasiaTis. Tumca ase- 

Ti bavSvebis saubari ,,carielia”, isini ar eZeben imis mniSvnelobas 

rasac laparakoben, imeoreben arasaWiro situaciebSi yvelafers imas, 

rac gaugoniaT sxvisgan an waukiTxavT TviTon, es mdgomareoba viTardeba 

revmatizmis an Tavis tvinis tramvis Semdeg. gansakuTrebuli 

1 И. Г. Богрова. Обучение Слабослышащих учащихся восприятию речи на слух. М., 

1989, gv. 20-22. 

2 Р. Ф. Боскис. Глухие и слабослышащие дети. М., 1963, gv. 89-90. 

419

sirTule zepiri saubris dauflebaSi, rogorc wesi, ar warmoiqmneba, 

magram werisas aseT bavSvebs aqvT cudi kaligrafia. gadadRabnili, 

araTanabari moZraobebi iwvevs imas, rom kaligrafia Zalze didxans 

Camouyalibebelia, uyuradReboa. 

Zalze Taviseburia metyveleba epilefsiiT daavadebul bavSvebSi. 

Tavidan maTi saubari hgavs oligofrenebis saubars, TandaTan xdeba ufro 

gawelili. es bavSvebi imeoreben erTi da igive sityvebs. maTi azrovnebis 

ganviTareba, romelic janmrTel bavSvebSi Camoyalibdeba skolaSi 

wasvlamde gacilebiT adre, gonebrivad CamorCenilebSi warmoiqmneba da 

srulyofili xdeba, mxolod damxmare skolaSi misvlis Semdeg 1 . 

Kkoreqciul-aRmzrdelobiTi swavlebis klasebis kompleqtacia 

xorcieldeba bavSvis kompleqsuri kliniko-fsiqologiur-pedagogiuri 

gamokvlevis Semdeg saswavlo gegmebis Sesabamisad dawyebiTi klasebisaTvis, 

gegmis sami variantis Sesabamisad (sabaziso, humanitaruli da 

maTematikuri ganxra) 5-10 klasebisaTvis. kompleqtaciis pirveli varianti 

gankuTvnilia bavSvebisaTvis, romlebmac iswavles erTi an ori 

weli sajaro skolebSi da aCvenes myari mouswrebloba ZiriTad sagnebSi. 

kompleqtaciis meore varianti gankuTvnilia im bavSvebisaTvis, 

romlebic sajaro skolaSi swavloben eqvsi wlis asakidan da ver 

aiTvises programa, aseve Svidi wlis bavSvebi, romlebic adre ar 

swavlobdnen, magram gamoavlines pirveli variantisas dabali done. 

aseT SemTxvevaSi bavSvi xvdeba meore klasSi da kompleqtaciisas iTvaliswineben 

specialuri koreqciuli programis warmatebiT aTvisebas 

erTi an ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, sadac Seyvanilia ganxrebi, mimarTuli 

fonematikuri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebisagan, bgeriTi analizis, 

leqsikonis gamdidreba, metyvelebis ganviTareba, saswavlo yofis elementebis 

formireba aris maCvenebeli bavSvTa frontaluri koreqciis 

sensomotoruli, inteleqtualuri da metyvelebis ganviTarebisa 2 . 

saswavlo sagnebis gadarCeva da maTi CarTva sabazo saswavlo 

gegmaSi xdeba koreqciisa saSualebebisa da ama Tu im SemecnebiTi procesebis 

gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic bavSvebSi ar Camoyalibdeba saskolo 

swavlebis dasawyisisaTvis tradiciul pirobebSi masobrivi tipis 

skolamdel dawesebulebebSi. 

• koreqciul-aRmzrdelobiTi swavlebis sistemis realizacia iTvaliswinebs 

sareabilitacio procesis uwyvetobas: skolamdeli 

da saskolo swavlebis saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi gardamavali 

1 В. П. Тимохин. Сурдопедагогика. М., 1985, gv. 37-39. 

2 Особенности усвоения учебного материала.., gv. 101-105. 

420

procesis uzrunvelyofa, zogadi ganviTarebis amocanebis uzrunvelyofis 

gadawyveta, aRzrda da koreqcia SemecnebiTi moRvaweobisa 

da bavSvis metyvelebisa, ganviTarebis individualuri 

arasrulyofilebis gadalaxva 1 . 

saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT mimarTulebaSi koreqciul-aRmzrdelobiT 

amocanebs gansakuTrebiT gamoyofen da meTodurad gamarTlebulia: 

• bavSvTa SemecnebiTi aqtivobis ganviTareba (miiRweva saswavlo 

masalis xelmisawvdomobis principis realizaciiT, saswavlo 

amocanebis gadawyvetisas siaxleebis efeqtis uzrunvelyofa); 

• zogadinteleqtualuri codnis ganviTareba, analizis sxvadasxva 

ileTebi, Sedareba, ganzogadoebuli qmedeba, maT Soris saorientacio 

etapi, TviTkontrolisa da TviTSefasebis etapi da 

saswavlo-SemecnebiTi saqmianobis motivaciis gaumjobeseba. 

frontaluri koreqciul-aRmzrdelobiTi swavleba, romelic 

xorcieldeba maswavleblis mier yvela gakveTilze, saSualebas iZleva 

saswavlo masalis ukeTesad SeTvisebaSi dawyebiTi skolis standartebis 

Sesabamisad 2 . 

saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT-pedagogiur procesSi mniSvnelovani roli 

eniWeba moswavleebis individualuri naklovanebebis koreqcias 3 . 

logopediuri ritmika mocemuli kategoriis bavSvebisaTvis aris 

koreqciul-aRmzrdelobiTi swavlebis sistemis Semadgeneli nawili. 

is dadebiT zemoqmedebas axdens bavSvis fsiqofiziologiur procesebze, 

SemecnebiT, emocionalur sferoebze, uzrunvelyofs fsiqomotorikis 

koreqcias, aseve mocemuli kategoriis bavSvebis metyvelebis ganviTarebaze. 

Kkoreqciuli ritmikis saSualebebisa da samuSaoebis organizacia 

xdeba, pirvel rigSi, diagnostikis principis erTianobaze 

da axasiaTebs Senelebul bavSvebs. fsiqomotoruli darvevebis koreqciis 

yvelaze adekvatur meTods fsiqikuri ganviTarebisa da gonebrivad 

CamorCenil bavSvebSi aris logopeduri ritmika, romelSic naTlad 

gamoxatulia musikis, moZraobisa da ritmikis, rogorc maTi 

RerZis erTianoba. 

• musikaluri ritmi aregulirebs nervuli sistemis Camoyalibebas, 

iwvevs sicocxlis unarianobis ritmis refleqtoruli aTvisebas, 

organizacias ukeTebs motorikas, qmnis xalisian mxiarul 

ganwyobas, aviTarebs aqtiur yuradrebas. mecadineobebi 

ritmikaSi saSualebas iZleva moaxdinos gaRizianebis xangrZli- 

1 Л. И. Тигранова. Умственное развитие слабослышащих детей. М., 1978, gv. 12-13. 

2 www.mes.gov.ge 

3 m. yolbaia. defeqtologiis safuZvlebi. Tb., 1985, gv. 34-35. 

421

vobisa da siZlieris zusti dozireba, aregulirebs moZraobebis 

tempebs, romelic advilad aRiqmeba musikasTan erTad, aumjobesebs 

fsiqikur procesebs, maxsovrobas, saSualebas aZlevs 

moZraobebis meSveobiT gadmoscen sxvadasxva emocionaluri 

mdgomareobebi (sixaruli, sinaze, sevda, gakvirveba da sxva), 

swavloben fsiqoemocionaluri daZabulobis moxsnas, iTviseben 

araverbaluri komunikaciebis unarebs, romlebic adekvaturia 

jgufur yofaqcevaSi. 

• motoruli sferos koreqcia, sadac mimdinareobs muSaoba sxeulis 

plastikis ganviTarebaSi, ritmulobaSi, moZraobis koordinaciaSi, 

orientireba sivrceSi, globaluri sinkineziis gadalaxva. 

• moZraobisa da metyvelebis urTierTSeTanxmebis ganviTareba, 

romelic gamovlindeba sagnebTan da maT gareSe savarjiSoebSi, 

simReraSi, warmodgeniT moZraobebSi 1 . 

logopedur ritmikaSi mecadineobebze gamoiyeneba iseTi saSualebebi, 

rogorc savarjiSoebi, sityvebiT TamaSebi, musikis TanxlebiT 

tanvarjiSis elementebi, etiudebi. mecadineobebis struqtura SeiZleba 

Camoyalibdes iseTi nawilebisagan, rogoricaa ritmuli moTelva, 

ritmuli tanvarjiSi, ritmuli kaleidokopi, ritmuli azrovneba, azrovnebis 

ganviTareba _ emocionaluri, mxedvelobiTi, sityvier-logikuri 

(amocanis gaazrebisas) da Tanmimdevrobis damaxsovrebisas (ara 

umetes 15 kacisa) 2 . ritmikaSi mecadineobebis organizacia iTvaliswinebs 

kalendarul dagegmvas, romelsac axorcielebs pedagogi-logoritmisti 

defeqtologiuri ganaTlebiT. ritmikaSi mecadineobebs unda 

hqondes mkveTri koreqciuli mimarTuleba da unda tardebodes 2-4- 

jer kviraSi damatebiT musikalur mecadineobebTan. wlis bolos tardeba 

sakontrolo diagnostikuri gamokvleva, romelic gvaZlevs bavSvis 

ganviTarebis dinamikur suraTs. 

1 И. Г. Богрова. Обучение Слабослышащих учащихся.., gv. 65-66. 

2 А. Г. Зикеев. Развитие речи слабослышащих учащихся. М., 1986, gv. 30-32. 

422

GURANDA GABUNIA 

LOGORHYTHMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH 

IN BACKWARD CHILDREN 

Special correcting training of children, is partially or completely deprived 

hearing, is one of the most complex and original areas of pedagogic. Its best 

substantiation with inevitability should lean on the profound psychological and 

physiological analysis of features of development of these children. Unlike 

normally hearing children hard of hearing children because of extreme difficulties 

in perception speech of associates in a sufficient measure to seize speech at 

early age. The defective perception of speech of associates deprives with children 

of an opportunity to catch sound structure of words. Speech sounds for these 

children as not clear, inarticulate, deformed and besides not constant (changeable) 

sound complexes. In these conditions there is impossible or in very 

small measure possible an imitation of speech of associates and mastering of 

word meanings, phrases, expressions. Depending on a degree of hear disorder, 

from pedagogical conditions of development of the child, from time of occurrence 

of acoustical defect hard of hearing children act in school with the speech 

broken in a various degree. Formation of speech of the hard of hearing child 

should be under construction in view of and specificities of development of its 

speech, and especially acquired language material: etc. Therefore at selection 

and the organization of lexicon and syntactic structures it is necessary for its 

rate (common use), compatibility to proceed not only from that, a varnish they 

are presented to speeches hard of hearing, but also from they play what role to 

system of language. For example, in speech of hard of hearing pupils there are 

not enough names of actions, syntactic words. At the same time names of actions 

make a predicative basis of offers, and syntactic words – the major elements 

of coupling of words. 

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t. I, 2007 

leila Serozia 

religiuri aRzrdis problema 

pedagogikaSi 

70-wliani sabWouri sistemis reJimSi religiuri aRzrda iyo 

tabudadebuli problema. pedagogikis klasikosebis moZRvrebaTa Sefasebisas 

mecnierebi religiur aspeqts Segnebulad uvlidnen gverds, an 

mas cenzurisadmi moCvenebiT gundrukiskmevad xsnidnen. amis dadasturebaa 

Tundac g. jiblaZis monografia `komenskis filosofia~, sadac 

vkiTxulobT: `... komenskis unda mouxsnas braldeba srul idealizmsa 

da TeologiaSi, orive es fenomeni gamocxaddes misTvis epoqis mier 

garedan Zalad dadebul xundebad da Tanamedroveobis winaSe wardges... 

rogorc materialisti~ 1 . komenskis pedagogikur moZRvrebas, romelic 

Tavidan bolomde RvTismoSiSobiTa da RvTis mosaobiT aris 

aRbeWdili. SeiZleba iTqvas, ieso qristes apologiaa mTeli misi `didi 

didaqtika~. am dros komunistebi aseTi ZaladobiT ayenebdnen komenskis 

materializmis samsaxurSi. es SeiZleba iTqvas TiTqmis yvela 

pedagogikis klasikosze. 

religiis Temisadmi aseTma TviTneburma midgomam gamoiwvia sulierebis 

deficiti, rac aSkarad irekleba Cvens realur sinamdvileSi. 

winamdebare statiis mizania am problebis analizis mcdeloba. mar- 

Talia, religiur aRzrdasTan dakavSirebiT bevrma qarTvelma mecnierma 

garkveuli wvlili Seitanes am problemis gaSuqebaSi, magram Cven 

mas SevexebiT gansxvavebuli kuTxiT. 

dRes, rodesac demokratiuli saxelmwifos mSenebloba Cqari tempiT 

mimdinareobs, rodesac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, 

da maT Soris adamianis fsiqikaSi, radikaluri cvlilebebi xdeba, wina 

planze wamoiwia axalgazrdobis zneobrivi aRzrdis sakiTxma. rogor 

eguebian Cveni mozardebi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi mimdinare 

cvlilebebs ra xdeba maT sulier cxovrebaSi miemarTebian Tu ara 

isini dinebis mimarTulebiT samwuxarod, dRevandeli statistikuri 

monacemebiT Tu vimsjelebT, saqarTveloSi sagrZnoblad imata mozar- 

1 g. jiblaZe. komenskis filosofia. Tb., 1979, gv. 237. 

424

dTa danaSaulma, xSirad aqvs adgili arasrulwlovanTa danaSaulebis 

faqtebs, zogjer xelyofen isini erTmaneTis sicocxlesac ki. ratom 

xdeba es sad unda veZeboT gamosavali 

saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqma, uwmindesma da unetaresma 

ilia II-m amaswinaT mediisaTvis micemul interviuSi ganacxada: ès imas 

niSnavs, rom raRac gveSleba, televiziac scodavs nawilobriv, yoveldRiurad 

aCveneben Zaladobas, mkvlelobas. skolazec aris damokidebuli 

da mSobelzec. eklesiam unda Tqvas Tavisi sityva~. 1 

eklesiebSi mrevlma imata. axalgazrdebi da maT Soris arasrulwlovnebi 

miiswrafvian `gansawmendlad da wmindamyofelad sulisa da 

xorcisa~, nuTu davagvianeT da aq ukve ikveTeba ZiriTadi arsi _ religiis 

swavleba zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi aucileblad unda 

mimdinareobdes da iwyebodes adreuli asakidan. 

Cveni saxelmwifo, ra Tqma unda, am metad mtkivneul sakiTxs reagirebis 

gareSe ar tovebs, isaxeba mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi am xarvezis 

aRmosafxvrelad, maT Soris aRniSnvis Rirsia saqarTvelos parlamentisa 

da genprokuraturis mier erToblivad SemuSavebuli kanonproeqti, 

sadac mozardTa aRzrdaSi skolasa da ojaxs funqciebi Tanabrad 

aqvT gadanawilebuli. dRes, rodesac sazogadoeba mTeli kategoriulobiT 

alaparakda eklesiisa da skolis erToblivad muSaobis 

sakiTxze, religiuri aRzrdis sakiTxma wina planze wamoiwia. amdenad, 

pedagog-klasikosTa Sexedulebebma religiuri aRzrdis Sesaxeb Tanamedroveobis 

gadasaxedidan meti aqtualoba SeiZina. 

religiuri aRzrdis Sesaxeb klasikos pedagogebs metad saintereso 

Sexedulebebi hqondaT SemuSavebuli, Tumca SeiniSneboda radikaluri 

gansxvavebebi. kerZod, maT moZRvrebaSi am sakiTxze ori, erTmaneTis 

sawinaaRmdego xazi gamoikveTa: pirveli, religiis swavleba patara 

asakSi unda daiwyos (komenski 2 , pestaloci 3 ) da meore, _ imisi 

swavleba, rac bavSvebisTvis gaugebaria, gonebisaTvis metad saziano 

(Jan-Jak ruso 4 , distervegi 5 ). 

samagierod, did pedagogTa Sexeduleba `saRvTo sjulis~ maswavleblis 

Sesaxeb daaxloebiT erTgvaria: is ar unda iyos sasuliero 

piri, magram sasurvelia warmoadgendes Rrmad ganaTlebul adamians 

1 gaz.: `saqarTvelos respublika~, #5, 2006. 

2 i. a. komenski. didi didaqtika. Tb., 1949, gv. 86. 

3 И. Песталоци. О народном образовании и индустрии. – Педагогическое наследие. М., 

1989, gv. 305. 

4 Жан-Жак Русо. Эмиль, или о воспитании. М., 1989, gv. 99. 

5 А. Дистервег. Руководство к образованию немецких учителей. М., 1947, gv. 112. 

425

(oRond ara fanatikoss). 

Sveicarieli pedagogis iohan henrix pestalocis (1746-1827) azriT, 

RvTaeba yvela sagnis arsebiT sawyiss warmoadgens, xolo adamianSi 

igi umaRles miwier gamovlinebad aRwevs. adamiani, marTalia, 

RvTis Svilia, magram amave drois, gansakuTrebuli pirovnebaa. amitom 

Cveni amocanaa, ise aRvzardoT adamiani, rom man Seicnos adamianurisa 

da RvTaebrivis erTianoba da izrunos mis dasacavad. yovelgvari ganaTlebis 

safuZveli, pestalocis azriT, RmerTTan erTarsebobisaken 

swrafvaa _ maSin, rodesac adamianSi erTarseba xorcieldeba, RmerTi 

dResaswaulobs Tavis aRdgomas, xolo roca angareba da codva xels 

uSlis mas RvTaebriobis wvdomaSi, qriste kvlav jvars ecmeva. 

aRzrda da dawyebiTi ganaTleba, misi azriT, aris dedis saqme. 

dedobrivi instinqti aris bunebrivi safuZveli, romelzec unda daSendes 

aRzrda. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi gaxdeba SesaZlebeli bavSvis fizikuri, 

gonebrivi, esTetikuri, zneobrivi da SromiTi aRzrda, anu 

yovelmxriv ganviTarebuli pirovnebis formireba. mTavari, ambobs pestaloci, 

aris is, rom gonebrivi ganviTareba zneobrivs unda daeqvemdebaros. 

zneobriv ZalTa pirveli ylortebi aRmocendeba Cvilis fizikuri 

moTxovnilebebis daymayofilebiTa da bavSvis myudro garemoSi 

aRzrdiT. raki am pirobebs deda uzrunvelyofs, imitom mis arsebaSi 

iRviZebs misdami ndobisa da siyvarulis grZnobis Canasaxebi, romlebic 

Semdeg iwveven zneobriobisa da religiurobis pirveli kvirtebis 

gaCena-ganviTarebas. 

Svilis movlis procesSi xdeba dedis gulisa da gonebis moTxovnaTa 

harmoniuli Serwyma, rac bavSvSi siyvarulisa da rwmenis ganmtkicemis 

safuZvelia, romelic mogvianebiT TandaTan vrceldeba mamas, 

Zmasa da daze. igi, vinc dedas uyvars, Svilsac uyvars, imas, vinc deda 

endoba, Svilic endoba, amitom, roca deda etyvis, rom Sen zecieri 

mama gyavs da yvela Cveni sikeTe misi monapovaria, bavSvic irwmunebs 

amas 1 . 

amrigad, pestalocis SexedulebiT, is Canasaxi, romelic dedisadmi 

siyvaruls warmoSobs, aseve ganapirobebs RvTis siyvaruls. amitom 

bavSvi, dedis kalTas moSordeba Tu ara, iwyebs Tavisi Tavis 

Secnobas da damokidebulebisaken miiltvis. am drosmis gulSi bundovani 

azri Cndeba, rom metad aRar saWiroebs mSoblebis mxriv zrunvas. 

dedas ar gamoepareba es momenti, mxurvaled Caikravs Svils gul- 

Si da auxsnis, rom dedis garda hyavs, RmerTi, romelic mudam sWir- 

1 И. Песталоци. О народном образовании и индустрии, gv. 214. amis Sesaxeb ix. n. 

vasaZe. pedagogikis istoria. Tb., 2004, gv. 118-221. 

426

deba adamians. 1 

generalma `maswavlebelTa maswavlebelma~ adolf distervegma 

(1790-1866) Tavisi Sexedulebebi religiuri aRzrdis sakiTxebze gadmogvca 

1933w. gamoqveynebul wignSi èlementaruli swavlebis principebi~. 

2 am statiaSi gadmocemulia is Sexeduleba, rom adamianebi adre 

religias uyurebdnen rogorc iseT raRacas, romlis SeRweva adamianis 

sulSi unda momxdariyo garedan. swored am principis gaTvaliswinebiT 

Seadgines maT saRvTo sjulis mravali saxelmZRvanelo. aq 

ZiriTadad gamocemuli iyo adamianTa qcevis wesebi, darigebebi, magram 

aseTi saxiT mowodebuli religiuri WeSmaritebebi Tavisi formiT 

dogmaturi iyo da rogorc aRmzrdelisagan, ise aRsazrdelisagan moiTxovda 

mxolod pasiur aRqmas. amdenad, igi warmoadgenda garegan 

mexsierebaze dafuZnebul meqanikur swavlebas. 

distervegis azriT, is Sexedulebebi dromoWmulia da uvargisi. 

`religia adamianis sulis iseT mxares gamoxatavs, romelic garedan 

ki ar aris Tavmoxveuli, aramed adamianis Sig gulSi binadrobs da 

viTardeba~. 3 es mosazrebebi aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT saRv- 

To sjulis swavlebisas, _ ambobs distervegi, amave dros aucilebelia 

paralelurad SevuTanxmoT igi TvalsaCino swavlebis zogierT 

princips, kerZod imas, Tu ra aris saTnoeba, RvTismosaoba, siyvaruli, 

mowiweba, rwmena da a.S. 4 . 

roca saRvTo sjuls vaswavliT bavSvebs, aRniSnavs germaneli mecnieri, 

unda gamovikvlioT maTi Sinagani samyaro, gulis moZraoba, 

rac religiuri WeSmaritebis aRmocenebas uwyobs xels, es ki aucilebelia 

imisaTvis, rom swavleba davukavSiroT bavSvis religiur-zneobriv 

samyaros. am dros swavlebisas miRebuli religiuri codna 

cxovrebaSi gadadis da bavSvis namdvil kuTvnilebad iqceva. 

didi rusi mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis lev tolstois 

(1828-1910) mixedviT ki, adamiani RmerTs Tavis TavSi atarebs. misi 

pedagogiuri moRvaweobis meoTxe periodi religiuri swavliTaa ganpirobebuli. 

mas miaCnia, rom nebismieri maswavlebeli valdebulia ara 

marto codna gadasces moswavleebs, aramed paralelurad ganaxorcielos 

aRmzrdelobiTi muSaoba. am ukanasknels ki safuZvlad religia 

unda daedos. swored religiur aRzrdas miuZRvna man Tavisi SesaniS- 

1 n. vasaZe. pedagogikis istoria.., gv. 220. 

2 a. distervegi. elementaruli swavlebis principebi. _ rCeuli Txzulebebi. 

Tb., 1956. 

3 a. distervegi. elementaruli swavlebis principebi, gv. 126. 

4 a. distervegi. elementaruli swavlebis principebi, gv. 127. 

427

navi naSromebi: `religiuri aRzrdis gamo~, `dabadeba rogorc sauke- 

Teso wigni dawyebiT skolebSi sakiTxavad~. misi religiuri kredo 

SemdegSi gamoixateba: vinaidan RmerTs, rogorc sulier sawyiss, adamiani 

icnobs iqidan, rom icis misi arseboba Tavis Tavisa da sxva adamianebSi, 

amitom namdvili msaxureba da pativiscema RvTisa mdgomareobs 

Tavis Tavsa da sxva adamianebSi RvTis msaxurebasa da pativiscemaSi. 

Tavis TavSi RvTis msaxureba imaSi gamoixateba, rom adamians mudam 

Tvalwin hqondes warmodgenili uzenaesis saxiereba da sicocxle- 

Sive miiswrafvodes misken. RvTis msaxureba da pativiscema sxva adamianebSi 

imas gulisxmobs, rom erTma adamianma yvela danarCenSi aRiaros 

igive RmerTi, rac TavisTavSia da yvela adamianTan SeerTebisken, 

gaerTianebisken miiswrafvodes. 

adamianma rom sulisTvis icxovros, _ aRniSnavs l. tolstoi, _ 

vidre sxeulisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, unda gaigos, Tu ra aris 

suli. misi azriT, suli, _ es aris suli RvTisa kacSi, romelic yvela 

adamianSi erTi da igivea, da mTavari _ unda daeCvios imis keTebas, 

rac suls swadia da ara marto imas, rac TqvenSia, amitom, roca 

kacs dauaxlovdebiT, nu daiviwyebT, rom imaze uaRresi da usaWiroesi, 

rac am adamianSia, araferia qveyanaze 1 . 

l. tolstoi kategoriulad moiTxovs, rom saxelmZRvanelo wignebSi 

bibliuri teqstebis Semokleba-gadakeTeba yovlad dauSvebelia. 

nu vaswavliT bavSvebs saRvTo istorias, radgan igi damaxinjebuli 

saRvTo werilia. bavSvebma unda ikiTxon biblia, mis gareSe ganaTleba 

warmoudgenelia 2 . didi mwerlis azriT, biblia aris safuZveli maswavleblisa 

da moswavlis urTierTobisa, verc erTi bavSvi swavlas 

ver Seiyvarebs da verc SeiZulebs Tu swavlis momavali warmoudgenelia 

marto wera-kiTxvisa da angariSis dauflebaSi. rogorc bevrs 

hgonia, mec megona, wers is, _ mec vaswavlidi wera-kiTxvas, vuxsnidi 

bunebis sxvadasxva movlenebs, vuambobdi, rogorc anbanSia, rom swavlis 

nayofi tkbilia, magram moswavleebs ar sjerodaT da yvelaferi 

eucxoebodaT. maSin me vsinje bibliis kiTxva da amiT movxible isini. 

fardis kalTebi aiwia da bavSvebi sruliad momendvnen, amiT mec Semiyvares, 

wignic da swavlac. maT yvelaferi sjerodaT da TandaTan 

iSleboda maT Tvalwin azris, codnisa da poeziis perspeqtivebi. me 

ar vici sxva nawarmoebi, romelSic ise mokled iyos Camosxmuli poe- 

1 Л. Н. Толстой. О религиозном воспитании. – Собрание сочинений, т. 12. М., 1965, gv. 46. 

2 Л. Н. Толстой. О религиозном воспитании.., gv. 47. 

428

turi formiT yoveli mxare adamianis azrisa, rasac Seicavs biblia 1 . 

l. tolstoi sabolood midis im daskvnamde, rom Cveni sazogadoebis 

ganviTareba bibliis gareSe SeuZlebelia, igi pirveldawyebiTi 

kiTxvisaTvis Seucvleli wignia rogorc Tavisi martivi eniT, aseve 

Tavisi formiTa da SinaarsiT. 

did rus klasikos pedagogs konstantine uSinskis (1825-1870) 

miaCnia, rom bavSvebisaTvis religiuri WeSmaritebis swavlebas sjobia 

qristianul ritualebsa da dResaswaulebebSi monawileobis miReba, 

radgan religiis brwyinvale azrebi am asakSi gaugebaria da amdenad, 

misi swavleba gonebisaTvis sazianoa, xolo brwyinvale ritualebSi 

monawileoba samudamod kvals tovebs sulSi da udavod zneobriv gavlenasac 

axdens. misi azriT, bavSvobis periodSi religia ufro moqmedebs 

Tavisi formiT, vidre Sinagani SinaarsiT. misi azriT, religiuri 

aRzrda skolamdeli asakidan unda daviwyoT, magram ara dogmaturi 

swavlebiT, aramed frelixis meTodiT 2 . frelixs uSinski SveicariaSi 

mogzaurobisas gaecno. frelixis qalTa skolaSi (mcirericxovan 

jgufSi) Catarebulma gakveTilma igi aRtacebaSi moiyvana. ra xdeboda 

am skolaSi àr ifiqroT, rom raimes izuTxavdnen, ara, RmerTma dagvifaros! 

_ wers uSinski, _ religiis gakveTilebi mcirewlovanTa skolaSi 

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom hyvebian bavSvis cxovrebidan iseT moTxrobas, 

romelsac raime zneobrivi mniSvneloba aqvs, es Txroba tardeba 

imgvarad, rom bavSvebi mxurvale monawileobas Rebuloben masSi, 

ekiTxebian, umateben, gamoicnoben moTxrobis dasasruls, hyvebian imas, 

rac TviTon SeemTxvaT, SeiZleba vinmem ikiTxos, sad aris aq religiis 

gakveTilebio magram religia marto katexizmsa da saRvTo weril- 

Sia gana ar aris igi adamianis cxovrebaSi xolo am asakis bavSvebisaTvis 

maTive cxovrebidan aRebuli sabavSvo moTxroba bevrad met 

religias Seicavs, vidre katexizmis mTeli gverdi, romelsac zereled 

swavloben da romelic gulSi araviTar kvals ar tovebs. maswavlebeli 

hyveba ramdenime ambavs saRvTo istoriidan, romelic Tavisi 

SinaarsiT iseTive gamosadegia, rogorc savsebiT sabavSvo moTxroba. 

magaliTad, iosebis ambavi, romlis mixedviT mamam mas Wreli tansacmeli 

Seukera. k. uSinskis, sxva klasikosebis msgavsad miaCnia, rom 

biblias unda eyrdnobodes ara marto saRvTo sjulis, aramed sxva 

danarCeni sagnebis swavlebac. pirvel wels kargi iqneba Tu SevarCevT 

10-12 moTxrobas Zveli da axali aRTqmidan. es moTxrobebi unda vas- 


2 k. uSinski. adamiani, rogorc aRzrdis sagani. Tb., 1974, gv. 46. 

429

wavloT STambeWdavad, ise, rom did xans SemorCes ara mxolod mexsierebas, 

aramed gulsac. sasurvelia, Tu swavlebisas gamoviyenebT TvalsaCinoebas, 

magaliTad, palestinis rukas, bibliuri ambis suraTebs, 

egviptisa da israelis bunebis peizaJebs da a.S. 

igi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs maswavlebels. aucilebeli 

ar aris saxalxo skolis maswavlebels hqondes saRvTismetyvelo 

ganaTleba, aramed mizanSewonilia iyos yovelmxriv ganaTlebuli qristiani, 

romelsac eqneba pedagogiuri moRvaweobis mowodeba. maswavleblis 

mTeli siZliere Txrobis xelovnebaSia, igi ise unda mouyves 

bavSvebs bibliur ambebs, rom mTeli klasi daainteresos, moswavleebi 

Zaldautaneblad kiTxva-pasuxiT aqtiurad Caabas Txrobasa da bibliis 

teqstis kiTxvaSi. aseTi meTodiT swavleba bavSvebisTvis metad saxalisoa 

da isini iolad euflebian bibliuri moTxrobis vrcel Sinaarss. 

saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs qarTvel klasikos pedagogs _ iakob 

gogebaSvils religiur aRzrdaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi gaxlavT 

pirveli klasikosi, romelmac religiuri da patriotuli aRzrdis 

sakiTxebi harmoniulad Seuxama erTmaneTs. cnobili mkvlevari g. TavziSvili 

wers: `gogebaSvilis pedagogiur ideaTa Soris mTavaria axalgazrdobis 

zneobrivi gsanviTareba, Tumca iakobi sastikad ebrZoda 

misticizms, viwro klerikalizms, yovelgvar crumorwmunoebas da misi 

moTxrobebic antireligiuri xasiaTisaa, magram formalurad religiis 

winaaRmdeg ar gamodioda da es mxolod imitom, rom religia ma- 

Ral zneobriv kategoriad miaCnda~. 1 

igi iziarebda pestalocis, k. uSinskis, l. tolstois da sxvaTa 

Sexedulebebs da miaCnda, rom patiosani, keTilSobili grZnobebis aRzrda 

mozardi Taobis gulSi kidev ufro saWiro da Zvirfasia, vidre 

gonebis gamdidreba sxvadasxva codniT 2 . pedagogiur procesSi gogebaSvili 

upiratesobas zneobriv aRzrdas aniWebda, xolo zneobis safuZvlad 

mas qristianuli religia miaCnia. igi werda: èTikis, kacTmoyvareobis 

saZirkveli iyo da aris gulwrfeli sarwmunoeba, Rrma morwmune 

kaci arasodes ar yofila sulmdabali, egoisti da verc iqneba. 

igi axorcielebs Tavis cxovrebaSi maRals swavlas saxarebisas da 

afens siTbos, sikeTes Tavis garSemo 3 . misi aseTi Sexeduleba gamomdi- 

1 g. TavziSvili. iakob gogebaSvili. Tb., 1960. gv. 76. 


3 v. asaTiani. mozardi Taobis harmoniuli ganviTarebis problema XIX 

saukunis meore naxevris qarTvel ganmanaTlebelTa pedagogikur memkvidreobaSi. 

Tb. 1993, gv. 318. 

430

nareobs ara misi pedagogiuri kredodan, aramed im rwmenidan, rom ma- 

Rali zneoba xels Seuwyobs xalxis materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, 

rac ufro mtkiced icavs xalxs wminda qristianuli zneobis 

wesebs, miT ufro meti iqneba wesiereba da religiuroba mis cxovrebaSi 

da miT ufro maRla unda idges misi materialuri keTildReoba 

1 . 

i. gogebaSvili Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli, rom bavSvis zneobrivi 

aRzrda dafuZnebuli unda iyois mSobliur enaze, radgan yovelgvari 

maRalis grZnobis aRzrda SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod mSobliuri 

enis meSveobiT 2 . qristianuli zneobiT aRzrda iTvaliswinebs 

garkveuli religiuri wesebis Sesrulebas, maT Soris locvas. 

rogorc davinaxeT, mozardTa zneobrivi ganviTareba klasikos pedagogTa 

naazrevSi religiuri aRzrdis erT-erTi mTavari daniSnulebaa. 

qristianuli religiis gareSe ki adamianis zneobrivi srulyofa 

warmoudgenelia. 

LEILA SHEROZIA 

PROBLEM OF RELIGIOUS UPBRINGING 

IN PEDAGOGICS 

The article touches upon significance of the religious upbringing in the 

formation of the person’s moral makeup; attitude of the classics of pedagogics 

towards this problem, which was misrepresented in the Soviet pedagogics. We 

also tried to throw light upon this problem in the aspect of retrospective and 

modern theoretical and practical values. The teenagers’ moral development in 

the transactions of the classics of pedagogics is a principal assignment of the 

religious upbringing. Moral perfection of the human is unthinkable without 

Christian religion. Communistic sustem over a period of decades imposed a 

ban on even mentioning of religion and successfully implanted atheism. And 

after collapse of the communistic system people gradually began returning to 

religion. But it is just a little for the compensation of lost. Strengthening of this 

process is required on the basisb of the system of special pedagogical arrangements. 

1 v. asaTiani. mozardi Taobis harmoniuli.., gv. 319. 

2 v. asaTiani. mozardi Taobis harmoniuli.., gv. 183. 

431

432 

avtorebi 

• merab naWyebia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 

asocirebuli profesori 

• Tamila zviadaZe _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 

asistent-profesori 

• oTar miqiaSvili _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis 

universitetis sruli profesori 

• marine kakaCia _ pedagogikis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 

asistent-profesori, humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa 

fakultetis dekanis moadgile 

• marine jRarkava. _ maswavlebeli (soxumis universiteti) 

• manana Selia _ pedagogikis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• irina yruaSvili _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• ciuri suqniZe _ pedagogikis doqtori (soxumis universitetis) 

• Tamar jojua _ pedagogikis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• leda qobalia _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori (soxumis 

universiteti) 

• rusudan fifia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• tite mosia _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, zugdidis 

instititis sruli profesori 

• nino vaxania _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• indira gadilia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• luara sordia _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis 


• lado Wania _ filologiis doqtori (soxumis universiteti) 

• mariam miresaSvili _ filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis 


• lela mircxulava _ soxumis universitetis doqtoranti 

• ciala mesxia _ filologiis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• naTia papasqiri _ filologiis magistri (soxumis universiteti)

• nino eTeria _ filologiis doqtori (soxumis universiteti) 

• kaxaber fifia _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• nargiza gamisonia _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• beJan xorava _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis universitetis asocirebuli 

profesori 

• zurab papasqiri _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis universitetis 

sruli profesori, eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis 

saqarTvelos saistorio sazogadoebis afxazeTis organizaciis 

Tavmjdomare, giorgi SarvaSiZis saxelmwifo premiis laureati 

• vaxtang Wania _ istoriis doqtori (cotne dadianis saxelobis 

soxumis humanitarul-ekonomikuri instituti) 

• manana kuprava _ istoriis doqtori (soxumis universiteti) 

• Teimuraz papasqiri _ istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis 

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori 

• joni afaqiZe _ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis universitetis 

reqtori, sruli profesori, germaniis aleqsandre 

fon humboldtis fondis samgzis stipendiati, evropis arqeologTa 

asociaciis wevri, germaniis arqeologiis institutis 

wevr-korespondenti, saqarTvelos humboldtis klubis generaluri 

mdivani 

• revaz xvistani _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• dazmir jojua _ istoriis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• SoTa kvirtia _ filosofiis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• TinaTin zaldastaniSvili _ filosofiis doqtori, IB evrokavkasiuri 

universitetis profesori 

• zaur jinjolava _ iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis 


• mixeil mamniaSvili _ samarTlis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• vefxvia gvaramia _ ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo 

universitetis doqtoranti, soxumis universitetis 



433

434 

• jemal jinjixaZe _ pedagogikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, soxumis 


• giorgi jinjixaZe _ pedagogikis doqtori (soxumis universiteti) 

• kaxi kopaliani _ fsiqologiis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• irma Somaxia _ soxumis universitetis asistent-profesori 

• lia svaniZe _ fsiqologiis doqtori (soxumis universiteti) 

• brolisa wulaia _ soflis meurneobis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 


• lela rexviaSvili _ pedagogikis doqtori (soxumis universiteti) 

• guranda gabunia _ maswavlebeli (soxumis universiteti) 

• leila Serozia _ pedagogikis doqtori, soxumis universitetis 

asistent-profesori

AUTHORS 

• Merab Nachkebia – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Tamila Zviadadze – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Otar Mikiashvili – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Marine Kakachia – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Marine Jgarkava – lecturer lecturer of Sokhumi University 

• Manana Shelia – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Irina Kruashvili – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Tsiuri Suknidze – Ph.D. in Pedagogics, lecturer of Sokhumi University 

• Tamar Jojua – Ph.D. in Pedagogics, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Leda Kobalia – Doctor of Philological Sciences, lecturer of Sokhumi 

University 

• Rusudan Pipia – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Tite Mosia – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of Zugdidi Institute 

• Nino Vakhania – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor 

of Sokhumi University 

• Indira Gadilia – Ph.D. in Philology, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Luara Sordia – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Lado Chania – Ph.D. in Philology (Sokhumi University) 

• Mariam Miresashvili – Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of 

Sokhumi University 

• Lela Mirtskhulava – Post-Graduate Student of Sokhumi University 

• Tsiala Meskhia – Ph.D. in Philology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Natia Papaskiri – MA, lecturer of Sokhumi University 

• Nino Eteria – Ph.D. in Philology, lecturer of Sokhumi University 

• Kakhaber Pipia – Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

435

436 

• Nargiza Gamisonia – Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Bezhan Khorava – Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Zurab Papaskiri – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Sokhumi 

University, Chairman of the Abkhazian Organization of Ekvtime Takaishvili 

Georgian Historical Society, Winner of Georgian State Prize by 

Giorgi Sharvashidze 

• Vakhtang Chania – Ph.D. in History (Sokhumi University) 

• Manana Kuprava – Ph.D. in History lecturer of Sokhumi University 

• Teimuraz Papaskiri – Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi 

State University, vice-dean of the humanities faculty of Ivane Javakhishvili 

Tbilisi State University 

• Joni Apakidze – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Rector of the Sokhumi 

University, Professor, Three-time Stypendiant of Alexander von Humboldt 

Foundation, Member of European Association of Archaeologists, 

Secretary Ceneral of the Humboldt-Club of Georgia, Corresponding 

Member of the German Archaeological Institute 

• Revaz Khvistani – Ph.D. in History, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Dazmir Jojua – Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor of Sokhumi University 

• Shota Kvirtia – Ph.D. in Philosophy, Associate Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Tinatin Zaldastanishvili – Ph.D. in Philosophy, Professor of IB Euro- 

Caucasian University -Tbilisi 

• Zaur Jinjolava – Doctor of Juridical Sciences, Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Mikheil Mamniashvili – Ph.D. in law, Associate Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Vepkhvia Gvaramia – Post-Graduate Student of Ivane Javakhishvili 

Tbilisi State University, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi University 

• Jemal Jinjikhadze – Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Giorgi Jinjikhadze – Ph.D. in Pedagogics (Sokhumi University) 

• Kakhi Kopaliani – Ph.D. in Psychology, Associate Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

• Irma Shomakhia – Assistant Professor of Sokhumi University 

• Lia Svanidze – Ph.D. in Psychology, lecturer of Sokhumi University 

• Brolisa Tsulaia – Ph.D. in Agriculture, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi 

University

• Lela Rekhviashvili – Ph.D. in Pedagogics, lecturer of Sokhumi University 

• Guranda Gabunia – Lecturer of Sokhumi University 

• Leila Sherozia – Ph.D. in Pedagogics, Assistant Professor of Sokhumi 

University 

437

438 

s a r C e v i 

e n a T m e c n i e r e b a 

merab naWyebia. preqarTveluri enis divergenciis qronologiis sakiTxi 

da qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro ........................................................................................ 5 

Tamila zviadaZe. -viT Tandebulis erTi funqciisaTvis imerulSi ................. 18 

oTar miqiaSvili. rusulis kalkebisaTvis ilia WavWavaZis `saqarTvelos 

moambeSi~ ........................................................................................................................................... 23 

marine kakaCia, marine jRarkava. megruli sasoflo-sameurneo leqsika 

,,yazayiSi gazeTis~ mixedviT ................................................................................................. 28 

manana Selia. sityvawarmoebis sistema da misi adgili Tanamedrove 

lingvistikaSi ................................................................................................................................ 33 

irina yruaSvili. sityvawarmoebis leqsikologiuri problemebi ..................... 38 

ciuri suqniZe. sociolingvisturi faqtori ucxouri enis 

sociokulturuli masalis optimizaciisas ............................................................... 44 

Tamar jojua. audirebis efeqturi unar-Cvevebis maformirebeli 

komunikaciur savarjiSoTa tipebi inglisuri enis swavlebis 

procesSi (inglisur enaze) .................................................................................................. 48 

leda qobalia. substantiuri sityvaTSeerTebis da drois kategoriis 

teqstwarmoqmnis funqcia ....................................................................................................... 52 

l i t e r a t u r a T m c o d n e o b a 

rusudan fifia. ioane minCxis Semoqmedebis kvlevis Tanamedrove 

aspeqtebi ........................................................................................................................................... 58 

tite mosia. erTi istoriuli personaJis warmosaxvisaTvis 

`qarTlis WirSi~ ......................................................................................................................... 67 

nino vaxania. zogierTi mosazreba vaJa-fSavelas `gvelismWamelTan~ 

dakavSirebiT ................................................................................................................................... 79 

indira gadilia. qarTuli sabavSvo literaturis klasikosi. 

Sio mRvimeli .................................................................................................................................. 84 

luara sordia. galaktion tabiZis „dominos~ problematika 

da saxeebi ......................................................................................................................................... 93 

lado Wania. xvedri wamebisa .................................................................................................. 108 

mariam miresaSvili. mxatvruli saxe XX saukunis ideur-esTetikur 

sistemebSi ...................................................................................................................................... 119 

lela mircxulava. avtoris niRabi guram doCanaSvilis moTxrobaSi 

`vater(po)loo anu aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi~ .............................................................. 127 

ciala mesxia. giorgi saakaZis fenomeni vaJa egriselis poeziaSi ................ 138 

naTia papasqiri. Carlz dikensis `devid koperfildis~ qarTuli 

Targmanis zogierTi enobrivi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb ......................................... 154

nino eTeria. komikuri formebi mixeil bulgakovis prozaSi 

(rusul enaze) ............................................................................................................................ 171 

i s t o r i a, a r q e o l o g i a 

kaxaber fifia. neronis kavkasiuri laSqrobis miznebisa da 

mimarTulebis sakiTxisaTvis .............................................................................................. 177 

nargiza gamisonia. papebis saero xelisuflebis warmoSobis 

winapirobebis Sesaxeb ............................................................................................................. 191 

beJan xorava. Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sanapiro da 

afxazeTi XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ........................................... 205 

zurab papasqiri. Rvawli didi mamuliSvilisa giorgi SarvaSiZe .................. 220 

vaxtang Wania. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mier soWis 

SemoerTebis sababi da mizezebi ....................................................................................... 241 

manana kuprava. ganaTlebisa da kulturis saxelmwifo marTvis 

istoriidan afxazeTSi 1921-1925 wlebSi (germanul enaze) ........................ 266 

Teimuraz papasqiri. v. molotovis viziti berlinSi da bulgareTis 

sakiTxi germania-sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobebSi 1940w. 

Semodgomaze .................................................................................................................................. 282 

joni afaqiZe. kolxuri kulturis gavrcelebis sakiTxisaTvis ..................... 290 

revaz xvistani. kataulas wm. giorgis eklesia ........................................................ 303 

p o l i t o l o g i a, s o c i o l o g i a 

dazmir jojua. 1991 wlis agvistos putCi da saqarTvelo ............................ 320 

SoTa kvirtia, TinaTin zaldastaniSvili. globalizacia: 

variantebi saqarTvelosaTvis ............................................................................................ 339 

s a m a r T a l i 

zaur jinjolava. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni 

referendumis Sesaxeb ............................................................................................................. 349 

mixeil mamniaSvili. gamomZieblis uflebamosilebis zogierTi 

konceptualuri sakiTxi ....................................................................................................... 355 

vefxvia gvaramia. interpolTan urTierTobis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi 

meqanizmebisa da kanonmdeblobis efeqturobis sakiTxisaTvis 

saqarTveloSi .............................................................................................................................. 359 

p e d a g o g i k a, f s i q o l o g i a 

jemal jinjixaZe, giorgi jinjixaZe. cnebaTa Soris mimarTebebis gamoyeneba, 

rogorc maTematikis dawyebiTi kursis Teoriuli safuZvlebis swavlebis 

interdisciplinaruli meTodologiis erT-erTi aspeqti ............................... 370 

439

kaxi kopaliani, irma Somaxia. ufrosklaselTa statusis 

damokidebuleba TviTSefasebasTan saqmian da pirad urTierTobebSi ....... 385 

lia svaniZe. Tavisuflebisa da aucileblobis fsiqologiuri 

aspeqtebi ......................................................................................................................................... 399 

brolisa wulaia. bunebismetyvelebis integrirebuli kursis swavlebis 

meTodikisadmi midgomis zogadi tendencia dawyebiT skolaSi .................... 408 

lela rexviaSvili. dasvenebisa da garTobis organizacia, 

rogorc socialur-pedagogiuri saqmianobis gansakuTrebuli saxe .......... 413 

guranda gabunia. gonebrivad CamorCenil bavSvTa metyvelebis 

logoritmuli ganviTareba ................................................................................................. 418 

leila Serozia. religiuri aRzrdis problema pedagogikaSi ......................... 424 

avtorebi ............................................................................................................................................. 432 

440

C O N T E N T S 

L i n g u i s t i c s 

Merab Nachkebia. The Kartvelian Linguistic World and the Problem 

of Divergence of the Prekartvelian Language ............................................................ 5 

Tamila Zviadadze. For the Function of the Last Syllable -vit in Imeretian .............. 18 

Otar Mikiashvili. The Georgian Phrases Borrowed from the Russian 

Language in the Journal of Ilya Chavchavadze “Saqartvelos Moambe” ................ 23 

Marine Kakachia, Marine Jgarkava. Megrelian Agricultural 

Vocabulary Basing on the Material of “Kazakishi Gazeti” .................................... 28 

Manana Shelia. System of Present-Day English Word-Formation and Its 

Position in Linguistics ........................................................................ ..................... 33 

Irina Kruashvili. Lexicological Problems of Word-Formation ................................. 38 

Tsiuri Suknidze. Socio-Linguistic Factor for Optimization of 

Socio-Cultural Material of Foreign Language ......................................................... 44 

Tamar Jojua. Different Types of Communicative Techniques for the Effective 

Formation of Listening Skills in the Process of Teaching English .......................... 48 

Leda Kobalia. Text-Forming Function of the Word-Building and 

Tense Category ........................................................................................................ 52 

L i t e r a r y 

S t u d i e s 

Rusudan Pipia. Modern Aspects of Researching Ioane Minchkhi’s Poetry .............. 58 

Tite Mosia. About One Historical Character in “Davitiani” ..................................... 67 

Nino Vakhania. Some Considerations about Vazha Pshavela’s Poem 

“Snake eater” .......................................................................................................... 79 

Indira Gadilia. The Classic of Georgian Children’s Literature. Shio Mghvimeli ...... 84 

Luara Sordia. Characters and Aspects of Galaktion Tabidze’s “Domino” .............. 93 

Lado Chania. Fate of Torment ................................................................................. 108 

Mariam Miresashvili. Image in Ideological-Aesthetic Systems of the 

20 th Century ...........................................................…………………………......... 119 

Lela Mirtskhulava. “Author’s Mask” in Guram Dochanasvhili’s Story 

“Waterpolo or Repair Works” ............................................................................... 127 

Tsiala Meskhia. Giorgi Saakadze’s Phenomenon in Vazha Egriseli’s Poetry ........ 138 

Natia Papaskiri. About Some Linguistic Peculiarities of the Georgian 

Translation of Charles Dickens’ Novel “David Copperfield” .............................. 154 

Nino Eteria. The Comic forms in Mikhail Bulgakov’s Texts (in Russian) .............. 171 

H i s t o r y , A r c h a e o l o g y 

Kakhaber Pipia. To the Issue of Goals and Directions of Nero’s Caucasian 

Campaign ............................................................................................................... 177 

Nargiza Gamisonia. The Preconditions of the Origination of the Secular Power 

of Popes .................................................................................................................. 191 

441

Bezhan Khorava. The North-Eastern Black Sea Coast and Abkhazia at the 

Beginning of the 1830’s ......................................................................................... 205 

Zurab Papaskiri. The Deeds of Country’s Glorious Son. Giorgi Sharvashidze ..... 220 

Vakhtang Chania. Reasons and Causes of Annexing Sochi by Georgian 

Democratic Republic .............................................................................................. 241 

Manana Kuprava. From the History of State Management of Education and 

Culture in Abkhazia in 1921-1925 (in German) .................................................... 266 

Teimuraz Papaskiri. Molotov’s Visit to Berlin (November 1940) and the 

Issue of Bulgaria in the German-Soviet Relations during Autumn of 1940 .......... 282 

Joni Apakidze. On the Spreading of Colchian Culture ............................................ 290 

Revaz Khvistani. Kataula’s St. George’s Church .................................................... 303 

P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e s , S ociology 

Dazmir Jojua. 1991 August Putsch and Georgia ..................................................... 320 

Shota Kvirtia, Tinatin Zaldastanishvili. Globalization: 

Alternatives for Georgia ........................................................................................ 339 

Law 

Zaur Jinjolava. Georgian Organic Law “on Referendum” ..................................... 349 

Mikheil Mamniashvili. Conceptual Issues of Investigators’ Authorities ................ 355 

Vepkhvia Gvaramia. On a Issue of Effective Relationship of Interstate 

Mechanisms and Legislation with Interpol in Georgia .......................................... 359 

Pedagogics, 

P s y c h o l o g y 

Jemal Jinjikhadze, Giorgi Jinjikhadze. Application of Relations between 

Concepts, as One of the Aspects of Inter-Disciplinary Training Methodology of 

Theoretical Basics of an Initial Course of Mathematics ........................................ 370 

Kakhi Kopaliani, Irma Shomakhia. The Attitude of the Status of Senior 

Pupils to the Self-estimation in Business and Personal Relations ......................... 385 

Lia Svanidze. The Psychological Aspects of Free Will and Inevitability ................ 399 

Brolisa Tsulaia. General Tendency of Methods of Teaching Natural Science 

in Elementary School ............................................................................................. 408 

Lela Rekhviashvili. Organization of Rest and Entertainment as a specific form 

of Social and Pedagogical Activity ........................................................................ 413 

Guranda Gabunia. Logorhythmic Development of Speech in Backward 

Children .................................................................................................................. 418 

Leila Sherozia. Problem of Religious Upbringing in Pedagogics ........................... 424 

Authors ..................................................................................................................... 432 

442

avtorebisaTvis 

`SromebSi~ (humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa 

seria) gamosaqveyneblad motanili an gamogzavnilimasala unda 

iyos akrefili akadnusxurSi (zoma _ 12, intervali _ 1,5). sqolio 

unda iyos aseve akadnusxurSi (zoma _ 10, intervali _ 1,5). ucxo 

enebze akrefili teqsti unda iyos akrefili Times New Roman-Si, 

ZiriTadi teqstis an sqolios Sesabamisi zomebiT. statias Tan unda 

axldes reziume (1000 aso-niSani, naxevari gverdidan erT gverdamde) 

qarTul da inglisur enebze. sqolios dakabadonebis wesebis Sesaxeb 

ix. `Sromebi~ (humanitarul da socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa 

seria), t. I. Tb., 2007, veb-gverdze: http://www.sou.ge. gamoyenebuli 

literaturis siis darTva saWiro ar aris. 

redaqciis misamarTi: 

q. Tbilisi, 0186, jiqias q. 9, 

tel.: 54-14-12 

e-mail: zpapaskiri@gmail.com 

web-site: http://www.sou.ge

gamomcemlobis redaqtorebi: 

damkabadonebeli: 

robert mesxi, 

lela mircxulava 

nugzar arCemaSvili 

daibeWda: gamomcemloba `meridiani~ 

Tbilisi, al. yazbegis 45. tel. 39 15 22 

E-mail: davideku1@mail.ru

soxumis universitetis S r o m e b i

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