zurab kiknaZe qarTuli folklori - Reso Kiknadze
zurab kiknaZe qarTuli folklori - Reso Kiknadze
zurab kiknaZe qarTuli folklori - Reso Kiknadze
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<strong>zurab</strong> <strong>kiknaZe</strong><br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>
Zurab <strong>Kiknadze</strong><br />
GEORGIAN FOLKLORE
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
<strong>zurab</strong> <strong>kiknaZe</strong><br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong><br />
winasityva
naSroms safuZvlad udevs leqciebis kursi, romelic<br />
sami aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ekiTxeboda<br />
filologiis fakultetis studentebs<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi.<br />
unda iTqvas, rom masSi gatarebuli bevri idea, –<br />
SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobrivi, – wlidan wlamde<br />
ibadeboda auditoriaSi msmenelTa winaSe,<br />
maTTan warmosaxviT dialogSi.<br />
gankuTvnilia humanitaruli fakultetis studentebisaTvis.<br />
redaqtori prof. merab RaRaniZe<br />
recenzentebi: prof. Teimuraz qurdovaniZe<br />
prof. Teimuraz jagodniSvili<br />
© <strong>zurab</strong> <strong>kiknaZe</strong>, 2007<br />
© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2007<br />
ISBN 978-9941-13-002-1
sarCevi<br />
winasityvaoba............................................................................. 7<br />
Sesavali ....................................................................................... 11<br />
folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifika ......................... 19<br />
gavrcelebis zepiri forma .......................................... 21<br />
anonimuroba ......................................................................... 23<br />
variantuloba...................................................................... 25<br />
koleqtiuroba .................................................................... 27<br />
tradiciuloba .................................................................... 28<br />
improvizacia ....................................................................... 29<br />
yofiToba ............................................................................... 31<br />
sinkretizmi.......................................................................... 32<br />
`daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~ ............................ 37<br />
zepirsityvieri Janrebi ....................................................... 41<br />
miTosi .......................................................................................... 53<br />
miTologema ........................................................................... 56<br />
kosmogoniuri miTosi ......................................................... 60<br />
maradiuli gazafxulis miTosi ........................................ 61<br />
farnavazis sizmari .............................................................. 66<br />
kultis daarsebis miTosi .................................................. 69<br />
RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebi ........................ 71<br />
eposi ............................................................................................. 73<br />
esqatologiuri zRapari ................................................... 77<br />
cxovelTa zRapari ............................................................... 92<br />
sayofiero zRapari anu xalxuri novela ..................... 102<br />
zRapris universaloba ....................................................... 111<br />
tragikuli eposi – `amiraniani~ ....................................... 116<br />
samijnuro eposi – `eTeriani~ .......................................... 152<br />
socialur-egzistencialuri eposi –<br />
`arsenas leqsi~ ...................................................................... 176<br />
poezia .......................................................................................... 203<br />
sakulto poezia .................................................................... 205<br />
5
6<br />
magiuri poezia (Selocva) .................................................. 216<br />
Sromis poezia ........................................................................ 236<br />
sagmiro poezia ...................................................................... 259<br />
satrfialo poezia ............................................................... 288<br />
samgloviaro poezia............................................................ 306<br />
sibrZnis poezia – andaza .................................................... 324<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>stikis istoriidan........................................... 331<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>s bedi TanamedroveobaSi .............................. 343<br />
avtorTa da nawarmoebTa saZiebeli ............................... 348
winasityvaoba<br />
vidre adamiani Tavis nafiqrs da saTqmels damwerlobis meSveobiT<br />
gadmoscemda, didi xnis manZilze, romlis xangrZlivoba<br />
ganuzomelia, yvelaferi, rac misi mentaluri sferos kuTvnileba<br />
iyo, zepirsityvierad vrceldeboda. mwignobrobas ar<br />
gauuqmebia zepirmetyveleba, igi dRemde Tan sdevs kacobriobis<br />
istorias sxvadasxva doneebze, yoveldRiuri sakomunikacio<br />
metyvelebiT dawyebuli da SemoqmedebiT damTavrebuli.<br />
sadac arsebobs ena, iq zepir sityvas bunebrivi asparezi aqvs.<br />
metic SeiZleba iTqvas – enis funqcionirebis bunebrivi saxe da<br />
arxi zepirmetyvelebaa, ena ar gaCenila imisTvis, raTa aucileblobiT<br />
xelovnuri niSnebis tyveobaSi moqceuliyo. marTalia,<br />
mxolod damwerlobam gaxada SesaZlebeli werilobiTi istoria,<br />
rogorc maxsovrobis saimedo WurWeli, amavdroulad,<br />
enam dakarga bunebrioba da is cxovelmyofeli gavlena adamianze,<br />
is uSualoba, romelic mas Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi hqonda.<br />
rom davazustoT, sityvierma Semoqmedebam, garkveulwilad,<br />
droismieri xelovnebis sferodan, romelsac dasabamiTve ekuTvnoda,<br />
sivrcismier (plastikur) xelovnebaTa sferoSi gadainacvla.<br />
mkiTxvels uxdeba xiluli niSnebisgan Semdgari teqstidan<br />
im uxilavis aRdgena, romelsac zepirsityvieri nakadi<br />
warmoadgens. platoni `fedrosSi~ sokrates piriT gulubryviloebad<br />
naTlavs maT, vinc Caweril sityvas mosmenilze maRla<br />
ayenebs. platoni damwerlobis cud Tvisebad miiCnevs imas, rac<br />
mas mxatvrobasTan anaTesavebs. misi figurebi, ambobs igi, cocxlebiviT<br />
dganan, magram roca SeekiTxebi, medidurad duman. aseve<br />
iTqmis dawerili Txzulebis mimarT: igi laparakobs, rogorc<br />
gonieri adamiani, magram SekiTxvaze sul mudam erTsa da imaves<br />
gpasuxobs. yoveli Txzuleba, erTxel Cawerili, yvelgan mimo-<br />
7
8<br />
iqceva – maTTanac, visac esmis misi da maTTanac, visac ar egebis<br />
misi wakiTxva. Cawerilma Txzulebam Tavad ar icis, vis elaparakos<br />
da vis – ara. sokrate ambobs, rom dauwereli sityva,<br />
romelic aris dawerilis ufrosi Zma, iwereba msmenelis gulSi<br />
da mas SeuZlia Tavis dacva da laparaki visTanac egebis, da aseve<br />
SeuZlia dumdes. dawerili sityva mxolod asaxvaa cocxali<br />
sityvisa. Cven davZenT, rom is, rac asaxulia, garkveuli azriT,<br />
mkvdaria. is emsgavseba TavisuflebisTvis gaCenil frinvels,<br />
romelic galiaSia gamomwyvdeuli.<br />
marTalia, damwerlobam zepirsityvieri teqstis materialurad,<br />
niSnebis saSualebiT, dafiqsirebiT maTi xangrZlivad<br />
Senaxvis saimedo garantia Seqmna, magram zepirsityvier Semoqmedebas<br />
waarTva misi arsebiTi Tviseba, romelic Tavdapirvel<br />
sinkretizmSi gamoixateboda. SesaZloa, naratiuli prozauli<br />
JanrebisTvis sadavo iyos, magram poeturi teqstebi zepirsityvierebis<br />
damwerlobaSeuxebel klasikur xanaSi (da merec) mxolod<br />
sityvier informacias ar gadmoscemda, maT Tan axlda hangi<br />
ara mxolod rogorc Sesrulebis teqnikuri mxare, aramed<br />
sityvasTan Sezrdili ganuyofeli mTlianoba. es ganuyofeli<br />
damwerlobam gaxliCa, ugulebelyo ra musikaluri mxare, romlis<br />
gareSe poeturi (da zogierTi TvalsazrisiT, saerTod)<br />
metyveleba ar arsebobda.<br />
garda amisa, damwerlobam ugulebelyo zepiri sityvis dialoguri<br />
buneba, zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis mTeli arsi, romelic<br />
mTqmelsa da msmenels Soris uSualo urTierTobaSi<br />
mdgomareobs. cocxali sityvis smenisas msmeneli mTeli arsebiT<br />
aris CarTuli am procesSi. folklorul teqsts, gansxvavebiT<br />
dawerilisgan, TavisTavadi arseboba ara aqvs – igi mis<br />
msmenelTan erTad arsebobs, msmenelTan uSualo urTierTobaSi<br />
iZens sazriss. sadac ar aris msmeneli (auditoria), iq teqstic<br />
ar aris, an mas potenciuri arseboba aqvs da yoveli warmoTqmisas<br />
TiTqos xelaxla, aravin icis mexsierebis romeli xveulidan,<br />
ibadeba. cocxali sityvis gadacemis erTaderTi instrumenti,<br />
xelTuqmneli bunebrivi garemo haeria, romelic<br />
vibrirebs sityvis Sexebisgan, da ara damwerlobis niSnebi, romlebic<br />
transmisiis mxolod da mxolod teqnikuri an, Tundac,<br />
simboluri saSualebaa. da Tavad es saSualeba – wigni – iZens<br />
masSi `Cadebuli~ Sinaarsisgan damoukidebel Rirebulebas da<br />
xdeba kulturis faqti.
ar unda gvkvebos imis iluziam, rom wignebSi dabeWdili zepirsityvierebis<br />
(zRaprebidan dawyebuli andazebiT damTavrebuli)<br />
teqstebi ramdenadme srulyofil an namdvil warmodgenas<br />
gviqmnis zepirsityvier Semoqmedebaze. bevr SemTxvevaSi es<br />
aris im organuli nayofisgan darCenili CenCo, romelic adamianis<br />
noosferoSi uxilavad arsebobda da ganapoxebda mis cnobierebas.<br />
aq gvagondeba odisevsis sityvebi, romlebiTac man Tavisi<br />
awmyo mdgomareoba saukeTeso TavTavebisgan nalew bzes Seadara:<br />
ar metyoba, rogori TavTavic viyavio?<br />
wigni ar aris fokloruli Semoqmedebis bunebrivi adgili,<br />
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, wigni misi samarxia (am sityvis rogorc dadebiTi,<br />
ise uaryofiTi azriT). anTologiebsa da mravaltomeulebSi<br />
dabeWdil folklorul masalas, garda zemoaRniSnuli<br />
calmxrivobisa, kidev is nakli aqvs, rom igi mowyvetilia im yofas,<br />
romelmac warmoSva. es did xarvezs qmnis folkloruli<br />
teqstebis adekvatur aRqmasa da SecnobaSi, rac ar emuqreba literaturul<br />
nawarmoebs, romelic Tumca garkveuli tradiciis<br />
nayofia, magram ise organulad ar aris amozrdili tradiciidan<br />
da yofidan (an tradiciuli yofidan), rogorc <strong>folklori</strong>.<br />
rac unda did SemoqmedebiT potencias mivawerdeT<br />
xalxs, mwignobruli civilizacia, Tavisi gardauvali Zlevamosili<br />
istoriuli msvlelobiT da kulturtregerTa Tu saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
politikis xelSewyobiT, cdilobs moicvas zepirsityvieri<br />
kultura, gadaiyvanos Tavis `baqanze~ aqedan gamomdinare<br />
yvela SedegiT. tradiciuli yofis, sabolood, tradiciulobis,<br />
rogorc principis, rRveva, romelsac individualisturma<br />
mwignobrulma kulturam misca dasabami, Tavis<br />
mxriv, gzas uxsnis da amkvidrebs fsevdoxalxur Semoqmedebas.<br />
ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT xalxuri SemoqmedebiTi energiis TandaTanobiTi<br />
daSretis procesi, rac adreve aisaxa zepirsityvieri<br />
Janruli mravalferovnebis gaRaribebaSi. Zveli Janrebis<br />
asparezi ikargeba, axali aRar iqmneba. Tanamedrove <strong>folklori</strong><br />
mxolod da mxolod mkrTali Crdilia imisa, rac tradiciul<br />
xanaSi zepirsityvierebis saxiT arsebobda da xalxis yofa-cxovrebis<br />
yvela sferos (nivTiers Tu mentalurs) emsaxureboda.<br />
Tumca es Crdilic ki, msgavsad mravalnacadi odisevsis<br />
sityvebisa, erTgvarad amxels im movlenis sidiades, romelmac<br />
datova igi. fataluria, magram, albaT, kanonzomieric, rom<br />
9
10<br />
misi Seswavla misi Semoqmedebis didi miqcevis Semdeg iwyeba.<br />
kvlav Sedarebas Tu movixmobT, Cawerili <strong>folklori</strong> hgavs kinematografis<br />
im SeCerebul kadrebs, romelTac arc dinamika<br />
da arc xma, arc feri ar SemorCeniaT.<br />
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, xalxuri sityvierebis Semswavleli<br />
disciplina – <strong>folklori</strong>stika erT-erTi warmatebuli<br />
dargia filologiis mecnierebis sferoSi. mis gankarguleba-<br />
Sia Janrobrivad mdidari da mravalferovani masala, romelic<br />
namdvilad amouwuravia rogorc moculobiT, ise problematikiT<br />
da xedvis mravalmxrivobiT. misi momijnave disciplinebi<br />
(eTnologia-eTnografia, kulturuli anTropologia, religiaTmcodneoba,<br />
religiis istoria...) axal-axal perspeqtivebs<br />
gadaSlis mis winaSe da axal-axal amocanebs usaxavs mas. amitomac<br />
erTi monografiis farglebi ver moicavs zepirsityvier<br />
memkvidreobas mTeli misi sisruliT da mravalferovnebiT, da<br />
arc winamdebare wigns eqneba aseTi mizani. mkiTxveli gaecnoba<br />
mxolod ZiriTads, mxolod im arsebiTs, romelic, avtoris azriT,<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>s individualobas warmoaCens.
Sesavali
im SemoqmedebiTi sferos saxelwodeba, romelic <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />
saxeliT aris cnobili, anglosaqsuri kompozitiT gamoixateba:<br />
folk-lore. raki, sazogadod, kompoziti, sul mcire, ori<br />
wevrisagan mainc Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTTan garkveuli<br />
kavSiriT arian Sekrulni da, SesaZloa, SeduRabebulnic, misi<br />
Sinaarsic met-naklebad rTulia. kerZod, Cvens SemTxvevaSic,<br />
is masala, romelsac disciplina, saxelwodebiT <strong>folklori</strong>stika,<br />
Seiswavlis, ar aris martivi: igi ori wevris, saxeldobr,<br />
xalxisa da sibrZnis, urTierTSerwymaa. amitomac arsebiTia<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>stikis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinis,<br />
moculobisa da sazRvrebis dadgena, romlebic SeiZleba<br />
Seicvalos imisda mixedviT, Tu ras vigulisxmebT kompozitis<br />
folk+lore, rogorc mTlianis, cnebaSi. unda ganimartos am sayovelTao<br />
terminis Sinaarsi. ramdenadac Tavad termini Sedgeba<br />
ori sityvisagan – `xalxi~ da `sibrZne~, terminiT aRniSnuli sagani<br />
Tavisi interesebis sferoSi unda aqcevdes or realobas:<br />
is unda swavlobdes, erTi mxriv, xalxis, rogorc garkveuli er-<br />
Tobis, cnobierebas da SemoqmedebiT Taviseburebas, meore<br />
mxriv, im produqts, romelic Seqmnilia an gardaqmnilia am cnobierebaSi.<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>stma unda Seiswavlos xalxis cnobierebis<br />
struqtura, cnobierebisa, romelic Taviseburad aRiqvams<br />
yofierebis movlenebs da faqtebs, gardaqmnis da inaxavs maT.<br />
cxadi xdeba, rom eTnografia da eTnologia <strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />
momijnave (Tu damxmare) sxva disciplinebidan yvelaze ufro<br />
axlos aris masTan, ramdenadac folklorul Semoqmedebas yofaSi<br />
udgas fesvi da misgan mowyvetili kargavs Tavis arsebiT<br />
niSnebs. es aris misi erT-erTi fundamenturi niSani, romelic<br />
mas literaturuli Semoqmedebisgan ganasxvavebs.<br />
folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifikuri niSnebi maT urTierTkavSirSi,<br />
maT erTobliobaSi, erTmaneTisgan gamomdinareobaSi<br />
unda iqnes ganxiluli da gaazrebuli. tradiciuli niSnebi<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebisa, romlebic SeiZleba dayvanil iqnes<br />
gansazRvrul raodenobamde, rogoric aris anonimuroba, gav-<br />
13
14<br />
rcelebis zepiri forma, variantuloba da koleqtiuroba, arsebiTad,<br />
arawignuri kulturis damaxasiaTebeli da ganmsazRvreli<br />
niSnebia, riTac <strong>folklori</strong> literaturas upirispirdeba,<br />
Tumca es niSnebi, met-naklebi intensivobiT da gansxvavebuli<br />
motivaciiT, mwerlobas anu individualur Semoqmedebasac<br />
axasiaTebs. warmoiSveba problema, romelic amgvarad iqneba<br />
dasmuli: ra gansxvavebaa, magaliTad, folklorul anonimurobasa<br />
da literaturul anonimurobas Soris, anu: ra iwvevs anonimurobas<br />
erT SemTxvevaSi da ra – meoreSi.<br />
problema ganzogadebul saxes iRebs da yalibdeba Semdegnairad:<br />
erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori kultura – zepiri (udamwerlobo),<br />
smenaze dafuZnebuli, da wignuri (samwerlo), xedvaze<br />
dafuZnebuli. yuri da Tvali aq fundamenturi (amosavali) niSnebia,<br />
romlebic Tav-Tavis daRs aCneven am kulturebs. es problema<br />
gadaizrdeba msmenelisa da mkiTxvelis problemaSi. folklorul<br />
SemoqmedebaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs msmenelTan, rogorc<br />
folkloruli teqstis erT-erTi SesaZlebeli variantis potenciur<br />
avtorTan.<br />
termin `folklors~ folklore, Tumca masSi nagulisxmevi masala<br />
– zepirsityvieri sibrZne Tu codna – Tavisi arsiT anonimuria<br />
da principulad dauTariRebeli, avtoric hyavs da misi<br />
Seqmnis droc cnobilia. misi arseboba iwyeba 1846 wlidan, roca<br />
uiliam Tomsma (William Thoms) inglisur Jurnal `aTeneumis~ (The<br />
Athenaeum) 22 agvistos nomerSi gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT<br />
`folklore~, sadac pirvelad gamoCnda termini, romelic man<br />
ori Zvelinglisuri (saqsonuri) sityvisgan – folk (xalxi) da lore<br />
(sibrZne, codna) – monetasaviT `moWra~. statia daviwyebas mieca,<br />
magram mis furclebze dabadebuli termini sicocxlisunariani<br />
aRmoCnda. ori welic ar iyo gasuli, rom Jurnali ukve<br />
aRfrTovanebas gamoxatavda am terminis swrafi gavrcelebis<br />
gamo. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi igi gascilda inglisis sazRvrebs<br />
da SeaRwia kontinentze, skandinaviaSi, slavur qveyneb-<br />
Si. man Secvala xalxuri Semoqmedebis aRmniSvneli manamde arsebuli<br />
saxelwodebani: `xalxuri siZveleni~ an erTgvarad winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
`xalxuri literatura~ da mtkiced daimkvidra<br />
adgili humanitarul disciplinaTa aRmniSvnel terminebs<br />
Soris.<br />
misi pirvelSemqmneli am sityvaSi, rogorc cnebaSi, ufro<br />
farTo Sinaarss gulisxmobda, vidre Cven dRes. u. Tomsi sityviT<br />
lore aRniSnavda xalxis Semoqmedebis iseT sferosac, rome-
lic SeiZleba gaSualebiTac ar iyos dakavSirebuli sityvas-<br />
Tan, sityvier SemoqmedebasTan. lore `sibrZne~ misTvis moicavda<br />
yvelafers, rac ki adamians, adamianTa sazogadoebas, Seuqmnia<br />
Tavisi Segnebuli cxovrebis manZilze anu rac homo sapiensi da<br />
homo faberi arsebobs dedamiwaze. es unda iyos yvelaferi – bumerangidan<br />
(Tu mas umartives iaraRad miviCnevT), vrcel sityvier<br />
teqstebamde an iseT rTul folkorul fenomenamde, rogoricaa<br />
andaza. sityvieri Semoqmedeba erT-erTi Semavali nakadia<br />
am dausabamo da ukidegano mdinarebaSi, romelsac xalxur<br />
kulturas vuwodebT. droTa viTarebaSi es termini TandaTan<br />
viwrovdeba da zogierT tradiciaSi, mag., CvenTan, is mxolod<br />
zepirsityvierebas gulisxmobs. Tumca SemorCenilia misi<br />
farTo mniSvnelobis kvalic iseT terminSi, rogoric aris `musikaluri<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>~, romelic `xalxuri musikis~ tolfardi<br />
cnebaa. am azriT <strong>folklori</strong>a xalxuri cekvebi, xalxuri saxioba,<br />
xalxuri medicina, xalxuri saxviTi xelovneba, mSenebloba,<br />
xelosnoba, stumarmaspinZlobis wesebi, wes-Cveulebani,<br />
xalxuri kulinaria... anu yvelaferi, romlis codna dauwereli<br />
saxiT, zepirmetyvelebiT an, Tundac, usityvod – qceviT Tu<br />
moqmedebiT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas.<br />
raki termini `<strong>folklori</strong>~ kompozitia da ori cnebisagan<br />
Sedgeba, mecnieruli interesic masSi nagulisxmevi realobisadmi<br />
ormagi unda iyos. ras gulisxmobs folk ~xalxi~ da ras gulisxmobs<br />
lore `sibrZne~, `codna~? ganvixiloT pirveli. ras warmoadgens<br />
is `xalxi~, romelic atarebs am `sibrZnes~? am kompozitSi<br />
sibrZne-codnasTan mimarTebaSi `xalxi~ gulisxmobs adamianTa<br />
imgvar simravles, romelic garkveul niSanTa erTobliobiT<br />
aris gaerTianebuli da Tavadac acnobierebs da ganicdis<br />
am erTianobas. es SeiZleba is niSnebi iyos, romelic erT<br />
erad Sekravs sxvadasxva warmoSobis xalxebs da tomebs. es iqneba<br />
ena, teritoria, saerTo warsuli, saerTo mteri. imisaTvis,<br />
rom xalxi `sibrZnis~ matarebeli `folki~ gaxdes, aucilebelia,<br />
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi igi saerTo cxovrebiT<br />
cxovrobdes. arsebobs qarTveli xalxi, romelic Tavis TavSi<br />
atarebs saerTo warsulis xsovnas, warsulisa, romelic dasaxlebulia<br />
saerTo winaprebiT da saerTo mtrebiT. erT enaze molaparake<br />
xalxs saerTo religia kidev ufro mWidrod aerTianebs,<br />
didi xnis mkvidroba erT teritoriaze mSobliurs xdis am<br />
miwa-wyals da migraciis SemTxvevaSi inaxavs mis xsovnas. xalxi<br />
15
16<br />
inaxavs `codnas~ am miwa-wyalze, mis `sibrZnes~, romelic Tqmulebis,<br />
legendis, gadmocemis saxiT gadadis Taobidan TaobaSi.<br />
xalxi adamianTa jgufebis organuli, Sezrdili krebulia, romelsac<br />
aqvs Tavisi Suaguli, kera, centri, Tundac sxvadasxvagvarad<br />
gamoxatuli. folki SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod eri, aramed<br />
erTi sagvareulo an erTi ojaxi, romelic Semokrebilia<br />
erTi keriis (`Suacecxlis~) garSemo da inaxavs winaprebis xsovnas<br />
da cecxls, rogorc ganivTebul xsovnas, ramdenadac es<br />
cecxli saerTo `Suacecxlis~ nawilia. is ritualebi, romlebic<br />
sruldeba am keriasTan, sityvebi, am dros rom warmoiTqmis,<br />
is teqstebi, rac am dros moiTxroba, mag., zRaprebi svanuri lifanalis<br />
dros, roca keriasTan ikribeba mTeli ojaxi – cocxlebi<br />
gardasul TaobebTan erTad, yvelaferi riTac cocxlebi<br />
umaspinZldebian winaparTa sulebs am dRes, es aris `sibrZne~ da<br />
`codna~, romelic Seqmnes am ojaxis Taobebma. mxolod Suagulis<br />
mqone adamianTa jgufs, Tundac mcirericxovans, ZaluZs<br />
Seqmnas lore da Seinaxos igi. riTac brbo xalxisagan gansxvavdeba,<br />
aris swored is, rom brbos ar SeuZlia Seqmnas `sibrZne~, radgan<br />
mas ar gaaCnia mexsiereba, misi cnobiereba myisieria, is ver<br />
inaxavs im umartivess da umciressac ki, rasac is am wamSi `qmnis~.<br />
`xalxad~ SeiZleba miviCnioT stadionze Seyrili adamianebi, romelTa<br />
saerTo gulisyuri mimarTulia erTisken da, Tumca es<br />
erToba efemerulia, am erTobis ZaliT maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan<br />
`raRac~, Tundac es raRac iyos frTiani SeZaxili, moswrebuli<br />
naTqvami, romelic anekdotSi da `legendaSi~, iqneb `miTosSic~<br />
gadaizardos (XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis bavSvebs Soris gavrcelebuli<br />
iyo Tqmuleba, rom ganTqmul mcvels SavguliZes<br />
marjvena fexi hqonda `dabeWdili~. es, namdvilad, SavguliZis<br />
miTosi iyo. baskebTan TamaSis Semdeg, ocdaaTian wlebSi bav-<br />
SvTa Soris gaCnda legenda, rom baskebis mekare maimuni iyo da<br />
kudiT ekideboda horizontalur Zels). folkia armiac, samxedro<br />
qveganayofi, razmi, romelsac gadauxdia brZolebi da,<br />
Tundac is sxvadasxva pirovnebisa da aRmsareblobis adamianebisgan<br />
Sedgebodes, mas saerTo <strong>folklori</strong> eqneba da es misi `omisa da<br />
mSvidobis~ <strong>folklori</strong> iqneba. xalxad SeiZleba miviCnioT saswavlebeli<br />
(saSualo skola, internati, gimnazia, universiteti,<br />
calkeuli fakultetic ki), Tu mis ukan dgas TaobaTa wyeba,<br />
romelTa maxsovroba inaxavs profesor-maswavlebelTa ucnaurobaTa<br />
anekdotur ambebs Tu maT araordinalur saqcielT
da yvelaferi es zepirad iqneba gadacemuli Taobidan Taobas.<br />
aseve folkia profesiuli gaerTianebani, rogoric aris amqari<br />
Tavisi tradiciiT, wes-CveulebebiT, mfarveli wmidanebiT<br />
da TqmulebebiT maT arqetipul qmedebebze. am principiT Tu<br />
vixelmZRvanelebT, folki SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT yvelgan, ara<br />
mxolod da gansakuTrebiT soflad, sadac Cveulebriv eZeben<br />
xalxur Semoqmedebas, aramed yvelgan, sadac adamianTa jgufebs<br />
aqvT met-naklebad xangrZlivi periodi erTad cxovrebisa da<br />
saerTo miznebiTa da amocanebiT suldgmulobisa, saerTo gansacdelisa,<br />
saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolisa, saerTo gamarjvebisa<br />
da saerTo marcxisa. yovel amgvarad gagebul erTianobas<br />
aqvs Tavisi lore, Tavisi `sibrZne~ anu Tavisi sakuTari <strong>folklori</strong>.<br />
mas aqvs es, inaxavs da gadascems mas Tundac erTaderT<br />
Taobamde, ra Rirebulebisac ar unda iyos igi. or adamiansac<br />
ki, bavSvobidan, uxsovrobidan TanSezrdil or megobars aqvs<br />
sakuTari <strong>folklori</strong>, dauwereli mikromatiane yvelaferi imisa,<br />
rac maT ganucdiaT, unaxavT, mousmeniaT, umReriaT. maT<br />
aqvT TavianTi sakuTari `ena~, sakuTari simboloebi, pirobiTi<br />
niSnebi, romlebic mxolod maTTvis aris gasagebi.<br />
magram amJamad Cveni yuradRebis sagania adamianTa erTianobis<br />
ara yvela safexuri, zemoT rom iyo gakvriT naxsenebi,<br />
aramed mxolod da mxolod imgvari erTianoba, romelic warmoadgens<br />
xalxs am cnebis sayovelTao gagebiT.<br />
Cveni sagania qarTveli xalxis <strong>folklori</strong> anu, rac igivea,<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sityviereba. Tumca aqac, am SesityvebaSi,<br />
`xalxi~ gulisxmobs ufro mets, vidre erovnuli erTobaa, ufro<br />
mets, rac aviwroebs kidec mis mniSvnelobas. es xalxi aris<br />
sakuTriv Semoqmedi an Semnaxveli yvelaferi imisa, rac Seadgens<br />
folklors. germaneli romantikosi filosofosi iohan<br />
gotfrid herderi (1744-1803) werda: `xalxi (Volk) aris bunebrivi<br />
da Seuryvneli nawili erisa, amitom is mowodebulia erovnuli<br />
sulis gamosaxatavad~. amrigad, igi fiqrobs, rom erSi aris<br />
birTvi, xalxi, folki (germ. Volk), romelzec dakisrebulia Semoqmedebis<br />
misia da misi Seqmnilia is, rac <strong>folklori</strong>s saxelwodebiT<br />
aris cnobili. amave dros, aseTi gageba xalxisa uaxlovdeba<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebis mistikur gagebas, romlis mixedviTac<br />
is RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa. iakob grimi (1785-1863),<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>stikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, wers Tavis kolegas,<br />
germanel poets arnims: `Tu Sen CemsaviT gwams, rom religia<br />
17
18<br />
RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis Sedegad warmoiSva, rom enis warmo-<br />
Sobac aseve saswaulebrivia da rom igi ar warmoadgens adamianis<br />
gamonagons, isic unda irwmuno da igrZno, rom xalxur poeziasac<br />
igive warmoSoba aqvs~. es Tvalsazrisi xalxur poezias<br />
upirispirebs xelovnur poezias, romelic wignuri kulturis<br />
wiaRSia Seqmnili. romantikosi <strong>folklori</strong>stebi (da pirveli<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>stebi mxolod romantikosebi iyvnen) fiqrobdnen,<br />
rom xalxuri leqsi aracnobierad ibadeba, rom xalxuri poezia<br />
aris adamianSi RvTaebrivis gamovlena. `igi SiSvelia da atarebs<br />
Tavis TavSi RvTis xats~, werda vilhelm grimi. yoveli movlenis<br />
warmoSoba saidumloebiT aris moculi, saidumlo ki RvTiuri<br />
myofobis niSania. uZvelesi tradicia sityvieri Semoqmedebis<br />
dasabams RvTiur samyaroSi xedavs, rogorc dasturdeba<br />
homerosis poemebis dasawyis striqonebSi (`risxvaze mimRere,<br />
qalRmerTo...~, `kacze miambe, muzav...~). rogor unda gavigoT<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebis RvTiuri warmomavloba? germaneli romantikosebi,<br />
cxadia, ar fiqrobdnen berZeni rafsodis kvalze,<br />
TiTqos xalxuri sityvierebis Sinaarsebi RvTiuri samyarodan<br />
aris nakarnaxevi. `RvTiuri~ maT naazrevSi niSnavda `zeindividualurs~,<br />
`zepirovnuls~, rogoric namdvilad aris xalxuri<br />
Semoqmedeba. xalxuri Semoqmedi ganicdis Tavis TavSi imaze ma-<br />
Rals, rasac misi yoveldRiuri, yofiTi arseba, misi pirovneba<br />
warmoadgens. zeindividualuri adamianSi is safexuria, romelic<br />
erTma tradiciam, SeiZleba, `RvTiurad~ miiCnios, meorem<br />
– saerTo-saxalxod anu im realobad, rasac zemoT `xalxi~ vuwodeT.<br />
rasac xalxuri Semoqmedi qmnis, Tavisi pirovnuli cnobierebis<br />
safexuridan, folkis cnobierebamde amaRlebuli<br />
qmnis. garkveuli azriT, rasac is qmnis, ar aris misi sakuTari<br />
pirovnuli Semoqmedeba. es aris, ZiriTadad, anonimurobis sazrisi.<br />
Cven viciT zogadad, ras warmoadgens `xalxi~, romlis cnobierebaSi<br />
daculia zepirsityvieri fondi. viciT, aseve zogadad,<br />
ras moicavs xalxuri Semoqmedeba (mis Janrul Semadgenlobaze<br />
qvemoT iqneba saubari). axla gavarkvioT, ra saxiT arsebobs<br />
igi, rogor vrceldeba, rogor da ratom icvleba, Tu<br />
icvleba, vis SeuZlia misi Secvla, an roca qmnis adamiani, risi<br />
ZaliT da visi saxeliT qmnis imas, rasac qmnis.
folkloruli<br />
Semoqmedebis specifika
zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis niSnebi romlebic<br />
qvemoT aris ganxiluli, erTmaneTisagan gamomdinarea, anu<br />
TiToeuli maTgani mizezic aris da Sedegic. magram isic<br />
unda iTqvas, da es mTavaria, rom yovel maTgans TviTkmari<br />
da damoukidebeli Rirebuleba aqvs <strong>folklori</strong>s gansazRvraSi,<br />
ramdenadac TiToeulSi Cans xalxuri Semoqmedebis<br />
bunebis mTeli sisavse.<br />
gavrcelebis zepiri forma<br />
es aris yvelaze TvalsaCino niSani folkloruli Semoqmedebisa,<br />
rac mis erT-erT saxelwodebaSic aris asaxuli:<br />
`zepirsityviereba~. namdvilad, xalxuri Semoqmedeba<br />
zepirsityvieria rogorc warmoSobiT, aseve gavrcelebis<br />
formiT: iqmneba zepirad da vrceldeba zepirad. es aris am<br />
zogadi niSnis ori aspeqti. zepirsityvieri teqsti SeiZleba<br />
Caweril iqnes, magram es ar iqneba misi arsebobis bunebrivi<br />
forma (aris gamonaklisi: xalxuri epitafia, romelic<br />
mxolod da mxolod qvaze amokveTili saxiT arsebobs. es,<br />
ra Tqma unda, mxolod damwerlobis kulturaSia SesaZlebeli).<br />
mTeli damwerlobamdeli periodis sityvieri Semoqmedeba,<br />
romlis dasabami uxsovrobaSi ikargeba, zepiri saxiT<br />
gadaecema Taobidan Taobas uwyveti modenilobiT da<br />
ganagrZobs arsebobas wignuri civilizaciebis xanaSic da<br />
werilobiT saxesac iRebs, Tumca xalxuri sityvieri Semoqmedeba<br />
mxolod mosasmenad aris gamiznuli, rac garkveul<br />
daRs asvams mas. es qmnis mis Tavisebur poetikas, sakmaod<br />
gansxvavebuls wignuri Semoqmedebisgan, romelic sakiTxavad<br />
aris gamiznuli. gansxvaveba smenasa da kiTxvas Soris<br />
ar aris mxolod teqnikuri xasiaTisa. arsebobs smeniTi<br />
kultura, am fenomenis (smenis) Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,<br />
da arsebobs kiTxviTi kultura, xedvis fenomenis Taviseburebidan<br />
gamomdinare. <strong>folklori</strong> ZiriTadad yuria,<br />
21
22<br />
wigni (literatura) – Tvali. grigol robaqiZe erTgan<br />
wers: `akakis leqsSi `yuria~ meti, vidre `Tvali~. amiT –<br />
`yur~ sityviT mwerali akakis SemoqmedebaSi xalxur zepirsityvier<br />
stiqias aRniSnavs. `Tvali naklebia akakis leqsSi,<br />
ganagrZobs avtori, rogorc saerTod qarTul poeziaSi~.<br />
amiT mas surs Tqvas, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> wignuri poezia mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
nasazrdoebia xalxuri poeziiT.<br />
yurTasmenis prioriteti TvalTaxedvis mimarT udamwerlobo<br />
epoqaSi niSandobliv gamoxatulebas poulobs<br />
aedebisa Tu rafsodebis (mgosnebis) sibrmavis fenomenSi.<br />
maTi klasikuri magaliTi da warmomadgeneli homerosia,<br />
romlis poemaSi (`odiseaSi~) aseve brma aedebi monawileoben<br />
– demodoke da femiosi. brmebi iyvnen iaponeli moxetiale<br />
bivaboZuebi (biva-boZu), romlebic simebiani instrumentis<br />
(`biva~) akompanimentze asrulebdnen TavianT<br />
repertuars. maTi sibrmave qmediTi faqtoria rogorc zepiri<br />
SemoqmedebisTvis, aseve raime ambis zepiri gardaTqmisTvis.<br />
Tvalis Zala da unari mTlianad sasmenelSia gadasuli,<br />
yuris Zala da unari xedvis xarjzea gafaqizebuli.<br />
mas SeuZlia mTlianad moicvas xedva, Caenacvlos mas, rasac<br />
mowmobs Tavad smenis aRmniSvneli sityvis gamoyeneba<br />
xedvis gamosaxatavad: yureba.<br />
msmeneli uSualod aRiqvams teqsts. msmeneli eswreba<br />
Semoqmedebis process, rac mis Tvalwin sruldeba, TiTqos<br />
xelaxla iqmneba misTvis, radgan yoveli axali Sesruleba<br />
pirvelSemoqmedebis badalia. xalxuri nawarmoebi mxolod<br />
maSin arsebobs aqtualurad, roca is warmoiTqmis.<br />
warmoTqmamde misi arseboba, garkveuli azriT, potenciuria<br />
– is mTqmelis mexsierebaSi arsebobs rogorc<br />
SesaZlebloba. amitomac zepiri nawarmoebi arc erTi<br />
ganmeorebisas arasodes ar aris Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivi.<br />
msmeneli yovelTvis xedavs avtors Tavis win, radgan<br />
mTqmelis xmaSi avtoris xma esmis, maT Soris ar arsebobs<br />
drouli xarvezi, maT Soris ar arsebobs sxva Suamavali,<br />
garda haerisa, romelic vibrirebs da msmenelamde daubrkolebliv<br />
miaqvs sityva. rafsodSi, romelsac dRevandlamde<br />
moaqvs es sityva, msmeneli im pirvelmTqmels<br />
xedavs, Tumca misi saxeli da saxe samudamod dafarulia.<br />
ase ar aris literaturuli nawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi: mkiT-
xveli Tavad kiTxulobs teqsts, is mowyvetilia avtors,<br />
ver xedavs mas, ar esmis misi xma, Tumca mas SeuZlia ixilos<br />
misi saxe da misi saxelic cnobilia misTvis. mkiTxveli Tavad<br />
`axmovanebs~ teqsts da svams maxvilebs. aris SemTxvevebi,<br />
roca literaturuli nawarmoebis avtori Tavad<br />
kiTxulobs teqsts (scenaze, televizorSi Tu radioSi),<br />
magram es ar aris arsebiTi, es ar aris is wesi, romlis Zali-<br />
Tac arsebobs literaturuli nawarmoebi. aris sapirispiro<br />
SemTxvevebi, roca adamiani kiTxulobs wignSi dabeWdil<br />
xalxur nawarmoebs. magram, rogorc iTqva, wigni ar aris<br />
xalxuri sityvis bunebrivi adgili. wigni, wera, kiTxva<br />
antifolkloruli movlenebia. wignSi asoebiT dabeWdili<br />
xalxuri leqsi Cven SeiZleba SevadaroT mgalobel Cits,<br />
romelic galiaSia damwyvdeuli. marTalia, wigni inaxavs<br />
sityvas, romelsac JamTasvla uTuod waSlis adamianis mexsierebaSi,<br />
magram isic marTalia, rom wigni ver inaxavs mas<br />
cocxlad, radgan zepiri sityva ar aris wignSi dasabeWdad<br />
Seqmnili, rogorc gareuli frinveli ar aris gaCenili<br />
galiis binadrad. zepiri sityva Seqmnilia mudmivi, ganuwyveteli<br />
qmnadobisaTvis, drosa da sivrceSi cvalebadobisaTvis.<br />
anonimuroba<br />
folkloruli teqstis anonimur xasiaTs ramdenime mizezi<br />
ganapirobebs. pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom anonimuroba<br />
ar niSnavs imas, rom folklorul nawarmoebs saer-<br />
Tod ar hyolia avtori. cnobili <strong>folklori</strong>sti vl. propi<br />
wers: `literaturaTmcodneobis tradiciebis skolaSi aRzrdilT<br />
Cven xSirad verc ki warmogvidgenia, rom poeturi<br />
nawarmoebi SeiZleba sxvagvarad warmoiSvas, vidre literaturuli<br />
Txzuleba individualuri avtorobisas. Cven<br />
sul mudam gvgonia, rom is viRac pirvelma unda SeTxzas.<br />
Tumca SesaZlebelia sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxebi poeturi<br />
nawarmoebebis warmoqmnisa... da maTi Seswavla <strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi da uZnelesi problemaa...<br />
warmoSobiT <strong>folklori</strong> unda davuaxlovoT ara literaturas,<br />
aramed enas, romelic aravis gamougonia da ara hyavs<br />
23
24<br />
arc avtori da arc avtorebi. igi warmoiSveba da icvleba<br />
sruliad kanonzomierad da adamianTa nebisgan damoukidebliv...~<br />
[propi 1976: 21-22].<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>s enasTan daaxloebaSi aris WeSmaritebis<br />
marcvali, magram Zneli dasajerebelia, rom romelime xalxuri<br />
poeturi nawarmoebi, Tundac ritualuri teqsti, Selocva<br />
Tu wyevlis formula, iseve uavtorod iyos Seqmnili,<br />
rogorc ena, rogorc aseTi, mis mTlianobaSi. ras warmoadgens<br />
sinamdvileSi es `sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxebi~?<br />
arseboben ki isini realurad, rom SesaZlebeli iyos<br />
maTi Seswavla? <strong>folklori</strong> Semoqmedebaa da Semoqmedeba<br />
mxolod adamianis pirovnebis unaria. Tuki arsebobs Seqmnili,<br />
unda arsebobdes viRac, romelic qmnis... zemoT<br />
motanili Sexeduleba folklorul Semoqmedebaze aSkarad<br />
panTeisturia, is uaryofs Semoqmeds da aRiarebs Seqmnilis<br />
TavisTavad warmoSobas. ena namdvilad uavtorod<br />
aris warmoSobili, folkloruli teqsti ki – Seqmnili.<br />
folkloruli teqstis anonimurobis ZiriTadi pirobaa<br />
avtorobis uflebis principuli ararseboba tradiciul<br />
sazogadoebaSi. es is sferoa, romelsac yvelaze gvian<br />
daeufla kerZo sakuTrebis Segneba. Folk-is wreSi myofma Semoqmedma<br />
ar SeiZleba miiCnios Tavi mis mier SeTxzuli teqstis<br />
iseTsave avtorad, rogoric literaturuli anu samwerlo<br />
nawarmoebis avtoria. individualuri avtori – mwerali,<br />
rogorc Semoqmedi, ar ekuTvnis xalxs im azriT, rogorc<br />
ekuTvnis mas xalxuri avtori. pirveli gamoTqvams<br />
Tavis pirovnuls upiratesad, meore – xalxisas upiratesad.<br />
pirveli eZebs originalurs, sakuTars, ganumeorebels,<br />
jerarTqmuls. meore eZebs mxolod imas, rasac xalxi<br />
moiwonebs da dasturs dascems. da es mowoneba da dasturcema<br />
mravali Taobis manZilze grZeldeba. am mowonebis<br />
intuicia da alRo aqvs xalxis mgosans, romelic itvir-<br />
Tavs xalxis fiqris da suliskveTebis gamoxatvas. is koleqtivis<br />
niRabia, koleqtivi RaRadebs misi piriT, is misi<br />
xmaa, misi sayviria. rogor SeiZleba man ifiqros, rom rasac<br />
is warmoTqvams, misi sakuTrebaa? misi ganuyofeli sakuTreba<br />
mxolod misi niWi da unaria, romelsac is gamoTqmis<br />
`iaraRad~ iyenebs. is Tavisi niWiT aris gamorCeuli<br />
folkisgan.
am niWieris Semoqmedebaze da misi Semoqmedebis nayofze<br />
amgvar tevad formulas ayalibebs vasil barnovi: `eris<br />
gulisnadebs pirvelad warmoTqvams romelime niWieri Svili<br />
erisa, naTqvami aRibeWdeba msmenelTa mexsierebaSi da<br />
gavrceldeba zepirsityvaobiT erTi adgilidan meore adgilas,<br />
erTi Taobidan meore Taobaze“.<br />
es `niWieri Svili“, cxadia, arsebobda realurad, fizikurad,<br />
Tavisi sisxliTa da xorciT. is daibada, cxovrobda,<br />
mokvda, sadRac miwaSi misi sakuTari Zvlebi marxia. usamarTloba<br />
iqneboda, wagverTva egzistencialuroba misi<br />
individualobisaTvis, magram, vimeorebT, Tavis SemoqmedebaSi,<br />
Tavis „naTqvamSi“, igi arasodes cdilobda Tavisi<br />
pirovnulis, individualuris, kerZos wamowevas misi gaxmaurebisa<br />
da gasajaroebis (gaqveynebis) mizniT. misi `naTqvami~<br />
namdvilad `eris gulisnadebs~ Seicavs, is ubrunebs<br />
xalxs mis nafiqrals, ubrunebs gamokveTilad, imgvari<br />
formiT, rogoradac verc erTi maTgani ver Camoayalibebda.<br />
aTavisuflebs ra `mgalobel Cits~ galiidan, igi aRar<br />
zrunavs da arc SeuZlia izrunos mis bedze, raTa erTxel<br />
`nagalobebi~ pirvelqmnili saxiT iqnes Senaxuli. pirvelqmnili<br />
saxiT teqsts mxolod beWduri (da axal droSi<br />
eleqtronuli) wigni inaxavs.<br />
variantuloba<br />
sityvis zepiri gavrceleba gardauvalad iwvevs teqstis<br />
cvlilebas. zepiri sityva Tavisufalia, gansxvavebiT<br />
dabeWdili sityvisagan, magram mas axlavs nakli: igi eqvemdebareba<br />
dro-Jams, romelic Tavis beWeds asvams mas. drosa<br />
da sivrceSi igi icvleba, aCens variantebs, rogorc Citi<br />
bartyebs. pirvelSemoqmedis piridan gamosuli teqsti<br />
`ibartyebs~. mkacri azriT, xalxuri teqsti mxolod da mxolod<br />
misi romelime variantis saxiT arsebobs, amaoa misi invariantuli<br />
anu arqetipuli, Tu `kanonikuri~ teqstis Zieba.<br />
kanonikuroba mxolod literaturul SemoqmedebaSia<br />
saZiebeli, radgan literatura da misi avtori amas moiTxoven.<br />
mwerali, literatori ara mxolod Txzulebas qmnis,<br />
aramed aris am Txzulebis kanonikuri teqstis avtori, rom-<br />
25
26<br />
lis xelyofis ufleba, Tundac gaumjobesebis mizniT, aravis<br />
aqvs. xalxuri SemoqmedebisTvis ucxoa kanonikuroba,<br />
is ar ipoveba bunebaSi, is `gafrenilia~, rogorc galiidan<br />
gaSvebuli frinveli. magram mainc arqetipi (pirvelqmnili<br />
teqsti) mTqmelis gonebaSi, mexsierebaSi `Crdilis~<br />
(ludvig vitgenStainis terminiT) saxiT aris daculi da is<br />
yoveli warmoTqmisas `cocxldeba~, xorcs isxams, Tumca<br />
verasodes daemTxveva im pirvelTqmuls. am azriT aris yoveli<br />
warmoTqma axali Semoqmedeba, axal da axal variant-<br />
Ta Cena. am garemoebam warmoSva termini avtor-mTqmeli.<br />
xalxuri teqstis arseboba mxolod avtor-mTqmelTa mier<br />
warmoSobil variantebad aris warmosadgeni da SesaZlebeli.<br />
maT ricxvs dasasruli ar eqneba, Tu saerTod ar Sewyda<br />
tradicia da ar amowura variantTa Cenis SesaZlebloba. es<br />
maSin xdeba, roca mexsierebidan arqetipi waiSleba an fragmentebis<br />
saxiT sxva teqstis Semadgenel nawilebad iqceva.<br />
msmeneli potenciuri avtor-mTqmelia, romelsac SeuZlia<br />
`sakuTari~ variantis saxiT miitanos mosmenili teqsti<br />
kvlav msmenelTan da a.S. da a.S. TiToeul variants ama<br />
Tu im konkretul sazogadoebaSi, konkretul tradiciaSi,<br />
TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs. yvela varianti damoukidebeli<br />
mTlianobaa da TviTmyofadia.<br />
zepirsityvieri nawarmoebis cvlilebis gardauvaloba<br />
gamowveulia im situaciiT, sadac is warmoiTqmeba, anu<br />
sadac xdeba misi kvlavwarmoeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, misi xelaxali<br />
qmna. igi icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu sad warmoiTqmis,<br />
vin ismens mas. msmeneli an msmenelTa krebuli – auditoria<br />
ganapirobebs teqstis ara mxolod cvlilebas, aramed<br />
swored amgvar da ara sxvanair cvlilebas. radgan es<br />
konkretuli auditoriaa. es auditoria qmnis am variants,<br />
es varianti am auditoriis variantia. radgan: mTqmeli warmoTqvams<br />
amaTTvis, vis winaSec igi dgas da ara abstraqtulad,<br />
msmenelisgan ganyenebulad, imisgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc<br />
me wigni melaparakeba, roca me da avtors Soris mxolod<br />
sayovelTao beWduri niSnebia. mTqmels yovelTvis<br />
msmeneli hyavs mxedvelobaSi, msmeneli ki yovelTvis konkretulia,<br />
mas Tavisi vinaoba aqvs – uvinaobo auditoria<br />
ar arsebobs arc obieqturad da arc mTqmelisTvis. msmeneli<br />
arsebobs da Tavs iCens garemoSi, xolo garemo (es so-
feli, es kuTxe) yovelTvis konkretulia. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom konkretuli garemo, auditoria, msmenelTa wre, badebs<br />
ama Tu im variants.<br />
marTalia, xalxuri teqsti mxolod variantebad da,<br />
amasTanave, rac mTavaria, Tanasworuflebian variantebad<br />
arsebobs, da es aris misi xalxurobis erT-erTi gadamwyveti<br />
niSani, mainc ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom teqsti Tavdapirvelad<br />
erTi iyo, radgan is erTi avtoris piridan gamovida.<br />
variantebi meoreulia, Tumca isini xalxuri zepiri<br />
teqstis bedisweraa.<br />
Znelia gaziareba im Tvalsazrisisa, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />
`araviTari Tavdapirveli, amosavali teqsti ar arsebula<br />
da arc SeiZleboda arsebuliyo~ (vl. propi), rom `folkloruli<br />
nawarmoebi imTaviTve iqmneba ara erTaderTi<br />
teqstis saxiT, aramed mxatvrul CanafiqrTa realizaciebis<br />
saxiT, e. i. variantebad~ (b. putilovi). magram sakiTxavia,<br />
vis gonebaSi ibadeba es Canafiqri, Tu ara erTi pirovnebisa,<br />
Tundac is iyos koleqtivis zraxvaTa da azrTa wyobis<br />
(mentalitetis) gamomxatveli.<br />
koleqtiuroba<br />
raki xalxuri nawarmoebi mxolod da mxolod variantebad<br />
arsebobs da es aris misi arsebobis bunebrivi forma,<br />
anu uvarianto, erTaderT teqstad arsebuli nawarmoebi<br />
ver CaiTvleba xalxur nawarmoebad, laparaki mis avtorze,<br />
rogorc erT pirovnebaze, mainc principulad SeuZlebelia.<br />
misi variantebis SeqmnaSi Taobebi iReben monawileobas<br />
da, amdenad, amgvarad warmoSobili nawarmoebi saxalxo,<br />
koleqtiuri sakuTrebaa. is yvelas ekuTvnis, radgan<br />
mis SeqmnaSi monawileoba aqvs miRebuli ara mxolod pirvel<br />
mTqmels, aramed gardamTqmels da msmenelsac Taoba-<br />
Ta manZilze drosa da sivrceSi.<br />
koleqtiurobas meore mxarec aqvs. xalxuri nawarmoebi<br />
imitomac aris koleqtiuri sakuTreba, rom is gamoxatavs<br />
ara kerZo pirovnebis, aramed folkis suliskveTebas,<br />
is mtkiced zis ama Tu im sazogadoebis tradiciaSi, am cnebis<br />
ufarToesi gagebiT – aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod tra-<br />
27
28<br />
diciuli poetika, poeturi gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi, rogorc<br />
saerTo monapovari, aramed yofiTi kultura da<br />
msoflmxedvelobriv warmodgenaTa sistema – mTeli memkvidreobiTi<br />
sulieri dovlaTi.<br />
koleqtiurobis xasiaTi kargad gamoTqva karl gustav<br />
iungma: `koleqtiuri aracnobieri Tu gaaqtiurda, kaci sakuTar<br />
Tavs aRar ekuTvnis~ [iungi: 62]. amgvarad aqvs dakarguli<br />
saxalxo poet-mTqmels sakuTari Tavi. garkveuli azriT,<br />
swored am dakargviT iqmneba namdvili xalxuri nawarmoebi<br />
rogorc koleqtiuri sakuTreba.<br />
tradiciuloba<br />
ra aris tradicia? tradicia (gadmocema) is arxia (kalapoti),<br />
romelSic Taobidan Taobamde miedineba xalxuri<br />
yofa da, masTan erTad, Semoqmedeba. tradicia ganapirobebs<br />
xalxis (koleqtivis) yofis mdgradobas. koleqtivis<br />
konservatizmi – yofiTi, msoflmxedvelobiTi, kulturuli,<br />
mxatvruli – misi tradiciulobis meore mxarea.<br />
folkloruli Janruli sistemis urRvevoba da mdgradoba<br />
swored tradiciis Zalazea damyarebuli.<br />
tradiciul yofaSi Zlieria tradiciis zewola individis<br />
cnobierebaze. individi am tradiciis wiaRSia dabadebuli,<br />
aRzrdilia masSi da Tavadac am tradiciis, sxvanairad,<br />
mama-papis anderZnamagis gamtari da aRmsrulebelia.<br />
magram es ar gamoricxavs individualuri gadaxrebis rols<br />
tradiciaSi. arasodes individis cnobiereba ar aris avsebuli<br />
mTlianad tradiciuli msoflgancdiT, eTikur-moraluri<br />
da esTetikuri idealebiT. `adgili rCeba~ individualurs,<br />
romelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aracnobierad, uneburad<br />
poulobs gamosavals da SeumCnevlad `iwveTeba~<br />
tradiciis kalapotSi. tradicia aris gadacema (laTinuri<br />
sityva traditio amas niSnavs), xolo rac gadasacemia, arasdros<br />
absoluturi sizustiT ar gadaicema, gadacemuli yovel<br />
jerze saxecvlilebas, Tundac umniSvnelos, Tavad gadamcemisTvisac<br />
SeumCnevels, ganicdis. magram yvelaferi es<br />
xdeba isev da isev mdgradi tradiciis farglebSi. ganaxlebuli<br />
nakadi kvlav miedineba, gzadagza gadaxarSavs ra
am individualurs. magram Tu sazogadoebis istoria individualur<br />
gamovlenaTa istoriac aris, im pirveli tradiciidan<br />
aRebuli qani sabolood veRar Zlevs individualur<br />
gamovlenebs da tradiciac icvleba, anu axal tradicias<br />
eyreba safuZveli.<br />
mTqmelis mexsierebaSi daculi tradiciuli teqsti ra-<br />
Rac axals iZens misi aqtualizaciis procesSi. warmoTqmuli<br />
teqsti ar aris identuri mexsierebaSi potenciurad arsebuli,<br />
daculi teqstisa. Semosuli siaxle, romelic qmnis<br />
gansxvavebas, mTqmeliseulia. es asea yoveli axali warmoTqmisas.<br />
siaxlis Semotana teqstSi mxolod maSin dasruldeba,<br />
roca is aRar warmoiTqmis, roca misi aqtualizacia<br />
aRar xdeba, anu is wyvets arsebobas, rogorc folkloruli<br />
teqsti.<br />
improvizacia<br />
roca improvizaciaze, rogorc xalxuri Semoqmedebis<br />
erT-erT niSanze, vlaparakobT, saqme gvaqvs, erTi mxriv,<br />
variantulobasTan, meore mxriv, tradiciulobasTan. `improvizacia<br />
yvelgan arsebulia, igi msWvalavs mTels folklors,<br />
myofobs yoveli cvlilebis dros, versiebisa da<br />
axali nawarmoebebis warmoqmnisas~ [anikini: 116].<br />
garemo qmnis improvizaciis pirobas. erTi mxriv, arsebobs<br />
improvizaciis unari, meore mxriv, arsebobs auditoriis<br />
mzaoba improvizaciis molodinisTvis. improvizacia,<br />
romelic variants badebs, konkretuli situaciiT aris<br />
ganpirobebuli.<br />
ras warmoadgens situacia? risgan Sedgeba igi? `situacias<br />
unda mivakuTvnoT msmenelTa Semadgenloba. improvizacia<br />
sxvadasxvagvarad miikvlevs gzas imisda mixedviT,<br />
Tu vis uyveba mezRapre zRapars – bavSvebs Tu ufrosebs.<br />
monaTxrobi aRiqmeba msmenelTagan gansxvavebulad maTi<br />
ganwyobilebis – mxiarulisa Tu naRvlianis mixedviT. es<br />
yvelaferi aisaxeba Semsrulebelze~ [bogatiriovi: 397] da,<br />
cxadia, monaTxrob nawarmoebze. amieridan is ukve sxvaa,<br />
es sxva aris swored is, rasac <strong>folklori</strong>stikaSi variants<br />
uwodeben.<br />
29
30<br />
improvizacia, romelic gulisxmobs mTqmelis Semoqmedebas<br />
tradiciuli teqstis Sesrulebis (gadmocemis)<br />
procesSi, TiTqosda moumzadeblad, msmenelTaTvis moulodnelad,<br />
met-naklebad axasiaTebs TiTqmis yvela Janrs.<br />
gansakuTrebiT didi asparezi aqvs mas poeziaSi. improvizaciis<br />
mizania teqstis dafaruli SesaZleblobebis warmo-<br />
Cena-gaRrmaveba – improvizaciis mizezi Tavad teqstSi, mis<br />
fabulaSi Zevs. amis saukeTeso magaliTia `vefxvisa da moymis<br />
leqsis~ gagrZeleba. am baladaSi dedis motivis Semosvla<br />
improvizacias unda mivaweroT. misTvis amosavali `embrioni~<br />
baladis boloswina striqonSi Zevs: `vin etyvis magis<br />
dedasa, kars usxeds qadag-misanni~. mTqmelis xelSi<br />
sityva `deda~ improvizaciis stimuls iZleva. am moulodnelma<br />
gagrZelebam axali aspeqtiT gaaSuqa balada, romlis<br />
bunebriv dasasruls bolo striqoni acxadebs: `uerTod<br />
ar daixarjvnis Cvenis afxazis isarni~.<br />
magram TiTqmis yvela xalxis foklorSi aris Janri, romelic<br />
mxolod da mxolod improvizaciis ZaliT arsebobs,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, improvizaciis Sedegia. es aris gaSaireba,<br />
romelic kafiis saxelwodebiT farTod aris gavrcelebuli<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
fSavSi, sadac am Janrs mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kanonebi<br />
aqvs. sxva moTxovnebTan erTad (mag., riTmis Seucvleloba),<br />
improvizacia aq gadamwyvetia. adre naTqvamis ganmeoreba,<br />
Tuki aseTi ram moxda, Cavardnaa, marcxia kafiobis<br />
procesSi da igi unda Sewydes. gadamwyvetia aseve improvizacia<br />
xmiT natirlebSi, romlebic Tumca iyeneben tradiciul<br />
saxeebs, magram, ZiriTadad, improvizaciis efeqts emyarebian.<br />
moulodneloba, SeiZleba iTqvas, auditoriis<br />
dakveTaa, romelic ganuxrelad sruldeba.<br />
am mxriv, SesaZloa, sakulto sityviereba iyos gamonaklisi,<br />
Tumca improvizaciis SesaZlebloba arc aq unda iyos<br />
gamoricxuli. marTalia, sakulto poeziisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli<br />
pirovnuli Careva teqstis Segnebuli Secvlis<br />
mizniT, ar arsebobs raime impulsi an motivi am CarevisTvis<br />
– teqstis sakralizmi da misi aseve sakraluri warmoSoba<br />
amas ar uwyobs xels, mainc sporadulad dasturdeba<br />
improvizaciis SemTxvevebi. es maSin xdeba, roca sustdeba<br />
sakraluri teqstisadmi mowiweba da Semsrulebeli Tavs<br />
Tavisuflebis nebas aZlevs.
yofiToba<br />
yofiToba mniSvnelovani niSania, SesaZloa, yvela niSanze<br />
arsebiTi. ver vnaxavT iseT sferos xalxis yofisa, romelsac<br />
ar hqondes gamoxatuleba romelime folklorul<br />
JanrSi. ufro metic: folkloruli Semoqmedeba yofidan<br />
aris amozrdili da misi niadagiT sazrdoobs, magram Semoqmedeba<br />
yofis mimarT ar aris pasiuri, igi ara mxolod asaxavs,<br />
aireklavs yofas, metic, misi aqtivoba mimarTulia yofis<br />
mowesrigebisaken. <strong>folklori</strong>s Janruli sistema, yofidan<br />
amozrdili, Tavad zemoqmedebs yofaze, struqtura<br />
da sazrisi Seaqvs yofaSi. amasTanave, yofis gareSe folkloruli<br />
Semoqmedeba kargavs Tavis funqcias, romelsac<br />
is Janris farglebSi asrulebs. folkloruli Semoqmedebis<br />
Rirebuleba mxolod yofaSia da misi ZaliT Tavad yofa<br />
iZens Rirebulebas. imdenad mWidroa urTierToba Janrsa<br />
da yofas Soris, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba <strong>folklori</strong>s Janrobrivi<br />
Sedgenilobis mixedviT sazogadoebis yofis<br />
struqturaze, wesrigze msjeloba.<br />
yofiTobas kidev erTi aspeqti aqvs: folkloruli Semoqmedeba<br />
`naturaluri meurneobis~ principiT arsebobs<br />
da funqcionirebs. `xalxma Seqmna Janrebis iseTi mravalferovneba,<br />
rogoric literaturas arasodes gaaCnda~ [emelianovi:<br />
101]. sofeli, Tu aviRebT mas, rogorc TviTkmar<br />
erTeuls, romelic Tavisi sakuTari bunebrivi resursebiT<br />
sazrdoobs (aqvs sakuTari savargulebi, saZovrebi,<br />
tye, wyaroebi da sxva), aseve Tavisi sakuTari ZalebiT ikmayofilebs<br />
inteleqtualur moTxovnilebebs. mis mentalobaSi<br />
araferia iseTi, rasac safuZveli soflis yofaSi ara<br />
aqvs. Tu sofels hyavs Tavisi sakuTari mWedeli an durgali,<br />
aseve hyavs Tavisi sakuTari mTqmeli, romelic inaxavs<br />
da gadascems zepirsityvier teqstebs. soflis zepirsityvieri<br />
`fondi~ daculia mis mexsierebaSi. Teoriulad SeiZleba<br />
gvefiqra, rom garedan, sxva soflidan, am sofels<br />
arafris Semotana ar uxdeba. magram sofeli ar aris imgvarad<br />
Caketili, rom srulebiT Tavisufali iyos gavlenebisgan,<br />
an ar hqondes garedan Semosuli xmebisTvis yuris dagdebis<br />
moTxovnileba. oRond ucxo Temebi Tu siuJetebi<br />
soflis `qvabSi~, yofaSi, imgvarad gadaixarSeba, rom ukve<br />
31
32<br />
soflis sakuTreba xdeba. yovelTvis arsebobdnen soflidan<br />
soflad moaruli profesionali mTqmelebi, romelTa<br />
naTqvamebi (leqsi iqneba Tu zRapari) `ileqeba~ soflis<br />
cnobierebaSi da variantebis saxiT, rogorc misi sakuTreba,<br />
ganagrZobs arsebobas.<br />
sinkretizmi<br />
laparakoben xalxuri Semoqmedebis sinkretizmze. ra<br />
aris sinkretizmi? `ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni~ amgvarad<br />
ganmartavs am termins: `Serwymuli arseboba, daunawevrebuloba,<br />
rac raime movlenis sawyis safexurze gvxvdeba~.<br />
xalxur SemoqmedebaSi es gulisxmobs Semoqmedebisa Tu<br />
gadmocemis erTian aqtSi xelovnebis ramdenime dargis monawileobas.<br />
amosavali ki, cxadia, sityva iqneba, roca sityvier<br />
SemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme. es niSani <strong>folklori</strong>sa<br />
SeiZleba ar mogveCvenos universalurad, magram es erTi<br />
SexedviT da mxolod maTi dRevandeli saxidan gamomdinare.<br />
klasikuri nimuSi sinkretizmisa aris, magaliTisTvis,<br />
xevsuruli sagmiro leqsi, romelsac adgilobriv `simReres~<br />
uwodeben. ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom sityvieri<br />
teqsti, romelic ambis informacias inaxavs, ar gadaicema<br />
`mSralad~, mxolod da mxolod verbalurad, aramed<br />
musikaluri hangis TanxlebiT. es imdenad myari tradiciaa,<br />
rom vaJa-fSavela Tavis leqsebs, romelTa Sorisac bevrs<br />
saTaurad uzis `simRera~, fanduris xmaze Txzavda. aris Tu<br />
ara `simRere~, rogorc Janri, sityvisa da hangis Tavdapirveli<br />
daunawevrebulobis anu sinkretizmis nimuSi? vaJas<br />
gamocdilebidan, romelsac safuZveli folklorSi aqvs,<br />
amosvliT SeiZleba dadebiTi pasuxi gaeces am kiTxvas. hangi<br />
Tan axlavs sityvieri teqstis Seqmnis process. hangi<br />
araTu awesrigebs sityvas, aramed CarTulia sityvieri Semoqmedebis<br />
procesSi, misi organuli monawilea.<br />
sinkretizmis sxva ufro rTuli magaliTebia xalxuri<br />
dResaswaulebi, sanaxaobebi, sadac erTianobaSia mocemuli<br />
sityva, Tundac virtualuri scenaris saxiT, mxatvroba<br />
(niRbebisa da Sesamoslebis saxiT), musika, cekvebi. ase-<br />
Tia `berikaoba~, `yeenoba~, romelTa xsovna dResac aqa-iq,<br />
Cvens daba-soflebSi, SemorCenilia.
dasasrul, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom yvela es niSani,<br />
garkveulwilad, literaturul Semoqmedebasac axasia-<br />
Tebs. gana mwerlobaSi ar aris dadasturebuli anonimuri<br />
Txzulebani? an variantebis naklebobaa? an rogor SegviZlia<br />
uarvyoT, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi garkveul<br />
tradiciaSia moqceuli? an romeli nawarmoebia,<br />
Rrmad individualisturic rom iyos, ramdenadme rom ar<br />
gamoxatavdes koleqtivis suliskveTebas, molodinebs,<br />
imedebs, ar upasuxebdes mis esTetikur mrwamss da a.S. yvela<br />
es niSani, literaturas, marTlac, saziaro aqvs folklorul<br />
SemoqmedebasTan. magram TiToeuli am niSnis buneba<br />
da, ramdenadme, sazrisi gansxvavebulia imisda mixedviT,<br />
Tu sad vadasturebT mas – folklorSi Tu literaturaSi.<br />
literaturis anonimuroba SemTxveviTia, ar aris gamowveuli<br />
Tavad Semoqmedebis bunebiT. iq, sadac saavtoro<br />
uflebis Segneba ar arsebobs, iq anonimuroba kanonzomieria;<br />
sadac es Segneba arsebobs, iq anonimuroba gamonaklisia,<br />
misi gamomwvevi mizezi an Tavad avtoris nebaSia, an ra-<br />
Rac obieqtur garemoebebSi, romlebic SemoqmedebiT procesTan<br />
ar aris dakavSirebuli. aseve iTqmis zepirgavrcelebazec.<br />
warmosadgenia literaturuli nawarmoebis<br />
(leqsis) zepiri gavrceleba, magram misi bedi ar hgavs im nawarmoebis<br />
beds, romlis arsebobisa da gavrcelebis erTaderTi<br />
forma zepirsityvieria (amitomac zepirsityviereba<br />
folkloruli Semoqmedebis erT-erTi arsebiTi dasaxelebaa).<br />
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, literaturuli nawarmoebi<br />
miiswrafis beWdur sityvaSi mosaxvedrad, xolo folklorul<br />
nawarmoebs gaxsnili aqvs gza zepir asparezze.<br />
iSviaTia, literaturul nawarmoebs pirvel cdaSive<br />
srulyofili, yovel SemTxvevaSi, avtorisTvis damakmayofilebeli<br />
saxe mieRos. avtori SemoqmedebiT procesSi<br />
qmnis variantebs, vidre igi sabolood Tavisi Canafiqris<br />
srul gamoxatulebas ar dainaxavs. variantebi SeiZleba gadarCes,<br />
an, SesaZloa, avtorma saWirod ar miiCnios maTi SenarCuneba.<br />
literaturuli nawarmoebis variantulobis arsebiTi<br />
gansxvaveba zepirsityvieri teqstis variantulobisgan,<br />
pirvel rigSi, is aris, rom variantebi aq win uZRvis<br />
erT kanonikur, avtoris mier mowonebul teqsts, folklorSi<br />
ki piruku – Tavdapirveli teqsti aCens drosa da<br />
33
34<br />
sivrceSi variantebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, iZenen damoukidebel<br />
Rirebulebas. meore gansxvaveba is aris, rom<br />
literaturuli variantebi avtoris mier dawunebulia da,<br />
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, saarqivod aris ganwiruli, folkloruli<br />
nawarmoebi ki piruku – mxolod variantebis saxiT<br />
arsebobs, romelTagan TiToeuli Rirebulia.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT unda SevniSnoT Semdegi: gavrcelebulia<br />
mankieri praqtika, roca xalxuri poeziis gamocemisas<br />
gamomcemelTa (an gamomcemlis) mier arCeuli varianti<br />
ibeWdeba rogorc ZiriTadi teqsti, danarCeni variantebi<br />
gadatanilia boloSi (ix., magaliTisTvis, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
xalxuri poezia, 12 tomad). romelime variantisTvis upiratesobis<br />
miniWeba, jer erTi, subieqturia, meore mxriv,<br />
es qmnis imis iluzias, TiTqos swored is iyos srulyofili<br />
teqsti, danarCenebi ki arasrulyofili, rac sruliad miu-<br />
Rebelia. Cven viciT, rom TiToeuli teqsti miukvleveli<br />
arqetipis variantebia da TiToeul maTgani TviTmyofadia.<br />
Tundac dazianebuli da mxatvrulad mdare, igi gamoxatavs<br />
ama Tu im tradicias da <strong>folklori</strong>sti valdebulia, mas<br />
sxva, ukeTesad CaTvlil variantebs Soris miuCinos Tanabari<br />
adgili. xSirad xdeba, rom dawunebuli varianti zogierT<br />
pasaJSi ukeTes wakiTxvas iZleva, vidre arCeuli teqsti.<br />
yvela variants Tavisi niSandoblivi Tavisebureba aqvs<br />
da <strong>folklori</strong>stmac saTanado pativi unda miagos mas. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, yvela varianti unda ibeWdebodes Ziri-<br />
Tad nawilSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT, rom ar gaCndes mcdari<br />
warmodgena, TiTqos boloSi dabeWdili teqstebi TavSi<br />
moqceuli teqstis variantebi iyos. <strong>folklori</strong>stma unda<br />
daafasos TiToeuli soflis, kuTxis tradicia, romelmac<br />
Semoinaxa Tavad teqsti, xolo Tu rogor Semoinaxa igi, rogoria<br />
maTi Rirseba-naklovanebebi, es Sefasebis sakiTxia<br />
da mas Tavisi adgili aqvs.<br />
ramdenadac xalxuri Semoqmedebis avtori anonimuria<br />
da <strong>folklori</strong>stikas arc uxdeba misi vinaobis dadgena, avtorobis<br />
sakiTxs aq cvlis teqstis ama Tu im variantis Semnaxvelis<br />
sakiTxi. is pieteti, romelsac literaturis istoria<br />
iCens avtorisadmi, folklorSi mTqmelis pirovnebazea<br />
gadatanili. marTalia, xalxuri leqsi anonimuria da<br />
Cven araferi viciT da verc verasodes gavigebT raimes mi-
si vinaobis Sesaxeb, samagierod bevri ram SegviZlia vicodeT<br />
Tavis mexsierebaSi an repertuarSi leqsis Semnaxvelis<br />
vinaobaze. isic marTalia, rom leqsi zeindividualuria,<br />
magram misi esa Tu is varianti garkveuli pirovnebis<br />
saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli da misi pirovnebis daRs atarebs.<br />
ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom varianti yovelTvis Canaweria<br />
da konkretuli pirovnebisgan aris Cawerili. Canaweri<br />
Rirebulia mecnierebisTvis, Tu mas axlavs pasporti –<br />
ase uwodeben <strong>folklori</strong>stikaSi yvela monacemis erTobliobas,<br />
romelic Caweril teqstTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />
am monacemebis folklorul Canawers unda axldes cnobebi<br />
mTqmelis vinaobaze: gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli, wlovaneba,<br />
warmoSoba, socialuri mdgomareoba, profesia, ganaTlebis<br />
cenzi – aris Tu ara igi wera-kiTxvis mcodne, SeeZlo<br />
Tu ara wignSi waekiTxa teqsti, ramdenad sandoa igi, rogorc<br />
mTqmeli, ramdenad farToa misi repertuari da sxva;<br />
visgan da sad moismina teqsti... sasurvelia da aucilebelic,<br />
Camwerma mosmenil teqsts daurTos mTqmeliseuli<br />
SeniSvnebi, ganmartebebi teqstis garSemo – es yvelaferi<br />
gvexmareba teqstis srulyofil gagebaSi. aucilebelia<br />
Camwerma aRniSnos Caweris adgili da TariRi, da Tavisi vinaoba.<br />
Camwers ara aqvs ufleba raime Sesworeba Seitanos<br />
CanawerSi, unda axsovdes, rom mas saqme aqvs variantTan,<br />
romelic atarebs mTqmelisa da adgilis Taviseburebebs,<br />
rom araferi vTqvaT dialeqtur individualobaze.<br />
amrigad, pasporti folkloruli Canaweris aucilebeli<br />
Tanmxlebia. es aris anonimuri xalxuri nawarmoebis vinaobis<br />
ganmsazRvreli. mis gareSe Canaweri, Tunda genialuri<br />
teqstisa, Zalze naklulia. es aris fokloris Sekrebis<br />
wesi, romelic XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda evropaSi da<br />
saqarTvelomdec movida. Tumca mas erTaderTi adepti<br />
hyavda petre umikaSvilis (1839-1904) saxiT, romelsac<br />
ekuTvnis am mxriv yvelaze Rirebuli folkloruli Canawerebi;<br />
misive Sedgenilia `programma xalxis sityvierebis<br />
nawarmoebis SekrebisaTvis~ (Tbilisi, 1882). Caweris wesebis<br />
pirvelsave punqtad aq vkiTxulobT:<br />
`yvelaferi unda daiweros swored ise, rogorc xalxi<br />
ambobs. damwerma (Camwerma, z.k.) Tavis Tavs neba ar un-<br />
35
36<br />
da misces mcireodenis cvlilebis moxdenisaca. adgilobrivi<br />
gamoTqma, sityvebi, sityvebis dalageba frazebSi,<br />
frazebis erTmaneTTan damokidebuleba, – yvelaferi<br />
sastikad unda daicvas damwerma; is adgilebic ki ar unda<br />
Sescvalos, romelic uazrod eCveneba. yuradReba unda<br />
mieqces metadre prozad sawersa, rom xalxis enis kilo<br />
da frazebis SekavSireba namdvili darCes...~<br />
meore da mesame punqtebSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
`zogierTi leqsi an zRapari anu sxva naTqvami xalxSi<br />
sxva da sxva cvlilebiT aris an sul mTlad, an zogi adgilebi<br />
da striqonebi, an ravdenime sityva. Zalian saWiroa,<br />
rom damweri marto erTs redaqcias ar dasjerdes, aramed<br />
yoveli gansxvavebac aRniSnos sxolioebSi, rom zog-<br />
Si esa da es cvlilebaao. da Tu srulad bevri gansxvavebaa,<br />
mTlad daiweros. es cvlilebis dawera amitom aris<br />
saWiro, rom xSirad mrTels dids leqsSi anu zRaparSi<br />
oriode sami sityva, sxva cvlilebiT xmarebuli, mrTelis<br />
Txzulebis fersa scvlis da zogjer Zvirfass ganZs<br />
Seadgens. zogs leqss an sxva naTqvams mTqmelni axsnas<br />
ukeTeben. es axsnac unda aRniSnos sxolioSi moxsenebiT,<br />
rom mTqmelis axsnaa. ra adgilic, anu romelime azri an<br />
sityva damwers ar esmis, hkiTxos glexs da, Tu man axsna<br />
misca, saWiroa amisi dawerac~.<br />
petre umikaSvilis mdidar folklorul CanawerebSi es<br />
wesi ganuxrelad aris daculi [umikaSvili1937; umikaSvili1964].<br />
samwuxaroa, rom erTaderTi umikaSvili iyo,<br />
romelic esoden did yuradRebas aqcevda folkloruli<br />
teqstis pasportis Sedgenas, rac sruliad ugulebelyofilia<br />
sxvaTa CanawerebSi. genialur vaJa-fSavelas bevri<br />
xalxuri leqsi mohyavs Tavis narkvevebSi, magram arsad ar<br />
uTiTebs arc mTqmelis vinaobas, arc Caweris adgils da<br />
wels. arada, bevri maTgani pirvelad mis mier aris gamoqveynebuli.<br />
aseve iTqmis ilia WavWavaZis da sxvaTa Canawerebis<br />
Sesaxeb. dResdReobiT fokloristebi savele muSaobis<br />
dros mxolod am principebiT xelmZRvaneloben.<br />
rac Seexeba koleqtiurobas da tradiciulobas, rac<br />
aucileblobiT moeTxoveba folklorul nawarmoebs, li-
teraturuli nawarmoebisTvis mxolod fonia, romelzec<br />
mkveTrad isaxeba is arsebiTi, rac mis individualobas da<br />
novatorobas Seadgens. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu folkloruli<br />
nawarmoebi arsebiTad mxolod koleqtivsa da tradiciaSi<br />
arsebobs, da aq mJRavndeba misi genialoba, literaturuli<br />
nawarmoebis Rirseba da Rirebuleba, misi genialoba<br />
mis individualobasa da novatorobaSi mdgomareobs.<br />
amrigad, verc erTs, TavisTavad aRebuls, zemoT CamoTvlil<br />
niSanTagan ver CavTvliT unikalurad <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis.<br />
jer, TiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebul saxes iRebs<br />
imisda mixedviT, sad gvxvdeba igi – folklorSi Tu literaturaSi;<br />
mere, maTi, rogorc aRiniSna, urTierTgamomavloba<br />
da ganpirobebuloba unikalurs xdis maT <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis,<br />
rac imas niSnavs, rom es niSnebi folklorSi organulia<br />
da ara SemTxveviTi, mis gareSe arsebul raRac faqtorebiT<br />
ganpirobebuli; da bolos, unikaluria Tavad Sexameba<br />
maTi, rac arsebiTia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, fundamenturi<br />
folkloruli SemoqmedebisTvis. es hgavs yvavilebis<br />
Taiguls, romelSic TiToeuli yvavilis individualoba<br />
sxvebTan SexamebaSi axal Tvisebas iZens.<br />
sxvaa am niSanTagan SeTxzuli Taiguli folklorSi da<br />
sxvaa – literaturaSi.<br />
`daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~<br />
u. Tomsis mier Seqmnil kompozitSi folk-lore pirveli<br />
sityva im mniSvnelobiT moxvda, romelic mas inglisur ena-<br />
Si hqonda da aqvs: es aris mosaxleobis naklebad ganviTarebuli,<br />
mwignobrobas moklebuli fenebi. es is xalxia, romelic<br />
Tavis SemoqmedebaSi damwerlobas ar iyenebs – qmnis<br />
zepirad da avrcelebs zepirad. magram ismis sakiTxi: rogor<br />
unda gavigoT, rom xalxi qmnis? xalxi xom pirovneba<br />
ar aris, rom qmnides? gamomdinare yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan,<br />
rac folkoruli Semoqmedebis specifikas exeboda,<br />
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qmnian yovelTvis erTeulebi, xalxis<br />
niWieri warmomadgenlebi, romelTac SeuZliaT gamoxaton<br />
xalxis suliskveTeba, interesebi, imedebi, sasowarkveTilebani,<br />
wuxili, molodinebi da a. S. isini, SeiZleba<br />
37
38<br />
iTqvas, folkis zedafenis warmomadgenlebi arian. magram<br />
maT mier Seqmnilis realizaciisTvis anu mis `gamosaqveyneblad~<br />
xalxs unda Seswevdes mosmenis unari, igi mzad unda<br />
iyos imisaTvis, raTa miiRos es mosmenili, aRmoaCinos<br />
masSi sakuTari, risi gamoTqmis Zali mas ar Seswevs. mxolod<br />
amis Semdeg SeeZleba mas mosmenilis damaxsovreba (Senaxva)<br />
da gatana-gavrceleba. maSasadame, arsebobs avtori da<br />
arsebobs mTqmeli, romlis meSveobiTac pirvelnaTqvami<br />
folkamde midis. mTqmeli aqtiuria, msmeneli pasiuri aRmqmeli.<br />
magram am pasiur masaSi yovelTvis moiZebneba pirovneba,<br />
romelic iRebs estafetas, anu mTqmeli xdeba da a. S.<br />
fokloristikas yovelTvis saqme aqvs mTqmelebTan da ara<br />
avtorebTan, romelTa saxelebi samudamod dakargulia,<br />
TaobaTa mTqmelebSia ganzavebuli. roca zRapris mTxrobels<br />
(mezRapres) vusmenT, ar vfiqrobT, rom zRapari misi<br />
SeTxzulia; arc `vefxvisa da moymis~ Tu sxva sagmiro baladis<br />
Semsrulebeli ar aris misi avtori. arc erTi teqsti,<br />
romelsac Cven vismenT am Cvens aqtualur xanaSi, ar aris<br />
misi mTqmelis Seqmnili. magram Cven vambobT, rom mTqmeli<br />
ar gadmogvcems sxvisas, aramed isev da isev xalxisas, TiTqos<br />
xalxi iyo Semoqmedi. aucilebelia, dazustdes, ras niSnavs<br />
`xalxis Semoqmedeba~, ras vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT,<br />
`xalxi qmnis~? iseT rames xom ar mivawerT xalxs, romlis<br />
kompetencia mas ara aqvs maSinac ki, roca erT pirovnebasTan<br />
gvaqvs saqme? Semqmnelia saxalxo mTqmeli Tu Semsrulebeli?<br />
Cven viciT, rom is Tavisas (mkacri azriT) ar<br />
asrulebs, iseve rogorc hamletis monologi, romelsac<br />
vismenT, ar aris misi Semsruleblis dawerili.<br />
gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi eduard hofman-kraierma<br />
(1864-1937) amgvarad gamoxata folkloruli Semoqmedebis<br />
Tavisi koncefcia: `xalxi ar qmnis, aramed mxolod imeorebs<br />
Seqmnils~ (Das Volk produziert nicht, es reproduziert nur). es<br />
Teza iyo Sedegi im gamokvlevebisa, romelTa mixedviTac<br />
bevr xalxur simReras literaturuli winapari moeZebna.<br />
zogi avtori (i. grupe) ise Sors wavida, rom xalxis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
uZlurebac ki aRiara. misi azriT, yvela kulturuli<br />
faseuloba mosaxleobis maRal wreSi iqmneba da mxolod<br />
demokratizaciis procesis ganvlis Semdeg iqceva<br />
farTo masebis kuTvnilebad anu folklorad. am Teoriis
mixedviT, <strong>folklori</strong>, rogorc hans naumanma (1886-1951) gamoxata,<br />
aris `daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~ (Gesunkenes<br />
Kulturgut) [kokiara: 556-557, bauzingeri: 44-45].<br />
am Tvalsazrisis gaziareba misi arealis mxolod SezRudviT<br />
Tu aris SesaZlebeli. ra Tqma unda, yvela Janri ver<br />
CaiTvleba maRali fenebidan `daZirulad~ da `daZirvac~<br />
yovelTvis ar aris daqveiTeba, rRvevis procesis gamoxatuleba.<br />
qarTul folkorul sinamdvileSi xalxuri vefxistyaosnis<br />
saxiT Cven gvaqvs `daZiruli dovlaTi~, romelic<br />
aSkarad daqveiTebulia, degradirebulic ki. Tumca<br />
isic unda iTqvas, rom garkveuli saxiT tradicia mainc aris<br />
Senaxuli. TiTqos `daZiruli dovlaTis~ fenomeni Senaxvas<br />
unda gulisxmobdes, magram Tu ram iqna Senaxuli xalxur<br />
wiaRSi CaZiruli literaturuli vefxistyaosnidan,<br />
mxolod gardaqmnili saxiT iqna Semonaxuli. xalxma Taviseburad<br />
gardaqmna yvela ZiriTadi motivi, romelic So-<br />
Tas poemis dedaarss Seadgens [qoriZe: 102-150].<br />
magram <strong>folklori</strong> icnobs iseT `daZirul kulturul<br />
dovlaTs~, romelic met-naklebad wmida saxiT aris Senaxuli.<br />
es aris zRapari, romlis Canafiqri namdvilad ar aris<br />
xalxuri warmoSobis; rac masSi xalxuria, es misi Sesamoselia,<br />
romelic icvleba xalxidan xalxSi, mTqmelidan<br />
mTqmelSi. ra roli aqvs xalxs? xalxi mxolod Semsrulebelia,<br />
amdenadve – Semnaxveli, magram Sesrulebis procesi improvizaciebis<br />
CaTvliT iqamde ar midis, rom zRapars<br />
struqtura da sazrisi daekargos. xalxuri mTxrobelis individualoba<br />
ar exeba zRapris Sidaformas, is mxolod mravalferovan<br />
samkaulebs qmnis mis garegan sxeulze, arsi igive<br />
rCeba. gveCveneba, TiTqos zRaparma Tavadve Semoinaxa sakuTari<br />
Tavi. igive SegviZlia vTqvaT `amiranianis~ Sesaxeb,<br />
romlis ideuri Canafiqri aSkarad scildeba xalxis mentalitetis<br />
kompetencias, magram misi dRevandlamde Semonaxuli,<br />
Tundac dalewili teqsti mainc inaxavs Tavdapirvel<br />
sazriss, rasac ver vambobT daZirul `vefxistyaosanze~.<br />
meore mxriv, isic udavoa, rom sityvieri Semoqmedebis<br />
nayofTa `daZirva~ xalxis mexsierebaSi am dovlaTis Senaxvis<br />
saukeTeso saSualebaa da, ramdenadac pasiuria (da ase-<br />
Tia igi principulad) koleqtiuri mexsiereba, imdenad<br />
mrTelad da Seuryvnelad inaxavs igi mibarebuls.<br />
39
40<br />
literatura<br />
anikini: Àíèêèí Â.Ï. Òåîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðà, Êóðñ ëåêöèé, Ì., 1996.<br />
bauzingeri: Bausinger H. Formen der “Volkspoesie”, Erich Scmidt<br />
Verlag, Berlin, 1980.<br />
bogatiriovi: Áîãàòûðåâ Ï.Ã. Âîïðîñû òåîðèè íàðîäíîãî<br />
èñêóññòâà, «Èñêóññòâî», Ì., 1971.<br />
emelianovi: Åìåëüÿíîâ Ë. È. Ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèå âîïðîñû<br />
ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè, Ë., «Íàóêà», 1978.<br />
iungi: karl gustav iungi, analitikuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi:<br />
sizmrebi, Tb., 1995.<br />
kokiara: Êîêêüÿðà Äæ., Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Åâðîïå, Ì.,<br />
1960.<br />
propi 1976: Ïðîïï Â. ß. Ôîëüêëîð è äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòü, Ì.,<br />
«Íàóêà», 1976.<br />
umikaSvili 1937: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba, nawili<br />
pirveli. leqsebi, andazebi, gamocanebi.<br />
redaqcia, biografia, winasityvaoba<br />
da SeniSvnebi f. gogiCaiSvilisa,<br />
`federacia~, 1937.<br />
umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba, meore<br />
gamocema prof. mixeil Ciqovanis<br />
redaqciiT, oTx tomad, I-IV, `literatura<br />
da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.<br />
qoriZe: qoriZe e., `vefxistyaosnisa~ da `tarielianis~ ur-<br />
TierTmimarTeba, Tsu, Tb., 1999.
zepirsityvieri<br />
Janrebi
erTi filosofiuri wigni, romlis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmani<br />
ioane petriws ekuTvnis, ase iwyeba: `yovelive simravle<br />
eziarebis ra¡Tame (rogorme) erTsa~. marTalia, es sityvebi<br />
mTels sinamdvilezea naTqvami, magram isini SeiZleba<br />
sityvieri Semoqmedebis mimarT gavimeoroT. <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />
sinamdvile mravalferovania, is sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisgan<br />
mravalgvarad gansxvavebul teqstebs Seicavs, magram<br />
yvela maT, mTels am simravles erTi niSani aqvs, riTac maT<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>s saxelwodebis qveS vaerTianebT da, imavdroulad,<br />
ganvasxvavebT samwerlo Semoqmedebisgan. am sakiTxze<br />
nawilobriv zemoT ukve iyo saubari. Cven viciT, ra niSnebi<br />
mijnavs zepirsityvierebas mwerlobisgan. axla visaubroT<br />
imaze, Tu ra niSnebi mijnavs erTi Janris zepirsityvier<br />
teqsts sxva Janris teqstisgan.<br />
Janri aris <strong>folklori</strong>s (zepirsityvierebis) amosavali,<br />
damoukidebeli, TviTkmari odenoba. mas aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi,<br />
niSnebi, funqcia da daniSnuleba yofaSi, Tavisi Sinaarsobriv-Tematuri<br />
Semcveloba, Tavisi poetika, is Tan<br />
sdevs da asaxavs sinamdvilis erT romelime mxares. vl.<br />
propi ase martivad da ubralod ganmartavs Janrs: `Janris<br />
specifika is aris, Tu ra sinamdvilea masSi asaxuli da rogori<br />
saSualebiT aris asaxuli~. da kidev: misi azriT, formas<br />
ganapirobebs Sinaarsi, anu Janri aris formisa da Sinaarsis<br />
erTianoba. es imgvari ganuyofeli erTianobaa, roca<br />
Sinaarsi moiTxovs swored amgvar formas da, piruku, es<br />
forma amgvari SinaarsisTvis aris Seqmnili. Tu analogias<br />
(Sedarebas) mivmarTavT, es aris WurWlisa da SigTavsis ur-<br />
TierToba, roca isini erTurTs gansazRvraven. formisa<br />
da Sinaarsis erTianoba tradiciiT aris ganmtkicebuli.<br />
yoveli nawarmoebi romelime Janrs unda ekuTvnodes,<br />
romelime JanrSi unda iyos gaerTianebuli. Janris gareSe,<br />
eulad arsebuli nawarmoebi iseTive anomaliaa, rogorc variantebs<br />
moklebuli folkloruli teqsti an adamiani vi-<br />
43
44<br />
naobis gareSe, adamiani, romelic arc erT jgufs ar ekuTvnis,<br />
an cxoveli, romelic arc erT saxeobas ar ganekuTvneba.<br />
rogorc folkloruli teqsti warmodgenilia variantebis<br />
saxiT da ara eulad, ara oblad, aseve fokloruli<br />
fondi Sedgeba ara calkeuli erTeulebisgan, aramed jgufebisgan,<br />
romlebSic saerTo niSnebiT aRWurvili erTeulebia<br />
gaerTianebuli. `leqsi vefxisa da moymisa~, SesaZloa,<br />
unikaluri iyos Tavisi mxatvruli RirebulebiT, magram is,<br />
rogorc garkveuli gvarisadmi kuTvnili teqsti, ar aris<br />
unikaluri. igi Janris farglebSia warmodgenili zepirsityvierebis<br />
fondSi.<br />
ra qmnis Janrs? Janrs qmnis niSanTa da maxasiaTebelTa<br />
(rogorc formis, ise Sinaarsis mxriv) erToblioba. es aris<br />
Janris sakiTxi, romelic folklors saziaro aqvs literaturasTan.<br />
magram erTia literaturis Janris amosavali<br />
da sxvaa folkloruli Janris amosavali.<br />
ra niSniT ganirCeva literaturaSi Janri anu gvari? arsebobs<br />
ori kriteriumi: formaluri da Sinaarsobrivi.<br />
formis mixedviT nawarmoebi SeiZleba ekuTvnodes prozas<br />
an poezias, dramas an eposs, miniaturas, novelas an romans.<br />
Sinaarsis mixedviT Tu davajgufebT nawarmoebebs, isini<br />
unda gavaerTianoT sxvadasxva jgufebSi Tematikis mixedviT.<br />
nawarmoebi, vTqvaT, romani iqneba an yofiTi, an saTavgadasavlo,<br />
an istoriuli, an filosofiuri, an deteqtiuri<br />
da a. S. eposic, poemac aseve SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebul<br />
Tematikaze agebuli, Tumca formis mxriv isini erT JanrSi<br />
iqnebian moqceulni.<br />
folklorsa da literaturas SeiZleba hqondeT saziaro<br />
Janrebi. arsebobs lirikuli leqsi literaturaSi da<br />
arsebobs lirikuli leqsi folklorSi. arsebobs erTgan<br />
satrfialo, filosofiuri lirika da arsebobs meoregan<br />
amgvari Janris leqsebi. aseve saziaroa drama, romelic iseve<br />
udevs safuZvlad xalxur ritualur Tu sawesCveulebo<br />
sanaxaobebs, rogorc Teatralur speqtaklebs. magram arsebobs<br />
Janrebi, romlebic mxolod literaturaSi an mxolod<br />
zepirsityvierebaSi gvxvdeba. qarTul folklorSi<br />
ver SevxvdebiT romanis Janris nawarmoebs, Tumca sxva<br />
xalxebis folklorSi is SeiZleba dasturdebodes. magaliTad,<br />
sparsuli dastanebi sxva araferia, Tu ara zepiri<br />
sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo (safalavno) romanebi paralelu-
i siuJetebiT, personaJTa simravliT da sxva [gvaxaria].<br />
folklorSi ar arsebobs imgvarad organizebuli leqsi,<br />
rogoric aris, magaliTisTvis, soneti. es wmida literaturuli<br />
Janria. axla piruku: ar arsebobs literaturaSi<br />
iseTi wmidawylis folkloruli Janrebi, rogorebicaa: andaza,<br />
Selocva, samgloviaro poezia (Tavisi qveJanrebiT),<br />
sakulto poezia, miTologiuri Tqmulebebi, gamocana...<br />
rac Seexeba zRapars, romelsac vadasturebT mwerloba-<br />
Si, is <strong>folklori</strong>dan aris nasesxebi da gardaqmnilia xSirad<br />
Janruli tradiciis darRveviT.<br />
garda amisa, arsebobs fundamenturi gansxvaveba Tavad<br />
Janris gagebaSi: Janris cneba sxvaobs imisda mixedviT, Tu<br />
romel SemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme – folklorTan Tu<br />
literaturasTan. am gansxvavebis dasadgenad gavixsenoT<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>s erTi niSani, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT iyo saubari.<br />
es aris misi yofiToba.<br />
yoveli nayofi xalxuri Semoqmedebisa – mcire leqsi<br />
iqneba is Tu vrceli eposi, romelic Tavisi Janris farglebSi<br />
arsebobs, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli adamianis<br />
cxovrebisa da saqmianobis erT romelime sferosTan. da,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, ramdeni mxarec aqvs adamianur yofas mis<br />
sulier-nivTier gamoxatulebaSi, zepirsityvierebis imdensave<br />
Janrs icnobs folkloruli Semoqmedeba. amitomac<br />
folkloruli Janris cneba yofaSi misi funqciiT unda<br />
ganisazRvros. literaturul Janrebs amgvarad ver ganvsazRvravT,<br />
radgan maT aranairi Sexeba ara aqvT yofasTan.<br />
zepirsityviereba gasdevs da Tan sdevs sazogadoebas<br />
da, kerZod, yoveli konkretuli adamianis cxovrebas misi<br />
dabadebidan sikvdilamde. sakmarisia, gavayoloT Tvali<br />
adamianis gzas Sobidan sikvdilamde, Tu arnold van xenepis<br />
(Arnold van Gennep) moswrebul gamoTqmas gamoviyenebT –<br />
`akvnidan saflavamde~, rom davinaxoT sisxlxorceuli<br />
kavSiri adamianur yofasa da folklors Soris. van xenepma<br />
am or realobas Soris moaqcia e. w. gadasvlis ritualebi,<br />
Cven ki maT Soris movaqcevT yvela Janrs, romelic qmnis<br />
folkloruli Semoqmedebis ara mxolod raodenobriv,<br />
aramed Tematur simravles.<br />
a. van xeneps, roca is gadasvlis ritualebze laparakobs,<br />
mxedvelobaSi hyavs adamiani, individi, romelic Tavisi<br />
cxovrebis manZilze, akvnidan saflavamde, eqvemdeba-<br />
45
46<br />
reba ritualebs, romlebic misi cxovrebis gardamtex<br />
momentebs aRniSnavs. es aris Soba, ziareba sociumTan, roca<br />
is Tavisi mSobliuri sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevri<br />
xdeba, qorwineba, romelsac axal socialur safexurze<br />
ahyavs igi da, bolos, sikvdili, romelic aseve ritualSia<br />
`SefuTuli~.<br />
magram adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis cxovreba<br />
gacilebiT mravalferovania, is mxolod am gardamtexi<br />
ritualebiT ar amoiwureba.<br />
gavadevnoT Tvali adamianis cxovrebas, mis saqmianobas<br />
ojaxSi Tu sazogadoebaSi, sofelSi Tu TemSi, anu Sin<br />
Tu gareT. gavadevnoT Tvali misi cxovrebis gzas, marTlac,<br />
akvnidan saflavamde. am or samans Soris moqceulia<br />
misi cxovreba. davinaxavT, rom folkloruli Janrebi misi<br />
cxovrebis anareklia, rasac ver vityviT literaturul<br />
Janrebze.<br />
adamiani ibadeba. misi fizikuri movlineba amqveynad<br />
gansakuTrebuli ritualiT aris aRniSnuli, romelsac,<br />
cxadia, sityvieri teqsti axlavs. es aris saZeo (Zeobis) sim-<br />
Rerebi. aq sityvieri <strong>folklori</strong> esazRvreba yofacxovrebiT<br />
folklors (eTnografias) da gadawnulia masTan.<br />
akvanSi mwoliare bavSvi izrdeba e. w. saakvne simRerebis<br />
smenaSi, romelTa sityvieri mniSvneloba misTvis gaugebaria<br />
da am gaugebrobis gamo es simRerebi miT ufro aRweven<br />
Tavis mizans – gamoZerwon bavSvis sulier-sxeulebrivi<br />
habitusi. arc saZeo simRerebs da arc dedis nanas ara<br />
aqvT damoukidebeli Rirebuleba – isini mxolod am momentisTvis<br />
aris gamiznuli. aravis mouva azrad sxva dros ma-<br />
Ti Sesruleba.<br />
bavSvi enas idgams da am asakisTvisac arsebobs folkloruli<br />
teqstebi, romelTac enis gasatexs vuwodebT. ram<br />
warmoSva isini, Tu ara zrunvam, rom swori mimarTuleba<br />
mieces bavSvis metyvelebas, rom misi fonetikuri artikulacia<br />
sociumis metyvelebas Seesabamebodes. bavSvi Tama-<br />
Sobs. TamaSi ar aris mdumare procesi; rogorc rituals,<br />
masac sityvieri teqsti axlavs.<br />
mozardi ebmeba SromiT procesSi. Sromis simRerebi misi<br />
ganuyreli Tanmxlebia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini iseve<br />
aucilebelia, rogorc Sromis iaraRebi, romelTac bavSvo-
is asakidan gamosuli adamiani iRebs xelSi da uZlurebamde<br />
Tavis Tanamgzavrad xdis. namgali, celi, Toxi da guTani<br />
simReris teqstTan da hangTan aris Sezrdili.<br />
Sromas enacvleba dResaswaulebi, romlebic aseve dam-<br />
Svenebulia simRerebiT – isini an sawesCveuleboa an religiuri<br />
(sakulto). mTeli weliwadi dasaxsrulia am sazeimo<br />
dReebiT, roca adamiani ara mxolod suls iTqvams Sromisgan,<br />
aramed maRldeba kidec masze, povebs ra Tavis Rirseul<br />
daniSnulebas.<br />
yofa – misi moTxovnilebebi, ucxo (araadamianuri) Zalebis<br />
Semotevis molodini, misi usafrTxoebis survili –<br />
Tavis nebismier sferoSi bunebrivad badebs sityvier teqstebs,<br />
romlebic Selocvebis saxeliT aris cnobili. rasac<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>s yofiTobaze vlaparakobT, wmida saxiT,<br />
utilitarul donemdec ki, am JanrSia warmodgenili.<br />
adamiani qorwindeba, riTac misi cxovreba axal fazaSi<br />
Sedis: icvleba misi socialuri statusi. am mniSvnelovani<br />
dReebis aRniSvnas emsaxureba saqorwino simRerebi, romlebic<br />
ritualis Tanmxlebia. magram arsebobs satrfialo<br />
lirika, romelsac qorwinebasTan ara aqvs kavSiri, magram<br />
asaxavs Tumca araformalur, magram realur urTierTobas<br />
qal-vaJs Soris, rasac yofaSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTis tradiciuli sworfrobis instituti Seesatyviseba.<br />
mSvidobian saqmianobas cvlis brZola, romlis Jami<br />
dgeba adamianis cxovrebaSi. adamiani ara mxolod mSromelia<br />
an medResaswaule, aramed is mebrZolic aris – Tavisi<br />
ojaxis, soflis Tu kuTxis damcveli. im kuTxeebSi, sadac<br />
mSvidobiani yofa momxdurTa winaaRmdeg brZolis mudmiv<br />
molodinSia, zepirsityvierebaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />
iZens sagmiro poezia. sagmiro leqsebi yovelTvis<br />
konkretul SemTxvevebze da konkretul adamianebzea<br />
SeTxzuli, anu is garkveuli ganzogadebis xarisxiT konkretuli<br />
yofidan aris amozrdili.<br />
adamiani emsaxureba miwas, ibrZvis miwa-wylisTvis, dResaswaulobs,<br />
miagebs pativs da Tavisi Sromis nayofebs uzenaes<br />
arsebas, romelsac is Tavis mfarvelad miiCnevs – es<br />
qmedebani, Tundac misi qorwilis CaTvliT, sadac igi pirovnulad<br />
monawileobs, sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobisaa.<br />
aseve sazogadoebrivia misi msoflgancda, romelsac is so-<br />
47
48<br />
ciumis saxeliT gamoxatavs. es aris misi pirovnuli damokidebuleba<br />
garesamyarosa da adamianisadmi, zogadad, wu-<br />
Tisoflisadmi. sociumis yofa, misi adgili am sofelSi (rogorc<br />
viwro, ise farTo azriT), bedi Tu ubedoba, rac mas<br />
Tavs atydeba, samarTali Tu usamarTloba, yvelaferi, rasac<br />
ganicdis igi, e. w. filosofiur lirikaSi povebs gamoxatulebas.<br />
wuTisoflis miseuli `analizi~ ganzogadebis<br />
did xarisxs andazaSi aRwevs, JanrSi, romelic sityvierebisa<br />
da enis zRvarze arsebobs, Tumca is ufro enis fenomenia,<br />
uSualod metyvelebaSi ibadeba da, amdenad, misi adgili<br />
`yofierebis saxlSia~ (rogorc enas uwodebs m. haidegeri).<br />
ena andazis meSveobiT azrovnebs, afasebs wuTisofels.<br />
rogorc arsebobs werilobiTi istoria (matiane, qronika),<br />
aseve arsebobs xalxuri zepirsityvieri istoria.<br />
radgan adamiani ar cxovrobs mxolod awmyoTi, am warmavali<br />
wamebiT, romelTa amaoebas igi savsebiT acnobierebs.<br />
warmavlobisa da amaoebis dasaZlevad zepir istoriaSi dro<br />
SemWidroebulia imdenad, rom warsuli awmyoSi gadmodis<br />
da masTan erTad erT mTlianobas qmnis. warsuli, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, yofiTad xelmisawvdomia, aqvea, radgan cixesimagre,<br />
romelic warsulSi aigo, ganagrZobs arsebobas da inaxavs<br />
mis mSenebelTa kvals. TqmulebaSi sami sxvadasxva epoqis<br />
mefeebi erTmaneTis Tanadroulni arian da erTad aSeneben<br />
eklesias. am Janrs ganekuTvneba legenda, Tqmuleba,<br />
miTologiuri teqstebi, romlebic maradiuli warsul-awmyos<br />
xdomilebebs Seicaven.<br />
folkloruli teqstebis masividan unda gamocalkevdes<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis specifikuri andrezebi,<br />
romelTac am sazogadoebebisTvis fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba<br />
aqvT. isini inaxaven soflis Tu sagvareuloTa daarsebis<br />
Tqmulebebs, wes-CveulebaTa pirvelad SemoRebis<br />
aqtebs (precedentebs), mTels rjuls, razec dgas sazogadoeba.<br />
gancalkevebiT dgas folklorul Janrebs Soris jadosnuri<br />
zRapari, romelic arsad, dReisaTvis misi gavrcelebis<br />
areSi, adgilobrivi warmoSobisa ar aris. TiTqos mas<br />
yvelaze naklebad unda hqondes kavSiri yofasTan, magram<br />
rogorc misi Sesrulebis tradicia mowmobs, zRapars SeuZlia<br />
ritualis Tanmxlebi funqcia Seasrulos (mag., sva-
nuri lifanalis ritualis dros). amasve mowmobs zogierT<br />
tradiciaSi misi Sesrulebis SezRudva wlis (zamTarSi) an<br />
dRe-Ramis (daRamebisas) garkveuli monakveTiT, rac, SesaZloa,<br />
misi ritualuri warmoSobis niSani iyos.<br />
hipoTeturia eposis, kerZod, `amiranianis~, funqcionaluri<br />
mxare – hqonda Tu ara mas, sxva Janris nawarmoebTa<br />
msgavsad, yofiTi datvirTva. TiTqos misi sinkretuli Sesrulebis<br />
wesi (sityva hangTan erTad) amas unda mowmobdes.<br />
misi Sesrulebis dro da adgilic gansazRvruli unda yofiliyo.<br />
tradiciul adamians, tradiciuli sociumis sruluflebian<br />
wevrs, idealur SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi cxovrebis man-<br />
Zilze Sexeba aqvs Cven mier Janrebad wodebul yvela am<br />
sityvier realobasTan. igi maTi Seqmnisa da Senaxvis an aqtiuri,<br />
an pasiuri monawilea. es yvelaferi mis sulier Tu<br />
yofiT moTxovnilebaTa realizaciaa. magram mTavrdeba<br />
adamianis cxovreba, romelic misi sakuTrebaa, Tumca mis<br />
Seqmna-CamoyalibebaSi sociums Tavisi wvlili aqvs Setanili.<br />
amitom adamianis sikvdili, ra statusic ar unda hqondes<br />
mas, sazogadoebrivi movlenaa da, amdenad, sazogadoebrivad<br />
aRniSvnis Rirsia. samgloviaro poezia is sityvieri<br />
teqstia, romelic axlavs dakrZalvis rituals, rogorc<br />
misi organuli Semadgeneli nawili.<br />
aleqsandre jambakur-orbelians (erekles meoris<br />
asulis Tekla batoniSvilis vaJi, 1802-1869) pirvelad<br />
qarTul <strong>folklori</strong>stikaSi, jer kidev maSin, roca Cven-<br />
Si <strong>folklori</strong>stikas, rogorc mecnierebis dargs, fexic<br />
ar hqonda adgmuli, mocemuli aqvs <strong>qarTuli</strong> (sasimRero)<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>s Janruli dajgufeba. adamianis cxovrebis<br />
mniSvnelovan etapebs exmaureba ara `mSrali~ sityva,<br />
aramed sityva hangTan erTad, rasac Cven sinkretul<br />
xelovnebas vuwodebT. esenia saZeo, saqorwilo, sufruli,<br />
saferxiso, Sromis, sawesCveulebi da, bolos, samgloviaro<br />
simRerebi [Ciqovani 1956: 110-113]. a. jambakurorbeliani<br />
ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan dasavlur da aRmosavlur<br />
qarTul hangebs. erTgan igi igonebs: `erTs Sobis<br />
winaRames maxsovs am ocdaaTis weliwadis winaT Cveni<br />
saxlis fanjrebis qvemoT, quCaSi, uecari simRera daiwyes,<br />
alilo: Tqma, moZaxili, bani. ase gawyobilis mSve-<br />
49
50<br />
nieris xmiT ambobdnen im alilos, yoveli CvenSi goneba<br />
im simReram moitaca, vinc im dros Sin viyaviT da gaCumebuli<br />
yurs ugdebdiT im xmoanebas metis siamovniT<br />
(sic!). imaT rom is Tqma daasrules, aq Cven SevwuxdiT,<br />
garda batoniSvilis dediCemisa, romelmac bZana: es<br />
uTuod imerlebi ariano. am sityvasTan Cemi umcrosi Zma<br />
wamoxta da saCqaroT mosamsaxures amoayvanina samniv.<br />
gamovikiTxeT, marTla imerlebi iyvnen. karga xani aRar<br />
gauSviT, bevri kargi simRerebi da RiRinebi vaTqmevineT<br />
imeruli~<br />
[Ciqovani 1956: 113].<br />
mizanSewonilia Tu ara sakiTxis dasma, Tu romeli Janria<br />
uZvelesi: poeturi Tu prozauli? miTologiuri, Sromis,<br />
samgloviaro Tu sawesCveulebo? iqneb saakvno? an andaza<br />
Tu Selocva?<br />
asec SeiZleba vikiTxoT: Janris SigniT romeli teqstia<br />
yvelaze Zveli? magaliTisTvis, romeli ufro Zvelia –<br />
`fxoveli da Savaneli“ Tu `Siola da mTrexeli“? jadosnur<br />
zRaprebs, cxovelTa igavebs an andazebsa Tu gamocanebs<br />
Soris SegviZlia gamovarCioT uZvelesi?<br />
amgvarad kiTxvis dasma zepirsityvierebis mimarT, namdvilad,<br />
gaumarTlebelia, ramdenadac saqme damwerlobis<br />
gareSe arsebul teqstebTan gvaqvs. SeiZleba Tu ara arsebobdes<br />
disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis zepirsityvierebis<br />
istorias literaturis istoriis analogiurad? literaturis<br />
SemswavlelisTvis advilia an principulad SesaZlebeli<br />
literaturuli procesis Tvalis gadevneba dasabamidan<br />
mis dReebamde. ama Tu im xalxis damwerlobam SeiZleba<br />
Semoinaxos pirveli werilobiTi nawarmoebi, saidanac<br />
literaturis mkvlevars SeeZleba literaturis istoriis<br />
ageba. es SeiZleba iyos poezia an proza, mTliani nawarmoebi<br />
an misi fragmenti. Cven SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT qar-<br />
Tuli mwerlobis istorias `qarTlis moqcevidan~ dRemde.<br />
Cven Tvalwin iqneba gadaSlili literaturuli procesi<br />
Tavisi wyvetilebiT, degradaciebiT, gardaqmnebiT, aRor-<br />
ZinebebiT. is erT qronologiur Zafze iqneba asxmuli.<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>s SemTxvevaSi am qronologiurad gawyobil<br />
Zafs Cven moklebuli varT. ramdenadac <strong>folklori</strong> – xalxuri<br />
Semoqmedeba – zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebaa, CvenTvis
samudamo ucnobad rCeba is nawarmoebi, leqsi Tu prozauli<br />
igavi, saidanac misi istoriis dawyeba SegveZleboda.<br />
Cven vambobT: aTasxuTaswlovani <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura,<br />
magram Cven ar SegviZlia analogiurad vilaparakoT aTasxuTaswlovan<br />
qarTul zepirsityvierebaze im ubralo mizezis<br />
gamo, rom Cven ar viciT da arasodes gvecodineba,<br />
ra saxe hqonda qarTul folklors aTas xuTasi wlis winaT.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> damwerlobis istoriis mTels manZilze, XIX<br />
saukunemde, <strong>qarTuli</strong> zepirsityviereba, mcireodeni fragmentebis<br />
garda, arasodes dafiqsirebula. Cven SegviZlia<br />
mxolod calkeul motivTa an xalxuri Txrobis stilisa<br />
Tu kompoziciuri struqturis dadastureba literaturul<br />
nawarmoebebSi. mTeli Cveni zepirsityvieri fondi XIX<br />
saukunis im viTarebas asaxavs, romelic am droisTvis arsebobda.<br />
magaliTisTvis, ar viciT, ra saxe hqonda `amiranianis“<br />
eposs XVIII, XVII, XVI da a.S. saukuneebSi – iseTive fragmentuli<br />
iyo igi, rogorc XIX saukunis CanawerebSi vxedavT,<br />
Tu mTliani?<br />
marTalia, Cven ar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ama Tu im<br />
xalxuri teqstis asaki, Cven ar SegviZlia teqstebis safuZvelze<br />
vilaparakoT mravalsaukunovan qarTul xalxur Semoqmedebaze,<br />
magram Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT mis xangrZliv<br />
tradiciaze. rogorc mdinaris kalapotia Zveli,<br />
uxsovari, magram masSi mudmivaxali, ganaxlebuli wylis nakadi<br />
miedineba, asea <strong>folklori</strong>c: uxsovari droidan modenil<br />
tradiciaSi Tavsdeba zepirsityvierebis marad ganaxlebuli<br />
fondi, sadac erTmaneTis gverdiT myofobs Zveli<br />
da axali. amasTanave, SeiZleba paradoqsi iyos, magram xdeba,<br />
rom axlad Seqmnili ufro Zlieri tradiciulobiT iyos<br />
aRbeWdili, vidre qronologiurad masze adre Seqmnili. am<br />
azriT, SesaZloa, `vefxi da moyme“ ufro meti siZveliT xasiaTdebodes,<br />
vidre `amiranianis“ zogierTi Canaweri.<br />
aseT viTarebaSi, roca Tavad masalis aqronuloba (udrooba)<br />
ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom masSi uZvelesi gamovarCioT<br />
da, literaturis istoriis analogiiT, is davayenoT<br />
zepirsityvieri SemoqmedebiTi procesis saTaveSi,<br />
dawyebisTvis nebismieri arCevani gamarTlebuli unda<br />
iyos. raki dawyeba aucilebelia, Cven daviwyebT Cveni ar-<br />
CevaniT da im imediT, rom es Janri an nawarmoebi uZvelesad<br />
ar iqneba miCneuli. mkiTxvels SeuZlia Tavisi arCeva-<br />
51
52<br />
ni gaakeTos. Cven ki vecdebiT, rom Cvenma `TviTneburma“<br />
arCevanma logikuri gagrZeleba povos. Cven viwyebT miTosiT,<br />
romelic qarTul folklorSi sakmao mravalferovnebiT<br />
aris warmodgenili.<br />
literatura<br />
gvaxaria: gvaxaria a., sparsuli xalxuri prozis istoriidan<br />
(dasTanebi), `mecniereba~, 1973.<br />
Ciqovani 1956: Ciqovani m., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sityvierebis<br />
istoria, samecniero-meToduri<br />
kabinetis gamocema, Tb., 1956.
miTosi
sami berZnuli sityva: miTosi (muthos), eposi (epos), logosi<br />
(logos) TiTqmis sinonimebia. homerosis enaSi isini aRniSnaven<br />
`naTqvam sityvas~, `ambavs~, `monaTxrobs~ da a. S.,<br />
yvelafers, rac moicavs da atarebs raime informacias,<br />
Setyobinebas, codnas raimes Sesaxeb da a.S. maT Soris diferenciacia<br />
mogvianebiT xdeba. mogvianebiT am samma sityvam<br />
gamoxata adamianis sityvieri Semoqmedebis sami saxeoba:<br />
miTologiuri, epikuri, logikuri.<br />
epikuri anu mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ena, ZiriTadad,<br />
tropis umartives saxeze – Sedarebazea damyarebuli. Sedareba<br />
xorcieldeba kavSirebiT: `rogorc~, `TiTqos~, `iseve,<br />
rogorc~ da sxva. erTi movlena meoresTan raRac saerTo<br />
niSniT aris dakavSirebuli. poeti mTvareSi xedavs namgals,<br />
an rqas, da ambobs: `mTvare, rogorc namgali~, `mTvare<br />
xaris rqasaviT~ da a. S. an mas SeuZlia Tqvas: `mze, rogorc<br />
rqebaweuli iremi, garbis caze...~<br />
logikuri azrovnebisTvis, romelic mieltvis zust<br />
codnas da definiciebs, gamousadegaria amgvari Sedarebebi.<br />
pirvel wanamZRvars `yoveli adamiani mokvdavia~ unda<br />
mosdevdes `sokrate adamiania~, da ara `sokrate adamians<br />
hgavs~, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ver miviRebT daskvnas:<br />
`sokrate mokvdavia~. logikuri azrovneba saganTa da movlenaTa<br />
igiveobazea dafuZnebuli da ara msgavsebaze (`viT~,<br />
`rogorc~ da sxva).<br />
miTosi gansakuTrebuli tipia azrovnebisa, romelic<br />
gansxvavdeba sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisgan, ramdenadac<br />
mas surs sagnebisa da movlenebis igiveoba dainaxos da<br />
xedavs kidec. miTosisTvis mTvare ara mxolod hgavs xaris<br />
rqas an namgals, aramed Tavad aris rqac da namgalic.<br />
aseve, iremi araTu hgavs raRac niSniT mzes, aramed Tavad<br />
aris mze.<br />
miTosi SeiZleba arsebobdes erTi sityvis saxiT, romelic<br />
xSirad, gansakuTrebiT Zvel enebSi, gamWvirvale semantikiT<br />
aris da dawnexilad gadmogvcems sagnis Sesaxeb<br />
ambavs an miniSnebas ambavze. unda vifiqroT, rom pirvel-<br />
55
56<br />
Serqmeuli saxeli moicavs warmodgenas da ambavs sagnis Sesaxeb.<br />
magaliTad, germanuli Regenbogen – `wvimis rkali~,<br />
franguli arc en ciel – `cis rkali~, qarTulad `cisartyela~<br />
– cis sartyeli, CrdiloeTis xalxebSi `meliis Sardi~, romelic<br />
miTologiuri meliis oinbazobis ambavs inaxavs... zogierT<br />
enaSi, magaliTad, megrulSi, ZvelebraulSi `mze~ da<br />
`rZe~ erTi da imave sityviT gamoixateba, rac garkveul mi-<br />
Tologiur WeSmaritebas (mzisa da rZis igiveobas) Seicavs.<br />
Tu ena, rogorc amboben, samyaros sityvieri suraTia, misi<br />
sityvebi miTologiur sinamdviles unda gamoxatavdes.<br />
miTosi, rogorc msoflmxedvelobiTi teqsti, Seicavs<br />
fundamentur, arsebiT warmodgenebs samyaroze, adamianze,<br />
samyaroSi arsebul sagnebze Tu movlenebze, maT pirvelwarmoSobaze<br />
an pirvelSeqmnasa da daniSnulebaze.<br />
arsebiTad, yoveli miTologiuri teqsti kosmogoniuri<br />
xasiaTisaa: igi mogviTxrobs ambavs an mTeli kosmosis,<br />
an misi romelime nawilis pirvelSeqmnaze.<br />
miTologema<br />
miTologema miTologiuri teqstis `saSeni masalaa~. is<br />
gansxvavebuli kuTxiT warmoadgenen kosmosis struqturas.<br />
TiToeuli maTganis ganSliT warmoiqmneba miTologiuri<br />
narativi. amgvarad, miTologema miTologiuri narativis<br />
embrionia.<br />
aq CamoTvlili miTologemebi kosmogoniuri miTosis<br />
sxvadasxva aspeqtebs gamoxataven.<br />
– cisa da miwis gamijvnis miTologema. am miTologemiT<br />
gamoxatulia kosmogoniis elementaruli aqti, samyaros<br />
Seqmnis pirveli nabiji – Tavdapirveli erTianobis<br />
ganwvaleba, iqneba es cisa da miwis Tu mlaSe da mtknari<br />
wylebis erTianoba... an kosmiuri kvercxis SigTavsis or<br />
nawilad (cilisa cad da kvercxisgulisa miwad) ganyofa...<br />
– cisa da miwis kavSiris miTologema. cisa da miwis da-<br />
SoriSorebis Semdeg rCeba maT Soris uxilavi kavSiri, e. w.<br />
samyaros didi RerZi, romelsac msoflio miTologiaSi<br />
sxvadasxvanairi xiluli gansaxeba aqvs: mTa, xe, kverTxi, ta-<br />
Zari, kibe, jaWvi... nebismieri vertikalurad aRmarTuli sagani.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologia icnobs am miTologemas, romelic<br />
uxvad aris warmodgenli erT fSaur saweso leqsSi:
wmida giorgi mec viyav,<br />
cas vebi oqros SibiTa (jaWviTa),<br />
xmelgorze (mTaze) medga bermuxa (beberi muxa),<br />
zed avdiodi kibiTa,<br />
Cems saymoT SemonaZRveni<br />
RmerTTan amqonda iqiTa.<br />
SeniSvna. bermuxa – laSaris muxa dResac dgas fSavSi xmelgorze,<br />
sadac daarsebulia laSaris salocavi, laSaris xati wmida giorgis<br />
saxelze, romelsac Tqven icnobT vaJa-fSavelas leqsebidan da<br />
poemebidan. gavixsenoT `baxtrioni~, gansakuTrebiT misi bolo striqonebi:<br />
`eRirsebao luxumsa laSaris gorze Sadgoma~.<br />
Sibi – jaWvi.<br />
es leqsi imiT aris SesaniSnavi, rom mis yovel striqon-<br />
Si cisa da miwis kavSiris miTologemis romelime xilul ni-<br />
Sans vpoulobT. es xe, SeiZleba iqvas, isea daxunZluli am<br />
niSan-simboloebiT, rogorc saaxalwlo naZvis xe samkaulebiT<br />
da saCuqrebiT.<br />
I. pirveli, es aris mTa, romelic rogorc cisa da miwis<br />
kavSiris erT-erTi universalia, yvela miTologiaSi aris<br />
warmodgenili. yvelgan igi, imavdroulad, Suagulis miTologemis<br />
Sinaarssac iTavsebs: cisa da miwis SemaerTebeli<br />
RerZi samyaros SuagulSi gadis. Tumca igi fSavis miyruebul<br />
kuTxeSia aRmarTuli, magram miTologiurad igi kosmiur<br />
mTas ganasaxierebs.<br />
II. meore, es aris jaWvi (Sibi), rogorc cisa da miwis damakavSirebeli<br />
saSualeba. ramdenadac sakraluria, maszea<br />
mibmuli wmida giorgi, amdenad oqrosia. amgvari oqros<br />
uxilavi Sibebi akavSirebs erTmaneTTan fSav-xevsureTis<br />
RvTisSvilebs, maTi saSualebiT isini stumroben erTmaneTs.<br />
Semonaxulia vaJa-fSavelas dedis xilva, romelic mas<br />
uxilavs axalgazrdobaSi:<br />
`me da Cem biZaSvils qals sxlovans (sofelia TianeT-<br />
Si, z. k.) derefanSi gveZina. SuaRame iqneboda, dgandgari,<br />
brdgniali dadga iseTi, megona mTa-bari Tu iqcevao.<br />
SeSinebuli wamovje loginSi, gavixede da mTeli ca gana-<br />
Tebuli iyo. ori oqrosferi jaWvi iyo wamosuli, erTi<br />
Wiauris goridan, meore sxlovanis goriTa, gadabmulebi,<br />
57
58<br />
zed cecxlis balRebi adiodnen da Camodiodnen da iseT<br />
wminda xmaze galobdnen, ise tkbilad, RmerTo, imaze<br />
kargs ras gaigonebs kacis yurio~<br />
[yubaneiSvili: 55).<br />
III. mesame, es aris xe, fSaur leqsSi bermuxis saxiT warmodgenili.<br />
laSaris bermuxa tipuri kosmiuri xea, romlis<br />
tipologiuri analogebi yvela miTologiur tradiciaSi<br />
gvxvdeba. yvelagan amgvar xes sxvadasxva ganzomilebebi<br />
aqvs: igi aris samyaros centri, cisa da miwis makavSirebeli,<br />
zeaRsavleli, rogorc gza qvemo sferodan zemo sferoebisken.<br />
swored aseTi gamoyeneba aqvs wmida giorgis xes<br />
(`xmelgorze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi...~).<br />
IV. meoTxe, es aris kibe, adamianis xeliT Seqmnili, ara<br />
bunebrivi sagani, romlis pirdapiri daniSnuleba erTi sibrtyidan<br />
sxva sibrtyeSi gadayvanaa. Suamdinaruli safexurebiani<br />
taZari ziquraTi kibis gansaxierebaa, romlis Svidi<br />
safexuri yofierebis gansxvavebul doneebs Seesatyviseba.<br />
vertikalurad aRmarTuli kibe da misi safexurebi<br />
TandaTanobiT, ara naxtomisebur, zeaRsvlas gamoxatavs<br />
miwieri sferodan zemo sferoebamde, transcendenturi<br />
realobisken – kibis Ziri miwaze dgas, misi Tavi RvTis karzea<br />
mibjenili.<br />
V. Tumca msxverpli (`SemonaZRveni~), romelic am leqsSi<br />
yvelaze bolos aris moxseniebuli, miTologemebs ar<br />
ekuTvnis, magram, Tu religiis kuTxiT ganvixilavT<br />
teqsts, igi miwisa da cis komunikaciis ara mxolod saSualeba,<br />
aramed mizani aRmoCndeba. xiluli msxverpli (saklavi,<br />
qadebi, sakulto namcxvrebi da sxva), romelic mlocvelis<br />
mier aris mitanili salocavSi, uxilavad adis Rmer-<br />
Tamde, amyarebs ra kavSirs adamiansa da RmerTs Soris.<br />
msxverplTan erTad maRla adis locva-vedreba da qebadideba,<br />
romelTac muxis ZirSi myofni aRavlenen.<br />
magram msxverpli (saklavi), rogorc nivTieri, ise sityvier-sulieri<br />
(locva), gulisxmobs pasuxs, romelsac<br />
mlocvelni wyalobis saxiT gamoelian RvTisgan.<br />
VI. da, bolos, yvela CamoTvlili miTologemis Semkrebi<br />
da Semajamebeli da Tavis TavSi momcveli, sxvagvarad<br />
rom vTqvaT, maTi amamoZravebeli figura wmida giorgia,
omelic TiToeul maTgan iyenebs instrumentad RvTis karamde<br />
asasvlelad. magram Tavadac igi, duranqis dinamikuri<br />
gamomxatveli, Tavisi asvliT aRavlens adamianTagan<br />
Sewirul msxverpls da sityvas locva-vedrebis saxiT, ra-<br />
Ta gamosTxovos SemwirvelTaTvis madli uzenaess.<br />
– samyaros Suagulis miTologema. cisa da miwis kavSiris<br />
simboloebi, ZiriTadad, samyaros Suagulis gamomxatvelia.<br />
damatebiT, berZnebTan delfos taZris TeTri qva –<br />
omfalos, samyaros Wipi; aseve agnis cecxli anu samsxverplo<br />
cecxli, rogorc indur warmodgenebSi; da, sazogadod,<br />
yoveli kera, sadac cecxli anTia; berZnuli hestia.<br />
kera samyaros centric aris da saxlisac. Suaguli SeiZleba<br />
warmovidginoT koncentriuli wreebis saxiT: samyaroqveyana-qalaqi-saxli-kera.<br />
yvela amaT msWvalavs erTi<br />
RerZi, romelic TiToeuli maTganis centrSi gadis. imdenad<br />
Zlieria adamianTa sacxovrebeli adgilis Tu qveynis<br />
warmodgena samyaros Suagulad, rom amgvari warmodgena<br />
bevri qveynis ideologias daedo safuZvlad. Cinelebis<br />
warmodgeniT, maTi qveyana samyaros SuagulSi mdebareobda.<br />
amitomac ewodeboda (da dResac ewodeba) CineTs jungo<br />
(`Suaguli samefo~), romlis garSemo Semovlebulma kedelma<br />
TvalsaCino gaxada es miTologema. aseTi warmodgena<br />
hqondaT Sumerelebsac TavianT qveyanaze (`Sumeri –<br />
didi mTa, cisa da miwis qveyana~).<br />
– maradi gazafxulis (Tu zafxulis), sxvagvarad, samoTxis<br />
miTologema (ix. vrclad qvemoT).<br />
– dabrunebis miTologema. yovelTvis gulisxmobs amosaval<br />
wertilSi anu centrSi dabrunebas. am miTologemazea<br />
agebuli Zveli eposebi, jadosnuri zRapari... gmiri usa-<br />
Tuod brundeba iq, saidanac gamovida. dabrunebis adgili<br />
misi saxlia, misi dabadebis adgili. yvela gmiri Tavis qveyanas,<br />
Tavis qalaqs, Tavis kerias, rogorc odisevsi – iTakas<br />
ubrundeba. Sumeruli andaza: `dae, Citi Tavis budes daubrundes,<br />
tyve Tavis qalaqs (dedas) daubrundes~ – am mi-<br />
Tologemis gamomxatvelia, rogorc Camavali mzis miTologemuri<br />
saxelwodeba: `mze, dedasTan dabrunebuli~ (u-<br />
Tu-ama-ar-gi).<br />
– xelaxla Sobis miTologema. es miTologema dabrunebis<br />
miTologemis saxecvlilebaa. Tavisi arsiT isic kosmogoniuria.<br />
gmiri ubrundeba dedis saSos, raTa meored<br />
daibados.<br />
59
60<br />
– gveleSapis miTologema, romelic am mniSvnelobiT<br />
msoflio miTologiebSi yvelaze metad aris gavrcelebuli.<br />
gveleSapi ylapavs gmirs da isev ukan amoanTxevs. mis<br />
mucelSi moxvedrili gmiri kvdeba, raTa, rogorc dedis<br />
saSodan, kvlav iSvas. gveleSapis mier STanTqma miTologiuri<br />
gmiris aucilebeli gamocdilebaa: marduqi, Suamdinaruli<br />
miTologiis demiurgi, kosmosis Semqmneli, sanam<br />
kosmoss Seqmnides, TiamaTis – pirvel arsebuli zRvis mucelSi<br />
imyofeba; aseve indoelTa indra – gveleSap vritras<br />
mucelSi; amirani, herakle, iasoni da sxvani namyofi arian<br />
gveleSapis mucelSi, saidanac isini ganaxlebuli ZaliT<br />
ibadebian.<br />
axla ganvixiloT <strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologiuri teqstebi da<br />
vnaxoT, ra da ra miTologemebis ganSlis Sedegad arian isini<br />
warmoSobili.<br />
kosmogoniuri miTosi<br />
qarTul miTologiaSi ver vadasturebT kosmogoniur<br />
miToss Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT. magram SegviZlia moviyvanoT<br />
misi variacia, romelsac sofelsa da mis mtrul<br />
Zalas Soris brZolis saxe aqvs micemuli. erTmaneTs upirispirdeba<br />
wyali da xmeleTi, romelTagan pirveli qaoss<br />
ganasaxierebs, meore – kosmoss. misi klasikuri nimuSia<br />
ugarituli eposi baalis (xmeleTis uflis) da misi antagonistis<br />
iamis (zRvis urCxulis) Sesaxeb. maT Soris brZola<br />
gardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinareobs da mas dasasruli<br />
ara aqvs. xan baali imarjvebs, xan – iami. am brZolis analogi<br />
SeiZleba xmeleTze zRvis periodul da dausrulebel<br />
moqceva-miqcevaSi davinaxoT.<br />
qarTul miTosSi gveleSapisa da xaris brZola ganasaxierebs<br />
zRvis stiqiisa (qaosis) da xmeleTis (kosmosis) dasabamier<br />
brZolas.<br />
am tipis miTosi saqarTvelos bevr kuTxeSia gavrcelebuli.<br />
misi fabula amgvaria:<br />
soflis maxlobel tbaSi gveleSapi budobs. periodulad<br />
igi amodis tbidan, Tavs esxmis sofels, stacebs saqonels,<br />
anadgurebs naTesebs, awiokebs mosaxleobas... Ram-RamobiT<br />
soflis uCinrad gveleSaps kurati (mozveri) ebrZvis,<br />
magram amaod: sofelSi igi dasisxlianebuli da da-
qanculi brundeba. sofeli daudarajdeba xars da, roca<br />
mixvdeba, Tu risgan emarTeba mas es ambavi, rqebs almasiT<br />
mouWedavs da ase gauSvebs gveleSapTan sabrZolvelad. xari<br />
eZgereba zRvis urCxuls da mucels gaufatravs. cocxalmkvdari<br />
gveleSapi ukuiqceva, gaqceuls wyali ukan gayveba<br />
da tbac daicleba. natbevar adgilze ki xalxi dasaxldeba.<br />
gveleSapi sxva kvalsac tovebs landSaftze: igi Tavisi<br />
sxeuliT mdinaris kalapots gaiyvans.<br />
gveleSapisa da misi antagonistis brZolis miTosi<br />
yvelgan inarCunebs Tavis Tavdapirvel kosmogoniur xasiaTs,<br />
Tundac masSi gadmocemuli konkretuli ambavi erT<br />
romelime sofels exebodes. am SemTxvevaSi, miTologiuri<br />
warmodgenis ZaliT, sofeli mTeli samyaros saxeliT<br />
figurirebs. `sofel~ sityvac xom am ormag, erTmaneTSi<br />
gardamaval mniSvnelobas Seicavs. ugaritul miTosTan<br />
Cveni teqstis tipologiuri msgavseba detalebSic iCens<br />
Tavs. saxeldobr, xmeleTis patronis, baalis, simboluri<br />
gamoxatuleba xaria.<br />
maradiuli gazafxulis miTosi<br />
miTosi miwier samoTxeze farTod aris gavrcelebuli<br />
Zveli xalxebis miTologiaSi, Sumeridan dawyebuli<br />
indoiranuli samyaroTi damTavrebuli. yvelgan mas Taviseburi<br />
saxe aqvs da dakavSirebulia im qveynis realiebTan<br />
(landSafti, istoriuli warsuli, toponimia, flora, fauna...),<br />
sadac is Seiqmna. qarTul folklorSi samoTxe ukav-<br />
Sirdeba Tamaris pirovnebas. im sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi,<br />
sadac Caisaxa es miTosi, Tamaris samefo warmodgenili<br />
iyo `oqros xanad~, Tamari – mis erTpirovnul Semoqmedad<br />
da mzrunvel patronad. Tu istoriulad Tamaris `oqros<br />
xana~ istoriuli procesis kulminaciaa, miTologiurad<br />
misi dasasruli istoriuli dro-Jamis dasawyisia.<br />
miTosi, romelic mravali variantiT aris cnobili [sixaruliZe<br />
1961: 44, 44-b-T], mogviTxrobs: erT dros Tamar<br />
dedofals taxti ialbuzis mTaze edga. mis samefosamflobeloSi<br />
maradiuli zafxuli iyo, zamTari ar icoda.<br />
aqedan mTeli qveyniereba xelisguliviT Canda. Tamaris<br />
maradiul samefoSi arc sneuleba iyo, arc sibere, arc<br />
sikvdili, radgan dro-Jamis mdinareba SeCerebuli iyo. ra<br />
61
62<br />
mizeziT? – Tamars dro-Jamis momyvani frinveli hyavda sasaxlis<br />
erT oTaxSi datyvevebuli. erTxel, roca Tamarma<br />
barad Casvla moisurva, sasaxlis mcvelad Tavis erTguli<br />
msaxuri datova da im Tormeti oTaxis gasaRebic Caabara:<br />
yvela oTaxis gaReba SegiZlia, garda meTormetesio. msaxurma<br />
pirvelad swored im oTaxis kari gaaRo, romlis ga-<br />
Rebac akrZaluli hqonda. gaiRo Tu ara kari, gamofrinda<br />
iqidan frinveli da caSi gauCinarda. ca ki moiRrubla, qariSxali<br />
atyda, movida Tovli da mTeli mTa sasaxliTurT<br />
dafara. amrigad, Tamarma veRar SeZlo mTaze asvla da dar-<br />
Ca barad. amieridan daiwyo dineba dro-Jamma, weliwadis<br />
droebi erTmaneTs Seenacvla da ase daikarga maradiuli<br />
gazafxulis samefo.<br />
dadga axali xana – akrZalvis darRvevis xana, romelic<br />
dro-Jamis anu movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobis niSniT aris aRbeWdili.<br />
erTdrouloba sivrceSi, rasac Tamaris sameufo<br />
warmoadgenda, Secvala Tanamimdevrobam – drom daipyro<br />
sivrce, gabatonda masze. `maradiuli gazafxuli~, akrZalvis<br />
ZaliT rom arsebobda, warmavalma wuTisofelma Secvala;<br />
erTJamoba, romelic sivrceSi iyo ganfenili, droSi<br />
monacvle monakveTebad danawevrda, rac niSnavs imas, rom<br />
dro sivrceze gabatonda.<br />
Tamari, rogorc dakarguli samoTxis dedofali, esqatologiur-mesianisturi<br />
figura xdeba: xalxis warmodgeniT,<br />
Tamars oqros kubo-akvanSi sZinavs da, dadgeba Jami, roca<br />
gaiRviZebs da kvlav maradiul zafxuls daamkvidrebs Tavis<br />
samefoSi, romelic amave dros universaluri samefoa.<br />
Tamaris samoTxis miToss aqvs Tavisi semantikuri oreuli,<br />
romelic sxva siuJetis meSveobiT imave miTologiur<br />
ambavs mogviTxrobs.<br />
qalwulobaSi Tamar dedofali iseTi wmida yofila, rom<br />
mis samosels sxivi ikavebda, locvis dros maRla aiweoda<br />
da, sanam loculobda, haerSi idga. mas surda samudamod<br />
qalwulad darCeniliyo, rom mudam gagrZelebuliyo samoTxiseburi<br />
mdgomareoba, romelSic is imyofeboda. magram<br />
raki memkvidre aucilebeli iyo samefosTvis, Tamari<br />
mzisgan dafexmZimda da misi samoTxiseburi yofac dasrulda:<br />
samosels mzis sxivi aRar iWerda, locvisas haerSi ve-<br />
Rar Cerdeboda. bavSvi rom daibada, Tamarma msaxurs ubrZana,<br />
igi usier tyeSi waeyvana da iq daetovebina. magram<br />
gangebam bavSvs iremi mouvlina, romelmac mas ZuZu awova.
erT dRes Tamari Tavisi amaliT sanadirod wavida. monadireebma<br />
iremi dainaxes da, is iyo unda esrolaT, rom mucelze<br />
amokruli bavSvi SeniSnes. Seatyobines es ambavi Tamars,<br />
Tamari mixvda, vin unda yofiliyo bavSvi da sasaxleSi waiyvana.<br />
ase ipoves gadagdebuli memkvidre, daarqves laSa<br />
(mzis naTeli), gazardes da, roca srulwlovani gaxda, gaamefes<br />
[sixaruliZe: 43, 43-b-m]. sxva tradiciiT, romelic<br />
erT fragmentul leqsad aris Semonaxuli, laSa-giorgis<br />
erekle mefe cvlis:<br />
batoniSvil ereklesa, irmis ZuZu uwovnia,<br />
wyali usvams algeTisa, TrialeTze uZovnia,<br />
gadugdiaT saCaleSi, monadires upovnia<br />
[kotetiSvili 1961:107].<br />
pirvel teqstSi Tu akrZalva totalurad cvlis qveynierebis<br />
mdgomareobas, meore teqstSi akrZalvis Sedegi<br />
erTi pirovnebis bedze gadatydeba, es pirovneba ki, rogorc<br />
mefe, qveynis bedzea pasuxismgebeli. ramdenadac Tamari<br />
samoTxiseuli yofis niSnebs atarebs, misi mdgomareoba<br />
mTels mis qveyanaze vrceldeba. cnobili saistorio<br />
teqsti (`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~) araorazrovnad<br />
axasiaTebs mas da mis samefos srulyofilebis niSnebiT.<br />
mis qveyanaSi realoba erTi safexuriT amaRldeba,<br />
ierarqiul kibeze. movusminoT teqsts:<br />
`gaaznaurdes queyanisa moqmedni (anu miwis muSakni,<br />
z.k.), da gadidebuldes aznaurni, da gaxelmwifdes didebulni<br />
mefobasa Sina amissa...~<br />
[qarTlis cxovreba I: 34].<br />
magram xelmwife? romeli safexuria xelmwifobis Semdeg?<br />
didebulTa gaxelmwifebaze ar mTavrdeba es procesi:<br />
Tavad xelmwifemac unda gadainacvlos erTi safexuriT<br />
zemoT, anu RvTiur rangSi amaRldes. da marTlac, `samebasa<br />
Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar, misworebuli da aRmatebuli~<br />
(sxvagan: `samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulisa...~),<br />
ambobs teqsti. anu Tamaris pirovneba RvTiur samebaSi meoTxe<br />
wevrad aris miRebuli. cxadia, am gamoTqmas dogmatis<br />
Rirebuleba ocnebaSic ver mieniWeba, magram Tamaris<br />
pirovnebis daxasiaTebisTvis samebis oTxebad gardaqmna,<br />
63
64<br />
Tundac metaforulad, bevris mTqmelia. es ar aris erTaderTi<br />
SemTxveva. am saistorio teqsts sistemurad gasdevs<br />
mefis (mefeTa) gaRmerTeba: `RmrTisagan RmerTqmnilni<br />
daviT da Tamar~. Tavad fexmZimoba Tamarisa da mis mier<br />
Zis Soba miTologiuri eniT aris aRwerili:<br />
`miudga Tamar ganwmediliTa gonebiTa da taZrisa<br />
RmrTisa aRmsWvalulisa sanTliTa sxeulisaTa, mxurvaliTa<br />
guliTa da ganaTlebuliTa suliTa tabaxmelisa beTlemmyofelman<br />
mun Sva Ze, swori Zisa RmrTisa...~<br />
[qarTlis cxovreba: I56].<br />
xolo am Zeze, rogorc miTologiur gmirze, naTqvamia,<br />
rom `ixiles yrma axali, pirvel saukuneTa ganwesebuli Ze<br />
mefisa, mefed, Svilad cxebulad daviTianad...~ anu: Tamaris<br />
Zis Soba qveynis gaCenamde iyo Cafiqrebuli.<br />
eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom xalxuri Tqmuleba-miTosi<br />
Tamaris Sesaxeb im samefo ideologiis gamoZaxilia, romelic<br />
msWvalavs saistorio Txzulebas `istoriani da azmani<br />
SaravandedTani~. `CaZiruli kulturuli dovlaTis~ Teoria<br />
aq ganxiluli <strong>qarTuli</strong> Tqmulebis saxiT saukeTeso<br />
sailustracio masalas povebda. suli samefo ideologiisa<br />
gardaqmnilia xalxis cnobierebaSi da miTosis saxes<br />
iRebs. ZiriTadi motivi samoTxis miTosisa – qalwulad<br />
darCenis survili, romelsac xalxi Tamars miawers, `istoriansa<br />
da azmanSi~ Tavad Tamaris piriT aris gacxadebuli:<br />
`mowame ars Cvenda RmerTi, arodes yofila guli Cemi mowadine<br />
qmrosnobisa~. mxolod vali saxelmwifos winaSe ai-<br />
Zulebda mas moqceuliyo Tavisi nebis winaaRmdeg, rogorc<br />
vkiTxulobT: `yovlad uwadinelman qorwinebisaman iaja<br />
xsna qmrosnobisagan. xolo ... spaTa aiZules qmnad da, vi-<br />
Tar iyo xvedri da rigi ulumpianobisa da Saravandedobisa<br />
maTisa, egreT iqmna qorwili saxedaudebeli da igavmiuwdomeli...~.<br />
xalxuri Tqmulebis variantebSi Cans es iZulebac.<br />
Tumca xalxis cnobierebas maragad aqvs da iyenebs<br />
kidec ubiwod Casaxvis universaluri motivis kerZo gamoxatulebas<br />
– mzis sxivisgan mucladRebas (berZnuli miTosi<br />
danaes Sesaxeb, Tqmuleba Cingisxanze, romelic mzis Svilad<br />
acxadebda Tavs da sxva).<br />
aseve araorazrovnad Tamaris, RvTisdari xelmwifisa<br />
da TiTqmis RmerTis, sabrZanebeli samefo samoTxes aris
Sedarebuli xsenebul matianeSi. giorgi rusis gandevnas<br />
qveynidan (eqsoria) avtors samoTxidan adamis gandevnas<br />
axsenebs. roca qveynis vazirebma da didebulebma mas am samoTxisdari<br />
qveynisTvis Seuferebeli zneoba Seatyves,<br />
`erTxma yves mcnobelTa amisTa, viTarmed ese misve Zvelisa<br />
mterisa ars, romelman moakvlevina Zmasa Zma da mamasa<br />
Svili da eqsoria-iqmna pirveli igi kaci samoTxiT, viTar<br />
ese aw xilulisa amis samoTxisa da ubrwyinvalesisa edemisa<br />
Seumzadebia eqsoria-qmna...~; `vinaTgan odesme igive rusi,<br />
amis samoTxisagan eqsoriaqmnili...~. xolo Tavad Tamari,<br />
damoukideblad mefur-RvTaebrivi Rirsebisa, edemis<br />
baRSi myof, gvelisgan jer kidev Seucdenel (`uzakvel~)<br />
evas aris araTu Sedarebuli, aramed, miTologiuri wesisamebr,<br />
masTan gaigivebuli.<br />
istoriulad Tamaris mbrZaneblobas monRolTa batonoba<br />
mohyva, rasac, cxadia, `azmaTa~ avtori yvelaze koSmarul<br />
sizmradac ver ixilavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, samefo<br />
ideologia, romelic Tamaris qveyanaSi miwier samoTxes<br />
Tu ara, mis niSnebs mainc xedavda, momdevno ramdenime<br />
aTwleulis Semdeg gacamtverda. amis mowme da maRiarebeli<br />
`aswlovani matianis~ JamTaaRmwerelia, romelmac piruTvneli<br />
ganaCeni gamoutana didebuli samefos naSierT<br />
– `samebisgan oTxad aRzevebulis~ memkvidreebs.<br />
rogor gardaiqmna xalxis cnobierebaSi, anu rogori saxe<br />
miiRo katastrofam `CaZiruli kulturis dovlaTSi~?<br />
rogor uyurebs xalxi TamarisSemdgom periods? xalxuri<br />
cnobiereba mihyveba universalur miTosur stereotips,<br />
romlis Tanaxmad yvela miTologiur tradiciaSi samoTxe<br />
warsulis faqtia, xolo misi momdevno periodi – samoTxis<br />
antipodi, warmavalobiT da dro-Jamis uxanobiT aRbeWdili.<br />
rusTvelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es warmavali wuTisofeli,<br />
sawuTro, romelic samoTxis gareT arsebobs,<br />
`moklea, miT oxeria~. magram es realuri istoriaa, romelic<br />
am miTosis Semoqmedis xanamde grZeldeba da kidev<br />
gagrZeldeba. am xanis saTaveSi ki dgas ara Tamari, samoTxis<br />
meufe, aramed misi naSieri, akrZalvis darRvevis Sedegi,<br />
romliTac iwyeba istoriuli periodi Tavisi bedukuRmarTobebiTa<br />
da katastrofebiT. Tamari istoriis gareSe<br />
dgas, is araistoriuli, miTologiuri, ufro metic, kosmogoniuri<br />
figuraa, droisa da sivrcis miRma myofi, saidanac<br />
dasabams iRebs, pirveli variantis Tanaxmad, mTeli<br />
65
66<br />
yofiereba, xolo meore variantiT, kerZo qveyana – saqar-<br />
Tvelo, romlis pirveli mefe mzis sxivisgan aris Casaxuli<br />
da irmis rZiT aris gamokvebili. es miTologema ki Zalze<br />
Zvelia da, SesaZloa, universaluric iyos. misi pirveli werilobiTi<br />
dadastureba Sumerul eposSia, sadac uruqis mefe<br />
enmerqari moxseniebulia, rogorc mzis Svili da mTianeTSi<br />
furiremis ZuZunawovi. <strong>qarTuli</strong> Tqmuleba laSas dabadebisa<br />
da aRzrdis Sesaxeb savsebiT asaxavs am universalias,<br />
rasac nawilobriv `istoriaTa da azmaTa~ teqstic<br />
amowmebs, roca laSas saxels `naTels~ ukavSirebs. am motivs<br />
transformirebuli saxiT kidev SevxvdebiT.<br />
farnavazis sizmari<br />
meore mefe, romelic CarTulia miTologiur rkalSi,<br />
farnavazia, istoriulad saqarTvelos (qarTlis) pirveli<br />
mefe. Tumca is qronologiurad pirvelia, magram masze saubari<br />
Tamaris Semdeg gvixdeba. misi miTosic kosmogoniuria,<br />
magram viwro gagebiT: miTosi exeba realobis (sinamdvilis)<br />
erT-erTi realiis – mefobis warmoSobas.<br />
leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ Semonaxulia<br />
unikaluri teqsti, romelic ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: sizmrisa<br />
da cxadisgan. laparakia farnavazis sizmarze, romelsac<br />
aSkara miTologiuri datvirTva aqvs.<br />
es teqsti SemTxveviT ar uZRvis win farnavazis cxovrebas.<br />
igi fuZemdebluria, rogorc yoveli miTologiuri<br />
teqsti. TiToeuli realia da qmedeba, romelTac masSi<br />
vxvdebiT, erT mizans emsaxureba – imis Cvenebas, Tu rogor<br />
gaxda farnavazi, mcxeTeli mamasaxlisis Zmiswuli, mefe.<br />
mefoba, mamasaxlisobisgan gansxvavebiT, sakraluria,<br />
anu misi daweseba adamianis nebaze ar aris damokidebuli.<br />
ra aris es realiebi, romelTa erToblioba mefobis institutis<br />
sakralur warmoSobaze migvaniSnebs?<br />
pirvel rigSi, mze, romlis cvari qvesknelidan mzis mierve<br />
gamoxsnilma farnavazma icxo saxeze. es iyo misi mefed<br />
cxebis ritualis sizmriseuli xati: farnavazma Tavisi<br />
mefed cxebis scena ixila sizmrad. aq isic aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom mamasaxlisis naTesavi, romelic Tavad ar iyo mamasaxlisi,<br />
axal statusSi ibadeba, risTvisac igi jer unda mokvdes.<br />
kvdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani da ibadeba mefe. mzis
cvari erTsa da imave dros misi ganmacocxlebelic (ix. jadosnuri<br />
zRapris `mzis piris nabani~, romelic dRisiT<br />
mkvdar ufliswuls acocxlebs) aris da mefed mqcevelic<br />
(miTosuri warmodgeniT, rac `vefxistyaosanSi~ aisaxa, mefe<br />
mzis wilia).<br />
iremi ciuri mzis monacvlea miwaze. miTosurad isini<br />
gaigivebulni arian erTmaneTTan, ara metaforulad, aramed<br />
srulad: iremi aris mze. rogorc mziuri cxoveli, igi<br />
ufliswulTa mkvebavi unda iyos.<br />
igiveobrivni arian ara mxolod iremi da mze, aramed mze<br />
da rZec, romlis miTosuri xati cvariT aris warmodgenili.<br />
am igiveobas mivyavarT megrul Tqmulebamde, romelic<br />
gvixsnis, Tu ratom iwodeba megrulad mze da rZe erTi da<br />
imave sityviT (`bJa~), da rig-vedas himnamde, sadac cis<br />
mxurvale mnaTobi da furis jiqanSi Cayenebuli siTxe er-<br />
Ti da imave metafizikuri raobis ori gamovlenaa (`Sen Caayene<br />
Tbili notioSi, Sen aiyvane mze caSi~).<br />
oqro aseve miTosuri metafizikiT ukavSirdeba mzes,<br />
irems, rZes da, sabolood, mefes, rogorc samefo Rirsebis<br />
gamomxatveli liToni.<br />
da bolos, monadireoba, rogorc samefo sporti, yuradRebas<br />
imsaxurebs miTosuri aspeqtiT da gvagzavnis<br />
zRaprebis monadiris obol SvilTan, romelic monadireobis<br />
wyalobiT eweva beds, da im mefesTan, romlis samonadireo<br />
gamocdilebam qveyana axal religias aziara (mefe<br />
mirianis gansacdeli TxoTis mTaze nadirobisas).<br />
yvela es realia ganfenilia mTel qarTul folklor-<br />
Si – poeturSi Tu prozaulSi. maTi mikvleva yovel konkretul<br />
SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia.<br />
nadiri, zogadad, da iremi, kerZod, bevri miTosuri<br />
gadmocemis personaJia. nadiris kvals midevnebuli monadireebi<br />
ucxo sinamdvilis mxilvelni xdebian. asea `amirandarejanianSi~,<br />
asea `vefxistyaosanSi~, sadac `ucxo moymes~<br />
swored nadirobisas waawydebian (niSandoblivia, rom<br />
`ucxo moyme~ mSobliuri da ucxo teritoriebis gamyof<br />
wylis piras zis). amiranis eposSi miTologiur pasaJad unda<br />
CavTvaloT leqsi, romelic baladis saxes atarebs. mas<br />
SeiZleba miTologiuri balada vuwodoT. aq iremia gmirebis<br />
gzamkvlevi:<br />
sanadirod wamovidnen amiran da Zmani misni,<br />
aTi mTa gadmoiares, meTerTmete algeTisni.<br />
67
68<br />
mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqro iyo rqani misni.<br />
ucxo mTazed koSki naxes, anagebni brolis qvisni.<br />
garegnulad gauares, vera hpoves karni misni.<br />
sadac rom mzem sxivi styorcna, amiranma – muxli misni,<br />
koSkma piri iq gaaRo, iq Seiba kari misni...<br />
[Ciqovani 1947: 302].<br />
adamians, rogorc Cans, surda iremi, cxovelTa samyaros<br />
mSveneba, moeSinaurebina da CaerTo Tavis yofaSi. igi<br />
arCevanis winaSea dayenebuli: iremi Tu xari? miTosi mogvi-<br />
Txrobs, rom RmerTma qveynis gaCenis Semdeg iremi da xari<br />
gaajibra erTmaneTs, romeli ufro gamoadgeboda adamians.<br />
vin ufro male gadairbenda cas, adamianic imas airCevda.<br />
iremi TavaRebuli gaiqca, gafrinda. magram bevri sirbilisgan<br />
araqaTi gamoecala da mokvda. mxolod misi nakvaleviRa<br />
darCa caze `irmis naxtomis~ saxiT. xari ki dinjad gaemarTa<br />
TavCaRunuli, is miwisken icqireboda, riTac aCvenebda<br />
winaswar, Tu risTvis iyo ganwesebuli. gvian miaRwia<br />
samans, magram mivida janmrTeli da dauRalavi. xaris nakvalevic<br />
daaCnda cas – `xaris navali~. amis Semdeg akurTxa<br />
RmerTma xari, qedi dauloca da mas aqeT mas awevs adamianis<br />
Senaxvis tvirTio [kotetiSvili 1961:382]. leqsma ki xaris<br />
tvirTis warmoSobis sxva varianti Semogvinaxa: cxovelTa<br />
Soris xari nebayoflobiT kisrulobs adamianis rCenas:<br />
.... adamianis Senaxva veravin idva Tavzeda,<br />
xvna-Tesva, farcxva da zidva gaWirda metad Zalzeda.<br />
xarma Tqva, pirnaTlierma, me damawereT rqazeda.<br />
micvivdnen angelozebi, dahkocnes orTav Tvalzeda.<br />
Camoqnes wyvili sanTeli, miakres orsav rqazeda.<br />
Svidic uboZes sartyeli, gagzavnes qveyanazeda:<br />
wadi, xaro, imuSave, erTgulad mTa da barzeda,<br />
Segabas Senma patronma...<br />
[kotetiSvili 1961: 50-1].<br />
miTosSi, sadac aseve iremi da xari figurirebs, rolebi<br />
Secvlilia. samsxverplod wm. giorgis mier gamogzavnil<br />
irems xari enacvleba. sofel xanSi tabeSaZeebis gvarze<br />
da iremze aseTi gadmocemaa: aRdgomidan ormocdamea-<br />
Te dReze yovelwliurad iremi movidoda tyelaSi wm. giorgis<br />
eklesiis ezoSi, eklesias samgzis Semouvlida, kar-
Tan dawveboda da, roca `dainacoxrebda~, tabeSaZis kaci<br />
daklavda, wm. giorgis Seswiravda. erTxel iremi Tavis<br />
droze (`Tavis aloze~) ar mosula, xalxs ki SimSiliT suli<br />
misdioda. dagvianebiT mosul irems tabeSaZem `danacoxreba~<br />
ar daacada, `ras qvia, deigvianeo~, da wixlis kvriT<br />
waaqcia da dakla. wm. giorgi ganrisxebula da tabeSaZeTa<br />
gvari gawyvetamde miuyvania. gadarCenila mxolod sxva sofelSi<br />
CasiZebuli tabeSaZis akvanSi mwoliare vaJi. bavSvi<br />
sxva gvaris xalxs miuyvania tyelaSi da wm. giorgisTvis Seuvedrebia:<br />
`wmidao giorgi, karugdebelo, nu moklav am<br />
bavSvs da misi gvari yovel wels irmis magivrad samwlian<br />
kuros Semogwiravso.~ wm. giorgim miiRo vedreba da tabe-<br />
SaZeTa gvari kvlav aRmdgara da momravlebula. am droidan<br />
tabeSaZeebis yvela buns (saerTo babuis Svils) tyela-<br />
Si Sesawiravad xari mihyavs da miaqvs zedaSe [ruxaZe: 92-94].<br />
tyelas irmis miTosis analogiuri gadmocema saqarTvelos<br />
sxva kuTxeebSic aris gavrcelebuli (imereTi, qarTli, samegrelo,<br />
afxazeTi, svaneTi).<br />
Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi Tavad iremi ver egueba adamianis<br />
mier masze dakisrebul tvirTs da kvdeba – marcxdeba<br />
xarTan SejibrSi, tyelas miTosSi adamiani Tavisi sulswrafobiT<br />
ver hguobs irmis, rogorc msxverplis, samsaxurs<br />
da mas, rogorc msxverpls, amieridan xari enacvleba. magram<br />
es xari, rogorc sxva gadmocemebidan viciT, aseve wm.<br />
giorgis gamogzavnilia. iloris eklesiaSi wm. giorgi yovel<br />
weliwads gzavnida samsxverplo xars, romelic diliT<br />
daxvdeboda salocavad mosul sofels. magram wmidani<br />
Sewyvets xaris gamogzavnas mas Semdeg, rac xars iloris<br />
eklesiis galavnidan moiparaven an Seuracxyofen. amieridan<br />
gamogzavnil xars Sinauri xari Seenacvleba. asevea svanur<br />
versiaSi: jgragis msaxuri iparavs uyuldaSis jgragis-<br />
Tvis gankuTvnil xars da jgragi aRar gzavnis samsxverplo<br />
xars [Tsufa-ssn 477].<br />
kultis daarsebis miTosi<br />
am wris teqstebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeT-<br />
Sia (fSav-xevsureTi, gudamayar-mTiuleTi, TuSeTi) gavrcelebuli.<br />
a) xe (ifni) amodis keriaSi, riTac jvari (xati, angelo-<br />
69
70<br />
zi, RvTisSvili) niSans aZlevs ojaxs, dauTmos mas sacxovrebeli,<br />
raTa profanuli kera sakralur adgilad gadaiqces,<br />
sadac jvari daidebs binas. erTi variantis mixedviT,<br />
mosaxle nebayoflobiT tovebs sacxovrebels, riTac xels<br />
uwyobs jvaris daarsebas sofelSi. meore variantSi mosaxle<br />
winaaRmdegobas uwevs jvars – samgzis Wris xes da akafavs<br />
masze Semoxveul gvels. mesame dRes gveli yvelasgan<br />
SeumCnevlad sakidels Camohyveba da wamlavs kerZs, romelic<br />
qvabSi ixarSeba. jvaris sasjels gadarCebian mxolod<br />
deda da ZuZuTa bavSvi, romlebic ar gaiziareben trapezs.<br />
yvelgan, sadac daarsebis es miTosia gavrcelebuli, misi<br />
utyuarobis niSnad ifnebiT dafaruli samosaxlos nangrevebs<br />
uCveneben (sawmidaris daarsebis es modeli gavrcelebulia<br />
xevsureTSi, fSavSi, gudamayarSi).<br />
(Tavisi simboluri mniSvnelobiT keriaSi xis amosvlis<br />
siuJeti dadasturebulia sofokles dramaSi `eleqtra~.<br />
klitemnestra xedavs sizmrad agamemnons, romelic keriaSi<br />
arWobs samefo kverTxs, kverTxi gaidgams fesvebs, SeifoTleba<br />
da mTel mikens gadaefareba. simbolizmi aSkaraa:<br />
patroni, mokluli mefis memkvidris, orestes saxiT, ubrundeba<br />
Tavis keras).<br />
b) kopalas xatis daarseba karatiswverze. saZovarze<br />
axalgazrda mwyemsi qal-vaJis Tvalwin cidan jaWvi da Tasi<br />
Camocvivdeba. qal-vaJi wilisyriT gainawilebs da Tav-<br />
Tavis saxlSi waiRebs, Tass qali kidobanSi, vaJi ki jaWvs<br />
WerxoSi (xevsuruli saxlis zeda sarTulze) damalavs. sagnebi,<br />
ramdenadac isini profanuli saWiroebisTvis ar arian<br />
movlenilni, saxlebSi xmaurs atexen. ufrosebi qadags<br />
daekiTxebian, qadagi urCevs sagnebis Camocvenis adgilze<br />
sakulto koSkis agebas da Tasisa da jaWvis iqve Camarxvas.<br />
karatis wveri gamyofi mTaa fSavisa da xevsureTis soflebs<br />
Soris. qali xevsuria Walaissoflidan, vaJi – fSavelia<br />
bullaurTadan.<br />
g) erTi lakaTxeveli (mTiuleTis sofelia) kaci, gvarad<br />
qarCaiZe, tyeSi xes Wris saxlis asaSeneblad. modis<br />
mtredi, niskartiT miaqvs nafotebi da dumacxos tyeSi (gudamayari)<br />
maTgan eklesias aSenebs. qarCaiZe Seatyobinebs<br />
sofels da sofeli mas eklesiis aSenebas sTxovs, gasamrjelod<br />
qarCaiZe mis mier moyvanili saklavis pirvel rigSi<br />
Sewirvis uflebas miiRebs. saxlis mSenebli eklesiis mSeneblad<br />
iqceva.
RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebi<br />
am brZolaTa amsaxveli narativebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTSia gavrcelebuli [oCiauri 1991: 41-46; oCiauri<br />
1967: 143-159]. maTi andrezuli xasiaTi maTsave dasasrulSi<br />
mJRavndeba: RvTisSvilis gamarjveba devze yovel-<br />
Tvis misi apoTeoziT mTavrdeba. saboloo mizani am brZolebisa<br />
salocavis daarsebaa anu, sxvagvarad, teritoriis<br />
ganwmeda uwmiduri devebisgan da adamianTa sazogadoebis-<br />
Tvis sasicocxlo garemos Seqmna. iq, sadac adre devi batonobda<br />
adamianze, amieridan arsdeba RvTisSvili adamianis<br />
patronad da mfarvelad, adamiani ki – mis ymad. Tavisi<br />
arsiT urTierToba RvTisSvilsa da adamians Soris patronymuli<br />
urTierTobis principzea agebuli. amitomac<br />
uxilavi patronis garSemo Semokrebil adamianTa jgufs<br />
saymo ewodeba. sa-ym-o – Tavad am sityvis morfologiuri<br />
aRnagoba mowmobs Tavis Tavze da im krebulze, romelic am<br />
sityviT iwodeba: saymo ymebis erTianobaa, romelic patrons<br />
gulisxmobs. es sityva imasac gveubneba, rom ymebi<br />
(moymeni) TavianTi patronis winaSe Tanabarni arian, rac<br />
maT Soris rCeulTa arsebobas ar gamoricxavs.<br />
RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa Serkinebis ramdenime modeli<br />
arsebobs:<br />
I. RvTisSvili ebrZvis devs uSualod fizikuri ZaliT<br />
an iaraRiT (mSvild-isari, laxti), anadgurebs an gandevnis<br />
mas da mis adgilze arsdeba salocavi. iqmneba misi kulti<br />
masTan dakavSirebuli yvela atributiT (nagebobebi, yanebi,<br />
dResaswaulebi).<br />
II. RvTisSvili da devebi mSvidobian asparezobaSi – sim-<br />
Zimis awevaSi, rogorc iaxsris (Suafxos qistaurTa saymos<br />
patronis) SemTxvevaSi, an Sor manZilze qvebis srolaSi,<br />
rogorc fSavis erT-erTi saymos – uZilaurTis andrezi<br />
gviambobs, cdian Zalas. damarcxebuli devi Tmobs Tavis<br />
samflobelos da aiyreba iqidan, raTa RvTisSvils dauTmos<br />
adgili, sadac arsdeba RvTisSvilis kulti.<br />
III. RvTisSvili, kerZod, iaxsari daedevneba ukanasknel<br />
devs, romelic tbaSi poulobs TavSesafars. iaxsari devs<br />
tbaSi Cahyveba da iq gangmiravs. devis sisxli Sekravs tbis<br />
zedapirs da iaxsari veRar amodis tbidan. bolos, qadagis<br />
sityviT, faraSi moZebnian oTxrqa da oTxyura cxvars, tbis<br />
piras daklaven da mis sisxls tbis zedapirs asxureben. tba<br />
71
72<br />
gaixsneba da misi siRrmidan iaxsari mtredis saxiT moevlineba<br />
mis mier devebisgan gamoxsnil saymos. es siuJeti<br />
edo safuZvlad misterias, romelic imarTeboda weliwad-<br />
Si erTxel: Suafxos saymo gaivlida devs dadevnebuli iaxsris<br />
gzas (Suafxodan xevsureTis sofel roSkisken), mividoda<br />
tbis piras, sadac iaxsari gauCinarda. jvris xucesi<br />
(xevisberi) iaxsris rolSi cdilobda iaxsris kvalze tba-<br />
Si CaRrmavebas, magram akavebdnen. moiyvandnen oTxrqa<br />
cxvars da daklavdnen iaxsris gasaTavisufleblad.<br />
am siuJetebs, romlebic sxva sazogadoebaSi ubralod<br />
sadevgmiro ambebi iqneboda, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTis mosaxleobaSi miTosis statusi aqvT, ramdenadac<br />
isini salocavis daarsebis garemoebebze mouTxroben<br />
saymos.<br />
literatura<br />
Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli<br />
arqivi.<br />
Tsufa-ssn: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli<br />
arqivi, studentTa sadiplomo<br />
naSromebi.<br />
kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poezia,<br />
`sabWoTa mwerali~, Tb., 1961.<br />
oCiauri 1939: oCiauri aleqsi, xevsuruli xalxuri dReobebis<br />
kalendari, VII (saqarTvelos<br />
mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriisa da<br />
eTnologiis institutis eTnologiis<br />
departamentis arqivi, 1939, M 18).<br />
ruxaZe: ruxaZe j., xani imereTis xevsureTia, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />
Tb., 1989.<br />
sixaruliZe 1961: sixaruliZe qs., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri saistorio<br />
sityviereba I, sssr mecn. akademiis<br />
gamomc., Tb., 1961.<br />
qarTlis cxovreba I: qarTlis cxovreba I, `sabWoTa saqar-<br />
Tvelo~, Tb., 1955.<br />
qarTlis cxovreba II: qarTlis cxovreba II, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />
Tb., 1959.<br />
Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, Tsu, Tb.,<br />
1947.<br />
yubaneiSvili: yubaneiSvili s., vaJa-fSavela, `saxelgami~,<br />
Tb., 1937.
eposi
eposs, farTo azriT, mivakuTvnebT yvela TxrobiT<br />
Janrs, romelic ar aris arc drama, arc lirika. klasikuri<br />
ganmartebiT, eposi upirispirdeba dramas da lirikas, Tumca<br />
ipoveba eposi, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs sityvierebis<br />
am saxeobebs.<br />
arsebobs miTologiuri eposi, romelSic RmerTebi monawileoben.<br />
is mogviTxrobs samyaros, mcenareTa da cxovelTa<br />
Seqmnis, bunebis movlenaTa, adamianis, adamianuri<br />
sazogadoebis, kacobriuli civilizaciis, sagnebis, sayofacxovrebo<br />
kulturis warmoSobis ambavs. maTi mTavari<br />
personaJebi demiurgebi (`naxevarSemoqmedni~) da e. w. `kulturuli<br />
gmirebi~ arian.<br />
arsebobs sagmiro-saistorio eposi, romelsac raime<br />
istoriuli ambavi udevs safuZvlad. magram es ambavi ganzogadebulia<br />
im zomamde, rom mTeli xalxis warsulis, awmyos<br />
da momavlis ganmsazRvreli xdeba, misi istoriis centraluri<br />
xdomilebaa. aseTebia germanuli modgmis xalxTa<br />
da irlandielTa sagebi, rusuli `bilinebis~ cikli, espanuri<br />
poema `Cems sidze~, berZenTa `digenis akritasi~, somexTa<br />
`daviT sasuneli~ da mravali sxva.<br />
aris eposebi, romlebic mowyvetilni arian istoriul<br />
drosa da sivrces da mogviTxroben saarako WabukTa sagmiro<br />
saqmeT. es sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo anu safalavno<br />
eposebia. aseTebia sparsuli dasTanebi (romlebmac CvenSi<br />
`yaramanianisa~ da sxvaTa saxiT pova gamoZaxili, wignuri<br />
`amirandarejanianic~ maT ricxvs ekuTvnis).<br />
arsebobs samijnuro (romanuli) eposi, romlis klasikuri<br />
nimuSia Sua saukuneebis kelturi warmoSobis Tqmuleba<br />
tristanisa da izoldas tragikuli siyvarulis Sesaxeb.<br />
amave Janrs unda ekuTvnodes saqorwino urTierTobaze<br />
agebuli eposebi, rogoric aris germanelTa `kudruni~.<br />
romanuli motivi erTi Zlieri nakadia da xSirad TviTkmar<br />
Rirebulebas iZens sagmiro-saistorio eposSi.<br />
75
76<br />
ra adgili uWiravs eposs qarTul folklorSi da romeli<br />
saxeobebiT aris igi warmodgenili?<br />
mravalferovan da mdidari tradiciis mqone qarTul<br />
xalxur sityvierebaSi epikuri Semoqmedebis wvlili metad<br />
mwiria. qarTul folklorSi ver vadasturebT istoriuli<br />
xasiaTis eposs, sadac ganzogadebulad iqneboda gadmocemuli<br />
xalxis istoria, rogorc es, Cveulebriv, am Janris<br />
eposebSia. ar Cans istoriuli gmiris saxeli, romlis gar-<br />
Semo realuri istoriis Taviseburad gardaqmnil sagmiro<br />
ambavTa ciklizacia momxdariyos, Tumca saqarTvelos istoria<br />
arcTu Raribia heroikuli epoqebiT, brZolebiT da,<br />
Sesabamisad, istoriuli gmirebiT.<br />
Cven ver vifiqrebT, rom xalxis epikuri cnobiereba<br />
gulgrili darCeniliyos im epoqaluri sasikeTo Tu sabediswero<br />
Zvrebis mimarT, romlebic araerTgzis ganucdia<br />
qveyanas; ver vifiqrebT, rom zepirsityvier matianes ar<br />
aesaxos espaneTis rekonkistis (arabebisgan qveynis gamoxsnis)<br />
analogiuri uaRresad daZabuli xana, aSot kurapalatisa<br />
da mis TanamdgomTa gmiruli epopea, rac <strong>qarTuli</strong> miwebis<br />
kvlav SemokrebiT dasrulda, magram espanuri `Cemi<br />
sidis~ msgavsi xalxuri poema, sadac ukvdavyofili iqneboda<br />
TaobaTa xsovnaSi `Cemi aSoti~, ar dasturdeba; an masze<br />
adreuli xana gorgaslisa, romlis miTosuri xati werilobiT<br />
matianeSi aris moxvedrili, xalxuri eposis saxiT<br />
ki ar Cans; an, Tundac, ufro adreuli epoqa farnavazisa,<br />
romlis arqetipuli drois, rogorc `Zlieri Jamis~, mefobis<br />
da sxva sulier RirebulebaTa, mraval siaxleTa dasabamieri<br />
Jamis kvali werilobiTma istoriam Semoinaxa, xalxis<br />
xsovnas ki ver SemorCa. ra mizeziT? mizezi martivia:<br />
vrcelia `koleqtiuri~ mexsiereba, magram is usazRvro da<br />
dauSreteli ar aris. mas ar SeuZlia TanadroulobaSi moicvas<br />
mTeli zepirsityvieri fondi misi `dasabamidan~, er-<br />
Tdroulad Seinaxos sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaTa zepirsityvieri<br />
Semoqmedebis nayofebi. Taobebis monacvleobasTan<br />
erTad icvleba, periodul ganaxlebas ganicdis zepirsityvieri<br />
teqstebi; Zveli gadadis, mis nacvlad axali<br />
mkvidrdeba. `xalxs is moswons, rac axalia~, amboben `odiseaSi~<br />
Zveli miTebis momRerlis demodokes msmenelni. da<br />
is Zveli, romelic ukan ixevs, gadis xalxis mexsierebis sawieridan,<br />
Tu aso-niSnebiT ar iqna Cawerili, samudamo da-
viwyebisTvis aris ganwiruli. arc erTi zemoxsenebuli<br />
xalxuri eposis xsenebac ki ar iqneboda, rom maT Caweraze<br />
ar ezrunaT. Seqmnidan orasi wlis Semdeg Cawerili iqna<br />
`simRera Cems sidze~ (Semonaxulia erTaderTi 1307 wlis<br />
xelnaweriT); CaweriT gadaurCa drois dinebisgan gariyvas<br />
`kalevala~, irlandiuri Tu islandiuri sagebi, epikuri<br />
ciklebi digenis akritasze; damwerlobam gadaarCina<br />
rusuli bilinebi, romlebic maTi pirvelCaweridan asi<br />
wlis Semdeg xalxis xsovnaSi ukve waSlili iyo.<br />
dasanania, rom saqarTveloSi, uZvelesi damwerlobis<br />
qveyanaSi, XIX saukunis meore naxevramde ar ucdiaT xalxuri<br />
eposebis Cawera. Cvens werilobiT ZeglebSi maTi arsebobis<br />
mxolod fragmentuli kvali SeiZleba davadasturoT.<br />
im xanamde, roca maTi Caweris interesi gaCnda, qar-<br />
Tuli xalxuri eposi arasrulyofili, fragmentuli, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, `dalewili~ saxiT iyo moRweuli. ra saxe hqonda<br />
mas klasikur, epikuri Semoqmedebis apogeaSi, CvenTvis<br />
samudamod ucnobi rCeba.<br />
eposis rkalSi Cven vaqcevT zRapars, rogorc narativis<br />
unikalur saxeobas. igi warmodgenilia erTaderTi tipiT,<br />
romelsac pirobiTad `jadosnur zRapars~ vuwodebT.<br />
misi gavrcelebis areali ar aris SemozRuduli romelime<br />
xalxis <strong>folklori</strong>T: arsebobs <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRaprebi, arsebobs<br />
rusuli zRaprebi da a. S., magram zRapari erTia yvelgan,<br />
yvela kulturaSi, sadac ki gvxvdeba.<br />
winaswari zogadi ganmartebiT, zRapari aris im tipis<br />
eposi, romelic gadmoscems erTi mTavari gmiris cxovrebas<br />
misi Sinidan gasvlidan Sin dabrunebamde.<br />
daviwyoT zRapriT. Cven mas esqatologiur eposs vuwodebT.<br />
ratom? am kiTxvas narkvevis bolos gaecema pasuxi.<br />
esqatologiuri zRapari<br />
zRapari lamis folkloruli Semoqmedebis simboloa.<br />
<strong>folklori</strong> da zRapari TiTqmis gaigivebulia erTmaneT-<br />
Tan. Tu ramea universaluri msoflio xalxur SemoqmedebaSi<br />
– es zRaparia. roca laparakia xalxis xasiaTze, xalxis<br />
sulze, Taviseburebebze, xalxur zRaprebs moixmoben<br />
xolme, zRapris ZiriTadi dvrita universaluria, zogad-<br />
77
78<br />
sakacobrioa. iyo xana <strong>folklori</strong>stikaSi, roca didi TavgamodebiT<br />
eZebdnen zRapris arqetips (winasaxes) da mis<br />
samSoblos, Tumca kvleva uSedegod damTavrda, mizani<br />
kvlevisa miRweul ver iqna, mainc didi codna dagrovda<br />
msoflio zRaprebis Sesaxeb. aRmoCnda, rom mTavari saZiebeli<br />
zRaparSi aris ara misi warmoSobis adgilsamyofeli<br />
da arc imdenad misi warmoSobis problema, romelic mudam<br />
hipoTeturi iqneba, ramdenadac misi agebuleba, struqtura,<br />
mizandasaxuloba, rac saerToa dResdReobiT arsebuli<br />
yvela zRaprisTvis.<br />
Cveulebriv, zRapars, rogorc Janrs, sam tipad yofen:<br />
jadosnur, cxovelTa da sayofacxovrebo zRaprad. umjobesia,<br />
zRapari folkoruli narativis erT-erT saxeobad<br />
CavTvaloT, xolo zemoT CamoTvlili nawilebi – Janrebad.<br />
Tumca arc es iqneba maincdamainc realobis amsaxveli: es<br />
sami narativi imdenad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan struqturiT,<br />
SinaarsiT da ideologiiT, rom erTi saxelwodebis<br />
(zRapari) JanrSi maTi moqceva gaZneldeba. amJamad Cveni<br />
yuradRebis sagania xalxuri narativis an eposis is saxe,<br />
romlis saxelwodebad jadosnuri zRaparia damkvidrebuli,<br />
Cven ki mas sakuTriv zRapars vuwodebT. ufro metic:<br />
misi ideologia da mizandasaxuloba safuZvels gvaZlevs<br />
vuwodoT mas xalxuri esqatologiuri eposi.<br />
vidre zRapris ganmartebas SemogTavazebdeT, ganvixilavT<br />
Tavad zRapris teqsts, romlis analizis Semdeg gvecodineba<br />
misi raoba, rogorc folkloruli Janrisa; gvecodineba,<br />
vin aris zRapris gmiri, ras warmoadgens zRapris<br />
samyaro, misi dro da sivrce, ra mimarTeba aqvs mas im<br />
samyarosTan, sadac zRapris mTxrobeli da msmeneli cxovroben,<br />
ras gveubneba zRapari, rogori azrovnebis nayofia<br />
igi, ras niSnavs misi „iyo da ara iyo ra“, ramdenad arsebiTia<br />
misTvis jadosnuri (fantastikuri) elementi, ramac<br />
misi gavrcelebuli dasaxeleba („jadosnuri zRapari“) gansazRvra<br />
da sxva.<br />
zRapris Sinaarsis ganxilvamde warmovadginoT igi mis<br />
mTlianobaSi dasawyisi da dasasruli formulebiTurT,<br />
romlebic Tumca yvela zRaparSi ar dasturdeba, magram<br />
misi Txrobis specifikas warmoadgens.<br />
zRapari sami nawilisgan Sedgeba: 1) dasawyisi (rus.<br />
çà÷èí), romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT „winkari“, 2) Tavad
zRapris Sinaarsi da 3) dasasruli, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT<br />
„gamoTxoveba zRaparTan“.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris klasikuri dasawyisia `iyo da ara iyo<br />
ra“, romelic SeiZleba gamodges, sazogadod, zRapris gansazRvrebad:<br />
zRapris ambavi moxda da arc momxdara. es aris<br />
mTxrobelis da mis kvalze msmenelis Tvalsazrisi zRaparze.<br />
aseTi dasawyisi <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRaprebis Taviseburebaa. rusuli<br />
zRaprebi, romlebic did msgavsebas avlenen qarTul<br />
zRaprebTan, rogorc wesi, ase martivad iwyeba: æèë-áûë,<br />
æèëà-áûëà, æèëè-áûëè...<br />
amgvarad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris Txroba iwyeba formuliT:<br />
1. `iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo..." rasac SeiZleba uSualod<br />
mosdevdes zRapris arsebiTi nawili, an formula grZeldebodes;<br />
2. `iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda, iyo..."<br />
da daiwyos zRapari. magram formulas aqvs Semdgomi gafar-<br />
Toebis tendencia;<br />
3. `iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda, iyo<br />
SaSvi mgalobeli, RmerTi Cveni mwyalobeli, RmerTs dideba,<br />
Cven mSvidoba, RmerTi maRali, kaci dabali, iyo..." da iwyeba<br />
Tavad zRapris Sinaarsi.<br />
ra funqcias asrulebs zRapris dasawyisi? mas gadahyavs<br />
msmeneli erTi sinamdvilidan sxva sinamdvileSi – realobidan<br />
zRapris samyaroSi. rogorc saxls aqvs winkari, romelsac<br />
oTaxSi (sacxovrebel sivrceSi) SevyavarT, aseve<br />
zRaparic moiTxovs winkars. es sityvieri winkaria. SegviZlia<br />
zRapris winkari tradiciuli simbolikis planSi ganvixiloT.<br />
tradiciul xalxebSi stumrobis, stumris miRebis<br />
praqtika tipologiurad Tanxvdeba zRapris struqturas.<br />
monRolebSi stumars mxolod mas Semdeg dauwyeben<br />
saqmian saubars, rac CamoTavdeba standartuli tradiciuli<br />
misalmebebi (yalionis gabolebasTan erTad), romlebic<br />
araviTar informacias ar Seicaven da, cxadia, aranair<br />
kavSirSi ar arian stumrobis ZiriTad TemasTan. amgvari ritualebis<br />
mkvlevari wers: `am wmidawylis etiketur situaciaSi<br />
SeiZleba davinaxoT gamoZaxili Tavis droze semantikurad<br />
niSnadi `gadasvlis~ ritualisa: gadalaxulia<br />
zRurbli ori samyarosi, romelTagan erTi garea, meore –<br />
Sida... stumars marTebs daicvas es wesi `ucxos~ gadmotanisa<br />
`TavisSi~. analogia TvalsaCinoa: aseve zRapris msme-<br />
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80<br />
nels marTebs daicvas zRapris mosmenis wesebi, anu miiRos<br />
is realoba, romelsac zRapari (anu misi mTxrobeli) sTavazobs<br />
mas.<br />
igive datvirTva unda hqondes zRapris daboloebasac,<br />
romelic aseve informaciulad ar aris dakavSirebuli ZiriTad<br />
SinaarsTan.<br />
gansxvavebiT winkarisgan, romelic mravalferovnebiT<br />
ar gamoirCeva, `gamosaTxovari~ formula sakmaod uxvia<br />
Tematurad. mTxrobeli aq met Tavisuflebas da fantazias<br />
avlens.<br />
es formulebia, maT Soris klasikuri:<br />
1. `Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, qato iqa, fqvili aqa" (varianti:<br />
`Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, nacari iqa, fqvili aqa").<br />
2. `zRapar iyo, zRapar iyo, Walas Citi momkvdariyo, did<br />
qvabSi ar eteoda, pataraSi ar kmariyo; asi kaci ver SesWamda,<br />
erTi kacis lukma iyo".<br />
3. `mTas uremi avagore, bars Cavida gorebiTa, aq sicocxliT<br />
momigoneT, saiqios cxonebiTa~ (varianti: `mTas<br />
uremi avagore, wamovida gorebiTa, aivseniT qonebiTa, WkuiTa<br />
da gonebiTa~).<br />
4. `elasa, melasa, Wiqa mekida yelasa, mTqmelsa da gamgonebelsac<br />
Zili gaamoT yvelasa~ (var.: `davalevine yvelasa~).<br />
da nakleb gavrcelebuli:<br />
5. `isini iyvnen WirSi, Cven viyaviT lxinSi~.<br />
6. `erTi litra cercvi mqonda, erTi litra cercvi rao.<br />
roca kacs ar uweria, ver daRupavs verca rao~.<br />
7. `Cemi araki gavaTave. wuxel iq viyav, dRes aq movedi.<br />
sami vaSli, sami broweuli. RmerTma nu mogiSaloT, Tqveni<br />
xeliT moweuli~.<br />
8. `vidre iq ar viyoT, manamde daumarcxebeli viyoT,<br />
dRegrZeli viyoT~.<br />
9. `cidan sami vaSli Camovarda. erTi mTqmelsa, erTi gamgonesa,<br />
erTi am zRapris gamomTqmelsa~.<br />
10. `tyeSi saxre gamovWeri, gamovida navada, Tu me sityva<br />
SegawyineT, nu iqnebiT mwyralada~.<br />
11. `iseTi qorwili hqondaT, Citis rZe ar akldaT. mec<br />
iq viyavi qorwilSi~.
12. `gadaixades didebuli qorwili. guSinwin iyo, ver<br />
mivel, dapatiJebuli ki viyavi~.<br />
winkarsa da `gamosaTxovar~ formulas Soris moqceulia<br />
sakuTriv zRapari. arc winkars da arc `gamosaTxovar~<br />
formulas zRapris SinaarsTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs.<br />
TiToeul maTgans SeiZleba hqonoda TavisTavadi Rirebuleba<br />
Tavis sakuTar JanrSi. zRaparSi gadmonacvlebiT maT<br />
Secvlili aqvT Janri.<br />
`gamosaTxovari~ formulis mizania gaSualebiT, ara<br />
naxtomiT daabrunos msmeneli zRapris samyarodan yofiT<br />
sinamdvileSi. imdenad aucilebelia zRaprisaTvis winkari<br />
da `gamosaTxovari~, rom es funqcia SeiZleba nebismierma<br />
teqstma Seasrulos, raki misTvis srulebiTac ar aris<br />
niSandoblivi raime kavSiri zRapris SinaarsTan. unda SeiniSnos,<br />
rom ramdenadac `gamosaTxovari~ ukve moTxrobili<br />
zRapris metateqsturi epilogia, gansxvavebiT winkarisgan,<br />
romelic jer kidev ucnob zRapars uZRvis win, SeiZleba<br />
gamoxatavdes mTxrobelis SeniSvnas, Tvalsazriss<br />
Tu damokidebulebas moTxrobili sinamdvilisadmi, saxeldobr,<br />
rom is tyuilia, Tumca mTxrobeli qorwilzec<br />
iyo mipatiJebuli, romelsac is daeswro (10) an ar daeswro<br />
(11). mTxrobeli gaxazavs zRapris sinamdvileSi moxvedris<br />
SeuZleblobas (7). mTxrobelis komentari SeiZleba Seexos<br />
zRapris paradoqsulobas, mis yofnas realur-irealuris<br />
zRvarze (amasve gamoxatavs winkaris `iyo da ara iyo ra~) da<br />
gadmosces is leqsiT, romelic gansakuTrebiT acxovelebs<br />
msmenelis warmosaxvas: `zRapar iyo, zRapar iyo, Walas<br />
Citi momkvdariyo, did qvabSi ar eteoda...~ da a.S.<br />
am or formulas, rogorc wignis ydebs Soris moqceuli<br />
Tavad zRapari sami nawilisgan Sedgeba. es aris misi kompoziciis<br />
uzogadesi sqema. principi aseTia: Txroba mTavrdeba<br />
im adgilas, saidanac daiwyo igi. es adgili zRaparSi,<br />
rogorc wesi, saxlia. zRapari saxliT iwyeba da saxliTve<br />
mTavrdeba. is, rac iwyeba da mTavrdeba, anu mTeli ambavi,<br />
gmiris `zRapruli~ Tavgadasavali, Seadgens zRapris Sinaarss.<br />
ra xdeboda gmiris saxlidan gamosvlamde da ra moxdeba<br />
saxlSi saboloo damkvidrebis Semdeg, ar Seadgens<br />
zRapris Sinaarss. miuxedavad amisa, ZiriTadi yofna gmirisa<br />
ara gareT, aramed saxlSi yofnaa, amitomac is gardau-<br />
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valad brundeba Sin. es ara mxolod zRapris, aramed, sazogadod,<br />
eposis kompoziciuri kanonia (gavixsenoT odisevsis<br />
dauokebeli swrafva iTakisken, rasac verc qalRmer-<br />
TTa macdunebeli aRTqmebi abrkolebs).<br />
es sammonakveTiani kompozicia amgvarad SeiZleba gamoixatos:<br />
Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezisi. Tezisi mocemulobaa,<br />
antiTezisi misi uaryofaa, sinTezisi uaryofis daZleva<br />
da TezisSi dabruneba, roca realoba ufro maRal safexurze<br />
adis. es aris dialeqtikuri ganviTarebis hegeliseuli<br />
gza. zRaprisadmi miyenebuli, igi gulisxmobs Semdegs:<br />
Teziss anu Sin yofnas mosdevs misi uaryofa – anti-<br />
Tezisi anu gareT yofna, romelsac saboloo etapze cvlis<br />
sinTezisi – Sin yofna. sinTezisi imaze miuTiTebs, rom saboloo<br />
Sin yofna ara aris Tavdapirveli Sin yofnis ubralo<br />
ganmeoreba. sinamdvile aq ufro maRal safexurze adis:<br />
gmiri Sin gamdidrebuli brundeba, ara iseTi Raribi (rus-<br />
Tveluri mniSvnelobiT: `davyo martod da Raribad~), rogoric<br />
gzas daadga. misi dabrunebiT saxlSi Semodis raRac,<br />
rac iq adre ar ipoveboda. es siaxle SeiZleba iyos raime<br />
sagani, romelic gatacebulia saxlidan, an sacole, romelic<br />
unda moitacos an gamoixsnas zRapris gmirma. marTalia,<br />
gmiris mizani Sin dabrunebaa mopovebul saganTan er-<br />
Tad, riTac sruldeba mamis davaleba, magram zRapris mTavari<br />
Sinaarsi gareTyofniT anu antiTezisiT ivseba. sxvagvarad:<br />
mTxrobelisTvis da msmenelisTvis gmiris cxovrebis<br />
es Sualeduri monakveTia cnobili. swored es Sualedia<br />
mTavari, risTvisac moTxrobilia zRapari. Tumca yvelaferi,<br />
rac xdeba am monakveTSi anu zRapris samyaroSi,<br />
mowodebulia imisTvis, rom Sinyofna erTi safexuriT<br />
amaRldes, saboloo gansruleba povos. sabolood, Tavdapirveli<br />
Sin yofna Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba meore Sin<br />
yofnisgan, romelic zRapris sinTezur dasasruls warmoadgens.<br />
zRapris problemas Seadgens 1) misi struqtura, 2) personaJTa<br />
raoba (ara vinaoba), 3) mTavari gmiris svlebi, 4) misi<br />
asparezis dro da sivrce (anu droJamul-sivrculi ganzomilebani)<br />
da, sabolood, 5) misi ideologia anu sazrisi.<br />
zRapris Seswavlis pirvel etapze mkvlevarni misi istoriuli<br />
aspeqtiT interesdebodnen. wina planze iyo wa-
moweuli zRapris, rogorc Janris, warmoSobis problema<br />
(Sveduri skola, kroon da sxvani). Tanamedrove etapze yuradReba<br />
misi struqturis Seswavlazea gadatanili. problema<br />
mdgomareobs ara imaSi, Tu rogori iyo zRapris Tavdapirveli<br />
saxe, rodis da sad, romel xalxSi, romel kulturaSi<br />
warmoiSva misi arqetipi, ra cvlilebebi ganicada<br />
man drosa da sivrceSi. saeWvoa, odesme gaeces am kiTxvebs<br />
damakmayofilebeli pasuxi. gamomdinare <strong>folklori</strong>s, rogorc<br />
udamwerlobo kulturis, specifikidan, msgavsi istoriuli<br />
xasiaTis kiTxvebi amao da, amdenad, gadauWrelia.<br />
Cven ganvixiloT zRapris is saxe, rogoric man dRemde<br />
moitana da arsebobs dRemde sxvadasxva xalxebSi. ra aris<br />
am saxis zRapris sazrisi? ras acxadebs is, an ras faravs<br />
Tavisi jadosnurobis safarvels iqiT? sazrisis gamoCenamde<br />
gavecnoT mis struqturas. rusma <strong>folklori</strong>stma<br />
vl. propma gasuli saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gamoaqveyna<br />
Tavisi gamokvlevis Sedegebi saTauriT `zRapris morfologia~<br />
(1928), sadac 100 rusuli zRapris analizis safuZvelze<br />
Camoyalibebuli aqvs fuZemdebluri daskvnebi, romlebic,<br />
mkvlevris azriT, igive darCeboda, saanalizo<br />
zRaprebis ricxvi rom gazrdiliyo. Cveni mxriv, davZenT,<br />
rom viTareba ar Seicvleboda, rusuli zRaprebis nacvlad<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> zRaprebi rom yofiliyo gaanalizebuli. vl.<br />
propma amgvarad Camoayaliba ZiriTadi debulebebi, romlebic<br />
yvela jadosnuri zRaprisTvis saerToa:<br />
1) zRapris funqciaTa ricxvi gansazRvrulia;<br />
2) funqciaTa Tanamimdevroba yvela zRaparSi ucvlelia;<br />
3) yvela jadosnuri zRapari Tavisi wyobiT erTi tipisaa.<br />
vl. propis gamokvleviT, funqciaTa ricxvi gansazRvrulia,<br />
is Seadgens 31-s, rac SeiZleba sadavo iyos, Tumca<br />
Tavad Tezisi gansazRvrulobisa savsebiT misaRebia. ra<br />
aris funqcia zRaparSi?<br />
vl. propis mixedviT, funqcia zRapris siuJetis iseTi<br />
erTeulia, romelic Semdgom dayofas ar eqvemdebareba, is,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, atomia. funqcia, amave dros, ucvleli sididea.<br />
zRaparSi xSirad erTsa da imave funqcias sxvadasxva<br />
personaJi asrulebs (`mefe Wabuks aZlevs cxens~ – `jadoqari<br />
glexis biWs aZlevs beWeds~). aq cvladia moqmedi<br />
piris sazRapro vinaoba, ucvlelia moqmedeba, svla, rasac<br />
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is asrulebs: gmiris dasaCuqrebis, rogorc funqciis, arsi<br />
ar icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu vin aris misi subieqti (damsaCuqrebeli),<br />
an ra konkretuli gamoxatuleba aqvs saCuqars<br />
(mfrinavi xaliCa iqneba is, faskunjis frTa Tu beWedi).<br />
amrigad, zRapris personaJebi da sagnebi, ra sxvadasxvagvarnic<br />
ar unda iyvnen isini, unda dajgufdnen imisda<br />
mixedviT, Tu ra funqcias asruleben, ras akeTeben mTavari<br />
gmirisTvis, ra misia akisriaT mis mimarT. xolo kiTxvas,<br />
Tu ra konkretuli gamoxatuleba aqvs funqciis (Tundac<br />
misiis) aRmsrulebels da Tavad aRsrulebis aqts, meorexarisxovani<br />
adgili uWiravs zRapris siRrmiseul struqturaSi<br />
da misi analizisas mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. es<br />
zRapris nivTier mravalferovnebas da simdidres gamoxatavs<br />
da ara mis arss.<br />
meore sakiTxia, Tu ra TanamimdevrobiT sruldeba es<br />
funqciebi zRapris dro-JamSi. anu zogadad: romeli funqciiT<br />
iwyeba zRapari da romliT mTavrdeba igi.<br />
zRapari iwyeba mTavari gmiris saxlidan (Sinidan) gasvliT.<br />
es aris pirveli funqcia funqciaTa TanamimdevrobaSi.<br />
mas, cxadia, mxolod mTavari gmiri unda asrulebdes.<br />
zRapari mTavrdeba qorwiliT an gamefebiT. es aris ukanaskneli<br />
svla-qmedeba, romlis iqiT zRapris kompetencia<br />
aRar grZeldeba. mezRapris Tvali da codna mas ver swvdeba<br />
da, amdenad, msmenelisTvisac daxurulia. es aris zRapris<br />
saboloo, absoluturi dasasruli. am or funqciaqmedebas<br />
(gasvla-dabruneba) Soris moqceulia yvela sxva<br />
funqcia-qmedeba, romlebic aviTareben zRapris siuJets<br />
da avseben mis Sinaarss. funqciaTa erToblioba zRapris<br />
xerxemalia, sadac TiToeul `malas~ Tavisi kuTvnili da<br />
Seucvleli adgili uWiravs.<br />
vl. propma daadgina funqciaTa sasruli raodenoba,<br />
magram es imas rodi niSnavs, rom yvela zRaparSi funqcia-<br />
Ta maqsimaluri raodenobaa gamoyenebuli (realizebuli).<br />
albaT, iSviaTia zRapari, sadac 31-ve funqcia iyos warmodgenili<br />
an iseTi, romelic erTaderTi funqciis Semcveli<br />
iqneboda. erTsvliani zRapari ar arsebobs, radgan narativi<br />
oriode svlaze ver aigeba.<br />
zRapris mravalferovnebas da sirTules funqciaTa<br />
jaWvi qmnis. funqciebi ganawilebulia personaJTa Soris,
anu personaJebi funqciis matarebelni arian (ufunqcio<br />
personaJi zRaparSi ar moiZebneba). personaJebi unda gamovarCioT<br />
ara maTi vinaobis, aramed maTi Sesrulebuli an<br />
maTze dakisrebuli amocanis (funqciis) mixedviT.<br />
amrigad, zRapris personaJis vinaobas mxolod funqcia<br />
gansazRvravs anu misi ara warmomavloba, aramed raoba. iseve<br />
rogorc funqciebis, maTi Semsruleblebis raodenobac<br />
zRvardebulia. personaJTa raoba, vl. propis Tanaxmad<br />
[propi 1984:120-133], ar aris Svidze meti. es maqsimaluri<br />
ricxvia, romelic SeiZleba ar iyos da arc aris realizebuli<br />
yvela zRaparSi. magram es optimaluri ricxvia – merve<br />
personaJi ar ipoveba. zRaparSi yvela svla am Svid personaJs<br />
Soris aris ganawilebuli. eseni arian:<br />
1. mTavari gmiri – personaJi, romelzec dakisrebulia<br />
da romelic asrulebs mTavar amocanas zRaparSi, rasac SeiZleba<br />
zRapris misia vuwodoT. is gadis saxlidan da brundeba<br />
saxlSi, am gasvla-dabrunebas Soris asrulebs kidev<br />
sxva funqciebs, magram maszea dasawyisi da dasasruli, is<br />
aris misi ani da hae. yvela danarCeni personaJi Tav-Tavisi<br />
funqciiT mxolod da mxolod misTvis arsebobs, misTvis<br />
gamoCndeba zRapris asparezze. mTavari gmiri uqonlobas,<br />
raimes naklulobas gahyavs saxlidan.<br />
2. gamstumrebeli. misi moqmedebis wre SezRudulia.<br />
mas, rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, erTaderTxel uxdeba am<br />
funqciis Sesruleba. sxva dros, garda zRapris dasawyisisa,<br />
igi am funqcias ver Seasrulebas, radgan gmiri erTxel<br />
gadis saxlidan. gamstumrebeli ZiriTadad aris mama, radgan mamis<br />
garda, Tu is cocxalia, aravis SeuZlia bavSvis gaSveba.<br />
3. mavne (antagonisti). igi zRaparSi gamoCndeba erTaderTi<br />
funqciiT – vneba miayenos mTavar gmirs, daabrkolos<br />
igi, xeli SeuSalos misiis SesrulebaSi. igi Tavs iCens,<br />
rogorc ki gmiri daadgeba Tavis gzas, anu misi adgili saxlis<br />
zRurbls iqiT aris.<br />
4. Semwe. igi mavnis antipodia. igi gmiris nacvlad asrulebs<br />
Znel amocanas, romelzec damyarebulia misi saboloo<br />
warmateba.<br />
5. mCuqebeli amaragebs gmirs raime sagniT, romlis sa-<br />
SualebiTac gmiri gadalaxavs winaaRmdegobas, raTa Tavi<br />
daaRwios mavnis crugmiris mier dagebul maxes.<br />
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6. crugmiri. misi mTavari funqciaa mTavari gmiris monapovris<br />
miTviseba, sabolood, misi pirovnebis uzurpacia.<br />
mTavari gmiris saxiT movlenili, is gamarTavs cruqorwils<br />
da, sabolood, dabrunebuli mTavari gmiris mier mxilebuli,<br />
mamis xeliT iqneba gankiTxuli da dasjili.<br />
7. mefis asuli an misi mama. maTi moqmedebis wrea: asuli<br />
an misi mama, mefe, Znel davalebas aZlevs mTavar gmirs; asulis<br />
funqciaa, iyos Zebnili da mopovebuli mTavari gmiris<br />
xeliT, da masze daqorwinebuli.<br />
es aris personaJTa maqsimaluri raodenoba. ar arsebobs<br />
zRapari, sadac Svidze meti funqcionaluri personaJi<br />
monawileobdes. magram ar aris savaldebulo, rom zRaparSi<br />
Svidive personaJi iyos warmodgenili, radgan mTavaria<br />
ara Tavad personaJi, aramed funqcia, romelsac is<br />
asrulebs. Semweobisa da Cuqebis funqcia SeiZleba erTma<br />
personaJma SeiTavsos – iyos mCuqebel-Semwe. aseT Sem-<br />
TxvevebSi zRapars akldeba personaJi, magram funqciaTa<br />
raodenoba igive rCeba (paraleli: Teatraluri warmodgena<br />
icnobs erT speqtaklSi ori rolis Semsrulebel erT<br />
msaxiobs).<br />
sabolood, vl. propi zRapris amgvar uzogades ganmartebas<br />
gvTavazobs: `morfologiurad jadosnuri zRapari<br />
SeiZleba ewodos yovelgvar ganviTarebas, romelic vnebiT<br />
an uqonlobiT iwyeba da, saSualedo funqciebis gavliT,<br />
mTavrdeba qorwinebiT anda sxva funqciiT, romelic<br />
kvanZis gaxsnisaTvis gamoiyeneba~.<br />
swored am saSualedo funqciebiT, maTi Tanamimdevruli<br />
msvlelobiT aris avsebuli zRapris Sinaarsi da es aris<br />
zRapris samyaro. gavecnoT, ra xasiaTisaa es samyaro, ra<br />
adgili uWiravs mas realobaSi. amis garkvevisTvis gasaRebad<br />
gamogvadgeba propiseuli morfologiuri analizis<br />
Sedegebi, magram es ar iqneba sakmarisi. erTia morfologia,<br />
meorea am morfologiis, am mwyobri struqturis ukan<br />
dafaruli sinamdvile. Cveni mizania im faruli sinamdvilis<br />
gacxadeba, romelic zRapris gulisguls unda Seadgendes.<br />
zRapris samyaros amocnobasTan erTad unda amovicnoT<br />
zRapris mTavari gmiris raoba, rac mis konkretul,<br />
zRapridan zRapramde cvalebad gamoxatulebaTa ukan imaleba.<br />
an ras niSnavs zRaparSi `Sin~ da `gareT~?
marTalia, mTavari gmiris mizani Sin dabrunebaa mopovebul<br />
saganTan erTad, riTac sruldeba, xSir SemTxveva-<br />
Si, mamis davaleba, magram zRapris mTavari Sinaarsi (ara mizani)<br />
gareT yofnaa anu Sin yofnis antiTezisi. yvelaferi,<br />
rac ki zRapris samyaroSi xdeba, mowodebulia imisaTvis,<br />
rom Sin yofna erTi safexuriT amaRldes, saboloo gansruleba<br />
povos. magram rac xdeba, yvelaferi gareT xdeba. da<br />
Tu araferi xdeba, droc ar miedineba. garesamyaro ki<br />
mTlianad drouli ganzomilebisaa, mTlianad dro-Jamis<br />
morCilebaSia. es is adgilia, sadac mimdinareobs gmiris,<br />
SesaZloa, biologiuri zrdisa da sulier-inteleqtualuri<br />
aRzrdis procesi, romelic mTavrdeba saxlis zRurblTan,<br />
anu gmiri savsebiT da absoluturad momwifebuli<br />
ubrundeba Tavis Sinas da Tavisi dabrunebiT gardaqmnis<br />
mas.<br />
mTavari gmiri – yaribi anu Raribi (rusTvelis `igi ucxo<br />
da Raribi~), upovari, gamoucdeli. ucxo samyaroSi, sadac<br />
mas mravali, yovel xis Ziras Casafrebuli xifaTi emuqreba,<br />
dabrkolebebiT aris avsebuli misi gza. misi gasvlisTanave,<br />
Sinas zRurbls miRma Tavs iCens mavne, antagonisti,<br />
romelic swored imisTvis gamoCndeba, rom daabrkolos,<br />
ukan daxios miznisaken winmimavali gmiri. magram sadac mavnea,<br />
iq aris Semwec da mCuqebelic, romelTa gareSe zRapris<br />
gmirs gardauvali daRupva elis.<br />
gareT xdeba unarebis manifestacia, Tandayolil TvisebaTa<br />
gamomzeureba, ZalTa aqtivizacia, rasac Sin ver moaxerxebda,<br />
amis saWiroebac ar gaCndeboda. gansacdeli, gamocda,<br />
cda elis mas saxlis zRurbls iqiT, gzaze, ara saxlSi...<br />
vin aris zRapris gmiri?<br />
is yaribia, mgzavria, Tavis qveyanas moSorebuli, da es<br />
iwvevs misdami TanagrZnobas. mas sWirdeba gzis maswavlebeli,<br />
Semwe da mCuqebeli da isinic ar daayovneben...<br />
is idumalis maZiebelia; is dgas gzajvaredinze da ir-<br />
Cevs im gzas, romelic ukan ardabrunebas iuwyeba. magram<br />
swored am gzas mihyavs igi miznamde, sxva gzebi fuWia, misi<br />
ori Zma rom daadgeba. es `sikvdilis gza~ `sicocxlis gza~<br />
aRmoCndeba. am gzaze aRmoaCens is im idumals, romlis sa-<br />
Zieblad gamovida saxlidan. is auqmebs warweras gzajvaredinze.<br />
87
88<br />
is ndobiTa da rwmeniT aris savse da es amarjvebinebs<br />
mas. is rwmeniTa da ndobiT iRebs jadosnur nivTs da ar gamocdis<br />
mas, vidre gasaWirSi ar Cavardeba. es aris rwmena<br />
codnamde.<br />
is arafers moelis gaweuli samsaxurisTvis, is xelgaSlilia<br />
da gascems ukanasknels, Zvirad mopovebulsac, romelic,<br />
SesaZloa, misi xetialis mizans Seadgens, gascems<br />
ara imis gamo, rom aswilad migebis molodini aqvs. sixarbe<br />
da angariSianoba Sors aris misgan da Tu vinme amarTlebs<br />
paradoqsul devizs `rasaca gascem, Senia~, zRapris gmiri<br />
amarTlebs.<br />
Tu vikiTxavT, riT imarjvebs zRapris gmiri, pasuxi ase-<br />
Ti iqneba: is imarjvebs im usazRvro sikeTiT, TvinierebiT,<br />
morCilebiT, udrtvinvelobiT, yvela am arapraqtikuli<br />
Tandayolili TvisebiT, romlebic saxlidan gamohyva mas.<br />
maTi ZaliT misken mimarTuli yoveli boroteba sasikeTod<br />
Semoubrundeba.<br />
da, sabolood, zRapris gmiri axorcielebs soflis<br />
Zlevas, acxadebs am Zlevis saidumlos.<br />
zRapris samyaros bunebis gasarkvevad unda gairkves<br />
zRapris droisa da sivrcis xasiaTi.<br />
zRapris mSrali, sqematuri dasawyisi: `erTxel erT qveyanaSi<br />
iyo erTi xelmwife~, gvimxels mis xasiaTs.<br />
ra qveyanaa es qveyana? arc saqarTvelo, arc ruseTi,<br />
arc romelime konkretuli qveyana. mas ara aqvs konkretuli<br />
eTnikuri saxe. yovlad warmoudgenelia zRapris ambavi<br />
xdebodex sadme konkretul adgilas da konkretul dro-<br />
Si, sadac odesme mainc SeiZleba zRapris msmeneli moxvedriliyo<br />
an momavalSi moxvdes. misken misasvleli gzebi<br />
moWrilia. zRapari am mxriv udroo da uadgilo adgilia<br />
(atopos, atopia). Tu zRapris dasawyisSi qveynis miTiTeba<br />
da dro-Jamis daTariReba gvxvdeba, igi zRapruli cnobierebis<br />
Sesustebis, zRapris Janris gadagvarebis mizeziT<br />
unda avxsnaT.<br />
am ganusazRvrelobiT zRapari gansxvavdeba miTosisgan,<br />
legendisgan an Tqmulebisgan, romelTa moqmedebis asparezi<br />
toponimizebulia, dro – gansazRvruli. is Cveni<br />
droa, Tundac uxsovari iyos. SeiZleba moinaxos miTosis<br />
(legendis, Tqmulebis) moqmedebis adgili, SeiZleba gax-
senebul iqnes moqmedebis dro. warsulSi momxdari ambavi<br />
kvals tovebs miwaze tbis an borcvis, nangrevis, xevisa,<br />
kldisa Tu gamoqvabulis, an, Tundac, gaqvavebuli Tu qvadqceuli<br />
gveleSapis saxiT, zRaprisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac<br />
xilul sinamdvileSi ara aqvs tvifari. Tqmulebis<br />
dros gavixsenebT, ramdenadac is warsulia, magram zRapris<br />
dros ver gavixsenebT, ramdenadac is msmenelis drois<br />
paraleluria da arasodes gadakveTs mas. zRaparSi gamavali<br />
dro da mTxrobel-msmenelis dro gansxvavebul<br />
ganzomilebaSi arseboben, isini acdenili arian erTmaneTs,<br />
ar ebmian, ar agrZeleben erTmaneTs. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,<br />
isini paralelurad miedinebian da ar kveTen erTmaneTs.<br />
zRapris dro ar aris warsuli dro realuri drois mimarT.<br />
is hermetuli, Caketili droa, mas aqvs dasawyisi, romelic<br />
udroobidan modis da dasasruli, romelic maradiulob-<br />
Si gadadis. `dResac bednierad cxovroben~, an `dResac<br />
qorwili grZeldeba~ – mianiSnebs am maradiulobaze. zRapris<br />
am gangrZobil qorwilSi rac xdeba, is aRwera-gadmocemas<br />
ar eqvemdebareba. wuTisoflis sityvebi, romelTac<br />
mTxrobeli am momentamde (qorwilamde) iyenebda, aq aRar<br />
gamodgeba.<br />
zRapris dasasruls, roca mTxrobeli Tavisi personiT<br />
alaparakdeba, TiTqos xdeba garRveva zRapris hermetul<br />
droSi, TiTqos paraleluri mdinarebebi ori droisa –<br />
zRaprisa da misi mTxrobel-msmenelisa erTvian erTmaneTs,<br />
roca mTxrobeli ambobs, mec iq viyavi, iqidan movdivaro.<br />
magram aravis sjera, rom zRapris mTxrobeli Tvissave<br />
monaTxrobSi, zRaparSi, gamonagonSi imyofeboda.<br />
mTxroblis bolo replika kidev ufro warmoaCens zRapris<br />
gansxvavebul droJamul-sivrcul samyaros.<br />
arsad sxva TxrobiT teqstSi ise mZafrad ar igrZnoba<br />
drois ganmavloba, rogorc zRaparSi. zRapris gmiri Tavisi<br />
Tavis realizacias droSi axdens, mas dro sWirdeba,<br />
rogorc aravis. rogorc ityvian, dro mis sasargeblod mu-<br />
Saobs, is endoba dros. zRaparSi droc personaJia, romelic<br />
badebs zrunvas da am zrunviT ivseba mTavari gmiri.<br />
`yofierebis drod qceva ganpirobebulia zrunviT~ (m. haidegeri).<br />
da, rogorc ki amoiwureba sazrunavi, droc amowurulia.<br />
es aris drois dasasruli, romelic zRaparma<br />
89
90<br />
gvamcno. amazea naTqvami: `dro aRar iqneba~ (gamocxadeba,<br />
10: 6).<br />
droisa da sivrcis erTianobas zRapris samyaroSi mxars<br />
ubams misi mTavari gmiri: rogorc dro da sivrcea ganusazRvreli<br />
da usaxelo, aseve mTavari gmiria usaxelo. zRaparma<br />
ar icis misi sakuTari saxeli. is an ufliswulia, an<br />
glexis biWi, magram mas saxeli ara aqvs. raki zRapris qveyana<br />
arc saqarTveloa, arc ruseTi da arc sxva romelime qveyana,<br />
zRapris gmiric ar ekuTvnis romelime eTnoss, mas ara<br />
aqvs erovneba. mas ar ekiTxebian, ra rjulis xar, romeli<br />
tomisa xar? (aq unda SeiniSnos erTi paradoqsi: miuxedavad<br />
eTnikuri ganusazRvrelobisa, zRapris gmiri, rogorc<br />
saerTod Tavad zRapari, sisxlxorceulad aris dakavSirebuli<br />
im xalxis yofasTan da mentalobasTan, sadac da vis<br />
enazec moiTxroba igi. rusul Tu sxva xalxis zRaprebSi<br />
mTavari gmiri, marTalia, atarebs saxels, magram es saxeli<br />
misi ara sakuTari, aramed zogadi, gvarobiTi saxelia. rusuli<br />
zRapris yvela gmiri principulad ivanuSkaa).<br />
mainc vin aris zRapris gmiri? zemoT SevecadeT, gagverkvia<br />
misi buneba, xasiaTi, zneobrivi saxe. axla vnaxoT,<br />
ras gamoxatavs igi principulad, ra saboloo funqcia akisria<br />
mas zRaparSi?<br />
Tu miviRebT vl. propis debulebas, rom yvela zRapari<br />
Tavisi wyobiT erTi tipisaa, isic unda miviRoT, rom yvela<br />
zRapris mTavari gmiri erTia. kacobriobac erTia da zRapris<br />
gmiri am kacobriobis warmomadgenelia, ufro sworad,<br />
Tavisi pirovnebiT gamoxatavs mas. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />
rom mTavari gmiri Tavis gzaze savsebiT axdens Tavisi<br />
unarebisa da Tvisebebis manifestacias, rom is aRwevs<br />
Tavisi cxovrebis mizans, risTvisac is saxlidan gavida,<br />
rom es gza savsea gansacdelebiT da, metaforulad rom<br />
vTqvaT, igi cxovrebis gzaa, radgan Tavad cxovrebac gzaa,<br />
da rom es gza erTaderTia misTvis da sxva arc arsebobs, –<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas arc sxva sicocxle aqvs, garda<br />
imisa, rac am zRaparSi ganvlo da ganicada. SindabrunebiT<br />
man daasrula Tavisi cxovrebis gza, ris bolosac mas eloda<br />
sinTezisi, romelmac is axal JamSi da axal miwaze gadaiyvana.<br />
es qorwilis dro-Jamia, romelic maradiulad<br />
grZeldeba. am qorwils mxolod saxelwodeba akavSirebs
amwuTisoflur yofiT qorwilTan, romlis Sedegad Taobebi<br />
ibadebian. yofiTi qorwilebiT, SeuRlebebiT, amwuTisofluri<br />
ojaxebis SeqmniT SeiZleba mTavrdebodes romanebi,<br />
romelTa klasikuri nimuSia `omi da mSvidoba~, magram<br />
ara zRapari. zRapris dasasruli ar gulisxmobs amgvar<br />
qorwils da, niSandoblivia, rom arc erT keTilmosurne<br />
mTxrobels, am wuTisoflis Svils, ar gasCenia survili daesrulebina<br />
zRapris qorwili da mis Sedegad dabadebul-<br />
Ta ambis Txroba samomavlod gadaedo. ara, is ambobs, rom<br />
qorwili dResac grZeldeba, swored ise, rogorc qristianuli<br />
esqatologiis merve dRe, uxvalio da dauRamebeli<br />
dRe (wm. basili didi).<br />
amitomac, roca vlaparakobT zRapris dasasrulze, es<br />
dasasruli mxolod siuJeturi drois dasasruli ar aris,<br />
es absoluturi dasasrulia, romlis saukeTeso simbolo<br />
qorwilia.<br />
Tu yovelive zemoTqmuls gaviazrebT, e.w. jadosnuri<br />
zRapari, romelsac namdvilad ekuTvnis saxelwodebad esqatologiuri<br />
eposi, amgvarad SeiZleba ganimartos:<br />
zRapari aris myari struqturis, gamonagonze dafuZnebuli<br />
xalxuri zepiri moTxroba, romelic agebulia erT<br />
mTavar RerZze – erTi mTavari gmiris dabrkolebebiT da<br />
gansacdelebiT savse Tavgadasavalze ganusazRvrel<br />
drosa da sivrceSi, rodesac da sadac xdeba misi unarebisa<br />
da Tvisebebis TandaTanobiTi manifestacia, TviT-<br />
Secnoba da gamocda, da orientirebulia absoluturi da<br />
saboloo bednieri dasasrulisken.<br />
dabolos, rac Seexeba jadosnur-fantastikur moments<br />
zRaparSi, amaze SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom Cven mier ganxiluli tipis zRaprebSi ver davasaxelebT<br />
verc erT zRapars, romelSic ar monawileobdes fantastika,<br />
es ukanaskneli mainc ar aris is arsebiTi, romelic<br />
SeiZleboda misi Janruli bunebisa Tu sazrisis Ziri-<br />
Tadi ganmsazRvreli yofiliyo.<br />
mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom zRapris fantastikuri<br />
foni mTavari gmiris cnobierebaSi samyaros pirvelxilvisgan<br />
gamowveuli gancvifrebis gamoxatulebaa. is gaocebis<br />
anabeWdia. es aris samyaro mis pirvelxilvaSi. zRapris<br />
91
92<br />
jadosnur-fantastikuri garemo imis niSania, rom zRapris<br />
gmiri mudam inarCunebs bavSvobas, is bolomde, qorwilamde<br />
bavSvad rCeba. sxvanairad, qorwilSi, rogorc sasufevelSi,<br />
ver Seva. es aris bavSvobis sibrZne. am uSualo sibrZnis<br />
wyalobiT aris zRapari damajerebeli, sarwmuno. rogorc<br />
ki TxrobaSi saocrebani, fantastikuri Tavgadasavlebi<br />
moWarbdeba da TviTmiznad iqceva, zRapari, rogorc<br />
Janri, wyvets arsebobas, is umal cruzRapris saxes iRebs,<br />
romlisac aRaravis sjera.<br />
zRapris fantastika mainc realuri cxovrebis logikas<br />
aris daqvemdebarebuli. zRapris gmiri, rac unda fantastikis<br />
samyaroSi moZraobdes, unda gvaxsovdes, rom es<br />
samyaro mainc Cveni samyaroa da zRapris gmiric Cveniania,<br />
erT-erTi Cvengania.<br />
cxovelTa zRapari<br />
cxovelTa Sesaxeb am patara moTxrobebs SeiZleba eposi<br />
vuwodoT, Tumca isini, erTi SexedviT, igav-arakTa monaTesave<br />
Janria. igavi Tu araki, an Tundac, igav-araki, nar-<br />
Tauli Txrobaa: igi mogviTxrobs cxovelebze da maT ur-<br />
TierTobaze, msmenelma ki maTSi adamianebi da adamianTa<br />
urTierTobani unda igulisxmon. igavis mgeli, melia an<br />
daTvi ar aris mgeli, melia Tu daTvi, aramed ama da am xasiaTis,<br />
niris, unaris, Tvisebebis, qcevis adamiania. anu, sxvagvarad,<br />
es cxovelebi, romlebic gadadian igavidan igavSi,<br />
adamianebs ganasaxiereben. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es cxovelebi<br />
msaxiobebi arian da garkveuli tipis adamianTa rolebs<br />
asruleben. es cxovelebi, romlebic bunebiT utyvni<br />
arian, TiTqos scenidan amxelen kacTa modgmis mankier mxareebs,<br />
da es xdeba swored im ZaliT, rom Tavad maT bunebiT<br />
ar axasiaTebT gakicxuli mankierebani da amitomac moraluri<br />
pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufalni arian. es garemoeba<br />
amZafrebs da efeqturs xdis mxilebas.<br />
magram xalxuri eposi cxovelTa Sesaxeb anu cxovelTa<br />
eposi, ar aris mxilebiTi. es siuJetebi mxolod mogvianebiT<br />
iqna gamoyenebuli moralisa da Wkuis saswavleblad.<br />
maTSi Cadebul sibrZnes pragmatuli daniSnuleba mieca,
ac warmoSobidanve maT ar gaaCndaT. ra iyo maTi sazrisi,<br />
ras gamoxataven es lakoniuri maxvilgonieri siuJetebi<br />
moulodneli komikuri Tu tragikomikuli dasasruliT?<br />
risTvis Seiqmna isini? aris gavrcelebuli azri, TiTqos<br />
cxovelTa `zRaprebi~, rogorc maT arasworad uwodeben,<br />
Seiqmna im mizniT, rom daefiqsirebinaT sxvadasxva juris<br />
cxovelTa xasiaTebi, Tvisebebi da am saxiT Senaxuliyo<br />
codna maT Sesaxeb, raTa ase gadacemoda Taobidan Taobas.<br />
gonebamaxviluria am Janris amgvari warmoSoba: isini, am<br />
mxriv, TiTqos emsgavsebian andazebs, romlebic aseve Sem-<br />
Widroebulad inaxaven codnas yofierebis sxvadasxva sferodan,<br />
lakoniur frazaSi wnexen mravalgzisi gamocdilebis<br />
Sedegebs, raTa Taobidan Taobas gadaeces. Tu es ase iyo,<br />
cxovelTa eposs unda daerqvas cocxali bunebis (personaJebad<br />
mcenareebic SeiZleba Segvxvdes) pirvelyofili<br />
saxelmZRvanelo, erTgvari bunebis kari, romlis saSualebiTac<br />
axali Taoba winaswar, gamocdilebamde, eziareboda<br />
cxovelTa urTierTobebs, maTi xasiaTis saidumloebebs.<br />
magram ase iyo? es daniSnuleba hqonda maT? saeWvoa. amis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod laparakobs is arsebiTi garemoeba, rom<br />
cxovelTa eposis cxovelebi Zalze daSorebulni arian bunebaSi<br />
realurad arsebul cxovelebs. mgeli da daTvi sulac<br />
ar arian iseTi briyvebi, rogorc eposSi arian gamoyvanilni.<br />
mglisa Tu daTvis Sesaxeb amgvari `codniT~ aR-<br />
Wurvili monadirisa Tu vinme glexis nabijebi tyeSi marcxiani<br />
iqneba. am ukanasknel as wels ganviTarebuli naturalisturi<br />
mecniereba da praqtika ar adasturebs `zRaprul~<br />
da realur cxovelTa Sesatyvisobas. aSkaraa, rom<br />
`zRapruli~ cxovelebi gamonagonis sferos ekuTvnian,<br />
fantaziis nayofni arian. magram Tu rogor inarCuneben isini<br />
cxovelmyofelobas, avTenturobas, namdvilobas – swored<br />
es aris yoveli gamonagonis, rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis,<br />
saidumlo da mis axsnas Cven aq ar SevudgebiT.<br />
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad cxovelTa igavi<br />
miTologiuri warmoSobisaa, anu TiToeuli siuJeti inaxavda<br />
informacias raime sagnisa Tu movlenis (Tu mTlianad<br />
samyarosas ara) warmoSobis Sesaxeb. sxvagvarad: igavi<br />
TiTqos gardaqmnili, desakralizebuli miTosia. SeiZleba<br />
warmovidginoT sazogadoeba, sadac marTlac cxovel-<br />
93
94<br />
Ta igavebi miTosis rols asruleben – cxovelebs Tavian-<br />
Ti qmedebebiT, Tundac cbierebiT da eSmakobiT, gaiZverobiT,<br />
muxTlobiT SemoaqvT realobaSi raRac siaxle, adamianebisTvis<br />
pouloben gadarCenis saxsars. isini – mela iqneba,<br />
yvavi Tu yorani – adamianTa sazogadoebis winaprebad<br />
iTvlebian, romelTac adamianebs gaumzades pirobebi<br />
adamianuri cxovrebisTvis, Tavad ki ganudgnen adamianebs<br />
da cxoveluri saxe da yofa arCies. amgvar igavebs Tu mkacrad<br />
miTologiuri ara, SeiZleba etiologiuri vuwodoT.<br />
aseTebia qarTul folklorSi gavrcelebuli, aw sabavSvo<br />
repertuaris kuTvnili siuJetebi, rogoric aris, `ratom<br />
aqvs ofofs savarcxliani qoCori~ da sxva misi analogiuri.<br />
miTologiuri warmoSobis momxreTa azriT, cxovelTa eposis<br />
bavSvTa auditoriaSi gadasvla-gadanacvleba misi degradaciis<br />
niSania, maT am wreSi gamrTobi funqcia aqvT Se-<br />
Zenili. magram ismis kiTxva – rodis moxda es gadanacvleba?<br />
Tu miTosuri igavebis sekularul igavebad gardaqmna<br />
sinamdviles Seesabameba, es gardaqmna unda viguloT ara<br />
romelime erovnul (vTqvaT, qarTul) foklorul sinamdvileSi,<br />
aramed ufro adre, vidre isini am <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />
fondSi SemoaRwevdnen, radgan eWvi ar aris, rom cxovel-<br />
Ta igavebis fonds (jadosnur zRaparTa analogiurad) saerTo<br />
warmoSoba aqvs. sxva sakiTxia, SesaZloa, gadauWrelic,<br />
Tu sad, romel xalxSi, romel sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibda<br />
misi tipebi dRevandeli saxiT, magram isini, erTmaneTis<br />
met-naklebad identurni, yovel xalxSi damoukideblad<br />
rom ar aRmocenebulan, aSkaraa. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs<br />
evraziis sivrceSi gavrcelebuli igavebi, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad<br />
igiveobrivni arian – warmoadgenen saerTo<br />
fonds, rac maTi klasifikaciis da katalogizaciis SesaZleblobas<br />
iZleva. arsebobs saerTo fondi, romlis sisavsidan<br />
TiToeuli tradicia qmnis Tavis marags, cxadia, qmnis<br />
sakuTarsac. ase, magaliTad, cxovelTa saerTaSoriso igavuri<br />
fondidan saqarTveloSi dadasturebulia 130-mde fabula,<br />
aqedan naxevari originaluria, romelic ar gvxvdeba<br />
msoflio folklorSi [qurdovaniZe 2001:183]. dasaSvebia<br />
qarTul igavebSi miTologiur-triqsteruli (oinbazuri)<br />
kvalis Zieba, magram es ukve calke, kerZod, istoriuli<br />
kvlevis problemaa. Cveni amocana araa igavTa genezisis
dadgena, Cven miznad visaxavT, gavarkvioT, Tu ras warmoadgens<br />
dRes igavTa es fondi Tavis mTlianobaSi im saxiT,<br />
ra saxiTac Cvenamde moaRwia. ra aris cxovelTa eposis sazrisi,<br />
ras eubneba msmenels, ra sibrZnes inaxavs igi Tavisi<br />
fabulis meSveobiT.<br />
SeniSvna. katalogis mixedviT, SegviZlia met-naklebad sruli<br />
warmodgena viqonioT cxovelTa eposis arsebuli sakuTriv <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
siuJetebis Sesaxeb [qurdovaniZe: 2000; ColoyaSvili: 2002].<br />
pirvel yovlisa, ganvmartoT, ras vgulisxmobT, roca<br />
cxovelTa igavebs eposs vuwodebT. miCveuli varT, rom<br />
eposi didi tiloa, farTo asparezia, rogorc sivrcul, ise<br />
droJamuli ganzomilebiT. eposis gmirs (gmirebs) mravalzRurbliani<br />
Tavgadasavali aqvT. eposi moicavs gmiris<br />
cxovrebis ara mxolod erT an ramdenime epizods, aramed<br />
xSirad mTel cxovrebas dabadebidan aRsasrulamde (apo-<br />
Teozamde). cxovelTa igavs ki, calke aRebuls, arc xangrZlivoba<br />
aqvs da arc sakmarisi sivrce. ra gvaZlevs imis<br />
safuZvels, rom cxovelTa novelistur igavebs eposi vuwodoT?<br />
Tumca cxovelTa erTi romelime igavi persona-<br />
Jis, vTqvaT, meliis, romelime oinbazobas gadmogvcems Tavisi<br />
dasawyisiT da dasasruliT, anu TviTkmaria, dasrulebulia,<br />
mainc es TviTkmari siuJeti erTi mTelis nawilad<br />
unda gaviazroT. nawilebs mTlianobaSi aqceven persona-<br />
Jebi, romlebic igavidan igavSi, siuJetidan siuJetSi gadadian.<br />
Tu erTgan kvdebian, meoreSi cocxldebian, inar-<br />
Cuneben ra igiveobas Tavis TavTan. melia yvelgan meliaa,<br />
is yvela igavSi meliobs, arsad kargavs meliobas, mgeli ar<br />
moiSlis mglobas, rac mis maradiul briyvobasa da sixarbeSi,<br />
aseve marad mSivrobaSi mdgomareobs. isini ar SeiZleba<br />
aseTebi ar iyvnen, arasodes Seicvlian nirs da qcevas,<br />
rom sxva saxiT gveCvenon. Cven TiToeul maTgans yvelgan<br />
gamovicnobT rogorc Zvel nacnobs, romelic mravalgzis<br />
Segvxvedria. niSandoblivia, rom mela Tu mgeli, Ti-<br />
Toeuli cxoveli individia da, amave dros, Tavisi gvaris<br />
warmomadgeneli. amitomac mis gverdiT sxva mela da sxva<br />
mgeli ar Cans. mela, mgeli da sxvani igavTa erTobliobis<br />
personaJTa sakuTari saxelebia. am mxriv, es samyaro dasazRvrulia,<br />
erTxel da samudamod determinirebuli.<br />
95
96<br />
TiTqos es ar aris Tavisuflebis samyaro, magram mis farglebSi,<br />
misgan gamousvlelad, misi binadarni axerxeben Tavisufalni<br />
iyvnen Tavis qmedebebSi.<br />
es aris erTiani epikuri samyaro, sadac cxovroben, mimodian,<br />
moqmedeben, erTmaneTs xvdebian es arsebebi. es ma-<br />
Ti samyaroa, maTTvis nacnobia iq cxovrebis wesebi da es<br />
aravis ukvirs. Cvenc viRebT am wesebs, rogorc aseTs, rogorc<br />
TavisTavad cxads. es sastiki, urTierTSeuTavseblobis,<br />
principulad antagonisturi samyaroa. ra Sors<br />
dgas igi im samyarosgan, sadac saxlidan gamosuli jadosnuri<br />
zRapris gmiri Sedis, sadac mas uxdeba mogzauroba,<br />
Tavisi raobis gamovlena (manifestacia). marTalia, iq aris<br />
antagonisti, mavne, aris crugmiri (yvelaze saSiSi antagonistTa<br />
Soris), magram iq arian Semwenic da mCuqebelnic,<br />
romelTa wyalobiT yoveli xifaTi daZleulia. amis sapirispirod,<br />
cxovelTa eposis samyaroSi ar arseboben Semweni,<br />
xifaTSi Cacvenili misi mkvidrni sakuTar Tavs arian<br />
mindobilni... es sicruis, gautanlobis, urTierTmoRorebis,<br />
muxanaTobis samyaroa. yvelani erTmaneTs atyueben an<br />
cdiloben motyuebas. es aris maTi cxovrebis wesi. magram<br />
moRorebac aris da moRorebac. amiT ar kmayofildeba udidesi,<br />
daucxromeli oinbazi mela. moRoreba Tavdeba sisastikiT.<br />
mgeli ara mxolod moRorebulia, aramed tyavic<br />
aqvs gamZvrali. udanaSaulo, Tundac xarb mgels, tyavs aZroben<br />
arafrisTvis, mxolod imisTvis, rom Tavidan moiSoron,<br />
gzidan Camoicilon? aris raime sazrisi am muxanaTobaSi,<br />
romelic aseTi sisastikiT gvirgvindeba? adamians mainc<br />
– amaze unda iyos gaTvlili igavi – ecineba, TiTqos<br />
bolomde arc ki sjera, rom aseTi sisastike namdvilad xdeba.<br />
es sisastike rom ara cxovelTa igavSi, aramed adamian-<br />
Ta Sesaxeb moTxrobaSi gamoCeniliyo – anu adamianisTvis<br />
gaeZroT tyavi angarebiT Tu, miT uaresi, uangarod – es<br />
autaneli iqneboda, komizmisTvis, romelic axlavs cxovelTa<br />
igavs, adgili namdvilad ar darCeboda. amitomac<br />
unda vifiqroT, rom cxovelTa eposis cxovelebi cxovelebi<br />
arian da maT ukan adamianebi ar igulisxmebian. sisastike<br />
ganelebulia cxovelTa upasuxismgeblo samyaroSi<br />
gadataniT. aravis gauCndeba survili, moraluri kuTxiT<br />
Seafasos meliis jer muxanaToba da mere sisastike, boro-
ti xumroba, rac adamianTa SemTxvevaSi bunebrivi iqneboda.<br />
es samyaro aseTia – ara amoraluri, aramed imoraluri,<br />
ris mimarTac moraluri kategoriebis miyeneba uadgilo<br />
iqneboda. Tu raime SemorCa miTologiuri (Tuki gauvlia<br />
mas aseTi periodi) cxovelTa eposs, es unda iyos swored<br />
misi sruli emansipacia, gaTavisufleba moralisgan. morali<br />
arc masSia da arc daskvnaSi, riTac Cveulebriv mTavrdeba<br />
ezopes igavebi. imoralizmi aris misi zneobrivi kredo.<br />
SesaZloa, visaubroT mxolod damTxvevaze miTologiur<br />
imoralizmTan da cxovelTa eposis aseve principuli<br />
imoralizmi mis damoukidebel niSan-Tvisebad da maxasiaTeblad<br />
miviCnioT, riTac is fundamenturad gansxvavdeba<br />
jadosnuri zRaprisgan. is saqcieli, romelic ar moekiTxeba<br />
melas, udanaSaulo mgeli rom Caagdo WaSi an gaatyava,<br />
uTuod moekiTxeboda jadosnuri zRapris gmiris<br />
antagonists, is pasuxs agebs Tavis qmedebaze. zRapris samyarosgan<br />
gansxvavebiT cxovelTa eposis samyaro upasuxismgeblo<br />
samyaroa. viciT, ras gvimxels jadosnuri zRapari<br />
Tavisi SinaarsiT da esqatologiuri finaliT. igi gvixatavs<br />
samyaros, sadac mavne-antagonistebTan erTad Tanaarseboben<br />
keTili nebis arsebani – yofierebis romel safexursac<br />
ar unda ekuTvnodnen isini. ras gvimxels cxovelTa<br />
eposi, TiToeuli misi epizodi? zRapris sapirispirod<br />
Tanaarsebobis, Tanacxovrebis (simbiozis) SeuZleblobas,<br />
arsebaTa urTierTSeuTavseblobas. totaluri<br />
sicrue, muxanaToba, Ralati, sisastike am SeuTavseblobis<br />
gamoxatulebaa. am samyaroSi megobrobis yoveli mcdeloba<br />
kraxiT mTavrdeba. komikur-ironiulia ukuRmarTi dasasrulis<br />
fonze cxovelTa igavis dasawyisi: erTxel mela<br />
da mgeli daZmobildnen. vgrZnobT, rom es Zmoba Txel safarvelad<br />
aqvs gadafarebuli maT urTierTobas. is ganwirulia<br />
CaSlad am avtonomiuri, Caketili samyaros wesisamebr.<br />
cxovelebi adamianebiviT iqcevian, miznebic TiTqos<br />
adamianuri aqvT, laparakoben adamianurad, magram mainc<br />
cxovelebad rCebian. maTi es ucnauri statusi – adamianuroba<br />
cxovelobis SenarCunebasTan erTad cxovelTa eposis<br />
Janris damaxasiaTebeli niSania. cxoveli adamianis eniT<br />
laparakobs, magram es ar aris aRqmuli, rogorc saswauli,<br />
es ar ganekuTvneba saswaulTa kategorias, rogorc, maga-<br />
97
98<br />
liTad, winaswarmetyvel balaamis saxedris ametyveleba.<br />
balaamis saxedarma ena amoidga ukiduresi gaWirvebisas,<br />
moxda gardatexa, Tumca efemeruli mis bunebaSi da saxtad<br />
datova Tavisi patroni, magram cxovelTa eposis melamgels<br />
ena ar amoudgams – maT Tavidanve micemuli aqvT<br />
metyvelebis unari. SevniSnavT arsebiT gansxvavebas cxovelTa<br />
eposisa da jadosnuri zRapris cxovelebs Soris.<br />
isini ara mxolod sxvadasxva samyaros, aramed cxovelTa<br />
gansxvavebul gvarebs ekuTvnian. saerTo saxelwodebam<br />
SecdomaSi ar unda Segviyvanos. Tundac is garemoeba, rom<br />
jadosnur zRaparSi isini (mela iqneba Tu mgeli) ar arian<br />
TavisTavadni, aramed damxmareni, ris gamoc maT unda Seicvalon<br />
maTTvis Cveuli niri da qceva, cxovelTa eposis<br />
personaJi ar gamodgeba mTavari gmiris Semwed an mCuqeblad.<br />
isini mxolod sakuTari TaviT arian dakavebulni, sakuTari<br />
miznebi amoZravebT maT. sakmaod egocentrulni<br />
arian imisaTvis, rom uangarod gauwion samsaxuri xifaTSi<br />
Cavardnil adamians. oriode sityva kompoziciaze. cxovelTa<br />
igavi ar aris damorCilebuli iseT mkacr kanonebs,<br />
rogorc jadosnuri zRapari. igi ar eqvemdebareba vl. propiseul<br />
morfologiur (funqcionalur) analizs. Tu zRapris<br />
gmiris gamosvla asparezze ganpirobebulia gamstumreblis<br />
funqciiT, misi droebiTi warmateba-warumatebloba<br />
zRapris imanenturi kanonebis ZaliT damokidebulia mavneze,<br />
antagonistze, Semweze, mCuqebelze, sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
viTarebaa cxovelTa eposSi. mTavari gmiri, Tuki<br />
igavSi arsebobs aseTi, mxolod da mxolod Tavis Tavs<br />
`eyudnis~, patronad, Semwed da mCuqeblad Tavisi Tavi<br />
hyavs. ar viciT, saidan Cndeba is asparezze. ram gamoiyvana<br />
mela Tavisi sorodan, CvenTvis ucnobia. ar hyavs mas gamstumrebeli.<br />
is da misi mowinaaRmdege ukve gareT arian,<br />
gzaze. ambavic gzaSi iwyeba SexvedriT. xvdebian, rogorc<br />
wesi, sxvadasxva (mxolod sxvadasxva!) gvaris cxovelebi.<br />
Sexvedras, rogorc saSualebas, mxolod ori mizani SeiZleba<br />
hqondes: daZmobileba da Sebma (Sejibri). daZmobileba<br />
gulisxmobs sakvebis erToblivad mopovebas, erTad Wamas,<br />
saerTo trapezs. mizani TiTqos materialuria, ukiduresad<br />
yofiTi, biologiuri, magram erTad Wama-sma Tanacxovrebis,<br />
simbiozis SesaZleblobis udidesi gamocdaa, ris
Semdegac unda daiwyos sxva, maRali rangis urTierTobebi.<br />
aq ar wavalT Sors imis saCveneblad, Tu raoden didi<br />
xvedriTi wona aqvs xalxebis yofa-cxovrebaSi saerTo sufras,<br />
sadac adamianebi erTianobas eziarebian. adamianebi er-<br />
Ti modgmaa, erT gvars warmoadgenen uricxv qmnilebaTa<br />
Soris, amitomac maT surT erTianoba, miiswrafian erTmaneTisken,<br />
cdiloben daZlion babilonis godolis Semdgomi<br />
ucxooba, moZebnon ucxoSi `sxvai Cemi~ (gr. robaqiZe).<br />
cxovelTa eposSic aris survili, TiTqos Sinagani, Tandayolili<br />
ltolva erTad cxovrebisa, rasac aq sruliad<br />
kanonzomierad saerTo trapezi gamoxatavs. magram es ar<br />
xerxdeba maTi erTmaneTTan SeuTavseblobis gamo. gavixsenoT<br />
melasa da weros epizodi, romelic mainc mSvidobianad<br />
mTavrdeba, Tumca erTmaneTis maspinZlobiT gawbilebulni<br />
erTmaneTs Sordebian, raTa kvlav aRar Sexvdnen er-<br />
TmaneTs. magram ase mSvidobianad ar Sordebian erTmaneTs<br />
daZmobilebuli mela da mgeli. `Zmobil~ mgels, romelsac<br />
Tavisi wili erbo SeuWama meliam, moRoreba ar akmara, tyavi<br />
gaaZro am sityvis pirdapiri, sastiki mniSvnelobiT. es<br />
sisastike, rasac mela umiznod, SeiZleba iTqvas, uangarod<br />
sCadis, xsenebuli SeuTavseblobis kategoriuli gamoxatulebaa.<br />
ras niSnavs es siRrmiseulad? niSnavs imas, rom<br />
cxovelTa samyaro erTiani ar aris – yvela Seqmnilia `Tavisi<br />
gvaris mixedviT~, am gvarTa Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs,<br />
gadebuli xidi umal tydeba, rogorc ki fundamenturi<br />
moTxovnileba – am SemTxvevaSi Wama – wamoiwevs win? cnobilia,<br />
rom kvebis sistema xalxTa Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani,<br />
SesaZloa, gadamwyveti ganmasxvavebeli niSania. Tu<br />
es asea adamianTa sazogadoebaSi, miT ufro es iTqmis cxovelebis<br />
mimarT, romelTa erTaderTi saqmianoba biologiur<br />
moTxovnilebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. sxvadasxva<br />
gvaris cxovelTa simbiozi kraxisTvis aris ganwiruli. ma-<br />
Ti yoveli erToblivi saqmianoba aseve sruli kraxiT mTavrdeba:<br />
mamali, mela, ZaRli ver aSeneben sofels. es cxovelTa<br />
eposis Tema advilad xdeba moralizebis saSualeba,<br />
rogorc, magaliTisTvis, krilovis arakSi (Однажды лебедь,<br />
рак да щука). sxvadasxva gvaris cxovelebi samyaros (ker-<br />
Zod, tyis) saerTo harmoniaSi monawileoben, magram erTmaneTisadmi<br />
SeuTavsebelni, Seurigebelni da mtrulni ari-<br />
99
100<br />
an. amas aCvenebs cxovelTa eposi. ras unda iwvevdes es paradoqsebi<br />
CvenSi, adamianebSi? sicils Tu Cafiqrebas? melias<br />
improvizebuli oinebi, romlebic `Zmobilisadmia~ mimarTuli,<br />
TviTkmari Rirebulebis Semcvelia, ver vityviT,<br />
rom Cagvafiqrebs, Cagvaxedebs Cvens TavSi. ara, melia Tavisi<br />
TavaSvebuli, sruliad gaumarTlebeli, umizezo sisastikiT<br />
Cvens samxileblad ar aris movlenili cxovelTa<br />
eposSi. Tumca, vimeoreb, igi SeiZleba moralis wasakiTxad,<br />
Wkuis saswavleblad iqnes gamoyenebuli. Tumca es ukve<br />
sxva Janri iqneba.<br />
magram, Tu ufro Rrmad SevxedavT am SeuTavseblobas,<br />
davinaxavT, rom SeuTavsebloba zedapirulia, fenomenuria,<br />
siRrmeSi ki erTianoba Zevs – yvela qmnileba erT bunebas<br />
aris naziarebi da, Tu cxovelebi zedapirulad gansxvavdebian<br />
erTmaneTisgan, siRrmeSi isini erTni arian, rogorc<br />
erTi Semoqmedis qmnilebani. daZmobilebis, Tanacxovrebis<br />
survili cxovelTa eposSi amiT aris gamowveuli,<br />
igi Sinagani Zaxilia, bunebrivi tendenciaa. xalxuri sityviereba<br />
mainc aRiarebs cxovelTa samyaros solidarobas,<br />
romelic Zlevs zedapirul mtrobas. arafers vityviT jadosnur<br />
zRaparze, sadac es TvalsaCinoa. mTeli misi xerxemali<br />
solidarobazea agebuli – maTi qmedebis mizani mTavari<br />
gmiria. <strong>folklori</strong> icnobs teqstebs, sadac Zleulia<br />
gaucxoeba, aRdgenilia erTianoba, roca gamoCndeba saer-<br />
To mizani. erT-erTi aseTia `sabralo dedabrisasa~ [qxp VIII:<br />
713], sadac TiTqmis yvela gvaris Sinaur-gareuli cxoveli,<br />
romelic ki am leqsis Semqmneli sazogadoebisTvis aris<br />
cnobili, gaerTianebulia kacTagan (soflisgan, am sityvis<br />
orive mniSvnelobiT) gariyul-mitovebuli dedabris<br />
Sesawevad. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am cxovelebSi (aha, ma-<br />
Ti sruli sia: Tagvebi, lomebi, vefxvebi, taxebi, meliebi,<br />
weroebi, batebi, irmebi, daTvebi, mglebi, SaSvebi, gnolebi,<br />
kaWkaWebi, mtredebi, gvritebi, variebi, ixvebi, torolebi,<br />
xoxbebi, bulbulebi da, bolos, `sawyali beri qedani~)<br />
adamianebi igulisxmebian? aramc da aramc! mTeli paradoqsi,<br />
iumori, SesaZloa, komizmic swored imaSia, rom<br />
Semweni swored cxovelebi arian da ara adamianebi, romel-<br />
Tac humanisturi valdebuleba isedac unda hqonodaT am<br />
martoxela, umweo dedabris mimarT. Tumca isic unda iT-
qvas, rom am mozrdili leqsis, TiTqos eposis, sazrisSi mxileba<br />
ar Zevs, misi paTosi ar aris mamxilebeli. is, rac miuRwevelia<br />
cxovelTa eposSi, aq miRweulia. aq Txa da mgeli<br />
erTad araTu Zoven, erTad Sromoben sxvisTvis, erTi<br />
miznis qveS arian gaerTianebulni. yvela Tavisi SesaZleblobiT<br />
Seeweva dedabers. cxovelTa samyaro emsaxureba<br />
martod darCenils. dedaberi adamis rolSia, rogorc yoveli<br />
qmnilebis batoni. adamma am dedabris saxiT Tavisi Zveli<br />
dideba aRidgina, rogorc yoveli qmnilebis patronma.<br />
cxovelTa samyaro adamianis samsaxurSia Cayenebuli da<br />
poema, romelic mTlianad mamiTadis Temazea agebuli, lxiniT<br />
anu Tavisi bunebrivi dasasruliT mTavrdeba:<br />
`silamazisTvis xoxobi SuaSi Caisviano,<br />
bulbuli galobisaTvis sul Tavsa daisviano,<br />
sawyali beri qedani boloSi moigdiano.<br />
erTad smen, sWamen, lxinoben, harales dasZaxiano~.<br />
didebuli finalia, romelic principulad (arsobrivad)<br />
upirispirdeba cxovelTa eposis tragikomikur dasasruls<br />
da jadosnuri zRapris esqatologiuri dasasrulisken<br />
ixreba.<br />
literatura<br />
qurdovaniZe 2000: Óêàçàòåëü ñþæåòîâ ãðóçèíñêîé íàðîäíîé<br />
ñêàçêè. Ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèé óêàçàòåëü ïî<br />
ñèñòåìå Ààðíå-Òîìïñîíà, ñîñòàâèë ïðîô.<br />
Êóðäîâàíèäçå Ò.Ä. , «Ìåðàíè», Òá., 2000.<br />
qurdovaniZe 2001: qurdovaniZe T., <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>,<br />
Tb., 2001.<br />
umikaSvili III: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba III, `literatura<br />
da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.<br />
qxp VIII: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VIII, Tb., 1979.<br />
ColoyaSvili 2002: ColoyaSvili r., cxovelTa eposis<br />
klasifikacia da siuJeturi saZiebeli<br />
(kumulaciuri zRaprebi da zRaprebi<br />
cxovelTa Sesaxeb. `<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>~<br />
1(XVII), Tb., 2002.<br />
101
102<br />
sayofiero zRapari anu xalxuri novela<br />
tradiciulad zRapars sam jgufad yofen: jadosnur<br />
zRaprebad, cxovelTa zRaprebad da sayofiero zRaprebad.<br />
sinamdvileSi, Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, isini gansxvavebul<br />
Janrebs ekuTvnian da maTi gaerTianeba erTi saxelwodebis<br />
qveS ar unda iyos gamarTlebuli. amis gamoa, rom<br />
CamoTvlisas mxolod jadosnur zRapars Tvlian `sakuTriv~<br />
anu namdvil zRaprad, danarCenebs sxvadasxva saxeliT<br />
moixsenieben.<br />
Cven vamjobineT, jadosnuri zRaprisTvis, misi specifikuri<br />
dasasrulis gamo, `esqatologiuri zRapari~ gvewodebina,<br />
xolo cxovelTa zRaprebisTvis – cxovelTa<br />
eposi. rac Seexeba mesame tipis `zRapars~, romelsac axla<br />
ganvixilavT, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, `sayofiero<br />
zRapars~ an `novelistur zRapars~ uwodeben, Tumca maT-<br />
Tvis umjobesi iqneboda `xalxur novela~ gvewodebina, ramdenadac<br />
igi novelisturi Txrobis yvela pirobas akmayofilebs.<br />
amrigad, `xalxuri novelis~ Tu `sayofiero zRapris~<br />
(saxelwodeba namdvilad yovelTvis pirobiTia, simboluria,<br />
arasodes gamoxatavs mTlianad mis arss) saxiT<br />
Cven winaSea xalxuri narativi, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba,<br />
erTi mxriv, `sakuTriv zRaprisgan~, meore mxriv,<br />
`cxovelTa eposisgan~.<br />
cxadia, sayofiero zRapari Tu xalxuri novelac gamonagonzea<br />
dafuZnebuli, magram es gamonagoni arsebiTad<br />
gansxvavdeba rogorc cxovelTa, ise esqatologiuri<br />
zRapris gamonagonisgan. igi savsebiT realisturi gamonagonia,<br />
ramdenadac Tavis siuJetebSi arafers Seicavs<br />
iseTs, rac realur cxovrebaSi ver moxdeboda. misi personaJebi<br />
realuri adamianebi arian, sazogadoebis yvela<br />
fenis da xasiaTis warmomadgenlebi: glexebi da batonebi,<br />
mojamagireebi da damqiravebelni, Rarib-Ratakebi da SeZlebulni,<br />
marTalni da crupentelebi, sovdagrebi da boganoebi,<br />
brZenebi da sulelebi, mwyemsebi da guTnisdedebi,<br />
mRvdlebi da diakvnebi, qurdebi da avazakebi, qosatyuilebi<br />
da sxvani da sxvani. yvelani, vinc ki am narativSi monawileobs,<br />
Tumca groteskulni, magram savsebiT pragmatulni<br />
arian, magram mTavari gmiri, cota ucnauri qcevisaa, co-
ta ar iyos, briyvis STabeWdilebas tovebs, erTi sityviT,<br />
ar iqceva standartulad, rogorc Cveulebrivi adamianebi<br />
unda iqceodnen. magram sabolood swored is imarjvebs.<br />
riTi? ara fizikuri Zal-RoniT, aramed moxerxebiT. maTzea<br />
zedgamoWrili andaza: `xerxi sjobia Ronesa, Tu kaci<br />
moigonebsa~. isinic esqatologiuri zRapris gmiriviT<br />
mudmivad gzas adganan, magram maT gzajvaredinze is warwera<br />
ar aris, ukanmouqcevlobiT rom afrTxilebs mgzavrs.<br />
Tumca isini gaTelili gziT mainc ar midian, ar iqcevian<br />
ise, rogorc yvela iqceva; maT saqcielSi, azrovnebaSi<br />
TiTqos Wkua ar monawileobs, magram swored maTi es uWkuoba<br />
aRmoCndeba erTaderTi gza miznis misaRwevad. sabolood,<br />
maTi absurduli gadawyvetileba imarjvebs. Tu mojamagirea,<br />
sami wlis gasamrjelod SemoTavazebul fulsa<br />
da sam sityvas Soris sityvebs (anu Segonebebs) irCevs da<br />
Sinaganad kmayofili gaudgeba gzas Sinisken. yvelafers<br />
danarCens, rasac im fuliTac ver SeiZenda, am sityvebis meoxebiT<br />
iZens.<br />
maT xibls qmnis maTive saqcielis da fiqrebis absurduloba,<br />
rasac, rusTvelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `Wkvianni<br />
ver mixvdebian~. mas gzaze ar Sexvdeba Semwe an mCuqebeli,<br />
romelic uangarod ixsnida mas gasaWiridan. piriqiT,<br />
yoveli Semxvedri mis gacurebas cdilobs, yvelam piri Seikra<br />
mis winaaRmdeg, rom misi sakuTari xari, romelic gasayidad<br />
mihyavs, Txad CauTvalon. sabolood, ara sxva vinme,<br />
aramed isev da isev sakuTari moxerxeba aRudgens martiv<br />
WeSmaritebas, rom misi pirutyvi xari iyo da ara Txa.<br />
WeSmaritebis kriteriumad komikuri xaris kudia gamoyenebuli,<br />
romelic Txad gayiduli xarisgan SerCa.<br />
advili SesamCnevia, rom novelis gmiri ara mxolod sxva<br />
Janris personaJia, aramed sruliad gansxvavebuli tipis<br />
da formaciis adamiania. ufro sworad, zRaprisTvis am<br />
axal, yofiT adamians, romelic Zireulad gansxvavdeba<br />
zRapris gmirisgan, samoqmedo asparezad swored iseTi foni<br />
esaWiroeba, am tipis narativebSi rom aris gaSlili. es<br />
foni mkveTrad socialuria, sadac personaJebi yovelTvis<br />
raRac gamorCenas elian, konkretuli, pragmatuli, advilad<br />
misaRwevi mizani aqvT dasaxuli, gansxvavebiT esqatologiuri<br />
zRapris masStaburi miznisa, romlis miRwevaSi (an<br />
103
104<br />
CaSlaSi) mTeli zRapruli sinamdvile (anu, vityviT Cven,<br />
mTeli wuTisofeli) monawileobs.<br />
esqatologiuri zRaprisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis narativi<br />
Caketil drosa da sivrceSi xorcieldeba da, er-<br />
Tgvarad, simboluria, rogorc yvelaferi, rac masSi xdeba,<br />
novelebis dro da sivrce Cveni (anu mTxrobelisa da<br />
msmenelis) dro da sivrcea; Cven advilad warmovidgenT<br />
Tavs maSin da iq myofad, monawiled am samyaros situaciebisa,<br />
raoden ucnauri da uCveuloc ar unda iyvnen isini. am<br />
novelebSi arc erTi ararealuri sagani ar monawileobs,<br />
igi ar icnobs jadosur sagnebs (mfrinavi xaliCa, natvris-<br />
Tvali da sxvani), romelTa saSualebiTac zRapris gmiri aRwevs<br />
mizans, magram Txrobis efeqti miRweulia am savsebiT<br />
realur, advilad misawvdom da advilad mosapovebel saganTa<br />
uCveulo, xSirad absurduli gamoyenebiT. amis klasikuri<br />
magaliTia nacarqeqias xelSi is sagnebi, romelTa<br />
saSualebiTac imarjvebs igi. realisturi foni Tavisi sagnebiTurT<br />
am novelebSi hiperbolizebulia.<br />
realisturi, rogorc uwodeben literaturaSi [Rlonti<br />
1989: 16, 18, 23, 31], novelebis Tematika mravalferovania da<br />
Znelad Tu eqvemdebareba klasifikacias, Tematur dajgufebas.<br />
mainc am mravalferovani simravlidan SeiZleba gamovarCioT<br />
universaluri gavrcelebis mTeli cikli briyv<br />
adamianebze – dedakacebsa da mamakacebze.<br />
es fabliod wodebuli novelebi TiTqos amaTraxebs maT<br />
sibriyves [Rlonti: 299]. magram asea? mxileba da gamaTraxebaa<br />
maTi sazrisi?<br />
qvrivi dedakaci, romelic `saiqiodan mobrunebul kacis~<br />
xeliT Tavis gardacvlil meuRlesTan an mamasTan uamrav<br />
xorags agzavnis (cxra tomara xorbals, cxra tomara<br />
brinjs, cxra tomara fqvils, cxra fuT erbos, cxra fuT<br />
yvels da a.S. cxraobiT) gasakicxia sibriyvisTvis Tu saqebia<br />
im guluxvobisTvis, amasTanave, erTgulebisTvis, romelsac<br />
gardacvlilis mimarT iCens, an, Tundac, ndobis-<br />
Tvis ucnobi mamakacis mimarT? misi sruliad arapragmatuli,<br />
obieqturad Tu SevxedavT, saqcieli sibriyvea, magram<br />
amasTan erTad gana novela pragmatizms ar kicxavs? ra Tqma<br />
unda, es misabaZi saqcieli ar aris, magram fablios ar unda
davakisroT arc moralis swavlebis da arc magaliTis micemis<br />
amocana. misi daniSnuleba namdvilad esTeturia, rogorc<br />
cxovelTa eposSi vxedavT. melia arasodes iqneba<br />
imis magaliTi, Tu rogor ar unda moiqces adamiani. am Janris<br />
igavebSi swored amgvari melia da mgelia misaRebi da,<br />
erTgvarad, mosawoni, rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebis<br />
personaJi, rac unda uaryofiTi iyos igi.<br />
aseve iTqmis am briyv qalebze, romlebic tirian jerardabadebuli<br />
Svilis sikvdils, romelic maT warmosaxva-<br />
Si ukve Camovarda xidan, an taroze Semodebuli culi daeca<br />
Tavze da sxva da sxva. es SeiZleba mxolod sasacilo iyos<br />
da meti araferi, magram gana es cotaa, rom kidev sxva ra-<br />
Rac amocaniT davtvirToT?<br />
erTaderTi racionaluri azri, romelic amgvari fablioebidan<br />
gamomdinareobs, is aris, romelic am <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
andaziT gamoixateba – `mjobis mjobi ar daileva~, anu, Cveni<br />
parafraziT, `briyvis briyvi ar daileva~, rom adamianis<br />
sibriyves sazRvari ara aqvs da es WeSmariteba ara TavSi<br />
sacemad da vaiviSis saZaxeblad, aramed imis saCveneblad<br />
aris mowodebuli, rom `sadRac~, realobisa Tu azrovnebis<br />
romeliRac ganzomilebaSi es Cveni qveyana briyvTa qveyanaa.<br />
es azri aqvs SinaurTa (col-Svilis) sibriyviT aRSfo-<br />
Tebuli kacis ambavs, romelic sxva qveyanaSi gadaixveweba,<br />
sadac uares sibriyves gadaeyreba da Tavad aranakleb sibriyves<br />
iCens, magram mainc kulminacia colis sityvebSia<br />
moqceuli, romliTac dabrunebul qmars axarebs, yana<br />
movxani da marili davTeseo. daskvna is aris, rom dabrunebuls<br />
es sisulele ar gakvirvebia. gana SeiZleba am fablios<br />
amgvari Sefaseba: `briyvi dedakacis motivebs mTel<br />
msoflio folklorSi aqvs paralelebi. yvela maTgans er-<br />
Ti azri aqvs: xalxi sastikad dascinis briyv dedakacs,<br />
zizRiT ucqeris mis uRirs saqciels...~ [Rlonti 1989: 301].<br />
amgvari Sefasebebi `zizRi~ da `uRirsi saqcieli~ aq namdvilad<br />
uadgilo Sefasebebia. fablios namdvilad ara aqvs dasaxuli<br />
es amocana iseve, rogorc xalxuri novelebis fondSi<br />
arsebul sami tyuilis cikls [Rlonti 1989: 376-378].<br />
erTma axirebulma xelmwifem gamoacxada, vinc sam iseT<br />
tyuils metyvis, rom ar gamegos, qaliSvils mivaTxoveb, Tu<br />
105
106<br />
ara da, Tavs movWrio. oTxmocdacxramets moWra Tavi, meased<br />
wardga erTi menaxire da sami tyuili moaxsena. pirveli<br />
aseTi iyo: `guSin naxiridan rom davbrundi, dedaCems<br />
sadili ar hqonda gakeTebuli, me ki puri mSioda. Cvens baR-<br />
Si erTi gogra meguleboda. avdeqi da mis mosatanad wavedi.<br />
mivel, vnaxe, sadac meguleboda, iq aRar iyo. gavyev gogris<br />
kavs. okeanis gaRma gasuliyo da iq ido gogra. gaviare<br />
am kavze, gavedi gaRma, movglije gogra, saWamadi gavakeTe<br />
da me da dedaCemma kargi vaxSami geaxeliT~. meore tyuili<br />
es iyo: `guSin saRamos naxiridan rom movedi, dedaCems sa-<br />
Wamadi Seenelebina da marili ver eSova... gaviqeci gubar-<br />
Si, saidanac marili moaqvT... arc CaquCi mqonda, arc araferi,<br />
rom klde damengria da marili wamomeRo. xan aqeT<br />
mivartyi Tavi, xan iqiT da erTi kai mozrdili lodi movagdebine.<br />
gavide mxarze da Sinisaken gamoviqeci. SevaneleT<br />
saWamadi da im Rames kai vaxSami geaxeliT~. mesame tyuili<br />
amgvari iyo: `menaxirem xelmwifis karze uzarmazari qvevri<br />
miagora da uTxra: mamaSens mamaCemisa es erTi didi qvevri<br />
oqro marTebia da unda gadamixadoo~. am ukanasknelma<br />
tyuilma gaWra: xelmwife iZulebuli gaxda, menaxirisTvis<br />
mefis asuli mieTxovebina [Rlonti 1989: 377]. es iseTi tyuili<br />
iyo, rom xelmwifes ar SeeZlo misi gabaTileba ise, rom<br />
absurdSi ar Cavardniliyo.<br />
am tipis novelebSi tyuilis mTqmeli, cxadia, ubralo<br />
crupentela ar aris, romelic angarebiani mizniT an vinmes<br />
gasacureblad Txzavs tyuilebs da simarTled asaRebs<br />
mas. es tyuilTSemoqmedeba TavisTavad Rirebuli xelovnebis<br />
nawarmoebia, romelic moiTxovs fantaziis da iumoris<br />
Sezavebas. amave dros, am tyuilebis statusi ucnauria:<br />
Tu, Cveulebriv, tyuilis sazrisi isaa, rom Tavi simar-<br />
Tled, sinamdvileSi momxdar ambad gaasaRos, am fablioebis<br />
tyuili Tavad acxadebs Tavs rogorc tyuils absoluturi<br />
saxiT, radgan aseTia SekveTa. aq tyuili qmnis Tavis<br />
sakuTar sinamdviles, sadac yvelaferi SesaZlebelia. tyuilis<br />
damajerebloba miT ufro izrdeba, rac ufro daujerebelia<br />
monaTxrobi. es aris uangaro, dauinteresebeli<br />
tyuili, romlis mizani ara mis gareT, aramed isev da isev<br />
mis sakuTar TavSia. is arafris sxvis, Tavis gareSe arsebulis,<br />
saSualeba ar aris. is TviTmizania. baron miunhauze-
nis tyuilebisgan gasxvavebiT, fablios tyuilebi msmenelis<br />
gansacvifreblad ar iTxzveba, isini TiTqos axal sinamdviles<br />
qmnian, romelic racionaluri kanonebiT ar<br />
imarTeba da arc adamianis logikas eqvemdebareba.<br />
magram aris xalxur novelebSi personaJi, romelsac<br />
tyuilis Tqma Tavis bunebad gauxdia. es qosatyuilaa. Zneli<br />
gasarkvevia, Tu ratom daukavSirda matyuaroba qosobas<br />
(uwverulvaSobas), ramac sagangebo terminic ki Seqmna<br />
– `qosatyuila~, magram aRmosavlur samyaroSi es motivi<br />
universaluria. kerZod, yirgizul da yazaxur folklor-<br />
Si arsebobs personaJi, romelic Tavisi funqciiT da saxelwodebiT<br />
(aldar-qose) <strong>qarTuli</strong> qosatyuilas identuria.<br />
aseve, vxvdebiT mas, rogorc Zvel nacnobs, Sua aziidan<br />
esoden daSorebuli da gansxvavebuli kulturis qveyanaSi,<br />
rogoric saberZneTia. magram, cxadia, berZeni qosatyuila<br />
ar momdinareobs klasikuri elinuri samyarodan,<br />
igi gviandeli warmonaqmnia da misi aRmosavluri warmoSoba<br />
eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. Tavad am arsebis aRsaniSnavi sityva<br />
– spanos arc arsebobda ZvelberZnul enaSi. Zneli asaxsnelia,<br />
ratom daukavSirda matyuarobas bunebrivi uwveroba.<br />
SesaZloa, qosatyuilas prototipi aseve aRmosavluri<br />
warmoSobis saWurisi iyos, romlis gaurkveveli sqesi<br />
Sinagani tyuilis asociacias iwvevda. adamiani, romelic<br />
arc kacia, arc qalia, ukve sicruesa da tyuils atarebs Tavisi<br />
bunebiT da ar SeiZleba sando iyos. berZnuli spanos<br />
iseTive kolorituli personaJia [megasi: VI], rogorc qar-<br />
Tuli xalxuri novelebis qosatyuila. magram berZnuli<br />
spanos ar aris iseTi undoobisa da matyuarobis gansaxiereba,<br />
rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong> novelebis qosatyuila. erT novelaSi<br />
mama sikvdilis win Svilebs anderZad erTaderT rCevas<br />
utovebs: `yvelgan ivaWreT, yvelas endeT da qosas ki<br />
nu endobiTo~. qosas veragobas umcrosi Svili Zlevs da novelis<br />
sazrisic es aris swored, rom mxilebul iqnes qosas<br />
buneba da misi veragoba missave sawinaaRmdegod mieqces<br />
[xalxuri sibrZne II: 344]. Tumca sxva novelaSi kvlav aRdgeba<br />
igi, raTa moiqces ise, rogorc Tavisi buneba karnaxobs.<br />
qosatyuilas ar SeuZlia ar tyuodes, es aris misi bunebis<br />
gamovlineba, misi cxovrebis wesi, rogorc sulxan-saba or-<br />
107
108<br />
belianis im morielisa, romelsac, misive gulaxdili aRiarebiT,<br />
ar SeuZlia ar igeslebodes.<br />
qosatyuilas tyuils ara aqvs TavisTavadi Rirebuleba;<br />
gvizidavs ara Tavad saxe tyuilisa, aramed adamianis tipi,<br />
romelsac ar SeuZlia adamianebTan urTierToba, Tu ara<br />
tyuilis meSveobiT.<br />
arsebobs qarTul novelistur zRaprebSi personaJi,<br />
romelsac iaraRad tyuili aqvs momarjvebuli da mowinaaRmdegis<br />
gacurebiT aRwevs warmatebas. da es warmateba<br />
aris ara droebiTi, rogorc qosatyuilasi an mis msgavsTa,<br />
aramed saboloo. es personaJi nacarqeqiaa. erTi SexedviT<br />
araraoba, romelic nacris qeqvaSi atarebs wuTisofels,<br />
misda uneburad zRapruli simdidris patroni xdeba. Tumca<br />
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom devebis saxlidan wamoRebuli<br />
dovlaTiT Sindabrunebuli nacarqeqia, romlisTvisac<br />
zRaparma sxva saxeli ar gaimeta, kvlav keriasTan dajdes<br />
da nacris qeqva ganagrZos. radgan es saxeli misi mudmivi<br />
saxelia. am saxelma gamokveTa misi pirovneba. magram ara,<br />
igi arasodes miubrundeba nacris qeqvas da kvlav arasodes<br />
dasWirdeba vinmes gacureba, rogorc im mamamTavars,<br />
romelic mis mier gacurebul Zmas gaeqca da sruliad sxva,<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi, saxelSecvlil adamianad dabrunda.<br />
roca qveynis sazRvrebSi Semovida iakobi, ase Tqva: `me xom<br />
erTi joxis amaram gadavlaxe es iordane, axla ki or banakad<br />
vdgavar~ (dab. 32:10). yrma iakobma Zmas esavs gamostyua<br />
pirmSoeba, romelic providenciiT mas ekuTvnoda da mere<br />
yvelaferi, rac, SesaZloa, ar ekuTvnoda mas, didi SromiT<br />
da patiosnebiT moipova.<br />
rogor SeuZlia gamoxatos nacarqeqiam is, rac mas gadaxda<br />
Tavs?<br />
dae, dascinodnen mas im sagnebis gamo, romelic man moiTxova<br />
saxlidan gasvlisas, roca gareT agdebdnen. ra aris<br />
Wyinti yveli, ra aris sadgisi, ra aris erTi guda nacari?<br />
nivTebi, romlebic mxolod saxlSi SeiZleba gamoadges<br />
kacs. magram Cven viciT, rom es kaci, romelsac aiZuleben<br />
datovos kera, ar gamoiyenebs am sagnebs maTi pirdapiri daniSnulebisamebr.<br />
is ar SeWams yvels, sadgisiT ar gaxvrets
tyavs, nacriT ar gaxexavs qvabs. is aRmoaCens maTSi imaze<br />
mets, rasac isini asruleben yoveldRiur yofaSi, an rac<br />
maTTvis daukisrebia adamianis Wkuas. dascinian mas? magram<br />
is Tavad dascinebs maT, vinc ver ixedeba saganTa ukan,<br />
saganTa siRrmeSi, saganTa zemoT, romelTa Wkua erTganzomilebiania,<br />
amitomac yoveldRiurobas mijaWvuli...<br />
is aerTebs Tavis TavSi ori tipis adamians, romelTagan<br />
erTi Wvrets – mWvretelia, meore moqmedebs – moqmedia...<br />
erTi Sin aris, meore – gareT. sofeli maT gareSe warmoudgenelia,<br />
isini erTmaneTs avseben. erTic aucilebelia<br />
da meorec. magram unda vicodeT, rom erTis wili –<br />
mWvretelisa, romelic zis, gamorCeulia. mWvreteli, idumalis<br />
msmenelis wili qristem gamoarCia, roca uTxra be-<br />
Tanieli lazares das: `marTa! marTa! Sen bevr rameze zrunav<br />
da wuxxar, saWiro ki mxolod erTia...~ (luka, 10:41-42).<br />
sazRurblo situaciaSi absoluturi improvizaciis ZaliT<br />
man am sam saganSi iseTi Tvisebebi ganWvrita, romelTa<br />
ganWvretas aTasi wlis manZilzec ver SeZlebda erTganzomilebiani<br />
Wkviani adamiani. `mas erTsa... Wkvianni ver mixvdebian~.<br />
imis gasagebad, Tu vin aris nacarqeqia, gavarkvioT,<br />
vin aris misi antagonisti. devi ganasaxierebs absolutur<br />
sibriyves, romelic uzomo fizikur Zalas emyareba.<br />
igi Zveli formaciis gmiria, romlis oreulebs mravlad<br />
vpovebT msoflio folklorSi Tu miTologiaSi. es aris<br />
polifemi, es aris goliaTi, eseni arian winare mosaxleobis<br />
reliqtebi, romelTa fizikuri Zala anaqronizmia axal<br />
viTarebaSi. maTi mowinaaRmdegeni arian odisevsi, romelic<br />
ara mxolod polifemisgan, aramed Tavis TvistomTa<br />
Sorisac unikaluria Tavisi TvisebebiT: Tu maradWabuki<br />
aqilevsis mudmivi anu arsobrivi epiTeti aris `fexmardi~,<br />
menelaosisa – `omSi myivari~, odisevsis epiTetebi egzistencialur<br />
gamocdilebebzea agebuli (`mravalnacadi~,<br />
`mravaltanjuli~...) da Tavadac arasodes gaurbis, piriqiT,<br />
mieltvis axal-axal gamocdilebebs da gansacdelebs. devebs,<br />
polifemis saxiT, igi amarcxebs ara fizikuri ZaliT,<br />
aramed mentaluri improvizaciiT, iaraRiT, romelic man,<br />
rogorc homo faberma, daamzada. daviTi amarcxebs goliaTs<br />
ara saul mefis SemoTavazebuli aRWurvilobiT, ara-<br />
109
110<br />
med SurduliT, romelic goliaTis TvalSi ZaRlis maTraxs<br />
ufro hgavda, vidre sabrZolo iaraRs. nacarqeqias gamarjveba<br />
devebze, odisevsisa polifemze da daviTisa goliaTze<br />
mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia moulodnelobis<br />
efeqtiT – maT metoqeebs situaciis gaazrebis droc<br />
ar rCebaT, Tuki saerTod aqvT azrovnebis unari. momavali<br />
am Cia tanis adamianebisaa, romlebic saganTa arsSi ixedebian<br />
da iq moulodnel SesaZleblobebs aRmoaCenen. mis-<br />
Tvis, vinc nacarqeqia saxlidan gamoagdo, is sami sagani –<br />
yveli, nacari da sadgisi – rCeba yvelad, nacrad da sadgisad,<br />
nacarqeqia ki amieridan maTSi imaze mets xedavs, rasac<br />
isini yofiT doneze warmoadgenen. es aris nacris qeqvis<br />
Sedegi, es aris nacarqeqias unikaloba qarTul da, garkveulwilad,<br />
msoflio folklorSi.<br />
literatura<br />
Rlonti: Rlonti al. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri novelis sakiTxebi,<br />
Tsu, Tb., 1989.<br />
megasi: Megas Georgios A. Folktales of Greece, The University of<br />
Chicago Press, Chicago and London [1977].<br />
xalxuri sibrZne II: xalxuri sibrZne II, xalxuri zRaprebi,<br />
nakaduli, Tb., 1964.
zRapris universaloba<br />
msoflio zRaprebs Soris saerTo ara mxolod motivebis,<br />
aramed siuJetebis doneze sakmaod TvalsaCinoa. sakmarisia<br />
gadavikiTxoT <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRaprebis paralelurad<br />
rusuli, berZnuli Tu ruminuli zRaprebi, rom davrwmundeT<br />
amaSi. magram erovnuli wiaRi universalur siuJets Tu<br />
motivs Taviseburad amuSavebs. es qmnis TiToeuli zRapris<br />
mravalferovnebas, realizaciis amouwurav SesaZleblobebs.<br />
miuxedavad am universalobisa, romelsac zRapris siuJetebi<br />
atarebs, mainc roca saqme exeba calkeuli xalxis<br />
sityvier Semoqmedebas, pirvel rigSi, zRaprebs mivadgebiT,<br />
radgan swored zRapari Segvacnobinebs da gvagrZnobinebs<br />
ama Tu im xalxis suls da xasiaTs. siuJetis Tu motivis<br />
gardaqmnaSi monawileobs xalxis yofa, misi qveynis landSafti,<br />
istoriuli gamocdileba, zne-Cveulebebi, religiuri<br />
rwmena-warmodgenebi, ideologia – es yvelaferi<br />
daRs asvams universalurs da erovnul sakuTrebad aqcevs<br />
mas. magram universaluri im donemde ar gardaiqmneba, rom<br />
Zneli gamosacnobi gaxdes. universaluri siuJeti mainc<br />
inarCunebs yovel nacionalur wiaRSi Tavis individualobas.<br />
razom gansxvavebuli ar iyos <strong>qarTuli</strong> da rusuli xalxuri<br />
kulturebi, TvalSi sacemia am or xalxSi gavrcelebuli<br />
zRaprebis siaxlove.<br />
1910 wels finelma <strong>folklori</strong>stma anti amatus aarnem<br />
(1867-1925) Seadgina msoflio zRaprebis siuJetTa saZieblebi,<br />
romelic Semdgom ganavrco amerikelma stiT tompsonma<br />
(1964) da ukanasknel xans germanelma hans iorg<br />
uTerma (2004). dResdReobiT es saZiebeli sxvadasxva tipis<br />
zRaprebis 2400-mde siuJets moicavs. arsebobs <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
zRapris siuJetTa saZiebelic [qurdovaniZe: 2000]. igi<br />
warmogvidgens <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris mTels marags, romelic<br />
moicavs rogorc universalurs an qarTulad saxecvlils,<br />
ise originalur qarTuls, romelTac ara aqvT paraleli<br />
msoflio sazRapro fondSi.<br />
magram amasTanave unda iTqvas, rom siuJetTa universaloba<br />
pirobiTia. `saZiebelSi~ moqceuli zRaprebi mainc<br />
Semofarglulia erTi regioniT – es aris evraziis regio-<br />
111
112<br />
ni. rac ufro vSordebiT evraziuli qveynebis sazRvrebs,<br />
rom araferi vTqvaT orive amerikis da wynari okeanis xalxebze,<br />
maT miRma gavrcelebuli siuJetebi adgils ver pouloben<br />
tradiciul saZieblebSi. amasTanave `saZiebeli~<br />
ver moicavs realurad arsebuli zRaprebis mTels mravalferovnebas,<br />
im xalxTa zRaprebis siuJetebsac ki, romel-<br />
Ta klasifikaciis Sedegad gamomuSavda es sistema. maSasadame,<br />
saWiroa maTi klasifikacia axali midgomebiT da axal<br />
sawyisebze, raTa universalobis fundamenturi xasiaTi ara<br />
garegnul-zedapiruli msgavsebis, aramed siRmiseuli analogiebis<br />
safuZvelze gamovlindes.<br />
amitomac simptomaturia, rom Cinuri da Turquli zRaprebis<br />
saZiebelTa Sedgenisas uari iTqva aarnes sistemaze,<br />
romelmac ver SeZlo maTi met-naklebi sisruliT asaxva<br />
[Jirmunski: 342]. axal sistemaSi adgili unda povos vietnamis,<br />
indoneziis, okeaniis, koreis, iaponiis, Savi afrikis<br />
sazRapro siuJetebma, romlebic dRemde `ucxo sxeulad~<br />
Canan.<br />
zRapris genezisis problema Zalze rTulia, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, am etapze gadauWreli. e. w. <strong>folklori</strong>stTa Crdilourma<br />
skolam (skandinavia, fineTi) aTwleulebi Sealia<br />
am sagans, magram amaod. zRapris samSoblo kvlav dafarulia.<br />
magram arsebobda ki erTi adgili, sadac Caisaxa pirveli<br />
zRapari? zRapari Caisaxa Tu zRapris embrioni, romelic<br />
Semdeg Camoyalibda zRaprad? sad, romel qveyana-<br />
Si, romel xalxSi? an ra mizniT? ra yofiTi funqcia hqonda<br />
mas Tavdapirvelad da a. S. amocanas is arTulebs, rom zRapari,<br />
rogorc zepirsityvieri teqsti, ascda damwerlobas:<br />
iSviaTad Tu gamxdara zRapari werilobiTi kulturis kuTvnileba.<br />
Taobidan Taobas zepirad gadacemuli icvlida saxes<br />
da ikargeboda kidec. is saxe zRaprebisa, romelTac moicavs<br />
`saZiebeli~, SedarebiT gvian aris Camoyalibebuli.<br />
TiTebze CamosaTvlelia zRaprebi, romlebic damwerlobis<br />
interesis sferoSi moxvdnen. magaliTisTvis davasaxelebT<br />
asurul-babilonur (aqadur) zRapars Cven mier saxeldebuli<br />
`cxovelTa eposis~ repertuaridan – `gveli da<br />
arwivi daZmobildnen...~ [Suamd: 138] da Zvelegviptur<br />
vrcel moTxrobas ori Zmis Sesaxeb [vikentievi], romelic<br />
jadosnuri zRapris motivebs da struqturas avlens. mag-
am gagviWirdeba imis Tqma, rom samSoblo cxovelTa eposisa<br />
SuamdinareTia, jadosnuris zRaprisa ki – Zveli egvipte.<br />
XIX s-is samociani wlebidan germaneli mecnieris Teodor<br />
benfeis (1809-1881) gamokvlevebis gavleniT [kokiara:<br />
320-322], karga xans miRebuli iyo azri, rom zRaprebi da,<br />
sazogadod, xalxuri narativebi (igavebi da sxva) indoeTidan<br />
gavrcelda mTels dedamiwis zurgze. maTi wyaro ki iyo<br />
induri cxovelTa igav-arakebis kompoziciuri krebuli<br />
`panCatantra~, romelic Cv. w. III-IV saukuneebSi Seiqmna sanskritze.<br />
sxvadasxva saukuneebSi es induri literaturuli<br />
nawarmoebi sxvadasxva enebze iTargmneboda da paralelurad<br />
xalxSi vrceldeboda, iZenda ra xalxur variantebs.<br />
mere kvlav literaturul saxes iRebda, raTa kvlav <strong>folklori</strong>zacia<br />
ganecada. da ase moedo mTels axlo aRmosavleTsa<br />
da evropas. es enebia falauri (saSualo sparsuli),<br />
siriuli, arabuli, sparsuli, berZnuli, ebrauli, slavuri,<br />
Turquli, espanuri, laTinuri, franguli, italiuri,<br />
germanuli, inglisuri... aRnusxulia eqvsasamde Targmani<br />
60 enaze. TiToeulma am enam moaxdina induridan wamosuli<br />
cxovelTa igav-arakebis adaptacia. qarTul literatura-<br />
Si `panCatantra~ `qilila da damanas~ saxiT movida (XVII-XVIII<br />
ss.), romelmac, Tavis mxriv, igavTa folkloruli variantebi<br />
warmoSva. am Teorias `moxetiale siuJetebis~, orientaluri<br />
(aRmosavluri) an `sesxebis~ Teoria ewoda.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom `sesxebis~ Teoriam bevri igavarakuli<br />
siuJetis warmoSobas (pirvelwyaros) mohfina Suqi,<br />
mainc <strong>folklori</strong>stika veRar dakmayofilda `moxetiale<br />
siuJetTa~ Teoriis calmxrivi gagebiT, kerZod, maTi<br />
eqskluziurad induri warmoSobiT. zRapari ar daiyvaneba<br />
igavebze da sazRapro siuJetebi igavTa siuJetebze. dro-<br />
Ta viTarebaSi aqtualoba dakarga zRapris, rogorc Janris,<br />
samSoblos Ziebam da mTavari yuradReba mieqca mis<br />
struqturas (amaze ukve gvqonda zemoT saubari).<br />
magram ramdenadac siuJetebis sesxeba, romlis meore<br />
mxare maT `xetials~ gulisxmobs, gamowveulia xalxTa Soris<br />
kulturul-istoriuli kavSirebiT, gamaxvilda yuradReba<br />
im gzebze, romlebiTac es siuJetebi xalxidan<br />
xalxSi xetialoben. maTTvis enobrivi barieri ar arsebobs.<br />
113
114<br />
es gzebia – mcire aziidan xmelTaSua zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiros<br />
gavliT espaneTisken; saberZneTis arqipelagis<br />
gavliT siciliasa da italiaSi; mcire aziidanve bizantiisa<br />
da balkaneTis gavliT evropaSi; Turquli modgmis xalxebis<br />
gza Soreuli aRmosavleTidan cimbiris gavliT da Sua<br />
aziidan ruseTis samxreT stepebis gavliT evropis misadgomebamde<br />
(ungrelebi, bulgarelebi). mniSvnelovania im<br />
epoqebis moniSvna, roca xdeboda xalxTa didi gadasaxlebebi<br />
da laSqrobebi: kimerielebis gavla kavkasionis wiaR<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT urartumde; aleqsandre<br />
makedonelis laSqroba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken;<br />
arabi tomebis moZraoba aRmosavleTidan ukidures dasavleTamde;<br />
monRolTa urdoebis moZraoba Sida monRole-<br />
Tidan dasavleTisken; jvarosnuli laSqrobebi dasavle-<br />
Tidan aRmosavleTisken. berZnul werilobiT tradiciaSi<br />
miTologiurma gadmocemebma Taviseburad gamoxates kulturuli<br />
gacvla-gamocvlis ganuwyveteli procesi: ios<br />
finikielebi itaceben argosidan; evropes finikiidan itaceben<br />
elinebi; oqros sawmisi eladidan kolxeTSi midis: oqros<br />
sawmiss ibruneben da medeas itaceben elinebi; troeli<br />
parisi eladidan itacebs mSvenier elenes; elini tomebi<br />
ilaSqreben elenes dasabruneblad mcire aziaSi; troelTa<br />
erTi nawili eneasis winamZRolobiT daiZreba evropisken...<br />
bolos, elini tomebi gadian arqipelagidan mcire<br />
aziisa da Savi zRvis sanapiroebisken (kolonizaciis procesi).<br />
Zvel samyaroSi kulturebi arasodes yofila Caketili<br />
da izolirebuli erTmaneTis mimarT. siuJetebis `xetiali~,<br />
maTi `xiznoba~ da damkvidreba xalxidan xalxSi,<br />
kulturul RirebulebaTa sesxeba gacilebiT intensiuri<br />
iyo Zvel xalxebSi. urTierTobis yvela forma – saomari<br />
laSqrobebidan dawyebuli aReb-micemobiT (saganTa gacvla-gamocvliT)<br />
damTavrebuli – CarTuli iyo kultura-<br />
Ta urTierTgamdidrebis am istoriul procesSi. ra Tqma<br />
unda, kulturuli aReb-micemoba zRapruli siuJetebiT ar<br />
amoiwureboda. laparakia yvela xalxis zepirsityvier memkvidreobaze,<br />
romelic yovelTvis inarCunebda Riaobas<br />
ucxos mimarT. amas Cven SegviZlia vuwodoT SeZenili universaloba<br />
mas Semdeg, rac erTiani kacobrioba daiSala babilonis<br />
daumTavrebeli godlis kedlebTan. aq ukve Sev-
divarT kacobriobis arsebobis im periodSi, saidanac istoria<br />
mxolod da mxolod miTosis eniT gvelaparakeba.<br />
Cvens SemTxvevaSi babilonis godlis miTosis sazrisi is<br />
aris, rom erTiani kacobriobis TiToeulma nawilma gancalkevebis<br />
Semdeg met-naklebi sicxadiT SeZlo SeenarCunebina<br />
is saerTo, romelic maT erTianobaSi hqondaT. iyo<br />
da aris gaucxoeba, magram iyo da aris urTierTgagebac da<br />
urTierTSeRwevac swored im saerTo enis safuZvelze, romelsac<br />
TiToeuli maTgani iyo ziarebuli.<br />
literatura<br />
vikentievi: Âèêåíòüåâ Â. Ì. Äðåâíå-åãèïåòñêàÿ ïîâåñòü î äâóõ<br />
áðàòüÿõ, Ì., 1917.<br />
kokiara: Êîêêüÿðà Äæ., Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Åâðîïå, Ì.,<br />
1960.<br />
Jirmunski: Æèðìóíñêèé Â. Ì., Ê âîïðîñó î ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ<br />
ñêàçî÷íûõ ñþæåòàõ (wignSi: Æèðìóíñêèé<br />
Â.Ì., Ñðàâíèòåëüíîå ëèòåðàòóðîâåäåíèå,<br />
Âîñòîê è Çàïàä, Ë., «Íàóêà», 1979).<br />
Suamd: Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, Tb., `merani~, 1987.<br />
115
116<br />
tragikuli eposi – `amiraniani~<br />
amiranis ambavs mTels saqarTveloSi icnoben, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, `nikofsiidan darubandamde~. igi dadasturebulia<br />
saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela istoriul mxareSi (qar-<br />
Tli, kaxeTi, fSav-xevsureTi, mesxeTi, javaxeTi, imereTi,<br />
raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi...). `amiraniani~ Zveli Tqmulebaa,<br />
Cans, mas mouswria sruliad saqarTvelos Semovla. Canawerebi<br />
ki sakmaod gviandelia, ara uadres XIX s-is 60-iani wlebisa.<br />
igi Zvelia, magram arc ise Zveli, rom aTaswleulebs<br />
iTvlides. aTaswleulebis Semonaxva mxolod damwerlobas<br />
Tu SeuZlia, maT adamianis mexsiereba, Tundac `koleqtiuri~,<br />
ver gauZlebs. uZvelesia `amiranianis~ motivebi, mi-<br />
Tologemebi, magram Tavad sxeuli misi SedarebiT mogviano<br />
warmonaqmnia.<br />
eposma Cvenamde fragmentuli saxiT moaRwia. igi arsebobs<br />
TxrobiTi teqstis saxiT, romelSic alag-alag leqsiTi<br />
nawilebia CarTuli. ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes<br />
erTi myari kanonikuri prozauli teqsti, ver davadasturebT<br />
erTi da imave epizodis or identur Canawers.<br />
mxolod leqsiTi nawilebia mdgradi, mcireodeni variantuli<br />
cvlilebebiT. unda SeiniSnos, rom swored gadamwyveti<br />
epizodebi ar aris gadmocemuli leqsad, leqsiTi fragmentebi<br />
epizoduri xasiaTisaa. ar moiZebneba Canaweri, romelic<br />
Tanamimdevrulad moicavdes amiranis Tavgadasavlis<br />
yvela SesaZlebel epizods, rac ganpirobebuli unda<br />
iyos ara Tqmulebis Tavdapirveli fragmentulobiT, aramed<br />
alag-alag tradiciuli epikuri xsovnis gamkrTalebiT.<br />
eWvi ar aris, rom epizodebi imTaviTve erTian epikur<br />
droSi unda yofiliyo CarTuli. `amiranianis~ mTlianobas,<br />
sxva niSnebTan erTad, misi dasawyisi da dasasruli mowmobs.<br />
`amiranianis~ folkloruli Canawerebis monografiuli<br />
gamocema ekuTvnis prof. m. Ciqovans – mijaWvuli amirani<br />
(Tsu gam. Tb., 1947), sadac Tavmoyrilia imxanad xelmisawvdomi,<br />
met-naklebad Rirebuli folkloruli teqstebi<br />
saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan (qarTli, kaxeTi,<br />
fSavi, mesxeT-javaxeTi, xevsureTi, TuSeTi, xevi, mTiule-<br />
Ti, guria, imereTi, raWa, svaneTi, samegrelo, afxazeTi,
oseTi), sul 69 teqsti. raime arsebiTi siaxle `amiranianis~<br />
SecnobisTvis am publikaciis Semdeg mopovebul masalas<br />
ar moutania. kvlevisas veyrdnobi zemoxsenebul gamocemas.<br />
ra tipisa Tu formaciis eposebs ganekuTvneba `amiraniani~?<br />
cxadia, igi ar aris istoriuli eposi. masSi ver aRmovaCenT<br />
verc erT istoriul realias, verc romelime istoriuli<br />
epoqisa da istoriuli adgilis kvals; misi gmirebis<br />
asparezi ganusazRvrelia; arafers gveubneba arc<br />
`balxi~, `balxeTi~ Tu `CabalxeTi~, arc `algeTi~ (erTader-<br />
Ti <strong>qarTuli</strong> toponimi). arc personaJTa sakuTari saxelebia<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> istoriuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli: badri,<br />
usupi, yamari arabul-sparsuli warmoSobisaa. ar viciT, ra<br />
erqva mTavar gmirs, sanam mas amirani daerqmeoda. misi es<br />
saxeli ufro gviandelia, vidre mose xonelis sagmirosaTavgadasavlo<br />
eposiseuli `amiran darejanis Ze~, romlis<br />
sparsuli warmoSoba karga xnis gamokvleulia da eWvs ar<br />
unda iwvevdes: amir andare jehan niSnavs: `amiri qveynierebaze~,<br />
iseve rogorc nest andare jehan niSnavs: `ar aris<br />
[misi msgavsi] qveynierebaze~. simptomaturia, rom `amirandarejanianSi~<br />
mTavari gmiri arasodes moixsenieba rogorc<br />
`amirani~: xalxurma tradiciam mowyvita igi kompozits<br />
da damoukidebel andronimad aqcia, rac dRemde asea.<br />
yovelive amiT – zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebiT – `amiranianis~<br />
qronotoposi zRaprul drosa da sivrces mogvagonebs,<br />
magram `amiraniani~ zRapari ar aris. misi tragikuli<br />
dasasruli auqmebs mis zRaprulobas. `amiraniani~ arc<br />
miTologiuri eposia, swored misi asparezis ganusazRvreli<br />
qronotopiurobis gamo. miTosi, rogorc wesi, `dabmulia~<br />
gansazRvrul sivrcesa da droze. sivrce miTosSi toponimizebulia,<br />
dro – winarewarsuli, romelic ebmis istoriul<br />
dros.<br />
Tu SevecdebiT `amiranianis~ tipis gansazRvras, unda<br />
vuwodoT mas `tragikuli eposi~, sadac sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo<br />
da miTologiuri motivebiT SeZerwilia adamianis<br />
aRzevebisa da dacemis drama. rogorc naCvenebi iqneba,<br />
`amiranians~ ufro meti aqvs saerTo berZnul klasikur<br />
dramasTan, vidre promeTevsis miTosTan (amaze qvemoT).<br />
`amiranianic~, msgavsad berZnuli dramisa, hubriszea agebuli.<br />
hubrisi anu gabudayeba kulminaciaa im zRurblTa<br />
117
118<br />
Soris, romelTac gaivlis tragikuli dramis gmiri. ufro<br />
arsebiTad rom vTqvaT, `amiranianSi~ dgas adamianis problema<br />
da es problema, ar unda gagvikvirdes, egzistencialur<br />
WrilSia dasmuli da gadawyvetili. amaSi mdgomareobs<br />
`amiranianis~ TavisTavadoba, misi unikaluri adgili<br />
msoflio xalxTa eposebs Soris.<br />
samwuxarod, rogorc iTqva, Cveni eposi fragmentebad<br />
aris Cvenamde SemorCenili. es fragmentuloba epikuri<br />
sunTqvis Sewyvetis Sedegia. magram Cvens xelTaa fragmentebi<br />
da, rogorc odisevsi ityoda, am galewili bzidanac<br />
Cans, rogori TavTavi viyavio, Cvenc igive SegviZlia<br />
vTqvaT maTze. es fragmentebi niSnebia da Cven unda avalaparakoT<br />
isini.<br />
Cveni mizania, arsebul masalaSi gamovavlinoT is aucilebeli<br />
sazRurblo epizodebi, romelTa gareSe amiranis<br />
Tqmuleba dakargavda TavisTavadobas. unda vecadoT, agreTve,<br />
rom am epizodebs gmiris Tavgadasvlis droJamul<br />
mdinarebaSi mivuCinoT misi bunebrivi, erTaderTi adgili.<br />
`amiranianis~ dRemde SemorCenili masala iZleva amis sa-<br />
Sualebas. arsebul Canawerebze dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom<br />
SesaZlebelia epizodTa dalageba mkacri TanamimdevrobiT,<br />
iseve rogorc `svlebi~ misdevs erTmaneTs jadosnur<br />
zRaparSi (ix. vl. propis `zRapris morfologia~). am epizodebs<br />
Cven vuwodebT zRurblebs, romlebic aRniSnaven<br />
gmiris gadasvlebs misi yofierebis axal-axal viTarebeb-<br />
Si. amaTgan zogi sayovelTaoa (universaluria), zogi ki –<br />
sakuTriv amiraniseuli.<br />
gansxvavebiT sxva eposTa gmirebisgan, romlebic mTeli<br />
Txrobis manZilze igiveobrivni rCebian sakuTar Tav-<br />
Tan, amiranis pirovneba ganviTarebas ganicdis, igi icvleba<br />
yoveli zRurblis gadalaxvis Semdeg. zRurblebi gmiris<br />
sulier (aseve fizikur) ganviTarebaSi axal-axal safexurebs<br />
aRniSnaven. Zveli da axali msoflio eposebis gmirebi<br />
– odisevsi, aqilevsi, agamemnoni da sxvani dasrulebuli<br />
saxiT gamovidnen TiTqos zevsis Tavidan. mudmivi epi-<br />
Tetebi, romlebic ganuyrelad Tan sdeven maT, mowmoben<br />
maTi fizikur-sulieri saxis imTaviTve dasrulebulobas.<br />
rogorc Semodian isini TxrobaSi, iseTive rCebian im kataklizmebisa<br />
da gansacdelebis Semdeg, romelTac ganicdian<br />
isini. arc araferi ematebaT, arc akldebaT. odisevsi
TiTqos SobiTganve mravalnacadi da didgamWriaxia – es<br />
misi bedisweruli daxasiaTebebia. aqilevsi mudam fexmardia,<br />
magram, rac mTavaria, xanmokle sicocxle misi bedisweraa,<br />
misi xasiaTi imTaviTve dasazRvrulia da amgvari Semodis<br />
is epikur sinamdvileSi. aseve germaneli zigfridi,<br />
franki rolandi, espaneli sidi, berZeni digenis akritasi<br />
da sxvani da sxvani, romelTa xasiaTsa da bunebaSi Cven veraviTar<br />
cvlilebas gansacdelTa ganvlis Semdeg ver vam-<br />
CnevT. maT TavgadasavalSi ar SeimCneva gardamtexi zRurblebi,<br />
romelTac ganviTarebis safexurebze ahyavT gmiri.<br />
Cveni amocanaa am zRurblTa SemCneva da maTTvis maTi<br />
kuTvnili adgilis miCena gmiris TavgadasavalSi.<br />
epikuri gmiris anu, sxvanairad, tradiciuli gmiris<br />
Tavgadasavlis epizodebad dayofas karga xnis istoria<br />
aqvs. pirvelad (1864 w.) germanelma ioahan georg fon hanma<br />
scada 14 gmiris Tavgadasavlis safuZvelze daedgina 16epizodiani<br />
modeli, romelic oTx jgufad hqonda dayofili:<br />
dabadeba, siWabuke, dabruneba da sxva SemTxvevebi<br />
[raglani: 142-3]. iseTi gmirisaTvis, rogoric amirania, haniseul<br />
sqemaSi mxolod ramdenime elementi Tu gamodgeba,<br />
isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am elementebis Sinaarss ramdenadme<br />
gavafarToebT an transformirebulad warmovidgenT:<br />
gmiris ukanonod dabadeba, dabadebisas dayolili<br />
niSnebi, gadagdeba, ucxo col-qmris mier aRzrda. mis kvals<br />
mihyva (1881 w.) alfred nati (Nutt), romelmac 14-mde daiyvana<br />
epizodTa ricxvi, miuxedavad imisa, rom saanalizod damatebiT<br />
kelturi (arturis cikli) da finuri Tqmulebebi<br />
gamoiyena [raglani: 143]. 1934 wels gamoqveynebul SromaSi<br />
`tradiciuli gmiri~ ficroi riCard somerset raglanma<br />
(Fitzroy Richard Somerset Raglan) epizodTa raodenoba 22-mde<br />
gazarda: Tormeti klasikuri, sami bibliuri (iosebi, mose,<br />
elia), erTi germanikuli (zigfridi), erTi kelturi (arturi)<br />
da erTic Zvelegvipturi (nikanga) `biografiebis~ safuZvelze<br />
[raglani: 145-150]. bolos, holandieli <strong>folklori</strong>sti<br />
ian de frizi (Jan de Vries) 10-epizodian modelamde<br />
daiyvans. Cveni azriT, igi yvelaze optimaluria da, albaT,<br />
universaluric, yovel SemTxvevaSi igi ukeTesad esadageba<br />
amiranis Tavgadasavals. mogvyavs igi mTlianad: I. gmiri<br />
isaxeba; II. ibadeba; III. dabadebuls safrTxe emuqreba; IV. izrdeba;<br />
V. uZlevelia; VI. ebrZvis gveleSaps da sxva urCxu-<br />
119
120<br />
lebs; VII. didi gansacdelis gavliT moipovebs sacoles; VIII.<br />
Cadis qvesknelSi; IX. brundeba iq, saidanac gamoaZeves da<br />
amarcxebs mtrebs; X. kvdeba [raglani: 143].<br />
ra iwvevs aseT damTxvevas sxvadasxva TqmulebaTa gmirebis<br />
TavgadasavlebSi? ra ZaliT xerxdeba maTi erT modelamde<br />
dayvana? f.r.s. raglani fiqrobs, da es namdvilad<br />
erTaderTi axsna unda iyos, rom am TavgadasavlebSi saqme<br />
gvaqvs im ritualebis mimdevrobasTan, romelTac tradiciul<br />
sazogadoebebSi eqvemdebarebodnen adamianebi, ara<br />
mxolod mefeebi, mTavrebi Tu beladebi. `tradiciuli gmiris<br />
Tqmuleba aris ara realurad arsebuli adamianis cxovrebis<br />
realuri epizodebi, aramed ritualur personaJTa<br />
cxovreba-saqmianobis ritualuri etapebi. aucilebeli ar<br />
aris, aqedan davaskvnaT, rom am TqmulebaTa gmirebi sinamdvileSi<br />
ar arsebobdnen. magram, vfiqrobT, Tu isini realurad<br />
arsebobdnen, maT moqmedebebs umeteswilad ritualuri<br />
xasiaTi hqondaT, an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maTi<br />
Tqmulebebi ise gardaiqmna, rom erT tipur models misadageboda~<br />
[raglani: 50].<br />
isic usaTuod unda aRiniSnos, rom TqmulebaTa gmirebis<br />
TavgadasavalSi, romlebic ritualTa Tanamimdevrobazea<br />
agebuli, am ritualebs dakarguli aqvT Tavdapirveli<br />
funqcia. ritualis forma aq misgan gansxvavebuli realobis<br />
gamosaxatavad aris mowodebuli da, ramdenadac<br />
tradiciuli sazogadoebebi yvelgan erTtipuria, tradiciuli<br />
gmiris Tavgadasavlis modelic erTtipuri iqneba.<br />
f.r.s. raglani, cxadia, ar varaudobs, rom mis 22-epizodian<br />
modelSi yvela gmiris cxovreba `jdeba~. 22 misTvis maqsimaluri<br />
raodenobaa, romlis realizacia yvelgan ar aris<br />
savaldebulo. magaliTisTvis, Tu oidiposis TavgadasavalSi<br />
raodenoba maqsimaluria, Tesevsi oc safexurs gadis,<br />
herakle – Cvidmets, persevsi – Teqvsmets... avtori am naklulobas<br />
Tqmulebis xarvezs awers, magram xarvezi Tqmulebis<br />
cudad Semonaxulobis mizezi ar unda iyos. Tu rituals<br />
TqmulebaSi Tavisi Tavdapirveli funqcia aRar<br />
ekisreba, aucilebelic ar unda yofiliyo maTi sruli raodenobiT<br />
asaxva. rogorc a. van genepma gamoikvlia, maTi<br />
ricxvi SezRudulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, arc ocdaoramde<br />
da arc aTamde ar aRwevs. es aris zogadad e.w. gadasvlis<br />
ritualebi (rites de passage), romelTa meSveobiT Tu Tanxle-
iT tradiciuli sazogadoebebis wevri icvlis asakobriv<br />
da socialur statuss. gadasvlis rituali sruldeba Sobis,<br />
iniciaciis, qorwinebisa da sikvdilis SemTxvevebSi. es<br />
aris sami fundamenturi etapi adamianis cxovrebaSi da, cxadia,<br />
isini (nedli an gardaqmnili saxiT) asaxuli iqneba nebismieri<br />
gmiris epikur TavgadasavalSic. van xenepis mixedviT,<br />
es ritualebi qmnian jaWvs, romelic sami safexurisgan<br />
Sedgeba: gamocalkevebis rituali (rites de separation), gadasvlis<br />
rituali (rites de passage), roca adamiani zRurblzea<br />
(arc iqiT, arc aqeT) da mikuTvnebis rituali (rites de incorporation),<br />
roca adamiani – ritualis obieqti – sabolood mkvidrdeba<br />
axal statusSi (asakobrivi iqneba cvlileba, socialuri<br />
Tu metafizikuri). epikur TqmulebaTa analizi gamoavlens<br />
maT cxad Tu latentur monawileobas mTavari<br />
gmiris cxovrebaSi. isini `amiranianSic~ ixilveba. misi analizi<br />
gviCvenebs, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> eposi ar misdevs im models,<br />
romelic evropelma mkvlevrebma daudgines klasikur Tu<br />
araklasikur Tqmulebebs. amirans sakuTari gza aqvs, saku-<br />
Tari etapebi am gzaze, romlebic Zerwaven mis ganumeorebel<br />
saxes, erTaderT tips, arc erT zemoxsenebul gmirs<br />
rom ar enaTesaveba.<br />
germaneli filosofosi, Tanamedrove hermenevtikis<br />
erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, h.-g. gadameri erTgan wers: `mTeli<br />
unda gavigoT nawilis safuZvelze, nawili ki – mTelis<br />
safuZvelze... nawili ganisazRvreba mTeliT da, Tavis<br />
mxriv, gansazRvravs mTels~ [gadameri: 72]. am gamonaTqvam-<br />
Si TiTqos mankieri wrea, magram is WeSmaritebas gamoxatavs.<br />
aseve vityviT `amiranianis~ epizodebze da im mTelze,<br />
im mTlianobaze, romlis nawilebi es epizodebia. Cven<br />
SegviZlia gamovicnoT, romeli mTelis nawilia esa Tu is<br />
epizodi, Tuki am mTelze gveqneba warmodgena. mTelamde<br />
viciT nawili da nawilamde viciT mTeli. sabolood ki,<br />
Cvens intuiciaSi mTeli da nawili erTianobaSia. ai, es epizodebi,<br />
romelTa gareSe ver iarsebebs mTeli eposi.<br />
I. Soba. amirani, rogorc yoveli epikuri gmiri, saswaulebrivad<br />
unda iSvas. magram saswaulebrivi Soba yvela variantSi<br />
erTi da imave xarisxiT ar aris aqtualizebuli. misi<br />
Sesustebuli varianti iqneba bavSvis dabadeba xandazmuli<br />
mSoblebisgan. Tumca amgvari Soba ar CaiTvleba sa-<br />
121
122<br />
kuTriv amiraniseulad. mTavari mainc is aris, rom amiranis<br />
mSoblebi ucnobni unda iyvnen im sazogadoebisaTvis,<br />
sadac igi moxvdeba da gaizrdeba. arc deda, arc mama misi<br />
Sobis Semdeg cocxali ar rCeba; mama Tu ar kvdeba, is uCinardeba,<br />
raTa Senaxul iqnes amiranis warmoSobis saidumlo.<br />
mzeTunaxavi deda kvdeba, rogorc wesi, bavSvis dabadebamde.<br />
bavSvi unda amoiridos dedis saSodan da monacvleobiT<br />
unda gamoiSuSos cxovelTa: jer batknis, mere bo-<br />
Colas faSvSi (kaxuri varianti) an dekeulis da mere kuros<br />
faSvSi (svanuri), an axlad mokluli irmis `nedl tyavSi~<br />
(guruli) [rexviaSvili: 221]. SesaZloa, am epizodSi Zvel da<br />
e.w. primitiul xalxebSi gavrcelebuli ritualis eqo iyos<br />
SemorCenili. mag., bantus tomSi bavSvebs winadacveTis win<br />
Cautareben rituals, romelsac xelaxla Soba ewodeba. mama<br />
daklavs cxvars da sami dRis Semdeg gamoaxvevs mis faSvSi<br />
an tyavSi. magram gamoxvevamde bavSvi unda wamodges sawolze<br />
da axalSobiliviT unda iWyipinos. sami dRis manZilze<br />
is cxovelis tyavSi imyofeba. amgvarad, bavSvi eziareba<br />
bunebis sasicocxlo Zalebs, rac misi momavali Zlierebis<br />
sawindaria.<br />
amiranis mama ufro xSirad monadirea, romelic amiranis<br />
dedas sadRac miuval kldeSi, gamoqvabulSi xvdeba. SeiZleba<br />
gamoqvabuli koSkma Secvalos, sadac mzeTunaxavia<br />
gamoketili. zogierT variantSi mamac iRupeba am SeuRlebis<br />
Sedegad. es misi bedisweraa.<br />
amiranis obloba struqturuli elementic aris mis istoriaSi.<br />
obloba eposis dasasruls tragikulad meordeba martoobiT<br />
(XII) da ase ikvris wre.<br />
II. gadagdeba. amirani gadagdebuli bavSvia, TiTqos dasaRupavad<br />
ganwiruli. TiTqos is im mizniT iqna gadagdebuli,<br />
rom daiRupos. Cvilis sicocxle bewvze hkidia, magram<br />
Tu gadarCa, mas didi momavali eqneba. `gadagdebuli<br />
bavSvis tragedia anazRaurebulia oblobis miTologiuri<br />
didebulebiT, pirvelyofili bavSvis ukiduresi martoobiT<br />
samyaroSi, misi unikalobiT. aseTi bavSvis gamoCena<br />
Tanxvdeba saganTa gariJraJs, istoriis axal xanas, `axal<br />
cxovrebas~ realobis nebismier doneze~ [eliade 1974: 250].<br />
axalSobilis bedis nivTieri gamoxatulebaa maxvili, ro-
melic mas dedis muclidan dahyveba da sabediswero gansacdelSi<br />
ixsnis mas. simartove ki amiranis mudmivi Tanamdevia.<br />
svanur epikur poeziaSi Semonaxulia ambavi dakarguli<br />
Tu gadagdebuli Cvili bavSvisa. dals bavSvi maRali kldis<br />
gamoqvabulidan gadmouvardeba. bavSvs mgeli dastacebs<br />
pirs da mihyavs. monadire Tofs dascems mgels, bavSvs aiyvans<br />
da dedamiss, dals ubrunebs gamoqvabulSi. amis sazRaurad<br />
monadire dalisgan nadirobis iRbliT jildovdeba.<br />
gadarCenili bavSvis Semdgomi bedi ki ucnobia [svanuri<br />
poezia: 268-273]. vin aris es gamoucnobi bavSvi? momavali<br />
amirania?<br />
es siuJeti iZleva saSualebas sxvagvari daboloebisa,<br />
risi realizebac ar dasturdeba svanur poeziaSi. erTi SesaZlo<br />
varianti: bavSvi dals gadmouvarda an bavSvi gadaagdes,<br />
mgelma ipova da waiyvana (monadire ar Sexvedria) gasazrdelad.<br />
mgeli gazrdis mas, raTa gazrdili daubrundes<br />
adamianur sazogadoebas. amgvari warmoSobis gmirebi<br />
xSiria msoflios sxvadasxva xalxis folklorSi. SeiZleba<br />
warmovidginoT, rom monadirem mglis piridan gamotacebuli<br />
bavSvi TavisTan waiyvana, radgan deda ar Cans, deda<br />
mkvdaria. monadire an Tavad gazrdis bavSvs, an daagdebs,<br />
raTa axla sxva vinmem waiyvanos aRsazrdelad. xalxuri<br />
TqmulebiT, Tamaris Ze – laSa-giorgi tyeSia gadagdebuli,<br />
raTa dafaros mSoblis sircxvili. aseve gadagdebulia,<br />
magram umotivod, rac miT ufro cxadyofs am aqtis aucileblobas<br />
gmiris biografiaSi, misi Soreuli STamomavali<br />
erekle meore, romelsac amgvarad umRers leqsi: `batoniSvil<br />
ereklesa irmis ZuZu uwovnia, wyali usvams algeTisa,<br />
TrialeTze uZovnia, gadugdiaT saCaleSi, monadires<br />
upovnia~.<br />
gadagdebuli bavSvebi, romlebic miaRweven mowifulobis<br />
asaks, brundebian Sobis adgilze da xsna moaqvT TavianTi<br />
qalaqisTvis Tu qveynisTvis, xalxisTvis. aseTebia:<br />
sargon aqadeli, mose, romulusi da sxvani.<br />
akvanSi mwoliare amirans `iamanis wyaroze~ dagdebulsac<br />
pouloben – es TiTqos Sesustebuli variantia wyalSi<br />
gadagdebisa misi daRupvis mizniT. xan akvani wylis fskerzea,<br />
ramac bazaleTis tbis andrezSi pova asaxva esqatologiuri<br />
molodinis saxiT.<br />
123
124<br />
III. naTloba. qristianuli sarwmunoebis es upirvelesi<br />
saidumlo, rogorc zRurbli, sakmaod mkvidrad zis amiranis<br />
biografiaSi. Tu naTloba siuJeturad ar aris moTxrobili,<br />
is mainc fiqsirebulia amiranis vinaobis aRniSvnisas<br />
(`amirani iyo RvTis naTluli~, kaxeTi). naTlobis gare-<br />
Se simZafres dakargavda is tragikuli konfliqti, romelic<br />
naTliasTan SeWidebaSi mdgomareobs. yvela variantSi,<br />
sadac ki naTlobis epizodia Semonaxuli, amiranis naTlia<br />
(qriste, ufali, iSviaTad – wm. giorgi) da misi mimjaWveli<br />
erTi da igive piria. naTlia Rones daanaTlavs Tavis naTluls<br />
da es aris misi saCuqari, romelic amiranma sasike-<br />
Tod unda gamoiyenos da iyenebs kidec garkveul zRurblamde.<br />
naTliave sjis mas. aq Cans qristes ori saxe – mwyalobelisa<br />
da ganmkiTxvelisa (esqatologiuri mrisxane<br />
pantokratori).<br />
albaT, mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom qriste RmerTi, misi<br />
naTlia, amirans gzajvaredinze dagdebuls ipovis da monaTlavs<br />
[arjevaniZe: 119]. gzajvaredini misi SesaZleblobebisa<br />
da arCevanis simboluri gamoxatulebaa.<br />
III-a. rZeSi ganbana. es epizodi mxolod svanur variantSia<br />
dadasturebuli [Ciqovani 1947: 357]. rZeSi mas dedobili<br />
ganbans, roca Seatyobs Cvils, rom is araCveulebrivi<br />
bavSvia: dedobili masSi dalis naSiers amoicnobs. am ganbaniT<br />
dedobilma amirani Tavisi Cveulebrivi Svilebisgan<br />
gamoarCia. sagulisxmoa, rom megrul TqmulebebSi aseve<br />
rZeSi ganbanen mZinare tyaSi mafas Tmebs. rZeSi ganbana arqauli<br />
motivia, gamoyenebuli rogorc naTlobis gaZlierebuli<br />
varianti.<br />
IV. boboqari bavSvoba. f.r.s. raglans, romelmac tradiciuli<br />
gmiris Tavgadasavlis saerTo modeli gamoikvlia<br />
[raglani: 152], SeniSnuli aqvs, rom gmirs yvelaze saocari,<br />
anu gmirisTvis niSandoblivi ambebi mxolod mowifulobis<br />
xanaSi gadaxdeba, xolo dabadebasa da am asaks Soris araferi<br />
xdeba. SesaZlebelia, es asec iyos mkvlevris xelT arsebul<br />
masalaSi, magram am debulebas ar adasturebs amiranis<br />
eposi. xalxuri Tqmuleba icnobs amiranis bavSvobas,<br />
romelic dauokebeli fizikuri Zalis gamovleniT xasiaTdeba.<br />
es TiTqos celqobaa, magram misi metismeti sicelqe
TiTqos samzadisia momavali brZolebisaTvis, romlebic<br />
man aucileblad unda gadaixados. Cven gmiris am periods<br />
`boboqar bavSvobas~ vuwodebT. boboqari bavSvoba analogias<br />
poulobs gilgameSis cxovrebis pirvel periodTan,<br />
roca veraferi aokebs mis Zalas. magram es dauokebloba<br />
Tavis kulminaciaSi gamoaCens gamosavals: Tu gilgameSs<br />
uruqelTa vedrebis ZaliT moevlineba enqidu, romelic<br />
sxva mimarTulebiT warmarTavs mis Zalas da mTel cxovrebas<br />
[gilgameSiani: 2], amirani kokebdamsxvreuli dedabris<br />
sityviT erTbaSad momwifdeba imisaTvis, rom aRasrulos<br />
vali adamianTa sazogadoebis winaSe, romelsac ase<br />
saswaulebrivad moevlina.<br />
unda SeiniSnos, rom `boboqari bavSvobis~ amgvari realizacia<br />
jadosnuri zRapridan aris Sesuli amiranis eposSi.<br />
`gmiruli bavSvoba~ gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia<br />
Turquli modgmis xalxTa eposisaTvis. `siuJetur-Tematuri<br />
datvirTva baRaTuruli bavSvobisa (áîãàòûðñêîå<br />
äåòñòâî) ukiduresad mniSvnelovania. mudmivi aqtivoba,<br />
zogjer zedmetad moWarbebulic ki, rac hipertrofiul<br />
saxes iRebs xolme, baRaTuris ganmsazRvreli Tvisebaa<br />
da igi vlindeba ara uceb, aramed Senaxulia faruli saxiT<br />
mis bavSvobaSi... es erTgvari inkubaciuri periodia,<br />
roca mimdinareobs qmnadoba da dagroveba personaJis qaraqterologiuri<br />
Tvisebebisa...~<br />
[nekliudovi: 129].<br />
swored am aucilebel periods gadis amirani boboqari<br />
bavSvobis saxiT. es periodi momdevno periodis, rogorc<br />
misi realizaciis, zRurblia, winapirobaa, romelsac mosdevs<br />
sxva, axali zRurbli.<br />
V. devebTan brZola. epikuri gmiris biografiaSi aucilebeli<br />
epizodia borot ZalebTan brZola. amiranis epos-<br />
Si am Zalebs devebi ganasaxiereben. ara Wabukobis gamoCenisa<br />
da Zalis demonstraciisaTvis, ara TviTmiznurad, rogorc<br />
xSirad xdeba `amirandarejaniansa~ da sxva safalavno<br />
eposebSi, ebrZvis amirani devebs, aramed gansazRvruli,<br />
erTjeradi miznis misaRwevad. rogor ar hgavs safalavno<br />
eposis gmirebs amirani Tavisi erTjeradi SebrZolebiT,<br />
125
126<br />
Tavisi erTaderTi antagonisti deviT, erTi mizniT, roca<br />
miaRwevs mizans da devebic misTvis (Tu saerTod?) aRar arseboben.<br />
amirani mowodebulia daamkvidros am qveyanaze sikeTe,<br />
naTliisgan Zala mas swored amisTvis aqvs mimadlebuli.<br />
amirani mamobilis ojaxs, romelic adamianur sazogadoebas<br />
(sociums) ganasaxierebs, moevlineba rogorc mxsneli.<br />
igi adamianebs ubrunebs devebis mier mitacebul teritorias,<br />
aTavisuflebs mas devebisgan. svanuri variantis mixedviT,<br />
amirani Tavis mamobils, iamans ubrunebs devis mier<br />
motacebul Tvals. es aris sababi devebTan brZolisa.<br />
amirani devebs maTi qorwilis dRes ebrZvis. es mniSvnelovania.<br />
aq aris esqatologiuri momenti: swored qorwilis<br />
dRes, simbolurad ukanasknel dRes, roca yvelani erTad<br />
arian Seyrilni, erTianad unda gawydnen. es brZola sabolooa,<br />
radgan Tavad qorwilia saboloo aqti, gadasvla er-<br />
Ti viTarebidan axal viTarebaSi, Zvelis dasasruli axlis<br />
mosapoveblad. devebisTvis es `gadasxvavebaa~ (Sdr. jvarxatebis<br />
epiTeti `dev-kerpT gadamsxvavebeli~ [sadideblebi:<br />
118]), amieridan am qorwiliT unda Sewydes maTi Zveleburi<br />
yofiereba.<br />
VI. ukanaskneli devi da camcumis koSki. marTalia,<br />
Cven miviReT Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom devebTan brZola er-<br />
Tjeradia, magram iseve rogorc RvTisSvilTa da devebis<br />
brZolis epopeaSi, devebis ganadgurebis Semdeg ukanaskneli<br />
devi rCeba, romelsac sabolood iaxsari mouRebs bolos<br />
[<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996: 11]. aqac gadarCeba erTi devi, romelic<br />
unda ganadgurdes, raTa gamoCndes axali zRurbli gmiris<br />
gzaze. am devis saxeli gamoCndeba SesaniSnav baladaSi, romelic<br />
`amiranianis~ bevr CanawerSi ipoveba. es aris leqsi,<br />
romelic iwyeba sityvebiT `sanadirod gamovidnen amiran<br />
da Zmani misni, win iremi gamouxtaT cas swvdeboda rqani<br />
misni...~ iremma monadireni camcumis koSkTan miiyvana, sadac<br />
daxvdaT mkvdari camcumi da werili, romelic misi saxeliT<br />
iuwyeboda, rom mas moukvleli gadaurCa erTader-<br />
Ti baybaydevi. werilis avtori devTan gasworebisa da Tavisi<br />
damarxvisTvis sTavazobs Tavis iaraRs, cols da sxva.<br />
es is baybaydevia, romelic unda Sexvdes camcumis koSkidan<br />
gamosul amirans, moiklas masTan orTabrZolaSi da
sikvdilis win amcnos mas yamaris adgilsamyofeli. aseve,<br />
es is devia, romlis moWrili Tavidan amosuli sami Wia momavali<br />
epizodis Canasaxia. amirani ar klavs Wiebs da amiT<br />
qmnis safrTxes Tavis momaval asparezze. asparezi safrTxiT<br />
unda iyos savse, es aris misi arsebobis forma. amiranis<br />
arCevani – ar daxocos Wiebi – Tavisufalia, radgan<br />
arsebobs alternativa – Zmebis rCeva motivaciiTurT: mokali,<br />
Torem... amirani ki indobs, rogorc daindo gilgameSma<br />
xumbaba, miuxedavad enqidus rCevisa. magram aq piruku<br />
xdeba: enqidu gilgameSis nacvlad klavs urCxuls da<br />
swored misi sikvdili (ara dandoba, `amiranianisgan~ gansxvavebiT)<br />
xdeba momavali safrTxis mizezi [gilgameSiani: 119].<br />
amrigad, balada, romlis organuli kavSiri amiranis<br />
eposTan TiTqos eWvs iwvevs, gamoyenebulia xidad momdevno<br />
epizodisken (zRurblze) gadasasvlelad.<br />
SeniSvna. `amirandarejanianSi~ analogiuri epizodi mTeli eposis<br />
karibWea, saidanac iwyeba misi samyaro. abesalom mefe edevneba<br />
ucxo qurciks, romelic Svidi dRis Semdeg miiyvans ucxo adgilas<br />
(`qveyana ucxod auCnda~), Tavad ki erT kldeSi gauCinardeba. mefe<br />
ixilavs qviTkiris saxls, romlis SigniT kedlebze amiran darejanis<br />
Zisa da misi Wabukebis saxeebia gamosaxuli. mefe moiwyens maTi<br />
ucnobobis, rogorc rostevani `ucxo moymis~ gamo. mTeli `amirandarejaniani~<br />
maTi Wabukobis gadmocemas eZRvneba. amisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
amirani da misi Zmebi ar interesdebian camcumis warsuliT.<br />
maT mxolod pativi unda miagon mkvdars da Suri iZion baybaydevze,<br />
anu gaagrZelon camcumis daumTavrebeli saqme.<br />
VII. STanTqma-amonTxeva (meored Soba). gveleSapTan<br />
brZolis epizodi centraluria amiranis TavgadasavalSi.<br />
amave dros igi miToepikuri gmiris aucilebeli gansacdelia,<br />
romelic unda gaiaros man, raTa axal qmedebaTa asparezi<br />
gaiSalos mis winaSe. gveleSapTan brZola arsebiTad<br />
gansxvavdeba devebTan brZolisgan.<br />
devebi mravlad arian, gveleSapi ki erTia, anu is gveleSapi,<br />
romelmac gmiri unda Caylapos. amdenad, gmirs Tavis<br />
cxovrebaSi erTxel uxdeba gveleSapTan Sebma.<br />
yvela miToepikur gmirs cxovrebis gzaze, romelic,<br />
faqtobrivad, brZolis, winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvis gzaa, Tavisi<br />
gveleSapi (urCxuli, drakoni) xvdeba. igi, cxadia, amarcxebs<br />
mas, magram gveleSapis Zleva gansxvavdeba sxva anta-<br />
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gonistur arsebaTa, boroteul ZalTa (devebis) Zlevisgan.<br />
rogorc wesi, gveleSapis mebrZoli gmiri unda STainTqas<br />
gveleSapis mier, raTa Signidan daamarcxos igi, radgan garedan<br />
misi damarcxeba ar iqneba. magram STanTqma-Caylapvas<br />
kidev sxva ufro mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs. amirani<br />
ekuTvnis im gmirTa wyebas, romlebic namyofi arian gveleSapis<br />
mucelSi da misi wiaRidan gamarjvebulni gamodian.<br />
vidre herakle, elinTa gmiri, daamarcxebda urCxuls,<br />
romelsac mefis asuli hesione unda Caeylapa, jer Tavad<br />
STainTqmeba mis xaxaSi, gaivlis mis wiaRs da gamova gareT.<br />
imave gansacdelis winaSea meore elini gmiri iasoni: miTosurad<br />
namdvil iasons medeas micemuli wamliT ki ar dau-<br />
Zinebia oqros sawmisis mcveli urCxuli, raTa es sawmisi<br />
mSvidad moepara, aramed jer Caiylapa mis mier da, roca<br />
ukan amovida, urCxuli gmiris am amosvliT ukve ganadgurebuli<br />
iyo. es miTosuri sinamdvile erTi etruskuli xanis<br />
larnakzea dadasturebuli [kampbeli: XV, 247]. arc apolonios<br />
rodoselis `argonavtikaSi~ da arc sxva werilobiT<br />
wyaroSi urCxulis amgvar aRsasrulze araferia naTqvami<br />
(rogorc Cans, sityvierad gmiris am gansacdelis gamoxatvas<br />
gaurbodnen). amosvla, rogorc xsna, yovelTvis<br />
triumfaluria. es aris xsna da gamarjveba erTdroulad.<br />
aseve STainTqmeba finuri eposis `kalevalas~ gmiri veinemeineni<br />
vipunen-gveleSapis mier. mis mucelSi moxvedrili,<br />
igi naviT gacuravs zRvauri gveleSapis Sigans nawlavebis<br />
gziT erTi bolodan meore bolomde da zRvaSi amoinTxeva.<br />
amiraniviT mounelebeli da mtkivneuli aRmoCnda igi<br />
vipunen-gveleSapisTvis (XVII runa). amave eposis gmiri, gveleSapisgan<br />
Caylapuli mWedeli ilmarineni, svanuri versiis<br />
amiraniviT ukadrisobs misi piridan an ukana nawilidan<br />
amosvlas da gveleSapis mucelSive gamoWedili daniT<br />
gamoWris misi ferdidan gamosasvlels [miTebi: 507; eliade<br />
1965: 63].<br />
ras gulisxmobs es epizodi, garda masSi gadmocemuli<br />
sagmiro aqtisa? STanTqma Tavisi warmoSobiT kosmogoniuri<br />
motivia, rogorc gveleSapTan brZolaa kosmogoniis<br />
igavuri gadmocema. damarcxebuli gveleSapis sxeuli samyaros<br />
edeba safuZvlad, materiad. amis klasikuri magali-<br />
Tia marduqisa da TiamaTis orTabrZola, romelic kosmosis<br />
SeqmniT mTavrdeba [<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 2006: 143-144]. magram kos-
mosis Seqmnas win uZRvis TiamaTis mier marduqis STanTqma<br />
da marduqis xeliT TiamaTis muclis gafatvra da amosvla,<br />
rogorc mzisa wyvdiadidan, rac qaosidan kosmosis dabadebas<br />
niSnavs. aseve kosmogoniuria Zvelinduri indrasa da<br />
gveleSap vritras Soris Serkinebis miTosi. uxelfexo<br />
uzarmazari gveleSapi vritra, romelmac STanTqa mdinareTa<br />
wylebi da moaqcia Tavis SiganSi, ylapavs mis winaaRmdeg<br />
galaSqrebul indras. indra Signidan ganwvalavs gveleSapis<br />
sxeuls, ixsnis Tavs da datyvevebul wylebsac, misi<br />
sxeulisgan qmnis samyaros sxvadasxva nivTs [miTebi: 534].<br />
STanTqma-amonTxevis kosmogoniur miTosSi zogan gam-<br />
Wvirvaled, zogan Sefarulad Cans erTi mniSvnelovani mi-<br />
Tologema: STamnTqmeli zRvauri urCxuli, gveleSapi<br />
STanTqmulis mSobeli dedaa, romlis saSodan xelaxla unda<br />
daibados RvTaeba, kosmogoniuri gmiri. babilonuri<br />
kosmogoniuri eposis TiamaTi (`zRva~) yvela RmerTis didi<br />
dedaa, maT Soris marduqisac, romelmac misi sxeulisgan<br />
samyaro Seqmna. am miTologiur faqts mowmobs polinezieli<br />
gmiris STamnTqmeli gveleSapis saxeli – `didididi-didi<br />
deda~ [kampbeli: 91].<br />
STanTqmas, rogorc miTologemas, kidev erTi datvir-<br />
Tva aqvs: igi niSnavs damarxvas, daflvas, saSoSi ukan dabrunebas<br />
anu, sxvanairad, embrionad qcevas, raTa arseba<br />
kvlav iSvas. meore mxriv, STanTqma-STaflva sikvdilis sinonimia,<br />
rasac unda mosdevdes aRdgoma-gacocxleba, sabolood,<br />
isev da isev xelaxali Soba. amrigad, gveleSapis<br />
muceli dedis saSoa, saidanac unda daibados arseba. amitomac<br />
ar unda iyos moulodneli, rom tyeSi mdebare is qoxi,<br />
sadac pirvelyofili xalxebi asruleben mowifuloba-<br />
Si gadasvlis ritualebs, `dedis saSod~ iwodeba da, imavdroulad,<br />
gveleSapis wiaRs warmoadgens. zogan qoxSi Sesasvleli,<br />
sadac Sedis mowifulobis zRurbls miwevnili<br />
bavSvi, `gveleSapis xaxad~ iwodeba, karis daxurva ki gveleSapis<br />
mucelSi mis gamomwyvdevas ganasaxierebs. axal<br />
gvineaSi sainiciacio qoxs gveleSapis forma aqvs Tavisi<br />
mucliTa da kudiT. bavSvi Sedis qoxSi, TiTqos gveleSapis<br />
mucelSi inTqmebodes. es misi didi dedis saSoc aris, sadac<br />
is ubrundeba embrionalur statuss da saidanac is meored<br />
ibadeba, rogorc sazogadoebis (tomis) srulfasovani<br />
da sruluflebiani wevri [eliade 1965: 35-36].<br />
129
130<br />
cxadia, amiranis STanTqma-amonTxevas aRar aqvs is datvirTva,<br />
rac mas tradiciul sazogadoebebSi hqonda. amiranis<br />
TavgadasavalSi es epizodi zRurblia, romlis gadalaxvis<br />
Semdeg misi yofa axal safexurze adis.<br />
Tu pirveli SobiT gmiris sicocxle iwyeba, meore SobiT –<br />
axali sicocxle. rogorc pirveli Sobis dros gaiWra dedis muceli,<br />
aseve am meore Sobisas ikveTeba ferdi gveleSapisa im daniT,<br />
romelic Tan dahyva mas pirveli Sobidan. Cans, meore Soba<br />
gardauvali yofila: is am Tandayolil danaSia nagulisxmevi.<br />
es imas niSnavs, rom gveleSapi amiranis bedisweraa, TiTqos gadamwyvet<br />
zRurblze misi mSobeli deda xvdeba mas am gveleSapis<br />
saxiT, romelic xelaxla badebs mas. magram Tu acnobierebs<br />
amas amiranis eposi, ufro sworad, am epizodis mTxrobeli Tu<br />
misi am saxiT Semnaxveli? yvela variantSi, romelic ki gveleSapis<br />
epizods inaxavs, gveleSapis muclidan gamosuli amirani axlad<br />
Sobilis niSans atarebs, rasac groteskulad asaxavs leqsi:<br />
`amirani daibada: goWsa hgvanda, xuxalasa.<br />
Tma da wveri gascvivnoda, Ceeyara tomarasa~.<br />
es ori kupleti Tavisi sityvieri qsoviliT ar modis<br />
arqauli xanidan, magram mas ZvelTaZveli miTologemis gamoxatva<br />
aqvs natvirTi. es groteski xatovnad gadmoscems<br />
axlad Sobilis saxes, mis ususurobas. wver-ulvaSis gacvena<br />
migvaniSnebs, rom amiranis biologiuri dro ukuqceulia<br />
saSoSi dabrunebiT. dro xelaxla unda amoZravdes,<br />
`xuxala~ unda gamoSuSdes, Seimosos, unda miaRwios mowifulobas<br />
da es procesi unda daCqardes. amisaTvis mowodebulia<br />
momdevno epizodi.<br />
VIII. igri batonis wyali. es epizodi Tavis winapirobad<br />
gveleSapis epizods gulisxmobs, maszea damokidebuli,<br />
Tumca SeiZleba TavisTavadi ambis STabeWdilebas tovebdes.<br />
amirani igri-batonis wyalSi unda ganibanos, rac TiTqos<br />
naTlobis wyalSi ganbanis analogiuria. am dros TiTqos<br />
naTlobis ganaxleba xdeba, rogorc Sobis momdevno,<br />
aucilebeli ritualisa. an SesaZloa, igris sabaneli im dekeulisa<br />
da kuros faSvis analogiuria, sadac dedis saSodan<br />
naadrevad gamosuli amiranis sxeuli unda gamoSuSebuliyo.
amirani ganaxlebuli ZaliT amodis igris sabanelidan.<br />
ganaxleba aucilebelia misTvis, radgan mis winaSe axali,<br />
Znelad Sesasrulebeli amocanaa. magram ra unda iyos imaze<br />
Zneli gansacdeli, vidre devebTan an gveleSapebTan<br />
(TeTrTan, wiTelTan da, bolos, SavTan) brZolaa? rogorc<br />
Cans, aris aseTi gansacdeli, romelic amiranma, rogorc<br />
epikurma gmirma, unda gadaitanos. es aris sacolis Zieba.<br />
IX. yamari. qalwuli, mzeTunaxavi, yovelTvis mosatacebelia.<br />
es aris udidesi gmirobis aqti da zeadamianur Zalisxmevas<br />
moiTxovs. gmiri amisaTvis momzadebuli unda<br />
iyos, am aqtamde mas raRac unda hqondes Cadenili, Cadebuli<br />
unda hqondes sagmiro windi. `sjobs sayvarelsa uCvene<br />
saqmeni sagmironia~, SemTxveviT ar dascdenia nestans es<br />
sityvebi. amiransac hqonda Cadenili sagmiro – es iyo devebTan<br />
brZola da is gansacdeli, romlis Semdegac igi xelaxla<br />
unda dabadebuliyo axali sagmiros Casadenad.<br />
amiranis gzaze axali, ufro maRali safexuri gamoCndeba.<br />
aq zRurbli xvdeba mas da es zRurbli sagmiro da miTologiuri<br />
eposebis erT mniSvnelovan motivTan aris dakav-<br />
Sirebuli. es aris mzeTunaxavis motaceba da igi gardauvalia<br />
rogorc gmiris, ise qalis cxovrebaSi: mzeTunaxavi samaradisod<br />
ar unda darCes koSkSi. vinmem igi mzis sinaTleze<br />
unda gaiyvanos – mzeTunaxavma unda ixilos mze, an mzem<br />
Tvali hkidos mzeTunaxavs. qali mzad aris amisaTvis da is<br />
elis Tavis gamomxsnels, rogorc ukacur bnel saxlSi myofi<br />
farnavazi, romelic mzem gamoiyvana velad da axilvina<br />
Tavisi Tavi `qvemdablad~.<br />
es yamars ar exeba, magram aq unda iTqvas, rom mzeTunaxavi,<br />
romelsac saguldagulod malaven samzeosgan, bolos<br />
mainc mzis sxivisgan mucladRebuli aRmoCndeba. winaswarmetyveleba,<br />
romlis Tanaxmad naSieri mamas an papas taxtidan<br />
gadmoagdebs, Tan axlavs siuJets, magram ara yovel-<br />
Tvis. is aucilebeli ar aris. SeniSnulia koSkSi qalwulis<br />
damwyvdevis ritualuri warmomavloba [propi 2000: 27]. damwyvdeva,<br />
sazogadoebisgan ganrideba-gamocalkeveba e.w.<br />
gadasvlis ritualis kuTvnilebaa. ganmartoebul koSkSi<br />
Sedis mowifulobis zRurbls miRweuli da iqidan mowifuli<br />
gamodis. koSki Tu sxva nageboba, rac unda erqvas mas,<br />
koSki Tu `gveleSapis muceli~ an `dedis saSo~, rogorc mas<br />
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132<br />
e.w. primitiul xalxebSi uwodeben, is adgilia, sadac mimdinareobs<br />
gogonas fizikuri momwifebisa da qalur `sibrZneSi~<br />
wvrTnis periodi. da is mTavrdeba swored maSin,<br />
roca vaJic miaRwevs im zRurbls, romlis gadalaxvis Semdeg<br />
mas SeuZlia qalis mopoveba. asakobrivi gadasvlis ritualis<br />
yru gamoZaxils axleburi motivaciiT `vefxistyaosanSic~<br />
vxvdebiT. Cven viciT, rom garkveul xanamde tarieli<br />
da nestani erTad izrdebian. magram dgeba Jami da<br />
vaJs mama waiyvans, nestans ki mefe sagangebo saxls augebs.<br />
gavixsenoT strofebi 331-333:<br />
`mefeman saxli augo, Sigan samyofi qalisa:<br />
qvad fazari sxda, kubo dga iagundisa, lalisa,<br />
pirsa baRCa da sabanlad saraji vardis wyalisa;<br />
igi mun iyves, medebis visgan saxmili alisa!<br />
dRe da Rame mujamriTa ekmeodis alva Tlili;<br />
zogjer koSks jdis, zogjer baRCas Camovidis,<br />
ra dgis Crdili.<br />
davar iyo da mefisa, qvrivi, qajeTs gaTxovili,<br />
mas sibrZnisa saswavleblad TviT mefeman misca Svili.<br />
sra edga mofardaguli oqsinoTa da SardiTa;<br />
vervin vxedevdiT, Seiqmna piriTa mina-vardiTa;<br />
asmaT da orni monani hyvian, imRerdis nardiTa;<br />
mun izrdebodis taniTa, gabaons ganazardiTa~.<br />
am strofebSi bevri detali migvaniSnebs nestanis `samyofis~<br />
ritualur bunebaze. misi mdidruli saxe, es fufuneba<br />
da garegnuli brwyinvaleba mxolod imas gveubneba,<br />
rom igi ufliswulisTvis aris gankuTvnili. SevcdebiT, Tu<br />
vifiqrebT, rom aq nestanis dro uzrunvelobasa da TamaS-<br />
Si gadis (`imRerdis nardiTa~). aq mimdinareobs uasako gogonas<br />
wvrTna sadiaco asakisTvis. am strofebSi gamxelilia<br />
am koSkis WeSmariti daniSnuleba: igi mxolod qalTa<br />
samyofia, sadac mamakacs Sesvla aRkveTili aqvs. `vervin<br />
vxedevdiT~, ambobs tarieli da gulisxmobs mamakacebs,<br />
TviT mama-mefis CaTvliT. qals ver ixilavs mamakacis Tvali,<br />
mSoblisac ki, iseve rogorc Tvali mzisa, rogorc mze-<br />
Tunaxavs: `Camovidis, ra dgis Crdili~, anu dRis im periodSi,<br />
roca Casulia mze. aq wvrTnian mas (`mas sibrZnisa saswavleblad...~)<br />
qalur codnaSi anu saidumloSi, romelic
mamrTagan dafaruli rCeba. qaluri sibrZnis idumaleba aq<br />
gamoxatulia TiTqos qajuri codniT, romelSic mas davari<br />
ganaswavlis. da, bolos, aq izrdeba is qalad, dedakacad:<br />
`mun izrdebodis taniTa, gabaons ganazardiTa~. gabaonSi<br />
gazrdiloba, poemis avtoris mixedviT, srulyofili gazrdilobaa,<br />
roca asaki aRwevs saTanado zRurbls. nestani<br />
sruliad gardaiqmneba koSkSi, is ucxoa, gaucxoebulia tarielisgan,<br />
romelmac ver icno Tavisi toli, romelTanac<br />
erTad izrdeboda. es ucxooba, mowifulobis es siucxove<br />
aris moulodneli siyvarulis afeTqebis mizezi.<br />
magram `amiranianSi~, rogorc rusTavelis poemaSi, koSkSi<br />
yofna ar inaxavs gadasvlis ritualis cocxal xsovnas.<br />
is mxolod saSeni masalaa sxva motivis warmosaCenad.<br />
vaJi swored maSin miadgeba koSks, roca qals aRar edgomeba<br />
iq, roca misi koSkSi yofnis dReebi amowurulia da<br />
axali zRurbli gamoCndeba mis cxovrebaSi, mis fizikursulier<br />
zrda-ganviTarebaSi. amitomac qali xalisiT mihyveba<br />
vaJs, exmareba kidec – araTu gatacebaSi, aramed mamis<br />
damarcxebaSic (ase iqceva, Tu gavixsenebT, kolxi medeac,<br />
romelic jer mamis winaaRmdeg exmareba iasons, mere<br />
ki Zmas gawiravs).<br />
`amiran, gulad gmiri xar, kilo ar ici omisa.<br />
maRla raTa scem spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa.<br />
Cardaxs SeaWer boZebi, mas wamze miawvinosa~.<br />
qali TiTqos sadRacidan motacebulia da mas ZaliT akaveben<br />
koSkSi. magram mas aRar surs Tundac brolis koSkSi<br />
darCena. qalisTvis es tyveobaa, ufro sworad, garkveuli<br />
droidan is acnobierebs, rom datyvevebulia da rom sadRac<br />
arsebobs misi gamomxsneli. mainc saidan moxvda es qali<br />
– yamari am koSkSi? es saidumloa, am saidumlos ver amxels<br />
mTqmeli: koSki, romelic Suagul zRvaSia anu zRvis WipSi,<br />
miuwvdomlobis gamomxatvelia. eposma mxolod yofiTi motivi<br />
icis yamaris siucxovisa ded-mamisadmi, romlebic iqneb<br />
sulac ar arian misi mSoblebi:<br />
`arca gamzarda dedama, arca metyoda nanasa,<br />
gareT gadgamdiT akvansa, SigniT metyodiT nanasa.<br />
roca Sin Semiyvanidi, yelze madebdi danasa...~<br />
133
134<br />
ras niSnavs es `gareT gadgmuli akvani~ da `Signidan nam-<br />
Reri nana~ an yelze daRerebuli dana? xom ar migvaniSnebs<br />
es yamaris araCveulebriv bavSvobaze, mis idumalebriv warmoSobaze?<br />
amiranis akvanic xom gareT, iamanis wyaroze iyo<br />
gadgmuli. xom ar iyo yamari iseTive moZulebuli Svili,<br />
rogorc zRapris geri, romelic ufliswulma unda gamoixsnas<br />
da didebaSi Seiyvanos, anu misi faruli dideba gamoaaSkaravos?<br />
(amis Taobaze ix. `eTeriani~). radgan brolis<br />
koSki ar aris is adgili, sadac asuli Tavisi nebiT imyofeboda,<br />
asuls ara aqvs sakuTari neba, is ar irCevs Tavis<br />
adgilsamyofels. is mxolod elis, rogorc elis murmanis<br />
koSkSi gamomwyvdeuli eTeri abesaloms. qalis, aq yamaris,<br />
pasiuroba kidev ufro amZafrebs mis idumalebas. Tu amiranze,<br />
mis warmoSobaze raRac viciT, yamaris warmoSoba saidumloebiT<br />
aris moculi. ufro metic: Tavad yamaria saidumlo,<br />
romlis arc dasabami viciT, arc – bolo. ra rols<br />
unda asrulebdes qali amiranis TavgadasavalSi, Tuki maT<br />
Sexvedras qorwili ar agvirgvinebs? arc erT Canawer variantSi<br />
ar aris naxsenebi maTi qorwili – naxsenebi rom yofiliyo,<br />
es zRapris dasasruli iqneboda. magram amiranis<br />
Tqmuleba ar aris zRapari, rom qorwiliT dasruldes. rCeba<br />
motacebis aqti, rogorc aqti, Tavis TavSi dasrulebuli,<br />
TviTkmari epizodi. amiT motacebas (gamoxsnas) Tavis-<br />
Tavadi, damoukidebeli Rirebuleba eniWeba.<br />
motacebis Semdeg yamaris kvali ikargeba: mas ver vxedavT<br />
amiranis gverdiT misi cxovrebis sabediswero wuTeb-<br />
Si, verc maSin, roca is martoa Tavis gabudayebaSi, verc –<br />
roca naTlias iwvevs orTabrZolaSi, verc – roca kldezea<br />
mijaWvuli.<br />
amirani yamaris mosataceblad ebrZvis Zalebs, romel-<br />
Tac RrubelT batoni ganagebs, caze Camokidebuli koSkidan<br />
Camohyavs qali, da am aqtis CadeniT TiTqos gascdeba<br />
adamianur zRvars, is TiTqos adamianze meti gaxdeba. magram<br />
mas moelis iseTi gansacdeli, romlis gadasatanad<br />
aRar hyofnis adamianuri Zala. mas win kidev erTi zRurbli<br />
– gansacdeli elis gadasalaxavad.<br />
X. ambri arabi. es gansacdeli mkvdarma ambri arabma mouvlina<br />
amirans, roca amirani Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervalze<br />
iyo; roca is darwmunebuli iyo Tavis uZlevelobaSi, Ta-
vis erTaderTobaSi. vin aris ambri arabi, ra warsuli aqvs,<br />
ra gmiroba Caudenia – es arc amiranma icis da arc eposis<br />
msmenelebma ician. sad iyo misi Wabukobis asparezi, an vin<br />
daumarcxebia mas, arc es aris cnobili. is TiTqos sxva dro-<br />
Si da sxva sivrceSi arsebobda da sikvdilis SemdegRa SemoiWra<br />
amiranis cxovrebaSi, rogorc cocxali dadastureba<br />
xalxuri Tqmisa: `mjobs mjobi ar daeleva~. amirani Tavis<br />
Tavze ganicdis am andazis WeSmaritebas. is ismens ambris<br />
dedisgan mware sityvebs, rogorc mxilebas:<br />
`ais qveyanamc krulia, sadac Sen amiranobdi,<br />
Tavs ixuravdi CaCqansa, boloze hjaWvianobdi.<br />
wesi Tu iyos dedaTi, advilad ginadirebdi~.<br />
da sasowarkveTa moicavs mas, ormoc dRes iglovebs<br />
sabneloSi jdomiT sakuTar Tavs. marcxi miT ufro samarcxvinoa,<br />
rom igi mkvdrisagan aqvs nawvnevi. sasowarkveTa<br />
miT ufro autanelia, rom igi veRarasodes moaxerxebs ambri<br />
arabTan Sebmas Tavisi saamayo Zalis gamosacdelad da<br />
rom igi ambri arabis ara mTelma Zalam daamarcxa, aramed<br />
misma naSTma – mkvdarma fexma, romelic urmidan gadmovardniliyo<br />
da miwaze naRari gahqonda. ambri arabTan Sexvedram<br />
amiranSi CaTesa Surisa da sasowarkveTilebis Tesli,<br />
romelmac Semdeg gabudayebis (ZvelberZenTa hubrisis) nayofi<br />
aRmoacena.<br />
SeniSvna. Wabuki `amirandarejanianSi~ faTerakebis da orTabrZolebis<br />
maZiebeli gmiria, Wabukoba – misi erTaderTi saqmianoba.<br />
XI. Zalis ganaxleba. am sasowarkveTilebidan, romelic<br />
araraobis Segnebam warmoSva, amirans naTlia gamoiyvans.<br />
aq xdeba misi gardatexa, TiTqos sxva adamianad dabadeba.<br />
naTliam icis, rom es amirani, romelic ixveweba Zalis<br />
momatebas, is Zveli amirani aRar aris, borotebas rom<br />
ebrZoda akvanSi danaTluli ZaliT. naTliam icis, amirani<br />
am gaorkecebul Zalas sasikeTod ar gamoiyenebs. magram<br />
naTlias, Tumca is yovlisSemZlea, ar ZaluZs uari uTxras<br />
naTluls saTxovarze, radgan naTlulis uflebaa, saCuqari<br />
miiRos naTliisgan. naTliam icis, rom amiranisTvis es<br />
sasikeTo ar iqneba, magram amiranma Tavad unda gamoscados<br />
is, rac man unda icodes, rogorc adamianma da rac mi-<br />
135
136<br />
si, rogorc adamianis, gamosacdelia. naTliam is bolomde<br />
unda miuSvas, amoawurinos adamianuri SesaZleblobani, sakuTar<br />
Tavze ganacdevinos adamianSi moqceuli, Tundac<br />
RvTiuri naTliisgan moniWebuli Zalis dasazRvruloba.<br />
naTliis codna absoluturia: is, RmerTi, Wvrets yvela SesaZleblobas,<br />
maT Soris imasac, romelic amirans sabediswero<br />
orTabrZolamde miiyvans. meore mxriv, naTlias ar<br />
SeuZlia uari uTxras naTluls. rogorc basili didi wers,<br />
`RmerTi uZluria adamianis Tavisufali nebis winaSe, mas<br />
ar SeuZlia misi iZuleba, radgan Tavisufleba RvTis yovlisSemZleobidan<br />
momdinareobs~. da amiransac, rogorc<br />
adamians, RvTis xatad Seqmnils, ar SeiZleba waerTvas Tavisufali<br />
neba, Tunda igi borotebisken ixrebodes. erTaderTi,<br />
rac `zRvars udebs~ RvTis yovlisSemZleobas, adamianis<br />
Tavisuflebaa. RmerTs ar `SeuZlia~ masze Zaladoba,<br />
radgan Tavisufleba RvTis naperwkalia adamianSi.<br />
XII. gabudayeba (hubrisi). RmerTi ar akavebs, RmerTi<br />
miuSvebs. es RvTiuri miSvebaa. amirani miSvebulia da isic<br />
etoqeba imas, vinc miuSva igi.<br />
Zalagaorkecebuli amirani sruliad marto aRmoCndeba.<br />
rogor warmoiSva es simartove? sad aris yamari, romlis<br />
mosapoveblad man arnaxuli gmiroba Caidina? ar viciT.<br />
mTxrobeli dums. araTu ar icis, arc ainteresebs yamaris<br />
bedi, radgan es arseba Tavad amirans aRar esaWiroeba. sad<br />
arian Zmebi – badri da usupi, romlebic Tan axldnen mas<br />
ganuyrelad da Semweoba gauwies yamaris mopovebaSi?<br />
mTxrobeli dums. amirans isini aRar esaWiroeba. Tavis gabudayebaSi<br />
amirani marto unda iyos, rogorc absoluti,<br />
romelic ver iTmens Tavis gverdiT sxvas. erTi variantis<br />
mixedviT, amirani Sin tovebs maT, Tan ar mihyavs saWabukod,<br />
xels SemiSliano. marTlac, Zmebi iqneb xelisSemSlelni yofiliyvnen:<br />
amirani am qveynad xom yvelas unda dapirispireboda,<br />
raTa Tavisi Zalis `usazRvroeba~ gamoecada da ganecada,<br />
raTa, sabolood, martodmarto darCeniliyo sakuTar<br />
TavTan. is ar unda SeCerebuliyo berikacis winaSe,<br />
romelTan orTabrZolasac Zmebi uTuod dauSlidnen. da<br />
amirani, raki mas naTlia miuSvebda mis nebaze, bolomde gamocdida<br />
Tavs anu im Zalas, romelic Tavisi egoneboda,<br />
radgan daviwyebuli eqneboda, visi moniWebuli iyo igi. ami-
ani mowyda kacobriobas – man Tavisive xeliT gaaudaburgaaukacriela<br />
Tavisi garemo: arc toli, arc naklebi, arc<br />
mjobi, aRarc badri da usupi, aRarc yamari... arc devebi<br />
(garda erTaderTi calTvala devisa) – martodmarto miwasa<br />
da cas Sua, uflis winaSe, RvTis pirispir. miwas umZimda<br />
amirani. raRacis molodini iyo.<br />
sazogadoebisgan es kideganoba, asocialuroba, rac aSkarad<br />
SeiniSneba amiranis pirovnebaSi [tuiti: 315-316], sxva<br />
araferia, Tu ara misi gabudayebis, hubrisis gamoxatuleba.<br />
is SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc socialuri struqturis,<br />
figuralurad, keriis damangreveli `anti-siZe~ [SaraSiZe:<br />
202-203]. g. SaraSiZe mis am Tvisebas monadireobas-<br />
Tan akavSirebs. Tumca amiranisTvis monadireoba ganmsazRvreli<br />
ar aris, magram is damatebiT aZlierebs hubrisis<br />
xifaTs. miTosuri monadire, rogorc wesi, am motiviT<br />
iRupeba.<br />
bolos, martod darCenili (sad arian misi Zmebi, sad aris<br />
yamari?) amirani kvlav obolia da kvlav boboqrobs, rogorc<br />
bavSvobaSi. meordeba misi boboqari, agresiuli bav-<br />
Svoba – moWarbebuli Zalis usagno demonstracia.<br />
XIII. uflis gamowveva. `... maSin moicems guls, sazRvars<br />
gadalaxavs da Sescodavs. misi Zala ki mis RmerTSia~ (abak.<br />
2:11). amiranis momrevi aRaravin darCa qveyanaze. es misi bedisweraa.<br />
sabedisweroa im azriT, rom gardauvalia misi<br />
Sexvedra im berikacTan, romelmac erTxel Rame gaaTia misi<br />
mamobilis WerqveS da axlad mogvrili Svilis naTlioba<br />
SesTavaza. ar SeiZleba am berikacma ar moikiTxos igi, ar<br />
daxvdes mas gzaze, raTa mouvlinos axali gansacdeli. amiranma<br />
ganizraxa aseTi absurdi – absoluturi Zalis mflobeloba,<br />
im wyarosi, saidanac moedineba misi Zliereba.<br />
amirani devebis saxiT dabal sawyiss ebrZoda da misi<br />
brZola warmatebuli iyo (`amiranma devi dasca...~). axla<br />
naTliis saxiT is umaRles sawyiss ebrZvis da dascems saku-<br />
Tar Tavs. erTxel amiranma moiTxova imaze meti, rac SobiTgan<br />
hqonda micemuli, da mieca. axla man moisurva gamxdariyo<br />
imaze meti, rac iyo: amaRlebuliyo misTvis Zalis<br />
momniWebelze. naTliasTan SebrZolebiT man moindoma, rom<br />
madli, romelic mas mieca, misi buneba gamxdariyo. amiran-<br />
Si meordeba adamis dacema. `adamis dacema imaSi mdgomare-<br />
137
138<br />
obs, rom man RmerTTan metoqeoba arCia, raTa gaTanasworeboda<br />
mas, nacvlad imisa, rom mis madls ziareboda~ [meiendorfi:<br />
132]. amgvari ganzraxvis absurduloba yofierebaSi<br />
pirvelad maSin gamoCnda, roca erTma ubrwyinvalesma<br />
angelozma, romelic yvela sxva angelozze axlos iyo<br />
gamCenTan, misi taxtis xelyofa ganizraxa – Svilma moindoma,<br />
Camoegdo mama da misi adgili daeWira. am aqtiT – es<br />
iyo janyi, mwvervali gabudayebisa – sulier samyaroSi Semovida<br />
boroteba, romelmac mere adamSi iCina Tavi. amiranis<br />
sasjelic iseTive aucdenelia, rogorc sasjeli mojanye<br />
angelozisa. es aris misi mokveTa samzeodan, cocxalTa<br />
qveynidan da, rac ufro maRali iyo misi mdgomareoba, miT<br />
ufro Rrma iyo misi dacema. amirani, rogorc adamiani,<br />
RvTis xats atarebs, RmerTma is Tavisufal arsebad Seqmna.<br />
da raki Tavisufalia, mas SeuZlia airCios RvTis sawinaaRmdego,<br />
daupirispirdes kidec mas, vinc Seqmna igi. rogorc<br />
Toma akvineli wers, `borotebis arCevis SesaZlebloba<br />
upiroboa, igi ar SeiZleba waerTvas srulyofil arsebas.<br />
aq aris Rrma safuZveli gansacdelisa da angelozis<br />
janyisa, da, agreTve, adamianis gansacdelisa da janyisa,<br />
rogorc pirveli adamianisa, aseve yvela Cvenganis. es aris<br />
yoveli sulieri arsebis xvedri: man unda gaiaros gansacdeli<br />
TavisuflebiT~. SeiZleba Tu ara amiranis janyi ganvixiloT<br />
mamis winaaRmdeg janyis saerTo tipologiur konteqstSi?<br />
kerZod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi CarTva ber-<br />
Znuli Teogoniis tipologiaSi? kronosi Camoagdebs uranoss,<br />
kronoss Camoagdebs zevsi. mojanye imarjvebs, mis-<br />
Tvis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sasjeli. amiranis janyi,<br />
mxolod mcdeloba upiratesobis gamoCenisa, Tavis TavSive<br />
gulisxmobs sasjels. amiranis eposi misdevs semitur yaidas,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac mama yovelTvis gamarjvebulia,<br />
misi marcxi warmoudgenelia, radgan is absoluturi mamobis<br />
gansaxierebaa.<br />
XIV. mijaWva. amiranis sasjelis adgili igive adgilia,<br />
sadac man berikacs orTabrZola gaumarTa. Serkineba xdeba<br />
an romelime maRal mTaze (ialbuzi, brutsabZela, sayornia...),<br />
an samWedlosTan, an gzajvaredinze. maRali mTa, mTis<br />
mwvervali kargad gamoxatavs misi zvaobis, gabudayebis<br />
mwvervals, saidanac unda daiwyos misi dacema. is palo Tu
uflis yavarjeni, romelsac Zvra ver uyo amiranma, raki uflis<br />
brZanebiT fesvebi gaidga dedamiwis gulSi, iqceva im<br />
svetad, sadac miejaWveba meamboxe gmiri. mijaWva ar akmara<br />
mrisxane naTliam – zed kldec gadaaxura, raTa kacTagan<br />
uxilavi yofiliyo, rogorc dabeWdili saidumlo. daeca<br />
amirani. daeca, rogorc is angelozi, romelzec bibliaSia<br />
naTqvami: `rogor Camoemxe cidan, mTiebo, Zeo gan-<br />
Tiadisa! miwas daenarcxe, xalxTa mtarvalo! guSin ambobdi:<br />
cad avxdebi, RvTis varsklavTa zemoT taxts davidgam<br />
da davjdebi sakrebulo mTaze, Crdilo kalTebze. maRla<br />
RrublebSi aviWrebi, uzenaess gavutoldebio! magram SaveTSi<br />
Cadixar, qvesknelis ufskrulebSi...~ (esaia, 14: 12-15).<br />
is, rac daemarTa amirans, ar aris ganpirobebuli mis gare-<br />
Se arsebuli obieqturi garemoebebiT, arc winaswarganCinebiT<br />
(anu bedisweriT), aramed gamowveulia misi Tavisufali<br />
nebiT. aq aris tragedia ara bediswerisa, rogorc antikur<br />
dramasa Tu miTosSi, aramed tragedia Tavisufali<br />
nebisa, rogorc qristianuli epoqis dramaSi (Seqspiri, ibseni,<br />
vaJa-fSavela...). n. berdiaevi erTgan wers, rom `namdvili<br />
tragedia aris tragedia Tavisuflebisa da ara bediswerisa~.<br />
amiranis saqmeSi ar Cans bediswera. ar Cans arc<br />
winaswarmetyveleba, romelsac unda gaurbodes is, rogorc<br />
oidiposi an aqilevsi gaurbian. bevri niSniT amirani<br />
enaTesaveba aqilevss [tuiti: 309-310, 315-6, 319-320], magram<br />
am erTaderTi gadamwyveti niSniT Sordeba. es aris Tavisufali<br />
neba anu arCevanis Tavisufleba, rasac moklebulia<br />
elinTa saxelganTqmuli gmiri.<br />
amiranis sasjelis Tavisebureba is aris, rom mijaWvam<br />
samani daudo mis hubriss, iseve rogorc codvis Sedegad<br />
Semosulma sikvdilma adams mis bunebaSi codvis gamaradisebis<br />
perspeqtiva aacila. aq Cans sasjelis ambivalenturoba,<br />
rac esoden nacnobia elinuri tragediisTvis. Tavsdatexilma<br />
ubedurebam, rogorc RvTis sasjelma, kaTarzisi<br />
unda dabados. amiranis tragedia elis kaTarziss.<br />
XV. mijaWvuli amirani. amirani garidebulia kacobriobas.<br />
misi Tavdapirveli obloba absoluturi martoobis<br />
saxes iRebs. martoobis ganaCeni man Tavadve gamoutana Tavis<br />
Tavs, roca gabudayebis periodSi ganudga yvelas da,<br />
sabolood, yovlis pirvel mizezsa da dasabams aujanyda.<br />
139
140<br />
ar arian mis gverdiT arc misi Zmebi da arc yamari. sad aris<br />
Semwe, mrCeveli da mosarCle? RmerTma dasaja da adamiani<br />
rogorRa gamoesarClos? aRarc metoqe, romelTanac<br />
kvlav gamocdida Zalas. ukanaskneli Zala, romelmac is miajaWva,<br />
klded aris aRmarTuli. axla is martoa Tavis Tav-<br />
Tan, dasrulda epikuri dro da daiwyo egzistencialuri,<br />
misi sakuTari pirovnuli dro. am tyveobaSi mis garSemo<br />
Cndebian sruliad axali personaJebi. aq aris goSia, romelmac<br />
mTeli wlis manZilze unda lokos jaWvi, gawyvetamde<br />
miiyvanos igi, raTa mWedlebma kvlav gaamrTelon. es xdeba<br />
vnebis kviras, did xuTSabaTs, roca mWedlebi dilaadrianad<br />
ubrad grdemlze uros scemen TavTavianT samWedloebSi<br />
da maTi erToblivi ZalisxmeviT iq, gamoqvabulSi, jaWvi<br />
kvlav iWedeba. mTiuluri Tqmuleba amgvarad gadmogvcems<br />
amiranis jaWvTa yovelwliur ganaxlebas mWedlebis<br />
mier: `aRdgomis sami dRis win, did xuTSabaTs, mWedelma<br />
grdemls kveri unda dahkras, Toro amirani aiSvebs da<br />
mWedlebs emterebao. ramdenjerac kvers grdemlze dahkramen,<br />
imdens muSkias lokviT gaTxelebuli amiranis jaWvi gasqeldebao.<br />
amirani aq, mleTaSia dabmuli~ [kaiSauri: 107].<br />
aqvea Citi, romelic periodulad ajdeba palos, raTa<br />
amiranma palo, romelsac is aryevs mTeli wlis manZilze,<br />
Tavisda uneburad kvlav myarad CaaWedos kldeSi. paloze<br />
Semomjdar am ucxo, saidanRac Semofrenil frTosans wili<br />
udevs TiTqos ukve Tavdaxsnili amiranis xelmeored mijaWvaSi.<br />
amirani palos abrunebs miwis siRrmeSi. ras niSnavs<br />
es? risi niSania es Citi? imis xom ara, rom is jer kidev ar<br />
aris mzad gasaTavisufleblad? es uneburi TviTSeborkva<br />
xom ar aris gamoxatuleba im codvisa, romlisganac igi jer<br />
kidev ar gaTavisuflebula? an im absurdisa, romelSic sakuTar<br />
ZalaSi dajerebam Caagdo? igive Zala, romelic misi<br />
imedi da siamaye iyo, iqceva mis kvlav mimjaWvelad. es Zala<br />
xom mainc misi sakuTreba ar aris – es misi naTliis Zalaa,<br />
romelic mibarebuli hqonda mas. igive Zala ajaWvavs mas kvlav<br />
ganmeorebiT da ase iqneba, sanam amirani amas ar mixvdeba.<br />
goSia – miwis arseba – exmareba, Citi – cis arseba – xels<br />
uSlis. es imas xom ar niSnavs, rom ca jer kidev ar aris Tanaxma<br />
misi gaTavisuflebisa? ca kvlav gansacdels ugzavnis<br />
mas, kvlav elis misgan pasuxs. sijiutea, rom abrkolebs<br />
mis gaTavisuflebas. jer sijiute unda daiZlios.
XVI. gaTavisuflebis mcdelobani. Tanaxmad ramdenime<br />
variantad arsebuli Tqmulebisa, romelic SeiZleba amiranis<br />
eposis epilogad miviCnioT, is klde, sadac mijaWvulia<br />
gmiri, Svid weliwadSi erTxel iReba. ca kvlav aZlevs<br />
Sanss...<br />
erT-erT am gaxsnas Seeswreba erTi usaxelo mwyemsi, menaxire,<br />
mecxvare Tu monadire [arjevaniZe: 95; Ciqovani<br />
1947: 335, 338, 346]. eposis dasawyisSi, mis prologSi, vxedavT<br />
monadires, romelmac ipova bavSvi da ixsna daRupvisagan.<br />
epilogSi kvlav vxvdebiT monadires, romelsac am-<br />
Jamadac amiranis gadarCenis misia akisria. am monadirem<br />
amiranis davalebiT Sinidan (an samWedlodan) unda wamoi-<br />
Ros jaWvi (sakideli), romlis saSualebiTac amiranma Tavisken<br />
unda miizidos xmali, raTa gakveTos borkilebi. monadirem<br />
ubrad unda wamoiRos es sakideli – aravis gasces<br />
xma, aravis gamoepasuxos. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi eqneba<br />
warmateba mis mcdelobas. Cveulebriv, monadire yovel-<br />
Tvis icavs akrZalvebs sanadirod wasvlamde ramdenime<br />
dRiT adre. marxulobs, mdumarebs, ar ekareba cols. am akrZalvaTa<br />
Sesrulebazea damokidebuli misi warmateba nadirobisas.<br />
magram monadire ver daicavs dumilis aRTqmas. abezari<br />
coli daacdeninebs sityvas amiranis gamosaxsnelad mimaval<br />
qmars. monadire veRar miagnebs kldes da amiranis<br />
gaTavisuflebis saxsaric ispoba. monadire ver icavs dumils,<br />
mWedlebi ki icaven, roca ubrad scemen grdemlze<br />
uros, da maTi moqmedeba warmatebulia (gavixsenoT, rom<br />
arsebobs sakmaod gavrcelebuli cikli TqmulebaTa akrZalvis<br />
damrRvevi monadiris Sesaxeb). mWedeli icavs aR-<br />
Tqmas, monadire – arRvevs. es imas niSnavs, rom jer kidev<br />
Warbobs is tendenciebi, romlebic amiranis mijaWvis pirobebs<br />
qmnian.<br />
ras gveubneba xelmocaruli monadiris Tqmuleba? es Tqmuleba<br />
Citis epizodTan erTad gveubneba, rom amirans isev da isev<br />
fizikuri Zalis imedi aqvs: is cdilobs fizikuri ZaliT aiSvas<br />
Tavi – palo moaryios, xmali moizidos borkilTa gasakveTad.<br />
magram es borkilebi iseTi borkilebia, romlebic xmliT ar gaikveTeba.<br />
isini sxva Zalam unda axsnas.<br />
Tqmuleba kidev, da es mTavaria, gveubneba, rom sanam<br />
adamiani aseTia, rogorc is monadire, romelic arRvevs<br />
141
142<br />
aRTqmas, manam amirani mijaWvuli iqneba. amirani swored<br />
imitom aris mijaWvuli, rom kacTa modgma ar aris srulyofili.<br />
amiranis mijaWvuloba adamianTa sisustiT aris<br />
ganpirobebuli. sanam arsebobs SesaZlebloba imisa, rom<br />
kacTa modgmaSi irRveodes aRTqma da fici, amiranic mijaWvuli<br />
iqneba da is verasodes daixsnis Tavs borkilebisgan.<br />
ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom amirani codvili kacobriobis<br />
gansaxierebaa, rom is atarebs kacobriobis codvebs,<br />
Sekrulia am codvebiT. da Tu kacobriobaSi aRmoCndeba<br />
erTi wmida kaci, is erTic sakmarisi iqneba, rom amiransac<br />
daudges Tavisuflebis dRe – misi SeTxelebuli<br />
borkili sabolood gawydes, moryeuli paloc sabolood<br />
amovardes.<br />
jaWvi, rogorc sagani, sabediswero xdeba amiranisTvis.<br />
is ambivalenturia: jaWviT aris is dabmuli da jaWviTve<br />
cdilobs gaTavisuflebas. sxva TqmulebaSi (megrulSi) monadires<br />
mwyemsi enacvleba, romelsac jaWvi miaqvs amiranis<br />
dasaxsnelad. mwyemss monadireebi SeSlilad CaTvlian<br />
da amiranisTvis gamzadebuli jaWviT Sekraven. amis Semdeg<br />
mwyemsi wyevlis monadireebs. yazbegis kldeze, ambobs<br />
Tqmuleba, hkidia es jaWvi, unda vifiqroT, ara amiranis ga-<br />
Tavisuflebis simbolod, aramed imis niSnad, rom es saSualeba<br />
ver gaaTavisuflebs mas.<br />
xalxis SefasebiT, Tu amirans gaTavisufleba uweria,<br />
unda gaTavisufldes gardaqmnili amirani da ara iseTi, rogoric<br />
miajaWves. aseTi amiranis aSveba araTu kacobriobis,<br />
aramed mTeli bunebis gamanadgurebelic aris. vaJas<br />
leqss `amirani~ amgvari SeniSvna axlavs: `fSavlebis warmodgeniT,<br />
rodesac amirani aRdgeba, maSin bunebaSic areuloba<br />
moxdeba~. xalxi, romelmac misi Tqmuleba Seinaxa,<br />
imitomac ekideba TanagrZnobiT mijaWvul gmirs, rom igi<br />
masSi sakuTar Tavs – codvaTa borkilebiT dabmuls – xedavs<br />
da gaTavisuflebas elis. es monadire xalxis warmomadgenelia.<br />
ara mxolod monadirea pasuxismgebeli, aramed<br />
TiToeuli Cvengani pirovnulad monawileobs misi satanjvelis<br />
gaxangrZlivebaSi. amiranis sasjeli Cveni sasjelia.<br />
xalxis Tvalsazrisi dasjili amiranis bedze mkafiod<br />
Cans erT moxevur TqmulebaSi. rodesac gamarjvebebiT<br />
gabudayebulma amiranma qriste RmerTTanac Sejibreba moindoma,<br />
RmerTma is amisTvis myinvarwveris ferdobze mia-
jaWvao. amiT undoda esargebla amiranis dauZinebel<br />
mters gveleSaps, myinvaris wveridan gadmococda da dabmul<br />
amirans SeWmas upirebda. magram misi es ganzraxva wm.<br />
giorgis gaugia da swrafad iqve gaCenila. wmindans gvele-<br />
SapisaTvis TiTis daqneviT uTqvams: `SeCerdi, amirani codvebis<br />
mosananieblad davabi da ara Sen gasaZRomado, mandve<br />
gaqvavdio~. am sityvebiT gveleSapi iqve gaqvavebula<br />
[makalaTia: 242].<br />
vinc amas ambobs, mas ar gaumetebia amirani samudamo satanjvelisTvis,<br />
jojoxeTisTvis. es gveleSapi jojoxeTs<br />
atarebs Tavis TavSi, is modis, rom sabolood STanTqas amiranis<br />
sicocxle. magram amirani unda gadarCes da igi mismave<br />
sakuTarma Zalam unda gadaarCinos. Tumca misi mxsneli<br />
Zala ar iqneba fizikuri Zala, aramed Zala sinanulisa,<br />
raSic unda STainTqas misi urCoba da ampartavneba. eposis<br />
Semnaxveli xalxic ase fiqrobs. is ar gansjis amirans, mxolod<br />
elodeba mis moqcevas. is TanaugrZnobs mas, mis tanjvas,<br />
is ar gansjis, radgan `ukanaskneli sja mxolod<br />
RmerTs ekuTvnis, adamians ki arasodes ar SeuZlia gansajos<br />
RvTis qmnileba, rogorc sabolood daRupuli da amitomac<br />
unda uyvardes masSi xsnis potencia~ [berdiaevi:48].<br />
amiranSi ki aris xsnis potencia, SesaZlebloba gaTavisuflebisa<br />
sakuTari Zalmomreobisagan.<br />
sasinanulod amirans micemuli aqvs vada. sasinanulo<br />
dro-Jami mas ar warTmevia. es igrZnoba moxeur Tqmuleba-<br />
Si – misi azri saerTo suliskveTebis gamomxatvelia. xalxis<br />
sulma mSobliur landSaftSic ki – mTadqceul gvele-<br />
SapSi – amoikiTxa, rom cas sabolood ar gauwiravs adamiani,<br />
rom ca mis mxarezea.<br />
`amiraniani~ ar aris dasrulebuli, misi dro-Jami ar<br />
amowurula. siuJeturi dro emTxveva realur dros, romelic<br />
jer kidev miedineba. amirani kacobriobis istoriis<br />
yovel awmyoSia, is yvela epoqis Tanamedrovea.<br />
blez paskali (1623-1662) werda, rom adamians ornairi<br />
gansacdeli emuqreba: is SeiZleba Cavardes sasowarkveTilebaSi<br />
Tavisi uZlurebis gamo da SeiZleba gaampartavndes<br />
sakuTar Tavze gadametebuli warmodgenis gamo. amirani<br />
moicva sasowarkveTilebam uZlevel ambri arabTan Sexvedrisas<br />
da – hubrisma, roca warmoidgina, rom misi momrevi<br />
amqveynad da arc qveynis gareT aravin iyo. ambri arabis wi-<br />
143
144<br />
naSe Tavis uZlurebaSi darwmunebuli, ormoci dRe da ormoci<br />
Rame glovobda. misma naTliam, macxovarma ieso qristem,<br />
Seibrala igi da uzomo Zala mianiWa. magram roca amirans<br />
qveyanaze aravin darCa moureveli, mas daeufla hubrisi<br />
da Tavad macxovari gamoiwvia orTabrZolaSi. gaampartavnebulma<br />
imis damarcxeba moindoma, vinc Zala miani-<br />
Wa. es iyo udidesi hubrisis gamovlineba, risTvisac amirani<br />
kldeze mijaWviT dasaja RmerTma.<br />
SeiZleboda hubrisis gardaqmnili saxe dagvenaxa erT<br />
fragmentSi, sadac amirani wmida cxovelis uneblie mkvlelad<br />
gvevlineba:<br />
mTas iremi wamogvixta, casa swvdeba rqani misi,<br />
amiranma ro esrola, mo¡do marjvena mxarsao,<br />
mivida, bevri itira, ro jvari naxa rqasao<br />
[Ciqovani 1981:21].<br />
aSkaraa, rom es fragmenti im vrceli baladiseburi teqstis<br />
nawilia, romelic amgvarad iwyeba: `sanadirod wamovidnen<br />
amiran da Zmani misni... mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqro<br />
iyo rqani misni, ucxo mTaze koSki naxes, anagebi brolis<br />
qvisi~ da a.S. (ix. VI epizodi). am baladis arc erT variantSi<br />
jvari ar gvxvdeba, arc is Cans, rom es oqrosrqiani iremi<br />
raimeTi niSnulia. `amiranma boZali hkra, wiTlad dasWra<br />
mxari misi~, da am qmedebas ar mohyveba tragikuli Sedegi.<br />
magram raki mas Tundac erT, unikalur variantSi, miewereba<br />
jvriani irmis mokvla, igi ar unda ugulebelvyoT, unda<br />
CavTvaloT amiranis ganwirulebis momaswaveblad am Zvel-<br />
TaZveli miTologemis saSualebiT. jer kidev agamemnonia<br />
gaxveuli am miTologemaSi: TqmulebiT, mas mouklavs artemisis<br />
wmida Sveli, rac misi tragikuli daRupvis mizezi<br />
gamxdara. mogvianebiT igive mizezi mouswrafebs sicocxles<br />
bizantiuri xanis berZen gmirs – digenis (`orgzis Sobil~)<br />
akritass. misi mokluli irmis rqebs Soris jvari da<br />
beWebs Soris yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xati aRmoCnda<br />
da manac, rogorc zemoT moyvanil fragmentSi amiranma,<br />
gamoiglova Tavi: `samasi daTvi movkali da samocdaori lomi<br />
da, aha, bedisweram wmida irems Semaxvedra, romelsac<br />
rqebSi jvari hqonda, Tavze varskvlavi da beWebze RvTismSobeli.<br />
codvaSi Cavvardi da unda movkvde~ [destunisi:
29-30]. digenisi iRupeba, rogor tipuri monadire, romelsac<br />
nadirobisas Semoakvdeba nadirTpatronis rCeuli pirutyvi.<br />
amasTanave, SesaZloa, damatebiT misi codva daxocili<br />
nadiris gadametebul ricxvSic (samasi daTvi da samocdaori<br />
lomi) gamoixata.<br />
daismis kiTxva: romel epikur Tu miTologiur personaJebTan<br />
avlens amirani tipologiur naTesaobas im masalis<br />
mixedviT, romelic Cvens xelTaa, rogorc igi Cans Cvenamde<br />
moRweul TqmulebebSi – elin promeTevsTan? aseTia<br />
gavrcelebuli azri, magram Tu masalidan amovalT da ara<br />
winaswar SemuSavebuli azridan, amiransa da promeTevss<br />
Soris verc fundamentur da verc tipologiur msgavsebanaTesaobas<br />
ver vpovebT. tipologiuradac isini gansxvavebulni<br />
arian. aris mxolod erTaderTi msgavseba maT Soris<br />
– mijaWva. orive gmiri mijaWvulia da mijaWvis adgilad<br />
orive TqmulebaSi kavkasiis mTebia dasaxelebuli. es<br />
ki sakmao sacdurs iZleva maTi gaigivebisTvis.<br />
vin aris promeTevsi da vin aris amirani?<br />
promeTevsi uzenaesi RvTaebis, zevsis Taobisaa. maT saerTo<br />
papa (uranosi) da didi deda (gea) hyavT. olimposis<br />
mbrZaneblisgan igi arafriT aris davalebuli, arc damokidebulia<br />
masze. Tumca is ar ekuTvnis olimposze dabrZanebul<br />
RvTaebriv elitas, romelic ganagebs samyaros.<br />
amirani Tumca saswaulebriv aris Sobili, mainc adamiania,<br />
adamianTa samyaros ekuTvnis. igi rom qriste RmerTis<br />
naTlulia da misgan ZalamoniWebuli, swored imas mowmobs,<br />
rom is ierarqiulad dabla mdgomia. promeTevsi Semqmnelia<br />
adamianTa modgmisa, romelsac amiranic ekuTvnis eladis<br />
sxva gmirebTan erTad (herakle, Tesevsi, persevsi da<br />
sxvani mravalni). promeTevsis sazrunavi adamianebia (adamianebi<br />
mas abaria), amiranisa – sakuTari Tavi, masze zrunavs<br />
ufali qriste.<br />
promeTevsis Zalis, RvTaebrivi unarebis wyaro Tavadvea,<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi, zevsisgan ar aris davalebuli, amiranis<br />
Zlierebis wyaro ki ufalia.<br />
promeTevsi da amirani kacobriobis ganviTarebis gansxvavebul<br />
safexurebs ekuTvnian. promeTevsis iaraRi aris<br />
Wkua, gamWriaxoba, moxerxeba. amirani ki moqmedebs mxolod<br />
fizikuri ZaliT, rac migvaniSnebs, rom igi sxva, ufro Zveli<br />
formaciis kacobriobas ekuTvnis. promeTevsis for-<br />
145
146<br />
macia meoreulia, igi axali kacobriobis warmomadgenelia.<br />
promeTevsi iseve upirispirdeba amirans, rogorc mravalnacadi<br />
odisevsi fexmard aqilevss an omSi myivar menelaoss,<br />
romelTa epiTetebi fizikur Zalaze miuTiTebs. pirvelTa<br />
rigSia marko kraleviCi, romelic gansacdelis<br />
(ufalTan gancdili marcxis) Semdeg gadadis promeTevsodisevsis<br />
formaciaSi.<br />
gansxvavebulia maTi dasjis motivebic. sxvadasxva mi-<br />
Tologiuri tradicia promeTevsis mijaWvis mizezad<br />
Tvlis: 1) kacTaTvis cecxlis motanas anu cecxlis saidumlos<br />
gamJRavnebas, 2) zevsis sabediswero saidumlos argamxelas<br />
(rom zevss misi da Tetisis naSieri Camoagdebs taxtidan),<br />
3) aTenas motacebis mcdelobas.<br />
amirani isjeba: 1) ufalTan gatolebis mcdelobisaTvis,<br />
2) ficis samgzisi gatexisaTvis (svanuri versiiT), da<br />
aramc da aramc cecxlis (an yamaris) motacebisaTvis. arc<br />
erTi varianti ar laparakobs cecxlis motacebaze da mis<br />
miwaze Camotanaze amiranis an mis ZmaTa xeliT. Tu cecxlzea<br />
sadme laparaki, es exeba miwaze arsebuli cecxlis<br />
povnas, ara – motacebas. ar aris damajerebeli yamarisa da<br />
cecxlis igiveobis argumentebi: `promeTevsis oreuli,<br />
amirani, RrubelT ufals – pirimzes qaliSvils, mzeTunaxavs<br />
mostacebs da colad SeirTavs. am SemTxvevaSi cecxli<br />
mzeTunaxaviTaa Secvlili. asea gaformebuli amiranianSi<br />
es motivi misi ganviTarebis umaRles safexurze~ [Ciqovani<br />
1959: 235]. aRvniSnav, rom motacebul mzeTunaxavs<br />
amirani colad ar irTavs. romc irTavdes da igi cecxlis<br />
gamoxatuleba iyos, es aqti mainc ar CaiTvleboda prome-<br />
Tevsiseul kulturul qmedebad. yamari, rogorc cecxli,<br />
motacebis Semdeg aRarsad Cans. Tuki moitaces, xalxisTvis<br />
unda yofiliyo motacebuli.<br />
mijaWva mxolod saSualebaa dasjisa sxvadasxva dana-<br />
SaulisaTvis. mTavari sasjelis saxe ki ar aris, aramed sasjelis<br />
mizezi da, erTgvarad, mizani. Tu meore kriteriumiT<br />
davuwyebT Zebnas amiranis oreulebs, pirvel rigSi,<br />
Tvalwin warmogvidgeba iseTi personaJebi gansxvavebuli<br />
sagmiro-miTologiuri tradiciebidan, rogorebic arian<br />
osuri narTebis baTraZi, somxuri eposis mheri da samxre-<br />
Teli slavebis marko kraleviCi, afxazuri tradiciis abrskili<br />
da megrulis aramxutu.
devebTan mebrZoli baTraZi, romelic ciuri mWedlis<br />
qurdalagonis mier aris gamowrTobili, Tavis Zalas Zuarebis<br />
(jvarTa) da vacilebis (wm. eliebis) winaaRmdeg mimarTavs.<br />
misi gabudayebis kulminacia RmerTTan Serkinebaa,<br />
sadac uZleveli baTraZi marcxdeba: dedamiwis simZimis<br />
gudas ki aswevs, magram oqros Zafis gorgalis awevas<br />
veRar SeZlebs, ris Semdegac igi aRiarebs, rom arsebobs<br />
misi mjobi.<br />
asparezoba mxolod marcxiT ar mTavrdeba – RmerTi<br />
mzis mxurvalebiT acamtverebs mas. baTraZis Tqmuleba ar<br />
icnobs mijaWvas [narTebi 1988: 270-272].<br />
aseve mijaWvis gareSe mTavrdeba markos marcxi. marko,<br />
dainaxavs ra, rom misi momrevi amqveynad aravinaa,<br />
ufals gamoiwvevs orTabrZolaSi. ufali Camodis dedamiwaze,<br />
moxucis saxiT gamoecxadeba da dedamiwis wona gudas<br />
daugdebs gzajvaredinze. marko ver aswevs, Tumca<br />
mTel Tavis Zalas mas daaxarjavs. bolos ufali gaumJRavnebs<br />
Tavs, marko inanebs, rom ufali orTabrZolaSi gamoiwvia.<br />
uflis nebiT, marko kvlav uZlevel Wabukad darCeba,<br />
oRond amieridan orTabrZolaSi Zalis nacvlad xerxsa<br />
da eSmakobas gamoiyenebs [slavTa simR.: 207-8]. aramxutus<br />
Tqmuleba, gansxvavebiT `amiranianisgan~, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli<br />
konkretul eTnikur garemosTan (sof. jvari,<br />
cimintiebi, qardavebi, ServaSiZe, visTanac mas urTierToba<br />
aqvs). igi Tavidanve moZaladea da RmerTsac eur-<br />
Ceba. wm. giorgi mas, rogorc araqristians(!), verafers aklebs,<br />
RmerTi ki sjis: Zafs Semoaqselavs tanze, jaWvad uqcevs<br />
da paloze daabams. aramxutusac Citi uSlis palos<br />
amoZrobas [Ciqovani 1947: 385]. arsebobs gayofiTebuli variantebi,<br />
sadac aramxutus tyviiT(!) klavs cimintia, Tavs<br />
moaWris da jgeges miarTmevs sofel jvarSi [Ciqovani 1947:<br />
386].<br />
aseve eTnizebulia, da ufro Zlieradac, abrskilis afxazuri<br />
Tqmuleba: is ebrZvis samSoblos (afxazeTis)<br />
mtrebs (eWvi ar aris, rom es motivi gviandeli warmoSobisaa).<br />
mis biografiaSi ZiriTadi gmiroba devis mokvlaa. gaampartavnebul-gabudayebuli<br />
abrskili RmerTs etoleba<br />
– arafris didebiT ar uxris mas qeds. Tavs arasodes xris,<br />
RmerTs ar egonos, Tayvans mcemso. Tqmuleba orTabrZolas<br />
ar icnobs. RmerTi sjis mas: jaWviT Seborkils Wlous<br />
147
148<br />
gamoqvabulSi (oCamCiris maxloblad) rkinis boZze miabmevinebs.<br />
aqac vxvdebiT gaTavisuflebis amao mcdelobas or<br />
variantad: 1) Citis mizeziT misi palo kidev ufro Rrmad<br />
iWedeba kldeSi; 2) afxazebi – aCbebi Tu cacbebi – miagneben<br />
abrskilis gamoqvabuls, magram imedgacruebulni ukanve<br />
dabrundebian [zuxba: 344-9; 9, 387-9]. adiReelTa narTebis<br />
meTaurma (Txamadam) nasiren-JaCem ganizraxa RmerTis<br />
(Txas) meufebis damxoba. adis oSxamaxoze (ialbuzze), Rmer-<br />
Tebis mTaze, da ebrZvis RvTaeba pakos, rom daibrunos war-<br />
Tmeuli cecxli. pako miajaWvavs nasirens oSxamaxos wverze.<br />
SevniSnavT, rom adiReuri simRera-moTqma mijaWvul nasirenze<br />
`wvrilmanebSic~ ki imeorebs amiranis dramas. mogvyavs<br />
es simRera:<br />
`o uiy-uiy, narTo nasiren! uiy, uiy nasiren-JaCe! muxanaTuria<br />
Seni qcevani, RvTis sityvas da saqmes Sen pativs<br />
ar scem. o, RvTisagan SeCvenebulo, o, vinc mTaze<br />
aiyvanes, o, vinc mTaze miajaWves! Sens zemoT arwivia,<br />
gverdiT Seni ZaRli giwevs! aryevs grialiT svets, Citi<br />
mofrindeba xolme, svetze jdeba. Sen brazdebi, ehei,<br />
yviri, qvas esvri, svets xvdeba, sveti ufro Rrmad er-<br />
Woba. Sens gverdiT ZaRli wevs, jaWvs RrRnis, Zafis sisqes<br />
xdis. roca galokavs, mWedlebi samWedloSi sisxam<br />
diliT grdemlze uros scemen, jaWvi kvlav mTliandeba,<br />
rogorc iyo... vidre Cven ar agxsniT, RmerTi gakavebdes<br />
mand dasaRupavad~<br />
[narTebi 1974: 273-4].<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs amiranis bed-<br />
Tan tipologiuri an, SesaZloa, geneturi msgavsebasiaxloviT<br />
somexTa mheri umrwemesi, sasunelTa modgmis<br />
ukanaskneli gmiri. misi bavSvoba iseTive boboqaria, rogorc<br />
amiranisa, xolo gabudayebis zRurblze dedamiwas<br />
aRar surs misi atana (siarulisas fexebi miwaSi efloba),<br />
anu is dawyevlilia miwisagan. misi bolo kldis gamoqvabulia,<br />
rasac mhers misi ded-mama uwinaswarmetyvelebs, roca<br />
igi maT saflavebs CasZaxebs SemweobisTvis da mheric<br />
miadgeba kldes, magram manamde is orTabrZolaSi iwvevs<br />
RmerTs (`an Semerkine, an waiRe Cemi suli~), romelic mas<br />
Svid angelozs SeabrZolebs. magram amaoa mheris cda: misi
elva-xmali verafers aklebs uxorcoT. damarcxebulma<br />
mherma sakuTari maxviliT gaapo klde, romlis wiaRSi `samudamod~<br />
unda datyvevebuliyo. klde weliwadSi orjer<br />
ixsneba – vardavarisa da amaRlebis dResaswaulebze. mheri<br />
gamodis gareT, magram kvlavindeburad miwas ar surs<br />
misi zidva, is cxenianad efloba miwaSi. kldis erT-erTi<br />
gaxsnisas Semodis mwyemsi da mis kiTxvaze, rodis gamoxval<br />
aqedano, mheri aZlevs sagulisxmo pasuxs: `Tu axla avdeqi<br />
da gamovedi, ver amitans me miwa. sanam es wuTisofeli<br />
borotebiT aris savse, sanam aseTi crua miwa, me ar mecxovreba<br />
qveyanaze. roca daemxoba es sofeli da kvlav aSendeba,<br />
roca xorblis marcvali kaklisodena gaxdeba, roca askilis<br />
nayofiviT gaxdeba xorblis marcvali, ai, maSin dadgeba<br />
Cemi dRe da im dRes gamoval aqedan~ [sasuneli: 340-<br />
341]. rogorc vxedavT, mheris gaTavisufleba iseve, rogorc<br />
amiranisa, esqatologiur perspeqtivasTan, qveynis<br />
feriscvalebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mheris RmerTmebrZoli<br />
neba motexilia, igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, kaTarzisis<br />
procesSi imyofeba da elis saboloo, esqatologiur Jams.<br />
ganwmedil-ganaxlebuli mheri da `axali ca da axali miwa~<br />
Seegebeba erTmaneTs.<br />
yvela am TqmulebaSi gamoxatulia tragedia adamianisa,<br />
romelic ver egueba adamianur dasazRvrulobas da cdilobs<br />
gascdes kacobriv sazRvars, gautoldes RmerTs,<br />
risTvisac isjeba. erTaderTi marko ar isjeba. mas miemadleba<br />
sxvarigi Zala – igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, am marcxiani or-<br />
TabrZolidan axal adamianad ibadeba. marko rwmundeba fizikuri<br />
Zalis umweobaSi, roca absolutur Zalas Seejaxeba.<br />
orTabrZola misi gakveTili iyo. amiranisTvisac gakveTilia<br />
es sabediswero Serkineba Tavis naTliasTan, isic<br />
unda darwmundes, rom adamianSi moqceuli Zala uflis winaSe<br />
araraobaa. is, rac markos pirovnebaSi moxda, aris gardaqmna<br />
– metanoia, TvalTaxedvis Secvla, anu sinanuli, rasac<br />
RmerTi elis mijaWvuli amiranisagan.<br />
promeTevsi ki arc adamiania da, amis gamo, arc sinanulis<br />
gancda aqvs, arc zevsi moelis misgan sinanuls. amiranis<br />
tragedia gacilebiT Rrmaa, vidre promeTevsisa, romlis<br />
bedi zevsis kaprizze Tu TviTnebobazea damokidebuli.<br />
amave dros promeTevsi ukve gamoxsnilia, magram is ixsna<br />
gareSe Zalam da ara Sinaganma mzadyofnam xsnisaTvis.<br />
149
150<br />
Tumca Sinaganis problema arc dgas mis winaSe. es adamianis<br />
problemaa, promeTevsi ki adamiani ar aris.<br />
dasasrul, momyavs h.-g. gadameris lakoniuri daskvnebi,<br />
romlebiTac man daasrula Tavisi narkvevi promeTevsze:<br />
`ase iqceva promeTevsi simbolod kacobriobis TviTtanjvisa<br />
sakuTari sindisiT, cnobierebis tragediis simbolod~.<br />
da kidev: `masSi kacobrioba, visTvisac is itanjeba,<br />
Wvrets sakuTar Tavs~. da bolos: `me meCveneba, rom promeTevsis<br />
istoria iseve daumTavrebelia, rogorc Tavad<br />
adamianis istoria~ [gadameri: 255].<br />
me meCveneba, rom es sityvebi ufro amiranis egzistencialur<br />
mdgomareobas gamoxatavs, vidre promeTevsisas.<br />
istoriaSi promeTevsis drama dasrulebulia, is herakles<br />
gamomsyidvelma aqtma gaauqma, amiranisa ki dRemde grZeldeba<br />
`mijaWvul~ Tu gamoqvabulSi gamomwyvdeul (gavixsenoT<br />
platonis miTosi gamoqvabulze `saxelmwifoSi~) kac-<br />
Ta modgmasTan erTad.<br />
literatura<br />
arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe e., anotirebuli bibliografia<br />
CMOMÏ K-Si gamoqveynebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
xalxuri sityvierebis masalisa, `mecniereba~,<br />
Tb., 1971.<br />
berdiaevi: Áåðäÿåâ Í., Ýðîñ è ëè÷íîñòü, Èçä. “Ïðîìåòåé”, Ì., 1989.<br />
gadameri: Ãàäàìåð Ã.-Ã.Àêòóàëüíîñòü ïðåêðañíîãî, “Èñêóññòâî”,<br />
Ì., 1991.<br />
gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi,<br />
`ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.<br />
destunisi: Äåñòóíèñ Ã., Ðàçûñêàíèÿ î ãðå÷åñêèõ áîãàòûðñêèõ<br />
áûëèíàõ ñðåäíåâåêîâîãî ïåðèîäà, ÑÏá, 1883.<br />
eliade 1965: Eliade M., Rites and Symbols of Initiation, The Mystery<br />
of Birth and Rebirth, Harper Torchbooks, New<br />
York, 1965.<br />
eliade 1974: Eliade M., Patterns in Comparative Religion, New American<br />
Library, New York, 1974.<br />
zuxba: zuxba s., afxazuri zepirsityviereba, Tsu<br />
gamomcemloba, Tb., 1988.<br />
kaiSauri: kaiSauri l., mTiuluri teqstebi, `mecniereba~,<br />
Tb., 1978.<br />
kampbeli: Campbell J., The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Bollingen<br />
Series XVII, Princeton University Press, 1973.
<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996: <strong>kiknaZe</strong> z., <strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologia I, jvari da<br />
saymo, quTaisi, 1996.<br />
<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 2006: <strong>kiknaZe</strong> z., Suamdinaruli miTologia, `saari~,<br />
2006.<br />
makalaTia: makalaTia s., xevi, tf., 1934.<br />
meiendorfi: Ìåéåíäîðô Èîàíí, Ïðàâîñëàâèå â ñîâðåìåííîì<br />
ìèðå, New York, 1981.<br />
miTebi: Ìèôû íàðîäîâ ìèðà, ò. I, “Ñîâåòñêàÿ Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ”, Ì., 1980.<br />
narTebi 1988: narTebi, osuridan Targmna meri cxovrebovma,<br />
`irisToni~, cxinvali, 1988.<br />
narTebi 1974: Íàðòû, Àäûãåéñêèé íàðîäíûé ýïîñ, «Íàóêà», Ì., 1974.<br />
nekliudovi: Íåêëþäîâ Ñ.Þ. Ãåðîè÷åñêîå äåòñòâî, èñòîðèêîôèëîëîãè÷åñêèå<br />
èññëåäîâàíèÿ, Ì., 1984.<br />
propi 2000: Ïðîïï Âë., Èñòîðè÷åñêèå êîðíè âîëøåáíîé ñêàçêè,<br />
“Ëàáèðèíò”, Ì., 2000.<br />
raglani: Raglan L., The Hero of Tradition, The Study of Folklore, ed.<br />
Dundes A., University of California and Berkley,<br />
1965.<br />
rexviaSvili: rexviaSvili n., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri metalurgia,<br />
`mecniereba~, Tb., 1964.<br />
sadideblebi: jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, Tsu <strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />
kaTedris Sromebi 2, Tb., 1998.<br />
sasuneli: Äàâèä Ñàñóíñêèé. Àðìÿíñêèé íàðîäíûé Ýïîñ,<br />
“Ñîâåòñêèé ïèñàòåëü”, Ë., 1982.<br />
svanuri: svanuri poezia I, Tb., 1935.<br />
slavTa simR.: Ïåñíè þæíûõ ñëàâÿí, “Õóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà”,<br />
Ì., 1976.<br />
tuiti: Tuite K., Achilles and Caucasus, The Journal of Indo-European<br />
Studies, vol. 26, N 3-4, 1998.<br />
SaraSiZe: Charachidzé G., Prométhée ou le Caucase, Essai de mythologie<br />
contrastive, Flamarion, 1986.<br />
Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, `Tbilisis<br />
universitetis gamomcemloba~, Tb., 1947.<br />
Ciqovani 1959: Ciqovani m., <strong>qarTuli</strong> eposi I, mijaWvuli amirani,<br />
`saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis gamomcemloba~, Tb., 1959.<br />
Ciqovani 1981: Ciqovani m., amiranis Tqmulebis poeturi<br />
Canawerebi, epikuri Janrebi, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>folklori</strong> X, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1981.<br />
151
152<br />
samijnuro eposi – `eTeriani~<br />
`eTeriani~ cameti variantis safuZvelze pirvelad<br />
p. umikaSvilma gamoaqveyna 1875 wels. gamomcemeli mas `zRapars~<br />
uwodebs (`abesalom da eTeris zRapari iseTi ram<br />
aris...~) da, marTlac, am ambavs variantTa umetesobaSi<br />
zRapris samoseli mosavs Tavisi tradiciuli winkariT –<br />
`iyo-da-ara-iyo-ra~. zogierT CanawerSi gazRaprebis procesi<br />
bolomdea misuli: ambavi zRapriseuli klasikuri dasasruliT<br />
– qorwiliT da `Wiri-iqa-lxini-aqa~-Ti mTavrdeba,<br />
radgan ar gamoCndeba murmani da, cxadia, arc im tragedias<br />
rCeba adgili, romelic `eTerianis~, rogorc samijnuro<br />
eposis individualobas qmnis. am saxis variantebSi<br />
eposi mTlianad Zleulia zRapris stiqiisagan. gazRaprebis<br />
tendencia gasagebia, ramdenadac es TxrobiTi Janri,<br />
rogorc misi sakuTreba, sxva JanrTagan yvelaze ukeTesad<br />
miesadaga xalxis cnobierebas (rogorc davinaxeT, `amiranianic~<br />
ver ascda am tendencias).<br />
msgavsad `amiranianisa~, `eTerianic~ prozisa da leqsisgan<br />
Sedgeba. prozac da leqsic mTeli saqarTvelos farglebSi<br />
(da mis gareTac) aris dadasturebuli. `eTerianis~<br />
pirveli gamomcemeli winasityvaobaSi werda: `es eTeriani,<br />
Sedgenili saxalxo leqsebisa da pirad naTqvamobisagan,<br />
romelnic darCenilan dRevandlamde saqarTvelos<br />
yvela nawilebSi. zemoxsenebuli leqsebi da pirad naTqvamobani<br />
(ricxviT cametni) ekuTvnis Semdeg adgilebs:<br />
qarTls, kaxeTs, imereTs, samcxes (axalcixis mazras), xevsureTs,<br />
xevs (Tergisas) da qalaq mozdoks~ [eTeriani 1875].<br />
aq `naTqvamoba~ prozaul monaTxrobs gulisxmobs, romelic<br />
sakmaod sxvaobs variantebSi. ar arsebobs kanonikuri<br />
prozauli xalxuri teqsti. leqsi ki ucvlelia da met-naklebad<br />
inarCunebs Tavis saxes Canaweridan CanawerSi. es ki<br />
imas unda niSnavdes, rom poeturi teqsti `eTerianSi~ pirveladia,<br />
arqetipulia, prozauli ki – meoradi, Semavsebeli.<br />
amitomac zRapradqceul variantebSi poetur Canar-<br />
Tebs ver vxvdebiT – aseTia variantTa wre I (ix. qvemoT).<br />
Tumca sxva SexedulebiT, `eTerianis eposis birTvi prozaulia~<br />
[qurdovaniZe 1975: 115] da, ufro metic: eposi zRapris<br />
niadagzea Camoyalibebuli, anu misi pirvelwyaro aris<br />
zRapari [qurdovaniZe 1975: 114, 113]. Znelia am Tvalsazri-
sis miReba, ramdenadac zRaparSi, rogorc aseTSi, ver aRmovaCenT<br />
iseT `birTvs~, romelic misi siuJetis tragikul<br />
ganviTarebas gamoiwvevda. zRapris principuli optimizmi<br />
ar iZleva amis SesaZleblobas.<br />
`eTerianis~ arazRaprul warmoSobas isic mowmobs, rom<br />
misi sxeulis mdgradi fena – leqsiTi nawili ZiriTadad dialoguria,<br />
rac SeiZleba niSnavdes imas, rom `eTerianis~<br />
arqetipuli teqsti romantikuli drama iyo. dialoguroba<br />
SeiZleba mis Tavdapirvel antifonur Sesrulebasac<br />
mowmobdes [qurdovaniZe 1975: 119]. es dialogebia: dialogi<br />
abesalomsa da eTers Soris, romelic mTavrdeba abesalomis<br />
ficiT eTerisadmi; dialogi abesalomsa da murmans<br />
Soris; dialogi marexsa da eTers Soris; ukanaskneli dialogi<br />
abesalomsa da eTers Soris. dialogebSi Cabmulia<br />
eposis yvela personaJi, vinc ki individualur saxes atarebs.<br />
mTavari personaJebis dialogebi iwyebs da amTavrebs<br />
nawarmoebs. leqsiTi variantebi eposis mTels Sinaarss moicavs<br />
dawyebuli striqonebiT `abesalom da eTeri Rmer-<br />
Tma Segvyara erTferi~ da damTavrebuli striqonebiT<br />
`Sen, Cemo moyvris danao, ubes midevxar ganao, amogiReb da<br />
davicem marjvena ZuZusTanao~ [eTeriani 1954: 44].<br />
aSkaraa, rom `eTeriani~ ar aris im xasiaTis nawarmoebi,<br />
romlis siuJets zRaparSi unda epova xorcSesxma. arsebobs<br />
variantTa sxva wre, sadac eTeris warmoSoba ar ukav-<br />
Sirdeba zRapris siuJets da ambavSic ar monawileoben<br />
zRapris tradiciuli (kanonikuri) personaJebi (avi dedinacvali,<br />
geri, keTili dedaberi). variantebis gansxvavebul<br />
wreTa arseboba sakmaod abundovanebs `eTerianis~<br />
warmomavlobas da, kerZod, eTeris, rogorc personaJis,<br />
vinaobis sakiTxs. romelia pirveladi – `eTeri-geri~ Tu<br />
`eTeri-tyiuri~? xom ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom misi<br />
arqetipi saerTod ar arsebula da `eTerianis~ dRemde<br />
SemorCenili variantebi ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli<br />
wyarodan momdinareobs? aseve daismis kiTxva `eTerianis~<br />
dawyebis Taobaze. variantTa umetesobaSi ambavi eTeriT<br />
iwyeba (aqedanaa dakanonebuli saxelwodeba `eTeriani~).<br />
magram ipoveba variantebi, arcTu mcirericxovani, sadac<br />
ambavi abesalomis sanadirod gasvliT iwyeba. romelia<br />
pirveladi? aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom xalxuri Txroba, Cve-<br />
153
154<br />
ulebriv, iwyeba im personaJiT, romelic mTavaria TxrobaSi,<br />
anu romlis ambavic aris mosaTxrobi.<br />
amgvarad ismis kiTxvebi: romelia `eTerianSi~ mTavari<br />
gmiri? an rogor poulobs abesalomi eTers – ZebniT, rogorc<br />
gazRaprebul variantebSia (wre I-II), Tu – tyeSi SexvedriT<br />
(wre III)?<br />
gaCnda arcTu usafuZvlo eWvi, rom `eTeriani~ wignuri<br />
warmoSobisaa. p. ingoroyva `eTerians~ CamoTvlis im literaturul<br />
nawarmoebTa Soris, romelTagan an fragmentebia<br />
SemorCenili an mxolod saxelebi. `rogorc Tavis<br />
droze gamorkveuli gveqneba, – am romanidan aris warmo-<br />
Sobili dRemde Senaxuli xalxuri Tqmuleba `abesalom da<br />
eTeri~, – iseve, rogorc SoTas vefxis-tyaosnidan Semdeg<br />
warmoiSva xalxuri vefxis-tyaosani~ [ingoroyva 1924: 486].<br />
mkvlevari Seecada ucxour sakuTar saxelTa safuZvelze<br />
emtkicebina Tavisi varaudi [ingoroyva 1938: 37-9].<br />
CamovTvaloT wyeba im niSnebisa, romlebic, SesaZloa,<br />
amxeldes mis wignur warmoSobas:<br />
− xalxuri epikuri – zRapruli Tu arazRapruli – Txroba<br />
ar aRiniSneba mravalpersonaJianobiT. arsebobs er-<br />
Ti, mxolod erTi mTavari gmiri, romelic atarebs eposis<br />
ideas, yvela danarCeni personaJi damxmareni arian<br />
da ara TavisTavadni. zRaparSi maT Tav-Tavisi funqciebi<br />
aqvT, romelTac isini mTavari gmiris mimarT asruleben<br />
da funqciis amowurvasTan erTad uCinardebian. rom<br />
ar vilaparakoT zRaparze, `amiranianis~ personaJebic<br />
aseve damokidebulni arian mTavar gmirze. maT, kerZod,<br />
amiranis Zmebs, TavisTavadi arseboba (egzistencia) ar<br />
gaaCniaT. isini uCinardebian, rogorc ki maTi funqcia<br />
amoiwureba. `eTerianSi~ sami damoukidebeli, TavisTavadi<br />
personaJia (rogorc `vefxistyaosanSi~, rogorc<br />
`visramianSi~).<br />
− `eTerianis~ personaJebi, gansxvavebiT folkloruli<br />
warmomavlobis personaJebisgan, aratipurni, individualurni<br />
da unikalurni arian. maTi saxeebi arsad sxvagan<br />
ar meordeba. xalxuri poetikisTvis ki mxolod tipuri,<br />
ganmeorebadi Tvisebebia yuradRebis Rirsi.<br />
− moqmedebis motivireba, razec agebulia `eTerianis~<br />
drama, principulad ucxoa <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis. folkloruli<br />
gmiris moqmedebas ara aqvs motivacia. Tu fol-
kloris gmiri sCadis borotebas, is sCadis mas, rogorc<br />
borotebis gansaxiereba – sxvanairad mas moqceva ar SeuZlia.<br />
aseTi ar aris murmani: igi sCadis borotebas ara<br />
imitom, rom borotia, aramed imitom, rom sxva gamosavals<br />
ver xedavs [bardaveliZe: 202-203].<br />
− <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis ucxoa gmiris feriscvaleba, rogorsac<br />
ganicdian jer murmani, mere abesalomi. ver vifiqrebT,<br />
– aseTia nawarmoebis logika, – rom murmani Tavidanve,<br />
eTeris gamoCenamde, abesalomis orguli yma yofiliyo.<br />
− Rrma emociebis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, siyvarulis dinamikuri<br />
gamomJaRvneba, maSin roca `xalxur eposSi siyvaruli,<br />
Cveulebriv, statikur formaSia mocemuli~ [bardaveliZe:<br />
197]. Tu SevadarebT, erTi mxriv, amiran-yamarisa<br />
da, meore mxriv, abesalom-eTeris urTierTobas da<br />
murmanis damokidebulebas eTerisadmi, maT Soris fundamentur<br />
sxvaobas davinaxavT. amiranisaTvis yamaris<br />
mopoveba sagmiro saqmea, misi, rogorc safalavno an mi-<br />
Tologiuri eposis an gmiris, gardauvali valdebulebaa.<br />
amiranis mizani ufro gamoxsnaa koSkSi gamoketili<br />
mzeTunaxavisa, vidre misi, rogorc qalis, daufleba. amiranis<br />
Semdgom TavgadasavalSi, mis morig zRurblebze<br />
yamari aRar Cans. xolo rac abesaloms da murmans amoZravebT<br />
eTeris mimarT, mxolod da mxolod Rrma adamianuri<br />
siyvarulis grZnobaa. zRapris gmirs siyvaruli ar<br />
amoZravebs. sacolis motaceba Tu gamoxsna wmidawylis<br />
formaluri qmedebaa.<br />
− dabolos, analogia kvlav `vefxistyaosanTan~ (p. ingoroyvas<br />
ZiriTadi argumenti): rom ar SemorCeniliyo<br />
rusTavelis poema, xalxuri `vefxistyaosani~ anu `tarieliani~,<br />
isic, msgavsad `eTerianisa~, zepirsityvieri<br />
warmoSobis nawarmoebad iqneboda miCneuli. es iribi argumentia,<br />
magram angariSi unda gaewios.<br />
es argumentebi saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT `eTerianis~<br />
elitarul warmoSobaze, anu CavTvaloT is e.w. daZiruli<br />
kulturis dovlaTis (Gesunkenes Kulturgut) erT kerZo<br />
gamovlinebad xalxur sityvierebaSi [bauzingeri: 44-5; kokiara:<br />
556-7]. qarTul folklorSi aseTebia: `tarieliani~,<br />
Sahnames xalxuri versiebi `beJaniani~, `rostomiani~, `ru-<br />
155
156<br />
sudaniani~ da sxvani, romelTac Tav-TavianTi wignuri wyaroebi<br />
eZebnebaT.<br />
dResdReobiT met-naklebad sruli (ramdenadac SeiZleba<br />
hqondes sisrulis pretenzia xalxuri Canawerebis<br />
korpuss) gamocema `eTerianis~ variantebisa ekuTvnis m. Ciqovans<br />
[eTeriani 1954]. aq Tavmoyrilia 42 folkloruli Canaweri<br />
saqarTvelos aTamde kuTxidan.<br />
variantebi qvemoT yvelgan am gamocemaSi miCenili nomriT<br />
aris miTiTebuli.<br />
teqstis morfologia<br />
`eTeriani~ ori nawilisagan Sedgeba:<br />
1. eTeris ambavi abesalomTan qorwilamde;<br />
2. ambavi abesalomisa da eTerisa da murmanisa qorwilis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
arsebobs `eTerianis~ variantTa oTxi wre, romlebic<br />
erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad sxvaoben ambis mxolod pirvel<br />
nawilSi, sadac Txroba abesalomisa da eTeris qorwilamde<br />
aRwevs. es nawili ZiriTadi ambis (tragediis) eqspozicias<br />
warmoadgens. wreebi erTmaneTisgan eTeris warmomavlobiT<br />
gansxvavdebian. variantTa erT wreSi eTeri geria<br />
(dediT oboli, dedinacvliT), meoreSi – dediT oboli (udedinacvlod),<br />
mesameSi – tyiuri, arwivisa (an daTvis) gazrdili<br />
(udedmamod). meoTxe wre Txrobis dasawyisis mixedviT<br />
aris gamoyofili: aq ambavi abesalomis gamoCeniT iwyeba.<br />
nawili 1. eqspozicia<br />
(ambavi qorwilamde)<br />
aq wamoiWreba problema: romelia Tavdapirveli eqspozicia<br />
eposisa?<br />
– variantTa is wre, sadac eTeri geria?<br />
– Tu is, sadac eTeri udedinacvlo obolia?<br />
– Tu is, sadac eTeri arwivis (daTvis) gazrdilia?<br />
romeli wridan aris namdvili eTeri?<br />
ganvixiloT variantTa es wreebi – ra epizodebisgan<br />
Sedgeba TiToeuli maTgani (vimeorebT, rom erTmaneTisgan<br />
maT mxolod eTeris warmomavloba ganasxvavebs).
wre I. eTeri-geri<br />
variantTa am wreSi `eTeri-geris~ mTeli Tavgadasavali<br />
qorwilamde jadosnuri zRapris Sinaarss Seadgens.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom am wris variantebis erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
niSani poeturi nawilebis ararsebobaa. is mTlianad<br />
TxrobiTia, anu, p.umikaSvilis termins Tu gamoviyenebT,<br />
`naTqvamobisgan~ Sedgeba. es imas niSnavs, rom igi<br />
mTlianad moucavs zRapris stiqias.<br />
ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />
I. dediT oboli eTeri dedinacvlis mier devnili geria; mas<br />
hyavs antagonisti (`crugmiri~) dedinacvlis asulis saxiT, romelic<br />
misi sruli (fizikurad da sulier-zneobrivad) antipodia.<br />
igi mxolod pasiuri iaraRia dedis xelSi eTeris winaaRmdeg.<br />
zog variantSi dedinacvlis asuli arc monawileobs<br />
TxrobaSi. eTers hyavs Zroxa, romlis saSualebiTac dedis suli<br />
Semweobas uwevs misi cxovrebis gadamwyvet Jams.<br />
II. eTeri gareT, kerZod, tyeSi unda aRmoCndes, rom<br />
beds ewios, romelsac gangeba umzadebs mas. dedinacvali<br />
mas samwyesurSi gzavnis, magram am gastumrebas gagdebis<br />
saxe aqvs. eTer-gers dedinacvali TiTqos agzavnis tradiciuli<br />
Zneli davalebiT, romelsac eTeri Semwis meSveobiT<br />
asrulebs.<br />
III. Sexvedra SemwesTan (dedaberi). es aris misi mCuqebelic<br />
da mwyalobelic. es Sexvedra gansacdelia, romlis<br />
Semdeg eTeri feriscvalebas ganicdis. oqrosferi Tma,<br />
romelsac Tavisi sikeTis wil moipovebs, misi momavali didebulebis<br />
pirveli niSania. dedinacvlis gogo ver uZlebs<br />
am gansacdels da kidev ufro maxinji brundeba Sin. es motivi<br />
dadasturebulia msoflio zRaprebis katalogSi [qurdovaniZe<br />
2000: 480].<br />
IV. dedis wyaloba. dedabris wyalobas dedis wyaloba<br />
mohyveba. furi, romelSic dedis sulia Casaxlebuli, daikvlis,<br />
misi Zvlebi Caimarxeba saidumlo adgilas, sadac<br />
eTers daxvdeba Zvirfasi samoseli, oqros qoSi da raSi<br />
[qurdovaniZe 2000: 510A].<br />
V. eklesiaSi. sadedoflod gamowyobili eTeri ucxo<br />
asulad gamoCndeba xalxSi, romelTa Soris dedinacvalic<br />
aris Tavisi qaliSviliTurT.<br />
157
158<br />
VI. qoSi ikargeba. ukana gzaze eTers cali qoSi wyalSi<br />
uvardeba.<br />
VII. mTeli samefo eZebs qoSis patrons.<br />
VIII. dedinacvali cdilobs, Tavisi qaliSvili Seatyuos<br />
abesaloms.<br />
IX. qoSis namdvili patronis gamoCena da cru-eTeris<br />
mxileba. am dros xvdebian pirvelad erTmaneTs abesalomi<br />
da eTeri [erT mesxur variantSi es epizodi retardaciulia:<br />
rogorc ki abesalomi droebiT datovebs sadedoflod<br />
gamzadebul eTers, dedinacvali gaxdis mas samosels,<br />
moaWris oqrosfer Tmebs da Tavis Svils gamoawyobs abesalomisTvis,<br />
eTers ki ToneSi Caagdebs. eTeris wasayvanad<br />
ukan mobrunebuli abesalomi Tonidan amoiyvans eTers,<br />
kvlav Semosavs da waiyvans].<br />
X. fici abesalomisa.<br />
XI. qorwili. aq mTavrdeba zRapari. magram sadac zRapari<br />
mTavrdeba, iq iwyeba abesalomisa da eTeris ambavi. qorwilis<br />
dros Semodis axali personaJi – murmani. droebiT<br />
SevwyvitoT Sinaarsis gadmocema am epizodze da vnaxoT,<br />
ra epizodebisagan Sedgeba variantTa meore wre.<br />
wre II. eTeri-oboli (udedinacvlod)<br />
(eTeriani 1954: 9, 28, 29, 33, 42)<br />
ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />
I. `iyo da ara iyo ra, iyvnen Raribi col-qmari~, eTeris<br />
mSoblebi, romlebic daixocnen.<br />
II. ded-mamiT oboli eTeri Saragzaze gamvlel-gamomvlels<br />
Tavs uxilavs mSoblebis sulis saoxad (Tanaxmad RvTisTvis micemuli<br />
ficisa). zogierT variantSi eTeri Tmas dedabers uxilavs,<br />
romelic amis sanacvlod asaCuqrebs mas.<br />
III. sanadirod gamosuli abesalomi eTers xis Ziras Sexvdeba<br />
an Saragzaze, sadac eTeri gamvlel-gamomvlels<br />
Tavs uxilavs.<br />
IV. eTeri Tavs uxilavs abesaloms RvTisadmi micemuli<br />
aRTqmis Tanaxmad.<br />
V. CaZinebulT qriste RmerTi daagvirgvinebs.<br />
VI. abesalomis fici.<br />
VII. qorwili.
wre II-a. eTeri-oboli (mamiT, udedinacvlod)<br />
(eTeriani 1954:4)<br />
ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />
I. eTeris mama `Zalian Raribi moxuci kacia~. deda ar Cans.<br />
II. eTeri gadis samwyesurSi. eTeri Tavad sTxovs mamas –<br />
menaxired gauSvas. `dedinacvliani~ variantebis gagdebas<br />
aq nebayoflobiTi gasvla enacvleba.<br />
III. Sexvedra tyeSi. abesalomi gahyveba Suqs, romlis wyaroa<br />
muxis fuRuroSi CaZinebuli eTeri. eTeri grZelTmiani<br />
mzeTunaxavia.<br />
IV. abesalomis fici.<br />
V. qorwili.<br />
wre III. eTeri – arwivis (daTvis) gazrdili<br />
(eTeriani 1954: 13)<br />
dasawyisi aq zRaprulia: `iyo da ara iyo ra...~ magram<br />
eTeri ara hgavs zRapris personaJs: is arc geria, arc oboli.<br />
is uCveulod naSobia da tyeSia gazrdili. frinveli an<br />
cxoveli zrdis mas.<br />
ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />
I. uSvilo col-qmari.<br />
II. qmari midis mkiTxavTan.<br />
III. kaci Wams colisTvis gankuTvnil sam vaSls.<br />
IV. eTeri Caisaxeba kacis kanWSi.<br />
V. moWril da gadagdebul kanWs arwivi Tu orbi (an daTvi)<br />
waiRebs Tavis budeSi (bunagSi), kanWidan daibadeba eTeri.<br />
VI. sanadirod gamosuli abesalomi Suqze miagnebs eTers.<br />
VII. Sexvedra da abesalomis fici.<br />
VIII. abesalomi saqorwilo (sadedoflo) samoseliT Semosavs<br />
eTers da waiyvans sasaxleSi.<br />
IX. qorwili.<br />
wre IV. ambavi abesalomiT iwyeba<br />
(eTeriani 1954: 2, 15)<br />
ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />
I. `abesalomi mefe iyo~. abesaloms esizmreba eTeri. suraTiT<br />
eZebs dasizmrebul eTers. eTeris warmomavloba<br />
ucnobia.<br />
159
160<br />
II. abesalomi sanadirod gadis.<br />
III. Sexvedra abesalomisa da eTerisa `amur-wyalze~ an<br />
`soflis bolos, wylis piras~.<br />
IV. fici abesalomisa.<br />
V. abesalomi Semosavs eTers.<br />
VI. qorwili (`Svidi dRe-Rame~).<br />
rogorc vxedavT, eqspoziciis (qorwilamdeli ambis)<br />
variantebSi mTavari personaJi – eTeri sxvadasxva warmo-<br />
Sobisaa: sxvaa eTeri, rogorc dedinacvlis geri; sxvaa eTeri,<br />
rogorc udedinacvlo oboli; sxvaa eTeri, rogorc<br />
tyeSi gazrdili (Tumca aq Semotanilia oblobis axali saxe,<br />
substanciuri udedmamobiT gaZlierebuli). aseve gansxvavebulia<br />
am variantebSi abesalomisa da eTeris Sexvedris<br />
pirobebi<br />
nawili 2. ambavi qorwilis Semdeg<br />
jvriswerisa Tu qorwilis Semdeg ambis gadmocemaSi<br />
yvela variantSi epizodebi erTmaneTs arsebiTad emTxveva.<br />
abesalomisa da eTeris ambis sakuTrivi nawili swored<br />
es aris. Tu zRapari qorwiliT mTavrdeba, abesalomisa da<br />
eTeris ambavi qorwilidan iwyeba, riTac isini emijnebian<br />
zRapris personaJebs. sadac mTavrdeba zRapari, iq iwyeba<br />
tragikuli ambavi, romelic Semdegi epizodebisagan Sedgeba:<br />
I. murmans Seuyvardeba eTeri, romlis xelSi CagdebisaTvis<br />
eSmaks mihyidis suls. variantTa umravlesobis Tanaxmad,<br />
murmani jvriswerisa Tu qorwilis dros Semodis<br />
TxrobaSi.<br />
II. xelSekruleba eSmakTan. sulis miyidva (murmani eSmakisgan<br />
Seityobs eTeris xelSi Cagdebis xerxs da qorwilis<br />
an jvrisweris dros gamoiyenebs mas). zogierT variantSi<br />
deda gaiRebs Tavis suls (eTeriani 1954:16).<br />
III. saxeze fetvis Seyra da eTeris dasneuleba. erT mesxur<br />
variantSi (26) eTers fetvs dedinacvali (zRapari am<br />
nawilSic aris SemoWrili!) ayris da ara – Tavad eSmaki an<br />
murmani. ase rom, aq murmani Tavisufalia codvisagan. murmanis<br />
saxe (is ar aris eSmakTan wilnayari) gafermkrTalebulia.<br />
IV. eTeris sneuleba – ras niSnavs igi? zogierTi variantis<br />
mixedviT, eTeris sneuleba moCvenebiTia (33).
V. abesalomi gadascems eTers murmans, romlis xelSi<br />
eTeri ganikurneba. es ori aqti erTdroulia. sad xdeba gadacema?<br />
– jvarisweris dros, qorwilis dros, bednierebis<br />
kulminaciaSi.<br />
VI. abesalomisa da murmanis dialogi. abesaloms surs,<br />
gaigos eTeris ambavi. es dialogi (erT-erTi saukeTeso adgili<br />
mTels `eTerianSi~, romelic TiTqmis yvela Canawer-<br />
Sia Semonaxuli) leqsis saxiT aris gadmocemuli: `murman,<br />
murman, Sensa mzesa, Cemi eTer ra dReSia?~ (var. `Seni coli<br />
ra rigia?~). kiTxvas mosdevs murmanis vrceli pasuxi: `ras<br />
kiTxulob, caTa sworo, colis qeba augia...~ murmani aRuwers<br />
abesaloms `brolis cixeSi~ gamoketili eTeris silamazes,<br />
romelic amieridan miuwvdomelia abesalomisTvis.<br />
VII. abesalomi ueTerod – sneuli.<br />
VIII. murmanis gagzavna ukvdavebis wylis mosatanad an<br />
salaSqrod (Zneli davaleba). murmanis gagzavnis mizani<br />
abesalomisa da eTeris kvlav Seyraa. erT variantSi murmans<br />
dasneulebuli eTeri agzavnis ukvdavebis vaSlis mosatanad<br />
faruli motiviT, rom didi xniT (an sabolood) moaridos<br />
`brolis cixes~, Tavad ki abesalomis sanaxavad wavides<br />
(16, kaxeTi).<br />
IX. asparezze gamodis abesalomis da marixi rogorc<br />
elCi sneul abesalomsa da datyvevebul eTers Soris. zogierT<br />
variantSi sneuli abesalomis mesaidumle dedaa.<br />
fSaur versiaSi is kiTxulobs Svilis sneulobis mizezs:<br />
`Svilo, visi gklavs survili, Zils ar gaZinebs<br />
mZinarsa,<br />
waval da imas gipovni, wyals Caudgebi mdinarsa~.<br />
abesalomis deda, iseve rogorc deda murmanisa, yvelafrisTvis<br />
mzad aris. abesalomi agzavnis marexs am davalebiT:<br />
`adeqi, marex-marskvlavo, eTersa karsa uare, Tu<br />
gkiTxos Cemi ambavi, dajed da wvrilad uambe~. variantebs<br />
meore dac – `mariam-marskvlavi~ an `varex-marskvlavi~ –<br />
SemohyavT. xalxuri Txrobis kanonis Tanaxmad, eTeri mesame<br />
misvlaze unda wamohyves elCs. es sami cda amgvarad<br />
SeiZleba ganawilebuliyo, risi kvalic SemorCenilia variantebSi:<br />
a. `marex-marskvlavi~ midis samjer, mesame misvlaze<br />
wamohyveba eTeri. kaxur variantSi (14) marexs or-<br />
161
162<br />
jer uxdeba eTerTan misvla. b. eTerTan midis jer deda,<br />
mere debi saTiTaod. bolo mimsvlels unda wamohyves eTeri.<br />
srulad arc erTi SesaZlebloba ar aris realizebuli.<br />
aRsaniSnavia eTeris sayveduri, romelic yvela variantSi<br />
Tanabari mxatvruli mTlianobiT ar aris SemorCenili.<br />
eTeri ase mimarTavs abesalomis gamogzavnils: `marexmarskvlavo,<br />
ras brZaneb mag Senis tkbili eniTa, Tavs gvirgvini<br />
aixada, sxvas daadga xeliTa~ (14, kaxeTi); `RvTisgan<br />
dadgmuli gvirgvini ZaliT gadigdo xeliTa~ (9, qarTli).<br />
sxva variantis mixedviT, am sityvebs eTeri abesalomis meore<br />
das, maris mimarTavs: `mari-qalo, iqiT wadi, nu damferfle<br />
eniTao, Tav gvirgvini aixada, sxvas daadga xeliTao~<br />
(10). am variantSi eTeri uaryofs marex-marskvlavis elCobas<br />
da mari-qals mihyveba abesalomTan.<br />
X. eTeri midis abesalomTan. zogierTi variantis mixedviT,<br />
mas martokas ar uSveben `brolis koSkidan~ – mazlebi<br />
gamohyvebian (16), an yvelani – `sul Tan gahyvnen~ (2). is namdvili<br />
patimaria.<br />
XI. ukanaskneli Sexvedra. is, rac abesalomsa da eTers<br />
Soris iTqmis maTi Sexvedrisas, ar aris adekvaturi imisa,<br />
rasac igi unda iwvevdes. TiTqmis yvela variantSi momakvdavi<br />
abesalomi sTavazobs eTers `garjisaTvis~ (`Cemi naxvisTvina~,<br />
19) oqro-vercxls, margalitebs, raSs, moaxleebs,<br />
anu mefur ZRvens (2), zogan – mxolod cxens: `eTersa<br />
cxeni miarTviT, gava sqeli da maRali!~ (14). saCuqari SeTavazebulia,<br />
TiTqos mxolod im mizniT, rom eTers SesaZlebloba<br />
mieces ganacxados: `eTersa cxeni ar unda, dana ubo-<br />
ZeT almasi~ (14). amas ambobs, Tumca mas Tana aqvs abesalomis<br />
naCuqari dana: `eTersa cxeni rad unda, dana uboZe Savtari.<br />
abesalomis danao, ubeSi devxar ganao, amogiReb da<br />
dagikram marcxena ZuZusTanao~ (2).<br />
XII. abesalomis sikvdili da eTeris TviTmkvleloba.<br />
bevri variantis mixedviT, abesalomi kvdeba eTeris mosvlisTanave:<br />
abesaloms eTeris fexis xma esmis mxolod –<br />
`eTeri banze Semodga, kari da bani daiZra~ (8, qarTli), erT<br />
CanawerSi vkiTxulobT: `abesalomma icno eTeris fexis<br />
xma~ (9, qarTli). eTers esmis misi naTqvami, magram abesalomis<br />
yuramde veRar midis eTeris pasuxi.<br />
XIII. ori saflavi. vardi (da ia) da Tasi oqrosi. ambavi<br />
saflavze leqsad aris Semonaxuli da am leqss Tavad eTe-
i warmoTqvams, sanam gulze danas daicemdes. eTeri Tavad<br />
Txzavs Tavis da abesalomis epitafias. zogi variantis<br />
mixedviT, murmanis bedic nawinaswarmetyvelevia (2, qar-<br />
Tli).<br />
XIV. murmanis dabruneba da TviTmkvleloba.<br />
XV. mesame saflavi. murmani Tavis saflavs abesalomisa<br />
da eTeris saflavs Soris gaiTxris. masze ekali amodis da<br />
ia-vardis gadaxvevas uSlis xels. ekali codvis simboloa<br />
(adamis codvis daRi mcenareze), vardi – netarebis. ekali<br />
imasac gvaxsenebs, rac jvarisweris dros moxda – eSmakeulis<br />
SeWra axaldagvirgvinebulTa Soris sikvdilSic meordeba.<br />
ekali – arimanis (eSmakTa Tavadis) Suria ormuzdisadmi.<br />
murmanis siyvaruli eklad gadaiqca.<br />
XVI. esqatologiuri epilogi. `erTi kaci~ (mwyemsi, gamvleli,<br />
soflis xalxi) amoZirkvavs ekals (arimanis Surs,<br />
murmanis damangrevel siyvaruls), romelsac murmanis<br />
Zvlebic amohyveba. ia da vardi kvlav Caexvevian erTmaneTs.<br />
ambavi eTerisa, abesalomisa da murmanisa<br />
I. eTeri-geri<br />
`eTerianSi~ sami mTavari personaJia. ukve es `sameba~<br />
mowmobs, Tu raoden ucxo unda iyos es xalxuri nawarmoebi<br />
jadosnuri zRaprisTvis, romelic SeWrila mis sxeul-<br />
Si, Sezrdia mas da TiTqmis mis sxeulad qceula. ambavi abesalomisa<br />
da eTerisa Tavisi tragikuli dasasruliT safuZvlianad<br />
gansxvavdeba jadosnuri zRaprisgan, romelsac<br />
gmirTaTvis sasikeTo dasasruli aqvs. da mainc, `eTerianis~<br />
dRemde SemorCenil ZiriTad variantebSi misi erT-er-<br />
Ti mTavari gmiri – eTeri jadosnuri zRapris personaJis<br />
biografiiT aris warmodgenili. misi pirveli nawili (`ambavi<br />
abesalom da eTerisa qorwilamde~) mTlianad, yvela<br />
misi epizodiTurT, farTod gavrcelebuli sazRapro siuJetis<br />
erTi variantia [qurdovaniZe 2000: 480, 510A].<br />
`eTerianis~ eTeris vinaobis gacnobisas da gadmocemisas<br />
Cven imavdroulad vecnobiT da gadmovcemT jadosnuri<br />
zRapris personaJis – geris vinaobas da mis Tavgadasavals.<br />
am zRapris gmiri – dedinacvlisgan moZulebuli geri<br />
– da romantiuli eposis gmiri eTeri erTi da igive pirovnebaa.<br />
163
164<br />
abesalomTan Sexvedramde da qorwilamde maT erTi<br />
cxovreba aqvT gavlili.<br />
eposis xalxur mTqmelebs daebadaT survili, abesalomis<br />
rCeuli eTeri geris statusSi warmoedginaT.<br />
ra aris gerobaSi iseTi, rasac eTeris bunebis gamoxatva<br />
unda dakisreboda?<br />
vin aris geri?<br />
arsebobs wuTisoflis bavSvi, wers erTgan n. berdiaevi,<br />
da arsebobs RvTis bavSvi, romelsac `bedi swyalobs~ da<br />
dasabamieri TavisuflebiT aris dajildoebuli. Cven davsZenT,<br />
rom deda gamoxatavs RvTis samefos, xolo dedinacvali<br />
– am wuTisofels. Sesabamisad: oboli da geri, rogorc<br />
RvTis bavSvebi, ar ekuTvnian am wuTisofels – isini<br />
ar arian misi mkvidrni. obloba da geroba aq tovebs socialur<br />
sferos da sxva ganzomilebaSi gadadis. dedinacvali<br />
cdilobs, Tavisi RviZli Svili, asuli wuTisoflisa, Seunacvlos<br />
wuTisoflis gers. da sakvirvelia, rom mama Cumi<br />
dasturiT monawileobs am boroteul SenacvlebaSi. geri,<br />
marTalia, daibada am qoxSi, magram es qoxi ar aris misi namdvili<br />
saxli, misi saxli sxvagan dgas, is sasaxlea. ase, sadedoflo<br />
geri, magram dedinacvlisgan devnili, ufliswuli<br />
wisqvilSi Sobs bavSvs [qurdovaniZe: 403], romlis namdvili<br />
samSoblo mefis sasaxlea. geris oqrosferi Tma, romelsac<br />
is dedabrisaTvis gaweuli sikeTis wil moipovebs, amis<br />
dasturi da niSania. oqroa misi namdvili feri, romelic<br />
garkveul dromde dafaruli unda iyos, raTa Tavis Jams<br />
gamobrwyindes. dedis gamogzavnili Zvirfasi Sesamoseli,<br />
oqros qoSi, sadedoflo Sesamoselia, romliTac is Sedis<br />
eklesiaSi momavali qorwilis dRis winaswarsauwyeblad.<br />
gers gzaSi ekargeba qoSi, radgan is Cqarobs Sin dabrunebas,<br />
rom ar gacxaddes misi saidumlo, radgan dedinacvali<br />
Casafrebulia saxlSi. magram qoSis dakargva is aucilebeli<br />
dabrkolebaa, romelmac mas sikeTe unda moutanos,<br />
iseve rogorc dedinacvlis davalebebma. ase rom, dedinacvali<br />
Tavisi Zneli davalebiT iseTive Semwea misi, rogorc<br />
dedis suli da keTili dedaberi, romelic, SesaZloa, misi<br />
dedis ganxorcieleba iyos. yoveli misi metoqe ganwirulia<br />
dasamarcxeblad, radgan oqros qoSi mxolod mas ekuTvnis<br />
da sxvas aravis dedamiwis zurgze. mTels wuTisofel-<br />
Si ar moiZebneba asuli, romelsac moergeboda es qoSi. qo-
Si da eTeri erTad daibadnen. mis fexs dahyva rCeulobis<br />
dideba. eTerisaTvis gankuTvnilma oqros qoSma SeiZleba<br />
moiaros qveyniereba, magram is kvlav eTers daubrundeba,<br />
radgan misi cali masTan aris, rogorc dasabamieri jildo.<br />
yovelive amas moklebulia dedinacvlis asuli, mas ara<br />
aqvs bedi, is ver uZlebs gamocdas; mas imsxverplebs gansacdeli,<br />
radgan is ar aris RvTis bavSvi, is wuTisoflis<br />
RviZli da mkvidri Svilia.<br />
pirveli konturebi geris bedisa maSin isaxeba, roca dedinacvlisgan<br />
devnili tyeSi dedaberTan erTaderTi swori<br />
urTierTobis (sityva-pasuxisa da saqcielis) gamocdas,<br />
rogorc gansacdels, gaivlis. saidana aqvs obolsa da gers<br />
amgvari qcevis gamocdileba? cxadia, is Tandayolilia. ke-<br />
TilSobileba, WeSmaritad dedofluri, usazRvro sikeTe<br />
dedis saSoTganve dahyva mas. is saCuqari, romelsac geri<br />
dedabrisgan iRebs, mas damsaxurebuli aqvs Tavisi maRali<br />
warmoSobiT – igi sruliad bunebrivad, yovelgvari yoymanis<br />
gareSe ipovebs mas. es misi bedia.<br />
geri gogona zRapris mTavari personaJia. vaJi, romelic<br />
moZebnis da airCevs mas, moklebulia TavisTavadobas<br />
– masze ar aris SeCerebuli mTxrobelis yuradReba. is mxolod<br />
saSualebaa imisaTvis, raTa geri ewios Tavis beds, daxsnil<br />
iqnes am damcirebuli mdgomareobidan. ufliswuli<br />
(misi mxsneli, rogorc wesi, ufliswulia) aucileblobiT<br />
aris movlinebuli geris gadasarCenad – misi gadarCena ca-<br />
Sia gadawyvetili. geri, cocxalTagan moZulebuli, TviT<br />
mSobeli mamisganac ki mitovebuli, dedoflis Rirsebamde<br />
aRwevs.<br />
aqa aqvs gamarTleba da sazrisi gerebis zRapars, romelic<br />
gvimxels imaze mets, rasac geris socialuri Sinaarsi<br />
inaxavs.<br />
im variantebSic ki, sadac gogona ar aris geri, aramed<br />
mxolod oboli da aravin aiZulebs mas Rirsebis `damamcirebeli~<br />
samsaxuris gawevas, igi Tavisi aRTqmiT asrulebs<br />
aseT samsaxurs. is Tavisi nebiT gadis Saragzaze da gamvlel-gamomvlels<br />
Tmas uxilavs ded-mamis sulis saoxad<br />
RvTisadmi micemuli aRTqmisamebr. aseTi nebayoflobiTi<br />
samsaxuri arasodes rCeba sazRauris gareSe, Tumca Tavad<br />
msaxuri arafers moiTxovs sanacvlod. es iseTi samsaxuria,<br />
romlisganac arafers gamoelian. dedofali, rogorc<br />
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166<br />
mefe, Camodis taxtidan da emsaxureba Tavis qveSevrdomT.<br />
es aris yvelaze maRali samsaxuri, roca uzenaesi udablesis<br />
msaxuri xdeba (amis arqetipi gankacebis saidumloSia).<br />
zRaparSi oblis Sesrulebuli samsaxuri ar aris ganpirobebuli<br />
misi dabali socialuri mdgomareobiT. misi msaxureba<br />
araCveulebrivi warmoSobisaa.<br />
eTerisTvis ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi geris statusi.<br />
unda vifiqroT, rom wignuri eTeris epikur vinaobaSi iqneboda<br />
raRac iseTi niSani, romelic swored gerobas unda<br />
gamoexata. Cven amis mxolod varaudi SeiZleba gvqondes.<br />
II. eTeri-tyiuri<br />
sul sxvaa es eTeri. igi araCveulebrivi warmoSobisaa.<br />
igi udedod aris Sobili da gazrdili. mas deda ar hyolia.<br />
visi Svilia igi? aravisi. is ibadeba saswaulebrivad, rogorc<br />
dionise zevsis barZayidan. amgvarad Sobili eTeri<br />
gansxvavdeba dedinacvlis xeliT devnili da Seviwroebuli<br />
geri gogonasagan. geri da oboli qoxSi arian dabadebulni<br />
da qoxSi izrdebian (Tumca farul brwyinvalebas<br />
atareben), qoxSive aRmoaCens mas abesalomi. arwivis (Tu<br />
daTvis) gazrdili eTeri ki araTu ar Sobila qoxSi, misTvis<br />
ucxoa adamianTa sazogadoeba. mas arc ucnaurad mopovebuli<br />
brwyinvale samoseli da oqros qoSi aqvs. misi didebulebis<br />
erTaderTi niSani misi bunebrivi Tmaa. eTeri tye-<br />
Sia gazrdili da tyeSive waawydeba mas sanadirod gamosuli<br />
abesalomi. amrigad, es varianti sagrZnoblad SekumSulia.<br />
gza eTerisa Tavisi adgilsamyoflidan mefis sasaxlemde<br />
ukiduresad Semoklebulia. magram raoden grZelia<br />
gza imisaTvis, visac arasodes unaxavs adamianTa sazogadoeba!<br />
man unda daZlios is manZili, romelic Zevs tyidan<br />
sasaxlemde.<br />
am eTeris silamaze pirvelqmnili, bunebrivi silamazea,<br />
risi niSanic grZeli Tmebia, eTeris erTaderTi Sesamoseli.<br />
mas esaWiroeba sxvagvari Semosva da abesalomi Semosavs<br />
kidec mas, Semosavs, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes misi sasaxleSi<br />
Seyvana. amave dros Sesamoseli abesalomis ZRvenia,<br />
sasZlosaTvis, saqorwino niSnad mirTmeuli, analogiurad<br />
dedisagan nawyalobevi saCuqrisa, rogorc mziTvisa.
socialur dapirispirebas, romelsac gazRaprebul variantebSi<br />
qmnis eTeris warmoSoba, anu dapirispirebas qoxsa<br />
da sasaxles Soris, variantTa am wreSi enacvleba dapirispireba<br />
tyesa da sasaxles Soris. TavisTavad es aris ker-<br />
Zo SemTxveva fundamenturi dapirispirebisa bunebasa da<br />
kulturas Soris, rac SeiZleba RvTis qmnilebasa da adamianis<br />
qmnilebas Soris dapirispirebaSi gadaizardos. aq er-<br />
TmaneTis pirispir dganan ara mxolod vaJi da qali, aramed<br />
arsebani, romlebic yofierebis or gansxvavebul sferos<br />
ekuTvnian.<br />
aq iseTive dapirispirebaa abesalomsa da eTers Soris,<br />
rogorc `gilgameSianis~ SamxaTsa da enqidus Soris [gilgameSiani:<br />
42-44], oRond rolebi Secvlili aqvs qal-vaJs:<br />
Tu `gilgameSianSi~ enqidu-vaJi bunebas ganasaxierebs, SamxaTi-qali<br />
kulturaa, romelic urbanistul centrs warmoadgens,<br />
`eTerianSi~ – qalia buneba, vaJi – kultura. sagulisxmoa,<br />
rom Sexvedra qal-vaJs Soris sanadiro adgilebSi<br />
xdeba rogorc Cvens, ise aqadur eposSi. rogorc<br />
`gilgameSianSi~ usaxelo monadire gadis sanadirod udabnoSi<br />
da mihyavs qali SamxaTi, uruqis kulturis gamomxatveli<br />
da matarebeli, raTa veluri enqidu Seityuos uruq-<br />
Si, aziaros mis sazogadoebas, kulturas, aseve iqceva abesalomi.<br />
gauxedneli da gaxednili – es dapirispirebac erTi<br />
kerZo SemTxvevaa im Zireuli dapirispirebisa, bunebasa da<br />
kulturas Soris rom arsebobs. homerosi gauxednels uwodebs<br />
qalwuls, romelic ar Sebmula saqorwino uRelSi. ni-<br />
Sandoblivia, rom sacolis mopoveba tyeSi xdeba: abesaloms<br />
eTeri mihyavs sasaxleSi, rogorc nanadirevi, monadirebuli.<br />
bunebrivad JRers saqorwino simRera:<br />
movdivarT, mogvixaria,<br />
mogvyavs dedali xoxobi...<br />
es, SesaZlebelia, abesalomis simRera yofiliyo, rogorc<br />
monadirisa – masSi erTiandeba mefe da monadire. monadire<br />
xom, Cveulebriv, imaze mniSvnelovans moinadirebs,<br />
risTvisac sanadirod gadis (gavixsenoT farnavazis aRmo-<br />
Cena tfilisis RirRalebSi, mirian mefis gansacdeli Txo-<br />
Tis mTaze).<br />
167
168<br />
murmani<br />
`eTerianis~ specifikas, mis individualobas, rogorc<br />
Tqmulebisa, qmnis murmani. mis gareSe abesalomisa da eTeris<br />
ambavi zRaprad darCeboda. mas gahyavs zRapris sivrcidan<br />
eTeri da abesalomi. igi uxsnis maT gzas sxva dasasrulisken.<br />
murmania, romelic eSmakis manqanebiT gardaiqmnis<br />
Tavs Cven Tvalwin da gardaqmnis abesalomsac, Seucvlis<br />
adgils eTersac. murmanis tipi unikaluria qarTul folklorSi,<br />
mis gamo eTeric da abesalomic iZenen unikalobas<br />
da isini axali, moulodneli saxiT warmogvidgebian. ma-<br />
Ti namdvili, sakuTrivi cxovreba murmanis gamoCeniT iwyeba.<br />
murmani ar aris ubralo antagonisti, romelic jadosnur<br />
zRaparSi gamoCndeba xolme mTavari gmiris gzaze. mas<br />
Tavisi mkveTri individualoba, Tavisi Sinagani samyaro,<br />
Tavisi cxovreba, Tavisi mizani aqvs. is damoukidebeli personaJia,<br />
is TiTqos abesalomis ymaa, magram eTeris `mopovebis~<br />
Semdeg arc ymas hgavs – is sruliad avtonomiuri xdeba<br />
Tavis samflobeloSi, sadac abesaloms verc ki miesvleba.<br />
murmani, Tu zRapris eTosidan gamovalT, dedinacvlis, asulis<br />
erTgvari analogiaa: Tu eTeris gverdiT arsebobs crugmiri<br />
(crueTeri), romelsac eTerobas akisreben, abesalomsac<br />
aRmoaCndeba crugmiri (cruabesalomi) murmanis saxiT. murmanis<br />
siyvaruli `Zlieria sikvdiliviT~, da Suri misi `sastikia<br />
jojoxeTiviT~ (`qebaTa qeba~). aseTi siyvaruli uCveuloa zRaprisTvis<br />
da, sazogadod, folkloruli prozisaTvis. is gulisxmobs<br />
pirovnebas, individualobas, rac aseve ucxoa <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis.<br />
murmani siyvarulisaTvis suls mihyidis eSmaks, mihyidis<br />
imas, rac misi erTaderTi ganuyofeli sakuTrebaa. suls<br />
gascems imis sanacvlod, rac mas ar ekuTvnis da kanonierad ver<br />
moipovebs. aq problema imdenad zneobrivi ar aris, ramdenadac<br />
egzistencialuri. siyvarulis sagnis mosapoveblad murmani<br />
mzad aris `sxvad~ iqces, `gardasxvavdes~, radgan iseTi, rogoric<br />
is `amJamad~ aris, ver daeufleba eTers. is usaTuod eSmak-<br />
Tan unda iyos wilnayari, rom SeuZlebeli SeZlos: daepatronos<br />
imas, rac mas ar ekuTvnis. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT wmida saganZuris<br />
miTosi: rogorc ganZis mparavi Savi magiis moxmobiT<br />
xdeba `antimsxverplis~ Semwirveli – usurmagi cxovelis<br />
sisxls miasxurebs ganZs, raTa waarTvas mas misi mfarveli siwmide<br />
da uvnebelyos xelyofisaTvis [<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996: 253], ase iqce-
va murmanic: fetvi mis xelSi is magiuri saSualebaa, romliTac<br />
igi saxes ucvlis eTers, raTa TavisTvis, rogorc aw ukve eSmakeulisTvis,<br />
xelmisawvdomi gaxados.<br />
murmani-yma eTeris xelSi CagdebiT ar SeiZleba, ar ganicdides<br />
upiratesobas ueTerod darCenili abesalomis mimarT,<br />
ueTerod, romelic misi sicocxlis mizani iyo. es upiratesobaa,<br />
magram es upiratesoba efemerulia. suli anima, romliTac<br />
is eTeris siyvaruls moipovebda, gayiduli aqvs da veRarasodes<br />
daibrunebs. mas aRar gaaCnia is unari, romliTac SesaZlebelia<br />
siyvaruli. rogorc abesalomia RvTis ficiT samudamod<br />
Sekruli eTerTan, ase murmania samudamod Sekruli eSmakis ficiT.<br />
amis Semdeg mas ar unda ukvirdes, rom eTeris daufleba<br />
mas ar SeeZleba. `Seni bralia, eTero, mzis qoniT CrdilSi bereba,<br />
Sen amikrZale is wesi, rac col-qmarT Seefereba~, wuxs murmani.<br />
eTeri misTvis kvlav miuwvdomelia. murmani cocxliv jojoxeTSia:<br />
wvavs survili, magram ver isrulebs sawadels. flobs<br />
ganZs da verc flobs, ver tkbeba misi qonebiT, radgan suli dakarguli<br />
aqvs.<br />
ra SerCa murmans? hubrisi, siampartavne. ar aris Sem-<br />
TxveviTi, rom abesalom-murmanis dialogSi abesalomi `ca-<br />
Tasworad~ iwodeba ymis mier. `ras hkiTxulob, caTasworo...~<br />
es mefuri, abesalomis Rirsebis gamomxatveli niSania,<br />
rasac murmani ver miitacebs, iseve rogorc eSmaki ver<br />
Seswvdeba cas. arsebobs Canaweri, sadac abesalomis saku-<br />
Tari saxeli `caTasworia~. murmanma icis, rom caTaswors<br />
ver gauswordeba da es aris misi bediswera.<br />
Tumca igi sxva gziT cdilobs caTasworTan gatolebas.<br />
murmanis `brolis cixis~ aRweriloba amaze migvaniSnebs,<br />
magram eTeris dauflebis gareSe is mefobis maradi<br />
maZiebeli an uzurpatori iqneba (amitom ver eufleba indoeTis<br />
taxts unestanod darCenili tarieli). mas aqvs cixe,<br />
magram ar hyavs dedofali, romelmac es cixe samefo sasaxled<br />
unda aqcios. Tumca taxtis daufleba ar aris murmanis<br />
mizani – is mijnuria anu siyvaruliT Sepyrobili, rogorc<br />
tarieli, romelsac nestanis gadakargvis Semdeg<br />
aRar gaxsenebia Tavisi kanonieri ufleba samefoze.<br />
`brolis cixis~ arseboba hubrisis ukiduresi saxe, uaresi,<br />
vidre amqveyniuri siuzerenis mimarT ampartavnoba,<br />
da janyis samzadisia.<br />
169
170<br />
`kargad ici, brolis cixe<br />
rogor camdi maRalia...~<br />
`brolis cixis~ daxasiaTeba – `camdis maRali~, `cas wveri<br />
miubjenia~, `wveri camdis maRalia~, `cis wveramdi amigia~<br />
– mowmobs misi amSeneblis ampartavnobas ara mxolod<br />
Tavisi siuzerenis mimarT, aramed janysac cis winaaRmdeg.<br />
`babilonis godlis~ am miTologemas qarTul folklorSi<br />
gamoZaxili aqvs: `camdis maRali~ cixisa Tu koSkis maSenebelni<br />
RvTis risxvas daiTeven~ [<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996: 176].<br />
abesalomi<br />
im dialogis Semdeg, mas mere, rac murmanisgan abesalomma<br />
eTerze moismina – mis simrTeleze, silamazesa da<br />
miuwvdomlobaze, rom eTers brolis koSkSi daubrunda Tavisi<br />
silamaze, romelic saqorwilo taxtze mjdomares<br />
fetvma daufara, rogorc adre konkebi faravda, – abesalomi<br />
sneuldeba. is ar hgavs im abesaloms, galaRebuls, sanadirod<br />
gasuls, eTeris momnadirebels. `gaficebT Tqven,<br />
asulno ierusalimisa, Tu hpovoT metrfe Cemi, ras etyviT<br />
mas? uTxariT, davsneuldi siyvarulisgan~, vkiTxulobT<br />
solomonis `qebaTa qebaSi~ (5:8). abesalomic aseve atans ambavs<br />
eTerTan: uTxariT, davsneuldi siyvarulisgan. axla<br />
is sneulia mijnurobiT, sawadelis miuwvdomlobiT, sasurvelis<br />
`ver-mixvdomisa wyeniTa~. sad aris gamosavali, xsna,<br />
gankurneba? erTaderTi, rasac am dros tradiciuli eposi da<br />
cxovreba sTavazobs sasomixdil mijnurs, sasurvelis motacebaa.<br />
magram `eTerianSi~ es ar xerxdeba. eposi sabolood<br />
emijneba zRapars, sadac gasaWirSi Cavardnil gmirs meyseulad<br />
evlineba Semwe. abesaloms ar gamouCnda Semwe, romelic<br />
mas moatacebinebda an Tavad moutacebda eTers.<br />
wuTisoflis tyeSi abesalomma pova Tavisi cali – anima, magram<br />
dakarga igi. da misi es mdgomareoba tragikulia: sjobda,<br />
yvelaferi sizmari yofiliyo! abesalomi gviCvenebs animadakarguli<br />
adamianis saxes. is ganaxevrebulia, is calia mxolod<br />
da, rogorc mxolod cali, ganwirulia dasaRupavad. is tarielis<br />
mdgomareobaSia. tarielma icis, rom arsebobs satrfo, magram<br />
ar icis misi adgilsamyofeli, misi mopovebis gzebi da itanjeba.<br />
abesalomma Tumca icis eTeris samyofeli, magram mas ara<br />
aqvs misi dabrunebis saxsari da kvdeba. nestani da eTeri – ori-
veni miudgomel koSkSi arian sasiZos molodinSi gamoketilni.<br />
oriveni moelian mxsnels. marTalia, nestanis werili iuwyeba,<br />
rom mas imedi ara aqvs am wuTisofelSi tarielTan Sexvedrisa,<br />
magram eposis logikiT, igi tarielma unda ixsnas. es mis bedSia<br />
Cawerili. magram ra dReSia eTeri? eTeric elis mxsnels, magram<br />
mas, vinc mxsneli unda iyos, ar ZaluZs misi gamoxsna `gardaqajuli~<br />
murmanis koSkidan. is Tumca ar mdebareobs sadRac dasakargavSi,<br />
aramed aqvea, misi sasaxlis mezoblad, magram es mezobloba,<br />
es siaxlovea swored rom aaskecebs abesalomis mwuxarebas,<br />
TvalnaTliv aCvenebs ra mis umweobas.<br />
aseTi uZluri iyo didxans tarieli da dasasruli ar<br />
uCanda mis urvas. is daRupuli iyo am usasrulo wuxilSi.<br />
am udabnom, am kideganobam, am sulierma depresiam – mis<br />
yoveldRiur yofaSi daisadgura, Seiqna misi wesi cxovrebisa,<br />
romelic misi buneba xdeboda, rom avTandils ar moeswro.<br />
tariels gamouCndeba Semwe, romelic mis nacvlad<br />
eZebs mis dakargul satrfos. is akeTebs imas, risi gakeTebac<br />
tariels Tavis mdgomareobaSi ar SeuZlia.<br />
erTaderTi Semwe, vinc unda Seweoda abesaloms dakarguli<br />
eTeris dasabruneblad (warmovidginoT, rom is qajebs<br />
hyavs motacebuli), sxva vin SeiZleboda yofiliyo, Tu<br />
ara murmani. is aris misi yma, qveSevrdomi, veziri. vezirma<br />
unda uSvelos mas siyvarulSi, radgan mefis siyvaruli da<br />
yvelaferi, rac mas mosdevs, rogorc Sedegi (qorwili, Zeoba),<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis movlenebia da maRla<br />
dgas veziris piradul bednierebaze.<br />
magram veziri abesalomisa aris misi ubedurebis wyaro.<br />
Tu zRapris eniT vilaparakebT, murmani abesalomisTvis<br />
crugmiria, romelic itacebs mTavari gmiris monapovars<br />
da surs, misi pirovnebac miiTvisos. murmani antigmiria:<br />
tradiciuli eposis kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT mis saqciels,<br />
is sCadis imis sawinaaRmdegos, rasac gmiri unda sCadiodes.<br />
gmiri unda aTavisuflebdes koSkidan mzeTunaxavs,<br />
murmani ki amwyvdevs mas. tyve moelis mxsnels da mxsnelic<br />
Tavis droze moevlineba mas. es gardauvali wesia. magram<br />
`eTeriani~ imiT aris gansakuTrebuli, rom is arRvevs am<br />
wess: datyvevebul eTers ar hyavs gamomxsneli, metic: is<br />
namdvilad ar moelis mas. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom murmanma<br />
eSmakis SemweobiT ara mxolod eTeri daaziana, aramed<br />
abesalomic. eTerTan erTad abesaloms waerTva mxne-<br />
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172<br />
obac, waerTva is, rasac rusTaveli erT-erT pirobad uyenebs<br />
WeSmarit mijnurs: `daTmoba, mZleTa mebrZolTa<br />
mZleoba~. abesalomi aRarc is mijnuri ar aris, romelsac<br />
siyvarulis Zala aZlevs sagmiro aqtis Cadenis stimuls.<br />
is daZabunebulia xorcielad da sulierad. es siZabune, SeiZleba<br />
vifiqroT, eSmauri qmedebis Sedegia.<br />
ratom moxda ase?<br />
ase moxda, radgan abesalomi dahyva, Tumca Tavisda uneburad,<br />
eSmakis nebas. Tavisi arCevaniT saSualeba misca eSmaks misi<br />
jojoxeTuri gegmis gansaxorcieleblad. `vis gindaT qali eTeri?~<br />
– swored am sityvebs, romlebic abaTileben tyeSi micemul<br />
saSinel fics, moeloda misgan eSmaki. abesalomi ar aris<br />
eSmakis tyve, rogorc murmani, magram is dasjilia imisaTvis,<br />
rom ar eyo Tmena eSmakis ganzraxvis CasafuSavad. es iyo Cavardna<br />
abesalomis nebaSi. murmanis xeliT Semodis gansacdeli abesalomisTvis.<br />
gansacdelis winaSe dgas ara mxolod murmani, romelsac,<br />
rogorc Tavisufali nebis matarebels, SeeZlo uari<br />
eTqva eSmakis rCevaze, aramed abesalomic, romelsac aseve SeeZlo<br />
ar daeTmo eTeri. magram abesalomi Tmobs eTers, gansacdelSi<br />
marcxdeba igi da amis gamo tyeSi warmoTqmuli is fici<br />
damokles maxviliviT daRerebulia mis Tavze. abesaloms ara<br />
hyavs avTandili, magram mas hyavs marexi, romelic asmaTobas<br />
uwevs mas. magram asmaTi uZluria avTandilis gareSe. aseve uZluria<br />
marexic, magram mas ar SeiZleba hqondes vinmes imedi. ra<br />
SeuZlia marexs? mas mxolod is SeuZlia, rasac igi sCadis abesalomisTvis:<br />
mas mxolod miaqvs misi siyvarulis ambavi eTerTan.<br />
marexi Suamavalia animussa da animas Soris.<br />
esqatologiuri Sexvedra<br />
abesalomi da eTeri Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, magram es Sexvedra<br />
ar hgavs samijnuro Sexvedras. abesalomi ganwirulia,<br />
eTeris naxva ver gankurnavs mas. ratom xdeba ase? mxolod<br />
imitom, rom eTers daugvianebia? `Zmao, movida eTeri, Tu-<br />
Ra gaq TvalSi naTeli!~ momakvdavi pasuxobs: `movides, Tu-<br />
Ra movida, ara maqvs TvalSi naTeli~ (eTeriani 1954: 5). Cans,<br />
eTeris Suqmac, erT dros muxis fuRurodan rom anaTebda,<br />
ver ixsna igi. isic Cans, rom xsnas abesalomi saWiroebs, ara<br />
eTeri. ra SeiZleba iTqvas am damasrulebel epizodze?<br />
eTeri brundeba abesalomTan, magram abesalomi kvdeba. sicocxleSi<br />
Seuyrelni sikvdilSi Seeyrebian erTmaneTs. ra-
tom xdeba es? nuTu ise Rrmad SeaRwia eSmakis manqanebam<br />
adamianis yofaSi, rom siyvaruli uZluri aRmoCnda mis winaSe<br />
da ver mkvidrdeba wuTisofelSi? es TiTqos asec unda<br />
momxdariyo – radgan `yoveli sofeli borotsa zeda dgas~<br />
(1 ioan. 5: 19). ase xdeba wuTisoflis sazRvrebSi. eTeris<br />
dabruneba, romelic mxolod Senacvlebaa misi xsnisa, arafers<br />
cvlis abesalomis tragikul bedSi. eTeri ki ar unda<br />
dabrunebuliyo, aramed unda gamoxsniliyo, unda gamoCeniliyo<br />
gmiri, pirovneba, romelic Caidenda am aqts, daamxobda<br />
borotebas, rogorc naTqvamia, rom `borotsa sZlia<br />
keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~. mxolod es aqti xsnisa, nebelobiTi<br />
aqti, gaarRvevda wuTisoflis sazRvrebs da gaiyvanda<br />
yofierebas absolutur dasasrulSi. is esqatologiuri<br />
Jamis gmiri, romlisganac moelis xsnas ara mxolod<br />
wuTisoflis tyve eTeri, aramed mTeli yofiereba, aklia<br />
`eTerians~. is, visac unda ekisra es amocana, sneulia da misi<br />
sneuleba, pirvel rigSi, nebis sneulebaa. xsna ar arsebobs<br />
Tavisufali nebis gareSe. marTalia, tarieli uavTandilod<br />
ver miaRwevda sawadels, magram avTandilic uZluri<br />
iqneboda, rom ara tarielis neba, gaTavisuflebuliyo<br />
satanis sakrvelTagan. amaod ar aris naTqvami poemis prologSi:<br />
`Sen damifare, Zleva mec daTrgunvad me satanisa,<br />
momec mijnurTa survili, sikvdimde gasatanisa~. avTandils<br />
ar SeeZlo tarielisTvis qvabSi miegvara nestani, es<br />
ar iqneboda xsna. nestanis gamoxsnaSi tarielis neba da xeli<br />
aucilebeli iyo. tarielis xsna da nestanis gamoxsna er-<br />
Tdroulad unda momxdariyo. isini paraleluri aqtebia.<br />
TiTqos `eTerianis~ dasasruli tragikulia. siyvaruli<br />
amqveynad marcxdeba. magram misi meufeba gaaRwevs am<br />
wuTisoflis miRma, sadac xdeba gayrilTa SeerTeba. amis<br />
niSani maT saflavebze amosuli ia da vardia. amodis maT Soris<br />
ekalic, eSmakis moqmedebis niSnad, magram gaivlis vinme<br />
gamvleli da amoZirkvavs ekals. gana es ar niSnavs imas,<br />
rom eSmakis manqaneba CafuSulia? jadosnur zRaparSi, romelic<br />
`eTerianis~ mxolod eqspozicias warmoadgens, moqmedeba<br />
im zRurblamde midis, romlis Semdeg iwyeba axali<br />
era, uboroto da ueSmako, radgan zRapris gmirma ar datova<br />
pirobebi borotebisa da eSmakis manqanebaTa asaRorZineblad.<br />
gayrilTa bednieri Sexvedra am wuTisofelSive<br />
xdeba zRurblTan da isini gadadian axal eonSi.<br />
173
174<br />
xolo rac xdeba `eTerianSi~, zRapris uaryofaa. asec SeiZleba<br />
gaviazroT masSi gaTamaSebuli drama. `eTerianis~ sakuTrivi<br />
ambavi qorwilidan iwyeba, rac zRaprisTvis dasasrulia.<br />
magram rac zRapris dasasrulia, is dramis dasawyisia, romelic<br />
mTavrdeba sikvdiliT anu wuTisoflis wesiT. zRaparSi ki wu-<br />
Tisoflis wesi gauqmebulia. ra xdeba `eTerianis~ qorwilze,<br />
romelic zRapris esqatologiuri qorwilis yofiTi saxea?<br />
murmanis saxiT zRapris crugmiri aRdga TiTqos sasjelidan<br />
da kvlav daisakuTra namdvili gmiris monapovari. aq imarjvebs,<br />
magram droebiT, is, vinc zRapris bolos mxilebulia, rogorc<br />
antigmiri. is CafuSavs namdvil qorwils da eklis saxiT Cadgeba<br />
mefesa da sZals Soris. eSmaki, kacobriobis mteri, angrevs<br />
aSenebuls isev da isev adamianis xeliT. is gamoCndeba zRapris<br />
bolos da ukan daatrialebs yvelafers. kvlav wvaleba, wuxili,<br />
sinaklule, rac, rogorc viciT, iwvevs gmiris gasvlas saxlidan,<br />
mis gadakargvas. eTeri kvlav mosapovebelia, is kvlav am<br />
wuTisoflis eSmakeul koSkSia gamoketili. eSmaki, romelTanac<br />
murmanma xelSekruleba dado, esqatologiuri qorwilis<br />
mteria. is xels uSlis axali cisa da axali miwis Seqmnas, mas surs<br />
samaradisod gagrZeldes dacemuli soflis JamTa dineba. wu-<br />
TisofelSi is udarajebs yovel murmans da ucdis Sesafer Jams,<br />
rom gamoiyenos igi Tavisi miznis misaRwevad. eSmaks surs adamianis<br />
sulis xelSi Cagdeba, magram ufro metad mas surs, rom<br />
CaifuSos saboloo qorwili da samudamod gayaros erTmaneTs<br />
mefe da sZali. magram sabolood eSmaki uZluri gamodga. man mxolod<br />
murmanis suli Caigdo xelSi, qorwili ki ver CafuSa. qorwili<br />
dausxlta mas xelidan da im samefoSi gadainacvla, sadac<br />
eSmaks aRar ZaluZs SeRweva. im samefos niSnebi ia da vardia, sxvadasxva<br />
Jamis yvavilni, amieridan maradisobaSi ganuyofelni<br />
(ekali maT Soris efemerulia, mas aqve amoZirkvavs yoveli gamvleli),<br />
da wyaro oqros TasiTurT – simbolo maTi Sendobisa.<br />
P.S. Tavis dasawyisSi naxsenebi iyo hipoTeza `eTerianis~ literaturuli<br />
warmoSobis Sesaxeb. moyvanili iyo argumentebic. narkvevSi<br />
gatarebuli iyo paralelebi `vefxistyaosanTan~. axla SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom `eTeriani~, Tuki is marTlac literaturuli warmomavlobisaa,<br />
`vefxistyaosans~ win unda uswrebdes, Tumca imave<br />
epoqaSi unda iyos Seqmnili. `vefxistyaosani~ mesaxeba `eTerianis~<br />
replikad, imis saCveneblad, rom arsebobs xsna, rom araTu brolis<br />
koSki, aramed qajeTis cixis Zlevac SesaZlebelia, radgan arsebobs
amqveynad, am dacemul wuTisofelSi, megobroba, siyvaruli, erTguleba.<br />
`eTerianis~ sami personaJi da erTi toposi `vefxistyaosanSi~<br />
pouloben TavianT Sesatyvisebs: abesalomi – tarielSi, eTeri – nestanSi,<br />
marexi – asmaTSi, brolis cixe – qajeTis cixeSi. avTandilis<br />
adgili `eTerianSi~ carielia. da es aris swored `eTerianis~ tragediis<br />
mizezi. `vefxistyaosani~ avTandilis gamoCeniT Zlevs am tragediis<br />
SesaZleblobas.<br />
abesalomi eTeri marexi brolis cixe eSmaki murmani –<br />
tarieli nestani asmaTi qajeTis cixe qaji – avTandili<br />
literatura<br />
bardaveliZe: bardaveliZe j., individualuri xasiaTis<br />
problema folklorSi, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong><br />
III, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1969.<br />
bauzingeri: Bausinger H., Formen der “Volkpoesie”, Erich Schmidt<br />
Verlag, Berlin, 1980.<br />
gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, `ganaTleba~,<br />
Tb., 1984.<br />
eTeriani 1875: eTeriani, ambavi abesalom da eTerisa. Sedgenili<br />
saxalxo leqsebisa da naTqvamebisagan<br />
petre umikaSvilis mier.<br />
dabeWdili eqvTime xelaZisagan. tf., 1875.<br />
eTeriani 1954: eTeriani, xalxuri sityviereba IV, meore<br />
seria, redaqcia, Sesavali statia da<br />
SeniSvnebi m. Ciqovanisa, `saqarTvelos<br />
ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba~,<br />
Tb., 1954.<br />
ingoroyva 1924: ingoroyva p., CaxruxaZe poeti, mogzauri,<br />
`kavkasioni~ 1-2, tf., 1924.<br />
ingoroyva 1938: ingoroyva p., rusTavelis epoqis saliteraturo<br />
memkvidreoba, `rusTavelis<br />
krebuli~, 1938.<br />
<strong>kiknaZe</strong>: <strong>kiknaZe</strong> z., <strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologia I, jvari da saymo,<br />
quTaisi, 1996.<br />
kokiara: Êîêêüÿðà Äæ., Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Åâðîïå, Ì., 1960.<br />
qurdovaniZe 1974: qurdovaniZe T., eTeriani, Tsu<br />
gamomcemloba, Tb., 1974.<br />
qurdovaniZe 2000: Êóðäîâàíèäçå Ò., Óêàçàòåëü ñþæåòîâ ãðóçèíñêîé<br />
íàðîäíîé ñêàçêè, “Ìåðàíè”, Òá., 2000.<br />
175
176<br />
socialur-egzistencialuri eposi –<br />
arsenas leqsi<br />
`arsenas leqsi~ <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri epikuri Semoqmedebis<br />
gviani nayofia. igi XIX s-is me-2 naxevarSia Seqmnili. misi<br />
mTavari gmiri realuri pirovnebaa, TiTqos cnobilia<br />
misi dabadebis (1797), gavardnisa (1823) da sikvdilis (1842)<br />
TariRebi. miuxedavad amisa, `arsenas leqsis~ gmiri tradiciuli<br />
epikuri gmiris yvela niSans atarebs. `leqsi~ anonimuria.<br />
cnobilni arian mxolod is xalxuri mTqmelebi – moxetiale<br />
mestvireebi, romlebic mTel saqarTveloSi avrcelebdnen<br />
`Sairsityvas~ ukve legendad qceul keTilSobil<br />
yaCaRze, ase tragikulad rom daasrula Tavisi cxovreba.<br />
`arsenas leqsi~ mestvireTa repertuaris aucilebel<br />
nawils Seadgenda. mas asrulebdnen religiur Tu saxalxo<br />
dResaswaulebze, Tavyrilobebze, soflad Tu qalaqad.<br />
rogorc Cans, `Sairsityvebi~ arsena oZelaSvilze missave<br />
sicocxleSi yofila SeTxzuli da gavrcelebuli. rusuli<br />
gazeTis `kavkazis~ (1846 7) cnoba mowmobs am leqsebis<br />
popularobas xalxSi. germaneli mogzaurisa da eTnografis<br />
a. haqsthauzenis (1792-1866) wignSi (rusuli Targmani<br />
“Çàêàâêàçñêèé êðàé” gamoqveynda 1857 w.) moxvda arsenas ambavi,<br />
romelic mas germaneli kolonistebisgan hqonia gagebuli TbilisSi<br />
jer kidev 1843 wels. arsenas `Sairsityvas~ germanelTa<br />
wreSic SeuRwevia. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom a. haqsthauzenisTvis<br />
Tbilisel germanelebs arsenas Tavgadasavali<br />
swored xalxuri leqsebis mixedviT eambaT, ramdenadac<br />
am monaTxrobis detalebi emTxveva `arsenas leqsis~<br />
zogierT epizods, Tumca arsebiTi gansxvavebebic arsebobs<br />
(ix. damateba 1). rogorc garkveulia, leqsi Tu leqsebi<br />
arsenaze 1841-1846 wlebSi unda Seqmniliyo [kakiaSvili].<br />
pirveli publikacia `arsenas leqsisa~ ekuTvnis nikoloz<br />
yifians (1847-1905), romelmac sxvadasxva variantis safuZvelze<br />
Seadgina erTi Serwymuli teqsti da ilias `kako<br />
yaCaRTan~ erTad dabeWda calke wignad (1872 w.).<br />
is teqsti `arsenas leqsisa~, romelic dRemde ibeWdeba,<br />
p. umikaSvilis xelidan aris gamosuli (pirvelad gamoqveynda<br />
1874 w.). `arsenas teqstis~ dadgenaSi p. umikaSvilis<br />
Rvawlis Sesaxeb ix. [gvaramaZe: 45-46]. man gamokveTa eposis
saboloo saxe, erT Zafze aago mis xelT arsebuli calkeuli<br />
epizodi, romlebic erTmaneTTan daukavSireblad<br />
sruldeboda mestvireTa mier. umikaSvilis arqivSi daculia<br />
epizodebi, romlebic mas ar gamouyenebia `arsenas<br />
leqsis~ asagebad. da mainc umikaSviliseuli gamTlianeba<br />
arsena yaCaRis garSemo arsebuli `Sairsityvebisa~ metnaklebad<br />
amomwuravia da dRemde inarCunebs rogorc mxatvrul,<br />
ise informaciul mniSvnelobas. mis Semdeg aravis<br />
ucdia Sevseba `arsenas leqsisa~ sxva epizodebiT an p. umikaSvilis<br />
mier gamoyenebuli masalis sxvagvarad ganlageba.<br />
p. umikaSviliseuli teqsti optimaluria: TiToeuli<br />
epizodi masSi poulobs Tavis erTaderT kuTvnil adgils.<br />
marTalia, mestvireTa repertuari arasodes moicavda<br />
yvela arsebuli epizodisgan Semdgar erT mTlian teqsts,<br />
unda vifiqroT, rom maT cnobierebaSi virtualurad arsebobda<br />
calkeul epizodTa Tavdapirveli erTianobis gancda.<br />
savsebiT gasaziarebelia amasTan dakavSirebiT g. barnovis<br />
Tvalsazrisi, romelic man amgvarad gamoTqva: `arsenas<br />
leqsi~ ar warmoadgens sxvadasxva epizodebis meqanikur<br />
gadabmas. igi Tavidanve gaazrebuli unda yofiliyo,<br />
rogorc epikuri tilo, mTliani istoria saxalxo gmirisa.<br />
vfiqrob, swored aman ganapiroba rekonstruqciis warmateba~<br />
[barnovi g., 1989: 24]. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis literaturis institutis<br />
folklorul arqivSi, p. umikaSvilis koleqciaSi, daculia<br />
`arsenas leqsis~ erTi teqsti, rogorc Cans, pirveli<br />
(an erT-erTi) cda arsebuli variantebis gamTlianebisa,<br />
romelic p. umikaSvils ar gamouqveynebia (SoTa rusTavelis<br />
sax. <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis folkloruli<br />
arqivi = fa. umik. 15/2).<br />
`arsenas leqsis~ gmiri arsena oZelaSvili realuri piria,<br />
Tavisi epoqisa da sazogadoebis Svili. misi samoqmedo<br />
asparezic, cxadia, savsebiT realur sivrceSia gaSlili –<br />
es aris aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo, misi TiTqmis yoveli mxare.<br />
`arsenas leqsi~ sxva xalxur qmnilebaTagan toponimebis<br />
uCveulo siuxviT gamoirCeva. misi gmiris saasparezo<br />
are vrcelia: TrialeTi, marabda, koda, TeleTi, kumisi,<br />
somxiTi (sofeli), Tbilisi (`qalaqi~), almasis wyali, Siraqi,<br />
Tavfaravnis tba, gomareTi, qiziyi – bodbisxevi, martyofi,<br />
diRomi, mcxeTa, muxaTgverdi, zemo qarTli, axal-<br />
177
178<br />
cixe; saqarTvelos farglebs gareT: yazaxi (azerbaijan-<br />
Si). arsenas ambavSi monawileoben da ubralod naxsenebi<br />
arian sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, rac kargad<br />
asaxavs istoriuli saqarTvelos eTnikur-demografiul<br />
suraTs.<br />
visi Seqmnilic unda iyos `arsenas leqsi~ – qarCoxeli<br />
mecxvarisa Tu raWveli mestvirisa, igi xalasi xalxuri geniis<br />
Semoqmedebis nayofia, masSi sWvivis qristianuli suli,<br />
gamgebi da mimtevebeli yoveli adamianuri codvisa. xSiri<br />
xseneba RvTis saxelisa, mironis madlisa, pirjvrisa, dalocvis<br />
sityvebisa `arsenas leqsSi~ arc SemTxveviTia, arc<br />
ubralod sityvis masalaa, arc mxolod Cveuleba an tradiciaa,<br />
arc e.w. xarkia epoqisadmi. es realiebi leqsis organuli<br />
nawilia, romelic gansazRvravs mTavari gmiris xasiaTs,<br />
rogoradac surs, igi dainaxos mestvirem, romelic<br />
Tavis simReras, Zveli rafsodebis msgavsad, uzenaesis xsenebiT<br />
iwyebs: `SairsityviTa mestvirem RmerTi maRali axsena~...<br />
RvTis saxelis xsenebiT iwyeba da sasufevlis naTlis<br />
xsenebiT mTavrdeba `arsenas leqsi~ (`iq naTeli daadgesa~).<br />
es, pirvel rigSi, mestvireTa religiurobis, maTi<br />
qristianuli mrwamsis gamoxatulebaa. Znelia moiZebnos<br />
xalxuri nawarmoebi, romelic ise mdidari iyos qristianuli<br />
leqsikiT, rogorc `arsenas leqsia~. esoden mcire<br />
sivrceze RmerTisa da sxva wmida saxelTa (siwmideTa, rogoric<br />
aris: mironi, naTloba, sefiskveri, wirva, pirjvari,<br />
madli, aRdgoma, RvTismSobeli...) da gamoTqmaTa xseneba<br />
(yovel meTxuTmete striqonSi!) gansakuTrebul na-<br />
Tels hfens teqsts, romlis mTavari Tema TviT mis SemqmnelTaTvis<br />
srulebiTac ar aris religiuri – is arsenas<br />
sagmiro saqmeebs gadmogvcems. gansxvavebiT sxva sagmiro<br />
leqsebisagan, Tundac amiranis miTologiuri eposisagan,<br />
`arsenas leqsSi~ datrialebuli suli gvagrZnobinebs mis<br />
mkiTxvelT, rom qristianul qveyanaSi vimyofebiT (mestvire<br />
yovelnairad aZlierebs am gancdas) da ara sadRac religiurad<br />
gaurkvevel samyaroSi.<br />
da mainc, arsena, cxadia, epikuri gmiria. amitomac misi<br />
gmiruli biografia tradiciuli epikuri gmiris Tavgadasavlis<br />
kalapotSi miedineba. aq Cven gvecnaureba tipurad<br />
igive epizodebi, igive `zRurblebi~, romlebic gaiara da<br />
gadalaxa amiranma. arsena gardauvali aucileblobiT ga-
ivlis maT. arsena amas ver ascdeba, Tumca igi istoriul<br />
droSi cxovrobs da moqmedebs.<br />
`amiraniansa~ da `arsenas leqss~ Soris siaxlove pirvelad<br />
anton xinTibiZem aRniSna: `Cven zemoT moyvanili adgilebis<br />
mxolod formaluri damTxveva aRvniSneT. unda vivaraudoT,<br />
rom mas Sinaarsobrivi safuZvlebi eqneboda. es,<br />
erTi SexedviT, TiTqos ar Cans, magram amiranisa da arsenas<br />
mxatvruli saxeebis guldasmiTi analiziT aSkara xdeba.<br />
marTlac, am ori gmiris cxovrebis epizodebi erTmaneTs<br />
emTxveva~ [xinTibiZe: 89]. Tumca avtori ar akonkretebs<br />
am epizodebs. igi avlebs mxolod zogad paralels maT<br />
brZolebSi, erTi mxriv, borotebisa da, meore mxriv, usamarTlobis<br />
winaaRmdeg. sagulisxmoa daskvna: `arsenas<br />
leqsi~ Sorsaa miTiuri garemosagan, amitom gmiris cxovreba<br />
realisturad aris asaxuli, magram `amiranisa~ da `arsenas<br />
leqsis~ am adgilebis plastikur-poeturi Strixebi<br />
mainc erTimeores emTxveva. aqac aSkarad Cans `amiranis~<br />
gavlena `arsenas leqsze~ [xinTibiZe: 89].<br />
msgavseba am or eposs Soris ufro metia da Rrma, vidre<br />
plastikur-poeturi. is siRrmiseulia, rasac maTi struqtura<br />
aaSkaravebs. saerTo agebuleba (epizodTa Tanamimdevrobis<br />
saxiT) amxels maT siRrmiseul identurobas, romelic<br />
tipologiuric aris da geneturic, ramdenadac isini<br />
erTi saerTo tradiciis kuTvnilebaa. `arsenas leqsze~<br />
gacilebiT adrindeli, SeiZleba iTqvas, misTvis arqetipuli<br />
`amiranianis~ gavlena mxolod amgvarad unda iqnes gagebuli.<br />
`arsenas leqsi~ da `amiraniani~ erT epikur kalapotSi<br />
(tradiciaSi), Tumca radikalurad gansxvavebul socialur<br />
SreebSi miedinebian.<br />
zemoTqmuli gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom `arsenas leqsSi~<br />
`amiranianis~ analogiuri epizodebi gamovyoT.<br />
~arsenas leqsSi~ erTmaneTs erwymis da emsWvaleba sami<br />
Sre: 1. miTologiuri, romelic SeiZleba saTaves iRebdes<br />
uSualod arqetipidan an uaxloesi wyarodan – `amiranianidan~.<br />
gmiris aRzeveba da dacema. janyi, hubrisi. 2. socialuri<br />
Sre: samarTali-usamarTloba. winaaRmdegoba, Seurigebloba,<br />
krizisi socialur niadagze. 3. egzistencialuri<br />
plani. pirovnebis bedi. krizisi pirovnul niadagze.<br />
samive Sre met-naklebad `leqsis~ yvela ZiriTad epizodSi<br />
ikiTxeba.<br />
179
180<br />
gamovyoT da gavaanalizoT `arsenas leqsis~ ZiriTadi<br />
epizodebi.<br />
I. epikuri gmiris warmoSoba saswaulebrivi unda iyos.<br />
arsenas `Sairsityvis~ variantebs Soris ar ipoveba teqsti,<br />
romelic gvamcnobdes misi araTu saswaulebrivi, aramed<br />
saerTod dabadebis ambavs. magram arsenas warmoSoba mainc<br />
araCveulebrivia. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom mestvireebi ar<br />
gadmogvcemen misi mSoblebis vinaobas, TiTqos isini arc<br />
arsebulan. Tumca SeuZlebelia, maTi saxelebi drois esoden<br />
mcire manZilze daviwyebas miscemoda. aq saqme unda<br />
gvqondes mSobelTa vinaobis principul ucnobobasTan.<br />
gmiri amozrdilia, rogorc aisbergi – Tavis wreSi, Tavis<br />
socialur garemocvaSi. is aris udedmamo, unaTesao, uojaxo.<br />
mSobelTa uxsenebloba miT ufro niSandoblivia, rom<br />
`arsenas leqsSi~ monawile pirebi savsebiT realurni arian<br />
da TavianTi namdvili gvar-saxelebiT ixseniebian (zaal<br />
baraTaSvili, sumbaTovi, makarovi...). arsenas obloba arsebiTia,<br />
es misi, rogorc epikuri gmiris, dasabamieri gansazRvrulobaa.<br />
obloba niSania misi gamorCeulobisa sazogadoebaSi,<br />
sadac is TiTqos RvTiT aris movlenili. erTerTi<br />
varianti gvamcnobs:<br />
`rom daibada arsena, pirvelad RmerTi axsena...~<br />
es lakoniuri `Sairsityva~ amave dros gmiris maRal<br />
warmoSobaze miuTiTebs, mis saswaulebriv Sobazec da imazec,<br />
rom misi naTlia ufalia, romlis saxeli Sobidanve dahyva<br />
mis bageebs, rogorc amirans – oqros kbili da fizikuri<br />
Zala. magram sinamdvile, rasac zemoT naxsenebi haksthauzeni<br />
gadmogvcems arsenas Sesaxeb, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos<br />
metyvelebs: `arsena meduqne iyo, e.i. daxlis mepatrone<br />
tfilisSi~ (ix. damateba 1). ar gvaqvs safuZveli, rom am<br />
cnobas eWviT movekidoT, Tumca igi ver egueba jer mestvireTa<br />
da mere Cvens warmodgenas mis heroikul pirovnebaze.<br />
II. baRaTuruli zrda (boboqari bavSvoba). gmiris fizikuri<br />
Zalis amofrqveva adreuli asakidanve iwyeba: amirani<br />
akvanSive iCens Tavis Tandayolil Zalas, romelic naTliam<br />
daanaTla mas. magram es ar aris sakuTriv gmirobis aqti,
aramed Zalis mxolod pirvelCena. p. umikaSvilis `leqsSi~<br />
arsena amgvarad iCens Tavs:<br />
`rom Seiqna Teqvsmeti wlis, mTa da bari Seajera...~<br />
magram sxva variantebSi, romlebic p. umikaSvils ar gamouyenebia,<br />
asaki sagrZnoblad daweulia:<br />
`Tormeti wlis rom Seiqna, ulvaSebma daamSvena...~<br />
sxva fragmentSi kidev ufro daiwevs misi gamoCenis asaki<br />
da zRaprul-miTosurSi gadadis:<br />
`Svidi wlisa rom Seiqna, cxenxedna dauwesesa,<br />
ise fantams Tavadebsa, viTa bora wiwilebsa...~<br />
arsenas gamoCena saswaulebriv-moulodnelia, auxsnelia<br />
misi baRaTuruli zrdis, saxecvlilebis mizezi:<br />
`mTeli qveyana gahkvirda: arsena ram daasqela.<br />
saca cxeni gaaWena, kldeze mtveri aayena...~<br />
es is zRurblia, saidanac iwyeba misi baRaTuruli saqmianoba;<br />
igrZnoba, rom `uerTod ar daixarjvis~ misi energia,<br />
romelic awveba mas, raTa gaiyvanos igi gareT – asparezze.<br />
masSi zambarasaviT Cawnexili Zala aiZulebs amas.<br />
III. qalis motaceba. tradiciul eposSi am qmedebas win<br />
uswrebs gmiris ZiriTadi Rvawli, romliTac is gmirobs –<br />
es aris brZola borot ZalebTan. `arsenas leqsSi~ ki qalis<br />
motacebiT iwyeba gmiris saqmeni sagmironi. Tumca wina epizodi<br />
(fizikuri Zalis pirvelCena) dasturia imisa, rom mas<br />
ZaluZs am Rvawlis aRsruleba, rasac eposSi baRaTuruli<br />
niSnoba gulisxmobs.<br />
qalis motaceba TiTqos Tavsdeba batonymur yofaSi:<br />
motacebuli moaxlea, momtacebeli – yma, arc erTi ar aris<br />
Tavisufali. batonis moaxlis momtacebeli yma am aqtiT<br />
arad agdebs batonis nebas, eurCeba da, sabolood, ujanydeba<br />
mas. is garbis moaxlesTan erTad, riTac Tavisi xeliT<br />
iWris gzas ukan dasabruneblad. misi es gaWra imis ni-<br />
Sania, rom is ver Tavsdeba Tavis socialur garemoSi, im statusSi,<br />
romliTac daibada. am motacebiT, am gaWriT is ic-<br />
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vlis statuss, rogorc ardaSir papakani, romelmac Tavis<br />
patrons, mefes mxevali da Tasi mostaca, riTac Tavi gai-<br />
Tavisufla ymobisgan, raTa dabadebiT momadlebuli mefoba<br />
moepovebina [ardaSiri: 46]. niSandoblivia, rom sinamdvile<br />
(anu is, rac sinamdvileSi moxda) ufro axlos aris ardaSiris<br />
epizodTan, vidre `leqsi~: `maSin arsenam RamiT gamoiyvana<br />
Tavadis saukeTeso cxeni, moitaca qali da mTebSi<br />
gaixizna~ (damateba 1). ajanyebuli arsena, ardaSiris msgavsad,<br />
Tavisi batonis moaxles mis cxenTan erTad itacebs.<br />
aq unda SeiniSnos, rom motacebis mizezi arsebobs – mowoneba:<br />
`batons ro erTi gogo hyavs, arsenas moewoneba~,<br />
magram ar Cans Sedegi motacebisa. motaceba motacebadve<br />
rCeba, rogorc sabediswero saqcieli, rogorc garkveuli<br />
zRurblis gadalaxva, romelic mTlianad cvlis gmiris<br />
mdgomareobas, mTel mis cxovrebas. moaxlis motacebas<br />
TviTkmari Rirebuleba aqvs gmiris biografiaSi. amitom<br />
aris, rom ucnobia araTu saxeli motacebulisa, aramed misi<br />
asaval-dasavalic motacebis Semdeg. igi iseve uCinardeba,<br />
rogorc amiranis yamari, romelmac Seasrula Tavisi<br />
funqcia gmiris gzaze da ukvalod gauCinarda. mestvire-<br />
Ta arsena amas sCadis, rogorc epikuri gmirisTvis savaldebulo<br />
aqts. am epizodSi mestvire ugulebelyofs sinamdviles,<br />
romelic Tumca tragikulia, magram ar scildeba<br />
yofiT realobas (ix. damateba 1 da 2). sinamdvileSi ki, cnobilia,<br />
rom arsenas TamaraSvilebis xelSewyobiT axalcixeSi<br />
uTxovia qali [WiWinaZe: 127].<br />
is unda gasuliyo Tavisi wridan, saxlidan, sadac daibada,<br />
zRapris gmiriviT da am gasvlis motivi qalis motacebaa<br />
– akrZalulis xelyofa. magram am aqts faruli motivi<br />
aRZravs, ris ganxorcielebasac arsena mTel Tavis cxovrebas<br />
miuZRvnis: is daupirispirdeba batons, raTa Tavad<br />
gaxdes batoni da Taviseburad gagebuli samarTali daamyaros<br />
(`mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs...~). `ardaSir papakis<br />
Zis saqmeTa wignSi~ naTqvamia: `kaci, romelic Tavis batons<br />
gaeqceva, didebasa da mefobas miaRwevs~ [ardaSiri: 46].<br />
ymaSi iRviZebs pirovneba. mestvire grZnobs am gaRvi-<br />
Zebas. Tumca man icis (unda icodes), rom arsena arasodes<br />
yma ar yofila, misi ojaxi saeklesio glexebi iyvnen [kakiaSvili:<br />
17,33]. `biWo, arsenav, ra miyav, yma iyav magisTanao!~<br />
zaal baraTaSvilis sinanuliT naTqvam am sityvebSi `yma~,
SesaZloa, arc niSnavdes mainc da mainc batonis ymas. `bi-<br />
Wo~ ki namdvilad mis yoCaRobaze miuTiTebs [abaSiZe: 9]. baraTaSvili<br />
aSkarad keTilganwyobilic ki aris mis mimarT,<br />
rac dokumenturadac dasturdeba (ix. damateba 5). arsena<br />
axalcixeSi miatovebs Tavis motacebuls da iwyebs gasvlas.<br />
IV. brZola usamarTlobasTan. mteri `leqsSi~ rus-yazaxebis<br />
saxiT aris warmodgenili. anu miTosuri mteri (devi)<br />
yofiT-istoriuli mtris konkretul saxeSia ganxorcielebuli,<br />
amave dros es saxe groteskuli unda iyos, rogorc<br />
berikaobis Tu yeenobis personaJebisa.<br />
aq unda SeiniSnos, rom yazaxebTan Setakeba qalis motacebis<br />
faqtiT aris ganpirobebul-motivirebuli: batonma<br />
unda daibrunos motacebuli da gauswordes ajanyebul<br />
ymas. magram is umweoa – is `qoSs ukuRma hyris~, garbis, `or-<br />
Tav TvaliT~ icremleba, `saCivars wers~... `aTi-Tormeti<br />
yazaxi~ arsenas Sesapyrobad igzavneba. swored es `aTi-<br />
Tormeti yazaxia~ arsenas namdvili da erTaderTi mteri.<br />
arsena Seebmis maT, rogorc amirani – devebs. brZolis aRweraSi<br />
aSkarad ismis, Tumca groteskamde CamoqveiTebuli,<br />
amiranuli brZolis eqo:<br />
~aTi-Tormeti yazaxi sul cxvariviT gadmodena.<br />
TeleTis bolomde mohyva, somxiTSi ar gaaCera.<br />
im sawyali yazaxebis zurgze boli aayena~.<br />
damarcxebuli yazaxebic amiranul ganzomilebaSi aRiqvamen<br />
arsenas pirovnebas:<br />
`an aris devi, lomgmiri, an aris rkinis mkvnetela...~<br />
epikuri gmiri erTxel unda amarcxebdes borot Zalas,<br />
rogorc iTqva, mas erTaderTi mowinaaRmdege unda hyavdes.<br />
amiranis brZola devebTan erTjeradia, is erTader-<br />
Tjer ebrZvis devebs, roca iamanis mitacebuli Tvalia dasabrunebeli,<br />
an adamianTa miwa-wylidan arian gasarekni. danarCeni<br />
brZolebi mxolod ganmeorebaa, mxolod siWarbea<br />
da axals da arsebiTs arafers sZens gmiris biografias (rogorc<br />
`amirandarejanianis~ Wabukebs dausrulebeli sagmiro<br />
Tavgadasavalni).<br />
arsenas yoveli Setakeba Tavis arqetips yazax-ruseb-<br />
Tan im pirvel SetakebaSi poulobs. aqedan eZleva dasabami<br />
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184<br />
mis brZolas socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg, romelic<br />
xorcieldeba deviziT: `mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs~.<br />
brZola borotebis winaaRmdeg socialur sferoSia<br />
gadanacvlebuli.<br />
V. Ralati. Ralati ar aris gamoricxuli epikuri gmiris<br />
biografiaSi (miTosSi mas ar eZleva zneobrivi Sefaseba).<br />
SeiZleba is davadasturoT `amiranianSic~ – im epizod-<br />
Si, roca Zmebi amirans sami veSapis pirispir miatoveben.<br />
zRaparSi Ralatis msxverplia umcrosi Zma, anu mTavari<br />
gmiri, romelic asrulebs mTavar saqmes.<br />
`arsenas leqsSi~ Ralats ormagi funqcia ekisreba: Cveneba<br />
wuTisoflis muxanaTobisa arsenas keTilSobilebas-<br />
Tan dapirispirebiT (raTa gamoikveTos arsenas zneobrivi<br />
upiratesoba im garemocvaSi, sadac mas uxdeba urTier-<br />
Toba). misTvis sabedisweroa, xolo arsebuli sinamdvilis-<br />
Tvis niSandoblivi, rom Ralati `naTel-mironis~ mier aris<br />
Cadenili. es mowmobs wuTisoflis uaRresad dacemul<br />
mdgomareobas. Sendoba RalatisTvis Zlieri qristianuli<br />
niSania `arsenas leqsSi~. tradiciul eposebSi, aseve zRaparSi,<br />
romelTa finali esqatologiuria, muxanaTobisTvis<br />
iSviaTia patieba. avismoqmedi sabolood dausjeli ar unda<br />
gadarCes. es gadaxveva epikuri tradiciidan (kanonidan)<br />
sinamdviliseulia. am epizods realurad momxdari faqti<br />
udevs safuZvlad. is momxdara 1837 wels. Semonaxulia dokumenti<br />
(gubernatoris werili), sadac laparakia 13 bodbisxevelis<br />
oTxmocdaaTi maneTiT dajildoebaze arsenas<br />
gacemisTvis [kakiaSvili: 20].<br />
amave dros, kompoziciurad da arsobrivad Ralatis<br />
epizodi ganapirobebs momdevno mniSvnelovan epizods,<br />
romelsac ver ascdeba vercerTi epikuri gmiri.<br />
VI. cixe-abano. am epizodSi gveleSapis motivis yvela<br />
elementia mocemuli. arsena STanTqmulia cixis mier, saidanac<br />
TiTqos araviTari saxsari ar arsebobs misi Tavdaxsnisa.<br />
mas gardauvali daRupva elis, ris ueWvel niSansac<br />
es Zunwi protokoluri, Tumca amave dros simboluric,<br />
sityvebi iZleva:<br />
`sacimbirod gaamweses, cali wveri moparsesa...~
a Zalam unda moabrunos Tavisuflebisaken `calwvermoparsuli~<br />
adamiani? magram aRmoCndeba saswaulebrivi<br />
saxsari – `erTi sawyali manaTi~, romelic straJnikebis dasaTrobad<br />
gamodga, da is qlibi, romelic keTilad ganwyobilma<br />
mikitnebma Caudes jibeSi. am qlibma sxva ra unda gagvaxsenos,<br />
Tu ara is almasis dana, romelic amirans dahyva<br />
SobiTgan da romlis meSveobiTac man daaRwia Tavi gvele-<br />
Sapis mucels?<br />
amiranis gamosvla gveleSapis wiaRidan mis meore Sobad<br />
davsaxeT. arsenasaTvis es abanoa. Znelia Tqma, gulisxmobda<br />
Tu ara p. umikaSvili meored Sobis miTologemas,<br />
roca abanodan mis gamosvlaze werda: `arsena meored ibadeba!~<br />
[xinTibiZe: 212]. yofiTi abano iseTive wylis stiqiaa,<br />
rogorc miTosuri gveleSapis muceli, saidanac amirani<br />
xelaxla iSva. abanos, am sayofacxovrebo dawesebulebas,<br />
mniSvnelovani miTologiuri datvirTva aqvs miTossa da<br />
Zvel eposebSi. abanosTan dakavSirebulia marcxic da gamarjvebac<br />
(aRorZineba): Sumeris RmerTs enlils abanoSi<br />
mostaces `bedisweris dafebi~; gilgameSma, sabanaod wyal-<br />
Si Casulma, dakarga `siWabukis balaxi~... abanoSi mokles<br />
troadan dabrunebuli agamemnoni... abano is saSoa, sadac<br />
SeiZleba daiRupos nayofi da saidanac ibadeba axali sicocxle.<br />
abanoSi Sesuli an veRar gamova iqidan cocxali,<br />
an gamova aRorZinebuli da Zalaganaxlebuli, meored Sobili.<br />
Tbilisis sinamdvilis uaRresad yofiTi realia – abano<br />
bunebrivad Semodis `leqsSi~ da imkvidrebs iq Tavis<br />
kuTvnil adgils tradiciuli gmiris TavgadasavalSi.<br />
abanodan TavdaRweuli arsenas meored Soba groteskulad<br />
aris warmodgenili: is `ufrosis~ SinelSi, rusul<br />
CeqmaSi da `SlapaSi~ gamowyobili gamodis gareT Seucnoblad<br />
– `imaT batoni egonaT, es arsena gamoZvresa~, sul es<br />
aris misi saxecvlileba, meored dabadeba. is gamodis, rogorc<br />
miTologiuri striqteri (oinbazi), romlis gmirobis,<br />
Cveulebriv, kulturuli Rvawlis aRsrulebis erTaderTi<br />
xerxi eSmakoba da oinbazobaa. oRond arsena savsebiT<br />
acnobierebs am komikur situacias, romlis wyalobi-<br />
Tac man ixsna Tavi: `patara gamoiara, Tan sicili autydesa~.<br />
`amiranianSi~ gveleSapis (meored Sobis) epizods yamaris<br />
motaceba mosdevs. `arsenas leqsSi~ es Tanamimdevroba,<br />
rogorc davinaxeT, Secvlilia (rom ar vTqvaT: darRve-<br />
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186<br />
ulia). arsenas ukve motacebuli hyavs Tavisi `yamari~. ra<br />
elis win arsenas? ra Rvawli aqvs aRsasrulebeli abanodan<br />
gamosvlis Semdeg? abano xom is zRurbli unda iyos, romlis<br />
gadalaxvis Semdeg gmiris moqmedebam axal safexurze<br />
unda iCinos Tavi?<br />
abanodan arsena galaRebuli gamodis, is yovlisSem-<br />
Zlea. ra dabrkoleba unda Sexvdes mas Tavis gzaze, rom ver<br />
gadalaxos? SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arsena misma davlaTma TavisuflebaSi<br />
gaiyvana. ganmeorda is pirveli gasvla, roca<br />
yma motacebul moaxlesTan erTad Tavis batons gaeqca.<br />
magram aris gansxvaveba am or gamosvlas Soris: pirveli<br />
gzis dasawyisi iyo, meore ki is mwvervalia, saidanac iwyeba<br />
dacema, am dacemis niSani ki gabudayebaa (hubrisi).<br />
VII. gabudayeba. martyofis monastris epizodi gardamtexi<br />
momentia arsenas cxovrebaSi. aqedan iwyeba misi gaampartavneba.<br />
hubrisi, romelic farulad izrdeboda masSi,<br />
aq iCens Tavs pirvelad. aq Cven TiTqos sxva arsenas vxedavT<br />
– ver vcnobT mas. marTlac, arsena, romlis bageTagan<br />
arasodes gamosula RvTis mgmobi sityva (mestvire gansakuTrebiT<br />
zrunavs mis sametyvelo leqsikaze), saqmiTac<br />
qristianuli zneobis magaliTi uCvenebia (Ralatis patieba<br />
farsadanisTvis), axla am wmida adgilze, saRvTo dResaswaulis<br />
dRes, SurisZiebis JiniT aris aRZruli da angariSsworebisa<br />
da Seuracxyofis mizniT ganaiaraRebs eklesiidan<br />
gamosul sumbaTovsa da makarovs mandilosnebis<br />
Tvalwin. mestvire sagangebod, ara SemTxveviT, arc sityvis<br />
masalisaTvis, aRniSnavs adgilisa da drois siwmindes:<br />
`RvTaebobis madli gwyalobT, martyofis TavSi svenia,<br />
iq iyo misi dReoba, TiTonac giaxelia...<br />
roca wirva gamovida, imisi madli Senia...~<br />
Zneli warmosadgenia, am epizodis avtors, romelic iqneb<br />
marTlac eswreboda wirvas martyofis taZarSi, efiqra,<br />
rom taZris midamoSi myofTa (vinc ar unda yofiliyvnen<br />
isini) Seuracxmyofel arsenasTan RvTis madli iqneboda.<br />
unda iTqvas, rom sinamdvileSi makarovisa da sumba-<br />
Tovis Seuracxyofa moxda ara martyofis monastris galavanSi,<br />
aramed misken mimaval gzaze, tyis piras, anu ara wmida<br />
adgilze, aramed arsenas, rogorc `tyeSi gavardnili ka-
cis~, teritoriaze. da moxda ara iseTi mwvave, damamcirebeli<br />
saxiT, rogorc mestvire aRwers (ix. damateba 4). mestvire<br />
am gamonagoniT Segnebulad amZimebs arsenas codvas<br />
misi cxovrebis tragikul periodSi, miawers ra misTvis,<br />
rogorc `tyeSi gavardnili kacisTvis~, Cveul Zaladobas<br />
Seuferebel adgilze. Tavisi antagonistebi rom dainaxa<br />
arsenam, `pirjvari dauweria...~<br />
cxadia Seusabamoba am pirjvris gadawerasa da im saqciels<br />
Soris, romelic uSualod mosdevs mas. es pirjvris gadawera<br />
gamiznulad aris Semotanili TxrobaSi. es epizodi<br />
rom sabediswero, avbediTi Setrialebaa arsenas cxovrebaSi,<br />
iqidanac Cans, rom arsena, aqamde devnili yaCaRi, romelic<br />
imaleba da tyes afarebs Tavs, martyofis dReobis<br />
Semdeg ori kviris naqeifari, sruliad axdilad Sedis qalaqSi<br />
(anu TbilisSi), rogorc triumfatori. sabedisweroa<br />
misi Semdgomi nabijebi, rac martyofis epizodis bolos<br />
savsebiT gacnobierebulia:<br />
`ori kvira ToneTSia qeifebsa bevrsa swevsa,<br />
gamvlelsa da gamomvlelsa suyvelas Rvinos asmevsa.<br />
meore kvira gaTavda, qalaqisken gamoswevsa,<br />
mTeli qalaqis biWebi mtredis gundiviT dasdevsa~.<br />
arsenam sasworze Seagdo Tavisi bedi – TiTqos gamoiwvia<br />
naTlia, an sakuTar davlaTs mindobili scdis RmerTs.<br />
da RmerTi amjerad ar gaswiravs mas:<br />
`RmerTs uSvelia, arsena, amieriT gansacdelsa...~<br />
RmerTi jer kidev masTan aris, jer kidev scdis mas, aZlevs<br />
vadas am gansacdelSi, romelSic arsenam Tavisi nebiT<br />
Caigdo Tavi. magram rogor iqceva is? mas kvlav mikitnebTan<br />
vxedavT, romlebic macTunebeli sirinozebiviT<br />
ityueben:<br />
`saca miva mikitnebTan, yvela mas dauqnevs xelsa~.<br />
sabedisweroa es xelis daqneva. es yofiTi Jesti mawvevarisa<br />
tragikul niSnad iqceva. `yvela mas dauqnevs xelsa~<br />
– TiTqos yvela SeTanxmebula mis dasaRupavad. ar arsebobs<br />
Zala, romelic gauZlebda am xelis daqnevas.<br />
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Rirs oriode sityva iTqvas mikitnebze, am tipur qalaqur<br />
personaJebze. Tumca Rvinis mimwodebeli iseve Zvelia<br />
(noes Jamidan), rogorc Tavad cTuneba, romelic sulmudam<br />
sdarajobs adamians. Rvinis mimwodebeli iyo sirinozi<br />
qali siduri, romelic gilgameSs akavebda mis gzaze da WeSmaritebis<br />
maZiebels ukan, yoveldRiurobisken abrunebda<br />
[gilgameSiani: 86]. arsenas mikitnebi neitraluri xalxia:<br />
isini yvelas miawodeben sasmels – es maTi mowodebaa – miT<br />
ufro iseT martosuls, rogoric arsenaa, visTvisac Rvino,<br />
SesaZlebelia, monatrebul Wers cvlides, an misi er-<br />
TaderTi axlobeli iyos. avbediTad gaismis: `daxede, is mikitnebi<br />
megobraTac gauCndesa!~ Tu erTxel mikitnebis sasmelma<br />
ixsna arsena (straJnikebis daTrobis epizodi), axla<br />
maTi RviniT savse tiki misTvis aSkarad damRupvelia. tiki<br />
gatanebulia, is unda daicalos, man Tavisi saqme unda gaakeTos,<br />
mas ukan veraferi daabrunebs. am dros arsenas ukve<br />
nanaxi aqvs is sizmari, romelSic Tavisi gardauvali aRsasruli<br />
amoikiTxa: `nebiT gamoviWri yelsa~. es sityvebi,<br />
rogorc Tavadve daaskvna, ara mxolod misi aRsasrulis<br />
gardauvalobaze mianiSnebs, aramed im codvazec, romlis<br />
Cadenac mas, rogorc bediswera, uZevs win, Tumca TviTmkvlelobaze<br />
fiqric ukve codvis dasabamia. amitomac am<br />
duqanSi is ukanasknelad gascems Tavis nayaCaRars SesandobarisaTvis<br />
(`Sesandobari dalieT, roca arsena mokvdesa~).<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom erTi Canaweris mixedviT, am sizmars,<br />
rogorc saidumlos, arsena kuWatnelTan SebrZolebamde<br />
aRsarebis saxiT Caabarebs mRvdels: `sveticxovelSi Sevida,<br />
aRsareba uTxra mRvdelsa, wuxeli vnaxe sizmari~... [fa<br />
umik.: 15/2]. es epizodi realobas efuZneba. vasil barnovi<br />
mogviTxrobs arsenas momswreTa mogonebas: `arsena morwmune<br />
kaci iyo. yovel didmarxvaSi movidoda SerCeul<br />
dRes, dRisiT, moiTxovda aRsarebas da ziarebas Rvdlisagan.<br />
aRsarebis dros cxenidan erT fexs Camosdgamda. erTi<br />
isev uzangSi edga. etyoda: – umTavresi codva, kacis kvla<br />
ar Camideniao. Tu mamiklavs, roca SemebrZoleboda, maSin~<br />
(damateba 3). ziarebis moTxovnileba, rac mudam Tan sdevs<br />
mas mis arCeul gzaze, iseve rogorc misi RvTismosavuri<br />
metyveleba, bunebrivia saeklesio (kerZod, Tbilisis ierusalimis<br />
eklesiis) glexis ojaxidan gamosulisTvis [kakiaSvili:<br />
33].
sizmridan Cans, rom axlovdeba aRdgoma, win aris dReebi<br />
vnebis kvirisa – da es Svideuli, rogorc gansacdeli,<br />
elis mas. im sizmris Tema – erTaderTi Sinaarsi `sisxlSi<br />
viRebavdi wversa~ – tragikulad exmianeba saaRdgomo<br />
kvercxs, romlis xelSi daWeris imedi arsenas aRara aqvs.<br />
VIII. wiTeli paraskevi (naTliis gamowveva). es sabediswero<br />
Sexvedra giorgi kuWatnelTan, Tuki odesme sxva<br />
dros gadayria am kacs, romelsac wyevlas uTvlis meleqse,<br />
ara imdenad mis pirovnebas, aramed am SemTxveviTobas,<br />
swored am dros kaxeTidan imereTSi rom waiyvana da udroo<br />
dros moqeife arsenas Sehyara [misi Sairsityva `gzebze<br />
sufris gadafenis~ xsenebiT iwyeba da miTve mTavrdeba],<br />
SesaZloa, wiTel paraskevs arc momxdara. esec arsenas<br />
bediswera yofila, – ase fiqrobs meleqse, roca aRniSnavs<br />
kuWatnelis gamoCenas muxaTgverdTan:<br />
`im giorgi kuWatnelsa gamCeneli gauwyresa,<br />
wamosula kaxeTidan, imereTSi gamoswevsa~.<br />
anu: raRa swored am dros gamoiara kuWatnelma – sinanuli<br />
Cans mestviris sityvebSi. magram kuWatneli Tavis gzaze<br />
gaswevs. adamiani midis Tavisi gziT, Tavis saqmeze midis.<br />
magram mas, SesaZloa, RmerTi gzavnides, rac ar ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
Tavad adamianis nebas, gaswios Tavis gzaze, Tavis<br />
saWiroebaze. RmerTs SeuZlia Tavisi miznisTvis gamoiyenos<br />
misi svla. aTasidan erTi SesaZlebloba gamoarCios<br />
da Tavis samsaxurSi Caayenos. `gamCeneli gauwyresa~, ambobs<br />
mestvire (TiTqos arsenas eTqvas: es xom arsenas Cveuli<br />
sityvebia, yovelTvis mzad rom aqvs mas sabediswero<br />
wuTebSi), romelic adamianuri TvalTaxedviT afasebs movlenaTa<br />
mdinarebas. Sairmesityves arsenas mxari uWiravs.<br />
raRa swored am dros, am dRes, wiTel paraskevs, roca arsena,<br />
martodmarto, yvelasgan gariyuli, muxaTgverdSi qeifobs,<br />
ufiqria kuWatnels Tavisi mgzavroba kaxeTidan imereTisken?<br />
– fiqrobs Sairmesityve. magram kuWatnelis gamoCenaSi<br />
swored am dros gana RvTis xeli ar urevia? gana<br />
arsena mowyvetilia mTel samyaros? gana es Sexvedra misi<br />
gansacdeli ar aris? misi bedis nawili ar aris? gana kuWatneli<br />
misi ambri-arabi ar aris, is mkvdari bumberazi, ami-<br />
189
190<br />
rans rom daxvdeba gzaze gamosacdelad? mestvirem icis,<br />
rom sabedisweroa arsenas `nabdis gaSla~ muxaTgverdTan<br />
da es dRe swored wiTeli paraskevi unda iyos, rom arsena<br />
daisajos – gamoCndes vinme, vinc aRasrulebs RvTis sasjels.<br />
sasjeli unda aRsruldes, magram wyevla-krulva mas,<br />
visi xeliTac aRsruldeba. ase fiqrobs mestvire. kuWatneli<br />
yvelaze arasasurveli mgzavria am dros im kacisaTvis,<br />
vinc mTel qveynierebas gaeriya. aq aseT dros viRac<br />
usaTuod Caivlida, magram vinc Caiara, mosalodnel CamvlelTa<br />
Soris yvelaze utyuari iyo. es Cavla Tavisi simarTliT<br />
yvelaze mkacri da sastiki Cavla iyo. es iyo sabediswero<br />
Cavla. swored amitom aris, `rom mTqmelebi giorgi<br />
kuWatnels iseTi muqi saRebavebiT ar xataven, rogorc<br />
es mosalodneli iyo usayvarlesi gmiris mkvlelis daxatvisas~<br />
[barnovi g., 1976: 9].<br />
vnebis kviraa, dRe wiTeli paraskevisa. am dros arsenas<br />
vxedavT gzaze `mcxeTis pirdapir~, saidanac jvari da, albaT,<br />
sveticxovlis saydaric Canda, puris saWmelad damjdars<br />
qristianisTvis Seuferebel viTarebaSi, xolo arsena<br />
qristiania, qristes mcnebaTa Semnaxvelia sityviTa da<br />
saqmiT, amas `leqsis~ bevri epizodi adasturebs. martyofis<br />
Semdeg, roca arsena `SiSvlad~, davlaTis amara, gacxadebulad<br />
Sedis xalxmraval qalaqSi, mestvire ambobs:<br />
`RmerTs uSvelia, arsenao~. maSin jer kidev masTan iyo<br />
RmerTi, romlis saxels is mudam axsenebda.<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kuWatnelis pirovnebas, rom is<br />
Cveuli ar unda yofiliyo adamianis ferebas da tkbili<br />
sityvac arcTu xSirad, SesaZloa, sulac ar dascdenia mis<br />
bages, mis pasuxs moqeife yaCaRis mopatiJebaze stumarmaspinZlobis<br />
wesis Selaxvad an mopatiJis Seuracxyofad ver<br />
miviCnevT. ras eubneba gzad Cavlili arsenas? ras Seaxsenebs<br />
mas? imas xom ara, rac mas, rogorc qristians, unda xsomeboda?<br />
yoveli qristianisTvis cxad WeSmaritebas xom<br />
ara, romelic arsenas daviwynia? Seaxsenebs ara dayvavebiT,<br />
aramed kicxviT da ginebiT (aseTia, arsenasgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
kuWatnelis leqsika) da es ar cvlis saqmis arss:<br />
`giorgi Semoaginebs dedisa da mamis yelsa:<br />
va, Se sawyalo arsena, rada xar WkuaTxelia?<br />
me dRes Rvinos rogor davlev, wiTeli paraskevia!~
es iyo da es. ai, es sityvebi warmoiTqva arsenas gasagonad<br />
da manac gaigona es sityvebi. da wavida Tavisi gziT am<br />
sityvebis mTqmeli. datova sityva da wavida. sityvis gamgonma<br />
ki sityva ar Seismina. gana es yaCaRi, muxaTgverdTan<br />
wiTel paraskevs moqeife, marTla sawyali, Sesacodebeli,<br />
rogorc codvis Camdeni, da WkuaTxeli ar iyo? sxva dros<br />
amgvarad Semkoba `tyeSi gavardnili kacisa~ da SemoTavazebul<br />
pur-marilze uaris Tqma – `Tu egre Rvino mindodes,<br />
jibeSi fuli bevria~, – aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli iqneboda.<br />
magram wiTel paraskevs, vnebis kviris yvelaze mZime<br />
dRes? `kacad rodiRa Camagdo, raRa biWoba Cemiao~, – mZvinvarebs<br />
igi, `kacad!~ – ai, hubrisi. aRar axsovs qriste, arc<br />
jvarcma, arc... axsovs Tavisi Tavi – kaci, Tavisi warmavali<br />
RirsebiT (`biWobiT~), romelic adamianis, rogorc qristianis,<br />
Rirsebas aris Senacvlebuli da masze maRlaa dayenebuli.<br />
mgzavrma pur-marilze fexi ukra, magram man Tavad?<br />
Tavad xom am dRes hkra wixli, gaTela es dRe? `kacad<br />
rodiRa Camagdo, raRa biWoba Cemia~, ambobs is, rogorc<br />
farsadanze SurisZiebiT aRZruli ambobda: `Tu naTlimamas<br />
SevarCine (sic!), kacad vinRa Camagdebsa~ [fa umik.: 15/2].<br />
maSin man sZlia Surisgebis cdunebas.<br />
nacvlad imisa, rom mikitnebisgan cdunebuli arsena<br />
gonze moeyvana wiTeli paraskevis xsenebas (visganac unda<br />
moesmina es sityvebi da ra mkvaxedac unda Tqmuliyo, isini<br />
WeSmaritebas RaRadebdnen), is Selaxuli Tavmoyvareobis<br />
aRdgenas cdilobs. da mere rogor? is unda daedevnos garidebul<br />
kuWatnels Seuracxsayofad, radgan gaZarcvis mizani<br />
amjerad damcirebaa:<br />
`an unda momce fulebi, an Seni cxeni damrCesa!~<br />
wiTeli paraskevis siwmide erTxel kidev ibRaleba. SeeZlo<br />
Tu ara arsenas pativmoyvareobis daokeba, daZleva<br />
angariSis sworebis, SurisZiebis grZnobisa? arsenas, rogorc<br />
Cven mas vicnobT `leqsis~ mixedviT, SeeZlo es. man<br />
xom ibatona SurisZiebis grZnobaze, roca Ralati apatia<br />
farsadans. es iyo misi maRalzneobrivi, WeSmaritad qristianuli<br />
saqcieli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dros Sejamda<br />
mTeli misi cxovreba, gasxivosnda mironisa da RvTis wina-<br />
Se, rogorc paradoqsuli pasuxi TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlo-<br />
191
192<br />
baSi sakuTar Tavze nawvnevi umadurobisa. SurisZiebis<br />
grZnobiT atanils – javriT Semuruli misi gulis siRrmes<br />
xom mainc miswvda mitevebis RvTiuri naperwkali. man, TiTqos<br />
rogorc macxovarma, ormodan amoiyvana farsadanis<br />
codvili suli. magram am zneobriv mwvervalze amaRlebuls<br />
ram ubiZga daRmasvlisken? mestvire aRwers mis dacemas<br />
muxaTgverdTan, magram misTvis dafarulia dacemis<br />
motivi. es Tavad arsenas Rrmadpirovnul saidumlod rCeba,<br />
romlis mxolod niSania is Semzaravi sizmari, sadac sruli<br />
sicxadiT aris nawinaswarmetyvelebi misi bolo. raRac<br />
Catyda mis arsebaSi, azri gamoecala mis arsebobas. kerZod,<br />
ra naxa man sizmarSi? mxolod is, rom sisxlSi iRebavda<br />
wvers, meti araferi? magram am sizmareul moqmedebaSi man<br />
sakuTari ganaCeni amoikiTxa; ara mxolod ganaCeni, aramed<br />
zusti droc ki misi aRsrulebisa. wiTeli kvercxi mis sizmarSi<br />
mxolod vnebis kviris dReebSi unda amotivtivebuliyo.<br />
wiTeli kvercxis gaxseneba Tu moaxloebulma paseqma<br />
moitana, sakuTar sisxlSi wveris Rebva gardauval da-<br />
Rupvas – sisxlian dRes uqadda mas:<br />
`ver daveswrebi aRdgomas, ver daviWer wiTel kvercxsa.<br />
Tu Zalad aravin momkla, nebiT gamoviWri yelsa~.<br />
`ver daviWer wiTel kvercxsa~ – is grZnobs, rom araTu<br />
ver moeswreba aRdgomas, aramed Rirsic ar iqneba aRdgomis<br />
simbolos xeliT Sexebisa. sizmari yovelTvis simboluria.<br />
am sizmarSi kvercxis wiTeli – qristes sisxli da Tavad<br />
is wiTeli, romliTac igi wvers iRebavs, sabediswerod<br />
xvdeba erTmaneTs.<br />
es ambavi, kuWatnelTan Setakeba, SesaZlebelia, sulac<br />
ar momxdara wiTel paraskevs. haksthauzenis CanaweriT, ar<br />
Cans, rom es dRe maincdamainc wiTeli paraskevi yofiliyos<br />
(arc 1872 wlis gamocemaSia wiTeli paraskevi naxsenebi).<br />
da sababic kuWatnelisgan pur-marilis miuReblobisa<br />
sxvaa: moucleloba (ix. damateba 1). aSkaraa mestviris tendencia:<br />
is sabediswero konteqstSi xedavs arsenas sikvdils,<br />
rogorc misi cxovrebis kanonzomier aRsasruls.<br />
es ar darCenila SeumCneveli p. umikaSvilisTvis. ai, ras<br />
wers igi arsenas aRsasrulze:<br />
`es arsenas sikvdili gegoneba TiTqos SemTxveviTi<br />
sikvdili iyoso, magram kargaT ro davakvirdeT, meore mxa-
esac davinaxavT. giorgi sulieri kacia da adaTis amsrulebeli.<br />
salocavad miemgzavreba. arsenas adaTi araT miaCnia,<br />
Tunda paraskevic iyos, Taviseburad Seeqceva. giorgi<br />
miwvevaze aginebs wiTel paraskevs Rvinos smisaTvis da<br />
xalxisaTvis pativcemul da miRebul adaTis gatexisaTvis<br />
da, ai arsena, xalxis moyvare da xalxisagan Seyvarebuli,<br />
rodesac xalxis adaTis aRsrulebas uarsa hyofs, da aqac<br />
Tavisufleba unda, rogorc yovelTvisa hqonia – am dros<br />
TiTqos bedic xels iRebs da sikvdiliT sjis~ [umikaSvili: 217].<br />
arsena Tavisi sisxliT gamoisyidis danaSauls (sxvisi<br />
sisxliT arc axla, arc am ukanasknel orTabrZolaSic, Tavdacvis<br />
drosac, ar mZimdeba misi suli) da savsebiT amar-<br />
Tlebs im sityvebs, romlebic, mestviris TqmiT, wauweria<br />
mcxeTis xalxs misi saflavis qvaze:<br />
`aqac kai kaci iyo, iq naTeli daadgesa~.<br />
TiTqos misi ukanaskneli saidumlos gamJRavnebaa sikvdiliswina<br />
sityvebi:<br />
`Cemi Svidasi Tumani kaspSi erT dids kldeSi devsa;<br />
Raribsa, aras mqonesa, mieces da moxmardesa~.<br />
es `Svidasi Tumani~, kldeSi damarxuli, rogorc saarako<br />
ram ganZi, misi sikeTis, rogorc es mestvires esmis, niv-<br />
Tieri gamoxatuleba, TiTqos sasufevlis mosapoveblad<br />
Cadebuli windia.<br />
finalSi isic sagulisxmoa, rom ganZis saidumlos is Tavis<br />
mkvlels umxels da am faqts momakvdavis piridan aRmomxdar<br />
SeZaxilTan `ver gagimete, giorgio~ erTad msmeneli<br />
ar SeiZleba ar aRiqvamdes rogorc mtris Sendobis<br />
qristianul aqts, riTac mas, wiTeli paraskevis gamtexs,<br />
gza gaexsna sasufevlisaken.<br />
daskvna<br />
arsenas hubrisi ar amoiwureba religiuri momentiT. es<br />
mxolod zedapirze Zevs. mis hubriss Rrmad pirovnuli motivebi<br />
aqvs.<br />
misi cxovrebis dramaSi arc socialuri problemaa mTavari.<br />
is mxolod iwyeba socialuriT, magram mTavrdeba pirovnuli<br />
egzistencialuri tragizmiT.<br />
193
194<br />
siRrmiseulad, rogorc pirovneba, is ar ekuTvnis im<br />
wres, saidanac gamovida, romlis `Svilic~ unda yofiliyo.<br />
ver mivida im wremde, romelsac daupirispirda. erTs gaeqca,<br />
meores ver eziara. daiwyo ki imgvarad, rogorc ma-<br />
Rali wris Svilebi iqcevian: `batons rom erTi gogo hyavs,<br />
arsenas moewoneba~. mestviris am SairSi Zlieria kategoriuloba<br />
adamianisa, romelsac viRac moswons. is avlens<br />
gardauval nebas. gana yma-glexis arCevania mowoneba da am<br />
grZnobaze mTeli Tavisi bedis Segdeba?<br />
is, xelgaSlili, udardeli, uangariSo, araviTar kanons<br />
ar dagidevs, garda Sinagani Zaxilisa – moiqces ase da ara –<br />
ise. es TviTneboba misi konstituciaa. moiqces ara ise, rogorc<br />
socialurad misi tolebi iqcevian. `arsena gamonaklisia.<br />
mis xasiaTs da cxovrebis wess Rrmad damCnevia er-<br />
TaderTobis daRi~ [asaTiani: 77]. Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT<br />
realur arsenaze, romlis saxe daWerili aqvs mestviris<br />
Sairsityvas. Tumca Sairsityvis gareSe darCa bevri<br />
moaruli ambavi mis `originalur da amay xasiaTze~ (damateba 1).<br />
mestvires ar SeeZlo aReqva misi saqcieli da qceva martyofis<br />
dReobaze, rom gaexada igi Sairsityvis masalad,<br />
radgan is sruliad ucxo iyo misi warmoSobis adamianis-<br />
Tvis. misi qceva Tavadis winaSe spontanurad avlens Tavisuflebas<br />
da Tanasworobas, Tandayolil aristokratizms:<br />
sTxovs saCuqrad dambaCas da, roca dambaCis patroni mimarTavs<br />
misken iaraRs, is uSiSrad uaxlovdeba damiznebul<br />
lulas asaRebad. mere, situaciis gantvirTvis Semdeg,<br />
sTxovs Tavaduri JestiT mis qaliSvils, romelmac is sikvdilisgan<br />
ixsna: `neba miboZeT, kabaze da xelze gemTxvioT~<br />
(damateba 1). es ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo mestvireTa<br />
Tema. aseTi arsena ar aris maTi gmiri, Tumca mestvire mainc<br />
grZnobs, rom arsenaSi aris raRac iseTi, rac ganasxvavebs<br />
mas im wrisagan, sadac is daibada.<br />
es `silaRe sulisa~, romelic gansakuTrebiT `gzebze<br />
sufris gadafenaSi~ [asaTiani: 77] da sxva qcevebSi vlindeba,<br />
anomaliad Cans yoveldRiurobis WapanSi gabmuli glexobis<br />
wreSi. arsena `Taviseburi gadaxraa normidan, vinaidan<br />
Tavisi mdgomareobiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba umravlesobisagan:<br />
arc xnavs, arc Tesavs~... [asaTiani: 77]. es namdvili<br />
rusTveluri mocaleobaa, rac kidev sxva mowode-
ebs uxsnis gzas. `mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs~ rusTveluri<br />
`Sen daamdidre yovelis~ Taviseburi paradigmaa.<br />
arsena iqceva, rogorc uflebamosili da es ufleba, gamo-<br />
Wedos axali sazomi (adli), man TviTve mianiWa Tavis Tavs.<br />
Tumca es TviTmarqvioba masve Semoubrundeba – aRdgebian<br />
cruarsenebi da misi saxeliT borotad amoqmeddebian.<br />
Znelad moiZebneba, SesaZloa, verc ki moiZebnos qar-<br />
Tul mwerlobasa da yofaSi iseTi tragikuli piri da personaJi,<br />
rogoric arsena iyo da aris. iyo erTxel Tavis sisxliT<br />
da xorciT Tavis kuTvnil droSi da sivrceSi da aris<br />
samudamod darCenili SairsityvaSi. misi saxe moZraobs sinamdvilesa<br />
da poezias Soris. Sairsityvam aitaca igi sinamdvilidan,<br />
masSi iseTi ram dainaxa, rac mas eposis tragikul<br />
gmirad aqcevda. Tu elinuri dramis mTavari mamoZravebeli<br />
zambara hubrisia, amasve vityviT `arsenas leqsze~<br />
da misi gmiris mimarT gamoviyenebT qarTul sityva-cnebas<br />
silaRes. `arsena laRi iyo. silaRe siampartavne ar aris.<br />
arsenas kacoba silaRiT ikafavda gzas~ [abaSiZe: 6]. kargi<br />
naTqvamia. magram silaRes, romelic namdvilad ar aris ampartavnoba,<br />
axlavs ampartavnebaSi, dauokebel silaReSi<br />
gadazrdis xifaTi. arsenas mTeli gza Tavisi aRsasruliT<br />
amas emowmeba.<br />
damateba I<br />
epizodebi arsenas cxovrebidan<br />
arsena meduqne iyo, e.i. savaWros patroni tfilisSi. mas Seuyvarda<br />
Tavad baraTovis ymis qaliSvili, romlisTvisac igi<br />
arsenas gamosasyids sTxovda. arsenam mTeli weli bejiTad imu-<br />
Sava da, bolos, saWiro Tanxac daagrova, magram baraTovma piri<br />
uSala da axali pirobebi wauyena. maSin arsenam RamiT gamoiyvana<br />
Tavadis saukeTeso cxeni, moitaca qali da mTebSi gaixizna;<br />
magram daiWires da cixeSi Casves. ramdenime wlis Semdeg<br />
gaaTavisufles. amasobaSi misi Seyvarebuli Tavadma sxvaze gaaTxova.<br />
maSin arsenam datova qalaqi, wavida mTebSi da yaCaRoba<br />
daiwyo. martodmarto, bevri wlis manZilze awuxebda Tbilisis<br />
Semogarens. bevrs yvebian misi originaluri da amayi xasiaTis<br />
Sesaxeb. igi aerTebda gabedulebasa da jiut vaJkacobas araCveulebriv<br />
RonesTan, ise rom veravin bedavda misTvis winaaR-<br />
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196<br />
mdegobis gawevas, igi mxolod aucilebels iRebda. erTxel va-<br />
Wari gauCerebia, romelsac Tan uzomo fuli hqonia, Sexvewnia<br />
damindeo, arsenas is sadRac gaugzavnia Tavis nacvlad 4 mane-<br />
Ti valis gasastumreblad.<br />
mis dasaWerad didi Tanxa iyo gamocxadebuli, magram veravin<br />
bedavda am Tanxis damsaxurebas. bolos mis naTlimamas gauCnda<br />
es survili. saojaxo saqmeebze molaparakebis sababiT,<br />
man saxlSi dapatiJa igi. misi xmali kedelze dakides, maspinZeli<br />
ki yovel Rones xmarobda mis dasaTrobad. `vin arian, Seni<br />
saxlis garSemo rom darbiano?~ maspinZels feri ecvala. arsenam<br />
daiyvira, Ralatiao, da uxmlod gavarda oTaxidan, Seaxta<br />
WiSkarTan dabmul cxens da gaqusla. tyviebi daadevnes, dauWres<br />
cxeni, magram Tavad gadarCa da miimala. naTlimama amis Semdeg<br />
mudmiv SiSSi iyo, sul imaleboda da marto arasodes wveboda<br />
dasaZineblad. mcire xnis Semdeg martyofSi saeklesio dResaswaulze<br />
gamoCnda arsena uamrav xalxSi, romelTagan naxevarze<br />
meti scnobda mas. magram TiTqos veravin amCnevda. igi mivida<br />
Tavad orbelianTan, romelic iq Tavis ojaxTan erTad iyo mosuli,<br />
da erTi Wiqa Rvino mosTxova. Tavadma daakmayofila misi<br />
Txovna. `mcnob me?~ – hkiTxa arsenam. `gcnob. arsena xar~. –<br />
`maSin sTxove im kacs, – miuTiTa Soriaxlo myof Cinovnikze, –<br />
rom maCuqos Tavisi xmali~. – `Sen Tavad sTxove~. arsena mivida<br />
CinovnikTan, magram man, aRSfoTebulma, uari uTxra Txovnaze.<br />
maSin Tavadma mas ori sityva wasCurCula da Cinovnikmac misca<br />
xmali arsenas.<br />
ramdenime xnis Semdeg SemTvrali arsena isev mivida Tavad-<br />
Tan da uTxra: `Seni dambaCa momwons, maCuqe~. Tavadma Caxmaxi<br />
Seayena, daumizna da uTxra: `modi, waiRe!~ arsena uaxlovdeboda,<br />
rom am dros axalgazrda Tavadisqali mivarda mamas da daiyvira:<br />
`am wmida dResaswaulis gulisaTvis, nu daRvriT<br />
sisxls!~ arsena mivida TavadisqalTan: `Tqven sikvdilisgan mixseniT.<br />
neba miboZeT, kabaze da xelze gemTxvioT~, da Seeria<br />
xalxs. meore dRes man ukan daabruna xmali, ar undoda, codva<br />
dasdeboda aseT dResaswaulze.<br />
roca yazarmaSi mimaval oficrebs Seeyreboda, arafers<br />
uSavebda maT, pur-marilze hpatiJebda, isinic siamovnebiT Tanxmdebodnen.<br />
bolos arsena orTabrZolaSi daiRupa. erTxel igi amxanagebTan<br />
erTad ijda tfilisis maxloblad gzaze. am dros gamo-
iara imerelma aznaurma msaxurTan erTad. arsenam miipatiJa<br />
igi pur-marilze, magram man uari uTxra im mizeziT, rom gadaudebel<br />
saqmeze midioda. roca is wavida, megobrebma arsenas<br />
uTxres: `marTla daijere, rac giTxra? SenTan puris Wama ercxvineba~.<br />
– `ase fiqrobT?~ – `aba ra!~ arsena Seaxta cxens da<br />
meored dapatiJa aznauri. – `Tu mibrZaneb da memuqrebi, gangeb<br />
ar wamoval~. orTavem iSiSvles xmlebi da daiwyo sastiki brZola.<br />
aznauris msaxuri mSvidad adevnebda Tvalyurs. aznauri<br />
orjer daiWra, arsenas ki jer erTi Wrilobac ar hqonda. bolos,<br />
aznaurma uyvira msaxurs: `unda moakvlevino Seni batoni!~<br />
msaxurma gulcivad daumizna da adgilzeve mokla arsena.<br />
damateba II<br />
arsena oZelaSvilis ambavi<br />
[haksthauzeni: 85-88]<br />
roca arsenas moutacia moaxle, maSin mamaCemi estate 15<br />
wlisa yofila da algeTze xborebi hyolia da SaSinebia, qali<br />
ro mohyamdaT wiokobiTa da arsenas uTqom: estateo, Sen nu ge-<br />
Siniao, me Sen arafers gerCio. arsenas ro qali moutacnia, gomareTs<br />
wauyvania, iq dautovebia, TiTon wamosula, albaT iq mokeTe<br />
eyoleboda, da saridali (`tifi~) Saxvedria. lekianoba ro<br />
yofila da xalxi ro gaqceulan, iq dasamali alagebi yofila<br />
feiqarTubanSi, – kldeebia, ro xami kacma naxos, ityvis, es ra<br />
sakurveli rame yofila. iq Wala iyo da iq ucxovria arsenas.<br />
cxeni hyolia da gauSvia WalaSi xurjingadakidebuli. purica<br />
hqonia, Rvinoca, xorcica da ise avaT yofila im saridoTi, ro<br />
Tavi ara hqonia, roma misuliyo, xurjini CamoeRo da puri eWama.<br />
roca morCenila, memre dauZaxnia im cxenisaTvis, lurja,<br />
modio. ise gawurTnuli hyolia cxeni, ro dauZaxebda, movidoda<br />
maSveTi. ro mosula cxeni, yvelaferi ayrolebuli yofila.<br />
mere Camosula ninikas binaSi. saca Rori hyvanda da maSveTi ro<br />
misula, gaqceula ninika, ro Rori daklas da, ar dakla Rorio,<br />
ninikao, Roris xorci ar minda meo da mand jorjiaSvileb ro<br />
amboben, bogvSia. jorjiaSvilebis bina yofila iqve axlo ninikasTan<br />
da uTqom, ninikoo, wadio jorjiaSvilebis binaSio da<br />
uTxario, cxvari gamamigzavnono. rogor ar gamougzavnidnen,<br />
arsenas saxeli ro gaiges. gamougzavnes erTi kai Wedila da is<br />
dakles. memre kai puri Wames erTaT da ninikamaca da arsenamaca<br />
197
198<br />
da mere arsenam uTxra, ro ninikoo, erTi rame unda giTxrao da<br />
ar damzardeo. aba uar rogor etyoda da uTxra: ai es Cemi cxenio<br />
da Sajeqio da wadio. Rame gaugzavnia marabdaSi, ro aravin<br />
naxos. arsenas cxenze Samjdara da uTqom, roma Cem saxSi ar mixvideo.<br />
– iq naTlideda hyolia. gamaacxoso da Rvinoc, tiki gagimsoso<br />
da ise midio da wamodio, ro aravin ara gnaxoso. ise, ro<br />
Tel marabdas xeli hqonda mowerili, ro Tu arsena gamoCndeboda<br />
sadme, Tel marabdas gadaasaxlebdnen (sof. tbisi).<br />
damateba III<br />
oZelaSvili da iakob mRvdeli<br />
[salariZe: 190-1]<br />
kodaSi, Sua sofelSi mozrdili saxli, didi derefani muxis<br />
koWebze, SuaSi veeba boZi. Sesavali kedeli Ria, gelazebiT<br />
SezRuduli, kibec – sami gelazi. marjvniv – patara oTaxi. imis<br />
gverdze marcxniv kedelSi didi karebi garanduli. es iyo didi<br />
oTaxis kari sastumrosi. urdulTan kars rom gaaRebdi, ori<br />
kibe iyo qvisa, Caxvidodi Sin saxlSi. samzareulo, sakuWnao, kidobani<br />
aq iyo gamarTuli. marcxniv Sesavali saToneSi, Sin saxlidan<br />
pirdapir marnis kari – sufTa oTaxi, qvevrebmomwkrivebuli,<br />
baRis iaraRi, jagnebi. am patara oTaxSi mudam mwife xilis<br />
suni idga. es iyo arsenas oTaxi. egre veZaxdiT.<br />
iakobma gvian Seimosa mRvdloba. manamdisin moqeife axalgazrdobaSi<br />
reuliyo. axovani vaJkaci, TeTr-wiTeli, mZlavri<br />
marjvenis meqone. kargi mTqmeli, cota damcinveli. daaxlovebiyo<br />
arsenas da bolomdis SerCa megobrad. gaWirebaSi arsena<br />
Seefareboda Rvdlis saxls. imisTvis mzad iyo yvelaferi maranSi.<br />
marans erTi fanjaraca hqonda SemTxvevaSi gamosayeneblad.<br />
arsena morwmune kaci iyo. yovel didmarxvaSi movidoda Ser-<br />
Ceul dRes, dRisiT, moiTxovda aRsarebas da ziarebas Rvdlisagan.<br />
aRsarebis dros cxenidan erT fexs Camosdgamda, erTi isev<br />
uzangSi edga. etyoda: – umTavresi codva, kacis kvla ar Camideniao.<br />
Tu mamiklavs, roca SemebrZoleboda, maSin. gasacarcvad<br />
ki aravis vindob: mec miWirs da gaWirebuli megobrebic<br />
bevri myavs. eziareboda, xelze emTxveoda.<br />
gamigia, roca arsena iakobTan iyo saziareblad Tu mosasveneblad,<br />
sofeli misaval gzebze yarauls daayenebda, rom
droze ecnobebina mZebnelis misvla. isic uTqvamT, vinme soflidan<br />
mosakiTxsac miarTmevdao.<br />
amaTac, Rvdels da arsenas, erTxel Sejaxeba mohxdeniaT:<br />
kodidan patarZali mihyvandaT marabdas. meqorwineebs ambavi<br />
mihsvliaT: arsena gdarajobT, patarZlis motaceba undao. Se-<br />
Sinebulan, misulan da uTxovniaT iakobisaTvis: wamogvyevi, Seni<br />
xaTri aqvs da gamklavebac SegiZliano.<br />
SezarxoSebul Rvdels xalxis Txovna ar gaetexa, CamoeRo<br />
xmali da gahyoloda mayrebs.<br />
Rame sironikaanT orRobeSi, bogirTan, marTla dahxvedriyo<br />
arsena da Seetia.<br />
yvelani ganabuliyvnen. iakobi wamdgariyo wina da daeZaxa:<br />
gza daagdeo! wamosuliyo arsena misken dambaCiT xelSi. gansacdelSi<br />
Rvdels daeqnia xmali. daWriliyo arsenas cxeni.<br />
– arsen! – daeZaxa Rvdels.<br />
– iakob, Sen? Cqara cxeni, Cemi daWrilia.<br />
Rvdeli maSinve gadmosuliyo Zirs da mieca Tavisi cxeni.<br />
patarZali mainc gadaerCina.<br />
ramdenime dRis Semdeg cxeni isev mihsvlia Rvdels.<br />
arsenas bina kumisis mRvimeebSic hqonda da, Tu nuzla Semoakldeboda,<br />
Rvdeli gaatanda imasTan ulufas, viTom diakvans<br />
samebaSi gzavnida.<br />
is Zveli saxli kodaze daqceulia. axliT aris Secvlili.<br />
arsenas erTi xmalTagani SeCenoda marans. iq ekida taxtis<br />
kedelze. Cem dros ukve Jangmokidebuli iyo. memre xanjlad gadaakeTa<br />
solom<br />
[barnovi v.,1964: 336-7].<br />
damateba IV<br />
Sexvedra makarovTan martyofis gzaze, 15. VIII. 1839 w.<br />
`guSindel dRes, naSuadRevis xuT saaTze me Cemi ojaxiT mivemgzavrebodi<br />
sof. noriodan salocavSi martyofis mama antonis<br />
uZvelesi drois RvTaebis taZarSi. Cveulebriv, 15 agvistos<br />
aq mravali xalxi iyris xolme Tavs. is iyo, mivaRwieT mTis<br />
Zirs norixevze, rom uecrad viRac cxenosani SemefeTa. manamde<br />
me mas ar vicnobdi, arsad minaxavs. igi momiaxlovda cxendacxen<br />
da momTxova puri da Rvino, razec me uari vuTxari. ma-<br />
199
200<br />
Sin man gamomicxada: `me arsena oZelaSvili var da, Tu Cems moTxovnas<br />
ar SeasrulebT, Cvens Soris usiamovneba datrialdebao~.<br />
am sityvebis wamosrola da misi cxenidan Camoxtoma erTi iyo.<br />
Tvalis daxamxamebaSi Cerqezuli xmali Camomaglija, magram,<br />
rom gaigo, vinca var, or-sam wuTSi isev damibruna. Cems maxloblad<br />
mimavals ki [Tavad sumbaTaSvils] ZaliT aarTva spilos-<br />
Zvlistariani Cerqezuli xmali da oqroTi movarayebuli dambaCa.<br />
me ramdenjerme vTxove arsenas, daebrunebina misTvis war-<br />
Tmeuli Zvirfasad Semkuli iaraRi, magram igi civ uarze iyo da<br />
daemuqra kidec. me meti aRar Cavreulvar am saqmeSi. davbrundi<br />
Tavzardacemul da SeSinebul Cem ojaxTan da monastrisken<br />
ganvagrZeT gza.<br />
am SemTxvevis dros Cems garda iq sxva xalxic iyo da maT Soris<br />
sofel noriodan glexi zaqaria ZiZikaSvili, magram arsenas<br />
SiSiT man krintic ver daZra.<br />
es yaCaRi zorba, lurj ulayze ijda; SeiaraRebuli iyo osmaluri<br />
dambaCiT, TofiT, xmal-xanjliT da mkerdze gardigardmo<br />
patrontaSebiT. CemTan Sexvedramde arsena viRac mgzavrebs<br />
misdevda da xmamaRla emusaifeboda, magram me rom daminaxa,<br />
imaT Tavi gaaneba da gaCerda. monastrisken mimavalni laparakobdnen,<br />
rom arsena oZelaSvili muqaraze mets aravis arafers<br />
erCoda, araviTar borotebas aravis mimarT ar Cadioda,<br />
aravisTvis uwyeninebiao...~<br />
es aris sinodaluri kantoris Cinovnikis ivane arjevaniZemakarovis<br />
xeliT rusul enaze dawerili axsna-ganmarteba Tavad<br />
sumbaTaSvilis moxsenebiTi baraTis gamo martyofis incidentis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
damateba V<br />
(zaal baraTaSvili arsena oZelaSvilze)<br />
me arsena damaviwyda kidec, masTan sadao ara maqvs ra. Sevityve<br />
kargad, rom me igi ara mmtrobs da Cemi waxdena mas ar<br />
unda. Tanaxma var, Zalian kargi. saqme mxolod mTavroba aris.<br />
me aras verCi, Tu mTavrobac aras etyvis da apativebs. mTavrobas<br />
mis Sesaxeb ara aqvs kargi Sexeduleba. mTavroba mas uyurebs,<br />
rogorc Tavis mters da xalxis amjanyebels. mec ki vecdebodi,<br />
rom mTavrobamac Seiwynaros igi da apativos, magram<br />
ubedureba imaSi aris, rom mas bevri mteri hyavs da amitom mas
evr rames swameben, bevrs danaSaulobas, ymebis ajanyebas, aramc<br />
Tu marto batonebis winaaRmdeg, aramed mTavrobis winaaRmdegac.<br />
literatura<br />
[WiWinaZe: 133-134].<br />
abaSiZe: abaSiZe b., erovnuli fenomeni da arsenas leqsi,<br />
Tb., `merani~, 1991.<br />
ardaSiri: ardaSir papakisZis saqmeTa wigni, falauridan<br />
Targmna, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo<br />
Teo CxeiZem, `mecniereba~, Tb.,<br />
1975.<br />
arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe i., ivane makarovi da arsena oZelaSvili<br />
(`literaturuli saqarTvelo~,<br />
1967, 47).<br />
asaTiani: asaTiani g., saTaveebTan, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />
Tb., 1982.<br />
barnovi v. 1964: barnovi v., samwuxro Rimi: Txzulebani,<br />
tomi 10, `literatura da xelovneba~,<br />
1964.<br />
barnovi g. 1976: barnovi g., adamianis Sinasamyaros gamoxatva<br />
qarTul xalxur poeziaSi, `qar-<br />
Tuli <strong>folklori</strong>~ VI, `mecniereba~, Tb.,<br />
1976.<br />
barnovi g. 1989: barnovi g., werilebi, `merani~, Tb., 1989.<br />
gvaramaZe: gvaramaZe l., petre umikaSvili – redaqtorgamomcemeli,<br />
`macne~, enisa da literaturis<br />
seria, 1971, 2.<br />
gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi,<br />
`ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.<br />
kakiaSvili: kakiaSvili g., arsena qarTul literaturaSi,<br />
Tb., `xelovneba~, 1955.<br />
salariZe: salariZe T., algeTis xeobis qarTluri, `mecniereba~,<br />
1978.<br />
umikaSvili 1938: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba, nawili<br />
pirveli, tfilisi, 1937.<br />
umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba IV,<br />
Tb., `literatura da xelovneba~, 1964.<br />
201
202<br />
fa umik.: SoTa rusTavelis sax. literaturis institutis<br />
folkloruli arqivi, p. umikaSvilis<br />
fondi.<br />
WiWinaZe: WiWinaZe z., saqarTvelos batonymobis faqtiuri<br />
masalebi, t. 2-3, 1924.<br />
xinTibiZe: xinTibiZe ant., folkloruli masalebi arsena<br />
oZelaSvilze, Tb., 1968.<br />
haksthauzeni: Ãàêñòãàóçåí Àâãóñò, ôîí, Çàêàâêàçñêèé êðàé, ÷.<br />
1, Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã, 1857.
poezia
sakulto poezia<br />
rodesac sakulto poeziaze vlaparakobT, mxedvelobaSi<br />
gvaqvs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis zepirsityvieri<br />
masala da ara saerTo <strong>qarTuli</strong>. amave dros, isic<br />
unda iTqvas, rom poezia pirobiTi terminia am xasiaTis teqstebisaTvis.<br />
maTi amaRlebuli Sinaarsi, sazeimo pirobebi<br />
Sesrulebisa, erTgvari ritmi maTi Sesrulebisa, da bolos,<br />
myari struqtura TiTqos safuZvels iZleva imisaTvis, rom<br />
es teqstebi poetur Semoqmedebad CavTvaloT.<br />
sakulto teqstebi Seiqmna aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTis saymoebSi (TemebSi, sazogadoebebSi) socialurreligiuri<br />
saWiroebisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, am regionSi<br />
mosaxleoba tradiciulad salocavebis garSemo iyo<br />
(da ramdenadme, aris dResac) Semokrebili. mTiuleTisa da<br />
fSav-xevsureTis aragvis xeobebSi moqceuli mTeli teritoria<br />
danawilebulia sazogadoebebad, romlebic romelime<br />
RvTisSvilis Tu jvaris saymod iTvleba. RvTisSvili<br />
(RvTisnasaxi, RvTisnabadebi) an jvari zogadi saxelia wmidanisa<br />
(wm. giorgi, RvTismSobeli, wm. petre mociquli da<br />
sxva) Tu angelozisa (miqaeli, gabrieli), romelic mfarvelobs<br />
ama Tu im, saymod wodebul sazogadoebas. saymo da<br />
misi teritoria iTvleba winaistoriul xanaSi (`mas Jamsa<br />
Sina~) romelime jvarisa Tu RvTisSvilis mopovebulad da<br />
daarsebulad da ganagrZobs cxovrebas misi mfarvelobis<br />
qveS istoriul xanaSi. yovel saymos, rogorc yovelTa miwierTa<br />
gangeba RvTis (`morige RmerTis~) xelSia, magram<br />
adamianebs, saymos uSualo (Tumca xucesis meSveobiT, romelic<br />
saymos warmomadgenelia) urTierToba jvarTan<br />
aqvs, morige RmerTis kari Sors aris, jvaris kari ki iqvea,<br />
sofelSi. saymo xucesis piriT elaparakeba jvars, xolo<br />
jvari qadagis piriT – saymos, roca RvTis gangebas ucxadebs<br />
mas. es ormxrivi mimarTuleba – saymodan morige Rmer-<br />
Tisaken da morige RmerTidan saymosaken – qmnis ori saxis<br />
205
206<br />
sakulto teqstebis arsebobis pirobas. pirvelia saxuco<br />
anu xucesis warmosaTqmeli teqstebi, meore – naqadagarni,<br />
qadagis mier warmoTqmuli teqstebi.<br />
I. saxuco teqstebi. am regionis sakulto teqstebs Soris<br />
gansakuTrebuli kanonikurobiT gamoirCeva xevsuruli<br />
xucobani. es is teqstebia, romelTac warmoTqvams xucesi<br />
sxvadasxva SemTxvevebis gamo jvaris karze. maTi adresati<br />
yovelTvis aris konkretuli jvari (RvTisSvili)<br />
an mTeli `panTeoni~, mTeli erToblioba jvarTa morige<br />
RmerTis ufrosobiT. es teqstebi, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba<br />
garkveuli raodenobis stereotipuli sintagmisagan, romlebic<br />
mcireodeni saxecvlilebiT gadadis erTi teqstidan<br />
meore teqstSi. es cvlilebebi sruliad umniSvneloa,<br />
isini exeba sintaqsur mxares. mosalodneli unda yofiliyo<br />
stereotipul sintagmaTa gansazRvruli, kanonikurad<br />
dadgenili (tradiciiT ganmtkicebuli) Tanamimdevroba,<br />
rac arsebiTad dasturdeba kidec, magram es Tanamimdevroba<br />
yvelgan ar xorcieldeba. aseve, cxadia, ar aris aucilebeli<br />
erT romelime konkretul teqstSi realizebuli<br />
iyos yvela stereotipuli formula, maTi raodenoba SeiZleba<br />
minimumamde iqnes dayvanili, rac, albaT, unda aixsnebodes<br />
tradiciis SesustebiT romelime saymoSi an romelime xucesis<br />
xarveziani praqtikiT. arsebuli Canawerebis mixedviT<br />
Znelia msjeloba romelime teqstis maqsimalur sisruleze,<br />
magram mainc aris iseTi teqstebi, romlebic am sisrulis<br />
STabeWdilebas toveben, imdenad amomwuravad scemen<br />
pasuxs maxvewaris yoveldRiur interesebs.<br />
ase rom, xucobaTa gamoyenebis diapazoni metad vrcelia,<br />
igi yofa-cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferos moicavs.<br />
yoveli met-naklebad mniSvnelovani saqmianoba Tu xdomileba<br />
adamianis cxovrebaSi ritualizebulia da aucileblobiT<br />
moiTxovs xucesis Carevas konkretuli garemoebis-<br />
Tvis dawesebuli sityviTa da qmedebiT. xucobis teqstebi<br />
gaismis msxverplis Sewirvisas (saklavis dakvlisas) jvar-<br />
Si Tu jvaris ymis ojaxSi; sufris dalocvisas; sanadirod<br />
wasvlis win; Temidan mokveTisas; mtris darisxebisas; jvaris<br />
msaxurTa (dasturTa, mesafuvreTa da sxvaTa) ganaTvlisas;<br />
wyalSi Tu zvavSi daRupulis sulis Ziebisas (e.w.<br />
suliT xucoba, romelsac warmoTqvams sulis xucesi); saxelis<br />
dadebisas; sulis wyaros (daRupulis saxelze),
mkvdris cxenis, jvarSi Sewiruli nivTebis (Tasis da sxva-<br />
Ta), axalwulTa (jvarSi gasayvanTa), mekvleTa, doRis dalocvisas;<br />
jvarSi mitanili qada-purebis gaservisas, ludis<br />
kodis gaxsnisas, samanis Cadgmisas, samkalSi pirvelad<br />
gasvlisas, stumris gastumrebisas da sxva da sxva SemTxvevisaTvis.<br />
cxadia, yovel rituals Tavisi sakuTrivi teqsti<br />
Seesatyviseba.<br />
mogvyavs xevsuruli xucobis teqsti, romelic warmoTqmul<br />
iqna gudanSi 1994 wels aTengenobas saklavis dakvlisas<br />
gudanis jvaris xucesis gaga WinWaraulis piriT:<br />
`aaa, dideeba RmerTsa, madli RmerTsa, dideba dRes<br />
dResindelsa, rjul qristianTa, mzesa-d’ mzis myol angelozTa.<br />
dideba-d’ gamarjveba Senda, batono xTiSobelo,<br />
na£arela zRurblis damteo, zar eklesiis damWero,<br />
Sen gadidas RmerTma, Sen gagimarjvas, Seni gamCeni morige<br />
RmerTi gadidebs, gaZrielebs, ar magiwyens, ar magiZulebs,<br />
Sens samsaxuris mamxseneebs nu maiwyen, nu maiZuleb.<br />
rasa m£arze da gulze gexvewebodas, imazed gaugonidi.<br />
Sen morige RmerTs gamauTxovidi, did kviraes Saaxvewnidi.<br />
xcevdi xfarevdi, Svelidi swyalobdi, avis dRisa,<br />
laRis mtrisa, mwaris dRisa, mwaris sikvdilisa, mavnisa,<br />
mar£isa, Sen kalTa daufaridi. es moxrili Coqiv, maTxoiliv<br />
madliv, maxsenebulsa samsaxursa, Sen samsaxuris<br />
mamxsenisa, magaT Tav-yudro jalafobisa orfe£-oTxfe-<br />
£isa, qudosan mandilosnisa, naSvral-namuSavrisa da bedisa-d’<br />
bolosa yurTamsmeneli, mlxeneli, mxoiSnebelimc<br />
iqnebi, agremc gagemarjvebis...~<br />
[sadideblebi: 15].<br />
es aris e. w. xucobis teqstis is nawili, romelic sadideblisa<br />
Tu damwyalobnebis saxeliT aris cnobili. misi Sinaarsi<br />
stereotipebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic umniSvnelo<br />
variaciebiT meordeba sxvadasxva saymoebSi warmoTqmul<br />
teqstebSi. xevsuri xucesi arasodes aZlevs Tavs uflebas<br />
Tundac umniSvnelo cvlileba Seitanos teqstSi. gansxvavebebi<br />
mxolod saymoTa adgilobriv tradicias gamoxatavs<br />
da ar aris gamowveuli misi warmomTqmelis nebasa da gemovnebaze.<br />
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom erTi da igive xucesi<br />
arasodes warmoTqvams savsebiT identur teqsts – mis<br />
arsenalSi arsebobs vrceli da SekumSuli versiebi. maga-<br />
207
208<br />
liTisTvis, gaga WinWaraulis mier imave dRis sxva monakveTSi,<br />
xatis sxva adgilas warmoTqmul damwyalobnebaSi<br />
dasawyisic gansxvavebulia da sxva stereotipebic iCens<br />
Tavs:<br />
“batono xTiSobelo, xTiSoblis laSqarno, gza-Saras<br />
yaraulno, Tqven gadidnasT RmerTma, Tqven gagimarjvasT<br />
damadlebulze TeTreulzed, sanTelzed... Tqven<br />
sefe-sanTelsa, Wiqa-barZimsa, TeTreulis dammadleebs<br />
nu maiwyenT, nu maiZulebT...me rasac maxsenebas davakleb<br />
Tqven Wiqa-barzimTa, sefe-sanTelsa, damadlebul TeTreulsa,<br />
Tqven Tqven wyalobas nu daaklebT, agremc gagemarjvebisT.<br />
ikadreT, aitaneT da xTis karze mai£mareT,<br />
magcasT wyaloba, mezRvne-mesanTleebo, sawaRmarTod<br />
magiarasT, davlaT dagaxmarasT, zRvnoba-sanTloba, sefe-sanTlis<br />
£seneba, TeTreulis damadleba sasixarulo<br />
gagixadasT, saklood dagixaliznasT, waRm magegebasT,<br />
waRm gamagyvasT, mowaRmarTe angelozi gagayolasT gza-<br />
Sia, mgzavrobaSi da Tqven gwyalobdasT, xTiSoblis karis<br />
mlocavT...~<br />
[sadideblebi: 15].<br />
damwyalobnebas xucobis teqstSi mosdevs kurTxeva<br />
(kurTxeba), romelic sruliad gansakuTrebuli Sedgenilobisaa.<br />
igi warmoadgens qristianuli literaturidan –<br />
saxarebidan, locvebidan da liturgiuli sakiTxavebidan<br />
amokrefili damaxinjebuli sintagmebisa da gaugebari warmoSobis<br />
frazebisa Tu sityvebis amalgamas, Senadnobs, da<br />
TiTqos erTi amosunTqviT, gansakuTrebuli, damwyalobnebisgan<br />
gansxvavebuli intonaciiT warmoiTqmis:<br />
`saxeliTa xTisaTa sarxielisaTa, Tavsa dagadges<br />
yovliTa da yovlebiTa, sityviTa damravlebiTa. wmida arsebulo,<br />
arsebi amaRlebulo, wmidad iyo sakiTxavi, vinaa<br />
sakiTxavi, pavleia sakiTxavi. abrieli oxiTa mravliTa,<br />
bevriTa bevreuliTa maSi mavida ufali aTasiTa gundi-<br />
Ta, aTasiTa angelozebiTa, mware axsna suli Cvenni, autivna<br />
tiloni an xilo an Satoloebao. satyuilebiTa gvelisiTa,<br />
sacdeniTa eSmakisiTa, ara dedakacisiTa, ara mamakacisiTa,<br />
ara piriTa bagozelisiTa, RmerTo xTobao,<br />
galobao, sarwmunoebao, mzei gamarwyvilebela, egia jo-
joxeTi urZeo urRveveli, didia zRudeba Cveni. casa<br />
mtredi gadmanaxda, sixarulsa moiTxovda, Cvenno Zmano<br />
sionisao, mtkiceno, mtkiced iyveniT, saqmisa Cvensa RmatebdiT,<br />
gana cudi Sroma iyo, romeni iwva, eZina, Cvenisa<br />
oxisa kviraisaTa. adges, wavides, maa£senes xTis mowafe-<br />
Ta, angelozTa, ade, ganiRviZe. adga, ganiRviZa dilisnia<br />
fria, daZRves egen ufro, sayidelnia caTaCia, Tqo ufalma,<br />
yovelma erma sityva uflisa, mamisa, Zisa, Cven jvarisa<br />
Cvenisa wmidisa. maSin Seswaldes ufalsa obolni...~<br />
[sadideblebi: 41].<br />
es teqstebi warmoiTqmis xatSi saklavis dakvlis win.<br />
saxuco teqstebidan Cans, rom Suamavlis funqcias asrulebs<br />
jvari – damakavSirebeli saymosi morige Rmer-<br />
TTan, romlis kars adamiani ver wvdeba, jvari ki ufro misawvdomia.<br />
Tu morige RmerTs manifestaciis araviTari<br />
forma ara aqvs (igi usaxoa), Tavad uxilavi arseba jvari<br />
adamians sxvadasxva niSnebis (mtredi, jvaris niSani, Rrublis<br />
fTila, cecxlis `burjRumi~ da sxva) meSveobiT ucxadebs<br />
Tavs. da Tu saymosa da morige RmerTs Soris Suamavali<br />
jvaria, Tavad jvarsa da saymos Soris Suamavlis rolSi<br />
xucesi gamodis, romelic akavSirebs saymos jvarTan, xucess<br />
jvarTan miaqvs saymos msxverpli da Txovna, raTa man<br />
es msxverpli da Txovna aitanos morige RmerTamde –<br />
msxverpli, cxadia, sublimuri saxiT; ufro sworad, msxverpli<br />
aris samsaxuri, romelic unda gamoiyenos xucesma jvaris<br />
mosamadliereblad jvaris karze, xolo jvarma, Tavis<br />
mxridan, morige RmerTis mosamadliereblad RvTis karze.<br />
xucesis, rogorc Suamavlis roli, kargad Cans stereotipuli<br />
formulis erT-erT saxesxvaobaSi:<br />
`geZax-gexvewebian es mama-Svili, me Send Samamixvewebian,<br />
Sen Sens gamCensa, morigesa damriges Saaxvewnio~<br />
(axieli).<br />
ase safexurebriv, ierarqiulad adis xvewna saymodan<br />
xucesisa da jvaris gavliT morige RmerTis karamde.<br />
magram es konkretuli jvari, romlis mimarTac aris<br />
Txovna naTqvami, SuamavliTa ara mxolod ymasa da morige<br />
RmerTs Soris, aramed ymasa da sxva jvars Soris, es amgvarad<br />
aris gamoTqmuli:<br />
209
210<br />
`sxva xTisnabadeb Tu ras uwyrebodas, umruddebodas,<br />
madli dauTxovidi, sxvasTan uSuidi~<br />
(arxoti, miqael mTavarangelozis jvari).<br />
`sxvagan xTisnabadebn Tu razed uwyrebodan, madli-d<br />
xoiSan dauTxoidiT~<br />
(barisaxo, kvirias xati).<br />
`did kviraes sxvan xTisnasaxn Tu ras uCiodan, ukuRm<br />
dgebodan madli, xoiSan, dauTxoidi~<br />
(lebaiskari, kistani).<br />
kidev ras sTxovs saymo jvars? yvela saTxovars Tavisi<br />
stereotipuli formula aqvs. am saTxovarebSi ixateba<br />
ymis mTeli cxovreba – misi saojaxo, sameurneo yofa, misi<br />
zneobrivi saxe, misi gare da Sida. kacis Semateba ojaxSi,<br />
saqonlis simravle, janmrTeloba, mteri, sikvdili, Svela<br />
xifaTSi, davlaTis SeSveleba, mSvidobiT dabruneba, mosavali<br />
(`sTvel Ralian-baraqian amauyenidiT~), Segnebuli da<br />
uneburi Secodeba, Sromis kurTxeva (`xarisa-d’ mxris naoflars<br />
jvar dauwerdiT~), ZRvenis kurTxeva (`qristem dagiwerasT<br />
jvar Tqven zRvenTa-d’ samsaxur~), codvebis moteveba<br />
sinanulisas (`sinanuls Tu geZaxdan, ulxindiTa~) im<br />
SegnebiT, rom `yma SauwyenT, baton Saundobar ar iqnebis~.<br />
sxvadasxva SemTxvevebi:<br />
garda uSualod saklavis dakvlis win, misi legitimaciis<br />
(msxverplis kanonierebis) mizniT warmosaTqmeli teqstebisa<br />
anu damwyalobnebaTa, xucesTa sityvier maragSi<br />
unda gamovyoT sakuTriv sadideblebi, romlebic jvarisa<br />
Tu kerZo sufris dasalocad warmoiTqmis. aq xsendebian<br />
sxvadasxva saymoTa RvTisSvilebi – TiToeul maTganze Ti-<br />
To sanTeli da TiTo sasmisia (Wiqa-barZimi) gapirovnebuli.<br />
ai, es sadidebelic (Cawerili barisaxoSi, kviria xatSi,<br />
XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi):<br />
wina sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos,<br />
maRalo RmerTo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas,<br />
gagimarjos, kviraev, xTis karze karaviano! aem san-<br />
Tel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas. gagimarjos RubisTav<br />
svetis angelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas,<br />
gagimarjos, xTisSobelo! aem sanTel-WiqabarZimzeda<br />
Sen gadidas, gagimarjos saxmTo-saxates
mdgomo angelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas,<br />
gagimarjos pirquSo, cecxlisaliano! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda<br />
Sen gadidas, gagimarjos gmiro kopalav,<br />
laRo laxtiano! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas,<br />
gagimarjos Tavado mTavarangelozo! aem sanTel-WiqabarZimzeda<br />
Sen gadidas, gagimarjos xTiSobelo, adgilis<br />
dedao! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos<br />
kviraev Telis angelozo! aem sanTel-WiqabarZimzeda<br />
Sen gadidas, gagimarjos sanebao axoswverisao!<br />
aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos<br />
giorgiv wyarosTavisao! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen<br />
gadidas, gagimarjos laSqarno xTisSoblisano! aem san-<br />
Tel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos giorgiv<br />
naRvrispirisao!~<br />
[sadideblebi: 17-18].<br />
II. naqadagarni. xucobis teqstebSi adresati jvaria, raki<br />
es teqstebi vedrebas gamoxataven. magram aris sakulto<br />
teqstebi, sadac saymoa adresati. amitomac, Tu damwyalobnebaSi<br />
an sadidebelSi sityva miemarTeba qvemodan zeviT,<br />
naqadagarSi zemodan qveviT miemarTeba. Tu pirvel Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi xucesi jvaris mimarT agzavnis sityvas, aq qadagi<br />
laparakobs jvaris piriT saymos gasagonad, mas jvaris<br />
sityva moaqvs adamianebamde. aq mimarTuleba zemodan qvemoT<br />
aris: morige RmerTis neba jvars Camoaqvs dedamiwaze<br />
da qadagi is piria, romelsac jvari ucxadebs am nebagadawyvetilebas<br />
da romlis bageebiT cxaddeba es neba.<br />
damwyalobnebaSi xucesi `agzavnis~ jvars morige RmerTis<br />
karze madlisa da wyalobis gamosaTxovnad, naqadagarSi ki<br />
morige RmerTis karze namyofi jvari brundeba ukan da qadagis<br />
piriT mTels saymos ucxadebs morigis nebas da momavalsac<br />
uwinaswarmetyvelebs. naqadagaris enac Sesabamisad<br />
simboluria da `iracionaluri~, rac e. w. `jvarTenis~<br />
leqsikaSi cxaddeba. `jvarTenis~ uxvi gamoyeneba imi-<br />
Tac aris ganpirobebuli, rom naqadagarSi metyvelebs ara<br />
adamiani, aramed jvari. mogvyavs naqadagaris nimuSi:<br />
`hai, hai, me or mTavarangelozi, me maqvs Zali-d’ SaZlebai.<br />
CemT ymaT aRaraad gavaCnior. m£ar m£ars gamisworesa-d’<br />
kiser – kisers. maTreven simurSia-d’ rioSianSi.<br />
aRaraad vis gavaCnior, magram me aisiv mTavarangelozi<br />
211
212<br />
or, me aisiv Zali-d’ SaZlebai maqv. Cem ymaT urCev, ro<br />
WkviT iyvnan. me nu gadamagdeben, Tore vanan. Cems wess<br />
me ar daviyri, raic xTisgan maqv malocvili. Cem dasturmsaxurn<br />
daZveldes, gaTamamdes. aRarcraad me mivaCnior ,<br />
me miTqvamis Cemis meenis piriTa-d’ gamocxadebavis. amir-<br />
Cevian Cemda samsaxurebelad orni dasturni ori wliT...~<br />
[sadideblebi: 179].<br />
am naqadagarSi arxotis jvari, miqiel mTavarangelozi,<br />
sayvedurobs Tavis saymos rwmenis daklebas, amxels siwmideTa<br />
profanaciaSi (`maTreven simurSi da rioSianSi~) da<br />
afrTxilebs mas, nu daagdeben mis samsaxurs. naqadagari,<br />
rogorc mis boloSi Cans, jvaris msaxurTa – dasturTa dasayeneblad<br />
aris warmoTqmuli (zogierT jvarSi dasturebs<br />
qadagis piriT irCeven, zogierTSi – qadagis gareSe,<br />
ubralo kenWisyriT).<br />
gansakuTrebiT mdidaria informaciiT da gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
saSualebebiT RulSi (xevsureTi) iaxsris jvarSi<br />
warmoTqmuli naqadagari:<br />
`sadaR maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebai, sadaR maqv! Camameyar<br />
suyvelaferi – qer-oqronic, Wiqa-didebanic, zRven-ulufanic,<br />
£ar-kuretni. maSin mqond Zali-d’ SaZleba, rosac<br />
dev-dedaberT vlagmevdi, vlaxtevdi, cxra adl miwa-myars<br />
vaxeviebdi. magram eexlad ymaT saSvelada saxoiSnod<br />
iqav xTis karze davdior, imiT ro mimiZvirdes ymani.<br />
qer-oqron ver gadmaviRen srulad. mzeqal Sagvijd<br />
maRalzed, magvayoln cis xorxoSni, gaminadgurn Cem xodaburni,<br />
Cem ymiT qer-oqronic. merige RmerTm damiZr<br />
bageni da jixvis Tav-rqani gadmamayoln sam pirad. um-<br />
TxildiT Tavs, ageb gadavicil. xTis karze daol. maqv ki<br />
imed, ro gadavicil Cemma gamarjvebamamc da meriges<br />
RmerTisamc Savesrev £ar-maniST, ageb gadavicilav, davim£rob<br />
kviraes. davxqrTamav bnel-siskris TeviT, zRvensamsaxurT<br />
SasroliT. giorgis Savexvewebi, giorgis mode<br />
yelRilianT, da£mareba gamiwieTav, eniT xarTav laqardianniv.<br />
giorgim £a£matis jvarm Saxkazm Tavis nislisferi,<br />
cis gidel-gidel daawyvita, gaSal wyalobis maskvlavni.<br />
nuRae geSinisT, imedianad iyveniT~.<br />
[sadideblebi: 180].
iaxsari, Rulis jvari, ixsenebs devebTan brZolis xanas<br />
(`rosac dev-dedaberT vlagmevdi, vlaxtevdi~). Zveleburi<br />
Zalisa da avtoritetis moSlas uCivis. Civis, rom mis-<br />
Tvis msxverpli (`qer-oqroni, Wiqa-didebani, zRven-ulufani,<br />
–ar-kuretni~) aRar iwireba, magram mainc ixtibars ar<br />
itexs da ganagrZobs Suamavlobas Tavis saymosa da morige<br />
RmerTs Soris, Cveulebisamebr, dadis mis karze madlis gamosaTxovnad.<br />
naqadagarSi metaforuli enaa gamoyenebuli,<br />
rac adgilobriv, xevsurul dialeqtze, `jvarTenis~ saxeliT<br />
aris cnobili. ganvmartoT `jvarTenis~ sityvebi:<br />
qer-oqroni – marcvleuli, ZiriTadad qeri; gamoTqma mzeqal<br />
Sagvijd maRalzed niSnavs gvalvianobas (mzeqal – mze);<br />
xodaburni – jvaris yanebi; Ãar-maniSni – jvarSi dasaklavi<br />
pirutyvi; bnel-siskris Teva – Ramis Teva; zRven-samsaxurT<br />
– Sesawiravi: zRveni – qada-purebi, samsaxuri – saklavi;<br />
yelRiliani – xaxmatis jvaris modes, samZimaris (ix.<br />
qvemoT) epiTeti: cis gidel-gidel – ciskiduri.<br />
zogi naqadagari e. w. mTibluri sazomiT aris gawyobili:<br />
`gexvewebio miqielio,<br />
apativeo, autieo,<br />
uti asa da umecario,<br />
Sen gexveweba £orcielio,<br />
Sen apative umecarsao,<br />
me gamoviTxov buRaursao,<br />
Tu gamigoneb miqielsao,<br />
nu Cau£ureb sagebelTao,<br />
ros dagWirdebis miqielio,<br />
rosac Sav£debiT xTis karzedao,<br />
iq me maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebaio,<br />
iq me maqv xTiSvilT metobaio~.<br />
[sadideblebi: 181].<br />
es naqadari warmoadgens Tavis saymosadmi jvaris meoxebis<br />
saukeTeso nimuSs. miqiel mTavarangelozi – arxotis jvari am<br />
naqadagarSi emudareba romeliRac RvTisSvils, Camoexsnas mis<br />
ymas, apatios Secodeba, rogorc `utsa da umecars~, mzad aris<br />
RvTis karze RvTisSvilTa Sekrebisas, Tu gasWirda, meoxeba (Suamdgomloba)<br />
gauwios mas morige RmerTis winaSe, radgan Tavs<br />
yvela RvTisSvilze upiratesad Tvlis.<br />
213
214<br />
~jvarTenis~ sityvebis ganmarteba: buRauri – jvarSi<br />
dasaklavad misayvani pirutyvi; nu Cau£ureb sagebelTao –<br />
nu gaxdi avad, sawolSi xangrZliv mwoliared.<br />
II-a. samZimaris naqadagarni. samZimaris naqadagrebi,<br />
ramdenadac maTi `avtori~ anu pirveli piri miTosuri personaJia,<br />
SegveZlo andrezebis nakveTSi gagvexila, magram<br />
isini ufro saweso sityvierebas ganekuTvnebian, amave dros<br />
es teqstebi originaluri da Taviseburi poeturi Semoqmedebis<br />
brwyinvale nimuSebia. samZimari xaxmatis wmida giorgis<br />
mier qajaveTidan aris wamoyvanili. gadmocemebSi<br />
ar aris erTsulovneba mis statusze qajaveTSi: erTni Tu<br />
mas motacebulad Tvlian, meoris Tanaxmad igi ganTavisuflebulia<br />
qajaveTis tyveobidan. kidev sxva andreziT, sam-<br />
Zimaris Tavgadasavali imeorebs wmida giorgis mier gveleSapis<br />
xaxidan daxsnili mefis asulis ambavs. asea Tu ise,<br />
xaxmatis giorgi qristianulad naTlavs samZimars da wils<br />
udebs Tavis jvarSi, salocavSi. mas Semdeg xaxmatis jvari<br />
ar gulisxmobs mxolod wm. giorgis, aramed samZimars mas-<br />
Tan erTad. amrigad, xaxmatis jvari orsaxiania: igi Tavis<br />
saymos ecxadeba rogorc mxedris saxiT, ise ulamazesi, samkaulebiT<br />
morTuli qalis saxiT, – es aris `yelRiliani~ an<br />
xeli samZimari. yelRiliani niSnavs farRuliT morTulmokazmuls,<br />
xeli ki gamoxatavs mis araordinalur, TiTqos<br />
SeSlilis qcevas, rac Seadgens swored misi naqadagrebis<br />
Sinaarss. naqadagrebSi igi gvevlineba erT-erTi funqciiT, rac<br />
xaxmatis jvaris ymis gamocdaSi mdgomareobs. samZimari<br />
nacnobi qalis saxiT ecxadeba moymes, daniSnuliviT cxovrobs<br />
mis saxlSi, trialebs kar-midamoSi, akeTebs qalis yovelgvar<br />
saqmes, `Wima-laxtara~, anu sakvebi mxaleuli moaqvs<br />
mTidan, asufTavebs saxl-kars (abuleTaurT cixeSi),<br />
acxobs da, bolos, loginSic ki uwveba moymes (abuleTaurT<br />
xoligas, saRiras, imedas an megrelaurT gaxuas), magram rogorc<br />
ki moyme mis mimarT vaJurad mopyrobas moindomebs,<br />
samZimari dauyovnebliv tovebs vaJis saxls, samagierod<br />
ki raRac sasikeTo niSans utovebs ojaxs. samZimari gamocdis<br />
yvelas, vis gamocdasac moisurvebs, magram veravin<br />
uZlebs am gamocdas. gavecnoT erT-erT naqadagars:<br />
`maSin Zliv mqonda SaZlebaio,<br />
viarebodi qaliviTao,
naoWiani Cavicvidio,<br />
qoqomon gavabrialnidio.<br />
juaT elene vegonidio,<br />
gogoTurais mayvareio.<br />
abuleTaurT cixeSiao<br />
medges loginni CardaxSiao.<br />
abuleTaurT xoligamao<br />
qali sacoled mamindomao.<br />
im Cemsa gamonafrindomsao<br />
iqav aCnian nakoWvarnio.<br />
pur-satann mamCnes ReleSiao,<br />
xelis saponi wyaroSiao,<br />
mamyvebod SanacodrobiTao~.<br />
[sadideblebi: 183].<br />
sxva fragmentebSic Zunwad, magram STambeWdavad, macduneblad<br />
aris warmodgenili es maqcia, romelic qalis saxiT<br />
ecxadeba vaJs, magram sruliadac ar aris qali – araTu<br />
qali ar aris, adamianuri arsebac ki ar aris. `naoWiani Cavicvidio,<br />
qoqomon gavabrialnidio~, ambobs aq Tavis Tavze<br />
samZimari, sxvagan ki: `yurze sayures videbdidio~, `qalis<br />
fafanag Cavicvidio, davigruSnidi Tav-mandilnio~ –<br />
aq naTqvamia yvelaferi, rasac ki SeeZlo TavdaWerili xevsuri<br />
moyme, xaxmatis jvaris yma, aeRelvebina. `qoqomon gavabrialnidio~<br />
– mxolod es iqneboda sakmarisi, rom yma,<br />
rogorc vaJi, Tavdaviwyebas miscemoda. magram vaJi iTmens,<br />
vidre samZimari ukidures erotikaSi ar gaaxvevs vaJs: `Cavexvividi,<br />
Cauwvidio, ZuZu-mkerds gamavixvividio~. am kulminaciaSi<br />
`qali~ tovebs vaJs da mis saxl-kars. yvelaferi<br />
ocnebaSi momxdara: mis mezobel juaT elenes, mis uimedo<br />
Seyvarebuls, misi ocnebis qalwuls, fiqradac ar gauvlia<br />
gulSi, sacoled stumreboda mas sakuTar saxlSi.<br />
literatura<br />
sadideblebi: jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, `nekeri~, Tb.,<br />
1998.<br />
215
216<br />
magiuri poezia<br />
(Selocva)<br />
terminisTvis. Selocva, rogorc sityvis aRnagoba –<br />
Se-locva – cxadyofs, locvisgan warmodgeba. ra niuanss<br />
matebs amosaval sityvas – locvas windebuli Se-? Tu locva<br />
miemarTeba ierarqiulad maRla mdgom arsebas (RmerTi,<br />
angelozi, wmidani), rogorc saTxovari, romelic Seicavs<br />
vedrebasac am saTxovaris aRsasruleblad, Selocvis sa-<br />
SualebiT adamiani cdilobs zemoqmedeba moaxdinos arsebaTa<br />
nebaze, iZulebiT daiyolios Tavis sasikeTod. aq raime<br />
Txovna da vedreba gamoricxulia. erTi, rac saerToa locvasa<br />
da Selocvas Soris, es aris rwmena fizikuri sinamdvilis<br />
miRmuri realobis arsebobisa: locvis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc<br />
iTqva, rwmena RvTisa da misi angelozebisadmi, rogorc ise-<br />
Ti realobisa, romelic adamianze maRla dgas, xolo Selocvis<br />
SemTxvevaSi rwmena demonuri arsebebisadmi, romlebic<br />
ar arian warmodgenili adamianze ierarqiulad maRla mdgomad,<br />
isini adamianis mimarT paralelur samyaroSi arseboben,<br />
arc mis maRla, arc dabla, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tanabrad. amis<br />
gamoa, rom Selocvis toni safuZvlianad gansxvavdeba locvis<br />
tonisgan, romelic arsebiTad ar Secvlila moyolebuli<br />
im droidan, rac locvebis pirveli Canawerebi gaCnda.<br />
locvis kilo Txovna-vedrebiTia, cremlnarevia, aRvsili<br />
sakuTari codvilianobis SegnebiT. mlocveli gamsWvalulia<br />
sasoebiT, mowiwebiTa da SiSiT uzenaesisadmi;<br />
is aRiarebs uzenaesis nebas da emorCileba mas, aRiarebs<br />
mis absolutur siwmidesa da Zlierebas, grZnobs da xedavs<br />
kidec ufskruls Tavis SezRudul arsebasa da RvTis usasrulobas<br />
Soris, ivedreba, odnavad mainc Seivsos es ufskruli.<br />
locva xidia am sinamdvilesa da zesinamdviles Soris.<br />
aseTi iyo mlocveli yovelTvis mas Semdeg, rac adamianma<br />
aRiara Tavisze maRla mdgomi RvTiuri samyaros arseboba.<br />
aseTia arsebiTad locva poliTeistur epoqebSic,<br />
rasac cxadad mowmobs Cvenamde lursmul damwerlobaSi<br />
Semonaxuli aSurul-babilonuri locvebi. locvebis gverdiT<br />
am epoqaSi Selocvebic arsebobda, romlis mTelma<br />
korpusma moaRwia Cvenamde. amitom Sexeduleba, TiTqos<br />
locva Selocvis evoluciis Sedegia (an piruku) sinamdviles<br />
ar Seesabameba. sxvaa mlocvelis da sxvaa Semlocve-
lis fsiqologia. isini gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri da egzistencialuri<br />
tipebi arian, ramdenadac Tavad maTi `adresatebia~<br />
erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebulni.<br />
Semlocveli ar grZnobs araviTar ierarqiul damokidebulebas<br />
imaTze, vis mimarTac Selocvis teqstia gamiznuli.<br />
is maT imave horizontalur sibrtyeze an mis qvemo-<br />
Tac gaiazrebs, sadac Tavad aris. mlocvelis vedreba da<br />
misi locva qvemodan maRlisken miimarTeba, Semlocveli<br />
brZanebiT moiTxovs, igi an gasZaxis, an CasZaxis; mlocveli<br />
gamsWvalulia braleulobisa da sinanulis grZnobiT,<br />
SemlocvelisTvis ar arsebobs aseTi gancda, is SelocviT<br />
emuqreba im arsebebs, romlebic abrkoleben mas da xels<br />
uSlian mis keTildReobasa da sameurneo warmatebas. sabolood,<br />
Tu CavukvirdebiT, Selocvis teqsti savsea muqariT<br />
da demonur arsebaTa daSinebas emsaxureba. dabolos,<br />
Tu locva, Tundac warmarTul xanaSi, saxeldebiT mimar-<br />
Tavs RmerTebs da maTTan adamians individualur-pirovnuli<br />
damokidebuleba aqvs (RmerTi cnobs adamians), Selocvis<br />
obieqtebi usaxelo arsebebia da damokidebuleba<br />
aq upirovnoa: avsuli cnobs ara adamians, aramed magiur<br />
teqsts, romelic mis winaaRmdeg badesaviT aris gadasrolili<br />
an isariviT natyorcni. erTi mkvlevris gamoTqmiT,<br />
Selocva mtris winaaRmdeg dagebuli xafangiviTaa.<br />
kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani locvasa da Selocvas<br />
Soris. Tu locvis mxolod teqstia sakmarisi, raTa man<br />
mizans miaRwios, miswvdes uzenaesis yurs, Selocva, rogorc<br />
wesi, moiTxovs rituals, romlis gareSe mas Zala ar<br />
eqneba. marTalia, rogorc ovidiusi ambobs, `sityvebs wona<br />
aqvT~, magram sityvis usxeulo wonas esaWiroeba dawonva<br />
ritualis saxiT. Selocvas qmediTi Zala ritualis TanxlebiT<br />
aqvs. amitomac teqsti masTan erT mTlianobad<br />
aRiqmeba. amdenad, Selocva sinkretuli Janria da am mxriv<br />
igi klasikuri gagebis miToss enaTesaveba, romelic aseve<br />
teqstisa da qmedebis erTianobaa. arc calke teqsti, arc<br />
calke qmedeba – aseTia Selocvis principi. isini erTmaneTs<br />
avseben da aZliereben.<br />
warmoSoba. marTalia, Selocva dResdReobiT xalxSia<br />
gavrcelebuli da xalxuri kulturis fonds ekuTvnis, misi<br />
xalxuri warmomavloba eWvis qveS aris dayenebuli. v.<br />
mansika (W. Mansikka), romelmac rusuli Selocvebi gamoik-<br />
217
218<br />
vlia, uaryofs Selocvebis xalxur warmoSobas. is fiqrobs,<br />
rom Selocva, rogorc aseTi, warmoadgens ara xalxis masebis<br />
Semoqmedebas, aramed sasuliero wreebis mwignobruli<br />
moRvaweobis erTgvar produqts. misi azriT, ruseTSi<br />
Selocvebi warmoiSva literaturis gavrcelebis, agreTve<br />
qristianuli simboloebis daSlis (SeiZleba iTqvas, gadagvarebis)<br />
Tu reinterpretaciis Sedegad [petrovi: 88]. am<br />
TvalsazrisSi aris WeSmaritebis marcvali, magram ar unda<br />
gamovricxoT xalxis wvlili Selocvis dRevandeli saxis<br />
(tipis) CamoyalibebaSi. marTalia, simboloebi elitaruli<br />
wris kuTvnilebaa, magram maTi daSla, maTSi raRac<br />
axlis danaxva, axleburi gageba, xalxuri specifikuri miznebis<br />
samsaxurSi Cayeneba sxvagan sad unda momxdariyo, Tu<br />
ara isev da isev xalxis wiaRSi. analogiisTvis gvaxsendeba<br />
xalxuri `tarieliani~, romlis warmomavloba `vefxistyaosnidan~<br />
ueWvelia, magram isic eWvgareSea, rom igi am ukanasknelis<br />
`xalxur qvabSi~ gadaxarSvis Sedegia. `xarSva~ ki<br />
Zlieri, Tu SemoqmedebiTi ara, bunebriv-aracnobieri procesia.<br />
amrigad, Tu Selocvebis masala zemodan modis, ma-<br />
Ti Selocvad gardaqmna dabal wreebSi xdeba.<br />
ufro konkretulad Selocvis, rogorc Janris, warmo-<br />
Sobis problemas a. veselovski pasuxobs. misi azriT, Selocva<br />
Sua saukuneebSi axlad aRorZinebuli miTologiuri<br />
Semoqmedebis bumis Sedegia. Sua saukuneebSi dadga meore<br />
didi xana miTologiuri Semoqmedebisa da, ai, swored am<br />
dros Camoyalibda SelocvaTa teqstebi, romlebic tipologiurad<br />
msgavsia warmarTuli Selocvebisa. ase rom, a.<br />
veselovskis azriT, dRemde SemorCenili Selocvebi ara<br />
warmarTuli, aramed qristianuli epoqis produqtebia.<br />
qristianul epoqaSi warmoqmnil SelocvebSi warmarTuli<br />
elementebis Ziebas igi gaumarTleblad miiCnevs. axlandeli<br />
Selocvebis msgavseba `Zvel warmarTul SelocvebTan<br />
gamowveulia ara axal formaSi maTi gardasaxviT, aramed<br />
qristianul niadagze miTosuri procesis damoukidebeli<br />
aRorZinebiT~, wers igi [petrovi: 90]. transformirebuli<br />
qristianuli realiebisa Tu simboloebis gamoricxvis Semdeg<br />
Selocvis teqstSi arsebiTad aRaraferi rCeba. <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
Selocvebis magaliTze, Tundac maTi zedapiruli gacnobisas,<br />
SegviZlia amis danaxva. qristianuli realiebi Selocvebis<br />
ZiriTadi plastia. sabolood, SeiZleba davas-
kvnaT, rom Selocvebi Sedegia qristianuli realiebis imgvarive<br />
gaxalxurebisa (paganizaciisa), rogorsac qristianuli<br />
wmidanebis xalxur versiebSi vadasturebT.<br />
klasifikacia. Selocvebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT<br />
maTi gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT. TiToeuli jgufi mravalferovnebiT<br />
xasiaTdeba. es ori sferoa: I. adamianuri<br />
sfero anu aq erTiandeba Selocvebi, romlebic adamianis<br />
janmrTelobas emsaxureba; arsebobs nebismieri sneulebis<br />
sawinaaRmdego Selocva: Tvalis, uJmuris, SeSinebulis, gulis<br />
tkivilis, bednieris (muwukis evfemisturi saxelwodeba<br />
xalxur medicinaSi), orsulis dasacavi da sxva. masve SeiZleba<br />
mivaTvaloT siyvarulis gamomwvevi, avi Tvalis mosageriebeli<br />
da sxva. II. sameurneo sfero, raSic gaerTianebulia<br />
ZiriTadad velze myofi saqonlis mxecisgan dasacavi teqstebi.<br />
erTi swavlulis TqmiT (e. kagarovi), am tipis Selocva<br />
imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac nadiris winaaRmdeg dagebuli<br />
xafangi. marTlac, mglis piris Sesakravi Selocva<br />
sxva araferia, Tu ara sityvieri xafangi, romelic ritualTan<br />
erTad Sin aris `dagebuli~, magram gareT moqmedebs.<br />
struqtura da realiebi. oriode sityva SelocvaTa<br />
bundovanebaze: bundovaneba Selocvis konstitutiuri<br />
elementia. warmoSobisTanave is aseTi iyo. ar aris marTebuli,<br />
TiTqos Selocvebis Tavis droze gasagebi teqsti<br />
droTa viTarebaSi gabundovanda. riT SeiZleba aixsnas SelocvaTa<br />
bunebiTi bundovaneba? mas SeiZleba moeZebnos<br />
axsna magiaSi. ramdenadac magiis obieqti iracionaluri,<br />
araadamianuri Zalebia (romlebic adamians ver cnoben da<br />
adamianic ver cnobs maT), maTTan sasaubro enac iracionaluri,<br />
gaugebari unda iyos. rac ufro bundovani da, adamianis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, gaugebaria sityva Tu teqsti, imdenad<br />
qmediTia igi. yvelaze Zlieri Selocvebi abrakadabruli<br />
Sinaarsis teqstebia. maTi aRmniSvneli sagangebo terminebic<br />
ki arsebobs: berZnulad barbara onomata `barbarosuli<br />
(gaugebari) saxelebi~.<br />
aqvs Tu ara raime gamokveTili struqtura Selocvas?<br />
mas unda hqondes: I. Sesavali nawili, dasawyisi formula; II.<br />
Selocvis obieqtis dasaxeleba; III. daskvna (ganaCeni).<br />
I. dasawyisi formulebi. isini arcTu mravalferovania.<br />
yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia stereotipuli formula<br />
`saxeliTa mamisaTa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmidisaTa~, ro-<br />
219
220<br />
melsac qristianul samyaroSi yoveli saqmis dawyebisas<br />
warmoTqvamen. sakuTriv Selocvis teqstis win misi warmoTqmiT<br />
Semlocveli teqsts legitimurobasTan erTad<br />
Zalas aniWebs. es formula aq imis niSanic aris, rom Semlocveli<br />
qristianad Tvlis Tavs, Tumca Selocvas qristianobasTan<br />
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs arc Sinaarsobrivad<br />
da arc sarwmunoebrivad. es formula, rogorc wesi,<br />
Semlocvelis warmoTqmaSi deformirebulia, TiTqos `gamartivebulia~.<br />
mas aseTi saxe aqvs miRebuli: `saxelo saxeliTa<br />
mamiTa ZiTa suliTa wmindiTa~. zogjer mas erTvis:<br />
amin! misi variaciebia: `saxeliTa RvTiTa mamiTa ZiTa suliTa<br />
wmindiTa~, `saxelo saxeliTa ZiTa xvTiTa da uZravi<br />
dedamiwiTa~, `saxelo saxelisao saxelo samjer RvTisao~...<br />
garkveuli Janris (nadiris piris Sesakravi) Selocvebs<br />
win uZRvis fsevdoqristianuli dasawyisi, magaliTad: `ekenia<br />
bekenia bekens xati svenebia~, romelsac variaciebi aqvs:<br />
`ekenia bekenia beksa (var. bersa) xati svenebia~, `ekenia bekenia<br />
bersa xati Cvenebia~, `ekenia mekenia mefes xati svenebia~,<br />
`es alagi bukasia bukas xati asvenia~ da sxva.<br />
xSiria abradakabras tipis, gaugebar sityvaTa sintagmebisgan<br />
Sedgenili dasawyisebi: `alisasa malisasa~, `atiti<br />
matiti~, `movida matauri da matauri da katauri~, `adilasa<br />
madilasa~, `erosani merosani usaxlkaro xarosani~, `eli<br />
elavda (var. elobda) meli melavda (melobda)~, `eli elen-<br />
Ta melo melenTa~, `ale male salandole~, `aba abaia Taba<br />
Tabaia ieso da lasaria~, `asamaria dasamaria zeviT da Cemi<br />
qveviT maria~. xSirad Selocvis teqsti mTlianad abradakabraa,<br />
rac aZlierebs mis qmediTobas, radgan qmediTia ara<br />
Sinaarsi sityvisa, misi racionaluri marcvali, aramed misi<br />
fonetikuri saxe. saukeTeso Selocva uazroa. Tumca<br />
uazrobaSi SeiZleba azris danaxvac, Tu Selocvis teqsts<br />
qmedebasTan erTad gaviazrebT:<br />
`msxals vWam, msxals vsvam, msxali mifenia,<br />
msxali mafaria, msxali var!<br />
qliavsa vWam, qliavsa vsvam, qliavi mifenia,<br />
qliavi mafaria, qliavi var!<br />
WinWarsa vWam, WinWarsa vsvam, WinWari mifenia,<br />
WinWari mafaria, WinWari var!~<br />
[SioSvili: 185].
calke aRebuli es teqsti namdvili abradakabraa, magram<br />
misi sazrisis gasaRebi samkurnalo qmedebaSia. danayili<br />
cxra msxlis, cxra qliavis da cxra WinWris foTlis masas<br />
am Selocvis Semdeg usvamen morielis nakbenze. Selocvas<br />
bundovani Sinaarsi aqvs, Znelia misi siuJetis gamokve-<br />
Ta, iracionaluris racionalur enaze `gadmoTargmna~,<br />
magram SesaZlebelia personaJTa identifikacia mainc. vin<br />
arian isini? SelocvebSi SevxvdebiT qriste RmerTs, deda<br />
mariams (uCveulo mezoblobaSi; `gvelis deda mariami~), mociqulebs,<br />
sxva wmidanebs... magram ismis kiTxva, ramdenad<br />
arian saxecvlili qristianuli wyaroebis personaJebi,<br />
ramdenad daSordnen isini Tavis pirvelwyaros, SerCaT Tu<br />
ara maT Tavdapirveli niSnebi?<br />
ganvixiloT RvTismSoblis, rogorc SelocvebSi iwodeba,<br />
deda mariamis, saxe. igi yvela Janris Selocvebis mniSvnelovani<br />
figuraa. igi, rogorc wesi, mtiralia da es ar<br />
aris misTvis SemTxveviTi. magram igi tiris ara Tavis jvarcmul<br />
Zes, aramed moTqvams im borotebis gamo, romelic<br />
mas avsulma uyo. misi antagonisti xSirad uria qeTelad<br />
(var. qeTela, qeTeri, qeTeni, qeTereSali da sxva) aris wodebuli.<br />
aSkaraa misi warmomavloba. es is uria xeTelia,<br />
romlis coli daviT israelis mefem Seacdina, Tavad ki muxanaTurad<br />
moakvlevina (2 mef. 11). isic aSkara unda iyos,<br />
rom SelocvaSi warmodgenili boroteba, ris uvnebelsayofadac<br />
mowodebulia teqsti, daviTis STamomavlis, mariamis<br />
mimarT uria xeTelis SurisZiebis Sedegia.<br />
`saxeliTa RvTiTa, mamiTa, ZiTa da suliTa wmindiTa.<br />
locva Tvalymisa.<br />
vijeqi taZarsa, vqsovdi qselsa oqros kedisasa.<br />
Camoiara uria qeTelma, SemTvala, Semyvala, Semagizinzila,<br />
gawyda qseli oqros kedisa,<br />
damcvinda mxari almasisa,<br />
damayrevina Tma giSrisa.<br />
Camoiara qristema, mkiTxa:<br />
– deda mariam, ras tiri?<br />
– rava ras vtiri, vijeqi taZarsa,<br />
vqsovdi qselsa oqros kedisasa.<br />
Camoiara uria qeTelma,<br />
SemTvala, Semyvala, Semagizinzila.<br />
221
222<br />
gamiwyda qseli oqros kedisa,<br />
damcvinda mxari almasisa,<br />
damayrevina Tma giSrisa.<br />
miTxra qristema:<br />
– nu stiri, deda mariam, nu yri cremlsa margalitisasa!<br />
adeqi, aaduRe wyali, Cakari muguzali,<br />
avi TvaliT Semxedvares TvalSi nacari, gulSi Radari!<br />
wminda giorgis laxvari da bozali<br />
moxvda yiasa, amouvida Rliavsa!~<br />
[SioSvili: 53].<br />
gavaanalizoT es teqsti analogiuri teqstebis (sadac<br />
aseve deda mariamia mTavari personaJi) moSveliebiT. deda<br />
mariami avi Tvalis msxverplia, ufro sworad, gaTvalulia<br />
uria qeTelis avi mzeriT misi Sromis nayofi – qseli.<br />
sxva SelocvebSi dasaxelebulia wiTel-yviTeli an mwvane<br />
abreSumis samoseli, rac, cxadia, arsebiT gansxvavebas ar<br />
qmnis. deda mariami warmodgenilia, rogorc arqetipi, romelic<br />
pirvelad xdeba gaTvalvis msxverpli da pirveladve<br />
ganaqarvebs mas ritualuri qmedebiT, romelic Selocvis<br />
teqstSivea gamJRavnebuli (muguzlis Cayra mduRare<br />
wyalSi), rac arcTu xSiri SemTxvevaa. yvela gaTvaluli asrulebs<br />
deda mariamis qmedebas. SeiZleba isic vifiqroT,<br />
rom misi antagonisti uria qeTeli, rogorc aseve arqetipi,<br />
yoveli konkretuli gaTvalvis gamomwvevia.<br />
sagulisxmoa adgili, sadac Sromobs deda mariami. es<br />
aris taZari, sadac apokrifis (iakobis pirvelsaxareba) Tanaxmad,<br />
rva wlis mariami Seyvanil iqna da cxovrobda iq. wmida<br />
legendis Tanaxmadve, aq aris moqsovili kvarTi, romelic<br />
qristes emosa. ra Tqma unda, Selocvis teqstSi yofiT<br />
logikas ar unda veZebdeT. mTavari aq is aris, rom gaTvalvisgan<br />
daxsnis xerxi qristesgan modis, rac unda aZlierebdes<br />
Selocvis qmediTobis avtoritets.<br />
mrCevelis rolSi zogan miqel-gabrieli gamodis, rac<br />
kidev ufro aaxloebs teqsts pirvelwyarosTan (gabrielia<br />
is mTavarangelozi, romelmac axara mariams RvTis Zis mucladReba).<br />
rogorc vxedavT, am tipis Selocva, sadac mariamia mTavari<br />
personaJi, Tavidan bolomde – preambulidan (`saxeliTa<br />
RvTiTa...~) dawyebuli SedegiT (`wminda giorgis lax-
vari da bozali~) damTavrebuli – mTlianad qristianuli<br />
elementebiTa da realiebiT aris SeZerwili.<br />
zogan deda mariami oqros skamze zis an samoTxis karze,<br />
an gzajvaredinze da tiris, misi cremlebi margalitebia<br />
(`rasa yri cremlsa margalitisasa~), misi saqmianoba qsovaa<br />
– qalis saqmianobis Tavi da Tavi. is arTavda `qselsa<br />
Zoweulisasa, iSlida Tmasa broweulisasa~, an `samoselsa<br />
vqsovdi wiTlisasa, yviTlisasa~. rac Seexeba Tmis gaSlas,<br />
SeiZleba gavixsenoT ingilouri legenda wmida mariamze,<br />
romelic Svid weliwadSi erTxel gamodis gamoqvabulidan<br />
da misi pirveli moqmedeba is aris, rom oqros savarcxliT<br />
Tmas ivarcxnis. qselis qsova (Tu qselva) da Tmis varcxna,<br />
rogorc qaluri aqtebi, damaxasiaTebelia xalxuri deda<br />
mariamisTvis. Tumca, rogorc gabriel episkoposs (qiqo-<br />
Zes) qadagebaSi uTqvams, romeliRac Zvel eklesiaSi arsebula<br />
RvTismSoblis freska, sadac deda mariami TiTistariT<br />
arTavs matylis Zafs (cnoba momyavs ilia WavWavaZis<br />
sityvidan, romelic man warmoTqva gelaTSi gabriel episkoposis<br />
dabadebis dRes [WavWavaZe 1987: 421). mariami, rogorc<br />
qslis mbeWavi an, Tundac mqsoveli, apokrifulia. mariams<br />
xelSi TiTistari sWeria, roca mTavarangelozi gabrieli<br />
gamoecxada. gadmocemiT, am qselisgan moqsova man<br />
ukerveli kvarTi uflisa. boroti Zala Slis mis naqsovs<br />
da navarcxns.<br />
SeniSvna. `mrTveli RvTismSoblis~ saxe niSandoblivia rusuli<br />
SelocvebisTvis: igi oqros TiTistariT arTavs Zafs, rasac samkurnalo<br />
SelocvebSi sisxlis Semdedebeli – “Ïðåñâÿòàÿ ìàòü áóãîðîäèöà<br />
íà çàëàòóþ ïðÿñëèöó ïðÿëà, íèòêó àòàðâàëà, êðîó çàâèçàëà”, xolo samonadiroSi<br />
mxecebis damWeri Zala aqvs: “...à ïðÿäåò íèòè ... íà áåëûõ çâåðåé, íà<br />
áåëûõ çàéöåâ, íà êðàñíûõ ëèñèö...” [petrovi: 105].<br />
Selocvis teqsti iZleva deda mariamis portretsac:<br />
`Tvalni mesxa giSrisa, kbili – margalitisa~, rasac ziani<br />
adgeba kvlav Surismgebeli uria xeTelisgan: `Semoeswro<br />
qeTela uriam, seli Cauwyvita Zoweulisa, Tvalebi daayrevina<br />
giSrisa, kbili – margalitisa~.<br />
mis aqsesuarebad gamoCndeba: oqros skamze mjdar mariams<br />
win `edga Wiqa minisa, Sig edga wyali vardisa~, rasac<br />
aseve ziani miadgeba borotisgan. Selocvis teqsti imeds<br />
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224<br />
iZleva: `gagemarTeba qseli Zoweulisani, Tmani broweulisani,<br />
wyali vardisani~, rac, Tavis mxriv, zianis (kerZod,<br />
gaTvalvis) moxsnis garantiaa. Tumca SevxvdebiT Selocvas,<br />
sadac RvTismSobeli misTvis uCveulo qmedebis avtoria:<br />
`Camaiara qristes dedam mariamma,<br />
Camamiglija qseli Zoweuli,<br />
koka wamiqcia vercxlis wyliani~<br />
[SioSvili: 45].<br />
magram, ZiriTadad, deda mariami vnebulia, mas Semwe esa-<br />
Wiroeba da isic gamoCndeba – es ieso qristea.<br />
`modioda qriste RmerTi, ijda kviczed uxednarzed.<br />
gedixeda qveda qveyanaze:<br />
– neta rasi zivilia, neta rasi kivilia?<br />
aravin atirebdes qvrivsao,<br />
arc aravin iklebdes obols mwirsao.<br />
– ara, mama, Ze da sulo wmindao,<br />
arc aravin atirebs qvrivsao,<br />
arc aravin iklebs obols mwirsao.<br />
deda mariams Wvali asvia,<br />
misi zivilia, misi kivilia.<br />
– TviT mosruli kanafi gadagrixe, gadmogrixe,<br />
gadaacvi maxaTsa, is gauqrobs Wvalsa~<br />
[SioSvili: 85].<br />
qriste, CoCorze amxedrebuli, Sedis ierusalimSi, sadac<br />
mefis pativs miageben mas. `da mohguares viri da kicvi<br />
mis Tana da daasxes mas zeda samoseli da dajda mas zeda~ (m.<br />
21: 7). da am SelocvaSi qriste namdvilad mefurad iqceva:<br />
obolTa da qvriv-oxerTa gankiTxva amqveynad mefobis daarsebidanve<br />
mefeTa wesia, maTi upirvelesi movaleobaa socialur<br />
sferoSi. xamurabis kanonebis epilogSi es sagangebod<br />
aris aRniSnuli: `Zlierisgan sustis ardasaCagravad,<br />
oblisa da qvrivisTvis samarTlis misacemad babilon-<br />
Si... Cemi Zvirfasi sityvebi qvaze davwere da Cemi qandakis<br />
win, romel ars mefe simarTlisa, davdgi~ [xamurabi: 49). Tu
`qveda qveyanaze~ socialurad yvelaferi wesrigSia, mariams,<br />
romelic mTeli xalxis gansaxierebaa, sneuleba – am<br />
SemTxvevaSi arcTu mZime, Wvali – awuxebs, da qristesac moaqvs<br />
wamlis saidumlo. Selocvas araferi esaqmeba socialur<br />
problemebTan, igi mxolod adamianis janmrTelobiT<br />
aris dakavebuli.<br />
dialogi, romelic Sexvedras mosdevs, arsebiTia SelocvaTa<br />
umravlesobisTvis, sadac ki personaJebi, rogorc<br />
wesi, qristianuli samyarodan, monawileoben. dialoguroba<br />
Selocvis optimaluri formaa, romlis saSualebiTac<br />
gamoiZieba sneulebis gamomwvevi mizezi Tu wamali.<br />
`ijda mariami, tiroda cxare cremliTa.<br />
gadma¡xeda ufalma da hkiTxa:<br />
– raTa tiri, mariam cxare cremliTa?<br />
– masa vtiri, da¡dgomia adamis Zesa mWvali,<br />
awuxebs da aRonebs. ra aris amis wamali?<br />
– is aris magis wamali:<br />
gadaxti Cemsa baRCasa, Caikref kanafsa.<br />
Saabam wiTel bawarsa, gada¡deb mxar-iRliasa.<br />
a¡yris Wvalsa, Ca¡yris zRvasa~<br />
[SioSvili: 80].<br />
aq pasuxisgamcemi anu mcodne wamlisa qristea. sxvagan<br />
SeiZleba deda mariami iyos:<br />
`saxelo saxeliTa, samjer saxelo RvTisao.<br />
ivane da burbuSela kalozeda burTaobdnen.<br />
axta burTi, TvalSi eca,<br />
Tvali sisxlad gadaeqca.<br />
hkiTxes deda mariamsa:<br />
– ra aris amis wamali?<br />
– samjer gadahkravs laxvis nemssa.<br />
Seugdebs zemo niavsa, gaatans qvemo niavsa...~<br />
[SioSvili: 95].<br />
zogierTi Selocvis mixedviT, wamali arc qristem da<br />
arc mariamma ar icis. qriste Tavad aris dazaralebuli da<br />
deda mariami eZebs misTvis wamals. wamali aRmoCndeba, magram<br />
mis ganmacxadebels Selocva ar asaxelebs.<br />
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226<br />
`– mariav, ras tiri, ras Civi, ras godgodeb?<br />
– ravar ar vtiri, ravar ar vCivi, ravar ar vgodgodeb?<br />
Cemi Svili uries qorwilze wolia,<br />
TvalSi burTi moxdenia, Tvali atkenia.<br />
– imis wamali: foladi lemsi, yirmiza Zafi,<br />
ahkide Tavsa, uSvelis Tvalsa~<br />
[SioSvili: 96].<br />
Selocvis miznisTvis Sors wasula Semlocveli fantazia,<br />
Tuki am `uries qorwilSi~ ioanes saxarebis kanas qorwili<br />
igulisxmeba, sadac iesom, deda mariamTan erTad stumrebulma,<br />
wylis Rvinod gardaqmnis saswauli moaxdina (i. 2:<br />
1-11). qorwili, misi pirveli saswaulis adgili, misi Tvalis<br />
dazianebis adgilad gardaiqmna. xSirad qristes cvlis<br />
miqel-gabrieli, romelic bevr SelocvaSi sxvadasxva senis<br />
gamomwvevTa antagonistia:<br />
`... movida miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi.<br />
– ras stiri, deda mariam, an ras Civi,<br />
an rasa yri Tvalidan cremlsa?..~<br />
– nu tiri, deda mariamo, nu Jivi,<br />
nurca yri Tvalidan cremlsa!<br />
davkrav Tvalsa Cemsa laxvarsa,<br />
gavaronieb dedomiwasa...~<br />
[SioSvili: 52]<br />
miqel-mTavarangelozi wmida samebis ZaliT ukan axevinebs<br />
sens:<br />
`saymawvilo modioda, moanTebda cecxliviT,<br />
mopetelobda TikaniviT, moWyviroda goWiviT.<br />
Sexvda miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi:<br />
– sad midixar, saymawvilo?<br />
– ager mival ToTo bovSvTan Zvalis saxravad,<br />
rbilis saWmelad, sisxlis saTqvefad.<br />
– ar gagiSva ToTo bovSvTan mama-Zem da suli wmindam<br />
Zvalis saxravad, rbilis saWmelad, sisxlis saTqvefad!~<br />
[SioSvili: 63].<br />
miqel-gabrieli xSiri antagonistia, gansakuTrebiT<br />
saymawvilosi (saymawvilo senis), SeSinebulis, uJmuris. is
meoxebas uwevs mtirals da zianis msxverpls deda mariams,<br />
magram Segvxvdeba Selocva, sadac Tavad deda mariami gvevlineba,<br />
gaugebari mizeziT, snebis (saymawvilos) gamomwvevad,<br />
xolo miqel gabrieli tradiciul antagonistad.<br />
`... ijda mariami karsa ierusalimisasa.<br />
Semoeyara miqel-gabrieli Tavarangelozi:<br />
– sad mixval, sad migixaria?<br />
– mival vaJis, qalis, ymawvilis saWiateblad, saqToblobad.<br />
gouwyra miqel-gabrielma:<br />
– nu iq, sulo ukeTuro,<br />
nurca svam sisxlsa ymawvilisasa da a.S.<br />
[SioSvili: 65].<br />
aseve SevxvdebiT Selocvas, sadac naTqvamia:<br />
`Camaiara qristes dedam mariamma,<br />
Camamiglija qseli Zoweuli,<br />
koka wamiqcia vercxlis wyliani~<br />
[SioSvili: 45].<br />
aseve petresa da pavles, da iakobsac vixilavT negatiur<br />
rolSi, aseve auxsneli motiviT. ram gamoiwvia maTi amgvari<br />
gardasaxva, Zneli asaxsnelia.<br />
`petre, pavle da iakob sauJmurod modiodnen~<br />
[SioSvili: 26].<br />
mociqulebi petre da pavle sagmiro eposis persona-<br />
JebTan – rostomTan da tarielTan arian Sewyvilebulni,<br />
maTi antagonisti ki wmida estatea:<br />
`modiodes petre da pavle, rostom da tariel<br />
aruxiTa da maruxiTa.<br />
win daxda wminda estate samocdasamis TaviTa.<br />
– sad mixolT, Savno Zmano, Tqveni Savi ZaRlebiTa?<br />
– xevs mivalT sasmelada, saWmelada,<br />
balRis SesaRoneblada, patronis dasaZmareblada.<br />
– girCevT, dabrundeT, Savno Zmano, Tqvenis Savis ZaRlebiTa!<br />
– ar iqneba gabruneba, gzasa mivdivarT, gzasa ialTa.<br />
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228<br />
– gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi Roris RrutuniTa,<br />
gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi katis bRaviliTa,<br />
gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi lekvis yefiTao!<br />
– gamovalT, wminda estateo, samocdasami Tavisa!...<br />
[SioSvili: 30-1].<br />
rostomsa da tarielTan petresa da pavles dawyvileba<br />
am ukanasknelTa profanaciis da ufro metisac – gauwmidurebis<br />
niSania. magram aq vawydebiT paganizaciis ukidures<br />
zRvars, roca sikeTe borotebad, siwmide uwmidurebad<br />
gardaisaxeba. petre da pavle uJmuris araTu gamomwvevni<br />
arian, aramed Tavad ganasaxiereben uJmurs da `Semkulni~<br />
arian yvela im atributiT, rogorc isini xalxis<br />
warmodgenaSi Canan. siSave maTi feria da am feris usurmag<br />
cxovelTa saxes iReben.<br />
petresa da pavles zogjer gaugebari – arc pozitiuri,<br />
arc negatiuri – monawileoba aqvT sxvadasxva daniSnulebis<br />
SelocvebSi. erT Wvalis SelocvaSi mocemulia dialogi<br />
petresa da iordanes Soris, romelic cocxal arsebad<br />
aris gagebuli:<br />
`didi, didi, didebuli,<br />
saydari aSenebuli,<br />
lodi iyo midebuli.<br />
petre ijda qvasa,<br />
iordane – wyalsa<br />
petrem uTxra iordanes:<br />
– raT ara sWam pursa?<br />
– miT ara vWam pursa,<br />
Wvali masvia gulsa.<br />
ra aris misi wamali?<br />
– civi wyali, civi rkina,<br />
RvTiT amosuli kanafi<br />
gadaamcven mxarsa,<br />
is gaaqrobs mWvalsa!~<br />
[SioSvili: 84].<br />
ra saSeni masaliT aris agebuli es Selocva?<br />
vin aris es iordane? petre qvaa (berZn. petra) da amitomac<br />
is `ijda qvasa~, romelzedac eklesia daaSena qris-
tem – am motiviT iwyeba Selocvis teqsti. es `lodi iyo midebuli~,<br />
SesaZloa, qristes samarxis lods gulisxmobdes<br />
(SesaZloa, aq SemoWrili iyos aRdgomis epizodidan). vin<br />
aris iordane da ras unda niSnavdes petresa da misi saubari<br />
puris Wamis Sesaxeb? wyals (anu wyalze, wyalTan Tu<br />
wyalSi) mjdari iordane sxva vin unda iyos Tu ara ioane<br />
naTlismcemeli, romlis pirveli gamoCena mdinare iordanesTan<br />
aris dakavSirebuli? uJmuris locvaSi zianis<br />
msxverpli ioardanes monaTlulad aris moxsenebuli: `Sen,<br />
eSmako, deexseni, ar ari Sensa nebasa! iordanes naTlulia,<br />
naTliRebas daswrebia~ [SioSvili: 26]. sxvagan, SeSinebulis<br />
SelocvaSi, srulad da garkveviTaa (kanonikurad): `qriste<br />
Cvenia, qristesi Cvena varT. naTlismcemlis monaTvlasa,<br />
naTelRebas davswrebivarT~ [SioSvili: 13].<br />
ras niSnavs SekiTxva `raT ara sWam pursa~? unda gavixsenoT<br />
saxarebaSi naTqvami, rom `movida iovane, arca Wamda,<br />
arca sumida...~ (maT. 11: 18), magram sxva sakiTxia, ra niSniT<br />
Tu sazrisiT ukavSirdeba puris uWmeloba `mWvals~.<br />
hermenevtika aq uZluria. nebismieri realia SeiZleba iqnes<br />
SelocvaSi gamoyenebuli da iq mas Tavisi sazrisi eni-<br />
Weba. SeSinebulis SelocvaSi Tavad petre-pavlea kiTxuli:<br />
`petre-pavle pursa sWamdes iordanes yanazeda. – petre,<br />
rad ara sWam pursao?..~ petre da pavle Wamen purs da<br />
mainc ekiTxebian, ratom ar WamTo? iqneb unda ekiTxaT, ratom<br />
WamTo, rogorc maTes saxareba mogviTxrobs:<br />
`mas Jamsa warvidoda iesu dResa SabaTsa yanobirsa<br />
maTsa. xolo mowafeTa SeemSia da iwyes musrvad Tavsa £uvilisasa<br />
da Wamad. xolo farisevelTa maT ixiles ra¡,<br />
hrques mas: aha mowafeni Senni iqman, romeli ara jer-ars<br />
SabaTsa Sina saqmed~<br />
(maT. 12: 1-2).<br />
SabaTs ikrZaleba ara Wama, aramed saWmlis mopoveba. Selocvas<br />
es adgili SeeZlo Taviseburad gaego: petrepavles,<br />
moSiebul mociqulebs, ekrZalebaT `iordanes yanaze~<br />
Wama. iordanes yana, rogorc tabuirebuli, rogorc<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi ityvian, kvrivi adgili,<br />
imdenadvea Semlocvelis fantaziis nayofi, ramdenadac<br />
is xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenis realobas emyareba.<br />
229
230<br />
sxvadasxvagan `iordanes yanaze~-s enacvleba `wyalsa iordanisasa~,<br />
`karsa iordanisa~...<br />
saxarebiseuli epizodis radikaluri transformaciis<br />
nimuSad unda miviCnioT qananeli qalis demonur arsebad<br />
gardaqmnili saxe saymawvilos erT-erT SelocvaSi:<br />
`modioda qali qananeli.<br />
mozuoda qariviTa,<br />
gadudga deda mariam:<br />
– sad mixval, qalo, qananelo?<br />
– viyavi zRvasa, ar damitia zRvama,<br />
mivdivar asotanSia sisxlis sasmelad,<br />
xorcis saWmelad, ded-mamis sawruwuneblaTa..~.<br />
[SioSvili: 64].<br />
Selocvas mosdevs wamlis `receptis~ gamJRavneba. dasawyisi<br />
tipuria: sneuleba dadis dasaxuli misamarTiT, rogorc<br />
sxva SelocvebSi vxvdebiT. magram vin aris `qali qananeli~?<br />
maTes saxarebaSi aseTi epizodia gadmocemuli:<br />
`da aha esera dedakaci qananeli sazRvarTa maTgan gamovida,<br />
RaRadebda da ityoda: Semiwyale me, ufalo, Zeo davi-<br />
Tiso, rameTu asuli Cemi borotad eSmakeul ars~ (maT. 15: 22). da<br />
qristem gankurna misi asuli. cxadia, Selocvis `qali qananeli~<br />
am epizodidan iRebs saTaves, magram, rogorc vxedavT,<br />
SelocvaSi yvelaferi ukuRmaa warmodgenili. ar<br />
aris SemTxveviTi dedakacis Secvla qaliT: SelocvisTvis<br />
arsebiTia aliteracia – qali qananeli, rac kidev ufro gaZlierebulia<br />
sintagmiT `mozuoda qariviTa~, Tumca qari,<br />
Tu saymawvilos Selocvebs gadavxedavT, arcTu SemTxveviTia<br />
saymawvilosTvis: es aris `wiTeli qari~, `pirwklis<br />
(var. pilwis) qari~, `barbawis qari~, `sarsalobda qarivi-<br />
Ta~... Tumca qali qananeli SeiZleba Tavad iyos sneulis arqetipi:<br />
`qali viyav qananeli, TvalebiTa wirpliani, muxlebiTa<br />
nisliani...~<br />
[mosuliSvili: 163].<br />
mogvyavs qristianul saxelTa da abrakadabras SeTavsebis<br />
nimuSi:
`saxeliTa xvTisaTa, mamisa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmindisaTa.<br />
edenienTa RaiRe SamaTe edenia iavi egramaTe<br />
egresem iosi erivane da iona iosave.<br />
amiTa saxeliTa Seikra piri devTa,<br />
qajTa da gvelTa da yovelTa saCinoTa da uCinoTa mavnebelTa.<br />
ieso qriste, Zeo da sityvao RvTisao cxovelisao,<br />
ixseni yovelive Wirisagan da yovlisa saeSmakosagan<br />
da yovelisa crusa mavnisa da sacTurisagan mona ese RvTisa~<br />
[SioSvili: 199-200].<br />
kontrasti aSkaraa: teqsti ori gansxvavebuli warmo-<br />
Sobis nawilisgan Sedgeba: erTs asazrdoebs qristianuli<br />
rwmena, meore sityvis magiazea dafuZnebuli. struqturulad<br />
magiuri Sre qristianul formulebs Soris aris moqceuli:<br />
iwyeba universaluri formuliT `saxeliTa...~ mas<br />
mosdevs (Selocvis obieqtTa – avsulTa dasaxelebis Semdeg)<br />
abrakadabra `edenienTa...~ da mTavrdeba qristes mimarT<br />
locviT. zogi Selocvis (saymawvilosi da munisa) siuJeti<br />
agebulia qristesTvis sruliad SeuTavsebel qmedebaze:<br />
`qristem dakla TeTri furi,<br />
man awvia yovli suli.<br />
satkburma uTxra: – me rad ar mawvie?<br />
– Sen mad ar gawvie, Sexval ymawvilis tanSi,<br />
wiwkni, glejav, qavlav, worblav!<br />
– ara, Ze da mama, sulo wmindav,<br />
arca vwiwkni, arca vqavli,<br />
avyvavdebi atmis yvaviliviT,<br />
Camovcvindebi qondris yvaviliviT.<br />
RmerTo mouxdine locva Cemi!~<br />
[SioSvili: 70].<br />
SeniSvna. `satkburi~ kanis daavadebaa, `ganrTxmuli muwuki~ (saba).<br />
igi SelocvaSi ganpirovnebulia, CaTvlilia sulierTa (`yovli<br />
suli~) ricxvSi.<br />
qriste ixdis saRmrTos TeTri furis dakvliT da, rogorc<br />
samyaros ufali, universaluri RmerTi, iwvevs yvelas,<br />
garda satkburisa (an mRerisa), romlis mimarT mas pre-<br />
231
232<br />
tenzia aqvs. pretenzia aaSkaravebs sneulebis etiologias<br />
da satkburic Tanaxmaa, ar Sevides Rrmad adamianis organizmSi<br />
– mxolod ayvavdes yvaviliviT da daWknes yvavil-<br />
Ta wesiT. satkburi uars ambobs Tavis gamanadgurebel Zalaze,<br />
oRond saRvTo lxins ar moakldes! qriste sabolood<br />
Seirigebs mas: satkburi wmida samebis saxeliT debs<br />
fics.<br />
nadirobis Tema sakmaod mkvidrad aris warmodgenili<br />
SelocvebSi. Selocvis epikuri, rogorc uwodeben, nawili<br />
sanadirod gasvliT iwyeba. sanadirod gamsvleli zogjer<br />
pirveli piria: `avdeq dilaze, Cevcvi Txilamurebi, wavel<br />
sanadiroT, nadiri veZebe, ver viSue~. sanadirod gadian<br />
samni Zmani, usaxeloni: `samni Zmani viyaviT, gvqonda<br />
samebis Zala, davdiodiT mTaSia, daveZebdiT nadirsa. ver<br />
vipoveT nadiri, vpoveT SeSinebuli...~ [SioSvili: 17]. xSirad<br />
sami Zma saxeldebiT arian CamoTvlilni – irosi, mirosi<br />
da kvirosani: irox, marox da kvirstine; keroz, kuroz,<br />
kerastine; erevezi, kerevezi, miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi<br />
– es ukanaskneli, cxadia, riTmisTvis aris moxmobili.<br />
sxva axsna amgvar saxelTa Tavmoyras ar eZebneba. ra<br />
warmoSoba aqvT am saxelebs, gaurkvevelia.<br />
sanadirod gamsvlelebad maxareblebsac SevxvdebiT:<br />
`Cven samni Zmani viyveniTa:<br />
maTe, ivane, markozi.<br />
wavediT nadirobad, vinadireT.<br />
zRvas iqiT gadviyareniT,<br />
zRvas aqeT gadmoviyareniT...~<br />
[mosuliSvili: 98]<br />
TiTqos maTi sanadirod gasvla, raki zRvaa naxsenebi,<br />
maTi mebadurobis reminiscenciaa (maxareblebi galileis<br />
zRvaze mebadurobdnen qristes TanxlebiT), Tumca Selocvis<br />
maxareblebi mTaSic nadiroben:<br />
`Cven viyveniT samni Zmani:<br />
maTe, markoz da ivane.<br />
mTas wavediT sanadiroT,<br />
kvali ver vipovneT nadirisa,<br />
kvali vipovneT qalisa.
qalsa qajaveTisasa<br />
maxe davudgiT, Siga gavabiT...~<br />
[mosuliSvili: 122]<br />
nadirobaSi Selocvis epikur personaJebs, rogorc wesi,<br />
xeli ecarebaT, samagierod isini sneulebis gamomwvevs<br />
moinadireben: `kvali vera vpove nadirisa, vpove ukeTurisa...~;<br />
`haide, wevdeT sanadiroT! gedevxede, ver viSove nadiri.<br />
kbildaxCenili samartvilo (saymawvilo) modioda...~;<br />
`vera vpoveT kvali nadirisa, vpoveT kvali alisa da eSmakisa...~.<br />
Tumca nadiroba ar aris specifikuri Selocvebis-<br />
Tvis. mas SevxvdebiT epikuri Txrobis eqspoziciaSi: nadirobiT<br />
iwyeba `vefxistyaosani~, `amirandarejaniani~, `sibrZne<br />
sicruisa~. nadirobas gamoucnob samyaroSi Sehyavs<br />
adamiani; amirani da misi Zmebi (Selocvis samni Zmani monadireni!)<br />
dakargaven oqrosrqiani irmis kvals, samagierod<br />
camcumis saidumlo koSks waawydebian. monadire sxva samyaros<br />
mimkvlevia, sadac sxva saidumloebaTa garda sneulebaTa<br />
mizezebi ipoveba. Selocvebis monadire Samans mogvagonebs,<br />
romelic eZebs sneulis suls an devnis avsulebs<br />
SelocvebiT – is Selocvis personaJic aris da warmom-<br />
Tqmelic. Tuki arsebobs raime msgavseba am tipis (`samonadireo~)<br />
Selocvis Sinaarssa da Samanis mkurnalobis me-<br />
Tods Soris, es mxolod tipologiuri iqneba, ara geneturi<br />
(Cveni Selocvebi da Samanoba arsebiTad sxvadasxva kulturebs<br />
ekuTvnian).<br />
SelocvebisTvis, rogorc iracionaluri teqstisTvis,<br />
damaxasiaTebelia SeuZleblobis an absurdis Semcveli siuJetebi,<br />
romlebsac damoukidebeli Janrobrivi arseboba<br />
aqvT. aseTebia mTlianad naRrZobis Selocvebi:<br />
`ucxo mindorSi ucxo xe idga,<br />
ucxo frinvels zed bude edga.<br />
evedi ufexod, deviWire uxelod,<br />
Camoviyvane ufexod, davkali udanod,<br />
Sevwvi ucecxlod, SevWame upirod.<br />
gorebuli gordebodes,<br />
naRrZobi ki mTeldebodes!~<br />
[SioSvili: 145]<br />
233
234<br />
`wylis pirs idga ori xe, ufesuri, uZiro.<br />
zed ijda ori tredi, ufrToni uxToni.<br />
zed eveli uxelo, Zirs Camevel ufexo.<br />
davkali udanod, Sevwvi ucecxlod.<br />
adam deeca, sisxlma Ceeqca.<br />
damcemels etkina, amdgomels eSvela~<br />
[mosuliSvili: 146].<br />
Selocva situaciis SeuZleblobas sneulebis gagrZelebis<br />
SeuZleblobasTan akavSirebs:<br />
`eli elavda, zRva SoSinobda,<br />
zRvisa pirasa wiTeli xucesi iyo,<br />
eba wiTeli xarebi, xnemda da Tesamda.<br />
– wiTelo xuceso, vin geigona zRva xnuli, qviSa Tesuli,<br />
damwvari mesame dRes iqiT gaZnelebulio?~<br />
[SioSvili: 104]<br />
an aseTi daboloebiT:<br />
`xuceso, rasa xnam da rasa sTesam?<br />
– kldesa da qvas vTesam.<br />
damwvaro, ise Sen ixare,<br />
rogorc kldeSi qviSam ixaros!~<br />
[SioSvili: 103].<br />
garda universaluri yoveli saqmianobis damwyebi formulisa<br />
(`saxeliTa...~), SelocvebSi vxvdebiT:<br />
`Sen qristesi xar, qriste Senia, qristes beWdiT dabeWdili<br />
xar. mama gacvia, da Ze gartyia da suli wminda gars<br />
gaxvevia~, `mama acvia, Ze artyia, suliwminda gars avlia.<br />
oTxi Tavi saxareba oTxiv kuTxes usvenia – maTe, markoz,<br />
luka da ivane~, `ezos – jvari, kars – beWedi! Sen da¡were<br />
Seni jvari! cda Cemi, neba RvTisa~, `gwyalobdes wminda giorgi,<br />
jvari patiosani~, `samni Zmani viyaviT, gvqonda samebis<br />
Zala~, `aruli kudiansa, jvari aqaurobas!~, `ierusalems<br />
wirva iyo~, `es adgili wminda aris, wminda aris, RvTisa<br />
aris~, `RmerTi cixea, Siga zRudea, Sig arian mTavarangelozebi~,<br />
`karvis pirs dgas eklesia~, `RmerTo, Sen daswere<br />
Seni wyalobis jvari!~, `jvars daviWer jvariTa, elusamlis<br />
(ierusalimis) ZaliTa~, meti avtoritetisTvis Semlocve-
li Selocvas RvTismSobels miawers: `es locva gana Cemi<br />
mogonilia, RvTis dedis mariamis mogonilia~, `zecis kvris<br />
xma mesma, angelozi locvad dadga~, `qriste SabrZanda marjvena<br />
mxarsa~ (mamis marjveniT) da sxva.<br />
qristianuli teqstebidan wamoRebuli es `inkrustaciebi~<br />
ar aris SemTxveviTi. Selocvebi qristianul wreSia<br />
Seqmnili da qristianuli rwmenis avtoritetiT aris gamagrebuli.<br />
magram es qristianoba paganizebulia. sxvanairad<br />
arc SeiZleba iyos. xalxSi potenciurad arsebobs warmar-<br />
Tuli stiqia da is yovel xelsayrel situaciaSi Tavs iCens.<br />
literatura<br />
mosuliSvili: gveli movkal uflisaTvis, <strong>qarTuli</strong> Selocvebi,<br />
wignTa da xelnawerTagan gamokriba<br />
mixo mosuliSvilma [foliantini,<br />
1991].<br />
petrovi: Ïåòðîâ Â. Í. Çàãîâîðû (Èç èñòîðèè ðóññêîé ñîâåòñêîé<br />
ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè, Ë., «Íàóêà», 1981).<br />
SioSvili: SioSvili T. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri Selocvebi, krebuli<br />
Seadgina T. SioSvilma, baTumi,<br />
1994.<br />
WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IV,<br />
1987.<br />
xamurabi: xamurabis kanonebi, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1988,<br />
235
236<br />
Sromis poezia<br />
ra aris Sroma, Tu mas mxolod ekonomikuri kuTxiT SevxedavT,<br />
rogorc mxolod aucilebeli saarsebo sazrdos<br />
mopovebis iZulebiT saqmianobas? Tu Sroma adamianis bunebrivi<br />
moTxovnilebaa, romlis gareSe is adamiani ar aris?<br />
moaruli azria: Sromam Seqmna adamiani. Tu asea, vin unda<br />
yofiliyo is Tavdapirveli arseba, romlisganac homo faber-i warmoiSva,<br />
an ram aiZula es arseba `iaraRis mkeTebeli~ gamxdariyo?<br />
saidan modis Sromis unari – gamocdilebam Ses-<br />
Zina Tu Tandayolili iyo? ra iyo iseTi am homo-Si, ramac<br />
ase fundamenturad ganasxvava igi danarCen cocxal qmnilebaTagan?<br />
Sromis instinqti? Taxvic Sromobs da gansacvifrebelia<br />
misi Sromis nayofi. magram mas instinqti aSromebs.<br />
swored rom aSromebs. adamianis Sroma ki gaazrebuli<br />
qmedebaa, iaraRis keTebidan dawyebuli am iaraRis gamoyenebiT<br />
damTavrebuli. mas ar aSromeben– is Sromobs.<br />
da am SromaSi igi acxadebs Tavs, rogorc Tavisufali nebis<br />
mqone arseba. Sroma adamianis moTxovnilebaa, janmrTeli,<br />
saRi adamianis fundamenturi moTxovnileba, romlis<br />
saSualebiTac is axdens am specifikurad kacobrivi<br />
unaris realizacias. amitomac ewodeba miwaze Sromis Sedegs<br />
ga-kac-riel-eba da uSromel, Sromisgan mitovebul<br />
miwas – u-kac-rieli. adamians SeuZlia iSromos – magram es<br />
SeuZlia ar aris misTvis fataluri: mas aseve SeuZlia ar<br />
iSromos, magram darCes adamianad, mainc ekuTvnodes homo<br />
faberis modgmas. xolo Taxvs ar SeuZlia ar Sromobdes:<br />
ar agebdes wylisqveSa darbazebs. Tu is amas ar ake-<br />
Tebs, igi aRar aris Taxvi, aRar ekuTvnis Taxvis modgmas.<br />
Taxvi ver ityvis uars Tavis Taxvobaze, mas ara aqvs imis<br />
sawinaaRmdego neba, rac am arsebis Taxvobas qmnis.<br />
Sromis unari Cadebulia adamianis gvarSi, rogorc is<br />
Cadebulia Taxvis gvarSi, magram Taxvisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
adamianis (adamianuri) Sroma nebelobiTi aqtia, Taxvisa ki<br />
iZulebiTi. nebelobiTobidan gamomdinare, adamianuri<br />
Sroma SemoqmedebiTia, Semoqmedebaa, romelsac adamiani<br />
yvela safexurze avlens met-naklebad, TviT monuri Sromidan<br />
dawyebuli da Tavisufali SromiT damTavrebuli.<br />
magram Sroma fizikuri aqtia, is qancavs sxeuls. Tavad<br />
`Sroma~ sityvis semantika fizikuri daqanculobis gamom-
xatvelia: daSvroma, maSvrali... is autaneli iqneboda, rom<br />
mas ar axldes arafizikuri niSani – ritmi. da Tu ram instinqturi<br />
arsebobs am sferoSi, es aris ritmuloba, rac<br />
cxovelsac axasiaTebs, magram adamianis xelSi Semoqmedebad<br />
aris gardaqmnili. Sromac, amrigad, unda iqces Semoqmedebad,<br />
rom fizikurad asatani iyos.<br />
roca Sromaze, Sromis poeziaze vlaparakobT, Cven vi-<br />
RebT Sromas rogorc fsiqologiur, ise zneobriv, egzistencialur<br />
da SemoqmedebiT ganzomilebebSi.<br />
vayenebT problemas: marTalia, Sromis mizani saarsebo<br />
produqtis Seqmnaa, magram is ar aris fatalurad dabmuli<br />
arsebobisTvis brZolaze, ar aris imdenad damiwebuli,<br />
rom adgili ar rCebodes imisTvis, risTvisac is SeiZleba<br />
iyos saSualeba, romliTac adamiani ikmayofilebs Tavis<br />
arsebiT moTxovnilebas, rac SemoqmedebiT wyurvilSi<br />
mdgomareobs.<br />
Semodis aseTi Tema – Sroma da ritmi. es aris karl biuxeris<br />
klasikuri wignis saTauri [biuxeri 1923], sadac pirvelad<br />
daukavSirda erTmaneTs Sromis poeziis genezisis<br />
asaxsnelad es ori gansxvavebuli warmoSobis fenomeni.<br />
Sroma – fizikuri procesi da ritmi, romelic fizikur<br />
Sromas Semoqmedebad aqcevs.<br />
unda iTqvas, rom bevri simRera, romelic Sromis sim-<br />
Rerebis JanrSia moqceuli, mkacrad Tu ganvsjiT, ar unda<br />
ekuTvnodes am Janrs. isini ufro drois gasayvanad, mosawyeni<br />
erTferovnebis dasaZlevad an, ubralod, fiqrT gasar-<br />
Tvelad imRereba SromiTi saqmianobis dros. Sromis sim-<br />
Rerad miCnevisTvis aseve ar gamodgeba argumentad misi,<br />
ase vTqvaT, `SromiTi~ Sinaarsi. namdvili Sromis simRera,<br />
Cveni azriT, is simReraa, romelic ritmulad asaxavs Sromis<br />
ama Tu im saxeobis process. Sromis simReris ritmi da<br />
taqti Sromis ritmiT da taqtiT unda iyos nakarnaxevi, metnaklebad<br />
misi adekvaturi unda iyos.<br />
Sromis procesSi ritms akustikuri gamoxatuleba aqvs.<br />
Sromis xasiaTi, romelic bunebrivad da aucileblobiT moiTxovs<br />
ritmul moqmedebebs, gamosavals aZlevs Sinagan<br />
ritms gamamxnevebeli Tu wamaqezebeli SeZaxilebiT. maTi<br />
ritmuloba, ritmuli Tanamimdevroba, Sromis poeziis winasaxea,<br />
romelic jer kidev ar aris poezia. rac ufro swrafia<br />
Sromis procesi, miT ufro mravlobs glosolaliebi<br />
237
238<br />
anu uSinaarso Zaxilebi. arc aris saWiro maTSi raime odes-<br />
Rac arsebuli da dResdReobiT dakarguli azris Zieba. es<br />
aris wmida ritmi, bgerobrivad gaformebuli. `hek-hok! heka-hoka!<br />
// hek-hok! heka-hoka!~ gaismis mkis dros. esec sakmarisi<br />
iqneboda fizikuri Sromis dasaZlevad, magram adamiani<br />
metyveli arsebaa da mas ar SeuZlia ar imetyvelos<br />
Tundac Sromis procesSi, radgan Sroma, rogorc gaazrebuli<br />
moqmedeba, gaazrebul sityvebsac moiTxovs. mkaSi<br />
mRerian:<br />
`namgalo, Cemo rkinao, gasWer, gamiZeR winao!<br />
hep-hop! hep-hop! eka-oka! eka-oka!<br />
avxe-avxe! avxe-avxe! biWo Cemi mkaca naxe!<br />
heepuna-hoopuna! eka-oka! eka-oka!“<br />
[akakis krebuli 1899: 35].<br />
rogorc vxedavT, aq ritms emateba riTma, rac imis ni-<br />
Sania, rom es leqs-simRera im epoqis Semoqmedebaa, roca<br />
riTmiani leqsi qarTul sinamdvileSi ukve Camoyalibebuli<br />
iyo.<br />
sityvierebis damoukidebel Janrad poeziis (ritmulriTmuli<br />
metyvelebis) Camoyalibebis epoqaSi saxes icvlis<br />
Sromis Tanmxlebi sityvieri struqtura. igi sasimRero poeziis<br />
saxes iRebs. babilonur teqstebSi dadasturebulia<br />
mosavlis simRera alalas saxelwodebiT. erT poemaSi gaubedurebuli<br />
kaci moTqvams, rom mtrebma misi yanebidan gandevnes<br />
alala [lamberti 1960: 36,101]. sxvagan naTqvamia, rom<br />
urartus mefem qveynis mitovebul yanebSi keTilxmovani<br />
alala amRera Tavis xalxs [sargoni 1912: str. 107]. Zvelma<br />
berZnulma literaturam Semoinaxa momkelTa, mlewavTa,<br />
mexelsafqvaveTa, yurZnis mwuravTa, matylis damrTvel-<br />
Ta, mqsovelTa, wylis mzidvelTa, Tokis mgrexelTa, mRebavTa,<br />
moyarauleTa, mwyemsTa da, warmoidgineT, meabanoeTa<br />
da sxvaTa da sxvaTa simRerebis fragmentebi an maTi<br />
ubralo xseneba. a. jambakur-orbeliani asaxelebs simRerebs,<br />
romlebsac asrulebdnen venaxSi, qvevris recxvisas, yur-<br />
Znis dawurvisas, saxlis Senebisas, miwis xvnisa da dafarcxvisas,<br />
yanis mkisa da namglis lesvisas, Znebis akrefisas,<br />
lewvisas, xvavis ganiavebisas da sxva [Ciqovani 1956: 112].<br />
k. biuxers wignSi `Sroma da ritmi~ mohyavs nasaus xalxuri<br />
leqsebis wignidan cnoba, rom germaniis am mxaris
glexebi usimRerod arc erT samuSaos ar asruleben. sim-<br />
Rera Tan axlavs mkas, lewvas, gogonebis mier tyeSi kenkris<br />
Segrovebas, nebismier samuSaos, romelsac qalebi an<br />
kacebi erTad asruleben, Taflis xarSva iqneba Tu cercvis<br />
CurCva, selis CeCva Tu matylis recxva, Tu cxvris parsva,<br />
romelSic mTeli sofeli iRebs monawileobas... soflad mudam<br />
gaismis ganuwyveteli mxiaruli simRerebi.<br />
aSkaraa da es yovelma adamianma, visac ki odesme fizikurad<br />
umuSavia, icis, rom simRera amsubuqebs Sromas, fizikur<br />
datvirTvas, TiTqmis SeumCnevels xdis mas da, rac<br />
mTavaria, aCqarebs Sromis process da zrdis mis nayofierebas.<br />
daCqareba zogjer ara mxolod ritmSia gamoxatuli,<br />
aramed sityvieradac aris gamoTqmuli:<br />
`aba, nado, mogvexmare!<br />
da mousviT Toxi Cqara,<br />
napirebi gavitanoT,<br />
Torem mzei gadiara~.<br />
arsebobs koleqtiuri Sroma da arsebobs individualuri<br />
Sroma. Sromis xasiaTis kvalobaze Sromis leqs-simRerebi<br />
ori saxisaa: a) gunduri anu koleqtiuri da b) individualuri.<br />
es aris Sromis poeziis uzogadesi klasifikacia.<br />
gunduri<br />
prioriteti am ori saxidan gundurs eniWeba. aq unda davinaxoT<br />
Sromis poezia Tavisi wmida saxiT. eseni ara mxolod<br />
leqsebia, romlebic Sromis process asaxaven, Sromaze<br />
laparakoben, aramed damakavSirebeli Zafi mSromelsa<br />
da im sivrces da im sagans Soris, sadac mimdinareobs Sroma<br />
da riskenac mimarTulia Zalisxmeva. gundur simReraTa<br />
umetesoba samiwaTmoqmedo xasiaTisaa, rac mowmobs imas,<br />
rom saqarTvelo imTaviTve agraruli qveyana iyo, rom misi<br />
prioriteti miwaTmoqmedebaa. rogorc amboben, qarTvelTa<br />
qveyanas swored amitom ewoda georgia da qarTvels<br />
– georgos.<br />
samiwaTmoqmedo samuSaoebi – xvna-TesviT dawyebuli<br />
da mosavlis aRebiT damTavrebuli – gansazRvravs Sromis<br />
leqs-simReraTa fondis Sedgenilobas. rogorc guTnis-<br />
239
240<br />
deda miuZRvis win guTneuls, aseve guTnuri simRerebi miuZRvis<br />
win samiwaTmoqmedo Sromis leqs-simRerebs. guTnuris<br />
tradiciis Sesaxeb yvelaze Zvel cnobas `istoriaTa<br />
da azmaTa~ maRalfardovani teqsti gvawvdis: `yrmani memrowleni<br />
ganpebasa Sina ornatTasa Tamaris qebasa meleqseobdian~<br />
[qarTlis cxovreba II: 146]. ras gveubneba es cnoba?<br />
– rom xnulis (SesaZloa, igulisxmebodes pirveli xnuli)<br />
gatarebisas mexreebi Tamaris saxotbo leqsebs mRerodnen.<br />
unda vigulisxmoT, rom am absolutizmis xanaSi<br />
xalxuri guTnurebi `Tamarianis~ msgavsma ideologizebulma<br />
leqsebma Secvales. am cnobaSi xvna-Tesvis procesis<br />
gaxmianebis aucileblobac aris nagulisxmevi. gansxvavebiT<br />
Cveni epoqisgan, mdumared aravin xnavda da arc aravin<br />
Tesavda. simReras religiuri datvirTva hqonda SeZenili,<br />
rasac arcTu xelovnurad SeiZleboda Senacvleboda<br />
Tamaris, rogorc ara mxolod qveynis, aramed – rogorc<br />
mis Sesaxeb andrezebi mogviTxrobs – mTeli qvynierebis<br />
demiurgis da patronis qebani. Cven viciT, rom qebani sakmaod<br />
gavrcelebuli Janri iyo im xanis saqarTveloSi (gavixsenoT<br />
Tundac `vTqveni qebani visni me...~).<br />
Cven ar viciT guTnuris repertuari, ra leqs-simRerebs<br />
Seicavda igi Tamaris xanaSi an masze adreul epoqeb-<br />
Si, Tundac mas Semdeg, radgan rac Cven misi saxiT gvaqvs,<br />
XIX saukunes ar scildeba. ar gvgonia, rom saukuneTa man-<br />
Zilze guTneuls erTi da igive teqsti da sasimRero melodia<br />
gasdevda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Sromis poeziis daTariRebis<br />
mcdeloba, sanam avTenturi teqsti ar aRmoCenila,<br />
amao saqmea. istoriuli kataklizmebi exeboda ara mxolod<br />
socialur da ideologiur sferos xalxis cxovrebisa,<br />
aramed Rrmad iWreboda xalxis yofierebaSi, Tumca yvelaze<br />
konservatuli da tradiciuli es sferoa. SeiZleba<br />
vifiqroT, rom Tamaris qebani, erotizmiT ganiuansebuli<br />
(xvna-Tesvis arqauli poezia erotikulia Tavisi Sinagani<br />
sazrisiT), marTlac damkvidrebuliyo agrarul yofaSi<br />
garkveul xanamde, raTa momdevno epoqebSi morigi kataklizmebis<br />
kvaldakval axal-axali teqstebiT Secvliliyo.<br />
xolo dRemde rac SemogvrCa, Tumca SeuZlebelia misi TariRis<br />
da plastebis gansazRvra, sakmaod mravalferovania.<br />
guTnuri leqs-simRerebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> samiwaTmoqmedo poeziis<br />
wamyvani sferoa. yofaSi amas guTnisdedis didi av-
toriteti mowmobs, romelTanac ver midis verc mwyemsis,<br />
verc monadiris saxeli. qali, rogorc Suamdinareli qal-<br />
RmerTi inana, guTnisdedas irCevs Tavis nandaurad:<br />
`qalma Tqva: qmari ar minda, nu gamaTxueb dedao,<br />
nu mimcem mecxvare kacsa, Toro maizrobs fexsao.<br />
nurv mimcem monadiresa, gadmoardeba kldesao.<br />
Tu mimcem, iseTs kacs mimec, rom iyos guTnisdedao...~<br />
guTnuris specifika mis diferencirebul TematikaSi<br />
mdgomareobs. masSi asaxvas povebs guTneulis mTeli Semadgenloba.<br />
es aris: leqs-simRerebi a) Tavad guTnisdedaze,<br />
b) muSa-saqonelze – xar-kameCze, g) guTanze da mis<br />
nawilebze. vin arian maTi Semsrulebelni? eseni arian mexreebi,<br />
ara erTi da ori, aramed 4-5, romlebic praqtikulad<br />
axorcieleben guTnisdedis nebas – advili ar iyo aTi-<br />
Tormeti uReli xar-kameCis marTva ornatis gatanis dros,<br />
simRera exmareboda maT am saqmeSi: qeba guTnisdedisa, qeba<br />
da gamxneveba pirutyvisa da guTnis nawilebisa. muSaxeli<br />
(mexreebi), saxvneli iaraRi da gamwevi Zala modgamis saxelwodebiT<br />
urRvevi mTlianoba iyo, xolo guTnisdeda<br />
Sromis procesis winamZRoli da, albaT, Tavdapirvelad am<br />
procesis Tanmxlebi simReris wamomwyebi. mexreebs uTuod<br />
is aZlevda tons.<br />
`Sen Cemo guTnisdedao, xari gibia mtredao,<br />
mexreebs gamoarTmevdi, Seaxtebodi zedao,<br />
simRera kargi gcodnia, dasZaxdi zeda zedao~<br />
[qxp X: 62].<br />
mosimRere pirutyvs alaparakebs:<br />
`xari var, xarTan Semabi, xarulad gamawevine,<br />
SuaSi toli Camide, simarTliT gamawevine~<br />
[qxp X: 133].<br />
aq xari moiTxovs, uRelSi misi Tanabari Zalis pirutyvi<br />
Seuban, rom erTmaneTs ar CamorCen da ornati Tanabrad<br />
gaitanon. ise Zlieria zogierTi xari, rom kameCsac ki ubamen<br />
metoled. sxva simReraSi ki TiTqos mexre etoleba da<br />
verc etoleba kameCs:<br />
241
242<br />
`ho-tpu kameCo rqiano, Seni meuRle mqviano.<br />
me meuRlobas ver gizam, patara biWi mqviano~<br />
[qxp X: 150].<br />
xarebs gamxnevebac sWirdebaT, rom fexi ar aiTrion, da<br />
mexrec siyvaruliT, ara kicxviT da mkvaxe sityvebiT, mimarTavs<br />
mas:<br />
`gaswie, Cemo lekiav, ficxo da xalisiano,<br />
nurc Sen maiwyen, mindorav, guldinjo, imediano~<br />
[qxp X: 127].<br />
xari da guTani (xar-guTani) xom ganuyofelia, Tumca<br />
xaris Zalaa aq gadamwyveti, magram vinc am sityvebs warmoTqvams,<br />
aRtacebas ver malavs guTnis gamZleobiT gaocebuli.<br />
TiTqos guTani Tavisi ZaliT uZRodes win xarsa<br />
da mexres:<br />
`gamarjvebulma guTanma samocjer Semouara,<br />
neta ra xarma gauZlo, anda ra mexrem iara~<br />
[qxp X: 31].<br />
ar iqneba swori, Tu mxolod xvna-Tesvis realiebiT SemovfarglavT<br />
guTnur simRerebs. xSiria xvna-Tesvis dros<br />
sxva Janris poeturi nimuSebis Sesruleba, romelTac araviTari<br />
kavSiri ara aqvs arc sazogadod Sromis, miT naklebad<br />
xvna-Tesvis procesTan. SegveZlo xvnis dros mogvesmina<br />
`Tavfaravneli Wabuki~ leqsi an Tundac sagmiro leqsi.<br />
didi mindvrebis xvnisas, roca amoiwureba guTnuris repertuari,<br />
guneuli sxva Janris poezias daesesxeba. erTi<br />
Janridan meoreSi gadasvla arcTu uCveulo movlenaa qar-<br />
Tul folklorSi (sawesCveulebo ritualSic ki, roca ga-<br />
Wirdeba, iWreba saero xasiaTis leqsebi).<br />
ramdenadac guTnisdedis instituti aRmosavlur-qar-<br />
Tuli realiaa, guTnuri simRerebic mxolod am regionSia<br />
gavrcelebuli. dasavleT saqarTveloSi koleqtiuri Sromis<br />
es saxeoba ucnobia. samagierod dasavlur tradiciaSi<br />
myarad aris damkvidrebuli naduri koleqtiuri Sromis<br />
gansxvavebuli tipis nadis Tanmxlebi repertuari, romelic<br />
Tavis arqaulobas gabmuli usityvo SeZaxilebiT da
Taviseburi, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli melodiiT<br />
gvimowmebs. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dasavlur nads, rogorc<br />
SromaSi koleqtiuri daxmarebis saxes, mamiTadi Seesatyviseba,<br />
magram gansxvaveba TvalSi sacemia: mamiTadisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT nadi ritualizebulia Tavisi dasawyisiT<br />
(ymawvilis nadSi mipatiJeba mowifulobis niSnad) da dasasruliT<br />
(nadis bolos nadis patronis ezoSi ToxebiT xis<br />
moWra). naduri Sroma erTgvarad sanaxaobiTia, Tumca mayurebeli<br />
ar hyavs da misi mizani masSivea, ara mis gareT –<br />
sanaxaobisTvis. mas kanonikuri saxe aqvs: simRerebis Sesruleba<br />
damokidebulia dRis monakveTebze, samuSaos periodebze,<br />
dasawyissa da dasasrulze. repertuari sakmaod<br />
mdidaria, Seicavs oTxi Janris – sawesCveulebo, sagmiro<br />
(dadasturebulia teqstebi `amiranianidan“ da xalxuri<br />
`vefxistyaosnidan“), sayofacxovrebo da satrfialo –<br />
simRerebs. magram, rac mis specifikas Seadgens, es aris Sesrulebis<br />
manera: orad gayofili mSromelTa gundi monacvleobiT<br />
imeorebs SeZaxilebs, mere mTliani gundi erTsa<br />
da imave teqsts erTad warmoTqvams. aseTia guruli naduri,<br />
romelic sruldeba yanaSi muSaobis dros, iqneba es<br />
xvna-Tesva Tu margvla-Toxna (Romis Tu simindis). jgufebi<br />
erTmaneTs uxmoben, iwveven saSromad, amxneveben. raRac<br />
dionisuri moismis am samxmian SeZaxilebSi:<br />
I xma: hoaa, oaa, ioa, haa, hooa!<br />
II xma: o, io, io, io, io, io, io!<br />
III xma: io, ooooo, io, ooooo!<br />
meore jgufi amasve gasZaxebs da, bolos, mTeli gundi<br />
erTxmad daagugunebs sam xmaze:<br />
I xma: odilei, oida, odilei, oida!<br />
II xma: io, io, io, uo, io, uo!<br />
III xma: io, io, io, io, io, io!<br />
[oqroSiZe: 73].<br />
bolos, movusmonoT arqanjelo lambertis, XVII saukunis<br />
italiel misioners, romelic ori aTeuli weli cxovrobda<br />
samegreloSi da koleqtiuri Sromis yvelaze adreuli,<br />
rac ki mogvepoveba, aRwera dagvitova:<br />
243
244<br />
xelxvavi<br />
„...miwidan Tavs iCens Tu ara Romi, maSinve gamoToxna<br />
sWirdeba, radgan saqme saCqaroa da patroni Tavis kacebiT<br />
veRar ereva, mezoblebi unda moixmaros. vinc ukve<br />
dasTesa yana da Toxnas unda Seudges, iwvevs mosaxmareblad<br />
imaT, romelTac jer Toxnis dro ar dasdgomia. Tavis<br />
droze sxvebi amaT moexmarebian. radgan es didi Sroma<br />
saSinel sicxeSi unda aitanos kacma, mis gasaadvileblad<br />
iseTi xerxi mougoniaT, rom gegonebaT, mTeli sofeli<br />
qeifobso. am xerxs Seadgens sami rame: nadi, simRera<br />
da uxvi saWmeli, romelsac mamulis patroni iZleva. xSirad<br />
nadi Sedgeba ormocdaaTi da samoci Carazmul mToxnelisagan.<br />
im dros rom gaamxnevos igini, patronic TavSi<br />
Caudgeba ToxiT da Toxnis, rogorc danarCenebi. simRera,<br />
romelic mohyveba nads, gamougoniaT marto imitom<br />
ki ara, rom mxiaruli kreba gaamxnevos, aramed imisaTvisac,<br />
rom imaT Cqara imuSaon. amisaTvis sagangebo simRera<br />
aqvT, romlis xmaze Toxnasac ise awyoben, rogorc sakravze<br />
cekvas: ramdenadac simReras aaCqareben, imdenad<br />
Toxnasac aaCqareben. amisaTvis TavSi dadgeba ori mom-<br />
Rerali da iwyebs simReras. am meTaurebs erTi-orad eZleva<br />
ulufa imisaTvis, rom Toxna daaCqarebinos sxvebs.<br />
saWmeli sakmaod uxvi aqvT, radgan igia maTi Sromis er-<br />
TaderTi fasi. dRis ganmavlobaSi samjer miutanen saWmels<br />
yanaSi. daRamebisas ki patronis saxlSi umzadeben<br />
vaxSams, romelic metad uxvia. am dros yovelsave dards<br />
muSaobis Sesaxeb Tavidan iSoreben, SuaRamemdis sxedan<br />
da dros atareben WamaSi, smaSi da simReraSi. ra mSvenieri<br />
sanaxavia, roca mzis Casvlisas Toxnas gaaTaveben da<br />
midian patronis saxlSi. TiTqos erTi droSis jariskacebiao,<br />
gaudviaT mxrebze Toxebi da eqvs Tu rva wyebad,<br />
nel-nela midian, Tan miimRerian da didis ambiT Sedian<br />
patronis ezoSi. aq Semovlen Tu ara, dasxdebian irgvliv<br />
da maSinve moutaneben saWmels“<br />
[lamberti: 51-52].<br />
umTavresad dasavlur-<strong>qarTuli</strong>a, radgan is sagangebod simindis<br />
rCevis dros sruldeba. magram ar unda vifiqroT, rom<br />
xelxvavi, rogorc Sromis simRera, simindis saqarTveloSi Se-
mosvlis Semdeg (XVII saukunidan) Seqmniliyos. kompozitis meore<br />
sityva `xvavi~ gvarwmunebs, rom xelxvavi mosavlis aRebis<br />
simRera unda yofiliyo da mxolod mogvianebiT daisakuTra<br />
simindma, roca igi wamyvani kultura gaxda dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
Romis Semdeg (da bolos Seenacvla kidec mas). siminds ar-<br />
Cevs RamiT sagangebod mowveuli nadi samezoblodan, umTavresad<br />
dedrovani. ezoSi an kaloze sxdebian, rig-rigobiT yvebian<br />
zRaprebs, amboben leqsebs, mRerian sxvadasxva simRerebs,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, `xelxvavs~, romlis groteskuli, hiperbolaze<br />
agebuli Sinaarsi, iribad adasturebs mosavlis siuxves. <strong>folklori</strong>st<br />
Tamar oqroSiZes geguTSi es teqsti Cauweria, romelsac<br />
Tavisi dasasruliT sakulto sferoSi gadavyavarT:<br />
`xelxvavia, xelxvavia xelbaraqelao,<br />
RmerTo, mome mklavSi Zala, muxlSi Zala, xelbaraqelao.<br />
xelxvavia, xelxvavia xelbaraqelao.<br />
kurdRelsa SeSa moqonda, xelbaraqelao,<br />
asi uremi erTado, xelbaraqelao,<br />
ezoSi ver Camotia, xelbaraqelao,<br />
Robe motexa Sarisa, xelbaraqelao.<br />
miqeli da gabrieli, xelbaraqelao,<br />
yana mogvca xvavrieli, xelbaraqelao~<br />
[oqroSiZe: 79].<br />
`xelbaraqela~ `xelxvavis~ sinonimuri saxesxvaobaa<br />
(xvavi-baraqa). TiTqos moulodnelia miqelisa da gabrielis<br />
xseneba simReris dasasruls – isini xom sikvdilis angelozebad<br />
iTvlebian. maT, rogorc Cans, hqoniaT monawileoba<br />
mosavlis gauxvebaSi, arc martoni arian. guriaSi Cawerili<br />
orstriqoniani teqsti maT wmida giorgisTan er-<br />
Tad ixseniebs, rogorc mosavlis mauxvebelT:<br />
samkali<br />
`miqela da gabriela, kalo gagvixvavriela.<br />
wminda giorgi mobrZanda, Cvens kaloze dabrZandeba~<br />
[oqroSiZe: 80].<br />
`hopuna~ SeiZleba davarqvaT samkalSi samRerel simRerebs.<br />
es winamZRolis SeZaxilia, mkis dawyebis niSani. maTi<br />
245
246<br />
ritmi swrafia, izrdeba da kulminacias aRwevs. ritmis TandaTanobiTi<br />
aCqareba mkis procesSi aSkarad gamowvevisa da<br />
gajibrebis niSania. ritmis saCveneblad nimuSi zemoT moviyvane<br />
(`hek-hok! heka-hoka! hek-hok! heka-hoka!~ da sxva).<br />
mkaSi centraluri figura namgalia. namgals – mkis iaraRs,<br />
rogorc cocxal arsebas, ise mimarTaven. pirdaClungebuli<br />
namglis lesvas mkis periodebs Soris Tavisi ritmi aqvs<br />
da sxva simReras moiTxovs, mRerodnen sagmiro leqsebs,<br />
romelTac refrenad gasdevda SeZaxili: `glesav da glesav,<br />
namgalo, namgalo Cemo rkinao!~ namgali brZolis iaraRia<br />
(`rkina~ brZolis simboloa sagmiro poeziaSi). masac<br />
TiTqos gamxneveba sWirdeba:<br />
mka omia:<br />
`Cemo namgalo, rkinao, gasWer, gamiZeR winao,<br />
rada xar daRonebuli, magre ram mogawyinao?<br />
dRe vimuSaoT mindorSi, Rame wavideT Sinao~<br />
[qxp X: 437].<br />
`yanas unda bagi-bugi, omi gadasavalia~<br />
[qxp X: 475].<br />
yanaSi ise Sedis momkeli, rogorc omSi, oRond usisxlo<br />
omSi, rogorc erTi gamocana gveubneba:<br />
`Tem-Temad modis laSqari, mova da moiqcevisa,<br />
yria uwyalod daWrili, sisxli ar daiqcevisa.<br />
RmerTma es mogvca sazrdelad, Tu kaci moiqcevisa~<br />
[oqroSiZe: 85].<br />
Tumca arcTu `usisxlo~, TiTqos `sisxlic~ iRvreba:<br />
`mesveuri gagvepara, yanas gamosWra yelia,<br />
gadaugrixa kiseri, daatyo Tavis xelia~<br />
[qxp X: 426].<br />
momkeli yovelTvis imarjvebs am omSi, magram arsebobs<br />
Tqmulebac yanaSi – uzomo samkalSi damarcxebul momkelmeomarze,<br />
romlis miTologemuri fragmenti mkis simRerad<br />
qceula:
`oblisa deda Cioda: Svili momikla mzemao.<br />
– arca me movkal, arc Sena, mindorma mokla grZelmao~<br />
[oqroSiZe: 87].<br />
momkelTa ganTqmul simReras`Sen biWo anagurelo~, romelsac<br />
dRes xalxuri simRerebis bevri ansambli asrulebs,<br />
realuri safuZveli unda hqondes. masSi gaxsenebulia mka-<br />
Si daRupuli vaJkacis saxeli, Tumca sxva kuTxeSi gadasvliT,<br />
SesaZloa, saxeli icvlebodes. k. biuxers Tavis wignSi<br />
amgvarad aqvs moyvanili es leqsi:<br />
`Sen, biWo, azamburelo,<br />
Seni xma Camodioda,<br />
Seni namglisa wkriali<br />
wyalgaRma gamodioda.<br />
– azambureli momkali<br />
me movkal uTarelmao.<br />
– arca Sen mohkal, arca me,<br />
mindorma mohkla gZelmao~<br />
[biuxeri 1923: 204-205].<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong> Seicavs daRupuli monadiris da<br />
mwyemsis cikls. es leqsi ki SegviZlia, daRupuli momkelis<br />
cikls mivaTvaloT, Tumca mas damuSaveba da farTo gavrceleba<br />
ar hqonia.<br />
Cven viciT, rom sasiyvarulo, xSirad erotikaSi gadasuli,<br />
motivi araTu ucxo, niSandoblivia mkis simRerebis-<br />
Tvis. xevsureTSi mkis dros gansakuTrebiT xmiT natirlebs<br />
mRerian, barSi erotikuli Tematika upiratesobs.<br />
Tumca `azamburelis~ leqsis sevdiani hangebic ar unda<br />
iyos SemTxveviTi da moulodneli.<br />
mkis procesi uSualod, imave dRes, gadadis agraruli<br />
wlis bolo, damasrulebel etapze – es aris momkili puris<br />
lewva, kalooba Tavisi kalouriT.<br />
kalouri<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze kolorituli procesi Sromisa bunebrivad<br />
iwvevs mzis simbolikis asociaciebs. mzis gulze,<br />
papanaqebaSi, magrad motkepnil mrgval moedanze gaSli-<br />
247
248<br />
lia momkili puris Znebi, kevrSi Sebmuli xarebi gars uvlis<br />
moedans mzis mimarTulebiT da lewavs Znas – ganaridebs<br />
xorbals TavTavisgan. niCbebiT niavdeba galewili<br />
bze, romelic qars miaqvs, xorbali kaloze rCeba, xvavdeba.<br />
kaloobis procesis bolo etapi fSauri warmoSobis Tavad<br />
kalour simRerebSia asaxuli:<br />
venaxis simRerebi<br />
`Sen, dilis mzeo, lamazo, brwyinvale sxivebiano,<br />
kaloze yana gavSale, amo, ar daigviano.<br />
niSa dauvlis nikoras, kevri daiwyebs trialsa,<br />
bze ise unda gavlewo, zecas mihqondes niavsa~<br />
[qxp X: 603].<br />
saqarTveloSi mevenaxeobis Zveli da maRali kulturis Sesabamisad,<br />
venaxSi Sromis leqs-simRerebic mravalferovania.<br />
vazis movlis periodebs: barva-Toxnas, vazis sxvlas, Sewamvlas,<br />
krefas (rTvels) – mevenaxis Sromis kulminacias, romelic sazogado<br />
zeimSia gadazrdili, – qvevrebis recxvas da yurZnis wurvas<br />
Tav-Tavisi simRerebi axlavs, romlebic am diferencirebuli<br />
Sromis specifikas asaxaven. magram ar unda vifiqroT, rom yoveli<br />
leqsi, romelic vazsa da yurZens exeba, usaTuod sruldeboda<br />
Sromis procesSi. magaliTisTvis, am SesaniSnav leqss, romelic<br />
maRlari yurZnis Tavgadasavals aRwers, Znelia moeZebnos adgili<br />
savenaxo Sromis periodSi, roca is SeiZleba Sesrulebuliyo:<br />
`xis wveroSi Citi gWamda, gidliT Camogitaneo,<br />
sawnaxelSi rom Cagyare, fexiT gamogiyvaneo,<br />
qvevrebi rom gagirecxe, CafiT gamogitaneo,<br />
amdeni Sroma gavwie, mainc ar gamitaneo~<br />
[akakis krebuli 1899: 35-36].<br />
gavrcelebuli azriT, yurZnis RvTaebad miCneulia<br />
aguna, romlis mxolod saxelia SemorCenili, isic aqa-iq,<br />
sporadulad. aguna rTvelSi centraluri figura unda yofiliyo,<br />
magram misi xseneba saaxalwlo ritualiT aris Semofargluli.<br />
ver vadasturebT raime narativs mis Sesaxeb<br />
da sasimRero teqsts, sadac mevenaxe SesTxovs mas rTvelamde<br />
an sakuTriv rTvelSi yurZnis baraqianobas. magram
sagulisxmo is aris, rom SeZaxilSi, romelic gurul folklorSia<br />
SemorCenili, agunas gverdiT `baxua~ ixsenieba,<br />
romelic samarTlianad iwvevs baxusis, Rvinis berZnulromauli<br />
RmerTis asociacias (ar aris gamoricxuli, rom<br />
guriis sofel baxvis saxelwodeba baxusTan iyos dakavSirebuli.<br />
aseve dialeqturi `gabaxeba~). saaxalwlod acxobdnen<br />
`agunas purs~, romelic Roris TavTan erTad gahqondaT<br />
venaxSi da agunas xmamaRali xmobiT Semouvlidnen maRlars:<br />
`aguna, aguna, Semeiare! baxuas karebTan geiare! Cvens<br />
venaxSi aseTi mtevani (bavSvs aiyvandnen xelSi), sxvis mamulSi<br />
nafoti da furceli!~ amave sityvebs, mcireodeni<br />
cvlilebiT, dasZaxebdnen sawnaxels, Tan xeze najaxis yuiT<br />
akakunebdnen, TiTqos agunas uxmobdnen: `aguna, aguna!<br />
Cvensken Cameiare! baxvsa da askanaze geiare! Cvens venaxebs<br />
sikeTe mieci, sxvis venaxSi furceli gaamravle!~ raWaleCxumSi<br />
aguna angurad aris cnobili da kidev ufro gamokveTilia<br />
misi, rogorc Rvinis RvTaebis, saxe da funqcia.<br />
aqac axal wels miulocavdnen venaxs garsSemovliT da ma-<br />
Rali SeZaxiliT: `anguram Cameiara iliTa da miliTa, orSimo<br />
da xrikiTa! Cveni mamuli Ceiara, w(v)ivi meitexa, Rvinis<br />
Rvari aayena! isxa, isxa, isxa... gamoRma yurZeni, gaRma furceli!~<br />
mili, orSimo, xriki – meRvineobis inventari – agunas,<br />
Rvinis RvTaebis, atributebia.<br />
amrigad, koleqtiuri samiwaTmoqmedo Sroma sanaxaobiT<br />
da sazeimo saxes iRebs, romelSic CarTulia mTeli mosaxleoba<br />
didian-patarianad, visac ki Sromis unari dakarguli<br />
ara aqvs. nadi, xelxvavi, rTveli – namdvili saxalxo<br />
dResaswaulebia, romlebic religiur dResaswaulebTan<br />
erTad SemoqmedebiTi SromiTi sixaruliT da imedebiT<br />
msWvalavs miwis muSakis yofas.<br />
Tibvis leqs-simRerebi<br />
Tibva, rogorc mniSvnelovani sameurneo saqmianoba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos mTianeTisTvis aris niSandoblivi,<br />
igi mesaqonleobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram<br />
am saqmianobis dros samReri leqsebi mxolod aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi iRebs mkacrad Camoyalibebul<br />
kanonikur saxes. Tibvis leqs-simReras aq mTibluri<br />
ewodeba, romelsac aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli versifika-<br />
249
250<br />
ciuli saxe. mTibluri, rogorc sxva adgilzec (ix. qvemoT,<br />
xmiT natirali) aris aRniSnuli, warmoadgens cxramarcvlian<br />
uriTmo leqss, romlis warmoSoba bundovanebiT<br />
aris moculi. is ki cnobilia, rom, vidre mTibavi mTiblur<br />
leqss `celze daamRerebda~, manamde is xmiT natirali iyo,<br />
uSualod micvalebulis cxedris win improvizebulad Seqmnili.<br />
amiT aris gamowveuli, rom mTibluris hangi metad<br />
naRvliania, Sesrulebis tempic mdorea, rac, albaT, celis<br />
monotonur moZraobas asaxavs.<br />
Tibvas rom samgloviaro hangi axlavs, am faqtis pirveli<br />
werilobiTi cnoba XIX saukunidan mogvepoveba. ai, ras<br />
mogviTxrobs xevsureTSi mogzauri [kaxeli: 94]:<br />
„Rulis mindvrebs rom gavcdiT da WalaSi gadavuxvieT,<br />
gzidan cota moSorebiT serze mTibav xevsurebis<br />
simRera Semogvesma. cxeni Sevayene, davugde simReras<br />
yuri, magram erTobili naRvliani xmis meti ver gavarCie-ra.<br />
samuSao xevsurebis leqsis gageba mindoda, veRar<br />
moviTmine da mTibavebs xma miveci. ramdensame wamSi Cems<br />
gverdiT idga cnobili mindia. salamis umal mindias<br />
vsTxove eTqo is leqsi, romelsac isini mRerodnen. am<br />
leqss Cven muSaobis dros vmReriTo, miTxra mindiam da<br />
nela, garkveviT sTqva:<br />
„RoraT Sabura ara xaravo, £aro nabamo rkinisao,<br />
kedo nagdebo sinisao, gamogorgvlilo rkinis kverao.<br />
xmalo, naWedo safrangesao, qalaq nawdobo erboSiao,<br />
Tofo, naWedo yirimSiao, jaWvo, naqsovo urumSiao.<br />
Satil dediZmaT estumridio, iqiT velobas wagiyvaneno,<br />
aiq urjulo gamogivaTo, Tof hkridi, gaagoridio,<br />
mosWridi xel, wamaiRidio, Tavis qviTkirsa miakridio,<br />
qal-zali gaivl-gamaivliso, Seni nakravi moagondebiso“<br />
[qxp X: 688].<br />
am sityvebs rom naRvlian xmaze mReroda Ruleli xevsuri,<br />
gasakviri ar aris, radgan es leqsi xmiT natiralia<br />
vinme RoraT Saburaze.<br />
ratom sruldeba maincdamainc Tibvis dros xmiT natirali,<br />
ar aris bolomde gamorkveuli. fiqroben, rom raki Tibvis<br />
procesi mwvane balaxis sicocxlis mospobaa, samgloviaro teq-
sti da melodia sruliad SesatyvisobaSia masTan. Tibva fSaur<br />
poeziaSi sikvdilis moqmedebis metaforaa:<br />
`sikvdilm Tqva: zRvis gaRmiT viyav, zRva CqefiT gamoviari,<br />
Samovxe fSavis mTazeda, vardni hyvaodes, iani,<br />
Caudeg, ise CavTibe, ro kargma celma Tivani...“<br />
[qxp VII: 158].<br />
asea Tu ise, glovis motivi Tibvas ritualuradac ukav-<br />
Sirdeba. Tibvis `sezoni~ im wels gardacvlilTa gaxsenebiT<br />
iwyeba. mTels xevsureTSi Tibvas samSabaT dRes iwyeben<br />
[oCiauri 2005: 113-114, 181]. es aris `Tibis samSabaTi~,<br />
romelsac ganuxrelad icaven. am dRemde Tibvas veravin<br />
gabedavda. am dRes im wlis gardacvlilis Wirisufali iwvevda<br />
mTel sofels Tavis saxlSi, patiJic ar sWirdebodaT,<br />
Seikribebodnen da im wlis mkvdris saxelze aryiT dalocavdnen<br />
Tibvis sezonis gaxsnas. diacebi gaSlidnen talavars,<br />
rogorc damarxvis dRes. jer ZaxiliT natirals<br />
Seasrulebdnen, magaliTad:<br />
`ra£el Tibis SamSabaTi goqv, Zmao,<br />
sxvan saTibad emzadebian, Zmao,<br />
miwa Sens dasa, Zmao....<br />
Sen sworeb TibaSi maiRalebian, Zmao...<br />
Sen m£ar-beWi miwas uWerav, Zmao...~<br />
[oCiauri 2005: 113-114].<br />
mere xmiT motirali gaSlili talavridan gardacvlilis<br />
iaraRs aiRebda da gaimeorebda natirals, romelic am<br />
wels gardacvlilis datirebisas Sesrulda. magaliTad:<br />
`Seni kacoba ra£eliao,<br />
beber mamasa aTibviebo,<br />
dawirul celi-d’ safarcxvelio,<br />
meored ra aaRebieo,<br />
genacvlos seni naTulaio,<br />
Sen xo didxans Zil ar icodio,<br />
gaTenebamdin amazdgidio,<br />
manam mTiblebi maidodeso.<br />
251
252<br />
nam£revn sataves Saxyarnidio,<br />
masulebs mTiblebs daxkivlidio~<br />
[oCiauri 2005: 181].<br />
zedmiwevniT esadageba am dRis – Tivis samSabaTis suliskveTebas<br />
es natirali, sadac pirvel rigSi mitovebul<br />
(`dawirul~) celzea laparaki. sxva natiralSi ufro reliefurad<br />
aris gamoxatuli Tibvis Tema da ucelod darCenili<br />
gaoxrebuli saTibebis suraTi:<br />
`Tqveni WirimeT, matiralono,<br />
Cven droJam ar gakvirvebsTaeo?<br />
gaoÃrda celi, safarcxvelio,<br />
mTani daoÃrdes mzispirulnio,<br />
Tormetis mTiblis sayofinnio...~<br />
[oCiauri 2005: 114].<br />
amis Semdeg anugeSeben Wirisufals da mTibavni Tav-TavianT<br />
saTibebSi gaiSlebian. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />
xmiT natirali Tibvis process udgas saTaveSi da Tavisi<br />
naRvliani hangiT warmarTavs mas.<br />
niSandoblivia, rom Tibva gardacvlili mTibavis gaxsenebiT<br />
iwyeba. is aris TiTqos dawyebis iniciatori.<br />
amitomac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom xmiT natiralSi Tibvis<br />
motivi ganmsazRvrelia. motirali tiris JamianobaSi<br />
daxocil dedakacebze, romlebsac aRar eRirsebaT mTibav-<br />
Ta danaxva:<br />
`qalebo, Jamis naxocebo,<br />
qviSisas ar idineTaeo?<br />
WiSvelsa ara gaxeneTaeo,<br />
WiSvel mTiblebi ar Tibdaeo?<br />
celebi ar unaTobdaeo?<br />
simRerebs ar iZaxdesaeo?~<br />
[qxp V: 72].<br />
SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom mTiblurTa repertuarSi swored<br />
im xmiT natirlebma pova adgili, romlebic TibvaSi da-<br />
Rupulebs eZRvneba:<br />
`oCiaurni Camosetyvnao,<br />
ex daxkra niniais saxlTao;
iwivla gvelma libuCiao,<br />
ez gatyda, keras gaerekao,<br />
orolni gaixvivna Zmanio,<br />
orniv gadasCes ded-mamanio,<br />
totiT mbRunavni beberanio,<br />
celebi Camayarna zvavmao,<br />
qviSas mamClebi namÃrevCiao~<br />
[qxp V: 194].<br />
motirali ixsenebs gardacvlils, rogorc saukeTeso<br />
mTibavs, gamoTqvams sinanuls imis gamo, rom is aRar gamoCndeba<br />
Tavisi celiT saTibebSi. `Svilni wavlalen Tibazedao,<br />
Cemi sulai kurdRelaio~; `deda enacvlos Svils gorgisa,<br />
erTi mTa erT namxrevad unda, meore – Tivis saTrelada~;<br />
`namxrevni sisxliT dagasvrivnao, cel dagrCa namxrevT<br />
saTavesao, namxrevT boloSi salesvelio~.<br />
deda mimarTavs gardacvlil Svils, TiTqos is jer kidev<br />
mTibavTa Sorisaa, ecados celis lazaTiani moqneviT<br />
qmrebis mowunari qalebi moxiblos:<br />
`yana mkev, dedis mSveniero, saxeln ar mkian sklatisani:<br />
ubniT bubai gamagxenebso, oblis kaloTa – Sarindaio.<br />
qalni ornivac lamazniao, ornivac qmrebis mwunobarnio~<br />
[qxp X: 463].<br />
SeniSvna. `gamagxenebso~ – gamogvxedavso. buba da Sarinda – qalis<br />
saxelebia. `ubani~ da `oblis kalo~ adgilis saxelebia SatilSi.<br />
ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos Tibvis leqs-simRerebis<br />
repertuars mxolod da mxolod xmiT natirlebi avsebdes.<br />
bunebrivia, rom Tibvas, rogorc Sromis erT-erT wamyvan<br />
saxeobas, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi Tavisi sakuTrivi<br />
poeturi gamoxatuleba hqondes. arsebobs Tibvis<br />
leqsebi, romlebSic erTgvarad asaxulia Tibvis procesi,<br />
mTibavis damokidebuleba TibvasTan da, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
Sromis iaraRTan – celTan. mTibavi TiTqos amxnevebs an<br />
anamusebs, an emuqreba, esiyvaruleba kidec Tavis cels, ra-<br />
Ta man ostaturad moaTibinos balaxi da sircxvili ar aWamos<br />
– mTibavis naTibi mindori xom Tem-soflis xelisgulzea,<br />
xarvezi aravis gamoepareba.<br />
253
254<br />
`celo, gamiWer gzis piria,<br />
jereT mWedelsa dagiwyeven, mere – mlesavsa, gamgverdavsa,<br />
celo, koWlais nakveravo, usapireo ar iqnebi.<br />
yelRilianis qmaroo, usadilo ar iqnebi~<br />
[qxp X: 614].<br />
`celo, gamoWer, cel oxero, nalevo dolaT qedurisa,<br />
nam£revT saTaves Samaxdine, Torem wamivlen win mTiblebi...~<br />
[qxp X: 617].<br />
`cel gasWer, Torem gamogamtvrev, Senma mWedelma damibara:<br />
– ar gasWras, aqve momitane, pirsa mauqcev yuada~<br />
[qxp X: 618].<br />
zog simReras TiTqos baladis saxe aqvs, sadac rogorc<br />
sagmiro simRerebSi, Seqebulia moymec da misi iaraRic.<br />
`gamiWer, celo, broliao,<br />
nalevo dolaT qedurisa,<br />
mTiblebi ar gauSva wina,<br />
neTxiCoveli, TaTxeluri.<br />
daikvexneben qalebSia,<br />
gigas vajobeT TibaSia.<br />
gasWra da gasWra broliama,<br />
naTibi darCa did alagi,<br />
giga rom Sa£da namxrevT Tavsa,<br />
sworad xan iyo SuadRisa,<br />
sam namxrevn im dros aitanna,<br />
gigama Coxis kalTaebi<br />
sartyelSi magra Caitana,<br />
celi mxarze gadaidva,<br />
dabrunda vaJi siciliTa,<br />
mTiblebsa gverdze Cauara,<br />
binaSi dajda, daisvena,<br />
celi galesa qasuriTa,<br />
meore namxrev aitana,<br />
memr ki dabrunda Siniskeda,<br />
TibiT rom guli maifxana...~<br />
[qxp X: 633].
SeniSvna. mTiblurs, Tumca mas, Cveulebriv, mTibavTa jgufi<br />
(jari) asrulebs, mainc ver CavTvliT pirwmindad koleqtiuri Sesrulebis<br />
simRerad, Tundac iqidan gamomdinare, rom xmiT natirali<br />
individualuri warmoSobisaa da rom misi Sesruleba Tibvis dros<br />
aucileblobiT ar moiTxovs mTibavTa gunds. mTibluri arafers kargavs,<br />
piriqiT, swored individualuri Sesrulebis dros avlens<br />
srulyofilad Tavis Zalas. magram verc guTnurs, verc xelxvavs,<br />
verc kalours ver warmovidgenT koleqtivis gareSe individualuri<br />
SesrulebiT.<br />
individualuri Sromis leqsebi<br />
mkacrad Tu SevxedavT, Sromis simRera koleqtiuria<br />
Tavisi rogorc warmoSobiT, ise SesrulebiT. igi koleqtivSi<br />
ibadeba da koleqtivSive sruldeba. xom arsebobs individualuri<br />
Sromac, magram ver vityviT, rom am dros ibadeba<br />
sagangebod am kerZo Sromis procesis Sesatyvisi sim-<br />
Rera. mTibavs ar Seuqmnia mTibluri, Tumca mas saxeli am<br />
saqmianobis mixedviT ewoda.<br />
individualuri Sromis simRerad iTvleba `urmuli~.<br />
magram aris igi mkacri azriT Sromis simRera? aris meurmis<br />
saqmianoba Sroma? ratom ar uwodeben mas mgzavruls,<br />
radgan meurme, pirvel yovlisa, mgzavria. marTalia, is<br />
urems, mis nawilebs mimarTavs simReraSi, magram mas SeuZlia<br />
gaafarToos da kidec afarToebs Tavis repertuars<br />
sxvadasxva Janris – sayofacxovrebo, satrfialo da filosofiur-didaqtikuri<br />
– teqstebiT. misi simRera ar aris aucileblobiT<br />
dakavSirebuli urmis gzasTan. meurmis sim-<br />
Rera warmoSva martoobam. is martoa da mas aqvs simReris<br />
moTxovnileba, da is mReris, raTa daZlios martooba. es<br />
simRera dialogia martod darCenil sakuTar TavTan an<br />
uremTan. es aris urmulis funqcia. rogorc mqsovelis (feiqris)<br />
simReris funqciaa, afxizlebdes mas RameebSi.<br />
mqsoveli qalebis Zilis gasafrTxobi simRera:<br />
`Zilo, rasa meZinebi, me sabralosao,<br />
me Zilma ase mibrZana, me sabralosao,<br />
daweq da daiZineo, me sabralosao,<br />
vinc rom guliTa giyvardes, me sabralosao,<br />
255
256<br />
isic gverds moiwvineo, me sabralosao,<br />
Zilo, nu dameZinebi, me sabralosao,<br />
daurTav da Seukerav im sabralosao.<br />
. . . . . . . . . .<br />
TiTistaro, kviristavo, me sabralosao,<br />
Cqara dabrundi, dabrundi, me sabralosao...~<br />
[qxp X: 936].<br />
da mainc, Sromis simRerebs mivaTvliT `urmuls~. uremi<br />
tvirTis gadazidvis saSualebaa, tvirTis zidva ki Sromaa,<br />
Tumca aq cxovelebi (gansakuTrebiT, xar-kameCi) Sromoben.<br />
maTac esaWiroebaT gamxneveba, rasac elian kidec<br />
isini: `aqlemebi da xarebi mieCvien, rom maT simReriT Seuteven<br />
xolme da, rac ufro mZimea tvirTi, miT ufro xmama-<br />
Ralia da xangrZlivi simRera~ [biuxeri 1923: 37]. gazeT `iveriaSi~<br />
urmiT (uremze) `Sromis~ Tavis droze yvelasTvis<br />
cnobili, magram dRes miviwyebuli SromiTi Cveulebaa gadmocemuli:<br />
`yvelam kargad icis, rom Cvenma glex-kacebma<br />
qaravniT wasvla icodnen erevnisken (yulfSi) marilzed.<br />
Seiyrebodnen erTad, Seabamdnen ass, orass urems da sim-<br />
ReriT gaudgebodnen gzasa...~ [oqroSiZe: 135]. literaturaSi<br />
laparakoben `urmulze~, mis naRvlian hangze (n. maCabeli,<br />
ilia, akaki, S. aragvispireli, ir. evdoSvili, i. <strong>zurab</strong>aSvili,<br />
g. leoniZe...), magram romelia es `urmuli~, ucnobi<br />
rCeba. ilia leqsad gvixasiaTebs mis ucnaur Zalas: `Ru-<br />
Runi igi CamrCenia guls, mwuxare aris, viT glovis zari~,<br />
magram ar gveubneba, ra sityvebs mReroda is meurme, an Tu<br />
axlda sityvebi am `mwuxare~ hangs? an iqneb srulebiT<br />
usityvo iyo? ilia <strong>zurab</strong>aSvilis cnobiT, urmulis sauke-<br />
Teso Semsrulebeli sesikaSvili `araviTar sityvas ar mimarTavda<br />
haralo-hari-haralos garda...~ [<strong>zurab</strong>iSvili: 69].<br />
Cveulebriv, am TavisTavad brwyinvale leqss miiCneven<br />
`urmulad~, magram ismis kiTxva: yvela SemTxvevaSi asruleben<br />
mas da ara mxolod marilze, isic, aRzevanSi siarulisas?<br />
`aRzevans waval marilze, marils movitan brolsao,<br />
jer dedas gadavexvevi, mere Svilsa da colsao~<br />
[qxp X: 808].
klasikuria es sityvebi, namdvilad gamoxatavs qarTveli<br />
kacis eTikur idealebs, magram saeWvoa, igi urmulis kanonikur<br />
teqstad CavTvaloT (arsebobs ki aseTi ram?) – yvela<br />
meurme xom ar dadis marilze? ufro adekvaturi iqneba,<br />
Tu kerZod am simReras marilze siarulis Sromis sim-<br />
Rerad CavTvliT. marilze wasul qaravans uTuod eqneboda<br />
Tavisi repertuari, magram, samwuxarod, misi Semadgenloba<br />
da Sinaarsi CvenTvis ucnobia. literaturidan cnobilia<br />
Sor manZilze `qiraze siarulis~ mTeli SromiTi instituti.<br />
SeZlebuli ojaxebi, romelTac hyavdaT sakmao<br />
da Zlieri gamwevi Zala, dadiodnen qalaqidan qalaqSi da<br />
gadahqondaT tvirTi. maT hqoniaT SeiaraReba, hyoliaT<br />
ZaRlebi da mamlebi Ramis saxmilavTa Sesatyobad. ras mRerodnen<br />
isini Rameul gzebze? raime `kanonikurs~, sagangebod<br />
moqiravneTa qaravnis Sesatyviss Tu nebismier simReras,<br />
romelic, SesaZlebelia, kanonikuri gamxdariyo? Cemi<br />
fiqriT, upriani iqneboda urmuli simRerebisTvis martoobis<br />
daZlevis, dausrulebel gzaze mowyenilobis gansaqarvebeli<br />
simRerebi gvewodebina. amaod ar uwodebs i.<br />
<strong>zurab</strong>iSvili urmuls `fiqris simReras~.<br />
urmulSi aerTianeben simRerebs, sadac adamiani mimar-<br />
Tavs Tavad urems da mis nawilebs. ai zogierTi nimuSi:<br />
`uremo ferso maRalo, ari aralo, daa!<br />
xundi gigorams giSrisa, ari aralo, daa!<br />
agebuleba kargi gaqvs, eg erTi ferso giSlisa,<br />
aralo, daa!<br />
Tu kaci TiTon ar ari, ari aralo, daa!<br />
cudia misi cxovreba, ari aralo, daa!~<br />
[qxp X: 835-b].<br />
dasasruli ukve namdvilad `fiqris simReraa~. meurmes<br />
sakmarisi dro aqvs, rom ifiqros qveyanaze, wuTisofelze,<br />
adamianze, mis bedsa da ubedobaze, Rirsebaze... mis repertuars<br />
veravin SezRudavs, mas sruli Tavisufleba aqvs. SesaZloa,<br />
saukeTeso <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsebi wuTisofelze swored<br />
meurmeobisas, roca kaci martoa Tavis TavTan, gzaze martoul<br />
svlaSi Seqmniliyo.<br />
257
258<br />
literatura<br />
akakis krebuli 1898: akakis krebuli, 1898, X.<br />
biuxeri 1923: Áþõåð Ê. Ðàáîòà è ðèòì, «Íîâàÿ Ìîñêâà», 1923.<br />
<strong>zurab</strong>iSvili: <strong>zurab</strong>iSvili i. xalxis Semoqmedi genia, `xelovneba~,<br />
Tb., 1949.<br />
kaxeli: i. kaxeli (ioseb ciskariSvili), ori kvira mTaSi<br />
(mgzavris SeniSvnebi), Jurn. `moambe~,<br />
1898, 6, gv. 94.<br />
lamberti: arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, federacia,<br />
Tb., 1938.<br />
lamberti 1960: Lambert W.G. Babylonian Wisdom Literature,<br />
Oxford, 1960.<br />
sargoni 1912: Thureau-Dangin Fr. Une relation de la huitième campagne<br />
de Sargon (714 av. J.-C.), Paris, 1912.<br />
qarTlis cxovreba II: qarTlis cxovreba II, `sabW. saqar-<br />
Tvelo~, Tb., 1959.<br />
qxp V: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. V, `mecniereba~,<br />
Tb., 1976.<br />
qxp X: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. X, `mecniereba~,<br />
Tb., 1983.
sagmiro poezia<br />
Tu sagmiro poezias mTeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedebis<br />
fonze ganvixilavT, aSkarad warmoCindeba misi upiratesi<br />
wili sxva poetur JanrebTan SedarebiT. sakmarisia gadavxedoT<br />
`<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poeziis~ Tormettomeuls, sadac<br />
sagmiro Janri or sqel tomSia (III, IV) ganTavsebuli, da Tu am<br />
tomebSi dabeWdili leqsebis warmomavlobiT davinteresdebiT,<br />
gairkveva, rom maTi absoluturi umetesoba aRmosavleT saqar-<br />
Tvelos mTian mxareebs ekuTvnis. irkveva, rom sagmiro poezia,<br />
ZiriTadad, fSav-xevsuruli, TuSuri, mTiuluri da gudamayruli<br />
warmoSobisaa. es aris am kuTxeebis prioritetuli sfero,<br />
sadac maT namdvilad verc erTi sxva kuTxe ver Seecileba. es<br />
ganpirobebulia maTi istoriul-geografiuli anu, rogorc<br />
sxvanairad ityvian, geopolitikuri garemoTi. istoriulma<br />
procesma am kuTxeebSi Camoayaliba meomruli sazogadoebebi,<br />
SegviZlia vTqvaT, saymoebi, romlebic jvarTa Tu RvTisSvil-<br />
Ta patronobis qveS gaerTiandnen. momxdur, gareSe Tu Sinaur,<br />
mterTan brZolebSi xdeboda mosaxleobis konsolidacia saymoebad,<br />
romelmac kulminacias XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi<br />
miaRwia. es iyo <strong>zurab</strong> aragvis erisTavTan brZolebis xana anu,<br />
rogorc mexsierebam Semoinaxa, `sisxlis wvimebis~ xana. saymo-<br />
Ta epikuri (sagmiro leqsTa cikli qmnis `Tavisufal~ eposs) xsovna<br />
ar scildeba am epoqas; `sisxlis wvimebis~ xana aris is zRurbli,<br />
romlis miRma miTologiur samyaroSi SevdivarT. brZolebi monawileoben<br />
saymoTa genezSi da xels uwyoben warsulis miTologizacias.<br />
RvTisSvilTa brZola devebis winaaRmdeg saymo-<br />
TaTvis teritoriis mosapoveblad, rac miTologiuri eposis<br />
dedaazrs Seadgens, Tavis mxriv, `sisxlis wvimebis~ eposis arqetipi<br />
xdeba. aqtebi, rac Caidines RvTisSvilebma `mas Jamsa Sina~, meordeba<br />
saymoSi axla da aq, maT Tvalwin. RvTisSvili meomris, `kai ymis~<br />
etaloni xdeba. saymos brZolebi RvTisSvilTa arqetipuli<br />
brZolebis paradigmebia.<br />
simRere anu balada<br />
sagmiro leqss, rasac misi Sesrulebis wesis mixedviT<br />
xevsureTSi simReres uwodeben, safuZvlad realuri sabrZolo<br />
SemTxveva udevs, anu asaxavs realurad momxdar<br />
faqts, mTavar gmirad yovelTvis realuri piri hyavs, ro-<br />
259
260<br />
melsac icnobda saymo piradad an gadmocemiT. saymo agreTve<br />
informirebulia momxdari ambis detalebiT. man<br />
icis an SeiZleba icodes imaze meti, ramac leqsSi pova asaxva.<br />
leqsis codnas Tan axlavs momxdari ambis codna andrezis<br />
saxiT, uromlisodac gareSeTaTvis leqsis Sinaarsi<br />
bundovani xdeba da, SeiZleba, simZafresac kargavdes. sxva<br />
kuTxeSi leqsis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba misi mikrosamyaros<br />
codna, leqsis daRupuli gmiri kargavs realurobas<br />
da mis saxelsac xSirad sxva, ufro gasagebi da kargad<br />
nacnobi saxeli enacvleba. aRar vlaparakobT im soflis<br />
metyvelebis Taviseburebebze, sadac Seiqmna leqsi.<br />
cxadia, cudad gagebul sityvas mimgvanebuli sityva<br />
cvlis. anu, am SemTxvevaSi mTeli ZaliT aris amoqmedebuli<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebis variantulobis gardauvali kanoni.<br />
sagmiro leqsi, romelsac Cven SegviZlia balada vuwodoT,<br />
rogorc wesi, orTabrZolazea agebuli. vin aris misi<br />
mTavari gmiri? mTavari gmiria is, vinc iRupeba orTabrZolaSi.<br />
gmiri iRupeba, kargavs sicocxles, magram ixveWs saxels.<br />
misi da sazogadoebis principia `sjobs saxelisa moxveWa<br />
yovelsa mosaxveWelsa~.<br />
sikvdili da saxeli – sikvdili is zRvaria, romlis iqiT<br />
gmiri gadadis saxelis saufloSi. mxolod sikvdilSi gamarjvebas<br />
SeuZlia moutanos mas saxeli. cocxali gmiri winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
cnebaa da swored amitom aris, rom uklebliv<br />
yvela sagmiro simRere-balada mebrZolis sikvdiliT<br />
mTavrdeba da es sikvdili saxeliania.<br />
amrigad, sagmiro baladaSi gadmocemulia gmiris ukanaskneli<br />
Jami, igi Cayenebulia sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze,<br />
sazRurblo situaciaSi, roca unda gadawydes misi bedi,<br />
romelsac is qmnis aq da axla, am wamebSi. am dros, aq gmiri<br />
ekuTvnis Tavis Tavs, is batonobs dro-Jamze, marTavs<br />
mas. mas araferi darCenia, garda sakuTari sicocxlisa,<br />
romlis marTva da gawirva mas SeuZlia sxva, ufro maRali<br />
(mis da sazogadoebis TvalSi) RirebulebisTvis. sococxle,<br />
romelic mieca, man icis, waerTmeva, magram is, rac man<br />
sicocxlis wil moipova, arasodes waerTmeva, `romeli arasada<br />
mieRos misgan~ (luka 10:42). es is wamebia, roca gmiri<br />
srulad avlens Tavis egzistencias, TiTqos aq jamdeba misi<br />
mTeli cxovreba. am dros gamoricxuli unda iyos Sem-
TxveviToba, rac mas SeuSlida xels sikvdiliT saxelis mopovebaSi.<br />
Cven winaSea SiSveli adamiani Tavisi erTader-<br />
TiT, rac aris misi sicocxle, da arCevaniT. amitomac sim-<br />
Rere ukiduresad lakonuria da, rac mTavaria, yvelaferi<br />
danaxulia ara gareSe, aramed misi TvaliT.<br />
simRere-baladis agebuleba martivia: eqspozicia – gmiris<br />
Semoyvana TxrobaSi; Tumca simRere SeiZleba daiwyos<br />
mowyvetiT (`fxoveli da Savaneli~); Sexvedra, SebrZoleba,<br />
aRsasruli. SeiZleba mas axldes `daskvna~, eqstrasiu-<br />
Jeturi monakveTi, sadac gadmocemulia daRupuli gmiris<br />
erTgvari Sefaseba, Seqeba an datireba Tu gamoZaxili mis<br />
sikvdilze (ix. `ioneuri~). simReres personaJTa minimumi<br />
ori piria, iSviaTad – erTi (`baRaTera~), Segvxvdeba samic<br />
(`Siola da mTrexeli~).<br />
gavecnoT umokles baladas ara mxolod qarTul, aramed<br />
msoflio baladebs Soris. es aris `fxoveli da Savaneli~,<br />
romelsac pirvelad vxvdebiT Tedo razikaSvilis CanawerebSi<br />
(am variantSi igi Svidstriqoniania):<br />
`erTi vaJkaci fxoveli, Savwyals saomrad dadgao,<br />
adga da Sin wamovida, gzas Savaneli Saxvdao.<br />
CaWres, Cakafes erTurTi, maSveli aRar SaSCao.<br />
ciTa movida yorani, magaT nakvalevs daxyvao.<br />
jera daiTvra sisxliTa, mere leS Wama, gaZRao.<br />
adga da isev wavida, magaT vaglaxi dascao:<br />
„orniv yofilan uWkoni, erTm mainc rad ar dasTmao?!“<br />
[qxp IV: 252].<br />
Canawers axlavs Camweris SeniSvna: `me amaTi vera gavige<br />
ra: vin iyo Savaneli an sadauri...~ yvelas, mis wamkiTxvels<br />
es sityvebi aRmoxdeba. vin aris Savaneli? vin aris<br />
fxoveli? vis ucdida Savwyalze fxoveli – Savanels Tu<br />
sxva vinmes? risTvis `CaWres-Cakafes erTurTi~? leqsi<br />
bundovania, Tumca bundovaneba araTu rames aklebs mas,<br />
aramed SeiZleba aZlierebdes kidec STabeWdilebas. T. razikaSvili<br />
sxva rames gulisxmobs, roca ambobs, `me amaTi<br />
vera gavige rao~. Camwers veraviTari cnoba ver moupovebia<br />
simReres personaJebze, andrezi ar SemorCenila im vi-<br />
Tarebis amsaxveli, Tu ra iyo mizezi maTi sabediswero Serkinebisa,<br />
Seurigeblobisa. Cans, imdenad mowyvetila Tavis<br />
261
262<br />
garemos es simRere, rom daviwyebas miscemia monawileTa<br />
sakuTari saxelebi, maTi vinaobis aRmniSvnelad warmomavlobis<br />
saxelebiRa SemorCenila (fxoveli fxovidan, Savaneli<br />
Savanidan, qistebis erT-erTi Temidan).<br />
es balada, Tumca is sityvierad Zalze Zunwia, rogorc<br />
embrioni, moicavs sagmiro leqsis yvela elements, rac sxva<br />
leqsebSi sxvadasxva variaciebiT iSleba. es exeba rogorc<br />
mis formalur mxares, ise arsebiTs, ideur Sinaarss. leqsi<br />
gawyobilia erT riTmaze, rogorc xevsurulad ityvian,<br />
erT `yuvze~. yovel striqonSi TiTo kadria moqceuli,<br />
romlebic erTmaneTs elvis siswrafiT enacvlebian. zogjer<br />
naxevar-naxevari striqonebi gadmogvcems TiTo suraTs:<br />
`adga da Sin wamovida, // gzas Savaneli Saxvdao~. es<br />
imitom xdeba, rom dro Wirs, drois deficits ganicdis gmiri.<br />
`adga da Sin wamovida~ ara mxolod erTi kadria, aramed<br />
is erT paToss gamoxatavs, imis sruliad sawinaaRmdegos,<br />
rasac gviCvenebs meore kadri: `gzas Savaneli Saxvdao~. Tu<br />
pirvelSi sasowarkveTaa usaxelod (`uerTod~, anu uSedegod,<br />
rogorc kvlav xevsureTSi ityvian) Sin ukuqceulisa,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, saxlSi sasikvdilod (`sircxvil as~ ase-<br />
Ti aRsasruli!) ganwirulisa, meore kadrSi mas imedmocemuls,<br />
albaT, pirquSad gaxalisebuls vxedavT. am Sexvedris<br />
wami, romelmac zRvari unda daudos mis sicocxles,<br />
misi cxovrebis mizania. es aris misi ukanaskneli wami, romelsac<br />
TiTqos xangrZlivoba ara aqvs. erTi ram am bundovanebidan<br />
SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom es wami namdvilad<br />
misi mopovebulia – `erTi vaJkaci fxoveli~ Tavad<br />
marTavs dro-Jams, mis dinebas sakuTar dro-Jamad aqcevs.<br />
es misi monapovaria, misi ganuyofeli sakuTrebaa, is erTaderTi,<br />
rac mas abadia am qveyanaze am wamebSi. yoveli maSvelis<br />
gamoCena gaacamtverebda mis imedebs am sanatreli wamis<br />
warTmeviT. am wamisTvis dadga is `Savwyals~ da amis ukvdavsayofad<br />
SeiTxza simRerec. am wuTisoflis momxmarebeli<br />
Wkviani yornis gonivruli sityvebic, uneburad, am wamis<br />
gamarTlebas da gandidebas emsaxureba. baladis gmirebi<br />
erTmaneTs ar esityvebian. sityvisgebis Rirsad ar<br />
Tvlian erTmaneTs, Tu amis dro ara aqvT? albaT. erTaderTi,<br />
vinc – es arseba aq namdvilad `vin~ kategorias ganekuTvneba<br />
– sityvas ambobs, es yorania. misi sityvebi savsea<br />
cinizmiT, romelic moymeobis sapirispiro ideologi-
is gamomxatvelia. magram simRere yornis, davuSvaT, cinikuri<br />
SefasebiT kaiymobis kodeqsis erT punqts ayalibebs,<br />
imas, rac simReres avtors unda Camoeyalibebina. ase rom,<br />
es yorani Tavisda uneburad ganadidebs erTurTis damxocvel<br />
moymeT. fxovel-Savanelis mkicxveli da Wkuismaswavlebeli<br />
yorani Rrmad individualuria, ar hgavs sxvebs, romelTac<br />
daRupuli kaiymis mimarT aRtacebis sityvebi aRmoxdomiaT,<br />
rogorc, magaliTad, am striqonebSi:<br />
`yorano, Waris Relesa ar maavlie Tvalia,<br />
velguja ara Rnaxia, xuSaiSvili xaria?<br />
vnaxe da qvec mamewona: did-didn sxdomiyvnes Tvalia...~<br />
[qxp IV 251].<br />
Tumca, vikiTxoT, ra moewona yorans velgujas TvalebSi:<br />
misi kargi moymeobis niSani Tu kargi sadili? igi arc im TavianT<br />
Tvistomebs hgavs, vinc maTTvis sadilis gamamzadebels locaven,<br />
rogorc am baladismagvar teqstSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
`WimRis kldeT yefda yorani, erTi uZaxebs sxvasao,<br />
velT midis oCiauri, gavxyveT amagis kvalsao,<br />
Cveni misvlisad gaswiravs yoris wyalaze mkvdarsao.<br />
uSiSa ar dagvaklebda saxraod RilRvlis Zvalsao~<br />
[qxp IV: 8].<br />
kaimoymoba, rac Tavad moymisTvis da mTeli sazogadoebisTvis<br />
upirvelesi zneobrivi Rirebulebaa, yornisTvis<br />
pragmatulia: igi sazrdoobs moymeTa Tavganwiruli aqtebiT,<br />
maTi ukandauxevlobiT. isini locaven moymeebs, romlebic<br />
karg sadils gaumzadeben maT:<br />
`..yomastos yorneb aZraxda, dabla dauSvnes m£arnia,<br />
jer ki CaiTrvnes sisxliTa, memre coma xres Zvalia.<br />
daloces Tofis damkravi, memr – mzirTa winamZRvaria~<br />
[qxp IV: 119].<br />
`daloces Tofis damkravi~ (an Tavad Tofis dalocva,<br />
Zvalis gamWreli xmlis qeba da sxva) – es sagmiro baladis<br />
daskvnaa. ase rom, yornebis piridan uneburad gamodis uWko<br />
moymeTa qeba-dideba.<br />
263
264<br />
is, rac `fxovel da SavanelSi~ embrionalurad aris mocemuli,<br />
sxvagan meti sicxadiT aris gaSlili, Tumca mainc<br />
rCeba erTgvari bundovaneba, romlis gafantva mxolod ambis<br />
prozaul gadmocemas, andrezs, SeuZlia. aviRoT `ioneuris~<br />
situacia. sityvebi, romliTac iwyeba variantTa absoluturi<br />
umravlesoba, `WimRaSi ivaneuri ras-ras Saatyobs<br />
Tavsao~ an, ufro garkveviT: `ras-ras ufiqrobs Tavsao~,<br />
an momdevno: `fSaoba gaubedavis~ (fSavSi wasvla gaubedavs)<br />
gvamcnobs mis gadawyvetilebas, magram ar gveubneba,<br />
ram gamoiwvia igi. wina baladaSi amis miniSnebac ar<br />
aris, imdenad cxadia, rom Savwyalze dadgomas win uZRvis<br />
gadawyvetileba, arCevani, magram es xdeba sadRac baladis<br />
farglebs gareT da amas unda grZnobdes msmeneli. `ioneurSi~<br />
gadawyvetilebis gardauvaloba da, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
tragizmic, gamoxatulia misi ojaxis wevrTa qmedebebiT,<br />
gansakuTrebiT mamisa, romelic mas, safSaod gamzadebuls,<br />
jRanebs ubandavs, rac gamoricxulia ordinarul pirobeb-<br />
Si, yoveldRiur yofaSi. msmeneli ukomentarodac igrZnobs,<br />
rom raRac uCveulo xdeba.<br />
es uCveuloba, aseve ukomentaro, msWvalavs `fxoveli<br />
da Savanelis~ msgavsad umokles leqss, romelsac, ar SevcdebiT,<br />
Tu baladis JanrSi ganvixilavT. es aris usaTauro<br />
simRere, romelic ramdenime variantad aris gavrcelebuli<br />
fSavSi:<br />
`Cavalis, Caeubneba, tunkiT ivane saRarsa:<br />
cxenav, getyoba, geSinis, guls me Cagideb, magarsa,<br />
Cagavlev terelozeda, Cagatanineb naRarsa,<br />
Senac iq mogklav, tialo, Tavsac iq davdeb, WaRarsa,<br />
cocxal Sin ver davbrundebi, iq ver gavwirav mamasa,<br />
cixes davungrev isriTa, wverze gadavdeb qamandsa~<br />
[qxp IV: 266].<br />
uCveuloba Cans cxenis SiSSi raRac gamoucnobis wina-<br />
Se – mxedars uxdeba misi gamxneveba, Tumca piriqiT ki SeiZleboda<br />
yofiliyo: mxedari gamxnevebuliyo cxenis TanadgomiT.<br />
uCveuloa am sasowarkveTil laSqrobaSi (`cocxal<br />
Sin ver davbrundebi~) muqara cixis isriT dangrevisa. yvela<br />
sityva, rasac mxedari warmoTqvams, intonacia, rogorc<br />
am sityvebs warmoTqvams, baladis tragikul dasasrulze
metyvelebs. msmenels ar eeWveba, rom mxedari ver daixsnis<br />
mamas da Sin cocxalic ar dabrundeba... axdeba yvelaferi,<br />
rasac mxedari uwinaswarmetyvelebs Tavis Tavs da cxensac.<br />
aRarafers vambobT am baladis formis araordinalurobaze:<br />
mTeli misi Sinaarsi cxenTan gamarTul dialog-<br />
Sia moqceuli. siuJeturi dro jer ar amowurula, magram<br />
ambavi damTavrebulia, igi virtualur drosa da sivrceSi<br />
mTavrdeba. es ar ukargavs baladas eqspresiulobas.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> balada, gamonaklisis gareSe, gmiris sikvdiliT<br />
mTavrdeba, anu es imas niSnavs, rom baladaSi, rogorc<br />
wesi, gmiris cxovrebis ukanaskneli wamebia gadmocemuli.<br />
misi cxovreba xom brZolaa, sicocxlis ukanaskneli wamebi<br />
ki – brZolis kulminacia. am dros gmiris cxovrebis TiTqos<br />
Sejameba xdeba. es iseTi wamebia, roca misi egzistencia<br />
mTlianad ixsneba, ukanasknel sabrZolo aqtSi – gmiroba-<br />
Si poulobs gamosavals. gmirma icis, rom mokvdavia da is<br />
Seguebulia amas, magram gmiri arasodes Seegueba iseT sikvdils,<br />
romelic brZolis velze sisxliT ar aris kurTxeuli.<br />
gmiris apoTeozi velze sisxliT ganaTvlaa. sxvagvari sikvdili<br />
`sircxvil as“, rogoric xevsuri kai yma ityvis.<br />
zemoT ganxilul baladaSi (`Cavalis, Caeubneba~) gmiris<br />
egzistencia jer ar gamonaTebula, is elis amas da msmenelic<br />
imis molodinSia, rom es aucileblad moxdeba, magram<br />
gmiris gancda win uswrebs realizacias – misi egzistencia<br />
ukve gamosxivebulia mis warmosaxvaSi. da am warmosaxvis<br />
intensioba msmenels arwmunebs imaSi, rom tunkiT ivanes<br />
ukan dabruneba ar uweria da rom swored es iqneba misi gamarjveba<br />
da apoTeozi.<br />
gmirebi sxvadasxvagvarad ecemian orTabrZolaSi, magram<br />
aRsasruli erTia: isini bolomde gaiReben sicocxlis<br />
sasyidels, safasurs im erTaderTi qonebisa, romelic maT<br />
gankargulebaSia. Tu hanzeli zRvaosani vaWrebi misdevdnen<br />
devizs `zRvaosnoba aucilebelia, sicocxle ar aris<br />
aucilebeli~ (Navigare necesse est, vivere non est necesse), kai<br />
ymaT Tavisi sakuTari devizi aqvT, romelsac Tumca arasodes<br />
miuRia verbaluri gamoxatuleba: brZola aucilebelia,<br />
sicocxle ar aris aucilebelia. maSasadame, maTTvis<br />
arsebula iseTi ram, rasac sicocxleze upiratesi Rirebuleba<br />
aqvs, iseTi ram, raSic cxaddeba Tavad sicocxlis<br />
fasi da Rirebuleba, misi matareblis Rirseba. ras unda<br />
265
266<br />
hqondes imaze meti fasi da Rirebuleba, rac aqvs sicocxles,<br />
romelic erTaderTia da ganumeorebeli? aris adamianSi<br />
(ara mis gareT) iseTi ram, risTvisac iwireba sicocxle.<br />
es ram gawirvis gadawyvetilebaSi iCens Tavs: es aris neba,<br />
romliTac adamians SeuZlia marTos Tavisi sicocxle,<br />
romlis wyalobiTac adamiani sicocxleze maRla dgeba.<br />
marTavs sicocxles da dro-Jamsac, es kargad Cans baladaSi.<br />
adamiani icocxlebs ramdenime aTeul wels, magram mas,<br />
SesaZloa, arasodes daudges Tavisi egzistenciis gamosxivebis<br />
Jami. es Jami wlebs ar moaqvs, es Jami SeiZleba dadges<br />
kai ymis mowifulobisTanave. Wabuki, sakargymod gamzadebuli,<br />
baRaTera jabuSanuri (amave saxelwodebis baladis<br />
gmiri) dedis Zmebisgan moiTxovs mamiseul CaCqans,<br />
romelic mamis sikvdilis Semdeg maT hqondaT mibarebuli. bi-<br />
Zebma ar misces CaCqani, ar CaTvales mowifulad, gajavrebuli<br />
gamoistumres baRaTera (`qva-rkinas amtvrevs kbili-<br />
Ta~). magram sul male baRaTeras SesaZlebloba eZleva daamtkicos,<br />
rom is mowifulia CaCqnis satareblad (`CaCqani~<br />
aq sabrZolod mowifulobis metaforaa). baRaTeram moigeria<br />
Casafrebuli mzirebi, sisxlmdinareni gaaqcia isini,<br />
magram arc Tavad gadarCenila uWrilobod, romelic sasikvdilo<br />
gamodga. meleqse Zunwia baRaTeras gmirobis gamoxatvaSi.<br />
rasac is gamoxatavs, isev da isev egzistenciis<br />
gamovlenaa – aqedan vrwmundebiT, rom es wamebi baRaTeras sicocxlis<br />
ukanaskneli wamebia. aseTi yofila baRaTera, misma<br />
dedis Zmebma ki ar icodnen. dafaruli gacxadda aseTi<br />
tragikuli aRsasruliT. baRaTeras gza karkuCidan mamis<br />
saxlamde arxotSi Tvisebrivad sxva aris, vidre gza, romelic<br />
man mamis saxlidan karkuCamde gaiara. is gzaSi izrdeba da,<br />
sabolood, ukan itovebs Tavis bavSvobas, igi uReltexilze<br />
mTavrdeba. balada Tavis kulminacias am or striqonSi<br />
aRwevs, romelTac komentari namdvilad ar esaWiroebaT:<br />
`martuam baRaTerama mTa gardiara gminiTa,<br />
gadauCinda dedasa gacinebulis piriTa...~<br />
[qxp IV: 275].<br />
namdvilad, arc erTs mis dedis ZmaTagan, romelTac Selaxes<br />
misi Rirseba, ar eqneboda Sansi sicocxlis fasad daemtkicebina<br />
Tavisi Rirseba, am gziT moepovebina saxeli.
Tu mxolod sikvdiliT moipoveba saxeli da sxva gza<br />
misken mimavali ar arsebobs, arc Selaxuli saxelisa da Rirsebis<br />
aRsadgenad sxva gza, garda sikvdilisa, ar ipoveba.<br />
es aris Tema xevsuruli baladisa, romlis gmiri, saxelad<br />
ivaneuri (var. ioneuri), gvarad gaburi, sofliT WimRioni,<br />
mieSureba fSavisken, raTa yvelaze ganTqmul vaJkacTan<br />
SebrZolebaSi sikvdiliT Camoirecxos sircxvili, razec<br />
balada ar laparakobs, mxolod andrezuli gadmocemiT viciT.<br />
ivaneurs raRac saqcieliT (`Tavisi siamayiT~) jvaris-<br />
Tvis uwyeninebia, jvari gaswyromia da `gauyrevav wveri~.<br />
balada, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli poetikisamebr, moulodnelad<br />
iwyeba fSavSi wasasvlelad mzadebiT. Sinaurebi<br />
(ded-mama) da mTeli sofeli, jvaric ki (`waRm dahyev, Wim-<br />
Ris giorgiv, Sens patimarsa ymasao~), aseve mamidac (`yin-<br />
Cad daswerda jvarsao~), roca roSkaSi mis saxls Cauvlis,<br />
monawileobas iReben saboloo gzaze mis gastumrebaSi. baladis<br />
intenciaSi devs misi ukan ardabruneba. ivaneurs sxva<br />
danarCen vaJkacTagan, romlebic sofelSi datova, erTi<br />
upiratesoba aqvs da is sityvis uTqmelad igrZnoba simRereSi:<br />
is dro, rac mas WiRidan cabaurTamde misvlaSi da iq<br />
gamorCeul ymasTan Sexvedramde dasWirdeba, mas ekuTvnis,<br />
dro savsea misi egzistenciiT, veraviTari gareSe Zala ver<br />
waarTmevs mas am dros, veravin ukan ver daabrunebs ivaneurs,<br />
romlis suliskveTeba am or striqonSia moqceuli:<br />
`RmerTo, juTuas Samyare, an yartaulas, £arsao! maklulsa<br />
juTuaisas RmerT aRar dasdebs bralsao~. es misi arCevania.<br />
es arCevani erT fragmentSi, romelic ar ekuTvnis<br />
baladas, amgvarad aris gacxadebuli –<br />
`xmals uTxra ivaneurma: xmalo gamiWer, tialo!<br />
mteri mamadga karzeda, iq unda gagaprialo!<br />
an movklav, an me movkvdebi, cocxalm ar unda viaro~<br />
[qxp: 97].<br />
amis mTqmels SeeZlo ase eTqva: `Jami Cemia~. am ukanmouqcevel<br />
gzaze raime Seferxeba iseTive damaRonebeli da<br />
sasircxvilo iqneboda misTvis misive Tavis winaSe, rogorc<br />
fxovelisTvis SavwyalTan amaod dgoma im Svidstriqonian<br />
baladaSi. es sanatreli Jamis gaSveba da samarcxvino<br />
xelmocarva iqneboda.<br />
267
268<br />
`sircxvil as sikvdil“, ambobs kai yma. magram rogori<br />
sikvdili? saxlSi sarecelze sikvdilia sircxvili. es namdvili<br />
tragediaa, imdenad mZime, rom misi Semcveli simRere<br />
sanTliT saZebaria. Tuki ipoveba, misi gamgrZelebelni<br />
cdiloben gamarTleba mouZebnon amgvar aRsasruls.<br />
sanam am tipis, SeiZleba erTaderT, baladas ganvixilavde,<br />
erT damaxasiaTebel ambavs movitan skandinaviel kaiymaTa<br />
cxovrebidan: roca starkidi daberda da TiTqmis dabrmavda,<br />
sul mudam imaze fiqri awuxebda, rom sawolSi ar<br />
momkvdariyo. raki mxolod brZolaSi dacemulTa xvedria<br />
valhala, `Calaze sikvdili~ ki – saZraxisi, sxva ra darCenoda<br />
starkids, Tu ara kiserze Camoekida oqroTi savse qisa,<br />
mkvlelis mizidvis mizniT, da gasuliyo gareT. sabolood<br />
man Tavi moakvlevina paters, romlis mama mas hyavda<br />
mokluli [gureviCi: 23].<br />
verafers vityvi, momxdara Tu ara aseTi SemTxveva kai<br />
ymaTa cxovrebaSi, magram is perspeqtiva, romelic skandinaviel<br />
starkids eloda, `zen bacaligos~ simRereSi faqtia.<br />
ai, es umoklesi balada:<br />
`zen bacaligos Tovsa Tovs, qven bacaligos Srebisa,<br />
TinibeqaurT cixesa kuTxi marjvena sqdebisa.<br />
Tavsa zis Savi yorani, libuSi gveli Zvrebisa,<br />
Siga wevs Tinibeqai, gulsuwadinod kvdebisa...~<br />
[qxp IV: 375-g].<br />
ras niSnavs aq `gulsuwadinod~? imas xom ara, rom Tinibeqas<br />
saerTod ar surs sikvdili? ra Tqma unda, ara. gulsuwadinod<br />
aq erTaderT rasme unda niSnavdes: cixeSi, Tavis<br />
SinaSi sikvdili ar surs Tinibeqas. misi wadili velze<br />
sikvdili iqneboda. magram is sarecelze kvdeba. erT-er-<br />
Ti variantis `uziareblad kvdebao~ Sorsmimaval fiqrs da<br />
varauds aRgviZravs, Tu gavixsenebT fragments e.w. sagmiro-samgloviaro<br />
leqsidan: `omSi moklulsa vaJkacsa rad<br />
unda ziarebao“? es asea, magram Tu Tinibeqa uziareblad<br />
kvdeba, iqneb amiT is aris naTqvami, rom igi brZolis velidan<br />
sasikvdilod daWrili ar dabrunebula, radgan brZolaSi<br />
sisxlis gaReba ziarebis tolfasia (gavixsenoT sisxliT<br />
naTlisReba). gana SemTxveviTia, rom ivaneuris aRsasruls<br />
baladis erT variantSi msxverplSewirvis saxe
aqvs: `mauqnevs xoSurauli, gaagdebinebs Tavsao, Tavs mas-<br />
Wris batkaniviTa, Sahrevs jvar-jvaris karsao~?<br />
ramdeni wlis sicocxles gaiRebda Tinibeqa, rom Suqiauris<br />
gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCeniliyo. am leqsSi<br />
xom Suqiauri Tavisi amgvari aRsasruliT saxelis sauflo-<br />
Si gadadis:<br />
`axiels TeTrsa cixesa Cardaxi Camosdisao,<br />
Siga zis Suqiauri, Tavs cecxli gadasdisao,<br />
Suqiauris £irimi gulmwuxrad gamodisao...~<br />
[qxp IV: 233].<br />
aq erTaderTi sityva `gulmwuxrad~ yvelafers ambobs.<br />
`zen bacaligos~ ori gagrZeleba aqvs. erTSi mocemulia<br />
cda Tinibeqais sikvdilis mizezis garkvevisa, radgan<br />
autanelia, rogorc vTqviT, Sin sikvdili, rasac veraferi<br />
gamoasworebs. variantSi cixeSi momakvdavs kvirika qvia saxelad<br />
da igi jixvebis devnas Seuwiravs, rac SeiZleboda<br />
brZolaSi dacemis analogiur aRsasrulad mieCnia romelime<br />
mTqmels. `jixvebs nu Casdev, kvirikav,...~ ase iwyeba<br />
`bacaligos~ gasagrZeleblad gamoyenebuli leqsi, romlis<br />
damoukidebeli warmoSoba udavoa, magram is kontaminaciurad<br />
Seezarda `gulsuwadinod~ momakvdavi Tinibeqas<br />
leqss. mas, rogorc daRupuli monadiris ciklis damoukidebel<br />
baladas (ix. `jarji~), umjobesia, adgili samonadiro<br />
poeziaSi mivuCinoT.<br />
`zen bacaligos~ aqvs meore, ufro bunebrivi gagrZeleba,<br />
sadac gardacvalebuls saTiTaod dastirian axloblebi<br />
– ded-mama:<br />
`Tinibeqais dedai, sawyal, sanTlebur dnebisa,<br />
Tinibeqais diaci dedaSi aRar jdebisa,<br />
gaoxrebuli lurjai samburSi aRar dgebisa...~<br />
[qxp IV:375-g].<br />
axla gavecnoT variants, romelic moicavs moymis sikvdilze<br />
damwuxrebulTa maqsimalur Semadgenlobas:<br />
`deda utiris beCavsa, gulze aRara sTbebao,<br />
dai ki kvirikaisa faragiT ixoSebao,<br />
269
270<br />
coli ki kvirikaisi sanTleburada dnebao,<br />
lurjai kvirikaisi samburCi aRar dgebao,<br />
mama ki kvirikaisi Tma-wveriT ixoSebao,<br />
franguli kvirikaisi qarqaSSi aRar dgebao~<br />
[SaniZe 1931:516-g].<br />
Tumca es stereotipad qceuli datirebani met-naklebi<br />
saxecvlilebebiT SeiZleba nebismieri sagmiro baladis<br />
erTgvar daskvnad gamodges. klasikuria am mxriv xogais<br />
mindis dasasruli, romelic mis TiTqmis yvela variants axlavs:<br />
`cxeni imisi tiali lurja totebze dgeboda,<br />
coli imisi beCavi sul Savad imoseboda,<br />
dedas imisas sabralos tirils aRara hxdeboda,<br />
mama imisi sabralo Tma-wveriT ixoSeboda~<br />
[qxp IV: 3].<br />
niSandoblivia, cxenisa da mxedris (patronis) urTier-<br />
Tobis (gavixsenoT `Cavalis, Caeubnebis~) gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
mgloviareTa Soris cxenis pirvel rigSi dasaxeleba.<br />
aris tendencia, rom am kanonikur sias gamoeyos da damoukidebeli<br />
leqsis saxe miiRos moymisgan daoblebulTa<br />
yvelaze, SeiZleba iTqvas, mebrZolisTvis intimurma atributebma,<br />
romelTagan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT xalxur rwmena-warmodgenebs<br />
maT nawilianobaze, erTi – cxeni – ar CaiTvleba<br />
ugunur arsebad.<br />
`Cava, Cahxvivis lurjai, mTibelav, Seni cxenia:<br />
vervin Samamxvda, mTibelav, mxedari Seni feria,<br />
vercvin mamiyvans omSia, verc vin maWmia qeria~ –<br />
[qxp IV: 413].<br />
meore ki – iaraRi – usulo nivTad. isini Tumca lakoniuri,<br />
magram Tavisi paTosiT epikuri suraTis personaJebi<br />
xdebian:<br />
`mTibelav, Seni franguli, itirebs, gadaiqceva:<br />
avahme, Cemo patrono, Senfrad aravin meqceva.<br />
vervin Samitans omSia, Samitans, gamameqceva~<br />
[qxp III: 02].
ukeTesad da ufro amomwuravad, da meti gulistkeniT<br />
verc erTi axlobeli ver daaxasiaTebda daRupul moymes.<br />
isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daoblebulTa Soris yvelaze<br />
tragikulni cxeni da franguli Canan.<br />
umxedrod darCenili `lurjas~ monologi TiTqos pasuxia<br />
tunkiT ivanes gamamxnevebel sityvebze Tavisi Semdrkali<br />
`cxenas~ mimarT. `guls me Cagideb magarsa~, ai, aseT,<br />
am sityvebis mTqmel mxedars mistiris cxeni.<br />
`leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa~<br />
Tavdapirveli saxiT es balada, rogorc akaki SaniZem<br />
[SaniZe 1931: 559] gamoarkvia adgilobrivi informatorebis<br />
gamokiTxvis Sedegad, aTiode striqonze meti ar unda yofiliyo.<br />
droTa viTarebaSi baladas emateboda striqonebi,<br />
romlebic TiTqos azustebdnen vefxvisa da moymis Sebmis<br />
detalebs da, ase gasinjeT, bunebis suraTsac ki. arada,<br />
moymis gmirobis saCveneblad sruliad sakmarisia is minimumi,<br />
romelic aRwers mxolod da mxolod aucilebels. Sexvedra<br />
vefxisa da moymisa, maTi Sebma danaxulia erT-erTi monawilis,<br />
cxadia, moymis TvaliT (`moymem Tqva, pirSiSvelama~),<br />
dinamikuri kadrebi iseTi katastrofuli siswrafiT enacvleba<br />
erTmaneTs, rom statikuri peizaJisTvis dro aRar<br />
unda rCebodes. `dro aRar dasCa moymesa~, naTqvamia leqsSive.<br />
drois ukmarisoba, rogorc vnaxeT, orTabrZolaze<br />
agebuli baladis uxilavi fonia, rogorc sasunTqi haeri.<br />
ai, savaraudo Tavdapirveli teqsti:<br />
`moymema pirSiSvelama, Sibn gaiarna kldisani,<br />
jixvsa Tof daxkra, ber£ensa, Walas jaxn iqnes rqisani.<br />
Sua gzas SamaaRamda, dron iyvnen SuRamisani.<br />
gzas vefxvi Sameeyara, Tvalni arisxna RvTisani,<br />
gaziT gaarTvna kalTani, jaWvisa javSanisani.<br />
moymemac xelSi iyarna vadani Tavis £mlisani,<br />
nel-nela gaWra frangulma, dron iyvnes waqcevisani,<br />
vefxvi kldeT gardaekida, CamaawiTlna qviSani,<br />
Taod kldis Tavzed Samowva moyme sulamomdinari.<br />
vin etyvis magis dedasa, kars usxen qadag-misanni,<br />
uerTod ar daixarjnes Cvenis afxazis isarni~<br />
[SaniZe 1931: 519].<br />
271
272<br />
rogorc teqstidan Cans, moyme ar apirebda frangulis<br />
moSveliebas da maSinRa moimarjva igi, roca vefxvma jaWvis<br />
perangi SemoafliTa mas. `maSin gauWra frangulma~, gauWra<br />
maSin, roca Tavadac sulamomdinari iyo. ratom erideboda<br />
vefxvis mokvlas moyme? TqmulebiT, vefxvis, rogorc<br />
arwivis, mokvla ikrZaleba. moyme ganwirulia, igi ukanasknel,<br />
zRvrul situaciaSia Cayenebuli, mas sxva gza ara<br />
aqvs. arsebobs azri, rom vefxvi, romelmac `Tvalni arisxna xTisani~,<br />
mas damsjelad moevlina ber£eni jixvis mokvlisaTvis.<br />
vefxvi RvTis risxvis gamomxatvelia (g. jafariZe).<br />
gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase Cans<br />
akaki SaniZis masalebis mixedviT, baladas gauCnda gagrZeleba,<br />
romelmac mas saxeli gauTqva. mis gareSe, saeWvoa,<br />
rom `leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa~ esoden popularuli gamxdariyo.<br />
Tumca popularoba yovelTvis aRmatebuli Rirsebis<br />
dasturi ar aris da am kerZo SemTxvevaSi igi erTgvarad<br />
sentimentalur da arcTu xalxuri warmoSobis humanistur<br />
talRaze gamoikveba.<br />
gavixsenoT, rogor mTvardeba xalxuri teqsti:<br />
`vin etyvis magis dedasa, kars usxeds qadag-misanni,<br />
uerTod ar daixarjnes Cvenis afxazis isarni~ .<br />
dedis motivi aq Zunwad, TavSekavebulad, xevsuruli<br />
tradiciis erTgulebiT aris gamoxatuli. Tavad balada ki<br />
Tavdeba iq, sadac moymem da vefxvma daasrules sicocxle<br />
– kldis Tavze. aq wertili daesva dros, Camoicala wamebi,<br />
qviSis saaTis amwuTisofluri WurWeli dacarielda. oriod<br />
striqonSi ixsenieba Wirisufali araglovis momentSi<br />
da moymis ganzogadebuli (amas isris xseneba mowmobs) Rirsebis<br />
da ara misi ukanaskneli gmirobis Sefaseba. es epilogia,<br />
sadac gmiri ukve moxveWili didebisa da saxelis rakursSia<br />
danaxuli.<br />
dedis xseneba boloswina striqonSi misi imgvari gagrZelebis<br />
biZgi unda yofiliyo, rogoradac gagrZelda<br />
igi. vinc ar unda yofiliyo baladis `meore karis~ Semqmneli,<br />
giorgi jabuSanuri, arcTu usaxelo meleqse, Tu sxva<br />
vinme, misi poeturi talanti eWvs ar iwvevs. leqsi, romelic<br />
eqvsgzis ametebs ZiriTad teqsts, TavisTavad didebulia,<br />
dedis motivi brwyinvaled aris damuSavebuli, mag-
am Zneli iqneba misTvis xalxur, gansakuTrebiT xevsuruli<br />
simReres tradiciaSi adgilis moZebna. darRveulia ara<br />
mxolod baladis formaluri mxare – Secvlilia riTma (yuvi,<br />
amaze qvemoT) da droisa da adgilis erTianobis, siuJetis<br />
ganuStoeblobis principi, aramed, rac mTavaria, myari<br />
eTnografiuli tradicia. saqme is aris, rom dedas xevsuruli<br />
etiketiT ekrZaleba Svilze (da qmarze) sajarod<br />
tirili (amaze qvemoT, ix. xmiT natirlebi). `iareboda dedai<br />
tiriliT, Tvalcremliani~ sruliad warmoudgenelia<br />
xevsurul (fSauri ukve itans) tradiciul sinamdvileSi.<br />
amitom vfiqrob, rom es damateba garRvevaa tradiciaSi,<br />
rac SeiZleboda axali tradiciis dasabami yofiliyo, magram<br />
ase ar moxda. dRemde xevsureTSi ar moipoveba dedis<br />
xmiT natirlebi, gansxvavebiT fSavisa, sadac am kdemamosil<br />
tradicias didi xnis winaT Seudga wyali.<br />
Tu davukvirdebiT, meore kari baladisa xuTi met-naklebad<br />
dasrulebuli monakveTisgan Sedgeba. Segubebulia<br />
TiTqos erTmaneTis Tanamimdevruli zRurblebiT baladis<br />
erTiani sunTqva. pirvel monakveTSi erTurTis daxocvis<br />
faqtia aRniSnuli (`imaT daxoces erTurTi~), momdevno<br />
monakveTebSi avtori miubrundeba Serkinebis peripetiebs<br />
da sxvadasxvagvarad gadmocems maT. pirvelad deda<br />
umisamarTod yveba ambavs: `Cem Svils gzad vefxvi Sahyria...~ meoreSi<br />
deda daWril(?) Svils, jerac cocxals, wylulebs<br />
uxvevs (es lafsusia Tu uCveulo metabole?); mesameSi: wina<br />
monakveTSi gacveTili xmali aq bolos uRebs vefxvs:<br />
`xmalma dakuwa Zvalia~. orTabrZola mTavrdeba da dedac<br />
amTavrebs tirils: `magis mets aRar gitireb...~ da moulodnelad<br />
yovelgvari tradiciis sawinaaRmdegod gaismis: `Sen<br />
ar xar satiralia~. meoTxeSi kvlav Tavidan iwyeba Serkineba<br />
dedis sizmarSi: `xan vefxvi, xan Tavis Svili elandeboda<br />
mZinarsa~; mexuTeSi moymis deda midis vefxvis dedasTan<br />
da dedam kvlav unda wamoiwyos Setakebis ambis moyola.<br />
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, TiToeuli monakveTi Tavis<br />
sakuTar yuvzea gawyobili ise, rom baladis yuvi arc<br />
erTSi ar meordeba. es bunebrivia, ramdenadac damoukidebeli<br />
monakveTi Tavis riTmas moiTxovs.<br />
gagrZeleba mTlianad ar aris mowyvetili xalxur tradicias:<br />
aq gvxvdeba SesaniSnavi striqoni, romelic arcTu<br />
Soreulad epaeqreba yornis yofiT-saRazrovan, uaresic,<br />
273
274<br />
obivatelur daskvnas. Tu yornisTvis `orniv yofilan uWkoni~,<br />
`vefxisa da moymis~ meore mgosani dedis piriT saqveynod<br />
acxadebs moymeTa kodeqsis upirveles WeSmaritebas:<br />
`arc vefxvi iyo jabani, arc Cem Svil Saxvda Wkviani~.<br />
Wkviani aq jabanis sinonimia. amdenad, `Wkviani moyme~ winaaRmdegobrivi<br />
cnebaa. saxels da didebas mxolod saRi azris<br />
sawinaaRmdegod mavalni ipoveben. Wkvianni iseve ver<br />
miswvdebian didebas da saxels, rogorc `vefxistyaosnis~<br />
saRvTo mijnurobas (`Wkvianni ver mixvdebian~). analogia,<br />
oRond mutatis mutandis, aSkaraa platonuri mantizmis (siSmagis)<br />
konteqstSi, roca dionisuri sawyisi adamianis aqtivobis<br />
gansxvavebul sferoebze vrceldeba.<br />
`Siola da mTrexeli~<br />
ramdenadme gansxvavebulia sxva sagmiro baladebisgan,<br />
Tumca ar SeiZleba darwmunebuli viyoT, rom igi sagmiro<br />
xasiaTisaa, ramdenadac orTabrZola (Tu am Setakebas or-<br />
TabrZolad CavTvliT) aq mTavari Tema ar aris. balada mravalmxriv<br />
aris saintereso: pirvel, rigSi, is istoriuli<br />
dokumentia, romelic konkretuli, cocxali SemTxveviT<br />
(xdomilebiT) gvisuraTebs saqarTvelos mTaSi Seqmnil situacias<br />
<strong>zurab</strong> erisTavis xanaSi. Siola, erTi gabudayebuli<br />
gvaris warmomadgeneli, aragvis erisTavis partikularistuli<br />
mcdelobebis dasayrdenia xevSi. hubrisi, rogorc<br />
wesi, tragikulad mTavrdeba da Siolas aRsasrulic<br />
amgvaria. tragediis arsia moulodneloba, mowinaaRmdege<br />
Zalis gauTvaliswinebloba. Siola im mxridan nasroli isris<br />
msxverpli xdeba, saidanac naklebad moeloda. ase iRupeba<br />
gabudayebuli TorRva Zaganic. magram, rogorc iTqva,<br />
es motivi aq ar aris mTavari. mTavari Tema TiTqos im<br />
samiode striqonSia gamoxatuli, romlebic erTgvari eqstrabaladuri<br />
sivrcidan gamosrolili SeZaxiliT agvirgvinebs<br />
baladis teqsts:<br />
`amboben Camaqcevasa axalcixuris kldisasa,<br />
Tan Cayolasa amboben qerbeRelais Zisasa,<br />
ver Seinaxa stumari, vai vas dedas mtrisasa!~<br />
[qxp XI: 27].
magram ara, `Siola da mTrexeli~ iseTi kompoziciurideuri<br />
mTlianobaa, rom saeWvoa, erTi romelime Tema dominirebdes<br />
masSi. aq dgas, ra Tqma unda, Rirsebis problema<br />
– Seuracxyofili vaJkacis Rirsebisa, romelsac Tavisi<br />
moymeobis ukanasknel (cxeni ukve gaiRo) atributs arTmeven<br />
(`ar daiSala, gadaswvda mxarT nadebs mSvildsa rqisasa~, aq<br />
ar SeiZleba ar mogvagondes yivCaRis moZaladuri moZraoba:<br />
`mozidna nawnavs Tmisasa~), Seuracxyofili maspinZlis<br />
Rirsebisa, romelsac stumari moukles (Tema, romelic vaJas<br />
geniam poemad aqcia); tradiciiT Semagrebul-gamarTlebuli<br />
Surisgebis dauokebeli Jini (`ganrisxebas Rgon xTisasa~);<br />
mkvlelis, Tundac sakuTari sicocxlis aradCamgdebis,<br />
pirveli reaqcia, Tavi Seafaros tradiciiT kurTxeul<br />
adgilebSi, eklesia iqneba Tu keria Tundac moklulis<br />
dis saxlSi (`dao, ver Saminaxavdi, cxonebas Seni Zmisasa~?);<br />
keriis mfarvelobiTi Zala, Surisgebis grZnobis mZleveli<br />
(`wamodo, Sao da bnelo, Tu suls vaameb mkvdrisasa~)...<br />
da mainc unda vTqvaT, rom am baladaSi TvalSi sacemia<br />
is ganaCeni, rac gamotanilia hubrisis winaaRmdeg: mas aqvs<br />
Tavisi mwvervali, apogea, romlis Semdeg iwyeba SeumCneveli<br />
dacema da uecari kraxi. amasve gadmogvcems TorRva<br />
Zaganis cxovreba, romelsac baladaSi aRzevebisa da dacemis<br />
klasikuri saxe aqvs micemuli.<br />
mainc ra aris mTavari? iqneb mTavari moqmedi aq droa,<br />
is dro-Jami, romelic gadis snoSi im sabediswero isris gasrolidan<br />
ukanasknel TavSesaframde, romelmac mainc ver<br />
Seifara mkvleli – dro, avsili egzistencialuri substanciiT,<br />
sadac erTni arian devnili (`daelnebas Rgav cisasa~)<br />
da mdevneli (`ganrisxebas Rgon xTisasa~)? dros aqac ise-<br />
Tive elvis siswrafe aqvs, rogorc sxvagan, sadac baladis<br />
gmiri sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvars Suaa moqceuli.<br />
`TorRva Zagani~<br />
TorRvas tragedia, romelic hubriszea agebuli, erTi<br />
baladis sivrciT ar Semoifargleba. is arc epikur JanrSi<br />
ar gadazrdila, ramdenadac eposi <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>s-<br />
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris.<br />
aq ar vsaubrobT TorRvas istoriulobaze. am problemas<br />
sagangebod ganixilavs t. maxauri [maxauri:182-230] da,<br />
275
276<br />
vfiqrob, damajerebel daskvnebamde midis. yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
istoriuli TorRvas pirovneba, rogoradac is werilobiT<br />
wyaroebsa da zepirsityvier gadmocemebSi Cans, savsebiT<br />
akmayofilebs am tipis baladis moTxovnebs.<br />
TorRvas Sesaxeb ramdenime baladuri teqstia Semonaxuli.<br />
erTi Tu mis warmoSobas gvamcnobs, meore – misi hubrisis<br />
(gabudayebis) niSnebs da gamoxatulebas saqcielSi,<br />
mesame – mis aRsasruls. am sami (Tu meti) teqstis ganlageba<br />
qronologiur xazze SeuZlebelia, radgan aq CamoTvlili<br />
epizodebi TiToeul maTgans msWvalavs. TiTqos TiToeuli<br />
maTgani dasrulebuli damoukidebeli baladaa, sxvadasxva<br />
kuTxiT rom gadmogvcems misi arsebobis tragedias.<br />
TiToeuli maTgani mTlianobaSi gvimxels TorRvas saxels<br />
mis bediswerasTan erTad.<br />
TorRvas jer Tavisi warmoSobiT da mere SobiT ori ise-<br />
Ti fundamenturi niSani aqvs, romelTagan erTic ki sakmarisi<br />
iqneboda mis gasabudayeblad. warmoSobiT is bagrationia,<br />
amdenad, nawiliani. mis beWebze `marjvniv mze werebuliyva,<br />
marcxniske – mTvaris nalio~. mesame niSania nawilianobis<br />
mizeziT mopovebuli jaWvis perangi, `Zmobilis<br />
naCuqari~ (es Zmobili xan qajebi arian, xan veSapia), raSic<br />
misi nawilianobaa ganivTebuli da, sanam igi mas axlavs,<br />
mtris isrisa Tu tyviisagan saimedod aris daculi.<br />
SeniSvna: italiel misionerTa gadmocemiT, imereTis mefeebs –<br />
aleqsandre III-s, bagrats dabadebidanve zurgis orive mxares jvari<br />
hqoniaT gamosaxuli [judiCi: 131; kasteli: 75, 76].<br />
TorRva damatebiT begaras uwesebs fSavlebs (`mSavleb, umateT<br />
begarsa~): TiTo cxvars da TiTo nacrian tomaras (zamTar-<br />
Si sanadiro gzebis gasamSraleblad), da kidev `sakargymoT~ arwivis<br />
frTas (isris kudisTvis). es TiTqos araferia, magram uaznauro<br />
fSavlebis moTminebis fiala ivseba da TorRva misTvis<br />
moulodnelad, naavadari ConTas xeliT ecema.<br />
– `vinc Sen eg mogces, TorRvao, mama wauwydes mkvdario!<br />
amaiwvada ConTama isari mWvartlianio:<br />
– samjer mamixve, TorRvao, sami dagikal cxvario,<br />
meoTxed mosuls dagikal TeTri qorai xario.<br />
gizave d’ ver dagizave, bagrationi xario.<br />
gulsa xkra, suksa uwia, daeca Zagnis gvario...~<br />
[SaniZe 1931: 44; qxp IV: 222].
es misi daRupvis gare mxarea. Temi Surs iZiebs gabudayebulze,<br />
rogorc Cveulebriv xdeba legendebsa da yofa-<br />
Si. magram mis aseT aRsasruls `metafizikuri~ planic axlavs:<br />
gabudayebis kulminaciaSi TorRvas tovebs nawili.<br />
iorSi `amaCqvefisas~ ucxom Tvali mohkra (`vin uga Tvalio~)<br />
mis SiSvel beWebze nawilis niSnebs, romelTa arseboba,<br />
dedis garda, aravis ar unda scodnoda, da `Zmobilis<br />
naCuqari~ jadosnuri jaWvis perangic tovebs mas.<br />
cocxali gmiri<br />
– `jaWvi ra uyav, TorRvao, qajebis naCuqario?<br />
– ielovanze gavwire, gacurda, rogorc wyalio~.<br />
iTqva, rom cocxali gmiri winaaRmdegobis Semcveli<br />
cnebaa im mizeziT, rom saxeli – gmirobis niSani, ZiriTadad<br />
da rogorc wesi, brZolaSi sikvdils moaqvs. amitom ambobs<br />
ivaneuri: `an movklav, an me movkvdebi, cocxalm ar<br />
unda viaro!~ gadarCenil kaiymas saxelis mopovebis naklebi<br />
Sansi aqvs. magram sagmiro poeziam icis sagmiro baladisgan<br />
gansxvavebuli teqstebi, sadac saxeldebiT Seqebulia<br />
konkretuli moyme. qebani ar aris stereotipuli. moymeobis<br />
poezias moymis sikeTis gadmocema-gamoxatvis<br />
mravalferovani saSualebebi aqvs. gavecnoT zogierT maTgans.<br />
`ar vici xando-WarTali, gudamayari sad ari.<br />
mTiuleTs gamigonia Tormeti cixe magari.<br />
samxreTiT wamogveweva veSagurT cxeni saRari,<br />
zeda zis mameswarai, welze artyia xanjali.<br />
aragvis piras SamoCnda, gaminaxevra laSqari,<br />
dabrunda, wyalze garecxa omSi naxmari far-xmali~<br />
[xalxuri poezia 1992: 89].<br />
erTaderTi, rac mameswara veSaguris saxelovan gamarjvebas<br />
gvamcnobs, es oradori sityvaa: `gaminaxevra laSqari~,<br />
sxva danarCeni mxolod fons uqmnis mas. `Tormeti<br />
cixe magari~ mis saxels emsaxureba, rogorc misi gmirobis<br />
Tanadi. cxeni, xanjali, far-xmali – moymis es aqsesuarebi<br />
inkrustaciebiviT aris Casmuli am umoklesi leqsis mcire<br />
sivrceSi. dasaxeleba `veSagurT cxeni~ ukve mowmobs am cxe-<br />
277
278<br />
nis saxelze, romelic isev da isev misi mxedris saxels emsaxureba,<br />
rogorc misi moymeobis Sesatyvisi. xolo brZolis<br />
dasasruli apoTeozis nacvlad sruliad yofiTi saqmianobiT<br />
aris gamoxatuli, rac imis mimaniSnebelia, rom<br />
garecxili far-xmali axali brZolis molodinSi iqneba.<br />
ai, kidev leqsi, romelic fragmentis STabeWdilebas<br />
tovebs, magram aramc da aramc fragmenti ar aris – igi damoukidebeli<br />
samstriqonedia:<br />
`meSvela milxauris Ze, niavo gergetisao,<br />
kivkav darbazis gamtexo, momtano sirmaisao,<br />
Tormetis SurismZebnelo, £elad momyvano tyvisao~<br />
[Tsufa 24441].<br />
meSvelas saxelisTvis, romelic imsaxurebs epiTets<br />
`niavi gergetisa~, sruliad sakmarisia darbazis (sakulto<br />
nageboba) gatexa da iqidan sirmis, rogorc nadavlis, wamoReba,<br />
rac mtruli Temis sruli ganadgurebis badalia,<br />
mere Tormetis Surismgebloba (rogorc viciT, Tormeti<br />
damasrulebeli ricxvia) da, bolos, tyvis moyvana sakuTari<br />
xeliT – Warbic aris, es saqmeni sagmironi mTlianad gadafaravs<br />
mis momavals.<br />
SeniSvna. gergeti RvTisSvilTa samyofelia, `niavi gergetisa~<br />
ki SeiZleba miviCnioT mxsnelis figuralur sinonimad. meSvelas qmedebani<br />
RvTisSvilTa mxsnel RvawlTan aris Sedarebuli. `sirma~ –<br />
aq: sakulto Tasis saxelia.<br />
<strong>zurab</strong> erisTavTan brZolebis epopeaSi varskvlaviviT<br />
brwyinavs xevsuri mamuka qalundauri. man sicocxleSive<br />
moipova gmiris statusi, magram usaxelod daasrula sicocxle.<br />
rogorc leqsebi, ise prozauli gadmocema guroel<br />
xevsurs nawilianad (jvar-xatTn wilnayarad) Tvlis.<br />
magram nawiliani iyo ara mxolod Tavad mamuka, aramed misi<br />
xmalic. mosalodneli brZolis win xmali qarqaSidan amoiwevda<br />
momavali gamarjvebis niSnad [gabuuri: 158]. sadag<br />
dReebSi igi sruliad prozaul cxovrebas misdevda. magaliTad,<br />
yoveldRiuri sakvebis mosapoveblad xifxolas<br />
(erTgvari mcenare) Txrida xolme yanaSi. misi nawilianoba<br />
anu qarizma swored krizisis periodSi iCenda Tavs, ebra-
el winaswarmetyvelTa da msajulTa darad uflis suli<br />
gadmodioda masze, ris Semdegac igi sruliad saxecvlili<br />
Sedioda brZolaSi. es sxvebisTvisac TvalsaCino iyo. gadmocemiT,<br />
salaSqrod mimaval mamukas win varskvlavi miuZRoda,<br />
rogorc naTlis sveti. roca mTaze gadmomdgar <strong>zurab</strong><br />
erisTavs mTis ZirSi momavali mamuka daunaxavs, Tavisi<br />
laSqari auyria da ukan gabrunebula [gabuuri: 59]. ramdenime<br />
fragmenti mamukas eposidan amgvarad gvixasiaTebs mis<br />
araordinalur pirovnebas.<br />
`Tan maxyves qalundaursa mamukas Suqni mzisani,<br />
bekengorT Camoewiva, yman CaWrna <strong>zurab</strong>isani,<br />
amandiT amabrunvilma samann Caxyudna qvisani...~<br />
[qxp XI: 47].<br />
brZola aragvis riyeze moxda da gamarjvebis niSnad mamukam<br />
erTi mozrdili lodi bekengoris Tavze aitana da miwaSi<br />
CaarWo. misi es qmedeba apoTeozis erTgvari niSani iyo,<br />
Tumca am dRidan daiwyo misma varskvlavma Casveneba. saqme<br />
is iyo, rom man daarRvia sakraluri wesi, akrZalva: imaze<br />
meti mteri mokla ukanasknel brZolaSi, ramdenis atanac<br />
mis nawilian xmals SeeZlo. am sabediswero epizods amgvarad<br />
gadmoscems besarion gabuuri:<br />
`... Tormet erTbaSad mauklav. meTormetisad ro Samaukrav<br />
£mali mamuka qalundaurs, maSin es meTormete<br />
kac mokluli TaviT fe£-aRm dayudebulas wyalSi da<br />
RmerTs Saswdomiv imTven xalxis codvai da Caugav £mal<br />
mamuka qalundaurs. SauZaxnebav xTisad: RmerTo, Sen nu<br />
gamiwyrebiv! mets aRar mavxklavav. maSin Caugav £mal qalundaurs,<br />
uTqom damrCal <strong>zurab</strong>is jarTad: mSvidobiT,<br />
£el magimarTasT! RmerTm aRar mamc metis £ocis nebai, da<br />
amabrunvil~<br />
[gabuuri:159].<br />
amis Semdeg Cauyudebia is samani bekengorze. RmerTma<br />
metis xocvis nebac ar misca da arc apatia. mamuka qalundauri,<br />
bekengoris gmiri, usaxelod iRupeba RvTisgan gawiruli<br />
TorRvas msgavsad (ix. zemoT). magram samani, misi gmi-<br />
279
280<br />
robis niSnad misive xeliT aRmarTuli, darCa bekengorze.<br />
bekengori qalundauris kidev erTi saswaulebrivi siCauqis<br />
mowme iyo, romelic amgvarad gamoxata leqsma:<br />
`bekenTgor qalundauri yornis griloebs xyvebisa~<br />
[qxp III: 50].<br />
SeniSvnebi. mamukas, romlis gvari gogoWuri iyo, metsaxeli `qalundauri~<br />
misi matareblis askezis gamoxatulebaa: `qal-undauri~<br />
unda miuTiTebdes qalebTan urTierTobisgan TavSekavebis aRTqmaze<br />
(xevs. undauri – moZule), Tumca es Tema maincdamainc gaSlili<br />
ar aris qalundauris eposSi.<br />
bekengori (an begengori) maRali mTaa gudanis maxloblad. misi<br />
ferdobi TiTqmis Sveulad eSveba aragvis riyeze, saidanac mamukam<br />
riyis qva iatana bekengorze.<br />
samani Cveulebriv niSnavs mijnas, romelic gamoyofs erT nakveTs<br />
meorisgan, amrigad, is samaxsovro niSania. qalundaurma aRmarTa<br />
igi: Tavisi gamarjvebis niSnad da kidev imis niSnad, rom amieridan<br />
iwyeboda misi cxovrebis axali etapi, romelic dekadansiT aRiniSna.<br />
mamukas xeliT dayudebuli samani bolo dromde ixilveboda<br />
bekengorze. am striqonebis avtors, bacaligo-atabedan gudanisken mimavals,<br />
orgzis mouxilavs igi. amboben, viRac xevsur herostrates<br />
amouZirkvavs igi da aragvis riyisTvis daubrunebia. mamukas ki anderZad<br />
hqonda datovebuli: `vinac Cem sikvdiliTges amaze mgzavr<br />
aivl-Caivlis da vinac am samanTan sam yanws arayians ar daRlocavs,<br />
am Cemis £mlis codva ekidas, rac Cem £mals codva uqnav da kac mauklav~<br />
[gabuuri:159-160].<br />
`yornis griloebs xyvebisa~ anu mfrinavi yornebis dafenil<br />
Crdilebs misdevdao (grilo – Crdili).<br />
monadire<br />
monadireoba saomari moqmedebaa, igi xSirad orTabrZolis<br />
xasiaTs iRebs, ris magaliTad `leqsi vefxvisa da<br />
moymisa~ kmara. gareuli mxeci ucxoa, rogorc mteri, da<br />
nadiroba TiTqos omia maT winaaRmdeg. swored amitom, rom<br />
nadiroba Zaladobaa, misi neitralizaciis mizniT, garkveul<br />
sazogadoebebSi igi sagangebo ritualebiT aris garemosili.<br />
monadire sanadirod wasvlis win icavs akrZalve-
is mTels wyebas, raTa misi nadiroba ara mxolod warmatebuli,<br />
aramed legitimuric iyos. nadirobasTan dakavSirebulia<br />
gansacdeli, ucnobis samyaros xilva, Cveulebriobis<br />
sazRvrebis gadalaxva an im zRurblis miRweva, saidanac<br />
iwyeba sxva, aqamde ganucdeli samyaro. es garemoeba ki<br />
riskis winaSe ayenebs monadires. amitomac ar aris paradoqsi,<br />
rom warmatebuli monadire, iseve rogorc davlaTiannawiliani<br />
meomari (TorRva Zagani, ioneur TeTrauli, mamuka<br />
qalundauri da sxvani), mSvidobianad ar amTavrebs sicocxles.<br />
samonadiro <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis arsebiTia daRupuli<br />
monadiris cikli, romelsac sagangebo monografia<br />
mieZRvna [virsalaZe 1964].<br />
monadire, rogorc wesi, isjeba zedmeti nadiris daxocvisTvis.<br />
arsebobs wesi: asi jixvis mokvlis Semdeg Tofi<br />
miwaSi imarxeba. es is Tofia, romelmac azari Seasrula<br />
da misi gamoyeneba ekrZaleba monadires. monadire Corla<br />
isjeba imisaTvis, rom man as oci jixvi da arCvi mokla, mxolod<br />
erTi koWli Txa gadaurCa [svanuri poezia: 291].<br />
gadametebuli nanadirevi monadiris hubrisis gamoxatulebaa.<br />
es ar epatieba monadires, rogorc qalundaurs<br />
ar epatia im meTormetis mokvla. monadire isjeba ara imdenad<br />
zedmeti nadiris mokvlisTvis, aramed hubrisisTvis,<br />
imis daviwyebisTvis, rom nadirobaSi warmateba nadirT patronzea<br />
damokidebuli da ara misi monadireobis xelovnebaze<br />
an davlaTze, romlis wyaro nadirT patronia. warmateba<br />
davlaTia, romelic eZleva monadires da, rogorc eZleva,<br />
iseve waerTmeva. zedmeti an niSandebuli nadiris mokvla<br />
qurdobis tolfasia: monadire qurdavs `nadirT patrons~.<br />
amisTvis is unda daisajos.<br />
nadirT patronTan urTierToba, romelic aucilebelia<br />
nadirobaSi warmatebisaTvis, satrfialo kavSiris saxes<br />
iRebs. am dros nadirT patroni dedria. qarTul folklorSi<br />
ori tipi gamoikveTa am urTierTobisa, erTi svanur<br />
zepirsityvierebaSia dadasturebuli, meore – megrulSi.<br />
erTgan dalia, meoregan – `tyaSmafa~ (tyis mefe Tu<br />
dedofali).<br />
rCeuli monadireebi dalis an tyaSmafas sayvarlebi arian.<br />
am pirobiT isini aRweven warmatebas. Tumca monadire, Cveulebriv,<br />
gaurbis nadirT mwyemsis siyvaruls. niSandoblivia: Tu ar-<br />
281
282<br />
Cevani monadirezea, anu Tu monadires aqvs alternativa, igi<br />
oridan – dalTan wola Tu cxra jixvi – am ukanasknels irCevs.<br />
ase iqceva dalis bavSvis gadamrCeni monadire: warmatebas ir-<br />
Cevs, magram dali pasuxs mkacrad agebinebs, Tu man cxras gadaaWarba<br />
an am cxraSi swored imas esrola, romlis mokvla akrZaluli<br />
aqvs. es xSirad oqrosrqiani jixvia da misTvis nasroli<br />
tyvia Tavad msrolels miubrundeba.<br />
ufro xSirad monadires ara aqvs alternativa. igi iZulebulia<br />
dahyves dalis nebas: sayvarlad gauxdes mas da<br />
warmateba uzrunvelyofilia, magram amieridan monadire<br />
mudmivi safrTxis winaSea.<br />
am siyvaruls TiTqos kanonieri saxe aqvs, es erTgvari<br />
qorwinebaa, misi niSani mZivia an beWedi, romelsac monadire<br />
saidumlod unda inaxavdes. am mZivSi Tu beWedSia ganiv-<br />
Tebuli monadiris bedi. masze unda Semowmdes misi erTguleba<br />
dalisadmi. magram monadires `Sin~ kanonieri qali<br />
hyavs. amieridan misi cxovreba gaorebulia – cxovreba<br />
`Sin~ da `gareT~.<br />
dalTan qorwineba Tumca efemerulia, magram misi Sedegi<br />
tragikulia. dali Rupavs, dalive daitirebs.<br />
svanuri samonadireo teqstebi epikuria, sinkretizmis<br />
niSniT aris aRbeWdili – isini ferxulSi sruldeba, ferxulis<br />
dinamikam da ritmma TiTqos unda gadmosces ganwiruli<br />
monadiris daRupvis gardauvali procesi.<br />
bail yvela dailocos aq myofi, bail, ilba bail.<br />
bail, sabralo beTqil, sacodao beTqil, bail....<br />
bail, beTqil, dalis moRalatev, bail....<br />
bail, mulax-muJali ikribeba, bail...<br />
bail, ferxuliT uvlian JamuSis moedans, bail...<br />
bail, gadmomxtara TeTri Suni, bail...<br />
bail, gaZromia beTqils lajebSi, bail...<br />
bail, es beTqilis wera iqneba, bail...<br />
bail, amis mdevari vin iqneba, bail...<br />
bail, amis mdevari beTqili iqneba, bail...~<br />
[xalxuri poezia 1992: 163].<br />
sofeli grZnobs, rom es TeTri Suni, romelic sinamdvileSi<br />
arc aris Suni, beTqilis bedisweraa. beTqili pasuxismgebelia<br />
mis gamoCenaze, amitomac valdebulia gah-
yves mis kvals. Sunis saxiT movlenilma CaSala ferxuli,<br />
daarRvia sayovelTao mxiaruleba, zeimi. uaresic moxdeba,<br />
Tu damnaSave ar gaica. amas acxadebs sofeli sityvebiT<br />
`amis mdevari beTqili iqneba~, sxva aravin. dali, romelic<br />
Sunis saxiT gamoecxada sofels, sxvas aravis moiTxovs. sofeli<br />
grZnobs, rom es beTqilis ukanaskneli nadiroba iqneba<br />
da aravin ecileba Sunis monadirebaSi. `Cemi mocemuli<br />
mZivi ra uyavi?~ – kiTxva dasmulia miuval kldeze, sadac<br />
gaityua Sunma beTqili da saidanac Camosvla mas ar uweria.<br />
mZivi ara mxolod sasiyvaruli saCuqaria, aramed saidumlos<br />
niSanic aris, romlis siwmide beTqilma ver Seinaxa,<br />
`gaarioSa~ (`garioSeba~ – desakralizacia). amitomac igi<br />
unda daisajos. da dali mTeli sisastikiT sjis mas. sad unda<br />
daisajos monadire, Tu ara isev da isev im sajixveebSi,<br />
sadac mas warmateba hqonda. rogorc ki dali miatovebs mas<br />
– gauCinardeba, beTqili ufskrulis Tavze dakidebuli aRmoCndeba.<br />
mTeli sofeli mis saSvelad moemarTeba, magram<br />
vidre kldis Zirs miaRwevdes, `manamde beTqili gadmovardnila,<br />
mis mZors daTvi Wams, mis Tvalebs yorani kortnis...~<br />
svani beTqilis dramis tipologiuria raWveli ivane qvacixelis<br />
tragikuli ambavi. oRond qvacixelis TqmulebaSi teqstSi<br />
ar Cans nadirT patronis monawileoba. magram sasjeli aSkaraa<br />
da is Zalze sastikia: kldeze SerCenil qvacixels ukidures<br />
gasaWirSi mouxdeba Tavisi monadireobis atributebze uaris<br />
Tqma Tu maTi SebRalva: klavs erTgul ZaRls yurSas da<br />
cecxls aCaRebs sanadiro iaraRebiT – isrebiT, mSvildiT da<br />
kaparWiT [virsalaZe: 191]. ufskrulSi gadaCexvamde igi sruliad<br />
gacamtverda rogorc monadire.<br />
TiTqos paradoqsuli kanonzomierebaa: rac ufro saxelovania<br />
monadire, miT ufro gardauvalia misi tragikuli<br />
aRsasruli. `jixvebis muqaraze~ mdgomni iqcevian rogorc<br />
ukandauxeveli meomrebi, radgan nadiroba brZolaa,<br />
rasac es samonadiro baladac mowmobs. aq jarji iziarebs<br />
beTqilisa da ivane qvacixelis xvedrs, magram mis monadirul<br />
qcevas sxva niuansic axlavs, rac arsebiTia.<br />
`jixvebis ganavali klde ro naxo, gagikvirdeba,<br />
imaT nawolsa, nadgomsa Toli ar maekideba.<br />
fex ro mausxltes tialsa, kldeze rqiT daekideba.<br />
imaT mimyolsa vaJkacsa ra kargi waekideba.<br />
283
284<br />
jarjo, Cahxedav jixvebsa, ra mSvenierni wvanano,<br />
rqa rqaze gadauxvevav, angelozebsa Rgvanano.<br />
jarjiv, nu misdev jixvebsa, mogineleben tialni!<br />
ar daijera jarjima, sxvac bevr mamcdara Wkviani.<br />
Camauqadla vaJkacma xirimi spilos Zvliani,<br />
win jixvTa, ukan jarjima kldeze gadiRes griali,<br />
arxalos Walas Cacvivdnen, arxalos perangiani.<br />
Cabanos Walas gavarda moyme fexwriapiani.<br />
amaitanes mamkvdari, tiris qali da zalia.<br />
Samaawvines karzeda kldis dafleTili tania,<br />
gadaglejili Tav-piri, yornis daTxrilni Tvalnia,<br />
saxsovrad jarjis saflavze daakrnes jixvis rqania.<br />
erT gverdze Tofi siaTa, meore gverdze xmalia,<br />
zed daaweres werili: jarji jixvTagan mkvdaria~<br />
[qxp IV: 374].<br />
es namdvili orTabrZolaa da igi namdvilad uTanasworoa.<br />
magram ar arsebobs Zala, romelic uars aTqmevinebs<br />
monadires, msgavsad omSi gasuli moymisa, am SebrZolebaze. ukan<br />
daxeva marcxis tolfasia. adamiani uWko unda iyos (rogorc<br />
vefxvTan mebrZoli moyme), rom brZola gaumarTos jixvs<br />
missave `moedanze~ – pitalo kldeebze. jixvs rom fexi dausxltes,<br />
Tavisi bunebrivi iaraRiT – rqiT daekideba, magram<br />
moymes gadarCenis sxva saSualeba ara aqvs, garda wriapisa,<br />
magram esec ver uSvelis. ai, xevsuri sindiurisZe Casafrebuli<br />
mebrZoliviT gzas uRobavs jixvebs WiuxebSi:<br />
`ar eSobian Rurbelni maRlis Wiuxis wversao.<br />
Wiuxis kuWulazeda sindaurisZe wevsao,<br />
jixvebis muqarazeda Rames aTenebs bnelsao.<br />
ji£vTa rai qnes SamdgarTa, an im vefxvs ra iWersao?<br />
ji£vni Civian WiuxSi: veRar SeudiT kldesao,<br />
Cven gadasaval sartyelSi vefxvi mwkliani wevsao.<br />
ji£vn SaSCivian WiuxTa, Wiuxni kalmis wversao,<br />
kalami daswers qaRaldsa, miscems aragvi £evsao.<br />
SibuT maua pasuxi, wyali samayris persao,<br />
kacs iklebs sindaurisZe, naxocis CamamTvlelsao.<br />
Teqvsmet ji£vSiiT narCevsa, kldezeiT Camamwvdelsao~<br />
[qxp VII: 656].
SeniSvna. `kacs iklebs sindaurisZe, naxocis CamamTvlelsao~, anu<br />
sindaurisZe moisaklisebs daxocili jixvebis damTvlels; amis nacvlad<br />
sxva azrs iZleva varianti: `kacs natrobs monadirei, na£ocis<br />
CamamTrelsao~ [qxp VII: 656-g]. anu monadire natrobs mas, vinc Camoataninebs<br />
Wiuxebidan daxocil jixvebs. orive SemTxvevaSi aSkarad gamoxatulia<br />
monadiris siamaye – hubrisi, rac misi daRupvis mizezi<br />
xdeba.<br />
Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, beTqilisa da jarjisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
sindaurisZe ar gadaCexila ufskrulebSi: misi sxeuli<br />
samudamod SerCa Wiuxebs, risTvisac am adgils `sindauris<br />
marali~ daerqva. es iyo misi sasjelic da didebac.<br />
dRemde SesZaxian mas, rogorc adre, roca afrTxilebdnen:<br />
`Camoxe, sindiurao, klde nu aavse mZoriTa,<br />
gvayruebs monadireTa yefa mag Savis yornisa...~<br />
[qxp VII: 655].<br />
magram warmatebiT gaTamamebulma (hubrisis niSani) ar<br />
datova Wiuxebi. moyme kidev imitomac ar daixevs ukan, rom,<br />
rogorc Tavad ambobs,<br />
`jixvni miyvardes tialni, mec magaT miyves ziani,<br />
xelSiiT damadebies vintoka pirkvamliani~<br />
[qxp IV: 374-e].<br />
jixvebi uyvars moymes, rogorc mebrZols mteri, romlis<br />
arseboba saxelis moxveWis erTaderTi pirobaa. Tumca<br />
siyvarulis mizezi is sanaxaobac aris, romlis erTader-<br />
Ti mxilveli monadirea –<br />
`jarjo, Cahxedav jixvebsa, ra mSvenierni wvanano,<br />
rqa rqaze gadauxvevav, angelozebsa Rgvanano~.<br />
rogor SeuZlia mas ukan daixios am angelozuri silamazis<br />
winaSe? magram, rogorc sxva, monaTesave baladidan<br />
Cans, jixvebis angelozuroba moCvenebiTia da macTuri, mis<br />
ukan sxva Zala imaleba:<br />
`ji£vTa nu misdev, kvirikav kurdRelaSvilo, kldisaTa!<br />
Tor Cagityuebs ji£vebi, fxas Cagaglejen kldisaTa.<br />
gagimaRleben eSmaksa, naqars dagcemen mTisas...~<br />
[SaniZe 1931: 516].<br />
285
286<br />
SeniSvna. `gagimaRleben eSmaksa~, anu eSmakis xelSi mogaqceveno,<br />
SemTxveviT ar aris naTqvami. amboben: `nadiri eSmakT saqonia da<br />
mwyems-patroni eSmakio~ [baliauri: 112]. nadirobas aqvs mkveTri negatiuri<br />
mxare, romelsac yofiTi azri ar Tvlis Wkvianis saqmed.<br />
`nu mixol...~ – mudam Tan sdevs gafrTxileba monadiris gzas. yofi-<br />
Ti TvalsazrisiT, romelic emTxveva epikurs, monadiris bolo tragikulia:<br />
`arc dRiT (bunebrivi sikvdiliT, z.k.) mokvdeba, kldeze<br />
gadmovardeba an zavi moiyolebso~. epikur JanrSic, romelic heroikulia<br />
da Wkuas gamoricxavs, gakrTeba es gafrTxileba: `ji£vTa nu<br />
misdev~. gana aseve ar fiqrobs yorani, roca fxovelisa da Savanelis<br />
Tavganwiruli orTabrZolis Semswre gaxdeba – `orniv yofilan<br />
uWkoni, erTm mainc rad ar dasTmao~? magram vefxvTan mebrZolis<br />
deda sxvagvarad fiqrobs siamayiT – `arc Cem Svil Saxvda Wkviani~.<br />
svanuri epikuri samonadiro tradicia icnobs `karg<br />
monadireebs~ (xoCa meTxv¡ar) – Corlas da qalas [svanuri<br />
poezia: 94-a, b, c], romlebic beTqilis beds gaiziarebdnen,<br />
rom wm. giorgi (jgrag) ar gamosarCleboda maT. dali RalatisTvis<br />
ar iZiebs Surs, aramed zedmeti nadiris daxocvisTvis<br />
(`as oci ukve mogiklavs, jixvi da arCvi yvela Sereulad,<br />
erTi koWli Txa dagrCa~). Cans, es kargi monadireebi<br />
wm. giorgis rCeulebi arian da wm. giorgive ajildoebs<br />
maT nadirobis davlaTiT:<br />
`axla natvrasac mogcem:<br />
dReSi TiTo jixvi gqondes,<br />
wvrili arCvi uaruTqmelad gqondes.<br />
sanam gindodes, ase iyav,<br />
roca Sen sikvdili gerCios,<br />
manamde es natvra gqondes~<br />
[svanuri poezia: 94-c, str. 93-98].<br />
marTalia, jixvTmebrZolni Corla da qala nadirobis<br />
davlaTiT jildovdebian, magram amis mopoveba maT didi<br />
riskis fasad uxdebaT. maT saqmianobas, rogorc yovel<br />
sabrZolo Setakebas, mudmivad Tan sdevs xifaTi. aravin<br />
icis, sanamdi gastans maTi warmatebuloba, rasac svanuri<br />
leqsi `natvras~ uwodebs. jgragis piroba mtkicea, magram<br />
aseTive mtkicea mokvdavi?
literatura<br />
baliauri: baliauri m., makalaTia n., masalebi aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTvelos mTielTa sameurneo<br />
yofis istoriidan, `mecniereba~,<br />
Tb., 1989.<br />
gabuuri: besarion gabuuri, xevsuruli masalebi (<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis weliwdeuli<br />
I-II, 1923-1924, tfilisi).<br />
gureviCi: Ãóðåâè÷ À.ß., “Ýääà è ñàãà”, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1979.<br />
virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe e., <strong>qarTuli</strong> samonadiro eposi,<br />
daRupuli monadiris cikli, `mecniereba~,<br />
Tb., 1964.<br />
Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli<br />
arqivi.<br />
kasteli: qristoforo kasteli, cnobebi da albomi saqar-<br />
Tvelos Sesaxeb, `mecniereba~, Tb.,<br />
1976.<br />
maxauri: maxauri t., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sagmiro balada,<br />
`lomisi~, Tb., 2003.<br />
svanuri poezia: svanuri poezia I, simRerebi Sekribes da<br />
qarTulad Targmnes a. SaniZem, v. Tofuriam,<br />
m. gujejianma, Tb., 1939.<br />
qxp III: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. III, `mecniereba~,<br />
Tb., 1974.<br />
qxp IV: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. IV, `mecniereba~,<br />
Tb., 1975.<br />
qxp VII: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VII, `mecniereba~,<br />
Tb., 1979.<br />
SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia I, xevsuruli,<br />
saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, tf.<br />
[1931].<br />
judiCi: don juzepe judiCi milaneli, werilebi saqar-<br />
Tveloze, XVI saukune, `sabWoTa saqar-<br />
Tvelo~, Tb., 1964.<br />
xalxuri poezia 1992: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia, qrestomaTia<br />
Seadgines <strong>zurab</strong> <strong>kiknaZe</strong>m da<br />
tristan maxaurma, Tsu, 1992.<br />
287
288<br />
satrfialo poezia<br />
rodesac folkloruli Janrebis yofiTobaze, yofaSi<br />
maT met-nakleb Cafesvilobaze, vsaubrobT, ra SegviZlia<br />
vTqvaT siyvarulis grZnobaze, romelic uSualo kavSir-<br />
Sia pirovnebis problemasTan, ramdenadac siyvaruli mxolod<br />
da mxolod pirovnebis ganzomilebaSi arsebobs. igi<br />
yvela adamianSi Cabudebulia, rogorc SesaZlebloba, romelic<br />
met-naklebi intensivobiT iCens Tavs? ar SevcdebiT,<br />
Tu vityviT, rom es grZnoba, rogorc arc erTi moTxovnileba<br />
adamianisa, moicavs mTel pirovnebas. igi uaRresad<br />
adamianuria imdenad, rom adamianis gansazRvrebis (cnebis)<br />
erTi, SesaZloa, yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia.<br />
Tu adamiani imdenad aris adamiani, ramdenadac fiqrobs, azrovnebs,<br />
Sromobs, ibrZvis, ocnebobs da sxva, romelTa er-<br />
TobliobiT igi fundamenturad gansxvavdeba cxovelisgan,<br />
am rigSi gadamwyveti adgili uWiravs siyvaruls. Tu<br />
adamiani iaraRis mkeTebelia, an Tu adamianze vambobT, rom<br />
igi azrovnebs, maSasadame, arsebobs, anu rom misi arsebobis<br />
piroba azrovnebaa, aseve SegviZlia vTqvaT: miyvars, ma-<br />
Sasadame, varsebob. Cven vlaparakobT ara instinqtze, romelic<br />
maiZulebeli faqtoria cxovelTa qcevisTvis da mas<br />
ar SeuZlia ar daemorCilos mas, uaryos igi, aramed im<br />
grZnobaze, romelic adamians ara mxolod marTavs, aramed<br />
imarTeba kidec adamianis mier; siyvaruli Tu batonobs adamianze,<br />
adamiansac Seswevs Zala, batonobdes masze. cocxal<br />
arsebaTa samyaroSi adamiani erTaderTia, romlis cxovrebaSi<br />
siyvaruli problemaa, misi yofna-aryofnis ganmsazRvrelia,<br />
is grZnobaa, romelsac SeuZlia tragizmiT ganmsWvalos<br />
misi arseboba. amitomac, siyvaruli rTuli fenomenia,<br />
Tuki SesaZlebelia igi fenomenad, movlenad, CaiTvalos.<br />
Tu fenomenia, is uTuod metafizikuri raRac realobis<br />
gamovlinebaa adamianur samyaroSi.<br />
folklors mdumared ar auvlia gverdi am grZnobis-<br />
Tvis, mravalferovnad da mravali kuTxiT moaxdina misi<br />
verbalizacia dawyebuli misi spontanuri gamoxatviT, roca<br />
mzera garegnobis aRqmiT kmayofildeba, damTavrebuli<br />
eqspresiis faqizi da rTuli niuansebiT, TviT siyvarulis,<br />
rogorc sneulebis, gancdiT. namdvilad, xalxuri<br />
erotikuli lirika amarTlebs `qebaTa qebis~ cnobil sity-
vebs, rom siyvaruli sikvdiliviT Zlieria (8: 6), swored<br />
iseTi, rogorsac `eTerianSi~ gavecaniT.<br />
im siyvaruls, romelsac satrfialo lirika umReris,<br />
araferi aqvs saerTo saqorwino-sawesCveulebo teqsteb-<br />
Tan. qorwili ar aris is arxi, romelsac SeeZleboda sadinari<br />
mieca siyvarulis grZnobisTvis. lirikis Tema Tavisuflad<br />
aRmocenebuli da Tavisuflad gaSvebuli siyvarulia,<br />
romlis mizani masSivea. qal-vaJis saqorwino kavSiri<br />
ki ojaxis Seqmnas da gvaris gagrZelebas emsaxureba. siyvaruli<br />
pirovnulia, amdenad Tavisufali; ojaxi, Tumca is<br />
qal-vaJis intimur urTierTobas efuZneba, sazogadoebrivia<br />
da mas SeuZlia Caklas siyvaruli. tradiciul sazogadoebaSi<br />
colqmruli urTierToba ar aris siyvarulze agebuli,<br />
amitomac satrfialo poeziis Tema arasodes gamxdara<br />
colqmruli urTierToba. saqorwino sawesCveulebo<br />
teqstebSi iSviaTi gamonaklisia siyvarulis xseneba, es poezia<br />
ar umReris siyvaruls, aramed Svilianobas, siuxves,<br />
bednierebas, simtkices, xangrZliv sicocxles (`RmerTma<br />
mag qals Segaberos, mogces xuTi vaJiSvili, ucvalebeli<br />
amyofos, mefeo, Seni gvirgvini~). es poezia usurvebs mefe-patarZals<br />
yovelive amqveyniur sikeTes, Tanxmobas,<br />
yvelafers, rac emsaxureba ojaxis simtkices, keTildReobas,<br />
momavals, magram siyvaruli aravis axsendeba. qorwilSi<br />
mowveuli mestvire amgvarad locavs wyvils:<br />
Cemi stviri gevedrebaT, mismineT damlocvelsao!<br />
batonebo, gaumarjos Tqvens nefe-dedofalsao.<br />
angelozis guli misces ufalman patarZalsao,<br />
eyolos egeTi vaJi, hgavdes natvris Tvalsao.<br />
rom pativiT eqceodes dedamTil-mamamTilsao<br />
da malamod edebodes Tavis qmarsa da Svilsao<br />
[qxp V: 529].<br />
Tu siyvarulis niSani mainc gamoCndeba saqorwino leqsebSi,<br />
igi Tavs iCens rogorc akrZaluli xili.<br />
karkuCiT wamaiyvanes qali maiko Tmiani,<br />
Svidi mayari gamoyva, Svidive cxenosniani.<br />
wyalT xidTan rom movediT, dadga xanjlebis briali.<br />
289
290<br />
ar maiSala maikom Savi Tvalebis briali,<br />
zamTris uyvarda buxari, zafxulis grili niavi<br />
[qxp V: 497].<br />
an es fragmenti<br />
bevri minaxavs Wir-lxini, bevrsac var gadanayari,<br />
es ki ar gamigonia, dedufals xkocnis mayari<br />
[qxp V: 498].<br />
SesaZloa, paradoqsi iyos, magram faqtia, rom satrfialo<br />
poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebis Tema ganuxorcielebeli<br />
siyvarulia, amitomac maT xSirad ocnebisa da natvris<br />
saxe aqvT da msmeneli grZnobs, rom es ocneba auxdenelia<br />
da natvris sagani – miuRweveli. ormxriv swrafvas erTur-<br />
Tisadmi raRac uSlis xels, raRac abrkolebs, rogorc is<br />
mdinare, vaJa-fSavelas leqsSi `aqeTken me var, iqiT Sen...~.<br />
iSviaTia idiliuri suraTi, roca siyvarulis Tasi arasodes<br />
icleba, sul mudam savsea, rogorc am leqsSi –<br />
visia mwvane karavi, karvebSi ar ereoda?<br />
visia qali lamazi, qalebSi ar ereoda?<br />
gverds ejda kargi vaJkaci, hkocnis da zed eleoda.<br />
gverds edga saRviniT Rvino, svamda da ar eleoda.<br />
netavi magis dedasa, sxva raRad daeleoda!<br />
[qxp VI: 275].<br />
msmeneli ar moelis, rom am leqsis qal-vaJis urTier-<br />
Toba saqorwino kavSiriT dasruldeba. aseTi yofa Tavad<br />
aris qorwili, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo yofiT qorwilTan,<br />
romelic warmavalia da mxolod da mxolod gvaris<br />
interesebs emsaxureba. arc am vaJis dedas, romelic aq<br />
aris naxsenebi, ara aqvs dedamTilad, uares SemTxvevaSi,<br />
`rZal-dedamTilianis~ personaJad gaxdomis perspeqtiva.<br />
aseTi yofa, roca qali da vaJi mxolod da mxolod erTmaneTs<br />
ekuTvnian ganuyoflad, amasTan siyvaruls emsaxurebian<br />
da ara ojaxs, realobaSi ganuxorcielebelia. maT Soris<br />
xilulad Tu uxilavad mudam imyofeba `viRac mesame~<br />
`avsuli bebris~ Tu soflis saxiT. siyvaruli, romelic maradiulobis<br />
gancdas badebs, wuTisoflis warmavalobaze
imsxvreva. es aris saerTo mounelebeli naRveli, romelic,<br />
miuxedavad xalisiani striqonebisa, gamosWvivis am leqsebSi.<br />
amitomac aris, rom siyvaruli dramatizebuli ocnebis<br />
JanrSia gadatanili. siyvarulis gadasarCenad uariyofa<br />
saqorwino kavSiri. didebulia qmris ojaxSi Sesuli qalis<br />
ideali, romelic am striqonebSia gamoxatuli<br />
ase unda patarZali, erxeodes verxviviTa,<br />
mamamTilsa emsaxuros, dedamTilsa RmerTiviTa,<br />
mazl-mulebs moegargaros, Svilebs mihyves RvediviTa.<br />
imas isre Seinaxven, ugunuri trediviTa<br />
[umikaSvili 1938: 185].<br />
magram ojaxSi dabinavebuli da mis artaxebSi moqceuli<br />
siyvarulis wil adamiani irCevs siyvaruls, romelsac<br />
veRar miekareba wuTisoflis yoveldRiurobis xeli, igi<br />
iseTive Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric warmoiSva. am Temas<br />
eZRvneba cikli leqsebisa, romlebic xvaramzes saxeliT<br />
aris cnobili. isini arcTu Soreul warsulSia Seqmnili,<br />
maTi avtori, saxelad xvaramze (`samukaT xvaramze~), rogorc<br />
Tedo razikaSvili gvamcnobs, misi dedis `toli da<br />
amxanagi~ yofila [razikaSvili: 150]. es erTi im iSviaT Sem-<br />
TxvevaTagania, roca xalxuri leqsebis avtori ar aris daviwyebuli.<br />
T. razikaSvilis SeniSvnam, romelic darTuli<br />
aqvs am leqsebs, ixsna maTi avtori anonimurobisgan, rac<br />
folkloruli Semoqmedebis erT-erT fundamentur niSnad<br />
iTvleba. magram es garemoeba ar ukargavs mis leqsebs xalxurobas,<br />
Tumca isini Rrmad pirovnuli gamocdilebis Sedegia,<br />
iseve rogorc misi romantikuli saqcieli, SeniSvna-<br />
Sive rom aris gacxadebuli: `erT nawvim dReSi, wers T. razikaSvili,<br />
vaJikam cxeniT maT sofelSi gaiara, imaT saxlis<br />
gverdze gzaze. xvaramzem imisi cxenis nafexurebs Robe<br />
Turme Semoavlo, rom ar waiSaloso~. rogorc am ciklis<br />
leqsebidan Cans, romelic Tavad xvaramzes mier aris SeTxzuli,<br />
qals uari uTqvams Seyvarebuli vaJisTvis colobaze.<br />
qals gauwbilebia saqmaro vaJika, fSaveli vaJkaci, nakveTurTa<br />
sagvareulodan, SeZlebuli ojaxis Svili. uaris<br />
mizezi TiTqos ar unda arsebuliyo: iyo siyvaruli da iyo<br />
momavali keTildReobis garantiac. iqmneba STabeWdileba,<br />
291
292<br />
rom qalma Segnebulad airCia siyvarulis rusTveluri gamoxatuleba<br />
– `SoriT bneda, SoriT kvdoma, SoriT dagva,<br />
SoriT alva~. man daTmo siaxlove SorisTvis, raTa siyvaruli<br />
meti simZafriT ganecada. siyvaruli mis gamocdilebaSi<br />
axal safexurs aRwevs, gadaizrdeba siSmageSi `ver mixvdomisa<br />
wyeniTa~. am daTmobam poeziis Sedevrs misca dasabami.<br />
xvaramze<br />
– vina xar, vin iarebi, laRo mag laRis cxeniTa?<br />
Tavs rad ar Samaibruneb, yanas rad mamkev cremliTa?<br />
vaJika<br />
– is gegonaa, qalao, guSin rom medidebodi!<br />
Sens dedasa da mamasa saklaviT vexvewebodi,<br />
kac-Suakaceb gigzavne, Txa-waleburad xtebodi.<br />
ise gagaxdev survilsa, nemss yunwiT aegebode.<br />
Cahqonde dilis niavsa, usulod CaelRvebode,<br />
pataras naris Citasa TvalSi fxad Caegdebode.<br />
xvaramze<br />
vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, ro RviniT agevsebodi.<br />
daferili mqna wiTlada, Samsvamdi, Sagergebodi.<br />
ana mqna vercxlis saTiTe, ro xelze Cagedebodi.<br />
ana mqna oqros burTvai, kalTaSi CageSlebodi.<br />
an vercxlis fulad maqcia, jibeSi Cageyrebodi.<br />
an Seni namglis yana mqna, ro fxaze SageWrebodi.<br />
ana mqna vardi, yoili, ro pirze dageyrebodi.<br />
ana mqna mois perangi, rom gulze dagadnebodi.<br />
an Seni Zma mqna, mewile, arodis gageyrebodi.<br />
an Seni nandauri mqna, guls javrad CageWrebodi.<br />
Zalian dawuxebuli gzazedamc Sageyrebodi<br />
[qxp VI: 217].<br />
magram xvaramzes arsebaSi erosi ganusazRvrelad ar<br />
batonobs, mas SeuZlia vaJis TvaliT Seafasos Tavisi mijnurobis<br />
siSmage, romelmac SeiZleba Tavze xelaRebuli nabiji<br />
gadaadgmevinos. Tumca es virtualur drosa da sivrceSi<br />
xdeba:
wuxel moida siskari, manaTobeli Ramisa,<br />
moida, dadga Cem Tana, mwunebel iyo qmarisa.<br />
mexvewna: gadamiyole, cxeni gyav niavqarisa.<br />
arc gavyev, arc gaviyole, – anderZi mqonda mamisa –<br />
ver vende – ra gaigebis gulgavardnili qalisa<br />
[xvaramze: 22].<br />
SeniSvna. Tu qal-vaJis urTierToba, erTi mxriv, saqorwino kav-<br />
Siris saxes iRebs, rac ijaxis Seqmnas, sameuneo-ekonomikur interesebs<br />
emsaxureba, meore mxriv, ori sqesis Tavisufal siyvarulsac<br />
aseve aqvs Tavisi gamoxatuleba instituciis saxiT, romelic<br />
sworfrobis saxeliT aris cnobili xevsureTSi, fSavSi ki mas wawloba<br />
ewodeba. marTalia, sworfruli siyvaruli mxolod wyvils exeba,<br />
maTi kerZo intimuri saqmea, masze mainc dawesebulia sazogadoebrivi<br />
Cumi kontroli im dauwereli wesebis meSveobiT, romlebic<br />
awesrigebs sworfrebs Soris urTierTobas, raTa igi uwesobaSi ar<br />
gadaizardos. sworfruli urTierTobis kodeqsi ara mxolod xorciel<br />
kavSirs gamoricxavs Sesworferebul qal-vaJs Soris, aramed<br />
erTmaneTTan daqorwinebasac krZalavs. sworfruli siyvaruli, rogorc<br />
wesi, wrfel grZnobebzea damyarebuli, rac colqmruli ur-<br />
TierTobisTvis aucilebeli ar aris. sworfroba ki amis gareSe SeuZlebelia.<br />
`mere ra, rom ar mogwons, – eubnebian qals, romelsac<br />
ar moswons misTvis SerCeuli saqmro, – gana sworferia, rom giyvardes.<br />
Tu mowoneba da siyvaruli ginda, adeqi da sworfer gaTxovdio...~<br />
[sworfroba:33]. ras miugebs qali am ironiul winadadebaze? qalma<br />
icis, rom es SeuZlebelia, rom isini TiTqos erTi sisxlisani arian,<br />
erTmaneTis uxvedrelni, rogorc da-Zmani. sworfroba Tavisi<br />
SemzRudveli wesebiT inaxavs siyvaruls, ifaravs mas sqesis Zalmomreobisagan.<br />
`igi sxvaa, siZva sxva...~ advili SesaZlebelia, aq iyos<br />
abesalomisa da eTeris tragikuli urTierTobis saTave. roca xalxuri<br />
Tqmuleba ambobs, `abesalom da eTeri RmerTma Sehyara erTferio~,<br />
iqneb es erTferoba, Tu mas xevsuruli sworfrobis badlad<br />
CavTvliT, maT uxvedrelobas gulisxmobda da maT Soris wuTisoflis<br />
wesiT qorwinebas krZalavda.<br />
SesaZloa, xvaramzes uari sayvarel vaJikasTan daqorwinebaze<br />
am sworfruli motivebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />
sayovelTaod cnobili balada `Semomeyara yivCaRi~,<br />
romlis variantTa rekorduli simravle (36 varianti) Tavmoyrilia<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poeziis IV tomSi [qxp IV: 197],<br />
293
294<br />
sagmirosa da satrfialos mijnazea. romeli Tematikaa am<br />
baladaSi ganmsazRvreli: sagmiro, raki igi mainc orTabrZoliT<br />
mTavrdeba? Tu samijnuro, raki qalia CarTuli am<br />
dramaSi? Tu Selaxuli RirsebisTvis samagieros mizRva?<br />
an iqneb stumar-maspinZlis wesi? arc erTi calke – yvelaferi<br />
erTad qmnis mis substancias. mainc amosavali grZnoba<br />
am leqsSi gamijnurebaa, romelmac sabediswero Sedegi<br />
gamoiwvia. mZime da Zneli gamodga akrZaluli siyvarulis<br />
safasuri. meore mxriv, am baladaSi qmars xelaxla uxdeba<br />
erTxel mopovebuli qalis mopoveba. amrigad, baladis ZiriTadi<br />
Tema mainc qalisTvis brZolaa.<br />
es aris tipuri balada, klasikuri ex abrupto dasawyisiT,<br />
`Semomeyara yivCaRi...~ vis Semoeyara? vin aris es `me~, muxranis<br />
sazRvarTan purad damjdari? vin aris yivCaRad saxeldebuli<br />
es adamiani? ar aris aucilebeli masSi daviT<br />
aRmaSeneblis Camosaxlebuli eTnikuri yivCaRi davinaxoT<br />
da amis safuZvelze davaTariRoT balada. yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Zalze gaZneldeba misi daTariReba `yivCaRebis Camosaxlebis<br />
pirveli periodiT~ [Ciqovani 1956: 337]. xom aris<br />
variantebi, sadac am moZalades sxva saxeli hqvia – xirCla,<br />
xirClas Ze, yibragi, jimSeri, gimSeli, jijibi, yaCaRi, qoroRli,<br />
sameba?..<br />
balada gvxiblavs jer imiT, rom misi enobrivi qsovili<br />
warmoadgens saerTo<strong>qarTuli</strong> poeturi enis – koines<br />
brwyinvale realizacias; kidev dasawyisi striqonebis eTikuri<br />
(`mTxova da...~) da gramatikuli (vaWmie, vasmie) paradigmatulobiT;<br />
da kidev moTminebis zRvarze arcTu msubuqi<br />
iumoriT, iqneb sarkazmiTac sakuTari Tavisa Tu Camovardnili<br />
situaciis mimarT – `coli mTxova da ver mivec,<br />
mimyavda sidedrisasa, an ki cols rogor mivcemdi,<br />
Svilsa gazrdilsa sxvisasa~. am sityvebidan gvesmis moymis<br />
sicili, misi Savi iumori. skandinavieli moyme arasodes gaicinebda,<br />
magram Tu gaicinebda, misi sicili moTminebis fialis<br />
avsebasaviT iyo. aseTia Cveni moymec: misi sicili<br />
frangulis gacinebas hgavs. is icinis da misi sicilis sazriss<br />
ver xvdeba yivCaRi. `xeli mohxvia, akoca, mozidna nawnavs<br />
Tmisasa~ – Rirs ki laparaki imaze, rom es adgili misi<br />
momdevno striqoniTurT – `Sestira sabralo qalma: vai<br />
cols cudis ymisasa~ – jer SemTxvevis da mere baladis kulminaciaa?<br />
qalis xma, rogorc kacis sindisis Zaxili, gamo-
dis scenaze. ra iyo ukanaskneli wveTi, romelmac aavso fiala<br />
– yivCaRis saqcieli (`xeli moxvia, akoca...~) Tu qalis<br />
amoZaxili?<br />
balada namdvilad imsaxurebs, rom mis garSemo didZali<br />
literatura Seqmniliyo, magram yuradReba gansakuTrebiT<br />
gamaxvilda mis daboloebaze. variantebSi baladas<br />
sami dasasruli aqvs, imisda mixedviT, Tu sad midis qali:<br />
roca orTabrZolaSi colis patroni (maspinZeli) imarjvebs:<br />
`qali sidedrsa mivgvare, is ki iqa sWams qviSasa~; roca<br />
stumar-maspinZeli Tavs Seaklavs erTmaneTs, `me aqeT<br />
movkvdi, iqiT is, qali wavida Zmisasa~ an `qali wavida sxvisasa~.<br />
romelia arqetipuli dasasruli? sidedrTan miyvana,<br />
ZmasTan Tu sxvasTan wasvla? zepirsityvierebis bunebidan<br />
amosvliT, Znelia arqetipze laparaki. TiToeuli<br />
maTgani im tradiciis gamoZaxilia, sadac moxvda es leqsi.<br />
yovel variants TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs: im daboloebasac,<br />
sadac naTqvamia qalis sxvasTan wasvla, rac qarTveli<br />
qalisTvis arasakadris saqcielad CaiTvala, TiTqos am<br />
orTabrZolis Semdeg es `wasvla sxvasTan~ dauyovnebliv<br />
momxdariyos. magram ramdenad gamarTlebulia amgvari dasasrulis<br />
gatana zneobis samsjavroze da misi gansja im<br />
stereotipiT, romelmac XIX-XX saukuneebSi qarTveli qalis<br />
idealuri saxe daamkvidra, da amis safuZvelze baladis<br />
araxalxurobis mtkiceba? [SatberaSvili: 253, 270]. realobaSi<br />
rac xdeba, kanonzomieria, maT Soris, sxvasTan wasvla<br />
qvrivi qalisa, romelic mamis saxls ubrundeba, saidanac<br />
man kvlav unda eZebos Tavisi bedi da momavali. kritikas<br />
ki mainc da mainc surs am `sxvaSi~ satrfo, sayvareli<br />
dainaxos [SatberaSvili: 257].<br />
SeniSvna. `sxvasTan wasvla~ yofiT metyvelebaSi sxva araferia,<br />
Tu ara sxva qmarTan wasvla da, SesaZloa, terminic meored gaTxovebis<br />
gamosaxatavad. xamurabis kanonebis (Zv. w. XVIII s.) iuridiul<br />
enaze `meoris saxlSi Sesvla~ qvrivi qalis meored gaTxovebis badali<br />
gamoTqmaa: `ukeTu kaci tyved Cavarda, saxlSi ki sarCo ar epoveba,<br />
mis cols SeuZlia meoris saxlSi Sevides, brali ar eqneba~ [xamurabi:<br />
§134].<br />
qarTul samijnuro poeziaSi baladaTa ricxvi TiTebze<br />
CamosaTvlelia. maT Soris brwyinavs balada Tavfarav-<br />
295
296<br />
neli Wabukisa da aspaneli qalis siyvarulze. siuJeti martivia:<br />
vaJs satrfos sanaxavad uxdeba tbis (teqstSi: zRvis)<br />
meore mxares gadacurva, saidanac qali sanTliT unaTebs<br />
gzas, avsuli beberi ki uqrobs; curvisas qariSxali amovardeba<br />
da Zlevs vaJs, romlis wiTel perangs diliT talRa<br />
afrialebs, mis cxedarze ki orbi `xarobs~.<br />
dadasturebulia am fabulis uZvelesi damuSaveba jer<br />
kidev antikur xanaSi. igi ipoveba ovidiusis `metamorfozebSi~:<br />
leanderi, abidoseli vaJi, Tavis satrfosTan, afrodites<br />
qalqurum herosTan Sesaxvedrad yoveldRiurad<br />
gadalaxavs helespontos abidosidan festomde; gzis manaTobel<br />
CiraRdans qariSxali aqrobs, leanderis cxedars<br />
mebadurebi gamoitanen badiT, hero ki Tavs iklavs (<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
baladis erT iSviaT variantSic asea). igive siuJeti ipoveba<br />
virgiliusis `georgikaSi~, III. arsebobs germanuli xalxuri<br />
balada or ufliswulze (mefis vaJsa da mefis asulze),<br />
romelTa Sexvedras aseve boroti beberi uSlis xels<br />
sanTlebis CaqrobiT. es siuJeti fr. Silersac aqvs damu-<br />
Savebuli.<br />
balada, rogorc wesi, araviTar damatebiT informacias<br />
ar iZleva qal-vaJis Sesaxeb. unda vifiqroT, amas iribad<br />
adasturebs abidosuri legenda, rom maT siyvarulze tabua<br />
dadebuli, rogorc festos qurumqalisa da abidoseli<br />
vaJis siyvarulze. vin aris `avsuli beberi~, romelic<br />
win eRobeba maT siyvaruls? koSkSi datyvevebuli qalis darajia<br />
Tu qariSxlis gansaxiereba? avsuli beberi (qalia Tu<br />
kaci?) kicxavs, krulavs qals, `winadac ega gyvarobdao~,<br />
magram arc qals, arc vaJs, arc meleqses da arc msmenels<br />
ar ainteresebT, ra iyo guSin, saidan daiwyo maTi siyvaruli.<br />
dRes vaJs `zRva~ hqonda gadasalaxi da `qali anTebda<br />
sanTelsa~.<br />
baladaSi erTxel momxdari ambavia gadmocemuli, magram<br />
gamoyenebulia ara istoriuli warsuli an awmyo, aramed<br />
uwyveteli warsuli, anu is gramatikuli forma, romelic,<br />
Cveulebriv, dausrulebeli moqmedebis gadmosacemad<br />
gamoiyeneba. Tavfaravneli Wabukis siyvaruli qalisadmi<br />
Seuwyveteli xangrZlivobaa, romelic sxvagvarad<br />
arc ki gamoiTqmoda, vidre am zmnuri formiT `hyvarobda~,<br />
magram balada mogviTxrobs mis ukanasknel gadalaxvas<br />
zRvisa da ara Cveulebriv ganmeorebad qmedebas, rom nam-
yo uwyvetliT gadmoeca ambavi. `zRva hqonda winad savali,<br />
gasvlas Sig ara zarobda~. ara zarobda anu ar uSindeboda<br />
am erTxel, am jerze, Tu yovelTvis, roca ki Seudgeboda<br />
zRvis gadacurvas? cxadia, vaJi mudam mzad iyo am gansacdelisTvis<br />
da ara zarobda swored am mudmiv mzadyofnas<br />
gamoxatavs. aseTia am zmnuri formis azri da mainc mas er-<br />
Tjeradi moqmedebis gamoxatva daekisra.<br />
iqmneba uwyvetelisa da erTjeradi moqmedebis sinTezi,<br />
rasac sxvadasxva zmnur formaTa monacvleoba gviCvenebs.<br />
vaJis qmedeba ganuwyvetelia, mas TiTqos araferi ar<br />
unda abrkolebdes Tavis winsvlaSi meore napirisken. Tu<br />
zmnaTa erTi wyeba `hyvarobda~, `ara zarobda~, `Cqamobda~,<br />
`niavqarobda~, `kelaptarobda~, meore wyeba `avsa lamobda~,<br />
`aqrobda~, `abezarobda~, `hgvanobda~, aseve ganuwyvetel<br />
qmedebaTa gamomxatveli, mis winaaRmdeg aris mimar-<br />
Tuli, vaJi da stiqia (mis Tanxmob avsulTan erTad) erTian<br />
dialeqtikur proceSi arian Cabmulni. sadRac unda gatydes<br />
vaJis SemarTeba da es xdeba teqstis im adgilas, sadac<br />
uwyvetlis formas wyvetilis forma enacvleba. am dros<br />
gardatexa xdeba, procesis Seyovneba, romlis Semdeg is<br />
veRar gagrZeldeba. ai, es sabediswero adgili: `dahkarga<br />
foni, SeSWirda (stiqia ki ganagrZobda Tavis Seuwyvetel<br />
saqmes), morevi boboqarobda~, da bolos, `gaTenda (kvlav<br />
wyvetili!), dila lamazi, keklucis Tvalebs hgvanobda.<br />
wyalsa daeRrCo (wyvetili!) Wabuki, Woroxze egdo (statika!),<br />
qanobda (uwyveteli – is ukve bunebis dinamikis nawilia)~<br />
da ase Semdeg dasasrulamde: `leSs dasjdomoda zed<br />
orbi, guls uglejavda, xarobda~.<br />
variantTa umravlesoba aRar interesdeba qalis bediT.<br />
es iqneboda stilistikis darRveva: balada vaJis niSniT<br />
aris warmarTuli da vaJis aRsasruliTve unda dasruldes.<br />
yivCaRis leqsSi qali aqtiuria, mas ekuTvnis gadamwyveti<br />
SeZaxili Tu amonakvnesi `vai cols cudis ymisasa~ da sruliadac<br />
ar aris sulerTi, rogor gadawydeba misi bedi baladaSi.<br />
aq ki pasiuria – misma siyvarulma ver sZlia verc<br />
stiqias da verc avsulis wyevlas, an is veRar anTebs Camqral<br />
sanTels, romelic dasawyisSi kelaptariviT anaTebda.<br />
balada iwyeba vaJiT, mTavrdeba vaJiTve, rac sruliad<br />
kanonzomieria. im erTaderT variantSi, romelsac qalis<br />
bedi ainteresebs, vaJis gvamic ki saerTod aRar Cans sam-<br />
297
298<br />
zeoze, arc movis perangi, misi atributi, arc orbi. varianti<br />
amgvarad mTavrdeba: `moyme CaenTqa morevTa, qvesknel-<br />
Ta boboqarobda. qalmac daicna danani, sikvdils aRara zarobda~<br />
[qxp VI: 608-i].<br />
arsebobs cda baladis ganxilvisa miTologiuri skolis<br />
meTodiT, anu masSi, rogorc mTlianobaSi da zogierT realiaSi,<br />
gansakuTrebuli miTologiuri simboloebis amocnobisa<br />
da identifikaciisa [kotetiSvili 1961: 329-337]. ker-<br />
Zod, yuradReba eqceva ara mxolod movis perangis siwiTles,<br />
romelic bevri xalxis da, maT Soris, qarTvelTa msoflgancdaSi<br />
sikvdilis feria da amdenad ar aris gamoricxuli<br />
misi amgvari konotacia, aramed toponim Tavfaravansa<br />
da, rac kuriozulia, dolabsac, romelic am baladaSi mzis<br />
simbolod aris miCneuli. magram pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu saidan<br />
aqvs Wabuks mzis niSani da ratom miaqvs igi satrfosTan, ar<br />
Cans. rogorc gairkva, dolabi am leqsSi sruliad realur<br />
sagans, xisgan gamoWril sacurao mowyobilobas niSnavs,<br />
romelic wisqvilis qvas mxolod formiT Camohgavs [maisuraZe:211-214]<br />
da araviTari kavSiri mzesTan ara aqvs.<br />
SeniSvna. baladis javaxuri warmomavloba eWvs ar iwvevs – Tavfaravnis<br />
(igive faravnis) tba xom javaxeTis zeganze mdebareobs.<br />
magram JamTa svlaSi miviwyebas mieca im adgilis saxeli, saiTkenac<br />
vaJi miiswrafis. romelia qalis sofeli – aspana, aspinZa, aSkareTi,<br />
CaSka, safara? arc erTi amaTgani (`aSkareTi~ saerTod ar arsebobs).<br />
Tavfaravnis tbis erT mxares Tu amave saxelwodebis sofeli – va-<br />
Jis samSoblo mdebareobs, meore, Crdilo mxares asfaraa, qalis sam-<br />
Soblo. `Tavfaravneli Wabuki asfaras qalsa yvarobda~ – asea erT<br />
naklebad cnobil CanawerSi [maisuraZe:209] da es aris erTaderTi<br />
swori saxelwodeba soflisa, romelic dResac arsebobs. kuriozulia<br />
variantSi vaJis moxsenieba `amfaravnelad~, `mTafaravnelad~,<br />
`zemoqarTlelad~, `TamaraSnelad~ da qalisa `aspanas qalad~, `gasparas<br />
qalad~, `faSkunjis qalad~, `erevnel qalad~. asea, rogorc ki<br />
mowydeba teqsti mSobliur ares, masSi naxsenebi toponimebi nebismieri<br />
cvlilebis msxverpli xdeba.<br />
axla ganvixiloT leqsi `manglisi ro aaSenes~, romlis<br />
baladad miCnevas xels araferi uSlis: yvela niSani baladisa<br />
axlavs mas – erTi yuvi da sworxazovani, ukanmouqceveli<br />
siuJeturi xazi.
alada mecxvaris siyvarulze mravalmxriv aris saintereso.<br />
gansxvavebiT `Tavfaravneli Wabukisgan~, aq masalaze<br />
Zaldautaneblad SeiZleba gamovavlinoT miTologiuri<br />
motivebi, Tumca baladaSi es ar aris arsebiTi.<br />
leqss mainc baladebis rigSi ganvixilavT, Tumca SeiZleba<br />
mogveCvenos, rom Seucvleli yuvis garda, romelic<br />
bolomde gahyveba mas, baladis sxva niSnebs igi moklebulia.<br />
Tu davukvirdebiT Sinaarsis mdinarebas, Cven winaSe<br />
aRmoCndeba imave tipis teqsti, rogoric aris Cven mier baladad<br />
miCneuli leqsi `Cavalis, Caeubneba~. ra niSniT vana-<br />
TesavebT am or teqsts erTmaneTTan? erTi saerTo mTavari<br />
niSani is aris, rom orivegan ambavi (fSaur leqsSi mTlianad,<br />
manglisis leqsSi nawilobriv) jer ganuxorcielebel,<br />
magram ganxorcielebad momavalSia gadatanili. meore<br />
niSania dialoguroba. Tumca fSaur baladaSi cxenis laparaki<br />
ar gvesmis, magram mxedris mTeli nalaparakevi SeiZleba<br />
pasuxi iyos lurjas mier utyvad gamoTqmul SiSze<br />
Zneli gzis gamo, romelic teqstis gareT aris darCenili<br />
da Cven mxolod mxedris pasuxs vismenT.<br />
`manglisis~ Sinaarsi dialogzea agebuli: iwyeba vaJis<br />
(mecxvaris) mimarTviT – siyvarulis gamocxadebiT qalisadmi<br />
da mTavrdeba misive sityvebiT, romlebic virtualurad<br />
gvamcnoben misgan uaryofili siyvarulis bednierad<br />
daboloebas.<br />
`manglisi ro aaSenes...~ – balada gulisxmobs ara mTlianad<br />
mangliss, qalaqs Tu dabas, arc eklesias, aramed erT,<br />
rogorc Cans, miudgomel koSks, romelic sagangebod qalisaTvis<br />
aSenda. ratom moaTavses qali am miudgomel koSkSi,<br />
sadac `wyaro adines miliTa?~<br />
ra SeiZleba iTqvas koSkze? aq koSki Tu cixe, rac aaSenes,<br />
cxadia, realuri nagebobaa, magram mas simboluri ganzomilebac<br />
aqvs – qalis saxesTan, mis pirovnebasTan, mis<br />
arsebasTan aris asocirebuli. CvenTvis cnobilia ramdenime<br />
satrfialo leqsi, sadac koSki (cixe) an qalis samyofelia,<br />
an qalis simboluri saxe, an misi miuwvdomlobis gamomxatveli.<br />
erTgan qali ambobs: `Sen ro ggonivarT, vaJao,<br />
arca egeTa qalni varT, koSkni varT, kiriT nagebni, ekaldamais<br />
karni varT~. risi Tqma surs amiT qals? albaT, is<br />
Tavis (da zogadad qalTa sqesis) miuwvdomlobas gulisxmobs.<br />
erTi mxriv, koSki Seuvalia, meore mxriv, koSki Ta-<br />
299
300<br />
visi moxdenili aRnagobiT da siTeTriT lamazi qalis asociacias<br />
iwvevs. sxva leqsSi sxva adamianis xeliT Seqmnil<br />
saganTa (isari, wiTeli movis perangi) Tu bunebis movlena-<br />
Ta (varskvlaviani ca, mze, ukvdavebis wyaro) Soris pirvelia<br />
koSki: `Sen, Cemo dido imedo, koSko nagebo kiriTa~.<br />
koSki kiriT nagebi simtkicisa da silamazis, damatebiT,<br />
zneobrivi sispetakis, niSania.<br />
SeniSvna. solomonis `qebaTa qebaSi~, romlis xalxuri warmoSoba<br />
eWvgareSea, Tu erTi mxriv, godoli (koSki) qalis silamazes gamoxatavs:<br />
`Seni yeli spilosZvlis godolia~ (7: 5), meore mxriv, farebiT<br />
da isrebiT aRWurvili godoli, albaT, qalis miuwvdomlobis<br />
niSani unda iyos: `Seni yeli daviTis godolia, saWurvelTaTvis agebuli,<br />
aTasi fari hkidia masze...~ (4: 4).<br />
aris koSki, romelic sagangebod qalis Sig mosaTavseblad<br />
Sendeba. amisTvis aaSenes `manglisi~, amisTvis aSeneben<br />
cixes erT dialogur satrfialo leqsSi, sadad vaJi<br />
hpirdeba qals:<br />
`Caval, Cavageb cixesa, brol-margalitis qvisasa,<br />
zeiT davxurav ficarsa abanozisa xisasa.<br />
Sig davdgam Wiqa-WurWlebsa, savsesa survilisasa,<br />
yaW-abreSumebs Cavkideb, saCrdilobelsa mzisasa.<br />
Sig Cagsvam, Cemo lamazo, niavs ar gaxleb mTisasa...~<br />
aseT cixeSi Casmulia mzeTunaxavi, anu is, visac mzis<br />
Tvals ara akareben. is daculi iqneba saimedod `mzis saCrdilobeliT<br />
da arc mTis niavi ar miekareba. sasaxle namdvilad<br />
zRaprulia, Zvirfasi masaliT nagebi, swored ise-<br />
Ti, rogorsac gilgameSze Seyvarebuli iSTari sTavazobda<br />
Tavis satrfos. magram mokvdavma uaryo qalRmerTis siyvarulic<br />
da misi aSenebuli sasaxlec, raki masSi cbiereba<br />
da muxanaToba dainaxa [gilgameSiani: 66]. aseve, Cvens leqsSi qali<br />
maincdamainc ndobiT (Tu misi sityvebi SefarviT gamoTqmuli<br />
Tanxmoba ar aris) ar ekideba vaJis SeTavazebas:<br />
`vaJao, dediserTao, gazrdilo mindor-velTao,<br />
oqros Sibais naglejo, wamosartymelo welTao,<br />
maskvlavo, Saravandedo, mTvaris naWero xelTao,<br />
nuras cbierob eniTa, yelze nu maxvev gvelTao~.
asea Tu ise, vaJs qalis datyvevebis survili aqvs – amis-<br />
Tvis aris mowodebuli es mSvenieri warmtaci cixe, magram<br />
mainc cixe, sapyrobile, sadac qali sxva nivTebTan erTad<br />
iqneba gamomwyvdeuli vaJis siyvarulis amara, romelic<br />
`surviliT savse~ WurWlebSia gasimbolurebuli. es is cixea,<br />
saidanac misi gamoxsna gaxdeba aucilebeli, rogorc<br />
murmanis aSenebuli brolis cixe, sadac datyvevebuli qali<br />
sul mudam elis Tavis gamomxsnels.<br />
`manglisSic~ aseve mzeTunaxavad Casves qali – vin? leqsi<br />
arafers gveubneba, Tu vin aaSena cixe da saidan moiyvanes<br />
qali. amgvari anonimuroba mxolod imaze migvaniSnebs,<br />
rom myaria qalisa da koSkis motivi. `Tma SeuRebes iniTa~,<br />
SesaZlebelia, qalis patronTa warmomavlobaze miuTiTebdes:<br />
SeiZleba qali TaTrebis motacebulic iyos, magram aq<br />
es ar aris arsebiTi. mTavari is aris, rom qali mosatacebelia<br />
swored iqidan, sadac Casves. momtaceblis rolSi mecxvare<br />
gamodis, sruliad Seuferebeli am aqtisTvis. mecxvaris<br />
mSvidobiani saqmianoba TiTqos gamoricxavs amgvar<br />
moqmedebas. amasTanave, qali mecxvaris tradiciuli damwunebelia:<br />
`nu mimcem mecxvaresao, Tu mimcem, iseT kacs<br />
mimec, rom iyos guTnisdedao~, exveweba gasaTxovari qali<br />
dedas. am striqons miTosSi gadavyavarT, gagvaxsenebs Sumereli<br />
inanas Tavdapirvel arCevans, romelic swored<br />
guTnisdedaze SeCerda da ara mwyemsze, Tumca sabolood<br />
mainc mwyemsi dumuzi gaxda misi rCeuli [Suamd: 7-11].<br />
Cvens mecxvares, romelic qals Tavis produqts –<br />
yvels miarTmevda xolme da qalic xalisiT iRebda saCuqars<br />
da RviniT (samiwaTmoqmedo produqtiT) umaspinZldeboda,<br />
Seuyvarda qali da gabeda aseTi sityvebiT miemarTa<br />
misTvis: `netavi, qalo lamazo, SenTan gamaZRo ZiliTa~, ramac<br />
qalis guliswyroma gamoiwvia – `Sewyevla mecxvare Tavis<br />
lamazis piriTa~. qali iwunebs mecxvares, romelic samagierod<br />
iseT perspeqtivas saxavs, rom mas Tavisi Selaxuli<br />
Rirsebis reabilitaciis SesaZlebloba mieces. misi<br />
mimarTva qalisadmi SeiZleba ocnebad miviCnioT, Tumca is<br />
iqneb arcTu ise Sors aRmoCndes realobisgan.<br />
`manglisic amovardeba, qva aRar edos ZiriTa,<br />
Sen, qalo, lekebs mihyavde, vai-vaglaxiT WiriTa,<br />
ukan mogdevdes saqmaro Tavisi dambla viriTa,<br />
301
302<br />
me mTidan Camoviaro Cemi cxeniT da biniTa,<br />
dagixsna, wamogiyvano qamanCiTa da stviriTa.<br />
erTad vicxovroT bolomde, dro gavataroT lxiniTa~.<br />
rac aq ocnebad aris warmodgenili, sakmaod gavrcelebuli<br />
motivia, romelic SeiZleba damoukidebel Janradac<br />
CaiTvalos. es aris gatacebuli qalis gamoxsna moymis mier.<br />
ganvixiloT ori maTgani.<br />
giglia, TuSi, saxelis maZiebeli moymea, `gulWiriania~,<br />
rogorc leqsSia naTqvami. is eZebs mters. saxlSi ar udgeba<br />
guli – `diklos vin brunav banzeda?~ kaxeT-TuSeTobis<br />
Wapnis gamwevia. zafxulidan Semodgomamde igi cxvars atarebs<br />
TuSeTsa da kaxeTs Soris.<br />
giglias sagmiro saqmis Txroba originalurad aris agebuli.<br />
mTeli teqsti SeiZleba pirobiTad eqvs monakveTad<br />
davyoT. TiToeuli maTgani giglias sxvadasxva Rirsebebs<br />
avlens. pirvel monakveTSi, romelsac eqspozicias davarqmevT,<br />
simbolurad (swored simbolurad!) aris miniSnebuli<br />
momxdari:<br />
`farsmis Tavs maswyda maskvlavi, girevs deeca Tavzeda~.<br />
baladis konteqstidan gamomdinare, es amgvarad unda<br />
wavikiTxoT: farsmis gziT girevs qistebi daesxnen da qali<br />
moitaces. gamoCndeba vaJi, magram jer misi saxeli ar<br />
viciT. soflis anonimuri xma gaismis, amave dros aq vaJis<br />
erTgvari portretia daxatuli:<br />
– `vina xar gulWiriani, diklos vin brunav banzeda?<br />
zafxuls Camahlev WiriTa, sTvels kaxeTs waxval cxvarzeda~.<br />
vxvdebiT, mTavari gmiri dikloelia. imasac vigebT,<br />
rom misi saWiroebis dRe dgeba. mesame monakveTSi giglia<br />
misdevs gamtacebelTa kvals. mas informatori esaWiroeba,<br />
magram sabuelebi ar aZleven swor misamarTs:<br />
`– hkiTxavdi sabuelebsa: mteri sada dis gzazeda?<br />
sabuelebis Svilebma sityva ar giTxres warzeda~.<br />
meoTxe monakveTSi, rogorc Cans, giglias swor gzaze<br />
ayeneben. mteri lopotis xeobas misdevs:
`– Tu gvkiTxav, vaJo, giambobT, lopots Cauje wyalzeda.<br />
qarTliT maudis tyveebi, qali motiris Zalzeda.<br />
– qalo, nu stiri, qarTlelo, giglia gizis gzazeda.<br />
Tu lekebs wagayvaninos, wverimc nu sxmia ybazeda.<br />
numc miuSveben saxSia, swornimc nu dahsmen jarzeda!<br />
Tu tyvia gauTavdeba, Rili SaiWer tanzeda!~<br />
vin ambobs sityvebs – `qalo, nu stiri~? es gigliaa. magram<br />
misi es gamxnevebis sityvebi, motacebulisadmi mimar-<br />
Tuli, virtualuria. is jer ar dasxmia gamtaceblebs, rogorRa<br />
mimarTavs qals? iqneb amxnevebs sakuTar Tavs? poeti<br />
amrigad xatavs mis moralur saxes, mis moymeobas. am<br />
monakveTis kulminaciaa sityvebi `Rili SaiWer tanzeda!~<br />
raki giglia amas qals eubneba, visi Rirsebac man unda ixsnas,<br />
es ukve imas niSnavs, rom giglias tyvia ar gauTavdeba<br />
da qals ar dasWirdeba tanze `Rilebis SeWra~, rac SeiZleba `Rilebis<br />
Sexsnis~ badali yofiliyo. magram es ar moxdeba.<br />
mexuTe monakveTi baladis ZiriTadi epizodia – winamavalni<br />
misi Semzadeba iyo. aq ukve vxedavT giglias fizikurad,<br />
Tavisi ocnebis aRsrulebaSi, Tavis stiqiaSi.<br />
`lekebs daenToT cecxlebi, ro maskvlavebi cazeda.<br />
giglia Sameetia, rogorc ro mgeli cxvarzeda.<br />
Tofi hkra Zmisa mamklavsa, ali dahxvia tanzeda.<br />
axla xmliT gadaufrinda, mkvdari Sayara mkvdarzeda.<br />
giglia daeca gamtacebelTa banaks, romelTa Soris<br />
misi Zmis mkvlelicaa, `rogorc ro mgeli cxvarzeda~ – gavixsenoT,<br />
rom giglia mecxvarea, mwyemsia, romelic mgels<br />
unda ugeriebdes cxvrebs. axla giglia Tavad aris mgeli,<br />
gamtaceblebi ki cxvrebi arian. mgeli moymis, kai ymis, ara<br />
mxolod erT-erTi ZiriTadi epiTetia (`mglis muxli~,<br />
`mglisa fera~), kai yma Tavad unda iyos mgeli, ara ubralod<br />
mgeli, rogorc magari muxlis patroni, aramed cxvris<br />
mWameli:<br />
`cixe zen-uban daiqca, kuTxi gamasqda qvisao,<br />
mamkvdaras oCiauri, mgeli mWameli cxvrisao~<br />
[qxp IV: 109].<br />
303
304<br />
SeniSvna. am xalxuri kaiymuri idealis sapirispirod, gavixsenoT,<br />
rogori epiTetiT amkobs `SuSanikis martvilobis~ avtori varsqen<br />
pitiaxSs: `da Semdgomad orisa dRisa movida mgeli igi varsqen...~<br />
`viTarca kravi mgelsa gamouRo xelTa misTa~. es kravi SuSanikia,<br />
mgeli – igive varsqeni, qristianobidan gamdgari. sazogadod, cxvrisa<br />
da mglis dapirispireba, pirvelis upiratesobiT, qrestomaTiulia<br />
qristianul literaturaSi. kravi qristes saxea, xolo mgeli –<br />
satanisa, romelic dadarajebulia qristes farexis dasarbevad. sabolood<br />
ki, kravi Zlevs mgels: qriste-kravma `mgeli igi macTuri<br />
ganxada da kaci igi viTarca cxovari mkvdari aRadgina~ [Satberdis<br />
kr. 246, 23]. `gamocxadebaSi~ kravi-qriste triumfatoria: `da vixile,<br />
aha, kravi igi mdgomare mTasa zeda sionsa~ (gam. 14: 1), `eseni kravsa<br />
mas ebrZolnes da kravman sZlos maT~ (gam. 17: 14).<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT, sagulisxmoa, rom kaiymobis Rirebulebebze<br />
aRzrdili vaJa-fSavela erT leqsSi acxadebs:<br />
`balaxi viyo, saTibi, ara mwadia celoba,<br />
cxvradve mamyofa iseva, oRond amSordes mgeloba~<br />
rogorc Cans, poetis SegnebaSi kai ymis mglobis xalxur<br />
ideals Zlevs qristianuli kravobis ideali.<br />
meeqvse, damasrulebeli epizodi, amxels baladis sazriss.<br />
rogorc yoveli baladis dasasruli, esec uaRresad<br />
lakoniuria – arc qeba-dideba, arc Sesxma gmirisa, vinc qaliSvili<br />
gadaurCina mamas, arc madlobis sityvebi, romlebic<br />
mamas spontanurad unda aRmoeTqva gulidan, xom ar<br />
unda vifiqroT, rom misi `aq rad mogyvanda~ madlobis gamoxatulebaa?<br />
an iqneb gamocdaa, gansacdels miaxloebuli?<br />
gigliam sufTad, usayvedurod gamoarida Tavi am gansacdels.<br />
`qal ukven gamaabruna, mamas mihgvara karzeda.<br />
– aq rad mogyvanda, gigliav, rad ar igorve mklavzeda?<br />
– me magas rogor vigoreb, doba davaswar wamzeda!~<br />
[razikaSvili: 109].<br />
iqneb balada swored am bolo striqonebSi gamoTqmuli<br />
pasuxisTvis SeiTxza, an iqneb am pasuxisTvis Caifiqra<br />
gigliam qalis gamoxsna? sxvanairi pasuxi, sxvanairi moqceva,<br />
fass daukargavda mis namoqmedars. iqneb giglias arc
saxeli unda, rogorc `Txistyavians~ sxva, analogiuri, baladidan,<br />
romelic sruli gulwrfelobiT eubneba Tavis<br />
gamoxsnil qals: `Cems naqnar saxels nu ityvi, viynodeT da-<br />
Zmobazeda~?<br />
literatura<br />
gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, `ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.<br />
kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poezia,<br />
`sabWoTa mwerali~, Tb., 1961.<br />
maisuraZe: ilia maisuraZe, `Tavfaravneli Wabukis~ zogi<br />
sityvis ganmartebisaTvis, `<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>folklori</strong>~ III, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1969.<br />
razikaSvili: xalxuri sityviereba III, xalxuri leqsebi<br />
Tedo razikaSvilis mier Cawerili, mix.<br />
Ciqovanis redaqciiT, saqarTvelos<br />
ssr mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, Tb.,<br />
1953.<br />
sworfroba: baliaSvili n., sworfroba xevsureTSi, Tsu,<br />
1991.<br />
qxp VI: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VI, `mecniereba~,<br />
Tb., 1978.<br />
SatberaSvili: SatberaSvili g., WaSniki, `sabWoTa saqar-<br />
Tvelo~, Tb., 1964.<br />
Suamd: Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, `merani~, Tb., 1987.<br />
xamurabi: xamurabis kanonebi, aqaduridan Targmna da komentarebi<br />
daurTo <strong>zurab</strong> <strong>kiknaZe</strong>m,<br />
`mecniereba~, Tb., 1988.<br />
xvaramze: xvaramze. vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, Seadgina<br />
i. gogolaurma, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />
Tb., 1976.<br />
305
306<br />
samgloviaro poezia<br />
samgloviaro poezia, Tu mas funqciuri daniSnulebis<br />
mixedviT ganvixilavT, ori tipisaa: arakanonikuri da saritualo<br />
anu wesCveulebiTi. maTi aRreva da erT rubrika-<br />
Si moqceva ar aris marTebuli.<br />
arakanonikuria, am TvalsazrisiT, cnobili leqsi `xogais<br />
mindi kvdeboda~, sadac Tumca gmiris sikvdili da masze<br />
glovaa aRwerili, magram is ar aris samgloviaro ritualis<br />
nawili, ar aris gamoyenebuli micvalebulis datirebis<br />
teqstad. ra Zlieri gancdac ar unda iyos masSi gamoxatuli,<br />
arc erT damtirebels tradiciul sazogadoebaSi ar<br />
mouva azrad, rom amgvari leqsebi micvalebulis datirebis<br />
mizniT Seasrulos. erTia gancdis gamoxatva, sxvaa am<br />
gancdis moqceva ritualSi, misi qceva datirebis ritualur<br />
teqstad. arsebobs ori arxi, romlebic am mizniT aris<br />
gamoyenebuli. Sesabamisad, saritualo samgloviaro poezia<br />
ori tipisaa, romlebic, erTi mxriv, TuSuri `dalais~,<br />
meore mxriv, fSav-xevsuruli (nawilobriv TuSuri) xmiT<br />
natirlebis saxelwodebaSi erTiandebian. maT Soris arsebiTi<br />
gansxvavebaa.<br />
dalai<br />
`dalai~, romelic mxolod TuSeTSia gavrcelebuli,<br />
warmoadgens kanonikur teqsts Tavisi mkacri, Seucvleli<br />
struqturiT. ganvixilavT mas am struqturisa da Sesrulebis<br />
wesis TvalsazrisiT, rac mas arsebiTad ganasxvavebs<br />
xmiT natirlebisgan. es aris erTi teqsti, romelsac ara<br />
hyavs mxedvelobaSi romelime konkretuli micvalebuli.<br />
amaod daviwyebT masSi raime Taviseburis, ganumeoreblis<br />
Zebnas. is Seexeba yvelas, yvela moymes, vinc ki odnav mainc<br />
uaxlovdeba an Tvlian, rom uaxlovdeba (an surT, rom uaxlovdebodes)<br />
kai ymis ideals.<br />
dalai, rogorc xmiT natirali, sruldeba micvalebulis<br />
ara dakrZalvis dRes, aramed wlisTavze, roca mis pativsacemad<br />
imarTeba doRi, romelSic sagangebod Sekazmul-morTuli<br />
misi cxenic monawileobs.
dalais struqtura aseTia: igi eqvsi monakveTisgan Sedgeba:<br />
I. SeZaxili anu mowodeba dalais saTqmelad: `dalai<br />
TqviT, dalai, mxedrebo~.<br />
II. im moymis saxelis gamocxadeba, visTvisac imarTeba<br />
`dalaoba~ da imRereba `dalai~. Tu erT CanawerSi boselai-<br />
Zea (`brali xar, boselaiZev...~) moxsenebuli, meoreSi iCukaisZea,<br />
mesameSi – sulakauri da a. S. erTi Canaweris mixedviT,<br />
TiTqos es konkretuli `dalai~ mefe ereklesadmia<br />
miZRvnili: `Cven nuvis SevatyobinebT lomis erekles sikvdilsa,<br />
dala¡...~ [qxp V: 60].<br />
III. gaxseneba moymis mier Cadenili aqtebisa da sinanuli,<br />
rom isini aRar ganmeordeba. rogori iyo igi: mterTan<br />
mebrZoli (`mterTan xmalamoRebuli~), `sworSi Tavgamodebuli~,<br />
mosamarTle da gamrige, maspinZeli (`stumarTa<br />
dReo mziano~, `pirwyalo TuSeTisao~).<br />
IV. vin glovobs moymes: deda, coli, qal-rZalni da ra<br />
mosdis mis naqons: tanisamoss, cxensa da abjars, mis nawol<br />
logins, mis wver-ulvaSs. rogorc viciT, es CamonaTvali,<br />
romelic SeiZleba ivsebodes variantidan variantSi, axlavs<br />
zogierT sagmiro baladas an leqss, romelic, rogorc wesi,<br />
gmiris daRupviT mTavrdeba (klasikuri magaliTi `xogais<br />
mindi kvdeboda~, `zen bacaligos~ da sxva). zogierTi<br />
motivi, rogoric aris `ulvaSis mwvaned amosvla~, gansakuTrebuli<br />
saxis glovis leqsebis Semadgeneli nawilia.<br />
V. ra saxiT Sedis saiqioSi da rogor egebebian (vercxlis<br />
WurWliT gawyobili sufra, meRvineebi, xuc-diakvnebi).<br />
`netav Sen, saiqiosa, Sig Sexval mtredis ferado~<br />
efuZneba micvalebulis sulis mtredis saxiT warmodgenas,<br />
rasac xucobis enaze (`jvarT-enaze~) suliwmida ewodeba.<br />
`netav Sen~ xom ar gulisxmobs, rom mtredis ferad<br />
anu suliwmidis saxiT saiqioSi mxolod kai ymebi Sedian. zogadad<br />
unda iTqvas, rom wuTisofelSi `dagrovili~ Rirsebebi<br />
saiqioSi sagzlad mihyveba adamians da gansazRvravs<br />
mis mdgomareobas.<br />
VI. Sendoba saxeldebiT.<br />
SairiT (Teqvsmetmarcvliani sazomiT) Sesrulebuli<br />
yoveli fraza am eqvsmonakveTiani teqstisa mTavrdeba Se-<br />
ZaxiliT – dalai!<br />
307
308<br />
ras niSnavs dalai? fiqroben, rom igi vainaxuri warmo-<br />
Sobisaa da niSnavs RmerTs, Tumca Zneli dasaSvebia, rom do-<br />
Ris dros mxedrebi RmerTs mimarTavdnen (romel RmerTs,<br />
romel RvTaebas?). es termini, SesaZloa, marTlac vainaxuri<br />
warmoSobis iyos, glovis semantikas unda Seicavdes<br />
da mxolod fonetikurad emTxveva sityvas dal (RmerTi).<br />
qistebis samgloviaro moZaxili amgvarad JRers: `dala¡,<br />
dala¡, va¡ dala¡, dala¡...~ [kotetiSvili 1961: 414]. yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, TuSuri dalaoba amJamad mTeli am ceremonialis<br />
– Semamzadebeli ritualiT, doRiTa da simReriTurT<br />
– saxelwodebaa.<br />
dalaoba mxolod TuSeTis sazogadoebis kuTvnilebaa<br />
da igi ar gascilebia mis farglebs.<br />
xmiT natirali<br />
am tipis samgloviaro teqstebi mxolod aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTvelos mTianeTSia gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiT<br />
fSav-xevsureTSi. TuSeTSi xmiT natirlis saxeliT cnobili<br />
leqsebi arsebiTad (rogorc formiT, ise tradiciuli<br />
tropizmiT) gansxvavdeba fSav-xevsurulisgan. Tavis<br />
mxriv, ara arsebiTad, magram mainc sxvaoben erTmaneTisgan<br />
xevsuruli da fSauri warmoSobis teqstebi.<br />
termini xmiT tirili TiTqos sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu<br />
ara sityviT tirils. TiTqos sityva `xma~ aq sityvis sinonimia,<br />
rogorc gamoTqmebSi: `xma gasca~, `xma amoiRo~, anu<br />
samgloviaro Janris am saxeobaSi igulisxmeba ara carieli<br />
bgeris gamoReba, aramed sityvis warmoTqma. radgan arsebobs<br />
sityviT tirili da arsebobs usityvo tirili, rogoric<br />
aris svanuri zari da raWuli zruni. SesaZlebelia,<br />
`xma~ xmiT natiralSi melodias niSnavdes, ramdenadac arsebobs<br />
sxvagvari tirilic: ZaxiliT tirili, romelic re-<br />
CitativiT sruldeba, anu melodiis gareSe, `ZaxiliT~ warmoiTqmis.<br />
xmiT natirali uriTmo, cxramarcvliani leqsia, romlis<br />
yoveli striqoni, rogorc wesi, sxvaTa sityvis o-Ti<br />
bolovdeba. motirali amgvarad aboloebs striqonebs (To-<br />
To bavSvze natirali):<br />
`gagordi, oqros akavanoo,<br />
me gxedav – daixare pirqvao,
gafrindi qoris wiwilaoo,<br />
cixeSi SaiWuWken m–arnio...~<br />
[qxp V: 136].<br />
SeniSvna. sityvebSi akavan-o-o, wiwila-o-o pirveli o wodebi-<br />
Tisaa, meore – sxvaTa sityvis.<br />
am tipis leqsi mTibluris saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.<br />
es saxelwodeba dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom erTader-<br />
Ti adgili, sadac, micvalebulis cxedris garda, kidev<br />
(xelmeored) SeiZleba Sesruldes da sruldeba xmiT natirali,<br />
es saTibia, anu igi Tibvis simRerebis repertuarSi<br />
Sedis, ufro sworad, misi repertuaris erTaderTi Semadgenelia.<br />
sxva warmoSobis Tibvis leqsebs, garda xmiT natirlebisa,<br />
Sromis poezia ar icnobs.<br />
xmiT natirlis avtori da Semsrulebeli erTi da igive<br />
piria, da igi, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, dedakacia.<br />
anu mTibluri mTlianad qalTa Semoqmedebaa. ukve warmoTqmuli<br />
xmiT natirlis teqstis ganmeoreba sxva micvalebulis<br />
dasatireblad yovlad warmoudgenelia. Tu moxda da<br />
erTxel warmoTqmuli teqsti sxva micvalebulis datirebis<br />
ceremonialze ganmeorda, es imis niSania, rom tradicias<br />
bzari gauCnda, xmiT natirlis Semoqmedeba Sewyda. es<br />
imis niSania, rom sazogadoebaSi axali xmiT natirali, am<br />
konkretuli micvalebulis dasatireblad, veRar iqmneba,<br />
qalTa Soris xmiT motirali aRar moiZebneba.<br />
yovel xmiT natirals Tavisi konkretuli adresati<br />
hyavs gardacvlilis pirovnebis saxiT anu, piruku, yovel<br />
gardacvlils Tavisi sakuTari xmiT natirali aqvs, romel-<br />
Sic sxva gardacvlili ver Seeziareba. amitomac, dalais<br />
teqstisgan gansxvavebiT, xmiT natirali Rrmad individualuria,<br />
mxolod ama da am micvalebulzea Seqmnili. es teqsti<br />
misia samaradJamod, mis ukvdavyofas emsaxureba. anu,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ramdeni micvalebulic yofila, imdeni<br />
xmiT natirali unda arsebobdes (cxadia, Tu uklebliv<br />
yvela iqna datirebuli).<br />
Semoqmedebis xasiaTi. xmiT natirali improvizaciulia.<br />
misi SeTxzvis da warmoTqmis pirobebi sxvagan ver Seiqmneba,<br />
Tu ara micvalebulis win. STagonebis wyaro, im-<br />
309
310<br />
pulsi, micvalebulis pirovnebaa – misi Rirsebebi da adamianuri<br />
Tvisebebi da is mwuxarebisa da sinanulis atmosfero,<br />
romelic aq da am adgilas sufevs. micvalebulis gar-<br />
Semo Sekrebili dedrovani, romelic qviTiniT (ara sityviT:<br />
`ihio, hio, hio!~) exmaureba xmiT motiralis warmoTqmul<br />
yovel fraza-striqons, am Semoqmedebis monawilea.<br />
saeWvoa, Sesruldeboda Tu ara xmiT natirali Wirisufal-<br />
Ta da damswreTa gareSe. rogorc yoveli folkloruli<br />
teqsti Sesrulebisas, isic moiTxovs msmenels, am SemTxvevaSi<br />
metsac, gulSematkivars.<br />
motirlis Semoqmedeba dionisuria, eqstaturi, is imave<br />
bunebisaa, razec platoni wers `ionSi~. miuxedavad am Semoqmedebis<br />
spontanuri xasiaTisa, sadac aracnobieri unda<br />
Zlevdes cnobiers, Tavad motirali am garemoebas acnobierebs<br />
da arcTu iumoris gareSe Tavad natiralSive<br />
acxadebs:<br />
`ra kan rani-m varT matirlebio,<br />
davsxdebiT, davimwuxavT TvalTao,<br />
daviwyebT tanCi cxroobasao,<br />
ielnaWamsa vRgivarT Txasao...~<br />
[qxp V: 114].<br />
aq motirali laparakobs im SemoqmedebiT siSmageze,<br />
romelic eufleba mTels mis arsebas. Tvalis `dawuxva~ (daxuWva)<br />
ar aris SemTxveviTi: cnobilia, rom berZeni aedebi<br />
da rafsodebi usinaTloni iyvnen da swored am fizikuri<br />
sibrmavis wyalobiT maT gaxsnili hqondaT Sinagani Tvali.<br />
platonis azriT, es aris `RvTiuri siSmage~, romelic WeSmariti<br />
poeziis pirobas warmoadgens: `didi epikosi poetebi<br />
sakuTari xelovnebis ki ara, zeSTagonebisa da RvTiuri<br />
siSmagis wyalobiT Txzaven TavianT mSvenier poemebs.<br />
igive iTqmis lirikis poetTa mimarT: RvTiuri siSmagiT<br />
cnobamixdilni...qmnian TavianT momxiblav leqsebs, roca<br />
maT euflebaT harmonia da ritmi... mas [poets] ar ZaluZs<br />
raime Seqmnas manam, sanam zeSTagoneba Tu RvTiuri siSmage<br />
cnobas ar mixdis da gons ar dauxSobs~ [platoni: 271-272].<br />
xmiT tirilis SemoqmedebiTi Sinagani mxare ar aris sakmarisad<br />
Seswavlili, magram uSualo mxilvel-msmenelis<br />
dakvirvebidanac Cans misi buneba. Tu berZen mgosanTa STamagonebelni<br />
muzebi iyvnen, xmiT motirali dedakacis STa-
magonebeli Tavad micvalebulia. `xmiT tirili yvelas ar<br />
SeeZlo. qals rom xmiT tirili daewyo, unda `aetexa~ tirili<br />
ise, rom viTom mas Zalauneburad mkvdarni atirebdnen...<br />
visac xmiT tirilis `atexa~ undoda, daiwyebda caxcax-kankals,<br />
Tavs iqiT-aqeT aqnevda, iwyebda barbacs, xelebis<br />
fSvnetas, kbilebis RrWenas; viTom sityvebs ver ambobda,<br />
ar undoda, xan moqanculi miesveneboda. roca motirali<br />
qalebi amas SeamCnevdnen, yvelani gaCumdebodnen da elodnen,<br />
Tu ras aTqmevinebda motirals micvalebulis suli...<br />
[bolos] qali amoiRebda xmas. pirvelad micvalebulis eniT<br />
daiwyebda laparaks. magaliTad: `aZraxdi, Cemo meeneo, nu<br />
damaRone suleTCiao, Camidev wili tirilCiao, me Sen mindixar<br />
meenedao~ [masalebi 1940: 39].<br />
struqtura<br />
miuxedavad spontanurobisa (an iqneb swored am mizeziT),<br />
xmiT natirals ara aqvs mkacri, kanonikuri struqtura.<br />
misi arqiteqtonikis agebaSi xmiT motirali sruliad<br />
Tavisufalia. mas SeuZlia daiwyos micvalebulis pirovnebis<br />
dasaxelebiT, misi sikvdilis garemoebis xsenebiT,<br />
sikvdilisadmi (`sikvdilo, Svili gagizarde~) an micvalebulisadmi<br />
mimarTviT (`gorgi, Sen xara TveleqaTio, mTaCi<br />
mxoceli jixvebisao~), dagvianebuli gafrTxilebiT (`geuben,<br />
guros nu mixolao~) an sayveduriT (`xomizurao, Sagenacvleo,<br />
me imas raad matyuebdio: magiol giorgiobasao~),<br />
momklavTa wyevla-krulviT da ex abrupto baladiseburad<br />
da sxva. igi arafriT ar aris SezRuduli. zogi xmiT<br />
natirali mTlianad eZRvneba sikvdilis garemoebis Tavisebur<br />
aRweras da SeiZleba baladadac ki miviCnioT. am<br />
mxriv, xmiT natirali Tavisufali Semoqmedebis nayofia.<br />
magram es ar niSnavs individualizmis srul gaqanebas am SemoqmedebiT<br />
procesSi.<br />
tradiciuli mxatvruli arsenali<br />
bunebrivia, xmiT motirali, rogorc xalxuri poeti,<br />
iyenebdes tradiciul gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs – epiTetebs,<br />
Sedarebebs, alegoriebs, metonimiebs, gapirovnebebs,<br />
metaforebs, hiperbolebs, romlebic mogzauroben maTi<br />
311
312<br />
wyalobiT xmiT natirlis teqstebidan teqstebamde da<br />
qmnian xmiT natirlis, rogorc Janris, erTian mxatvrul<br />
marags. SeiZleba imazec saubari, rom es maragi inarCunebs<br />
avtonomias saerTo-saxalxo poeziis konteqstSi.<br />
Cven mainc yuradRebas mivaqcevT mxolod natirlebis-<br />
Tvis damaxasiaTebel tropebs, romelTagan bevri mxatvruli<br />
azrovnebis Seudarebeli nimuSia. sazogadoeba ismenda,<br />
Cven ki SegviZlia wavikiTxoT amgvari tropebi: `xirimis<br />
bartyi~ (tyvia), `miwis logini~ (saflavi), `miwis samoseli~<br />
(saflavi), `cremlis Rilebi~, `cremlis Zafebi~ (`samares<br />
piri gaukereT Cemi cremlebis ZafebiTa~). motirali<br />
mimarTavs Rames, romelic masaviT cremls Rvris, oRond<br />
misi cremlebi varskvlavebia (`varskvlavni cremlad dagiRvravis~),<br />
mimarTavs gaTenebas, romlis cremlebi cvarnamia<br />
(`cvar-nami cremlad dagiRvravis~)...<br />
datirebis wesi<br />
ras vgulisxmobT wesSi? vgulisxmobT imas, rom mkacrad<br />
aris reglamentirebuli, Tu vin visi xmiT motirali<br />
SeiZleba iyos. rogori wesia am mxriv xevsureTSi? deda ar<br />
SeiZleba iyos Svilis xmiT motirali, arc coli – qmrisa.<br />
`Cveuleba sastikad ukrZalavs col-qmars, Svilebi anda<br />
erTi-erTmaneTi itiron~ [xizaniSvili: 80]. ra Tqma unda,<br />
dedas an cols ar SeiZleba ase kategoriulad aekrZalos<br />
Svilze an qmarze tirili – es misi kerZo, intimuri saqmea,<br />
magram is mainc moerideba xmiT anu sityvebiT sajarod, yvelas<br />
gasagonad uaxloesi adamianis datirebas. principi<br />
aseTia: rac ufro axlobelia gardacvlili, miT ufro meti<br />
TavSekaveba marTebs Wirisufals. RviZli Svili da intimuri<br />
qmari (romlis saxelis xsenebac ki ekrZaleba cols)<br />
axloblobis iseTi kategoriaa, romelTa sajarod xmiT datireba<br />
dauSvebelia. Tu moxda da mainc daitires, datirebas<br />
wesis darRvevisTvis win mobodiSeba uZRvis.<br />
`gitireb, damianis mzemao, agre miwas gasarevao,<br />
Sen SamaCvene sruyvelasao, diacma qmari dagitireo~<br />
[qxp V: 190].<br />
aseve bodiSobs qmari, romelic, raRac garemoebaTa gamo,<br />
iZulebuli xdeba, daitiros coli. maS, vin tiris vinmes
Svils da vinmes qmars? yvela naTesavi, garda dedisa da<br />
qmrisa, da aranaTesavi profesionali xmiT motirali? qali<br />
tiris Tavis Zmasa da daze, siZeze, mamaze, biZebze, biZaSvilebze,<br />
nebismier naTesavze, oRond aramc da aramc Tavis<br />
Svilsa da qmarze? TiTqos es Seuvali wesia xevsureT-<br />
Si, magram tradicia mainc aseTi kategoriuli ar aris. Tu<br />
qmris datireba iSviaTi gamonaklisia, fSavSi da xevsureT-<br />
Sic mravlad SevxvdebiT dedisgan Svilis datirebas. xmiT<br />
natirlis saukeTeso nimuSebi swored Svilis datirebebia.<br />
gavecnobiT fSaur da xevsurul nimuSebs (fragmentebs).<br />
fSauri<br />
xevsuruli<br />
`...Cem Svils rad unda samoselnio,<br />
Coxa gaxadeT gadaugdeTo.<br />
miwis samoseli SeukereTo,<br />
sarCulad tiril daudeviTo.<br />
Rilad cremlebi daukereTo,<br />
samares pirio gaukereTo<br />
Cemi cremlebis ZafebiTao...~<br />
[qxp V: 64].<br />
`mzeo, dadeg da dagviandio, mze dgexar ukenobisao,<br />
viyrebiT dedaSvilobiTao, mamSvidobeben berdiasao~<br />
[qxp V: 184].<br />
`deda genacvlos, dedis qalao,<br />
axal talavar Caicvidio,<br />
e Tmani xuTad daiwnidio,<br />
suleT bibiniT iaridio,<br />
oblis oboli gazardidio,<br />
dedo, kalTaCi Caisvidio,<br />
ToxolCaT qal or, ikvexnidio~<br />
[qxp V: 222].<br />
`deda genacvlos, baWyurao, dedis ferao, tuntulao,<br />
uenarao, uTavgziao...<br />
sikvdilo, qrTamsamc aitandio, Tu aitandi, mogcem qrTamsao:<br />
£arT mogcem, qora jorelaTao, niSasa Sagikazmav cxensao,<br />
313
314<br />
£mals mogcem CiqorTaulasao, qalT mogcem Zilasa, naTelasao,<br />
lelasa dagiyeneb winao, diacsa baWyuraisasao,<br />
ka mowonebiT moyvanilsao, siskarsa gadabrZanebulsao,<br />
Tu gamauSob baWyurasao...~<br />
[qxp V: 195].<br />
SeniSvnebi. `tuntulas~ ToTo bavSvze ityvian, `uenaras~ – uTqmelze,<br />
`uTavgzia~ umweos unda niSnavdes [WinWarauli]; Cans, xmiT<br />
natirlis obieqti Cvili bavSvia. Tumca amboben, Cvil bavSvebze ar<br />
tiriano. `qora xari~ – TeTri xari, `jorela~ xaris sakuTari saxelia,<br />
`CiqorTaula~ – xmlis sakuTari saxeli. Svilmkvdari deda mzad<br />
aris yvelaferi saukeTeso gasces qrTamad Svilis sanacvlod: ara<br />
mxolod nivTebs, ojaxis wevrebsac ki imetebs, qaliSvilebs – Zilas<br />
da naTelas, daqvrivebul rZals – lelas, siyvaruliT moyvanils,<br />
romelsac dedamTili ciskars adarebs, oRond Casvenebuls (`gadabrZanebuls~).<br />
Tu qmars ver daitirebs coli, sacoles SeuZlia saqmros<br />
datireba – mas ar ekrZaleba Tavisi grZnobebis (gardacvlilisadmi<br />
sinanulis, siyvarulis, erTgulebis) sajarod<br />
gamoxatva:<br />
`davberdi Sensa malodinsao, qali lamazi beqaurio.<br />
gadamiyole, gadmagyvebio, mamis imedo, wiklauroo.<br />
arada, sxvas vis gadavxyvebio, vaJi bevia gigaurio.<br />
guSinac kaci momilalao TamariSvilma Tangulamao...~<br />
[qxp V: 161].<br />
sxva daniSnuli sxvagvarad gamoTqvams Tavis sinanuls<br />
da guliswuxils. gardacvlilis sacole ase mimarTavs mis<br />
mamas – samamamTilos – qals TiTqos saCuqrebi moaqvs, saqmro<br />
ki karSic ar gamodis sacolis misagebeblad:<br />
`Cemo mamao, mamamTiloo, Cemi aq mosvla rad gewyinao?<br />
Sen Svils miqebdes samefodao, wamovel imis sacnobladao,<br />
eg karCi aRar gamoCindao. aRar ikadra Cem naxvanio...<br />
Coxa movarTvi, orSianio, TaTi, baWiWi yaWisaio,<br />
ar iRebs gajavrebuliao...~<br />
[qxp V: 179].
datirebulis zneobrivi saxe<br />
aris Tu ara gatarebuli samgloviaro poeziaSi laTin-<br />
Ta principi: `mkvdrebze an kargi, an araferi~? rogorc<br />
Cans, es universaluri principia da mas aSkarad misdeven<br />
Cveni xmiT motiralni. Tu mkvdari datirebulia, masze mxolod<br />
kargi, saukeTeso, moymeobis optimumi, heroikulia<br />
naTqvami da misi cxedris garSemo SemokrebilTa Soris aravin<br />
iqneba iseTi, vinc eWvqveS daayenebda natiralSi Tqmulis<br />
WeSmaritebas. saiqio sxvagvari SuqiT anaTebs suliwmidas<br />
(mkvdars), misi sikvdili sicocxlis apoTeozad Cans.<br />
maradisobis cecxli adnobs mis yofiTobas, mis yovel<br />
nakls, is araTu kai ymad, aramed moymeobis idealad warmodgeba<br />
cocxalTa TvalSi. msmeneli ismens motirlisgan<br />
imas, risi gagonebis mowadinec aris, rac surs mas gardacvlilSi<br />
dainaxos; ismens im Soreuli molodiniT, rom Tavad<br />
maszec msgavs sityvebs moismens. axlac ki, roca natirals<br />
ismens, axdens Tavis ganyenebas `dRiuri prozidan~<br />
da moymeobis idealiT imoseba Tavis TvalSi.<br />
samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom natirlebSi imaze<br />
met Seqebas ver movismenT, ramdenic baladis gmirs<br />
xvdeba wilad. Seqebis, Rvawlis gadmocemis, adamianis fizikur-sulieri<br />
portretis xatvis ena konvenciuria, masSi<br />
aravin gadaWarbebas ar xedavs. yvelaferi, rac maszea naTqvami,<br />
swored ase, am eniT, unda Tqmuliyo. rac unda dacilebuli<br />
iyos obieqtur realobas natiralSi CamoTvlili<br />
Rirsebebi, gardacvlili Tavis simarTleSi sufevs, is natiralis<br />
gmiria. `gitireb, agremc genacvlebio, Rirxar vaSkaci<br />
satirladao~ [qxp V: 228], – aRmoxdeba motirals. magram<br />
mainc natirali ar warmogvidgens glovis iseT grandiozul,<br />
TiTqos qveynis daqcevis, suraTs, rogorsac `xogais<br />
mindi kvdebodaSi~ vxedavT. Tu mindis sikvdilze arwivebi<br />
frTebs iglejen, natirlis gmiri Tavad aris arwivi,<br />
oRond frTadalewili. is vefxvic aris, jixvic da iremic<br />
– yovel maTgans ganasaxierebs igi, radgan kai yma iTavsebs<br />
Tavis TavSi yvela arsebisgan saukeTesos, sicocxleSic da<br />
sikvdilSic igi maTi sadarebelia:<br />
`vefxvo, daxyare iaraRio, arwivma daiWuWken m£arnio,<br />
jixvo, sawoliT gadmoRvardio, iremo, dainayen rqanio~<br />
[qxp V: 158].<br />
315
316<br />
aq ganzogadebulad da xatovnad aris aRniSnuli daRupvis<br />
faqti, araviTari konkretuli garemoeba, risi gadmocemac<br />
arcTu iSviaTia natirlebSi. zogierTi maTgani<br />
mTlianad tragikuli SemTxvevis (swored asea warmodgenili<br />
natiralSi gmiris daRupvis viTareba) aRweras eZRvneba<br />
da natirali TiTqos novelad gardaiqmneba. aRwerilia<br />
ambavi, natirlebisaTvis specifikuri sinanulis (dananebis)<br />
kiloTi, TanamimdevrobiT misi dawyebidan dasasrulamde.<br />
aseTia erTi sakmaod vrceli, or aTeulze metstriqoniani<br />
xevsuruli teqsti (dis natirali Zmaze), romelic<br />
im SemTxvevis gaxsenebiT iwyeba, rac adreve gadawyvetili,<br />
ramdenadac saqme sisxlis aRebas exeba, kanonieri<br />
mkvlelobis uSualo sababi gaxda:<br />
`fasioraTamc daRlevs RmerTio,<br />
misces dvarbini imedasao,<br />
akuSos ReliT gamaxenao,<br />
Zmis maklav icna axosTavsao...~<br />
[qxp V: 154].<br />
SeniSvnebi: fasiorani – xevsurTa erT-erTi sagvareulos saxelia;<br />
akuSo – sofeli liqokis xeobaSi; axosTavi – adgili mis mopirdapired<br />
aragvs gaRmiT; gamaxenao – gaxedao.<br />
miviCnioT es oTxi striqoni eqspoziciad, romlis Semdeg<br />
viTardeba sisxliani ambavi. sagulisxmo is aris, rom<br />
mkvlelobis saqmeSi, romelic am `dvarbinis~ micemas mohyva,<br />
misi gadamcemi fasiornic dadanaSaulebulni arian,<br />
rogorc monawileni. aseTi iyo sazogadoebrivi azri, amitomac<br />
durbindis gadacemis aqti imTaviTve motirlis fiqrebis<br />
binadari Seiqna da is wyevlas uTvlis maT tirilis<br />
dawyebisTanave.<br />
is, rac durbindSi gaxedvas mohyveba, anu Tofis gasrola<br />
akuSos Reledan, rogorc gadmoscems mas motirali diaci,<br />
Tavisi Tumca mTibluris saleqso sazomiT Senelebuli,<br />
mdore da, amrigad, SinaganSi gadanacvlebuli, eqspresiiTac ki<br />
ar CamorCeba, Tu ar Zlevs kidec baladis aCqarebul temps:<br />
`maSin ra xqeni, da genacvalao,<br />
buCaseulm rom Camagxvivlao,
namxrevT saTaves nayudebio,<br />
gaRvardi namxrevT boloSiao,<br />
dagawyvetivna kafianio,<br />
namxrevni sisxliT dagasvrivnao,<br />
cel dagrCa namxrevT saTavesao,<br />
namxrevT boloSi – salesvelio...~<br />
[masalebi: 95].<br />
SeniSvnebi: buCa – erTgvari Tofia, SesaZloa, Tofis sakuTari<br />
saxelic iyos; namxrevi – moTibuli nawili saTibSi; kafiani – mTibluri<br />
simRera (motirali sinanuliT ambobs, rom Tofis gasrolam<br />
simRera Segawyvetinao).<br />
motirali ganagrZobs da erTxel kidev gaaxsenebs imas,<br />
rac sazogadoebam kargad icis – rogor mouRes bolo sa-<br />
TibSi mSvidobian mosaqmes, mTibels, Tumca yvelam kargad<br />
icis, rom Surisgebis aRsrulebas Sromis procesi ver daabrkolebda:<br />
`axuraT sanaTisZiasao Svilnimc xyon Senis davlaTisnio! –<br />
Senze £mliT masvla rad undodao, buCaseulic geyofodao...~<br />
[qxp V: 154].<br />
SeniSvna: motirali wyevlas uTvlis sanaTisZes, romelmac TofiT<br />
daWrils xmliT mouRo bolo: misi xeliT moklulis davlaTs –<br />
beds usurvebs mis Svilebs anu maTac imgvarsave sikvdilso.<br />
motirali mihyveba movlenaTa ganviTarebas: rogorc<br />
Surisgebis gareSe ar Caivlida es ambavi, isic ar gamotovebda<br />
mas Tavis natiralSi:<br />
`aca, ver waxol, guroeloo, aparekai gamagidgao,<br />
buCaseuls qve ras gvakvexebTo, xirimis bartyi Cvenic naxeTo...~<br />
[qxp V: 154].<br />
SeniSvnebi: guroeli – an Tofis msrolelia an xmliT mimsvleli;<br />
apareka Tavs idebs sisxlis aRebis saqmes; xirimis bartyi – tyviis<br />
metafora, gvxvdeba mxolod am teqstSi, sxvagan arsad. skaldur<br />
poeziaSi kenigis saxeliT cnobili tropis es saxe yovel striqonSi<br />
gvxvdeba.<br />
317
318<br />
aris natirlebi, sadac adamianis aRsasrulis garemoeba<br />
mxolod dasaxelebulia, motirali ar misdevs brZolis<br />
aRweras, is ufro moklulis pirovnebiT aris dakavebuli.<br />
aris natirlebi, sadac verc sikvdilis mizezs vgebulobT<br />
(sazogadoebisTvis ki cnobilia), mxolod pirovnebis daxasiaTebas<br />
vismenT. am tipis natiralTa klasikuri nimuSia<br />
erTi Zveli xmiT natirali, romelic <strong>zurab</strong> erisTavis droindel<br />
gudamayrel vinme mixas sikvdilzea Sesrulebuli<br />
dis mier, rogorc gadmocemiT amboben:<br />
`Sarmanaulo, Savardenoo,<br />
mTibel-mamkalni gixarianRaeo?<br />
mTibel-mamklisa sanayrodao<br />
dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo?<br />
bevrais ji£vis gamgoresao<br />
Tofsa £irimsa zidavRaeo?<br />
mtrisa bevrais gamjavresao<br />
welze frangulsa ibamRaeo?<br />
stumris bevrisa masaxursao<br />
tyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo?<br />
bevraisa mtrisa gamrigesao<br />
enasa bWeCi zidavRaeo?<br />
[qxp V: 149].<br />
SeniSvnebi: ziscvari – rZe; masaxuri – mosaxurebeli (sabani);<br />
qemxa – `Zvirfasi da magari abreSumis Zafi~ [WinWarauli 2005]. qemxiT<br />
gadakerilia erTmaneTze cxvris tyavebi, rom adamians eyos sabnad.<br />
bevrais mtrisa – aq mtrebSi Sina moSuRarni, aragareSe mtrebi<br />
igulisxmebian; bWe – Temis sasamarTlo.<br />
esaa iSviaTi nimuSi xmiT natirlisa, sadac mwyobrad da ganzogadebulad,<br />
ara konkretuli saxiT, aris CamoTvlili mamakacis<br />
mravalmxrivi funqciebi sazogadoebaSi, rogorc sazogadoebis,<br />
saymos wevrisa. teqsti iZleva moymis srulyofil saxes<br />
yovelgvari winaswari Seqebis gareSe. erTaderTi qebis sityvaa<br />
– `Savardeni~, rogorc kai ymis epiTeti, romelic am kerZo<br />
SemTxvevaSi aliteraciulad eTanadeba Tavad datirebulis saxels<br />
– Sarmanauls. es SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos: Savardeni –<br />
amgvari bgerweris sityva – epiTetad, eWvi ar aris, saxelis gamoxmobilia<br />
(ara arwivi, aramed swored Savardenia Sarmanauli),
Tumca misi moxmoba ar aris moulodneli kai ymis Sesamkobad,<br />
rogorc erT natiralSia: `TeTrisa qoris naSoboo, Savardnisagan<br />
naqnaroo...~ moymis funqciebis CamoTvla gvxvdeba sxvaganac,<br />
kerZod, dalaiSi, magram ara aqvs iseTi mwyobri saxe, rogorc<br />
Sarmanaulis datirebaSi, Tumca piruku iyo mosalodneli,<br />
ramdenadac `dalai~ kanonikuria da ganzogadebuli. magram<br />
Cven vxedavT, rom Sarmanaulis teqsts ganzogadebis meti xarisxi<br />
aqvs. aq warmodgenilia saqmianobis xuTi sfero, sadac moymes<br />
uxdeba Tavisi sazogadoebrivi saxis gamovlena, Tavisi unarebis<br />
da funqciebis realizacia. sabolood, Cven winaSea moymeobis<br />
srulyofili kodeqsi:<br />
1. Sroma. igi pirvel adgilze dgas; Tumca ver vityviT,<br />
rom am sazogadoebaSi RirsebiT sxvebze upiratesad iyos<br />
miCneuli. araSemTxveviT, pirvel rigSia Tibva, mere mka.<br />
`mTibelni gixarianRaoe~? mTiblebis danaxva Sens saTibeb-<br />
Si kidev gixariao? ekiTxeba motirali da am SekiTxviT surs<br />
msmenelTa (SekiTxva ufro maT mimarT aris) warmodgenaSi<br />
gaaRviZos cocxali Sarmanauli, `mTibel-mamklis~ xilviT<br />
gaxarebuli, maTi Sromis damfasebeli, saukeTeso kerZiT<br />
– rZeSi moxarSuli dumiT rom umaspinZldeba da aravis daunayrebels<br />
ar gauSvebs. Sromas eTmoba ori striqoni.<br />
2. nadiroba. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da sasaxelo saqmianoba<br />
am sazogadoebaSi. SesaZloa, is ar iyos maincdamainc<br />
Tavis gamosakvebi saqmianoba, magram is aris moymeTa<br />
sporti, uromlisodac moymeobis kodeqsi nakluli iqneboda.<br />
Tu brZolaSi xmalia moymis iaraRi, sanadiroSi – Tofi<br />
xirimi. Tumca orivegan orive iaraRis xmareba uwevs moymes:<br />
xirimi brZolaSi gasagebia, magram xmalic ar aris gamousadegari<br />
nadirobaSi, Tu iseTi nadiri Sexvdeba mas, rogoric<br />
vefxvia (`maSinRa gaWra frangulma...~). nadirobas<br />
erTi taepi eTmoba.<br />
3. brZola. brZola, nadirobasTan Sewyvilebuli, xSiria<br />
natirlebSi: `gorgi, Sen xara TveleqaTio, mTaCi mxoceli<br />
jixvebisao, Walas miTxoelT vaJebisao...~ moyme mudam<br />
mzadyofnaSia mtris `gasajavreblad~, erT striqonSi<br />
dawnexilad aris gamoxatuli misi mzaoba erTaderTi JestiT:<br />
`welze frangulsa ibamRaeo~? amiT yvelaferia Tqmuli.<br />
motirali ar Tvlis saWirod frangulis moymurad gamoyenebis<br />
magaliTi dausaxelos msmenelebs. yvelam icis,<br />
rom igi amaod, `uerTod~ ar Seibamda franguls. `dalaiSi~<br />
319
320<br />
mebrZoloba prioritetulia, mas yvelaze pirvelad Seaxseneben<br />
mzegadasuls: `laSqars gikiTxven sworebi, win aRar<br />
gauZRvebia, dalai, mterTan xmalamoRebuli~, mtrisaTvis<br />
risxvis mimcemi, dalai...~<br />
4. maspinZloba. Tu raime mSvidobiani saqmianoba fasdeba<br />
am sazogadoebaSi, es stumar-maspinZlobis wesia. igi<br />
aucilebeli muxlia moymeobis dauwerel rjulSi, Rrmad<br />
aris amokveTili ara qvis, aramed gulis ficarze. motiralma<br />
miagno erTaderT detals, romliTac SeZlo cocxlad<br />
daexata mravalstumriani maspinZlis saxe. vgrZnobT siTbos<br />
da siyvaruls (ara mxolod movaleobas), romliTac is<br />
stumrebisTvis gudanurebs (erTmaneTze gadabmul cxvris<br />
tyavebs) keravs Tavisi sakuTari xeliT. msmeneli imasac igrZnobs,<br />
rom es kaci mzad aris, Tu saWiro gaxda, Tavi gawiros<br />
stumrisTvis, romelsac RamiT mis saxlSi, misi xeliT<br />
gadakerili tyavebi exureba. `dalais~ teqsti ar gamotovebs<br />
am tradiciul atributs: `karze gidgenan stumrebi,<br />
Sinam ar SeuZRvebia, dalai...~ da aqac motirali erTi striqoniT<br />
kmayofildeba. natiralSi maspinZloba mis dasawyisSivea<br />
naxsenebi, oRond SromasTan dakavSirebiT, mTibav-<br />
Ta da momkelTa dapurebis konteqstSi: `dumas ziscvarSi<br />
xarSavRaeo~? orgzis stumarTmoyvareobis aRniSvna ar unda<br />
iyos SemTxveviTi: xalxuri yofis zneobriv kodeqsSi<br />
stumris rigianad gamaspinZleba omSi mamacobaze upiratesia,<br />
rasac es striqoni mowmobs: `puradi kaci mamacze samis<br />
gafreniT metia~. am upiratesobas analogia SeiZleba eZebnebodes<br />
xatobaSi saRvTo sufris saxiT, sadac maspinZeli<br />
jvaria, stumrebi ki – mTeli misi saymo. sxvaganac, erT `Sem-<br />
RernebaSi~, aseve dawyvilebulia es ori saqmianoba da maTi<br />
harmoniuli SeTavseba ojaxis farglebSi, da pirvelad aq<br />
swored maspinZlobaa xsenebuli:<br />
`es saxli SaCveulia Sasmasa, SamRernebasa,<br />
am saxlis diasaxlisi – stumarTa maspinZlobasa,<br />
am saxlis mamasaxlisi – laSqarTa winamZRrobasa~.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom xmiT natiralSi stumarmaspinZlobis<br />
nimuSad aRebulia es komponenti – stumris mSvidi Zilis<br />
uzrunvelyofa – da ara sufris gaSla, `Sasma da Sam-<br />
Rerneba~.
5. gamrigeoba. gzianoba, sxvisi dajerebis unari ganasrulebs<br />
moymeobis rjuls. `dalaiSi~ mkvidrad, mravalferovani<br />
gamoxatulebiT, zis moymis es aspeqti: `Wkviano, saqcivliano,<br />
dalai, gamWrelo mosamarTleo, dalai, ...gamrigev TuSeTisao,<br />
dalai...~ rac frangulia moymisaTvis brZolaSi da xirimi nadirobaSi,<br />
is aris misTvis ena safixvnoze. amitom – `enasa bWeCi zidavRaeo?~<br />
franguli omis iaraRia, ena – mSvidobisa. rkina Wabukobis<br />
atributia, sityva – sibrZnisa, xandazmulobisa. ZvelTaganve<br />
orive Tanabrad fasobda sazogadoebaSi: uruqSi (Sumer-<br />
Si), rogorc gilgameSis eposidan da misi ciklis Sumeruli sim-<br />
Rerebidan Cans [gilgameSiani:], es ori unari, rom davakonkretoT,<br />
Zala da azri, erTmaneTs epaeqreboda mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebaTa<br />
gamotanisas. iyo krebuli moymeTa (guruS), romelic<br />
sabrZolo Zalas ganasaxierebda, da iyo krebuli uxuces-<br />
Ta (abba), romelic azris, gonivruli rCevis wyaros warmoadgenda.<br />
is, rac klasikur sazogadoebebSi instituciurad iyo gamijnuli<br />
erTmaneTisgan, Cvens safixvnoze erTi moymis arseba-<br />
Sia SeerTebuli. amis dadasturebaa aluda qeTelauris ormxrivi<br />
daxasiaTeba: `safixvnos Tavze dajdebis, sityva maudis gziani,<br />
bevr qists maaWra marjvena, scada franguli fxiani~. fxiani<br />
sityva da fxiani franguli amSvenebes mas da ganasrulebs mis<br />
moymeobas. magram mainc asaki, romelic atarebs sibrZnes, upiratesobs<br />
siymeze, romelsac xmali upyria da mis imedzea. amas<br />
ambobs es fragmenti:<br />
`gudan ageben beRelsa, libod udeben sinasa.<br />
hkiTxvides geldiaursa andrezsa wina-winasa,<br />
urCevdis geldiauri jer Wkvasa, memre rkinasa~.<br />
rogorc wesi, laTinuri Tqmis Tanaxmad – de mortuis aut bene,<br />
aut nihil – xmiT natiralSi dasatirebeli adamianis mxolod sauke-<br />
Teso Tvisebebia gaxsenebuli, an motirali ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas<br />
mis sikeTeebze, mxolod zogadad gamoxatavs gulis<br />
wuxils, an mxolod misi gardacvalebis viTarebas axsenebs WirisufalT.<br />
magram mainc xmiT motirali Tavisufalia da, SesaZloa,<br />
ar dagidevdeT am mdumare TanxmobiT miRebul sayovel-<br />
Tao wess. adamians gardacvaleba erTgvari SaravandiT mosavs,<br />
risi ZaliTac sicocxleSi arafriT gamorCeuli, metic, ubiri,<br />
yvelas yuradRebis centrSi eqceva da sikvdili TiTqos misi<br />
gamakeTilSobilebeli sigelia.<br />
321
322<br />
`kaci mamkvdari gakargdebao: ZmaT ubirasa geZaxdiano,<br />
aStaRuai geqvinisao, sakvmis sateni dusTuraio...<br />
eexla gadaCinebulxaro, kacTan damdgarxar kacuradao,<br />
Co£a Cagcvam sklatisaio, Co£a sadidod dakerulio.<br />
wamogixurav maSTagurio, ZmaT uarias, beCavasao~<br />
[qxp V: 227].<br />
SeniSvnebi. aStaRuai – dacinviT Serqmeuli saxeli; dusTurai<br />
– Serqmeuli saxeli sityvidan dusTi – Zvelmani samosi, Cvari, ri-<br />
Tac boselSi RriWoebs tenian; sklati – maudi; maSTaguri – qurqi;<br />
ZmaT uaria – Zmebs Soris uaresi, uvargisi [WinWarauli 2005].<br />
TuSuri xmiT natirali<br />
TuSebSic igive terminologiaa, rac fSav-xevsureTSi:<br />
`xmiT tirili~, `xmiT motirali~. sainteresoa, rom `xma~ aq<br />
niSnavs melodias sityvasTan erTad, magram arsebobs<br />
`sityvebiT~ tirilic, romelsac melodia ar axlavs [azikuri:8].<br />
TuSuri natirlebic improvizaciulia, isinic, rogorc<br />
fSav-xevsurulni, dedakacebis Semoqmedebaa, magram sagrZnoblad<br />
gansxvavdebian fSav-xevsuruli natirlebisgan<br />
rogorc formiT, ise SinaarsiT, tropuli sistemiT. es aris<br />
uriTmo Tormetmarcvliani leqsi, striqonSi zogjer 13 an<br />
14 marcvalia, `oRond am SemTxvevaSi motirali teqsts ise<br />
warmoTqvams, rom Tormet marcvalze gaangariSebul melodiaSi<br />
Catios. gvxvdeba aTmarcvliani striqonic, am<br />
dros motirali melodias daqviTinebiT an amooxvriT avsebs~<br />
[azikuri:7]. natirlis teqstebis ganmeoreba arsad ar xdeba,<br />
TiTqos akrZalulic aris: `ar £am~. aqac coli ar tiris<br />
qmars; Tu itira, natiralSive Tamamad acxadebs: `qmariav,<br />
magramev me aras mcxvenisav~. xevsuruli Cveulebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
dedas ar ekrZaleba Svilis datireba, mxolod<br />
mcirewlovani Svilis datirebaa saZraxisi. gansakuTrebiT<br />
tirian uZeod gadagebul vaJkacs (visac `Ze-bolo~ ar darCa).<br />
natiralSi ixseneben micvalebulis `mgebrebs~, maT, vinc saiqioSi<br />
egebebian mas. eseni, rogorc wesi, misi dedis Zmebi arian.<br />
aRsaniSnavia TuSuri natirlebis gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
mxare, is gansakuTrebiT mdidaria tropuli mravalferovnebiT.<br />
mas aqvs sakuTari leqsika, romelic SeiZleba Seva-
daroT xevsurul `jvarTenas~, romlis leqsika mxolod sakulto<br />
gamoyenebisaa da arc yoveldRiur saubarSi, arc<br />
saero poeziaSi ar ixmareba. aseve TuSuri natirlebis metaforuli<br />
ena mxolod natirlebis sakuTrebaa. am mxriv,<br />
TuSuri natirlebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba fSav-xevsuruli<br />
natirlebisgan. tradiciulia da meordeba natirlidan<br />
natiralSi tropuli gamoTqma `mzes velodebiTav, RrubliT<br />
(var. `budiT~) momavalsav~ – am sityvebiT motirali<br />
deda axsenebs daRupuli vaJis naSiers, romelsac misi fexmZime<br />
coli atarebs. `gvirgvin-daSaulni~ ki isini arian,<br />
romlebic uqorwineblad gardaicvalnen. `mamis o£er~ an<br />
`o£ris saxli~ upatrono, gardacvlilisgan mitovebuli<br />
saxlia; `mindvris jeilebi~ – sasaflaoze damarxulni, `miwis<br />
kedeli~ damarxulsac niSnavs da Tavad saflavs; `wilis<br />
amoTra~ – wilis amoReba, anu gardacvaleba, sikvdilis<br />
wilxvdoma (`wil amasTareaav~? – mokvdi?), `aludis stumrebi~<br />
– Wiris sufraze msxdomni; darTlos sasaflaoze<br />
`Zvali RorRad xyriav, ulvaSs – mwvaniladav~, `sabnad gadavxurev<br />
qvai da qviSaiv~, `qalo, dakargulo, dilis namsaviTa~,<br />
`dedis Tavmoklulo~, `qaris moRebulo fuTulov,<br />
mteris waRebulov~, `saxls gikeTeben kar-usarkmlosa~<br />
(anu bnel saflavs), `soflis galavano, klite dadebulo~,<br />
`miwisferdebulni~ – damarxuli micvalebulni...<br />
literatura<br />
azikuri: azikuri n., mgosanni glovisani, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1986.<br />
gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani. Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi,<br />
`ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.<br />
kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia,<br />
1961.<br />
masalebi: masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis III,<br />
Tbilisi, 1940.<br />
platoni 1997: platoni, adreuli dialogebi, Zveli ber-<br />
Znulidan Targmna, winaTqmebi da komentarebi<br />
daurTo baCana bregvaZem,<br />
`nekeri~, 1997.<br />
WinWarauli 2000: WinWarauli al., xevsuruli leqsikoni,<br />
`<strong>qarTuli</strong> ena~, Tb., 2005.<br />
xizaniSvili: xizaniSvili n., eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1940.<br />
323
324<br />
sibrZnis poezia – andaza<br />
andaza wmida folkloruli Janria. literaturaSi mas<br />
analogi ara aqvs. Tu kidev SesaZlebelia xalxuri leqsis<br />
Seqmnis Tu asparezze gamoCenis drois dadgena, andazis<br />
SemTxvevaSi amas ver SevZlebT, imdenad Cawnulia igi enis<br />
wiaRSi. igi enasTan erTad arsebobs, masTan aris sisxlxorceulad<br />
dakavSirebuli. yvela niSani <strong>folklori</strong>sa, romelic<br />
ki CamovTvaleT, Tavisi wmida saxiT axasiaTebs mas –<br />
absoluturi koleqtiuroba, romelic araviTar adgils ar<br />
utovebs individualurs, absoluturi anonimuroba, romelic<br />
principulad gamoricxavs avtoris arsebobas, variantuloba,<br />
romlis diapazoni scildeba erovnul da, Sesabamisad,<br />
enobriv sazRvrebs... Tumca is enisa da <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />
zRvarzea da, amdenad, mxolod erovnul (eTnikur) niadagze<br />
arsebobs. is ibadeba da cocxlobs yoveldRiur yofaSi<br />
enis, rogorc metyvelebis, aqtualizaciasTan erTad.<br />
ra aris andaza? iqneb misi arsis gansazRvraSi Tavad es<br />
sityva andaza dagvexmaros. mivmarTod, rogorc yovel-<br />
Tvis aseT SemTxvevebSi, sabas. leqsikografi gvagzavnis<br />
sityvasTan magaliTi:<br />
`ese magaliTi ganiyofebian orad: magaliTad da andazad.<br />
magaliTi ars ukve, romlisa saxe genebos, gina<br />
qmnuleba saxlisa da karavTa, xatTa da yvavilTa da egeviTarTa.<br />
xolo andaza samoselTa da sabuxarTa da xamlTa<br />
da raodeni gamoikveTebian egeviTarni~. saba calke<br />
ganmartavs: `saandazo – andazad dasadebeli, samagali-<br />
To – saandazo~.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, andazas Tavdapirvelad Targis mniSvneloba<br />
hqonia. xolo ra aris Targi, Tu ara arqetipi, romlis<br />
mixedviT iqmneba yvelaferi, iqneba es materialuri sagani<br />
ram Tu swavleba anda saqcieli. andaza nivTieri Targis<br />
mniSvnelobidan adis sityvier-azrobrivi Targis mniSvnelobamde.<br />
andaza, amrigad, misi Zveli semantikidan gamomdinare,<br />
aris arqetipuli Tqma, erT winadadebaSi dawnexili<br />
codna (sibrZne). sagulisxmoa, rom zogjer andaza<br />
anderZTan aris gaigivebuli. magaliTad, akaki `baSi-aCukSi~<br />
wers: `aRar gaxsovT Zveli anderZi: sircxvils sikvdili
sjobs da orive erTad ki – jojoxeTiao?~ ufro adre ar-<br />
Cil mefesTan vxvdebiT am gaigivebas: `asre daxvden orni<br />
Zmani, viT mamisgan eandaza~ (nacvlad mosalodneli eanderZa-si).<br />
anderZi akakisTan andazis mniSvnelobiT<br />
gamoiyeneba da andaza arCilTan – anderZis mniSvnelobiT.<br />
mas unda daematos samagaliTo striqoni `didmouravianidan~:<br />
`Cemi saqme dReis ukan andazad da xidad deviT~.<br />
am striqonis mniSvneloba ufro metia, vidre is konteqsti,<br />
sadac naTqvamia igi. Tavad striqoni gvauwyebs, Tu rogor<br />
ibadeba andaza, ufro sworad, andrezi pirvelsaqcielidan,<br />
rogorc xidi, romlis wiaR erTmaneTSi gadadian Taobebi.<br />
`andaza-xidi~ mowodebulia warsulsa da awmyos Soris<br />
kavSiris Sesakvrelad.<br />
andaza unda Seicavdes iseT codnas, gamocdilebas, romelic<br />
eRireba Sesanaxad da TaobebSi gadasacemad. aseTi<br />
Rirebulia swored yoveli andazis Sinaarsi, am Rirebulebis<br />
ZaliT mimodis igi bagidan bagemde, Taobidan Taobamde,<br />
xalxidan xalxamde, ganfenilia rogorc qseli mTel kacobriobaSi.andazas<br />
narTaulad, Sefarulad, igavurad moaqvs<br />
Cvenamde Tavisi saTqmeli. Tu anderZTan mas tradiciuloba<br />
anaTesavebs, igavi gamoTqmis saSualebaze, xerxze<br />
miuTiTebs. amitomac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom igavebi<br />
ewodeba solomonis mier Sekrebil gamonaTqvamebs, romlebic<br />
sxva araferia, Tu ara andazebi (da asec aris Targmnili<br />
sxva enebze. Proverbs of Solomon, Die Sprüche Salomos,<br />
Ïðèò÷è Ñîëîìîíîâû da sxva).<br />
andazis, iseve rogorc yoveli folkloruli teqstis,<br />
Seswavlas sami mxare aqvs: 1) formaluri anu morfologiur-struqturuli,<br />
2) Sinaarsobrivi da 3) funqciuri. amgvarad,<br />
andaza SeiZleba ganvixiloT sam doneze: 1) teqstis<br />
doneze, 2) mniSvnelobis doneze, 3) gamoyenebis doneze.<br />
rogorc enaSi arsebobs sinonimebi (Tumca ara absoluturi),<br />
aseve arsebobs sinonimuri andazebi, romlebic er-<br />
Tsa da imave Sinaarss, mniSvnelobas sxvadasxva saSualebebiT<br />
gamoxataven. amrigad, andazis gulisguli, riTac is Tavis<br />
funqcias asrulebs, mis meore doneze anu mis mniSvnelobaSia<br />
saZiebeli. magaliTad, formalurad, teqstis doneze<br />
es ori andaza erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba: 1) `Tu<br />
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326<br />
mRvdeli mwyalobs, diakvani veras damaklebso~ da 2) `Tu<br />
guli gulobs, qada ori xeliT iWmevao~, magram maTi mniSvnelobebi<br />
da, aqedan gamomdinare, gamoyeneba gansxvavebulia.<br />
meore mxriv, sinonimuria andazebi, Tumca isini yofis<br />
gansxvavebuli sferoebidan aris aRebuli: `umoaxlo<br />
qveyanaSi virs pirmTvarisa daarqveso~ da `uZaRlo qveyanaSi<br />
katas ayefebeno~.<br />
ras warmoadgens andaza Tavisi formiT, rogorc sityvieri<br />
teqsti? frazeologiuri erTeulisgan (gamoTqmisgan)<br />
gansxvavebiT, andaza erTi dasrulebuli winadadebaa.<br />
mTeli misi Sinaarsi erT winadadebaSia moqceuli. andazis<br />
winadadeba SeiZleba iyos rogorc proza, ise leqsi. magram<br />
igi mainc poetur Janrs miekuTvneba, radgan misi Sinagani<br />
forma poeturia. ritmi da riTma, rac arcTu iSviaTad<br />
axlavs mas, Sinagani poeturobis mxolod garegani gamoxatulebaa.<br />
ritmisa da riTmis garda, andazas aqvs kidev sxva<br />
arqauli saSualeba misTvis poeturi formis misacemad, es<br />
aris e.w. wevrTa paralelizmi (parallelismus membrorum), rac<br />
safuZvlad udevs andazaTa umravlesobas. es uZvelesi xerxi,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, mTavari struqturuli RerZia andazisa.<br />
es struqtura ar aris mxolod formaluri xasiaTisa –<br />
igi andazis mTavari konceptualuri momentia.<br />
amrigad, andaza, rogorc wesi, ritmulad mowesrigebuli<br />
striqonia, amiT gansxvavdeba igi Cveulebrivi winadadebisgan.<br />
rogorc garkveulia, TiToeuli andaza calke saleqso<br />
striqons warmoadgens da zustad Seesatyviseba<br />
qarTul xalxur poeziaSi gavrcelebul saleqso sazomebs<br />
[bardaveliZe]. upiratesobs Teqvsmetmarcvliani taepi,<br />
magram Segvxvdeba 9- da 10-marcvlianic.<br />
Sairis sazomzea gawyobili Semdegi andazebi:<br />
`sxvisTvis uReli nura gSurs, Sen rom yevari gyavdeso~;<br />
`aseTma furma damwixlos, Cemze mets iwvelideso~;<br />
`zogisa bambac Cxrialebs, zogis kakalic arao~.<br />
Teqvsmetmarcvliani Sinagani riTmiT:<br />
`kata ver Seswvda Zexvsao, paraskevia dResao~;<br />
`naadri Svili patronsa, nagvianebi – batonsa~;<br />
`aafrine alaliao, rac ar ari, ar ario~;<br />
`rac mogiva daviTao, yvela Seni TaviTao~ da sxva.
Sairis naxevartaepia:<br />
`erTi dro Citsac ki aqvso~;<br />
`sxva sxvis omSi brZeniao~...<br />
aTmarcvliani Sinagani riTmiT: `viri sxvisao, saxre tyisao~.<br />
12-marcvliani aseve Sinagani riTmiT: `iaffasisao – wveni<br />
ZaRlisao~.<br />
andazebis korpusis zerele gadaxedvac gviCvenebs,<br />
rom riTma ar aris andazis arsebiTi da aucilebeli niSani,<br />
magram sadac igi Cndeba, damatebiT eqspresiulobas ani-<br />
Webs teqsts. igive iTqmis aliteraciaze, fonetikurad<br />
msgavsi sityvebis erTmaneTTan Sepirispirebaze, rac arcTu<br />
iSviaTia andazebSi – `madli matlad iqcao~, `aznauri<br />
Wadsac ar Wams, moSivdeba – Wirsac momWams~, `kaci kaci-<br />
Tao, Robe qacviTao~, `roca xorci gavao, gavac dumad gavao~<br />
(var. `visic gava gavao, kanWic gavad gavao~), `rac ar<br />
mergeba, ar Semergeba~ da sxva mravali.<br />
paralelizmi andazis arsebiTi niSania. andazis sazrisi<br />
swored cnebaTa Tu realiaTa harmoniul an kontrastul<br />
paralelizmSi mdgomareobs. andazaSi `ramac gagaCina, iman<br />
dagarCina~ gamCenisa da mfarvelis paralelizmia. `kaci Tu<br />
gonieria, sofeli Ronieria~ (kaci – sofeli, goniereba –<br />
Roniereba), `kaci zRvas gadaurCa da cvarma daaRrCoo~<br />
(zRva – cvari, gadarCena – daRupva), `mTisa mecxvares<br />
hkiTxe, barisa – guTnisdedasao~, `momxvdurs damxvduric<br />
undao~, `rac ginaxavs, veRar naxav~ (warsuli – momavali),<br />
`rkinas mWedeli sWeds, ara uroo~ (iaraRi – mkeTebeli), `kaci<br />
bWobda, RmerTi icinodao~ (kaci – RmerTi, bWoba –<br />
sicili) da mravali sxva.<br />
moyvanil magaliTebSi paralelizmi da dapirispirebuli<br />
wyvilebi zedapirze Cans. magram arsebobs mTeli wyeba<br />
andazebisa, sadac es aSkarad ar Cans, Sefarul-SeniRbulia,<br />
siRrmisken aris wasuli, andazis qvemo SreSi Zevs – iq aris<br />
saZiebel-aRmosaCeni. bevri andazis Zala swored am aRmo-<br />
Cenis efeqtzea damyarebuli. rac ufro Rrmad Zevs da Sefarulia<br />
dapirispireba, miT ufro metia andazis Zala da<br />
efeqti. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom andazis Tviseba da<br />
Zala mis SefarulobaSia, andaza cdilobs Sefarulad gamoTqvas<br />
azri. andaza igavuria, amdenad igi amarTlebs im<br />
ganmartebas, sabas leqsikonSi rom aris mocemuli.<br />
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328<br />
andaza, klasikuri gansazRvrebiT, Seicavs sibrZnes – bunebaze,<br />
cxovrebaze, samyaroze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul<br />
codnas, yvelafers, rasac adamiani, sazogadoeba gamocdilebis<br />
Sedegad ganazogadebs. magram es ar aris sakmarisi. aucilebelia,<br />
magram arasakmarisi. andazaSi mTavari da gadamwyvetia,<br />
Tu rogor aris daculi da miwodebuli es sibrZne. andaza sibrZnes<br />
igavurad, metaforulad, CaSifrulad inaxavs. teqsti,<br />
romelic zedapirulad atarebs codnas da pirdapir, deklaraciulad<br />
gadascems mas, ver iandazebs.<br />
magram codnac aris da codnac. andaziseul codnas safuZvlad<br />
udevs siRrmiseuli, arqetipuli codna. anu andazaSi<br />
aSkarad mocemuli dapirispirebis safuZveli arqetipuli<br />
dapirispirebaa. arqetipuli, fundamenturi opozicia<br />
zurgs umagrebs saaSkaraoze gamotanil fenomenur<br />
da yofiT dapirispirebebs [ruseiSvili]. yoveli andaza avlens<br />
romelime fundamentur, safuZvlismier, universalur<br />
opozicias. `andazis Tema aris ara sityva an raime azri<br />
an, Tundac adamianis moRvaweobis romelime sfero, aramed<br />
dapirispirebul kategoriaTa invariantuli (ucvleli)<br />
wyvili~ [permiakovi:105]. amaSi SegviZlia davrwmundeT<br />
nebismieri andazis magaliTze.<br />
es dapirispirebebia: kargi – cudi, boroti –keTili, zemo<br />
– qvemo, axlobeli – Soreuli, Cveni – sxvisi, sasargeblo<br />
– usargeblo, simarTle– tyuili, SeCveuli–<br />
SeuCveveli, mTeli – nawili, Tavi – bolo, didi – mcire, ma-<br />
Rali – dabali, Zlieri – susti, axali – Zveli, naTeli –<br />
bneli, savse – carieli, swrafi – neli, bevri – cota, sityva<br />
(Tqma) – saqme (moqmedeba), cocxali – mkvdari, moyvare –<br />
mteri, cxadi – dafaruli, Seneba – ngreva da a.S. nebismieri<br />
andaza, Tu is namdvilad andazaa, Tavis safuZvelSi romelime<br />
wyvils usaTuod unda Seicavdes, magaliTad:<br />
Zlieri – susti:<br />
`dedakacma gaiwia da cxra uRelma xarma ver Seamagrao~;<br />
`marTali kaci qvaze magariao~;<br />
`Cveni –sxvisi~:<br />
`sadac mixvide, iqauri qudi daixureo~;<br />
`zogisa bambac Cxrialebs, zogis kakalic arao~.<br />
`kargi – cudi~:<br />
`erTi mglisken, meore Txiskeno~;
`sasargeblo – usargeblo (fuWi)~:<br />
`kodalav, Sen sul egre akakuneb, magram Seni gakeTebuli<br />
xaratulebi vera vnaxeo~.<br />
`mosalodneli – moulodneli~:<br />
`mWle Waki lamaz kvics igebso~.<br />
`SesaZlebeli – SeuZlebeli~:<br />
`erTi wixliskvriT cixe ver daingrevao~.<br />
`namdvili – moCvenebiTi~:<br />
`erTi mercxlis WikWiki gazafxuls ver moiyvanso~.<br />
`mizezi – Sedegi~:<br />
`moxuci imas moimkis, rac siyrmiT dauTesiao~;<br />
`mama naxe, deda naxe, Svili ise gamonaxe~.<br />
`cxadi – dafaruli~:<br />
`mRvdeli WilofSi icnobao~.<br />
`xanmokle – xangrZlivi~:<br />
`niorma Tavis simyrale Svid wels Seinaxao~.<br />
`drouli – gviani~:<br />
`sanam pavle movidoda, petres tyavi gaaZvreso~;<br />
`sanam Tone cxelia, lavaSi Caakario~.<br />
`absoluturi – relatiuri~:<br />
`TagvisTvis katac lomiao~.<br />
realuri – ararealuri:<br />
`zecas wero mifrinavda, Zirs Samfursa Tlidneno~;<br />
`bavSvi ar dabadebula da abrams arqmevdneno~ da sxva.<br />
es fundamenturi dapirispirebebi andazaSi xorcSesxmulia<br />
mravalgvarad, Tavad samyaros mravalferovnebis kvalobaze.<br />
marTalia, andazas safuZvlad udevs samyaros Sinagani (siRrmiseuli)<br />
zogadi kanonzomierebani, arqetipuli azrobrivi<br />
struqturebi, magram isini andazebSi xatovnad, adamianuri yofis<br />
enazea gadaTargmnili. andaza aris arqetipul dapirispirebaTa<br />
verbaluri gamoxatulebis forma [ruseiSvili], an imave<br />
329
330<br />
avtoris ganmartebiT, `andaza gamoxatavs siRrmiseul arqetipul<br />
sibrZnes, romelic, Tavis mxriv, opoziciuri azrobrivi<br />
struqturis saxiT gamoixateba~. aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom Tavad<br />
samyaroa opoziciuri struqturis, ramac religiur sistemaSic<br />
pova gamoZaxili (magaliTad, zoroastrizmi keTilisa<br />
da borotisa, kargisa da cudis fundamentur opoziciazea dafuZnebuli).<br />
andaza, Tundac erTi winanadeba, erTi taepi, mxatvruli nawarmoebia.<br />
rogor arsebobs is, sad aris misi realizaciis sfero?<br />
sxvagan arsad, Tu ara ama Tu im Seqmnil situaciaSi, romelic<br />
adamianisgan moiTxovs pasuxs. situacia, raime kolizia, iwvevs<br />
andazas, romelic adamianis mexsierebaSia daculi. igi zustad<br />
da logikurad pasuxobs situacias, ar eqvemdebareba mtkicebas,<br />
radgan Tavad aris raRacis mtkiceba. is aqsiomaa, mza logikuri<br />
daskvnaa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daskvna imdenia, ramdeni<br />
situaciis warmodgenac SeiZleba. TiToeul yofiT situacias<br />
Tavisi andaza aqvs momarjvebuli da yoveli andaza potenciurad<br />
Tavis Sesatyvis situacias gulisxmobs. situacias Tavisi<br />
Sesatyvisi andazis molodini aqvs.<br />
roca <strong>folklori</strong>s arsebiT niSnebze vlaparakobdiT, davasaxeleT<br />
yofiToba, rogorc literaturisgan <strong>folklori</strong>s ganmasxvavebeli<br />
niSani. <strong>folklori</strong> yofaSi da yofisTvis Seiqmna.<br />
Sromis poezia Seiqmna SromiT yofaSi da sxvagan arsad sruldeba,<br />
Tu ara isev Sromis procesSi. andaza, romelic atarebs<br />
raRac sibrZnes, gamocdilebas, situaciam warmoSva da mxolod<br />
analogiur situaciaSi amotivtivdeba, raTa misi Sefasebis, verdiqtis<br />
dasmis, mxilebis Semdeg kvlav mexsierebis gamoucnob<br />
xveulebSi daibudos. da `sZinavs~ mas, vidre Sesaferi situacia<br />
kvlav ar gamoixmobs.<br />
literatura<br />
bardaveliZe: bardaveliZe j., andazebis ritmuli wyoba<br />
(<strong>folklori</strong>s Teoria da istoria, qar-<br />
Tuli foklori VIII, 1979).<br />
permiakovi: Ïåðìÿêîâ Ã.Ë., Î ñìûñëîâîé ñòðóêòóðå è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé<br />
êëàññèôèêàöèè ïîñëîâè÷íûõ<br />
èçðå÷åíèé (Ïàðåìèîëîãè÷åñêèé ñáîðíèê,<br />
“Íàóêà”, Ì., 1978).<br />
ruseiSvili: ruseiSvili m., andazis zogadi semantikuri<br />
modeli (saenaTmecniero Ziebani, Tb., 1999).
<strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />
istoriidan
Znelia, <strong>folklori</strong>s Semswavleli disciplinis – <strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />
warmoSobis zusti TariRis dadgena. ras davukavSiroT<br />
igi: terminis – <strong>folklori</strong>s Seqmnas (1846 w.)<br />
Tu ufro adreul xanas, roca Sotlandielma poetma, skolis<br />
maswavlebelma jeims makfersonma (1736-1796) 1765 wels<br />
gamoaqveyna leqsebi, romlebic me-3 saukunis irlandiel<br />
bards (mgosans) osians miawera? makfersoni irwmuneboda,<br />
rom es simRerebi man geluridan (kelturi jgufis ena, irlandiuris<br />
monaTesave) Targmna. teqstebma, romlebic<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxeliT iyo mowodebuli, didi STabeWdileba<br />
datova inglisurenovan auditoriaze did britaneTsa<br />
da amerikaSi. osianis saxeli xalxuri poeziis simbolod<br />
iqca. mas gatacebiT kiTxulobdnen da Targmnidnen<br />
evropul enebze. goeTem imdenad gaiTavisa osianis sim-<br />
Rerebi, rom germanul enaze Targmna isini da `axalgazrda<br />
verTeris vnebanSi~ CarTo. ruseTSi osians Targmnidnen da<br />
mis Temebze originalur leqs-simRerebs qmnidnen karamzini,<br />
Jukovski, puSkini. osianis italiuri Targmani napoleonis<br />
erT-erTi sayvareli wigni iyo, romelsac igi laSqrobebSi<br />
Tan daatarebda.<br />
osianis simRerebis gamoCena daemTxva evropaSi romantizmis<br />
aRmocenebis xanas. da Tumca maTi namdviloba makfersonis<br />
sicocxleSive eWvis qveS dadga, momdevno saukuneSi<br />
ki mistifikacia sabolood dadasturda, maT mniSvnelovani<br />
roli Seasrules xalxuri Semoqmedebisadmi interesis<br />
gaRvivebaSi: swored am mistifikaciam misca impulsi<br />
folkloruli teqstebis Sekrebas mTeli evropis mas-<br />
StabiT, ramac Tavis mxriv safuZveli daudo axal disciplinas<br />
– <strong>folklori</strong>stikas, romelic Tavdapirvelad `xalxur<br />
siZveleebad~ (Popular antiquities) iwodeboda. miCneuli<br />
iyo, rom xalxuri leqsebi, Tqmulebebi, zRaprebi da sxva<br />
uxsovar warsulSi Seiqmna da xalxis xsovnam Tanamedroveobamde<br />
Semoinaxa. romantizmma, romelic im epoqaSi fexs<br />
idgamda, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi noyieri sakvebi pova. war-<br />
333
334<br />
sulis idealizacia, bunebrioba, civilizaciisgan Seuxebeli<br />
adamianis ideali – romantizmis am moTxovnebs savsebiT<br />
akmayofilebda xalxuri Semoqmedeba, romelic Tavisufali<br />
sulis gamovlinebad iqna aRqmuli. XVIII-XIX saukuneTa<br />
mijnis SemoqmedTa TvalSi zepirsityviereba Tavisi<br />
SeuzRudveli TavisuflebiT samwerlo (literaturul)<br />
Semoqmedebas daupirispirda, ufro metic: zepirsityviereba<br />
poeziis etaloni gaxda. germanel romantikosTa<br />
TvalsazrisiT, xalxuri poezia RvTivSTagonebulia. iakob<br />
grimi (1785-1863), <strong>folklori</strong>stikis mamamTavari, wers:<br />
`xalxuri poezia ara mxolod anonimuria, aramed RvTaebrivi<br />
warmoSobis aris, rogorc ena da miTologia~. isini<br />
imowmebdnen homerosis poemebis dasawyis striqonebs, sadac<br />
rafsodi (Zveli berZeni mgosani) STagonebisTvis muzas<br />
mimarTavs (`im kacze miambe, muzav...~; `mimRere, qal-<br />
RmerTo...~). maTi azriT, xalxuri poezia ibadeba aracnobierad,<br />
riTac igi mistikur gamocxadebas uaxlovdeba; igi<br />
aris RvTaebrivis gamovlena adamianSi. iakob grimi werda<br />
romantikos poets arnims: `Tu Sen gwams CemsaviT, rom religia<br />
RvTebrivi gamocxadebis Sedegia da rom enis warmo-<br />
Sobac iseTive saswaulia da rom igi ar warmoadgens adamianis<br />
gamonagons, isic unda iwamo da igrZno, rom Zveli poeziac<br />
msgavsi warmoSobisaa~ [kokiara:241]. maT TvalSi siZvele<br />
xalxuri poeziis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli da prioritetuli<br />
niSania anonimurobasTan erTad: is, rac anonimuria,<br />
mas wyarod RvTiuri STagoneba aqvs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
iqmneba ara axla, TanamedroveobaSi, aramed Seiqmna<br />
uSores warsulSi, kacobriobis siWabukeSi; warsul-<br />
Sia srulyofileba, iq aris samoTxe, edemis baRi, SeubRalavi<br />
buneba. germanel romantikos filosofoss iohan herders<br />
(1749-1803) xiblavda yvelaferi, rac iwyeboda prefiqsiT<br />
Ur (`winare~). xalxurSi igi xedavda yvelafers mSveniers<br />
da gulwrfels, yvelafers `qalwulebrivs da WeSmarits~.<br />
xalxuri poezia bunebis Svilia; romantikosebi garbodnen<br />
bunebisken da ewafebodnen xalxur poezias, rogorc<br />
daviwyebul da usamarTlod mitovebul wyarosTvals.<br />
folkis arseboba warsulSia nagulvebi. herderis<br />
rwmeniT, `xalxi (Volk) aris bunebrivi da Seuryvneli nawili<br />
erisa, amitomac igi mowodebulia erovnuli sulis gamosaxatavad~.<br />
xalxuri poezia iseve bunebrivad, raime
Zaldatanebis gareSe amoizrdeba xalxis wiaRidan, rogorc,<br />
magaliTisTvis, askili, romelic, vardisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
ar saWiroebs movla-patronobas, adamianis Carevas. xalxur<br />
leqss isini udarebdnen frinvels, romelic TavisuflebisTvis<br />
da ara galiisTvis aris Sobili. literatura tyvea,<br />
xalxuri Semoqmedeba Tavisufalia, yvaviliviT Tavisuflad<br />
ifurCqneba. iakob grimi xalxur simRerebs `Citebis<br />
simReras~ adarebs. xalxuri poezia aris bunebis xma da, raki<br />
buneba erTia, amiT aixsneba xalxuri Semoqmedebis principuli<br />
erTgvaroba yvela xalxSi. iakobis Zma vilhelm grimi<br />
(1787-1859) werda: `poeziis RvTiuri suli erTnairia yvela<br />
xalxSi da erTi wyaro aqvs yvelgan. amitomac aris, rom<br />
Cven yvelgan vawydebiT msgavsebas... idumali naTesaoba,<br />
romlis saerTo sawyisi dakargulia, gvafiqrebinebs maT saerTo<br />
warmomavlobaze...~<br />
germaneli romantikosebi maT TanamedroveobaSi daqucmacebuli<br />
germaniis erTianobas, saerTo germanul<br />
suls, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi eZebdnen da poulobdnen. amitomac<br />
xalxuri leqs-simRerebis, Tqmulebebis (sagebis), mi-<br />
Tebisa Tu zRaprebis Segroveba mTeli germaniis masStabiT<br />
erovnul movaleobad iqca. germanelma fokloristebma<br />
xalxuri sityvierebis saxiT aRmoaCines saerTogermanuli<br />
`CaZiruli~ kultura, romelsac fesvebi yvela<br />
germanuli tomis saerTo warsulSi hqonda. germanuli tomebi,<br />
garda sakuTriv germanelebisa (die Deutschen), mTel<br />
skandinavias (norvegielebi, danielebi, Svedebi) moicavs.<br />
germaneli <strong>folklori</strong>stebis ideam am erTianobis Sesaxeb<br />
gamoZaxili pova skandinaviur samyaroSi, sadac mniSvnelovani<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>stuli skola Camoyalibda, romelic gansakuTrebiT<br />
zRapris SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli. am proces-<br />
Si Caeba fineTic, romelmac aRmoaCina fineli sazogadoebisTvis<br />
eposi `kalevala~. `kalevalam~ fineli xalxi finuri<br />
sulisken miaxeda, am eposis didebulebam win wamoswia<br />
finuri ena, romelsac ukiduresi daknineba emuqreboda; Tu<br />
manamde ganaTlebisa da kulturis ena Sveduri iyo, `kalevalas~<br />
gamoqveynebis Semdeg finurma enam saerTo-saxalxo<br />
statusi moipova. amrigad, evropis mTel rig qveynebSi xalxuri<br />
kulturisadmi interesi erovnul interesebs gadaejaWva.<br />
ara mxolod fineli xalxisTvis, romelmac, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, xalxuri eposi `kalevala~ ZRvnad miiRo eqim elias<br />
335
336<br />
lenrotisgan, aramed kulturulad iseTi dawinaurebuli<br />
xalxisTvisac, rogoric germanelebi arian, xalxuri sityvierebis<br />
Zeglebis gamoqveyneba udidesi erovnuli mniSvnelobis<br />
movlena iyo. Zmebma grimebma TavianTi publikaciebiT<br />
magaliTi misces mTels evropas, SesZines ra xalxur<br />
Semoqmedebas Rirseba, romelic manamde ugulebelyofili<br />
iyo. ai maTi publikaciebi:<br />
sabavSvo da saojaxo zRaprebi (1812);<br />
germanuli Tqmulebebi (1816);<br />
germanuli sagmiro Tqmulebebi (1829);<br />
germanuli miTologiis 2 tomi (1835, 1844).<br />
amave epoqaSi aRmoCnda, rom germanuli samyaro mona-<br />
Tesavea induri samyarosi. indogermanulma Teoriam, romelsac<br />
mxedvelobaSi hqonda germanuli da Zveli induri<br />
(sanskriti, vedebis ena) enebis geneturi naTesaoba, axali<br />
horizonti gadaSala fokloristikis winaSe. iseve rogorc<br />
erTi saerTo fuZe-enidan warmoiSvnen da gantotdnen<br />
dedamiwis zurgze indogermanuli (Semdgom indoevropulis<br />
saxelwodebiT) dialeqtebi, aseve erTiani <strong>folklori</strong>dan<br />
warmoiSva am enebze molaparake xalxebis sityviereba.<br />
dadgenil iqna bevri saerTo warmomavlobis siu-<br />
Jeti, motivi Tu miTologema. kerZod, Zmebi grimebi da sxva<br />
romantikosi <strong>folklori</strong>stebi fiqrobdnen, rom sxvadasxva<br />
indogermaneli xalxebis <strong>folklori</strong> – zRaprebi Tu<br />
Tqmulebebi – erTiani miTosis daSlis Sedegad warmoiSva.<br />
Tumca es Teoria dRes gaziarebuli aRar aris (zRapari<br />
zRaparia, miTosi – miTosi da, Tumca maT saerTo motivebi<br />
aqvT, maTi warmoSoba da funqcia diametrulad gansxvavebulia),<br />
mainc man stimuli misca zRapris, miTosisa da sxva<br />
epikuri Janrebis Seswavlas.<br />
SeniSvna. amomwurav cnobebs evropuli <strong>folklori</strong>stikis istoriidan<br />
mkiTxveli ipovis kokiaras wignSi [kokiara 1960].<br />
mivxedoT saqarTvelos, ra mdgomareoba iyo am mxriv<br />
im qveyanaSi, romelic Zvelis nangrevebze axal kulturas<br />
aSenebda: axali ena, axali literatura da, bolos, axali<br />
eri. gansxvavebiT dasavleT evropisa, saqarTveloSi xalxuri<br />
SemoqmedebiT daintereseba romantizms an romantikul<br />
ganwyobilebebs ar dakavSirebia. verc aleqsandre WavWavaZis,<br />
verc grigol orbelianis, verc nikoloz bara-<br />
TaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi ver aRmovaCenT raime kvals, ro-
melic migvaniSnebda folklorTan kavSirze an misadmi interesze.<br />
SemkreblobiT saqmianobaze maTi mxriv xom zedmetia<br />
laparaki. arc erovnuli idea yofila stimuli imisaTvis,<br />
rom XIX s-is pirveli naxevris moRvaweebs xalxuri<br />
kulturisken gaexedaT, raTa sazrdo miecaT TavianTi SemoqmedebisTvis.<br />
qarTulma romantizmma gverdi auara xalxur<br />
stiqias, veraviTari gemo ver pova masSi. am anomaliis<br />
(Tu es anomaliaa) axsnas aq ar SevudgebiT – es Cveni kulturuli<br />
politikis Taviseburebaa.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>stikis saTaveebTan dganan ara romantikosebi,<br />
arc poetebi da mwerlebi, rogorc dasavleTSi, aramed<br />
iseTi eruditebi (filosofosi, meistorie, RvTismetyveli,<br />
eTnografi...), rogorebic iyvnen platon ioseliani (1809-<br />
1875), mravalmxrivi interesebis mecnieri, ruseTis akademiis<br />
wevri Teimuraz batoniSvili (1782-1846), mwerali Tu publicisti<br />
aleqsandre jambakur-orbeliani (1802-1869). maTi ricxvi,<br />
vinc sagangebod interesdeboda xalxuri SemoqmedebiT, Zalze<br />
SezRudulia. arc maTi <strong>folklori</strong>stuli memkvidreobaa uxvi.<br />
Teimuraz bagrationis arqivSi daculia `imeruli zRapari~ da<br />
`saero leqsebi~ (`saero~ aq, rogorc Cans, xalxurs niSnavs). es<br />
aris da es. platon ioselians darCa xelnawerebad `gamocanebi<br />
qarTulni~ da `andazebi da gamocanebi~. rac Seexeba aleqsandre<br />
orbelians, mas ekuTvnis pirveli cda xalxuri leqs-simRerebis<br />
Janruli klasifikaciisa, rasac sagangebo narkvevi miuZRvna<br />
saTauriT `iverianelebis galoba, simRera, RiRini~, romelic,<br />
T. jagodniSvilis TvalsazrisiT, `<strong>qarTuli</strong> romantikuli<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>stikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani samecniero gamokvlevaa~<br />
[jagodniSvili: 326]. es marTlac asea, Tumca eWvs iwvevs<br />
sityva `yvelaze~, ramdenadac romantikosTa sxva gamokvleva,<br />
Tundac masze nakleb mniSvnelovanic ki CvenTvis ucnobia. magram<br />
namdvilad romantikulia al. orbelianis erTi fraza, romelic<br />
dRes gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria: `im uwindels Cvens batonymobas...<br />
axlandeli evropiuli sruli ganaTleba zed rom<br />
daerTos da erTs zneobad gakeTdes, maSin ityvian: ai, zeciuri<br />
cxovreba qveyanaze gadmovlenilio~. am sityvebis qveS dRevandel<br />
ideologs xelis mowera ar gauWirdeboda.<br />
momdevno epoqaSi <strong>folklori</strong>sadmi interesi da <strong>folklori</strong>stuli<br />
saqmianobis nayofierebac da tempic sagrZnoblad<br />
momatebulia. iwyeba gaazrebuli intensiuri SemkreblobiTi<br />
saqmianoba, Sekrebili masalebi ibeWdeba pe-<br />
337
338<br />
riodul gamocemebSi, romelTa saTaveSi dgas Jurnali<br />
`ciskari~ (1852-1853, 1857-1875) da rusulenovani Jurnali<br />
“Êàâêàç” (1846-1918), sadac, sxvaTa Soris, gamoqveynda amiranis<br />
eposis pirveli Canaweri. fasdaudebeli samsaxuri<br />
gauwia <strong>folklori</strong>stikas gazeTebma `iveriam~ (1877-1885),<br />
`droebam (1866-1885), `mwyemsma~ (1883-1910), romlebic sistematurad<br />
beWdavdnen mopovebul xalxur teqstebs da<br />
propagandasac uwevdnen am saqmianobas. akaki wereTlis daarsebul<br />
`akakis krebulSi~ (1897-1900) sagangebo rubrika<br />
iyo daTmobili zepirsityvieri teqstebisTvis. XIX s-is<br />
TiTqmis yvela Jurnali Tu gazeTi Tavis adgils uTmobda<br />
zepirsityvierebis nimuSebs. arsebobs maTi anotirebuli<br />
bibliografia [virsalaZe 1973]. yvela Janris uxvi folkloruli<br />
masala dagrovda wlebis ganmavlobaSi ÑÌÎÌÏÊis<br />
(“Ñáîðíèê ìàòåðèàëîâ äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ìåñòíîñòåé è ïëåìåí<br />
Êàâêàçà”, Òèôëèñ, 1881-1915) furclebze. Tu raoden mdidar<br />
da unikalur masalas Seicavs es krebulebi, kargad Cans anotirebul<br />
bibliografiaSi [arjevaniZe].<br />
miuxedavad publikaciebis siuxvisa, XIX s-is bolosTvis xalxuri<br />
poeziis erTaderTi krebuli (xizaniSvili 1889) arsebobda.<br />
iseT daucxromel moRvawes da profesionals folkoris<br />
sferoSi, rogoric petre umikaSvili (1838-1804) iyo, arc ki ucdia<br />
im zRva masalis calke wignad gamoqveyneba, romelsac igi<br />
krebda mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, zogs Tavisi xeliT, zogs<br />
korespondentebis meSveobiT (erT-erTi maTgani Tavad ilia<br />
WavWavaZe iyo). umikaSvilis <strong>folklori</strong>stuli memkvidreoba,<br />
isic mxolod poeturi nawili, misi sikvdilidan 35 wlis Semdeg<br />
gamoaqveyna misma umcrosma megobarma filipe gogiCaiSvilma<br />
[umikaSvili 1938], xolo 1964 wels m. Ciqovanma oTx wignad gamosca<br />
ukve prozaul teqstebsa da mis folkoristul nawereb-<br />
Tan erTad [umikaSvili 1964]. rac p. umikaSvilma Tavis sicocxleSi<br />
gamoaqveyna, es aris `eTeriani~, `arsenas leqsi~ da `andazebi~<br />
(1876). rogorc Tavis adgilze aRiniSna, imxanad p. umikaSvili<br />
erTaderTi iyo, romelic flobda folkloruli masalis<br />
Caweris teqnikas da, amave dros, gaazrebuli hqonda xalxuri<br />
sityvierebis specifika, rac kargad Cans misi am sityvebidan:<br />
`poezia ukvdavia, Tumca imisi nawarmoebi dRes erTi<br />
ferisaa, xval meore feris; dro scvlis am fers da amitom<br />
ramdenadac male moeswreba Sekreba poeziis nawar-
moebisa, imdenad Zvirfasi iqneba es masala mecnierebisa<br />
da mwerlobisaTvis, magram moswreba imas ki ara niSnavs,<br />
rom viTomda sul rac xalxSi poeziis nawarmoebia, imisi<br />
erTxel Sekreba SeiZlebodes damTavrebiT da gasaTaveblad,<br />
rom imaze metis Sekreba aRar SeiZlebodes. ara, moswrebas<br />
is mniSvneloba aqvs, rom rac dRes xalxSi trialebs,<br />
dResve sisruliT iyos Sekrebili, amitom, rom<br />
xval an Seicvleba, an sxva axali gamoCndeba da Zveli gadavardeba,<br />
daviwyebuli iqneba~ [umikaSvili IV: 236].<br />
nayofieri iyo Tedo razikaSvilis SemkreblobiTi aqtivoba,<br />
igi folklorul teqstebs ZiriTadad qarTl-kaxeTSi,<br />
TuSeTsa da fSav-xevsureTSi krebda. mis mier mopovebuli<br />
poeturi teqstebis didi nawili (1306 erTeuli)<br />
krebul `Zvel saqarTveloSi~ (1914) daibeWda, ganmeorebiT<br />
1953 wels [razikaSvili 1953], oRond mxolod fSauri leqsebi,<br />
xevsuruli poeturi masala akaki SaniZem Tavis krebulSi<br />
dabeWda [SaniZe 1931]. samwuxarod, mis Canawerebs ar<br />
axlavs pasporti (Camweris vinaoba, adgili, dro), samagierod<br />
aRWurvilia metad mniSvnelovani leqsikuri da eTnografiuli<br />
xasiaTis komentarebiT. Tavis sicocxleSi,<br />
1909 wels razikaSvilma zRaprebis ori tomi gamosca, romelic<br />
1951-1952 wlebSi meored gamoica.<br />
maT Soris, visac XIX s-Si, roca <strong>folklori</strong>stika axalfexadgmuli<br />
iyo, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>s Sesaxeb Teoriuli azri gamouTqvams,<br />
iyo literaturis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari aleqsandre<br />
xaxanaSvili, romelmac Tavis wignSi `<strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvierebis<br />
istoria~ [xaxanaSvili 1904] didi adgili dauTmo xalxuri<br />
sityvierebis mimoxilvas da analizs.<br />
pirveli, vinc scada Seeqmna xalxuri sityvierebis kursi,<br />
vasil barnovi iyo. 1919 wels man calke wignad gamoaqveyna<br />
`<strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvierebis istoriis gakveTilebi~, romelic<br />
mogvianebiT mis aTtomeulSi daibeWda [barnovi X:<br />
168-278]. mas mkafiod da lakoniurad aqvs Camoyalibebuli<br />
fokloruli Semoqmedebis dedaarsi:<br />
`zepirgadmocemul ubir nawarmoebSi mTeli xalxi<br />
iRebs monawileobas: eris gulisnadebs pirvelad warmoTqvams<br />
romelime niWieri Svili erisa, naTqvami aRibeWdeba<br />
msmenelTa mexsierebaSi da gavrceldeba erTi adgilidan<br />
meore adgils, erTi Temidan meore TemSi, moefineba mTel<br />
339
340<br />
xalxs da SemdegSi gadadis erTi Taobidan meore Taobaze.<br />
pirvelad naTqvams Semdeg mTqmelTagan TandaTan<br />
emateba axali sityva, axali saxe Tu ambavi, adgilisa da<br />
garemoebaTa mixedviT fers icvlis da ifurCqneba. dedaazri<br />
da umTavresi saxeebi ki winandelebive rCebian.<br />
amnairad, saxalxo nawarmoebi mTeli eris RvawliT aris<br />
Seqmnili. pirveli mTqmelis pirovneba aRara sCans imaSi,<br />
is SeerTebulia xalxis pirovnebasTan, STanTqmulia imaSi~<br />
[barnovi X: 169].<br />
XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi vaxtang kotetiSvilis (1893-1938)<br />
meoxebiT <strong>folklori</strong>s Semswavleli mecniereba axal doneze<br />
adis. Tumca mas ar dascalda Tavisi Semoqmedebis gaSla<br />
am dargSi, mis mier Sedgenilma masStaburma programam<br />
ver Seisxa xorci, magram mis Semdeg sauniversiteto ganaTlebaSi<br />
xalxuri sityviereba myar adgils iWers. v. kotetiSvilis<br />
gamokvlevebi, romlebic misi cxovrebis xanmokle<br />
manZilze Seiqmna, <strong>folklori</strong>s bevr sferos moicavs<br />
(poezia, dReobebi, eposi, Teatraluri sanaxaobebi, mwerloba<br />
da <strong>folklori</strong>...). tragikul daRupvamde samiode<br />
wliT adre man gamosca xalxuri poeziis krebuli eqskursebiTa<br />
da saZieblebiTurT [kotetiSvili 1934]. iyo imedi,<br />
rom es `eqskursebi~ monografiebSi gadaizrdeboda, magram es<br />
ar moxda. misma <strong>folklori</strong>stulma memkvidreobam mzis sinaTle<br />
ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg ixila [kotetiSvili 1967].<br />
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiisa da universitetis<br />
sistemaSi xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna <strong>folklori</strong>stikis Semdgomi<br />
ganviTarebisTvis. SemkreblobiT saqmianobasTan SexamebiT,<br />
romelic tradiciulad prioritetuli iyo CvenSi, mimdinareobda<br />
intensiuri kvleviTi muSaoba fokloristikis sxvadasxva<br />
ubanze da sxvadasxva problemebze, monografiulad Seiswavleboda<br />
calkeuli folkloruli Janrebi. mixeil Ciqovanma<br />
(1909-1983), romlis kvleva-ZiebiTi diapazoni Zalze farTo<br />
iyo, mTavar Temad xalxuri epikuri Zeglebi airCia. mas ekuTvnis<br />
`amiranianis~ [Ciqovani 1947], `eTerianis~ [eTeriani 1954],<br />
`tarielianis~ [Ciqovani 1937] CanawerTa korpusis gamocemebi.<br />
elene virsalaZis (1911-1977) mravalwliani kvleva samonadireo<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>s sferoSi monografiiT dagvirgvinda [virsalaZe<br />
1964]. qsenia sixaruliZem (1909-1976) Tavisi <strong>folklori</strong>stuli<br />
kvleva-Ziebis prioritetad sagmiro da saistorio poezia gaixa-
da [sixaruliZe 1949, sixaruliZe 1961], Tamar oqroSiZem (1909-1979)<br />
– Sromis poezia [oqroSiZe 1963], aleqsandre Rlontma (1912-<br />
1999) – xalxuri novela [Rlonti 1989].<br />
<strong>folklori</strong>stTa am da momdevno Taobis monawileobiT<br />
gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan gamodis Tematuri Jurnali<br />
`<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>~ (bolo, me-17 tomi, 2002 wels<br />
daibeWda). maTive saerTo ZalisxmeviT SesaZlebeli gaxda<br />
gamocemuliyo xalxuri poeziis Tormettomeuli [qxp], romelmac<br />
poeturi folkloruli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani<br />
nawili moicva.<br />
literatura<br />
arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe e., anotirebuli bibliografia<br />
“ÑÌÎÌÏÊ”-Si gamoqveynebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
xalxuri sityvierebis masalisa,<br />
`mecniereba~, Tb., 1971.<br />
barnovi X: barnovi v., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad,<br />
t. 10, `literatura da xelovneba~,<br />
Tb., 1964.<br />
eTeriani 1954: eTeriani, xalxuri sityviereba IV, meore<br />
seria, redaqcia, Sesavali statia da<br />
SeniSvnebi m. Ciqovanisa, saqarTvelos<br />
ssr mecn. akademiis gamomc., Tb. 1954.<br />
virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe el., <strong>qarTuli</strong> samonadiro eposi,<br />
`mecniereba~, Tb., 1964.<br />
virsalaZe 1973: virsalaZe el., zandukeli f., gogiCaiSvili<br />
m. <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>s mokled<br />
anotirebuli bibliografia (1829-<br />
1901), wigni 1, `mecniereba~, 1973.<br />
kokiara 1960: Êîêêüÿðà Äæ. Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Åâðîïå,<br />
Èçäàòåëüñòâî èíîñòðàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû,<br />
Ìîñêâà, 1960.<br />
kotetiSvili 1934: kotetiSvili v., xalxuri poezia, quTaisi,<br />
1934; me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi, 1961.<br />
kotetiSvili 1967: kotetiSvili v., rCeuli nawerebi, `sab-<br />
WoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1967.<br />
oqroSiZe: oqroSiZe T., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri Sromis poezia,<br />
saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis gamomc.,<br />
Tb, 1963.<br />
341
342<br />
razikaSvili: xalxuri sityviereba III, pirveli seria II,<br />
xalxuri leqsebi Tedo razikaSvilis<br />
mier Cawerili, mix. Ciqovanis redaqciiT,<br />
saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis<br />
gamomc., Tb., 1953.<br />
sixaruliZe 1949: sixaruliZe qs., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sagmirosaistorio<br />
sityviereba, Tsu, Tb., 1949.<br />
sixaruliZe 1961: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri saistorio sityviereba,<br />
teqstebis momzadeba, redaqcia,<br />
Sesavali da SeniSvnebi qsenia sixaruliZisa,<br />
t. I-III, 1961-1964.<br />
umikaSvili 1937: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba, nawili<br />
pirveli, leqsebi, andazebi, gamocanebi,<br />
redaqcia, biografia, winasityvaoba<br />
da SeniSvnebi f. gogiCaiSvilisa,<br />
federacia, 1937.<br />
umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba I-IV,<br />
`literatura da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.<br />
umikaSvili IV: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba IV, `literatura<br />
da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.<br />
Rlonti 1989: Rlonti al., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri novela, Tsu,<br />
Tb., 1989.<br />
qxp: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, `mecniereba~.<br />
SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia I, xevsuruli,<br />
`saxelmwifo gamomcemloba~,<br />
tfilisi [1931].<br />
Ciqovani 1937: Ciqovani m. xalxuri vefxis tyaosani, Tb., 1937.<br />
Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, Tsu gamomcemloba,<br />
1947.<br />
jagodniSvili: jagodniSvili T., <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />
istoria, Tsu, Tb., 2004.<br />
xaxanaSvili: xaxanaSvili a., <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvierebis istoria<br />
(uZvelesi droidgan me-XVII saukunis<br />
gasvlamde), tfilisi, 1904; ufro<br />
vrclad xalxuri masalis analizi warmodgenilia<br />
am wignis rusul dedanSi:<br />
Õàõàíîâ À. Î÷åðêè ïî èñòîðèè ãðóçèíñêîé<br />
ñëîâåñòíîñòè, âûï. 1, Ìîñêâà, 1895.<br />
xizaniSvili 1889: xizaniSvili d., fSauri leqsebi, `iveriis~<br />
redaqciis gamocema, 1889.
<strong>folklori</strong>s<br />
bedi TanamedroveobaSi
ac unda vilaparakoT xalxuri Semoqmedebis calkeul<br />
RirsSesaniSnav nimuSebze, romlebic Cvens droSi Cven<br />
Tvalwin Seqmnila da iqmneba, es ar gvaZlevs imis uflebas,<br />
rom imedianad SevxedoT xalxuri Semoqmedebis momavals.<br />
`calkeuli nimuSebi~ – ras niSnavs es? sityvasityviT imas,<br />
rasac Tavad es sityva `calkeuli~ niSnavs. misi Sinaarsi<br />
sruliad ewinaaRmdegeba folkloruli Semoqmedebis im gagebas,<br />
razec zemoT iyo laparaki. poeziis (ara mxolod xalxuris)<br />
mkiTxvel da damfasebel sazogadoebas kargad axsovs,<br />
rogori aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia ivane wiklauris<br />
leqsis `ram damaberas~ gamoCenam estradaze da beWdurad.<br />
es leqsi iyo da aris didi niWis dasturi, romelic yovel-<br />
Tvis arsebobda, arsebobs da iarsebebs xalxSi. magram ramdenad<br />
aris igi im xalxuri, `folkuri~ wiaRidan gamomavali,<br />
saidanac yvela epoqaSi ikvebeboda xalxuri poezia? yvelaferi<br />
am leqsTan dakavSirebiT uflebas gvaZlevs vamtkicoT,<br />
rom is individualuri Semoqmedebis nayofia. is rCeba<br />
calkeul nimuSad. magram folkloruli Semoqmedeba ar<br />
Sedgeba calkeul nimuSTagan, is erTiania da mTliani, is<br />
mTeli sistemaa. zemoT vaxseneT zepirsityvierebis niSnebs<br />
Soris yofiToba, romelic gulisxmobs <strong>folklori</strong>s wiaRad<br />
xalxis integralur yofas, saidanac amoizrdeba yoveli saxe<br />
da sfero misi Semoqmedebisa – saxlis Senebidan dawyebuli<br />
leqsis warmoTqmamde. am yofis Sesusteba da, bevr<br />
kuTxeSi, saerTod ararseboba, eWvqveS ayenebs folklorul<br />
Semoqmedebas, Tumca calkeuli gamovlinebebi calkeul<br />
(am SemTxvevaSi, poeziis) sferoSi yovelTvis iqneba.<br />
leqsi Tu sxva ram unda trialebdes integralur yofaSi,<br />
sadac Seiqmna. am trials, rogorc wesi, variantebi mohyveba.<br />
saeWvoa, iseTi individualobiT aRbeWdil leqss, TiTqmis<br />
poemas, rafsodias, rogoric aris `ram damabera~, variantebi<br />
gauCndes da im zomamde gaxalxurdes, rom misi avtoris<br />
saxeli daviwyebas mieces. es saxeli ukve qaRaldzea<br />
saimedod dabeWdili.<br />
345
346<br />
ra niSnebia folkloruli Semoqmedebis rRvevis mauwyebeli?<br />
pirvel rigSi, tradiciuli yofis moSla, roca sulieri<br />
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba xdeba ara naturaluri<br />
meurneobis principiT anu adgilze sakuTari SesaZleblobebiT,<br />
`soflidan~ gausvlelad, aramed soflis mimarT<br />
heterogenuli wyaros meSveobiT (presa, radio, televizia).<br />
sofelSi ara mxolod mWedlis (roca mWedlobis produqtebi<br />
garedan Semodis), aramed mTqmelis arsebobac<br />
zedmeti xdeba. struqturis erTi romelime elementis gauqmebas<br />
meoris gauqmeba mosdevs, radgan xalxur tradiciul<br />
yofaSi yvela elementi erTmaneTTan organul kav-<br />
SirSia; roca soflis Sesakrebeli adgilebi (safixvno, sanaxSo)<br />
`birJebad~ aris gadaqceuli da aRar xdeba tradiciuli<br />
codnis (sibrZnis lore-is) `lesva~, generireba da gadacema...<br />
roca gauqmebulia Tavad cneba tradiciuli codnisa,<br />
romelic Seadgens <strong>folklori</strong>s Sinaarss... roca mTlianoba<br />
gafermkrTalebulia, misi nawilebis sisxlsavseobas<br />
aRar unda movelodeT.<br />
tradiciuli <strong>folklori</strong> JanrTa sistemis saxiT arsebobs,<br />
romelic ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo im droisTvis, roca<br />
daiwyo misiT daintereseba da Cawera. da roca folklorze<br />
vlaparakobT, swored am sistemur erTianobas<br />
vgulisxmobT. ismis kiTxva: inaxavs Tu ara dRes, an SeuZlia<br />
Tu ara Seinaxos koleqtiur mexsierebas tradiciuli<br />
<strong>folklori</strong> mTeli misi Janruli mTlianobiT? <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />
funqcionaluri poziciidan dRevandeli zepirsityvierebis<br />
matrica sakmaod gaRaribebuli da, metic, alag-alag<br />
`gadRabnili~ Cans, bevri ujredi (Sromis, saqorwino poezia,<br />
xalxuri sanaxaobebi) carielia da arc aris imis molodini,<br />
rom odesme Seivseba isini, an axlebi gaCndeba. aris<br />
Tu ara amis SemZle xalxis yofa da mentaliteti? <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />
arsebobisTvis ar aris sakmarisi xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli<br />
niWieri adamianebi, aucilebelia xalxis iseTi wia-<br />
Ri (auditoria), romelsac SeeZleba mosmena, mosmenilis<br />
aRqma, misi ganmeoreba da gadacema Taobidan Taobamde.<br />
sxvagvarad, sxva SemTxvevaSi, rasac `niWieri Svili xalxisa~<br />
(vasil barnovi) gamoTqvams, rogorc individualuri<br />
Semoqmedi, es misi eqskluziuri sakuTreba iqneba, es naTqvami<br />
ganuyofeli iqneba misi pirovnebisgan, romelic rCe-
a mis samudamo da erTaderT avtorad. avtoroba da avtorobis<br />
Segneba ki SeuTavsebelia folkloruli Semoqmedebis<br />
principebTan.<br />
SeniSvna. niSandoblivia, rom `vaxuSti kotetiSvilis folkloruli<br />
rveulebis~ pirveli krebulis avtori ioseb baiaSvili, romelic<br />
xalxis wiaRidan gamosul araprofesional poetad aris CaTvlili,<br />
Tavis Semoqmedebas swored profesionali individualuri<br />
Semoqmedis poziciebidan aRiqvams da afasebs. ai, ras wers igi Tavis<br />
mokle avtobiografiaSi: `gavida dro. mere TandaTan fanqari da qa-<br />
Raldi viSove da daviwye sakuTari leqsebis wera, magram esec Cem-<br />
Tvis saxifaTo gamodga. erTxel Zaan magrad mcemes leqsis gamoTqmis<br />
gamo. erTxelac miCivles, leqsiT cili dagvwamao. winaaRmdegoba<br />
leqsebis gamo imTavidan amTavamdis Zalian bevri Semxvedria,<br />
magram Cemi erTad-erTi sisxlxorceuli saqme mainc leqsia~ [baiaSvili:<br />
20]. folkloruli teqstis erT-erTi gadamwyveti niSani sayovelTao<br />
mowoneba da aRiarebaa. es amonaweri ki sawinaaRmdegos mowmobs.<br />
amas garda, baiaSvili ara mxolod Tavisi xeliT wers Tavis leqsebs,<br />
aramed saguldagulod aTariRebs TiToeul maTgans, gulmodgined<br />
asrulebs ra poetis devizs: `dro, dro aRniSne, moawere leqss,<br />
es weliwadi, dRe da saaTi!~<br />
literatura<br />
baiaSvili: vaxuSti kotetiSvilis folkloruli rveulebi,<br />
krebuli I, ioseb baiaSvili, `marixi~,<br />
Tb., 1991.<br />
347
348<br />
a<br />
aarne anti amatus 111<br />
akaki wereTeli 22, 256, 324,<br />
325, 338<br />
abaSiZe beJan 183, 195, 201<br />
`amirandarejaniani~ 67, 75,<br />
117, 125, 127, 135, 183, 233<br />
aragvispireli Sio 256<br />
arnimi ldvig axim fon 17, 332<br />
b<br />
baiaSvili ioseb 347<br />
baraTaSvili nikoloz 336<br />
barnovi guram 177<br />
barnovi vasil 25, 188, 339,<br />
346<br />
`baSi-aCuki~ 324<br />
benfei Teodor 113<br />
berdiaevi nikolai 139<br />
`beJaniani~ 155<br />
`bilinebi~ 75, 77<br />
biuxeri karl 247, 256, 258<br />
g<br />
avtorTa da nawarmoebTa saZiebeli<br />
gabriel episkoposi (qiqoZe)<br />
223.<br />
gadameri hans georg 121, 150<br />
`gilgameSiani~ 167<br />
gogiCaiSvili filipe 40, 342<br />
goeTe iohan volfgang 333<br />
grimi vilhelm 18, 335<br />
grimi iakob 17, 334, 335<br />
d<br />
`daviT sasuneli~ 149, 151<br />
dastanebi 44, 75<br />
digenis akritasi 75, 119<br />
e<br />
evdoSvili irodion 256<br />
v<br />
vaJa-fSavela 32, 36, 57, 72,<br />
139, 290, 304<br />
vergiliusi 296<br />
veselovski aleqsandr 218<br />
`vefxistyaosani~ 155, 174,<br />
175, 233<br />
virsalaZe elene 340<br />
`visramiani~ 154<br />
vitgenStaini ludvig 24<br />
z<br />
<strong>zurab</strong>iSvili ilia 257<br />
T<br />
Teimuraz batoniSvili 337<br />
Tomsi uiliam 14, 37, 122, 259,<br />
293
i<br />
`iakobis pirvelsaxareba~ 222<br />
ioseliani platon 337<br />
`irlandiuri sagebi~ 75<br />
`islandiuri sagebi~ 77<br />
`istoriani da azmani<br />
SaravandedTani~ 63, 64<br />
k<br />
`kako yaCaRi~ 180<br />
`kalevala~ 77, 335<br />
karamzini nikolai 333<br />
kotetiSvili vaxtang 340<br />
kotetiSvili vaxuSti 347<br />
krilovi ivan 97<br />
l<br />
leoniZe giorgi 256<br />
lamberti arqanjelo 243<br />
m<br />
makfersoni jeims 333<br />
mansika v.i. 217<br />
maCabeli n. 256<br />
`metamorfozebi~ 296<br />
n<br />
nati alfred 119<br />
naumani hans 39<br />
o<br />
ovidiusi 217<br />
orbeliani grigol 336<br />
osiani 333<br />
oqroSiZe Tamar 341<br />
p<br />
`panCatantra~ 113<br />
paskali blez 143<br />
platoni 7, 150, 274, 310, 323, 337<br />
propi vladimir 23, 27, 43, 83,<br />
85, 86, 90, 98, 118<br />
putilovi boris 27<br />
puSkini aleqsandr 333<br />
J<br />
Jukovski vasili 333<br />
r<br />
raglani ficroi riCard<br />
somerset 119, 120, 124, 151<br />
razikaSvili Tedo 261, 291,<br />
339<br />
robaqiZe grigol 22, 99<br />
`rostomiani~ 155<br />
`rusudaniani~ 155<br />
s<br />
`sibrZne sicruisa~ 233<br />
sixaruliZe qsenia 61, 72, 341,<br />
342<br />
sokrate 7, 8, 55<br />
solomon mefe 171, 300, 325<br />
t<br />
`tarieliani~ 155, 218<br />
`tristan da izolda~ 75<br />
u<br />
uTer hans iorg 111<br />
umikaSvili petre 35, 36, 157,<br />
175, 176, 177, 181, 185, 192, 338<br />
f<br />
`fedrosi~ 9<br />
frizi ian de 119<br />
349
350<br />
q<br />
`qebaTa qeba~ 168,172, 300<br />
`qilila da damana~ 113<br />
R<br />
Rlonti aleqsandre 341<br />
y<br />
`yaramaniani~ 75<br />
yifiani nikoloz 176<br />
S<br />
SaniZe akaki 271, 339<br />
SaraSiZe JorJ (giorgi) 137<br />
`SuSanikis martviloba~ 304<br />
C<br />
`Cemi sidi~ 76<br />
Ciqovani mixeil 116, 156, 340<br />
w<br />
wiklauri ivane 345<br />
W<br />
WavWavaZe aleqsandre 336<br />
WavWavaZe ilia 338<br />
j<br />
jagodniSvili Teimuraz 337<br />
jambakur-orbeliani<br />
aleqsandre 49, 337<br />
x<br />
xaxanaSvili aleqsandre 339<br />
xenepi arnold van 39, 121<br />
xinTibiZe anton 179<br />
h<br />
hani georg fon 119<br />
haqsthauzeni avgust fon 176<br />
herderi iohan gotfrid 17<br />
homerosi 18, 22, 55, 167, 334<br />
hofman-kraieri eduard 38
gamomcemlobis redaqtori cira jiSkariani<br />
maketi, dizaini da garekani Tina CirinaSvili<br />
komp. uzrunvelyofa lali kurdRelaSvili<br />
0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 14<br />
0128, Tbilisi, 14, I. Chavchavadze Av.<br />
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