qalebi da mamakacebi samsaxurSi
qalebi da mamakacebi samsaxurSi
qalebi da mamakacebi samsaxurSi
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socialur mecnierebaTa seria<strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong><strong>samsaxurSi</strong>meore gamocema__________________iren pa<strong>da</strong>viCifloridis saxelmwifo universitetibarbara reskiniharvardis universitetiTbilisi2007
Tavi IsamuSao <strong>da</strong> genderia<strong>da</strong>mianis yvela saqmianoba samuSaos emyareba. Cvencxovrebis umetes dros samuSaosTvis mzadebas, muSaobasa<strong>da</strong> sxvaTa Sromis nayofis moxmarebas vuTmobT.maSinac ki, rodesac ubralod dRis eTeris Toq-SouebsvuyurebT, sinamdvileSi sxvaTa Sromis SedegebiT viqcevTTavs. im mSromelTa rigebSi, romlebic am satelevizioga<strong>da</strong>cemebs qmnian, Sedian aRmasruleblebi <strong>da</strong>administracia, kadrebis marTvis specialistebi, sareklamoagentebi, mwerlebi <strong>da</strong> re<strong>da</strong>qtorebi, prodiuserebi<strong>da</strong> reJisorebi, radio <strong>da</strong> telewamyvanebi, msaxiobebi <strong>da</strong>musikosebi, operatorebi, eleqtroteqnikosebi, inJinrebi,kompiuteris programistebi, moxeleebi <strong>da</strong> teqstisamkrefebi, teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis muSakebi. ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTiwlis win verc samefo pirebi <strong>da</strong> verc navTobmagnatebiubralod ver SeZlebdnen sakuTari garTobisaTvisaTasobiT mSromelis Zalisxmevis aseTi masStabiTTavmoyras.swored ise, rogorc haeris CasunTqva migvaCniaTavisTavad faqtad, aseve bunebrivad migvaCnia is Sroma,romelic Cvens garSemo msoflios qmnis. am wignis mizaniaxiluli gaxados a<strong>da</strong>mianis samuSao, raTa gamovikvlioTqalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Sroma <strong>da</strong> gamoviZioT isgzebi, romlebmac mSromelebi, samuSao adgilebi <strong>da</strong>saerTod samuSao genderuli mniSvnelobiT gaajera.ra aris samuSao?marTalia, cneba `samuSaos~ mraval konteqstSi viyenebT(`vSromob, rom raRac gamovides~, `vSromob, romraRacas vgavde~), magram am wignSi misi mTavari mniSv-13
nelobaa iseTi saqmianoba, romelic saqonels an momsaxurebaswarmoSobs, magaliTad, bistroSi muSaoba,programireba, silikonis Cipebis testireba <strong>da</strong> samxedroTviTmfrinavis sawvavis maragiT Sevseba. Cven samuSaosganvmartavT, rogorc saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis warmomSobsaqmianobas, rogorc piradi moxmarebisTvis, asevemxar<strong>da</strong>Werisa Tu fuladi anazRaurebis sanacvlod.es definicia sami saxis Sromas moiazrebs: Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiTisamuSao, romelic iZulebiT sruldeba <strong>da</strong> mcire ansaerTod anazRaurebis gareSe mimdinareobs (magaliTad,monebis an patimrebis Sroma); anazRaurebadi samuSao (amukanasknels aseve `sabazro samuSaos~ uwodeben), romelicSemosavlis wyaros warmoadgens; araanazRaurebadisamuSao (mas aseve `arasabazro samuSaosac~ uwodeben),romelsac a<strong>da</strong>mianebi rogorc sakuTari Tavis, asevesxvebisTvis sakuTari keTili nebiT asruleben.Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiTi Sroma kvlav ganagrZobs arsebobas.marTalia, ukanono monoba iSviaTi movlenaa, magram savalokabala <strong>da</strong> sxva am<strong>da</strong>gvari monuri praqtika farTo<strong>da</strong>ris gavrcelebuli mTel msoflioSi, evropisa <strong>da</strong>amerikis CaTvliT (Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia,2001). mTel msoflioSi <strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi, miT umetesTuki isini emigrantebsa <strong>da</strong> rasobriv umciresobebs ganekuTvnebian,gansakuTrebiT mowyvladebi arian. aTasobiTmaTgani CahyavT SeerTebul StatebSi seqs-industriaSi,saSinao momsaxurebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mlageblad <strong>da</strong>saqmebisaTvis(Domosh and Seager 2001:56, ILO 2001:5).naxevradlegaluri sawarmoebi, romlebSic mSromelTaeqsploatacias ewevian, CvenTvis Cveulebriv ganviTarebadmsofliosTan asocirdeba, Tumca msgavsis moZiebaSeerTebul StatebSic aris SesaZlebeli. magaliTad,kaliforniaSi, el montSi sabuTebis armqone tailan-14
deli <strong>qalebi</strong> ekliani mavTulxlarTebiT SemoRobil qarxanaSiiyvnen Caketilebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini dReSi 17 saaTisganmavlobaSi saaTSi sul raRac 60 centad keravdnenqalTa <strong>da</strong> sabavSvo tansacmels (Domosh and Seager2001:56). Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiTi Sromis msxverpli xSirad <strong>mamakacebi</strong>carian. asea, magaliTad, metwilad afro-amerikelipatimrebis SemTxvevaSi. isini cixis sawarmoebsa<strong>da</strong> samxreTSi `erTiani jaWviT ga<strong>da</strong>bmul patimarTa~jgufebSi Sromoben, sa<strong>da</strong>c maTi anazRaureba minimalurxelfasze gacilebiT <strong>da</strong>balia (Jones 1998:377).Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arasabazro samuSaosmniSvnelovani nairsaxeoba saSinao saqmea, anu is samuSao,romelsac a<strong>da</strong>mianebi sakuTar SinameurneobebSiewevian sakuTari Tavisa <strong>da</strong> Sinameurneobis sxva wevrebisTvis.Tu <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli ar xarT, rom araanazRaurebadiSroma namdvilad samuSaos saxeobas warmoadgens,gaixseneT rogor giwevT manqanis gaprialeba-gawmen<strong>da</strong>,Tqvens megobrebze STabeWdilebis mosaxdenadkerZis momzadeba <strong>da</strong> amis <strong>da</strong>gegmva an sagamocdo kviraSiSezRuduli biujetiT sursaTis an saCuqrebis SeZena,avadmyofi megobris movla an moxaliseoba.sabazro <strong>da</strong> arasabazro samuSaos Soris amgvari gansxvavebaindustrializaciis gverdiTi produqtia. mTeliistoriis manZilze a<strong>da</strong>mianebi Sromas TavianTi <strong>da</strong>narCenicxovrebisgan metwilad ar gamoyofdnen. cxovrebaerTdroulad Sromac iyo, <strong>da</strong>svenebac <strong>da</strong> SromisSemdeg Zalebis aRdgenac. saSualod a<strong>da</strong>miani moixmar<strong>da</strong>yovelives, rasac TviTon awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ramdenime maTganiTu iReb<strong>da</strong> gasamrjelos Tavisi Sromis safasurad.mxolod industrializaciis <strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis ganviTarebisdros gauTanabr<strong>da</strong> Sroma anazRaurebad saqmianobas.rodesac xalxi sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro metad15
erTvebo<strong>da</strong> Sromis am axal saxeobaSi, iseTi terminebi,rogoricaa `araanazRaurebadi samuSao~, `arasabazroSroma~ <strong>da</strong> `saSinao saqmianoba~ ufro im Zvel, martiv <strong>da</strong>anazRaurebis gareSe ganxorcielebul Sromas miesa<strong>da</strong>ga,romelsac a<strong>da</strong>mianebi yovelTvis asrulebdnen.rac ufro meti a<strong>da</strong>miani ewyobo<strong>da</strong> anazRaurebad<strong>samsaxurSi</strong>, am tipis samuSao miT ufro metad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>,rogorc erTaderTi `realuri~ samuSao. Sin gaweuli,araanazRaurebadi samuSao ki gaufasur<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> naklebadxiluli gax<strong>da</strong> 1 . dRes ekonomistebi <strong>da</strong> statistikosebi,romlebic industriul qveynebSi muSaxeliszomasa <strong>da</strong> produqtiulobas adevneben Tvalyurs, termins`samuSao~ mxolod anazRaurebadi Sromis aRsaniSnavadiyeneben. magaliTad, amerikeli ekonomistebiqveynis mTlian erovnul produqts (mep-i) am qveynis anazRaurebadiSromiT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis SedegebiTangariSoben. Sromis, rogorc anazRaurebadi warmoebis,gansazRvra ganviTarebad qveynebSi samuSaos met wilsugulebelyofs iseve, rogorc sakuTar ojaxebSi qalTa<strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Sromas (Mies 1998:IX).winmdebare wignSi ganxilulia is rolebi, romlebsacasruleben qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci anazRaurebad <strong>da</strong> araanazRaurebadSromaSi. Cven mivuTiTebT, rom mSromelissqesi Zireul gavlenas axdens rogorc maT samsaxureobrivcxovrebaze, aseve imazec, Tu rogor ganisazRvrebaes procesi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa rasiT, eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> klasobrivimikuTvnebulobiT. Cven agreTve vaCvenebT, roma<strong>da</strong>mianTa mier Sesrulebul samuSaoze, Sesabamis jildoebsa<strong>da</strong> ojaxis cxovrebaze sqesis es gavlena icvlebo<strong>da</strong>istoriis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapisa <strong>da</strong> msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvakuTxis Sesabamisad. Tumca manamde Cven Tavadsqesisa <strong>da</strong> genderis cnebebi un<strong>da</strong> ganvmartoT <strong>da</strong> mkiTx-16
vels sqesobrivi diferenciaciisa <strong>da</strong> genderuli diferenciaciiskoncefciebi gavacnoT.sqesi <strong>da</strong> genderimiuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom bevri sqesisa <strong>da</strong> genderiscnebebs sinonimebad iyenebs, maT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mniSvnelobebiaqvT. Cven termins `sqesi~ a<strong>da</strong>mianis biologiaze<strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli klasifikaciisas viyenebT. biologiurisqesi a<strong>da</strong>mianis qromosomebzea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli <strong>da</strong> misreproduqciul (gamravlebis) organoebsa <strong>da</strong> hormonebSigamoixateba. `genderi~, piriqiT, im klasifikaciis aRmniSvnelia,romelsac socialuri aqtorebi qmnian <strong>da</strong>romelic, rogorc wesi, qalsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacs Soris gansxvavebebsazviadebs.sqesobrivi diferenciaciayvela sazogadoeba aRiarebs gansxvavebuli sqesisarsebobas <strong>da</strong> garkveuli miznebisTvis a<strong>da</strong>mianebs sqesismixedviT ajgufebs. sqesze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT a<strong>da</strong>mianTa kategoriebadklasificirebas a<strong>da</strong>mianTa sqesis niSniT diferenciaciaewodeba. im mniSvnelobis gamo, romelTacsazogadoeba sqess aniWebs, sqesis niSniT diferenciacia<strong>da</strong>badebisTanave xdeba, rodesac yovel axalSobils oriarsebuli sqesi<strong>da</strong>n erTs mivakuTvnebT erT maniSnebelze,garegan genetaliur niSnebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. Tavad cnebas`sapirispiro sqesi~ saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs, Tu rogorayalibebs sazogadoeba qalsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacs ara ubraloderTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulebad, aramed diametriuladsapirispiro<strong>da</strong>c.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom sqesis niSniT diferenciaciagar<strong>da</strong>uvlad ar moaswavebs sqesis niSniT uTanasworobas,17
is mainc am sistemis uTanasworobis arsebiTi elementia.or sqess Soris gansxvaveba aucilebelia, raTa maT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvaradmoeqcnen. sqesis niSniT diferenciaciaerT-erTi nawilia sqesismieri uTanasworobis sistemaSisqesisa <strong>da</strong> genderis ierarqiisa, romelSic upiratesobamamrobiT sqess eniWeba.gendruli diferenciaciasxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesis warmomadgenlebTan gansxvavebulimopyrobis gasamarTleblad es sxvaoba di<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovnadun<strong>da</strong> gamoiyurebodes. genderuli diferenciaciaim procesebs moiazrebs, romlebic qmnis <strong>da</strong> azviadebsmamakacsa <strong>da</strong> qals Soris biologiur gansxvavebebs(Reskin 1988; West and Zimmerman 1987).genderuli diferenciacia agreTve mdedrobiTi <strong>da</strong>mamrobiTi tipis saqmianobas, interesis sferoebsa <strong>da</strong>adgilebsac ganasxvavebs.orive erTad, sqesis niSniTa <strong>da</strong> genderis niSniTdiferenciacia, uzrunvelyofs, <strong>qalebi</strong>s mamakacisganiolad SesamCnevi gziT gansxvavebas. Cacmis mo<strong>da</strong>m,SesaZloa, yuradReba gaamaxvilos gansxvavebebze <strong>da</strong>isini sqesis garegan niSnebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT Seqmnas kidec.magaliTad, iyo dro, rodesac mo<strong>da</strong> xazs usvam<strong>da</strong> mamakacismxrebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>qalebi</strong>s TeZoebis siganes <strong>da</strong> yurad-Rebas amaxvileb<strong>da</strong> mamakacTa <strong>da</strong> qalTa sqesobriv maxasiaTeblebze.rodesac mecxramete saukuneSi SarvaligamoCn<strong>da</strong>, mmakacebma mxolod ramdenime wlis Semdeg<strong>da</strong>Tmes motmasnili pantalonebi (brijebi), `romlebicmaT sasqeso nawilebs gamokveT<strong>da</strong>~ (<strong>da</strong>vidovi <strong>da</strong> holi1987:412). genderul diferenciaciaSi sakuTari wvlilifexsacmlis stilmac Seitana, romelic qalTa <strong>da</strong>18
mamakacTa fexis zomis sxvaobis xazgasmas azviadeb<strong>da</strong>.revoluciamdel CineTSi maRali wris warmomadgeneli<strong>qalebi</strong> fexs imisTvis ikravdnen, rom mcire zomis fexsacmelietarebinaT. 1960-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi Seer-Tebul StatebSi erTaderTi moduri fexsacmeli, romlisyidvac qals SeeZlo, iyo viwro, maxvilcxviriani <strong>da</strong>sam diumiani quslis mqone fexsacmeli.bavSvebis tansacmlis garegani niSnebic ki romelicemsaxureba sqesTa Soris iseTi gansxvavebebis xazgasmas,romelTac bunebrivi safuZveli ar gaaCnia. bavSvTaerTjeradi safenis mwarmoeblebs sakuTari produqtibazarze vaJebisa <strong>da</strong> gogonebisTvis gansxvavebuli dizainiTgamoaqvT. meoce saukunemde vaJebsac <strong>da</strong> gogonebsacerTnairad acmevdnen - Cveulebriv TeTr tansacmels.rodesac amerikelebma bavSvebis tansacmlisSeRebva <strong>da</strong>iwyes, isini vaJebs vardisfer, xolo gogonebscisfer ferebSi acmevdnen. es wesi 1950 wlamde arSecvlila. amis Semdge ki cisferi ganisazRvreba rogorcmamrobiTi, xolo vardisferi – rogorc mdedrobiTi<strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, vaJebisTvis tabuirebuli(Kidwell and Steele 1989:24-7). amgvari cvlilebebi imisdemonstrirebas axdens, rom sqesTa mimarT gansxvavebulimopyrobis SenarCunebasa <strong>da</strong> gamarTlebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetiaara is, Tu rogor axdenen sqesTa gankerZoebas kulturebi,aramed is, rom isini amas ubralod akeTeben.genderis socialuri agebulebabiologiurad erTmaneTisgan minimalurad gansxvavebuli<strong>qalebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s im or jgufad gar<strong>da</strong>qmna,romlebic erTmaneTisgan garegnula<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebiTacaSkarad gansxvavdebian, genderis socialurikonstruqciis agebulebis nawilia. rogorc anTro-19
pologma geil rabinma (1975:178) Tqva, `qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTaigiveobis winaaRmdeg tabum gayo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesiswarmomadgenlebi or urTierTgamomricxav kategoriad<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad Camoayaliba genderic~. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva jildoebisa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sjis meqanizmebi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa umetesobasaiZulebs, rom bolomde gahyves genderis socialurkonstruqcias <strong>da</strong> mamrobiTobisa <strong>da</strong> mdedrobiTobiskulturul ganmartebebs <strong>da</strong>eqvemdebaros.urTierTmimarTeba sqessa <strong>da</strong> genders Sorisgendersa <strong>da</strong> sqess Soris sxvaobis karg analogsgvTavazobs igavi erT ucxoelze, romelic sofelSimoxv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saWmeli iTxova. rodesac soflis mkvidrebmaTqves, rom saWmeli ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T, ucxoelma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>,rom `qvis wvnianis~ mosamzadeblad jadosnuri qvahqon<strong>da</strong>. roca qva qoTanSi aduRebul wyalSi moaTavsa,ucnobma garSemo myof soflelebs uTxra, rom Tun<strong>da</strong>cerTi Tavi xaxvi wvnians gacilebiT gemriels gaxdi<strong>da</strong>.erT-erTma soflelma xaxvi moitana <strong>da</strong> qoTanSi wvnians<strong>da</strong>umata. meore soflelma stafilo moitana mas Semdeg,rac ucnobma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom stafiloTi wvniani gacilebiTukeTesi gamovido<strong>da</strong>. amgvarad <strong>da</strong>amatebina ucnobmasoflelebs kartofili, boloki, niori <strong>da</strong> xorcianiZvlebic ki. sabolood, rodesac ucxoelma iqmyof soflis mcxovreblebs kerZi gaasinja, wvnianimarTlac gemrieli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. marTla ar gvin<strong>da</strong> zedmetanalogiaSi ga<strong>da</strong>vcvivdeT, magram am igavSi qva sqessganasaxierebs <strong>da</strong> wvniani ki - genders. qvis msgavsadbiologiuri sqesi is safuZvelia, razec sazogadoebebigenders ageben. wvnianis msgavsad, genderi a<strong>da</strong>mianisbiologiur sqesze metad ufro imaze aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli,Tu Tavad sazogadoeba rogor `alamazebs~20
genders. swored ise, rogorc ucxoelma aiZula soflismcxovreblebi, rom ubralo qva wvnianis umniSvnelovanesingredientad mieCniaT, kulturebic gvibiZgeben, rombiologiur sqesze ise vifiqroT, rogorc mamakacisa <strong>da</strong>qalis qcevisa <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis Sedegebis ganmsazRvrelfaqtorze. mokled, genderi genderuli diferenciacii<strong>da</strong>ngamomdinare socialuri konstruqciaa romelic<strong>da</strong> ara biologiuri gar<strong>da</strong>uvaloba.am wignSi cneba `sqess~ Cven maSin viyenebT, rodesaca<strong>da</strong>mianis biologiur sqesze gvaqvs saubari <strong>da</strong> viyenebTimis Se<strong>da</strong>rebisas, rogor aRiqvamen qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebsesa Tu is organizaciebi <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebebi. Cven amtermins imis xazgasasmelad mivmarTavT, rom mivuTi-ToT, Tu rogor gansazRvravs a<strong>da</strong>mianis sqesi mis mimarTsxvebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas. magaliTad, Cven viyenebT terminebs`sqesis niSniT diferenciacia~ <strong>da</strong> `sqesis niSniTsegregacia~, genders ki, piriqiT, socialurad SeqmnilisqesTaSorisi gansxvavebis aRmniSvneli mniSvneloba aqvs.a<strong>da</strong>mianis saqmianobis genderizaciis upirvelesi mizezimamakacis upiratesobis SenarCunebaa. genderisideologia <strong>da</strong> genderirebuli organizaciebi mamakacTa,rogorc jgufis, favorituli mdgomareobis institucionalizaciasaxdenen. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,organizaciebi Zireul rols TamaSoben sqesobriv-genderuliierarqiis CamoyalibebaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mamakaci qalzemaRla dgas. amgvarad, calkeuli mamakaci sargebels immartivi garemoebis gamo poulobs, rom mamakacia <strong>da</strong> masamisTvis raime gansakuTrebulis Cadena arc sWirdeba.mamakacTa umravlesoba verc ki acnobierebs im sargebels,romelsac mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod sakuTari sqesisgamo iRebs. es arcaa gasakviri. TiTqmis yvela CvenganiSecdomiT miiCnevs, rom sargebeli, romelsac miwerili21
maxasiaTeblebis (rogorebicaa rasa, sqesi an<strong>da</strong> garegnoba)gamo viRebT, Tavisi sakuTari warmatebaa. magrammamakacTa privilegirebuli mdgomareoba organizaciebSiuniversaluri araa. genderirebulobis SemcirebaSiqalebs garkveuli wili aqvT <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva drosa <strong>da</strong>sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mdgomareobaSi maT warmatebiT moaxerxes organizebamasTan gasamklaveblad (magaliTisTvis ixileTSchmitt and Martin 1999; Stombler and Pa<strong>da</strong>vich, 1999).marTalia, sqesi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa kategoriebad <strong>da</strong>yofisarsebiT safuZvels warmoadgens, magram sazogadoebebiagreTve sxva saxis maxasiaTeblebsac iyeneben. upirvelesyovlisa esenia rasa <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri mikuTvnebuloba, bevrsazogadoebaSi ki – aRmsarebloba, garegnoba, asaki,seqsualuri orientacia <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri pozicia a<strong>da</strong>mianTajgufebad <strong>da</strong>xarisxebisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovansafuZvels warmoadgens. maSin, rodesac qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTaSoris umniSvnelo biologiuri gansxvaveba sazogadoebismieraa gazviadebulia, gansxvavebuli rasis,asakisa <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri warmomavlobis pirovnebebs Sorissxvaoba mcirea. meore TavSi Sromis istoriis mimoxilva,magaliTad, gviCvenebs, rom mxolod asiode wlis winaT<strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebic <strong>da</strong> ojaxebic bavSvebs ise epyrobodnen,rogorc patara zr<strong>da</strong>srulebs, romlebic mindvrebsa <strong>da</strong>qarxnebSi mSoblebis mxar<strong>da</strong>mxar muSaobdnen. zogierTsazogadoebaSi bavSvebisa <strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong>srulebis samarTlebrividiferenciacia axlac ar xdeba: bavSvebs SeuZliaT<strong>da</strong>qorwindnen an SeiZleba isini mkvlelobis Cadenis gamogaasamarTlon. Tumca amerikaSi dRes ukve ganasxvavebenbavSvebs, mozardebsa <strong>da</strong> asakovan moqalaqeebs sxva <strong>da</strong>narCeniwevrebisagan. amgvarad mox<strong>da</strong> bavSvobis, mozardobisa<strong>da</strong> asakovnebis gansakuTrebul statusebad Camoyalibeba.zogierTi sazogadoeba socialur diferen-22
ciacias rasasa <strong>da</strong> eTnikur mikuTvnebulobaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiTeweva. meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi TeTrkaniana<strong>da</strong>n Savkanianad niSandeba xSirad sasamarTlosgarCevis sagani iyo. imave SeerTebul StatebSi, magaliTad,imigraciam <strong>da</strong> msoflio viTarebam rasobriv <strong>da</strong>eTnikur nia<strong>da</strong>gze diferenciaciis mZlavri tradiciaSeqmna. es ki gulisxmobs, rom rasasa <strong>da</strong> eTnikurobasSeuZlia didi gavlena iqonios a<strong>da</strong>mianis samuSao yofaze.roca amgvari diferenciaciis efeqtebs SevexebiT,ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvaviwydes, rom rasas <strong>da</strong> eTnikur warmomavlobasSesaZlebelia aseve eniWebodes sazogadoebrivadCamoyalibebuli mniSvnelobebic.genderizebuli SromaqalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Soris gansxvavebebis SeqmnaSigenderuli diferenciaciis fun<strong>da</strong>menturi rolis xazgasasmeladsociologiis zogierTi specialisti sityva`genders~ zmnis saxiTac ki iyenebs. isini genderulidiferenciaciis process genderizebas uwodeben, xoloerT an meore sqesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul saqmianobebs –genderirebuls.es cnebebi mniSvnelobas aniWebs socialuradCamoyalibebul Sedegebs <strong>da</strong>, Cveulebriv, mamakacsqalTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT upirates mdgomareobaSi ayenebs(Acker 1990:146; 1999; Britton 2000; Risman 1998).institutebi, Sromis institutis CaTvliT, genderisSesaxeb <strong>da</strong>SvebebiT xasiaTdeba. wignis es nawili genderizebuliSromis sam Tvisebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas:(1) mSromelebisaTvis maTi sqesis Sesabamisi <strong>da</strong>valebebis<strong>da</strong>kisreba; (2) mamakacis Sromis qalis Sromaze metad<strong>da</strong>faseba; <strong>da</strong> bolos, (3) <strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTa <strong>da</strong> mSromelTamier samuSao adgilze genderis socialuri ageba.sazogadoebebi qmnian <strong>da</strong> inarCuneben genderul gan-23
sxvavebebs, anu genderirebaSi arian CarTulni. es sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagziT xdeba: im ideologiebiT, romlebic genderisstatus qvos uWeren mxars; a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris urTierTobismeSveobiT <strong>da</strong> im jildoebis sistemiT, romelic genderisSesabamis qcevas waaxalisebs <strong>da</strong> kicxavs genderis Seusabamoqcevas. amgvarad, genderi socialur urTierTobaTaimgvari sistemaa, romelic institutTa umravlesobis(samuSao adgilis CaTvliT) organizebis wess erwymis(Acker 1999; Britton 2000; Lorber 1992:748). genderis eskoncefcia gvibiZgebs gamovikvlioT ara marto is, Turogor qmnian <strong>da</strong> inarCuneben socialuri institutebigansxvavebebs TavianT qal <strong>da</strong> mamakac wevrebs Soris, aramedis pirobebic, romlebSic isini efeqturad amcirebengenderirebulobas.Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawileba sqesis niSniTqalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacisTvis gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong>valebebis<strong>da</strong>kisreba, romelsac sqesis niSniT Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebaewodeba, samuSaos Zireuli maxasiaTebelia. yvela sazogadoebaSia<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>saqmeba nawilobriv mis sqesze<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT xdeba, Tumca is, Tu vin romel konkretulsamuSaos Seasrulebs, msoflios sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebaSigansxvavebulia. is saqme, romelic erT sazogadoebaSiaRiqmeba rogorc bunebrivad qalis an mamakacis saqmianoba,sxva adgilas <strong>da</strong> sxva dros sapirispiro sqessmiewereba. magaliTad, maSin, roca axlo aRmosavleTSi,CrdiloeT afrikasa <strong>da</strong> indoeTSi mkeravebis umetesobamamakacia, ufro metad industrializebul qveynebSi esqalis saqmea (Anker 1998:276). Tmis stilistebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>laqebitendenciurad <strong>qalebi</strong> arian ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis organizaciis wevr qveynebSi,magram ara indoeTSi an CineTSi (Anker 1998:272-24
273). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom msoflioSi <strong>da</strong>mlageblebisa<strong>da</strong> SinamosamsaxureTa 85 % qalia, angolasa <strong>da</strong> indoeTSimaTi naxevari mamakacia, tunisSi, ganasa <strong>da</strong> senegalSi -erTi mesamedi, xolo egviptesa <strong>da</strong> quveiTSi _ erTimeoTxedi (Anker 1998:272).SesaZlebelia, rom erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave qveyanaSi, erTsa<strong>da</strong> imave sferoSi orive sqesis warmomadgeneliasrulebdes gansazRvrul samuSaos. 1990 welsSeerTebul StatebSi saWmlis mimtanad qalis muSaobisalbaToba mamakacis imave maCvenebelze oTxjer meti iyo(U.S. Census Bureau 1998, 1999, 2000a), Tumca bevrirestorani, gansakuTrebiT ki yvelaze respeqtabelurirestornebi, mxolod mamakac mimtanebs asaqmeben. arcerTi sqesis warmomadgeneli ar flobs mimtanisaTvisaucilebel iseT Tvisebas, rac meorisagan gamoarCevs,Tumca Sromis sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>nawilebas restornebimainc xSirad mimarTaven, vTqvaT, erTi sqesiswarmomadgeneli amzadebs, meore ki magi<strong>da</strong>sTan emsaxureba.rasa, eTnikuri kuTvnileba <strong>da</strong> asakic asevexSirad figurirebs garkveuli samuSaos <strong>da</strong>kisrebisas.magaliTisaTvis, mecxramete saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruls SinamosamsaxureTaumetesoba <strong>qalebi</strong> iyvnen, kaliforniasa <strong>da</strong>havaiSi ki _ azieli <strong>mamakacebi</strong>. meoTxe Tavi Sromisamgvar <strong>da</strong>yofas uaRresad detalurad aRwers.Sromis sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>nawileba, rogorc amasqsovilis warmoeba asaxavs, droTa ganmavlobaSiicvleba. meToTxmete-meTxutmete saukuneebamdeabreSumis warmoeba qalis saqme iyo. am saqmianobassaTuTi buneba, qsovilisaTvis Zafis xeliT rTva <strong>da</strong>qsova, SesaZloa, ganmartav<strong>da</strong> kidec Sromis amgvar<strong>da</strong>nawilebas, magram meTeqvsmete <strong>da</strong> meCvidmetesaukuneebSi es eqskluziurad mamakacTa saqme gax<strong>da</strong>25
(Kovalevski and Bennett 1989). momdevno saukuneebisganmavlobaSi ki teqstilis mwarmoeblebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva TuerTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros, qiraobdnen rogorc qal, asevemamakac muSebs. tansacmlis warmoeba erTaderTi arenaaraa, sa<strong>da</strong>c Sromis sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>nawileba droTaganmavlobaSi Seicvala. dRes mTels msoflioSi <strong>qalebi</strong>ufro metad arian `mamakacis~ samuSaoze, vidre 1970 <strong>da</strong>1980-ian wlebSi (Anker 1998:412,415). magaliTisaTvis,patara qveynebSi, romlebmac multinacionalurikorporaciebis Sesvlis gamo teqstilis eqsportigazardes, qalTagan iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebisprocentuli maCvenebeli, romelsac adre <strong>mamakacebi</strong>asrulebdnen, am ori aTwleulis manZilze uaRresadgaizar<strong>da</strong> (mavritaniaSi amgvar samuSaoebze qalTaprocentuli maCvenebeli 37-<strong>da</strong>n 65 procentamdegaizar<strong>da</strong>, fijiSi 41-<strong>da</strong>n 61-mde [Anker 1998:416]).cvlilebebi, romlebSic sqesi Tavis saqmesasrulebs, Cveulebriv nela xdeba, radgan sqesis niSniTukve arsebuli <strong>da</strong>nawileba ayalibebs sazogadoebrivganwyobas Tu vin un<strong>da</strong> Seasrulos samuSaos konkretulisaxeoba, radganac mraval Tanamdebobaze arsebulimamakacTa samuSao Zala nela icvleba 2 . amitom msofliosudides nawilSi TanamdebobiTi kategoriebi, romlebicwarmoebis xelmZRvanelebs, mTavar ostatebs, mWedlebs,xelosnebs, qvismTlelebs, xaliCis mqsovelebs <strong>da</strong> sxvasamSeneblo samuSaoebsac moicaven, eqskluziurad mamakacebsrCebaT (anker 1998:274). garkveuli saxis samuSaoxalxis azrovnebaSi ileqeba, rogorc erTi romelimesqesisadmi mikuTvnebuli <strong>da</strong> sapirispiro sqesisaTvismiuRebeli (Oppenheimer 1968). ase magaliTad, afrikulqveyana gambiaSi meToTxmete saukunemde brinji qalebsmohyav<strong>da</strong>T. mecxramete saukuneSi, sakvebis mwvave nakle-26
obis dros, mTavroba Seeca<strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong> brinjis moyvanaSi<strong>da</strong>saxmareblad waexalisebina. Tumca mamakacebmaiuares <strong>da</strong> amtkicebdnen, rom brinji `qalis mosavals~warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> (Carney and Watts 1991:641). ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,brinjis moyvanaSi araferia erTmniSvnelovnad qaluri,aziis zog regionSi am saqmianobaze pasuxismgebelnitradiciulad <strong>mamakacebi</strong> iyvnen (Schrijvers 1983).<strong>da</strong>saqmebis sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>nawileba zogierT Sem-TxvevaSi naklebad rigidulia. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloTfaqti SeerTebuli Statebis istorii<strong>da</strong>n: koloniuramerikaSi ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis mizniT yvelas un<strong>da</strong> emuSava.sqesis niSniT Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebam mamakacs, upirvelesyovlisa, mosavlis moyvanaSi, xolo qals ojaxisaTvissaWiro saqonlis warmoebaSi <strong>da</strong>akisra pasuxismgebloba.Tumca xSirad orive sqesis warmomadgenlebi TanamSromlobdnen,rogorc es, vTqvaT, selisgan tilos naWrissaojaxo warmoebisas xdebo<strong>da</strong>: biWebi Wimavdnen sels <strong>da</strong>gasaSrobad gamofendnen; <strong>mamakacebi</strong> selis Teslebi<strong>da</strong>ngamosaTavisufleblad CeCqvavdnen mas; mas Semdeg, racselis Reroebi wyliT gaiJRinTebo<strong>da</strong>, gasufTavdebo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Srebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>mamakacebi</strong> mas xis joxebiT pentavdnen;amis Semdeg <strong>qalebi</strong> gamoarCevdnen <strong>da</strong>umuSavebel masalas<strong>da</strong> sels sarTavze axvevdnen, sai<strong>da</strong>nac sabolood tilosnaWris Zafs arTavdnen (ris gamoc qalebs metsaxelad`distaff sex~ (mkeravi sqesi) Searqves). <strong>qalebi</strong> ramdenjermerecxavdnen, aTeTrebdnen <strong>da</strong> totebiT pentavdnen qvazegafenil Zafs, vidre misgan qsovilis qsovas Seudgebodnen.sqesis niSniT Sromis amgvarma <strong>da</strong>nawilebam,romelmac koloniebis ga<strong>da</strong>rCena uzrunvelyo, orivesqesis warmomadgenlebi urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuli gaxa<strong>da</strong>;Tumca, roca saWiro iyo, orive sqesis warmomadgenlebisapirispiros samuSaosac ar Takilobdnen (Earle 1896).27
odesac warmoeba moiTxovs, <strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi xSira<strong>da</strong>sruleben `mamakacis saqmes~. safrangeTSi, truasraionSi, mecxramete saukunis mijnaze samkervalo sferoSimuSaoba calsaxad <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s prerogativa iyo.<strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> mozrdili bavSvebi mxolod maSin erTvebodnenam sferoSi, roca produqciis sakvirao gegma un<strong>da</strong>SeesrulebinaT (Chenut 1996:87-88). rodesac garemoebebisaojaxo bisnesSi samuSaod Tanamdebobaze `araswori~sqesis mqone pirovnebis <strong>da</strong>niSvnas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, samuSaoxan<strong>da</strong>xan <strong>da</strong>ketil kars miRma iyo <strong>da</strong>maluli, raTaTavi<strong>da</strong>n aecilebinaT statusis <strong>da</strong>kargva (Davidoff andHall 1998:242).Sromis sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>nawilebis tradiciuli gzis-Tvis didi yuradReba arc Crdiloamerikel monaTmflobelebsmiuqceviaT. amis sanacvlod isini ama Tu imsaqmianobis <strong>da</strong>kisrebis safuZvlad rasobriv mikuTvnebulobasiyenebdnen. <strong>da</strong>monebuli afro-amerikeli <strong>qalebi</strong>,kacebi <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi iZulebulni iyvnen qarxnebSi,wisqvilebsa <strong>da</strong> maRaroebSi iseve emuSavaT, rogorc mindvrebSi.gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, zogierTi <strong>da</strong>valeba sqesze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiTekisrebo<strong>da</strong>T. <strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s mxar<strong>da</strong>mxarSromobdnen rkinis, teqstilis, kanafisa <strong>da</strong> Tambaqossawarmoeblad, Saqris gawmen<strong>da</strong>-rafinirebisa <strong>da</strong>satyeo samuSaoebis dros. realurad im muSebis naxevarzemeti, romlebmac samxreT karolinis mdinaresanTize arxi gaiyvanes, <strong>qalebi</strong> iyvnen. mamakaci <strong>da</strong> qalimonebi erTad Sromobdnen sarkinigzo xazebis Sesanar-Cuneblad. rkinis sabadoebsa <strong>da</strong> rafinirebis qarxnebSi<strong>qalebi</strong> ezidebodnen urikebs, tvirTavdnen ma<strong>da</strong>ns samtvrevmowyobilobebSi <strong>da</strong> Rumelebsa <strong>da</strong> samWedloebsacamuSavebdnen. sakuTarma sqesma <strong>qalebi</strong> plantaciebsa <strong>da</strong>qarxnebSi <strong>da</strong>mqancveli Sromisgan ver ixsna (Jones 1998).28
Sesajameblad un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom sazogadoebebi maSinaxdenen Sromis genderizacias, rodesac saqmianobis amaTu im saxes erT romelime sqess miaweren. amgvarimikuTvnebuloba zegavlenas axdens qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacisaTvis<strong>da</strong>kisrebul saqmianobaze iseve, rogorc <strong>da</strong>msqmebelTa<strong>da</strong> mSromelTa ganwyobaze, Tu vin un<strong>da</strong> Seasrulosesa Tu is samuSao. Tumca sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebaSi<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros ar arsebob<strong>da</strong> mkacrad <strong>da</strong>dgeniliwesebi imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, Tu vis ra samuSaoun<strong>da</strong> Seesrulebina. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa jer-jerobiT <strong>mamakacebi</strong><strong>da</strong> <strong>qalebi</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samuSaos asruleben.qalTa Sromis gaufasurebasqesis niSniT Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis gar<strong>da</strong>uvalobiTsulac ar mivdivarT sqesTa Soris uTanasworobisken.istorikosebis mtkicebiT, industriamdel evropaSi qalisa<strong>da</strong> mamakacis saqmianobis gansxvavebuli sferoebisarsebobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, arc erTi maTgani ar imyofebo<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi (Scott and Tilly 1975:44-45). realur praqtikaSi ki sqesis niSniT diferenciaciaqalis saqmianobis gaufasurebis tendencias aZlierebs<strong>da</strong> xels uwyobs sqesobrivi uTanasworobis SenarCunebas.<strong>qalebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> maTi Sromis gaufasureba mTeli msofliosumTavres kulturebsa <strong>da</strong> religiebSi Rrmad arisaRbeWdili. magaliTad, iudeur-qristianul religiaSi,romelsac Zlieri gavlena aqvs <strong>da</strong>savlur kulturaze,qal momsaxures mamakaci msaxuris Rirebulebis 3/5 miewereba(Leviticus 27:3-7). gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva droisa<strong>da</strong> adgilis mixedviT qalis Sromis gaufasurebis mizezisxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvaria. is axlac vlindeba, radgan msofliosmraval adgilas ideologiis nawils warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>29
amasTanave es Sedis mamakacTa interesebSi. <strong>mamakacebi</strong>c,xSirad romelTa poziciis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>mianis saqmianobasmiaweren ama Tu im Rirebulebebs, mamakacis saqmianobasiReben, rogorc stan<strong>da</strong>rts, xolo yvela sxvasmasze <strong>da</strong>bla mdgomad ganixilaven, ragind mniSvnelovanicar un<strong>da</strong> iyos amgvari saqmianoba sazogadoebisga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis (Lorber 1994:33-35).qalisa <strong>da</strong> misi Sromis gaufasureba qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTaSromis gansxvavebuli kompensirebis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetifaqtoria. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c eqimebisumetesoba mamakacia, eqimebi saSemosavlo ierarqiissaTavesTan axlos arian. yofili sabWoTa kavSirissaxelmwifo estoneTSi ki, sa<strong>da</strong>c eqimebis sami meoTxediqalia, maTi Semosavlebi saSualos utoldeba (Barr andBoyle 2001:33). britaneTis mTavrobis 1925 wlis angariSismixedviT Zafis rTva (qalis samuSao) tilos teqstilisRirebulebis sul cota naxevars mainc gansazRvrav<strong>da</strong>.manamde mkeravebi (romlebic <strong>mamakacebi</strong> iyvnen),Zafis mrTvelebis 34 pensTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, dReSiminimum 10 penss iRebdnen (Gray 1996:43). es gaangariSebaar moicavs im aunazRaurebel samuSaos, romelic qalebmagaswies, rogorc selis kultivatorebma <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mmzadeblebma.zoga<strong>da</strong>d, rogorc amas meeqvse TavSi vnaxavT, racufro meti qalia ama Tu im sferoSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli, miTufro naklebia am sferoSi anazRaureba orive sqesiswarmomadgenlisTvis. iseT kulturebSi cxovreba, sa<strong>da</strong>cqalis Sroma gaufasurebulia, am gamocdilebis bunebrivobasa<strong>da</strong> TavisTavadobaSi gvarwmunebs. ganvixiloTsamuSao, romelsac Tineijeri bavSvebi (Cveulebriv 13weli <strong>da</strong> zeviT) gakveTilebis Semdeg skolaSi asruleben.mezobeli Tovlis gawmen<strong>da</strong>Si biWs 30 wuTSi 20 dolars30
uxdis, xolo gogonas bavSvis movlisTvis erT saaTSi - 8dolars (amasTan es cifrebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva geografiuliregionebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia). ratom eTanxmebapatara ZiZa anazRaurebis aseT did sxvaobas? ra Tqmaun<strong>da</strong>, igi, SesaZloa, verc acnobierebdes, Tu saaTobrivadramdenad naklebi gamoimuSava. amasTan, man albaTukve SeiTvisa mis sazogadoebaSi arsebuli warmodgenebi,rom gogonebis Sroma biWebisaze nakleb Rirebulia.qalebs bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>n unergaven Semcirebuli pativmoyvareobisgrZnobas, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c isini imave donisSesrulebis, Zalisxmevisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobisagan naklebanazRaurebas moelian, vidre <strong>mamakacebi</strong> (Ridgeway andCorrell 2000:117). gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, <strong>mamakacebi</strong> SeiZleba pativmoyvareobisga<strong>da</strong>metebuli grZnobiT gaizardon. eqsperimentebisseriis Catarebisas kolejis studentebi nakleba<strong>da</strong>fasebdnen qali studentebis mier ganxorcielebulidentur saqmianobas <strong>da</strong> qalTa mier SesrulebulsamuSaos <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s Sromaze <strong>da</strong>bal donezeayenebdnen, Tumca qali studentebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mamakacebzeufro swrafad <strong>da</strong> yuradRebiT asrulebdnen<strong>da</strong>kisrebul amocanas (Major 1989:108-10). studentebi,romlebsac eubnebodnen, rom es samuSao qalis mier iyoSesrulebuli, mamakacTa mier Sesrulebul samuSaozeufro naklebad afasebdnen mas (Major and Forcey 1985).saerTo jamSi, xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong> myari kulturuli<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, romelic qalTa Sromas aufasurebs,gamoxatulebas povebs im <strong>da</strong>bal RirebulebaSi, romelsacmravali <strong>da</strong>msaqmebli, mSromeli <strong>da</strong> mTeli sazogadoebebi<strong>qalebi</strong>s mier Sesrulebul samuSaos aniWeben.qalTa Sromis arasaTanadod Sefaseba ki, Tavis mxriv,mamakacTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT qalis <strong>da</strong>bal anazRaurebaSi gamoixateba.meeqvse TavSi aRwerili am <strong>da</strong> sxva gzebis, saSu-31
alebiT, amgvar gaufasurebas SeuZlia xeli Seuwyossqesobriv-genderuli ierarqiis SenarCunebas.genderis Camoyalibeba <strong>samsaxurSi</strong>Tanmdevi produqtis im gzebis, romliTac <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebisamuSaos organizebas, xolo mSromelebi saqonlisa<strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis warmoebas axdenen, <strong>samsaxurSi</strong> maTmier Camoyalibeba genderuli warmoadgens. <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebsa<strong>da</strong> mSromelebs moaqvT samuSao adgilze genderi,romelSic realobaSi mcire sayrdenis mqone gacnobierebuliTu gaucnobierebeli sqesobrivi stereotipebiarseboben imgvari politikisa <strong>da</strong> qcevis Sedegad, romlebicuSveben sqeseTa gansxvavebulobas. amgvari genderulidiferenciacia ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet rols TamaSobs sqesobrivuTanasworobaSi <strong>da</strong> amgvarad, igi yvela sazogadoebrivinstitutSi gansxvavebuli moculobiTaasayovelTaod miRebuli (maT Soris SromiT institutebSic).miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom samsaxurebis genderizaciaSimTavar rols <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebi asruleben (Acker 1990,1999; Britton 2000), samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis, saxelfasodoneebs <strong>da</strong>wesebis, samuSaos Sesrulebis gzebisa <strong>da</strong>pirobebis <strong>da</strong>dgenis dros, isini mxolod konkretulsqesze iReben orientacias. magaliTad, memanqane <strong>da</strong>qiravebulTagamoyeneba sruliad sxvagvari iqnebo<strong>da</strong> 5,11futi simaRlis <strong>da</strong> 175 funti wonis mqone muSis <strong>da</strong>qiravebisas,vidre 5,4-130 futis mqone muSisas. aseve, Tu<strong>da</strong>msaqmebels azrad zr<strong>da</strong>sruli mamakaci mSromelisayvana aqvs, igi ufro metad varaudobs, rom aseTi mSromelicvlaSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiT saaTebSi muSaobaze <strong>da</strong>e-Tanxmeba. amis sapirispirod, is <strong>da</strong>msaqmebeli ki, rome-32
lic qali mSromelebis <strong>da</strong>qiravebas lamobs, ufro meta<strong>da</strong>amidrekili saqmianobis arasrul samuSao drozeganawilebisaken <strong>da</strong> iseT saxelfaso <strong>da</strong> saSeRavaTo sistemasayalibebs, romelic muSaxels samuSaos <strong>da</strong>tovebisakenubiZgebs.rodesac Tanamedrove samsaxurebi Seiqmna, anazRaurebadmSromelTa umetesoba mamakaci iyo. Sedegad, amsamsaxurebis irgvliv Camoyalibebuli mosazrebebi genderizebuliiyo <strong>da</strong> am mosazrebaTa Sedegebma, <strong>da</strong>mqiravebelTapirovnuli gamocdilebis inerciis gamo mravalsamuSao adgilze SeinarCuna arseboba. inercia Cveulebi<strong>da</strong>ngamomdinareobs. esaa sinamdvile, romlisSecvlasac xalxi ufro sifrTxiliT uyurebs, vidrebiznesis Cveuli gziT keTebasa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove gamocdilebisgavlenis ignorirebas. magaliTad, 60-ianiwlebis bolomde mravali Stati krZalav<strong>da</strong> qalis iseTsamuSaoze <strong>da</strong>saqmebas, romelic 25 funtze meti wonisawevas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. wlebis Semdeg, rac uzenaesmasasamarTlom es kanonmdebloba gaauqma, rogorc aralegaluri,1964 wlis federaluri antidiskriminaciulikanonis gamo, mravali <strong>da</strong>msaqmebeli kvlav ganagrZob<strong>da</strong>amgvari saqmianobisgan <strong>qalebi</strong>s Camocilebas. <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebsuzenaesi sasamarTlos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis ugulebelyofaar gaucnobierebiaT, isini ubralod ganagrZobdnenbiznesis Cveuli wesiT marTvas. xSirad gare Carevac kiiyo saWiro, raTa isini moqmedebis praqtikis Secvliskenwaexalisebina.gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebs mimdinare praqtikismeSveobiTac SeuZliaT SeinarCunon samuSao adgilebzegenderuli <strong>da</strong>yofa. genders isini xan<strong>da</strong>xan mSromelTasakontroleblad, maTgan meti Sromis misaRebad annawarmis gasayi<strong>da</strong>d iyeneben. rodesac muSebi erTgulni33
nobisa <strong>da</strong> gaTxovebisken, kompania amcirebs <strong>qalebi</strong>smxri<strong>da</strong>n saxifaTo samuSao pirobebis gaprotestebis albaTobas.<strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebi, romlebic Tvals xuWaven samuSaoadgilze arsebul garkveul seqsualur Temebze, aseveinarCuneben genderirebul samuSao adgilebs. qalimexanZre Cio<strong>da</strong>, rom xelmZRvaneli imeoreb<strong>da</strong> gangaSs,TanamSromeli kvlav toveb<strong>da</strong> Tavis tumboze pornografiulsuraTebs, romlebic Can<strong>da</strong> Riad <strong>da</strong>tovebulikari<strong>da</strong>n (Chetkovich 1997:76). mSeneblobaze momuSave qaliacxadeb<strong>da</strong> pretenzias: `<strong>samsaxurSi</strong> bevri pornografiaiyo, <strong>da</strong> rodesac amaze vCiodi, isini xsnidnen <strong>da</strong> Semdegkidev ufro mets akravdnen~ (Eisenberg 1998:72). mniSvnelovania,rom <strong>da</strong>mqiravebelTa qmedebebsa <strong>da</strong> politikasSeuZliaT rogorc gederis Seqmna samuSao adgilebze,aseve misi Semcirebac. magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>msaqmebelisagan seqsualuriZaladobis politikis <strong>da</strong>Zalebam mraval<strong>samsaxurSi</strong> amgvari praqtikis Semcireba gamoiwvia.Tavad mSromelebic qmnian genders. amas isini maTivesqesis sxva warmomadgenlebTan mWidro kavSirebis Camosayalibeblad,sakuTari genderuli kuTvnilebis/identurobisgamosaxatavad, sxva sqesis muSaTa mosazi<strong>da</strong>d angasaricxad, TavianT <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblisaTvis samagieros ga<strong>da</strong>saxdela<strong>da</strong>n sulac gasarTobad Cadian.qal <strong>da</strong> mamakac mSromelebs zogjer gansxvavebuladSemoaqvT genderi samuSao adgilze. mravali <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeliaRniSnavs, rom mxolod <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s mier <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebulsamuSao jgufebSi misi wevris mamakacurobaiseT `mamakacur~ cnebebze saubriT mowmdeba, rogoricaasporti <strong>da</strong> seqsi. gamokveTilad erTi sqesis muSa jgufebi,SesaZloa, aseve Caeban genderis gamovlenis procesSi,romelic erTi sqesisTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel enasa35
Tu ritualebs moicavs <strong>da</strong> samuSao adgilze aRibeWdeba,rogorc am sqesis warmomadgenelTa maxasiaTebeli. mamakacTagenderuli gamovlineba Seicavs seqsis terminologiasa<strong>da</strong> seqsis Sesaxeb saubrebs, swored ise,rogorc samxedro momzadebisas uwodeben mamakac axalwveulebs`gogonebs, qalaCunebsa <strong>da</strong> uniaToebs~ (Burret1996). sawarmoebSi momuSave `lurjsayeloianTa~ samuSaoadgilebi gansakuTrebulad axaliseben maCo qcevebs. magaliTisaTvis,<strong>mamakacebi</strong> saxifaTo viTarebaSi, rogoricaasanapiro wylis WaburRilebi, xSirad amboben uars<strong>da</strong>mcav Cafxutebze. zogierTi qvanaxSiris mtverSi momuSavemamakaci ki niRbebs ixsnis. vaJkacuri saqcieliaxasiaTebs muSebsac, romlebic amocanis Sesasrulebladstan<strong>da</strong>rtuli proceduris nacvlad sastik Zalasiyeneben. genderuli gamovlena, romelic mamacobisa <strong>da</strong>kunTebis Zalis mniSvnelovnebas xazs usvams guliexmobs,rom aq qalis adgili araa (Eisenberg 1998; Weston1990:146). TeTr-sayeloiani muSebi agreTve ebmebian amgvar`vaJkacur~ saqcielSi. erTi kvlevis mixedviT,sasamarTlo procesSi Cabmuli mamakaci advokatebi gulwrfelmiswrafebasa <strong>da</strong> mtris <strong>da</strong>morCilebis mcdelobaSiTavianT Tavs `rembos~ a<strong>da</strong>rebdnen. erTi ambob<strong>da</strong>, `esaa<strong>mamakacebi</strong>s saqme..... esaa Sejibri. <strong>mamakacebi</strong> cemen erTmaneTs<strong>da</strong> cdiloben erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>anaxon seiri. mxolodes araa muStikrivi, es sityvieri Seuracxyofaa~. <strong>mamakacebi</strong>,romlebic marcxdebian, iTvlebian `sustebad~,`impotentebad~ an `kvercxebis armqoned~ (pierce 1995:68).amgvari praqtika universaluri araa, Tumca maTi SesustebisaTvisSeiZleba efeqturi iyos <strong>da</strong>qiravebis praqtika<strong>da</strong> antidiskriminaciuli kanonebi.socialur urTierTqmedebas agreTve SeuZlia gamoarCiossamuSao adgilebi, rogorc sxva sqesisaTvis36
akrZaluli an Ria. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa genderi ufro metadurTierTobis fonze `moCvenebaa~, vidre xazgasma, Tu raxdeba sinamdvileSi (Martin 2001; Ridgeway and Correll2000). zogjer muSebi aSkarad iyeneben genders raTagaaZlieron uTanasworoba. mamakacTa upiratesoba SeiZleba<strong>da</strong>sabuTdes sityvebiT, romlebiTac mamakaci mosamarTleebimoixsenieben qalebs, rogorc `kaxpebs, katebsa<strong>da</strong> agresiul de<strong>da</strong>kacebs~ (Pa<strong>da</strong>vic and Orcutt 1997:694),an martoxela qali eleqtrikosis magaliTze, romelmacabazanis kedelze aRmoaCina warwera: `gaJimuli lesbiankaeleqtrikosi kaxpa~ (Eisenberg 1998:81).eleqtro sadgurze mosamsaxure erTaderTma qalmagancxadebebis <strong>da</strong>faze aseTi CamonaTvali <strong>da</strong>inaxa: `ocimizezi, ratom sjobs ludi qals~. am CamonaTvalis calkeulipunqti amcireb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> seqsualur WrilSi warmoaCen<strong>da</strong>qalebs (`Sen yovelTvis ici, rom pirvelma gaxseniludis qila~; `roca ludi Zalas kargavs, yovel-Tvis SegiZlia moisrolo~). CamonaTvali qals axseneb<strong>da</strong>,rom igi <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s teritoriaze imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>cmisi TanamSromlebi qalebs mxolod sqesobrivi ltolvissagnad aRiqvamdnen (Pa<strong>da</strong>vic 1991).genderi qalebsac SeaqvT samuSao adgilas. zogjer<strong>qalebi</strong> amas maT mamakac partniorebsa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebzeambebis TxrobiT an qorwilebisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvis <strong>da</strong>badebisaRniSvniT axerxeben. amgvari istoriebi xels uwyobstrabaxs qmrebis warmatebebiT; zogierTi ki SeiZlebagmobs mamakacebs, magaliTad, mravali amocanis SemTxvevaSimamakacis arakompetenturobis aRweriT. xorckombinatSimomuSave qalebma <strong>da</strong>scines TavianT xelmZRvanelsstereotipuli mamakacuri atributebis arqonisgamo: `o, klaid, zizRiT aRmox<strong>da</strong> anas, klaids sakuTarimanqanis SekeTebac ki ar SeuZlia~ (Fink 1998:31).37
genderis Camoyalibeba qalebs agreTve tradiciuligenderuli rolebis gansazRvriT SeuZliaT 3 . meqsikaSiqarxnis mosamsaxure <strong>qalebi</strong>s samsaxurisaken mgzavrobisas,roca avtobusSi mamakaci amovi<strong>da</strong> erT-erTi sociologiavtobusSi Semdeg fenomens Seeswro:`isini kicxavdnen <strong>da</strong> amasxaravebdnen mas... kocnassTavazobdnen <strong>da</strong> sTxovdnen gaeRima. erTmaneTs siciliTuziarebdnen misi garegnobis Sesaxeb SeniSvnebs <strong>da</strong> Ses-Tavazes latareac ki eTamaSaT, raTa sabolood gaerkviaT,Tu vis <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong> igi~ (Fernandez-Kelly 1983:131-2).rogorc qali, aseve mamakaci mosamsaxureebi gendersagreTve maTi <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebisaTvis winaaRmdegobisgasaweva<strong>da</strong>c iyeneben. kompaniebs politika, romliTac<strong>qalebi</strong>s ojaxebze orientirebulobis waxalisebas cdilobdnen,ukan Semoubrun<strong>da</strong>T, rodesac muSebs sTxoves,rom wvrTnisaTvis hong kongi<strong>da</strong>n CineTis ZiriTad teritoriazega<strong>da</strong>suliyvnen. <strong>qalebi</strong>, romlebsac wasvla arsur<strong>da</strong>T ambobdnen, rom saxls gareT Ramis gaTenebaewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> maT, rogorc colebisa <strong>da</strong> dedebismovaleobebs (Lee 1997:131). amis msgavsad profkavSirebismamakacma wevrebma sxva muSebs wasaxalisebladSTaagones mamakacuri Rirsebis grZnoba, raTa mmar-Tvelobis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebuliyvnen.malaiziaSi qarxanaSi momuSave zogierTi qali isteriasawyob<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos `boroti sulis mier iyo Sepyrobili~(Ong 1986). erT-erTi aseTi SemTxvevisas qaliqviTineb<strong>da</strong>, icino<strong>da</strong>, kio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavis samuSao mowyobilobasmanamde urtyam<strong>da</strong>, vidre misma ufrosma Sin argauSva. amgvari afeTqebebi qalebs saSualebas aZlev<strong>da</strong>SeewyvitaT muSaoba <strong>da</strong> maT mamakac ufrosebsac ki<strong>da</strong>sxmodnen Tavs (Ong 1986:207).saerTo jamSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebi38
<strong>da</strong> mSromelebi <strong>samsaxurSi</strong> genderul diferenciaciaSierTvebian sqesis uadgilo gamokveTiTa <strong>da</strong> sqesis stereotipebzeagebuli qceviT. <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebi Sromis genderizaciasewevian samuSaoebis sqesis niSniT segregaciis,mSromelis sqesze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT anazRaurebis<strong>da</strong>dgenisa <strong>da</strong> muSebisaTvis adre ganxilul qcevaTa nebis<strong>da</strong>rTvis gziT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, samuSaoadgilebze genderi yalibdeba organizaciuli praqtikiTa<strong>da</strong> interaqciiT (Acker 1999: Ely and Meyerson 2000;Rigway and Lovin 1999). amgvari SesaZleblobebis cvalebadobisSedegad igi ganicdis erozias.rogor <strong>da</strong> ramdena<strong>da</strong>a Sroma genderirebuli, es <strong>da</strong>mokidebuliasamuSaos adgilze, <strong>da</strong>mqiravebelsa <strong>da</strong>muSaTa masasiaTeblebze.zogierT SemTxvevaSi mSromelTa samsaxurze, anaz-Raurebasa <strong>da</strong> yoveldRiur gamocdilebaze sqesze gacilebiTmeti gavlena maT rasobriv kuTvnilebas aqvs.ufro xSirad sqesi, rasa <strong>da</strong> sxva maxasiaTeblebis urTierTqmedebaayalibebs mSromelTa Sedegebs. magaliTad,yvela kolejsa Tu universitetSi mosamsaxure qalTaumetesoba saofise (sakancelario) samuSaoebs asrulebs,Tumca mosalodnelia, rom am samsaxurebs ufro TeTrkaniani<strong>qalebi</strong> SeinarCuneben, vidre feradkanianebi,romlebic momsaxurebis sferoSi araproporciula<strong>da</strong>rian <strong>da</strong>saqmebulni.amave dros, TeTrkanian mamakacad yofna zrdismSromelis Sanss gaxdes administratori an profesori;umciresobis warmomadgeneli <strong>mamakacebi</strong> ufro xSiradromelime sawarmoSi muSis pozicias ikaveben. mogvianebiT,Semdeg TavebSi, <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad muSa-Ta rasisa <strong>da</strong> eTnikurobis modelebi ucvlelia, sxvadros ki isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian. rodesac39
maT gansxvavebulobaze sqesis gavlenis naTelsayofadrasa <strong>da</strong> eTnikuroba iqna naCvenebi, Cven igi ganvixileT.samwuxarod, amgvari gansxvavebulobis Seswavlis SesaZleblobaSezRudulia. amitom SromiTi gamocdileba aramarto sqesiT, aramed sxva faqtorebiTac gansxvavdeba.ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, am mravaferovnebis ugulebelyofis gareSeCven mainc <strong>da</strong>vkonkretdebiT a<strong>da</strong>mianis samuSaomoRvaweobaSi misi sqesis mniSvnelobaze.Sejamebagenderuli <strong>da</strong> sqesis niSniT diferenciacia SromisZireuli maxasiaTeblebia. upirveles yovlisa, isinisqesis niSniT Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebisas warmoCindebian, rodesacesa Tu is samuSao a<strong>da</strong>mianebs maT sqesze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiTevalebaT <strong>da</strong> roca ama Tu im samuSaos romelimeerT sqess miakuTvneben, rogorc `misTvis gankuTvnils~an aprobirebuls. genderuli <strong>da</strong> sqesis niSniT diferenciaciaagreTve qalTa Sromis gaufasurebaSi anmamakacis Sromis zedmetad <strong>da</strong>fasebaSi gamoixateba. esprocesebi mSromelTa <strong>da</strong> maT ufrosTa yoveldRiuriurTierTqmedebisas, <strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTa, mTavrobebisa <strong>da</strong>ojaxebis praqtikasa <strong>da</strong> politikaSi Cndeba. yoveliveamis Sedegebs SeuZliaT Sroma aqcion genderizebulinstitutad, romelSic <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebi <strong>da</strong> mSromelebia<strong>da</strong>mianis sqesze yuradRebas xSirad aramarTebula<strong>da</strong>maxvileben. amasTan, mniSvnelovania imis aRiareba, romarc sqesobrivi <strong>da</strong> arc genderuli diferenciacia araauniversaluri <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>uvali. zogierTi <strong>da</strong>msaqmebeliqiraobs mamakacebsac <strong>da</strong> qalebsac yvela samuSaoze.zogierT <strong>samsaxurSi</strong> sqesic ki ar qmnis SesamCnevgenders, aramed muSebi amyareben urTierTobas rogorc40
individebi. samuSao adgilTa mixedviT sqesobrivigansxvavebulobis es mravalferovneba ar warmoadgensincidents. esaa Sedegi imisa, Tu rogor axdenen <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebisamuSaos organizebas, ra <strong>da</strong>valebebsmoicaven, rogoria organizaciuli xelmZRvaneloba <strong>da</strong>ra saxis gare gavlena arsebs. momdevno TavebSiyuradRebas <strong>da</strong>vuTmobT faqtorebs, romlebic amwvavebenan amcireben samuSaoebze sqesobriv diferenciacias.SeniSvnebi1. zogierTi monacemis Tanaxmad <strong>qalebi</strong>s mier SinameurneobaSigaweuli araanazRaurebadi Sroma msofliosekonomikuri produqtis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT erT mesamedsSeadgens (gaerTianebuli erebis mosaxleobis fondi2000 United Nations Population Fund 2000)2. ama Tu im sqesis warmomadgenlisadmi mikuTvnebuliarliyebs martivad cvlis samsaxuri; magaliTadomianobisa <strong>da</strong> gaficvebis Sedegad, an Tun<strong>da</strong>c imSemTxvevaSi Tuki esa Tu is saqmianoba mamakacisaTvisnaklebad sasurveli xdeba (Reskon and Roos 1990).Tumca amgvari cvlilebebi iSviaTia. magaliTadiaponiaSi meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi miwisqveSamaRaroebSi <strong>qalebi</strong> iqamde muSaobdnen, sanam pirvelimsoflio omis Semdgomi ekonomikuri recesiis Sedega<strong>da</strong>r gamoica kanoni, romelmac qali am saxissaqmianobi<strong>da</strong>n gandevna. muSa xelis saWiroebis dros,meore msoflio omis periodSi, <strong>qalebi</strong> kvlav<strong>da</strong>abrunes maRaroSi, magram es mxolod 1947 wlamdegagrZel<strong>da</strong>. omis Semdgom, <strong>qalebi</strong> kvlav aiZules samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>etovebinaT (Mathias 1993:101-105; Saso1990:25-26).41
3. maCosmagvari qcevis maprovocirebel samsxurebSimamakacebs naklebi SesaZlebloba aqvT ugulebelyontradiciuli genderuli rolebi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n TanamSromlebsSeuZliaT <strong>da</strong>sajon `qalaCuna~ saqcielSimxilebuli mamakaci.42
II Tavigenderizebuli Sroma drosa <strong>da</strong> sivrceSia<strong>da</strong>mianebs sqesze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT yvela sazogadoebagarkveuli saxis samuSaos avaleb<strong>da</strong>, Tumca is, Tu rasaxis <strong>da</strong>valeba eqnebo<strong>da</strong> mamakacsa <strong>da</strong> qals, msofliossxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros gansxvavebuliiyo. es Tavi ukanaskneli oTxasi wlis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>savlurkulturaSi arsebuli sqesis niSniT Sromis<strong>da</strong>nawilebis evolucias mimoixilavs.pirvelad aRvwerT, Tu rogor warmarTes <strong>da</strong>savlurmaindustriamdelma sazogadoebebma sqesTa SorisSromis <strong>da</strong>nawileba. Semdeg Cven <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, Tu SromiskomercializebiT rogor Cauyara industrializaciamsafuZveli sqesis niSniT Sromis axal <strong>da</strong>nawilebas _anazRaurebadi Sroma mamakacisTvis <strong>da</strong> araanazRaurebadisaSinao Sroma <strong>qalebi</strong>sTvis. sabolood, Cven msofliosmasStabiT <strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur saxelmwifoebSiSromis sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>nawilebasac aRvwerT.Sromis sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>nawileba industriamdelevropaSiindustriamdel <strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebSi TiTqmisyvela Sromob<strong>da</strong>. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa umetesoba sakuTar cxovrebasTavis gamokvebasa <strong>da</strong> sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofas uZRvni<strong>da</strong>,<strong>da</strong>narCeni ki produqtsa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebas sxvas sTavazob<strong>da</strong>,ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, samefo ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> didgvarovnebisgar<strong>da</strong>, romlebic sxvaTa Sromis nayofiT cxovrobdnen.wignis es nawili im Sromas aRwers, romelsac xsenebuliperiodis ganmavlobaSi <strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong> soflismeurneobasa <strong>da</strong> manufaqturebSi eweodnen.43
sasoflo-sameurneo Sromaindustrializaciamde, romelic meTvramete saukuneSi<strong>da</strong>iwyo, evropaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa umetesoba soflismeurneobaSi iyo <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, rogorcyma-glexi, romelic didgvarovnebis miwaze Sromob<strong>da</strong>,xolo Semdeg ki rogorc glexi, romelic miwis pataranakveTebs flob<strong>da</strong> (Hanawalt 1986). am ymebisa <strong>da</strong> glexebi<strong>da</strong>n,<strong>mamakacebi</strong> Cveulebriv xvniT <strong>da</strong> TesviT iyvnen<strong>da</strong>kavebulni, <strong>qalebi</strong> ki nia<strong>da</strong>gs sarevelebisgan wmenddnen;orive erTad mosavals iReb<strong>da</strong>. gogonebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebsSinauri cxovelebis moSeneba evalebo<strong>da</strong>T. Sesabamisadmowvela, karaqis dRveba, yvelis amoyvana <strong>da</strong> Sinauricxovelis <strong>da</strong>kvla maT saqmianobaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>. puriscxoba, ludis xarSva, qsovilebisa <strong>da</strong> tansacmlis kervaagreTve <strong>qalebi</strong>s funqcia iyo. <strong>mamakacebi</strong> saxlebs aSenebdnen,SeSas Cexdnen, saklavs klavdnen, arxebi gahyav<strong>da</strong>T<strong>da</strong> Robes akeTebdnen.ganvixiloT meCvidmete saukuneSi baskeTSi sofladmcxovrebi wyvilis Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawileba. coli riJraJzedgebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cecxls anTeb<strong>da</strong>. misi qmari <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qiravebulimosamsaxure kaci isev loginSi iwvnen, sanam qalisauzmes moamzadeb<strong>da</strong>. mas Semdeg, rac kacebi mindorsmiaSurebdnen, sa<strong>da</strong>c TesviT, barviT, xvniT <strong>da</strong> mosavlisaRebiT iyvnen <strong>da</strong>kavebulni, coli saxls alageb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sadils amzadeb<strong>da</strong>, sadilobis dros Tavad fexze idga <strong>da</strong>mamakacebs awvdi<strong>da</strong> kerZs. naSuadRevs qali Tavis meuRlesa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qiravebul muSas mindorSi exmarebo<strong>da</strong> manam,sanam vaxSamis momzadebis dro ar movido<strong>da</strong>. saRamosqmari, SesaZloa, raime iaraRis SekeTebiT <strong>da</strong>kavebuliyoan soflis tavernisTvis mieSurebina. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT saRamosTerTmeti saaTisaTvis coli lamfis Suqs Caaqrob<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> qmarTan erTad logins miaSureb<strong>da</strong> (Shorter 1975:67-72).44
indusitrializaciamde SinamosamsaxureTa Sromacglexebisas waagav<strong>da</strong>. orive sqesis warmomadgeneli mosamsaxuredxSir SemTxvevaSi mxolod sakuTari TavissarCenad muSaob<strong>da</strong>. erTi ingliseli qali, romelic cxrawlis asaki<strong>da</strong>n Segirdi iyo, aRwer<strong>da</strong>:`mozvrebis mindorSi gayvana <strong>da</strong> Semdeg isev <strong>da</strong>binaveba;maTi sadgomis gawmen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sufTaveba; kartofilisrecxva <strong>da</strong> RorebisTvis sakvebad moxarSva;mowvela; mindorSi Zroxebisa <strong>da</strong> cxenebis uRelTan miyvana..,kartofilisa <strong>da</strong> bolokis amoTxra... biWebismsgavsad. diliT xuTze an eqvsze vdgebodi bazrobisdReebis gar<strong>da</strong>, mogvianebiT ki ukve sam saaTzec miwev<strong>da</strong>adgoma~ (Pinchbeek 1930:17-18).aRsaniSnavia, rom industrializaciamdeli sasoflo-sameurneosaqmianobisas qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis <strong>da</strong>valebebierTmaneTs emTxveo<strong>da</strong>, Tumca sqesis niSniT Sromis<strong>da</strong>nawileba saWmlis momzadebas, <strong>da</strong>wmen<strong>da</strong>-<strong>da</strong>recxvasa<strong>da</strong> Zafis rTvas qalis samuSaoTa rigs ganakuTvneb<strong>da</strong>.miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom <strong>qalebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s mierSesrulebuli samuSaoebi Tanabrad faseulad aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong>,industrializaciamdeli soflis meurneoba namdvila<strong>da</strong>r iyo sqesTa Soris Tanasworobis samoTxe.1823 wels erT-erTi <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli Sotlandiis maRalmTianregionebze wer<strong>da</strong>, rom qalebs iq ufro kacebis`Sav muSebad~ moiazrebdnen, vidre kompanionebad:`qmari miwas amuSavebs <strong>da</strong> Tesavs, qali didi mownulikalaTiT nakels ezideba, uvlis mosavals, amwifebs mas,kartofils moToxnis <strong>da</strong> amoTxris, sul zurgiT aTrevs<strong>da</strong> am tvirTis zidvis dros is agreTve Zafis rTviTaa<strong>da</strong>kavebuli~ (Quoted in Berg 1985:142).45
manufaqturuli Sromaindustrializaciamdec ki zogi a<strong>da</strong>miani iyo <strong>da</strong>saqmebuliwarmoebis sferoSi – mcire manufaqturebSi, patarafabrikebSi, sakuTar karmi<strong>da</strong>mosa Tu saxelosnoebSi.magram qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa manufaqturuli Sromawarmoebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sistemebSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> – <strong>mamakacebi</strong>gildiebSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>qalebi</strong> saxelosnoebSi. rogorc wesi,miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom orive sqesis warmomadgenlebs er-Ti donis unar-Cvevebs flobdnen, manufaqturul warmoebaSiCarTuli <strong>mamakacebi</strong> gacilebiT mets gamoimuSavebdnen<strong>da</strong> ufro meti TavisuflebiTac sargeblobdnen.qalTa manufaqturuli warmoebebi. Sua saukuneebis evropaSiarsebob<strong>da</strong> mTlianad <strong>qalebi</strong>T <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuliwarmoebebi, romlebSic <strong>qalebi</strong> cxovrobdnen <strong>da</strong> awarmoebdnenteqstils 1 .es gamocdili <strong>da</strong> niWieri mSromelebi Rebavdnen,qsovdnen <strong>da</strong> qargavdnen qsovils, romlisganac Semdgom-Si berebisa <strong>da</strong> didgvarovnebisTvis tansacmels keravdnen.Sromis sanacvlod <strong>qalebi</strong> erT patara Tarosa <strong>da</strong>oTaxs iRebdnen. mravali maTgani monastrebisa <strong>da</strong> didgvarovnebismona an kidev monis coli <strong>da</strong> Svili iyo.sxvebi ki ymaglexebs an sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>naSaulisaTvis, magaliTad,prostituciisaTvis fabrikaSi <strong>da</strong>tyvevebulpatimrebs warmoadgendnen 2 .miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom qalTa amgvari manufaqturebiindustrializaciamde ga<strong>da</strong>Sen<strong>da</strong>, maTi, rogorc qalTasamuSaos, memkvidreoba kvlav cocxlobs. industrializaciisadreul wlebSi warmoqnili teqstilis qarxnebiTiTqmis mTlianad qal muSaTa Sromas emyarebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dResac msoflios umetes nawilSi teqstilis warmoebakvlav qalis saqmed rCeba.46
xelosnebi. industrializaciamdeli warmoebis yvelazegamZle sistema gildiebis sistema iyo, romelSic xelosnebiTiTqmis noli<strong>da</strong>n (arafri<strong>da</strong>n) mravalferovan saqonelsawarmoebdnen. gildia vaWrebis an xerlosnebisiseT asociacias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romelic Tavisi wevrebisinteresebze zrunav<strong>da</strong>. is Tvalyurs adevneb<strong>da</strong> yvelasaxis warmoebas, rac ki ojaxis gareT Cndebo<strong>da</strong>: vercxleulis,rkinis iaraRebisa <strong>da</strong> borblebis warmoebi<strong>da</strong>n<strong>da</strong>wyebuli qsovilebis, purisa <strong>da</strong> ludis warmoebiT <strong>da</strong>srulebuli.qalTa teqstilis fabrikebis msgavsad xelosnebicmaRali donis profesionalebi iyvnen <strong>da</strong> SesaniSnavproduqciasac awarmoebdnen. Tumca, fabrikebissituaciisgan gansxvavebiT, TiTqmis yvela xelosanimamakaci iyo, romelTa Semosavlis wyaros is produqciawarmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romelsac amzadebdnen <strong>da</strong> yiddnen.gildia - Tanamedrove gaerTianebebis winamorbedi -Segirdobis sistemasac akontroleb<strong>da</strong>, romlis saSualebiTacxelosnebi Tavis xelobas euflebodnen. maT mizanswarmoadgen<strong>da</strong> konkurenciis Semcireba. erT-erTi gza,romliTac amis ganxorcieleba SeZles, farTo masebisTvis,umetesad ki <strong>qalebi</strong>sTvis Segirdobaze uaris Tqma iyo.sakuTar saxelosnoSi xelosanTa colebi meuRlismxar<strong>da</strong>mxar Sromobdnen <strong>da</strong> adre Sua saukuneebSi gildiebixan<strong>da</strong>xan xelosanTa qvrivebs gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili meuRleebisxelobis gagrZelebis nebas rTavdnen. Tumca Tan<strong>da</strong>Tangildiebma xelosanTa colebs <strong>da</strong> qvrivebs qmrebis saqmianobisgagrZeleba aukrZales, saboloo jamSi kixelosnis statusi qalisTvis sruliad miuwvdomeli gax<strong>da</strong>(Howell 1986). xelosnobaSi amgvari monopolia, romelsac<strong>mamakacebi</strong> industrializaciamdel periodSi flobdnen,dResac grZeldeba vaWrobaSi <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s virtualurimonopoliis saxiT, rasac me-4 Tavi gviCvenebs.47
Si<strong>da</strong> (kustaruli) warmoebaindustrializaciamde, vidre warmoeba qarxnebSiga<strong>da</strong>inacvleb<strong>da</strong>, glexebi, umeteswilad <strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> bav-Svebi, zogi saxis saqonels Sin awarmoebdnen Si<strong>da</strong>(kustaruli) warmoebis meSveobiT. amgvari saSinao mu-Sebi arTavdnen matyls, amzadebdnen maqmanebs, qsovdnenqsovils an akerebdnen perangis sayelos <strong>da</strong> gasamrjelossacalo warmoebis safuZvelze iRebdnen (anu maTmier warmoebuli saqonlis erTeulTa saerTo raodenobismixedviT, e.w. gamomuSavebiT).glexi <strong>qalebi</strong>, romelTa upirveles prioritets sakuTariojaxisaTvis Sroma warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, Si<strong>da</strong> warmoebisaTvisdrois yoveli Tavisufali wuTis moxelTebiTpoulobdnen. erTi istorikosi meCvidmete saukuneSi SinameurneobiT<strong>da</strong>kavebul britanel qalebze mogviTxrobs:isini `qsovdnen, rodesac soflis Saragzebs miuyvebodnen;qsovdnen sibneleSi, radgan metad Raribebiiyvnen, Suqi rom hqono<strong>da</strong>T. isini arsebobis uzrunvelsayofadqsovdnen~ (Bery 1985:103). ase rom, rogorcsaSinao industriis muSebi, adreul samuSao ZalaSi<strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> bavSvebic iyvnen warmodgenilni.industriuli revoluciamravali saukunis manZilze a<strong>da</strong>mianebi soflis meurneobis<strong>da</strong> industrializaciamdeli manufaqturuliSromiT irCendnen Tavs. mogvianebiT, meTvramete saukuneSikapitalizmma <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi saqonlisa <strong>da</strong>momsaxurebis warmoebisa <strong>da</strong> ganawilebis gzebi Secvala.saojaxo warmoebas sabazro warmoeba Caenacvla, romel-Sic kapitalistebi muSebs qarxnebsa <strong>da</strong> maRaroebSisaqonlis sawarmoeblad xelfass uxdidnen. rogorc48
anazRaurebaze momuSave muSebi, a<strong>da</strong>mianebi awarmoebdnenim produqtebs, romlebsac rigiTi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi iZendnen.industriuli revolucia, romelmac 200 wlis winaT<strong>da</strong>savlur samyaroSi <strong>da</strong>ido <strong>da</strong>sabami, ganviTarebad qveynebSiaxlac grZeldeba.samuSao Zalis warmoSobasaqonelis warmoebis Sini<strong>da</strong>n qarxanaSi ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebam<strong>da</strong> industrializaciam warmoqmna axali instituti:samuSao Zala, anu a<strong>da</strong>mianTa simravle, romelic fulisgamo Sromob<strong>da</strong> an aqtiurad eZeb<strong>da</strong> anazRaurebad samsaxurs.inglisSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c industrializaciis ZiriTadicvlilebebi meTvramete saukunis meore naxevarsa <strong>da</strong>mecxramete saukunis adreul wlebSi ganxorciel<strong>da</strong>,miwas mowyvetili aTasobiT glexi samuSaos saZiebladqalaqs miawy<strong>da</strong>. Tanamedrove samuSao Zalis pirveliwevrebi swored glexebi iyvnen.samuSao Zalis gaCenam muSebi sam jgufad <strong>da</strong>yo:xelfasze momuSave muSebi <strong>da</strong> umuSevrebi, romelsacmcired anazRaurebadi samuSaoebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T (samuSao Zala)<strong>da</strong> aramomuSaveebi. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, umuSevari xalxisarseboba siaxle ar yofila; istoriis manZilze privilegirebuliklasebi mwarmoebluri Sromisgan gamoTi-Sulni iyvnen. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi aramomuSaveTa axalikategoria warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> `bednier mdidrebs~, arame<strong>da</strong>nazraurebis gareSe momuSave mzard jgufs, romelicojaxebisTvis saWmels amzadeb<strong>da</strong>, wmend<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sayidlebze<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>, bavSvebs zrdi<strong>da</strong>, avadmyof axloblebze zrunav<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> megobrebis, ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> garSemomyofTa emociurmxar<strong>da</strong>Weras uzrunvelyof<strong>da</strong>. SromiT bazarzeanazRaurebad samuSaosa <strong>da</strong> aramomuSaveTa araanazrau-49
ebad Sinasaqmianobas Soris amgvarma sxvaobam mniSvnelovanigavlena iqonia genderul uTanasworobaze, radganukanaskneli orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi samuSao Zalasqalebze metad <strong>mamakacebi</strong> ganekuTvnebodnen, <strong>qalebi</strong> kimamakacebze metad warmoadgended araanazRaurebad mu-Sebs.industrializacia <strong>da</strong> sqess niSniT Sromis<strong>da</strong>nawilebaindustrializaciam qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa samuSaorolebs Soris ori axali gamijvna warmoSva: pirveliqalisTvis anazRaurebis gareSe saSinao saqmeebis mixedvaSi,xolo mamakacisTvis anazRaurebadi Sromis mikuTvnebaSimdgomareobs. am gansxvavebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebmaim safuZvelze aages samuSaos organizeba<strong>da</strong> anazRaureba, rom muSebi <strong>mamakacebi</strong> iqnebodnen. meocesaukuneSi profkavSirebis ojaxuri xelfasebisaken miswrafebameore <strong>da</strong>Svebas efuZnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>mamakacebi</strong>qalebsa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs exmarebodnen. anazRaurebad <strong>da</strong> araanazRaurebadsamuSaoebs Soris sqesis mixedviT amgvargamijvnas am Tavis <strong>da</strong>rCenili nawili <strong>da</strong>eTmoba. samuSaoZalad momuSave xalxis meore axalma <strong>da</strong>yofam ganapirobaqalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samsaxurebSi segregireba.es <strong>da</strong>yofa meeqvse Tavis sagania.anazRaurebadi <strong>da</strong> araanazRaurebadi Sromis<strong>da</strong>nawileba sqesis niSniTmTeli mecxramete saukunis manZilze samuSao ZalaSimamakacTa raodenobam mkveTrad imata. adre, im periodSi,rodesac saSinao warmoebam gza teqstilis mcireqarxnebs <strong>da</strong>uTmo, mravali <strong>da</strong>msaqmebeli ganagrZob<strong>da</strong>50
<strong>qalebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>qiravebas imis gamo, rom isiniufro mcire xelfasisTvis muSaobdnen <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>qiravebaufro xelmisawvdomi iyo, vidre <strong>mamakacebi</strong>sa imaveadgilze (Valenze 1995). Tumca, vinai<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>saqmebaurbanizebuli gax<strong>da</strong>, qalTa samuSao Zalis monawileoba<strong>da</strong>eca <strong>da</strong> samuSao Zala maskulizebuli gax<strong>da</strong>. magaliTisaTvis,1840 wels britaneTSi industriuli samuSaoZalis 40 procents <strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi Seadgendnen; 1870wlisTvis oTxi<strong>da</strong>n sami industriaSi momuSave muSa mamakaciiyo (Baxan<strong>da</strong>ll. Cordon, and Reverby 1976:83); <strong>qalebi</strong>smxlod 17 procenti muSaob<strong>da</strong> saxls gareT anazRaurebadsamuSaoze.samuSaos maZiebelTa ricxvi am periodis manZilzexSirad samuSaoTa raodenobas aRematebo<strong>da</strong>. Sedegad kiwarmoiqmna samuSao adgilebis maZiebel umuSevarTaurdoebi. <strong>da</strong>msqmeblebmac mdgomareobiT isargebles <strong>da</strong>anazRaureba Seamcires. adrindeli profkavSirebi ganixilavdnenqalebsa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs, rogorc safrTxes mamakacTasamsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> xelfasebisaTvis. amitom maT iwyesqarxnebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> maRaroebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>qalebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebisgamodevna (Pinchbeck 1930). profkavSirebma mokavSireebisaSualo klasis reformatorebSi hpoves, romlebic sa-SiSi <strong>da</strong> aramoraluri samuSao pirobebisagan <strong>qalebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong>bavSvebis <strong>da</strong>sacav kanonebs mimarTavdnen 3 . profkavSirebisa<strong>da</strong> reformatorebis <strong>da</strong>wolam mecxramete saukunisevropisa <strong>da</strong> amerikis kanonmdeblebi eqspluataciuri<strong>da</strong>mqiravebluri praqtikis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>mcav samuSaokanonmdeblobamde miiyvana.<strong>da</strong>mcavi samuSao kanonebi <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebs ukrZalavdneneiZulebinaT <strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> bavSvebi dReSi saaTebisgarkveul raodenobaze meti emuSavaT, <strong>da</strong>dgenil wonazemeti aewiaT, emuSavaT RamiT an konkretuli samsaxuri51
SeesrulebinaT. marTalia, am kanonebma zogierTi qalisastiki samuSao pirobebisagan <strong>da</strong>icva kidec, magram amavedros mraval sxvas maRalanazRaurebadi qarxnulisamsaxurebisken gza mouWra. genderulma mosazrebebmasaxifaTo samuSaoebisgan <strong>da</strong>icves qali <strong>da</strong> ara mamakaci,magram amave dros mamakacs, <strong>da</strong> ara qals, mianiWesufleba, Tavad aewon-<strong>da</strong>ewonaT riski <strong>da</strong> mogeba <strong>da</strong>Tavadve ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvitaT, rogor eSovaT puris fuli. kanonebi,romlebic zRu<strong>da</strong>vdnen saaTebis raodenobas, romelTamanZilzec qalebs muSaoba SeeZloT amerikisSeerTebul Statebsa <strong>da</strong> britaneTSi, farTod iyo mi-Rebuli. zogi kanoni <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebisagan, <strong>qalebi</strong>saTvisgarkveuli samuSaos akrZalvis gziT samuSaoTa specifiuritipebis segregirebas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, rogorebicaamagaliTad kanonis ganxorcieleba, baris meTvalyureoba,telegramebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong> konduqtorad muSaoba.ori msoflio omis periodis gar<strong>da</strong>, amerikis mTavrobaam proteqcionistul politikas 1964 wlamde misdev<strong>da</strong>.Sromis <strong>da</strong>mcavma kanonebma <strong>qalebi</strong>sTvis mravali samuSaoarxis CaketviT samuSao Zalis maskulanizaciaSi saku-Tari wvlili Seitanes <strong>da</strong> gaaZlieres varaudi, romojaxze zrunva mamakacis movaleoba iyo.<strong>da</strong>mcavi Sromis kanonebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, moZraoba yvelaqarxnuli samuSaosaTvis <strong>qalebi</strong>s CamosaSorebladkraxiT <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. saWiroebam ubiZga mraval qals anaz-RaurebisaTvis emuSavaT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebmac isini <strong>da</strong>balanazRaurebadqarxnul samuSaoebze <strong>da</strong>asaqmes (Pinchbek1930). imis gamo, rom <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebs SeeZloT <strong>qalebi</strong>sTvismamakacebze naklebi ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong>T, teqstilismwarmoebeli qarxnebis mflobelebi aqtiurad asaqmebdnengauTxovar axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qalebs <strong>da</strong> arwmunebdnenmSoblebs, rom maT qaliSvilebs usaqmurobis, xmaurisa52
<strong>da</strong> codvebisgan ganaridebdnen (Lerner 1979:89). mravaliojaxi miesalmebo<strong>da</strong> qaliSvilebis Semosavals (Dublin1993). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom aTasobiT qali warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>samuSao Zalas, es ukanaskneli mecxramete saukunisganmavlobaSi sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro mamakacze iyoorientirebuli.gancalkevebuli sferoebis ideologiasamuSao Zalis maskulinizebis aRniSnuli aRwera armoicavs ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet Tvisebebs: yvelaze naklebad SesaZlebeligaTxovili <strong>da</strong> ara martoxela qalis <strong>da</strong>saqmebulobaiyo. meoce saukunis mijnaze gaTxovili <strong>da</strong> gauTxovari<strong>qalebi</strong>s samuSao ZalaSi monawileobis Se<strong>da</strong>rebagviCvenebs, rom 10 wels ga<strong>da</strong>cilebuli gauTxovari gogoebis40 procentTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT samuSao ZalaSi gaTxovili<strong>qalebi</strong>s mxolod 6 procenti iyo warmodgenili(Folbre 1991:465).riT iyo gamowveuli Sromis ZalaSi gaTxovil qalTamonawileobis aseTi <strong>da</strong>bali done? aq umTavresi faqtorisrols gancalkevebuli sferoebis ideologiaTamaSob<strong>da</strong>. es ideologia, romelic inglisSi maRal <strong>da</strong>saSualo klasebSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>, saojaxo cxovrebis anaz-Raurebadi Sromisagan gancalkevebisken mouwodeb<strong>da</strong>.ideologiis Tanaxmad, qalis Sesaferisi adgili saxlSiiyo <strong>da</strong> ara samuSao adgilze. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>skvna, rom mamakaci bunebrivad `saxlisTvis~ ar iyogaCenili; aramed mis sferos komerciis (vaWrobis)samyaro an nebismier SemTxvevaSi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> romelimesamsaxuri (Davidoff and Hall 1987:346-67; 1991:30-31).gancalkevebuli sferoebis am ideologiam <strong>mamakacebi</strong>Sini<strong>da</strong>n Sors muSaobisaken, <strong>qalebi</strong> ki produqtiuli53
saqmianobis saSinao saqmeebiT Semofargvlisaken waaqeza.am warmodgenebs is stereotipebic amyareb<strong>da</strong>, TiTqosmamakaci Zlieri, agresiuli <strong>da</strong> konkurentunariani iyo,xolo qali – faqizi, saTno <strong>da</strong> mzrunveli arseba. amwarmodgenebma mamakaci warmoaCines, rogorc mecxrametesaukuneSi maRalkonkurentuli Sromis bazrisaTvis bunebrivadSesaferisi, xolo qali - komerciis samyarosaTviszedmetad nazi.pativsacem gaTxovil qals ori valdebuleba un<strong>da</strong>Seesrulebina: samuSao samyarosgan gamosarideblad <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sasveneblad qmrisTvis mSvidi navTsayudeli Seeqmna<strong>da</strong> sakuTari umuSevrobiT meuRleebis mier ojaxis Senaxvisunaris demonstrireba moexdina. Tu gaTxoviliqali muSaob<strong>da</strong>, es misi qmris warumateblobis niSani iyo(Westorer 1986:67). meoce saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs erTi ingliselimkeravi qali ixsenebs:`roca gavTxovdi, Sini<strong>da</strong>n samuSaod arasodes gavsulvar.mravali eridebo<strong>da</strong> aseT qcevas. im dros, TukigaTxovili qali samuSaod gavido<strong>da</strong>, mas sircxvilielo<strong>da</strong>. aseT qalebs eubnebodnen, rom maTi Senaxva <strong>da</strong>uzrunvelyofa maTi qmrebis movaleoba iyo.~analogiurad, meoce saukunis Sua xanebSi aSS-iscentralur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT raionebSi xorcproduqtebissawarmoSi momuSave qali ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom misi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulobisgamo misi qmari Tavs <strong>da</strong>mcirebulad grZnob<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong> `Tu sakonservo qarxanaSi muSaobdi, erTi binZurivinme iyavi <strong>da</strong> sxva araferi~ (Fink 1998:102).qalTa <strong>da</strong>saqmeba ara marto maTi meuRleebis, aramedTavad maTi sircxvilic iyo. 1939 wels maRali klasiserT-erTi komentatori qalbatoni aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom:jentlmens ufleba aqvs <strong>da</strong>kavdes nebismieri, Tun<strong>da</strong>cyvelaze uRirsi saqmianobiT <strong>da</strong> Tu mas ZaluZs54
Rirseulad Seinaxos ojaxi, isev jentlmenad rCeba.agram Tu ledi raime saqmes mohkidebs xels, Tun<strong>da</strong>cmetismetad delikaturs, igi Tavis sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaskargavs <strong>da</strong> ukve aRar warmoadgens ledis (Ellisin Davidoff and all 1998:287). sqesis niSniT Sromis<strong>da</strong>nawileba kidev ufro gaamZafra qalis, rogorc naziarsebis, cnebam, romelsac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d erTgvari ornamentisroli eniWebo<strong>da</strong>. saSualo klasis qalbatonebis viwroweli, rac mWidrod Semotmasnili korsetebiT miiRweo<strong>da</strong>,maT mier produqtiuli samuSaos Sesrulebis SeuZleblobissimboloc iyo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli niSanic.gankerZoebuli sferoebis doqtrinam qalsa <strong>da</strong>mamakacs Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiT <strong>da</strong>akisra garkveuli viwro rolebi.Tu qalis respeqtabeluroba saSinao rolis Sesrulebasa<strong>da</strong> araanazRaurebad samuSaozea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli,mamakacis respeqtabeluroba imiT ganisazRvreba,Tu ramdenad kargad asrulebs Tavis sabazro rols.maskulinoba izomebo<strong>da</strong> `mamakacis xelfasis (anazRaurebis)odenobiT~ (Gould 1974). ojaxis marCenalis –puris Semomtanis valdebulebis Sesruleba mravalimamakacisaTvis `ojaxis winaSe pasuxismgeblobis samsxverplozeTavis gawirvas~ gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> (Kimmel 2000:176). mamakacis mier ojaxis Senaxvis valdebulebas zogjersamuSaos Ziebis mizniT migracia mosdev<strong>da</strong> (Amottand Matthaei 1996). saudis arabeTSi momuSave filipineliambob<strong>da</strong> `RamiT barakebSi mxolod erT rameze vsaubrobdiT...imaze, Tu rogor gvindo<strong>da</strong> Sin, CvensojaxebTan <strong>da</strong>bruneba, mas Semdeg, rac did fuls viSovidiT.sakuTari arCevaniT aravin midis saudis arabeTSi.Sen Seni ojaxis ekonomikuri keTildReobas wirav Tavs~(Margold 1995:287). ase rom, gancalkevebuli sferoebisideologia qalebsac <strong>da</strong> mamakacebsac garkveulwilad55
zRu<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. Tumca yvelafris miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad sazogadoebaSiprestiJisa <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis socialuri jildo wiladxvdebo<strong>da</strong>T mxolod mamakacebs <strong>da</strong> ara qalebs (Clark1995:263). 1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis drosac, rodesacamerikel mamakacTa umuSevrobam rekorduldones miaRwia, ver moxerx<strong>da</strong> gaTxovil qalTa didiraodenobiT Seyvana samuSao ZalaSi. ojaxebi dedebzeufro adre Svilebs agzavnidnen samuSaod. Tavis mxriv,didi sixaruliT arc <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebi (maT Soris mTavrobac)iRebdnen <strong>samsaxurSi</strong> gaTxovil qalebs maSin,roca maTi qmrebi iyvnen <strong>da</strong>saqmebulni. 1932 wlisfederaluri ekonomikis aqtiT, samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iTxovesmravali qali, romelTa qmrebic aseve federalurmTavrobaSi muSaobdnen. amiT Caisaxa msgavsi qmedebisprecedenti Statisa <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisdoneebze (Blackwelder 1997:97).gancalkevebuli sferoebis am ideologiam TanamedrovesamuSaos genderizebas ramodenime gziT Seuwyoxeli. pirveli: marTalia, man mamakacebs TavianT ojaxebzezrunvis valdebuleba <strong>da</strong>akisra, magram amasTansocialuri aRiarebis mopovebis gzebiT aRWurva isini.movaleobebi qalebmac miiRes, magram saxlSi Caketvamisini anazraurebis sistemis miRma aRmoaCina <strong>da</strong> socialurijildoebis miRebis SesaZleblobac gaZlier<strong>da</strong>.meore: sazogaoebrivma Rirebulebebma, romlebic <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebsuqmni<strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobas qalTaTvis aekrZalaTmravali samuSao adgilis <strong>da</strong>kaveba, ganapirobes sqesobrividiskriminaciis legitimacia. mesame: <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebsSeeZloT qalTa <strong>da</strong>bali anazRaureba imiT gaemarTlebinaT,rom, savaraudod, maTze <strong>mamakacebi</strong> zrunavdnen.amgvarad, qalis mamakacze ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaojaxSi mamakacis mbrZaneblobas amkvidreb<strong>da</strong>.56
sqesis niSniT Sromis ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba Rarib <strong>da</strong> muSaTaklasebs Sorisgancalkevebuli sferoebis ideologia mravali gaTxoviliqalisTvis miuwvdomeli iyo, gansakuTrebiT kiRaribi <strong>da</strong> mSromelTa feni<strong>da</strong>n gamosuli <strong>qalebi</strong>sTvis,romlebic xSirad emigrantebs an umciresobebs Seadgendnen.sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rasobrivi <strong>da</strong> eTnikuri jgufis gaTxovilqalTa samuSao ZalaSi monawileobebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebametad sagulisxmoa. magaliTad 1920 wels, aziuri warmoSobisamerikeli <strong>qalebi</strong>s 18 procentTan <strong>da</strong> afro-amerikeli<strong>qalebi</strong>s erT mesamedTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT evropuliwarmoSobis amerikeli gaTxovili <strong>qalebi</strong>s mxolod 7%warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> samuSao Zalas. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom esmaCveneblebi gauTxovar qalTa imave maCveneblebs misdevs,naTelia, rom samuSao ZalaSi monawileoba ufroferadkaniani qalisTvis warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> aucileblobas,vidre TeTrkanianisaTvis 4 . anazRaurebadi samuSaoebis<strong>mamakacebi</strong>sTvis Sesanaxad gancalkevebuli sferoebisideologia specialurad uSli<strong>da</strong> xels mSromelTa klasiswevrTa colebs, romelTa ojaxebsac erTi mSromelisxelfasze cxovreba ar SeeZloT. Sedegad mSromelTaklasi<strong>da</strong>n gamosuli mravali qali fulis saSovneladsaxlSi eZeb<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gzebs, magaliTad, xelzeiReb<strong>da</strong> samuSaos (piecework), recxav<strong>da</strong>, kerav<strong>da</strong> an pensionerebsuvli<strong>da</strong>. es alternativa, rogorc wesi, ufro<strong>da</strong>bal anazRaurebasa <strong>da</strong> met dros gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>, vidresaxlis gareT muSaoba (Westover 1986).umciresobis warmomadgenel qalebs agreTve Cveulebrivar SeeZloT mieRwiaT gancalkevebuli sferoebisidealisTvis. emansipaciis Semdgom <strong>da</strong>myarebul mosavlismewileobis (sharecropping) sistemaSi afroamerikeliqali mindvrebSi Tavisi qmrisa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebis57
mxar<strong>da</strong>mxar Sromob<strong>da</strong>. mecxramete-meoce saukuneebis mijnazemravali mewile CrdiloeTisken gaemgzavra, sa<strong>da</strong>corive, qalica <strong>da</strong> mamakacic, anazRaurebad samuSaos eZeb<strong>da</strong>.analogiurad meoce saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi,rodesac SeerTebulma Statebma droebiT sasoflo-sameurneosamuSaoebze meqsikelebi <strong>da</strong>iqiraves, meqsikeli<strong>qalebi</strong> samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis uSvelebel meurneobebSi sakuTariqmrebis mxar<strong>da</strong>mxar momqancvel (backbreaking)samuSaos asrulebdnen (Amott and Matthaei 1996).rogorc es magaliTebi gviCvenebs, gancalkevebulisferoebis ideologiis zenitis drosac ki aTasobiTqali muSaob<strong>da</strong> anazRaurebiT – yvela asakis umciresobisSemadgeneli <strong>qalebi</strong>, axalgazr<strong>da</strong> gasaTxovari<strong>qalebi</strong>, qvrivebi <strong>da</strong> gaTxovili <strong>qalebi</strong>, romelTa qmrebsacojaxebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T mitovebuli an kidev maT Sesanaxadsakmaris fuls ver gamoimuSavebdnen. iafi muSaxelisbazarze <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebs ar a<strong>da</strong>rdeb<strong>da</strong>T, iyo Tu ara qaligaTxovili. gaTxovil imigrant qalebs <strong>da</strong> yofil monebs<strong>da</strong>saqmebis meti Sansi hqon<strong>da</strong>T. isini muSaobdnen xelsaqmezemcire saamqroebSi, qarxnebSi, ofisebSi, skolebsa<strong>da</strong> sxva ojaxebSi, zogierTi ki xelsaqmes saxlSiakeTeb<strong>da</strong>. am <strong>qalebi</strong>sTvis samuSao Zalis gareT <strong>da</strong>rCenamaTi <strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxebis SimSils niSnav<strong>da</strong>.jamSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sqesis niSniT Sromis<strong>da</strong>nawilebam, romelic mamakacs samuSao Zalas, xoloqals saxls miakuTvneb<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebs ubiZga romsamuSaoebis struqturirebisaken im <strong>da</strong>Svebebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,romelTa Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c yvela mudmivi momuSavemamakaci iyo <strong>da</strong> yvela mamakacs hyav<strong>da</strong> diasaxlisi coli.es <strong>da</strong>Svebebi <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s umetesobas saSinao valdebulebebisganacaTavisufleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 12-14 saaTian samuSaodResac uweseb<strong>da</strong>. isini agreTve amyarebdnen im Tval-58
sazriss, rom saSinao saqmianoba qalis valdebuleba iyo,maT Soris im <strong>qalebi</strong>sTvisac ki, vinc saxlis gareT iyo<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli. momdevno Tavebi aRwers am genderizebuli<strong>da</strong>Svebebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebulobis praqtikis Sedegebs, romlebickidev didxans SenarCun<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg, rac ekonomikurma<strong>da</strong> socialurma Zalebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes samuSao ZalaSimonawileobisTvis sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis mniSvnelobisrRveva.qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis samuSao ZalaSi monawileobiswilis <strong>da</strong>axloebaim ideologiis memkvidreoba, rom gaTxovilma qalmasaxls gareT ar un<strong>da</strong> imuSaos, dRemde gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. 1970-ian wlebamde gaTxovili <strong>qalebi</strong>s anazRaurebadi <strong>da</strong>saqmebisSesaZlebloba Znelad Tu utoldebo<strong>da</strong> gauTxovari<strong>da</strong> qmars gaSorebuli <strong>qalebi</strong>s imave SesaZleblobebs.ufro metic, marTalia, sazogadoeba dResuSvebs gaTxovili qalis samuSao ZalaSi monawileobas(socialuri uzrunvelyofis reforma namdvilad akisrebsamas Rarib qalebs), igi saSinao saqmianobis kvlavqalis sferod gansazRvravs (ixileT meSvide Tavi).miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis samuSao ZalaSimonawileobis wilebs Soris sxvaoba sul ufro mcirdebo<strong>da</strong>,rac 2.1 cxrilSia naCvenebi. 1890 wels 14 welsga<strong>da</strong>cilebuli <strong>mamakacebi</strong> saerTo samuSao Zalis 84 %-sSeadgendnen, imave asakis qalTa 18 %-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.Tuki mosaxleobis aRweris biuro fermerTa colebsimave bazisze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT <strong>da</strong>iTvli<strong>da</strong>, rogorc es fermerTaSemTxvevaSi xdebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> Tuki <strong>da</strong>iTvli<strong>da</strong> qalebs,romlebic pansionatebs xelmZRvaneloben, qalTa samu-Sao ZalaSi monawileobis wili 1890-iani wlebisaTvis<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 28 % iqnebo<strong>da</strong> (Goldin 1990:44-45). momdveno59
asi wlis ganmavlobaSi samuSao ZalaSi qalTa monawileobisdone nel-nela, magram ganuxrelad izrdebo<strong>da</strong>maSin,. roca mamakacTa samuSao ZalaSi monawileobiswili odnav Semcir<strong>da</strong>. meoce saukunis <strong>da</strong>mlevs mamakacTa74 %, xolo qalTa 60 % Sedio<strong>da</strong> samuSao ZalaSi (U.S.Census Bureau 1998, 1999, 2000a). eqspertebis prognoziT,qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa samuSao ZalaSi monawileobiswili ganagrZobs <strong>da</strong>axloebas (Fullerton 1999).gamosaxuleba 2.1. SeerTebuli Statebis samuSao ZalaSimonawileobis Sefardeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesiswarmomadgenelTa mixedviT, 1890-2000.wyaro: SeerTebuli Statebis aRricxvis biuro (U.S. Census Bureau1975); SeerTebuli Statebis qalTa biuro 1993:1; wignisavtorebis gamoTvlebi nawarmoebia 1998 wlis martis, 1999 <strong>da</strong>2000 wlebis mosaxleobis mimdinare kvlevebi<strong>da</strong>n.SeniSvna: 2000 wlis cifrebi 1998, 1999 <strong>da</strong> 2000 wlis mosaxleobismimdinare kvlevis monacemebi<strong>da</strong>n aRebuli saSualoebia.60
am rasobriv <strong>da</strong> eTnikur jgufebs Soris samuSaoZalaSi monawileobis mxriv gansxvavebebi asaxavs rogorc<strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebis moTxovnilebas garkveuli sqesis, rasisa<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri kuTvnilebis mSromelebze, aseve maTi ojaxebisekonomikur mdgomareobas, romelTanagan TiToeulixels uwyobs an uSlis <strong>da</strong>saqmebas. Savkaniani <strong>qalebi</strong>yovelTvis didi raodenobiT iyvnen <strong>da</strong>saqmebulni, jererTi, imitom, rom <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebi <strong>da</strong>bal anazRaurebasa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bal Tanamdebobaze eZebdnen mSromelebs <strong>da</strong>, meorec,Savkaniani <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s winaaRmdeg mimarTulidiskriminacia zrdi<strong>da</strong> Savkaniani <strong>qalebi</strong>s aucileblobasemuSavaT anazRaurebaze.amerikeli indieli <strong>qalebi</strong>s samuSao ZalaSi monawileobaufro <strong>da</strong>balia, vidre Savkaniani <strong>da</strong> TeTrkaniani<strong>qalebi</strong>sa, radgan isini samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTSi arian koncentrirebulni,sa<strong>da</strong>c arc Tu bevri samuSao moiZebneba(Amott and Matthaei 1996). puerto rokoeli <strong>qalebi</strong>s monawileobaagreTve <strong>da</strong>balia, vidre TeTrkaniani <strong>qalebi</strong>sa,radgan maT zoga<strong>da</strong>d ufro <strong>da</strong>bali klasisi ganaTlebaaqvT, rac zRu<strong>da</strong>vs maTi kvalifikaciisaTvis SesabamisisamuSaoebis raodenobas. meore mizezia, rom isiniZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d martoxela mSoblebi arian, rac warsulSicuSli<strong>da</strong> xels samuSao ZalaSi monawileobas (Corcoran,Heflin, and Reyes 1999:135). meqsikuri warmoSobis amerikelqalebsac evropuli warmoSobis amerikel qalebzenaklebi saskolo ganaTleba aqvT <strong>da</strong> nakleb Tavisufladfloben inglisur enas imisaTvis, rom garkveuli samu-SaoebisTvis kvalificirebulni iyvnen. Tanac geografiuladisini texassa <strong>da</strong> kaliforniaSi arian koncentrirebulni,sa<strong>da</strong>c Sromis bazari mcirea (Corcoran et al.1999:124). es grZelvadiani tendencia samuSao ZalaSimonawileobis mxriv qalTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva rasobriv <strong>da</strong>61
eTnikur jgufebs aaxloebs. rac Seexeba mamakacebs, miuxe<strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>misa, samuSao ZalaSi monawileobis mxriv gansxvavebebiSavkanian, TeTrkanian <strong>da</strong> espanuri warmoSobismamakacebs Soris izrdeba. espanuri warmoSobis <strong>mamakacebi</strong>albaT ufro metad monawileoben samuSao ZalaSi,vidre anglo-saqsuri warmoSobis <strong>mamakacebi</strong>, rac Ziri-Ta<strong>da</strong>d imitom xdeba, rom isini samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTSiarian koncentrirebulni, sa<strong>da</strong>c aqtualuria <strong>da</strong>saqmebasoflis meurneobaSi, es ki ar saWiroebs ganaTlebismaRal dones (Harrison and Bennett 1995). afro-amerikeli<strong>mamakacebi</strong>s done TeTrkaniani <strong>da</strong> espanuri warmoSobis<strong>mamakacebi</strong>s imave maCvenebelTan verc ki mova <strong>da</strong>baliganaTlebis gamo. agreTve amis mizezia sivrcobriviSeusabamoba maT sacxovrebel adgilebsa (qalaqis centraluriRaribi raioni) <strong>da</strong> samuSao adgilebs (gareubnebi)Soris, deindustrializacia (romelmac araproporciuladgaaqro is samuSaoebi, romelSiac isini iyvnenkoncentrirebulni) <strong>da</strong> araSromisunarioanobis maRalidone.Sejameba<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebSi industrializaciis droswarmoebis saxli<strong>da</strong>n maRaroebsa <strong>da</strong> qarxnebSi ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebamanazRaurebad mSromelebad aqcia <strong>mamakacebi</strong>, romlebsacyoveldRe uwev<strong>da</strong>T saxli<strong>da</strong>n gasvla qarxnebSi,maRaroebsa Tu ofisebSi samuSaod. am samsaxurebma gazardesmamakacis ekonomikuri roli ojaxSi, anu mamakaciCamoyalib<strong>da</strong>, rogorc misi ojaxisaTvis produqciismwarmoebeli, saWiro <strong>da</strong>, amave dros, mTavari marCenali,romelic am produqciis sayidel fuls gamoimuSaveb<strong>da</strong>.saSinao warmoebis Semcirebam ki, Tavis mxriv, qals62
uxilavi <strong>da</strong> socialurad gaufasurebuli amocanebi <strong>da</strong>utova,rogoricaa Sinameurneobis movla <strong>da</strong> bavSvis aRzr<strong>da</strong>.amgvarad, industrializaciis gariJraJze <strong>qalebi</strong>SezRuduli SesaZleblobebiT <strong>da</strong>rCnen. socialurma normebma<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTa mxri<strong>da</strong>n diskriminaciam SezRu<strong>da</strong>samuSao ZalaSi maTi monawileoba. Sedegad ki qalis gzaekonomikur usafrTxoebamde <strong>da</strong> Rirseul arsebobamdemxolod mis qmarze gadio<strong>da</strong>. Sin, araanazRaurebadsamuSaoze, momuSave <strong>qalebi</strong>sTvis ki imTaviTve miuwvdomeligax<strong>da</strong> is pativiscema, romliTac sazogadoeba ekonomikuradproduqtiul a<strong>da</strong>mians ajildovebs. mamakacebswilad xv<strong>da</strong>T socialuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri sargebeli,romelic maT mier saxli<strong>da</strong>n moSorebiT Sesrulebuli`WeSmariti~ samuSaos Sesabamisi iyo.Sromis sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>nawileba msoflioSimiuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom qveynebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebianSromis sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>nawilebis doneebiT,maT Soris garkveuli msgavsebac aris. jer erTi, arcerTi qveyana ar miiCnevs `<strong>da</strong>saqmebulad~ im a<strong>da</strong>mians,romelic sakuTar saxlSi asrulebs araanazRaurebadsamuSaos. a<strong>da</strong>mianTa didi raodenoba, upiratesad ki<strong>qalebi</strong>, romlebic sakuTar saxlSi araanazRaurebadmzrunvelobiT samuSaos asrulebs, statistikis miRmaa<strong>da</strong>rCenili maSinac ki, rodesac amgvari saSinao SromaSromiTi resursebis SesanarCuneblad ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvetia(Elson 2000:23,28) 5 . meore, samuSao ZalaSi qalTa monawileobamraval qveyanaSi 1970-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n gaizar<strong>da</strong>(United Nations 1999, 2000) <strong>da</strong> maT msoflios anazRaurebadisamsaxuriT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli mSromelebis 40 % Seadgines(World Bank 2000). am zrdis umetesi nawili ekonomikis63
araformalur seqtorze modio<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c Semosavali,sargebeli <strong>da</strong> SromiTi usafrTxoeba arasaimedoa (Elson2000; United Nations Population Fund 2000). mesamec,msoflios masStabiT qalTa Sroma naklebad faseulia,vidre <strong>mamakacebi</strong>sa, rac im viTarebaSic aisaxeba, rom,vinc <strong>da</strong>saqmebulia, mas <strong>da</strong>bali anazRaureba aqvs <strong>da</strong>, vincaraanazRaurebad saSinao saqmes asrulebs, mas <strong>da</strong>baliprestiJi <strong>da</strong> Zalaufleba aqvs (Chen 2000; R. Smith 1999).sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi ekonomikuri aqtiurobisdoneebs Soris2.2 <strong>da</strong> 2.3 cxrilebi warmogvidgens meoce saukunis<strong>da</strong>sasrulisaTvis 15 wlis <strong>da</strong> meti asakis ekonomikura<strong>da</strong>qtiuri mosaxleobis Sesaxeb monacemebs. <strong>da</strong>saqmebulqalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebze saerTaSoriso monacemebi yurad-RebiT un<strong>da</strong> ganixilebodes. aRricxvis specialistTa <strong>da</strong>respodentTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebam imisadmi, Tu ra Seadgensekonomikur aqtiurobas, <strong>qalebi</strong>s cnobil tendenciasTanerTad, imuSaon uxilav an Znelad gasazom amocanebze(rogoricaa araformaluri Sroma an saarsebo saSualebebiswarmoeba), SesaZloa, qalTa ekonomikuri aqtiurobisarasaTanadod Sefasebamde migviyvanos (UnitedNations Population Fund 2000: technical notes to Table 5d) 6 .ufro metic, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c monacemebs asakis ze<strong>da</strong> zRvariar aqvs, maTSi arasaTanado<strong>da</strong>a Sefasebuli orive sqesisekonomikuri aqtiurobis doneebi im regionebSi, romlebSicpensiaze adre gadian, magaliTad, evropasa <strong>da</strong>skandinaviaSi. <strong>da</strong> mainc, Cven SegviZlia gamovitanoTgarkveuli <strong>da</strong>skvnebi msoflios masStabiT Sromis sqesisniSniT <strong>da</strong>nawilebis Sesaxeb.ekonomikur aqtiurobaSi qalTa monawileoba yvela-64
ze <strong>da</strong>balia muslimanur sazogadoebebSi, romlebic mkacradewevian sqesTa segregacias. magaliTad, saudis arabeTsa<strong>da</strong> pakistanSi mamakacTa 4/5 Sedis samuSao ZalaSi,<strong>qalebi</strong>s 1/5-ze naklebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. palestinis okupirebulteritoriebze qalTa mxolod 8 procenti iyoekonomikurad aqtiuri, mamakacTa 68 procentTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,xolo 17 procenti – eraySi, mamakacTa 75 %-TanSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT. aramuslimanur ganviTarebad qveynebSi, rogorebicaameqsika <strong>da</strong> brazilia, <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s ekonomikuriaqtiurobis done bevrad sWarbobs <strong>qalebi</strong>sas, rac imkulturuli tradiciebis gamo xdeba, romlebic adgenenvin un<strong>da</strong> imuSaos saxlis gareT. meqsikaSi, magaliTad,<strong>qalebi</strong>s maCvenebeli 39 procentia, <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s 84 procentTanSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT; braziliaSi ki <strong>qalebi</strong>s ekonomikuriaqtiurobis done 51 procentia, <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s 82 procent-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.afrikis kontinentze, tanzaniaSi, mozambiksa <strong>da</strong> burundiSi,samuSao ZalaSi qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa monawileobisyvelaze maRali maCvenebeli aRiniSneba – 83 %qali <strong>da</strong> 90 %-ze meti mamakaci. samuSao ZalaSi qalTamonawileobis maRali donea CineTSic (74 %, xolo <strong>mamakacebi</strong>smonawileobis maCvenebelia 86 %), rac marqsistuliideolgiiT aris ganpirobebuli, romlis mixedviTacyvela unariani a<strong>da</strong>miani movalea <strong>da</strong> uflebamosiliaiSromos. <strong>da</strong>savleT evropel qalTa monawileobasamuSao ZalaSi sxva ganviTarebul qveynebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTmcirea, rac metwilad qalis saSinao rolis wamaxalisebelisajaro politkis Sedegia. <strong>da</strong>savleT evropisqveynebSi qalTa monawileobis maCvenebeli saSualod 59%, xolo aRmosavleT evropaSi - 53 % (mamakacTa maCvenebeliorive regionSi 70 procentia). SeerTebulStatebsa <strong>da</strong> kana<strong>da</strong>Si qalTa monawileobis done 6065
procentamdea, xolo mamakacTa 75 %. samuSao ZalaSimonawileobis sqesTa Soris arsebuli zRvari kidev ufromcirea skandinaviis qveynebSi, magaliTad, SvedeTsa(sa<strong>da</strong>c qalTa wili 65 %, xolo mamakacTa _ 72 procentia)<strong>da</strong> norvegiaSi (sa<strong>da</strong>c qalTa wili 68 % iyo <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa78 %). es nawilobriv gamowveulia sajaro politikiT,romelic xels uwyobs qalis anazRaurebadi Sromisa<strong>da</strong> saSinao saqmianobis SeTavsebas dekretul Svebulebebsa<strong>da</strong> naxevarganakveTian samuSao dReze. am magaliTebSi,SesaZloa, <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT ekonomikuri gavlenis,socialuri politikis, <strong>da</strong> kulturuli normebis gavlena.araformaluri seqtoriindustriul samyaroSi <strong>da</strong>saqmeba Cveulebriv <strong>da</strong>msaqmebelsa<strong>da</strong> mSromels Soris formalur urTierTobasmoiazrebs. ganviTarebad qveynebSi ki <strong>da</strong>saqmebis metiwili araformalur seqtorze nawildeba. am seqtorSiSedian mcire sawarmoebi, aq <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli regularulimuSakebi <strong>da</strong> araregularuli muSakebi arafiqsirebuli<strong>da</strong>saqmebiT (Elson 2000:25). es seqtori moicavs rogorcanazRaurebad, agreTve araanazRaurebad samuSaos, gansakuTrebiTki saojaxo biznessa <strong>da</strong> fermebSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebula<strong>da</strong>mianebs. araformaluri ekonomikis warmomadgenlebiarian TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli an sxvebis mier <strong>da</strong>saqmebulia<strong>da</strong>mianebi, magaliTad, mcire maRaziebis mflobelebi<strong>da</strong> garemovaWreebi. amgvari muSakebi asrulebenmTel rig <strong>da</strong>valebebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad anazRaurebisTviswerilebis wera, tkbileulis SefuTva, nagvismogroveba <strong>da</strong> gatana, garemovaWreoba, seqs-muSakoba.araformalur seqtorSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa saqmianobas ver66
faravs verc profkavSirebi <strong>da</strong> verc Sromis maregulirebelinormebi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare isini nakleba<strong>da</strong>rian uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>zRveviT ansamsaxureobrivi usafrTxoebiT. formalur ekonomikas-Tan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT araformalur seqtorSi anazraurebamcirea, xolo samuSao pirobebi- rTuli (Pyle 1999:82).araformalur seqtorSi aTasobiT qali <strong>da</strong> mamakacimuSaobs. zogierTi gamoTvlis Tanaxmad, soflis meurneobismuSakebis CaTvliT, afrikisa <strong>da</strong> aziis mSromelTasaerTo raodenobis, xolo laTinur amerikaSi TiTqmisnaxevari araformalur seqtorSi moRvaweobs 7 . miuxe<strong>da</strong>vadimisa, rom araformalur ekonomikaSi qalTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebiswili sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvaria, amseqtorSi mamakacebze metad <strong>qalebi</strong> arian <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli(Elson 2000; Unite Nations 2000).globalizaciagasuli ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi globalizaciisprocesebis gansakuTrebuli zrdis momswrenigavxdiT. es procesi kapitalis mflobelebs mTel msoflioSicvalebadi ekonomikuri pirobebis viTarebaSifulis, saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> Sromis swrafi brunvis saSualebasaZlevs. globalizacia mravali mizeziT aris gamowveuli:iseTi mZlavri institutebis moqmedebiT, rogoricaamravalerovnuli korporaciebi <strong>da</strong> msesxebeli organizaciebi,magaliTad, msoflio banki <strong>da</strong> saerTaSorisosavaluto fondi, aseve vaWrobasa <strong>da</strong> investiciebzesaxelmwifo kontrolis moxsna, axali sainformacio<strong>da</strong> komunikaciis saSualebebis gavrcelebiT (Elson2000: 29;Pyle 1999). im faqtis gamo, rom globalizaciiswarmmarTveli mravali saxis makroekonomikuri poli-67
tika swored mamkacs aRiqvams, rogorc ZiriTad Semomtansa<strong>da</strong> col-Svilis marCenals, globalizaciis efeqtebigenderizebulia. (Sen 2000;United Nations 1999).eqsportis ganviTareba, rac saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebisqveynis gareT gasatanad warmoebas gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong>ara qveynis Si<strong>da</strong> moxmarebas, ganviTrebadi erebisaTvis1960-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n zr<strong>da</strong>di mniSvnelobis strategiadiqca. swored am strategiis Sedegia garkveul seqtorSi<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT, saqonlis warmoebis sferoSi qalTasul ufro zr<strong>da</strong>di CarTuloba (Joekes and Weston 1994).qalTa <strong>da</strong>bali anazRaureba <strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTa mier maTi<strong>da</strong>qiravebis xelSemwyobi mizezia; magaliTad 1994 welssamxreT koreeli qalis xelfasi mamakacis xelfasis 58%-s Seadgen<strong>da</strong> (Kim and Kim 1995). xelmarjve, <strong>da</strong>myoli<strong>da</strong> momabezrebeli samuSaos momTmeni qalis stereotipi<strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTa mier amgvari samsaxurebis umetesobazeqalTa arCevis kidev erT mizezad iqca (Domosh andSeager 2001: 52; Pyle 1999:90) 8 . saeqsporto produqciiswarmoebaSi CarTul mamkacTa <strong>da</strong> qalTa TanafardobisSesaxeb monacemebis moZieba rTulia (Pyle 1999), magramcnobilia, rom meqsikaSi, taivanSi, Sri lankaSi, malaiziasa<strong>da</strong> filipinebze saeqsporto saqonlis warmoebisqarxnebSi muSebis 80%-s swored <strong>qalebi</strong> Seadgenen, xolosamxreT koreasa <strong>da</strong> gvatemalaSi es maCvenebeli 70 %-ia(Domosh and Seager 2001:49).68
gamosaxuleba 2.2. qalTa ekonomikuri aqtiurobis doneebi, 1995-1997.69
gamosaxuleba 2.3. mamakacTa ekonomikuri aqtiurobis doneebi, 1995-199770
mravalerovani korporaciebi (MNC) ukanaskneli20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ZiriTad <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebad iqcnen.mTel rig aziur, afrikulsa <strong>da</strong> laTino-amerikul qveynebSiwarmoebis sferos samuSao adgilebis 20% swore<strong>da</strong>mgvar korporaciebze modis (Joekes and Weston 1994).im seqtorebSi, romlebSic biznesis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebSi xelfasebsmowyobiloba-<strong>da</strong>nadgarebze meti wili aqvT, <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebiswored qal muSaxels aniWeben upiratesobas,radgan maT mamakacebze gacilebiT naklebs uxdian. ammizeziT mravalerovani korporaciebi mZime mrewvelobisseqtorSi metwilad mamakacebs asaqmeben (magaliTad, nav-Tobproduqtebis warmoebasa <strong>da</strong> manqanaTmSeneblobaSi),xolo samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoebasa (magaliTad,eleqtronuli nawarmi, fexsacmelebis warmoeba) <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebisseqtorSi (pretenziebis ganxilva <strong>da</strong> aviabileTebis<strong>da</strong>javSna) ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>qalebi</strong> arian <strong>da</strong>sqmebulni(Pyle 1999:90).marTalia, mravalerovani korporaciebi adgilobriv<strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebze maRal anazRaurebas sTavazoben mSromelebs,magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa amgvar korporaciebSi<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli qalebsac <strong>da</strong> kacebsac xSirad uwevT savaldebuloxangrZlivi Sroma <strong>da</strong>matebiT saaTebSi, Sromisprocesi <strong>da</strong>Cqarebulia, xolo samuSao pirobebi saxifa-Toa janmrTelobisaTvis (Pyle 1999:91;2001). samuSao pirobebissimkacre nawilobriv <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia saeqsportowarmoebaSi ama Tu im eris CarTulobis xangrZlivobaze.cnobilia, rom im qveynebSi, romlebSic amgvar warmoebasSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT xangrZlivi istoria aqvs mSromelebisxelfasebic maRalia <strong>da</strong> samuSao pirobebic ukeTesi, racTavad mSromelTa <strong>da</strong>msaxurebaa (Pyle 1999:91). Tumca mSromelTaorganizebis amgvarma mcdelobebma, SesaZloa,moulodnelad sapirispiro Sedegebamde migviyvanos;moklevadian perspeqtivaSi man, SesaZloa, policiurirepresiebi gamoiwvios, xolo grZelvadian perspeqtivaSimravalnacionaluri kompaniebi sxva qveynaze aiReben orientaciasSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro morCili muSaxelis saZebnelad(Pyle 2001).71
ganaTlebuli, profesionali <strong>qalebi</strong>saTvis, romlebsacxeli miuwvdebaT kapitalze, globalizaciam ukeTesianazRaurebisa <strong>da</strong> meti TviTmyofadobis SesaZleblobebiuzrunvelyo (Elson 2000;Pyle 1999:84).naklebi profesiuli unar-Cvevebis mqone mamakacebsa<strong>da</strong> qalebze gelobalizaciis gavlena Sereul xasiaTsatarebs, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi (Pyle1999:102). kompiuterul sferoSi kargi ganaTlebis mqonemamakaci globalur samyaroSi sakmaod warmtebulia ma-Sin, roca naklebi profesiuli Cvevebis mqone mamakaciZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mSenebeblobaSi an maRaroSia <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli sakmaodsaSiS <strong>da</strong> nakleb usafrTxo samuSaoze. globalizaciisgavlena mSromelebze nawilobriv imazea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli,Tu ramdenad aris esa Tu is eri intergrirebuliglobalur ekonomikaSi. saerTaSoriso konkurenciaSimetwilad is faqti moiazreba, rom saqonlis <strong>da</strong>mzadebamsoflios romeliRac sxva kuTxeSi gacilebiT iafad arisSesaZlebeli. am mizeziT globalizaciis Sedegad samuSaoZalaSi CarTulma muSaxelma, SesaZloa, <strong>da</strong>kargos samsaxuri,rodesac mravalerovnuli korporacia qveyanas<strong>da</strong>tovebs. magaliTad, zog adgilas globalizacia qalimSromelebis erTi jgufs sxvebis xarjze waaxalisebs.magaliTad aseT faqts hqon<strong>da</strong> adgili, rodesac Crdiloamerikuli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebis Sedegadkompaniebma warmoeba karibis zRvis auzi<strong>da</strong>n meqsikaSi ga<strong>da</strong>itanes(Joekes and Weston 1994).globalizaciam saerTaSoriso migraciis procesebic<strong>da</strong>aCqara. marTalia, zr<strong>da</strong>srul migrantTa did nawils<strong>mamakacebi</strong> Seadgenen, magram <strong>qalebi</strong>s wilic ukanasknelwlebSi swrafad imatebs(Elson 2000:31). magaliTad, mravaliazieli qali droebiTi emigrantia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebulia rogorcSinamosamsaxure an `gamrTobi~ (Oishi2001;Pyle2001).amgvar samuSaoebze qalTa waxalisebis (an Tun<strong>da</strong>c nebarTvis)mixedviT gansxvavdebian aziuri qveynebi. zogi qveyanamxars uWers amgvar migraciul process, raTa gaaumjobesossagareo savaWro balansi, sxvebi ki qalis Rirsebis<strong>da</strong>cvis TvalsazrisiT krZalaven amgvar qcevas.72
<strong>da</strong>sasrul un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom globaluri ekonomikisuZlieresi institucionaluri aqtorebi – mravalerovnulikorporaciebi <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso savaWro organizaciebi-genderul Tanasworobas sulac ar isaxavenmiznad. amgvari miznebis mqone institutebi, magaliTad,rogoricaa gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, SromissaerTaSoriso organizacia <strong>da</strong> mravali sxva arasamTavroboorganizacia, mravalnacionalur korporaciebsa <strong>da</strong>savaWro organizaciebze gacilebiT naklebi instituciuriZalauflebiT sargebloben (Pyle 1999:98). ase rom, axalekonomikaSi qalTa Tanaswor integracias sakmaod sustisafuZveli aqvs Cayrili. ufor metic, vinai<strong>da</strong>n saerTaSorisofinansur sistemas ar gaaCnia garkveuli struqtura,romelic globalizaciiT Seqmnil safrTxesa <strong>da</strong> risksgaumklavdeba, es riski gamovlindeba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d msoflioekonomikis qve<strong>da</strong> doneebze momuSaveTa rigebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>cmetwilad <strong>qalebi</strong> arian koncentritebulni. ase rom, marTalia,ekonomikuri recesiisa <strong>da</strong> krizisebis dros mamakacebsac<strong>da</strong> qalebsac Tanabrad emuqrebaT samuSaos <strong>da</strong>kargva,<strong>qalebi</strong> gacilebiT ufro mowyvladi arian (Pyle 1999:102).Sejamebaam TavSi ganxiluli iyo mTavari gza, romliTac industrializaciamSecvala Sromis sqesis niSniT <strong>da</strong>nawileba:mox<strong>da</strong> mamakacTa saxlis gareT anazRaurebad samsaxurebSikoncentrireba, xolo qalTa, piriqiT _ araanazRaurebadsaSinao saqmianobaSi. <strong>da</strong>savlur samyaroSiSromis amgvarma <strong>da</strong>nawilebam ukidures zRvars mecxrametesaukuneSi miaRwia. amis Sedegebi dResac cocxlobs rogorcqalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Sromis Taobaze genderizebulmosazrebebSi, aseve <strong>da</strong>savlursa <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebSiqalTa Sromis gaufasurebaSi. meoTxe Tavi immeore formasac ganixilavs, rac industrializaciisassqesis niSniT Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebam miiRo – esaa <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli<strong>qalebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong>sTvis gansxvavebuli saxisSromis segregacia.73
SeniSvnebi1. XIX saukunis bolos, roca industrializacia iaponiaSicganxorciel<strong>da</strong>, aq aseve iyo warmodgenili mxolod<strong>qalebi</strong>T <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuli manufaqturuli warmoebebi(Kondo 1990:269-70).2. zogierT istorikoss wams, rom amgvar manufaqturulwarmoebebs maTi mflobelebi rogorc bordels isemoiazrebdnen (Herihy 1990:85).3. britaneTSi meTvramete-mecxramete saukuneSi maRarosa<strong>da</strong> qarxnis mflobelebi Riad eweoden muSebis eqsploatacias.eqvsi wlis bavSvebi <strong>da</strong> samoci wlis xan<strong>da</strong>zmuli<strong>qalebi</strong> qvanaxSiris karierebze, tyviis sabadoebSiSromobdnen. sabados ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelis sityvebiT, isini`muxlamde wyalSi~ muSaobdnen. komisari qalebsa <strong>da</strong>bavSvebs aRwers, rogorc `ZaRlebiviT, qamarSebmulebi,uRel<strong>da</strong>debulebi... xelebze <strong>da</strong> muxlebze mcocavni...nestian, WuWyian iatakebze mZime tvirTs rommiaTrevdnen~ (Pinchbuk 1930:248-9). qarxnebi <strong>da</strong> maRaroebi<strong>mamakacebi</strong>sTvisac saxifaTo iyo. magaliTad, mamakacebs,romlebic teqstilis qarxnebSi saqsov manqanebzemuSaobdnen, 160 funtiani CarCos aweva uxdebo<strong>da</strong>Tyovel sam wamSi dReSi 12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi(Cohen 1985).4. samuSao ZalaSi monawileobis wili gauTxovari evropeli<strong>da</strong> amerikeli <strong>qalebi</strong>sTvis 45%-s warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>,afro-amerikeli <strong>qalebi</strong>sTvis – 59 %-s, xolo azielamerikeli<strong>qalebi</strong>sTvis – 39%-s (Amott and Matthei1991: cxrili 9.2).5. mraval qveyanaSi sa<strong>da</strong>c ekonomikurma gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebmasazogadoebriv sferoSi <strong>da</strong>finansebis SezRudva gamoiwviasaSinao saqmianobis tvirTi <strong>da</strong>mZim<strong>da</strong>. saxelmwifoSezRudvebi TavisTaad gulisxmobs, rom am saxismomsaxureba saSinao sferos un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekisros (Pyle1999:85; gaerTianebuli erebis mosaxleobis fondi2000 United Nations Population Fund 2000).74
6. gaerTianebuli erebis mosaxleobis fondis Tanaxmad(2000: me-5-e cxrilis teqnikuri SeniSvnebi) ekonomikura<strong>da</strong>qtiur mosaxleobaSi moiazrebian: yvela<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli Tu <strong>da</strong>usaqmebeli piri, maT Soris vincpirvelad eZebs samsaxurs, iuridiuli piris statusisarmqone sawarmos mflobelebi, TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi,<strong>da</strong>saqmebuli pirebi, ojaxis wevrebi, romlebsac saqmianobaSisakuTari wvlili SeaqvT, mewarmeTa kooperativiswevrebi <strong>da</strong> SeiaraRebuli ZalebSi momsaxurepirebi. aqve gaTvaliswinebulia aseve iseTi arafuladisaqmianobebi, rogoricaa sakuTari moxmarebisTvissakvebis warmoeba, wylis zidva, sawvavis (SeSis) Segroveba,sakuTari sacxovreblis ageba, SekeTeba <strong>da</strong> ganaxleba.7. soflis meurneobis muSakTa gamoklebiT, afrikasa <strong>da</strong>aziaSi qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa naxevari, xolo laTinuramerikasa <strong>da</strong> karibis zRvis mosazRvre qveynebSi– <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa erTi meoTxedi am seqtorSimoiazreba(Elson 2000:25).8. marTalia mravali <strong>da</strong>msaqmebeli amgvar Tvisebebs mxolo<strong>da</strong>xalgazr<strong>da</strong> gauTxovar qalebs miawer<strong>da</strong>, mravalqveyanaSi maTi umeteosba ukve gaTxovil qalebzeorientirdeba.75
III Tavisqesobrivi uTanasworoba <strong>da</strong>saqmebisas -zogadi mimoxilvawinamdebare TavSi ganxilulia Tanamdrove amerikaSisamuSao adgilebze arsebuli qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa araTanabaristatusi <strong>da</strong> am uTanasworobis mizezebi.Tanamdrove amerikaSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebisas arsebuli sqesobriviuTanasworobaTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi sqesobrivi uTanasworobaZalian xSirad swored <strong>da</strong>saqmebisas gamovlindeba.samuSao adgilebze sqesTa diferenciacias xels uwyobsis, rom qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs gansxvavebul samu-Sao pirobebSi aqceven <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulsaqmianobas akisreben. <strong>da</strong>saqmebisas arsebul sqesobrivdiferenciacias Sedegad mosdevs qalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa SorisanazRaurebis, gavlenis sferoebisa <strong>da</strong> socialuristatusis araTanabari ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba, radganac zr<strong>da</strong>srula<strong>da</strong>mianTa umravlesoba swored samsaxuris saSualebiTaxerxebs Semosavlis wyarosa <strong>da</strong> garkveuli socialuristatusis mopovebas. <strong>da</strong> bolos, samsaxurebrivi urTier-Tobebisas SasaZloa <strong>qalebi</strong> faruli <strong>da</strong> naklebad farulisaxiT gamovlenili sqesobrivi uTanasworobis msxverplnigaxdnen, Tavsmoxveuli mamobrivi mzrunvelobiTa <strong>da</strong>seqsualuri zewoliT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli, ignorirebiTa <strong>da</strong> devniT<strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli. rac Seexeba mamakacebs, imave mizeziTmaT SeiZleba ufro meti saaTis ganmavlobaSi mouwioTmuSaobam <strong>da</strong> isic saxifaTo samuSao pirobebSi.<strong>da</strong>saqmebisas, rogorc wesi gamovlindeba sami tipis sqesobriviuTanasworoba:76
• sqesobrivi segregacia - pirveli TavSi ganvixileT is,Tu kacobriobis istoriis manZilze rogor warimar-Tebo<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis mier Sromis sqesobrivi <strong>da</strong>nawileba,rac gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> <strong>qalebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong>saTvissxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis samuSaos <strong>da</strong>kisrebas. sqesobrivi segregaciasqesobrivi niSniT Sromis <strong>da</strong>yofis aRmniSvneliterminia <strong>da</strong> gulisxmobs <strong>qalebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong>sgansxvavebuli tipis samuSaoebSi masiur CarTvas.rogorc mTels msoflioSi, amerikaSic samuSao adgilebisqesobrivi segregaciis niSniTaa gansazRvruli.rogorc wesi, <strong>mamakacebi</strong> muSaoben sxva mamakacebTanerTad, xolo <strong>qalebi</strong> ki _ sxva qalebTa koleqtivSi.Zalian iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac amerikel mSromelssapirispiro sqesis iseTi TanamSromeli hyavs,romelic imave tipis samuSaos asrulebs, imave <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblisaTvis,imave adgilsa <strong>da</strong> imave cvlaSi (Carringtonand Troske 1994; Nelson and Bridges 1999; Petersenand Morgan 1995)). vis rogori samuSaos Sesrulebamouwevs, amis gansazRvra ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, sqesis gar<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis maxasiaTeblebiTac _ rasobrivi, eTnikuri<strong>da</strong> asakobrivi niSniT _ xdeba. magaliTad, afro-amerikeli<strong>qalebi</strong> meqsikuri warmoSobis amerikeli <strong>qalebi</strong>sagangansxvavebul samuSaos asruleben, xolo amukanasknelTa warmomadgenloba sakmaod <strong>da</strong>balia imsamuSao adgilebze, sa<strong>da</strong>c umravlesobas evropel-amerikeli<strong>qalebi</strong> warmoadgenen. evropuli, meqsikuri <strong>da</strong>aziuri warmoSobis amerikeli <strong>mamakacebi</strong>c sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvatipis samuSaoebSi arian Tavmoyrilni. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos,rom is samsaxurebi, romlebSic <strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong>umravlesobebad <strong>da</strong> umciresobebad arian <strong>da</strong>yofilni,ara Tu erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli, aramed erTmaneTisaraTanabari samuSao adgilebia.• sqesobrivi niSniT gansxvaveba <strong>da</strong>winaurebisas <strong>da</strong> gavlenissferoebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebisas. saerTo suraTisTanaxmad, <strong>da</strong>winaurebisas mamakacebs qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>re-77
iT aranairi privilegia ar gaaCniaT. Tumca, romelimeqvejgufis an konkretuli samuSao situaciis SemTxvevaSiesa Tu is sqesi aucileblad sargeblobs garkveuliupiratesobiT. mamakacebs organizaciebSi kvlavmaRali Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT, xolo profesiebisa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis sferoebis SemTxvevaSi ki umaRlesi wodebebismatarebelni arian. maSinac, rodesac vsaubrobTe.w. qalur saqmianobaze, magaliTad, eqTnadmuSaobaze, Tuki samsaxureobrivi pozicia maRalia,Zalian didia imis albaToba, rom es pozicia mamakacma<strong>da</strong>ikavos (Williams 1995). rogorc wesi, <strong>qalebi</strong>saTvis,romelTac samsaxurebSi saSualo poziciebi ukaviaT,maRal Tanamdebobze ga<strong>da</strong>svla faqtiurad SeuZlebelixdeba. es movlena cnobilia rogorc SuSis Weri - uxilaviWeri, romelic mSromelebs <strong>da</strong>winaurebaSi uSliTxels. es ar niSnavs imas, rom cudi samuSao adgilebi<strong>qalebi</strong>T aris Sevsebuli, xolo kargi samsaxurebi ki- <strong>mamakacebi</strong>T arian <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebuli. orive sqesiswarmomadgenlebi ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebulni arian, rogorckarg ise cud samsaxurebSi. magram, meore mxriv, Tukisaqmianobis TvalsazrisiT ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas mivaqcevTyuradRebas, <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom <strong>mamakacebi</strong>, marTlac, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>dkarg samsaxurebSi arian Tavmoyrilni, xoloqalTa samuSaoebis umetesoba arasaxarbieloa (Kalleberg,Reskin, and Hudson 2000, gamosaxuleba 4). gar<strong>da</strong>amisa, <strong>qalebi</strong> yovelTvis ufro nakleb xalxs uwevenze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobas, vidre <strong>mamakacebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> finansur resursebsaciSviaTad akontroleben. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, romqali menejerebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizar<strong>da</strong>,ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, gansakuTrebiT kimniSvnelovani sakiTxebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetaSi, isini mamakacebTanSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT nakleb monawileobas iReben (Jacobs1992; Reskin and Ross 1992).• sqesobrivi niSniT gansxvaveba anazRaurebisas – mTelmsoflioSi <strong>da</strong> maT Soris a.S.S-Si mamakacebs gacilebiTmaRali anazRaureba aqvT, vidre qalebs. magaliTad,78
21-e saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi a.S.S.–Si <strong>qalebi</strong>, romlebicmTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi sruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT muSaobdnen,im gasamrjelos <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 72% iRebdnen,rasac mamakacebs imave samuSaos SesrulebaSi Cveulebrivuxdidnen (U.S Census Bureau 1998, 1999, 2000a).anu, Tu mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi sruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTviTmomuSave qali 1 dolars iReb<strong>da</strong>, mamakacs imave samuSaoSi1 dolari <strong>da</strong> 39 centi eZleo<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<strong>mamakacebi</strong>, <strong>qalebi</strong>sagan gansxvavebiT, rogorc wesijanmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>zRveviTa <strong>da</strong> sxva tipis SeRavaTebiTsargebloben. anazRaurebisa <strong>da</strong> SeRavaTebis gacemisdros arsebuli uTanasworobis Sedegebi wlebis SemdegaciCens Tavs: pensionerebs Soris qalebs gacilebiTnaklebi Semosavali aqvT <strong>da</strong> maTi siRaribis donegacilebiT maRalia vidre <strong>mamakacebi</strong>sa. 1997 wels moxucebuligauTxovari <strong>qalebi</strong>s saSualo wliuri Semosavali11 161 dolars Seadgen<strong>da</strong>, maSin, rodesac moxuc<strong>da</strong>uqorwinebel mamakacebze 14 769 dolari, xolomoxuc <strong>da</strong>qorwinebul wyvilze ki saSualod 29 278dolari gaicemo<strong>da</strong> (National Economic Council IntegracyWorking Group on Social Security 1998). Sedegad, moxuca<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris <strong>qalebi</strong>s 13%, xolo <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s ki 7%siRaribeSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>.momdevno sam TavSi ufro zemdmiwevniT iqneba ganxiluli,Tu rogor <strong>da</strong> ratom aris genderi im privilegiebTan<strong>da</strong> xelis SemSlel faqtorebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli,romelTa Sesaxeb zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari. aqve warmodgeniliiqneba socialur mecnierebaTa specialistebis Sexedulebebiam tipis sqesobriv uTanasworobaTa Sesaxeb.79
samuSao adgilebze arsebuli sqesobrivi uTanasworobismizezebisamuSao adgilebze sqesobrivi uTanasworobis Senar-Cunebas nawilobriv sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ideologiacuwyobs xels. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, is, vinc am uTanasworobiT sargeblobs,<strong>da</strong>interesebulia SeinarCunos iseTi socialuriwyoba, romelic mis priviligirebul mgomareobas xels arSeuSlis. magram vidre farTod gavrcelebul sqesobrivuTanasworobas aseT zogad axsnas movunaxavT, mniSvnelovaniagvaxsovdes, rom mxolod iseTi movlenis axsnaa Sesa-Zlebeli, romelic mravalferovani <strong>da</strong> cvalebadia. im SemTxvevaSi,Tuki samuSao adgilebze sqesobrivi uTanasworobismaCvenebeli yvelgan <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis Tanabrad maRaliiqnebo<strong>da</strong>, maSin Cven aRar mogvecemo<strong>da</strong> araviTari saSualebamogvekvlia misi gamomwvevi mizezebi. Sesabamisad, mxolodvaraudiT Tu vixelmZRvanelebdiT. gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n,rom mTels msoflioSi <strong>da</strong> maT Soris a.S.S-ic samuSaoadgilebze sqesobrivi uTanasworobis done sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvaria,Cven gveZleva saSualeba gamovikvlioT sqesobriviuTanasworobis maRal <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bal doneebis xelSemwyobi faqtorebi<strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad avxsnaT Tavad es fenomeni.ZiriTad ganvixilavT genderisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis Sesaxeb<strong>da</strong>savluri kulturisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel tradiciebsa<strong>da</strong> warmodgenebs, Tumca <strong>da</strong>savluri Sexedulebebi <strong>da</strong> warmodgenebiaraviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris universaluri.rogorc pirvel TavSi aRvniSneT, SesaZlebelia, rom erTsa<strong>da</strong> imave samuSaos or gansxvavebul kulturul garemoSiasrulebdnen an <strong>qalebi</strong>, an <strong>mamakacebi</strong>. xSirad gare<strong>da</strong>nSemosuli zegavlenis Sedegad kulturuli Rirebulebebiicvleba. anTropologebma, geografebma <strong>da</strong> istorikosebmanaTlad warmoaCines is, rom Sromis sqesobriviniSniT <strong>da</strong>yofis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>savluri warmodgenebisa <strong>da</strong> Sexedulebebisgavrcelebam ara<strong>da</strong>savlur sazogadoebebSiam ukanasknelTa rigebSi qalis tradiciuli ekonomikuriroli mniSvnelovnad Searyia. magaliTad, indoeTSi e.w.80
`mwvane revoluciam~ (maRalproduqtiuli Teslebis, qimiurisasuqebis <strong>da</strong> pesticidebis Setanam) qal muSaxelzemoTxovnileba Seamcira, radgan farTomasStabiani meqanizirebulisoflis moeurneobis ganviTarebam win wamowiatradiciuli mamakacuri samuSaoebi (Dunlop and Velkoff1999). ase rom, Tuki adre 20 qali iyo saWiro imisaTvis,rom brinji xeliT <strong>da</strong>efqvaT, axla mxolod erTi mamakaciamuSaveb<strong>da</strong> safqvav manqanas (Ramamurthy 1996:473). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vadimisa, rom zairSi wyalTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saqmianobaZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qalTa kompetenciaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>, rodesac1994 wels ruandis ltolvilTa krizisTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gasawevad Cavidnen, wyalgayvanilobissakiTxebSi mxolod <strong>mamakacebi</strong> moamzades <strong>da</strong> ara<strong>qalebi</strong> (Enloe 2000). imdenad didi iyo krizisis Semsubuqebissurvili, rom iq Casul <strong>da</strong>mxmareebs erTi wuTiTacar ucdiaT eWvis qveS <strong>da</strong>eyenebinaT sqesobrivad stereotipuliSexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom teqnikuri tipis<strong>da</strong>valebebi <strong>da</strong> samsaxuri mxolod mamakacTa kompetenciaa.rac Seexeba Si<strong>da</strong> kulturul cvlilebebs, Talibanis mTavrobam,rodesac igi 1996-2001 wlebSi avRaneTs marTav<strong>da</strong>,qalebs yvela saxis sajaro samsaxuri aukrZala, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vadimisa, rom aTwleulebis manZilze avRaneli <strong>qalebi</strong>muSaxelis aqtiur nawils warmoadgendnen. Tumca, msgavsicvlilebebi mxolod kulturuli procesebiT rodiaganpirobebuli. avRaneTis SemTxvevaSi, Talibanis islamur-fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisturireJimi nawilobriv s.s.r.k-sa <strong>da</strong>a.S.S.-s adrindeli qmedebebiT <strong>da</strong> aseve saudis arabeTisa<strong>da</strong> pakistanis regionaluri mmarTvelobiTac iyo ganpirobebuli(Burns and Levine 1996).aqve Cven ganvixilavT im zogad faqtorebs, romlebicsamuSao adgilebze sqesobrivi uTanasworobis sakmaodmaRali xarisxis SenarCunebas xels uwyoben. cotamogvianebiT ki SevecdebiT gamovavlinoT, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samuSaopirobebSi sqesobrivi uTanasworobis rogorc ma-Ral, ise <strong>da</strong>bal donesTan asocirebuli faqtorebi.81
genderuli ideologia <strong>da</strong> uTanasworoba <strong>da</strong>saqmebisasuTanasworobis nebismier formas garkveuli ideologiisarseboba uwyobs xels, romlis saSualebiTac<strong>da</strong>dgenilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis privilegiebi <strong>da</strong> jildoebi.genderuli ideologia warmoadgens im Sexedulebebis er-Tobliobas, romelTa mixedviTac ganisazRvreba rogorcTiToeuli sqesis raoba, aseve is, Tu rogoria an rogoriun<strong>da</strong> iyos maT Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi. genderuliideologiis Sinaarsi gansazRvravs sqesobriv stereotipebsa<strong>da</strong> qcevis im normebs, romelTa <strong>da</strong>cvac moeTxovebaTa<strong>da</strong>mianebs. me-19 saukuneSi alfred lord tenisonismier <strong>da</strong>werili leqsi mTeli msoflios masStabiT arsebuligenderuli ideologiis SexedulebaTa ilustraciaa:`kaci mindorSi <strong>da</strong> qali saxlSi;xmali kacisTvis <strong>da</strong> nemsi qalisTvis:kaci TaviTa <strong>da</strong> qali ki guliT:kaci brZanebs <strong>da</strong> qali ki asrulebs;sxvagvarad qaosia. `pirveli Sexeduleba, romelic am leqsSi fiqsirdeba,aris is, rom <strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong> Sinaganad gansxvavdebianerTamaneTisgan <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva cxovrebiseulrolebs ergebian. aq <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebuli ideologiuriganacxadi, mdgomareobs ara mxolod imaSi, rom ori sqesigansxvavebulia erTamaneTisagan, aramed imaSi, rom isinierTmaneTis sapirispironi arian. is, rasac erTi sqesiwarmoadgens, meore sqesisagan absoluturad sxvaobs. tenisonisleqsSi gaJRerebuli meore Sexeduleba ki gaxlavTis, rom mamakacs goneba (`Tavi~) marTavs, xolo qalsemocia (`guli~), rac kidev erTxel xazs usvams imas, romsapirispiro sqesis warmomadgenlebi cxovrebiseul saki-Txebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad agvareben.rogorc pirvel TavSi iyo xazgasmuli, sqesobrivigansxvavebebi SemTxveviT xasiaTs ar atarebs; sazogadoebebmasakmaod grZeli gza ganvles, raTa sakuTari Tavi82
<strong>da</strong>erwmunebinaT imaSi, rom ori sqesi erTmaneTisagangansxvavdeba rogorc garegnuli niSnebiT, aseve niWisa <strong>da</strong>interesebis TvalsazrisiT <strong>da</strong> a.S.erT-erTi gza, romelic xels uwyobs sqesTa Sorisgansxvavebis ideis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebas, gulisxmobs sqesTa erTmaneTisagangancalkevebas (`kaci mindorSi <strong>da</strong> qali saxl-Si~), rogorc es fiqsirdeba gancalkevebuli sferoebisideologiaSi. bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi es ideologiaqalTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebis SesaZleblobebs sakmaod zRu<strong>da</strong>vs. a.S.SsaTu mis farglebs gareT fun<strong>da</strong>mentalist jgufebSi arsebuli<strong>da</strong>saqmebis prinicipi radikalurad gansxvavdeba<strong>da</strong>savleTis urbanul jgufebSi <strong>da</strong>dgenili principebisagan.fizikuri segregacia qalebs saxlSi aiZulebs yofnas<strong>da</strong> gamoricxavs anazRaurebadi muSaxelis rigebi<strong>da</strong>n.zogierTi fun<strong>da</strong>mentalisti jgufis SemTxvevaSi, <strong>qalebi</strong>,romelTac mamakaci naTesavebi ar hyavT <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad,veravin uwevs <strong>da</strong>xmarebas, iZulebulni arian SemosavlisiseTi wyaro ipovon, romelic maT sazogadoebis TvalSisamarcxvino mdgomareobaSi ar Caayenebs. mTel rig muslimanursoflebSi <strong>qalebi</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d saxlSi Sromoben_ qsoven, qargaven, sigaretebs axveven Zalian mcire anazRaurebissanacvlod (Wilkinson-Weber 1999:69, 197). Tumcaaris SemTxvevebi, rodesac <strong>qalebi</strong> saxlis gareTacasruleben garkveul samuSaos _ aswavlian an samedicinomomsaxurebas uweven Tavissave sqesis klienturas (Smith1994: 321). Tanamdrove <strong>da</strong>savlur samyaroSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>qalebi</strong>TavianT samuSao adgilebze Tavs Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT myarad grZnoben,gancalkevebuli sferoebis ideologiis yvelazedramatul gamovlinebas, rogorc wesi, adgili aqvs mamakacurisaqmianobebis (magaliTad, mSeneblobis, samTosamSeneblo<strong>da</strong> sarkinigzo samuSaoebis) SemTxvevaSi an saojaxosaqmis araTanabari ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis dros.rogorc meore TavSi vnaxeT, erT-erTi gza, romlismeSveobiT industriuli revoluciis Semdeg sazogadoebebmamiaRwies genderul sxvaobas, Sromis sqesobrivi<strong>da</strong>yofa iyo, romlis farglebSic mamakacebs anazRaurebadisamsaxurebi, xolo qalebs ki sakuTar saxlebSi saoja-83
xo saqmis Sesruleba ergoT. Sromis amgvarma sqesobrivma<strong>da</strong>yofam xeli Seuwyo im ideologiis Camoyalibebas, rommxolod anazRaurebadi Sromaa `namdvili Sroma~, racimTaviTve gulisxmobs imas, rom <strong>qalebi</strong> nadvil Sromasar asruleben. es varaudi, Tavis mxriv, ufro amyarebs<strong>da</strong>saqmebis adgilebze sqesobrivi uTanasworobis arsebobas<strong>da</strong> Tanac ramdenime TvalsazrisiT. pirveli mgomareobsimaSi, rom <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebi yovelTvis gulisxmobdnenimas, rom maTTan momuSave mamakac TanamSromlebs saxlSihyavT <strong>qalebi</strong>, romlebic <strong>samsaxurSi</strong> aryofnis dros gamudmebiTzrunaven maTze- apureben, tanisamoss urecxaven,moralur mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras uweven, xels uwyoben maT profesiulganviTarebas <strong>da</strong> saojaxo problemebsac agvareben.meore Tvalsazrisis mixedviT ki, <strong>qalebi</strong> yovelTvisdroebiTi TanamSromlebi arian, romlebic samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>naucileblad wavlen, rogorc ki ojaxSi amis saWiroebaan SesaZlebloba gauCndebaT. amitom <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebi arTvlian, rom saWiroa <strong>qalebi</strong>s, rogorc, upirveles yovlisa,ojaxze mzrunveli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis, saWiroebebis gaTvaliswineba<strong>da</strong>, miT umetes, <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba. mesame TvalsazisisTanaxmad, <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli <strong>qalebi</strong> ar arian TavianTisaqmis erTgulebi, amitomac <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebi ar TvliansaWirod, rom qalebs miscen <strong>da</strong>winaurebis SesaZleblobebi<strong>da</strong> arc iseT Tanamdebobebze <strong>da</strong>niSnon, sa<strong>da</strong>c rTuliiqneba maTi sxva a<strong>da</strong>mianebiT Canacvleba.is Sexeduleba, rom <strong>mamakacebi</strong> Sromoben anazRaurebisaTvis,xolo <strong>qalebi</strong> ki - ara, imasac gulisxmobs, rom<strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebma mamakacebs un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>uxadon imdeni, rommaT SesZlon rogorc sakuTari Tavis, ise maTze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<strong>da</strong>mianebis rCena <strong>da</strong> agreTve sapensio <strong>da</strong>nazogis<strong>da</strong>groveba. xolo rac Seexeba qalebs, <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebi sulacar miiCneven saWirod ga<strong>da</strong>uxadon maT imdeni, romsakuTari Tavis rCena SesZlon <strong>da</strong>, miT umetes, <strong>da</strong>nazogis<strong>da</strong>groveba moaxerxon. am sami Tvalsazrisi<strong>da</strong>n Semdegisami <strong>da</strong>skvna gamodis:84
• <strong>mamakacebi</strong>, rogorc ojaxis `namdvili~ marCenalebimaRal-anazRaurebadi samsaxurebis SemTxvevaSi imsaxurebenprioritetis miniWebas• gamomdinare iqi<strong>da</strong>n, rom <strong>qalebi</strong> ojaxis `namdvili~diasaxlisebi arian, mamakacebs aRar sWirdebaT saxlissaqmis codna <strong>da</strong>, rodesac isini ar muSaoben, <strong>da</strong>svenebissruli ufleba aqvT• <strong>mamakacebi</strong>, rogorc `namdvili~ mSromelebi <strong>qalebi</strong>sagangansxvavebiT, <strong>da</strong>interesebulni arian SeiZinongarkveuli unarebi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n ki gamomdinareobs, rommamakacTa saqmianoba ufro kvalificirebulia, vidreqalTa, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs, rom mamakacurisaqmianoba ufro maRalanazRaurebadi un<strong>da</strong> iyos.tenisonis leqsSi genderul ideologiasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulirigiT meore Tvalsazrisi gulisxmobs, rommamakaci Tavisi bunebiT ufro maRla dgas vidre qali.es Tvalsazrisi sqesobriv uTanasworobas faqtiura<strong>da</strong>kanonebs <strong>da</strong>saqmebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi, magaliTad,samuSao adgilebze, romlebzec TiTqmis yvela maRali <strong>da</strong>gavleniani Tanamdeboba mamakacebs aqvT xelSi Cagdebuli.barbara bergmanis mixedviT (1986:114-16), bevri <strong>da</strong>mqiravebelisegregaciis araformalur kodeqss icavs, rodesacqalebs mamakacTa ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis SesaZleblobas araZlevs, xolo mamakacebs profesiuli momzadebis im saSualebebiTuzrunvelyofs, romlebic xels uwyobs maT SemdgomSimoipovon maRali Tanamdebobebi. CvenTvis ioliwarmosadgenia is situacia, romelSic <strong>mamakacebi</strong> marTavenqalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs, an <strong>qalebi</strong> qalebs, magram Zneliwarmosagenia, rom qalebma raime viTarebaSi marTon<strong>mamakacebi</strong>.mamakacTa upiratesobis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinarebse.w. paternalizmi - Sexeduleba, rom <strong>qalebi</strong>,bavSvebis msgavsad, arasrulfasovani arsebebi arian <strong>da</strong>maT mamakacTa zrunva esaWiroebaT (Jackman 1994). amismagaliTad SegviZlia movitanoT erT-erTi sagazeTo sta-85
tia, romelic meore msoflio omis dros satransportoindustriaSi momuSave mamakacebs Semdegi saxis miTiTebasaZlev<strong>da</strong>: `dRis ganmavlobaSi yvela gogonas <strong>da</strong>svenebissakmarisi dro mieciT... instruqciebis gacemisas <strong>da</strong> kritikisdros rac SeiZleba koreqtulni iyaviT... moerideTqalTa garemocvaSi uxeSi leqsikonis gamoyenebas~ (Sanders1943:257).sqesobrivi stereotipebisqesobrivi stereotipebi, anu socialurad ganpirobebulirwmena-warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel sqessra Tvisebebi <strong>da</strong> unarebi Seefereba, genderuli ideologiisnawils warmoadgens. yvelaze gavrcelebuli sqesobrivistereotipebis Tanaxmad, <strong>mamakacebi</strong> TavianTi bunebi<strong>da</strong>ngamomdinare ufro metad racionalurebi, agresiulebi<strong>da</strong> Zlierebi, xolo <strong>qalebi</strong> ki ufro emociurebi,pasiurebi <strong>da</strong> aRmzrdelobiTi unariT <strong>da</strong>jildoebulniarian. magaliTad, amerikelTa 60% <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulia, rom<strong>qalebi</strong> mamakacebze ukeTesad `mowyobilni~ arian imisa-Tvis, rom bavSvebze izrunon (Davis, Smith, and Marsden2000).sqesobrivi stereotipebi xSirad ukavSirdeba rasobrivstereotipebs. magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebi Savkanianqalebs xSirad martoxela dedebis stereotips uqmnian.amis safuZvelze isini askvnian, rom Savkanian qalebsufro metad esaWiroebaT samuSao, vidre Savkanian mamakacebs(romelTa Sesaxeb Camoyalibebuli stereotipi imaSimgomareobs, rom maT ojaxebi ar hyavT) <strong>da</strong> SesabamisadSavkaniani qali Savkaniani mamakacze metad sasurvel mu-Saxelad gvevlineba. Tavis mxriv, es stereotipi <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebsubiZgebs ifiqron, rom Savkanian qalebs adreTu gvian aucileblad gauCndebaT Svilebis movlasTan<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli problemebi, rac maT iZulebuls gaxdis<strong>da</strong>tovonsamsaxuri (Browne and Kennely 1999).stereotipebi `zedmiwevniT <strong>da</strong>swavlilia~, rac imas86
niSnavs, rom isini Cveuli <strong>da</strong> avtomaturia. Sedegad, isiniCvens Sexedulebebsa <strong>da</strong> saqcielze ise axdenen gavlenas,rom verc ki gaviazrebT amas. socialuri fsiqologiisTanaxmad, TiToeuli Cvengani stereotipebis Seqmnis cnobierTu aracnobier procesSia CarTuli, rac saSualebasgvaZlevs avtomaturad ga<strong>da</strong>vamuSaoT mTeli nakadi iminformaciisa, romelsac samyaro gamudmebiT gvTavazobs.es niSnavs, rom Cven a<strong>da</strong>mianebis Sesaxeb vqmniT stereotipebsimisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad mogvwons Tu ara isjgufi, romelsac es a<strong>da</strong>miani miekuTvneba (Bodenhausenand Macrae 1996). rodesac diqtori gvatyobinebs, rompolicielma Tavis samsaxureobriv uflebamosilebas ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba<strong>da</strong> Zala gamoiyena, Cven Tvalwin warmogvidgebakon<strong>da</strong>xis xelSi motriale mamakaci (umravlesobas vercki warmogvidgenia, rom agresiuloba qal policielebsacSeiZleba axasiaTebdeT). imave mizezebiT SegviZliaavxsnaT is, Tu ratom Cavar<strong>da</strong> warmomadgenelTa palatisSenobaSi momuSave liftis konduqtori uxerxul mgomareobaSi,rodesac kongresis afro-amerikuli warmoSobisTanamSromel qals ganucxa<strong>da</strong>, rom mas liftiT sargeblobaar SeeZlo, radgan es ukanaskneli mxolod palatiswevrebs emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>; igi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli iyo, romkongresis wevrebi ar SeiZleba yofiliyvnen <strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> Savkaniania<strong>da</strong>mianebi. mxedvelobaSi un<strong>da</strong> miviRoT is faqti,rom stereotipebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu vis rogori samuSaosSesruleba Seefereba, sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela wevrzeaxdens zegavlenas: im a<strong>da</strong>mianebze, romlebic momaval-Si un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmdnen, momxmareblebze, maTze vinc muSaxelsqiraobs, garkveuli samuSaos Sesrulebas avalebs <strong>da</strong> gasamrjelosacuxdis.sqesis mixedviT samuSao adgilebis `<strong>da</strong>xarisxeba~sqesobriv stereotipebs, agreTve mc<strong>da</strong>r Sexedulebebsimis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli tipis samuSaos rogori TvisebebiesaWiroeba, Sedegad mohyveba e.w. mamakacuri <strong>da</strong> qa-87
luri saqmianoba (Oppenheimer 1968). magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>savlurkulturaSi mamakacis stereotipuli imiji mis Tamam <strong>da</strong>konkurentunarian xasiaTSi mgomareobs. am yovelives TanerTvis Semdegi tipis Sexedulebebi, rom, magaliTad, racufro Tamamia manqanebiT movaWre, miT ufro met manqanasgayidis <strong>da</strong>, rac ufro brZolisunariania advokati, miTufro met saqmes moigebs. am yvelaferSi ki igulisxmebais, rom <strong>mamakacebi</strong> manqanebis gayidvasa <strong>da</strong> sasamarTloSisaqmeebis ganxilvaSi qalebs yovelTvis ajobeben, radganes bunebrivad asec un<strong>da</strong> iyos. rogorc wesi, sqesobrivi<strong>da</strong> samuSao stereotipebi realobas sakmaod mowyvetilia.magaliTad, sa<strong>da</strong>zRvevo kompaniebi sabolood mividnen im<strong>da</strong>skvnamde, rom gayidvis nakleb agresiuli meTodi gacilebiTefeqturia. Tumca qalebsac SeuZliaT iseTiveagresiulebi iyvnen, rogorc <strong>mamakacebi</strong>. mogvianebiT CvenvnaxavT, rom sqesobriv <strong>da</strong> samuSao stereotipebs samuSaoadgilebze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formis sqesobrivi uTanasworobamoaqvT Sedegad.rogorc wesi, Cven brmad mivyvebiT im ideologiurwrmena-warmodgenebs, romlebic gvmarTaven <strong>da</strong> romel-Ta garemocvaSic vizrdebiT <strong>da</strong> maT kiTxvis niSnis qveSiSviaTad Tu vayenebT. amgvari warmodgenebis uxilavobaCveni qcevis CamoyalibebaSi maT rols ufro zrdis <strong>da</strong>aZlierebs. ganyofilebis gamges, pirvel rigSi, un<strong>da</strong> moafiqrdes,rom qali TanamSromlis <strong>da</strong>winaureba <strong>da</strong> misTvisRamis cvlaSi menejeris poziciis SeTavazeba sruliadSesaZlebelia; mxolod amis Semdeg SeZlebs igi realuradga<strong>da</strong>dgas aseTi nabiji. im Sexedulebebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,romlebic aqvs menejers sqesTa Soris arsebuligansxvavebebis Sesaxeb, mas sjera, rom qalsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacs<strong>da</strong>winaurebis gansxvavebuli moTxovnileba aqvT, gansxvavebuladesaWiroebaT profesiuli ganviTareba <strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong>,Ramis cvlaSi muSaobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gansxvavebuli<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba gaaCniaT <strong>da</strong> ojaxis mimarTac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvatipis pasuxismgebloba akisriaT. Tuki garkveuli garemoebebiar gvaiZulebs eWvis qveS <strong>da</strong>vayenoT konkretuli88
ideologiis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebi,<strong>da</strong>saqmebis adgilebze sqesobrivi uTanasworobis arsebobaskvlav myari safuZveli eqneba.<strong>mamakacebi</strong> cdiloben samuSao adgilebze upiratesobisSenarCunebasarsebobs meore mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu zoga<strong>da</strong>dra iwvevs sqesobrivi uTanasworobis arsebobas. saqmeisaa, rom priviligirebuli, anu dominanturi jgufebiyovelTvis cdiloben SeinarCunon sakuTari upiratesoba(Blauner 1972; Collins 1974; Goode 1982). monarqebi TavianTsamefoebze iSviaTad Tu amboben uars <strong>da</strong> arc romelimemilioners gasCenia survili sakuTar simdidreze aeRoxeli; piriqiT, mdi<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> Zalauflebis mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianebiyovelTvis cdiloben, rom SeinarCunon <strong>da</strong> ufro metadgazardon TavianTi Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> privilegiebi. isinisxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saSualebebiT cdiloben amis gakeTebas: magaliTad,ewevian <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli jgufebis segregaciasan yovelnairad xels uSlian imas, rom maT mieceT saku-Tari unarebis ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba.qali <strong>da</strong> mamakaci ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan,rodesac saqme privilegiebis SenarCunebis impulss exeba.Tumca, maTi socialuri mdgomareoba xSirad gansxvavebulia<strong>da</strong> qals naklebi Zalaufleba <strong>da</strong> motivacia aqvs Seaviwrovosmamakaci e.w. qalur saqmianobaSi. Tumca, Tukiqals gavleniani Tanamdeboba ukavia xSirad iyenebs sxva-Ta gamoricxvis uflebas. magaliTad, istoriulad cnobilia,rom TeTrkaniani <strong>qalebi</strong> sakmaod did winaaRmdegobasuwevdnen maT samuSao sivrceSi feradkaniani <strong>qalebi</strong>sSeSvebas (Glenn 1996; Milkman 1987).ratom xdeba, rom mamakacisaTvis qali misi priviligirebulimdgomareobis safrTxes warmoadgens? Tavi<strong>da</strong>nvexazi un<strong>da</strong> gavusvaT imas, rom yvela mamakaci araris ase ganwyobili; bevri, piriqiT, miesalmeba qalTa<strong>da</strong>saqmebis Sedegad miRebul sargebels. magram, miuxe<strong>da</strong>-89
vad amisa, bevr mamakacs seriozuli SiSi aqvs, rom qalsSeswevs Zala samsaxuri waarTvas mamakacs, an ukeTesadSeasrulos igive samuSao, an <strong>da</strong>mqiravebels anazRaurebisSemcirebis saSualeba misces. ufro metic, Tuki <strong>qalebi</strong>iseTi `maCo~ samuSaoebis Sesrulebas gaarTmevenTavs, rogoric aris naxSiris mopoveba, policiaSi mu-Saoba, samxedro moRvaweoba, maSin es samuSaoebi <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli<strong>mamakacebi</strong>s maskulinobis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sturebad veRargamodgeba. zogierT mamakacs imisic ki eSinia, rom qaliTanamSromeli maT samsaxurs prestiJs Seulaxavs. cnobilifaqtia, rom samarTlis profesorma safakultetovakansiis <strong>da</strong>sakaveblad qalis mier Setanili ganacxadiyovelgvari ganxilvis gareSe <strong>da</strong>iwuna <strong>da</strong> sajarod Semdegisaxis gancxadeba gaakeTa: `es aris skola samarTlisspecialistebisTvis <strong>da</strong> ara viRac eqTnebisTvis!~. <strong>da</strong> bolos,<strong>mamakacebi</strong>s SiSs SesaZlebelia isic iwvevdes, rom<strong>da</strong>saqmebisas qalTa Tanasworuflebianoba sxva sferoebSicSearyevs maT priviligirebul mdgomareobas; Tukiqalebs imdenive anazRaureba eqnebaT <strong>da</strong> iseTive ZalauflebiTisargebleben, rogorc <strong>mamakacebi</strong>, SeiZleba maTTanasworuflebianoba ojaxSi, sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> qveynispolitikur cxovrebaSic moiTxovon. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebTyvela im privilegias, romlebiTac <strong>mamakacebi</strong>, gansakuTrebiTki TeTrkaniani <strong>mamakacebi</strong>, mxolod TavianTisqesisa <strong>da</strong> rasis gamo sargebloben, aRar gagvikvirdeba,rom isini periodulad TavianTi privilegirebuli statusisSenarCunebas Seecdebian.sxva jgufebis msgavsad, romelTac <strong>da</strong>balanazRaurebadimuSaxelis konkurenciis eSiniaT, <strong>mamakacebi</strong>c pirvelrigSi Tavs icavdnen qalTa Seviwrovebis mcdelobiT.rogorc vnaxeT, gildiebi qalebs Segirdobas ukrZalavdnen.sul cota xnis win StatebSi qalebs ar aZlevdnen samarTlissferoSi muSaobis uflebas <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad, maTar SeeZloT policiis TanamSromlebad muSaobis <strong>da</strong>wyeba.gamoricxvis kidev erTi meTodi mgomareob<strong>da</strong> imaSi, romqalebs mamakacTa saqmianobisaTvis aucilebeli kvalifi-90
kaciis miRebaSi uSlidnen xels. magaliTad, zogierTi kavSiriqals saswavlo programebSi monawileobis miRebasukrZalav<strong>da</strong>, xolo 1970 wlamde profesiuli saswavleblebiqalebs mcire raodenobiT iRebdnen.mas Semdeg, rac zemoxsenebuli barierebi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTSemcir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa garkveuli jgufebis gamoTiSvaSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT garTul<strong>da</strong>, taqtika Seicvala. yvelaferi keTdebo<strong>da</strong>imisTvis, rom axlad <strong>da</strong>saqmebulebs umweod egr-ZnoT Tavi <strong>da</strong> samuSaos <strong>da</strong>tovebis survili gasCeno<strong>da</strong>T.magaliTad, rodesac 1870 wels a.S.S-s saxazino departamentmapirveli qali TanamSromlebi <strong>da</strong>iqirava, <strong>mamakacebi</strong>maT saSinlad eqceodnen - sigarets abolebdnen, naReWTambaqos afurTxebdnen <strong>da</strong> uwmawuri SeZaxilebiT `amkobdnen~( Baker 1977:86). asi wlis Semdeg, rodesac qalebmafizikuri samuSaos Sesrulebac <strong>da</strong>iwyes, analogiursituaciaSi aRmoCndnen. erT-erTi qali mogviTxrobs, rasityvebiT mimarTa mSeneblobaze muSaobis <strong>da</strong>wyebis pirveldRes brigadirma: `me arasdros mimuSavia naZiralaqalebTan erTad <strong>da</strong> arc momavalSi vapireb. sanam es kvira<strong>da</strong>mTavrdeba, vizruneb imaze, rom Sen am samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n waxvide~(Eisenberg 1998). im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac mamakacTaumravlesoba neitraluri an keTilganwyobilia,maT mcire jgufs Seswevs Zala Seqmnas mtruli garemo(Bergmann and Darity 1981).rodesac <strong>da</strong>saqmebis an profesiuli momzadebisTvisxelisSemSleli faqtorebi qreba an izrdeba imiT, romsamuSao adgilebi <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad <strong>qalebi</strong> safrTxes aRarwarmoadgenen, an <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebisaTvis ubralod miuRbeleixdeba amgvari saqcieli – sqesobrivi uTanasworobacklebulobs. bolo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi a.S.S-Siamgvar faqts ramdenime saxeobis saqmianobis farglebSihqon<strong>da</strong> adgili (Reskin and Roos 1990).91
<strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTa qmedeba<strong>da</strong>saqmebis adgilebze sqesobrivi uTanasworobismasStabebi mniSvnelovanwilad <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia <strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTaqmedebaze, radgan swored es ukanasknelni wyvetenvin <strong>da</strong>iqiraon, ra tipis samuSaos Sesruleba <strong>da</strong>avalon,<strong>da</strong>awinauron Tu ara <strong>da</strong> rogor aunazRauron Sroma. <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebisqesobriv uTanasworobas xels uwyoben imiT,rom qalebs mxolod garkveuli tipis samsaxurebSi anawileben.zogierTma maTganma ki, piriqiT, uTanasworobismniSvnelovnad Semcirebas Seuwyo xeli imiT, rom Sromisganawileba sqesis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad gansazRvra. imis sailustraciod,Tu rogor uwyobs xels sqesTa Soris uTanasworobas<strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTa mier gamoyenebuli samoSaozeayvanis praqtika <strong>da</strong> meTodologia, <strong>da</strong>saqmebis sam, yvelazegavrcelebul gzas ganvixilavT - aplikantTa mravalricxovanijgufi<strong>da</strong>n SerCeva, oficialuri Suamavlebis,kerZod ki, <strong>da</strong>saqmebis saagentoebis gamoyeneba <strong>da</strong> TanamSromelTarekomen<strong>da</strong>ciebis gaTvaliswineba. es ukanasknelimeTodi yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba, radganac ufasoa <strong>da</strong>efeqturi Seuferebeli kandi<strong>da</strong>turebis amocnobis TvalsazrisiT.magram saqme isaa, rom axali TanamSromlebis amgziT SerCeva uTanasworobis SenarCunebas uwyobs xels.pirvel rigSi imitom, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianTa garkveuli socialuri<strong>da</strong>jgufeba, rogorc wesi, sqesis, eTnosisa Tu rasissafuZvelze erTiandeba (Braddock and McPartland 1987;Lin 2000). gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, sqesobrivi stereotipebi, konkurenciisSiSi, TanamSromlebisa <strong>da</strong> xelmZRvanelebis SesaZloreaqcia garkveul wilad xels uSlis <strong>da</strong>saqmebulebismxri<strong>da</strong>n `sxva~ sqesisa Tu rasis warmomadgenlebisaTvisrekomen<strong>da</strong>ciis gawevas. magaliTad, Tuki erT-erTi TanamSromlisrZali samsaxurs eZebs, am TanamSromelma SesaZlebeliaTavi Seikavos imisgan, rom mas rekomen<strong>da</strong>ciagauwios. amis mizezi ki mxolod <strong>mamakacebi</strong>T <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebulimisi departamentis savaraudo ukmayofilebaa.ufrosic pasuxs pira<strong>da</strong>d mas mosTxovs, Tuki rZali <strong>da</strong>kisrebulmovaleobas saTanadod ver gaarTmevs Tavs, xolo92
Tavad rZali ki sayvedurs gamoucxadebs <strong>da</strong> SesCivlebs,rom mas mamakaci TanamSromlebi uxeSad eqcevian.sqesobriv uTanasworobas nawilobriv xels uwyobs<strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTa mier samuSao <strong>da</strong>valebebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebisxasiaTi. mTlianad <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebsa <strong>da</strong> menejerebzea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuliis, Tu vis rogori samuSaos Sesruleba mouwevs. amukanasknelTa ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi ki, rogorc wesi, mikerZoebuli<strong>da</strong> garkveuli stereotipebiT ganpirobebulia, racSedegad iwvevs imas, rom qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs gansxvavebulisamuSaos Sesrulebas avaleben. <strong>da</strong>savleT sanapirozegavrcelebul maRaziaTa qsels `Lucky Stores” sqesobrividiskriminacia edebo<strong>da</strong> bralad. sasamarTlo ganxilvaze`Lucky Stores”-is aRmasrulebelma direqtorma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>,rom 30 wlis samuSao gamocdilebam igi <strong>da</strong>arwmuna imaSi,rom `<strong>qalebi</strong>, <strong>mamakacebi</strong>sagan gansxvavebiT, yovelTvis salaroSimuSaobas aniWebdnen upiratesobas, xolo <strong>mamakacebi</strong>ki – ara.~ (Stender et al. v. Lucky 1992). kvalificia,romelsac <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebi, rogorc wesi, muSaxelisaganiTxoven, nawilobriv gansazRvravs vis SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>evalosaRniSnuli saqmianobis Sesruleba. xSirad organizaciebiiTxoven iseTi kvalifikacias, romelic, rogorc wesi,mamakacTa Soris ufroa gavrcelebuli, Tumca samuSaosSesrulebis TvalsazrisiT sulac ar aris mniSvnelovani.magaliTad, imis moTxovna, rom menejeruli samsaxurisSesasruleblad aucilebelia sawarmoo saqmianobis gamocdileba,SesaZlo kandi<strong>da</strong>turaTa Soris qalTa raodenobasimTaviTve amcirebs. Home Depot-sac sqesobriv diskriminaciaSiedebo<strong>da</strong> brali, radgan sakaso aparatebTan muSaobisgamocdilebis mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianebs pir<strong>da</strong>pir molareebadmuSaobas awyebinebdnen. rogorc wesi, amgvar mdgomareobaSiZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>qalebi</strong> aRmoCndebodnen. sxva tipis saqmianobebSi<strong>qalebi</strong>, rogorc wesi, iSviaTad erTvebodnen. masSemdeg, rac Home Depot-ma <strong>da</strong>saqmebis es principi Secvala,sqesobrivma segregaciam mniSvnelovnad iklo.ratom xdeba, rom <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebi mamakac <strong>da</strong> qal TanamSromlebsgansxavebulad epyrobian? amas SesaZloa ganapirobebdes<strong>qalebi</strong>s mimarT maTi mikerZoebuli <strong>da</strong>moki-93
debileba an rwmena imisa, rom amgvari politika xangrZlividrois ganmavlobaSi maT ufro did mogebas moutans.diskriminaciadiskriminacia niSnavs a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mimarT araTanabarmopyrobas im pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, romlebicmaT saqmianobas aranairad ar ukavSirdeba Tuki 9wlis gogonas sacurao auzis meTvalyured ar aiyvanen,aravin ityvis, rom es diskriminaciaa. rodesac mocuraveebiTsavse auzis usafrTxoebazea saubari, asaks marTalcZalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs (am SemTxvevaSi, 9 wlis biWsacar andobdnen am samuSaos). magram, rodesac 19 wlisgogonas uars mxolod misi sqesis gamo eubnebian, es ukvesqesobrivi diskriminaciaa, radganac am SemTxvevaSi igulismeba,rom misi sqesi mas aRniSnuli tipis samuSao SesrulebisSesaZleblobas ar aZlevs.mTels msoflioSi <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT a.S.S-Si, <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebidiskriminacias Riad eweodnen rogorc sqesis,ise rasis, eTnikuri <strong>da</strong> naciaonaluri warmoSobis, asakis,garegnuli maxasiaTeblebisa <strong>da</strong> seqsualuri orientaciissafuZvelze. rogorc wesi, <strong>qalebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> sxva sazogadoebriviumciresobebis <strong>da</strong>saqmeba saerTod ar xdebo<strong>da</strong>.samuSaoebi, romelTa Sesrulebis saSualebasac maT aZlevdnen,gansxvadebo<strong>da</strong> TeTrkaniani <strong>mamakacebi</strong>saTvisxelmisawvdomi saqmianobisagan. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, maT arasdrosawinaurebdnen <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis <strong>da</strong>bal anazRaurebasuxdidnen. xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebiamgvari <strong>da</strong> sxva tipis diskriminacias yovelgvari<strong>da</strong>fiqrebis gareSe eweodnen. magaliTad, XIX saukunisSua wlebSi erT mSvenier dRes Herald-is niu iorkeli gamomcemeligamomcemlobis ofisSi SeiWra <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iRriala:`vin arian es <strong>qalebi</strong>? samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>iTxoveT TiToeulimaTgani!~ (N. Robertson 1992:46). 1977 wels, rodesac Newsociologma robert mertonma (1972:20) Semdegnairi ganmartebaCamoayaliba: diskriminacia funqciurad ararelevantur maxasiaTeblebzeyuradRebis gamaxvilebaa ise, TiTqos isini relevanturniiyvnen94
York Times-s sqesobriv diskriminaciaSi <strong>da</strong>sdes brali,misma re<strong>da</strong>qtorma gakvirvebiT ikiTxa, ratom ar hqon<strong>da</strong>kerZo kompanias ufleba `Tavisi kompania mxolod <strong>mamakacebi</strong>T<strong>da</strong>ekompleqtebina.~ (N. Robertson 1992:186). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vadimisa, rom amgvari Ria diskriminacia dRes TiTqmiswarmoudgenlad migvaCnia, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 35 wlis winmsgavsi SemTxvevebi jer kidev kanonieri <strong>da</strong> Cveulebriviram iyo. mxolod 1960-iani wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebismoZraobis Sedegad moxerx<strong>da</strong> amerikelTa <strong>da</strong>rwmuneba, romrasobrivi diskriminacia usamarTlobaa. kongresi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifokanonmdeblebi iZulebulni gaxdnen sqesobrivi,rasobrivi <strong>da</strong> erovnuli niSniT diskriminacia kanoniTaekrZalaT.1964 wlis samoqalaqo uflebebis aqtis me-7 muxlismiRebiT kongresma akrZala <strong>da</strong>saqmebisas rasobrivi, erovnuli,religiuri, sqesobrivi, asakobrivi <strong>da</strong> SezRuduliunarebis niSnebiT diskriminacia. am kanonis miRebis Sedegad<strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebs aekrZalaT gansxvavebulad moepyronsakuTar TanamSromlebs im maxasiaTeblebis gamo, romel-Tac adre iTvaliswinebdnen <strong>samsaxurSi</strong> ayvanis, samuSaosmicemis, samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n gaTavisuflebis, kompensaciis <strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>saqmebis sxva pirobebis an privilegiebis gansazRvrisdros. Zalian bevr StatSi samsaxureobrivi diskriminaciiswinaaRmdeg specialuri kanonic miiRes.am kanonis aRsruleba <strong>da</strong>evala <strong>da</strong>saqmebis TanabariSesaZleblobebis komisias (EEOC), romelic TiTqmis yovelTvisTanxebis simcires ganicdis <strong>da</strong> amitom kanonisaRsrulebis mTeli simZime ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d Tavad diskriminaciismsxverplTa zurgze ga<strong>da</strong>dis (Reskin 2001). miuxe<strong>da</strong>va<strong>da</strong>misa, msxvili <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebis winaaRmdeg sasamarTlogarCevebma mSromelTa uflebebi, maTi sqesisa <strong>da</strong> rasismiuxe<strong>da</strong>vad samuSao adgilebi gacilebiT xelmisawvdomigax<strong>da</strong>. zogierT msxvil <strong>da</strong>msaqmebelsa <strong>da</strong> EEOC-is SorismiRweuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebma personalTan<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba mniSvnelovnad Secvales. sxvebmacsakuTari nebiT igive moimoqmedes. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad bevri95
win ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabijisa, <strong>da</strong>saqmebisas ganxorcielebulidiskriminaciis Sesaxeb antidiskriminaciul samsaxurebsa<strong>da</strong> sasamarTloebSi aTasobiT saCivari Sedis. magaliTad,erT-erTma aseTma samsaxurma (Office of Federal ContractCompliance Programs- OFCCP) aRmoaCina, rom Dart, Inc.-i samuSaoze ayvanisas mamakacebs teqnikur unar-Cvevebsumowmeb<strong>da</strong>, radganac isini Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRal-anazRaurebadipoziciebisaTvis esaWiroebo<strong>da</strong>, xolo qalebs ki xelissimardeSi cdi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>balanazRaurebadi fizikuri samuSaosSesasruleblad (Reskin 1998). msoflioSi erT-erTmayvelaze didma kompaniam, Home Depot-ma, 85 milioni dolariga<strong>da</strong>ixa<strong>da</strong> im sasamarTlo braldebis gamosasyi<strong>da</strong>d,romlis Tanaxmad am kompaniaSi <strong>qalebi</strong> mxolod <strong>da</strong>balanazRaurebadsamuSaoebze iyvnen <strong>da</strong>saqmebulni (Roush 1997).1999 wels ki Kohler Corporation-i <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> erTi milionidolaris xarji gaewia <strong>da</strong> ezruna imaze, rom <strong>qalebi</strong> mxolo<strong>da</strong>ratradiciuli fizikuri SromiT aRar yofiliyvnen<strong>da</strong>kavebulni. 1990-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>saqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebiskomisiaSi sqesobrivi diskriminaciis TaobazeweliwadSi 24000-ze meti saCivari Sedio<strong>da</strong> (U.S. EqualEmployment Opportunity Commission 1999), xolo 2000 gamokiTxuliserTi-mesamedis gancxadebiT, maT <strong>da</strong>saqmebissferoSi diskriminaciis uSualo gamocdileba hqon<strong>da</strong>T(NBC News/Wall Street Journal 2000). rogorc me-4 TavSi gamoCndeba,am saCivrebi<strong>da</strong>n Zalian cotaa iseTi, romelic`sapirispiro mimarTulebiT diskriminacias~ gulisxmobs;maTi umravlesoba swored <strong>qalebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> umciresobebismier Setanili saCivrebia (Burstein 1991:518).me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad, diskriminaciis erT-erTi formaa seqsualuri zewola. <strong>da</strong>saqmebis Tanabari SesaZleblobiskomisiam <strong>da</strong> sasamarTlom ori tipis sqesobrivizewolis arseboba aRiara- 1) quid pro quo, romelic gulisxmobs,rom zemdgomi piri mSromels sTxovs sqesobriviaqtis <strong>da</strong>myarebas, rogorc erT-erT aucilebelkomisiisa <strong>da</strong> sasamarloebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT rasiTa Tu fizikuruZlurebiT gamowveuli zewola 7-e muxlis qveS eqceva <strong>da</strong> diskriminaciaswarmoadgens96
samuSao pirobas an rogorc garkveuli samuSao SeRavaTebissafasurs <strong>da</strong> 2) e.w. `mtruli samuSao garemo~, romlisfarglebSi seqsualuri <strong>da</strong>Sinebis, fizikuri Sexebis, sityvieriSeuracxyofis gamoyenebiT <strong>da</strong>qiravebuls CaayenebeniseT arakomfortul mdgomareobaSi, rom mas uWirssakuTari saqmis Sesruleba.seqsualuri zewola <strong>da</strong>saqmebis sferosaTvis sakmaod<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia: 2000 wels Tanabari <strong>da</strong>saqmebis komisiam16000 saCivaris Semotanis faqti <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura (U.S.Equal Employment Oppostunity Commission 2001a), Tumca,rogorc wesi, saCivarTa umravlesoba sajarod ar ganuxilavT.es Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs sqesobrivi niSniTgansxvavebas. ufro xSirad seqsualuri zewolis msxverplni<strong>qalebi</strong> xdebian (komisiaSi Sesuli saCivrebi<strong>da</strong>n Svidi<strong>da</strong>nmxolod erTia mamakacis mier Setanili) <strong>da</strong>, rogorcwesi, <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s mxri<strong>da</strong>n. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, sqesobrivizewolis msxvepl mamakacebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, msxverpli <strong>qalebi</strong>cxrajer ufro xSirad toveben samsaxurs, xuTjerufro xSirad icvlian <strong>da</strong> samjer ufro xSirad kargavensamuSao adgils (National Council for Research on Women1995).orive tipis zewolis SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo <strong>da</strong>mqiravebelsagebinebs pasuxs, rag<strong>da</strong>nac TiToeuli TanamSromlismier <strong>samsaxurSi</strong> Cadenil qmedebebzec pasuxismgeblobaswored mas ekisreba. seqsualuri zewola <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebsSeiZleba sakmaod Zviri <strong>da</strong>ujdeT rogorcproduqtiulobis Semcirebis, ise fuladi zaralis TvalsazrisiT.2000 wels komisiam me-7 muxlis <strong>da</strong>rRvevisaTvis<strong>da</strong>msaqmebelebisagan 55 milioni dolari amoiRo, sasamar-Tlo ganxilvebi ki maT <strong>da</strong>matebiTi milionebi <strong>da</strong>uj<strong>da</strong>T.magaliTad, komisiis SefasebiT Mitsubishi Motors Manufacturing-ma350 yofili <strong>da</strong> axlandeli TanamSromli<strong>da</strong>n Ti-Toeuls 300000 dolari un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>uxados (rac maqsimumswarmoadgens), xolo 9.5 milioni dolari ki kerZo sasamarTlosaqmeebis mogvarebas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>axarjos.97
statistikuri diskriminaciaqalTa sqesobriv diskriminacias isic ganapirobebs,rom <strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTa rwmeniT qali nakleb produqtiulia.amave dros misi <strong>da</strong>saqmeba sakmaod xarjiania. qalis, rogorcZviradRirebuli TanamSromlis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisi,efuZneba im varauds, rom de<strong>da</strong>d gaxdomis SemTxevaSimas ufro xSirad uwevs samuSaos gacdena, vidre mamakacs.es ki iwvevs kadrebis xSir cvlas. rodesac individebisadmi<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba efuZneba garkveuli jgufebis SesaxebCamoyalibebul rwmena-warmodgenebs, adgili aqvsstatistikur diskriminacias. <strong>da</strong>msaqmebels kanonieriufleba aqvs im individis <strong>da</strong>qiravebasa Tu <strong>da</strong>winaurebazeganacxados uari, romelic ama Tu im saqmis SesrulebasTavs ver arTmevs; Tumca misi qmedeba arakanonieri iqneba,Tuki igi vinmes gansxvavebulad moepyroba mxolodimis gamo, rom es ukanaskneli miekuTvneba im sqesobriv,rasobriv Tu erovnul jgufs, romelic <strong>da</strong>saqmebis TavlsazrisiTnakleb produqtiulad <strong>da</strong> metad xarjianiadiTvleba. ufro metic, mSromelTa produqtiuloba, samsaxurisgacdena <strong>da</strong> kadrebis xSiri cvla xSirad warmoebisprocessa <strong>da</strong> samuSaos xarisxzea <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli.a.S.S-s administraciuli kanonis Tanaxmad statistikuridiskriminacia arakanonieri qmedebaa.momxmarebelTa <strong>da</strong> mSromel mamakacTa <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaqalebTan<strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebi xSirad momxmarebelTa <strong>da</strong> mSromel-Ta mc<strong>da</strong>ri Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelzeqalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs gansxvavebulad eqcevian. magali-Tad, 1970-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi avia kompaniebi mamakacigamcileblebis <strong>da</strong>qiravebaze uars acxadebdnen <strong>da</strong> amfaqts imiT xsnidnen, rom mgzavrebi upiratesobas qalgamcileblebs aniWeben. mogvianebiT, umaRlesma sasamar-Tlom miiRo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>uSvebeliamomxmareblis survilebiTa <strong>da</strong> gemovnebiT sqe-98
sobrivi diskriminaciis gamarTleba (Diaz v. Pan American1971). amis Sedegad mamakacebs (<strong>da</strong> mogvianebiT zoga<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>sakovan a<strong>da</strong>mianebs) gamcileblebad muSaobis saSualebamiecaT. Tumca, <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebisaTvis momxmarebelTa survilebi<strong>da</strong> azrebi kvlav uaRresad mniSvnelovania (Trenthamand Larwood 1998). <strong>da</strong>cvis <strong>samsaxurSi</strong> momuSave qalTanamSromelTa Sesaxeb Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, romklientTa umravlesobisaTvis sul erTia romeli sqesisTanamSromlebi iqnebian am <strong>samsaxurSi</strong>. mamakacebs mxolodmcire jgufma mianiWa upiratesoba (Erickson, Albanese,and Drakulic 2000:314). momxarebelTa arCevani xSirad garkveulgenderul <strong>da</strong> rasobriv/eTnikur jgufze Cerdeba.magaliTad gamoiTqva pretenzia, rom momavalSi `mariebi~<strong>da</strong> `kimebi~ aRarsad aRar gaeSvaT. am ori saxelis qveSki laTinosi <strong>da</strong> azieli <strong>qalebi</strong> igulisxmebodnen (Rogers2000). droebiTi <strong>da</strong>saqmebis saagentoebis Sesaxeb Catarebulmakvlevam aCvena, rom momxmareblebi garkveul sqesobriv<strong>da</strong> rasobriv/eTnikur jgufebze akeTeben arCevans.sakuTar interess isini xSirad kodirebuli sityvebis sa-SualebiT gadmoscemen. magaliTad, rodesac moiTxoven`kargi metyvelebis unaris mqone~ <strong>da</strong> administraciulisaqmianobis Semsrulebel TanamSromels, pirvel rigSi,rogorc wesi, `TeTrkanian a<strong>da</strong>mians~ gulisxmoben. mar-Talia, zogierTi saagento ar akmayofilebs amgvar mo-Txovnebs, magram zogjer uaresi pretenziebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebazecki Tanaxmaa, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac esmoTxovna mniSvnelovani klientisagan modis.sqesTa diferencireba muSaxelis upiratesobebisa <strong>da</strong>produqtiulobis gansazRvrisasCven ukve ganvixileT, Tu rogor uwyoben xels samu-Sao adgilebze uTanasworobis arsebobas <strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebi<strong>da</strong> mamakaci TanamSromelebi. axla ki avxsnaT, ra gansxvavebaamdedrobiTi <strong>da</strong> mamrobiTi sqesis muSaxels Soris.zogierTi mecnieri, aseve <strong>da</strong>msaqmebli amtkicebs, rom qa-99
lebi, rogorc wesi, <strong>qalebi</strong>saTvis Sesaferis samuSaoebsirCeven, <strong>da</strong>winaurebis survili ar awuxebT <strong>da</strong> sakuTarinebiT Tanxmdebian <strong>da</strong>bal anazRaurebas, radganac, <strong>mamakacebi</strong>sagangansxvavebiT, anazRaurebad samuSaoebze orientirebulniar arian.ra SeiZleba iyos imis mizezi, rom <strong>qalebi</strong> ufro mcireSesaZleblobebsa <strong>da</strong> jildoebs Tanxmdebian, vidre <strong>mamakacebi</strong>?ratom iTvleba, rom mamakacebma ufro meti un<strong>da</strong>imuSaon <strong>da</strong> met profesiul warmatebas miaRwion? is mizezebi,romelTac socialuri mecnierebebis specialistebigvTavazoben, erT ZiriTad Tvalsazrisamde <strong>da</strong>iyvaneba- qalTa Zalisxmeva ufro metad ojaxisaken aris mimar-Tuli, vidre samsaxurisaken. <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s SemTxvevaSi kipiriqiTaa.a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalis Teoriawamyvani ekonomikuri Teoriis mixedviT, Sromis bazarigamoricxavs diskriminacias, radganac is muSaxelsmxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod misi Sromis SedegianobiT afasebs.ase rom, Tuki <strong>qalebi</strong> ufro araxelsayrel pirobebSiarian, vidre <strong>mamakacebi</strong>, es mxolod imis gamo, rom maTiSroma naklebad Sedegiania. am varaudis Semowmeba SeuZlebelia,radgan umetes SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs SromisSedegianobis gazomvis raime saSualeba. amitom mkvlevarebiim ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs gansazRvraven, romel-Tac SeuZliaT xariasxze iqonion garkveuli gavlena. esTvisebebia unar-Cvevebi, gamocdileba <strong>da</strong> samuSaos mimarTTav<strong>da</strong>deba. ekonomistebisaTvis unar-Cvevebi <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebaswored is Tvisebebia, romlebic qmnian muSaxelisa<strong>da</strong>mianur kapitals. Teoriulad, ganaTleba, treningi<strong>da</strong> gamocdileba aris e.w. a<strong>da</strong>mianur kapitalSi mamakacimSromelebis is investicia, romlis Sedega<strong>da</strong>c izrdebamaTi Sromis nayofierebis xarisxi. a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalisTeoretikosebis azriT, <strong>qalebi</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d TavianT ojaxebzearian orientirebulni, rac zRu<strong>da</strong>vs maT <strong>da</strong>abandon100
Semosavlebi sakuTar ganaTlebaSi, profesiul ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebasa<strong>da</strong> gamocdilebis zr<strong>da</strong>Si. amitom <strong>qalebi</strong> mamakacebTanSe<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebad produqtiulebi arian (Blau,Ferber, and Winkler 1998; Polachek 1981).ganaTlebis xarisxi <strong>da</strong> done Zalian mniSvnelovania,radgan swored amiT ganisazRvreba riTaa <strong>da</strong>saqmebulia<strong>da</strong>miani - fizikur samuSaos asrulebs Tu sxva tipis saqmianobiTaris <strong>da</strong>kavebuli, sargeblobs Tu ara garkveuligavleniT <strong>da</strong> rogoria misi anazRaureba. Tumca ganaTlebismiRebis xangrZlivobis TvalsazrisiT, sqesobrivi gansxvavebaxSirad arafris mTqmelia, rodesac <strong>da</strong>saqmebisasarsebuli sqesobrivi uTanasworobis formebis axsnagviwevs. mouxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom <strong>qalebi</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong>sumravlesobas 12-wliani ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli, rogorcwesi, <strong>mamakacebi</strong> skolas ufro iSviaTad amTavreben,magram samagistro xarisxis mopovebas ufro xSira<strong>da</strong>xerxeben, vidre <strong>qalebi</strong> (Bianchi 1995). sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sqesisstudentebi wamyvan sagnebad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva disciplinebsirCeven, rac, Tavis mxriv, anazRaurebis TvalsazrisiTqalTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa Soris did sxvaobas iwvevs (Jacobs1996a:175). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom biznesSi bakalavris xarisxismopoveba orive sqesis warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT,qalTa didi raodenoba humanitarul mecnierebebs, gana-Tlebasa <strong>da</strong> ucxo enebs mimarTavs (Eisenhart 1996:232; Morgan1999). bakalavris xarisxis mopovebas <strong>mamakacebi</strong>s 82%ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sainJinro <strong>da</strong>rgSi (Morgan 1999), xolo 83% kikompiuterul mecnierebebSi (Camp, Miller and Davies 2000)cdilobs. qalebTa <strong>da</strong> mamakacTa <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 30%-ma Ziri-Tadi sagnebi erTmaneTSi un<strong>da</strong> gacvalos, sqesTa Tanabariga<strong>da</strong>nawileba rom moxerxdes (Jacobs 1995). gamodis, romganaTlebaSi arsebuli gansxvaveba sqesobriv uTanasworobasZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d samecniero <strong>da</strong> sainJirno saqmianobaSiiwvevs, rac mTliani <strong>da</strong>saqmebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 3%-s Seadgens(Wilkinson 1998). sxva tipis samsaxurebis SemTxvevaSiki ganaTlebaSi arsebuli gansxvaveba sqesobriv uTanasworobasminimalurad uwyobs xels.101
sul sxva Temaa samuSaosTvis momzadeba. <strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong><strong>mamakacebi</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis wrTvnas gadian, radgan momzadebisZiriTadi saSualeba maT <strong>da</strong>saqmebisas eZlevaT. isiniki, rogorc wesi, sxva<strong>da</strong>saxva tipis saqmianobiT arian<strong>da</strong>kavebulni. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, qalTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebis adgilebSiprofesiuli momzadebis saSualeba yovelTvis ufro naklebia,vidre mamakacTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebis adgilebSi (Kilbourne,England, Farkas, Beron, and Weir 1994). qalebs, rogorcwesi, gacilebiT xSirad uwevT profesiuli wrTvnis saku-Tari ZalebiT gavla (Amirault 1992). qalTa tradiciuli<strong>da</strong>saqmebis adgilebSi, magaliTad, eqTnis an kosmetologisSemTxvevaSi, <strong>da</strong>msaqmeblebi moelian, rom samuSaos<strong>da</strong>wyebamde <strong>qalebi</strong> profesiul wrTvnas sakuTari xarjiTgaivlian. garkveuli tipis wrTvnas a<strong>da</strong>mianebi skolebsa<strong>da</strong> kolejebSic gadian. warsulSi saSualo skolebSimoswavleTa profesiuli wrTvna, rogorc wesi, sqesobrivisegregaciis niSniT xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<strong>qalebi</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong> erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul mimar-Tulebebs irCevdnen.profesiuli ganaTleba <strong>da</strong>adgina federalurma kanonma,romlis farglebSic <strong>mamakacebi</strong>saTvis ganisazRvrasamsaxureobrivi ga<strong>da</strong>mzadeba, xolo <strong>qalebi</strong>saTvis saSinaomeurneoba. profesiuli ga<strong>da</strong>mzadebis kidev erTigzaa Segirdoba, rac, rogorc wesi, a.S.S-s Sromis departamentTanarsebuli Sromis kavSirebis farglebSi xorcieldeba.Sua saukuneebis gildiebis msgavsad, profesiulimomzadebis es programebi qalebs, rogorc wesi,ar moiazreben(Eisenberg 1998). a.S.S-s aRweris biuros CamonaTval-Si warmodgenili Segirduli programebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>mamakacebi</strong>saTvisaris gansazRvruli (U.S. Census Bureau1998, 1999, 2000a). samsaxurebriv wrTvnaSi arsebuli esgansxvavebebi ganapirobebs qalTa Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>bal samu-Sao statuss.gamocdileba, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalis mesamekomponentia, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro rTul sakiTxs warmoad-102
gens. saSualod, qalebs gacilebiT naklebi samuSao gamocdilebiaqvT, vidre mamakacebs, Tumca es gansxvavebaTan<strong>da</strong>Tan mcirdeba. rogorc 1980-iani wlebis boloseqspertebma iwinaswarmetyveles, 18 wlis qali SromiTsaqmianobaSi saSualod 29 weli iqneba CarTuli, rac 9.4wliT naklebia 18 wlis mamakacis SromiTi saqmianobisxangrZlivobaze (S.Smith 1985) . gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, <strong>qalebi</strong>, rogorc,wesi iSviaTad Tu muSaoben wyvetis gareSe (Wilsonand Wu 1993, gamosaxuleba 5). momdevno TavebSi ganxiluliiqneba samuSao gamocdileba <strong>da</strong> misi roli imaSi, Tura tipis samuSaos Sesruleba uwevT qalebsa <strong>da</strong> mamakacebs,<strong>da</strong>winaurebis rogori SesaZleblobebi aqvT <strong>da</strong> rogorgansxvavdeba anazRaureba.vidre sxva sakiTxis ganxilvaze ga<strong>da</strong>vidodeT, un<strong>da</strong>aRvniSnoT, rom zogierTi eWvis qveS ayenebs mosazrebas,rom ganaTlebuli <strong>da</strong> gamocdili muSaxeli amave drosufro produqtiulia. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, produqtiulobasgamocdilebisa <strong>da</strong> profesiuli wrTvnis gar<strong>da</strong> sxva bevridetalic gansazRvravs. magaliTad, Sromis nayofierebazesakmaod did gavlenas axdens rogorc <strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTaorganizaciuli unari, aseve TanamSromelTa saqmisadmiTav<strong>da</strong>debuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba.<strong>da</strong>skvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalisTeoriis ZiriTadi idea, rom sqesobriv uTanasworobasganapirobebs qalTa <strong>da</strong>bali a<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitali,30 wlis win ufro gamodgebo<strong>da</strong> uTanasworobis asaxsnelad,vidre axla. dRes, rodesac qalTa udidesi nawilianazRaurebad samuSaos eZebs, gamocdilebisa <strong>da</strong> ganaTlebismisaRebad maT mier Cadebuli investicia uTanabrdebamamakacTa interess. Tumca, me-4 - me-6 TavebSi Cven vnaxavT,rom sqesobrivi niSniT a<strong>da</strong>mianur kapitalSi arsebuligansxvavebebi garkveulwilad jer kidev ukavSirdeba<strong>da</strong>saqmebisas arsebul sqesobriv uTanasworobas.aseTia bolodroindeli prognozi103
genderuli rolis socializaciis Teoriaa<strong>da</strong>mianuri kapitalis Teoria ar cdilobs axsnas mismier <strong>da</strong>Svebuli Tvalsazrisi, rom qalisaTvis ojaxi karierazemetad prioritetulia. genderuli rolis socializaciisTeoria swored am sakiTxs exeba. genderulirolis socializacia aris procesi, romlis meSveobiTsocialuri institutebi, maT Soris ojaxi, Tanatolebi,skola, samuSao adgili <strong>da</strong> media saSualebebi garkveulwilad warmarTaven sazogadoebas imasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT,Tu rogori tanisamosi, metyvelebis stili, <strong>da</strong>svenebisforma Tu survilebia yvelaze meTad misaRebi TiToeulisqesisaTvis (Kimmel 2000:122;Stockard 1999:224).genderuli rolis socializaciam <strong>da</strong>saqmebisas arsebuluTanasworobas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formiT SeiZleba Seuwyosxeli. pirvel rigSi, swored misi saSualebiT xdeba is,rom <strong>qalebi</strong> tradiciulad ojaxisaken, xolo <strong>mamakacebi</strong>samsaxurebisaken iReben gezs. gogonebis socializaciatradiciulad gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>, rom maT Svilebis gaCenis,samzareuloSi trialisa <strong>da</strong> sxva tipis saxlis samuSaoskeTebis survili amoZravebT, xolo biWebis socializaciaSiZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ojaxis rCena <strong>da</strong> samsaxureobrivi movaleobebisojaxur valdebulebebze maRla <strong>da</strong>yeneba igulisxmebo<strong>da</strong>.qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis gansxvavebuli socializaciiserT-erT Sedegad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom isiniorientacias iReben mxolod im samuSaoebze, romelTacsazogadoeba maTTvis Sesaferisad miiCnevs. socializaciaaseve xels uwyobs im Rirebulebebis Camoyalibebas, romlebicgansazRvraven kidec maTi muSaobis stils. magali-Tad imas, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania maTTvis hqondeTgavlena <strong>da</strong> bevri fuli. <strong>da</strong> bolos, genderuli rolissocializaciam SeiZleba erTiorad gazardos <strong>mamakacebi</strong>simedi, rom <strong>da</strong>saqmebisas Sromis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis Sedegad maTgankargulebaSi aRmoCndeba garkveuli tipis samuSaoebi,<strong>da</strong>winaurebis SesaZlebloba, gavlenis sferoebi <strong>da</strong> maRalianazRaureba. xolo rac Seexeba Sromis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebasojaxSi, aqac isini maqsimalurad un<strong>da</strong> gaTavisufldnen104
saxlis yoveldRiuri saqmeebisagan. iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,rom, rogorc wesi, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs iReben <strong>mamakacebi</strong>,maT SeswevT Zala, rom es molodini realobad aqcion.SeuZlia Tu ara genderuli rolis socializaciisTeorias Tavisi wvlili Seitanos <strong>da</strong>saqmebisas arsebuliuTanasworobis axsnaSi? zogierTi sociologisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomistisazriT, socializacia qalebs (<strong>mamakacebi</strong>sagangansxvavebiT) ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d saxlTan <strong>da</strong> ojaxTan akavSirebs.Sedegad <strong>qalebi</strong> iseT samuSaos irCeven, romlis ojaxurvaldebulebebTan SeTavseba iolia. imave <strong>da</strong>skvnamde mivyavarTim ideas, rom ojaxi moiTxovs qalis im SesaZleblobebis<strong>da</strong>kninebas, romlebic aucilebelia <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>winaurebis dros mamakacisaTvis konkurenciisgasawevad, xolo mamakacTa tradiciuli socializaciaxels uwyobs maT moZebnon rac SeiZleba didi finansurimogebis momtani samuSaoebi. <strong>qalebi</strong> saxlis saqmeebsa <strong>da</strong>bavSvebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>ze arian pasuxismgebelni, <strong>mamakacebi</strong> ki,rogorc wesi, Tavi<strong>da</strong>n icileben am movaleobebs <strong>da</strong> samu-Sao adgilebze mamakacTa privilegirebuli mdgomareobaamiTac aixsneba. aqtualuria Tu ara socializaciis estradiciuli xedva dResac? kolejis pirvelkursel studenTaSoris Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom gogonebisa<strong>da</strong> biWebis 73%-saTvis yvelaze mTavari amocanaa ojaxisSeqmna <strong>da</strong> SenarCuneba; mamakacTa mxolod mcire nawilma<strong>da</strong>asaxela umTavres miznad `finansuri warmatebis miRweva~(American Council on Education and UCLA Higher EducationResearch Institute 2001).sxva kvlevis Sedegebmac eWvis qveS <strong>da</strong>ayena mosazreba,rom sqesobrivi uTanasworoba sqesTa mier ojaxsa Tu samsaxurzeorientaciasTanaa uSualo kavSirSi. mniSvnelovaniais faqti, rom <strong>qalebi</strong> iseTive Tav<strong>da</strong>debiT muSaoben,rogorc <strong>mamakacebi</strong> (Aven, Parker, and McEvoy 1993; Marsden,Kalleberg, and Cook 1993). ufro metic, sqesze metadsamuSaosadmi Tav<strong>da</strong>debas Tavad saqmianobis tipi gansazRvravs(Bielby and Bielby 2002; Marsden et al. 1993). gar<strong>da</strong>amisa, samuSao pirobebi, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblad105
miRebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>winaurebis SesaZleblobebi garkveulwiladuwyobs xels rogorc qalTa, ise mamakacTa saqmisadmiTav<strong>da</strong>debasa <strong>da</strong> erTgulebas (Cassirer and Reskin 2000).Tanabari avtonomiuri uflebebis an SesaZleblobebispirobebSi samuSaos Sesasruleblad qalebs ufro didiZalisxmeva sWirdebaT, vidre mamakacebs (Bielby and Bielby1988). arsebul monacemebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT Catarebuli kvlevebisSedegad aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom qalTa ojaxuri valdebulebebimaT mier Sesrulebul samuSaoze araviTar zegavlenasar axdens (Bileby et al. 1995; Marsden et al. 1993).Tumca, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, sqesobrivi diferencirebis ojaxurvaldebulebebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba xels uwyobs SromiT saqmianobaSimamakacTa gacilebiT intensiur CarTvas, racgulisxmobs kviraSi meti samuSao saaTiTa <strong>da</strong> weliwadSimeti samuSao kviriT <strong>da</strong>tvirTvas. es ki, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebsmaT finansur upiratesobas.gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, bavSvobaSiganvlili socializaciis procesi a<strong>da</strong>mianis Sexedulebebssamu<strong>da</strong>mod ayalibebs. magram, rodesac gvsurs avxsnaTra iwvevs qalisa <strong>da</strong> mamakacis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis samuSaoebSiga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas, maTi gansxvavebuli sixSiriT <strong>da</strong>winaurebasa<strong>da</strong> maTTvis gansxvavebuli anazRaurebis gacemas,bavSvobisdroindeli socializacia, rogorc wesi, veraferSigvexmareba. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi socialur zegavlenas aramxolod bavSvobaSi, aramed mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ganicdian.is, rac adre bavSvobisdroindel socializaciasukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>, saboloo jamSi socialuri kontrolisSedegi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. es ukanaskneli ki gulisxmobs im <strong>da</strong>debiTan uaryofiT sapasuxo reaqcias, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianebisqmedebebs mosdevs Sedegad. rodesac cols samsaxurierTkviarian seminarze uSvebs, qmars saSualeba eZlevaSvilebTan Cveulebrivze meti dro gaataros. Tumca,rodesac igi Tavis megobrebs ludis <strong>da</strong>levaze eubnebauars <strong>da</strong> amas imiT xsnis, rom igi martoa <strong>da</strong> bavSvebs un<strong>da</strong>miaqcios yuradReba, igi, rogorc wesi, <strong>da</strong>cinvis obieqtixdeba. momdevno wels, rodesac coli seminarze wasvlas106
kvlav <strong>da</strong>apirebs, qmari ukve ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs <strong>da</strong>bavSvebTan <strong>da</strong>rCenaze uars ganacxadebs. mis saqciels veravxsniT mxolod im informaciiT, romelic mas bavSvobaSimiewodebo<strong>da</strong>; misi qmedeba ufro metad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuliaim <strong>da</strong>debiT (SvilebTan ufro meti drois gatareba, colisaTvissiamovnebis miniWeba) <strong>da</strong> uayofiT (megobrebis<strong>da</strong>mcinavi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba) reaqciebTan, romlebic mismasaqcielma gamoiwvia. igives metyvelebs misi colismdgomareobac. 19 wlis asakSi igi savaraudod fiqrob<strong>da</strong>,rom gaTxovebis Semdeg ramdenime weliwadi imuSaveb<strong>da</strong>,cota xanSi samuSaos Tavs <strong>da</strong>anebeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Svilebis aRzr<strong>da</strong>s<strong>da</strong>uTmob<strong>da</strong> dros. samuSaos mxolod mas Semdeg <strong>da</strong>ubrundebo<strong>da</strong>,rac Svilebi wamoizrdebodnen. magram erTimxriv, seminarSi monawileobis miRebis perspeqtiva, xolo,meore mxriv, erTi a<strong>da</strong>mianis xelfasze <strong>da</strong>rCenis saSiSroebamas, savaraudod mTlianad Seacvlevinebs azrs.Sejameba<strong>da</strong>saqmebis adgilze arsebuli sqesobrivi uTanasworobasxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxiT SeiZleba gamovlindes: sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvasqesis warmomadgenlebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis samuSaoebSiarian ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebulni; <strong>qalebi</strong>, rogorc wesi, <strong>da</strong>bal samsaxureobrivpozicias ikaveben <strong>da</strong> <strong>mamakacebi</strong>sagan gansxvavebiTnaklebi ZalauflebiT sargebloben; <strong>qalebi</strong> naklebanazRaurebas iReben, vidre <strong>mamakacebi</strong>; <strong>mamakacebi</strong> ufroxangrZlivad muSaoben <strong>da</strong>, rogorc wesi, maTi samuSao pirobebixSirad ufro saxifaToa maTi janmrTelobisaTvis.socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebi am uTanasworobassxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizeziT xsnian: kulturuli faqtorebi,sqesobrivi stereotipebi, mamakacTa mcdeloba SeinarCunonsakuTari privilegiebi; diskriminacia <strong>da</strong>msaqmebelTamxri<strong>da</strong>n. Tumca am uTanasworobas mamakacTa profesiulimomzadebisa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebis sakmaod maRali donecuwyobs xels. un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes, rom Cveni mizania avxsnaTratom gansxvavdeba sqesobrivi uTanasworobis doneebi107
samuSao pirobebis, jgufebis, qveynebisa <strong>da</strong> drois mixedviT.am kiTxvebs rom pasuxi gaeces, socialuri mecnierebebisspecialistebma un<strong>da</strong> gamoikvlion ramdenad iwvevsSemTxveviTi faqtorebis cvlileba sqesobrivi uTanasworobisdoneebis cvlas. momdevno sam TavSi <strong>da</strong>vubrundebiTganxilul zogad faqtorebs <strong>da</strong> SevecdebiT gamovikvlioTramdenad ukavSirdeba am faqtorTa mravalferovneba<strong>da</strong>saqmebisas sqesobriv gansxvavebebSi arsebulmravalferovnebas.SeniSvnebi1. sociologma robert mertonma (1972:20) Semdegnairiganmarteba Camoayaliba: diskriminacia funqciura<strong>da</strong>rarelevantur maxasiaTeblebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebaaise, TiTqos isini relevanturni iyvnen.2. komisiisa <strong>da</strong> sasamarloebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT rasiTaTu fizikur uZlurebiT gamowveuli zewola 7-e muxlisqveS eqceva <strong>da</strong> diskriminacias warmoadgens.3. aseTia bolodroindeli prognozi.108
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