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avtoris stili daculiaivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetihumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetiqarTuli literaturaana imnaiSviliXX saukunis 90-iani wlebis qarTuli prozis tendenciebi(postsabWoTa Taoba)ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis filologiisdoqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenilid i s e r t a c i asamecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,asocirebuli profesori Tamar pauWaZefilologiis mecnierebaTa doqtorimanana kvaWantiraZeTbilisi20101
sarCeviSesavali 3Tavi Iliteratura da 90-iani wlebis sociokulturulisivrce15Tavi IIpostmodernizmis Teoriuli gaazrebisaTvis 32II.1. postmodernizmis zogadi daxasiaTeba 33II.2. postmodernizmis Sefaseba qarTul kritikaSi 57Tavi IIIsociokulturuli problematika da omis Tema 90- 66ianelTa SemoqmedebaSiIII.1. agresia da TaobaTa Soris dapirispireba 68III.2 Tanamedrove qarTuli omianoba 80III.3. Tbiliseloba da Tbilisuri xidCatexiloba 85III.4. narkomaniis problema qarTul mwerlobaSi 89III.5. adamianuri Rirebulebebis devalvacia 97Tavi IVpostmodernistuli tendenciebi 107daskvna 138gamoyenebuli literatura 1442
SesavaliliteraturisTvis yovelgvari periodizacia pirobiTia, magramqronologiuri dayofa amartivebs TviT sagansa da movlenaze saubars.rig mizezTa da movlenaTa gamo, albaT, gasagebia Cveni gansakuTrebuliinteresi XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis mimarT. TavisTavad yovelTvismniSvnelovani da sayuradRebo iyo saukuneTa gasayarze momxdari Zvrebi.magram am SemTxvevaSi XX da XXI saukuneTa mijna aRmoCndagansakuTrebuli, radganac iwyeboda e.w. “globalizaciis” epoqa, romelickacobriobas msoflios erTianobas, xolo saqarTvelos – am erTianobaSiCarTvas hpirdeboda. am CarTvis sanacvlod “globalizmis” ideologiaerovnulisgan gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobisa da cnobierebisCamoyalibebas moiTxovda, amitom pirveli ganmsazRvreli niSani amideologiis rRveva da daSla aRmoCnda, rRveva e.w. “kulturulihermetizmisa”, tradiciisa, idealizmisa, romantizmisa, pirovnebisa.dgeboda maskulturis, kliSeebis, parodiis, niRbebisa da TamaSis xana.magram ramdenad aRmoCnda misaRebi es yvelaferi qarTulisinamdvilisTvis?arc zogadad da arc qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis arasodes yofilaucxo TaobaTa Soris ideuri dapirispirebebi. oRond es dapirispirebebiZiriTadad or, pirobiTad, Zvel da axal Taobas Soris mimdinareobda. XXsaukunis 90-ian wlebSi winaaRmdegoba gaCnda erTbaSad sam Taobas Soris.am sami Taobis martivi modeli aseTi iqneba: Zveli, romelTaTvisacsabWoTa kavSirisa da socialisturi ideologiis daSla warmoudgeneliiyo; saSulao Taoba, romelic mentalurad da moralurad yovelTvisewinaaRmdegeboda sabWoTa ideologias, magram 90-iani wlebis realobasacundoblad ucqerda da axali, romelic “axlis” JiniT Sepyrobili,SegnebiT Tu Seugneblad miiswrafoda “tradiciebis rRvevisa” dadasavluri cnobierebisken.msoflio literaturis istoria SemoqmedebiTi Taobebis ramdenimegansakuTrebiT cnobil saxels icnobs. pirveli omis Semdgomliteraturul Taobas – hemingueis, ficjeraldis, vulfs, folknerskritikosma gertrud stainma “dakarguli Taoba” uwoda. es saxeli droTaganmavlobaSi frTian gamoTqmad iqca da bevr qveyanaSi bevrma Taobam3
moirgo (an moarges). am Taobam marTlac didi literatura Seqmna damsoflio mwerlobaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitana. magram yvelazegamorCeulni XX saukuneSi, albaT, “bitnikebi” iyvnen. 1958 wels, niuiorkSigamocemul anTologiaSi Tavmoyrili iyo amerikeli “bitnikebisa”(jek keruaki, alen ginsbergi, lorens ferlingeti, uiliam berouzi,gregori korso) da ingliseli “gajavrebuli axalgazrdebis” (osborni,ueini, emisi) literaturuli nawarmoebebi. am anTologiam erTgvaradaTwliani literaturuli “amboxis” Sedegebi Seajama.“WeSmarit mwerlobas individebi qmnian da ara Taobebi” (revazTvaraZe). CvenSi mwerlebi yovelTvis gaurbian saubars “Taobebze”, xSiradam sityvis xmareba, miTufro, TaobisTvis saxelis SerqmevaliteraturasTan mimarTebaSi, aSinebT kidec, radganac asakobrivi da sxvazedapiruli niSnebiT TaobaTa diferenciacia sabWour-socialisturiideologiur-literaturuli kliSirebis sayovelTao da gavrcelebulimeTodi iyo. 90-ianelebisTvis “dakarguli Taobis” saxeli bevrwilad ararealuri TviTSefasebis, aramed arafrismTqmeli, gamaRizianebeli daironiuli Rimilis momgvrelic aRmoCnda. poeti gaga naxucriSvili wers:“dakarguli Taoba” mxolod lamazi literaturuli terminia, sxvaaraferi, arada ra lamazad moergo Cveni artistuli eri am termins. arwydeba “dakargul TaobaTa” rigi. qarTvels urCevnia daikargos dasinamdviles “TvalebSi ar Sexedos” (naxucriSvili, 2001; 3).qarTvel 90-ianelebSi zemoxsenebuli, msofliosaTvis kargadcnobili da gamorCeuli orive Taobis maxasiaTebeli niSnebi moiZebneba:“bitnikebis” msgavsad maTac gansakuTrebuli xvedri ergoT –faseulobaTa da formaciaTa cvla uSualod SeexoT, xolo “dakarguliTaobis” msgavsad omebi gadaitanes, oRond sakuTar qveyanaSi.MJurnal “arilSi” (iaTaSvili, 2000: 5) gamoqveynebul interviuSimwerali SoTa iaTaSvili acxadebs: “yovelTvis cdilobdnen axaliTaobisTvis, miT umetes, Tu is gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT gamoirCeoda,raime saxeli SeerqmiaT. ase gaCnda “gabrazebuli Taoba”, “gatexili(gabzaruli, damsxvreuli) Taoba” (“bitnikebi”) da a. S. naTliaobisyovelgvari pretenziis gareSe, am axal (Cems) Taobas “gacveTil Taobas”vuwodeb. da iciT ratom? gabrazebuli SeiZleba daamSvido, gatexili(gabzaruli, damsxvreuli) SeiZleba Seawebo, dakarguli ipovo, magram4
gacveTils veRarafers uSveli. gacveTili iseTi ramaa, rac SeiZlebakidev Zalian didxans vargisi iyos, magram Zveli Tvisebebi, simtkice,sixasxase aRarasodes daubrundeba. es gacveTiloba ki gamoiwviafsiqologiuri, moraluri, fizikuri xasiaTis im daZabulobebma, romelicwlebis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda da romelsac sabWour skolaSigazrdili bavSvebi arasabWour adamianebad unda Camoeyalibebina. bevrmaes mainc ver SeZlo da kvazisabWour adamianad darCa, xolo vinc SeZlo,es Zlieri “cveTis” xarjze moaxerxa”.90-ian wlebSi qarTul mwerlobaSi movida axali Taoba, romelsacerTnairad SegiZlia uwodo “dakargulic”, “omisSemdgomic” da“postsabWoTac”. Tumca, zemoxsenebuli uxerxulobis gamo maT dRemdemxolod drosTan damakavSirebeli terminiT _ 90-ianelebiT moixseniebenda swored am Taobis mwerlobaa Cveni sadoqtoro naSromis Tema. XXsaukunis bolo aTwleulSi, laSa TabukaSvilis SefasebiT, movida axaliTaoba: “erTi SexedviT ulogikod, magram droulad, ramac ganapirobaliteraturuli procesis uwyvetoba” (l. TabukaSvili, 2001: 5).SevecdebiT aRniSnuli aspeqtiT warmovaCinoT sadoqtoro Tema,radgan swored 90-ianelTa Semoqmedebam airekla am periodSi momxdarimsoflmxedvelobrivi cvlilebebi da Semoitana procesis uwyvetobisganmapirobebeli SemoqmedebiTi muxti.siaxlis, ganviTarebisa da cvlilebebisaken ltolva nebismierdros WeSmariti xelovnebisa da SemoqmedebiTi bunebis ucvleliniSania. siaxleebis damkvidreba, raRac gansxvavebulis SeTavazebaistoriisaTvis, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Zvelis dagmoba-dangrevis xarjzexdeba xolme, rac Tavis mxriv, mtkivneulia. cvlilebebisgangamowveuli tkivili droebas moaqvs, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi, ama Tu imTaobis (axali Taobis) ganmsazRvrel niSan-Tvisebad aRiqmeba. arada, escvalebadobani, qaoturoba, anomiuroba axali epoqis dasawyisismauwyebeli da SemoTavazebaa.ukve aRiniSna, rom globalizacia msoflios gaerTianebas, erTdid soflad gadaqcevas isaxavda miznad da, rasakvirvelia, esa Tu issazogadoebriv-politikur-ekonomikuri movlena adre Tu gvian yvelaqveynas moedeboda. sxva Tu araferi, marto is erTi problema anrevolucia gaaerTianebda dedamiwas. “burJuaziul-demokratiuli5
evoluciis gamarjvebisTanave kacobrioba dilemis winaSe aRmoCnda.mas unda gaekeTebina arCevani kulturasa da civilizacias Soris daman uyoymanod civilizacias daado xeli, Tumc, SesaZloa, isickultura egona. sinamdvileSi ki kulturasa da civilizacias Sorisufskrulia. kultura sulieria, civilizacia – xorcieli. kultura,berdiaevis Tqmisa ar iyos, kultidan modis, misi arseba religiuria.civilizacia miwieria da biwieri. mis ganviTarebas sargeblianobawarmarTavs. kultura maradiulia. mas dro verafers aklebs – piriqiT,igi rac ufro Zvelia, ufro faseulia. kultura warsulis realizebaaawmyoSi samomavlod. civilizacia warsulis uaryofaa. igi guSindelmiRwevas daunaneblad moisvris sanagve yuTSi gatexili saTamaSosaviT.misi mizani progresia. kulturam ki progresi ar icis. ormocdaoTxisaukunis win Seqmnili “gilgameSis” eposic iseve faseulia, rogorcdRes dawerili didebuli nawarmoebebi. kultura warsulismemkvidreobiT ikvebeba, civilizacia ki warsulis nanagrevebze hyvavis.civilizacia nevoriSebisaTvis kulturaa. amitomac aris, rom isinicivilizaciis axal-axali miRwevebisTvis fuls ar iSureben, vinaidanmas maTTvis komforti moaqvs. kultura ki ra? arc iWmeva, arc ismevada arc sxva rameSi gamoiyeneba”. (kotetiSvili, 2001).da mainc, epoqaluri Zvrebisa da Zvelidan axalze gadasvlissaqmeSi did rols kultura TamaSobs. “kulturas SeuZlia istoriuliperiodis ganviTarebaSi Seasrulos garkveuli roli” (bela wifuria).radganac, rogorc r. uiliamsi ganmartavs, kultura TanamedrovekritikaSi damkvidrda, rogorc sinTezuri gageba, rac gulisxmobs“damoukidebel da abstraqtul arsebiT saxels, romelic aRwersinteleqtualuri, sulieri an esTetikuri ganviTarebis zogad process”(uiliamsi, 2005: 15).XX saukunis bolo aTwleuli qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis metadstresuli aRmoCnda, aramarto gadatanili omebisa da sisxlianimsxverplis gamo, aramed swored im kulturuli dinebebiT, romelsacganuwyvetliv Semohqonda siaxleebi Cvens sivrceSi da romlis Secnobagacnobas,SeTviseba-gaTavisebas Taviseburi SiSic axlda. garda amisa,dadga miReba-miuReblobis sakiTxic – ramdenad misaRebi gaxdebodaqarTuli cnobierebisTvis kulturuli “Semodinebebi”, romlebic uxvad6
gaCnda rkinis fardis gadawevis Semdeg. cxadia, im totaluri kulturisdevalvacia, romelsac sabWoTa kavSiri qmnida, gulisxmobda aramartogabatonebuli politikur-ekonomikuri reJimis daSlas da axlis Seqmnas,aramed axali ideologiis, axali sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisCamoyalibebas da axal kulturul-saazrovno sistemaSi gadarTvas. CvenwinaSe TandaTan yalibdeboda axali kulturuli realoba.manana kvaWantiraZe Tavis werilSi “simReraSi (ga)darCenilebi” wers:“90-iani wlebis pirveli naxevris kulturuli cxovreba saqarTveloSiSeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc fragmentuli, daqsaqsuli da qaoturi.Sua periodidan poeziaSi da saerTod literaturaSi Tavs iCens anomiuri(krizisuli) movlenebis daZlevis niSnebi. sazogadoebrivi cnobierebamtkivneulad reagirebs kulturul RirebulebaTa Canacvlebis faqtebze:arcTu iSviaTad, maT aRiqvams rogorc ucxos, miuRebels, rogorc farulideologiur diversias, Tumca imavdroulad cdilobs kulturismorRveuli nawilebis ganaxlebas da Canacvlebas – iTvisebs dagardaqmnis misTvis ufro misaReb nakadebs, ixsenebs daviwyebul Zvels dasistemis mowesrigebisaTvis iRvwis” (kvaWantiraZe, 2005: 49). XX saukunisbolo aTwleuli Zalzed rTuli aRmoCnda qarTuli sociumisTvis, mZimepolitikur-ekonomikuri viTarebis gamo kultura daiCrdila. politikuriqartexilebisa da ekonomikuri krizisisa Tu qaosis miuxedavad, gaCndaaucilebloba, qarTul kulturul sivrceSi momzadebuliyo niadagisiaxlisaTvis, moZebniliyo kalapoti ucxouri SemodinebebisaTvis. eskalapoti Tavis mxriv unda yofiliyo mfiltravi – ar walekiliyotradiciuli saxe, amavdroulad Seecno-SeeTvisebina axali-ucnobi.bela wifuria Tavis werilSi “kulturuli identoba XX saukunissaqarTveloSi” (wifuria, 2005: 28), gamoyofs ramdenime tipis kulturulsivrces, romlebic identuria saukunis istoriul-inteleqtualurisivrcisa. mecnieris varaudiT, XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis postsabWouripostmodernuli kultura fexs imagrebs XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidangamokveTili alternatiuli kulturis safuZvelze, romelic, Tavismxriv, qarTuli modernizmis sivrces ukavSirdeba.poeti da Teoretikosi daviT CixlaZe Tavis werilSi“demiTologizaciis fenomenis Semotana axal qarTul poeziaSi” (CixlaZe,2005: 5), alternatiuli kulturis ganmartebas iZleva: “alternatiuli7
literatura aRniSnavs e. w. oficialuris miRma darCenil literaturas,sadac Tavmoyrili SeiZleba iyos rogorc saSualo novacia, aseve palpisliteratura. alternatiuli literaturis realobaSi gamocdili dagamoucdeli mwerali erT rangSi, erT konteqstSi eqceva. ammaxasiaTeblebiT alternatiuli literatura liberalizmis,xelovnebisTvis ucxo politikuri agentis (iseve rogorc yovelTvismdare xarisxis iyo politikur wesebze Seqmnili xelovneba) matarebelixdeba. aseTi pirobebi TavisTavad warmoqmnis nihilizms, Segirdisa daostatis sasicocxlo, ukiduresad aucilebeli institutis moSlas,mweralTa dawerili Tu dauwereli Rirebulebebis devalvacias, boloski isev axalgazrda avtorTa SemoqmedebaSi masobrivad warmoqmnis palpis,mdare gemovnebis literaturas an politikurad agresiul (aRarafersvambobT ubralo angaJirebaze) zedapirul Studirebebs.” saqarTveloSiaseTi literaturis medroSeebad daviT CixlaZe Jurnal (adre ki, gazeT)“alternativas” da “bakur sulakauris gamomcemlobas” miiCnevs.alternatiuli literaturis definicia da qarTul sivrceSi misidroiTi Tu kulturul-cnobierebiTi mijnebis dadgena sadavo sakiTxiada masze saboloo azris gamoTqmas amjerad Cveni mxridan, naCqarevadvTvliT, Tumca daviT CixlaZis mosazrebas, vfiqrobT, arsebobis metisafuZveli aqvs. mis CamonaTvals Cemi mxridan mivumatebdi daToturaSvilis 1998 wels gamocemul broSuras, saxelwodebiT“alternativa”. daTo turaSvilis “alternativas” ver daarqmev novelebisan, zogadad, prozaul krebuls, radganac igi skeCebisa da palpisliteraturis nimuSs warmoadgens. zustad imas, rasac daviT CixlaZisganmartebiT, alternatiuli mwerloba gvTavazobs.bela wifurias msgavsad, araerTi qarTveli literatori dakritikosi aRniSnavs, rom XX saukinis 90-aini wlebis dasawyisSi, rocanacionaluri narativis kultura SeuzRudavi gaxda da farTod gaexsnagza, daeca qmnilebaTa xarisxic.literaturul qmnilebaTa xarisxic da Sesabamisad, sulierikrizisic XX saukunis bolos gamoiwvia im politikur-ekonomikurmaZvrebma, rac aswleulis dasasruls mohyva saqarTveloSi. erovnulproblemebs globaluri problemebic daerTo da krizisic umal aisaxaqveynis sulier Tu fizikur yofaSi. Tavis mxriv, krizisi saukuneTa8
mijnaze yovelTvis iCens xolme Tavs. arc XX da XXI saukuneTagzagasayari yofila gamonaklisi. aseTi kataklizmebis dros, qveynissulieri TavSesafari yovelTvis iyo mwerloba, literatura. mwerlisdaniSnulebasa da moZRvris funqciaze qarTul mwerlobaSi araerTxelTqmula. es funqcia, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, sxva ara iyo ra, Tu araqveynis tkivilis gaTaviseba, poeturi sityviT, mwerlis iaraRiT (kalmiT)usamarTlobaze galaSqreba. magram XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis mwerlobaamgvar funqcias aRar kisrulobda. sxva droeba damdgariyo, kulturasaRar ZaluZda istoriuli periodis ganviTarebaSi ganmsazRvreli rolisTamaSi. lali avaliani SeniSnavs: “XXI saukunis damdegs, iseve rogorcgasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, Cvens erovnul TviTmyofadobas, enas dakulturas kvlav safrTxe emuqreba, Tumca sul sxva viTarebaa daTavsatexic sxvagvari gvaqvs” (avaliani, 2005: 9). swored am sxvagvariviTarebisa da sxvagvari Tavsatexis gamo mwerlobamac ganicada sulisferiscvaleba. movida nihilizmisa da TamaSis epoqa, romelic parodiiTada daSla-ngreviT gaerTo da naklebad Tu aRelvebda sulierebisgadarCena... postmodernistuli epoqa qarTul sivrceSic dgeboda! da, racmaTvaria, es sivrce mzad iyo “ucxo stumris” misaRebad. zurab qarumiZismixedviT, Cveni qveyana ukve iyo ormagi kodirebiT “dakodili”, sadacerTdroulad kargic xdeboda da cudic, progresulic daretrogradulic, sasaciloca da satiralic. mTavari principiT – ormagikodirebiT momzadebul niadagze, postmodernizms fexis mokideba argauWirdeboda. kulturam ki ar gansazRvra inteleqtualuri, sulieri anesTetikuri ganviTarebis zogadi procesi, aramed ideologi dakulturuli procesis warmmarTveli sul sxva materiki gaxda, rasac amSemTxvevaSi, pirobiTad SegviZlia, postmodernistuli goni vuwodoT.epoqam, romlis upirvelesi niSanic destruqciuloba gaxlavT,mwerlobasac daatyo Tavisi kvali. amitom Tanamedrove mwerloba gascda“saTqmelis esTetikas” da garegnul efeqtebze agebul Semoqmedebad iqca,rasac, Tavis mxriv, ori mxare aRmoaCnda – kargi da cudi. cudia is, romsaTqmeli aRar arsebobs da Tu arsebobs, isic – destruqciuli. kargi isaRmoCnda, rom 90-ianelTa proza sabWouri kulturis “diqtatidan” gavidada yuradReba adamianis yoveldRiur socialur da sulier problemebs,manamde “periferiad” Seracxul Rirebulebebs miapyro. garda amisa,9
farisevluri damokidebuleba movlenebisadmi sagrZnoblad Sesustda daamanac xeli Seuwyo Tanamedrove mwerlobis kliSeebisganganTavisuflebas.Tanamedrove mwerlobis anu axali Taobis Semoqmedebis SesaxebazrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs, rac bunebrivia. bevri dadebiT SefasebasaZlevs “eqstremalur aTwleulSi” [termini ekuTvnis zaal samadaSvils]Seqmnil literaturas, zogic axalgazrdebis Semoqmedebas marginalizmisgamo gmobs. Tumca, cnobilia, rom marginalur kulturas yvela droSihqonda Tavisi adgili, radganac kulturis ganviTarebaSi igi aucilebeliineqciis rols TamaSobs.cnobilia, rom postmodernizmis sayvareli gvaria eposi: romani,moTxroba... da amitomac XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis II naxevridan wamyvanipozicia prozam daiWira. proza aRmoCnda saukeTeso asparezi imtendeciebis asasaxavad da protestebis gamosaxatavad, rac sabWoTaperiodis qarTul realobaSi dagrovda. qarTveli mwerali oTar CxeiZeTavis werilSi “epikuri Janris dasacavad”, wers: “[axla] eposis droa,epikuri stilis, epikuri welgamarTulobis droa, Wiri mogvWamasocrealizmma, damdgara Jami Senebisa, Tavisufali Semoqmedebisa, niWisgafurCqvnisa”. oTar CxeiZes sjera axalgazrdebisa, axali Taobisa, maTisiaxleebisa da Ziebebisa: “axalgazrduli proza ro moqceulawinaaRmdegobaSi, dRes es aris salaparako. me es ar maSinebs,winaaRmdegobaao, duRiliao, Ziebebiao, mimbaZvelobaao Tu rac Tu raaris, asedac unda iyos, asedac aris da asedac iqneba; [...] dasafiqrebelimxolod is aris, am Ziebebsa Tu gavlenebSi ar gagvitacos brWyvialebamazedapirulma da ar dagvekargos umTavresi, ZirisZireuli,ZarRviZarRveuli, arsobrivi, Semoqmedeba risTvisac arsebobs,uromlisodac arc araferia. araferi. xelovneba ho mxolod garToba araris – literaturac xelovnebaa raRa Tqma unda – garTobac aris daimaze metica – ai isaa ro unda dagvekargos. pasuxismgeblobacsagrZnobia mwerlobisai, uaxlesi mwerlobisai. Zvel Taobas aRaravgulisxmob. gahlia imana Tavisi sarbieli, gahlia. da Tu kidevmoToxarikobs vinmei, saswauls mainc ar unda elode imisgana da arcuaxlesni ar unda gaeWvebdes, Tundac ahyolodnen ucxour Temebsa,gaxlarTuliyvnen Tundac ucxour gavlenebSi, gaxlarTuliyvnen,10
gamoexsnebian – Tu ara da egec araferi, yvela mainc ar gaixlarTeba,ZirisZireuli mainc darCeba” (CxeiZe, 2003: 3).saerTod axali sisxli axal sicocxles badebs, yovelive axalisiaxles gvpirdeba da amitomacaa, mas erTdroulad eWvis TvaliTac daimediTac rom elian da ucqerian. jon abdaiksac sjera axalgazrdebis dauwonebs kidec maT silaRes, simsubuqes, mkvaxe tonsac da zogjerzRvargadasul siTamamesac, “TqvenTvis iarliyi jer aravis mouwebebia,SegiZliaT Soridan gulgrilad aTvalieroT mTeli literaturuliscena. uamravi masala gaqvT: ojaxi, megobrebi, Tqveni Taoba – escocxali STabeWdilebebia, romelic mkiTxvelamde dauyovnebliv mitanasiTxovs. veranairi naswavli unar-Cvvebi im gancdas ver Secvlis, rocaZalian bevri ramis Tqma ginda, roca axal sityvas ambob. saboloo jamSiki, axalgazrdaa Tu xandazmuli mwerali samyaros wigns ugzavnis da arasakuTar Tavs” (apdaiki, 2009: 8). mTavari am siaxlidan marTlac isaa, romZirisZireuli saTqmeli wignad unda darCes da darCeba momavals, qveyanas,istorias...XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis qarTul literaturaSi, ufrosi Taobismwerlebis gverdiT gamoCndenen sruliad axali saxeebi da saxelebi,romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi ukeTesad gamoikveTen. saerTod,mwerlobas erTeulebi ar qmnian, mas mTeli Taoba qmnis: aRiarebulnic dameorexarisxovannic.sadoqtoro Tema oden erTi aTwleulis literaturuli procesebismimoxilvas iTvaliswinebs da amitomac, aucileblobidan gamomdinare,masSi yvela im mweralma unda moiyaros Tavi, vis SemoqmedebaSiacuaxlesi tendenciebi gamoikveTa.vfiqrobT, saWiroa, oriode sityviT SevexoT oTar CxeiZis miernaxseneb termins - “axalgazrduli proza”. cnobilia, rom es terminisocialisturi literaturuli kritikis mieraa damkvidrebuli damoZvelebulTan erTad, erTgvari ideologiuri koniunqturis daRsacatarebs. ratom araa axalgazrduli proza ilia WavWavaZis an daviTkldiaSvilis proza? SegveZlo, aRniSnuli cnebisTvis axleburadSegvexeda da terminiT “axalgazrduli proza”, Cvenc gangvesazRvraTaoba, axalgazrda Taoba, romelic swored im periodSi idgamda fexs daSemodioda “TxuTmetsaukunovan mTlianobaSi”, magram isini damkvidrdnen11
“postsabWoTa Taobis” saxelwodebiT. daTo barbaqaZe, irine baqaniZe, zazaburWulaZe, laSa buRaZe, rezo TabukaSvili, zaza TvaraZe, SoTaiaTaSvili, irakli kakabaZe, zura mesxi, aka morCilaZe, daTo turaSvili,zurab qarumiZe, arCil qiqoZe, eka RaRaniZe, beso xvedeliZe, iraklijavaxaZe – ai, im avtorTa arasruli sia, romlebmac Seqmnes XX saukunis90-iani wlebis axali proza da gansazRvres kidec am prozis ZiriTaditendenciebic sakuTari saTqmelis fonze.axla ki imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra umTavresi tendenciebi gamoikveTa 90-ianelTa prozaSi. TvalSisacemia, samyaros gamZafrebuli, ukiduresiaRqmis tendencia. “Cvens Tvalwin formirdeba postsabWouri qarTulimwerloba, xdeba mtkivneuli daSoreba da gancalkeveba ZvelTan,yalibdeba axali tipis Tavisufali mwerali, mimdinareobs gadafasebisSeuqcevadi procesi” _ wers kritikosi eka cxadaZe (cxadaZe, 2005: 11). amperiodis prozisTvisac saintereso aRmoCnda is maradiuli Temebi,romelsac warmoadgens pirovneba da epoqa, pirovneba da sazogadoeba,pirovneba da formaciaTa cvla, pirovneba da kataklizmebi. cxadia,Tanamedrove avtoric ver auvlida gverds im situacias, romelSicaRmoCnda Cveni sazogadoeba XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi da amdenad iqcainteresis sagnad garemo da adamiani am garemoSi.XX saukunis bolo aTwleulis qarTul mwerlobaSi ori ZiriTaditendencia gamoikveTa: I – sociokulturuli problematikis gamwvaveba daII – postmodernistuli tendenciebi. Sesabamisad, saintereso gaxda rasda rogor wers mwerali anu, ra da rogor keTdeba TanamedroveliteraturaSi. “ra” aris Tema, xolo “rogor” aris stili da manera,rasac avtorebi mwerlur xelobas uwodeben. xeloba ki, rogorc kvlevamgviCvena, mxolod postmodernistuli ar gaxlavT 90-ianelTa TaobaSi. amperiodSi Riad alaparakdnen qarTvel da ucxoel mweralTa gavlenaze.70-80-ian wlebSi dawyebuli tradicia 90-ian wlebSic gadmovida:daTo turaSvilis, irakli javaxaZis, rezo TabukaSvilis, zurabsamadaSvilis, beqa qurxulis da kidev mravalTa TxrobaSi naTladaaareklili hemingueis mwerluri manera. sagangebod unda aRvniSnoT guramrCeuliSvilis gavlenac 90-iani wlebis prozaikosTa Semoqmedebaze.90-ianelTa teqstebSi guram rCeuliSvilis pirovnebisadmi dastilisadmi Tayvaniscemac SeimCneva, magaliTad, daTo turaSvilis12
moTxrobebSi aSkaraa sayvareli mwerlis gavlena – vaJkacobis ideali damTis siyvaruli... alpinizmisa da mTis siyvaruli rezo TabukaSvilismoTxrobebSic SesamCnevia, ramac calke tendencia gamokveTa da risfonzec Seiqmna Tanamedrove dokumenturi prozis nimuSebi.Tumca... “Zma hemingueim Semiyvana mware SecdomaSi, albaT tyuilebiTavsebda furclebs”, - ambobs zurab samadaSvilis personaJi abesalomi,romelic avtoris prototipad unda miviCnioT. es ukve idealSi daeWvebasniSnavs da avtoritetis sikvdilsac, rac postmodernuli ganwyobisniSania. postmodernistul epoqaSi xom avtoriteti (ideali) mkvdaria.faseulobebis rRvevas, rasakvirvelia, idealebis gaqrobac mohyvada XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi “xanma undobarma” qarTulprozaSic mTlianad Secvala ara mxolod asaxvis obieqti, aramed werismanerac. aRar igoneben arc gmirebs da xandaxan aRarc siuJetebs.gmirebic da siuJetebic blomad dagroviliyo literaturaSi. sakmarisiiyo ukve arsebuli situaciebisa Tu personaJebis Secvla ironiisa daparodiis gamoyenebiT, rom xelT gvqonda mTlad axalTaxali, cincxalimwerlobis nimuSi. es ki imas niSnavs, rom mwerlobam “gadamwerloba”daiwyo da qarTul kulturul sinamdvileSi, Tanamedroveliteraturuli ileTebiT Sesrulebuli postmodernistuli mxatvruliprozac gaCnda.aka morCilaZe qarTuli cnobierebisTvis jer kidev ucnob stilzemigviTiTebs: ”unda moigono kargad da maSin gavs namdvils... esxelovnebis (Tu xelobis, a.i.) codnaa. personaJi ki sadRac unda dainaxoan waikiTxo da “amoglijo”; es gavlena ar aris. es aris ambebi, romlebicsxva mwerlebma daweres... egeTi droa exla... “daTa TuTaSxia” zepiradvici mec da yvelamac, magram viyeneb imitom, rom ambavs uxdeba. ratomunda iyos vinme (an rame. a.i.) axali, ar jobia iyos Zveli axleburad?magram aris xolme vinme axalic. es uwyvet kavSirs unda qmnides!”(morCilaZe, 2001: 6). kargad unda moigono ambavi, rom sinamdvilesdaemsgavsos – es mwerlobisTvis axali ar aris. siaxlea – sinamdvilisada gamonagonis kargad Sereva.sinamdvilesa da gamonagons Soris zRvaris moSla, axali miTebisSeqmna da am “SeqmnaSi” uaxlesi mwerluri maneris danergva akamorCilaZesTan erTad sxva qarTvelma avtorebmac mosinjes. aqve isic13
unda aRiniSnos, rom “gavlenas” dResdReobiT sul sxva gagebaa aqvs,vidre adre hqonda. sayvareli avtoris stiliT wera dRes plagiatobadaRar iTvleba (SesaZloa, es Ziebebicaa _ axalgazrduli Ziebebi dasakuTari stilis povnis survili), “gavlenis” gageba Tanamedroveliteraturul sivrceSi postmodernistul “gadaweras” ukavSirdeba, racaramcdaramc ar niSnavs sxvisi teqstis sityvasityviT gadmoweras, aqigulisxmeba parodireba (enobriv-stilisturi, Janrobrivi, Tematikuri...),an raime sxva tipis literaturuli refleqsia.Cveni interesis sferos, upirveles yovlisa, mxatvruli prozis istendenciebi da mimarTulebebi warmoadgens, riTac axalgazrda Taobamkargi literaturiT ganebivrebuli qarTveli mkiTxvelis yuradRebismipyroba SesZlo. am Taobas xom iseT periodSi mouxda mosvla, romsavsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo, SeumCnevelnic darCeniliyvnen.14
Tavi Iliteratura da 90-iani wlebis sociokulturuli sivrce80-iani wlebis II naxevridan qarTuli mwerlobis ganviTarebazedidi zegavlena moaxdina erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobisTandaTanobiTma legalizaciam.1988 wlidan saqarTveloSi umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi xdeba: 1988wlis 24-29 noembris SimSiloba, 1989 wlis 9 aprilis cnobili movlenebi,1990 wlis 26 maisi, 1991 wlis 31 martis referendumi sabWoTa imperiidansaqarTvelos gamoyofis moTxovniT, 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelossaxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gamocxadeba.samwuxarod, sabWoTa periodSi naocnebari Tavisufali daganaxlebuli saqarTvelos mdgomareoba postsabWoTa garemoSi stresulida tramvuli aRmoCnda. pirveli stresi 1991 wlis 7 ianvari iyo, rocasabWoTa kavSiris (pirvelma da ukanasknelma) prezidentma mixeilgorbaCovma saqarTvelos prezidentis, zviad gamsaxurdias aqti oseTisavtonomiis gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT ugulvebelyo da cxinvalSi os daqarTvel mosaxleobas Soris fizikuri angariSsworeba daiwyo.mixeil gorbaCovis am “saSobao saCuqridan” erT weliwadSi _ 1992wlis 22 dekembers, TbilisSi samoqalaqo omi daiwyo, rac 1993 wlis 6ianvars kanonieri mTavrobis gadagdebiT dasrulda. 1993 wlis 27seqtemberi ki, saqarTvelos istoriisTvis kidev erTi tragikuli TariRiaRmoCnda – am dRes soxumi daeca da qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis kideverTi dakarguli teritoria, sakuTar samSobloSi ltolvilad qceulisamasi aTasze meti qarTveli da omebSi daRupul-dakargul mebrZolTaricxvi mouSuSebel iarad iqca. Sesabamisad, afxazeTis omi erT-erTZiriTad Temadaa qceuli dRemde qarTul mwerlobaSi.1990 wlidan saqarTveloSi praqtikulad arseboba Sewyvitasocialisturma politikur-ekonomikurma formaciam. Tavisuflebismopovebam moiTxova Tavisufali struqturebis Seqmna. magram es aris15
periodi, roca yvela da yvelaferi politikiT iyo dakavebuli daekonomiuri, socialuri da kulturuli gardaqmnebisTvis dro, saxsrebida rac mTavaria, survili – naklebad rCeboda. marTalia, mavaniTavisufali struqturebis Seqmna-awyobaze fiqrobda, magram fiqriocnebad gadaiqca. naocnebari TavisuflebiT nagebi axali saxelmwifosSenebis ideas ganxorcieleba ra ewera, radganac postsabWoTa periodissaqarTvelo destruqciis saukeTeso TvalsaCinoebad iqca mTeli yofilisabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT.mwerlobis ganmsazRvreli da ZiriTadi funqcia, romelic masakisria sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis yvela parametris CamoyalibebaSi,postsabWoTa periodSic inerciiT gadmovida. Tumca, ufro swori iqnebaTu vityviT, rom es inercia ar aris, es mwerlobis Sinagani funqciaa,romlis gareSec mwerloba ispoba, saxes kargavs. magram literaturulasparezze gamosuli axali Taoba, mwerlobis am maRali miznisSesrulebaze metad saukunis ukanaskneli aTwleulis dasawyisSigawyvetili kulturuli procesis aRdgenas ufro Cqarobda, vidresaxelisuflo politikaSi saqmian Carevas anda sazogadoebisa Tu eriswinamZRolobas.XX saukunis bolo aTwleulSi saqarTveloSi qaosi da anarqiasufevda. omianoba, sxvadasxva politikuri Tu ekonomikuri platformebismqone samxedro dajgufebebis TareSi, zarbaznebis quxili da umisamarTotyviebis zuzuni _ es yvelaferi Slida da anadgurebda kulturas. 90-ianiwlebis mwerlobas laSa TabukaSvilma da zaal samadaSvilma “qvemexebisperiodis literatura” uwodes.90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi politikur cvlilebebs TandaTankulturuli cvlilebebic mohyva. kulturuli reorientaciis xanaSiSesaZlebeli gaxda tradiciuli struqturebisgan damoukideblad (mag:mweralTa kavSiri, sxvdasxva oficialuri gamomcemlobebi Tu gamocemebi)literaturul sivrceSi gamoCeniliyo axali Jurnalebi an gazeTebi,Seqmniliyo sxva mwerluri dajgufebebi da asociaciebi. 90-iani wlebisworedac rom gamoirCeva amgvari gamocemebisa da asociaciebissimravliT. magram vin qmnida literaturul politikas da rogori iyoigi? ramdenad axerxebda literaturuli procesi Tavis dacvaspolitikuri da ideologiuri gavlenebisagan?16
90-ian wlebSi uamravi literaturuli gazeTi Tu Jurnaligamodioda, magram erTi-ori bednieri gamonaklisis garda, maTi arsebobauSedego aRmoCnda. literaturuli periodikis siuxvemac, gansakuTrebiTaTwleulis pirvel naxevarSi, ver SeZlo met-naklebad sruli da mkafio,qarTuli realobisTvis adeqvaturi kulturuli politikis Camoyalibeba.es ver moaxerxes verc imaT, visac sworeba dasavlur kulturaze hqonda.vgulisxmob Jurnal “polilogisa” da almanax “axali droebis” mesveurT.90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi qarTuli xelovnebisaTvis kulturuliorientiri, cxadia, dasavluri kultura gaxda, magram am periodSiTanadroul sazRvargareTul literaturasTan kavSiri ufrogarTulebuli aRmoCnda amjerad ara ideologiuri, aramed socialurekonomikurimizeziT. finansuri siduxWiris, informaciis naklebobis,sazRvargareTul literaturul sivrcesTan gawyvetili kavSiris,dasavleTTan Camouyalibebeli kulturuli urTierTobis gamosaqarTvelo, marTalia arcTu xangrZlivi droiT, magram vakuumSiaRmoCnda.* * *literaturuli gemovnebisa da kulturuli orientaciisdiferencireba 1990 wlidan TbilisSi SesamCnevi xdeba, rac, upirvelesyovlisa, vlindeba literaturuli periodikis siuxveSi. Tu aqamdemxolod “literaturul saqarTvelos” Rebulobda sazogadoeba, axlaukve SesaZlebeli gaxda sxavasxva damoukidebeli gamocemis gacnoba. 1990wels daarsda Tavisufal SemoqmedTa saZmos “iaxsaris” damoukidebeliliteraturuli gazeTi “Semoqmedi”, dodo rexviaSvilis redaqtorobiTda badri guguSvilis organizatorobiT. 1990-1991 wlebSi asociacia“iberis” egidiT gamodioda gazeTi “literatura da sxva”. asociaciismizani iyo SemoqmedebiTi axalgazrdobis potencialis gamoyeneba daTanamedrove mwerlobis popularizacia, rogorc saqarTveloSi, asevesazRvargareTac; qarTuli kulturis aRorZineba da a. S.mogvianebiT, am gazeTis Sesaxeb literatori daviT zurabiSvilialmanax “axal droebaSi” wers, rom es iyo: “erTaderTi gazeTi, romelicqarTuli literaturuli istabliSmentis gareT idga. samwuxarod, Tavis17
droze udavod imedismomcemma gazeTma politikuri koniunqturisSecvlisTanave faqtiuri TviTlikvidacia moaxdina – kidev erTi nimuSiimisa, rom literaturis politizirebas vnebis garda araferi moaqvs”(zurabiSvili, 1994: 6).1990 wlis 9 maiss saqarTvelos erovnul demokratiul partiasaTanSeiqmna mweralTa asociacia. misi TaosnobiT daarsda asociaciis organogazeTi “Cveni mesityve”, romelic mxolod ori nomriT Semoifargla. 1991-1995 wlebSi gamodioda Tavisufali literaturuli gazeTi “mesame gza”;1991-1998 wlebSi – literatorTa respublikuri centris gazeTi“rubikoni”; 1991-1996 wlebSi arsebobdnen iseTi gazeTebic, magaliTad,“sityva”, “cisartyela”, “poeziis dRe”, “paradoqsi” _ romlebmac mxolodTiTo-orola nomriT gaacnes Tavi mkiTxvel sazogadoebas da seriozulikvali ar dautovebiaT am periodis literaturul da kulturulcxovrebaSi. magaliTad, gazeTi “+ _ literatura”, romelic, redaqtorisgancxadebiT, warmoadgenda “gazeTs Tanamedrove esTetikur TamaSebSidakvalianebuli mkiTxvelisTvis”. es gamocema upiratesobas aniWebdamxolod literaturas da arafers literaturis garda, magram igiufinansobis gamo daixura.mTeli am wlebis ganmavlobaSi arseboba ar SeuwyvetiaT“literaturul saqarTvelos”, “rubikons”, “sityva qarTuls” da“saliteraturo gazeTs”, romlebmac, erTeuli SemTxvevebis gardaveranairi siaxle ver daatyves literaturul process.90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan literaturul sivrceSi gaCndaiseTi literaturuli organoebi, romlebic didxans agrZelebdnenarsebobas: “arili” – daarsda 1994 wels; “kalmasoba” – 1997 wels;“alternativa” – 1998 wels. Tu isini Tanamedrove sinamdvileSiinarCunebdnen mkiTxvels, es wlebis manZilze dagrovili gamocdilebisada Camoyalibebuli literaturuli gemovnebis wyalobaa, rac, Tavismxriv, profesionalizmsa da codnas ukavSirdeba. (es gamocemebicdaixura, ukve, Cveni qveynis politikuri cxovrebis sxva relsebzegadasvlis gamo, “vardebis revoluciidan” cota xanSi literaturulsivrceSi moxda droebiTi pauza, magram es ukve sul sxva aTwleulia dasxva mimoxilvis sagani).18
90-iani wlebis II naxevridan qarTuli literaturuli periodikissivrceSi gaCnda regionaluri gamocemebi: “aTinaTi” – kaxeTissaliteraturo gazeTi; “poeziis dRe” – quTaisis akaki wereTlissaxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis lado asaTianis saxelobisaxalgazrda mweralTa wris erTdrouli literaturuli gazeTi;“literaturuli qvemo qarTli” – qvemo qarTlis mweralTa asociacia“rusTavelis” gazeTi (rusTavi); “literaturuli cxinvali” – cxinvalisregionis mweralTa yovelTviuri gazeTi (gori); “lomisi” – saqarTvelosmweralTa kavSiris mcxeTa-TianeTis regionuli organizaciisliteraturul-sazogadoebrivi gazeTi...am periodSi gamodioda literaturuli Jurnalebic -sazogadoebisTvis kargad cnobilnic (“ciskari”, “mnaTobi”, “saunje”) daaxlad daarsebulnic. 1994 wlidan gamoica laSa TabukaSvilis Jurnali“XX saukune” da damoukidebeli saliteraturo Jurnali “polilogi”,daTo barbaqaZis redaqtorobiT. es ori Jurnali gansakuTrebuliaRniSvnis Rirsia, radganac pirvelma izruna literaturuli procesisuwyvetobaze: xeli Seuwyo axali Taobis warmoCenas, miviwyebul avtorTapopularizacias da daxSuli kulturuli sivrcis Sevsebas Tanamedroveucxoeli literatorebis calkeul nawarmoebTa gamoqveynebiT Seecada.Jurnal “XX saukunis” saredaqcio werilSi vkiTxulobT: “sazogadoebrivpolitikurformaciaTa cvlam, samamulo da samoqalaqo omebma mZimedartyma miayana Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobas. CrdilSi moeqcaliteratura... saliteraturo Jurnali “XX saukune” maSin Seiqmna, rocakrizisma apogeas miaRwia. es movlena aucileblobiT iyo nakarnaxevi –mkiTxvels, Tundac ramdenime aseuls, unda daenaxa da egrZno, rom raRackeTdeba literaturuli procesis gamosacocxleblad, rom ukiduresigaWirvebis miuxedavad, mwerlebi, saxelganTqmulebica da naklebadcnobilnic, mis gverdiT arian.nebismieri literaturuli teqsti Tavis WeSmarit cxovrebas iwyebsmxolod Sesabamis konteqstSi, romelsac literaturuli procesi hqvia.am process qmnis yoveldRiuri urTierToba – mwerlobas, kritikas,gamomcemlobasa da mkiTxvels Soris. swored am uwyveti procesisararsebobaa mTavari problema Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturisaTvis.am viTarebis gamo Zalian bevri Rirebuli nawarmoebi ganwirulia19
uyuradRebobisa da sruli ignorirebisaTvis. garda amisa, nebismierqveyanaSi mimdinare literaturuli procesi ver iqneba srulyofili, Tuigi izolirebulia msoflio literaturaSi arsebuli uaxlesidinebebisgan. qarTveli mkiTxveli da mwerali am mxrivac rTulviTarebaSi imyofeba. qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi TanamedroveesTetikuri ideebis Semotana, uaxlesi literaturuli mimdinareobebisSesaxeb maqsimalurad sruli informaciis mowodeba gadaudebeliamocanaa”[Jurn. “XX saukune” #6-7, 1997].Jurnal “polologis” mizani saliteraturo cxovrebis axalimimarTulebebis warmoCena da popularizacia iyo, sadac paraleluradyuradReba eqceoda filosofiur eseistikas, xelovnebis filosofias,kulturis kritikasa da sociologias. Jurnali cdilobda aeTvisebina daaxlidan “waekiTxa” saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli avangardi. axaligamocemis mizandasaxulobis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT: “polilogis” mizanswarmoadgens, winaaRmdegobebiT savse Cveni saliteraturo cxovrebaaRiweros. gamorCeuli yuradReba daeTmoba filosofiur esseistikas,xelovnebis filosofias, (rogorc originalurs, ise - Targmnils),kulturis kritikas da sociologias. Jurnalis saliteraturopolitikisaTvis gadamwyvetia negatiuri damokidebuleba, rogorckulturis ideologizaciisadmi, ise – ideologizebuli Tu politikuriinstitutebiT inspirirebuli (da ara, swored sartris gagebiT,angaJirebuli) xelovnebisadmi. nebismieri ideologia xommravalferovnebis CaxSobisaken da gaerTmniSvnelovnebiskenaa mimarTuli”[Jurn. “polilogi” #1, 1994]. Jurnali marTlac rom avtonomiaswarmoadgenda sakuTari miznebiT, SinaarsiTa da aqciebiT.es friad mravalmniSvnelovani Jurnali, pirvelisgan gansxvavebiT,erT weliwadSi daixura da mxolod oTxi nomris gamocema moaswro.1994 wels Tbilisis wignis bazarze gaCnda kidev erTi axali almanaxi“axali droeba”, romlis mTavari redaqtoric gaxldaT literatoridaviT zurabiSvili; redkolegiis wevrebi ki: fsiqologi gaga niJaraZe,filosofosi kaxa kacitaZe, mTargmneli zaza WilaZe, literatori zurabqarumiZe, mTargmenelebi gia WumburiZe, Temur kobaxiZe, avTo joxaZe.20
edkolegiis “debulebaSi” vkiTxulobT: “... da vinaidan Cvenisazogadoeba ra xania rigiani literaturuli Jurnalis, gazeTisa Tualmanaxis mwvave deficits ganicdis.da vinaidan dReisaTvis SeimCneva aSkarad gamokveTili gulgrilobamxatvruli literaturis mimarT, xolo yovelgvar paTetikur RaRadiss“erovnuli mwerlobisa” da “didi literaturis” mniSvnelobaze aRarugdebs yurs,da vinaidan literaturuli procesi CvenSi faqtobrivad Camkvdaria,xolo visac misi gamococxlebis pretenzia aqvs, an anarqosindikalisturtaS-fandurs ver gascilebia an tradiciul sufrulkazmulsityvaobaSia gadavardnili,da kidev mizezTa gamo sxvaTa da sxvaTa, romelTa CamoTvla axlametismetad Sors wagviyvanda, saWirod CavTvaleT sruliaddamoukidebeli literaturuli almanaxis “axali droebis” daarseba.xolo misi gamocemis faqtiT gvsurs davamtkicoT: amisTanasaqarTveloSic SesaZlebelia iseTi literaturuli almanaxis Seqmna,romlis done netarxsenebuli “inostrannaia literatura”-s saukeTesonomrebs mainc gautoldeba. xolo aseTi almanaxi araTu sabazroekonomikis pirobebSi, TviT hiperinflaciis drosac ki ar iqnebawamgebiani...” [Jurn. “axali droeba” #1, 1994].“axali droebis” II nomeri 2002 wels gamoica, sadac winasityvaobaSidaviT zurabiSvili wers: “sakmaod xangrZlivi jaxirisa da nerviulobisSemdeg (ideis zondireba mimdinareobda gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis dros,SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba daiwyo samxedro sabWos mosvlisas da damTavrdaafxazeTis omis periodSi, xolo dastambva-distribucias kidevweliwadnaxevari daaWirves) rogorc iqna, almanaxi “axali droeba”daxlebze gamoCnda. pirvel xanebSi Zalian amayebi viyaviT da vfiqrobdiT,am publikaciis gamo male namdvili literaturuli omi atydeboda,magram amao iyo Cveni imedebi: dro midioda da Tu TiTo-orola saqebarsityvas ar CavTvliT, isic mxolod piradi nacnobobis doneze (amgvarqebas kide ra fasi aqvs, mogexsenebaT...), faqtobrivad aranairigamoxmaureba ar yofiala. arsaidan xma, arsiT Zaxili...marTali giTxraT, aseT fiaskos ar movelodiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi,piradad CemTvis Zalian didi siurprizi iyo, rom Turme SeiZleba21
dabeWdo krebuli, sadac iqneba kargi da Zalian kargi Targmanebi,saintereso originaluri nawarmoebebi, aqtualuri publicistika da aseTikrebuli mkiTxvelisa da literaturuli kritikis yuradRebis miRmadarCes.... Cven isRa dagvrCenoda Tavi dagvemSvidebina: aqaoda Cveni saqmegavakeTeT, maRalxarisxovani almanaxi “davdeT” da mxolod ukuRmarTidroeba – omi, areuloba da sayovelTao gaWirvebaa damnaSave, yuradRebarom ver mivipyariTo. მokled, iZulebuli gavxdiT, realobisTvis Tvaligagvesworebina...” [Jurn. “axali droeba” #2, 2002].zurab qarumiZe SeniSnavs da samarTlianadac: “literaturulipostmodernizmis “gadmoqarTulebis” pirveli koleqtiuri cdadakavSirebulia almanax “axal droebasTan”, romelic 1991 wels wamoiwyesTargmanis kolegiidan gamosulma literatorebma” (qarumiZe, 2009: 9). kideverTxel vimeoreb, rom ara socialuri siduxWire, almanaxis mier sworiorientaciisa da gezis mixedviT, saqarTvelo kidev ufro adreCaerTveboda msoflio Tanamedrove kulturul procesSi, vidre sxvapostsabWoTa Tu aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi.gamocemebis mesveurTa TviTSefasebidan rogorc Cans, samiveJurnali mniSvnelovan literaturul doneze acxadebs pretenzias, magramratom moxda ise, rom “polilogma” da “axalma droebam” mxolod erTiweli iarsebes, xolo “XX saukune” 2000 wlamde agrZelebda gamosvlas.aRsaniSnavia, rom 2002 wlidan igi inglisurenovani gaxda da 2005 wlidanisev ganagrZo gamocema, “axali saukunis” saxelwodebiT. Cveni varaudiaseTia: “polilogsa” da “axali droebas” sworeba ufro metad dasavlurkulturaze hqondaT. pirveli Tu postmodernizmis pirdapiri Semotanisada damkvidrebis cdebs atarebda; meore – postmodernizmisTanmimdevruli Seswavlis gzebs gvTavazobda. arc “XX saukune”CamorCenia, Tanadroul msoflio kulturul procesebs, magram Jurnalispirveli maxasiaTebeli niSani da kulturologiuri prioriteti qarTulimwerluri tradiciebis uwyvetoba iyo. is mxatvruli teqstebi, romelsac“XX saukune” aqveynebda, socialurad aqtiuri mwerloba iyo, racabsoluturad gansxvavdeba postmodernistuli mwerlobisagan, romelicsruliad daclilia socialuri funqciisagan.22
mkafiod gamoikveTa, rom “XX saukunes” gezi erovnuli mwerlobiswarmoCena-ganaxleba-aRorZinebisaken hqonda aRebuli. is Sedegi, romJurnalma, “polilogisa” da “axali droebisgan” gansxvavebiT, didxans(dRemde) iarseba, man qarTveli mkiTxvelis mxardaWeriT miiRo. qarTvelimkiTxvelisaTvis “XX saukunis” literaturuli politika ufro misaRebiaRmoCnda, vidre “polilogisa” da “axali droebisa”. ეrTicaa: qarTulisazogadoebis cnobiereba 1994 wels (axlad wagebul-gadatanili omebisada sxvadasxvanairi tramvebiT damZimebuli) jer kidev ar iyo mzad imsiaxleebis misaRebad, rasac “polilogi” da “axali droeba” sTavazobda.90-iani wlebis “qarTuli literaturuli samizdatis” (terminiekuTvnis daTo CixlaZes) mimoxilvaSi vkiTxulobT, poetisa daTeoretikosis daviT CixlaZis mosazrebas, romelic, Cveni azriT, ar arisdazRveuli tendenciurobisagan: “literaturuli samizdatis pirveliJurnali iyo “iaxsari”, romelic 1989 wels gamovida da mis SeqmnaSimonawileoba miiRes poetebma gela kikolaSvilma, omar Turmanaulma, liabedoSvilma, daTo barbaqaZem, andro buaCiZem da sxv.” (CixlaZe, 2005: 8 ).faqtobrivi masalisa da ganviTarebuli movlenebis mTeli Semdgomiistoriac da tradiciac, “daTo barbaqaZis Jurnalma” Seqmna, romelicjer mxolod zepiri formiT arsebobda, mogvianebiT ki video-Jurnalis(arqivis) forma miiRo. daTo CixlaZe ganagrZobs, rom: “daTo barbaqaZisJurnalma” SeZlo, wlebis ganmavlobaSi yofiliyo mravali axalitendenciisa Tu axalgazrda mwerlis xelSemwyobi da warmomCeni.samizdatis kulturaSi sxva msgavsi mniSvnelobis movlena arc yofila.am Jurnalis Sexvedrebi universitetis pirvel korpusSi ewyoboda danamdvilad did auditorias izidavda, rogorc mwerlebis, asevemkiTxvelebis. swored iq wamoiWra da ganxilvis sagnad iqca sakiTxebi,romlebic dResac ki ar aris farTe diskusiis saxiT mocemulialternatiuli Tu naxevrad-alternatiuli presis furclebze –formalizmis dialeqtikis aspeqtebi, karnavaluri inovaciebi” (CixlaZe,2005: 9). karnavalur inovaciebs rac Seexeba, is CvenSi praqtikuladxorcieldeboda – politikur Tu yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, xolokulturuli karnavaluri inovaciebis wiaRsvlebi 90-iani wlebismiwurulidan, TiTqmis 2000 wlidan iwyeba, roca saestrado Souebi da“literaturuli saZmoebis” quCuri Tavyrilobebi momravlda TbilisSi;23
maSin, rodesac literaturulma saRamoebma tradiciuli da “legaluri”saxe miiRo (“literaturuli sardafi”, kafe “parnasi”, “literaturulikafe”, “wignis saxli”).* * *socialisturi politikur-ekonomikuri wyobisa da ideologiisrRvevas mohyva yvela im organizaciisa da struqturis TandaTanobiTidaSla, romlebic komunisturma reJimma aaRorZina. aseTi bedi ewiasaqarTvelos mwerlaTa kavSirsac (miuxedavad imisa, rom igi TavisufalisaqarTvelos periodSi daarsda – mweralTa gaerTianebisa dasaxelwifos mxridan maTze socialuri zrunvis ganxorcielebis mizniT).90-ian wlebSi man TandaTan dakarga avtoriteti. aTwleulis meorenaxevridan daiwyo dapirispirebebi, rasac, garkveulwilad masmediamacSeuwyo xeli. qarTvel mweralTa garkveulma nawilma iwyo damoukidebeliliteraturuli dajgufebebisa da asociaciebis Camoyalibeba, rasacmohyva saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris daSlis pirveli etapi. esyvelaferi, erTi mxriv mwerlobis ganaxlebis aucileblobiT iyonakarnaxevi, meores mxriv ki, am process zogadad erovnuli mwerlobisideis devalvaciis ideologiuri “SekveTis” kvali aCnda.90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mniSvnelovan movlenad iqcasaerTaSoriso organizaciis pen-klubis, qarTuli pen-centrisCamoyalibeba, rasac ioseb brodskic gamoexmaura erT-erT rusulgazeTSi. pen-centri XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda inglisSi.qarTuli pen-centri Zalzed rTul pirobebSi Seiqmna – 1991 wels.“pen-klubi aris demokratiuli qveynis erTi aucilebeli daRonieri atributi, romlis Seqmnis saTaveebTan idgnen jon golzuorTi,pol valeri, heminguei, artur mileri da sxvebi.pen-centris saqmianoba gulisxmobs kulturul moRvaweobas, mweralTamoqalaqeobriv da profesiul uflebaTa dacvas. amdenad, pen-klubiswevroba movaleoba ufroa, vidre pativi.” [gaz. “literaturulisaqarTvelo” 1998w. 30.01.-6.02]. .qarTuli pen-centris pirveli sapatio prezidenti iyo Wabuaamirejibi. 1997 wlamde prezidenti gaxldaT jansuR Carkviani, xolo mis24
Semdeg – daTo maRraZe. swored am ukanasknelis prezidentobisa da zaalsamadaSvilis, gigi sulakaurisa da nugzar SataiZis viceprezidentobisasgamodioda jer literaturuli gazeTi, xolo SemdgomSiliteraturuli Jurnali “qomagi”, romelmac 2002 wlamde iarseba.2000 wlis 30 marts pen-klubis jildo – oqros medlebi gadaecaTqarTvel mwerlebs: jaba ioselians, vaxuSti kotetiSvils, vaJagigaSvils, laSa TabukaSvils, aka morCilaZes, reJisor goga xaindravas.1994 wlidan moqmedebs “kavkasiuri saxli”, romlis damarsebelicnaira gelaSvili gaxlavT. “kavkasiur saxlSi” imarTeboda“alternatiuli azris seminari”, seminaris muSaobaSi monawileobasiRebdnen poetebi, mwerlebi, mxatvrebi, filosofosebi, kinomcodneni,politologebi da a. S. “me vcxovrob maSin, saukune roca ileva” – rainermaria rilkes leqsis es striqonebi (ciklidan “Jamni”) warmoadgensdevizs “alternatiuli azris seminarisa” _ “saqarTvelo da me saukuneTamijnaze msoflio konteqstSi”. seminaris afiSa ki ase mimarTavssazogadoebas: “poetebo, mwerlebo, kritikosebo, mxatvrebo, mecnierebo –adamianebo! TqviT! ra moxda? ra xdeba? ra SeiZleba momxdariyo? raSeiZleba moxdes (SigniT) da gareT, anu: dro! dro aRniSneT! oRondilaparakeT zusti da axali sityvebiT! e. i. saWiroa iyoT Tanamedrove(da ara medrove)!..”“kavkasiuri saxli” xSirad aZlevda SesaZleblobas sxvadasxvaSemoqmedebiT jgufebs, warmoedginaT TavianTi mxatvruli programa. aq1997 wlidan gamodioda saliteraturo-religiur-filosofiuri dasazogadoebrivi Jurnali “afra”, 1998 wlidan ki _ literaturulsazogadoebrivigazeTi “alternativa”. maTi mizani gaxldaT, moexdinaTTanamedrove SemoqmedebiTi procesebis stimulireba da daxmarebodnenaxlis Semosvlas da damkvidrebas. “alternativas” da “afras” erTi daigive koncefcia hqondaT: moexdinaT “Tanamedrove SemoqmedebiTiprocesebis, Targamanis da kritikuli azris stimulireba, daexmaros“axals”, romelsac aseT did winaaRmdegobas uwevs CvenSi is, racmoZvelebuli da gaqvavebulia, rac guSinwindel dRes ekuTvnis da xelsuSlis momavlis mosvlas”[gaz. “alternativa” #1, 1998w.].1996 wels, mweralTa kavSiris Tavjdomaris postis dakavebamde,Tamaz wivwivaZem daaarsa mweralTa gaerTianeba “otaridi”, romlis25
wevrebic iyvnen: Wabua amirejibi, baCana bregvaZe, guram gegeSiZe, givigegeWkori, guram doCanaSvili, ana kalandaZe, emzar kvitaiSvili, murmanlebaniZe, SoTa niSnianiZe, lia sturua, arCil sulakauri, dalifanjikiZe, Tamaz Cxenkeli, nugzar SataiZe, oTar CxeiZe, daviT werediani,tariel Wanturia, vaxtang WeliZe, Tamaz WilaZe, oTar WilaZe, besikxaranauli, vaxtang javaxaZe. es gaxldaT pirveli gaerTianeba xarisxisniSniT.gaerTianeba “otaridis” amocana iyo misi wevrebis sayofacxovrebopirobebis gaumjobeseba, wignebis gamosacemad saWiro saxsrebis gamonaxva,sakuTari poligrafiuli bazis gamarTva da mwerlobis interesebisganuxreli dacva! [gaz. “literaturuli saqarTvelo” #25, 1996w].1997 wels Jurnal “XX saukunesTan” Camoyalibda amavesaxelwodebis mweralTa klubi, romlis wevrebic iyvnen: vaJa gigaSvili,laSa TabukaSvili, rezo TabukaSvili, qeTi niJaraZe, mamuka saluqvaZe,zurab samadaSvili, zaal samadaSvili, irakli samsonaZe, daToturaSvili, irakli javaxaZe, kote jandieri. “XX saukunelTa” mizani iyowminda literaturuli politikis gatareba da axali Taobis warmoCineba.“klubis arcerTi wevri, arcerTi Cvengani ar gamoirCeva gansakuTrebulikorporaciuli suliskveTebiT, magram amve dros TiToeuli Cvenganifiqrobs, rom Jurnalis irgvliv gaerTianeba erTaderTi saSualebaaimisTvis, raTa Cvens mier Rirebulad da mniSvnelovnad miCneulnawarmoebebs maTTvis Sesaferisi adgili davumkvidroT” [Jurn. “XXsaukune” #6-7, 1997w.].1997 wels Camoyalibda sazogadoebriv-literaturuli asociacia“arili”, misi umTavresi mizani gaTiSul TaobaTa daaxloeba daliteraturuli procesis xelSewyoba iyo _ ”Cveni gaerTianeba saSualoda axali Taobis literatorebs uyris Tavs, anu maT, vinc oTxmocian daoTxmocdaaTian wlebSi Semovida literaturaSi, an sulac axla iwyebsliteraturul moRvaweobas. Cveni Tavmoyra savsebiT bunebrivad moxda damizezi ki, upirveles yovlisa, SeiZleba is iyos, rom ufros da momdevnoTaobebs Soris Sesustebulma kontaqtma Tavis droze literaturulprocess mimzidveloba daukarga da cxovelmyofeloba waarTva. [...]oTxmociani wlebis bolodan axali Taobis literatorebis iniciativiTdaiwyo damoukidebeli saliteraturo Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocema.26
“iaxsari”, “literatura da sxva”, “gulani”, “mesame gza”, “rubikoni”,“polilogi”, “+ _ literatura”... es gamocemebi drois sxvadasxvamonakveTSi Cndeboda da raRac etapze axerxebda erTmaneTTan axlomyofiliteraturis SekavSirebas, maTi Semoqmedebis koncentrirebuladwarmoCenis mniSvnelovan saqmes. samwuxarod, finansuri dabrkolebebisgamo, am Jurnal-gazeTebs didxans ar uarsebia. am mxriv bednierigamonaklisi aRmoCnda gazeTi “arili” (agreTve, almanaxi “XX saukune”),romelmac SeZlo Tavis irgvliv avtorTa jgufis Semokreba. CvenvfiqrobT, literaturuli gaerTianebis Cemoyalibeba saSualebasmogvcems, vawarmooT sagamomcemlo saqmianoba, cocxali kontaqtidavamyaroT mkiTxvelTa auditoriasTan da, rac mTavaria, movSaloTniWier damwyeb avtorebsa da, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saSualo Taobas,ufros Taobas Soris arsebuli barieri – swored am mizniTgaverTiandiT da swored am mimarTulebiT vapirebT moZraobas – axal daaxal TviTmyofadi xelweris mqone avtorebTan urTierTobisaTvis,vinaidan maTTan azrTa gacvla-gamocvla, sulieri Tanaziaroba TujansaRi polemika yovel Cvengans SemoqmedebiT impulsebs miscems.mweralTa gaerTianeba “arilis” mizania ara im [qarTuli] tradiciissferoSi brunva, aramed misi gagrZeleba, rogorc formismieri Ziebis, iseSinaarsiseuli mravalwaxnagovnebis TvalsazrisiT...” [gaz. “arili” #39,1997].asociacia “arilis” wevrebi iyvnen: Sadiman SamanaZe, malxazxarbedia, andro buaCiZe, beso xvedeliZe, Salva bakuraZe, zviad ratiani,Tamaz vasaZe, zurab kiknaZe, zaza TvaraZe, irakli samsonaZe...dRevandeli gadasaxedidan daviT CixlaZe “oficialuri” da“alternatiuli” literaturis Tanafardobas imdroindel literaturulprocesSi gansxvavebulad, ufro zomierad da vfiqrobT, obieqturadaciazrebs, roca aRniSnavs, rom “arili” ufro metad miaxloebuliaoficialur RirebulebebTan, vidre sxva gamocemebi, magaliTad,“alternativa”.90-ian wlebSi agreTve yalibdeboda da arsdeboda poeturiordenebi Tu asociaciebi, magaliTad, rogoric iyo “qronofagebi” damisTanani. Cven CavTvaleT, rom sagangebod (da gamonaklisis saxiTac)yuradReba SevaCeroT “reaqtiuli klubis” arsebobaze. “reaqtiuli klubi”27
daarsda 1990 wels irakli Carkvianis saxlSi, am ukanasknelisa da koteyubaneiSvilis TaosnobiT. “reaqtiul klubSi”, rogorc amavesaxelwodebis krebulis meore gamocema iuwyeba, gaerTianebuli iyoCvidmeti avtori, magram avtorebi fsevdonimebiT arian warmodgenilni:eldar nakravi, varlam wasuli, SoTa gagarini, iason beria, alisavaimeSvili, mose svani, polkarpe gverduli, givi Tbileli, petre-1,irakli-2, nikoloz-3 da a.S. (savaraudod, aq CamoTvlili fsevdonimebi,mxolod or pirovnebas ekuTvnis – irakli Carkviansa da koteyubaneiSvils).“reaqtiuli klubis” mizani iyo Tanamedrove literaturiTdainteresebuli adamianebis Sekreba da amas axerxebdnen kidec.Sexvedrisa da Sekrebis adgili, 1990 wlidan moyolebuli garkeveulidrois ganmavlobaSi – Tbilisis omis dawyebamde – ucveleli iyo:sajaro biblioTekasTan! “reaqtiuli poetebi”, biblioTekis wingamotanil magidaze dgebodnen da SekrebilT sakuTar leqsebsukiTxavdnen. imdroindeli publikisTvis kote yubaneiSvilis poeziisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli stili ucxo iyo, da, miuxedavad imisa, rom “reaqtiulipoeziis” frazebi yurs Wrida, mainc igrZnoboda masSi energia. albaT, ammuxtis gamoc da koniunqturisgan ganTavisuflebis Jinis gamoc, leqsebizepirad vrceldeboda. daarsebidan cameti wlis Semdeg, “reaqtiuliklubis” arseboba da misia irakli Carkvianma ase Seafasa: “reaqtiulmabilikma sakmaod bevri adamiani gadaiyvana 21-e saukuneSi. “reaqtiuliklubi” erTjeradi Sprici iyo, romelmac Tavisi misia Seasrula da dResmSvidobianad ganisvenebs istoriis sanagveSi” [“reaqtiuli klubi” 2,Tbilisi, 1993w; gaz. “24 saaTi”, 2003w. 9maisi.]. kidev erTi SeniSvna -“reaqtiuli klubidan” iwyeba literaturuli saZmoebis Camoyalibebac,rac dRemde Seuqcevadi procesia. (ar SemiZlia, ar aRvniSnopostsabWouri qarTuli ormagi kodirebis kidev erTi landSafti –saZmoebi aramxolod literaturuli iqmneboda 1990-ian wlebSi, aramedbiWebis dajgufebebic, romlebic Tbilisis ubnebis saxelwodebebsatarebdnen (verelebi, kulinarielebi, iosebiZelebi...) da kriminalursafrTxeebs qmnidnen. es ukanasknelni Tu sisxliT da ZaladobiTangrevdnen qveyanas, literaturuli saZmoebi TavianTi performansebiTa28
da literaturuli lazRandarobiT Seudgnen qarTuli klasikurimwerlobis kanonebis rRvevas).90-iani wlebis literaturuli peridikis Sesaxeb momzadebulma ammcire eqskursma cxadyo, rom im mZime peridSic iyo moTxovnileba,daarsebuliyo da Seqmniliyo raime tipis literaturuli sainformaciowyaro, romelic ase Tu ise Seavsebda qarTul kulturul fenas.gamravalferovnebis garda, 90-iani wlebis “istabliSmentma” xeli Seuwyomomdevno aTwleulis qarTuli literaturuli periodikis Seqmna-Camoyalibebas. rogorc aRiniSna, 90-iani wlebSi daarsebulma JurnalgazeTebmaSemdgom aTwleulSic ganagrZes arseboba da qarTuliliteraturuli periodikis arealis ganviTareba-gafarToebasac xeliSeuwyves – Jurnali “arili”, Jurnali “alternativa”, Jurnali “qomagi”,Jurnali “kviris palitra”, gazeTi “wignebi”, gazeTi “parnasi” ...mogvianebiT Seiqmna virtualuri sivrcec anu gaCnda qarTuliliteraturuli eleqtronuli saitebi: “lib. ge”, “literatura. ge” (maTdaaweses literaturuli premiebic)... aq CamoTvlil yvela organos Tavisididi wvlili aqvs Setanili uaxlesi qarTuli saliteraturo periodisganviTarebaSi, igulisxmeba is, rom calkeul gamocemas sakuTaripolitika hqondaT da erTma Tu axali Taobis warmoCenas Seuwyo xeli,meore – ucxouri literaturis TargmaniT amdidrebda speqtrs, mesamem –recenziis kulturis Camoyalibeba da kritikis ganviTareba daisaxamiznad.... am yvelafris fesvi 90-ian wlebSi iRebs saTaves, xolo SedegisgaanalizebisaTvis sxvagvari diskusia aris saWiro.* * *am periodSi gaCnda moTxovnileba, rom daarsebuliyo axali,damoukidebeli literaturuli premiebi.qarTvel mweralTa da literaturismcodneTa damoukidebelmakavSirma 1993 wels daawesa vaJa-fSavelas saxelobis literaturulipremia, romlis pirveli laureatebi arian: SoTa niSnianiZe, giorgigigauri, merab elioziSvili, guram gogiaSvili, levan bregaZe. JiurisTavjdomare gaxldaT aleqsandre Rlonti, xolo Tavjdomaris moadgile– daviT gogoWuri. damoukidebeli kavSiris samdivnom aseve daaarsa29
terenti granelis saxelobis literaturuli premia saukeTeso poeturinawarmoebisTvis.amave periodSi akaki wereTlis saxelobis saqarTvelos sabavSvofondma daawesa akaki wereTlisa da iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobispremiebi, romelic gadaecemodaT ara mxolod mwerlebs, aramedkulturisa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferos moRvaweebsac.Tbilisis meriis axalgazrdobis saqmeTa sammarTvelom da wignismoyvarulTa kavSirma “besTselerma” 1998 wels daarsa literaturulipremia “besTseleri”, romelmac mxolod ori weli iarseba. “besTseleris”mizani gaxldaT axalgazrda mwerlebis gamovlena, waxaliseba,mxardaWera. “besTseleris” pirveli laureatebi iyvnen: mixomosuliSviuli, irina baqaniZe, eka RaRaniZe, aleko SuRlaZe da TengizTofuriZe. meore wels organizatorebma gadawyvites, rom axalgazrdaprozaikosebTan erTad saukeTeso leqsebis avtorebic daejildovebinaTda “besTseleris” 1999 wlis laureatebi gaxdnen poetebi: zviad ratiani,daTo barbaqaZe da ia sulaberiZe. prozis nominaciaSi dajildovdnen: maiagogolaZe, nana CitoreliZe da fiqria yuSitaSvili. wamaxalisebelipremiebi ergoT koba cxakaias da Tengiz TofuriZes.90-ian wlebSi daarsebuli literaturuli premiebi ZiriTadaderTjeradad gaicemoda, anu daarsebidan erT weliwadSi arsebobaswyvetdnen. iyo gamonaklisic – mweralTa kavSiris yovelwliuri premia,romelic sistematurad gaicemoda.am premiebis daarsebis upirvelesi mizani iyo saxelmoxveWilmweralTa dafaseba da axalgazrda avtorTa waxaliseba, magram, rogorcukve aRvniSneT, amgvari sulikveTebani xSir SemTxvevaSi droebiTi daxanmokle iyo, isev da isev finansebis naklebobis gamo.2000 wlidan ki, daarsda iseTi literaturuli premiebi dajildoebi, romelTac namdvilad gansazRvres axalbeda qarTvelmweralTa bedi, gamoiyvanes ra samwerlo asparezze. gamomcemloba“diogenes” mier wamowyebulma, qarTuli sivrcisTvis aqamde uCveuloformis proeqtma “penmaraTonma” gamoavlina da popularizacia gauwiaramdenime axal mwerals. aseve, mastimulirebeli gaxda “bakursulakauris gamomcemlobis” proeqti “15 saukeTeso moTxroba”, romelicmTeli wlis manZilze, sxvadsxva Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebul30
moTxrobebs ajamebs da 15 saukeTesos wignad gamoscems, xoloTxuTmetidan kidev ufro sam saukeTesos fuladi premiiT ajildovebs.2003 wlidan ki, saTave daedo literaturul premia “sabas”,romelic marTla pompezuri da grnadiozuli aRmoCnda CvenisinamdvilisTvis.* * *ra gaxda qarTuli literaturisTvis kulturuli orientiri XXsaukunis 90-ian wlebSi? pasuxi erTaderTi da martivia – siaxlismoTxovnileba da dasavluri kultura. Cven mivadeqiT im sakiTxs,romelsac kulturis Teoriis mixedviT “mimdinareoba” ewodeba.sanam aRniSnuli mimdinareobis daxasiaTebaze gadavidodeT,mizanSewonilad CavTavaleT, ori mosazrebis gaxmovaneba. isini imiTaagansakuTrebiT angariSgasawevi, rom TviT 90-ianelTa TaobiswarmomadgenelT ekuTvniT. SoTa iaTaSvilisa da daTo CixlaZis azriT,qarTuli literaturis ganaxleba 90-iani wlebis I naxevrSi, ZiriTadad,poeziis saSualebiT xdeboda, xolo II naxevarSi wamyvani pozicia prozamdaikava. amis mizezs SoTa iaTaSvili ase xsnis: Tuki revoluciuri“poeturi periodis” ganmsazRvreli niSani modernuloba iyo, qarTuliliteraturis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze saintereso procesebiamJamad prozaSi mimdinareobs da amas ukve postmodernulobagansazRvravs. da marTlac, rogorc xSirad SeniSnaven, postmodernizmis“sayvareli” Janri romania, igi yvelaze kargad prozaSi vlindeba.“dasavluri kakilebi”, “dasavluri moderni”, “retro-realizmi”...revaz TvaraZem, oTar CxeiZem da aka morCilaZem am terminebiT moixseniesis kulturuli meTodi da mimdinareoba, metic, mTeli sociokulturulida politikuri paradigma, romelsac msoflio literaturuli azri XXsaukunis 50-iani wlebidan postmodernizms uwodebs.31
Tavi IIpostmodernizmis meTodologiuri gaazrebisaTvis“vaRiareb, rom verasodesmesmoda,Tu ras niSnavs postmodenizmi”raimond federmani“postmodernizmi Zalzed seriozulifilosofiuri koncefciaa”valeri savCuki” -Что это такое – постмодернизм?-Это когда ты делаеш куклу куклы.И сам при этом кукла.”ვ. პელევინიpostmodernizmisTvis yevlaferiTanaswori da Tanasworuflebianiasazogado daxasiTebapostmodernizmi is cnebaa, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia bolo 25-30wlis msoflio kulturul, saxelovnebo Tu inteleqtualur sferoebzesaubari. am fenomenma dasavleTSi daipyro cxovrebis yvela sfero, iqcamTel enad istoriaSi [Jurnali "ciskari" #4, 1998: 60] postmoderni,upirveles yovlisa, gvevlineba, rogorc garkveuli mentalitetisdamaxasiaTebeli niSani [samecniero krebuli "sjani" #1, 2000: 198], igiSeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc maRalganviTarebul sazogadoebaTacodnis Taviseburi done (kiriCenko, 2003: 31). postmodernizmi farTokulturuli mimarTulebaa, romlis TvalsawierSic xvdebian filosofia,esTetika, humanitaruli mecnierebebi, igi mravalmniSvnelovani dadinamikurad cvalebadi kompleqsia. TumcaRa, arsebobs mosazreba(ZiriTadad rusul kulturologiaSi, kerZod ki, v. kuricinis azri), rom32
aramed erTgvar anaprocess, romelic pirveldaviwyebuls gardaqmnis(liotari, 2005: 15). rusi mecnieri ilia ilini sakiTxs ase svams: arsebobski saerTod postmodernizmi? (es sakiTxi dasavlur kulturologiurkvlevebSic dasmula). “xom ar aris es morigi fiqcia, xelovnuriTeoriuli msjelobis Sedegi, romelic ufro xelovnebis zogierTidasavleli Teoretikosis warmosaxvaSi arsebobs, vidre Tanamedrovemxatvruli procesis sinamdvileSi?” [ilini, 2003: 24]. rusi Teoretikosiimasac acxadebs, rom postmodernizmi modernizmisgan aris davalebuli,Tundac Tavisi saxelwodebiT. malkolm bredeberic aRniSnavs, rompostmodernizmi modernizmis wiaRSi iSva. da saerTod, sakiTxi Tu riTgansxvavdeba postmodernizmi modernizmisgan, an ra msgavsebaa maT Sorisda a. S. – TeoretikosTa calke sagangebo ganxilvis Temaa, magaliTad,Carlz jenksma moaxdina imis klasifikacia, Tu ra ganasxvavebspostmodernizms modernizmisgan da ra saerTo aqvT maT.Jan-fransua liotari wers: “postmoderni ganTavsdeba ara modernisSemdeg, aramed mis pirispir, mas ukve Seicavda moderni, mxolodfarulad”. Kloci ganmartavs: “gana modernis kritikas ar warmoadgenspostmoderni, es ukanaskneli ki gana ar aris modernis gagrZeleba, axali,Tumca ara savsebiT gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT?” velSis daxasiaTebiT:“postmoderni [...] Seicavs moderns, gansazRvravs misTvis sapatio, magramara gamorCeul adgils” (ვelSi, 1999: 32). filosofosTa mosazrebanigasaTvaliswinebelia, magram am gadasaxedidan Cans da droTaganmavlobaSi ufro gamoikveTa, rom modernizmi da postmodernizmi orierTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli mimdinareobebia.postmodernizmis mravlnairi ganmarteba arsebobs, magram, rogorcwesi, arcerTi araa damakmayofilebeli da swored amis niadagzeyalibdeba misi enigmaturi saxe.Teoretikosebi aramxolod postmodernizmis ganmartebis Taobazemsjeloben da daoben, aramed misi warmoSobis drosa da adgilzec.gansakuTrebuli uTanxmoebaa misi warmoSobis TariRTan dakavSirebiT:dRemde ar arsebobs zusti dro, Tu rodis gaCnda postmodernizmisazogadoebriv-kulturul cnobierebaSi.ufro gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT, Tavdapirvelad postmodernizmiSeerTebul StatebSi XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi gamoCnda; evropaSi ki -34
60-70-ian wlebSi. “arnold toinbis Tanaxmad, romelic iribademsaxureboda terminis gavrcelebas, “postmoderni” ukve 1875 welsdaiwyo” (velSi, 1999: 4). rusi mecnieri a. anastasievic imas miuTiTebs, rom“termini “postmodernizmi” SemoiRo ingliselma istorikosma arnoldtoinbim, dasavleTis iracionaluri azrovnebis, gamefebuli qaosis,xangrZlivi uimedobis da mimdinare procesebis gamosaxatavad (rac, misiazriT, XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze daiwyo)” (anastasievi, 2003: 34). isevvelSs rom mivubrundeT, saerTod “am gamoTqmis warmoSobis TariRadunda miviCnioT 1917 weli, rodesac gamoCnda rudolf panvicis wigni“evropuli kulturis krizisi”, sadac Sedga zedsarTavi “postmodernis”debiuti” (velSi, 1999: 6). s. hiu holmeni ambobs, rom “jer kidev 1914 welsTeologebma daiwyes saubari “postmodernis” Sesaxeb” (holmeni, 2001: 70).SeiZleba 1914 wels ramdenjerme axsenes Teologebma termini, magram misifarTod da Riad gamoyeneba 70-ian wlebSi moxda amerikeli Teologis h.koksis naSromebSi, romelic laTinoamerikaSi religiis problemebsSeexeboda. postmodernizmi TariRdeba II msoflio omis dasasruliT; ismxolod 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi iqca dasavluri kulturiszogadesTetikur fenomenad da Teoriuli refleqsiis sagnad, rogorcfilosofiisa, esTetikisa da literaturuli kritikis sagangebo movlena["sjani" #1, 2000: 198]. kulturologiisa da postmodernizmisenciklopediebSi vkiTxulobT, rom postmodernizmi pirveladgamoyenebul iqna 1917 wels raimond panvicis zemoT naxseneb wignSi.Semdeg f. de onisma gamoiyena (1934w.) XX saukunis dasawyisisavangarduli poeziis gansaxilvelad. rogorc ukve iTqva, toinbisnaSromebSi, romelic dawerilia 1939-1947 wlebSi, termini gansazRvrulia,rogorc Tanamedrove epoqis aRmniSvneli (pirveli msoflio omisperiodidan moyolebuli).araerTi mecnieri miiCnevs am terminis naTliad arnold toinbis,TumcaRa mis popularizaciaSi Carlz jenkss miuZRvis wvlili, roca 1977wels misi wigni “postmodernistuli arqiteqturis ena” gamoica. saerTod,TeoretikosTa gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, postmodernizmiarqiteqturidan gavrcelda xelovnebisa da kulturuli moRvaweobisdanarCen sferoebSi. Tumca, imave jenksis mieraa aRniSnuli, rom terminiukve 60-70-iani wlebis amerikul literaturul kritikaSi gamoiyeneboda35
literaturuli eqsperimentebis aRsaniSnad, ultramodernistuliliteraturuli eqsperimentebis mniSvnelobiT. termini postmodernizminiSnavda eqstremis, neoavangardis nihilizmis narCens da tradiciebTannawilobriv dabrunebas. rogorc ilinma aRniSna, “ihab hasanisaTvis igijoisis “fineganis qelexiT” (1939w.) iwyeba. faqtobrivad amaveperiodizacias uWers mxars k. batleri. sxva mkvlevarebi mis warmoSobasdaaxloebiT 1950-iani wlebis Suaxanebs ukavSireben, xolo mis gadaqcevasxelovnebis gabatonebul tendenciad 60-iani wlebis Suaxanebidanvaraudoben” (ilini, 2003: 27). volfgang velSic imas aRniSnavs, rom“Tavdapirvelad, rogorc literaturuli cneba, igi Tanmimdevruladgavrcelda sxva sferoebze, upirvelesad, arqiteqturaze, iseve, rogorcferweraze, Semdeg ki igi sociologiam aitaca, filosofiaSikoniunqturas miaRwia da dRes, rogorc Cans, ar arsebobs sfero,romelSic am viruss ar SeeRwios” (velSi, 1999: 4).lesli fidlerma Tavis statiaSi “gadalaxeT sazRvrebi, amoavseTTxrilebi” _ aRniSna, rom postmodernizmze, rogorc literaturulmovlenaze, 60-iani wlebis miwuruls alaparakdnen da Semdeg igiarqiteqturasac miusadages, xolo 70-80-ian wlebSi daiwyes misigamoyeneba XX saukunis bolo mesamedis saerTo sulieri viTarebisaRsaniSnad. yuradReba unda mieqces imas, Tu sad gamoqveynda 1969 welslesli fidleris statia: arc meti arc naklebi, Jurnal “fleiboiSi”!rac, albaT, kidev erTxel miuTiTebs postmodernizmis bunebasa daxasiaTze.postmodernis genialogiis Sesaxeb danamdvilebiT raimes TqmaZnelia, magram daskvnis gakeTeba savsebiT SesaZlebelia - terminisnaadrevi gamoCenis sami SemTxveva dafiqsirda: 1) 1917 weli, rodesacgamoica rudolf panvicis wigni “evropuli kulturis krizisi”. aqtermini zedsarTavis funqcias atarebs; 2) 1934 wels, sul sxvagvaradgaiJRera am sityvam, “espaneli literaturaTmcodnesTvis federiko deonisisaTvis “postmoderni” aris ara imis niSani, rom kulturam Tavismorig mwvervals miaRwia, aramed imisa, rom warsuls Cabarda xanmokleperiodi literaturis sferoSi, ufro zustad ki – espanur dalaTinuramerikul sityvierebaSi” (velSi, 1999: 7). litraturaTmcodnepostmodernizms modernizmze reaqciis mniSvnelobas aniWebs; 3) mesamed es36
sityva anglo-saqsur samyaroSi, kulturasa da filosofiaSi gamoCnda dakvlav srulad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT. pirvelad igi dafiqsirda1947 wels, arnold toinbis naSromSi “istoriis wvdoma”. aq postmoderniaRniSnavs dasavleTevropuli kulturis amJamindel fazas. toinbimtermins kulturologiuri mniSvneloba mianiWa. naxseneb wignSipostmodernizmi gvevlineba, rogorc dasavluri kulturisa da religiisbatonobis dasasruli.postmodernisTvis aTvlis wertili 1875 welia, maxasiaTebeli ki“erovnuli saxelmwifos kategoriebiT azrovnebaze daSenebulipolitikidan im politikaze gadasvla, romelic iTvaliswinebssaerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa globalur xasiaTs” (velSi, 1999: 7).termini qronologiurad meryevia, aseve Zalzed gansxvavebulia misimasStabebi da Sefasebebic: zogan postmoderni kulturis ganviTarebisaxali mwvervalia, zogan – xanmokle intermedia, zogan – arsobrivimovlena. aseve savsebiT gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisgan sferoebic, sadacki es termini Cndeba: postmodernizmi xan zogadi kulturis sferoa, xan– mxolod literaturis, xanac – politikis. anda oden filosofiis ansociologiis...Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi postmodernizmis warmoSobas ukavSirebenburJuaziuli cnobierebis krizissa da saerTo sociokulturulisituaciis Secvlas, rodesac masmediis zegavleniT daiwyo masobrivicnobierebis Camoyalibeba. swored am faqtoriT aixsneba postmodernizmisepataJuri da groteskuli buneba. postmodernizmi ironiulad ekidebamasobrivi esTetikuri cnobierebis stereotipebs da mimarTavs maTparodirebas.postmodernuli cnobierebis krizisuli xasiaTis fesvebi undaveZioT XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze, sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruliwarmodgenebis rRvevis epoqaSi, rodesac Seirya pozitivisturimecnieruli codnisa da burJuaziuli kulturuli tradiciisavtoriteti.sakamaToa Tavad Sinaarsi gamoTqmisa “postmoderni”. erTni masganixilaven, rogorc axali teqnologiebis epoqas, kosmosuri omebisideologias; xolo meoreni, piriqiT, postmoderniT teqnologiaTamozRvavebas emSvidobebian.37
“TviT postmodernis Teoria dasavleTSi dramatuli daZabulobisgansakuTrebulma xarisxma warmoSva. postmodernis Teoria, rogorckulturuli movlena, arsebiTad, “postmodernis” cnebis dazustebispraqtikam gamoimuSava” (baqaniZe, 1998: 104-107).postmodernis saerTo maxasiaTebelia erTianobis daSlis diagnozida mravlobiTobis waxaliseba. misi interesi orientirebulia sazRvrebsada konfliqtur zonebze. postmodernSi yvelaferi erTianis daSliTmiiRweva, qaosi maTTan “kreaciuli lokusia”. hasani wers:“postmodernizmi arsobrivad, formis ngreva da kulturulianaqronizmia” (jenksi, 1999: 72).postmoderni Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi amkvidrebs momxmareblurgemovnebas, maskulturis nairgvar formebs, aCvenebs ra Tavs missapirispirod, maRali xelovnebis Jargons da socialuri Tanasworobisideas amofarebuli.postmodernuli prognozi aqtiurobasa da optimizmze metyvelebs,eiforiamde midis, Wrelia _ formis rRveva, parodireba, groteski,usasrulo TamaSi, seriozulobis gandevna, periferia, rogorc uflebismdgomareoba.termini “postmoderni” xelovnebis sferodan momdinareobs da araaqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, mis warmoSobas mxatvrobas miaweren(mosazreba pirvelad gamoiTqva inglisSi 1870 wels), literaturas (risgamoc amerikis SerTebuli StatebSi 1959 wlidan moyolebuli dRemde arwydeba kamaTi), Tu arqiteqturas (sadac 1975 wels gamoCnda). ise ki,rogorc mxatvruli gamovlineba, 1914 wels aSS-Si vlindeba, Tavidanvizualur xelovnebaSi – arqiteqturaSi, qandakebaSi, mxatvrobaSi;mogvianebiT – dizainSi, videoklipebSi; aRsaniSnavia isic, rommizandasaxulad vrceldeboda literaturaSi da musikaSi. 70-ian wlebSiki termini filosofiaSi gamoiyena Jan-fransua liotarma. aRsaniSnavia,rom postmodernizmis fundamentireba filosofiaSi, frangulmapostfroidizmma da dekonstruqtivizmma Seaferxa.postmodernistul epoqaSi deklarirdeba “axali filosofia”,romelic uaryofs obieqturobas da iseTi cnebebis mniSvnelobas,rogoricaa “samarTlianoba” da “simarTle”. postmodernizmisTeoretikosebi pozitiurad iReben da iziareben faseulobaTa38
orientirebis mniSvnelobis dakargvas: “mudmivi faseulobebi” daideafiqsebi xels uSlian SemoqmedebiT process da Semoqmedebisrealizacias. postmodernistebis WeSmariti idealebia qaosi (delezismier wodebuli “qaosizmi”), uwesrigoba, mcire SesaZlebobebis unari.msoflioSi gabatonda SemoqmedebiTi mdgomareobis ori sawyisi:Sizoiduri da paranoiduli. postmodernistuli xasiaTic sworedSizoiduria (s. Juravliovi); xelovnebis nawarmoebi, rom Seqmna, saWiroa,iyo gadareuli, SeSlili. delezis da gvataris azriT, Semoqmedi arisSemdgari Sizofreniki. swored amis mixedviT amtkiceben da iziarebenpostmodernistebi, bartisa da fukos mier SemuSavebul “avtorissikvdilis” ideas. cnobilia, rom Sizoanalizic postmodernizmisfilosofiaSi ganixileba da “Sizoanalizis mamebi” Jil delezi dafsiqoanalitikosi feliqs gvatari amtkiceben, rom Sizofrenia, rogorcsigiJis umaRlesi forma gvevlineba piradulobisaTvis da sazogadoebismamoZravebeli ZalisTvis mTavar ganmanTavisuflebel sawyisad.Sizoiduri mrwamsi, sakuTari bunebidan gamomdinare, Tavadve angrevsmetateqsts. postmodernistuli filosofiis mixedviT, nebismieri reJimisaWiroebs dekonstruqcias – pirvel rigSi ki, bazisuri ideologiurigagebebi da cnebebi, romelzedac dgas da romliTac sazrdoobs mTelikultura, da amis dekonstruqcia unda moxdes inversiuli gziTgaTavisuflebuli azrovnebis meSveobiT.postmodernizmma xelovnebaSi ufro gailaRa da TiToeul dargSidamkvidrda Tavisi TiTqmis yvela maxasiaTebliT; magaliTad,kinomatografiaSi TamaSiT, Savi iumoriT da specefeqtebiani absurduliTrilerebiT daimkvidra adgili. kinomatografiaSi postmodernistTanawili flobs TamaSis iseT wesebs, romliTac SesaZlebelia sakuTari dasxvisi Semoqmedebis koxtad Sezaveba. kinomatografiaSi am mxrivaRsaniSnavia vudi aleni, romelsac ZaluZs, urbanistuli xelovnebisstilistikiT Seqmnas niu-iorkis kaleidoskopuri xati da niu-iorkelebiskoleqtiuri portreti. ramdenime ganmapirobebeli niSniT postmodernistreJisorad SeiZleba miviCnioT devid linCic, romelic mistikuriabsurdis yofierebis gamovlinebisaTvis iyenebs surialisturproporciebs da argebs kinomatografiis kliSeebs. postmodernizmis erTerTicnobili mimdevari gaxlavT quenTin tarantino, Tavisi Savi39
iumoriTa da didZali msxverplis – sisxlis “siyvarulis” gamo. qarTulsinamdvileSi ase mkveTrad gamoxatuli ar aris, magram SeiZlebacalkeuli reJisoris videoklipebSi mivakvlioT postmodernizmisniSnebs. kote jandieri SeniSnavs postmodernistuli epoqis xelovnebissaerTo niSnebis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs: “postmodernizmi kinematografiaSicda literaturaSic ramdenime saerTo niSniT gamoirCeva. postmodernulnawarmoebTa umravlesobaSi TvalSisacemia ukve arsebuli da kargadcnobili teqstebis Tavisufali citirebisa da ironiuli interpretaciismaRali xvedriTi wili” (jandieri, 2000: 5).amerikul literaturaSi postmodernizmi ukavSirdeba “Savi iumorisskolis” warmomadgenelT, eseni arian: jon barti, Tomas pinConi, jeimspatrik danlivi da donald bartelmi. postmodernisti mweralebidanyvelaze TvalsaCinoni arian: umberto eko, milorad paviCi, tom stopardida a.S. ruseTSi – boris akunini, ioseb brodski, benediqt erofeevi,dimitri prigovi, grigol osteri, viqtor pelevini, saSa sokolovi,vladimer sarokini, tatiana tolstaia.masobrivi cnobiereba postmodernizms arqiteqturaSi gaecno. xSirSemTxvevaSi, arqiteqturisa da literaturis postmodernizmi saxasiaTomsgavsebas avlenen. arqiteqtuaraSic, iseve rogorc literaturaSi,postmoderni moderns daupirispirda anu elitaruls – publika.postmodernizmi ambivalenturia da heterogenuli, man inteleqtualebsada elitarebs Soris ki ar daido bina, aramed “daiwyo adgilobrivTaviseburebaTa, tradiciaTa, quCis tradiciuli slengis aTviseba. aqedangamomdinareobs ormagi kodireba”(velSi, 1999: 14). “ormagi kodireba”gulisxmobs ori kilos SeerTebas, magaliTad: tradiciuli damodernuli; Tanamedrove, elitaruli da popularuli; internacionalurida regionaluri. Carlz jenksi “ormag kodirebas” ganmartavs, rogorc“or (an met) “teqstualur samyaros”, e.i. esTetikuri sistemebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli semiotikuri kodirebis xerxebis urTierTSejerebas. amplanSi ganxilvisas postmodernizmi gvevlineba, rogorc modernizmispraqtikis ganviTareba da, imavdroulad, rogorc misi gadalaxva, radganis “ironiulad gadalaxavs” Tavisi winamorbedi xelovnebis stilistikas”["sjani" #1, 2000: 198].40
mxatvrobaSi arsebobs mkveTrad gamoxatuli postmodernizmi,mxolod “transavangardis” saxeliT cnobili. gotfrid bemi ambobda, romSegviZlia mSvidad gavideT fons sityva “postmodernizmis” gareSec,radganac is axali, rac mis farglebSi iqmneba, ar scildeba modernisSesaZleblobebso.sociologiuri analizisas terminologebi upiratesobas aniWebenpostindustrialuri sazogadoebis cnebas, magram, asea Tu ise, sabolooupiratesoba mainc “postmodernul sazogadoebas” mieniWa. niSandobliviaam cnebebs miRma arsebuli Sinaarsebis Sedareba: postindustrialurisazogadoeba informaciuli sazogadoebaa da misTvis prioritetuliasamecniero da ara samrewvelo simZlavreebi. postmodernuli kultura kiTviTrealizaciasa da tkbobas amkvidrebs.postmodernistuli ena Zalzed pluralisturia, imdenad, romqarTveli postmodernisti poetisa da Teoretikosis daviT CixlaZisazriT, faSisturic kia. Tu isev qarTvel avtors davesesxebiT,postmodernizmis ena Cinebulad moergo politikur-ekonomikurkoniunqturas, maT Soris, qarTul politikur-ekonomikur koniunqturasac.postmodernizmis praqtikulad yvela warmomadgeneli daTeoretikosi (barti, batai, blanSo, bodriari, delezi, derida, jeimsoni,gvatari, kristeva, liotari, fuko, hasani, fokema, batleri, loji. . .)aRniSnavs, rom maT koncefciebze didi zegavlena moaxdina Jan-fransualiotaris naSromma “postmodernistuli xvedri”. filosofosi amtkicebs,rom postmoderni niSnavs, metanaraciis mimarT gaCenil undoblobas.“metanaracias”, “metaTxrobas” is uwodebs yvela im “ganmmartebelsistemas”, romlebic burJuaziuli sazogadoebis maorganizeblebad dasaSualebebad gvevlinebian. esenia: religia, istoria, mecniereba,fsiqologia da xelovneba (anu nebismieri “codna”). didi naraciisdasasruli SesaZlebels xdis enobriv TamaSebs da am enobrivi TamaSebismravalferovnebas liotari gadaWriT uWers mxars.“postmodernuli mecniereba moxazavs Tavisi sakuTari ganviTarebis,rogorc wyvetili, katastrofuli, mouwesrigebeli, paradoqsuliganviTarebis Teorias. igi cvlis sityva “codnis” mniSvnelobas, iuwyeba,rom aseTi cvlileba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes. igi badebs aracnobils, aramed – ucnobs” (velSi, 1999: 27).41
postmodernma literaturaSi, rogorc SemTxveviTma daaraerTgvarovanma gamoTqmam, namdvili cnebis myari konturebi SeiZina.cneba postmoderni Seicavs epoqis diagnozs, romelic modernismoelvare simaRleebidan avbediTi ufskrulisaken daqanda. am azrssawyisi irving haum daudo 1959 wels. man ganacxada, rom Tanamedroveliteratura, didebuli modernuli literaturisgan gansxvavebiT, dunea,gamofituli, da daclilia novatoruli potenciisa da SemZravizemoqmedebis Zalisgan.gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, romelic sawyis etapze figurirebdada iziarebdnen kidec, postmodernizmi modernizmis gagrZelebaa, magramdroTa ganmavlobaSi damtkicda, rom es ori mimdinareoba Tu mxatvrulistili Zalzed gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, Tavis droze ihab hasanma erTivrceli gamnartebiTi xasiaTis statia gamoaqveyna, sadac erTmaneTisgangammijvneli ocdaaTi maxasiaTebeli gamoyo, romlis mixedviTacpostmodernizmi da modernizmi absoluturad gansxvavdebianerTmaneTisgan. ihab hasanis klasifikaciis mixedviT gansxvavebebimdgomareobs SemdegSi:modernizmipostmodernizmidaxuruli, daxSuli formagaxsnili antiformamizaniTamaSiACanafiqriSemTxveviTobaierarqiaanarqiaostatoba/logosiamowuruli/siCumexelovnebis sagani/dasrulebuli Semoqmedeba procesi/perfomansidistanciamonawileobaSemoqmedeba/totaluroba/sinTezi dekonstruqcia/antisinTezidaswreba/yofnadauswrebloba/aryofnakoncentrirebagafantulobaJanri/sazRvrebiteqsti/interteqsti42
semantikaparadigmametaforaseleqciafesvebi/siRrmeinterpretacia/axsna-ganmartebaaRsaniSnisakiTxavi/wasakiTxiTxroba/didi istoriaZiriTadi kodisimptomitipifalocentrizmiparanoiawyaroebi/mizezebimama RmerTimetafizikatrascendenturigarkveulobaritorikasintagmametonomiakombinaciarizoma/zedapirulobamcdari axsna-ganmartebaaRniSnuliweriliantiTxroba/mcire istoriaidioleqtisurvilimutantipolimorfuloba/androgeneziSizofreniasxvaoba/Sedegisuliwmindaironiaimanenturigaurkvevloba.lesli fidleris cnobil werilSi _ “gadalaxeT sazRvrebi,amoavseT Txrilebi” _ naTqvamia, rom moderni 1955 wels dasrulda daistorias Cabarda. Tu klasikuri modernis literatura mxatvruliqsovilis sinatifiT gamoirCeoda da amasTanave, elitarulic iyo, axalmaliteraturam datova es yalbi margalitebiT morTuli spilos Zvlissasaxle. axal xelovnebasa da literaturaSi postmoderni, spobs manZilsxelovnebasa da publikas Soris; yovel SemTxvevaSi, profesionalsa dadiletants Soris.postmodernistuli literatura aRar aris mxolod elitaruli dainteleqtualuri, igi erTdroulad moicavs gansxvavebul motivebs daganwyobilebebs – sentimentaluricaa, romantikulic da popularulic.lesli fidleris Tanaxmad, “napralis amovseba sazRvrebisgadalaxvasac niSnavda, saswaulebrivsa da Cveuls, realursa da miTiurs,burJuaziul patara samyarosa da mefeTa samflobelos Soris” (velSi,43
1999:10). amasTanave, literatori amtkicebs, rom saswaulisa da fantaziisgandevna da dangreva SeuZlebelia, da man mainc unda moipovos Tavisiadgili manqanebis samyaroSi, Tundac Secvlili an transformirebulisaxiT. postmodernul literaturaSi xorcieldeba kavSiri realursa dafiqcias, elitarul da masobriv gemovnebas Soris. rac Seexeba avtors,imave fidleris Tanaxmad, igi “ormagi agentia”, teqnologiur viTarebaSicda miTiur sivrceSic erTnairad gancxromaSi imyofeba. lesli fidleriTavis statiaSi gamodioda “elitarul” da “masobriv” xelovnebaTa SorissazRvrebis moSlis mowodebiT, magram es mowodeba aramcdaaramc arniSnavda imas, rom mTeli literatura gamxdariyo mdare, bulvaruli damasobrivi. aqve aRsaniSnavia erTi ram, xSirad postmodernistul damaskulturas aigiveben, ris gamoc azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. qarTvelimkvlevari Tamar berekaSvili wers, rom postmodernizmisgan “masobrivikulturis mimRebloba nebismieri sxva kulturis gverdiT srulebiT arniSnavs imas, rom postmodernizmi Tavadaa masobrivi kultura. masobrivikultura sruliad sxva movlenaa da warmoadgens swored modernizmisproduqts, mis qmnilebas. is xelovnebis erT-erTi dargia TavisiamocanebiT, gamoxatvis formebiT.” (berekaSvili, 2008: 170.) mosazrebasakamaToa, masobrivi kultura modernizmis epoqaSi SeiZleba ibadeboda,magram postmodernistulSi ufro naxa momxmarebeli. rogorc ambobenmasobrivi kultura ZiriTadad viTardeba mdidar industriul qveynebSi,es gasagebicaa, radgan masobrivi kultura moiTxovs mrewvelobas dakomercias, da mas sWirdeba momxmarebeli, romelic mzad aris mismisaRebad – moclili, socialurad naklebad SezRuduli. mkvlevarigvaZlevs masobrivi kulturis magaliTebs: “vivaldis musikis TanxlebiTyinulze Sesrulebuli cekva masobriv kulturas miekuTvneba, albaT,iseve, rogorc miqelanjelos naxatSi gaxveuli namcxvari” (berekaSvili,2008: 173). es maskulturaa, magram postmodernizmsac, rom axasiaTebszustad aseTive gulgriloba da gulgrili damokidebulebaRirebulisadmi, faseulobebisadmi, anda Serwyma axlisa da Zvelis,Zvelis morgeba Tanamedroveze?! mixeil epSteini maskulturastelefonebis wigns amsgavsebs, sadac yvelaferia siuJetis garda.magaliTad, zurab qarumiZis nebismier teqstSi lakonuri siuJetismoZieba gaWirdeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom es ar aris masaze gaTvlili44
wignebi, isini warmoadgenen postmodernistul srul da TvalsaCinonawarmoebebs (“opera”, “Rvinomuqi zRva”, “Txa da gigo”). isev TamarberekaSvils, rom davubrundeT: “postmodernizmi arc masobrivixelovnebaa da arc elitaruli, is ubralod xelovnebaa” (berekaSvili,2008: 170). sakamaToa, postmodernizmi oden xelovneba ar aris, igi mTeliepoqaa, an epoqis ena. ena, romelic warsulisTvis miuRebeli da uxeSiiyo, awmyosTvis – erTaderTi sakomunikacio saSualebaa, xolomomavlisgan ignorirebuli... Tumca, momavali gviCvenebs....kote jandieri sazRvrebis moSlis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs: “XX saukunis50-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, Zalas ikrebda sapirispiro procesi.borxesisa da nabokovis besTselerad qceulma nawarmoebebma cxadyo, rom“namdvili” xelovnebac SeiZleba iyos masobrivi da mas-kulturisproduqtic SeiZleba akmayofilebdes yvelaze daxvewil gemovnebas. esukve sazRvrebis gauqmebis, sademarkacio xazebis moSlis momaswavebeliiyo da axali cnobierebis, axali epoqis dadgomas niSnavda.postmodernulma epoqam axali gza gamoaCina. dRes sul ufro da ufrometi adamiani, maT Soris e. w. “maRali” xelovnebis moyvarulic,rwmundeba maskulturisadmi cxviraweuli snoburi damokidebulebisuperspeqtivobaSi. amis naTeli magaliTia tarantinostransliteraturuli kinomatografiis sayovelTao aRiareba” (jandieri,2000: 5).ukraineli mecnieris a. kiriCenkos azriT, postmodernizmimodernizmis msgavsad “gadarCenasa” da xsnas gvpirdeboda, magram am“xsnasa” Tu “gaTavisuflebas” sazogadoebas erTob agresiuli xerxebiTsTavazobda (da kvlav sTavazobs), postmodernisti raimond federmanicaRiarebs, rom “postmodernistuli literatura sikvdilze atarebseqsperimentebs”. da saerTod, “Tanamedrove mxatvruli nawarmoebebisumravlesoba, romlebsac eqsperimentuloba axasiaTebT, postmodernulia”(holmeni, 2001: 70). amitom, roca amtkiceben, rom postmodernizmis erTiZiriTadi Tviseba metateqstiao, mcdaria. misi ZiriTadi debulebebia:avtoris, romanis, moTxrobis da “maRali xelovnebis” sikvdili.postmodernizmi Tavidanve eWvis TvaliT uyurebda metateqsts dateqstSi avtoriseul TamaSs, umberto eko werda, rom TamaSi, upirveles45
yovlisa, unda iyos sicocxlisunariani, nawarmoebi ki Ria. Tumetateqstisa da avtoriseuli TamaSebis sakiTxi ase Tu ise cxadia,simbolizmis sakiTxi rTulad dgas, radganac postmodernistulliteraturaSi simbolos niSani Caenacvla, ramac gaamartiva teqstisazrobrivi arsi da xelT SegvrCa xelovnuri pirobiTi niSnebi.postmodernizmma ganacxada, rom ar arsebobs sinamdvile, avtori,pirovneba, dro, siuJeti, simbolo da Sesabamisad, postmodernistimwerlebic gaTavisufldnen siuJetis, gmiris, avtoriseuli poziciissaWiroebisagan.postmodernistuli literaturis buneba miiswrafis gmirisa dasaerTod personaJis, rogorc fsiqologiuri, aseve socialuri xasiTisrRvevisken. ingliseli literaturaTmcodne da mwerali qristina bruqrouzi“tradiciuli xasiaTis” kraxis xuT mizezs gamoyofs: 1) “Sinaganimonologis” krizisi da personaJis fiqrebis kiTxvis sxvagvari xerxebi; 2)burJuaziuli sazogadoebisa da masTan erTad romanis Janris dacema; 3)“xelovnuri folkloris” win wamoweva, rogorc masmediis moqmedebisrezultati: 4) “klipuri azrovneba” – “popularuli Janrebis” mTeliTavisi primitiuli esTetikiT warmoCena; 5) mTeli XX saukunissaSinelebisa da sigiJis gadmocemis uunaroba.sazogado azris mixedviT, postmodernizmi ar Sobs gmirebs – isiniarian hedonistebi, sakuTar Tavze Seyvarebuli egoistebi, moTamaSehomoseqsualistebi, romelnic ise qrebian arafers toveben, arc momavals,arc rame Rirsaxsovars.xolo, rac Seexeba mkiTxvels, am literaturaSi igi uSualoTanamonawilea da rolan bartis Tanaxmad, mkiTxvelis dabadeba avtorissikvdilis fasad xdeba. Tumca, barts zogjer am sakiTxSi edavebian dakvlavac Rrmad sjeraT (magaliTad, rus kritikoss a. anastasievs), rom“avtori kvlavac ganagebs im kosmoss (Tumca gacilebiT ufroSefarulad, vidre klasikur mwerlobaSi), romlisganac literaturaSedgeba” (kiriCenko, 2003: 33).“arsebiTad postmodernuli mwerloba danakargis literaturad,sikvdilis literaturad iqca” (anastasievi, 2003: 35). es literaturanangrevebisgan Sendeba. ngreva, misi principia (m. kvaWantiraZe).46
postmodernuli azri teroristuli azria – esec metadgavrcelebuli debulebaa – masSi batonobs dekonstruqciis paTosi, racTavisi arsiT literaturis tradiciuli Tematikisa da formebis ngrevasniSnavs.postmodernist mweralTa Semoqmedebas axasiaTebs raRac saerTo:drois arev-dareva, drois SegrZnebis moSla, stilizaciis farTodgamoyeneba, Tavisufali azrobrivi asociaciebi, paranoia, mojadoebuliwreebi, logikuri principebis gauqmeba (luisi, 2002: 60).“dabolos, postmodernis kultura, miuxedavad yvelafrisa,calkeuli avtorebis damkvidrebis, kulturaSi maTi CarTvis tradiciulkulturad gaformda, man tradiciis gaZlierebas Seuwyo xeli. ramdenicar unda vilaparakoT impersonalizmze, avtoris sikvdilze da avtoradmkiTxvelis gadaqcevaze, simarTle es aris: esTetikuri, mxatvruli Tusociologiuri azrovnebis oqros fondi Seivso deliozis, fukos,boisis, ekos da uamravi sxva erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli avtoriskonkretuli teqstebiT. erTi sityviT, maT hqondaT saTqmeli. Tundac is,rom brwyinvaled aRweres, ratom ver ityodnen verafers axals”(TavdiSvili, 2005: 17).postmodernistuli esTetika, romelic scildeba klasikurilogosis CarCoebs, aris principulad antisistemuri, adogmaturi, ucxokonceptualur msjelobaTa simkveTrisa da CaketilobisaTvis. misisimboloebia labirinTi, rizoma (kulturologia, 2003: 63).Tanamedrove literaturul kritikaSi postmodernizmi efuZnebapostruqturalizmisa da dekonstruqtivizmis Teorias da praqtikas, amazrs amtkiceben hasani, fokema, batleri, loji, ilini. ZiriTadi cnebebi,romlebiTac postmodernizmis momxreebi operireben da rac ZiriTadadaxasiaTebs am mimarTulebas, Semdegia: samyaro rogorc qaosi,postmodernuli mgrZnobeloba, samyaro rogorc teqsti, cnobierebarogorc teqsti, interteqstusaloba, avtoritetis krizisi,epistemologiuri daeWveba, avtoris niRabi, ormagi kodi, Txrobisparodiuli modusi anu pastiSi, Txrobis winaaRmdegobrioba,diskretuloba, fragmentuloba (nonseleqciis principi), “komunikaciisCavardna” (komunikaciis gaZneleba), metaTxroba.47
postmodernizmis umTavresi principia ormagi kodireba, romelicor gansxvavebul, erTmaneTTan Seusabamo kods iTavsebs Tavis TavSi. estermini Carlz jenkss ekuTvnis, romelic amtkicebda, rompostmodernistuli arqiteqtura klasikuri tradiciisa da modernistuliavangardis Serwymas emyarebao. postmodernizmi ormagi kodirebis enazemetyvelebs – erTdroulad klasikisa da avangardis enebze. “ormagikodireba SesaZloa ufro farTodac gaviazroT da saerTod nebismierigansxvavebuli enobrivi kodebis Serwymis saxiT warmovidginoT.magaliTad, deteqtivis Serwyma medievistikasTan – SuasaukuneebisSemswavlel mecnierebasTan; amgvari Serwymis Sedegia umberto ekos“saxeli vardis” da a.S. saerTod, yovelive ekleqturi, gansxvavebulTaaRrevaze damyarebuli xelovneba, Tavisi arsiT, ormagi, sammagi, oTxmagida a.S. “kodirebis” nimuSi gaxlavT” (qarumiZe, 2009: 5).postmodernistuli Txzulebis umTavresi niSnebia:interteqstualoba (terminis avtoria iulia kristeva), rac uxvadcitirebis, aluziis, reminiscenciis, mibaZvis, parodiis saxiT vlindeba(bregaZe, 2000: 18). rolan barti ambobs, rom “yoveli teqsti aris Suateqsti romelime sxva teqstTan mimarTebiT”; umberto eko ki amgvarivemosazrebas Semdegnairad ayalibebs: yoveli wigni mogviTxrobs mxolodsxva wignebis Sesaxeb. amas postmodernizmSi interteqstualobas uwodeben(TavdiSvili, 2005: 18). “iulia kristevas Teoriis mixedviT, teqstiwarmoadgens citatebis mozaikas, TiToeuli teqsti sxva teqstebisSTanTqmisa da transformaciis safuZvelze iqmneba. i. kristevaskoncefciaSi srulad ugulebelyofilia avtoris intencia, komunikantebsSoris dialogs enacvleba dialogi teqstebs Soris dainterteqstualoba gvevlineba yvela teqstisTvis damaxasiaTebelTvisebad” (cagareli, 2008: 260). literaturul postmoderns xSiraduwodeben “citirebul literaturas”. Jak rives romani-citata “qalbatonia-dan” (1979w.) Sedgeba 408 avtorisagan nasesxebi 750 nawyvetisagan.citatebiT TamaSi qmnis e.w. interteqstualobas. r. bartis azriT, is arSeiZleba daviyvanoT gavlenebisa da wyaroebis moZiebis problemamde. igiwarmoadgens anonimuri formulebis saerTo vels, sadac brWyalebisgareSe moyvanili nawyvetebis namdvil warmomavlobas Znelad Tumixvdebi. sxvanairad, rom vTqvaT, avtors hgonia, am yvelafers TviTon48
qmnis, magram am dros Tavad kultura moqmedebs da iaraRad avtorsiyenebs. es idea ar axalia: romis imperiis dacemis xanaSi literaturulmodaSi folkloridan Semovida e.w. centonebi... kidev erTxel aRvniSnav,rom postmodernizmis TeoriaSi msgavsi literatura, r. bartis mixedviT,“avtoris sikvdilis” terminiT damkvidrda. es imas niSnavs, rom nebismiermkiTxvels SeuZlia gautoldes avtors, sruli ufleba aqvs Taviseburaddaasrulos nawarmoebi, ai, magaliTad, rasac milorad paviCi gvTavazobsTavis “xazarul leqsikonSi”, SegviZlia qarTuli magaliTebic moviyvanoT– aka morCilaZis “santa esperansa”, sadac avtori ambebs “gvaZlevs” dasiuJets sakuTari survilisamebr “ganvkargavT”, “vafinalebT”.postmodernisTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia eseisturoba, racnawarmoebSi TviT am nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesze refleqsiaSi iCensTavs. rac, Tavis mxriv, aris Txroba Txrobis an monaTxrobis Sesaxeb anumetateqsti. levan bregaZe, metateqstis Sesaxeb Zalze sainteresomosazrebas gvTavazobs: metateqsti "droebis damaxasiaTebel niSnad iqca.es movlena ramdenadme tradiciuli sityvakazmuli mwerlobis krizisismomasawavebelic unda iyos – SesaZloa, didi gardatexis mauwyebelikrizisisa". frangma filosofosma Jan-fransua liotarma da amerikelmaliteraturaTmcodnem federik jeimsonma SeimuSaves “narativisa” da“metateqstis” Teoria. liotari metateqsts aRiqvams, rogorc“axsnaganmartebiT sistemebs”, misive azriT, postmodernizmi dakavebulia“arastabilurobis ZiebiT”, postmodrnistebis damokidebulebametaTxrobisadmi sxvagvaria, isini mas mimarTaven, rogorc parodiisformis wesebs, raTa daamtkicon misive uZlureba da umniSvneloba.magaliTad, r. brautigmani Tavis “kalmaxis WeraSi” (1970w.) akeTebshemingueis miTis parodirebas, romelic adamians umwikvlo bunebaSiabrunebs; xolo T. makgeinis “#92-is Crdili” Rirsebisa da vaJkacobisparodiaa (Juravliovi, 2001:2).saerTod, postmodernizms teqsti aqvs gafetiSebuli, yvelaferiteqstia. yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani filosofosis Jak deridasazriT, “msoflio erTi didi teqstia”, “teqsti realobis erTaderTiSesaZlebeli meTodia”, rasac iziarebs postmodernizmis TeoretikosTanawili, xolo miSel fuko teqstis magivrad istorias “iyenebs”, da49
misTvis istoria kacobriobis ugnurebis yvelaze masStaburigamoaSkaraveba da totaluri Seucnoblobis usasrulobaa.literaturis mier miniWebul siamovnebaze jer kidev aristotelewerda Tavis “poetikaSi”, xolo postmodernizmis mixedviT “teqstisganmiRebuli siamovneba”, anda sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, “teqstis erotikulimxare”, r. bartis koncefciiT, cxovrebiseul da amqveyniur vnebebsutoldeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, arRvevs metateqsts. metateqsti ki,pretenzias acxadebs, Secvalos realuri sinamdvile. ai, magaliTad, akamorCilaZis teqstebis kiTxvisas miRebuli siamovneba sxvadasxva donisada xarisxisaa –deteqtividan dawyebuli, damTavrebuli sawyisi teqstisada personaJebis amocnobiT, amavdroulad TamaSicaa, rac, Tavis mxriv,siamovnebaa. boris akunini Tavisi teqstebis Sesaxeb ambobda – isiniTxuTmeti fenisgan Sedgebian, magram siRrme mainc igrZnobao. siRrme ki,am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens teqstis erotikul tans – siamovnebas.postmodernizmis literaturismcodneobaSi ramdenimeumniSvnelovanesi cnebaa, esenia: rizoma, avtoris niRabi, simulakri.rizoma, frangulad fesvebs niSnavs, mcenaris im nawils, romelicniadagSia. igi gamoirCeva usistemobiT, araproporciulobiT. am terminspostmodernizmis TeoriaSi termin “struqturis” nacvlad iyeneben;rizoma aris is, rasac ar aqvs arc dasasruli, arc dasawyisi, arc Tavida arc bolo, sul Sualedi da Suagulia; (am terminis sainteresogansazRvreba mogvca manana kvaWantiraZem, igi rizomas uwodebs“postmodernul metastazs”); termini avtoris niRabi SemoTavazebuliatermini SemoTavazebulia amerikeli kritikosis k. mamgrenis mier,romelSic igulisxmeba avtoris refleqsia teqstsa da misi Seqmnisprocesze TviTon teqstSive (bregaZe, 2001: 144-150). unda aRiniSnossimulakrac, romelic aris sinamdvilis uqonlobis gvari, damajerebeliasli, romlis ukanac ar dgas aranari realoba. xasiaTis krizisma,fantastikisadmi miswrafebam postmodernizmis TeoriaSi aRmoacenasimulakra – “aslis asli”, magram postmodernistul esTetikaSi saxeicvala, erTis mxriv, Tu asli originalis nakrebs flobs, simulakrasaerTod scildeba pirvelwyaros. Jil delezi simulakras ganixilavs,rogorc niSans, romelic uaryofs originalsac da aslsac. saerTod,postmodernizmi simulaciis xelovnebaa, igi arc arasodes awarmobda50
arsebul “originalTa” absoluturad “identur” aslebs, e.w.simulakrumebs qmnis, simulakrumi – esaa iseTi “aRmniSvneli”, romlisukanac ar dgas “aRsaniSni” an ubralod, ar arsebobs. magaliTad,literatura simulaciuri Targmanis saxes iZens, anu – viTomc arsebuliteqstebis interpretaciasa da gadmoenebas isaxavs miznad” (qarumiZe, 2009:5). simulaciiT TamaSs mivyavarT kidev erT niSnamde – hiperrealizmamde,rac gulisxmobs realurze ufro “realuris” Seqmnas – es ufro saxviTxelovnebaSi fiqsirdeba. postmodernizmis mTavari samoqmedo iaraRisarkea, oRond es sarke, rogorc zurab qarumiZe SeniSnavs, sxvasarkeebzea mimarTuli, sarkedan sarkeSi areklili realobis “dasaWerad”.postmodernistul literaturaSi “gadawera” sxvisi teqstebissityvasityviT gadaRebas ar niSnavs. aq igulisxmeba parodireba (enobrivstilisturis,Janrobrivis, Tematikuris...) da aranJireba, anu sxvaavtorTa cnobili literaturuli personaJebis, maTi metyvelebis,gamoTqmebis, damaxasiaTebeli frazebis sakuTar TxzulebaSi gadmonergva.gadaweris sinonimad citaciasac iyeneben.arsebobs kidev erTi aseTi cneba – molodinis horizonti, romelicpostmodernistuli teqstebis asociaciurobas gvixsnis. hans robertiausis mixedviT, “axali teqsti mkiTxvelSi aRviZebs adre aRqmuliteqstebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli molodinis da TamaSis wesTahorizonts, romelic mere (axali teqstis aRqmis procesSi) koreqcias,ganaxlebas ganicdis” (TavdiSvili, 2005: 21).postmodernistuli azrovnebis fundamenturi cnebebia“epistemologiuri daeWveba” da “postmodernistuli mgrZnobeloba”,romlebSic samyaros aRqmisa da masze reagirebis ori mimarTebaaCamoyalibebuli. pirveli sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa safuZvelzesamyaros agebuli suraTis sisworeSi daeWvebas niSnavs.meore, aranakleb sakvanZo cneba, ilia ilinis ganmartebiT, imSexedulebas niSnavs, rom samyaro mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebsa dafaseulobaTa orientirebs moklebuli qaosia, romelic Cveni cnobierebiswinaSe mouwesrigebeli namsxvrevebis saxiT warmosdgeba (ilini, 2003: 28).calke aRniSvnis Rirsia postmodernistuli ironia, romelic aravisda arafris dacinvas ar isaxavs miznad, riTac romantikul ironiaswaagavs. amerikeli kritikosis a. uaildis gamoTqma rom gamoviyenoT, es51
"makoreqtirebeli ironiaa" cxovrebis yovelgvari gamovlinebis mimarT(bregaZe, 2001: 150).dabolos, TamaSi, ris gareSec postmoderni kargavs Tavis xibls darac postmodernis umTavresi da saamayo Tvisebaa. TamaSi, rogorcTanamedrove kulturologiis gagebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaro, farTosamecniero wreebSi mniSvnelovan xarisxad iqca haizingas klasikurinamuSevris “Homo Ludens”-is wyalobiT (1938w.). TanamedroveobaSi TamaSisproblemebis mimarT interesi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom gamoavlinos XXsaukunis humanitaruli azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli miswrafebebi,“Rrma refleqsuri fuZe adamianuri arsebobisa, realurobis daZlevisadamianuri SesaZleblobebi. amasTanave, TamaSi moiazreba, rogorcadamianuri Tavisuflebis arsebobis forma (sartri)” [postmodernizmisenciklopedia, 2001: 293]. TamaSis pirveli ZiriTadi niSania Tavisufleba.yoveli TamaSi, upirveles yovlisa, Tavisufali moqmedebaa. TamaSismeSveobiT adamiani, unda Tu ara, gons Seicnobs (haizinga, 2004: 16, 19, 21).saerTod ki, “haizinga amtkicebs, rom kulturaSi monawileobs daarsebiT rols asrulebs TamaSis elementi; metic, TamaSis es elementiaswored kulturis macocxlebeli suli. mis gareSe kultura veriarsebebs, xolo TamaSis sulis daknineba kulturis dakninebasacniSnavs” (nodia, 2004: 7).xSirad, TamaSs da interpretacias aigiveben. iohan haizingas azriT,TamaSi mTlianobaa da igi usxlteba yovelgvar interpretacias. evropelifilosofosebis mosazrebebis safuZvelze, bela wifuria amtkicebs, rom“... interpretacia, iseve, rogorc Tavad SemoqmedebiTi procesi, aRaremorCileba erT Zireul amocanas, erT ZiriTad mizans an ideas da,amdenad, warmoadgens TamaSs...” (wifuria, 2005: 23-35). is, rom erTs aremorCileba, jer kidev ar niSnavs TamaSs. TamaSi wesebs emorCileba.interpretacia amiT ar gavs TamaSs. aq aRmniSvneli TamaSobs aRsaniSnTan.postmodernul epoqaSi adamiani Cabmulia TamaSSi. igi TamaSobssakuTar warmodgenebTan, materialur sagan-movlenebTan, dro-sivrcesTanda enasTan, vinaidan, enaa umTavresi da umaRlesi iaraRi, riTac adamianiiTvisebs samyaros. enobriv TamaSSi igulisxmeba niSanTa kodebisgadaTamaSeba da urTierTSereva. liotaris Tanaxmad, postmodernistul52
epoqaSi adamianis nebismieri moRvaweoba (iqneba es SemoqmedebiTi Tu sxva)enobrivi TamaSia. saerTod, postmodernizmis sivrce-veli saTamaSomoedania, sadac nebadarTulia yvelafriT da yvelaferze TamaSi. xoloTamaSisTvis Tavad irCevs sazRvrebs.bela wifuria ganagrZobs: “TamaSis principis meSveobiTpostmodernistul xelovnebaSi gacilebiT ufro rTuli mxatvrulistruqturebi iqmneba, vidre modernistulSi. teqstis Sida struqturebiTTamaSis, teqstisadmi avtorisa da mkiTxvelis uflebaTa gaTanabrebis,Tavisufali interpretaciis pirobebSi postmodernistuli nawarmoebixdeba mxatvruli arCevanisadmi sruliad Tavisufali,nonseleqcionisturi, liberaluri sivrce, sadac ar arsebobs swori damcdari, sasurveli da arasasurveli poziciebi, sadac teqstisadmipozicia samyarosadmi poziciis gamoxatulebaa” (wifuria, 2005: 33).postmodernizmisgan gansxvavebiT, klasikur filosofiaSi adamiansdanarCeni samyarosgan swored arCevani ganasxvavebs. eTikuri arCevanisamyaroSi swored mxolod adamians Seaqvs – iq eTika ar aris.postmodernul Semoqmedebas xSirad zedapiruls uwodeben, magramrogorc qarTveli postmodernisti avtori daTo barbaqaZe acxadebs,zedapiruloba mravalmniSvnelovani cnebaa da azrovnebisaTvis,cnobierebisaTvis axlobelia ara siRrme, aramed – zedapiri. Tumca,adamianisaTvis kidev ufro damaxasiaTebelia siRrmisaken, saidumlosaken,dafarulisaken swrafva. postmodernis TeoretikosTa azriT, Tanamedrovexelovneba, romelic siRrmes aRar aRwers, qucmacdeba da iwyebs TamaSs.“zedapiri ver itans sicarieles da es sakmarisia saimisod, rompostmodernuli zedapiruloba gagebuli ar iqnas, rogorcgazerelebuli mexsierebis metafora da kulturuli memkvidreobisgangaqcevis survili; piriqiT, es aris zedapirze problemebis amotanisa daarazedapirulad maTi problematizebis mcdeloba dasavleTisxelovnebasa da filosofiaSi” (barbaqaZe, 2003: 12).dabolos, es movlena, anu postmodernizmi, tradiciuli mwerlobiskrizisis momaswavebeli unda iyos – SesaZloa didi gardatexismauwyebeli krizisisa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli Tanamedrove xelovneba– evropuli xelovneba – muzis molodinSia, magram dros uqmad arkargavs – Zvels imeorebs, nacnobi Temebis aranJirebas an parodirebas53
axdens, montaJis teqnikis gamoyenebiT qmnis kolaJebs, aplikaciebs,agrovebs codnas, TamaS-TamaS imaRlebs ostatobas – etyoba didiferiscvalebisTvis emzadeba.erTi kia, Warbi informaciiTa da komunikaciuri teqnologiebiTsavse epoqaSi postmodernizmi pluralizmiTa da ekleqtizmiTaadaRdasmuli. man erT CarCoSi moaqcia sxvadsxva epoqis, regionis dasubkulturis nawarmoebTa stili, meTodebi da xerxebi.mxatvrebi iyeneben klasikis alegoriul enas, barokos, Zvelikulturebis simbolikas, romlebsac aqamde ase farTod ar iyenebdnen.postmodernistebis nawarmoebebi warmoadgenen saTamaSo sivrces, sadacTavisuflad moZraoben [kvazi]simboloebi, magram postmodernizmi amasakeTebs xumrobis, groteskis, parodiis gziT, mxatvruli citirebis,kolaJis, gameorebis xerxis farTo gamoyenebiT. sxvadsxva mxatvrulisistemebis Tavisufali gziT gaerTianebis ideiT Sepyrobilipostmodernizmi, maT raRacnairad erT doneze ayenebs da ase qmnis erTianmsoflio kulturul sivrces.ramdenad SeiZleba iTqvas dResdReobiT, rom postmodernidasrulda? rogorc levan bregaZe Tvlis, sanam epoqa axal formebsmoiZebnis, manamde postmodernuli inercia gagrZeldeba.malkolm bredberi da riCard roulandi acxadeben, rom 90-ianwlebSi postmoderni iqca stilistur xerxad, romelic 1960-80-ian wlebSigavrcelda. marTalia, 90-ian wlebSi daweril nawarmoebebsacpostmodernistulad moixsenieben, magram "sinamdvileSi Cven winaSea"post-postmodernizmi", anu rogorc SemoklebiT amboben – post-pomi".Tavis mxriv, es post-pomi postmodernizmis dacemis dasasruli unda iyos,razec jer kidev 1987 wels werda de villo sloani Tavis esseSi"amerikuli postmodernizmis dacema". swored 80-iani wlebis dasasrulsada 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi postmodernizmi, rogorc literaturulidineba finiSs uaxlovdeba... oRond amerikaSi.berlineli filosofosis vilhelm Smidis msgavsad, qarTvelipostmodernisti avtori zurab qarumiZec gvarwmunebs, rom “2001 wlis 11seqtembers, manhetenze, saerTaSoriso savaWro centris caTambjenzeteroristebis mier gatacebuli “boingis” SejaxebiT dasruldapostmodernizmi: kulturis mdgomareoba, romelic 40 weliwadze met xans54
gagrZelda. dasrulda es TamaSi, romelic qmnida gamogonilioriginalebis absoluturad identur aslebs. . . dasrulda orazrovan daganusazRvrel niSanTa Ria sistemebSi, rogorc labirinTebSi, xetiali”.vilhelm Smidi acxadebs: “es epoqa (epoqa, romelic 11 seqtembris Semdegdadgeba) veRar iqneba “postmoderni”, es iqneba misi Semdgomi xana. ganaamis Semdeg (tragedia igulisxmeba) kidev SeiZleba virtualurimovlenebiT, TamaSiTa da garTobiT Tavis Seqceva? jojoxeTuri afeTqebiswyalobiT realobam yovelgvar virtualobas, yovelgvar garTobas“gadaujokra”. es gaxlavT postmodernis dasaruli!” (TavdiSvili, 2005: 17).TumcaRa, movlenebma da 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdgom ganviTarebulmamsoflio politikur-ekonomikurma viTarebam, romelic 2008 wlismsoflio krizisiT “dagvirgvinda”, sul sxva suraTi gviCvena da maincmigvaCnia, rom postmodernizmis dasasrulze an raime tipis siaxlezesaubari jer kidev naadrevia.rusi filosofosi mixeil epSteini gvTavazobs postmodernizmisdabadebisa da gardacvalebis TariRebs: postmodernizmi daibada im wels,roca daSales modernistuli saSineli Senoba le korbuze da aSendapostmodernistuli nagebobebi, da misi gardacvalebis TariRia2001 wlis11 seqtemberi. sainteresoa is faqti, rom postmodernistuli epoqa, Carlzjenksis mixedviT iwyeba 1972 wlis 5 ivniss, zustad 15 saaTsa da 32wuTze, roca santa luisSi afeTqda arqiteqtor minori iamasakis Senobada mTavrdeba niu-iorkis tyupebis afeTqebiT. rusi filosofosisvemosazrebiT, 11 seqtembris Semdeg moxda dasavluri kulturis mkveTridualizacia... aRsaniSnavia epSteinis kidev erTi gancxadeba: Tuamerikelebs 11 seqtemberi hqondaT, Cvven beslanis 1-li seqtemberigvqondao, Tu dasavleTSi postmodernizmi dasrulda, ruseTSi jergafurCqvnis stadiaSia da amis, ufro sworad, rizomis gansaxierebadvladimer putins asaxelebs [mixeil epSteini da valeri savCuki, 2006w.]. raxdeba am mxriv CvenSi?! e. w. politikuri postmodernistulikarnavalizaciis etapi saqarTveloSic gafurCqvnis xanaSia, romelicSeiZleba (zurab qarumiZis azriT), 90-ian wlebSi iRebs saTaves, magramZalaSi 2000-2003 wlebidan Sedis.cxadia, calkeuli mosazrebebis gamo SeiZleba iTqvas, rompolitikuri postmodernistuli TamaSebi damTavrda, magram damTavrda55
Tu ara igi mxatvrul mwerlobaSi? bolo droindeli (2004-2005w.w.)msoflio wignis bazars, ufro sworad, besTselerebis sias romgadavxedoT, ZiriTadad is romanebi lideroben, romlebic seriulmkvlelobebs aRweren, mZafrsiuJetiania da deteqtiuri Janrisaa; fabulaaqciis saxes atarebs – antiglobalistTa da terorizmis winaaRmdeg. 2004wlis zafxuls amerikaSi uprecendento SemTxveva moxda: – milionianitiraJiT gamoica da gaiyida lev tolstois "ana karenina". mavani amasromantizmisaken mibrunebad axsnida, magram piradad Cven am faqts isevpostmodernizmiT avxsniT, radganac am ukanasknelisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia Zvelisadmi interesi da misTvis yvelaferi Zvirfasiisev Zvirfasia _ Zvelisadmi interesi axal samoselSi da araTavdapirveli saxiT. SesaZloa es iyos pirdapiri citaciis forma XIXsaukunidan TanamedroveobaSi – yvelaze vrceli da SemanjRrevelicitireba Cvens mexsierebadaqveiTebul kulturaSi? es faqti Tu ramezemetyvelebs, isev da isev imaze, rom kacobrioba WeSmariti kulturisa daliteraturis gaxsenebiTaa Sepyrobili. mas nostalgia moeZala.ruseTSic Senelda akuninisa da pelevinisadmi interesi. samagierod,moxda represirebul avtorTa (vasili aksionovis, anatoli ribakovis)popularizacia da reprezentacia. esec postmodernizmiT unda avxsnaT –cnobismoyvareoba da warsulisadmi cxoveli interesi.saqarTveloSi am mxriv sxva situaciaa: metateqstualobas (zazaburWulaZe), TamaSs (aka morCilaZe), parodirebas (laSa buRaZe),eqsperiments (beso xvedeliZe, maka miqelaZe – maTi erToblivi romani"ixvis tolma") isev mimarTaven avtorebi. gamovyofdi sam avtors,romelTa SemoqmedebaSic mainc SeiniSneba postmodernizmismaxasiaTeblebi, magram aSkarad igrZnoba raRac axali, rasac jer saxeliar aqvs. eseni arian nestan kvinikaZe (romani "ispahanis bulbulebi"), rezoTabukaSvili (moTxrobebis krebuli "arasafreni dReebi") da daviTqarTveliSvili (romani "iyo saRamo, iyo dila"). Tumca, is siaxle imdenadmwiria, nebismieri teqsti mainc postmodernistuli tendenciisaa.aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi ram, rac postmodernizmiT unda avxsnaT da risierT-erTi maxasiaTebelia e.w. “qaluri weriloba”. 2000 wlidanTvalSisacemi gaxda qarTvel mweral qalTa simravle, romelmacmasobrivi saxe miiRo – mariana nanobaSvili, Teona dolenjaSvili, maka56
miqelaZe, Tamri fxakaZe, irma taveliZe, irma malaciZe, marina elbaqiZe...es gaxlavT im mweralTa arasruli sia, romelTaganac mkiTxvelma miiRofriad saintereso da Tamami teqstebi.Tumca, kidev vimeoreb, SeiZleba axali arqetipebi ikveTebodesqarTul, Tu zogadad, msoflio, literaturaSi da es bunebrivicaa,magram sanam axal relsebze gadavalT, saqrTveloSic iqnebapostmodernistuli inercia.II.2. postmodernizmi qarTul litmcodneobiT diskursSipostmodernizmi ganmazogadebli cnebaa, romelmac gasuli saukunisdasasruls moicva mTeli inteleqtualuri samyaro da gamonaklisi arcsaqarTvelo yofila. Tanamedrove saliteraturo kritikaSipostmodernizmis sruli saxis warmoCenisaTvis sxvadasxvamaxasiaTeblebsa da Tvisebebs mimoixilaven, rac warmodgenilia CvensnaSromSi. magram sayovelTaod am ganzogadebul tendencias friadsaintereso mokle formulac aqvs: “literatura literaturis Sesaxeb”,anda “postmodernizmi aris klasikuri teqstis xelaxali wakiTxvadekonstruqciis gziT” da a.S. ram ganapiroba, ram gamoiwvia “xelaxali dadekonstruqciuli kiTxva” anda “kvlavwarmoeba”, Seqmniliyo ara axalicincxali,aramed neoliteratura literaturis Sesaxeb?!literaturaTmcodne levan bregaZe SeniSnavs, da albaT, samarTlianadac,rom es unda gamowveuliyo mxatvruli nawarmoebebis siuxviT –“kacobriobas auracxeli brwyinvale mxatvruli teqsti daugrovda. aTisicocxle ar geyofa marto imisTvis, saukeTesoTa Soris saukeTesoteqstebs, rom gaecno, Tundac mxolod romelime Janrisas. amasyovelwurad emateba aseulobiT pirvelxarisxovani leqsi, moTxroba,romani da a.S. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, amJamindeli gamocdilebisgamoisobiT, sul sxvagvarad ikiTxeba Zveli teqstebi. esec Semoqmedebaada sadReiso saTqmeli am formiTac iTqmis. ra Tqma unda, visac samassamocdameTerTmete “faustis” Seqmnis autaneli survili klavs, - vindauSlis, SeTxzas! ra ici, iqneb mkiTxvelic gamouCndes!”(iaTaSvili/bregaZe, 2005). ramdeni mkiTxvelicaa, imdeni gancda, emocia daazria “faustis”, “meranisa” Tu sxva Sedevris mimarT. Sesabamisad,ganurCevlad yvela mwerals aqvs ufleba SeTxzas sakuTari “fausti”,57
“merani”, “hamleti”, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom mwerloba“daitvirTos” aslebiT an aslis aslebiT. garda amisa, imaze saubars, romTanamedrove epoqaSi saTqmeli amoiwura da sadReiso saTqmeli Zvelis, ankargad daviwyebulis, kvalavwarmoebis anda axleburad wakiTxvis formiTgadmoicema, mivyavarT depersonalizebuli xasiaTis mwerlobamde.miuxedavad imisa, rom postmodernizmi arsebuli formebis xelaxalgamoyenebazea orientirebuli, Tanamedrove epoqa Tavisi axaliproblematikiT aris datvirTuli da axali; problematikiT, romeliciwvevs sevdas, mwuxarebas, sulier tramvebs, adamianur tragediebs daufro meti doziTac, vidre sxva epoqebis calkeuli istoriulikonteqstebi.qarTul sinamdvileSi postmodernizms dRemde eWvis TvaliTuyureben. dRemde daoben, arsebobs Tu ara es fenomeni CvenSi da Tuarsebobs, ra saxiT. gamocdilebis saxiT damkvidrda Tu ubralod,qarTvelma avtorebma vali moixades msoflio kulturuli esTetikisadmi,werdnen ra am maneriT. Tu ubralod, gemo gausinjes, mweralmac damkiTxevlmac; “tradiciul qarTul sufras naCvevma qarTvelma qaTmisfilesa da anansis kompoziciac daagemovna da suSi da Jasminis CaicsiamovnebiT miirTva” (paiWaZe, 2006: 125). saerTod, nebismieri warmoSobisstili Tu mimdinareoba, imdenadaa saintereso CvenTvis, ramdenadac exebaan ar exeba qarTul kulturas. Cven mainc gvgonia, rom postmodernssaqarTveloSi momzadebuli niadagi daxvda, miuxedavad imisa, romqarTulma cnobierebam gvian _ 90-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi Seityo ammimdinareobis Sesaxeb.ramdenad miiRo qarTulma kulturulma sivrcem postmoderni? amisTaobaze polemika iqna gamarTuli qarTul literaturaTmcodneoebaSi.kritikosebi levan bregaZe, bela wifuria, nugzar muzaSvili am kuTxiTmimoixilaven ara mxolod XX saukunis bolo aTwleulis mwerlobas,aramed ufro adrindeli periodis avtorTa Semoqmedebasac, anuliteratorebi amtkiceben, rom postmodernizmi gvxdeba oTar CxeiZis,guram doCanaSvilis, naira gelaSvilis, jemal qarCxaZis da revazinaniSvilis (“jargvale”) prozaSic. literatorTa daskvnebi dadebulebebi zustadaa gaazrebuli. zemoTCamoTvlil avtorTanawarmoebebSi maT SeniSnes postmodernizmis xasiaTis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi:58
interteqstualoba, eseisturoba, interpretacia. kidev erTxel SevniSnavT,amJamindeli (postmodernistuli) gamocdilebiT, Zveli teqstebic zustadiseve SegviZlia wavikiTxoT da gavigoT, rogorc Tanamedrove –postmodernistuli.qarTveli poeti da Teoretikosi daTo barbaqaZe Tvlis, rommiuxedavad postmodernis TeoretikosTa sistemuri prezentirebisa, Cvensniadagze, man mainc ver gamoiRo sasurveli nayofi. cneba –postmodernizmi pirvelad poetma daviT CixlaZem axsena qarTulsaxelovnebo JurnalistikaSi. daviT CixlaZesTan erTad, postmodernisqarTvel mkvlevarebad daTo barbaqaZe moixseniebs mxatvrebs – karlokaWaravasa da gia buRaZes. pirveli Tu postruqturalizmiTinteresdeboda, meore Tavis mini-gamokvlevebSi intensiurad mimoixilavdapostmodernis sxvadasxva sakiTxebs. daTo barbaqaZis principulimosazrebiT, “Cvens kulturul sivrceSi Seqmnili da postmodernzeorientirebuli nebismieri teqsti, romelic Cvenive sivrceSi samuSaodaris gamiznuli, Tavidanve ganwirulia aseT teqstad veryofnisa daverSedgomisaTvis, vinaidan Cveni deda-konteqsti amis saSualebas veriZleva” (baqraiZe, 1998: 104-107). Tumca, daTo barbaqaZem ukve “aRiara”, romqarTuli postmodernizmi utyuari realobaao, magram es “aRiareba” 1998wlis mere moxda, roca 10-12-ma welma gaiara da saqarTveloSi yvelanairicvlileba Ria da TvalsaCino gaxda.mTavari is ki araa, vin iyo pirveli, vinc qarTul kulturulsivrceSi postmodernizmi axsena an am mimdinareobis “gadmoqarTulebas”mihyo xeli, aramed mTavari isaa, vinc qarTuli literaturulipostmodernizmis “Seqmna” daiwyo –es wamowyeba da Tanac warmatebuliczurab qarumiZes da aka morCilaZes ekuTvniT.1996 wels likanSi, zeinab saraZis TaosnobiT gaimarTa oTxdRianikonferencia – "saqarTvelo postmodernis pirispir". faqtobrivad amkonferenciiT moxda qarTvel inteleqtualTa farTo nawilisgaTviTcnobiereba postmodernizmis esTetikaSi. (Tumca, manamdec, oriwliT adre qarTuli literaturis institutSi Catarda seminaripostmodernizmis Sesaxeb, sadac moxsenebiT gamovidnen qarTveliTeoretikosebi da literatorebi – a.i.). likanis konferenciis Sesaxebzurab qarumiZe ixsenebs: “im konferenciaSi Zveli da axali Taobis59
mwerlebic monawileobdnen, kritikosebic, mTargmenlebic da momavaligamomcemlebic. kritikis arqonis garda saubari Seexo sxva TanSobilliteraturul problemebs, romelTagan erT-erTi iyo parodiuliliteraturis simwire qarTul klasikur tradiciaSi. xolo qarTulikarnavaluri literaturis saukeTeso nimuSebi cxonebulma batonmavaxuSti kotetiSvilma gadmogvilaga, raRa Tqma unda, sufrasTan, samuSaosxdomebis Semdeg rom iSleboda, da, raRa Tqma unda, es iyo xalxuripoezia: skabrezisa da parodiis margalitebi. mokled, magari drovatareT, romelic specialur gamocemaSi aisaxa, saTauriT “tetrameroni”(qarumiZe, 2009).daviT barbaqaZis azriT, Tu “qarTuli deda-konteqsti” ar gvaZlevssaSualebas, viyoT postmodernze orientirebulni, mwerali nairagelaSvili ambobs, rom “qarTuli postmoderni, esaa pomada mkvdristuCebze! es mimdinareoba sul sxva politikur da saxelmwifoebrivsivrceSi warmoiSva. es moxda aSenebul da gamarjvebul saxelmwifoSi daiyo mTeli rigi kulturuli etapebis bunebrivi Sedegi. roca saxelmwifoaSenebulia, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Camoyalibebulia, adamiani daculia,mwerals im fufunebis ufleba aqvs, raRac Rirebulebebze uari Tqvas danormaluri fsiqikis mkiTxvelisTvis aseTi uaryofa karg gavlenasacaxdens. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki, roca araferi es ar arsebobs, rocasazogadoebis cnobiereba kriminaluria, anarqia mefobs da yvelanidaucvelebi varT, msgavsi xelovneba iseve moqmedebs, rogorc pomadamkvdris tuCebze. xelovnebaSi, romlis erTaderTi mizanic formalurisiaxle da virtuozobaa, gamosWvivis nihilizmi, rac sulierad isedacdaclil sazogadoebas meti nihilizmisa da cinizmisken ubiZgebs”(gelaSvili, 2003: 16). postmodernizmi SeiZleba marTlac sxvagvaradgamoiyureba da moqmedebs aSenebul Tu gamarjvebul saxelmwifoSi, vidreiseT qveyanaSi, sadac politikur-ekonomikuri da socialuri qaosimZvinvarebs. nihilizmi da cinizmic postmodernizmis Tvisebebia da ufrometi simZafriT igrZnoba qaotur viTarebaSi, vidre mSvid da dalagebulsituaciSi. esec postmodernizmis orbunebovnebaze metyvelebs, magramvaraudebs rom Tavi vaneboT, sayovelTaod cnobilia, postmodernizminangrevebze aRmocenda da Tu mas raime sasiamovno da sasargeblo gaaCnia,60
mxolod da mxolod didi krizisis daZlevisa da sulieri kaTarzisisSemdeg aqvs SeTvisebuli.ram misca biZgi postmodernizmis Camoyalibebas evropaSi?maSinizacia da industrializacia, kacobriobis dehumanizacia, omebi,atomuri katastrofebi, teroristuli aqtebi _ es is mizezebia, ramac XXsaukunis bolos RirebulebaTa radikaluri msxvreva da mwerlobiskrizisi gamoiwvia. rasakvirvelia, am rangis globaluri tragediebisaqarTveloSi ar momxdara, magram Cveni mentalobis rRveva da nihilizmigamoiwvia jer erovnuli moZraobis finalma da Semdeg afxazeTis omma.aranakleb tragikulad iqna aRqmuli cxinvalis problemebi dasamoqalaqo omi, magram afxazeTis omis Sedegi gansakuTrebuli simZafriTgamoirCa. man qarTul cnobierebaSi yvelanairi iluziebis msxvreva,Sedegad ki _ dehumanizacia da nihilizmi gamoiwvia. ase rom, Cven Cvenivegadatanili tragediebiT (rasac Tan daerTo globaluri krizisi)TavisTavad aRmovCndiT postmodernuli sazogadoebis wevrebi da ammgrZnobelobis matarebelni.savsebiT viziarebT nugzar muzaSvilis mosazrebas “qarTulisituaciis” Sesaxeb: "saqarTvelo "postmodernul saukuneSi" Seiyvana araindividualizmis an racionalizmis krizisma, aseTi ram CvenSi ararsebula, aramed Tavisuflebis aTma weliwadma. elvis siswrafiTganviTarebulma movlenebma da yovlismomcvelobam TavisTavad dabadaundobloba im metamoTxrobebis mimarT, romelTa meSveobiTac Cvenisazogadoeba ukanaskneli ori saukunis manZilze axorcielebda TavisdafuZnebas da garemomcvel samyaroze sakuTar SexedulebaTalegitimizebas. Sesabamisad, Tuki dasavluri postmodernizmis safuZveliSeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc didi imedgacrueba racionalizmiT, radganaseTi msoflxedva uZluri aRmoCnda samyaros adeqvatur wvdomaSi,qarTuli postmodernizmis safuZveli sakuTari vinaobisa Tu raobisgaurkvevlobas daukavSirda. dRevandeli krizisis fonze unebliedsaerTo-sayovelTao eWvis qveS dadga yvela is "codna", rac sakuTariTavis Sesaxeb gagvaCnda. gamoikveTa Cveni metamoTxrobebis apologeturi,paTetikuri, ararealuri Sinaarsi" (muzaSvili, 2001: 3). aseve gamoikveTa impaTetikis siyalbe, romliTac qarTuli cnobiereba sazrdoobda daimedgacruebam Sva nihilizmic, eWvi da ironiac.61
saqarTveloSi postmodernizmi mxatvrobidan da mwerlobidanganviTarda. Tumca, rogorc zurab qarumiZe aRniSnavs, postsabWoTasaqarTveloSi niSnebi ukve kargad gamokveTili iyo: m. TumaniSvilis dar. sturuas speqtaklebSi; g. danelias, e. Sengelaias, r. esaZis, oTarioselianis, irakli kvirikaZis filmebSi. isev levan bregaZis azrs TugaviziarebT: avTo varazis, sergo farajanovis, givi margvelaSvilis,muxran maWavarianis SemoqmedebaSi aSkarad gamoikveTebodapostmodernizmis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. kritikosi ana kalandaZes,muxran maWavarians, oTar CxeiZes, lia sturuas, besik xaranauls, nairagelaSvils, maka joxaZes postmodernistebad asaxelebs da aqve aRniSnavs,rom dasavluri kulturis es fenomeni garkveuli niSnebiT ukveaRiniSneboda II msoflio omis Semdgomi Taobis SemoqmedebaSi. Tanac,qarTul kulturul sivrceSi es ufro adre moxda, vidre rusul dayofili sabWoTa respublikebis mwerlobaSi. garda amisa, mecnieriamtkicebs: "rom kritikuli realizmis garda arc erTi sxvaliteraturuli mimdinareoba ise bunebrivad ar Cawerila qarTulsaliteraturo sivrceSi, rogorc postmoderni" (bregaZe, 2005: 56).literatori nugzar muzaSvilic amtkicebs, rom "postmodernistulimsoflgancda, sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, Cvens qveyanaSic epoqalurmovlenad iqca. Cveni sazogadoebis mozrdil nawils aSkarad aRmoaCndamentaluri mzaoba postmodernistuli esTetikis ara marto misaRebad,aramed dasafasebladac" (muzaSvili, 2001: 3).upirvelesad is unda SevniSnoT, rom es mosazrebebi mwerlobissxvadsxva periods exeba da Tuki nugzar muzaSvilis mosazrebasSeiZleba daveTanxmoT, levan bregaZis gancxadeba aSkarad moklebuliadamajereblobas.ris safuZvelze akeTeben qarTveli literatorebi am daskvnas?postmodernizmi, erTi mxriv, Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi TavisuflebiT,ideebiT, TamaSisken midrekilebiT, parodirebiT xalisiT miiRoqarTvelma mkiTxvelma 90-iani wlebidan, garkveulwilad, siaxlismoTxovnilebis, “gadaRlilobis”, politikuri situaciis bundovanebis daim mizezTa gamo, romlebsac nugzar muzaSvili zemoT asaxelebs. magramigive msoflgancda SeuZlebeli iyo 60-70-iani wlebis qarTuliliteraturisTvis, romelic srul da ukompromiso mzaobas acxadebda62
SexedulebaTa tradiciuli sistemis aRsadgenad, moralur-zneobrivRirebulebaTa gadasarCenad da erovnuli narativis gasaZliereblad. esiyo misi pirvelTagani amocana. meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodigamarjvebuli qveynis paTetikiT gamoirCeoda da ara “postmodernulimgrZnobelobiT”. siaxleebis Ziebasac da deheroizaciasac ar ukavSirebdaim ganwyobilebebs, romlebsac momdevno aTwleulSi dasavlurmafilosofiam “epistemologiuri daeWveba” Tu “postmodernuli ironia”uwoda. ver vxedavT aucileblobas, naCqarevi da araargumentirebulidaskvnebiT araadekvaturi saxelebi SevarqvaT movlenebs da amiT mcdariwarmodgena SevqmnaT realurad da obieqturad mimdinare literaturulprocesze.rodis daiwyo qarTuli postmodernizmi da ra gansxvavebaa an ramsgavsebaa qarTul da dasavlur postmodernizms Soris? saerTod,qarTuli romantizmi, simbolizmi, modernizmi Tu postmodernizmi ZalzeTaviseburi movlenebia da xSirad SeiZleba scildebodes kidecpirvelwyaros da maT Soris mxolod garegnuli msgavseba rCebodes.qarTul sivrceSi yoveli dasavluri mxatvruli stili qarTul StrixebsiZens da qarTuli xasiaTiT itvirTeba.yoveli mxatvrul-esTetikuri mimdinareoba Tavisi epoqisyofierebis produqtia. globalizaciam msoflio gaaerTiana, erT didsoflad aqcia da Sesabamisad, met-naklebad, magram mainc erTiani gaxdayofa-cxovrebis stilic, am “gaerTianebaSi” saqarTveloc TavisTavadCaerTo... rom ara 1989 wlidan CvenSi ganviTarebuli politikurekonomikur-socialurimovlenebi, arc qarTul postmodernizmzevisaubrebdiT. givi alxaziSvili SeniSnavs, rom qarTul da evropulpostmodrnizms saerTo araferi aqvT, “igi (qarTuli postmodernizmi)mTlianad mijaWvulia im politikur movlenebze, romelmac Tavis asaxvapova rogorc literaturaSi, aseve Rrma kvali daaCnia Cvens fsiqikas”(alxaziSvili, 2003: 14). politikuri sitauciebiT damZimebulma qarTulmasazogadoebam iwyo kulturisagan ganxibvlac... literatori nugzarmuzaSvili ganmartavs, rom CvenSi postmodernizmis epoqis dadgomagamoiwvia qarTuli kulturis mkveTrad gamoxatulma narcisulmaxasiaTma. literatori am daskvnas safuZvliani msjelobis SedegadakeTebs, kerZod, igi akonkretebs faqts, rodesac adamianebma qarTuli63
kulturisgan ganxibvla iwyes – “bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSiswored kultura iyo Cveni mamac, dedac, colic, Svilic damaswavlebelic. adamianebis umravlesobam uceb dainaxa, rom is, rasacCveni kultura (gansakuTrebiT XX saukuneSi) STagvagonebda sakuTarTavze, Cvens istoriaze, saerTod, garesamyaroze, uRvTod iyohiperbolizebuli. realoba gacilebiT prozauli da sastiki aRmoCnda. ai,Cveni postmodernis safuZveli; anu dasavleTSi Tu postmodernis epoqisdadgoma logocentrizmis totalurma batonobam gamoiwvia, CvenSi amismizezi gaxda Cveni kulturis mkveTrad gamoxatuli narcisuli xasiaTi.”(muzaSvili, 2003: 13). nugzar muzaSvilis am mosazrebis mixedviT TuvimsjelebT, qarTul literaturaSi mosulma axalma Taobam – 90-ianelebma iwyes narcisuli diskursis dekonstruqcia, magram sul sxvaram ki gamovida, kerZod, erovnuli narativis dekonstruireba. mweralieka RaRaniZe erT-erT interviuSi wers: “Cemi Taobis mwerlebi Tamamdweren. ar darCenila arc erTi klasikuri xelovnebis kanoni, romelicar daerRvioT; da arc erTi tradiciuli forma, romelic ardaemsxvrioT. saintereso avtorebi gvyavs. isini ar eridebian azrobriveqsperimentebs. me es momwons”(RaRaniZe: 2007). am Taobis siTamame imaSigamoixateba, rom ar eridebian xmamaRla saubars sakuTari gancdebisSesaxeb, kanonebisa da tradiciuli formebis msxvrevaSic sworedgulwrfeloba exmarebodaT... amJamindeli gadasaxedidan ukve TamamadSeiZleba 90-ianelTa Taobis mTliani Semoqmedebis da qarTulmwerlobaSi maTi SemoqmedebiT gamowveuli cvlilebebis mkveTradSefaseba, magram am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erTi aTwleulisSejerebiT unda SemovifargloT.qarTuli postmodernizmi, evropaSi mimdinare literaturuliprocesebis Soreuli da susti eqo SeiZleba iyos, magram man, iseverogorc sxva skolebmac, Tavisi siaxle moitana Cvens sinamdvileSi da,erTis mxriv, dadebiTic, Cven Tvalwin Seiqmna axali literatura,romelic gaTavisuflda deklaraciuli-saxotbo kakofoniisgan. marTalia,zedapirze iwyo tivtivi Tanamedrove mwerlobam, magram zedapiri xomsiRrmes faravs dam mas aRmoCena sWirdeba. qarTvel literatorTamtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTul da dasavlur postmodernizms Sorismsgavseba mxolod da mxolod siRrmis uaryofiTa da zedapirulobis64
gafetiSebiT Semoifargleba, safuZvels moklebuli ar Cans, magram CvensTanamedrove mwerlobaSi yvela is niSani dafiqsirda, racpostmodernizms axasiaTebs.qarTul sinamdviles postmodernizmi Seexo da Cvenma literaturamigi miiRo, amis naTeli magaliTi oden 90-ianelTa Semoqmedeba ki argaxlavT, aramed Wabua amirejibis “gora mborgali”, guram doCanaSvilis“lodi nasaydrali”, oTar WilaZis “godori”, oTar CxeiZis “TeTridaTvi”, besik xaranaulis “epigrafebi daviwyebuli sizmrebisaTvis”...qarTuli postmodernistuli epoqa maSin daiwyo, roca pirvelwyarodadumda, igi Cveni kulturuli ganviTarebis logikuri Sedegi ki araris, aramed mkrTali gavlenis Soreuli eqoa. Tumca, arc is SeiZlebavamtkicoT, rom qarTveli avtorebi sagangebod cdilobdnen am gavlenisqveS moqceuliyvnen. postmodernistuli esTetika postsabWoTasaqarTveloSi iSva da 1990 wlidan TandaTan gaidga fesvi CvenscnobierebaSi, amaze Tavad “postmodernistulma mgrZnobelobam” izruna,roca Tavis zegavlenis qveS moaqcia mTeli msoflio.65
Tavi IIIsociokulturuli problematika da omis Tematika 90-ianelTaSemoqmedebaSiXX saukunis 90-iani wlebis qarTul literaturul sivrceSierTdroulad samma Taobam moiyara Tavi: Zvelma, saSualom da axalma.epoqis qartexilebisa Tu epoqaluri Zvrebis asaxva oden istoriis saqmear gaxlavT. xsnisa da gadarCenis ideebs istoriis dokumentaluraRwerilobaSi ver amoikiTxavT. es funqcia yovelTvis mwerlobasekisreboda. “eqstremalur aTwleulSi” ki yvela miyuCda, ara SiSisa dasimxdalis gamo, aramed manamde argancdilisa da argadatanilis,gamoucdelobis gamo. ufrosi Taoba daibna, saSualo – daeWvda, xolosiaxleebisa da Ziebebis moyvaruli axali Taoba gambedaobiT gamoirCa(axalgazrda Taoba yovelTvis gambedaobiT gamoirCeva da albaT, esaakidec maTi upiratesobis sawindari). axalgazrda mwerlebi eswrafvodnenyvelafrisTvis saxelis darqmevas Seulamazeblad, SiSvlad, SeuniRbavad...am siSiSvles xSirad socialuri da moraluri mxilebis faruli daironiiT SefuTuli paTosi axlda.dRes ki, roca dagrovda naTqvamic da dawerilic, Cvens xelTarsebuli masalis (literaturuli nawarmoebebis) mixedviT ukveSegviZlia vimsjeloT, Tu ra aRmoCnda saintereso axalgazrdaavtorisTvis am periodSi, raze gamaxvilda yuradReba, ra ZiriTadiproblemebi gamoikveTa.XX saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi arsebuli sociokulturulimovlenebi problemebad daiyo da sxvadasxvanairad aisaxa axali TaobisavtorTa prozaSi. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom zogadad sociokulturuliproblemebis aqcentireba, am periodis Tamanedrove qarTuli prozis erTmTlian da arsebiT tendenciad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.zogad xazebSi es problemebi ase gamoiyureba: agresia dadapirispireba TaobaTa Soris; samoqalaqo da afxazeTis omebis Tema, amomebis mier gamowveuli tkivilisa da tragediis asaxva; Tbiliseloba dasocialuri da moraluri xidCatexiloba erTi Taobis adamianebs Soris;adamianuri Rirebulebebis devalvacia – qaluri, mamakacuri Rirsebebis66
Selaxva; narkomaniis problema da masze Riad saubari; zedized sam omSidamarcxebuli Taobis mier sakuTari Tavisa da saxelis Zieba...yvelaferi drom moitana, “xanma undobarma”... ase danatrebuldamoukideblobas miRweuli saqarTvelo kidev erT did ufskrulSiaRmoCnda... “antikomunisturi revoluciis xana ase Tu ise dasrulda.didi xnis nanatri erovnuli Tavisuflebis konturebic TiTqos gamoCnda,magram Cveni saSveli mainc ar aris. axal-axali problemebi sokoebiviTmravldebian da Cveni sazogadoeba, Tuki es saxeli SeiZleba ewodoslukma puris saSovarze quCaSi molaslase xalxs, gaognebuli dadabneuli Sescqeris Tavisive qonebis axal gadanawilebas, romelicjunglis kanonebis kodeqsiT uswrafesi tempiT xorcieldeba.”(kotetiSvili, 2001). jer samaCablo CamoaWres isedac xelisgulisodenaqveyanas, mere – afxazeTi. qveyanaSi samgloviaro procesi daiwyo, rasacSimSili da gaWirveba mohyva, am yvelaferma ki adamiani arsebadgadaaqcia, cremlTan erTad sisxlic gauSro, suliereba amoacala,gamofita _ “maradiuli faseulobebi daemxo. sulierebis taZaridacarielda. xat-salocavebisken mimaval bilikebs Sambma gadauara.arafers aRar aqvs fasi, Tuki navTisa da gazis suni ar udis, anoqrosaviT Tu ara, spilenZad an TiTbrad mainc ara brWyvialebs. moxdaspecialobebis sruli an nawilobrivi devalvacia. inJineri gakalatozda,gaxaratda an gazeinklda, profesori parkets agebs, docenti – kafels,xolo akademikoss ki xandazmuli asakis gamo esec ar SeuZlia da amitombazarSi gamoutania is wignebi, romlebic axal cxovrebaSi ukvenamdvilad aRar sWirdeba da ramdenime TeTrad hyidis imitom, rom Savadaqvs saqme. yvelaze Sav dReSi ki humanitarebi arian. maT arc xelosnobauswavliaT arasodes da arc vaWroba. maTi filologoba Tuistorikosoba, arqeologoba Tu filosofosoba iseTi absurdia, romTviT absurdis TeatrSic ki ar moiZebneba adgili”. (kotetiSvili, 2001).rogorc mravalgzis aRiniSna saukuneTa gzagasayari kataklizmebiTsavsea, yvelaferi airev-daireva xolme. qaosi sakuTari adgilis moZiebissaSualebas ki ara, raimeze saxelis miniWebis unarsac garTmevs da maSin,Tu ara am gadasaxedidan ukve TvalnaTliv Cans XX saukunis II naxevarira periodebisgan Sedgeba da saxelwodebebic TavisTavad Cndeba.67
zurab qarumiZe sabWoTa saqarTvelos, rogorc sabWoTa kavSirisdamoukidebeli segmentis warmoSobis TariRad 1956 wlis 9 martsasaxelebs, xolo am “sabWoTa saqarvelos “dekonstruqcia” iwyeba 1989wlis 9 aprils da sruldeba samoqalaqo omiT, saidanac postsabWoTasaqarTvelo iSva”. (qarumiZe, 2009: 7). postsabWoTa saqarTvelosTan erTadaxali epoqac iSva – postmodernistuli.damoukidebel saxelmwifo erTeulSi ki ara, aramed postsabWoTasaqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli Tu warmoSibili problemebis sruladaRweris velad 90-ianeli avtorebis Semoqmedeba iqca.III.1. agresia da TaobaTa Soris dapirispirebaXX saukunis bolos Zvelidan axalze gadasvlis procesi metadmtkivneulad warimarTa: Tavi iCina dabneulobam, siaxlis grZnobismoClungebam, Zvelis inerciam, fexqveS miwagamoclili sazogadoebaumweod eZebda TviTgadarCenis gzas... droTa cvalebadobam da misgangamowveulma aRreulobam Secvala adamianic, misi Sinagani samyaroc.sazogadoebis nawili Seguebis pasiur gzas daadga, meorem ki brZola dawinaaRmdegoba arCia. Tuki manamde adamianebi Cqmalavdnen, malavdnen, araxmaurebdnen maTTvis Seuracxmyofelsa da miuRebels, axla, TiTqoserTbaSad, yvelafers aexada farda, yvelas Camoeglija niRabi, cxovrebaufro sacnauri da xelSesaxebi gaxda.adamianebma iwyes TviTgadarCenis gzebis Zieba, oRond upirvelesadfizikuri TviTgadarCenisa da ara sulierebisa... imitom ki ara, romsuliereba aRaravis sWirdeboda, suli aRar iyo.totaluri aTeizmis epoqidan Zlivs gadarCenili RmerTic TiTqosarsad Canda: TiTqos marTla momkvdariyo.“RmerTo, RmerTo, Sen romelic CemSi ara xar da ar vici sad xarda xar Tu ara saerTod sadme, miTxari rad xdeba ase? miTxari, ratomara xar CemSi, me minda iyo aq, Cems gulSi, Cems tvinSi, CemssisxlZarRvebSi, Cems TirkmelebSi, iyo, rogorc cixesimagre da mec viyo,68
ogorc bastioni...” (iaTaSvili, 1992: 113) _ ambobs SoTa iaTaSvilismoTxrobis (“avadmyofi qalaqis”) mTavari personaJi da RmerTs pasuxssTxovs, adanaSaulebs Tavis sasowarkeveTilebaSi, TaviskeTilismsurvelTa daRupvaSi, magram mainc uflis xats SesCerebiaTvalebSi: egeb raime gaagonos, mianiSnos RmerTma...SoTa iaTaSvilis “avadmyofi qalaqi” markesis makondos (“martoobisasi weliwadi”) asociacias iwvevs, makondoelebs yvelaferi daviwyebiaT,warsulic da sakuTari vinaobac; roca qalaqi gulmaviwyobis senmamoicva, makondos mTavar quCaze yvelaze didi abra gamoakres, romeliciuwyeboda: “RmerTi ars!” im sayovelTao ubedurebis Jams yvelaze mtavariaRsaniSni arniSnes, moqalqeebma Tavi daivaldebules demiourgis winaSe,RmerTis saxeli ukvdavyves. Makondos mkvidrTa msgavsad, “avadmyofiqalaqis” macxovreblebsac gasigrZeganebuli aqvT RmerTis arseboba damisi Zlevamosileba.RmerTTan misasvlel gzebs ki ar eZeben, aramed pirdapir midianRmerTTan sulieri simSvidis mosapoveblad irine baqaniZis moTxrobebisgmirebi nino (“naTelo, naTelo Cemo...”) da mariami (“isev sarCobelazed”).am gzaze nawvnevi imedgacrueba agresiuls xdis maT, magram agresiasRmerTis gmobaSi ki ar gamoxataven, aramed sakuTari Svilis (nino) dasazogadoebis (mariami) mimarT fizikuri SeuracxyofiTa Tu ginebiT.Tu, SoTa iaTaSvilisa da irine baqaniZis personaJebi ar gmoben daar uaryofen RmerTis arsebobas da maTTvis gadarCenis gza RmerTismfarvelobaa – locvaSi hpoveben Svebas, zura mesxis “spazmebis” mTavaripersonaJi, 16 wlis mozardi pirdapir da gadaWriT acxadebs, rom mas arsZuls RmerTi, im erTaderTi mizezis gamo, rom igi ubralod, ararsebobs – “me ar mejavreba RmerTi, radgan ar arsebobs.” (mesxi, 2001: 2).Tumca, Tavsdatexili ubedurebebis Semdeg, sasowarkveTilebaSiCavardnili mxolod erTs uxmobs da eZaxis mTeli xmiT: “RmerToooo!mZuuuulxar! mZulxar, radgan mivxvdi, rom arsebob! aaarseeebob! daCasafrebuli xar, da mZuuulxar!” (mesxi, 2001: 28). RmerTis mimarTsxvadsxvagvari damokidebulebebiT savsea mxatvruli mwerloba,gansakuTrebiT modernistuli literatura – qarTulic, ucxouric.yvelaze Tamami gancxadebebic ki: “RmerTi mokvda!” (fridrix nicSe), “WinkaRmerTi” (demna Sengelaia) da sxva uamravi, Tanamedrove prozamde69
“gamoqveynda” da RmerTis arseboba-ararsebobaze eWvianobidan(modernizmidan) RmerTis siZulvilamde (postmodernizmamde) erTinabijiRa darCeniliyo gadasadgmeli, romelic ara ideologiurfilosofiurmanakadma moitana, aramed globalizaciam da msofliosocio-politikurma dinebam.“spazmebis” mTavari personaJi iseTi naturalizmiT aRwers nagvisparks, romelic Tavze ramdenjerme daaskda, rom mkiTxvelicZalauneburad grZnobs amZaRebuli polieTilenidan amosul simyrales.moulodneli eldidan gons mosuli biWic iwyebs RmerTis gmobas.Tavisdauneburad Cndeba asociaciuri paralelebi patrik ziuskindis“parfiumerTan” – “RmerTi, ubralod, yarda! RmerTi erTi pawia, sabralomyrala iyo...” da amavdroulad – daskvnac. daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rommodernistul epoqaSi RmerTis mimarT gamoTqmuli mosazreba odnav maincSiSnarevi Tu iyo, postmodernistul epoqaSi nihilisturi da cinikuriganwyobiT laparakoben uzenaesze.Tumca, erTia, CvenSi RmerTis arsebobis sjeraT, sjeraT imis, rommaradiuli Tu erovnuli Rirebulebebi da faseulobebi aucilebeblia daaucileblad gadasarCeni, magram amisTvis resursi ewurebaT(gansakuTrebiT, axal Taobas; Zvel Taobas ki _ axali Taobis saxiT) daagresia amis gamoc aTmagdeba, Zalzed SesamCnevi xdeba.Teqvsmeti wlis biWs RmerTi sZuls imitom, rom arsebobs daadamianis tkivils ar imCnevs. samagierod, am aRiarebis mere modis sxvarwmena, romelic Txovnas abedinebs. biWma Tqva, rom “mesame gziT”wavidoda, rom yvelaze rTuli gziT ivlida, romelic veeberTelamonapovaria kacobisken mimaval gzaze. miT ufro, am aRTqmasac da amarCevansac Tavisi asakisTvis Seufereblad sasowarkveTli, agresiuli dadaboRmili biWi akeTebs. RmerTisadmi am dapirebam, romelic Sendobasufro hgavda, TiTqos Secvala damokidebuleba personaJis mimarT... gardaamisa, gamoikveTa erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani ram: is Taoba (umcrosiTaoba), Turme, kacTmoZule ar yofila, yvelafris miuxedavad, maTSisiyvarulTan erTad rwmenac Rvivis, anu, maT momavali aqvT. “spazmebSi”,iseve rogorc SoTa iaTaSvilisa da irine baqaniZis moTxrobebSipersonaJebis agresia ufrosi Taobisadmia mimarTuli, magram amas maincver vuwodebT dapirispirebas, radgan umcrosebs ar sWirdebaT sakuTari70
upiratesobis damtkiceba, sakuTar upiretesobaSi darwmunebulni arian.maT ebralebaT idealebdamsxvreuli mSobelTa Taoba da xandaxangaucnobierebladac, es sibraluli Zlivs SesamCnev zizRSi gadaezrdebaTxolme.“Tormeti wlis viyavi, Tavi mqonda gadayofili fanjridan,gadayudebuli viyavi da uceb kefaze damaskda (nagvis parki. a.i.) dedaCemiRmerTs madlobas eubneboda, rom “fuZe” ar damizianda” (mesxi, 2001: 4-5).mwerali naira gelaSvili, moTxrobaSi sityva “fuZis” xsenebassimbolurad miiCnevs da xsnis, rom axali Taoba fuZeSia gabzaruli dadazianebuli. dazianebuli da gabzaruli, magram ara gadatexili.“moTxrobaSi laparakia dakargul da daRupul Taobaze, - wers nairagelaSvili – magram TavianTi mSoblebisgan gansxvavebiT am bavSvebis“brma iaraRad” gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia” (gelaSvili, 1999: 1). mwerlisa daliteratoris [ix. komentarebi - 1] mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba sakmaodaxlos dgas WeSmaritebasTan, roca axalma droebam yoveldRiuri yofisdoneze daiyvana is faseulobebi da idealebi, ase Zalumad rom swamdaTmamaTa Taobas, gaufasurda da uvargisad iqca cxovrebis is wesebi,romlis dacviT icxovres, Tvalsa da xels Sua fiqciad eqcaT is, racase amayad swamdaT, swored maSin gamoikveTa maTi sisuste da albaT,ususurobac: ”dedaCemi iyo qarTulis maswavlebeli, azrze modi, da iyoamayi, rogorc yvela qarTveli, romelic Tavisi siamayiTac amayobs. axlaporno Jurnal-gazeTebs yidis dezertiris bazrobaze da rcxvenia daitanjeba, radgan “ideas” Tu “sindiss” Ralatobs. Tavidan wignebsayidvinebdnen maRaziaSi, im wignebs, romlebsac uWedavda TavSi bavSvebsmTeli TxuTmeti weli, magram arcerTi misi sayvareli mwerali daqarTveli eris siamaye ar iyideboda” (mesxi, 2001: 8). qarTveli erissiamaye ar iyideboda – calke es fraza imedis momcemi da paTetikuria,suliereba ar iyideba da Sesabamisad, gadaSenebis saSiSroebac ar aris,magram moTxrobis konteqsti imedis gaRvivebis uflebas ar iZleva. esaris postmodernistuli ironiisa da idealis, avtoritetis msxvrevisklasikuri nimuSi. “ideas” da “sindiss” universitetis docenticRalatobda imiT, rom prezervativebs yidda:”esec “sulier tanjvaSia”,dedaCemiviT, radgan “ideals” Ralatobs. itanjeba, “Selaxuli Rirsebis”grZnoba awuxebs” (mesxi, 2001: 14). ufrosi Taobis aseT sulier gakotrebas71
16 wlis mozardi cinikuri aRtkinebiT exmianeba: ”qarTvelo qalo! dedavqarTlisav! nu itanjebi! Tamamad miawode Sens mSobel xalxs is, rac masswyuria! da iyavi amayi! amis safuZveli axla ufro gaqvs, vidre adregqonda, im Sens skolaSi, radgan axla ar ityuebi da arc sisuleleebsafrqvev da marTla itanjebi da emsaxurebi mSobeli xalxis gamoyvanasseqsualuri paleoliTidan...” (mesxi, 2001: 9); “qarTvelo kaco! mamavqarTlisa! nu igvemebi. aRivse TavmdablobiT da axali RirsebiT: adre SennorC sulebs TavSi utenidi raRac idees, “klasTa brZolas”, “neps” da“goelros” da iyavi amayi sruliad usafuZvlod, axla ki aris ukvegaero, demokratia, kapitali da qristianoba da Sen emsaxurebicivilizacias, higienas da adamianobas, da gixarodes!” (mesxi, 2001: 15). ammowodebebiT 16 wlis biWi mSoblebs aTavisuflebs crupatriotizmisgan,magram Tavis mxriv filologi dedac da istorikosi mezobeli ki arTavisufldebain, piriqiT sulier tanjvas ganicdian, rcxveniaT daqvecnobierad ampartavnoben kidec.16 wlis biWis es cinizmi Cveni sulieri krizisisTvis niSandoblivida damaxasiaTebelia. amis Sesaxeb kritikosi nugzar muzaSvili SeniSnavs:“masSi (moTxrobaSic da personaJSic, zogadad umcros TaobaSi. a. i.) aris“mamebis” “briyvuli anu qarTuli medidurobis” sruli fiaskoTigamowveuli niSnis mogeba, axali droebis sastiki dartymebiT erTianaddamskdar-daxeTqili Zveli faseulobebis narCenebis bolomdeganadgurebis Jini. magram ar aris da arc SeiZelba iyos sixaruli, arcboroti da arc sxvagvari” (muzaSvili, 2002, 3). avtoritetis sikvdili daidealis msxvreva epoqis niSania, romelic am epoqis adamianis “suliermdgomareobad” iqca, magram es mdgomareoba adamians aramc da aramc aruqmnis sulier komforts da amitomacaa, rom ar SeiZleba arsebobdessixarulis, Tundac boroti sixarulis gancda.marTlac, es ar aris boroti dacinva, an, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,sakuTari upiratesobis damtkiceba, aramed sadRac, sibralulic kiasakuTari mSoblebis mimarT, rogorc magaliTad, zurab samadaSvilisromanis “xmauriani dReebis” mTavari personaJis SemTxvevaSi: igi biWadmoixsenieba romanSi, an “givis biWad”, rasac, TiTqos arasrulfasovnebiskompleqsi unda gaeCina masSi. Tu garkveul wreebSi givi avtoritetia,sakuTari SvilisTvis igi aseTs ar warmoadgens. biWisTvis avtoriteti da72
misabaZi masze umcrosi isaka da adreul asakSi daRupuli sakuTariumcrosi Zmaa, raSic, bolosdabolos, gamoutydeba kidec sakuTar Tavs.rac Seexeba mamasTan mudmiv konfliqts, igi imdroindeli garemosSedegia [ix. komentarebi - 2], rasac biWi Tavis saxelis daarqmevsyvelafers. igi Tavidan sakuTari upiratesobis damtkicebiT iwyebs damxolod im droidan Seecvleba mamisadmi damokidebuleba, Tavis mierveaRiarebul avtoritets Tavadve rom gaanadgurebs. amas kvaldakvalmihyveba imdroindeli faseulobebis rRvevis niadagze gaCenili sxva"avtoritetebis" _ kanonieri qurdebisa da narkomanebis _ mimarTdamokidebulebis Secvla. manamde ki, ratomRac, sul darwmunebuli iyo,rom ufrosi Taoba Tavs awonebda. mamisagan mudmivi Tvalyuris devnebada Wkuis swavleba agresiuls xdida. “Tanamedrove TaTqariZeebi arian,oRond gamxdrebi da Svilianebi” (samadaSvili, 1999: 136) – es sarkazmi daboroti cinizmi araa. es agresiaa. im undoblobisgan gamowveuli agresia,mis mimarT mSoblebi rom iCenen.sainteresoa aka morCilaZis “faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebis”personaJi morfinisti vato (aq unda vigulisxmoT zogadad axali Taobisnawili), romelic agresiulobiT ki ar gamoirCeva, aramed Tavisiganvlili cxovrebis TviTSefasebiT – aw ukve lmobierebiTa danostalgiiT (vatos nostalgia aqvs Zveli drois mimarTac. aq ukveavtori TamaSobs “makoreqtirebeli ironiiT”, roca personaJs aTqmevinebs:adre marfinistebs gveZaxdnen, axla narkomanebi, qeSebi da kaifarikebiariano).vatos narkomanobam sagvareulo faseuloba Seiwira, ukvedaavadebul da adreul asakSi daberebuli yofili “marfinisti”sinanulSia Cavardnili, tradicias rom uRalata. vatos saxiTTanamedrove qarTul prozaSi TiTqmis erTaderTi personaJi gvyavs,romelsac tradiciis, winaprebisa da Zveli faseulobebis aRqmis dadafasebis unari, rom aqvs SenarCunebuli. Zveli Taobis mimarTnihilisturi da ironiuli ganwyobileba ki ar aqvs, aramed massinanuliTa da raRacnairi siyvaruliT ixsenebs. vato axali TaobisTiTqmis erTaderTi warmomadgenelia, romelic Zveli Taobisupiratesobas aRiarebs (oRond ara mamebis Taobas) – “adre magari babuebiiyvenen, axla rom babuebi arian, imaT sjobian. eseni Zalian erTnairebi73
arian. giJdebian bavSvebze da morCa” (morCilaZe, 2000: 103.). vatos mTavarisadardebelia is, rom ai im magari babuis danatovari nivTi (pavel buresorxufiani oqros saaTi) da anderZi (“es saaTi babuaCemma maCuqa gimnazias,rom vamTavrebdi da Sen Sens SviliSvils aCuqeo, yvelas erTmaneTigvemaxsovreba as weliwads da amas araferi jobiao” (morCilaZe, 2000:104) ver Seasrula, “kai biWis” saxelis, imijis gadarCernas Seswira...oRond es “gadarCenili” imiji aRaravis sWirdeba, arc Tavad damiTumetes, arc sxvas, SeiZleba arc maT STamomavlobas (Tu saerTodeyolebaT – es kidev sxva gansjis sakiTxia). vatos Surs quenTintarantinos filmis – “makulaturis” – erT-erTi gmiris, romelmac“ukanaliT” gadaarCina sagvareulo saaTi. vatom (savaraudoa, zogadadqarTulma mentalitetmac) “kai biWuri gagebis” gamo SeiZleba pirdapirar aRiaros tarantinos filmis gmiris upiratesoba, magram imas grZnobs,rom igi pirnaTelia warsulisa da momavlis winaSec. amerikuli filmispersonaJis imiji STamomavlobisTvis saamayoc ki iqneba: man momavalstradicia SeunarCuna – mTavaria, SeunarCuna da ar is Tu rogorSeunarCuna.“es saaTi babuaCemma maCuqa gimnazias, rom vamTavrebdi da Sen SensSviliSvils aCuqeo, yvelas erTmaneTi gvemaxsovreba as weliwads da amasaraferi jobiao” (morCilaZe, 2000: 104) – es ar aris mxolod anderZi erTioqros saaTis Sesaxeb, am danatovarSi erTaderTi Zvirfaseuloba xsovnada Taobidan Taobas gadacemuli urTierTpativiscema da siyvarulia,romelsac dro verafers daaklebs, saaTebi da wuTebi ver waSlian. eskvali vatom waSala; siyvaruliT da xsovniT naWedi jaWvi man gawyvita;axalma Taobam Zvelebis naloliavebi tradicia daarRvia. am SemTxvevaSitradiciis rRveva agresiis da dapirispirebis gamo ar momxdara, amjerades egoizmi gaxldaT.isev zurab samadaSvilis “xmaurian dReebs” davubrundeT – romanSiganviTarebuli siuJetis kvaldakval biWis TviTSefasebac icvleba:“ratom unda iTminos Cemi kaprizebi, raxan mamaa imitom? bolobolo,danaSaulia mamoba? valdebulia imuSaos, Camacvas, maWamos da Cemisisuleleebic moiTminos? sadauri wesia, vin daawesa? fexebze rodamikidos, ra namusiT movTxov pasuxs? me ro viyo magis adgilas, amdensmovuTmendi?” (samadaSvili, 1999: 196). es mamis Sebraleba ar aris, ufro74
sindisis qenjnas hgavs da TiTqos mamas valdebulebebisgan aTavisuflebs.rac, SeiZleba, mamis mbrZaneblobisagan sakuTari Tavis gaTavisuflebissurvilsac niSnavdes. magram es gaTavisufleba axal Taobas TiTqos areCqareba... biWisgan mamis samarTaldamcav organodan daxsnis faqti (rasacbiWi ar gauyoyloCinebia) ukve sxva rames amxels – Svilebi ki ara, mamebiudganan jibrSi Svilebs, ratom? ver eguebian imas, rom SeiZleba Svilmamisgan damoukideblad miiRos gadawyvetileba. da Cndeba kidev erTikiTxva: ratom SiZleboda mamebi Svilebs Cadgomodnen jibrSi? imitom xomara, rom Svilebi mamebze ufro “cxovrebagamovlilni”, gamocdilni dagamobrZmedilni aRmoCndnen Tanamedrove drois motanili qartexilebisgamo.“dagveCagren Svilebi, omi da jandaba ar akliaT, codo ar arian?”(samadaSvili, 1999: 221), Svilebis Taobas es TanagrZnoba da esmfarveloba ar sWirdeba. swored om da jandabebgamovlil Taobas arsWirdeba im Taobisgan mfarveloba, zrunva da meTvalyureoba, romelmacSvilebisgan gansxvavebiT ase Tu ise, fufunebaSi icxovra. alRos aRebisunari ki, axali droebis mier motanili cxovrebiseuligamocdilebebisgan gamomdinare, umcros Taobas ufro aRmoaCnda.zura samadaSvilis biWi Tu Trgunavs agresias, Tavisi saqcieliTsakuTar mesa da pirovnebas amkvidrebs da mamasaTanac jer Semrigeblur,Semdeg ki megobrul urTierTobas amyarebs, aka morCilaZis giuSki(“mogzauroba yarabaRSi”) sakuTari ususurobisagan depresiaSi vardeba,umoqmedo xdeba. igi mamasTan uSeRavaTo brZolaSi marcxdeba da TiTqosegueba kidec am marcxs [ix. komentarebi - 3]. damarcxebis bolos igiukidures protests – dumils mimarTavs. protesti realur qmedebaSi romgadazardos, gios erTi ram aklia – pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba. nonakupreiSvili wers: “Tavisufleba SeuZlebelia pirovnulipasuxismgeblobis gareSe, pirovnul dapirispirebas ki TaobaTadapirispirebis “qarTuli varianti” ewinaaRmdegeba, sadac mamaaucileblad sZlevs Svils. aka morCilaZe Tavis mxriv gvixsnis:”am biWma(anu giom) araferi icoda, magram cxovrebaSi erTi ambavi gadaxda da esistoria waago swored rom Tavis mamasTan. es gmiri TiTqos mixvedrilia,rom Tavisufali kaci unda iyos, magram ar icis, es saqme rogorxerxdeba...” [...] TaobaTa urTierTobebs CvenTvis saintereso kuTxiT75
ganixilavs zurab kiknaZec – ganagrZobs nona kupreiSvili. zurab kiknaZisazriT, andaza erTs gveubneba (“is urCevnia mamulsa...”), Cven ki sxvasvfiqrobT: mamebi umjobesni arian Svilebze. am mosazrebis qveteqstimartivia: “warsuli sjobs momavals”. magram wuxilis mizezi imdenad eski ar aris, ramdenadac is, “xom ar vafarebT mamis wiaRs Cvens siglaxesda ususurobas, mTels pasuxismgeblobas sinamdvilis winaSe, romelicTavis dRevandel enaze kvnesis da gviwvevs?” zurab kiknaZis mier dasmulies umwvavesi kiTxva misive odindel daskvnas efuZneba: sanam CvenvcxovrobT ara sazogadoebaSi, aramed Caketil da TviTkmar TemobaSi,sanam sakuTari sisustis (gnebavT, dacemis) mizezebs ara sxvaSi, aramedupirvelesad sakuTar TavSi ar moviZiebT, am da sxva problemebsgadawyveta ar uweria” (kupreiSvili, 2005: 13).sakuTar TavSi sisustis mizezebis moZieba ki ara, Tengiza miqataZisprototipebs sakuTari Tavi sustebad arc miaCniaT. giuSkim, da zogadadaxalma Taobam _ uaryo viRacis mier (an raRacis mier, vTqvaT, reJimis anuZvelesi da gaqviTkirebuli adaT-Cveulebebis mier) dadgenili wesebiTcxovreba, Tengiza am wesebs ebRauWeba da Svilsac aiZulebs iseicxovros, rogorc man. igives wers aka morCilaZe Tavis romanis 2004wlis gamocemis winasityvaobaSi: “mamebama Zalian SemoRobes da raRacwesebic moigones. es wesebi maTTvis albaT kargi iyo, magram umcrosebsaRar gamoadgaT da namusian Tu unamuso, Tofian Tu uTofo brZolebSimaTi samyaro sul mTlad dapataravda.” (morCilaZe 2004: 7). mamebs areTmobaT sakuTari “SemoRobilebi” da Svilebis SeZaxili – axla sxvadroa! – ar esmiT, arc undaT gaigon, ra droa axlaDda arc SvilebsaZleven uflebas damoukideblad icxovron – gavlenianobis dakargva arsurT.isev nona kupreiSvilis daskvnas mivubrundebiT: “marTalia, giosgamudmebuli kritikis sagania “mamac da misi kastis xalxic” (CaliCebi,putCistebi da a.S.), magram kritikidan TviTSefasebamde manZiligadaulaxavi rCeba. Temis wesebi, kasturi ierarqiuloba, “vakizmi” da misiatributika gios sakuTar Tavsac ki ise aSoreben, rom “Sexvedra”mxolod yarabaRis “tyveobiTa” da iqidan TavgamoxsniT xdebaSesaZlebeli. TbilisSi dabrunebuli giuSka miqataZis sizmar-xilvebSimis sakuTar mamad, Tengiza miqataZed gardasaxvis Sesaxeb gvafiqrebinebs,76
om “yarabaRSi” TaobaTa dapirispirebis sakiTxi gadauwyveteli rCeba,mama-Svilis morigebis SesaZlebloba ki ocnebis sferos ganekuTvneba.”(kupreiSvili, 2005: 13). “sakiTxis gadawyveta” mdgomareobs imaSi, amdapirispirebidan Tu romeli Taoba iqneba upiratesi, umcrosi Tuufrosi?! am SemTxvevaSi Tengiza miqataZis Taobas aqvs upiratesoba,Zalauflebas miCveulni, nemsis yunwSi Zvrebian mis SesanarCuneblad da amgzaze sakuTari Svilis sulier mdgomareobasac ar indoben. giuSkisTaobas ki mxolod protesti darCenia, radganac brZolis wesebi ar ician.aka morCilaZis “faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebSic” SefarviT gakrTaaxali Taobis daZabunebaze, Zvelebis guladobaze... virTxis mokvlisepizodi naTeli suraTia axali Taobis uniaTobisa da Zveli Taobisgamocdilebisa. erTi sulTmobrZavi beberi virTxis mokvlaze oTxiaxalgazrda TiTqmis mTeli naxevari saaTi bWobda – SebrZolebisstrategiebs ganixilavda da meore naxevari saaTi moqmedebis sabolooSesrulebas cdilobda. Zia nodarma, kaxas mamam erTi xelis mosmiTdaamTavra saqme da biWebmac kidev erTxel dainaxes “Zlieri, xmeli daZarRviani xelis” (morCilaZe, 2000: 134) upiratesoba, romelSic jer kidevSeimCneva Zala da Zalaufelba.warsuli Zalis da Zalauflebis SiSi Tu mokrZaleba “rkinisfardis” CamoSlis Semdeg gaufasurebiT aRar Semoifargla, lustraciiskanonze Riad saubrebma zizRis grZnobac dabada axal TaobaSi – “uime rasazizRari kacia... Sen Tu komisari iyavi, Sen dagixvretia dedaCemis Zma,valuSa wulukiZe... germanelebis mxares gadavida dedaCemis Zma valuSawulukiZe da daiWires mere amaT... Tqven... es vin yofila mxvreteli... rasazizRaria, boroti” (morCilaZe, 2001: 70). “toto mukambas biWebis” erTipersonaJi – Temo, Tu siZulviliT aris ganmsWvaluli Zveli Taobis,zogadad “bebrebisa” da “pensionerebis” mimarT, meore personaJi –Tamrikos sxva ganwyoba aqvs, Tavis Taobas uniaTobaSi sdebs brals,Zvels ki cxovrebiseul Snos uwonebs: “Sen araferi ar yofilxar.arafers ar qonia mniSvneloba. mniSvneloba qonia mamaSens. sanammokvdeboda, kargad viyaviT, mokvda da Cvenc davixoceT” (morCilaZe, 2001:65). mniSvneloba ar aqvs cxovrebis Tanamedrove relsebze gadasvlas,amRvreul wyalSi Tevzis Weras, Zvelma Taobam auRo alRo, axlebi ki,77
civilizaciis mier Semogdebul axal-axal TamaSebSi (am SemTxvevaSi,totalizatorebisa da “ruletkebis” TamaSSi) Caebnen.Tavis mxriv im “pensionerTa” Taobasac mohyvebaT sakuTari daRi –“lagerebi, Zia stalinTan” (1999: 134), “omSi viyavi me komisari... me ukvegadavixade! ormocdasamSi, sisxliT!” 1937 wlidan, anda ufro adridan –1924 wlidan da meore samamulo omiT damTavrebulma tragediebmaaranaklebad imoqmeda qarTuli suliskveTebis dasaCagrad daRirebulebebis devalvaciisaTvis.daTo turaSvili werda: “roca Taobebi kamaToben, SvilebiyovelTvis da yvelgan marTlebi arian!” da igi amas aqsiomas uwodebs.TaobaTa urTierTSuRli aris kidec aqsioma, rasac gadaWra ar uweria.SesaZloa, swored am aqsiomaturobis gamo aris es Tema yvela droisa Tuyvela mwerlis daZabuli yuradRebis sagani.“mogzauroba yarabaRis” winasityvaobaSi aka morCilaZe wers: “Cemimokle WkuiT, sadac qristianobaa, iq Taobebi da mamaTa da SvilTabrZolebi ar aris” (morCilaZe 2004: 6). qristianebi XX saukunis bolosacviyaviT da manamdec, magram 90-iani wlebis mier motanilma situaciebmaagresia SemogvTavaza da ara qristianuli mrwamsis gaZlierebis gzebi.agresia sicarielisgan, uvicobisgan da ampartavnobisagan modis.krisizisgan gamowveuli sicariele, axali droebis mier SemoTavazebuliaxali cxovrebis uaxlesi wesebis arcodna da wina saukunidangadmoyolili Zveli didebis naSTebisgan gamowveuli ampartavneba – ai,is yvelaferi, ramac boRmis saxiT iduRa da udides agresiad gadmoenTxaaxal Taobas (da ara marto axal Taobas). axali saukunis dasawyisamde“xanma undobarma” maT didi agresiuli veli moumzada da am velzedabneul axalgazrdebs egonaT, rom arCevanis uflebac warTmeulihqondaT. arada, arCevanis gakeTeba yovelTvis SeiZleba, ubralod isiniver bedavdnen TavianTTvis sasikeTod gadaewyvitaT arCevani, verbedavdnen da amitomac brazobdnen sxvebze (“mamebze”), amitomac iyvnenagresiulni.“agresia ki urdulebma da kliteebma, boqlomebma da saketebma,maRalma galavnebma da aWedilma kar-fanjrebma, zandukebma da skivrebma,aseve, bnelma derefnebma da sardafebma icis” (morCilaZe 2004: 8).amitomac iwyes “Caketili sivrceebis” garRveva da “SemoRobili78
galavnebis” daSla-ngreva. magram es moaxerxes ramdenime sisxlismRvreliomis Sedegad, ramac, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba odnav daacxro agresia, magramSemdeg udides tramvad, tragediad eqcaT da umZimes codvad daawva axalTaobas.komentarebi:1. aRsaniSnavia, rom zura mesxi fsevdonimia, moTxroba “spazmebi”pirvelad 1998 wels daibeWda gazeT “alternativaSi”. meored zura mesxi 2004wels gamoCnda, amjerad romaniT, romelic samRvdeloebis da sapatriarqosyuradRebis centrSic moeqca. zura mesxis saxelsa da gvars amofarebulipirovneba dResac ucnobia sazogadoebisTvis. fsevdonimis garSemo atexilaJiotaJSi, pirveli, filosofosi badri SarvaZe aRmoCnda, romelmac Riad,Tamamad da sajarod ganacxada, rom “spazmebis” avtori qalbatoni nairagelaSvilia.TumcaRa, “spazmebsa” da SoTa iaTaSvilis “avadmyof qalaqs” Sorisimdeni da iseTi msgavsebebia, mkiTxvels sxva eWvi gauCndeba. “spazmebi” erTgvariinterpretacia da koreqturaa “avadmyofi qalaqisa”, rogorc problemebisa daara rogorc nawarmoebisa” (xaTuna xabuliani, gazeTi “alternativa”, 1999w. #3.).“avadmyofi qalaqi” “spazmebamde” 6 wliT adre daiwera. 1999wlis “alternativis”mesame nomerSi vkiTxulobT vinme aman SuSbacaris analizs zura mesxisa daSoTa iaTaSvilis aw ukve naxsenebi moTxrobebis Sesaxeb: “spazmebis”genealogiis gamoyvana “avadmyofi qalaqidan” advilia maTSi arsebuli erTi daigive saxeebidan da sityvebidanac ki. magaliTad, orivegan avtorTadamokidebuleba dedis saxisadmi mkveTrad negatiuri da daundobelia, garemos(qalaqis) sinamdvile Semzaravi da damTrgunvelia, orivegan gaielvebs“mRvdelmTavari”, “prezervativebis gamyidveli”, yvavilebTan zeaweulidamokidebuleba, intimuri siaxlovis gauferuleba da gadagvareba, RmerTisadmimimarTeba, moqmedi pirebis funqciaTa moSla da a.S.” aman SuSbacaris amocnobaki advilia, fsevdonimi badri SarvaZisa unda iyos; zura mesxica da amanSuSbacaric erTgvari mistifikaciaa avtoris, rac postmodernistuli epoqisTamaSebriv xasiaTze xasgasmiT movlenebad unda aRviqvaT.SoTa iaTaSvilma sxva dros, kerZo saubarSi gamimxila, rom “spazmebis”avtori naira gelaSvilia. aman SuSbacaris msgavsad, daviT barbaqaZec amtkicebs,rom “spazmebis” avtoradDnaira gelaSvils miviCnev, amaSi damarwmuna avtorissxva teqstebSi da “spazmebSi” moqmedi ritorikuli figurebis, gramatikuli79
konstruqciebisa Tu kompoziciis agebis teqnikebis Sedarebam” (barbaqaZe, 2000:115).“spazmebis” avtorma Seqmna axali miTis “reproduqcia” da amas dRemdewarmetebiT axerxebs. avantura zura mesxis pirovnebasTan dakavSirebiT dRemdegrZeldeba.2. 90-iani wlebis, mTeli qveynis socialur-politikuri panorama, rogorc“xmaurian dReebSi”, aseve “spazmebSi” da “avadmyof qalaqSi”, SekumSuli saxiT,magram mainc zedmiwevniT aris asaxuli. “xmauriani dReebi” im xmaurisa dasulisSemZvreli ambebis simbolo-saTauria, rac TbilisSi xdeboda. “avadmyofiqalaqi” 90-iani wlebis Tbilisis axali saxelia. am moTxrobaSi avtormayvelaferi mZafrad da SiSvlad daxata. teqstis zogierTi epizodi saSinelebaTafilmis efeqtebiTaa gadmocemuli, rac ufro metad amZimebs da aforiaqebsmkiTxvelis warmosaxvas.3. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aka morCilaZe romanis dasasruliaraerTmniSvnelovan finals gvTavazobs (mTlianad mkiTxvelis fantaziazeamindobili), avtoris damokidebulebis mkafio gadawyveta, poziciis Riaddemonstrireba ar xdeba. mkiTxveli ver xvdeba, “danebda” Tu ara giuSki mamas?es nawarmoebic da zogadad, aka morCilaZis teqstTa umravlesobis finali“ormagi kodirebis” principiT xdeba. avtori mkiTxvels miandobs “saboloogadawyvetilebis”, “ganaCenis” miRebis uflebis.III.2 Tanamedrove qarTuli omianoba“...wero omze... mokled, rac ici imaze” _ rezo TabukaSvilis esfraza 90-ianelTa aSkara prerogativaa. omi marTlac kargad icis amTaobam.90-iani wlebis narativebis Tema TiTqmis erTnairia. 1989 wlis 9aprilis eqo TiTqmis yoveli teqstidan ismis. “perestroikamdelma”“wiTelma mTam” (komunizmma) daSla rom daiwyo, qarTveloba erovnulerTianobad iqca, surdaT samSoblos gaTavisufleba imperiismarwuxebidan, magram brZolis formebi sruliad araadeqvaturi aRmoCnda.Tumca, erovnuli aRtkineba da suliskveTeba jer rusuli niCbebiTCaCexes da 1992 wlis dekembris bolos “erTianobac” gatyda dadaqucmacda.Tbilisis omi TanamedroveTaTvis moulodneli da, amave dros,metad saintereso movlena aRmoCnda. tankebiT orad gayofili erovnuli80
TviTSegnebis gasaanalizeblad rusTavelis prospeqti male ZmaTamkvlelibrZolis velad iqca. es iyo omi, romelsac mayurebeli hyavda. purisrigSi Camdgar kacs, sanam Tavisi jeri mouwevda, manamde SeeZloTavisuflebis moedanze gasuliyo da misTvis jer kidev gaucnobierebelimovlenebisTvis Tvali edevnebina. es manamde grZeldeboda, sanam ubralomayurebelTa rigebSi, sabrZolo moednidan umisamarTod gamosrolilityviebiT ramdenime kaci ar dasaxiCrda da daiRupa.“rusTavelis prospeqtis omi” Tanamedrove prozaSi fragmentuladaris asaxuli (irine baqaniZis, eka RaRaniZis, aka morCilaZis, SoTaiaTaSvilis, zaza TvaraZis... moTxrobebSi), zogan pirdapir, zogan _alegoriuli saxiT. magaliTad, zurab samadaSvilis romani “sveli aguri”zustad asaxavs im ambebs, romlebic 1990 wlidan moyolebuli CvensqveyanaSi datrialda. teqstis saTauric “sveli aguri” _ im mZime dReebis,uxeSi da TavSisacemi mogonebebis simbolo unda iyos, xolo romanSiaRwerili ZaRlebis orTabrZola – samoqalaqo omis alegoria.Tbilisis omi dasrulebis merec “iaraRis JRaruniT moseirne,gazviadebuli ymawvilebi didxans daeZebdnen mters Tbilisis quCebSi.mere adgnen da erTmaneTs daerivnen. vis visi Jini hqonda, sul erTianadiyara. danaRvlianebuli diqtori ver audioda ubeduri SemTxvevebiTdaRupuli axalgazrdebis siebis kiTxvas.” (RaRaniZe, 1998: 27). dro idgaiseTi, rom umizezod da umiznod gasrolili tyviebiT (romlebic, adreTu beRurebiviT dafrinavdnen rusTavelze, mere saerTod yvelgandafrinevdnen mercxlebiviT [decitacia aka morCilaZis “faliaSvilisquCis ZaRlebidan”]) daRupul adaminTa ricxvi dRiTidRe izrdeboda.sakuTr qalaqSi omobanam veravis moutana gmiris tituli. Tumca,titulebisTvis naklebad iRwvoden, magram am Taobis misia jeramowuruli ar iyo, win afxazeTi elodaT.amjeradac orad gaiyo qarTveloba. iyvnen iseTebi, romlebsacmarTla swamdaT, rom sakuTari sisxlis gaRebiT samSoblos erTianobasdaicavda da SeinarCunebda, da iyvnen iseTebic, aka morCilaZis“faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebis” personaJiviT, kakuCasaviT rom fiqrobdnen:”me ara var iq, im pirvel daZaxilze. imitom, rom ver meZaxian kargad.TviTon samSoblo ar meZaxis. ubralod, viRaceebi gveZaxian xolme. meream viRaceebs an Casvamen an moklaven, da Turme tyuilad ixoxe talaxSi81
naxevari magaziniT” (morCilaZe, 2000: 48). aravis gaemtyuneboda, arc maT,vinc afxazeTis omi binZuri politikis asparezad da sxvis omad monaTla.faqti erTia, samoqalaqo omi Tu calkeuli detalebiT dafragmentebiT aisaxa postsabWoTa Taobis prozaSi, afxazeTis omiSiSveli faqtebiT aisaxa mTeli 90-iani wlebis mwerlobaSi. orive diditkivili iyo, magram erTs Tu SefarviT axseneben, meoreze gaxsniladlaparakoben, ratom? pirvel SemTxvevaSi sircxvilis grZnoba eZalebaT,Tumca, wagebuli omidan dabrunebulebs ufro unda eZalebodeTsircxvili. magram am omidan cocxlad gadarCenilebs sul sxva SegrZnebastanjavdaT: gancda imisa, rom es omi waagebines. aqedan gamomdinare,brazi ufro ereodaT, vidre sircxvili.“ar SeiZleba wasvla... ar SeiZleba wasvla!” (r. TabukaSvili, 1999:117) – imeorebs barJaze mdgari gega, arada, nabrZanebi aqvs datovosiqauroba im ukanaskneli transportiT, romelsac memomrebica da iqdarCenilebic axali cxovrebis dasawyebad samSvidobos unda gamoiyvana.tovebdnen yvelafers, winaparTa saflavebs, gamouglovebel cxedrebs,sakuTar bavSvobas... Tu gegam (“avtoboigrafia profilSi”) darCena vergadawyvita, ladom (“argaqceva”) ukan dabrunebis uperspeqtivobas (“isevpatara sofeli, anTxleuli asfalti, isev uazro jdoma gzis piras,saxlis win, xis grZel skamze... isev dila, venaxSi muSaoba... sibere... meresikvdili loginSi... lalic ukve gaTxovda...” 1999: 34) bolomde brZolaarCia da im ukanasknel gems, romelic dacemul soxums miadgagadarCenili meomrebisa da macxovrebelTa wamosayvanad, ukan aRargamohyva.Tumca, rogorc Cans, momavlisaTvis pasuxis gacemisa eridebaT. mixagegeSiZe Tavis “dakarguli qveynis meomrebSi” wers: ”afxazeTi CveniTaobis bediswera yofila. amas winaT Cemma guramikom mkiTxa: ”mamiko, SenmarTla omSi iyavio?” “ki, magram Sen saidan ici-meTqi”, bebiam miTxrao.“mere, ra qeni, moige Tu waageo?” am kiTxvam ise damabnia, rom xma veramoviRe da raRac uazrod waviluRluRe. [...]rom gaizrdebian, ra pasuxiunda gavceT Cvens Svilebs, maT unda davutovoT Cveni saomari, CvenigasakeTebeli saqme? Cven valSi varT ara marto samSoblos da momavaliTaobis winaSe, aramed imaTi sulebis winaSec, vinc Seewira saqarTvelosTavisuflebisaTvis brZolas. [...] ar vici, iyvnen Tu ara Cveni biWebi82
namdvili jentlmenebi, magram politikosTa mier wasagebad ganwirulomSi qarTveli meomris saxeli ar SeurcxveniaT da Rirseulad ibrZolesgayiduli samSoblos dasacavad...!” [gazeTi “axali 7 dRe”, 2002, #2: 9].im qveyanaSi, sadac afxazeTis xsovna xelisuflebam orsityvian,droisagan gaxunebuli ideologiis lozungebamde daiyvana, literaturasunda ekisra ideologis funqcia. 90-iani wlebis mwerlebma asaxesafxazeTis omis sinamdvile. magram qarTul literaturas afxazeTze jerkidev ar uTqvams Tavisi saTqmeli. Tumca, dRemde aqtiurad iwereba amproblemis garSemo Cvens mwerlobaSi. 90-in wlebSi, erT-erTipirvelTagani, vinc afxazeTis omis Tematikaze werda, rezo TabukaSiligaxldaT: “nisli”, “argaqceva”, “soxumis dacema”, “avtobiografiaprofilSi” – namdvili da sakuTari TvaliT nanaxi faqtebi ammoTxrobebis avtorma mxatvruli prozis xerxebiT gadmosca.“barJaze asvlis win, soxumis dacemis dRes, ira zRvasTan Cavida,muxlamde Sevida wyalSi da daixara: - Se usindiso, is bozebi unda miiRoda abanao... mTeli bavSvoba SenTan gavatare da axla ase auRelvebladtokav da memSvidobebi, - Semdeg saxe Cayo wyalSi da marilian qvebsakoca – me davbrundebi.” (TabukaSvili, 1999: 128). es epizodic imazemetyvelebs, rom omis wageba ver daijeres, Tu samSoblos nawilidroebiT daTmes, sakuTari bavSvobis warTmevas verasodes Seeguebian. “medavbrundebi” swored imas niSnavda, rom verasodes Seeguebian vercsakuTaris warTmevas da verc umadurobas, omis garedan mayureblebisagan.rezo TabukaSvilis moTxrobebSi Tu mebrZoli kacis gancdebiagadmocemuli, lia toklikiSvilis “mkvdari qalaqis CanawerebSi”[Jurnali “XX saukune”, #11] yvelasgan (Tanamemamuleebisganac)mitovebuli, carieli soxumis umweo diasaxlisad qceuli dasvegamwarebuli qalis brZolaa aRwerili.saerTod, omi am TaobisTvis, garda moulodnelad Tavsdatexiliubedurebisa, sakuTari Tavis Ziebis an sakuTari Tavisgan gaqcevissaSualebac iyo. zurab samadaSvilis “xmauriani dReebis” mTavari gmiriambobs: ”waval afxazeTSi, movcildebi am gaugebrobas, aRar unda amasbevri fiqri” (samadaSvili, 1999: 173). 16-17 wlis biWebs patriotuliaRtkinebebis garda, afxazeTisken guli miuwevdaT, garSemo Seqmnilimoraluri sicarielisa da ufrosebis (mamebis) momabezrebeli didaqtikis83
gamo. sakuTari Tavis namdvil kacur saqmeSi gamocdis Jinic arTamaSobda ukanasknel rols.zogisTvis omi TviTaRmoCenis, TviTSecnobis saSualeba iyo. erTerTinterviuSi rezo TabukaSvili ambobs: ”omma adamiani gamacno.adamianebs yoveldRiur yofaSic sul xelaxla icnob. axal-axalTvisebebs aRmoaCen maTSi. omi ki gansakuTrebiT aSiSvlebs adamianisyvela Tvisebas”.omma da gauTavebelma brZolebma am Taobas sxvagvari gamocdilebaSesZina. sabrZolo velebze nanaxma da gancdilma TiTqos fsiqologiurigadatrialeba moaxdina maTSi. vaJkacuri da sagmiro saqmeebiT aqamdemxolod Zveli wignebis furclebidan Tu ixiblebodnen, axla ukveTviTon SeeZloT aRmoCeniliyvenen im adgilas da realurad aReqvaTmebrZol vaJkacTa gancdebi. es omi kidev erTi kuTxiT iyo ZalzeusamarTlo, mis monawileebs arc misabaZ gmirebad qceva eweraT da arcmomavali Taobis mogonebebSi darCena. imTaviTve iqca uimedo saqmed, imaraswori da zogjer usamarTlo Sefasebebis gamo, rac afxazeTis omsada iq mebrZol adamianebze iTqva.afxazeTSi naomar da daRupul adamianTa xsovnas isev qarTulimwerloba Tu miagebs pativs da, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, afxazeTis omidRemde rCeba erT-erT ZiriTad Temad Cveni mwerlobisTvis. 90-iani wlebSiTu TiTo-orola teqsti mieZRvna afxazeTis oms, 21-e saukunis 10-ianiwlebis mwerloba ukve dainteresebuli da datvirTulia aRniSnuliTemiT. drom Tavisi qna, roca yvelaferi miyuCda da emociebic dacxra,ufro Tamamad SeZlo mwerlobam afxazeTisgan gamowveul tragizmzesaubari. TiTqmis yvela Taobis SemoqmedebaSi aRinusxa omi, romelicaramxolod dakargul teritorias niSnavda, aramed sakuTari Tavisrwmenisa da momavlis imedis dakargvis SiSsac; miuxedavad imisa, romafxazeTis omis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli yoveli analizi da Sefasebaindividualuria, vfiqrobT, am tragediam Taobebi gaaerTiana.84
III.3. Tbiliseloba da Tbilisuri xidCatexilobanXX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan moyolebuli qalaquri cxovrebisaRwera da qalaqeli biWis kultad qceva Cvens literaturaSi ucxo araa.guram rCeuliSvili, vaJa gigaSvili, arCil sulakauri, guram gegeSiZe,jemal TofuriZe, laSa TabukaSvili, zaal samadaSvili “rCeula biWebze”,qalaqel kacze da qalaqur ambebs hyvebian. es tendencia, rasakvirvelia,90-iani wlebis literaturaSic gagrZelda da ara mxolod gagrZelda,aramed ufro metad gaiSala da sakuTari saxelic moipova – qalquriproza.90-iani wlebis qarTuli literatura eZebda sivrces, “romlismeSveobiTac politikuri da socialuri ngrevis Sedegad gaCenili qaosisgancda raimenair mxatvrul mniSvnelobasa da simwyobres SeiZenda. aseTqronotipad iqca qalaqi – qarTveli mwerlebisTvis manmade naklebadaTvisebuli teritoria. [...] qalaqi axal qarTul prozaSi or hipostazadwarmodga – Zveli Tbilisi da postsabWoTa Tbilisi. orive qalaqissaukeTeso (aR)mwerlad ki aka morCilaZem ivarga” (qarumiZe, 2009: 9).citatis avtors Zvel TbilisSi nagulisxmevi aqvs aka morCilaZis“madaTovuri” cikli, xolo postsabWoTa TbilisSi – mwerlis isteqstebi, sadac “vakuri” da “vakis ambebia” monaTxrobi. TumcaRa,postsabWoTa Tbilisi sxva axalgazrda mokalmeebisTvisac aRmoCndasaWiro qronotipi – sivrce-dro.TiTqmis yoveli 90-ianeli avtoris SemoqmedebaSi asaxuliaTbilisuri cxovreba, qalaqelTa yofa, maTi xasiaTi, protesti, ambiciebida rac gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, 90-iani wlebis TbilisSi gaCenili“Catexili xidis” problemac.sanam aRniSnul problemaze daviwyebdeT msjelobas, imazec undavTqvaT Tu rogori iyo postsabWoTa Tbilisi da is sivrce, romelSicmogviwia cxovreba. Cabnelebuli da gayinuli qalaqi mosaRamovebisTanavexandaxan marTlac ukacriel adgils emsgavseboda. Aaqa-iq koconiTganaTebuli korpusebsSorisi ezoebi, romelic mezoblebisa daaxalgazrdebis gaerTianebis simbolod iqca. vinc koconTan ver Tbebodagamobnelebul binebSi Tbilad gamoxveulni, sanTlis moliclice Suqze85
aTasgvari ocnebebiT irTobda Tavs. Tumca, aseTi Tbilisic sayvareliiyo imaTTvis vinc saqarTvelos gareT aRmoCnda im periodSi (90-ainiwlebidan, “sazRvrebi gaxsnis” Semdeg daiwyo qarTvelTa migraciasazRvargareT, rac dRemde Seuqcevadi procesia) da aTasferadgadabrdRialebul evropis qalaqebSi Cveneburebi “Tbilisobanas”TamaSobdnen. es iyo nostalgiuri TamaSi – Seikribebian, “SuqsgamorTaven, sigaretebs moukideben, sanTlebs aaliclicebdnen dasavarZlebSi miikuWebian saban-gobanSi gamoxveulebi” (morCilaZe. 2001: 26).Tumca, ucxoeTSi gadasaxlebul qarTvel moqalaqeTa sxvagvaridamokidebulebebic Cndeba Tanamedrove prozaSi, niu-iorkSigamgzavrebuli nata (d. vaCnaZis “nata anu axali Jiuli” – teqstiibeWdeboda gazeT “alternativaSi” gagrZelebebiT, 1998-99 wlebSi),Tbiliss yum qalaqad moixseniebs, sadac dro gaCerebulia damacxovreblebic ver uwyoben fexs procesebis ganviTarebis mswraflmdinarebas. xolo TbilisSi darCenili leosTvisac feri daukargavsdedaqalaqis siyvaruls, gulgrili damokidebuleba sakuTari qalaqismimarT 90-iani wlebis saerTo fonis Sedegia – “Tbilisi kargi qalaqia.Tbilisi cudi qalaqia. Tbilisi aranairi qalaqi ar aris. is mxolod damxolod toposia adamianebis maRali koncentraciiT.” (vaCnaZe, 2003: 53).tkbil mogonebad qceuli mSvidobiani Tbilisisa da Tbiliselobisnostalgias mwerlobisTvis manamde naklebad aqcentirebul problemamdemivyavarT, anu XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis qarTul mwerlobaSisoflelebsa da qalaqelebs Soris “xidCatexilobis problema” Cndeba.socrealizmisTvis sayvareli socialuri da klasobrivi dapirispirebisTema sociokulturuli dapirispirebis TemiT icvleba, amjeradqalaqelebsa da araqalaqelebs Soris tydeba xidi. “maSin Tbilisi ese ariyo qajebiT gadaWrelebuli, iSviaTad gamoZvreboda vinme gorsala daisic sul TvalebSi giyurebda, vinicobaa rame ar SemeSaloso, qalaqsa daqalaqelebs pativs scemdnen” (samadaSvili, 2000: 56). zurab samadaSvilismoTxrobis personaJis msgavsad, araerTi axalgazrda avtoris teqstSigvxvdeba msgavsi “gulistkivili”: “qalaqi ra gamocvlilia, SeWames amZaRlebma da soflelebma...” (TabukaSvili, 1999: 110); “saerTod ise dadianam Sua rusTavelze, gegoneba tyviavis birJaze dagulaoben da egrec ari,86
mTeli sofeli aq ari, calke afxazeTis ambavi da isa...” (morCilaZe: 2000:58)...dedaqalaqis iersaxis dakargva da is romantikuli idumeleba, racqalaqis Zireul mkvidrTaTvis Tbilisurobas axlavs, TandaTan gaaqrodecentraciam da sazRvrebis moSlam. omma, umuSevrobam, SimSilma, mZimesocialurma pirobebma xalxs saxl-kari daatovebina da fulissaSovnelad qalaqisken ubiZga. amas daemata sakuTar samSobloSiltolvilebad qceul adamianTa mravalricxovani laSqari, romelicaseve dedaqalaqs moawyda.qalaqSi CamosulTa ricxvma, rom imata xidCatexilobis sagnad eseciqca. gaCnda terminologiebi, romelic iarliyiviT frialebdnen –sofleli da Tbiliseli. Tbiliseli da ara, qalaqeli. qalaqia quTaisic,baTumic, soxumic, magram am qalaqTa moqalaqenic soflelis “egidiT”erTiandebodnen. Coxataureli avToias (javaxaZe, 1999, 15) msgavsad,vercerTma sxva provincielma ver moikida fexi qalaqur prozaSi, arctipaJad gamouyenebiaT avtorebs, isini mxolod saerTo fonis, sworedxidCatexilobisa da SuRlis saSualebad moiazrebian. saerTod,Tanamedroveobam Tavisi kliSeebi moitana, marSal makluhanis cnobiligamoTqmis – “msoflio – globaluri sofelia” – mere dedamiwagasoflelda, qalaqis sapirispiro saxe miiRo, “Tuki es ukanaskneliTavisTavad gulisxmobs urbanizaciis, kulturul Tu yofiT winsvlas,sofeli masTan SedarebiT aris ufro CamorCenilobis maCvenebeli,siaxleebisadmi ucxo da Caketili sivrce” (nemsaZe, 2008: 126).Caketilobisgan gaTavisufleba da Ria sivrceSi “farfati” sulismoTxovnilebaa, Tumca, fizikuri gamZleobac saWiroa, magram sakiTxisxvagvarad dgas, qalaquri prozaSi gariyulia “sofleli” _ iqneb jibriuSlis xels, silaRe aklia...90-ianelTa prozaSi aseve SesamCnevia Tbilisuroba. Tbilisi,rogorc gansakuTrebuli tiposi da ara zogadad qalaqi _ aseTia,Tbilisuri. is niuansi, romelic 90-ianelTa prozas Seaqvs qalaquriTemis tradiciulobaSi. Tbilisuroba gamoixateba SinaurobisgansakuTrebuli xarisxis gancdaSi. esaa uCveulod moSinaurebuli,garedan SigniT Semotanili sivrce, SenianebiT dasaxlebuli, saerTocxovrebiTa da TavgadasavlebiT. quCa TiTqos saxlis nawilia; amasve87
adasturebs irakli javaxaZis erT-erTi personaJic, roca ambobs - wvimagadaiRebs da mere aval Sino. quCis siyvaruli yvelasia iseve, rogorcquCuri ideologia (javaxaZe, 1997: 81). Tbiliseli biWebi TiTqoserTmaneTs ejibrebian quCis siyvarulSi.xidi aramarto qalaqelebsa da soflelebs Sorisaa Catexili,aramed Tavad Tbiliselebs Soris - gaRmelebsa (“gaRmapirelebsa”) dagamoRmelebs (“gamoRmapirelebs”), gareubnelebsa da elitarul ubnelebsSoris. termini “xidCatexiloba” aka morCilaZem “gaacocxla” Tavis erTerTadreul moTxrobaSi “mogonebebi Cemi megobar kai biWis Sesaxeb”(1998w.). isev davsZenT, rom aka morCilaZis mwerluri manera “warsulidangadmoweraa” personaJebisa, ambebisa da problematikisa da SemdegTanamedroveobaze “morgeba”, rac Tavis mxriv, postmodernistul stilsada literaturas ukavSirdeba.“kai biWoba ukve sxvanairad esmiT da garSemo yvelaferi icvlebaanu cudisken mieqaneba” – wuxs aka morCilaZis moTxrobis _ “mogonebebiCemi megobari kai biWis Sesaxeb” _ mTavari personaJi, romelsac sakuTarisaxeli ar uboZa avtorma, samagierod, im epiTetiT Tu “zedwodebiT”moixsenia vaJaseul da xalxur “kai ymas” rom ukavSirdeba asociaciurad.“kai biWi” “kai ymis” Tanamedrove saxea, odnav ironizebuli, magramRirebulebaTa matarebeli da damcveli.gaRmelebisa da gamoRmelebis calke daxasiaTebiT avtorikulturuli tiposis erT saintereso suraTs qmnis da Tbiliseli “kaibiWis” fsiqotips xatavs. gaRmaubnelebi patiosan adamianebTanurTierTobas daeZeben, siciliur mafias Setrfian da maTTvis erT-erTiZiriTadi siwminde Tavania. “Tma Zveleburad SeuWria, sul ubralo, Savitansacmeli acvia da megobrobac Zalian moulodnelad esmis. arcrevolveri aqvs iseTi priala da Zviriani, rogorc gamoRmel magar biWebsda manqanac saerTod ar hyavs. Tvalebi ki mtkice da utexi: zadnis armivcemo”. gaRmaubneli Cveulebrivi kai biWebi sazogadoebisTvis ucnobniarian. mtkvargamoRma ki elitaruli kai biWebi cxovroben, Tan kai biWebiarian da Tan sazogadoebis cnobili warmomadgenelni, gamoRma ubnisbomondTan gaSinaurebulni. maT sxvanairad meTofeebs etyvian da maTTvis“es Zveleburi kai biWobis ideebi sulac ara aris safrTxilo. imaTTavianTi kai biWoba aqvT.” mokled, gaRmelebs sakuTari samarTali aqvT,88
gamoRmelebs – sakuTari. ai, aseT rames ki, “didi mwerlebi daklasikosebi, xidCatexilobis ambavs etyvian” (morCilaZe, 2003: 34). “kaibiWoba” orives erTnairad esmis – ZiriTadad mainc, socialurad kigansxvavdebian.magram es “xidCatexilobani” mTlad “WeSmariti” ar iqneboda Tusasiyvarulo ambebic sadme ar gamoereoda. ratom moixibla elitaruliqalbatoni gaRmeli kai biWiT? (interteqstualuri gadaZaxili iliaWavWavaZis “oTaraanT qvrivis” TemasTan, anu: ratom ver igrZno kesomgiorgis gancdis siRrme?) _ svams kiTxvas aka morCilaZe da Tavadvepasuxobs: “albaT iSviaTobiT. etyoba maCo dainaxes Cems megobar kaibiWSi. saerTod ki davaskveni, rom maCoebi aqeT ubanSi Wirs”. arCilqiqoZis moTxrobis mixedviT ki (qiqoZe, 2002: 37), gaRmeli gogosTvisgamoRmel biWTan sasiyvarulo Tu intimuri kavSiris gabma mxolod damxolod SurisZiebis iaraRia da meti araferi...am moTxrobebis mixedviT, Tbilisuri xidCatexilobis mizezisakuTari Tavmoyvareoba da upiratesobis damtkiceba Seqnila, rac, Tavismxriv, 90-iani wlebis sazogadoebis fsiqosocialuri problematikasukavSirdeba. ilia WavWavaZe Tu erTi mTlianis darRvevas, adamianisganaxevrebas mistiroda am sabediswero xidis CatexviT, Tanamedroveavtorebi ubralod aRniSnaven, rom am problemas Tavis tragedia aqvs;gaRmelis an gamoRmelis sikvdili, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSigardauvalia.rac Seexeba problemis gadaWris gzebsa da dasmul kiTxvebzepasuxs, mkiTxveli arc unda elodos. postmodernizmis epoqaSi pasuxisZieba anaqronizmia. aq araferia myari da prognozirebadi – arc problemada miT ufro, arc misi gadaWris gzebi.III.4. narkomaniis problema qarTul mwerlobaSipirveli narkomani qarTuli prozis asparezze 1980 wels gamoCnda –nodar dumbaZis murtalo. imdroindeli cenzuris gamo aseTi personaJis89
Seqmna metad Tamami nabiji iqneboda, nodar dumbaZes “xerxi” rom arexmara – murtalo nawarmoebis uaryofiTi gmiria.narkomani, rogorc mTavari personaJi, 80-iani wlebis miwuruls anamxeiZis nawarmoebSi – “arCevani me” – gaCnda. qarTuli sinamdvilisTvisesec siTamame aRmoCnda. sazogadoeba maSinve gamoexmaura ana mxeiZisteqsts da popularuli gaxda. am SemTxvevaSi narkomani personaJebisgamoCeniT, qarTul prozaSi wamoiWra ukve problema.narkomanobaze Riad saubari qarTulma mwerlobam 80-ian wlebSidaiwyo. am problemis win wamowevas rogor uSlidnen xels, aRweriliaqvs irakli kakabaZes Tavis romanSi “Alego anu erTi wlis qronika”,romelic 1990 wels gamoqveynda Jurnal “ciskarSi” - “ra saWiroagarewrebze wera, roca gverdze amdeni kai xalxi gyavs. dawerekomkavSirze, karg axalgazrdebze. ratom airCie es oxeri narkomania...”(kakabaZe, 2002: 114). bunebrivia, sakuTari Taobis yvelaze didi tragediamtkivneulad aRiqmeba da daZlevis survilic mZafrdeba, Tavis mxrivprotests an galaSqrebas iwvevs, amaSi ki, vinme unda iyos pirveli.axali Taobis mweralTagan irakli kakabaZe erT-erTi pirvelTaganiiyo, vinc narkomaniis problema ase Riad dasva qarTul TanamedroveprozaSi: ”saWiroa vinmem gabedos simarTlis Tqma! ai, magaliTad,narkomania... JurnalSi Tu gazeTSi weliwadSi erTxel raRac sisulelesdaweren da amiT amTavreben. Tanac uazrod didaqtikurad,damrigeblurad, gvawodeben raRac idiotobas. saWiroa, TviTon narkomanisTvaliT Sexedon am saqmes da mere SeiZleba raimes gamosworeba. imasaravin ambobs, rom Cvens TaobaSi yoveli meore narkomania” (kakabaZe, 2002:25).SekiTxva, Tu ratom xdebian narkomanebi, ukve banaluri damosabezrebeli gaxda, magram ufro mosabezrebelia am kiTxvis pasuxebi:”zogma problemebis gamo daiwyo, zogma interesis da “kai biWobis”,pozisa da modis gamo, zogmac SemoqmedebaSi xels miwyobso, depresiidangamovyavaro da a.S. magram narkomanebi wamlis “miCvevamde bevrad adrexdebian. roca cxovrebas, rogorc gaugebrobas da sisuleles, iseSexedaven. roca momavlis imedi gauqrebaT, roca mSoblebis pativiscemasdakargaven” (kakabaZe, 2002: 86). am SemTxvevaSi, identobis problemasvawydebiT, rac sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilisTvis sulier tramvad90
SeiZleba iqces an pirovnebis degradacia gamoiwvios - TavisTavadtragediaa.aCo moTxrobebs werda da survili hqonda Tavisi Taobisproblemebze ewera. swored am mizeziT, anu sakuTari surviliT aRmoCndanarkomanTa wreSi. andros egona, rom aCo narkotiks ar SeeCveoda misiuCveulod mZafri sicocxlisunarianobis gamo. magram swored aCosnairisicocxlisunarianebi ufro advilad xdebian “wamalze” damokidebulni...aCos narkomaniasTan brZolis dawyeba primitiuli strategiiT undoda –yvela gadamyidvelisa da yvela im mindvris ganadgurebiT, sadac kafnafiizrdeboda da vinc am “wamals” yidda. magram narkomaniis am formebiTdamarcxeba yovlad SeuZlebelia, “imitom rom, es socialuri problemaar aris. narkomanias ver mospob, sanam Tavdaviwyebis moTxovnilebaarsebobs.” (kakabaZe, 2002: 26). am mosazrebis mixedviT, narkomaniisproblemis gadaWra arasodes moxerxdeba, vinaidan TavdaviwyebismoTxovnilebebi xorcieli cxovrebis upirvelesi niSania. xorcielisdaTrgunva ki, rCeulTa xvedria. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gza xsnisa yvelgan araris. romanis meore personaJi andro fiqrobs, rom narkomaniasTanbrZola uazrobaa: ”darwmunebuli viyavi, rom narkomanias veravinmoereoda. yvela laparakobda amaze, rogorc raRac SemaSfoTebelmovlenaze da saqme amiT mTavrdeboda. yovelTvis iseTi STabeWdilebamrCeboda, rom sazogadoeba raRaciT xelsac uwyobda” (kakabaZe, 2002: 98).amgvar daskvnas ideologiuri brZolis velisken mivyavarT, romlisdasasrulic imedismomcemi veraa.romanis finali tradiciulisgan gansxvavebuladaa gadawyvetili.mTavari gmiri klavs narkotikebis gamsaRebels, riTac Surs iZiebsmegobris daRupvisaTvis. romanis aseTi gadawyveta humanizmistradiciuli cnebis seriozul gadaazrebaze metyvelebs. es ukve araarbili da lmobieri, aramed – “agresiuli humanizmia”. am mdgomareobamdegmiri sazogadoebis usamarTlobas, ganukiTxaobas da upasuxismgeblobasmihyavs.irakli kakabaZis romani erTgvari “mxatvruli galaSqrebaa”narkomaniis winaaRmdeg. winasityvaobaSi avtori aRniSnavs, rom narkomaniamTeli sazogadoebis problemaa, yvela daavadebulia am daavadebiT da91
ara erTi konkretuli adamiani. “magram erTi ramec cxadia – ar arsebobsukurnebeli daavadeba!”daTo turaSvilma SeniSna erTxel, narkomanebi rogorc gmirebi(igulisxmeba pirdapiri gagebiT da ara, rogorc nawarmoebis mTavarigmiri) pirvelad aka morCilaZem daamkvidra qarTul prozaSio. ammosazrebas ver daveTanxmebiT, imitom rom arc giuSki (“mogzaurobayarabaRSi”) da arc vato (“faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebi”) gmirebad verCaiTvlebian. pirvels sakuTari keTildReobisaTvis brZolaSi Zala areyo, meores ki, 34 wlis asakSi sicocxle hqonda damTavrebuli, cocxalgvamad qceuliyo. Tu maincdamainc narkomanebis, rogorc gmirebiswarmoCenaa saWiro, aseTebad SeiZleba CaiTvalon laSa TabukSvilis baCa(“mere ra, rom svelia, sveli iasamani”), romelmac sakuTari xeliTgaanadgura narkotikebis didi raodenoba da arCil qiqoZis miriana.moTxrobaSi “murtali qarTvelebi” avtorma sakiTxi sakmaodradikalurad da odnav ironiulad dasva: SeiZleba Tu ara narkomanisaWiro aRmoCndes sazogadoebisTvis? “tariela arxilos Saragzazemiabijebda da gulze skdeboda”, qalaqidan arxiloSi “dasamalad”amosuli mirianaRa rom darCenoda ukanasknel imedad da masTansaTxovnelad midioda (aqac savaraudoa “xidCatexilobis” problema –qalaqeli soflels rogor unda daexmaros?!). arada, ojaxis marCenaliZroxa ukvdeboda da aravin iyo sofelSi “nemsebis da venebis” mcodne,mirianas garda. mirianam tarielas Txovna rom moismina, siciliT kinaRamdaixrCo – “erTi xeloba mainc unda icode kacma, ro sofels gamoadgeo”,da “venaSic Sevida”. Zroxac gamoajanmrTela da pirquSi tarielasaTvisnarkomani miriana “gmirad” iqca. aq albaT, unda vivaraudoT, rom saqmeironiasTan gvaqvs – heroika ironizirebulia, rac ukve epoqis TanmdeviesTetikis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia.udaoa, rom msoflio literaturaSi am problemas didi adgiliukavia, magram aRsaniSnavia isic, calkeul avtorTa SemoqmedebaSinarkotiks ra adgili uWiravs an risTvis iyeneben ZiriTad am “preparats”– SegrZnebebis, gancdilis Tu gansacdelis ufro metad gasamZafrebladan martivad aRqmadobisTvis. bevrs ar CamovTvliT, aRarc “bitnikebze”SevrCerdebiT, vaxsenebT mxolod isev Tanamedrove frang frederikbegbederis, romelsac mTeli cikli aqvs “kaifSi dawerili novelebisa”,92
sadac CamoTvlili aqvs mTeli nusxa “literaturuli narkotikebisa” –“yvela saxis narkotikma daimkvidra adgili literaturaSi: koktosa daquinsis opiumma, anri miSosa da iv salgis heroinma, kastanedas peiotlma,timoTi lirisa da tom vulfis LSD-m, bodleris haSiSma, bred istonelisisa da jei makinernis kokainma, Carlz bukovskis burbonma. axlaeqstazis jeria...” (begbederi, 2006: 32), da Tavad gvevlineba am “eqstazuriliteraturis” warmomSobad.damaxasiaTebelia, 90-iani wlebis qarTul prozaSi mwerlebinarkomanias, ufro ki, narkotikul nivTierebebs: kokains, kanafisfoTols, eqstazs, iyeneben rogorc simbolos an xerxs siuJetisgasamZafreblad.daTo turaSvilis moTxrobaSi “saiT wavidnen Sumerebi” fsevdo ezoqalaqisistoriaa moTxrobili. am ezo-qalaqSi sxvadasxva socialurimdgomareobisa da erovnebis adamianebi cxovroben, romlebic erTmaneTskicxaven, erTmaneTis SurT, Woraoben da erTi sityviT, sikeTe, siyvarulida Tbili sityva iSviaTobaa, magram ukmayofiloc aravin rCeba, radganmainc kargad grZnoben Tavs. es iqamde gagrZelda, sanam erT dResac arSeamCnies, rom “ezo-qalaqis centrSi aqlemi idga da ar ifurTxeboda.aqlemma Suagul ezoSi usircxvilod moisaqma. gzaareuli aqlemisganavalSi kokaini aRmoCnda... da daiwyo...” (turaSvili, 1994: 64).ezo-qalaqSi yvelam gausinja gemo am metad xmovani saxelis mqone daTeTr nivTierebas: zogma sakuTari surviliT, sxvas ki, visac ar undodakokainis “madls ziareboda”, eSmakuri xerxebiT Seapares da sul cotaxanSi ar darCa adamiani, dagemovnebuli rom ar qonoda sanukvarifxvnili. yvela kokainis intensiuri momxmarebeli Seiqna da “qalaqSisaocreba moxda: adamianebma igrZnes, rom mTeli maTi cxovreba dRemdeiyo mogonili da xelovnuri, savse siZulviliTa da saSineliurTierTobebiT da rac mTavaria maT, yvelas erTad da cal-calke,Zalian Zalian moundaT yofiliyvnen bolomde, saocrad gulwrfelni daezo-qalaqSi, marTlac saocreba moxda: Tormeti wlis asakidan gawamebulrobertinos xmac da smenac erTdroulad daubrunda; daundobelmapedagogma mimozam sabolood gadawyvita, rom maswavlebloba (TavisTavad)ambiciaa da pensiaSi gavida; enver-policielma ufrosis saxelzegancxadeba dawera da mSobliur sofelSi dabrunebis mizniT, Toxi93
SeiZina; meomarma mansuomma, sazeimod dawva samxedro forma da germanelityveebi germanuli nagazis lekvSi gacvala; salvatore, mafiisgrandiozuli bosi, kirile kalmaxiZesTan erTad berad aRikveca gelaTismonasterSi; zangma gabrielma ki kalaTSi burTis Cagdeba iswavla da,rac mTavaria, putanka roza ojaxis Seqmnaze daiTanxma. rogoridaujerebelic ar inda iyos, roza qalwuli aRmoCnda da gabrielisdedam, qalbatonma mayvalam, sisxliani zewari, aivanze gamofina.”(turaSvili 1994: 73).aSkaraa, rom avtors esaWiroeboda iseTi ramis gamogoneba, racTavisi moTxrobis personaJebs cota xniT mainc agrZnobinebda, ra arissikeTe, siyvaruli da urTierTpativiscema. es funqcia ki daakisrakokains, romelic “iwvevs sasiamovno grZnobebs da xangrZliv eiforias”(solomzesi, 1999: 137). Tavi rom davaneboT kokainis warmomavlobisgroteskul ambavs, gankurnebis ambavic groteskulia: eiforia dasruldamaSinve, rogorc ki aqlemma ezo-qalaqis mkvidrTa kokainiT momaragebaSewyvita. avtorma kokainiT “umkurnala” xalxis borotebas, magram esgankurneba xangrZlivi ar aRmoCnda, wamlis gaTavebas mohyva erTmaneTisundobloba da daundoblobac, borotebis aRmofxvras isev borotebadaupirispirda, analuri gziT boZebuli da mopovebuli siamtkbilobawamali,misi naTeli (TeTri) feris miuxedavad, ar aRmoCnda mTladsinaTlis momtani. anu kokaini borotebis simbolod darCa ammoTxrobaSi.beso xvedeliZem Tamamad axsna kokainis miRebis wesi moTxrobaSi“erTi dakonkili ambavi”.“varlamas saxlis ukan maradmwvane buCqi udgas, saidumlod,romelsac yovel SabaTs sekatoriT hkreWs foTols, tafaze hyris muWiTda zed qertls aferTxs. xmauriT xmeba da ifxvneba foToli; mereTavisdauneburad ereva moyril qertls da zustad im fqvilad iqceva,romelic arc iWmeva da arc dneba: mxolod da Sig cxvirSi isruteba,isic nekis sigrZe fifqovan xazad” (xvedeliZe, 2002: 77). kokas foTlebidankokainis miRebis Taobaze specialuri literatura ar gviZebnia, magramzemoTmoyvanili wesi avtoris mier SeTxzuli da parodirebuli, romaris da amas mkiTxvelic advilad xvdeba.94
varlamasTan Tavisi yofili Seyvarebulis axlandeli qmari biostumrobs xolme, romelsac igi qaTqaTa “qfiliT” umaspinZldeba da makaswarsulze saubroben. mxolod kokainis zemoqmedebis qveS xvdebian, visCaabara makam qalwuloba, rac, Turme, orivesTvis didi xnis interesissfero yofila. moTxrobaSi, kokaini logikuri azrovnebis saSualebadgamoiyena avtorma, Tumca, am “saSualebis” parodirebuli xasiaTi misparodiul SedegSic Cans..aka morCilaZis romanis “Seni Tavgadasavalis” [es romani imitomSevida sadoqtoro TemaSi, rom 1998-99 wlebSi igi gagrZelebebiTibeWdeboda literaturul gazeT “qomagSi” saTauriT “generalirodionovi da portobeloeli Savi semi”] mTavari gmiri petre jafariZe(inglisurad pit jefersi, metsaxelad jorjia jefersi) erTiCveulebrivi Tbiliseli biWia, romelic Tbilisis samoqalaqo omisSemdeg, mamis moskoveli megobris wyalobiT, londons gaemgzavrebakonfliqtologiis Sesaswavlad. aRmoCnda, rom am erTi SexedviT ubraloda Tavisufal kacs kompleqsebi stanjavs. is, Tu ra komleqsebzeasaubari, narkotikuli abis miRebis Semdeg, aluziur-eiforiul yofaSiiSifreba: biWs eCveneba, rom mas generali rodionovi sdevnis da SualondonSi rusuli tankebi da sabWouri miliciis “wnexi” elandeba. es ki,Tavis mxriv, arc meti arc naklebi, mTeli Taobis kompleqsia, romlisaRtkinebuli sulikveTeba 1989 wlis 9 aprils ruseTma Cawixlasigutkinis brZanebiTa da igor rodionovis meTaurobiT. romanis saTauriakaki wereTlis “Cemi Tavgadasavlis” aluzias iwvevs da amaSimoulodneli araferia. postmodernuli TamaSebisTvis ucxo araa arcaluziebi da asociaciebi, arc reminiscenciebi axal da Zvel TxzulebebsSoris, personaJebs, drosa da sivrces Soris.petre jafariZes halucinaciebi ewyeba “eqstazis” miRebis Semdeg,romelic londonSi myofma afxazma iazonam uwyaloba. wigniskomentarebSi avtori wers: ”sinamdvileSi, es eqstazi ar aris, es LSD-sabia” (morCilaZe, 2003: 7). halucinaciebis gamowveva mxolod elesdesSeuZlia da ara eqstazs _ TiTqos, faqtobrivi Secdomis gamo bodiSsixdiso, komentarebis wignis SesavalSi aka morCilaZe ase ganmartavsTavis “literaturul xerxs”: ”me vifiqre, rom es faTerakebinarkotikebiT gabanguli kacis tvinSi unda momxdariyo da ara namdvil95
qveyanaSi” (morCilaZe, 2003: 7). mkiTxveli varaudobs, rom halucinatoriavtoris mier sagangebodaa mogonili, raTa gaeSifra 90-ianelTa Taobiskompleqsi (sxvaTa Soris, afxazuri faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT).sabolood aRmoCnda, rom ormag kodirebas realobamde, namdvil ambamdemivyavarT, magram esec TamaSia: mkiTxveli ver unda gaerkves, sadmTavrdeba realoba da sad iwyeba gamonagoni, sadaa kompleqsi da sad –halucinacia. “mTeli es istoria Cems megobars gadaxda Tavs. londonSiviRacam elesdes abi uwyaloba da aman kidev, ylap, da gadauSva gulmucelSi,mere ki “burgerkingis” restoranSi Sevida, raTa esadila. iqmyofi ori fostalioni sabWoTa oficrebad moeCvena da warmoidgina, romTbilisSia da ara londonSi da warmoidgina, rom cxra aprilia da axlaes rusi oficrebi xalxis xocvas daiwyreben. is Tavqudmoglejiligamoiqca “burgerkingidan” da mTel dRes ususurad cdilobdamegobrebis gafrTxilebas da rusTaMklanWebidan Tbilisis (londonis)gamoxsnas. am viTomda TavSesaqcevma, ise ki Cveni samaradJamodgaubedurebuli gonebis ambavma metad damafiqra da sul TavSi mqonda” _mwerlis am gulaxdilobiT (gulaxdilobis TamaSiT), ufro realurigaxada Cvens mier gakeTebuli daskvna 90-ianelTa Taobis sulierimdgomareobis Sesaxeb, romelsac “9 aprilis sindromi” SeiZlebavuwodoT. es ki ukve avtoris mier gamonagoni da nafiqri ar aris, aramedsicxade da sinamdvilea. maTTvis (igulisxmeba Taoba [niSandoblivia,Tavad avtorebis mier sakuTari TaobisTvis Serqmeuli saxelebi: “9aprilis Taoba” (daviT qarTveliSvili), “kibeebis Taoba” (eka RaRaniZe)])pirveli seriozuli tramva 1989 wlis 9 aprili iyo, ramac, rogorc Cans,ukvalod ar Caiara.narkomania erT-erTi ZiriTadi Temaa 90-iani wlebis qarTul prozaSida es arc aris gasakviri, radganac problema realuria. narkomaniisproblema moicavs ara mxolod socialur, fsiqologiur, kulturul,materialur, aramed upirveles yovlisa sulier sferos, sazogadoebiszneobriv mdgomareobas, mis cxovrebiseul filosofias, SegrZnebebs.avtorTa garkveulma nawilma Tavis mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi narkomaniscxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqti aRwera, zogierTi maTgani Tavisi saTqmelisgamosakveTad narkomanias iyenebs, rogorc mowyvetilobis, gadagvarebis,gaTiSulobis, asocialurobis simbolos.96
III.5. adamianuri Rirebulebebis devalvaciaXX saukunis 90-iani wlebisQqarTuli prozaSi zustad aisaxaadaminis pirovnuli “me”-s TandaTanobiTi rRveva da adamianuriRirebulebebis devalvacia.roca Cvens sinamdvileSi situaciebi da damokidebulebebigaSiSvlda, adamianebma niRbebis Camoxsna iwyes da is realuri danamdvili saxeebi, rac maT gamoaCines, ufro Semzaravi aRmoCnda, vidreTviT niRbebis siyalbe da farisevloba.lali avaliani wers: ”postkomunistur sivrceSi, kerZod,saqarTveloSi uZraoba da stagnacia Secvala Tavawyvetili cxenisa TuwlobiT dabmuli da axlad aSvebuli ZaRlis sindromma: amis savalalomagaliTebi mravlad gvaqvs. magram TiTqmis yvelaferi iyo ise, rogorcxdeba xolme msgavsi kataklizmebis dros msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi –simindisa Tu bananis respublikebSic da civilizebul qveynebSic: wmindamisteria da gaugonari cinizmi, Zaladoba da sisatike; msxverplSewirvis,erTarsebad qcevis eqstazic da daundobeli, ZmaTamkvleli omebi,gmirobac da Ralatic...” (avaliani, 2005: 107).am yvelafridan gamomdinare, faqtebi, rac qarTul mxatvrulprozaSi aisaxa, saSinelebaTa films daemsgavsa. gansakuTrebiT masSemdeg, racUadamianuri damokidebulebebisa da faseulobebis daSladaqucmacebadaiwyo.Tanamedrove mwerlebi TavianT personaJebs im yofiTi realobisWrilSi xataven, romelSic aRmoCnda qarTuli sazogadoeba. SuqCamqralimasivebi, Cabnelebuli quCebi da prospeqtebi, ucxouri nawarmiTgadaWedili jixurebi, romelTa tevac ar iyo centralur gamzirebze,tyviebis zuzuni gaukacrielebul qalaqSi, ganukiTxaoba, arsebobisaTvisbrZola, autaneli siRaribe da siduxWire – es yvelaferi marTlamoulodneli iyo qarTvelebisTvis. swored am uCveulo atmosferoSi iwyoTandaTanobiTi daSla adamianurma Rirebulebebma, rac mere mTlianadgaqra.irina baqaniZis (“naTelo, naTelo Cemo...”; “isev sarCobelazed”),SoTa iaTaSvilis (“avadmyofi qalaqi”), zura mesxis (“spazmebi”), aka97
morCilaZis (“mogzauroba yarabaRSi”, “faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebi”), zazaTvaraZis (“damSrali mdinare”, “binebi”) da sxvaTa nawarmoebebSiaRwerili calkeuli detalebi imdroindeli socialuri siduxWiris erTdid panoramas qmnian.roca garSemo aseTi gausaZlisi mdgomareobaa, roca elementarulimaterialuri yofisTvis, minimaluri saarsebo wyarosTvis brZolaadamianebs uwevT, iq sulieri faseulobebisa da Rirebulebebis maRalzneobrivi materiebis aramcTu dacva, aramed maTze fiqric Wirs, TiTqmisSeuZlebeli xdeba adamianuri saxis SenarCuneba – qali kargavsqalurobas da mamakaci _ vaJkacobas. kuWis amosaZRomad yidian yvelafers,tvinsac – ki (SoTa iaTaSvili “tvini”). “yofiTi aqsesuarebis ase Tamamad,ase Warbad Setana prozaSi, samoqmedo situaciis aseTi damiweba qarTuliprozisTvis uCveuloc kia” (buaCiZe, 1996: 5-6). magram es mdgomareoba xomukve Cveni yoveldRiuroba iyo, realuri cxovreba da Sesabamisad, vercqarTuli proza auvlida gverds. ubralod, axalgazrdebma ar indomesamis Selamazebuli saxiT Semotana mwerlobaSi, gabedes da zustadaRweres yvelaferi. axalgazrda avtorebis gambedaobaze lali avalianicmiuTiTebs: ”25 wlis aka morCilaZes eyo niWierebac da gambedaobac,Tbilisis avadsaxsenebeli “movlenebi” axalgazrdisTvis moulodnelSorsmWvretelobiT aesaxa da, imavdroulad, tragikomikuris bewvisxidzec gaevlo” (avaliani, 2005: 108), literatori gulisxmobs akamorCilaZis mier asaxul qarTul situaciebs romanSi “mogzaurobayarabaRSi”.adamianebi, romlebic msgavs garemoSi moeqcnen, TviTonve gaxdenenSemzaravi yofiTobis ganuyreli atributebi. magaliTad, SoTaiaTaSvilisa da irine baqaniZis personaJebi warmoadgenen adamianTa axalerTobas, Semzarav socialur danaleqs, uTvistomoebis, loTidedakacebis, meZavebis, narkomanebis, wvrilmani vaWrukanebis nairferovanklans. es adamianebi erTmaneTisTvis materialuri moxveWis da xorcielivnebebis dakmayofilebis saSualebebi arian. imdroindeli Tbilisismacxovreblebi ar gansxvavdebodnen faunis warmomadgenlebisagan – zogidaxurul sivrceSi gamomwyvdeuli mweria, zogi maimuni da zogsacSemzaravi mutantis Sesaxedaoba aqvs, rogorc zaza TvaraZisa da SoTaiaTaSvilis personaJebs.98
yvelaze damTrgunveli qarTul prozaSi, qarTveli qalis“gaSiSvleba” aRmoCnda; qarTveli dedis, qalis, qalwulis – is, racsiwmindis da sinazis simbolo iyo “gaSiSvlda”. stereotipebis rRvevacswored am qalurobis moSliT daiwyo Tamanedrove mwerlobaSi.Tanamedrove qali personaJebi (SoTa iaTaSvilis, eka RaRaniZis, irinebaqaniZis, irakli javaxaZis, aka morCilaZis moTxrobebis gmirebi)siyvarulsa da faqiz grZnobebze aRarafers hyvebian, arc dedaSvilobisuzenaesi grZnoba uwewavT sulebs. axali prozis personaJ qalTadasaxasiaTeblad mxolod erTi sityva moiZebna – kaxpa. am damTrgunveli“wodebis” garda, qalis magivrad mdedri ixsenieba.“Sen saqarTvelos dedofloba dagSvendeboda!” – aseT gamoTqmebs,qaTinaurebs naklebad Tu amoikiTxavT Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi,da Tu mainc sadme gadaawydiT, CaTvaleT, rom is teqsti mTlianadparodia da postmodernizmis saTamaSo velia.qarTuli literaturis qali-personaJebis tradiciuli saxeabsoluturad morRveulia. adre Tu mas moraluri da sulieriaRmzrdelis movaleoba ekisreboda da deda-boZis, deda-RerZissimboluri datvirTva hqonda, dRes mankier saburvelSia gamoxveuli damxolod “moxmarebis sagnis” daniSnuleba aqvs. saTayvanebeli qalisa dadeda-idealis saxe “barbis” garegnulma saxem da fizikurma monacemebmaSecvala. rogoria idealuri qali dRevandeli gagebiT? – “odnavgamozrdili yvrimalebi, swori cxviri, daberili, xorciani tuCebi,kupriviT Savi Tma, TeTri kani da moelvare, mwvane Tvalebi...” garda amisa(da aucileblad), Camoqnili fexebi da mkvrivi ZuZuebi. amisTana qalshyavs “muqi lurji, laplapa, didi “mersedesi” da Zvirfasi, manqanasaviTlaplapa qurqi acvia” (javaxaZe, 2002: 7). rasakvirvelia, es qalimaRalanazRaurebad, ucxour firmaSi muSaobs da qmarsac gacilebulia,safuleSi (yoveldRiurad) imdeni folic aqvs, rom sayvareli (sasurveli)mamakaci restoranSi dapatiJos. Tan amas ise gaakeTebs, rom kacisTavmoyvareobac Zalian ar Selaxos. “nuTu sruliad sul erTia misTvis,myavs Tu ara coli?!” rasakvirvelia, sul erTia. ufro metic,gulubryvilobac ki iqneba misi mxridan aseTi SekiTxvis dasma. igimamakacisgan mxolod erTs iTxovs – ar miatovos; da am “ar miatovos”sanacvlod yovelgvar komforts sTavazobs sasurvel mamakacs. A99
aris meore kategoriac – “gogo, romelic Sen ggavs” (TabukaSvili,1999: 60), aravis ekuTvnis, absoluturad Tavisufalia, zustad icis, kacirogoria da ra unda. isic, rogorc kaci “erTjeradi siamovnebebiT”kmayofildeba da albaT, amitomac eSleba kacs nervebi - upiratesobasveRar grZnobs. am ori magaliTis mixedviT SeiZleba qarTulemansipaciaze da genderul Tanasworuflebianobaze vimsjeloT, magram esyvelaferi postmodernistul erT-erT tendenciaze metyvelebs, kerZod,falologocentrizmis Teoriis dekonstruqciaze, anu Zalauflebisa damTlianobis moSla, mama-papiseuli tradiciebiT nakveb-nasazrdoeb dadRemde mosul qarTul sazogadoebasac daeumqra. zurab qarumiZeSeniSnavs: “tradiciulad qarTuli sazogadoeba (sabWour-qarTulic)paternalisturi da patriarqaluri iyo – mama, mamakaci da mamakacurisawyisi socialur da kulturul RirebulebaTa sistemis RerZadmoiazreboda, rasac kulturologiaSi falo-logo-centrizmi ewodeba.magram, 1991-93 wlebis samoqalaqo omamde da omis drosac, qarTulkoleqtiur cnobierebaSi matriarqalurma plastebma amoxeTqa – “matriarqalurma”.(qarumiZe, 2009: 8). es rac Seexeba zogad tendencias dakonkretulad ki, zemoTnaxsenebi moTxrobebis personaJebi, marTalia,mamakac avtorTa mier “warmoiSvnen”, magram Cveni sinamdvilidan arian, anumxolod literaturuli prozis pirmSoni ar gaxlavan da maTze, rogorcrealur pirovnebeze Tamamad SeiZleba msjeloba. irakli javaxaZisa darezo TabukaSvilis qal-personaJebs mamakacis gabatonebuli xati,tradiciuli vaJkacuri xasiaTi da kultad qceuli kacuri sawyisiaramcu daviwyebuli, uaryofili, ugulvelyofili an aRuqmeli ki araqvT, aramed saerTod araferi uwyian amis Sesaxeb. maT Tavisi saqme aqvT,saqmosnebic arian da sakuTari TavisuflebiT tkbebian, romelsac Tavadveqmnian.sul sxva ramaa “Tbiliseli qalebis” Tema. irakli javaxaZis “Savisiis kavalrebisa” da aka morCilaZis “Soba Ramis alqajebis” qalitipaJebierTi stilistikis arian, gansxvaveba mxolod asakSia, Toremqvecnobieri (rasac qalaqurad “stervobas” etyvian) absoluturadidenturia. aka morCilaZis daxasiaTeba epoqis gadmoZaxils hgavs –“gogoebi: patara sayvareli lamaztuCeba gogoebi reproduqciebiviT.TviTon reproduqciebi. SaviT mosilni, muxlisTavebiT molaparake100
gogebi” (morCilaZe, 2001-1999: 32). ase rom, postmodernizmma mxolodkulturaSi ki ar SemogvTavaza “reproduqciebi”, aramed adamianebissaxiTac.Tanamedroveobam, civilizaciam, globalizaciam, sulierma krizismaqarTveli qalic gaatitvla, ki ar gaaSiSvla, romelic, erTis mxriv,intimur-erotikul silamazes gulisxmobs, aramed gaatitvla, racaRviraxsnil sircxvils moaswavebs.XX saukunis bolos qarTulma mwerlobam isev SemogvTavaza ambebiadamianur sevdaze, “patara adamianebis” gaWirvebaze. 90-iani wlebisliteraturaSi, rogorc saukunis dasawyisis mwerlobaSi, kvlavacwarmodgenilia “dapataravebuli adamianebis” suraTebi. magram yvelazemkveTrad dgas axalgazrdebis sulieri Tu fizikuri mdgomareobissakiTxi. maTi nihilizmi da cinizmi mas Semdeg daibada, racgaaTviTcnobieres, rom ufrosi Taobis warmodgenebi cxovrebis Sesaxebyalbi da farisevluri yofila. axalma Taobam uari Tqva aseTwarmodgenebze da farisevlur cxovrebaze. isini mxolod erT frazaswarmoTqvamen: araferi minda!axalgazrda gogos, romelsac ganukurnebeli seni sWirs da maleunda mokvdes, udardeloba gamosaxvia saxeze (RaRaniZe, 1999: 41), imitom,rom kargad icis, am cxovrebaSi araferia da arc araferi rCeba. masaraferi unda. “araferi ar minda! arafrisken miviltvi” – ambobs zurasamadaSvilis romanis “xmauriani dReebis” mTavari personaJi(samadaSvili, 1999: 166). “me is vici, rom araferi ar vici, araferi ar viciqveyanaze. me is vici, rom imiTi vcxovrob, rasac araferi hqvia” – es kigiuSkis sityvebia aka morCilaZis romanidan “mogzauroba yarabaRSi”(morCilaZe, 199: 4). aseve arafris xasiaTze ar aris irakli javaxaZismTavari personaJic moTxrobaSi “Tavidan bolomde mogonili ambavi”.axali Taoba daRlilia arafrobisagan... uneburad maxsendeba xalxurileqsis strofi: “araferic ar mindoda,/ arafrisTvin viyav mzada,/araferi ar gamova/ mainc isev unda vcada.” aqedan gamomdinare, sakiTxissxvagvarad dasmac SeiZleba – 90-ianelTa prozis axalgazrda personaJebiarian iseT ganwyobaze, rom aRaraferi undaT da aRaraferi gamouvaT, Tuaxalgazrda avtorebs aqvT raRac saTqmeli, araferi gamosdiT da maincunda scadon?101
daSoreba xalxuri leqsis, rogorc maradiuli zogadqarTulimcdelobis – suliskveTebisgan aSkaraa. magram sad xedavs axali Taobagamosavals?zurab samadaSvilis romanis erT-erTi personaJi imasac ambobs, romarafrobisken ltolva, arafris keTeba fufunebaa. magram, isic xomaRiniSna, rom axalgazrdebi am “arafrobisgan” daiRalnen. aseTi daRlaki ukve daRla ki araa, aramed SeiZleba iTqvas, sulis mzaoba: isev daisev scadon, “minda”-sTvis ki ara, “ze-minda”-sTvis.da sanam am “ze-minda”-sTvis emzadebian qarTuli sazogadoebisaxalgazrda wevrebi, manamde pasuxismgeblobasac, yvelafris mimarT,ixsnian da iviwyeben. axalgazrdul prozaSi axalgazrdebisupasuxismgebloba ZiriTadad, sakuTari ojaxebis mimarT gamovlinda.im avbediT periodSi araerTi qarTuli ojaxi daingra isev da isevmZime socialuri pirobebis gamo da imis gamoc, rom adamianebierTmaneTis mimarT gaucxovdnen. dangreuli ojaxebisagan gamowveuli,jerac gauTviTcnobierebeli naklovanebebi kargad warmoaCines bavSvebmaeka RaRaniZis (“me – neka TiTi”), irine baqaniZis (“odes RmerTebinadimobdnen”), rezo TabukaSvilis (“avtobiografia profilSi”)moTxrobebSi. bavSvuri asakis gamo maTTvis jer-jerobiT gaurkveveelia,ras niSnavs mSobelTa cal-calke yofna, magram swored im bavSvurgulubryvilobaSi ibadeba tkivili, rasac jer ar moucavs maTi guli dagoneba. Tumca, imave bavSvuri gonebiT da gumaniT grZnoben, rom erTmuStad Sekruli ojaxi maTTvis fufunebisa da ocnebis sagani iqneba. iyodro, roca patara gogo erT did ojaxSi cxovrobda, bebia-babuasTan daded-mamasTan erTad. is Tavis Tavs neka TiTs, xolo Tavis ojaxs _sakuTar xelis guls da xuT TiTs adarebda. axla ki, roca mamagermaniaSi hyavs, deda gauTxovda da babuac sayvarelTan erTadgaemgzavra uvado mivlinebaSi, martod darCenil bebiasTan erTad iZinebsda Zilis win TiTebs muWavs: “Cven erTmaneTs vexutebiT: me (neka) dedikos(araTiTi), dediko mamikos (SuaTiTi), mamiko bebikos (saCvenebeli), bebikobabuas (cera). varT ase Tbilad. viZinebT yvelani erTad muWSi. aRargveSinia aRarc martoobis” (RaRaniZe, 1998: 49).Tu “neka TiTi” imedovnebs, rom marto ar iqneba, mowiful asakSimyofi adamianebi ukve grZnoben martoobis saSiSroebas. “yvelaze mZime102
wuTebia gadasatani – martoobis wuTebi. ai, ras ufrTxi yvelaze ufro!”(javaxaZe, 2002: 35). sainteresoa, riTi Svelian qarTvel avtorTapersonaJebi martoobasa da sakuTar suls? alkoholiT. alkoholi,rogorc gamosavali da “sulis gadamrCeni”, SeiniSneba irakli javaxaZis,rezo TabukaSvilis, aka morCilaZis, zaza TvaraZis, irine baqaniZismoTxrobebSi.“alkoholiT gadarCena” sakuTari Tavisgan gaqcevas ufro hgavs,vidre Tavdacvasa da Svelas, isini ver amyareben pirovnul identobasgaremosTan.oTar CxeiZe Tanamedrove prozis personaJebze wers: ”garbianaxalgazrdebi. dabneulan oRond ro ise, aRarc is ician Tu saidangarbian, ratom garbian arc is gaegebaT, ras ro eswrafvian, arc is roar esmaT. anTu ra esmaT, arc ro arafers ar eswrafvian. aCqarebulan,avardnilan da Tu daecemian, anTu dacemulan – es aris da esa.dacemulan da fanTxaleben, cocxalTa Tu moZravT amiTiRa mimgvanebian.fanTxali gaxlavs, gaqceva ro hgoniaT...” (CxeiZe, 2003: 1). an Tu arfanTxaleben, rogorc oTar CxeiZe SeniSnavs, “moxetiale sulebs”[termini ekuTvnis z. TvaraZes] damsgavsebian.sulieri Rirebulebebisa da faseulobebis devalvaciam gamoiwviaaxali Taobis dacema da degradacia – siyvarulis, megobrobis, qalisa davaJis urTierTobebis gaufasureba, fuZis moSla da usamarTloba.postsabWoTa Taobis prozaSi TvalsaCinoa “identifikaciiskrizisi”. es termini da zogadad, termini “identoba” ekuTvnis amerikelfsiqologs erik eriqsons. Mmxatvrul literaturaSi identobis problemamniSvnelovani gaxda XX saukuneSi. manamde literaturaSi ar iyodasmuli gaucxoebis problemis sakiTxi, dResdReobiT ki, es problemametad aqtualuria ara marto sociumTan, aramed sakuTar ojaxTan dasakuTar TavTanac ki (nemsaZe, 2004: 59).“male SevamCnie, rom sityvebs – “me”, “Cemi”, “CemTvis” da, saerTod,pirvel pirSi dasmul sityvebs versad vpoulobdi. Aman, cota ar iyosgamaRiziana. levanma usityvod gamomiwoda sityva “me” – es iyosisxlisferi, xorciani, mTrTolvare arseba. frTxilad gamovarTvi,magram uecrad TiTebs Soris gamisxlta da haerSi gaeria. levanmaswrafad momawoda meore “me”, es ukve sxva “me” iyo – muqi iisferi da103
Rrmad mWvirvale Sreebiani. magram ratomRac isic TiTebs Sorisgamisxlta” (TvaraZe, 2007: 64, 66). axalgazrdebi ver axerxeben sakuTariidentobis dadgenas. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini irCeven sakuTarsivrceebs (Caketil Tu Ria sivrceebs – quCas, sakuTar binebs da oTaxebs,eklesias...) da am sivrceebTan amyareben identobas, mainc gaucxoebulnirCebian da albaT, amitomac aqvT gaqcevis an damalvis survili, andaocneboben ardabadebaze - “iseTi grZnoba maqvs, TiTqos es sadarbazoiyo saSvilosnos yeli, xolo me - embrioni, romelic ki ar ibadeba,aramed piriqiT, ukan brundeba da ufro da ufro Rrmavdeba sakuTarimSoblis wiaRSi, raTa iq savsebiT gaiTqvifos mSobel organizmSi daaRarsodes daibados. Tumca imasac aSkarad vgrZnobdi, rom am agurisa dacementis organizmSi gaTqvefis maincdamainc didi Sansi ar mqonda”(TvaraZe, 2007: 129). roca individi ver axerxebs sakuTari identobisdadgenas, maSin xdeba “identobis krizisi”, rasac iwvevs swraficvlilebebi sociokulturul sivrceSi. qarTul sociokulturulsivrceSi ki, movlenebis swrafi, uecari da moulodneli cvlilebebi XXsaukunis 80-iani wlebis miwurulidan daiwyo, rac aisaxa kidec Cvenisazogadoebis cxovrebaze.mkvlevari ada nemsaZe Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi gamoyofsidentobis krizisis oTx safexurs: “XX saukunis miwurulsa da XXIsaukunis dasawyisis qarTul realobaSi gamoikveTa socialuri dafsiqosocialuri identobis krizisis ramdenime saxe; 1) krizisi TaobebsSoris (mamebi da Svilebi); 2) krizisi Taobis SigniT; 3) krizisi erTiojaxis sxvadasxva Taobas Soris (ded-mama da Svilebi); 4) krizisi erTiTaobis SigniT (da da Zma, coli da qmari)”, (nemsaZe 2007: 145).saboloo jamSi es krizisebi adamianuri Rirebulebebisdevalvaciasac moiazrebs. yvelaze damTrgunveli mainc adamianurifunqciis dakargvaa, rac socialurma krizisma moitana.Tu adamianSi yovelgvari faseulobis gancda moiSala, daingra,maSin raRa gadarCa? frangi mwerlis miSel uelbekis mixedviT, es arisseqsualuri instinqti – roca yvelaferi seqsamde daiyvaneba, yvelazeZnelad dasakmayofilebel instinqtamde. swored amas da tradiciuliojaxuri cxovrebisa Tu am ojaxebSi daculi ierarqiebis ngrevis zustigadmocemaa uelbekis romani “elementaruli nawilakebi”, romelic104
avtorma adamins miuZRvna. oRond sakiTxavia, romel adamins eZRvnebaromani, adamiunurobisgan gamoclil arsebas Tu adamians, romeliciqmna xatad misad?!calsaxa WeSmaritebaa, Cvens epoqaSi krizisebma apogeas miaRwia,xolo ra warmoiSoba am krizisebis Sedegad, jer ucnobia.***levan bregaZe Tavis werilSi “postsabWouri kulturis sivrce daliteraturuli procesi” wers: ”postsabWouri qarTuli proza Tematuradmravalferovani ar aris: 1991-92 wlebis samoqalaqo omiT, separatistTawinaaRmdeg warmoebuli brZolebiT, kanonieri Tu ukanono samxedroformirebebis Zarcva-glejiT gaCanagebuli qveyana, dabeCavebuli xalxi,dacemuli zneoba, prostitucia, narkomania, uperspeqtivoba, cxovrebissaxsris sazRvargareT Zieba.” (bregaZe, 2005: 28-48). 90-iani wlebis prozaSeiZleba marTla ar aris zogadsakacobrio TematikiT mdidari, magramdanamdvilebiT SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom postsabWoTa Taobis mwerlebididi pasuxismgeblobiTa da seriozulobiT ekidebian CvenisazogadoebisTvis saWirboroto, mtkivneul Tematikasa da Tanamedrovesociokulturuli problemebs. kritikosis mier CamoTvlili TematikasiWreliT ver gamoirCeva, 90-ianelTa prozaSi ferTa gama saerTod ararsebobs, tonaloba Savi feriTa da nacrisfriT Semoifargleba.aRniSnuli Semoqmedebis avkargianobasa da Rirebulebebis kvleva maincdrois faqtors iTvaliswinebs da amdenad, safuZvliani SefasebisgakeTeba, SesaZloa, Wirdes. erTi ki namdvilad unda vaRiaroT, rom 90-ianelebs arcerTi problemisTvis da TemisTvis gverdi ar auvliaT.saWirod miviCnevT, aqve aRvniSnoT Cveni mosazreba, TanamedroveavtorTa samwerlo enis Sesaxeb. rogorc cnobilia, 90-ianelTa prozissamwerlo ena slengia, personaJTa metyveleba metad skabrezulia. Tavisdroze aka morCilaZe amasTan dakavSirebiT werda, rom im ambebs, racmoTxrobilia “yarabaRSi” da “faliaSvilSi”, slengi uxdeba. slengsyoveldRiur salaparako enasTan SedarebiT meti metaforuloba, ironia,konkretuloba da fantasmagoriuloba axasiaTebs.105
erTi Tavisebureba am konkretul faqtsac axlavs, SegveZlo,slengis nacvlad Jargoni gvexsenebina; orive sityva erTidaigive ideisaTu Sinaarsis matarebelia, erTidaimaves moiazreben, aq mxolod droisfaqtori moqmedebs. franguli amerikulma (slengi inglisuri sityvaa,magram, rogorc movlena aSS-Si ganviTarda) Caanacvla, anu klasikaromantizmizangurma-plebeurma Secvala; Cveneburi formulirebismixedviT – rusuli Jargoni amerikanizmebma daCrdiles. Jargoni yvelaepoqaSi iyo, romelic mkvidrdeboda, fexs myarad ikidebda, magramdarCenila warsulSi, xolo awmyoSi leqsikonebic ki saWiro yofilaamaTuim sityvis mniSvenlobis ukeT gasagebad, xelovnur warmonaqmnebsTavad ena ver iTvisebs samaradJamod. enobriv mutantebs TavisTavadugulvelebyofs saliteraturo da gramatikuli normebi. Jargonisa Tuslengis mozRvaveba Tanamedrove qarTul prozaSi, SesaZloa enisgardauvali kaTarzisis momasawavebeli iyos, misi ganviTarebisTvisraimegvari winapiroba.sxvaTa azriT, slengi saliteraturo enidan warmoSobili“gaukuRmarTebuli” enaa an garkveuli fenis sazogadoebisganwarmomdgaria; anu slengs da enas erTmaneTisgan mijnaven – slengi“damoukidebeli” enaa da ara calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi Tu idiomebi.slengis warmoSobasa da enis daxasiaTebis sakuTar da Taviseburmosazrebas gvawvdis reJisori gio mgelaZe – “slengis deda enaa, mama –droSi da sivrceSi ucnobi mogzauri. ena mdidaria – slengi Raribia, enakonservatiulia – slengi revoluciuri. ena gacnobierebulia. slengisityva-gamoTqmebia, zogi – uenergio, zogi energiuli” (mgelaZe, 2000: 1).90-ianelTa prozis ena TamaSobs. manana kvaWantiraZe (2005: 69)SeniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove teqstebSi centri dafiqsirebuli ar aris, enada cnobiereba gaTavisuflebulia centris diqtatisagan da Tavisufladmoqmedebs, anu TamaSobs. berZeni filosofosi ambobs: “icinis, e.i. misisuli isvenebs”. Tanamedrove teqstebis ena TamaSobs, e.i. misi substanciaisvenebs. es ki imas ar niSnavs, rom Tanamedrove mwerloba literaturismTlian xazs wyvets. Tavis mxriv, ki literatura yovelTvis erTgulirCeba ideisa, istoriis, kulturis, zneobrivi Rirebulebebisa.106
Tavi IVpostmodernistuli tendenciebimiuxedavad imisa, rom postmodernistuli esTetikis SesaxebqarTulma kulturulma cnobierebam gvian Seityo, mainc gvgonia, massaqarTveloSi momzadebuli niadagi daxvda. “postmodernistuli esTetikais universaluri meTodi Tu reaqciaa, riTac saerTod kulturamSeiZleba upasuxos rogorc evropul, ise Cveni sazogadoebisTvisdamaxasiaTebel krizisebs.” (muzaSvili, 2001: 3). XX saukunis 90-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi ki, saqarTveloSi krizisebma apogeas miaRwia.saqarTveloSi pirvel postmodernistebad saxeldebian: daviTCixlaZe, daviT barbaqaZe, zurab qarumiZe, karlo kaWarava... Tumca,qarTveli kritikosebi: levan bregaZe, bela wifuria, nugzar muzaSvili amkuTxiT mimoixilaven araTu mxolod XX saukunis bolo aTwleulismwerlobas, aramed ufro adrindeli Taobis avtorTa Semoqmedebasac, anuliteratorebi amtkiceben, rom postmodernizmi gvxvdeba oTar CxeiZis,guram doCanaSvilis, naira gelaSvilis, givi margvelaSvilis, jemalqarCxaZis da revaz inaniSvilis prozaSi. zogierT am avtorTa 90-ianwlebSi Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi marTlac SeimCneva postmodernistuliaqcentebi, magram levan bregaZe varaudobs, rom es tendenciebi, yofilsabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi yvelaze adre qarTul mwerlobaSi, XXsaukunis 60-ianelTa Taobis SemoqmedebaSi dafiqsirda. am mosazrebazedasturis micema, Rrma da safuZvliani kvlevis gareSe saZnelo saqmea,radgan erTia, roca literaturaSi Cndeba raime mimarTulebis niSnebi –zedapiruli, gauazrebeli, konceptualuri safuZvlis gareSe da sxvaa,roca es niSnebi tendenciis saxes iZens da mimarTulebad yalibdeba.vfiqrobT, mosazrebis safuZvlianoba eWvqveS dgeba, TukigaviTvaliswinebT, rom parodia, citireba, interteqstualoba yovelTvisiyo damaxasiaTebeli literaturisTvis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTiprocesisTvis. Tumca, levan bregaZesve ekuTvnis Semdegi SeniSvna:”dasavlur litmcodneobaSi igi (postmodernizmi, a.i.) samociani wlebidaniwyebs damkvidrebas, CvenSi ki – oTxmociani wlebis bolodan,“perestroikis” periodSi.” (“kritika”, 2005w. #1, 29). es mosazreba ki ukve107
safuZvliania, 1989 wlis 9 aprilidan fexs idgams postsabWoTasaqarTvelo, romelic postmodernistuli nakvTebiT daibada.qarTuli postmodernizmis dasawyisTan dakavSirebiT azrTasxvadasxvaoba bunebrivia. rac Seexeba, 90-iani wlebis literaturas aqukve aSkaraa da cxadia postmodernistuli tendenciebi. xolo amtendenciebis Semomtan-damamkvidreblad axlgazrdebi, 90-ianelebigvevlinebian.qarTuli postmodernistuli mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi tendenciebisgamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa: zurab qarumiZis, daTo barbaqaZis,SoTa iaTaSvilis, aka morCilaZis, beso xvedeliZis, laSa buRaZis, zazaburWulaZis, zaza TvaraZis proza. rogorc aRiniSna, postmodernistulitendenciebi, ara marto axali, aramed wina Taobis warmomadgenelTa 90-ian wlebSi Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi (guram doCanaSvilis, laSaimedaSvilis, oTar CxeiZis, oTar WilaZis da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi) aisaxa,magram vinaidan Cveni sadoqtoro naSromi postsabWoTa Taobis prozismimoxilvas gulisxmobs, amdenad ufrosi Taobis postmodernistuleqsperimentebze aRar SevCerdebiT.qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciebisTvis metad uCveulo aRmoCndazurab qarumiZis teqstebi. misi literaturuli opusebi qarTulipostmodernizmis dasawyiss moaswavebs.zurab qarumiZe gaxlavT qarTuli postmodernizmis medroSe,romelic postmodernizmis mTavari niSniT “ormagi kodirebiT” movidaCvens literaturul sivrceSi. igi aris prozaikosic da Teoretikosic,man orive gziT ganaxorciela axali mimdinareobis Semotana CvenSi.zurab qarumiZis literaturuli debiuti 1991 wels Sedga, rocagazeTSi “literatura da sxva” misi ori nawarmoebi gamoqveynda: “Blow-up”da “xareba rom daemTxva aRdgomas, 1991”. 1998 wels gamoica avtorisliteraturuli krebuli “OPERA”, sadac zemoTxsenebul opusebTanerTad, 90-ian wlebSi dawerili teqstebic Sevida. unda aRiniSnos, romzurab qarumiZis nawarmoebebis SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT WirsmoTxrobis an novelis xseneba, radganac TavianTi struqturiT isiniaSkarad scdebian tradiciuli eposis Janrebs. xolo krebulSi mxolod“Blow-up”-s aweria novela. sxvebTan SedarebiT, is SeiZleba marTlanovelaa, magram ufro Teoriul traqtats waagavs novelis, moTxrobis,108
omanis daweris Sesaxeb. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris avtorisrefleqsia teqstis daweris Sesaxeb, TviTon teqstSive, rac, Tavis mxrivpostmodernizmis erT-erTi upirvelesi niSania anu interteqstualoba.novelis mTavari gmiri, mwerali ka (romelic avtoris prototipia dasakuTari gvaris wina inicialebidan gamomdinare SeTxzul metsaxels -q[k]a – mogvagonebs an uneblied gvaxsenebs franc kafkas “procesis”personaJs) ayalibebs Teorias Tu rogor da ris Sesaxeb unda werosSemoqmedma kacma iseT periodSi, roca yvelafers cvlileba etyoba damkiTxvelSi iRviZebs mogonebebi 1990 wlebis Tbilisze. kas mierCamoyalibebuli Teoriebi literaturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb,aSkarad hgavs postmodernistuli mwerlobis Teoriul-metakritikuleqsperimentebs: Txzulebis daweris “meTodi, romelsac ka undadayrdnoboda, iTvaliswinebda axali ritorikis warmomadgenelTa mierSemuSavebul wminda ariTmetikul operaciebsa da fundametur aqsiomebs”(qarumiZe, 1998: 52). ka fiqrobda, rom unda moemarjvebina niRabi, rogorcuzustesi xelsawyo. teqsti mdidaria postmodernistuli aqsesuarebiT.daviT zurabiSvili almanax “axal droebaSi” am novelasTan dakavSirebiTwers: ”miuxedavad misi aratradiciulobisa, igi mainc moTxrobaa –moTxroba literaturaze, literaturul Semoqmedebaze. siuJeti rogorcaseTi, ar arsebobs, stiluri gadasvlebi Sinagani monologidancnobierebis nakadze bunebrivia da cocxali, amitomac aluziareminiscenciaTasimravle ar tovebs simZimis STabeWdilebas. teqstisganviTareba dinamiuria da ara Tavis TavSi Caketili.” (zurabiSvili, 1994:58)Nnovela “Blow-up” marTlac yvelaze STambeWdavia zurab qarumiZiskrebulSi. tradiciul literaturul kritikad arc zurab qarumiZiskrebulze, gazeT “alternativaSi” dabeWdili gamoxmaureba SeiZlebaCaiTvalos, igi pirovnul dapirispirebas ufro waagavs. recenzenti “Blowup”-zewers, rom “novela sakuTari (zurab qarumiZis, a.i.) SemoqmedebissiZneleebis gacnobierebis da daZlevis gzebis Ziebis gacveTil TemazeaZalze Segirdulad dawerili”. (axaS veroSi, 1999: 6, axaS veroSi (anuebraulad – Zlieri adamiani) filosofos badri SarvaZis fsevdonimigaxlavT). arada, am dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Zalzed kargad Cans, romes novela (da saerTod, zurab qarumiZis Semoqmedeba) postmodernistuli109
tendenciebis pirveli “afeTqebebia” qarTul mwerlobaSi. novela “Blow-up”1990 welsaa dawerili.“xareba rom daemTxva aRdgomas. 1991”, ioseb brodskisadmi miZRvnilam teqsts frCxilebSi miTiTebuli aqvs – Elegia barocca, rac italiurad,“iCxibi formis elegias” niSnavs. es elegia 1996 wels daibeWda erT-erTamerikul literaturul JurnalSi, romelsac amerikel literatorTayuradReba miupyria; “postmodernizmis mamad” Seracxuli Teoretikosisihab hasanis mowonebac daumsaxurebia. asociaciurad da siRrmiseulialuziebiT datvirTuli es teqsti ar misdevs qarTuli mwerlobisaranair tradicias, igi absoluturad axalia Cveni literaturisTvis.misi “iCxiboba” marTlac barokoul, daxlarTul-daxuWuWebul,ornamentul stils hgavs. Tavad avtoric ar malavs barokoulistilisadmi Tayvaniscemas: “barokouli naweria, barux spinozas madlma.didi iCxibi ramea es baroko, nakec-nakec, xveul-xveul daxlarTuli. mereda ra, rom miyvars es xana, da is xalxic miyvars, Cveni drois, vincbarokos SiboleTs gemo gaugo, Tavisaze moTargmna da aTamaSa (eliotiginda, odeni, Tu brodski). barokos ambavs “cicinaTelas” xmaze ver ityvi,alag-alag azri Tu ar dakece, Tu ar Caaxvie, bundovanebis zRvramde Tuar ganavrce da imis iqiTac Tu ar Casdie, raRa baroko gamova.” [1999: 7,axaS veroSis recenziaze pasuxi lusien Jenerosagan. es ki, Tavad zurabqarumiZis fsevdonimi gaxlavT]. amgvari ganacxadi ki, dasturiareminisceniebisa da literaturis kvlavwarmoebisa.“xareba rom daemTxva aRdgomas. 1991” erTi mTliani monologia,ufro sworad, saubari sakuTar TavTan. teqsti prozac aris, poeziac,aluziebiT ganzrax daSifruloba aZnelebs nawarmoebis gagebasac daaRqmasac. axaS veroSi wers, rom “baton zurabis teqstebSi mTavarzeumTavaresi swored es aluziebia. gamodis, rom CvenTvis (mkiTxvelisTvis_ a.i.) SemosaRebuli teqstebi ki ara, teqstebi-miniSnebebia, aluziuriteqstebia, TviT avtori mimniSnebeli, anu aluzionisti. samarTlianiiqneboda Semdegi kiTxvis dasma: ki magram, amdeni ra aqvs misaniSni Cvensavtors, da miniSnebebis garda Tu aqvs raime saTqmeli? [ar aqvs da]gvtovebs is miniSnebebis amara, Tumca drodadro Segvibralebs damiTiTebebiT wagvexmareba, rogor mogwonT aseTi TamaSi? ras izam,postmoderni mosula tuflisSi” (1999: 6). pirvel or SekiTxvaze,110
mkiTxvelma Tavad unda gasces pasuxi. xolo kiTxvaze – ratom aukrZalaavtorma sakuTar Tavs pirdapiri saubari? pasuxi martivia: aseTia TamaSiswesi. aluzia-miniSnebebiT gamocanobana TavisTavad TamaSia, magram zurabqarumiZe Tavis teqstebSi ar gvTavazobs iseT TamaSis wesebs, rogorsac,sxva qarTveli avtorebi, magaliTad, aka morCilaZe. cxadia, es imassulac ar niSnavs, rom zurab qarumiZe ver flobs postmodernistuliTamaSis Teorias, ubralod, misi TamaSis wesebi gansxvavebulia – ufromet ganswavlulobasa da “iCxibobas” moiTxovs.zurab qarumiZis yvelaze metad gaxmaurebuli nawarmoebia “giJimequde”. ra aris es? _ ver malavs gakvirvebas literatori daviTzurabiSvili da masTan erTad sxvebic. “giJi mequde” _ es Janrobrivigaurkvevloba arc romania, arc piesa, arc moTxroba an vrcelimoTxroba, arc prozad dawerili leqsi da arc lirikuli proza. TqvenwarmoidgineT igi arc eseisturi naSromia da arc filosofiuritraqtati. Txzulebas, romelic mTlianad luis kerolis cnobilipersonaJis cnobierebis nakads warmoadgens, saTauris qveS, frCxilebSimiTiTebuli aqvs, rom esaa mcire messa da Tanac deteqtiuri Janrisaa.giJi mequde moazrovne, Sepyrobili braleulia, mas dro mouklavs erTerTikoncertis dros, romelic, misive aRiarebiT, mamrobiTi sqesisayofila. sasjelmac ar daayovna: amieridan giJi mequdis cxovrebaSi mudameqvsi saaTia, Sesabamisad, mas mudam Cais sma uwevs; igi CaisaTvisgawyobil sufrasTan zis da wirvas aRasrulebs. TviTon avtorinawarmoebis Sesaxeb wers: giJi mequde ”Sepyrobilia ZiriTadi cnebebiT,romlebic mas gaqrobis safrTxis winaSe ayeneben, rogorc ukiduresni.eseni xuTni arian: ufalo, dideba, mrwamsi, wmidao, tarigi uflisa. xolosaxeli am xuTisa aris saxeli vardis, anu sityva, romlis madliTacWeSmaritad gamoiTqmis imisi buneba, rac TavisiT aRmocendeba. amitomacaris, rom winamdebare sagalobo cikli deteqtiviviT ikiTxeba” [“giJimequde”, avtoris Sesavali sityva]. es mcire messa, igive sagalobo cikli,cnobili italiuri romanis “vardis saxeliT” gavlenas ganicdis.postmodernist umberto ekos romani Rrmad inteleqtualur nawarmoebadiqna aRqmuli, amitomac qarTveli zurab qarumiZe gavlenas verascdeboda. magram italielis nawarmoebi popularulia mkiTxvelTafarTo masebSi, xolo “giJi mequde” – teqsti, romelic gadatvirTulia111
filosofiur-musikaluri reminiscencia-aluziebiT yvela tipismkiTxvelisTvis ar aris gankuTvnili. gvsurs daviT zurabiSvilisrecenziis erT-erT epizodze gavamaxviloT yuradReba: ”ra “ZneladsakiTxavic” ar unda iyos qarumiZis opusebi, rogori gadatvirTulic arunda gveCvenos literaturul-filosofiuri aluziebiT, maTi niWierebamainc TvalsaCinoa. amisTvis sulac araa aucilebeli, zustad gaigo,“risi Tqma unda avtors”, mTavaria esTetikuri aRqmis unari mkiTxvelismxridan. Tumca, zurab qarumiZis erT-erTi ZiriTadi nakli sworedmkiTxvelis gauTvaliswineblobaa, roca avtori TiTqos sakuTar Tavsesaubreba mxolod misTvis gasageb enaze” (zurabiSvili, 1994: 24). azrTawinaaRmdegoba igrZnoba literatoris mosazrebaSi: Tuki avtors araRelvebs, gaigeben Tu ara mis nawerebs, Tuki igi ugulvebelyofsmkiTxvels, gamodis, rom igi ukomunikacio teqstebs qmnis. Tumca zurabqarumiZis teqstebs ver davarqmevT ukomunikacio teqstebs (komunikaciisnakleb SesaZleblobas qmnis, Janris dasaxelebis miuxedavad, daTobarbaqaZe _ romani “aqilevsis meore qusli”), radganac misi krebuli“OPERA” Cveulebrivad ikiTxeba, Tumca kargad momzadebul mkiTxvelsTxoulobs.daviT zurabiSvili, zurab qarumiZis “giJi mequdis” recenziaSiaRniSnavs, rom es teqsti literaturuli gurmanebisTvisaa gankuTvnili.Cveni azriT, ara mxolod “giJi mequde”, mTlianad zurab qarumiZisSemoqmedeba, ara imdenad literaturuli, ramdenadac postmodernistuliteqstebis moyvarulTaTvisaa gankuTvnili. recenzenti amtkicebs, romzurab qarumiZis Semoqmedeba modernistulia da ara postmodernistuli.es aris “ara tradiciis parodireba, aramed tradiciis destruqcia misiparodirebis gziT” (zurabiSvili 1994: 33). destruqcia parodirebis gziT,sworedac rom postmodernistulia da ara modernistuli... Tavad zurabqarumiZe ambobs, rom “postmodernistuli xelovnebis umTavresi principi- parodireba – destruqciis saxesxvaobaa” (qarumiZe, 2009: 5), xolo -destruqciuloba postmodernizmis erT-erTi mTavri maxasiaTebeli. gardaamisa, recenzentma isic SeniSna, rom teqstebis kiTxvisas TvalSisacemiaavtoris erudicia – “marTlac vin aRar “trialebs” teqstSi: joisi,haidegeri, iungi, froidi, hese, platoni, nicSe, Sonbergi, veberi, brodski,elioti, mandelStami, nikolaus kuzaneli, alfred hiCkoki da muxran112
maWavariani...” (zurabiSvili: 1994: 28). [vfiqrobT, muxran maWavariani imitommoxvda am teqstSi, rom erovnuli tradiciis destruqciis novatoradwarmoadginon da es ori momenti – destruqcia (erovnul-ideologiuri dakulturuli; anu destruqcia postmodernistul konteqstSi waikiTxon,rogorc erovnuli problematika da poezia) da postmodernizmi, rogorcliteraturuli mimdinareoba – xelovnebad Seajeron]. cnobilisaxelebis, Janrebis, droTa koqteili postmodernizmis sayvareli xerxia,aseve cnobili teqstebisa da personaJebis interpretacia-parodirebac dacnobili saxelebiT koketobac... ase rom, zurab qarumiZis Semoqmedebapostmodernistuli prozaa.postmodernistuli ileTebiT anu warsulis, cnobili siuJetebisada personaJebis parodireba-interpretaciebiTaa Sesrulebuli akamorCilaZis proza. igic aluziebis “momxmarebeli” mweralia. anda,rogorc masze iTqva: “aka morCilaZe fantazmebis mweralia” (zedania, 2004:3-4).Tu zurab qarumiZis teqstebi Znelad sakiTxav traqtatebs hgavs,yvelasTvis araa gankuTvnili da avtorsac ugulvebelyofili hyavsmkiTxveli (es, rogorc aRiniSna, sxvaTa Sefasebaa da ara piradi), akamorCilaZis Semoqmedeba wminda mxatvruli prozaa, tradiciuliJanrobrivi mravalferovnebiT – novela, moTxroba, romani; deteqtiuri,saTavgadasavlo Tu ubralod, “sanTlis Suqze wasakiTxi” nawarmoebebi.mwerloba azriani TamaSiao, uTqvamT. swored, aseTi azriani TamaSiSesTavaza Tavis droze gio axvledianma qarTvel mkiTxvels; mTeli misiSemoqmedeba, fsevdonimiT (aka morCilaZe) dawyebuli, erTi didi dasasiamovno “gamonagoni” aRmoCnda – axali literatura XX saukunis 90-iani wlebisTvis. zurab qarumiZis msgavsad, aka morCilaZecpostmodernizmis umTavresi principis “ormagi kodirebis” saukeTesomagaliTad iqca – Tavad mwerlis pirovneba, masSi gaerTianebuliaavtori, mTxzveli, mokalme aka morCilaZe da istorikosi, leqtori,sportis mimomxilveli-Jurnalisti gio axvlediani.TamaSi, TavisTavad, kargia, magram SeTavazebuli wesebis daZlevamoTamaSes unda SeeZlos. mwerloba mxolod “Sou” (anda ekvilibristika)ar aris, mas mkiTxvelis garkveuli mzaobac esaWiroeba.postmodernistuli esTetikisTvis qarTveli mkiTxveli mzad ar iyo, is ki113
ara, Tavad avtoric naklebad interesdeboda am mimdinareobiskonceptualuri safuZvlebiT. maSin, rodesac romanma “gadafrenamadaTovze da ukan” _ mzis Suqi ixila da kritikosebi uaxlesiliteraturuli tendenciebis Sesaxeb alaparakdnen, aka morCilaZemCveuli iumoriT erT-erT interviuSi ganacxada, rom Cemi romani retrorealizmisnimuSiao (morCilaZe, 2001: 11), anu avtorma am gancxadebiTTavad postmodernizmis parodireba moaxdina. ufro zustad, es iyopostmodernistuli ironia TviT postmodernizmze.faqti erTia, qarTvelma mkiTxvelma aka morCilaZispostmodernistuli (iseve, rogorc misi qalaquri proza – “mogzaurobayarabaRSi”, “faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebi”) proza kargad miiRo. avtormaes moaxerxa iumoriTa da teqstSi avtoris, personaJisa da mkiTxvelisTanaarsebobiT; mkiTxveli uSualo monawilea da ara uaryofili.lali avaliani ase axasiaTebs aka morCilaZis prozas: “akamorCilaZe RrubeliviT isrutavs yovelives, rac odesme daunaxavs,waukiTxavs, daulandavs, - cxovebaSic da ekranzec; yvelafer amasCauZaxebs Tavis “qvabSi”, aur-daurevs, an gadaxarSavs, an ara, cotasiumoriT Sekmazavs, gemovnebisamebr. da Semdeg, mkiTxvels pirdapir Tavzegadmoamxobs. magram saocari is gaxlavT, rom yovelive es sakmaodmimzidvelia, xolo literaturul-mxatvrul-kinematografiuli“Saradebis” amocnobis moyvarulTaTvis, - pirdapir sulze miswrebaa”(avaliani, 2005: 139). lali avalianis msgavsad, sxva literatorebic Tavsikavebdenen axalgazrda mwerlis Semoqmedebis raime, gansazRvrulCarCoebSi moqcevisagan, konkretuli saxelis darqmevisagan, ufro kipostmodernizmis qarTul literaturaSi Semosvala-damkvidrebisaRiarebisagan.aka morCilaZis “gamonagonebi”, mistifikaciebi, aluziebi,fantasmagoriebi erTi mTliani da “brWyviala” samyaroa, romlis uSualoTanamonawilea (SeiZleba iTqvas, Tanaavtoric) mkiTxvelic.“asjer dawyevlili qalaqis gaugebrobaTa mokle istoria”(gamocemulia 1999wels) aka morCilaZis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSidaweril novelaTa krebulia, romelSic Sesulia cxra patara ambavi.novelebs rac aerTianebT, aris is, rom ambebi, ZiriTadad, erT qalaqSi –114
avtoris mier gamogonil (an “moparul”) veliscixeSi viTardeba daswored es veliscixea dawyevlili qalaqi.wigns Sesavalis magier avtoris mierve wamZRvarebuli “sagangeboganmarteba” daerTvis (am “xerxs” dRemde warmatebiT iyenebs anu sakuTarteqstebze ganmartebebs urTavs xolme), sadac aka morCilaZe 90-ianiwlebis socialuri viTarebis JamTaaRmwereladac gvevlineba da axali(uaxlesi, Tanamedrove) literaturis dasawyisis mauwyebladac – anu, imasgvTavazobs, rasac qarTul kulturul sivrceSi jer kidev ar erqvasaxeli - postmodernizmi (Tundac, postliteratura). sxvisi siuJetebisada personaJebis, mTlianad teqstis “gamoyenebas”, gadakeTebas, amieridanaRar erqva plagiatoba; es iyo citacia, rimeiki, remiqsi, reminiscencia,“gadawera”, aranJireba, gadaTamaSeba, interteqstualoba anu yvelaferi is,rac literaturis axalma versiam moitana.“iyo omi, sibnele, kvla, Wama-sma da Sindisferi droSebi daSindisferi pijakebi. mogexsenebaT, ra droc iyo: is unda gagxarebodaSeni damnaxavi kaci haerSi rom isroda da ara Sens jigarSi. kargiaraferi iyo im droSi da me ratom unda damewera kargi raRaceebi? ansaidan unda mometana sikeTe, duqnidan? usaxelo da saxelian moRalateTadro iyo. magram maSin xom samoqalaqo omi iyo? mTavari is gaxlavT, romuRirsi yofiliyavi” (morCilaZe, 1999: 7). “sagangebo ganmarteba” “avtorisniRbis” saukeTeso magaliTia: Tavad avtori gviyveba novelebis dawerisistorias da mkiTxvels imas atyobinebs, Tu ram gadaawyvetina im droSiambebis SeTxzva. es aris avtoris refleqsia teqstsa da misi Seqmnisprocesze. mTavari am “sagangebo ganmartebaSi” swored avtorisgulwrfelobis niRabia, gulaxdili aRiareba didi da gamoCenilimwerlebisagan siuJetebis “moparva-sesxebaze”. “mosawoni ar unda iyos,kaci rom sayovelTaod cnobil siuJetebs isesxebs da Seecdeba imaTgangamoadnos raRac damcinavi da arcTu keTilSobiluri fiqrebi. [...]ostatobas me imaT (did da gamoCenil mwerlebs, a.i.) ver movparavdi dasiuJetebi mainc momepara. [...] simarTle vTqva, ufro ganwyobilebebs,intonaciebs, nacnob, gacveTil Tu gaucveTav frazebs [viparavdi] daxelaxla vwerdi. raRac parodiuli qurdobac ki gamodioda, radgan meTu mkiTxavT, dRevandel viTarebaSi siuJetis moparva seriozul saqmedver CaiTvleba, radgan karga xania yvelaferi moparulia. moparva rom115
gadavwyvite, ase pirwminda Zarcva sircxvilia-meTqi. amitom gadavwyvite,yvelaferi momepara paTosis da ganwyobis garda (mgoni, eseni erTi daigivea). mokled, ase gamovida, rom rac ki ram cudi gavifiqre, yvelaferiim Zvel, didebul siuJetebSi Sevitane da rac mTavaria, ese yovelidacinviT movimoqmede. saerTod, sicili, gamorCeviT ki mware, didaduwyobs xels adamianis gadarCenas (xandaxan daRupvasac – a. i.). ai, asegamaxsenda grigol robaqiZis “engadi” da moTxrobas davarqvi “mingadi”.gamaxsenda arCibald mekeSi da movigone arbentrod maktaviSi. gamaxsendaborxesis “mkvdrebis dialogi” da raRac amas mimsgavsebuli gamoviyvane.gamaxsenda g. rCeuliSvilis “usaxelo ufliscixeli” da “usasruloveliscixeli” davwere, sadac usaxelo moRalates davaRupine alyaSimoqceulni. [...] yovelive amaT Rirseba gamovacale da xsenebuli uRirsiambebic gamovamzeure...” (morCilaZe, 1999: 6-7). ratom uRirsi ambebi?uRirsoba epoqis cvalebadobam moitana, faseulobebisa da Rirsebisdaknineba-daSliT aRtkinebulma suliskveTebam, saidanac iSva dacinvisada ironiis esTetika – postmodernistuli parodireba, rac, Tavis mxriv,aris klasikuri mwerlobis, stereotipebis, miTologiuri saxeebisxelaxali wakiTxva-interpretacia maTTan parodiuli TamaSis, maTidaSlis, morRvevis meSveobiT.postmodernistuli TviTironia da parodia SeimCneva romanSi“gadafrena madaTovze da ukan” (1998w.). “asjer dawyevlili qalaqisgaugebrobaTa mokle istoriis” msgavsad, am romansac aqvs avtoriseuliTandarTuli komentarebi (danarTi), rac avtoris niRbis parodiaswarmoadgens. aka morCilaZis pirveli postmodernistuli romanimetateqstia, romelic Zvels imeorebs, nacnobi Temebis aranJirebasa daparodirebas axdens, montaJis teqnikis gamoyenebiT qmnis kolaJebs,aplikaciebs, agrovebs da Tavs uyris codnas, TamaSiT arTobs daaxalisebs mkiTxvels. romani Tavisi formiTac da SinaarsiTac dualizmsavlens, igi erTdroulad aris: novatorulic da tradiciulic,komikuric da tragikulic, Zvelic da axalic, Rrmac da zedapirulic –mokled, metyvelebs ormag kodirebaze. ai, am Tvisebebis gamo CaiTvala,XX saukunis miwuruls, “gadafrena madaTovze da ukan” bolo droisyvelaze ucnaur qarTul mxatvrul nawarmoebad, da swored “madaTovis”(araoficialurad am romans pirvel madaTovsac uwodeben) Semdeg116
gaZlierda gansakuTrebulad aka morCilaZis prozisadmi interesi. manamdeki, qarTuli literaturuli kritika jiutad dumda da am dumilismizezi, SesaZloa, siaxlisadmi tradiciuli frTxili damokidebulebaciyo. Tumca, axalgazrda avtoris mwerluri niWiereba SeuniSnavi aravisdarCenia, ramac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli avtorisa da misiSemoqmedebis Semdgom popularizacias.lali avaliani Tvlis, rom “madaTovis” popularoba mismaskabrezulobam ganapiroba – “madaTovi” Tavis popularobas,mniSvnelovanwilad, ufro skabrezulobas unda umadlodes, vidrerTulad aRsaqmel da Znelad misaxvedr parodiasa Tu ironias,literaturul reminiscenciebsa Tu aluziebs, ucnaur niRbebsa damistifikaciebs, romlebiTac dayursulia Txzuleba”. (avaliani, 2005: 128).skabrezad anu Txzulebis uxamsobad, romanis erT-erTi mTvari personaJixafo-mxatvari unda miviCnioT; ufro sworad, qarTuli literaturisTvisaqamde ucnaur, ucnob da miuRebel Temebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, racmRebavi xafos cxovrebis wesze, mis aratradiciul orientaciaze _saerTod mamaTmavlobaze saubarSi gamoixata. sodom-gomoris codvisCamden adamianTa seqsualuri ritualebisa da Tbilisis abanoebisorgiebis amsaxveli calkeuli suraTebi, marTlac rom Sokis momgvreliiqneboda “tradiciuli” qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis. magram es siTamame dauxamsoba, im siaxleebTan erTad, rac “madaTovs” axasiaTebs, Zalzedsaintereso da misaRebi aRmoCnda tradiciuli cnobierebisaTvis.vfiqrobT, aq ukanaskneli roli arc kargi literaturis qarTultradicias uTamaSia, miT ufro Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qarTulimodernizmis periodisTvisac ar yofila ucxo “miuRebeli” daaratradiciuli Temebi Tu aRwerebi (mag: “elene darianis dRiurebi”, k.gamsaxurdias, gr. robaqiZis da m. javaxiSvilis erotikuli pasaJebi daa.S.).XIX saukunis miwurulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis mxatvruliprozis stilisa da publicistika-eseistikis TaviseburebaTa nazavia“gadafrena madaTovze da ukan”, imave periodSi sakmaod gavrcelebulisocioleqtiT _ JargoniT dawerili, romelsac saukeTesod flobsavtori. gasuli saukuneebis stilTa, maneraTa da salaparako enis garda,romanSi personaJebis prototipebic nacnobia. baiardi da yorRanovi,117
erTdroulad artur konan doilis personaJebsac mogvagoneben dasaqarTvelos istoriul pirebsac. msgavsi reminscencia-gamocanebiT savsearomani, riTac avtori mkiTxvels TamaSSi iTrevs.aka morCilaZe Tavis romanebSi _ ara mxolod, “madaTovSi” aramed“mogzauroba yarabaRSi” da “faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebis” SemTxvevaSic _ormag finals gvTavazobs, TiTqos Cveni (mkiTxvelis) gemovneba-fantaziisamara tovebs wignis dasasruls. amiT kidev erTxel dasturdeba akamorCilaZis damokidebuleba mkiTxvelisadmi – igi mas TanaavtorobassTavazobs.revaz siraZe acxadebs, rom “Tuki aseTi kargi literaturadamkvidrda, rogoric aka morCilaZis prozaa, es, albaT, moitansSesaferis literaturismcodneobasac, romelic axleburad gaiazrebsdRevandel mwerlobasac da Zvelsac. mwerloba xom TavisTavadacamkvidrebs kritikis raobas.” (siraZe, 1999: 6). aka morCilaZe TavisiteqstebiT kritikossac mravalferovani interpretaciis saSualebasaZlevs. Tavisi ironiiT avtori warsuls ki ar dascinis, aramed mas kideverTxel igonebs da sakuTar interpretaciebs aZlevs, rac xSiradmkiTxvelis Tviseba ufroa, vidre mwerlisa. amiT Tavad avtoric Zveliteqstebis gemovnebian da guliTad mkiTxvelad mosCans.mkiTxvelis interpretacias “baZavs” aka morCilaZis calkeulimoTxrobebi: “fridoniani” – “wigni” da “ambavi vefxvisa da moymisa”;“kapula orSauraSvilis memuarebi”; “apokrifebi” – “holmsis saSaqre” da“mogzauroba kaxeTSi 1855w.”. es moTxrobebi warmoadgens mTeli qarTuliliteraturis – Zveli (XII-XVIII saukuneebis) da axali (XIX saukunis)periodebis remiqsul variants. aka morCilaZes uZiro jadosnurizardaxSasaviT udevs saqarTvelos istoria da literatura da iqidanirCevs sakuTari SemoqmedebisaTvis fragmentebs, siuJetebs, personaJebs,xasiaTis niuansebs. zemoT CamoTvlil moTxrobebSi vis da ras aRaramoicnobs mkiTxveli. “fridoniani” “vefxistyaosnis” _ fragmentaciiT _postmodernistuli mxatvruli xerxiT Sesrulebuli teqstia; “kapulaorSauraSvilis memuarebi”, varsqen pitiaxSidan moyolebuli, uamravicnobili pirovnebis Tu personaJis parodiiTa daxunZluli. “holmsissaSaqre” da “mogzauroba kaxeTSi 1855w.”, dRevandelobasac exmianebakerZod: ilikos (ilia WavWavaZes) da poliglot mwyemss (aleqsamdre118
yazbegs) evropuli orientacia aerTianebT, xolo maT mimarTdapirispirebuli ruseTume mamebi saqarTveloSi myof Serlok holmsstyved aiyvanen (“holmsis saSaqre”). moTxrobaSi “mogzauroba kaxeTSi1855w.” Tanamedrove qarTvelebis gamofxizleba luarsab TaTqariZismeSveobiT xdeba, romelic Svilisa da sayvareli colis tragikuladdaRupvis Semdeg omSi wasasvlelad emzadeba. aq warmodgenilimoTxrobebisaTvis niSandoblivia erTi saerTo Tviseba. rogorc gagalomiZe SeniSnavs Tavis recenziaSi, esaa “e.w. “brikolaJis” teqnika, anuwinamorbedi kulturis artefaqtebis namsxvrevTa xelaxali organizebasruliad axali formis farglebSi. mag., “kapula orSauraSvilismemuarebSi” erTmaneTis gverdiT, erTsa da imave drosa da sivrceSivxvdebiT stalinsa da dozia mewisqviles (“oTaraanT qvrivis” sosiamewisqviles) Tu varsqens da Tamar mefes... “Zveli ambebis” xelaxlagadmocemas Tu “kvlavwarmoebas”, albaT, garkveuli saerTo aqvs immovlenis SedegTan, rasac “frankfurtis skolis” warmomadgenlebixelovnebis masobrivi tiraJirebis xanas uwodebdnen” (lomiZe, 2004: 10).swored rom, Zveli ambebis “kvlavwarmoebaa” “gadafrena madaTovzeda ukan”. aka morCilaZem amgvari “kvlavwarmoebiTa” da “gaxsenebebiT”,kerZod ki, madaTovis kunZuliT, miTi ki ar gaacocxla, aramed axalirealoba, axali miTi Seqmna.qarTul mxatvrul literaturaSi, axali miTis Seqmna XX saukunis60-ian wlebs ukavSirdeba (guram doCanaSvili, guram gegeSiZe...), xolo akamorCilaZis SemTxvevaSi, upriani iqneba argveniSna, rom man axali miTisreprezentacia moaxerxa. reprezentaciac postmodernizmis erT-erTiTvisebaa da Tanamedrove qarTulma mwerlobamac koxtad “gaomiyena”. akamorCilaZem moRvaweobis Semdgom periodSi “madaTovis” trilogia“awarmoa”, Tu pirvel wignSi (“gadafrena madaTovze da ukan”, 1998w.)avtorma siuJeti mkvlelobiT gaamZafra, meore wignSi (“gaqrebimadaTovze”, 2001w.) deteqtiuri situaciis Sesaqmnelad mTavri roliwignebs daakisra (maT Soris, “kama sutras”); Tavis mxriv ki, es wignebimiTiur saxe-simboloebs qmnian. trilogiis bolo wigni – Cekisturiromani (“veSapi madaTovze”, 2004w.) or nawilad Semdgari teqstia: avtors,XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan uaxles realobaSi gadavyavarT –mogonilidan gamonagonSi, istoriuli warsulidan virtualur samyaroSi.119
“ra ar aris mogonili? Cven SegviZlia, movigonoT dausruleblad ambebi,SevqmnaT cxovreba, Tu SegviZlia am ambebis sinamdviled qcevis Zalebismoxmoba...” (morCilaZe, 2004: 130) – imeorebs mwerali da drodadro axalaxalmiTebs gvTavazobs: “veneras sizmari”, santa esperansas cikli –“santa esperansa”, “Made in Tiflis”, “mesaidumlis qamari” – romelic “ormagikodirebiT” daSifruli axali realobaa. aka morCilaZis SemoqmedebiTisamyaros kreacia da axali miTis reprezentacia qarTuli mwerlobisTvismetaliteraturuli uforoa vidre, marginaluri.radganac postmodernizmisTvis literatura upirveles yovlisaTamaSia, Tavis mxriv, TamaSi ki, samyaros Semecnebis, ganmartebisa daTargmanebis saSualebaa, swored am meTodiT moaxdina aka morCilaZemZveli Tbilisis parodiuli “wakiTxva”, “igi TamaSobs Zveli TbilisiseniT, personaJebiT; Tanac, es TamaSi interteqstualuria – anu sxvaavtorebis parodirebiT, sxvisi teqstebis (griSaSvilis, amirejibis,hamsunis, WavWavaZis da a. S.) dekonstruqciiT xorcieldeba. mis romanebSiZveli Tbilisi TviTmizani ki ar aris, aramed am interteqstualuri,wminda literaturuli avantiuris ganxorcielebis saSualeba da alagia.”(qarumiZe, 2009: 10).aRsaniSnavia, aka morCilaZis kidev erTi moTxroba,“cecxlismfrqveveli” (1998w.), romliTac avtorma “Tofian kacebze” -firalebze miTis gacocxleba SesZlo. “cecxlismfrqveveli, anumonaTxrobi 1923 wlis Sesaxeb. pirSavi komisris saSa obolaZisa da Cauqigogia Rlontis Widilis gaxseneba – daviwyebuli, an SeumCneveliwignebidan, Zveli drois gazeTebidan da qaRaldebidan amokrefili,dalagebuli da erT dauviwyar ambad moTxrobili aka morCilaZis mier” –es aris moTxrobis sruli saTauri, romelic mokle istoriacaa teqstisSinaarssa da warmoSobaze. aseve, saTaurSivea gamJRavnebuli istoriuliteqstis arsi da mniSvneloba. gurul firalTa legendad qceuli ambebi,miTi da realoba erTmaneTTan profesiuli gemovnebiTa da zomierebiTaaSexamebuli.mokled, aka morCilaZem “Zveli ambebis” axleburad “wakiTxviT” da“kvlavwarmoebiT” Seqmna axali literaturuli miTebi, uaxlesi qarTuliliteraturis “moTamaSe” saxe.120
Cveni tradiciuli mwerlobisTvis TamaSi ucxo xili iyo, magram akamorCilaZem “am xilis friad momgebiani importi SemogvTavza”.“kvlavwarmoebisa” da “axleburad wakiTxvisTvis” laSa buRaZebibliur Temebs iyenebs, magram misi pirvandeli moTxrobebi, romlebicSesulia krebulSi “yuTi”, damwyebi mwerlis eqsperimentebs waagavs daaris kidevac ase.savsebiT veTanxmebiT, 1998 wlis krebulSi Sesul moTxrobaTaSesaxeb, gia beniZis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas: ”[moTxrobebi] bibliurimotivebidan iRebs saTaves, razedac am nawarmoebTa saTaurebicmigvaniSnebs: “ruTi”, “neknebi”, “yuTi” (kidobnis mniSvnelobiT), “uZRebi”da sxva. zogjer bibliuri siuJetis modernizebul variants gvTavazobsavtori (mag. “yuTi”), zogjer ki siuJeturi analogia savsebiT gamqralia,magram bibliuri saxelebis mqone personaJebi moqmedeben Taviseburfsevdobibliur velSi (“ruTi”, “neknebi”, “erTi dRis msaxuri”)” (marsiani,2002: 88). Cveni mxriv davumatebT, rom laSa buRaZis debiuti, vfiqrobT,warumatebeli eqsperimenti iyo, Tavisi zedmetad xelovnuri enobrivi Tuazrobrivi struqturis gamo. amasve ver vityviT, laSa buRaZis 1999welSi Seqmnil moTxrobebze, kerZod, “qarTul zRaparze”, romelic aramarto erTi kacis, aramed yvela WeSmariti qarTvelis survils daocnebas warmoadgens. am, moTxrobis mixedviT, ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaar moxdeba. es moTxrobac (zogadad, laSa buRaZis sxva teqstebic)warmoadgens “Zveli ambebis”, warsulis Tavidan da “axleburadwakiTxvas”.laSa buRaZem qarTul literaturul sivrceSi Seqmnaistoriografiuli metaproza. es Janri dasavlur postmodernistulliteraturaSi Camoyalibda da am terminis avtori kanadeli kritikosilinda hatCeli gaxlavT – “mwerlebi axdenen bundovani Tu sadavoistoriuli epizodebis, “istoriis TeTri laqebis” Taviseburrekonstruqcias, Sesabamisi istoriuli personaJebis da konteqstisparodirebiTa da karnavalizaciiT” (qarumiZe, 2009: 9). laSa buRaZis“qarTuli zRapari”, romelic ilia WavWavaZis arSemdgar mkvlelobazeada “saukunis mkvleloba”, romelic akaki wereTlis sasamarTloproceszea – ivane maCablis saeWvo gauCinarebis gamo, qarTuliistoriografiuli metaprozis nimuSebia. istoriografiul metaprozas,121
laSa buRaZe sakuTari moRvaweobis Semdeg etapzec gvTavazobs, rasacdidi skandalic mohyva – “pirveli rusi”, Tavad avtori ki, mogvianebiTganmartvas, rom es teqstebi patriotuli paTosiTaa ganmsWvaluli, xolo“pirveli rusi” Tavisi erTaderTi patriotuli moTxrobaa (“cxeliSokoadi” 2010, #56).aluziuroba laSa buRaZis prozasac axasiTebs, magram miserTxelve Camoyalibebul stils, romlis zegavlenis qveSac dRemdeimyofeba, parodia warmoadgens. samwuxarod, rogorc daviT zurabiSviliambobs, “CvenSi parodiis cneba, rogorc wesi, dacinvis, masxrad agdebis,anu “gaRadavebis” mniSvnelobiT aRiqmeba” (zurabiSvili, 1994: 4).postmodernistuli parodia da ironia aravis dacinvas ar isaxavs miznad;es gaxlavT, “makoreqtirebeli ironia” cxovrebis yovelgvarigamovlinebis mimarT. postmodernistul parodiasTan dakavSirebiT,uneblieT gagaxsendeba Tomas manis naTqvami, “SinaarsisagangamoTavisuflebuli formebiT TamaSi”. TumcaRa, postmoderniztuliparodiis namdvili arsi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, klasikis wakiTxvainterpretaciaa.mTlad parodias ver davarqmevT beso xvedeliZis prozas, mas ufrogaSarJebaSi aqvs xeli gawafuli – “erTi dakonkili ambavi”, cnobilizRapris “konkias” SarJs warmoadgens; xolo “CURRICULUM VITAE” (1999w.)qarTveli Zalovanebisa Tu xelisuflebis gaSarJebaa, oRond amasmwerali akeTebs qristes israelSi Semosvlis epizodis parodirebiT.qristesTan am tipis aluziebi mkrexelobad unda CaiTvalos _ “Tbiliwylebis qalaqSi gela TeTr virze ukuRma amxedrebuli Semovida.marjvena xelSi fesvebianad moTxrili kanafis mwvane rto eWira daerTgul cxovels drogamoSvebiT gavaze utylaSunebda. qalaqisSemosasvlelSi gela SavniRbosnebs ar SeuCerebiaT – virs Sublze PRESShqonda amoxotrili” (xvedeliZe, 2000: 51). moTxroba “wminda qarTulivirusi” musikismcodneobis terminologiiT unda daxasiaTdes; teqstiwarmoadgens Zveli aRTqmis remiqss, xolo misi ritmi, reivis ritmsmogagonebT – anu Seusveneblad, erTi amosunTqviT ikiTxeba. aluziebiTada fantasmagoriebiTaa savse “misisipi misuriT”. am teqstis Janri Zneladgasarkvevia; prozis struqturisTvis metad poeturia (arc lirikulprozas warmoadgens) da piriqiT, leqsis tradiciuli struqturisTvis122
(Tundac verlibrisTvis) zedmetad prozaulia. beso xvedeliZis esmoTxroba mwerlur eqsperiments warmoadgens, SeiZleba iTqvas, naiuvuriprozis nimuSia, rac niSnavs, araprofesionali avtoris Txzulebas,romelSic gulwrfelad, Seulamazeblad da stilisturad dauxvewaviformiT gadmocemulia mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis saintereso faqtebida Sexedulebani samyarosa Tu cxovrebaze. aseve eqsperimentulia,poeturi da poeziis tkbil safarSi gaxveuli moTxroba “mindvrisyvavilebi”. aq, avtorma scada kinematografisTvis damaxasiaTebelimaneriT gaemarTa prozauli teqsti. dialogebsa da Txrobas Soris“CamontaJebuli” epizodebi (suraTebi), mxatvruli filmisa daklipisaTvis damaxasiaTebel da mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs dafigurebs mogvagoneben, am “figuraTa” “Targmanebaa” Txrobis enaze: “misTvalebSi zangi moTxilamure aceminebs”, “gogos TvalebSi orsuliqalebi Sokolads Wamen”...beso xvedeliZe eqsperimentatorad ar darCenila moRvaweobisSemdgom periodSi, magram mis mwerlur maneraSi raimegvari gardamtexicvlileba ar SeimCneva; avtoris inovaciuri mxare, Janris nairgvarobaSigamoixateba, anu avtori Tavd igonebs Janrul tipebs, ase magaliTad,“lbili sevdis deda” _ kinopoema (2004w.), maka miqelaZesTan erTaddawerili “ixvis tolma” – eqsperimentuli romani (2005w.).demoralizebuli samyaros fragmentulad asaxva beso xvedeliZisprozis Zireuli ZarRvia, rasac iumoris safarvelqveS axerxebs, magram esiumoric xandaxan naRvliani da, Tqven warmoidgineT, RvarZlianic aris,isev da isev demoralizebuli epoqidan gamomdinare.postmodernistuli prozis xerxebiTaa gamarTuli SoTa iaTaSvilismoTxrobebic. aqac vxvdebiT eqsperimentebs, magaliTad, 1991 welsdawerili “metamorfoza” (iaTaSvili, 2005: 54), erTi SexedviT,egzistencialuri xasiaTis moTxrobaa, franc kafkas “metamorfozas”uSualo gavleniT Seqmnili, magram realurad sityvaTa TamaSze agebulicarieli teqstia – sityvebis da mniSvnelobebis evfoniuri gadaTamaSebiseqsperimenti. “guldasmiTwamkiTxvelni teqstis” (1995w.) damaintrigebelixasiaTis teqstia. ramdenime furcliani, sakmaod mozrdili teqstipunqtuaciis gareSea dawerili, rac futurizmTan (Post) daaxloebadSeiZleba migveCnia, rom ara teqstis amokiTxvis ucnauri procedura,123
omelic diferencialuri gantolebis amoxsnas gvagonebs da avtorismxridan aSkara (da arc Tu originalur!) gamowvevad aRiqmeba. am teqstisSesaxeb daviT barbaqaZe wers: “moTxroba, romelSic gauqmebuli iyopunqtuaciis niSnebi da romelic warmoadgenda spontanur, ukeT, stiqiurTxrobas, sinamdvileSi ki – Cemi mikroromanis “mutaciis” profanizebul,zedapiruli niSnebiT, “CamoqveiTebul” versias” (barbaqaZe, 2000: 112).moTxrobis gaanalizebisas TvalSisacemia, teqstis azrobriv Sinaarssada formalur gadawyvetas Soris arsebuli Seusabamoba da amasTanave,avtoris eSmakuri mcdeloba – formis uCveulobiT daintrigebulmkiTxvels nawarmoebSi eZia da epovna is siRrme, romelic realurad ararsebobs.moTxrobebi “gedi da simRera” (1998w.) da “yvavilTa yvavili dainJineri” (1998w.), adam da evaze odesRac moyolili ambebis gagrZelebashgavs. ufro sworad, am yvelafers modernizebul-parodirebuli saxe aqvs,dRevandelobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli agresiulobiT gadmocemuli. ammoTxrobaTa mixedviT, qalsa da mamkacs Soris agresiuloba gamowveuliasamoTxis dakargvisa da codvian dedamiwaze dasaxlebis gamo.“yvavilTa yvavili da inJineri” sxvdasxvanairi da sainteresoniSnebiT, kvazi-simboloebiT aris datvirTuli: yvavilTa yvavili anuvardi, qalia. (silamazis garda, simbolos logikurobas gansazRvravs isfaqtic, rom vardis mravalnairi simboluri gageba, swored qalsa daqalurobas ukavSirdeba), xolo inJineri kacia (aq ukve martiv logikasunda vendoT). Senebis, qmedebis, Seqmnis niWiT dajildoebuli inJinerirezo kacis upiratesobaze msjelobs: ”tyuilad ggoniaT, rom TqveniaTasi furceli Cems aTas bloks sjobia. Tqven mxolod da mxolodmatlis saxli brZandebiT, me ki adamianebis saxls vageb” (iaTaSvili 2005:42). flos florumi anu yvavilTa yvavili ramdenjerme Seecada inJineriscdunebas. vardi-nanam inJiner rezos vaSli SesTavaza, am ukanasknelma kiSemoTavazebulze uari Tqva. “vaSli ar miyvars” – ganacxada rezom,vaSli ukve (XXI saukuneSi) cnobadi da cnobili nayofia da amitomac, aruyvars vaSli (codva) rezos (adam-ians). magram meTerTmete sarTulzeSeTavazebulma vaSlma merve sarTulze gamoiRo nayofi. marTalia, ismxolod nanam igema, magram kocnaze rezomac kocniT upasuxa. miuxedavadimisa, rom xorcielma vnebam gaimarjva, moTxrobis finalis mixedviT, nana124
fizikurad uswordeba rezos – klavs. es imaze metyvelebs, rom qalma verSesZlo kacis sulierad cduneba. es moTxrobebi Taviseburiinterpretaciaa bibliuri siuJetebisa.miuxedavad imisa, rom vaxseneT egzistencializmi, SoTa iaTaSvilis90-iani wlebis prozauli teqstebi qarTuli postmodernizmis nimuSebia.XX saukunis 90-ianelTa SemoqmedebiTi sruli palitriswarmosaCenad unda vaxsenoT diana vaCnaZis “nata anu axali Jiuli”,mwerali sul orjer gamoCnda qarTul samwerlo asparezze, jer –leqsebis krebuliT, Semdeg ki, aRniSnuli nawarmoebiT. diana vaCnaZec imerT-erTdagania, vinc fsevdonimiT Tavis damkvidreba isurva,sinamdvileSi ki, qalis saxeliT SoTa iaTaSvilma SemogvTavaza sakuTariliteraturuli opusebi. miuxedavada imisa, rom SoTa iaTaSvilisSemoqmedebisTvis ucxo ar aris epataJuri xasiaTis niuansebi, man maincfsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna is teqsti, romelic mkiTxveli sazogadoebisTviserTob yurismomWreli aRmoCnda. mTlianad es teqsti (mocemul momentSi,mtlian teqstSi igulisxmeba diana vaCnaZec da nawarmoebic) daSifruliaposatmodernistuli kodiT – avtorma, S. iaTaSvilma romanis damweradmaincdamainc qali arCia. vTvliT, rom mwerlis mxridan am ganzraxvasraime sagangebo midgoma ar eqneboda, magram postmoderniztulesTetikaSi erT-erTi saanalizo Temaa falologocentrizmi, romelicderidaseuli da lakanis postulatebis gadaazrebis Sedegad miiRo“feministurma kritikam”. falologocentrizmis Teoriis dekonstruqciaSemCneva e. w. “qalur werilobaSi” (e.i. literaturaSi) – avtors SeuZliaTavisi qaluri sawyisis reprezentacia an piriqiT, uaryos qaluriiniciativebi TxrobaSi; SeiniSneba kidev erTi tendencia – mamakacisinfantilizmi an misi daniSnulebisa da arsebobis aucileblobis,funqciis Semcireba. Tu am mimarTulebiT ganvixilavT mocemulnawarmoebs, mamakcis infantilizmsac SevamCnevT personaJ leoSi da qalisgaaqtiurebul iniciativebsac – nataSi. teqstSi SeiniSneba “feministurikritikisTvis” damaxasiaTebel Tezisebsac, romelic “mamakacurimentalitetis” stereotipebis gakritikebaSi mdgomareobs; nata akritikebsleos da uwunebs tradiciul midgomas kulturisadmi, literaturisadmi,zogadad cxovrebisadmi, saerTo jamSi, natas leos infantilizmiaRizianebs.125
diana vaCnaZis “nata anu axali Jiulis” Sesaxeb perioduladqveyndeboda kritikuli werilebis gazeT “alternativaSi”, romelicromanTan erTad uklebliv yvela erT wignad gamoica 2003 wels daSekrul qetstad iqca, am “proeqtis” avtorad ki namdvilad SoTaiaTaSvili gvevlineba. igi “sruliad aucileble winaTqmaSi” mogviTxrobsteqstis Seqmnis istorias: “diana vaCnaZis es nawarmoebi 1998-99 wlebSigagrZlebebiT qveyndeboda gazeT “alternativaSi”. nawarmoebi iwerebodagamoqveynebis periodSi. wyvetebi gamowveuli iyo ara redaqciis mizeziT,aramed imiT, rom avtori zogjer agvianebda gagrZlebis motanas. teqstisbeWdvis peridSi mis Sesaxeb imave “alternativaSi” gamoqveynda xuTirecenzia. yvelaze saintereso is iyo, rom kritiulma werilebma TandaTaniwyes teqstTan integrireba. aSkara gaxada, rom isini garkveulzegavlenas axdendnen avtorze da romanis am recenziebisagndamoukideblad ganxilva da gaazreba ukve aRar SeiZleboda. integraciises procesi ki dasarulda sruliad postmodernuli aqtiT: erT-erTirecenzenti, kerZod, xaTuna xabuliani, romanis erT-erT personaJad iqca,mis mier recenziaSi gamoTqmuli erT-erTi mosazreba ki – nawarmoebiskvanZis gaxsnis mtavar saSualebad. romanis mTavar saSualebad. romanismTavari gmirebi – nata da leo – TavianT mimoweraSi aseve iyenebenkritikos levan bregaZis koncefcias maT Sesaxeb. yovelive aqedangamomdinare, avtori Tvlis, rom es recenziebi romanis Semadgenelinawilia” (vaCnaZe: 2003, 5-6; iaTaSvili: 2002). diana vaCnaZis teqstiTpostmodernistuli aqti Sedga da ara postmodernistuli romani.“nata anu axali Jiulis” mimarTebiT kritikosebi marTlac,gansxvavebulad msjeloben, magram TiTqos erT rameSi Tanxmdebian, romes teqsti gaxlavT epataJis xelovnebis daufleba an ukve floba, anda,dasavleTidan monaberi TavisuflebiT tkboba Tu aJitireba. mxatvrulteqstSi genitaliebsa da seqsualur venebebze Riad saubari “aRmoCena”aRar aris, “nata anu axali Jiuli” sayuradReboa, rogorcpostmodernistuli tendencia da ara, rogorc “romani-movlena” (asemxolod SoTa iaTaSvili aRiqvams, diana vaCnaZis nawarmoebs). Jan-Jakrusos “Jiuli anu axali eloizas” parodirebis formulireba metadmartivia – postmodernistulma epoqam Secvala romantizmis xana:126
omantikuli warmosaxva Caanacvla seqsualurma warmosaxvam, erotika –pornografiam, guli – genitaliebma.“kulturul-literaturuli danaleqabisa” da “literaturuliZeglis namsxvrevebis” gareSe postmodernistuli literatura verSedgeba. literaturul Zeglebs diana vaCnaZe literaturul qliavebadmoixseniebs da axasiaTebs maT, rogorc xils – “gadamwifebuli an kuxe,WianaWami an slipina, xorciani da gemrieli” (vaCnaZe, 2003: 15); xolomwerlis gansazRvreba aseTia – “literaturuli qliavis aryis saxdeliaparati var” (vaCnaZe, 2003: 17). am literaturuli qliavis aryismomzadebis wesi martivia: “aTas erT Rames” davetakebi, aqeT“mejRanuaSvils”, iqiT visockis avkenwli, aqeT besikis gavkenwli,sadRacas nabokovis lolitas migamgvaneb da sadRacas dagapalindromeb!“texnari” var da mag “texnarobiT” vcdilob, visac ki movaxerxeb, Tavbrudavaxvio da sulier gigantad movaCveno Tavi. asec gavagrZeleb, ueWveli,kubos ficramde, radgan elementarulad, cxovrebasTan kavSirs mxolodmaSin vgrZnob, roca am Cems siristian stiqiaSi var. me gulwrfeli var,warmoudgenlad gulwrfeli, roca msgavsi egzaltirebuli CmaxvebiTvnetareb da vsazrdoob.” (vaCnaZe, 2003: 17). “texnari” (e.i. postmodernistimwerali) klasikuri literaturiT sazrdoobs da Semdeg moqmedebs,magram WeSmariti mwerlobis Sesaqmnelad sakmarisi ver aris. vinZloT,amgavri “texnarobiT”, namdvili literaturis nacvlad, “namdvililoTbazaruli “literaturSCina” (vaCnaZe, 2003: 16) SegvrCes xelT. akamorCilaZis Semoqmedebas, kritikosma lali avalianma ajafsandaliuwoda, romelic mkiTxvelis dasakmayofileblad sruliad sakmarisia,saeWvoa, diana vaCnaZis literaturuliaryiT Troba vinmem isurvos. nairagelaSvili SeniSnavs: “aq ufro im literaturul Cixs vxedav, rocaTanamedroveoba da siaxle miiRweva urcxvobis, xSirad uxamsobis,eqshibicionizmis xarjze” (vaCnaZe, 2003: 87, gelaSvili, 1998). “nata anuaxli Jiuli” namdvilad Cixi aRmoCnda diana vaCnaZisTvis, radganacavtors aRaraferi gamouqveynebia. veTanxmebiT gia beniZes, roca igiSeniSnavs, rom teqstis personaJi qal-vaJi literatorebi arian daswored am kuTxiT SeiZleba ganixilebodes da saintereso iyos “nata anuaxali Jiuli” – “aq yvelaferi TamaSia, triukia.” (vaCnaZe, 2003: 91, beniZe,1999). kritikosebi aRniSnaven im kompleqsebsa da protestebs, ramac127
kompleqsuri xasiaTi SeiZina da razec filosofiur-fsiqologiurigansjani masiuri gaxda. am teqstis mimarTebiT isaubres problemazec,romelic sakuTar sqess, alter egos ukavSirdeba, TavisTavad esec verCaiTvleba literaturaSi aRmoCenad. sakuTar libidoze saubari – natasdauokebeli vneba da ltolva seqsisadmi – froidisa da iungisTeoriebis interpretacia-rimeikad ver gamodgeba, Tumca, SesaZloaavtoris Canafiqric swored es yofiliyo.diana vaCnaZis “nata anu axali Jiuli” epistolaruli janrispostmodernistuli versiaa da namdvilad Cveni garemomcveli sinamdvilisproduqtia teqstis siuJeti; natac axali, Tanamedrove Jiulia, TavisimoTxovnilebebiT, cxovrebis wesiT.zaza TvaraZis aluziebsac da asociaciur stils mkiTxveliSecdomaSi Sehyavs. misi Semoqmedeba egzistencializmisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli niSan-TvisebebiTaa aRWurvili (rusi filosofosivaleri savCuki ambobda, egzistenciuri problematikis siuJetebi damotivebi raRaciT axlos arian postmodernizmTan. saerTod,egzistencializmSi ikveTeboda xolme “dacemis” niSnebi. (savCuki, 2006).amas gafiqrebinebs “minis ukan” (1990w.[TvaraZe, 1999: 26]) da “buzi fanjrisminaze” (1993w.), sadac franc kafkas gavlenis garda, alegoriulobacsagrZnobia; “minis ukan” momwyvdeul mwerTan avtorma gaaigiva Cvenisazogadoebis yofa da umweoba, romelSic aRmovCndiT XX saukunisbolos. xolo fsevdo-qalaqis “licezonenburgis” (1997w.) warmosaxviTisituaciebi 90-iani wlebis mdgomareobis pirdapiri asaxvaa. zaza TvaraZisprozisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kvazi-simbolizmi, egzistencializmisniSnebsac atarebs da modernizmisac, es yvelaferi ki sabolood,sxvadsxva mimarTulebaTa miqsad anu, “postmodernizmis” CarCoebSi undaganvixiloT.Zalzed sayuradReboa zaza TvaraZis romani “sityvebi”, romelic1994 wels Jurnal “ciskarSi” daibeWda da calke wignad ki, gvian, 2008wels gamoica, avtoris gardacvalebamde cota xniT adre. romani“sityvebi” Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos pirvel mercxlad qarTulpostmodernistul mxatvrul literaturaSi, Tu manamde zurab qarumiZisteqstebSi amovikiTxeT am mimdinareobis Teoriul-praktikuli gaazreba,zaza TvaraZem aka morCilaZeze adre gvaziara iseT saTamaSo moedans,128
sadac sityvebis zusti lavirebiT SegiZlia “mTeli qarTuli (daaraqarTulic) literaturis cocxlad warmosaxva” (TvaraZe, 2007: 74) -interteqstualizaciis is sivrce, sadac avtori sityvebiT TamaSobs,SeiZleba “citirebul literaturad” iqnas miCneuli, ramdenime gverdzesxvaTa citatebis uxvad gaxsenebisa Tu moyvanis gamo. romanSi aristeqstSive axali teqstis Seqmnis procesi, rac aseve sityvaTa TamaSiTxdeba. romaniseuli sityvebis zardaxSa, qarTuli enisa (ioane zosimes“damarxul ars enai qarTuli”-s) da aforizmis - “gvelsa xvreliTamoiyvans, ena tkbilad moubari” – Taviseburi interpretaciacaa.postmodernizmi komunikaciis sivrcea da aq TamaSoben niSnebi,romlebic sanam simulakras iers SeiZenen, informaciiT itvirTebian. zazaTvaraZis romanic komunikatoruli niSnebis sivrce-velia, sadac sityvebi(komunikatorebi) aramxolod verbaluri mniSvnebisani arian, aramedvizualur mxaresac iZenen da xandaxan damoukidebel personaJebaTacgardaiqmnebian xolme.qarTuli postmodernistuli teqstebis analizisas TavisdauneburadkeTdeba paralelebi ucxour mxatvrul literaturasTan. zaza TvaraZis“sityvebi” uneblieT serbi mwerlis milorad paviCis “sawerimowyobilobebis zandukis” asociacias iwvevs – Tu zaza TvaraZis romanissityvebis yuTis meSveobiT personaJebs ZaluZT sxvadasxva Sinaarsisa daformis ambebis Txzva, milorad paviCis zanduki inaxavs erT didsasiyvarulo Tavgadasavals, romlis monawilec avtorTan erTadmkiTxvelic xdeba. saerTod, postmodernistul literaturaSi amgvariparalelebi da asociaciebi bunebrivia, magram arsebobs pirdapirigavlenebi, rac am konkretul SeTxvevaSi ar gvaqvs, Tumca, qarTulpostmodernistul mwerlobaSi ramdenjerme dafiqsirda, magaliTad, akamorCilaZe ganicdis Tavis sayvareli avtorebis zegavlenas (rasacTavadac aRniSnavs da bevri mwerlaic ar uaryofs amgvar zegavlenebs),magra Zalzed SesamCnevi gaxldaT boris akuninis gavlena “madaTovur”ciklze.Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi fsevdonimiT kidev erTi avtorigamoCnda 90-ian wlebSi – gregor zamza zaza burWulaZis yvelazecnobili fsevdonimia. man 1999 wels, zaza sumoZis fsevdonimiT gamoscamoTxrobebis krebuli. (Cvenc SegviZlia parodirebas mivmarToT da129
vTqvaT, rom es avtori sammagi kodirebis nimuSad mogvevlina qarTulmwerlobaSi).qarTuli postmodernistuli mwerloba arc roman-metateqstisgareSe darCenila zaza burWulaZis “ori kanfeti anu zviadimgascaxurdas” wyalobiT. ambis Txrobas xandaxan enacvleba Txroba ambisTxrobis Sesaxeb. eseisturi nakadi mTliani abzacebiTa Tu TiTo-orolawinadadebiT Semodis teqstSi: “TviTonve wunobda sakuTar Semoqmedebas.Tumca es sulac ar niSnavda imas, sxvasac daewunebina igi...” (zamza, 1998:11) da a.S. romanis pirvelive gverdidan _ rac TvalSisacemia maqsimaluridetalizacia, yvelaferi aRiwereba: nivTebi, personaJebi, moqmedebebi,moqmedebis adgilebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, saintereso mxatvrul saxeebsqmnis. peizaJebis da portretebis xatviT gataceba postmodernizmisTvisaxlobeli xerxi ar aris, Tumca arc ucxoa. zaza burWulaZe mxatvrulimxareebis xatviT erToba kidec, da am detalizaciiT cdilobs mkiTxveliTavis samyaros “daaxlovos”.zaza burWulaZis moTxrobaSi “mesame kanfeti” (1999w.), fsevdosofeliaaRwerili, rac saqarTvelos uaxlesi Tu warsuli istoriisfragmentebiTaa gajerebuli. moTxrobis epigrafia v.i. leninis citata“forma arsebiTia, arsi formirebiTia”, rac avtoris TviTironiasTanerTad, postmodernizmis mimarT ironiul damokidebulebas avlens.Semdegi teqsti “ukanfeto” “fifqia da Svidi jujas” kitCs warmoadgens,xolo moTxrobaSi ganviTarebuli moqmedebebiT teqsti emsgavseba luiskerolis siuJetebs. momdevno moTxroba “konfeti” ukve molodinishorizontis gafarToebas iwvevs. mesamejer Tu meoTxejer saTaurSivenaxsenebi kanfeti mkiTxvelSi aRadgens adre aRqmuli avtorisaveteqstebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli molodinis da TamaSis wesTahorizonts.“dekoratiuli mwerlobis moWarbeba TvalSisacemia” (sumoZe, 1999:87), es fraza avtoris prototips ekuTvnis moTxrobaSi “konfeti”. amSemTxvevaSic TviTironiasTan gvaqvs saqme. Tanamedrove esTetikisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli TvisebebiT: kitCiT, aluziebiT, reminiscenciainterpretaciebiT,skabrezis aqcentirebiT, mokled, xelovnuridekoraciebiT, postmodernistuli aqsesuarebiT, zaza burWulaZe axalitipis narativebs qmnis. zurab qarumiZe samarTlianad SeniSnavs, roca130
zaza burWulaZis adreul Semoqmedebas modernistul “anti-prozas”amsgavsebs, xolo sakuTriv postmodernistul yaidaze mweralimogvianebiT gadavida ukve namdvili saxeliT da gvariT, fsevdonimebisgareSe. mwerlis epataJuri buneba (riTac cnobilia zaza burWulaZe),SemoqmedebiTi gzis gviandel etapze gamoikveTa. mogvianebiT SemogvTavazaman “SemoqmedebiTi klimaqsis nayofi, mkiTxvelis Tavsatexad,mkiTxvelisaTvis safiqrelad, mkiTxvelTan erTad samoqmedod,mkiTxvelisken mimarTuli didi kiTxvis niSnis amosacnobad Seqmniliwignebi” (paiWaZe, 2006: 125). “simfsonebi”, “werili dedas”, “saxarebavirisa”, “mineraluri jazi” – am wignebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare,avtors kritikis qarcecxlis garda didi risxvac daatyda Tavs, qarTulisazogadoebisgan. vfiqrobT, zaza burWulaZe Tanamedrove sivrceSi,absurdis Teoriis naratologad ufro mosCans, vidre aRviraxsnilobis,epataJisa da skandalebis motrfiale mwerlad. Tumca, es ukve aq gansjissakiTxi araa, radganac, rogorc aRiniSna, Cven vaanalizebT mxolod erTiaTwleulis Semoqmedebis palitras.XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, skabrezisa da epataJis gaugonarmagaliTad iqca daTo barbaqaZis “trfoba wamebulTa” (1993w.), racbolomde darCa miuRebeli qarTveli mwerlobisTvisac damkiTxvelisTvisac. lev tolstoi ambobda, adamianma is ki ar unda icodesra daweros, aramed, ra ar unda daweros. lali avaliani, tolstois amnaTvqms imeorebs da ambobs: “es brZnuli Segoneba, rom gaeTvaliswinebinaerT niWier da ganaTlebul avtors saerTod ar unda daewera “trfobawamebulTa”. es ukanaskneli Txzuleba zedmiwevniTi sizustiT gadmoscemsyvelaze bnel mxares – nihilizms, cinizmsa da mkrexelobas –qarTvelTaTvis sakraluri religiuri da hagiografiuli teqstebis,vTqvaT pirdapir, amazrzeni parodirebiT”. (l. avaliani, 2007, gv.80). esteqsti Tavis droze didi polemikis sagnad iqca, romelSic CarTuli iyomweralTa kavSiris da gazeT “literaturuli saqarTvelos” saxeliTTamaz wivwivaZe, “kavkasiuri saxli” (naira gelaSvili, SoTa iaTaSvili)da Tavad avtori – gazeT “axali 7 dRis” furclebidan.Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis amgvarad parodireba da “gadawera”-decitacia verc siaxlis aucileblobaSi gvarwmunebs da verc teqstismxatvrul RirsebebSi. “trfoba wamebulTa” qarTuli hagiografiuli131
stilistikis skabrezul-parodiuli destruqcia iyo, ramac mxolodgaRizianeba da aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia.“trfoba wamebulTa” pirvelad prezentirda “daTo barbaqaZisJurnalis” (zepiri videoJurnalis) me-6 nomerSi (1993 wlis 27 noembers,Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sxdomaTa darbazSi). Tavad avtoriteqsts essed moixseniebs, amavdroulad, warmatebul eqsperimentadac daTan urTavs gamoyenebuli literaturis vrcel sias, rac parodirebulTamaSs mogvagonebs. TamaSis wesi aseTia, avtoris mier miTiTebulliteraturas Tu gaecnoba mkiTxveli, maSin “trfoba wamebulTas”xelovnebis esTetikur aRqmasac moaxerxebs. Tumca, Tavad avtori sakuTarteqstze da TandarTul gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalze ambobs:“plagiatori ar gaxlavarT da patiosnad mivuTiTe Cems mier teqstzemuSaobisas gamoyenebuli enobrivi masala. nawarmoebSi mivmarTavqarTuli samwerlo metyvelebis sxadasxva istoriul monakveTs, aqadgili aqvs sxvadasxva kulturuli epoqisa da sametyvelo paradigmiszomier eklektikas; gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba gamoyenebuliteqstebis SinaarsTa kombinirebiT “trfoba wamebulTas” siuJetur“gamarTvas” da sakonteqsto mravalmniSvnelovnebis mxatvrulmotivirebas. aseve, vsargeblobdi esTetikuri aRqmis im TeoriebiT,romlebic germanel mecniers maqs benzes da frang mecniers abraam molsekuTvniT. es literaturac mivuTiTe. mivuTiTe zurab WumburiZis wignic“ra gqvia Sen?”, saidanac amovkribe saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulisaxelebi...” (barbaqaZe, 2000: 90). sxvaTa xeliT sakuTari cnobierebisa datradiciebis daSla-ngrevas gvagonebs, avtoris mier frangi da germanelimecnierebis gvar-saxelebiT Tavmowoneba, romelTa meSveobiTac“mouxerxebia” avtors qarTuli hagiografiis, mTeli qarTuli sulierebisdeda-boZis moryeva - “Tavidan wakiTxva” Tu “esTetikuri mxaris aRqma”.daviT barbaqaZis romani “aqilevsis meore qusli” TerTmetinovelisgan Sedgeba: “wasakiTxi Sinaarsi”, “iribi Targi”, “wasvla”,“mosaniSni samuSaoebi”, “ganazrebani ionasi: sami dRe da sami Rame TevzisstomaqSi rom imyofeboda”, “sul sxva SemTxvevis istoria”, “mosacdeli”,“mocemuli romanis Sesaxeb”, “sadalaqoSi”, “cudi reportaJi”, “mocekvave”.Tavad romanSi vxvdebiT teqstSive teqstis Seqmnis refleqsias, mTeliVIII Tavi – mocemuli romanis Sesaxeb: zogierTi araarsebiTi aspeqtis132
xazgasma – avtoris mier ganmartebiT axsnas warmoadgens. roca avtoriaRniSnul novelebs werda, sulac ar fiqrobda, rom weris procesiromanis Seqmnis surviliT gagrZeldeboda, anu Zlier survils SeuZliaformis bedis gadawyveta. xolo romanis mTavar personaJebs warmoadgenenis ganwyobilebebi, romelebic erTmaneTs sityvebis meSveobiT Sexvdnen daSeikribnen winadadebebad, xolo realuri adamianebi meorexarisxovanipersonaJebi arian. teqstis enas rac Seexeba, “damoukidebeli enaa”,romelis codnac “konkretuli esTetikur-ideologiuri gamocdilebiTdaxunZlul konkretul” subieqt-mkiTxvels moeTxoveba: “Cemi romani Cemiis enaa, romelic Tavis enaze metyvelebs. xolo raki am enis Cumisurvilia – sakuTari mdinareba moiazros mxatvruli enebis amouwuravitradiciis warsulsa da momavalSi, saxezea miTiTebul tradiciasTanmimarTebis Cemmieri gamocdileba, erTdroulad erT-erTi da erTaderTi,romelic TviTmanifestaciis aqtiT ukve Tanxmobas acxadebs, romdaeqvemdebaros wakiTxvis nebismier SesaZleblobas, kari gauRosnebismier gamocdilebas, nebismier interpretacias” (barbaqaZe, 2000: 157-158). “aqilevsis meore quslis” VIII Tavi saTamaSo (magram ara gasarTobi,aramed “tvinWyledvordia”) nawilia, sadac “mTavari saTqmeli-arsi”mkiTxvelma unda eZebos gverdebisa da abzacebis numeraciis mixedviT(aseTi “saTamaSo”, oRond gasarTobi, aka morCilaZem SemogvTavaza“fridonianis” saxiT). avtori avanturasac gvaTavazobs: “Cemi romaniTavadvea personaJi, romlis ganviTareba, Tavidan Tavamde mimdinareobsmkiTxvelis janmrTelobasa Tu avadmyofobaSi, romani ki Tvals adevnebsTavis am “ganviTarebas” pirvelidan bolo, Semajamebel Tavamde (romeliapirveli da romelia bolo, Semajamebeli Tavi?)” (barbaqaZe, 2000: 158).“aqilevsis meore qusli”, avtoris ganmartebebis miuxedavadukomunikacio metateqstia. sadac interteqstualobis magaliTebsacSevxvdebiT da SizoanalizisTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebsac. romaniormagi kodirebis nimuSicaa, dawyebuli avtoriseuli miZRvniT (mTlianiteqsti SizofreniiT daavadebul adamianebs eZRvnebaT, xolo calkeulnovelebs “sakuTari patronebi” hyavT. ase magaliTad, “iribi Tavi” – WolalomTaTiZes, “sul sxva SemTxvevis istoria” – badri guguSvils, “cudireportaJi” – kaxa metrevels da mis megobrebs) da miTo-religiuri Turealuri (yofiTi) cxovrebiseuli calkeuli suraTebis kolaJiT.133
aucilebloba moiTxovs, aqilevsis meore qusli ganvmartoT, racpostmodernistuli kvazi-simbolos saxea. aqilevsis meore qusli,istoriuli quslisgan gansxvavebiT ufro daculi asoa nawrTob sxeulSida radganac igi daclilia adamianurobisgan, adamianuri gancdebisgan dasevdisgan, amitomac gadarCa da amitomac daviT barbaqaZem airCiasakuTari teqstebis simbolod da mTeli nawarmoebis garsis “damcvelad”.Tu im “istoriuli” qusliT Sedioda aqilevsis tanSi (teqstSi – deridasmixedviT, yvelaferi teqstia) istoria, dro, socialobebis Riaenciklopedia; daviT barbaqaZis ganzraxva iyo istoriis, dro-sivrcis,sivrce-enis, Ria enciklopediebis dacva meore qusliT.daviT barbaqaZis “aqilevsis meore qusli”, postmodernizmis“klasikuri gagebiT” antiromania, xolo avtoris ganmarteba amis Sesaxebironiulia da ara mxolod Rimilismomgvreli: “es arc antiromania, arc– araromani. esaa romani mxolod imitom, rom avtorma ase gadawyvita.Rimilismomgvreli motivaciaa? mxolod imitom, rom araa sasacilo. merom uricxvi Tanamedrove romani damerazma Cemi tkbili survilis damondomebis gasamarTleblad, ai, es ki marTla sasacilo iqneboda, xommeTanxmebiT?” (barbaqaZe, 2000: 160). Wirs daTanxmeba! Tu maincdamainc,avtors SeiZleba daveTanxmoT imaSi, rom “aqilevsis meore qusli”mxatvruli Canafiqri iyo.ATu zaza burWulaZe gvian Camoyalibda postmodernist avtorad,daviT barbaqaZis mwerluri eqsperimentebi wminda postmodernistuliliteratura iyo, Tavisi marginaluri mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT –leqsebis da eseebis krebuli “Sejamebis uaryofa” avtorma uZRvna“Tbilis-qalaqis im sazogadoebrivi tualetebis TanamSromlebs, sadacrealizdeboda Cemi leqsebisa da esseebis wigni “Sejamebis uaryofa”. amadamianebis gacnoba, wignis sarealizacio droSi maTTan saqmiani,inteleqtualuri da, ubralod, adamianuri urTierToba, maT miergamoCenili gulisxmiereba naTel mogonebad gahyveba Cems cxovrebas.maTTan erTad, krebuli eZRvneba msoflioSi arsebuli yvelasazogadoebrivi tualetis yvela TanamSromels...” (barbaqaZe, 2000: 4).wminda postmodernistul nawarmoebTa avtorebs (zurab qarumiZe,zaza burWulaZe, daviT barbaqaZe) aerTianebT “siuJetis sakiTxi”.postmodernizmi uaryofs siuJetis arsebobas. zurab qarumiZe Tavis134
novela “BLOW-UP”-Si ambobs: “siuJetma Tavisi Tavi karga xania amowura.mas aRarc arqiteqtonikuri funqcia gaaCnia da aRarc sxva ramrealistur-mimeturi datvirTva. axlandeli avtorebi siuJets TumimarTaven – isev da isev siuJeturobis parodirebis mizniT; mxatvrulqsovils ki xelovnebis sxva dargebidan nasesxebi formebis meSveobiTamrTeleben” (qarumiZe, 1998: 14). saeWvoa, aka morCilaZe siuJeturobasparodirebis mizniT mimarTavdes, magram Tavisi mravalferovanifragmentaciuli eniT sasiamovnod sakiTxav siuJetebs qmnis.vfiqrobT, udaod unda aRiniSnos is, rom 1996 wels qarTulsabavSvo literaturaSic gamoCnda postmodernistuli zRapari –“qarTul prozaSi erTi karga postmodernistulad gawyobili romanidaTo zurabiSvilsac ekuTvnis – “mogzauroba sizmareTSi” – jadosnurizRapris, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi esoden popularuli “fentezisa” dapolitikuri satiris interteqstualuri nazavi” (qarumiZe, 2009: 10).daTo zurabiSvilis “mogzauroba sizmareTSi anu giorgisa daanastasias araCveulebrivi Tavgadasavali” 1996 wels dajildovdagamomcemloba D”diogenes” sabavSvo nawarmoebebis konkursis pirvelipremiiT. “mogzauroba sizmareTSi” sabavSvo literaturas ganekuTvneba,zRapris JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli pasaJebiT gawyobilisaTavgadasavlo teqstia. Tumca, zurab qarumiZes imaSi namdviladveTanxmebi, rom postmodernistulad kargad gawyobili da saxalisosakiTxavi wignia, oRond, didebisTvis. postmodernistuli parodiebiT,reminiscenciebiT, interteqstebiT - calkeul personaJTa saxelebi:grinlandia, drakonieri, alTa balTazari, gabriel garsia vargas xorxemiguel adolfo dasilva nepomuCino galiardi de nasimento umcrosi...ucxouri Tu qarTuli miTebis, legendebis, zRaprebis rimeikebiT,“kvlavwarmoebebiT”: “saknis kedelze mklavis simsxo jaWvebiT axovani,qeraTmiani vaJkaci iyo mibmuli. iqve, maxloblad, rkinis muzaradi,uzarmazari far-xmali da grZeltariani Subi uwesrigod mieyaraTkuTxeSi” (zurabiSvili, 2003: 99)... SegonebebiTa da qveynis gadarCenisaTvismovlenili Wabukis Tavdaxsnis ideiT datvirTuli teqsti, romelicqarTul Tanamedrove politikuri TamaSebisa da politikuri cxovrebisgaSarJebacaa, mxolod mozardTaTvis da zrdasruli mkiTxvelisTvisaamisaxvedric da, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, saxalisoc.135
mokled, am mxrivac (postmodernistuli zRapriT) ar CamorCaqarTuli literaturuli sinamdvile, Tanamedrove dasavlur procesebs.***1990 wlidan qarTul mwerlobaSi axali tipis literaturaiqmneboda. am tipis niSnebi adreul wlebSic SeiZleba dafiqsirebuliyo(mag: ironia, groteski, citireba, interteqstualoba, aluziebi,reminiscenciebi da a.S.), magram am yvelafers mwerlobac da kritikacaxali gamomsaxvelobiTi formebis Ziebad aformebda da SemoqmedebiTiindividualobis gamovlenis aucilebel da rigiT movlenad aRiqvamda.manamde am yvelafers saxeli ar erqva, radgan maT arc sistemuri saxehqondaT da arc gansakuTrebuli mxatvrul-azrobrivi funqcia. esec romar iyos, “TxuTmetsaukunovan mTlianobaSi”, literaturis masobrivitiraJirebis xanis dadgoma Zneli gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo. Tanamedroveepoqis gamoZaxilma Cveni uryevi tradiciulobac “daCagra”.Tavis droze daisva kiTxva: CvenSi postmodernizmi damkvidrda Tuubralod, qarTvelma mwerlebma vali moixades msoflio kulturuliesTetikisadmi, werdnen ra am maneriT. qarTvel mweralTa garkveulmanawilma, SeiZleba, marTla movaleobis moxdis mizniT mimarTapostmodernistul tendenciebs, magram misi xelovnuroba imdenadTvalSisacemia (rac aRvniSneT kidec), rom mkiTxveli aSkarad grZnobsnaprals, WeSmarit mwerlobasa da palps Soris.postmodernizmi arc evropuli gavleniT ganzrax “gadmonergili”literturuli mimdinareobaa da arc, qarTul niadagze bunebrivad,logikurad aRmocenebuli skola, am esTetikis Semodinebaglobalizaciam da sazRvrebis moSlam ganapiroba, qarTulisazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda yvelanairi tipisa da formisliteratura, mravalferovani wasakiTxi masala, ramac TavisTavadzegavlena iqonia Cven mwerlobaze da Tavad mwerlebzec.postmodernizmi CvenSi, albaT, mainc calkeuli tendenciebis saxiTgamovlinda, vidre – konkretuli literaturuli skolis saxiT.136
sabednierod, gamoCndnen (damkvidrdnen kidec) is avtorebi,romlebmac qarTuli postmodernistuli literatura SemogvTavazes,yovelgvari “sesxis” gareSe. kargi ukve gamoCnda (damkvidrda,Seisisxlxorca tradiciulma “TxuTmetsaukunovanma mTlianobam”), ramacSesaferisi literaturismcodneobac Tan Semoiyola, romlis ganCxrekaaTvisebaciwyo qarTulma moazrovne gonma, risi meSveobiTacSesaZlebelia mTlianad gadaviazroT (kvlav wavikiTxoT) Cvenimemkvidreoba – warsuli, awmyo... Tamamad ganvWvritoT momavalic.137
daskvna90-iani wlebidan, politikuri da socialuri situaciidangamomdinare, aSkarad gamoikveTa prozis gansakuTrebuli roli saerToliteraturul procesSi. prozaSi ufro srulad xerxdeba movlenisarsis gadmocema refleqsiis gziT da ara grZnobad-impulsuri saxiT. aseiyo XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze, asea XX-XXI saukuneTa gzagasayarzec.XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, qarTuli literaturisganaxleba, ZiriTadad, poeziis gziT xdeboda, magram 1993-94 wlebidan esfunqcia mTlianad prozam itvirTa sakuTar Tavze. amas garda, es ar iyomxolod epoqaTa cvalebadobis niadagze gamowveuli tendencia. ubralod,eposi im esTetikisa da kulturuli fenomenis sayvareli Janri gaxlavT,romelmac CvenSi 80-iani wlebis bolodan iwyo fexis mokideba da 1990wlis meore naxevarSi Cvens literaturaSi postmodernizmis saxeliTgaxda cnobili. postmodernis interesis sagani aris naratiuli,TxrobiTi struqtura. garda im interesebisa, rac sakuTrivpostmodernizms amoZravebda, qarTul istoriul cxovrebaSiganviTarebuli movlenebis asasaxavad lirika da leqsis struqturasakmarisi ver iqneboda.im kulturuli uZraobisa da politikur-socialuri qaosisaTvis,rac 1989 wlidan permanentulad viTardeboda Cvens qveyanaSi,literaturuli procesis uwyvetoba aSkaraa. am uwyvetobaze zrunavdnenkidec. magaliTebad ukve literaturuli periodikis istoriad qceulialmanaxebis dasaxeleba SeiZleba: “XX saukune”, “axali droeba”,“polilogi”.samoqalaqo omebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri ngrevebis fonzesazogadoebisTvis SeumCneveli darCa qarTul literaturaSi mosuliaxali Taoba. Sesabamisad, am Taobis mimarT naklebi interesi gamoiCinasaliteraturo kritikamac, isev da isev cnobili movlenebis gamo. amdroisTvis axalgazrdebTan erTad, qarTul samwerlo asparezzemoRvaweobdnen: Wabua amirejibi (swored 90-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, 1995wels miiRo mkiTxvelma saxelmoxveWili da sayvareli mwerlisgan rigiTmeore romani “gora mborgali”), oTar CxeiZe (“artistuli gadatrialeba”,“TeTri daTvi”), oTar WilaZe (“avelumi”), guram doCanaSvili (“lodi,138
nasayrdali”, romelic 1994 wlidan moyolebuli Svidi weli iwerebodada periodulad qveyndeboda Jurnal “XX saukuneSi”).im aRiarebul mweralTa gverdiT moRvaweoba, romlebic 90-ianwlebSi aqtiurad moRvaweobdnen, axali Taobis avtorebisTvis cotasaZnelo saqme gaxldaT, maTi aSkarad gansxvavebuli ostatobis xarisxisgamo. maT damkvidreba-dafasebasac garkveuli dro dasWirda. axali Taobagaemijna klasikosebad qceul im mwerlebsac, romlebic jer isevaqtiurad moRvaweobdnen 90-ian wlebSi. maT TavianTi kulturuli sivrceSeqmnes, Zveli Taobis bevri warmomadgenlis Semoqmedeba eWvqveS ardauyenebiaT. Tavis mxriv, Zveli Taobac interesiT adevnebda Tvalsaxlebis samwerlo nabijebs, Tumca xmamaRali Sefaseba ar gamoTqmula.rac Seexeba mkiTxvel sazogadoebas, igi kompetentur Semfasebels elodada kulisebSi saubars jerdeboda. SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom 90-ianelebs sakuTari funqcia hqondaT, sakuTari saTqmeliT movidnenmwerlobaSi. maT TxuTmetsaukunovani literaturuli tradicia daxvdaT,amitom movaleni iyvnen arc dros CamorCenodnen da kulturisa datradiciis wyvetac aecilebinaT Tavidan. am movaleobis gacnobierebasTanerTad, maT erTi garemoebisTvis unda gaewiaT angariSi: droisa damovlenaTa specifikis gamo. Zveli paTetika da paTosi, maT Soris yvelazegulwrfeli da axlobelic ki, ukve aRar iyo samwerlo epoqis saxasiaToniSani.oci saukune iwureboda kacobriobis istoriaSi, mesameaTaswleulis molodinSi dedamiwam TiTqos ufro swrafad iwyo brunva,xolo Cvenma planetam – gaerTianeba. globalizaciis xana damdgariyo,msoflio erT supermegapoliss emsgavseboda. yvelafer amasTan erTad ardaaxana krizismac politikaSi, ekonomikaSi, kulturaSi. arc saqarTveloaRmoCnda gamonaklisi.SeiZleba Soridan yvelafers erTferovnebis da zedapirulobiselferi dahkravdes, magram aris Sida dinebebi, romelic asazrdoebspostsabWoTa Taobis prozis tendenciebis mravalferovnebas da siRrmes.90-ian wlebSi mosulma Taobam mainc SesZlo siaxleebis Semotana qarTulmwerlobaSi da es siaxleebi, cnobierad Tu gaucnobiereblad, nebsiT TuuneblieT, Tanamedrove kulturul paralelebsa da uaxles esTetikasdaukavSirda.139
am periodis literaturuli procesis mimoxilvis SedegadgamoikveTa sami ZiriTadi tendencia: 1)literaturuli procesismTlianobis rRveva, misi aSkara diferenciacia; 2)literaturuliJanrebis, formebis mravalferovneba; 3)dapirispirebis gamwvaveba centrsada periferias Soris.XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis postsabWoTa Taobis prozis zogadtendenciad SeiZleba CaiTvalos am periodis aqtualurisociokulturuli problematika da omis Tematika. xolo konkretul daaqcentirebul mxatvrul tendenciad unda miviCnioT postmodernizmi.zurab qarumiZis, daTo barbaqaZis, aka morCilaZis, zaza burWulaZis,SoTa iaTaSvilis, laSa buRaZis, zaza TvaraZis prozaSi aSkaraa uaxlesistilis gamovlineba. postmodernizmis gavlena am avtorTa nawarmoebebSiumetes wilad formalur-gamomsaxvelobiT doneze gamoixata. qarTvel 90-ianelTa prozaSi am sociokulturuli fenomenis TiTqmis yvelaformaluri atributia dafiqsirebuli: interteqsualoba, eseisturoba,avtoris niRabi, “gadawera”, aranJireba, parodia, TamaSi, interpretacia daa.S.rogorc cnobilia, qarTul mwerlobaSi postmodernistulitendenciebis damkvidreba daiwyo XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan da dRemdeqarTveli literaturaTmcodneebis damokidebuleba misdamiaraerTgvarovania. Cveni Temis aqtualobas gansazRvravs is faqti, rompostmodernizmi dRemde aqtiuri ganxilvis sagania qarTulsaliteraturo kritikaSi; masTan dakavSirebiT xSiradurTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebs gamoTqvamen. amdenad, Cveni mizaniaaRniSnul problemaSi garkveva da XX saukunis 90-ianelTa prozazedayrdnobiT gavaaanalizoT postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiqarTul Tanamedrove mwerlobaSi.90-ianelTa qarTul prozaSi, postmodernistuli msoflmxedvelobisteqsturi nimuSebi, maTi asociaciuri sivrcis radikaluri fardobiTobiTSeqmna zurab qarumiZem, xolo postmodernistuli forma _ citacia,interteqstualoba, skabrezi, TamaSi da a.S. _ damaxasiaTebelia akamorCilaZis prozisTvis.postsabWoTa Taobis prozis samwerlo ena Jargonia, personaJTametyveleba metad skabrezulia. Tavis droze aka morCilaZe amasTan140
dakavSirebiT werda, rom im ambebs, rac moTxrobilia “yarabaRSi” da“faliaSvilSi”, slengi uxdeba. slengs yoveldRiur salaparako enasTanSedarebiT meti metaforuloba, ironia, konkretuloba dafantasmagoriuloba axasiaTebs.rogorc wesi, yuradReba epyroba martooden mwvervalebs da misimeSveobiT ganisazRvreba literaturis zogadi raoba, xolo yovelivedanarCenisadmi infantiluri ganwyobaa. Tumca, literaturisistoriisaTvis, imisTvis, rom mwerlobis saerTo panorama, literaturisevoluciis amomwuravi, maqsimalurad obieqturi suraTi SevqmnaTsubieqturi mosazrebebi ukana planze gadadis da mzera unda gauswordesyovelgvar faqts, ramdenadac uRimRamodac ar gveCvenebodes – amgvarad,xalxosnebis Semoqmedeba, kritikuli realizmi Tu socilaiturirealizmi Tavisi proletarurli mwerlobiTurT Cveni mSobliuriliteraturis istoriis realobaa da versad daimaleba.XX saukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriis Seqmnisas erTiurTulesi periodi iqneba am saukunis bolo aTwleuli, 90-iani wlebismwerloba. rameTu swored drois am monakveTSi gamoisaxa isliteraturuli tendencia anu postmodernizmi, romelic mravalTaTvisdRemde miuRebebli rCeba, rogorc esTetikurad, isemsoflmxedvelobrivad. Tumca, am tendenciam sakuTari zegavlenismeSveobiT warmarTa XX saukunis II naxevris msoflio istoria daamdenad aris igi angariSgasawevi movlena. am movlenis epicentrSi Cveni90-ianelebi, postsabWoTa Taobis avtorebi moxvdnen.miuxedavad garkveuli undoblobisa sazogadoebis mxridan, XXsaukunis bolo aTwleulSi qarTul mwerlobaSi mosulma axalma Taobammainc SesZlo Tavis damkvidreba. am eWvsa da undoblobas badebdatradiciuli problemebis axleburi xedva, an sulac ignorireba,zedapiruloba, oficialuri moralur-eTikuri kliSeebisadmidaumorCilebloba, tradiciaTa rRvevis epataJuri survili da nihilizmisxazgasmuli manifestacia, sazogadoebriv mankierebebze Ria, pirdapirisaubari, marginaluri adamianebiTa da tabudadebuli socialuriproblemebiT daintereseba. mkiTxvelma sazogadoebam swori arCevanigaakeTa: man siaxles dauWira mxari. 90-ian wlebSi mosulma Taobam, Tumca,garkveuli winaaRmdegobebis fasad, magram mainc SeZlo literaturuli141
procesis avangarduli nawilis reputaciis mopoveba, rac, Tavis mxriv,maTi Tundac mokrZalebuli samwerlobo Rvawlis aRiarebas niSnavda.am Taobas SemoqmedebiTi gamocdileba uSualod daukavSirdasamyaros xedvis postsabWoTa, Tavisufal models, damoukidebel, Tumcadausrulebel politikur TamaSebSi CaTreul samSoblos, omebisa daqaosis, daulagebeli socialuri da kulturuli sivrcis aRqmebs.sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis am TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom igi metnaklebi warmatebiT, magram aqtiurad monawileobssaerTo procesebSi.“Cveni sulier-inteleqtualuri ekleqtizmi da mxatvrulideologiurdiskursTa sruli qaosi, anu qarTul postmodernizmadwodebuli SemoqmedebiTi moZraoba, axla iwyebs provokaciulTviTdamkvidrebas – jer, ra Tqma unda, warsulis RirebulebaTadiskreditaciiTa da misTvis jer bundovani esTetikis “qadagebiT”... raSedevrebiT gaamdidreben isini qarTul literaturul sivrces, amasalbaT momavali gviCvenebs” (benaSvili, 2003: 10). es momavali ukve awmyodiqca, qarTul literaturul sivrceSi cvlilebebi Cvens Tvalwin moxda,xolo, Sedevrebs, rac SeexebaT, mravalgzis aRiniSna, rom amgvarisuliskveTebas da gagebas Tanamedroveoba ar scnobs. ai,postmodernistuli Sedevrebi da qarTuli postmodernizmi ki namdviladmiviReT postsabWoTa Taobis mwerlebis SemoqmedebiT.jon apdaiki ambobda: “droTa ganmavlobaSi bevri wigni Zalianswrafad yvavilobs da Semdeg ukvalod qreba, mxolod rCeuliumciresoba iSleba auCqareblad, furcel-furcel da klasikadiqceva”(jon apdaiki, 2009w. gv.9). am gadasaxedidan rTuli saTqmelia, 90-ianelebidan vin damkvidrdeba klasikosTa Soris, TumcaRa, kuluarulida albaT ufro subieqturi mosazrebebisa Tu saubrebis mixedviTgamokveTilia zogierTTa gvar-saxelebi, magram aq aRsaniSni sul sxvaa,vidre amaTuim avtorTa Semoqmedebis samaradJamo aRiareba. aRsaniSni damTavari isaa, rom Taobam, romelic sul marto aRmoCnda siaxlisa daucnobis pirispir, SeZlebisdagvarad, logikuri unariTa da alRoTimoaxerxa yvelafris aRqma, sakuTar quraSi gatareba, gaazreba da miReba,ise rom tradiciulisTvis Tu tradiciuli gamocdilebazec ar uTqvamTsaboloo uari. marTalia, postmodernul epoqaSi valdebulebebi142
gamqralia da miTumetes, is aravis da arafers akisria, magram maincarsebobs zogadi azri mwerlobaze dakisrebuli valdebulebebis Sesaxebda swored am kuTxiT aRmoCnda postsabWoTa Taoba, Tamamad Tu vityviT,gamarjvebuli – maT sakuTari saTqmelis fonze moaxerxes is, rom Cvenliteraturul sivrceSi vakuumi ar warmoqmniliyo, ar CamovrCeniliyaviTmsoflio kulturul sivrceSi mimdinare procesebs. zustad daaxalgazrduli mkvaxe xasiaTvisTvis damaxasiaTebeli siTamamiT aRweresis Seuqcevadi procesebi, rac im dros Cven qveyanaSi sufevda. sxva mxrivki, yvelafers marTla momavali gviCvenebs...Cveni mizani ki gaxldaT, im araerTgvarovani movlenis, anupostmodernizmis, mravalferovani siaxlisa da qarTul literaturulrealobaSi mosuli axali Taobis Semoqmedebis Seswavla-mimoxilva,rameTu mocemuli saanalizo masaliT umciresi wvlili Segvetana XXsaukunis qarTuli literaturis istoriis obieqturi, saerTo suraTisSeqmnaSi.143
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