maswavleblis wigni sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis safuZvlebi

manana boWoriSvili • malxaz mayaSvili • revaz quTelia • ia gigiberiasabunebismetyvelomecnierebebissafuZvlebimaswavleblis wigni

m. boWoriSvilim. mayaSvilir. quTeliai. gigiberiasabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis safuZvlebi 7maswavleblis wignipirveli gamocema, 2012redaqtori: diana yasumaSvilidamkabadonebeli: mako anTaZe© bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, 2012pirveli gamocema, 2012ISBN 978-9941-15-605-2Sps `bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba~misamarTi: daviT aRmaSeneblis 150, Tbilisi 0112tel.: 291 09 54, 291 11 65el-fosta: info@sulakauri.gewww.sulakauri.geManana BotchorishviliMalkhaz MakashviliRevaz KuteliaIa GigiberiaNatural Sciences 7Teacher’s book© Bakur Sulakauri Publishing, 2012Tbilisi, Georgia

sarCevi1. Sesavali ....................................................................................................................................52. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebis mizani da amocanebi .........................73. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis safuZvlebi, standarti VII klasi ...................84. saaTebis ganawilebis savaraudo sqema ..........................................................................135. miznebis ruka – gakveTilebis saswavlo miznebis Sesabamisoba standartTan...146. rekomendaciebi ...................................................................................................................21• rekomendaciebi Temaze – Sefaseba ........................................................................21• Sefasebis tipebi ........................................................................................................22• kognituri sqemebis gamoyeneba saswavlo procesSi .........................................27• rekomendaciebi – rogor movamzadoT proeqti ................................................30• proeqtis Sefaseba ......................................................................................................31• informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi da misisaswavlo- meToduri uzrunvelyofa ...................................................................32• blogis gamoyeneba swavlaSi ....................................................................................33• blogis gamoyeneba ......................................................................................................33• ra aris blogi? ............................................................................................................337. gakveTilis scenarebi .........................................................................................................34• Sesavali .........................................................................................................................34• scenarebi fizikaSi.....................................................................................................44• scenarebi qimiaSi ........................................................................................................50• scenarebi biologiaSi ...............................................................................................548. Semajamebeli testebi ........................................................................................................60• fizika ............................................................................................................................60• qimia ................................................................................................................................62• biologia .......................................................................................................................64• testis pasuxebi ...........................................................................................................669. moswavlis wignSi mocemuli savarjiSoebis pasuxebi ................................................67• Sesavali .........................................................................................................................67• fizika ............................................................................................................................69• qimia ................................................................................................................................71• biologia .......................................................................................................................74gamoyenebuli literatura ..................................................................................................82

1. Sesavalisabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebisas, erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Tanaxmad, arsebiTi mniSvnelobaeniWeba Semecnebis procesSi moswavlis aqtiurad CarTvas. es moswavles saSualebas miscems, miRebulicodna da SeZenili unar-Cvevebi konkretul situacias miusadagos, praqtikulad gamoiyenos da gadaWrasmis winaSe mdgomi problema. am miznis misaRwevad saWiro codnis miReba da unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba swavlebisprocesis gardaqmnas moiTxovs.siaxle, sxva mraval aspeqtTa Soris, gulisxmobs yuradRebis gamaxvilebas kvleviTi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebaze.Tu aqamde praqtikuli muSaobis dros moswavle ZiriTadad damkvirveblis rolSi gamodioda,xolo Semsrulebeli maswavlebeli iyo, axla TiToeulma moswavlem unda SeZlos praqtikulad muSaoba,kvlevis Catareba, misi Sedegis aRricxva da gaanalizeba, saTanado daskvnis gamotana.praqtikuli samuSaoebis Catarebis, keTebiT swavlebisTvis saTanado materialuri baza skolebisumravlesobas aqvs, rac skolebSi sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebis donis amaRlebis da am sagnebiTmoswavleTa dainteresebis garantiaa.VII klasis moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo Sedgenilia axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmis sagnobrivi programismixedviT da misi struqtura aseTia:moswavlis saxelmZRvanelos struqturaI nawiliSesavaliII nawilifizikaIII nawiliqimiaIV nawilibiologiagakveTili struqturulad Semdegi nawilebisagan Sedgeba:gakveTilis saTauriTemis saTauriZiriTaditeqstiilustraciebiteqstis ukeTaRsaqmelad teqstisSemajamebelikonceptualuriruka an daskvna ... ...savarjiSoebi (ilustraciebiT,cxrilebiT, diagramebiT da a. S.)samizne unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebazeorientirebuli5

ac Seexeba savarjiSoebs, isini ori saxisaa:pirvelisavarjiSoebi, romlebic im codnis ganmtkicebas da gaaqtiurebasemsaxureba, rac moswavlis wignSi iswavla moswavlem. essavarjiSoebi maswavlebels saWiroebisamebr SeuZlia gamoiyenossaklaso da/an saSinao davalebebad.meoremocemuli laboratoriuli samuSaoebi TematuradSeesabameba fizikas, qimias, biologias. isinikvleviTi unarebis ganviTarebazea orientirebuli.SeniSvna – biologiis nawilSi savarjiSoebis mravalferovneba imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom fizikis daqimiis nawilSi SeZenili codnis da unarebis transferi intensiurad xdeba.moswavlis wigns Tan axlavs rveuli, romelSi mocemuli mravalferovani laboratoriuli samuSaoebidaexmareba moswavles Caataros kvleviTi aqtivobebi da gaaanalizos kvlevis Sedegi. rveulSi mocemulimravalferovani ilustraciebi, detalurad aRwerili cdebi, diagramebi, cxrilebi da a. S. fizikis, qimiisada biologiis swavlebis process ufro sainteresos da saxalisos gaxdis.moswavlis rveuli struqturulad Semdegi nawilebisagan Sedgeba:Temis saTaurisaTaurisaWiro masalis CamonaTvaliilustraciebi samuSaosukeT aRsaqmeladcdis mimdinareobisdetaluri axsna samizne unar-CvevebisganviTarebazeorientirebulisavarjiSoebi moswavlisCanawerebisTvisgamoyofili adgilicxrili cdis SedegebisaRricxvisTvismaswavleblis wigni erTgvari gzamkvlevia, romelic Semdegi struqturuli nawilebisagan Sedgeba:1. Sesavali2. swavlebis miznebi da amocanebi3. VII klasi, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis safuZvlebi, standarti4. saaTobrivi ganawileba5. miznebis ruka- gakveTilebis saswavlo miznebis Sesabamisoba standartTan6. zogadi rekomendacia – rogor vawarmooT Sefaseba7. zogadi rekomendacia – ra mniSvneloba aqvs kognituri sqemebis gamoyenebas saswavlo procesSi8. gakveTilis scenarebi: Sesavali, fizika, qimia, biologia9. Semajamebeli testebi pasuxebiT10. savarjiSoebis pasuxebi11. gamoyenebuli literatura6

2. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis swavlebis mizani da amocanebimizani:sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebis swavlebis mizania aziaros moswavle sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebissafuZvlebs da ganuviTaros kvlevis unar-Cvevebi, rac mas saSualebas miscems Seicnos da gaiTavisossamyaro, CaerTos sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi, igrZnos pasuxismgebloba sakuTariTavis, sazogadoebisa da garemos mimarT.amocanebi:codna:• cocxali samyaro da sasicocxlo procesebi;• samyaroSi mimdinare fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebi;• dedamiwa da garesamyaro;• garemos mdgradi ganviTarebis principebi.mecnieruli kvlevis unar-Cvevebi:• dakvirveba, aRwera;• kvlevis sagnis gansazRvra;• kvlevis etapebis gansazRvra;• aRricxva;• klasifikacia;• gazomva;• komunikacia;• monacemebis interpretacia;• ganWvreta/hipoTezis gamoTqma;• cdis dagegmva;• cdis Catareba;• monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba;• modelis Seqmna da gamoyeneba.damokidebuleba:• interesi sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebis mimarT;• sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis mniSvnelobis gaazreba;• interesi mecnieruli kvlevisa da siaxleebis mimarT;• TanamSromlobis survili;• garemoze zrunva da pasuxismgebloba;• usafrTxo cxovrebis wesis dacvis mniSvnelobis gaazreba.sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavleba sxvadasxva safexurzesabazo safexuri (VII- IXklasebi)swavlebis am safexurze moswavles kidev ufro metad uviTardeba SemecnebisaTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebi. ismovlenebis garegnuli aRweridan gadadis movlenaTa arsis wvdomaze, Seimecnebs ZiriTad fizikur, qimiurkanonebs da biologiur kanonzomierebebs. moswavle iwyebs empiriuli gziT samyaros aRqmas, Semoqmedebi-Tad azrovnebas, cdilobs samyaroSi adamianis adgilisa da mniSvnelobis gansazRvras.sabazo safexurze moswavle iviTarebs specifikur unar-Cvevebs, romelTagan prioritetulia:• kvlevis zogierTi Tanamedrove meTodis gamoyeneba;• samecniero literaturis moZieba da gamoyeneba;• eqsperimentis dagegmva da warmarTva, monacemTa Segroveba-damuSaveba;• kritikuli analizi, daskvnebis gamotana;• prezentacia (grafikebis, diagramebis, modelis Seqmna).7

3. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis safuZvlebistandartiVII klasiwlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi mimarTulebebis mixedviT:mecnierulikvleva-Ziebabun.VII.1. moswavles SeuZliagansazRvros kvlevis saganida kvlevis etapebi.bun.VII.2. moswavles SeuZliakvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebisaRricxva.bun.VII.3. moswavles Seu-Zlia monacemTa warmodgenasxvadasxva sakomunikaciosaSualebis gamoyenebiT.bun.VII.4. moswavles Seu-Zlia monacemTa analizi daSefaseba.cocxali samyarobun.VII.5.moswavles SeuZliaimsjelos ujredze, rogorc organizmisagebulebisa da ganviTarebiserTeulze.bun.VII.6. moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaToscxovelTa da mcenareTasasicocxlo cikli da daasabuTosgamravlebis biologiuri mniSvneloba.bun.VII.7. moswavles SeuZliadaaxasiaTos cocxali samyarosmravalferovneba, gamoiyenos klasifikaciis.principi da imsjelossxvadasxva jgufebs Soris msgavsebagansxvavebaze.fizikurimovlenebibun.VII.8.moswavlesSeuZlia nivTierebisatomur-molekuluristruqturis aRwera.bun.VII.9. moswavlesSeuZlia adviladdakvirvebadi Zalebisda maTi moqmedebisSedegebis Sesaxebmsjeloba.bun.VII.10. moswavlesSeuZlia wnevis daxasiaTeba.qimiuri movlenebibun.VII.11. moswavlesSeuZlia martiviqimiuri reaqciebisaRwera.bun.VII.12. moswavlesSeuZlia fuZeebisa damJavebis gansxvavebamaTi Tvisebebis mixedviT.bun.VII.13. moswavlesSeuZlia xsnarebisTaviseburebebis Sesaxebmsjeloba.wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da maTi indikatorebi:mimarTuleba: mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebabun.VII.1.moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• ayalibebs kvlevis mizans;• gamoTqvams mosazrebas/varauds;• arCevs monacemebis mopovebis gzebs (mag., cdiT, savele samuSaos CatarebiT, gamokiTxviT, sakiTxisirgvliv literaturis moZiebiT);• ganarCevs mudmiv da cvlad (damokidebul, damoukidebel) parametrebs;• gansazRvravs kvleviTi aqtivobebis Tanmimdevrobas;• arCevs saTanado xelsawyoebs/ aRWurvilobas/instrumentebs;• arCevs monacemebis aRricxvis formebs (cxrilebi, grafikebi, siebi, fotoebi, Canawerebi).bun.VII.2.moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/ monacemebis aRricxva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• iyenebs Sesabamis masalas an/da aRWurvilobas da atarebs dagegmil cdas usafrTxoebis wesebis dacviT;• awarmoebs dakvirvebas an /da gazomvebs, aRricxavs monacemebs;• akvirdeba, zomavs, iyenebs informaciul-sakomunikacio saSualebebs monacemebis saTanado sizustiTregistrirebisTvis (mag., cvladebis mniSvnelobebis aRricxva qronologiurad);• iyenebs saTanado wesebs sakuTari da sxvaTa usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad.bun.VII.3.moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• iyenebs sxvadasxva xerxs (diagramebs, cxrilebs, grafikebs, siebs) monacemTa warmosadgenad;• iyenebs sainformacio-sakomunikacio teqnologiebs Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi monacemebis warmosadgenad.bun.VII.4.moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• iyenebs diagramebs, cxrilebs da grafikebs monacemebs an cvladebs Soris damokidebulebis aRsawerad;8

• aanalizebs monacemebs da gamoitans daskvnebs;• adarebs daskvnebs gamoTqmul varauds;• ganixilavs dakvirvebisa da gazomvebis dros gamovlenil moulodnelobebs, cdilobs maT axsnas.mimarTuleba: cocxali samyarobun.VII.5.moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos ujredze, rogorc organizmis agebulebisa da ganviTarebiserTeulze.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• msjelobs ujredze, rogorc organizmis struqturul, funqciur da ganviTarebis elementarulerTeulze;• moipovebs informacias ilustraciebidan ujredis formis mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb (erT- da mravalujredianorganizmebSi) da akavSirebs ujredis formas mis funqciasTan;• amzadebs droebiT preparats, iyenebs sinaTlis mikroskops sxvadasxva dakvirvebisaTvis, Sedegebswarmoadgens naxatis da/an modelis saxiT, afasebs sakuTari namuSevris Zlier da sust mxareebs;• mikroskopul preparatSi an mis eleqtronul formatze amoicnobs da iTvlis ujredis sxvadasxvastruqturas (mag., birTvebis, birTvakebis, qloroplastebis raodenobas), Sedegebs warmoadgens cxrilissaxiT;• ilustraciebze an eleqtronul formatze ganarCevs prokariotul da eukariotul (mcenareuli,cxoveluri, sokos) ujredebs, asaxelebs maT msgavs da ganmasxvavebel struqturebs, Sedegebs gamosaxavsvenis diagramis saSualebiT;• ilustraciaze amoicnobs ujredis ZiriTad struqturul komponentebs da asaxelebs maT funqcias;• sxvadasxva saSualebiT (mag., sqema) gamosaxavs sicocxlis organizaciis doneebs (ujredi, qsovili,organo, organizmi) da msjelobs maT Sesaxeb.bun.VII.6.moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos cxovelTa da mcenareTa sasicocxlo cikli da daasabuTosgamravlebis biologiuri mniSvneloba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• amoicnobs (mikroskopul preparatSi, posterze an eleqtronul formatze) da aRwers cxovelebisa damcenareebis sasqeso ujredebs;• agrovebs informacias mcenaris, cxovelis usqeso da sqesobrivi gamravlebis mravalferovnebisSesaxeb; adarebs erTmaneTs gamravlebis formebs (mag., vegetatiuri, TesliT, dakvirtviT, zoosporebiT);• adarebs erTmaneTs sqesobrivi gamravlebis formebs (mag., gamravleba kvercxiT - qvewarmavali, frinveli;cocxalmSobiarobiT - ZuZumwovrebi), msjelobs maT Soris msgavseba - gansxvavebaze da mohyavs SesabamisimagaliTebi;• msjelobs gamravlebis gziT organizmebis mier Tavisive msgavsis warmoqmnis biologiur mniSvnelobaze;• moipovebs informacias da adarebs sxvadasxva organizmis sasicocxlo ciklis xangrZlivobas da etapebs(mag., erTwlovani da mravalwlovani mcenareebi, mwerebi, amfibiebi);• mohyavs zogierTi individis sasicocxlo ciklis garemosTan Seguebis magaliTebi (mag., kvercxismdebelida ”cocxalmSobiare” qvewarmavali).bun.VII.7.moswavles SeuZlia daaxasiaTos cocxali samyaros mravalferovneba, gamoiyenos klasifikaciisprincipi da imsjelos sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebaze.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• warmoadgens organizmTa erTi da imave simravlis dajgufebis ramdenime gzas, mis mier SerCeuli kriteriumebismixedviT. xsnis ama Tu im jgufis gamoyofis mizezs, akeTebs prezentacias;• moipovebs informacias erTi da imave saxeobis individebSi ama Tu im organos variaciaze (mag., mcenarisfoTlis sigrZe an sigane, nayofis masa), adarebs maT erTmaneTs da msjelobs variaciebis mravalferovnebaze;• asaxelebs organizmebis jgufebad (sokoebi, wyalmcenareebi, xavsebi, gvimrebi, yvavilovani mcenareebi)dayofis mTavar kriteriumebs;• moipovebs masalas adgilobriv garemoSi mcenareTa da cxovelTa mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb da anawilebsSesabamis taqsonomiur erTeulebSi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mixedviT (mag., naZvi, fiWvi, cacxvi -mcenareTa samefo, Sesabamisad SiSvel an farulTeslovani);• bunebaSi gasvlisas amoicnobs organizmebs savele sarkvevebis/saTanado literaturis daxmarebiT;• moipovebs informacias da aRwers cocxali samyaros samefoebs, adgens martiv genealogiur xes da9

warmoadgens sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebiT (mag., sqema, naxati);• msjelobs adamianebisaTvis mikroorganizmebis dadebiT da uaryofiT mniSvnelobaze (mag., sakvebiproduqtebis warmoeba da maTi gafuWeba/lpoba, wylis dabinZureba da gasufTaveba, kompostis warmoqmna,daavadebis gamowveva);mimarTuleba: fizikuri movlenebibun.VII.8.moswavles SeuZlia nivTierebis atomur-molekuluri struqturis aRwera.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• aRwers movlenebs, romlebic mianiSnebs nivTierebis atomur-molekulur agebulebas;• ganasxvavebs myar, Txevad da airad mdgomareobebs maTi Tvisebebisa (moculobisa da formis SenarCuneba)da atomur-molekuluri struqturis mixedviT, warmoadgens modelis saxiT;• akavSirebs nivTierebis simkvrives mis praqtikul gamoyenebasTan;• atarebs cdebs da ikvlevs difuziis movlenas siTxeebSi, gamoitans Sesabamis daskvnebs;• ikvlevs temperaturis gavlenas difuziis siCqareze, gamoitans Sesabamis daskvnebs;• akvirdeba difuziis movlenas da msjelobs misi rolis Sesaxeb bunebaSi da yofa - cxovrebaSi, asaxelebsmagaliTebs;• adekvaturad iyenebs Sesabamis cnebebs da formulebs amocanebis amosaxsnelad.bun.VII.9. moswavles SeuZlia advilad dakvirvebadi Zalebis da maTi moqmedebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb msjeloba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• CamoTvlis moZraobis magaliTebs, romlebic gamowveulia sxeulze uSualo (mag., moqaCva an biZgi) daarauSualo (mag., dedamiwis miziduloba, magnitebis urTierTqmedeba) moqmedebiT;• CamoTvlis sxeulebs Soris urTierTqmedebis damadasturebel magaliTebs;• ganmartavs veqtors da veqtorul fizikur sidides. Zalebis magaliTze ganixilavs erTi wrfis gaswvrivmimarTuli veqtorebis Sekrebas;• CamoTvlis bunebaSi arsebuli Zalebis gamovlinebis magaliTebs yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan da saubrobsmaT mniSvnelobaze;• atarebs cdebs sxvadasxva sxeulis moZraobaze dasakvirveblad, aRwers da sqematurad gamosaxavs maszemoqmed Zalebs (simZimis, xaxunis, drekadobis, amomgdebi Zalebi);• atarebs cdebs, gamoaqvs Sesabamisi daskvnebi da raodenobrivad ayalibebs hukis kanons;• cdebis saSualebiT akvirdeba sxeulTa tivtivs, curvas, CaZirvas. Sedegebs aanalizebs da raodenobrivadayalibebs arqimedes kanons;• zomavs sxeulebis moculobasa da simkvrives arqimedes kanonis gamoyenebiT;• akavSirebs amomgdebi da winaaRmdegobis Zalebis moqmedebas organizmebis curvasTan;• konkretuli amocanis gadasawyvetad (mag., xaxunis Zalis gazrda an Semcireba, amomgdebi Zalis Secvla)qmnis da warmoadgens SesaZlo sqemas an models;• adekvaturad iyenebs Sesabamis cnebebs, kanonebs da formulebs amocanebis amosaxsnelad.bun.VII.10. moswavles SeuZlia wnevis daxasiaTeba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• atarebs cdebs sxeulTa mier warmoebul wnevaze dasakvirveblad, monacemebs aanalizebs da gamoitansSesabamis daskvnebs;• qmnis models da praqtikuli amocanebis gadasaWrelad msjelobs sxeulis mier warmoebuli wnevisSemcirebis an gazrdis aucileblobaze, CamoTvlis magaliTebs;• atarebs cdebs (qmnis modelebs) da akvirdeba siTxeebsa da airebSi wnevis ganawilebas. dakvirvebisSedegebs aanalizebs da gamoitans Sesabamis daskvnebs;• CamoTvlis paskalis kanonis gamoyenebis magaliTebs teqnikidan da yofa-cxovrebidan;• amzadebs martiv models da xsnis ziarWurWlis moqmedebis princips;• atarebs cdebs atmosferuli wnevis moqmedebis gamosavlenad, aanalizebs da gamoitans Sesabamisdaskvnebs;• msjelobs wnevis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb organizmis garemosTan SeguebulobaSi;• adekvaturad iyenebs Sesabamis cnebebs, kanonebs da formulebs amocanebis amosaxsnelad.10

mimarTuleba: qimiuri movlenebibun.VII.11. moswavles SeuZlia martivi qimiuri reaqciebis aRwera.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• cdis procesSi akvirdeba fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebis garegnul niSnebs, monacemebs warmoadgenscxrilis saxiT da msjelobs maT (fizikur da qimiur movlenebs) Soris gansxvavebis Sesaxeb;• cdebis safuZvelze msjelobs fizikuri movlenebis (mag., nivTierebaTa wyalSi gaxsna, formis Secvla,agregatuli mdgomareobis Secvla) dros masis ucvlelobis Sesaxeb. gamoitans saTanado daskvnas;• atarebs cdebs nivTierebebis fizikuri da qimiuri cvlilebebis (mag., agregatuli mdgomareobisSecvla, formis Secvla, nivTierebis gaxsna, airis gamoyofa, feris Secvla) gamosakvlevad da msjelobs amcvlilebebis gamomwvev mizezebze (mag., gacxeleba, Sereva, dawva, meqanikuri zemoqmedeba);• atarebs cdebs da akvirdeba qimiuri reaqciebis Sedegad axali nivTierebebis warmoqmnas;• ikvlevs mJavaTa monawileobiT mimdinare martiv reaqciebs, romelTa erT-erTi produqti gazia;• CamoTvlis wvisa da Jangvis magaliTebs yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan da msjelobs maT xelSemwyob faqtorebze;ikvlevs haeris rols sanTlis wvis procesSi;• aRwers wvas, rogorc qimiur reaqcias, romelSic monawileobs gazi, haeri an Jangbadi da miiReba wyalida naxSirorJangi;• atarebs da aRwers “cisartyelas reaqcias” (sarecxi sodis, natriumis karbonatis xsnarze marilmJavasada universaluri indikatoris moqmedeba);• iyenebs Sesabamis terminologias, CamoTvlis da aRwers fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebis magaliTebs,qimiur movlenebs gamosaxavs sqematurad/sityvierad (mag., naxSirbadi + Jangbadi = naxSirorJangi);• icavs qimiuri nivTierebebis ganTavsebis, maTTan muSaobis usafrTxoebis wesebs, amoicnobs gamafrTxilebelniSnebs (mag., advilad aalebadi, feTqebadi, radioaqtiuri) qimiuri reaqtivis WurWlis etiketze.bun.VII.12.moswavles SeuZlia fuZeebisa da mJavebis gansxvaveba maTi Tvisebebis mixedviT.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• asaxelebs laboratoriaSi arsebul mJavebsa da tuteebs (mag., marilmJava, natriumis tute);• asaxelebs yofa-cxovrebaSi mJavebis gamoyenebis magaliTebs (mag., Zmari, limonmJava, xilis wveni,wamlebi, sarecxi saSualebebi);• atarebs martiv cdebs mJavebisa da fuZeebis gamoyenebiT, ganasxvavebs maT Tvisebebs;• iyenebs indikatorebsa da pH-is skalas fuZe, mJava da neitraluri xsnarebis amosacnobad; aRwersxsnaris pH-is cvlilebas neitralizaciis procesSi.bun.VII.13.moswavles SeuZlia xsnarebis Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb msjeloba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:• atarebs cdebs da ganasxvavebs nivTierebebs wyalSi xsnadobis mixedviT;• gansazRvravs zogierTi narevis komponentebs, (mag., zRvis wyali Sedgeba wylisagan, romelSic gaxsniliamarili da sxva myari nivTiereba);• aRwers narevisgan komponentebis gamoyofis romelime xerxs (mag., distilireba, aorTqleba/kondensireba,qromatografia). CamoTvlis wylis bunebrivi gafiltvris magaliTebs;• agrovebs informacias bunebrivi wylis dabinZurebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb, gamoTqvams varauds wylisdabinZurebis Tavidan acilebis gzebze;• CamoTvlis xsnarebis magaliTebs da msjelobs maTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb bunebasa da adamianis cxovrebaSi;• cdebis safuZvelze adgens, rom xsnaris masa gamxsnelisa da gasaxsneli nivTierebebis masebis jamistolia (mag., Tu 5 g marils gaxsnian 200g wyalSi, miRebuli xsnaris masa iqneba 205 g);• ganasxvavebs da amzadebs ujer da najer xsnarebs;• gegmavs, atarebs cdas da adgens nivTierebaTa gaxsnis procesze moqmed faqtorebs (mag., temperatura,gamxsnelisa da gaxsnili nivTierebis raoba da masa, nawilakTa zoma, moreva). Sedegebs warmoadgens cxrilissaxiT.11

programis Sinaarsicocxali samyaroujrediujredi – elementaruli cocxali sistema. ujredis ZiriTadi komponentebi: citoplazma da birTvi.organoidebi (mag., plastidebi, qloroplastebi). plazmuri membrana da ujredis kedeli. prokariotulida eukariotuli (mcenareuli, cxoveluri da sokos) ujredebi. mikroskopi – optikuri xelsawyo; mikroskopzemuSaobis principi. martivi mikroskopuli preparatebis (mag., mcenareuli masala, sisxli) damzadebisxerxebi. ujredis gayofa.organizmTa gamravlebagamravleba – organizmTa ZiriTadi Tviseba, sicocxlis uwyvetobis uzrunvelyofis procesi. mcenarisada cxovelis gamravlebis formebi (usqeso da sqesobrivi) da sasicocxlo cikli (romelime konkretuliindividis magaliTze). ganayofiereba cxovelebSi (sasqeso ujredebis agebuleba).ganayofiereba yvavilovan mcenareebSi (gamartivebuli sqemiT). cxovelTa ganviTareba (gamartivebulisqemiT ganviTarebis embrionuli da postembrionuli periodi).klasifikaciacocxal organizmTa dajgufeba (klasifikacia) da taqsonomiur erTeulebSi gaerTianebis safuZvlebi.virusebi (araujreduli formebi).monerebi (baqteriebi da cianobaqteriebi). protistebi (umartivesebi; erTujrediani da mravalujredianiwyalmcenareebi). sokoebi. mcenareebi (xavsnairebi; gvimranairebi; SiSvelTeslovnebi; farulTeslovnebi).cxovelebi (nawlavRruianebi; Wiebi; moluskebi; fexsaxsrianebi; Tevzebi; amfibiebi; qvewarmavlebi;frinvelebi; ZuZumwovrebi). saqarTvelos wiTel nusxasa da wiTel wignSi Setanili zogierTi saxeobebi.fizikuri movlenebinivTierebis atomur-molekuluri struqtura.airebis, siTxeebisa da myari sxeulebis Tvisebebi da atomur-molekuluri struqtura.difuzia. difuzia airebSi, siTxeebsa da myar sxeulebSi. temperaturis gavlena difuziaze.brounis moZraoba.masa, masis erTeuli.nivTierebis simkvrive, simkvrivis erTeuli.moculobis gazomva menzuris gamoyenebiT. masis gazomva sasworiT.sxeulTa urTierTqmedeba: uSualo (moqaCva, biZgi) da manZilze urTierTqmedeba (magnituri da gravitaciuli).Zala, rogorc veqtori. erTi wrfis gaswvriv moqmedi Zalebis Sekreba.dinamometri, Zalis gazomva, Zalis erTeuli-niutonisimZimis, xaxunis, drekadobis Zalebi, hukis kanoni. sixiste.xaxunis koeficienti.wneva. wnevis erTeuli. airis wneva. wneva siTxeebSi, paskalis kanoni. hidrostatikuri wneva. ziarWurWeli.hidravlikuri manqana. atmosferuli wneva, toriCelis cda. barometri, manometri.amomgdebi Zala, arqimedes kanoni. sxeulTa tivtivi, curva, CaZirva.qimiuri movlenebifuZeebi, mJavebi da maTi gamoyeneba yofa-cxovrebaSi. mJavebisa da fuZeebis amocnoba da maTi Sedareba.warmodgena neitralizaciis reaqciaze. neitralizaciis reaqciis mniSvneloba yofa-cxovrebaSi (saWmlismonelebis moSlis mkurnaloba, mJava wvima, niadagis movla da sxv.).warmodgena qimiur reaqciaze. reaqcia mJavebsa da metalebs Soris. reaqcia mJavebsa da karbonatebsSoris. wva, haerze an JangbadSi nivTierebaTa wvis Sedegebi, nivTierebebis wvis pirobebi. wiaRiseuli sawvaviswvis produqtebi. sanTlis wvis procesze dakvirveba.myari nivTierebebis gaxsna siTxeSi. xsnaris komponentebi. bunebrivi narevebi. ujeri da najeri xsnarebi.bunebaSi arsebuli marilebi. narevebis dayofa komponentebad: distilireba, aorTqleba/kondensireba,gafiltvra, warmodgena qromatografiaze.12

4. saaTebis ganawilebis savaraudo sqemasabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis safuZvlebi, VII klasi, 108 sTfizika qimia biologia33+3 33+3 33+3moswavlis wignSi da rveulSi mocemuli gakveTilebissaaTobrivi ganawilebamoswavlis wignSimoswavlis rveulSifizika 14 gakveTils daeTmos 24sT 9sTqimia 10 gakveTils daeTmos 20 sT 15sTbiologia 23 gakveTils daeTmos 27 sT 6sT13

5. miznebis ruka – gakveTilebis saswavlo miznebisSesabamisoba standartTanSesavaligakveTili gakveTilis saswavlo mizani standartTanSesabamisobabunebismetyvelebissagani, fizikurisidideebiskalari da veqtoribunebismetyvelebislaboratoriaSi arsebulizogierTi xelsawyoda muSaobis wesiusafrTxoebis dacvarogor xdeba bunebrivimovlenebis Seswavlamonacemebis gamosaxvacxrilis da diagramebissaxiTvenis diagramamoswavlem SeZlos bunebaSi mimdinare movlenebze dakvirvebisasawarmoos sxvadasxva gazomviTi saqmianobebi,aRricxos monacemebi da drois, sigrZisa da masis sazomierTeulebi warmoadginos `SI~ sistemiT.moswavlem SeZlos bunebaSi mimdinare movlenebze dakvirvebisasawarmoos sxvadasxva gazomviTi saqmianobebi,aRricxos monacemebi da drois, sigrZisa da masissazomi erTeulebi warmoadginos `SI~ sistemiT.moswavlem SeZlos imsjelos, dakvirvebisas rogorawarmoos sxvadasxva gazomviTi saqmianobebi, aRricxosmonacemebi daicvas xlsawyoebis gamoyenebis dausafrTxoebis wesebi.moswavlem SeZlos Sesabamisi masalis, aRWurvilobisda masalebis gamoyenebiT Caataros dagegmili cdebiusafrTxoebis wesebis dacviT.moswavlem SeZlos kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva. daakvirdes, gazomos, gamoiyenosinformaciul-sakomunikacio saSualebebi monacemebissaTanado sizustiT registrirebisTvis (mag.,cvladebis mniSvnelobebis aRricxva qronologiurad).moswavlem SeZlos kvlevis miznis Camoyalibeba da kvlevismiznis Sesabamisad mosazrebebis gamoTqma, aqtivobisdagegmva, saTanado xelsawyoebis SerCeva, monacemTaSegrovebis gzis arCeva, mudmivi da cvladi parametrebisgarCeva, saTanado aRricxvis formebis SerCeva /wakiTxva/analizi; SeZlos daskvnis gamotanamoswavlem SeZlos monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.gamoiyenos diagramebi, cxrilebi da grafikebi monacemebsan cvladebs Soris damokidebulebis aRsawerad.bun.VII.1bun.VII.2bun.VII.1bun.VII.2bun.VII.2bun.VII.3bun.VII.1bun.VII.2bun.VII.1bun.VII.4bun.VII.4fizikagakveTilinivTiereba Sedgebaatomebis damolekulebisagannivTierebis myari,Txevadi da airadimdgomareobebimodelireba. proeqtinivTierebis simkvrive;simkvrivispraqtikuli mniSvnelobagakveTilis saswavlo mizani erovnuli saswavlo gegmissagnobrivi programis mixedviTmoswavlem SeZlos imsjelos nivTierebis atomur-molekulur agebulebaze;ganixilos magaliTebi, romelic molekulebis da atomebis mcirezomebze miuTiTebs, aRweros sxvadasxva nivTierebis modelebi. ganuvi-Tardes saazrovno, komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi.moswavlem SeZlos ganasxvaos myari, Txevadi da airadi mdgomareobebimaTi Tvisebebisa (moculobisa da formis SenarCuneba) da atomurmolekuluristruqturis mixedviT. ganuviTardes saazrovno, komunikaciisunar-Cvevebi.moswavlem SeZlos Seqmnas da warmoadginos molekulis modelebi. ganuviTardessaazrovno, komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi.moswavlem SeZlos daakavSiros nivTierebis simkvrive mis praqtikulgamoyenebasTan; adekvaturad gamoiyenos Sesabamisi cnebebi da formulebiamocanebis amosaxsnelad. ganuviTardes saazrovno, komunikaciisunar-Cvevebi.standartTanSesabamisobabun.VII.8bun.VII.8bun.VII.8bun.VII.814

difuziamoswavlem SeZlos praqtikul magaliTebze dayrdnobiT ganixilosdifuziis movlena siTxeebSi, gamoitanos Sesabamisi daskvnebi;gaaanalizos temperaturis gavlena difuziis siCqareze, gamoitanosSesabamisi daskvnebi;daakvirdes difuziis movlenas da imsjelos misi rolis Sesaxeb bunebaSida yofa-cxovrebaSi, daasaxelos magaliTebi. ganuviTardes saazrovno,komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi.bun.VII.8Zala da misigazomvasimZimis da xaxunisZaladrekadobis Zala;hukis kanoniwneva; wnevisgadacemamoswavlem SeZlos CamoTvalos moZraobis magaliTebi, romlebicgamowveulia sxeulze uSualo (mag., moqaCva an biZgi) da arauSualo(mag., dedamiwis miziduloba, magnitebis urTierTqmedeba) moqmedebiT;ganmartos veqtori da veqtoruli fizikuri sidide. Zalebis magaliTzeganixilos erTi wrfis gaswvriv mimarTuli veqtorebis Sekreba. ganuvi-Tardes saazrovno, komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi.moswavlem SeZlos CamoTvalos bunebaSi arsebuli Zalebis gamovlinebismagaliTebi/ yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan/ da isaubros maT mniSvnelobaze;Caataros cdebi sxvadasxva sxeulis moZraobaze dasakvirveblad, aRwerosda sqematurad gamosaxos masze moqmedi Zalebi (simZimis, xaxunis,drekadobis, amomgdebi Zalebi); ganuviTardes saazrovno, komunikaciisunar-Cvevebi.moswavlem SeZlos Caataros cdebi, gamoitanos Sesabamisi daskvnebi daraodenobrivad Camoayalibos hukis kanoni. ganuviTardes saazrovno,komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi.moswavlem SeZlos awarmoos sxeulTa mier warmoebul wnevaze dakvirveba,monacemebi gaaanalizos da gamoitanos Sesabamisi daskvna. adekvaturadgamoiyenos Sesabamisi cnebebi, kanonebi da formulebi amocanebisamosaxsnelad. ganuviTardes saazrovno, komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi.bun.VII.9bun.VII.9bun.VII.9bun.VII.10paskalis kanonimoswavlem SeZlos CamoTvalos paskalis kanonis gamoyenebis magaliTebiteqnikidan da yofa-cxovrebidan; ganuviTardes saazrovno, komunikaciisunar-Cvevebi.bun.VII.10wneva siTxeebSi.ziarWurWelipaskalis kanonipraqtikaSisiTxisa da airismoqmedeba maTSiCaZirul sxeulebze.atmosferuliwnevaarqimedes kanoni.sxeulebis curvamoswavlem SeZlos daamzados martivi modeli da axsnas ziarWurWlismoqmedebis principi; adekvaturad gamoiyenos Sesabamisi cnebebi,kanonebi da formulebi amocanebis amosaxsnelad. ganuviTardes saazrovno,komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi.moswavlem SeZlos CamoTvalos paskalis kanonis gamoyenebis magaliTebiteqnikidan da yofa-cxovrebidan; adekvaturad gamoiyenos Sesabamisicnebebi, kanonebi da formulebi amocanebis amosaxsnelad. ganuvi-Tardes saazrovno, komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi.moswavlem SeZlos ganixilos atmosferuli wnevis moqmedebis magaliTebi;gaaanalizos da gamoitanos Sesabamisi daskvnebi; imsjelos wnevismniSvnelobis Sesaxeb organizmis garemosTan SeguebulobaSi; ganuvi-Tardes saazrovno, komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi.moswavlem SeZlos ganixilos magaliTebi: sxeulTa tivtivis, curvis,CaZirvis da Sedegebi gaanalizos da raodenobrivad Camoayalibos arqimedeskanoni, gazomos sxeulebis moculoba da simkvrive arqimedeskanonis gamoyenebiT; daakavSiros amomgdebi da winaaRmdegobis Zalebismoqmedeba organizmebis curvasTan; ganuviTardes saazrovno, komunikaciisunar-Cvevebi.bun.VII.10bun.VII.10bun.VII.9bun.VII.915

moswavlis rveuli (fizikis nawili)gakveTilicdis saswavlo mizani erovnuli saswavlo gegmissagnobrivi programis mixedviTstandartTanSesabamisobadakvirveba molekulebs Sorismoqmed mizidvis da ganzidvisZalebzekvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas: ra bunebisaasxvadasxva nivTierebebis molekulebs Soris moqmediZalebibun.VII.8dakvirveba airebSi difuziisproceszekvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas – ra TaviseburebebiTxasiaTdeba difuzia airebSi da siTxeebSi?bun.VII.8dakvirveba magnitur Zalazekvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas: rogor moqmedebsmagnituri Zala sxvadasxva sxeulze?bun.VII.9dakvirveba xaxunis Zalazekvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas:ra da ra faqtorebzea damokidebuli xaxunis Zala?bun.VII.9dakvirveba drekadobis Zalazekvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas:rogoria gareSe Zalisa da deformaciis sididisdamokidebuleba?bun.VII.9dakvirveba wnevazekvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas:rogoraa damokidebuli wneva sayrden farTobze?bun.VII.9dakvirveba atmosferul wnevaze`Zunwi boTli”kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas:rogor moqmedebs atmosferuli wneva siTxis zedapirze?bun.VII.9dakvirveba atmosferul wnevaze`saSineli xeli~kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas:rogor moqmedebs daxurul WurWelSi narCeni atmosferuliwneva?bun.VII.9dakvirveba siTxeSi CaZirulsxeulzekvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas:ras udris siTxeSi CaZirul sxeulze moqmedi amomgdebiZala?bun.VII.916

qimia moswavlis wignigakveTiligakveTilis saswavlo mizani erovnuli saswavlogegmis sagnobrivi programis mixedviTstandartTanSesabamisobaqimia – bunebismetyvelebisnawilimoswavlem SeZlos isaubros, ratom aris qimia sabunebismetyvelomecniereba; imsjelos nivTierebebze, maT gardaqmnebze daam gardaqmnebis Tanmxleb movlenebze;bun.VII.11.movlenebiqimiuri reaqciis niSnebida pirobebiwva da JangvanivTierebis masis mudmivobiskanoniwylis mniSvneloba sicocxlisaTvisxsnarebixsnadobamJava,fuZe da indikatori.moswavlem imsjelos fizikuri movlenebis (mag., nivTierebaTawyalSi gaxsna, formis Secvla, agregatuli mdgomareobisSecvla) Sesaxeb. gamoitanos saTanado daskvna;praqtikuli magaliTebis safuZvelze imsjelos nivTierebebisfizikuri da qimiuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb (mag., agregatulimdgomareobis Secvla, formis Secvla, nivTierebis gaxsna,airis gamoyofa, feris Secvla). imsjelos am cvlilebebisgamomwvev mizezebze (mag., gacxeleba, Sereva, dawva, meqanikurizemoqmedeba);moswavlem SeZlos ganixilos fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebisgaregnuli niSnebi (mag., agregatuli mdgomareobis Secvla,formis Secvla, nivTierebis gaxsna, airis gamoyofa, ferisSecvla), gaaanalizos am cvlilebebis gamomwvevi mizezebi (mag.,gacxeleba, Sereva, dawva, meqanikuri zemoqmedeba);moswavlem SeZlos CamoTvalos wvisa da Jangvis magaliTebiyoveldRiuri cxovrebidan da imsjelos maT xelSemwyob faqtorebze;gamoikvlios haeris roli sanTlis wvis procesSi;aRweros wva, rogorc qimiur reaqcia, romelSic monawileobsairi, haeri an Jangbadi da miiReba wyali da naxSirorJangi;moswavlem SeZlos gamoiyenos Sesabamisi terminologia,CamoTvalos da aRweros fizikuri da qimiuri movlenebis magaliTebi,qimiuri movlenebi gamosaxos sqematurad/sityvierad(mag., wyali = Jangbadi + wyalbadi; naxSirbadi + Jangbadi =naxSirorJangi); gaaanalizos, rom masis mudmivobis kanonisamarTliania nebismieri qimiuri reaqciisaTvis;moswavlem SeZlos aRweros narevisgan komponentebis gamoyofisromelime xerxi (mag., distilireba, aorTqleba/kondensireba,qromatografia). CamoTvalos wylis bunebrivi gafiltvrismagaliTebi;moswavlem SeZlos imsjelos xsnarebze –ra aris xsnari, rogormiiReba xsnari, rogori saxisaa xsnarebi; CamoTvalos xsnarebismagaliTebi da imsjelos xsnarebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb bunebasada adamianis cxovrebaSi; gaaanalizos, rom xsnaris masagamxsnelisa da gasaxsneli nivTierebebis masebis jamis tolia(mag., Tu 5 g marils gaxsnian 200 g wyalSi, miRebuli xsnarismasa iqneba 205 g);moswavlem SeZlos imsjelos xsnarebze; ganmartos, ra arisnajeri da ujeri xsnarebi, axsnas, ra aris xsnadoba da moiyvanosmagaliTebi, rogor moqmedebs xsnadobaze wneva da temperatura;moswavlem SeZlos ganixilos yofa-cxovrebaSi mJavebis gamoyenebismagaliTebi (mag., Zmari, limonmJava, xilis wveni, wamlebi,sarecxi saSualebebi);flobdes informacias indikatorebisa da pH-is skalis Sesaxeb– fuZe, mJava da neitraluri xsnarebis amosacnobad;bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.13bun.VII.13bun.VII.13bun.VII.12.neitralizaciis reaqciamoswavlem SeZlos ganixilos mJavebsa da fuZeebs Soris mimdinareneitralizaciis reaqcia. ganixilos sxvadasxva pirobebSipH-is cvlilebaze orientirebuli reaqciebi.bun.VII.1217

moswavlis rveuli (qimiis nawili)gakveTilinivTierebis cvlilebanivTierebis TvisebebinivTierebis Tvisebebiscvlilebaqimiuri reaqciis niSnebicdis saswavlo mizani erovnuli saswavlo gegmissagnobrivi programis mixedviTmoswavlem cdisas awarmoos dakvirveba da dakvirvebis SedegebzedayrdnobiT gaakeTos daskvna, rom nivTierebis Serevas xanaxlavs da xan ar axlavs xiluli niSnebi. iyenebs Sesabamis masalasan/da aRWurvilobas da atarebs dagegmil cdas usafrTxoebiswesebis dacviT;moswavlem cdisas awarmoos dakvirveba da dakvirvebis SedegebzedayrdnobiT gaakeTos daskvna, rom nivTiereba SaqarmaTvisebebi SeinarCuna. iyenebs Sesabamis masalas an/da aRWurvilobasda atarebs dagegmil cdas usafrTxoebis wesebis dacviT;moswavlem cdisas awarmoos dakvirveba da dakvirvebis SedegebzedayrdnobiT gaakeTos daskvna, rom Saqris dawva aris qimiurimovlena. iyenebs Sesabamis masalas an/da aRWurvilobas daatarebs dagegmil cdas usafrTxoebis wesebis dacviT;moswavlem cdisas awarmoos dakvirveba da dakvirvebis SedegebzedayrdnobiT gaakeTos daskvna, rom naTeba, feris cvlileba,sunis gamoyofa, airis gamoyofa, naleqis warmoqmna aris qimiurimovlenis Tanmxlebi xiluli niSnebi da SeuZlia imsjelosam cvlilebebis gamomwvev mizezebze (mag., gacxeleba, Sereva,dawva, meqanikuri zemoqmedeba);Jangbadi moswavlem cdisas awarmoos dakvirveba da dakvirvebis SedegebzedayrdnobiT gaakeTos daskvna, haerSi aris Jangbadi,romelic xels uwyobs wvasa da Jangvas http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuG5WTId-IYnaxSirorJangisanTlis wvaaxali nivTierebis miRebamasis mudmivobis kanonixsnarigaxsnis procesze moqmedifaqtorebis gamokvlevabunebrivi nayenis indikatoruliTvisebebisgamokvlevaPH skalismJava wvimebimJavis urTierTqmedebakalciumis karbonatzemoswavlem cdisas awarmoos dakvirveba da dakvirvebis SedegebzedayrdnobiT gaakeTos daskvna, rom naxSirorJangi xelsuSlis wvas. iyenebs Sesabamis masalas an/da aRWurvilobas daatarebs dagegmil cdas usafrTxoebis wesebis dacviT;moswavlem cdisas awarmoos dakvirveba da dakvirvebis SedegebzedayrdnobiT aRweros wva, rogorc qimiuri reaqcia,romelSic monawileobs gazi, haeri an Jangbadi da miiReba wyalida naxSirorJangi;moswavlem Caataros cda da daakvirdes qimiuri reaqciebisSedegad axali nivTierebebis warmoqmnas;iyenebs Sesabamis masalas an/da aRWurvilobas da atarebsdagegmil cdas usafrTxoebis wesebis dacviT;moswavlem Catarebuli cdis safuZvelze daaskvnas, ra gziTSeiZleba marilis wyalxsnaridan gamoyos marili da cdis monacemebzedayrdnobiT daasabuTos;moswavlem Catarebuli cdebis da sakuTari gamocdilebis SedegebzedayrdnobiT aRweros nivTierebaTa gaxsnis proceszemoqmedi faqtorebi (mag., temperatura, gamxsnelisa da gaxsnilinivTierebis raoba da masa, nawilakTa zoma, moreva). Sedegebiwarmoadgenos cxrilis saxiT.moswavlem cdisas awarmoos dakvirveba da dakvirvebis SedegebzedayrdnobiT aRweros indikatorebi da pH-is skala fuZe,mJava da neitraluri xsnarebis amosacnobad; aRweros xsnarispH-is cvlileba neitralizaciis procesSi.moswavlem SeZlos indikatorebisa da pH-is skalis fuZe, mJavada neitraluri xsnarebis amosacnobad; aRweros xsnaris pH-iscvlileba neitralizaciis procesSi.Caataros martivi cdebi mJavebisa da fuZeebis gamoyenebiT,ganasxvavebs maT Tvisebebs;Caataros martivi cdebi mJavebisa da marilebis gamoyenebiT,ganasxvavebs maT Tvisebebs;standartTanSesabamisobabun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.bun.VII.11.18

iologiagakveTilierT da mravalujredianiorganizmebiujredi – qsovili – organo– organizmiujredi ganapirobebs organizmisfunqcias da ganviTarebas.mcenareuli ujredisokos da cxoveluriujrediumartivesebi da sxvaprotistebibaqteriebi, arqebaqteriebi,cianobaqteriebisamefoebi. araujreduliagebulebis organizmebiZuZumwovrebis klasiqvewarmavlebis klasifrinvelebis klasiamfibiebis da Tevzebisklasiuxerxemlo cxovelebi.fexsaxsrianebisxva uxerxemlo cxovelebisaxeobagakveTilis saswavlo mizani erovnuli saswavlogegmis sagnobrivi programis mixedviTmoswavlem SeZlos imsjelos ujredze, rogorc organizmiserTeulze; moipovos informacia ilustraciebidan ujredisformis mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb (erT- da mravalujredianorganizmebSi);moswavlem SeZlos imsjelos da sxvadasxva saSualebebiT gamosaxossicocxlis organizaciis doneebi: ujredi, qsovili,organo, organizmi;moswavlem SeZlos imsjelos ujredze, rogorc organizmisstruqturul, funqciur da ganviTarebis elementarulerTeulze;mowavlem SeZlos mikrofotografiaze amoicnos da daTvalosujredis struqturuli komponentebi; imsjelos ujredisstruqturuli komponentebis funqciebze;mowavlem SeZlos ilustraciebze an eleqtronul formatzeganarCios prokariotuli da eukariotuli (mcenareuli, cxoveluri,sokos) ujredebi, daasaxelos maTi msgavsi da ganmasxvavebelistruqturebi, Sedegebi gamosaxos venis diagramis saSualebiT;mowavlem SeZlos ilustraciebze an eleqtronul formatzeganarCios protistebi. daasaxelos maTi msgavsi da ganmasxvavebelistruqturebi, Sedegebi gamosaxos sqemis diagramis saSualebiT;mowavlem SeZlos ilustraciebze an eleqtronul formatzeganarCios prokariotebi baqteriebi, arqebaqteriebi, cianobaqteriebi.aRweros da imsjelos maTze;mowavlem SeZlos aRweros cocxali samyaros samefoebi; Seadginosmartivi klasifikaciis sqema da es sqema gamoiyenos, rogorcsarkvevi;mowavlem SeZlos aRweros cocxali samyaros samefoebi; cxovelTasamefo, ZuZumwovrebis klasi .. imsjelos maTze damaxasiaTebeliniSnebis mixedviTmowavlem SeZlos aRweros cocxali samyaros samefoebi; cxovelTasamefo, qvewarmavlebis klasi. imsjelos maTze damaxasiaTebeliniSnebis mixedviT;mowavlem SeZlos aRweros cocxali samyaros samefoebi; cxovelTasamefo, frinvelebis klasi. imsjelos maTze damaxasiaTebeliniSnebis mixedviT;mowavlem SeZlos aRweros cocxali samyaros samefoebi; cxovelTasamefo, amfibiebis da Tevzebis klasi. imsjelos maTzedamaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mixedviT;mowavlem SeZlos aRweros cocxali samyaros samefoebi;imsjelos fexsaxsrianebze /obobasnairebi, mwerebi, kibosnairebi,sxva fexsaxsrianebi/ maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebismixedviT;mowavlem SeZlos aRweros cocxali samyaros samefoebi;imsjelos rbiltanianebze maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebismixedviT;moswavlem SeZlos daaxasiaTos cocxali samyaros mravalferovneba,gamoiyenos klasifikaciis principi da imsjelossxvadasxva jgufebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebaze;standartTanSesabamisobabun.VII.5bun.VII.5bun.VII.5bun.VII.5bun.VII.5bun.VII.5bun.VII.5bun.VII.7bun.VII.6bun.VII.7bun.VII.6bun.VII.7bun.VII.6bun.VII.7bun.VII.6bun.VII.7bun.VII.7bun.VII.7bun.VII.719

sqesobrivi da usqeso gamravlebasruli da arasrulimetamorfoziprotistebis, monerebisgamravleba. ujredisgayofamcenareTa klasifikaciamcenareebis gamravlebavegetaturi gamravlebawiTel wignSi Setanilicocxali organizmebierT da mravalujredianiorganizmebimoswavlem SeZlos Seagrovos informacia mcenaris, cxovelisusqeso da sqesobrivi gamravlebis mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb;Seadaros erTmaneTs gamravlebis formebi (mag., vegetatiuri,TesliT, dakvirtviT, zoosporebiT); Seadaros erTmaneTs sqesobrivigamravlebis formebi (mag., gamravleba kvercxiT – qvewarmavali,frinveli; cocxalmSobiarobiT – ZuZumwovrebi),msjelobs maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebaze da mohyavs SesabamisimagaliTebi;moswavlem SeZlos moipovos informacia da Seadaros sxvadasxvaorganizmis sasicocxlo cikls zogierTi individis sasicocxlociklis garemosTan Seguebis magaliTebi;moswavlem SeZlos imsjelos gamravlebis gziT organizmebismier Tavisive msgavsis warmoqmnis biologiur mniSvnelobaze;moswavlem SeZlos imsjelos mcenareTa mravalferovnebis Sesaxebda gaanawilos isini Sesabamis taqsonomiur erTeulebSidamaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mixedviT (mag., naZvi, fiWvi, cacxvi –mcenareTa samefo, Sesabamisad SiSvel an farulTeslovani);moswavlem SeZlos imsjelos mcenaris sqesobrivi gamravlebismravalferovnebis Sesaxeb; Seadaros erTmaneTs sqesobrivi gamravlebisformebi; imsjelos gamravlebis gziT organizmebismier Tavisive msgavsis warmoqmnis biologiur mniSvnelobaze;moswavlem SeZlos imsjelos mcenaris vegetatiuri gamravlebisSesaxeb; adarebs erTmaneTs vegetatiuri gamravlebis formebi;imsjelos gamravlebis gziT organizmebis mier Tavisive msgavsiswarmoqmnis biologiur mniSvnelobaze;moswavlem SeZlos daaxasiaTos cocxali samyaros mravalferovnebada imsjelos maTi dacvis aucileblobazemoipovos informacia ilustraciebidan ujredis formis mravalferovnebisSesaxeb (erT- da mravalujredian organizmebSi)da daakavSiros ujredis forma mis funqciasTan;bun.VII.7bun.VII.6bun.VII.6bun.VII.6bun.VII.6bun.VII.6bun.VII.7.bun.VII.5moswavlis rveuli (biologiis nawili)gakveTilidakvirveba mcenaris foTlisagebulebazedakvirveba mcenaris sxvadasxvaorganos agebulebazepigmentebis aRmoCena mcenarisfoTolSidakvirveba baqteriebiscxovelqmedebis pirobebzedakvirveba ZuZumwovrebiskbilebze, kvleva 1.aqlemis Segueba saarsebogaremosTanTevzis Seguebuloba wyalSigadaadgilebasTandakvirveba mcenareTa Teslisda foTlis mravalferovnebazegakveTilis saswavlo mizani erovnuli saswavlogegmis sagnobrivi programis mixedviTkvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas: ras niSnavs ujreduliagebuleba?kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas: foTlis garda mcenarissxva organoebsac aqvT ujreduli agebuleba?kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces SekiTxvas: aris Tu ara mwvaneferis foTolSi mwvanes garda sxva feris pigmentebic?kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas: aqvs Tu ara mniSvnelobagaremos temperaturas baqteriebis aqtivobisaTvis?kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas: rogori formis kbilebiaqvT ZuZumwovrebs da ra mniSvneloba aqvs kbilebis gansxvavebulformas?kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces SekiTxvas: raSi gamoixateba aqlemisSeguebuloba qviSnarSi gadaadgilebasTan?kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas: ratom icvleba wyalSiTevzis sxeulis mdebareoba sacurao buStis airiT gavsebisda airisgan daclis SemTxvevaSi?kvlevam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas: gansxvavdeba Tu aramcenareebi Teslis da foTlis garegnuli maxasiaTeblebiT?standartTTanSesabamisobabun.VII.5bun.VII.5bun.VII.7bun.VII.5bun.VII.13bun.VII.5bun.VII.5bun.VII.6bun.VII.5bun.VII.7bun.VII.6bun.VII.5bun.VII.720

6. rekomendaciebirekomendaciebi Temaze – Sefaseba1. ra aris Sefasebis mizani?axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmis Seqmnam miSvnelovani cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. maT Soris upirvelesiaris is, rom `saganmanaTleblo procesis centrSi dgas moswavle, misi ganviTarebis procesi da mis miermiRweuli Sedegi. Sedegze orientireba gulisxmobs moswavlisaTvis miwodebuli informaciis ara mxoloddamaxsovrebas, aramed am informaciis myar, dinamikur da funqciur codnad gardaqmnas~.orientacia TiToeul moswavlesa da Sedegze Tvisobrivad cvlis Sefasebis sistemasac. Sefasebis saSualebiTganisazRvreba im saswavlo Sedegebis miRwevis xarisxi, romlebic sagnobrivi programis standartiTaris gaTvaliswinebuli.Sefaseba aris raime sagnis, movlenis, procesis an vinmes Sesabamisobis / mimarTebis dadgena winaswargansazRvrul niSan-TvisebebTan (kriteriumebTan). Sefasebis mizania imis garkveva, Tu ramdenad kargadaswavlis maswavlebeli da ramdenad kargad swavloben moswavleebi. kerZod, Sefasebas aqvs Semdegi ZiriTadimiznebi:(1) moswavlis swavlis xelSewyoba;(2) moswavlis Zlieri da susti mxareebis gamovlena;(3) swavlebis konkretuli meTodikis efeqtianobis Semowmeba;(4) saswavlo programebis efeqtianobis gansazRvra da srulyofa;(5) saswavlo procesSi swavlebis efeqtianobis Sefaseba da srulyofa;(6) mSoblebis CarTva moswavlis swavlebis procesSi da maTTan komunikaciis gamyareba.Sefasebas aqvs ori gansxvavebuli funqcia:• swavlis procesis Sefaseba (mimdinare Sefaseba);• produqtis / Sedegebis / miRwevebis Sefaseba (Semajamebeli Sefaseba);pirveli gulisxmobs informaciis dagrovebas saswavlo procesis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb, xolo meore– Sedegebis aRnusxvas.moswavleTa Sefaseba xdeba komponentebSi. komponentebSi miRebuli Sefasebebi gansazRvravs moswavlissemestrul Sefasebas.amonaridi axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmidan 2011-2016 ww.sagnis semestruli qulis Semadgeneli komponentebi1. semestris manZilze moswavleebi fasdebian Semdegi sami komponentis mixedviT:a) saSinao davaleba;b) saklaso davaleba;g) Semajamebeli davaleba.2. Sefasebis samive komponents erTnairi wona aqvs.3. saSinao da saklaso davalebaTa komponentebSi gamoiyeneba rogorc ganmsazRvreli, aseve ganmavi-Tarebeli Sefaseba.4. Semajamebeli davalebis komponentSi aucilebelia ganmsazRvreli Sefasebis gamoyeneba.5. erovnuli saswavlo gegma TiToeuli sagnisaTvis gansazRvravs semestris ganmavlobaSi CasatarebeliSemajamebeli davalebebis savaldebulo minimalur raodenobas. am komponentiT Sefasebisas:a) standartis moTxovnaTa dasakmayofileblad, aucilebelia Semajamebeli davalebis mravalgvariformis gamoyeneba (Txzuleba, moxseneba, referati, proeqti, savele-gasvliTi samuSao, laboratoriulikvleva, saxviTi da gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis nimuSi da sxv.);b) moswavle valdebulia Seasrulos klasSi Catarebuli yvela Semajamebeli davaleba (erovnuli saswavlogegmiT dadgenili savaldebulo minimumi da skolis mier damatebiT dadgenili, am ukanasknelisarsebobis SemTxvevaSi);g) Tu moswavle ar Seasrulebs romelime Semajamebel samuSaos gacdenis gamo, skola valdebulia,misces mas gacdenili Semajamebeli davalebebis aRdgenis saSualeba. Semajamebeli aRdgeniTi samuSaosvadebi da misi Catarebis forma ganisazRvreba saskolo saswavlo gegmiT.21

Sefasebis tipebiskolaSi, moswavleTa Sefasebisas gamoiyeneba ori tipis Sefaseba: ganmsazRvreli da ganmaviTarebeli.ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba akontrolebs swavlis xarisxs, adgens moswavlis miRwevis dones erovnulisaswavlo gegmiT gansazRvrul miznebTan mimarTebaSi. ganmsazRvrel SefasebaSi iwereba qula.ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba akontrolebs TiToeuli moswavlis ganviTarebis dinamikas da xels uwyobsswavlis xarisxis gaumjobesebas. ganmaviTarebeli Sefasebisas gamoiyeneba iseTi saSualebebi, rogorebicaa:• sityvieri komentari,• rCeva-darigeba,• dakvirvebis furceli,• TviTSefasebisa da urTierTSefasebis sqema da sxv.axal erovnul saswavlo gegmaSi ganmaviTarebeli da ganmsazRvreli Sefasebebis aRweriloba aseTia:mizaniganmaviTarebeliswavlis xarisxis gaumjobeseba;moswavlis ganviTarebis xelSewyobaSefasebis sagani swavlis procesi swavlis SedegiSefasebis Sedegad miRebuligadawyvetilebawarmatebis kriteriumebisgansazRvraSefasebis saSualebebiwinsvlis xelSesawyobad gansxvavebuli aqtivobisSerCeva, swavlebis strategiis Secvla,rCeva-darigebis micema da sxv.konkretuli moswavlis winsvlis safuZvelze(sakuTar miRwevebTan mimarTebiT – ra donesflobda, ra dones flobs)TviT/urTierTSefasebis rubrika;kiTxvari;sityvieri (zepiri/werilobiTi) komentari;unaris ganviTarebis donis aRwera.ganmsazRvreliswavlis xarisxis gakontroleba;moswavlis miRwevis donis dadgenaerovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gansaz-Rvrul miznebTan mimarTebaSi;akademiuri moswrebis donis gansaz-Rvramomdevno etapze (klasSi/safexurze)daSveba/ardaSvebaimis safuZvelze, Tu ramdenad miaRwiastandartiT gansazRvrul Sedegebs(yvelasaTvis saerTo, standartiT dadgenilnormasTan mimarTebaSi)qulamimdinare Sefaseba xdeba: yovel gakveTilze, yoveldRe, yoveli aqtivobis dros. ar aris savaldebuloyovelTvis qulebiT Sefaseba.ra aris mniSvnelovani?mniSvnelovania is, rom aseTi Sefaseba gvaZlevs moswavlis mravalmxrivi Seswavlis saSualebas. kerZod,ra saxis saqmianoba izidavs da ra ara, rogoria misi swavlis stili (swavlobs mosmeniT, kiTxviT, weriT,keTebiT; aqvs mTlianobiTi aRqma Tu sagnebsa da movlenebs danawevrebulad aRiqvams, Teoretikosia Tupragmatistia da a.S.), ra uZneldeba, ra uadvildeba, SeuZlia Tu ara koncentracia, aqvs Tu ara winsvla, Tuara, ra aris warumateblobis mizezi an ra ganapirobebs mis warmatebas, aqvs Tu ara ganviTarebuli SemoqmedebiTi,saazrovno da socialuri unarebi, rogoria misi interesebis sfero, individualuri Taviseburebebi,ra Zlieri da susti mxareebi aqvs. mimdinare Sefasebis procesSi mniSvnelovania ara imdenad qulebisdawera (niSniT Sefaseba), ramdenadac rCevebi, ra da rogor gaaumjobesos. formatuli Sefaseba moswavlisSesaxeb amomwurav, mravalmxriv informacias iZleva da obieqturobis garantia.amasTan, mimdinare Sefaseba maswavlebels aZlevs sakuTari yoveldRiuri saqmianobis refleqsiisSesaZleblobas. imaze dayrdnobiT, ramdenad miaRwia maswavlebelma sagakveTilo mizans, ra codna da unar-Cvevebi gamoavlines moswavleebma, ra daZlies da ra vera, mas SeuZlia Seafasos dagegmili aqtivobebisefeqtianoba, SerCeuli masalis sirTule, klasis marTvis, organizebis unari da sxv.Semajamebeli Sefasebaadgens moswavlis warmatebas swavlebisa da swavlis konkretul etapze: Temis dasrulebisas, semestrisbolos, saswavlo wlis bolos. aseTi Sefasebisas mowmdeba is, Tu ramdenad miaRwia moswavlem standartiTgaTvaliswinebul Sedegs / Sedegebs.swored Semajamebeli Sefasebis Sedegebis analizze dayrdnobiT vakeTebT daskvnas, ramdenad Sesruldaerovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebi.3. Sefasebis sqemebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba22

a aris gakveTilis saswavlo mizni?radgan axali erovnuli saswavlo gegmis sagnobrivi programis misaRwevi Sedegebi moicavs: codnas,unar-Cvevebs, damokidebulebas. bunebrivia, gakveTilebis saswavlo mizani, romelic standartis enazeunda Camoyalibdes, unda moicavdes maT.magaliTad:sagani Tema saswavlo mizani standartis mixedviTsabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebissafuZvlebinivTierebis simkvrivemoswavlem SeZlos daakavSiros nivTierebis simkvrivemis praqtikul gamoyenebasTan; adekvaturad gamoiyenosSesabamisi cnebebi da formulebi amocanebisamosaxsnelad. ganuviTardes saazrovno, komunikaciisunar-Cvevebi.sainteresoa SevexoT, ra kavSiri arsebobs saswavlo mizansa da Sefasebis kriteriumebs Soris?gakveTilis saswavlo mizani gakveTilis bolos Sedegad gadaiqceva.- rogor gaizomos Sedegi?- swored amisaTvis aris saWiro kriteriumi.- ris mixedviT yalibdeba kriteriumebi?- gakveTilis saswavlo miznis Sesabamisad!- rogor?gTavazobT konkretul magaliTs:gakveTilis saswavlo mizanimoswavlem SeZlos daakavSiros nivTierebis simkvrive mispraqtikul gamoyenebasTan; adekvaturad gamoiyenos Sesabamisicnebebi da formulebi amocanebis amosaxsnelad.ganuviTardes saazrovno, komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi.Sefasebis kriteriumebi1. ganmartavs nivTierebis simkvrives2. msjelobs nivTierebis simkvrivis praqtikul gamoyenebaze3. Sesabamis cnebebs da formulebs adekvaturadiyenebs amocanebis amosaxsnisasrogorc xedavT, saswavlo mizanSi ramdeni zmna anu operaciac aris mocemuli, imdeni Sefasebis kriteriumiasaWiro Sedegebis gasazomad. es saSualebas aZlevs pedagogs (Semfasebels) TiToeuli operaciaSeufasos moswavles; anu daukonkretos ra gaakeTa kargad da ra ver gaakeTa. Sefasebis kriteriumebisgamoyenebiT maswavlebeli adgens Sefasebis rubrikas da TiToeul kriteriums Slis doneebis mixedviT.gTavazobT konkretul magaliTs.kriteriumebi 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10ganmartavs niv-Tierebis simkvrivesmsjelobs niv-Tierebis simkvrivispraqtikulgamoyenebazeamocanebis amoxsnisasiyenebsSe sabamis cnebebsda formulebsarasworadganmartavs niv-Tierebis simkvrivesarasworadmsjelobs niv-Tierebis simkvrivispraqtikulgamoyenebazeamocanebis amoxsnisasver iyenebsSesabamis cnebebsda formulebsarasrulad ganmartavsnivTierebis simkvriveszogadad da xarvezebiTmsjelobs niv-Tierebis simkvrivispraqtikul gamoyenebazeamocanebis amoxsnisasxarvezebiTiyenebs Sesabamis cnebebsda formulebssaubrobs, raganapirobebssimkvrives daganmartavsmsjelobs niv-Tierebis simkvrivispraqtikulgamoyenebazeamocanebis amoxsnisasiyenebsSesabamis cnebebsda formulebsganixilavs ra kavSiria masas,moculobasa da simkvrivesSoris da ganmartavs niv-Tierebis simkvrives;msjelobs nivTierebis simkvrivispraqtikul gamoyenebaze –mag. aanalizebs kvadrociklissxvadasxva nawilebis sxvadasxvasimkvrivis nivTierebisgandamzadebis mizanSewonilobasamocanebis amoxsnisas warmatebiTiyenebs Sesabamis cnebebsda formulebsarsebobs gansxvavebuli tipis da daniSnulebis Sefasebis sqemebi. imisda mixedviT, Tu ra mizans isaxavskonkretuli Sefaseba da rogor miiRweva es mizani, ganasxvaveben:• analitikuri• holisturi23

• zogadi• konkretuli Sefasebis sqemebs.ganvixiloT isini cal-calke.iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac maswavlebels surs, rom moswavlis codna Seafasos ori an meti kriteriumismixedviT, igi iyenebs an qmnis analitikuri Sefasebis sqemas. zemoT mocemuli Sefasebis sqema analitikuria.radganac is 3 kriteriums Seicavs.aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac Sefasebis sqemis dayofa or an met damoukidebel maxasiaTeblad aucilebeliar aris an ubralod ver xerxdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi maswavlebeli qmnis an iyenebs holisturi Sefasebis sqemas.holisturi Sefasebis sqemis grafebSi gaerTianebulia yvela kriteriumi da yvela maxasiaTebeli, rismixedviTac maswavlebels surs rom magaliTad naweri Seafasos. moswavlis pasuxis xarisxi fasdeba zogadadda ara konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis mimarT. gTavazobT Txzulebis holisturi Sefasebis sqemis nimuSss:holisturi Sefasebis sqemadavalebis moTxovnas pasuxobs srulad. azri mkafiod da Tanmimdevrulad aris gadmocemuli. gramatikada leqsika moTxovnis Sesabamisia. Secdomebis raodenoba umniSvneloa.davalebis moTxovnas pasuxobs nawilobriv. azri Tanamimdevrulad mxolod zog SemTxvevaSia gadmocemuli.gramatika da leqsika moTxovnaze martivia. Secdomebis raodenoba zog SemTxvevaSi xels uSlisazris gagebas.davalebis moTxovnas pasuxobs mcired. azris gageba Wirs. gramatikuli da leqsikuri Secdomebi aris 1winadadebebis umetesobaSi.naweri davalebas ar pasuxobs, an azris gageba SeuZlebelia, an furceli carielia. 032Sefaseba sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSiras iTvaliswinebs Sefasebis TiToeuli komponenti sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi:1) saSinao davalebadavalebis tipebi: saSinao eqsperimenti, dakvirveba obieqtebsa da procesebze, informaciis moZieba,konceptualuri rukis Sedgena, modelireba, referatis momzadeba da sxva.fasdeba Semdegi unarebi:1. saazrovno unar-Cvevebi;2. kvlevis unar-Cvevebi;3. problemis gadaWris unar-Cvevebi;4. TviTmarTvis unar-Cvevebi.rubrikis nimuSi:informaciis moZiebis SefasebaTariRi:moswavle1.2.3.4.5.6.7.informaciiswyaroebis arCeva0-3Sefasebis kriteriumebimoZiebuli informaciis kvlevismizanTan Sesabamisoba0-4moZiebuli informaciisorganizeba0-3qulaTa maqsimaluriraodenoba1024

2) saklaso davalebadavalebis tipebi: sakiTxis ganxilva/diskusia, eqsperimenti, monacemebis aRricxva/damuSaveba,mo delireba, savele/gasvliTi samuSaoebi da sxva.fasdeba Semdegi unarebi:1. saazrovno unar-Cvevebi;2. kvlevis unar-Cvevebi;3. problemis gadaWris unar-Cvevebi;4. socialuri unar-Cvevebi;5. komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi;6. TviTmarTvis unar-Cvevebi.rubrikis nimuSi:TariRi:eqsperimentis Sefasebamoswavle Sefasebis kriteriumebikvlevismiznisgansazRvra0-2saWiroinventarisgansazRvra0-1kvlevisSedegisvaraudi0-1kvlevismimdinareobisaRwera0-2monacemebisaRricxva0-1monacemTaana lizi0-2daskvnisgamotana0-1qulaTamaqsimaluriraodenoba101.2.3.4.56.7.3) Semajamebeli davalebaSemajamebeli davalebis komponenti ukavSirdeba swavla-swavlebis Sedegs. am komponentSi unda SefasdeserTi saswavlo monakveTis (Tema, Tavi, paragrafi, sakiTxi) Seswavla-damuSavebis Sedegad miRweuli Sedegebi.konkretuli saswavlo erTeulis dasrulebisas moswavlem unda SeZlos sabunebismetyvelo sagnebisstandartiT gansazRvruli codnisa da unarebis warmoCena. Sesabamisad, Semajamebeli davalebebi undaafasebdes sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis standartiT gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRwevis dones.standartis moTxovnaTa Sesafaseblad rekomendebulia Semajamebel davalebaTa mravalferovaniformebis gamoyeneba. sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis Semajamebel davalebaTa tipebi SeiZleba iyos: testi,sxvadasxva tipis savarjiSo, savele/gasvliTi samuSao, modelireba, proeqti, prezentacia da sxva.fasdeba Semdegi unarebi:1. saazrovno unar-Cvevebi;2. kvlevis unar-Cvevebi;3. problemis gadaWris unar-Cvevebi;4. komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi;5. socialuri unar-Cvevebi;6. TviTmarTvis unar-Cvevebi.moTxovnebi, romlebsac unda akmayofilebdes Semajamebeli davalebebi:• davalebis TiToeul tips unda axldes Sefasebis zogadi rubrika;• zogadi rubrika unda dazustdes konkretuli davalebis pirobisa da gavlili masalis gaTvaliswinebiT;• 10 qula unda ganawildes rubrikaSi Semaval kriteriumebze;• miTiTebuli unda iyos standartis is Sedegebi, romelTa Sefasebasac emsaxureba Semajamebeli davaleba.25

ubrikis nimuSi:TariRi: kvleviTi proeqti1.2.3.4.56.7.moswavleproeqtismizani0-1kvlevisgegmisSemuSaveba0-1sakiTxTandakav-SirebuliinformaciismoZieba0-1Sefasebis kriteriumebikvlevisCatareba0-2monacemebisaRricxva0-1analizi dadaskvnisgakeTeba0-2prezentacia0-2qulaTamaqsimaluriraodenoba10Sefasebis sqemebis mravalferovnebis miuxedavad moTxovnebi maT mimarT erTnairia:• rubrikebi/kriteriumebi erTmniSvnelovnad da mkafiod unda iyos Camoyalibebuli/sando/;• Sefasebis sqema unda amowmebdes mxolod imas, ris Semowmebasac isaxavs miznad da sxvas arafers /validuri/;• moswavleebi winaswar unda icnobdnen (da/an monawileobdnen sqemis SeqmnaSi) im Sefasebis sqemas, romliTacmaTi codna fasdeba /gamWirvale/;yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia SevajamoT:• Sefasebis sqemebi aris mkacrad gansazRvruli kriteriumebisa da maTi gamoyenebis wesebis erToblioba,romlis mixedviTac fasdeba moswavlis moswreba ama Tu im aqtivobaSi an saganSi;• arsebobs gansxvavebuli tipis da daniSnulebis Sefasebis sqemebi. imisda mixedviT Tu ra mizans isaxavskonkretuli Sefaseba da rogor miiRweva es mizani, ganasxvaveben analitikuri da holisturi, zogadi dakonkretuli Sefasebis sqemebs;• drois garkveuli monakveTis ganmavlobaSi erTi da imave Sefasebis sqemis sistematurad gamoyenebada Sedegebis Sedareba moswavlis ganviTarebis efeqturi saSualebaa;• sasurvelia, rom maswavlebelma Sefasebis sqemis Seqmnis procesSi CarTos moswavleebi. es moswavleebssaSualebas miscems ufro kargad gaerkvnen imaSi, Tu ras iTxoven maTgan.26

kognituri sqemebis gamoyeneba saswavlo procesSisqemebiT saswavlo procesis datvirTva exmareba moswavleebs dasamuSavebel masalaSi mowodebulimniSvnelovani informaciis aRqmaSi. sqemebiT muSaobisas moswavleebs xelT eZlevaT teqstis kontrolismeqanizmi, romelic nawilisa da mTelis, konceptisa da detalebis urTierTmimarTebebis dadgenasa davizualurad danaxvaSi uwyobs maT xels. amitomac xSirad am sqemebs kognitur diagramebs uwodeben.kognituri sqemebis gamoyenebis areali:gamoiyenebaaxali masalisgacnobis drosSemajamebelisamuSaoebisCatarebisasteqstiskiTxvisaskogniturisqemebisgamoyenebisarealisaSinao dasaklasosamuSaoebisasteqstisdamuSavebisasraSi exmareba kognituri sqemebi moswavleebs?• informaciis mwyobrad organizebaSi• informaciis gaanalizebaSi• uviTarebs vizualur aRqmas• uviTarebs kritikul azrovnebas.raSi exmareba kognituri sqemebi maswavleblebs?• kognituri sqemebis gamoyenebisas maswavlebeli moswavleebs saSualebas aZlevs gaaaqtiuron winarecodna• kognituri sqemebis gamoyenebiT xsnis axal masalas• zedmiwevniTi konkretulobiT ajamebinebs moswavleebs aTvisebul masalas• exmareba pedagogs, moswavles Seuqmnas iseTi saswavlo garemo, rodesac is aanalizebs movlenas• exmareba pedagogs moswavlis progresis, misi akademiuri moswrebis aRnusxvaSi da SefasebaSi.gTavazobT, informacias ramdenime kognitur sqemaze; ra mizniT SeiZleba gamoiyenos maswavlebelma eskonkretuli sqema, raSi exmareba moswavles?kognituri sqemis dasaxeleba ra mizniT iyenebs maswavlebeli? raSi exmareba moswavles?ambis/Sinaarsis organizebis sqema zedmiwevniTi konkretulobiT ajamebinebsmoswavleebs aTvisebul masalasgaixsenos: ist. pirovnebebi, moqmedebisadgili. dainaxos problemisdinamika da Sedegi.movlena da Sedegebikognituri sqemebis gamoyenebiT xsnisaxal masalasinformaciis gaanalizebaSimizez-Sedegobriobis rukaexmareba pedagogs, moswavles SeuqmnasiseTi saswavlo garemo, rodesac isaanalizebs ama Tu im movlenasmovlenis/problemis gaanalizeba-Si (gaaanalizon ama Tu im movlenisgamomwvevi mizezebi da movlenisSedegebi).27

vici, minda vicode, viswavlevici, minda vicode, viswavle – gamoiyeneba sagakveTilo procesSi teqstze muSaobisas, rac• amzadebs moswavles masalis mTlianobaSi gaazrebisaTvis;• gviCvenebs, ra aris mocemul teqstSi moswavlisaTvis mniSvnelovani;• gviCvenebs, ra iswavla man am teqstiT;• aviTarebs informaciis daxarisxebis unar-Cvevebs;• aZlierebs teqstis kiTxvisa da masze muSaobis motivacias;• aviTarebs kiTxvis dasmis unar-Cvevebs;• aviTarebs weriTi metyvelebis unar-Cvevebs.es strategia gamoiyeneba individualuri, wyvilebsa da jgufebSi muSaobisas.gamoyenebis wesi:I etapi: maswavlebeli, saswavlo miznidan gamomdinare, acnobs moswavleebs, ra sakiTxs exeba wasakiTxiteqsti da sTxovs Seavson sqema, risTvisac maT unda gaixsenon da pirvel grafaSi Caweron yvelaferi, racician, an hgoniaT, rom ician mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb;meore grafaSi SekiTxvebis saxiT Camoayalibon, ris gagebac ainteresebT am sakiTxis Sesaxeb.II etapi: es etapi kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg iwyeba da mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sqemis mesame grafaSimoswavleebi weren imas, rac iswavles.sqemis nimuSi aseTia:vici minda vicode viswavlees aris meTodi, romelic kargia wina klasSi ganvlili masalis gasaxseneblad, axal masalasTan dasakav-Sireblad da konkretuli Temis Sesajameblad.venis diagramasaswavlo miznidan gamomdinare, xSirad efeqturia informaciis organizeba diagramebiT. maTi daxmarebiTinformacia xdeba TvalsaCino. ama Tu im formis diagramis Seqmnis procesSi moswavleebs uviTardebaT:• informaciis Sekrebisa da daxarisxebis unar-Cveva;• raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi monacemebis organizaciis da warmodgenis unar-Cveva;• raodenobrivi monacemebis dalagebis unar-Cveva;• Tvisobrivi monacemebis Sedarebis unar-Cveva;• monacemebis analizis safuZvelze daskvnis gamotanis unar-Cveva.am diagramis damkvidreba cnobili ingliseli maTematikosis jon venis (1834-1923) saxels ukavSirdeba.venis diagrama Sedgeba ori an meti rgolisagan. diagrama SedarebiTi analizis saSualebas iZleva da efeqturiasxvadasxva saswavlo disciplinebis swavlebisas.Sevsebis wesia varianti: I da II nawilSi faqtis, an movlenis, an personaJis gansxvavebuli niSnebi iwereba, xolo IIInawilSi – msgavsi.b varianti: cal-calke ivseba I da II nawili, xolo is, rac oriveSi erTnairi aRmoCndeba, gadadis III-Si.gansxvaveba msgavseba gansxvaveba28

drois diagramaes sqema maswavlebelma SesaZlebelia warmatebulad gamoiyenos faqtebis da movlenebis drosTan dasakavSireblad.diagrama saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs daamuSaon istoriuli faqtebis, movlenebis Semcvelididi teqstebi da sakiTxebi wyvilebSi, jgufebSi, individualurad da maTze dayrdnobiT Seadginon droisdiagrama.Sevsebis wesia varianti: jer ivseba diagramis I nawili, romelSic aRiniSneba dro (welTaRricxva, saukune, weli, Tve,ricxvi, dRe). Semdeg II nawilSi TiToeuli droiTi aRniSvnis gverdiT Sesabamisi movlena, faqti.kartografiis ganviTarebawlebiSeqmnili rukebis tipebib varianti: erTdroulad da TanamimdevrobiT ivseba diagramis orive nawili.kartografiis ganviTarebawlebiSeqmnili rukebis tipebiCvens welTaRricxvamdeqvaze Seqmniliportulanoda a. S.T diagramaes sqema maswavlebelma SeiZleba mravalmxriv gamoiyenos. igi Zalze mosaxerxebelia sapirispiro mosazrebaTagamosaTqmelad, movlenebisa Tu faqtebis Sesapirispireblad da Sesadareblad, moqmed gmirTadasaxasiaTeblad.T sqema saSualebas gvaZlevs warmovaCinoT dapirispireba gansaxilvel sakiTxebs (faqtebs, movlenebs,adamianebs, sagnebs da a.S.) Soris.savarjiSo kargia informaciis dasaxarisxeblad (vTqvaT, dadebiTad da uaryofiTad) da dasajgufeblad.Sevsebis wesidafaze, rveulSi an Tabaxis furcelze ixazeba T diagrama. saswavlo miznidan gamomdinare, SeiZlebaSeivsos jer sqemis marcxena mxare, Semdeg _ marjvena. marcxena mxaris Sevsebis Semdeg, marjvena mxareSiiwereba misi sapirispiro mosazrebebi.samuSao sruldeba individualurad, wyvilebSi an jgufurad, maswavleblis Sexedulebisamebr:29

ekomendaciebi – rogor movamzadoT proeqtiqimiis erT-erT gakveTilze moswavleebs eZlevaT davaleba, moamzadon proeqti `wyali – sicocxlea~,anu ra RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba aris SesaZlebeli mdinaris dabinZurebis Tavidan asacileblad.TqvenTvis cnobilia, rom proeqti interaqtiuri swavlebis erT-erTi kolaboraciuli meTodia.gTavazobT ramdenime konkretul rCevas, romelic exeba proeqtis saswavlo procesSi gamoyenebis meTodikas:rCeva 1: proeqtis Seqmna saWiroa maSin, roca problema arsebobs. proeqtis mTavari mizani am problemismogvarebaa./mag., problemaa dabinZurebuli mdinare; proeqtis mTavari mizani mdinaris dabinZurebis Tavidanacilebaa/rCeva 2: problemis Tvisobrivi da raodenobrivi SeswavlisaTvis kvlevaa saWiro, amitom kvlevis gegmisSemuSaveba mniSvnelovania;mag., kvlevis gegmis nimuSiras vikvlev? ra meTodiT vikvlev? ra vadaSi vikvlev? SeniSvnamdinare X -s romeli mdinareebiuerTdeba da ramdenaddabinZurebulia isini?rukis kvleva, mdinaris Senakadebismimdebared mcxovrebTagamokiTxva10 dReSimdinaris dabinZurebis xarisxisdadgenamdinaris wylis laboratoriulikvleva10 dReSirCeva 3: informaciis floba yvela moqmedebis warmatebis safuZvelia!SesTavazeT moswavleebs informaciis mopovebis wyaroebi:wignebiinternet-resursebi, gazeTebi,Jurnalebi, fotoebisamTavrobo, arasamTavrobo,kvleviTi,saganmanaTleblo uwyebebi, adamianebiuSualokontaqtirCeva 4: kvlevis Catareba moswavleebma unda awarmoon dagegmilis Sesabamisad.kvlevis Tematika:• arsebobs Tu ara Tqvens sazogadoebaSi sufTa wylis problema;• gaarkvieT, vin aris pasuxismgebeli wylis sisufTaveze;• iyeneben Tu ara sawarmoebi Tqvens sacxovrebelTan axlos mdebare mdinares;• rukis saSualebiT gaarkvieT, sad Caedineba es mdinare, romeli qveynidan an raioidan moedineba da arisTu ara im regionSi dabinZurebis kerebi;• ra saxis narCenebi Caedineba masSi. ra Sedegebi mohyolia an SeiZleba mohyves mdinaris dabinZurebas;• ra RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba aris SesaZlebeli mdinaris dabinZurebis Tavidan asacileblad.rCeva 5: kvlevis Sedegebis CaniSvna unda moxdes romelime grafikul Tu vizualur formatSi/cxrili,sqema, diagrama, foto da videomasala .../rCeva 6: Zalian mniSvnelovania moswavleebs vaswavloT, rogor gaakeTon monacemTa analizi, am analizzedayrdnobiT gaakeTon Sefaseba da amaze dayrdnobiT moZebnon problemis gadaWris gza.30

magaliTad,kvlevis SedegebisanalizzedayrdnobiTyvelaze seriozuliproblema ra aris?mag. kvlevis Sedegebisanalizze dayrdnobiTyvelaze seriozuliproblema is rom mdinarissanapiroebi nagaviTaasaves da masSi 2welia aRaravin banaobskvlevisSedegebisanalizzedayrdnobiTra iwvevs amproblemas?mag. kvlevis SedegebisanalizzedayrdnobiT ikveTeba,rom 2 weliasoflis mcxovrebninagavs pirdapir mdinareSiyrianmoifiqreT problemismogvarebis Tanmimdevrulinabijebi1. Cveni kvlevis Sedegebi gavugzavnoTraionis adgilobrivTviTmarTvelobas da vTxovoTmdinarispira soflebSi gamoyosnagavsayrelebi2. davgegmoT d aim soflebSiarsebul skolis mosw erTadmovawyoT mdinaris sanapiroebisdasufTavebis aqciebi.. da nagaviiqedan simbolurad “gadavitanoT”sofelSi gamoyofil nagavsayrelzedaasabuTeT Tqvenmier mofiqrebulinabijebis efeqtianoba1. yvela dasaxlebas undahqondes nagavsayreli2. TanamonawileobiTiaqciebi zrdis TanamonawileTapasuxismgeblobas.aqcia ki sasurveliqcevis demonstrirebaarCeva 7: vaswavloT da movTxovoT moswavleebs efeqturi prezentacia• eleqtronuli prezentacia• posterebis damzadeba• verbaluri prezentacia• blogebis, feisbuqis da a.S. gamoyenebiT prezentacia• gamofena• aqciaproeqtis Sefaseba2011-2016 w. erovnuli saswavlo gegmis bunebismetyvelebis standartSi mocemulia kvleviTi proeqtisSefasebis sqema. sasurvelia moswavleebma winaswar icodnen Sefasebis kriteriumebi da Sefasebis sqema.Sefasebis sqemaTariRi: kvleviTi proeqtimoswavle1.2.3.4567proeqtismizani0-1kvlevisgegmisSemuSaveba0-1sakiTxTandakavSirebuliinformaciismoZieba0-1Sefasebis kriteriumebikvlevisCatareba0-2monacemebisaRricxva0-1analizidadaskvnisgakeTeba0-2prezentacia0-2qulaTamaqsimaluriraodenoba10SeniSvna: am proeqtis momzadebaSi moswavleebs daexmarebaT Semdegi internet-resursebi:1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuG5WTId-IY2. http://imeretnature.blogspot.com/31

informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba swavlebaSi da misisaswavlo- meToduri uzrunvelyofainformaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba xels uwyobs moswavleTa motivaciis gazrdas, moswavleTaCarTvas swavla-swavlebis procesSi da erovnuli saswavlo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakiTxebis ukeTgagebas. rodesac sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis warmatebulad swavlebaze vsaubrobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoTis garemo, romelic saWiroa am saswavlo disciplinis efeqtianad warmarTvisaTvis.gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania informaciul-sakomunikacio teqnologiebis (ist-is) gamoyeneba qimiisgakveTilebze, sadac sagnis 1/3 nawili eTmoba eqsperimentebs. teqnologiebis multimediuri xasiaTi iZlevasaSualebas moswavleebisaTvis TvalsaCino gavxadoT esa Tu is qimiuri movlena (garkveulwilad movaxdinoTlaboratoriebis ararsebobis kompensireba). agreTve fizikurad SeuZlebelia aseTi laboratoriulisamuSaoebis Catareba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqtorebs, rogorebicaa qimiuri reaqciebis xangrZlivoba,reaqtivebis arqona, nivTierebebis momwamlavi buneba, ekologiuri problemebi, bavSvis usafrTxoeba.garda amisa, teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia, magaliTad: eqsperimentis Sewyveta, SeCereba anim nawilis ganmeoreba, romelic cudad iqna aTvisebuli. aseTi midgoma xels uwyobs sagnis Seswavlisadmiinteresis amaRlebas.informaciuli teqnologiebis integracia swavlaSi aris inovaciuri saqmianoba, romelic naklebadergeba skolis Zvel, tradiciul models.ist-is gamoyenebiT icvleba saswavlo garemos xedva. swavlis garemo aRar aris SezRuduli fizikurisivrciT. misi Semadgeneli nawilia virtualuri sivrce, romelic saSualebas aZlevs moswavleebs da maswavleblebs`gavidnen~ saklaso oTaxis kedlebs gareT da daukavSirdnen mTel msoflios.ratom unda gamoviyenoT Web 2.0 teqnologiebi swavla/swavlebaSi?ra sargebeli moaqvT am teqnologiebs moswavleebis da maswavleblebisaTvis?Web 2.0 teqnologiebiCarTuloba monawileoba TanamSromlobakreatuloba komunikaciaWeb 2.0 teqnologiebi zrdian moswavleTa CarTulobis xarisxs. swavla am teqnologiebis gamoyenebiTufro mimzidvelia, vinaidan ufro axlosaa realur saqmianobasTan.Web 2.0 teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT moswavle ara mxolod swavlobs, aramed monawileobs codnis SeqmnaSi.aseTi SesaZlebloba moswavleebs adre iSviaTad Tu eZleodaT. magaliTad, moswavlis mier Seqmniliblogi da iq gamoqveynebuli informacia aris misi wvlili (da SeiZleba, Zalian mniSvnelovanic) internetiskontentis SeqmnaSi. es mniSvnelovani socialuri aqtivobaa, romelic zrdis moswavleebis motivacias.Web 2.0 teqnologiebi gvaZleven TanamSromlobis realur SesaZleblobebs. bolo wlebSi ganaTlebaSiTanamSromlobas moswavleebs Soris, moswavleebsa da maswavleblebs Soris mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba,magram mxolod axla xdeba SesaZlebeli realuri TanamSromlobis pirobebis Seqmna axali teqnologiebisgamoyenebiT.Web 2.0 teqnologiebi xels uwyoben kreatiulobis zrdas. rigiT moswavles aqvs SesaZlebloba Seqmnasmultimediuri produqtebi, gamoaqveynos internetSi da miiRos Sefaseba sxvadasxva adamianebisagan.Web 2.0 teqnologiebi xels uwyoben diskusiis da kritikuli azrovnebis unaris ganviTarebas. urTier-Toba realur auditoriasTan moiTxovs maTgan gacilebiT met pasuxismgeblobas.32

logis gamoyeneba swavlaSisaWiroebaratom unda vawarmooT blogi?1. imitom, rom es saintereso da mimzidvelia. imdenad mimzidveli, rom moswavleebs aviwydebaT, romisini sinamdvileSi swavloben.2. imitom, rom momavalSi ase mogviwevs swavla. swavla xorcieldeba maSin, roca moswavle CarTuliapraqtikosTa TemSi, swavlis auTenturi amocanebis gadaWris procesSi, swavlobs maSin, roca axdens interaqciasTemis wevrebTan.3. imitom, rom es Secvlis Tqvens cxovrebas.4. imitom, rom blogis saSualebiT daukavSirdebiT garesamyaros.blogi saSualebas aZlevs moswavles, gaxdes `maswavlebeli~ – anu warudginos sakuTari masalebi auditorias.blogis gamoyenebablogi aris sivrce, sadac moswavleebs da maswavleblebs aqvT SesaZlebloba, iswavlon erTmaneTisagan.ra aris blogi?ratom aris blogi aseTi mniSvnelovani swavla/swavlebaSi?• blogebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia virtualuri Temebis Seqmna, sadac Temis wevrebi erToblivadmsjeloben, uziareben erTmaneTs codnas, marTaven diskusiebs maTTvis saintereso sakiTxebis irgvliv.• blogi exmareba moswavles, codna aRiqvas mTlianobaSi, rogorc urTierTdakavSirebuli da ara –izolirebuli faqtebi.• blogi aZlierebs sakuTrebis grZnobas da zrdis arCevans.• blogi aZlevs moswavles saSualebas miawvdinos sakuTari xma sakmaod did auditorias. es zrdis pasuxismgeblobasda aviTarebs sakuTar swavlaze dakvirvebis unars.• blogi zrdis moswavlis motivacias da pasuxismgeblobas. roca moswavlem icis, rom mis namuSevarsecnoba farTo auditoria, is meti pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba swavlas.proeqtiGearn-onlain proeqti “wyali sicocxlea”http://gearn.blogspot.com/2008/09/gearn.htmlam proeqtSihttp://ekologiaia.blogspot.com/CarTulni arian saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis skolebi, maswavleblebi, moswavleebi.http://imeretnature.blogspot.com/http://lazuriti.wordpress.com/http://yvirila.blogspot.com/http://mtkvrisproblema.blogspot.com/http://www.shavizgva-nini-nino.blogspot.com/http://madneuli.blogspot.com/33

7. gakveTilis scenarebiSesavali1. bunebismetyvelebis sagani, fizikuri sidideebigakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavlem SeZlos bunebaSi mimdinare movlenebze dakvirvebisas awarmoossxvadasxva gazomviTi saqmianobebi, aRricxos monacemebi da drois, sigrZis da masis sazomi erTeulebiwarmoadginos `SI~ sistemiT.standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.2aqtivoba1 – `buneba da bunebismetyveleba~ /5 wT/maswavlebeli interaqtiuri leqciisas TanmimdevrobiT ganixilavs, ra aris:• buneba;• bunebismetyveleba;• sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi: fizika, qimia, biologia;• fizikuri sxeuli;• nivTiereba;• cocxali organizmiaqtivoba 2 – `bunebismetyvelebi ikvleven~ /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleTa cnobismoyvareobis gazrdis mizniT SekiTxvebiT mimarTavs moswavleebs:• ratom orTqldeba an iyineba wyali?• TxilamuriT ratom mivsrialebT Tovlze da ver vsrialebT mSral miwaze?• ra iciT nivTierebebis agebulebaze, maT urTierTqmedebebze, gardaqmnebze?• sad qreba wyalSi Cayrili Saqari?• ratom iwvis sanTeli?• bolos da bolos, ra kavSiri aqvs yvelafer amasTan sicocxles, riTaa is unikaluri, rogor warmoiSvada viTardeba?moswavleTa SesaZlo pasuxebis Semdeg maswavlebeli azustebs sakiTxebs da akeTebs mimarTebebs am kiTxvebsada wina aqtivobisas ganxilul sakiTxebs Soris da akeTebs daskvnas.Sejameba – 1. imisaTvis, rom am da mraval sxva kiTxvas upasuxos, adamiani akvirdeba bunebas; 2. amisaTvisgvaqvs SegrZnebis organoebi, romelTa saSualebiT SegviZlia davinaxoT da a. S., magram saWiroa sizuste;3. amitom bunebismetyvels sWirdeba sazomi xelsawyoebi da sidideebi.aqtivoba 3 – situaciuri amocana: `sWirdeba Tu ara mkvlevars zusti monacemebi?~ /15 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs acnobs situacias:`warmoidgine, rom gazome fanjris CarCos simaRle Seni xelis mtkaveliT da naxe, rom mtkaveli CarCossimaRleSi oTxjer Caetia. Semdeg dareke saxelosnoSi da sTxove, rom dagimzadon aseTi sigrZis magida.xelosanma sigrZe Tavisi mtkaveliT gadazoma~.maswavlebeli SekiTxvebiT mimarTavs moswavleebs:– rogor fiqrob, misi damzadebuli magida iseTi iqneba, rogoric SeukveTe?– xom ar jobda xelosnisTvis geTqva, rom magidis sigrZe unda iyos 100 santimetri?moswavleebi pasuxoben argumentirebulad.aqtivoba 4 – `SI sistema yvela enaze laparakobs~maswavlebeli moswavleebs: – rogorc xedavT, gazomvis sizuste damokidebulia imaze, rom sazom erTeulebSigamovsaxoT monacemebi. amitom acnobs:– ra aris egreT wodebuli `SI sistema~.fizikur sidideTa da erTeulTa saerTaSoriso sistema (egreT wodebuli `SI sistema~). mis mixedviTganisazRvreba ZiriTadi fizikuri sidideebi: dro, sigrZe da masa.– ratom aris saerTaSoriso ?sistema saerTaSorisoa – adamianebi SeTanxmdnen, rom yvelgan erTnairi, yvelasaTvis saerTo sazomierTeulebi da maTi Sesabamisi sazomi xelsawyoebi gamoiyenon. xelsawyoebiT sididis gasazomad Seiqmnaètalonebi~. magaliTad, sigrZis etalonia gansakuTrebuli liTonebis – platinisa da iridiumisgan34

damzadebul Zelze moniSnuli 1 metri sigrZis manZili, es Zeli inaxeba safrangeTSi, qalaq sevrSi, zomisda wonis saerTaSoriso palataSi. am etalonis mixedviT mzaddeba saxazavebi. aqedan gamomdinare, raimessigrZis gazomva niSnavs etalonTan Sedarebas. igive iTqmis sxva fizikuri sidideebis Sesaxebac.maswavlebeli moswavleTa codnis gaTvaliswinebiT /moswavleebs mieces codnis gamomJRavnebis saSualeba/akeTebsdrois, sigrZis da masis sazomi erTeulebis cxrils da moswavleTa daxmarebiT aanalizebs:dro sigrZe masa1 wuTi (wT) 60 wami (wm) 100 kilometri(km)1000 metri(m)1 tona (t) 1000 kg1 saaTi (sT) 60 wT, 3600 wm 1 decimetri (dm) 0.1 m 1 centneri (c) 100 kg1 dRe-Rame 24 sT 1 santimetri (sm) 0.01 m 1 grami 0.001 kg1 weliwadi 365 dRe-Rame (nakian 1 milimetri (mm) 0.001 m 1 miligrami (mg) 0.0001 kgweliwadSi 366 dRe-Ramea)1 saukune 100 weliwadiakeTebs prezentaciasaqtivoba 5 – moswavleTa Sefaseba /5 wT/gakveTilis saswavlo miznidan da aqtivobebidan gamomdinare, maswavlebels SeuZlia Seafasos moswavleSemdegi kriteriumebiT:Sefasebis kriteriumebi:1. moswavle ganmartavs sabunebismetyvelo sagnebs.2. moswavle fizikuri sidideebis – dro, masa, sigrZe – erTeulebs warmoadgens erTeulTa saerTaSorisosistemis Sesabamisad.3. moswavle konkretuli magaliTebis ganxilvisas axerxebs gakveTilze naswavli cnebebis da sakiTxebistransfers.Sefasebis rubrikakriteriumebi 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10moswavle ganmartavssabunebismetyvelosagnebsmoswavle fizikursidideebs - dro,masa, sigrZe.. erTeulebswarmoadgenserTeulTa saerTa-Soriso sistemis Sesabamisadmoswavles ganmartavsda mohyavsskalarebis da veqtorebismagaliTebimoswavle konkretulimagaliTebisganxilvisas axerxebsgakveTilze naswavlicnebebis dasakiTxebis transfersmoswavle arasworadganmartavssabunebis metyvelomecnierebebsmoswavle fizikurisidideebis- dro, masa, sigrZe..erTeulebis warmodgenaserTeulTasaerTaSoriso sistemisSesabamisad veraxerxebsmoswavle ver ganmartavsda ver mohyavsskalarebis da veqtorebismagaliTebimoswavle konkretulimagaliTebisganxilvisas veraxerxebs gakveTilzenaswavli cnebebis dasakiTxebis transfersmoswavle arasrulad /mag., asaxelebs mxolodkvlevis sagans/ ganmartavssabunebismetyvelo sagnebsmoswavle fizikursidideebis warmodgenaserTeulTa saerTaSorisosistemis Sesabamisadaxerxebs xarvezebiTmoswavle xarvezebiTganmartavs da cdilobsmoiyvanos skalarebis daveqtorebis magaliTebimoswavle konkretulimagaliTebis ganxilvisasxarvezebiT axerxebsgakveTilze naswavli cnebebisda sakiTxebis transfersmoswavle ZiriTadadganmartavs sabunebismetyvelosagnebsmoswavle fizikursidideebs ZiriTadadwarmoadgens erTeul-Ta saerTaSorisosistemis Sesabamisadmoswavle ZiriTadadganmartavs da mohyavsskalarebis da veqtorebismagaliTebimoswavle konkretulimagaliTebis ganxilvisasZiriTadadaxerxebs gakveTilzenaswavli cnebebis dasakiTxebis transferssrulyofiladsrulyofiladsrulyofiladsrulyofilad35

2. skalarebi da veqtorebigakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavlem SeZlos awarmoos sxvadasxva gazomviTi saqmianobebi, aRricxosmonacemebi. erTeulebi warmoadginos `SI~ sistemiT. ganmartos skalarebi, veqtorebi da moiyvanosma galiTebi.standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.2aqtivoba1 – saSinao davalebis prezentacia /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs gaakeTon saSinao davalebis prezentacia.prezentatori moswavle akeTebs davalebis prezentacias, kerZod:1. warmoadgens saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul teqsts argumentirebuli TxrobiT.2. akeTebs teqstSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasaazreblad gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebis1,2, 3 prezentacias.aqtivoba 2 – skalarebi da veqtorebi /10 wT/maswavlebeli: bunebis Seswavlis dros gamoyenebuli fizikuri sidideebi iyofa or jgufad:1. veqtori2. skalariZalas aqvs mimarTuleba da sidide, amitom is veqtoruli sididea.dros, masas, sigrZes ara aqvs mimarTuleba. is skalaruli sididea.maswavlebeli moswavleebs konkretuli magaliTebis saxiT acnobs skalarebs da veqtorebs:– magaliTad, Tu gadawyvet wignis gadaadgilebas, mogiwevs Zalis gamoyeneba. amitom mxedvelobaSi undamiiRo gamoyenebuli Zalis sidide da mimarTuleba.– Zalis mimarTulebis aRsaniSnavad viyenebT isars. magaliTad, Tu wigns gadaaadgileb marcxnidanmajvniv, isari Tavisi wveriT miuTiTebs am mimarTulebas.– Zalis sidides gamovsaxavT isris sigrZiT. am dros saWiroa masStabis dacva. magaliTad, Tu 1 sm sigrZisisari Seesabameba Zalis 1 erTeuls, maSin 3 erTeulis sididis Zala gamoisaxeba 3 sm sigrZis isriT.– dros, masas da sigrZes aqvs sidide, magram ar aqvs mimarTuleba – es skalaruli sidideebi, an ubralod,skalarebia.– isrebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia sxva mizniTac. magaliTad, rodesac gsurs uCveno erTmaneTTan dakav-Sirebuli movlenebis Tanmimdevroba:zRvis wylisaorTqlebaRrubliswarmoqmnawvima– isari gamoiyeneba agreTve, rodesac gamosaxaven raRac nivTierebebisagan axali nivTierebis warmoqmnas.magaliTad nivTierebebi wyalbadi da Jangbadi SeerTebisas warmoqmnis nivTiereba wyals. es asegamoisaxeba:Jangbadi + wyalbadi wyaliaqtivoba 3 – moswavleTa Sefaseba /5wT/gakveTilis saswavlo miznidan da aqtivobebidan gamomdinare, maswavlebels SeuZlia Seafasos moswavleSemdegi kriteriumebiT:Sefasebis kriteriumi:1. moswavle ganmartavs da mohyavs skalarebis da veqtorebis magaliTebi.aqtivoba 4 – saSinao davaleba – gakveTilze miRebuli codnis da unar-Cvevis transferi – 5 wT;maswavlebeli moswavleebs avalebs TanmimdevrobiT ganixilon gakveTilis bolos mocemuli 6 savarjiSo,raTa SeZlon gakveTilze miRebuli codnis transferi.36

3. bunebismetyvelebis laboratoriaSi arsebuli zogierTi xelsawyo damuSaobis wesigakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavlem SeZlos dakvirvebisas awarmoos sxvadasxva gazomviTi saqmianobebi,aRricxos monacemebi, daicvas xelsawyoebis gamoyenebis da usafrTxoebis wesebi.standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.2aqtivoba1– saSinao davalebis prezentacia /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs gaakeTon saSinao davalebis prezentacia.prezentatori moswavle akeTebs davalebis prezentacias, kerZod:1. warmoadgens saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul teqsts argumentirebuli TxrobiT.2. akeTebs teqstSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasaazreblad gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebis1,2, 3... prezentacias.aqtivoba 2 – `xelsawyoebi sxvadasxva sidideebis gasazomad~ /5 wT/maswavlebeli svams maprovocirebel kiTxvebs:– romeli xelsawyo gamoiyeneba sigrZis gasazomad?– romeli xelsawyo gamoiyeneba masis gasazomad?– romeli xelsawyo gamoiyeneba temperaturis gasazomad?maswavlebeli moswavleTa pasuxebis dasafiqsireblad dafaze adgens kognitur sqemas:xelsawyoebisaxazavisaaTisasworiTermometrimenzuradinamometri...sigrZedromasatemperaturamoculobaZala...sidideebiaqtivoba 3 – mikroskopis aRwera /10 wT/maswavlebeli akeTebs mikroskopis prezentacias – mikroskopis obieqtivSi Camagrebulia sxvadasxvagadidebis unaris mqone linzebi. linzis gadidebis unari obieqtivzea aRniSnuli. mag., x 250 niSnavs, romlinza 250-jer adidebs gamosaxulebas. sakvlev nimuSs gaanaTeben naTuriT an mzis sxiviT, romelsac sarkeaireklavs da aTvaliereben okularis saSualebiT. okulars obieqtivTan aerTebs tubusi. tubusi da sasagnedafa SeiZleba amoZraon xraxnebiT saukeTeso gamosaxulebis misaRebad. dakvirvebisaTvis SesaZlebeliasxvadasxva masalis gamoyeneba (sur. 2), magaliTad, guburidan aRebul wylis wveTs, wyalmcenares an foTlisanaTals (1) moaTavseben sasagne minis centrSi (2), zemodan daadeben safar minas (3). momzadebul nimuSsdadeben sasagne dafaze da aTvaliereben mikroskopiT.aqtivoba 4 – `gazomva da wesebi~ /15 wT/rCeva 1: rodesac raimes zomav, monacemi aucileblad unda Caiwero – damaxsovrebuli dagaviwydeba.rCevis Sesabamisi qmedebis simulacia – vipovoT wignis moculoba. amisaTvis gazome wignis sigrZe,simaRle da sigane, TiToeuli gazomvis monacemi Caiwere. V= abc moculoba izomeba sm 3 , m 3 da a.S.rCeva 2: anaTvalis aRebis dros sazom xelsawyos unda Sexedo pirdapir (ara iribad).rCevis Sesabamisi qmedebis simulacia – gazome burTulis (kenWis) moculoba menzuris saSualebiT. CaasximenzuraSi sanaxevrod wyali. menzuris danayofi giCvenebs wylis moculobas. danayofs Sexede pirdapir damonacemi Caiwere. Caagde burTula menzuraSi. wylis done aiwevs. kvlav gazome wylis moculoba. danayofsSexede pirdapir da monacemi Caiwere. am or monacems Soris sxvaoba giCvenebs burTulis moculobas. esmonacemic Caiwere. cda Caatare kidev 2-jer. yvelaferi ise gaimeore, rogorc pirvel jerze. gansxvavebamxolod is iqneba, rom meore da mesame jerze menzuris danayofs Sexedav ara pirdapir, aramed iribad: me-2jerze qvevidan zeviT (menzura xeliT aswie ise, rom danayofs qvemodan Sexedo), me-3 jerze ki zevidan qveviT(menzura xeliT daswie ise, rom danayofs zemodan Sexedo), rodesac iangariSeb burTulis moculobasme-2 da me-3 cdaSi.37

maswavlebeli rCeva 2-is refleqsiis mizniT sami kiTxviT mimarTavs moswavleebs:1. ra SemTxvevaSi iyo burTulis moculobis maCvenebeli yvelaze dabali, yvelaze maRali?2. sinamdvileSi burTulis moculoba cdebSi ar icvleboda. ratom miiRe gansxvavebuli Sedegi?3. Seni azriT, romeli cdis Sedegia sando? pasuxi ganmarte.aqtivoba 5 – moswavleTa Sefaseba /5 wT/gakveTilis saswavlo miznidan da aqtivobebidan gamomdinare, maswavlebels SeuZlia Seafasos moswavleSemdegi kriteriumebiT:Sefasebis kriteriumebi:1. moswavle ganmartavs, romeli sididis gasazomad romeli xelsawyo gamoiyeneba.2. moswavle msjelobs sxvadasxva sidideebis gazomvisas ra wesebis dacvaa saWiro.3. moswavle konkretuli magaliTebis ganxilvisas axerxebs gakeTvilze naswavli cnebebis da sakiTxebistransfers.Sefasebis sqemakriteriumebi 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10moswavle ganmartavs,romeli sididis gasazomadromeli xelsawyogamoiyenebamoswavle arasworadganmartavs, romelisididis gasazomadromeli xelsawyogamoiyenebamoswavle arasruladganmartavs, romelisididis gasazomadromeli xelsawyogamoiyenebamoswavle ZiriTadadganmartavs, romelisididis gasazomadromeli xelsawyogamoiyenebasrulyofiladmoswavle msjelobs,sxvadasxva sidideebisgazomvisas ra wesebisdacvaa saWiromoswavle arasworadmsjelobs, gazomvisasra wesebis dacvaasaWiromoswavle arasrulyofiladsaubrobsgazomvis wesebzemoswavle ZiriTadadmsjelobs gazomviswesebzesrulyofiladmoswavle konkretulimagaliTebis ganxilvisasaxerxebs gakveTilzenaswavli cnebebis dasakiTxebis transfersmoswavle konkretulimagaliTebis ganxilvisasver axerxebsgakveTilze naswavlicnebebis da sakiTxebistransfersmoswavle konkretulimagaliTebis ganxilvisasxarvezebiTaxerxebs gakveTilzenaswavli cnebebis dasakiTxebis transfersmoswavle konkretulimagaliTebis ganxilvisasZiriTadadaxerxebs gakveTilzenaswavli cnebebis dasakiTxebis transferssrulyofilad4.usafrTxoebis dacvagakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavlem SeZlos Sesabamisi masalis, aRWurvilobisa da masalebis gamoyenebiTdagegmili cdebis usafrTxoebis wesebze imsjelos.standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.1aqtivoba1 – saSinao davalebis prezentacia /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, gaakeTon saSinao davalebis prezentacia.prezentatori moswavle akeTebs davalebis prezentacias, kerZod:1. warmoadgens saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul teqsts argumentirebuli TxrobiT.2. akeTebs teqstSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasaazreblad gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebis1,2, 3... prezentacias.38

aqtivoba 2 – ùsafrTxoebis dacva“ /30 wT/maswavlebeli usafrTxoebis sakiTxs ganixilavs 4 mimarTulebiT; klass yofs 4 jgufad, TiToeul jgufsaZlevs erT sakiTxs da saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul masalaze da maT pirad gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiTamzadeben saprezentacio plakatebs da akeTeben prezentacias:1 2 3 4Cacmuloba da aqsesuarebi gamafrTxilebeli niSnebi qimiuri nivTierebebis gan-Tavsebis wesebilaboratoriaSi muSaobisusafrTxoebis wesebi2. gamafrTxilebeli niSnebimJangavixels uwyobswvasa da JangvasadviladfeTqdebafeTqebadsaSiSiradioaqtiuriiwvevsdaavadebebsadviladaalebadiadviladekideba cecxlitoqsikuriiwvevsmowamvlasmJava, tuteiwvevsdamwvrobas3. qimiuri nivTierebebis ganTavsebis wesebi:– nu Seinaxav nivTierebebs anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT;– msgavsi Tvisebebis mqone nivTierebebi erTad unda ganTavsdes;– aalebadi nivTierebebi specialur saTavsoSi unda inaxebodes;– siTxeebi specialur, aramsxvrevad konteinerebSi unda inaxebodes;– TiToeul nivTierebas unda hqondes etiketi dasaxelebisa da Senaxvis vadis miTiTebiT;– advilad aalebadi da feTqebadi nivTierebebi siTbos wyarodan moSorebiT unda moTavsdes;– momwamvleli nivTierebebi calke, specialur seifSi unda inaxebodes.4. laboratoriaSi muSaobis usafrTxoebis wesebi:1) ar SeiZleba nivTierebis xeliT aReba da gemos gasinjva; Tu es aucilebelia, saxelmZRvanelos Se sabamisinstruqciaSi miTiTebuli iqneba da maswavlebelic dagrTavs nebas. spirtqura, mWreli sagnebi (mag., lanceti)gamoiyene maswavleblis daxmarebiT.laboratoriaSi muSaoba da cdebis Catareba:2) nivTiereba ar unda daynoso, radgan SeiZleba sasunTqi organoebi dagiziandes. nivTierebis sunisgasagebad, sakmarisia WurWlis zedapiridan haeris nakadi xelis moZraobiT cxvirisken mimarTo;3) Tu nivTiereba SemTxveviT xelze an tansacmelze mogxvda, Camoibane dauyovnebliv didi raodenobiswyliT;4) qimiuri reaqcia sufTa WurWelSi unda Caataro da nivTierebebi im raodneobiT unda aiRo, rogorces samuSaos aRweraSi iqneba miTiTebuli;5) cdis damTavrebis Semdeg darCenili nivTiereba WurWelSi ar Caabruno da sakanalizacio niJaraSi arCaasxa (moagrove specialur WurWelSi);6) cdebi, romelTa dros mavne airebi an mZafrsuniani nivTierebebi gamoiyofa, acileblad gamwov karadaSiunda Catardes;7) dauSvebelia spirtquris anTeba meore spirtquris alze. spirtquris ali mxolod spirtquris saxuravis– Talfaqis saSualebiT unda Caaqro;8) samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg gamoyenebuli WurWeli garecxe da samuSao adgili moawesrige.aqtivoba 4 – moswavleTa Sefaseba /5 wT/gakveTilis saswavlo miznidan da aqtivobebidan gamomdinare, maswavlebels SeuZlia Seafasos moswavleSemdegi kriteriumebiT:Sefasebis kriteriumebi:1. moswavlem SeZlo dagegmili cdebis Sesabamisi masalis, aRWurvilobis SerCeva.2. moswavlem SeZlo cdis usafrTxod Catarebaze msjeloba.aqtivoba 5 – saSinao davaleba – gakveTilze miRebuli codnis da unar-Cvevis transferi /5 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs avalebs TanmimdevrobiT ganixilon gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebi, raTa SeZlon gakveTilze miRebuli codnis transferi.39

5. rogor xdeba bunebrivi movlenebis SeswavlagakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavlem SeZlos kvlevis miznis Camoyalibeba da kvlevis miznis Sesabamisadmosazrebebis gamoTqma, aqtivobis dagegmva, saTanado xelsawyoebis SerCeva, monacemTa Segrovebisgzis arCeva, mudmivi da cvladi parametrebis garCeva, saTanado aRricxvis formebis SerCeva /wakiTxva/analizi; SeZlos daskvnis gamotana.standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.1bun.VII.4.aqtivoba 1 – saSinao davalebis prezentacia /5 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, gaakeTon saSinao davalebis prezentaciaprezentatori moswavle akeTebs davalebis prezentacias, kerZod:1. warmoadgens saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul teqsts argumentirebuli TxrobiT.2. akeTebs teqstSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasaazreblad gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebis1,2, 3. .. prezentaciasaqtivoba 2 – kvlevis etapebis siuJeturi gacnoba /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs mimarTavs:– gaixseneT da CamoTvaleT me-6 klasSi Tqven mier Catarebuli kvlevebi. moswavleebi ixseneben. maswavlebelimoswavleebs uambobs maTi Tanatolis mier Catarebul kvlevaze, mag.:me-7 kl. moswavle akvirdeba romelime qoTnis mcenares da uCndeba kiTxva: aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba wyalsmcenaris foTlebis ganviTarebisaTvis? moswavle moifiqrebs, rogor gaarkvios sakiTxi. is Camoayalibebskvlevis mizans (ra unda ikvlios, ra kiTxvas gasces pasuxi), SeimuSavebs kvlevis meTods: vTqvaT, daakvirdebaramden foTols ganiviTarebs erTi da igive qoTnis mcenare, rodesac erT qoTanSi mzard mcenaresyoveldRe dausxams 50 g. wyals, da meores 100 g wyals; gadawyvets ra mcenares daakvirdeba, rogor dara drois ganmavlobaSi daTvlis foTlebis raodenobas. amis Semdeg moswavle Caatarebs cdas da aiRebsmonacemebs: daTvlis erT da meore qoTanSi mzardi mcenaris foTlebis raodenobas. Semdeg aanalizebsmonacemebs da gamoaqvs dakvna.maswavlebeli gamoyofs kvlevis etapebs.kvlevis etapebia:• miznis gansazRvra• kvlevis meTodis SemuSaveba• cdis Catareba, monacemebis aReba• monacemebis analizi• daskvnazemoT moyvanili siuJetis gamoyenebiT moswavleebi axorcieleben kvlevis etapebis siuJetismo nakveTebTan dakavSirebas.aqtivoba 3 – damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvladebi /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs isev siuJets axsenebs da aanalizebs _ am SemTxvevaSi saqme gaqvs damoukidebelda damokidebul cvladebTan. damoukidebeli cvladia mcenarisaTvis miwodebuli wylis raodenoba.is icvleba, erT SemTxvevaSi 50 g-ia, meoreSi – 100 g, magram es cvlileba ar aris damokidebuli mcenarisfoTlebis raodenobaze. damokidebuli cvladia foTlebis raodenoba, is icvleba da Tanac damokidebuliamcenarisaTvis miwodebuli wylis raodenobaze.maswavlebeli ajamebs masalas:damoukidebeli cvladimcenarisaTvis miwodebuli wylis raodenobadamokidebuli cvladifoTlebis raodenobaaqtivoba 4 – modelis Seqmna /10 wT/maswavlebeli: – gaixseneT da CamoTvaleT TqvenTvis nacnobi modelebi. moswavleebi ixseneben.40

maswavlebeli modelirebis aqtivobebs ajgufebs cxrilSi:struqturis modelirebatyis modelisokos modelisaaTis modelida a. S.procesis modelirebawvimis procesis modelireba;niadagis gamoSrobis modelireba;da a. S.da aRniSnavs:bunebrivi movlenis modelis Seqmna (modelireba) saWiroa movlenis TvalsaCinod warmodgenisaTvis.magaliTad, fizikosebi qmnian frinvelis frTis models, raTa warmoidginon, rogor exmareba frTa frinvelsfrenaSi.biologebi qmnian adamianis sxeulis modelebs, raTa naTlad dainaxon, rogor arian isini ganlagebulebida erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulebi sxeulSi. mecnierTa codna da warmodgena bunebrivi movlenebis SesaxebviTardeba da Sesabamisad icvleba maT mier Seqmnili modelebic.aqtivoba 5 – moswavleTa Sefaseba /5wT/gakveTilis saswavlo miznidan da aqtivobebidan gamomdinare, maswavlebels SeuZlia Seafasos moswavleSemdegi kriteriumebiT:Sefasebis kriteriumebi:1. moswavlem kvlevis mizani Camoayaliba.2. kvlevis miznis Sesabamisad mosazrebebi gamoTqva, aqtivoba dagegma, saTanado xelsawyoebi SearCia.3. monacemTa Segrovebis gza airCia, mudmivi da cvladi parametrebi gaarCia, saTanado aRricxvis formebiSearCia.4. gaakeTa analizi, SeZlo daskvnis gamotana.kriteriumebi 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10moswavlem Camoayalibakvlevis mizani;gamoTqva mosazrebebi,dagegma aqtivobebi,SearCia xelsawyoebimonacemTa Segrovebisswori gzaairCia, mudmivi dacvladi parametrebigaarCia, saTanadoaRricxvis formebiSearCia /waikiTxa/gaakeTaanalizi;SeZlo daskvnisgamotanamoswavle konkretulimagaliTebisganxilvisas axerxebsgakveTilze naswavlicnebebis dasakiTxebis transfersmoswavlem xarvezebiTCamoayaliba kvlevismizani; arasworadgamoTqva mosazrebebi,ver dagegma aqtivobebi,ver SearCia xelsawyoebimonacemTa Segrovebisgza SecdomiT airCia,mudmivi da cvladiparametrebi ver gaar-Cia, saTanado aRricxvisformebi ver SearCia,magram waikiTxa sxvisiSevsebuli formebigaakeTa analizi; SeZlodaskvnis gamotanamoswavle konkretulimagaliTebis ganxilvisasver axerxebsgakveTilze naswavlicnebebis da sakiTxebistransfersmoswavlem arasruladCamoayaliba kvlevismizani; xarvezebiTgamoTqva mosazrebebi,xarvezebiT dagegmaaqtivobebi, arasruladSearCia xelsawyoebimonacemTa Segrovebisgza airCia, mudmivi dacvladi parametrebinaTlad ver gaarCia,saTanado aRricxvisformebi SearCiawaikiTxa sxvisi SevsebuliformebigaakeTa analizi; SeZlodaskvnis gamotanamoswavle konkretulimagaliTebis ganxilvisasxarvezebiT axerxebsgakveTilze naswavlicnebebis da sakiTxebistransfersmoswavlem Camoayalibakvlevis mizani;gamoTqva mosazrebebi,xarvezebiTdagegma aqtivobebi,SearCia xelsawyoebimonacemTa Segrovebisgza sworadairCia, mudmivi dacvladi parametrebigaarCia, saTanadoaRricxvis formebiSearCiagaakeTa analizi;SeZlo daskvnis gamotanamoswavle konkretulimagaliTebis ganxilvisasZiriTadadaxerxebs gakveTilzenaswavli cnebebis dasakiTxebis transferssrulyofiladsrulyofiladsrulyofiladsrulyofiladaqtivoba 5 – saSinao davaleba – gakveTilze miRebuli codnis da unar-Cvevis transferi /5 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs avalebs TanmimdevrobiT ganixilon gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarji-Soebi, raTa SeZlon gakveTilze miRebuli codnis transferi.41

6. monacemebis gamosaxva cxrilis da diagramis saxiTgakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavlem SeZlos kvlevis miznis Camoyalibeba da kvlevis miznis Sesabamisadmosazrebebis gamoTqma, aqtivobis dagegmva, saTanado xelsawyoebis SerCeva, monacemTa Segrovebisgzis arCeva, mudmivi da cvladi parametrebis garCeva, saTanado aRricxvis formebis SerCeva /wakiTxva/analizi; SeZlos daskvnis gamotana.standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.1bun.VII.4.aqtivoba1 – saSinao davalebis prezentacia /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, gaakeTon saSinao davalebis prezentacia.prezentatori moswavle akeTebs davalebis prezentacias, kerZod:1. warmoadgens saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul teqsts argumentirebuli TxrobiT.2. akeTebs teqstSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasaazreblad gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebis1,2, 3... prezentaciasaqtivoba 2 – situaciuri amocana /30 wT/maswavlebeli ramdenime situaciur amocanas ganixilavs:situaciuri amocana 1rodesac kvlevas Caatareb da monacemebs miiReb, isini SesaZlebelia gamosaxo diagramis an cxrilissaxiT. cxrili martivia, Tu mxolod erT cvladTan gaqvs saqme. magaliTad, ikvlev zRvis wylis Sedgenilobasda gsurs monacemi warmoadgino cxrilis saxiT. am SemTxvevaSi cxrili aseTi saxis iqneba:zRvis wylis Sedgenilobawyali marili sxva myari nivTierebebisituaciuri amocana 2rodesac saqme damokidebul da damoukidebel cvladTan gaqvs, magaliTad, ukve aRweril, mcenarezedakvirvebis SemTxvevaSi cxrili SesaZlebelia aseTi iyos:mcenarisaTvis miwodebuli wylis raodenoba100 grami 1050 grami 4foTlebis raodenoba yvavilobis dawyebisaTvissituaciuri amocana 3monacemebi SegiZlia gamosaxo diagramis saxiT. magaliTad, Cayare 1 l wyalSi 1 g marili da aRricxavwyalSi marilis gaxsnis dros. cdas akeTeb 2 variantad: rodesac wyals kovziT mourev da rodesac armourev. vertikalur RerZze daitan damokidebul cvlads – marilis wyalSi gaxsnis dros (mag., wm-Si), xolohorizontalur RerZze aRniSnav damoukidebel cvladebs: 1. wylis moreva 2. morevis gareSe141210864201242

situaciuri amocana 4diagrama metad moxerxebulia, rodesac akvirdebi movlenebs garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad,akvirdebi, rogor izrdeba lobios aRmonaceni garkveul periodSi, magaliTad, pirveli foTlisgaSlidan 3 dRis ganmavlobaSi. pirveli foTlis gaSlis dRidan, yoveldRiurad zomav aRmonacenis sigrZesniadagis zedapiridan aRmonacenis kenweromde 3 dRis ganmavlobaSi. vertikalur RerZze daitan aRmonacenissigrZis maCveneblebs (mm-Si) yoveli gazomvis dros, xolo horizontalur RerZze – dakvirvebisdReebs. moZebni vertikalur da horizontalur RerZebze aRebuli monacemebis gadakveTis wertilebs daSeaerTeb maT xaziT. miiReb mruds:25201510501 2 3mrudi giCvenebs, rom: pirvel dRes aRmonacenis sigrZe iyo 22 mm, meore dRes 25 mm, mesame dRes 28 mm.aqtivoba 3 – moswavleTa Sefaseba /5 wT/gakveTilis saswavlo miznidan da aqtivobebidan gamomdinare maswavlebels SeuZlia Seafasos moswavleSemdegi kriteriumebiT:Sefasebis kriteriumebi:1. monacemTa Segrovebis gza airCia, mudmivi da cvladi parametrebi gaarCia, saTanado aRricxvisformebis SearCia.2. moswavlem konkretuli magaliTebis ganxilvisas moaxerxa gakveTilze naswavli cnebebis da sakiTxebistransferi.3. gaakeTa analizi, SeZlo daskvnis gamotana.kriteriumebi 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10monacemTaSegrovebis swori gzaairCia, mudmivi dacvladi parametrebigaarCia, saTanadoaRricxvis formebiSearCia /waikiTxa/monacemTa Segrovebisgza SecdomiT airCia,mudmivi da cvladiparametrebi ver gaarCia,saTanado aRricxvisformebi ver SearCia,magram waikiTxa sxvisiSevsebuli formebimonacemTa Segrovebisgza airCia, mudmivi dacvladi parametrebinaTlad ver gaarCia,saTanado aRricxvisformebi SearCia,waikiTxa sxvisiSevsebuli formebimoswavlemoswavle konkretuli moswavle konkretulikonkretulimagaliTebis ganxilvisas magaliTebismagaliTebisver axerxebs gakveTilze ganxilvisasganxilvisasnaswavli cnebebis da xarvezebiT axerxebsaxerxebs gakveTilze sakiTxebis transfers gakveTilzenaswavli cnebebisnaswavli cnebebis dada sakiTxebissakiTxebis transferstransfersgaakeTa analizi; ver gaakeTa analizi; xarvezebiT gaakeTaSeZlo daskvnis SeZlo daskvnis gamotana analizi; SeZlogamotanadaskvnis gamotanamonacemTasrulyofiladSegrovebis gzasworad airCia,mudmivi da cvladiparametrebi gaarCia,saTanado aRricxvisformebi SearCiamoswavlesrulyofiladkonkretulimagaliTebisganxilvisasZiriTadad axerxebsgakveTilzenaswavli cnebebisda sakiTxebistransfersgaakeTa analizi; srulyofiladSeZlo daskvnisgamotana43

scenarebi fizikaSi8. nivTiereba Sedgeba atomebisa da molekulebisagan1. gakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos nivTierebis atomur-molekulur agebulebaze;ganixilos magaliTebi, romlebic molekulebisa da atomebis mcire zomebze miuTiTebs, aRwerossxvadasxva nivTierebis modelebi; ganuviTardes saazrovno, komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi.standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.8aqtivoba 1– nivTierebis atomur-molekulur agebuleba /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs CamoTvalon Tvisebebi, romlebic maT garSemo arsebul sxeulebsaxasiaTebT.moswavleebi iwyeben CamoTvlas: rbili, tkbili, magari, uformo, gamWirvale, mJave... da a.S.maswavlebeli svams damazustebel kiTxvas – riT aris es gansxvavebebi gamowveuli? ratomaa Saqaritkbili? marili – mlaSe?maswavlebeli iwyebs kognituri sqemis Sesabamis msjelobas:– risgan Sedgeba sxeuli?moswavleebs axsenebs, rom yvela sxeuli nivTierebisgan aris Seqmnili.mini-leqcia – nebismieri, cocxali Tu aracocxali sxeuli Sedgeba erTi an ramdenime nivTierebisagan.magaliTad, kovzi, SeiZleba damzadebuli iyos mxolod erTi nivTierebisgan (vercxlisgan, oqrosgan daa.S.), xolo naTuris dasamzadeblad gamoyenebulia ramdenime nivTiereba (mag., mina da rkina). Seni sxeulisSemadgeneli nivTierebebia, magaliTad, wyali, marili, cilebi da sxva. yvela nivTierebas aqvs mkacradgansazRvruli, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, magaliTad, feri, suni, gemo da a.S.risgan Sedgeba TviTon nivTiereba?mini-leqcia – mecnierebma nawilakebs, romlebisaganac nivTiereba aris agebuli, molekula uwodes.`molekula~ laTinurad niSnavs `mcire masas~. magaliTad, Saqari Sedgeba Saqris molekulebisagan, wyali– wylis molekulebisagan. molekulis zoma Zalian mcirea. Seecade warmoidgino molekulis zoma.aqtivoba 2 – Sedarebebi/10 wT/maswavlebeli ganixilavs magaliTebs, romelic molekulebis da atomebis mcire zomebze miuTiTebs.mag., 1sm 3 moculobis myari nivTierebis yvela molekula rom gavamwkrivoT erT xazze, am monakveTissigrZe iqneba daaxloebiT dedamiwidan mzemde manZilis toli.ukukavSiris mizniT kiTxviT mimarTavs moswavleebs:– ratom ver vxedavT molekulebs SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT?– ra mniSvneloba aqvs mikroskopis gamadideblobas molekulebis SeswavlisTvis?– ra mniSvneloba aqvs eleqtronuli mikroskopiT gadaRebul fotoebs, romlis mixedviT mecnierebiamzadeben molekulis modelebs?aqtivoba 3 – savarjiSo vizualur masalaze /10 wT/maswavlebeli nivTierebis molekulur agebulebas SeiZleba modelis saSualebiTac gavecnoT. suraTebzeCans, rom nivTiereba wyali Sedgeba sami atomisagan, xolo SaqarSi atomebis raodenoba gacilebiT metia.yvela nivTierebas aqvs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli atomebis raodenoba. modelidan Cans, rom atomebi erTmaneTTandakavSirebulia. amitom atomebi garkveul manZilzea erTmaneTisgan ganlagebuli. nivTierebisTvisebebi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra atomebisagan Sedgeba is da agreTve, rogoria maTi raodenoba, maTSoris kavSiri da manZili.aqtivoba 4 – Sejameba /5 wT/maswavlebeli ajamebs gakveTils.1. nivTiereba Sedgeba molekulebisagan.2. molekula ar aris nivTierebis yvelaze mcire nawilaki.3. molekulebi Tavis mxriv Sedgebian ufro mcire zomis nawilakebisagan. maT atomebs uwodeben. maswavlebeliaxdens moswavleTa provocirebas ... kerZod sTxovs moswavleebs interpretacia gaukeTon TiToeuldebulebas.44

aqtivoba 5 – moswavleTa Sefaseba /5 wT/gakveTilis saswavlo miznidan da aqtivobebidan gamomdinare, maswavlebels SeuZlia Seafasos moswavleSemdegi kriteriumebiT:Sefasebis kriteriumebi:1. moswavle msjelobs nivTierebis atomur-molekulur agebulebaze;2. ganixilavs magaliTebs, romlebic molekulebis da atomebis mcire zomebze miuTiTebs;3. aRwers sxvadasxva nivTierebis modelebs.Sefasebis rubrikakriteriumebi 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10moswavle msjelobsnivTierebis atomurmolekuluragebulebaze;ganixilavs magaliTebs,romlebicmolekulebis daatomebis mcire zomebzemiuTiTebsaRwers sxvadasxvanivTierebis modelebsmoswavle arasworadmsjelobs niv-Tierebis atomurmolekuluragebulebazever mohyavs magaliTebi,romlebicmolekulebis daatomebis mcirezomebze miuTiTebs,ver axerxebssxvadasxva niv-Tierebis modelebisaRwerasmoswavle zogadadda xarvezebiT msjelobsnivTierebisatomur-molekuluragebulebazexarvezebiTganixilavs magaliTebs,romlebicmolekulebis daatomebis mcire zomebzemiuTiTebs,xarvezebiT aRwerssxvadasxva niv-Tierebis modelebsmoswavle msjelobsnivTierebisatomur-molekuluragebulebazeganixilavs magaliTebs,romelicmolekulebisda atomebismcire zomebzemiuTiTebs,aRwers sxvadasxvanivTierebis modelebsmoswavle warmatebuladmsjelobs nivTierebisatomur-molekuluragebulebaze; moyavsadekvaturi magaliTebiwarmatebiT ganixilavsmravalferovanmagaliTebs, romelicmolekulebis da atomebismcire zomebzemiuTiTebs,warmatebiT aRwerssxvadasxva nivTierebismodelebsaqtivoba 6 – saSinao davaleba /5 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs aZlevs saSinao davalebas:1. waikiTxon saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli teqsti da gaiazron Sinaarsi.2. teqstSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasaazreblad Seasrulon gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebi1,2, 3.9. nivTierebis myari, Txevadi da airadi mdgomareobagakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavlem SeZlos ganasxvaos myari, Txevadi da airadi mdgomareobebi maTiTvisebebisa (moculobisa da formis SenarCuneba) da atomur-molekuluri struqturis mixedviT,standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.8aqtivoba 1 – saSinao davalebis prezentacia /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs gaakeTon saSinao davalebis prezentacia.prezentatori moswavle akeTebs davalebis prezentacias, kerZod:1. warmoadgens saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul teqsts argumentirebuli TxrobiT.2. akeTebs teqstSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasaazreblad gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebis1,2, 3 prezentacias.aqtivoba 2 – kognituri savarjiSo /15 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs axsenebs erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul, nivTierebis agrebatul mdgomareobas/myari, Txevadi, airadi/ mohyavs wylis magaliTi da sakiTxs kognituri sqemiT warmoadgens:faqti ra unda iyos amis mizezi?sxvadasxva agregatul mdgomareobaSi nivTierebassxvadasxva fizikuri Tvisebebi aqvsmaswavlebeli sakiTxis gasaazreblad iseT fizikur Tvisebebs ixilavs, rogorebicaa forma da moculobada moswavleebis daxmarebiT interaqtiurad avsebs sqemas:45

Txevadi myari airadiforma icvleba inarCunebs icvlebamoculoba inarCunebs inarCunebs icvlebasxvadasxva fizikuri Tvisebebis mizezebis asaxsnelad maswavlebeli akeTebs sakiTxebis prezentacias:myari nivTierebamyari sxeulis Tvisebaa formisa da moculobis SenarCuneba.Znelia misi gaWimva-SekumSva, moRunva, gawyveta da a.S. myari sxeulis Semadgeneli molekulebi iseaxlos imyofebian erTmaneTTan, rom maT Soris manZilebi daaxloebiT TviT molekulis zomis tolia. isinimkacrad gansazRvruli wesiT arian ganlagebulni da erTmaneTis mimarT garkveuli, Znelad Sesacvlelimdebareoba aqvT (sur.2.3.3).myar sxeulSi molekulebi miizidaven da amavdroulad ganizidaven erTmaneTs. mizidva-ganzidvis ZalebiZalian Zlieria. amitom molekulebi TiTqmis ar gadaadgildebian, mxolod irxevian (sur.2.3.2.a). sworedamitom inarCunebs nivTiereba myar agregatul mdgomareobaSi formas da moculobas.Txevadi nivTierebasiTxis Tvisebaa SeinarCunos moculoba, magram advilia misi formis Secvla:siTxe miiRebs im WurWlis formas, romelSic mas CavasxamT. magram, amave dros, siTxes moculobas verSevucvliT. suraT 2.3.4 –ze naCvenebia Wiqa, romelSic wyali asxia. wyali aris bunebrivi warmoSobis TxevadinivTiereba (siTxe).siTxis mTavari Tvisebaa is, rom is denadia. ra aris amis mizezi? siTxeSi, myar agregatul mdgomareobasTanSedarebiT, molekulebs Soris mizidva odnav mcirea. amitom molekulebi ufro swrafad irxevianda erTmaneTis mimarT ufro Tavisuflad gadaadgildebian, TiTqos erTmaneTze srialeben (sur.2.3.5).amitomaa siTxe denadi da is formas ver inarCunebs. siTxe ar ikumSeba da arc iWimeba.airadi nivTierebaairi ver inarCunebs verc formas, verc moculobas.is advilad farTovdeba da mTlianad ikavebs misTvis daTmobil adgils. amis mizezi aris is, rom airismolekulebs Soris didi Sualedebia da isini Zalian didi siCqariT moZraoben. maT Soris ar moqmedebsur TierT mizidvis Zala, amitom Sejaxebis Semdeg isini yvela mimarTulebiT uwesrigod ifantebian da avsebenWurWels, romelSic airia moTavsebuli. amitom ar aqvs airs arc forma da arc moculoba. molekulebsSoris didi Sualedis gamo airis SekumSva Tavidan SedarebiT advilia, magram aqvs zRvari. molekulebiserTmaneTTan daaxloebis gamo gaZlierdeba ganzidvis Zala, romelic aRar mogvcems airis SemdgomiSekumSvis saSualebas. erTi nivTierebis sxvadasxva agregatul mdgomareobaSi Tvisebebis gansxvavebulobamolekulebis moZraobis, maT Soris manZilebis da urTierTqmedebis gansxvavebulobiT aixsneba (sur.2.3.6).amis Semdeg maswavlebeli isev ubrundeba kognituri sqemis meore svets da sTxovs moswavleTa wyvilebsgauziaron erTmaneTs azrebi da daasrulon sqema.moswavleTa wyvilebi akeTeben Sevsebuli sqemis prezentacias.faqti ra unda iyos amis mizezi?sxvadasxva agregatul mdgomareobaSi niv-Tierebas sxvadasxva fizikuri TvisebebiaqvsnivTierebis molekulebs Soris manZili, molekulebis moZraoba,molekulebs Soris mizidvis da ganzidvis Zalebi gansazRvravs niv-Tierebis agregatul mdgomareobas da nivTierebis fizikur Tvisebebs/forma,moculoba/aqtivoba 3 – ra xdeba nivTierebis erTi agregatuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlisas? /5wT/maswavlebeli mimarTavs mTel klass:– gTxovT, daasruloT Cem mier dawyebuli msjeloba:erTi agregatuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlisas icvleba nivTierebis fizikuri Tvisebebi imitom,rom icvleba...moswavleebi asruleben maswavleblis mier dawyebul frazas.46

sasurveli pasuxi:erTi agregatuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlisas icvleba nivTierebis fizikuri Tvisebebi imitom,rom icvleba:1. nivTierebis Semadgenel molekulebs Soris manZilebi.2. molekulebis urTierTganlageba.3. molekulebis moZraobis siCqare.aqtivoba 4 – Sejameba /5 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad ajamebs gakveTils moswavlis saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli 5 postulatismixedviT.aqtivoba 5 – moswavleTa Sefaseba /5wT/gakveTilis saswavlo miznidan da aqtivobebidan gamomdinare, maswavlebels SeuZlia Seafasos moswavleSemdegi kriteriumebiT:Sefasebis kriteriumebi:1. moswavle CamoTvlis da aRwers nivTierebis agregatul mdgomareobas.2. mowavles SeuZlia myari Txevadi da airadi mdgomareobebi ganasxvaos maTi Tvisebebis (moculobisada formis SenarCuneba) mixedviT.3. mowavles SeuZlia myari, Txevadi da airadi mdgomareobebi ganasxvaos atomur-molekuluri struqturismixedviT.Sefasebis rubrikakriteriumebi 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10moswavle aRwersnivTierebis sam agregatulmdgomareobasmoswavle arasworadaRwers nivTierebissam agregatul mdgomareobasmoswavle arasrulyofiladaRwersnivTierebis sam agregatulmdgomareobasmoswavle aRwers niv-Tierebis agregatulsam mdgomareobasmoswavle warmatebiTaRwers nivTierebissam agregatul mdgomareobasmoswavles SeuZliamyari, Txevadi daairadi mdgomareobebiganasxvaos maTiTvisebebis (moculobisada formis Senar-Cuneba) mixedviTmoswavles ar Seu-Zlia myari, Txevadida airadi mdgomareobebiganasxvaosmaTi Tvisebebis(moculobisa daformis SenarCuneba)mixedviTmoswavles xarvezebiTSeuZliamyari, Txevadi daairadi mdgomareobebiganasxvaos maTiTvisebebis (moculobisada formis Senar-Cuneba) mixedviTmoswavles ZiriTadadSeuZlia myari,Txevadi da airadimdgomareobebiganasxvaos maTiTvisebebis (moculobisada formis Senar-Cuneba) mixedviTmoswavles warmatebiTSeuZlia myari,Txevadi da airadimdgomareobebiganasxvaos maTiTvisebebis (moculobisada formis Senar-Cuneba) mixedviTmoswavles SeuZliamyari, Txevadi daairadi mdgomareobebiganasxvaosatomur-molekuluristruqturismixedviTmoswavles ar Seu-Zlia myari, Txevadida airadi mdgomareobebiganasxvaosatomur-molekuluristruqturismixedviTmoswavles xarvezebiTSeuZlia myari,Txevadi da airadimdgomareobebiganasxvaos atomurmolekuluristruqturismixedviTmoswavles ZiriTadadSeuZlia myari,Txevadi da airadimdgomareobebiganasxvaos atomurmolekuluristruqturismixedviTmoswavles warmatebiTSeuZlia myari,Txevadi da airadimdgomareobebiganasxvaos atomurmolekuluristruqturismixedviTaqtivoba 6 – saSinao davaleba /5 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs gaakeTon saSinao davalebis prezentacia.prezentatori moswavle akeTebs davalebis prezentacias, kerZod:1. warmoadgens saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul teqsts argumentirebuli TxrobiT.2. akeTebs teqstSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasaazreblad gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebis1,2, 3 prezentacias.47

10. nivTierebis simkvrive, simkvrivis praqtikuli mniSvnelobagakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavlem SeZlos daakavSiros nivTierebis simkvrive mis praqtikulgamoyenebasTan; adekvaturad gamoiyenos Sesabamisi cnebebi da formulebi amocanebis amosaxsnelad. ganuviTardessaazrovno, komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi.standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.8aqtivoba 1 – saSinao davalebis prezentacia /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, gaakeTon saSinao davalebis prezentacia.prezentatori moswavle akeTebs davalebis prezentacias, kerZod:1. warmoadgens saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul teqsts argumentirebuli TxrobiT.2. akeTebs teqstSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasaazreblad gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebis1,2, 3 prezentacias.aqtivoba 2 – ra aris simkvrive? /15 wT/maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, CamoTvalon maTTvis cnobili fizikuri sidideebi.moswavleebi iwyeben dasaxelebas.maswavlebeli am CamonaTvals amatebs „simkvrive“-s da aRniSnavs:nivTierebis simkvrives ganapirobebs nivTierebis molekulebs Soris manZili. nivTiereba miT ufromkvrivia, rac ufro axlos arian ganlagebulebi erTmaneTTan misi molekulebi.maswavlebeli isev kiTxviT mimarTavs moswavleebs:– ratom iZireba wyalSi spilenZis patara moneta, xolo muxis xis uzarmazari mori ar iZireba?sTxovs wyvilebSi ganixilon sakiTxi da ise upasuxon. moswavleTa pasuxebis Semdeg maswavlebeli ganmartavs:– mizezi is aris, rom: spilenZi wyalze ufro mkvrivia, xolo muxas wyalze naklebi simkvrive aqvs. zustadimave mizeziT ar iZireba wyalSi yinulis uzarmazari aisbergic.maswavlebeli isev kiTxviT mimarTavs moswavleebs:– SeiZleba Tu ara simkvrivis Secvla?maswavlebeli moswavleTa gamocdilebis gamoyenebaze dayrdnobiT ganmartavs:simkvrivis Secvla SesaZlebelia sxeulis molekulebs Soris Sualedebis SecvliT.magaliTad, Tu fumfula bambas rodinSi danayav, is daitkepneba. am dros Semcirdeba bambis molekulebsSoris manZili da bamba ufro mkvrivi gaxdeba.simkvrivis Secvla SesaZlebelia sxeulebis gaTbobiT an gacivebiT. am drosac icvleba sxeulis molekulebsSoris manZilebi da, Sesabamisad, moculobac, amitom simkvrivec icvleba.nivTierebis simkvrive aseve SeiZleba Seicvalos sxeulSi molekulebis raodenobis SecvliT – am drosSeicvleba nivTierebis raodenoba, anu masa.sabolood SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna: simkvrive miT metia, rac metia sxeulis masa da miT naklebia,rac naklebia sxeulis moculoba.aqtivoba 3 – simkvrivis ganmarteba gamovsaxoT formuliT /10 wT/simkvrive = masa / moculobasimboloebis gamoyenebiT simkvrivis ganmartebaase Caiwereba:ρ=m/V (ρ=simkvrive, m=masa, V=moculoba)aqtivoba 4 – moswavleTa Sefaseba /5 wT/gakveTilis saswavlo miznidan da aqtivobebidan gamomdinare, maswavlebels SeuZlia Seafasos moswavleSemdegi kriteriumebiT.48

Sefasebis kriteriumebi:1. ganmartavs nivTierebis simkvrives.2. msjelobs nivTierebis simkvrivis praqtikul gamoyenebaze.3. Sesabamisi cnebebs da formulebs adekvaturad iyenebs amocanebis amosaxsnisas.Sefasebis rubrikakriteriumebi 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10ganmartavs niv-Tierebis simkvrivesarasworadganmartavsnivTierebissimkvrivesarasruladganmartavs niv-Tierebis simkvrivessaubrobs, raganapirobebssimkvrives daganmartavsganixilavs ra kavSiria masas, moculobasada simkvrives Soris da ganmartavsnivTierebis simkvrives;msjelobs niv-Tierebis simkvrivispraqtikulgamoyenebazearasworadmsjelobsnivTierebissimkvrivispraqtikulgamoyenebazezogadad da xarvezebiTmsjelobsnivTierebis simkvrivispraqtikulgamoyenebazemsjelobs niv-Tierebis simkvrivispraqtikulgamoyenebazemsjelobs nivTierebis simkvrivispraqtikul gamoyenebaze – mag., aanalizebskvadrociklis sxvadasxvanawilebis sxvadasxva simkvrivisnivTierebisgan damzadebis mizanSewonilobasamocanebis amoxsnisasiyenebs Sesabamiscnebebs daformulebsamocanebisamoxsnisas veriyenebs Sesabamiscnebebsda formulebsamocanebis amoxsnisasarasworadiyenebs Sesabamiscnebebs da formulebsamocanebisamoxsnisasiyenebs Sesabamiscnebebs daformulebsamocanebis amoxsnisas warmatebiTiyenebs Sesabamis cnebebs da formulebsaqtivoba 4 –saSinao davaleba /5 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, gaakeTon saSinao davalebis prezentacia.prezentatori moswavle akeTebs davalebis prezentacias, kerZod:1. warmoadgens saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul teqsts argumentirebuli TxrobiT.2. akeTebs teqstSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasaazreblad gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebis1,2, 3 prezentacias.49

scenarebi qimiaSi21. qimia – bunebismetyvelebis nawili (2 saaTi)I saaTigakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavlem SeZlos isaubros, ratom aris qimia sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba;imsjelos nivTierebebze, maT gardaqmnebze da am gardaqmnebis Tanmxleb movlenebze, ganuviTardeskomunikaciis da azrovnebis unarebi.standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.11.aqtivoba1 – ras niSnavs bunebismetyveleba da ras Seiswavlis igi? /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, gaixsenon, ras swavlobs bunebismetyveleba:moswavleebi ixseneben da CamoTvlian ...ras swavlobsbunebismetyvelebamaswavlebeli sqemaze afiqsirebs moswavleTa pasuxebs da versiebis amowurvis Semdeg moswavleTaCamonaTvals ajgufebs:magaliTad:qimia fizika biologianivTierebebs... sxeulebs... cocxal organizmebs...Sejameba – buneba swored am sam enaze „metyvelebs“, anu yovelgvari cvlileba, rac Cven garSemo xdeba,an nivTierebas exeba, an sxeuls, an cocxal orbanizms, an samives, an or romelimes, an erT-erTs.aqtivoba 2 – ratom iTvleba qimia uZveles mecnierebad... „istoriebi da faqti“ /10 wT/maswavlebeli fokusirebas akeTebs terminze „qimia“, moswavleebs acnobs terminis warmomavlobis daistoriis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva istoriul versiebs;versia 1 – is SeiZleba momdinareobdes egviptis Zveli saxelwodeba „qemi“-dan, rac Savs niSnavs daSesaZlebelia mdinare nilosis dablobze niadagis ferTan iyos dakavSirebuli;versia 2 – sityva ZvelberZnulad Serevas niSnavs;versia 3 – sityva Cinurad oqros niSnavs;versia 4 – saxelwodeba „qimia“-s vxvdebiT meCvidmete saukuneSi mefe vaxtang VI-is xelnawer naSromSi„wigni zeTebis Sezavebisa da qimiis qmnisa“. rogorc istoria iuwyeba, mefes sasaxleSi qimiuri laboratoriahqonia mowyobili, sadac igi cdebs atarebda.versia 5 – Zvel droSi cdebze momuSave adamianebs „alqimikosebs“ uwodebdnen.faqti, romelic Zalian mniSvnelovaniasaukuneebis ganmavlobaSi adamiani ocnebobda oqros xelovnurad miRebaze. eZebda iseT nivTierebas,romelic daexmareboda mas Cveulebrivi metali, magaliTad, rkina, oqrod eqcia. am cdebze momuSave adamianebsàlqimikosebs~ uwodebdnen. marTalia, maTi mcdeloba fuWi iyo, magram samagierod, Seiqmna saWiroxelsawyoebi, aRmoaCines bevri sasargeblo nivTiereba, ramac biZgi misca qimiis, rogorc mecnierebisCamoyalibebas.maswavlebeli ajamebs:saukuneebis ganmavlobaSitardeboda cdebi.Seiqmna saWiro xelsawyoebi, aRmoaCinesbevri sasargeblo nivTiereba.es iyo biZgi qimiis, rogorc mecnierebis,CamoyalibebisaTvis.50

aqtivoba 3 – ratom lpeba xili. ratom mJavdeba rZe? /10 wT/maswavlebeli kognitur savarjiSos sTavazobs moswavleebs. dafaze xazavs kognitur sqemas „movlenamizezi-Sedegi“da moswavleebTan interaqtiuri kiTxva-pasuxis Sedegad avsebs sqemis I da III svets. kerZodmaswavlebeli avsebs I, xolo moswavleebi, amis Sesabamisad, III svets.movlena mizezi SedegirZe amJavda ra aris amis mizezi? miviReT mawoniRvino daZmarda ra aris amis mizezi? miviReT Zmarimwvane foToli gayviTlda ra aris amis mizezi? miviReT yviTeli foToli... ... ...maswavlebeli – cnobismoyvare adamiani nel-nela codnismoyvare gaxda da qimikosebma daiwyes kvlevebi,raTa pasuxi gaecaT:– ratom yviTldeba foTlebi?– ratom mwifdeba da lpeba xili?– ratom mJavdeba rZe?– ratom Zmardeba Rvino?– ratom iJangeba rkina an sad `qreba~ wyalSi Cayrili marili Tu Saqari?maswavlebeli agrZelebs axsnas da saubrobs dakvirvebaze, romelic kvlevis warmatebis erT-erTipirobaa.adamiani yovelTvis akvirdeboda mis Tvalwin momxdar cvlilebebsa da maT Sedegebs, da cdilobda yoveliveTavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina. magaliTad, iyo dro, roca Weqa-quxilis Sedegad gaCenili cecxliTavzars scemda pirvelyofil adamianebs. Semdeg ki maT iswavles cecxlis daxmarebiT saWmlis momzadeba.aqtivoba 4 – ra daemarTa natriums? /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, daakvirdnen saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul vizualur masalas,romelic Tanmimdevrulad gamoxatavs nivTiereba natriumis „cvlilebas“ misi wyalSi Cadebidan misgaqrobamde.maswavlebeli moswavleTa wyvilebs mimarTavs kiTxvebiT da exmareba maT, gaiazron vizualuri masala(suraTi 3) da misi Sesabamisi warwera:natriumi rbili, movercxlisfroliTonia.kiTxva: ra Tvisebebi aqvs niv-Tiereba natriums?pasuxi: rbilia, movercxlisfroawyalSi natriumis CaSvebisas isamotivtivdeba, wylis zedapirzeiwyebs moZraobas, TandaTan zomaSiiklebs da warmoiqmneba airikiTxva: wyalTan Sexebisas racvlilebas ganicdis nivTierebanatriumi?pasuxi: amotivtivda, amoZravda,dapataravda, airi warmoiqmnanatriumis wyalTan urTierTqmedebis procesidasruldakiTxva: aq ra xdeba?pasuxi: araferi. natriumi gaqra.maswavlebeli jer sityvierad ajamebs, Semdeg ki sqematurad gamoxatavs masalas:1. sityvieri SejamebanivTiereba natriumi ki ar „gaqra“, aramed wyalSi gaixsna da sxva nivTierebad gardaiqmna. am gardaqmnasTanmxlebi movlenebi axlavs: airis da siTbos gamoyofa. airi kargad Cans, gamoyofili siTbo ki WurWelsaTbobs. es WurWelze xelis dadebiTac SeigrZnoba.2. mokle sityvieri Canaweri da misive sqematuri Canawerinatriums damatebuli wyali gardaiqmneba axal nivTierebad da gamoiyofa siTbo.natriumi + wyali = axali nivTiereba + siTbo51

natriums damatebuli wyali gardaiqmneba axal niv-Tierebadnatrium + wyali = axali niv-Tierebada gamoiyofasiTbo+ siTbomaswavlebeli ajamebs – am yvelafers swavlobs qimia, anu qimia aris sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba,romelic swavlobs:1. nivTierebebis Tvisebebs;2. maT gardaqmnebs;3. am gardaqmnebis Tanmxleb movlenebs.qimia SeiswavlisniTierebebis Tvisebebs nivTierebis gardaqmnebs am gardaqmnebis Tanmxleb movlenebsaqtivoba 5 – saSinao davaleba /5 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs avalebs moamzadon gakveTili argumentirebuli TxrobiT da SeasrulonsavarjiSoebi.aqtivoba 6 – moswavleTa Sefaseba /5 wT/maswavlebels SeuZlia moswavle Seafasos Semdegi kriteriumebiT:Sefasebis kriteriumebi:1. moswavle ganmartavs, ratom aris qimia sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba;2. msjelobs nivTierebebze, maT gardaqmnebze da am gardaqmnebis Tanmxleb movlenebze.Sefasebis rubrika:moswavle ganmartavs,ratom aris qimiasabunebismetyvelomecniereba da rogoriamisi ganviTarebisistoriamoswavle msjelobsnivTierebebze, maTgardaqmnebze da amgardaqmnebis Tanmxlebmovlenebze1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10moswavle ver ganmartavs,ratom arisqimia sabunebismetyvelomecnierebada rogoria misi ganviTarebisistoriamoswavle veraxerxebs imsjelosnivTierebebze, maTgardaqmnebze da amgardaqmnebis Tanmxlebmovlenebzemoswavle xarvezebiTganmartavs,ratom aris qimiasabunebismetyvelomecniereba da rogoriamisi ganviTarebisistoriamoswavle xarvezebiTmsjelobsnivTierebebze, maTgardaqmnebze da amgardaqmnebis Tanmxlebmovlenebzemoswavle ganmartavs,ratom aris qimiasabunebismetyvelomecniereba da rogoriamisi ganviTarebisistoriamoswavle msjelobsnivTierebebze, maTgardaqmnebze da amgardaqmnebis Tanmxlebmovlenebzemoswavle ganmartavs,ratom aris qimiasabunebismetyvelomecniereba da mohyavsargumentirebulimagaliTebi darogoria misi ganvi-Tarebis istoriamoswavle argumentirebuladmsjelobs nivTierebebze,maT gardaqmnebzeda am gardaqmnebisTanmxleb movlenebzeqimia – bunebismetyvelebis nawiliII saaTigakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavlem SeZlos isaubros, ratom aris qimia sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba;imsjelos nivTierebebze, maT gardaqmnebze da am gardaqmnebis Tanmxleb movlenebze, ganuviTardeskomunikaciis da azrovnebis unarebi.standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.11.aqtivoba 1 – saSinao davalebis prezentacia /15 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs sTxovs, gaakeTon saSinao davalebis prezentacia.52

prezentatori moswavle akeTebs davalebis prezentacias, kerZod:1. akeTebs TxrobiT momzadebuli gakveTilis prezentacias, aqcents akeTebs faqtebze da ama Tu immosazrebis dasamtkiceblad mohyavs argumentebi.2. warmoadgens momzadebul savarjiSos.aqtivoba 2 – muSaoba jgufebSi, wyvilebSi /25 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs yofs jgufebad an akompleqtebs wyvilebs da Tanmimdevrulad aZlevs gakveTilisbolos mocemul 2, 3, 4, 5 savarjiSoebs.savarjiSo „Seavse krosvordi“I etapi – savarjiSos micema;II etapi – jgufuri muSaoba;III etapi – prezentacia.krosvordis kiTxvebi:1. romeli nivTierebiT atkbob Cais?2. romeli nivTiereba amlaSebs sakvebs?3. romeli nivTierebisgan amzadeben qvabebsa da tafebs?4. romel nivTierebas izidavs magniti?5. romeli Txevadi nivTierebis gareSea sicocxle warmoudgeneli?savarjiSo „xis merqnis wva“I etapi – savarjiSos micema;II etapi – jgufuri muSaoba;III etapi – prezentacia.gaaanalizeT da warmoadgineT sqematurad:rodesac xe iwvis, miiReba naxSiri da siTbo gamoiyofa?upasuxe: romelia nivTierebis gardaqmna da romeli – Tanmxlebi movlena?savarjiSo – gardaqmna Tu misi Tanmxlebi movlenaI etapi – savarjiSos micema;II etapi – jg muSaoba;III etapi – prezentacia.gaaanalizeT da warmoadgineT pasuxi:– Seni azriT, romeli ufro mniSvnelovania, gardaqmnis saboloo produqti Tu misi Tanmxlebi movlena,rodesac:a) bunebrivi airi iwvis;b) rZisgan xaWo mzaddeba.savarjiSo – gaanalizeTI etapi savarjiSos micema;II etapi jgufuri muSaoba;III etapi prezentacia.gaanalizeT da warmoadgineT argumentirebuli pasuxi:– alqimikosebs rkina rom oqrod gadaeqciaT, es gardaqmna iqneboda Tu misi Tanmxlebi movlena?aqtivoba 3 – moswavleTa jgufebis urTierT Sefaseba /5wT/jgufs SeuZlia sxva jgufi Seafasos Semdegi kriteriumiT:jgufi msjelobs nivTierebebze, maT gardaqmnebze da am gardaqmnebis Tanmxleb movlenebze.53

scenarebi biologiaSi31. erT da mravalujrediani organizmebigakveTilis mizani – moswavlem SeZlos imsjelos ujredze, rogorc organizmis struqturul erTeulze;sxvadasxva saSualebiT gamosaxos sicocxlis organizaciis doneebi da imsjelos maT Sesaxeb. moxdes azrovnebisda komunikaciis unarebis ganviTareba.standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.5I etapi – moswavleTa winare codnis safuZvelze axali masalis axsnaaqtivoba1 – davfiqrdeT-vupasuxoT-vivaraudoT /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleTa winare codnis aqtivaciisaTvis moswavleebs mimarTavs:– gamoiyeneT Tqveni codna da CamoTvaleT adamianis organizmis organoebi.moswavleTa savaraudo pasuxebi: Tavi, xeli, Tvali, guli da a.S.– gamoiyeneT Tqveni codna da CamoTvaleT vaSlis xis organoebi.moswavleTa savaraudo pasuxebi: fesvi, Rero, foToli, nayofi, yvavili, Tesli.– magaliTad, ganvixiloT foToli, rogorc vaSlis xis Semadgeneli erT-erTi organo. ra nawilebisaganSedgeba?moswavleTa savaraudo pasuxebi: yunwisa da firfitisagan.– Tqveni azriT/varaudiT foTlis firfita struqturulad risganaa agebuli? is kidev risgan Sedgeba?moswavleebi gamoTqvamen TavianT mosazrebebs/varaudebs...aqtivoba 2 – jaWvuri Txroba /10 wT/maswavlebeli aRniSnavs – es kiTxva biologiis, rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebis yvela etapze ainteresebdaTmkvlevarebs da gamadidebeli xelsawyoebis Seqmnam uamravi aRmoCenis saSualeba misca biologebs,manamde ki isini gamoTqvamdnen varaudebs. gamadidebeli xelsawyoebis gamoyenebiT mravali mecnierisvaraudi dadasturda.maswavlebeli iwyebs jaWvur Txrobas:1. mcenaris foTols mikroskopiT Tu daaTvaliereb, dainaxav, rom foToli patar-patara ganyofilebebisaganSedgeba. TiToeul aseT ganyofilebas ujredi ewodeba.2. mravalujredian organizmebSi, kerZod, sokoebSi, mcenareebsa da cxovelebSi, ujredebis erTobliobaqmnis qsovilebs.3. qsovilisgan ki iqmneba organizmis organoebi.Sejameba, anu rgolebiT jaWvis Sekvra – ùjredi-qsovili-organo-organizmi~.aqtivoba 3 – ujredebis raodenoba da cocxali organizmebi /10wT/maswavlebeli agrZelebs jaWvur Txrobas da bolos aqtivobas asrulebs kognituri sqemiT:• mikroskopi daexmara mecnierebs cocxali organizmebi daeyoT erTujredian da mravalujredian organizmebad;radgan aRmoaCines, rom arseboben organizmebi, romelTa mTeli sxeuli mxolod erTi ujredia.cxadia, rom es organizmebi Zlier mcire zomisani arian. maT erTujrediani organizmebi ewodeba. erTujredianiorganizmebia ameba, qalamana, baqteriebi da sxv.mecnierebi yovelTvis TanamSromloben: acnobeben xolme erTmaneTs sakuTari dakvirvebis Sesaxeb,cvlian mosazrebebs da erToblivad midian daskvnebamde. sqemaze naCvenebia, rogor mividnen mecnierebiam daskvnamde.mcenareebiujredebisganSedgeba(maTiasSleideni)yvela cocxaliorganizmis sxeuliujredebisganaaagebuli(Teodor Svani)cxovelebiujredebisaganSedgeba(Teodor Svani)54

sqemis mimoxilva:• germaneli mecnieri maTias Sleideni mikroskopiT daakvirda sxvadasxva saxis mcenares da yvela maTganSiaRmoaCina ujredebi. aman Sleidens SesaZlebloba misca daeskvna, rom mcenareebi ujredebisaganSedgeba.• amave periodSi germanelma Teodor Svanma mikroskopiT dainaxa ujredebi cxovelebis organizmSi.amgvarad Svanma daaskvna, rom cxovelebi ujredebisgan Sedgeba.aqtivoba 4 – gakveTilis Sejameba /5 wT/1. cocxali organizmebis sxeuli ujredebisganaa agebuli. amitom amboben, rom ujredi yvela cocxaliorganizmis agebulebis erTeulia.2. organizmis SedgenilobaSi arsebuli ujredebis raodenobis mixedviT, cocxali arsebebi iyofaerTuj redianebad da mravalujredianebad.cocxali organizmebierTujredianebimravalujredianebi3. mravalujredian organizmebSi (sokoebSi, mcenareebSi da cxovelebSi) ujredebis erToblioba qmnisqsovils. qsovilisgan iqmneba organoebi.aqtivoba 5 – Sefaseba / 5 wT/maswavlebelma SeiZleba awarmoos ganmsazRvreli da ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba. gTavazobT Sefasebiskriteriumebs, romliTac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Sefaseba.Sefasebis kriteriumebi:1 moswavles SeuZlia ujredze, rogorc organizmis struqturul erTeulze msjeloba;2. moswavles SeuZlia sicocxlis organizaciis doneebze msjeloba;3. moswavles SeuZlia terminebis – ujredi, qsovili, organo, organo, erTujrediani, mravalujrediani– ganmarteba.aqtivoba 6 – saSinao davaleba /5 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs davalebad aZlevs, Seiswavlon saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli paragrafiùjredi yvela cocxali organizmis agebulebis erTeulia~ da moamzadon TxrobiT. yuradReba gaamaxvilonterminebze:• ujredi,• qsovili,• organo,• erTujrediani,• mravalujrediani.gakveTilze miRebuli codnis ganmtkicebis mizniT moswavleebs avalebs, gaakeTon gakveTilis bolosmocemuli savarjiSoebi.32. ujredi – qsovili – organo – organizmigakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavlem SeZlos imsjelos da sxvadasxva saSualebebiT gamosaxos sicocxlisorganizaciis doneebi: ujredi, qsovili, organo, organizmi. moxdes azrovnebis da komunikaciisunarebis ganviTareba.standartTan Sesabamisoba – bun.VII.5aqtivoba1 – davfiqrdeT-vupasuxoT-vivaraudoT /10 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleTa winare codnis aqtivaciisaTvis moswavleebs mimarTavs:– gamoiyeneT Tqveni codna da CamoTvaleT adamianis organizmis organoebi.55

moswavleTa savaraudo pasuxebi: Tavi, xeli, Tvali, guli.. da a. S.– gamoiyeneT Tqveni codna da CamoTvaleT vaSlis xis organoebi.moswavleTa savaraudo pasuxebi: fesvi, Rero, foToli, nayofi, yvavili, Tesli– magaliTad, ganvixiloT fiToli, rogorc vaSlis xis Semadgeneli erT-erTi organo; ra nawilebisaganSedgeba?moswavleTa savaraudo pasuxebi: yunwisa da firfitisagan.– Tqveni azriT/varaudiT foTlis firfita struqturulad risganaa agebuli? is kidev risgan Sedgeba?moswavleebi gamoTqvamen TavianT mosazrebebs/varaudebs...aqtivoba 2 – jaWvuri Txroba /10 wT/maswavlebeli aRniSnavs – es kiTxva biologiis, rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebis yvela etapze ainteresebdaTmkvlevarebs da gamadidebeli xelsawyoebis Seqmnam uamravi aRmoCenis saSualeba misca biologebs...manamde ki isini gamoTqvamdnen varaudebs. gamadidebeli xelsawyoebis gamoyenebiT mravali mecnierisvaraudi dadasturda.maswavlebeli iwyebs jaWvur Txrobas:1. mcenaris foTols mikroskopiT Tu daaTvaliereb, dainaxav, rom foToli patar-patara ganyofilebebisaganSedgeba. TiToeul aseT ganyofilebas ujredi ewodeba.2. mravalujredian organizmebSi, kerZod sokoebSi, mcenareebsa da cxovelebSi, ujredebis erTobliobaqmnis qsovilebs.3. qsovilisgan ki iqmneba organizmis organoebi.Sejameba, anu rgolebiT jaWvis Sekvra – Sejameba – ùjredi-qsovili-organo-organizmi~.naTqvami SeiZleba sqemis saxiTac gamovsaxoT. magaliTad:gulis kunTisujredebiqsoviligulimcenaris foTlis ujredebi qmnian qsovils, romlisaganac iqmneba foToli. igive iTqmis mcenareebissxva organoebis – Reros, fesvis Tu yvavilis Sesaxeb.aqtivoba 3 – /10 wT/maswavlebeli akeTebs kognituri/azrobrivi sqemis prezentacias:1. verbalurad organoebis erToblioba qmnis sxeuls – organizms.2. vizualurad, magaliTad, adamianis, ZaRlis, cxenis SemTxvevaSi sqematurad es ase gamoisaxeba:gulitviniTirkmelikanikuWiZvlebiorganizmi(sxeuli)filtvikunTebisakvercxesaTesleaqtivoba 4 – ujredebis raodenoba da cocxali organizmebi /5 wT/maswavlebeli – mikroskopi daexmara mecnierebs, cocxali organizmebi daeyoT erTujredian da mravalujredianorganizmebad; radgan aRmoaCines, rom arseboben organizmebi, romelTa mTeli sxeulimxolod erTi ujredia. cxadia, rom es organizmebi Zlier mcire zomisani arian. maT erTujrediani organizmebiewodeba. erTujrediani organizmebia ameba, qalamana, baqteriebi da sxv.ameba, qalamana, evglena, baqteriebi erTujredianebi arian. amitom maT ar aqvT qsovilebi da organoebi,maTi ujredi Tavad warmoadgens organizms.moswavleebi – saxelmZRvaneloSi aTvaliereben erTujrediani organizmebis fotoebs da iazreben, rom56

amebas ujredi amavdroulad misi organizmia.aqtivoba 5 – moswavleTa Sefaseba /5 wT/gakveTilis saswavlo miznidan da aqtivobebidan gamomdinare, maswavlebels SeuZlia Seafasos moswavleSemdegi kriteriumebiT:Sefasebis kriteriumebi:1. moswavle ganmartavs sabunebismetyvelo sagnebs.2. moswavle fizikuri sidideebis – dro, masa, sigrZe – erTeulebs warmoadgens erTeulTa saerTaSorisosistemis Sesabamisad.3. moswavle konkretuli magaliTebis ganxilvisas axerxebs gakveTilze naswavli cnebebis da sakiTxebistransfers.Sefasebis kriteriumebi:1. moswavle msjelobs sicocxlis organizaciis doneebze;2. moswavle sxvadasxva saSualebebiT gamosaxavs sicocxlis organizaciis doneebs / ujredi, qsovili,organo, organizmi/Sefasebis sqemakriteriumebi 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10moswavle msjelobssicocxlis organizaciisdoneebzemoswavle sxvadasxvasaSualebebiT gamosaxavssicocxlisorganizaciis doneebs/ujredi, qsovili,organo, organizmi/moswavle arasworadmsjelobs sicocxlisorganizaciis doneebzemoswavle ver axerxebssxvadasxva saSualebebiTgamosaxos sicocxlisorganizaciisdoneebimoswavle xarvezebiTmsjelobs sicocxlisorganizaciisdoneebzemoswavle xarvezebiTaxerxebs sxvadasxvasaSualebebiT gamosaxossicocxlisorganizaciis doneebimoswavle ZiriTadadsworad msjelobssicocxlis organizaciisdoneebzemoswavle ZiriTadadaxerxebs sxvadasxvasaSualebebiT gamosaxossicocxlis organizaciisdoneebisrulyofiladsrulyofiladaqtivoba 6 – saSinao davaleba /5 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs davalebad aZlevs, Seiswavlon saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli paragrafi;moamzadon TxrobiT. yuradReba gaamaxvilon terminebze:• ujredi• qsovili• organo• erTujrediani• mravalujredianida Seasrulon gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebi.57

33. ujredi yvela cocxali organizmis funqciuri da ganviTarebiserTeuliagakveTilis saswavlo mizani: moswavlem SeZlos imsjelos ujredze, rogorc organizmis struqturul,funqciur da ganviTarebis elementarul erTeulze. moxdes azrovnebis da komunikaciis unarebis ganvi-Tareba.standartTan Sesabamisoba: bun.VII.5aqtivoba 1 – ujredi, rogorc organizmis struqturuli erTeuli /5 wT/maswavlebeli iwyebs interaqtiur leqcias da kognituri sqemis Sevsebas;Tavdapirvelad avsebs sqemis pirvel svets:ujredi, rogorc organizmisstruqturuli erTeulikunTis ujredebi qmnian kunTsneironebi qmnian tvins da a.S.ujredi, rogorc organizmisfunqciuri erTeuliujredi, rogorc organizmisganviTarebis erTeuliaqtivoba 2 – ujredi, rogorc organizmis funqciuri erTeuli /15 wT/maswavlebeli agrZelebs interaqtiur leqcias da kognituri sqemis meore svetis Sevsebas:ujredi, rogorcorganizmisstruqturulierTeulikunTis ujredebi qmniankunTsneironebi qmnian tvins daa.S.ujredi, rogorc organizmis funqciuri erTeulikunTis ujredebs aqvT SekumSvis unari. maTi erTobliviSekumSva iwvevs organos – kunTis SekumSvas. amgvarad kunTisujredebi ara marto qmnian kunTs, aramed ganapirobeben misfunqcias.neironebis cxovelqmedeba ganapirobebs tvinis funqcias.amgvarad, neironebi ara marto qmnian tvinis qsovils da, Sesabamisad,tvins, aramed uzrunvelyofen mis funqcias.ujredi, rogorcorganizmisganviTarebiserTeuliaqtivoba 3 – ujredi, rogorc organizmis ganviTarebis erTeuli /10 wT/maswavlebeli agrZelebs interaqtiur leqcias da kognituri sqemis mesame svetis Sevsebas:ujredi, rogorcorganizmisstruqturuli erTeulikunTis ujredebi qmniankunTsneironebi qmnian tvinsda a. S.ujredi, rogorc organizmisfunqciuri erTeuli kunTis ujredebs aqvT SekumSvisunari. maTi erToblivi SekumSvaiwvevs organos – kunTis SekumSvas.amgvarad kunTis ujredebi ara martoqmnian kunTs, aramed ganapirobebenmis funqcias. neironebis cxovelqmedeba ganapirobebstvinis funqcias. amgvarad, neironebiara marto qmnian tvinis qsovilsda, Sesabamisad, tvins, arameduzrunvelyofen mis funqcias.ujredi, rogorc organizmisganviTarebis erTeuli erTujredianebis, magaliTad, amebasujredi iyofa da warmoqmnis or axal–Svileul ujreds. amgvarad, ujredisgayofa uzrunvelyofs amebas gamravlebisfunqcias. cxovelebs da mcenareebs aqvT gansakuTrebuliujredebi – sasqeso ujredebi,romlebisganac axali organizmi warmoiqmneba.amgvarad sasqeso ujredebi uzrunvelyofencocxali organizmebis gamravlebisfunqcias.58

aqtivoba 4 – refleqsia /5 wT/maswavlebeli ajamebs gakveTils:ujredicocxali organizmisagebulebis erTeulicocxali organizmisfunqciuri erTeulicocxali organizmisganviTarebis erTeuliaqtivoba 5 – moswavleTa Sefaseba /5 wT/1. moswavle ganmartavs sabunebismetyvelo sagnebs.2. moswavle fizikuri sidideebis – dro, masa, sigrZe – erTeulebs warmoadgens erTeulTa saerTaSorisosistemis Sesabamisad.3. moswavle konkretuli magaliTebis ganxilvisas axerxebs gakveTilze naswavli cnebebis da sakiTxebistransfers.Sefasebis kriteriumi: moswavles SeuZlia imsjelos ujredze, rogorc organizmis struqturul, funqciurda ganviTarebis elementarul erTeulze.kriteriumebi 1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10moswavles SeuZliaimsjelos ujredze,rogorc organizmisstruqturulerTeulzemoswavles ar Seu-Zlia imsjelosujredze, rogorcorganizmis struqturulerTeulzemoswavles Seu-Zlia xarvezebiTimsjelos ujredze,rogorc organizmisstruqturulerTeulzemoswavles SeuZliaimsjelos ujredze,rogorc organizmisstruqturulerTeulze; moiyvanosmagaliTebimoswavles SeuZliaimsjelos ujredze,rogorc organizmisstruqturulerTeulze; moiyvanosmagaliTebimoswavles SeuZliaimsjelos ujredze,rogorc organizmisfunqciur erTeulzemoswavles ar Seu-Zlia imsjelosujredze, rogorcorganizmis funqciurerTeulzemoswavles SeuZliazogadad imsjelosujredze, rogorcorganizmis funqciurerTeulzemoswavles SeuZliaimsjelos ujredze,rogorc organizmisfunqciur erTeulzeda moiyvanos magaliTebimoswavles SeuZliaimsjelos ujredze,rogorc organizmisfunqciur erTeulzeda moiyvanos magaliTebiaqtivoba 6 – saSinao davaleba /5 wT/maswavlebeli moswavleebs davalebad aZlevs, Seiswavlon saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli paragrafi,moamzadon TxrobiT da Seasrulon gakveTilis bolos mocemuli savarjiSoebi.59

8. Semajamebeli testebifizika1. SI sistemaSi sigrZis ZiriTadi sazomi erTeulia:a) erTi metri; b) erTi kilometri;g) erTi milimetri; d) erTi santimetri.2. SI sistemaSi drois sazomi ZiriTadi erTeulia:a) wami ; b) wuTi; g) saaTi; d) weli.3. SI sistemaSi masis ZiriTadi sazomi erTeulia:a) grami; b) kilogrami; g) tona; d) miligrami.4. romeli gamafrTxilebeli niSani miuTiTebs radiaciul safrTxes?a) b) g)d) e) v)5. romeli gamafrTxilebeli niSani miuTiTebs toqsikur safrTxes?a) b) g)d) e) v)6. romelia nivTierebis umciresi nawilaki:a) atomi; b) molekula; g) namceci.7. ramdeni agregatuli mdgomareoba arsebobs:a) 1 b) 2 g) 3 d) 58. romeli formula gamosaxavs simkvrives:a) F=mg b) ρ=m/V g) X=L-L0 d) Fdr= -kX9. ra aris difuzia:a) qvemodan zeviT mimarTuli Zala;b) erTi nivTierebis meoreSi Sereva;g) erTi nivTierebis meorisagan gancalkeveba;d) horizontalurad mimarTuli Zala.10. romel agregatul mdgomareobaSi mimdinareobs difuzia yvelaze swrafad:a) myarSi; b) TxevadSi; g) airadSi; d) yvelaSi erTnairad.11. ra saxis Zalebi ici:a) vertikaluri da horizontaluri;b) distanciuri da kontaqturi;g) marjvena da marcxena;d) magari da rbili;e) skalaruli da veqtoruli.60

12. rogori sididea Zala:a) vertikaluri;g) marjvena;d) magari da rbili;e) veqtoruli.13. romeli Zala iwvevs nayofis vardnas miwaze:a) xaxunis; b) drekadobis; g) simZimis; d) dartymis.14. romeli Zalaa meti:a) uZraobis xaxunis;b) srialis xaxunis;g) drekadi xaxunis;d) plastikuri xaxunis.15. CamoTvlilTagan romelia kontaqturi Zala:a) gravitaciuli; b) xaxunis; g) simZimis; d) magnituri.16. rogor SevamciroT xaxuni:a) wonis gazrdiT;b) wonis SemcirebiT;g) urTierTSexebis farTobis gazrdiT;d) urTierTSexebis farTobis SemcirebiT.17. CamoTvlilTagan romeli Zala aRudgens drekad sxeuls formas:a) xaxunis; b) drekadobis; g) simZimis; d) dartymis.18. romeli formula gamosaxavs hukis kanons:a) p=F/S; b) ρ=m/V g) X=L-L 0d) Fdr= -kX19. romeli formula gamosaxavs wnevas:a) p=F/S b) ρ=m/V g) X=L-L0 d) Fdr=-kX20. romeli ganmarteba asaxavs paskalis kanons:a) rac metia deformaciis Zala, miT metia drekad sxeulSi aRZruli drekadobis Zala;b) airSi da siTxeSi CaZirul sxeulze moqmedebs amomgdebi Zala;g) siTxeSi da airSi wneva yvela mimarTulebiT erTnairad gadaecema;d) xaxunis Zala ar aris damokidebuli urTierTSexebis farTobze.21. romelia ziarWurWeli:a) boTli; b) Wiqa; g) Caidani; d) TefSi.22. ra ganapirobebs amomgdebi Zalis arsebobas:a) xaxuni; b) gravitacia; g) maRali wneva; d) temperatura.61

qimia1. mocemuli niSani gafrTxilebs, rom:a) xels uwyobs wvasa da Jangvas;b) azianebs kansa da Tvalebs;g) toqsikuria.2. qalaqSi eleqtroenergias sami eleqtrosadguri gamoimuSavebs. romel eleqtrosadgurSi gamomuSavdebaeleqtroenergia qimiuri gardaqmnis Sedegad:a) qvanaxSirze momuSave eleqtrosadgurSi;b) qaris eleqtrosadgurSi;g) hidroeleqtrosadgurSi.3. gafiltvriT SeiZleba ganvacalkeoT im xsnaris Semadgeneli komponentebi, romelic Sedgeba:a) walSi xsnadi myari nivTierebebisagan;b) erTmaneTSi uxsnadi siTxeebisgan;g) wyalSi uxsnadi myari nivTierebisagan.4. zRvis wylidan sufris marilis miReba SeiZleba:a) amoSrobiT;b) gafiltvriT;g) dawdomiT.5. romeli movlenaa qimiuri:a) Saqris gafxviereba;b) Caidnis Tavsaxurze wylis wveTebis warmoqmna;g) sanTlis wva.6. fizikuri movlenis dros ar icvleba nivTierebis:a) molekulebs Soris manZili;b) molekula;g) forma da zoma.7. kiriani wylis amRvreva imis maCvenebelia, rom qimiuri reaqciis Sedegad:a) gamoiyo airi;b) warmoiqmna naleqi;g) gamoiyo sinaTle.8. arasworia msjeloba, rom foTlis wvis dros:a) foTlis masa mcirdeba;b) airadi produqtebi gamoiyofa;g) irRveva masis mudmivobis kanoni.9. wvis aucilebeli pirobaa nivTierebis:a) aalebis temperaturamde gaxureba;b) galRoba;g) daqucmaceba.10. ra ganapirobebs daxarjuli Jangbadis aRdgenas haerSi:a) wva;b) difuzia;g) fotosinTezi.11. limonaTis boTlis gaxsnisas airi gamoiyofa, radgan:a) airis xsnadoba izrdeba wnevis SemcirebiT;b) airis xsnadoba izrdeba wnevis gazrdiT;g) airis xsnadoba mcirdeba wnevis SemcirebiT.62

12. sanTlis wvis dros gamoiyofa:a) wyali;b) wyali da naxSirorJangi;g) naxSirorJangi.13. natriumis wyalTan urTierTqmedebis reaqcias axlavs:a) siTbos STanTqma;b) feris da sunis Secvla;g) siTbos da airis gamoyofa.14. molekulis modelebidan romeli Seesabameba wylis molekulas:a) b) g)15. marmarilos ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilia nivTiereba:a) marilmJava;b) natriumis hidroqsidi;g) kalciumis karbonati,16. kirian wyals amRvrevs nivTiereba:a) naxSirorJangi;b) Jangbadi;g) wyali.17. Jangbadis areSi mbJutavi kvari:a) abrialdeba;b) Caqreba;g) araferi mouva.18. mJavis Sesaxeb romeli mtkicebulebaa mcdari:a) mJava neitraldeba fuZiT;b) mJava fuZesTan urTierTqmedebs marilisa da wylis warmoqmniT;g) mJava fuZesTan urTierTqmedebs naxSirorJangisa da wylis warmoqmniT.19. ra ferisaa iisferi lakmusis qaRaldi neitralur xsnarSi:a) wiTeli;b) lurji;g) iisferi.20. ras udris fuZis xsnaris pH:a) pH 7b) pH 14g) pH 163

iologia1. ujreduli Teoriis Tanaxmad, ujredi aris:a) cocxali organizmebis agebulebis erTeuli;b) cocxali da aracocxali sxeulebis agebulebis erTeuli;g) qimiuri nivTierebebis agebulebis erTeuli.2. birTvi moTavsebulia:a) mcenareuli ujredis vakuolSi;b) ujredis citoplazmaSi;g) ujredis garsSi.3. cxoveluri da mcenareuli ujredi gansxvavdeba imiT, rom:a) cxovelur ujreds ar aqvs qloroplastebi;b) mcenareul ujreds ar aqvs ujredis kedeli;g) cxovelur ujreds ar aqvs vakuoli.4. mitoqondriebis funqcia aris:a) sakvebisagan energiis miReba;b) mzis energiis gamoyeneba;g) sakvebi nivTierebebis warmoqmna.5. qloroplastebis funqcia aris:a) sakvebisagan energiis miReba;b) mzis energiis gamoyeneba;g) sakvebi nivTierebebis warmoqmna.6. organos agebuleba swori TanmimdevrobiT SesaZlebelia ase warmovadginoT:a) organo-ujredi-qsovili;b) qsovili-ujredi-organo;g) ujredi-qsovili-organo.7. ubirTvo organizmebia:a) protistebi;b) eukariotebi;g) prokariotebi.8. baqteriebi miekuTvneba:a) monerebis samefos;b) protistebis samefos;g) arqebaqteriebis samefos.9. ameba miekuTvneba:a) protistebis samefos;b) umartivesebis samefos;g) cxovelebis samefos.10. umartivesebs miekuTvneba:a) evglena;b) qalamana;g) cianobaqteriebi.11. ZaRli miekuTvneba:a) ZuZumwovrebis samefos;b) cxovelebis klass;g) ZuZumwovrebis klass.64

12. vardi miekuTvneba:a) yvavilovan mcenareebs;b) gvimrebs;g) xavsebs.13. sruli metamorfozis SemTxvevaSi, axalSobili organizmi:a) hgavs mSobels;b) ar hgavs mSobels;g) rCeba ganuviTarebeli.14. amfibiebis klass miekuTvneba:a) Cxriala gveli;b) kobri;g) salamandra.15. amnioni axasiaTebs:a) ZuZumwovrebs;b) Tevzebs;g) mwerebs.16. lokokina ekuTvnis:a) mwerebs;b) moluskebs;g) obobisnairebs.17. butko da mtvriana aris mcenaris:a) vegetatiuri gamravlebis organo;b) sqesobrivi gamravlebis organo;g) sakvebidan energiis misaRebi organo.18. fesviT gamravleba aris:a) sqesobrivi gamravlebis nairsaxeoba;b) niadagidan wylis Sewovis saSualeba;g) usqeso gamravlebis nairsaxeoba.19. cocxal ujredze dakvirvebisTvis iyeneben:a) mikroskops;b) dinamometrs;g) saxazavs.20. cocxali organizmebis jgufebad gaerTianeba xdeba:a) maT mier dakavebuli sacxovrebeli teritoriis farTobis mixedviT;b) maT Soris agebulebaSi msgavsebis mixedviT;g) maT Soris fizikur sidideebSi – Zalasa da wonaSi msgavsebis mixedviT.65

testis pasuxebifizika qimia biologia1. a 1. g 1. a2 .a 2. a 2. b3. b 3. g 3. a4. g 4. a 4. a5. e 5. g 5. b6. b 6. b 6. g7. g 7. b 7. g8. b 8. a 8. a9. b 9. a 9. a10. g 10. g 10. b11. b 11. g 11. b12.e 12. b 12. a13 g 13. g 13. b14. a 14. g 14. g15. b 15. g 15. b16. b 16. a 16. b17 b 17. a 17. b18. d 18. g 18. g19. a 19. b 19. a20. g 20. 14 20. b21. g22. b66

9. moswavlis wignSi mocemuli savarjiSoebis pasuxebiSesavali2. skalari da veqtori (gv. 9)pasuxebi:1. savaraudod CamoTvlian: saxazavi – sigrZis sazomi, saswori – masis sazomi, saaTi (wammzomi) – droissazomi.2. monacemebi ar iqneba erTnairi, radgan moswavleebis fanqrebi ar iqneba erTi zomis. es uCvenebs, romsazomi erTeuli da sazomi xelsawyo unda iyos yvelasTvis erTnairi. am SemTxvevaSi jobda saxazavisgamoyeneba.3. fuli skalaria, mimarTuleba ar aqvs, aqvs mxolod sidide.4. 5. orive SemTxvevaSi isari mimarTuli iqneba adamianisagan karisaken. mesis SemTxvevaSi isari ufri grZeliiqneba, radgan mesi ufro Zlier daartyams burTs, vidre meSvideklaseli.SeniSvna: naxatis xarisxs yuradRebas nu miaqcevT, mTavaria veqtoris sworad gamosaxva.4. usafrTxoebis dacva (gv. 14)pasuxebi:1. niSnebis ganxilvis dros unda daasaxelon, Tu ras aRniSnavs TiToeuli maTgani (rogorc teqstSia)da daadasturon am niSnebis codnis aucilebloba. niSnebis gaazrebaSi daexmarebian maswavleblebi,radgan moswavleebma jer maT Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferi ician. am etapze (SesavalSi) sakmarisia uTxraT,rom mJangavi nivTierebebi iwveven sagnebis daJangvas, magaliTad, rkinisgan damzadebuli sagnebi kargavsbzinvarebas da fuWdeba. wvis xelSemwyobi nivTierebebi ki iwveven xanZris warmoqmnas da gavcelebas.afeTqebas mohyveba ngreva, adamianebis da sxva cocxali arsebebis sxeulis dazianeba an sikvdili.radioaqtiuri da momwamvleli nivTierebic iwveven mZime daavadebas an sikvdils, advilad aalebadnivTierebebs cecxli advilad ekideba (magaliTad, spirti) da saSiSia xanZris gaCenis TvalsazrisiT,mJavas an tutes SeuZlia daazianos kani an Sinagani organoebi (Tu sxeulis SigniT moxvda). kidev erTxelvimeorebT, rom am etapze es informacia sakmarisia.2. savaraudod naxavs im xelsawyoebs, rac saxelmZRvaneloSia naCvenebi. fizikis xelsawyoebidan Segi-ZliaT aCvenoT dinamometri, romelic sasworad gamoiyeneba. sxva, ufro rTuli xelsawyoebi am etapzesaWiro ar aris.3. sworia I da II.5. rogor xdeba bunebrivi movlenebis Seswavla (gv. 15)pasuxebi:1. awonis Rers dawvamde da dawvis Semdeg da Seadarebs monacemebs. Tu aris monacemebs Soris sxvaoba,maSasadame, masa Secvlila, Tu ar aris sxvaoba – masa ar Secvlila.2. moswavleebi advilad xvdebian, rom qveda suraTze naCveneb modelSi burTulebi ufro axlosaa erTmaneTTanganlagebuli.6. monacemebis gamosaxva cxrilisa da diagramebis saxiT (gv. 17)pasuxebi:1. pasuxi winaswar SeuZlebelia. principi mdgomareobssasworis monacemis aRebasa da cxrilSiSetanaSi.2. haeris temperaturas martSi, aprilSi, maisSi.martSi 10 0 C, aprilSi 15 0 C da maisSi 20 0 C.3. vertikalur RerZze – haeris temperatura ( 0 C),horizontalurze – Tveebi: 1– agvisto, 2 – seqtemberi,3 – oqtomberi.67353025201510501 2 3

7. venis diagrama (gv. 19)pasuxebi:1. jon venis pativsacemad.2. msgavsebaSi Caiwereba 5 sarTuli, 300 fanjara, 70 kari, gansxvavebebSi – stumrebis raodenoba (erTSi200, meoreSi 150).3. pasuxi winaswar ver moxerxdeba. principi mdgomareobs WurWlis cal-calke awonvasa da monacemebismartiv SedarebaSi. aq yuradReba eqceva, rom moswavle mieCvios monacemebis Caweras.4. sagnis moculobis gamosaTvlelad, sanam sagans (survilisamebr – saSleli, fanqari, sxv.) wyalSiCaagdebs, menzuris danayofis mixedviT afiqsirebs wylis dones, sagnis Cagdebis Semdeg kvlav afiqsirebswylis dones. doneTa Soris sxvaoba uCvenebs sagnis moculobas. danayofebs unda Sexedos pirdapir daara iribad.5. kibeze asvlisTvis patara isari 8-is maCvenebel danayofze qvemoT miuTiTebda, iatakze mjomisTvis– 8-is maCvenebel danayofze zemoT. arasworad iRebdnen monacems: unda SeexedaT saaTis isrisTvispirdapir, ara iribad.6. ar unda gaesinjaT gemo maswavleblis nebarTvis gareSe.7. aorTqleba – Rrublis warmoqmna – wvima.68

fizika8. nivTiereba Sedgeba atomebisa da molekulebisgan (gv. 22)pasuxebi:1. rkina da wyali.2. burTulebi.3. atomebi molekulebi nivTiereba sxeulebi.9. nivTierebis myari, Txevadi da airadi mdgomareobebi (gv. 25)pasuxebi:2. a)3. saerToa moculoba, gansxvavebaa: myars – mudmivi forma, Txevads – ara.4. radgan molekulebsa da atomebs Soris aris Sualedebi, amis mtkiceba swori ar iqneba.10. nivTierebis simkvrive. simkvrivis praqtikuli mniSvneloba (gv. 29)pasuxebi:1. winaswar ver vupasuxebT.2. gamiznulad. saburavi unda iyos elastikuri, korpusi – mtkice, sawvavi – denadi.11. difuzia (gv. 31)pasuxebi:1. a)2. haerSi, radgan is airia.3. myar sxeulebSi difuzia Zalian nela mimdinareobs.12. Zala da misi gazomva (gv. 34)pasuxebi:1. rkina, nikeli, kobalti.2. saerToa – orive Zalaa, gansxvaveba: erTs SexebiT, meores – Sexebis gareSe.3. b)13. simZimis da xaxunis Zala (gv. 38)pasuxebi:1. sferos (burTis) formis.2. amuSavebs hidroeleqtrosadgurebs.3. moxaxune zedapirebs Soris Seyvanili sapoxi amcirebs xaxuns.4. uZraobis xaxunis gareSe manqanis borbali isrialebs da manqana ver amoZravdeba;uZraobis xaxunis gamo manqanis borblebi cvdeba.5. ver vivliT, xelSi verafers daviWerT, qsovils ver movqsovT.6. TviTmfrinavsa da haers Soris; frinvelsa da haers Soris.7. tani unda daxaros win, fexiT unda miawves gzas, xaxunis Zala mimarTuli unda iyos fexis miwolissapirispirod.8. samive Zala unda iyos momarTuli naCvenebi mimarTulebebis sapirispirod.14. drekadobis Zala. hukis kanoni (gv. 42)pasuxebi:1. ara, imitom, rom gareSe Zalis moqmedebis Sewyvetis Semdeg is formas ver aRidgens.2. 1n.3. 5sm.4. 5000n/m.69

15. wneva. wnevis gadacema myar sxeulebSi (gv. 45)pasuxebi:1. zemodan tvirTis damatebiT.2. dawolis SemcirebiT, an farTobis gazrdiT. mag., manqanis saburavebis odnavi daSvebiT wneva gzazeSemcirdeba.3. raTa is ficriT daawves yinuls da amiT Seamciros wneva yinulze.4. blagvi dana purze imoqmedebs naklebi wneviT.5. saTiTe amcirebs wnevas TiTze.6. 5*10-4n.7. 1.33*104pa.8. gaivlis.pasuxebi:1. gacxelebiT.2. paskalis kanonis Tanaxmad.16. paskalis kanoni (gv. 50)17. wneva siTxeebSi. ziarWurWeli (gv. 52)pasuxebi:1. ara. simkvriveTa sxvaobis gamo.3. 1.03*107 pa.4. wneva wyalSi = 10000pa; wneva navTSi = 8000pa; wneva vercxliswyalSi =136000pa.5. dedamiwis mizidulobis Zala.6. pirvel sarTulze wneva 27-jer metia.18. paskalis kanoni praqtikaSi (gv. 56)pasuxebi:1. 4-jer2. 20000n. asjer.3. wneva milis SigniT da gareT gaTanabrdeba.19. siTxisa da airis moqmedeba maTSi CaZirul sxeulebze. atmosferuli wneva (gv. 58)pasuxebi:1. zeviT afrenisas atmosferuli wneva ecema. arahermetuli safreni aparatidan moxdeba haeris gaJonva.2. atmosferul wnevas qmnis dedamiwis mizidulobis Zala.20. arqimedes kanoni. sxeulebis curva (gv. 60)pasuxebi:1. amomgdeb Zalas ganapirobebs dedamiwis mier wylisa da haeris mizidva.2. dairRveva, radgan maT aqvT sxvadasxva simkvrive da Sesabamisad sxvadasxva iqneba maTze momqmediamomgdebi Zalebi.3. 20n.4. 2n.5. 8-jer.7. mariliani wyali ufro mkvrivia.8. Tu maTi moculobebi tolia, maTze imoqmedebs 13.6-jer meti amomgdebi Zala.9. amomgdebi Zala gaizrdeba.10. arc erTi ar Seicvleba.70

qimia21. qimia – bunebismetyvelebis nawili (gv. 64)pasuxebi1. am savarjiSosaTvis damatebiTi informacia: Tanamedrove adamiani winaprisgan gansxvavebiT, tansacmlisdasamzadeblad axal teqnologiebsa da masalas iyenebs.2. krosvordis pasuxebi:1. Saqari; 2. marili; 3. alumini; 4. rkina; 5. wyali.3. nivTierebis gardaqmna: xis dawviT naxSiri miiReba. Tanmxlebi movlena: siTbo da sinaTle.4. a)Tanmxlebi movlena: siTbo da sinaTle;b)gardaqmna: xaWos miReba.5. gardaqmna.damatebiTi informacia: 676 wels Zvelma berZnebma arabi dampyroblebis gemebi „qimiuri cecxliT“gadawves.„qimiuri cecxli“ Txevadia da wyalSi ar qreba. am faqtiT gaocebulma arabebma qimiis Seswavladaiwyes da mas „alqimia“ uwodes.22. movlenebi (gv. 67)pasuxebi1. a) forma,zoma, nivTiereba;b) forma, agregatuli mdgomareoba, nivTiereba (2 xazi gavusvaT)– Seicvala forma,zoma, agregatuli mdgomareoba.ar Seicvala nivTiereba.– saqme gvaqvs fizikur movlenasTan.2. g)3.fizikuri movlenapuris daWratotebis daqucmacebaqimiuri movlenaxorcis Sewvarkinis daJangvaxis dawvaSuSxunis wva23. qimiuri reaqciis niSnebi da pirobebi (gv. 70)pasuxebi1. b); d)2. g)3. namcxvris an nebismieri kerZis dasamzadeblad viyenebT ramdenime nivTierebas, romlis erTmaneT-Tan Serevis Sedegad viRebT erTgvarovan an araerTgvarovan narevs (fizikuri procesia), magram Tu amSerevas axlavs qimiuri reaqciis niSnebi, magaliTad, airis gamoyofa , naleqis warmoqmna, am SemTxvevaSisaqme gvaqvs qimiur reaqciasTan, ris Sedegadac miiReba axali nivTiereba. diasaxlisebi namcxvris momzadebisascoms mawvnisa da saWmeli sodis narevs amateben. ris Sedegadac airis buStulebi gamoiyofa damawoni fuvdeba. miRebuli masis airRumelSi moTavsebis Semdeg, mimdinareobs qimiuri reaqciebi dawarmoiqmneba axali nivTierebebi, gansxvavebuli TvisebebiT.4.movlenaSeSis nafotebad daqucmacebaSeSis wvawylis duRilirkinis daJangvamimdinareobispirobameqanikuri zemoqmedebagaxurebagaxurebanivTierebebis Serevagaregnuli niSaniforma,zomaferi, siTbo, sinaTleagragatuli mdgomareobis Secvlaformis, zomis, feris SecvladaasabuTe, rommovlena fizikuriaan qimiurinivTiereba ar icvlebamiiReba axali nivTierebanivTiereba ar icvlebamiiReba axali nivTierebaSesTavazeT, Seadaron erTmaneTs rkinisa da Jangis Tvisebebi. Caataron martivi eqsperimenti – Seamowmonmagnitis moqmedeba orive nivTierebaze.71

24. wva da Jangva (gv. 72)pasuxebi1. bunebrivi procesebis Sedegad atmosferoSi Jangbadis Sevseba rom ar xdebodes, haerSi Jangbadi didixnis winaT gamoileoda da dedamiwaze sicocxlec Sewydeboda. sunTqvisaTvis erTi adamiani weliwadSixarjavs 263m 3 Jangbads. Jangbadis aseTi didi raodenobiT xarjvis miuxedavad, misi wili haerSi ar icvleba.es aris mwvane mcenareSi mimdinare fotosinTezis Sedegi, romlis drosac gamoiyofa Jangbadi.didi raodenobiT Jangbads iZleva zRvebisa da okeaneebis flora. gaufrTxildiT mwvane nargavebs – igijanmrTelobis garantia!2. damcavi safariT – laqiT an saRebaviT unda davfaroT.3. gaTlili kartofili fers icvlis, rac qimiuri reaqciis niSania. qimiuri reaqcia mimdinareobs haerSiarsebul Jangbadsa da gaTlili kartofilis SedgenilobaSi Semaval nivTierebas Soris. am cvlilebisTavidan asacileblad gaWrili kartofilis haerTan Sexeba unda SevzRudoT. magaliTad, mWidrodSemovaxvioT polieTilenis parki, movaTavsoT wylian jamSi.4. xanZars uyuradRebod datovebuli cecxlis kera (koconi, asanTi) iwvevs. haeris maRali temperaturisgamo cecxli ekideba torfian Waobebs, radgan iq wvadi airi-meTani gamoiyofa. xanZarTan axlostyeebis, balaxovani safaris, advilad wvadi obieqtebis arseboba xels uwyobs cecxlis gavrcelebas.cecxlis gadatanas xels uwyobs aseve qari, haeris Zalian dabali tenianoba, sicxe. uyuradRebod arunda davtovoT cecxlis kera, davicvaT usafrTxoebis wesebi, droulad movimaragoT cecxlsaqrobisaSualebebi, gamoviZaxoT saxanZro samsaxuris muSaoba. xanZars siTbos, sinaTlis, kvamlis gamoyofaaxlavs. xanZris Sedegad nadgurdeba tyeebi da balaxovani safari, Sesabamisad, cxovelebsa da frinvelebssafrTxe emuqrebaT. xanZris Casaqrobad iyeneben wyals, qviSas, saqrob qafebs. zogjer xanZris maxlobladxelovnurad gamowveuli afeTqeba xels uwyobs xanZris Caqrobas – Jangbadis raodenoba haerSi swrafadmcirdeba, rac wvis process anelebs.5 . sanTlis wva da sunTqva Jangvis reaqciebs miekuTvneba. orive reaqciis produqts wyali da naxSiror-Jangi warmoadgens. sanTlis wvas Tan axlavs siTbos da sinaTlis gamoyofa. sunTqvis dros organizmSimimdinareobs neli Jangvis procesi, rac organizmis sicocxlisunarianobas uzrunvelyofs.25. nivTierebis masis mudmivobis kanoni (gv. 75)pasuxebi1. qimiuri reaqciis dros molekula icvleba – atomebad iSleba, xolo atomi ar icvleba. amrigad, atominivTierebis qimiurad ganuyofeli nawilakia. aqedan warmodgeba sityva „atomi“, rac ZvelberZnulad„ganuyofels“niSnavs.2. wylis molekula samatomiania, Jangbadis – ori. wylis molekula Seicavs ori sxvadasxva saxis samatoms, Jangbadis molekulaSi ki erTi saxis atomebia.3 . naxSirbadi+Jangbadi = naxSirorJangi.4. meTani+Jangbadi naxSirorJangi+wyali.5. masis mudmivobis kanonidan gamomdinare, wyalbadis masa iqneba: 36g-32g=4g.6. sawonis masaa: 232g-168g= 64g. sawonis masa gviCvenebs, ra masis Jangbadi SeuerTda rkinas daJangvisas.rkina+ Jangbadi = rkinis Jangi.7. boili cdas TavRia WurWelSi atarebda, ris gamoc WurWlis masas daemata garedan SeRweuli, haerSiarsebuli Jangbadis masa. WurWlis masa gaizarda imdeniT, ramdeni Jangbadic SeuerTda vercxliswyals.pasuxebi1. a) – dawdomas, gafiltvras;b) – gafiltvras;g) – gamoxdas;d) – aorTqlebas.26. wyali (gv. 79)72

27. xsnarebi (gv. 82)pasuxebi1.gaxsnili nivTierebis masa gamxsnelis masa xsnaris masa2g 50g 52g20g 90g 110g45g 55g 100g2. xsnari iwonis 300g-s. imave raodenobis, radgan bunebaSi araferi ikargeba da arc emateba.3. nivTierebis gasufTaveba: narevidan sufTa nivTierebis miReba;xsnaridan sufTa nivTierebis miReba: xsnarSi Semavali erT-erTi nivTierebis gamoyofa;xsnaris komponentebad dayofa: xsnaris Semadgeneli komponentebis erTmaneTisgan gacalkeveba.28. xsnadoba (gv. 85)pasuxebi1. xsnaris gaxurebiT (wylis aorTqlebiT) an wylis damatebiT.2. rac ufro dabalia temperatura, miT ufro metad aris gaxsnili Jangbadi wyalSi da ganapirobebsTevzebis gamravlebas.3.wyalSi xsnadoba36033030027024021018015012090603010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 oCpasuxebi1. b)2. a)3. a)4. g)29. mJava, fuZe da indikatori (gv. 87)30. neitralizaciis reaqcia (gv. 90)pasuxebi1. a)futkris nakbeni Seicavs mJavas Semcvel xsnars, amitom misi ganeitraleba SeiZleba fuZis xsnariT.gamoviyeneb sodis wyalxsnars nakbenis dasamuSaveblad.b)krazanas nakbeni Seicavs fuZis Semcvel xsnars, amitom misi ganeitraleba SeiZleba mJavis xsnariT.gamoviyeneb Zmris wyalxsnars nakbenis dasamuSaveblad.2. g)73

iologia31. erT da mravalujrediani organizmebi (gv. 94)pasuxebi1. ujredi aris yvela cocxali organizmis agebulebis erTeuli.2. ujredi yvela cocxali arsebis agebulebis erTeulia.3. mcenaris ujredebi – mravalujrediani organizmia, ameba – erTujrediani.4. daixazeba oTxi ujra (wre). aqedan sami, isrebiT uerTdeba meoTxes. sam ujraSi iwereba cal-calkemoswavleTa TiToeuli jgufis mier miRebuli Sedegi, xolo meoTxe ujraSi saerTo daskvna.5. TiToeuli jgufi muSaobda cocxali arsebebis erT konkretul jgufze. amitom, erTmaneTTan rom arhqonodaT kontaqti, ver mividodnen daskvnamde, rom yvela cocxali organizmi ujreduli agebulebisaa.6. gamodgeba, radgan qalamanac da amebac ujreduli agebulebisaa.proeqti – moswavlem unda asaxos Svanis da Sleidenis werilebSi maTi dakvirvebis Sedegi daaxloebiTam stilSi: Zvirfaso kolega, me mikroskopiT davakvirdi mcenareebs (cxovelebs) da davinaxe, rom . . . .mikroskopis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ityodnen, rom is aZlevs mecniers saSualebas, dainaxos TvaliT uxilavisxeulebi da misi wyalobiT moxda ujredis danaxva da ujreduli agebulebis aRmoCena.32. ujredi – qsovili – organo – organizmi (gv. 98)pasuxebi1. ujredi-qsovili-organo.2. fesvis ujredi-fesvis qsovili-fesvi.3. ujredi-qsovili-organo.4. calke ujrebSi (wreebSi) Caiwereba organoebis saxelebi da yvela ujra erTiandeba isriT erT ujraSi,sadac iwereba `mcenaris organizmi~.5. ameba.6. qvevidan zeviT: ujredi-qsovili-organo-organizmi.33. ujredi ganapirobebs organizmis funqcias da ganviTarebas (gv. 100)pasuxebi1. funqciurad msgavsi ujredebisagan.2.• ameba, ZaRli, askili Sedgebian ujredebisgan, maSasadame, ujredi yvela cocxali organizmis agebulebiserTeulia.• qalamana, baqteria, verxvi, adamiani Sedgebian ujredebisgan, maSasadame ujredi yvela cocxali organizmisagebulebis erTeulia.• baqteriebi, cxovelebi, mcenareebi viTardebian sawyisi ujredisagan, maSasadame, ujredi yvela cocxaliorganizmis ganviTarebis erTeulia.3. isini monawileoben cocxali organizmis gamravlebaSi.4.ujredi yvela cocxaliorganizmis agebulebiserTeuliamcenareebi, cxovelebi, ameba,baqteriebi, qalamana agebuliaujredebisagan.ujredi yvela cocxaliorganizmis funqciurierTeuliaujredi asrulebs funqciebs, magaliTad,kunTis ujredi ikumSeba, tvinisujredi imaxsovrebs. ujredebisfunqcia ganapirobebs organoebis da,Sesabamisad, organizmis funqcias.74ujredi yvela cocxaliorganizmis ganviTarebiserTeuliaujredebi sawyiss aZleven axal Taobas,mag., sasqeso ujredebisgan warmoiqmnebaaxali Taoba, erTujredianebimravldebian ujredis gayofiT.5.1. kunTs da kans.2. kunTis ujredebi TiTistaris formisaa, kanis momrgvalo, erTmaneTTan axlos mijrilia.3. kunTi ikumSeba, kani icavs sxeuls.4. TiTistarisebri ujredi advilad damokldeba, kanis ujredebi erTmaneTTan axlos mijrilia, romaraferi gaataros kanSi da kargad daicvas kanis qveS mdebare organoebi.

34. mcenareuli ujredi (gv. 103)pasuxebi1. mcenaris ujredis organelebia qloroplastebi, birTvi, vakuoli.2. mcenaris organoebs Seferilobas aZlevs vakuolSi da qloroplastebSi moTavsebuli pigmentebi.3. mcenare energias moipovebs qloroplastebis da mitoqondriebis saSualebiT.4.ujredis kedelivakuolicitoplazmamitoqondriaqromosomebiplazmurimembranabirTvi5. SeuZlia, radgan aqvs mitoqondriebi.6. mcenaris mier mzis energiis mopoveba.35. sokos da cxoveluri ujredi (gv. 106)pasuxebi1. ujredis kedeli, romelic icavs ujreds.2. sworia I, III, IV debuleba.3. atarebs sakveb nivTierebebs garemodan ujredSi.4. msgavsebaSi Caiwereba plazmuri membrana, birTvi, mitoqondriebi, vakuoli, pigmentebi. gansxvavebaSi:mcenareul ujreds aqvs ujredis kedeli, qloroplastebi, vakuoli ufro didi zomisaa, aqvs fotosin-Tezis unari, cxovelis vakuoli ufro mcire zomisaa, ar aqvs qloroplastebi, ar aqvs ujredis kedeli5. qloroplastis arsebobas.6. marcxena suraTia mcenaris ujredi, radgan aqvs ujredis kedeli, qloroplastebi da didi zomisvakuoli.7. • 3500, 250, 2500.• kunTis, radgan yvelaze meti mitoqondria aqvs, mitoqondria ki gamoimuSavebs energias.• kunTi, radgan yvelaze met energias gamoimuSavebs.8. • kunTSi 10, mcenareSi 1, erTujredian organizmSic 1.• ar aris swori, SeiZleba iyos mravalbirTvianic.36. umartivesebi da sxva protistebi (gv. 110)pasuxebi1. mikroskopiT wylis wveTis daTvaliereba masSi amebebis aRmoCenis mizniT.2. mravaujredian wyalmcenares ar aqvs qsovilebi.3. evglenas eqneba qloroplastebi (qlorofili).4. ar aris swori, radgan Solti aqvT umartivesebsac.5. • 20000, 50000, 70000, 150000.• icvleboda, mrudi gviCvenebs.• matulobda, mrudi zrdadia (gviCvenebs zrdas).• ar icvleboda erTnairad, Tavidan moimata 30000-iT, Semdeg 20000-iT, bolos 80000-iT.75

37. baqteriebi, arqebaqteriebi, cianobaqteriebi (gv. 113)pasuxebi1. eukariotia, birTvi aqvs.2. arasworia, prokariotebi da eukariotebi aris zogadad cocxali organizmebis dajgufeba, baqteriebiSedis prokariotebSi.3. birTvi eqneba cxovelur ujreds.4. cianobaqteriebi da arqeebi ar aris baqteriebis ganStoeba, baqteriebTan erTad isini qmnian erTdajgufebas.5. Sevadarebdi ujreds kedlis qimiuri agebulebis mixedviT (saubaria qimiur agebulebaze).6. wamwamebis saSualebiT baqteriebi emagrebian sxvadasxva sxeuls.7. • savarudod baqteriebma.• iq ar iyo lpobis baqteriebi.• romelic ar dalpa.• soko gamoyofs baqteriebis sawinaaRmdego antibiotikur nivTierebebs.38. samefoebi. araujreduli agebulebis organizmebi (gv. 117)pasuxebi1. aqvs Tu ara qsovilebi.2. protistebs.3. rogoria ujredis kedlis qimiuri Sedgeniloba.4. aqvs Tu ara qloroplastebi (amiT gamoirCeva cxovelebisgan, umartivesebisgan da sokoebisgan), aqvsTu ara qsovilebi (amiT gamoirCeva wyalmcenareebisagan), aqvs Tu ara Solti (amiT gamoirCeva evglenasgan).5. Solti evglenasac aqvs da qlamidomonadasac, amitom daisvas kiTxva: aqvs Tu ara qloroplasti?6. aqvs Tu ara ujredis kedeli?7. viruss ar aqvs ujreduli agebuleba, yvela sxva cocxali organizmi ki ujredebisgan Sedgeba.8. viruss aqvs cocxali organizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli nukleinis mJavebi.proeqti – savaraudod es iqneba iseTi organizmebi, romlebic advili SesamCnevia: cxovelebi, mcenareebi,sokoebi. am asakSi moswavleebma ician maTi amocnoba da dajgufebac ar gauWirdebaT.39. ZuZumwovrebis klasi (gv. 121)pasuxebi1. aqvs balani.2. is ZuZuTi kvebavs naSiers.3. kani da balani icavs ZuZumwovrebs gamoSrobisgan.4. mindvris Tagvis raodenobas 2000-2003 wlebSi.5. klebaa 2001 da 2002-Si, ar icvleba 2000-dan. 2003-Si sworad asaxavs.6. Zroxisgan mowvelili rZis raodenoba:10.08.2010 11.08.2010 12.08.2010 13.08.201014 l. 11 17 17diagramis svetis forma (oTxkuTxedi, piramida)moswavlis arCevanzea damokidebuli. vertikalurRerZze – rZis raodenoba (l), horizontalurze –dakvirvebis TariRi.761816141210864201 2 3 4

pasuxebi1.samefo cxovelebi40. qvewarmavlebis klasi (gv. 125)ZuZumwovrebis klasiqvewarmavlebis klasi2. aris Tu ara mTeli sxeuli qercliT dafaruli.3. msgavsebaSi Caiwereba: orive cxovelia, xmeleTze gamravleba, kbilebi, filtvebi; gansxvavebaSi iwereba:ZuZumwovrebSi naSieris ZuZuTi kveba, sxeuli amarTulia, kbilebi 3-nairi formis, qvewarmavlebSi – sxeulidafarulia qercliT, axlos aris miwasTan, aqvT erTnairi formis kbilebi.4. savaraudod, ZuZumwovrebi iqneba Sinauri cxovelebi da kidev mgeli, ciyvi, Txunela da sxv. qvewarmavlebi:ankara, xvliki.5. • zambezis da nilosis napirze TiTo niangis mier monadirebuli antilopebis raodenobas 2008-2010wlebSi.• zambezi: 32, nilosi: 20.• zambezis napirze.6. • kaliebis da mwvane xvlikis raodenobas 2000-2003 wlebSi sof. dolianSi.• klebulobda.• klebulobda.• Sxamiani nivTiereba klavda kaliebs.• xvliki ikvebeba kaliebiT da savaraudod, sakvebis SemcirebasTan erTad xvlikis raodenobam iklo.• kaliebis raodenobis klebis paralelurad xvlikis raodenobis kleba.vertikalur Rerze cxovelebis raodenoba, horizontalur RerZze – dakvirvebis wlebi:250020001500100050002000 2001 2002 20037. qvewarmavlebs aqvT qvewarmavlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kbilebi – yvela erTnairi formis.41. frinvelebis klasi (gv. 129)pasuxebi1. savaraudod, iqneba qaTami, indauri, mtredi, yvavi, beRura, mercxali, SaSvi, kaWkaWi, ofofi.2. bumbuli.3. aqvs Tu ara kbilebi.4. Cans bumbulis formis naWdevi.5. damoukidebeli: kruxis misma.damokidebuli: imprintingi.6. erT jgufs mivusvaT kruxi gamoCekisTanave, meores gamoCekidan 3 dRis Semdeg da vnaxoT, romelseqneba imprintingi. Tu pirvel jgufs eqna da meores ara (an piriqiT) e.i. dros mniSvneloba aqvs. sinamdvileSiaucilebelia dainaxos gamoCekidan saSualod 12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, mogvianebiT imprintingiaRar viTardeba.7. TanmimdevrobiT zevidan qveviT: 2, 4, 1, 3.77

42. amfibiebis da Tevzebis klasi (gv. 133)pasuxebi1. kiduris nacvlad aqvs farfli, qercliTaa dafaruli.2. zevidan qveviT: qvewarmavali, Tevzi, ZuZumwovari, amfibia.3. pirveli 3 debuleba sworia.4. maTi kani ver icavs sxeuls gamoSrobisgan.5. tiranozavri xmeleTze cxovrobda Tu wyalSi?layuCebiT sunTqavda Tu filtvebiT?6. lorwo amcirebs xaxuns sxeulsa da wyals Soris.pirvel proeqtSi moswavles SeuZlia daajgufos erTad mag., lomebi, an maimunebi, zvigenebi, oqrosTevzebi, arwivebi, kolibrebi da sxv. aq maT eZlevaT Tavisufleba Tavad SearCion dajgufebis kriteriumebida imsjelon amis Sesaxeb klasSi.meore proeqtSi: vefxvis TaTi didi zomisaa, SeiaraRebulia klanWebiT, rac nadirobasTanaa dakav-Sirebuli, Txunelas TaTebi miwis saTxreladaa momarjvebuli, maimunis TaTi ki xeebze cocvasTan,(totze CaWidebasTan) sagnebis kiduriT aRebasa da gamoyenebasTan (srola, dartyma) aris adaptirebuli.43. uxerxemlo cxovelebi, fexsaxsrianebi (gv. 137)pasuxebi1. aqvT frTebi da SeuZliaT frena.2. moskiti, tkipi.3. frTebi, 3 nawilad danawevrebuli sxeuli.4. am monacemebiT, cxrili:afrikaSi malariiT daavadebulebis raodenoba sxvadasxva sezonzegazafxuli zafxuli zamTari70 000 65 000 2000800007000060000500004000030000200001000001 2 3vertikalur RerZze – malariiT daavadebulebis raodenoba, horizontalur RerZze: 1 – gazafxuli,2 – zafxuli, 3 – zamTari.5. SesaZlebelia, radgan diagramis mixedviT yvelaze xSiria daavadeba Tbil periodSi – gazafxulze dazafxulSi , vidre civ periodSi – zamTarSi.6. araqne qsovda da obobac qsovs qsels. leqsikonSi naxaven, rom es sityva aRniSnavs obobas.78

44. sxva uxerxemlo cxovelebi (gv. 141)pasuxebi1. arc erTi pasuxi ar aris swori.2. mcdaria I da II debuleba.3.uxerxemlo cxovelebiobobasnairebis klasimwerebis klasijvriani obobadrozofila4. Sinaarsi ar Seesabameba realobas: rvafexa ar aRwevs aseT zomebs, ar angrevs kedlebs, rogorc naxatzea,ar binadrobs adamianebze, miT umetes xmeleTze, ar cxovrobs tyeSi, arc tbaSi.45. saxeoba (gv. 144)pasuxebi1. cxovelebi-frinvelebi-mexeuri mercxali.2. afrikuli spilosgan gansxvavebiT, aziuris sxeuli gacilebiT mcire zomisaa, yurebic gacilebiTpatara aqvs, Tavze SeimCneva ori borcvi (sasurvelia moswavles mosTxovoT amoicnos rac SeiZleba metigansxvaveba. eSvis sigrZeSi sxvaoba metad umniSvneloa).4. marcxniv kidiani, majvniv – ruxi (feris da kudis formis muclis gamo).5. ar aris swori, radgan yvela obobas sazogadod 8 fexi aqvs.6. moswavleebi Canaxats gaakeTeben, rogorc SeZleben, magram sasurvelia aisaxos teqstSi miTiTebuliniSnebi. mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian sxeulis masiT, simaRliT, eSvis formiT.46. sqesobrivi da usqeso gamravleba (gv. 148)pasuxebi1. qveda suraTze, aqvs Solti. spermatozoidis garda arc erT cxovelur ujreds Solti ar aqvs.2. aqvs Tu ara amnioni.3. sworia III debuleba.4. sworia II debuleba.5. SesaZlebelia xmeleTze cxovrebas daukavSirdes naWuWiT dafaruli kvercxiT an cocxalmSobiarobiTgamravleba. orive SemTxvevaSi Canasaxi daculia gamoSrobisgan.6. • orive maCvenebeli gaizarda 2002 wels da Semcirda 2003 wels.• savaraudod, ukeT kveba zrdis dadebuli kvercxis raodenobas, radgan kvercxis raodenoba damonadirebuli antilopebis raodenoba icvleba zustad erTmaneTis pirdapirproporciulad.47. sruli da arasruli metamorfozi (gv. 152)pasuxebi1. arasruli.2. marcxniv – arasruli, marjvniv – sruli.3. muxluxo aris sruli metamorfozis procesSi myofi larva, romelic daWuprdeba da TandaTan gardaiqmnebamwerad.4. damokidebulia Tavkombalas zrdasrul bayayad gadaqceva.damoukidebelia – wyalsatevis wylis temperatura.5. Sua zolSi, sadac haeris temperatura, savaraudod, ufro maRali iqneba (moswavleebma ician winaklasebidan).6. Canasaxi ukeT aris daculi dazianebisagan.79

48. protistebis, monerebis gamravleba. ujredis gayofa (gv. 155)pasuxebi1. sworia I debuleba.2. sworia II debuleba.3. sworia II debuleba.4. sworia III debuleba.5. icvleba, matulobs.larvis mwerad Camoyalibebas.6. sworia I debuleba.7. damokidebuli cvladia baqteriis gamravlebis intensivoba, damoukidebeli – temperatura. vertikalurRerZze: ujredis gayofis raodenoba wuTSi, horizontalurze – temperatura 0 C.252015105010 o C 20 o C 35 o C49. mcenareTa klasifikacia (gv. 158)pasuxebi1. nayofis ararseboba.2. ginkgos Tesli.3. nayofis arseboba.4. savaraudod, daarqmeven qarTul an imerul (imereTis) muxas. moswavlis pasuxi yvela am variantSimi saRebia, Tumca namdvili saxelia imeruli muxa.5. sxvadasxva feris da formis nayofi aqvs.6. dasajgufeblad SeiZleba gamoiyenos niSnebi: yvavilis arseboba, girCis arseboba, foToli (farTo anwiwvi, ginkgo, savaraudod, ar SexvdebaT arsad).50. mcenareebis gamravleba (gv. 162)pasuxebi1. fesvis, Reros, foTlis arseboba, Teslis warmoqmnis unari (Tumca es ukanaskneli ar aris absoluturi,radgan aris iseTi mcenareebi, romlebic Tesls ar warmoqmnian).2. I da III mcdaria.3. mcenarisaa, cxovelisas (spermatozoids Solti aqvs da suraTidanac ician, rogor gamoiyureba).4. zeda – jvaredini damtverviT – butko mtvrianaze maRalia da amitom sakuTari mtveri Znelad Tudaeyreba, qveda – TviTmtveriaa, butko mtvrianaze dabalia da mtveri advilad daeyreba.5. damokidebuli cvladia – aRmonacenis simaRle, damoukidebelia – morwyva, wyali xels uwyobs zrdas.51. vegetatiuri gamravleba (gv. 165)pasuxebi1. saerTo nawilSi (msgavseba): orive xorcieldeba ujredebis monawileobiT da warmoqmnis axal Taobas.gansxvavebebSi: sqesobrivi xorcieldeba sasqeso ujredebis SerwmiT, vegetatiuri – arasasqeso ujredebisgamravlebiT.2. namyeni iviTarebs orive mcenaris niSnebs.3. usqesoa, radgan kultura viTardeba arasasqeso ujredebidan (fesvis, Reros, foTlis).80

4. miesadageba, radgan es cxovelebi adamianis gamoyvanilia veluri saxeobebidan.proeqti – evropelebma evropuli vazi daamynes amerikulis Zirze. amitom vazi gaxda gamZle filoqserasmimarT da, amavdroulad, nayofma SeinarCuna evropuli vazis Tvisebebi.52. wiTel wignSi Setanili cocxali organizmebi (gv. 168)pasuxebi1. lomis raodenoba klebulobs, amgvarad is wiTel wignSia Sesatani (Setanilia kidec).2. SeumcirdebaT sacxovrebeli teritoria da es cudad imoqmedebs maTze, daakldebaT sakvebi, adgiligamravlebisaTvis da sxv.3. mdinareebSi iyreba sakvebis narCeni, qarxnebis narCeni, mas Wams Tevzi da Tevzis organizmSi grovdebamomwamvleli nivTierebebi.4. TevzSi dagrovili momwamvleli nivTierebebi wamlavs adamians.5. anakonda arasodes ar izrdeba 30 m-mde, ar erCis adamians, ar gamoyofs Sxams da ar miekuTvneba Sxamiangvelebs.81

gamoyenebuli literatura1. 2011-2016 wlebis erovnuli saswavlo gegma da sagnobrivi standarti. ganaTlebisa da mecnierebissaministro;2. sawavlo da profesiuli garemo, masw. prof. ganviTarebis centri, Tbilisi, 2008 w;3. «Вопросы психологии». Москва, 2000 г;4. «Педагогика», Учебник нового века, Москва, 2000 г;5. http://gearn.blogspot.com/2008/09/gearn.html;6. loom, B., Englehart, M. Furst, E., Hill, W., & Krathwohl, D. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classificationof educational goals. Handbook I: Cogni¬tive domain. New York, Toronto: Longmans, Green;7. uznaZe, d. bavSvis fsiqologia, saskolo asakis fsiqologia, uznaZis Sromebi, tomi V, Tbilisi, mecniereba,1967 w.82

maswavleblis wigni sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis safuZvlebi

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