socialuri Teoriebi: sazogadoebrivi geografiis ... - socium.ge
socialuri Teoriebi: sazogadoebrivi geografiis ... - socium.ge
socialuri Teoriebi: sazogadoebrivi geografiis ... - socium.ge
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<strong>socialuri</strong> <strong>Teoriebi</strong>: <strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong><br />
<strong><strong>ge</strong>ografiis</strong> specialobis studentebisaTvis<br />
ras Seiswavlis sociologia?<br />
1. sociologia: problemebi da perspeqtivebi.<br />
2. sociologiuri kiTxvebi: faqtologiuri, SedarebiTi, ganviTarebis<br />
sakiTxebi da Teoriuli.<br />
3. ra SeuZlia sociologias Tqvas Cvens qmedebebze?<br />
4. <strong>socialuri</strong> struqtura da adamianis qmedebebi.<br />
5. sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganviTareba.<br />
6. neil smelzeri: Tezisebi sociologiis arsis Sesaxeb.<br />
sakvanZo sityvebi: sociologia, <strong>socialuri</strong> struqtura, saR azrze damyarebuli<br />
warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebi, <strong>socialuri</strong> kvlavwarmoeba, <strong>socialuri</strong> transformacia, <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
warmosaxva, faqtologiuri sakiTxebi, SedarebiTi sakiTxebi, SedarebiTi<br />
sakiTxebi, ganviTarebis sakiTxebi, anTropologia, pozitivizmi, empiriuli<br />
kvlevebi, Teoriuli sakiTxebi, winaswarganusazRvreli Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi, TviTSemecneba,<br />
mniSvnelovani qmedeba<br />
sociologia mowodebulia Seasrulos mniSvnelovani roli Tanamedrove<br />
inteleqtualur kulturaSi da socialur mecnierebebSi daikavos centraluri<br />
adgili. unda dadgindes sociologiis ZiriTadi perspeqtivebi da problemebi.<br />
ZiriTadi Temebi. Ppirveli Tema _ <strong>socialuri</strong>sa da pirovnulis<br />
mimarTebaa. sociologiuri azrovneba mniSvnelovani daxmarebaa<br />
TviTSemecnebisaTvis, romelic amave dros gvibrundeba <strong>socialuri</strong> samyaros<br />
ukeTesi ga<strong>ge</strong>biT. sociologiis Seswavla unda iyos ganTavisuflebis mcdeloba:<br />
sociologia anviTarebs Cvens Cvevebsa da warmosaxvas, gvisaxavs axal<br />
perspeqtivebs Cveni aqtiurobis wyaroebis ga<strong>ge</strong>baSi da aRrmavebs Cvens unars Cveni<br />
sakuTarisagan gansxvavebuli kulturis aRqmaSi. ramdenadac sociologiuri<br />
moRvaweoba dogmebis gamowvevaa is gvaswavlis davafasoT kulturuli<br />
1
gansxvavebuloba da gvexmareba davinaxoT <strong>socialuri</strong> institutebis Sinagani<br />
meqanizmebi. sociologiuri moRvaweoba qmnis SesaZleblobebs adamianuri<br />
pirovnebisa da Tavisuflebis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
meore Temaa _ cvalebadi samyaro. sociologia aRmocenda dasavleTis<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> wyobis industriuli transformaciis Sedegad, ramac mniSvnelovnad<br />
gamoiwvia wina sazogadoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebis cvlilebebi.<br />
industrializaciis procesiT Seqmnili samyari warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns sociologiuri<br />
analizis problemur obieqts. <strong>socialuri</strong> cvlilebebi grZeldeba da SeiZleba<br />
Cven vd<strong>ge</strong>varT iseTi fundamenturi cvlilebebis winaSe rogorsac qonda adgili<br />
XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX saukuneSi. sociologiis upirvelesi valia<br />
asaxos warsulSi momxdari cvlilebebi da daiWiros dRevandeli cvlilebebis<br />
mimarTulebebi.<br />
mesame, wigns axasiaTebs Tanmimdevruli SedarebiTi midgoma.<br />
sociologiis Seswavla ar SeiZleba warimarTos mxolod romelime sazogadoebis<br />
institutebis Seswavlis gziT. es gawonasworebulia sxva sazogadoebebisa da<br />
kulturebis Sesaxeb moyvanili mdidari masaliT. aq igulisxmeba gamokvlevebi,<br />
romlebic tardebodnen dasavleTis sxva qveynebSi, aseve ruseTsa da<br />
aRmosavleTevropul qveynebTan dakavSirebul masalebs. SeuZlebelia<br />
industriuli sazogadoebebis Seswavla mesame samyarosagan damoukideblad garda<br />
amisa vamaxvileb yuradRebas sociologiisa da anTropologiia kavSirze,<br />
problemebze, romlebic sakmaod mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. mTels<br />
msoflioSi sazogadoebebs Soris arsebuli kavSirisa da aseve tradiciuli<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> sistemebis mravali formebis gaqrobis gamo kavSiri sociologiasa da<br />
anTropologias Soris ufro ganuyofeli xdeba.<br />
meoTxe, wignSi aRiarebulia sociologiaSi istoriuli orientaciis<br />
aucilebloba. Ees ufro mets niSnavs vidre movlenebis ,,istoriuli konteqstis”<br />
xazgasma. aseTi saxis informacia aucilebelia, rameTu studentTa mier<br />
istoriis, Tundac uaxlesis, codna Zalze SezRudulia. Uukanaskneli wlebis<br />
sociologiaSi erT-erT mniSvnelovan tendenciad mogvevlina istoriuli<br />
analizis aRorZineba. is unda iqnas ga<strong>ge</strong>buli ara rogorc mxolod<br />
sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobaze dayrdnoba warsulze msjelobisas, aramed<br />
unda ganixilebodes rogorc Tanamedrove institutebis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis safuZveli.<br />
2
mexuTe, gamorCeuli yuradReba eTmoba <strong>ge</strong>nderis problemas. <strong>ge</strong>nderuli<br />
mimarTebebis problema imdenad fundamenturia sociologiuri analizisaTvis, rom<br />
ar SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas disciplinis erT qvedanayofze, amitom wignis<br />
mravali Tavi Seicavs <strong>ge</strong>nderis problemisadmi miZRvnil ganyofilebebs.<br />
meeqvse, wignis ZiriTadi Temaa _ <strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong> cxovrebis<br />
globalizacia. Mmzardi globalizaciis gavlena naklebadaa Seswavlili<br />
sociologiis specialur literaturaSic ki, da ignorirebulia TiTqmis yvekla<br />
kursebis SesavalSi. Aam wignSi aqcenti globalizaciaze mWidro kavSirSia im<br />
mniSvnelobasTan, romelic eZleva pirvel, meore da mesame samyaroebis<br />
urTierTkavSirs.<br />
amgvarad, sociologia gTavazobT adamianuri qcevis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis cxad da naTel<br />
perspeqtivas. sociologiis SeswavliT Cven vmaRldebiT samyaros sakuTar<br />
interpretaciaze, raTa davinaxoT Cveni cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
zemoqmedeba. Aamave dros sociologia arc uaryofs da arc amcirebs<br />
individualuri gamocdilebis mniSvnelobas. piriqiT, Cven vcdilobT ukeT<br />
gavigoT Cveni Tavi da sxva adamianebi, amiT sakuTar TavSi vanviTarebT im<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> sinamdvilis kosmosis aRqmas, romelSi Tavad varT CarTuli.<br />
sociologiis Seswavla_ es aris TviTSemecnebis procesis nawili da amitom<br />
SeuZlebelia misi Seswavla Tu saWiro SemTxvevaSi ar daupirispirdi sakuTar<br />
cnobierebaSi zogierT, Rrmad gamjdar Sexedulebebs.<br />
sociologia: problemebi da perspeqtivebi.<br />
samyaroSi mudmivi cvlilebebia, ratom gansxvavdebian Cveni cxovrebis<br />
viTarebebi ase Zlier Cveni winamorbedebis viTarebebisagan? ra mimarTulebiT<br />
warimarTebian cvlilebebi momavalSi? Ees sakiTxebi pirvel rigSi ainteresebs<br />
sociologias, disciplinas, romelic mowodebulia iTamaSos fundamenturi roli<br />
Tanamedrove inteleqtualur kulturaSi.<br />
sociologia _ esaa adamianis <strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong> cxovrebis, jgufebisa da<br />
sazogadoebis Seswavla. Ees mSvenieri gamaognebeli saqmianobaa, romlis sagania<br />
adamianebis, rogorc <strong>socialuri</strong> arsebebis qcevebis kvleva. sociologiis<br />
3
samoqmedo are ukiduresad farToa, dawyebuli quCaSi adamianTa SemTxveviTi<br />
Setakebebidan da damTavrebuli globaluri <strong>socialuri</strong> procsebis gamokvlevebiT.<br />
zogierTi magaliTi mogvcems pirvel warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebs misi bunebisa da miznebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
ras ikvlevs sociologia? ramdenime magaliTi.<br />
siyvaruli da qorwineba. ratom uyvarT adamianebs erTmaneTi da ratom<br />
qorwindebian? erTi SexedviT pasuxi naTelia. siyvaruli _ es aris adamianebis<br />
erTmaneTTan fizikuri da sulieri urTierTltolva. SeiZleba, dRes bevri<br />
Cvengani skeptikurad aRiqvams azrs, rom arsebobs ,,maradiuli” siyvaruli; magram<br />
,,Seyvarebuloba” (mijnuroba) albaT ganekuTvneba adamianis yvelaze amaRelvebel<br />
grZnobebsa da emociebs. Ppirovnuli da seqsualuri TviTgamovlenis Zieba<br />
Seyvarebuli wyvilis urTierTobaSi aris iseTive bunebrivi, rogorc maTi<br />
survili qondeT erTi sacxovrebeli.<br />
Mmagram es, pirveli SexedviT savsebiT cxadi msjeloba sinamdvileSi sulac<br />
ar aris trivialuri. siyvarauli sulac ar iyo yvela droisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli da iSviaTad iyo dakavSirebuli qorwinebasTan. axlo<br />
warsulamde romantikuli siyvaruli sulac ar iyo gavrcelebuli dasavleTSi da<br />
arc sxva kulturebSi arsebobda. mxolod Cvens droSi CaTvales, rom siyvaruli,<br />
qorwineba da seqsualoba mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. Suasaukuneebsa<br />
da Semdgom epoqebSi adamianebi qorwindebodnen ZiriTadad imitom, rom<br />
SeenarCunebinaT tituli an sakuTreba ojaxis xelSi, an imitom, rom yolodaT<br />
Svilebi, romlebic daexmarebodnen SromaSi. Ddaqorwinebulebi SeiZleba<br />
gamxdariyvnen axlo megobrebni, magram es xdeboda qorwinebis Semdeg da ara<br />
manamde. seqsualuri kavSirebi arsebobdnen qorwinebis gareSec, magram isini ar<br />
Seicavdnen im grZnobebs, romelTac Cveulebriv vakavSirebT siyvarulTan.<br />
siyvaruli, ,,ukeTes SemTxvevaSi iTvleboda garduval sisusted, uares semTxvevaSi<br />
ki senis nairsaxeobad.”(1).<br />
romantikuli siyvaruli pirvlad Cndeba didgvarovnul wreebSi, rogorc<br />
qorwinebagareSe seqsualuri Tavgadasavlebis gansakuTrebuli niSani. XVIII<br />
saukunis bolomde is gvxvdeba mxolod aRniSnul wreebSi da araviTar<br />
SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaigivebuli qorwinebasTan. Aaristokratiul garemoSi<br />
4
damokidebuleba colsa da qmars Soris ufro xSirad aris civi da<br />
gansxvisebuli, gansakuTrebiT imasTan SedarebiT Tu ras velodebiT Cven dRes<br />
qorinebisagan. SeZlebuli adamianebi cxovreobdnen did saxlebSi, yovel meuRles<br />
aqvs Tavisi sawoli oTaxi da msaxurebi; erTmaneTs Zalze iSviaTad xvdebodnen.<br />
seqsualuri Sesatyvisoba ojaxSi SemTxvevis sakiTxia da sulac ar iTvleboda<br />
aucileblad. rogorc mdidrebs, ise Raribebs Soris qorwinebis sakiTxi wydeboda<br />
ojaxis an naTesavebis mier, da ara TviT individebis mier, romelTa uflebebi<br />
wyvilebis SerCevaSi Zalze mcire an sulac ar iyo. (Cvens droSi dRemde asea<br />
zogierT aradasavlur kulturebSi).<br />
Aamgvarad, arc romantikuli siyvaruli da arc misi kavSiri qorwinebasTan ar<br />
unda aRviqvaT, rogorc adamianis cxovrebisaTvis ,,Tavidan mocemuli”, isini<br />
Camoyalibdnen Zlieri <strong>socialuri</strong> gavlenis Sedegad. sociologi Seiswavlis am<br />
gavlenis xasiaTs, da, rogorc Cans, sakuTari gamocdilebis safuZvelzec.<br />
Uumravlesoba CvenTagan samyaros xedavs sakuTari cxovrebiseuli saxeebiT.<br />
sociologia xedavs aucileblobas ufro farTod SevxedoT imas, Tu ratom<br />
viqceviT Cven ase da ara sxvagvarad.<br />
janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba. Cveulebriv, rodesac Cven vfiqrobT<br />
janmrTelobasa da avadmyofobaze mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sxeulis mxolod<br />
fizikuri mdgomareoba. Aadamiani grZnobs tkivils an raRac sisustes. rogor<br />
SeiZleba es dakavSirebuli iyos socialur zemoqmedebasTan? sinamdvileSi ki<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> faqtorebi Zlier moqmedeben avadmyofobis gaCenasa da mis<br />
mimdinareobaze, imazec, Tu rogori reaqcia gvaqvs Cven, roca Tavs cudad<br />
vgrZnobT. Cveni Cveulebrivi warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebi avadmyofobis Sesaxeb, rogorc<br />
warmoqmnili sxeulis funqcionaluri darRvevebis mier, ar aris gaziarebuli da<br />
miRebuli sxva sazogadoebebis wamomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebis mier. zogierT kulturebSi<br />
avadmyofoba da sikvdilic ki ganixileba rogorc Sedegi mtruli wyevlisa da<br />
fizikuri mizezebis Seswavlas ar eqvemdebareba.(2) dasavleTis kulturaSi<br />
qristianuli moZRvreba uaryofs zogadmiRebul warmod<strong>ge</strong>nebs avadmyofobaze,<br />
varaudobs, rom adamianis buneba sulieria da gamoxatavs RvTis saxes,<br />
avadmyofoba ki modis uvicobidan da mcdarobidan.<br />
5
amden xans icocxlebs adamiani, ramdenad realuria saSiSroeba romelic<br />
emuqreba gul-sisxlZarRvebiT, kiboTi da pnevmoniiT daavadebul adamianebs _<br />
yovelive es mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba <strong>socialuri</strong> faqtorebiT. rac ufro<br />
ganviTarebulia kultura miT ufro naklebia albaToba, rom adamiani didxans<br />
iqneba Sewuxebuli seriozuli davaadebebiT. Ggarda amisa arsebobs garkveuli<br />
zogadmiRebuli wesebi, romlebic gvaswavlian Tu rogor unda moiqces avadmyofi.<br />
Aavadmyofs ufleba aqvs Tavi aaridos zogierT an yvela yoveldRiur movaleobas,<br />
magram seni unda iqnes aRiarebuli ,,sakmaod seriozulad”, rom qondes<br />
pretenziebi am privilegiebze. is vinc mxolod sustadaa, an visi avadmyofoba<br />
araa dad<strong>ge</strong>nili SeiZleba simuliantadac ki miiRon da ar eqneba movaleobebisadmi<br />
Tavis aridebis ufleba.(3).<br />
sxva magaliTebi: danaSauli da sasjeli. qvemoT moTxrobili saSineli<br />
ambavi gvamcnobs im adamianis ukansknel saaTebs, romelic sikvdiliT daisaja 1757<br />
wels safran<strong>ge</strong>Tis mefe filipes mosaklavad SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisaTvis.<br />
ganaCeniT im ubedurs amoglijes xorci mkerdze, xelebze da fexebze da<br />
Wrilobebze asxamdnen aduRebuli zeTis, sanTlisa da gogirdis naerTs. Semdeg<br />
misi sxeuli daanawevres, daglijes cxenebis saSualebiT, xolo naglejebi<br />
dawves. darajTa oficerma momxdarze Semdegi angariSi Seadgina.<br />
jalaTma borkilebi CauSva mduRare naerTSi, romelsac blomad asxamda<br />
yovel Wrilobaze. Semdeg xelebiT da fexebiT gamoabes cxenebze. cxenebma gaqaCes<br />
sxvadasxva mxares. meoTxedi saaTis Semdeg cxenebs adgilebi Seucvales da<br />
procedura ramodenimejer gaimeores. Oori Tu sami cdis Semdeg jalaTma<br />
samsonma da misma damxmarem aiRes danebi da Zvlebamde daaWres xorcebi<br />
barZayebze, cxenebma kvlav gaqaCes; Semdeg igive gaakeTes mklavebzec. cxenebma<br />
kvlav Zlier gaqaCes da daaglijes jer marjvena da Semdeg marcxena xeli. (4).<br />
Mmsxverpli cocxali iyo im wuTamde sanam kidurebi mTlianad ar mowyvites<br />
torss.<br />
Tanamedrove periodamde aseTi sasjeli ar iyo uCveulo ram. Aai rogor<br />
aRwers jon loflendi dasjis tradiciul saSualebebs.<br />
Soreul istoriul warsulSi sasjeli gaTvlili iyo mokvdinebis periodis<br />
maqsimalurad gagrZelebaze da ise, rom dasjils cnobiereba ar unda daekarga.<br />
6
gaWyleta mkerdze dadebuli wonis TandaTanobiT momatebiT, borbalze gamobma,<br />
jvarcma, CamoxrCoba, koconze dawva, Zvlebis dafSvna, nawilebad daxleCa,<br />
agreTve sxva saSualebebi sakmaod xangrZlivi procesia. CamoxrCobac ki istoriis<br />
didi periodis ganmavlobaSi neli procesi iyo. rodesac dasjils gamoaclidnen<br />
urikas an ixsneboda lukis Tavi, dasjili nel-nela igudeboda, sikvdilamde<br />
ramodenime wuTi igrixeboda. zogjer jalaTi dasjis daCqarebis mizniT Cadioda<br />
dabla da ganwiruls fexebze eqaCeboda. (5)<br />
xSirad dasjaze xalxmravloba iyo _ es praqtika zogierT qveynebSi XVIII<br />
saukunemde grZeldeboda. Gganwirulebs Ria urikebiT daatarebdnen xalxmraval<br />
quCebSi raTa maT taSiT an stveniT gamoexataT msxverplisadmi TavianTi<br />
damokidebuleba. jalaTebi iseve popularulebi iyvnen rogorc Cvens droSi<br />
kinovarskvlavebi.<br />
dRes dasjis aseTi saSualebebi sazizRrobad gveCveneba. CvenTagan cota vinme<br />
Tu gai<strong>ge</strong>bs Tu rogor SeiZleba miiRi siamovneba imis gamo, rom viRacas awameben<br />
an sikvdiliT sjian, ra danaSaulis ar unda Caedina adamians. Ddasjis Cveni<br />
sistema efuZneba sapyrobileSi datusaRebas da ara fizikuri tkivilis miyenebas;<br />
dasavleTis umetes qveynebSi sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia. ratom Seicvala<br />
dasjis formebi? ratom Secvala sapyrobilem dasjis adre arsebuli mkacri<br />
formebi?<br />
macdunebelia pasuxi, rom adamianebi warsulSi ufro mkacrebi iyvnen, maSir<br />
rodesac Cven ufro humanurebi varT. Mmagram sociologisaTvis aseTi pasuxi<br />
aradamajerebelia. Zaladobis sajaro gamoyeneba, rogorc dasjis saSualeba<br />
evropaSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda. adamianebis mier aseT movlenebze<br />
TavianTi damokidebulis gadaxedva moxda ara erTbaSad da ara SemTxveviT, aq<br />
adgili qonda siRrmiseul socialur gavlenas, rac dakavSirebuli iyo im<br />
periodSi mimdinare mniSvnelovan cvlilebebTan. Eevropulma sazogadoebebma<br />
daiwyes industrializireba da urbanizireba. Zveli cxovrebis sofluri wesebi<br />
TandaTanobiT gamodevna swrafad mzardma qalaqebma TavianTi fabrikebiTa da<br />
qarxnebiT. Qqalaqis mosaxleobaze <strong>socialuri</strong> kontrolis uzrunvelyofa ukve<br />
SeuZlebeli iyo daSinebis Zveli formebis saSualebebiT, romlebic misaRebi iyo<br />
mxolod mcire zomisa da mWidrokavSirebian sazogadoebebSi, sadac movlenebic<br />
cota iyo.<br />
7
sapyrobileebi iqmneboda, rogorc dawesebulebaTa sistemis nawili, sadac<br />
adamianebi eyolebodaT izolirebuli, rom gaekontrolebinaT da moewesri<strong>ge</strong>binaT<br />
maTi qcevebi. maT Soris vinc Caketili yavdaT iyvnen ara mxolod damnaSaveebi,<br />
aramed mawanwalebi, avadmyofebi, usaqmurebi, gonebaClun<strong>ge</strong>bi da giJebi.<br />
sapyrobile gvian gamoeyo saavadmyofoebsa da sagiJeebs. varaudobdnen, rom cixeSi<br />
damnaSaveebs wesier moqalaqeebad Camoayalibebdnen. danaSaulze sasjeli<br />
orientirebuli iyo keTilsindisieri moqalaqis Camoyalibebaze da ara imis<br />
demonstraciaze Tu ra saSineli Sedegi moyveba arakeTilsidisier qcevas.<br />
sasjelis humanizireba, rasac Cven vxedavT, Sedegia <strong>socialuri</strong> cvlilebebisa da<br />
ara maTi gamomwvevi. cvlilebebi damnaSaveebTan mimarTebaSi iyo im procesebis<br />
nawili, romlebmac ukuagdes tradiciuli wesrigi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi rom<br />
icavdnen adamianebi.<br />
Ddaskvnebi: sociologiis arsi. Cven SegviZlia aqamde ganxiluli<br />
magaliTebis ganzogadeba. yoveliveSi im sami magaliTidan _ siyvaruli, qorwineba<br />
da seqsualoba, janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba, danaSauli da sasjeli _ Cven<br />
vnaxeT, rom grZnobebi da emociebi, romlebic Cven gveCveneba adamianisaTvis<br />
,,bunebriv monacemebad”, sinamdvileSi eqvemdebarebian socialur faqtorebs.<br />
Ddaxvewili, magram rTuli da siRrmiseuli saSualebebis ga<strong>ge</strong>ba, romlebiTac<br />
Cveni cxovreba asaxavs Cveni <strong>socialuri</strong> gamocdilebis konteqstebs, aris swored<br />
sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis safuZveli. sociologias gansakuTrebiT<br />
ainteresebs <strong>socialuri</strong> cxovrebs Tanamedrove samyaroSi, ukanaskneli ori<br />
saukunis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebebSi mimdinare cvlilebebi.<br />
sociologiuri kiTxvebi: faqtologiuri, SedarebiTi,<br />
ganviTarebis sakiTxebi da Teoriuli.<br />
faqtologiuri kiTxvebi. im kiTxvaTagan, romlebsac sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi<br />
ayeneben da romlebzec cdiloben gascen pasuxebi, umravlesoba aris<br />
faqtologiuri kiTxvebi. ramdenadac Cven varT sazogadoebis wevrebi, amdenad Cven<br />
gvaqvs garkveuli raodenobis faqtobrivi codna mis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, yovelma<br />
icis, rom arseboben kanonebi, maTi dacva aucilebelia, maTi darRveva niSnavs<br />
sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls. Aamave dros codna, romlelic aqvs ZiriTad<br />
8
nawils kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb, umetes SemTxvevaSi fragmentaruli da<br />
arasrulia. samarTaldamcavebsac sWirdebaT danaSaulebis zogierTi aspeqtebis<br />
uSualo da sistematuri sociologiuri gamokvleva. magaliTad, SeiZleba daisvas<br />
kiTxva: ra formis danaSaulia yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli? damnaSaveTa ra<br />
nawils akavebs policia? sabolood ramdeni maTgani gasamarTldeba da moxvdeba<br />
saprobileSi? faqtologiuri kiTxvebi xSirad mosalodnelze ufro rTulia da<br />
Znelad pasuxgasacemi. magaliTad, kriminaluri aqtiurobis realuri donis<br />
dasad<strong>ge</strong>nad oficialuri statistikis monacemebis roli sakmaod saeWvo<br />
Rirebulebisaa.<br />
SedarebiTi kiTxvebi. saeWvoa, rom erTi romelime sazogadoebis Sesaxeb<br />
faqtobrivma informaciam mogvces sruli suraTi imis Sesaxeb uCveulo SemTxvevaa<br />
Tu movlenaTa garkveuli wesrigi. xSirad sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi eswrafvian dasvan<br />
SedarebiTi kiTxvebi, sadac Sedarebulia erTi sazogadoebis konteqsti<br />
meoresTan, an moyvanialia kontrastuli magaliTebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebebidan.<br />
magaliTad, britaneTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris kanonmdeblobebSi mniSvnelovani<br />
gansxvavebebia. tipiuri SedarebiTi kiTxvaa: rogor gansxvavdebian am or qveyanaSi<br />
kriminaluri qcevis modelebi da samarTaldamcavi organoebis qmedebebi?<br />
(ramdenibe arsebiTi gansxvaveba marTlac iqna gamovlenili).<br />
ganviTarebis kiTxvebi. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara mxolod<br />
arsebuli sazogadoebebis Seswavla, aseve mniSvnelovania warsulisa da awmyos<br />
Sedareba. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bis mieram mizniT dasmul kiTxvebs ganviTarebis kiTxvebi<br />
ewodeba. Tanamedrove samyaros bunebis gasa<strong>ge</strong>bad Cven unda CavixedoT adrindel<br />
sazogadoebebriv formebSi, aseve SeviswavloT maTi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi<br />
mimarTulebebi. ACven amgvarad SevZlebT gamovikvlioT Tu rogor gaCndnen<br />
pirveli sapyrobileebi _ Tema, romelsac zemoT SevexeT.<br />
Teoriuli kiTxvebi. faqtologiuri aru, rogorc sociologiaSia<br />
miRebuli empiriuli gamokvlevebi dakavSirebulis imis analizTan Tu rogor<br />
mimdinareobs movlenebi. magram sociologiis amocana gana mxolod faqtebis<br />
Segrovebaa, rac ar unda saintereso iyon isini. Cven gvinda aseve vicodeT ratom<br />
9
aris ase da amitom Cven unda viswavloT Teoriuli sakiTxebis dayeneba. isini<br />
dagvexmarebian mizezebis Ziebis dros im faqtebis sworad interpretaciaSi,<br />
romlebic eqcevian konkretuli kvlevis fokusSi. Cven viciT, rom<br />
industrializaciam bevrad ganapiroba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis formireba.<br />
Mmagram rogoria industrializaciis wyaroebi da wanamZRvrebi? ratom vavlenT<br />
gansxvavebebs im sazogadoebebSi, romlebmac ganicades industrializaciis<br />
procesi? ratom iwvevs industrializacia cvlilebebs damnaSavepbisa da<br />
sasjelis sferoSi an ojaxisa da qorwinebis kuTxiT? Aam kiTxvebze pasuxis<br />
gasacemad maT unda mivud<strong>ge</strong>T Teoriulad. Teoria gulisxmobs abstraqtuli<br />
interpretaciebis konstruirebas, romlebic SeiZleba gamogvadgnen sxvadasxva<br />
empiriuli situaciebis asaxsnelad. magaliTad, industrializaciis Teoriam unda<br />
gansazRvros is ZiriTadi niSnebi, romlebic axasiaTebs industriul ganviTarebas<br />
da aCvenos Tu romeli maTgania ufro mniSvnelovabi sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda araa saWiro faqtologiuri da Teoriuli<br />
sakiTxebis erTmaneTisagan dacileba. Teoriuli midgoma dafuZnebulad CaiTvleba<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Cven SevZlebT mis Semowmebas empiriuli gamokvlevebiT.<br />
Teoria gvexmareba faqtebis gaazrebulad aRqmaSi. mcdaria Ggavrcelebuli<br />
Tvalsazrisi, rom ,,faqtebi Tavad metyveleben TavianT Tavze”. sociologTa<br />
umravlesoba, pirvel rigSi, dakavebulia empiriuli gamokvlevebiT, magram Tu<br />
Tavis ZiebebSi isini ar xelmZRvaneloben TeoriiT, maTi Sroma ar iZleva<br />
Sesaswavli obieqtis mizezebis SesaZlo axsnas. amasa aqvs adgili maSinac,<br />
rodesac gamokvleva tardeba wminda praqtikuli miznebiT.<br />
adamianis qmedebebis winaswargansazRvruli da winaswarganusazRvreli<br />
Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi aRniSnaven qmedebis miznebs Soris gansxvavebis<br />
mniSvnelobas _ rodesac Cven raimes vakeTebT winaswarganzraxulad _ da<br />
winaswarganusazRvrel Sede<strong>ge</strong>bs, rasac qmedeba gvaZlevs. Aam gziT siaruliT<br />
SeiZleba bevri ram gavigoT sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad,<br />
skolebi arseboben imisaTvis, rom bavSvebs miscen axali codnis miRebis<br />
SesaZlebloba. magram skolebis arsebobas aqvs Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi, romelTa prognozireba<br />
SeuZlebelia. Ggarkveul asakamde skola ukrZalavs bavSvebs Sromis bazarze<br />
10
gasvla. saskolo sistema, gansazRvravs ra mowafeTa momaval samuSao adgilebs<br />
maTi akademiuri moswrebebis Sesabamisad xels uwyobs<br />
uTanasworobs zrdas.<br />
ra SeuZlia sociologias Tqvas Cvens qmedebebze? rogorc individebma Cven<br />
sakmaod bevri viciT sakuTari Tavisa da im sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, romelSic<br />
vcxovrobT. Cven miveCvieT fiqrs, rom kargad gvesmis Tu ratom viqceviT ase da<br />
ara sxvagvarad, da ar vsaWiroebT sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bis karnaxs! Ggarkveuli doziT es<br />
sworicaa. Uumravlesoba Cveni yoveldRiuri Mnabijebidan efuZneba arsebuli<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> SeTanxmebebis Cvens ga<strong>ge</strong>bas. da mainc arsebobs aseTi TviTSemecnebis<br />
garkveuli sazRvrebi da sociologiis erT-erTi amocanaa _ aCvenos, rom isini<br />
arian.<br />
sociologiuri gamokvlevebi dagvexmareb ganvsazRvroT Cveni <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
msjelobebis sazRvrebi da Tan Segvisworos Cveni codna Cvensa da <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
garemos Sesaxeb.<br />
sociologiis meore mniSvnelovani wvlili mdgomareobs mtkicebaSi, rom<br />
Tumc Cven viciT udidesi nawili imisa rasac vakeTebT an ar vakeTebT, magram<br />
xSirad gvaqvs sakmaod bundovani warmid<strong>ge</strong>na Cveni saqmianobis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis Sesaxeb.<br />
qmedebebis gaTvaliswinebuli da gauTvaliswinebeli Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi zemoqmedeben<br />
<strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong> cxovrebis yvela aspeqtsa da konteqstze.<br />
sociologiuri analizi ikvlevs <strong>socialuri</strong> samyaros gaTvaliswinebul da<br />
gauTvaliswinebel movlenaTa Soris ZneladSesamCnev kavSirebs.<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> struqtura da adamianis qmedebebi. mniSvnelovani koncefcia,<br />
romelic gvexmareba <strong>socialuri</strong> kavSirebis ga<strong>ge</strong>baSi aris <strong>socialuri</strong> struqturis<br />
koncefcia. Cveni <strong>socialuri</strong> garemo ar aris movlenebisa da qmedebebis<br />
mouwesri<strong>ge</strong>beli jami. adamianTa qcevebSi, urTierTobebSi, romlebSic isini<br />
Sedian, SeimCneva siRrmiseuli regularoba. Aam regularobasTanaa dakavSirebuli<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> struqturis idea. Ggarkveuli azriT sazogadoebis struqturuli<br />
maxasiaTeblebi samarTliania aRiweros SenobebTan analogiiT. Senobas aqvs<br />
iataki, kedlebi, saxuravi, romlebic aZleven mas garkveul formas. moyvanili<br />
metafora ar unda aRviqvaT nametani sizustiT, SeiZleba sakiTxis arsi<br />
dagvekargos. socialur struqturas qmnis adamianis qmedebebi da urTierTobebi;<br />
11
struqturis mdgradoba, maTi sisrule gapirobebulia maTi drosa da sivrceSi<br />
ganmeorebadobiT. Aamgvarad, sociologiuri midgomis CarCoebSi <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
kvlavwarmoebisa da <strong>socialuri</strong> struqturis ideebi mWidro kavSirSia. Aamitom<br />
SegviZlia Cven sazogadoeba SevadaroT na<strong>ge</strong>bobebs, romlebic yovelTvis<br />
kvlaviqmnebian imave agurebiT, romelTaganc Tavad Sed<strong>ge</strong>bian. Yyvela Cveni<br />
qmedebebi eqvemdebarebian sazogadoebis struqturul maxasiaTeblebs, romelSic<br />
Cven gavizardeT da vcxovrobT, amave dros Cvenive qmedebebiT Cven TviT vqmniT (da<br />
garkveuli doziT vcvliT) am struqturul maxasiaTeblebs.<br />
sociologiuri msoflmxedvelobis ganviTareba. sociologiuri<br />
azrovnebis Seswavla niSnavs warmosaxvis gaZlierebas. sociologiis Seswavla<br />
SeuZlebelia mimdinareobdes, rogorc codnis miRebis rutinuli procesi.<br />
sociologi _ es aris adamiani, romelsac SeuZlia ganTavisufldes uSualo<br />
pirovnuli viTarebebisagan. sociologis Sroma, Carlz rait milsis cnobili<br />
frazis Tanaxmad damokidebulia ,,sociologiur warmosaxvaze”.<br />
sociologiuri warmosaxva, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs unars ,,ganud<strong>ge</strong>”<br />
Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cveul rutinas, raTa mis miRma axleburad<br />
gadaixedo. ganvixiloT umartivesi aqti _ finjani yavis daleva. ra unda Tqva<br />
sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT am, Cveni qcevis umniSvnelo fragmentze? Ppasuxi<br />
Zalze bevria.<br />
pirvel rigSi SegviZlia mivuTiToT, rom es aris dasalevi, romelic xels<br />
uwyobs organizmSi siTxis aucilebeli dozis SenarCunebas. Mmas, rogorc<br />
yoveldRiur socialur rituals aqvs simboluri mniSvneloba. Tanac yavis<br />
smasTan dakavSirebul rituals meti mniSvneloba aqvs vidre TviT yavis dalevis<br />
aqts. magaliTad, or adamians, romlebic apireben ,,finjani yavis dalevas” ufro<br />
Sexvedra da Woraoba izidavT, vidre yavis sma. sakvebi da dasalevi yvela<br />
sazogadoebaSi _ es aris ritualebis Sesruleba da <strong>socialuri</strong> urTierTqmedeba<br />
da amitom aris mdidari Tema sociologiuri kvlevisaTvis.<br />
meore, yava _ es aris tvinis mastimulirebeli kofeinis Semcveli<br />
narkotiki.<br />
mesame, yavis finjanis miRma dgas mTeli msoflios momcveli <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis urTulesi sistema.<br />
12
olos, yavis dalevis siamovnebis MmiRma dgas <strong>socialuri</strong> da ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis dasrulebuli procesi.<br />
sociologiuri warmosaxvis ganviTareba niSnavs ara mxolod<br />
sociologiuri, aramed anTropologiisa (tradiciuli sazogadoebebis Seswavla)<br />
da istoriis masalebis gamoyenebas. anTropologiuri mimarTuleba Zalze<br />
mniSvnelovania sociologiuri warmosaxvis ganviTarebisaTvis, radgan gvaZlevs<br />
saSualebas davinaxoT <strong>socialuri</strong> cxovrebis gansxvavebuli formebis<br />
kaleidoskopi. maTi SedarebiT Cvens cxovrebasTan Cven vi<strong>ge</strong>bT Cveni qcevis<br />
unikalurobis Sesaxeb. aseve fundamenturia sociologiuri warmosaxvis<br />
istoriuli mimarTuleba: Cven SeiZleba CavwvdeT dRevandelobis bunebas mxolod<br />
misi warsulTan SedarebiT. warsuli _ es aris sarke, romelSic CaxedviT<br />
sociologi SesZlebs dainaxos Tanamedroveoba. orive SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba<br />
Cveni ,,gandgoma” sakuTari Cvevebisagan _ maTi ufro Rrmad Sesaswavlad.<br />
sociologiuri azris Tavisufali swrafva SesaZleblobaa Cawvde ara<br />
mxolod imas, rac xdeba, aramed imasac rac moxdeba, rodesac Cven ase Tu ise<br />
moviqceviT. Cveni mcdeloba gavlena viqonioT momavalze uSedego iqneba Tu ar<br />
daveyrdnobiT arsebuli tendenciebis ganviTarebis sociologiur ga<strong>ge</strong>bas.<br />
sociologiis praqtikuli mniSvneloba.<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> situaciebis ga<strong>ge</strong>ba. sociologia mravali kuTxiT axdens<br />
gavlenas Cvens cxovrebaze. sociologiuri azrovnebisa da gamokvlevebis CarTva<br />
praqtikul politikasa da socialur reformebSi ramodenime gziT xorcieldeba.<br />
yvelaze uSualo saSualebaa _ <strong>socialuri</strong> situaciis ufro naTeli da ufro<br />
swori ga<strong>ge</strong>bis uzrunvelyofa. Ees SeiZleba gakeTdes faqtobrivi codnis doneze<br />
an ufro swori ga<strong>ge</strong>bis miRweviT, Tu ratom xdeba raRac (sxva sityvebiT,<br />
Teoriuli dasabuTebis gziT). magaliTad, gamokvlevam SeiZleba aCvenos, rom<br />
siRaribis zRvarze cxovrobs mosaxleobis ufro meti nawili, vidre iTvleba.<br />
cxovrebis nebismieri standartebis gaumjobesebis mcdelobas warmateba eqneba im<br />
SemTxvevaSi Tu is efuZneba zust da ara mcdar informacias. rac ufro meti<br />
viciT Cven imis Sesaxeb Tu ratom rCeba siRaribe ase gavrcelebuli, miT ufro<br />
albaTuria rom ganxorcieldeba efeqturi qmedebebi.<br />
13
kulturuli gansxvavebebis aRqmadoba. Mmeore gza, romliTac sociologi<br />
SesZlebs daexmaros praqtikul politikas _ es aris daxmareba sazogadoebaSi<br />
sxvadasxva jgufebis mimarT meti kulturuli aRqmadobis formirebaSi.<br />
sociologiuri gamokvleva qmnis SesaZleblobas socialur samyaros Sexedo,<br />
rogorc kulturuli perspeqtivebis nairsaxeobas da es waad<strong>ge</strong>ba sxvadasxva<br />
jgufebis urTierTobebSi crurwmenebis daZlevis process. ar SeiZleba CaiTvalo<br />
ganaTlebul politikosad, Tu ara gaqvs daxvewili warmod<strong>ge</strong>na kulturuli<br />
Rirebulebebis gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. praqtikul politikas, romelic ar efuZneba<br />
maTi cxovrebis wesis codnas, vizec aris orientirebuli, warmatebis naklebi<br />
Sansi aqvs. magaliTad, <strong>socialuri</strong> sferos TeTrkaniani mosamsaxure, romelic<br />
muSaobs britanuli qalaqis dasavleTindur seqtorSi, ver daimsaxurebs<br />
mcxovrebTa ndobas, Tu ar aRiqvams arsebul kulturul gansxvavebas, romelic<br />
britaneTSi xSirad ganasxvavebs TeTr da Savkanianebs.<br />
Ppolitikuri qmedebebis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis Sefaseba. Mmesame, sociologiur<br />
gamokvlevas praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs politikuri iniciativebis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis<br />
Sefasebisas. SeiZleba politikuri gardaqmnebis programam ver miaRwios dasaxul<br />
miznebs, an gamoiwvios gauTvaliswinebeli arasasurveli xasiaTis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi.<br />
magaliTad, omis Semdeg, mravali qveynis qalaqebis centralur ubnebSi aSendnen<br />
didi komunaluri saxlebi. varaudobdnen cud pirobebSi myofi<br />
dabalSemosavliani jgufebisaTvis aemaRlebinaT cxovrebis standartebi; aqve<br />
apirebdnen ganeTavsebinaT savaWro da sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis centrebi.<br />
Mmagram gamokvlevebma aCvenes, rom TavianTi sacxovreblebidan maRal saxlebSi<br />
gadasaxlebulebi Tavs izolirebulad da ubedurebad grZnobdnen. maRlivebi da<br />
savaWro raionebi male moiSalnen da kargi niadagi Seuqesn jgufur xulignobsa<br />
da sxva seriozuli danaSauls.<br />
TviTSemecnebis gaRrmaveba. meoTxe, da es albaT yvelaze mTavaria,<br />
sociologias SeuZlia sazogadoebriv jgufebs misces seriozuli codna<br />
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, gazardos maTi TviTga<strong>ge</strong>ba. rac ufro meti ician<br />
adamianebma sakuTari moRvaweobis pirobebis Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor<br />
funqcionrebs sazogadoeba, metia imis albaToba, rom isini SesZleben gavlenas<br />
14
sakuTar cxovrebiseul viTarebebze. araswori iqneba sociologiis praqtikuli<br />
roli gavaigivoT asistentis rolTan politikosisa da politikuri<br />
jgufebisaTvis dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. Zalauflebis<br />
mflobelTagan yovelTvis ar aris mosalodneli araprivilegirebul fenebze<br />
zrunva. maRali donis TviTcnobierebis jgufebs SeuZliaT samTavrobi<br />
Cinovnikebisa da sxva gavleniani personebis qmedebebze efeqturi reagireba,<br />
SeuZliaT win wamoswion sakuTari politikuri iniciativebi. urTierTdaxmarebebis<br />
jgufebi (msgavsad ,,anonimuri alkoholikebisa”) da <strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong> moZraobebi<br />
(magaliTad, qalTa moZraobebi) im <strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong> asociaciebis magaliTebia,<br />
romlebic pirdapir moiTxoven praqtikul reformebs (ix. Tavi 9, ,,jgufebi da<br />
organizaciebi”).<br />
sociologis roli sazogadoebaSi. valdebuli arian Tu ara sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi<br />
Tavadve daicvan da propaganda gauwion praqtikuli gardaqmnebisa da <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
cvlilebebis programebs? zogierTebs miaCniaT, rom sociologias SeuZlia<br />
SeinarCunos obieqturoba Tu sociologi SeinarCunebs neitralitets moralur da<br />
politikur sakiTxebSi, magram ara gvaqvs araviTari safuZveli vifiqroT, rom<br />
moZRvrebebi, romlebic Tavs arideben sazogadoebriv diskusiebs aucileblad<br />
ufro obieqturebi iqnebian <strong>socialuri</strong> problemebis SefasebaSi. Aarsebobs<br />
arsebiTi kavSiri sociologiis Seswavlasa da <strong>socialuri</strong> TviTcnobierebis<br />
gamoRviZebas Soris. arcerTi sociologiasTan axlo mdgomi adamiani ar darCeba<br />
gulgrili uTanasworobis mimarT, romelic dRes aris msoflioSi, bevr<br />
situaciaSi <strong>socialuri</strong> uTanasworobis mimarT, an milionobiT adamianis<br />
uuflebobasTan dakavSirebiT aimaRlebs xmas. sakvirveli iqneba Tu sociologi<br />
ar miiRebs monawileobas praqtikul RonisZiebebSi da aralogikuri da<br />
arapraqtikuli iqneba Seecado aukrZalo maT gamoiyenon TavianTi sociologiuri<br />
gamocdileba.<br />
daskvniTi komentarebi.<br />
Aam TavSi Cven ganvixileT sociologia, rogorc disciplina, romelsac<br />
axasiaTebs Cveni da sxva adamianebis yofis ganmsazRvreli mvlenebis detaluri<br />
SeswavlisaTvis, samyaros pirovnuli, subieqturi xedvis ukugdeba. sociologia,<br />
15
ogorc gansakuTrebuli inteleqtualuri saqmianoba aRmocenda Tanamedrove<br />
industriuli sazogadoebis Casaxvis adrindel etapebze da aseTi sazogadoebebis<br />
Seswavla principulia. Mmagram sociologias saqme aqvs <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
urTierTqmedebebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis<br />
farTo wresTan. Semdeg TavSi Cven SevexebiT adamianuri kulturis nairsaxeobebs<br />
da vnaxavT saocar gansxvavebebs sxvadasxva xalxebis Cvevebsa da tradiciebSi.<br />
amisaTvis Cven dagvWirdeba eqspedicia msoflios irgvlis samogzaurod.<br />
inteleqtualur doneze Cven gavimeorebT qristefore kolumbis, kapitan kukisa da<br />
Tavgadasavlebis sxva maZiebelTa mogzaurobebs msoflios irgvliv. Mmagram,<br />
rogorc sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi Cven ver SevZlebT SevxedoT amas mxolod mogzauris<br />
TvalsazrisiT, rogorc pirvelgzamkvlevTa swrafvebs, radganac am eqspediciebma<br />
gamoiwvies dasavluri eqspansiis procesi, rasac sxva kulturebisaTvis<br />
dramatuli Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi moyva da gavlena iqonia msoflios Semdgom ganviTarebaze.<br />
mokle Sinaarsi.<br />
1. sociologia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc adamianuri sazogadoebis<br />
Seswavla, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba Tanamedrove industriul<br />
sazogadoebebs.<br />
2. sociologia aRmocenda, rogorc bolo 2-3 saukunis ganmavlobaSi moxdari<br />
Rrma cvlilebebis ga<strong>ge</strong>bis mcdeloba. Tanamedrove <strong>socialuri</strong> samyaros<br />
mniSvnelovan niSnebs Soris ariniSneba industrializacia, urbanizmi da<br />
politikuri sistemebis axali tipebi.<br />
3. momxdari cvlilebebi gamoirCevian ara mxolod masStabebiT. Ddidi<br />
cvlilebebi iyo agreTve adamianuri cxovrebis pirovnul da intimur<br />
aspeqtSi. amis magaliTad gamod<strong>ge</strong>ba romantikuli siyvaulis rolis zrda<br />
qorwinebis safuZvelze.<br />
4. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi ikvleven sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, ayeneben garkveul kiTxvebs<br />
da sistematuri gamokvlevebis procesSi cdiloben pasuxebis Camoyalibebas.<br />
Ees sakiTxebi SeiZleba iyos faqtologiuri, SedarebiTi, ganviTarebis an<br />
Teoriuli sakiTxebi. sociologiur gamokvlevebSi gaTvaliswinebul unda<br />
16
iqnas adamianTa qmedebebis winaswargansazRvruli da wanaswarganusazRvreli<br />
Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi.<br />
5. sociologiuri saqmianoba gulisxmobs warmosaxviTi azrovnebis unars da<br />
socialur urTierTobebze winaswar Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebisagan<br />
ganTavisuflebas.<br />
6. sociologia mWidro kavSirSia sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebebTan. Yyvela<br />
<strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong> mecnierebebi ikvleven adamianTa qcevas, magram yuradRebas<br />
amaxvileben mis sxvadasxva aspeqtebze. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
kavSirebi sociologias, anTropologiasa da istorias Soris.<br />
7. sociologia aris mecniereba im azriT, rom iyenebs kvlevis sistematur<br />
meTodebs da Teoriebs ayalibebs arsebul faqtebsa da logikur<br />
argumentaciaze dayrdnobiT. magram SeuZlebelia misi gaigiveba<br />
bunebaTmecnierebebTan, imitom, rom adamianTa qcevebis Seswavla<br />
fundamenntalurad gansxvavdeba bunebrivi samyaros Seswavlisagan.<br />
8. <strong>socialuri</strong> samyaros SeswavlaSi sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi miiswrafian obieqturobisaken,<br />
cdiloben kvlevebSi iyon miukerZoebelni. Oobieqturoba damokidebulia ara<br />
konkretuli mkvlevaris midrekilebebze, magram damokidebulia gamokvlevisa<br />
da Teoriis sajaro Sefasebaze da es aris sociologiis, rogorc<br />
mecnieruli disciplinis arsebiTi niSani.<br />
9. sociologia _ es aris praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani disciplina,<br />
aqvs praqtikuli gamoyeneba. Mmisi wvlili socialur kritikasa da praqtikul<br />
socialur reformebSi vlindeba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. jer-erTi,<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> viTarebis ukeT codna gvaZlevs misi kontrolis met Sanss.<br />
Mmeore, sociologia xels uwyoba Cveni kulturuli aRqmadobis zrdas,<br />
saSualebas gvaZlevs nebismier politikur aqciebSi gaviTvaliswinoT<br />
kulturuli Rirebulebebis gansxvaveba. mesame, Cven SegviZlia garkveuli<br />
politikuri programebis miRebisas vivaraudoT misi (winaswargansazRvruli<br />
da winaswarganusazRvreli) Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi. bolos, da es SeiZleba yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovania, sociologia xels uwyobs TviTSemecnebis ganviTarebas,<br />
aZlevs jgufebsa da individebs TavianTi cxovrebis Secvlis did<br />
SesaZleblobebs.<br />
17
neil smelzeri: Tezisebi sociologiis<br />
arsis Sesaxeb<br />
1. sociologia _ es aris sazogadoebisa da <strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong> urTierTobebis<br />
Seswavla. is monacemebs (faqtebs) iRebs realuri samyarodan da cdilobs<br />
maT axsnas mecnierul analizze dayrdnobiT. sociologiam mecnierebad<br />
Camoyalibeba daiwyo daaxloebiT ori saukunis ukan.<br />
2. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi iyeneben ramodenime ZiriTad midgomas. Demografiuli midgoma<br />
gvaZlevs sazogadoebis daxasiaTebas Sobadobis, sikvdilianobis da<br />
migraciis Seswavlis gziT. fsiqologiuri midgoma aanalizebs adamianTa<br />
qcevebs, qcevis motivebs, azrs, socialur ganwyobas. Koleqtivisturi midgoma<br />
gamoiyeneba jgufebisa da organizaciebis Seswavlisas. meoTxe midgoma<br />
gulisxmoba <strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong> cxovrebis, rogorc <strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong><br />
urTierTobebis Seswavlas. mexuTe, kulturologiuri _ aanalizebs qcevbs<br />
kulturis iseT elementebTan kavSirSi, rogorebicaa <strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong> normebi<br />
da Rirebulebebi.<br />
3. sociologia Seiswavlis sazogadoebas or, mikro da makrodoneze.<br />
mikrosociologia ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmobs adamianTa yoveldRiur<br />
urTierTobebs, makrosociologia ikvlevs sazogadoebis ZiriTad<br />
struqturebs.<br />
4. mikrosociologiur doneze ZiriTadi aris simboluri urTierTqmedebis<br />
(interaqcionizmis) Teoria. am Teoriis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom adamianebi<br />
garkveul mniSvnelobas (simboloebs) aniWeben gare samyaros zemoqmedebas da<br />
metwilad am simboloebze reagireben da ara TviT zemoqmedebaze. warsulis<br />
gamocdileba da yvelas mier gaziarebuli, erTnairad ga<strong>ge</strong>buli simboloebi<br />
aadvileben urTierTobebs.<br />
5. makrosociologiur doneze arsebobs ori Teoria: funqcionalizmi da<br />
konfliqtis Teoria. funqcionalistebi sazogadoebas ganixilaven, rogorc<br />
urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebis sistemas, romelTagan yovelive axdens<br />
gavlenas mTelis funqcionirebaze. sxvadasxva nawilebis normaluri<br />
funqcionirebis Sedegad vRebulobT mdgrad, erTian sazogadoebas.<br />
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konfliqtis Teoriis safuZvels warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns marqsis debuleba, rom<br />
adamianebi ekonomikur sistemaSi maTi adgilebis Sesabamisad, dayofili arian<br />
klasebad da konfliqti am klasebs Soris garduvalia. Kkonfliqtis Teoriis<br />
zogierTi Tanamedrove mimdevari ZiriTad mniSvnelobas aniWebs Zalauflebis<br />
danawilebis sistemas da ara ekonomikur gansxvavebas.<br />
6. sociologiuri gamokvleva iwyeba hipoTeziT _ debulebiT, romelic<br />
varaudobs, rom erTi faqti mizezSedegobrivad aris dakavSirebulia<br />
meoresTan. Teoria aris urTierTSesabamisobaSi moyvanili hipoTezebis<br />
sistema. sociologiuri meTodebi _ es aris wesebi da saSualebebi,<br />
romlebic erTmaneTs gadaabamen faqtebs, hipoTezebsa da Teoriebs.<br />
7. cvladi aris cneba, romelmac SeiZleba miiRos sxvadasxva mniSvneloba.<br />
sociologiis umravlesi gamokvleva cdilobs gamoavlinos romelime<br />
garkveuli movlenis cvlilebebi, es aris damokidebuli cvladi, xolo<br />
Semdeg axsnas es cvlilebebi sxva movlenebTan kavSirSi, es aris<br />
damoukidebeli cvladi.<br />
8. sociologiuri gamokvlevebis ZiriTadi meTodebia SerCeviTi ganxilva,<br />
savele gamokvleva, istoriuli meTodi da eqsperimenti. am meTodebis<br />
gamoyenebiT mkvlevari cdiloba gaakontrolos Sesaswavli movlenis yvela<br />
SesaZlebeli mizezi, ixilavs ra maT cal-calke. Eqsperimentis an sxva<br />
meTodiT kvlevis dros sociologi amcirebs damoukidebeli cvladebis<br />
raodenobas.<br />
9. sociologiis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia politikuri klimati, romelic<br />
xels Seuwyobs mkvlevaris Tavisuflebas, gamokvlevis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bis publikaciis<br />
SesaZleblobas da gamoricxavs represiis muqaras. sociologiis<br />
ganviTarebaze gavlena aqvs sazogadoebriv problemebsa da krizisebs. Tavis<br />
mxriv, sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bis moRvaweoba exmareba sazogadoebas problemebis<br />
dad<strong>ge</strong>nasa da maTdami yuradRebis gamaxvilebaSi.<br />
10. sociologiuri codna sazogadoebaze gavlenas Semdegnairad axdens:<br />
1. specialisti sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi muSaoben saxelmwifoebriv da kerZo<br />
organizaciebSi;<br />
2. sociol<strong>ge</strong>bis mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba sxva sferoebSi;<br />
19
3. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bs SeuZliaT Secvalon adamianTa damokidebuleba<br />
movlenebisadmi, aseve miawvdian informacias <strong>socialuri</strong> politikis<br />
sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad;<br />
4. sociologiuri gamokvlevebi gvexmareba arsebuli <strong>socialuri</strong> politikis<br />
qmediTobis SemowmebaSi.<br />
kultura: ZiriTadi elementebi.<br />
1. kultura aris cxovrebis erTiani wesiT Sekruli adamianebisaTvis saerTo<br />
qcevis wesebisa da samyaroze Sexedulebebis RirebulebaTa sistema.<br />
cxovelTa qceva ZiriTadad gapirobebulia instinqtebiT an <strong>ge</strong>netikuradaa<br />
daprogramebuli, maSin, rodesac adamianTa qcevebi mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
Seswavlis rezultatia. adamianTa sazogadoebaSi kultura asrulebs igive<br />
rols, rasac cxovelTa samyaroSi instinqturi qceva. Kkultura erTi<br />
Taobidan meores gadaecema socializaciis procesSi.<br />
2. kulturas aqvs gavlena pirovnebis formirebaze, e.i, is aregulirebs<br />
pirovnebis qcevas. Ggarda sxva funqciebisa, kultura gansazRvravs pirobebs<br />
sadac SesaZlebelia midrekilebebis dakmayofileba. adamianis qcevaze<br />
kulturis gavlenis SemzRudveli faqtorebia _ adamianis organizmis<br />
biologiuri SesaZleblobebis zRvari, garemomcveli sinamdvilis pirobebi<br />
da <strong>socialuri</strong> wesrigis mxardaWera.<br />
3. zogierTma mkvlevarma, gansakuTrebiT merdokma, meti yuradReba miaqcia<br />
kulturul universaliebs (Tvisebebs, romlebic yvela kulturas<br />
axasiaTebs). xSirad miaCniaT, rom kulturuli universaliebi gapirobebulia<br />
biologiuri faqtorebiT, rogorebicaa, ZuZumwovarTa ususuroba, sakvebis<br />
moTxovnileba da a.S. magram adamianis qcevaze met gavlenas axdens<br />
kulturuli Rirebulebebi da normebi, romelc araferi aqvT saerTo<br />
biologiur moTxovnilebebTan, amitom ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom<br />
kulturis specifikuri aspeqtebi Seesabamebian biologiur moTxovnilebebs.<br />
4. adamianebs axasiaTebT midrekileba sxvisi kulturis SefasebaSi daeyrdnon<br />
TavianT kulturas, am tendencias eTnocentrizmi ewodeba. sapirispiro<br />
tendencias kulturuli relativizmi ewodeba, romlis TvalsazrisiT<br />
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nebismieri kultura SeiZleba ga<strong>ge</strong>bul iqnas mxolod misi sakuTari<br />
Rirebulebebis analizis safuZvelze da misi sakuTar konteqstSi.<br />
5. kultura iwvevs erTianobis, jgufis wevrebis identurobis, erTi<br />
Tanamegobrobisadmi mikuTvnebulobis SegrZnebas. kultura SeiZleba gaxdes<br />
erTi jgufis sxvadasxva qvejgufebsa da pirovnebebs Soris konfliqtis<br />
mizezi, Tu jgufis erT-erTi wevri emxroba SedarebiT gansxvavebul<br />
normebs.<br />
6. gudenaus azriT kultura oTxi elementisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba:<br />
1. cnebebi, aRniSnaven adamianis gamocdilebis organizebis wess;<br />
2. mimarTeba anu warmod<strong>ge</strong>na imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ukavSirdebian<br />
erTmaneTs adamianTa gamocdilebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi;<br />
3. Rirebulebebi anu zogadi Sexedulebebi miznebze, romliskenac<br />
adamianebi unda miiswrafodnen;<br />
4. wesebi da normebi, romlebic aregulireben adamianebis qcevebs da moyavT<br />
isini maTi kulturis RirebulebebTan SesabamisobaSi. individebi icaven<br />
normebs, e.i. adamianuri urTierTobebis molodini an moTxovnebi, romlebic<br />
sanqciebiT aris gamagrebuli (mxedvelobaSia <strong>socialuri</strong> dasja an<br />
waxaliseba).<br />
7. ena aris xmebisa da simboloebis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli<br />
komunikaciis, romelTac aqvT pirobiTi, magram mkacrad struqturirebuli<br />
mniSvneloba. enis daufleba SeuZlebelia <strong>socialuri</strong> urTierqmedebebis<br />
gareSe; mas aqvs garkveuli wesebi; is qmnis da awesri<strong>ge</strong>bs gamocdilebas da<br />
fuqcionirebs im mniSvnelobebis safuZvelze, romelic miRebulia am enaze<br />
molaparake adamianebis mier.<br />
8. ideologia aris garkveuliRirebulebebisa da faqtebis damfuZnebeli<br />
sistema. ideologia anxorcielebs mraval funqcias. magaliTad, emsaxureba<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> daZabulobis Senelebas, romlebic Tavs iCenen maSin, rodesac<br />
adamianebi aRmoaCenen, rom zogierTi, maT mier gaziarebuli Rirebulebebi<br />
ar Seesatyvisebian maT realur cxovrebas. ideologiebs SeuZliaT agreTve<br />
gamoxaton an daicvan romelime <strong>socialuri</strong> jgufebis interesebi.<br />
Mmarqsizmis TvalsazrisiT ideologia an amarTlebs romelime jgufis<br />
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arsebobas an ibrZvis mis winaaRmdeg. ideologia aniWebs sazriss da<br />
kanonierebas adamianTa qcevebs.<br />
9. erTianobis garkveuli niSnebis garda kulturebs Soris SesaZlebeli<br />
gansxvavebebi da Tavs iCenen konfliqtebi. sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bma gamoavlines<br />
kulturis konfliqtebis ramodenime saxe. Aanomia ewodeba <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
normebis bundovani xasiaTis gamo kulturis erTianobis rRvevas.<br />
kulturuli Seyovneba SeimCneva im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac cvlilebebi<br />
materialuri kulturis sferoSi win uswreben aramaterialuri kulturis<br />
SesaZleblobebs SeinarCunon Sesabamisoba materialuri kulturis donesTan.<br />
Uucxo kulturis batonobas mivyevarT kulturebis Sejaxebis formiT<br />
gamovlenili sxvadasxva struqturis mqone konfliqtebisaken.<br />
5. me XX saukunisaTvis Camoyalibda kulturis ori ZiriTadi forma: maRali<br />
kultura, gulisxmobs daxvewil xelovnebas, klasikur musikas da<br />
literaturas, is iqmneboda da aRiqmeboda elitis warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlebis mier;<br />
ubralo xalxis kulturas ganekuTvneboda zRaprebi, folklori, simRerebi,<br />
miTebi. Mmasobrivi informaciis saSualebebis ganviTarebam Seqmna masobrivi<br />
kulturis gaCenis SesaZleblobebi, romelic yuradRebas ar aqcevs<br />
regionalur, religiur an klasobriv subkulturebs.<br />
6. normebisa da Rirebulebebis sistemas, romelic ganasxvavebs romelime<br />
jgufs ufro farTo erTobisagan, ewodeba subkultura. subkultura ar<br />
uaryofs umravlesobis kulturas, magram garkveuli saxiT ganze dgas<br />
misgan. kontrkultura aris subkulturis nairsaxeoba, romelic<br />
upirispirdeba gabatonebul kulturas. Kkontrkultura miiswrafvis<br />
Camoayalibos normebi da Rirebulebebi, romlebic upirispirdebian<br />
gabatonebuli kulturis ZiriTad aspeqtebs.<br />
7. tradiciul amerikul Rirebulebebs Soris unda aRiniSnos swrafva<br />
pirovnuli warmatebebisaken, aqtiuroba da Tavdadebuli Sroma, efeqturoba<br />
da sar<strong>ge</strong>blianoba, progresi, materialuri keTildreoba da mecnierebis<br />
pativiscema. rismansa da mis kole<strong>ge</strong>bs miaCniaT, rom es Rirebulebebi<br />
eqvemdebarebian cvalebadobas, rom adamianebi scildebian tradiciul<br />
,,Sinagan kulturas” da TandaTanobiT SeimuSaveben ,,gareSe Rirebulebebis”<br />
sistemas. Bbelma Seiswavla Cveni sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris<br />
22
egocentrozmis zrda, rac imiTaa gapirobebuli, rom cxovrebis mravali<br />
aspeqti regulirdeba institutebis mier, rac ver uzrunvelyofs sakuTari<br />
,,me”-s dad<strong>ge</strong>nas.<br />
8. amerikelTa zogierTi Rirebulebebi winaaRmdegobaSi modian teqnologiaSi<br />
mimdinare cvlilebebTan, resursebis gamofitvasTan, mrewvelobisa da<br />
adamianebis keTildReobis donis klebasTan. Mmagram, Cven darwmunebuli<br />
varT, rom iseTi Rirebulebebi, rogoricaa swrafva warmatebisaken,<br />
optimizmi da Tavdadebuli Sroma, Rrmadaa gamjdari amerikul kulturaSi.<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> struqtura:<br />
1. statusi ewodeba adamianis pozicias sazogadoebaSi garkveuli uflebebiTa da<br />
movaleobebiT. Aadamians SeiZleba qondes ramdenime statusi, magram erT-erTi<br />
maTgani, romelic mTavaria, gansazRvravs adamianis adgils sazogadoebaSi.<br />
dabadebidan miRebul statuss miwerili (Tandayolili) ewodeba; statuss,<br />
romelsac SeiZens raimes ganxorcielebis Sedegad ewodeba miRweuli.<br />
2. roli _ es aris garkveul statusTan dakavSirebuli mosalodneli qceva.<br />
mocemuli statusisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rolebis erTobliobas roluri<br />
sistema ewodeba. Cveni rolebi gansazRvrulia sxva adamianebis molodiniT.<br />
zogierTi mosalodneli, magaliTad, kanoni, aris formaluri, sxva, vTqvaT,<br />
magidasTan qcevis normebi _ araformaluria. rodesac adamianis qceva<br />
Seesabameba roliT mosalodnels, is Rebulobs socialur waxalisebas (fuls<br />
an pativiscemas 3.parsonsma, xuT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebze dayrdnobiT gaakeTa<br />
rolebis klasifikacia. 1.zogierTo rolebi moiTxoven emociur TavSekavebas,<br />
maSin, rodesac sxva roli uSvebs grZnobaTa aSkarad gamoxatvas. 2.arseboben<br />
miwerili rolebi, arsebobs miRweulic.<br />
3. zogierTi roli SezRudulia, sxvebi difuzuri xasiaTisaa..zogierTi roli<br />
gulisxmobs adamianebTan urTierTobas formaluri wesebiT, sxvebi nebas<br />
rTaven daamyaron araformaluri piradi urTierTobebi 5.gansxvavebuli<br />
rolebi dakavSirebulia gansxvavebul motivaciasTan.<br />
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4. arc erTi roli (formaluri Tu araformaluri) ar warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns qcevis<br />
mkacrad fiqsirebul models. ufro ki qceva aris Sedegi mocemuli pirovnebis<br />
mier roluri molodinis ga<strong>ge</strong>bisa. simboluri interaqcionizmisa da<br />
eTnomeTodologiis momxreni xazs usvamen roliT mosalodnelsa da individis<br />
qcevas Soris kavSiris moqnil xasiaTs.<br />
5. rodesac adgili aqvs ori an meti Seusabamo rolebis<br />
urTierTdapirispirebul moTxovnebs, Cndeba roluri konfliqti. erTi da<br />
igive roliT Seqmnili dapirispirebuli moTxovnebi SeiZleba gaxdes roluri<br />
daZabulobis mizezi. Aarsebobs roluri konfliqtis daZlevis ramdenime<br />
saSualeba: zogierTi rolebi unda CaiTvalos sxva rolebze mniSvnelovnad;<br />
ganacalkevo saxli da samuSao adgili da aseve rolebi aq; konfliqturi<br />
situaciis ganmuxtvas xels uwyob xumroba.<br />
6. institutebi ewodeba garkveuli <strong>socialuri</strong> moTxovnilebebis<br />
dasakmayofileblad gamiznuli rolebisa da statusebis erTobliobas.<br />
adamianebi ver iarsebeben grZelvadiani koleqtivebis Seqmnis gareSe. marqss<br />
miaCnda, rom TavianTi materialuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad<br />
adamianebi qmnian pirobebs erToblivad organizebuli moRvaweobis wyalobiT,<br />
amis gareSe sazogadoeba ver iarsebebda. gamoyofen sazogadoebis<br />
arsebobisaTvis aucilebel eqvs elements: 1.urTierToba mis wevrebs Soris;<br />
2.saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba; 3.ganawileba; 4.sazogadoebis wevrTa<br />
dacva; 5.gamoklebul wevrTa Secvla; 6.maTi qcevis kontroli.<br />
7. saqonlis warmoebisaTvis aucilebelia oTxi saxis <strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong> resursi:<br />
miwa, Sroma, kapitali da organizacia. erTi an ramdenime <strong>socialuri</strong><br />
moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad <strong>sazogadoebrivi</strong> resursebis gamoyenebis<br />
mizniT, institutebi qmnian adamianTa erToblivi moRvaweobis mdgrad formebs.<br />
institutebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani funqciaa adamianTa moRvaweobis<br />
stabilizacia, romlis safuZvelze yalibdeba roluri qcevis metnaklebad<br />
myari modelebi.<br />
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8. sityva ,,sazogadoebas” aqvs bevri gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba. marSi Seecada<br />
gaerkvia pirobebi, rodesac <strong>socialuri</strong> gaerTianeba iqceva sazogadoebad. es<br />
pirobebia: 1.mudmivi teritoria; 2.sazogadoebis Sevseba ZiriTadad Sobadobis<br />
xarjze; 3.ganviTarebuli kultura; 4.,,politikuri” damoukidebloba. Gg.lenski<br />
da j.lenski gvaZleven sazogadoebis klasifikacias, dafuZnebuls arsebobis<br />
saSualebebis mopovebis formebze: monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoeba,<br />
mebaReobis, agraruli da samrewvelo.<br />
9. tionisi ikvlevda adamianTa kavSirebis Taviseburebebs tradiciul da<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi da Semoitana ,,<strong>ge</strong>mainSaftisa” da ,,<strong>ge</strong>zelSaftis”<br />
cnebebi. Ppirveli niSnavs glexTa Tems, meore ki industriul, qalaqur<br />
sazogadoebas. maT Soris Semdegi ZiriTadi gansxvavebebia:<br />
1. ,,<strong>ge</strong>mainSaftis” tipis sazogadoebaSi adamianebi cxovroben Temuri<br />
aucileblobebiT, ,,<strong>ge</strong>zelSaftSi” _ yoveli efuZneba pirad mo<strong>ge</strong>bas;<br />
2. pirveli efuZneba tradiciul zne-Cveulebebs, meore _ formalur kanonebs;<br />
3. pirvelSi SezRudulia specializacia, meoreSi yalibdeba<br />
specializirebuli profesionaluri rolebi;<br />
4. pirveli efuZneba religiur, meore ki saero Rirebulebebs;<br />
5. pirveli tipis sazogadoebis mTavari institutebia ojaxi da Temi, meore<br />
tipis sazogadoebis safuZvelia didi korporaciebi, adamianTa<br />
asociaciuri gaerTianebebi.<br />
სოციალური ჯგუფი და ორგანიზაცია:<br />
jgufi ewodeba adamianTa erTobas, romlebsac axasiaTebT urTierTobis<br />
garkveuli saxe, grZnoben TavianT mikuTvnebulobas am jgufisadmi da sxvebis<br />
mier aRiqmebian am jgufis wevrebad. Cven xSirad vxsniT ama Tu im adamianis<br />
qcevas misi romelime jgufis wevrobiT, amas xSirad dausabuTebladac<br />
vakeTebT.<br />
25
pirveladi jgufebi Sed<strong>ge</strong>bian mcire raodenobis adamianebisagan, romelTa<br />
erTmaneTTan uSualo urTierTmoqmedeba efuZneba maT individualur<br />
Taviseburebebs. pirveladi jgufebis magaliTebia ojaxi, megobruli wre an<br />
nebismieri jgufi, romlis wevrebs Soris Camoyalibda Rrma emociuri<br />
urTierToba. misgan gansxvavebiT meoradi jgufi Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba adamianebisagan<br />
romelTa Soris Camoyalibebulia susti emociuri urTierToba; maTi<br />
urTierToba eqvemdebareba raime miznis miRwevas. Ppirovnebis individualur,<br />
ganumeorebel Tvisebebs araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvT meoradi jgufebis<br />
funqcionirebisaTvis. zogjer pirvelad jgufebi yalibdebian meoradi jgufis<br />
SigniT, zogierTi pirovnebebisagan.<br />
Mmiuxedavad meoradi jgufebis batonobisa Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,<br />
pirveladi jgufebi kvlav rCebian mniSvnelovan damakavSirebel Zalad<br />
adamiansa da cxovrebis ufro formalur, organizaciul mxares Soris.<br />
mecnierebma aRmoaCine e.w. hotornis efeqti, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs,<br />
rom jgufis kvlevis TviT faqti, zemoqmedebs jgufis wevrebis qcevebze. Aam<br />
da sxva aRmoCenebis wyalobiT maT gaakeTes daskvna, rom Sromis sferoSi<br />
,,adamianuri faqtori” mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.<br />
jgufi _ es aris yvelaze maRalorganizebuli primtebis, adamianis<br />
CaTvliT, gadarCenis safuZveli. socializaciis garda jgufSi sxva mravali<br />
funqciacaa. instrumentaluri jgufi iqmneba garkveuli samuSaos<br />
Sesasruleblad, maSin, rodesac eqspresiuli jgufi iqmneba misi wevrebis<br />
emociuri moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.<br />
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs jgufis zoma. Ddiadebi (ori adamianisagan<br />
Semdgari jgufebi), triadebi (sami adamianisagan Semdgari jgufebi), luw da<br />
kentricxovani jgufebi gansxvavebulad, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebiT<br />
funqcionireben. xuTkacian jgufebs Cveulebriv ar awuxebT is problemebi,<br />
romlbic sxva jgufebs sicocxles uwamlaven.<br />
organizacia:<br />
rTul sazogadoebebSi garkveuli miznebis misaRwevad Cndeba mravali<br />
organizaciis an didi meoradi jgufebis Seqmnis aucilebloba.<br />
26
Qqarizmatuli jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc damakavSirebeli<br />
pirvelad jgufebsa da organizaciebs Soris. Tavidan es jgufebi<br />
xsasiaTdebian cvalebadobiT da Zlier liderze damokidebulebiT. wesebisa da<br />
tradiciebis Camoyalibebis kvaldakval jgufi gadaiqceva ufro mowseri<strong>ge</strong>bul<br />
organizaciad.<br />
Qqarizmis rutinizacia _ es termini veberma SemoiRo organizaciis<br />
struqturis ganviTarebis aRsaniSnavad, romelic sami etapisagan Sed<strong>ge</strong>ba:<br />
kristalizacia, aRiareba da institucionalizacia. Aam procesis dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg yalibdeba mdgradi nimuSebi, romlis safuZvelzec xorcieldeba<br />
jgufis wevrebis urTierToba erTmaneTTan da sxvebTan.<br />
nebayoflobiTi organizaciebi xasiaTdebian sami ZiriTadi niSniT:<br />
1. maTi mizania wevrebis saerTo interesebis dacva;<br />
2. organizaciis wevroba nebayoflobiTia;<br />
3. organizacias ara aqvs kavSiri samTavrobo organizaciebTan.<br />
totaluri institutebi ki piriqiT, iqmnebian saxelmwifoebrivi,<br />
religiuri da sxva organizaciebis interesebis dacvis mizniT. gofmani<br />
totalur institutebs dayofs ramdenime tipad:<br />
4. saavadmyofoebi, sanatoriumebi, saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi;<br />
5. sakoncentracio banakebi, sapyrobileebi;<br />
6. samxedro yazarmebi, <strong>ge</strong>mebi, daxuruli saswavlo organizaciebi;<br />
7. qalTa da mamakacTa monastrebi da TavSesafarvebi.<br />
biurokratia aris organizacia, romlis saqmianobaSi gaTvaliswinebulia:<br />
rolebis danawileba da Sesabamisi adgili Zalauflebis ierarqiaSi.<br />
Sromis danawileba,<br />
daqvemdebarebis garkveuli wesrigi,<br />
sajaro kancelariis arseboba,<br />
specialistTa da saStato TanamSromelTa momzadebis formaluri meTodebis<br />
gamoyeneba,<br />
garkveuli wesebis dad<strong>ge</strong>na,<br />
TanamSromelTa mxridan organizaciis aRiarebis molodini.<br />
27
am Taviseburebebis gamo prognozirebadia biurokratiuli aparatis<br />
TanamSromelTa qcevebi da iZleva saSualebas maTi saqmianobis<br />
koordinaciisaTvis.<br />
biurokratia gulisxmobs Sromis specializacias, romlis CarCoebSi yovel<br />
TanamSromels naTlad aqvs dad<strong>ge</strong>nili Tavisi saqme. Ees gadasvla<br />
araspecializirebuli Sromidan specializirebulze xels uwyoba warmoebis<br />
zrdas da konfliqtebis mogvarebis saqmes. Bbiurokratiul aparatSi gavlenis<br />
mopoveba damokidebulia informaciis flobaze; wamyvan specialistebs didi<br />
gavlena aqvT, radgan isini akontroleben informaciis gavrcelebas.<br />
wesebi gansazRvraven Tu ras elodeba administracia<br />
TanamSromelebisagan; maTi gamoyenebis wyalobiT mcirdeba pirdapiri<br />
zedamxedvelobis aucilebloba. wesebis sxva funqciebi gulisxmoben<br />
administraciis moTxovnebis mitanas TanamSromlebamde, yvela donis<br />
TanamSromlis saqmianobis marTvas, dasjis dasabuTebas, wesebisagan gadaxvevis<br />
SesaZleblobas da daTmobebs xelmZRvanelobis mxridan.<br />
organizaciis erT-erTi naklia gaurkvevloba miznebsa da maTi miRwevis<br />
meTodebSi. organizaciaSi, romelsac saqme aqvs adamianebTan da ara usulo<br />
sagnebTan Znelia iwinaswarmetyvelo ama Tu im qmedebis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bi.<br />
Oorganizaciis sirTuleze gavlena aqvs iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa misi<br />
zoma, teqnikuri aRWurviloba, garemomcveli <strong>socialuri</strong> sinamdvile da<br />
profesionalebis Sromis gamoyeneba. naklebad rTul organizaciebs axasiaTebs<br />
Zalauflebis centralizaciis tendencia da novaciebis SezRudva.<br />
organizacia Cveulebriv xasiaTdeba sakuTari cxovrebiT. Oorganizaciis<br />
paTologiis zogierT simptomebs Soris unda aRiniSnos wesebis gansakuTrebiT<br />
mkacri dacva da organizaciis didmasStabiani miznebis miviwyeba.<br />
Zalauflebisadmi brma morCilebis mTavari mizezia Aadamianebs Soris<br />
usaxuri mimarTeba. maTi Sromis Sede<strong>ge</strong>bisagan muSakebis gansxvisebis gziT,<br />
biurokratias SeuZlia Seqmnas raRac neitraluri sivrce, Zalze xelsayreli<br />
adamianebis dasamorCileblad.<br />
iracionalur konfliqts organizaciis SigniT maSin aqvs adgili,<br />
rodesac muSakebis individualuri Taviseburebebi gavlenas axdenen maT<br />
saqmian kontaqtebze yvela rangis Tanamdebobebis pirebTan. Pracionaluri<br />
28
konfliqtis SesaZlebloba Cadebulia yvela organizaciis struqturaSi;<br />
racionaluri konfliqti arsebobs sami ZiriTadi formiT:<br />
1. konfliqti iribad konkurirebad qvejgufebs Soris;<br />
2. konfliqti uSualod konkurirebad qvejgufebs Soris;<br />
3. konfliqti ierarqiis SigniT, rasac iwvevs dasajildoebelTa SerCeva.<br />
aseTi konfliqtebis regulireba Semdegnairad xorcieldeba:<br />
TanamSromlebTan normaluri, adamianuri urTierTobebis aRd<strong>ge</strong>niT;<br />
kooptaciis safuZvelze, anu zogierTi konfliqturi TanamSromlis miwveva<br />
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad; organizaciis struqturis Secvla.<br />
Oorganizaciis cxovreba asaxavs sazogadoebis struqturas mTlianad.<br />
iseTma faqtorebma, rogorebicaa kanis feri, sqesi da eTnikuri warmomavloba,<br />
SeiZleba iseTive gavlena iqonios adamianebze organizaciis SigniT, rogorica<br />
aqvs mis gareT.<br />
miuxedavad biurokratiis naklovanebebisa, Cven imdenad gavxdiT masze<br />
damokidebuli, rom, albaT, SeuZlebelia uimisoba. amitom momavalSi Cven<br />
gvelodeba biurokratiuli sivrcis ufro gafarToeba.<br />
სოციალიზაცია, რესოციალიზაცია:<br />
socializacias e.i. gzebsa da saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac<br />
adamianebi iZenen gamocdilebas da iTviseben maTi <strong>socialuri</strong> rolebis<br />
Sesabamis ganwyobebs, normebs da Rirebulebebs, ori mizani aqvs: xeli Seuwyos<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> rolebis safuZvelze Cvens urTierTobebs, da uzrunvelyos<br />
sazogadoebis arseboba am sazogadoebis sxva wevrTa mier masSi arsebuli<br />
qcevisa da moqmedebis wesebisa da nimuSebis aTvisebis wyalobiT.<br />
adamianebs TiTqmis ar aqvT qcevis TanSobili modelebi, magram maT yvela<br />
cocxal arsebaze metad axasiaTebT rTuli Cvevebi (magaliTad enis) aTvisebis<br />
unari. kulturuli Rirebulebebi – dawyebuli kanonebidan kargi tonis<br />
dauwereli wesebiT damTavrebuli – aregulireben adamianTa qcevebsa da<br />
miswrafebebs.<br />
sociolo<strong>ge</strong>bi amtkiceben, rom <strong>ge</strong>netikuri midrekilebebis erToblioba<br />
xels uwyoben an akaveben Cveni qcevebis mimdinareobas. am Tvalsazrisis<br />
29
Sesabamisad qcevis iseTi tipebi, rogorebicaa altruizmi, gapirobebulia imiT,<br />
rom isini xels uwyoben saxeTa gadarCenas, arsebobas, maSin rodesac sisxlis<br />
aRreva amas zians ayenebs. kritikosebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom ar arsebobs<br />
raime dasabuTeba imisa, rom qcevis gansazRvruli saxeebi <strong>ge</strong>netikurad arian<br />
ganpirobebulni. es Teoria ar iTvaliswinebs imas, rom adamianTa qcevebze did<br />
gavlenas axdens simboloTa gamoyenebisa da bWoba-gaazrebis unari.<br />
iseT faqtorTa urTierToba, rogorebicaa adamianis fizikuri Tvisebebi,<br />
garemo, individualuri gamocdileba da kultura qmnian kidec unikalur<br />
pirovnebas. C. kuli Tvlida, rom pirovneba yalibdeba `sarkiseburi me~-s<br />
wyalobiT, anu imis interpretaciis meSveobiT, rasac Cvenze fiqroben, amboben,<br />
grZnoben sxvebi. j. midis Tanaxmad pirovnebis formirebis procesi moicavs sam<br />
stadias: 1) imitacia, anu bavSvebis mier zrdasrulTa qcevebis kopireba, 2)<br />
TamaSis stadia, rodesac bavSvebi adamianebis qcevebs aRiqvaven rogorc<br />
rolebis Sesrulebas, 3) jgufuri TamaSis stadia, rodesac bavSvebi<br />
acnobiereben adamianTa mTeli jgufis molodinebs.<br />
froidis mier SemoTavazebuli, pirovnebis ganviTarebis Teoriis Tanaxmad,<br />
pirovneba moicavs sam elements: id-s _ energiis wyaros romelic<br />
siamovnebisaken miswrafebiT ikvebeba; ego-s, romelic `realobis principis~<br />
safuZvelze akontrolebs pirovnebis qcevebs da `superegos~ _ romelic<br />
zneobriv da SefasebiT funqciebs asrulebs. pirovnebis am sami elementis<br />
formireba oTxi stadiis Tanmimdevrul gavlas gulisxmobs: oraluris,<br />
analuris, falosurisa da sqesobrivi simwifis stadiebisas. TiToeuli<br />
maTgani dakavSirebulia sxeulis gansxvavebul nawilTan, romelsac<br />
ero<strong>ge</strong>nulobas uwodeben.<br />
6. piaJes kognituri ganviTarebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi gadian<br />
Tanamedrove stadiebis rigs, romelTa procesSi isini im axal unarebs<br />
iTviseben, romlebic gansazRvraven maTTvis SesaZlebeli Semecnebis sazRvrebs.<br />
stadiebi erTmaneTis mkacri TanmimdevrulobiT cvlian:<br />
a) sensomotoruli (dabadebidan or wlamde);<br />
b) operacionaluri (oridan Svid wlamde);<br />
g) konkretuli operaciebis stadia (Svididan TerTmet wlamde) da<br />
d) formaluri operaciebis stadia (Tormetidan TxuTmet wlamde).<br />
30
esocializacia<br />
principi, romlis Tanaxmadac pirovnebis ganviTareba mTeli sicocxlis<br />
manZilze aRmavali xaziT miemarTeba da i<strong>ge</strong>ba gavlilis damagrebisa da<br />
ganmtkicebis safuZvelze, ar aris gadaulaxavi. magram pirovnebis adre<br />
Camoyalibebuli Tvisebebi, ar aris gamaradisebuli qvaSi. resocializacia<br />
ewodeba axali Rirebulebebis, rolebis, unar-Cvevebis aTvisebas Zveli,<br />
adrindeli, arasakmarisad aTvisebuli an ukve moZvelebuli rolebis nacvlad.<br />
resocializacia saqmianobis mraval saxes moicavs – kiTxvis unaris<br />
gaumjobesebidan dawyebuli da muSaTa profesiuli gadamzadebiT damTavrebuli.<br />
fsiqoTerapiac aseve resocializaciis erTerTi formaa. misi zemoqmedebis qveS<br />
adamianebi cdiloben gaerkvnen TavianT konfliqtebSi da am ga<strong>ge</strong>bis safuZvelze<br />
Secvalon TavianTi saqcieli da qceva.<br />
11. socializaciis a<strong>ge</strong>ntebs Soris aRsaniSnavia masobrivi informaciis<br />
saSualebebisa da skolebis roli. zogierTi satelevizio programa afarToebs<br />
bavSvebis SemecnebiT unarebs, maSin rodesac zogierTma gadacemam SeiZleba<br />
uaryofiTi qcevebis stimulireba gamoiwvios. aziarebs ra iseT Rirebulebebs,<br />
rogoricaa patriotizmi, skola amzadebs maT sazogadoebis sxva Rirebulebebis<br />
asaTviseblad.<br />
დევიაცია, ანომია,<br />
vcadoT deviacia ganvsazRvroT rogorc jgufuri normebisagan gadaxra,<br />
romelsac mosdevs izolacia, mkurnaloba, dapatimreba an sxva sasjeli.<br />
mocemuli gansazRvrebis safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia deviaciis sami ZiriTadi<br />
komponenti gamovyoT:<br />
adamiani, romelsac gansazRvruli qceva axasiaTebs;<br />
molodini, anu norma, romelic devianturi qcevis Sefasebis kriteriumia, da<br />
romeliRac meore adamiani, jgufi an organizacia, romlebic qcevaze reagireben.<br />
adamianTa cxovrebis regulaciaSi mniSvnelovan rols <strong>socialuri</strong> wesebi da<br />
normebi TamaSoben. normebi marTaven maT qcevebs, maT ician Tu ras unda<br />
moelodnen sxvebisgan da maTgan ras moelian. adamianTa cxovrebiseuli<br />
gamocdileba (e.i. maTi kmayofileba Tu imedis gacrueba), metnaklebad<br />
31
Seesatyviseba <strong>socialuri</strong> normebiT ganpirobebul molodinebs. magram<br />
radikaluri <strong>socialuri</strong> cvlilebebis, magaliTad saqmiani aqtiurobis dacemis<br />
an Seukavebeli inflaciis dros cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba ukve aRar<br />
Seesatyviseba socialur normebSi ganxorcielebul - gamoxatul idealebs.<br />
yovelive amis Sedegad adamianebi dabneulobisa da dezorientaciis<br />
mdgomareobas ganicdian.. moulodneli dacema an aRmasvla dakavSirebulia<br />
“wesrigis darRvevasTan”. <strong>socialuri</strong> normebi ingreva, adamianebi kargaven<br />
orientacias da - yvelaferi es xels uwyobs deviantur qcevas.<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> dezorganizacia devianturi qcevebis mizezia, sayovelTaod<br />
aRiarebul raimed iTvleba. termini “<strong>socialuri</strong> dezorganizacia” aRniSnavs<br />
sazogadoebis iseT mdgomareobas, rodesac kulturuli Rirebulebebi, normebi da<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong><br />
urTierTkavSirebi ufasurdebian, sustdebian an erTmaneTs ewinaamRde<strong>ge</strong>bian<br />
სტრატიფიკაცია და სოციალური მობილობა,<br />
ganzogadebuli saxiT es gamoiyureba Semdegnairad:<br />
uTanasworoba _ esaa pirobebi, romlis drosac adamianebs araTanabari<br />
xelmisawvdomoba aqvT iseTi <strong>socialuri</strong> sikeTeebisadmi, rogorebicaa: fuli,<br />
Zalaufleba da prestiJi.<br />
stratifikacia _ dakavSirebulia im wesebTan, romelTa meSveobiTac<br />
uTanasworoba erTi Taobidan meores gadaecema. am dros yalibdeba sazogadoebis<br />
gansxvavebuli fenebi.<br />
klasi _ ganpirobebulia im jgufTa arsebobiT, romelsac araTanabrad<br />
miuwvdebaT xeli simdidresa da Zalauflebaze, romlebic aseve araTanabari<br />
prestiJiT sar<strong>ge</strong>bloben. sazogadoebaSi dakavebuli adgili da mdgomareoba<br />
klasebs zogjer Zlieri gavlenis mqone politikur jgufebad aqcevs.<br />
vertikaluri an horizontaluri mobiloba.<br />
vertikaluri mobiloba aris individis <strong>socialuri</strong> mdgomareobis cvlileba,<br />
romelsac Tan axlavs statusis momateba an misi daqveiTeba. rodesac adamiani<br />
SedarebiT maRal statuss iZens, es aris aRmavali vertikaluri mobiloba; Tu<br />
32
misi daqveiTeba xdeba, maSin daRmaval vertikalur mobilobasTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />
(mdivnis xelmZRvanel postze daniSvna da piriqiT).<br />
rac Seexeba horizontalur mobilobas, es aris <strong>socialuri</strong> mdgomareobis<br />
cvlileba ise, rom statusi ar icvleba (erTi samsaxuridan meoreSi gadayvana<br />
igive Tanamdebobaze).<br />
Ppolitikuri wyoba<br />
politikuri wyoba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc ideologiisa da<br />
institutebis erToblioba, romelic axdens politikuri moRvaweobis formirebas<br />
sazogadoebis SigniT. politikuri sistemis safuZvelSi devs Zalauflebis cneba.<br />
Zalaufleba gulisxmobs SesaZleblobas, sakuTari neba ganavrco sxvaze, da<br />
moaxdino resursebis mobilizeba dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad.<br />
Zala es aris fizikuri zemoqmedebis gamoyeneba sxvebze sakuTari nebis gavrcobis<br />
mizniT. Zlieri avtoriteti SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT rogorc legitimuri da<br />
institucionalur-samxedro Zalaufleba.<br />
veberma gamoyo batonobis sami tipi:<br />
xarizmuli,<br />
tradiciuli da<br />
racionalur-legaluri.<br />
saxelmwifo - es aris sazogadoebis nawili, romelic flobs resursebisa da<br />
saSualebebis gadanawilebisaTvis saWiro Zalauflebas, Zalas da avtoritets.<br />
<strong>socialuri</strong> konfliqtis momxreebi saxelmwifos ganxilvis dros ZiriTad<br />
yuradRebas amaxvileben sxvadasxva jgufebis brZolaze SuzRuduli<br />
resursebisaTvis, maSin roca funqcionalizmis TeoriaSi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba politikuri Zlauflebis im aspeqtebs, romlebic dafuZnebulia<br />
TanamSromlobaze. marqsi saxelmwifos ganixilavda rogorc mmarTveli klasis<br />
Zalauflebis dacvisa da gaZlierebis saSualebas. funqcionalisti parsonsi<br />
gulisxmobs, rom sazogadoeba axdens adamianuri bunebis civilizirebas da<br />
moralur srulyofas. misi azriT politikuri cxovreba warmoad<strong>ge</strong>ns ufro<br />
koordinaciis process da ara klasebs Soris brZolas resursebis<br />
gakontrolebis mizniT.<br />
33
totalitaruli saxelmwifos liderebi iswrafvis qveynis da xalxis sruli<br />
kontrolisaTvis. isini cdilobs gza gadauRobos Zalauflebisaken nebismier<br />
jgufs da xeli SeuSalos gaxdes Suamavali mTavrobasa da qveynis moqalaqeebs<br />
Soris. totalitaruli saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia eqvsi ZiriTadi<br />
Tavisebureba.: ideologiis farTo gamoyeneba, erTpartiuli sistema, teroris<br />
gamoyeneba, masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa kontroli, iaraRis gankargva da<br />
ekonomikis marTva. amgvarad totalitaruli sistema Slis zRvars sazogadoebriv<br />
da pirovnul sferos Soris da Trgunavs individualur iniciativas. saxelmwifo<br />
cdilobs absoluturad daimorCilos moqalaqeebi sazogadoebaSi yvela sxva<br />
institutis kontrolisa da daTrgunvis gziT.<br />
avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia monarqis an<br />
diqtatoris xelSi, romelic marTavs Zalis gamoyenebiT. politikuri partiebi da<br />
ideologia TamaSobs gansazRvrul rols, magram totalitarul sazogadoebaSi<br />
ganxorcielebulia ufro mkacri kontroli cxovrebis yvela aspeqtTan<br />
mimarTebaSi.<br />
warmomad<strong>ge</strong>nlobiT demokratia, es aris saxelmwifos forma, romlis pirobebSic<br />
xalxi axdens gansazRvruli vadiT sakuTari Zalauflebis delegirebas arCeul<br />
pirebze, romlebic raRac periodis Semdeg gadarCevas eqvemdebarebian. aseTi<br />
saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi Tavisebureba: individualizmis<br />
didi mniSvneloba, konstitucionaluri mmarTvelobis arseboba, marTulTa<br />
mmarTveloba, loialuri opozicia.<br />
politikuri socializacia wamoad<strong>ge</strong>ns evoluciur process, romlis<br />
ganmavlobaSic bavSvebi da mozardebi iTviseben ideebs, cxovrebiseul poziciebs<br />
da qcevis modelebs, romelic damaxasiaTebelia maT garSemo arsebuli<br />
politikuri garemosaTvis. socializaciis ZiriTadi a<strong>ge</strong>ntebia _ ojaxi, skola da<br />
Tanatolebi.<br />
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