zurab kiknaZe qarTuli folklori - Reso Kiknadze

<strong>zurab</strong> <strong>kiknaZe</strong><br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>

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Zurab <strong>Kiknadze</strong><br />

GEORGIAN FOLKLORE

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

<strong>zurab</strong> <strong>kiknaZe</strong><br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong><br />

winasityva

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naSroms safuZvlad udevs leqciebis kursi, romelic<br />

sami aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi ekiTxeboda<br />

filologiis fakultetis studentebs<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi.<br />

unda iTqvas, rom masSi gatarebuli bevri idea, –<br />

SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobrivi, – wlidan wlamde<br />

ibadeboda auditoriaSi msmenelTa winaSe,<br />

maTTan warmosaxviT dialogSi.<br />

gankuTvnilia humanitaruli fakultetis studentebisaTvis.<br />

redaqtori prof. merab RaRaniZe<br />

recenzentebi: prof. Teimuraz qurdovaniZe<br />

prof. Teimuraz jagodniSvili<br />

© <strong>zurab</strong> <strong>kiknaZe</strong>, 2007<br />

© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2007<br />

ISBN 978-9941-13-002-1

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sarCevi<br />

winasityvaoba............................................................................. 7<br />

Sesavali ....................................................................................... 11<br />

folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifika ......................... 19<br />

gavrcelebis zepiri forma .......................................... 21<br />

anonimuroba ......................................................................... 23<br />

variantuloba...................................................................... 25<br />

koleqtiuroba .................................................................... 27<br />

tradiciuloba .................................................................... 28<br />

improvizacia ....................................................................... 29<br />

yofiToba ............................................................................... 31<br />

sinkretizmi.......................................................................... 32<br />

`daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~ ............................ 37<br />

zepirsityvieri Janrebi ....................................................... 41<br />

miTosi .......................................................................................... 53<br />

miTologema ........................................................................... 56<br />

kosmogoniuri miTosi ......................................................... 60<br />

maradiuli gazafxulis miTosi ........................................ 61<br />

farnavazis sizmari .............................................................. 66<br />

kultis daarsebis miTosi .................................................. 69<br />

RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebi ........................ 71<br />

eposi ............................................................................................. 73<br />

esqatologiuri zRapari ................................................... 77<br />

cxovelTa zRapari ............................................................... 92<br />

sayofiero zRapari anu xalxuri novela ..................... 102<br />

zRapris universaloba ....................................................... 111<br />

tragikuli eposi – `amiraniani~ ....................................... 116<br />

samijnuro eposi – `eTeriani~ .......................................... 152<br />

socialur-egzistencialuri eposi –<br />

`arsenas leqsi~ ...................................................................... 176<br />

poezia .......................................................................................... 203<br />

sakulto poezia .................................................................... 205<br />

5

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6<br />

magiuri poezia (Selocva) .................................................. 216<br />

Sromis poezia ........................................................................ 236<br />

sagmiro poezia ...................................................................... 259<br />

satrfialo poezia ............................................................... 288<br />

samgloviaro poezia............................................................ 306<br />

sibrZnis poezia – andaza .................................................... 324<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stikis istoriidan........................................... 331<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s bedi TanamedroveobaSi .............................. 343<br />

avtorTa da nawarmoebTa saZiebeli ............................... 348

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winasityvaoba<br />

vidre adamiani Tavis nafiqrs da saTqmels damwerlobis meSveobiT<br />

gadmoscemda, didi xnis manZilze, romlis xangrZlivoba<br />

ganuzomelia, yvelaferi, rac misi mentaluri sferos kuTvnileba<br />

iyo, zepirsityvierad vrceldeboda. mwignobrobas ar<br />

gauuqmebia zepirmetyveleba, igi dRemde Tan sdevs kacobriobis<br />

istorias sxvadasxva doneebze, yoveldRiuri sakomunikacio<br />

metyvelebiT dawyebuli da SemoqmedebiT damTavrebuli.<br />

sadac arsebobs ena, iq zepir sityvas bunebrivi asparezi aqvs.<br />

metic SeiZleba iTqvas – enis funqcionirebis bunebrivi saxe da<br />

arxi zepirmetyvelebaa, ena ar gaCenila imisTvis, raTa aucileblobiT<br />

xelovnuri niSnebis tyveobaSi moqceuliyo. marTalia,<br />

mxolod damwerlobam gaxada SesaZlebeli werilobiTi istoria,<br />

rogorc maxsovrobis saimedo WurWeli, amavdroulad,<br />

enam dakarga bunebrioba da is cxovelmyofeli gavlena adamianze,<br />

is uSualoba, romelic mas Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi hqonda.<br />

rom davazustoT, sityvierma Semoqmedebam, garkveulwilad,<br />

droismieri xelovnebis sferodan, romelsac dasabamiTve ekuTvnoda,<br />

sivrcismier (plastikur) xelovnebaTa sferoSi gadainacvla.<br />

mkiTxvels uxdeba xiluli niSnebisgan Semdgari teqstidan<br />

im uxilavis aRdgena, romelsac zepirsityvieri nakadi<br />

warmoadgens. platoni `fedrosSi~ sokrates piriT gulubryviloebad<br />

naTlavs maT, vinc Caweril sityvas mosmenilze maRla<br />

ayenebs. platoni damwerlobis cud Tvisebad miiCnevs imas, rac<br />

mas mxatvrobasTan anaTesavebs. misi figurebi, ambobs igi, cocxlebiviT<br />

dganan, magram roca SeekiTxebi, medidurad duman. aseve<br />

iTqmis dawerili Txzulebis mimarT: igi laparakobs, rogorc<br />

gonieri adamiani, magram SekiTxvaze sul mudam erTsa da imaves<br />

gpasuxobs. yoveli Txzuleba, erTxel Cawerili, yvelgan mimo-<br />

7

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8<br />

iqceva – maTTanac, visac esmis misi da maTTanac, visac ar egebis<br />

misi wakiTxva. Cawerilma Txzulebam Tavad ar icis, vis elaparakos<br />

da vis – ara. sokrate ambobs, rom dauwereli sityva,<br />

romelic aris dawerilis ufrosi Zma, iwereba msmenelis gulSi<br />

da mas SeuZlia Tavis dacva da laparaki visTanac egebis, da aseve<br />

SeuZlia dumdes. dawerili sityva mxolod asaxvaa cocxali<br />

sityvisa. Cven davZenT, rom is, rac asaxulia, garkveuli azriT,<br />

mkvdaria. is emsgavseba TavisuflebisTvis gaCenil frinvels,<br />

romelic galiaSia gamomwyvdeuli.<br />

marTalia, damwerlobam zepirsityvieri teqstis materialurad,<br />

niSnebis saSualebiT, dafiqsirebiT maTi xangrZlivad<br />

Senaxvis saimedo garantia Seqmna, magram zepirsityvier Semoqmedebas<br />

waarTva misi arsebiTi Tviseba, romelic Tavdapirvel<br />

sinkretizmSi gamoixateboda. SesaZloa, naratiuli prozauli<br />

JanrebisTvis sadavo iyos, magram poeturi teqstebi zepirsityvierebis<br />

damwerlobaSeuxebel klasikur xanaSi (da merec) mxolod<br />

sityvier informacias ar gadmoscemda, maT Tan axlda hangi<br />

ara mxolod rogorc Sesrulebis teqnikuri mxare, aramed<br />

sityvasTan Sezrdili ganuyofeli mTlianoba. es ganuyofeli<br />

damwerlobam gaxliCa, ugulebelyo ra musikaluri mxare, romlis<br />

gareSe poeturi (da zogierTi TvalsazrisiT, saerTod)<br />

metyveleba ar arsebobda.<br />

garda amisa, damwerlobam ugulebelyo zepiri sityvis dialoguri<br />

buneba, zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis mTeli arsi, romelic<br />

mTqmelsa da msmenels Soris uSualo urTierTobaSi<br />

mdgomareobs. cocxali sityvis smenisas msmeneli mTeli arsebiT<br />

aris CarTuli am procesSi. folklorul teqsts, gansxvavebiT<br />

dawerilisgan, TavisTavadi arseboba ara aqvs – igi mis<br />

msmenelTan erTad arsebobs, msmenelTan uSualo urTierTobaSi<br />

iZens sazriss. sadac ar aris msmeneli (auditoria), iq teqstic<br />

ar aris, an mas potenciuri arseboba aqvs da yoveli warmoTqmisas<br />

TiTqos xelaxla, aravin icis mexsierebis romeli xveulidan,<br />

ibadeba. cocxali sityvis gadacemis erTaderTi instrumenti,<br />

xelTuqmneli bunebrivi garemo haeria, romelic<br />

vibrirebs sityvis Sexebisgan, da ara damwerlobis niSnebi, romlebic<br />

transmisiis mxolod da mxolod teqnikuri an, Tundac,<br />

simboluri saSualebaa. da Tavad es saSualeba – wigni – iZens<br />

masSi `Cadebuli~ Sinaarsisgan damoukidebel Rirebulebas da<br />

xdeba kulturis faqti.

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ar unda gvkvebos imis iluziam, rom wignebSi dabeWdili zepirsityvierebis<br />

(zRaprebidan dawyebuli andazebiT damTavrebuli)<br />

teqstebi ramdenadme srulyofil an namdvil warmodgenas<br />

gviqmnis zepirsityvier Semoqmedebaze. bevr SemTxvevaSi es<br />

aris im organuli nayofisgan darCenili CenCo, romelic adamianis<br />

noosferoSi uxilavad arsebobda da ganapoxebda mis cnobierebas.<br />

aq gvagondeba odisevsis sityvebi, romlebiTac man Tavisi<br />

awmyo mdgomareoba saukeTeso TavTavebisgan nalew bzes Seadara:<br />

ar metyoba, rogori TavTavic viyavio?<br />

wigni ar aris fokloruli Semoqmedebis bunebrivi adgili,<br />

ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, wigni misi samarxia (am sityvis rogorc dadebiTi,<br />

ise uaryofiTi azriT). anTologiebsa da mravaltomeulebSi<br />

dabeWdil folklorul masalas, garda zemoaRniSnuli<br />

calmxrivobisa, kidev is nakli aqvs, rom igi mowyvetilia im yofas,<br />

romelmac warmoSva. es did xarvezs qmnis folkloruli<br />

teqstebis adekvatur aRqmasa da SecnobaSi, rac ar emuqreba literaturul<br />

nawarmoebs, romelic Tumca garkveuli tradiciis<br />

nayofia, magram ise organulad ar aris amozrdili tradiciidan<br />

da yofidan (an tradiciuli yofidan), rogorc <strong>folklori</strong>.<br />

rac unda did SemoqmedebiT potencias mivawerdeT<br />

xalxs, mwignobruli civilizacia, Tavisi gardauvali Zlevamosili<br />

istoriuli msvlelobiT da kulturtregerTa Tu saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

politikis xelSewyobiT, cdilobs moicvas zepirsityvieri<br />

kultura, gadaiyvanos Tavis `baqanze~ aqedan gamomdinare<br />

yvela SedegiT. tradiciuli yofis, sabolood, tradiciulobis,<br />

rogorc principis, rRveva, romelsac individualisturma<br />

mwignobrulma kulturam misca dasabami, Tavis<br />

mxriv, gzas uxsnis da amkvidrebs fsevdoxalxur Semoqmedebas.<br />

ar SeiZleba ar vaRiaroT xalxuri SemoqmedebiTi energiis TandaTanobiTi<br />

daSretis procesi, rac adreve aisaxa zepirsityvieri<br />

Janruli mravalferovnebis gaRaribebaSi. Zveli Janrebis<br />

asparezi ikargeba, axali aRar iqmneba. Tanamedrove <strong>folklori</strong><br />

mxolod da mxolod mkrTali Crdilia imisa, rac tradiciul<br />

xanaSi zepirsityvierebis saxiT arsebobda da xalxis yofa-cxovrebis<br />

yvela sferos (nivTiers Tu mentalurs) emsaxureboda.<br />

Tumca es Crdilic ki, msgavsad mravalnacadi odisevsis<br />

sityvebisa, erTgvarad amxels im movlenis sidiades, romelmac<br />

datova igi. fataluria, magram, albaT, kanonzomieric, rom<br />

9

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10<br />

misi Seswavla misi Semoqmedebis didi miqcevis Semdeg iwyeba.<br />

kvlav Sedarebas Tu movixmobT, Cawerili <strong>folklori</strong> hgavs kinematografis<br />

im SeCerebul kadrebs, romelTac arc dinamika<br />

da arc xma, arc feri ar SemorCeniaT.<br />

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, xalxuri sityvierebis Semswavleli<br />

disciplina – <strong>folklori</strong>stika erT-erTi warmatebuli<br />

dargia filologiis mecnierebis sferoSi. mis gankarguleba-<br />

Sia Janrobrivad mdidari da mravalferovani masala, romelic<br />

namdvilad amouwuravia rogorc moculobiT, ise problematikiT<br />

da xedvis mravalmxrivobiT. misi momijnave disciplinebi<br />

(eTnologia-eTnografia, kulturuli anTropologia, religiaTmcodneoba,<br />

religiis istoria...) axal-axal perspeqtivebs<br />

gadaSlis mis winaSe da axal-axal amocanebs usaxavs mas. amitomac<br />

erTi monografiis farglebi ver moicavs zepirsityvier<br />

memkvidreobas mTeli misi sisruliT da mravalferovnebiT, da<br />

arc winamdebare wigns eqneba aseTi mizani. mkiTxveli gaecnoba<br />

mxolod ZiriTads, mxolod im arsebiTs, romelic, avtoris azriT,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>s individualobas warmoaCens.

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Sesavali

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im SemoqmedebiTi sferos saxelwodeba, romelic <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />

saxeliT aris cnobili, anglosaqsuri kompozitiT gamoixateba:<br />

folk-lore. raki, sazogadod, kompoziti, sul mcire, ori<br />

wevrisagan mainc Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTTan garkveuli<br />

kavSiriT arian Sekrulni da, SesaZloa, SeduRabebulnic, misi<br />

Sinaarsic met-naklebad rTulia. kerZod, Cvens SemTxvevaSic,<br />

is masala, romelsac disciplina, saxelwodebiT <strong>folklori</strong>stika,<br />

Seiswavlis, ar aris martivi: igi ori wevris, saxeldobr,<br />

xalxisa da sibrZnis, urTierTSerwymaa. amitomac arsebiTia<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stikis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinis,<br />

moculobisa da sazRvrebis dadgena, romlebic SeiZleba<br />

Seicvalos imisda mixedviT, Tu ras vigulisxmebT kompozitis<br />

folk+lore, rogorc mTlianis, cnebaSi. unda ganimartos am sayovelTao<br />

terminis Sinaarsi. ramdenadac Tavad termini Sedgeba<br />

ori sityvisagan – `xalxi~ da `sibrZne~, terminiT aRniSnuli sagani<br />

Tavisi interesebis sferoSi unda aqcevdes or realobas:<br />

is unda swavlobdes, erTi mxriv, xalxis, rogorc garkveuli er-<br />

Tobis, cnobierebas da SemoqmedebiT Taviseburebas, meore<br />

mxriv, im produqts, romelic Seqmnilia an gardaqmnilia am cnobierebaSi.<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stma unda Seiswavlos xalxis cnobierebis<br />

struqtura, cnobierebisa, romelic Taviseburad aRiqvams<br />

yofierebis movlenebs da faqtebs, gardaqmnis da inaxavs maT.<br />

cxadi xdeba, rom eTnografia da eTnologia <strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />

momijnave (Tu damxmare) sxva disciplinebidan yvelaze ufro<br />

axlos aris masTan, ramdenadac folklorul Semoqmedebas yofaSi<br />

udgas fesvi da misgan mowyvetili kargavs Tavis arsebiT<br />

niSnebs. es aris misi erT-erTi fundamenturi niSani, romelic<br />

mas literaturuli Semoqmedebisgan ganasxvavebs.<br />

folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifikuri niSnebi maT urTierTkavSirSi,<br />

maT erTobliobaSi, erTmaneTisgan gamomdinareobaSi<br />

unda iqnes ganxiluli da gaazrebuli. tradiciuli niSnebi<br />

xalxuri Semoqmedebisa, romlebic SeiZleba dayvanil iqnes<br />

gansazRvrul raodenobamde, rogoric aris anonimuroba, gav-<br />

13

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14<br />

rcelebis zepiri forma, variantuloba da koleqtiuroba, arsebiTad,<br />

arawignuri kulturis damaxasiaTebeli da ganmsazRvreli<br />

niSnebia, riTac <strong>folklori</strong> literaturas upirispirdeba,<br />

Tumca es niSnebi, met-naklebi intensivobiT da gansxvavebuli<br />

motivaciiT, mwerlobas anu individualur Semoqmedebasac<br />

axasiaTebs. warmoiSveba problema, romelic amgvarad iqneba<br />

dasmuli: ra gansxvavebaa, magaliTad, folklorul anonimurobasa<br />

da literaturul anonimurobas Soris, anu: ra iwvevs anonimurobas<br />

erT SemTxvevaSi da ra – meoreSi.<br />

problema ganzogadebul saxes iRebs da yalibdeba Semdegnairad:<br />

erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori kultura – zepiri (udamwerlobo),<br />

smenaze dafuZnebuli, da wignuri (samwerlo), xedvaze<br />

dafuZnebuli. yuri da Tvali aq fundamenturi (amosavali) niSnebia,<br />

romlebic Tav-Tavis daRs aCneven am kulturebs. es problema<br />

gadaizrdeba msmenelisa da mkiTxvelis problemaSi. folklorul<br />

SemoqmedebaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs msmenelTan, rogorc<br />

folkloruli teqstis erT-erTi SesaZlebeli variantis potenciur<br />

avtorTan.<br />

termin `folklors~ folklore, Tumca masSi nagulisxmevi masala<br />

– zepirsityvieri sibrZne Tu codna – Tavisi arsiT anonimuria<br />

da principulad dauTariRebeli, avtoric hyavs da misi<br />

Seqmnis droc cnobilia. misi arseboba iwyeba 1846 wlidan, roca<br />

uiliam Tomsma (William Thoms) inglisur Jurnal `aTeneumis~ (The<br />

Athenaeum) 22 agvistos nomerSi gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT<br />

`folklore~, sadac pirvelad gamoCnda termini, romelic man<br />

ori Zvelinglisuri (saqsonuri) sityvisgan – folk (xalxi) da lore<br />

(sibrZne, codna) – monetasaviT `moWra~. statia daviwyebas mieca,<br />

magram mis furclebze dabadebuli termini sicocxlisunariani<br />

aRmoCnda. ori welic ar iyo gasuli, rom Jurnali ukve<br />

aRfrTovanebas gamoxatavda am terminis swrafi gavrcelebis<br />

gamo. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi igi gascilda inglisis sazRvrebs<br />

da SeaRwia kontinentze, skandinaviaSi, slavur qveyneb-<br />

Si. man Secvala xalxuri Semoqmedebis aRmniSvneli manamde arsebuli<br />

saxelwodebani: `xalxuri siZveleni~ an erTgvarad winaaRmdegobrivi<br />

`xalxuri literatura~ da mtkiced daimkvidra<br />

adgili humanitarul disciplinaTa aRmniSvnel terminebs<br />

Soris.<br />

misi pirvelSemqmneli am sityvaSi, rogorc cnebaSi, ufro<br />

farTo Sinaarss gulisxmobda, vidre Cven dRes. u. Tomsi sityviT<br />

lore aRniSnavda xalxis Semoqmedebis iseT sferosac, rome-

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lic SeiZleba gaSualebiTac ar iyos dakavSirebuli sityvas-<br />

Tan, sityvier SemoqmedebasTan. lore `sibrZne~ misTvis moicavda<br />

yvelafers, rac ki adamians, adamianTa sazogadoebas, Seuqmnia<br />

Tavisi Segnebuli cxovrebis manZilze anu rac homo sapiensi da<br />

homo faberi arsebobs dedamiwaze. es unda iyos yvelaferi – bumerangidan<br />

(Tu mas umartives iaraRad miviCnevT), vrcel sityvier<br />

teqstebamde an iseT rTul folkorul fenomenamde, rogoricaa<br />

andaza. sityvieri Semoqmedeba erT-erTi Semavali nakadia<br />

am dausabamo da ukidegano mdinarebaSi, romelsac xalxur<br />

kulturas vuwodebT. droTa viTarebaSi es termini TandaTan<br />

viwrovdeba da zogierT tradiciaSi, mag., CvenTan, is mxolod<br />

zepirsityvierebas gulisxmobs. Tumca SemorCenilia misi<br />

farTo mniSvnelobis kvalic iseT terminSi, rogoric aris `musikaluri<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>~, romelic `xalxuri musikis~ tolfardi<br />

cnebaa. am azriT <strong>folklori</strong>a xalxuri cekvebi, xalxuri saxioba,<br />

xalxuri medicina, xalxuri saxviTi xelovneba, mSenebloba,<br />

xelosnoba, stumarmaspinZlobis wesebi, wes-Cveulebani,<br />

xalxuri kulinaria... anu yvelaferi, romlis codna dauwereli<br />

saxiT, zepirmetyvelebiT an, Tundac, usityvod – qceviT Tu<br />

moqmedebiT gadaecema Taobidan Taobas.<br />

raki termini `<strong>folklori</strong>~ kompozitia da ori cnebisagan<br />

Sedgeba, mecnieruli interesic masSi nagulisxmevi realobisadmi<br />

ormagi unda iyos. ras gulisxmobs folk ~xalxi~ da ras gulisxmobs<br />

lore `sibrZne~, `codna~? ganvixiloT pirveli. ras warmoadgens<br />

is `xalxi~, romelic atarebs am `sibrZnes~? am kompozitSi<br />

sibrZne-codnasTan mimarTebaSi `xalxi~ gulisxmobs adamianTa<br />

imgvar simravles, romelic garkveul niSanTa erTobliobiT<br />

aris gaerTianebuli da Tavadac acnobierebs da ganicdis<br />

am erTianobas. es SeiZleba is niSnebi iyos, romelic erT<br />

erad Sekravs sxvadasxva warmoSobis xalxebs da tomebs. es iqneba<br />

ena, teritoria, saerTo warsuli, saerTo mteri. imisaTvis,<br />

rom xalxi `sibrZnis~ matarebeli `folki~ gaxdes, aucilebelia,<br />

garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi igi saerTo cxovrebiT<br />

cxovrobdes. arsebobs qarTveli xalxi, romelic Tavis TavSi<br />

atarebs saerTo warsulis xsovnas, warsulisa, romelic dasaxlebulia<br />

saerTo winaprebiT da saerTo mtrebiT. erT enaze molaparake<br />

xalxs saerTo religia kidev ufro mWidrod aerTianebs,<br />

didi xnis mkvidroba erT teritoriaze mSobliurs xdis am<br />

miwa-wyals da migraciis SemTxvevaSi inaxavs mis xsovnas. xalxi<br />

15

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16<br />

inaxavs `codnas~ am miwa-wyalze, mis `sibrZnes~, romelic Tqmulebis,<br />

legendis, gadmocemis saxiT gadadis Taobidan TaobaSi.<br />

xalxi adamianTa jgufebis organuli, Sezrdili krebulia, romelsac<br />

aqvs Tavisi Suaguli, kera, centri, Tundac sxvadasxvagvarad<br />

gamoxatuli. folki SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod eri, aramed<br />

erTi sagvareulo an erTi ojaxi, romelic Semokrebilia<br />

erTi keriis (`Suacecxlis~) garSemo da inaxavs winaprebis xsovnas<br />

da cecxls, rogorc ganivTebul xsovnas, ramdenadac es<br />

cecxli saerTo `Suacecxlis~ nawilia. is ritualebi, romlebic<br />

sruldeba am keriasTan, sityvebi, am dros rom warmoiTqmis,<br />

is teqstebi, rac am dros moiTxroba, mag., zRaprebi svanuri lifanalis<br />

dros, roca keriasTan ikribeba mTeli ojaxi – cocxlebi<br />

gardasul TaobebTan erTad, yvelaferi riTac cocxlebi<br />

umaspinZldebian winaparTa sulebs am dRes, es aris `sibrZne~ da<br />

`codna~, romelic Seqmnes am ojaxis Taobebma. mxolod Suagulis<br />

mqone adamianTa jgufs, Tundac mcirericxovans, ZaluZs<br />

Seqmnas lore da Seinaxos igi. riTac brbo xalxisagan gansxvavdeba,<br />

aris swored is, rom brbos ar SeuZlia Seqmnas `sibrZne~, radgan<br />

mas ar gaaCnia mexsiereba, misi cnobiereba myisieria, is ver<br />

inaxavs im umartivess da umciressac ki, rasac is am wamSi `qmnis~.<br />

`xalxad~ SeiZleba miviCnioT stadionze Seyrili adamianebi, romelTa<br />

saerTo gulisyuri mimarTulia erTisken da, Tumca es<br />

erToba efemerulia, am erTobis ZaliT maT SeuZliaT Seqmnan<br />

`raRac~, Tundac es raRac iyos frTiani SeZaxili, moswrebuli<br />

naTqvami, romelic anekdotSi da `legendaSi~, iqneb `miTosSic~<br />

gadaizardos (XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis bavSvebs Soris gavrcelebuli<br />

iyo Tqmuleba, rom ganTqmul mcvels SavguliZes<br />

marjvena fexi hqonda `dabeWdili~. es, namdvilad, SavguliZis<br />

miTosi iyo. baskebTan TamaSis Semdeg, ocdaaTian wlebSi bav-<br />

SvTa Soris gaCnda legenda, rom baskebis mekare maimuni iyo da<br />

kudiT ekideboda horizontalur Zels). folkia armiac, samxedro<br />

qveganayofi, razmi, romelsac gadauxdia brZolebi da,<br />

Tundac is sxvadasxva pirovnebisa da aRmsareblobis adamianebisgan<br />

Sedgebodes, mas saerTo <strong>folklori</strong> eqneba da es misi `omisa da<br />

mSvidobis~ <strong>folklori</strong> iqneba. xalxad SeiZleba miviCnioT saswavlebeli<br />

(saSualo skola, internati, gimnazia, universiteti,<br />

calkeuli fakultetic ki), Tu mis ukan dgas TaobaTa wyeba,<br />

romelTa maxsovroba inaxavs profesor-maswavlebelTa ucnaurobaTa<br />

anekdotur ambebs Tu maT araordinalur saqcielT

---

da yvelaferi es zepirad iqneba gadacemuli Taobidan Taobas.<br />

aseve folkia profesiuli gaerTianebani, rogoric aris amqari<br />

Tavisi tradiciiT, wes-CveulebebiT, mfarveli wmidanebiT<br />

da TqmulebebiT maT arqetipul qmedebebze. am principiT Tu<br />

vixelmZRvanelebT, folki SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT yvelgan, ara<br />

mxolod da gansakuTrebiT soflad, sadac Cveulebriv eZeben<br />

xalxur Semoqmedebas, aramed yvelgan, sadac adamianTa jgufebs<br />

aqvT met-naklebad xangrZlivi periodi erTad cxovrebisa da<br />

saerTo miznebiTa da amocanebiT suldgmulobisa, saerTo gansacdelisa,<br />

saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolisa, saerTo gamarjvebisa<br />

da saerTo marcxisa. yovel amgvarad gagebul erTianobas<br />

aqvs Tavisi lore, Tavisi `sibrZne~ anu Tavisi sakuTari <strong>folklori</strong>.<br />

mas aqvs es, inaxavs da gadascems mas Tundac erTaderT<br />

Taobamde, ra Rirebulebisac ar unda iyos igi. or adamiansac<br />

ki, bavSvobidan, uxsovrobidan TanSezrdil or megobars aqvs<br />

sakuTari <strong>folklori</strong>, dauwereli mikromatiane yvelaferi imisa,<br />

rac maT ganucdiaT, unaxavT, mousmeniaT, umReriaT. maT<br />

aqvT TavianTi sakuTari `ena~, sakuTari simboloebi, pirobiTi<br />

niSnebi, romlebic mxolod maTTvis aris gasagebi.<br />

magram amJamad Cveni yuradRebis sagania adamianTa erTianobis<br />

ara yvela safexuri, zemoT rom iyo gakvriT naxsenebi,<br />

aramed mxolod da mxolod imgvari erTianoba, romelic warmoadgens<br />

xalxs am cnebis sayovelTao gagebiT.<br />

Cveni sagania qarTveli xalxis <strong>folklori</strong> anu, rac igivea,<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sityviereba. Tumca aqac, am SesityvebaSi,<br />

`xalxi~ gulisxmobs ufro mets, vidre erovnuli erTobaa, ufro<br />

mets, rac aviwroebs kidec mis mniSvnelobas. es xalxi aris<br />

sakuTriv Semoqmedi an Semnaxveli yvelaferi imisa, rac Seadgens<br />

folklors. germaneli romantikosi filosofosi iohan<br />

gotfrid herderi (1744-1803) werda: `xalxi (Volk) aris bunebrivi<br />

da Seuryvneli nawili erisa, amitom is mowodebulia erovnuli<br />

sulis gamosaxatavad~. amrigad, igi fiqrobs, rom erSi aris<br />

birTvi, xalxi, folki (germ. Volk), romelzec dakisrebulia Semoqmedebis<br />

misia da misi Seqmnilia is, rac <strong>folklori</strong>s saxelwodebiT<br />

aris cnobili. amave dros, aseTi gageba xalxisa uaxlovdeba<br />

xalxuri Semoqmedebis mistikur gagebas, romlis mixedviTac<br />

is RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa. iakob grimi (1785-1863),<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, wers Tavis kolegas,<br />

germanel poets arnims: `Tu Sen CemsaviT gwams, rom religia<br />

17

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18<br />

RvTaebrivi gamocxadebis Sedegad warmoiSva, rom enis warmo-<br />

Sobac aseve saswaulebrivia da rom igi ar warmoadgens adamianis<br />

gamonagons, isic unda irwmuno da igrZno, rom xalxur poeziasac<br />

igive warmoSoba aqvs~. es Tvalsazrisi xalxur poezias<br />

upirispirebs xelovnur poezias, romelic wignuri kulturis<br />

wiaRSia Seqmnili. romantikosi <strong>folklori</strong>stebi (da pirveli<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stebi mxolod romantikosebi iyvnen) fiqrobdnen,<br />

rom xalxuri leqsi aracnobierad ibadeba, rom xalxuri poezia<br />

aris adamianSi RvTaebrivis gamovlena. `igi SiSvelia da atarebs<br />

Tavis TavSi RvTis xats~, werda vilhelm grimi. yoveli movlenis<br />

warmoSoba saidumloebiT aris moculi, saidumlo ki RvTiuri<br />

myofobis niSania. uZvelesi tradicia sityvieri Semoqmedebis<br />

dasabams RvTiur samyaroSi xedavs, rogorc dasturdeba<br />

homerosis poemebis dasawyis striqonebSi (`risxvaze mimRere,<br />

qalRmerTo...~, `kacze miambe, muzav...~). rogor unda gavigoT<br />

xalxuri Semoqmedebis RvTiuri warmomavloba? germaneli romantikosebi,<br />

cxadia, ar fiqrobdnen berZeni rafsodis kvalze,<br />

TiTqos xalxuri sityvierebis Sinaarsebi RvTiuri samyarodan<br />

aris nakarnaxevi. `RvTiuri~ maT naazrevSi niSnavda `zeindividualurs~,<br />

`zepirovnuls~, rogoric namdvilad aris xalxuri<br />

Semoqmedeba. xalxuri Semoqmedi ganicdis Tavis TavSi imaze ma-<br />

Rals, rasac misi yoveldRiuri, yofiTi arseba, misi pirovneba<br />

warmoadgens. zeindividualuri adamianSi is safexuria, romelic<br />

erTma tradiciam, SeiZleba, `RvTiurad~ miiCnios, meorem<br />

– saerTo-saxalxod anu im realobad, rasac zemoT `xalxi~ vuwodeT.<br />

rasac xalxuri Semoqmedi qmnis, Tavisi pirovnuli cnobierebis<br />

safexuridan, folkis cnobierebamde amaRlebuli<br />

qmnis. garkveuli azriT, rasac is qmnis, ar aris misi sakuTari<br />

pirovnuli Semoqmedeba. es aris, ZiriTadad, anonimurobis sazrisi.<br />

Cven viciT zogadad, ras warmoadgens `xalxi~, romlis cnobierebaSi<br />

daculia zepirsityvieri fondi. viciT, aseve zogadad,<br />

ras moicavs xalxuri Semoqmedeba (mis Janrul Semadgenlobaze<br />

qvemoT iqneba saubari). axla gavarkvioT, ra saxiT arsebobs<br />

igi, rogor vrceldeba, rogor da ratom icvleba, Tu<br />

icvleba, vis SeuZlia misi Secvla, an roca qmnis adamiani, risi<br />

ZaliT da visi saxeliT qmnis imas, rasac qmnis.

---

folkloruli<br />

Semoqmedebis specifika

---

zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebis niSnebi romlebic<br />

qvemoT aris ganxiluli, erTmaneTisagan gamomdinarea, anu<br />

TiToeuli maTgani mizezic aris da Sedegic. magram isic<br />

unda iTqvas, da es mTavaria, rom yovel maTgans TviTkmari<br />

da damoukidebeli Rirebuleba aqvs <strong>folklori</strong>s gansazRvraSi,<br />

ramdenadac TiToeulSi Cans xalxuri Semoqmedebis<br />

bunebis mTeli sisavse.<br />

gavrcelebis zepiri forma<br />

es aris yvelaze TvalsaCino niSani folkloruli Semoqmedebisa,<br />

rac mis erT-erT saxelwodebaSic aris asaxuli:<br />

`zepirsityviereba~. namdvilad, xalxuri Semoqmedeba<br />

zepirsityvieria rogorc warmoSobiT, aseve gavrcelebis<br />

formiT: iqmneba zepirad da vrceldeba zepirad. es aris am<br />

zogadi niSnis ori aspeqti. zepirsityvieri teqsti SeiZleba<br />

Caweril iqnes, magram es ar iqneba misi arsebobis bunebrivi<br />

forma (aris gamonaklisi: xalxuri epitafia, romelic<br />

mxolod da mxolod qvaze amokveTili saxiT arsebobs. es,<br />

ra Tqma unda, mxolod damwerlobis kulturaSia SesaZlebeli).<br />

mTeli damwerlobamdeli periodis sityvieri Semoqmedeba,<br />

romlis dasabami uxsovrobaSi ikargeba, zepiri saxiT<br />

gadaecema Taobidan Taobas uwyveti modenilobiT da<br />

ganagrZobs arsebobas wignuri civilizaciebis xanaSic da<br />

werilobiT saxesac iRebs, Tumca xalxuri sityvieri Semoqmedeba<br />

mxolod mosasmenad aris gamiznuli, rac garkveul<br />

daRs asvams mas. es qmnis mis Tavisebur poetikas, sakmaod<br />

gansxvavebuls wignuri Semoqmedebisgan, romelic sakiTxavad<br />

aris gamiznuli. gansxvaveba smenasa da kiTxvas Soris<br />

ar aris mxolod teqnikuri xasiaTisa. arsebobs smeniTi<br />

kultura, am fenomenis (smenis) Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,<br />

da arsebobs kiTxviTi kultura, xedvis fenomenis Taviseburebidan<br />

gamomdinare. <strong>folklori</strong> ZiriTadad yuria,<br />

21

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22<br />

wigni (literatura) – Tvali. grigol robaqiZe erTgan<br />

wers: `akakis leqsSi `yuria~ meti, vidre `Tvali~. amiT –<br />

`yur~ sityviT mwerali akakis SemoqmedebaSi xalxur zepirsityvier<br />

stiqias aRniSnavs. `Tvali naklebia akakis leqsSi,<br />

ganagrZobs avtori, rogorc saerTod qarTul poeziaSi~.<br />

amiT mas surs Tqvas, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> wignuri poezia mniSvnelovanwilad<br />

nasazrdoebia xalxuri poeziiT.<br />

yurTasmenis prioriteti TvalTaxedvis mimarT udamwerlobo<br />

epoqaSi niSandobliv gamoxatulebas poulobs<br />

aedebisa Tu rafsodebis (mgosnebis) sibrmavis fenomenSi.<br />

maTi klasikuri magaliTi da warmomadgeneli homerosia,<br />

romlis poemaSi (`odiseaSi~) aseve brma aedebi monawileoben<br />

– demodoke da femiosi. brmebi iyvnen iaponeli moxetiale<br />

bivaboZuebi (biva-boZu), romlebic simebiani instrumentis<br />

(`biva~) akompanimentze asrulebdnen TavianT<br />

repertuars. maTi sibrmave qmediTi faqtoria rogorc zepiri<br />

SemoqmedebisTvis, aseve raime ambis zepiri gardaTqmisTvis.<br />

Tvalis Zala da unari mTlianad sasmenelSia gadasuli,<br />

yuris Zala da unari xedvis xarjzea gafaqizebuli.<br />

mas SeuZlia mTlianad moicvas xedva, Caenacvlos mas, rasac<br />

mowmobs Tavad smenis aRmniSvneli sityvis gamoyeneba<br />

xedvis gamosaxatavad: yureba.<br />

msmeneli uSualod aRiqvams teqsts. msmeneli eswreba<br />

Semoqmedebis process, rac mis Tvalwin sruldeba, TiTqos<br />

xelaxla iqmneba misTvis, radgan yoveli axali Sesruleba<br />

pirvelSemoqmedebis badalia. xalxuri nawarmoebi mxolod<br />

maSin arsebobs aqtualurad, roca is warmoiTqmis.<br />

warmoTqmamde misi arseboba, garkveuli azriT, potenciuria<br />

– is mTqmelis mexsierebaSi arsebobs rogorc<br />

SesaZlebloba. amitomac zepiri nawarmoebi arc erTi<br />

ganmeorebisas arasodes ar aris Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivi.<br />

msmeneli yovelTvis xedavs avtors Tavis win, radgan<br />

mTqmelis xmaSi avtoris xma esmis, maT Soris ar arsebobs<br />

drouli xarvezi, maT Soris ar arsebobs sxva Suamavali,<br />

garda haerisa, romelic vibrirebs da msmenelamde daubrkolebliv<br />

miaqvs sityva. rafsodSi, romelsac dRevandlamde<br />

moaqvs es sityva, msmeneli im pirvelmTqmels<br />

xedavs, Tumca misi saxeli da saxe samudamod dafarulia.<br />

ase ar aris literaturuli nawarmoebis SemTxvevaSi: mkiT-

---

xveli Tavad kiTxulobs teqsts, is mowyvetilia avtors,<br />

ver xedavs mas, ar esmis misi xma, Tumca mas SeuZlia ixilos<br />

misi saxe da misi saxelic cnobilia misTvis. mkiTxveli Tavad<br />

`axmovanebs~ teqsts da svams maxvilebs. aris SemTxvevebi,<br />

roca literaturuli nawarmoebis avtori Tavad<br />

kiTxulobs teqsts (scenaze, televizorSi Tu radioSi),<br />

magram es ar aris arsebiTi, es ar aris is wesi, romlis Zali-<br />

Tac arsebobs literaturuli nawarmoebi. aris sapirispiro<br />

SemTxvevebi, roca adamiani kiTxulobs wignSi dabeWdil<br />

xalxur nawarmoebs. magram, rogorc iTqva, wigni ar aris<br />

xalxuri sityvis bunebrivi adgili. wigni, wera, kiTxva<br />

antifolkloruli movlenebia. wignSi asoebiT dabeWdili<br />

xalxuri leqsi Cven SeiZleba SevadaroT mgalobel Cits,<br />

romelic galiaSia damwyvdeuli. marTalia, wigni inaxavs<br />

sityvas, romelsac JamTasvla uTuod waSlis adamianis mexsierebaSi,<br />

magram isic marTalia, rom wigni ver inaxavs mas<br />

cocxlad, radgan zepiri sityva ar aris wignSi dasabeWdad<br />

Seqmnili, rogorc gareuli frinveli ar aris gaCenili<br />

galiis binadrad. zepiri sityva Seqmnilia mudmivi, ganuwyveteli<br />

qmnadobisaTvis, drosa da sivrceSi cvalebadobisaTvis.<br />

anonimuroba<br />

folkloruli teqstis anonimur xasiaTs ramdenime mizezi<br />

ganapirobebs. pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom anonimuroba<br />

ar niSnavs imas, rom folklorul nawarmoebs saer-<br />

Tod ar hyolia avtori. cnobili <strong>folklori</strong>sti vl. propi<br />

wers: `literaturaTmcodneobis tradiciebis skolaSi aRzrdilT<br />

Cven xSirad verc ki warmogvidgenia, rom poeturi<br />

nawarmoebi SeiZleba sxvagvarad warmoiSvas, vidre literaturuli<br />

Txzuleba individualuri avtorobisas. Cven<br />

sul mudam gvgonia, rom is viRac pirvelma unda SeTxzas.<br />

Tumca SesaZlebelia sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxebi poeturi<br />

nawarmoebebis warmoqmnisa... da maTi Seswavla <strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />

erT-erTi ZiriTadi da uZnelesi problemaa...<br />

warmoSobiT <strong>folklori</strong> unda davuaxlovoT ara literaturas,<br />

aramed enas, romelic aravis gamougonia da ara hyavs<br />

23

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24<br />

arc avtori da arc avtorebi. igi warmoiSveba da icvleba<br />

sruliad kanonzomierad da adamianTa nebisgan damoukidebliv...~<br />

[propi 1976: 21-22].<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s enasTan daaxloebaSi aris WeSmaritebis<br />

marcvali, magram Zneli dasajerebelia, rom romelime xalxuri<br />

poeturi nawarmoebi, Tundac ritualuri teqsti, Selocva<br />

Tu wyevlis formula, iseve uavtorod iyos Seqmnili,<br />

rogorc ena, rogorc aseTi, mis mTlianobaSi. ras warmoadgens<br />

sinamdvileSi es `sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxebi~?<br />

arseboben ki isini realurad, rom SesaZlebeli iyos<br />

maTi Seswavla? <strong>folklori</strong> Semoqmedebaa da Semoqmedeba<br />

mxolod adamianis pirovnebis unaria. Tuki arsebobs Seqmnili,<br />

unda arsebobdes viRac, romelic qmnis... zemoT<br />

motanili Sexeduleba folklorul Semoqmedebaze aSkarad<br />

panTeisturia, is uaryofs Semoqmeds da aRiarebs Seqmnilis<br />

TavisTavad warmoSobas. ena namdvilad uavtorod<br />

aris warmoSobili, folkloruli teqsti ki – Seqmnili.<br />

folkloruli teqstis anonimurobis ZiriTadi pirobaa<br />

avtorobis uflebis principuli ararseboba tradiciul<br />

sazogadoebaSi. es is sferoa, romelsac yvelaze gvian<br />

daeufla kerZo sakuTrebis Segneba. Folk-is wreSi myofma Semoqmedma<br />

ar SeiZleba miiCnios Tavi mis mier SeTxzuli teqstis<br />

iseTsave avtorad, rogoric literaturuli anu samwerlo<br />

nawarmoebis avtoria. individualuri avtori – mwerali,<br />

rogorc Semoqmedi, ar ekuTvnis xalxs im azriT, rogorc<br />

ekuTvnis mas xalxuri avtori. pirveli gamoTqvams<br />

Tavis pirovnuls upiratesad, meore – xalxisas upiratesad.<br />

pirveli eZebs originalurs, sakuTars, ganumeorebels,<br />

jerarTqmuls. meore eZebs mxolod imas, rasac xalxi<br />

moiwonebs da dasturs dascems. da es mowoneba da dasturcema<br />

mravali Taobis manZilze grZeldeba. am mowonebis<br />

intuicia da alRo aqvs xalxis mgosans, romelic itvir-<br />

Tavs xalxis fiqris da suliskveTebis gamoxatvas. is koleqtivis<br />

niRabia, koleqtivi RaRadebs misi piriT, is misi<br />

xmaa, misi sayviria. rogor SeiZleba man ifiqros, rom rasac<br />

is warmoTqvams, misi sakuTrebaa? misi ganuyofeli sakuTreba<br />

mxolod misi niWi da unaria, romelsac is gamoTqmis<br />

`iaraRad~ iyenebs. is Tavisi niWiT aris gamorCeuli<br />

folkisgan.

---

am niWieris Semoqmedebaze da misi Semoqmedebis nayofze<br />

amgvar tevad formulas ayalibebs vasil barnovi: `eris<br />

gulisnadebs pirvelad warmoTqvams romelime niWieri Svili<br />

erisa, naTqvami aRibeWdeba msmenelTa mexsierebaSi da<br />

gavrceldeba zepirsityvaobiT erTi adgilidan meore adgilas,<br />

erTi Taobidan meore Taobaze“.<br />

es `niWieri Svili“, cxadia, arsebobda realurad, fizikurad,<br />

Tavisi sisxliTa da xorciT. is daibada, cxovrobda,<br />

mokvda, sadRac miwaSi misi sakuTari Zvlebi marxia. usamarTloba<br />

iqneboda, wagverTva egzistencialuroba misi<br />

individualobisaTvis, magram, vimeorebT, Tavis SemoqmedebaSi,<br />

Tavis „naTqvamSi“, igi arasodes cdilobda Tavisi<br />

pirovnulis, individualuris, kerZos wamowevas misi gaxmaurebisa<br />

da gasajaroebis (gaqveynebis) mizniT. misi `naTqvami~<br />

namdvilad `eris gulisnadebs~ Seicavs, is ubrunebs<br />

xalxs mis nafiqrals, ubrunebs gamokveTilad, imgvari<br />

formiT, rogoradac verc erTi maTgani ver Camoayalibebda.<br />

aTavisuflebs ra `mgalobel Cits~ galiidan, igi aRar<br />

zrunavs da arc SeuZlia izrunos mis bedze, raTa erTxel<br />

`nagalobebi~ pirvelqmnili saxiT iqnes Senaxuli. pirvelqmnili<br />

saxiT teqsts mxolod beWduri (da axal droSi<br />

eleqtronuli) wigni inaxavs.<br />

variantuloba<br />

sityvis zepiri gavrceleba gardauvalad iwvevs teqstis<br />

cvlilebas. zepiri sityva Tavisufalia, gansxvavebiT<br />

dabeWdili sityvisagan, magram mas axlavs nakli: igi eqvemdebareba<br />

dro-Jams, romelic Tavis beWeds asvams mas. drosa<br />

da sivrceSi igi icvleba, aCens variantebs, rogorc Citi<br />

bartyebs. pirvelSemoqmedis piridan gamosuli teqsti<br />

`ibartyebs~. mkacri azriT, xalxuri teqsti mxolod da mxolod<br />

misi romelime variantis saxiT arsebobs, amaoa misi invariantuli<br />

anu arqetipuli, Tu `kanonikuri~ teqstis Zieba.<br />

kanonikuroba mxolod literaturul SemoqmedebaSia<br />

saZiebeli, radgan literatura da misi avtori amas moiTxoven.<br />

mwerali, literatori ara mxolod Txzulebas qmnis,<br />

aramed aris am Txzulebis kanonikuri teqstis avtori, rom-<br />

25

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26<br />

lis xelyofis ufleba, Tundac gaumjobesebis mizniT, aravis<br />

aqvs. xalxuri SemoqmedebisTvis ucxoa kanonikuroba,<br />

is ar ipoveba bunebaSi, is `gafrenilia~, rogorc galiidan<br />

gaSvebuli frinveli. magram mainc arqetipi (pirvelqmnili<br />

teqsti) mTqmelis gonebaSi, mexsierebaSi `Crdilis~<br />

(ludvig vitgenStainis terminiT) saxiT aris daculi da is<br />

yoveli warmoTqmisas `cocxldeba~, xorcs isxams, Tumca<br />

verasodes daemTxveva im pirvelTqmuls. am azriT aris yoveli<br />

warmoTqma axali Semoqmedeba, axal da axal variant-<br />

Ta Cena. am garemoebam warmoSva termini avtor-mTqmeli.<br />

xalxuri teqstis arseboba mxolod avtor-mTqmelTa mier<br />

warmoSobil variantebad aris warmosadgeni da SesaZlebeli.<br />

maT ricxvs dasasruli ar eqneba, Tu saerTod ar Sewyda<br />

tradicia da ar amowura variantTa Cenis SesaZlebloba. es<br />

maSin xdeba, roca mexsierebidan arqetipi waiSleba an fragmentebis<br />

saxiT sxva teqstis Semadgenel nawilebad iqceva.<br />

msmeneli potenciuri avtor-mTqmelia, romelsac SeuZlia<br />

`sakuTari~ variantis saxiT miitanos mosmenili teqsti<br />

kvlav msmenelTan da a.S. da a.S. TiToeul variants ama<br />

Tu im konkretul sazogadoebaSi, konkretul tradiciaSi,<br />

TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs. yvela varianti damoukidebeli<br />

mTlianobaa da TviTmyofadia.<br />

zepirsityvieri nawarmoebis cvlilebis gardauvaloba<br />

gamowveulia im situaciiT, sadac is warmoiTqmeba, anu<br />

sadac xdeba misi kvlavwarmoeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, misi xelaxali<br />

qmna. igi icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu sad warmoiTqmis,<br />

vin ismens mas. msmeneli an msmenelTa krebuli – auditoria<br />

ganapirobebs teqstis ara mxolod cvlilebas, aramed<br />

swored amgvar da ara sxvanair cvlilebas. radgan es<br />

konkretuli auditoriaa. es auditoria qmnis am variants,<br />

es varianti am auditoriis variantia. radgan: mTqmeli warmoTqvams<br />

amaTTvis, vis winaSec igi dgas da ara abstraqtulad,<br />

msmenelisgan ganyenebulad, imisgan gansxvavebiT, rogorc<br />

me wigni melaparakeba, roca me da avtors Soris mxolod<br />

sayovelTao beWduri niSnebia. mTqmels yovelTvis<br />

msmeneli hyavs mxedvelobaSi, msmeneli ki yovelTvis konkretulia,<br />

mas Tavisi vinaoba aqvs – uvinaobo auditoria<br />

ar arsebobs arc obieqturad da arc mTqmelisTvis. msmeneli<br />

arsebobs da Tavs iCens garemoSi, xolo garemo (es so-

---

feli, es kuTxe) yovelTvis konkretulia. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom konkretuli garemo, auditoria, msmenelTa wre, badebs<br />

ama Tu im variants.<br />

marTalia, xalxuri teqsti mxolod variantebad da,<br />

amasTanave, rac mTavaria, Tanasworuflebian variantebad<br />

arsebobs, da es aris misi xalxurobis erT-erTi gadamwyveti<br />

niSani, mainc ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom teqsti Tavdapirvelad<br />

erTi iyo, radgan is erTi avtoris piridan gamovida.<br />

variantebi meoreulia, Tumca isini xalxuri zepiri<br />

teqstis bedisweraa.<br />

Znelia gaziareba im Tvalsazrisisa, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />

`araviTari Tavdapirveli, amosavali teqsti ar arsebula<br />

da arc SeiZleboda arsebuliyo~ (vl. propi), rom `folkloruli<br />

nawarmoebi imTaviTve iqmneba ara erTaderTi<br />

teqstis saxiT, aramed mxatvrul CanafiqrTa realizaciebis<br />

saxiT, e. i. variantebad~ (b. putilovi). magram sakiTxavia,<br />

vis gonebaSi ibadeba es Canafiqri, Tu ara erTi pirovnebisa,<br />

Tundac is iyos koleqtivis zraxvaTa da azrTa wyobis<br />

(mentalitetis) gamomxatveli.<br />

koleqtiuroba<br />

raki xalxuri nawarmoebi mxolod da mxolod variantebad<br />

arsebobs da es aris misi arsebobis bunebrivi forma,<br />

anu uvarianto, erTaderT teqstad arsebuli nawarmoebi<br />

ver CaiTvleba xalxur nawarmoebad, laparaki mis avtorze,<br />

rogorc erT pirovnebaze, mainc principulad SeuZlebelia.<br />

misi variantebis SeqmnaSi Taobebi iReben monawileobas<br />

da, amdenad, amgvarad warmoSobili nawarmoebi saxalxo,<br />

koleqtiuri sakuTrebaa. is yvelas ekuTvnis, radgan<br />

mis SeqmnaSi monawileoba aqvs miRebuli ara mxolod pirvel<br />

mTqmels, aramed gardamTqmels da msmenelsac Taoba-<br />

Ta manZilze drosa da sivrceSi.<br />

koleqtiurobas meore mxarec aqvs. xalxuri nawarmoebi<br />

imitomac aris koleqtiuri sakuTreba, rom is gamoxatavs<br />

ara kerZo pirovnebis, aramed folkis suliskveTebas,<br />

is mtkiced zis ama Tu im sazogadoebis tradiciaSi, am cnebis<br />

ufarToesi gagebiT – aq igulisxmeba ara mxolod tra-<br />

27

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28<br />

diciuli poetika, poeturi gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebi, rogorc<br />

saerTo monapovari, aramed yofiTi kultura da<br />

msoflmxedvelobriv warmodgenaTa sistema – mTeli memkvidreobiTi<br />

sulieri dovlaTi.<br />

koleqtiurobis xasiaTi kargad gamoTqva karl gustav<br />

iungma: `koleqtiuri aracnobieri Tu gaaqtiurda, kaci sakuTar<br />

Tavs aRar ekuTvnis~ [iungi: 62]. amgvarad aqvs dakarguli<br />

saxalxo poet-mTqmels sakuTari Tavi. garkveuli azriT,<br />

swored am dakargviT iqmneba namdvili xalxuri nawarmoebi<br />

rogorc koleqtiuri sakuTreba.<br />

tradiciuloba<br />

ra aris tradicia? tradicia (gadmocema) is arxia (kalapoti),<br />

romelSic Taobidan Taobamde miedineba xalxuri<br />

yofa da, masTan erTad, Semoqmedeba. tradicia ganapirobebs<br />

xalxis (koleqtivis) yofis mdgradobas. koleqtivis<br />

konservatizmi – yofiTi, msoflmxedvelobiTi, kulturuli,<br />

mxatvruli – misi tradiciulobis meore mxarea.<br />

folkloruli Janruli sistemis urRvevoba da mdgradoba<br />

swored tradiciis Zalazea damyarebuli.<br />

tradiciul yofaSi Zlieria tradiciis zewola individis<br />

cnobierebaze. individi am tradiciis wiaRSia dabadebuli,<br />

aRzrdilia masSi da Tavadac am tradiciis, sxvanairad,<br />

mama-papis anderZnamagis gamtari da aRmsrulebelia.<br />

magram es ar gamoricxavs individualuri gadaxrebis rols<br />

tradiciaSi. arasodes individis cnobiereba ar aris avsebuli<br />

mTlianad tradiciuli msoflgancdiT, eTikur-moraluri<br />

da esTetikuri idealebiT. `adgili rCeba~ individualurs,<br />

romelic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aracnobierad, uneburad<br />

poulobs gamosavals da SeumCnevlad `iwveTeba~<br />

tradiciis kalapotSi. tradicia aris gadacema (laTinuri<br />

sityva traditio amas niSnavs), xolo rac gadasacemia, arasdros<br />

absoluturi sizustiT ar gadaicema, gadacemuli yovel<br />

jerze saxecvlilebas, Tundac umniSvnelos, Tavad gadamcemisTvisac<br />

SeumCnevels, ganicdis. magram yvelaferi es<br />

xdeba isev da isev mdgradi tradiciis farglebSi. ganaxlebuli<br />

nakadi kvlav miedineba, gzadagza gadaxarSavs ra

---

am individualurs. magram Tu sazogadoebis istoria individualur<br />

gamovlenaTa istoriac aris, im pirveli tradiciidan<br />

aRebuli qani sabolood veRar Zlevs individualur<br />

gamovlenebs da tradiciac icvleba, anu axal tradicias<br />

eyreba safuZveli.<br />

mTqmelis mexsierebaSi daculi tradiciuli teqsti ra-<br />

Rac axals iZens misi aqtualizaciis procesSi. warmoTqmuli<br />

teqsti ar aris identuri mexsierebaSi potenciurad arsebuli,<br />

daculi teqstisa. Semosuli siaxle, romelic qmnis<br />

gansxvavebas, mTqmeliseulia. es asea yoveli axali warmoTqmisas.<br />

siaxlis Semotana teqstSi mxolod maSin dasruldeba,<br />

roca is aRar warmoiTqmis, roca misi aqtualizacia<br />

aRar xdeba, anu is wyvets arsebobas, rogorc folkloruli<br />

teqsti.<br />

improvizacia<br />

roca improvizaciaze, rogorc xalxuri Semoqmedebis<br />

erT-erT niSanze, vlaparakobT, saqme gvaqvs, erTi mxriv,<br />

variantulobasTan, meore mxriv, tradiciulobasTan. `improvizacia<br />

yvelgan arsebulia, igi msWvalavs mTels folklors,<br />

myofobs yoveli cvlilebis dros, versiebisa da<br />

axali nawarmoebebis warmoqmnisas~ [anikini: 116].<br />

garemo qmnis improvizaciis pirobas. erTi mxriv, arsebobs<br />

improvizaciis unari, meore mxriv, arsebobs auditoriis<br />

mzaoba improvizaciis molodinisTvis. improvizacia,<br />

romelic variants badebs, konkretuli situaciiT aris<br />

ganpirobebuli.<br />

ras warmoadgens situacia? risgan Sedgeba igi? `situacias<br />

unda mivakuTvnoT msmenelTa Semadgenloba. improvizacia<br />

sxvadasxvagvarad miikvlevs gzas imisda mixedviT,<br />

Tu vis uyveba mezRapre zRapars – bavSvebs Tu ufrosebs.<br />

monaTxrobi aRiqmeba msmenelTagan gansxvavebulad maTi<br />

ganwyobilebis – mxiarulisa Tu naRvlianis mixedviT. es<br />

yvelaferi aisaxeba Semsrulebelze~ [bogatiriovi: 397] da,<br />

cxadia, monaTxrob nawarmoebze. amieridan is ukve sxvaa,<br />

es sxva aris swored is, rasac <strong>folklori</strong>stikaSi variants<br />

uwodeben.<br />

29

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30<br />

improvizacia, romelic gulisxmobs mTqmelis Semoqmedebas<br />

tradiciuli teqstis Sesrulebis (gadmocemis)<br />

procesSi, TiTqosda moumzadeblad, msmenelTaTvis moulodnelad,<br />

met-naklebad axasiaTebs TiTqmis yvela Janrs.<br />

gansakuTrebiT didi asparezi aqvs mas poeziaSi. improvizaciis<br />

mizania teqstis dafaruli SesaZleblobebis warmo-<br />

Cena-gaRrmaveba – improvizaciis mizezi Tavad teqstSi, mis<br />

fabulaSi Zevs. amis saukeTeso magaliTia `vefxvisa da moymis<br />

leqsis~ gagrZeleba. am baladaSi dedis motivis Semosvla<br />

improvizacias unda mivaweroT. misTvis amosavali `embrioni~<br />

baladis boloswina striqonSi Zevs: `vin etyvis magis<br />

dedasa, kars usxeds qadag-misanni~. mTqmelis xelSi<br />

sityva `deda~ improvizaciis stimuls iZleva. am moulodnelma<br />

gagrZelebam axali aspeqtiT gaaSuqa balada, romlis<br />

bunebriv dasasruls bolo striqoni acxadebs: `uerTod<br />

ar daixarjvnis Cvenis afxazis isarni~.<br />

magram TiTqmis yvela xalxis foklorSi aris Janri, romelic<br />

mxolod da mxolod improvizaciis ZaliT arsebobs,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, improvizaciis Sedegia. es aris gaSaireba,<br />

romelic kafiis saxelwodebiT farTod aris gavrcelebuli<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />

fSavSi, sadac am Janrs mkacrad Camoyalibebuli kanonebi<br />

aqvs. sxva moTxovnebTan erTad (mag., riTmis Seucvleloba),<br />

improvizacia aq gadamwyvetia. adre naTqvamis ganmeoreba,<br />

Tuki aseTi ram moxda, Cavardnaa, marcxia kafiobis<br />

procesSi da igi unda Sewydes. gadamwyvetia aseve improvizacia<br />

xmiT natirlebSi, romlebic Tumca iyeneben tradiciul<br />

saxeebs, magram, ZiriTadad, improvizaciis efeqts emyarebian.<br />

moulodneloba, SeiZleba iTqvas, auditoriis<br />

dakveTaa, romelic ganuxrelad sruldeba.<br />

am mxriv, SesaZloa, sakulto sityviereba iyos gamonaklisi,<br />

Tumca improvizaciis SesaZlebloba arc aq unda iyos<br />

gamoricxuli. marTalia, sakulto poeziisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli<br />

pirovnuli Careva teqstis Segnebuli Secvlis<br />

mizniT, ar arsebobs raime impulsi an motivi am CarevisTvis<br />

– teqstis sakralizmi da misi aseve sakraluri warmoSoba<br />

amas ar uwyobs xels, mainc sporadulad dasturdeba<br />

improvizaciis SemTxvevebi. es maSin xdeba, roca sustdeba<br />

sakraluri teqstisadmi mowiweba da Semsrulebeli Tavs<br />

Tavisuflebis nebas aZlevs.

---

yofiToba<br />

yofiToba mniSvnelovani niSania, SesaZloa, yvela niSanze<br />

arsebiTi. ver vnaxavT iseT sferos xalxis yofisa, romelsac<br />

ar hqondes gamoxatuleba romelime folklorul<br />

JanrSi. ufro metic: folkloruli Semoqmedeba yofidan<br />

aris amozrdili da misi niadagiT sazrdoobs, magram Semoqmedeba<br />

yofis mimarT ar aris pasiuri, igi ara mxolod asaxavs,<br />

aireklavs yofas, metic, misi aqtivoba mimarTulia yofis<br />

mowesrigebisaken. <strong>folklori</strong>s Janruli sistema, yofidan<br />

amozrdili, Tavad zemoqmedebs yofaze, struqtura<br />

da sazrisi Seaqvs yofaSi. amasTanave, yofis gareSe folkloruli<br />

Semoqmedeba kargavs Tavis funqcias, romelsac<br />

is Janris farglebSi asrulebs. folkloruli Semoqmedebis<br />

Rirebuleba mxolod yofaSia da misi ZaliT Tavad yofa<br />

iZens Rirebulebas. imdenad mWidroa urTierToba Janrsa<br />

da yofas Soris, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba <strong>folklori</strong>s Janrobrivi<br />

Sedgenilobis mixedviT sazogadoebis yofis<br />

struqturaze, wesrigze msjeloba.<br />

yofiTobas kidev erTi aspeqti aqvs: folkloruli Semoqmedeba<br />

`naturaluri meurneobis~ principiT arsebobs<br />

da funqcionirebs. `xalxma Seqmna Janrebis iseTi mravalferovneba,<br />

rogoric literaturas arasodes gaaCnda~ [emelianovi:<br />

101]. sofeli, Tu aviRebT mas, rogorc TviTkmar<br />

erTeuls, romelic Tavisi sakuTari bunebrivi resursebiT<br />

sazrdoobs (aqvs sakuTari savargulebi, saZovrebi,<br />

tye, wyaroebi da sxva), aseve Tavisi sakuTari ZalebiT ikmayofilebs<br />

inteleqtualur moTxovnilebebs. mis mentalobaSi<br />

araferia iseTi, rasac safuZveli soflis yofaSi ara<br />

aqvs. Tu sofels hyavs Tavisi sakuTari mWedeli an durgali,<br />

aseve hyavs Tavisi sakuTari mTqmeli, romelic inaxavs<br />

da gadascems zepirsityvier teqstebs. soflis zepirsityvieri<br />

`fondi~ daculia mis mexsierebaSi. Teoriulad SeiZleba<br />

gvefiqra, rom garedan, sxva soflidan, am sofels<br />

arafris Semotana ar uxdeba. magram sofeli ar aris imgvarad<br />

Caketili, rom srulebiT Tavisufali iyos gavlenebisgan,<br />

an ar hqondes garedan Semosuli xmebisTvis yuris dagdebis<br />

moTxovnileba. oRond ucxo Temebi Tu siuJetebi<br />

soflis `qvabSi~, yofaSi, imgvarad gadaixarSeba, rom ukve<br />

31

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32<br />

soflis sakuTreba xdeba. yovelTvis arsebobdnen soflidan<br />

soflad moaruli profesionali mTqmelebi, romelTa<br />

naTqvamebi (leqsi iqneba Tu zRapari) `ileqeba~ soflis<br />

cnobierebaSi da variantebis saxiT, rogorc misi sakuTreba,<br />

ganagrZobs arsebobas.<br />

sinkretizmi<br />

laparakoben xalxuri Semoqmedebis sinkretizmze. ra<br />

aris sinkretizmi? `ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni~ amgvarad<br />

ganmartavs am termins: `Serwymuli arseboba, daunawevrebuloba,<br />

rac raime movlenis sawyis safexurze gvxvdeba~.<br />

xalxur SemoqmedebaSi es gulisxmobs Semoqmedebisa Tu<br />

gadmocemis erTian aqtSi xelovnebis ramdenime dargis monawileobas.<br />

amosavali ki, cxadia, sityva iqneba, roca sityvier<br />

SemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme. es niSani <strong>folklori</strong>sa<br />

SeiZleba ar mogveCvenos universalurad, magram es erTi<br />

SexedviT da mxolod maTi dRevandeli saxidan gamomdinare.<br />

klasikuri nimuSi sinkretizmisa aris, magaliTisTvis,<br />

xevsuruli sagmiro leqsi, romelsac adgilobriv `simReres~<br />

uwodeben. ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom sityvieri<br />

teqsti, romelic ambis informacias inaxavs, ar gadaicema<br />

`mSralad~, mxolod da mxolod verbalurad, aramed<br />

musikaluri hangis TanxlebiT. es imdenad myari tradiciaa,<br />

rom vaJa-fSavela Tavis leqsebs, romelTa Sorisac bevrs<br />

saTaurad uzis `simRera~, fanduris xmaze Txzavda. aris Tu<br />

ara `simRere~, rogorc Janri, sityvisa da hangis Tavdapirveli<br />

daunawevrebulobis anu sinkretizmis nimuSi? vaJas<br />

gamocdilebidan, romelsac safuZveli folklorSi aqvs,<br />

amosvliT SeiZleba dadebiTi pasuxi gaeces am kiTxvas. hangi<br />

Tan axlavs sityvieri teqstis Seqmnis process. hangi<br />

araTu awesrigebs sityvas, aramed CarTulia sityvieri Semoqmedebis<br />

procesSi, misi organuli monawilea.<br />

sinkretizmis sxva ufro rTuli magaliTebia xalxuri<br />

dResaswaulebi, sanaxaobebi, sadac erTianobaSia mocemuli<br />

sityva, Tundac virtualuri scenaris saxiT, mxatvroba<br />

(niRbebisa da Sesamoslebis saxiT), musika, cekvebi. ase-<br />

Tia `berikaoba~, `yeenoba~, romelTa xsovna dResac aqa-iq,<br />

Cvens daba-soflebSi, SemorCenilia.

---

dasasrul, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom yvela es niSani,<br />

garkveulwilad, literaturul Semoqmedebasac axasia-<br />

Tebs. gana mwerlobaSi ar aris dadasturebuli anonimuri<br />

Txzulebani? an variantebis naklebobaa? an rogor SegviZlia<br />

uarvyoT, rom yoveli literaturuli nawarmoebi garkveul<br />

tradiciaSia moqceuli? an romeli nawarmoebia,<br />

Rrmad individualisturic rom iyos, ramdenadme rom ar<br />

gamoxatavdes koleqtivis suliskveTebas, molodinebs,<br />

imedebs, ar upasuxebdes mis esTetikur mrwamss da a.S. yvela<br />

es niSani, literaturas, marTlac, saziaro aqvs folklorul<br />

SemoqmedebasTan. magram TiToeuli am niSnis buneba<br />

da, ramdenadme, sazrisi gansxvavebulia imisda mixedviT,<br />

Tu sad vadasturebT mas – folklorSi Tu literaturaSi.<br />

literaturis anonimuroba SemTxveviTia, ar aris gamowveuli<br />

Tavad Semoqmedebis bunebiT. iq, sadac saavtoro<br />

uflebis Segneba ar arsebobs, iq anonimuroba kanonzomieria;<br />

sadac es Segneba arsebobs, iq anonimuroba gamonaklisia,<br />

misi gamomwvevi mizezi an Tavad avtoris nebaSia, an ra-<br />

Rac obieqtur garemoebebSi, romlebic SemoqmedebiT procesTan<br />

ar aris dakavSirebuli. aseve iTqmis zepirgavrcelebazec.<br />

warmosadgenia literaturuli nawarmoebis<br />

(leqsis) zepiri gavrceleba, magram misi bedi ar hgavs im nawarmoebis<br />

beds, romlis arsebobisa da gavrcelebis erTaderTi<br />

forma zepirsityvieria (amitomac zepirsityviereba<br />

folkloruli Semoqmedebis erT-erTi arsebiTi dasaxelebaa).<br />

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, literaturuli nawarmoebi<br />

miiswrafis beWdur sityvaSi mosaxvedrad, xolo folklorul<br />

nawarmoebs gaxsnili aqvs gza zepir asparezze.<br />

iSviaTia, literaturul nawarmoebs pirvel cdaSive<br />

srulyofili, yovel SemTxvevaSi, avtorisTvis damakmayofilebeli<br />

saxe mieRos. avtori SemoqmedebiT procesSi<br />

qmnis variantebs, vidre igi sabolood Tavisi Canafiqris<br />

srul gamoxatulebas ar dainaxavs. variantebi SeiZleba gadarCes,<br />

an, SesaZloa, avtorma saWirod ar miiCnios maTi SenarCuneba.<br />

literaturuli nawarmoebis variantulobis arsebiTi<br />

gansxvaveba zepirsityvieri teqstis variantulobisgan,<br />

pirvel rigSi, is aris, rom variantebi aq win uZRvis<br />

erT kanonikur, avtoris mier mowonebul teqsts, folklorSi<br />

ki piruku – Tavdapirveli teqsti aCens drosa da<br />

33

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34<br />

sivrceSi variantebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, iZenen damoukidebel<br />

Rirebulebas. meore gansxvaveba is aris, rom<br />

literaturuli variantebi avtoris mier dawunebulia da,<br />

ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, saarqivod aris ganwiruli, folkloruli<br />

nawarmoebi ki piruku – mxolod variantebis saxiT<br />

arsebobs, romelTagan TiToeuli Rirebulia.<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT unda SevniSnoT Semdegi: gavrcelebulia<br />

mankieri praqtika, roca xalxuri poeziis gamocemisas<br />

gamomcemelTa (an gamomcemlis) mier arCeuli varianti<br />

ibeWdeba rogorc ZiriTadi teqsti, danarCeni variantebi<br />

gadatanilia boloSi (ix., magaliTisTvis, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

xalxuri poezia, 12 tomad). romelime variantisTvis upiratesobis<br />

miniWeba, jer erTi, subieqturia, meore mxriv,<br />

es qmnis imis iluzias, TiTqos swored is iyos srulyofili<br />

teqsti, danarCenebi ki arasrulyofili, rac sruliad miu-<br />

Rebelia. Cven viciT, rom TiToeuli teqsti miukvleveli<br />

arqetipis variantebia da TiToeul maTgani TviTmyofadia.<br />

Tundac dazianebuli da mxatvrulad mdare, igi gamoxatavs<br />

ama Tu im tradicias da <strong>folklori</strong>sti valdebulia, mas<br />

sxva, ukeTesad CaTvlil variantebs Soris miuCinos Tanabari<br />

adgili. xSirad xdeba, rom dawunebuli varianti zogierT<br />

pasaJSi ukeTes wakiTxvas iZleva, vidre arCeuli teqsti.<br />

yvela variants Tavisi niSandoblivi Tavisebureba aqvs<br />

da <strong>folklori</strong>stmac saTanado pativi unda miagos mas. aqedan<br />

gamomdinare, yvela varianti unda ibeWdebodes Ziri-<br />

Tad nawilSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT, rom ar gaCndes mcdari<br />

warmodgena, TiTqos boloSi dabeWdili teqstebi TavSi<br />

moqceuli teqstis variantebi iyos. <strong>folklori</strong>stma unda<br />

daafasos TiToeuli soflis, kuTxis tradicia, romelmac<br />

Semoinaxa Tavad teqsti, xolo Tu rogor Semoinaxa igi, rogoria<br />

maTi Rirseba-naklovanebebi, es Sefasebis sakiTxia<br />

da mas Tavisi adgili aqvs.<br />

ramdenadac xalxuri Semoqmedebis avtori anonimuria<br />

da <strong>folklori</strong>stikas arc uxdeba misi vinaobis dadgena, avtorobis<br />

sakiTxs aq cvlis teqstis ama Tu im variantis Semnaxvelis<br />

sakiTxi. is pieteti, romelsac literaturis istoria<br />

iCens avtorisadmi, folklorSi mTqmelis pirovnebazea<br />

gadatanili. marTalia, xalxuri leqsi anonimuria da<br />

Cven araferi viciT da verc verasodes gavigebT raimes mi-

---

si vinaobis Sesaxeb, samagierod bevri ram SegviZlia vicodeT<br />

Tavis mexsierebaSi an repertuarSi leqsis Semnaxvelis<br />

vinaobaze. isic marTalia, rom leqsi zeindividualuria,<br />

magram misi esa Tu is varianti garkveuli pirovnebis<br />

saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli da misi pirovnebis daRs atarebs.<br />

ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom varianti yovelTvis Canaweria<br />

da konkretuli pirovnebisgan aris Cawerili. Canaweri<br />

Rirebulia mecnierebisTvis, Tu mas axlavs pasporti –<br />

ase uwodeben <strong>folklori</strong>stikaSi yvela monacemis erTobliobas,<br />

romelic Caweril teqstTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />

am monacemebis folklorul Canawers unda axldes cnobebi<br />

mTqmelis vinaobaze: gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli, wlovaneba,<br />

warmoSoba, socialuri mdgomareoba, profesia, ganaTlebis<br />

cenzi – aris Tu ara igi wera-kiTxvis mcodne, SeeZlo<br />

Tu ara wignSi waekiTxa teqsti, ramdenad sandoa igi, rogorc<br />

mTqmeli, ramdenad farToa misi repertuari da sxva;<br />

visgan da sad moismina teqsti... sasurvelia da aucilebelic,<br />

Camwerma mosmenil teqsts daurTos mTqmeliseuli<br />

SeniSvnebi, ganmartebebi teqstis garSemo – es yvelaferi<br />

gvexmareba teqstis srulyofil gagebaSi. aucilebelia<br />

Camwerma aRniSnos Caweris adgili da TariRi, da Tavisi vinaoba.<br />

Camwers ara aqvs ufleba raime Sesworeba Seitanos<br />

CanawerSi, unda axsovdes, rom mas saqme aqvs variantTan,<br />

romelic atarebs mTqmelisa da adgilis Taviseburebebs,<br />

rom araferi vTqvaT dialeqtur individualobaze.<br />

amrigad, pasporti folkloruli Canaweris aucilebeli<br />

Tanmxlebia. es aris anonimuri xalxuri nawarmoebis vinaobis<br />

ganmsazRvreli. mis gareSe Canaweri, Tunda genialuri<br />

teqstisa, Zalze naklulia. es aris fokloris Sekrebis<br />

wesi, romelic XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda evropaSi da<br />

saqarTvelomdec movida. Tumca mas erTaderTi adepti<br />

hyavda petre umikaSvilis (1839-1904) saxiT, romelsac<br />

ekuTvnis am mxriv yvelaze Rirebuli folkloruli Canawerebi;<br />

misive Sedgenilia `programma xalxis sityvierebis<br />

nawarmoebis SekrebisaTvis~ (Tbilisi, 1882). Caweris wesebis<br />

pirvelsave punqtad aq vkiTxulobT:<br />

`yvelaferi unda daiweros swored ise, rogorc xalxi<br />

ambobs. damwerma (Camwerma, z.k.) Tavis Tavs neba ar un-<br />

35

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36<br />

da misces mcireodenis cvlilebis moxdenisaca. adgilobrivi<br />

gamoTqma, sityvebi, sityvebis dalageba frazebSi,<br />

frazebis erTmaneTTan damokidebuleba, – yvelaferi<br />

sastikad unda daicvas damwerma; is adgilebic ki ar unda<br />

Sescvalos, romelic uazrod eCveneba. yuradReba unda<br />

mieqces metadre prozad sawersa, rom xalxis enis kilo<br />

da frazebis SekavSireba namdvili darCes...~<br />

meore da mesame punqtebSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`zogierTi leqsi an zRapari anu sxva naTqvami xalxSi<br />

sxva da sxva cvlilebiT aris an sul mTlad, an zogi adgilebi<br />

da striqonebi, an ravdenime sityva. Zalian saWiroa,<br />

rom damweri marto erTs redaqcias ar dasjerdes, aramed<br />

yoveli gansxvavebac aRniSnos sxolioebSi, rom zog-<br />

Si esa da es cvlilebaao. da Tu srulad bevri gansxvavebaa,<br />

mTlad daiweros. es cvlilebis dawera amitom aris<br />

saWiro, rom xSirad mrTels dids leqsSi anu zRaparSi<br />

oriode sami sityva, sxva cvlilebiT xmarebuli, mrTelis<br />

Txzulebis fersa scvlis da zogjer Zvirfass ganZs<br />

Seadgens. zogs leqss an sxva naTqvams mTqmelni axsnas<br />

ukeTeben. es axsnac unda aRniSnos sxolioSi moxsenebiT,<br />

rom mTqmelis axsnaa. ra adgilic, anu romelime azri an<br />

sityva damwers ar esmis, hkiTxos glexs da, Tu man axsna<br />

misca, saWiroa amisi dawerac~.<br />

petre umikaSvilis mdidar folklorul CanawerebSi es<br />

wesi ganuxrelad aris daculi [umikaSvili1937; umikaSvili1964].<br />

samwuxaroa, rom erTaderTi umikaSvili iyo,<br />

romelic esoden did yuradRebas aqcevda folkloruli<br />

teqstis pasportis Sedgenas, rac sruliad ugulebelyofilia<br />

sxvaTa CanawerebSi. genialur vaJa-fSavelas bevri<br />

xalxuri leqsi mohyavs Tavis narkvevebSi, magram arsad ar<br />

uTiTebs arc mTqmelis vinaobas, arc Caweris adgils da<br />

wels. arada, bevri maTgani pirvelad mis mier aris gamoqveynebuli.<br />

aseve iTqmis ilia WavWavaZis da sxvaTa Canawerebis<br />

Sesaxeb. dResdReobiT fokloristebi savele muSaobis<br />

dros mxolod am principebiT xelmZRvaneloben.<br />

rac Seexeba koleqtiurobas da tradiciulobas, rac<br />

aucileblobiT moeTxoveba folklorul nawarmoebs, li-

---

teraturuli nawarmoebisTvis mxolod fonia, romelzec<br />

mkveTrad isaxeba is arsebiTi, rac mis individualobas da<br />

novatorobas Seadgens. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu folkloruli<br />

nawarmoebi arsebiTad mxolod koleqtivsa da tradiciaSi<br />

arsebobs, da aq mJRavndeba misi genialoba, literaturuli<br />

nawarmoebis Rirseba da Rirebuleba, misi genialoba<br />

mis individualobasa da novatorobaSi mdgomareobs.<br />

amrigad, verc erTs, TavisTavad aRebuls, zemoT CamoTvlil<br />

niSanTagan ver CavTvliT unikalurad <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis.<br />

jer, TiToeuli maTgani gansxvavebul saxes iRebs<br />

imisda mixedviT, sad gvxvdeba igi – folklorSi Tu literaturaSi;<br />

mere, maTi, rogorc aRiniSna, urTierTgamomavloba<br />

da ganpirobebuloba unikalurs xdis maT <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis,<br />

rac imas niSnavs, rom es niSnebi folklorSi organulia<br />

da ara SemTxveviTi, mis gareSe arsebul raRac faqtorebiT<br />

ganpirobebuli; da bolos, unikaluria Tavad Sexameba<br />

maTi, rac arsebiTia da, SeiZleba iTqvas, fundamenturi<br />

folkloruli SemoqmedebisTvis. es hgavs yvavilebis<br />

Taiguls, romelSic TiToeuli yvavilis individualoba<br />

sxvebTan SexamebaSi axal Tvisebas iZens.<br />

sxvaa am niSanTagan SeTxzuli Taiguli folklorSi da<br />

sxvaa – literaturaSi.<br />

`daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~<br />

u. Tomsis mier Seqmnil kompozitSi folk-lore pirveli<br />

sityva im mniSvnelobiT moxvda, romelic mas inglisur ena-<br />

Si hqonda da aqvs: es aris mosaxleobis naklebad ganviTarebuli,<br />

mwignobrobas moklebuli fenebi. es is xalxia, romelic<br />

Tavis SemoqmedebaSi damwerlobas ar iyenebs – qmnis<br />

zepirad da avrcelebs zepirad. magram ismis sakiTxi: rogor<br />

unda gavigoT, rom xalxi qmnis? xalxi xom pirovneba<br />

ar aris, rom qmnides? gamomdinare yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan,<br />

rac folkoruli Semoqmedebis specifikas exeboda,<br />

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qmnian yovelTvis erTeulebi, xalxis<br />

niWieri warmomadgenlebi, romelTac SeuZliaT gamoxaton<br />

xalxis suliskveTeba, interesebi, imedebi, sasowarkveTilebani,<br />

wuxili, molodinebi da a. S. isini, SeiZleba<br />

37

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38<br />

iTqvas, folkis zedafenis warmomadgenlebi arian. magram<br />

maT mier Seqmnilis realizaciisTvis anu mis `gamosaqveyneblad~<br />

xalxs unda Seswevdes mosmenis unari, igi mzad unda<br />

iyos imisaTvis, raTa miiRos es mosmenili, aRmoaCinos<br />

masSi sakuTari, risi gamoTqmis Zali mas ar Seswevs. mxolod<br />

amis Semdeg SeeZleba mas mosmenilis damaxsovreba (Senaxva)<br />

da gatana-gavrceleba. maSasadame, arsebobs avtori da<br />

arsebobs mTqmeli, romlis meSveobiTac pirvelnaTqvami<br />

folkamde midis. mTqmeli aqtiuria, msmeneli pasiuri aRmqmeli.<br />

magram am pasiur masaSi yovelTvis moiZebneba pirovneba,<br />

romelic iRebs estafetas, anu mTqmeli xdeba da a. S.<br />

fokloristikas yovelTvis saqme aqvs mTqmelebTan da ara<br />

avtorebTan, romelTa saxelebi samudamod dakargulia,<br />

TaobaTa mTqmelebSia ganzavebuli. roca zRapris mTxrobels<br />

(mezRapres) vusmenT, ar vfiqrobT, rom zRapari misi<br />

SeTxzulia; arc `vefxvisa da moymis~ Tu sxva sagmiro baladis<br />

Semsrulebeli ar aris misi avtori. arc erTi teqsti,<br />

romelsac Cven vismenT am Cvens aqtualur xanaSi, ar aris<br />

misi mTqmelis Seqmnili. magram Cven vambobT, rom mTqmeli<br />

ar gadmogvcems sxvisas, aramed isev da isev xalxisas, TiTqos<br />

xalxi iyo Semoqmedi. aucilebelia, dazustdes, ras niSnavs<br />

`xalxis Semoqmedeba~, ras vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT,<br />

`xalxi qmnis~? iseT rames xom ar mivawerT xalxs, romlis<br />

kompetencia mas ara aqvs maSinac ki, roca erT pirovnebasTan<br />

gvaqvs saqme? Semqmnelia saxalxo mTqmeli Tu Semsrulebeli?<br />

Cven viciT, rom is Tavisas (mkacri azriT) ar<br />

asrulebs, iseve rogorc hamletis monologi, romelsac<br />

vismenT, ar aris misi Semsruleblis dawerili.<br />

gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi eduard hofman-kraierma<br />

(1864-1937) amgvarad gamoxata folkloruli Semoqmedebis<br />

Tavisi koncefcia: `xalxi ar qmnis, aramed mxolod imeorebs<br />

Seqmnils~ (Das Volk produziert nicht, es reproduziert nur). es<br />

Teza iyo Sedegi im gamokvlevebisa, romelTa mixedviTac<br />

bevr xalxur simReras literaturuli winapari moeZebna.<br />

zogi avtori (i. grupe) ise Sors wavida, rom xalxis SemoqmedebiTi<br />

uZlurebac ki aRiara. misi azriT, yvela kulturuli<br />

faseuloba mosaxleobis maRal wreSi iqmneba da mxolod<br />

demokratizaciis procesis ganvlis Semdeg iqceva<br />

farTo masebis kuTvnilebad anu folklorad. am Teoriis

---

mixedviT, <strong>folklori</strong>, rogorc hans naumanma (1886-1951) gamoxata,<br />

aris `daZiruli kulturuli dovlaTi~ (Gesunkenes<br />

Kulturgut) [kokiara: 556-557, bauzingeri: 44-45].<br />

am Tvalsazrisis gaziareba misi arealis mxolod SezRudviT<br />

Tu aris SesaZlebeli. ra Tqma unda, yvela Janri ver<br />

CaiTvleba maRali fenebidan `daZirulad~ da `daZirvac~<br />

yovelTvis ar aris daqveiTeba, rRvevis procesis gamoxatuleba.<br />

qarTul folkorul sinamdvileSi xalxuri vefxistyaosnis<br />

saxiT Cven gvaqvs `daZiruli dovlaTi~, romelic<br />

aSkarad daqveiTebulia, degradirebulic ki. Tumca<br />

isic unda iTqvas, rom garkveuli saxiT tradicia mainc aris<br />

Senaxuli. TiTqos `daZiruli dovlaTis~ fenomeni Senaxvas<br />

unda gulisxmobdes, magram Tu ram iqna Senaxuli xalxur<br />

wiaRSi CaZiruli literaturuli vefxistyaosnidan,<br />

mxolod gardaqmnili saxiT iqna Semonaxuli. xalxma Taviseburad<br />

gardaqmna yvela ZiriTadi motivi, romelic So-<br />

Tas poemis dedaarss Seadgens [qoriZe: 102-150].<br />

magram <strong>folklori</strong> icnobs iseT `daZirul kulturul<br />

dovlaTs~, romelic met-naklebad wmida saxiT aris Senaxuli.<br />

es aris zRapari, romlis Canafiqri namdvilad ar aris<br />

xalxuri warmoSobis; rac masSi xalxuria, es misi Sesamoselia,<br />

romelic icvleba xalxidan xalxSi, mTqmelidan<br />

mTqmelSi. ra roli aqvs xalxs? xalxi mxolod Semsrulebelia,<br />

amdenadve – Semnaxveli, magram Sesrulebis procesi improvizaciebis<br />

CaTvliT iqamde ar midis, rom zRapars<br />

struqtura da sazrisi daekargos. xalxuri mTxrobelis individualoba<br />

ar exeba zRapris Sidaformas, is mxolod mravalferovan<br />

samkaulebs qmnis mis garegan sxeulze, arsi igive<br />

rCeba. gveCveneba, TiTqos zRaparma Tavadve Semoinaxa sakuTari<br />

Tavi. igive SegviZlia vTqvaT `amiranianis~ Sesaxeb,<br />

romlis ideuri Canafiqri aSkarad scildeba xalxis mentalitetis<br />

kompetencias, magram misi dRevandlamde Semonaxuli,<br />

Tundac dalewili teqsti mainc inaxavs Tavdapirvel<br />

sazriss, rasac ver vambobT daZirul `vefxistyaosanze~.<br />

meore mxriv, isic udavoa, rom sityvieri Semoqmedebis<br />

nayofTa `daZirva~ xalxis mexsierebaSi am dovlaTis Senaxvis<br />

saukeTeso saSualebaa da, ramdenadac pasiuria (da ase-<br />

Tia igi principulad) koleqtiuri mexsiereba, imdenad<br />

mrTelad da Seuryvnelad inaxavs igi mibarebuls.<br />

39

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40<br />

literatura<br />

anikini: Àíèêèí Â.Ï. Òåîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðà, Êóðñ ëåêöèé, Ì., 1996.<br />

bauzingeri: Bausinger H. Formen der “Volkspoesie”, Erich Scmidt<br />

Verlag, Berlin, 1980.<br />

bogatiriovi: Áîãàòûðåâ Ï.Ã. Âîïðîñû òåîðèè íàðîäíîãî<br />

èñêóññòâà, «Èñêóññòâî», Ì., 1971.<br />

emelianovi: Åìåëüÿíîâ Ë. È. Ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèå âîïðîñû<br />

ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè, Ë., «Íàóêà», 1978.<br />

iungi: karl gustav iungi, analitikuri fsiqologiis safuZvlebi:<br />

sizmrebi, Tb., 1995.<br />

kokiara: Êîêêüÿðà Äæ., Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Åâðîïå, Ì.,<br />

1960.<br />

propi 1976: Ïðîïï Â. ß. Ôîëüêëîð è äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòü, Ì.,<br />

«Íàóêà», 1976.<br />

umikaSvili 1937: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba, nawili<br />

pirveli. leqsebi, andazebi, gamocanebi.<br />

redaqcia, biografia, winasityvaoba<br />

da SeniSvnebi f. gogiCaiSvilisa,<br />

`federacia~, 1937.<br />

umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba, meore<br />

gamocema prof. mixeil Ciqovanis<br />

redaqciiT, oTx tomad, I-IV, `literatura<br />

da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.<br />

qoriZe: qoriZe e., `vefxistyaosnisa~ da `tarielianis~ ur-<br />

TierTmimarTeba, Tsu, Tb., 1999.

---

zepirsityvieri<br />

Janrebi

---

erTi filosofiuri wigni, romlis <strong>qarTuli</strong> Targmani<br />

ioane petriws ekuTvnis, ase iwyeba: `yovelive simravle<br />

eziarebis ra¡Tame (rogorme) erTsa~. marTalia, es sityvebi<br />

mTels sinamdvilezea naTqvami, magram isini SeiZleba<br />

sityvieri Semoqmedebis mimarT gavimeoroT. <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />

sinamdvile mravalferovania, is sxvadasxva, erTmaneTisgan<br />

mravalgvarad gansxvavebul teqstebs Seicavs, magram<br />

yvela maT, mTels am simravles erTi niSani aqvs, riTac maT<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s saxelwodebis qveS vaerTianebT da, imavdroulad,<br />

ganvasxvavebT samwerlo Semoqmedebisgan. am sakiTxze<br />

nawilobriv zemoT ukve iyo saubari. Cven viciT, ra niSnebi<br />

mijnavs zepirsityvierebas mwerlobisgan. axla visaubroT<br />

imaze, Tu ra niSnebi mijnavs erTi Janris zepirsityvier<br />

teqsts sxva Janris teqstisgan.<br />

Janri aris <strong>folklori</strong>s (zepirsityvierebis) amosavali,<br />

damoukidebeli, TviTkmari odenoba. mas aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi,<br />

niSnebi, funqcia da daniSnuleba yofaSi, Tavisi Sinaarsobriv-Tematuri<br />

Semcveloba, Tavisi poetika, is Tan<br />

sdevs da asaxavs sinamdvilis erT romelime mxares. vl.<br />

propi ase martivad da ubralod ganmartavs Janrs: `Janris<br />

specifika is aris, Tu ra sinamdvilea masSi asaxuli da rogori<br />

saSualebiT aris asaxuli~. da kidev: misi azriT, formas<br />

ganapirobebs Sinaarsi, anu Janri aris formisa da Sinaarsis<br />

erTianoba. es imgvari ganuyofeli erTianobaa, roca<br />

Sinaarsi moiTxovs swored amgvar formas da, piruku, es<br />

forma amgvari SinaarsisTvis aris Seqmnili. Tu analogias<br />

(Sedarebas) mivmarTavT, es aris WurWlisa da SigTavsis ur-<br />

TierToba, roca isini erTurTs gansazRvraven. formisa<br />

da Sinaarsis erTianoba tradiciiT aris ganmtkicebuli.<br />

yoveli nawarmoebi romelime Janrs unda ekuTvnodes,<br />

romelime JanrSi unda iyos gaerTianebuli. Janris gareSe,<br />

eulad arsebuli nawarmoebi iseTive anomaliaa, rogorc variantebs<br />

moklebuli folkloruli teqsti an adamiani vi-<br />

43

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44<br />

naobis gareSe, adamiani, romelic arc erT jgufs ar ekuTvnis,<br />

an cxoveli, romelic arc erT saxeobas ar ganekuTvneba.<br />

rogorc folkloruli teqsti warmodgenilia variantebis<br />

saxiT da ara eulad, ara oblad, aseve fokloruli<br />

fondi Sedgeba ara calkeuli erTeulebisgan, aramed jgufebisgan,<br />

romlebSic saerTo niSnebiT aRWurvili erTeulebia<br />

gaerTianebuli. `leqsi vefxisa da moymisa~, SesaZloa,<br />

unikaluri iyos Tavisi mxatvruli RirebulebiT, magram is,<br />

rogorc garkveuli gvarisadmi kuTvnili teqsti, ar aris<br />

unikaluri. igi Janris farglebSia warmodgenili zepirsityvierebis<br />

fondSi.<br />

ra qmnis Janrs? Janrs qmnis niSanTa da maxasiaTebelTa<br />

(rogorc formis, ise Sinaarsis mxriv) erToblioba. es aris<br />

Janris sakiTxi, romelic folklors saziaro aqvs literaturasTan.<br />

magram erTia literaturis Janris amosavali<br />

da sxvaa folkloruli Janris amosavali.<br />

ra niSniT ganirCeva literaturaSi Janri anu gvari? arsebobs<br />

ori kriteriumi: formaluri da Sinaarsobrivi.<br />

formis mixedviT nawarmoebi SeiZleba ekuTvnodes prozas<br />

an poezias, dramas an eposs, miniaturas, novelas an romans.<br />

Sinaarsis mixedviT Tu davajgufebT nawarmoebebs, isini<br />

unda gavaerTianoT sxvadasxva jgufebSi Tematikis mixedviT.<br />

nawarmoebi, vTqvaT, romani iqneba an yofiTi, an saTavgadasavlo,<br />

an istoriuli, an filosofiuri, an deteqtiuri<br />

da a. S. eposic, poemac aseve SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebul<br />

Tematikaze agebuli, Tumca formis mxriv isini erT JanrSi<br />

iqnebian moqceulni.<br />

folklorsa da literaturas SeiZleba hqondeT saziaro<br />

Janrebi. arsebobs lirikuli leqsi literaturaSi da<br />

arsebobs lirikuli leqsi folklorSi. arsebobs erTgan<br />

satrfialo, filosofiuri lirika da arsebobs meoregan<br />

amgvari Janris leqsebi. aseve saziaroa drama, romelic iseve<br />

udevs safuZvlad xalxur ritualur Tu sawesCveulebo<br />

sanaxaobebs, rogorc Teatralur speqtaklebs. magram arsebobs<br />

Janrebi, romlebic mxolod literaturaSi an mxolod<br />

zepirsityvierebaSi gvxvdeba. qarTul folklorSi<br />

ver SevxvdebiT romanis Janris nawarmoebs, Tumca sxva<br />

xalxebis folklorSi is SeiZleba dasturdebodes. magaliTad,<br />

sparsuli dastanebi sxva araferia, Tu ara zepiri<br />

sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo (safalavno) romanebi paralelu-

---

i siuJetebiT, personaJTa simravliT da sxva [gvaxaria].<br />

folklorSi ar arsebobs imgvarad organizebuli leqsi,<br />

rogoric aris, magaliTisTvis, soneti. es wmida literaturuli<br />

Janria. axla piruku: ar arsebobs literaturaSi<br />

iseTi wmidawylis folkloruli Janrebi, rogorebicaa: andaza,<br />

Selocva, samgloviaro poezia (Tavisi qveJanrebiT),<br />

sakulto poezia, miTologiuri Tqmulebebi, gamocana...<br />

rac Seexeba zRapars, romelsac vadasturebT mwerloba-<br />

Si, is <strong>folklori</strong>dan aris nasesxebi da gardaqmnilia xSirad<br />

Janruli tradiciis darRveviT.<br />

garda amisa, arsebobs fundamenturi gansxvaveba Tavad<br />

Janris gagebaSi: Janris cneba sxvaobs imisda mixedviT, Tu<br />

romel SemoqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme – folklorTan Tu<br />

literaturasTan. am gansxvavebis dasadgenad gavixsenoT<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s erTi niSani, romlis Sesaxebac zemoT iyo saubari.<br />

es aris misi yofiToba.<br />

yoveli nayofi xalxuri Semoqmedebisa – mcire leqsi<br />

iqneba is Tu vrceli eposi, romelic Tavisi Janris farglebSi<br />

arsebobs, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli adamianis<br />

cxovrebisa da saqmianobis erT romelime sferosTan. da,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, ramdeni mxarec aqvs adamianur yofas mis<br />

sulier-nivTier gamoxatulebaSi, zepirsityvierebis imdensave<br />

Janrs icnobs folkloruli Semoqmedeba. amitomac<br />

folkloruli Janris cneba yofaSi misi funqciiT unda<br />

ganisazRvros. literaturul Janrebs amgvarad ver ganvsazRvravT,<br />

radgan maT aranairi Sexeba ara aqvT yofasTan.<br />

zepirsityviereba gasdevs da Tan sdevs sazogadoebas<br />

da, kerZod, yoveli konkretuli adamianis cxovrebas misi<br />

dabadebidan sikvdilamde. sakmarisia, gavayoloT Tvali<br />

adamianis gzas Sobidan sikvdilamde, Tu arnold van xenepis<br />

(Arnold van Gennep) moswrebul gamoTqmas gamoviyenebT –<br />

`akvnidan saflavamde~, rom davinaxoT sisxlxorceuli<br />

kavSiri adamianur yofasa da folklors Soris. van xenepma<br />

am or realobas Soris moaqcia e. w. gadasvlis ritualebi,<br />

Cven ki maT Soris movaqcevT yvela Janrs, romelic qmnis<br />

folkloruli Semoqmedebis ara mxolod raodenobriv,<br />

aramed Tematur simravles.<br />

a. van xeneps, roca is gadasvlis ritualebze laparakobs,<br />

mxedvelobaSi hyavs adamiani, individi, romelic Tavisi<br />

cxovrebis manZilze, akvnidan saflavamde, eqvemdeba-<br />

45

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46<br />

reba ritualebs, romlebic misi cxovrebis gardamtex<br />

momentebs aRniSnavs. es aris Soba, ziareba sociumTan, roca<br />

is Tavisi mSobliuri sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevri<br />

xdeba, qorwineba, romelsac axal socialur safexurze<br />

ahyavs igi da, bolos, sikvdili, romelic aseve ritualSia<br />

`SefuTuli~.<br />

magram adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis cxovreba<br />

gacilebiT mravalferovania, is mxolod am gardamtexi<br />

ritualebiT ar amoiwureba.<br />

gavadevnoT Tvali adamianis cxovrebas, mis saqmianobas<br />

ojaxSi Tu sazogadoebaSi, sofelSi Tu TemSi, anu Sin<br />

Tu gareT. gavadevnoT Tvali misi cxovrebis gzas, marTlac,<br />

akvnidan saflavamde. am or samans Soris moqceulia<br />

misi cxovreba. davinaxavT, rom folkloruli Janrebi misi<br />

cxovrebis anareklia, rasac ver vityviT literaturul<br />

Janrebze.<br />

adamiani ibadeba. misi fizikuri movlineba amqveynad<br />

gansakuTrebuli ritualiT aris aRniSnuli, romelsac,<br />

cxadia, sityvieri teqsti axlavs. es aris saZeo (Zeobis) sim-<br />

Rerebi. aq sityvieri <strong>folklori</strong> esazRvreba yofacxovrebiT<br />

folklors (eTnografias) da gadawnulia masTan.<br />

akvanSi mwoliare bavSvi izrdeba e. w. saakvne simRerebis<br />

smenaSi, romelTa sityvieri mniSvneloba misTvis gaugebaria<br />

da am gaugebrobis gamo es simRerebi miT ufro aRweven<br />

Tavis mizans – gamoZerwon bavSvis sulier-sxeulebrivi<br />

habitusi. arc saZeo simRerebs da arc dedis nanas ara<br />

aqvT damoukidebeli Rirebuleba – isini mxolod am momentisTvis<br />

aris gamiznuli. aravis mouva azrad sxva dros ma-<br />

Ti Sesruleba.<br />

bavSvi enas idgams da am asakisTvisac arsebobs folkloruli<br />

teqstebi, romelTac enis gasatexs vuwodebT. ram<br />

warmoSva isini, Tu ara zrunvam, rom swori mimarTuleba<br />

mieces bavSvis metyvelebas, rom misi fonetikuri artikulacia<br />

sociumis metyvelebas Seesabamebodes. bavSvi Tama-<br />

Sobs. TamaSi ar aris mdumare procesi; rogorc rituals,<br />

masac sityvieri teqsti axlavs.<br />

mozardi ebmeba SromiT procesSi. Sromis simRerebi misi<br />

ganuyreli Tanmxlebia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini iseve<br />

aucilebelia, rogorc Sromis iaraRebi, romelTac bavSvo-

---

is asakidan gamosuli adamiani iRebs xelSi da uZlurebamde<br />

Tavis Tanamgzavrad xdis. namgali, celi, Toxi da guTani<br />

simReris teqstTan da hangTan aris Sezrdili.<br />

Sromas enacvleba dResaswaulebi, romlebic aseve dam-<br />

Svenebulia simRerebiT – isini an sawesCveuleboa an religiuri<br />

(sakulto). mTeli weliwadi dasaxsrulia am sazeimo<br />

dReebiT, roca adamiani ara mxolod suls iTqvams Sromisgan,<br />

aramed maRldeba kidec masze, povebs ra Tavis Rirseul<br />

daniSnulebas.<br />

yofa – misi moTxovnilebebi, ucxo (araadamianuri) Zalebis<br />

Semotevis molodini, misi usafrTxoebis survili –<br />

Tavis nebismier sferoSi bunebrivad badebs sityvier teqstebs,<br />

romlebic Selocvebis saxeliT aris cnobili. rasac<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s yofiTobaze vlaparakobT, wmida saxiT,<br />

utilitarul donemdec ki, am JanrSia warmodgenili.<br />

adamiani qorwindeba, riTac misi cxovreba axal fazaSi<br />

Sedis: icvleba misi socialuri statusi. am mniSvnelovani<br />

dReebis aRniSvnas emsaxureba saqorwino simRerebi, romlebic<br />

ritualis Tanmxlebia. magram arsebobs satrfialo<br />

lirika, romelsac qorwinebasTan ara aqvs kavSiri, magram<br />

asaxavs Tumca araformalur, magram realur urTierTobas<br />

qal-vaJs Soris, rasac yofaSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTianeTis tradiciuli sworfrobis instituti Seesatyviseba.<br />

mSvidobian saqmianobas cvlis brZola, romlis Jami<br />

dgeba adamianis cxovrebaSi. adamiani ara mxolod mSromelia<br />

an medResaswaule, aramed is mebrZolic aris – Tavisi<br />

ojaxis, soflis Tu kuTxis damcveli. im kuTxeebSi, sadac<br />

mSvidobiani yofa momxdurTa winaaRmdeg brZolis mudmiv<br />

molodinSia, zepirsityvierebaSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />

iZens sagmiro poezia. sagmiro leqsebi yovelTvis<br />

konkretul SemTxvevebze da konkretul adamianebzea<br />

SeTxzuli, anu is garkveuli ganzogadebis xarisxiT konkretuli<br />

yofidan aris amozrdili.<br />

adamiani emsaxureba miwas, ibrZvis miwa-wylisTvis, dResaswaulobs,<br />

miagebs pativs da Tavisi Sromis nayofebs uzenaes<br />

arsebas, romelsac is Tavis mfarvelad miiCnevs – es<br />

qmedebani, Tundac misi qorwilis CaTvliT, sadac igi pirovnulad<br />

monawileobs, sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobisaa.<br />

aseve sazogadoebrivia misi msoflgancda, romelsac is so-<br />

47

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48<br />

ciumis saxeliT gamoxatavs. es aris misi pirovnuli damokidebuleba<br />

garesamyarosa da adamianisadmi, zogadad, wu-<br />

Tisoflisadmi. sociumis yofa, misi adgili am sofelSi (rogorc<br />

viwro, ise farTo azriT), bedi Tu ubedoba, rac mas<br />

Tavs atydeba, samarTali Tu usamarTloba, yvelaferi, rasac<br />

ganicdis igi, e. w. filosofiur lirikaSi povebs gamoxatulebas.<br />

wuTisoflis miseuli `analizi~ ganzogadebis<br />

did xarisxs andazaSi aRwevs, JanrSi, romelic sityvierebisa<br />

da enis zRvarze arsebobs, Tumca is ufro enis fenomenia,<br />

uSualod metyvelebaSi ibadeba da, amdenad, misi adgili<br />

`yofierebis saxlSia~ (rogorc enas uwodebs m. haidegeri).<br />

ena andazis meSveobiT azrovnebs, afasebs wuTisofels.<br />

rogorc arsebobs werilobiTi istoria (matiane, qronika),<br />

aseve arsebobs xalxuri zepirsityvieri istoria.<br />

radgan adamiani ar cxovrobs mxolod awmyoTi, am warmavali<br />

wamebiT, romelTa amaoebas igi savsebiT acnobierebs.<br />

warmavlobisa da amaoebis dasaZlevad zepir istoriaSi dro<br />

SemWidroebulia imdenad, rom warsuli awmyoSi gadmodis<br />

da masTan erTad erT mTlianobas qmnis. warsuli, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, yofiTad xelmisawvdomia, aqvea, radgan cixesimagre,<br />

romelic warsulSi aigo, ganagrZobs arsebobas da inaxavs<br />

mis mSenebelTa kvals. TqmulebaSi sami sxvadasxva epoqis<br />

mefeebi erTmaneTis Tanadroulni arian da erTad aSeneben<br />

eklesias. am Janrs ganekuTvneba legenda, Tqmuleba,<br />

miTologiuri teqstebi, romlebic maradiuli warsul-awmyos<br />

xdomilebebs Seicaven.<br />

folkloruli teqstebis masividan unda gamocalkevdes<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis specifikuri andrezebi,<br />

romelTac am sazogadoebebisTvis fuZemdebluri mniSvneloba<br />

aqvT. isini inaxaven soflis Tu sagvareuloTa daarsebis<br />

Tqmulebebs, wes-CveulebaTa pirvelad SemoRebis<br />

aqtebs (precedentebs), mTels rjuls, razec dgas sazogadoeba.<br />

gancalkevebiT dgas folklorul Janrebs Soris jadosnuri<br />

zRapari, romelic arsad, dReisaTvis misi gavrcelebis<br />

areSi, adgilobrivi warmoSobisa ar aris. TiTqos mas<br />

yvelaze naklebad unda hqondes kavSiri yofasTan, magram<br />

rogorc misi Sesrulebis tradicia mowmobs, zRapars SeuZlia<br />

ritualis Tanmxlebi funqcia Seasrulos (mag., sva-

---

nuri lifanalis ritualis dros). amasve mowmobs zogierT<br />

tradiciaSi misi Sesrulebis SezRudva wlis (zamTarSi) an<br />

dRe-Ramis (daRamebisas) garkveuli monakveTiT, rac, SesaZloa,<br />

misi ritualuri warmoSobis niSani iyos.<br />

hipoTeturia eposis, kerZod, `amiranianis~, funqcionaluri<br />

mxare – hqonda Tu ara mas, sxva Janris nawarmoebTa<br />

msgavsad, yofiTi datvirTva. TiTqos misi sinkretuli Sesrulebis<br />

wesi (sityva hangTan erTad) amas unda mowmobdes.<br />

misi Sesrulebis dro da adgilic gansazRvruli unda yofiliyo.<br />

tradiciul adamians, tradiciuli sociumis sruluflebian<br />

wevrs, idealur SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi cxovrebis man-<br />

Zilze Sexeba aqvs Cven mier Janrebad wodebul yvela am<br />

sityvier realobasTan. igi maTi Seqmnisa da Senaxvis an aqtiuri,<br />

an pasiuri monawilea. es yvelaferi mis sulier Tu<br />

yofiT moTxovnilebaTa realizaciaa. magram mTavrdeba<br />

adamianis cxovreba, romelic misi sakuTrebaa, Tumca mis<br />

Seqmna-CamoyalibebaSi sociums Tavisi wvlili aqvs Setanili.<br />

amitom adamianis sikvdili, ra statusic ar unda hqondes<br />

mas, sazogadoebrivi movlenaa da, amdenad, sazogadoebrivad<br />

aRniSvnis Rirsia. samgloviaro poezia is sityvieri<br />

teqstia, romelic axlavs dakrZalvis rituals, rogorc<br />

misi organuli Semadgeneli nawili.<br />

aleqsandre jambakur-orbelians (erekles meoris<br />

asulis Tekla batoniSvilis vaJi, 1802-1869) pirvelad<br />

qarTul <strong>folklori</strong>stikaSi, jer kidev maSin, roca Cven-<br />

Si <strong>folklori</strong>stikas, rogorc mecnierebis dargs, fexic<br />

ar hqonda adgmuli, mocemuli aqvs <strong>qarTuli</strong> (sasimRero)<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s Janruli dajgufeba. adamianis cxovrebis<br />

mniSvnelovan etapebs exmaureba ara `mSrali~ sityva,<br />

aramed sityva hangTan erTad, rasac Cven sinkretul<br />

xelovnebas vuwodebT. esenia saZeo, saqorwilo, sufruli,<br />

saferxiso, Sromis, sawesCveulebi da, bolos, samgloviaro<br />

simRerebi [Ciqovani 1956: 110-113]. a. jambakurorbeliani<br />

ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan dasavlur da aRmosavlur<br />

qarTul hangebs. erTgan igi igonebs: `erTs Sobis<br />

winaRames maxsovs am ocdaaTis weliwadis winaT Cveni<br />

saxlis fanjrebis qvemoT, quCaSi, uecari simRera daiwyes,<br />

alilo: Tqma, moZaxili, bani. ase gawyobilis mSve-<br />

49

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50<br />

nieris xmiT ambobdnen im alilos, yoveli CvenSi goneba<br />

im simReram moitaca, vinc im dros Sin viyaviT da gaCumebuli<br />

yurs ugdebdiT im xmoanebas metis siamovniT<br />

(sic!). imaT rom is Tqma daasrules, aq Cven SevwuxdiT,<br />

garda batoniSvilis dediCemisa, romelmac bZana: es<br />

uTuod imerlebi ariano. am sityvasTan Cemi umcrosi Zma<br />

wamoxta da saCqaroT mosamsaxures amoayvanina samniv.<br />

gamovikiTxeT, marTla imerlebi iyvnen. karga xani aRar<br />

gauSviT, bevri kargi simRerebi da RiRinebi vaTqmevineT<br />

imeruli~<br />

[Ciqovani 1956: 113].<br />

mizanSewonilia Tu ara sakiTxis dasma, Tu romeli Janria<br />

uZvelesi: poeturi Tu prozauli? miTologiuri, Sromis,<br />

samgloviaro Tu sawesCveulebo? iqneb saakvno? an andaza<br />

Tu Selocva?<br />

asec SeiZleba vikiTxoT: Janris SigniT romeli teqstia<br />

yvelaze Zveli? magaliTisTvis, romeli ufro Zvelia –<br />

`fxoveli da Savaneli“ Tu `Siola da mTrexeli“? jadosnur<br />

zRaprebs, cxovelTa igavebs an andazebsa Tu gamocanebs<br />

Soris SegviZlia gamovarCioT uZvelesi?<br />

amgvarad kiTxvis dasma zepirsityvierebis mimarT, namdvilad,<br />

gaumarTlebelia, ramdenadac saqme damwerlobis<br />

gareSe arsebul teqstebTan gvaqvs. SeiZleba Tu ara arsebobdes<br />

disciplina, romelic Seiswavlis zepirsityvierebis<br />

istorias literaturis istoriis analogiurad? literaturis<br />

SemswavlelisTvis advilia an principulad SesaZlebeli<br />

literaturuli procesis Tvalis gadevneba dasabamidan<br />

mis dReebamde. ama Tu im xalxis damwerlobam SeiZleba<br />

Semoinaxos pirveli werilobiTi nawarmoebi, saidanac<br />

literaturis mkvlevars SeeZleba literaturis istoriis<br />

ageba. es SeiZleba iyos poezia an proza, mTliani nawarmoebi<br />

an misi fragmenti. Cven SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT qar-<br />

Tuli mwerlobis istorias `qarTlis moqcevidan~ dRemde.<br />

Cven Tvalwin iqneba gadaSlili literaturuli procesi<br />

Tavisi wyvetilebiT, degradaciebiT, gardaqmnebiT, aRor-<br />

ZinebebiT. is erT qronologiur Zafze iqneba asxmuli.<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s SemTxvevaSi am qronologiurad gawyobil<br />

Zafs Cven moklebuli varT. ramdenadac <strong>folklori</strong> – xalxuri<br />

Semoqmedeba – zepirsityvieri Semoqmedebaa, CvenTvis

---

samudamo ucnobad rCeba is nawarmoebi, leqsi Tu prozauli<br />

igavi, saidanac misi istoriis dawyeba SegveZleboda.<br />

Cven vambobT: aTasxuTaswlovani <strong>qarTuli</strong> literatura,<br />

magram Cven ar SegviZlia analogiurad vilaparakoT aTasxuTaswlovan<br />

qarTul zepirsityvierebaze im ubralo mizezis<br />

gamo, rom Cven ar viciT da arasodes gvecodineba,<br />

ra saxe hqonda qarTul folklors aTas xuTasi wlis winaT.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> damwerlobis istoriis mTels manZilze, XIX<br />

saukunemde, <strong>qarTuli</strong> zepirsityviereba, mcireodeni fragmentebis<br />

garda, arasodes dafiqsirebula. Cven SegviZlia<br />

mxolod calkeul motivTa an xalxuri Txrobis stilisa<br />

Tu kompoziciuri struqturis dadastureba literaturul<br />

nawarmoebebSi. mTeli Cveni zepirsityvieri fondi XIX<br />

saukunis im viTarebas asaxavs, romelic am droisTvis arsebobda.<br />

magaliTisTvis, ar viciT, ra saxe hqonda `amiranianis“<br />

eposs XVIII, XVII, XVI da a.S. saukuneebSi – iseTive fragmentuli<br />

iyo igi, rogorc XIX saukunis CanawerebSi vxedavT,<br />

Tu mTliani?<br />

marTalia, Cven ar SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT ama Tu im<br />

xalxuri teqstis asaki, Cven ar SegviZlia teqstebis safuZvelze<br />

vilaparakoT mravalsaukunovan qarTul xalxur Semoqmedebaze,<br />

magram Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT mis xangrZliv<br />

tradiciaze. rogorc mdinaris kalapotia Zveli,<br />

uxsovari, magram masSi mudmivaxali, ganaxlebuli wylis nakadi<br />

miedineba, asea <strong>folklori</strong>c: uxsovari droidan modenil<br />

tradiciaSi Tavsdeba zepirsityvierebis marad ganaxlebuli<br />

fondi, sadac erTmaneTis gverdiT myofobs Zveli<br />

da axali. amasTanave, SeiZleba paradoqsi iyos, magram xdeba,<br />

rom axlad Seqmnili ufro Zlieri tradiciulobiT iyos<br />

aRbeWdili, vidre qronologiurad masze adre Seqmnili. am<br />

azriT, SesaZloa, `vefxi da moyme“ ufro meti siZveliT xasiaTdebodes,<br />

vidre `amiranianis“ zogierTi Canaweri.<br />

aseT viTarebaSi, roca Tavad masalis aqronuloba (udrooba)<br />

ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom masSi uZvelesi gamovarCioT<br />

da, literaturis istoriis analogiiT, is davayenoT<br />

zepirsityvieri SemoqmedebiTi procesis saTaveSi,<br />

dawyebisTvis nebismieri arCevani gamarTlebuli unda<br />

iyos. raki dawyeba aucilebelia, Cven daviwyebT Cveni ar-<br />

CevaniT da im imediT, rom es Janri an nawarmoebi uZvelesad<br />

ar iqneba miCneuli. mkiTxvels SeuZlia Tavisi arCeva-<br />

51

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52<br />

ni gaakeTos. Cven ki vecdebiT, rom Cvenma `TviTneburma“<br />

arCevanma logikuri gagrZeleba povos. Cven viwyebT miTosiT,<br />

romelic qarTul folklorSi sakmao mravalferovnebiT<br />

aris warmodgenili.<br />

literatura<br />

gvaxaria: gvaxaria a., sparsuli xalxuri prozis istoriidan<br />

(dasTanebi), `mecniereba~, 1973.<br />

Ciqovani 1956: Ciqovani m., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sityvierebis<br />

istoria, samecniero-meToduri<br />

kabinetis gamocema, Tb., 1956.

---

miTosi

---

sami berZnuli sityva: miTosi (muthos), eposi (epos), logosi<br />

(logos) TiTqmis sinonimebia. homerosis enaSi isini aRniSnaven<br />

`naTqvam sityvas~, `ambavs~, `monaTxrobs~ da a. S.,<br />

yvelafers, rac moicavs da atarebs raime informacias,<br />

Setyobinebas, codnas raimes Sesaxeb da a.S. maT Soris diferenciacia<br />

mogvianebiT xdeba. mogvianebiT am samma sityvam<br />

gamoxata adamianis sityvieri Semoqmedebis sami saxeoba:<br />

miTologiuri, epikuri, logikuri.<br />

epikuri anu mxatvruli Semoqmedebis ena, ZiriTadad,<br />

tropis umartives saxeze – Sedarebazea damyarebuli. Sedareba<br />

xorcieldeba kavSirebiT: `rogorc~, `TiTqos~, `iseve,<br />

rogorc~ da sxva. erTi movlena meoresTan raRac saerTo<br />

niSniT aris dakavSirebuli. poeti mTvareSi xedavs namgals,<br />

an rqas, da ambobs: `mTvare, rogorc namgali~, `mTvare<br />

xaris rqasaviT~ da a. S. an mas SeuZlia Tqvas: `mze, rogorc<br />

rqebaweuli iremi, garbis caze...~<br />

logikuri azrovnebisTvis, romelic mieltvis zust<br />

codnas da definiciebs, gamousadegaria amgvari Sedarebebi.<br />

pirvel wanamZRvars `yoveli adamiani mokvdavia~ unda<br />

mosdevdes `sokrate adamiania~, da ara `sokrate adamians<br />

hgavs~, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ver miviRebT daskvnas:<br />

`sokrate mokvdavia~. logikuri azrovneba saganTa da movlenaTa<br />

igiveobazea dafuZnebuli da ara msgavsebaze (`viT~,<br />

`rogorc~ da sxva).<br />

miTosi gansakuTrebuli tipia azrovnebisa, romelic<br />

gansxvavdeba sinamdvilis mxatvruli asaxvisgan, ramdenadac<br />

mas surs sagnebisa da movlenebis igiveoba dainaxos da<br />

xedavs kidec. miTosisTvis mTvare ara mxolod hgavs xaris<br />

rqas an namgals, aramed Tavad aris rqac da namgalic.<br />

aseve, iremi araTu hgavs raRac niSniT mzes, aramed Tavad<br />

aris mze.<br />

miTosi SeiZleba arsebobdes erTi sityvis saxiT, romelic<br />

xSirad, gansakuTrebiT Zvel enebSi, gamWvirvale semantikiT<br />

aris da dawnexilad gadmogvcems sagnis Sesaxeb<br />

ambavs an miniSnebas ambavze. unda vifiqroT, rom pirvel-<br />

55

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56<br />

Serqmeuli saxeli moicavs warmodgenas da ambavs sagnis Sesaxeb.<br />

magaliTad, germanuli Regenbogen – `wvimis rkali~,<br />

franguli arc en ciel – `cis rkali~, qarTulad `cisartyela~<br />

– cis sartyeli, CrdiloeTis xalxebSi `meliis Sardi~, romelic<br />

miTologiuri meliis oinbazobis ambavs inaxavs... zogierT<br />

enaSi, magaliTad, megrulSi, ZvelebraulSi `mze~ da<br />

`rZe~ erTi da imave sityviT gamoixateba, rac garkveul mi-<br />

Tologiur WeSmaritebas (mzisa da rZis igiveobas) Seicavs.<br />

Tu ena, rogorc amboben, samyaros sityvieri suraTia, misi<br />

sityvebi miTologiur sinamdviles unda gamoxatavdes.<br />

miTosi, rogorc msoflmxedvelobiTi teqsti, Seicavs<br />

fundamentur, arsebiT warmodgenebs samyaroze, adamianze,<br />

samyaroSi arsebul sagnebze Tu movlenebze, maT pirvelwarmoSobaze<br />

an pirvelSeqmnasa da daniSnulebaze.<br />

arsebiTad, yoveli miTologiuri teqsti kosmogoniuri<br />

xasiaTisaa: igi mogviTxrobs ambavs an mTeli kosmosis,<br />

an misi romelime nawilis pirvelSeqmnaze.<br />

miTologema<br />

miTologema miTologiuri teqstis `saSeni masalaa~. is<br />

gansxvavebuli kuTxiT warmoadgenen kosmosis struqturas.<br />

TiToeuli maTganis ganSliT warmoiqmneba miTologiuri<br />

narativi. amgvarad, miTologema miTologiuri narativis<br />

embrionia.<br />

aq CamoTvlili miTologemebi kosmogoniuri miTosis<br />

sxvadasxva aspeqtebs gamoxataven.<br />

– cisa da miwis gamijvnis miTologema. am miTologemiT<br />

gamoxatulia kosmogoniis elementaruli aqti, samyaros<br />

Seqmnis pirveli nabiji – Tavdapirveli erTianobis<br />

ganwvaleba, iqneba es cisa da miwis Tu mlaSe da mtknari<br />

wylebis erTianoba... an kosmiuri kvercxis SigTavsis or<br />

nawilad (cilisa cad da kvercxisgulisa miwad) ganyofa...<br />

– cisa da miwis kavSiris miTologema. cisa da miwis da-<br />

SoriSorebis Semdeg rCeba maT Soris uxilavi kavSiri, e. w.<br />

samyaros didi RerZi, romelsac msoflio miTologiaSi<br />

sxvadasxvanairi xiluli gansaxeba aqvs: mTa, xe, kverTxi, ta-<br />

Zari, kibe, jaWvi... nebismieri vertikalurad aRmarTuli sagani.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologia icnobs am miTologemas, romelic<br />

uxvad aris warmodgenli erT fSaur saweso leqsSi:

---

wmida giorgi mec viyav,<br />

cas vebi oqros SibiTa (jaWviTa),<br />

xmelgorze (mTaze) medga bermuxa (beberi muxa),<br />

zed avdiodi kibiTa,<br />

Cems saymoT SemonaZRveni<br />

RmerTTan amqonda iqiTa.<br />

SeniSvna. bermuxa – laSaris muxa dResac dgas fSavSi xmelgorze,<br />

sadac daarsebulia laSaris salocavi, laSaris xati wmida giorgis<br />

saxelze, romelsac Tqven icnobT vaJa-fSavelas leqsebidan da<br />

poemebidan. gavixsenoT `baxtrioni~, gansakuTrebiT misi bolo striqonebi:<br />

`eRirsebao luxumsa laSaris gorze Sadgoma~.<br />

Sibi – jaWvi.<br />

es leqsi imiT aris SesaniSnavi, rom mis yovel striqon-<br />

Si cisa da miwis kavSiris miTologemis romelime xilul ni-<br />

Sans vpoulobT. es xe, SeiZleba iqvas, isea daxunZluli am<br />

niSan-simboloebiT, rogorc saaxalwlo naZvis xe samkaulebiT<br />

da saCuqrebiT.<br />

I. pirveli, es aris mTa, romelic rogorc cisa da miwis<br />

kavSiris erT-erTi universalia, yvela miTologiaSi aris<br />

warmodgenili. yvelgan igi, imavdroulad, Suagulis miTologemis<br />

Sinaarssac iTavsebs: cisa da miwis SemaerTebeli<br />

RerZi samyaros SuagulSi gadis. Tumca igi fSavis miyruebul<br />

kuTxeSia aRmarTuli, magram miTologiurad igi kosmiur<br />

mTas ganasaxierebs.<br />

II. meore, es aris jaWvi (Sibi), rogorc cisa da miwis damakavSirebeli<br />

saSualeba. ramdenadac sakraluria, maszea<br />

mibmuli wmida giorgi, amdenad oqrosia. amgvari oqros<br />

uxilavi Sibebi akavSirebs erTmaneTTan fSav-xevsureTis<br />

RvTisSvilebs, maTi saSualebiT isini stumroben erTmaneTs.<br />

Semonaxulia vaJa-fSavelas dedis xilva, romelic mas<br />

uxilavs axalgazrdobaSi:<br />

`me da Cem biZaSvils qals sxlovans (sofelia TianeT-<br />

Si, z. k.) derefanSi gveZina. SuaRame iqneboda, dgandgari,<br />

brdgniali dadga iseTi, megona mTa-bari Tu iqcevao.<br />

SeSinebuli wamovje loginSi, gavixede da mTeli ca gana-<br />

Tebuli iyo. ori oqrosferi jaWvi iyo wamosuli, erTi<br />

Wiauris goridan, meore sxlovanis goriTa, gadabmulebi,<br />

57

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58<br />

zed cecxlis balRebi adiodnen da Camodiodnen da iseT<br />

wminda xmaze galobdnen, ise tkbilad, RmerTo, imaze<br />

kargs ras gaigonebs kacis yurio~<br />

[yubaneiSvili: 55).<br />

III. mesame, es aris xe, fSaur leqsSi bermuxis saxiT warmodgenili.<br />

laSaris bermuxa tipuri kosmiuri xea, romlis<br />

tipologiuri analogebi yvela miTologiur tradiciaSi<br />

gvxvdeba. yvelagan amgvar xes sxvadasxva ganzomilebebi<br />

aqvs: igi aris samyaros centri, cisa da miwis makavSirebeli,<br />

zeaRsavleli, rogorc gza qvemo sferodan zemo sferoebisken.<br />

swored aseTi gamoyeneba aqvs wmida giorgis xes<br />

(`xmelgorze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi...~).<br />

IV. meoTxe, es aris kibe, adamianis xeliT Seqmnili, ara<br />

bunebrivi sagani, romlis pirdapiri daniSnuleba erTi sibrtyidan<br />

sxva sibrtyeSi gadayvanaa. Suamdinaruli safexurebiani<br />

taZari ziquraTi kibis gansaxierebaa, romlis Svidi<br />

safexuri yofierebis gansxvavebul doneebs Seesatyviseba.<br />

vertikalurad aRmarTuli kibe da misi safexurebi<br />

TandaTanobiT, ara naxtomisebur, zeaRsvlas gamoxatavs<br />

miwieri sferodan zemo sferoebamde, transcendenturi<br />

realobisken – kibis Ziri miwaze dgas, misi Tavi RvTis karzea<br />

mibjenili.<br />

V. Tumca msxverpli (`SemonaZRveni~), romelic am leqsSi<br />

yvelaze bolos aris moxseniebuli, miTologemebs ar<br />

ekuTvnis, magram, Tu religiis kuTxiT ganvixilavT<br />

teqsts, igi miwisa da cis komunikaciis ara mxolod saSualeba,<br />

aramed mizani aRmoCndeba. xiluli msxverpli (saklavi,<br />

qadebi, sakulto namcxvrebi da sxva), romelic mlocvelis<br />

mier aris mitanili salocavSi, uxilavad adis Rmer-<br />

Tamde, amyarebs ra kavSirs adamiansa da RmerTs Soris.<br />

msxverplTan erTad maRla adis locva-vedreba da qebadideba,<br />

romelTac muxis ZirSi myofni aRavlenen.<br />

magram msxverpli (saklavi), rogorc nivTieri, ise sityvier-sulieri<br />

(locva), gulisxmobs pasuxs, romelsac<br />

mlocvelni wyalobis saxiT gamoelian RvTisgan.<br />

VI. da, bolos, yvela CamoTvlili miTologemis Semkrebi<br />

da Semajamebeli da Tavis TavSi momcveli, sxvagvarad<br />

rom vTqvaT, maTi amamoZravebeli figura wmida giorgia,

---

omelic TiToeul maTgan iyenebs instrumentad RvTis karamde<br />

asasvlelad. magram Tavadac igi, duranqis dinamikuri<br />

gamomxatveli, Tavisi asvliT aRavlens adamianTagan<br />

Sewirul msxverpls da sityvas locva-vedrebis saxiT, ra-<br />

Ta gamosTxovos SemwirvelTaTvis madli uzenaess.<br />

– samyaros Suagulis miTologema. cisa da miwis kavSiris<br />

simboloebi, ZiriTadad, samyaros Suagulis gamomxatvelia.<br />

damatebiT, berZnebTan delfos taZris TeTri qva –<br />

omfalos, samyaros Wipi; aseve agnis cecxli anu samsxverplo<br />

cecxli, rogorc indur warmodgenebSi; da, sazogadod,<br />

yoveli kera, sadac cecxli anTia; berZnuli hestia.<br />

kera samyaros centric aris da saxlisac. Suaguli SeiZleba<br />

warmovidginoT koncentriuli wreebis saxiT: samyaroqveyana-qalaqi-saxli-kera.<br />

yvela amaT msWvalavs erTi<br />

RerZi, romelic TiToeuli maTganis centrSi gadis. imdenad<br />

Zlieria adamianTa sacxovrebeli adgilis Tu qveynis<br />

warmodgena samyaros Suagulad, rom amgvari warmodgena<br />

bevri qveynis ideologias daedo safuZvlad. Cinelebis<br />

warmodgeniT, maTi qveyana samyaros SuagulSi mdebareobda.<br />

amitomac ewodeboda (da dResac ewodeba) CineTs jungo<br />

(`Suaguli samefo~), romlis garSemo Semovlebulma kedelma<br />

TvalsaCino gaxada es miTologema. aseTi warmodgena<br />

hqondaT Sumerelebsac TavianT qveyanaze (`Sumeri –<br />

didi mTa, cisa da miwis qveyana~).<br />

– maradi gazafxulis (Tu zafxulis), sxvagvarad, samoTxis<br />

miTologema (ix. vrclad qvemoT).<br />

– dabrunebis miTologema. yovelTvis gulisxmobs amosaval<br />

wertilSi anu centrSi dabrunebas. am miTologemazea<br />

agebuli Zveli eposebi, jadosnuri zRapari... gmiri usa-<br />

Tuod brundeba iq, saidanac gamovida. dabrunebis adgili<br />

misi saxlia, misi dabadebis adgili. yvela gmiri Tavis qveyanas,<br />

Tavis qalaqs, Tavis kerias, rogorc odisevsi – iTakas<br />

ubrundeba. Sumeruli andaza: `dae, Citi Tavis budes daubrundes,<br />

tyve Tavis qalaqs (dedas) daubrundes~ – am mi-<br />

Tologemis gamomxatvelia, rogorc Camavali mzis miTologemuri<br />

saxelwodeba: `mze, dedasTan dabrunebuli~ (u-<br />

Tu-ama-ar-gi).<br />

– xelaxla Sobis miTologema. es miTologema dabrunebis<br />

miTologemis saxecvlilebaa. Tavisi arsiT isic kosmogoniuria.<br />

gmiri ubrundeba dedis saSos, raTa meored<br />

daibados.<br />

59

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60<br />

– gveleSapis miTologema, romelic am mniSvnelobiT<br />

msoflio miTologiebSi yvelaze metad aris gavrcelebuli.<br />

gveleSapi ylapavs gmirs da isev ukan amoanTxevs. mis<br />

mucelSi moxvedrili gmiri kvdeba, raTa, rogorc dedis<br />

saSodan, kvlav iSvas. gveleSapis mier STanTqma miTologiuri<br />

gmiris aucilebeli gamocdilebaa: marduqi, Suamdinaruli<br />

miTologiis demiurgi, kosmosis Semqmneli, sanam<br />

kosmoss Seqmnides, TiamaTis – pirvel arsebuli zRvis mucelSi<br />

imyofeba; aseve indoelTa indra – gveleSap vritras<br />

mucelSi; amirani, herakle, iasoni da sxvani namyofi arian<br />

gveleSapis mucelSi, saidanac isini ganaxlebuli ZaliT<br />

ibadebian.<br />

axla ganvixiloT <strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologiuri teqstebi da<br />

vnaxoT, ra da ra miTologemebis ganSlis Sedegad arian isini<br />

warmoSobili.<br />

kosmogoniuri miTosi<br />

qarTul miTologiaSi ver vadasturebT kosmogoniur<br />

miToss Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT. magram SegviZlia moviyvanoT<br />

misi variacia, romelsac sofelsa da mis mtrul<br />

Zalas Soris brZolis saxe aqvs micemuli. erTmaneTs upirispirdeba<br />

wyali da xmeleTi, romelTagan pirveli qaoss<br />

ganasaxierebs, meore – kosmoss. misi klasikuri nimuSia<br />

ugarituli eposi baalis (xmeleTis uflis) da misi antagonistis<br />

iamis (zRvis urCxulis) Sesaxeb. maT Soris brZola<br />

gardamavali upiratesobiT mimdinareobs da mas dasasruli<br />

ara aqvs. xan baali imarjvebs, xan – iami. am brZolis analogi<br />

SeiZleba xmeleTze zRvis periodul da dausrulebel<br />

moqceva-miqcevaSi davinaxoT.<br />

qarTul miTosSi gveleSapisa da xaris brZola ganasaxierebs<br />

zRvis stiqiisa (qaosis) da xmeleTis (kosmosis) dasabamier<br />

brZolas.<br />

am tipis miTosi saqarTvelos bevr kuTxeSia gavrcelebuli.<br />

misi fabula amgvaria:<br />

soflis maxlobel tbaSi gveleSapi budobs. periodulad<br />

igi amodis tbidan, Tavs esxmis sofels, stacebs saqonels,<br />

anadgurebs naTesebs, awiokebs mosaxleobas... Ram-RamobiT<br />

soflis uCinrad gveleSaps kurati (mozveri) ebrZvis,<br />

magram amaod: sofelSi igi dasisxlianebuli da da-

---

qanculi brundeba. sofeli daudarajdeba xars da, roca<br />

mixvdeba, Tu risgan emarTeba mas es ambavi, rqebs almasiT<br />

mouWedavs da ase gauSvebs gveleSapTan sabrZolvelad. xari<br />

eZgereba zRvis urCxuls da mucels gaufatravs. cocxalmkvdari<br />

gveleSapi ukuiqceva, gaqceuls wyali ukan gayveba<br />

da tbac daicleba. natbevar adgilze ki xalxi dasaxldeba.<br />

gveleSapi sxva kvalsac tovebs landSaftze: igi Tavisi<br />

sxeuliT mdinaris kalapots gaiyvans.<br />

gveleSapisa da misi antagonistis brZolis miTosi<br />

yvelgan inarCunebs Tavis Tavdapirvel kosmogoniur xasiaTs,<br />

Tundac masSi gadmocemuli konkretuli ambavi erT<br />

romelime sofels exebodes. am SemTxvevaSi, miTologiuri<br />

warmodgenis ZaliT, sofeli mTeli samyaros saxeliT<br />

figurirebs. `sofel~ sityvac xom am ormag, erTmaneTSi<br />

gardamaval mniSvnelobas Seicavs. ugaritul miTosTan<br />

Cveni teqstis tipologiuri msgavseba detalebSic iCens<br />

Tavs. saxeldobr, xmeleTis patronis, baalis, simboluri<br />

gamoxatuleba xaria.<br />

maradiuli gazafxulis miTosi<br />

miTosi miwier samoTxeze farTod aris gavrcelebuli<br />

Zveli xalxebis miTologiaSi, Sumeridan dawyebuli<br />

indoiranuli samyaroTi damTavrebuli. yvelgan mas Taviseburi<br />

saxe aqvs da dakavSirebulia im qveynis realiebTan<br />

(landSafti, istoriuli warsuli, toponimia, flora, fauna...),<br />

sadac is Seiqmna. qarTul folklorSi samoTxe ukav-<br />

Sirdeba Tamaris pirovnebas. im sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi,<br />

sadac Caisaxa es miTosi, Tamaris samefo warmodgenili<br />

iyo `oqros xanad~, Tamari – mis erTpirovnul Semoqmedad<br />

da mzrunvel patronad. Tu istoriulad Tamaris `oqros<br />

xana~ istoriuli procesis kulminaciaa, miTologiurad<br />

misi dasasruli istoriuli dro-Jamis dasawyisia.<br />

miTosi, romelic mravali variantiT aris cnobili [sixaruliZe<br />

1961: 44, 44-b-T], mogviTxrobs: erT dros Tamar<br />

dedofals taxti ialbuzis mTaze edga. mis samefosamflobeloSi<br />

maradiuli zafxuli iyo, zamTari ar icoda.<br />

aqedan mTeli qveyniereba xelisguliviT Canda. Tamaris<br />

maradiul samefoSi arc sneuleba iyo, arc sibere, arc<br />

sikvdili, radgan dro-Jamis mdinareba SeCerebuli iyo. ra<br />

61

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62<br />

mizeziT? – Tamars dro-Jamis momyvani frinveli hyavda sasaxlis<br />

erT oTaxSi datyvevebuli. erTxel, roca Tamarma<br />

barad Casvla moisurva, sasaxlis mcvelad Tavis erTguli<br />

msaxuri datova da im Tormeti oTaxis gasaRebic Caabara:<br />

yvela oTaxis gaReba SegiZlia, garda meTormetesio. msaxurma<br />

pirvelad swored im oTaxis kari gaaRo, romlis ga-<br />

Rebac akrZaluli hqonda. gaiRo Tu ara kari, gamofrinda<br />

iqidan frinveli da caSi gauCinarda. ca ki moiRrubla, qariSxali<br />

atyda, movida Tovli da mTeli mTa sasaxliTurT<br />

dafara. amrigad, Tamarma veRar SeZlo mTaze asvla da dar-<br />

Ca barad. amieridan daiwyo dineba dro-Jamma, weliwadis<br />

droebi erTmaneTs Seenacvla da ase daikarga maradiuli<br />

gazafxulis samefo.<br />

dadga axali xana – akrZalvis darRvevis xana, romelic<br />

dro-Jamis anu movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobis niSniT aris aRbeWdili.<br />

erTdrouloba sivrceSi, rasac Tamaris sameufo<br />

warmoadgenda, Secvala Tanamimdevrobam – drom daipyro<br />

sivrce, gabatonda masze. `maradiuli gazafxuli~, akrZalvis<br />

ZaliT rom arsebobda, warmavalma wuTisofelma Secvala;<br />

erTJamoba, romelic sivrceSi iyo ganfenili, droSi<br />

monacvle monakveTebad danawevrda, rac niSnavs imas, rom<br />

dro sivrceze gabatonda.<br />

Tamari, rogorc dakarguli samoTxis dedofali, esqatologiur-mesianisturi<br />

figura xdeba: xalxis warmodgeniT,<br />

Tamars oqros kubo-akvanSi sZinavs da, dadgeba Jami, roca<br />

gaiRviZebs da kvlav maradiul zafxuls daamkvidrebs Tavis<br />

samefoSi, romelic amave dros universaluri samefoa.<br />

Tamaris samoTxis miToss aqvs Tavisi semantikuri oreuli,<br />

romelic sxva siuJetis meSveobiT imave miTologiur<br />

ambavs mogviTxrobs.<br />

qalwulobaSi Tamar dedofali iseTi wmida yofila, rom<br />

mis samosels sxivi ikavebda, locvis dros maRla aiweoda<br />

da, sanam loculobda, haerSi idga. mas surda samudamod<br />

qalwulad darCeniliyo, rom mudam gagrZelebuliyo samoTxiseburi<br />

mdgomareoba, romelSic is imyofeboda. magram<br />

raki memkvidre aucilebeli iyo samefosTvis, Tamari<br />

mzisgan dafexmZimda da misi samoTxiseburi yofac dasrulda:<br />

samosels mzis sxivi aRar iWerda, locvisas haerSi ve-<br />

Rar Cerdeboda. bavSvi rom daibada, Tamarma msaxurs ubrZana,<br />

igi usier tyeSi waeyvana da iq daetovebina. magram<br />

gangebam bavSvs iremi mouvlina, romelmac mas ZuZu awova.

---

erT dRes Tamari Tavisi amaliT sanadirod wavida. monadireebma<br />

iremi dainaxes da, is iyo unda esrolaT, rom mucelze<br />

amokruli bavSvi SeniSnes. Seatyobines es ambavi Tamars,<br />

Tamari mixvda, vin unda yofiliyo bavSvi da sasaxleSi waiyvana.<br />

ase ipoves gadagdebuli memkvidre, daarqves laSa<br />

(mzis naTeli), gazardes da, roca srulwlovani gaxda, gaamefes<br />

[sixaruliZe: 43, 43-b-m]. sxva tradiciiT, romelic<br />

erT fragmentul leqsad aris Semonaxuli, laSa-giorgis<br />

erekle mefe cvlis:<br />

batoniSvil ereklesa, irmis ZuZu uwovnia,<br />

wyali usvams algeTisa, TrialeTze uZovnia,<br />

gadugdiaT saCaleSi, monadires upovnia<br />

[kotetiSvili 1961:107].<br />

pirvel teqstSi Tu akrZalva totalurad cvlis qveynierebis<br />

mdgomareobas, meore teqstSi akrZalvis Sedegi<br />

erTi pirovnebis bedze gadatydeba, es pirovneba ki, rogorc<br />

mefe, qveynis bedzea pasuxismgebeli. ramdenadac Tamari<br />

samoTxiseuli yofis niSnebs atarebs, misi mdgomareoba<br />

mTels mis qveyanaze vrceldeba. cnobili saistorio<br />

teqsti (`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~) araorazrovnad<br />

axasiaTebs mas da mis samefos srulyofilebis niSnebiT.<br />

mis qveyanaSi realoba erTi safexuriT amaRldeba,<br />

ierarqiul kibeze. movusminoT teqsts:<br />

`gaaznaurdes queyanisa moqmedni (anu miwis muSakni,<br />

z.k.), da gadidebuldes aznaurni, da gaxelmwifdes didebulni<br />

mefobasa Sina amissa...~<br />

[qarTlis cxovreba I: 34].<br />

magram xelmwife? romeli safexuria xelmwifobis Semdeg?<br />

didebulTa gaxelmwifebaze ar mTavrdeba es procesi:<br />

Tavad xelmwifemac unda gadainacvlos erTi safexuriT<br />

zemoT, anu RvTiur rangSi amaRldes. da marTlac, `samebasa<br />

Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar, misworebuli da aRmatebuli~<br />

(sxvagan: `samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulisa...~),<br />

ambobs teqsti. anu Tamaris pirovneba RvTiur samebaSi meoTxe<br />

wevrad aris miRebuli. cxadia, am gamoTqmas dogmatis<br />

Rirebuleba ocnebaSic ver mieniWeba, magram Tamaris<br />

pirovnebis daxasiaTebisTvis samebis oTxebad gardaqmna,<br />

63

---

64<br />

Tundac metaforulad, bevris mTqmelia. es ar aris erTaderTi<br />

SemTxveva. am saistorio teqsts sistemurad gasdevs<br />

mefis (mefeTa) gaRmerTeba: `RmrTisagan RmerTqmnilni<br />

daviT da Tamar~. Tavad fexmZimoba Tamarisa da mis mier<br />

Zis Soba miTologiuri eniT aris aRwerili:<br />

`miudga Tamar ganwmediliTa gonebiTa da taZrisa<br />

RmrTisa aRmsWvalulisa sanTliTa sxeulisaTa, mxurvaliTa<br />

guliTa da ganaTlebuliTa suliTa tabaxmelisa beTlemmyofelman<br />

mun Sva Ze, swori Zisa RmrTisa...~<br />

[qarTlis cxovreba: I56].<br />

xolo am Zeze, rogorc miTologiur gmirze, naTqvamia,<br />

rom `ixiles yrma axali, pirvel saukuneTa ganwesebuli Ze<br />

mefisa, mefed, Svilad cxebulad daviTianad...~ anu: Tamaris<br />

Zis Soba qveynis gaCenamde iyo Cafiqrebuli.<br />

eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom xalxuri Tqmuleba-miTosi<br />

Tamaris Sesaxeb im samefo ideologiis gamoZaxilia, romelic<br />

msWvalavs saistorio Txzulebas `istoriani da azmani<br />

SaravandedTani~. `CaZiruli kulturuli dovlaTis~ Teoria<br />

aq ganxiluli <strong>qarTuli</strong> Tqmulebis saxiT saukeTeso<br />

sailustracio masalas povebda. suli samefo ideologiisa<br />

gardaqmnilia xalxis cnobierebaSi da miTosis saxes<br />

iRebs. ZiriTadi motivi samoTxis miTosisa – qalwulad<br />

darCenis survili, romelsac xalxi Tamars miawers, `istoriansa<br />

da azmanSi~ Tavad Tamaris piriT aris gacxadebuli:<br />

`mowame ars Cvenda RmerTi, arodes yofila guli Cemi mowadine<br />

qmrosnobisa~. mxolod vali saxelmwifos winaSe ai-<br />

Zulebda mas moqceuliyo Tavisi nebis winaaRmdeg, rogorc<br />

vkiTxulobT: `yovlad uwadinelman qorwinebisaman iaja<br />

xsna qmrosnobisagan. xolo ... spaTa aiZules qmnad da, vi-<br />

Tar iyo xvedri da rigi ulumpianobisa da Saravandedobisa<br />

maTisa, egreT iqmna qorwili saxedaudebeli da igavmiuwdomeli...~.<br />

xalxuri Tqmulebis variantebSi Cans es iZulebac.<br />

Tumca xalxis cnobierebas maragad aqvs da iyenebs<br />

kidec ubiwod Casaxvis universaluri motivis kerZo gamoxatulebas<br />

– mzis sxivisgan mucladRebas (berZnuli miTosi<br />

danaes Sesaxeb, Tqmuleba Cingisxanze, romelic mzis Svilad<br />

acxadebda Tavs da sxva).<br />

aseve araorazrovnad Tamaris, RvTisdari xelmwifisa<br />

da TiTqmis RmerTis, sabrZanebeli samefo samoTxes aris

---

Sedarebuli xsenebul matianeSi. giorgi rusis gandevnas<br />

qveynidan (eqsoria) avtors samoTxidan adamis gandevnas<br />

axsenebs. roca qveynis vazirebma da didebulebma mas am samoTxisdari<br />

qveynisTvis Seuferebeli zneoba Seatyves,<br />

`erTxma yves mcnobelTa amisTa, viTarmed ese misve Zvelisa<br />

mterisa ars, romelman moakvlevina Zmasa Zma da mamasa<br />

Svili da eqsoria-iqmna pirveli igi kaci samoTxiT, viTar<br />

ese aw xilulisa amis samoTxisa da ubrwyinvalesisa edemisa<br />

Seumzadebia eqsoria-qmna...~; `vinaTgan odesme igive rusi,<br />

amis samoTxisagan eqsoriaqmnili...~. xolo Tavad Tamari,<br />

damoukideblad mefur-RvTaebrivi Rirsebisa, edemis<br />

baRSi myof, gvelisgan jer kidev Seucdenel (`uzakvel~)<br />

evas aris araTu Sedarebuli, aramed, miTologiuri wesisamebr,<br />

masTan gaigivebuli.<br />

istoriulad Tamaris mbrZaneblobas monRolTa batonoba<br />

mohyva, rasac, cxadia, `azmaTa~ avtori yvelaze koSmarul<br />

sizmradac ver ixilavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, samefo<br />

ideologia, romelic Tamaris qveyanaSi miwier samoTxes<br />

Tu ara, mis niSnebs mainc xedavda, momdevno ramdenime<br />

aTwleulis Semdeg gacamtverda. amis mowme da maRiarebeli<br />

`aswlovani matianis~ JamTaaRmwerelia, romelmac piruTvneli<br />

ganaCeni gamoutana didebuli samefos naSierT<br />

– `samebisgan oTxad aRzevebulis~ memkvidreebs.<br />

rogor gardaiqmna xalxis cnobierebaSi, anu rogori saxe<br />

miiRo katastrofam `CaZiruli kulturis dovlaTSi~?<br />

rogor uyurebs xalxi TamarisSemdgom periods? xalxuri<br />

cnobiereba mihyveba universalur miTosur stereotips,<br />

romlis Tanaxmad yvela miTologiur tradiciaSi samoTxe<br />

warsulis faqtia, xolo misi momdevno periodi – samoTxis<br />

antipodi, warmavalobiT da dro-Jamis uxanobiT aRbeWdili.<br />

rusTvelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es warmavali wuTisofeli,<br />

sawuTro, romelic samoTxis gareT arsebobs,<br />

`moklea, miT oxeria~. magram es realuri istoriaa, romelic<br />

am miTosis Semoqmedis xanamde grZeldeba da kidev<br />

gagrZeldeba. am xanis saTaveSi ki dgas ara Tamari, samoTxis<br />

meufe, aramed misi naSieri, akrZalvis darRvevis Sedegi,<br />

romliTac iwyeba istoriuli periodi Tavisi bedukuRmarTobebiTa<br />

da katastrofebiT. Tamari istoriis gareSe<br />

dgas, is araistoriuli, miTologiuri, ufro metic, kosmogoniuri<br />

figuraa, droisa da sivrcis miRma myofi, saidanac<br />

dasabams iRebs, pirveli variantis Tanaxmad, mTeli<br />

65

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66<br />

yofiereba, xolo meore variantiT, kerZo qveyana – saqar-<br />

Tvelo, romlis pirveli mefe mzis sxivisgan aris Casaxuli<br />

da irmis rZiT aris gamokvebili. es miTologema ki Zalze<br />

Zvelia da, SesaZloa, universaluric iyos. misi pirveli werilobiTi<br />

dadastureba Sumerul eposSia, sadac uruqis mefe<br />

enmerqari moxseniebulia, rogorc mzis Svili da mTianeTSi<br />

furiremis ZuZunawovi. <strong>qarTuli</strong> Tqmuleba laSas dabadebisa<br />

da aRzrdis Sesaxeb savsebiT asaxavs am universalias,<br />

rasac nawilobriv `istoriaTa da azmaTa~ teqstic<br />

amowmebs, roca laSas saxels `naTels~ ukavSirebs. am motivs<br />

transformirebuli saxiT kidev SevxvdebiT.<br />

farnavazis sizmari<br />

meore mefe, romelic CarTulia miTologiur rkalSi,<br />

farnavazia, istoriulad saqarTvelos (qarTlis) pirveli<br />

mefe. Tumca is qronologiurad pirvelia, magram masze saubari<br />

Tamaris Semdeg gvixdeba. misi miTosic kosmogoniuria,<br />

magram viwro gagebiT: miTosi exeba realobis (sinamdvilis)<br />

erT-erTi realiis – mefobis warmoSobas.<br />

leonti mrovelis `mefeTa cxovrebaSi~ Semonaxulia<br />

unikaluri teqsti, romelic ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: sizmrisa<br />

da cxadisgan. laparakia farnavazis sizmarze, romelsac<br />

aSkara miTologiuri datvirTva aqvs.<br />

es teqsti SemTxveviT ar uZRvis win farnavazis cxovrebas.<br />

igi fuZemdebluria, rogorc yoveli miTologiuri<br />

teqsti. TiToeuli realia da qmedeba, romelTac masSi<br />

vxvdebiT, erT mizans emsaxureba – imis Cvenebas, Tu rogor<br />

gaxda farnavazi, mcxeTeli mamasaxlisis Zmiswuli, mefe.<br />

mefoba, mamasaxlisobisgan gansxvavebiT, sakraluria,<br />

anu misi daweseba adamianis nebaze ar aris damokidebuli.<br />

ra aris es realiebi, romelTa erToblioba mefobis institutis<br />

sakralur warmoSobaze migvaniSnebs?<br />

pirvel rigSi, mze, romlis cvari qvesknelidan mzis mierve<br />

gamoxsnilma farnavazma icxo saxeze. es iyo misi mefed<br />

cxebis ritualis sizmriseuli xati: farnavazma Tavisi<br />

mefed cxebis scena ixila sizmrad. aq isic aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom mamasaxlisis naTesavi, romelic Tavad ar iyo mamasaxlisi,<br />

axal statusSi ibadeba, risTvisac igi jer unda mokvdes.<br />

kvdeba Cveulebrivi adamiani da ibadeba mefe. mzis

---

cvari erTsa da imave dros misi ganmacocxlebelic (ix. jadosnuri<br />

zRapris `mzis piris nabani~, romelic dRisiT<br />

mkvdar ufliswuls acocxlebs) aris da mefed mqcevelic<br />

(miTosuri warmodgeniT, rac `vefxistyaosanSi~ aisaxa, mefe<br />

mzis wilia).<br />

iremi ciuri mzis monacvlea miwaze. miTosurad isini<br />

gaigivebulni arian erTmaneTTan, ara metaforulad, aramed<br />

srulad: iremi aris mze. rogorc mziuri cxoveli, igi<br />

ufliswulTa mkvebavi unda iyos.<br />

igiveobrivni arian ara mxolod iremi da mze, aramed mze<br />

da rZec, romlis miTosuri xati cvariT aris warmodgenili.<br />

am igiveobas mivyavarT megrul Tqmulebamde, romelic<br />

gvixsnis, Tu ratom iwodeba megrulad mze da rZe erTi da<br />

imave sityviT (`bJa~), da rig-vedas himnamde, sadac cis<br />

mxurvale mnaTobi da furis jiqanSi Cayenebuli siTxe er-<br />

Ti da imave metafizikuri raobis ori gamovlenaa (`Sen Caayene<br />

Tbili notioSi, Sen aiyvane mze caSi~).<br />

oqro aseve miTosuri metafizikiT ukavSirdeba mzes,<br />

irems, rZes da, sabolood, mefes, rogorc samefo Rirsebis<br />

gamomxatveli liToni.<br />

da bolos, monadireoba, rogorc samefo sporti, yuradRebas<br />

imsaxurebs miTosuri aspeqtiT da gvagzavnis<br />

zRaprebis monadiris obol SvilTan, romelic monadireobis<br />

wyalobiT eweva beds, da im mefesTan, romlis samonadireo<br />

gamocdilebam qveyana axal religias aziara (mefe<br />

mirianis gansacdeli TxoTis mTaze nadirobisas).<br />

yvela es realia ganfenilia mTel qarTul folklor-<br />

Si – poeturSi Tu prozaulSi. maTi mikvleva yovel konkretul<br />

SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia.<br />

nadiri, zogadad, da iremi, kerZod, bevri miTosuri<br />

gadmocemis personaJia. nadiris kvals midevnebuli monadireebi<br />

ucxo sinamdvilis mxilvelni xdebian. asea `amirandarejanianSi~,<br />

asea `vefxistyaosanSi~, sadac `ucxo moymes~<br />

swored nadirobisas waawydebian (niSandoblivia, rom<br />

`ucxo moyme~ mSobliuri da ucxo teritoriebis gamyof<br />

wylis piras zis). amiranis eposSi miTologiur pasaJad unda<br />

CavTvaloT leqsi, romelic baladis saxes atarebs. mas<br />

SeiZleba miTologiuri balada vuwodoT. aq iremia gmirebis<br />

gzamkvlevi:<br />

sanadirod wamovidnen amiran da Zmani misni,<br />

aTi mTa gadmoiares, meTerTmete algeTisni.<br />

67

---

68<br />

mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqro iyo rqani misni.<br />

ucxo mTazed koSki naxes, anagebni brolis qvisni.<br />

garegnulad gauares, vera hpoves karni misni.<br />

sadac rom mzem sxivi styorcna, amiranma – muxli misni,<br />

koSkma piri iq gaaRo, iq Seiba kari misni...<br />

[Ciqovani 1947: 302].<br />

adamians, rogorc Cans, surda iremi, cxovelTa samyaros<br />

mSveneba, moeSinaurebina da CaerTo Tavis yofaSi. igi<br />

arCevanis winaSea dayenebuli: iremi Tu xari? miTosi mogvi-<br />

Txrobs, rom RmerTma qveynis gaCenis Semdeg iremi da xari<br />

gaajibra erTmaneTs, romeli ufro gamoadgeboda adamians.<br />

vin ufro male gadairbenda cas, adamianic imas airCevda.<br />

iremi TavaRebuli gaiqca, gafrinda. magram bevri sirbilisgan<br />

araqaTi gamoecala da mokvda. mxolod misi nakvaleviRa<br />

darCa caze `irmis naxtomis~ saxiT. xari ki dinjad gaemarTa<br />

TavCaRunuli, is miwisken icqireboda, riTac aCvenebda<br />

winaswar, Tu risTvis iyo ganwesebuli. gvian miaRwia<br />

samans, magram mivida janmrTeli da dauRalavi. xaris nakvalevic<br />

daaCnda cas – `xaris navali~. amis Semdeg akurTxa<br />

RmerTma xari, qedi dauloca da mas aqeT mas awevs adamianis<br />

Senaxvis tvirTio [kotetiSvili 1961:382]. leqsma ki xaris<br />

tvirTis warmoSobis sxva varianti Semogvinaxa: cxovelTa<br />

Soris xari nebayoflobiT kisrulobs adamianis rCenas:<br />

.... adamianis Senaxva veravin idva Tavzeda,<br />

xvna-Tesva, farcxva da zidva gaWirda metad Zalzeda.<br />

xarma Tqva, pirnaTlierma, me damawereT rqazeda.<br />

micvivdnen angelozebi, dahkocnes orTav Tvalzeda.<br />

Camoqnes wyvili sanTeli, miakres orsav rqazeda.<br />

Svidic uboZes sartyeli, gagzavnes qveyanazeda:<br />

wadi, xaro, imuSave, erTgulad mTa da barzeda,<br />

Segabas Senma patronma...<br />

[kotetiSvili 1961: 50-1].<br />

miTosSi, sadac aseve iremi da xari figurirebs, rolebi<br />

Secvlilia. samsxverplod wm. giorgis mier gamogzavnil<br />

irems xari enacvleba. sofel xanSi tabeSaZeebis gvarze<br />

da iremze aseTi gadmocemaa: aRdgomidan ormocdamea-<br />

Te dReze yovelwliurad iremi movidoda tyelaSi wm. giorgis<br />

eklesiis ezoSi, eklesias samgzis Semouvlida, kar-

---

Tan dawveboda da, roca `dainacoxrebda~, tabeSaZis kaci<br />

daklavda, wm. giorgis Seswiravda. erTxel iremi Tavis<br />

droze (`Tavis aloze~) ar mosula, xalxs ki SimSiliT suli<br />

misdioda. dagvianebiT mosul irems tabeSaZem `danacoxreba~<br />

ar daacada, `ras qvia, deigvianeo~, da wixlis kvriT<br />

waaqcia da dakla. wm. giorgi ganrisxebula da tabeSaZeTa<br />

gvari gawyvetamde miuyvania. gadarCenila mxolod sxva sofelSi<br />

CasiZebuli tabeSaZis akvanSi mwoliare vaJi. bavSvi<br />

sxva gvaris xalxs miuyvania tyelaSi da wm. giorgisTvis Seuvedrebia:<br />

`wmidao giorgi, karugdebelo, nu moklav am<br />

bavSvs da misi gvari yovel wels irmis magivrad samwlian<br />

kuros Semogwiravso.~ wm. giorgim miiRo vedreba da tabe-<br />

SaZeTa gvari kvlav aRmdgara da momravlebula. am droidan<br />

tabeSaZeebis yvela buns (saerTo babuis Svils) tyela-<br />

Si Sesawiravad xari mihyavs da miaqvs zedaSe [ruxaZe: 92-94].<br />

tyelas irmis miTosis analogiuri gadmocema saqarTvelos<br />

sxva kuTxeebSic aris gavrcelebuli (imereTi, qarTli, samegrelo,<br />

afxazeTi, svaneTi).<br />

Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi Tavad iremi ver egueba adamianis<br />

mier masze dakisrebul tvirTs da kvdeba – marcxdeba<br />

xarTan SejibrSi, tyelas miTosSi adamiani Tavisi sulswrafobiT<br />

ver hguobs irmis, rogorc msxverplis, samsaxurs<br />

da mas, rogorc msxverpls, amieridan xari enacvleba. magram<br />

es xari, rogorc sxva gadmocemebidan viciT, aseve wm.<br />

giorgis gamogzavnilia. iloris eklesiaSi wm. giorgi yovel<br />

weliwads gzavnida samsxverplo xars, romelic diliT<br />

daxvdeboda salocavad mosul sofels. magram wmidani<br />

Sewyvets xaris gamogzavnas mas Semdeg, rac xars iloris<br />

eklesiis galavnidan moiparaven an Seuracxyofen. amieridan<br />

gamogzavnil xars Sinauri xari Seenacvleba. asevea svanur<br />

versiaSi: jgragis msaxuri iparavs uyuldaSis jgragis-<br />

Tvis gankuTvnil xars da jgragi aRar gzavnis samsxverplo<br />

xars [Tsufa-ssn 477].<br />

kultis daarsebis miTosi<br />

am wris teqstebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeT-<br />

Sia (fSav-xevsureTi, gudamayar-mTiuleTi, TuSeTi) gavrcelebuli.<br />

a) xe (ifni) amodis keriaSi, riTac jvari (xati, angelo-<br />

69

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70<br />

zi, RvTisSvili) niSans aZlevs ojaxs, dauTmos mas sacxovrebeli,<br />

raTa profanuli kera sakralur adgilad gadaiqces,<br />

sadac jvari daidebs binas. erTi variantis mixedviT,<br />

mosaxle nebayoflobiT tovebs sacxovrebels, riTac xels<br />

uwyobs jvaris daarsebas sofelSi. meore variantSi mosaxle<br />

winaaRmdegobas uwevs jvars – samgzis Wris xes da akafavs<br />

masze Semoxveul gvels. mesame dRes gveli yvelasgan<br />

SeumCnevlad sakidels Camohyveba da wamlavs kerZs, romelic<br />

qvabSi ixarSeba. jvaris sasjels gadarCebian mxolod<br />

deda da ZuZuTa bavSvi, romlebic ar gaiziareben trapezs.<br />

yvelgan, sadac daarsebis es miTosia gavrcelebuli, misi<br />

utyuarobis niSnad ifnebiT dafaruli samosaxlos nangrevebs<br />

uCveneben (sawmidaris daarsebis es modeli gavrcelebulia<br />

xevsureTSi, fSavSi, gudamayarSi).<br />

(Tavisi simboluri mniSvnelobiT keriaSi xis amosvlis<br />

siuJeti dadasturebulia sofokles dramaSi `eleqtra~.<br />

klitemnestra xedavs sizmrad agamemnons, romelic keriaSi<br />

arWobs samefo kverTxs, kverTxi gaidgams fesvebs, SeifoTleba<br />

da mTel mikens gadaefareba. simbolizmi aSkaraa:<br />

patroni, mokluli mefis memkvidris, orestes saxiT, ubrundeba<br />

Tavis keras).<br />

b) kopalas xatis daarseba karatiswverze. saZovarze<br />

axalgazrda mwyemsi qal-vaJis Tvalwin cidan jaWvi da Tasi<br />

Camocvivdeba. qal-vaJi wilisyriT gainawilebs da Tav-<br />

Tavis saxlSi waiRebs, Tass qali kidobanSi, vaJi ki jaWvs<br />

WerxoSi (xevsuruli saxlis zeda sarTulze) damalavs. sagnebi,<br />

ramdenadac isini profanuli saWiroebisTvis ar arian<br />

movlenilni, saxlebSi xmaurs atexen. ufrosebi qadags<br />

daekiTxebian, qadagi urCevs sagnebis Camocvenis adgilze<br />

sakulto koSkis agebas da Tasisa da jaWvis iqve Camarxvas.<br />

karatis wveri gamyofi mTaa fSavisa da xevsureTis soflebs<br />

Soris. qali xevsuria Walaissoflidan, vaJi – fSavelia<br />

bullaurTadan.<br />

g) erTi lakaTxeveli (mTiuleTis sofelia) kaci, gvarad<br />

qarCaiZe, tyeSi xes Wris saxlis asaSeneblad. modis<br />

mtredi, niskartiT miaqvs nafotebi da dumacxos tyeSi (gudamayari)<br />

maTgan eklesias aSenebs. qarCaiZe Seatyobinebs<br />

sofels da sofeli mas eklesiis aSenebas sTxovs, gasamrjelod<br />

qarCaiZe mis mier moyvanili saklavis pirvel rigSi<br />

Sewirvis uflebas miiRebs. saxlis mSenebli eklesiis mSeneblad<br />

iqceva.

---

RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa brZolebi<br />

am brZolaTa amsaxveli narativebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTianeTSia gavrcelebuli [oCiauri 1991: 41-46; oCiauri<br />

1967: 143-159]. maTi andrezuli xasiaTi maTsave dasasrulSi<br />

mJRavndeba: RvTisSvilis gamarjveba devze yovel-<br />

Tvis misi apoTeoziT mTavrdeba. saboloo mizani am brZolebisa<br />

salocavis daarsebaa anu, sxvagvarad, teritoriis<br />

ganwmeda uwmiduri devebisgan da adamianTa sazogadoebis-<br />

Tvis sasicocxlo garemos Seqmna. iq, sadac adre devi batonobda<br />

adamianze, amieridan arsdeba RvTisSvili adamianis<br />

patronad da mfarvelad, adamiani ki – mis ymad. Tavisi<br />

arsiT urTierToba RvTisSvilsa da adamians Soris patronymuli<br />

urTierTobis principzea agebuli. amitomac<br />

uxilavi patronis garSemo Semokrebil adamianTa jgufs<br />

saymo ewodeba. sa-ym-o – Tavad am sityvis morfologiuri<br />

aRnagoba mowmobs Tavis Tavze da im krebulze, romelic am<br />

sityviT iwodeba: saymo ymebis erTianobaa, romelic patrons<br />

gulisxmobs. es sityva imasac gveubneba, rom ymebi<br />

(moymeni) TavianTi patronis winaSe Tanabarni arian, rac<br />

maT Soris rCeulTa arsebobas ar gamoricxavs.<br />

RvTisSvilTa da dev-kerpTa Serkinebis ramdenime modeli<br />

arsebobs:<br />

I. RvTisSvili ebrZvis devs uSualod fizikuri ZaliT<br />

an iaraRiT (mSvild-isari, laxti), anadgurebs an gandevnis<br />

mas da mis adgilze arsdeba salocavi. iqmneba misi kulti<br />

masTan dakavSirebuli yvela atributiT (nagebobebi, yanebi,<br />

dResaswaulebi).<br />

II. RvTisSvili da devebi mSvidobian asparezobaSi – sim-<br />

Zimis awevaSi, rogorc iaxsris (Suafxos qistaurTa saymos<br />

patronis) SemTxvevaSi, an Sor manZilze qvebis srolaSi,<br />

rogorc fSavis erT-erTi saymos – uZilaurTis andrezi<br />

gviambobs, cdian Zalas. damarcxebuli devi Tmobs Tavis<br />

samflobelos da aiyreba iqidan, raTa RvTisSvils dauTmos<br />

adgili, sadac arsdeba RvTisSvilis kulti.<br />

III. RvTisSvili, kerZod, iaxsari daedevneba ukanasknel<br />

devs, romelic tbaSi poulobs TavSesafars. iaxsari devs<br />

tbaSi Cahyveba da iq gangmiravs. devis sisxli Sekravs tbis<br />

zedapirs da iaxsari veRar amodis tbidan. bolos, qadagis<br />

sityviT, faraSi moZebnian oTxrqa da oTxyura cxvars, tbis<br />

piras daklaven da mis sisxls tbis zedapirs asxureben. tba<br />

71

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72<br />

gaixsneba da misi siRrmidan iaxsari mtredis saxiT moevlineba<br />

mis mier devebisgan gamoxsnil saymos. es siuJeti<br />

edo safuZvlad misterias, romelic imarTeboda weliwad-<br />

Si erTxel: Suafxos saymo gaivlida devs dadevnebuli iaxsris<br />

gzas (Suafxodan xevsureTis sofel roSkisken), mividoda<br />

tbis piras, sadac iaxsari gauCinarda. jvris xucesi<br />

(xevisberi) iaxsris rolSi cdilobda iaxsris kvalze tba-<br />

Si CaRrmavebas, magram akavebdnen. moiyvandnen oTxrqa<br />

cxvars da daklavdnen iaxsris gasaTavisufleblad.<br />

am siuJetebs, romlebic sxva sazogadoebaSi ubralod<br />

sadevgmiro ambebi iqneboda, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTianeTis mosaxleobaSi miTosis statusi aqvT, ramdenadac<br />

isini salocavis daarsebis garemoebebze mouTxroben<br />

saymos.<br />

literatura<br />

Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli<br />

arqivi.<br />

Tsufa-ssn: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli<br />

arqivi, studentTa sadiplomo<br />

naSromebi.<br />

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poezia,<br />

`sabWoTa mwerali~, Tb., 1961.<br />

oCiauri 1939: oCiauri aleqsi, xevsuruli xalxuri dReobebis<br />

kalendari, VII (saqarTvelos<br />

mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriisa da<br />

eTnologiis institutis eTnologiis<br />

departamentis arqivi, 1939, M 18).<br />

ruxaZe: ruxaZe j., xani imereTis xevsureTia, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />

Tb., 1989.<br />

sixaruliZe 1961: sixaruliZe qs., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri saistorio<br />

sityviereba I, sssr mecn. akademiis<br />

gamomc., Tb., 1961.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba I: qarTlis cxovreba I, `sabWoTa saqar-<br />

Tvelo~, Tb., 1955.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba II: qarTlis cxovreba II, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />

Tb., 1959.<br />

Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, Tsu, Tb.,<br />

1947.<br />

yubaneiSvili: yubaneiSvili s., vaJa-fSavela, `saxelgami~,<br />

Tb., 1937.

---

eposi

---

eposs, farTo azriT, mivakuTvnebT yvela TxrobiT<br />

Janrs, romelic ar aris arc drama, arc lirika. klasikuri<br />

ganmartebiT, eposi upirispirdeba dramas da lirikas, Tumca<br />

ipoveba eposi, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs sityvierebis<br />

am saxeobebs.<br />

arsebobs miTologiuri eposi, romelSic RmerTebi monawileoben.<br />

is mogviTxrobs samyaros, mcenareTa da cxovelTa<br />

Seqmnis, bunebis movlenaTa, adamianis, adamianuri<br />

sazogadoebis, kacobriuli civilizaciis, sagnebis, sayofacxovrebo<br />

kulturis warmoSobis ambavs. maTi mTavari<br />

personaJebi demiurgebi (`naxevarSemoqmedni~) da e. w. `kulturuli<br />

gmirebi~ arian.<br />

arsebobs sagmiro-saistorio eposi, romelsac raime<br />

istoriuli ambavi udevs safuZvlad. magram es ambavi ganzogadebulia<br />

im zomamde, rom mTeli xalxis warsulis, awmyos<br />

da momavlis ganmsazRvreli xdeba, misi istoriis centraluri<br />

xdomilebaa. aseTebia germanuli modgmis xalxTa<br />

da irlandielTa sagebi, rusuli `bilinebis~ cikli, espanuri<br />

poema `Cems sidze~, berZenTa `digenis akritasi~, somexTa<br />

`daviT sasuneli~ da mravali sxva.<br />

aris eposebi, romlebic mowyvetilni arian istoriul<br />

drosa da sivrces da mogviTxroben saarako WabukTa sagmiro<br />

saqmeT. es sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo anu safalavno<br />

eposebia. aseTebia sparsuli dasTanebi (romlebmac CvenSi<br />

`yaramanianisa~ da sxvaTa saxiT pova gamoZaxili, wignuri<br />

`amirandarejanianic~ maT ricxvs ekuTvnis).<br />

arsebobs samijnuro (romanuli) eposi, romlis klasikuri<br />

nimuSia Sua saukuneebis kelturi warmoSobis Tqmuleba<br />

tristanisa da izoldas tragikuli siyvarulis Sesaxeb.<br />

amave Janrs unda ekuTvnodes saqorwino urTierTobaze<br />

agebuli eposebi, rogoric aris germanelTa `kudruni~.<br />

romanuli motivi erTi Zlieri nakadia da xSirad TviTkmar<br />

Rirebulebas iZens sagmiro-saistorio eposSi.<br />

75

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76<br />

ra adgili uWiravs eposs qarTul folklorSi da romeli<br />

saxeobebiT aris igi warmodgenili?<br />

mravalferovan da mdidari tradiciis mqone qarTul<br />

xalxur sityvierebaSi epikuri Semoqmedebis wvlili metad<br />

mwiria. qarTul folklorSi ver vadasturebT istoriuli<br />

xasiaTis eposs, sadac ganzogadebulad iqneboda gadmocemuli<br />

xalxis istoria, rogorc es, Cveulebriv, am Janris<br />

eposebSia. ar Cans istoriuli gmiris saxeli, romlis gar-<br />

Semo realuri istoriis Taviseburad gardaqmnil sagmiro<br />

ambavTa ciklizacia momxdariyos, Tumca saqarTvelos istoria<br />

arcTu Raribia heroikuli epoqebiT, brZolebiT da,<br />

Sesabamisad, istoriuli gmirebiT.<br />

Cven ver vifiqrebT, rom xalxis epikuri cnobiereba<br />

gulgrili darCeniliyos im epoqaluri sasikeTo Tu sabediswero<br />

Zvrebis mimarT, romlebic araerTgzis ganucdia<br />

qveyanas; ver vifiqrebT, rom zepirsityvier matianes ar<br />

aesaxos espaneTis rekonkistis (arabebisgan qveynis gamoxsnis)<br />

analogiuri uaRresad daZabuli xana, aSot kurapalatisa<br />

da mis TanamdgomTa gmiruli epopea, rac <strong>qarTuli</strong> miwebis<br />

kvlav SemokrebiT dasrulda, magram espanuri `Cemi<br />

sidis~ msgavsi xalxuri poema, sadac ukvdavyofili iqneboda<br />

TaobaTa xsovnaSi `Cemi aSoti~, ar dasturdeba; an masze<br />

adreuli xana gorgaslisa, romlis miTosuri xati werilobiT<br />

matianeSi aris moxvedrili, xalxuri eposis saxiT<br />

ki ar Cans; an, Tundac, ufro adreuli epoqa farnavazisa,<br />

romlis arqetipuli drois, rogorc `Zlieri Jamis~, mefobis<br />

da sxva sulier RirebulebaTa, mraval siaxleTa dasabamieri<br />

Jamis kvali werilobiTma istoriam Semoinaxa, xalxis<br />

xsovnas ki ver SemorCa. ra mizeziT? mizezi martivia:<br />

vrcelia `koleqtiuri~ mexsiereba, magram is usazRvro da<br />

dauSreteli ar aris. mas ar SeuZlia TanadroulobaSi moicvas<br />

mTeli zepirsityvieri fondi misi `dasabamidan~, er-<br />

Tdroulad Seinaxos sxvadasxva istoriul epoqaTa zepirsityvieri<br />

Semoqmedebis nayofebi. Taobebis monacvleobasTan<br />

erTad icvleba, periodul ganaxlebas ganicdis zepirsityvieri<br />

teqstebi; Zveli gadadis, mis nacvlad axali<br />

mkvidrdeba. `xalxs is moswons, rac axalia~, amboben `odiseaSi~<br />

Zveli miTebis momRerlis demodokes msmenelni. da<br />

is Zveli, romelic ukan ixevs, gadis xalxis mexsierebis sawieridan,<br />

Tu aso-niSnebiT ar iqna Cawerili, samudamo da-

---

viwyebisTvis aris ganwiruli. arc erTi zemoxsenebuli<br />

xalxuri eposis xsenebac ki ar iqneboda, rom maT Caweraze<br />

ar ezrunaT. Seqmnidan orasi wlis Semdeg Cawerili iqna<br />

`simRera Cems sidze~ (Semonaxulia erTaderTi 1307 wlis<br />

xelnaweriT); CaweriT gadaurCa drois dinebisgan gariyvas<br />

`kalevala~, irlandiuri Tu islandiuri sagebi, epikuri<br />

ciklebi digenis akritasze; damwerlobam gadaarCina<br />

rusuli bilinebi, romlebic maTi pirvelCaweridan asi<br />

wlis Semdeg xalxis xsovnaSi ukve waSlili iyo.<br />

dasanania, rom saqarTveloSi, uZvelesi damwerlobis<br />

qveyanaSi, XIX saukunis meore naxevramde ar ucdiaT xalxuri<br />

eposebis Cawera. Cvens werilobiT ZeglebSi maTi arsebobis<br />

mxolod fragmentuli kvali SeiZleba davadasturoT.<br />

im xanamde, roca maTi Caweris interesi gaCnda, qar-<br />

Tuli xalxuri eposi arasrulyofili, fragmentuli, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, `dalewili~ saxiT iyo moRweuli. ra saxe hqonda<br />

mas klasikur, epikuri Semoqmedebis apogeaSi, CvenTvis<br />

samudamod ucnobi rCeba.<br />

eposis rkalSi Cven vaqcevT zRapars, rogorc narativis<br />

unikalur saxeobas. igi warmodgenilia erTaderTi tipiT,<br />

romelsac pirobiTad `jadosnur zRapars~ vuwodebT.<br />

misi gavrcelebis areali ar aris SemozRuduli romelime<br />

xalxis <strong>folklori</strong>T: arsebobs <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRaprebi, arsebobs<br />

rusuli zRaprebi da a. S., magram zRapari erTia yvelgan,<br />

yvela kulturaSi, sadac ki gvxvdeba.<br />

winaswari zogadi ganmartebiT, zRapari aris im tipis<br />

eposi, romelic gadmoscems erTi mTavari gmiris cxovrebas<br />

misi Sinidan gasvlidan Sin dabrunebamde.<br />

daviwyoT zRapriT. Cven mas esqatologiur eposs vuwodebT.<br />

ratom? am kiTxvas narkvevis bolos gaecema pasuxi.<br />

esqatologiuri zRapari<br />

zRapari lamis folkloruli Semoqmedebis simboloa.<br />

<strong>folklori</strong> da zRapari TiTqmis gaigivebulia erTmaneT-<br />

Tan. Tu ramea universaluri msoflio xalxur SemoqmedebaSi<br />

– es zRaparia. roca laparakia xalxis xasiaTze, xalxis<br />

sulze, Taviseburebebze, xalxur zRaprebs moixmoben<br />

xolme, zRapris ZiriTadi dvrita universaluria, zogad-<br />

77

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78<br />

sakacobrioa. iyo xana <strong>folklori</strong>stikaSi, roca didi TavgamodebiT<br />

eZebdnen zRapris arqetips (winasaxes) da mis<br />

samSoblos, Tumca kvleva uSedegod damTavrda, mizani<br />

kvlevisa miRweul ver iqna, mainc didi codna dagrovda<br />

msoflio zRaprebis Sesaxeb. aRmoCnda, rom mTavari saZiebeli<br />

zRaparSi aris ara misi warmoSobis adgilsamyofeli<br />

da arc imdenad misi warmoSobis problema, romelic mudam<br />

hipoTeturi iqneba, ramdenadac misi agebuleba, struqtura,<br />

mizandasaxuloba, rac saerToa dResdReobiT arsebuli<br />

yvela zRaprisTvis.<br />

Cveulebriv, zRapars, rogorc Janrs, sam tipad yofen:<br />

jadosnur, cxovelTa da sayofacxovrebo zRaprad. umjobesia,<br />

zRapari folkoruli narativis erT-erT saxeobad<br />

CavTvaloT, xolo zemoT CamoTvlili nawilebi – Janrebad.<br />

Tumca arc es iqneba maincdamainc realobis amsaxveli: es<br />

sami narativi imdenad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan struqturiT,<br />

SinaarsiT da ideologiiT, rom erTi saxelwodebis<br />

(zRapari) JanrSi maTi moqceva gaZneldeba. amJamad Cveni<br />

yuradRebis sagania xalxuri narativis an eposis is saxe,<br />

romlis saxelwodebad jadosnuri zRaparia damkvidrebuli,<br />

Cven ki mas sakuTriv zRapars vuwodebT. ufro metic:<br />

misi ideologia da mizandasaxuloba safuZvels gvaZlevs<br />

vuwodoT mas xalxuri esqatologiuri eposi.<br />

vidre zRapris ganmartebas SemogTavazebdeT, ganvixilavT<br />

Tavad zRapris teqsts, romlis analizis Semdeg gvecodineba<br />

misi raoba, rogorc folkloruli Janrisa; gvecodineba,<br />

vin aris zRapris gmiri, ras warmoadgens zRapris<br />

samyaro, misi dro da sivrce, ra mimarTeba aqvs mas im<br />

samyarosTan, sadac zRapris mTxrobeli da msmeneli cxovroben,<br />

ras gveubneba zRapari, rogori azrovnebis nayofia<br />

igi, ras niSnavs misi „iyo da ara iyo ra“, ramdenad arsebiTia<br />

misTvis jadosnuri (fantastikuri) elementi, ramac<br />

misi gavrcelebuli dasaxeleba („jadosnuri zRapari“) gansazRvra<br />

da sxva.<br />

zRapris Sinaarsis ganxilvamde warmovadginoT igi mis<br />

mTlianobaSi dasawyisi da dasasruli formulebiTurT,<br />

romlebic Tumca yvela zRaparSi ar dasturdeba, magram<br />

misi Txrobis specifikas warmoadgens.<br />

zRapari sami nawilisgan Sedgeba: 1) dasawyisi (rus.<br />

çà÷èí), romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT „winkari“, 2) Tavad

---

zRapris Sinaarsi da 3) dasasruli, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT<br />

„gamoTxoveba zRaparTan“.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris klasikuri dasawyisia `iyo da ara iyo<br />

ra“, romelic SeiZleba gamodges, sazogadod, zRapris gansazRvrebad:<br />

zRapris ambavi moxda da arc momxdara. es aris<br />

mTxrobelis da mis kvalze msmenelis Tvalsazrisi zRaparze.<br />

aseTi dasawyisi <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRaprebis Taviseburebaa. rusuli<br />

zRaprebi, romlebic did msgavsebas avlenen qarTul<br />

zRaprebTan, rogorc wesi, ase martivad iwyeba: æèë-áûë,<br />

æèëà-áûëà, æèëè-áûëè...<br />

amgvarad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris Txroba iwyeba formuliT:<br />

1. `iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo..." rasac SeiZleba uSualod<br />

mosdevdes zRapris arsebiTi nawili, an formula grZeldebodes;<br />

2. `iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda, iyo..."<br />

da daiwyos zRapari. magram formulas aqvs Semdgomi gafar-<br />

Toebis tendencia;<br />

3. `iyo da ara iyo ra, RvTis ukeTesi ra iqneboda, iyo<br />

SaSvi mgalobeli, RmerTi Cveni mwyalobeli, RmerTs dideba,<br />

Cven mSvidoba, RmerTi maRali, kaci dabali, iyo..." da iwyeba<br />

Tavad zRapris Sinaarsi.<br />

ra funqcias asrulebs zRapris dasawyisi? mas gadahyavs<br />

msmeneli erTi sinamdvilidan sxva sinamdvileSi – realobidan<br />

zRapris samyaroSi. rogorc saxls aqvs winkari, romelsac<br />

oTaxSi (sacxovrebel sivrceSi) SevyavarT, aseve<br />

zRaparic moiTxovs winkars. es sityvieri winkaria. SegviZlia<br />

zRapris winkari tradiciuli simbolikis planSi ganvixiloT.<br />

tradiciul xalxebSi stumrobis, stumris miRebis<br />

praqtika tipologiurad Tanxvdeba zRapris struqturas.<br />

monRolebSi stumars mxolod mas Semdeg dauwyeben<br />

saqmian saubars, rac CamoTavdeba standartuli tradiciuli<br />

misalmebebi (yalionis gabolebasTan erTad), romlebic<br />

araviTar informacias ar Seicaven da, cxadia, aranair<br />

kavSirSi ar arian stumrobis ZiriTad TemasTan. amgvari ritualebis<br />

mkvlevari wers: `am wmidawylis etiketur situaciaSi<br />

SeiZleba davinaxoT gamoZaxili Tavis droze semantikurad<br />

niSnadi `gadasvlis~ ritualisa: gadalaxulia<br />

zRurbli ori samyarosi, romelTagan erTi garea, meore –<br />

Sida... stumars marTebs daicvas es wesi `ucxos~ gadmotanisa<br />

`TavisSi~. analogia TvalsaCinoa: aseve zRapris msme-<br />

79

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80<br />

nels marTebs daicvas zRapris mosmenis wesebi, anu miiRos<br />

is realoba, romelsac zRapari (anu misi mTxrobeli) sTavazobs<br />

mas.<br />

igive datvirTva unda hqondes zRapris daboloebasac,<br />

romelic aseve informaciulad ar aris dakavSirebuli ZiriTad<br />

SinaarsTan.<br />

gansxvavebiT winkarisgan, romelic mravalferovnebiT<br />

ar gamoirCeva, `gamosaTxovari~ formula sakmaod uxvia<br />

Tematurad. mTxrobeli aq met Tavisuflebas da fantazias<br />

avlens.<br />

es formulebia, maT Soris klasikuri:<br />

1. `Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, qato iqa, fqvili aqa" (varianti:<br />

`Wiri iqa, lxini aqa, nacari iqa, fqvili aqa").<br />

2. `zRapar iyo, zRapar iyo, Walas Citi momkvdariyo, did<br />

qvabSi ar eteoda, pataraSi ar kmariyo; asi kaci ver SesWamda,<br />

erTi kacis lukma iyo".<br />

3. `mTas uremi avagore, bars Cavida gorebiTa, aq sicocxliT<br />

momigoneT, saiqios cxonebiTa~ (varianti: `mTas<br />

uremi avagore, wamovida gorebiTa, aivseniT qonebiTa, WkuiTa<br />

da gonebiTa~).<br />

4. `elasa, melasa, Wiqa mekida yelasa, mTqmelsa da gamgonebelsac<br />

Zili gaamoT yvelasa~ (var.: `davalevine yvelasa~).<br />

da nakleb gavrcelebuli:<br />

5. `isini iyvnen WirSi, Cven viyaviT lxinSi~.<br />

6. `erTi litra cercvi mqonda, erTi litra cercvi rao.<br />

roca kacs ar uweria, ver daRupavs verca rao~.<br />

7. `Cemi araki gavaTave. wuxel iq viyav, dRes aq movedi.<br />

sami vaSli, sami broweuli. RmerTma nu mogiSaloT, Tqveni<br />

xeliT moweuli~.<br />

8. `vidre iq ar viyoT, manamde daumarcxebeli viyoT,<br />

dRegrZeli viyoT~.<br />

9. `cidan sami vaSli Camovarda. erTi mTqmelsa, erTi gamgonesa,<br />

erTi am zRapris gamomTqmelsa~.<br />

10. `tyeSi saxre gamovWeri, gamovida navada, Tu me sityva<br />

SegawyineT, nu iqnebiT mwyralada~.<br />

11. `iseTi qorwili hqondaT, Citis rZe ar akldaT. mec<br />

iq viyavi qorwilSi~.

---

12. `gadaixades didebuli qorwili. guSinwin iyo, ver<br />

mivel, dapatiJebuli ki viyavi~.<br />

winkarsa da `gamosaTxovar~ formulas Soris moqceulia<br />

sakuTriv zRapari. arc winkars da arc `gamosaTxovar~<br />

formulas zRapris SinaarsTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs.<br />

TiToeul maTgans SeiZleba hqonoda TavisTavadi Rirebuleba<br />

Tavis sakuTar JanrSi. zRaparSi gadmonacvlebiT maT<br />

Secvlili aqvT Janri.<br />

`gamosaTxovari~ formulis mizania gaSualebiT, ara<br />

naxtomiT daabrunos msmeneli zRapris samyarodan yofiT<br />

sinamdvileSi. imdenad aucilebelia zRaprisaTvis winkari<br />

da `gamosaTxovari~, rom es funqcia SeiZleba nebismierma<br />

teqstma Seasrulos, raki misTvis srulebiTac ar aris<br />

niSandoblivi raime kavSiri zRapris SinaarsTan. unda SeiniSnos,<br />

rom ramdenadac `gamosaTxovari~ ukve moTxrobili<br />

zRapris metateqsturi epilogia, gansxvavebiT winkarisgan,<br />

romelic jer kidev ucnob zRapars uZRvis win, SeiZleba<br />

gamoxatavdes mTxrobelis SeniSvnas, Tvalsazriss<br />

Tu damokidebulebas moTxrobili sinamdvilisadmi, saxeldobr,<br />

rom is tyuilia, Tumca mTxrobeli qorwilzec<br />

iyo mipatiJebuli, romelsac is daeswro (10) an ar daeswro<br />

(11). mTxrobeli gaxazavs zRapris sinamdvileSi moxvedris<br />

SeuZleblobas (7). mTxrobelis komentari SeiZleba Seexos<br />

zRapris paradoqsulobas, mis yofnas realur-irealuris<br />

zRvarze (amasve gamoxatavs winkaris `iyo da ara iyo ra~) da<br />

gadmosces is leqsiT, romelic gansakuTrebiT acxovelebs<br />

msmenelis warmosaxvas: `zRapar iyo, zRapar iyo, Walas<br />

Citi momkvdariyo, did qvabSi ar eteoda...~ da a.S.<br />

am or formulas, rogorc wignis ydebs Soris moqceuli<br />

Tavad zRapari sami nawilisgan Sedgeba. es aris misi kompoziciis<br />

uzogadesi sqema. principi aseTia: Txroba mTavrdeba<br />

im adgilas, saidanac daiwyo igi. es adgili zRaparSi,<br />

rogorc wesi, saxlia. zRapari saxliT iwyeba da saxliTve<br />

mTavrdeba. is, rac iwyeba da mTavrdeba, anu mTeli ambavi,<br />

gmiris `zRapruli~ Tavgadasavali, Seadgens zRapris Sinaarss.<br />

ra xdeboda gmiris saxlidan gamosvlamde da ra moxdeba<br />

saxlSi saboloo damkvidrebis Semdeg, ar Seadgens<br />

zRapris Sinaarss. miuxedavad amisa, ZiriTadi yofna gmirisa<br />

ara gareT, aramed saxlSi yofnaa, amitomac is gardau-<br />

81

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82<br />

valad brundeba Sin. es ara mxolod zRapris, aramed, sazogadod,<br />

eposis kompoziciuri kanonia (gavixsenoT odisevsis<br />

dauokebeli swrafva iTakisken, rasac verc qalRmer-<br />

TTa macdunebeli aRTqmebi abrkolebs).<br />

es sammonakveTiani kompozicia amgvarad SeiZleba gamoixatos:<br />

Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezisi. Tezisi mocemulobaa,<br />

antiTezisi misi uaryofaa, sinTezisi uaryofis daZleva<br />

da TezisSi dabruneba, roca realoba ufro maRal safexurze<br />

adis. es aris dialeqtikuri ganviTarebis hegeliseuli<br />

gza. zRaprisadmi miyenebuli, igi gulisxmobs Semdegs:<br />

Teziss anu Sin yofnas mosdevs misi uaryofa – anti-<br />

Tezisi anu gareT yofna, romelsac saboloo etapze cvlis<br />

sinTezisi – Sin yofna. sinTezisi imaze miuTiTebs, rom saboloo<br />

Sin yofna ara aris Tavdapirveli Sin yofnis ubralo<br />

ganmeoreba. sinamdvile aq ufro maRal safexurze adis:<br />

gmiri Sin gamdidrebuli brundeba, ara iseTi Raribi (rus-<br />

Tveluri mniSvnelobiT: `davyo martod da Raribad~), rogoric<br />

gzas daadga. misi dabrunebiT saxlSi Semodis raRac,<br />

rac iq adre ar ipoveboda. es siaxle SeiZleba iyos raime<br />

sagani, romelic gatacebulia saxlidan, an sacole, romelic<br />

unda moitacos an gamoixsnas zRapris gmirma. marTalia,<br />

gmiris mizani Sin dabrunebaa mopovebul saganTan er-<br />

Tad, riTac sruldeba mamis davaleba, magram zRapris mTavari<br />

Sinaarsi gareTyofniT anu antiTezisiT ivseba. sxvagvarad:<br />

mTxrobelisTvis da msmenelisTvis gmiris cxovrebis<br />

es Sualeduri monakveTia cnobili. swored es Sualedia<br />

mTavari, risTvisac moTxrobilia zRapari. Tumca yvelaferi,<br />

rac xdeba am monakveTSi anu zRapris samyaroSi,<br />

mowodebulia imisTvis, rom Sinyofna erTi safexuriT<br />

amaRldes, saboloo gansruleba povos. sabolood, Tavdapirveli<br />

Sin yofna Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba meore Sin<br />

yofnisgan, romelic zRapris sinTezur dasasruls warmoadgens.<br />

zRapris problemas Seadgens 1) misi struqtura, 2) personaJTa<br />

raoba (ara vinaoba), 3) mTavari gmiris svlebi, 4) misi<br />

asparezis dro da sivrce (anu droJamul-sivrculi ganzomilebani)<br />

da, sabolood, 5) misi ideologia anu sazrisi.<br />

zRapris Seswavlis pirvel etapze mkvlevarni misi istoriuli<br />

aspeqtiT interesdebodnen. wina planze iyo wa-

---

moweuli zRapris, rogorc Janris, warmoSobis problema<br />

(Sveduri skola, kroon da sxvani). Tanamedrove etapze yuradReba<br />

misi struqturis Seswavlazea gadatanili. problema<br />

mdgomareobs ara imaSi, Tu rogori iyo zRapris Tavdapirveli<br />

saxe, rodis da sad, romel xalxSi, romel kulturaSi<br />

warmoiSva misi arqetipi, ra cvlilebebi ganicada<br />

man drosa da sivrceSi. saeWvoa, odesme gaeces am kiTxvebs<br />

damakmayofilebeli pasuxi. gamomdinare <strong>folklori</strong>s, rogorc<br />

udamwerlobo kulturis, specifikidan, msgavsi istoriuli<br />

xasiaTis kiTxvebi amao da, amdenad, gadauWrelia.<br />

Cven ganvixiloT zRapris is saxe, rogoric man dRemde<br />

moitana da arsebobs dRemde sxvadasxva xalxebSi. ra aris<br />

am saxis zRapris sazrisi? ras acxadebs is, an ras faravs<br />

Tavisi jadosnurobis safarvels iqiT? sazrisis gamoCenamde<br />

gavecnoT mis struqturas. rusma <strong>folklori</strong>stma<br />

vl. propma gasuli saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gamoaqveyna<br />

Tavisi gamokvlevis Sedegebi saTauriT `zRapris morfologia~<br />

(1928), sadac 100 rusuli zRapris analizis safuZvelze<br />

Camoyalibebuli aqvs fuZemdebluri daskvnebi, romlebic,<br />

mkvlevris azriT, igive darCeboda, saanalizo<br />

zRaprebis ricxvi rom gazrdiliyo. Cveni mxriv, davZenT,<br />

rom viTareba ar Seicvleboda, rusuli zRaprebis nacvlad<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> zRaprebi rom yofiliyo gaanalizebuli. vl.<br />

propma amgvarad Camoayaliba ZiriTadi debulebebi, romlebic<br />

yvela jadosnuri zRaprisTvis saerToa:<br />

1) zRapris funqciaTa ricxvi gansazRvrulia;<br />

2) funqciaTa Tanamimdevroba yvela zRaparSi ucvlelia;<br />

3) yvela jadosnuri zRapari Tavisi wyobiT erTi tipisaa.<br />

vl. propis gamokvleviT, funqciaTa ricxvi gansazRvrulia,<br />

is Seadgens 31-s, rac SeiZleba sadavo iyos, Tumca<br />

Tavad Tezisi gansazRvrulobisa savsebiT misaRebia. ra<br />

aris funqcia zRaparSi?<br />

vl. propis mixedviT, funqcia zRapris siuJetis iseTi<br />

erTeulia, romelic Semdgom dayofas ar eqvemdebareba, is,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, atomia. funqcia, amave dros, ucvleli sididea.<br />

zRaparSi xSirad erTsa da imave funqcias sxvadasxva<br />

personaJi asrulebs (`mefe Wabuks aZlevs cxens~ – `jadoqari<br />

glexis biWs aZlevs beWeds~). aq cvladia moqmedi<br />

piris sazRapro vinaoba, ucvlelia moqmedeba, svla, rasac<br />

83

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84<br />

is asrulebs: gmiris dasaCuqrebis, rogorc funqciis, arsi<br />

ar icvleba imisda mixedviT, Tu vin aris misi subieqti (damsaCuqrebeli),<br />

an ra konkretuli gamoxatuleba aqvs saCuqars<br />

(mfrinavi xaliCa iqneba is, faskunjis frTa Tu beWedi).<br />

amrigad, zRapris personaJebi da sagnebi, ra sxvadasxvagvarnic<br />

ar unda iyvnen isini, unda dajgufdnen imisda<br />

mixedviT, Tu ra funqcias asruleben, ras akeTeben mTavari<br />

gmirisTvis, ra misia akisriaT mis mimarT. xolo kiTxvas,<br />

Tu ra konkretuli gamoxatuleba aqvs funqciis (Tundac<br />

misiis) aRmsrulebels da Tavad aRsrulebis aqts, meorexarisxovani<br />

adgili uWiravs zRapris siRrmiseul struqturaSi<br />

da misi analizisas mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. es<br />

zRapris nivTier mravalferovnebas da simdidres gamoxatavs<br />

da ara mis arss.<br />

meore sakiTxia, Tu ra TanamimdevrobiT sruldeba es<br />

funqciebi zRapris dro-JamSi. anu zogadad: romeli funqciiT<br />

iwyeba zRapari da romliT mTavrdeba igi.<br />

zRapari iwyeba mTavari gmiris saxlidan (Sinidan) gasvliT.<br />

es aris pirveli funqcia funqciaTa TanamimdevrobaSi.<br />

mas, cxadia, mxolod mTavari gmiri unda asrulebdes.<br />

zRapari mTavrdeba qorwiliT an gamefebiT. es aris ukanaskneli<br />

svla-qmedeba, romlis iqiT zRapris kompetencia<br />

aRar grZeldeba. mezRapris Tvali da codna mas ver swvdeba<br />

da, amdenad, msmenelisTvisac daxurulia. es aris zRapris<br />

saboloo, absoluturi dasasruli. am or funqciaqmedebas<br />

(gasvla-dabruneba) Soris moqceulia yvela sxva<br />

funqcia-qmedeba, romlebic aviTareben zRapris siuJets<br />

da avseben mis Sinaarss. funqciaTa erToblioba zRapris<br />

xerxemalia, sadac TiToeul `malas~ Tavisi kuTvnili da<br />

Seucvleli adgili uWiravs.<br />

vl. propma daadgina funqciaTa sasruli raodenoba,<br />

magram es imas rodi niSnavs, rom yvela zRaparSi funqcia-<br />

Ta maqsimaluri raodenobaa gamoyenebuli (realizebuli).<br />

albaT, iSviaTia zRapari, sadac 31-ve funqcia iyos warmodgenili<br />

an iseTi, romelic erTaderTi funqciis Semcveli<br />

iqneboda. erTsvliani zRapari ar arsebobs, radgan narativi<br />

oriode svlaze ver aigeba.<br />

zRapris mravalferovnebas da sirTules funqciaTa<br />

jaWvi qmnis. funqciebi ganawilebulia personaJTa Soris,

---

anu personaJebi funqciis matarebelni arian (ufunqcio<br />

personaJi zRaparSi ar moiZebneba). personaJebi unda gamovarCioT<br />

ara maTi vinaobis, aramed maTi Sesrulebuli an<br />

maTze dakisrebuli amocanis (funqciis) mixedviT.<br />

amrigad, zRapris personaJis vinaobas mxolod funqcia<br />

gansazRvravs anu misi ara warmomavloba, aramed raoba. iseve<br />

rogorc funqciebis, maTi Semsruleblebis raodenobac<br />

zRvardebulia. personaJTa raoba, vl. propis Tanaxmad<br />

[propi 1984:120-133], ar aris Svidze meti. es maqsimaluri<br />

ricxvia, romelic SeiZleba ar iyos da arc aris realizebuli<br />

yvela zRaparSi. magram es optimaluri ricxvia – merve<br />

personaJi ar ipoveba. zRaparSi yvela svla am Svid personaJs<br />

Soris aris ganawilebuli. eseni arian:<br />

1. mTavari gmiri – personaJi, romelzec dakisrebulia<br />

da romelic asrulebs mTavar amocanas zRaparSi, rasac SeiZleba<br />

zRapris misia vuwodoT. is gadis saxlidan da brundeba<br />

saxlSi, am gasvla-dabrunebas Soris asrulebs kidev<br />

sxva funqciebs, magram maszea dasawyisi da dasasruli, is<br />

aris misi ani da hae. yvela danarCeni personaJi Tav-Tavisi<br />

funqciiT mxolod da mxolod misTvis arsebobs, misTvis<br />

gamoCndeba zRapris asparezze. mTavari gmiri uqonlobas,<br />

raimes naklulobas gahyavs saxlidan.<br />

2. gamstumrebeli. misi moqmedebis wre SezRudulia.<br />

mas, rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, erTaderTxel uxdeba am<br />

funqciis Sesruleba. sxva dros, garda zRapris dasawyisisa,<br />

igi am funqcias ver Seasrulebas, radgan gmiri erTxel<br />

gadis saxlidan. gamstumrebeli ZiriTadad aris mama, radgan mamis<br />

garda, Tu is cocxalia, aravis SeuZlia bavSvis gaSveba.<br />

3. mavne (antagonisti). igi zRaparSi gamoCndeba erTaderTi<br />

funqciiT – vneba miayenos mTavar gmirs, daabrkolos<br />

igi, xeli SeuSalos misiis SesrulebaSi. igi Tavs iCens,<br />

rogorc ki gmiri daadgeba Tavis gzas, anu misi adgili saxlis<br />

zRurbls iqiT aris.<br />

4. Semwe. igi mavnis antipodia. igi gmiris nacvlad asrulebs<br />

Znel amocanas, romelzec damyarebulia misi saboloo<br />

warmateba.<br />

5. mCuqebeli amaragebs gmirs raime sagniT, romlis sa-<br />

SualebiTac gmiri gadalaxavs winaaRmdegobas, raTa Tavi<br />

daaRwios mavnis crugmiris mier dagebul maxes.<br />

85

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86<br />

6. crugmiri. misi mTavari funqciaa mTavari gmiris monapovris<br />

miTviseba, sabolood, misi pirovnebis uzurpacia.<br />

mTavari gmiris saxiT movlenili, is gamarTavs cruqorwils<br />

da, sabolood, dabrunebuli mTavari gmiris mier mxilebuli,<br />

mamis xeliT iqneba gankiTxuli da dasjili.<br />

7. mefis asuli an misi mama. maTi moqmedebis wrea: asuli<br />

an misi mama, mefe, Znel davalebas aZlevs mTavar gmirs; asulis<br />

funqciaa, iyos Zebnili da mopovebuli mTavari gmiris<br />

xeliT, da masze daqorwinebuli.<br />

es aris personaJTa maqsimaluri raodenoba. ar arsebobs<br />

zRapari, sadac Svidze meti funqcionaluri personaJi<br />

monawileobdes. magram ar aris savaldebulo, rom zRaparSi<br />

Svidive personaJi iyos warmodgenili, radgan mTavaria<br />

ara Tavad personaJi, aramed funqcia, romelsac is<br />

asrulebs. Semweobisa da Cuqebis funqcia SeiZleba erTma<br />

personaJma SeiTavsos – iyos mCuqebel-Semwe. aseT Sem-<br />

TxvevebSi zRapars akldeba personaJi, magram funqciaTa<br />

raodenoba igive rCeba (paraleli: Teatraluri warmodgena<br />

icnobs erT speqtaklSi ori rolis Semsrulebel erT<br />

msaxiobs).<br />

sabolood, vl. propi zRapris amgvar uzogades ganmartebas<br />

gvTavazobs: `morfologiurad jadosnuri zRapari<br />

SeiZleba ewodos yovelgvar ganviTarebas, romelic vnebiT<br />

an uqonlobiT iwyeba da, saSualedo funqciebis gavliT,<br />

mTavrdeba qorwinebiT anda sxva funqciiT, romelic<br />

kvanZis gaxsnisaTvis gamoiyeneba~.<br />

swored am saSualedo funqciebiT, maTi Tanamimdevruli<br />

msvlelobiT aris avsebuli zRapris Sinaarsi da es aris<br />

zRapris samyaro. gavecnoT, ra xasiaTisaa es samyaro, ra<br />

adgili uWiravs mas realobaSi. amis garkvevisTvis gasaRebad<br />

gamogvadgeba propiseuli morfologiuri analizis<br />

Sedegebi, magram es ar iqneba sakmarisi. erTia morfologia,<br />

meorea am morfologiis, am mwyobri struqturis ukan<br />

dafaruli sinamdvile. Cveni mizania im faruli sinamdvilis<br />

gacxadeba, romelic zRapris gulisguls unda Seadgendes.<br />

zRapris samyaros amocnobasTan erTad unda amovicnoT<br />

zRapris mTavari gmiris raoba, rac mis konkretul,<br />

zRapridan zRapramde cvalebad gamoxatulebaTa ukan imaleba.<br />

an ras niSnavs zRaparSi `Sin~ da `gareT~?

---

marTalia, mTavari gmiris mizani Sin dabrunebaa mopovebul<br />

saganTan erTad, riTac sruldeba, xSir SemTxveva-<br />

Si, mamis davaleba, magram zRapris mTavari Sinaarsi (ara mizani)<br />

gareT yofnaa anu Sin yofnis antiTezisi. yvelaferi,<br />

rac ki zRapris samyaroSi xdeba, mowodebulia imisaTvis,<br />

rom Sin yofna erTi safexuriT amaRldes, saboloo gansruleba<br />

povos. magram rac xdeba, yvelaferi gareT xdeba. da<br />

Tu araferi xdeba, droc ar miedineba. garesamyaro ki<br />

mTlianad drouli ganzomilebisaa, mTlianad dro-Jamis<br />

morCilebaSia. es is adgilia, sadac mimdinareobs gmiris,<br />

SesaZloa, biologiuri zrdisa da sulier-inteleqtualuri<br />

aRzrdis procesi, romelic mTavrdeba saxlis zRurblTan,<br />

anu gmiri savsebiT da absoluturad momwifebuli<br />

ubrundeba Tavis Sinas da Tavisi dabrunebiT gardaqmnis<br />

mas.<br />

mTavari gmiri – yaribi anu Raribi (rusTvelis `igi ucxo<br />

da Raribi~), upovari, gamoucdeli. ucxo samyaroSi, sadac<br />

mas mravali, yovel xis Ziras Casafrebuli xifaTi emuqreba,<br />

dabrkolebebiT aris avsebuli misi gza. misi gasvlisTanave,<br />

Sinas zRurbls miRma Tavs iCens mavne, antagonisti,<br />

romelic swored imisTvis gamoCndeba, rom daabrkolos,<br />

ukan daxios miznisaken winmimavali gmiri. magram sadac mavnea,<br />

iq aris Semwec da mCuqebelic, romelTa gareSe zRapris<br />

gmirs gardauvali daRupva elis.<br />

gareT xdeba unarebis manifestacia, Tandayolil TvisebaTa<br />

gamomzeureba, ZalTa aqtivizacia, rasac Sin ver moaxerxebda,<br />

amis saWiroebac ar gaCndeboda. gansacdeli, gamocda,<br />

cda elis mas saxlis zRurbls iqiT, gzaze, ara saxlSi...<br />

vin aris zRapris gmiri?<br />

is yaribia, mgzavria, Tavis qveyanas moSorebuli, da es<br />

iwvevs misdami TanagrZnobas. mas sWirdeba gzis maswavlebeli,<br />

Semwe da mCuqebeli da isinic ar daayovneben...<br />

is idumalis maZiebelia; is dgas gzajvaredinze da ir-<br />

Cevs im gzas, romelic ukan ardabrunebas iuwyeba. magram<br />

swored am gzas mihyavs igi miznamde, sxva gzebi fuWia, misi<br />

ori Zma rom daadgeba. es `sikvdilis gza~ `sicocxlis gza~<br />

aRmoCndeba. am gzaze aRmoaCens is im idumals, romlis sa-<br />

Zieblad gamovida saxlidan. is auqmebs warweras gzajvaredinze.<br />

87

---

88<br />

is ndobiTa da rwmeniT aris savse da es amarjvebinebs<br />

mas. is rwmeniTa da ndobiT iRebs jadosnur nivTs da ar gamocdis<br />

mas, vidre gasaWirSi ar Cavardeba. es aris rwmena<br />

codnamde.<br />

is arafers moelis gaweuli samsaxurisTvis, is xelgaSlilia<br />

da gascems ukanasknels, Zvirad mopovebulsac, romelic,<br />

SesaZloa, misi xetialis mizans Seadgens, gascems<br />

ara imis gamo, rom aswilad migebis molodini aqvs. sixarbe<br />

da angariSianoba Sors aris misgan da Tu vinme amarTlebs<br />

paradoqsul devizs `rasaca gascem, Senia~, zRapris gmiri<br />

amarTlebs.<br />

Tu vikiTxavT, riT imarjvebs zRapris gmiri, pasuxi ase-<br />

Ti iqneba: is imarjvebs im usazRvro sikeTiT, TvinierebiT,<br />

morCilebiT, udrtvinvelobiT, yvela am arapraqtikuli<br />

Tandayolili TvisebiT, romlebic saxlidan gamohyva mas.<br />

maTi ZaliT misken mimarTuli yoveli boroteba sasikeTod<br />

Semoubrundeba.<br />

da, sabolood, zRapris gmiri axorcielebs soflis<br />

Zlevas, acxadebs am Zlevis saidumlos.<br />

zRapris samyaros bunebis gasarkvevad unda gairkves<br />

zRapris droisa da sivrcis xasiaTi.<br />

zRapris mSrali, sqematuri dasawyisi: `erTxel erT qveyanaSi<br />

iyo erTi xelmwife~, gvimxels mis xasiaTs.<br />

ra qveyanaa es qveyana? arc saqarTvelo, arc ruseTi,<br />

arc romelime konkretuli qveyana. mas ara aqvs konkretuli<br />

eTnikuri saxe. yovlad warmoudgenelia zRapris ambavi<br />

xdebodex sadme konkretul adgilas da konkretul dro-<br />

Si, sadac odesme mainc SeiZleba zRapris msmeneli moxvedriliyo<br />

an momavalSi moxvdes. misken misasvleli gzebi<br />

moWrilia. zRapari am mxriv udroo da uadgilo adgilia<br />

(atopos, atopia). Tu zRapris dasawyisSi qveynis miTiTeba<br />

da dro-Jamis daTariReba gvxvdeba, igi zRapruli cnobierebis<br />

Sesustebis, zRapris Janris gadagvarebis mizeziT<br />

unda avxsnaT.<br />

am ganusazRvrelobiT zRapari gansxvavdeba miTosisgan,<br />

legendisgan an Tqmulebisgan, romelTa moqmedebis asparezi<br />

toponimizebulia, dro – gansazRvruli. is Cveni<br />

droa, Tundac uxsovari iyos. SeiZleba moinaxos miTosis<br />

(legendis, Tqmulebis) moqmedebis adgili, SeiZleba gax-

---

senebul iqnes moqmedebis dro. warsulSi momxdari ambavi<br />

kvals tovebs miwaze tbis an borcvis, nangrevis, xevisa,<br />

kldisa Tu gamoqvabulis, an, Tundac, gaqvavebuli Tu qvadqceuli<br />

gveleSapis saxiT, zRaprisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac<br />

xilul sinamdvileSi ara aqvs tvifari. Tqmulebis<br />

dros gavixsenebT, ramdenadac is warsulia, magram zRapris<br />

dros ver gavixsenebT, ramdenadac is msmenelis drois<br />

paraleluria da arasodes gadakveTs mas. zRaparSi gamavali<br />

dro da mTxrobel-msmenelis dro gansxvavebul<br />

ganzomilebaSi arseboben, isini acdenili arian erTmaneTs,<br />

ar ebmian, ar agrZeleben erTmaneTs. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,<br />

isini paralelurad miedinebian da ar kveTen erTmaneTs.<br />

zRapris dro ar aris warsuli dro realuri drois mimarT.<br />

is hermetuli, Caketili droa, mas aqvs dasawyisi, romelic<br />

udroobidan modis da dasasruli, romelic maradiulob-<br />

Si gadadis. `dResac bednierad cxovroben~, an `dResac<br />

qorwili grZeldeba~ – mianiSnebs am maradiulobaze. zRapris<br />

am gangrZobil qorwilSi rac xdeba, is aRwera-gadmocemas<br />

ar eqvemdebareba. wuTisoflis sityvebi, romelTac<br />

mTxrobeli am momentamde (qorwilamde) iyenebda, aq aRar<br />

gamodgeba.<br />

zRapris dasasruls, roca mTxrobeli Tavisi personiT<br />

alaparakdeba, TiTqos xdeba garRveva zRapris hermetul<br />

droSi, TiTqos paraleluri mdinarebebi ori droisa –<br />

zRaprisa da misi mTxrobel-msmenelisa erTvian erTmaneTs,<br />

roca mTxrobeli ambobs, mec iq viyavi, iqidan movdivaro.<br />

magram aravis sjera, rom zRapris mTxrobeli Tvissave<br />

monaTxrobSi, zRaparSi, gamonagonSi imyofeboda.<br />

mTxroblis bolo replika kidev ufro warmoaCens zRapris<br />

gansxvavebul droJamul-sivrcul samyaros.<br />

arsad sxva TxrobiT teqstSi ise mZafrad ar igrZnoba<br />

drois ganmavloba, rogorc zRaparSi. zRapris gmiri Tavisi<br />

Tavis realizacias droSi axdens, mas dro sWirdeba,<br />

rogorc aravis. rogorc ityvian, dro mis sasargeblod mu-<br />

Saobs, is endoba dros. zRaparSi droc personaJia, romelic<br />

badebs zrunvas da am zrunviT ivseba mTavari gmiri.<br />

`yofierebis drod qceva ganpirobebulia zrunviT~ (m. haidegeri).<br />

da, rogorc ki amoiwureba sazrunavi, droc amowurulia.<br />

es aris drois dasasruli, romelic zRaparma<br />

89

---

90<br />

gvamcno. amazea naTqvami: `dro aRar iqneba~ (gamocxadeba,<br />

10: 6).<br />

droisa da sivrcis erTianobas zRapris samyaroSi mxars<br />

ubams misi mTavari gmiri: rogorc dro da sivrcea ganusazRvreli<br />

da usaxelo, aseve mTavari gmiria usaxelo. zRaparma<br />

ar icis misi sakuTari saxeli. is an ufliswulia, an<br />

glexis biWi, magram mas saxeli ara aqvs. raki zRapris qveyana<br />

arc saqarTveloa, arc ruseTi da arc sxva romelime qveyana,<br />

zRapris gmiric ar ekuTvnis romelime eTnoss, mas ara<br />

aqvs erovneba. mas ar ekiTxebian, ra rjulis xar, romeli<br />

tomisa xar? (aq unda SeiniSnos erTi paradoqsi: miuxedavad<br />

eTnikuri ganusazRvrelobisa, zRapris gmiri, rogorc<br />

saerTod Tavad zRapari, sisxlxorceulad aris dakavSirebuli<br />

im xalxis yofasTan da mentalobasTan, sadac da vis<br />

enazec moiTxroba igi. rusul Tu sxva xalxis zRaprebSi<br />

mTavari gmiri, marTalia, atarebs saxels, magram es saxeli<br />

misi ara sakuTari, aramed zogadi, gvarobiTi saxelia. rusuli<br />

zRapris yvela gmiri principulad ivanuSkaa).<br />

mainc vin aris zRapris gmiri? zemoT SevecadeT, gagverkvia<br />

misi buneba, xasiaTi, zneobrivi saxe. axla vnaxoT,<br />

ras gamoxatavs igi principulad, ra saboloo funqcia akisria<br />

mas zRaparSi?<br />

Tu miviRebT vl. propis debulebas, rom yvela zRapari<br />

Tavisi wyobiT erTi tipisaa, isic unda miviRoT, rom yvela<br />

zRapris mTavari gmiri erTia. kacobriobac erTia da zRapris<br />

gmiri am kacobriobis warmomadgenelia, ufro sworad,<br />

Tavisi pirovnebiT gamoxatavs mas. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />

rom mTavari gmiri Tavis gzaze savsebiT axdens Tavisi<br />

unarebisa da Tvisebebis manifestacias, rom is aRwevs<br />

Tavisi cxovrebis mizans, risTvisac is saxlidan gavida,<br />

rom es gza savsea gansacdelebiT da, metaforulad rom<br />

vTqvaT, igi cxovrebis gzaa, radgan Tavad cxovrebac gzaa,<br />

da rom es gza erTaderTia misTvis da sxva arc arsebobs, –<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas arc sxva sicocxle aqvs, garda<br />

imisa, rac am zRaparSi ganvlo da ganicada. SindabrunebiT<br />

man daasrula Tavisi cxovrebis gza, ris bolosac mas eloda<br />

sinTezisi, romelmac is axal JamSi da axal miwaze gadaiyvana.<br />

es qorwilis dro-Jamia, romelic maradiulad<br />

grZeldeba. am qorwils mxolod saxelwodeba akavSirebs

---

amwuTisoflur yofiT qorwilTan, romlis Sedegad Taobebi<br />

ibadebian. yofiTi qorwilebiT, SeuRlebebiT, amwuTisofluri<br />

ojaxebis SeqmniT SeiZleba mTavrdebodes romanebi,<br />

romelTa klasikuri nimuSia `omi da mSvidoba~, magram<br />

ara zRapari. zRapris dasasruli ar gulisxmobs amgvar<br />

qorwils da, niSandoblivia, rom arc erT keTilmosurne<br />

mTxrobels, am wuTisoflis Svils, ar gasCenia survili daesrulebina<br />

zRapris qorwili da mis Sedegad dabadebul-<br />

Ta ambis Txroba samomavlod gadaedo. ara, is ambobs, rom<br />

qorwili dResac grZeldeba, swored ise, rogorc qristianuli<br />

esqatologiis merve dRe, uxvalio da dauRamebeli<br />

dRe (wm. basili didi).<br />

amitomac, roca vlaparakobT zRapris dasasrulze, es<br />

dasasruli mxolod siuJeturi drois dasasruli ar aris,<br />

es absoluturi dasasrulia, romlis saukeTeso simbolo<br />

qorwilia.<br />

Tu yovelive zemoTqmuls gaviazrebT, e.w. jadosnuri<br />

zRapari, romelsac namdvilad ekuTvnis saxelwodebad esqatologiuri<br />

eposi, amgvarad SeiZleba ganimartos:<br />

zRapari aris myari struqturis, gamonagonze dafuZnebuli<br />

xalxuri zepiri moTxroba, romelic agebulia erT<br />

mTavar RerZze – erTi mTavari gmiris dabrkolebebiT da<br />

gansacdelebiT savse Tavgadasavalze ganusazRvrel<br />

drosa da sivrceSi, rodesac da sadac xdeba misi unarebisa<br />

da Tvisebebis TandaTanobiTi manifestacia, TviT-<br />

Secnoba da gamocda, da orientirebulia absoluturi da<br />

saboloo bednieri dasasrulisken.<br />

dabolos, rac Seexeba jadosnur-fantastikur moments<br />

zRaparSi, amaze SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom Cven mier ganxiluli tipis zRaprebSi ver davasaxelebT<br />

verc erT zRapars, romelSic ar monawileobdes fantastika,<br />

es ukanaskneli mainc ar aris is arsebiTi, romelic<br />

SeiZleboda misi Janruli bunebisa Tu sazrisis Ziri-<br />

Tadi ganmsazRvreli yofiliyo.<br />

mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom zRapris fantastikuri<br />

foni mTavari gmiris cnobierebaSi samyaros pirvelxilvisgan<br />

gamowveuli gancvifrebis gamoxatulebaa. is gaocebis<br />

anabeWdia. es aris samyaro mis pirvelxilvaSi. zRapris<br />

91

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92<br />

jadosnur-fantastikuri garemo imis niSania, rom zRapris<br />

gmiri mudam inarCunebs bavSvobas, is bolomde, qorwilamde<br />

bavSvad rCeba. sxvanairad, qorwilSi, rogorc sasufevelSi,<br />

ver Seva. es aris bavSvobis sibrZne. am uSualo sibrZnis<br />

wyalobiT aris zRapari damajerebeli, sarwmuno. rogorc<br />

ki TxrobaSi saocrebani, fantastikuri Tavgadasavlebi<br />

moWarbdeba da TviTmiznad iqceva, zRapari, rogorc<br />

Janri, wyvets arsebobas, is umal cruzRapris saxes iRebs,<br />

romlisac aRaravis sjera.<br />

zRapris fantastika mainc realuri cxovrebis logikas<br />

aris daqvemdebarebuli. zRapris gmiri, rac unda fantastikis<br />

samyaroSi moZraobdes, unda gvaxsovdes, rom es<br />

samyaro mainc Cveni samyaroa da zRapris gmiric Cveniania,<br />

erT-erTi Cvengania.<br />

cxovelTa zRapari<br />

cxovelTa Sesaxeb am patara moTxrobebs SeiZleba eposi<br />

vuwodoT, Tumca isini, erTi SexedviT, igav-arakTa monaTesave<br />

Janria. igavi Tu araki, an Tundac, igav-araki, nar-<br />

Tauli Txrobaa: igi mogviTxrobs cxovelebze da maT ur-<br />

TierTobaze, msmenelma ki maTSi adamianebi da adamianTa<br />

urTierTobani unda igulisxmon. igavis mgeli, melia an<br />

daTvi ar aris mgeli, melia Tu daTvi, aramed ama da am xasiaTis,<br />

niris, unaris, Tvisebebis, qcevis adamiania. anu, sxvagvarad,<br />

es cxovelebi, romlebic gadadian igavidan igavSi,<br />

adamianebs ganasaxiereben. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es cxovelebi<br />

msaxiobebi arian da garkveuli tipis adamianTa rolebs<br />

asruleben. es cxovelebi, romlebic bunebiT utyvni<br />

arian, TiTqos scenidan amxelen kacTa modgmis mankier mxareebs,<br />

da es xdeba swored im ZaliT, rom Tavad maT bunebiT<br />

ar axasiaTebT gakicxuli mankierebani da amitomac moraluri<br />

pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufalni arian. es garemoeba<br />

amZafrebs da efeqturs xdis mxilebas.<br />

magram xalxuri eposi cxovelTa Sesaxeb anu cxovelTa<br />

eposi, ar aris mxilebiTi. es siuJetebi mxolod mogvianebiT<br />

iqna gamoyenebuli moralisa da Wkuis saswavleblad.<br />

maTSi Cadebul sibrZnes pragmatuli daniSnuleba mieca,

---

ac warmoSobidanve maT ar gaaCndaT. ra iyo maTi sazrisi,<br />

ras gamoxataven es lakoniuri maxvilgonieri siuJetebi<br />

moulodneli komikuri Tu tragikomikuli dasasruliT?<br />

risTvis Seiqmna isini? aris gavrcelebuli azri, TiTqos<br />

cxovelTa `zRaprebi~, rogorc maT arasworad uwodeben,<br />

Seiqmna im mizniT, rom daefiqsirebinaT sxvadasxva juris<br />

cxovelTa xasiaTebi, Tvisebebi da am saxiT Senaxuliyo<br />

codna maT Sesaxeb, raTa ase gadacemoda Taobidan Taobas.<br />

gonebamaxviluria am Janris amgvari warmoSoba: isini, am<br />

mxriv, TiTqos emsgavsebian andazebs, romlebic aseve Sem-<br />

Widroebulad inaxaven codnas yofierebis sxvadasxva sferodan,<br />

lakoniur frazaSi wnexen mravalgzisi gamocdilebis<br />

Sedegebs, raTa Taobidan Taobas gadaeces. Tu es ase iyo,<br />

cxovelTa eposs unda daerqvas cocxali bunebis (personaJebad<br />

mcenareebic SeiZleba Segvxvdes) pirvelyofili<br />

saxelmZRvanelo, erTgvari bunebis kari, romlis saSualebiTac<br />

axali Taoba winaswar, gamocdilebamde, eziareboda<br />

cxovelTa urTierTobebs, maTi xasiaTis saidumloebebs.<br />

magram ase iyo? es daniSnuleba hqonda maT? saeWvoa. amis<br />

sawinaaRmdegod laparakobs is arsebiTi garemoeba, rom<br />

cxovelTa eposis cxovelebi Zalze daSorebulni arian bunebaSi<br />

realurad arsebul cxovelebs. mgeli da daTvi sulac<br />

ar arian iseTi briyvebi, rogorc eposSi arian gamoyvanilni.<br />

mglisa Tu daTvis Sesaxeb amgvari `codniT~ aR-<br />

Wurvili monadirisa Tu vinme glexis nabijebi tyeSi marcxiani<br />

iqneba. am ukanasknel as wels ganviTarebuli naturalisturi<br />

mecniereba da praqtika ar adasturebs `zRaprul~<br />

da realur cxovelTa Sesatyvisobas. aSkaraa, rom<br />

`zRapruli~ cxovelebi gamonagonis sferos ekuTvnian,<br />

fantaziis nayofni arian. magram Tu rogor inarCuneben isini<br />

cxovelmyofelobas, avTenturobas, namdvilobas – swored<br />

es aris yoveli gamonagonis, rogorc mxatvruli Semoqmedebis,<br />

saidumlo da mis axsnas Cven aq ar SevudgebiT.<br />

arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad cxovelTa igavi<br />

miTologiuri warmoSobisaa, anu TiToeuli siuJeti inaxavda<br />

informacias raime sagnisa Tu movlenis (Tu mTlianad<br />

samyarosas ara) warmoSobis Sesaxeb. sxvagvarad: igavi<br />

TiTqos gardaqmnili, desakralizebuli miTosia. SeiZleba<br />

warmovidginoT sazogadoeba, sadac marTlac cxovel-<br />

93

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94<br />

Ta igavebi miTosis rols asruleben – cxovelebs Tavian-<br />

Ti qmedebebiT, Tundac cbierebiT da eSmakobiT, gaiZverobiT,<br />

muxTlobiT SemoaqvT realobaSi raRac siaxle, adamianebisTvis<br />

pouloben gadarCenis saxsars. isini – mela iqneba,<br />

yvavi Tu yorani – adamianTa sazogadoebis winaprebad<br />

iTvlebian, romelTac adamianebs gaumzades pirobebi<br />

adamianuri cxovrebisTvis, Tavad ki ganudgnen adamianebs<br />

da cxoveluri saxe da yofa arCies. amgvar igavebs Tu mkacrad<br />

miTologiuri ara, SeiZleba etiologiuri vuwodoT.<br />

aseTebia qarTul folklorSi gavrcelebuli, aw sabavSvo<br />

repertuaris kuTvnili siuJetebi, rogoric aris, `ratom<br />

aqvs ofofs savarcxliani qoCori~ da sxva misi analogiuri.<br />

miTologiuri warmoSobis momxreTa azriT, cxovelTa eposis<br />

bavSvTa auditoriaSi gadasvla-gadanacvleba misi degradaciis<br />

niSania, maT am wreSi gamrTobi funqcia aqvT Se-<br />

Zenili. magram ismis kiTxva – rodis moxda es gadanacvleba?<br />

Tu miTosuri igavebis sekularul igavebad gardaqmna<br />

sinamdviles Seesabameba, es gardaqmna unda viguloT ara<br />

romelime erovnul (vTqvaT, qarTul) foklorul sinamdvileSi,<br />

aramed ufro adre, vidre isini am <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />

fondSi SemoaRwevdnen, radgan eWvi ar aris, rom cxovel-<br />

Ta igavebis fonds (jadosnur zRaparTa analogiurad) saerTo<br />

warmoSoba aqvs. sxva sakiTxia, SesaZloa, gadauWrelic,<br />

Tu sad, romel xalxSi, romel sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibda<br />

misi tipebi dRevandeli saxiT, magram isini, erTmaneTis<br />

met-naklebad identurni, yovel xalxSi damoukideblad<br />

rom ar aRmocenebulan, aSkaraa. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs<br />

evraziis sivrceSi gavrcelebuli igavebi, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad<br />

igiveobrivni arian – warmoadgenen saerTo<br />

fonds, rac maTi klasifikaciis da katalogizaciis SesaZleblobas<br />

iZleva. arsebobs saerTo fondi, romlis sisavsidan<br />

TiToeuli tradicia qmnis Tavis marags, cxadia, qmnis<br />

sakuTarsac. ase, magaliTad, cxovelTa saerTaSoriso igavuri<br />

fondidan saqarTveloSi dadasturebulia 130-mde fabula,<br />

aqedan naxevari originaluria, romelic ar gvxvdeba<br />

msoflio folklorSi [qurdovaniZe 2001:183]. dasaSvebia<br />

qarTul igavebSi miTologiur-triqsteruli (oinbazuri)<br />

kvalis Zieba, magram es ukve calke, kerZod, istoriuli<br />

kvlevis problemaa. Cveni amocana araa igavTa genezisis

---

dadgena, Cven miznad visaxavT, gavarkvioT, Tu ras warmoadgens<br />

dRes igavTa es fondi Tavis mTlianobaSi im saxiT,<br />

ra saxiTac Cvenamde moaRwia. ra aris cxovelTa eposis sazrisi,<br />

ras eubneba msmenels, ra sibrZnes inaxavs igi Tavisi<br />

fabulis meSveobiT.<br />

SeniSvna. katalogis mixedviT, SegviZlia met-naklebad sruli<br />

warmodgena viqonioT cxovelTa eposis arsebuli sakuTriv <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

siuJetebis Sesaxeb [qurdovaniZe: 2000; ColoyaSvili: 2002].<br />

pirvel yovlisa, ganvmartoT, ras vgulisxmobT, roca<br />

cxovelTa igavebs eposs vuwodebT. miCveuli varT, rom<br />

eposi didi tiloa, farTo asparezia, rogorc sivrcul, ise<br />

droJamuli ganzomilebiT. eposis gmirs (gmirebs) mravalzRurbliani<br />

Tavgadasavali aqvT. eposi moicavs gmiris<br />

cxovrebis ara mxolod erT an ramdenime epizods, aramed<br />

xSirad mTel cxovrebas dabadebidan aRsasrulamde (apo-<br />

Teozamde). cxovelTa igavs ki, calke aRebuls, arc xangrZlivoba<br />

aqvs da arc sakmarisi sivrce. ra gvaZlevs imis<br />

safuZvels, rom cxovelTa novelistur igavebs eposi vuwodoT?<br />

Tumca cxovelTa erTi romelime igavi persona-<br />

Jis, vTqvaT, meliis, romelime oinbazobas gadmogvcems Tavisi<br />

dasawyisiT da dasasruliT, anu TviTkmaria, dasrulebulia,<br />

mainc es TviTkmari siuJeti erTi mTelis nawilad<br />

unda gaviazroT. nawilebs mTlianobaSi aqceven persona-<br />

Jebi, romlebic igavidan igavSi, siuJetidan siuJetSi gadadian.<br />

Tu erTgan kvdebian, meoreSi cocxldebian, inar-<br />

Cuneben ra igiveobas Tavis TavTan. melia yvelgan meliaa,<br />

is yvela igavSi meliobs, arsad kargavs meliobas, mgeli ar<br />

moiSlis mglobas, rac mis maradiul briyvobasa da sixarbeSi,<br />

aseve marad mSivrobaSi mdgomareobs. isini ar SeiZleba<br />

aseTebi ar iyvnen, arasodes Seicvlian nirs da qcevas,<br />

rom sxva saxiT gveCvenon. Cven TiToeul maTgans yvelgan<br />

gamovicnobT rogorc Zvel nacnobs, romelic mravalgzis<br />

Segvxvedria. niSandoblivia, rom mela Tu mgeli, Ti-<br />

Toeuli cxoveli individia da, amave dros, Tavisi gvaris<br />

warmomadgeneli. amitomac mis gverdiT sxva mela da sxva<br />

mgeli ar Cans. mela, mgeli da sxvani igavTa erTobliobis<br />

personaJTa sakuTari saxelebia. am mxriv, es samyaro dasazRvrulia,<br />

erTxel da samudamod determinirebuli.<br />

95

---

96<br />

TiTqos es ar aris Tavisuflebis samyaro, magram mis farglebSi,<br />

misgan gamousvlelad, misi binadarni axerxeben Tavisufalni<br />

iyvnen Tavis qmedebebSi.<br />

es aris erTiani epikuri samyaro, sadac cxovroben, mimodian,<br />

moqmedeben, erTmaneTs xvdebian es arsebebi. es ma-<br />

Ti samyaroa, maTTvis nacnobia iq cxovrebis wesebi da es<br />

aravis ukvirs. Cvenc viRebT am wesebs, rogorc aseTs, rogorc<br />

TavisTavad cxads. es sastiki, urTierTSeuTavseblobis,<br />

principulad antagonisturi samyaroa. ra Sors<br />

dgas igi im samyarosgan, sadac saxlidan gamosuli jadosnuri<br />

zRapris gmiri Sedis, sadac mas uxdeba mogzauroba,<br />

Tavisi raobis gamovlena (manifestacia). marTalia, iq aris<br />

antagonisti, mavne, aris crugmiri (yvelaze saSiSi antagonistTa<br />

Soris), magram iq arian Semwenic da mCuqebelnic,<br />

romelTa wyalobiT yoveli xifaTi daZleulia. amis sapirispirod,<br />

cxovelTa eposis samyaroSi ar arseboben Semweni,<br />

xifaTSi Cacvenili misi mkvidrni sakuTar Tavs arian<br />

mindobilni... es sicruis, gautanlobis, urTierTmoRorebis,<br />

muxanaTobis samyaroa. yvelani erTmaneTs atyueben an<br />

cdiloben motyuebas. es aris maTi cxovrebis wesi. magram<br />

moRorebac aris da moRorebac. amiT ar kmayofildeba udidesi,<br />

daucxromeli oinbazi mela. moRoreba Tavdeba sisastikiT.<br />

mgeli ara mxolod moRorebulia, aramed tyavic<br />

aqvs gamZvrali. udanaSaulo, Tundac xarb mgels, tyavs aZroben<br />

arafrisTvis, mxolod imisTvis, rom Tavidan moiSoron,<br />

gzidan Camoicilon? aris raime sazrisi am muxanaTobaSi,<br />

romelic aseTi sisastikiT gvirgvindeba? adamians mainc<br />

– amaze unda iyos gaTvlili igavi – ecineba, TiTqos<br />

bolomde arc ki sjera, rom aseTi sisastike namdvilad xdeba.<br />

es sisastike rom ara cxovelTa igavSi, aramed adamian-<br />

Ta Sesaxeb moTxrobaSi gamoCeniliyo – anu adamianisTvis<br />

gaeZroT tyavi angarebiT Tu, miT uaresi, uangarod – es<br />

autaneli iqneboda, komizmisTvis, romelic axlavs cxovelTa<br />

igavs, adgili namdvilad ar darCeboda. amitomac<br />

unda vifiqroT, rom cxovelTa eposis cxovelebi cxovelebi<br />

arian da maT ukan adamianebi ar igulisxmebian. sisastike<br />

ganelebulia cxovelTa upasuxismgeblo samyaroSi<br />

gadataniT. aravis gauCndeba survili, moraluri kuTxiT<br />

Seafasos meliis jer muxanaToba da mere sisastike, boro-

---

ti xumroba, rac adamianTa SemTxvevaSi bunebrivi iqneboda.<br />

es samyaro aseTia – ara amoraluri, aramed imoraluri,<br />

ris mimarTac moraluri kategoriebis miyeneba uadgilo<br />

iqneboda. Tu raime SemorCa miTologiuri (Tuki gauvlia<br />

mas aseTi periodi) cxovelTa eposs, es unda iyos swored<br />

misi sruli emansipacia, gaTavisufleba moralisgan. morali<br />

arc masSia da arc daskvnaSi, riTac Cveulebriv mTavrdeba<br />

ezopes igavebi. imoralizmi aris misi zneobrivi kredo.<br />

SesaZloa, visaubroT mxolod damTxvevaze miTologiur<br />

imoralizmTan da cxovelTa eposis aseve principuli<br />

imoralizmi mis damoukidebel niSan-Tvisebad da maxasiaTeblad<br />

miviCnioT, riTac is fundamenturad gansxvavdeba<br />

jadosnuri zRaprisgan. is saqcieli, romelic ar moekiTxeba<br />

melas, udanaSaulo mgeli rom Caagdo WaSi an gaatyava,<br />

uTuod moekiTxeboda jadosnuri zRapris gmiris<br />

antagonists, is pasuxs agebs Tavis qmedebaze. zRapris samyarosgan<br />

gansxvavebiT cxovelTa eposis samyaro upasuxismgeblo<br />

samyaroa. viciT, ras gvimxels jadosnuri zRapari<br />

Tavisi SinaarsiT da esqatologiuri finaliT. igi gvixatavs<br />

samyaros, sadac mavne-antagonistebTan erTad Tanaarseboben<br />

keTili nebis arsebani – yofierebis romel safexursac<br />

ar unda ekuTvnodnen isini. ras gvimxels cxovelTa<br />

eposi, TiToeuli misi epizodi? zRapris sapirispirod<br />

Tanaarsebobis, Tanacxovrebis (simbiozis) SeuZleblobas,<br />

arsebaTa urTierTSeuTavseblobas. totaluri<br />

sicrue, muxanaToba, Ralati, sisastike am SeuTavseblobis<br />

gamoxatulebaa. am samyaroSi megobrobis yoveli mcdeloba<br />

kraxiT mTavrdeba. komikur-ironiulia ukuRmarTi dasasrulis<br />

fonze cxovelTa igavis dasawyisi: erTxel mela<br />

da mgeli daZmobildnen. vgrZnobT, rom es Zmoba Txel safarvelad<br />

aqvs gadafarebuli maT urTierTobas. is ganwirulia<br />

CaSlad am avtonomiuri, Caketili samyaros wesisamebr.<br />

cxovelebi adamianebiviT iqcevian, miznebic TiTqos<br />

adamianuri aqvT, laparakoben adamianurad, magram mainc<br />

cxovelebad rCebian. maTi es ucnauri statusi – adamianuroba<br />

cxovelobis SenarCunebasTan erTad cxovelTa eposis<br />

Janris damaxasiaTebeli niSania. cxoveli adamianis eniT<br />

laparakobs, magram es ar aris aRqmuli, rogorc saswauli,<br />

es ar ganekuTvneba saswaulTa kategorias, rogorc, maga-<br />

97

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98<br />

liTad, winaswarmetyvel balaamis saxedris ametyveleba.<br />

balaamis saxedarma ena amoidga ukiduresi gaWirvebisas,<br />

moxda gardatexa, Tumca efemeruli mis bunebaSi da saxtad<br />

datova Tavisi patroni, magram cxovelTa eposis melamgels<br />

ena ar amoudgams – maT Tavidanve micemuli aqvT<br />

metyvelebis unari. SevniSnavT arsebiT gansxvavebas cxovelTa<br />

eposisa da jadosnuri zRapris cxovelebs Soris.<br />

isini ara mxolod sxvadasxva samyaros, aramed cxovelTa<br />

gansxvavebul gvarebs ekuTvnian. saerTo saxelwodebam<br />

SecdomaSi ar unda Segviyvanos. Tundac is garemoeba, rom<br />

jadosnur zRaparSi isini (mela iqneba Tu mgeli) ar arian<br />

TavisTavadni, aramed damxmareni, ris gamoc maT unda Seicvalon<br />

maTTvis Cveuli niri da qceva, cxovelTa eposis<br />

personaJi ar gamodgeba mTavari gmiris Semwed an mCuqeblad.<br />

isini mxolod sakuTari TaviT arian dakavebulni, sakuTari<br />

miznebi amoZravebT maT. sakmaod egocentrulni<br />

arian imisaTvis, rom uangarod gauwion samsaxuri xifaTSi<br />

Cavardnil adamians. oriode sityva kompoziciaze. cxovelTa<br />

igavi ar aris damorCilebuli iseT mkacr kanonebs,<br />

rogorc jadosnuri zRapari. igi ar eqvemdebareba vl. propiseul<br />

morfologiur (funqcionalur) analizs. Tu zRapris<br />

gmiris gamosvla asparezze ganpirobebulia gamstumreblis<br />

funqciiT, misi droebiTi warmateba-warumatebloba<br />

zRapris imanenturi kanonebis ZaliT damokidebulia mavneze,<br />

antagonistze, Semweze, mCuqebelze, sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />

viTarebaa cxovelTa eposSi. mTavari gmiri, Tuki<br />

igavSi arsebobs aseTi, mxolod da mxolod Tavis Tavs<br />

`eyudnis~, patronad, Semwed da mCuqeblad Tavisi Tavi<br />

hyavs. ar viciT, saidan Cndeba is asparezze. ram gamoiyvana<br />

mela Tavisi sorodan, CvenTvis ucnobia. ar hyavs mas gamstumrebeli.<br />

is da misi mowinaaRmdege ukve gareT arian,<br />

gzaze. ambavic gzaSi iwyeba SexvedriT. xvdebian, rogorc<br />

wesi, sxvadasxva (mxolod sxvadasxva!) gvaris cxovelebi.<br />

Sexvedras, rogorc saSualebas, mxolod ori mizani SeiZleba<br />

hqondes: daZmobileba da Sebma (Sejibri). daZmobileba<br />

gulisxmobs sakvebis erToblivad mopovebas, erTad Wamas,<br />

saerTo trapezs. mizani TiTqos materialuria, ukiduresad<br />

yofiTi, biologiuri, magram erTad Wama-sma Tanacxovrebis,<br />

simbiozis SesaZleblobis udidesi gamocdaa, ris

---

Semdegac unda daiwyos sxva, maRali rangis urTierTobebi.<br />

aq ar wavalT Sors imis saCveneblad, Tu raoden didi<br />

xvedriTi wona aqvs xalxebis yofa-cxovrebaSi saerTo sufras,<br />

sadac adamianebi erTianobas eziarebian. adamianebi er-<br />

Ti modgmaa, erT gvars warmoadgenen uricxv qmnilebaTa<br />

Soris, amitomac maT surT erTianoba, miiswrafian erTmaneTisken,<br />

cdiloben daZlion babilonis godolis Semdgomi<br />

ucxooba, moZebnon ucxoSi `sxvai Cemi~ (gr. robaqiZe).<br />

cxovelTa eposSic aris survili, TiTqos Sinagani, Tandayolili<br />

ltolva erTad cxovrebisa, rasac aq sruliad<br />

kanonzomierad saerTo trapezi gamoxatavs. magram es ar<br />

xerxdeba maTi erTmaneTTan SeuTavseblobis gamo. gavixsenoT<br />

melasa da weros epizodi, romelic mainc mSvidobianad<br />

mTavrdeba, Tumca erTmaneTis maspinZlobiT gawbilebulni<br />

erTmaneTs Sordebian, raTa kvlav aRar Sexvdnen er-<br />

TmaneTs. magram ase mSvidobianad ar Sordebian erTmaneTs<br />

daZmobilebuli mela da mgeli. `Zmobil~ mgels, romelsac<br />

Tavisi wili erbo SeuWama meliam, moRoreba ar akmara, tyavi<br />

gaaZro am sityvis pirdapiri, sastiki mniSvnelobiT. es<br />

sisastike, rasac mela umiznod, SeiZleba iTqvas, uangarod<br />

sCadis, xsenebuli SeuTavseblobis kategoriuli gamoxatulebaa.<br />

ras niSnavs es siRrmiseulad? niSnavs imas, rom<br />

cxovelTa samyaro erTiani ar aris – yvela Seqmnilia `Tavisi<br />

gvaris mixedviT~, am gvarTa Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs,<br />

gadebuli xidi umal tydeba, rogorc ki fundamenturi<br />

moTxovnileba – am SemTxvevaSi Wama – wamoiwevs win? cnobilia,<br />

rom kvebis sistema xalxTa Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani,<br />

SesaZloa, gadamwyveti ganmasxvavebeli niSania. Tu<br />

es asea adamianTa sazogadoebaSi, miT ufro es iTqmis cxovelebis<br />

mimarT, romelTa erTaderTi saqmianoba biologiur<br />

moTxovnilebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. sxvadasxva<br />

gvaris cxovelTa simbiozi kraxisTvis aris ganwiruli. ma-<br />

Ti yoveli erToblivi saqmianoba aseve sruli kraxiT mTavrdeba:<br />

mamali, mela, ZaRli ver aSeneben sofels. es cxovelTa<br />

eposis Tema advilad xdeba moralizebis saSualeba,<br />

rogorc, magaliTisTvis, krilovis arakSi (Однажды лебедь,<br />

рак да щука). sxvadasxva gvaris cxovelebi samyaros (ker-<br />

Zod, tyis) saerTo harmoniaSi monawileoben, magram erTmaneTisadmi<br />

SeuTavsebelni, Seurigebelni da mtrulni ari-<br />

99

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100<br />

an. amas aCvenebs cxovelTa eposi. ras unda iwvevdes es paradoqsebi<br />

CvenSi, adamianebSi? sicils Tu Cafiqrebas? melias<br />

improvizebuli oinebi, romlebic `Zmobilisadmia~ mimarTuli,<br />

TviTkmari Rirebulebis Semcvelia, ver vityviT,<br />

rom Cagvafiqrebs, Cagvaxedebs Cvens TavSi. ara, melia Tavisi<br />

TavaSvebuli, sruliad gaumarTlebeli, umizezo sisastikiT<br />

Cvens samxileblad ar aris movlenili cxovelTa<br />

eposSi. Tumca, vimeoreb, igi SeiZleba moralis wasakiTxad,<br />

Wkuis saswavleblad iqnes gamoyenebuli. Tumca es ukve<br />

sxva Janri iqneba.<br />

magram, Tu ufro Rrmad SevxedavT am SeuTavseblobas,<br />

davinaxavT, rom SeuTavsebloba zedapirulia, fenomenuria,<br />

siRrmeSi ki erTianoba Zevs – yvela qmnileba erT bunebas<br />

aris naziarebi da, Tu cxovelebi zedapirulad gansxvavdebian<br />

erTmaneTisgan, siRrmeSi isini erTni arian, rogorc<br />

erTi Semoqmedis qmnilebani. daZmobilebis, Tanacxovrebis<br />

survili cxovelTa eposSi amiT aris gamowveuli,<br />

igi Sinagani Zaxilia, bunebrivi tendenciaa. xalxuri sityviereba<br />

mainc aRiarebs cxovelTa samyaros solidarobas,<br />

romelic Zlevs zedapirul mtrobas. arafers vityviT jadosnur<br />

zRaparze, sadac es TvalsaCinoa. mTeli misi xerxemali<br />

solidarobazea agebuli – maTi qmedebis mizani mTavari<br />

gmiria. <strong>folklori</strong> icnobs teqstebs, sadac Zleulia<br />

gaucxoeba, aRdgenilia erTianoba, roca gamoCndeba saer-<br />

To mizani. erT-erTi aseTia `sabralo dedabrisasa~ [qxp VIII:<br />

713], sadac TiTqmis yvela gvaris Sinaur-gareuli cxoveli,<br />

romelic ki am leqsis Semqmneli sazogadoebisTvis aris<br />

cnobili, gaerTianebulia kacTagan (soflisgan, am sityvis<br />

orive mniSvnelobiT) gariyul-mitovebuli dedabris<br />

Sesawevad. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am cxovelebSi (aha, ma-<br />

Ti sruli sia: Tagvebi, lomebi, vefxvebi, taxebi, meliebi,<br />

weroebi, batebi, irmebi, daTvebi, mglebi, SaSvebi, gnolebi,<br />

kaWkaWebi, mtredebi, gvritebi, variebi, ixvebi, torolebi,<br />

xoxbebi, bulbulebi da, bolos, `sawyali beri qedani~)<br />

adamianebi igulisxmebian? aramc da aramc! mTeli paradoqsi,<br />

iumori, SesaZloa, komizmic swored imaSia, rom<br />

Semweni swored cxovelebi arian da ara adamianebi, romel-<br />

Tac humanisturi valdebuleba isedac unda hqonodaT am<br />

martoxela, umweo dedabris mimarT. Tumca isic unda iT-

---

qvas, rom am mozrdili leqsis, TiTqos eposis, sazrisSi mxileba<br />

ar Zevs, misi paTosi ar aris mamxilebeli. is, rac miuRwevelia<br />

cxovelTa eposSi, aq miRweulia. aq Txa da mgeli<br />

erTad araTu Zoven, erTad Sromoben sxvisTvis, erTi<br />

miznis qveS arian gaerTianebulni. yvela Tavisi SesaZleblobiT<br />

Seeweva dedabers. cxovelTa samyaro emsaxureba<br />

martod darCenils. dedaberi adamis rolSia, rogorc yoveli<br />

qmnilebis batoni. adamma am dedabris saxiT Tavisi Zveli<br />

dideba aRidgina, rogorc yoveli qmnilebis patronma.<br />

cxovelTa samyaro adamianis samsaxurSia Cayenebuli da<br />

poema, romelic mTlianad mamiTadis Temazea agebuli, lxiniT<br />

anu Tavisi bunebrivi dasasruliT mTavrdeba:<br />

`silamazisTvis xoxobi SuaSi Caisviano,<br />

bulbuli galobisaTvis sul Tavsa daisviano,<br />

sawyali beri qedani boloSi moigdiano.<br />

erTad smen, sWamen, lxinoben, harales dasZaxiano~.<br />

didebuli finalia, romelic principulad (arsobrivad)<br />

upirispirdeba cxovelTa eposis tragikomikur dasasruls<br />

da jadosnuri zRapris esqatologiuri dasasrulisken<br />

ixreba.<br />

literatura<br />

qurdovaniZe 2000: Óêàçàòåëü ñþæåòîâ ãðóçèíñêîé íàðîäíîé<br />

ñêàçêè. Ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêèé óêàçàòåëü ïî<br />

ñèñòåìå Ààðíå-Òîìïñîíà, ñîñòàâèë ïðîô.<br />

Êóðäîâàíèäçå Ò.Ä. , «Ìåðàíè», Òá., 2000.<br />

qurdovaniZe 2001: qurdovaniZe T., <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>,<br />

Tb., 2001.<br />

umikaSvili III: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba III, `literatura<br />

da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.<br />

qxp VIII: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VIII, Tb., 1979.<br />

ColoyaSvili 2002: ColoyaSvili r., cxovelTa eposis<br />

klasifikacia da siuJeturi saZiebeli<br />

(kumulaciuri zRaprebi da zRaprebi<br />

cxovelTa Sesaxeb. `<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>~<br />

1(XVII), Tb., 2002.<br />

101

---

102<br />

sayofiero zRapari anu xalxuri novela<br />

tradiciulad zRapars sam jgufad yofen: jadosnur<br />

zRaprebad, cxovelTa zRaprebad da sayofiero zRaprebad.<br />

sinamdvileSi, Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, isini gansxvavebul<br />

Janrebs ekuTvnian da maTi gaerTianeba erTi saxelwodebis<br />

qveS ar unda iyos gamarTlebuli. amis gamoa, rom<br />

CamoTvlisas mxolod jadosnur zRapars Tvlian `sakuTriv~<br />

anu namdvil zRaprad, danarCenebs sxvadasxva saxeliT<br />

moixsenieben.<br />

Cven vamjobineT, jadosnuri zRaprisTvis, misi specifikuri<br />

dasasrulis gamo, `esqatologiuri zRapari~ gvewodebina,<br />

xolo cxovelTa zRaprebisTvis – cxovelTa<br />

eposi. rac Seexeba mesame tipis `zRapars~, romelsac axla<br />

ganvixilavT, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, `sayofiero<br />

zRapars~ an `novelistur zRapars~ uwodeben, Tumca maT-<br />

Tvis umjobesi iqneboda `xalxur novela~ gvewodebina, ramdenadac<br />

igi novelisturi Txrobis yvela pirobas akmayofilebs.<br />

amrigad, `xalxuri novelis~ Tu `sayofiero zRapris~<br />

(saxelwodeba namdvilad yovelTvis pirobiTia, simboluria,<br />

arasodes gamoxatavs mTlianad mis arss) saxiT<br />

Cven winaSea xalxuri narativi, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba,<br />

erTi mxriv, `sakuTriv zRaprisgan~, meore mxriv,<br />

`cxovelTa eposisgan~.<br />

cxadia, sayofiero zRapari Tu xalxuri novelac gamonagonzea<br />

dafuZnebuli, magram es gamonagoni arsebiTad<br />

gansxvavdeba rogorc cxovelTa, ise esqatologiuri<br />

zRapris gamonagonisgan. igi savsebiT realisturi gamonagonia,<br />

ramdenadac Tavis siuJetebSi arafers Seicavs<br />

iseTs, rac realur cxovrebaSi ver moxdeboda. misi personaJebi<br />

realuri adamianebi arian, sazogadoebis yvela<br />

fenis da xasiaTis warmomadgenlebi: glexebi da batonebi,<br />

mojamagireebi da damqiravebelni, Rarib-Ratakebi da SeZlebulni,<br />

marTalni da crupentelebi, sovdagrebi da boganoebi,<br />

brZenebi da sulelebi, mwyemsebi da guTnisdedebi,<br />

mRvdlebi da diakvnebi, qurdebi da avazakebi, qosatyuilebi<br />

da sxvani da sxvani. yvelani, vinc ki am narativSi monawileobs,<br />

Tumca groteskulni, magram savsebiT pragmatulni<br />

arian, magram mTavari gmiri, cota ucnauri qcevisaa, co-

---

ta ar iyos, briyvis STabeWdilebas tovebs, erTi sityviT,<br />

ar iqceva standartulad, rogorc Cveulebrivi adamianebi<br />

unda iqceodnen. magram sabolood swored is imarjvebs.<br />

riTi? ara fizikuri Zal-RoniT, aramed moxerxebiT. maTzea<br />

zedgamoWrili andaza: `xerxi sjobia Ronesa, Tu kaci<br />

moigonebsa~. isinic esqatologiuri zRapris gmiriviT<br />

mudmivad gzas adganan, magram maT gzajvaredinze is warwera<br />

ar aris, ukanmouqcevlobiT rom afrTxilebs mgzavrs.<br />

Tumca isini gaTelili gziT mainc ar midian, ar iqcevian<br />

ise, rogorc yvela iqceva; maT saqcielSi, azrovnebaSi<br />

TiTqos Wkua ar monawileobs, magram swored maTi es uWkuoba<br />

aRmoCndeba erTaderTi gza miznis misaRwevad. sabolood,<br />

maTi absurduli gadawyvetileba imarjvebs. Tu mojamagirea,<br />

sami wlis gasamrjelod SemoTavazebul fulsa<br />

da sam sityvas Soris sityvebs (anu Segonebebs) irCevs da<br />

Sinaganad kmayofili gaudgeba gzas Sinisken. yvelafers<br />

danarCens, rasac im fuliTac ver SeiZenda, am sityvebis meoxebiT<br />

iZens.<br />

maT xibls qmnis maTive saqcielis da fiqrebis absurduloba,<br />

rasac, rusTvelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `Wkvianni<br />

ver mixvdebian~. mas gzaze ar Sexvdeba Semwe an mCuqebeli,<br />

romelic uangarod ixsnida mas gasaWiridan. piriqiT,<br />

yoveli Semxvedri mis gacurebas cdilobs, yvelam piri Seikra<br />

mis winaaRmdeg, rom misi sakuTari xari, romelic gasayidad<br />

mihyavs, Txad CauTvalon. sabolood, ara sxva vinme,<br />

aramed isev da isev sakuTari moxerxeba aRudgens martiv<br />

WeSmaritebas, rom misi pirutyvi xari iyo da ara Txa.<br />

WeSmaritebis kriteriumad komikuri xaris kudia gamoyenebuli,<br />

romelic Txad gayiduli xarisgan SerCa.<br />

advili SesamCnevia, rom novelis gmiri ara mxolod sxva<br />

Janris personaJia, aramed sruliad gansxvavebuli tipis<br />

da formaciis adamiania. ufro sworad, zRaprisTvis am<br />

axal, yofiT adamians, romelic Zireulad gansxvavdeba<br />

zRapris gmirisgan, samoqmedo asparezad swored iseTi foni<br />

esaWiroeba, am tipis narativebSi rom aris gaSlili. es<br />

foni mkveTrad socialuria, sadac personaJebi yovelTvis<br />

raRac gamorCenas elian, konkretuli, pragmatuli, advilad<br />

misaRwevi mizani aqvT dasaxuli, gansxvavebiT esqatologiuri<br />

zRapris masStaburi miznisa, romlis miRwevaSi (an<br />

103

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104<br />

CaSlaSi) mTeli zRapruli sinamdvile (anu, vityviT Cven,<br />

mTeli wuTisofeli) monawileobs.<br />

esqatologiuri zRaprisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis narativi<br />

Caketil drosa da sivrceSi xorcieldeba da, er-<br />

Tgvarad, simboluria, rogorc yvelaferi, rac masSi xdeba,<br />

novelebis dro da sivrce Cveni (anu mTxrobelisa da<br />

msmenelis) dro da sivrcea; Cven advilad warmovidgenT<br />

Tavs maSin da iq myofad, monawiled am samyaros situaciebisa,<br />

raoden ucnauri da uCveuloc ar unda iyvnen isini. am<br />

novelebSi arc erTi ararealuri sagani ar monawileobs,<br />

igi ar icnobs jadosur sagnebs (mfrinavi xaliCa, natvris-<br />

Tvali da sxvani), romelTa saSualebiTac zRapris gmiri aRwevs<br />

mizans, magram Txrobis efeqti miRweulia am savsebiT<br />

realur, advilad misawvdom da advilad mosapovebel saganTa<br />

uCveulo, xSirad absurduli gamoyenebiT. amis klasikuri<br />

magaliTia nacarqeqias xelSi is sagnebi, romelTa<br />

saSualebiTac imarjvebs igi. realisturi foni Tavisi sagnebiTurT<br />

am novelebSi hiperbolizebulia.<br />

realisturi, rogorc uwodeben literaturaSi [Rlonti<br />

1989: 16, 18, 23, 31], novelebis Tematika mravalferovania da<br />

Znelad Tu eqvemdebareba klasifikacias, Tematur dajgufebas.<br />

mainc am mravalferovani simravlidan SeiZleba gamovarCioT<br />

universaluri gavrcelebis mTeli cikli briyv<br />

adamianebze – dedakacebsa da mamakacebze.<br />

es fabliod wodebuli novelebi TiTqos amaTraxebs maT<br />

sibriyves [Rlonti: 299]. magram asea? mxileba da gamaTraxebaa<br />

maTi sazrisi?<br />

qvrivi dedakaci, romelic `saiqiodan mobrunebul kacis~<br />

xeliT Tavis gardacvlil meuRlesTan an mamasTan uamrav<br />

xorags agzavnis (cxra tomara xorbals, cxra tomara<br />

brinjs, cxra tomara fqvils, cxra fuT erbos, cxra fuT<br />

yvels da a.S. cxraobiT) gasakicxia sibriyvisTvis Tu saqebia<br />

im guluxvobisTvis, amasTanave, erTgulebisTvis, romelsac<br />

gardacvlilis mimarT iCens, an, Tundac, ndobis-<br />

Tvis ucnobi mamakacis mimarT? misi sruliad arapragmatuli,<br />

obieqturad Tu SevxedavT, saqcieli sibriyvea, magram<br />

amasTan erTad gana novela pragmatizms ar kicxavs? ra Tqma<br />

unda, es misabaZi saqcieli ar aris, magram fablios ar unda

---

davakisroT arc moralis swavlebis da arc magaliTis micemis<br />

amocana. misi daniSnuleba namdvilad esTeturia, rogorc<br />

cxovelTa eposSi vxedavT. melia arasodes iqneba<br />

imis magaliTi, Tu rogor ar unda moiqces adamiani. am Janris<br />

igavebSi swored amgvari melia da mgelia misaRebi da,<br />

erTgvarad, mosawoni, rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebis<br />

personaJi, rac unda uaryofiTi iyos igi.<br />

aseve iTqmis am briyv qalebze, romlebic tirian jerardabadebuli<br />

Svilis sikvdils, romelic maT warmosaxva-<br />

Si ukve Camovarda xidan, an taroze Semodebuli culi daeca<br />

Tavze da sxva da sxva. es SeiZleba mxolod sasacilo iyos<br />

da meti araferi, magram gana es cotaa, rom kidev sxva ra-<br />

Rac amocaniT davtvirToT?<br />

erTaderTi racionaluri azri, romelic amgvari fablioebidan<br />

gamomdinareobs, is aris, romelic am <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

andaziT gamoixateba – `mjobis mjobi ar daileva~, anu, Cveni<br />

parafraziT, `briyvis briyvi ar daileva~, rom adamianis<br />

sibriyves sazRvari ara aqvs da es WeSmariteba ara TavSi<br />

sacemad da vaiviSis saZaxeblad, aramed imis saCveneblad<br />

aris mowodebuli, rom `sadRac~, realobisa Tu azrovnebis<br />

romeliRac ganzomilebaSi es Cveni qveyana briyvTa qveyanaa.<br />

es azri aqvs SinaurTa (col-Svilis) sibriyviT aRSfo-<br />

Tebuli kacis ambavs, romelic sxva qveyanaSi gadaixveweba,<br />

sadac uares sibriyves gadaeyreba da Tavad aranakleb sibriyves<br />

iCens, magram mainc kulminacia colis sityvebSia<br />

moqceuli, romliTac dabrunebul qmars axarebs, yana<br />

movxani da marili davTeseo. daskvna is aris, rom dabrunebuls<br />

es sisulele ar gakvirvebia. gana SeiZleba am fablios<br />

amgvari Sefaseba: `briyvi dedakacis motivebs mTel<br />

msoflio folklorSi aqvs paralelebi. yvela maTgans er-<br />

Ti azri aqvs: xalxi sastikad dascinis briyv dedakacs,<br />

zizRiT ucqeris mis uRirs saqciels...~ [Rlonti 1989: 301].<br />

amgvari Sefasebebi `zizRi~ da `uRirsi saqcieli~ aq namdvilad<br />

uadgilo Sefasebebia. fablios namdvilad ara aqvs dasaxuli<br />

es amocana iseve, rogorc xalxuri novelebis fondSi<br />

arsebul sami tyuilis cikls [Rlonti 1989: 376-378].<br />

erTma axirebulma xelmwifem gamoacxada, vinc sam iseT<br />

tyuils metyvis, rom ar gamegos, qaliSvils mivaTxoveb, Tu<br />

105

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106<br />

ara da, Tavs movWrio. oTxmocdacxramets moWra Tavi, meased<br />

wardga erTi menaxire da sami tyuili moaxsena. pirveli<br />

aseTi iyo: `guSin naxiridan rom davbrundi, dedaCems<br />

sadili ar hqonda gakeTebuli, me ki puri mSioda. Cvens baR-<br />

Si erTi gogra meguleboda. avdeqi da mis mosatanad wavedi.<br />

mivel, vnaxe, sadac meguleboda, iq aRar iyo. gavyev gogris<br />

kavs. okeanis gaRma gasuliyo da iq ido gogra. gaviare<br />

am kavze, gavedi gaRma, movglije gogra, saWamadi gavakeTe<br />

da me da dedaCemma kargi vaxSami geaxeliT~. meore tyuili<br />

es iyo: `guSin saRamos naxiridan rom movedi, dedaCems sa-<br />

Wamadi Seenelebina da marili ver eSova... gaviqeci gubar-<br />

Si, saidanac marili moaqvT... arc CaquCi mqonda, arc araferi,<br />

rom klde damengria da marili wamomeRo. xan aqeT<br />

mivartyi Tavi, xan iqiT da erTi kai mozrdili lodi movagdebine.<br />

gavide mxarze da Sinisaken gamoviqeci. SevaneleT<br />

saWamadi da im Rames kai vaxSami geaxeliT~. mesame tyuili<br />

amgvari iyo: `menaxirem xelmwifis karze uzarmazari qvevri<br />

miagora da uTxra: mamaSens mamaCemisa es erTi didi qvevri<br />

oqro marTebia da unda gadamixadoo~. am ukanasknelma<br />

tyuilma gaWra: xelmwife iZulebuli gaxda, menaxirisTvis<br />

mefis asuli mieTxovebina [Rlonti 1989: 377]. es iseTi tyuili<br />

iyo, rom xelmwifes ar SeeZlo misi gabaTileba ise, rom<br />

absurdSi ar Cavardniliyo.<br />

am tipis novelebSi tyuilis mTqmeli, cxadia, ubralo<br />

crupentela ar aris, romelic angarebiani mizniT an vinmes<br />

gasacureblad Txzavs tyuilebs da simarTled asaRebs<br />

mas. es tyuilTSemoqmedeba TavisTavad Rirebuli xelovnebis<br />

nawarmoebia, romelic moiTxovs fantaziis da iumoris<br />

Sezavebas. amave dros, am tyuilebis statusi ucnauria:<br />

Tu, Cveulebriv, tyuilis sazrisi isaa, rom Tavi simar-<br />

Tled, sinamdvileSi momxdar ambad gaasaRos, am fablioebis<br />

tyuili Tavad acxadebs Tavs rogorc tyuils absoluturi<br />

saxiT, radgan aseTia SekveTa. aq tyuili qmnis Tavis<br />

sakuTar sinamdviles, sadac yvelaferi SesaZlebelia. tyuilis<br />

damajerebloba miT ufro izrdeba, rac ufro daujerebelia<br />

monaTxrobi. es aris uangaro, dauinteresebeli<br />

tyuili, romlis mizani ara mis gareT, aramed isev da isev<br />

mis sakuTar TavSia. is arafris sxvis, Tavis gareSe arsebulis,<br />

saSualeba ar aris. is TviTmizania. baron miunhauze-

---

nis tyuilebisgan gasxvavebiT, fablios tyuilebi msmenelis<br />

gansacvifreblad ar iTxzveba, isini TiTqos axal sinamdviles<br />

qmnian, romelic racionaluri kanonebiT ar<br />

imarTeba da arc adamianis logikas eqvemdebareba.<br />

magram aris xalxur novelebSi personaJi, romelsac<br />

tyuilis Tqma Tavis bunebad gauxdia. es qosatyuilaa. Zneli<br />

gasarkvevia, Tu ratom daukavSirda matyuaroba qosobas<br />

(uwverulvaSobas), ramac sagangebo terminic ki Seqmna<br />

– `qosatyuila~, magram aRmosavlur samyaroSi es motivi<br />

universaluria. kerZod, yirgizul da yazaxur folklor-<br />

Si arsebobs personaJi, romelic Tavisi funqciiT da saxelwodebiT<br />

(aldar-qose) <strong>qarTuli</strong> qosatyuilas identuria.<br />

aseve, vxvdebiT mas, rogorc Zvel nacnobs, Sua aziidan<br />

esoden daSorebuli da gansxvavebuli kulturis qveyanaSi,<br />

rogoric saberZneTia. magram, cxadia, berZeni qosatyuila<br />

ar momdinareobs klasikuri elinuri samyarodan,<br />

igi gviandeli warmonaqmnia da misi aRmosavluri warmoSoba<br />

eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. Tavad am arsebis aRsaniSnavi sityva<br />

– spanos arc arsebobda ZvelberZnul enaSi. Zneli asaxsnelia,<br />

ratom daukavSirda matyuarobas bunebrivi uwveroba.<br />

SesaZloa, qosatyuilas prototipi aseve aRmosavluri<br />

warmoSobis saWurisi iyos, romlis gaurkveveli sqesi<br />

Sinagani tyuilis asociacias iwvevda. adamiani, romelic<br />

arc kacia, arc qalia, ukve sicruesa da tyuils atarebs Tavisi<br />

bunebiT da ar SeiZleba sando iyos. berZnuli spanos<br />

iseTive kolorituli personaJia [megasi: VI], rogorc qar-<br />

Tuli xalxuri novelebis qosatyuila. magram berZnuli<br />

spanos ar aris iseTi undoobisa da matyuarobis gansaxiereba,<br />

rogorc <strong>qarTuli</strong> novelebis qosatyuila. erT novelaSi<br />

mama sikvdilis win Svilebs anderZad erTaderT rCevas<br />

utovebs: `yvelgan ivaWreT, yvelas endeT da qosas ki<br />

nu endobiTo~. qosas veragobas umcrosi Svili Zlevs da novelis<br />

sazrisic es aris swored, rom mxilebul iqnes qosas<br />

buneba da misi veragoba missave sawinaaRmdegod mieqces<br />

[xalxuri sibrZne II: 344]. Tumca sxva novelaSi kvlav aRdgeba<br />

igi, raTa moiqces ise, rogorc Tavisi buneba karnaxobs.<br />

qosatyuilas ar SeuZlia ar tyuodes, es aris misi bunebis<br />

gamovlineba, misi cxovrebis wesi, rogorc sulxan-saba or-<br />

107

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108<br />

belianis im morielisa, romelsac, misive gulaxdili aRiarebiT,<br />

ar SeuZlia ar igeslebodes.<br />

qosatyuilas tyuils ara aqvs TavisTavadi Rirebuleba;<br />

gvizidavs ara Tavad saxe tyuilisa, aramed adamianis tipi,<br />

romelsac ar SeuZlia adamianebTan urTierToba, Tu ara<br />

tyuilis meSveobiT.<br />

arsebobs qarTul novelistur zRaprebSi personaJi,<br />

romelsac iaraRad tyuili aqvs momarjvebuli da mowinaaRmdegis<br />

gacurebiT aRwevs warmatebas. da es warmateba<br />

aris ara droebiTi, rogorc qosatyuilasi an mis msgavsTa,<br />

aramed saboloo. es personaJi nacarqeqiaa. erTi SexedviT<br />

araraoba, romelic nacris qeqvaSi atarebs wuTisofels,<br />

misda uneburad zRapruli simdidris patroni xdeba. Tumca<br />

ar aris gamoricxuli, rom devebis saxlidan wamoRebuli<br />

dovlaTiT Sindabrunebuli nacarqeqia, romlisTvisac<br />

zRaparma sxva saxeli ar gaimeta, kvlav keriasTan dajdes<br />

da nacris qeqva ganagrZos. radgan es saxeli misi mudmivi<br />

saxelia. am saxelma gamokveTa misi pirovneba. magram ara,<br />

igi arasodes miubrundeba nacris qeqvas da kvlav arasodes<br />

dasWirdeba vinmes gacureba, rogorc im mamamTavars,<br />

romelic mis mier gacurebul Zmas gaeqca da sruliad sxva,<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi, saxelSecvlil adamianad dabrunda.<br />

roca qveynis sazRvrebSi Semovida iakobi, ase Tqva: `me xom<br />

erTi joxis amaram gadavlaxe es iordane, axla ki or banakad<br />

vdgavar~ (dab. 32:10). yrma iakobma Zmas esavs gamostyua<br />

pirmSoeba, romelic providenciiT mas ekuTvnoda da mere<br />

yvelaferi, rac, SesaZloa, ar ekuTvnoda mas, didi SromiT<br />

da patiosnebiT moipova.<br />

rogor SeuZlia gamoxatos nacarqeqiam is, rac mas gadaxda<br />

Tavs?<br />

dae, dascinodnen mas im sagnebis gamo, romelic man moiTxova<br />

saxlidan gasvlisas, roca gareT agdebdnen. ra aris<br />

Wyinti yveli, ra aris sadgisi, ra aris erTi guda nacari?<br />

nivTebi, romlebic mxolod saxlSi SeiZleba gamoadges<br />

kacs. magram Cven viciT, rom es kaci, romelsac aiZuleben<br />

datovos kera, ar gamoiyenebs am sagnebs maTi pirdapiri daniSnulebisamebr.<br />

is ar SeWams yvels, sadgisiT ar gaxvrets

---

tyavs, nacriT ar gaxexavs qvabs. is aRmoaCens maTSi imaze<br />

mets, rasac isini asruleben yoveldRiur yofaSi, an rac<br />

maTTvis daukisrebia adamianis Wkuas. dascinian mas? magram<br />

is Tavad dascinebs maT, vinc ver ixedeba saganTa ukan,<br />

saganTa siRrmeSi, saganTa zemoT, romelTa Wkua erTganzomilebiania,<br />

amitomac yoveldRiurobas mijaWvuli...<br />

is aerTebs Tavis TavSi ori tipis adamians, romelTagan<br />

erTi Wvrets – mWvretelia, meore moqmedebs – moqmedia...<br />

erTi Sin aris, meore – gareT. sofeli maT gareSe warmoudgenelia,<br />

isini erTmaneTs avseben. erTic aucilebelia<br />

da meorec. magram unda vicodeT, rom erTis wili –<br />

mWvretelisa, romelic zis, gamorCeulia. mWvreteli, idumalis<br />

msmenelis wili qristem gamoarCia, roca uTxra be-<br />

Tanieli lazares das: `marTa! marTa! Sen bevr rameze zrunav<br />

da wuxxar, saWiro ki mxolod erTia...~ (luka, 10:41-42).<br />

sazRurblo situaciaSi absoluturi improvizaciis ZaliT<br />

man am sam saganSi iseTi Tvisebebi ganWvrita, romelTa<br />

ganWvretas aTasi wlis manZilzec ver SeZlebda erTganzomilebiani<br />

Wkviani adamiani. `mas erTsa... Wkvianni ver mixvdebian~.<br />

imis gasagebad, Tu vin aris nacarqeqia, gavarkvioT,<br />

vin aris misi antagonisti. devi ganasaxierebs absolutur<br />

sibriyves, romelic uzomo fizikur Zalas emyareba.<br />

igi Zveli formaciis gmiria, romlis oreulebs mravlad<br />

vpovebT msoflio folklorSi Tu miTologiaSi. es aris<br />

polifemi, es aris goliaTi, eseni arian winare mosaxleobis<br />

reliqtebi, romelTa fizikuri Zala anaqronizmia axal<br />

viTarebaSi. maTi mowinaaRmdegeni arian odisevsi, romelic<br />

ara mxolod polifemisgan, aramed Tavis TvistomTa<br />

Sorisac unikaluria Tavisi TvisebebiT: Tu maradWabuki<br />

aqilevsis mudmivi anu arsobrivi epiTeti aris `fexmardi~,<br />

menelaosisa – `omSi myivari~, odisevsis epiTetebi egzistencialur<br />

gamocdilebebzea agebuli (`mravalnacadi~,<br />

`mravaltanjuli~...) da Tavadac arasodes gaurbis, piriqiT,<br />

mieltvis axal-axal gamocdilebebs da gansacdelebs. devebs,<br />

polifemis saxiT, igi amarcxebs ara fizikuri ZaliT,<br />

aramed mentaluri improvizaciiT, iaraRiT, romelic man,<br />

rogorc homo faberma, daamzada. daviTi amarcxebs goliaTs<br />

ara saul mefis SemoTavazebuli aRWurvilobiT, ara-<br />

109

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110<br />

med SurduliT, romelic goliaTis TvalSi ZaRlis maTraxs<br />

ufro hgavda, vidre sabrZolo iaraRs. nacarqeqias gamarjveba<br />

devebze, odisevsisa polifemze da daviTisa goliaTze<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia moulodnelobis<br />

efeqtiT – maT metoqeebs situaciis gaazrebis droc<br />

ar rCebaT, Tuki saerTod aqvT azrovnebis unari. momavali<br />

am Cia tanis adamianebisaa, romlebic saganTa arsSi ixedebian<br />

da iq moulodnel SesaZleblobebs aRmoaCenen. mis-<br />

Tvis, vinc nacarqeqia saxlidan gamoagdo, is sami sagani –<br />

yveli, nacari da sadgisi – rCeba yvelad, nacrad da sadgisad,<br />

nacarqeqia ki amieridan maTSi imaze mets xedavs, rasac<br />

isini yofiT doneze warmoadgenen. es aris nacris qeqvis<br />

Sedegi, es aris nacarqeqias unikaloba qarTul da, garkveulwilad,<br />

msoflio folklorSi.<br />

literatura<br />

Rlonti: Rlonti al. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri novelis sakiTxebi,<br />

Tsu, Tb., 1989.<br />

megasi: Megas Georgios A. Folktales of Greece, The University of<br />

Chicago Press, Chicago and London [1977].<br />

xalxuri sibrZne II: xalxuri sibrZne II, xalxuri zRaprebi,<br />

nakaduli, Tb., 1964.

---

zRapris universaloba<br />

msoflio zRaprebs Soris saerTo ara mxolod motivebis,<br />

aramed siuJetebis doneze sakmaod TvalsaCinoa. sakmarisia<br />

gadavikiTxoT <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRaprebis paralelurad<br />

rusuli, berZnuli Tu ruminuli zRaprebi, rom davrwmundeT<br />

amaSi. magram erovnuli wiaRi universalur siuJets Tu<br />

motivs Taviseburad amuSavebs. es qmnis TiToeuli zRapris<br />

mravalferovnebas, realizaciis amouwurav SesaZleblobebs.<br />

miuxedavad am universalobisa, romelsac zRapris siuJetebi<br />

atarebs, mainc roca saqme exeba calkeuli xalxis<br />

sityvier Semoqmedebas, pirvel rigSi, zRaprebs mivadgebiT,<br />

radgan swored zRapari Segvacnobinebs da gvagrZnobinebs<br />

ama Tu im xalxis suls da xasiaTs. siuJetis Tu motivis<br />

gardaqmnaSi monawileobs xalxis yofa, misi qveynis landSafti,<br />

istoriuli gamocdileba, zne-Cveulebebi, religiuri<br />

rwmena-warmodgenebi, ideologia – es yvelaferi<br />

daRs asvams universalurs da erovnul sakuTrebad aqcevs<br />

mas. magram universaluri im donemde ar gardaiqmneba, rom<br />

Zneli gamosacnobi gaxdes. universaluri siuJeti mainc<br />

inarCunebs yovel nacionalur wiaRSi Tavis individualobas.<br />

razom gansxvavebuli ar iyos <strong>qarTuli</strong> da rusuli xalxuri<br />

kulturebi, TvalSi sacemia am or xalxSi gavrcelebuli<br />

zRaprebis siaxlove.<br />

1910 wels finelma <strong>folklori</strong>stma anti amatus aarnem<br />

(1867-1925) Seadgina msoflio zRaprebis siuJetTa saZieblebi,<br />

romelic Semdgom ganavrco amerikelma stiT tompsonma<br />

(1964) da ukanasknel xans germanelma hans iorg<br />

uTerma (2004). dResdReobiT es saZiebeli sxvadasxva tipis<br />

zRaprebis 2400-mde siuJets moicavs. arsebobs <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

zRapris siuJetTa saZiebelic [qurdovaniZe: 2000]. igi<br />

warmogvidgens <strong>qarTuli</strong> zRapris mTels marags, romelic<br />

moicavs rogorc universalurs an qarTulad saxecvlils,<br />

ise originalur qarTuls, romelTac ara aqvT paraleli<br />

msoflio sazRapro fondSi.<br />

magram amasTanave unda iTqvas, rom siuJetTa universaloba<br />

pirobiTia. `saZiebelSi~ moqceuli zRaprebi mainc<br />

Semofarglulia erTi regioniT – es aris evraziis regio-<br />

111

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112<br />

ni. rac ufro vSordebiT evraziuli qveynebis sazRvrebs,<br />

rom araferi vTqvaT orive amerikis da wynari okeanis xalxebze,<br />

maT miRma gavrcelebuli siuJetebi adgils ver pouloben<br />

tradiciul saZieblebSi. amasTanave `saZiebeli~<br />

ver moicavs realurad arsebuli zRaprebis mTels mravalferovnebas,<br />

im xalxTa zRaprebis siuJetebsac ki, romel-<br />

Ta klasifikaciis Sedegad gamomuSavda es sistema. maSasadame,<br />

saWiroa maTi klasifikacia axali midgomebiT da axal<br />

sawyisebze, raTa universalobis fundamenturi xasiaTi ara<br />

garegnul-zedapiruli msgavsebis, aramed siRmiseuli analogiebis<br />

safuZvelze gamovlindes.<br />

amitomac simptomaturia, rom Cinuri da Turquli zRaprebis<br />

saZiebelTa Sedgenisas uari iTqva aarnes sistemaze,<br />

romelmac ver SeZlo maTi met-naklebi sisruliT asaxva<br />

[Jirmunski: 342]. axal sistemaSi adgili unda povos vietnamis,<br />

indoneziis, okeaniis, koreis, iaponiis, Savi afrikis<br />

sazRapro siuJetebma, romlebic dRemde `ucxo sxeulad~<br />

Canan.<br />

zRapris genezisis problema Zalze rTulia, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, am etapze gadauWreli. e. w. <strong>folklori</strong>stTa Crdilourma<br />

skolam (skandinavia, fineTi) aTwleulebi Sealia<br />

am sagans, magram amaod. zRapris samSoblo kvlav dafarulia.<br />

magram arsebobda ki erTi adgili, sadac Caisaxa pirveli<br />

zRapari? zRapari Caisaxa Tu zRapris embrioni, romelic<br />

Semdeg Camoyalibda zRaprad? sad, romel qveyana-<br />

Si, romel xalxSi? an ra mizniT? ra yofiTi funqcia hqonda<br />

mas Tavdapirvelad da a. S. amocanas is arTulebs, rom zRapari,<br />

rogorc zepirsityvieri teqsti, ascda damwerlobas:<br />

iSviaTad Tu gamxdara zRapari werilobiTi kulturis kuTvnileba.<br />

Taobidan Taobas zepirad gadacemuli icvlida saxes<br />

da ikargeboda kidec. is saxe zRaprebisa, romelTac moicavs<br />

`saZiebeli~, SedarebiT gvian aris Camoyalibebuli.<br />

TiTebze CamosaTvlelia zRaprebi, romlebic damwerlobis<br />

interesis sferoSi moxvdnen. magaliTisTvis davasaxelebT<br />

asurul-babilonur (aqadur) zRapars Cven mier saxeldebuli<br />

`cxovelTa eposis~ repertuaridan – `gveli da<br />

arwivi daZmobildnen...~ [Suamd: 138] da Zvelegviptur<br />

vrcel moTxrobas ori Zmis Sesaxeb [vikentievi], romelic<br />

jadosnuri zRapris motivebs da struqturas avlens. mag-

---

am gagviWirdeba imis Tqma, rom samSoblo cxovelTa eposisa<br />

SuamdinareTia, jadosnuris zRaprisa ki – Zveli egvipte.<br />

XIX s-is samociani wlebidan germaneli mecnieris Teodor<br />

benfeis (1809-1881) gamokvlevebis gavleniT [kokiara:<br />

320-322], karga xans miRebuli iyo azri, rom zRaprebi da,<br />

sazogadod, xalxuri narativebi (igavebi da sxva) indoeTidan<br />

gavrcelda mTels dedamiwis zurgze. maTi wyaro ki iyo<br />

induri cxovelTa igav-arakebis kompoziciuri krebuli<br />

`panCatantra~, romelic Cv. w. III-IV saukuneebSi Seiqmna sanskritze.<br />

sxvadasxva saukuneebSi es induri literaturuli<br />

nawarmoebi sxvadasxva enebze iTargmneboda da paralelurad<br />

xalxSi vrceldeboda, iZenda ra xalxur variantebs.<br />

mere kvlav literaturul saxes iRebda, raTa kvlav <strong>folklori</strong>zacia<br />

ganecada. da ase moedo mTels axlo aRmosavleTsa<br />

da evropas. es enebia falauri (saSualo sparsuli),<br />

siriuli, arabuli, sparsuli, berZnuli, ebrauli, slavuri,<br />

Turquli, espanuri, laTinuri, franguli, italiuri,<br />

germanuli, inglisuri... aRnusxulia eqvsasamde Targmani<br />

60 enaze. TiToeulma am enam moaxdina induridan wamosuli<br />

cxovelTa igav-arakebis adaptacia. qarTul literatura-<br />

Si `panCatantra~ `qilila da damanas~ saxiT movida (XVII-XVIII<br />

ss.), romelmac, Tavis mxriv, igavTa folkloruli variantebi<br />

warmoSva. am Teorias `moxetiale siuJetebis~, orientaluri<br />

(aRmosavluri) an `sesxebis~ Teoria ewoda.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom `sesxebis~ Teoriam bevri igavarakuli<br />

siuJetis warmoSobas (pirvelwyaros) mohfina Suqi,<br />

mainc <strong>folklori</strong>stika veRar dakmayofilda `moxetiale<br />

siuJetTa~ Teoriis calmxrivi gagebiT, kerZod, maTi<br />

eqskluziurad induri warmoSobiT. zRapari ar daiyvaneba<br />

igavebze da sazRapro siuJetebi igavTa siuJetebze. dro-<br />

Ta viTarebaSi aqtualoba dakarga zRapris, rogorc Janris,<br />

samSoblos Ziebam da mTavari yuradReba mieqca mis<br />

struqturas (amaze ukve gvqonda zemoT saubari).<br />

magram ramdenadac siuJetebis sesxeba, romlis meore<br />

mxare maT `xetials~ gulisxmobs, gamowveulia xalxTa Soris<br />

kulturul-istoriuli kavSirebiT, gamaxvilda yuradReba<br />

im gzebze, romlebiTac es siuJetebi xalxidan<br />

xalxSi xetialoben. maTTvis enobrivi barieri ar arsebobs.<br />

113

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114<br />

es gzebia – mcire aziidan xmelTaSua zRvis CrdiloeT sanapiros<br />

gavliT espaneTisken; saberZneTis arqipelagis<br />

gavliT siciliasa da italiaSi; mcire aziidanve bizantiisa<br />

da balkaneTis gavliT evropaSi; Turquli modgmis xalxebis<br />

gza Soreuli aRmosavleTidan cimbiris gavliT da Sua<br />

aziidan ruseTis samxreT stepebis gavliT evropis misadgomebamde<br />

(ungrelebi, bulgarelebi). mniSvnelovania im<br />

epoqebis moniSvna, roca xdeboda xalxTa didi gadasaxlebebi<br />

da laSqrobebi: kimerielebis gavla kavkasionis wiaR<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT urartumde; aleqsandre<br />

makedonelis laSqroba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken;<br />

arabi tomebis moZraoba aRmosavleTidan ukidures dasavleTamde;<br />

monRolTa urdoebis moZraoba Sida monRole-<br />

Tidan dasavleTisken; jvarosnuli laSqrobebi dasavle-<br />

Tidan aRmosavleTisken. berZnul werilobiT tradiciaSi<br />

miTologiurma gadmocemebma Taviseburad gamoxates kulturuli<br />

gacvla-gamocvlis ganuwyveteli procesi: ios<br />

finikielebi itaceben argosidan; evropes finikiidan itaceben<br />

elinebi; oqros sawmisi eladidan kolxeTSi midis: oqros<br />

sawmiss ibruneben da medeas itaceben elinebi; troeli<br />

parisi eladidan itacebs mSvenier elenes; elini tomebi<br />

ilaSqreben elenes dasabruneblad mcire aziaSi; troelTa<br />

erTi nawili eneasis winamZRolobiT daiZreba evropisken...<br />

bolos, elini tomebi gadian arqipelagidan mcire<br />

aziisa da Savi zRvis sanapiroebisken (kolonizaciis procesi).<br />

Zvel samyaroSi kulturebi arasodes yofila Caketili<br />

da izolirebuli erTmaneTis mimarT. siuJetebis `xetiali~,<br />

maTi `xiznoba~ da damkvidreba xalxidan xalxSi,<br />

kulturul RirebulebaTa sesxeba gacilebiT intensiuri<br />

iyo Zvel xalxebSi. urTierTobis yvela forma – saomari<br />

laSqrobebidan dawyebuli aReb-micemobiT (saganTa gacvla-gamocvliT)<br />

damTavrebuli – CarTuli iyo kultura-<br />

Ta urTierTgamdidrebis am istoriul procesSi. ra Tqma<br />

unda, kulturuli aReb-micemoba zRapruli siuJetebiT ar<br />

amoiwureboda. laparakia yvela xalxis zepirsityvier memkvidreobaze,<br />

romelic yovelTvis inarCunebda Riaobas<br />

ucxos mimarT. amas Cven SegviZlia vuwodoT SeZenili universaloba<br />

mas Semdeg, rac erTiani kacobrioba daiSala babilonis<br />

daumTavrebeli godlis kedlebTan. aq ukve Sev-

---

divarT kacobriobis arsebobis im periodSi, saidanac istoria<br />

mxolod da mxolod miTosis eniT gvelaparakeba.<br />

Cvens SemTxvevaSi babilonis godlis miTosis sazrisi is<br />

aris, rom erTiani kacobriobis TiToeulma nawilma gancalkevebis<br />

Semdeg met-naklebi sicxadiT SeZlo SeenarCunebina<br />

is saerTo, romelic maT erTianobaSi hqondaT. iyo<br />

da aris gaucxoeba, magram iyo da aris urTierTgagebac da<br />

urTierTSeRwevac swored im saerTo enis safuZvelze, romelsac<br />

TiToeuli maTgani iyo ziarebuli.<br />

literatura<br />

vikentievi: Âèêåíòüåâ Â. Ì. Äðåâíå-åãèïåòñêàÿ ïîâåñòü î äâóõ<br />

áðàòüÿõ, Ì., 1917.<br />

kokiara: Êîêêüÿðà Äæ., Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Åâðîïå, Ì.,<br />

1960.<br />

Jirmunski: Æèðìóíñêèé Â. Ì., Ê âîïðîñó î ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ<br />

ñêàçî÷íûõ ñþæåòàõ (wignSi: Æèðìóíñêèé<br />

Â.Ì., Ñðàâíèòåëüíîå ëèòåðàòóðîâåäåíèå,<br />

Âîñòîê è Çàïàä, Ë., «Íàóêà», 1979).<br />

Suamd: Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, Tb., `merani~, 1987.<br />

115

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116<br />

tragikuli eposi – `amiraniani~<br />

amiranis ambavs mTels saqarTveloSi icnoben, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, `nikofsiidan darubandamde~. igi dadasturebulia<br />

saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela istoriul mxareSi (qar-<br />

Tli, kaxeTi, fSav-xevsureTi, mesxeTi, javaxeTi, imereTi,<br />

raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi...). `amiraniani~ Zveli Tqmulebaa,<br />

Cans, mas mouswria sruliad saqarTvelos Semovla. Canawerebi<br />

ki sakmaod gviandelia, ara uadres XIX s-is 60-iani wlebisa.<br />

igi Zvelia, magram arc ise Zveli, rom aTaswleulebs<br />

iTvlides. aTaswleulebis Semonaxva mxolod damwerlobas<br />

Tu SeuZlia, maT adamianis mexsiereba, Tundac `koleqtiuri~,<br />

ver gauZlebs. uZvelesia `amiranianis~ motivebi, mi-<br />

Tologemebi, magram Tavad sxeuli misi SedarebiT mogviano<br />

warmonaqmnia.<br />

eposma Cvenamde fragmentuli saxiT moaRwia. igi arsebobs<br />

TxrobiTi teqstis saxiT, romelSic alag-alag leqsiTi<br />

nawilebia CarTuli. ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes<br />

erTi myari kanonikuri prozauli teqsti, ver davadasturebT<br />

erTi da imave epizodis or identur Canawers.<br />

mxolod leqsiTi nawilebia mdgradi, mcireodeni variantuli<br />

cvlilebebiT. unda SeiniSnos, rom swored gadamwyveti<br />

epizodebi ar aris gadmocemuli leqsad, leqsiTi fragmentebi<br />

epizoduri xasiaTisaa. ar moiZebneba Canaweri, romelic<br />

Tanamimdevrulad moicavdes amiranis Tavgadasavlis<br />

yvela SesaZlebel epizods, rac ganpirobebuli unda<br />

iyos ara Tqmulebis Tavdapirveli fragmentulobiT, aramed<br />

alag-alag tradiciuli epikuri xsovnis gamkrTalebiT.<br />

eWvi ar aris, rom epizodebi imTaviTve erTian epikur<br />

droSi unda yofiliyo CarTuli. `amiranianis~ mTlianobas,<br />

sxva niSnebTan erTad, misi dasawyisi da dasasruli mowmobs.<br />

`amiranianis~ folkloruli Canawerebis monografiuli<br />

gamocema ekuTvnis prof. m. Ciqovans – mijaWvuli amirani<br />

(Tsu gam. Tb., 1947), sadac Tavmoyrilia imxanad xelmisawvdomi,<br />

met-naklebad Rirebuli folkloruli teqstebi<br />

saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan (qarTli, kaxeTi,<br />

fSavi, mesxeT-javaxeTi, xevsureTi, TuSeTi, xevi, mTiule-<br />

Ti, guria, imereTi, raWa, svaneTi, samegrelo, afxazeTi,

---

oseTi), sul 69 teqsti. raime arsebiTi siaxle `amiranianis~<br />

SecnobisTvis am publikaciis Semdeg mopovebul masalas<br />

ar moutania. kvlevisas veyrdnobi zemoxsenebul gamocemas.<br />

ra tipisa Tu formaciis eposebs ganekuTvneba `amiraniani~?<br />

cxadia, igi ar aris istoriuli eposi. masSi ver aRmovaCenT<br />

verc erT istoriul realias, verc romelime istoriuli<br />

epoqisa da istoriuli adgilis kvals; misi gmirebis<br />

asparezi ganusazRvrelia; arafers gveubneba arc<br />

`balxi~, `balxeTi~ Tu `CabalxeTi~, arc `algeTi~ (erTader-<br />

Ti <strong>qarTuli</strong> toponimi). arc personaJTa sakuTari saxelebia<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> istoriuli sinamdvilidan aRebuli: badri,<br />

usupi, yamari arabul-sparsuli warmoSobisaa. ar viciT, ra<br />

erqva mTavar gmirs, sanam mas amirani daerqmeoda. misi es<br />

saxeli ufro gviandelia, vidre mose xonelis sagmirosaTavgadasavlo<br />

eposiseuli `amiran darejanis Ze~, romlis<br />

sparsuli warmoSoba karga xnis gamokvleulia da eWvs ar<br />

unda iwvevdes: amir andare jehan niSnavs: `amiri qveynierebaze~,<br />

iseve rogorc nest andare jehan niSnavs: `ar aris<br />

[misi msgavsi] qveynierebaze~. simptomaturia, rom `amirandarejanianSi~<br />

mTavari gmiri arasodes moixsenieba rogorc<br />

`amirani~: xalxurma tradiciam mowyvita igi kompozits<br />

da damoukidebel andronimad aqcia, rac dRemde asea.<br />

yovelive amiT – zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebiT – `amiranianis~<br />

qronotoposi zRaprul drosa da sivrces mogvagonebs,<br />

magram `amiraniani~ zRapari ar aris. misi tragikuli<br />

dasasruli auqmebs mis zRaprulobas. `amiraniani~ arc<br />

miTologiuri eposia, swored misi asparezis ganusazRvreli<br />

qronotopiurobis gamo. miTosi, rogorc wesi, `dabmulia~<br />

gansazRvrul sivrcesa da droze. sivrce miTosSi toponimizebulia,<br />

dro – winarewarsuli, romelic ebmis istoriul<br />

dros.<br />

Tu SevecdebiT `amiranianis~ tipis gansazRvras, unda<br />

vuwodoT mas `tragikuli eposi~, sadac sagmiro-saTavgadasavlo<br />

da miTologiuri motivebiT SeZerwilia adamianis<br />

aRzevebisa da dacemis drama. rogorc naCvenebi iqneba,<br />

`amiranians~ ufro meti aqvs saerTo berZnul klasikur<br />

dramasTan, vidre promeTevsis miTosTan (amaze qvemoT).<br />

`amiranianic~, msgavsad berZnuli dramisa, hubriszea agebuli.<br />

hubrisi anu gabudayeba kulminaciaa im zRurblTa<br />

117

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118<br />

Soris, romelTac gaivlis tragikuli dramis gmiri. ufro<br />

arsebiTad rom vTqvaT, `amiranianSi~ dgas adamianis problema<br />

da es problema, ar unda gagvikvirdes, egzistencialur<br />

WrilSia dasmuli da gadawyvetili. amaSi mdgomareobs<br />

`amiranianis~ TavisTavadoba, misi unikaluri adgili<br />

msoflio xalxTa eposebs Soris.<br />

samwuxarod, rogorc iTqva, Cveni eposi fragmentebad<br />

aris Cvenamde SemorCenili. es fragmentuloba epikuri<br />

sunTqvis Sewyvetis Sedegia. magram Cvens xelTaa fragmentebi<br />

da, rogorc odisevsi ityoda, am galewili bzidanac<br />

Cans, rogori TavTavi viyavio, Cvenc igive SegviZlia<br />

vTqvaT maTze. es fragmentebi niSnebia da Cven unda avalaparakoT<br />

isini.<br />

Cveni mizania, arsebul masalaSi gamovavlinoT is aucilebeli<br />

sazRurblo epizodebi, romelTa gareSe amiranis<br />

Tqmuleba dakargavda TavisTavadobas. unda vecadoT, agreTve,<br />

rom am epizodebs gmiris Tavgadasvlis droJamul<br />

mdinarebaSi mivuCinoT misi bunebrivi, erTaderTi adgili.<br />

`amiranianis~ dRemde SemorCenili masala iZleva amis sa-<br />

Sualebas. arsebul Canawerebze dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom<br />

SesaZlebelia epizodTa dalageba mkacri TanamimdevrobiT,<br />

iseve rogorc `svlebi~ misdevs erTmaneTs jadosnur<br />

zRaparSi (ix. vl. propis `zRapris morfologia~). am epizodebs<br />

Cven vuwodebT zRurblebs, romlebic aRniSnaven<br />

gmiris gadasvlebs misi yofierebis axal-axal viTarebeb-<br />

Si. amaTgan zogi sayovelTaoa (universaluria), zogi ki –<br />

sakuTriv amiraniseuli.<br />

gansxvavebiT sxva eposTa gmirebisgan, romlebic mTeli<br />

Txrobis manZilze igiveobrivni rCebian sakuTar Tav-<br />

Tan, amiranis pirovneba ganviTarebas ganicdis, igi icvleba<br />

yoveli zRurblis gadalaxvis Semdeg. zRurblebi gmiris<br />

sulier (aseve fizikur) ganviTarebaSi axal-axal safexurebs<br />

aRniSnaven. Zveli da axali msoflio eposebis gmirebi<br />

– odisevsi, aqilevsi, agamemnoni da sxvani dasrulebuli<br />

saxiT gamovidnen TiTqos zevsis Tavidan. mudmivi epi-<br />

Tetebi, romlebic ganuyrelad Tan sdeven maT, mowmoben<br />

maTi fizikur-sulieri saxis imTaviTve dasrulebulobas.<br />

rogorc Semodian isini TxrobaSi, iseTive rCebian im kataklizmebisa<br />

da gansacdelebis Semdeg, romelTac ganicdian<br />

isini. arc araferi ematebaT, arc akldebaT. odisevsi

---

TiTqos SobiTganve mravalnacadi da didgamWriaxia – es<br />

misi bedisweruli daxasiaTebebia. aqilevsi mudam fexmardia,<br />

magram, rac mTavaria, xanmokle sicocxle misi bedisweraa,<br />

misi xasiaTi imTaviTve dasazRvrulia da amgvari Semodis<br />

is epikur sinamdvileSi. aseve germaneli zigfridi,<br />

franki rolandi, espaneli sidi, berZeni digenis akritasi<br />

da sxvani da sxvani, romelTa xasiaTsa da bunebaSi Cven veraviTar<br />

cvlilebas gansacdelTa ganvlis Semdeg ver vam-<br />

CnevT. maT TavgadasavalSi ar SeimCneva gardamtexi zRurblebi,<br />

romelTac ganviTarebis safexurebze ahyavT gmiri.<br />

Cveni amocanaa am zRurblTa SemCneva da maTTvis maTi<br />

kuTvnili adgilis miCena gmiris TavgadasavalSi.<br />

epikuri gmiris anu, sxvanairad, tradiciuli gmiris<br />

Tavgadasavlis epizodebad dayofas karga xnis istoria<br />

aqvs. pirvelad (1864 w.) germanelma ioahan georg fon hanma<br />

scada 14 gmiris Tavgadasavlis safuZvelze daedgina 16epizodiani<br />

modeli, romelic oTx jgufad hqonda dayofili:<br />

dabadeba, siWabuke, dabruneba da sxva SemTxvevebi<br />

[raglani: 142-3]. iseTi gmirisaTvis, rogoric amirania, haniseul<br />

sqemaSi mxolod ramdenime elementi Tu gamodgeba,<br />

isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am elementebis Sinaarss ramdenadme<br />

gavafarToebT an transformirebulad warmovidgenT:<br />

gmiris ukanonod dabadeba, dabadebisas dayolili<br />

niSnebi, gadagdeba, ucxo col-qmris mier aRzrda. mis kvals<br />

mihyva (1881 w.) alfred nati (Nutt), romelmac 14-mde daiyvana<br />

epizodTa ricxvi, miuxedavad imisa, rom saanalizod damatebiT<br />

kelturi (arturis cikli) da finuri Tqmulebebi<br />

gamoiyena [raglani: 143]. 1934 wels gamoqveynebul SromaSi<br />

`tradiciuli gmiri~ ficroi riCard somerset raglanma<br />

(Fitzroy Richard Somerset Raglan) epizodTa raodenoba 22-mde<br />

gazarda: Tormeti klasikuri, sami bibliuri (iosebi, mose,<br />

elia), erTi germanikuli (zigfridi), erTi kelturi (arturi)<br />

da erTic Zvelegvipturi (nikanga) `biografiebis~ safuZvelze<br />

[raglani: 145-150]. bolos, holandieli <strong>folklori</strong>sti<br />

ian de frizi (Jan de Vries) 10-epizodian modelamde<br />

daiyvans. Cveni azriT, igi yvelaze optimaluria da, albaT,<br />

universaluric, yovel SemTxvevaSi igi ukeTesad esadageba<br />

amiranis Tavgadasavals. mogvyavs igi mTlianad: I. gmiri<br />

isaxeba; II. ibadeba; III. dabadebuls safrTxe emuqreba; IV. izrdeba;<br />

V. uZlevelia; VI. ebrZvis gveleSaps da sxva urCxu-<br />

119

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120<br />

lebs; VII. didi gansacdelis gavliT moipovebs sacoles; VIII.<br />

Cadis qvesknelSi; IX. brundeba iq, saidanac gamoaZeves da<br />

amarcxebs mtrebs; X. kvdeba [raglani: 143].<br />

ra iwvevs aseT damTxvevas sxvadasxva TqmulebaTa gmirebis<br />

TavgadasavlebSi? ra ZaliT xerxdeba maTi erT modelamde<br />

dayvana? f.r.s. raglani fiqrobs, da es namdvilad<br />

erTaderTi axsna unda iyos, rom am TavgadasavlebSi saqme<br />

gvaqvs im ritualebis mimdevrobasTan, romelTac tradiciul<br />

sazogadoebebSi eqvemdebarebodnen adamianebi, ara<br />

mxolod mefeebi, mTavrebi Tu beladebi. `tradiciuli gmiris<br />

Tqmuleba aris ara realurad arsebuli adamianis cxovrebis<br />

realuri epizodebi, aramed ritualur personaJTa<br />

cxovreba-saqmianobis ritualuri etapebi. aucilebeli ar<br />

aris, aqedan davaskvnaT, rom am TqmulebaTa gmirebi sinamdvileSi<br />

ar arsebobdnen. magram, vfiqrobT, Tu isini realurad<br />

arsebobdnen, maT moqmedebebs umeteswilad ritualuri<br />

xasiaTi hqondaT, an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maTi<br />

Tqmulebebi ise gardaiqmna, rom erT tipur models misadageboda~<br />

[raglani: 50].<br />

isic usaTuod unda aRiniSnos, rom TqmulebaTa gmirebis<br />

TavgadasavalSi, romlebic ritualTa Tanamimdevrobazea<br />

agebuli, am ritualebs dakarguli aqvT Tavdapirveli<br />

funqcia. ritualis forma aq misgan gansxvavebuli realobis<br />

gamosaxatavad aris mowodebuli da, ramdenadac<br />

tradiciuli sazogadoebebi yvelgan erTtipuria, tradiciuli<br />

gmiris Tavgadasavlis modelic erTtipuri iqneba.<br />

f.r.s. raglani, cxadia, ar varaudobs, rom mis 22-epizodian<br />

modelSi yvela gmiris cxovreba `jdeba~. 22 misTvis maqsimaluri<br />

raodenobaa, romlis realizacia yvelgan ar aris<br />

savaldebulo. magaliTisTvis, Tu oidiposis TavgadasavalSi<br />

raodenoba maqsimaluria, Tesevsi oc safexurs gadis,<br />

herakle – Cvidmets, persevsi – Teqvsmets... avtori am naklulobas<br />

Tqmulebis xarvezs awers, magram xarvezi Tqmulebis<br />

cudad Semonaxulobis mizezi ar unda iyos. Tu rituals<br />

TqmulebaSi Tavisi Tavdapirveli funqcia aRar<br />

ekisreba, aucilebelic ar unda yofiliyo maTi sruli raodenobiT<br />

asaxva. rogorc a. van genepma gamoikvlia, maTi<br />

ricxvi SezRudulia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, arc ocdaoramde<br />

da arc aTamde ar aRwevs. es aris zogadad e.w. gadasvlis<br />

ritualebi (rites de passage), romelTa meSveobiT Tu Tanxle-

---

iT tradiciuli sazogadoebebis wevri icvlis asakobriv<br />

da socialur statuss. gadasvlis rituali sruldeba Sobis,<br />

iniciaciis, qorwinebisa da sikvdilis SemTxvevebSi. es<br />

aris sami fundamenturi etapi adamianis cxovrebaSi da, cxadia,<br />

isini (nedli an gardaqmnili saxiT) asaxuli iqneba nebismieri<br />

gmiris epikur TavgadasavalSic. van xenepis mixedviT,<br />

es ritualebi qmnian jaWvs, romelic sami safexurisgan<br />

Sedgeba: gamocalkevebis rituali (rites de separation), gadasvlis<br />

rituali (rites de passage), roca adamiani zRurblzea<br />

(arc iqiT, arc aqeT) da mikuTvnebis rituali (rites de incorporation),<br />

roca adamiani – ritualis obieqti – sabolood mkvidrdeba<br />

axal statusSi (asakobrivi iqneba cvlileba, socialuri<br />

Tu metafizikuri). epikur TqmulebaTa analizi gamoavlens<br />

maT cxad Tu latentur monawileobas mTavari<br />

gmiris cxovrebaSi. isini `amiranianSic~ ixilveba. misi analizi<br />

gviCvenebs, rom <strong>qarTuli</strong> eposi ar misdevs im models,<br />

romelic evropelma mkvlevrebma daudgines klasikur Tu<br />

araklasikur Tqmulebebs. amirans sakuTari gza aqvs, saku-<br />

Tari etapebi am gzaze, romlebic Zerwaven mis ganumeorebel<br />

saxes, erTaderT tips, arc erT zemoxsenebul gmirs<br />

rom ar enaTesaveba.<br />

germaneli filosofosi, Tanamedrove hermenevtikis<br />

erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, h.-g. gadameri erTgan wers: `mTeli<br />

unda gavigoT nawilis safuZvelze, nawili ki – mTelis<br />

safuZvelze... nawili ganisazRvreba mTeliT da, Tavis<br />

mxriv, gansazRvravs mTels~ [gadameri: 72]. am gamonaTqvam-<br />

Si TiTqos mankieri wrea, magram is WeSmaritebas gamoxatavs.<br />

aseve vityviT `amiranianis~ epizodebze da im mTelze,<br />

im mTlianobaze, romlis nawilebi es epizodebia. Cven<br />

SegviZlia gamovicnoT, romeli mTelis nawilia esa Tu is<br />

epizodi, Tuki am mTelze gveqneba warmodgena. mTelamde<br />

viciT nawili da nawilamde viciT mTeli. sabolood ki,<br />

Cvens intuiciaSi mTeli da nawili erTianobaSia. ai, es epizodebi,<br />

romelTa gareSe ver iarsebebs mTeli eposi.<br />

I. Soba. amirani, rogorc yoveli epikuri gmiri, saswaulebrivad<br />

unda iSvas. magram saswaulebrivi Soba yvela variantSi<br />

erTi da imave xarisxiT ar aris aqtualizebuli. misi<br />

Sesustebuli varianti iqneba bavSvis dabadeba xandazmuli<br />

mSoblebisgan. Tumca amgvari Soba ar CaiTvleba sa-<br />

121

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122<br />

kuTriv amiraniseulad. mTavari mainc is aris, rom amiranis<br />

mSoblebi ucnobni unda iyvnen im sazogadoebisaTvis,<br />

sadac igi moxvdeba da gaizrdeba. arc deda, arc mama misi<br />

Sobis Semdeg cocxali ar rCeba; mama Tu ar kvdeba, is uCinardeba,<br />

raTa Senaxul iqnes amiranis warmoSobis saidumlo.<br />

mzeTunaxavi deda kvdeba, rogorc wesi, bavSvis dabadebamde.<br />

bavSvi unda amoiridos dedis saSodan da monacvleobiT<br />

unda gamoiSuSos cxovelTa: jer batknis, mere bo-<br />

Colas faSvSi (kaxuri varianti) an dekeulis da mere kuros<br />

faSvSi (svanuri), an axlad mokluli irmis `nedl tyavSi~<br />

(guruli) [rexviaSvili: 221]. SesaZloa, am epizodSi Zvel da<br />

e.w. primitiul xalxebSi gavrcelebuli ritualis eqo iyos<br />

SemorCenili. mag., bantus tomSi bavSvebs winadacveTis win<br />

Cautareben rituals, romelsac xelaxla Soba ewodeba. mama<br />

daklavs cxvars da sami dRis Semdeg gamoaxvevs mis faSvSi<br />

an tyavSi. magram gamoxvevamde bavSvi unda wamodges sawolze<br />

da axalSobiliviT unda iWyipinos. sami dRis manZilze<br />

is cxovelis tyavSi imyofeba. amgvarad, bavSvi eziareba<br />

bunebis sasicocxlo Zalebs, rac misi momavali Zlierebis<br />

sawindaria.<br />

amiranis mama ufro xSirad monadirea, romelic amiranis<br />

dedas sadRac miuval kldeSi, gamoqvabulSi xvdeba. SeiZleba<br />

gamoqvabuli koSkma Secvalos, sadac mzeTunaxavia<br />

gamoketili. zogierT variantSi mamac iRupeba am SeuRlebis<br />

Sedegad. es misi bedisweraa.<br />

amiranis obloba struqturuli elementic aris mis istoriaSi.<br />

obloba eposis dasasruls tragikulad meordeba martoobiT<br />

(XII) da ase ikvris wre.<br />

II. gadagdeba. amirani gadagdebuli bavSvia, TiTqos dasaRupavad<br />

ganwiruli. TiTqos is im mizniT iqna gadagdebuli,<br />

rom daiRupos. Cvilis sicocxle bewvze hkidia, magram<br />

Tu gadarCa, mas didi momavali eqneba. `gadagdebuli<br />

bavSvis tragedia anazRaurebulia oblobis miTologiuri<br />

didebulebiT, pirvelyofili bavSvis ukiduresi martoobiT<br />

samyaroSi, misi unikalobiT. aseTi bavSvis gamoCena<br />

Tanxvdeba saganTa gariJraJs, istoriis axal xanas, `axal<br />

cxovrebas~ realobis nebismier doneze~ [eliade 1974: 250].<br />

axalSobilis bedis nivTieri gamoxatulebaa maxvili, ro-

---

melic mas dedis muclidan dahyveba da sabediswero gansacdelSi<br />

ixsnis mas. simartove ki amiranis mudmivi Tanamdevia.<br />

svanur epikur poeziaSi Semonaxulia ambavi dakarguli<br />

Tu gadagdebuli Cvili bavSvisa. dals bavSvi maRali kldis<br />

gamoqvabulidan gadmouvardeba. bavSvs mgeli dastacebs<br />

pirs da mihyavs. monadire Tofs dascems mgels, bavSvs aiyvans<br />

da dedamiss, dals ubrunebs gamoqvabulSi. amis sazRaurad<br />

monadire dalisgan nadirobis iRbliT jildovdeba.<br />

gadarCenili bavSvis Semdgomi bedi ki ucnobia [svanuri<br />

poezia: 268-273]. vin aris es gamoucnobi bavSvi? momavali<br />

amirania?<br />

es siuJeti iZleva saSualebas sxvagvari daboloebisa,<br />

risi realizebac ar dasturdeba svanur poeziaSi. erTi SesaZlo<br />

varianti: bavSvi dals gadmouvarda an bavSvi gadaagdes,<br />

mgelma ipova da waiyvana (monadire ar Sexvedria) gasazrdelad.<br />

mgeli gazrdis mas, raTa gazrdili daubrundes<br />

adamianur sazogadoebas. amgvari warmoSobis gmirebi<br />

xSiria msoflios sxvadasxva xalxis folklorSi. SeiZleba<br />

warmovidginoT, rom monadirem mglis piridan gamotacebuli<br />

bavSvi TavisTan waiyvana, radgan deda ar Cans, deda<br />

mkvdaria. monadire an Tavad gazrdis bavSvs, an daagdebs,<br />

raTa axla sxva vinmem waiyvanos aRsazrdelad. xalxuri<br />

TqmulebiT, Tamaris Ze – laSa-giorgi tyeSia gadagdebuli,<br />

raTa dafaros mSoblis sircxvili. aseve gadagdebulia,<br />

magram umotivod, rac miT ufro cxadyofs am aqtis aucileblobas<br />

gmiris biografiaSi, misi Soreuli STamomavali<br />

erekle meore, romelsac amgvarad umRers leqsi: `batoniSvil<br />

ereklesa irmis ZuZu uwovnia, wyali usvams algeTisa,<br />

TrialeTze uZovnia, gadugdiaT saCaleSi, monadires<br />

upovnia~.<br />

gadagdebuli bavSvebi, romlebic miaRweven mowifulobis<br />

asaks, brundebian Sobis adgilze da xsna moaqvT TavianTi<br />

qalaqisTvis Tu qveynisTvis, xalxisTvis. aseTebia:<br />

sargon aqadeli, mose, romulusi da sxvani.<br />

akvanSi mwoliare amirans `iamanis wyaroze~ dagdebulsac<br />

pouloben – es TiTqos Sesustebuli variantia wyalSi<br />

gadagdebisa misi daRupvis mizniT. xan akvani wylis fskerzea,<br />

ramac bazaleTis tbis andrezSi pova asaxva esqatologiuri<br />

molodinis saxiT.<br />

123

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124<br />

III. naTloba. qristianuli sarwmunoebis es upirvelesi<br />

saidumlo, rogorc zRurbli, sakmaod mkvidrad zis amiranis<br />

biografiaSi. Tu naTloba siuJeturad ar aris moTxrobili,<br />

is mainc fiqsirebulia amiranis vinaobis aRniSvnisas<br />

(`amirani iyo RvTis naTluli~, kaxeTi). naTlobis gare-<br />

Se simZafres dakargavda is tragikuli konfliqti, romelic<br />

naTliasTan SeWidebaSi mdgomareobs. yvela variantSi,<br />

sadac ki naTlobis epizodia Semonaxuli, amiranis naTlia<br />

(qriste, ufali, iSviaTad – wm. giorgi) da misi mimjaWveli<br />

erTi da igive piria. naTlia Rones daanaTlavs Tavis naTluls<br />

da es aris misi saCuqari, romelic amiranma sasike-<br />

Tod unda gamoiyenos da iyenebs kidec garkveul zRurblamde.<br />

naTliave sjis mas. aq Cans qristes ori saxe – mwyalobelisa<br />

da ganmkiTxvelisa (esqatologiuri mrisxane<br />

pantokratori).<br />

albaT, mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom qriste RmerTi, misi<br />

naTlia, amirans gzajvaredinze dagdebuls ipovis da monaTlavs<br />

[arjevaniZe: 119]. gzajvaredini misi SesaZleblobebisa<br />

da arCevanis simboluri gamoxatulebaa.<br />

III-a. rZeSi ganbana. es epizodi mxolod svanur variantSia<br />

dadasturebuli [Ciqovani 1947: 357]. rZeSi mas dedobili<br />

ganbans, roca Seatyobs Cvils, rom is araCveulebrivi<br />

bavSvia: dedobili masSi dalis naSiers amoicnobs. am ganbaniT<br />

dedobilma amirani Tavisi Cveulebrivi Svilebisgan<br />

gamoarCia. sagulisxmoa, rom megrul TqmulebebSi aseve<br />

rZeSi ganbanen mZinare tyaSi mafas Tmebs. rZeSi ganbana arqauli<br />

motivia, gamoyenebuli rogorc naTlobis gaZlierebuli<br />

varianti.<br />

IV. boboqari bavSvoba. f.r.s. raglans, romelmac tradiciuli<br />

gmiris Tavgadasavlis saerTo modeli gamoikvlia<br />

[raglani: 152], SeniSnuli aqvs, rom gmirs yvelaze saocari,<br />

anu gmirisTvis niSandoblivi ambebi mxolod mowifulobis<br />

xanaSi gadaxdeba, xolo dabadebasa da am asaks Soris araferi<br />

xdeba. SesaZlebelia, es asec iyos mkvlevris xelT arsebul<br />

masalaSi, magram am debulebas ar adasturebs amiranis<br />

eposi. xalxuri Tqmuleba icnobs amiranis bavSvobas,<br />

romelic dauokebeli fizikuri Zalis gamovleniT xasiaTdeba.<br />

es TiTqos celqobaa, magram misi metismeti sicelqe

---

TiTqos samzadisia momavali brZolebisaTvis, romlebic<br />

man aucileblad unda gadaixados. Cven gmiris am periods<br />

`boboqar bavSvobas~ vuwodebT. boboqari bavSvoba analogias<br />

poulobs gilgameSis cxovrebis pirvel periodTan,<br />

roca veraferi aokebs mis Zalas. magram es dauokebloba<br />

Tavis kulminaciaSi gamoaCens gamosavals: Tu gilgameSs<br />

uruqelTa vedrebis ZaliT moevlineba enqidu, romelic<br />

sxva mimarTulebiT warmarTavs mis Zalas da mTel cxovrebas<br />

[gilgameSiani: 2], amirani kokebdamsxvreuli dedabris<br />

sityviT erTbaSad momwifdeba imisaTvis, rom aRasrulos<br />

vali adamianTa sazogadoebis winaSe, romelsac ase<br />

saswaulebrivad moevlina.<br />

unda SeiniSnos, rom `boboqari bavSvobis~ amgvari realizacia<br />

jadosnuri zRapridan aris Sesuli amiranis eposSi.<br />

`gmiruli bavSvoba~ gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia<br />

Turquli modgmis xalxTa eposisaTvis. `siuJetur-Tematuri<br />

datvirTva baRaTuruli bavSvobisa (áîãàòûðñêîå<br />

äåòñòâî) ukiduresad mniSvnelovania. mudmivi aqtivoba,<br />

zogjer zedmetad moWarbebulic ki, rac hipertrofiul<br />

saxes iRebs xolme, baRaTuris ganmsazRvreli Tvisebaa<br />

da igi vlindeba ara uceb, aramed Senaxulia faruli saxiT<br />

mis bavSvobaSi... es erTgvari inkubaciuri periodia,<br />

roca mimdinareobs qmnadoba da dagroveba personaJis qaraqterologiuri<br />

Tvisebebisa...~<br />

[nekliudovi: 129].<br />

swored am aucilebel periods gadis amirani boboqari<br />

bavSvobis saxiT. es periodi momdevno periodis, rogorc<br />

misi realizaciis, zRurblia, winapirobaa, romelsac mosdevs<br />

sxva, axali zRurbli.<br />

V. devebTan brZola. epikuri gmiris biografiaSi aucilebeli<br />

epizodia borot ZalebTan brZola. amiranis epos-<br />

Si am Zalebs devebi ganasaxiereben. ara Wabukobis gamoCenisa<br />

da Zalis demonstraciisaTvis, ara TviTmiznurad, rogorc<br />

xSirad xdeba `amirandarejaniansa~ da sxva safalavno<br />

eposebSi, ebrZvis amirani devebs, aramed gansazRvruli,<br />

erTjeradi miznis misaRwevad. rogor ar hgavs safalavno<br />

eposis gmirebs amirani Tavisi erTjeradi SebrZolebiT,<br />

125

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126<br />

Tavisi erTaderTi antagonisti deviT, erTi mizniT, roca<br />

miaRwevs mizans da devebic misTvis (Tu saerTod?) aRar arseboben.<br />

amirani mowodebulia daamkvidros am qveyanaze sikeTe,<br />

naTliisgan Zala mas swored amisTvis aqvs mimadlebuli.<br />

amirani mamobilis ojaxs, romelic adamianur sazogadoebas<br />

(sociums) ganasaxierebs, moevlineba rogorc mxsneli.<br />

igi adamianebs ubrunebs devebis mier mitacebul teritorias,<br />

aTavisuflebs mas devebisgan. svanuri variantis mixedviT,<br />

amirani Tavis mamobils, iamans ubrunebs devis mier<br />

motacebul Tvals. es aris sababi devebTan brZolisa.<br />

amirani devebs maTi qorwilis dRes ebrZvis. es mniSvnelovania.<br />

aq aris esqatologiuri momenti: swored qorwilis<br />

dRes, simbolurad ukanasknel dRes, roca yvelani erTad<br />

arian Seyrilni, erTianad unda gawydnen. es brZola sabolooa,<br />

radgan Tavad qorwilia saboloo aqti, gadasvla er-<br />

Ti viTarebidan axal viTarebaSi, Zvelis dasasruli axlis<br />

mosapoveblad. devebisTvis es `gadasxvavebaa~ (Sdr. jvarxatebis<br />

epiTeti `dev-kerpT gadamsxvavebeli~ [sadideblebi:<br />

118]), amieridan am qorwiliT unda Sewydes maTi Zveleburi<br />

yofiereba.<br />

VI. ukanaskneli devi da camcumis koSki. marTalia,<br />

Cven miviReT Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom devebTan brZola er-<br />

Tjeradia, magram iseve rogorc RvTisSvilTa da devebis<br />

brZolis epopeaSi, devebis ganadgurebis Semdeg ukanaskneli<br />

devi rCeba, romelsac sabolood iaxsari mouRebs bolos<br />

[<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996: 11]. aqac gadarCeba erTi devi, romelic<br />

unda ganadgurdes, raTa gamoCndes axali zRurbli gmiris<br />

gzaze. am devis saxeli gamoCndeba SesaniSnav baladaSi, romelic<br />

`amiranianis~ bevr CanawerSi ipoveba. es aris leqsi,<br />

romelic iwyeba sityvebiT `sanadirod gamovidnen amiran<br />

da Zmani misni, win iremi gamouxtaT cas swvdeboda rqani<br />

misni...~ iremma monadireni camcumis koSkTan miiyvana, sadac<br />

daxvdaT mkvdari camcumi da werili, romelic misi saxeliT<br />

iuwyeboda, rom mas moukvleli gadaurCa erTader-<br />

Ti baybaydevi. werilis avtori devTan gasworebisa da Tavisi<br />

damarxvisTvis sTavazobs Tavis iaraRs, cols da sxva.<br />

es is baybaydevia, romelic unda Sexvdes camcumis koSkidan<br />

gamosul amirans, moiklas masTan orTabrZolaSi da

---

sikvdilis win amcnos mas yamaris adgilsamyofeli. aseve,<br />

es is devia, romlis moWrili Tavidan amosuli sami Wia momavali<br />

epizodis Canasaxia. amirani ar klavs Wiebs da amiT<br />

qmnis safrTxes Tavis momaval asparezze. asparezi safrTxiT<br />

unda iyos savse, es aris misi arsebobis forma. amiranis<br />

arCevani – ar daxocos Wiebi – Tavisufalia, radgan<br />

arsebobs alternativa – Zmebis rCeva motivaciiTurT: mokali,<br />

Torem... amirani ki indobs, rogorc daindo gilgameSma<br />

xumbaba, miuxedavad enqidus rCevisa. magram aq piruku<br />

xdeba: enqidu gilgameSis nacvlad klavs urCxuls da<br />

swored misi sikvdili (ara dandoba, `amiranianisgan~ gansxvavebiT)<br />

xdeba momavali safrTxis mizezi [gilgameSiani: 119].<br />

amrigad, balada, romlis organuli kavSiri amiranis<br />

eposTan TiTqos eWvs iwvevs, gamoyenebulia xidad momdevno<br />

epizodisken (zRurblze) gadasasvlelad.<br />

SeniSvna. `amirandarejanianSi~ analogiuri epizodi mTeli eposis<br />

karibWea, saidanac iwyeba misi samyaro. abesalom mefe edevneba<br />

ucxo qurciks, romelic Svidi dRis Semdeg miiyvans ucxo adgilas<br />

(`qveyana ucxod auCnda~), Tavad ki erT kldeSi gauCinardeba. mefe<br />

ixilavs qviTkiris saxls, romlis SigniT kedlebze amiran darejanis<br />

Zisa da misi Wabukebis saxeebia gamosaxuli. mefe moiwyens maTi<br />

ucnobobis, rogorc rostevani `ucxo moymis~ gamo. mTeli `amirandarejaniani~<br />

maTi Wabukobis gadmocemas eZRvneba. amisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

amirani da misi Zmebi ar interesdebian camcumis warsuliT.<br />

maT mxolod pativi unda miagon mkvdars da Suri iZion baybaydevze,<br />

anu gaagrZelon camcumis daumTavrebeli saqme.<br />

VII. STanTqma-amonTxeva (meored Soba). gveleSapTan<br />

brZolis epizodi centraluria amiranis TavgadasavalSi.<br />

amave dros igi miToepikuri gmiris aucilebeli gansacdelia,<br />

romelic unda gaiaros man, raTa axal qmedebaTa asparezi<br />

gaiSalos mis winaSe. gveleSapTan brZola arsebiTad<br />

gansxvavdeba devebTan brZolisgan.<br />

devebi mravlad arian, gveleSapi ki erTia, anu is gveleSapi,<br />

romelmac gmiri unda Caylapos. amdenad, gmirs Tavis<br />

cxovrebaSi erTxel uxdeba gveleSapTan Sebma.<br />

yvela miToepikur gmirs cxovrebis gzaze, romelic,<br />

faqtobrivad, brZolis, winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvis gzaa, Tavisi<br />

gveleSapi (urCxuli, drakoni) xvdeba. igi, cxadia, amarcxebs<br />

mas, magram gveleSapis Zleva gansxvavdeba sxva anta-<br />

127

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128<br />

gonistur arsebaTa, boroteul ZalTa (devebis) Zlevisgan.<br />

rogorc wesi, gveleSapis mebrZoli gmiri unda STainTqas<br />

gveleSapis mier, raTa Signidan daamarcxos igi, radgan garedan<br />

misi damarcxeba ar iqneba. magram STanTqma-Caylapvas<br />

kidev sxva ufro mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs. amirani<br />

ekuTvnis im gmirTa wyebas, romlebic namyofi arian gveleSapis<br />

mucelSi da misi wiaRidan gamarjvebulni gamodian.<br />

vidre herakle, elinTa gmiri, daamarcxebda urCxuls,<br />

romelsac mefis asuli hesione unda Caeylapa, jer Tavad<br />

STainTqmeba mis xaxaSi, gaivlis mis wiaRs da gamova gareT.<br />

imave gansacdelis winaSea meore elini gmiri iasoni: miTosurad<br />

namdvil iasons medeas micemuli wamliT ki ar dau-<br />

Zinebia oqros sawmisis mcveli urCxuli, raTa es sawmisi<br />

mSvidad moepara, aramed jer Caiylapa mis mier da, roca<br />

ukan amovida, urCxuli gmiris am amosvliT ukve ganadgurebuli<br />

iyo. es miTosuri sinamdvile erTi etruskuli xanis<br />

larnakzea dadasturebuli [kampbeli: XV, 247]. arc apolonios<br />

rodoselis `argonavtikaSi~ da arc sxva werilobiT<br />

wyaroSi urCxulis amgvar aRsasrulze araferia naTqvami<br />

(rogorc Cans, sityvierad gmiris am gansacdelis gamoxatvas<br />

gaurbodnen). amosvla, rogorc xsna, yovelTvis<br />

triumfaluria. es aris xsna da gamarjveba erTdroulad.<br />

aseve STainTqmeba finuri eposis `kalevalas~ gmiri veinemeineni<br />

vipunen-gveleSapis mier. mis mucelSi moxvedrili,<br />

igi naviT gacuravs zRvauri gveleSapis Sigans nawlavebis<br />

gziT erTi bolodan meore bolomde da zRvaSi amoinTxeva.<br />

amiraniviT mounelebeli da mtkivneuli aRmoCnda igi<br />

vipunen-gveleSapisTvis (XVII runa). amave eposis gmiri, gveleSapisgan<br />

Caylapuli mWedeli ilmarineni, svanuri versiis<br />

amiraniviT ukadrisobs misi piridan an ukana nawilidan<br />

amosvlas da gveleSapis mucelSive gamoWedili daniT<br />

gamoWris misi ferdidan gamosasvlels [miTebi: 507; eliade<br />

1965: 63].<br />

ras gulisxmobs es epizodi, garda masSi gadmocemuli<br />

sagmiro aqtisa? STanTqma Tavisi warmoSobiT kosmogoniuri<br />

motivia, rogorc gveleSapTan brZolaa kosmogoniis<br />

igavuri gadmocema. damarcxebuli gveleSapis sxeuli samyaros<br />

edeba safuZvlad, materiad. amis klasikuri magali-<br />

Tia marduqisa da TiamaTis orTabrZola, romelic kosmosis<br />

SeqmniT mTavrdeba [<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 2006: 143-144]. magram kos-

---

mosis Seqmnas win uZRvis TiamaTis mier marduqis STanTqma<br />

da marduqis xeliT TiamaTis muclis gafatvra da amosvla,<br />

rogorc mzisa wyvdiadidan, rac qaosidan kosmosis dabadebas<br />

niSnavs. aseve kosmogoniuria Zvelinduri indrasa da<br />

gveleSap vritras Soris Serkinebis miTosi. uxelfexo<br />

uzarmazari gveleSapi vritra, romelmac STanTqa mdinareTa<br />

wylebi da moaqcia Tavis SiganSi, ylapavs mis winaaRmdeg<br />

galaSqrebul indras. indra Signidan ganwvalavs gveleSapis<br />

sxeuls, ixsnis Tavs da datyvevebul wylebsac, misi<br />

sxeulisgan qmnis samyaros sxvadasxva nivTs [miTebi: 534].<br />

STanTqma-amonTxevis kosmogoniur miTosSi zogan gam-<br />

Wvirvaled, zogan Sefarulad Cans erTi mniSvnelovani mi-<br />

Tologema: STamnTqmeli zRvauri urCxuli, gveleSapi<br />

STanTqmulis mSobeli dedaa, romlis saSodan xelaxla unda<br />

daibados RvTaeba, kosmogoniuri gmiri. babilonuri<br />

kosmogoniuri eposis TiamaTi (`zRva~) yvela RmerTis didi<br />

dedaa, maT Soris marduqisac, romelmac misi sxeulisgan<br />

samyaro Seqmna. am miTologiur faqts mowmobs polinezieli<br />

gmiris STamnTqmeli gveleSapis saxeli – `didididi-didi<br />

deda~ [kampbeli: 91].<br />

STanTqmas, rogorc miTologemas, kidev erTi datvir-<br />

Tva aqvs: igi niSnavs damarxvas, daflvas, saSoSi ukan dabrunebas<br />

anu, sxvanairad, embrionad qcevas, raTa arseba<br />

kvlav iSvas. meore mxriv, STanTqma-STaflva sikvdilis sinonimia,<br />

rasac unda mosdevdes aRdgoma-gacocxleba, sabolood,<br />

isev da isev xelaxali Soba. amrigad, gveleSapis<br />

muceli dedis saSoa, saidanac unda daibados arseba. amitomac<br />

ar unda iyos moulodneli, rom tyeSi mdebare is qoxi,<br />

sadac pirvelyofili xalxebi asruleben mowifuloba-<br />

Si gadasvlis ritualebs, `dedis saSod~ iwodeba da, imavdroulad,<br />

gveleSapis wiaRs warmoadgens. zogan qoxSi Sesasvleli,<br />

sadac Sedis mowifulobis zRurbls miwevnili<br />

bavSvi, `gveleSapis xaxad~ iwodeba, karis daxurva ki gveleSapis<br />

mucelSi mis gamomwyvdevas ganasaxierebs. axal<br />

gvineaSi sainiciacio qoxs gveleSapis forma aqvs Tavisi<br />

mucliTa da kudiT. bavSvi Sedis qoxSi, TiTqos gveleSapis<br />

mucelSi inTqmebodes. es misi didi dedis saSoc aris, sadac<br />

is ubrundeba embrionalur statuss da saidanac is meored<br />

ibadeba, rogorc sazogadoebis (tomis) srulfasovani<br />

da sruluflebiani wevri [eliade 1965: 35-36].<br />

129

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130<br />

cxadia, amiranis STanTqma-amonTxevas aRar aqvs is datvirTva,<br />

rac mas tradiciul sazogadoebebSi hqonda. amiranis<br />

TavgadasavalSi es epizodi zRurblia, romlis gadalaxvis<br />

Semdeg misi yofa axal safexurze adis.<br />

Tu pirveli SobiT gmiris sicocxle iwyeba, meore SobiT –<br />

axali sicocxle. rogorc pirveli Sobis dros gaiWra dedis muceli,<br />

aseve am meore Sobisas ikveTeba ferdi gveleSapisa im daniT,<br />

romelic Tan dahyva mas pirveli Sobidan. Cans, meore Soba<br />

gardauvali yofila: is am Tandayolil danaSia nagulisxmevi.<br />

es imas niSnavs, rom gveleSapi amiranis bedisweraa, TiTqos gadamwyvet<br />

zRurblze misi mSobeli deda xvdeba mas am gveleSapis<br />

saxiT, romelic xelaxla badebs mas. magram Tu acnobierebs<br />

amas amiranis eposi, ufro sworad, am epizodis mTxrobeli Tu<br />

misi am saxiT Semnaxveli? yvela variantSi, romelic ki gveleSapis<br />

epizods inaxavs, gveleSapis muclidan gamosuli amirani axlad<br />

Sobilis niSans atarebs, rasac groteskulad asaxavs leqsi:<br />

`amirani daibada: goWsa hgvanda, xuxalasa.<br />

Tma da wveri gascvivnoda, Ceeyara tomarasa~.<br />

es ori kupleti Tavisi sityvieri qsoviliT ar modis<br />

arqauli xanidan, magram mas ZvelTaZveli miTologemis gamoxatva<br />

aqvs natvirTi. es groteski xatovnad gadmoscems<br />

axlad Sobilis saxes, mis ususurobas. wver-ulvaSis gacvena<br />

migvaniSnebs, rom amiranis biologiuri dro ukuqceulia<br />

saSoSi dabrunebiT. dro xelaxla unda amoZravdes,<br />

`xuxala~ unda gamoSuSdes, Seimosos, unda miaRwios mowifulobas<br />

da es procesi unda daCqardes. amisaTvis mowodebulia<br />

momdevno epizodi.<br />

VIII. igri batonis wyali. es epizodi Tavis winapirobad<br />

gveleSapis epizods gulisxmobs, maszea damokidebuli,<br />

Tumca SeiZleba TavisTavadi ambis STabeWdilebas tovebdes.<br />

amirani igri-batonis wyalSi unda ganibanos, rac TiTqos<br />

naTlobis wyalSi ganbanis analogiuria. am dros TiTqos<br />

naTlobis ganaxleba xdeba, rogorc Sobis momdevno,<br />

aucilebeli ritualisa. an SesaZloa, igris sabaneli im dekeulisa<br />

da kuros faSvis analogiuria, sadac dedis saSodan<br />

naadrevad gamosuli amiranis sxeuli unda gamoSuSebuliyo.

---

amirani ganaxlebuli ZaliT amodis igris sabanelidan.<br />

ganaxleba aucilebelia misTvis, radgan mis winaSe axali,<br />

Znelad Sesasrulebeli amocanaa. magram ra unda iyos imaze<br />

Zneli gansacdeli, vidre devebTan an gveleSapebTan<br />

(TeTrTan, wiTelTan da, bolos, SavTan) brZolaa? rogorc<br />

Cans, aris aseTi gansacdeli, romelic amiranma, rogorc<br />

epikurma gmirma, unda gadaitanos. es aris sacolis Zieba.<br />

IX. yamari. qalwuli, mzeTunaxavi, yovelTvis mosatacebelia.<br />

es aris udidesi gmirobis aqti da zeadamianur Zalisxmevas<br />

moiTxovs. gmiri amisaTvis momzadebuli unda<br />

iyos, am aqtamde mas raRac unda hqondes Cadenili, Cadebuli<br />

unda hqondes sagmiro windi. `sjobs sayvarelsa uCvene<br />

saqmeni sagmironia~, SemTxveviT ar dascdenia nestans es<br />

sityvebi. amiransac hqonda Cadenili sagmiro – es iyo devebTan<br />

brZola da is gansacdeli, romlis Semdegac igi xelaxla<br />

unda dabadebuliyo axali sagmiros Casadenad.<br />

amiranis gzaze axali, ufro maRali safexuri gamoCndeba.<br />

aq zRurbli xvdeba mas da es zRurbli sagmiro da miTologiuri<br />

eposebis erT mniSvnelovan motivTan aris dakav-<br />

Sirebuli. es aris mzeTunaxavis motaceba da igi gardauvalia<br />

rogorc gmiris, ise qalis cxovrebaSi: mzeTunaxavi samaradisod<br />

ar unda darCes koSkSi. vinmem igi mzis sinaTleze<br />

unda gaiyvanos – mzeTunaxavma unda ixilos mze, an mzem<br />

Tvali hkidos mzeTunaxavs. qali mzad aris amisaTvis da is<br />

elis Tavis gamomxsnels, rogorc ukacur bnel saxlSi myofi<br />

farnavazi, romelic mzem gamoiyvana velad da axilvina<br />

Tavisi Tavi `qvemdablad~.<br />

es yamars ar exeba, magram aq unda iTqvas, rom mzeTunaxavi,<br />

romelsac saguldagulod malaven samzeosgan, bolos<br />

mainc mzis sxivisgan mucladRebuli aRmoCndeba. winaswarmetyveleba,<br />

romlis Tanaxmad naSieri mamas an papas taxtidan<br />

gadmoagdebs, Tan axlavs siuJets, magram ara yovel-<br />

Tvis. is aucilebeli ar aris. SeniSnulia koSkSi qalwulis<br />

damwyvdevis ritualuri warmomavloba [propi 2000: 27]. damwyvdeva,<br />

sazogadoebisgan ganrideba-gamocalkeveba e.w.<br />

gadasvlis ritualis kuTvnilebaa. ganmartoebul koSkSi<br />

Sedis mowifulobis zRurbls miRweuli da iqidan mowifuli<br />

gamodis. koSki Tu sxva nageboba, rac unda erqvas mas,<br />

koSki Tu `gveleSapis muceli~ an `dedis saSo~, rogorc mas<br />

131

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132<br />

e.w. primitiul xalxebSi uwodeben, is adgilia, sadac mimdinareobs<br />

gogonas fizikuri momwifebisa da qalur `sibrZneSi~<br />

wvrTnis periodi. da is mTavrdeba swored maSin,<br />

roca vaJic miaRwevs im zRurbls, romlis gadalaxvis Semdeg<br />

mas SeuZlia qalis mopoveba. asakobrivi gadasvlis ritualis<br />

yru gamoZaxils axleburi motivaciiT `vefxistyaosanSic~<br />

vxvdebiT. Cven viciT, rom garkveul xanamde tarieli<br />

da nestani erTad izrdebian. magram dgeba Jami da<br />

vaJs mama waiyvans, nestans ki mefe sagangebo saxls augebs.<br />

gavixsenoT strofebi 331-333:<br />

`mefeman saxli augo, Sigan samyofi qalisa:<br />

qvad fazari sxda, kubo dga iagundisa, lalisa,<br />

pirsa baRCa da sabanlad saraji vardis wyalisa;<br />

igi mun iyves, medebis visgan saxmili alisa!<br />

dRe da Rame mujamriTa ekmeodis alva Tlili;<br />

zogjer koSks jdis, zogjer baRCas Camovidis,<br />

ra dgis Crdili.<br />

davar iyo da mefisa, qvrivi, qajeTs gaTxovili,<br />

mas sibrZnisa saswavleblad TviT mefeman misca Svili.<br />

sra edga mofardaguli oqsinoTa da SardiTa;<br />

vervin vxedevdiT, Seiqmna piriTa mina-vardiTa;<br />

asmaT da orni monani hyvian, imRerdis nardiTa;<br />

mun izrdebodis taniTa, gabaons ganazardiTa~.<br />

am strofebSi bevri detali migvaniSnebs nestanis `samyofis~<br />

ritualur bunebaze. misi mdidruli saxe, es fufuneba<br />

da garegnuli brwyinvaleba mxolod imas gveubneba,<br />

rom igi ufliswulisTvis aris gankuTvnili. SevcdebiT, Tu<br />

vifiqrebT, rom aq nestanis dro uzrunvelobasa da TamaS-<br />

Si gadis (`imRerdis nardiTa~). aq mimdinareobs uasako gogonas<br />

wvrTna sadiaco asakisTvis. am strofebSi gamxelilia<br />

am koSkis WeSmariti daniSnuleba: igi mxolod qalTa<br />

samyofia, sadac mamakacs Sesvla aRkveTili aqvs. `vervin<br />

vxedevdiT~, ambobs tarieli da gulisxmobs mamakacebs,<br />

TviT mama-mefis CaTvliT. qals ver ixilavs mamakacis Tvali,<br />

mSoblisac ki, iseve rogorc Tvali mzisa, rogorc mze-<br />

Tunaxavs: `Camovidis, ra dgis Crdili~, anu dRis im periodSi,<br />

roca Casulia mze. aq wvrTnian mas (`mas sibrZnisa saswavleblad...~)<br />

qalur codnaSi anu saidumloSi, romelic

---

mamrTagan dafaruli rCeba. qaluri sibrZnis idumaleba aq<br />

gamoxatulia TiTqos qajuri codniT, romelSic mas davari<br />

ganaswavlis. da, bolos, aq izrdeba is qalad, dedakacad:<br />

`mun izrdebodis taniTa, gabaons ganazardiTa~. gabaonSi<br />

gazrdiloba, poemis avtoris mixedviT, srulyofili gazrdilobaa,<br />

roca asaki aRwevs saTanado zRurbls. nestani<br />

sruliad gardaiqmneba koSkSi, is ucxoa, gaucxoebulia tarielisgan,<br />

romelmac ver icno Tavisi toli, romelTanac<br />

erTad izrdeboda. es ucxooba, mowifulobis es siucxove<br />

aris moulodneli siyvarulis afeTqebis mizezi.<br />

magram `amiranianSi~, rogorc rusTavelis poemaSi, koSkSi<br />

yofna ar inaxavs gadasvlis ritualis cocxal xsovnas.<br />

is mxolod saSeni masalaa sxva motivis warmosaCenad.<br />

vaJi swored maSin miadgeba koSks, roca qals aRar edgomeba<br />

iq, roca misi koSkSi yofnis dReebi amowurulia da<br />

axali zRurbli gamoCndeba mis cxovrebaSi, mis fizikursulier<br />

zrda-ganviTarebaSi. amitomac qali xalisiT mihyveba<br />

vaJs, exmareba kidec – araTu gatacebaSi, aramed mamis<br />

damarcxebaSic (ase iqceva, Tu gavixsenebT, kolxi medeac,<br />

romelic jer mamis winaaRmdeg exmareba iasons, mere<br />

ki Zmas gawiravs).<br />

`amiran, gulad gmiri xar, kilo ar ici omisa.<br />

maRla raTa scem spilosa, dabla Semohkar rbilosa.<br />

Cardaxs SeaWer boZebi, mas wamze miawvinosa~.<br />

qali TiTqos sadRacidan motacebulia da mas ZaliT akaveben<br />

koSkSi. magram mas aRar surs Tundac brolis koSkSi<br />

darCena. qalisTvis es tyveobaa, ufro sworad, garkveuli<br />

droidan is acnobierebs, rom datyvevebulia da rom sadRac<br />

arsebobs misi gamomxsneli. mainc saidan moxvda es qali<br />

– yamari am koSkSi? es saidumloa, am saidumlos ver amxels<br />

mTqmeli: koSki, romelic Suagul zRvaSia anu zRvis WipSi,<br />

miuwvdomlobis gamomxatvelia. eposma mxolod yofiTi motivi<br />

icis yamaris siucxovisa ded-mamisadmi, romlebic iqneb<br />

sulac ar arian misi mSoblebi:<br />

`arca gamzarda dedama, arca metyoda nanasa,<br />

gareT gadgamdiT akvansa, SigniT metyodiT nanasa.<br />

roca Sin Semiyvanidi, yelze madebdi danasa...~<br />

133

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134<br />

ras niSnavs es `gareT gadgmuli akvani~ da `Signidan nam-<br />

Reri nana~ an yelze daRerebuli dana? xom ar migvaniSnebs<br />

es yamaris araCveulebriv bavSvobaze, mis idumalebriv warmoSobaze?<br />

amiranis akvanic xom gareT, iamanis wyaroze iyo<br />

gadgmuli. xom ar iyo yamari iseTive moZulebuli Svili,<br />

rogorc zRapris geri, romelic ufliswulma unda gamoixsnas<br />

da didebaSi Seiyvanos, anu misi faruli dideba gamoaaSkaravos?<br />

(amis Taobaze ix. `eTeriani~). radgan brolis<br />

koSki ar aris is adgili, sadac asuli Tavisi nebiT imyofeboda,<br />

asuls ara aqvs sakuTari neba, is ar irCevs Tavis<br />

adgilsamyofels. is mxolod elis, rogorc elis murmanis<br />

koSkSi gamomwyvdeuli eTeri abesaloms. qalis, aq yamaris,<br />

pasiuroba kidev ufro amZafrebs mis idumalebas. Tu amiranze,<br />

mis warmoSobaze raRac viciT, yamaris warmoSoba saidumloebiT<br />

aris moculi. ufro metic: Tavad yamaria saidumlo,<br />

romlis arc dasabami viciT, arc – bolo. ra rols<br />

unda asrulebdes qali amiranis TavgadasavalSi, Tuki maT<br />

Sexvedras qorwili ar agvirgvinebs? arc erT Canawer variantSi<br />

ar aris naxsenebi maTi qorwili – naxsenebi rom yofiliyo,<br />

es zRapris dasasruli iqneboda. magram amiranis<br />

Tqmuleba ar aris zRapari, rom qorwiliT dasruldes. rCeba<br />

motacebis aqti, rogorc aqti, Tavis TavSi dasrulebuli,<br />

TviTkmari epizodi. amiT motacebas (gamoxsnas) Tavis-<br />

Tavadi, damoukidebeli Rirebuleba eniWeba.<br />

motacebis Semdeg yamaris kvali ikargeba: mas ver vxedavT<br />

amiranis gverdiT misi cxovrebis sabediswero wuTeb-<br />

Si, verc maSin, roca is martoa Tavis gabudayebaSi, verc –<br />

roca naTlias iwvevs orTabrZolaSi, verc – roca kldezea<br />

mijaWvuli.<br />

amirani yamaris mosataceblad ebrZvis Zalebs, romel-<br />

Tac RrubelT batoni ganagebs, caze Camokidebuli koSkidan<br />

Camohyavs qali, da am aqtis CadeniT TiTqos gascdeba<br />

adamianur zRvars, is TiTqos adamianze meti gaxdeba. magram<br />

mas moelis iseTi gansacdeli, romlis gadasatanad<br />

aRar hyofnis adamianuri Zala. mas win kidev erTi zRurbli<br />

– gansacdeli elis gadasalaxavad.<br />

X. ambri arabi. es gansacdeli mkvdarma ambri arabma mouvlina<br />

amirans, roca amirani Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervalze<br />

iyo; roca is darwmunebuli iyo Tavis uZlevelobaSi, Ta-

---

vis erTaderTobaSi. vin aris ambri arabi, ra warsuli aqvs,<br />

ra gmiroba Caudenia – es arc amiranma icis da arc eposis<br />

msmenelebma ician. sad iyo misi Wabukobis asparezi, an vin<br />

daumarcxebia mas, arc es aris cnobili. is TiTqos sxva dro-<br />

Si da sxva sivrceSi arsebobda da sikvdilis SemdegRa SemoiWra<br />

amiranis cxovrebaSi, rogorc cocxali dadastureba<br />

xalxuri Tqmisa: `mjobs mjobi ar daeleva~. amirani Tavis<br />

Tavze ganicdis am andazis WeSmaritebas. is ismens ambris<br />

dedisgan mware sityvebs, rogorc mxilebas:<br />

`ais qveyanamc krulia, sadac Sen amiranobdi,<br />

Tavs ixuravdi CaCqansa, boloze hjaWvianobdi.<br />

wesi Tu iyos dedaTi, advilad ginadirebdi~.<br />

da sasowarkveTa moicavs mas, ormoc dRes iglovebs<br />

sabneloSi jdomiT sakuTar Tavs. marcxi miT ufro samarcxvinoa,<br />

rom igi mkvdrisagan aqvs nawvnevi. sasowarkveTa<br />

miT ufro autanelia, rom igi veRarasodes moaxerxebs ambri<br />

arabTan Sebmas Tavisi saamayo Zalis gamosacdelad da<br />

rom igi ambri arabis ara mTelma Zalam daamarcxa, aramed<br />

misma naSTma – mkvdarma fexma, romelic urmidan gadmovardniliyo<br />

da miwaze naRari gahqonda. ambri arabTan Sexvedram<br />

amiranSi CaTesa Surisa da sasowarkveTilebis Tesli,<br />

romelmac Semdeg gabudayebis (ZvelberZenTa hubrisis) nayofi<br />

aRmoacena.<br />

SeniSvna. Wabuki `amirandarejanianSi~ faTerakebis da orTabrZolebis<br />

maZiebeli gmiria, Wabukoba – misi erTaderTi saqmianoba.<br />

XI. Zalis ganaxleba. am sasowarkveTilebidan, romelic<br />

araraobis Segnebam warmoSva, amirans naTlia gamoiyvans.<br />

aq xdeba misi gardatexa, TiTqos sxva adamianad dabadeba.<br />

naTliam icis, rom es amirani, romelic ixveweba Zalis<br />

momatebas, is Zveli amirani aRar aris, borotebas rom<br />

ebrZoda akvanSi danaTluli ZaliT. naTliam icis, amirani<br />

am gaorkecebul Zalas sasikeTod ar gamoiyenebs. magram<br />

naTlias, Tumca is yovlisSemZlea, ar ZaluZs uari uTxras<br />

naTluls saTxovarze, radgan naTlulis uflebaa, saCuqari<br />

miiRos naTliisgan. naTliam icis, rom amiranisTvis es<br />

sasikeTo ar iqneba, magram amiranma Tavad unda gamoscados<br />

is, rac man unda icodes, rogorc adamianma da rac mi-<br />

135

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136<br />

si, rogorc adamianis, gamosacdelia. naTliam is bolomde<br />

unda miuSvas, amoawurinos adamianuri SesaZleblobani, sakuTar<br />

Tavze ganacdevinos adamianSi moqceuli, Tundac<br />

RvTiuri naTliisgan moniWebuli Zalis dasazRvruloba.<br />

naTliis codna absoluturia: is, RmerTi, Wvrets yvela SesaZleblobas,<br />

maT Soris imasac, romelic amirans sabediswero<br />

orTabrZolamde miiyvans. meore mxriv, naTlias ar<br />

SeuZlia uari uTxras naTluls. rogorc basili didi wers,<br />

`RmerTi uZluria adamianis Tavisufali nebis winaSe, mas<br />

ar SeuZlia misi iZuleba, radgan Tavisufleba RvTis yovlisSemZleobidan<br />

momdinareobs~. da amiransac, rogorc<br />

adamians, RvTis xatad Seqmnils, ar SeiZleba waerTvas Tavisufali<br />

neba, Tunda igi borotebisken ixrebodes. erTaderTi,<br />

rac `zRvars udebs~ RvTis yovlisSemZleobas, adamianis<br />

Tavisuflebaa. RmerTs ar `SeuZlia~ masze Zaladoba,<br />

radgan Tavisufleba RvTis naperwkalia adamianSi.<br />

XII. gabudayeba (hubrisi). RmerTi ar akavebs, RmerTi<br />

miuSvebs. es RvTiuri miSvebaa. amirani miSvebulia da isic<br />

etoqeba imas, vinc miuSva igi.<br />

Zalagaorkecebuli amirani sruliad marto aRmoCndeba.<br />

rogor warmoiSva es simartove? sad aris yamari, romlis<br />

mosapoveblad man arnaxuli gmiroba Caidina? ar viciT.<br />

mTxrobeli dums. araTu ar icis, arc ainteresebs yamaris<br />

bedi, radgan es arseba Tavad amirans aRar esaWiroeba. sad<br />

arian Zmebi – badri da usupi, romlebic Tan axldnen mas<br />

ganuyrelad da Semweoba gauwies yamaris mopovebaSi?<br />

mTxrobeli dums. amirans isini aRar esaWiroeba. Tavis gabudayebaSi<br />

amirani marto unda iyos, rogorc absoluti,<br />

romelic ver iTmens Tavis gverdiT sxvas. erTi variantis<br />

mixedviT, amirani Sin tovebs maT, Tan ar mihyavs saWabukod,<br />

xels SemiSliano. marTlac, Zmebi iqneb xelisSemSlelni yofiliyvnen:<br />

amirani am qveynad xom yvelas unda dapirispireboda,<br />

raTa Tavisi Zalis `usazRvroeba~ gamoecada da ganecada,<br />

raTa, sabolood, martodmarto darCeniliyo sakuTar<br />

TavTan. is ar unda SeCerebuliyo berikacis winaSe,<br />

romelTan orTabrZolasac Zmebi uTuod dauSlidnen. da<br />

amirani, raki mas naTlia miuSvebda mis nebaze, bolomde gamocdida<br />

Tavs anu im Zalas, romelic Tavisi egoneboda,<br />

radgan daviwyebuli eqneboda, visi moniWebuli iyo igi. ami-

---

ani mowyda kacobriobas – man Tavisive xeliT gaaudaburgaaukacriela<br />

Tavisi garemo: arc toli, arc naklebi, arc<br />

mjobi, aRarc badri da usupi, aRarc yamari... arc devebi<br />

(garda erTaderTi calTvala devisa) – martodmarto miwasa<br />

da cas Sua, uflis winaSe, RvTis pirispir. miwas umZimda<br />

amirani. raRacis molodini iyo.<br />

sazogadoebisgan es kideganoba, asocialuroba, rac aSkarad<br />

SeiniSneba amiranis pirovnebaSi [tuiti: 315-316], sxva<br />

araferia, Tu ara misi gabudayebis, hubrisis gamoxatuleba.<br />

is SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc socialuri struqturis,<br />

figuralurad, keriis damangreveli `anti-siZe~ [SaraSiZe:<br />

202-203]. g. SaraSiZe mis am Tvisebas monadireobas-<br />

Tan akavSirebs. Tumca amiranisTvis monadireoba ganmsazRvreli<br />

ar aris, magram is damatebiT aZlierebs hubrisis<br />

xifaTs. miTosuri monadire, rogorc wesi, am motiviT<br />

iRupeba.<br />

bolos, martod darCenili (sad arian misi Zmebi, sad aris<br />

yamari?) amirani kvlav obolia da kvlav boboqrobs, rogorc<br />

bavSvobaSi. meordeba misi boboqari, agresiuli bav-<br />

Svoba – moWarbebuli Zalis usagno demonstracia.<br />

XIII. uflis gamowveva. `... maSin moicems guls, sazRvars<br />

gadalaxavs da Sescodavs. misi Zala ki mis RmerTSia~ (abak.<br />

2:11). amiranis momrevi aRaravin darCa qveyanaze. es misi bedisweraa.<br />

sabedisweroa im azriT, rom gardauvalia misi<br />

Sexvedra im berikacTan, romelmac erTxel Rame gaaTia misi<br />

mamobilis WerqveS da axlad mogvrili Svilis naTlioba<br />

SesTavaza. ar SeiZleba am berikacma ar moikiTxos igi, ar<br />

daxvdes mas gzaze, raTa mouvlinos axali gansacdeli. amiranma<br />

ganizraxa aseTi absurdi – absoluturi Zalis mflobeloba,<br />

im wyarosi, saidanac moedineba misi Zliereba.<br />

amirani devebis saxiT dabal sawyiss ebrZoda da misi<br />

brZola warmatebuli iyo (`amiranma devi dasca...~). axla<br />

naTliis saxiT is umaRles sawyiss ebrZvis da dascems saku-<br />

Tar Tavs. erTxel amiranma moiTxova imaze meti, rac SobiTgan<br />

hqonda micemuli, da mieca. axla man moisurva gamxdariyo<br />

imaze meti, rac iyo: amaRlebuliyo misTvis Zalis<br />

momniWebelze. naTliasTan SebrZolebiT man moindoma, rom<br />

madli, romelic mas mieca, misi buneba gamxdariyo. amiran-<br />

Si meordeba adamis dacema. `adamis dacema imaSi mdgomare-<br />

137

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138<br />

obs, rom man RmerTTan metoqeoba arCia, raTa gaTanasworeboda<br />

mas, nacvlad imisa, rom mis madls ziareboda~ [meiendorfi:<br />

132]. amgvari ganzraxvis absurduloba yofierebaSi<br />

pirvelad maSin gamoCnda, roca erTma ubrwyinvalesma<br />

angelozma, romelic yvela sxva angelozze axlos iyo<br />

gamCenTan, misi taxtis xelyofa ganizraxa – Svilma moindoma,<br />

Camoegdo mama da misi adgili daeWira. am aqtiT – es<br />

iyo janyi, mwvervali gabudayebisa – sulier samyaroSi Semovida<br />

boroteba, romelmac mere adamSi iCina Tavi. amiranis<br />

sasjelic iseTive aucdenelia, rogorc sasjeli mojanye<br />

angelozisa. es aris misi mokveTa samzeodan, cocxalTa<br />

qveynidan da, rac ufro maRali iyo misi mdgomareoba, miT<br />

ufro Rrma iyo misi dacema. amirani, rogorc adamiani,<br />

RvTis xats atarebs, RmerTma is Tavisufal arsebad Seqmna.<br />

da raki Tavisufalia, mas SeuZlia airCios RvTis sawinaaRmdego,<br />

daupirispirdes kidec mas, vinc Seqmna igi. rogorc<br />

Toma akvineli wers, `borotebis arCevis SesaZlebloba<br />

upiroboa, igi ar SeiZleba waerTvas srulyofil arsebas.<br />

aq aris Rrma safuZveli gansacdelisa da angelozis<br />

janyisa, da, agreTve, adamianis gansacdelisa da janyisa,<br />

rogorc pirveli adamianisa, aseve yvela Cvenganis. es aris<br />

yoveli sulieri arsebis xvedri: man unda gaiaros gansacdeli<br />

TavisuflebiT~. SeiZleba Tu ara amiranis janyi ganvixiloT<br />

mamis winaaRmdeg janyis saerTo tipologiur konteqstSi?<br />

kerZod, SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi CarTva ber-<br />

Znuli Teogoniis tipologiaSi? kronosi Camoagdebs uranoss,<br />

kronoss Camoagdebs zevsi. mojanye imarjvebs, mis-<br />

Tvis ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli sasjeli. amiranis janyi,<br />

mxolod mcdeloba upiratesobis gamoCenisa, Tavis TavSive<br />

gulisxmobs sasjels. amiranis eposi misdevs semitur yaidas,<br />

romlis Tanaxmadac mama yovelTvis gamarjvebulia,<br />

misi marcxi warmoudgenelia, radgan is absoluturi mamobis<br />

gansaxierebaa.<br />

XIV. mijaWva. amiranis sasjelis adgili igive adgilia,<br />

sadac man berikacs orTabrZola gaumarTa. Serkineba xdeba<br />

an romelime maRal mTaze (ialbuzi, brutsabZela, sayornia...),<br />

an samWedlosTan, an gzajvaredinze. maRali mTa, mTis<br />

mwvervali kargad gamoxatavs misi zvaobis, gabudayebis<br />

mwvervals, saidanac unda daiwyos misi dacema. is palo Tu

---

uflis yavarjeni, romelsac Zvra ver uyo amiranma, raki uflis<br />

brZanebiT fesvebi gaidga dedamiwis gulSi, iqceva im<br />

svetad, sadac miejaWveba meamboxe gmiri. mijaWva ar akmara<br />

mrisxane naTliam – zed kldec gadaaxura, raTa kacTagan<br />

uxilavi yofiliyo, rogorc dabeWdili saidumlo. daeca<br />

amirani. daeca, rogorc is angelozi, romelzec bibliaSia<br />

naTqvami: `rogor Camoemxe cidan, mTiebo, Zeo gan-<br />

Tiadisa! miwas daenarcxe, xalxTa mtarvalo! guSin ambobdi:<br />

cad avxdebi, RvTis varsklavTa zemoT taxts davidgam<br />

da davjdebi sakrebulo mTaze, Crdilo kalTebze. maRla<br />

RrublebSi aviWrebi, uzenaess gavutoldebio! magram SaveTSi<br />

Cadixar, qvesknelis ufskrulebSi...~ (esaia, 14: 12-15).<br />

is, rac daemarTa amirans, ar aris ganpirobebuli mis gare-<br />

Se arsebuli obieqturi garemoebebiT, arc winaswarganCinebiT<br />

(anu bedisweriT), aramed gamowveulia misi Tavisufali<br />

nebiT. aq aris tragedia ara bediswerisa, rogorc antikur<br />

dramasa Tu miTosSi, aramed tragedia Tavisufali<br />

nebisa, rogorc qristianuli epoqis dramaSi (Seqspiri, ibseni,<br />

vaJa-fSavela...). n. berdiaevi erTgan wers, rom `namdvili<br />

tragedia aris tragedia Tavisuflebisa da ara bediswerisa~.<br />

amiranis saqmeSi ar Cans bediswera. ar Cans arc<br />

winaswarmetyveleba, romelsac unda gaurbodes is, rogorc<br />

oidiposi an aqilevsi gaurbian. bevri niSniT amirani<br />

enaTesaveba aqilevss [tuiti: 309-310, 315-6, 319-320], magram<br />

am erTaderTi gadamwyveti niSniT Sordeba. es aris Tavisufali<br />

neba anu arCevanis Tavisufleba, rasac moklebulia<br />

elinTa saxelganTqmuli gmiri.<br />

amiranis sasjelis Tavisebureba is aris, rom mijaWvam<br />

samani daudo mis hubriss, iseve rogorc codvis Sedegad<br />

Semosulma sikvdilma adams mis bunebaSi codvis gamaradisebis<br />

perspeqtiva aacila. aq Cans sasjelis ambivalenturoba,<br />

rac esoden nacnobia elinuri tragediisTvis. Tavsdatexilma<br />

ubedurebam, rogorc RvTis sasjelma, kaTarzisi<br />

unda dabados. amiranis tragedia elis kaTarziss.<br />

XV. mijaWvuli amirani. amirani garidebulia kacobriobas.<br />

misi Tavdapirveli obloba absoluturi martoobis<br />

saxes iRebs. martoobis ganaCeni man Tavadve gamoutana Tavis<br />

Tavs, roca gabudayebis periodSi ganudga yvelas da,<br />

sabolood, yovlis pirvel mizezsa da dasabams aujanyda.<br />

139

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140<br />

ar arian mis gverdiT arc misi Zmebi da arc yamari. sad aris<br />

Semwe, mrCeveli da mosarCle? RmerTma dasaja da adamiani<br />

rogorRa gamoesarClos? aRarc metoqe, romelTanac<br />

kvlav gamocdida Zalas. ukanaskneli Zala, romelmac is miajaWva,<br />

klded aris aRmarTuli. axla is martoa Tavis Tav-<br />

Tan, dasrulda epikuri dro da daiwyo egzistencialuri,<br />

misi sakuTari pirovnuli dro. am tyveobaSi mis garSemo<br />

Cndebian sruliad axali personaJebi. aq aris goSia, romelmac<br />

mTeli wlis manZilze unda lokos jaWvi, gawyvetamde<br />

miiyvanos igi, raTa mWedlebma kvlav gaamrTelon. es xdeba<br />

vnebis kviras, did xuTSabaTs, roca mWedlebi dilaadrianad<br />

ubrad grdemlze uros scemen TavTavianT samWedloebSi<br />

da maTi erToblivi ZalisxmeviT iq, gamoqvabulSi, jaWvi<br />

kvlav iWedeba. mTiuluri Tqmuleba amgvarad gadmogvcems<br />

amiranis jaWvTa yovelwliur ganaxlebas mWedlebis<br />

mier: `aRdgomis sami dRis win, did xuTSabaTs, mWedelma<br />

grdemls kveri unda dahkras, Toro amirani aiSvebs da<br />

mWedlebs emterebao. ramdenjerac kvers grdemlze dahkramen,<br />

imdens muSkias lokviT gaTxelebuli amiranis jaWvi gasqeldebao.<br />

amirani aq, mleTaSia dabmuli~ [kaiSauri: 107].<br />

aqvea Citi, romelic periodulad ajdeba palos, raTa<br />

amiranma palo, romelsac is aryevs mTeli wlis manZilze,<br />

Tavisda uneburad kvlav myarad CaaWedos kldeSi. paloze<br />

Semomjdar am ucxo, saidanRac Semofrenil frTosans wili<br />

udevs TiTqos ukve Tavdaxsnili amiranis xelmeored mijaWvaSi.<br />

amirani palos abrunebs miwis siRrmeSi. ras niSnavs<br />

es? risi niSania es Citi? imis xom ara, rom is jer kidev ar<br />

aris mzad gasaTavisufleblad? es uneburi TviTSeborkva<br />

xom ar aris gamoxatuleba im codvisa, romlisganac igi jer<br />

kidev ar gaTavisuflebula? an im absurdisa, romelSic sakuTar<br />

ZalaSi dajerebam Caagdo? igive Zala, romelic misi<br />

imedi da siamaye iyo, iqceva mis kvlav mimjaWvelad. es Zala<br />

xom mainc misi sakuTreba ar aris – es misi naTliis Zalaa,<br />

romelic mibarebuli hqonda mas. igive Zala ajaWvavs mas kvlav<br />

ganmeorebiT da ase iqneba, sanam amirani amas ar mixvdeba.<br />

goSia – miwis arseba – exmareba, Citi – cis arseba – xels<br />

uSlis. es imas xom ar niSnavs, rom ca jer kidev ar aris Tanaxma<br />

misi gaTavisuflebisa? ca kvlav gansacdels ugzavnis<br />

mas, kvlav elis misgan pasuxs. sijiutea, rom abrkolebs<br />

mis gaTavisuflebas. jer sijiute unda daiZlios.

---

XVI. gaTavisuflebis mcdelobani. Tanaxmad ramdenime<br />

variantad arsebuli Tqmulebisa, romelic SeiZleba amiranis<br />

eposis epilogad miviCnioT, is klde, sadac mijaWvulia<br />

gmiri, Svid weliwadSi erTxel iReba. ca kvlav aZlevs<br />

Sanss...<br />

erT-erT am gaxsnas Seeswreba erTi usaxelo mwyemsi, menaxire,<br />

mecxvare Tu monadire [arjevaniZe: 95; Ciqovani<br />

1947: 335, 338, 346]. eposis dasawyisSi, mis prologSi, vxedavT<br />

monadires, romelmac ipova bavSvi da ixsna daRupvisagan.<br />

epilogSi kvlav vxvdebiT monadires, romelsac am-<br />

Jamadac amiranis gadarCenis misia akisria. am monadirem<br />

amiranis davalebiT Sinidan (an samWedlodan) unda wamoi-<br />

Ros jaWvi (sakideli), romlis saSualebiTac amiranma Tavisken<br />

unda miizidos xmali, raTa gakveTos borkilebi. monadirem<br />

ubrad unda wamoiRos es sakideli – aravis gasces<br />

xma, aravis gamoepasuxos. mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi eqneba<br />

warmateba mis mcdelobas. Cveulebriv, monadire yovel-<br />

Tvis icavs akrZalvebs sanadirod wasvlamde ramdenime<br />

dRiT adre. marxulobs, mdumarebs, ar ekareba cols. am akrZalvaTa<br />

Sesrulebazea damokidebuli misi warmateba nadirobisas.<br />

magram monadire ver daicavs dumilis aRTqmas. abezari<br />

coli daacdeninebs sityvas amiranis gamosaxsnelad mimaval<br />

qmars. monadire veRar miagnebs kldes da amiranis<br />

gaTavisuflebis saxsaric ispoba. monadire ver icavs dumils,<br />

mWedlebi ki icaven, roca ubrad scemen grdemlze<br />

uros, da maTi moqmedeba warmatebulia (gavixsenoT, rom<br />

arsebobs sakmaod gavrcelebuli cikli TqmulebaTa akrZalvis<br />

damrRvevi monadiris Sesaxeb). mWedeli icavs aR-<br />

Tqmas, monadire – arRvevs. es imas niSnavs, rom jer kidev<br />

Warbobs is tendenciebi, romlebic amiranis mijaWvis pirobebs<br />

qmnian.<br />

ras gveubneba xelmocaruli monadiris Tqmuleba? es Tqmuleba<br />

Citis epizodTan erTad gveubneba, rom amirans isev da isev<br />

fizikuri Zalis imedi aqvs: is cdilobs fizikuri ZaliT aiSvas<br />

Tavi – palo moaryios, xmali moizidos borkilTa gasakveTad.<br />

magram es borkilebi iseTi borkilebia, romlebic xmliT ar gaikveTeba.<br />

isini sxva Zalam unda axsnas.<br />

Tqmuleba kidev, da es mTavaria, gveubneba, rom sanam<br />

adamiani aseTia, rogorc is monadire, romelic arRvevs<br />

141

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142<br />

aRTqmas, manam amirani mijaWvuli iqneba. amirani swored<br />

imitom aris mijaWvuli, rom kacTa modgma ar aris srulyofili.<br />

amiranis mijaWvuloba adamianTa sisustiT aris<br />

ganpirobebuli. sanam arsebobs SesaZlebloba imisa, rom<br />

kacTa modgmaSi irRveodes aRTqma da fici, amiranic mijaWvuli<br />

iqneba da is verasodes daixsnis Tavs borkilebisgan.<br />

ras niSnavs es? es imas niSnavs, rom amirani codvili kacobriobis<br />

gansaxierebaa, rom is atarebs kacobriobis codvebs,<br />

Sekrulia am codvebiT. da Tu kacobriobaSi aRmoCndeba<br />

erTi wmida kaci, is erTic sakmarisi iqneba, rom amiransac<br />

daudges Tavisuflebis dRe – misi SeTxelebuli<br />

borkili sabolood gawydes, moryeuli paloc sabolood<br />

amovardes.<br />

jaWvi, rogorc sagani, sabediswero xdeba amiranisTvis.<br />

is ambivalenturia: jaWviT aris is dabmuli da jaWviTve<br />

cdilobs gaTavisuflebas. sxva TqmulebaSi (megrulSi) monadires<br />

mwyemsi enacvleba, romelsac jaWvi miaqvs amiranis<br />

dasaxsnelad. mwyemss monadireebi SeSlilad CaTvlian<br />

da amiranisTvis gamzadebuli jaWviT Sekraven. amis Semdeg<br />

mwyemsi wyevlis monadireebs. yazbegis kldeze, ambobs<br />

Tqmuleba, hkidia es jaWvi, unda vifiqroT, ara amiranis ga-<br />

Tavisuflebis simbolod, aramed imis niSnad, rom es saSualeba<br />

ver gaaTavisuflebs mas.<br />

xalxis SefasebiT, Tu amirans gaTavisufleba uweria,<br />

unda gaTavisufldes gardaqmnili amirani da ara iseTi, rogoric<br />

miajaWves. aseTi amiranis aSveba araTu kacobriobis,<br />

aramed mTeli bunebis gamanadgurebelic aris. vaJas<br />

leqss `amirani~ amgvari SeniSvna axlavs: `fSavlebis warmodgeniT,<br />

rodesac amirani aRdgeba, maSin bunebaSic areuloba<br />

moxdeba~. xalxi, romelmac misi Tqmuleba Seinaxa,<br />

imitomac ekideba TanagrZnobiT mijaWvul gmirs, rom igi<br />

masSi sakuTar Tavs – codvaTa borkilebiT dabmuls – xedavs<br />

da gaTavisuflebas elis. es monadire xalxis warmomadgenelia.<br />

ara mxolod monadirea pasuxismgebeli, aramed<br />

TiToeuli Cvengani pirovnulad monawileobs misi satanjvelis<br />

gaxangrZlivebaSi. amiranis sasjeli Cveni sasjelia.<br />

xalxis Tvalsazrisi dasjili amiranis bedze mkafiod<br />

Cans erT moxevur TqmulebaSi. rodesac gamarjvebebiT<br />

gabudayebulma amiranma qriste RmerTTanac Sejibreba moindoma,<br />

RmerTma is amisTvis myinvarwveris ferdobze mia-

---

jaWvao. amiT undoda esargebla amiranis dauZinebel<br />

mters gveleSaps, myinvaris wveridan gadmococda da dabmul<br />

amirans SeWmas upirebda. magram misi es ganzraxva wm.<br />

giorgis gaugia da swrafad iqve gaCenila. wmindans gvele-<br />

SapisaTvis TiTis daqneviT uTqvams: `SeCerdi, amirani codvebis<br />

mosananieblad davabi da ara Sen gasaZRomado, mandve<br />

gaqvavdio~. am sityvebiT gveleSapi iqve gaqvavebula<br />

[makalaTia: 242].<br />

vinc amas ambobs, mas ar gaumetebia amirani samudamo satanjvelisTvis,<br />

jojoxeTisTvis. es gveleSapi jojoxeTs<br />

atarebs Tavis TavSi, is modis, rom sabolood STanTqas amiranis<br />

sicocxle. magram amirani unda gadarCes da igi mismave<br />

sakuTarma Zalam unda gadaarCinos. Tumca misi mxsneli<br />

Zala ar iqneba fizikuri Zala, aramed Zala sinanulisa,<br />

raSic unda STainTqas misi urCoba da ampartavneba. eposis<br />

Semnaxveli xalxic ase fiqrobs. is ar gansjis amirans, mxolod<br />

elodeba mis moqcevas. is TanaugrZnobs mas, mis tanjvas,<br />

is ar gansjis, radgan `ukanaskneli sja mxolod<br />

RmerTs ekuTvnis, adamians ki arasodes ar SeuZlia gansajos<br />

RvTis qmnileba, rogorc sabolood daRupuli da amitomac<br />

unda uyvardes masSi xsnis potencia~ [berdiaevi:48].<br />

amiranSi ki aris xsnis potencia, SesaZlebloba gaTavisuflebisa<br />

sakuTari Zalmomreobisagan.<br />

sasinanulod amirans micemuli aqvs vada. sasinanulo<br />

dro-Jami mas ar warTmevia. es igrZnoba moxeur Tqmuleba-<br />

Si – misi azri saerTo suliskveTebis gamomxatvelia. xalxis<br />

sulma mSobliur landSaftSic ki – mTadqceul gvele-<br />

SapSi – amoikiTxa, rom cas sabolood ar gauwiravs adamiani,<br />

rom ca mis mxarezea.<br />

`amiraniani~ ar aris dasrulebuli, misi dro-Jami ar<br />

amowurula. siuJeturi dro emTxveva realur dros, romelic<br />

jer kidev miedineba. amirani kacobriobis istoriis<br />

yovel awmyoSia, is yvela epoqis Tanamedrovea.<br />

blez paskali (1623-1662) werda, rom adamians ornairi<br />

gansacdeli emuqreba: is SeiZleba Cavardes sasowarkveTilebaSi<br />

Tavisi uZlurebis gamo da SeiZleba gaampartavndes<br />

sakuTar Tavze gadametebuli warmodgenis gamo. amirani<br />

moicva sasowarkveTilebam uZlevel ambri arabTan Sexvedrisas<br />

da – hubrisma, roca warmoidgina, rom misi momrevi<br />

amqveynad da arc qveynis gareT aravin iyo. ambri arabis wi-<br />

143

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144<br />

naSe Tavis uZlurebaSi darwmunebuli, ormoci dRe da ormoci<br />

Rame glovobda. misma naTliam, macxovarma ieso qristem,<br />

Seibrala igi da uzomo Zala mianiWa. magram roca amirans<br />

qveyanaze aravin darCa moureveli, mas daeufla hubrisi<br />

da Tavad macxovari gamoiwvia orTabrZolaSi. gaampartavnebulma<br />

imis damarcxeba moindoma, vinc Zala miani-<br />

Wa. es iyo udidesi hubrisis gamovlineba, risTvisac amirani<br />

kldeze mijaWviT dasaja RmerTma.<br />

SeiZleboda hubrisis gardaqmnili saxe dagvenaxa erT<br />

fragmentSi, sadac amirani wmida cxovelis uneblie mkvlelad<br />

gvevlineba:<br />

mTas iremi wamogvixta, casa swvdeba rqani misi,<br />

amiranma ro esrola, mo¡do marjvena mxarsao,<br />

mivida, bevri itira, ro jvari naxa rqasao<br />

[Ciqovani 1981:21].<br />

aSkaraa, rom es fragmenti im vrceli baladiseburi teqstis<br />

nawilia, romelic amgvarad iwyeba: `sanadirod wamovidnen<br />

amiran da Zmani misni... mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqro<br />

iyo rqani misni, ucxo mTaze koSki naxes, anagebi brolis<br />

qvisi~ da a.S. (ix. VI epizodi). am baladis arc erT variantSi<br />

jvari ar gvxvdeba, arc is Cans, rom es oqrosrqiani iremi<br />

raimeTi niSnulia. `amiranma boZali hkra, wiTlad dasWra<br />

mxari misi~, da am qmedebas ar mohyveba tragikuli Sedegi.<br />

magram raki mas Tundac erT, unikalur variantSi, miewereba<br />

jvriani irmis mokvla, igi ar unda ugulebelvyoT, unda<br />

CavTvaloT amiranis ganwirulebis momaswaveblad am Zvel-<br />

TaZveli miTologemis saSualebiT. jer kidev agamemnonia<br />

gaxveuli am miTologemaSi: TqmulebiT, mas mouklavs artemisis<br />

wmida Sveli, rac misi tragikuli daRupvis mizezi<br />

gamxdara. mogvianebiT igive mizezi mouswrafebs sicocxles<br />

bizantiuri xanis berZen gmirs – digenis (`orgzis Sobil~)<br />

akritass. misi mokluli irmis rqebs Soris jvari da<br />

beWebs Soris yovladwmida RvTismSoblis xati aRmoCnda<br />

da manac, rogorc zemoT moyvanil fragmentSi amiranma,<br />

gamoiglova Tavi: `samasi daTvi movkali da samocdaori lomi<br />

da, aha, bedisweram wmida irems Semaxvedra, romelsac<br />

rqebSi jvari hqonda, Tavze varskvlavi da beWebze RvTismSobeli.<br />

codvaSi Cavvardi da unda movkvde~ [destunisi:

---

29-30]. digenisi iRupeba, rogor tipuri monadire, romelsac<br />

nadirobisas Semoakvdeba nadirTpatronis rCeuli pirutyvi.<br />

amasTanave, SesaZloa, damatebiT misi codva daxocili<br />

nadiris gadametebul ricxvSic (samasi daTvi da samocdaori<br />

lomi) gamoixata.<br />

daismis kiTxva: romel epikur Tu miTologiur personaJebTan<br />

avlens amirani tipologiur naTesaobas im masalis<br />

mixedviT, romelic Cvens xelTaa, rogorc igi Cans Cvenamde<br />

moRweul TqmulebebSi – elin promeTevsTan? aseTia<br />

gavrcelebuli azri, magram Tu masalidan amovalT da ara<br />

winaswar SemuSavebuli azridan, amiransa da promeTevss<br />

Soris verc fundamentur da verc tipologiur msgavsebanaTesaobas<br />

ver vpovebT. tipologiuradac isini gansxvavebulni<br />

arian. aris mxolod erTaderTi msgavseba maT Soris<br />

– mijaWva. orive gmiri mijaWvulia da mijaWvis adgilad<br />

orive TqmulebaSi kavkasiis mTebia dasaxelebuli. es<br />

ki sakmao sacdurs iZleva maTi gaigivebisTvis.<br />

vin aris promeTevsi da vin aris amirani?<br />

promeTevsi uzenaesi RvTaebis, zevsis Taobisaa. maT saerTo<br />

papa (uranosi) da didi deda (gea) hyavT. olimposis<br />

mbrZaneblisgan igi arafriT aris davalebuli, arc damokidebulia<br />

masze. Tumca is ar ekuTvnis olimposze dabrZanebul<br />

RvTaebriv elitas, romelic ganagebs samyaros.<br />

amirani Tumca saswaulebriv aris Sobili, mainc adamiania,<br />

adamianTa samyaros ekuTvnis. igi rom qriste RmerTis<br />

naTlulia da misgan ZalamoniWebuli, swored imas mowmobs,<br />

rom is ierarqiulad dabla mdgomia. promeTevsi Semqmnelia<br />

adamianTa modgmisa, romelsac amiranic ekuTvnis eladis<br />

sxva gmirebTan erTad (herakle, Tesevsi, persevsi da<br />

sxvani mravalni). promeTevsis sazrunavi adamianebia (adamianebi<br />

mas abaria), amiranisa – sakuTari Tavi, masze zrunavs<br />

ufali qriste.<br />

promeTevsis Zalis, RvTaebrivi unarebis wyaro Tavadvea,<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi, zevsisgan ar aris davalebuli, amiranis<br />

Zlierebis wyaro ki ufalia.<br />

promeTevsi da amirani kacobriobis ganviTarebis gansxvavebul<br />

safexurebs ekuTvnian. promeTevsis iaraRi aris<br />

Wkua, gamWriaxoba, moxerxeba. amirani ki moqmedebs mxolod<br />

fizikuri ZaliT, rac migvaniSnebs, rom igi sxva, ufro Zveli<br />

formaciis kacobriobas ekuTvnis. promeTevsis for-<br />

145

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146<br />

macia meoreulia, igi axali kacobriobis warmomadgenelia.<br />

promeTevsi iseve upirispirdeba amirans, rogorc mravalnacadi<br />

odisevsi fexmard aqilevss an omSi myivar menelaoss,<br />

romelTa epiTetebi fizikur Zalaze miuTiTebs. pirvelTa<br />

rigSia marko kraleviCi, romelic gansacdelis<br />

(ufalTan gancdili marcxis) Semdeg gadadis promeTevsodisevsis<br />

formaciaSi.<br />

gansxvavebulia maTi dasjis motivebic. sxvadasxva mi-<br />

Tologiuri tradicia promeTevsis mijaWvis mizezad<br />

Tvlis: 1) kacTaTvis cecxlis motanas anu cecxlis saidumlos<br />

gamJRavnebas, 2) zevsis sabediswero saidumlos argamxelas<br />

(rom zevss misi da Tetisis naSieri Camoagdebs taxtidan),<br />

3) aTenas motacebis mcdelobas.<br />

amirani isjeba: 1) ufalTan gatolebis mcdelobisaTvis,<br />

2) ficis samgzisi gatexisaTvis (svanuri versiiT), da<br />

aramc da aramc cecxlis (an yamaris) motacebisaTvis. arc<br />

erTi varianti ar laparakobs cecxlis motacebaze da mis<br />

miwaze Camotanaze amiranis an mis ZmaTa xeliT. Tu cecxlzea<br />

sadme laparaki, es exeba miwaze arsebuli cecxlis<br />

povnas, ara – motacebas. ar aris damajerebeli yamarisa da<br />

cecxlis igiveobis argumentebi: `promeTevsis oreuli,<br />

amirani, RrubelT ufals – pirimzes qaliSvils, mzeTunaxavs<br />

mostacebs da colad SeirTavs. am SemTxvevaSi cecxli<br />

mzeTunaxaviTaa Secvlili. asea gaformebuli amiranianSi<br />

es motivi misi ganviTarebis umaRles safexurze~ [Ciqovani<br />

1959: 235]. aRvniSnav, rom motacebul mzeTunaxavs<br />

amirani colad ar irTavs. romc irTavdes da igi cecxlis<br />

gamoxatuleba iyos, es aqti mainc ar CaiTvleboda prome-<br />

Tevsiseul kulturul qmedebad. yamari, rogorc cecxli,<br />

motacebis Semdeg aRarsad Cans. Tuki moitaces, xalxisTvis<br />

unda yofiliyo motacebuli.<br />

mijaWva mxolod saSualebaa dasjisa sxvadasxva dana-<br />

SaulisaTvis. mTavari sasjelis saxe ki ar aris, aramed sasjelis<br />

mizezi da, erTgvarad, mizani. Tu meore kriteriumiT<br />

davuwyebT Zebnas amiranis oreulebs, pirvel rigSi,<br />

Tvalwin warmogvidgeba iseTi personaJebi gansxvavebuli<br />

sagmiro-miTologiuri tradiciebidan, rogorebic arian<br />

osuri narTebis baTraZi, somxuri eposis mheri da samxre-<br />

Teli slavebis marko kraleviCi, afxazuri tradiciis abrskili<br />

da megrulis aramxutu.

---

devebTan mebrZoli baTraZi, romelic ciuri mWedlis<br />

qurdalagonis mier aris gamowrTobili, Tavis Zalas Zuarebis<br />

(jvarTa) da vacilebis (wm. eliebis) winaaRmdeg mimarTavs.<br />

misi gabudayebis kulminacia RmerTTan Serkinebaa,<br />

sadac uZleveli baTraZi marcxdeba: dedamiwis simZimis<br />

gudas ki aswevs, magram oqros Zafis gorgalis awevas<br />

veRar SeZlebs, ris Semdegac igi aRiarebs, rom arsebobs<br />

misi mjobi.<br />

asparezoba mxolod marcxiT ar mTavrdeba – RmerTi<br />

mzis mxurvalebiT acamtverebs mas. baTraZis Tqmuleba ar<br />

icnobs mijaWvas [narTebi 1988: 270-272].<br />

aseve mijaWvis gareSe mTavrdeba markos marcxi. marko,<br />

dainaxavs ra, rom misi momrevi amqveynad aravinaa,<br />

ufals gamoiwvevs orTabrZolaSi. ufali Camodis dedamiwaze,<br />

moxucis saxiT gamoecxadeba da dedamiwis wona gudas<br />

daugdebs gzajvaredinze. marko ver aswevs, Tumca<br />

mTel Tavis Zalas mas daaxarjavs. bolos ufali gaumJRavnebs<br />

Tavs, marko inanebs, rom ufali orTabrZolaSi gamoiwvia.<br />

uflis nebiT, marko kvlav uZlevel Wabukad darCeba,<br />

oRond amieridan orTabrZolaSi Zalis nacvlad xerxsa<br />

da eSmakobas gamoiyenebs [slavTa simR.: 207-8]. aramxutus<br />

Tqmuleba, gansxvavebiT `amiranianisgan~, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli<br />

konkretul eTnikur garemosTan (sof. jvari,<br />

cimintiebi, qardavebi, ServaSiZe, visTanac mas urTierToba<br />

aqvs). igi Tavidanve moZaladea da RmerTsac eur-<br />

Ceba. wm. giorgi mas, rogorc araqristians(!), verafers aklebs,<br />

RmerTi ki sjis: Zafs Semoaqselavs tanze, jaWvad uqcevs<br />

da paloze daabams. aramxutusac Citi uSlis palos<br />

amoZrobas [Ciqovani 1947: 385]. arsebobs gayofiTebuli variantebi,<br />

sadac aramxutus tyviiT(!) klavs cimintia, Tavs<br />

moaWris da jgeges miarTmevs sofel jvarSi [Ciqovani 1947:<br />

386].<br />

aseve eTnizebulia, da ufro Zlieradac, abrskilis afxazuri<br />

Tqmuleba: is ebrZvis samSoblos (afxazeTis)<br />

mtrebs (eWvi ar aris, rom es motivi gviandeli warmoSobisaa).<br />

mis biografiaSi ZiriTadi gmiroba devis mokvlaa. gaampartavnebul-gabudayebuli<br />

abrskili RmerTs etoleba<br />

– arafris didebiT ar uxris mas qeds. Tavs arasodes xris,<br />

RmerTs ar egonos, Tayvans mcemso. Tqmuleba orTabrZolas<br />

ar icnobs. RmerTi sjis mas: jaWviT Seborkils Wlous<br />

147

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148<br />

gamoqvabulSi (oCamCiris maxloblad) rkinis boZze miabmevinebs.<br />

aqac vxvdebiT gaTavisuflebis amao mcdelobas or<br />

variantad: 1) Citis mizeziT misi palo kidev ufro Rrmad<br />

iWedeba kldeSi; 2) afxazebi – aCbebi Tu cacbebi – miagneben<br />

abrskilis gamoqvabuls, magram imedgacruebulni ukanve<br />

dabrundebian [zuxba: 344-9; 9, 387-9]. adiReelTa narTebis<br />

meTaurma (Txamadam) nasiren-JaCem ganizraxa RmerTis<br />

(Txas) meufebis damxoba. adis oSxamaxoze (ialbuzze), Rmer-<br />

Tebis mTaze, da ebrZvis RvTaeba pakos, rom daibrunos war-<br />

Tmeuli cecxli. pako miajaWvavs nasirens oSxamaxos wverze.<br />

SevniSnavT, rom adiReuri simRera-moTqma mijaWvul nasirenze<br />

`wvrilmanebSic~ ki imeorebs amiranis dramas. mogvyavs<br />

es simRera:<br />

`o uiy-uiy, narTo nasiren! uiy, uiy nasiren-JaCe! muxanaTuria<br />

Seni qcevani, RvTis sityvas da saqmes Sen pativs<br />

ar scem. o, RvTisagan SeCvenebulo, o, vinc mTaze<br />

aiyvanes, o, vinc mTaze miajaWves! Sens zemoT arwivia,<br />

gverdiT Seni ZaRli giwevs! aryevs grialiT svets, Citi<br />

mofrindeba xolme, svetze jdeba. Sen brazdebi, ehei,<br />

yviri, qvas esvri, svets xvdeba, sveti ufro Rrmad er-<br />

Woba. Sens gverdiT ZaRli wevs, jaWvs RrRnis, Zafis sisqes<br />

xdis. roca galokavs, mWedlebi samWedloSi sisxam<br />

diliT grdemlze uros scemen, jaWvi kvlav mTliandeba,<br />

rogorc iyo... vidre Cven ar agxsniT, RmerTi gakavebdes<br />

mand dasaRupavad~<br />

[narTebi 1974: 273-4].<br />

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs amiranis bed-<br />

Tan tipologiuri an, SesaZloa, geneturi msgavsebasiaxloviT<br />

somexTa mheri umrwemesi, sasunelTa modgmis<br />

ukanaskneli gmiri. misi bavSvoba iseTive boboqaria, rogorc<br />

amiranisa, xolo gabudayebis zRurblze dedamiwas<br />

aRar surs misi atana (siarulisas fexebi miwaSi efloba),<br />

anu is dawyevlilia miwisagan. misi bolo kldis gamoqvabulia,<br />

rasac mhers misi ded-mama uwinaswarmetyvelebs, roca<br />

igi maT saflavebs CasZaxebs SemweobisTvis da mheric<br />

miadgeba kldes, magram manamde is orTabrZolaSi iwvevs<br />

RmerTs (`an Semerkine, an waiRe Cemi suli~), romelic mas<br />

Svid angelozs SeabrZolebs. magram amaoa mheris cda: misi

---

elva-xmali verafers aklebs uxorcoT. damarcxebulma<br />

mherma sakuTari maxviliT gaapo klde, romlis wiaRSi `samudamod~<br />

unda datyvevebuliyo. klde weliwadSi orjer<br />

ixsneba – vardavarisa da amaRlebis dResaswaulebze. mheri<br />

gamodis gareT, magram kvlavindeburad miwas ar surs<br />

misi zidva, is cxenianad efloba miwaSi. kldis erT-erTi<br />

gaxsnisas Semodis mwyemsi da mis kiTxvaze, rodis gamoxval<br />

aqedano, mheri aZlevs sagulisxmo pasuxs: `Tu axla avdeqi<br />

da gamovedi, ver amitans me miwa. sanam es wuTisofeli<br />

borotebiT aris savse, sanam aseTi crua miwa, me ar mecxovreba<br />

qveyanaze. roca daemxoba es sofeli da kvlav aSendeba,<br />

roca xorblis marcvali kaklisodena gaxdeba, roca askilis<br />

nayofiviT gaxdeba xorblis marcvali, ai, maSin dadgeba<br />

Cemi dRe da im dRes gamoval aqedan~ [sasuneli: 340-<br />

341]. rogorc vxedavT, mheris gaTavisufleba iseve, rogorc<br />

amiranisa, esqatologiur perspeqtivasTan, qveynis<br />

feriscvalebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mheris RmerTmebrZoli<br />

neba motexilia, igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, kaTarzisis<br />

procesSi imyofeba da elis saboloo, esqatologiur Jams.<br />

ganwmedil-ganaxlebuli mheri da `axali ca da axali miwa~<br />

Seegebeba erTmaneTs.<br />

yvela am TqmulebaSi gamoxatulia tragedia adamianisa,<br />

romelic ver egueba adamianur dasazRvrulobas da cdilobs<br />

gascdes kacobriv sazRvars, gautoldes RmerTs,<br />

risTvisac isjeba. erTaderTi marko ar isjeba. mas miemadleba<br />

sxvarigi Zala – igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, am marcxiani or-<br />

TabrZolidan axal adamianad ibadeba. marko rwmundeba fizikuri<br />

Zalis umweobaSi, roca absolutur Zalas Seejaxeba.<br />

orTabrZola misi gakveTili iyo. amiranisTvisac gakveTilia<br />

es sabediswero Serkineba Tavis naTliasTan, isic<br />

unda darwmundes, rom adamianSi moqceuli Zala uflis winaSe<br />

araraobaa. is, rac markos pirovnebaSi moxda, aris gardaqmna<br />

– metanoia, TvalTaxedvis Secvla, anu sinanuli, rasac<br />

RmerTi elis mijaWvuli amiranisagan.<br />

promeTevsi ki arc adamiania da, amis gamo, arc sinanulis<br />

gancda aqvs, arc zevsi moelis misgan sinanuls. amiranis<br />

tragedia gacilebiT Rrmaa, vidre promeTevsisa, romlis<br />

bedi zevsis kaprizze Tu TviTnebobazea damokidebuli.<br />

amave dros promeTevsi ukve gamoxsnilia, magram is ixsna<br />

gareSe Zalam da ara Sinaganma mzadyofnam xsnisaTvis.<br />

149

---

150<br />

Tumca Sinaganis problema arc dgas mis winaSe. es adamianis<br />

problemaa, promeTevsi ki adamiani ar aris.<br />

dasasrul, momyavs h.-g. gadameris lakoniuri daskvnebi,<br />

romlebiTac man daasrula Tavisi narkvevi promeTevsze:<br />

`ase iqceva promeTevsi simbolod kacobriobis TviTtanjvisa<br />

sakuTari sindisiT, cnobierebis tragediis simbolod~.<br />

da kidev: `masSi kacobrioba, visTvisac is itanjeba,<br />

Wvrets sakuTar Tavs~. da bolos: `me meCveneba, rom promeTevsis<br />

istoria iseve daumTavrebelia, rogorc Tavad<br />

adamianis istoria~ [gadameri: 255].<br />

me meCveneba, rom es sityvebi ufro amiranis egzistencialur<br />

mdgomareobas gamoxatavs, vidre promeTevsisas.<br />

istoriaSi promeTevsis drama dasrulebulia, is herakles<br />

gamomsyidvelma aqtma gaauqma, amiranisa ki dRemde grZeldeba<br />

`mijaWvul~ Tu gamoqvabulSi gamomwyvdeul (gavixsenoT<br />

platonis miTosi gamoqvabulze `saxelmwifoSi~) kac-<br />

Ta modgmasTan erTad.<br />

literatura<br />

arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe e., anotirebuli bibliografia<br />

CMOMÏ K-Si gamoqveynebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

xalxuri sityvierebis masalisa, `mecniereba~,<br />

Tb., 1971.<br />

berdiaevi: Áåðäÿåâ Í., Ýðîñ è ëè÷íîñòü, Èçä. “Ïðîìåòåé”, Ì., 1989.<br />

gadameri: Ãàäàìåð Ã.-Ã.Àêòóàëüíîñòü ïðåêðañíîãî, “Èñêóññòâî”,<br />

Ì., 1991.<br />

gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi,<br />

`ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.<br />

destunisi: Äåñòóíèñ Ã., Ðàçûñêàíèÿ î ãðå÷åñêèõ áîãàòûðñêèõ<br />

áûëèíàõ ñðåäíåâåêîâîãî ïåðèîäà, ÑÏá, 1883.<br />

eliade 1965: Eliade M., Rites and Symbols of Initiation, The Mystery<br />

of Birth and Rebirth, Harper Torchbooks, New<br />

York, 1965.<br />

eliade 1974: Eliade M., Patterns in Comparative Religion, New American<br />

Library, New York, 1974.<br />

zuxba: zuxba s., afxazuri zepirsityviereba, Tsu<br />

gamomcemloba, Tb., 1988.<br />

kaiSauri: kaiSauri l., mTiuluri teqstebi, `mecniereba~,<br />

Tb., 1978.<br />

kampbeli: Campbell J., The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Bollingen<br />

Series XVII, Princeton University Press, 1973.

---

<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996: <strong>kiknaZe</strong> z., <strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologia I, jvari da<br />

saymo, quTaisi, 1996.<br />

<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 2006: <strong>kiknaZe</strong> z., Suamdinaruli miTologia, `saari~,<br />

2006.<br />

makalaTia: makalaTia s., xevi, tf., 1934.<br />

meiendorfi: Ìåéåíäîðô Èîàíí, Ïðàâîñëàâèå â ñîâðåìåííîì<br />

ìèðå, New York, 1981.<br />

miTebi: Ìèôû íàðîäîâ ìèðà, ò. I, “Ñîâåòñêàÿ Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ”, Ì., 1980.<br />

narTebi 1988: narTebi, osuridan Targmna meri cxovrebovma,<br />

`irisToni~, cxinvali, 1988.<br />

narTebi 1974: Íàðòû, Àäûãåéñêèé íàðîäíûé ýïîñ, «Íàóêà», Ì., 1974.<br />

nekliudovi: Íåêëþäîâ Ñ.Þ. Ãåðîè÷åñêîå äåòñòâî, èñòîðèêîôèëîëîãè÷åñêèå<br />

èññëåäîâàíèÿ, Ì., 1984.<br />

propi 2000: Ïðîïï Âë., Èñòîðè÷åñêèå êîðíè âîëøåáíîé ñêàçêè,<br />

“Ëàáèðèíò”, Ì., 2000.<br />

raglani: Raglan L., The Hero of Tradition, The Study of Folklore, ed.<br />

Dundes A., University of California and Berkley,<br />

1965.<br />

rexviaSvili: rexviaSvili n., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri metalurgia,<br />

`mecniereba~, Tb., 1964.<br />

sadideblebi: jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, Tsu <strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />

kaTedris Sromebi 2, Tb., 1998.<br />

sasuneli: Äàâèä Ñàñóíñêèé. Àðìÿíñêèé íàðîäíûé Ýïîñ,<br />

“Ñîâåòñêèé ïèñàòåëü”, Ë., 1982.<br />

svanuri: svanuri poezia I, Tb., 1935.<br />

slavTa simR.: Ïåñíè þæíûõ ñëàâÿí, “Õóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà”,<br />

Ì., 1976.<br />

tuiti: Tuite K., Achilles and Caucasus, The Journal of Indo-European<br />

Studies, vol. 26, N 3-4, 1998.<br />

SaraSiZe: Charachidzé G., Prométhée ou le Caucase, Essai de mythologie<br />

contrastive, Flamarion, 1986.<br />

Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, `Tbilisis<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba~, Tb., 1947.<br />

Ciqovani 1959: Ciqovani m., <strong>qarTuli</strong> eposi I, mijaWvuli amirani,<br />

`saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa<br />

akademiis gamomcemloba~, Tb., 1959.<br />

Ciqovani 1981: Ciqovani m., amiranis Tqmulebis poeturi<br />

Canawerebi, epikuri Janrebi, <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

<strong>folklori</strong> X, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1981.<br />

151

---

152<br />

samijnuro eposi – `eTeriani~<br />

`eTeriani~ cameti variantis safuZvelze pirvelad<br />

p. umikaSvilma gamoaqveyna 1875 wels. gamomcemeli mas `zRapars~<br />

uwodebs (`abesalom da eTeris zRapari iseTi ram<br />

aris...~) da, marTlac, am ambavs variantTa umetesobaSi<br />

zRapris samoseli mosavs Tavisi tradiciuli winkariT –<br />

`iyo-da-ara-iyo-ra~. zogierT CanawerSi gazRaprebis procesi<br />

bolomdea misuli: ambavi zRapriseuli klasikuri dasasruliT<br />

– qorwiliT da `Wiri-iqa-lxini-aqa~-Ti mTavrdeba,<br />

radgan ar gamoCndeba murmani da, cxadia, arc im tragedias<br />

rCeba adgili, romelic `eTerianis~, rogorc samijnuro<br />

eposis individualobas qmnis. am saxis variantebSi<br />

eposi mTlianad Zleulia zRapris stiqiisagan. gazRaprebis<br />

tendencia gasagebia, ramdenadac es TxrobiTi Janri,<br />

rogorc misi sakuTreba, sxva JanrTagan yvelaze ukeTesad<br />

miesadaga xalxis cnobierebas (rogorc davinaxeT, `amiranianic~<br />

ver ascda am tendencias).<br />

msgavsad `amiranianisa~, `eTerianic~ prozisa da leqsisgan<br />

Sedgeba. prozac da leqsic mTeli saqarTvelos farglebSi<br />

(da mis gareTac) aris dadasturebuli. `eTerianis~<br />

pirveli gamomcemeli winasityvaobaSi werda: `es eTeriani,<br />

Sedgenili saxalxo leqsebisa da pirad naTqvamobisagan,<br />

romelnic darCenilan dRevandlamde saqarTvelos<br />

yvela nawilebSi. zemoxsenebuli leqsebi da pirad naTqvamobani<br />

(ricxviT cametni) ekuTvnis Semdeg adgilebs:<br />

qarTls, kaxeTs, imereTs, samcxes (axalcixis mazras), xevsureTs,<br />

xevs (Tergisas) da qalaq mozdoks~ [eTeriani 1875].<br />

aq `naTqvamoba~ prozaul monaTxrobs gulisxmobs, romelic<br />

sakmaod sxvaobs variantebSi. ar arsebobs kanonikuri<br />

prozauli xalxuri teqsti. leqsi ki ucvlelia da met-naklebad<br />

inarCunebs Tavis saxes Canaweridan CanawerSi. es ki<br />

imas unda niSnavdes, rom poeturi teqsti `eTerianSi~ pirveladia,<br />

arqetipulia, prozauli ki – meoradi, Semavsebeli.<br />

amitomac zRapradqceul variantebSi poetur Canar-<br />

Tebs ver vxvdebiT – aseTia variantTa wre I (ix. qvemoT).<br />

Tumca sxva SexedulebiT, `eTerianis eposis birTvi prozaulia~<br />

[qurdovaniZe 1975: 115] da, ufro metic: eposi zRapris<br />

niadagzea Camoyalibebuli, anu misi pirvelwyaro aris<br />

zRapari [qurdovaniZe 1975: 114, 113]. Znelia am Tvalsazri-

---

sis miReba, ramdenadac zRaparSi, rogorc aseTSi, ver aRmovaCenT<br />

iseT `birTvs~, romelic misi siuJetis tragikul<br />

ganviTarebas gamoiwvevda. zRapris principuli optimizmi<br />

ar iZleva amis SesaZleblobas.<br />

`eTerianis~ arazRaprul warmoSobas isic mowmobs, rom<br />

misi sxeulis mdgradi fena – leqsiTi nawili ZiriTadad dialoguria,<br />

rac SeiZleba niSnavdes imas, rom `eTerianis~<br />

arqetipuli teqsti romantikuli drama iyo. dialoguroba<br />

SeiZleba mis Tavdapirvel antifonur Sesrulebasac<br />

mowmobdes [qurdovaniZe 1975: 119]. es dialogebia: dialogi<br />

abesalomsa da eTers Soris, romelic mTavrdeba abesalomis<br />

ficiT eTerisadmi; dialogi abesalomsa da murmans<br />

Soris; dialogi marexsa da eTers Soris; ukanaskneli dialogi<br />

abesalomsa da eTers Soris. dialogebSi Cabmulia<br />

eposis yvela personaJi, vinc ki individualur saxes atarebs.<br />

mTavari personaJebis dialogebi iwyebs da amTavrebs<br />

nawarmoebs. leqsiTi variantebi eposis mTels Sinaarss moicavs<br />

dawyebuli striqonebiT `abesalom da eTeri Rmer-<br />

Tma Segvyara erTferi~ da damTavrebuli striqonebiT<br />

`Sen, Cemo moyvris danao, ubes midevxar ganao, amogiReb da<br />

davicem marjvena ZuZusTanao~ [eTeriani 1954: 44].<br />

aSkaraa, rom `eTeriani~ ar aris im xasiaTis nawarmoebi,<br />

romlis siuJets zRaparSi unda epova xorcSesxma. arsebobs<br />

variantTa sxva wre, sadac eTeris warmoSoba ar ukav-<br />

Sirdeba zRapris siuJets da ambavSic ar monawileoben<br />

zRapris tradiciuli (kanonikuri) personaJebi (avi dedinacvali,<br />

geri, keTili dedaberi). variantebis gansxvavebul<br />

wreTa arseboba sakmaod abundovanebs `eTerianis~<br />

warmomavlobas da, kerZod, eTeris, rogorc personaJis,<br />

vinaobis sakiTxs. romelia pirveladi – `eTeri-geri~ Tu<br />

`eTeri-tyiuri~? xom ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom misi<br />

arqetipi saerTod ar arsebula da `eTerianis~ dRemde<br />

SemorCenili variantebi ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli<br />

wyarodan momdinareobs? aseve daismis kiTxva `eTerianis~<br />

dawyebis Taobaze. variantTa umetesobaSi ambavi eTeriT<br />

iwyeba (aqedanaa dakanonebuli saxelwodeba `eTeriani~).<br />

magram ipoveba variantebi, arcTu mcirericxovani, sadac<br />

ambavi abesalomis sanadirod gasvliT iwyeba. romelia<br />

pirveladi? aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom xalxuri Txroba, Cve-<br />

153

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154<br />

ulebriv, iwyeba im personaJiT, romelic mTavaria TxrobaSi,<br />

anu romlis ambavic aris mosaTxrobi.<br />

amgvarad ismis kiTxvebi: romelia `eTerianSi~ mTavari<br />

gmiri? an rogor poulobs abesalomi eTers – ZebniT, rogorc<br />

gazRaprebul variantebSia (wre I-II), Tu – tyeSi SexvedriT<br />

(wre III)?<br />

gaCnda arcTu usafuZvlo eWvi, rom `eTeriani~ wignuri<br />

warmoSobisaa. p. ingoroyva `eTerians~ CamoTvlis im literaturul<br />

nawarmoebTa Soris, romelTagan an fragmentebia<br />

SemorCenili an mxolod saxelebi. `rogorc Tavis<br />

droze gamorkveuli gveqneba, – am romanidan aris warmo-<br />

Sobili dRemde Senaxuli xalxuri Tqmuleba `abesalom da<br />

eTeri~, – iseve, rogorc SoTas vefxis-tyaosnidan Semdeg<br />

warmoiSva xalxuri vefxis-tyaosani~ [ingoroyva 1924: 486].<br />

mkvlevari Seecada ucxour sakuTar saxelTa safuZvelze<br />

emtkicebina Tavisi varaudi [ingoroyva 1938: 37-9].<br />

CamovTvaloT wyeba im niSnebisa, romlebic, SesaZloa,<br />

amxeldes mis wignur warmoSobas:<br />

− xalxuri epikuri – zRapruli Tu arazRapruli – Txroba<br />

ar aRiniSneba mravalpersonaJianobiT. arsebobs er-<br />

Ti, mxolod erTi mTavari gmiri, romelic atarebs eposis<br />

ideas, yvela danarCeni personaJi damxmareni arian<br />

da ara TavisTavadni. zRaparSi maT Tav-Tavisi funqciebi<br />

aqvT, romelTac isini mTavari gmiris mimarT asruleben<br />

da funqciis amowurvasTan erTad uCinardebian. rom<br />

ar vilaparakoT zRaparze, `amiranianis~ personaJebic<br />

aseve damokidebulni arian mTavar gmirze. maT, kerZod,<br />

amiranis Zmebs, TavisTavadi arseboba (egzistencia) ar<br />

gaaCniaT. isini uCinardebian, rogorc ki maTi funqcia<br />

amoiwureba. `eTerianSi~ sami damoukidebeli, TavisTavadi<br />

personaJia (rogorc `vefxistyaosanSi~, rogorc<br />

`visramianSi~).<br />

− `eTerianis~ personaJebi, gansxvavebiT folkloruli<br />

warmomavlobis personaJebisgan, aratipurni, individualurni<br />

da unikalurni arian. maTi saxeebi arsad sxvagan<br />

ar meordeba. xalxuri poetikisTvis ki mxolod tipuri,<br />

ganmeorebadi Tvisebebia yuradRebis Rirsi.<br />

− moqmedebis motivireba, razec agebulia `eTerianis~<br />

drama, principulad ucxoa <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis. folkloruli<br />

gmiris moqmedebas ara aqvs motivacia. Tu fol-

---

kloris gmiri sCadis borotebas, is sCadis mas, rogorc<br />

borotebis gansaxiereba – sxvanairad mas moqceva ar SeuZlia.<br />

aseTi ar aris murmani: igi sCadis borotebas ara<br />

imitom, rom borotia, aramed imitom, rom sxva gamosavals<br />

ver xedavs [bardaveliZe: 202-203].<br />

− <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis ucxoa gmiris feriscvaleba, rogorsac<br />

ganicdian jer murmani, mere abesalomi. ver vifiqrebT,<br />

– aseTia nawarmoebis logika, – rom murmani Tavidanve,<br />

eTeris gamoCenamde, abesalomis orguli yma yofiliyo.<br />

− Rrma emociebis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, siyvarulis dinamikuri<br />

gamomJaRvneba, maSin roca `xalxur eposSi siyvaruli,<br />

Cveulebriv, statikur formaSia mocemuli~ [bardaveliZe:<br />

197]. Tu SevadarebT, erTi mxriv, amiran-yamarisa<br />

da, meore mxriv, abesalom-eTeris urTierTobas da<br />

murmanis damokidebulebas eTerisadmi, maT Soris fundamentur<br />

sxvaobas davinaxavT. amiranisaTvis yamaris<br />

mopoveba sagmiro saqmea, misi, rogorc safalavno an mi-<br />

Tologiuri eposis an gmiris, gardauvali valdebulebaa.<br />

amiranis mizani ufro gamoxsnaa koSkSi gamoketili<br />

mzeTunaxavisa, vidre misi, rogorc qalis, daufleba. amiranis<br />

Semdgom TavgadasavalSi, mis morig zRurblebze<br />

yamari aRar Cans. xolo rac abesaloms da murmans amoZravebT<br />

eTeris mimarT, mxolod da mxolod Rrma adamianuri<br />

siyvarulis grZnobaa. zRapris gmirs siyvaruli ar<br />

amoZravebs. sacolis motaceba Tu gamoxsna wmidawylis<br />

formaluri qmedebaa.<br />

− dabolos, analogia kvlav `vefxistyaosanTan~ (p. ingoroyvas<br />

ZiriTadi argumenti): rom ar SemorCeniliyo<br />

rusTavelis poema, xalxuri `vefxistyaosani~ anu `tarieliani~,<br />

isic, msgavsad `eTerianisa~, zepirsityvieri<br />

warmoSobis nawarmoebad iqneboda miCneuli. es iribi argumentia,<br />

magram angariSi unda gaewios.<br />

es argumentebi saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT `eTerianis~<br />

elitarul warmoSobaze, anu CavTvaloT is e.w. daZiruli<br />

kulturis dovlaTis (Gesunkenes Kulturgut) erT kerZo<br />

gamovlinebad xalxur sityvierebaSi [bauzingeri: 44-5; kokiara:<br />

556-7]. qarTul folklorSi aseTebia: `tarieliani~,<br />

Sahnames xalxuri versiebi `beJaniani~, `rostomiani~, `ru-<br />

155

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156<br />

sudaniani~ da sxvani, romelTac Tav-TavianTi wignuri wyaroebi<br />

eZebnebaT.<br />

dResdReobiT met-naklebad sruli (ramdenadac SeiZleba<br />

hqondes sisrulis pretenzia xalxuri Canawerebis<br />

korpuss) gamocema `eTerianis~ variantebisa ekuTvnis m. Ciqovans<br />

[eTeriani 1954]. aq Tavmoyrilia 42 folkloruli Canaweri<br />

saqarTvelos aTamde kuTxidan.<br />

variantebi qvemoT yvelgan am gamocemaSi miCenili nomriT<br />

aris miTiTebuli.<br />

teqstis morfologia<br />

`eTeriani~ ori nawilisagan Sedgeba:<br />

1. eTeris ambavi abesalomTan qorwilamde;<br />

2. ambavi abesalomisa da eTerisa da murmanisa qorwilis<br />

Semdeg.<br />

arsebobs `eTerianis~ variantTa oTxi wre, romlebic<br />

erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad sxvaoben ambis mxolod pirvel<br />

nawilSi, sadac Txroba abesalomisa da eTeris qorwilamde<br />

aRwevs. es nawili ZiriTadi ambis (tragediis) eqspozicias<br />

warmoadgens. wreebi erTmaneTisgan eTeris warmomavlobiT<br />

gansxvavdebian. variantTa erT wreSi eTeri geria<br />

(dediT oboli, dedinacvliT), meoreSi – dediT oboli (udedinacvlod),<br />

mesameSi – tyiuri, arwivisa (an daTvis) gazrdili<br />

(udedmamod). meoTxe wre Txrobis dasawyisis mixedviT<br />

aris gamoyofili: aq ambavi abesalomis gamoCeniT iwyeba.<br />

nawili 1. eqspozicia<br />

(ambavi qorwilamde)<br />

aq wamoiWreba problema: romelia Tavdapirveli eqspozicia<br />

eposisa?<br />

– variantTa is wre, sadac eTeri geria?<br />

– Tu is, sadac eTeri udedinacvlo obolia?<br />

– Tu is, sadac eTeri arwivis (daTvis) gazrdilia?<br />

romeli wridan aris namdvili eTeri?<br />

ganvixiloT variantTa es wreebi – ra epizodebisgan<br />

Sedgeba TiToeuli maTgani (vimeorebT, rom erTmaneTisgan<br />

maT mxolod eTeris warmomavloba ganasxvavebs).

---

wre I. eTeri-geri<br />

variantTa am wreSi `eTeri-geris~ mTeli Tavgadasavali<br />

qorwilamde jadosnuri zRapris Sinaarss Seadgens.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom am wris variantebis erTi mniSvnelovani<br />

niSani poeturi nawilebis ararsebobaa. is mTlianad<br />

TxrobiTia, anu, p.umikaSvilis termins Tu gamoviyenebT,<br />

`naTqvamobisgan~ Sedgeba. es imas niSnavs, rom igi<br />

mTlianad moucavs zRapris stiqias.<br />

ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />

I. dediT oboli eTeri dedinacvlis mier devnili geria; mas<br />

hyavs antagonisti (`crugmiri~) dedinacvlis asulis saxiT, romelic<br />

misi sruli (fizikurad da sulier-zneobrivad) antipodia.<br />

igi mxolod pasiuri iaraRia dedis xelSi eTeris winaaRmdeg.<br />

zog variantSi dedinacvlis asuli arc monawileobs<br />

TxrobaSi. eTers hyavs Zroxa, romlis saSualebiTac dedis suli<br />

Semweobas uwevs misi cxovrebis gadamwyvet Jams.<br />

II. eTeri gareT, kerZod, tyeSi unda aRmoCndes, rom<br />

beds ewios, romelsac gangeba umzadebs mas. dedinacvali<br />

mas samwyesurSi gzavnis, magram am gastumrebas gagdebis<br />

saxe aqvs. eTer-gers dedinacvali TiTqos agzavnis tradiciuli<br />

Zneli davalebiT, romelsac eTeri Semwis meSveobiT<br />

asrulebs.<br />

III. Sexvedra SemwesTan (dedaberi). es aris misi mCuqebelic<br />

da mwyalobelic. es Sexvedra gansacdelia, romlis<br />

Semdeg eTeri feriscvalebas ganicdis. oqrosferi Tma,<br />

romelsac Tavisi sikeTis wil moipovebs, misi momavali didebulebis<br />

pirveli niSania. dedinacvlis gogo ver uZlebs<br />

am gansacdels da kidev ufro maxinji brundeba Sin. es motivi<br />

dadasturebulia msoflio zRaprebis katalogSi [qurdovaniZe<br />

2000: 480].<br />

IV. dedis wyaloba. dedabris wyalobas dedis wyaloba<br />

mohyveba. furi, romelSic dedis sulia Casaxlebuli, daikvlis,<br />

misi Zvlebi Caimarxeba saidumlo adgilas, sadac<br />

eTers daxvdeba Zvirfasi samoseli, oqros qoSi da raSi<br />

[qurdovaniZe 2000: 510A].<br />

V. eklesiaSi. sadedoflod gamowyobili eTeri ucxo<br />

asulad gamoCndeba xalxSi, romelTa Soris dedinacvalic<br />

aris Tavisi qaliSviliTurT.<br />

157

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158<br />

VI. qoSi ikargeba. ukana gzaze eTers cali qoSi wyalSi<br />

uvardeba.<br />

VII. mTeli samefo eZebs qoSis patrons.<br />

VIII. dedinacvali cdilobs, Tavisi qaliSvili Seatyuos<br />

abesaloms.<br />

IX. qoSis namdvili patronis gamoCena da cru-eTeris<br />

mxileba. am dros xvdebian pirvelad erTmaneTs abesalomi<br />

da eTeri [erT mesxur variantSi es epizodi retardaciulia:<br />

rogorc ki abesalomi droebiT datovebs sadedoflod<br />

gamzadebul eTers, dedinacvali gaxdis mas samosels,<br />

moaWris oqrosfer Tmebs da Tavis Svils gamoawyobs abesalomisTvis,<br />

eTers ki ToneSi Caagdebs. eTeris wasayvanad<br />

ukan mobrunebuli abesalomi Tonidan amoiyvans eTers,<br />

kvlav Semosavs da waiyvans].<br />

X. fici abesalomisa.<br />

XI. qorwili. aq mTavrdeba zRapari. magram sadac zRapari<br />

mTavrdeba, iq iwyeba abesalomisa da eTeris ambavi. qorwilis<br />

dros Semodis axali personaJi – murmani. droebiT<br />

SevwyvitoT Sinaarsis gadmocema am epizodze da vnaxoT,<br />

ra epizodebisagan Sedgeba variantTa meore wre.<br />

wre II. eTeri-oboli (udedinacvlod)<br />

(eTeriani 1954: 9, 28, 29, 33, 42)<br />

ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />

I. `iyo da ara iyo ra, iyvnen Raribi col-qmari~, eTeris<br />

mSoblebi, romlebic daixocnen.<br />

II. ded-mamiT oboli eTeri Saragzaze gamvlel-gamomvlels<br />

Tavs uxilavs mSoblebis sulis saoxad (Tanaxmad RvTisTvis micemuli<br />

ficisa). zogierT variantSi eTeri Tmas dedabers uxilavs,<br />

romelic amis sanacvlod asaCuqrebs mas.<br />

III. sanadirod gamosuli abesalomi eTers xis Ziras Sexvdeba<br />

an Saragzaze, sadac eTeri gamvlel-gamomvlels<br />

Tavs uxilavs.<br />

IV. eTeri Tavs uxilavs abesaloms RvTisadmi micemuli<br />

aRTqmis Tanaxmad.<br />

V. CaZinebulT qriste RmerTi daagvirgvinebs.<br />

VI. abesalomis fici.<br />

VII. qorwili.

---

wre II-a. eTeri-oboli (mamiT, udedinacvlod)<br />

(eTeriani 1954:4)<br />

ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />

I. eTeris mama `Zalian Raribi moxuci kacia~. deda ar Cans.<br />

II. eTeri gadis samwyesurSi. eTeri Tavad sTxovs mamas –<br />

menaxired gauSvas. `dedinacvliani~ variantebis gagdebas<br />

aq nebayoflobiTi gasvla enacvleba.<br />

III. Sexvedra tyeSi. abesalomi gahyveba Suqs, romlis wyaroa<br />

muxis fuRuroSi CaZinebuli eTeri. eTeri grZelTmiani<br />

mzeTunaxavia.<br />

IV. abesalomis fici.<br />

V. qorwili.<br />

wre III. eTeri – arwivis (daTvis) gazrdili<br />

(eTeriani 1954: 13)<br />

dasawyisi aq zRaprulia: `iyo da ara iyo ra...~ magram<br />

eTeri ara hgavs zRapris personaJs: is arc geria, arc oboli.<br />

is uCveulod naSobia da tyeSia gazrdili. frinveli an<br />

cxoveli zrdis mas.<br />

ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />

I. uSvilo col-qmari.<br />

II. qmari midis mkiTxavTan.<br />

III. kaci Wams colisTvis gankuTvnil sam vaSls.<br />

IV. eTeri Caisaxeba kacis kanWSi.<br />

V. moWril da gadagdebul kanWs arwivi Tu orbi (an daTvi)<br />

waiRebs Tavis budeSi (bunagSi), kanWidan daibadeba eTeri.<br />

VI. sanadirod gamosuli abesalomi Suqze miagnebs eTers.<br />

VII. Sexvedra da abesalomis fici.<br />

VIII. abesalomi saqorwilo (sadedoflo) samoseliT Semosavs<br />

eTers da waiyvans sasaxleSi.<br />

IX. qorwili.<br />

wre IV. ambavi abesalomiT iwyeba<br />

(eTeriani 1954: 2, 15)<br />

ZiriTadi epizodebi<br />

I. `abesalomi mefe iyo~. abesaloms esizmreba eTeri. suraTiT<br />

eZebs dasizmrebul eTers. eTeris warmomavloba<br />

ucnobia.<br />

159

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160<br />

II. abesalomi sanadirod gadis.<br />

III. Sexvedra abesalomisa da eTerisa `amur-wyalze~ an<br />

`soflis bolos, wylis piras~.<br />

IV. fici abesalomisa.<br />

V. abesalomi Semosavs eTers.<br />

VI. qorwili (`Svidi dRe-Rame~).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, eqspoziciis (qorwilamdeli ambis)<br />

variantebSi mTavari personaJi – eTeri sxvadasxva warmo-<br />

Sobisaa: sxvaa eTeri, rogorc dedinacvlis geri; sxvaa eTeri,<br />

rogorc udedinacvlo oboli; sxvaa eTeri, rogorc<br />

tyeSi gazrdili (Tumca aq Semotanilia oblobis axali saxe,<br />

substanciuri udedmamobiT gaZlierebuli). aseve gansxvavebulia<br />

am variantebSi abesalomisa da eTeris Sexvedris<br />

pirobebi<br />

nawili 2. ambavi qorwilis Semdeg<br />

jvriswerisa Tu qorwilis Semdeg ambis gadmocemaSi<br />

yvela variantSi epizodebi erTmaneTs arsebiTad emTxveva.<br />

abesalomisa da eTeris ambis sakuTrivi nawili swored<br />

es aris. Tu zRapari qorwiliT mTavrdeba, abesalomisa da<br />

eTeris ambavi qorwilidan iwyeba, riTac isini emijnebian<br />

zRapris personaJebs. sadac mTavrdeba zRapari, iq iwyeba<br />

tragikuli ambavi, romelic Semdegi epizodebisagan Sedgeba:<br />

I. murmans Seuyvardeba eTeri, romlis xelSi CagdebisaTvis<br />

eSmaks mihyidis suls. variantTa umravlesobis Tanaxmad,<br />

murmani jvriswerisa Tu qorwilis dros Semodis<br />

TxrobaSi.<br />

II. xelSekruleba eSmakTan. sulis miyidva (murmani eSmakisgan<br />

Seityobs eTeris xelSi Cagdebis xerxs da qorwilis<br />

an jvrisweris dros gamoiyenebs mas). zogierT variantSi<br />

deda gaiRebs Tavis suls (eTeriani 1954:16).<br />

III. saxeze fetvis Seyra da eTeris dasneuleba. erT mesxur<br />

variantSi (26) eTers fetvs dedinacvali (zRapari am<br />

nawilSic aris SemoWrili!) ayris da ara – Tavad eSmaki an<br />

murmani. ase rom, aq murmani Tavisufalia codvisagan. murmanis<br />

saxe (is ar aris eSmakTan wilnayari) gafermkrTalebulia.<br />

IV. eTeris sneuleba – ras niSnavs igi? zogierTi variantis<br />

mixedviT, eTeris sneuleba moCvenebiTia (33).

---

V. abesalomi gadascems eTers murmans, romlis xelSi<br />

eTeri ganikurneba. es ori aqti erTdroulia. sad xdeba gadacema?<br />

– jvarisweris dros, qorwilis dros, bednierebis<br />

kulminaciaSi.<br />

VI. abesalomisa da murmanis dialogi. abesaloms surs,<br />

gaigos eTeris ambavi. es dialogi (erT-erTi saukeTeso adgili<br />

mTels `eTerianSi~, romelic TiTqmis yvela Canawer-<br />

Sia Semonaxuli) leqsis saxiT aris gadmocemuli: `murman,<br />

murman, Sensa mzesa, Cemi eTer ra dReSia?~ (var. `Seni coli<br />

ra rigia?~). kiTxvas mosdevs murmanis vrceli pasuxi: `ras<br />

kiTxulob, caTa sworo, colis qeba augia...~ murmani aRuwers<br />

abesaloms `brolis cixeSi~ gamoketili eTeris silamazes,<br />

romelic amieridan miuwvdomelia abesalomisTvis.<br />

VII. abesalomi ueTerod – sneuli.<br />

VIII. murmanis gagzavna ukvdavebis wylis mosatanad an<br />

salaSqrod (Zneli davaleba). murmanis gagzavnis mizani<br />

abesalomisa da eTeris kvlav Seyraa. erT variantSi murmans<br />

dasneulebuli eTeri agzavnis ukvdavebis vaSlis mosatanad<br />

faruli motiviT, rom didi xniT (an sabolood) moaridos<br />

`brolis cixes~, Tavad ki abesalomis sanaxavad wavides<br />

(16, kaxeTi).<br />

IX. asparezze gamodis abesalomis da marixi rogorc<br />

elCi sneul abesalomsa da datyvevebul eTers Soris. zogierT<br />

variantSi sneuli abesalomis mesaidumle dedaa.<br />

fSaur versiaSi is kiTxulobs Svilis sneulobis mizezs:<br />

`Svilo, visi gklavs survili, Zils ar gaZinebs<br />

mZinarsa,<br />

waval da imas gipovni, wyals Caudgebi mdinarsa~.<br />

abesalomis deda, iseve rogorc deda murmanisa, yvelafrisTvis<br />

mzad aris. abesalomi agzavnis marexs am davalebiT:<br />

`adeqi, marex-marskvlavo, eTersa karsa uare, Tu<br />

gkiTxos Cemi ambavi, dajed da wvrilad uambe~. variantebs<br />

meore dac – `mariam-marskvlavi~ an `varex-marskvlavi~ –<br />

SemohyavT. xalxuri Txrobis kanonis Tanaxmad, eTeri mesame<br />

misvlaze unda wamohyves elCs. es sami cda amgvarad<br />

SeiZleba ganawilebuliyo, risi kvalic SemorCenilia variantebSi:<br />

a. `marex-marskvlavi~ midis samjer, mesame misvlaze<br />

wamohyveba eTeri. kaxur variantSi (14) marexs or-<br />

161

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162<br />

jer uxdeba eTerTan misvla. b. eTerTan midis jer deda,<br />

mere debi saTiTaod. bolo mimsvlels unda wamohyves eTeri.<br />

srulad arc erTi SesaZlebloba ar aris realizebuli.<br />

aRsaniSnavia eTeris sayveduri, romelic yvela variantSi<br />

Tanabari mxatvruli mTlianobiT ar aris SemorCenili.<br />

eTeri ase mimarTavs abesalomis gamogzavnils: `marexmarskvlavo,<br />

ras brZaneb mag Senis tkbili eniTa, Tavs gvirgvini<br />

aixada, sxvas daadga xeliTa~ (14, kaxeTi); `RvTisgan<br />

dadgmuli gvirgvini ZaliT gadigdo xeliTa~ (9, qarTli).<br />

sxva variantis mixedviT, am sityvebs eTeri abesalomis meore<br />

das, maris mimarTavs: `mari-qalo, iqiT wadi, nu damferfle<br />

eniTao, Tav gvirgvini aixada, sxvas daadga xeliTao~<br />

(10). am variantSi eTeri uaryofs marex-marskvlavis elCobas<br />

da mari-qals mihyveba abesalomTan.<br />

X. eTeri midis abesalomTan. zogierTi variantis mixedviT,<br />

mas martokas ar uSveben `brolis koSkidan~ – mazlebi<br />

gamohyvebian (16), an yvelani – `sul Tan gahyvnen~ (2). is namdvili<br />

patimaria.<br />

XI. ukanaskneli Sexvedra. is, rac abesalomsa da eTers<br />

Soris iTqmis maTi Sexvedrisas, ar aris adekvaturi imisa,<br />

rasac igi unda iwvevdes. TiTqmis yvela variantSi momakvdavi<br />

abesalomi sTavazobs eTers `garjisaTvis~ (`Cemi naxvisTvina~,<br />

19) oqro-vercxls, margalitebs, raSs, moaxleebs,<br />

anu mefur ZRvens (2), zogan – mxolod cxens: `eTersa<br />

cxeni miarTviT, gava sqeli da maRali!~ (14). saCuqari SeTavazebulia,<br />

TiTqos mxolod im mizniT, rom eTers SesaZlebloba<br />

mieces ganacxados: `eTersa cxeni ar unda, dana ubo-<br />

ZeT almasi~ (14). amas ambobs, Tumca mas Tana aqvs abesalomis<br />

naCuqari dana: `eTersa cxeni rad unda, dana uboZe Savtari.<br />

abesalomis danao, ubeSi devxar ganao, amogiReb da<br />

dagikram marcxena ZuZusTanao~ (2).<br />

XII. abesalomis sikvdili da eTeris TviTmkvleloba.<br />

bevri variantis mixedviT, abesalomi kvdeba eTeris mosvlisTanave:<br />

abesaloms eTeris fexis xma esmis mxolod –<br />

`eTeri banze Semodga, kari da bani daiZra~ (8, qarTli), erT<br />

CanawerSi vkiTxulobT: `abesalomma icno eTeris fexis<br />

xma~ (9, qarTli). eTers esmis misi naTqvami, magram abesalomis<br />

yuramde veRar midis eTeris pasuxi.<br />

XIII. ori saflavi. vardi (da ia) da Tasi oqrosi. ambavi<br />

saflavze leqsad aris Semonaxuli da am leqss Tavad eTe-

---

i warmoTqvams, sanam gulze danas daicemdes. eTeri Tavad<br />

Txzavs Tavis da abesalomis epitafias. zogi variantis<br />

mixedviT, murmanis bedic nawinaswarmetyvelevia (2, qar-<br />

Tli).<br />

XIV. murmanis dabruneba da TviTmkvleloba.<br />

XV. mesame saflavi. murmani Tavis saflavs abesalomisa<br />

da eTeris saflavs Soris gaiTxris. masze ekali amodis da<br />

ia-vardis gadaxvevas uSlis xels. ekali codvis simboloa<br />

(adamis codvis daRi mcenareze), vardi – netarebis. ekali<br />

imasac gvaxsenebs, rac jvarisweris dros moxda – eSmakeulis<br />

SeWra axaldagvirgvinebulTa Soris sikvdilSic meordeba.<br />

ekali – arimanis (eSmakTa Tavadis) Suria ormuzdisadmi.<br />

murmanis siyvaruli eklad gadaiqca.<br />

XVI. esqatologiuri epilogi. `erTi kaci~ (mwyemsi, gamvleli,<br />

soflis xalxi) amoZirkvavs ekals (arimanis Surs,<br />

murmanis damangrevel siyvaruls), romelsac murmanis<br />

Zvlebic amohyveba. ia da vardi kvlav Caexvevian erTmaneTs.<br />

ambavi eTerisa, abesalomisa da murmanisa<br />

I. eTeri-geri<br />

`eTerianSi~ sami mTavari personaJia. ukve es `sameba~<br />

mowmobs, Tu raoden ucxo unda iyos es xalxuri nawarmoebi<br />

jadosnuri zRaprisTvis, romelic SeWrila mis sxeul-<br />

Si, Sezrdia mas da TiTqmis mis sxeulad qceula. ambavi abesalomisa<br />

da eTerisa Tavisi tragikuli dasasruliT safuZvlianad<br />

gansxvavdeba jadosnuri zRaprisgan, romelsac<br />

gmirTaTvis sasikeTo dasasruli aqvs. da mainc, `eTerianis~<br />

dRemde SemorCenil ZiriTad variantebSi misi erT-er-<br />

Ti mTavari gmiri – eTeri jadosnuri zRapris personaJis<br />

biografiiT aris warmodgenili. misi pirveli nawili (`ambavi<br />

abesalom da eTerisa qorwilamde~) mTlianad, yvela<br />

misi epizodiTurT, farTod gavrcelebuli sazRapro siuJetis<br />

erTi variantia [qurdovaniZe 2000: 480, 510A].<br />

`eTerianis~ eTeris vinaobis gacnobisas da gadmocemisas<br />

Cven imavdroulad vecnobiT da gadmovcemT jadosnuri<br />

zRapris personaJis – geris vinaobas da mis Tavgadasavals.<br />

am zRapris gmiri – dedinacvlisgan moZulebuli geri<br />

– da romantiuli eposis gmiri eTeri erTi da igive pirovnebaa.<br />

163

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164<br />

abesalomTan Sexvedramde da qorwilamde maT erTi<br />

cxovreba aqvT gavlili.<br />

eposis xalxur mTqmelebs daebadaT survili, abesalomis<br />

rCeuli eTeri geris statusSi warmoedginaT.<br />

ra aris gerobaSi iseTi, rasac eTeris bunebis gamoxatva<br />

unda dakisreboda?<br />

vin aris geri?<br />

arsebobs wuTisoflis bavSvi, wers erTgan n. berdiaevi,<br />

da arsebobs RvTis bavSvi, romelsac `bedi swyalobs~ da<br />

dasabamieri TavisuflebiT aris dajildoebuli. Cven davsZenT,<br />

rom deda gamoxatavs RvTis samefos, xolo dedinacvali<br />

– am wuTisofels. Sesabamisad: oboli da geri, rogorc<br />

RvTis bavSvebi, ar ekuTvnian am wuTisofels – isini<br />

ar arian misi mkvidrni. obloba da geroba aq tovebs socialur<br />

sferos da sxva ganzomilebaSi gadadis. dedinacvali<br />

cdilobs, Tavisi RviZli Svili, asuli wuTisoflisa, Seunacvlos<br />

wuTisoflis gers. da sakvirvelia, rom mama Cumi<br />

dasturiT monawileobs am boroteul SenacvlebaSi. geri,<br />

marTalia, daibada am qoxSi, magram es qoxi ar aris misi namdvili<br />

saxli, misi saxli sxvagan dgas, is sasaxlea. ase, sadedoflo<br />

geri, magram dedinacvlisgan devnili, ufliswuli<br />

wisqvilSi Sobs bavSvs [qurdovaniZe: 403], romlis namdvili<br />

samSoblo mefis sasaxlea. geris oqrosferi Tma, romelsac<br />

is dedabrisaTvis gaweuli sikeTis wil moipovebs, amis<br />

dasturi da niSania. oqroa misi namdvili feri, romelic<br />

garkveul dromde dafaruli unda iyos, raTa Tavis Jams<br />

gamobrwyindes. dedis gamogzavnili Zvirfasi Sesamoseli,<br />

oqros qoSi, sadedoflo Sesamoselia, romliTac is Sedis<br />

eklesiaSi momavali qorwilis dRis winaswarsauwyeblad.<br />

gers gzaSi ekargeba qoSi, radgan is Cqarobs Sin dabrunebas,<br />

rom ar gacxaddes misi saidumlo, radgan dedinacvali<br />

Casafrebulia saxlSi. magram qoSis dakargva is aucilebeli<br />

dabrkolebaa, romelmac mas sikeTe unda moutanos,<br />

iseve rogorc dedinacvlis davalebebma. ase rom, dedinacvali<br />

Tavisi Zneli davalebiT iseTive Semwea misi, rogorc<br />

dedis suli da keTili dedaberi, romelic, SesaZloa, misi<br />

dedis ganxorcieleba iyos. yoveli misi metoqe ganwirulia<br />

dasamarcxeblad, radgan oqros qoSi mxolod mas ekuTvnis<br />

da sxvas aravis dedamiwis zurgze. mTels wuTisofel-<br />

Si ar moiZebneba asuli, romelsac moergeboda es qoSi. qo-

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Si da eTeri erTad daibadnen. mis fexs dahyva rCeulobis<br />

dideba. eTerisaTvis gankuTvnilma oqros qoSma SeiZleba<br />

moiaros qveyniereba, magram is kvlav eTers daubrundeba,<br />

radgan misi cali masTan aris, rogorc dasabamieri jildo.<br />

yovelive amas moklebulia dedinacvlis asuli, mas ara<br />

aqvs bedi, is ver uZlebs gamocdas; mas imsxverplebs gansacdeli,<br />

radgan is ar aris RvTis bavSvi, is wuTisoflis<br />

RviZli da mkvidri Svilia.<br />

pirveli konturebi geris bedisa maSin isaxeba, roca dedinacvlisgan<br />

devnili tyeSi dedaberTan erTaderTi swori<br />

urTierTobis (sityva-pasuxisa da saqcielis) gamocdas,<br />

rogorc gansacdels, gaivlis. saidana aqvs obolsa da gers<br />

amgvari qcevis gamocdileba? cxadia, is Tandayolilia. ke-<br />

TilSobileba, WeSmaritad dedofluri, usazRvro sikeTe<br />

dedis saSoTganve dahyva mas. is saCuqari, romelsac geri<br />

dedabrisgan iRebs, mas damsaxurebuli aqvs Tavisi maRali<br />

warmoSobiT – igi sruliad bunebrivad, yovelgvari yoymanis<br />

gareSe ipovebs mas. es misi bedia.<br />

geri gogona zRapris mTavari personaJia. vaJi, romelic<br />

moZebnis da airCevs mas, moklebulia TavisTavadobas<br />

– masze ar aris SeCerebuli mTxrobelis yuradReba. is mxolod<br />

saSualebaa imisaTvis, raTa geri ewios Tavis beds, daxsnil<br />

iqnes am damcirebuli mdgomareobidan. ufliswuli<br />

(misi mxsneli, rogorc wesi, ufliswulia) aucileblobiT<br />

aris movlinebuli geris gadasarCenad – misi gadarCena ca-<br />

Sia gadawyvetili. geri, cocxalTagan moZulebuli, TviT<br />

mSobeli mamisganac ki mitovebuli, dedoflis Rirsebamde<br />

aRwevs.<br />

aqa aqvs gamarTleba da sazrisi gerebis zRapars, romelic<br />

gvimxels imaze mets, rasac geris socialuri Sinaarsi<br />

inaxavs.<br />

im variantebSic ki, sadac gogona ar aris geri, aramed<br />

mxolod oboli da aravin aiZulebs mas Rirsebis `damamcirebeli~<br />

samsaxuris gawevas, igi Tavisi aRTqmiT asrulebs<br />

aseT samsaxurs. is Tavisi nebiT gadis Saragzaze da gamvlel-gamomvlels<br />

Tmas uxilavs ded-mamis sulis saoxad<br />

RvTisadmi micemuli aRTqmisamebr. aseTi nebayoflobiTi<br />

samsaxuri arasodes rCeba sazRauris gareSe, Tumca Tavad<br />

msaxuri arafers moiTxovs sanacvlod. es iseTi samsaxuria,<br />

romlisganac arafers gamoelian. dedofali, rogorc<br />

165

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166<br />

mefe, Camodis taxtidan da emsaxureba Tavis qveSevrdomT.<br />

es aris yvelaze maRali samsaxuri, roca uzenaesi udablesis<br />

msaxuri xdeba (amis arqetipi gankacebis saidumloSia).<br />

zRaparSi oblis Sesrulebuli samsaxuri ar aris ganpirobebuli<br />

misi dabali socialuri mdgomareobiT. misi msaxureba<br />

araCveulebrivi warmoSobisaa.<br />

eTerisTvis ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi geris statusi.<br />

unda vifiqroT, rom wignuri eTeris epikur vinaobaSi iqneboda<br />

raRac iseTi niSani, romelic swored gerobas unda<br />

gamoexata. Cven amis mxolod varaudi SeiZleba gvqondes.<br />

II. eTeri-tyiuri<br />

sul sxvaa es eTeri. igi araCveulebrivi warmoSobisaa.<br />

igi udedod aris Sobili da gazrdili. mas deda ar hyolia.<br />

visi Svilia igi? aravisi. is ibadeba saswaulebrivad, rogorc<br />

dionise zevsis barZayidan. amgvarad Sobili eTeri<br />

gansxvavdeba dedinacvlis xeliT devnili da Seviwroebuli<br />

geri gogonasagan. geri da oboli qoxSi arian dabadebulni<br />

da qoxSi izrdebian (Tumca farul brwyinvalebas<br />

atareben), qoxSive aRmoaCens mas abesalomi. arwivis (Tu<br />

daTvis) gazrdili eTeri ki araTu ar Sobila qoxSi, misTvis<br />

ucxoa adamianTa sazogadoeba. mas arc ucnaurad mopovebuli<br />

brwyinvale samoseli da oqros qoSi aqvs. misi didebulebis<br />

erTaderTi niSani misi bunebrivi Tmaa. eTeri tye-<br />

Sia gazrdili da tyeSive waawydeba mas sanadirod gamosuli<br />

abesalomi. amrigad, es varianti sagrZnoblad SekumSulia.<br />

gza eTerisa Tavisi adgilsamyoflidan mefis sasaxlemde<br />

ukiduresad Semoklebulia. magram raoden grZelia<br />

gza imisaTvis, visac arasodes unaxavs adamianTa sazogadoeba!<br />

man unda daZlios is manZili, romelic Zevs tyidan<br />

sasaxlemde.<br />

am eTeris silamaze pirvelqmnili, bunebrivi silamazea,<br />

risi niSanic grZeli Tmebia, eTeris erTaderTi Sesamoseli.<br />

mas esaWiroeba sxvagvari Semosva da abesalomi Semosavs<br />

kidec mas, Semosavs, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes misi sasaxleSi<br />

Seyvana. amave dros Sesamoseli abesalomis ZRvenia,<br />

sasZlosaTvis, saqorwino niSnad mirTmeuli, analogiurad<br />

dedisagan nawyalobevi saCuqrisa, rogorc mziTvisa.

---

socialur dapirispirebas, romelsac gazRaprebul variantebSi<br />

qmnis eTeris warmoSoba, anu dapirispirebas qoxsa<br />

da sasaxles Soris, variantTa am wreSi enacvleba dapirispireba<br />

tyesa da sasaxles Soris. TavisTavad es aris ker-<br />

Zo SemTxveva fundamenturi dapirispirebisa bunebasa da<br />

kulturas Soris, rac SeiZleba RvTis qmnilebasa da adamianis<br />

qmnilebas Soris dapirispirebaSi gadaizardos. aq er-<br />

TmaneTis pirispir dganan ara mxolod vaJi da qali, aramed<br />

arsebani, romlebic yofierebis or gansxvavebul sferos<br />

ekuTvnian.<br />

aq iseTive dapirispirebaa abesalomsa da eTers Soris,<br />

rogorc `gilgameSianis~ SamxaTsa da enqidus Soris [gilgameSiani:<br />

42-44], oRond rolebi Secvlili aqvs qal-vaJs:<br />

Tu `gilgameSianSi~ enqidu-vaJi bunebas ganasaxierebs, SamxaTi-qali<br />

kulturaa, romelic urbanistul centrs warmoadgens,<br />

`eTerianSi~ – qalia buneba, vaJi – kultura. sagulisxmoa,<br />

rom Sexvedra qal-vaJs Soris sanadiro adgilebSi<br />

xdeba rogorc Cvens, ise aqadur eposSi. rogorc<br />

`gilgameSianSi~ usaxelo monadire gadis sanadirod udabnoSi<br />

da mihyavs qali SamxaTi, uruqis kulturis gamomxatveli<br />

da matarebeli, raTa veluri enqidu Seityuos uruq-<br />

Si, aziaros mis sazogadoebas, kulturas, aseve iqceva abesalomi.<br />

gauxedneli da gaxednili – es dapirispirebac erTi<br />

kerZo SemTxvevaa im Zireuli dapirispirebisa, bunebasa da<br />

kulturas Soris rom arsebobs. homerosi gauxednels uwodebs<br />

qalwuls, romelic ar Sebmula saqorwino uRelSi. ni-<br />

Sandoblivia, rom sacolis mopoveba tyeSi xdeba: abesaloms<br />

eTeri mihyavs sasaxleSi, rogorc nanadirevi, monadirebuli.<br />

bunebrivad JRers saqorwino simRera:<br />

movdivarT, mogvixaria,<br />

mogvyavs dedali xoxobi...<br />

es, SesaZlebelia, abesalomis simRera yofiliyo, rogorc<br />

monadirisa – masSi erTiandeba mefe da monadire. monadire<br />

xom, Cveulebriv, imaze mniSvnelovans moinadirebs,<br />

risTvisac sanadirod gadis (gavixsenoT farnavazis aRmo-<br />

Cena tfilisis RirRalebSi, mirian mefis gansacdeli Txo-<br />

Tis mTaze).<br />

167

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168<br />

murmani<br />

`eTerianis~ specifikas, mis individualobas, rogorc<br />

Tqmulebisa, qmnis murmani. mis gareSe abesalomisa da eTeris<br />

ambavi zRaprad darCeboda. mas gahyavs zRapris sivrcidan<br />

eTeri da abesalomi. igi uxsnis maT gzas sxva dasasrulisken.<br />

murmania, romelic eSmakis manqanebiT gardaiqmnis<br />

Tavs Cven Tvalwin da gardaqmnis abesalomsac, Seucvlis<br />

adgils eTersac. murmanis tipi unikaluria qarTul folklorSi,<br />

mis gamo eTeric da abesalomic iZenen unikalobas<br />

da isini axali, moulodneli saxiT warmogvidgebian. ma-<br />

Ti namdvili, sakuTrivi cxovreba murmanis gamoCeniT iwyeba.<br />

murmani ar aris ubralo antagonisti, romelic jadosnur<br />

zRaparSi gamoCndeba xolme mTavari gmiris gzaze. mas<br />

Tavisi mkveTri individualoba, Tavisi Sinagani samyaro,<br />

Tavisi cxovreba, Tavisi mizani aqvs. is damoukidebeli personaJia,<br />

is TiTqos abesalomis ymaa, magram eTeris `mopovebis~<br />

Semdeg arc ymas hgavs – is sruliad avtonomiuri xdeba<br />

Tavis samflobeloSi, sadac abesaloms verc ki miesvleba.<br />

murmani, Tu zRapris eTosidan gamovalT, dedinacvlis, asulis<br />

erTgvari analogiaa: Tu eTeris gverdiT arsebobs crugmiri<br />

(crueTeri), romelsac eTerobas akisreben, abesalomsac<br />

aRmoaCndeba crugmiri (cruabesalomi) murmanis saxiT. murmanis<br />

siyvaruli `Zlieria sikvdiliviT~, da Suri misi `sastikia<br />

jojoxeTiviT~ (`qebaTa qeba~). aseTi siyvaruli uCveuloa zRaprisTvis<br />

da, sazogadod, folkloruli prozisaTvis. is gulisxmobs<br />

pirovnebas, individualobas, rac aseve ucxoa <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis.<br />

murmani siyvarulisaTvis suls mihyidis eSmaks, mihyidis<br />

imas, rac misi erTaderTi ganuyofeli sakuTrebaa. suls<br />

gascems imis sanacvlod, rac mas ar ekuTvnis da kanonierad ver<br />

moipovebs. aq problema imdenad zneobrivi ar aris, ramdenadac<br />

egzistencialuri. siyvarulis sagnis mosapoveblad murmani<br />

mzad aris `sxvad~ iqces, `gardasxvavdes~, radgan iseTi, rogoric<br />

is `amJamad~ aris, ver daeufleba eTers. is usaTuod eSmak-<br />

Tan unda iyos wilnayari, rom SeuZlebeli SeZlos: daepatronos<br />

imas, rac mas ar ekuTvnis. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT wmida saganZuris<br />

miTosi: rogorc ganZis mparavi Savi magiis moxmobiT<br />

xdeba `antimsxverplis~ Semwirveli – usurmagi cxovelis<br />

sisxls miasxurebs ganZs, raTa waarTvas mas misi mfarveli siwmide<br />

da uvnebelyos xelyofisaTvis [<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996: 253], ase iqce-

---

va murmanic: fetvi mis xelSi is magiuri saSualebaa, romliTac<br />

igi saxes ucvlis eTers, raTa TavisTvis, rogorc aw ukve eSmakeulisTvis,<br />

xelmisawvdomi gaxados.<br />

murmani-yma eTeris xelSi CagdebiT ar SeiZleba, ar ganicdides<br />

upiratesobas ueTerod darCenili abesalomis mimarT,<br />

ueTerod, romelic misi sicocxlis mizani iyo. es upiratesobaa,<br />

magram es upiratesoba efemerulia. suli anima, romliTac<br />

is eTeris siyvaruls moipovebda, gayiduli aqvs da veRarasodes<br />

daibrunebs. mas aRar gaaCnia is unari, romliTac SesaZlebelia<br />

siyvaruli. rogorc abesalomia RvTis ficiT samudamod<br />

Sekruli eTerTan, ase murmania samudamod Sekruli eSmakis ficiT.<br />

amis Semdeg mas ar unda ukvirdes, rom eTeris daufleba<br />

mas ar SeeZleba. `Seni bralia, eTero, mzis qoniT CrdilSi bereba,<br />

Sen amikrZale is wesi, rac col-qmarT Seefereba~, wuxs murmani.<br />

eTeri misTvis kvlav miuwvdomelia. murmani cocxliv jojoxeTSia:<br />

wvavs survili, magram ver isrulebs sawadels. flobs<br />

ganZs da verc flobs, ver tkbeba misi qonebiT, radgan suli dakarguli<br />

aqvs.<br />

ra SerCa murmans? hubrisi, siampartavne. ar aris Sem-<br />

TxveviTi, rom abesalom-murmanis dialogSi abesalomi `ca-<br />

Tasworad~ iwodeba ymis mier. `ras hkiTxulob, caTasworo...~<br />

es mefuri, abesalomis Rirsebis gamomxatveli niSania,<br />

rasac murmani ver miitacebs, iseve rogorc eSmaki ver<br />

Seswvdeba cas. arsebobs Canaweri, sadac abesalomis saku-<br />

Tari saxeli `caTasworia~. murmanma icis, rom caTaswors<br />

ver gauswordeba da es aris misi bediswera.<br />

Tumca igi sxva gziT cdilobs caTasworTan gatolebas.<br />

murmanis `brolis cixis~ aRweriloba amaze migvaniSnebs,<br />

magram eTeris dauflebis gareSe is mefobis maradi<br />

maZiebeli an uzurpatori iqneba (amitom ver eufleba indoeTis<br />

taxts unestanod darCenili tarieli). mas aqvs cixe,<br />

magram ar hyavs dedofali, romelmac es cixe samefo sasaxled<br />

unda aqcios. Tumca taxtis daufleba ar aris murmanis<br />

mizani – is mijnuria anu siyvaruliT Sepyrobili, rogorc<br />

tarieli, romelsac nestanis gadakargvis Semdeg<br />

aRar gaxsenebia Tavisi kanonieri ufleba samefoze.<br />

`brolis cixis~ arseboba hubrisis ukiduresi saxe, uaresi,<br />

vidre amqveyniuri siuzerenis mimarT ampartavnoba,<br />

da janyis samzadisia.<br />

169

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170<br />

`kargad ici, brolis cixe<br />

rogor camdi maRalia...~<br />

`brolis cixis~ daxasiaTeba – `camdis maRali~, `cas wveri<br />

miubjenia~, `wveri camdis maRalia~, `cis wveramdi amigia~<br />

– mowmobs misi amSeneblis ampartavnobas ara mxolod<br />

Tavisi siuzerenis mimarT, aramed janysac cis winaaRmdeg.<br />

`babilonis godlis~ am miTologemas qarTul folklorSi<br />

gamoZaxili aqvs: `camdis maRali~ cixisa Tu koSkis maSenebelni<br />

RvTis risxvas daiTeven~ [<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996: 176].<br />

abesalomi<br />

im dialogis Semdeg, mas mere, rac murmanisgan abesalomma<br />

eTerze moismina – mis simrTeleze, silamazesa da<br />

miuwvdomlobaze, rom eTers brolis koSkSi daubrunda Tavisi<br />

silamaze, romelic saqorwilo taxtze mjdomares<br />

fetvma daufara, rogorc adre konkebi faravda, – abesalomi<br />

sneuldeba. is ar hgavs im abesaloms, galaRebuls, sanadirod<br />

gasuls, eTeris momnadirebels. `gaficebT Tqven,<br />

asulno ierusalimisa, Tu hpovoT metrfe Cemi, ras etyviT<br />

mas? uTxariT, davsneuldi siyvarulisgan~, vkiTxulobT<br />

solomonis `qebaTa qebaSi~ (5:8). abesalomic aseve atans ambavs<br />

eTerTan: uTxariT, davsneuldi siyvarulisgan. axla<br />

is sneulia mijnurobiT, sawadelis miuwvdomlobiT, sasurvelis<br />

`ver-mixvdomisa wyeniTa~. sad aris gamosavali, xsna,<br />

gankurneba? erTaderTi, rasac am dros tradiciuli eposi da<br />

cxovreba sTavazobs sasomixdil mijnurs, sasurvelis motacebaa.<br />

magram `eTerianSi~ es ar xerxdeba. eposi sabolood<br />

emijneba zRapars, sadac gasaWirSi Cavardnil gmirs meyseulad<br />

evlineba Semwe. abesaloms ar gamouCnda Semwe, romelic<br />

mas moatacebinebda an Tavad moutacebda eTers.<br />

wuTisoflis tyeSi abesalomma pova Tavisi cali – anima, magram<br />

dakarga igi. da misi es mdgomareoba tragikulia: sjobda,<br />

yvelaferi sizmari yofiliyo! abesalomi gviCvenebs animadakarguli<br />

adamianis saxes. is ganaxevrebulia, is calia mxolod<br />

da, rogorc mxolod cali, ganwirulia dasaRupavad. is tarielis<br />

mdgomareobaSia. tarielma icis, rom arsebobs satrfo, magram<br />

ar icis misi adgilsamyofeli, misi mopovebis gzebi da itanjeba.<br />

abesalomma Tumca icis eTeris samyofeli, magram mas ara<br />

aqvs misi dabrunebis saxsari da kvdeba. nestani da eTeri – ori-

---

veni miudgomel koSkSi arian sasiZos molodinSi gamoketilni.<br />

oriveni moelian mxsnels. marTalia, nestanis werili iuwyeba,<br />

rom mas imedi ara aqvs am wuTisofelSi tarielTan Sexvedrisa,<br />

magram eposis logikiT, igi tarielma unda ixsnas. es mis bedSia<br />

Cawerili. magram ra dReSia eTeri? eTeric elis mxsnels, magram<br />

mas, vinc mxsneli unda iyos, ar ZaluZs misi gamoxsna `gardaqajuli~<br />

murmanis koSkidan. is Tumca ar mdebareobs sadRac dasakargavSi,<br />

aramed aqvea, misi sasaxlis mezoblad, magram es mezobloba,<br />

es siaxlovea swored rom aaskecebs abesalomis mwuxarebas,<br />

TvalnaTliv aCvenebs ra mis umweobas.<br />

aseTi uZluri iyo didxans tarieli da dasasruli ar<br />

uCanda mis urvas. is daRupuli iyo am usasrulo wuxilSi.<br />

am udabnom, am kideganobam, am sulierma depresiam – mis<br />

yoveldRiur yofaSi daisadgura, Seiqna misi wesi cxovrebisa,<br />

romelic misi buneba xdeboda, rom avTandils ar moeswro.<br />

tariels gamouCndeba Semwe, romelic mis nacvlad<br />

eZebs mis dakargul satrfos. is akeTebs imas, risi gakeTebac<br />

tariels Tavis mdgomareobaSi ar SeuZlia.<br />

erTaderTi Semwe, vinc unda Seweoda abesaloms dakarguli<br />

eTeris dasabruneblad (warmovidginoT, rom is qajebs<br />

hyavs motacebuli), sxva vin SeiZleboda yofiliyo, Tu<br />

ara murmani. is aris misi yma, qveSevrdomi, veziri. vezirma<br />

unda uSvelos mas siyvarulSi, radgan mefis siyvaruli da<br />

yvelaferi, rac mas mosdevs, rogorc Sedegi (qorwili, Zeoba),<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis movlenebia da maRla<br />

dgas veziris piradul bednierebaze.<br />

magram veziri abesalomisa aris misi ubedurebis wyaro.<br />

Tu zRapris eniT vilaparakebT, murmani abesalomisTvis<br />

crugmiria, romelic itacebs mTavari gmiris monapovars<br />

da surs, misi pirovnebac miiTvisos. murmani antigmiria:<br />

tradiciuli eposis kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT mis saqciels,<br />

is sCadis imis sawinaaRmdegos, rasac gmiri unda sCadiodes.<br />

gmiri unda aTavisuflebdes koSkidan mzeTunaxavs,<br />

murmani ki amwyvdevs mas. tyve moelis mxsnels da mxsnelic<br />

Tavis droze moevlineba mas. es gardauvali wesia. magram<br />

`eTeriani~ imiT aris gansakuTrebuli, rom is arRvevs am<br />

wess: datyvevebul eTers ar hyavs gamomxsneli, metic: is<br />

namdvilad ar moelis mas. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom murmanma<br />

eSmakis SemweobiT ara mxolod eTeri daaziana, aramed<br />

abesalomic. eTerTan erTad abesaloms waerTva mxne-<br />

171

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172<br />

obac, waerTva is, rasac rusTaveli erT-erT pirobad uyenebs<br />

WeSmarit mijnurs: `daTmoba, mZleTa mebrZolTa<br />

mZleoba~. abesalomi aRarc is mijnuri ar aris, romelsac<br />

siyvarulis Zala aZlevs sagmiro aqtis Cadenis stimuls.<br />

is daZabunebulia xorcielad da sulierad. es siZabune, SeiZleba<br />

vifiqroT, eSmauri qmedebis Sedegia.<br />

ratom moxda ase?<br />

ase moxda, radgan abesalomi dahyva, Tumca Tavisda uneburad,<br />

eSmakis nebas. Tavisi arCevaniT saSualeba misca eSmaks misi<br />

jojoxeTuri gegmis gansaxorcieleblad. `vis gindaT qali eTeri?~<br />

– swored am sityvebs, romlebic abaTileben tyeSi micemul<br />

saSinel fics, moeloda misgan eSmaki. abesalomi ar aris<br />

eSmakis tyve, rogorc murmani, magram is dasjilia imisaTvis,<br />

rom ar eyo Tmena eSmakis ganzraxvis CasafuSavad. es iyo Cavardna<br />

abesalomis nebaSi. murmanis xeliT Semodis gansacdeli abesalomisTvis.<br />

gansacdelis winaSe dgas ara mxolod murmani, romelsac,<br />

rogorc Tavisufali nebis matarebels, SeeZlo uari<br />

eTqva eSmakis rCevaze, aramed abesalomic, romelsac aseve SeeZlo<br />

ar daeTmo eTeri. magram abesalomi Tmobs eTers, gansacdelSi<br />

marcxdeba igi da amis gamo tyeSi warmoTqmuli is fici<br />

damokles maxviliviT daRerebulia mis Tavze. abesaloms ara<br />

hyavs avTandili, magram mas hyavs marexi, romelic asmaTobas<br />

uwevs mas. magram asmaTi uZluria avTandilis gareSe. aseve uZluria<br />

marexic, magram mas ar SeiZleba hqondes vinmes imedi. ra<br />

SeuZlia marexs? mas mxolod is SeuZlia, rasac igi sCadis abesalomisTvis:<br />

mas mxolod miaqvs misi siyvarulis ambavi eTerTan.<br />

marexi Suamavalia animussa da animas Soris.<br />

esqatologiuri Sexvedra<br />

abesalomi da eTeri Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, magram es Sexvedra<br />

ar hgavs samijnuro Sexvedras. abesalomi ganwirulia,<br />

eTeris naxva ver gankurnavs mas. ratom xdeba ase? mxolod<br />

imitom, rom eTers daugvianebia? `Zmao, movida eTeri, Tu-<br />

Ra gaq TvalSi naTeli!~ momakvdavi pasuxobs: `movides, Tu-<br />

Ra movida, ara maqvs TvalSi naTeli~ (eTeriani 1954: 5). Cans,<br />

eTeris Suqmac, erT dros muxis fuRurodan rom anaTebda,<br />

ver ixsna igi. isic Cans, rom xsnas abesalomi saWiroebs, ara<br />

eTeri. ra SeiZleba iTqvas am damasrulebel epizodze?<br />

eTeri brundeba abesalomTan, magram abesalomi kvdeba. sicocxleSi<br />

Seuyrelni sikvdilSi Seeyrebian erTmaneTs. ra-

---

tom xdeba es? nuTu ise Rrmad SeaRwia eSmakis manqanebam<br />

adamianis yofaSi, rom siyvaruli uZluri aRmoCnda mis winaSe<br />

da ver mkvidrdeba wuTisofelSi? es TiTqos asec unda<br />

momxdariyo – radgan `yoveli sofeli borotsa zeda dgas~<br />

(1 ioan. 5: 19). ase xdeba wuTisoflis sazRvrebSi. eTeris<br />

dabruneba, romelic mxolod Senacvlebaa misi xsnisa, arafers<br />

cvlis abesalomis tragikul bedSi. eTeri ki ar unda<br />

dabrunebuliyo, aramed unda gamoxsniliyo, unda gamoCeniliyo<br />

gmiri, pirovneba, romelic Caidenda am aqts, daamxobda<br />

borotebas, rogorc naTqvamia, rom `borotsa sZlia<br />

keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~. mxolod es aqti xsnisa, nebelobiTi<br />

aqti, gaarRvevda wuTisoflis sazRvrebs da gaiyvanda<br />

yofierebas absolutur dasasrulSi. is esqatologiuri<br />

Jamis gmiri, romlisganac moelis xsnas ara mxolod<br />

wuTisoflis tyve eTeri, aramed mTeli yofiereba, aklia<br />

`eTerians~. is, visac unda ekisra es amocana, sneulia da misi<br />

sneuleba, pirvel rigSi, nebis sneulebaa. xsna ar arsebobs<br />

Tavisufali nebis gareSe. marTalia, tarieli uavTandilod<br />

ver miaRwevda sawadels, magram avTandilic uZluri<br />

iqneboda, rom ara tarielis neba, gaTavisuflebuliyo<br />

satanis sakrvelTagan. amaod ar aris naTqvami poemis prologSi:<br />

`Sen damifare, Zleva mec daTrgunvad me satanisa,<br />

momec mijnurTa survili, sikvdimde gasatanisa~. avTandils<br />

ar SeeZlo tarielisTvis qvabSi miegvara nestani, es<br />

ar iqneboda xsna. nestanis gamoxsnaSi tarielis neba da xeli<br />

aucilebeli iyo. tarielis xsna da nestanis gamoxsna er-<br />

Tdroulad unda momxdariyo. isini paraleluri aqtebia.<br />

TiTqos `eTerianis~ dasasruli tragikulia. siyvaruli<br />

amqveynad marcxdeba. magram misi meufeba gaaRwevs am<br />

wuTisoflis miRma, sadac xdeba gayrilTa SeerTeba. amis<br />

niSani maT saflavebze amosuli ia da vardia. amodis maT Soris<br />

ekalic, eSmakis moqmedebis niSnad, magram gaivlis vinme<br />

gamvleli da amoZirkvavs ekals. gana es ar niSnavs imas,<br />

rom eSmakis manqaneba CafuSulia? jadosnur zRaparSi, romelic<br />

`eTerianis~ mxolod eqspozicias warmoadgens, moqmedeba<br />

im zRurblamde midis, romlis Semdeg iwyeba axali<br />

era, uboroto da ueSmako, radgan zRapris gmirma ar datova<br />

pirobebi borotebisa da eSmakis manqanebaTa asaRorZineblad.<br />

gayrilTa bednieri Sexvedra am wuTisofelSive<br />

xdeba zRurblTan da isini gadadian axal eonSi.<br />

173

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174<br />

xolo rac xdeba `eTerianSi~, zRapris uaryofaa. asec SeiZleba<br />

gaviazroT masSi gaTamaSebuli drama. `eTerianis~ sakuTrivi<br />

ambavi qorwilidan iwyeba, rac zRaprisTvis dasasrulia.<br />

magram rac zRapris dasasrulia, is dramis dasawyisia, romelic<br />

mTavrdeba sikvdiliT anu wuTisoflis wesiT. zRaparSi ki wu-<br />

Tisoflis wesi gauqmebulia. ra xdeba `eTerianis~ qorwilze,<br />

romelic zRapris esqatologiuri qorwilis yofiTi saxea?<br />

murmanis saxiT zRapris crugmiri aRdga TiTqos sasjelidan<br />

da kvlav daisakuTra namdvili gmiris monapovari. aq imarjvebs,<br />

magram droebiT, is, vinc zRapris bolos mxilebulia, rogorc<br />

antigmiri. is CafuSavs namdvil qorwils da eklis saxiT Cadgeba<br />

mefesa da sZals Soris. eSmaki, kacobriobis mteri, angrevs<br />

aSenebuls isev da isev adamianis xeliT. is gamoCndeba zRapris<br />

bolos da ukan daatrialebs yvelafers. kvlav wvaleba, wuxili,<br />

sinaklule, rac, rogorc viciT, iwvevs gmiris gasvlas saxlidan,<br />

mis gadakargvas. eTeri kvlav mosapovebelia, is kvlav am<br />

wuTisoflis eSmakeul koSkSia gamoketili. eSmaki, romelTanac<br />

murmanma xelSekruleba dado, esqatologiuri qorwilis<br />

mteria. is xels uSlis axali cisa da axali miwis Seqmnas, mas surs<br />

samaradisod gagrZeldes dacemuli soflis JamTa dineba. wu-<br />

TisofelSi is udarajebs yovel murmans da ucdis Sesafer Jams,<br />

rom gamoiyenos igi Tavisi miznis misaRwevad. eSmaks surs adamianis<br />

sulis xelSi Cagdeba, magram ufro metad mas surs, rom<br />

CaifuSos saboloo qorwili da samudamod gayaros erTmaneTs<br />

mefe da sZali. magram sabolood eSmaki uZluri gamodga. man mxolod<br />

murmanis suli Caigdo xelSi, qorwili ki ver CafuSa. qorwili<br />

dausxlta mas xelidan da im samefoSi gadainacvla, sadac<br />

eSmaks aRar ZaluZs SeRweva. im samefos niSnebi ia da vardia, sxvadasxva<br />

Jamis yvavilni, amieridan maradisobaSi ganuyofelni<br />

(ekali maT Soris efemerulia, mas aqve amoZirkvavs yoveli gamvleli),<br />

da wyaro oqros TasiTurT – simbolo maTi Sendobisa.<br />

P.S. Tavis dasawyisSi naxsenebi iyo hipoTeza `eTerianis~ literaturuli<br />

warmoSobis Sesaxeb. moyvanili iyo argumentebic. narkvevSi<br />

gatarebuli iyo paralelebi `vefxistyaosanTan~. axla SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom `eTeriani~, Tuki is marTlac literaturuli warmomavlobisaa,<br />

`vefxistyaosans~ win unda uswrebdes, Tumca imave<br />

epoqaSi unda iyos Seqmnili. `vefxistyaosani~ mesaxeba `eTerianis~<br />

replikad, imis saCveneblad, rom arsebobs xsna, rom araTu brolis<br />

koSki, aramed qajeTis cixis Zlevac SesaZlebelia, radgan arsebobs

---

amqveynad, am dacemul wuTisofelSi, megobroba, siyvaruli, erTguleba.<br />

`eTerianis~ sami personaJi da erTi toposi `vefxistyaosanSi~<br />

pouloben TavianT Sesatyvisebs: abesalomi – tarielSi, eTeri – nestanSi,<br />

marexi – asmaTSi, brolis cixe – qajeTis cixeSi. avTandilis<br />

adgili `eTerianSi~ carielia. da es aris swored `eTerianis~ tragediis<br />

mizezi. `vefxistyaosani~ avTandilis gamoCeniT Zlevs am tragediis<br />

SesaZleblobas.<br />

abesalomi eTeri marexi brolis cixe eSmaki murmani –<br />

tarieli nestani asmaTi qajeTis cixe qaji – avTandili<br />

literatura<br />

bardaveliZe: bardaveliZe j., individualuri xasiaTis<br />

problema folklorSi, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong><br />

III, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1969.<br />

bauzingeri: Bausinger H., Formen der “Volkpoesie”, Erich Schmidt<br />

Verlag, Berlin, 1980.<br />

gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, `ganaTleba~,<br />

Tb., 1984.<br />

eTeriani 1875: eTeriani, ambavi abesalom da eTerisa. Sedgenili<br />

saxalxo leqsebisa da naTqvamebisagan<br />

petre umikaSvilis mier.<br />

dabeWdili eqvTime xelaZisagan. tf., 1875.<br />

eTeriani 1954: eTeriani, xalxuri sityviereba IV, meore<br />

seria, redaqcia, Sesavali statia da<br />

SeniSvnebi m. Ciqovanisa, `saqarTvelos<br />

ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba~,<br />

Tb., 1954.<br />

ingoroyva 1924: ingoroyva p., CaxruxaZe poeti, mogzauri,<br />

`kavkasioni~ 1-2, tf., 1924.<br />

ingoroyva 1938: ingoroyva p., rusTavelis epoqis saliteraturo<br />

memkvidreoba, `rusTavelis<br />

krebuli~, 1938.<br />

<strong>kiknaZe</strong>: <strong>kiknaZe</strong> z., <strong>qarTuli</strong> miTologia I, jvari da saymo,<br />

quTaisi, 1996.<br />

kokiara: Êîêêüÿðà Äæ., Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Åâðîïå, Ì., 1960.<br />

qurdovaniZe 1974: qurdovaniZe T., eTeriani, Tsu<br />

gamomcemloba, Tb., 1974.<br />

qurdovaniZe 2000: Êóðäîâàíèäçå Ò., Óêàçàòåëü ñþæåòîâ ãðóçèíñêîé<br />

íàðîäíîé ñêàçêè, “Ìåðàíè”, Òá., 2000.<br />

175

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176<br />

socialur-egzistencialuri eposi –<br />

arsenas leqsi<br />

`arsenas leqsi~ <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri epikuri Semoqmedebis<br />

gviani nayofia. igi XIX s-is me-2 naxevarSia Seqmnili. misi<br />

mTavari gmiri realuri pirovnebaa, TiTqos cnobilia<br />

misi dabadebis (1797), gavardnisa (1823) da sikvdilis (1842)<br />

TariRebi. miuxedavad amisa, `arsenas leqsis~ gmiri tradiciuli<br />

epikuri gmiris yvela niSans atarebs. `leqsi~ anonimuria.<br />

cnobilni arian mxolod is xalxuri mTqmelebi – moxetiale<br />

mestvireebi, romlebic mTel saqarTveloSi avrcelebdnen<br />

`Sairsityvas~ ukve legendad qceul keTilSobil<br />

yaCaRze, ase tragikulad rom daasrula Tavisi cxovreba.<br />

`arsenas leqsi~ mestvireTa repertuaris aucilebel<br />

nawils Seadgenda. mas asrulebdnen religiur Tu saxalxo<br />

dResaswaulebze, Tavyrilobebze, soflad Tu qalaqad.<br />

rogorc Cans, `Sairsityvebi~ arsena oZelaSvilze missave<br />

sicocxleSi yofila SeTxzuli da gavrcelebuli. rusuli<br />

gazeTis `kavkazis~ (1846 7) cnoba mowmobs am leqsebis<br />

popularobas xalxSi. germaneli mogzaurisa da eTnografis<br />

a. haqsthauzenis (1792-1866) wignSi (rusuli Targmani<br />

“Çàêàâêàçñêèé êðàé” gamoqveynda 1857 w.) moxvda arsenas ambavi,<br />

romelic mas germaneli kolonistebisgan hqonia gagebuli TbilisSi<br />

jer kidev 1843 wels. arsenas `Sairsityvas~ germanelTa<br />

wreSic SeuRwevia. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom a. haqsthauzenisTvis<br />

Tbilisel germanelebs arsenas Tavgadasavali<br />

swored xalxuri leqsebis mixedviT eambaT, ramdenadac<br />

am monaTxrobis detalebi emTxveva `arsenas leqsis~<br />

zogierT epizods, Tumca arsebiTi gansxvavebebic arsebobs<br />

(ix. damateba 1). rogorc garkveulia, leqsi Tu leqsebi<br />

arsenaze 1841-1846 wlebSi unda Seqmniliyo [kakiaSvili].<br />

pirveli publikacia `arsenas leqsisa~ ekuTvnis nikoloz<br />

yifians (1847-1905), romelmac sxvadasxva variantis safuZvelze<br />

Seadgina erTi Serwymuli teqsti da ilias `kako<br />

yaCaRTan~ erTad dabeWda calke wignad (1872 w.).<br />

is teqsti `arsenas leqsisa~, romelic dRemde ibeWdeba,<br />

p. umikaSvilis xelidan aris gamosuli (pirvelad gamoqveynda<br />

1874 w.). `arsenas teqstis~ dadgenaSi p. umikaSvilis<br />

Rvawlis Sesaxeb ix. [gvaramaZe: 45-46]. man gamokveTa eposis

---

saboloo saxe, erT Zafze aago mis xelT arsebuli calkeuli<br />

epizodi, romlebic erTmaneTTan daukavSireblad<br />

sruldeboda mestvireTa mier. umikaSvilis arqivSi daculia<br />

epizodebi, romlebic mas ar gamouyenebia `arsenas<br />

leqsis~ asagebad. da mainc umikaSviliseuli gamTlianeba<br />

arsena yaCaRis garSemo arsebuli `Sairsityvebisa~ metnaklebad<br />

amomwuravia da dRemde inarCunebs rogorc mxatvrul,<br />

ise informaciul mniSvnelobas. mis Semdeg aravis<br />

ucdia Sevseba `arsenas leqsisa~ sxva epizodebiT an p. umikaSvilis<br />

mier gamoyenebuli masalis sxvagvarad ganlageba.<br />

p. umikaSviliseuli teqsti optimaluria: TiToeuli<br />

epizodi masSi poulobs Tavis erTaderT kuTvnil adgils.<br />

marTalia, mestvireTa repertuari arasodes moicavda<br />

yvela arsebuli epizodisgan Semdgar erT mTlian teqsts,<br />

unda vifiqroT, rom maT cnobierebaSi virtualurad arsebobda<br />

calkeul epizodTa Tavdapirveli erTianobis gancda.<br />

savsebiT gasaziarebelia amasTan dakavSirebiT g. barnovis<br />

Tvalsazrisi, romelic man amgvarad gamoTqva: `arsenas<br />

leqsi~ ar warmoadgens sxvadasxva epizodebis meqanikur<br />

gadabmas. igi Tavidanve gaazrebuli unda yofiliyo,<br />

rogorc epikuri tilo, mTliani istoria saxalxo gmirisa.<br />

vfiqrob, swored aman ganapiroba rekonstruqciis warmateba~<br />

[barnovi g., 1989: 24]. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />

SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis literaturis institutis<br />

folklorul arqivSi, p. umikaSvilis koleqciaSi, daculia<br />

`arsenas leqsis~ erTi teqsti, rogorc Cans, pirveli<br />

(an erT-erTi) cda arsebuli variantebis gamTlianebisa,<br />

romelic p. umikaSvils ar gamouqveynebia (SoTa rusTavelis<br />

sax. <strong>qarTuli</strong> literaturis institutis folkloruli<br />

arqivi = fa. umik. 15/2).<br />

`arsenas leqsis~ gmiri arsena oZelaSvili realuri piria,<br />

Tavisi epoqisa da sazogadoebis Svili. misi samoqmedo<br />

asparezic, cxadia, savsebiT realur sivrceSia gaSlili –<br />

es aris aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo, misi TiTqmis yoveli mxare.<br />

`arsenas leqsi~ sxva xalxur qmnilebaTagan toponimebis<br />

uCveulo siuxviT gamoirCeva. misi gmiris saasparezo<br />

are vrcelia: TrialeTi, marabda, koda, TeleTi, kumisi,<br />

somxiTi (sofeli), Tbilisi (`qalaqi~), almasis wyali, Siraqi,<br />

Tavfaravnis tba, gomareTi, qiziyi – bodbisxevi, martyofi,<br />

diRomi, mcxeTa, muxaTgverdi, zemo qarTli, axal-<br />

177

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178<br />

cixe; saqarTvelos farglebs gareT: yazaxi (azerbaijan-<br />

Si). arsenas ambavSi monawileoben da ubralod naxsenebi<br />

arian sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, rac kargad<br />

asaxavs istoriuli saqarTvelos eTnikur-demografiul<br />

suraTs.<br />

visi Seqmnilic unda iyos `arsenas leqsi~ – qarCoxeli<br />

mecxvarisa Tu raWveli mestvirisa, igi xalasi xalxuri geniis<br />

Semoqmedebis nayofia, masSi sWvivis qristianuli suli,<br />

gamgebi da mimtevebeli yoveli adamianuri codvisa. xSiri<br />

xseneba RvTis saxelisa, mironis madlisa, pirjvrisa, dalocvis<br />

sityvebisa `arsenas leqsSi~ arc SemTxveviTia, arc<br />

ubralod sityvis masalaa, arc mxolod Cveuleba an tradiciaa,<br />

arc e.w. xarkia epoqisadmi. es realiebi leqsis organuli<br />

nawilia, romelic gansazRvravs mTavari gmiris xasiaTs,<br />

rogoradac surs, igi dainaxos mestvirem, romelic<br />

Tavis simReras, Zveli rafsodebis msgavsad, uzenaesis xsenebiT<br />

iwyebs: `SairsityviTa mestvirem RmerTi maRali axsena~...<br />

RvTis saxelis xsenebiT iwyeba da sasufevlis naTlis<br />

xsenebiT mTavrdeba `arsenas leqsi~ (`iq naTeli daadgesa~).<br />

es, pirvel rigSi, mestvireTa religiurobis, maTi<br />

qristianuli mrwamsis gamoxatulebaa. Znelia moiZebnos<br />

xalxuri nawarmoebi, romelic ise mdidari iyos qristianuli<br />

leqsikiT, rogorc `arsenas leqsia~. esoden mcire<br />

sivrceze RmerTisa da sxva wmida saxelTa (siwmideTa, rogoric<br />

aris: mironi, naTloba, sefiskveri, wirva, pirjvari,<br />

madli, aRdgoma, RvTismSobeli...) da gamoTqmaTa xseneba<br />

(yovel meTxuTmete striqonSi!) gansakuTrebul na-<br />

Tels hfens teqsts, romlis mTavari Tema TviT mis SemqmnelTaTvis<br />

srulebiTac ar aris religiuri – is arsenas<br />

sagmiro saqmeebs gadmogvcems. gansxvavebiT sxva sagmiro<br />

leqsebisagan, Tundac amiranis miTologiuri eposisagan,<br />

`arsenas leqsSi~ datrialebuli suli gvagrZnobinebs mis<br />

mkiTxvelT, rom qristianul qveyanaSi vimyofebiT (mestvire<br />

yovelnairad aZlierebs am gancdas) da ara sadRac religiurad<br />

gaurkvevel samyaroSi.<br />

da mainc, arsena, cxadia, epikuri gmiria. amitomac misi<br />

gmiruli biografia tradiciuli epikuri gmiris Tavgadasavlis<br />

kalapotSi miedineba. aq Cven gvecnaureba tipurad<br />

igive epizodebi, igive `zRurblebi~, romlebic gaiara da<br />

gadalaxa amiranma. arsena gardauvali aucileblobiT ga-

---

ivlis maT. arsena amas ver ascdeba, Tumca igi istoriul<br />

droSi cxovrobs da moqmedebs.<br />

`amiraniansa~ da `arsenas leqss~ Soris siaxlove pirvelad<br />

anton xinTibiZem aRniSna: `Cven zemoT moyvanili adgilebis<br />

mxolod formaluri damTxveva aRvniSneT. unda vivaraudoT,<br />

rom mas Sinaarsobrivi safuZvlebi eqneboda. es,<br />

erTi SexedviT, TiTqos ar Cans, magram amiranisa da arsenas<br />

mxatvruli saxeebis guldasmiTi analiziT aSkara xdeba.<br />

marTlac, am ori gmiris cxovrebis epizodebi erTmaneTs<br />

emTxveva~ [xinTibiZe: 89]. Tumca avtori ar akonkretebs<br />

am epizodebs. igi avlebs mxolod zogad paralels maT<br />

brZolebSi, erTi mxriv, borotebisa da, meore mxriv, usamarTlobis<br />

winaaRmdeg. sagulisxmoa daskvna: `arsenas<br />

leqsi~ Sorsaa miTiuri garemosagan, amitom gmiris cxovreba<br />

realisturad aris asaxuli, magram `amiranisa~ da `arsenas<br />

leqsis~ am adgilebis plastikur-poeturi Strixebi<br />

mainc erTimeores emTxveva. aqac aSkarad Cans `amiranis~<br />

gavlena `arsenas leqsze~ [xinTibiZe: 89].<br />

msgavseba am or eposs Soris ufro metia da Rrma, vidre<br />

plastikur-poeturi. is siRrmiseulia, rasac maTi struqtura<br />

aaSkaravebs. saerTo agebuleba (epizodTa Tanamimdevrobis<br />

saxiT) amxels maT siRrmiseul identurobas, romelic<br />

tipologiuric aris da geneturic, ramdenadac isini<br />

erTi saerTo tradiciis kuTvnilebaa. `arsenas leqsze~<br />

gacilebiT adrindeli, SeiZleba iTqvas, misTvis arqetipuli<br />

`amiranianis~ gavlena mxolod amgvarad unda iqnes gagebuli.<br />

`arsenas leqsi~ da `amiraniani~ erT epikur kalapotSi<br />

(tradiciaSi), Tumca radikalurad gansxvavebul socialur<br />

SreebSi miedinebian.<br />

zemoTqmuli gvaZlevs saSualebas, rom `arsenas leqsSi~<br />

`amiranianis~ analogiuri epizodebi gamovyoT.<br />

~arsenas leqsSi~ erTmaneTs erwymis da emsWvaleba sami<br />

Sre: 1. miTologiuri, romelic SeiZleba saTaves iRebdes<br />

uSualod arqetipidan an uaxloesi wyarodan – `amiranianidan~.<br />

gmiris aRzeveba da dacema. janyi, hubrisi. 2. socialuri<br />

Sre: samarTali-usamarTloba. winaaRmdegoba, Seurigebloba,<br />

krizisi socialur niadagze. 3. egzistencialuri<br />

plani. pirovnebis bedi. krizisi pirovnul niadagze.<br />

samive Sre met-naklebad `leqsis~ yvela ZiriTad epizodSi<br />

ikiTxeba.<br />

179

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180<br />

gamovyoT da gavaanalizoT `arsenas leqsis~ ZiriTadi<br />

epizodebi.<br />

I. epikuri gmiris warmoSoba saswaulebrivi unda iyos.<br />

arsenas `Sairsityvis~ variantebs Soris ar ipoveba teqsti,<br />

romelic gvamcnobdes misi araTu saswaulebrivi, aramed<br />

saerTod dabadebis ambavs. magram arsenas warmoSoba mainc<br />

araCveulebrivia. ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom mestvireebi ar<br />

gadmogvcemen misi mSoblebis vinaobas, TiTqos isini arc<br />

arsebulan. Tumca SeuZlebelia, maTi saxelebi drois esoden<br />

mcire manZilze daviwyebas miscemoda. aq saqme unda<br />

gvqondes mSobelTa vinaobis principul ucnobobasTan.<br />

gmiri amozrdilia, rogorc aisbergi – Tavis wreSi, Tavis<br />

socialur garemocvaSi. is aris udedmamo, unaTesao, uojaxo.<br />

mSobelTa uxsenebloba miT ufro niSandoblivia, rom<br />

`arsenas leqsSi~ monawile pirebi savsebiT realurni arian<br />

da TavianTi namdvili gvar-saxelebiT ixseniebian (zaal<br />

baraTaSvili, sumbaTovi, makarovi...). arsenas obloba arsebiTia,<br />

es misi, rogorc epikuri gmiris, dasabamieri gansazRvrulobaa.<br />

obloba niSania misi gamorCeulobisa sazogadoebaSi,<br />

sadac is TiTqos RvTiT aris movlenili. erTerTi<br />

varianti gvamcnobs:<br />

`rom daibada arsena, pirvelad RmerTi axsena...~<br />

es lakoniuri `Sairsityva~ amave dros gmiris maRal<br />

warmoSobaze miuTiTebs, mis saswaulebriv Sobazec da imazec,<br />

rom misi naTlia ufalia, romlis saxeli Sobidanve dahyva<br />

mis bageebs, rogorc amirans – oqros kbili da fizikuri<br />

Zala. magram sinamdvile, rasac zemoT naxsenebi haksthauzeni<br />

gadmogvcems arsenas Sesaxeb, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos<br />

metyvelebs: `arsena meduqne iyo, e.i. daxlis mepatrone<br />

tfilisSi~ (ix. damateba 1). ar gvaqvs safuZveli, rom am<br />

cnobas eWviT movekidoT, Tumca igi ver egueba jer mestvireTa<br />

da mere Cvens warmodgenas mis heroikul pirovnebaze.<br />

II. baRaTuruli zrda (boboqari bavSvoba). gmiris fizikuri<br />

Zalis amofrqveva adreuli asakidanve iwyeba: amirani<br />

akvanSive iCens Tavis Tandayolil Zalas, romelic naTliam<br />

daanaTla mas. magram es ar aris sakuTriv gmirobis aqti,

---

aramed Zalis mxolod pirvelCena. p. umikaSvilis `leqsSi~<br />

arsena amgvarad iCens Tavs:<br />

`rom Seiqna Teqvsmeti wlis, mTa da bari Seajera...~<br />

magram sxva variantebSi, romlebic p. umikaSvils ar gamouyenebia,<br />

asaki sagrZnoblad daweulia:<br />

`Tormeti wlis rom Seiqna, ulvaSebma daamSvena...~<br />

sxva fragmentSi kidev ufro daiwevs misi gamoCenis asaki<br />

da zRaprul-miTosurSi gadadis:<br />

`Svidi wlisa rom Seiqna, cxenxedna dauwesesa,<br />

ise fantams Tavadebsa, viTa bora wiwilebsa...~<br />

arsenas gamoCena saswaulebriv-moulodnelia, auxsnelia<br />

misi baRaTuruli zrdis, saxecvlilebis mizezi:<br />

`mTeli qveyana gahkvirda: arsena ram daasqela.<br />

saca cxeni gaaWena, kldeze mtveri aayena...~<br />

es is zRurblia, saidanac iwyeba misi baRaTuruli saqmianoba;<br />

igrZnoba, rom `uerTod ar daixarjvis~ misi energia,<br />

romelic awveba mas, raTa gaiyvanos igi gareT – asparezze.<br />

masSi zambarasaviT Cawnexili Zala aiZulebs amas.<br />

III. qalis motaceba. tradiciul eposSi am qmedebas win<br />

uswrebs gmiris ZiriTadi Rvawli, romliTac is gmirobs –<br />

es aris brZola borot ZalebTan. `arsenas leqsSi~ ki qalis<br />

motacebiT iwyeba gmiris saqmeni sagmironi. Tumca wina epizodi<br />

(fizikuri Zalis pirvelCena) dasturia imisa, rom mas<br />

ZaluZs am Rvawlis aRsruleba, rasac eposSi baRaTuruli<br />

niSnoba gulisxmobs.<br />

qalis motaceba TiTqos Tavsdeba batonymur yofaSi:<br />

motacebuli moaxlea, momtacebeli – yma, arc erTi ar aris<br />

Tavisufali. batonis moaxlis momtacebeli yma am aqtiT<br />

arad agdebs batonis nebas, eurCeba da, sabolood, ujanydeba<br />

mas. is garbis moaxlesTan erTad, riTac Tavisi xeliT<br />

iWris gzas ukan dasabruneblad. misi es gaWra imis ni-<br />

Sania, rom is ver Tavsdeba Tavis socialur garemoSi, im statusSi,<br />

romliTac daibada. am motacebiT, am gaWriT is ic-<br />

181

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182<br />

vlis statuss, rogorc ardaSir papakani, romelmac Tavis<br />

patrons, mefes mxevali da Tasi mostaca, riTac Tavi gai-<br />

Tavisufla ymobisgan, raTa dabadebiT momadlebuli mefoba<br />

moepovebina [ardaSiri: 46]. niSandoblivia, rom sinamdvile<br />

(anu is, rac sinamdvileSi moxda) ufro axlos aris ardaSiris<br />

epizodTan, vidre `leqsi~: `maSin arsenam RamiT gamoiyvana<br />

Tavadis saukeTeso cxeni, moitaca qali da mTebSi<br />

gaixizna~ (damateba 1). ajanyebuli arsena, ardaSiris msgavsad,<br />

Tavisi batonis moaxles mis cxenTan erTad itacebs.<br />

aq unda SeiniSnos, rom motacebis mizezi arsebobs – mowoneba:<br />

`batons ro erTi gogo hyavs, arsenas moewoneba~,<br />

magram ar Cans Sedegi motacebisa. motaceba motacebadve<br />

rCeba, rogorc sabediswero saqcieli, rogorc garkveuli<br />

zRurblis gadalaxva, romelic mTlianad cvlis gmiris<br />

mdgomareobas, mTel mis cxovrebas. moaxlis motacebas<br />

TviTkmari Rirebuleba aqvs gmiris biografiaSi. amitom<br />

aris, rom ucnobia araTu saxeli motacebulisa, aramed misi<br />

asaval-dasavalic motacebis Semdeg. igi iseve uCinardeba,<br />

rogorc amiranis yamari, romelmac Seasrula Tavisi<br />

funqcia gmiris gzaze da ukvalod gauCinarda. mestvire-<br />

Ta arsena amas sCadis, rogorc epikuri gmirisTvis savaldebulo<br />

aqts. am epizodSi mestvire ugulebelyofs sinamdviles,<br />

romelic Tumca tragikulia, magram ar scildeba<br />

yofiT realobas (ix. damateba 1 da 2). sinamdvileSi ki, cnobilia,<br />

rom arsenas TamaraSvilebis xelSewyobiT axalcixeSi<br />

uTxovia qali [WiWinaZe: 127].<br />

is unda gasuliyo Tavisi wridan, saxlidan, sadac daibada,<br />

zRapris gmiriviT da am gasvlis motivi qalis motacebaa<br />

– akrZalulis xelyofa. magram am aqts faruli motivi<br />

aRZravs, ris ganxorcielebasac arsena mTel Tavis cxovrebas<br />

miuZRvnis: is daupirispirdeba batons, raTa Tavad<br />

gaxdes batoni da Taviseburad gagebuli samarTali daamyaros<br />

(`mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs...~). `ardaSir papakis<br />

Zis saqmeTa wignSi~ naTqvamia: `kaci, romelic Tavis batons<br />

gaeqceva, didebasa da mefobas miaRwevs~ [ardaSiri: 46].<br />

ymaSi iRviZebs pirovneba. mestvire grZnobs am gaRvi-<br />

Zebas. Tumca man icis (unda icodes), rom arsena arasodes<br />

yma ar yofila, misi ojaxi saeklesio glexebi iyvnen [kakiaSvili:<br />

17,33]. `biWo, arsenav, ra miyav, yma iyav magisTanao!~<br />

zaal baraTaSvilis sinanuliT naTqvam am sityvebSi `yma~,

---

SesaZloa, arc niSnavdes mainc da mainc batonis ymas. `bi-<br />

Wo~ ki namdvilad mis yoCaRobaze miuTiTebs [abaSiZe: 9]. baraTaSvili<br />

aSkarad keTilganwyobilic ki aris mis mimarT,<br />

rac dokumenturadac dasturdeba (ix. damateba 5). arsena<br />

axalcixeSi miatovebs Tavis motacebuls da iwyebs gasvlas.<br />

IV. brZola usamarTlobasTan. mteri `leqsSi~ rus-yazaxebis<br />

saxiT aris warmodgenili. anu miTosuri mteri (devi)<br />

yofiT-istoriuli mtris konkretul saxeSia ganxorcielebuli,<br />

amave dros es saxe groteskuli unda iyos, rogorc<br />

berikaobis Tu yeenobis personaJebisa.<br />

aq unda SeiniSnos, rom yazaxebTan Setakeba qalis motacebis<br />

faqtiT aris ganpirobebul-motivirebuli: batonma<br />

unda daibrunos motacebuli da gauswordes ajanyebul<br />

ymas. magram is umweoa – is `qoSs ukuRma hyris~, garbis, `or-<br />

Tav TvaliT~ icremleba, `saCivars wers~... `aTi-Tormeti<br />

yazaxi~ arsenas Sesapyrobad igzavneba. swored es `aTi-<br />

Tormeti yazaxia~ arsenas namdvili da erTaderTi mteri.<br />

arsena Seebmis maT, rogorc amirani – devebs. brZolis aRweraSi<br />

aSkarad ismis, Tumca groteskamde CamoqveiTebuli,<br />

amiranuli brZolis eqo:<br />

~aTi-Tormeti yazaxi sul cxvariviT gadmodena.<br />

TeleTis bolomde mohyva, somxiTSi ar gaaCera.<br />

im sawyali yazaxebis zurgze boli aayena~.<br />

damarcxebuli yazaxebic amiranul ganzomilebaSi aRiqvamen<br />

arsenas pirovnebas:<br />

`an aris devi, lomgmiri, an aris rkinis mkvnetela...~<br />

epikuri gmiri erTxel unda amarcxebdes borot Zalas,<br />

rogorc iTqva, mas erTaderTi mowinaaRmdege unda hyavdes.<br />

amiranis brZola devebTan erTjeradia, is erTader-<br />

Tjer ebrZvis devebs, roca iamanis mitacebuli Tvalia dasabrunebeli,<br />

an adamianTa miwa-wylidan arian gasarekni. danarCeni<br />

brZolebi mxolod ganmeorebaa, mxolod siWarbea<br />

da axals da arsebiTs arafers sZens gmiris biografias (rogorc<br />

`amirandarejanianis~ Wabukebs dausrulebeli sagmiro<br />

Tavgadasavalni).<br />

arsenas yoveli Setakeba Tavis arqetips yazax-ruseb-<br />

Tan im pirvel SetakebaSi poulobs. aqedan eZleva dasabami<br />

183

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184<br />

mis brZolas socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg, romelic<br />

xorcieldeba deviziT: `mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs~.<br />

brZola borotebis winaaRmdeg socialur sferoSia<br />

gadanacvlebuli.<br />

V. Ralati. Ralati ar aris gamoricxuli epikuri gmiris<br />

biografiaSi (miTosSi mas ar eZleva zneobrivi Sefaseba).<br />

SeiZleba is davadasturoT `amiranianSic~ – im epizod-<br />

Si, roca Zmebi amirans sami veSapis pirispir miatoveben.<br />

zRaparSi Ralatis msxverplia umcrosi Zma, anu mTavari<br />

gmiri, romelic asrulebs mTavar saqmes.<br />

`arsenas leqsSi~ Ralats ormagi funqcia ekisreba: Cveneba<br />

wuTisoflis muxanaTobisa arsenas keTilSobilebas-<br />

Tan dapirispirebiT (raTa gamoikveTos arsenas zneobrivi<br />

upiratesoba im garemocvaSi, sadac mas uxdeba urTier-<br />

Toba). misTvis sabedisweroa, xolo arsebuli sinamdvilis-<br />

Tvis niSandoblivi, rom Ralati `naTel-mironis~ mier aris<br />

Cadenili. es mowmobs wuTisoflis uaRresad dacemul<br />

mdgomareobas. Sendoba RalatisTvis Zlieri qristianuli<br />

niSania `arsenas leqsSi~. tradiciul eposebSi, aseve zRaparSi,<br />

romelTa finali esqatologiuria, muxanaTobisTvis<br />

iSviaTia patieba. avismoqmedi sabolood dausjeli ar unda<br />

gadarCes. es gadaxveva epikuri tradiciidan (kanonidan)<br />

sinamdviliseulia. am epizods realurad momxdari faqti<br />

udevs safuZvlad. is momxdara 1837 wels. Semonaxulia dokumenti<br />

(gubernatoris werili), sadac laparakia 13 bodbisxevelis<br />

oTxmocdaaTi maneTiT dajildoebaze arsenas<br />

gacemisTvis [kakiaSvili: 20].<br />

amave dros, kompoziciurad da arsobrivad Ralatis<br />

epizodi ganapirobebs momdevno mniSvnelovan epizods,<br />

romelsac ver ascdeba vercerTi epikuri gmiri.<br />

VI. cixe-abano. am epizodSi gveleSapis motivis yvela<br />

elementia mocemuli. arsena STanTqmulia cixis mier, saidanac<br />

TiTqos araviTari saxsari ar arsebobs misi Tavdaxsnisa.<br />

mas gardauvali daRupva elis, ris ueWvel niSansac<br />

es Zunwi protokoluri, Tumca amave dros simboluric,<br />

sityvebi iZleva:<br />

`sacimbirod gaamweses, cali wveri moparsesa...~

---

a Zalam unda moabrunos Tavisuflebisaken `calwvermoparsuli~<br />

adamiani? magram aRmoCndeba saswaulebrivi<br />

saxsari – `erTi sawyali manaTi~, romelic straJnikebis dasaTrobad<br />

gamodga, da is qlibi, romelic keTilad ganwyobilma<br />

mikitnebma Caudes jibeSi. am qlibma sxva ra unda gagvaxsenos,<br />

Tu ara is almasis dana, romelic amirans dahyva<br />

SobiTgan da romlis meSveobiTac man daaRwia Tavi gvele-<br />

Sapis mucels?<br />

amiranis gamosvla gveleSapis wiaRidan mis meore Sobad<br />

davsaxeT. arsenasaTvis es abanoa. Znelia Tqma, gulisxmobda<br />

Tu ara p. umikaSvili meored Sobis miTologemas,<br />

roca abanodan mis gamosvlaze werda: `arsena meored ibadeba!~<br />

[xinTibiZe: 212]. yofiTi abano iseTive wylis stiqiaa,<br />

rogorc miTosuri gveleSapis muceli, saidanac amirani<br />

xelaxla iSva. abanos, am sayofacxovrebo dawesebulebas,<br />

mniSvnelovani miTologiuri datvirTva aqvs miTossa da<br />

Zvel eposebSi. abanosTan dakavSirebulia marcxic da gamarjvebac<br />

(aRorZineba): Sumeris RmerTs enlils abanoSi<br />

mostaces `bedisweris dafebi~; gilgameSma, sabanaod wyal-<br />

Si Casulma, dakarga `siWabukis balaxi~... abanoSi mokles<br />

troadan dabrunebuli agamemnoni... abano is saSoa, sadac<br />

SeiZleba daiRupos nayofi da saidanac ibadeba axali sicocxle.<br />

abanoSi Sesuli an veRar gamova iqidan cocxali,<br />

an gamova aRorZinebuli da Zalaganaxlebuli, meored Sobili.<br />

Tbilisis sinamdvilis uaRresad yofiTi realia – abano<br />

bunebrivad Semodis `leqsSi~ da imkvidrebs iq Tavis<br />

kuTvnil adgils tradiciuli gmiris TavgadasavalSi.<br />

abanodan TavdaRweuli arsenas meored Soba groteskulad<br />

aris warmodgenili: is `ufrosis~ SinelSi, rusul<br />

CeqmaSi da `SlapaSi~ gamowyobili gamodis gareT Seucnoblad<br />

– `imaT batoni egonaT, es arsena gamoZvresa~, sul es<br />

aris misi saxecvlileba, meored dabadeba. is gamodis, rogorc<br />

miTologiuri striqteri (oinbazi), romlis gmirobis,<br />

Cveulebriv, kulturuli Rvawlis aRsrulebis erTaderTi<br />

xerxi eSmakoba da oinbazobaa. oRond arsena savsebiT<br />

acnobierebs am komikur situacias, romlis wyalobi-<br />

Tac man ixsna Tavi: `patara gamoiara, Tan sicili autydesa~.<br />

`amiranianSi~ gveleSapis (meored Sobis) epizods yamaris<br />

motaceba mosdevs. `arsenas leqsSi~ es Tanamimdevroba,<br />

rogorc davinaxeT, Secvlilia (rom ar vTqvaT: darRve-<br />

185

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186<br />

ulia). arsenas ukve motacebuli hyavs Tavisi `yamari~. ra<br />

elis win arsenas? ra Rvawli aqvs aRsasrulebeli abanodan<br />

gamosvlis Semdeg? abano xom is zRurbli unda iyos, romlis<br />

gadalaxvis Semdeg gmiris moqmedebam axal safexurze<br />

unda iCinos Tavi?<br />

abanodan arsena galaRebuli gamodis, is yovlisSem-<br />

Zlea. ra dabrkoleba unda Sexvdes mas Tavis gzaze, rom ver<br />

gadalaxos? SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arsena misma davlaTma TavisuflebaSi<br />

gaiyvana. ganmeorda is pirveli gasvla, roca<br />

yma motacebul moaxlesTan erTad Tavis batons gaeqca.<br />

magram aris gansxvaveba am or gamosvlas Soris: pirveli<br />

gzis dasawyisi iyo, meore ki is mwvervalia, saidanac iwyeba<br />

dacema, am dacemis niSani ki gabudayebaa (hubrisi).<br />

VII. gabudayeba. martyofis monastris epizodi gardamtexi<br />

momentia arsenas cxovrebaSi. aqedan iwyeba misi gaampartavneba.<br />

hubrisi, romelic farulad izrdeboda masSi,<br />

aq iCens Tavs pirvelad. aq Cven TiTqos sxva arsenas vxedavT<br />

– ver vcnobT mas. marTlac, arsena, romlis bageTagan<br />

arasodes gamosula RvTis mgmobi sityva (mestvire gansakuTrebiT<br />

zrunavs mis sametyvelo leqsikaze), saqmiTac<br />

qristianuli zneobis magaliTi uCvenebia (Ralatis patieba<br />

farsadanisTvis), axla am wmida adgilze, saRvTo dResaswaulis<br />

dRes, SurisZiebis JiniT aris aRZruli da angariSsworebisa<br />

da Seuracxyofis mizniT ganaiaraRebs eklesiidan<br />

gamosul sumbaTovsa da makarovs mandilosnebis<br />

Tvalwin. mestvire sagangebod, ara SemTxveviT, arc sityvis<br />

masalisaTvis, aRniSnavs adgilisa da drois siwmindes:<br />

`RvTaebobis madli gwyalobT, martyofis TavSi svenia,<br />

iq iyo misi dReoba, TiTonac giaxelia...<br />

roca wirva gamovida, imisi madli Senia...~<br />

Zneli warmosadgenia, am epizodis avtors, romelic iqneb<br />

marTlac eswreboda wirvas martyofis taZarSi, efiqra,<br />

rom taZris midamoSi myofTa (vinc ar unda yofiliyvnen<br />

isini) Seuracxmyofel arsenasTan RvTis madli iqneboda.<br />

unda iTqvas, rom sinamdvileSi makarovisa da sumba-<br />

Tovis Seuracxyofa moxda ara martyofis monastris galavanSi,<br />

aramed misken mimaval gzaze, tyis piras, anu ara wmida<br />

adgilze, aramed arsenas, rogorc `tyeSi gavardnili ka-

---

cis~, teritoriaze. da moxda ara iseTi mwvave, damamcirebeli<br />

saxiT, rogorc mestvire aRwers (ix. damateba 4). mestvire<br />

am gamonagoniT Segnebulad amZimebs arsenas codvas<br />

misi cxovrebis tragikul periodSi, miawers ra misTvis,<br />

rogorc `tyeSi gavardnili kacisTvis~, Cveul Zaladobas<br />

Seuferebel adgilze. Tavisi antagonistebi rom dainaxa<br />

arsenam, `pirjvari dauweria...~<br />

cxadia Seusabamoba am pirjvris gadawerasa da im saqciels<br />

Soris, romelic uSualod mosdevs mas. es pirjvris gadawera<br />

gamiznulad aris Semotanili TxrobaSi. es epizodi<br />

rom sabediswero, avbediTi Setrialebaa arsenas cxovrebaSi,<br />

iqidanac Cans, rom arsena, aqamde devnili yaCaRi, romelic<br />

imaleba da tyes afarebs Tavs, martyofis dReobis<br />

Semdeg ori kviris naqeifari, sruliad axdilad Sedis qalaqSi<br />

(anu TbilisSi), rogorc triumfatori. sabedisweroa<br />

misi Semdgomi nabijebi, rac martyofis epizodis bolos<br />

savsebiT gacnobierebulia:<br />

`ori kvira ToneTSia qeifebsa bevrsa swevsa,<br />

gamvlelsa da gamomvlelsa suyvelas Rvinos asmevsa.<br />

meore kvira gaTavda, qalaqisken gamoswevsa,<br />

mTeli qalaqis biWebi mtredis gundiviT dasdevsa~.<br />

arsenam sasworze Seagdo Tavisi bedi – TiTqos gamoiwvia<br />

naTlia, an sakuTar davlaTs mindobili scdis RmerTs.<br />

da RmerTi amjerad ar gaswiravs mas:<br />

`RmerTs uSvelia, arsena, amieriT gansacdelsa...~<br />

RmerTi jer kidev masTan aris, jer kidev scdis mas, aZlevs<br />

vadas am gansacdelSi, romelSic arsenam Tavisi nebiT<br />

Caigdo Tavi. magram rogor iqceva is? mas kvlav mikitnebTan<br />

vxedavT, romlebic macTunebeli sirinozebiviT<br />

ityueben:<br />

`saca miva mikitnebTan, yvela mas dauqnevs xelsa~.<br />

sabedisweroa es xelis daqneva. es yofiTi Jesti mawvevarisa<br />

tragikul niSnad iqceva. `yvela mas dauqnevs xelsa~<br />

– TiTqos yvela SeTanxmebula mis dasaRupavad. ar arsebobs<br />

Zala, romelic gauZlebda am xelis daqnevas.<br />

187

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188<br />

Rirs oriode sityva iTqvas mikitnebze, am tipur qalaqur<br />

personaJebze. Tumca Rvinis mimwodebeli iseve Zvelia<br />

(noes Jamidan), rogorc Tavad cTuneba, romelic sulmudam<br />

sdarajobs adamians. Rvinis mimwodebeli iyo sirinozi<br />

qali siduri, romelic gilgameSs akavebda mis gzaze da WeSmaritebis<br />

maZiebels ukan, yoveldRiurobisken abrunebda<br />

[gilgameSiani: 86]. arsenas mikitnebi neitraluri xalxia:<br />

isini yvelas miawodeben sasmels – es maTi mowodebaa – miT<br />

ufro iseT martosuls, rogoric arsenaa, visTvisac Rvino,<br />

SesaZlebelia, monatrebul Wers cvlides, an misi er-<br />

TaderTi axlobeli iyos. avbediTad gaismis: `daxede, is mikitnebi<br />

megobraTac gauCndesa!~ Tu erTxel mikitnebis sasmelma<br />

ixsna arsena (straJnikebis daTrobis epizodi), axla<br />

maTi RviniT savse tiki misTvis aSkarad damRupvelia. tiki<br />

gatanebulia, is unda daicalos, man Tavisi saqme unda gaakeTos,<br />

mas ukan veraferi daabrunebs. am dros arsenas ukve<br />

nanaxi aqvs is sizmari, romelSic Tavisi gardauvali aRsasruli<br />

amoikiTxa: `nebiT gamoviWri yelsa~. es sityvebi,<br />

rogorc Tavadve daaskvna, ara mxolod misi aRsasrulis<br />

gardauvalobaze mianiSnebs, aramed im codvazec, romlis<br />

Cadenac mas, rogorc bediswera, uZevs win, Tumca TviTmkvlelobaze<br />

fiqric ukve codvis dasabamia. amitomac am<br />

duqanSi is ukanasknelad gascems Tavis nayaCaRars SesandobarisaTvis<br />

(`Sesandobari dalieT, roca arsena mokvdesa~).<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom erTi Canaweris mixedviT, am sizmars,<br />

rogorc saidumlos, arsena kuWatnelTan SebrZolebamde<br />

aRsarebis saxiT Caabarebs mRvdels: `sveticxovelSi Sevida,<br />

aRsareba uTxra mRvdelsa, wuxeli vnaxe sizmari~... [fa<br />

umik.: 15/2]. es epizodi realobas efuZneba. vasil barnovi<br />

mogviTxrobs arsenas momswreTa mogonebas: `arsena morwmune<br />

kaci iyo. yovel didmarxvaSi movidoda SerCeul<br />

dRes, dRisiT, moiTxovda aRsarebas da ziarebas Rvdlisagan.<br />

aRsarebis dros cxenidan erT fexs Camosdgamda. erTi<br />

isev uzangSi edga. etyoda: – umTavresi codva, kacis kvla<br />

ar Camideniao. Tu mamiklavs, roca SemebrZoleboda, maSin~<br />

(damateba 3). ziarebis moTxovnileba, rac mudam Tan sdevs<br />

mas mis arCeul gzaze, iseve rogorc misi RvTismosavuri<br />

metyveleba, bunebrivia saeklesio (kerZod, Tbilisis ierusalimis<br />

eklesiis) glexis ojaxidan gamosulisTvis [kakiaSvili:<br />

33].

---

sizmridan Cans, rom axlovdeba aRdgoma, win aris dReebi<br />

vnebis kvirisa – da es Svideuli, rogorc gansacdeli,<br />

elis mas. im sizmris Tema – erTaderTi Sinaarsi `sisxlSi<br />

viRebavdi wversa~ – tragikulad exmianeba saaRdgomo<br />

kvercxs, romlis xelSi daWeris imedi arsenas aRara aqvs.<br />

VIII. wiTeli paraskevi (naTliis gamowveva). es sabediswero<br />

Sexvedra giorgi kuWatnelTan, Tuki odesme sxva<br />

dros gadayria am kacs, romelsac wyevlas uTvlis meleqse,<br />

ara imdenad mis pirovnebas, aramed am SemTxveviTobas,<br />

swored am dros kaxeTidan imereTSi rom waiyvana da udroo<br />

dros moqeife arsenas Sehyara [misi Sairsityva `gzebze<br />

sufris gadafenis~ xsenebiT iwyeba da miTve mTavrdeba],<br />

SesaZloa, wiTel paraskevs arc momxdara. esec arsenas<br />

bediswera yofila, – ase fiqrobs meleqse, roca aRniSnavs<br />

kuWatnelis gamoCenas muxaTgverdTan:<br />

`im giorgi kuWatnelsa gamCeneli gauwyresa,<br />

wamosula kaxeTidan, imereTSi gamoswevsa~.<br />

anu: raRa swored am dros gamoiara kuWatnelma – sinanuli<br />

Cans mestviris sityvebSi. magram kuWatneli Tavis gzaze<br />

gaswevs. adamiani midis Tavisi gziT, Tavis saqmeze midis.<br />

magram mas, SesaZloa, RmerTi gzavnides, rac ar ewinaaRmdegeba<br />

Tavad adamianis nebas, gaswios Tavis gzaze, Tavis<br />

saWiroebaze. RmerTs SeuZlia Tavisi miznisTvis gamoiyenos<br />

misi svla. aTasidan erTi SesaZlebloba gamoarCios<br />

da Tavis samsaxurSi Caayenos. `gamCeneli gauwyresa~, ambobs<br />

mestvire (TiTqos arsenas eTqvas: es xom arsenas Cveuli<br />

sityvebia, yovelTvis mzad rom aqvs mas sabediswero<br />

wuTebSi), romelic adamianuri TvalTaxedviT afasebs movlenaTa<br />

mdinarebas. Sairmesityves arsenas mxari uWiravs.<br />

raRa swored am dros, am dRes, wiTel paraskevs, roca arsena,<br />

martodmarto, yvelasgan gariyuli, muxaTgverdSi qeifobs,<br />

ufiqria kuWatnels Tavisi mgzavroba kaxeTidan imereTisken?<br />

– fiqrobs Sairmesityve. magram kuWatnelis gamoCenaSi<br />

swored am dros gana RvTis xeli ar urevia? gana<br />

arsena mowyvetilia mTel samyaros? gana es Sexvedra misi<br />

gansacdeli ar aris? misi bedis nawili ar aris? gana kuWatneli<br />

misi ambri-arabi ar aris, is mkvdari bumberazi, ami-<br />

189

---

190<br />

rans rom daxvdeba gzaze gamosacdelad? mestvirem icis,<br />

rom sabedisweroa arsenas `nabdis gaSla~ muxaTgverdTan<br />

da es dRe swored wiTeli paraskevi unda iyos, rom arsena<br />

daisajos – gamoCndes vinme, vinc aRasrulebs RvTis sasjels.<br />

sasjeli unda aRsruldes, magram wyevla-krulva mas,<br />

visi xeliTac aRsruldeba. ase fiqrobs mestvire. kuWatneli<br />

yvelaze arasasurveli mgzavria am dros im kacisaTvis,<br />

vinc mTel qveynierebas gaeriya. aq aseT dros viRac<br />

usaTuod Caivlida, magram vinc Caiara, mosalodnel CamvlelTa<br />

Soris yvelaze utyuari iyo. es Cavla Tavisi simarTliT<br />

yvelaze mkacri da sastiki Cavla iyo. es iyo sabediswero<br />

Cavla. swored amitom aris, `rom mTqmelebi giorgi<br />

kuWatnels iseTi muqi saRebavebiT ar xataven, rogorc<br />

es mosalodneli iyo usayvarlesi gmiris mkvlelis daxatvisas~<br />

[barnovi g., 1976: 9].<br />

vnebis kviraa, dRe wiTeli paraskevisa. am dros arsenas<br />

vxedavT gzaze `mcxeTis pirdapir~, saidanac jvari da, albaT,<br />

sveticxovlis saydaric Canda, puris saWmelad damjdars<br />

qristianisTvis Seuferebel viTarebaSi, xolo arsena<br />

qristiania, qristes mcnebaTa Semnaxvelia sityviTa da<br />

saqmiT, amas `leqsis~ bevri epizodi adasturebs. martyofis<br />

Semdeg, roca arsena `SiSvlad~, davlaTis amara, gacxadebulad<br />

Sedis xalxmraval qalaqSi, mestvire ambobs:<br />

`RmerTs uSvelia, arsenao~. maSin jer kidev masTan iyo<br />

RmerTi, romlis saxels is mudam axsenebda.<br />

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT kuWatnelis pirovnebas, rom is<br />

Cveuli ar unda yofiliyo adamianis ferebas da tkbili<br />

sityvac arcTu xSirad, SesaZloa, sulac ar dascdenia mis<br />

bages, mis pasuxs moqeife yaCaRis mopatiJebaze stumarmaspinZlobis<br />

wesis Selaxvad an mopatiJis Seuracxyofad ver<br />

miviCnevT. ras eubneba gzad Cavlili arsenas? ras Seaxsenebs<br />

mas? imas xom ara, rac mas, rogorc qristians, unda xsomeboda?<br />

yoveli qristianisTvis cxad WeSmaritebas xom<br />

ara, romelic arsenas daviwynia? Seaxsenebs ara dayvavebiT,<br />

aramed kicxviT da ginebiT (aseTia, arsenasgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

kuWatnelis leqsika) da es ar cvlis saqmis arss:<br />

`giorgi Semoaginebs dedisa da mamis yelsa:<br />

va, Se sawyalo arsena, rada xar WkuaTxelia?<br />

me dRes Rvinos rogor davlev, wiTeli paraskevia!~

---

es iyo da es. ai, es sityvebi warmoiTqva arsenas gasagonad<br />

da manac gaigona es sityvebi. da wavida Tavisi gziT am<br />

sityvebis mTqmeli. datova sityva da wavida. sityvis gamgonma<br />

ki sityva ar Seismina. gana es yaCaRi, muxaTgverdTan<br />

wiTel paraskevs moqeife, marTla sawyali, Sesacodebeli,<br />

rogorc codvis Camdeni, da WkuaTxeli ar iyo? sxva dros<br />

amgvarad Semkoba `tyeSi gavardnili kacisa~ da SemoTavazebul<br />

pur-marilze uaris Tqma – `Tu egre Rvino mindodes,<br />

jibeSi fuli bevria~, – aSkarad Seuracxmyofeli iqneboda.<br />

magram wiTel paraskevs, vnebis kviris yvelaze mZime<br />

dRes? `kacad rodiRa Camagdo, raRa biWoba Cemiao~, – mZvinvarebs<br />

igi, `kacad!~ – ai, hubrisi. aRar axsovs qriste, arc<br />

jvarcma, arc... axsovs Tavisi Tavi – kaci, Tavisi warmavali<br />

RirsebiT (`biWobiT~), romelic adamianis, rogorc qristianis,<br />

Rirsebas aris Senacvlebuli da masze maRlaa dayenebuli.<br />

mgzavrma pur-marilze fexi ukra, magram man Tavad?<br />

Tavad xom am dRes hkra wixli, gaTela es dRe? `kacad<br />

rodiRa Camagdo, raRa biWoba Cemia~, ambobs is, rogorc<br />

farsadanze SurisZiebiT aRZruli ambobda: `Tu naTlimamas<br />

SevarCine (sic!), kacad vinRa Camagdebsa~ [fa umik.: 15/2].<br />

maSin man sZlia Surisgebis cdunebas.<br />

nacvlad imisa, rom mikitnebisgan cdunebuli arsena<br />

gonze moeyvana wiTeli paraskevis xsenebas (visganac unda<br />

moesmina es sityvebi da ra mkvaxedac unda Tqmuliyo, isini<br />

WeSmaritebas RaRadebdnen), is Selaxuli Tavmoyvareobis<br />

aRdgenas cdilobs. da mere rogor? is unda daedevnos garidebul<br />

kuWatnels Seuracxsayofad, radgan gaZarcvis mizani<br />

amjerad damcirebaa:<br />

`an unda momce fulebi, an Seni cxeni damrCesa!~<br />

wiTeli paraskevis siwmide erTxel kidev ibRaleba. SeeZlo<br />

Tu ara arsenas pativmoyvareobis daokeba, daZleva<br />

angariSis sworebis, SurisZiebis grZnobisa? arsenas, rogorc<br />

Cven mas vicnobT `leqsis~ mixedviT, SeeZlo es. man<br />

xom ibatona SurisZiebis grZnobaze, roca Ralati apatia<br />

farsadans. es iyo misi maRalzneobrivi, WeSmaritad qristianuli<br />

saqcieli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am dros Sejamda<br />

mTeli misi cxovreba, gasxivosnda mironisa da RvTis wina-<br />

Se, rogorc paradoqsuli pasuxi TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlo-<br />

191

---

192<br />

baSi sakuTar Tavze nawvnevi umadurobisa. SurisZiebis<br />

grZnobiT atanils – javriT Semuruli misi gulis siRrmes<br />

xom mainc miswvda mitevebis RvTiuri naperwkali. man, TiTqos<br />

rogorc macxovarma, ormodan amoiyvana farsadanis<br />

codvili suli. magram am zneobriv mwvervalze amaRlebuls<br />

ram ubiZga daRmasvlisken? mestvire aRwers mis dacemas<br />

muxaTgverdTan, magram misTvis dafarulia dacemis<br />

motivi. es Tavad arsenas Rrmadpirovnul saidumlod rCeba,<br />

romlis mxolod niSania is Semzaravi sizmari, sadac sruli<br />

sicxadiT aris nawinaswarmetyvelebi misi bolo. raRac<br />

Catyda mis arsebaSi, azri gamoecala mis arsebobas. kerZod,<br />

ra naxa man sizmarSi? mxolod is, rom sisxlSi iRebavda<br />

wvers, meti araferi? magram am sizmareul moqmedebaSi man<br />

sakuTari ganaCeni amoikiTxa; ara mxolod ganaCeni, aramed<br />

zusti droc ki misi aRsrulebisa. wiTeli kvercxi mis sizmarSi<br />

mxolod vnebis kviris dReebSi unda amotivtivebuliyo.<br />

wiTeli kvercxis gaxseneba Tu moaxloebulma paseqma<br />

moitana, sakuTar sisxlSi wveris Rebva gardauval da-<br />

Rupvas – sisxlian dRes uqadda mas:<br />

`ver daveswrebi aRdgomas, ver daviWer wiTel kvercxsa.<br />

Tu Zalad aravin momkla, nebiT gamoviWri yelsa~.<br />

`ver daviWer wiTel kvercxsa~ – is grZnobs, rom araTu<br />

ver moeswreba aRdgomas, aramed Rirsic ar iqneba aRdgomis<br />

simbolos xeliT Sexebisa. sizmari yovelTvis simboluria.<br />

am sizmarSi kvercxis wiTeli – qristes sisxli da Tavad<br />

is wiTeli, romliTac igi wvers iRebavs, sabediswerod<br />

xvdeba erTmaneTs.<br />

es ambavi, kuWatnelTan Setakeba, SesaZlebelia, sulac<br />

ar momxdara wiTel paraskevs. haksthauzenis CanaweriT, ar<br />

Cans, rom es dRe maincdamainc wiTeli paraskevi yofiliyos<br />

(arc 1872 wlis gamocemaSia wiTeli paraskevi naxsenebi).<br />

da sababic kuWatnelisgan pur-marilis miuReblobisa<br />

sxvaa: moucleloba (ix. damateba 1). aSkaraa mestviris tendencia:<br />

is sabediswero konteqstSi xedavs arsenas sikvdils,<br />

rogorc misi cxovrebis kanonzomier aRsasruls.<br />

es ar darCenila SeumCneveli p. umikaSvilisTvis. ai, ras<br />

wers igi arsenas aRsasrulze:<br />

`es arsenas sikvdili gegoneba TiTqos SemTxveviTi<br />

sikvdili iyoso, magram kargaT ro davakvirdeT, meore mxa-

---

esac davinaxavT. giorgi sulieri kacia da adaTis amsrulebeli.<br />

salocavad miemgzavreba. arsenas adaTi araT miaCnia,<br />

Tunda paraskevic iyos, Taviseburad Seeqceva. giorgi<br />

miwvevaze aginebs wiTel paraskevs Rvinos smisaTvis da<br />

xalxisaTvis pativcemul da miRebul adaTis gatexisaTvis<br />

da, ai arsena, xalxis moyvare da xalxisagan Seyvarebuli,<br />

rodesac xalxis adaTis aRsrulebas uarsa hyofs, da aqac<br />

Tavisufleba unda, rogorc yovelTvisa hqonia – am dros<br />

TiTqos bedic xels iRebs da sikvdiliT sjis~ [umikaSvili: 217].<br />

arsena Tavisi sisxliT gamoisyidis danaSauls (sxvisi<br />

sisxliT arc axla, arc am ukanasknel orTabrZolaSic, Tavdacvis<br />

drosac, ar mZimdeba misi suli) da savsebiT amar-<br />

Tlebs im sityvebs, romlebic, mestviris TqmiT, wauweria<br />

mcxeTis xalxs misi saflavis qvaze:<br />

`aqac kai kaci iyo, iq naTeli daadgesa~.<br />

TiTqos misi ukanaskneli saidumlos gamJRavnebaa sikvdiliswina<br />

sityvebi:<br />

`Cemi Svidasi Tumani kaspSi erT dids kldeSi devsa;<br />

Raribsa, aras mqonesa, mieces da moxmardesa~.<br />

es `Svidasi Tumani~, kldeSi damarxuli, rogorc saarako<br />

ram ganZi, misi sikeTis, rogorc es mestvires esmis, niv-<br />

Tieri gamoxatuleba, TiTqos sasufevlis mosapoveblad<br />

Cadebuli windia.<br />

finalSi isic sagulisxmoa, rom ganZis saidumlos is Tavis<br />

mkvlels umxels da am faqts momakvdavis piridan aRmomxdar<br />

SeZaxilTan `ver gagimete, giorgio~ erTad msmeneli<br />

ar SeiZleba ar aRiqvamdes rogorc mtris Sendobis<br />

qristianul aqts, riTac mas, wiTeli paraskevis gamtexs,<br />

gza gaexsna sasufevlisaken.<br />

daskvna<br />

arsenas hubrisi ar amoiwureba religiuri momentiT. es<br />

mxolod zedapirze Zevs. mis hubriss Rrmad pirovnuli motivebi<br />

aqvs.<br />

misi cxovrebis dramaSi arc socialuri problemaa mTavari.<br />

is mxolod iwyeba socialuriT, magram mTavrdeba pirovnuli<br />

egzistencialuri tragizmiT.<br />

193

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194<br />

siRrmiseulad, rogorc pirovneba, is ar ekuTvnis im<br />

wres, saidanac gamovida, romlis `Svilic~ unda yofiliyo.<br />

ver mivida im wremde, romelsac daupirispirda. erTs gaeqca,<br />

meores ver eziara. daiwyo ki imgvarad, rogorc ma-<br />

Rali wris Svilebi iqcevian: `batons rom erTi gogo hyavs,<br />

arsenas moewoneba~. mestviris am SairSi Zlieria kategoriuloba<br />

adamianisa, romelsac viRac moswons. is avlens<br />

gardauval nebas. gana yma-glexis arCevania mowoneba da am<br />

grZnobaze mTeli Tavisi bedis Segdeba?<br />

is, xelgaSlili, udardeli, uangariSo, araviTar kanons<br />

ar dagidevs, garda Sinagani Zaxilisa – moiqces ase da ara –<br />

ise. es TviTneboba misi konstituciaa. moiqces ara ise, rogorc<br />

socialurad misi tolebi iqcevian. `arsena gamonaklisia.<br />

mis xasiaTs da cxovrebis wess Rrmad damCnevia er-<br />

TaderTobis daRi~ [asaTiani: 77]. Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT<br />

realur arsenaze, romlis saxe daWerili aqvs mestviris<br />

Sairsityvas. Tumca Sairsityvis gareSe darCa bevri<br />

moaruli ambavi mis `originalur da amay xasiaTze~ (damateba 1).<br />

mestvires ar SeeZlo aReqva misi saqcieli da qceva martyofis<br />

dReobaze, rom gaexada igi Sairsityvis masalad,<br />

radgan is sruliad ucxo iyo misi warmoSobis adamianis-<br />

Tvis. misi qceva Tavadis winaSe spontanurad avlens Tavisuflebas<br />

da Tanasworobas, Tandayolil aristokratizms:<br />

sTxovs saCuqrad dambaCas da, roca dambaCis patroni mimarTavs<br />

misken iaraRs, is uSiSrad uaxlovdeba damiznebul<br />

lulas asaRebad. mere, situaciis gantvirTvis Semdeg,<br />

sTxovs Tavaduri JestiT mis qaliSvils, romelmac is sikvdilisgan<br />

ixsna: `neba miboZeT, kabaze da xelze gemTxvioT~<br />

(damateba 1). es ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo mestvireTa<br />

Tema. aseTi arsena ar aris maTi gmiri, Tumca mestvire mainc<br />

grZnobs, rom arsenaSi aris raRac iseTi, rac ganasxvavebs<br />

mas im wrisagan, sadac is daibada.<br />

es `silaRe sulisa~, romelic gansakuTrebiT `gzebze<br />

sufris gadafenaSi~ [asaTiani: 77] da sxva qcevebSi vlindeba,<br />

anomaliad Cans yoveldRiurobis WapanSi gabmuli glexobis<br />

wreSi. arsena `Taviseburi gadaxraa normidan, vinaidan<br />

Tavisi mdgomareobiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba umravlesobisagan:<br />

arc xnavs, arc Tesavs~... [asaTiani: 77]. es namdvili<br />

rusTveluri mocaleobaa, rac kidev sxva mowode-

---

ebs uxsnis gzas. `mdidars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs~ rusTveluri<br />

`Sen daamdidre yovelis~ Taviseburi paradigmaa.<br />

arsena iqceva, rogorc uflebamosili da es ufleba, gamo-<br />

Wedos axali sazomi (adli), man TviTve mianiWa Tavis Tavs.<br />

Tumca es TviTmarqvioba masve Semoubrundeba – aRdgebian<br />

cruarsenebi da misi saxeliT borotad amoqmeddebian.<br />

Znelad moiZebneba, SesaZloa, verc ki moiZebnos qar-<br />

Tul mwerlobasa da yofaSi iseTi tragikuli piri da personaJi,<br />

rogoric arsena iyo da aris. iyo erTxel Tavis sisxliT<br />

da xorciT Tavis kuTvnil droSi da sivrceSi da aris<br />

samudamod darCenili SairsityvaSi. misi saxe moZraobs sinamdvilesa<br />

da poezias Soris. Sairsityvam aitaca igi sinamdvilidan,<br />

masSi iseTi ram dainaxa, rac mas eposis tragikul<br />

gmirad aqcevda. Tu elinuri dramis mTavari mamoZravebeli<br />

zambara hubrisia, amasve vityviT `arsenas leqsze~<br />

da misi gmiris mimarT gamoviyenebT qarTul sityva-cnebas<br />

silaRes. `arsena laRi iyo. silaRe siampartavne ar aris.<br />

arsenas kacoba silaRiT ikafavda gzas~ [abaSiZe: 6]. kargi<br />

naTqvamia. magram silaRes, romelic namdvilad ar aris ampartavnoba,<br />

axlavs ampartavnebaSi, dauokebel silaReSi<br />

gadazrdis xifaTi. arsenas mTeli gza Tavisi aRsasruliT<br />

amas emowmeba.<br />

damateba I<br />

epizodebi arsenas cxovrebidan<br />

arsena meduqne iyo, e.i. savaWros patroni tfilisSi. mas Seuyvarda<br />

Tavad baraTovis ymis qaliSvili, romlisTvisac igi<br />

arsenas gamosasyids sTxovda. arsenam mTeli weli bejiTad imu-<br />

Sava da, bolos, saWiro Tanxac daagrova, magram baraTovma piri<br />

uSala da axali pirobebi wauyena. maSin arsenam RamiT gamoiyvana<br />

Tavadis saukeTeso cxeni, moitaca qali da mTebSi gaixizna;<br />

magram daiWires da cixeSi Casves. ramdenime wlis Semdeg<br />

gaaTavisufles. amasobaSi misi Seyvarebuli Tavadma sxvaze gaaTxova.<br />

maSin arsenam datova qalaqi, wavida mTebSi da yaCaRoba<br />

daiwyo. martodmarto, bevri wlis manZilze awuxebda Tbilisis<br />

Semogarens. bevrs yvebian misi originaluri da amayi xasiaTis<br />

Sesaxeb. igi aerTebda gabedulebasa da jiut vaJkacobas araCveulebriv<br />

RonesTan, ise rom veravin bedavda misTvis winaaR-<br />

195

---

196<br />

mdegobis gawevas, igi mxolod aucilebels iRebda. erTxel va-<br />

Wari gauCerebia, romelsac Tan uzomo fuli hqonia, Sexvewnia<br />

damindeo, arsenas is sadRac gaugzavnia Tavis nacvlad 4 mane-<br />

Ti valis gasastumreblad.<br />

mis dasaWerad didi Tanxa iyo gamocxadebuli, magram veravin<br />

bedavda am Tanxis damsaxurebas. bolos mis naTlimamas gauCnda<br />

es survili. saojaxo saqmeebze molaparakebis sababiT,<br />

man saxlSi dapatiJa igi. misi xmali kedelze dakides, maspinZeli<br />

ki yovel Rones xmarobda mis dasaTrobad. `vin arian, Seni<br />

saxlis garSemo rom darbiano?~ maspinZels feri ecvala. arsenam<br />

daiyvira, Ralatiao, da uxmlod gavarda oTaxidan, Seaxta<br />

WiSkarTan dabmul cxens da gaqusla. tyviebi daadevnes, dauWres<br />

cxeni, magram Tavad gadarCa da miimala. naTlimama amis Semdeg<br />

mudmiv SiSSi iyo, sul imaleboda da marto arasodes wveboda<br />

dasaZineblad. mcire xnis Semdeg martyofSi saeklesio dResaswaulze<br />

gamoCnda arsena uamrav xalxSi, romelTagan naxevarze<br />

meti scnobda mas. magram TiTqos veravin amCnevda. igi mivida<br />

Tavad orbelianTan, romelic iq Tavis ojaxTan erTad iyo mosuli,<br />

da erTi Wiqa Rvino mosTxova. Tavadma daakmayofila misi<br />

Txovna. `mcnob me?~ – hkiTxa arsenam. `gcnob. arsena xar~. –<br />

`maSin sTxove im kacs, – miuTiTa Soriaxlo myof Cinovnikze, –<br />

rom maCuqos Tavisi xmali~. – `Sen Tavad sTxove~. arsena mivida<br />

CinovnikTan, magram man, aRSfoTebulma, uari uTxra Txovnaze.<br />

maSin Tavadma mas ori sityva wasCurCula da Cinovnikmac misca<br />

xmali arsenas.<br />

ramdenime xnis Semdeg SemTvrali arsena isev mivida Tavad-<br />

Tan da uTxra: `Seni dambaCa momwons, maCuqe~. Tavadma Caxmaxi<br />

Seayena, daumizna da uTxra: `modi, waiRe!~ arsena uaxlovdeboda,<br />

rom am dros axalgazrda Tavadisqali mivarda mamas da daiyvira:<br />

`am wmida dResaswaulis gulisaTvis, nu daRvriT<br />

sisxls!~ arsena mivida TavadisqalTan: `Tqven sikvdilisgan mixseniT.<br />

neba miboZeT, kabaze da xelze gemTxvioT~, da Seeria<br />

xalxs. meore dRes man ukan daabruna xmali, ar undoda, codva<br />

dasdeboda aseT dResaswaulze.<br />

roca yazarmaSi mimaval oficrebs Seeyreboda, arafers<br />

uSavebda maT, pur-marilze hpatiJebda, isinic siamovnebiT Tanxmdebodnen.<br />

bolos arsena orTabrZolaSi daiRupa. erTxel igi amxanagebTan<br />

erTad ijda tfilisis maxloblad gzaze. am dros gamo-

---

iara imerelma aznaurma msaxurTan erTad. arsenam miipatiJa<br />

igi pur-marilze, magram man uari uTxra im mizeziT, rom gadaudebel<br />

saqmeze midioda. roca is wavida, megobrebma arsenas<br />

uTxres: `marTla daijere, rac giTxra? SenTan puris Wama ercxvineba~.<br />

– `ase fiqrobT?~ – `aba ra!~ arsena Seaxta cxens da<br />

meored dapatiJa aznauri. – `Tu mibrZaneb da memuqrebi, gangeb<br />

ar wamoval~. orTavem iSiSvles xmlebi da daiwyo sastiki brZola.<br />

aznauris msaxuri mSvidad adevnebda Tvalyurs. aznauri<br />

orjer daiWra, arsenas ki jer erTi Wrilobac ar hqonda. bolos,<br />

aznaurma uyvira msaxurs: `unda moakvlevino Seni batoni!~<br />

msaxurma gulcivad daumizna da adgilzeve mokla arsena.<br />

damateba II<br />

arsena oZelaSvilis ambavi<br />

[haksthauzeni: 85-88]<br />

roca arsenas moutacia moaxle, maSin mamaCemi estate 15<br />

wlisa yofila da algeTze xborebi hyolia da SaSinebia, qali<br />

ro mohyamdaT wiokobiTa da arsenas uTqom: estateo, Sen nu ge-<br />

Siniao, me Sen arafers gerCio. arsenas ro qali moutacnia, gomareTs<br />

wauyvania, iq dautovebia, TiTon wamosula, albaT iq mokeTe<br />

eyoleboda, da saridali (`tifi~) Saxvedria. lekianoba ro<br />

yofila da xalxi ro gaqceulan, iq dasamali alagebi yofila<br />

feiqarTubanSi, – kldeebia, ro xami kacma naxos, ityvis, es ra<br />

sakurveli rame yofila. iq Wala iyo da iq ucxovria arsenas.<br />

cxeni hyolia da gauSvia WalaSi xurjingadakidebuli. purica<br />

hqonia, Rvinoca, xorcica da ise avaT yofila im saridoTi, ro<br />

Tavi ara hqonia, roma misuliyo, xurjini CamoeRo da puri eWama.<br />

roca morCenila, memre dauZaxnia im cxenisaTvis, lurja,<br />

modio. ise gawurTnuli hyolia cxeni, ro dauZaxebda, movidoda<br />

maSveTi. ro mosula cxeni, yvelaferi ayrolebuli yofila.<br />

mere Camosula ninikas binaSi. saca Rori hyvanda da maSveTi ro<br />

misula, gaqceula ninika, ro Rori daklas da, ar dakla Rorio,<br />

ninikao, Roris xorci ar minda meo da mand jorjiaSvileb ro<br />

amboben, bogvSia. jorjiaSvilebis bina yofila iqve axlo ninikasTan<br />

da uTqom, ninikoo, wadio jorjiaSvilebis binaSio da<br />

uTxario, cxvari gamamigzavnono. rogor ar gamougzavnidnen,<br />

arsenas saxeli ro gaiges. gamougzavnes erTi kai Wedila da is<br />

dakles. memre kai puri Wames erTaT da ninikamaca da arsenamaca<br />

197

---

198<br />

da mere arsenam uTxra, ro ninikoo, erTi rame unda giTxrao da<br />

ar damzardeo. aba uar rogor etyoda da uTxra: ai es Cemi cxenio<br />

da Sajeqio da wadio. Rame gaugzavnia marabdaSi, ro aravin<br />

naxos. arsenas cxenze Samjdara da uTqom, roma Cem saxSi ar mixvideo.<br />

– iq naTlideda hyolia. gamaacxoso da Rvinoc, tiki gagimsoso<br />

da ise midio da wamodio, ro aravin ara gnaxoso. ise, ro<br />

Tel marabdas xeli hqonda mowerili, ro Tu arsena gamoCndeboda<br />

sadme, Tel marabdas gadaasaxlebdnen (sof. tbisi).<br />

damateba III<br />

oZelaSvili da iakob mRvdeli<br />

[salariZe: 190-1]<br />

kodaSi, Sua sofelSi mozrdili saxli, didi derefani muxis<br />

koWebze, SuaSi veeba boZi. Sesavali kedeli Ria, gelazebiT<br />

SezRuduli, kibec – sami gelazi. marjvniv – patara oTaxi. imis<br />

gverdze marcxniv kedelSi didi karebi garanduli. es iyo didi<br />

oTaxis kari sastumrosi. urdulTan kars rom gaaRebdi, ori<br />

kibe iyo qvisa, Caxvidodi Sin saxlSi. samzareulo, sakuWnao, kidobani<br />

aq iyo gamarTuli. marcxniv Sesavali saToneSi, Sin saxlidan<br />

pirdapir marnis kari – sufTa oTaxi, qvevrebmomwkrivebuli,<br />

baRis iaraRi, jagnebi. am patara oTaxSi mudam mwife xilis<br />

suni idga. es iyo arsenas oTaxi. egre veZaxdiT.<br />

iakobma gvian Seimosa mRvdloba. manamdisin moqeife axalgazrdobaSi<br />

reuliyo. axovani vaJkaci, TeTr-wiTeli, mZlavri<br />

marjvenis meqone. kargi mTqmeli, cota damcinveli. daaxlovebiyo<br />

arsenas da bolomdis SerCa megobrad. gaWirebaSi arsena<br />

Seefareboda Rvdlis saxls. imisTvis mzad iyo yvelaferi maranSi.<br />

marans erTi fanjaraca hqonda SemTxvevaSi gamosayeneblad.<br />

arsena morwmune kaci iyo. yovel didmarxvaSi movidoda Ser-<br />

Ceul dRes, dRisiT, moiTxovda aRsarebas da ziarebas Rvdlisagan.<br />

aRsarebis dros cxenidan erT fexs Camosdgamda, erTi isev<br />

uzangSi edga. etyoda: – umTavresi codva, kacis kvla ar Camideniao.<br />

Tu mamiklavs, roca SemebrZoleboda, maSin. gasacarcvad<br />

ki aravis vindob: mec miWirs da gaWirebuli megobrebic<br />

bevri myavs. eziareboda, xelze emTxveoda.<br />

gamigia, roca arsena iakobTan iyo saziareblad Tu mosasveneblad,<br />

sofeli misaval gzebze yarauls daayenebda, rom

---

droze ecnobebina mZebnelis misvla. isic uTqvamT, vinme soflidan<br />

mosakiTxsac miarTmevdao.<br />

amaTac, Rvdels da arsenas, erTxel Sejaxeba mohxdeniaT:<br />

kodidan patarZali mihyvandaT marabdas. meqorwineebs ambavi<br />

mihsvliaT: arsena gdarajobT, patarZlis motaceba undao. Se-<br />

Sinebulan, misulan da uTxovniaT iakobisaTvis: wamogvyevi, Seni<br />

xaTri aqvs da gamklavebac SegiZliano.<br />

SezarxoSebul Rvdels xalxis Txovna ar gaetexa, CamoeRo<br />

xmali da gahyoloda mayrebs.<br />

Rame sironikaanT orRobeSi, bogirTan, marTla dahxvedriyo<br />

arsena da Seetia.<br />

yvelani ganabuliyvnen. iakobi wamdgariyo wina da daeZaxa:<br />

gza daagdeo! wamosuliyo arsena misken dambaCiT xelSi. gansacdelSi<br />

Rvdels daeqnia xmali. daWriliyo arsenas cxeni.<br />

– arsen! – daeZaxa Rvdels.<br />

– iakob, Sen? Cqara cxeni, Cemi daWrilia.<br />

Rvdeli maSinve gadmosuliyo Zirs da mieca Tavisi cxeni.<br />

patarZali mainc gadaerCina.<br />

ramdenime dRis Semdeg cxeni isev mihsvlia Rvdels.<br />

arsenas bina kumisis mRvimeebSic hqonda da, Tu nuzla Semoakldeboda,<br />

Rvdeli gaatanda imasTan ulufas, viTom diakvans<br />

samebaSi gzavnida.<br />

is Zveli saxli kodaze daqceulia. axliT aris Secvlili.<br />

arsenas erTi xmalTagani SeCenoda marans. iq ekida taxtis<br />

kedelze. Cem dros ukve Jangmokidebuli iyo. memre xanjlad gadaakeTa<br />

solom<br />

[barnovi v.,1964: 336-7].<br />

damateba IV<br />

Sexvedra makarovTan martyofis gzaze, 15. VIII. 1839 w.<br />

`guSindel dRes, naSuadRevis xuT saaTze me Cemi ojaxiT mivemgzavrebodi<br />

sof. noriodan salocavSi martyofis mama antonis<br />

uZvelesi drois RvTaebis taZarSi. Cveulebriv, 15 agvistos<br />

aq mravali xalxi iyris xolme Tavs. is iyo, mivaRwieT mTis<br />

Zirs norixevze, rom uecrad viRac cxenosani SemefeTa. manamde<br />

me mas ar vicnobdi, arsad minaxavs. igi momiaxlovda cxendacxen<br />

da momTxova puri da Rvino, razec me uari vuTxari. ma-<br />

199

---

200<br />

Sin man gamomicxada: `me arsena oZelaSvili var da, Tu Cems moTxovnas<br />

ar SeasrulebT, Cvens Soris usiamovneba datrialdebao~.<br />

am sityvebis wamosrola da misi cxenidan Camoxtoma erTi iyo.<br />

Tvalis daxamxamebaSi Cerqezuli xmali Camomaglija, magram,<br />

rom gaigo, vinca var, or-sam wuTSi isev damibruna. Cems maxloblad<br />

mimavals ki [Tavad sumbaTaSvils] ZaliT aarTva spilos-<br />

Zvlistariani Cerqezuli xmali da oqroTi movarayebuli dambaCa.<br />

me ramdenjerme vTxove arsenas, daebrunebina misTvis war-<br />

Tmeuli Zvirfasad Semkuli iaraRi, magram igi civ uarze iyo da<br />

daemuqra kidec. me meti aRar Cavreulvar am saqmeSi. davbrundi<br />

Tavzardacemul da SeSinebul Cem ojaxTan da monastrisken<br />

ganvagrZeT gza.<br />

am SemTxvevis dros Cems garda iq sxva xalxic iyo da maT Soris<br />

sofel noriodan glexi zaqaria ZiZikaSvili, magram arsenas<br />

SiSiT man krintic ver daZra.<br />

es yaCaRi zorba, lurj ulayze ijda; SeiaraRebuli iyo osmaluri<br />

dambaCiT, TofiT, xmal-xanjliT da mkerdze gardigardmo<br />

patrontaSebiT. CemTan Sexvedramde arsena viRac mgzavrebs<br />

misdevda da xmamaRla emusaifeboda, magram me rom daminaxa,<br />

imaT Tavi gaaneba da gaCerda. monastrisken mimavalni laparakobdnen,<br />

rom arsena oZelaSvili muqaraze mets aravis arafers<br />

erCoda, araviTar borotebas aravis mimarT ar Cadioda,<br />

aravisTvis uwyeninebiao...~<br />

es aris sinodaluri kantoris Cinovnikis ivane arjevaniZemakarovis<br />

xeliT rusul enaze dawerili axsna-ganmarteba Tavad<br />

sumbaTaSvilis moxsenebiTi baraTis gamo martyofis incidentis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

damateba V<br />

(zaal baraTaSvili arsena oZelaSvilze)<br />

me arsena damaviwyda kidec, masTan sadao ara maqvs ra. Sevityve<br />

kargad, rom me igi ara mmtrobs da Cemi waxdena mas ar<br />

unda. Tanaxma var, Zalian kargi. saqme mxolod mTavroba aris.<br />

me aras verCi, Tu mTavrobac aras etyvis da apativebs. mTavrobas<br />

mis Sesaxeb ara aqvs kargi Sexeduleba. mTavroba mas uyurebs,<br />

rogorc Tavis mters da xalxis amjanyebels. mec ki vecdebodi,<br />

rom mTavrobamac Seiwynaros igi da apativos, magram<br />

ubedureba imaSi aris, rom mas bevri mteri hyavs da amitom mas

---

evr rames swameben, bevrs danaSaulobas, ymebis ajanyebas, aramc<br />

Tu marto batonebis winaaRmdeg, aramed mTavrobis winaaRmdegac.<br />

literatura<br />

[WiWinaZe: 133-134].<br />

abaSiZe: abaSiZe b., erovnuli fenomeni da arsenas leqsi,<br />

Tb., `merani~, 1991.<br />

ardaSiri: ardaSir papakisZis saqmeTa wigni, falauridan<br />

Targmna, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo<br />

Teo CxeiZem, `mecniereba~, Tb.,<br />

1975.<br />

arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe i., ivane makarovi da arsena oZelaSvili<br />

(`literaturuli saqarTvelo~,<br />

1967, 47).<br />

asaTiani: asaTiani g., saTaveebTan, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />

Tb., 1982.<br />

barnovi v. 1964: barnovi v., samwuxro Rimi: Txzulebani,<br />

tomi 10, `literatura da xelovneba~,<br />

1964.<br />

barnovi g. 1976: barnovi g., adamianis Sinasamyaros gamoxatva<br />

qarTul xalxur poeziaSi, `qar-<br />

Tuli <strong>folklori</strong>~ VI, `mecniereba~, Tb.,<br />

1976.<br />

barnovi g. 1989: barnovi g., werilebi, `merani~, Tb., 1989.<br />

gvaramaZe: gvaramaZe l., petre umikaSvili – redaqtorgamomcemeli,<br />

`macne~, enisa da literaturis<br />

seria, 1971, 2.<br />

gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi,<br />

`ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.<br />

kakiaSvili: kakiaSvili g., arsena qarTul literaturaSi,<br />

Tb., `xelovneba~, 1955.<br />

salariZe: salariZe T., algeTis xeobis qarTluri, `mecniereba~,<br />

1978.<br />

umikaSvili 1938: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba, nawili<br />

pirveli, tfilisi, 1937.<br />

umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba IV,<br />

Tb., `literatura da xelovneba~, 1964.<br />

201

---

202<br />

fa umik.: SoTa rusTavelis sax. literaturis institutis<br />

folkloruli arqivi, p. umikaSvilis<br />

fondi.<br />

WiWinaZe: WiWinaZe z., saqarTvelos batonymobis faqtiuri<br />

masalebi, t. 2-3, 1924.<br />

xinTibiZe: xinTibiZe ant., folkloruli masalebi arsena<br />

oZelaSvilze, Tb., 1968.<br />

haksthauzeni: Ãàêñòãàóçåí Àâãóñò, ôîí, Çàêàâêàçñêèé êðàé, ÷.<br />

1, Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã, 1857.

---

poezia

---

sakulto poezia<br />

rodesac sakulto poeziaze vlaparakobT, mxedvelobaSi<br />

gvaqvs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis zepirsityvieri<br />

masala da ara saerTo <strong>qarTuli</strong>. amave dros, isic<br />

unda iTqvas, rom poezia pirobiTi terminia am xasiaTis teqstebisaTvis.<br />

maTi amaRlebuli Sinaarsi, sazeimo pirobebi<br />

Sesrulebisa, erTgvari ritmi maTi Sesrulebisa, da bolos,<br />

myari struqtura TiTqos safuZvels iZleva imisaTvis, rom<br />

es teqstebi poetur Semoqmedebad CavTvaloT.<br />

sakulto teqstebi Seiqmna aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mTianeTis saymoebSi (TemebSi, sazogadoebebSi) socialurreligiuri<br />

saWiroebisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, am regionSi<br />

mosaxleoba tradiciulad salocavebis garSemo iyo<br />

(da ramdenadme, aris dResac) Semokrebili. mTiuleTisa da<br />

fSav-xevsureTis aragvis xeobebSi moqceuli mTeli teritoria<br />

danawilebulia sazogadoebebad, romlebic romelime<br />

RvTisSvilis Tu jvaris saymod iTvleba. RvTisSvili<br />

(RvTisnasaxi, RvTisnabadebi) an jvari zogadi saxelia wmidanisa<br />

(wm. giorgi, RvTismSobeli, wm. petre mociquli da<br />

sxva) Tu angelozisa (miqaeli, gabrieli), romelic mfarvelobs<br />

ama Tu im, saymod wodebul sazogadoebas. saymo da<br />

misi teritoria iTvleba winaistoriul xanaSi (`mas Jamsa<br />

Sina~) romelime jvarisa Tu RvTisSvilis mopovebulad da<br />

daarsebulad da ganagrZobs cxovrebas misi mfarvelobis<br />

qveS istoriul xanaSi. yovel saymos, rogorc yovelTa miwierTa<br />

gangeba RvTis (`morige RmerTis~) xelSia, magram<br />

adamianebs, saymos uSualo (Tumca xucesis meSveobiT, romelic<br />

saymos warmomadgenelia) urTierToba jvarTan<br />

aqvs, morige RmerTis kari Sors aris, jvaris kari ki iqvea,<br />

sofelSi. saymo xucesis piriT elaparakeba jvars, xolo<br />

jvari qadagis piriT – saymos, roca RvTis gangebas ucxadebs<br />

mas. es ormxrivi mimarTuleba – saymodan morige Rmer-<br />

Tisaken da morige RmerTidan saymosaken – qmnis ori saxis<br />

205

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206<br />

sakulto teqstebis arsebobis pirobas. pirvelia saxuco<br />

anu xucesis warmosaTqmeli teqstebi, meore – naqadagarni,<br />

qadagis mier warmoTqmuli teqstebi.<br />

I. saxuco teqstebi. am regionis sakulto teqstebs Soris<br />

gansakuTrebuli kanonikurobiT gamoirCeva xevsuruli<br />

xucobani. es is teqstebia, romelTac warmoTqvams xucesi<br />

sxvadasxva SemTxvevebis gamo jvaris karze. maTi adresati<br />

yovelTvis aris konkretuli jvari (RvTisSvili)<br />

an mTeli `panTeoni~, mTeli erToblioba jvarTa morige<br />

RmerTis ufrosobiT. es teqstebi, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba<br />

garkveuli raodenobis stereotipuli sintagmisagan, romlebic<br />

mcireodeni saxecvlilebiT gadadis erTi teqstidan<br />

meore teqstSi. es cvlilebebi sruliad umniSvneloa,<br />

isini exeba sintaqsur mxares. mosalodneli unda yofiliyo<br />

stereotipul sintagmaTa gansazRvruli, kanonikurad<br />

dadgenili (tradiciiT ganmtkicebuli) Tanamimdevroba,<br />

rac arsebiTad dasturdeba kidec, magram es Tanamimdevroba<br />

yvelgan ar xorcieldeba. aseve, cxadia, ar aris aucilebeli<br />

erT romelime konkretul teqstSi realizebuli<br />

iyos yvela stereotipuli formula, maTi raodenoba SeiZleba<br />

minimumamde iqnes dayvanili, rac, albaT, unda aixsnebodes<br />

tradiciis SesustebiT romelime saymoSi an romelime xucesis<br />

xarveziani praqtikiT. arsebuli Canawerebis mixedviT<br />

Znelia msjeloba romelime teqstis maqsimalur sisruleze,<br />

magram mainc aris iseTi teqstebi, romlebic am sisrulis<br />

STabeWdilebas toveben, imdenad amomwuravad scemen<br />

pasuxs maxvewaris yoveldRiur interesebs.<br />

ase rom, xucobaTa gamoyenebis diapazoni metad vrcelia,<br />

igi yofa-cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferos moicavs.<br />

yoveli met-naklebad mniSvnelovani saqmianoba Tu xdomileba<br />

adamianis cxovrebaSi ritualizebulia da aucileblobiT<br />

moiTxovs xucesis Carevas konkretuli garemoebis-<br />

Tvis dawesebuli sityviTa da qmedebiT. xucobis teqstebi<br />

gaismis msxverplis Sewirvisas (saklavis dakvlisas) jvar-<br />

Si Tu jvaris ymis ojaxSi; sufris dalocvisas; sanadirod<br />

wasvlis win; Temidan mokveTisas; mtris darisxebisas; jvaris<br />

msaxurTa (dasturTa, mesafuvreTa da sxvaTa) ganaTvlisas;<br />

wyalSi Tu zvavSi daRupulis sulis Ziebisas (e.w.<br />

suliT xucoba, romelsac warmoTqvams sulis xucesi); saxelis<br />

dadebisas; sulis wyaros (daRupulis saxelze),

---

mkvdris cxenis, jvarSi Sewiruli nivTebis (Tasis da sxva-<br />

Ta), axalwulTa (jvarSi gasayvanTa), mekvleTa, doRis dalocvisas;<br />

jvarSi mitanili qada-purebis gaservisas, ludis<br />

kodis gaxsnisas, samanis Cadgmisas, samkalSi pirvelad<br />

gasvlisas, stumris gastumrebisas da sxva da sxva SemTxvevisaTvis.<br />

cxadia, yovel rituals Tavisi sakuTrivi teqsti<br />

Seesatyviseba.<br />

mogvyavs xevsuruli xucobis teqsti, romelic warmoTqmul<br />

iqna gudanSi 1994 wels aTengenobas saklavis dakvlisas<br />

gudanis jvaris xucesis gaga WinWaraulis piriT:<br />

`aaa, dideeba RmerTsa, madli RmerTsa, dideba dRes<br />

dResindelsa, rjul qristianTa, mzesa-d’ mzis myol angelozTa.<br />

dideba-d’ gamarjveba Senda, batono xTiSobelo,<br />

na£arela zRurblis damteo, zar eklesiis damWero,<br />

Sen gadidas RmerTma, Sen gagimarjvas, Seni gamCeni morige<br />

RmerTi gadidebs, gaZrielebs, ar magiwyens, ar magiZulebs,<br />

Sens samsaxuris mamxseneebs nu maiwyen, nu maiZuleb.<br />

rasa m£arze da gulze gexvewebodas, imazed gaugonidi.<br />

Sen morige RmerTs gamauTxovidi, did kviraes Saaxvewnidi.<br />

xcevdi xfarevdi, Svelidi swyalobdi, avis dRisa,<br />

laRis mtrisa, mwaris dRisa, mwaris sikvdilisa, mavnisa,<br />

mar£isa, Sen kalTa daufaridi. es moxrili Coqiv, maTxoiliv<br />

madliv, maxsenebulsa samsaxursa, Sen samsaxuris<br />

mamxsenisa, magaT Tav-yudro jalafobisa orfe£-oTxfe-<br />

£isa, qudosan mandilosnisa, naSvral-namuSavrisa da bedisa-d’<br />

bolosa yurTamsmeneli, mlxeneli, mxoiSnebelimc<br />

iqnebi, agremc gagemarjvebis...~<br />

[sadideblebi: 15].<br />

es aris e. w. xucobis teqstis is nawili, romelic sadideblisa<br />

Tu damwyalobnebis saxeliT aris cnobili. misi Sinaarsi<br />

stereotipebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic umniSvnelo<br />

variaciebiT meordeba sxvadasxva saymoebSi warmoTqmul<br />

teqstebSi. xevsuri xucesi arasodes aZlevs Tavs uflebas<br />

Tundac umniSvnelo cvlileba Seitanos teqstSi. gansxvavebebi<br />

mxolod saymoTa adgilobriv tradicias gamoxatavs<br />

da ar aris gamowveuli misi warmomTqmelis nebasa da gemovnebaze.<br />

Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom erTi da igive xucesi<br />

arasodes warmoTqvams savsebiT identur teqsts – mis<br />

arsenalSi arsebobs vrceli da SekumSuli versiebi. maga-<br />

207

---

208<br />

liTisTvis, gaga WinWaraulis mier imave dRis sxva monakveTSi,<br />

xatis sxva adgilas warmoTqmul damwyalobnebaSi<br />

dasawyisic gansxvavebulia da sxva stereotipebic iCens<br />

Tavs:<br />

“batono xTiSobelo, xTiSoblis laSqarno, gza-Saras<br />

yaraulno, Tqven gadidnasT RmerTma, Tqven gagimarjvasT<br />

damadlebulze TeTreulzed, sanTelzed... Tqven<br />

sefe-sanTelsa, Wiqa-barZimsa, TeTreulis dammadleebs<br />

nu maiwyenT, nu maiZulebT...me rasac maxsenebas davakleb<br />

Tqven Wiqa-barzimTa, sefe-sanTelsa, damadlebul TeTreulsa,<br />

Tqven Tqven wyalobas nu daaklebT, agremc gagemarjvebisT.<br />

ikadreT, aitaneT da xTis karze mai£mareT,<br />

magcasT wyaloba, mezRvne-mesanTleebo, sawaRmarTod<br />

magiarasT, davlaT dagaxmarasT, zRvnoba-sanTloba, sefe-sanTlis<br />

£seneba, TeTreulis damadleba sasixarulo<br />

gagixadasT, saklood dagixaliznasT, waRm magegebasT,<br />

waRm gamagyvasT, mowaRmarTe angelozi gagayolasT gza-<br />

Sia, mgzavrobaSi da Tqven gwyalobdasT, xTiSoblis karis<br />

mlocavT...~<br />

[sadideblebi: 15].<br />

damwyalobnebas xucobis teqstSi mosdevs kurTxeva<br />

(kurTxeba), romelic sruliad gansakuTrebuli Sedgenilobisaa.<br />

igi warmoadgens qristianuli literaturidan –<br />

saxarebidan, locvebidan da liturgiuli sakiTxavebidan<br />

amokrefili damaxinjebuli sintagmebisa da gaugebari warmoSobis<br />

frazebisa Tu sityvebis amalgamas, Senadnobs, da<br />

TiTqos erTi amosunTqviT, gansakuTrebuli, damwyalobnebisgan<br />

gansxvavebuli intonaciiT warmoiTqmis:<br />

`saxeliTa xTisaTa sarxielisaTa, Tavsa dagadges<br />

yovliTa da yovlebiTa, sityviTa damravlebiTa. wmida arsebulo,<br />

arsebi amaRlebulo, wmidad iyo sakiTxavi, vinaa<br />

sakiTxavi, pavleia sakiTxavi. abrieli oxiTa mravliTa,<br />

bevriTa bevreuliTa maSi mavida ufali aTasiTa gundi-<br />

Ta, aTasiTa angelozebiTa, mware axsna suli Cvenni, autivna<br />

tiloni an xilo an Satoloebao. satyuilebiTa gvelisiTa,<br />

sacdeniTa eSmakisiTa, ara dedakacisiTa, ara mamakacisiTa,<br />

ara piriTa bagozelisiTa, RmerTo xTobao,<br />

galobao, sarwmunoebao, mzei gamarwyvilebela, egia jo-

---

joxeTi urZeo urRveveli, didia zRudeba Cveni. casa<br />

mtredi gadmanaxda, sixarulsa moiTxovda, Cvenno Zmano<br />

sionisao, mtkiceno, mtkiced iyveniT, saqmisa Cvensa RmatebdiT,<br />

gana cudi Sroma iyo, romeni iwva, eZina, Cvenisa<br />

oxisa kviraisaTa. adges, wavides, maa£senes xTis mowafe-<br />

Ta, angelozTa, ade, ganiRviZe. adga, ganiRviZa dilisnia<br />

fria, daZRves egen ufro, sayidelnia caTaCia, Tqo ufalma,<br />

yovelma erma sityva uflisa, mamisa, Zisa, Cven jvarisa<br />

Cvenisa wmidisa. maSin Seswaldes ufalsa obolni...~<br />

[sadideblebi: 41].<br />

es teqstebi warmoiTqmis xatSi saklavis dakvlis win.<br />

saxuco teqstebidan Cans, rom Suamavlis funqcias asrulebs<br />

jvari – damakavSirebeli saymosi morige Rmer-<br />

TTan, romlis kars adamiani ver wvdeba, jvari ki ufro misawvdomia.<br />

Tu morige RmerTs manifestaciis araviTari<br />

forma ara aqvs (igi usaxoa), Tavad uxilavi arseba jvari<br />

adamians sxvadasxva niSnebis (mtredi, jvaris niSani, Rrublis<br />

fTila, cecxlis `burjRumi~ da sxva) meSveobiT ucxadebs<br />

Tavs. da Tu saymosa da morige RmerTs Soris Suamavali<br />

jvaria, Tavad jvarsa da saymos Soris Suamavlis rolSi<br />

xucesi gamodis, romelic akavSirebs saymos jvarTan, xucess<br />

jvarTan miaqvs saymos msxverpli da Txovna, raTa man<br />

es msxverpli da Txovna aitanos morige RmerTamde –<br />

msxverpli, cxadia, sublimuri saxiT; ufro sworad, msxverpli<br />

aris samsaxuri, romelic unda gamoiyenos xucesma jvaris<br />

mosamadliereblad jvaris karze, xolo jvarma, Tavis<br />

mxridan, morige RmerTis mosamadliereblad RvTis karze.<br />

xucesis, rogorc Suamavlis roli, kargad Cans stereotipuli<br />

formulis erT-erT saxesxvaobaSi:<br />

`geZax-gexvewebian es mama-Svili, me Send Samamixvewebian,<br />

Sen Sens gamCensa, morigesa damriges Saaxvewnio~<br />

(axieli).<br />

ase safexurebriv, ierarqiulad adis xvewna saymodan<br />

xucesisa da jvaris gavliT morige RmerTis karamde.<br />

magram es konkretuli jvari, romlis mimarTac aris<br />

Txovna naTqvami, SuamavliTa ara mxolod ymasa da morige<br />

RmerTs Soris, aramed ymasa da sxva jvars Soris, es amgvarad<br />

aris gamoTqmuli:<br />

209

---

210<br />

`sxva xTisnabadeb Tu ras uwyrebodas, umruddebodas,<br />

madli dauTxovidi, sxvasTan uSuidi~<br />

(arxoti, miqael mTavarangelozis jvari).<br />

`sxvagan xTisnabadebn Tu razed uwyrebodan, madli-d<br />

xoiSan dauTxoidiT~<br />

(barisaxo, kvirias xati).<br />

`did kviraes sxvan xTisnasaxn Tu ras uCiodan, ukuRm<br />

dgebodan madli, xoiSan, dauTxoidi~<br />

(lebaiskari, kistani).<br />

kidev ras sTxovs saymo jvars? yvela saTxovars Tavisi<br />

stereotipuli formula aqvs. am saTxovarebSi ixateba<br />

ymis mTeli cxovreba – misi saojaxo, sameurneo yofa, misi<br />

zneobrivi saxe, misi gare da Sida. kacis Semateba ojaxSi,<br />

saqonlis simravle, janmrTeloba, mteri, sikvdili, Svela<br />

xifaTSi, davlaTis SeSveleba, mSvidobiT dabruneba, mosavali<br />

(`sTvel Ralian-baraqian amauyenidiT~), Segnebuli da<br />

uneburi Secodeba, Sromis kurTxeva (`xarisa-d’ mxris naoflars<br />

jvar dauwerdiT~), ZRvenis kurTxeva (`qristem dagiwerasT<br />

jvar Tqven zRvenTa-d’ samsaxur~), codvebis moteveba<br />

sinanulisas (`sinanuls Tu geZaxdan, ulxindiTa~) im<br />

SegnebiT, rom `yma SauwyenT, baton Saundobar ar iqnebis~.<br />

sxvadasxva SemTxvevebi:<br />

garda uSualod saklavis dakvlis win, misi legitimaciis<br />

(msxverplis kanonierebis) mizniT warmosaTqmeli teqstebisa<br />

anu damwyalobnebaTa, xucesTa sityvier maragSi<br />

unda gamovyoT sakuTriv sadideblebi, romlebic jvarisa<br />

Tu kerZo sufris dasalocad warmoiTqmis. aq xsendebian<br />

sxvadasxva saymoTa RvTisSvilebi – TiToeul maTganze Ti-<br />

To sanTeli da TiTo sasmisia (Wiqa-barZimi) gapirovnebuli.<br />

ai, es sadidebelic (Cawerili barisaxoSi, kviria xatSi,<br />

XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi):<br />

wina sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos,<br />

maRalo RmerTo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas,<br />

gagimarjos, kviraev, xTis karze karaviano! aem san-<br />

Tel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas. gagimarjos RubisTav<br />

svetis angelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas,<br />

gagimarjos, xTisSobelo! aem sanTel-WiqabarZimzeda<br />

Sen gadidas, gagimarjos saxmTo-saxates

---

mdgomo angelozo! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas,<br />

gagimarjos pirquSo, cecxlisaliano! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda<br />

Sen gadidas, gagimarjos gmiro kopalav,<br />

laRo laxtiano! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas,<br />

gagimarjos Tavado mTavarangelozo! aem sanTel-WiqabarZimzeda<br />

Sen gadidas, gagimarjos xTiSobelo, adgilis<br />

dedao! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos<br />

kviraev Telis angelozo! aem sanTel-WiqabarZimzeda<br />

Sen gadidas, gagimarjos sanebao axoswverisao!<br />

aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos<br />

giorgiv wyarosTavisao! aem sanTel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen<br />

gadidas, gagimarjos laSqarno xTisSoblisano! aem san-<br />

Tel-Wiqa-barZimzeda Sen gadidas, gagimarjos giorgiv<br />

naRvrispirisao!~<br />

[sadideblebi: 17-18].<br />

II. naqadagarni. xucobis teqstebSi adresati jvaria, raki<br />

es teqstebi vedrebas gamoxataven. magram aris sakulto<br />

teqstebi, sadac saymoa adresati. amitomac, Tu damwyalobnebaSi<br />

an sadidebelSi sityva miemarTeba qvemodan zeviT,<br />

naqadagarSi zemodan qveviT miemarTeba. Tu pirvel Sem-<br />

TxvevaSi xucesi jvaris mimarT agzavnis sityvas, aq qadagi<br />

laparakobs jvaris piriT saymos gasagonad, mas jvaris<br />

sityva moaqvs adamianebamde. aq mimarTuleba zemodan qvemoT<br />

aris: morige RmerTis neba jvars Camoaqvs dedamiwaze<br />

da qadagi is piria, romelsac jvari ucxadebs am nebagadawyvetilebas<br />

da romlis bageebiT cxaddeba es neba.<br />

damwyalobnebaSi xucesi `agzavnis~ jvars morige RmerTis<br />

karze madlisa da wyalobis gamosaTxovnad, naqadagarSi ki<br />

morige RmerTis karze namyofi jvari brundeba ukan da qadagis<br />

piriT mTels saymos ucxadebs morigis nebas da momavalsac<br />

uwinaswarmetyvelebs. naqadagaris enac Sesabamisad<br />

simboluria da `iracionaluri~, rac e. w. `jvarTenis~<br />

leqsikaSi cxaddeba. `jvarTenis~ uxvi gamoyeneba imi-<br />

Tac aris ganpirobebuli, rom naqadagarSi metyvelebs ara<br />

adamiani, aramed jvari. mogvyavs naqadagaris nimuSi:<br />

`hai, hai, me or mTavarangelozi, me maqvs Zali-d’ SaZlebai.<br />

CemT ymaT aRaraad gavaCnior. m£ar m£ars gamisworesa-d’<br />

kiser – kisers. maTreven simurSia-d’ rioSianSi.<br />

aRaraad vis gavaCnior, magram me aisiv mTavarangelozi<br />

211

---

212<br />

or, me aisiv Zali-d’ SaZlebai maqv. Cem ymaT urCev, ro<br />

WkviT iyvnan. me nu gadamagdeben, Tore vanan. Cems wess<br />

me ar daviyri, raic xTisgan maqv malocvili. Cem dasturmsaxurn<br />

daZveldes, gaTamamdes. aRarcraad me mivaCnior ,<br />

me miTqvamis Cemis meenis piriTa-d’ gamocxadebavis. amir-<br />

Cevian Cemda samsaxurebelad orni dasturni ori wliT...~<br />

[sadideblebi: 179].<br />

am naqadagarSi arxotis jvari, miqiel mTavarangelozi,<br />

sayvedurobs Tavis saymos rwmenis daklebas, amxels siwmideTa<br />

profanaciaSi (`maTreven simurSi da rioSianSi~) da<br />

afrTxilebs mas, nu daagdeben mis samsaxurs. naqadagari,<br />

rogorc mis boloSi Cans, jvaris msaxurTa – dasturTa dasayeneblad<br />

aris warmoTqmuli (zogierT jvarSi dasturebs<br />

qadagis piriT irCeven, zogierTSi – qadagis gareSe,<br />

ubralo kenWisyriT).<br />

gansakuTrebiT mdidaria informaciiT da gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />

saSualebebiT RulSi (xevsureTi) iaxsris jvarSi<br />

warmoTqmuli naqadagari:<br />

`sadaR maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebai, sadaR maqv! Camameyar<br />

suyvelaferi – qer-oqronic, Wiqa-didebanic, zRven-ulufanic,<br />

£ar-kuretni. maSin mqond Zali-d’ SaZleba, rosac<br />

dev-dedaberT vlagmevdi, vlaxtevdi, cxra adl miwa-myars<br />

vaxeviebdi. magram eexlad ymaT saSvelada saxoiSnod<br />

iqav xTis karze davdior, imiT ro mimiZvirdes ymani.<br />

qer-oqron ver gadmaviRen srulad. mzeqal Sagvijd<br />

maRalzed, magvayoln cis xorxoSni, gaminadgurn Cem xodaburni,<br />

Cem ymiT qer-oqronic. merige RmerTm damiZr<br />

bageni da jixvis Tav-rqani gadmamayoln sam pirad. um-<br />

TxildiT Tavs, ageb gadavicil. xTis karze daol. maqv ki<br />

imed, ro gadavicil Cemma gamarjvebamamc da meriges<br />

RmerTisamc Savesrev £ar-maniST, ageb gadavicilav, davim£rob<br />

kviraes. davxqrTamav bnel-siskris TeviT, zRvensamsaxurT<br />

SasroliT. giorgis Savexvewebi, giorgis mode<br />

yelRilianT, da£mareba gamiwieTav, eniT xarTav laqardianniv.<br />

giorgim £a£matis jvarm Saxkazm Tavis nislisferi,<br />

cis gidel-gidel daawyvita, gaSal wyalobis maskvlavni.<br />

nuRae geSinisT, imedianad iyveniT~.<br />

[sadideblebi: 180].

---

iaxsari, Rulis jvari, ixsenebs devebTan brZolis xanas<br />

(`rosac dev-dedaberT vlagmevdi, vlaxtevdi~). Zveleburi<br />

Zalisa da avtoritetis moSlas uCivis. Civis, rom mis-<br />

Tvis msxverpli (`qer-oqroni, Wiqa-didebani, zRven-ulufani,<br />

–ar-kuretni~) aRar iwireba, magram mainc ixtibars ar<br />

itexs da ganagrZobs Suamavlobas Tavis saymosa da morige<br />

RmerTs Soris, Cveulebisamebr, dadis mis karze madlis gamosaTxovnad.<br />

naqadagarSi metaforuli enaa gamoyenebuli,<br />

rac adgilobriv, xevsurul dialeqtze, `jvarTenis~ saxeliT<br />

aris cnobili. ganvmartoT `jvarTenis~ sityvebi:<br />

qer-oqroni – marcvleuli, ZiriTadad qeri; gamoTqma mzeqal<br />

Sagvijd maRalzed niSnavs gvalvianobas (mzeqal – mze);<br />

xodaburni – jvaris yanebi; Ãar-maniSni – jvarSi dasaklavi<br />

pirutyvi; bnel-siskris Teva – Ramis Teva; zRven-samsaxurT<br />

– Sesawiravi: zRveni – qada-purebi, samsaxuri – saklavi;<br />

yelRiliani – xaxmatis jvaris modes, samZimaris (ix.<br />

qvemoT) epiTeti: cis gidel-gidel – ciskiduri.<br />

zogi naqadagari e. w. mTibluri sazomiT aris gawyobili:<br />

`gexvewebio miqielio,<br />

apativeo, autieo,<br />

uti asa da umecario,<br />

Sen gexveweba £orcielio,<br />

Sen apative umecarsao,<br />

me gamoviTxov buRaursao,<br />

Tu gamigoneb miqielsao,<br />

nu Cau£ureb sagebelTao,<br />

ros dagWirdebis miqielio,<br />

rosac Sav£debiT xTis karzedao,<br />

iq me maqv Zali-d’ SaZlebaio,<br />

iq me maqv xTiSvilT metobaio~.<br />

[sadideblebi: 181].<br />

es naqadari warmoadgens Tavis saymosadmi jvaris meoxebis<br />

saukeTeso nimuSs. miqiel mTavarangelozi – arxotis jvari am<br />

naqadagarSi emudareba romeliRac RvTisSvils, Camoexsnas mis<br />

ymas, apatios Secodeba, rogorc `utsa da umecars~, mzad aris<br />

RvTis karze RvTisSvilTa Sekrebisas, Tu gasWirda, meoxeba (Suamdgomloba)<br />

gauwios mas morige RmerTis winaSe, radgan Tavs<br />

yvela RvTisSvilze upiratesad Tvlis.<br />

213

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214<br />

~jvarTenis~ sityvebis ganmarteba: buRauri – jvarSi<br />

dasaklavad misayvani pirutyvi; nu Cau£ureb sagebelTao –<br />

nu gaxdi avad, sawolSi xangrZliv mwoliared.<br />

II-a. samZimaris naqadagarni. samZimaris naqadagrebi,<br />

ramdenadac maTi `avtori~ anu pirveli piri miTosuri personaJia,<br />

SegveZlo andrezebis nakveTSi gagvexila, magram<br />

isini ufro saweso sityvierebas ganekuTvnebian, amave dros<br />

es teqstebi originaluri da Taviseburi poeturi Semoqmedebis<br />

brwyinvale nimuSebia. samZimari xaxmatis wmida giorgis<br />

mier qajaveTidan aris wamoyvanili. gadmocemebSi<br />

ar aris erTsulovneba mis statusze qajaveTSi: erTni Tu<br />

mas motacebulad Tvlian, meoris Tanaxmad igi ganTavisuflebulia<br />

qajaveTis tyveobidan. kidev sxva andreziT, sam-<br />

Zimaris Tavgadasavali imeorebs wmida giorgis mier gveleSapis<br />

xaxidan daxsnili mefis asulis ambavs. asea Tu ise,<br />

xaxmatis giorgi qristianulad naTlavs samZimars da wils<br />

udebs Tavis jvarSi, salocavSi. mas Semdeg xaxmatis jvari<br />

ar gulisxmobs mxolod wm. giorgis, aramed samZimars mas-<br />

Tan erTad. amrigad, xaxmatis jvari orsaxiania: igi Tavis<br />

saymos ecxadeba rogorc mxedris saxiT, ise ulamazesi, samkaulebiT<br />

morTuli qalis saxiT, – es aris `yelRiliani~ an<br />

xeli samZimari. yelRiliani niSnavs farRuliT morTulmokazmuls,<br />

xeli ki gamoxatavs mis araordinalur, TiTqos<br />

SeSlilis qcevas, rac Seadgens swored misi naqadagrebis<br />

Sinaarss. naqadagrebSi igi gvevlineba erT-erTi funqciiT, rac<br />

xaxmatis jvaris ymis gamocdaSi mdgomareobs. samZimari<br />

nacnobi qalis saxiT ecxadeba moymes, daniSnuliviT cxovrobs<br />

mis saxlSi, trialebs kar-midamoSi, akeTebs qalis yovelgvar<br />

saqmes, `Wima-laxtara~, anu sakvebi mxaleuli moaqvs<br />

mTidan, asufTavebs saxl-kars (abuleTaurT cixeSi),<br />

acxobs da, bolos, loginSic ki uwveba moymes (abuleTaurT<br />

xoligas, saRiras, imedas an megrelaurT gaxuas), magram rogorc<br />

ki moyme mis mimarT vaJurad mopyrobas moindomebs,<br />

samZimari dauyovnebliv tovebs vaJis saxls, samagierod<br />

ki raRac sasikeTo niSans utovebs ojaxs. samZimari gamocdis<br />

yvelas, vis gamocdasac moisurvebs, magram veravin<br />

uZlebs am gamocdas. gavecnoT erT-erT naqadagars:<br />

`maSin Zliv mqonda SaZlebaio,<br />

viarebodi qaliviTao,

---

naoWiani Cavicvidio,<br />

qoqomon gavabrialnidio.<br />

juaT elene vegonidio,<br />

gogoTurais mayvareio.<br />

abuleTaurT cixeSiao<br />

medges loginni CardaxSiao.<br />

abuleTaurT xoligamao<br />

qali sacoled mamindomao.<br />

im Cemsa gamonafrindomsao<br />

iqav aCnian nakoWvarnio.<br />

pur-satann mamCnes ReleSiao,<br />

xelis saponi wyaroSiao,<br />

mamyvebod SanacodrobiTao~.<br />

[sadideblebi: 183].<br />

sxva fragmentebSic Zunwad, magram STambeWdavad, macduneblad<br />

aris warmodgenili es maqcia, romelic qalis saxiT<br />

ecxadeba vaJs, magram sruliadac ar aris qali – araTu<br />

qali ar aris, adamianuri arsebac ki ar aris. `naoWiani Cavicvidio,<br />

qoqomon gavabrialnidio~, ambobs aq Tavis Tavze<br />

samZimari, sxvagan ki: `yurze sayures videbdidio~, `qalis<br />

fafanag Cavicvidio, davigruSnidi Tav-mandilnio~ –<br />

aq naTqvamia yvelaferi, rasac ki SeeZlo TavdaWerili xevsuri<br />

moyme, xaxmatis jvaris yma, aeRelvebina. `qoqomon gavabrialnidio~<br />

– mxolod es iqneboda sakmarisi, rom yma,<br />

rogorc vaJi, Tavdaviwyebas miscemoda. magram vaJi iTmens,<br />

vidre samZimari ukidures erotikaSi ar gaaxvevs vaJs: `Cavexvividi,<br />

Cauwvidio, ZuZu-mkerds gamavixvividio~. am kulminaciaSi<br />

`qali~ tovebs vaJs da mis saxl-kars. yvelaferi<br />

ocnebaSi momxdara: mis mezobel juaT elenes, mis uimedo<br />

Seyvarebuls, misi ocnebis qalwuls, fiqradac ar gauvlia<br />

gulSi, sacoled stumreboda mas sakuTar saxlSi.<br />

literatura<br />

sadideblebi: jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, `nekeri~, Tb.,<br />

1998.<br />

215

---

216<br />

magiuri poezia<br />

(Selocva)<br />

terminisTvis. Selocva, rogorc sityvis aRnagoba –<br />

Se-locva – cxadyofs, locvisgan warmodgeba. ra niuanss<br />

matebs amosaval sityvas – locvas windebuli Se-? Tu locva<br />

miemarTeba ierarqiulad maRla mdgom arsebas (RmerTi,<br />

angelozi, wmidani), rogorc saTxovari, romelic Seicavs<br />

vedrebasac am saTxovaris aRsasruleblad, Selocvis sa-<br />

SualebiT adamiani cdilobs zemoqmedeba moaxdinos arsebaTa<br />

nebaze, iZulebiT daiyolios Tavis sasikeTod. aq raime<br />

Txovna da vedreba gamoricxulia. erTi, rac saerToa locvasa<br />

da Selocvas Soris, es aris rwmena fizikuri sinamdvilis<br />

miRmuri realobis arsebobisa: locvis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc<br />

iTqva, rwmena RvTisa da misi angelozebisadmi, rogorc ise-<br />

Ti realobisa, romelic adamianze maRla dgas, xolo Selocvis<br />

SemTxvevaSi rwmena demonuri arsebebisadmi, romlebic<br />

ar arian warmodgenili adamianze ierarqiulad maRla mdgomad,<br />

isini adamianis mimarT paralelur samyaroSi arseboben,<br />

arc mis maRla, arc dabla, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tanabrad. amis<br />

gamoa, rom Selocvis toni safuZvlianad gansxvavdeba locvis<br />

tonisgan, romelic arsebiTad ar Secvlila moyolebuli<br />

im droidan, rac locvebis pirveli Canawerebi gaCnda.<br />

locvis kilo Txovna-vedrebiTia, cremlnarevia, aRvsili<br />

sakuTari codvilianobis SegnebiT. mlocveli gamsWvalulia<br />

sasoebiT, mowiwebiTa da SiSiT uzenaesisadmi;<br />

is aRiarebs uzenaesis nebas da emorCileba mas, aRiarebs<br />

mis absolutur siwmidesa da Zlierebas, grZnobs da xedavs<br />

kidec ufskruls Tavis SezRudul arsebasa da RvTis usasrulobas<br />

Soris, ivedreba, odnavad mainc Seivsos es ufskruli.<br />

locva xidia am sinamdvilesa da zesinamdviles Soris.<br />

aseTi iyo mlocveli yovelTvis mas Semdeg, rac adamianma<br />

aRiara Tavisze maRla mdgomi RvTiuri samyaros arseboba.<br />

aseTia arsebiTad locva poliTeistur epoqebSic,<br />

rasac cxadad mowmobs Cvenamde lursmul damwerlobaSi<br />

Semonaxuli aSurul-babilonuri locvebi. locvebis gverdiT<br />

am epoqaSi Selocvebic arsebobda, romlis mTelma<br />

korpusma moaRwia Cvenamde. amitom Sexeduleba, TiTqos<br />

locva Selocvis evoluciis Sedegia (an piruku) sinamdviles<br />

ar Seesabameba. sxvaa mlocvelis da sxvaa Semlocve-

---

lis fsiqologia. isini gansxvavebuli fsiqologiuri da egzistencialuri<br />

tipebi arian, ramdenadac Tavad maTi `adresatebia~<br />

erTmaneTisgan arsebiTad gansxvavebulni.<br />

Semlocveli ar grZnobs araviTar ierarqiul damokidebulebas<br />

imaTze, vis mimarTac Selocvis teqstia gamiznuli.<br />

is maT imave horizontalur sibrtyeze an mis qvemo-<br />

Tac gaiazrebs, sadac Tavad aris. mlocvelis vedreba da<br />

misi locva qvemodan maRlisken miimarTeba, Semlocveli<br />

brZanebiT moiTxovs, igi an gasZaxis, an CasZaxis; mlocveli<br />

gamsWvalulia braleulobisa da sinanulis grZnobiT,<br />

SemlocvelisTvis ar arsebobs aseTi gancda, is SelocviT<br />

emuqreba im arsebebs, romlebic abrkoleben mas da xels<br />

uSlian mis keTildReobasa da sameurneo warmatebas. sabolood,<br />

Tu CavukvirdebiT, Selocvis teqsti savsea muqariT<br />

da demonur arsebaTa daSinebas emsaxureba. dabolos,<br />

Tu locva, Tundac warmarTul xanaSi, saxeldebiT mimar-<br />

Tavs RmerTebs da maTTan adamians individualur-pirovnuli<br />

damokidebuleba aqvs (RmerTi cnobs adamians), Selocvis<br />

obieqtebi usaxelo arsebebia da damokidebuleba<br />

aq upirovnoa: avsuli cnobs ara adamians, aramed magiur<br />

teqsts, romelic mis winaaRmdeg badesaviT aris gadasrolili<br />

an isariviT natyorcni. erTi mkvlevris gamoTqmiT,<br />

Selocva mtris winaaRmdeg dagebuli xafangiviTaa.<br />

kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani locvasa da Selocvas<br />

Soris. Tu locvis mxolod teqstia sakmarisi, raTa man<br />

mizans miaRwios, miswvdes uzenaesis yurs, Selocva, rogorc<br />

wesi, moiTxovs rituals, romlis gareSe mas Zala ar<br />

eqneba. marTalia, rogorc ovidiusi ambobs, `sityvebs wona<br />

aqvT~, magram sityvis usxeulo wonas esaWiroeba dawonva<br />

ritualis saxiT. Selocvas qmediTi Zala ritualis TanxlebiT<br />

aqvs. amitomac teqsti masTan erT mTlianobad<br />

aRiqmeba. amdenad, Selocva sinkretuli Janria da am mxriv<br />

igi klasikuri gagebis miToss enaTesaveba, romelic aseve<br />

teqstisa da qmedebis erTianobaa. arc calke teqsti, arc<br />

calke qmedeba – aseTia Selocvis principi. isini erTmaneTs<br />

avseben da aZliereben.<br />

warmoSoba. marTalia, Selocva dResdReobiT xalxSia<br />

gavrcelebuli da xalxuri kulturis fonds ekuTvnis, misi<br />

xalxuri warmomavloba eWvis qveS aris dayenebuli. v.<br />

mansika (W. Mansikka), romelmac rusuli Selocvebi gamoik-<br />

217

---

218<br />

vlia, uaryofs Selocvebis xalxur warmoSobas. is fiqrobs,<br />

rom Selocva, rogorc aseTi, warmoadgens ara xalxis masebis<br />

Semoqmedebas, aramed sasuliero wreebis mwignobruli<br />

moRvaweobis erTgvar produqts. misi azriT, ruseTSi<br />

Selocvebi warmoiSva literaturis gavrcelebis, agreTve<br />

qristianuli simboloebis daSlis (SeiZleba iTqvas, gadagvarebis)<br />

Tu reinterpretaciis Sedegad [petrovi: 88]. am<br />

TvalsazrisSi aris WeSmaritebis marcvali, magram ar unda<br />

gamovricxoT xalxis wvlili Selocvis dRevandeli saxis<br />

(tipis) CamoyalibebaSi. marTalia, simboloebi elitaruli<br />

wris kuTvnilebaa, magram maTi daSla, maTSi raRac<br />

axlis danaxva, axleburi gageba, xalxuri specifikuri miznebis<br />

samsaxurSi Cayeneba sxvagan sad unda momxdariyo, Tu<br />

ara isev da isev xalxis wiaRSi. analogiisTvis gvaxsendeba<br />

xalxuri `tarieliani~, romlis warmomavloba `vefxistyaosnidan~<br />

ueWvelia, magram isic eWvgareSea, rom igi am ukanasknelis<br />

`xalxur qvabSi~ gadaxarSvis Sedegia. `xarSva~ ki<br />

Zlieri, Tu SemoqmedebiTi ara, bunebriv-aracnobieri procesia.<br />

amrigad, Tu Selocvebis masala zemodan modis, ma-<br />

Ti Selocvad gardaqmna dabal wreebSi xdeba.<br />

ufro konkretulad Selocvis, rogorc Janris, warmo-<br />

Sobis problemas a. veselovski pasuxobs. misi azriT, Selocva<br />

Sua saukuneebSi axlad aRorZinebuli miTologiuri<br />

Semoqmedebis bumis Sedegia. Sua saukuneebSi dadga meore<br />

didi xana miTologiuri Semoqmedebisa da, ai, swored am<br />

dros Camoyalibda SelocvaTa teqstebi, romlebic tipologiurad<br />

msgavsia warmarTuli Selocvebisa. ase rom, a.<br />

veselovskis azriT, dRemde SemorCenili Selocvebi ara<br />

warmarTuli, aramed qristianuli epoqis produqtebia.<br />

qristianul epoqaSi warmoqmnil SelocvebSi warmarTuli<br />

elementebis Ziebas igi gaumarTleblad miiCnevs. axlandeli<br />

Selocvebis msgavseba `Zvel warmarTul SelocvebTan<br />

gamowveulia ara axal formaSi maTi gardasaxviT, aramed<br />

qristianul niadagze miTosuri procesis damoukidebeli<br />

aRorZinebiT~, wers igi [petrovi: 90]. transformirebuli<br />

qristianuli realiebisa Tu simboloebis gamoricxvis Semdeg<br />

Selocvis teqstSi arsebiTad aRaraferi rCeba. <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

Selocvebis magaliTze, Tundac maTi zedapiruli gacnobisas,<br />

SegviZlia amis danaxva. qristianuli realiebi Selocvebis<br />

ZiriTadi plastia. sabolood, SeiZleba davas-

---

kvnaT, rom Selocvebi Sedegia qristianuli realiebis imgvarive<br />

gaxalxurebisa (paganizaciisa), rogorsac qristianuli<br />

wmidanebis xalxur versiebSi vadasturebT.<br />

klasifikacia. Selocvebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT<br />

maTi gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT. TiToeuli jgufi mravalferovnebiT<br />

xasiaTdeba. es ori sferoa: I. adamianuri<br />

sfero anu aq erTiandeba Selocvebi, romlebic adamianis<br />

janmrTelobas emsaxureba; arsebobs nebismieri sneulebis<br />

sawinaaRmdego Selocva: Tvalis, uJmuris, SeSinebulis, gulis<br />

tkivilis, bednieris (muwukis evfemisturi saxelwodeba<br />

xalxur medicinaSi), orsulis dasacavi da sxva. masve SeiZleba<br />

mivaTvaloT siyvarulis gamomwvevi, avi Tvalis mosageriebeli<br />

da sxva. II. sameurneo sfero, raSic gaerTianebulia<br />

ZiriTadad velze myofi saqonlis mxecisgan dasacavi teqstebi.<br />

erTi swavlulis TqmiT (e. kagarovi), am tipis Selocva<br />

imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac nadiris winaaRmdeg dagebuli<br />

xafangi. marTlac, mglis piris Sesakravi Selocva<br />

sxva araferia, Tu ara sityvieri xafangi, romelic ritualTan<br />

erTad Sin aris `dagebuli~, magram gareT moqmedebs.<br />

struqtura da realiebi. oriode sityva SelocvaTa<br />

bundovanebaze: bundovaneba Selocvis konstitutiuri<br />

elementia. warmoSobisTanave is aseTi iyo. ar aris marTebuli,<br />

TiTqos Selocvebis Tavis droze gasagebi teqsti<br />

droTa viTarebaSi gabundovanda. riT SeiZleba aixsnas SelocvaTa<br />

bunebiTi bundovaneba? mas SeiZleba moeZebnos<br />

axsna magiaSi. ramdenadac magiis obieqti iracionaluri,<br />

araadamianuri Zalebia (romlebic adamians ver cnoben da<br />

adamianic ver cnobs maT), maTTan sasaubro enac iracionaluri,<br />

gaugebari unda iyos. rac ufro bundovani da, adamianis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, gaugebaria sityva Tu teqsti, imdenad<br />

qmediTia igi. yvelaze Zlieri Selocvebi abrakadabruli<br />

Sinaarsis teqstebia. maTi aRmniSvneli sagangebo terminebic<br />

ki arsebobs: berZnulad barbara onomata `barbarosuli<br />

(gaugebari) saxelebi~.<br />

aqvs Tu ara raime gamokveTili struqtura Selocvas?<br />

mas unda hqondes: I. Sesavali nawili, dasawyisi formula; II.<br />

Selocvis obieqtis dasaxeleba; III. daskvna (ganaCeni).<br />

I. dasawyisi formulebi. isini arcTu mravalferovania.<br />

yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia stereotipuli formula<br />

`saxeliTa mamisaTa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmidisaTa~, ro-<br />

219

---

220<br />

melsac qristianul samyaroSi yoveli saqmis dawyebisas<br />

warmoTqvamen. sakuTriv Selocvis teqstis win misi warmoTqmiT<br />

Semlocveli teqsts legitimurobasTan erTad<br />

Zalas aniWebs. es formula aq imis niSanic aris, rom Semlocveli<br />

qristianad Tvlis Tavs, Tumca Selocvas qristianobasTan<br />

araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs arc Sinaarsobrivad<br />

da arc sarwmunoebrivad. es formula, rogorc wesi,<br />

Semlocvelis warmoTqmaSi deformirebulia, TiTqos `gamartivebulia~.<br />

mas aseTi saxe aqvs miRebuli: `saxelo saxeliTa<br />

mamiTa ZiTa suliTa wmindiTa~. zogjer mas erTvis:<br />

amin! misi variaciebia: `saxeliTa RvTiTa mamiTa ZiTa suliTa<br />

wmindiTa~, `saxelo saxeliTa ZiTa xvTiTa da uZravi<br />

dedamiwiTa~, `saxelo saxelisao saxelo samjer RvTisao~...<br />

garkveuli Janris (nadiris piris Sesakravi) Selocvebs<br />

win uZRvis fsevdoqristianuli dasawyisi, magaliTad: `ekenia<br />

bekenia bekens xati svenebia~, romelsac variaciebi aqvs:<br />

`ekenia bekenia beksa (var. bersa) xati svenebia~, `ekenia bekenia<br />

bersa xati Cvenebia~, `ekenia mekenia mefes xati svenebia~,<br />

`es alagi bukasia bukas xati asvenia~ da sxva.<br />

xSiria abradakabras tipis, gaugebar sityvaTa sintagmebisgan<br />

Sedgenili dasawyisebi: `alisasa malisasa~, `atiti<br />

matiti~, `movida matauri da matauri da katauri~, `adilasa<br />

madilasa~, `erosani merosani usaxlkaro xarosani~, `eli<br />

elavda (var. elobda) meli melavda (melobda)~, `eli elen-<br />

Ta melo melenTa~, `ale male salandole~, `aba abaia Taba<br />

Tabaia ieso da lasaria~, `asamaria dasamaria zeviT da Cemi<br />

qveviT maria~. xSirad Selocvis teqsti mTlianad abradakabraa,<br />

rac aZlierebs mis qmediTobas, radgan qmediTia ara<br />

Sinaarsi sityvisa, misi racionaluri marcvali, aramed misi<br />

fonetikuri saxe. saukeTeso Selocva uazroa. Tumca<br />

uazrobaSi SeiZleba azris danaxvac, Tu Selocvis teqsts<br />

qmedebasTan erTad gaviazrebT:<br />

`msxals vWam, msxals vsvam, msxali mifenia,<br />

msxali mafaria, msxali var!<br />

qliavsa vWam, qliavsa vsvam, qliavi mifenia,<br />

qliavi mafaria, qliavi var!<br />

WinWarsa vWam, WinWarsa vsvam, WinWari mifenia,<br />

WinWari mafaria, WinWari var!~<br />

[SioSvili: 185].

---

calke aRebuli es teqsti namdvili abradakabraa, magram<br />

misi sazrisis gasaRebi samkurnalo qmedebaSia. danayili<br />

cxra msxlis, cxra qliavis da cxra WinWris foTlis masas<br />

am Selocvis Semdeg usvamen morielis nakbenze. Selocvas<br />

bundovani Sinaarsi aqvs, Znelia misi siuJetis gamokve-<br />

Ta, iracionaluris racionalur enaze `gadmoTargmna~,<br />

magram SesaZlebelia personaJTa identifikacia mainc. vin<br />

arian isini? SelocvebSi SevxvdebiT qriste RmerTs, deda<br />

mariams (uCveulo mezoblobaSi; `gvelis deda mariami~), mociqulebs,<br />

sxva wmidanebs... magram ismis kiTxva, ramdenad<br />

arian saxecvlili qristianuli wyaroebis personaJebi,<br />

ramdenad daSordnen isini Tavis pirvelwyaros, SerCaT Tu<br />

ara maT Tavdapirveli niSnebi?<br />

ganvixiloT RvTismSoblis, rogorc SelocvebSi iwodeba,<br />

deda mariamis, saxe. igi yvela Janris Selocvebis mniSvnelovani<br />

figuraa. igi, rogorc wesi, mtiralia da es ar<br />

aris misTvis SemTxveviTi. magram igi tiris ara Tavis jvarcmul<br />

Zes, aramed moTqvams im borotebis gamo, romelic<br />

mas avsulma uyo. misi antagonisti xSirad uria qeTelad<br />

(var. qeTela, qeTeri, qeTeni, qeTereSali da sxva) aris wodebuli.<br />

aSkaraa misi warmomavloba. es is uria xeTelia,<br />

romlis coli daviT israelis mefem Seacdina, Tavad ki muxanaTurad<br />

moakvlevina (2 mef. 11). isic aSkara unda iyos,<br />

rom SelocvaSi warmodgenili boroteba, ris uvnebelsayofadac<br />

mowodebulia teqsti, daviTis STamomavlis, mariamis<br />

mimarT uria xeTelis SurisZiebis Sedegia.<br />

`saxeliTa RvTiTa, mamiTa, ZiTa da suliTa wmindiTa.<br />

locva Tvalymisa.<br />

vijeqi taZarsa, vqsovdi qselsa oqros kedisasa.<br />

Camoiara uria qeTelma, SemTvala, Semyvala, Semagizinzila,<br />

gawyda qseli oqros kedisa,<br />

damcvinda mxari almasisa,<br />

damayrevina Tma giSrisa.<br />

Camoiara qristema, mkiTxa:<br />

– deda mariam, ras tiri?<br />

– rava ras vtiri, vijeqi taZarsa,<br />

vqsovdi qselsa oqros kedisasa.<br />

Camoiara uria qeTelma,<br />

SemTvala, Semyvala, Semagizinzila.<br />

221

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222<br />

gamiwyda qseli oqros kedisa,<br />

damcvinda mxari almasisa,<br />

damayrevina Tma giSrisa.<br />

miTxra qristema:<br />

– nu stiri, deda mariam, nu yri cremlsa margalitisasa!<br />

adeqi, aaduRe wyali, Cakari muguzali,<br />

avi TvaliT Semxedvares TvalSi nacari, gulSi Radari!<br />

wminda giorgis laxvari da bozali<br />

moxvda yiasa, amouvida Rliavsa!~<br />

[SioSvili: 53].<br />

gavaanalizoT es teqsti analogiuri teqstebis (sadac<br />

aseve deda mariamia mTavari personaJi) moSveliebiT. deda<br />

mariami avi Tvalis msxverplia, ufro sworad, gaTvalulia<br />

uria qeTelis avi mzeriT misi Sromis nayofi – qseli.<br />

sxva SelocvebSi dasaxelebulia wiTel-yviTeli an mwvane<br />

abreSumis samoseli, rac, cxadia, arsebiT gansxvavebas ar<br />

qmnis. deda mariami warmodgenilia, rogorc arqetipi, romelic<br />

pirvelad xdeba gaTvalvis msxverpli da pirveladve<br />

ganaqarvebs mas ritualuri qmedebiT, romelic Selocvis<br />

teqstSivea gamJRavnebuli (muguzlis Cayra mduRare<br />

wyalSi), rac arcTu xSiri SemTxvevaa. yvela gaTvaluli asrulebs<br />

deda mariamis qmedebas. SeiZleba isic vifiqroT,<br />

rom misi antagonisti uria qeTeli, rogorc aseve arqetipi,<br />

yoveli konkretuli gaTvalvis gamomwvevia.<br />

sagulisxmoa adgili, sadac Sromobs deda mariami. es<br />

aris taZari, sadac apokrifis (iakobis pirvelsaxareba) Tanaxmad,<br />

rva wlis mariami Seyvanil iqna da cxovrobda iq. wmida<br />

legendis Tanaxmadve, aq aris moqsovili kvarTi, romelic<br />

qristes emosa. ra Tqma unda, Selocvis teqstSi yofiT<br />

logikas ar unda veZebdeT. mTavari aq is aris, rom gaTvalvisgan<br />

daxsnis xerxi qristesgan modis, rac unda aZlierebdes<br />

Selocvis qmediTobis avtoritets.<br />

mrCevelis rolSi zogan miqel-gabrieli gamodis, rac<br />

kidev ufro aaxloebs teqsts pirvelwyarosTan (gabrielia<br />

is mTavarangelozi, romelmac axara mariams RvTis Zis mucladReba).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, am tipis Selocva, sadac mariamia mTavari<br />

personaJi, Tavidan bolomde – preambulidan (`saxeliTa<br />

RvTiTa...~) dawyebuli SedegiT (`wminda giorgis lax-

---

vari da bozali~) damTavrebuli – mTlianad qristianuli<br />

elementebiTa da realiebiT aris SeZerwili.<br />

zogan deda mariami oqros skamze zis an samoTxis karze,<br />

an gzajvaredinze da tiris, misi cremlebi margalitebia<br />

(`rasa yri cremlsa margalitisasa~), misi saqmianoba qsovaa<br />

– qalis saqmianobis Tavi da Tavi. is arTavda `qselsa<br />

Zoweulisasa, iSlida Tmasa broweulisasa~, an `samoselsa<br />

vqsovdi wiTlisasa, yviTlisasa~. rac Seexeba Tmis gaSlas,<br />

SeiZleba gavixsenoT ingilouri legenda wmida mariamze,<br />

romelic Svid weliwadSi erTxel gamodis gamoqvabulidan<br />

da misi pirveli moqmedeba is aris, rom oqros savarcxliT<br />

Tmas ivarcxnis. qselis qsova (Tu qselva) da Tmis varcxna,<br />

rogorc qaluri aqtebi, damaxasiaTebelia xalxuri deda<br />

mariamisTvis. Tumca, rogorc gabriel episkoposs (qiqo-<br />

Zes) qadagebaSi uTqvams, romeliRac Zvel eklesiaSi arsebula<br />

RvTismSoblis freska, sadac deda mariami TiTistariT<br />

arTavs matylis Zafs (cnoba momyavs ilia WavWavaZis<br />

sityvidan, romelic man warmoTqva gelaTSi gabriel episkoposis<br />

dabadebis dRes [WavWavaZe 1987: 421). mariami, rogorc<br />

qslis mbeWavi an, Tundac mqsoveli, apokrifulia. mariams<br />

xelSi TiTistari sWeria, roca mTavarangelozi gabrieli<br />

gamoecxada. gadmocemiT, am qselisgan moqsova man<br />

ukerveli kvarTi uflisa. boroti Zala Slis mis naqsovs<br />

da navarcxns.<br />

SeniSvna. `mrTveli RvTismSoblis~ saxe niSandoblivia rusuli<br />

SelocvebisTvis: igi oqros TiTistariT arTavs Zafs, rasac samkurnalo<br />

SelocvebSi sisxlis Semdedebeli – “Ïðåñâÿòàÿ ìàòü áóãîðîäèöà<br />

íà çàëàòóþ ïðÿñëèöó ïðÿëà, íèòêó àòàðâàëà, êðîó çàâèçàëà”, xolo samonadiroSi<br />

mxecebis damWeri Zala aqvs: “...à ïðÿäåò íèòè ... íà áåëûõ çâåðåé, íà<br />

áåëûõ çàéöåâ, íà êðàñíûõ ëèñèö...” [petrovi: 105].<br />

Selocvis teqsti iZleva deda mariamis portretsac:<br />

`Tvalni mesxa giSrisa, kbili – margalitisa~, rasac ziani<br />

adgeba kvlav Surismgebeli uria xeTelisgan: `Semoeswro<br />

qeTela uriam, seli Cauwyvita Zoweulisa, Tvalebi daayrevina<br />

giSrisa, kbili – margalitisa~.<br />

mis aqsesuarebad gamoCndeba: oqros skamze mjdar mariams<br />

win `edga Wiqa minisa, Sig edga wyali vardisa~, rasac<br />

aseve ziani miadgeba borotisgan. Selocvis teqsti imeds<br />

223

---

224<br />

iZleva: `gagemarTeba qseli Zoweulisani, Tmani broweulisani,<br />

wyali vardisani~, rac, Tavis mxriv, zianis (kerZod,<br />

gaTvalvis) moxsnis garantiaa. Tumca SevxvdebiT Selocvas,<br />

sadac RvTismSobeli misTvis uCveulo qmedebis avtoria:<br />

`Camaiara qristes dedam mariamma,<br />

Camamiglija qseli Zoweuli,<br />

koka wamiqcia vercxlis wyliani~<br />

[SioSvili: 45].<br />

magram, ZiriTadad, deda mariami vnebulia, mas Semwe esa-<br />

Wiroeba da isic gamoCndeba – es ieso qristea.<br />

`modioda qriste RmerTi, ijda kviczed uxednarzed.<br />

gedixeda qveda qveyanaze:<br />

– neta rasi zivilia, neta rasi kivilia?<br />

aravin atirebdes qvrivsao,<br />

arc aravin iklebdes obols mwirsao.<br />

– ara, mama, Ze da sulo wmindao,<br />

arc aravin atirebs qvrivsao,<br />

arc aravin iklebs obols mwirsao.<br />

deda mariams Wvali asvia,<br />

misi zivilia, misi kivilia.<br />

– TviT mosruli kanafi gadagrixe, gadmogrixe,<br />

gadaacvi maxaTsa, is gauqrobs Wvalsa~<br />

[SioSvili: 85].<br />

qriste, CoCorze amxedrebuli, Sedis ierusalimSi, sadac<br />

mefis pativs miageben mas. `da mohguares viri da kicvi<br />

mis Tana da daasxes mas zeda samoseli da dajda mas zeda~ (m.<br />

21: 7). da am SelocvaSi qriste namdvilad mefurad iqceva:<br />

obolTa da qvriv-oxerTa gankiTxva amqveynad mefobis daarsebidanve<br />

mefeTa wesia, maTi upirvelesi movaleobaa socialur<br />

sferoSi. xamurabis kanonebis epilogSi es sagangebod<br />

aris aRniSnuli: `Zlierisgan sustis ardasaCagravad,<br />

oblisa da qvrivisTvis samarTlis misacemad babilon-<br />

Si... Cemi Zvirfasi sityvebi qvaze davwere da Cemi qandakis<br />

win, romel ars mefe simarTlisa, davdgi~ [xamurabi: 49). Tu

---

`qveda qveyanaze~ socialurad yvelaferi wesrigSia, mariams,<br />

romelic mTeli xalxis gansaxierebaa, sneuleba – am<br />

SemTxvevaSi arcTu mZime, Wvali – awuxebs, da qristesac moaqvs<br />

wamlis saidumlo. Selocvas araferi esaqmeba socialur<br />

problemebTan, igi mxolod adamianis janmrTelobiT<br />

aris dakavebuli.<br />

dialogi, romelic Sexvedras mosdevs, arsebiTia SelocvaTa<br />

umravlesobisTvis, sadac ki personaJebi, rogorc<br />

wesi, qristianuli samyarodan, monawileoben. dialoguroba<br />

Selocvis optimaluri formaa, romlis saSualebiTac<br />

gamoiZieba sneulebis gamomwvevi mizezi Tu wamali.<br />

`ijda mariami, tiroda cxare cremliTa.<br />

gadma¡xeda ufalma da hkiTxa:<br />

– raTa tiri, mariam cxare cremliTa?<br />

– masa vtiri, da¡dgomia adamis Zesa mWvali,<br />

awuxebs da aRonebs. ra aris amis wamali?<br />

– is aris magis wamali:<br />

gadaxti Cemsa baRCasa, Caikref kanafsa.<br />

Saabam wiTel bawarsa, gada¡deb mxar-iRliasa.<br />

a¡yris Wvalsa, Ca¡yris zRvasa~<br />

[SioSvili: 80].<br />

aq pasuxisgamcemi anu mcodne wamlisa qristea. sxvagan<br />

SeiZleba deda mariami iyos:<br />

`saxelo saxeliTa, samjer saxelo RvTisao.<br />

ivane da burbuSela kalozeda burTaobdnen.<br />

axta burTi, TvalSi eca,<br />

Tvali sisxlad gadaeqca.<br />

hkiTxes deda mariamsa:<br />

– ra aris amis wamali?<br />

– samjer gadahkravs laxvis nemssa.<br />

Seugdebs zemo niavsa, gaatans qvemo niavsa...~<br />

[SioSvili: 95].<br />

zogierTi Selocvis mixedviT, wamali arc qristem da<br />

arc mariamma ar icis. qriste Tavad aris dazaralebuli da<br />

deda mariami eZebs misTvis wamals. wamali aRmoCndeba, magram<br />

mis ganmacxadebels Selocva ar asaxelebs.<br />

225

---

226<br />

`– mariav, ras tiri, ras Civi, ras godgodeb?<br />

– ravar ar vtiri, ravar ar vCivi, ravar ar vgodgodeb?<br />

Cemi Svili uries qorwilze wolia,<br />

TvalSi burTi moxdenia, Tvali atkenia.<br />

– imis wamali: foladi lemsi, yirmiza Zafi,<br />

ahkide Tavsa, uSvelis Tvalsa~<br />

[SioSvili: 96].<br />

Selocvis miznisTvis Sors wasula Semlocveli fantazia,<br />

Tuki am `uries qorwilSi~ ioanes saxarebis kanas qorwili<br />

igulisxmeba, sadac iesom, deda mariamTan erTad stumrebulma,<br />

wylis Rvinod gardaqmnis saswauli moaxdina (i. 2:<br />

1-11). qorwili, misi pirveli saswaulis adgili, misi Tvalis<br />

dazianebis adgilad gardaiqmna. xSirad qristes cvlis<br />

miqel-gabrieli, romelic bevr SelocvaSi sxvadasxva senis<br />

gamomwvevTa antagonistia:<br />

`... movida miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi.<br />

– ras stiri, deda mariam, an ras Civi,<br />

an rasa yri Tvalidan cremlsa?..~<br />

– nu tiri, deda mariamo, nu Jivi,<br />

nurca yri Tvalidan cremlsa!<br />

davkrav Tvalsa Cemsa laxvarsa,<br />

gavaronieb dedomiwasa...~<br />

[SioSvili: 52]<br />

miqel-mTavarangelozi wmida samebis ZaliT ukan axevinebs<br />

sens:<br />

`saymawvilo modioda, moanTebda cecxliviT,<br />

mopetelobda TikaniviT, moWyviroda goWiviT.<br />

Sexvda miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi:<br />

– sad midixar, saymawvilo?<br />

– ager mival ToTo bovSvTan Zvalis saxravad,<br />

rbilis saWmelad, sisxlis saTqvefad.<br />

– ar gagiSva ToTo bovSvTan mama-Zem da suli wmindam<br />

Zvalis saxravad, rbilis saWmelad, sisxlis saTqvefad!~<br />

[SioSvili: 63].<br />

miqel-gabrieli xSiri antagonistia, gansakuTrebiT<br />

saymawvilosi (saymawvilo senis), SeSinebulis, uJmuris. is

---

meoxebas uwevs mtirals da zianis msxverpls deda mariams,<br />

magram Segvxvdeba Selocva, sadac Tavad deda mariami gvevlineba,<br />

gaugebari mizeziT, snebis (saymawvilos) gamomwvevad,<br />

xolo miqel gabrieli tradiciul antagonistad.<br />

`... ijda mariami karsa ierusalimisasa.<br />

Semoeyara miqel-gabrieli Tavarangelozi:<br />

– sad mixval, sad migixaria?<br />

– mival vaJis, qalis, ymawvilis saWiateblad, saqToblobad.<br />

gouwyra miqel-gabrielma:<br />

– nu iq, sulo ukeTuro,<br />

nurca svam sisxlsa ymawvilisasa da a.S.<br />

[SioSvili: 65].<br />

aseve SevxvdebiT Selocvas, sadac naTqvamia:<br />

`Camaiara qristes dedam mariamma,<br />

Camamiglija qseli Zoweuli,<br />

koka wamiqcia vercxlis wyliani~<br />

[SioSvili: 45].<br />

aseve petresa da pavles, da iakobsac vixilavT negatiur<br />

rolSi, aseve auxsneli motiviT. ram gamoiwvia maTi amgvari<br />

gardasaxva, Zneli asaxsnelia.<br />

`petre, pavle da iakob sauJmurod modiodnen~<br />

[SioSvili: 26].<br />

mociqulebi petre da pavle sagmiro eposis persona-<br />

JebTan – rostomTan da tarielTan arian Sewyvilebulni,<br />

maTi antagonisti ki wmida estatea:<br />

`modiodes petre da pavle, rostom da tariel<br />

aruxiTa da maruxiTa.<br />

win daxda wminda estate samocdasamis TaviTa.<br />

– sad mixolT, Savno Zmano, Tqveni Savi ZaRlebiTa?<br />

– xevs mivalT sasmelada, saWmelada,<br />

balRis SesaRoneblada, patronis dasaZmareblada.<br />

– girCevT, dabrundeT, Savno Zmano, Tqvenis Savis ZaRlebiTa!<br />

– ar iqneba gabruneba, gzasa mivdivarT, gzasa ialTa.<br />

227

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228<br />

– gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi Roris RrutuniTa,<br />

gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi katis bRaviliTa,<br />

gamodiT, Tu gamoxolT Savi lekvis yefiTao!<br />

– gamovalT, wminda estateo, samocdasami Tavisa!...<br />

[SioSvili: 30-1].<br />

rostomsa da tarielTan petresa da pavles dawyvileba<br />

am ukanasknelTa profanaciis da ufro metisac – gauwmidurebis<br />

niSania. magram aq vawydebiT paganizaciis ukidures<br />

zRvars, roca sikeTe borotebad, siwmide uwmidurebad<br />

gardaisaxeba. petre da pavle uJmuris araTu gamomwvevni<br />

arian, aramed Tavad ganasaxiereben uJmurs da `Semkulni~<br />

arian yvela im atributiT, rogorc isini xalxis<br />

warmodgenaSi Canan. siSave maTi feria da am feris usurmag<br />

cxovelTa saxes iReben.<br />

petresa da pavles zogjer gaugebari – arc pozitiuri,<br />

arc negatiuri – monawileoba aqvT sxvadasxva daniSnulebis<br />

SelocvebSi. erT Wvalis SelocvaSi mocemulia dialogi<br />

petresa da iordanes Soris, romelic cocxal arsebad<br />

aris gagebuli:<br />

`didi, didi, didebuli,<br />

saydari aSenebuli,<br />

lodi iyo midebuli.<br />

petre ijda qvasa,<br />

iordane – wyalsa<br />

petrem uTxra iordanes:<br />

– raT ara sWam pursa?<br />

– miT ara vWam pursa,<br />

Wvali masvia gulsa.<br />

ra aris misi wamali?<br />

– civi wyali, civi rkina,<br />

RvTiT amosuli kanafi<br />

gadaamcven mxarsa,<br />

is gaaqrobs mWvalsa!~<br />

[SioSvili: 84].<br />

ra saSeni masaliT aris agebuli es Selocva?<br />

vin aris es iordane? petre qvaa (berZn. petra) da amitomac<br />

is `ijda qvasa~, romelzedac eklesia daaSena qris-

---

tem – am motiviT iwyeba Selocvis teqsti. es `lodi iyo midebuli~,<br />

SesaZloa, qristes samarxis lods gulisxmobdes<br />

(SesaZloa, aq SemoWrili iyos aRdgomis epizodidan). vin<br />

aris iordane da ras unda niSnavdes petresa da misi saubari<br />

puris Wamis Sesaxeb? wyals (anu wyalze, wyalTan Tu<br />

wyalSi) mjdari iordane sxva vin unda iyos Tu ara ioane<br />

naTlismcemeli, romlis pirveli gamoCena mdinare iordanesTan<br />

aris dakavSirebuli? uJmuris locvaSi zianis<br />

msxverpli ioardanes monaTlulad aris moxsenebuli: `Sen,<br />

eSmako, deexseni, ar ari Sensa nebasa! iordanes naTlulia,<br />

naTliRebas daswrebia~ [SioSvili: 26]. sxvagan, SeSinebulis<br />

SelocvaSi, srulad da garkveviTaa (kanonikurad): `qriste<br />

Cvenia, qristesi Cvena varT. naTlismcemlis monaTvlasa,<br />

naTelRebas davswrebivarT~ [SioSvili: 13].<br />

ras niSnavs SekiTxva `raT ara sWam pursa~? unda gavixsenoT<br />

saxarebaSi naTqvami, rom `movida iovane, arca Wamda,<br />

arca sumida...~ (maT. 11: 18), magram sxva sakiTxia, ra niSniT<br />

Tu sazrisiT ukavSirdeba puris uWmeloba `mWvals~.<br />

hermenevtika aq uZluria. nebismieri realia SeiZleba iqnes<br />

SelocvaSi gamoyenebuli da iq mas Tavisi sazrisi eni-<br />

Weba. SeSinebulis SelocvaSi Tavad petre-pavlea kiTxuli:<br />

`petre-pavle pursa sWamdes iordanes yanazeda. – petre,<br />

rad ara sWam pursao?..~ petre da pavle Wamen purs da<br />

mainc ekiTxebian, ratom ar WamTo? iqneb unda ekiTxaT, ratom<br />

WamTo, rogorc maTes saxareba mogviTxrobs:<br />

`mas Jamsa warvidoda iesu dResa SabaTsa yanobirsa<br />

maTsa. xolo mowafeTa SeemSia da iwyes musrvad Tavsa £uvilisasa<br />

da Wamad. xolo farisevelTa maT ixiles ra¡,<br />

hrques mas: aha mowafeni Senni iqman, romeli ara jer-ars<br />

SabaTsa Sina saqmed~<br />

(maT. 12: 1-2).<br />

SabaTs ikrZaleba ara Wama, aramed saWmlis mopoveba. Selocvas<br />

es adgili SeeZlo Taviseburad gaego: petrepavles,<br />

moSiebul mociqulebs, ekrZalebaT `iordanes yanaze~<br />

Wama. iordanes yana, rogorc tabuirebuli, rogorc<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi ityvian, kvrivi adgili,<br />

imdenadvea Semlocvelis fantaziis nayofi, ramdenadac<br />

is xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenis realobas emyareba.<br />

229

---

230<br />

sxvadasxvagan `iordanes yanaze~-s enacvleba `wyalsa iordanisasa~,<br />

`karsa iordanisa~...<br />

saxarebiseuli epizodis radikaluri transformaciis<br />

nimuSad unda miviCnioT qananeli qalis demonur arsebad<br />

gardaqmnili saxe saymawvilos erT-erT SelocvaSi:<br />

`modioda qali qananeli.<br />

mozuoda qariviTa,<br />

gadudga deda mariam:<br />

– sad mixval, qalo, qananelo?<br />

– viyavi zRvasa, ar damitia zRvama,<br />

mivdivar asotanSia sisxlis sasmelad,<br />

xorcis saWmelad, ded-mamis sawruwuneblaTa..~.<br />

[SioSvili: 64].<br />

Selocvas mosdevs wamlis `receptis~ gamJRavneba. dasawyisi<br />

tipuria: sneuleba dadis dasaxuli misamarTiT, rogorc<br />

sxva SelocvebSi vxvdebiT. magram vin aris `qali qananeli~?<br />

maTes saxarebaSi aseTi epizodia gadmocemuli:<br />

`da aha esera dedakaci qananeli sazRvarTa maTgan gamovida,<br />

RaRadebda da ityoda: Semiwyale me, ufalo, Zeo davi-<br />

Tiso, rameTu asuli Cemi borotad eSmakeul ars~ (maT. 15: 22). da<br />

qristem gankurna misi asuli. cxadia, Selocvis `qali qananeli~<br />

am epizodidan iRebs saTaves, magram, rogorc vxedavT,<br />

SelocvaSi yvelaferi ukuRmaa warmodgenili. ar<br />

aris SemTxveviTi dedakacis Secvla qaliT: SelocvisTvis<br />

arsebiTia aliteracia – qali qananeli, rac kidev ufro gaZlierebulia<br />

sintagmiT `mozuoda qariviTa~, Tumca qari,<br />

Tu saymawvilos Selocvebs gadavxedavT, arcTu SemTxveviTia<br />

saymawvilosTvis: es aris `wiTeli qari~, `pirwklis<br />

(var. pilwis) qari~, `barbawis qari~, `sarsalobda qarivi-<br />

Ta~... Tumca qali qananeli SeiZleba Tavad iyos sneulis arqetipi:<br />

`qali viyav qananeli, TvalebiTa wirpliani, muxlebiTa<br />

nisliani...~<br />

[mosuliSvili: 163].<br />

mogvyavs qristianul saxelTa da abrakadabras SeTavsebis<br />

nimuSi:

---

`saxeliTa xvTisaTa, mamisa da ZisaTa da sulisa wmindisaTa.<br />

edenienTa RaiRe SamaTe edenia iavi egramaTe<br />

egresem iosi erivane da iona iosave.<br />

amiTa saxeliTa Seikra piri devTa,<br />

qajTa da gvelTa da yovelTa saCinoTa da uCinoTa mavnebelTa.<br />

ieso qriste, Zeo da sityvao RvTisao cxovelisao,<br />

ixseni yovelive Wirisagan da yovlisa saeSmakosagan<br />

da yovelisa crusa mavnisa da sacTurisagan mona ese RvTisa~<br />

[SioSvili: 199-200].<br />

kontrasti aSkaraa: teqsti ori gansxvavebuli warmo-<br />

Sobis nawilisgan Sedgeba: erTs asazrdoebs qristianuli<br />

rwmena, meore sityvis magiazea dafuZnebuli. struqturulad<br />

magiuri Sre qristianul formulebs Soris aris moqceuli:<br />

iwyeba universaluri formuliT `saxeliTa...~ mas<br />

mosdevs (Selocvis obieqtTa – avsulTa dasaxelebis Semdeg)<br />

abrakadabra `edenienTa...~ da mTavrdeba qristes mimarT<br />

locviT. zogi Selocvis (saymawvilosi da munisa) siuJeti<br />

agebulia qristesTvis sruliad SeuTavsebel qmedebaze:<br />

`qristem dakla TeTri furi,<br />

man awvia yovli suli.<br />

satkburma uTxra: – me rad ar mawvie?<br />

– Sen mad ar gawvie, Sexval ymawvilis tanSi,<br />

wiwkni, glejav, qavlav, worblav!<br />

– ara, Ze da mama, sulo wmindav,<br />

arca vwiwkni, arca vqavli,<br />

avyvavdebi atmis yvaviliviT,<br />

Camovcvindebi qondris yvaviliviT.<br />

RmerTo mouxdine locva Cemi!~<br />

[SioSvili: 70].<br />

SeniSvna. `satkburi~ kanis daavadebaa, `ganrTxmuli muwuki~ (saba).<br />

igi SelocvaSi ganpirovnebulia, CaTvlilia sulierTa (`yovli<br />

suli~) ricxvSi.<br />

qriste ixdis saRmrTos TeTri furis dakvliT da, rogorc<br />

samyaros ufali, universaluri RmerTi, iwvevs yvelas,<br />

garda satkburisa (an mRerisa), romlis mimarT mas pre-<br />

231

---

232<br />

tenzia aqvs. pretenzia aaSkaravebs sneulebis etiologias<br />

da satkburic Tanaxmaa, ar Sevides Rrmad adamianis organizmSi<br />

– mxolod ayvavdes yvaviliviT da daWknes yvavil-<br />

Ta wesiT. satkburi uars ambobs Tavis gamanadgurebel Zalaze,<br />

oRond saRvTo lxins ar moakldes! qriste sabolood<br />

Seirigebs mas: satkburi wmida samebis saxeliT debs<br />

fics.<br />

nadirobis Tema sakmaod mkvidrad aris warmodgenili<br />

SelocvebSi. Selocvis epikuri, rogorc uwodeben, nawili<br />

sanadirod gasvliT iwyeba. sanadirod gamsvleli zogjer<br />

pirveli piria: `avdeq dilaze, Cevcvi Txilamurebi, wavel<br />

sanadiroT, nadiri veZebe, ver viSue~. sanadirod gadian<br />

samni Zmani, usaxeloni: `samni Zmani viyaviT, gvqonda<br />

samebis Zala, davdiodiT mTaSia, daveZebdiT nadirsa. ver<br />

vipoveT nadiri, vpoveT SeSinebuli...~ [SioSvili: 17]. xSirad<br />

sami Zma saxeldebiT arian CamoTvlilni – irosi, mirosi<br />

da kvirosani: irox, marox da kvirstine; keroz, kuroz,<br />

kerastine; erevezi, kerevezi, miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi<br />

– es ukanaskneli, cxadia, riTmisTvis aris moxmobili.<br />

sxva axsna amgvar saxelTa Tavmoyras ar eZebneba. ra<br />

warmoSoba aqvT am saxelebs, gaurkvevelia.<br />

sanadirod gamsvlelebad maxareblebsac SevxvdebiT:<br />

`Cven samni Zmani viyveniTa:<br />

maTe, ivane, markozi.<br />

wavediT nadirobad, vinadireT.<br />

zRvas iqiT gadviyareniT,<br />

zRvas aqeT gadmoviyareniT...~<br />

[mosuliSvili: 98]<br />

TiTqos maTi sanadirod gasvla, raki zRvaa naxsenebi,<br />

maTi mebadurobis reminiscenciaa (maxareblebi galileis<br />

zRvaze mebadurobdnen qristes TanxlebiT), Tumca Selocvis<br />

maxareblebi mTaSic nadiroben:<br />

`Cven viyveniT samni Zmani:<br />

maTe, markoz da ivane.<br />

mTas wavediT sanadiroT,<br />

kvali ver vipovneT nadirisa,<br />

kvali vipovneT qalisa.

---

qalsa qajaveTisasa<br />

maxe davudgiT, Siga gavabiT...~<br />

[mosuliSvili: 122]<br />

nadirobaSi Selocvis epikur personaJebs, rogorc wesi,<br />

xeli ecarebaT, samagierod isini sneulebis gamomwvevs<br />

moinadireben: `kvali vera vpove nadirisa, vpove ukeTurisa...~;<br />

`haide, wevdeT sanadiroT! gedevxede, ver viSove nadiri.<br />

kbildaxCenili samartvilo (saymawvilo) modioda...~;<br />

`vera vpoveT kvali nadirisa, vpoveT kvali alisa da eSmakisa...~.<br />

Tumca nadiroba ar aris specifikuri Selocvebis-<br />

Tvis. mas SevxvdebiT epikuri Txrobis eqspoziciaSi: nadirobiT<br />

iwyeba `vefxistyaosani~, `amirandarejaniani~, `sibrZne<br />

sicruisa~. nadirobas gamoucnob samyaroSi Sehyavs<br />

adamiani; amirani da misi Zmebi (Selocvis samni Zmani monadireni!)<br />

dakargaven oqrosrqiani irmis kvals, samagierod<br />

camcumis saidumlo koSks waawydebian. monadire sxva samyaros<br />

mimkvlevia, sadac sxva saidumloebaTa garda sneulebaTa<br />

mizezebi ipoveba. Selocvebis monadire Samans mogvagonebs,<br />

romelic eZebs sneulis suls an devnis avsulebs<br />

SelocvebiT – is Selocvis personaJic aris da warmom-<br />

Tqmelic. Tuki arsebobs raime msgavseba am tipis (`samonadireo~)<br />

Selocvis Sinaarssa da Samanis mkurnalobis me-<br />

Tods Soris, es mxolod tipologiuri iqneba, ara geneturi<br />

(Cveni Selocvebi da Samanoba arsebiTad sxvadasxva kulturebs<br />

ekuTvnian).<br />

SelocvebisTvis, rogorc iracionaluri teqstisTvis,<br />

damaxasiaTebelia SeuZleblobis an absurdis Semcveli siuJetebi,<br />

romlebsac damoukidebeli Janrobrivi arseboba<br />

aqvT. aseTebia mTlianad naRrZobis Selocvebi:<br />

`ucxo mindorSi ucxo xe idga,<br />

ucxo frinvels zed bude edga.<br />

evedi ufexod, deviWire uxelod,<br />

Camoviyvane ufexod, davkali udanod,<br />

Sevwvi ucecxlod, SevWame upirod.<br />

gorebuli gordebodes,<br />

naRrZobi ki mTeldebodes!~<br />

[SioSvili: 145]<br />

233

---

234<br />

`wylis pirs idga ori xe, ufesuri, uZiro.<br />

zed ijda ori tredi, ufrToni uxToni.<br />

zed eveli uxelo, Zirs Camevel ufexo.<br />

davkali udanod, Sevwvi ucecxlod.<br />

adam deeca, sisxlma Ceeqca.<br />

damcemels etkina, amdgomels eSvela~<br />

[mosuliSvili: 146].<br />

Selocva situaciis SeuZleblobas sneulebis gagrZelebis<br />

SeuZleblobasTan akavSirebs:<br />

`eli elavda, zRva SoSinobda,<br />

zRvisa pirasa wiTeli xucesi iyo,<br />

eba wiTeli xarebi, xnemda da Tesamda.<br />

– wiTelo xuceso, vin geigona zRva xnuli, qviSa Tesuli,<br />

damwvari mesame dRes iqiT gaZnelebulio?~<br />

[SioSvili: 104]<br />

an aseTi daboloebiT:<br />

`xuceso, rasa xnam da rasa sTesam?<br />

– kldesa da qvas vTesam.<br />

damwvaro, ise Sen ixare,<br />

rogorc kldeSi qviSam ixaros!~<br />

[SioSvili: 103].<br />

garda universaluri yoveli saqmianobis damwyebi formulisa<br />

(`saxeliTa...~), SelocvebSi vxvdebiT:<br />

`Sen qristesi xar, qriste Senia, qristes beWdiT dabeWdili<br />

xar. mama gacvia, da Ze gartyia da suli wminda gars<br />

gaxvevia~, `mama acvia, Ze artyia, suliwminda gars avlia.<br />

oTxi Tavi saxareba oTxiv kuTxes usvenia – maTe, markoz,<br />

luka da ivane~, `ezos – jvari, kars – beWedi! Sen da¡were<br />

Seni jvari! cda Cemi, neba RvTisa~, `gwyalobdes wminda giorgi,<br />

jvari patiosani~, `samni Zmani viyaviT, gvqonda samebis<br />

Zala~, `aruli kudiansa, jvari aqaurobas!~, `ierusalems<br />

wirva iyo~, `es adgili wminda aris, wminda aris, RvTisa<br />

aris~, `RmerTi cixea, Siga zRudea, Sig arian mTavarangelozebi~,<br />

`karvis pirs dgas eklesia~, `RmerTo, Sen daswere<br />

Seni wyalobis jvari!~, `jvars daviWer jvariTa, elusamlis<br />

(ierusalimis) ZaliTa~, meti avtoritetisTvis Semlocve-

---

li Selocvas RvTismSobels miawers: `es locva gana Cemi<br />

mogonilia, RvTis dedis mariamis mogonilia~, `zecis kvris<br />

xma mesma, angelozi locvad dadga~, `qriste SabrZanda marjvena<br />

mxarsa~ (mamis marjveniT) da sxva.<br />

qristianuli teqstebidan wamoRebuli es `inkrustaciebi~<br />

ar aris SemTxveviTi. Selocvebi qristianul wreSia<br />

Seqmnili da qristianuli rwmenis avtoritetiT aris gamagrebuli.<br />

magram es qristianoba paganizebulia. sxvanairad<br />

arc SeiZleba iyos. xalxSi potenciurad arsebobs warmar-<br />

Tuli stiqia da is yovel xelsayrel situaciaSi Tavs iCens.<br />

literatura<br />

mosuliSvili: gveli movkal uflisaTvis, <strong>qarTuli</strong> Selocvebi,<br />

wignTa da xelnawerTagan gamokriba<br />

mixo mosuliSvilma [foliantini,<br />

1991].<br />

petrovi: Ïåòðîâ Â. Í. Çàãîâîðû (Èç èñòîðèè ðóññêîé ñîâåòñêîé<br />

ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè, Ë., «Íàóêà», 1981).<br />

SioSvili: SioSvili T. <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri Selocvebi, krebuli<br />

Seadgina T. SioSvilma, baTumi,<br />

1994.<br />

WavWavaZe 1987: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa krebuli, t. IV,<br />

1987.<br />

xamurabi: xamurabis kanonebi, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1988,<br />

235

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236<br />

Sromis poezia<br />

ra aris Sroma, Tu mas mxolod ekonomikuri kuTxiT SevxedavT,<br />

rogorc mxolod aucilebeli saarsebo sazrdos<br />

mopovebis iZulebiT saqmianobas? Tu Sroma adamianis bunebrivi<br />

moTxovnilebaa, romlis gareSe is adamiani ar aris?<br />

moaruli azria: Sromam Seqmna adamiani. Tu asea, vin unda<br />

yofiliyo is Tavdapirveli arseba, romlisganac homo faber-i warmoiSva,<br />

an ram aiZula es arseba `iaraRis mkeTebeli~ gamxdariyo?<br />

saidan modis Sromis unari – gamocdilebam Ses-<br />

Zina Tu Tandayolili iyo? ra iyo iseTi am homo-Si, ramac<br />

ase fundamenturad ganasxvava igi danarCen cocxal qmnilebaTagan?<br />

Sromis instinqti? Taxvic Sromobs da gansacvifrebelia<br />

misi Sromis nayofi. magram mas instinqti aSromebs.<br />

swored rom aSromebs. adamianis Sroma ki gaazrebuli<br />

qmedebaa, iaraRis keTebidan dawyebuli am iaraRis gamoyenebiT<br />

damTavrebuli. mas ar aSromeben– is Sromobs.<br />

da am SromaSi igi acxadebs Tavs, rogorc Tavisufali nebis<br />

mqone arseba. Sroma adamianis moTxovnilebaa, janmrTeli,<br />

saRi adamianis fundamenturi moTxovnileba, romlis<br />

saSualebiTac is axdens am specifikurad kacobrivi<br />

unaris realizacias. amitomac ewodeba miwaze Sromis Sedegs<br />

ga-kac-riel-eba da uSromel, Sromisgan mitovebul<br />

miwas – u-kac-rieli. adamians SeuZlia iSromos – magram es<br />

SeuZlia ar aris misTvis fataluri: mas aseve SeuZlia ar<br />

iSromos, magram darCes adamianad, mainc ekuTvnodes homo<br />

faberis modgmas. xolo Taxvs ar SeuZlia ar Sromobdes:<br />

ar agebdes wylisqveSa darbazebs. Tu is amas ar ake-<br />

Tebs, igi aRar aris Taxvi, aRar ekuTvnis Taxvis modgmas.<br />

Taxvi ver ityvis uars Tavis Taxvobaze, mas ara aqvs imis<br />

sawinaaRmdego neba, rac am arsebis Taxvobas qmnis.<br />

Sromis unari Cadebulia adamianis gvarSi, rogorc is<br />

Cadebulia Taxvis gvarSi, magram Taxvisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

adamianis (adamianuri) Sroma nebelobiTi aqtia, Taxvisa ki<br />

iZulebiTi. nebelobiTobidan gamomdinare, adamianuri<br />

Sroma SemoqmedebiTia, Semoqmedebaa, romelsac adamiani<br />

yvela safexurze avlens met-naklebad, TviT monuri Sromidan<br />

dawyebuli da Tavisufali SromiT damTavrebuli.<br />

magram Sroma fizikuri aqtia, is qancavs sxeuls. Tavad<br />

`Sroma~ sityvis semantika fizikuri daqanculobis gamom-

---

xatvelia: daSvroma, maSvrali... is autaneli iqneboda, rom<br />

mas ar axldes arafizikuri niSani – ritmi. da Tu ram instinqturi<br />

arsebobs am sferoSi, es aris ritmuloba, rac<br />

cxovelsac axasiaTebs, magram adamianis xelSi Semoqmedebad<br />

aris gardaqmnili. Sromac, amrigad, unda iqces Semoqmedebad,<br />

rom fizikurad asatani iyos.<br />

roca Sromaze, Sromis poeziaze vlaparakobT, Cven vi-<br />

RebT Sromas rogorc fsiqologiur, ise zneobriv, egzistencialur<br />

da SemoqmedebiT ganzomilebebSi.<br />

vayenebT problemas: marTalia, Sromis mizani saarsebo<br />

produqtis Seqmnaa, magram is ar aris fatalurad dabmuli<br />

arsebobisTvis brZolaze, ar aris imdenad damiwebuli,<br />

rom adgili ar rCebodes imisTvis, risTvisac is SeiZleba<br />

iyos saSualeba, romliTac adamiani ikmayofilebs Tavis<br />

arsebiT moTxovnilebas, rac SemoqmedebiT wyurvilSi<br />

mdgomareobs.<br />

Semodis aseTi Tema – Sroma da ritmi. es aris karl biuxeris<br />

klasikuri wignis saTauri [biuxeri 1923], sadac pirvelad<br />

daukavSirda erTmaneTs Sromis poeziis genezisis<br />

asaxsnelad es ori gansxvavebuli warmoSobis fenomeni.<br />

Sroma – fizikuri procesi da ritmi, romelic fizikur<br />

Sromas Semoqmedebad aqcevs.<br />

unda iTqvas, rom bevri simRera, romelic Sromis sim-<br />

Rerebis JanrSia moqceuli, mkacrad Tu ganvsjiT, ar unda<br />

ekuTvnodes am Janrs. isini ufro drois gasayvanad, mosawyeni<br />

erTferovnebis dasaZlevad an, ubralod, fiqrT gasar-<br />

Tvelad imRereba SromiTi saqmianobis dros. Sromis sim-<br />

Rerad miCnevisTvis aseve ar gamodgeba argumentad misi,<br />

ase vTqvaT, `SromiTi~ Sinaarsi. namdvili Sromis simRera,<br />

Cveni azriT, is simReraa, romelic ritmulad asaxavs Sromis<br />

ama Tu im saxeobis process. Sromis simReris ritmi da<br />

taqti Sromis ritmiT da taqtiT unda iyos nakarnaxevi, metnaklebad<br />

misi adekvaturi unda iyos.<br />

Sromis procesSi ritms akustikuri gamoxatuleba aqvs.<br />

Sromis xasiaTi, romelic bunebrivad da aucileblobiT moiTxovs<br />

ritmul moqmedebebs, gamosavals aZlevs Sinagan<br />

ritms gamamxnevebeli Tu wamaqezebeli SeZaxilebiT. maTi<br />

ritmuloba, ritmuli Tanamimdevroba, Sromis poeziis winasaxea,<br />

romelic jer kidev ar aris poezia. rac ufro swrafia<br />

Sromis procesi, miT ufro mravlobs glosolaliebi<br />

237

---

238<br />

anu uSinaarso Zaxilebi. arc aris saWiro maTSi raime odes-<br />

Rac arsebuli da dResdReobiT dakarguli azris Zieba. es<br />

aris wmida ritmi, bgerobrivad gaformebuli. `hek-hok! heka-hoka!<br />

// hek-hok! heka-hoka!~ gaismis mkis dros. esec sakmarisi<br />

iqneboda fizikuri Sromis dasaZlevad, magram adamiani<br />

metyveli arsebaa da mas ar SeuZlia ar imetyvelos<br />

Tundac Sromis procesSi, radgan Sroma, rogorc gaazrebuli<br />

moqmedeba, gaazrebul sityvebsac moiTxovs. mkaSi<br />

mRerian:<br />

`namgalo, Cemo rkinao, gasWer, gamiZeR winao!<br />

hep-hop! hep-hop! eka-oka! eka-oka!<br />

avxe-avxe! avxe-avxe! biWo Cemi mkaca naxe!<br />

heepuna-hoopuna! eka-oka! eka-oka!“<br />

[akakis krebuli 1899: 35].<br />

rogorc vxedavT, aq ritms emateba riTma, rac imis ni-<br />

Sania, rom es leqs-simRera im epoqis Semoqmedebaa, roca<br />

riTmiani leqsi qarTul sinamdvileSi ukve Camoyalibebuli<br />

iyo.<br />

sityvierebis damoukidebel Janrad poeziis (ritmulriTmuli<br />

metyvelebis) Camoyalibebis epoqaSi saxes icvlis<br />

Sromis Tanmxlebi sityvieri struqtura. igi sasimRero poeziis<br />

saxes iRebs. babilonur teqstebSi dadasturebulia<br />

mosavlis simRera alalas saxelwodebiT. erT poemaSi gaubedurebuli<br />

kaci moTqvams, rom mtrebma misi yanebidan gandevnes<br />

alala [lamberti 1960: 36,101]. sxvagan naTqvamia, rom<br />

urartus mefem qveynis mitovebul yanebSi keTilxmovani<br />

alala amRera Tavis xalxs [sargoni 1912: str. 107]. Zvelma<br />

berZnulma literaturam Semoinaxa momkelTa, mlewavTa,<br />

mexelsafqvaveTa, yurZnis mwuravTa, matylis damrTvel-<br />

Ta, mqsovelTa, wylis mzidvelTa, Tokis mgrexelTa, mRebavTa,<br />

moyarauleTa, mwyemsTa da, warmoidgineT, meabanoeTa<br />

da sxvaTa da sxvaTa simRerebis fragmentebi an maTi<br />

ubralo xseneba. a. jambakur-orbeliani asaxelebs simRerebs,<br />

romlebsac asrulebdnen venaxSi, qvevris recxvisas, yur-<br />

Znis dawurvisas, saxlis Senebisas, miwis xvnisa da dafarcxvisas,<br />

yanis mkisa da namglis lesvisas, Znebis akrefisas,<br />

lewvisas, xvavis ganiavebisas da sxva [Ciqovani 1956: 112].<br />

k. biuxers wignSi `Sroma da ritmi~ mohyavs nasaus xalxuri<br />

leqsebis wignidan cnoba, rom germaniis am mxaris

---

glexebi usimRerod arc erT samuSaos ar asruleben. sim-<br />

Rera Tan axlavs mkas, lewvas, gogonebis mier tyeSi kenkris<br />

Segrovebas, nebismier samuSaos, romelsac qalebi an<br />

kacebi erTad asruleben, Taflis xarSva iqneba Tu cercvis<br />

CurCva, selis CeCva Tu matylis recxva, Tu cxvris parsva,<br />

romelSic mTeli sofeli iRebs monawileobas... soflad mudam<br />

gaismis ganuwyveteli mxiaruli simRerebi.<br />

aSkaraa da es yovelma adamianma, visac ki odesme fizikurad<br />

umuSavia, icis, rom simRera amsubuqebs Sromas, fizikur<br />

datvirTvas, TiTqmis SeumCnevels xdis mas da, rac<br />

mTavaria, aCqarebs Sromis process da zrdis mis nayofierebas.<br />

daCqareba zogjer ara mxolod ritmSia gamoxatuli,<br />

aramed sityvieradac aris gamoTqmuli:<br />

`aba, nado, mogvexmare!<br />

da mousviT Toxi Cqara,<br />

napirebi gavitanoT,<br />

Torem mzei gadiara~.<br />

arsebobs koleqtiuri Sroma da arsebobs individualuri<br />

Sroma. Sromis xasiaTis kvalobaze Sromis leqs-simRerebi<br />

ori saxisaa: a) gunduri anu koleqtiuri da b) individualuri.<br />

es aris Sromis poeziis uzogadesi klasifikacia.<br />

gunduri<br />

prioriteti am ori saxidan gundurs eniWeba. aq unda davinaxoT<br />

Sromis poezia Tavisi wmida saxiT. eseni ara mxolod<br />

leqsebia, romlebic Sromis process asaxaven, Sromaze<br />

laparakoben, aramed damakavSirebeli Zafi mSromelsa<br />

da im sivrces da im sagans Soris, sadac mimdinareobs Sroma<br />

da riskenac mimarTulia Zalisxmeva. gundur simReraTa<br />

umetesoba samiwaTmoqmedo xasiaTisaa, rac mowmobs imas,<br />

rom saqarTvelo imTaviTve agraruli qveyana iyo, rom misi<br />

prioriteti miwaTmoqmedebaa. rogorc amboben, qarTvelTa<br />

qveyanas swored amitom ewoda georgia da qarTvels<br />

– georgos.<br />

samiwaTmoqmedo samuSaoebi – xvna-TesviT dawyebuli<br />

da mosavlis aRebiT damTavrebuli – gansazRvravs Sromis<br />

leqs-simReraTa fondis Sedgenilobas. rogorc guTnis-<br />

239

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240<br />

deda miuZRvis win guTneuls, aseve guTnuri simRerebi miuZRvis<br />

win samiwaTmoqmedo Sromis leqs-simRerebs. guTnuris<br />

tradiciis Sesaxeb yvelaze Zvel cnobas `istoriaTa<br />

da azmaTa~ maRalfardovani teqsti gvawvdis: `yrmani memrowleni<br />

ganpebasa Sina ornatTasa Tamaris qebasa meleqseobdian~<br />

[qarTlis cxovreba II: 146]. ras gveubneba es cnoba?<br />

– rom xnulis (SesaZloa, igulisxmebodes pirveli xnuli)<br />

gatarebisas mexreebi Tamaris saxotbo leqsebs mRerodnen.<br />

unda vigulisxmoT, rom am absolutizmis xanaSi<br />

xalxuri guTnurebi `Tamarianis~ msgavsma ideologizebulma<br />

leqsebma Secvales. am cnobaSi xvna-Tesvis procesis<br />

gaxmianebis aucileblobac aris nagulisxmevi. gansxvavebiT<br />

Cveni epoqisgan, mdumared aravin xnavda da arc aravin<br />

Tesavda. simReras religiuri datvirTva hqonda SeZenili,<br />

rasac arcTu xelovnurad SeiZleboda Senacvleboda<br />

Tamaris, rogorc ara mxolod qveynis, aramed – rogorc<br />

mis Sesaxeb andrezebi mogviTxrobs – mTeli qvynierebis<br />

demiurgis da patronis qebani. Cven viciT, rom qebani sakmaod<br />

gavrcelebuli Janri iyo im xanis saqarTveloSi (gavixsenoT<br />

Tundac `vTqveni qebani visni me...~).<br />

Cven ar viciT guTnuris repertuari, ra leqs-simRerebs<br />

Seicavda igi Tamaris xanaSi an masze adreul epoqeb-<br />

Si, Tundac mas Semdeg, radgan rac Cven misi saxiT gvaqvs,<br />

XIX saukunes ar scildeba. ar gvgonia, rom saukuneTa man-<br />

Zilze guTneuls erTi da igive teqsti da sasimRero melodia<br />

gasdevda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Sromis poeziis daTariRebis<br />

mcdeloba, sanam avTenturi teqsti ar aRmoCenila,<br />

amao saqmea. istoriuli kataklizmebi exeboda ara mxolod<br />

socialur da ideologiur sferos xalxis cxovrebisa,<br />

aramed Rrmad iWreboda xalxis yofierebaSi, Tumca yvelaze<br />

konservatuli da tradiciuli es sferoa. SeiZleba<br />

vifiqroT, rom Tamaris qebani, erotizmiT ganiuansebuli<br />

(xvna-Tesvis arqauli poezia erotikulia Tavisi Sinagani<br />

sazrisiT), marTlac damkvidrebuliyo agrarul yofaSi<br />

garkveul xanamde, raTa momdevno epoqebSi morigi kataklizmebis<br />

kvaldakval axal-axali teqstebiT Secvliliyo.<br />

xolo dRemde rac SemogvrCa, Tumca SeuZlebelia misi TariRis<br />

da plastebis gansazRvra, sakmaod mravalferovania.<br />

guTnuri leqs-simRerebi <strong>qarTuli</strong> samiwaTmoqmedo poeziis<br />

wamyvani sferoa. yofaSi amas guTnisdedis didi av-

---

toriteti mowmobs, romelTanac ver midis verc mwyemsis,<br />

verc monadiris saxeli. qali, rogorc Suamdinareli qal-<br />

RmerTi inana, guTnisdedas irCevs Tavis nandaurad:<br />

`qalma Tqva: qmari ar minda, nu gamaTxueb dedao,<br />

nu mimcem mecxvare kacsa, Toro maizrobs fexsao.<br />

nurv mimcem monadiresa, gadmoardeba kldesao.<br />

Tu mimcem, iseTs kacs mimec, rom iyos guTnisdedao...~<br />

guTnuris specifika mis diferencirebul TematikaSi<br />

mdgomareobs. masSi asaxvas povebs guTneulis mTeli Semadgenloba.<br />

es aris: leqs-simRerebi a) Tavad guTnisdedaze,<br />

b) muSa-saqonelze – xar-kameCze, g) guTanze da mis<br />

nawilebze. vin arian maTi Semsrulebelni? eseni arian mexreebi,<br />

ara erTi da ori, aramed 4-5, romlebic praqtikulad<br />

axorcieleben guTnisdedis nebas – advili ar iyo aTi-<br />

Tormeti uReli xar-kameCis marTva ornatis gatanis dros,<br />

simRera exmareboda maT am saqmeSi: qeba guTnisdedisa, qeba<br />

da gamxneveba pirutyvisa da guTnis nawilebisa. muSaxeli<br />

(mexreebi), saxvneli iaraRi da gamwevi Zala modgamis saxelwodebiT<br />

urRvevi mTlianoba iyo, xolo guTnisdeda<br />

Sromis procesis winamZRoli da, albaT, Tavdapirvelad am<br />

procesis Tanmxlebi simReris wamomwyebi. mexreebs uTuod<br />

is aZlevda tons.<br />

`Sen Cemo guTnisdedao, xari gibia mtredao,<br />

mexreebs gamoarTmevdi, Seaxtebodi zedao,<br />

simRera kargi gcodnia, dasZaxdi zeda zedao~<br />

[qxp X: 62].<br />

mosimRere pirutyvs alaparakebs:<br />

`xari var, xarTan Semabi, xarulad gamawevine,<br />

SuaSi toli Camide, simarTliT gamawevine~<br />

[qxp X: 133].<br />

aq xari moiTxovs, uRelSi misi Tanabari Zalis pirutyvi<br />

Seuban, rom erTmaneTs ar CamorCen da ornati Tanabrad<br />

gaitanon. ise Zlieria zogierTi xari, rom kameCsac ki ubamen<br />

metoled. sxva simReraSi ki TiTqos mexre etoleba da<br />

verc etoleba kameCs:<br />

241

---

242<br />

`ho-tpu kameCo rqiano, Seni meuRle mqviano.<br />

me meuRlobas ver gizam, patara biWi mqviano~<br />

[qxp X: 150].<br />

xarebs gamxnevebac sWirdebaT, rom fexi ar aiTrion, da<br />

mexrec siyvaruliT, ara kicxviT da mkvaxe sityvebiT, mimarTavs<br />

mas:<br />

`gaswie, Cemo lekiav, ficxo da xalisiano,<br />

nurc Sen maiwyen, mindorav, guldinjo, imediano~<br />

[qxp X: 127].<br />

xari da guTani (xar-guTani) xom ganuyofelia, Tumca<br />

xaris Zalaa aq gadamwyveti, magram vinc am sityvebs warmoTqvams,<br />

aRtacebas ver malavs guTnis gamZleobiT gaocebuli.<br />

TiTqos guTani Tavisi ZaliT uZRodes win xarsa<br />

da mexres:<br />

`gamarjvebulma guTanma samocjer Semouara,<br />

neta ra xarma gauZlo, anda ra mexrem iara~<br />

[qxp X: 31].<br />

ar iqneba swori, Tu mxolod xvna-Tesvis realiebiT SemovfarglavT<br />

guTnur simRerebs. xSiria xvna-Tesvis dros<br />

sxva Janris poeturi nimuSebis Sesruleba, romelTac araviTari<br />

kavSiri ara aqvs arc sazogadod Sromis, miT naklebad<br />

xvna-Tesvis procesTan. SegveZlo xvnis dros mogvesmina<br />

`Tavfaravneli Wabuki~ leqsi an Tundac sagmiro leqsi.<br />

didi mindvrebis xvnisas, roca amoiwureba guTnuris repertuari,<br />

guneuli sxva Janris poezias daesesxeba. erTi<br />

Janridan meoreSi gadasvla arcTu uCveulo movlenaa qar-<br />

Tul folklorSi (sawesCveulebo ritualSic ki, roca ga-<br />

Wirdeba, iWreba saero xasiaTis leqsebi).<br />

ramdenadac guTnisdedis instituti aRmosavlur-qar-<br />

Tuli realiaa, guTnuri simRerebic mxolod am regionSia<br />

gavrcelebuli. dasavleT saqarTveloSi koleqtiuri Sromis<br />

es saxeoba ucnobia. samagierod dasavlur tradiciaSi<br />

myarad aris damkvidrebuli naduri koleqtiuri Sromis<br />

gansxvavebuli tipis nadis Tanmxlebi repertuari, romelic<br />

Tavis arqaulobas gabmuli usityvo SeZaxilebiT da

---

Taviseburi, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli melodiiT<br />

gvimowmebs. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dasavlur nads, rogorc<br />

SromaSi koleqtiuri daxmarebis saxes, mamiTadi Seesatyviseba,<br />

magram gansxvaveba TvalSi sacemia: mamiTadisgan<br />

gansxvavebiT nadi ritualizebulia Tavisi dasawyisiT<br />

(ymawvilis nadSi mipatiJeba mowifulobis niSnad) da dasasruliT<br />

(nadis bolos nadis patronis ezoSi ToxebiT xis<br />

moWra). naduri Sroma erTgvarad sanaxaobiTia, Tumca mayurebeli<br />

ar hyavs da misi mizani masSivea, ara mis gareT –<br />

sanaxaobisTvis. mas kanonikuri saxe aqvs: simRerebis Sesruleba<br />

damokidebulia dRis monakveTebze, samuSaos periodebze,<br />

dasawyissa da dasasrulze. repertuari sakmaod<br />

mdidaria, Seicavs oTxi Janris – sawesCveulebo, sagmiro<br />

(dadasturebulia teqstebi `amiranianidan“ da xalxuri<br />

`vefxistyaosnidan“), sayofacxovrebo da satrfialo –<br />

simRerebs. magram, rac mis specifikas Seadgens, es aris Sesrulebis<br />

manera: orad gayofili mSromelTa gundi monacvleobiT<br />

imeorebs SeZaxilebs, mere mTliani gundi erTsa<br />

da imave teqsts erTad warmoTqvams. aseTia guruli naduri,<br />

romelic sruldeba yanaSi muSaobis dros, iqneba es<br />

xvna-Tesva Tu margvla-Toxna (Romis Tu simindis). jgufebi<br />

erTmaneTs uxmoben, iwveven saSromad, amxneveben. raRac<br />

dionisuri moismis am samxmian SeZaxilebSi:<br />

I xma: hoaa, oaa, ioa, haa, hooa!<br />

II xma: o, io, io, io, io, io, io!<br />

III xma: io, ooooo, io, ooooo!<br />

meore jgufi amasve gasZaxebs da, bolos, mTeli gundi<br />

erTxmad daagugunebs sam xmaze:<br />

I xma: odilei, oida, odilei, oida!<br />

II xma: io, io, io, uo, io, uo!<br />

III xma: io, io, io, io, io, io!<br />

[oqroSiZe: 73].<br />

bolos, movusmonoT arqanjelo lambertis, XVII saukunis<br />

italiel misioners, romelic ori aTeuli weli cxovrobda<br />

samegreloSi da koleqtiuri Sromis yvelaze adreuli,<br />

rac ki mogvepoveba, aRwera dagvitova:<br />

243

---

244<br />

xelxvavi<br />

„...miwidan Tavs iCens Tu ara Romi, maSinve gamoToxna<br />

sWirdeba, radgan saqme saCqaroa da patroni Tavis kacebiT<br />

veRar ereva, mezoblebi unda moixmaros. vinc ukve<br />

dasTesa yana da Toxnas unda Seudges, iwvevs mosaxmareblad<br />

imaT, romelTac jer Toxnis dro ar dasdgomia. Tavis<br />

droze sxvebi amaT moexmarebian. radgan es didi Sroma<br />

saSinel sicxeSi unda aitanos kacma, mis gasaadvileblad<br />

iseTi xerxi mougoniaT, rom gegonebaT, mTeli sofeli<br />

qeifobso. am xerxs Seadgens sami rame: nadi, simRera<br />

da uxvi saWmeli, romelsac mamulis patroni iZleva. xSirad<br />

nadi Sedgeba ormocdaaTi da samoci Carazmul mToxnelisagan.<br />

im dros rom gaamxnevos igini, patronic TavSi<br />

Caudgeba ToxiT da Toxnis, rogorc danarCenebi. simRera,<br />

romelic mohyveba nads, gamougoniaT marto imitom<br />

ki ara, rom mxiaruli kreba gaamxnevos, aramed imisaTvisac,<br />

rom imaT Cqara imuSaon. amisaTvis sagangebo simRera<br />

aqvT, romlis xmaze Toxnasac ise awyoben, rogorc sakravze<br />

cekvas: ramdenadac simReras aaCqareben, imdenad<br />

Toxnasac aaCqareben. amisaTvis TavSi dadgeba ori mom-<br />

Rerali da iwyebs simReras. am meTaurebs erTi-orad eZleva<br />

ulufa imisaTvis, rom Toxna daaCqarebinos sxvebs.<br />

saWmeli sakmaod uxvi aqvT, radgan igia maTi Sromis er-<br />

TaderTi fasi. dRis ganmavlobaSi samjer miutanen saWmels<br />

yanaSi. daRamebisas ki patronis saxlSi umzadeben<br />

vaxSams, romelic metad uxvia. am dros yovelsave dards<br />

muSaobis Sesaxeb Tavidan iSoreben, SuaRamemdis sxedan<br />

da dros atareben WamaSi, smaSi da simReraSi. ra mSvenieri<br />

sanaxavia, roca mzis Casvlisas Toxnas gaaTaveben da<br />

midian patronis saxlSi. TiTqos erTi droSis jariskacebiao,<br />

gaudviaT mxrebze Toxebi da eqvs Tu rva wyebad,<br />

nel-nela midian, Tan miimRerian da didis ambiT Sedian<br />

patronis ezoSi. aq Semovlen Tu ara, dasxdebian irgvliv<br />

da maSinve moutaneben saWmels“<br />

[lamberti: 51-52].<br />

umTavresad dasavlur-<strong>qarTuli</strong>a, radgan is sagangebod simindis<br />

rCevis dros sruldeba. magram ar unda vifiqroT, rom<br />

xelxvavi, rogorc Sromis simRera, simindis saqarTveloSi Se-

---

mosvlis Semdeg (XVII saukunidan) Seqmniliyos. kompozitis meore<br />

sityva `xvavi~ gvarwmunebs, rom xelxvavi mosavlis aRebis<br />

simRera unda yofiliyo da mxolod mogvianebiT daisakuTra<br />

simindma, roca igi wamyvani kultura gaxda dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

Romis Semdeg (da bolos Seenacvla kidec mas). siminds ar-<br />

Cevs RamiT sagangebod mowveuli nadi samezoblodan, umTavresad<br />

dedrovani. ezoSi an kaloze sxdebian, rig-rigobiT yvebian<br />

zRaprebs, amboben leqsebs, mRerian sxvadasxva simRerebs,<br />

gansakuTrebiT, `xelxvavs~, romlis groteskuli, hiperbolaze<br />

agebuli Sinaarsi, iribad adasturebs mosavlis siuxves. <strong>folklori</strong>st<br />

Tamar oqroSiZes geguTSi es teqsti Cauweria, romelsac<br />

Tavisi dasasruliT sakulto sferoSi gadavyavarT:<br />

`xelxvavia, xelxvavia xelbaraqelao,<br />

RmerTo, mome mklavSi Zala, muxlSi Zala, xelbaraqelao.<br />

xelxvavia, xelxvavia xelbaraqelao.<br />

kurdRelsa SeSa moqonda, xelbaraqelao,<br />

asi uremi erTado, xelbaraqelao,<br />

ezoSi ver Camotia, xelbaraqelao,<br />

Robe motexa Sarisa, xelbaraqelao.<br />

miqeli da gabrieli, xelbaraqelao,<br />

yana mogvca xvavrieli, xelbaraqelao~<br />

[oqroSiZe: 79].<br />

`xelbaraqela~ `xelxvavis~ sinonimuri saxesxvaobaa<br />

(xvavi-baraqa). TiTqos moulodnelia miqelisa da gabrielis<br />

xseneba simReris dasasruls – isini xom sikvdilis angelozebad<br />

iTvlebian. maT, rogorc Cans, hqoniaT monawileoba<br />

mosavlis gauxvebaSi, arc martoni arian. guriaSi Cawerili<br />

orstriqoniani teqsti maT wmida giorgisTan er-<br />

Tad ixseniebs, rogorc mosavlis mauxvebelT:<br />

samkali<br />

`miqela da gabriela, kalo gagvixvavriela.<br />

wminda giorgi mobrZanda, Cvens kaloze dabrZandeba~<br />

[oqroSiZe: 80].<br />

`hopuna~ SeiZleba davarqvaT samkalSi samRerel simRerebs.<br />

es winamZRolis SeZaxilia, mkis dawyebis niSani. maTi<br />

245

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246<br />

ritmi swrafia, izrdeba da kulminacias aRwevs. ritmis TandaTanobiTi<br />

aCqareba mkis procesSi aSkarad gamowvevisa da<br />

gajibrebis niSania. ritmis saCveneblad nimuSi zemoT moviyvane<br />

(`hek-hok! heka-hoka! hek-hok! heka-hoka!~ da sxva).<br />

mkaSi centraluri figura namgalia. namgals – mkis iaraRs,<br />

rogorc cocxal arsebas, ise mimarTaven. pirdaClungebuli<br />

namglis lesvas mkis periodebs Soris Tavisi ritmi aqvs<br />

da sxva simReras moiTxovs, mRerodnen sagmiro leqsebs,<br />

romelTac refrenad gasdevda SeZaxili: `glesav da glesav,<br />

namgalo, namgalo Cemo rkinao!~ namgali brZolis iaraRia<br />

(`rkina~ brZolis simboloa sagmiro poeziaSi). masac<br />

TiTqos gamxneveba sWirdeba:<br />

mka omia:<br />

`Cemo namgalo, rkinao, gasWer, gamiZeR winao,<br />

rada xar daRonebuli, magre ram mogawyinao?<br />

dRe vimuSaoT mindorSi, Rame wavideT Sinao~<br />

[qxp X: 437].<br />

`yanas unda bagi-bugi, omi gadasavalia~<br />

[qxp X: 475].<br />

yanaSi ise Sedis momkeli, rogorc omSi, oRond usisxlo<br />

omSi, rogorc erTi gamocana gveubneba:<br />

`Tem-Temad modis laSqari, mova da moiqcevisa,<br />

yria uwyalod daWrili, sisxli ar daiqcevisa.<br />

RmerTma es mogvca sazrdelad, Tu kaci moiqcevisa~<br />

[oqroSiZe: 85].<br />

Tumca arcTu `usisxlo~, TiTqos `sisxlic~ iRvreba:<br />

`mesveuri gagvepara, yanas gamosWra yelia,<br />

gadaugrixa kiseri, daatyo Tavis xelia~<br />

[qxp X: 426].<br />

momkeli yovelTvis imarjvebs am omSi, magram arsebobs<br />

Tqmulebac yanaSi – uzomo samkalSi damarcxebul momkelmeomarze,<br />

romlis miTologemuri fragmenti mkis simRerad<br />

qceula:

---

`oblisa deda Cioda: Svili momikla mzemao.<br />

– arca me movkal, arc Sena, mindorma mokla grZelmao~<br />

[oqroSiZe: 87].<br />

momkelTa ganTqmul simReras`Sen biWo anagurelo~, romelsac<br />

dRes xalxuri simRerebis bevri ansambli asrulebs,<br />

realuri safuZveli unda hqondes. masSi gaxsenebulia mka-<br />

Si daRupuli vaJkacis saxeli, Tumca sxva kuTxeSi gadasvliT,<br />

SesaZloa, saxeli icvlebodes. k. biuxers Tavis wignSi<br />

amgvarad aqvs moyvanili es leqsi:<br />

`Sen, biWo, azamburelo,<br />

Seni xma Camodioda,<br />

Seni namglisa wkriali<br />

wyalgaRma gamodioda.<br />

– azambureli momkali<br />

me movkal uTarelmao.<br />

– arca Sen mohkal, arca me,<br />

mindorma mohkla gZelmao~<br />

[biuxeri 1923: 204-205].<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong> Seicavs daRupuli monadiris da<br />

mwyemsis cikls. es leqsi ki SegviZlia, daRupuli momkelis<br />

cikls mivaTvaloT, Tumca mas damuSaveba da farTo gavrceleba<br />

ar hqonia.<br />

Cven viciT, rom sasiyvarulo, xSirad erotikaSi gadasuli,<br />

motivi araTu ucxo, niSandoblivia mkis simRerebis-<br />

Tvis. xevsureTSi mkis dros gansakuTrebiT xmiT natirlebs<br />

mRerian, barSi erotikuli Tematika upiratesobs.<br />

Tumca `azamburelis~ leqsis sevdiani hangebic ar unda<br />

iyos SemTxveviTi da moulodneli.<br />

mkis procesi uSualod, imave dRes, gadadis agraruli<br />

wlis bolo, damasrulebel etapze – es aris momkili puris<br />

lewva, kalooba Tavisi kalouriT.<br />

kalouri<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze kolorituli procesi Sromisa bunebrivad<br />

iwvevs mzis simbolikis asociaciebs. mzis gulze,<br />

papanaqebaSi, magrad motkepnil mrgval moedanze gaSli-<br />

247

---

248<br />

lia momkili puris Znebi, kevrSi Sebmuli xarebi gars uvlis<br />

moedans mzis mimarTulebiT da lewavs Znas – ganaridebs<br />

xorbals TavTavisgan. niCbebiT niavdeba galewili<br />

bze, romelic qars miaqvs, xorbali kaloze rCeba, xvavdeba.<br />

kaloobis procesis bolo etapi fSauri warmoSobis Tavad<br />

kalour simRerebSia asaxuli:<br />

venaxis simRerebi<br />

`Sen, dilis mzeo, lamazo, brwyinvale sxivebiano,<br />

kaloze yana gavSale, amo, ar daigviano.<br />

niSa dauvlis nikoras, kevri daiwyebs trialsa,<br />

bze ise unda gavlewo, zecas mihqondes niavsa~<br />

[qxp X: 603].<br />

saqarTveloSi mevenaxeobis Zveli da maRali kulturis Sesabamisad,<br />

venaxSi Sromis leqs-simRerebic mravalferovania.<br />

vazis movlis periodebs: barva-Toxnas, vazis sxvlas, Sewamvlas,<br />

krefas (rTvels) – mevenaxis Sromis kulminacias, romelic sazogado<br />

zeimSia gadazrdili, – qvevrebis recxvas da yurZnis wurvas<br />

Tav-Tavisi simRerebi axlavs, romlebic am diferencirebuli<br />

Sromis specifikas asaxaven. magram ar unda vifiqroT, rom yoveli<br />

leqsi, romelic vazsa da yurZens exeba, usaTuod sruldeboda<br />

Sromis procesSi. magaliTisTvis, am SesaniSnav leqss, romelic<br />

maRlari yurZnis Tavgadasavals aRwers, Znelia moeZebnos adgili<br />

savenaxo Sromis periodSi, roca is SeiZleba Sesrulebuliyo:<br />

`xis wveroSi Citi gWamda, gidliT Camogitaneo,<br />

sawnaxelSi rom Cagyare, fexiT gamogiyvaneo,<br />

qvevrebi rom gagirecxe, CafiT gamogitaneo,<br />

amdeni Sroma gavwie, mainc ar gamitaneo~<br />

[akakis krebuli 1899: 35-36].<br />

gavrcelebuli azriT, yurZnis RvTaebad miCneulia<br />

aguna, romlis mxolod saxelia SemorCenili, isic aqa-iq,<br />

sporadulad. aguna rTvelSi centraluri figura unda yofiliyo,<br />

magram misi xseneba saaxalwlo ritualiT aris Semofargluli.<br />

ver vadasturebT raime narativs mis Sesaxeb<br />

da sasimRero teqsts, sadac mevenaxe SesTxovs mas rTvelamde<br />

an sakuTriv rTvelSi yurZnis baraqianobas. magram

---

sagulisxmo is aris, rom SeZaxilSi, romelic gurul folklorSia<br />

SemorCenili, agunas gverdiT `baxua~ ixsenieba,<br />

romelic samarTlianad iwvevs baxusis, Rvinis berZnulromauli<br />

RmerTis asociacias (ar aris gamoricxuli, rom<br />

guriis sofel baxvis saxelwodeba baxusTan iyos dakavSirebuli.<br />

aseve dialeqturi `gabaxeba~). saaxalwlod acxobdnen<br />

`agunas purs~, romelic Roris TavTan erTad gahqondaT<br />

venaxSi da agunas xmamaRali xmobiT Semouvlidnen maRlars:<br />

`aguna, aguna, Semeiare! baxuas karebTan geiare! Cvens<br />

venaxSi aseTi mtevani (bavSvs aiyvandnen xelSi), sxvis mamulSi<br />

nafoti da furceli!~ amave sityvebs, mcireodeni<br />

cvlilebiT, dasZaxebdnen sawnaxels, Tan xeze najaxis yuiT<br />

akakunebdnen, TiTqos agunas uxmobdnen: `aguna, aguna!<br />

Cvensken Cameiare! baxvsa da askanaze geiare! Cvens venaxebs<br />

sikeTe mieci, sxvis venaxSi furceli gaamravle!~ raWaleCxumSi<br />

aguna angurad aris cnobili da kidev ufro gamokveTilia<br />

misi, rogorc Rvinis RvTaebis, saxe da funqcia.<br />

aqac axal wels miulocavdnen venaxs garsSemovliT da ma-<br />

Rali SeZaxiliT: `anguram Cameiara iliTa da miliTa, orSimo<br />

da xrikiTa! Cveni mamuli Ceiara, w(v)ivi meitexa, Rvinis<br />

Rvari aayena! isxa, isxa, isxa... gamoRma yurZeni, gaRma furceli!~<br />

mili, orSimo, xriki – meRvineobis inventari – agunas,<br />

Rvinis RvTaebis, atributebia.<br />

amrigad, koleqtiuri samiwaTmoqmedo Sroma sanaxaobiT<br />

da sazeimo saxes iRebs, romelSic CarTulia mTeli mosaxleoba<br />

didian-patarianad, visac ki Sromis unari dakarguli<br />

ara aqvs. nadi, xelxvavi, rTveli – namdvili saxalxo<br />

dResaswaulebia, romlebic religiur dResaswaulebTan<br />

erTad SemoqmedebiTi SromiTi sixaruliT da imedebiT<br />

msWvalavs miwis muSakis yofas.<br />

Tibvis leqs-simRerebi<br />

Tibva, rogorc mniSvnelovani sameurneo saqmianoba,<br />

gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos mTianeTisTvis aris niSandoblivi,<br />

igi mesaqonleobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram<br />

am saqmianobis dros samReri leqsebi mxolod aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi iRebs mkacrad Camoyalibebul<br />

kanonikur saxes. Tibvis leqs-simReras aq mTibluri<br />

ewodeba, romelsac aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli versifika-<br />

249

---

250<br />

ciuli saxe. mTibluri, rogorc sxva adgilzec (ix. qvemoT,<br />

xmiT natirali) aris aRniSnuli, warmoadgens cxramarcvlian<br />

uriTmo leqss, romlis warmoSoba bundovanebiT<br />

aris moculi. is ki cnobilia, rom, vidre mTibavi mTiblur<br />

leqss `celze daamRerebda~, manamde is xmiT natirali iyo,<br />

uSualod micvalebulis cxedris win improvizebulad Seqmnili.<br />

amiT aris gamowveuli, rom mTibluris hangi metad<br />

naRvliania, Sesrulebis tempic mdorea, rac, albaT, celis<br />

monotonur moZraobas asaxavs.<br />

Tibvas rom samgloviaro hangi axlavs, am faqtis pirveli<br />

werilobiTi cnoba XIX saukunidan mogvepoveba. ai, ras<br />

mogviTxrobs xevsureTSi mogzauri [kaxeli: 94]:<br />

„Rulis mindvrebs rom gavcdiT da WalaSi gadavuxvieT,<br />

gzidan cota moSorebiT serze mTibav xevsurebis<br />

simRera Semogvesma. cxeni Sevayene, davugde simReras<br />

yuri, magram erTobili naRvliani xmis meti ver gavarCie-ra.<br />

samuSao xevsurebis leqsis gageba mindoda, veRar<br />

moviTmine da mTibavebs xma miveci. ramdensame wamSi Cems<br />

gverdiT idga cnobili mindia. salamis umal mindias<br />

vsTxove eTqo is leqsi, romelsac isini mRerodnen. am<br />

leqss Cven muSaobis dros vmReriTo, miTxra mindiam da<br />

nela, garkveviT sTqva:<br />

„RoraT Sabura ara xaravo, £aro nabamo rkinisao,<br />

kedo nagdebo sinisao, gamogorgvlilo rkinis kverao.<br />

xmalo, naWedo safrangesao, qalaq nawdobo erboSiao,<br />

Tofo, naWedo yirimSiao, jaWvo, naqsovo urumSiao.<br />

Satil dediZmaT estumridio, iqiT velobas wagiyvaneno,<br />

aiq urjulo gamogivaTo, Tof hkridi, gaagoridio,<br />

mosWridi xel, wamaiRidio, Tavis qviTkirsa miakridio,<br />

qal-zali gaivl-gamaivliso, Seni nakravi moagondebiso“<br />

[qxp X: 688].<br />

am sityvebs rom naRvlian xmaze mReroda Ruleli xevsuri,<br />

gasakviri ar aris, radgan es leqsi xmiT natiralia<br />

vinme RoraT Saburaze.<br />

ratom sruldeba maincdamainc Tibvis dros xmiT natirali,<br />

ar aris bolomde gamorkveuli. fiqroben, rom raki Tibvis<br />

procesi mwvane balaxis sicocxlis mospobaa, samgloviaro teq-

---

sti da melodia sruliad SesatyvisobaSia masTan. Tibva fSaur<br />

poeziaSi sikvdilis moqmedebis metaforaa:<br />

`sikvdilm Tqva: zRvis gaRmiT viyav, zRva CqefiT gamoviari,<br />

Samovxe fSavis mTazeda, vardni hyvaodes, iani,<br />

Caudeg, ise CavTibe, ro kargma celma Tivani...“<br />

[qxp VII: 158].<br />

asea Tu ise, glovis motivi Tibvas ritualuradac ukav-<br />

Sirdeba. Tibvis `sezoni~ im wels gardacvlilTa gaxsenebiT<br />

iwyeba. mTels xevsureTSi Tibvas samSabaT dRes iwyeben<br />

[oCiauri 2005: 113-114, 181]. es aris `Tibis samSabaTi~,<br />

romelsac ganuxrelad icaven. am dRemde Tibvas veravin<br />

gabedavda. am dRes im wlis gardacvlilis Wirisufali iwvevda<br />

mTel sofels Tavis saxlSi, patiJic ar sWirdebodaT,<br />

Seikribebodnen da im wlis mkvdris saxelze aryiT dalocavdnen<br />

Tibvis sezonis gaxsnas. diacebi gaSlidnen talavars,<br />

rogorc damarxvis dRes. jer ZaxiliT natirals<br />

Seasrulebdnen, magaliTad:<br />

`ra£el Tibis SamSabaTi goqv, Zmao,<br />

sxvan saTibad emzadebian, Zmao,<br />

miwa Sens dasa, Zmao....<br />

Sen sworeb TibaSi maiRalebian, Zmao...<br />

Sen m£ar-beWi miwas uWerav, Zmao...~<br />

[oCiauri 2005: 113-114].<br />

mere xmiT motirali gaSlili talavridan gardacvlilis<br />

iaraRs aiRebda da gaimeorebda natirals, romelic am<br />

wels gardacvlilis datirebisas Sesrulda. magaliTad:<br />

`Seni kacoba ra£eliao,<br />

beber mamasa aTibviebo,<br />

dawirul celi-d’ safarcxvelio,<br />

meored ra aaRebieo,<br />

genacvlos seni naTulaio,<br />

Sen xo didxans Zil ar icodio,<br />

gaTenebamdin amazdgidio,<br />

manam mTiblebi maidodeso.<br />

251

---

252<br />

nam£revn sataves Saxyarnidio,<br />

masulebs mTiblebs daxkivlidio~<br />

[oCiauri 2005: 181].<br />

zedmiwevniT esadageba am dRis – Tivis samSabaTis suliskveTebas<br />

es natirali, sadac pirvel rigSi mitovebul<br />

(`dawirul~) celzea laparaki. sxva natiralSi ufro reliefurad<br />

aris gamoxatuli Tibvis Tema da ucelod darCenili<br />

gaoxrebuli saTibebis suraTi:<br />

`Tqveni WirimeT, matiralono,<br />

Cven droJam ar gakvirvebsTaeo?<br />

gaoÃrda celi, safarcxvelio,<br />

mTani daoÃrdes mzispirulnio,<br />

Tormetis mTiblis sayofinnio...~<br />

[oCiauri 2005: 114].<br />

amis Semdeg anugeSeben Wirisufals da mTibavni Tav-TavianT<br />

saTibebSi gaiSlebian. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

xmiT natirali Tibvis process udgas saTaveSi da Tavisi<br />

naRvliani hangiT warmarTavs mas.<br />

niSandoblivia, rom Tibva gardacvlili mTibavis gaxsenebiT<br />

iwyeba. is aris TiTqos dawyebis iniciatori.<br />

amitomac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom xmiT natiralSi Tibvis<br />

motivi ganmsazRvrelia. motirali tiris JamianobaSi<br />

daxocil dedakacebze, romlebsac aRar eRirsebaT mTibav-<br />

Ta danaxva:<br />

`qalebo, Jamis naxocebo,<br />

qviSisas ar idineTaeo?<br />

WiSvelsa ara gaxeneTaeo,<br />

WiSvel mTiblebi ar Tibdaeo?<br />

celebi ar unaTobdaeo?<br />

simRerebs ar iZaxdesaeo?~<br />

[qxp V: 72].<br />

SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom mTiblurTa repertuarSi swored<br />

im xmiT natirlebma pova adgili, romlebic TibvaSi da-<br />

Rupulebs eZRvneba:<br />

`oCiaurni Camosetyvnao,<br />

ex daxkra niniais saxlTao;

---

iwivla gvelma libuCiao,<br />

ez gatyda, keras gaerekao,<br />

orolni gaixvivna Zmanio,<br />

orniv gadasCes ded-mamanio,<br />

totiT mbRunavni beberanio,<br />

celebi Camayarna zvavmao,<br />

qviSas mamClebi namÃrevCiao~<br />

[qxp V: 194].<br />

motirali ixsenebs gardacvlils, rogorc saukeTeso<br />

mTibavs, gamoTqvams sinanuls imis gamo, rom is aRar gamoCndeba<br />

Tavisi celiT saTibebSi. `Svilni wavlalen Tibazedao,<br />

Cemi sulai kurdRelaio~; `deda enacvlos Svils gorgisa,<br />

erTi mTa erT namxrevad unda, meore – Tivis saTrelada~;<br />

`namxrevni sisxliT dagasvrivnao, cel dagrCa namxrevT<br />

saTavesao, namxrevT boloSi salesvelio~.<br />

deda mimarTavs gardacvlil Svils, TiTqos is jer kidev<br />

mTibavTa Sorisaa, ecados celis lazaTiani moqneviT<br />

qmrebis mowunari qalebi moxiblos:<br />

`yana mkev, dedis mSveniero, saxeln ar mkian sklatisani:<br />

ubniT bubai gamagxenebso, oblis kaloTa – Sarindaio.<br />

qalni ornivac lamazniao, ornivac qmrebis mwunobarnio~<br />

[qxp X: 463].<br />

SeniSvna. `gamagxenebso~ – gamogvxedavso. buba da Sarinda – qalis<br />

saxelebia. `ubani~ da `oblis kalo~ adgilis saxelebia SatilSi.<br />

ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos Tibvis leqs-simRerebis<br />

repertuars mxolod da mxolod xmiT natirlebi avsebdes.<br />

bunebrivia, rom Tibvas, rogorc Sromis erT-erT wamyvan<br />

saxeobas, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi Tavisi sakuTrivi<br />

poeturi gamoxatuleba hqondes. arsebobs Tibvis<br />

leqsebi, romlebSic erTgvarad asaxulia Tibvis procesi,<br />

mTibavis damokidebuleba TibvasTan da, gansakuTrebiT,<br />

Sromis iaraRTan – celTan. mTibavi TiTqos amxnevebs an<br />

anamusebs, an emuqreba, esiyvaruleba kidec Tavis cels, ra-<br />

Ta man ostaturad moaTibinos balaxi da sircxvili ar aWamos<br />

– mTibavis naTibi mindori xom Tem-soflis xelisgulzea,<br />

xarvezi aravis gamoepareba.<br />

253

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254<br />

`celo, gamiWer gzis piria,<br />

jereT mWedelsa dagiwyeven, mere – mlesavsa, gamgverdavsa,<br />

celo, koWlais nakveravo, usapireo ar iqnebi.<br />

yelRilianis qmaroo, usadilo ar iqnebi~<br />

[qxp X: 614].<br />

`celo, gamoWer, cel oxero, nalevo dolaT qedurisa,<br />

nam£revT saTaves Samaxdine, Torem wamivlen win mTiblebi...~<br />

[qxp X: 617].<br />

`cel gasWer, Torem gamogamtvrev, Senma mWedelma damibara:<br />

– ar gasWras, aqve momitane, pirsa mauqcev yuada~<br />

[qxp X: 618].<br />

zog simReras TiTqos baladis saxe aqvs, sadac rogorc<br />

sagmiro simRerebSi, Seqebulia moymec da misi iaraRic.<br />

`gamiWer, celo, broliao,<br />

nalevo dolaT qedurisa,<br />

mTiblebi ar gauSva wina,<br />

neTxiCoveli, TaTxeluri.<br />

daikvexneben qalebSia,<br />

gigas vajobeT TibaSia.<br />

gasWra da gasWra broliama,<br />

naTibi darCa did alagi,<br />

giga rom Sa£da namxrevT Tavsa,<br />

sworad xan iyo SuadRisa,<br />

sam namxrevn im dros aitanna,<br />

gigama Coxis kalTaebi<br />

sartyelSi magra Caitana,<br />

celi mxarze gadaidva,<br />

dabrunda vaJi siciliTa,<br />

mTiblebsa gverdze Cauara,<br />

binaSi dajda, daisvena,<br />

celi galesa qasuriTa,<br />

meore namxrev aitana,<br />

memr ki dabrunda Siniskeda,<br />

TibiT rom guli maifxana...~<br />

[qxp X: 633].

---

SeniSvna. mTiblurs, Tumca mas, Cveulebriv, mTibavTa jgufi<br />

(jari) asrulebs, mainc ver CavTvliT pirwmindad koleqtiuri Sesrulebis<br />

simRerad, Tundac iqidan gamomdinare, rom xmiT natirali<br />

individualuri warmoSobisaa da rom misi Sesruleba Tibvis dros<br />

aucileblobiT ar moiTxovs mTibavTa gunds. mTibluri arafers kargavs,<br />

piriqiT, swored individualuri Sesrulebis dros avlens<br />

srulyofilad Tavis Zalas. magram verc guTnurs, verc xelxvavs,<br />

verc kalours ver warmovidgenT koleqtivis gareSe individualuri<br />

SesrulebiT.<br />

individualuri Sromis leqsebi<br />

mkacrad Tu SevxedavT, Sromis simRera koleqtiuria<br />

Tavisi rogorc warmoSobiT, ise SesrulebiT. igi koleqtivSi<br />

ibadeba da koleqtivSive sruldeba. xom arsebobs individualuri<br />

Sromac, magram ver vityviT, rom am dros ibadeba<br />

sagangebod am kerZo Sromis procesis Sesatyvisi sim-<br />

Rera. mTibavs ar Seuqmnia mTibluri, Tumca mas saxeli am<br />

saqmianobis mixedviT ewoda.<br />

individualuri Sromis simRerad iTvleba `urmuli~.<br />

magram aris igi mkacri azriT Sromis simRera? aris meurmis<br />

saqmianoba Sroma? ratom ar uwodeben mas mgzavruls,<br />

radgan meurme, pirvel yovlisa, mgzavria. marTalia, is<br />

urems, mis nawilebs mimarTavs simReraSi, magram mas SeuZlia<br />

gaafarToos da kidec afarToebs Tavis repertuars<br />

sxvadasxva Janris – sayofacxovrebo, satrfialo da filosofiur-didaqtikuri<br />

– teqstebiT. misi simRera ar aris aucileblobiT<br />

dakavSirebuli urmis gzasTan. meurmis sim-<br />

Rera warmoSva martoobam. is martoa da mas aqvs simReris<br />

moTxovnileba, da is mReris, raTa daZlios martooba. es<br />

simRera dialogia martod darCenil sakuTar TavTan an<br />

uremTan. es aris urmulis funqcia. rogorc mqsovelis (feiqris)<br />

simReris funqciaa, afxizlebdes mas RameebSi.<br />

mqsoveli qalebis Zilis gasafrTxobi simRera:<br />

`Zilo, rasa meZinebi, me sabralosao,<br />

me Zilma ase mibrZana, me sabralosao,<br />

daweq da daiZineo, me sabralosao,<br />

vinc rom guliTa giyvardes, me sabralosao,<br />

255

---

256<br />

isic gverds moiwvineo, me sabralosao,<br />

Zilo, nu dameZinebi, me sabralosao,<br />

daurTav da Seukerav im sabralosao.<br />

. . . . . . . . . .<br />

TiTistaro, kviristavo, me sabralosao,<br />

Cqara dabrundi, dabrundi, me sabralosao...~<br />

[qxp X: 936].<br />

da mainc, Sromis simRerebs mivaTvliT `urmuls~. uremi<br />

tvirTis gadazidvis saSualebaa, tvirTis zidva ki Sromaa,<br />

Tumca aq cxovelebi (gansakuTrebiT, xar-kameCi) Sromoben.<br />

maTac esaWiroebaT gamxneveba, rasac elian kidec<br />

isini: `aqlemebi da xarebi mieCvien, rom maT simReriT Seuteven<br />

xolme da, rac ufro mZimea tvirTi, miT ufro xmama-<br />

Ralia da xangrZlivi simRera~ [biuxeri 1923: 37]. gazeT `iveriaSi~<br />

urmiT (uremze) `Sromis~ Tavis droze yvelasTvis<br />

cnobili, magram dRes miviwyebuli SromiTi Cveulebaa gadmocemuli:<br />

`yvelam kargad icis, rom Cvenma glex-kacebma<br />

qaravniT wasvla icodnen erevnisken (yulfSi) marilzed.<br />

Seiyrebodnen erTad, Seabamdnen ass, orass urems da sim-<br />

ReriT gaudgebodnen gzasa...~ [oqroSiZe: 135]. literaturaSi<br />

laparakoben `urmulze~, mis naRvlian hangze (n. maCabeli,<br />

ilia, akaki, S. aragvispireli, ir. evdoSvili, i. <strong>zurab</strong>aSvili,<br />

g. leoniZe...), magram romelia es `urmuli~, ucnobi<br />

rCeba. ilia leqsad gvixasiaTebs mis ucnaur Zalas: `Ru-<br />

Runi igi CamrCenia guls, mwuxare aris, viT glovis zari~,<br />

magram ar gveubneba, ra sityvebs mReroda is meurme, an Tu<br />

axlda sityvebi am `mwuxare~ hangs? an iqneb srulebiT<br />

usityvo iyo? ilia <strong>zurab</strong>aSvilis cnobiT, urmulis sauke-<br />

Teso Semsrulebeli sesikaSvili `araviTar sityvas ar mimarTavda<br />

haralo-hari-haralos garda...~ [<strong>zurab</strong>iSvili: 69].<br />

Cveulebriv, am TavisTavad brwyinvale leqss miiCneven<br />

`urmulad~, magram ismis kiTxva: yvela SemTxvevaSi asruleben<br />

mas da ara mxolod marilze, isic, aRzevanSi siarulisas?<br />

`aRzevans waval marilze, marils movitan brolsao,<br />

jer dedas gadavexvevi, mere Svilsa da colsao~<br />

[qxp X: 808].

---

klasikuria es sityvebi, namdvilad gamoxatavs qarTveli<br />

kacis eTikur idealebs, magram saeWvoa, igi urmulis kanonikur<br />

teqstad CavTvaloT (arsebobs ki aseTi ram?) – yvela<br />

meurme xom ar dadis marilze? ufro adekvaturi iqneba,<br />

Tu kerZod am simReras marilze siarulis Sromis sim-<br />

Rerad CavTvliT. marilze wasul qaravans uTuod eqneboda<br />

Tavisi repertuari, magram, samwuxarod, misi Semadgenloba<br />

da Sinaarsi CvenTvis ucnobia. literaturidan cnobilia<br />

Sor manZilze `qiraze siarulis~ mTeli SromiTi instituti.<br />

SeZlebuli ojaxebi, romelTac hyavdaT sakmao<br />

da Zlieri gamwevi Zala, dadiodnen qalaqidan qalaqSi da<br />

gadahqondaT tvirTi. maT hqoniaT SeiaraReba, hyoliaT<br />

ZaRlebi da mamlebi Ramis saxmilavTa Sesatyobad. ras mRerodnen<br />

isini Rameul gzebze? raime `kanonikurs~, sagangebod<br />

moqiravneTa qaravnis Sesatyviss Tu nebismier simReras,<br />

romelic, SesaZlebelia, kanonikuri gamxdariyo? Cemi<br />

fiqriT, upriani iqneboda urmuli simRerebisTvis martoobis<br />

daZlevis, dausrulebel gzaze mowyenilobis gansaqarvebeli<br />

simRerebi gvewodebina. amaod ar uwodebs i.<br />

<strong>zurab</strong>iSvili urmuls `fiqris simReras~.<br />

urmulSi aerTianeben simRerebs, sadac adamiani mimar-<br />

Tavs Tavad urems da mis nawilebs. ai zogierTi nimuSi:<br />

`uremo ferso maRalo, ari aralo, daa!<br />

xundi gigorams giSrisa, ari aralo, daa!<br />

agebuleba kargi gaqvs, eg erTi ferso giSlisa,<br />

aralo, daa!<br />

Tu kaci TiTon ar ari, ari aralo, daa!<br />

cudia misi cxovreba, ari aralo, daa!~<br />

[qxp X: 835-b].<br />

dasasruli ukve namdvilad `fiqris simReraa~. meurmes<br />

sakmarisi dro aqvs, rom ifiqros qveyanaze, wuTisofelze,<br />

adamianze, mis bedsa da ubedobaze, Rirsebaze... mis repertuars<br />

veravin SezRudavs, mas sruli Tavisufleba aqvs. SesaZloa,<br />

saukeTeso <strong>qarTuli</strong> leqsebi wuTisofelze swored<br />

meurmeobisas, roca kaci martoa Tavis TavTan, gzaze martoul<br />

svlaSi Seqmniliyo.<br />

257

---

258<br />

literatura<br />

akakis krebuli 1898: akakis krebuli, 1898, X.<br />

biuxeri 1923: Áþõåð Ê. Ðàáîòà è ðèòì, «Íîâàÿ Ìîñêâà», 1923.<br />

<strong>zurab</strong>iSvili: <strong>zurab</strong>iSvili i. xalxis Semoqmedi genia, `xelovneba~,<br />

Tb., 1949.<br />

kaxeli: i. kaxeli (ioseb ciskariSvili), ori kvira mTaSi<br />

(mgzavris SeniSvnebi), Jurn. `moambe~,<br />

1898, 6, gv. 94.<br />

lamberti: arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, federacia,<br />

Tb., 1938.<br />

lamberti 1960: Lambert W.G. Babylonian Wisdom Literature,<br />

Oxford, 1960.<br />

sargoni 1912: Thureau-Dangin Fr. Une relation de la huitième campagne<br />

de Sargon (714 av. J.-C.), Paris, 1912.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba II: qarTlis cxovreba II, `sabW. saqar-<br />

Tvelo~, Tb., 1959.<br />

qxp V: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. V, `mecniereba~,<br />

Tb., 1976.<br />

qxp X: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. X, `mecniereba~,<br />

Tb., 1983.

---

sagmiro poezia<br />

Tu sagmiro poezias mTeli <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poeturi Semoqmedebis<br />

fonze ganvixilavT, aSkarad warmoCindeba misi upiratesi<br />

wili sxva poetur JanrebTan SedarebiT. sakmarisia gadavxedoT<br />

`<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poeziis~ Tormettomeuls, sadac<br />

sagmiro Janri or sqel tomSia (III, IV) ganTavsebuli, da Tu am<br />

tomebSi dabeWdili leqsebis warmomavlobiT davinteresdebiT,<br />

gairkveva, rom maTi absoluturi umetesoba aRmosavleT saqar-<br />

Tvelos mTian mxareebs ekuTvnis. irkveva, rom sagmiro poezia,<br />

ZiriTadad, fSav-xevsuruli, TuSuri, mTiuluri da gudamayruli<br />

warmoSobisaa. es aris am kuTxeebis prioritetuli sfero,<br />

sadac maT namdvilad verc erTi sxva kuTxe ver Seecileba. es<br />

ganpirobebulia maTi istoriul-geografiuli anu, rogorc<br />

sxvanairad ityvian, geopolitikuri garemoTi. istoriulma<br />

procesma am kuTxeebSi Camoayaliba meomruli sazogadoebebi,<br />

SegviZlia vTqvaT, saymoebi, romlebic jvarTa Tu RvTisSvil-<br />

Ta patronobis qveS gaerTiandnen. momxdur, gareSe Tu Sinaur,<br />

mterTan brZolebSi xdeboda mosaxleobis konsolidacia saymoebad,<br />

romelmac kulminacias XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi<br />

miaRwia. es iyo <strong>zurab</strong> aragvis erisTavTan brZolebis xana anu,<br />

rogorc mexsierebam Semoinaxa, `sisxlis wvimebis~ xana. saymo-<br />

Ta epikuri (sagmiro leqsTa cikli qmnis `Tavisufal~ eposs) xsovna<br />

ar scildeba am epoqas; `sisxlis wvimebis~ xana aris is zRurbli,<br />

romlis miRma miTologiur samyaroSi SevdivarT. brZolebi monawileoben<br />

saymoTa genezSi da xels uwyoben warsulis miTologizacias.<br />

RvTisSvilTa brZola devebis winaaRmdeg saymo-<br />

TaTvis teritoriis mosapoveblad, rac miTologiuri eposis<br />

dedaazrs Seadgens, Tavis mxriv, `sisxlis wvimebis~ eposis arqetipi<br />

xdeba. aqtebi, rac Caidines RvTisSvilebma `mas Jamsa Sina~, meordeba<br />

saymoSi axla da aq, maT Tvalwin. RvTisSvili meomris, `kai ymis~<br />

etaloni xdeba. saymos brZolebi RvTisSvilTa arqetipuli<br />

brZolebis paradigmebia.<br />

simRere anu balada<br />

sagmiro leqss, rasac misi Sesrulebis wesis mixedviT<br />

xevsureTSi simReres uwodeben, safuZvlad realuri sabrZolo<br />

SemTxveva udevs, anu asaxavs realurad momxdar<br />

faqts, mTavar gmirad yovelTvis realuri piri hyavs, ro-<br />

259

---

260<br />

melsac icnobda saymo piradad an gadmocemiT. saymo agreTve<br />

informirebulia momxdari ambis detalebiT. man<br />

icis an SeiZleba icodes imaze meti, ramac leqsSi pova asaxva.<br />

leqsis codnas Tan axlavs momxdari ambis codna andrezis<br />

saxiT, uromlisodac gareSeTaTvis leqsis Sinaarsi<br />

bundovani xdeba da, SeiZleba, simZafresac kargavdes. sxva<br />

kuTxeSi leqsis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi ikargeba misi mikrosamyaros<br />

codna, leqsis daRupuli gmiri kargavs realurobas<br />

da mis saxelsac xSirad sxva, ufro gasagebi da kargad<br />

nacnobi saxeli enacvleba. aRar vlaparakobT im soflis<br />

metyvelebis Taviseburebebze, sadac Seiqmna leqsi.<br />

cxadia, cudad gagebul sityvas mimgvanebuli sityva<br />

cvlis. anu, am SemTxvevaSi mTeli ZaliT aris amoqmedebuli<br />

xalxuri Semoqmedebis variantulobis gardauvali kanoni.<br />

sagmiro leqsi, romelsac Cven SegviZlia balada vuwodoT,<br />

rogorc wesi, orTabrZolazea agebuli. vin aris misi<br />

mTavari gmiri? mTavari gmiria is, vinc iRupeba orTabrZolaSi.<br />

gmiri iRupeba, kargavs sicocxles, magram ixveWs saxels.<br />

misi da sazogadoebis principia `sjobs saxelisa moxveWa<br />

yovelsa mosaxveWelsa~.<br />

sikvdili da saxeli – sikvdili is zRvaria, romlis iqiT<br />

gmiri gadadis saxelis saufloSi. mxolod sikvdilSi gamarjvebas<br />

SeuZlia moutanos mas saxeli. cocxali gmiri winaaRmdegobrivi<br />

cnebaa da swored amitom aris, rom uklebliv<br />

yvela sagmiro simRere-balada mebrZolis sikvdiliT<br />

mTavrdeba da es sikvdili saxeliania.<br />

amrigad, sagmiro baladaSi gadmocemulia gmiris ukanaskneli<br />

Jami, igi Cayenebulia sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze,<br />

sazRurblo situaciaSi, roca unda gadawydes misi bedi,<br />

romelsac is qmnis aq da axla, am wamebSi. am dros, aq gmiri<br />

ekuTvnis Tavis Tavs, is batonobs dro-Jamze, marTavs<br />

mas. mas araferi darCenia, garda sakuTari sicocxlisa,<br />

romlis marTva da gawirva mas SeuZlia sxva, ufro maRali<br />

(mis da sazogadoebis TvalSi) RirebulebisTvis. sococxle,<br />

romelic mieca, man icis, waerTmeva, magram is, rac man<br />

sicocxlis wil moipova, arasodes waerTmeva, `romeli arasada<br />

mieRos misgan~ (luka 10:42). es is wamebia, roca gmiri<br />

srulad avlens Tavis egzistencias, TiTqos aq jamdeba misi<br />

mTeli cxovreba. am dros gamoricxuli unda iyos Sem-

---

TxveviToba, rac mas SeuSlida xels sikvdiliT saxelis mopovebaSi.<br />

Cven winaSea SiSveli adamiani Tavisi erTader-<br />

TiT, rac aris misi sicocxle, da arCevaniT. amitomac sim-<br />

Rere ukiduresad lakonuria da, rac mTavaria, yvelaferi<br />

danaxulia ara gareSe, aramed misi TvaliT.<br />

simRere-baladis agebuleba martivia: eqspozicia – gmiris<br />

Semoyvana TxrobaSi; Tumca simRere SeiZleba daiwyos<br />

mowyvetiT (`fxoveli da Savaneli~); Sexvedra, SebrZoleba,<br />

aRsasruli. SeiZleba mas axldes `daskvna~, eqstrasiu-<br />

Jeturi monakveTi, sadac gadmocemulia daRupuli gmiris<br />

erTgvari Sefaseba, Seqeba an datireba Tu gamoZaxili mis<br />

sikvdilze (ix. `ioneuri~). simReres personaJTa minimumi<br />

ori piria, iSviaTad – erTi (`baRaTera~), Segvxvdeba samic<br />

(`Siola da mTrexeli~).<br />

gavecnoT umokles baladas ara mxolod qarTul, aramed<br />

msoflio baladebs Soris. es aris `fxoveli da Savaneli~,<br />

romelsac pirvelad vxvdebiT Tedo razikaSvilis CanawerebSi<br />

(am variantSi igi Svidstriqoniania):<br />

`erTi vaJkaci fxoveli, Savwyals saomrad dadgao,<br />

adga da Sin wamovida, gzas Savaneli Saxvdao.<br />

CaWres, Cakafes erTurTi, maSveli aRar SaSCao.<br />

ciTa movida yorani, magaT nakvalevs daxyvao.<br />

jera daiTvra sisxliTa, mere leS Wama, gaZRao.<br />

adga da isev wavida, magaT vaglaxi dascao:<br />

„orniv yofilan uWkoni, erTm mainc rad ar dasTmao?!“<br />

[qxp IV: 252].<br />

Canawers axlavs Camweris SeniSvna: `me amaTi vera gavige<br />

ra: vin iyo Savaneli an sadauri...~ yvelas, mis wamkiTxvels<br />

es sityvebi aRmoxdeba. vin aris Savaneli? vin aris<br />

fxoveli? vis ucdida Savwyalze fxoveli – Savanels Tu<br />

sxva vinmes? risTvis `CaWres-Cakafes erTurTi~? leqsi<br />

bundovania, Tumca bundovaneba araTu rames aklebs mas,<br />

aramed SeiZleba aZlierebdes kidec STabeWdilebas. T. razikaSvili<br />

sxva rames gulisxmobs, roca ambobs, `me amaTi<br />

vera gavige rao~. Camwers veraviTari cnoba ver moupovebia<br />

simReres personaJebze, andrezi ar SemorCenila im vi-<br />

Tarebis amsaxveli, Tu ra iyo mizezi maTi sabediswero Serkinebisa,<br />

Seurigeblobisa. Cans, imdenad mowyvetila Tavis<br />

261

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262<br />

garemos es simRere, rom daviwyebas miscemia monawileTa<br />

sakuTari saxelebi, maTi vinaobis aRmniSvnelad warmomavlobis<br />

saxelebiRa SemorCenila (fxoveli fxovidan, Savaneli<br />

Savanidan, qistebis erT-erTi Temidan).<br />

es balada, Tumca is sityvierad Zalze Zunwia, rogorc<br />

embrioni, moicavs sagmiro leqsis yvela elements, rac sxva<br />

leqsebSi sxvadasxva variaciebiT iSleba. es exeba rogorc<br />

mis formalur mxares, ise arsebiTs, ideur Sinaarss. leqsi<br />

gawyobilia erT riTmaze, rogorc xevsurulad ityvian,<br />

erT `yuvze~. yovel striqonSi TiTo kadria moqceuli,<br />

romlebic erTmaneTs elvis siswrafiT enacvlebian. zogjer<br />

naxevar-naxevari striqonebi gadmogvcems TiTo suraTs:<br />

`adga da Sin wamovida, // gzas Savaneli Saxvdao~. es<br />

imitom xdeba, rom dro Wirs, drois deficits ganicdis gmiri.<br />

`adga da Sin wamovida~ ara mxolod erTi kadria, aramed<br />

is erT paToss gamoxatavs, imis sruliad sawinaaRmdegos,<br />

rasac gviCvenebs meore kadri: `gzas Savaneli Saxvdao~. Tu<br />

pirvelSi sasowarkveTaa usaxelod (`uerTod~, anu uSedegod,<br />

rogorc kvlav xevsureTSi ityvian) Sin ukuqceulisa,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, saxlSi sasikvdilod (`sircxvil as~ ase-<br />

Ti aRsasruli!) ganwirulisa, meore kadrSi mas imedmocemuls,<br />

albaT, pirquSad gaxalisebuls vxedavT. am Sexvedris<br />

wami, romelmac zRvari unda daudos mis sicocxles,<br />

misi cxovrebis mizania. es aris misi ukanaskneli wami, romelsac<br />

TiTqos xangrZlivoba ara aqvs. erTi ram am bundovanebidan<br />

SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom es wami namdvilad<br />

misi mopovebulia – `erTi vaJkaci fxoveli~ Tavad<br />

marTavs dro-Jams, mis dinebas sakuTar dro-Jamad aqcevs.<br />

es misi monapovaria, misi ganuyofeli sakuTrebaa, is erTaderTi,<br />

rac mas abadia am qveyanaze am wamebSi. yoveli maSvelis<br />

gamoCena gaacamtverebda mis imedebs am sanatreli wamis<br />

warTmeviT. am wamisTvis dadga is `Savwyals~ da amis ukvdavsayofad<br />

SeiTxza simRerec. am wuTisoflis momxmarebeli<br />

Wkviani yornis gonivruli sityvebic, uneburad, am wamis<br />

gamarTlebas da gandidebas emsaxureba. baladis gmirebi<br />

erTmaneTs ar esityvebian. sityvisgebis Rirsad ar<br />

Tvlian erTmaneTs, Tu amis dro ara aqvT? albaT. erTaderTi,<br />

vinc – es arseba aq namdvilad `vin~ kategorias ganekuTvneba<br />

– sityvas ambobs, es yorania. misi sityvebi savsea<br />

cinizmiT, romelic moymeobis sapirispiro ideologi-

---

is gamomxatvelia. magram simRere yornis, davuSvaT, cinikuri<br />

SefasebiT kaiymobis kodeqsis erT punqts ayalibebs,<br />

imas, rac simReres avtors unda Camoeyalibebina. ase rom,<br />

es yorani Tavisda uneburad ganadidebs erTurTis damxocvel<br />

moymeT. fxovel-Savanelis mkicxveli da Wkuismaswavlebeli<br />

yorani Rrmad individualuria, ar hgavs sxvebs, romelTac<br />

daRupuli kaiymis mimarT aRtacebis sityvebi aRmoxdomiaT,<br />

rogorc, magaliTad, am striqonebSi:<br />

`yorano, Waris Relesa ar maavlie Tvalia,<br />

velguja ara Rnaxia, xuSaiSvili xaria?<br />

vnaxe da qvec mamewona: did-didn sxdomiyvnes Tvalia...~<br />

[qxp IV 251].<br />

Tumca, vikiTxoT, ra moewona yorans velgujas TvalebSi:<br />

misi kargi moymeobis niSani Tu kargi sadili? igi arc im TavianT<br />

Tvistomebs hgavs, vinc maTTvis sadilis gamamzadebels locaven,<br />

rogorc am baladismagvar teqstSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`WimRis kldeT yefda yorani, erTi uZaxebs sxvasao,<br />

velT midis oCiauri, gavxyveT amagis kvalsao,<br />

Cveni misvlisad gaswiravs yoris wyalaze mkvdarsao.<br />

uSiSa ar dagvaklebda saxraod RilRvlis Zvalsao~<br />

[qxp IV: 8].<br />

kaimoymoba, rac Tavad moymisTvis da mTeli sazogadoebisTvis<br />

upirvelesi zneobrivi Rirebulebaa, yornisTvis<br />

pragmatulia: igi sazrdoobs moymeTa Tavganwiruli aqtebiT,<br />

maTi ukandauxevlobiT. isini locaven moymeebs, romlebic<br />

karg sadils gaumzadeben maT:<br />

`..yomastos yorneb aZraxda, dabla dauSvnes m£arnia,<br />

jer ki CaiTrvnes sisxliTa, memre coma xres Zvalia.<br />

daloces Tofis damkravi, memr – mzirTa winamZRvaria~<br />

[qxp IV: 119].<br />

`daloces Tofis damkravi~ (an Tavad Tofis dalocva,<br />

Zvalis gamWreli xmlis qeba da sxva) – es sagmiro baladis<br />

daskvnaa. ase rom, yornebis piridan uneburad gamodis uWko<br />

moymeTa qeba-dideba.<br />

263

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264<br />

is, rac `fxovel da SavanelSi~ embrionalurad aris mocemuli,<br />

sxvagan meti sicxadiT aris gaSlili, Tumca mainc<br />

rCeba erTgvari bundovaneba, romlis gafantva mxolod ambis<br />

prozaul gadmocemas, andrezs, SeuZlia. aviRoT `ioneuris~<br />

situacia. sityvebi, romliTac iwyeba variantTa absoluturi<br />

umravlesoba, `WimRaSi ivaneuri ras-ras Saatyobs<br />

Tavsao~ an, ufro garkveviT: `ras-ras ufiqrobs Tavsao~,<br />

an momdevno: `fSaoba gaubedavis~ (fSavSi wasvla gaubedavs)<br />

gvamcnobs mis gadawyvetilebas, magram ar gveubneba,<br />

ram gamoiwvia igi. wina baladaSi amis miniSnebac ar<br />

aris, imdenad cxadia, rom Savwyalze dadgomas win uZRvis<br />

gadawyvetileba, arCevani, magram es xdeba sadRac baladis<br />

farglebs gareT da amas unda grZnobdes msmeneli. `ioneurSi~<br />

gadawyvetilebis gardauvaloba da, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

tragizmic, gamoxatulia misi ojaxis wevrTa qmedebebiT,<br />

gansakuTrebiT mamisa, romelic mas, safSaod gamzadebuls,<br />

jRanebs ubandavs, rac gamoricxulia ordinarul pirobeb-<br />

Si, yoveldRiur yofaSi. msmeneli ukomentarodac igrZnobs,<br />

rom raRac uCveulo xdeba.<br />

es uCveuloba, aseve ukomentaro, msWvalavs `fxoveli<br />

da Savanelis~ msgavsad umokles leqss, romelsac, ar SevcdebiT,<br />

Tu baladis JanrSi ganvixilavT. es aris usaTauro<br />

simRere, romelic ramdenime variantad aris gavrcelebuli<br />

fSavSi:<br />

`Cavalis, Caeubneba, tunkiT ivane saRarsa:<br />

cxenav, getyoba, geSinis, guls me Cagideb, magarsa,<br />

Cagavlev terelozeda, Cagatanineb naRarsa,<br />

Senac iq mogklav, tialo, Tavsac iq davdeb, WaRarsa,<br />

cocxal Sin ver davbrundebi, iq ver gavwirav mamasa,<br />

cixes davungrev isriTa, wverze gadavdeb qamandsa~<br />

[qxp IV: 266].<br />

uCveuloba Cans cxenis SiSSi raRac gamoucnobis wina-<br />

Se – mxedars uxdeba misi gamxneveba, Tumca piriqiT ki SeiZleboda<br />

yofiliyo: mxedari gamxnevebuliyo cxenis TanadgomiT.<br />

uCveuloa am sasowarkveTil laSqrobaSi (`cocxal<br />

Sin ver davbrundebi~) muqara cixis isriT dangrevisa. yvela<br />

sityva, rasac mxedari warmoTqvams, intonacia, rogorc<br />

am sityvebs warmoTqvams, baladis tragikul dasasrulze

---

metyvelebs. msmenels ar eeWveba, rom mxedari ver daixsnis<br />

mamas da Sin cocxalic ar dabrundeba... axdeba yvelaferi,<br />

rasac mxedari uwinaswarmetyvelebs Tavis Tavs da cxensac.<br />

aRarafers vambobT am baladis formis araordinalurobaze:<br />

mTeli misi Sinaarsi cxenTan gamarTul dialog-<br />

Sia moqceuli. siuJeturi dro jer ar amowurula, magram<br />

ambavi damTavrebulia, igi virtualur drosa da sivrceSi<br />

mTavrdeba. es ar ukargavs baladas eqspresiulobas.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> balada, gamonaklisis gareSe, gmiris sikvdiliT<br />

mTavrdeba, anu es imas niSnavs, rom baladaSi, rogorc<br />

wesi, gmiris cxovrebis ukanaskneli wamebia gadmocemuli.<br />

misi cxovreba xom brZolaa, sicocxlis ukanaskneli wamebi<br />

ki – brZolis kulminacia. am dros gmiris cxovrebis TiTqos<br />

Sejameba xdeba. es iseTi wamebia, roca misi egzistencia<br />

mTlianad ixsneba, ukanasknel sabrZolo aqtSi – gmiroba-<br />

Si poulobs gamosavals. gmirma icis, rom mokvdavia da is<br />

Seguebulia amas, magram gmiri arasodes Seegueba iseT sikvdils,<br />

romelic brZolis velze sisxliT ar aris kurTxeuli.<br />

gmiris apoTeozi velze sisxliT ganaTvlaa. sxvagvari sikvdili<br />

`sircxvil as“, rogoric xevsuri kai yma ityvis.<br />

zemoT ganxilul baladaSi (`Cavalis, Caeubneba~) gmiris<br />

egzistencia jer ar gamonaTebula, is elis amas da msmenelic<br />

imis molodinSia, rom es aucileblad moxdeba, magram<br />

gmiris gancda win uswrebs realizacias – misi egzistencia<br />

ukve gamosxivebulia mis warmosaxvaSi. da am warmosaxvis<br />

intensioba msmenels arwmunebs imaSi, rom tunkiT ivanes<br />

ukan dabruneba ar uweria da rom swored es iqneba misi gamarjveba<br />

da apoTeozi.<br />

gmirebi sxvadasxvagvarad ecemian orTabrZolaSi, magram<br />

aRsasruli erTia: isini bolomde gaiReben sicocxlis<br />

sasyidels, safasurs im erTaderTi qonebisa, romelic maT<br />

gankargulebaSia. Tu hanzeli zRvaosani vaWrebi misdevdnen<br />

devizs `zRvaosnoba aucilebelia, sicocxle ar aris<br />

aucilebeli~ (Navigare necesse est, vivere non est necesse), kai<br />

ymaT Tavisi sakuTari devizi aqvT, romelsac Tumca arasodes<br />

miuRia verbaluri gamoxatuleba: brZola aucilebelia,<br />

sicocxle ar aris aucilebelia. maSasadame, maTTvis<br />

arsebula iseTi ram, rasac sicocxleze upiratesi Rirebuleba<br />

aqvs, iseTi ram, raSic cxaddeba Tavad sicocxlis<br />

fasi da Rirebuleba, misi matareblis Rirseba. ras unda<br />

265

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266<br />

hqondes imaze meti fasi da Rirebuleba, rac aqvs sicocxles,<br />

romelic erTaderTia da ganumeorebeli? aris adamianSi<br />

(ara mis gareT) iseTi ram, risTvisac iwireba sicocxle.<br />

es ram gawirvis gadawyvetilebaSi iCens Tavs: es aris neba,<br />

romliTac adamians SeuZlia marTos Tavisi sicocxle,<br />

romlis wyalobiTac adamiani sicocxleze maRla dgeba.<br />

marTavs sicocxles da dro-Jamsac, es kargad Cans baladaSi.<br />

adamiani icocxlebs ramdenime aTeul wels, magram mas,<br />

SesaZloa, arasodes daudges Tavisi egzistenciis gamosxivebis<br />

Jami. es Jami wlebs ar moaqvs, es Jami SeiZleba dadges<br />

kai ymis mowifulobisTanave. Wabuki, sakargymod gamzadebuli,<br />

baRaTera jabuSanuri (amave saxelwodebis baladis<br />

gmiri) dedis Zmebisgan moiTxovs mamiseul CaCqans,<br />

romelic mamis sikvdilis Semdeg maT hqondaT mibarebuli. bi-<br />

Zebma ar misces CaCqani, ar CaTvales mowifulad, gajavrebuli<br />

gamoistumres baRaTera (`qva-rkinas amtvrevs kbili-<br />

Ta~). magram sul male baRaTeras SesaZlebloba eZleva daamtkicos,<br />

rom is mowifulia CaCqnis satareblad (`CaCqani~<br />

aq sabrZolod mowifulobis metaforaa). baRaTeram moigeria<br />

Casafrebuli mzirebi, sisxlmdinareni gaaqcia isini,<br />

magram arc Tavad gadarCenila uWrilobod, romelic sasikvdilo<br />

gamodga. meleqse Zunwia baRaTeras gmirobis gamoxatvaSi.<br />

rasac is gamoxatavs, isev da isev egzistenciis<br />

gamovlenaa – aqedan vrwmundebiT, rom es wamebi baRaTeras sicocxlis<br />

ukanaskneli wamebia. aseTi yofila baRaTera, misma<br />

dedis Zmebma ki ar icodnen. dafaruli gacxadda aseTi<br />

tragikuli aRsasruliT. baRaTeras gza karkuCidan mamis<br />

saxlamde arxotSi Tvisebrivad sxva aris, vidre gza, romelic<br />

man mamis saxlidan karkuCamde gaiara. is gzaSi izrdeba da,<br />

sabolood, ukan itovebs Tavis bavSvobas, igi uReltexilze<br />

mTavrdeba. balada Tavis kulminacias am or striqonSi<br />

aRwevs, romelTac komentari namdvilad ar esaWiroebaT:<br />

`martuam baRaTerama mTa gardiara gminiTa,<br />

gadauCinda dedasa gacinebulis piriTa...~<br />

[qxp IV: 275].<br />

namdvilad, arc erTs mis dedis ZmaTagan, romelTac Selaxes<br />

misi Rirseba, ar eqneboda Sansi sicocxlis fasad daemtkicebina<br />

Tavisi Rirseba, am gziT moepovebina saxeli.

---

Tu mxolod sikvdiliT moipoveba saxeli da sxva gza<br />

misken mimavali ar arsebobs, arc Selaxuli saxelisa da Rirsebis<br />

aRsadgenad sxva gza, garda sikvdilisa, ar ipoveba.<br />

es aris Tema xevsuruli baladisa, romlis gmiri, saxelad<br />

ivaneuri (var. ioneuri), gvarad gaburi, sofliT WimRioni,<br />

mieSureba fSavisken, raTa yvelaze ganTqmul vaJkacTan<br />

SebrZolebaSi sikvdiliT Camoirecxos sircxvili, razec<br />

balada ar laparakobs, mxolod andrezuli gadmocemiT viciT.<br />

ivaneurs raRac saqcieliT (`Tavisi siamayiT~) jvaris-<br />

Tvis uwyeninebia, jvari gaswyromia da `gauyrevav wveri~.<br />

balada, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli poetikisamebr, moulodnelad<br />

iwyeba fSavSi wasasvlelad mzadebiT. Sinaurebi<br />

(ded-mama) da mTeli sofeli, jvaric ki (`waRm dahyev, Wim-<br />

Ris giorgiv, Sens patimarsa ymasao~), aseve mamidac (`yin-<br />

Cad daswerda jvarsao~), roca roSkaSi mis saxls Cauvlis,<br />

monawileobas iReben saboloo gzaze mis gastumrebaSi. baladis<br />

intenciaSi devs misi ukan ardabruneba. ivaneurs sxva<br />

danarCen vaJkacTagan, romlebic sofelSi datova, erTi<br />

upiratesoba aqvs da is sityvis uTqmelad igrZnoba simRereSi:<br />

is dro, rac mas WiRidan cabaurTamde misvlaSi da iq<br />

gamorCeul ymasTan Sexvedramde dasWirdeba, mas ekuTvnis,<br />

dro savsea misi egzistenciiT, veraviTari gareSe Zala ver<br />

waarTmevs mas am dros, veravin ukan ver daabrunebs ivaneurs,<br />

romlis suliskveTeba am or striqonSia moqceuli:<br />

`RmerTo, juTuas Samyare, an yartaulas, £arsao! maklulsa<br />

juTuaisas RmerT aRar dasdebs bralsao~. es misi arCevania.<br />

es arCevani erT fragmentSi, romelic ar ekuTvnis<br />

baladas, amgvarad aris gacxadebuli –<br />

`xmals uTxra ivaneurma: xmalo gamiWer, tialo!<br />

mteri mamadga karzeda, iq unda gagaprialo!<br />

an movklav, an me movkvdebi, cocxalm ar unda viaro~<br />

[qxp: 97].<br />

amis mTqmels SeeZlo ase eTqva: `Jami Cemia~. am ukanmouqcevel<br />

gzaze raime Seferxeba iseTive damaRonebeli da<br />

sasircxvilo iqneboda misTvis misive Tavis winaSe, rogorc<br />

fxovelisTvis SavwyalTan amaod dgoma im Svidstriqonian<br />

baladaSi. es sanatreli Jamis gaSveba da samarcxvino<br />

xelmocarva iqneboda.<br />

267

---

268<br />

`sircxvil as sikvdil“, ambobs kai yma. magram rogori<br />

sikvdili? saxlSi sarecelze sikvdilia sircxvili. es namdvili<br />

tragediaa, imdenad mZime, rom misi Semcveli simRere<br />

sanTliT saZebaria. Tuki ipoveba, misi gamgrZelebelni<br />

cdiloben gamarTleba mouZebnon amgvar aRsasruls.<br />

sanam am tipis, SeiZleba erTaderT, baladas ganvixilavde,<br />

erT damaxasiaTebel ambavs movitan skandinaviel kaiymaTa<br />

cxovrebidan: roca starkidi daberda da TiTqmis dabrmavda,<br />

sul mudam imaze fiqri awuxebda, rom sawolSi ar<br />

momkvdariyo. raki mxolod brZolaSi dacemulTa xvedria<br />

valhala, `Calaze sikvdili~ ki – saZraxisi, sxva ra darCenoda<br />

starkids, Tu ara kiserze Camoekida oqroTi savse qisa,<br />

mkvlelis mizidvis mizniT, da gasuliyo gareT. sabolood<br />

man Tavi moakvlevina paters, romlis mama mas hyavda<br />

mokluli [gureviCi: 23].<br />

verafers vityvi, momxdara Tu ara aseTi SemTxveva kai<br />

ymaTa cxovrebaSi, magram is perspeqtiva, romelic skandinaviel<br />

starkids eloda, `zen bacaligos~ simRereSi faqtia.<br />

ai, es umoklesi balada:<br />

`zen bacaligos Tovsa Tovs, qven bacaligos Srebisa,<br />

TinibeqaurT cixesa kuTxi marjvena sqdebisa.<br />

Tavsa zis Savi yorani, libuSi gveli Zvrebisa,<br />

Siga wevs Tinibeqai, gulsuwadinod kvdebisa...~<br />

[qxp IV: 375-g].<br />

ras niSnavs aq `gulsuwadinod~? imas xom ara, rom Tinibeqas<br />

saerTod ar surs sikvdili? ra Tqma unda, ara. gulsuwadinod<br />

aq erTaderT rasme unda niSnavdes: cixeSi, Tavis<br />

SinaSi sikvdili ar surs Tinibeqas. misi wadili velze<br />

sikvdili iqneboda. magram is sarecelze kvdeba. erT-er-<br />

Ti variantis `uziareblad kvdebao~ Sorsmimaval fiqrs da<br />

varauds aRgviZravs, Tu gavixsenebT fragments e.w. sagmiro-samgloviaro<br />

leqsidan: `omSi moklulsa vaJkacsa rad<br />

unda ziarebao“? es asea, magram Tu Tinibeqa uziareblad<br />

kvdeba, iqneb amiT is aris naTqvami, rom igi brZolis velidan<br />

sasikvdilod daWrili ar dabrunebula, radgan brZolaSi<br />

sisxlis gaReba ziarebis tolfasia (gavixsenoT sisxliT<br />

naTlisReba). gana SemTxveviTia, rom ivaneuris aRsasruls<br />

baladis erT variantSi msxverplSewirvis saxe

---

aqvs: `mauqnevs xoSurauli, gaagdebinebs Tavsao, Tavs mas-<br />

Wris batkaniviTa, Sahrevs jvar-jvaris karsao~?<br />

ramdeni wlis sicocxles gaiRebda Tinibeqa, rom Suqiauris<br />

gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCeniliyo. am leqsSi<br />

xom Suqiauri Tavisi amgvari aRsasruliT saxelis sauflo-<br />

Si gadadis:<br />

`axiels TeTrsa cixesa Cardaxi Camosdisao,<br />

Siga zis Suqiauri, Tavs cecxli gadasdisao,<br />

Suqiauris £irimi gulmwuxrad gamodisao...~<br />

[qxp IV: 233].<br />

aq erTaderTi sityva `gulmwuxrad~ yvelafers ambobs.<br />

`zen bacaligos~ ori gagrZeleba aqvs. erTSi mocemulia<br />

cda Tinibeqais sikvdilis mizezis garkvevisa, radgan<br />

autanelia, rogorc vTqviT, Sin sikvdili, rasac veraferi<br />

gamoasworebs. variantSi cixeSi momakvdavs kvirika qvia saxelad<br />

da igi jixvebis devnas Seuwiravs, rac SeiZleboda<br />

brZolaSi dacemis analogiur aRsasrulad mieCnia romelime<br />

mTqmels. `jixvebs nu Casdev, kvirikav,...~ ase iwyeba<br />

`bacaligos~ gasagrZeleblad gamoyenebuli leqsi, romlis<br />

damoukidebeli warmoSoba udavoa, magram is kontaminaciurad<br />

Seezarda `gulsuwadinod~ momakvdavi Tinibeqas<br />

leqss. mas, rogorc daRupuli monadiris ciklis damoukidebel<br />

baladas (ix. `jarji~), umjobesia, adgili samonadiro<br />

poeziaSi mivuCinoT.<br />

`zen bacaligos~ aqvs meore, ufro bunebrivi gagrZeleba,<br />

sadac gardacvalebuls saTiTaod dastirian axloblebi<br />

– ded-mama:<br />

`Tinibeqais dedai, sawyal, sanTlebur dnebisa,<br />

Tinibeqais diaci dedaSi aRar jdebisa,<br />

gaoxrebuli lurjai samburSi aRar dgebisa...~<br />

[qxp IV:375-g].<br />

axla gavecnoT variants, romelic moicavs moymis sikvdilze<br />

damwuxrebulTa maqsimalur Semadgenlobas:<br />

`deda utiris beCavsa, gulze aRara sTbebao,<br />

dai ki kvirikaisa faragiT ixoSebao,<br />

269

---

270<br />

coli ki kvirikaisi sanTleburada dnebao,<br />

lurjai kvirikaisi samburCi aRar dgebao,<br />

mama ki kvirikaisi Tma-wveriT ixoSebao,<br />

franguli kvirikaisi qarqaSSi aRar dgebao~<br />

[SaniZe 1931:516-g].<br />

Tumca es stereotipad qceuli datirebani met-naklebi<br />

saxecvlilebebiT SeiZleba nebismieri sagmiro baladis<br />

erTgvar daskvnad gamodges. klasikuria am mxriv xogais<br />

mindis dasasruli, romelic mis TiTqmis yvela variants axlavs:<br />

`cxeni imisi tiali lurja totebze dgeboda,<br />

coli imisi beCavi sul Savad imoseboda,<br />

dedas imisas sabralos tirils aRara hxdeboda,<br />

mama imisi sabralo Tma-wveriT ixoSeboda~<br />

[qxp IV: 3].<br />

niSandoblivia, cxenisa da mxedris (patronis) urTier-<br />

Tobis (gavixsenoT `Cavalis, Caeubnebis~) gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />

mgloviareTa Soris cxenis pirvel rigSi dasaxeleba.<br />

aris tendencia, rom am kanonikur sias gamoeyos da damoukidebeli<br />

leqsis saxe miiRos moymisgan daoblebulTa<br />

yvelaze, SeiZleba iTqvas, mebrZolisTvis intimurma atributebma,<br />

romelTagan, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT xalxur rwmena-warmodgenebs<br />

maT nawilianobaze, erTi – cxeni – ar CaiTvleba<br />

ugunur arsebad.<br />

`Cava, Cahxvivis lurjai, mTibelav, Seni cxenia:<br />

vervin Samamxvda, mTibelav, mxedari Seni feria,<br />

vercvin mamiyvans omSia, verc vin maWmia qeria~ –<br />

[qxp IV: 413].<br />

meore ki – iaraRi – usulo nivTad. isini Tumca lakoniuri,<br />

magram Tavisi paTosiT epikuri suraTis personaJebi<br />

xdebian:<br />

`mTibelav, Seni franguli, itirebs, gadaiqceva:<br />

avahme, Cemo patrono, Senfrad aravin meqceva.<br />

vervin Samitans omSia, Samitans, gamameqceva~<br />

[qxp III: 02].

---

ukeTesad da ufro amomwuravad, da meti gulistkeniT<br />

verc erTi axlobeli ver daaxasiaTebda daRupul moymes.<br />

isic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daoblebulTa Soris yvelaze<br />

tragikulni cxeni da franguli Canan.<br />

umxedrod darCenili `lurjas~ monologi TiTqos pasuxia<br />

tunkiT ivanes gamamxnevebel sityvebze Tavisi Semdrkali<br />

`cxenas~ mimarT. `guls me Cagideb magarsa~, ai, aseT,<br />

am sityvebis mTqmel mxedars mistiris cxeni.<br />

`leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa~<br />

Tavdapirveli saxiT es balada, rogorc akaki SaniZem<br />

[SaniZe 1931: 559] gamoarkvia adgilobrivi informatorebis<br />

gamokiTxvis Sedegad, aTiode striqonze meti ar unda yofiliyo.<br />

droTa viTarebaSi baladas emateboda striqonebi,<br />

romlebic TiTqos azustebdnen vefxvisa da moymis Sebmis<br />

detalebs da, ase gasinjeT, bunebis suraTsac ki. arada,<br />

moymis gmirobis saCveneblad sruliad sakmarisia is minimumi,<br />

romelic aRwers mxolod da mxolod aucilebels. Sexvedra<br />

vefxisa da moymisa, maTi Sebma danaxulia erT-erTi monawilis,<br />

cxadia, moymis TvaliT (`moymem Tqva, pirSiSvelama~),<br />

dinamikuri kadrebi iseTi katastrofuli siswrafiT enacvleba<br />

erTmaneTs, rom statikuri peizaJisTvis dro aRar<br />

unda rCebodes. `dro aRar dasCa moymesa~, naTqvamia leqsSive.<br />

drois ukmarisoba, rogorc vnaxeT, orTabrZolaze<br />

agebuli baladis uxilavi fonia, rogorc sasunTqi haeri.<br />

ai, savaraudo Tavdapirveli teqsti:<br />

`moymema pirSiSvelama, Sibn gaiarna kldisani,<br />

jixvsa Tof daxkra, ber£ensa, Walas jaxn iqnes rqisani.<br />

Sua gzas SamaaRamda, dron iyvnen SuRamisani.<br />

gzas vefxvi Sameeyara, Tvalni arisxna RvTisani,<br />

gaziT gaarTvna kalTani, jaWvisa javSanisani.<br />

moymemac xelSi iyarna vadani Tavis £mlisani,<br />

nel-nela gaWra frangulma, dron iyvnes waqcevisani,<br />

vefxvi kldeT gardaekida, CamaawiTlna qviSani,<br />

Taod kldis Tavzed Samowva moyme sulamomdinari.<br />

vin etyvis magis dedasa, kars usxen qadag-misanni,<br />

uerTod ar daixarjnes Cvenis afxazis isarni~<br />

[SaniZe 1931: 519].<br />

271

---

272<br />

rogorc teqstidan Cans, moyme ar apirebda frangulis<br />

moSveliebas da maSinRa moimarjva igi, roca vefxvma jaWvis<br />

perangi SemoafliTa mas. `maSin gauWra frangulma~, gauWra<br />

maSin, roca Tavadac sulamomdinari iyo. ratom erideboda<br />

vefxvis mokvlas moyme? TqmulebiT, vefxvis, rogorc<br />

arwivis, mokvla ikrZaleba. moyme ganwirulia, igi ukanasknel,<br />

zRvrul situaciaSia Cayenebuli, mas sxva gza ara<br />

aqvs. arsebobs azri, rom vefxvi, romelmac `Tvalni arisxna xTisani~,<br />

mas damsjelad moevlina ber£eni jixvis mokvlisaTvis.<br />

vefxvi RvTis risxvis gamomxatvelia (g. jafariZe).<br />

gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase Cans<br />

akaki SaniZis masalebis mixedviT, baladas gauCnda gagrZeleba,<br />

romelmac mas saxeli gauTqva. mis gareSe, saeWvoa,<br />

rom `leqsi vefxvisa da moymisa~ esoden popularuli gamxdariyo.<br />

Tumca popularoba yovelTvis aRmatebuli Rirsebis<br />

dasturi ar aris da am kerZo SemTxvevaSi igi erTgvarad<br />

sentimentalur da arcTu xalxuri warmoSobis humanistur<br />

talRaze gamoikveba.<br />

gavixsenoT, rogor mTvardeba xalxuri teqsti:<br />

`vin etyvis magis dedasa, kars usxeds qadag-misanni,<br />

uerTod ar daixarjnes Cvenis afxazis isarni~ .<br />

dedis motivi aq Zunwad, TavSekavebulad, xevsuruli<br />

tradiciis erTgulebiT aris gamoxatuli. Tavad balada ki<br />

Tavdeba iq, sadac moymem da vefxvma daasrules sicocxle<br />

– kldis Tavze. aq wertili daesva dros, Camoicala wamebi,<br />

qviSis saaTis amwuTisofluri WurWeli dacarielda. oriod<br />

striqonSi ixsenieba Wirisufali araglovis momentSi<br />

da moymis ganzogadebuli (amas isris xseneba mowmobs) Rirsebis<br />

da ara misi ukanaskneli gmirobis Sefaseba. es epilogia,<br />

sadac gmiri ukve moxveWili didebisa da saxelis rakursSia<br />

danaxuli.<br />

dedis xseneba boloswina striqonSi misi imgvari gagrZelebis<br />

biZgi unda yofiliyo, rogoradac gagrZelda<br />

igi. vinc ar unda yofiliyo baladis `meore karis~ Semqmneli,<br />

giorgi jabuSanuri, arcTu usaxelo meleqse, Tu sxva<br />

vinme, misi poeturi talanti eWvs ar iwvevs. leqsi, romelic<br />

eqvsgzis ametebs ZiriTad teqsts, TavisTavad didebulia,<br />

dedis motivi brwyinvaled aris damuSavebuli, mag-

---

am Zneli iqneba misTvis xalxur, gansakuTrebiT xevsuruli<br />

simReres tradiciaSi adgilis moZebna. darRveulia ara<br />

mxolod baladis formaluri mxare – Secvlilia riTma (yuvi,<br />

amaze qvemoT) da droisa da adgilis erTianobis, siuJetis<br />

ganuStoeblobis principi, aramed, rac mTavaria, myari<br />

eTnografiuli tradicia. saqme is aris, rom dedas xevsuruli<br />

etiketiT ekrZaleba Svilze (da qmarze) sajarod<br />

tirili (amaze qvemoT, ix. xmiT natirlebi). `iareboda dedai<br />

tiriliT, Tvalcremliani~ sruliad warmoudgenelia<br />

xevsurul (fSauri ukve itans) tradiciul sinamdvileSi.<br />

amitom vfiqrob, rom es damateba garRvevaa tradiciaSi,<br />

rac SeiZleboda axali tradiciis dasabami yofiliyo, magram<br />

ase ar moxda. dRemde xevsureTSi ar moipoveba dedis<br />

xmiT natirlebi, gansxvavebiT fSavisa, sadac am kdemamosil<br />

tradicias didi xnis winaT Seudga wyali.<br />

Tu davukvirdebiT, meore kari baladisa xuTi met-naklebad<br />

dasrulebuli monakveTisgan Sedgeba. Segubebulia<br />

TiTqos erTmaneTis Tanamimdevruli zRurblebiT baladis<br />

erTiani sunTqva. pirvel monakveTSi erTurTis daxocvis<br />

faqtia aRniSnuli (`imaT daxoces erTurTi~), momdevno<br />

monakveTebSi avtori miubrundeba Serkinebis peripetiebs<br />

da sxvadasxvagvarad gadmocems maT. pirvelad deda<br />

umisamarTod yveba ambavs: `Cem Svils gzad vefxvi Sahyria...~ meoreSi<br />

deda daWril(?) Svils, jerac cocxals, wylulebs<br />

uxvevs (es lafsusia Tu uCveulo metabole?); mesameSi: wina<br />

monakveTSi gacveTili xmali aq bolos uRebs vefxvs:<br />

`xmalma dakuwa Zvalia~. orTabrZola mTavrdeba da dedac<br />

amTavrebs tirils: `magis mets aRar gitireb...~ da moulodnelad<br />

yovelgvari tradiciis sawinaaRmdegod gaismis: `Sen<br />

ar xar satiralia~. meoTxeSi kvlav Tavidan iwyeba Serkineba<br />

dedis sizmarSi: `xan vefxvi, xan Tavis Svili elandeboda<br />

mZinarsa~; mexuTeSi moymis deda midis vefxvis dedasTan<br />

da dedam kvlav unda wamoiwyos Setakebis ambis moyola.<br />

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, TiToeuli monakveTi Tavis<br />

sakuTar yuvzea gawyobili ise, rom baladis yuvi arc<br />

erTSi ar meordeba. es bunebrivia, ramdenadac damoukidebeli<br />

monakveTi Tavis riTmas moiTxovs.<br />

gagrZeleba mTlianad ar aris mowyvetili xalxur tradicias:<br />

aq gvxvdeba SesaniSnavi striqoni, romelic arcTu<br />

Soreulad epaeqreba yornis yofiT-saRazrovan, uaresic,<br />

273

---

274<br />

obivatelur daskvnas. Tu yornisTvis `orniv yofilan uWkoni~,<br />

`vefxisa da moymis~ meore mgosani dedis piriT saqveynod<br />

acxadebs moymeTa kodeqsis upirveles WeSmaritebas:<br />

`arc vefxvi iyo jabani, arc Cem Svil Saxvda Wkviani~.<br />

Wkviani aq jabanis sinonimia. amdenad, `Wkviani moyme~ winaaRmdegobrivi<br />

cnebaa. saxels da didebas mxolod saRi azris<br />

sawinaaRmdegod mavalni ipoveben. Wkvianni iseve ver<br />

miswvdebian didebas da saxels, rogorc `vefxistyaosnis~<br />

saRvTo mijnurobas (`Wkvianni ver mixvdebian~). analogia,<br />

oRond mutatis mutandis, aSkaraa platonuri mantizmis (siSmagis)<br />

konteqstSi, roca dionisuri sawyisi adamianis aqtivobis<br />

gansxvavebul sferoebze vrceldeba.<br />

`Siola da mTrexeli~<br />

ramdenadme gansxvavebulia sxva sagmiro baladebisgan,<br />

Tumca ar SeiZleba darwmunebuli viyoT, rom igi sagmiro<br />

xasiaTisaa, ramdenadac orTabrZola (Tu am Setakebas or-<br />

TabrZolad CavTvliT) aq mTavari Tema ar aris. balada mravalmxriv<br />

aris saintereso: pirvel, rigSi, is istoriuli<br />

dokumentia, romelic konkretuli, cocxali SemTxveviT<br />

(xdomilebiT) gvisuraTebs saqarTvelos mTaSi Seqmnil situacias<br />

<strong>zurab</strong> erisTavis xanaSi. Siola, erTi gabudayebuli<br />

gvaris warmomadgeneli, aragvis erisTavis partikularistuli<br />

mcdelobebis dasayrdenia xevSi. hubrisi, rogorc<br />

wesi, tragikulad mTavrdeba da Siolas aRsasrulic<br />

amgvaria. tragediis arsia moulodneloba, mowinaaRmdege<br />

Zalis gauTvaliswinebloba. Siola im mxridan nasroli isris<br />

msxverpli xdeba, saidanac naklebad moeloda. ase iRupeba<br />

gabudayebuli TorRva Zaganic. magram, rogorc iTqva,<br />

es motivi aq ar aris mTavari. mTavari Tema TiTqos im<br />

samiode striqonSia gamoxatuli, romlebic erTgvari eqstrabaladuri<br />

sivrcidan gamosrolili SeZaxiliT agvirgvinebs<br />

baladis teqsts:<br />

`amboben Camaqcevasa axalcixuris kldisasa,<br />

Tan Cayolasa amboben qerbeRelais Zisasa,<br />

ver Seinaxa stumari, vai vas dedas mtrisasa!~<br />

[qxp XI: 27].

---

magram ara, `Siola da mTrexeli~ iseTi kompoziciurideuri<br />

mTlianobaa, rom saeWvoa, erTi romelime Tema dominirebdes<br />

masSi. aq dgas, ra Tqma unda, Rirsebis problema<br />

– Seuracxyofili vaJkacis Rirsebisa, romelsac Tavisi<br />

moymeobis ukanasknel (cxeni ukve gaiRo) atributs arTmeven<br />

(`ar daiSala, gadaswvda mxarT nadebs mSvildsa rqisasa~, aq<br />

ar SeiZleba ar mogvagondes yivCaRis moZaladuri moZraoba:<br />

`mozidna nawnavs Tmisasa~), Seuracxyofili maspinZlis<br />

Rirsebisa, romelsac stumari moukles (Tema, romelic vaJas<br />

geniam poemad aqcia); tradiciiT Semagrebul-gamarTlebuli<br />

Surisgebis dauokebeli Jini (`ganrisxebas Rgon xTisasa~);<br />

mkvlelis, Tundac sakuTari sicocxlis aradCamgdebis,<br />

pirveli reaqcia, Tavi Seafaros tradiciiT kurTxeul<br />

adgilebSi, eklesia iqneba Tu keria Tundac moklulis<br />

dis saxlSi (`dao, ver Saminaxavdi, cxonebas Seni Zmisasa~?);<br />

keriis mfarvelobiTi Zala, Surisgebis grZnobis mZleveli<br />

(`wamodo, Sao da bnelo, Tu suls vaameb mkvdrisasa~)...<br />

da mainc unda vTqvaT, rom am baladaSi TvalSi sacemia<br />

is ganaCeni, rac gamotanilia hubrisis winaaRmdeg: mas aqvs<br />

Tavisi mwvervali, apogea, romlis Semdeg iwyeba SeumCneveli<br />

dacema da uecari kraxi. amasve gadmogvcems TorRva<br />

Zaganis cxovreba, romelsac baladaSi aRzevebisa da dacemis<br />

klasikuri saxe aqvs micemuli.<br />

mainc ra aris mTavari? iqneb mTavari moqmedi aq droa,<br />

is dro-Jami, romelic gadis snoSi im sabediswero isris gasrolidan<br />

ukanasknel TavSesaframde, romelmac mainc ver<br />

Seifara mkvleli – dro, avsili egzistencialuri substanciiT,<br />

sadac erTni arian devnili (`daelnebas Rgav cisasa~)<br />

da mdevneli (`ganrisxebas Rgon xTisasa~)? dros aqac ise-<br />

Tive elvis siswrafe aqvs, rogorc sxvagan, sadac baladis<br />

gmiri sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvars Suaa moqceuli.<br />

`TorRva Zagani~<br />

TorRvas tragedia, romelic hubriszea agebuli, erTi<br />

baladis sivrciT ar Semoifargleba. is arc epikur JanrSi<br />

ar gadazrdila, ramdenadac eposi <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>s-<br />

Tvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris.<br />

aq ar vsaubrobT TorRvas istoriulobaze. am problemas<br />

sagangebod ganixilavs t. maxauri [maxauri:182-230] da,<br />

275

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276<br />

vfiqrob, damajerebel daskvnebamde midis. yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

istoriuli TorRvas pirovneba, rogoradac is werilobiT<br />

wyaroebsa da zepirsityvier gadmocemebSi Cans, savsebiT<br />

akmayofilebs am tipis baladis moTxovnebs.<br />

TorRvas Sesaxeb ramdenime baladuri teqstia Semonaxuli.<br />

erTi Tu mis warmoSobas gvamcnobs, meore – misi hubrisis<br />

(gabudayebis) niSnebs da gamoxatulebas saqcielSi,<br />

mesame – mis aRsasruls. am sami (Tu meti) teqstis ganlageba<br />

qronologiur xazze SeuZlebelia, radgan aq CamoTvlili<br />

epizodebi TiToeul maTgans msWvalavs. TiTqos TiToeuli<br />

maTgani dasrulebuli damoukidebeli baladaa, sxvadasxva<br />

kuTxiT rom gadmogvcems misi arsebobis tragedias.<br />

TiToeuli maTgani mTlianobaSi gvimxels TorRvas saxels<br />

mis bediswerasTan erTad.<br />

TorRvas jer Tavisi warmoSobiT da mere SobiT ori ise-<br />

Ti fundamenturi niSani aqvs, romelTagan erTic ki sakmarisi<br />

iqneboda mis gasabudayeblad. warmoSobiT is bagrationia,<br />

amdenad, nawiliani. mis beWebze `marjvniv mze werebuliyva,<br />

marcxniske – mTvaris nalio~. mesame niSania nawilianobis<br />

mizeziT mopovebuli jaWvis perangi, `Zmobilis<br />

naCuqari~ (es Zmobili xan qajebi arian, xan veSapia), raSic<br />

misi nawilianobaa ganivTebuli da, sanam igi mas axlavs,<br />

mtris isrisa Tu tyviisagan saimedod aris daculi.<br />

SeniSvna: italiel misionerTa gadmocemiT, imereTis mefeebs –<br />

aleqsandre III-s, bagrats dabadebidanve zurgis orive mxares jvari<br />

hqoniaT gamosaxuli [judiCi: 131; kasteli: 75, 76].<br />

TorRva damatebiT begaras uwesebs fSavlebs (`mSavleb, umateT<br />

begarsa~): TiTo cxvars da TiTo nacrian tomaras (zamTar-<br />

Si sanadiro gzebis gasamSraleblad), da kidev `sakargymoT~ arwivis<br />

frTas (isris kudisTvis). es TiTqos araferia, magram uaznauro<br />

fSavlebis moTminebis fiala ivseba da TorRva misTvis<br />

moulodnelad, naavadari ConTas xeliT ecema.<br />

– `vinc Sen eg mogces, TorRvao, mama wauwydes mkvdario!<br />

amaiwvada ConTama isari mWvartlianio:<br />

– samjer mamixve, TorRvao, sami dagikal cxvario,<br />

meoTxed mosuls dagikal TeTri qorai xario.<br />

gizave d’ ver dagizave, bagrationi xario.<br />

gulsa xkra, suksa uwia, daeca Zagnis gvario...~<br />

[SaniZe 1931: 44; qxp IV: 222].

---

es misi daRupvis gare mxarea. Temi Surs iZiebs gabudayebulze,<br />

rogorc Cveulebriv xdeba legendebsa da yofa-<br />

Si. magram mis aseT aRsasruls `metafizikuri~ planic axlavs:<br />

gabudayebis kulminaciaSi TorRvas tovebs nawili.<br />

iorSi `amaCqvefisas~ ucxom Tvali mohkra (`vin uga Tvalio~)<br />

mis SiSvel beWebze nawilis niSnebs, romelTa arseboba,<br />

dedis garda, aravis ar unda scodnoda, da `Zmobilis<br />

naCuqari~ jadosnuri jaWvis perangic tovebs mas.<br />

cocxali gmiri<br />

– `jaWvi ra uyav, TorRvao, qajebis naCuqario?<br />

– ielovanze gavwire, gacurda, rogorc wyalio~.<br />

iTqva, rom cocxali gmiri winaaRmdegobis Semcveli<br />

cnebaa im mizeziT, rom saxeli – gmirobis niSani, ZiriTadad<br />

da rogorc wesi, brZolaSi sikvdils moaqvs. amitom ambobs<br />

ivaneuri: `an movklav, an me movkvdebi, cocxalm ar<br />

unda viaro!~ gadarCenil kaiymas saxelis mopovebis naklebi<br />

Sansi aqvs. magram sagmiro poeziam icis sagmiro baladisgan<br />

gansxvavebuli teqstebi, sadac saxeldebiT Seqebulia<br />

konkretuli moyme. qebani ar aris stereotipuli. moymeobis<br />

poezias moymis sikeTis gadmocema-gamoxatvis<br />

mravalferovani saSualebebi aqvs. gavecnoT zogierT maTgans.<br />

`ar vici xando-WarTali, gudamayari sad ari.<br />

mTiuleTs gamigonia Tormeti cixe magari.<br />

samxreTiT wamogveweva veSagurT cxeni saRari,<br />

zeda zis mameswarai, welze artyia xanjali.<br />

aragvis piras SamoCnda, gaminaxevra laSqari,<br />

dabrunda, wyalze garecxa omSi naxmari far-xmali~<br />

[xalxuri poezia 1992: 89].<br />

erTaderTi, rac mameswara veSaguris saxelovan gamarjvebas<br />

gvamcnobs, es oradori sityvaa: `gaminaxevra laSqari~,<br />

sxva danarCeni mxolod fons uqmnis mas. `Tormeti<br />

cixe magari~ mis saxels emsaxureba, rogorc misi gmirobis<br />

Tanadi. cxeni, xanjali, far-xmali – moymis es aqsesuarebi<br />

inkrustaciebiviT aris Casmuli am umoklesi leqsis mcire<br />

sivrceSi. dasaxeleba `veSagurT cxeni~ ukve mowmobs am cxe-<br />

277

---

278<br />

nis saxelze, romelic isev da isev misi mxedris saxels emsaxureba,<br />

rogorc misi moymeobis Sesatyvisi. xolo brZolis<br />

dasasruli apoTeozis nacvlad sruliad yofiTi saqmianobiT<br />

aris gamoxatuli, rac imis mimaniSnebelia, rom<br />

garecxili far-xmali axali brZolis molodinSi iqneba.<br />

ai, kidev leqsi, romelic fragmentis STabeWdilebas<br />

tovebs, magram aramc da aramc fragmenti ar aris – igi damoukidebeli<br />

samstriqonedia:<br />

`meSvela milxauris Ze, niavo gergetisao,<br />

kivkav darbazis gamtexo, momtano sirmaisao,<br />

Tormetis SurismZebnelo, £elad momyvano tyvisao~<br />

[Tsufa 24441].<br />

meSvelas saxelisTvis, romelic imsaxurebs epiTets<br />

`niavi gergetisa~, sruliad sakmarisia darbazis (sakulto<br />

nageboba) gatexa da iqidan sirmis, rogorc nadavlis, wamoReba,<br />

rac mtruli Temis sruli ganadgurebis badalia,<br />

mere Tormetis Surismgebloba (rogorc viciT, Tormeti<br />

damasrulebeli ricxvia) da, bolos, tyvis moyvana sakuTari<br />

xeliT – Warbic aris, es saqmeni sagmironi mTlianad gadafaravs<br />

mis momavals.<br />

SeniSvna. gergeti RvTisSvilTa samyofelia, `niavi gergetisa~<br />

ki SeiZleba miviCnioT mxsnelis figuralur sinonimad. meSvelas qmedebani<br />

RvTisSvilTa mxsnel RvawlTan aris Sedarebuli. `sirma~ –<br />

aq: sakulto Tasis saxelia.<br />

<strong>zurab</strong> erisTavTan brZolebis epopeaSi varskvlaviviT<br />

brwyinavs xevsuri mamuka qalundauri. man sicocxleSive<br />

moipova gmiris statusi, magram usaxelod daasrula sicocxle.<br />

rogorc leqsebi, ise prozauli gadmocema guroel<br />

xevsurs nawilianad (jvar-xatTn wilnayarad) Tvlis.<br />

magram nawiliani iyo ara mxolod Tavad mamuka, aramed misi<br />

xmalic. mosalodneli brZolis win xmali qarqaSidan amoiwevda<br />

momavali gamarjvebis niSnad [gabuuri: 158]. sadag<br />

dReebSi igi sruliad prozaul cxovrebas misdevda. magaliTad,<br />

yoveldRiuri sakvebis mosapoveblad xifxolas<br />

(erTgvari mcenare) Txrida xolme yanaSi. misi nawilianoba<br />

anu qarizma swored krizisis periodSi iCenda Tavs, ebra-

---

el winaswarmetyvelTa da msajulTa darad uflis suli<br />

gadmodioda masze, ris Semdegac igi sruliad saxecvlili<br />

Sedioda brZolaSi. es sxvebisTvisac TvalsaCino iyo. gadmocemiT,<br />

salaSqrod mimaval mamukas win varskvlavi miuZRoda,<br />

rogorc naTlis sveti. roca mTaze gadmomdgar <strong>zurab</strong><br />

erisTavs mTis ZirSi momavali mamuka daunaxavs, Tavisi<br />

laSqari auyria da ukan gabrunebula [gabuuri: 59]. ramdenime<br />

fragmenti mamukas eposidan amgvarad gvixasiaTebs mis<br />

araordinalur pirovnebas.<br />

`Tan maxyves qalundaursa mamukas Suqni mzisani,<br />

bekengorT Camoewiva, yman CaWrna <strong>zurab</strong>isani,<br />

amandiT amabrunvilma samann Caxyudna qvisani...~<br />

[qxp XI: 47].<br />

brZola aragvis riyeze moxda da gamarjvebis niSnad mamukam<br />

erTi mozrdili lodi bekengoris Tavze aitana da miwaSi<br />

CaarWo. misi es qmedeba apoTeozis erTgvari niSani iyo,<br />

Tumca am dRidan daiwyo misma varskvlavma Casveneba. saqme<br />

is iyo, rom man daarRvia sakraluri wesi, akrZalva: imaze<br />

meti mteri mokla ukanasknel brZolaSi, ramdenis atanac<br />

mis nawilian xmals SeeZlo. am sabediswero epizods amgvarad<br />

gadmoscems besarion gabuuri:<br />

`... Tormet erTbaSad mauklav. meTormetisad ro Samaukrav<br />

£mali mamuka qalundaurs, maSin es meTormete<br />

kac mokluli TaviT fe£-aRm dayudebulas wyalSi da<br />

RmerTs Saswdomiv imTven xalxis codvai da Caugav £mal<br />

mamuka qalundaurs. SauZaxnebav xTisad: RmerTo, Sen nu<br />

gamiwyrebiv! mets aRar mavxklavav. maSin Caugav £mal qalundaurs,<br />

uTqom damrCal <strong>zurab</strong>is jarTad: mSvidobiT,<br />

£el magimarTasT! RmerTm aRar mamc metis £ocis nebai, da<br />

amabrunvil~<br />

[gabuuri:159].<br />

amis Semdeg Cauyudebia is samani bekengorze. RmerTma<br />

metis xocvis nebac ar misca da arc apatia. mamuka qalundauri,<br />

bekengoris gmiri, usaxelod iRupeba RvTisgan gawiruli<br />

TorRvas msgavsad (ix. zemoT). magram samani, misi gmi-<br />

279

---

280<br />

robis niSnad misive xeliT aRmarTuli, darCa bekengorze.<br />

bekengori qalundauris kidev erTi saswaulebrivi siCauqis<br />

mowme iyo, romelic amgvarad gamoxata leqsma:<br />

`bekenTgor qalundauri yornis griloebs xyvebisa~<br />

[qxp III: 50].<br />

SeniSvnebi. mamukas, romlis gvari gogoWuri iyo, metsaxeli `qalundauri~<br />

misi matareblis askezis gamoxatulebaa: `qal-undauri~<br />

unda miuTiTebdes qalebTan urTierTobisgan TavSekavebis aRTqmaze<br />

(xevs. undauri – moZule), Tumca es Tema maincdamainc gaSlili<br />

ar aris qalundauris eposSi.<br />

bekengori (an begengori) maRali mTaa gudanis maxloblad. misi<br />

ferdobi TiTqmis Sveulad eSveba aragvis riyeze, saidanac mamukam<br />

riyis qva iatana bekengorze.<br />

samani Cveulebriv niSnavs mijnas, romelic gamoyofs erT nakveTs<br />

meorisgan, amrigad, is samaxsovro niSania. qalundaurma aRmarTa<br />

igi: Tavisi gamarjvebis niSnad da kidev imis niSnad, rom amieridan<br />

iwyeboda misi cxovrebis axali etapi, romelic dekadansiT aRiniSna.<br />

mamukas xeliT dayudebuli samani bolo dromde ixilveboda<br />

bekengorze. am striqonebis avtors, bacaligo-atabedan gudanisken mimavals,<br />

orgzis mouxilavs igi. amboben, viRac xevsur herostrates<br />

amouZirkvavs igi da aragvis riyisTvis daubrunebia. mamukas ki anderZad<br />

hqonda datovebuli: `vinac Cem sikvdiliTges amaze mgzavr<br />

aivl-Caivlis da vinac am samanTan sam yanws arayians ar daRlocavs,<br />

am Cemis £mlis codva ekidas, rac Cem £mals codva uqnav da kac mauklav~<br />

[gabuuri:159-160].<br />

`yornis griloebs xyvebisa~ anu mfrinavi yornebis dafenil<br />

Crdilebs misdevdao (grilo – Crdili).<br />

monadire<br />

monadireoba saomari moqmedebaa, igi xSirad orTabrZolis<br />

xasiaTs iRebs, ris magaliTad `leqsi vefxvisa da<br />

moymisa~ kmara. gareuli mxeci ucxoa, rogorc mteri, da<br />

nadiroba TiTqos omia maT winaaRmdeg. swored amitom, rom<br />

nadiroba Zaladobaa, misi neitralizaciis mizniT, garkveul<br />

sazogadoebebSi igi sagangebo ritualebiT aris garemosili.<br />

monadire sanadirod wasvlis win icavs akrZalve-

---

is mTels wyebas, raTa misi nadiroba ara mxolod warmatebuli,<br />

aramed legitimuric iyos. nadirobasTan dakavSirebulia<br />

gansacdeli, ucnobis samyaros xilva, Cveulebriobis<br />

sazRvrebis gadalaxva an im zRurblis miRweva, saidanac<br />

iwyeba sxva, aqamde ganucdeli samyaro. es garemoeba ki<br />

riskis winaSe ayenebs monadires. amitomac ar aris paradoqsi,<br />

rom warmatebuli monadire, iseve rogorc davlaTiannawiliani<br />

meomari (TorRva Zagani, ioneur TeTrauli, mamuka<br />

qalundauri da sxvani), mSvidobianad ar amTavrebs sicocxles.<br />

samonadiro <strong>folklori</strong>sTvis arsebiTia daRupuli<br />

monadiris cikli, romelsac sagangebo monografia<br />

mieZRvna [virsalaZe 1964].<br />

monadire, rogorc wesi, isjeba zedmeti nadiris daxocvisTvis.<br />

arsebobs wesi: asi jixvis mokvlis Semdeg Tofi<br />

miwaSi imarxeba. es is Tofia, romelmac azari Seasrula<br />

da misi gamoyeneba ekrZaleba monadires. monadire Corla<br />

isjeba imisaTvis, rom man as oci jixvi da arCvi mokla, mxolod<br />

erTi koWli Txa gadaurCa [svanuri poezia: 291].<br />

gadametebuli nanadirevi monadiris hubrisis gamoxatulebaa.<br />

es ar epatieba monadires, rogorc qalundaurs<br />

ar epatia im meTormetis mokvla. monadire isjeba ara imdenad<br />

zedmeti nadiris mokvlisTvis, aramed hubrisisTvis,<br />

imis daviwyebisTvis, rom nadirobaSi warmateba nadirT patronzea<br />

damokidebuli da ara misi monadireobis xelovnebaze<br />

an davlaTze, romlis wyaro nadirT patronia. warmateba<br />

davlaTia, romelic eZleva monadires da, rogorc eZleva,<br />

iseve waerTmeva. zedmeti an niSandebuli nadiris mokvla<br />

qurdobis tolfasia: monadire qurdavs `nadirT patrons~.<br />

amisTvis is unda daisajos.<br />

nadirT patronTan urTierToba, romelic aucilebelia<br />

nadirobaSi warmatebisaTvis, satrfialo kavSiris saxes<br />

iRebs. am dros nadirT patroni dedria. qarTul folklorSi<br />

ori tipi gamoikveTa am urTierTobisa, erTi svanur<br />

zepirsityvierebaSia dadasturebuli, meore – megrulSi.<br />

erTgan dalia, meoregan – `tyaSmafa~ (tyis mefe Tu<br />

dedofali).<br />

rCeuli monadireebi dalis an tyaSmafas sayvarlebi arian.<br />

am pirobiT isini aRweven warmatebas. Tumca monadire, Cveulebriv,<br />

gaurbis nadirT mwyemsis siyvaruls. niSandoblivia: Tu ar-<br />

281

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282<br />

Cevani monadirezea, anu Tu monadires aqvs alternativa, igi<br />

oridan – dalTan wola Tu cxra jixvi – am ukanasknels irCevs.<br />

ase iqceva dalis bavSvis gadamrCeni monadire: warmatebas ir-<br />

Cevs, magram dali pasuxs mkacrad agebinebs, Tu man cxras gadaaWarba<br />

an am cxraSi swored imas esrola, romlis mokvla akrZaluli<br />

aqvs. es xSirad oqrosrqiani jixvia da misTvis nasroli<br />

tyvia Tavad msrolels miubrundeba.<br />

ufro xSirad monadires ara aqvs alternativa. igi iZulebulia<br />

dahyves dalis nebas: sayvarlad gauxdes mas da<br />

warmateba uzrunvelyofilia, magram amieridan monadire<br />

mudmivi safrTxis winaSea.<br />

am siyvaruls TiTqos kanonieri saxe aqvs, es erTgvari<br />

qorwinebaa, misi niSani mZivia an beWedi, romelsac monadire<br />

saidumlod unda inaxavdes. am mZivSi Tu beWedSia ganiv-<br />

Tebuli monadiris bedi. masze unda Semowmdes misi erTguleba<br />

dalisadmi. magram monadires `Sin~ kanonieri qali<br />

hyavs. amieridan misi cxovreba gaorebulia – cxovreba<br />

`Sin~ da `gareT~.<br />

dalTan qorwineba Tumca efemerulia, magram misi Sedegi<br />

tragikulia. dali Rupavs, dalive daitirebs.<br />

svanuri samonadireo teqstebi epikuria, sinkretizmis<br />

niSniT aris aRbeWdili – isini ferxulSi sruldeba, ferxulis<br />

dinamikam da ritmma TiTqos unda gadmosces ganwiruli<br />

monadiris daRupvis gardauvali procesi.<br />

bail yvela dailocos aq myofi, bail, ilba bail.<br />

bail, sabralo beTqil, sacodao beTqil, bail....<br />

bail, beTqil, dalis moRalatev, bail....<br />

bail, mulax-muJali ikribeba, bail...<br />

bail, ferxuliT uvlian JamuSis moedans, bail...<br />

bail, gadmomxtara TeTri Suni, bail...<br />

bail, gaZromia beTqils lajebSi, bail...<br />

bail, es beTqilis wera iqneba, bail...<br />

bail, amis mdevari vin iqneba, bail...<br />

bail, amis mdevari beTqili iqneba, bail...~<br />

[xalxuri poezia 1992: 163].<br />

sofeli grZnobs, rom es TeTri Suni, romelic sinamdvileSi<br />

arc aris Suni, beTqilis bedisweraa. beTqili pasuxismgebelia<br />

mis gamoCenaze, amitomac valdebulia gah-

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yves mis kvals. Sunis saxiT movlenilma CaSala ferxuli,<br />

daarRvia sayovelTao mxiaruleba, zeimi. uaresic moxdeba,<br />

Tu damnaSave ar gaica. amas acxadebs sofeli sityvebiT<br />

`amis mdevari beTqili iqneba~, sxva aravin. dali, romelic<br />

Sunis saxiT gamoecxada sofels, sxvas aravis moiTxovs. sofeli<br />

grZnobs, rom es beTqilis ukanaskneli nadiroba iqneba<br />

da aravin ecileba Sunis monadirebaSi. `Cemi mocemuli<br />

mZivi ra uyavi?~ – kiTxva dasmulia miuval kldeze, sadac<br />

gaityua Sunma beTqili da saidanac Camosvla mas ar uweria.<br />

mZivi ara mxolod sasiyvaruli saCuqaria, aramed saidumlos<br />

niSanic aris, romlis siwmide beTqilma ver Seinaxa,<br />

`gaarioSa~ (`garioSeba~ – desakralizacia). amitomac igi<br />

unda daisajos. da dali mTeli sisastikiT sjis mas. sad unda<br />

daisajos monadire, Tu ara isev da isev im sajixveebSi,<br />

sadac mas warmateba hqonda. rogorc ki dali miatovebs mas<br />

– gauCinardeba, beTqili ufskrulis Tavze dakidebuli aRmoCndeba.<br />

mTeli sofeli mis saSvelad moemarTeba, magram<br />

vidre kldis Zirs miaRwevdes, `manamde beTqili gadmovardnila,<br />

mis mZors daTvi Wams, mis Tvalebs yorani kortnis...~<br />

svani beTqilis dramis tipologiuria raWveli ivane qvacixelis<br />

tragikuli ambavi. oRond qvacixelis TqmulebaSi teqstSi<br />

ar Cans nadirT patronis monawileoba. magram sasjeli aSkaraa<br />

da is Zalze sastikia: kldeze SerCenil qvacixels ukidures<br />

gasaWirSi mouxdeba Tavisi monadireobis atributebze uaris<br />

Tqma Tu maTi SebRalva: klavs erTgul ZaRls yurSas da<br />

cecxls aCaRebs sanadiro iaraRebiT – isrebiT, mSvildiT da<br />

kaparWiT [virsalaZe: 191]. ufskrulSi gadaCexvamde igi sruliad<br />

gacamtverda rogorc monadire.<br />

TiTqos paradoqsuli kanonzomierebaa: rac ufro saxelovania<br />

monadire, miT ufro gardauvalia misi tragikuli<br />

aRsasruli. `jixvebis muqaraze~ mdgomni iqcevian rogorc<br />

ukandauxeveli meomrebi, radgan nadiroba brZolaa,<br />

rasac es samonadiro baladac mowmobs. aq jarji iziarebs<br />

beTqilisa da ivane qvacixelis xvedrs, magram mis monadirul<br />

qcevas sxva niuansic axlavs, rac arsebiTia.<br />

`jixvebis ganavali klde ro naxo, gagikvirdeba,<br />

imaT nawolsa, nadgomsa Toli ar maekideba.<br />

fex ro mausxltes tialsa, kldeze rqiT daekideba.<br />

imaT mimyolsa vaJkacsa ra kargi waekideba.<br />

283

---

284<br />

jarjo, Cahxedav jixvebsa, ra mSvenierni wvanano,<br />

rqa rqaze gadauxvevav, angelozebsa Rgvanano.<br />

jarjiv, nu misdev jixvebsa, mogineleben tialni!<br />

ar daijera jarjima, sxvac bevr mamcdara Wkviani.<br />

Camauqadla vaJkacma xirimi spilos Zvliani,<br />

win jixvTa, ukan jarjima kldeze gadiRes griali,<br />

arxalos Walas Cacvivdnen, arxalos perangiani.<br />

Cabanos Walas gavarda moyme fexwriapiani.<br />

amaitanes mamkvdari, tiris qali da zalia.<br />

Samaawvines karzeda kldis dafleTili tania,<br />

gadaglejili Tav-piri, yornis daTxrilni Tvalnia,<br />

saxsovrad jarjis saflavze daakrnes jixvis rqania.<br />

erT gverdze Tofi siaTa, meore gverdze xmalia,<br />

zed daaweres werili: jarji jixvTagan mkvdaria~<br />

[qxp IV: 374].<br />

es namdvili orTabrZolaa da igi namdvilad uTanasworoa.<br />

magram ar arsebobs Zala, romelic uars aTqmevinebs<br />

monadires, msgavsad omSi gasuli moymisa, am SebrZolebaze. ukan<br />

daxeva marcxis tolfasia. adamiani uWko unda iyos (rogorc<br />

vefxvTan mebrZoli moyme), rom brZola gaumarTos jixvs<br />

missave `moedanze~ – pitalo kldeebze. jixvs rom fexi dausxltes,<br />

Tavisi bunebrivi iaraRiT – rqiT daekideba, magram<br />

moymes gadarCenis sxva saSualeba ara aqvs, garda wriapisa,<br />

magram esec ver uSvelis. ai, xevsuri sindiurisZe Casafrebuli<br />

mebrZoliviT gzas uRobavs jixvebs WiuxebSi:<br />

`ar eSobian Rurbelni maRlis Wiuxis wversao.<br />

Wiuxis kuWulazeda sindaurisZe wevsao,<br />

jixvebis muqarazeda Rames aTenebs bnelsao.<br />

ji£vTa rai qnes SamdgarTa, an im vefxvs ra iWersao?<br />

ji£vni Civian WiuxSi: veRar SeudiT kldesao,<br />

Cven gadasaval sartyelSi vefxvi mwkliani wevsao.<br />

ji£vn SaSCivian WiuxTa, Wiuxni kalmis wversao,<br />

kalami daswers qaRaldsa, miscems aragvi £evsao.<br />

SibuT maua pasuxi, wyali samayris persao,<br />

kacs iklebs sindaurisZe, naxocis CamamTvlelsao.<br />

Teqvsmet ji£vSiiT narCevsa, kldezeiT Camamwvdelsao~<br />

[qxp VII: 656].

---

SeniSvna. `kacs iklebs sindaurisZe, naxocis CamamTvlelsao~, anu<br />

sindaurisZe moisaklisebs daxocili jixvebis damTvlels; amis nacvlad<br />

sxva azrs iZleva varianti: `kacs natrobs monadirei, na£ocis<br />

CamamTrelsao~ [qxp VII: 656-g]. anu monadire natrobs mas, vinc Camoataninebs<br />

Wiuxebidan daxocil jixvebs. orive SemTxvevaSi aSkarad gamoxatulia<br />

monadiris siamaye – hubrisi, rac misi daRupvis mizezi<br />

xdeba.<br />

Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, beTqilisa da jarjisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

sindaurisZe ar gadaCexila ufskrulebSi: misi sxeuli<br />

samudamod SerCa Wiuxebs, risTvisac am adgils `sindauris<br />

marali~ daerqva. es iyo misi sasjelic da didebac.<br />

dRemde SesZaxian mas, rogorc adre, roca afrTxilebdnen:<br />

`Camoxe, sindiurao, klde nu aavse mZoriTa,<br />

gvayruebs monadireTa yefa mag Savis yornisa...~<br />

[qxp VII: 655].<br />

magram warmatebiT gaTamamebulma (hubrisis niSani) ar<br />

datova Wiuxebi. moyme kidev imitomac ar daixevs ukan, rom,<br />

rogorc Tavad ambobs,<br />

`jixvni miyvardes tialni, mec magaT miyves ziani,<br />

xelSiiT damadebies vintoka pirkvamliani~<br />

[qxp IV: 374-e].<br />

jixvebi uyvars moymes, rogorc mebrZols mteri, romlis<br />

arseboba saxelis moxveWis erTaderTi pirobaa. Tumca<br />

siyvarulis mizezi is sanaxaobac aris, romlis erTader-<br />

Ti mxilveli monadirea –<br />

`jarjo, Cahxedav jixvebsa, ra mSvenierni wvanano,<br />

rqa rqaze gadauxvevav, angelozebsa Rgvanano~.<br />

rogor SeuZlia mas ukan daixios am angelozuri silamazis<br />

winaSe? magram, rogorc sxva, monaTesave baladidan<br />

Cans, jixvebis angelozuroba moCvenebiTia da macTuri, mis<br />

ukan sxva Zala imaleba:<br />

`ji£vTa nu misdev, kvirikav kurdRelaSvilo, kldisaTa!<br />

Tor Cagityuebs ji£vebi, fxas Cagaglejen kldisaTa.<br />

gagimaRleben eSmaksa, naqars dagcemen mTisas...~<br />

[SaniZe 1931: 516].<br />

285

---

286<br />

SeniSvna. `gagimaRleben eSmaksa~, anu eSmakis xelSi mogaqceveno,<br />

SemTxveviT ar aris naTqvami. amboben: `nadiri eSmakT saqonia da<br />

mwyems-patroni eSmakio~ [baliauri: 112]. nadirobas aqvs mkveTri negatiuri<br />

mxare, romelsac yofiTi azri ar Tvlis Wkvianis saqmed.<br />

`nu mixol...~ – mudam Tan sdevs gafrTxileba monadiris gzas. yofi-<br />

Ti TvalsazrisiT, romelic emTxveva epikurs, monadiris bolo tragikulia:<br />

`arc dRiT (bunebrivi sikvdiliT, z.k.) mokvdeba, kldeze<br />

gadmovardeba an zavi moiyolebso~. epikur JanrSic, romelic heroikulia<br />

da Wkuas gamoricxavs, gakrTeba es gafrTxileba: `ji£vTa nu<br />

misdev~. gana aseve ar fiqrobs yorani, roca fxovelisa da Savanelis<br />

Tavganwiruli orTabrZolis Semswre gaxdeba – `orniv yofilan<br />

uWkoni, erTm mainc rad ar dasTmao~? magram vefxvTan mebrZolis<br />

deda sxvagvarad fiqrobs siamayiT – `arc Cem Svil Saxvda Wkviani~.<br />

svanuri epikuri samonadiro tradicia icnobs `karg<br />

monadireebs~ (xoCa meTxv¡ar) – Corlas da qalas [svanuri<br />

poezia: 94-a, b, c], romlebic beTqilis beds gaiziarebdnen,<br />

rom wm. giorgi (jgrag) ar gamosarCleboda maT. dali RalatisTvis<br />

ar iZiebs Surs, aramed zedmeti nadiris daxocvisTvis<br />

(`as oci ukve mogiklavs, jixvi da arCvi yvela Sereulad,<br />

erTi koWli Txa dagrCa~). Cans, es kargi monadireebi<br />

wm. giorgis rCeulebi arian da wm. giorgive ajildoebs<br />

maT nadirobis davlaTiT:<br />

`axla natvrasac mogcem:<br />

dReSi TiTo jixvi gqondes,<br />

wvrili arCvi uaruTqmelad gqondes.<br />

sanam gindodes, ase iyav,<br />

roca Sen sikvdili gerCios,<br />

manamde es natvra gqondes~<br />

[svanuri poezia: 94-c, str. 93-98].<br />

marTalia, jixvTmebrZolni Corla da qala nadirobis<br />

davlaTiT jildovdebian, magram amis mopoveba maT didi<br />

riskis fasad uxdebaT. maT saqmianobas, rogorc yovel<br />

sabrZolo Setakebas, mudmivad Tan sdevs xifaTi. aravin<br />

icis, sanamdi gastans maTi warmatebuloba, rasac svanuri<br />

leqsi `natvras~ uwodebs. jgragis piroba mtkicea, magram<br />

aseTive mtkicea mokvdavi?

---

literatura<br />

baliauri: baliauri m., makalaTia n., masalebi aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos mTielTa sameurneo<br />

yofis istoriidan, `mecniereba~,<br />

Tb., 1989.<br />

gabuuri: besarion gabuuri, xevsuruli masalebi (<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis weliwdeuli<br />

I-II, 1923-1924, tfilisi).<br />

gureviCi: Ãóðåâè÷ À.ß., “Ýääà è ñàãà”, “Íàóêà”, Ì., 1979.<br />

virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe e., <strong>qarTuli</strong> samonadiro eposi,<br />

daRupuli monadiris cikli, `mecniereba~,<br />

Tb., 1964.<br />

Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli<br />

arqivi.<br />

kasteli: qristoforo kasteli, cnobebi da albomi saqar-<br />

Tvelos Sesaxeb, `mecniereba~, Tb.,<br />

1976.<br />

maxauri: maxauri t., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sagmiro balada,<br />

`lomisi~, Tb., 2003.<br />

svanuri poezia: svanuri poezia I, simRerebi Sekribes da<br />

qarTulad Targmnes a. SaniZem, v. Tofuriam,<br />

m. gujejianma, Tb., 1939.<br />

qxp III: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. III, `mecniereba~,<br />

Tb., 1974.<br />

qxp IV: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. IV, `mecniereba~,<br />

Tb., 1975.<br />

qxp VII: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VII, `mecniereba~,<br />

Tb., 1979.<br />

SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia I, xevsuruli,<br />

saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, tf.<br />

[1931].<br />

judiCi: don juzepe judiCi milaneli, werilebi saqar-<br />

Tveloze, XVI saukune, `sabWoTa saqar-<br />

Tvelo~, Tb., 1964.<br />

xalxuri poezia 1992: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia, qrestomaTia<br />

Seadgines <strong>zurab</strong> <strong>kiknaZe</strong>m da<br />

tristan maxaurma, Tsu, 1992.<br />

287

---

288<br />

satrfialo poezia<br />

rodesac folkloruli Janrebis yofiTobaze, yofaSi<br />

maT met-nakleb Cafesvilobaze, vsaubrobT, ra SegviZlia<br />

vTqvaT siyvarulis grZnobaze, romelic uSualo kavSir-<br />

Sia pirovnebis problemasTan, ramdenadac siyvaruli mxolod<br />

da mxolod pirovnebis ganzomilebaSi arsebobs. igi<br />

yvela adamianSi Cabudebulia, rogorc SesaZlebloba, romelic<br />

met-naklebi intensivobiT iCens Tavs? ar SevcdebiT,<br />

Tu vityviT, rom es grZnoba, rogorc arc erTi moTxovnileba<br />

adamianisa, moicavs mTel pirovnebas. igi uaRresad<br />

adamianuria imdenad, rom adamianis gansazRvrebis (cnebis)<br />

erTi, SesaZloa, yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semadgenelia.<br />

Tu adamiani imdenad aris adamiani, ramdenadac fiqrobs, azrovnebs,<br />

Sromobs, ibrZvis, ocnebobs da sxva, romelTa er-<br />

TobliobiT igi fundamenturad gansxvavdeba cxovelisgan,<br />

am rigSi gadamwyveti adgili uWiravs siyvaruls. Tu<br />

adamiani iaraRis mkeTebelia, an Tu adamianze vambobT, rom<br />

igi azrovnebs, maSasadame, arsebobs, anu rom misi arsebobis<br />

piroba azrovnebaa, aseve SegviZlia vTqvaT: miyvars, ma-<br />

Sasadame, varsebob. Cven vlaparakobT ara instinqtze, romelic<br />

maiZulebeli faqtoria cxovelTa qcevisTvis da mas<br />

ar SeuZlia ar daemorCilos mas, uaryos igi, aramed im<br />

grZnobaze, romelic adamians ara mxolod marTavs, aramed<br />

imarTeba kidec adamianis mier; siyvaruli Tu batonobs adamianze,<br />

adamiansac Seswevs Zala, batonobdes masze. cocxal<br />

arsebaTa samyaroSi adamiani erTaderTia, romlis cxovrebaSi<br />

siyvaruli problemaa, misi yofna-aryofnis ganmsazRvrelia,<br />

is grZnobaa, romelsac SeuZlia tragizmiT ganmsWvalos<br />

misi arseboba. amitomac, siyvaruli rTuli fenomenia,<br />

Tuki SesaZlebelia igi fenomenad, movlenad, CaiTvalos.<br />

Tu fenomenia, is uTuod metafizikuri raRac realobis<br />

gamovlinebaa adamianur samyaroSi.<br />

folklors mdumared ar auvlia gverdi am grZnobis-<br />

Tvis, mravalferovnad da mravali kuTxiT moaxdina misi<br />

verbalizacia dawyebuli misi spontanuri gamoxatviT, roca<br />

mzera garegnobis aRqmiT kmayofildeba, damTavrebuli<br />

eqspresiis faqizi da rTuli niuansebiT, TviT siyvarulis,<br />

rogorc sneulebis, gancdiT. namdvilad, xalxuri<br />

erotikuli lirika amarTlebs `qebaTa qebis~ cnobil sity-

---

vebs, rom siyvaruli sikvdiliviT Zlieria (8: 6), swored<br />

iseTi, rogorsac `eTerianSi~ gavecaniT.<br />

im siyvaruls, romelsac satrfialo lirika umReris,<br />

araferi aqvs saerTo saqorwino-sawesCveulebo teqsteb-<br />

Tan. qorwili ar aris is arxi, romelsac SeeZleboda sadinari<br />

mieca siyvarulis grZnobisTvis. lirikis Tema Tavisuflad<br />

aRmocenebuli da Tavisuflad gaSvebuli siyvarulia,<br />

romlis mizani masSivea. qal-vaJis saqorwino kavSiri<br />

ki ojaxis Seqmnas da gvaris gagrZelebas emsaxureba. siyvaruli<br />

pirovnulia, amdenad Tavisufali; ojaxi, Tumca is<br />

qal-vaJis intimur urTierTobas efuZneba, sazogadoebrivia<br />

da mas SeuZlia Caklas siyvaruli. tradiciul sazogadoebaSi<br />

colqmruli urTierToba ar aris siyvarulze agebuli,<br />

amitomac satrfialo poeziis Tema arasodes gamxdara<br />

colqmruli urTierToba. saqorwino sawesCveulebo<br />

teqstebSi iSviaTi gamonaklisia siyvarulis xseneba, es poezia<br />

ar umReris siyvaruls, aramed Svilianobas, siuxves,<br />

bednierebas, simtkices, xangrZliv sicocxles (`RmerTma<br />

mag qals Segaberos, mogces xuTi vaJiSvili, ucvalebeli<br />

amyofos, mefeo, Seni gvirgvini~). es poezia usurvebs mefe-patarZals<br />

yovelive amqveyniur sikeTes, Tanxmobas,<br />

yvelafers, rac emsaxureba ojaxis simtkices, keTildReobas,<br />

momavals, magram siyvaruli aravis axsendeba. qorwilSi<br />

mowveuli mestvire amgvarad locavs wyvils:<br />

Cemi stviri gevedrebaT, mismineT damlocvelsao!<br />

batonebo, gaumarjos Tqvens nefe-dedofalsao.<br />

angelozis guli misces ufalman patarZalsao,<br />

eyolos egeTi vaJi, hgavdes natvris Tvalsao.<br />

rom pativiT eqceodes dedamTil-mamamTilsao<br />

da malamod edebodes Tavis qmarsa da Svilsao<br />

[qxp V: 529].<br />

Tu siyvarulis niSani mainc gamoCndeba saqorwino leqsebSi,<br />

igi Tavs iCens rogorc akrZaluli xili.<br />

karkuCiT wamaiyvanes qali maiko Tmiani,<br />

Svidi mayari gamoyva, Svidive cxenosniani.<br />

wyalT xidTan rom movediT, dadga xanjlebis briali.<br />

289

---

290<br />

ar maiSala maikom Savi Tvalebis briali,<br />

zamTris uyvarda buxari, zafxulis grili niavi<br />

[qxp V: 497].<br />

an es fragmenti<br />

bevri minaxavs Wir-lxini, bevrsac var gadanayari,<br />

es ki ar gamigonia, dedufals xkocnis mayari<br />

[qxp V: 498].<br />

SesaZloa, paradoqsi iyos, magram faqtia, rom satrfialo<br />

poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebis Tema ganuxorcielebeli<br />

siyvarulia, amitomac maT xSirad ocnebisa da natvris<br />

saxe aqvT da msmeneli grZnobs, rom es ocneba auxdenelia<br />

da natvris sagani – miuRweveli. ormxriv swrafvas erTur-<br />

Tisadmi raRac uSlis xels, raRac abrkolebs, rogorc is<br />

mdinare, vaJa-fSavelas leqsSi `aqeTken me var, iqiT Sen...~.<br />

iSviaTia idiliuri suraTi, roca siyvarulis Tasi arasodes<br />

icleba, sul mudam savsea, rogorc am leqsSi –<br />

visia mwvane karavi, karvebSi ar ereoda?<br />

visia qali lamazi, qalebSi ar ereoda?<br />

gverds ejda kargi vaJkaci, hkocnis da zed eleoda.<br />

gverds edga saRviniT Rvino, svamda da ar eleoda.<br />

netavi magis dedasa, sxva raRad daeleoda!<br />

[qxp VI: 275].<br />

msmeneli ar moelis, rom am leqsis qal-vaJis urTier-<br />

Toba saqorwino kavSiriT dasruldeba. aseTi yofa Tavad<br />

aris qorwili, romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo yofiT qorwilTan,<br />

romelic warmavalia da mxolod da mxolod gvaris<br />

interesebs emsaxureba. arc am vaJis dedas, romelic aq<br />

aris naxsenebi, ara aqvs dedamTilad, uares SemTxvevaSi,<br />

`rZal-dedamTilianis~ personaJad gaxdomis perspeqtiva.<br />

aseTi yofa, roca qali da vaJi mxolod da mxolod erTmaneTs<br />

ekuTvnian ganuyoflad, amasTan siyvaruls emsaxurebian<br />

da ara ojaxs, realobaSi ganuxorcielebelia. maT Soris<br />

xilulad Tu uxilavad mudam imyofeba `viRac mesame~<br />

`avsuli bebris~ Tu soflis saxiT. siyvaruli, romelic maradiulobis<br />

gancdas badebs, wuTisoflis warmavalobaze

---

imsxvreva. es aris saerTo mounelebeli naRveli, romelic,<br />

miuxedavad xalisiani striqonebisa, gamosWvivis am leqsebSi.<br />

amitomac aris, rom siyvaruli dramatizebuli ocnebis<br />

JanrSia gadatanili. siyvarulis gadasarCenad uariyofa<br />

saqorwino kavSiri. didebulia qmris ojaxSi Sesuli qalis<br />

ideali, romelic am striqonebSia gamoxatuli<br />

ase unda patarZali, erxeodes verxviviTa,<br />

mamamTilsa emsaxuros, dedamTilsa RmerTiviTa,<br />

mazl-mulebs moegargaros, Svilebs mihyves RvediviTa.<br />

imas isre Seinaxven, ugunuri trediviTa<br />

[umikaSvili 1938: 185].<br />

magram ojaxSi dabinavebuli da mis artaxebSi moqceuli<br />

siyvarulis wil adamiani irCevs siyvaruls, romelsac<br />

veRar miekareba wuTisoflis yoveldRiurobis xeli, igi<br />

iseTive Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric warmoiSva. am Temas<br />

eZRvneba cikli leqsebisa, romlebic xvaramzes saxeliT<br />

aris cnobili. isini arcTu Soreul warsulSia Seqmnili,<br />

maTi avtori, saxelad xvaramze (`samukaT xvaramze~), rogorc<br />

Tedo razikaSvili gvamcnobs, misi dedis `toli da<br />

amxanagi~ yofila [razikaSvili: 150]. es erTi im iSviaT Sem-<br />

TxvevaTagania, roca xalxuri leqsebis avtori ar aris daviwyebuli.<br />

T. razikaSvilis SeniSvnam, romelic darTuli<br />

aqvs am leqsebs, ixsna maTi avtori anonimurobisgan, rac<br />

folkloruli Semoqmedebis erT-erT fundamentur niSnad<br />

iTvleba. magram es garemoeba ar ukargavs mis leqsebs xalxurobas,<br />

Tumca isini Rrmad pirovnuli gamocdilebis Sedegia,<br />

iseve rogorc misi romantikuli saqcieli, SeniSvna-<br />

Sive rom aris gacxadebuli: `erT nawvim dReSi, wers T. razikaSvili,<br />

vaJikam cxeniT maT sofelSi gaiara, imaT saxlis<br />

gverdze gzaze. xvaramzem imisi cxenis nafexurebs Robe<br />

Turme Semoavlo, rom ar waiSaloso~. rogorc am ciklis<br />

leqsebidan Cans, romelic Tavad xvaramzes mier aris SeTxzuli,<br />

qals uari uTqvams Seyvarebuli vaJisTvis colobaze.<br />

qals gauwbilebia saqmaro vaJika, fSaveli vaJkaci, nakveTurTa<br />

sagvareulodan, SeZlebuli ojaxis Svili. uaris<br />

mizezi TiTqos ar unda arsebuliyo: iyo siyvaruli da iyo<br />

momavali keTildReobis garantiac. iqmneba STabeWdileba,<br />

291

---

292<br />

rom qalma Segnebulad airCia siyvarulis rusTveluri gamoxatuleba<br />

– `SoriT bneda, SoriT kvdoma, SoriT dagva,<br />

SoriT alva~. man daTmo siaxlove SorisTvis, raTa siyvaruli<br />

meti simZafriT ganecada. siyvaruli mis gamocdilebaSi<br />

axal safexurs aRwevs, gadaizrdeba siSmageSi `ver mixvdomisa<br />

wyeniTa~. am daTmobam poeziis Sedevrs misca dasabami.<br />

xvaramze<br />

– vina xar, vin iarebi, laRo mag laRis cxeniTa?<br />

Tavs rad ar Samaibruneb, yanas rad mamkev cremliTa?<br />

vaJika<br />

– is gegonaa, qalao, guSin rom medidebodi!<br />

Sens dedasa da mamasa saklaviT vexvewebodi,<br />

kac-Suakaceb gigzavne, Txa-waleburad xtebodi.<br />

ise gagaxdev survilsa, nemss yunwiT aegebode.<br />

Cahqonde dilis niavsa, usulod CaelRvebode,<br />

pataras naris Citasa TvalSi fxad Caegdebode.<br />

xvaramze<br />

vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, ro RviniT agevsebodi.<br />

daferili mqna wiTlada, Samsvamdi, Sagergebodi.<br />

ana mqna vercxlis saTiTe, ro xelze Cagedebodi.<br />

ana mqna oqros burTvai, kalTaSi CageSlebodi.<br />

an vercxlis fulad maqcia, jibeSi Cageyrebodi.<br />

an Seni namglis yana mqna, ro fxaze SageWrebodi.<br />

ana mqna vardi, yoili, ro pirze dageyrebodi.<br />

ana mqna mois perangi, rom gulze dagadnebodi.<br />

an Seni Zma mqna, mewile, arodis gageyrebodi.<br />

an Seni nandauri mqna, guls javrad CageWrebodi.<br />

Zalian dawuxebuli gzazedamc Sageyrebodi<br />

[qxp VI: 217].<br />

magram xvaramzes arsebaSi erosi ganusazRvrelad ar<br />

batonobs, mas SeuZlia vaJis TvaliT Seafasos Tavisi mijnurobis<br />

siSmage, romelmac SeiZleba Tavze xelaRebuli nabiji<br />

gadaadgmevinos. Tumca es virtualur drosa da sivrceSi<br />

xdeba:

---

wuxel moida siskari, manaTobeli Ramisa,<br />

moida, dadga Cem Tana, mwunebel iyo qmarisa.<br />

mexvewna: gadamiyole, cxeni gyav niavqarisa.<br />

arc gavyev, arc gaviyole, – anderZi mqonda mamisa –<br />

ver vende – ra gaigebis gulgavardnili qalisa<br />

[xvaramze: 22].<br />

SeniSvna. Tu qal-vaJis urTierToba, erTi mxriv, saqorwino kav-<br />

Siris saxes iRebs, rac ijaxis Seqmnas, sameuneo-ekonomikur interesebs<br />

emsaxureba, meore mxriv, ori sqesis Tavisufal siyvarulsac<br />

aseve aqvs Tavisi gamoxatuleba instituciis saxiT, romelic<br />

sworfrobis saxeliT aris cnobili xevsureTSi, fSavSi ki mas wawloba<br />

ewodeba. marTalia, sworfruli siyvaruli mxolod wyvils exeba,<br />

maTi kerZo intimuri saqmea, masze mainc dawesebulia sazogadoebrivi<br />

Cumi kontroli im dauwereli wesebis meSveobiT, romlebic<br />

awesrigebs sworfrebs Soris urTierTobas, raTa igi uwesobaSi ar<br />

gadaizardos. sworfruli urTierTobis kodeqsi ara mxolod xorciel<br />

kavSirs gamoricxavs Sesworferebul qal-vaJs Soris, aramed<br />

erTmaneTTan daqorwinebasac krZalavs. sworfruli siyvaruli, rogorc<br />

wesi, wrfel grZnobebzea damyarebuli, rac colqmruli ur-<br />

TierTobisTvis aucilebeli ar aris. sworfroba ki amis gareSe SeuZlebelia.<br />

`mere ra, rom ar mogwons, – eubnebian qals, romelsac<br />

ar moswons misTvis SerCeuli saqmro, – gana sworferia, rom giyvardes.<br />

Tu mowoneba da siyvaruli ginda, adeqi da sworfer gaTxovdio...~<br />

[sworfroba:33]. ras miugebs qali am ironiul winadadebaze? qalma<br />

icis, rom es SeuZlebelia, rom isini TiTqos erTi sisxlisani arian,<br />

erTmaneTis uxvedrelni, rogorc da-Zmani. sworfroba Tavisi<br />

SemzRudveli wesebiT inaxavs siyvaruls, ifaravs mas sqesis Zalmomreobisagan.<br />

`igi sxvaa, siZva sxva...~ advili SesaZlebelia, aq iyos<br />

abesalomisa da eTeris tragikuli urTierTobis saTave. roca xalxuri<br />

Tqmuleba ambobs, `abesalom da eTeri RmerTma Sehyara erTferio~,<br />

iqneb es erTferoba, Tu mas xevsuruli sworfrobis badlad<br />

CavTvliT, maT uxvedrelobas gulisxmobda da maT Soris wuTisoflis<br />

wesiT qorwinebas krZalavda.<br />

SesaZloa, xvaramzes uari sayvarel vaJikasTan daqorwinebaze<br />

am sworfruli motivebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />

sayovelTaod cnobili balada `Semomeyara yivCaRi~,<br />

romlis variantTa rekorduli simravle (36 varianti) Tavmoyrilia<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poeziis IV tomSi [qxp IV: 197],<br />

293

---

294<br />

sagmirosa da satrfialos mijnazea. romeli Tematikaa am<br />

baladaSi ganmsazRvreli: sagmiro, raki igi mainc orTabrZoliT<br />

mTavrdeba? Tu samijnuro, raki qalia CarTuli am<br />

dramaSi? Tu Selaxuli RirsebisTvis samagieros mizRva?<br />

an iqneb stumar-maspinZlis wesi? arc erTi calke – yvelaferi<br />

erTad qmnis mis substancias. mainc amosavali grZnoba<br />

am leqsSi gamijnurebaa, romelmac sabediswero Sedegi<br />

gamoiwvia. mZime da Zneli gamodga akrZaluli siyvarulis<br />

safasuri. meore mxriv, am baladaSi qmars xelaxla uxdeba<br />

erTxel mopovebuli qalis mopoveba. amrigad, baladis ZiriTadi<br />

Tema mainc qalisTvis brZolaa.<br />

es aris tipuri balada, klasikuri ex abrupto dasawyisiT,<br />

`Semomeyara yivCaRi...~ vis Semoeyara? vin aris es `me~, muxranis<br />

sazRvarTan purad damjdari? vin aris yivCaRad saxeldebuli<br />

es adamiani? ar aris aucilebeli masSi daviT<br />

aRmaSeneblis Camosaxlebuli eTnikuri yivCaRi davinaxoT<br />

da amis safuZvelze davaTariRoT balada. yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Zalze gaZneldeba misi daTariReba `yivCaRebis Camosaxlebis<br />

pirveli periodiT~ [Ciqovani 1956: 337]. xom aris<br />

variantebi, sadac am moZalades sxva saxeli hqvia – xirCla,<br />

xirClas Ze, yibragi, jimSeri, gimSeli, jijibi, yaCaRi, qoroRli,<br />

sameba?..<br />

balada gvxiblavs jer imiT, rom misi enobrivi qsovili<br />

warmoadgens saerTo<strong>qarTuli</strong> poeturi enis – koines<br />

brwyinvale realizacias; kidev dasawyisi striqonebis eTikuri<br />

(`mTxova da...~) da gramatikuli (vaWmie, vasmie) paradigmatulobiT;<br />

da kidev moTminebis zRvarze arcTu msubuqi<br />

iumoriT, iqneb sarkazmiTac sakuTari Tavisa Tu Camovardnili<br />

situaciis mimarT – `coli mTxova da ver mivec,<br />

mimyavda sidedrisasa, an ki cols rogor mivcemdi,<br />

Svilsa gazrdilsa sxvisasa~. am sityvebidan gvesmis moymis<br />

sicili, misi Savi iumori. skandinavieli moyme arasodes gaicinebda,<br />

magram Tu gaicinebda, misi sicili moTminebis fialis<br />

avsebasaviT iyo. aseTia Cveni moymec: misi sicili<br />

frangulis gacinebas hgavs. is icinis da misi sicilis sazriss<br />

ver xvdeba yivCaRi. `xeli mohxvia, akoca, mozidna nawnavs<br />

Tmisasa~ – Rirs ki laparaki imaze, rom es adgili misi<br />

momdevno striqoniTurT – `Sestira sabralo qalma: vai<br />

cols cudis ymisasa~ – jer SemTxvevis da mere baladis kulminaciaa?<br />

qalis xma, rogorc kacis sindisis Zaxili, gamo-

---

dis scenaze. ra iyo ukanaskneli wveTi, romelmac aavso fiala<br />

– yivCaRis saqcieli (`xeli moxvia, akoca...~) Tu qalis<br />

amoZaxili?<br />

balada namdvilad imsaxurebs, rom mis garSemo didZali<br />

literatura Seqmniliyo, magram yuradReba gansakuTrebiT<br />

gamaxvilda mis daboloebaze. variantebSi baladas<br />

sami dasasruli aqvs, imisda mixedviT, Tu sad midis qali:<br />

roca orTabrZolaSi colis patroni (maspinZeli) imarjvebs:<br />

`qali sidedrsa mivgvare, is ki iqa sWams qviSasa~; roca<br />

stumar-maspinZeli Tavs Seaklavs erTmaneTs, `me aqeT<br />

movkvdi, iqiT is, qali wavida Zmisasa~ an `qali wavida sxvisasa~.<br />

romelia arqetipuli dasasruli? sidedrTan miyvana,<br />

ZmasTan Tu sxvasTan wasvla? zepirsityvierebis bunebidan<br />

amosvliT, Znelia arqetipze laparaki. TiToeuli<br />

maTgani im tradiciis gamoZaxilia, sadac moxvda es leqsi.<br />

yovel variants TavisTavadi mniSvneloba aqvs: im daboloebasac,<br />

sadac naTqvamia qalis sxvasTan wasvla, rac qarTveli<br />

qalisTvis arasakadris saqcielad CaiTvala, TiTqos am<br />

orTabrZolis Semdeg es `wasvla sxvasTan~ dauyovnebliv<br />

momxdariyos. magram ramdenad gamarTlebulia amgvari dasasrulis<br />

gatana zneobis samsjavroze da misi gansja im<br />

stereotipiT, romelmac XIX-XX saukuneebSi qarTveli qalis<br />

idealuri saxe daamkvidra, da amis safuZvelze baladis<br />

araxalxurobis mtkiceba? [SatberaSvili: 253, 270]. realobaSi<br />

rac xdeba, kanonzomieria, maT Soris, sxvasTan wasvla<br />

qvrivi qalisa, romelic mamis saxls ubrundeba, saidanac<br />

man kvlav unda eZebos Tavisi bedi da momavali. kritikas<br />

ki mainc da mainc surs am `sxvaSi~ satrfo, sayvareli<br />

dainaxos [SatberaSvili: 257].<br />

SeniSvna. `sxvasTan wasvla~ yofiT metyvelebaSi sxva araferia,<br />

Tu ara sxva qmarTan wasvla da, SesaZloa, terminic meored gaTxovebis<br />

gamosaxatavad. xamurabis kanonebis (Zv. w. XVIII s.) iuridiul<br />

enaze `meoris saxlSi Sesvla~ qvrivi qalis meored gaTxovebis badali<br />

gamoTqmaa: `ukeTu kaci tyved Cavarda, saxlSi ki sarCo ar epoveba,<br />

mis cols SeuZlia meoris saxlSi Sevides, brali ar eqneba~ [xamurabi:<br />

§134].<br />

qarTul samijnuro poeziaSi baladaTa ricxvi TiTebze<br />

CamosaTvlelia. maT Soris brwyinavs balada Tavfarav-<br />

295

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296<br />

neli Wabukisa da aspaneli qalis siyvarulze. siuJeti martivia:<br />

vaJs satrfos sanaxavad uxdeba tbis (teqstSi: zRvis)<br />

meore mxares gadacurva, saidanac qali sanTliT unaTebs<br />

gzas, avsuli beberi ki uqrobs; curvisas qariSxali amovardeba<br />

da Zlevs vaJs, romlis wiTel perangs diliT talRa<br />

afrialebs, mis cxedarze ki orbi `xarobs~.<br />

dadasturebulia am fabulis uZvelesi damuSaveba jer<br />

kidev antikur xanaSi. igi ipoveba ovidiusis `metamorfozebSi~:<br />

leanderi, abidoseli vaJi, Tavis satrfosTan, afrodites<br />

qalqurum herosTan Sesaxvedrad yoveldRiurad<br />

gadalaxavs helespontos abidosidan festomde; gzis manaTobel<br />

CiraRdans qariSxali aqrobs, leanderis cxedars<br />

mebadurebi gamoitanen badiT, hero ki Tavs iklavs (<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

baladis erT iSviaT variantSic asea). igive siuJeti ipoveba<br />

virgiliusis `georgikaSi~, III. arsebobs germanuli xalxuri<br />

balada or ufliswulze (mefis vaJsa da mefis asulze),<br />

romelTa Sexvedras aseve boroti beberi uSlis xels<br />

sanTlebis CaqrobiT. es siuJeti fr. Silersac aqvs damu-<br />

Savebuli.<br />

balada, rogorc wesi, araviTar damatebiT informacias<br />

ar iZleva qal-vaJis Sesaxeb. unda vifiqroT, amas iribad<br />

adasturebs abidosuri legenda, rom maT siyvarulze tabua<br />

dadebuli, rogorc festos qurumqalisa da abidoseli<br />

vaJis siyvarulze. vin aris `avsuli beberi~, romelic<br />

win eRobeba maT siyvaruls? koSkSi datyvevebuli qalis darajia<br />

Tu qariSxlis gansaxiereba? avsuli beberi (qalia Tu<br />

kaci?) kicxavs, krulavs qals, `winadac ega gyvarobdao~,<br />

magram arc qals, arc vaJs, arc meleqses da arc msmenels<br />

ar ainteresebT, ra iyo guSin, saidan daiwyo maTi siyvaruli.<br />

dRes vaJs `zRva~ hqonda gadasalaxi da `qali anTebda<br />

sanTelsa~.<br />

baladaSi erTxel momxdari ambavia gadmocemuli, magram<br />

gamoyenebulia ara istoriuli warsuli an awmyo, aramed<br />

uwyveteli warsuli, anu is gramatikuli forma, romelic,<br />

Cveulebriv, dausrulebeli moqmedebis gadmosacemad<br />

gamoiyeneba. Tavfaravneli Wabukis siyvaruli qalisadmi<br />

Seuwyveteli xangrZlivobaa, romelic sxvagvarad<br />

arc ki gamoiTqmoda, vidre am zmnuri formiT `hyvarobda~,<br />

magram balada mogviTxrobs mis ukanasknel gadalaxvas<br />

zRvisa da ara Cveulebriv ganmeorebad qmedebas, rom nam-

---

yo uwyvetliT gadmoeca ambavi. `zRva hqonda winad savali,<br />

gasvlas Sig ara zarobda~. ara zarobda anu ar uSindeboda<br />

am erTxel, am jerze, Tu yovelTvis, roca ki Seudgeboda<br />

zRvis gadacurvas? cxadia, vaJi mudam mzad iyo am gansacdelisTvis<br />

da ara zarobda swored am mudmiv mzadyofnas<br />

gamoxatavs. aseTia am zmnuri formis azri da mainc mas er-<br />

Tjeradi moqmedebis gamoxatva daekisra.<br />

iqmneba uwyvetelisa da erTjeradi moqmedebis sinTezi,<br />

rasac sxvadasxva zmnur formaTa monacvleoba gviCvenebs.<br />

vaJis qmedeba ganuwyvetelia, mas TiTqos araferi ar<br />

unda abrkolebdes Tavis winsvlaSi meore napirisken. Tu<br />

zmnaTa erTi wyeba `hyvarobda~, `ara zarobda~, `Cqamobda~,<br />

`niavqarobda~, `kelaptarobda~, meore wyeba `avsa lamobda~,<br />

`aqrobda~, `abezarobda~, `hgvanobda~, aseve ganuwyvetel<br />

qmedebaTa gamomxatveli, mis winaaRmdeg aris mimar-<br />

Tuli, vaJi da stiqia (mis Tanxmob avsulTan erTad) erTian<br />

dialeqtikur proceSi arian Cabmulni. sadRac unda gatydes<br />

vaJis SemarTeba da es xdeba teqstis im adgilas, sadac<br />

uwyvetlis formas wyvetilis forma enacvleba. am dros<br />

gardatexa xdeba, procesis Seyovneba, romlis Semdeg is<br />

veRar gagrZeldeba. ai, es sabediswero adgili: `dahkarga<br />

foni, SeSWirda (stiqia ki ganagrZobda Tavis Seuwyvetel<br />

saqmes), morevi boboqarobda~, da bolos, `gaTenda (kvlav<br />

wyvetili!), dila lamazi, keklucis Tvalebs hgvanobda.<br />

wyalsa daeRrCo (wyvetili!) Wabuki, Woroxze egdo (statika!),<br />

qanobda (uwyveteli – is ukve bunebis dinamikis nawilia)~<br />

da ase Semdeg dasasrulamde: `leSs dasjdomoda zed<br />

orbi, guls uglejavda, xarobda~.<br />

variantTa umravlesoba aRar interesdeba qalis bediT.<br />

es iqneboda stilistikis darRveva: balada vaJis niSniT<br />

aris warmarTuli da vaJis aRsasruliTve unda dasruldes.<br />

yivCaRis leqsSi qali aqtiuria, mas ekuTvnis gadamwyveti<br />

SeZaxili Tu amonakvnesi `vai cols cudis ymisasa~ da sruliadac<br />

ar aris sulerTi, rogor gadawydeba misi bedi baladaSi.<br />

aq ki pasiuria – misma siyvarulma ver sZlia verc<br />

stiqias da verc avsulis wyevlas, an is veRar anTebs Camqral<br />

sanTels, romelic dasawyisSi kelaptariviT anaTebda.<br />

balada iwyeba vaJiT, mTavrdeba vaJiTve, rac sruliad<br />

kanonzomieria. im erTaderT variantSi, romelsac qalis<br />

bedi ainteresebs, vaJis gvamic ki saerTod aRar Cans sam-<br />

297

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298<br />

zeoze, arc movis perangi, misi atributi, arc orbi. varianti<br />

amgvarad mTavrdeba: `moyme CaenTqa morevTa, qvesknel-<br />

Ta boboqarobda. qalmac daicna danani, sikvdils aRara zarobda~<br />

[qxp VI: 608-i].<br />

arsebobs cda baladis ganxilvisa miTologiuri skolis<br />

meTodiT, anu masSi, rogorc mTlianobaSi da zogierT realiaSi,<br />

gansakuTrebuli miTologiuri simboloebis amocnobisa<br />

da identifikaciisa [kotetiSvili 1961: 329-337]. ker-<br />

Zod, yuradReba eqceva ara mxolod movis perangis siwiTles,<br />

romelic bevri xalxis da, maT Soris, qarTvelTa msoflgancdaSi<br />

sikvdilis feria da amdenad ar aris gamoricxuli<br />

misi amgvari konotacia, aramed toponim Tavfaravansa<br />

da, rac kuriozulia, dolabsac, romelic am baladaSi mzis<br />

simbolod aris miCneuli. magram pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu saidan<br />

aqvs Wabuks mzis niSani da ratom miaqvs igi satrfosTan, ar<br />

Cans. rogorc gairkva, dolabi am leqsSi sruliad realur<br />

sagans, xisgan gamoWril sacurao mowyobilobas niSnavs,<br />

romelic wisqvilis qvas mxolod formiT Camohgavs [maisuraZe:211-214]<br />

da araviTari kavSiri mzesTan ara aqvs.<br />

SeniSvna. baladis javaxuri warmomavloba eWvs ar iwvevs – Tavfaravnis<br />

(igive faravnis) tba xom javaxeTis zeganze mdebareobs.<br />

magram JamTa svlaSi miviwyebas mieca im adgilis saxeli, saiTkenac<br />

vaJi miiswrafis. romelia qalis sofeli – aspana, aspinZa, aSkareTi,<br />

CaSka, safara? arc erTi amaTgani (`aSkareTi~ saerTod ar arsebobs).<br />

Tavfaravnis tbis erT mxares Tu amave saxelwodebis sofeli – va-<br />

Jis samSoblo mdebareobs, meore, Crdilo mxares asfaraa, qalis sam-<br />

Soblo. `Tavfaravneli Wabuki asfaras qalsa yvarobda~ – asea erT<br />

naklebad cnobil CanawerSi [maisuraZe:209] da es aris erTaderTi<br />

swori saxelwodeba soflisa, romelic dResac arsebobs. kuriozulia<br />

variantSi vaJis moxsenieba `amfaravnelad~, `mTafaravnelad~,<br />

`zemoqarTlelad~, `TamaraSnelad~ da qalisa `aspanas qalad~, `gasparas<br />

qalad~, `faSkunjis qalad~, `erevnel qalad~. asea, rogorc ki<br />

mowydeba teqsti mSobliur ares, masSi naxsenebi toponimebi nebismieri<br />

cvlilebis msxverpli xdeba.<br />

axla ganvixiloT leqsi `manglisi ro aaSenes~, romlis<br />

baladad miCnevas xels araferi uSlis: yvela niSani baladisa<br />

axlavs mas – erTi yuvi da sworxazovani, ukanmouqceveli<br />

siuJeturi xazi.

---

alada mecxvaris siyvarulze mravalmxriv aris saintereso.<br />

gansxvavebiT `Tavfaravneli Wabukisgan~, aq masalaze<br />

Zaldautaneblad SeiZleba gamovavlinoT miTologiuri<br />

motivebi, Tumca baladaSi es ar aris arsebiTi.<br />

leqss mainc baladebis rigSi ganvixilavT, Tumca SeiZleba<br />

mogveCvenos, rom Seucvleli yuvis garda, romelic<br />

bolomde gahyveba mas, baladis sxva niSnebs igi moklebulia.<br />

Tu davukvirdebiT Sinaarsis mdinarebas, Cven winaSe<br />

aRmoCndeba imave tipis teqsti, rogoric aris Cven mier baladad<br />

miCneuli leqsi `Cavalis, Caeubneba~. ra niSniT vana-<br />

TesavebT am or teqsts erTmaneTTan? erTi saerTo mTavari<br />

niSani is aris, rom orivegan ambavi (fSaur leqsSi mTlianad,<br />

manglisis leqsSi nawilobriv) jer ganuxorcielebel,<br />

magram ganxorcielebad momavalSia gadatanili. meore<br />

niSania dialoguroba. Tumca fSaur baladaSi cxenis laparaki<br />

ar gvesmis, magram mxedris mTeli nalaparakevi SeiZleba<br />

pasuxi iyos lurjas mier utyvad gamoTqmul SiSze<br />

Zneli gzis gamo, romelic teqstis gareT aris darCenili<br />

da Cven mxolod mxedris pasuxs vismenT.<br />

`manglisis~ Sinaarsi dialogzea agebuli: iwyeba vaJis<br />

(mecxvaris) mimarTviT – siyvarulis gamocxadebiT qalisadmi<br />

da mTavrdeba misive sityvebiT, romlebic virtualurad<br />

gvamcnoben misgan uaryofili siyvarulis bednierad<br />

daboloebas.<br />

`manglisi ro aaSenes...~ – balada gulisxmobs ara mTlianad<br />

mangliss, qalaqs Tu dabas, arc eklesias, aramed erT,<br />

rogorc Cans, miudgomel koSks, romelic sagangebod qalisaTvis<br />

aSenda. ratom moaTavses qali am miudgomel koSkSi,<br />

sadac `wyaro adines miliTa?~<br />

ra SeiZleba iTqvas koSkze? aq koSki Tu cixe, rac aaSenes,<br />

cxadia, realuri nagebobaa, magram mas simboluri ganzomilebac<br />

aqvs – qalis saxesTan, mis pirovnebasTan, mis<br />

arsebasTan aris asocirebuli. CvenTvis cnobilia ramdenime<br />

satrfialo leqsi, sadac koSki (cixe) an qalis samyofelia,<br />

an qalis simboluri saxe, an misi miuwvdomlobis gamomxatveli.<br />

erTgan qali ambobs: `Sen ro ggonivarT, vaJao,<br />

arca egeTa qalni varT, koSkni varT, kiriT nagebni, ekaldamais<br />

karni varT~. risi Tqma surs amiT qals? albaT, is<br />

Tavis (da zogadad qalTa sqesis) miuwvdomlobas gulisxmobs.<br />

erTi mxriv, koSki Seuvalia, meore mxriv, koSki Ta-<br />

299

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300<br />

visi moxdenili aRnagobiT da siTeTriT lamazi qalis asociacias<br />

iwvevs. sxva leqsSi sxva adamianis xeliT Seqmnil<br />

saganTa (isari, wiTeli movis perangi) Tu bunebis movlena-<br />

Ta (varskvlaviani ca, mze, ukvdavebis wyaro) Soris pirvelia<br />

koSki: `Sen, Cemo dido imedo, koSko nagebo kiriTa~.<br />

koSki kiriT nagebi simtkicisa da silamazis, damatebiT,<br />

zneobrivi sispetakis, niSania.<br />

SeniSvna. solomonis `qebaTa qebaSi~, romlis xalxuri warmoSoba<br />

eWvgareSea, Tu erTi mxriv, godoli (koSki) qalis silamazes gamoxatavs:<br />

`Seni yeli spilosZvlis godolia~ (7: 5), meore mxriv, farebiT<br />

da isrebiT aRWurvili godoli, albaT, qalis miuwvdomlobis<br />

niSani unda iyos: `Seni yeli daviTis godolia, saWurvelTaTvis agebuli,<br />

aTasi fari hkidia masze...~ (4: 4).<br />

aris koSki, romelic sagangebod qalis Sig mosaTavseblad<br />

Sendeba. amisTvis aaSenes `manglisi~, amisTvis aSeneben<br />

cixes erT dialogur satrfialo leqsSi, sadad vaJi<br />

hpirdeba qals:<br />

`Caval, Cavageb cixesa, brol-margalitis qvisasa,<br />

zeiT davxurav ficarsa abanozisa xisasa.<br />

Sig davdgam Wiqa-WurWlebsa, savsesa survilisasa,<br />

yaW-abreSumebs Cavkideb, saCrdilobelsa mzisasa.<br />

Sig Cagsvam, Cemo lamazo, niavs ar gaxleb mTisasa...~<br />

aseT cixeSi Casmulia mzeTunaxavi, anu is, visac mzis<br />

Tvals ara akareben. is daculi iqneba saimedod `mzis saCrdilobeliT<br />

da arc mTis niavi ar miekareba. sasaxle namdvilad<br />

zRaprulia, Zvirfasi masaliT nagebi, swored ise-<br />

Ti, rogorsac gilgameSze Seyvarebuli iSTari sTavazobda<br />

Tavis satrfos. magram mokvdavma uaryo qalRmerTis siyvarulic<br />

da misi aSenebuli sasaxlec, raki masSi cbiereba<br />

da muxanaToba dainaxa [gilgameSiani: 66]. aseve, Cvens leqsSi qali<br />

maincdamainc ndobiT (Tu misi sityvebi SefarviT gamoTqmuli<br />

Tanxmoba ar aris) ar ekideba vaJis SeTavazebas:<br />

`vaJao, dediserTao, gazrdilo mindor-velTao,<br />

oqros Sibais naglejo, wamosartymelo welTao,<br />

maskvlavo, Saravandedo, mTvaris naWero xelTao,<br />

nuras cbierob eniTa, yelze nu maxvev gvelTao~.

---

asea Tu ise, vaJs qalis datyvevebis survili aqvs – amis-<br />

Tvis aris mowodebuli es mSvenieri warmtaci cixe, magram<br />

mainc cixe, sapyrobile, sadac qali sxva nivTebTan erTad<br />

iqneba gamomwyvdeuli vaJis siyvarulis amara, romelic<br />

`surviliT savse~ WurWlebSia gasimbolurebuli. es is cixea,<br />

saidanac misi gamoxsna gaxdeba aucilebeli, rogorc<br />

murmanis aSenebuli brolis cixe, sadac datyvevebuli qali<br />

sul mudam elis Tavis gamomxsnels.<br />

`manglisSic~ aseve mzeTunaxavad Casves qali – vin? leqsi<br />

arafers gveubneba, Tu vin aaSena cixe da saidan moiyvanes<br />

qali. amgvari anonimuroba mxolod imaze migvaniSnebs,<br />

rom myaria qalisa da koSkis motivi. `Tma SeuRebes iniTa~,<br />

SesaZlebelia, qalis patronTa warmomavlobaze miuTiTebdes:<br />

SeiZleba qali TaTrebis motacebulic iyos, magram aq<br />

es ar aris arsebiTi. mTavari is aris, rom qali mosatacebelia<br />

swored iqidan, sadac Casves. momtaceblis rolSi mecxvare<br />

gamodis, sruliad Seuferebeli am aqtisTvis. mecxvaris<br />

mSvidobiani saqmianoba TiTqos gamoricxavs amgvar<br />

moqmedebas. amasTanave, qali mecxvaris tradiciuli damwunebelia:<br />

`nu mimcem mecxvaresao, Tu mimcem, iseT kacs<br />

mimec, rom iyos guTnisdedao~, exveweba gasaTxovari qali<br />

dedas. am striqons miTosSi gadavyavarT, gagvaxsenebs Sumereli<br />

inanas Tavdapirvel arCevans, romelic swored<br />

guTnisdedaze SeCerda da ara mwyemsze, Tumca sabolood<br />

mainc mwyemsi dumuzi gaxda misi rCeuli [Suamd: 7-11].<br />

Cvens mecxvares, romelic qals Tavis produqts –<br />

yvels miarTmevda xolme da qalic xalisiT iRebda saCuqars<br />

da RviniT (samiwaTmoqmedo produqtiT) umaspinZldeboda,<br />

Seuyvarda qali da gabeda aseTi sityvebiT miemarTa<br />

misTvis: `netavi, qalo lamazo, SenTan gamaZRo ZiliTa~, ramac<br />

qalis guliswyroma gamoiwvia – `Sewyevla mecxvare Tavis<br />

lamazis piriTa~. qali iwunebs mecxvares, romelic samagierod<br />

iseT perspeqtivas saxavs, rom mas Tavisi Selaxuli<br />

Rirsebis reabilitaciis SesaZlebloba mieces. misi<br />

mimarTva qalisadmi SeiZleba ocnebad miviCnioT, Tumca is<br />

iqneb arcTu ise Sors aRmoCndes realobisgan.<br />

`manglisic amovardeba, qva aRar edos ZiriTa,<br />

Sen, qalo, lekebs mihyavde, vai-vaglaxiT WiriTa,<br />

ukan mogdevdes saqmaro Tavisi dambla viriTa,<br />

301

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302<br />

me mTidan Camoviaro Cemi cxeniT da biniTa,<br />

dagixsna, wamogiyvano qamanCiTa da stviriTa.<br />

erTad vicxovroT bolomde, dro gavataroT lxiniTa~.<br />

rac aq ocnebad aris warmodgenili, sakmaod gavrcelebuli<br />

motivia, romelic SeiZleba damoukidebel Janradac<br />

CaiTvalos. es aris gatacebuli qalis gamoxsna moymis mier.<br />

ganvixiloT ori maTgani.<br />

giglia, TuSi, saxelis maZiebeli moymea, `gulWiriania~,<br />

rogorc leqsSia naTqvami. is eZebs mters. saxlSi ar udgeba<br />

guli – `diklos vin brunav banzeda?~ kaxeT-TuSeTobis<br />

Wapnis gamwevia. zafxulidan Semodgomamde igi cxvars atarebs<br />

TuSeTsa da kaxeTs Soris.<br />

giglias sagmiro saqmis Txroba originalurad aris agebuli.<br />

mTeli teqsti SeiZleba pirobiTad eqvs monakveTad<br />

davyoT. TiToeuli maTgani giglias sxvadasxva Rirsebebs<br />

avlens. pirvel monakveTSi, romelsac eqspozicias davarqmevT,<br />

simbolurad (swored simbolurad!) aris miniSnebuli<br />

momxdari:<br />

`farsmis Tavs maswyda maskvlavi, girevs deeca Tavzeda~.<br />

baladis konteqstidan gamomdinare, es amgvarad unda<br />

wavikiTxoT: farsmis gziT girevs qistebi daesxnen da qali<br />

moitaces. gamoCndeba vaJi, magram jer misi saxeli ar<br />

viciT. soflis anonimuri xma gaismis, amave dros aq vaJis<br />

erTgvari portretia daxatuli:<br />

– `vina xar gulWiriani, diklos vin brunav banzeda?<br />

zafxuls Camahlev WiriTa, sTvels kaxeTs waxval cxvarzeda~.<br />

vxvdebiT, mTavari gmiri dikloelia. imasac vigebT,<br />

rom misi saWiroebis dRe dgeba. mesame monakveTSi giglia<br />

misdevs gamtacebelTa kvals. mas informatori esaWiroeba,<br />

magram sabuelebi ar aZleven swor misamarTs:<br />

`– hkiTxavdi sabuelebsa: mteri sada dis gzazeda?<br />

sabuelebis Svilebma sityva ar giTxres warzeda~.<br />

meoTxe monakveTSi, rogorc Cans, giglias swor gzaze<br />

ayeneben. mteri lopotis xeobas misdevs:

---

`– Tu gvkiTxav, vaJo, giambobT, lopots Cauje wyalzeda.<br />

qarTliT maudis tyveebi, qali motiris Zalzeda.<br />

– qalo, nu stiri, qarTlelo, giglia gizis gzazeda.<br />

Tu lekebs wagayvaninos, wverimc nu sxmia ybazeda.<br />

numc miuSveben saxSia, swornimc nu dahsmen jarzeda!<br />

Tu tyvia gauTavdeba, Rili SaiWer tanzeda!~<br />

vin ambobs sityvebs – `qalo, nu stiri~? es gigliaa. magram<br />

misi es gamxnevebis sityvebi, motacebulisadmi mimar-<br />

Tuli, virtualuria. is jer ar dasxmia gamtaceblebs, rogorRa<br />

mimarTavs qals? iqneb amxnevebs sakuTar Tavs? poeti<br />

amrigad xatavs mis moralur saxes, mis moymeobas. am<br />

monakveTis kulminaciaa sityvebi `Rili SaiWer tanzeda!~<br />

raki giglia amas qals eubneba, visi Rirsebac man unda ixsnas,<br />

es ukve imas niSnavs, rom giglias tyvia ar gauTavdeba<br />

da qals ar dasWirdeba tanze `Rilebis SeWra~, rac SeiZleba `Rilebis<br />

Sexsnis~ badali yofiliyo. magram es ar moxdeba.<br />

mexuTe monakveTi baladis ZiriTadi epizodia – winamavalni<br />

misi Semzadeba iyo. aq ukve vxedavT giglias fizikurad,<br />

Tavisi ocnebis aRsrulebaSi, Tavis stiqiaSi.<br />

`lekebs daenToT cecxlebi, ro maskvlavebi cazeda.<br />

giglia Sameetia, rogorc ro mgeli cxvarzeda.<br />

Tofi hkra Zmisa mamklavsa, ali dahxvia tanzeda.<br />

axla xmliT gadaufrinda, mkvdari Sayara mkvdarzeda.<br />

giglia daeca gamtacebelTa banaks, romelTa Soris<br />

misi Zmis mkvlelicaa, `rogorc ro mgeli cxvarzeda~ – gavixsenoT,<br />

rom giglia mecxvarea, mwyemsia, romelic mgels<br />

unda ugeriebdes cxvrebs. axla giglia Tavad aris mgeli,<br />

gamtaceblebi ki cxvrebi arian. mgeli moymis, kai ymis, ara<br />

mxolod erT-erTi ZiriTadi epiTetia (`mglis muxli~,<br />

`mglisa fera~), kai yma Tavad unda iyos mgeli, ara ubralod<br />

mgeli, rogorc magari muxlis patroni, aramed cxvris<br />

mWameli:<br />

`cixe zen-uban daiqca, kuTxi gamasqda qvisao,<br />

mamkvdaras oCiauri, mgeli mWameli cxvrisao~<br />

[qxp IV: 109].<br />

303

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304<br />

SeniSvna. am xalxuri kaiymuri idealis sapirispirod, gavixsenoT,<br />

rogori epiTetiT amkobs `SuSanikis martvilobis~ avtori varsqen<br />

pitiaxSs: `da Semdgomad orisa dRisa movida mgeli igi varsqen...~<br />

`viTarca kravi mgelsa gamouRo xelTa misTa~. es kravi SuSanikia,<br />

mgeli – igive varsqeni, qristianobidan gamdgari. sazogadod, cxvrisa<br />

da mglis dapirispireba, pirvelis upiratesobiT, qrestomaTiulia<br />

qristianul literaturaSi. kravi qristes saxea, xolo mgeli –<br />

satanisa, romelic dadarajebulia qristes farexis dasarbevad. sabolood<br />

ki, kravi Zlevs mgels: qriste-kravma `mgeli igi macTuri<br />

ganxada da kaci igi viTarca cxovari mkvdari aRadgina~ [Satberdis<br />

kr. 246, 23]. `gamocxadebaSi~ kravi-qriste triumfatoria: `da vixile,<br />

aha, kravi igi mdgomare mTasa zeda sionsa~ (gam. 14: 1), `eseni kravsa<br />

mas ebrZolnes da kravman sZlos maT~ (gam. 17: 14).<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT, sagulisxmoa, rom kaiymobis Rirebulebebze<br />

aRzrdili vaJa-fSavela erT leqsSi acxadebs:<br />

`balaxi viyo, saTibi, ara mwadia celoba,<br />

cxvradve mamyofa iseva, oRond amSordes mgeloba~<br />

rogorc Cans, poetis SegnebaSi kai ymis mglobis xalxur<br />

ideals Zlevs qristianuli kravobis ideali.<br />

meeqvse, damasrulebeli epizodi, amxels baladis sazriss.<br />

rogorc yoveli baladis dasasruli, esec uaRresad<br />

lakoniuria – arc qeba-dideba, arc Sesxma gmirisa, vinc qaliSvili<br />

gadaurCina mamas, arc madlobis sityvebi, romlebic<br />

mamas spontanurad unda aRmoeTqva gulidan, xom ar<br />

unda vifiqroT, rom misi `aq rad mogyvanda~ madlobis gamoxatulebaa?<br />

an iqneb gamocdaa, gansacdels miaxloebuli?<br />

gigliam sufTad, usayvedurod gamoarida Tavi am gansacdels.<br />

`qal ukven gamaabruna, mamas mihgvara karzeda.<br />

– aq rad mogyvanda, gigliav, rad ar igorve mklavzeda?<br />

– me magas rogor vigoreb, doba davaswar wamzeda!~<br />

[razikaSvili: 109].<br />

iqneb balada swored am bolo striqonebSi gamoTqmuli<br />

pasuxisTvis SeiTxza, an iqneb am pasuxisTvis Caifiqra<br />

gigliam qalis gamoxsna? sxvanairi pasuxi, sxvanairi moqceva,<br />

fass daukargavda mis namoqmedars. iqneb giglias arc

---

saxeli unda, rogorc `Txistyavians~ sxva, analogiuri, baladidan,<br />

romelic sruli gulwrfelobiT eubneba Tavis<br />

gamoxsnil qals: `Cems naqnar saxels nu ityvi, viynodeT da-<br />

Zmobazeda~?<br />

literatura<br />

gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani, `ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.<br />

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili vaxtang, xalxuri poezia,<br />

`sabWoTa mwerali~, Tb., 1961.<br />

maisuraZe: ilia maisuraZe, `Tavfaravneli Wabukis~ zogi<br />

sityvis ganmartebisaTvis, `<strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

<strong>folklori</strong>~ III, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1969.<br />

razikaSvili: xalxuri sityviereba III, xalxuri leqsebi<br />

Tedo razikaSvilis mier Cawerili, mix.<br />

Ciqovanis redaqciiT, saqarTvelos<br />

ssr mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, Tb.,<br />

1953.<br />

sworfroba: baliaSvili n., sworfroba xevsureTSi, Tsu,<br />

1991.<br />

qxp VI: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, t. VI, `mecniereba~,<br />

Tb., 1978.<br />

SatberaSvili: SatberaSvili g., WaSniki, `sabWoTa saqar-<br />

Tvelo~, Tb., 1964.<br />

Suamd: Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, `merani~, Tb., 1987.<br />

xamurabi: xamurabis kanonebi, aqaduridan Targmna da komentarebi<br />

daurTo <strong>zurab</strong> <strong>kiknaZe</strong>m,<br />

`mecniereba~, Tb., 1988.<br />

xvaramze: xvaramze. vercxlis Tasadamc maqcia, Seadgina<br />

i. gogolaurma, `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />

Tb., 1976.<br />

305

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306<br />

samgloviaro poezia<br />

samgloviaro poezia, Tu mas funqciuri daniSnulebis<br />

mixedviT ganvixilavT, ori tipisaa: arakanonikuri da saritualo<br />

anu wesCveulebiTi. maTi aRreva da erT rubrika-<br />

Si moqceva ar aris marTebuli.<br />

arakanonikuria, am TvalsazrisiT, cnobili leqsi `xogais<br />

mindi kvdeboda~, sadac Tumca gmiris sikvdili da masze<br />

glovaa aRwerili, magram is ar aris samgloviaro ritualis<br />

nawili, ar aris gamoyenebuli micvalebulis datirebis<br />

teqstad. ra Zlieri gancdac ar unda iyos masSi gamoxatuli,<br />

arc erT damtirebels tradiciul sazogadoebaSi ar<br />

mouva azrad, rom amgvari leqsebi micvalebulis datirebis<br />

mizniT Seasrulos. erTia gancdis gamoxatva, sxvaa am<br />

gancdis moqceva ritualSi, misi qceva datirebis ritualur<br />

teqstad. arsebobs ori arxi, romlebic am mizniT aris<br />

gamoyenebuli. Sesabamisad, saritualo samgloviaro poezia<br />

ori tipisaa, romlebic, erTi mxriv, TuSuri `dalais~,<br />

meore mxriv, fSav-xevsuruli (nawilobriv TuSuri) xmiT<br />

natirlebis saxelwodebaSi erTiandebian. maT Soris arsebiTi<br />

gansxvavebaa.<br />

dalai<br />

`dalai~, romelic mxolod TuSeTSia gavrcelebuli,<br />

warmoadgens kanonikur teqsts Tavisi mkacri, Seucvleli<br />

struqturiT. ganvixilavT mas am struqturisa da Sesrulebis<br />

wesis TvalsazrisiT, rac mas arsebiTad ganasxvavebs<br />

xmiT natirlebisgan. es aris erTi teqsti, romelsac ara<br />

hyavs mxedvelobaSi romelime konkretuli micvalebuli.<br />

amaod daviwyebT masSi raime Taviseburis, ganumeoreblis<br />

Zebnas. is Seexeba yvelas, yvela moymes, vinc ki odnav mainc<br />

uaxlovdeba an Tvlian, rom uaxlovdeba (an surT, rom uaxlovdebodes)<br />

kai ymis ideals.<br />

dalai, rogorc xmiT natirali, sruldeba micvalebulis<br />

ara dakrZalvis dRes, aramed wlisTavze, roca mis pativsacemad<br />

imarTeba doRi, romelSic sagangebod Sekazmul-morTuli<br />

misi cxenic monawileobs.

---

dalais struqtura aseTia: igi eqvsi monakveTisgan Sedgeba:<br />

I. SeZaxili anu mowodeba dalais saTqmelad: `dalai<br />

TqviT, dalai, mxedrebo~.<br />

II. im moymis saxelis gamocxadeba, visTvisac imarTeba<br />

`dalaoba~ da imRereba `dalai~. Tu erT CanawerSi boselai-<br />

Zea (`brali xar, boselaiZev...~) moxsenebuli, meoreSi iCukaisZea,<br />

mesameSi – sulakauri da a. S. erTi Canaweris mixedviT,<br />

TiTqos es konkretuli `dalai~ mefe ereklesadmia<br />

miZRvnili: `Cven nuvis SevatyobinebT lomis erekles sikvdilsa,<br />

dala¡...~ [qxp V: 60].<br />

III. gaxseneba moymis mier Cadenili aqtebisa da sinanuli,<br />

rom isini aRar ganmeordeba. rogori iyo igi: mterTan<br />

mebrZoli (`mterTan xmalamoRebuli~), `sworSi Tavgamodebuli~,<br />

mosamarTle da gamrige, maspinZeli (`stumarTa<br />

dReo mziano~, `pirwyalo TuSeTisao~).<br />

IV. vin glovobs moymes: deda, coli, qal-rZalni da ra<br />

mosdis mis naqons: tanisamoss, cxensa da abjars, mis nawol<br />

logins, mis wver-ulvaSs. rogorc viciT, es CamonaTvali,<br />

romelic SeiZleba ivsebodes variantidan variantSi, axlavs<br />

zogierT sagmiro baladas an leqss, romelic, rogorc wesi,<br />

gmiris daRupviT mTavrdeba (klasikuri magaliTi `xogais<br />

mindi kvdeboda~, `zen bacaligos~ da sxva). zogierTi<br />

motivi, rogoric aris `ulvaSis mwvaned amosvla~, gansakuTrebuli<br />

saxis glovis leqsebis Semadgeneli nawilia.<br />

V. ra saxiT Sedis saiqioSi da rogor egebebian (vercxlis<br />

WurWliT gawyobili sufra, meRvineebi, xuc-diakvnebi).<br />

`netav Sen, saiqiosa, Sig Sexval mtredis ferado~<br />

efuZneba micvalebulis sulis mtredis saxiT warmodgenas,<br />

rasac xucobis enaze (`jvarT-enaze~) suliwmida ewodeba.<br />

`netav Sen~ xom ar gulisxmobs, rom mtredis ferad<br />

anu suliwmidis saxiT saiqioSi mxolod kai ymebi Sedian. zogadad<br />

unda iTqvas, rom wuTisofelSi `dagrovili~ Rirsebebi<br />

saiqioSi sagzlad mihyveba adamians da gansazRvravs<br />

mis mdgomareobas.<br />

VI. Sendoba saxeldebiT.<br />

SairiT (Teqvsmetmarcvliani sazomiT) Sesrulebuli<br />

yoveli fraza am eqvsmonakveTiani teqstisa mTavrdeba Se-<br />

ZaxiliT – dalai!<br />

307

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308<br />

ras niSnavs dalai? fiqroben, rom igi vainaxuri warmo-<br />

Sobisaa da niSnavs RmerTs, Tumca Zneli dasaSvebia, rom do-<br />

Ris dros mxedrebi RmerTs mimarTavdnen (romel RmerTs,<br />

romel RvTaebas?). es termini, SesaZloa, marTlac vainaxuri<br />

warmoSobis iyos, glovis semantikas unda Seicavdes<br />

da mxolod fonetikurad emTxveva sityvas dal (RmerTi).<br />

qistebis samgloviaro moZaxili amgvarad JRers: `dala¡,<br />

dala¡, va¡ dala¡, dala¡...~ [kotetiSvili 1961: 414]. yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi, TuSuri dalaoba amJamad mTeli am ceremonialis<br />

– Semamzadebeli ritualiT, doRiTa da simReriTurT<br />

– saxelwodebaa.<br />

dalaoba mxolod TuSeTis sazogadoebis kuTvnilebaa<br />

da igi ar gascilebia mis farglebs.<br />

xmiT natirali<br />

am tipis samgloviaro teqstebi mxolod aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos mTianeTSia gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiT<br />

fSav-xevsureTSi. TuSeTSi xmiT natirlis saxeliT cnobili<br />

leqsebi arsebiTad (rogorc formiT, ise tradiciuli<br />

tropizmiT) gansxvavdeba fSav-xevsurulisgan. Tavis<br />

mxriv, ara arsebiTad, magram mainc sxvaoben erTmaneTisgan<br />

xevsuruli da fSauri warmoSobis teqstebi.<br />

termini xmiT tirili TiTqos sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu<br />

ara sityviT tirils. TiTqos sityva `xma~ aq sityvis sinonimia,<br />

rogorc gamoTqmebSi: `xma gasca~, `xma amoiRo~, anu<br />

samgloviaro Janris am saxeobaSi igulisxmeba ara carieli<br />

bgeris gamoReba, aramed sityvis warmoTqma. radgan arsebobs<br />

sityviT tirili da arsebobs usityvo tirili, rogoric<br />

aris svanuri zari da raWuli zruni. SesaZlebelia,<br />

`xma~ xmiT natiralSi melodias niSnavdes, ramdenadac arsebobs<br />

sxvagvari tirilic: ZaxiliT tirili, romelic re-<br />

CitativiT sruldeba, anu melodiis gareSe, `ZaxiliT~ warmoiTqmis.<br />

xmiT natirali uriTmo, cxramarcvliani leqsia, romlis<br />

yoveli striqoni, rogorc wesi, sxvaTa sityvis o-Ti<br />

bolovdeba. motirali amgvarad aboloebs striqonebs (To-<br />

To bavSvze natirali):<br />

`gagordi, oqros akavanoo,<br />

me gxedav – daixare pirqvao,

---

gafrindi qoris wiwilaoo,<br />

cixeSi SaiWuWken m–arnio...~<br />

[qxp V: 136].<br />

SeniSvna. sityvebSi akavan-o-o, wiwila-o-o pirveli o wodebi-<br />

Tisaa, meore – sxvaTa sityvis.<br />

am tipis leqsi mTibluris saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.<br />

es saxelwodeba dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom erTader-<br />

Ti adgili, sadac, micvalebulis cxedris garda, kidev<br />

(xelmeored) SeiZleba Sesruldes da sruldeba xmiT natirali,<br />

es saTibia, anu igi Tibvis simRerebis repertuarSi<br />

Sedis, ufro sworad, misi repertuaris erTaderTi Semadgenelia.<br />

sxva warmoSobis Tibvis leqsebs, garda xmiT natirlebisa,<br />

Sromis poezia ar icnobs.<br />

xmiT natirlis avtori da Semsrulebeli erTi da igive<br />

piria, da igi, uiSviaTesi gamonaklisis garda, dedakacia.<br />

anu mTibluri mTlianad qalTa Semoqmedebaa. ukve warmoTqmuli<br />

xmiT natirlis teqstis ganmeoreba sxva micvalebulis<br />

dasatireblad yovlad warmoudgenelia. Tu moxda da<br />

erTxel warmoTqmuli teqsti sxva micvalebulis datirebis<br />

ceremonialze ganmeorda, es imis niSania, rom tradicias<br />

bzari gauCnda, xmiT natirlis Semoqmedeba Sewyda. es<br />

imis niSania, rom sazogadoebaSi axali xmiT natirali, am<br />

konkretuli micvalebulis dasatireblad, veRar iqmneba,<br />

qalTa Soris xmiT motirali aRar moiZebneba.<br />

yovel xmiT natirals Tavisi konkretuli adresati<br />

hyavs gardacvlilis pirovnebis saxiT anu, piruku, yovel<br />

gardacvlils Tavisi sakuTari xmiT natirali aqvs, romel-<br />

Sic sxva gardacvlili ver Seeziareba. amitomac, dalais<br />

teqstisgan gansxvavebiT, xmiT natirali Rrmad individualuria,<br />

mxolod ama da am micvalebulzea Seqmnili. es teqsti<br />

misia samaradJamod, mis ukvdavyofas emsaxureba. anu,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ramdeni micvalebulic yofila, imdeni<br />

xmiT natirali unda arsebobdes (cxadia, Tu uklebliv<br />

yvela iqna datirebuli).<br />

Semoqmedebis xasiaTi. xmiT natirali improvizaciulia.<br />

misi SeTxzvis da warmoTqmis pirobebi sxvagan ver Seiqmneba,<br />

Tu ara micvalebulis win. STagonebis wyaro, im-<br />

309

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310<br />

pulsi, micvalebulis pirovnebaa – misi Rirsebebi da adamianuri<br />

Tvisebebi da is mwuxarebisa da sinanulis atmosfero,<br />

romelic aq da am adgilas sufevs. micvalebulis gar-<br />

Semo Sekrebili dedrovani, romelic qviTiniT (ara sityviT:<br />

`ihio, hio, hio!~) exmaureba xmiT motiralis warmoTqmul<br />

yovel fraza-striqons, am Semoqmedebis monawilea.<br />

saeWvoa, Sesruldeboda Tu ara xmiT natirali Wirisufal-<br />

Ta da damswreTa gareSe. rogorc yoveli folkloruli<br />

teqsti Sesrulebisas, isic moiTxovs msmenels, am SemTxvevaSi<br />

metsac, gulSematkivars.<br />

motirlis Semoqmedeba dionisuria, eqstaturi, is imave<br />

bunebisaa, razec platoni wers `ionSi~. miuxedavad am Semoqmedebis<br />

spontanuri xasiaTisa, sadac aracnobieri unda<br />

Zlevdes cnobiers, Tavad motirali am garemoebas acnobierebs<br />

da arcTu iumoris gareSe Tavad natiralSive<br />

acxadebs:<br />

`ra kan rani-m varT matirlebio,<br />

davsxdebiT, davimwuxavT TvalTao,<br />

daviwyebT tanCi cxroobasao,<br />

ielnaWamsa vRgivarT Txasao...~<br />

[qxp V: 114].<br />

aq motirali laparakobs im SemoqmedebiT siSmageze,<br />

romelic eufleba mTels mis arsebas. Tvalis `dawuxva~ (daxuWva)<br />

ar aris SemTxveviTi: cnobilia, rom berZeni aedebi<br />

da rafsodebi usinaTloni iyvnen da swored am fizikuri<br />

sibrmavis wyalobiT maT gaxsnili hqondaT Sinagani Tvali.<br />

platonis azriT, es aris `RvTiuri siSmage~, romelic WeSmariti<br />

poeziis pirobas warmoadgens: `didi epikosi poetebi<br />

sakuTari xelovnebis ki ara, zeSTagonebisa da RvTiuri<br />

siSmagis wyalobiT Txzaven TavianT mSvenier poemebs.<br />

igive iTqmis lirikis poetTa mimarT: RvTiuri siSmagiT<br />

cnobamixdilni...qmnian TavianT momxiblav leqsebs, roca<br />

maT euflebaT harmonia da ritmi... mas [poets] ar ZaluZs<br />

raime Seqmnas manam, sanam zeSTagoneba Tu RvTiuri siSmage<br />

cnobas ar mixdis da gons ar dauxSobs~ [platoni: 271-272].<br />

xmiT tirilis SemoqmedebiTi Sinagani mxare ar aris sakmarisad<br />

Seswavlili, magram uSualo mxilvel-msmenelis<br />

dakvirvebidanac Cans misi buneba. Tu berZen mgosanTa STamagonebelni<br />

muzebi iyvnen, xmiT motirali dedakacis STa-

---

magonebeli Tavad micvalebulia. `xmiT tirili yvelas ar<br />

SeeZlo. qals rom xmiT tirili daewyo, unda `aetexa~ tirili<br />

ise, rom viTom mas Zalauneburad mkvdarni atirebdnen...<br />

visac xmiT tirilis `atexa~ undoda, daiwyebda caxcax-kankals,<br />

Tavs iqiT-aqeT aqnevda, iwyebda barbacs, xelebis<br />

fSvnetas, kbilebis RrWenas; viTom sityvebs ver ambobda,<br />

ar undoda, xan moqanculi miesveneboda. roca motirali<br />

qalebi amas SeamCnevdnen, yvelani gaCumdebodnen da elodnen,<br />

Tu ras aTqmevinebda motirals micvalebulis suli...<br />

[bolos] qali amoiRebda xmas. pirvelad micvalebulis eniT<br />

daiwyebda laparaks. magaliTad: `aZraxdi, Cemo meeneo, nu<br />

damaRone suleTCiao, Camidev wili tirilCiao, me Sen mindixar<br />

meenedao~ [masalebi 1940: 39].<br />

struqtura<br />

miuxedavad spontanurobisa (an iqneb swored am mizeziT),<br />

xmiT natirals ara aqvs mkacri, kanonikuri struqtura.<br />

misi arqiteqtonikis agebaSi xmiT motirali sruliad<br />

Tavisufalia. mas SeuZlia daiwyos micvalebulis pirovnebis<br />

dasaxelebiT, misi sikvdilis garemoebis xsenebiT,<br />

sikvdilisadmi (`sikvdilo, Svili gagizarde~) an micvalebulisadmi<br />

mimarTviT (`gorgi, Sen xara TveleqaTio, mTaCi<br />

mxoceli jixvebisao~), dagvianebuli gafrTxilebiT (`geuben,<br />

guros nu mixolao~) an sayveduriT (`xomizurao, Sagenacvleo,<br />

me imas raad matyuebdio: magiol giorgiobasao~),<br />

momklavTa wyevla-krulviT da ex abrupto baladiseburad<br />

da sxva. igi arafriT ar aris SezRuduli. zogi xmiT<br />

natirali mTlianad eZRvneba sikvdilis garemoebis Tavisebur<br />

aRweras da SeiZleba baladadac ki miviCnioT. am<br />

mxriv, xmiT natirali Tavisufali Semoqmedebis nayofia.<br />

magram es ar niSnavs individualizmis srul gaqanebas am SemoqmedebiT<br />

procesSi.<br />

tradiciuli mxatvruli arsenali<br />

bunebrivia, xmiT motirali, rogorc xalxuri poeti,<br />

iyenebdes tradiciul gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs – epiTetebs,<br />

Sedarebebs, alegoriebs, metonimiebs, gapirovnebebs,<br />

metaforebs, hiperbolebs, romlebic mogzauroben maTi<br />

311

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312<br />

wyalobiT xmiT natirlis teqstebidan teqstebamde da<br />

qmnian xmiT natirlis, rogorc Janris, erTian mxatvrul<br />

marags. SeiZleba imazec saubari, rom es maragi inarCunebs<br />

avtonomias saerTo-saxalxo poeziis konteqstSi.<br />

Cven mainc yuradRebas mivaqcevT mxolod natirlebis-<br />

Tvis damaxasiaTebel tropebs, romelTagan bevri mxatvruli<br />

azrovnebis Seudarebeli nimuSia. sazogadoeba ismenda,<br />

Cven ki SegviZlia wavikiTxoT amgvari tropebi: `xirimis<br />

bartyi~ (tyvia), `miwis logini~ (saflavi), `miwis samoseli~<br />

(saflavi), `cremlis Rilebi~, `cremlis Zafebi~ (`samares<br />

piri gaukereT Cemi cremlebis ZafebiTa~). motirali<br />

mimarTavs Rames, romelic masaviT cremls Rvris, oRond<br />

misi cremlebi varskvlavebia (`varskvlavni cremlad dagiRvravis~),<br />

mimarTavs gaTenebas, romlis cremlebi cvarnamia<br />

(`cvar-nami cremlad dagiRvravis~)...<br />

datirebis wesi<br />

ras vgulisxmobT wesSi? vgulisxmobT imas, rom mkacrad<br />

aris reglamentirebuli, Tu vin visi xmiT motirali<br />

SeiZleba iyos. rogori wesia am mxriv xevsureTSi? deda ar<br />

SeiZleba iyos Svilis xmiT motirali, arc coli – qmrisa.<br />

`Cveuleba sastikad ukrZalavs col-qmars, Svilebi anda<br />

erTi-erTmaneTi itiron~ [xizaniSvili: 80]. ra Tqma unda,<br />

dedas an cols ar SeiZleba ase kategoriulad aekrZalos<br />

Svilze an qmarze tirili – es misi kerZo, intimuri saqmea,<br />

magram is mainc moerideba xmiT anu sityvebiT sajarod, yvelas<br />

gasagonad uaxloesi adamianis datirebas. principi<br />

aseTia: rac ufro axlobelia gardacvlili, miT ufro meti<br />

TavSekaveba marTebs Wirisufals. RviZli Svili da intimuri<br />

qmari (romlis saxelis xsenebac ki ekrZaleba cols)<br />

axloblobis iseTi kategoriaa, romelTa sajarod xmiT datireba<br />

dauSvebelia. Tu moxda da mainc daitires, datirebas<br />

wesis darRvevisTvis win mobodiSeba uZRvis.<br />

`gitireb, damianis mzemao, agre miwas gasarevao,<br />

Sen SamaCvene sruyvelasao, diacma qmari dagitireo~<br />

[qxp V: 190].<br />

aseve bodiSobs qmari, romelic, raRac garemoebaTa gamo,<br />

iZulebuli xdeba, daitiros coli. maS, vin tiris vinmes

---

Svils da vinmes qmars? yvela naTesavi, garda dedisa da<br />

qmrisa, da aranaTesavi profesionali xmiT motirali? qali<br />

tiris Tavis Zmasa da daze, siZeze, mamaze, biZebze, biZaSvilebze,<br />

nebismier naTesavze, oRond aramc da aramc Tavis<br />

Svilsa da qmarze? TiTqos es Seuvali wesia xevsureT-<br />

Si, magram tradicia mainc aseTi kategoriuli ar aris. Tu<br />

qmris datireba iSviaTi gamonaklisia, fSavSi da xevsureT-<br />

Sic mravlad SevxvdebiT dedisgan Svilis datirebas. xmiT<br />

natirlis saukeTeso nimuSebi swored Svilis datirebebia.<br />

gavecnobiT fSaur da xevsurul nimuSebs (fragmentebs).<br />

fSauri<br />

xevsuruli<br />

`...Cem Svils rad unda samoselnio,<br />

Coxa gaxadeT gadaugdeTo.<br />

miwis samoseli SeukereTo,<br />

sarCulad tiril daudeviTo.<br />

Rilad cremlebi daukereTo,<br />

samares pirio gaukereTo<br />

Cemi cremlebis ZafebiTao...~<br />

[qxp V: 64].<br />

`mzeo, dadeg da dagviandio, mze dgexar ukenobisao,<br />

viyrebiT dedaSvilobiTao, mamSvidobeben berdiasao~<br />

[qxp V: 184].<br />

`deda genacvlos, dedis qalao,<br />

axal talavar Caicvidio,<br />

e Tmani xuTad daiwnidio,<br />

suleT bibiniT iaridio,<br />

oblis oboli gazardidio,<br />

dedo, kalTaCi Caisvidio,<br />

ToxolCaT qal or, ikvexnidio~<br />

[qxp V: 222].<br />

`deda genacvlos, baWyurao, dedis ferao, tuntulao,<br />

uenarao, uTavgziao...<br />

sikvdilo, qrTamsamc aitandio, Tu aitandi, mogcem qrTamsao:<br />

£arT mogcem, qora jorelaTao, niSasa Sagikazmav cxensao,<br />

313

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314<br />

£mals mogcem CiqorTaulasao, qalT mogcem Zilasa, naTelasao,<br />

lelasa dagiyeneb winao, diacsa baWyuraisasao,<br />

ka mowonebiT moyvanilsao, siskarsa gadabrZanebulsao,<br />

Tu gamauSob baWyurasao...~<br />

[qxp V: 195].<br />

SeniSvnebi. `tuntulas~ ToTo bavSvze ityvian, `uenaras~ – uTqmelze,<br />

`uTavgzia~ umweos unda niSnavdes [WinWarauli]; Cans, xmiT<br />

natirlis obieqti Cvili bavSvia. Tumca amboben, Cvil bavSvebze ar<br />

tiriano. `qora xari~ – TeTri xari, `jorela~ xaris sakuTari saxelia,<br />

`CiqorTaula~ – xmlis sakuTari saxeli. Svilmkvdari deda mzad<br />

aris yvelaferi saukeTeso gasces qrTamad Svilis sanacvlod: ara<br />

mxolod nivTebs, ojaxis wevrebsac ki imetebs, qaliSvilebs – Zilas<br />

da naTelas, daqvrivebul rZals – lelas, siyvaruliT moyvanils,<br />

romelsac dedamTili ciskars adarebs, oRond Casvenebuls (`gadabrZanebuls~).<br />

Tu qmars ver daitirebs coli, sacoles SeuZlia saqmros<br />

datireba – mas ar ekrZaleba Tavisi grZnobebis (gardacvlilisadmi<br />

sinanulis, siyvarulis, erTgulebis) sajarod<br />

gamoxatva:<br />

`davberdi Sensa malodinsao, qali lamazi beqaurio.<br />

gadamiyole, gadmagyvebio, mamis imedo, wiklauroo.<br />

arada, sxvas vis gadavxyvebio, vaJi bevia gigaurio.<br />

guSinac kaci momilalao TamariSvilma Tangulamao...~<br />

[qxp V: 161].<br />

sxva daniSnuli sxvagvarad gamoTqvams Tavis sinanuls<br />

da guliswuxils. gardacvlilis sacole ase mimarTavs mis<br />

mamas – samamamTilos – qals TiTqos saCuqrebi moaqvs, saqmro<br />

ki karSic ar gamodis sacolis misagebeblad:<br />

`Cemo mamao, mamamTiloo, Cemi aq mosvla rad gewyinao?<br />

Sen Svils miqebdes samefodao, wamovel imis sacnobladao,<br />

eg karCi aRar gamoCindao. aRar ikadra Cem naxvanio...<br />

Coxa movarTvi, orSianio, TaTi, baWiWi yaWisaio,<br />

ar iRebs gajavrebuliao...~<br />

[qxp V: 179].

---

datirebulis zneobrivi saxe<br />

aris Tu ara gatarebuli samgloviaro poeziaSi laTin-<br />

Ta principi: `mkvdrebze an kargi, an araferi~? rogorc<br />

Cans, es universaluri principia da mas aSkarad misdeven<br />

Cveni xmiT motiralni. Tu mkvdari datirebulia, masze mxolod<br />

kargi, saukeTeso, moymeobis optimumi, heroikulia<br />

naTqvami da misi cxedris garSemo SemokrebilTa Soris aravin<br />

iqneba iseTi, vinc eWvqveS daayenebda natiralSi Tqmulis<br />

WeSmaritebas. saiqio sxvagvari SuqiT anaTebs suliwmidas<br />

(mkvdars), misi sikvdili sicocxlis apoTeozad Cans.<br />

maradisobis cecxli adnobs mis yofiTobas, mis yovel<br />

nakls, is araTu kai ymad, aramed moymeobis idealad warmodgeba<br />

cocxalTa TvalSi. msmeneli ismens motirlisgan<br />

imas, risi gagonebis mowadinec aris, rac surs mas gardacvlilSi<br />

dainaxos; ismens im Soreuli molodiniT, rom Tavad<br />

maszec msgavs sityvebs moismens. axlac ki, roca natirals<br />

ismens, axdens Tavis ganyenebas `dRiuri prozidan~<br />

da moymeobis idealiT imoseba Tavis TvalSi.<br />

samarTlianoba moiTxovs iTqvas, rom natirlebSi imaze<br />

met Seqebas ver movismenT, ramdenic baladis gmirs<br />

xvdeba wilad. Seqebis, Rvawlis gadmocemis, adamianis fizikur-sulieri<br />

portretis xatvis ena konvenciuria, masSi<br />

aravin gadaWarbebas ar xedavs. yvelaferi, rac maszea naTqvami,<br />

swored ase, am eniT, unda Tqmuliyo. rac unda dacilebuli<br />

iyos obieqtur realobas natiralSi CamoTvlili<br />

Rirsebebi, gardacvlili Tavis simarTleSi sufevs, is natiralis<br />

gmiria. `gitireb, agremc genacvlebio, Rirxar vaSkaci<br />

satirladao~ [qxp V: 228], – aRmoxdeba motirals. magram<br />

mainc natirali ar warmogvidgens glovis iseT grandiozul,<br />

TiTqos qveynis daqcevis, suraTs, rogorsac `xogais<br />

mindi kvdebodaSi~ vxedavT. Tu mindis sikvdilze arwivebi<br />

frTebs iglejen, natirlis gmiri Tavad aris arwivi,<br />

oRond frTadalewili. is vefxvic aris, jixvic da iremic<br />

– yovel maTgans ganasaxierebs igi, radgan kai yma iTavsebs<br />

Tavis TavSi yvela arsebisgan saukeTesos, sicocxleSic da<br />

sikvdilSic igi maTi sadarebelia:<br />

`vefxvo, daxyare iaraRio, arwivma daiWuWken m£arnio,<br />

jixvo, sawoliT gadmoRvardio, iremo, dainayen rqanio~<br />

[qxp V: 158].<br />

315

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316<br />

aq ganzogadebulad da xatovnad aris aRniSnuli daRupvis<br />

faqti, araviTari konkretuli garemoeba, risi gadmocemac<br />

arcTu iSviaTia natirlebSi. zogierTi maTgani<br />

mTlianad tragikuli SemTxvevis (swored asea warmodgenili<br />

natiralSi gmiris daRupvis viTareba) aRweras eZRvneba<br />

da natirali TiTqos novelad gardaiqmneba. aRwerilia<br />

ambavi, natirlebisaTvis specifikuri sinanulis (dananebis)<br />

kiloTi, TanamimdevrobiT misi dawyebidan dasasrulamde.<br />

aseTia erTi sakmaod vrceli, or aTeulze metstriqoniani<br />

xevsuruli teqsti (dis natirali Zmaze), romelic<br />

im SemTxvevis gaxsenebiT iwyeba, rac adreve gadawyvetili,<br />

ramdenadac saqme sisxlis aRebas exeba, kanonieri<br />

mkvlelobis uSualo sababi gaxda:<br />

`fasioraTamc daRlevs RmerTio,<br />

misces dvarbini imedasao,<br />

akuSos ReliT gamaxenao,<br />

Zmis maklav icna axosTavsao...~<br />

[qxp V: 154].<br />

SeniSvnebi: fasiorani – xevsurTa erT-erTi sagvareulos saxelia;<br />

akuSo – sofeli liqokis xeobaSi; axosTavi – adgili mis mopirdapired<br />

aragvs gaRmiT; gamaxenao – gaxedao.<br />

miviCnioT es oTxi striqoni eqspoziciad, romlis Semdeg<br />

viTardeba sisxliani ambavi. sagulisxmo is aris, rom<br />

mkvlelobis saqmeSi, romelic am `dvarbinis~ micemas mohyva,<br />

misi gadamcemi fasiornic dadanaSaulebulni arian,<br />

rogorc monawileni. aseTi iyo sazogadoebrivi azri, amitomac<br />

durbindis gadacemis aqti imTaviTve motirlis fiqrebis<br />

binadari Seiqna da is wyevlas uTvlis maT tirilis<br />

dawyebisTanave.<br />

is, rac durbindSi gaxedvas mohyveba, anu Tofis gasrola<br />

akuSos Reledan, rogorc gadmoscems mas motirali diaci,<br />

Tavisi Tumca mTibluris saleqso sazomiT Senelebuli,<br />

mdore da, amrigad, SinaganSi gadanacvlebuli, eqspresiiTac ki<br />

ar CamorCeba, Tu ar Zlevs kidec baladis aCqarebul temps:<br />

`maSin ra xqeni, da genacvalao,<br />

buCaseulm rom Camagxvivlao,

---

namxrevT saTaves nayudebio,<br />

gaRvardi namxrevT boloSiao,<br />

dagawyvetivna kafianio,<br />

namxrevni sisxliT dagasvrivnao,<br />

cel dagrCa namxrevT saTavesao,<br />

namxrevT boloSi – salesvelio...~<br />

[masalebi: 95].<br />

SeniSvnebi: buCa – erTgvari Tofia, SesaZloa, Tofis sakuTari<br />

saxelic iyos; namxrevi – moTibuli nawili saTibSi; kafiani – mTibluri<br />

simRera (motirali sinanuliT ambobs, rom Tofis gasrolam<br />

simRera Segawyvetinao).<br />

motirali ganagrZobs da erTxel kidev gaaxsenebs imas,<br />

rac sazogadoebam kargad icis – rogor mouRes bolo sa-<br />

TibSi mSvidobian mosaqmes, mTibels, Tumca yvelam kargad<br />

icis, rom Surisgebis aRsrulebas Sromis procesi ver daabrkolebda:<br />

`axuraT sanaTisZiasao Svilnimc xyon Senis davlaTisnio! –<br />

Senze £mliT masvla rad undodao, buCaseulic geyofodao...~<br />

[qxp V: 154].<br />

SeniSvna: motirali wyevlas uTvlis sanaTisZes, romelmac TofiT<br />

daWrils xmliT mouRo bolo: misi xeliT moklulis davlaTs –<br />

beds usurvebs mis Svilebs anu maTac imgvarsave sikvdilso.<br />

motirali mihyveba movlenaTa ganviTarebas: rogorc<br />

Surisgebis gareSe ar Caivlida es ambavi, isic ar gamotovebda<br />

mas Tavis natiralSi:<br />

`aca, ver waxol, guroeloo, aparekai gamagidgao,<br />

buCaseuls qve ras gvakvexebTo, xirimis bartyi Cvenic naxeTo...~<br />

[qxp V: 154].<br />

SeniSvnebi: guroeli – an Tofis msrolelia an xmliT mimsvleli;<br />

apareka Tavs idebs sisxlis aRebis saqmes; xirimis bartyi – tyviis<br />

metafora, gvxvdeba mxolod am teqstSi, sxvagan arsad. skaldur<br />

poeziaSi kenigis saxeliT cnobili tropis es saxe yovel striqonSi<br />

gvxvdeba.<br />

317

---

318<br />

aris natirlebi, sadac adamianis aRsasrulis garemoeba<br />

mxolod dasaxelebulia, motirali ar misdevs brZolis<br />

aRweras, is ufro moklulis pirovnebiT aris dakavebuli.<br />

aris natirlebi, sadac verc sikvdilis mizezs vgebulobT<br />

(sazogadoebisTvis ki cnobilia), mxolod pirovnebis daxasiaTebas<br />

vismenT. am tipis natiralTa klasikuri nimuSia<br />

erTi Zveli xmiT natirali, romelic <strong>zurab</strong> erisTavis droindel<br />

gudamayrel vinme mixas sikvdilzea Sesrulebuli<br />

dis mier, rogorc gadmocemiT amboben:<br />

`Sarmanaulo, Savardenoo,<br />

mTibel-mamkalni gixarianRaeo?<br />

mTibel-mamklisa sanayrodao<br />

dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo?<br />

bevrais ji£vis gamgoresao<br />

Tofsa £irimsa zidavRaeo?<br />

mtrisa bevrais gamjavresao<br />

welze frangulsa ibamRaeo?<br />

stumris bevrisa masaxursao<br />

tyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo?<br />

bevraisa mtrisa gamrigesao<br />

enasa bWeCi zidavRaeo?<br />

[qxp V: 149].<br />

SeniSvnebi: ziscvari – rZe; masaxuri – mosaxurebeli (sabani);<br />

qemxa – `Zvirfasi da magari abreSumis Zafi~ [WinWarauli 2005]. qemxiT<br />

gadakerilia erTmaneTze cxvris tyavebi, rom adamians eyos sabnad.<br />

bevrais mtrisa – aq mtrebSi Sina moSuRarni, aragareSe mtrebi<br />

igulisxmebian; bWe – Temis sasamarTlo.<br />

esaa iSviaTi nimuSi xmiT natirlisa, sadac mwyobrad da ganzogadebulad,<br />

ara konkretuli saxiT, aris CamoTvlili mamakacis<br />

mravalmxrivi funqciebi sazogadoebaSi, rogorc sazogadoebis,<br />

saymos wevrisa. teqsti iZleva moymis srulyofil saxes<br />

yovelgvari winaswari Seqebis gareSe. erTaderTi qebis sityvaa<br />

– `Savardeni~, rogorc kai ymis epiTeti, romelic am kerZo<br />

SemTxvevaSi aliteraciulad eTanadeba Tavad datirebulis saxels<br />

– Sarmanauls. es SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos: Savardeni –<br />

amgvari bgerweris sityva – epiTetad, eWvi ar aris, saxelis gamoxmobilia<br />

(ara arwivi, aramed swored Savardenia Sarmanauli),

---

Tumca misi moxmoba ar aris moulodneli kai ymis Sesamkobad,<br />

rogorc erT natiralSia: `TeTrisa qoris naSoboo, Savardnisagan<br />

naqnaroo...~ moymis funqciebis CamoTvla gvxvdeba sxvaganac,<br />

kerZod, dalaiSi, magram ara aqvs iseTi mwyobri saxe, rogorc<br />

Sarmanaulis datirebaSi, Tumca piruku iyo mosalodneli,<br />

ramdenadac `dalai~ kanonikuria da ganzogadebuli. magram<br />

Cven vxedavT, rom Sarmanaulis teqsts ganzogadebis meti xarisxi<br />

aqvs. aq warmodgenilia saqmianobis xuTi sfero, sadac moymes<br />

uxdeba Tavisi sazogadoebrivi saxis gamovlena, Tavisi unarebis<br />

da funqciebis realizacia. sabolood, Cven winaSea moymeobis<br />

srulyofili kodeqsi:<br />

1. Sroma. igi pirvel adgilze dgas; Tumca ver vityviT,<br />

rom am sazogadoebaSi RirsebiT sxvebze upiratesad iyos<br />

miCneuli. araSemTxveviT, pirvel rigSia Tibva, mere mka.<br />

`mTibelni gixarianRaoe~? mTiblebis danaxva Sens saTibeb-<br />

Si kidev gixariao? ekiTxeba motirali da am SekiTxviT surs<br />

msmenelTa (SekiTxva ufro maT mimarT aris) warmodgenaSi<br />

gaaRviZos cocxali Sarmanauli, `mTibel-mamklis~ xilviT<br />

gaxarebuli, maTi Sromis damfasebeli, saukeTeso kerZiT<br />

– rZeSi moxarSuli dumiT rom umaspinZldeba da aravis daunayrebels<br />

ar gauSvebs. Sromas eTmoba ori striqoni.<br />

2. nadiroba. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da sasaxelo saqmianoba<br />

am sazogadoebaSi. SesaZloa, is ar iyos maincdamainc<br />

Tavis gamosakvebi saqmianoba, magram is aris moymeTa<br />

sporti, uromlisodac moymeobis kodeqsi nakluli iqneboda.<br />

Tu brZolaSi xmalia moymis iaraRi, sanadiroSi – Tofi<br />

xirimi. Tumca orivegan orive iaraRis xmareba uwevs moymes:<br />

xirimi brZolaSi gasagebia, magram xmalic ar aris gamousadegari<br />

nadirobaSi, Tu iseTi nadiri Sexvdeba mas, rogoric<br />

vefxvia (`maSinRa gaWra frangulma...~). nadirobas<br />

erTi taepi eTmoba.<br />

3. brZola. brZola, nadirobasTan Sewyvilebuli, xSiria<br />

natirlebSi: `gorgi, Sen xara TveleqaTio, mTaCi mxoceli<br />

jixvebisao, Walas miTxoelT vaJebisao...~ moyme mudam<br />

mzadyofnaSia mtris `gasajavreblad~, erT striqonSi<br />

dawnexilad aris gamoxatuli misi mzaoba erTaderTi JestiT:<br />

`welze frangulsa ibamRaeo~? amiT yvelaferia Tqmuli.<br />

motirali ar Tvlis saWirod frangulis moymurad gamoyenebis<br />

magaliTi dausaxelos msmenelebs. yvelam icis,<br />

rom igi amaod, `uerTod~ ar Seibamda franguls. `dalaiSi~<br />

319

---

320<br />

mebrZoloba prioritetulia, mas yvelaze pirvelad Seaxseneben<br />

mzegadasuls: `laSqars gikiTxven sworebi, win aRar<br />

gauZRvebia, dalai, mterTan xmalamoRebuli~, mtrisaTvis<br />

risxvis mimcemi, dalai...~<br />

4. maspinZloba. Tu raime mSvidobiani saqmianoba fasdeba<br />

am sazogadoebaSi, es stumar-maspinZlobis wesia. igi<br />

aucilebeli muxlia moymeobis dauwerel rjulSi, Rrmad<br />

aris amokveTili ara qvis, aramed gulis ficarze. motiralma<br />

miagno erTaderT detals, romliTac SeZlo cocxlad<br />

daexata mravalstumriani maspinZlis saxe. vgrZnobT siTbos<br />

da siyvaruls (ara mxolod movaleobas), romliTac is<br />

stumrebisTvis gudanurebs (erTmaneTze gadabmul cxvris<br />

tyavebs) keravs Tavisi sakuTari xeliT. msmeneli imasac igrZnobs,<br />

rom es kaci mzad aris, Tu saWiro gaxda, Tavi gawiros<br />

stumrisTvis, romelsac RamiT mis saxlSi, misi xeliT<br />

gadakerili tyavebi exureba. `dalais~ teqsti ar gamotovebs<br />

am tradiciul atributs: `karze gidgenan stumrebi,<br />

Sinam ar SeuZRvebia, dalai...~ da aqac motirali erTi striqoniT<br />

kmayofildeba. natiralSi maspinZloba mis dasawyisSivea<br />

naxsenebi, oRond SromasTan dakavSirebiT, mTibav-<br />

Ta da momkelTa dapurebis konteqstSi: `dumas ziscvarSi<br />

xarSavRaeo~? orgzis stumarTmoyvareobis aRniSvna ar unda<br />

iyos SemTxveviTi: xalxuri yofis zneobriv kodeqsSi<br />

stumris rigianad gamaspinZleba omSi mamacobaze upiratesia,<br />

rasac es striqoni mowmobs: `puradi kaci mamacze samis<br />

gafreniT metia~. am upiratesobas analogia SeiZleba eZebnebodes<br />

xatobaSi saRvTo sufris saxiT, sadac maspinZeli<br />

jvaria, stumrebi ki – mTeli misi saymo. sxvaganac, erT `Sem-<br />

RernebaSi~, aseve dawyvilebulia es ori saqmianoba da maTi<br />

harmoniuli SeTavseba ojaxis farglebSi, da pirvelad aq<br />

swored maspinZlobaa xsenebuli:<br />

`es saxli SaCveulia Sasmasa, SamRernebasa,<br />

am saxlis diasaxlisi – stumarTa maspinZlobasa,<br />

am saxlis mamasaxlisi – laSqarTa winamZRrobasa~.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom xmiT natiralSi stumarmaspinZlobis<br />

nimuSad aRebulia es komponenti – stumris mSvidi Zilis<br />

uzrunvelyofa – da ara sufris gaSla, `Sasma da Sam-<br />

Rerneba~.

---

5. gamrigeoba. gzianoba, sxvisi dajerebis unari ganasrulebs<br />

moymeobis rjuls. `dalaiSi~ mkvidrad, mravalferovani<br />

gamoxatulebiT, zis moymis es aspeqti: `Wkviano, saqcivliano,<br />

dalai, gamWrelo mosamarTleo, dalai, ...gamrigev TuSeTisao,<br />

dalai...~ rac frangulia moymisaTvis brZolaSi da xirimi nadirobaSi,<br />

is aris misTvis ena safixvnoze. amitom – `enasa bWeCi zidavRaeo?~<br />

franguli omis iaraRia, ena – mSvidobisa. rkina Wabukobis<br />

atributia, sityva – sibrZnisa, xandazmulobisa. ZvelTaganve<br />

orive Tanabrad fasobda sazogadoebaSi: uruqSi (Sumer-<br />

Si), rogorc gilgameSis eposidan da misi ciklis Sumeruli sim-<br />

Rerebidan Cans [gilgameSiani:], es ori unari, rom davakonkretoT,<br />

Zala da azri, erTmaneTs epaeqreboda mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebaTa<br />

gamotanisas. iyo krebuli moymeTa (guruS), romelic<br />

sabrZolo Zalas ganasaxierebda, da iyo krebuli uxuces-<br />

Ta (abba), romelic azris, gonivruli rCevis wyaros warmoadgenda.<br />

is, rac klasikur sazogadoebebSi instituciurad iyo gamijnuli<br />

erTmaneTisgan, Cvens safixvnoze erTi moymis arseba-<br />

Sia SeerTebuli. amis dadasturebaa aluda qeTelauris ormxrivi<br />

daxasiaTeba: `safixvnos Tavze dajdebis, sityva maudis gziani,<br />

bevr qists maaWra marjvena, scada franguli fxiani~. fxiani<br />

sityva da fxiani franguli amSvenebes mas da ganasrulebs mis<br />

moymeobas. magram mainc asaki, romelic atarebs sibrZnes, upiratesobs<br />

siymeze, romelsac xmali upyria da mis imedzea. amas<br />

ambobs es fragmenti:<br />

`gudan ageben beRelsa, libod udeben sinasa.<br />

hkiTxvides geldiaursa andrezsa wina-winasa,<br />

urCevdis geldiauri jer Wkvasa, memre rkinasa~.<br />

rogorc wesi, laTinuri Tqmis Tanaxmad – de mortuis aut bene,<br />

aut nihil – xmiT natiralSi dasatirebeli adamianis mxolod sauke-<br />

Teso Tvisebebia gaxsenebuli, an motirali ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas<br />

mis sikeTeebze, mxolod zogadad gamoxatavs gulis<br />

wuxils, an mxolod misi gardacvalebis viTarebas axsenebs WirisufalT.<br />

magram mainc xmiT motirali Tavisufalia da, SesaZloa,<br />

ar dagidevdeT am mdumare TanxmobiT miRebul sayovel-<br />

Tao wess. adamians gardacvaleba erTgvari SaravandiT mosavs,<br />

risi ZaliTac sicocxleSi arafriT gamorCeuli, metic, ubiri,<br />

yvelas yuradRebis centrSi eqceva da sikvdili TiTqos misi<br />

gamakeTilSobilebeli sigelia.<br />

321

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322<br />

`kaci mamkvdari gakargdebao: ZmaT ubirasa geZaxdiano,<br />

aStaRuai geqvinisao, sakvmis sateni dusTuraio...<br />

eexla gadaCinebulxaro, kacTan damdgarxar kacuradao,<br />

Co£a Cagcvam sklatisaio, Co£a sadidod dakerulio.<br />

wamogixurav maSTagurio, ZmaT uarias, beCavasao~<br />

[qxp V: 227].<br />

SeniSvnebi. aStaRuai – dacinviT Serqmeuli saxeli; dusTurai<br />

– Serqmeuli saxeli sityvidan dusTi – Zvelmani samosi, Cvari, ri-<br />

Tac boselSi RriWoebs tenian; sklati – maudi; maSTaguri – qurqi;<br />

ZmaT uaria – Zmebs Soris uaresi, uvargisi [WinWarauli 2005].<br />

TuSuri xmiT natirali<br />

TuSebSic igive terminologiaa, rac fSav-xevsureTSi:<br />

`xmiT tirili~, `xmiT motirali~. sainteresoa, rom `xma~ aq<br />

niSnavs melodias sityvasTan erTad, magram arsebobs<br />

`sityvebiT~ tirilic, romelsac melodia ar axlavs [azikuri:8].<br />

TuSuri natirlebic improvizaciulia, isinic, rogorc<br />

fSav-xevsurulni, dedakacebis Semoqmedebaa, magram sagrZnoblad<br />

gansxvavdebian fSav-xevsuruli natirlebisgan<br />

rogorc formiT, ise SinaarsiT, tropuli sistemiT. es aris<br />

uriTmo Tormetmarcvliani leqsi, striqonSi zogjer 13 an<br />

14 marcvalia, `oRond am SemTxvevaSi motirali teqsts ise<br />

warmoTqvams, rom Tormet marcvalze gaangariSebul melodiaSi<br />

Catios. gvxvdeba aTmarcvliani striqonic, am<br />

dros motirali melodias daqviTinebiT an amooxvriT avsebs~<br />

[azikuri:7]. natirlis teqstebis ganmeoreba arsad ar xdeba,<br />

TiTqos akrZalulic aris: `ar £am~. aqac coli ar tiris<br />

qmars; Tu itira, natiralSive Tamamad acxadebs: `qmariav,<br />

magramev me aras mcxvenisav~. xevsuruli Cveulebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

dedas ar ekrZaleba Svilis datireba, mxolod<br />

mcirewlovani Svilis datirebaa saZraxisi. gansakuTrebiT<br />

tirian uZeod gadagebul vaJkacs (visac `Ze-bolo~ ar darCa).<br />

natiralSi ixseneben micvalebulis `mgebrebs~, maT, vinc saiqioSi<br />

egebebian mas. eseni, rogorc wesi, misi dedis Zmebi arian.<br />

aRsaniSnavia TuSuri natirlebis gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />

mxare, is gansakuTrebiT mdidaria tropuli mravalferovnebiT.<br />

mas aqvs sakuTari leqsika, romelic SeiZleba Seva-

---

daroT xevsurul `jvarTenas~, romlis leqsika mxolod sakulto<br />

gamoyenebisaa da arc yoveldRiur saubarSi, arc<br />

saero poeziaSi ar ixmareba. aseve TuSuri natirlebis metaforuli<br />

ena mxolod natirlebis sakuTrebaa. am mxriv,<br />

TuSuri natirlebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba fSav-xevsuruli<br />

natirlebisgan. tradiciulia da meordeba natirlidan<br />

natiralSi tropuli gamoTqma `mzes velodebiTav, RrubliT<br />

(var. `budiT~) momavalsav~ – am sityvebiT motirali<br />

deda axsenebs daRupuli vaJis naSiers, romelsac misi fexmZime<br />

coli atarebs. `gvirgvin-daSaulni~ ki isini arian,<br />

romlebic uqorwineblad gardaicvalnen. `mamis o£er~ an<br />

`o£ris saxli~ upatrono, gardacvlilisgan mitovebuli<br />

saxlia; `mindvris jeilebi~ – sasaflaoze damarxulni, `miwis<br />

kedeli~ damarxulsac niSnavs da Tavad saflavs; `wilis<br />

amoTra~ – wilis amoReba, anu gardacvaleba, sikvdilis<br />

wilxvdoma (`wil amasTareaav~? – mokvdi?), `aludis stumrebi~<br />

– Wiris sufraze msxdomni; darTlos sasaflaoze<br />

`Zvali RorRad xyriav, ulvaSs – mwvaniladav~, `sabnad gadavxurev<br />

qvai da qviSaiv~, `qalo, dakargulo, dilis namsaviTa~,<br />

`dedis Tavmoklulo~, `qaris moRebulo fuTulov,<br />

mteris waRebulov~, `saxls gikeTeben kar-usarkmlosa~<br />

(anu bnel saflavs), `soflis galavano, klite dadebulo~,<br />

`miwisferdebulni~ – damarxuli micvalebulni...<br />

literatura<br />

azikuri: azikuri n., mgosanni glovisani, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1986.<br />

gilgameSiani: gilgameSiani. Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi,<br />

`ganaTleba~, Tb., 1984.<br />

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia,<br />

1961.<br />

masalebi: masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis III,<br />

Tbilisi, 1940.<br />

platoni 1997: platoni, adreuli dialogebi, Zveli ber-<br />

Znulidan Targmna, winaTqmebi da komentarebi<br />

daurTo baCana bregvaZem,<br />

`nekeri~, 1997.<br />

WinWarauli 2000: WinWarauli al., xevsuruli leqsikoni,<br />

`<strong>qarTuli</strong> ena~, Tb., 2005.<br />

xizaniSvili: xizaniSvili n., eTnografiuli nawerebi, Tb., 1940.<br />

323

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324<br />

sibrZnis poezia – andaza<br />

andaza wmida folkloruli Janria. literaturaSi mas<br />

analogi ara aqvs. Tu kidev SesaZlebelia xalxuri leqsis<br />

Seqmnis Tu asparezze gamoCenis drois dadgena, andazis<br />

SemTxvevaSi amas ver SevZlebT, imdenad Cawnulia igi enis<br />

wiaRSi. igi enasTan erTad arsebobs, masTan aris sisxlxorceulad<br />

dakavSirebuli. yvela niSani <strong>folklori</strong>sa, romelic<br />

ki CamovTvaleT, Tavisi wmida saxiT axasiaTebs mas –<br />

absoluturi koleqtiuroba, romelic araviTar adgils ar<br />

utovebs individualurs, absoluturi anonimuroba, romelic<br />

principulad gamoricxavs avtoris arsebobas, variantuloba,<br />

romlis diapazoni scildeba erovnul da, Sesabamisad,<br />

enobriv sazRvrebs... Tumca is enisa da <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />

zRvarzea da, amdenad, mxolod erovnul (eTnikur) niadagze<br />

arsebobs. is ibadeba da cocxlobs yoveldRiur yofaSi<br />

enis, rogorc metyvelebis, aqtualizaciasTan erTad.<br />

ra aris andaza? iqneb misi arsis gansazRvraSi Tavad es<br />

sityva andaza dagvexmaros. mivmarTod, rogorc yovel-<br />

Tvis aseT SemTxvevebSi, sabas. leqsikografi gvagzavnis<br />

sityvasTan magaliTi:<br />

`ese magaliTi ganiyofebian orad: magaliTad da andazad.<br />

magaliTi ars ukve, romlisa saxe genebos, gina<br />

qmnuleba saxlisa da karavTa, xatTa da yvavilTa da egeviTarTa.<br />

xolo andaza samoselTa da sabuxarTa da xamlTa<br />

da raodeni gamoikveTebian egeviTarni~. saba calke<br />

ganmartavs: `saandazo – andazad dasadebeli, samagali-<br />

To – saandazo~.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, andazas Tavdapirvelad Targis mniSvneloba<br />

hqonia. xolo ra aris Targi, Tu ara arqetipi, romlis<br />

mixedviT iqmneba yvelaferi, iqneba es materialuri sagani<br />

ram Tu swavleba anda saqcieli. andaza nivTieri Targis<br />

mniSvnelobidan adis sityvier-azrobrivi Targis mniSvnelobamde.<br />

andaza, amrigad, misi Zveli semantikidan gamomdinare,<br />

aris arqetipuli Tqma, erT winadadebaSi dawnexili<br />

codna (sibrZne). sagulisxmoa, rom zogjer andaza<br />

anderZTan aris gaigivebuli. magaliTad, akaki `baSi-aCukSi~<br />

wers: `aRar gaxsovT Zveli anderZi: sircxvils sikvdili

---

sjobs da orive erTad ki – jojoxeTiao?~ ufro adre ar-<br />

Cil mefesTan vxvdebiT am gaigivebas: `asre daxvden orni<br />

Zmani, viT mamisgan eandaza~ (nacvlad mosalodneli eanderZa-si).<br />

anderZi akakisTan andazis mniSvnelobiT<br />

gamoiyeneba da andaza arCilTan – anderZis mniSvnelobiT.<br />

mas unda daematos samagaliTo striqoni `didmouravianidan~:<br />

`Cemi saqme dReis ukan andazad da xidad deviT~.<br />

am striqonis mniSvneloba ufro metia, vidre is konteqsti,<br />

sadac naTqvamia igi. Tavad striqoni gvauwyebs, Tu rogor<br />

ibadeba andaza, ufro sworad, andrezi pirvelsaqcielidan,<br />

rogorc xidi, romlis wiaR erTmaneTSi gadadian Taobebi.<br />

`andaza-xidi~ mowodebulia warsulsa da awmyos Soris<br />

kavSiris Sesakvrelad.<br />

andaza unda Seicavdes iseT codnas, gamocdilebas, romelic<br />

eRireba Sesanaxad da TaobebSi gadasacemad. aseTi<br />

Rirebulia swored yoveli andazis Sinaarsi, am Rirebulebis<br />

ZaliT mimodis igi bagidan bagemde, Taobidan Taobamde,<br />

xalxidan xalxamde, ganfenilia rogorc qseli mTel kacobriobaSi.andazas<br />

narTaulad, Sefarulad, igavurad moaqvs<br />

Cvenamde Tavisi saTqmeli. Tu anderZTan mas tradiciuloba<br />

anaTesavebs, igavi gamoTqmis saSualebaze, xerxze<br />

miuTiTebs. amitomac ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom igavebi<br />

ewodeba solomonis mier Sekrebil gamonaTqvamebs, romlebic<br />

sxva araferia, Tu ara andazebi (da asec aris Targmnili<br />

sxva enebze. Proverbs of Solomon, Die Sprüche Salomos,<br />

Ïðèò÷è Ñîëîìîíîâû da sxva).<br />

andazis, iseve rogorc yoveli folkloruli teqstis,<br />

Seswavlas sami mxare aqvs: 1) formaluri anu morfologiur-struqturuli,<br />

2) Sinaarsobrivi da 3) funqciuri. amgvarad,<br />

andaza SeiZleba ganvixiloT sam doneze: 1) teqstis<br />

doneze, 2) mniSvnelobis doneze, 3) gamoyenebis doneze.<br />

rogorc enaSi arsebobs sinonimebi (Tumca ara absoluturi),<br />

aseve arsebobs sinonimuri andazebi, romlebic er-<br />

Tsa da imave Sinaarss, mniSvnelobas sxvadasxva saSualebebiT<br />

gamoxataven. amrigad, andazis gulisguli, riTac is Tavis<br />

funqcias asrulebs, mis meore doneze anu mis mniSvnelobaSia<br />

saZiebeli. magaliTad, formalurad, teqstis doneze<br />

es ori andaza erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba: 1) `Tu<br />

325

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326<br />

mRvdeli mwyalobs, diakvani veras damaklebso~ da 2) `Tu<br />

guli gulobs, qada ori xeliT iWmevao~, magram maTi mniSvnelobebi<br />

da, aqedan gamomdinare, gamoyeneba gansxvavebulia.<br />

meore mxriv, sinonimuria andazebi, Tumca isini yofis<br />

gansxvavebuli sferoebidan aris aRebuli: `umoaxlo<br />

qveyanaSi virs pirmTvarisa daarqveso~ da `uZaRlo qveyanaSi<br />

katas ayefebeno~.<br />

ras warmoadgens andaza Tavisi formiT, rogorc sityvieri<br />

teqsti? frazeologiuri erTeulisgan (gamoTqmisgan)<br />

gansxvavebiT, andaza erTi dasrulebuli winadadebaa.<br />

mTeli misi Sinaarsi erT winadadebaSia moqceuli. andazis<br />

winadadeba SeiZleba iyos rogorc proza, ise leqsi. magram<br />

igi mainc poetur Janrs miekuTvneba, radgan misi Sinagani<br />

forma poeturia. ritmi da riTma, rac arcTu iSviaTad<br />

axlavs mas, Sinagani poeturobis mxolod garegani gamoxatulebaa.<br />

ritmisa da riTmis garda, andazas aqvs kidev sxva<br />

arqauli saSualeba misTvis poeturi formis misacemad, es<br />

aris e.w. wevrTa paralelizmi (parallelismus membrorum), rac<br />

safuZvlad udevs andazaTa umravlesobas. es uZvelesi xerxi,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, mTavari struqturuli RerZia andazisa.<br />

es struqtura ar aris mxolod formaluri xasiaTisa –<br />

igi andazis mTavari konceptualuri momentia.<br />

amrigad, andaza, rogorc wesi, ritmulad mowesrigebuli<br />

striqonia, amiT gansxvavdeba igi Cveulebrivi winadadebisgan.<br />

rogorc garkveulia, TiToeuli andaza calke saleqso<br />

striqons warmoadgens da zustad Seesatyviseba<br />

qarTul xalxur poeziaSi gavrcelebul saleqso sazomebs<br />

[bardaveliZe]. upiratesobs Teqvsmetmarcvliani taepi,<br />

magram Segvxvdeba 9- da 10-marcvlianic.<br />

Sairis sazomzea gawyobili Semdegi andazebi:<br />

`sxvisTvis uReli nura gSurs, Sen rom yevari gyavdeso~;<br />

`aseTma furma damwixlos, Cemze mets iwvelideso~;<br />

`zogisa bambac Cxrialebs, zogis kakalic arao~.<br />

Teqvsmetmarcvliani Sinagani riTmiT:<br />

`kata ver Seswvda Zexvsao, paraskevia dResao~;<br />

`naadri Svili patronsa, nagvianebi – batonsa~;<br />

`aafrine alaliao, rac ar ari, ar ario~;<br />

`rac mogiva daviTao, yvela Seni TaviTao~ da sxva.

---

Sairis naxevartaepia:<br />

`erTi dro Citsac ki aqvso~;<br />

`sxva sxvis omSi brZeniao~...<br />

aTmarcvliani Sinagani riTmiT: `viri sxvisao, saxre tyisao~.<br />

12-marcvliani aseve Sinagani riTmiT: `iaffasisao – wveni<br />

ZaRlisao~.<br />

andazebis korpusis zerele gadaxedvac gviCvenebs,<br />

rom riTma ar aris andazis arsebiTi da aucilebeli niSani,<br />

magram sadac igi Cndeba, damatebiT eqspresiulobas ani-<br />

Webs teqsts. igive iTqmis aliteraciaze, fonetikurad<br />

msgavsi sityvebis erTmaneTTan Sepirispirebaze, rac arcTu<br />

iSviaTia andazebSi – `madli matlad iqcao~, `aznauri<br />

Wadsac ar Wams, moSivdeba – Wirsac momWams~, `kaci kaci-<br />

Tao, Robe qacviTao~, `roca xorci gavao, gavac dumad gavao~<br />

(var. `visic gava gavao, kanWic gavad gavao~), `rac ar<br />

mergeba, ar Semergeba~ da sxva mravali.<br />

paralelizmi andazis arsebiTi niSania. andazis sazrisi<br />

swored cnebaTa Tu realiaTa harmoniul an kontrastul<br />

paralelizmSi mdgomareobs. andazaSi `ramac gagaCina, iman<br />

dagarCina~ gamCenisa da mfarvelis paralelizmia. `kaci Tu<br />

gonieria, sofeli Ronieria~ (kaci – sofeli, goniereba –<br />

Roniereba), `kaci zRvas gadaurCa da cvarma daaRrCoo~<br />

(zRva – cvari, gadarCena – daRupva), `mTisa mecxvares<br />

hkiTxe, barisa – guTnisdedasao~, `momxvdurs damxvduric<br />

undao~, `rac ginaxavs, veRar naxav~ (warsuli – momavali),<br />

`rkinas mWedeli sWeds, ara uroo~ (iaraRi – mkeTebeli), `kaci<br />

bWobda, RmerTi icinodao~ (kaci – RmerTi, bWoba –<br />

sicili) da mravali sxva.<br />

moyvanil magaliTebSi paralelizmi da dapirispirebuli<br />

wyvilebi zedapirze Cans. magram arsebobs mTeli wyeba<br />

andazebisa, sadac es aSkarad ar Cans, Sefarul-SeniRbulia,<br />

siRrmisken aris wasuli, andazis qvemo SreSi Zevs – iq aris<br />

saZiebel-aRmosaCeni. bevri andazis Zala swored am aRmo-<br />

Cenis efeqtzea damyarebuli. rac ufro Rrmad Zevs da Sefarulia<br />

dapirispireba, miT ufro metia andazis Zala da<br />

efeqti. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom andazis Tviseba da<br />

Zala mis SefarulobaSia, andaza cdilobs Sefarulad gamoTqvas<br />

azri. andaza igavuria, amdenad igi amarTlebs im<br />

ganmartebas, sabas leqsikonSi rom aris mocemuli.<br />

327

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328<br />

andaza, klasikuri gansazRvrebiT, Seicavs sibrZnes – bunebaze,<br />

cxovrebaze, samyaroze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul<br />

codnas, yvelafers, rasac adamiani, sazogadoeba gamocdilebis<br />

Sedegad ganazogadebs. magram es ar aris sakmarisi. aucilebelia,<br />

magram arasakmarisi. andazaSi mTavari da gadamwyvetia,<br />

Tu rogor aris daculi da miwodebuli es sibrZne. andaza sibrZnes<br />

igavurad, metaforulad, CaSifrulad inaxavs. teqsti,<br />

romelic zedapirulad atarebs codnas da pirdapir, deklaraciulad<br />

gadascems mas, ver iandazebs.<br />

magram codnac aris da codnac. andaziseul codnas safuZvlad<br />

udevs siRrmiseuli, arqetipuli codna. anu andazaSi<br />

aSkarad mocemuli dapirispirebis safuZveli arqetipuli<br />

dapirispirebaa. arqetipuli, fundamenturi opozicia<br />

zurgs umagrebs saaSkaraoze gamotanil fenomenur<br />

da yofiT dapirispirebebs [ruseiSvili]. yoveli andaza avlens<br />

romelime fundamentur, safuZvlismier, universalur<br />

opozicias. `andazis Tema aris ara sityva an raime azri<br />

an, Tundac adamianis moRvaweobis romelime sfero, aramed<br />

dapirispirebul kategoriaTa invariantuli (ucvleli)<br />

wyvili~ [permiakovi:105]. amaSi SegviZlia davrwmundeT<br />

nebismieri andazis magaliTze.<br />

es dapirispirebebia: kargi – cudi, boroti –keTili, zemo<br />

– qvemo, axlobeli – Soreuli, Cveni – sxvisi, sasargeblo<br />

– usargeblo, simarTle– tyuili, SeCveuli–<br />

SeuCveveli, mTeli – nawili, Tavi – bolo, didi – mcire, ma-<br />

Rali – dabali, Zlieri – susti, axali – Zveli, naTeli –<br />

bneli, savse – carieli, swrafi – neli, bevri – cota, sityva<br />

(Tqma) – saqme (moqmedeba), cocxali – mkvdari, moyvare –<br />

mteri, cxadi – dafaruli, Seneba – ngreva da a.S. nebismieri<br />

andaza, Tu is namdvilad andazaa, Tavis safuZvelSi romelime<br />

wyvils usaTuod unda Seicavdes, magaliTad:<br />

Zlieri – susti:<br />

`dedakacma gaiwia da cxra uRelma xarma ver Seamagrao~;<br />

`marTali kaci qvaze magariao~;<br />

`Cveni –sxvisi~:<br />

`sadac mixvide, iqauri qudi daixureo~;<br />

`zogisa bambac Cxrialebs, zogis kakalic arao~.<br />

`kargi – cudi~:<br />

`erTi mglisken, meore Txiskeno~;

---

`sasargeblo – usargeblo (fuWi)~:<br />

`kodalav, Sen sul egre akakuneb, magram Seni gakeTebuli<br />

xaratulebi vera vnaxeo~.<br />

`mosalodneli – moulodneli~:<br />

`mWle Waki lamaz kvics igebso~.<br />

`SesaZlebeli – SeuZlebeli~:<br />

`erTi wixliskvriT cixe ver daingrevao~.<br />

`namdvili – moCvenebiTi~:<br />

`erTi mercxlis WikWiki gazafxuls ver moiyvanso~.<br />

`mizezi – Sedegi~:<br />

`moxuci imas moimkis, rac siyrmiT dauTesiao~;<br />

`mama naxe, deda naxe, Svili ise gamonaxe~.<br />

`cxadi – dafaruli~:<br />

`mRvdeli WilofSi icnobao~.<br />

`xanmokle – xangrZlivi~:<br />

`niorma Tavis simyrale Svid wels Seinaxao~.<br />

`drouli – gviani~:<br />

`sanam pavle movidoda, petres tyavi gaaZvreso~;<br />

`sanam Tone cxelia, lavaSi Caakario~.<br />

`absoluturi – relatiuri~:<br />

`TagvisTvis katac lomiao~.<br />

realuri – ararealuri:<br />

`zecas wero mifrinavda, Zirs Samfursa Tlidneno~;<br />

`bavSvi ar dabadebula da abrams arqmevdneno~ da sxva.<br />

es fundamenturi dapirispirebebi andazaSi xorcSesxmulia<br />

mravalgvarad, Tavad samyaros mravalferovnebis kvalobaze.<br />

marTalia, andazas safuZvlad udevs samyaros Sinagani (siRrmiseuli)<br />

zogadi kanonzomierebani, arqetipuli azrobrivi<br />

struqturebi, magram isini andazebSi xatovnad, adamianuri yofis<br />

enazea gadaTargmnili. andaza aris arqetipul dapirispirebaTa<br />

verbaluri gamoxatulebis forma [ruseiSvili], an imave<br />

329

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330<br />

avtoris ganmartebiT, `andaza gamoxatavs siRrmiseul arqetipul<br />

sibrZnes, romelic, Tavis mxriv, opoziciuri azrobrivi<br />

struqturis saxiT gamoixateba~. aqve unda SeiniSnos, rom Tavad<br />

samyaroa opoziciuri struqturis, ramac religiur sistemaSic<br />

pova gamoZaxili (magaliTad, zoroastrizmi keTilisa<br />

da borotisa, kargisa da cudis fundamentur opoziciazea dafuZnebuli).<br />

andaza, Tundac erTi winanadeba, erTi taepi, mxatvruli nawarmoebia.<br />

rogor arsebobs is, sad aris misi realizaciis sfero?<br />

sxvagan arsad, Tu ara ama Tu im Seqmnil situaciaSi, romelic<br />

adamianisgan moiTxovs pasuxs. situacia, raime kolizia, iwvevs<br />

andazas, romelic adamianis mexsierebaSia daculi. igi zustad<br />

da logikurad pasuxobs situacias, ar eqvemdebareba mtkicebas,<br />

radgan Tavad aris raRacis mtkiceba. is aqsiomaa, mza logikuri<br />

daskvnaa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom daskvna imdenia, ramdeni<br />

situaciis warmodgenac SeiZleba. TiToeul yofiT situacias<br />

Tavisi andaza aqvs momarjvebuli da yoveli andaza potenciurad<br />

Tavis Sesatyvis situacias gulisxmobs. situacias Tavisi<br />

Sesatyvisi andazis molodini aqvs.<br />

roca <strong>folklori</strong>s arsebiT niSnebze vlaparakobdiT, davasaxeleT<br />

yofiToba, rogorc literaturisgan <strong>folklori</strong>s ganmasxvavebeli<br />

niSani. <strong>folklori</strong> yofaSi da yofisTvis Seiqmna.<br />

Sromis poezia Seiqmna SromiT yofaSi da sxvagan arsad sruldeba,<br />

Tu ara isev Sromis procesSi. andaza, romelic atarebs<br />

raRac sibrZnes, gamocdilebas, situaciam warmoSva da mxolod<br />

analogiur situaciaSi amotivtivdeba, raTa misi Sefasebis, verdiqtis<br />

dasmis, mxilebis Semdeg kvlav mexsierebis gamoucnob<br />

xveulebSi daibudos. da `sZinavs~ mas, vidre Sesaferi situacia<br />

kvlav ar gamoixmobs.<br />

literatura<br />

bardaveliZe: bardaveliZe j., andazebis ritmuli wyoba<br />

(<strong>folklori</strong>s Teoria da istoria, qar-<br />

Tuli foklori VIII, 1979).<br />

permiakovi: Ïåðìÿêîâ Ã.Ë., Î ñìûñëîâîé ñòðóêòóðå è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé<br />

êëàññèôèêàöèè ïîñëîâè÷íûõ<br />

èçðå÷åíèé (Ïàðåìèîëîãè÷åñêèé ñáîðíèê,<br />

“Íàóêà”, Ì., 1978).<br />

ruseiSvili: ruseiSvili m., andazis zogadi semantikuri<br />

modeli (saenaTmecniero Ziebani, Tb., 1999).

---

<strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />

istoriidan

---

Znelia, <strong>folklori</strong>s Semswavleli disciplinis – <strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />

warmoSobis zusti TariRis dadgena. ras davukavSiroT<br />

igi: terminis – <strong>folklori</strong>s Seqmnas (1846 w.)<br />

Tu ufro adreul xanas, roca Sotlandielma poetma, skolis<br />

maswavlebelma jeims makfersonma (1736-1796) 1765 wels<br />

gamoaqveyna leqsebi, romlebic me-3 saukunis irlandiel<br />

bards (mgosans) osians miawera? makfersoni irwmuneboda,<br />

rom es simRerebi man geluridan (kelturi jgufis ena, irlandiuris<br />

monaTesave) Targmna. teqstebma, romlebic<br />

xalxuri Semoqmedebis saxeliT iyo mowodebuli, didi STabeWdileba<br />

datova inglisurenovan auditoriaze did britaneTsa<br />

da amerikaSi. osianis saxeli xalxuri poeziis simbolod<br />

iqca. mas gatacebiT kiTxulobdnen da Targmnidnen<br />

evropul enebze. goeTem imdenad gaiTavisa osianis sim-<br />

Rerebi, rom germanul enaze Targmna isini da `axalgazrda<br />

verTeris vnebanSi~ CarTo. ruseTSi osians Targmnidnen da<br />

mis Temebze originalur leqs-simRerebs qmnidnen karamzini,<br />

Jukovski, puSkini. osianis italiuri Targmani napoleonis<br />

erT-erTi sayvareli wigni iyo, romelsac igi laSqrobebSi<br />

Tan daatarebda.<br />

osianis simRerebis gamoCena daemTxva evropaSi romantizmis<br />

aRmocenebis xanas. da Tumca maTi namdviloba makfersonis<br />

sicocxleSive eWvis qveS dadga, momdevno saukuneSi<br />

ki mistifikacia sabolood dadasturda, maT mniSvnelovani<br />

roli Seasrules xalxuri Semoqmedebisadmi interesis<br />

gaRvivebaSi: swored am mistifikaciam misca impulsi<br />

folkloruli teqstebis Sekrebas mTeli evropis mas-<br />

StabiT, ramac Tavis mxriv safuZveli daudo axal disciplinas<br />

– <strong>folklori</strong>stikas, romelic Tavdapirvelad `xalxur<br />

siZveleebad~ (Popular antiquities) iwodeboda. miCneuli<br />

iyo, rom xalxuri leqsebi, Tqmulebebi, zRaprebi da sxva<br />

uxsovar warsulSi Seiqmna da xalxis xsovnam Tanamedroveobamde<br />

Semoinaxa. romantizmma, romelic im epoqaSi fexs<br />

idgamda, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi noyieri sakvebi pova. war-<br />

333

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334<br />

sulis idealizacia, bunebrioba, civilizaciisgan Seuxebeli<br />

adamianis ideali – romantizmis am moTxovnebs savsebiT<br />

akmayofilebda xalxuri Semoqmedeba, romelic Tavisufali<br />

sulis gamovlinebad iqna aRqmuli. XVIII-XIX saukuneTa<br />

mijnis SemoqmedTa TvalSi zepirsityviereba Tavisi<br />

SeuzRudveli TavisuflebiT samwerlo (literaturul)<br />

Semoqmedebas daupirispirda, ufro metic: zepirsityviereba<br />

poeziis etaloni gaxda. germanel romantikosTa<br />

TvalsazrisiT, xalxuri poezia RvTivSTagonebulia. iakob<br />

grimi (1785-1863), <strong>folklori</strong>stikis mamamTavari, wers:<br />

`xalxuri poezia ara mxolod anonimuria, aramed RvTaebrivi<br />

warmoSobis aris, rogorc ena da miTologia~. isini<br />

imowmebdnen homerosis poemebis dasawyis striqonebs, sadac<br />

rafsodi (Zveli berZeni mgosani) STagonebisTvis muzas<br />

mimarTavs (`im kacze miambe, muzav...~; `mimRere, qal-<br />

RmerTo...~). maTi azriT, xalxuri poezia ibadeba aracnobierad,<br />

riTac igi mistikur gamocxadebas uaxlovdeba; igi<br />

aris RvTaebrivis gamovlena adamianSi. iakob grimi werda<br />

romantikos poets arnims: `Tu Sen gwams CemsaviT, rom religia<br />

RvTebrivi gamocxadebis Sedegia da rom enis warmo-<br />

Sobac iseTive saswaulia da rom igi ar warmoadgens adamianis<br />

gamonagons, isic unda iwamo da igrZno, rom Zveli poeziac<br />

msgavsi warmoSobisaa~ [kokiara:241]. maT TvalSi siZvele<br />

xalxuri poeziis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli da prioritetuli<br />

niSania anonimurobasTan erTad: is, rac anonimuria,<br />

mas wyarod RvTiuri STagoneba aqvs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

iqmneba ara axla, TanamedroveobaSi, aramed Seiqmna<br />

uSores warsulSi, kacobriobis siWabukeSi; warsul-<br />

Sia srulyofileba, iq aris samoTxe, edemis baRi, SeubRalavi<br />

buneba. germanel romantikos filosofoss iohan herders<br />

(1749-1803) xiblavda yvelaferi, rac iwyeboda prefiqsiT<br />

Ur (`winare~). xalxurSi igi xedavda yvelafers mSveniers<br />

da gulwrfels, yvelafers `qalwulebrivs da WeSmarits~.<br />

xalxuri poezia bunebis Svilia; romantikosebi garbodnen<br />

bunebisken da ewafebodnen xalxur poezias, rogorc<br />

daviwyebul da usamarTlod mitovebul wyarosTvals.<br />

folkis arseboba warsulSia nagulvebi. herderis<br />

rwmeniT, `xalxi (Volk) aris bunebrivi da Seuryvneli nawili<br />

erisa, amitomac igi mowodebulia erovnuli sulis gamosaxatavad~.<br />

xalxuri poezia iseve bunebrivad, raime

---

Zaldatanebis gareSe amoizrdeba xalxis wiaRidan, rogorc,<br />

magaliTisTvis, askili, romelic, vardisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />

ar saWiroebs movla-patronobas, adamianis Carevas. xalxur<br />

leqss isini udarebdnen frinvels, romelic TavisuflebisTvis<br />

da ara galiisTvis aris Sobili. literatura tyvea,<br />

xalxuri Semoqmedeba Tavisufalia, yvaviliviT Tavisuflad<br />

ifurCqneba. iakob grimi xalxur simRerebs `Citebis<br />

simReras~ adarebs. xalxuri poezia aris bunebis xma da, raki<br />

buneba erTia, amiT aixsneba xalxuri Semoqmedebis principuli<br />

erTgvaroba yvela xalxSi. iakobis Zma vilhelm grimi<br />

(1787-1859) werda: `poeziis RvTiuri suli erTnairia yvela<br />

xalxSi da erTi wyaro aqvs yvelgan. amitomac aris, rom<br />

Cven yvelgan vawydebiT msgavsebas... idumali naTesaoba,<br />

romlis saerTo sawyisi dakargulia, gvafiqrebinebs maT saerTo<br />

warmomavlobaze...~<br />

germaneli romantikosebi maT TanamedroveobaSi daqucmacebuli<br />

germaniis erTianobas, saerTo germanul<br />

suls, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi eZebdnen da poulobdnen. amitomac<br />

xalxuri leqs-simRerebis, Tqmulebebis (sagebis), mi-<br />

Tebisa Tu zRaprebis Segroveba mTeli germaniis masStabiT<br />

erovnul movaleobad iqca. germanelma fokloristebma<br />

xalxuri sityvierebis saxiT aRmoaCines saerTogermanuli<br />

`CaZiruli~ kultura, romelsac fesvebi yvela<br />

germanuli tomis saerTo warsulSi hqonda. germanuli tomebi,<br />

garda sakuTriv germanelebisa (die Deutschen), mTel<br />

skandinavias (norvegielebi, danielebi, Svedebi) moicavs.<br />

germaneli <strong>folklori</strong>stebis ideam am erTianobis Sesaxeb<br />

gamoZaxili pova skandinaviur samyaroSi, sadac mniSvnelovani<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stuli skola Camoyalibda, romelic gansakuTrebiT<br />

zRapris SeswavliT iyo dakavebuli. am proces-<br />

Si Caeba fineTic, romelmac aRmoaCina fineli sazogadoebisTvis<br />

eposi `kalevala~. `kalevalam~ fineli xalxi finuri<br />

sulisken miaxeda, am eposis didebulebam win wamoswia<br />

finuri ena, romelsac ukiduresi daknineba emuqreboda; Tu<br />

manamde ganaTlebisa da kulturis ena Sveduri iyo, `kalevalas~<br />

gamoqveynebis Semdeg finurma enam saerTo-saxalxo<br />

statusi moipova. amrigad, evropis mTel rig qveynebSi xalxuri<br />

kulturisadmi interesi erovnul interesebs gadaejaWva.<br />

ara mxolod fineli xalxisTvis, romelmac, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, xalxuri eposi `kalevala~ ZRvnad miiRo eqim elias<br />

335

---

336<br />

lenrotisgan, aramed kulturulad iseTi dawinaurebuli<br />

xalxisTvisac, rogoric germanelebi arian, xalxuri sityvierebis<br />

Zeglebis gamoqveyneba udidesi erovnuli mniSvnelobis<br />

movlena iyo. Zmebma grimebma TavianTi publikaciebiT<br />

magaliTi misces mTels evropas, SesZines ra xalxur<br />

Semoqmedebas Rirseba, romelic manamde ugulebelyofili<br />

iyo. ai maTi publikaciebi:<br />

sabavSvo da saojaxo zRaprebi (1812);<br />

germanuli Tqmulebebi (1816);<br />

germanuli sagmiro Tqmulebebi (1829);<br />

germanuli miTologiis 2 tomi (1835, 1844).<br />

amave epoqaSi aRmoCnda, rom germanuli samyaro mona-<br />

Tesavea induri samyarosi. indogermanulma Teoriam, romelsac<br />

mxedvelobaSi hqonda germanuli da Zveli induri<br />

(sanskriti, vedebis ena) enebis geneturi naTesaoba, axali<br />

horizonti gadaSala fokloristikis winaSe. iseve rogorc<br />

erTi saerTo fuZe-enidan warmoiSvnen da gantotdnen<br />

dedamiwis zurgze indogermanuli (Semdgom indoevropulis<br />

saxelwodebiT) dialeqtebi, aseve erTiani <strong>folklori</strong>dan<br />

warmoiSva am enebze molaparake xalxebis sityviereba.<br />

dadgenil iqna bevri saerTo warmomavlobis siu-<br />

Jeti, motivi Tu miTologema. kerZod, Zmebi grimebi da sxva<br />

romantikosi <strong>folklori</strong>stebi fiqrobdnen, rom sxvadasxva<br />

indogermaneli xalxebis <strong>folklori</strong> – zRaprebi Tu<br />

Tqmulebebi – erTiani miTosis daSlis Sedegad warmoiSva.<br />

Tumca es Teoria dRes gaziarebuli aRar aris (zRapari<br />

zRaparia, miTosi – miTosi da, Tumca maT saerTo motivebi<br />

aqvT, maTi warmoSoba da funqcia diametrulad gansxvavebulia),<br />

mainc man stimuli misca zRapris, miTosisa da sxva<br />

epikuri Janrebis Seswavlas.<br />

SeniSvna. amomwurav cnobebs evropuli <strong>folklori</strong>stikis istoriidan<br />

mkiTxveli ipovis kokiaras wignSi [kokiara 1960].<br />

mivxedoT saqarTvelos, ra mdgomareoba iyo am mxriv<br />

im qveyanaSi, romelic Zvelis nangrevebze axal kulturas<br />

aSenebda: axali ena, axali literatura da, bolos, axali<br />

eri. gansxvavebiT dasavleT evropisa, saqarTveloSi xalxuri<br />

SemoqmedebiT daintereseba romantizms an romantikul<br />

ganwyobilebebs ar dakavSirebia. verc aleqsandre WavWavaZis,<br />

verc grigol orbelianis, verc nikoloz bara-<br />

TaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi ver aRmovaCenT raime kvals, ro-

---

melic migvaniSnebda folklorTan kavSirze an misadmi interesze.<br />

SemkreblobiT saqmianobaze maTi mxriv xom zedmetia<br />

laparaki. arc erovnuli idea yofila stimuli imisaTvis,<br />

rom XIX s-is pirveli naxevris moRvaweebs xalxuri<br />

kulturisken gaexedaT, raTa sazrdo miecaT TavianTi SemoqmedebisTvis.<br />

qarTulma romantizmma gverdi auara xalxur<br />

stiqias, veraviTari gemo ver pova masSi. am anomaliis<br />

(Tu es anomaliaa) axsnas aq ar SevudgebiT – es Cveni kulturuli<br />

politikis Taviseburebaa.<br />

<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>stikis saTaveebTan dganan ara romantikosebi,<br />

arc poetebi da mwerlebi, rogorc dasavleTSi, aramed<br />

iseTi eruditebi (filosofosi, meistorie, RvTismetyveli,<br />

eTnografi...), rogorebic iyvnen platon ioseliani (1809-<br />

1875), mravalmxrivi interesebis mecnieri, ruseTis akademiis<br />

wevri Teimuraz batoniSvili (1782-1846), mwerali Tu publicisti<br />

aleqsandre jambakur-orbeliani (1802-1869). maTi ricxvi,<br />

vinc sagangebod interesdeboda xalxuri SemoqmedebiT, Zalze<br />

SezRudulia. arc maTi <strong>folklori</strong>stuli memkvidreobaa uxvi.<br />

Teimuraz bagrationis arqivSi daculia `imeruli zRapari~ da<br />

`saero leqsebi~ (`saero~ aq, rogorc Cans, xalxurs niSnavs). es<br />

aris da es. platon ioselians darCa xelnawerebad `gamocanebi<br />

qarTulni~ da `andazebi da gamocanebi~. rac Seexeba aleqsandre<br />

orbelians, mas ekuTvnis pirveli cda xalxuri leqs-simRerebis<br />

Janruli klasifikaciisa, rasac sagangebo narkvevi miuZRvna<br />

saTauriT `iverianelebis galoba, simRera, RiRini~, romelic,<br />

T. jagodniSvilis TvalsazrisiT, `<strong>qarTuli</strong> romantikuli<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani samecniero gamokvlevaa~<br />

[jagodniSvili: 326]. es marTlac asea, Tumca eWvs iwvevs<br />

sityva `yvelaze~, ramdenadac romantikosTa sxva gamokvleva,<br />

Tundac masze nakleb mniSvnelovanic ki CvenTvis ucnobia. magram<br />

namdvilad romantikulia al. orbelianis erTi fraza, romelic<br />

dRes gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria: `im uwindels Cvens batonymobas...<br />

axlandeli evropiuli sruli ganaTleba zed rom<br />

daerTos da erTs zneobad gakeTdes, maSin ityvian: ai, zeciuri<br />

cxovreba qveyanaze gadmovlenilio~. am sityvebis qveS dRevandel<br />

ideologs xelis mowera ar gauWirdeboda.<br />

momdevno epoqaSi <strong>folklori</strong>sadmi interesi da <strong>folklori</strong>stuli<br />

saqmianobis nayofierebac da tempic sagrZnoblad<br />

momatebulia. iwyeba gaazrebuli intensiuri SemkreblobiTi<br />

saqmianoba, Sekrebili masalebi ibeWdeba pe-<br />

337

---

338<br />

riodul gamocemebSi, romelTa saTaveSi dgas Jurnali<br />

`ciskari~ (1852-1853, 1857-1875) da rusulenovani Jurnali<br />

“Êàâêàç” (1846-1918), sadac, sxvaTa Soris, gamoqveynda amiranis<br />

eposis pirveli Canaweri. fasdaudebeli samsaxuri<br />

gauwia <strong>folklori</strong>stikas gazeTebma `iveriam~ (1877-1885),<br />

`droebam (1866-1885), `mwyemsma~ (1883-1910), romlebic sistematurad<br />

beWdavdnen mopovebul xalxur teqstebs da<br />

propagandasac uwevdnen am saqmianobas. akaki wereTlis daarsebul<br />

`akakis krebulSi~ (1897-1900) sagangebo rubrika<br />

iyo daTmobili zepirsityvieri teqstebisTvis. XIX s-is<br />

TiTqmis yvela Jurnali Tu gazeTi Tavis adgils uTmobda<br />

zepirsityvierebis nimuSebs. arsebobs maTi anotirebuli<br />

bibliografia [virsalaZe 1973]. yvela Janris uxvi folkloruli<br />

masala dagrovda wlebis ganmavlobaSi ÑÌÎÌÏÊis<br />

(“Ñáîðíèê ìàòåðèàëîâ äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ìåñòíîñòåé è ïëåìåí<br />

Êàâêàçà”, Òèôëèñ, 1881-1915) furclebze. Tu raoden mdidar<br />

da unikalur masalas Seicavs es krebulebi, kargad Cans anotirebul<br />

bibliografiaSi [arjevaniZe].<br />

miuxedavad publikaciebis siuxvisa, XIX s-is bolosTvis xalxuri<br />

poeziis erTaderTi krebuli (xizaniSvili 1889) arsebobda.<br />

iseT daucxromel moRvawes da profesionals folkoris<br />

sferoSi, rogoric petre umikaSvili (1838-1804) iyo, arc ki ucdia<br />

im zRva masalis calke wignad gamoqveyneba, romelsac igi<br />

krebda mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, zogs Tavisi xeliT, zogs<br />

korespondentebis meSveobiT (erT-erTi maTgani Tavad ilia<br />

WavWavaZe iyo). umikaSvilis <strong>folklori</strong>stuli memkvidreoba,<br />

isic mxolod poeturi nawili, misi sikvdilidan 35 wlis Semdeg<br />

gamoaqveyna misma umcrosma megobarma filipe gogiCaiSvilma<br />

[umikaSvili 1938], xolo 1964 wels m. Ciqovanma oTx wignad gamosca<br />

ukve prozaul teqstebsa da mis folkoristul nawereb-<br />

Tan erTad [umikaSvili 1964]. rac p. umikaSvilma Tavis sicocxleSi<br />

gamoaqveyna, es aris `eTeriani~, `arsenas leqsi~ da `andazebi~<br />

(1876). rogorc Tavis adgilze aRiniSna, imxanad p. umikaSvili<br />

erTaderTi iyo, romelic flobda folkloruli masalis<br />

Caweris teqnikas da, amave dros, gaazrebuli hqonda xalxuri<br />

sityvierebis specifika, rac kargad Cans misi am sityvebidan:<br />

`poezia ukvdavia, Tumca imisi nawarmoebi dRes erTi<br />

ferisaa, xval meore feris; dro scvlis am fers da amitom<br />

ramdenadac male moeswreba Sekreba poeziis nawar-

---

moebisa, imdenad Zvirfasi iqneba es masala mecnierebisa<br />

da mwerlobisaTvis, magram moswreba imas ki ara niSnavs,<br />

rom viTomda sul rac xalxSi poeziis nawarmoebia, imisi<br />

erTxel Sekreba SeiZlebodes damTavrebiT da gasaTaveblad,<br />

rom imaze metis Sekreba aRar SeiZlebodes. ara, moswrebas<br />

is mniSvneloba aqvs, rom rac dRes xalxSi trialebs,<br />

dResve sisruliT iyos Sekrebili, amitom, rom<br />

xval an Seicvleba, an sxva axali gamoCndeba da Zveli gadavardeba,<br />

daviwyebuli iqneba~ [umikaSvili IV: 236].<br />

nayofieri iyo Tedo razikaSvilis SemkreblobiTi aqtivoba,<br />

igi folklorul teqstebs ZiriTadad qarTl-kaxeTSi,<br />

TuSeTsa da fSav-xevsureTSi krebda. mis mier mopovebuli<br />

poeturi teqstebis didi nawili (1306 erTeuli)<br />

krebul `Zvel saqarTveloSi~ (1914) daibeWda, ganmeorebiT<br />

1953 wels [razikaSvili 1953], oRond mxolod fSauri leqsebi,<br />

xevsuruli poeturi masala akaki SaniZem Tavis krebulSi<br />

dabeWda [SaniZe 1931]. samwuxarod, mis Canawerebs ar<br />

axlavs pasporti (Camweris vinaoba, adgili, dro), samagierod<br />

aRWurvilia metad mniSvnelovani leqsikuri da eTnografiuli<br />

xasiaTis komentarebiT. Tavis sicocxleSi,<br />

1909 wels razikaSvilma zRaprebis ori tomi gamosca, romelic<br />

1951-1952 wlebSi meored gamoica.<br />

maT Soris, visac XIX s-Si, roca <strong>folklori</strong>stika axalfexadgmuli<br />

iyo, <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>s Sesaxeb Teoriuli azri gamouTqvams,<br />

iyo literaturis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari aleqsandre<br />

xaxanaSvili, romelmac Tavis wignSi `<strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvierebis<br />

istoria~ [xaxanaSvili 1904] didi adgili dauTmo xalxuri<br />

sityvierebis mimoxilvas da analizs.<br />

pirveli, vinc scada Seeqmna xalxuri sityvierebis kursi,<br />

vasil barnovi iyo. 1919 wels man calke wignad gamoaqveyna<br />

`<strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvierebis istoriis gakveTilebi~, romelic<br />

mogvianebiT mis aTtomeulSi daibeWda [barnovi X:<br />

168-278]. mas mkafiod da lakoniurad aqvs Camoyalibebuli<br />

fokloruli Semoqmedebis dedaarsi:<br />

`zepirgadmocemul ubir nawarmoebSi mTeli xalxi<br />

iRebs monawileobas: eris gulisnadebs pirvelad warmoTqvams<br />

romelime niWieri Svili erisa, naTqvami aRibeWdeba<br />

msmenelTa mexsierebaSi da gavrceldeba erTi adgilidan<br />

meore adgils, erTi Temidan meore TemSi, moefineba mTel<br />

339

---

340<br />

xalxs da SemdegSi gadadis erTi Taobidan meore Taobaze.<br />

pirvelad naTqvams Semdeg mTqmelTagan TandaTan<br />

emateba axali sityva, axali saxe Tu ambavi, adgilisa da<br />

garemoebaTa mixedviT fers icvlis da ifurCqneba. dedaazri<br />

da umTavresi saxeebi ki winandelebive rCebian.<br />

amnairad, saxalxo nawarmoebi mTeli eris RvawliT aris<br />

Seqmnili. pirveli mTqmelis pirovneba aRara sCans imaSi,<br />

is SeerTebulia xalxis pirovnebasTan, STanTqmulia imaSi~<br />

[barnovi X: 169].<br />

XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi vaxtang kotetiSvilis (1893-1938)<br />

meoxebiT <strong>folklori</strong>s Semswavleli mecniereba axal doneze<br />

adis. Tumca mas ar dascalda Tavisi Semoqmedebis gaSla<br />

am dargSi, mis mier Sedgenilma masStaburma programam<br />

ver Seisxa xorci, magram mis Semdeg sauniversiteto ganaTlebaSi<br />

xalxuri sityviereba myar adgils iWers. v. kotetiSvilis<br />

gamokvlevebi, romlebic misi cxovrebis xanmokle<br />

manZilze Seiqmna, <strong>folklori</strong>s bevr sferos moicavs<br />

(poezia, dReobebi, eposi, Teatraluri sanaxaobebi, mwerloba<br />

da <strong>folklori</strong>...). tragikul daRupvamde samiode<br />

wliT adre man gamosca xalxuri poeziis krebuli eqskursebiTa<br />

da saZieblebiTurT [kotetiSvili 1934]. iyo imedi,<br />

rom es `eqskursebi~ monografiebSi gadaizrdeboda, magram es<br />

ar moxda. misma <strong>folklori</strong>stulma memkvidreobam mzis sinaTle<br />

ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg ixila [kotetiSvili 1967].<br />

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiisa da universitetis<br />

sistemaSi xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna <strong>folklori</strong>stikis Semdgomi<br />

ganviTarebisTvis. SemkreblobiT saqmianobasTan SexamebiT,<br />

romelic tradiciulad prioritetuli iyo CvenSi, mimdinareobda<br />

intensiuri kvleviTi muSaoba fokloristikis sxvadasxva<br />

ubanze da sxvadasxva problemebze, monografiulad Seiswavleboda<br />

calkeuli folkloruli Janrebi. mixeil Ciqovanma<br />

(1909-1983), romlis kvleva-ZiebiTi diapazoni Zalze farTo<br />

iyo, mTavar Temad xalxuri epikuri Zeglebi airCia. mas ekuTvnis<br />

`amiranianis~ [Ciqovani 1947], `eTerianis~ [eTeriani 1954],<br />

`tarielianis~ [Ciqovani 1937] CanawerTa korpusis gamocemebi.<br />

elene virsalaZis (1911-1977) mravalwliani kvleva samonadireo<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>s sferoSi monografiiT dagvirgvinda [virsalaZe<br />

1964]. qsenia sixaruliZem (1909-1976) Tavisi <strong>folklori</strong>stuli<br />

kvleva-Ziebis prioritetad sagmiro da saistorio poezia gaixa-

---

da [sixaruliZe 1949, sixaruliZe 1961], Tamar oqroSiZem (1909-1979)<br />

– Sromis poezia [oqroSiZe 1963], aleqsandre Rlontma (1912-<br />

1999) – xalxuri novela [Rlonti 1989].<br />

<strong>folklori</strong>stTa am da momdevno Taobis monawileobiT<br />

gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan gamodis Tematuri Jurnali<br />

`<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>~ (bolo, me-17 tomi, 2002 wels<br />

daibeWda). maTive saerTo ZalisxmeviT SesaZlebeli gaxda<br />

gamocemuliyo xalxuri poeziis Tormettomeuli [qxp], romelmac<br />

poeturi folkloruli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani<br />

nawili moicva.<br />

literatura<br />

arjevaniZe: arjevaniZe e., anotirebuli bibliografia<br />

“ÑÌÎÌÏÊ”-Si gamoqveynebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />

xalxuri sityvierebis masalisa,<br />

`mecniereba~, Tb., 1971.<br />

barnovi X: barnovi v., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad,<br />

t. 10, `literatura da xelovneba~,<br />

Tb., 1964.<br />

eTeriani 1954: eTeriani, xalxuri sityviereba IV, meore<br />

seria, redaqcia, Sesavali statia da<br />

SeniSvnebi m. Ciqovanisa, saqarTvelos<br />

ssr mecn. akademiis gamomc., Tb. 1954.<br />

virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe el., <strong>qarTuli</strong> samonadiro eposi,<br />

`mecniereba~, Tb., 1964.<br />

virsalaZe 1973: virsalaZe el., zandukeli f., gogiCaiSvili<br />

m. <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>s mokled<br />

anotirebuli bibliografia (1829-<br />

1901), wigni 1, `mecniereba~, 1973.<br />

kokiara 1960: Êîêêüÿðà Äæ. Èñòîðèÿ ôîëüêëîðèñòèêè â Åâðîïå,<br />

Èçäàòåëüñòâî èíîñòðàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû,<br />

Ìîñêâà, 1960.<br />

kotetiSvili 1934: kotetiSvili v., xalxuri poezia, quTaisi,<br />

1934; me-2 gamocema, Tbilisi, 1961.<br />

kotetiSvili 1967: kotetiSvili v., rCeuli nawerebi, `sab-<br />

WoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1967.<br />

oqroSiZe: oqroSiZe T., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri Sromis poezia,<br />

saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis gamomc.,<br />

Tb, 1963.<br />

341

---

342<br />

razikaSvili: xalxuri sityviereba III, pirveli seria II,<br />

xalxuri leqsebi Tedo razikaSvilis<br />

mier Cawerili, mix. Ciqovanis redaqciiT,<br />

saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis<br />

gamomc., Tb., 1953.<br />

sixaruliZe 1949: sixaruliZe qs., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri sagmirosaistorio<br />

sityviereba, Tsu, Tb., 1949.<br />

sixaruliZe 1961: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri saistorio sityviereba,<br />

teqstebis momzadeba, redaqcia,<br />

Sesavali da SeniSvnebi qsenia sixaruliZisa,<br />

t. I-III, 1961-1964.<br />

umikaSvili 1937: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba, nawili<br />

pirveli, leqsebi, andazebi, gamocanebi,<br />

redaqcia, biografia, winasityvaoba<br />

da SeniSvnebi f. gogiCaiSvilisa,<br />

federacia, 1937.<br />

umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba I-IV,<br />

`literatura da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.<br />

umikaSvili IV: umikaSvili p., xalxuri sityviereba IV, `literatura<br />

da xelovneba~, Tb., 1964.<br />

Rlonti 1989: Rlonti al., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri novela, Tsu,<br />

Tb., 1989.<br />

qxp: <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia 12 tomad, `mecniereba~.<br />

SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a., <strong>qarTuli</strong> xalxuri poezia I, xevsuruli,<br />

`saxelmwifo gamomcemloba~,<br />

tfilisi [1931].<br />

Ciqovani 1937: Ciqovani m. xalxuri vefxis tyaosani, Tb., 1937.<br />

Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m., mijaWvuli amirani, Tsu gamomcemloba,<br />

1947.<br />

jagodniSvili: jagodniSvili T., <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>folklori</strong>stikis<br />

istoria, Tsu, Tb., 2004.<br />

xaxanaSvili: xaxanaSvili a., <strong>qarTuli</strong> sityvierebis istoria<br />

(uZvelesi droidgan me-XVII saukunis<br />

gasvlamde), tfilisi, 1904; ufro<br />

vrclad xalxuri masalis analizi warmodgenilia<br />

am wignis rusul dedanSi:<br />

Õàõàíîâ À. Î÷åðêè ïî èñòîðèè ãðóçèíñêîé<br />

ñëîâåñòíîñòè, âûï. 1, Ìîñêâà, 1895.<br />

xizaniSvili 1889: xizaniSvili d., fSauri leqsebi, `iveriis~<br />

redaqciis gamocema, 1889.

---

<strong>folklori</strong>s<br />

bedi TanamedroveobaSi

---

ac unda vilaparakoT xalxuri Semoqmedebis calkeul<br />

RirsSesaniSnav nimuSebze, romlebic Cvens droSi Cven<br />

Tvalwin Seqmnila da iqmneba, es ar gvaZlevs imis uflebas,<br />

rom imedianad SevxedoT xalxuri Semoqmedebis momavals.<br />

`calkeuli nimuSebi~ – ras niSnavs es? sityvasityviT imas,<br />

rasac Tavad es sityva `calkeuli~ niSnavs. misi Sinaarsi<br />

sruliad ewinaaRmdegeba folkloruli Semoqmedebis im gagebas,<br />

razec zemoT iyo laparaki. poeziis (ara mxolod xalxuris)<br />

mkiTxvel da damfasebel sazogadoebas kargad axsovs,<br />

rogori aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia ivane wiklauris<br />

leqsis `ram damaberas~ gamoCenam estradaze da beWdurad.<br />

es leqsi iyo da aris didi niWis dasturi, romelic yovel-<br />

Tvis arsebobda, arsebobs da iarsebebs xalxSi. magram ramdenad<br />

aris igi im xalxuri, `folkuri~ wiaRidan gamomavali,<br />

saidanac yvela epoqaSi ikvebeboda xalxuri poezia? yvelaferi<br />

am leqsTan dakavSirebiT uflebas gvaZlevs vamtkicoT,<br />

rom is individualuri Semoqmedebis nayofia. is rCeba<br />

calkeul nimuSad. magram folkloruli Semoqmedeba ar<br />

Sedgeba calkeul nimuSTagan, is erTiania da mTliani, is<br />

mTeli sistemaa. zemoT vaxseneT zepirsityvierebis niSnebs<br />

Soris yofiToba, romelic gulisxmobs <strong>folklori</strong>s wiaRad<br />

xalxis integralur yofas, saidanac amoizrdeba yoveli saxe<br />

da sfero misi Semoqmedebisa – saxlis Senebidan dawyebuli<br />

leqsis warmoTqmamde. am yofis Sesusteba da, bevr<br />

kuTxeSi, saerTod ararseboba, eWvqveS ayenebs folklorul<br />

Semoqmedebas, Tumca calkeuli gamovlinebebi calkeul<br />

(am SemTxvevaSi, poeziis) sferoSi yovelTvis iqneba.<br />

leqsi Tu sxva ram unda trialebdes integralur yofaSi,<br />

sadac Seiqmna. am trials, rogorc wesi, variantebi mohyveba.<br />

saeWvoa, iseTi individualobiT aRbeWdil leqss, TiTqmis<br />

poemas, rafsodias, rogoric aris `ram damabera~, variantebi<br />

gauCndes da im zomamde gaxalxurdes, rom misi avtoris<br />

saxeli daviwyebas mieces. es saxeli ukve qaRaldzea<br />

saimedod dabeWdili.<br />

345

---

346<br />

ra niSnebia folkloruli Semoqmedebis rRvevis mauwyebeli?<br />

pirvel rigSi, tradiciuli yofis moSla, roca sulieri<br />

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba xdeba ara naturaluri<br />

meurneobis principiT anu adgilze sakuTari SesaZleblobebiT,<br />

`soflidan~ gausvlelad, aramed soflis mimarT<br />

heterogenuli wyaros meSveobiT (presa, radio, televizia).<br />

sofelSi ara mxolod mWedlis (roca mWedlobis produqtebi<br />

garedan Semodis), aramed mTqmelis arsebobac<br />

zedmeti xdeba. struqturis erTi romelime elementis gauqmebas<br />

meoris gauqmeba mosdevs, radgan xalxur tradiciul<br />

yofaSi yvela elementi erTmaneTTan organul kav-<br />

SirSia; roca soflis Sesakrebeli adgilebi (safixvno, sanaxSo)<br />

`birJebad~ aris gadaqceuli da aRar xdeba tradiciuli<br />

codnis (sibrZnis lore-is) `lesva~, generireba da gadacema...<br />

roca gauqmebulia Tavad cneba tradiciuli codnisa,<br />

romelic Seadgens <strong>folklori</strong>s Sinaarss... roca mTlianoba<br />

gafermkrTalebulia, misi nawilebis sisxlsavseobas<br />

aRar unda movelodeT.<br />

tradiciuli <strong>folklori</strong> JanrTa sistemis saxiT arsebobs,<br />

romelic ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo im droisTvis, roca<br />

daiwyo misiT daintereseba da Cawera. da roca folklorze<br />

vlaparakobT, swored am sistemur erTianobas<br />

vgulisxmobT. ismis kiTxva: inaxavs Tu ara dRes, an SeuZlia<br />

Tu ara Seinaxos koleqtiur mexsierebas tradiciuli<br />

<strong>folklori</strong> mTeli misi Janruli mTlianobiT? <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />

funqcionaluri poziciidan dRevandeli zepirsityvierebis<br />

matrica sakmaod gaRaribebuli da, metic, alag-alag<br />

`gadRabnili~ Cans, bevri ujredi (Sromis, saqorwino poezia,<br />

xalxuri sanaxaobebi) carielia da arc aris imis molodini,<br />

rom odesme Seivseba isini, an axlebi gaCndeba. aris<br />

Tu ara amis SemZle xalxis yofa da mentaliteti? <strong>folklori</strong>s<br />

arsebobisTvis ar aris sakmarisi xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli<br />

niWieri adamianebi, aucilebelia xalxis iseTi wia-<br />

Ri (auditoria), romelsac SeeZleba mosmena, mosmenilis<br />

aRqma, misi ganmeoreba da gadacema Taobidan Taobamde.<br />

sxvagvarad, sxva SemTxvevaSi, rasac `niWieri Svili xalxisa~<br />

(vasil barnovi) gamoTqvams, rogorc individualuri<br />

Semoqmedi, es misi eqskluziuri sakuTreba iqneba, es naTqvami<br />

ganuyofeli iqneba misi pirovnebisgan, romelic rCe-

---

a mis samudamo da erTaderT avtorad. avtoroba da avtorobis<br />

Segneba ki SeuTavsebelia folkloruli Semoqmedebis<br />

principebTan.<br />

SeniSvna. niSandoblivia, rom `vaxuSti kotetiSvilis folkloruli<br />

rveulebis~ pirveli krebulis avtori ioseb baiaSvili, romelic<br />

xalxis wiaRidan gamosul araprofesional poetad aris CaTvlili,<br />

Tavis Semoqmedebas swored profesionali individualuri<br />

Semoqmedis poziciebidan aRiqvams da afasebs. ai, ras wers igi Tavis<br />

mokle avtobiografiaSi: `gavida dro. mere TandaTan fanqari da qa-<br />

Raldi viSove da daviwye sakuTari leqsebis wera, magram esec Cem-<br />

Tvis saxifaTo gamodga. erTxel Zaan magrad mcemes leqsis gamoTqmis<br />

gamo. erTxelac miCivles, leqsiT cili dagvwamao. winaaRmdegoba<br />

leqsebis gamo imTavidan amTavamdis Zalian bevri Semxvedria,<br />

magram Cemi erTad-erTi sisxlxorceuli saqme mainc leqsia~ [baiaSvili:<br />

20]. folkloruli teqstis erT-erTi gadamwyveti niSani sayovelTao<br />

mowoneba da aRiarebaa. es amonaweri ki sawinaaRmdegos mowmobs.<br />

amas garda, baiaSvili ara mxolod Tavisi xeliT wers Tavis leqsebs,<br />

aramed saguldagulod aTariRebs TiToeul maTgans, gulmodgined<br />

asrulebs ra poetis devizs: `dro, dro aRniSne, moawere leqss,<br />

es weliwadi, dRe da saaTi!~<br />

literatura<br />

baiaSvili: vaxuSti kotetiSvilis folkloruli rveulebi,<br />

krebuli I, ioseb baiaSvili, `marixi~,<br />

Tb., 1991.<br />

347

---

348<br />

a<br />

aarne anti amatus 111<br />

akaki wereTeli 22, 256, 324,<br />

325, 338<br />

abaSiZe beJan 183, 195, 201<br />

`amirandarejaniani~ 67, 75,<br />

117, 125, 127, 135, 183, 233<br />

aragvispireli Sio 256<br />

arnimi ldvig axim fon 17, 332<br />

b<br />

baiaSvili ioseb 347<br />

baraTaSvili nikoloz 336<br />

barnovi guram 177<br />

barnovi vasil 25, 188, 339,<br />

346<br />

`baSi-aCuki~ 324<br />

benfei Teodor 113<br />

berdiaevi nikolai 139<br />

`beJaniani~ 155<br />

`bilinebi~ 75, 77<br />

biuxeri karl 247, 256, 258<br />

g<br />

avtorTa da nawarmoebTa saZiebeli<br />

gabriel episkoposi (qiqoZe)<br />

223.<br />

gadameri hans georg 121, 150<br />

`gilgameSiani~ 167<br />

gogiCaiSvili filipe 40, 342<br />

goeTe iohan volfgang 333<br />

grimi vilhelm 18, 335<br />

grimi iakob 17, 334, 335<br />

d<br />

`daviT sasuneli~ 149, 151<br />

dastanebi 44, 75<br />

digenis akritasi 75, 119<br />

e<br />

evdoSvili irodion 256<br />

v<br />

vaJa-fSavela 32, 36, 57, 72,<br />

139, 290, 304<br />

vergiliusi 296<br />

veselovski aleqsandr 218<br />

`vefxistyaosani~ 155, 174,<br />

175, 233<br />

virsalaZe elene 340<br />

`visramiani~ 154<br />

vitgenStaini ludvig 24<br />

z<br />

<strong>zurab</strong>iSvili ilia 257<br />

T<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvili 337<br />

Tomsi uiliam 14, 37, 122, 259,<br />

293

---

i<br />

`iakobis pirvelsaxareba~ 222<br />

ioseliani platon 337<br />

`irlandiuri sagebi~ 75<br />

`islandiuri sagebi~ 77<br />

`istoriani da azmani<br />

SaravandedTani~ 63, 64<br />

k<br />

`kako yaCaRi~ 180<br />

`kalevala~ 77, 335<br />

karamzini nikolai 333<br />

kotetiSvili vaxtang 340<br />

kotetiSvili vaxuSti 347<br />

krilovi ivan 97<br />

l<br />

leoniZe giorgi 256<br />

lamberti arqanjelo 243<br />

m<br />

makfersoni jeims 333<br />

mansika v.i. 217<br />

maCabeli n. 256<br />

`metamorfozebi~ 296<br />

n<br />

nati alfred 119<br />

naumani hans 39<br />

o<br />

ovidiusi 217<br />

orbeliani grigol 336<br />

osiani 333<br />

oqroSiZe Tamar 341<br />

p<br />

`panCatantra~ 113<br />

paskali blez 143<br />

platoni 7, 150, 274, 310, 323, 337<br />

propi vladimir 23, 27, 43, 83,<br />

85, 86, 90, 98, 118<br />

putilovi boris 27<br />

puSkini aleqsandr 333<br />

J<br />

Jukovski vasili 333<br />

r<br />

raglani ficroi riCard<br />

somerset 119, 120, 124, 151<br />

razikaSvili Tedo 261, 291,<br />

339<br />

robaqiZe grigol 22, 99<br />

`rostomiani~ 155<br />

`rusudaniani~ 155<br />

s<br />

`sibrZne sicruisa~ 233<br />

sixaruliZe qsenia 61, 72, 341,<br />

342<br />

sokrate 7, 8, 55<br />

solomon mefe 171, 300, 325<br />

t<br />

`tarieliani~ 155, 218<br />

`tristan da izolda~ 75<br />

u<br />

uTer hans iorg 111<br />

umikaSvili petre 35, 36, 157,<br />

175, 176, 177, 181, 185, 192, 338<br />

f<br />

`fedrosi~ 9<br />

frizi ian de 119<br />

349

---

350<br />

q<br />

`qebaTa qeba~ 168,172, 300<br />

`qilila da damana~ 113<br />

R<br />

Rlonti aleqsandre 341<br />

y<br />

`yaramaniani~ 75<br />

yifiani nikoloz 176<br />

S<br />

SaniZe akaki 271, 339<br />

SaraSiZe JorJ (giorgi) 137<br />

`SuSanikis martviloba~ 304<br />

C<br />

`Cemi sidi~ 76<br />

Ciqovani mixeil 116, 156, 340<br />

w<br />

wiklauri ivane 345<br />

W<br />

WavWavaZe aleqsandre 336<br />

WavWavaZe ilia 338<br />

j<br />

jagodniSvili Teimuraz 337<br />

jambakur-orbeliani<br />

aleqsandre 49, 337<br />

x<br />

xaxanaSvili aleqsandre 339<br />

xenepi arnold van 39, 121<br />

xinTibiZe anton 179<br />

h<br />

hani georg fon 119<br />

haqsthauzeni avgust fon 176<br />

herderi iohan gotfrid 17<br />

homerosi 18, 22, 55, 167, 334<br />

hofman-kraieri eduard 38

---

gamomcemlobis redaqtori cira jiSkariani<br />

maketi, dizaini da garekani Tina CirinaSvili<br />

komp. uzrunvelyofa lali kurdRelaSvili<br />

0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 14<br />

0128, Tbilisi, 14, I. Chavchavadze Av.<br />

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