qrestomaTia I

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti 

literaturis Teora 

qrestomaTia 

I 

1

wigni warmoadgens vrceli proeqtis _ `literaturis 

Teora. qrestomaTia~ pirvel nawils, romelic moicavs 

literaturaTmcodneobiTi azrovnebis ganviTarebis safexurebs 

adreuli epoqebidan vidre me-20 saukunemde. 

redaqtorebi: 

1. 

2. 

2 

gaga lomiZe 

irma ratiani 

Semdgenlebi: 

venera kavTiaSvili 

gaga lomiZe 

Tamar lomiZe 

maia niniZe 

irma ratiani 

solomos tabucaZe 

rusudan canava 

ISBN № 978-9941-0-1717-9 

ISBN № 978-9941-0-1718-6

sarCevi 

upaniSadebi.............................................................................................5 

platoni....................................................................................................9 

aristotele..........................................................................................42 

horaciusi..............................................................................................92 

netari avgustine...............................................................................110 

nikola bualo depreo.....................................................................138 

vaxtang VI.............................................................................................144 

anton I kaTalikosi...........................................................................150 

mamuka baraTaSvili...........................................................................159 

deni didro.........................................................................................162 

gothold efraim lesingi...............................................................171 

iohan volfgang goeTe ...................................................................189 

Sileri .................................................................................................192 

georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli..................................................227 

samuel teilor kolriji...............................................................250 

besarion belinski............................................................................252 

arTur Sopenhaueri..........................................................................292 

fridrix nicSe.................................................................................300 

ilia WavWavaZe.....................................................................................304 

ipolit teni......................................................................................331 

3

4 

winaTqma 

winamdebare wigni warmoadgens vrceli proeqtis _ 

`literaturis Teoriis qrestomaTia~ pirvel nawils, 

romelic moicavs literaturaTmcodneobiTi azrovnebis 

ganviTarebis safexurebs adreuli epoqebidan vidre 

me-20 saukunemde. wigni moazrebulia, rogorc damxmare 

saxelmZRvanelo wignebisa _ `Janris Teoria~ (avtori _ 

irma ratiani) da `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis Ziri- 

Tadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi~ 

(avtorTa krebuli) da aucilebeli profesiuli sakiTxavi 

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis 

zogadi da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis 

mimarTulebis saleqcio kursebisaTvis bakalavriatsa da 

magistraturaSi. 

qrestomaTiis warmodgenili tomi Tavs uyris qarTveli 

mecnierebis mier sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva enebidan 

Targmnil teqstebs, romlebic Seicaven mniSvnelovan informacias 

literaturaTmcodneobiTi cnebebisa Tu Uprocesebis 

Sesaxeb. amasTan, wignSi warmodgenilia qarTuli 

literaturaTmcodneobiTi masala, romelic, Semdgenlebis 

azriT, gamokveTavs Teoriuli azris ganviTarebis 

mniSvnelovan etapebs qarTul saliteraturo sivrceSi. 

qarTuli masala organulad aris CarTuli evropuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi 

procesebis kinteqstSi. 

qrestomaTiis Semdgenlebi da saredaqcio kolegia 

uRrmes madlobas moaxsenebs TiToeuli statiis mTargmnels, 

maT ojaxebs. gansakuTrebul madlierebas gamouxatavs 

baton baCana bregvaZes mis mier Sesrulebuli 

Targmanebis mowodebisa da konsultaciebisTvis; agreTve, 

baton jansuR korZaias piradi biblioTekiT sargelobis 

uflebisaTvis.

upaniSadebi 

kari meSvide 

Tavi meore 

metyvelebis Sesaxeb 

1. _ `WeSmaritad! metyveleba – umaRlesia saxelisa. da WeSmaritad! 

metyvelebisa ZaliT Seicnoba rigveda, iajurveda, samaveda, 

atharvaveda, _ meoTxe veda, da itihasa da puranni – mexuTe, 

da gadmocemani da Tqmulebani, winaparTa Tayvaniscemis 

wesni, ricxvTa xelovneba, da xelovneba winaswarmetyvelebisa, 

da welTaRricxva, logika, qcevisa wesni, moZRvreba RmerTTaTvis, 

brahmanisa moZRvreba, da swavlani arsTaTvis, laSqrobisa 

xelovneba, varskvlavTmricxveloba, swavlani gvelTaTvis da 

mdabal RvTaebaTaTvis. misi ZaliT Seicnoba ca da miwa, da qari 

da sivrce, da wylebi da simxurvale, da RmerTni da kacni, da 

xvastagni da frinvelni, da balaxni da xeni, da yovelni cxovelni 

vidre matldamdin, koRoni da jinWvelni. da samarTlianoba da 

usamarloba, da WeSmariteba da zakva, da sikeTe da ukeTureba, 

da saamuri da uamuri. da WeSmaritad! rom metyveleba ara, ver 

SeviZlebdiT Secnobas samarTlianobisas da usamarTlobisas, da 

WeSmaritebisas da sicruisas, da sikeTisas da ukeTurebisas, da 

saamurisas da uamurisas. da WeSmaritad! metyvelebiTa Seicnoba 

yoveli. Tayvani ec metyvelebasa. 

2. da mas, vinca Tayvani sca metyvelebas viTarca brahmans, 

ZaluZs qmedebani, rogoradac nebavs, ima zRvrebSid, sadamdisinac 

ganvrcobila metyveleba. da amgvaria igi, vinca Tayvani sca 

metyvelebas viTarca brahmans~. _ àris raime, meufeo, metyvelebisa 

umaRlesi?~ _ `WeSmaritad, aris metyvelebisa umaRlesi~. 

_ `mamcne, meufeo, imisa~. 

Tavi mesame 

gonebis Sesaxeb 

1. _ `WeSmaritad! goneba – umaRlesia metyvelebisa. da WeSmaritad! 

msgavsad imisa, viTarca muWi garemoikrebs amalakis 

orsa nayofs, gina kolisas, gina akSisas, imdagvaradve gonebac 

5

garemoikrebs metyvelebasac da saxelsac. da raJams kaci bWobs 

gonebiT: `xolo daveuflo me saRmrTo wignebsa!~ _ igi eufleba. 

da raJams bWobs: `xolo aRvasrulo me saqmeni!~ _ igi aRasrulebs. 

da raJams bWobs: `xolo vinatro me SvilTaSviloba da xvastagi!~ 

_ igi natrobs. ra raJams bWobs: `xolo visurvo me amier da 

imier sofeli!~ _ mas surs. da WeSmaritad! goneba – atmania. da 

WeSmariteba! goneba – samyaroa. da WeSmaritad! goneba _ brahmania. 

Tayvani ec brahmansa! 

2. da mas, vinca Tayvani sca gonebas viTarca brahmans, ZaluZs 

qmedebani, rogoradac nebavs, ima zRvrebSid, sadamdisinac ganvrcobila 

goneba. da amgvaria igi, vinca Tayvani sca gonebas vi- 

Tarca brahmans~. _ àris raime, meufeo, gonebisa umaRlesi?~ _ 

`WeSmaritad, aris gonebisa umaRlesi~. _ `mamcne, meufeo, imisa~. 

6 

Tavi meoTxe 

gulisTqmis Sesaxeb 

1. _ `WeSmaritad! gulisTqma – umaRlesia gonebisa. da WeSmaritad! 

raJams kacs swadia, igi gulisxmismyofelia, igi metyvelia, 

da metyvelia igi saxelebiT. da saxelebiT Seiqmneba. erTianni 

saRrmTo wignebi, da saRmrTo wignebi – saqmeniT. 

2. xolo WeSmaritad! yoveli Sekrbebis gulisTqmaSid, da arsi 

_ gulisTqmaSid, da safuZveli – gulisTqmaSid, da amgvarad aRmocendeba 

ca da miwa, da aRmocendeba qari da sivrce, da aRmocendeba 

wyali da simxurvale. da maTi aRmocenebiT aRmocendeba wvima, 

da wvimis aRmocenebiT aRmocendeba sazrdeli, da sazrdelis 

aRmocenebiT aRmocendeba sasicocxlo mSvinvani, da sasicocxlo 

mSvinvaTa aRmocenebiT aRmocendeba saRmrTo wignebi _ da 

saRmrTo wignebis aRmocenebiT aRmocendeba saqmeni, da saqmeTa 

aRmocenebiT aRmocendeba samyaro, da samyaros aRmocenebiT aRmocendeba 

yoveli. aha, raa gulisTqma. Tayvani ec gulisTqmas! 

3. da igi, vinca Tayvani sca gulisTqmas viTarca brahmans, 

WeSmaritad, daeufla sasurvelsa samyaroebs. da ucvalebeli, 

daeufla ucvalebelsa samyaroebs, da myarad dafuZnebulT, 

da Seuryeveli _ SeuryevelT. da ima zRvrebSid, sadamdisinac 

ganvrcobila gulisTqma, ZaluZs qmedebani rogoradac nebavs, 

imas, vinca Tayvani sca gulisTqmas, viTarca brahmans~. _ àris 

raime, meufeo, gulisTqmisa umaRlesi?~ _ `WeSmaritad, aris gulisTqmisa 

umaRlesi~. _ `mamcne, meufeo, imisa~.

Tavi mexuTe 

1. _ `WeSmaritad! azri – umaRlesia gulisTqmisa. da WeSmaritad! 

raJams kaci azrovnebs, igi mowadinea, da igi gulisxmismyofelia, 

da igi metyvelia, da metyvelia igi saxelebiT. saxelebiT 

Seiqmnebian erTianni saRmrTo wignebi, da saRmrTo wignebi _ 

saqmeniT. 

2. xolo WeSmaritad! yoveli Sekrbebis azrSid, da arsi – azr- 

Sid, da safuZveli – azrSid. da amitomac, ukeTu mravlisa mecnauric 

ki uqonelia azrisa, maszed amboben: ìgi – araraa, Tumc ki 

mravlisa mecnauria. da WeSmaritad, igi rom namdvilad mravlisa 

mecnauri iyos viT iqneboda uqoneli azrisa~. xolo piruku, _ 

ukeTu mcirisa mecnauri SeWurvilia azriT, mas usmenen, rameTu 

azri – Sesakrebelia yovelive amisa, da azri – arsia, da azri – safuZvelia. 

Tayvani ec azrsa! 

3. da igi, vinca Tayvani sca azrs viTarca brahmans, WeSmaritad, 

daeufla azriansa samyaroebs. da ucvalebeli, daeufla 

ucvalebelsa samyaroebs, da myarad dafuZnebuli – myarad dafuZnebulT, 

da Seuryeveli – SeuryevelT. da ima zRvrebSid, 

sadamdisinac ganvrcobila azri, ZaluZs qmedebani, rogoradac 

nebavs, imas, vinca Tayvani sca azrs viTarca brahmans~. _ àris 

raime, meufeo, azrisa umaRlesi?~ _ `WeSmaritad, aris azrisa 

umaRlesi~. _ `mamcne, meufeo, imisa~. 

Tavi meeqvse 

1. _ `WeSmaritad! Wvreta – umaRlesia azrisa. da miwa TiTqosda 

mWvretelia, da haerisa sivrce TiTqosda mWvretelia, da ca 

TiTqosda mWvretelia, da wylebi TiTqosda mWvretelni arian, da 

mTani TiTqosda mWvretelni arian, da RmerTni da kacni TiTqosda 

mWvretelni arian. da amitomac kacni, romelni miwevnul arian 

ama soflad sidiades, TiTqosda Tanaziar arian Wvretisa nayofT. 

da mdabioni moCxubarni arian, mabezRarni da borotmzraxvelni. 

xolo didebulni TiTqosda Tanaziar arian nayofT Wvretisa. 

Tayvani ec Wvretasa! 

2. da mas, vinca Tayvani sca Wvretas viTarca brahmans, ZaluZs 

qmedebani, rogoradac nebavs, ima zRvrebSid, sadamdisinac ganvrcobila 

Wvreta. da amgvaria igi, vinca Tayvani sca Wvretas vi- 

Tarca brahmans~, _ àris raime, meufeo, Wvretisa umaRlesi?~ _ 

`WeSmaritad, aris Wvretisa umaRlesi~, _ `mamcne, meufeo, imisa~. 

7

8 

Tavi meSvide 

1. _ `WeSmaritad! Semecneba – umaRlesia Wvretisa. da WeSmaritad! 

SemecnebiTa Seicnoben rigvedas, iajurvedas, samavedas, 

atharvavedas – meoTxe vedas, da itihasT da puranT _ mexuTe 

vedas, da gadmocemaT da TqmulebaT, da winaparTa Tayvaniscemis 

wesT, ricxvTa xelovnebas, xelovnebas winaswarmetyvelebisas, da 

welTaRricxvas, loRikas, qcevisa wesT, moZRvrebas RmerTTaTvis, 

brahmanisa moZRvrebas, da swavlans arsTaTvis, laSqrobisa 

xelovnebas, varskvlavTmricxvelobas, swavlans gvelTaTvis da 

mdabal RvTaebaTaTvis, da Seicnoben casa da miwas, da qarsa da 

sivrces, da wylebsa da simxurvales, da RmerTT da kacT, da 

xvastagT da frinvelT, da balaxT da xeT, da yovelTa cxovelT 

vidre matlamdin, da koRoT da jinWvelT. da Seicnoben samar- 

Tlianobasa da usamarTlobas, WeSmaritebasa da sicrues, da 

sikeTesa da ukuTurebas, da saamursa da uamurs, da sazrdelsa 

da dasarwyulebels, da ama sofelsa da ima sofels, _ da yovelive 

es SemecnebiTa Seicnoba. Tayvani ec Semecnebasa. 

2. da igi, vinca Tayvani sca Semecnebas viTarca brahmans, WeSmaritad, 

daeufla Semecnebisa da codnis samyaroebs. da ima 

zRvrebSid, sadamdisinac ganvrcobila Semecneba, ZaluZs qmedebani, 

rogoradac nebavs, imas, vinca Tayvani sca Semecnebas vi- 

Tarca brahmans~. _ àris raime, meufeo, Semecnebisa umaRlesi?~ 

_ `WeSmaritad, aris Semecnebisa umaRlesi!~ _ `mamcne, meufeo, 

imisa~. 

vedebi, anu `codna~, sulier, saRmrTo codnas rom niSnavs, 

uZvelesi bibliaa braminTa, marad myofeli da waruvali RvTaebrivi 

gamocxadeba, risi Seqmnis xanac meore aTaswleulsa da 

pirveli aTaswleulis (qristemde) Sua xanebs moicavs, da igi 

dResac iseve afiqrebs da aRelvebs indoels, rogorc mravali 

saukunis winaT. 

Targmani leri alimonakisa 

(wignidan ùpaniSadebi~, Tb., 1995)

platoni (Zv.w. aR. 427-347) 

fedoni 

Tavi IV 

aq mas kebesma gaawyvetina sityva: _ vficav zevss, _ Tqva man, 

_ swored rom droze gamaxsene eg: xalxma gaigo, rom Sen ezopes 

igavebi galeqse da himnic SeTxze apolonis sadideblad. zogi 

adrec mekiTxeboda, xolo amas winaT evenemac 1 mkiTxa: _ riT 

aixsneba, rom mas Semdeg, rac aq moxvdi, leqsebis weras mohkide 

xeli, Tumca leqsebi arasodes ar giweria? hoda, Tu surs pasuxi 

gavsce evenes, roca xelaxla mommarTavs kiTxviT, xolo me mwams, 

rom mommarTavs, maSin marqvi, ra vuTxra mas? 

_ uTxari mxolod simarTle, kebes, _ Tqva man, _ uTxari, 

rom mitom ki ra damiwyia leqsebis wera, rom mas an mis leqsebs 

gavjibrebodi, _ me vici, es advili saqme rodia, _ ara, me msurda 

Cavwvdomodi zogierTi Cvenebis azrs, msurda gamerkvia, ras 

iTxovdnen isini da momexada Cemi uwmindesi vali, Tuki marTlac 

musikosobas 2 iTxovdnen Cemgan. Cemi sicocxlis manZilze ara 

erTgzis mCvenebia erTi Cveneba da, Tumca sul sxvadasxva saxiT 

mCvenebia, erTsa da imaves CamCurCulebda mudam: _ sokrate, mesmoda 

me, _ xeli mohkide musikur xelovnebas da misdie mas. uwin 

vfiqrobdi is mirCevs da maqezebs mivsdio mas, rasac amden xans 

mivsdevdi-meTqi. da rogorc morbenlebs aqezebs xolme brbos 

yiJini, megona, Cemi Cvenebac aseve maqezebda musikuri xelovnebis 

samsaxurisaTvis, radgan filosofia udidesi musikuri xelovnebaa, 

xolo me vemsaxurebodi mas. magram axla, roca ganaCenis 

gamotanis Semdeg RvTaebis dResaswaulma xeli SeuSala Cems 

sikvdils, gadavwyvite davyolodi Cvenebis nebas, romelic amdenxans, 

SesaZloa, ubralo meleqseobisaTvis maqezebda mxolod. 

radgan, vifiqre, ufro uSiSrad waval wuTisoflidan, Tu Cems 

wminda vals movixdi-meTqi oriode leqsis daweriT. amitom jer 

apolonis sadideblad davwere himni; Semdeg ki im azramde mivedi, 

rom poetma, Tuki mas surs WeSmariti poeti erqvas, namdvilisagan 

ki ar unda Seqmnas leqsi, aramed mogonilisgan, miTisgan da 

raki veraferi miTebis mTxzveli gaxlavarT, isev ezopes igavebs 

mivubrundi – zogi maTgani zepirad maxsovda – da gavleqse isini, 

romelnic pirvelad gamaxsenda. 

9

10 

SeniSvnebi 

1. evene paroseli – cnobili sofisti da poeti. 

2. musikosoba – yvelaferi, rac xelovnebis sferos miekuTvneba (dedniseul 

mousi khvn poieiñ asti Targmnis artem facere, factitare sive exercere). 

Zveli berZnulidan Targmna da 

SeniSvnebi daurTo baCana bregvaZem 

(wignidan `fedoni~, Tb., 1966).

533 d–dan 536 d-mde. 

ioni 

sokrate. mesmis da axlave agixsni, ion: Sen rom kargad laparakob 

homerosze, amis mizezi, rogorc weRan mogaxsene, xelovneba ki 

ar aris, aramed RvTiuri Zala, romelic ise gZravs da gaRelvebs, 

rogorc im ucnaur qvas, romelsac evripide magnesiurs uwodebs, 

xolo umravlesoba herakleuris saxeliT icnobs. 1 es qva, ara 

marto izidavs rkinis rgolebs, aramed sxva rgolebis mizidvis 

Zalasac aniWebs maT; ase rom xSirad erTmaneTze dakidebuli 

rgolebis sakmaod grZel jaWvs viRebT: TiToeul maTgans qva gadascems 

mizidulobis Zalas. 

zustad aseve, zogierT kacsac TviT muza aniWebs zeSTagonebas, 

romelic Semdeg sxvebsac gadaecema maTgan: ase viRebT zegardmo 

STagonebulTa jaWvs. didi epikosi poetebi sakuTari xelovnebis 

ki ara, zeSTagonebisa da RvTiuri siSmagis wyalobiT Txzaven 

TavianT mSvenier poemebs. igive iTqmis lirikos poetTa mimarT: 

RvTiuri siSmagiT cnobamixdili da aRtkinebiT mrokavi koribantebis 

2 msgavsad, isinic cnobamixdilobis Jams qmnian TavianT 

momxiblav leqsebs; roca maT euflebaT harmonia da ritmi, 3 

bakqur eqstazSi danTqmulni, bakqantebiviT 4 xarbad ewafebian 

mdinareebiT naden Taflsa da rZes. 5 magram ewafebian mxolod 

cnobamixdilni da ara siSmagedamcxralni da damSvidebulni. da 

rogorc TviTonve gvimowmeben, aseve Smagobs maTi sulic. marTlac, 

poetebi amboben, rom isini futkrebiviT dafrinaven da 

muzebis Tvalwamrtac baRebsa da WalakebSi, 6 TaflmwTolvare 

wyaroebis piras, gulmodgined agroveben CvenTvis goleuliviT 

tkbil sagaloblebs. 7 da marTalsac amboben, ion. poeti msubuqi, 

frTaSesxmuli da wminda arsia; mas ar ZaluZs raime Seqmnas manam, 

sanam zeSTagoneba Tu RvTiuri siSmage cnobas ar mixdis da gons 

ar dauxSobs, 8 sxvagvarad mas arc risame Seqmnis Zali Seswevs 

da arc misnuri galobisa, xolo rodesac qmnian, poetebi bevri 

mSvenieri sityviT amkoben sxvadasxva sagans, iseve rogorc Sen 

_ homeross, magram ara sakuTari xelovnebis, aramed RvTiuri 

zeSTagonebis wyalobiT. TiToeul maTgans SeuZlia unaklod 

Seqmnas mxolod is, risTvisac mas aRZravda muza: erTs – diTirambebi, 

meores – enkomiebi, mesames _ hiporxemebi; zogs _ epiuri 

poemebi, zogs – iambebi 9 da a. S. es aris da es, arc erT maTgans 

meti ara SeuZlia ra, radgan isini xelovnebis ki ara, RvTiuri 

Zalis wyalobiT qmnian. da marTlac, poetebi rom xelovnebis 

wyalobiT qmnidnen da srulyofiladac qmnidnen erT rasme, maSin 

11

aseve Seqmnidnen sxva danarCensac. 10 amitomac arTmevs RmerTi 

gonebas da Tavis msaxurebad, qurumebad da misnebad aqcevs maT, 

raTa Cven – maTma msmenelebma – vicodeT, rom isini _ ucnoboni 

da ugononi – ki ar qmnian am didebul qmnilebebs, aramed TviT 

RmerTi metyvelebs maTi piriT da, amrigad, Tavis xmas gvawvdens 

Cven. am azris ukeTesi sabuTi tiniqe qalkiseli 11 gaxlavT. mas 

Tavis sicocxleSi ar Seuqmnia raime Rirssaxsovari, erTaderTi 

peanis 12 garda, romelsac yvela mReris da romelic WeSmaritad 

umSvenieresia sagalobelTa Soris. tiniqesave sityviT rom 

vTqvaT, es iyo namdvili `muzebis napovni~. me mgonia, RmerTma, 

Cveni eWvis gasafantavad, cxadze ucxadesad gviCvena amiT, rom es 

mSvenieri qmnilebani xelTqmnilni da adamianuri Semoqmedebis 

nayofni ki ar arian, aramed xelTuqmnelni da RvTaebrivni; ase 

rom, arcerTi poeti sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara RmerTis mTargmneli 

da ganmmartebeli. TiToeuli maTgani misi mpyrobeli RvTaebis 

tyvea da Tavisi meufis nebismyofeli. amis dasamtkiceblad 

RmerTma ganzrax igaloba umSvenieresi sagalobeli usustesi 

poetis piriT. ras ityvi, gana marTals ar vambob, ion? 

ioni. marTals ambob, vficav zevss; Seni sityvebi, sokrate, 

grZneuli ZaliT ajadoeben Cems suls, da me mgonia, rom WeSmariti 

poetebi swored RvTiuri zeSTagonebis wyalobiT gvamcnoben 

da ganvgvimartaven RvTaebis sityvas. 

sokrate. xolo Tqven – rafsodebi – poetebs ganmartavT, 

ara? 

ioni. amasac marTals ambob. 

sokrate. maSasadame, Tqven ganmmartebelTa ganmmartebelni 

xarT? 

ioni. diax. 

sokrate. erTi es miTxari, ion, da Tu RmerTi gwams, nurafers 

damimalav: rodesac eposs asruleb da ucnauris ZaliT aRelveb 

msmenelT, rodesac mReri, rogor avarda odisevsi zRurblze, 

rogor gaumJRavna Tavisi Tavi sasiZoebs da basri isrebi dayara 

ferxTiT, 13 rogor ekveTa aqilevsi heqtors, 14 an raime sawyalobels 

andromaqes, hekabasa Tu priamosisTvis, 15 – Sens Wkuaze xar 

Tu ara maSin? Tu cnobamixdils ggonia, rom zeSTagonebiT aRtkinebuli 

Seni suli iqve trialebs, sadac Sen mier aRwerili ambebi 

xdeba – iTakaSi, 16 ilionSi Tu sadme sxvagan? 

ioni. ra TvalsaCino sabuTi daimowme, sokrate! ar dagimalav, 

gulaxdilad getyvi yvelafers: rodesac raime sawyalobels 

vasruleb, cremliT mevseba Tvali, xolo sazarelisa Tu 

gulSemzaravis Sesrulebisas Tma yalyze midgeba da SiSiT Semkr- 

Tali guli gamalebiT micems mkerdSi. 

12

sokrate. mereda, ras ityvi, ion, Tavis Wkuazea Tu ara kaci, 

romelic, sazeimod morTul-mokazmuli da oqros gvirgviniT 

SublSemkuli, mwared tiris mxverplSewirvis dros, dResaswaulze 

TavSeyril brboSi, Tumca arcerTi samkauli ar daukargavs, 

an SiSiT Zrwis oci aTasi kacis winaSe, romlebic mis 

mimarT megobrulad arian ganwyobilni da romelTagan aravin ar 

Zarcvavs da ar emuqreba? 

ioni. ara, vficav zevss, aseTi kaci, marTali giTxra, Tavis 

Wkuaze ar unda iyos, Cemo sokrate. 

sokrate. ki magram, ici Tu ara Sen, rom swored amnair zemoqmedebas 

axdenT bevr Tqvens msmenelze? 

ioni. cxadia, vici; me yovelTvis vxedav Cemi ficarnagidan 

rogor tirian da SiSCamdgari TvalebiT iyurebian Cemi sityvebiT 

gulSeZrulni msmenelni. me xom iZulebuli var Tvali fxizlad 

meWiros maTze: Tu vatire isini, maSin me vicineb: fuls vxvetav, 

gesmis? xolo Tu vicine, maSin TviTon unda vitiro: mSvidobiT, 

fulebo! 

sokrate. axla xom gesmis, rom aseTi msmeneli ukanasknelia 

im rgolTagan, romlebic erTimeoris miyolebiT iReben Zalas 

magnesiuri qvis wyalobiT. Sua rgoli – es Sena xar, rafsodi da 

msaxiobi, pirveli rgoli – poetia, xolo RmerTi, Tqveni meSveobiT 

iqiT miaqcevs kacis suls, saiTac moeprianeba, es miqceva ki 

erTmaneTis miyolebiT xorcieldeba. da ibmeba misgan, rogorc 

im qvisagan, qorevtebis, qoros moZRvarTa Tu qvemoZRvarTa 17 

grZeli jaWvi, romlis yvela rgoli pirdapir Tu arapirdapir 

damokidebulia muzisagan. erTi poeti erT muzazea damokidebuli, 

meore – meoreze, xolo Cven mas `siSmagiT Sepyrobils~ vuwodebT, 

rac TiTqmis erTi da igivea, radgan muzas upyria igi. am 

pirveli rgolebisgan – poetebisgan – damokidebulni arian sxva 

zeSTagonebulni: erTni – orfevsisgan, meoreni – museosisgan, 18 

umravlesni ki _ homerosisgan, radgan homeross upyria isini. 

erTi maTgani Sena xar, ion, da homeross upyrixar Sen. ai, ratomaa, 

rom, roca vinme sxva poetis qmnilebebs mReris, Sen Zili gipyrobs 

da ar ici, ra Tqva, xolo rodesac Seni poetis qmnilebebs 

mRerian, myisve fxizldebi, Seni suli aRtkinebiT iwyebs rokvas 

da saTqmeli TavisiT gadgeba pirze, radgan imas, rasac homerosze 

ambob, xelovnebisa da codnis ki ara, RvTiuri siSmagisa da 

zeSTagonebis wyalobiT ambob. da rogorc koribantebi sulganabulni 

usmenen mxolod im melodias, romelic maTi mpyrobeli 

RvTaebisgan iRebs dasabams da sxvisTvis ki ara, mxolod misTvis 

pouloben saTanado moZraobebs, mimoxvrebsa Tu sityvebs, ise 

Senc, ion, sakmarisia homerosi axsenos vinmem, rom xelad pou- 

13

lob saWiro sityvebs, sxva poetebze ki ar ici, ra Tqva. Sen gsurda 

gagego, ratomaa, rom advilad laparakob homerosze, magram ara 

sxva poetebze. amis mizezi is gaxlavs, rom Sen xelovneba ki ara, 

RvTiuri zeSTagoneba gxdis WeSmarit mexotbed homerosisa. 

14 

SeniSvnebi: 

1. magnesiuri (qva) – igulisxmeba magniti. magnesia ewodeboda lidiis erT-erT 

qalaqs (magnesia pros sipilo-sipilosis magnesia); magram igive saxeli erqva 

kariis erT qalaqsac (magnesia pros maiandro-meandrosis magnesia), romlis 

maxlobladac mdebareobda magnitis sabadoebiT mdidari qalaqi heraklea 

(sudas leqsikoni asec uwodebs magnits _ `herakleia liTos~). sofokle magnits 

`lidiuri qvis~ (lidikos liTos) saxeliT ixseniebs, rac zogierTi komentatoris 

azriT, imas mowmobs, rom aq swored lidiis magnesia igulisxmeba. 

magram raki platonis teqstSi magnitis meore saxelic (`hera-leuri qva~) 

gvxvdeba, amitom SeiZleba aq kariis magnesia iyos nagulisxmebi. Sdr. am pasaJs 

lukreciusi, saganTa bunebisaTvis, VI, 906-916. 

2. koribantebi – frigielTa qalRmerTis, `didi dedis~ kibeles Tanmxlebi 

RvTaebani, romelnic orgiastuli rokviT, veluri yiJiniT, buk-naRariTa da 

dafdafTa cemiT miacileben qalRmerTs mcire aziis tyeebsa da mTebSi. ufro 

gvian, roca kibeles kulti berZenTa `didi dedis~ _ reas kults Seerwya (reakibele), 

koribantebi reas qurumebTan – kuretebTan iqnen gaigivebulni. 

3. harmonia da ritmi platonuri esTetikis umniSvnelovanesi terminebia. dialogebSi 

isini Zalian xSirad ixseniebian erTmaneTis gverdiT (protagora. 

326ab; nadimi, 187cd; saxelmwifo, 397b, 442a; kanonebi, 661c, 670d da a. S.). TviTon 

platoni erTgan ase gansazRvravs harmonias da ritms: `moZraobis wesrigs 

(taqsis) ritmi ewodeba, xolo bgeraTa wesrigs, romelic maRali da dabali 

tonebis Serwyma-SereviT miiRweva, harmonia hqvia saxelad~ (kanonebi, II, 665a). 

rasakvirvelia, amgvari definicia Zalze zogadia da aseve zogadad migvaniSnebs 

im usasrulod mdidar Sinaars, rasac am tevad terminebSi debs platoni 

da rac mxolod misi dialogebis Sesabamisi adgilebis gulmodgine analiziT 

cnaurdeba CvenTvis. harmoniisa da ritmis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. Лосев А. Ф. 

История античной эстетики, М., 1969: 386-391; 402-404. 

4. bakqantebi – dionises (bakqis) qurumi qalebi, misi orgiastuli sazeimo 

msvlelobis mudmivi monawileni, romelTa gaTqvirebul, vnebian sxeulebs 

mxecis tyavi mosavs, xolo Subls suros gvirgvinebiT umkobT da romlebic 

TavianTi Sleguri rokviTa da veluri yiJiniT: ìo, bakqa, io, despota!~ (èhei, 

bakqos, exei, ufalo!~) mouwodeben yvelas, yvelafers, mTels samyaros, uaryon 

goneba da gonebsimieri, kritikul-skeptikuri sibrZne, SeuerTdnen maT 

ferxuls, raTa dainTqan RvTaebriv eqstazSi da, amrigad, eziaron uzenaes 

sibrZnes, grZnobebiTa da instinqtebiT gacxadebuls. 

5. Sdr. evripide, bakqantebi, 142 da Smd. 

6. Sdr. pindare, olimp., IX, 26-27. 

7. Sdr. aristofane, frinvelebi 748-751: `swored aq, futkariviT agrovebda 

friniqe Tavisi leqsebis neqtars~. 

8. poeturi zeSTagonebis iracionalurobis am mistiur koncefcias didi 

mxatvruli eqspresiiT, gadmogvcems platonis `fedrosic~, 245ab; Sdr.

demokrate, 68,17; 68,18 (dilsi); Sdr. agreTve aristotele, poetika, 1455a. 

9. diTirambi _ bakqis (dionises) sadidebeli sakraluri himni. enkomia (enkomion) 

– saxotbo leqsi, simRera, sityva, hiporxema – simRera cekvis TanxlebiT. 

iambi – dekldamaciuri lirikis erT-erTi saxe, SinaarsiT metwilad 

satiruli xasiaTisaa. 

10. aRsaniSnavia, rom es sityvebi aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba sokratesave daskvni- 

Ti sityvebis azrs platonis `nadimSi~ (223d): `...erTsa da imave kacs unda See- 

Zlos rogorc komediebis, ise tragediebis wera da didi tragikosi poeti 

didi komikosic unda iyoso amave dros~. 

11. tiniqe qalkiseli (VI-V s. Zv. w.) _ berZeni poeti. porfiriosi gadmogvcems 

(De abst., II, 18): `...esqile ambobda, im poetTagan, romelTac delfosma apolonis 

sadidebeli peanis dawera ubrZana, yvelaze ukeTesi peani tini-qem SeTxzao~. 

12. peani (peoni) – sagundo himni, sazeimo, samadlobeli, savedrebeli an sxva 

xasiaTisa, metwilad apolonisadmi miZRvnili. 

13. homerosi, odisea, XXII, 1-4. 

14. homerosi, iliada, XXII, 131 da Smd. 

15. aseTia, magaliTad, ìliadas~ Semdegi epizodebi: heqtorisa da and-romaqes 

Sexvedrisa da gamoTxovebis scena (VI, 370-502); heqtoris datireba dedmamis 

_ hekabasa da priamosisa da meuRlis andromaqes mier (XXII, 4-5-515). da, 

bolos, TiTqmis mTeli XXIV simRera (160-804), sadac aRwerilia priamosis 

misvla aqilevsTan heqtoris gvamis gamosaTxovad da troelTa upirvelesi 

gmiris datireba da dakrZalva. 

16. iTaka – odisevsis samSoblo. 

17. qorevtebi ewodebaT gundis – qoros wevrebs, rogorc tragediasa da 

komediaSi, ise lirikul kompoziciebSiac. qoros wvrTnidnen qoros moZRvari 

(xorodidaskalos) da misi TanaSemwe (hipodidaskalos). Tavdapirvelad 

qoros moZRvarni TviTon poetebi iyvnen (ase mag. esqile da sofokle Tvi- 

Tonve amzadebdnen gunds TavianTi tragediebisTvis). ufro gvian poetma 

moixsna es funqcia da simRerisa Tu cekvis ostats gadaabara igi. 

18. museosi – miTiuri poeti. winaswarmetyveli da qurumi, orfevsis mowafe, 

mistiuri himnebisa da sakraluri sagaloblebis avtori (herodote, VII, 6; VIII, 

6, 96; platoni, saxelmwifo, II, 363c). VI s. (Zv. w.a.) aTenel onomakrites misi 

Txzulebebis redaqcia mouxdenia, magram, Tavis mxriv, imdeni ram CaurTavs 

Sig, rom, rogorc wminda teqstis Semryvneli, aTenidan, gauZevebiaT. museoss 

miawerdnen avtorobas poemebisa _ èvmolpia~, @Teogonia~, `titanografia~ 

da sxv. 

Zveli berZnulidan Targmna, winaTqmebi 

da komentarebi daurTo baCana bregvaZem 

(wignidan àdreuli dialogebi~, Tb., 1997) 

15

16 

saxelmwifo 

Txrobis principebis Sesaxeb 

– amiT davamTavroT sityvierebis ganxilva. axla ki gamomsaxvelobiT 

saSualebebsac mivxedoT da maSin, albaT, srulad mimovixilavT 

imasac, Tu ras vambobT da imasac, rogor vambobT. 

– ra vqna, ar mesmis, _ Tqva adimantem. 

– unda gesmodes, _ vuTxari me, Tumca, iqneb, ase ukeT gaigo: 

yvelaferi, rasac gadmogvcemen TqmulebaTa mTxzvelebic da poetebic, 

an warsuls exeba, an awmyos da an momavals. 

– ra Tqma unda. 

_ xolo amas ubralo Txrobis, an mibaZvis gziT aRweven, an 

kidev rogorc erTis, ise meoris saSualebiT. 

– neta ufro naTlad gamagebina. 

– rogorc Cans, maswavleblad RmerTs ar vuqnivar. amitom im 

xalxisa ar iyos, visac arafris gadmocema ar SeuZlia, mec erTbaSad 

mTel sakiTxs ki ara, mxolod mis erT nawils aviReb da amis 

mixedviT agixsni, Tu risi Tqma msurs, erTi es miTxari: ìliadas~ 

dasawyisi Tu gaxsovs, sadac poeti gvauwyebs, rogor eaxla qurumi 

qrise agamemnons da Seevedra, gaeTavisuflebina misi asuli, 

ramac saSinlad ganarisxa aqaielTa winamZRoli, da rogor SeRa- 

Rada gawbilebulma qurumma RmerTs, sanacvlo miego berZnebisaTvis? 

– cxadia, maxsovs. 

– maSin isic gemaxsovreba, rom, ai, am adgilamde: 

àse mxurvaled evedreboda aqaielebs 

sabralo mama, 

umetesad ki orive atrids, aqaielTa or 

mZle winamZRols~, – 

poeti Tavisi piriT laparakobs da odnavadac ar cdilobs 

sxva mxriv mimarTos Cveni azri, an gvafiqrebinos, TiTqos Tvi- 

Ton ki ara, viRac sxva laparakobs. aqedan moyolebuli ki ise 

gadmogvcems ambavs da SeZlebisdagvarad cdilobs imnairi 

STabeWdileba Segviqmnas, TiTqos TviTon ki ara, apolonis moxuci 

qurumi laparakobdes. amnairadve warmarTavs mTel danarCen 

Txrobasac, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ras gadmogvcems ilionis, iTakisa 

Tu im mxareTa ambavs, òdiseaSi~ rom aRgviwers. 

– marTals brZaneb. 

– maSasadame, roca sxvis sityvebs gadmogvcems da maSinac, 

roca maT Soris Tavis sityvasac CaurTavs xolme, es mainc Txroba 

iqneba?

– maS, ra? 

– ki magram, roca sxvisi piriT laparakobs, xom SegviZlia 

vTqvaT, rom is cdilobs Tavisi sityva rac SeiZleba ufro metad 

miamgvanos misas, viszedac winaswar gvauwyebs, axla amas da amas 

vaZlev sityvaso? 

– ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia. 

– xolo sityviT Tu saxiT miemgvano sxva adamians, gana igive ar 

aris, rom mibaZo mas, visac emgvanebi? 

– rasakvirvelia. 

– maS, rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi homerosica da sxva poetebic 

mibaZvis meSveobiT warmarTaven Txrobas? 

– cxadia. 

– poeti rom arsad ar malavdes Tavs, maSin misi TxrobisTvis 

da, saerTod, SemoqmedebisTvisac ucxo iqneboda mibaZva. magram 

Sen rom ar gaTqmevino, arc es mesmiso, vecdebi axlave agisxna. mas 

Semdeg, rac gvauwya, rogor eaxla qrise agamemnons, gamosasyidi 

miarTva da gulmxurvaled Seevedra aqaielebs, uwinares yovlisa 

ki – maT beladebs, Cemi qali damibruneTo, _ homeross kvlavac 

Tavisi piriT rom gaegrZelebina ambis gadmocema, da ara ise, 

TiTqos qrised qceuliyos, SenTvis, albaT, gasagebia, rom es 

mibaZva ki ar iqneboda, aramed ubralo Txroba, romelic daaxloebiT 

amnair saxes miiRebda (prozauli sityviT gadmogcem, 

radganac poetisa ara mcxia ra): `movida qurumi da aqaielebs 

Seevedra: RmerTma inebos, rom troa aiRoT, Tqven ki uvnebelni 

da saRsalamaTni darCeT; gemudarebiT, Cemi RvTaebis ridiT 

miiReT gamosasyidi da Cemi qali damibruneTo. amis Tqmac iyo da 

aqaielebma erTsulovnad daudastures TavianTi Tanxmoba, magram 

ganrisxebulma agamemnonma qurums ubrZana, saswrafod gascloda 

iqaurobas da aRarasodes daedga fexi aqaielTa banakSi, Torem 

veRarc qurumis kverTxi ixsnida da veRarc saRmrTo gvirgvini. 

Tanac dasZina, rom vidre asuls daubrunebda, tyve qali masTan 

erTad daberdeboda argosSi; bolos ki daemuqra: wadi, gameca, 

moTminebis Zafs nu gamiwyvet, Tu ginda mSvidobiT dabrunde 

Sino. SeSinebuli berikaci usityvod gaecala aqaielebs, magram 

maT banaks gascda Tu ara, gulmxurvaled Seevedra apolons, 

yvela saxeliT uxmo da Seaxsena, ra samsaxuri gaewia misTvis, 

ramdeni taZari aego da ramdenjer Seewira zvaraki. yovelive 

amis sanacvlod ki sTxova, Tavisi basri isrebiT misi cremlebis 

sanacvlo miego aqaielTaTvis!~ ai, ranairia, Cemo Zvirfaso, 

litoni Txroba, yovelgvari mibaZvis gareSe. 

– gasagebia. 

– axla ki SenTvis albaT isic gasagebi unda iyos, rom arsebobs 

17

sul sxvanairi Txrobac: sakmarisia mTlianad amoviRoT poetis 

sityva, romelic misive gmirebis sityvebs Sorisaa CarTuli, da 

xelT SegvrCeba mxolod azrTa gacvla-gamocvla. 

– esec gasagebia: tragedias gulisxmob, ara? 

– namdvili gulTmisani yofilxar. me mgonia, SenTvis axla 

mainc naTelia is, rac weRan ver gagagebine; poeziisa da miTisqmnadobis 

erT dargs wminda mibaZva udevs safuZvlad; es, Seni 

Tqmisa ar iyos, tragedia da komediaa. meore dargis safuZvlad 

sakuTriv poetis sityva gvevlineba; es upiratesad diTirambosebi 

gaxlavT da bolos, epikuri poezia da sityvierebis bevri sxva 

dargic, Tu kargad gesmis Cemi, orive zemoxsenebul safuZvels 

emyareba. 

– me mgonia, roca Rirseuli kaci, visTvisac ucxo ar aris zomierebis 

grZnoba, ama Tu im ambis Txrobisas im adgilamde miva, 

sadac masaviT qveli kacis sityva Tu saqme unda gadmogvces, _ 

uTuod moiwadinebs ise gvauwyos yvelaferi, TiTqos TviTonve 

iyos is, vis ambavsac gadmogvcems, da albaT samarcxvinod ar 

miiCnevs amnair mibaZvas, metadre maSin, Tu imis qcevaSi, visaca 

baZavs, mkafiod vlindeba sulis simtkice da sibrZne, da ara 

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi mibaZvis sagani ubrZolvelad nebdeba 

sneulebas, winaaRmdegobas ver uwevs vnebaTa Relvas, an Tavs ver 

aRwevs simTvrales da sxva misTanaT. magram roca imnairi kaci 

unda warmogvidginos, vinc Tavisi RirsebebiT ver Seedreba, is 

mxolod cota xniT Tu ikadrebs mibaZos mas, da isic im SemTxveva- 

Si, Tu es ukanaskneli, ase Tu ise, Rirseulad iqceva; radganac sagangebod 

ar uvarjiSnia mis mibaZvaSi da amitom ara marto saTakilod, 

Tavisda sazianodac miiCnevs im kacad gardasaxvas, vinc 

masze uaresia; ase rom, mxolod TavSesaqcevad Tu mibaZavs imas, 

vinc, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia pativiscemis 

Rirsad miaCndes. 


– maSasadame, misi Txroba msgavsi iqneba imisa, razedac weRan, 

homerosis leqsebis ganxilvisas vlaparakobdiT: gadmocemisas 

is gamoiyenebs orive xerxs, mibaZvasac da Txrobasac, Tumca mibaZvis 

wili nawarmoebis mTlian moculobaSi gacilebiT ufro 

umniSvnelo iqneba; an, iqneb, vcdebi? 

– ras brZaneb? misi Txroba swored amnairad warmogvidgeba. 

– ese igi, imas vinc Cvens mTxrobelze uaresia, gacilebiT 

ufro meti midrekileba eqneba yovelgvari mibaZvisadmi: me Sen 

getyvi, saTakilod miiCnevs rasme! amitomac ecdeba gulmodgined 

mibaZos yvelafers mravalricxovan msmenelTa TandaswrebiT, 

TviT imaTac ki, rac weRan CamovTvaleT, kerZod, mexis, qariSxlis 

18

Tu setyvis grials, krazanebis bzuils, RerZisa Tu lilvakis 

Wrials, yovelgvari musikaluri sakravis xmianobas, bukis guguns, 

salamurisa Tu stviris wkrials, agreTve ZaRlebis yefas, 

cxvrebis petelsa da Citebis WikWiks. mTeli misi gadmocema bgerebis, 

moZraobisa Tu mixra-moxris mibaZvaze daiyvaneba, Txrobas 

ki Zalze umniSvnelo adgili uWiravs masSi. 

– eg gardauvalia. 

– ai, swored esaa gadmocemis is ori saxe, weRan rom geubnebodi. 

– da marTalsac meubnebodi. 

– pirveli saxe dasaSvebs xdis mxolod umniSvnelo cvlilebebs, 

da Tu mas saTanado harmonias da ritms mivaniWebT, imisaTvis, 

rom marTebulad gamoiyeno igi, saWiro iqneba kvaldakval 

mihyve am harmonias, rakiRa aq mxolod umniSvnelo cvlilebebia 

SesaZlebeli, da daaxloebiT igive iTqmis ritmzedac. 


– meore saxe ki, piriqiT, sruliad sxvadasxva harmonias da 

ritms moiTxovs, raTa saTanado zemoqmedeba moaxdinos msmenelze; 

aki aq nairnairi cvlilebebia SesaZlebeli. 

– WeSmaritad. 

– magram yvela poeti da, saerTod, yvela adamiani, msmenelTa 

winaSe gamosvlisas, gadmocemis an erT saxes gamoiyenebs, an meores, 

an kidev orives nazavs. 

– uciloblad. 

– sityvebi, romlebic melosis nawilad gvevlinebian, arsebi- 

Tad, ar gansxvavdebian samwerlo enaSi xmarebuli sityvebisagan, 

rakiRa isinic unda esadagebodnen im nimuSebs, romlebzedac 

weRan vlaparakobdiT. 

– sworia, _ Tqva glavkonma. 

– sityvas Tan unda axldes harmonia da ritmi. 


– magram Cven xom SevTanxmdiT, rom poeziisaTvis ucxo unda 

iyos cremlis Rvra da moTqma-godeba. 

– diax, SevTanxmdiT. 

– ki magram, ranairi kiloebi axasiaTebs moTqma-godebas? 

miTxari, Sen xom musikosi xar. 

– nazavi lidiuri, mkveTri lidiuri da zogierTi sxva maTnairi 

kilo. 

– maSasadame, isini unda ukuvagdoT, radganac TviT Rirseuli 

qalebisTvisac fuWni da urgebni arian, aramcTu kacebisaTvis. 


– mcvelebisaTvis sruliad Seuferebelia simTvrale, unia- 

Toba da uqnaroba. 

19

– diax. 

– ki magram, romel kilos SeiZleba ewodos uniaTo da sufruli 

simRerebisaTvis niSneuli? 

– ioniursa da lidiurs, romlebsac `duned~ uxmoben. 

– mereda, gana dasaSvebia, Cemo Zvirfaso, rom maT iyenebdnen 

meomrebi? 

– aramc da aramc, ase rom Sen doriuli da frigiuli kiloRa 

grCeba. 

– ra vqna, ar mesmis es kiloebi, magram damitove is kilo, sa- 

Tanadod rom mibaZavda mxne, mamaci da SemmarTebeli kacis xmasa 

Tu simReras, kacisa, romelic brZolis SuagulSi trialebs, an 

aTasnair gansacdels erkineba, marcxs ganicdis, Wrilobebidan 

sisxli sdis, Tavis ganwirvas apirebs Tu sxva ram udebureba 

emuqreba, magram qeds ar uxris bedisweras da udrtvinvelad 

itans Tavis umZimes xvedrs. 

damitove meore kiloc imisaTvis, vinc mSvidobis Jams, iZulebiT 

ki ara, Tavisi nebiT akeTebs saqmes, da miznis misaRwevad 

locviTa Tu xvewna-mudariT cdilobs guli moulbos RmerTs 

Tu SegonebiT daarwmunos kaci, anda, piriqiT, TviTonve usmens 

yuradRebiT sxvis rCevas da Segonebas, mokled, gonivrulad 

iqceva, ar qedmaRlobs da ise igvarebs saqmes, rogorc SeSvenis 

TavdaWerilsa da Wkuadamjdar kacs, romelic windaxedulad iTvaliswinebs 

yvela SesaZlo Sedegs. 

ai, swored es ori kilo _ ìZulebiTi~ da `nebayoflobiTi~ 

damitove, yvelaze zustad rom gamoxataven Rirseuli adamianis 

bednierebas Tu ubedurebas, mis sibrZnes da simamaces. 

– magram Sen swored imaT datovebas mTxov, weRan me rom 

dagisaxele. 

– amrigad, Cveni simRerebisa Tu melosisaTvis arc mravalsimiani 

sakravebi dagvWirdeba da arc yvela kilo. 

– me mgonia, ara. 

– ase rom, Cven aRar movamzadebT im ostatebs, romlebic 

trigonosebs, heqtidebsa da sxva mravalsimian Tu mrvalkiloian 

sakravebs akeTeben. 

– albaT aRar movamzadebT. 

– avlosebis ostatebsa da avletistebze raRas ityvi, maT 

mainc Tu abogineb am Cvens saxelmwifoSi? gana avlosi yvelaze 

mravalxmiani sakravi ar aris? ase rom, yvela kilos nazavi mxolod 

misi xmianobis mibaZvad gvevlineba. 

– cxadia. 

– maSasadame, qalaqSi saxmarad mxolod lira da kiTara grCeba, 

soflad ki mwyemsebma, dae, salamuri akvneson. 

20

– Cvens msjelobas swored am daskvnamde mivyavarT. 

– gana raRac uCveulos CavidenT, Cemo Zvirfaso, Tuki apolons 

mTeli Tavisi sakravebiTurT marsiasa da mis sakravebze 

maRla davayenebT? 

– vficav zevss, mec egre mgonia. 

– vficav ZaRls, _ vuTxari me, _ verc ki SevniSneT, rogor 

gavwmindeT Cveni saxelmwifo, romelsac weRan uniaTos da fufunebaSi 

Camyayebuls veZaxdiT. 

– Cven xom gonivrulad viqceviT. 

– maS, modi, danarCenic gavwmindoT. kilos kvaldakval gansaxilveli 

dagvrCa ritmi. nairnair rigsa da sazomebs nuki dave- 

ZebT, aramed davadginoT, romeli ritmi Seesabameba Rirseuli da 

mamaci kacis cxovrebas, xolo rodesac davadgenT, imdeni vqnaT, 

rom sazomica da melosic am kacis sityvebs esadagebodes, da ara 

piriqiT: sityvebi – sazoms da meloss. Sen TviTon unda gviCveno, 

mainc ranairia es ritmi, iseve, rogorc weRan kiloebi gviCvene. 

– vficav zevss, ar vici, ra vTqva. Tu kargad davufiqrdebi, 

mxolod is SemiZlia mogaxseno, rom arsebobs terfebis sami sxvadasxva 

saxe, romelTaganac iTxzvis yvela saleqso sazomi, iseve, 

rogorc yvela kilo oTxi sxvadasxva xmianobisagan warmoiqmneba, 

magram romeli maTgani warmogvidgens mibaZvis gziT ama Tu im 

cxovrebas, amisas ki verafers getyvi. 

– maSin Cvenc avdgebiT da damons davekiTxebiT, mainc romeli 

sazomi Seesabameba simdables, kadnierebas, siSleges da sxva 

ukeTur Tvisebebs, anda romeli sazomi unda SemovinaxoT sapirispiro 

Tvisebebis warmosaCenad. Tu mexsiereba ar mRalatobs, 

odesRac gamigonia, rom damoni enoplioss, daqtilossa 

Tu heroikoss uwodebda romeliRac Sedgenil terfs, magram ar 

vici, ranairad agebda, an rogor aRwevda xmis awevisa Tu dawevis 

Tanabarzomierebas, rasac xmovanTa sigrZe da simokle udevs safuZvlad. 

Tu ara vcdebi, is axsenebs iambeionsa da romeliRac 

sxva terfsac, vgoneb troqioss, sadac erTmaneTs erwymis mokle 

da grZeli marcvlebi. zogjer ama Tu im sazomSi is aqebda an 

iwunebda terfTa moZraobas da ara sakuTriv ritms. zogjer ki 

erTsac da meoresac, zustad ver getyvi, Tumca, rogorc weRan 

mogaxsene, modi, yovelive es damons mivandorT, radganac amaze 

msjeloba did dros wagvarTmevs; magram iqneb Sen sxvagvarad 

fiqrob? 

– ara RmerTmani. 

– asea Tu ise, erTi ram mainc SegiZlia aRniSno: momxibvlelobac 

da xiblisagan ganZarculobac ritmulobasa da aritmulobazea 

damokidebuli. 

21


– magram ritmuloba daxvewil stils Seesabameba, aritmuloba 

ki – sapirispiro stils. igive iTqmis natif harmoniasa da disharmoniazedac, 

rakiRa, zemoTqmulis Tanaxmad, kiloc da ritmic 

sityvas unda esadagebodes da ara piriqiT. 

– diax, sityvas unda esadagebodes, rogorc erTi, ise meorec. 

– ki magram, gana gamoxatvis saSualebebiT da TviT sityvac sulierebas 

ar Seesabameba? 


– yovelive danarCeni ki – sityvis Taviseburebebs? 

– diax. 

– ase rom, sityvis, harmoniis, xiblisa Tu ritmis sinatife sulis 

simartivis Sedegad gvevlineba: me im simartives ki ar vgulisxmob, 

rasac Cven pirferulad vuwodebT miamitobas, aramed 

sulis WeSmarit simartives, saidanac iRebs dasabams sikeTec da 

mSvenierebac. 

22 

socialuri utopiis Sesaxeb 

saxelmwifo rom mxolod Rirseuli adamianebisagan Sedgebodes, 

yvela erTmaneTs Seecileboda imis uflebas, rom uari eTqvaT 

mmarTvelobaze, iseve, rogorc amJamad erTmaneTs ecilebian 

Zalauflebas. maSin aSkara gaxdeboda, rom WeSmariti mmarTveli 

imisTvis ki ar iRvwis, rac misTvis xelsayrelia, aramed imisTvis, 

rac sasargebloa misi qveSevrdomisTvis. amis mcodne yoveli 

kaci amjobinebda, TviTon ki ar ezruna sxvebis sasikeTod da sakeTildReod, 

aramed sxvebs ezrunaT masze. 

– amrigad, Cemi weRandeli Tqmisa ar iyos, unda veZeboT is 

xalxi, vinc yvelaze mtkiced icavs sakuTar azrs da Tavs movaled 

Tvlis aRasrulos yvelaferi, rac saxelmwifosaTvis yvelaze 

metad sasargebloa. amitom bavSvobidanve unda vcdideT 

da sxvadasxva saqmes vakeTebinebdeT maT, imavdroulad ki vakvirdebodeT, 

vin ufro male iviwyebs Tavis movaleobas, an vis ra 

acTunebs; amis SemdegRa virCevdeT imaT, visac kargi mexsiereba 

aqvs da visi cTunebac Znelia, xolo vinc am moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebs, 

Cven ar gvWirdeba; asea, ara? 

– diax. 

– kidevac unda vamuSaoT, vaomoT da Wiris ofli vawurvinoT, 

raTa vnaxoT, vin rogor gauZlebs amas.

– sworia. 

– mesamenairi gamocdac unda movuwyoT maT, me vigulisxmob 

gamocdas cTunebis saSualebiT, da vnaxoT, vin rogor gauZlebs 

sacTurs. rogorc kvicebs erekebian yiJiniT, raTa darwmundnen, 

mfrTxalni arian Tu ara, Cveni Wabukebic jer raRac saSineleba- 

Si unda gamovataroT, Semdeg ki sasiamovno gancdiT SevcvaloT 

saSineleba, da amrigad, ufro sastiki gamocdis winaSe davayenoT 

isini, vidre oqrosa cdian cecxliT: amnairad gairkveva, SeswevT 

Tu ara imis Zala, rom sacTurs gauZlon, mtkiced icaven Tu ara 

TavianT Tavsac da musikur xelovnebasac, romelsac dauflebian, 

yovelnair viTarebaSi uxameben Tu ara TavianT qcevas zomierebas 

da harmoniulobas da aqvT Tu imis unari, rom rac SeiZleba 

meti argon TavianT Tavsac da saxelmwifosac. imaT, vinc 

Rirseulad gauZlo am gamocdas yvela asakSi _ bavSvobaSic, si- 

WabukeSic da mowifulobaSic, _ saxelmwifos mmarTvelobasa da 

dacvas mivandobT, uSurvel pativs mivagebT ara marto sicocxleSi, 

aramed sikvdilis Semdegac, didebul Zeglebs avugebT da 

ase ukvdavyofT maT xsovnas. xolo isini, romlebmac am gamocdis 

Cabareba ver SeZles mmarTvelebad da mcvelebad ar gamodgebian. 

wvrilmanebs rom moveSvaT, glavkon, ai, rogor unda moxdes 

zogadad mcvelebisa Tu mmarTvelebis SerCeva, da rogor unda 

gavamwesoT isini Tanamdebobebze. 

– me mgonia, rom swored ase unda moviqceT. 

– gana sruli ufleba ara gvaqvs, WeSmaritad srulyofilni 

gvewodebina amnairi mcvelebisaTvis, romlebic gareSe mtrebisganac 

daicavdnen saxelmwifos da qveynis SigniTac uzrunvelyofdnen 

Tanxmobas da erTsulovnebas, raTa zogs saerTod ar 

aRZvroda siavis Cadenis survili, zogs Zala ar hyofnoda saamisod. 

xolo is Wabukebi, romlebsac es-esaa mcvelebi vuwodeT, 

mmarTvelTa Tanamdgomni da maTi gadawyvetilebebis ganmaxorcielebelni 

iqnebodnen. 

– garda saTanado aRzrdisa, saRi azri gvkarnaxobs ise davabinaoT 

da imnairi pirobebi SevuqmnaT maT, rom araferma SeuSaloT 

xeli TavianTi movaleobis aRsrulebisas, rac imas gulisxmobs, 

rom yvelaze ukeTesi mcvelebi iyvnen da araviTar zians ar ayenebdnen 

TavianT Tanamoqalaqeebs. 

– diax, saRi azri swored magas gvkarnaxobs. 

– maS, daukvirdi, Tu gvinda, rom Rirseulad moixadon Tavian- 

Ti vali, aucilebelia Tu ara, ise davabinaoT da imnairi pirobebi 

SevuqmnaT maT, rogorc me geubnebi. jer erTi arcerTi maTgani 

ar unda iyos raime kerZo sakuTrebis mflobeli. garda im sagnebisa, 

romlebic aucilebelia yoveli CvenganisaTvis. meorec, arc- 

23

erTs ar unda hqondes imnairi sacxovrisi Tu saTavsi, sadac ver 

SeaRwevda nebismieri sxva moqalaqe, rac Seexeba TavdaWerili da 

mamaci meomrebisaTvis sakmaris sarCos, mas TavianTi samsaxuris 

sazRaurad unda iRebdnen danarCeni moqalaqeebisagan, ise, rom 

arc SemoakldeT da arc mosWarbdeT mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi. 

iseve, rogorc laSqrobisas, isini erTad unda cxovrobdnen da 

erTadve Wamdnen pursac. oqro-vercxlze ki maT unda vuTxraT, 

rom sulSi yovelTvis ubrwyinavT RvTivboZebuli oqro, ase 

rom, kacTagan boZebuli oqro aRar sWirdebaT, da, egec ar iyos, 

mkrexeloba iqneboda miwieri oqroTi SeebRalaT RvTiuri oqro, 

romelic yovelTvis wmindaa da Seurevneli, maSin rodesac miwieri 

oqro uricxvi uwmindurebisa Tu danaSaulis wyarod gvevlineba. 

moqalaqeTa Soris mxolod maT ekrZalebaT ara marto 

oqro-vercxlis yofna, sadac oqro-vercxls inaxaven da oqrosa 

Tu vercxlis sasmisebiT smac. mxolod esaa rogorc TviT 

maTi, ise saxelmwifos xsnis erTaderTi sawindaric da saSualebac, 

radganac sakmarisia sakuTari adgil-mamulis, saxl-karisa 

Tu oqro-vercxlis mflobelni gaxdnen, rom mcvelebi ki aRar 

iqnebian, aramed mxvnel-mTesvelni da mesakuTreni, ase rom, danarCen 

moqalaqeTa Tanamdgomebad ki ara, maT mtrebad da mrisxane 

mbrZaneblebad mogvevlinebian. sxvaTa moZuleni da sxvebisgan 

moZulebulni, sxvaTa mgmobelni da sxvebisagan gmobilni mTeli 

TavianTi dRe da moswreba Tavs ver daaRweven SiSsa da Zrwolas, 

xolo maTi SiSis mizezi Sinauri mteri ufro iqneba, vidre gareSe 

momxduri, ase rom, adre Tu gvian, ufskrulSi gadaiCexebian da 

saxelmwifosac Tan gadaiyoleben. 

Cveni saxelmwifos daarsebisas imas ki ar visaxavT miznad, rom 

gansakuTrebiT bednieri gavxadoT mosaxleobis erTi romelime 

fena, aramed imas miveltviT, rom mTel saxelmwifos movupovoT 

yvelaze didi bedniereba, radganac imTaviTve gvegona, rom 

swored amnair saxelmwifoSi SeiZleboda samarTlianobis mikvlveva, 

iseve, rogorc usamarTlobisa – mankieri weswyobilebis 

mqone saxelmwifoSi, da imedi gvqonda, rom am dakvirvebis wyalobiT 

SevZlebdiT gadagveWra is sakiTxi, romelsac amdeni xania 

vukirkitebT. amitomacaa, rom axla Cveni warmosaxviT viZerwavT 

saxelmwifos, romelic bednieri gvgonia, magram ara nawilobriv, 

aramed mTlianad; moqalaqeTa mxolod erTi nawili ki ar unda 

iyos bednieri, aramed yvela. 

ZaliTa Tu SegonebiT unda vaiZuloT ara marto Cveni mweni da 

mcvelebi, aramed danarCenebic, rac SeiZleba ukeT Seasrulon 

TavianTi movaleoba. amrigad, Cven mier daarsebuli da saTanado 

wyobilebis mqone saxelmwifos keTildReobis zrdasTan erTad 

24

saSualeba unda mivceT yvela fenas, yvela wodebas, Tavisi saku- 

Tari wili edos sazogado sikeTeSi, maTi bunebrivi monacemebis 

Sesabamisad. 

– Cemi azriT, Cveni saxelmwifos im sami Tvisebis – zomierebis, 

simamacis da sibrZnis garda, zemoT rom mimovixileT, gvrCeba 

kidev erTi Tviseba, romelic dasabams aZlevs da ganapirobebs 

saxelmwifoSi pirveli samis sufevas. Cven isic vTqvaT, rom 

Tviseba, romelic sami danarCenis ganxilvis Semdeg gvrCeboda, 

samarTlianoba unda yofiliyo. 

– vidre saxelmwifoSi ar gamefdebian filosofosebi, anda 

isini, visac dRes mefeebsa da mbrZaneblebs uwodeben, namdvil 

da keTilSobil filosofosebad ar iqcevian, raTa amrigad erTmaneTs 

Seerwyas saxelmwifoebrivi Zalaufleba da sibrZnismetyveleba, 

xolo meore mxriv, aucileblobis karnaxiT ar CamoiSoreben 

imaT brbos, calke Zalauflebas rom mieltvian da 

calke – filosofosobas, manamde, glavkon, verc saxelmwifoebi 

da, Cemi azriT, verc kacTa modgma Tavs ver daaRweven borotebas, 

verc imnairi saxelmwifo wyobileba ixilavs dRis naTels, 

zemoT Cveni sityviT rom aRvwereT. mitomac vyoymanobdi da ver 

vbedavdi bolomde meTqva saTqmeli, rom vgrZnobdi, rarigad davupirispirdebodi 

sazogadoebriv azrs. advili rodia aRiaro, 

rom sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia, rogorc piradi, ise sazogado 

keTildReoba. 

roca saxelmwifos saTaveSi WeSmariti filosofosebi Caudgebian, 

_ gnebavT, erTi da gnebavT mravali, _ maT TvalSi fasi 

daekargeba yvela im pativs, dRes ase xarbad rom mieltvian, radganac 

Tavisufali kacisTvis uRirsad da ufasurad miiCneven 

maT, maSin rodesac gacilebiT ufro maRla daayeneben movaleobis 

pirnaTlad moxdas da uangarobis jildos – Rirsebas. yvelaze 

did faseulobad ki dasaxaven samarTlianobas, romelsac 

erTgulad emsaxurebian da romlis mixedviTac ecdebian marTon 

qveyana. 

filosofiisa da poeziis Sesaxeb 

– da marTlac, _ ganvagrZe me, _ bevri sxva niSnis mixedviTac 

vrwmundebi, rom yvelaze ukeT davafuZneT es Cveni saxelmwifo; 

amas rom vambob, me, uwinares yovlisa, poezias vgulisxmob. 

– mainc? 

25

– verasdidebiT ver davuSvebT saxelmwifoSi, radganac is mimbaZvelobiTia. 

axla, roca cal-calke ganvixileT sulis yoveli 

saxe, es kidev ufro aSkara gaxda. 

– rogor? 

– Cvens Soris darCes da, _ imedia, ar damasmenT tragediebis 

mTxzvelebisa da sxva mimbaZvelebis winaSe, _ mTeli maTi Semoqmedeba 

namdvili ubedurebaa msmenelTa sulisTvis, radganac maT 

SxamsawinaaRmdego saSualeba ar gaaCniaT, raTa gaigon, ra aris 

es. 

– ras gulisxmob? 

– meti ra gzaa, unda giTxraT. Tumca erTgvari siyvaruli da 

pativiscema homerosis mimarT, rac siyrmidanve Camenerga gul- 

Si, xels uSlis am aRiarebas. rogorc Cans, is iyo am mSvenieri 

tragikosi poetebis pirveli moZRvari da hegemoni. magram ar 

SeiZleba kacs ufro met pativs scemde, vidre WeSmaritebas. amitom 

iZulebuli var vTqva is, ris Tqmasac vapireb. 


– maS, mismine, an ufro sworad, mipasuxe. 

– Senc adeqi da mkiTxe. 

– Tu SegiZlia miTxra, ra aris mibaZva saerTod? radganac, 

marTali giTxra, me kargad arc ki mesmis, ra aris. 

– da Sen ggonia, rom me SeiZleba mesmodes? 

– viTom ra gasakviria? xSirad susti mxedvelobis mqone imaze 

male arCevs sagnebs, visac basri mzera aqvs. 

– xdeba xolme. magram naTladac rom vxedavde, Sens gverdiT 

mainc ver gavbedavdi raimes Tqmas. ase rom, mainc Sen mogiwevs 

ganxilva. 

– maSin, Tu gnebavs, CvenTvis Cveuli gziT SevudgeT saqmis 

ganxilvas: erTi da imave saxeliT aRniSnul saganTa yoveli simravlisaTvis 

Cven viRebT mxolod erT saxes, erT ideas, xom 

gesmis? 

– mesmis. 

– axla aviRoT nebismieri simravle. xom arsebobs, vTqvaT, simravle 

magidebisa Tu sawolebisa... 


– magram yvela am avejis idea mxolod oria – erTi sawolisa da 

erTic – magidisa. 

– diax. 

– Cveulebriv, imasac vambobT, rom xelovani, ama Tu im nivTis 

damzadebisas, uwinares yovlisa, akvirdeba ideas da misi mixedviT 

qmnis erTi – sawolebs, meore ki – magidebs, romlebsac Cven 

viyenebT. magram arcerT xelovans ar SeuZlia sakuTriv ideis Se- 

26

qmna; asea, ara? 


– magram SegiZlia Tu ara xelosani uwodo imasac... 

– vis? 

– vinc marto qmnis yovelive imas, rasac cal-calke qmnis yvela 

xelosani. 

– gansacvifreblad xelmarjve ostats gulisxmob. 

– cotac da kidev ufro gansacvifrebeli mogeCveneba. radganac 

mas SeuZlia ara marto yovelnairi avejis Seqmna, aramed 

yvelafrisa, rasac Tavisi wiaRidan aRmoacenebs dedamiwa, yoveli 

cocxali arsebisa da, maT Soris, Tavisi Tavisac, dedamiwisac, 

cisac, RmerTebisac, yovelive zeciurisac da imisac, rac aris 

miwis qveS, hadesSi. 

– es ukve jadoqaria. 

– rao, ar gjera? erTi es miTxari, rogor ggonia, saerTod ar 

arsebobs amnairi xelosani Tu viRacas raRacnairad mainc SeuZlia 

yovelive amis Seqmna? nuTu ver amCnev, rom Sen TviTonac 

SegeZlo yovelive es mogemoqmeda? 

– ki magram, rogor? 

– arc ise Zneli saqmea; sakmaod xSirad da swrafadac ki keTdeba; 

Tu ginda, aiRe sarke da rac SeiZleba swrafad atriale 

yoveli mimarTulebiT: xelad gaaCen mzesac da sxva ciur sxeulebsac, 

dedamiwasac, Sens Tavsac. danarCen cocxal arsebebsac, 

nair-nair sagnebsac, mcenareebsac da sxva misTanaT. 

– diax, magram yovelive es xom moCvenebiTi iqneba da ara 

namdvili? 

– keTili; mSvenivrad gamige; Cemi azriT, amnair xelosanTa 

ricxvs ekuTvnis mxatvaric, ara? 

– ueWvelad. 

– magram Sen, albaT, ityvi, rom namdvili rodia, rasac is qmnis, 

Tumca mxatvari, garkveulwilad, qmnis sawols; asea, ara? 

– diax, magram es mxolod moCvenebiTi sawolia. 

– durgalze raRas ityvi? gana Sen ar ambobdi weRan, rom is 

sawolis ideas ki ar qmnis, rasac Cven namdvil sawolad vsaxavT, 

aramed mxolod erTgvar sawols? 

– diax, vambobdi. 

– magram raki imas rodi qmnis, rac aris, amitom namdvil sagans 

ki ar qmnis, aramed mxolod am ukanasknelis msgavs sagans, 

da vinmes rom daeCemebina, durglisa Tu romelime sxva ostatis 

mier Seqmnili sagani namdvili saganiao, aramc da aramc ar iqneboda 

marTali. 

27

– yovel SemTxvevaSi, imis azriT mainc, visTanac Cveulebrivi 

ambavia amnair sakiTxebze msjeloba. 

– ase rom, nu gagikvirdeba, Tu misi naxelavi mxolod bundovani 

asli iqneba dednisa. 

– marTlac. 

– xom ar gsurs, am qmnilebebze dayrdnobiT, vnaxoT, rogori 

iqneba TviT mimbaZveli? 

– vnaxoT. 

– yvela es sawoli sami sxvadasxva saxiT warmogviCndeba: erTi 

TviT bunebaSi arsebulia, da, me mgonia, Cven SegveZlo RmerTis 

qmnilebad migveCnia igi; Tu ara da, vin unda dagvesaxa mis 

Semoqmedad? 

– aravin, mxolod is. 

– meore – durglis qmnilebaa. 

– diax. 

– mesame – mxatvrisa; asea, ara? 

– vTqvaT. 

– mxatvari, durgali, RmerTi – ai, sami Semoqmedi sawolTa am 

sami saxisa. 

– diax, sami. 

– RmerTma, imitom, rom ar undoda, Tu aucileblobis ZaliT, 

romelic moiTxovda, rom bunebaSi mxolod erTi sawoli yofiliyo, 

_ marto erTi sawoli Seqmna, da esaa erTaderTi namdvili 

sawoli, ori erTnairi Tu meti sawoli ki RmerTs ar Seuqmnia da 

arc Seqmnis. 

– viTom ratomao? 

– ratom da, oric rom Seeqmna, mainc erTi iqneboda, romlis 

ideac xorcs Seisxamda oriveSi, da es iqneboda erTaderTi namdvili 

sawoli, ori ki ara. 

– sworia, _ Tqva man. 

– es rom icoda, RmerTs, Cemi azriT, surda namdvilad yofiliyo 

namdvili sawolis erTaderTi Semoqmedi, da ara ama Tu 

im sawolis Semqmneli esa Tu is ostati; amitomac iyo, rom Tavisi 

bunebiT erTaderTi namdvili sawoli Seqmna. 

– rogorc Cans. 

– Tu gnebavs, am sawolis Semoqmedi, an sxva amgvari saxeli vuwodoT 

mas. 

– samarTliani iqneba, radganac sawolic da yovelive danarCenic 

man bunebis Tanaxmad Seqmna. 

– ki magram, durgals raRa vuwodoT? sawolis Semqmneli ostati 

xom ara? 

– diax. 

28

– mxatvarsac amave sagnis Semqmneli da ostati? 

– aramc da aramc. 

– maS, ras ityvi, vinaa is am mimarTebiT? 

– me mgonia, es iqneboda misi Sesaferi saxeli: is am sagnis 

SemqmnelTa mimbaZvelia. 

– keTili; maSasadame, mimbaZvels Sen uwodeb imas, visi naxelavic 

sami safexuriT daSorebulia namdvili arsisagan? 


– maSasadame, ai, rogori iqneba tragediebis Semoqmedi: rakiRa 

mimbaZvelia, uTuod mesame adgilze unda iyos meufisa da WeSmaritebis 

Semdeg, iseve, rogorc yvela sxva mimbaZveli. 


– amrigad, mimbaZvelobis Taobaze ukve mivaRwieT Tanxmobas; 

Tumca am kiTxvazec mipasuxe mxatvarTan dakavSirebiT: rogor 

ggonia, is bunebaSi arsebuli erTaderTi namdvili sagnis mibaZvas 

cdilobs Tu ostatTa qmnilebebisas? 

– ostatTa qmnilebebisas. 

_ ki magram, rogor baZavs maT: rogoric arian sinamdvileSi 

Tu rogoric Canan? esec xom unda ganasxvavo. 

– Sen TviTon rogor ggonia? 

– ai, rogor: Tu sawols gverdidan, pirdapir an romelime sxva 

mxridan uyureb, gansxvavdeba Tavisi Tavisgan Tu, yovelgvari 

gansxvavebis gareSe, mxolod gansxvavebuli geCveneba, da igive 

iTqmis yvela sxva sagnis mimarTac? 

– igive; mxolod gansxvavebuli Cans, sinamdvileSi ki arafri- 

Tac ar gansxvavdeba. 

– axla ki amasac daukvirdi. ra amocanas isaxavs mxatvroba 

yvela calkeul SemTxvevaSi: cdilobs ise mibaZos sagans, rogorc 

is aris sinamdvileSi, Tu ise, rogorc is gveCveneba? anu, 

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mxatvroba landebis mibaZvaa Tu 

sinamdvilisa? 

– landebis. 

– maSasadame, mimbaZvelobiTi xelovneba Sorsaa sinamdvilisagan. 

Cemi azriT, amitomac SeuZlia asaxos yvelaferi, rac gnebavT, 

sul odnav rom exeba ama Tu im sagans, ris Sedegadac landebi 

ibadebian. ase magaliTad, mxatvari daxatavs durgals, xarazs 

an sxva xelosans, Tumca TviTon arcerTi am xelobis ara gaegeba 

ra. magram Tu kargi mxatvaria, durgals rom daxatvs da Tavis 

naxats Soridan aCvenebs xalxs, SeiZleba bavSvebi da briyvebi ki 

moatyuos da afiqrebinos, namdvil durgalsa vxedavTo. 


– ai, ras unda vfiqrobdeT, Cemo megobaro, yovelive amis Sesax- 

29

eb. vinmem rom gviTxras, erTi kaci gamacnes, romelic yvelafers 

yvelaze ukeT akeTebs da ukeTac icis yovelive is, rac TiToeulma 

icis cal-calkeo, _ pirSi unda vuTxraT amis mTqmels: getyoba 

didi miamiti vinme brZandebi, rakiRa ase advilad moatyuebine 

Tavi gaiZverasa da mimbaZvels, yovlismocdne rom gegona mxolod 

imitom, rom erTmaneTisgan ver arCev codnas, umecrebasa 

da mibaZvas. 


– axla ki unda ganvixiloT tragedia da misi hegemoni _ homerosi, 

radganac zogierTebisgan gagvigonia, TiTqos tragikosi poetebi 

yvela xelobasa Tu xelovnebaSi gawafulni iyvnen da ara 

marto yvela adamianuri saqmis – keTilisa Tu borotis – mcodneni, 

aramed yovelive RvTaebrivisac. radganac kargma poetma, 

visac surs srulyofilad Seasxas xorci Tavis STanafiqrs, maTi 

azriT, aucileblad unda icodes is, razedac wers, Torem verafris 

dawerasac ver SeZlebso. unda gavarkvioT, tyuvdebodnen Tu 

ara adamianebi amnair mimbaZvelebTan Sexvedrisas, amCnevdnen Tu 

ara, rom maT qmnilebebs mTeli sami safexuri aSorebT namdvili 

yofierebisagan, da rom maT advilad SeiZleba Seasxas xorci iman, 

visTvisac ucnobia WeSmariteba, radganac aq landebs qmnian da 

ara namdvil arss. Tu adamianebi ar cdebian da kargma poetebma 

marTlac ician yvelaferi, razedac, umravlesobis azriT, ase 

kargad laparakoben? 

– diax, es marTlac imsaxurebs ganxilvas. 

– ki magram, vinmes rom SeeZlos rogorc erTis, ise meoris – 

dednis da aslis Seqmna, rogor ggonia, mTel Tavis unars Caaqsovda 

aslis SeqmnaSi da swored mas miiCnevda Tavisi sicocxlis 

mTavar da yvelaze ukeTes saqmed? 

– ara mgonia. 

– magram kargad rom scodnoda, rasac baZavs, mTeli misi Zalisxmeva 

Seqmnisken iqneboda mimarTuli da ara mibaZvisaken. is 

ecdeboda Tavis saxsovrad daetovebina bevri mSvenieri qmnileba 

da, cxadia, amjobinebda, TviTon is edidebinaT, vidre Tavad 

edidebina sxvebi. 

– albaT; es ufro sapatio da sasargeblo iqneboda misTvis. 

– Zalian bevri saqmisTvis angariSs ar movTxovT arc homeross 

da arc romelime sxva poets; ar vkiTxavT, eqimebi iyvnen Tu eqimTa 

enis ubralo mimbaZvelebi. gana arsebobs gadmocema, rom Tundac 

erT poets, gind axals da gind Zvels, janmrTeloba daebrunebinos 

vinmesTvis, rogorc ubrunebda asklepiosi, an iseTi mowafeebi 

daetovebinos mkurnalebad, rogoric iyvnen aslkepiosis memkvidreni? 

arc sxva xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiT vkiTxavT maT 

30

ames, Tavs ar SevawyenT. magram roca homerosi yvelaze diadsa da 

mniSvnelovans exeba, roca omebze, mxadarTmTavris xelovnebaze, 

saxelmwifos marTvasa Tu axalgazrdobis aRzrdaze laparakobs, 

maSin ki marTebuli iqneba vkiTxoT: `Zvirfaso homeroso, Tu 

siqvelisa da srulqmnilebis TvalsazrisiT namdvili arsidan 

mesame adgilze ki ar dgaxar da martooden aslsa da msgavss 

ki ara qmni, rac, Cveni gansazRvrebisamebr, mibaZva iqneboda, 

aramed meore adgili giWiravs da, amrigad, SegiZlia icode, 

ras akeTeben adamianebi ukeT da ras – uaresad, rogorc kerZo, 

ise sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSic, _ keTil-inebe da gviTxa-ri, 

romelma saxelmwifom miaRwia Seni wyalobiT ukeTes mmarTvelobas 

rogorc lakedemonma – likurges meoxebiT, an bevrma 

sxva didma Tu patara polisma _ bevri sxva kanonmdeblis meSveobiT? 

italia da sicilia amnair kanonmdeblad qarondas miiCneven, 

Cven – solons, Sen ki – vin?~ SeZlebda Tu ara homerosi romelime 

saxelmwifos dasaxelebas? 

– ara mgonia, _ Tqva glavkonma, _ amaze TviT homeridebic ki 

arafers amboben. 

– an sadme Tu ixsenieba homerosis droindeli Tundac erTi 

omi, gamarjvebiT rom damTavrebuliyos misi mxedarTmTavrobisa 

Tu rCevis wyalobiT? 

– araviTari amnairi omi ar yofila. 

– an xelmarjve da maxvilgonier ostatad, mravali sxvadasxva 

gamogonebisa da sxva misTanaTa avtorad Tu miiCneven mas, rogorc 

Zveli gadmocemebi – miletel Taless an skviT anaqarsiss? 

– araferi amis msgavsi homeross ar miewereba. 

– magram Tu saxelmwifos bevri vera argo ra, iqneb imas mainc 

amboben, rom kerZo cxovrebaSi viRacis aRzrdas mainc xelmZRvanelobda, 

ris gamoc ise Seiyvares aRzrdilebma, rom STamomavlobas 

gadascen cxovrebis homerosiseuli gza, rogorc pi- 

Tagorelebma – TavianTi moZRvrisa, rasac dRemde cxovrebis 

piTagorul wess uwodeben da riTac mkveTrad ganirCevian sxvebisgan. 

– arafer amgvars homerosze ar gadmogvcemen, sokrate. TviT 

kreofilec, romelic homerosTan daaxloebuli kaci unda yofiliyo, 

Tavisi aRzrdiT kidev ufro sasacilo Cans, vidre misi 

saxeli, Tuki marTalia, rasac homerosze gadmogvcemen; gadmocemiT 

ki imas gadmogvcemen, rom Tanamedroveebs arafradac ar 

miaCndaT Turme. 

– diax, ase amboben, magram rogor ggonia, glavkon, homeross 

rom marTlac SesZleboda adamianebis aRzrda da maTi srulyofa, 

xolo am saqmeSi mibaZva ki ar gamoeyenebina, aramed codna, 

31

nuTu uamrav mimdevars da Tayvanismcemels ver SeiZenda? protagora 

abdereli, prodike keoseli da sxvani da sxvani piradi 

urTierTobis wyalobiT arwmunebdnen TavianT Tanamedroveebs, 

rom ganswavlisa da ganaTlebis gareSe verc TavianT Sinaur da 

verc saxelmwifo saqmeebs ver gaarTmeven Tavs, da ai, am sibrZnis 

gulisTvis mowafeebs ise uyvarT isini, rom lamis Tavze daisvan. 

nuTu homeross, Tuki marTla SeeZlo kacTa siqvelis srulyofa, 

da hesiodesac xalxi imis nebas miscemda, rom moxetiale rafsodebis 

cxovrebiT ecxovraT da ar aiZulebda maT erT adgilas 

damkvidrebuliyvnen, xolo Tu ver daiyabulebda, gana fexdafex 

ar gahyvebodnen yvelgan, oRond ki maTgan rame eswavlaT? 

– rasac Sen ambob, me mgonia, sruli simarTlea, sokrate. 

– maS, ra vqnaT, xom ar vaRiaroT, rom yvela poeti, homerosidan 

moyolebuli, siqvelis moCvenebiTi xatebisa da sxva misTanaTa 

ubralo mimbaZvelia, magram verasodes ver aRwevs WeSmaritebas? 

ase, Cveni weRandeli Tqmisa ar iyos, mxatvarma SeiZleba daxatos 

xarazi da namdvil xarazadac ki moaCvenos xalxs, Tumca xarazis 

xelobisa arc mas da arc misi naxatis mayurebels saerTod ara 

gaegebaT ra: isini mxolod ferebisa da xazebis mixedviT msjeloben. 


– me mgonia, igive iTqmis poetebzedac, sityvebisa da xatovani 

gamoTqmebis meSveobiT garkveuli feradovnebiT rom warmogvi- 

Cenen ama Tu im xelovnebas an xelosnobas, Tumca arcerTis ara 

gaegebaT ra da mxolod mibaZviT gadian fons, ase rom, aranakleb 

umecarsa da mxolod sityvebis JReradobiT Tavbrudasxmul 

msmenels eCveneba, rom es saucxood aris naTqvami, miuxedavad 

imisa, poeti ritmuli da harmoniulad wyobili sityviT xarazis 

xelobaze msjelobs Tu saomar xelovnebaze, _ imdenad momnusxvelia 

poeturi samkaulebis bunebrivi xibli. magram Tu poetur 

qnilebebs musikaluri xelovnebiT miniWebul feradovnebas 

CamovacilebT, mogexseneba, ra uRimRamod warmogviCndebian SiSveli 

saxiT; TviTonac xom SeginiSnavs es? 

– diax. 

– gana axalgazrdobaSi mSvenier, magram xandazmulobaSi gacrecil 

da gaxunebul saxeebs ara hgvanan? 

– Zalian. 

_ erTsac daukvirdi: vinc landebsa Tu xatebs qmnis, ese igi, 

rogorc Cven vuwodebT, _ mimbaZveli, saerTod ver erkveva, ra 

aris namdvili arsi da mxolod mis moCvenebiT mxares icnobs; 

asea, ara? 

– diax. 

– Sua gzaze nu SewyvetT sityvas da rac vTqviT, srulad 

32

ganvixiloT. 

– gismen. 

– Cven vambobT, rom mxatvars SeuZlia Seqmnas sadave da 

lagami. 

– diax. 

– damzadebiT ki saraji da mWedeli amzadeben maT. 


– gana mxatvarma icis, rogori unda iyos sadave da lagami? es 

TviT maTma damamzadeblebma – sarajma da mWedelmac ki ar ician, 

aramed mxolod iman, vinc maT iyenebs, ese igi, mxedarma, ara? 

– diax. 

– gana igive ar iTqmis yvela sxva sagnis mimarTac? 

– rogor? 

– yovel sagans sami sxvadasxva xelovneba esadageba: misi gamoyenebis, 

damzadebisa da gamosaxvis xelovneba. 

– diax. 

– magram ras eTanafardeba avejis, cocxali arsebis an moqmedebis 

Tavisebureba, silamaze da srulqmnileba, Tu ara mis 

gamoyenebas, risTvisac is Seqmna adamianma Tu bunebam? 

– sxvas arafers. 

– maSasadame, yvelaze didi gamocdilebis mqone iqneba is, vinc 

ama Tu im sagans iyenebs da Tavisi gamocdilebis mixedviT SeuZlia 

misi naxelavis av-kargze miuTiTos amave sagnis gamkeTebels. 

ase, magaliTad, fleitaze damkvreli fleitis ostats uCvenebs, 

rogori fleita sjobs sakravad, an rogor unda damzaddes igi, 

da ostatic yurad iRebs mis rCevas. 

– ueWvelad. 

– amrigad, vinc icis, sakravis av-kargs uCvenebs imas, vinc 

mcodnes endoba da misi miTiTebis mixedviT akeTebs sakravs. 

_ diax. 

– maSasadame, ama Tu im sagnis srulqmnilebisa da naklis Sesaxeb 

am sagnis gamkeTebels swori warmodgena eqmneba mcodnesTan 

urTierTobis wyalobiT da Zalauneburad gaiziarebs mis miTiTebebs; 

magram mcodne mxolod isaa, vinc am sagans iyenebs. 


– rac Seexeba mimbaZvels, gamocdilebiT iZens codnas im sagnebis 

Sesaxeb, romlebsac xatavs, _ ramdenad kargi da srulqmnilia 

TiToeuli maTgani, _ Tu mcodnesTan urTierTobis wyalobiT 

iZens swor warmodgenas maTze da mcodnisave miTiTebebs 

eyrdnoba, Tu rogor daxatos isini. 

– arc erTis da arc meoris wyalobiT. 

– ese igi, mimbaZvels arc codna eqneba da arc swori warmod- 

33

gena im sagnebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac xatavs. 

– rogorc Cans, ara. 

– didebuli Semoqmedi ki unda iyos amnairi mimbaZveli. 

– arc ise. 

–magram is kvlavac mibaZavs sagnebs, Tumca ar ecodineba maTi 

av-kargi; amitom, rogorc Cans, mSvenivrad warmogviCens imas, rac 

mSvenivrad esaxeba brbos da umecarT. 

– metis Tavi rom ara aqvs. 

– am mxriv, etyoba, srul Tanxmobas mivaRwieT: jer erTi, mimbaZvelma 

bevri araferi icis im sagnisa, romelsac baZavs da, egec 

ar iyos, misi Semoqmedeba darbaiseli kacisTvis Seuferebeli 

bavSvuri TavSeqcevaa. tragikuli poeziis yvela Semoqmedi, 

miuxedavad imisa, iambikur leqss iyenebs Tu epikurs, upiratesad 

mimbaZvelia. 


– ki magram, zevsis gulisTvis, gana amnairi mibaZva raRac 

iseTs ar miemarTeba, rac mesame adgilze dgas, namdvili arsidan 

moyolebuli? 

– diax. 

– meore mxriv, adamianis romel sawyisze axdens mibaZva 

zemoqmedebas? 

– ra zemoqmedebas gulisxmob? 

– ai, ras. erTi da igive sidide, imis mixedviT, Soridan 

vuyurebT Tu axlodan, Tanabari rodi Cans. 

– marTlac. 

– zustad aseve, sagnebi an texilni Canan, an sworni, imis mixedviT, 

wyalSi vakvirdebiT maT Tu wylis gareT, da maTi Cazneqilobac 

da amozneqilobac mzeris mcdarobis Sedegia, rasac amave 

saganTa Seferiloba iwvevs. cxadia, rom amnairi mcdaroba niSneulia 

Cveni sulisTvis da Cveni bunebis swored am Taviseburebas 

emyareba mxatvrobac mTeli Tavisi xibliT, TvalTmaqcTa 

oinbazobac da sxva misTanani. 


– magram gana am mcTarobis gasaqarwyleblad ar iqna aRmoCenili 

Zalze qmediTi saSualeba gazomvis, gamoTvlisa Tu awonis 

saxiT? ase rom, CvenSi mTavaria ara sididis da sipataravis, simravlisa 

da simZimis moCvenebiTi cvalebadoba, aramed gazomvis, 

gamoTvlisa da awonis unari. 


– yovelive es ki Cveni sulis gonivruli sawyisis saqmea, ara? 


– xSiri gazomvebis wyalobiT am sawyisma aRmoaCina, rom zogi- 

34

erTi sagani ufro didia, zogi – ufro patara, zogi ki – erTmane- 

Tis toli, Tumca es sagnebi, imavdroulad, urTierTsapirispiro 

saxiT warmogviCndebian Cven. 

– diax. 

– Cven ki vamtkicebdiT, rom erTsa da imave sawyiss erTsa da 

imave dros SeuZlebelia ori sapirispiro azri hqondes erTsa da 

imave saganze. 

– da marTalnic viyaviT. 

– maSasadame, Cveni sulis is sawyisi, romelic sagnebze maTi 

zomebis sapirispirod msjelobs, SeuZlebelia igiveobrivi iyos 

im sawyisisa, am zomebis Sesabamisad rom aRiqvams sagnebs. 

– ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia. 

– is, rac Cvens gazomvas da gamoTvlas endoba, Cveni sulis 

ukeTesi sawyisia. 

– ueWvelad. 

– xolo is, rac amas upirispirdeba, uaresi sawyisi unda iyos. 


– swored am daskvnisken mimyavdi, roca vamtkicebdi, rom mxatvrobis, 

iseve, rogorc yvela mimbaZvelobiTi xelovnebis qmnilebebi 

Sors dganan sinamdvilisgan da maT saqme aqvT Cveni sulis im 

sawyisTan, romelic aseve Sorsaa gonivrulobisagan, ris gamoc 

SeuZlebelia yovelive imis Tanamdgomi da xelSemwyobi iyos, rac 

jansaRia da WeSmariti. 

– marTlac. 

– ase rom, TavisTavad dabali mimbaZvelobiTi xelovneba dabalTanave 

SeuRlebis Sedegad dabalsve aZlevs dasabams. 


– es mxolod im mimbaZvelobiT xelovnebas exeba, romelsac 

mzeriT aRviqvamT, Tu imasac, smeniT rom aRiqmeba da poezia hqvia 

saxelad? 

– cxadia, am ukanasknelsac. 

– nu vendobiT martooden moCvenebiT msgavsebas poeziasa da 

ferweras Soris, aramed ganvixiloT sulis is sawyisic, romelTanac 

saqme aqvs poetur mimbaZvelobas, da vnaxoT, Rirseulia 

es sawyisi Tu ubadruki. 

– es marTlac unda vnaxoT. 

– modi, aseTi kiTxva davsvaT: mimbaZvelobiTi poezia adamians 

gvixatavs rogorc iZulebiT an nebsiT moqmeds, am moqmedebis safuZvelze 

ki is fiqrobs, rom an kargad moiqca, an cudad, da yvela 

am viTarebaSi an wuxs, an xarobs. Tu is sxva ramesac gvixatavs, 

garda amisa? 

– sxvas arafers. 

35

– ki magram, yvela am viTarebaSi adamiani aumRvreveli rCeba? 

Tu rogorc mzeriT aRqmadi sagnebis Wvretisas masSi Tavs iCenda 

Sinagani winaaRmdegoba da urTierTsapirispiro warmodgenebi am 

sagnebze, Tavis sakuTar moqmedebebTan mimarTebisas misi suli 

aseTsave gaorebas ganicdis da urTierTsapirispiro SexedulebaTa 

Widilis asparezad iqceva? Tumca, gamaxsenda, rom axla 

sulac ar gvWirdeba amis mtkiceba, radganac zemoT bevri vimsjeleT 

da dabejiTebiTac davasabuTeT, rom Cveni suli savsea Sinagani 

winaaRmdegobebiT, erTdroulad rom iCenen Tavs. 

– marTalia. 

– diax, marTalia, magram, Cemi azriT, axla mainc aucileblad 

unda ganvixiloT is, rac maSin gamogvrCa. 

– ra? 

_ Cven vambobdiT, rom namdvili adamiani sxvebze ufro advilad 

itans Tavs datexil ubedurebas, vTqvaT, Svilis sikvdils 

Tu misTvis raRac Zvirfasis dakargvas. 


– axla ki eseca vnaxoT: amnairi adamiani saerTod ar iglovebs 

(rakiRa es warmoudgenelia), Tu garkveulwilad ufro Tavda 

Werili iqneba Tavisi mwuxarebis gamoxatvisas? 

– es ukanaskneli ufro savaraudoa. 

– amis Semdeg esec miTxari: rogor ggonia, rodis daupirispirdeba 

ufro mtkiced Tavis mwuxarebas da met winaaRmdegobas gauwevs 

mas: xalxis Tvalwin Tu roca martoa? 

– xalxis Tvalwin. 

– simartoveSi ki, Cemi azriT, Tavs veRar Seikavebs da mwared 

atirdeba, rasac, albaT, ver gabedavda, rom scodnoda, viRac miyurebso. 

da, saerTod, bevr iseT ramesac Caidenda, rasac namdvilad 

ar miutevebda sxvebs. 

– ase, – Tqva man. 

– rac mas aiZulebs winaaRmdegoba gauwios mwuxarebas, gonebaa 

da kanoni, xolo rac mwuxarebisaken ubiZgebs, – TviT tanjva? 

– diax. 

_ magram raki adamians erTi da imave sababiT erTdroulad 

ori urTierTsapirispiro swrafva aReZvris, SeiZleba iTqvas, 

rom masSi ori sxvadasxva sawyisi unda iyos. 


– erTi usityvod emorCileba kanonis mbrZaneblur karnaxs. 

– rogor? 

– kanoni brZanebs, rom ubedurebaSi yvelaze ukeTesia inarCunebde 

simSvides da gasaqans ar aZlevde mwuxarebas, radganac aravin 

icis, ra aris kargi da ra aris cudi amaSi, da ramdenic ar unda 

36

ivalalo, mainc verafers gaxdebi. adamianur saqmeTagan erTic 

ar imsaxurebs imas, rom metismetad didi mniSvneloba mianiWo, 

mwuxareba ki xSirad abrkolebs imas, rasac SeeZlo mwed mogvvlenoda 

amnair viTarebaSi. 

– ras gulisxmob? 

– saWiroa gaverkveT imaSi, rac dagvemarTa; aq, rogorc kamaTlebiT 

TamaSSi, bedisweris dartymebs unda davupirispiroT 

yvela is saSualeba, rasac goneba miiCnevs umjobesad. patara 

bavSvebs xom ar unda vemsgavsoT, rogorc ki rame dauSavdebaT, 

maSinve xels rom itaceben mtkivan adgilze da gulamoskvnili 

tirian. ara, unda mivaCvioT suli imas, rom dauyovnebliv Seudges 

mkurnalobas, raTa aRidginos danakargi, daicxros tkivili 

da wamlobiT CaaxSos mwuxare moTqma-godeba. 

– yvelaze marTebuli iqneboda ase davxvedrodiT bedisweris 

dartymebs. 

– Cveni ukeTesi sawyisi swored ase misdevs gonebis xmas. 

_ cxadia. 

– uares sawyiss ki, romelic ar iviwyebs tanjva-wamebas da ver 

ZReba mware gminviT, Cven ugunurs, uqnaras da mxdals vuwodebT. 

– diax. 

– sulis aRgznebadi sawyisi xSirad eqvemdebareba mravalferovan 

mibaZvas, xolo gonivruli da Tvinieri zne adamianisa, 

romelic yovelTvis inarCunebs TviTigiveobas, Zneli misabaZia, 

magram Tu mainc moaxerxes misi mibaZva, Znelad Tu vinme gaugebs 

rasme, miT umetes saxalxo zeimis an Teatraluri warmodgenebis 

dros, sadac uamravi xalxi iyris Tavs, radgan mibaZva, romelsac 

brbos SesTavazebdnen, misTvis sruliad ucxo sulieri mdgomareobis 

mibaZva iqneboda. 

– diax, sruliad ucxosi. 

– cxadia, mimbaZvel poets cota rama aqvs saerTo sulis 

gonivrul sawyisTan da mis dasakmayofileblad rodi srulyofs 

Tavis xelovnebas, radganac mxolod imas mieltvis, rom warmatebas 

miaRwios brbos winaSe. is mxolod aRgznebad da cvalebad 

znes mimarTavs, romelic advilad eqvemdebareba mibaZvas. 


– maSasadame, Cven ufleba gvaqvs xeli CavWidoT amnair 

poets da mxatvris gverdiT mivuCinoT adgili, romelsac Zaliana 

hgavs imiT, rom, WeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT, ufasur nawarmoebebs 

qmnis, da imiTac, rom sulis imave sawyisTana aqvs 

saqme da ara ukeTesTan. ase rom, marTalni viqnebodiT, Tuki mas 

ar miviRebdiT Cven mier daarsebul saxelmwifoSi, romelsac 

brZnuli kanonebi marTaven; ar miviRebdiT imitom, rom aqezebs, 

37

asazrdoebs da amtkicebs sulis uares sawyiss, ukeTess ki 

Rupavs. aseTia im saxelmwifos xvedric, romlis mmarTvelobasac 

uRirsebs ugdeben xelSi, Rirseulebs ki musrs avleben. Cven 

vamtkicebT, rom aseve iqceva mimbaZveli poetic, uaresi sawyisis 

waqezebiT ukeTur mmarTvelobas rom amkvidrebs TiToeuli 

adamianis sulSi, sawyisisa, romelic erTmaneTisgan ver asxvavebs 

udidessa da umciress, erTsa da imaves xan didad saxavs, xan ki – 

patarad, da amrigad qmnis xatebebs, romlebic Zalze Sors arian 

sinamdvilisagan. 


– magram Cven jer kidev ar wagviyenebia poeziisaTvis yvelaze 

mZime braldeba: mas SeuZlia TviT namdvili adamianis sulic ki 

SebRalos Tavisi zemoqmedebiT, rasac Zalze cotani Tu aRweven 

Tavs. ai, ra aris yvelaze saSineli. 

– Tu asea, ufro saSineli ra unda iyos? 

– momismine da Tavad gansaje: roca Cven Soris TviT yvelaze 

ukeTesnic ki homerossa Tu romelime sxva tragikos poets usmenen, 

mwuxarebiT Sepyrobil gmirs rom gvixataven, romelic 

bedis samduraviT savse sityvas warmoTqvams, sxvebs ki aiZulebs 

zars ambobdnen da mjiRs icemdnen mkerdSi, _ rogorc mogexseneba, 

am STabeWdilebas ayolilni, gmiris gancdebis kvaldakval, 

TviTonac erTgvar siamovnebas ganvicdiT, masTan erTad rom vitanjebiT 

da gulsaklavad davtiriT yovelive amas. Cven vaqebT 

da vadidebT im poets, romelic swored am ganwyobilebas iwvevs 

CvenSi. 

– rogor ar momexseneba. 

– magram roca ubedureba Cven TviTon gvatydeba Tavs, SegimCnevia 

Tu ara, rom sruliad sapirispiro qceviT vikvexniT – vcdilobT 

SevinarCunoT simSvide da aumRvrevloba, rogorc SeSvenis 

kacs, xolo is, rasac zemoT vaqebdiT, qalebisTvisaa niSneuli. 

– rogor ar SemimCnevia. 

– mereda, gana mosawonia imisi qeba, visi danaxvac aramcTu 

gvanatrebinebs, netavi Sen ggavdeo, TviT amis gafiqrebac ki 

sirxcviliT dagwvavs, _ diax, visi danaxvac, nacvlad imisa, rom 

zizRs hgvrides, siamovnebas aniWebdes da qebis Rirsad miaCndes 

xalxs? 

– ara, vficav zevss, uazrobas ufro hgavs. 

– diax, Tu am mxrivac Sexedav saqmes... 

– ra mxriv? 

– Tu daukvirdebi, am SemTxvevaSi poetebi siamovnebas hgvrian 

da atkboben Cveni sulis im sawyiss, romelsac Cveni sakuTari 

ubedurebis dros yovelnairad vcdilobT Tavi davuWiroT 

38

da gasaqani ar mivceT; arada, Tavisi bunebrivi midrekilebis 

gamo, swored mas surs tiriliT moioxos da mwuxarebiT ijeros 

guli. meore mxriv, Cveni sulis ukeTesi sawyisi, jer kidev arasakmarisad 

ganmtkicebuli gonebisa da Cveulebis mier, Tavis 

zedamxedvelobas asustebs am motiral sawyisze da sxvisi 

vnebebis Semyures hgonia, TiTqos TviTon mas sruliadac ar 

bRalavs imiTi tkboba, rom es sxva, Tundac siqvelezedac debdes 

Tavs, Rirseulad ver gamoxatavs Tavis mwuxarebas; amitomac 

aqebs, Tanaulmobs da imasac ki fiqrobs, rom es TviTon masac 

amdidrebs, ase rom, arasdidebiT ar isurvebda Tavisi zizRi 

gamoexata mTeli nawarmoebis mimarT, da, amrigad, moeklo es 

siamovneba. me mgonia, iSviaTad Tu vinme uwevs angariSs imas, 

rom sxvisi gancdebi gadamdebi ZaliT moqmedeben Cvenze: Tuki 

isini mZafr sibraluls aRZraven sulSi, Znelia Tavi davaRwioT 

aseTsave sibraluls Cveni sakuTari ubedurebisas. 

– marTals brZaneb, _ Tqva man. 

– gana igive ar iTqmis imaze, rac sasaciloa? Tuki, erTi mxriv, 

ufrTxi imas, vaiTu xalxi vacinoo, meore mxriv ki siamovnebiT 

uyureb komikur warmodgenebs an viwro wreSi avyiaTa ugvan liz- 

Robas, magram, rogorc ukeTurs, zizRiT ar uyureb amas, maSin 

zustad ise iqcevi, rogorc gulis aCuyebisas. Sen gonebiT Trgunav 

Rlabucisa Tu qilikis Jins, magram zemoT CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi 

srul gasaqans aZlev mas, da xSirad, Sinaurebs Soris, Senda 

SeumCnevlad TviTonve iqcevi komediebis mTxzvelad. 

– marTlac. 

– siyvaruli, mrisxaneba, sulis yvela sasiamovno Tu usiamovno 

vneba, rac, Cveni mtkicebiT, Tan axlavs Cvensav moqmedebas, _ 

yovelive es poetur mimbaZvelobas iwvevs CvenSi. is asazrdoebs 

da rwyavs yovelive imas, rac ajobebda damWknariyo, da Cvens 

suls maT mbrZaneblobas vuqvemdebarebT, Tumca Cven TviTon 

unda mogveToka isini, raTa ukeTesobas da bednierebas vweodiT, 

nacvlad imisa, rom uaresni da ubedurni vyofiliyaviT. 

– sxva rames verc vityodi. 

– amrigad, roca homerosis Tayvanismcemlebs Sexvdebi, 

glavkos, romlebic amtkiceben, rom am poetma aRzarda elada 

da adamianur saqmeTa warmarTvisa da ganaTlebisaTvis gulmodgined 

unda vswavlobdeT mas, raTa mis sibrZnes SevuwonoT mTeli 

cxovreba, _ keTilmosurned da alersianad moepyari maT, vinaidan 

isini, SeZlebisdagvarad, SesaniSnavi adamianebi arian, dauTme 

da daeTanxme am xalxs, rom homerosi yvelaze didi Semoqmedi da 

tragikosTa Soris pirveli poetia, magram nu dagaviwydeba, rom 

Cvens saxelmwifoSi misaRebad migvaCnia mxolod RmerTebisad- 

39

mi miZRvnili himnebi da keTilSobil kacTa saxotbo simRerebi. 

xolo Tu maT magivrad vnebian muzas miiReb, gind melikuri iyos 

da gind epikuri, maSin saxelmwifoSi siamovneba da tanjva gagibatondeba 

kanonisa da zogadi sawyisis nacvlad, rac, sayovelTao 

aRiarebiT, yovelTvis yvelaferze umjobesia. 


– dae, es iyos Cveni TavismarTleba poeziis winaSe, saxelmwifodan 

rom gavaZeveT misi bunebis gamo. saamisod xom sakmao 

safuZveli gvqonda. magram sisastikesa da gauTlelobaSi rom ar 

dagedos brali, aqve davZenT, rom odiTganve SeiniSneba erTgvari 

uTanxmoeba filosofiasa da poezias Soris. mravalricxovani 

andazebi, rogorc magaliTad, _ ài, ZaRli, patrons rom uRrens 

da uyefs~, `didi kacia briyvTa fuWsityvaobaSi~, `brZenkacTa 

brbo zevssac sZlevs~, `wvrilmanebs Cahkirkiteben, ese igi, Ratakebi 

arian~ da sxva misTanani naTlad mowmoben maT ZvelisZvel 

uTanxmoebas. da mainc, Tu mimbaZvelobiTi poezia, romelic 

miznad isaxavs xalxis garTobas, erT sabuTs mainc moitans imis 

dasturad, rom is saWiroa srulyofili wyobilebis mqo-ne 

saxelmwifoSi, Cven siamovnebiT miviRebT mas. TviTonve vaRiarebT, 

rom monusxulni varT misi xibliT. magram imisi Ralati, 

rac WeSmaritia, mkrexelobaa. ise ki, Cemo megobaro, gana Senc 

ar gxiblavs poezia, miT umetes, roca homerosis poezias exeba 

saqme? 

– pirdapir majadoebs. 

– amrigad, Tu is gamarTldeba, sulerTia, melikur poezias 

vigulisxmebT Tu romelime sxva zomiT gamarTuls, ra Tqma unda, 

gandevnilobidan dabrunebis uflebas moipovebs. 

– aucileblad. 

– xolo poeziis im damcvelebs, romlebic poetebi ki ara, poetebis 

moyvareni arian, Cven saSualebas mivcemT Tundac proziT 

daicvan igi da dagvimtkicon, rom poezia ara marto sasiamovnoa, 

aramed sasargebloc rogorc saxelmwifos, ise adamianis cxovrebisTvisac. 

marTlacda, xom gavmdidrdebodiT, is ara marto 

sasiamovno, sasargebloc rom yofiliyo? 


– magram Tu misi dacva SeuZlebeli Seiqna, maSin, Cemo Zvirfaso 

megobaro, im SeyvarebulebiviT unda moviqceT, odesRac 

rom uyvardaT, mere ki gadawyvites, rom es siyvaruli usargeblo 

iyo maTTvis, da, marTalia, didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad, magram 

bolos mainc uaryves igi. ase CvenSic – dRevandel mSvenier 

saxelmwifoTa mier aRzrdilebSiac Rvivis siyvaruli am poeziis 

mimarT da Cven warmatebas vusurvebT mas, ese igi, gvinda, rom is 

40

ara marto saucxoo, aramed WeSmaritic iyos. magram vidre Tavi 

ar umarTlebia, yovelTvis, roca iZulebulni viqnebiT movusminoT, 

misi xiblisagan Tavis dasacavad SelocvasaviT gavimeoroT 

is mosazrebebi, romlebzedac weRan vmsjelobdiT, da yovelnairad 

vecadoT kvlav am balRuri siyvarulis maxeSi ar gavebaT. 

SeuZlebelia seriozulad ifiqro, TiTqos amnairi poezia seriozulia 

da WeSmaritebis wvdomas cdilobs. mis msmenels sifrTxile 

marTebs, raTa mtkiced daicvas Tavisi sulieri samyaro da 

saxelmZRvanelo wesad aqcios is, rac Cven mier poeziaze iTqva. 

Zveli berZnulidan Targmna baCana bregvaZem 

(wignidan àdreuli dialogebi~, Tb., 1997) 

41

aristotele (Zv.w.aR. 384-322) 

42 

poetika 

Txzulebis sagani (I) 1447а8 

I 

Cven vlaparakobT rogorc poeziaze saerTod, ise mis calkeul 

saxeebzedac; vityviT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs TiToeul maTgans da 

rogor unda iTxzvebodes fabula poeturi qmnilebis srulyofis 

mizniT; vityviT agreTve ramdeni da ranairi nawilebisagan 

Sedgeba poeturi nawarmoebi da bevr sxva ramesac, rac uSualod 

ukavSirdeba amave sakiTxs. xolo Cvens sityvas, ra Tqma unda, yvelaze 

arsebiTiT daviwyebT. 

I.P poezia rogorc baZva 47а13 

epopea da tragedia, iseve rogorc komedia, diTirambuli poezia 

da avletikisa Tu kiTaristikis umetesi nawili, _ yovelive 

es, kacma rom Tqvas, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara mibaZva. 

baZvis saSualebebi 47а18 

erTmaneTisagan isini sami ramiT gansxvavdebian: an imiT, ri- 

Tac baZaven, an imiT, rasac baZaven, anda imiT, rogorc baZaven da 

rogorc zogi xelovani Tavisi xelovnebis, Cvevisa Tu bunebrivi 

niWis wyalobiT bevr rasme baZavs, roca ferebiTa da formebiT 

qmnis misabaZ saganTa xatebs. zustad aseve xorcieldeba mibaZva 

xelovnebis yvela zemoxsenebul dargSic. yoveli maTgani ritmiT, 

sityviT da harmoniiT baZavs, an samiveTi erTad, an TiToeuliT 

cal-calke. ase magaliTad, martooden harmonias da ritms 

iyeneben avletika, kiTaristika da musikaluri xelovnebis zogierTi 

sxva dargi. vTqvaT, salamurze dakvris xelovneba. mxolod 

ritmiT, harmoniis gareSe, baZaven mocekvaveni, romelnic gamomsaxvelobiTi 

ritmuli moZraobebiT warmosaxaven xasiaTebs, 

gancdebs, qmedebebs, sityvieri Semoqmedeba ki iyenebs prozaulsa 

Tu saleqso sazomiT gamarTul poetur sityvas; amasTan is xan 

ramdenime saleqso sazomis monacvleobas axdens, xan ki mxolod 

erT sazoms xmarobs. < ... > aris xelovnebis zogierTi sxva dargi,

omelic iyenebs yvela zemoxsenebul saSualebas: ritms, melodias, 

metrs. aseTia, magaliTad, diTirambuli poezia da nomebis 

poezia, tragedia da komedia, xolo isini erTmaneTisagan imiT 

gansxvavdebian, rom zogierTi maTgani iyenebs uklebliv yvela 

saSualebas. zogierTi ki mxolod nawilobriv. ai, ra gansxvavebas 

vgulisxmob me xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargTa Soris, imis mixedviT, 

Tu ra saSualebebs mimarTaven isini mibaZvisas. 

baZvis sagani (II) 48а1 

rakiRa yvela mimbaZveli moqmed pirT baZavs, romelnic, 

aucileblad an keTilni arian, an ukTurni (yoveli xasiaTisaTvis 

met-naklebad niSneulia martooden es ori Tviseba, radgan 

adamianebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian xasiaTis siqveliT Tu 

biwierebiT). _ amitom mibaZvis Sedegad isini warmogvidgebian 

an rogorc Cvenze ukeTesni, an uaresni, an iseTni, rogoric Cven 

varT. < ... > 

baZvis xerxebi (III) 48а19 

arsebobs mesame gansxvavebac mibaZvis am saxeTa Soris, saxeldobr, 

xerxi, romliTac baZavs TiToeuli maTgani da, marTlac, 

xom SeiZleba mibaZo erTsa da imave sagans erTi da imave saSualebiT, 

magram sxvadasxva xerxiT: ase magaliTad, ama Tu im ambis 

gadmocemisas an Seni pirovnebis miCqmalviT, TiTqos sxvisi piriT 

mogviTxro masze, rogorc iqceva homerosi, an – piradad, Senive 

piriT da, amrigad, sxva vinmed ar iqce, anda warmogvidgino Seni 

gmirebi rogorc moqmedni da qmediTni. 

ai, am sami niSniT gansxvavdeba mibaZvis yvela saxe erTmaneTisagan. 

kerZod, rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, mibaZvis saSualebiT, 

sagniT da xerxiT. < ... > 

amrigad, Cven gavarkvieT, ramdeni da ra saxis gansxvavebani arsebobs 

mimbaZvelobiTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargTa Soris. 

tragediis srulyofileba 49а7 

rodesac daibada tragedia da komedia, maSin, poeziis ama Tu im 

dargisadmi bunebrivi midrekilebis mixedviT, zogierTma poetma 

iambebis nacvlad komediis weras mihyo xeli. zogierTma ki eposis 

nacvlad – tragediis Txzvas, vinaidan poeziis ori ukanaskneli 

dargi pirvel orze ufro mniSvnelovania da faseuli. 

sxva sakiTxia, miaRwia Tu ara tragediam ganviTarebis sabo- 

43

loo safexurs, rogorc TavisTavad, ise TeatrTan mimarTebiT. 

tragediis, iseve rogorc komediis sawyisi improvizaciaa, radgan 

pirveli diTirambebis eqsarqontTagan (wamomwyebTagan) iRebs 

dasabams, xolo meore – falikuri simRerebis eqsarqontebisgan. 

< ... > Semdeg tragedia nel-nela gaizarda misi Sinagani SesaZleblobebis 

TandaTanobiT ganviTarebis gziT da mravali saxecvlilebis 

Sedegad Tavisi < ... >saxe miiRo. esqile iyo pirveli 

tragikosi, romelmac erTis nacvlad ori msaxiobi Semoiyvana 

scenaze; manve Seamcira qoros partia da arsebiTi mniSvneloba 

mianiWa dialogs. sofoklem samamde gazarda msaxiobebis ricxvi 

da mxatvrulad gaaforma scena. tragediam SedarebiT gvian aiRo 

xeli mokle miTebis damuSavebasa da Tavisi pirvelsawyisis – satiruli 

poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebel saxumaro stilze. SedarebiT 

gvian miaRwia Tavis awindel sidiades, xolo misi saleqso 

sazomi tetrametris nacvlad iambikuri trimetri gaxda. 

SeiZleboda gveTqva, rogor gaizarda epizodebis ricxvi da 

rogor daixvewa yovelive is, rac amkobs da srulyofils xdis 

tragediis calkeul nawilebs, magram yvelafris dawvrilebiT 

ganxilva Sors wagviyvanda. 

44 

komediis arsi da srulyofileba (V) 49а32 

< ... >komedia biwier kacTa mibaZvaa, magram is baZavs ara mTels 

maT biwierebas, aramed mxolod zogierT im nakls, romelSiac 

sasacilo samarcxvinos nawilad gvevlineba. xolo sasacilo 

erTgvari Secdomaa, an kidev garegani Tu Sinagani mankiereba, 

romelic aravis ar ayenebs tkivils an momakvdinebel vnebas. ase- 

Tia, Tundac, komikuri niRabi, romelic, TavisTavad, samarcxvinoa 

da umsgavsi, magram tanjvas ki ar gamoxatavs. 

tragediis saxecvlilebani da am cvlilebebis moqmedTa 

saxelebi CvenTvis cnobilia, rasac ver vityviT komediis mimarT, 

vinaidan mas Tavdapirvelad gacilebiT nakleb yuradRebas 

aqcevdnen. qoro rom qoroa, komediisaTvis misi micemac ki Zalze 

gvian daiwyo < ... >. amitomac pirveli qorevtebi scenismoyvare 

moxaliseni iyvnen. komediografTa saxelebic mxolod im droidan 

ixsenieba, roca komediam ukve ganviTarebis garkveul safexurs 

miaRwia. magram Cven ar viciT, vin SemoiRo niRbebi an prologi, 

vin gazarda msaxiobebis ricxvi da sxva misTanani. < ... > … komedia 

Caisaxa siciliaSi, saidanac man saberZneTSi gadmoinacvla < ... >. 

G

gansxvsveba tragediasa da eposs Soris 49b9 

Eepopea < ... >tragedias hgavs, ramdenadac orive keTilSobilur 

qmedebebs baZavs, xolo misgan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom martivi 

metri aqvs da sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara gabmuli Txroba. 

egec ar iyos, isini moqmedebis drois xangrZlivobiTac gansxvavdebian 

erTmaneTisagan. tragedia cdilobs, ramdenadac es 

SesaZloa, mTeli Tavisi moqmedeba mzis erTi sadReRamiso moqcevis 

periodiT Semofarglos, an rac SeiZleba mciredi xniT 

gadascdes am sazRvars, epopea ki gansazRvruli ar aris droiT, 

Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom es ganusazRvreloba Tavdapirvelad 

iseve dasaSvebi iyo tragediaSi, rogorc eposSi. rac Seexeba 

calkeul nawilebs, zogi maTgani saerToa orivesaTvis, zogi ki 

mxolod tragediis kuTvnilebaa. amitom vinc icis, ra gansxvavebebia 

kargsa da cud tragedias Soris, is eposis avkargianobasac 

icnobs, vinaidan yovelive is, rac niSneulia eposisaTvis, tragediasac 

axasiaTebs, Tumca yovelive is, rac niSneulia tragediis- 

Tvis, uklebliv axasiaTebs epossac. 

II. tragedia: 

misi arsi (VI) 49b21 

< ... >tragedia aris seriozuli, dasrulebuli da garkveuli 

ganzomilebis mqone moqmedebis mibaZva kazmuli sityviT, romlis 

sxvadasxva nawilic sxvadasxvagvarad aris Semkuli: mibaZva, 

romelic Txrobis ki ara, moqmedebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba 

da romelic sibralulisa Tu SiSis gamowvevis gziT amgvar vnebaTagan 

ganwmendas aRwevs. `kazmuli sityvao~, rom vambob, me 

vgulisxmob sityvas, romlisTvisac niSneulia ritmi, harmonia 

da melodia, xolo rodesac davsZen, rom misi sxvadasxva nawili 

`sxvadasxvagvarad aris Semkuli~. amiT is minda vTqva, rom am 

nawilTagan zogierTisaTvis niSneulia mxolod metri, zogier- 

TisTvis ki – melodiac. 

tragediis elementebi 49b30 

raki mibaZva moqmedebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, amitom, 

aucileblobis ZaliT, tragediis pirveli Semadgeneli nawili 

iqneba speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba, xolo Semdeg – musikaluri 

kompozicia da mxatvruli stili, radgan tragedia swored 

am saSualebiT axdens mibaZvas. stils me vuwodeb sityvebis 

45

TankavSirs, xolo musikaluri kompoziciis mniSvneloba ganumartavadac 

yvelasaTvis gasagebia. 

raki tragedia moqmedebis mibaZvaa da raki moqmedeba TavisTavad 

gulisxmobs moqmed pirT, romelTac aucileblad unda gaaCndeT 

sakuTari raoba xasiaTisa Tu azrovnebis unaris mixedviT 

(vinaidan swored maTi wyalobiT ganvsazRvravT Cven ama Tu im 

moqmedebis raobasac) – amitom moqmedebas ori bunebrivi mizezi 

aqvs: azrovneba da xasiaTi, romlebic ganapirobeben yvela moqmedis 

warmatebs Tu warumateblobas. 

moqmedebis mibaZva aris fabula. fabulas me vuwodeb faqtebisa 

da movlenebis saerTo qargas. xasiaTi aris is, rac gansazRvravs 

moqmedTa meobas, xolo azrovnebas me vuwodeb unars, romlis 

wyalobiTac Tanamosaubreni raimes umtkiceben erTimeores, 

an ubralod, TavianT azrebs gamoTqvamen. 

amrigad, tragedias aucileblad unda hqondes eqvsi nawili, 

romlebic gansazRvraven mTels mis raobas. es nawilebia: fabula, 

xasiaTebi, azrovneba, speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba, 

stili da musikaluri kompozicia. amaTgan mibaZvis saSualebebs 

miekuTvneba ori nawili, xerxs – erTi, xolo sagans – sami nawili. 

es aris da es. < ... > 

46 

fabula: 

misi pirveladoba 

am nawilTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania moqmedebaTa saerTo 

qarga, radgan tragedia ara marto kacTa mibaZvaa, aramed maTi 

qmediTobisa da sicocxlis, maTi bednierebisa da ubedurebis 

mibaZvac aris. xolo bednierebac da ubedurebac moqmedebaSi 

vlindeba. amitom tragediis mizani sakuTriv moqmedebis raobaa 

da ara moqmedebis ubralo unaris Cveneba. TavianTi xasiaTis 

mixedviT adamianebi ama Tu im Tvisebis mqoneni arian, xolo moqmedebis 

mixedviT _ bednierni an ubedurni. ai, ratomaa, rom poetebi 

uSualod xasiaTebs ki ar gvixataven, aramed – moqmedebas, 

xolo moqmedebis asaxviT xasiaTebsac warmosaxaven. ase rom, 

tragediis mizani sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara moqmedeba da fabula, 

xolo mizani yvelaze ufro arsebiTia. egec ar iyos, moqmedebis 

gareSe tragedia ukve aRar iqneboda tragedia. maSin rodesac xasiaTebis 

gareSe is mainc inarCunebs Tavis raobas. < ... > 

isic unda iTqvas, rom eTikuri Segonebebisa da natifi sityvebisa 

Tu gamoTqmebis mwyobri kavSiris gadmocema sulac ar niSnavs 

tragediis winaSe dasaxuli miznis miRwevas. piriqiT, Tavis 

mizans ufro umal miaRwevs tragedia, romelic gacilebiT mets 

scodavs am mxriv, magram, amasTan, fabulisa Tu moqmedebis saer-

To qargis srulqmnilebiT gamoirCeva. < ... > garda amisa, Cvens 

sulebze yvelaze mZafr zemoqmedebas tragedia swored fabulis 

nawilebiT – peripetiebiT da gamocnobebiT axdens. am mosazrebis 

sisworeSi isic gvarwmunebs, rom damwyebi poetebi stilistur 

srulyofilebas umal aRweven da xasiaTebis xatvaSic ufro 

male ostatdebian, vidre moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevrobis dinamikur 

gadmocemaSi, rac niSneulia Zveli drois TiTqmis yvela poetisaTvis. 

amrigad, tragediis sawyisi da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, misi 

suli aris fabula, meore adgili ekuTvnis xasiaTebs, vinaidan 

tragedia moqmedebis mibaZvaa, xolo am mibaZvis wyalobiT is, 

upirveles yovlisa, moqmed pirT baZavs. tragediis mesame nawili 

azrovnebaa. azrovneba niSnavs amtkico is, rac saqmis arss 

exeba da esatyviseba: mWevrmetyvelebis sferoSi swored amas 

mieltvian politika da ritorika. Zveli poetebi TavianT gmirebs 

politikosebiviT alaparakebdnen, Tanamedrove poetebis gmirTa 

metyveleba ki ritorTa metyvelebas gvagonebs. xasiaTi aris is, 

raSic nebis swrafva vlindeba: amitomac xasiaTs ar gvixataven is 

sityvebi, romelTa mixedviTac ver vgebulobT vin ras mieltvis 

an ras gaurbis da romlebic sruliad arafers gveubnebian imis 

Sesaxeb, Tu ras irCevs ar uaryofs mTqmeli. da bolos, azrovneba 

sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara unari, romlis wyalobiTac risame 

arsebobas Tu ararsebobas amtkiceben, an, saerTod, gamoTqvamen 

rasme. tragediis meoTxe nawilia stili. < ... > stili aris azris 

sityvieri gamoxatuleba. rasac Tanabari mniSvneloba aqvs 

prozaSic da poeziaSic. danarCen nawilTagan mexuTe – musikaluri 

kompozicia – tragediis umniSvnelovanesi samkaulia, xolo 

speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba, Cvens sulebze mTeli Tavisi 

zemoqmedebis miuxedavad, Zalze Sors dgas xelovnebisgan da 

amdenad, poetikis gareT rCeba, vinaidan tragedia yovelgvari 

Sejibrebis Tu msaxiobTa xelovnebis gareSe inarCunebs Tavis 

Zalmosilebas. egec ar iyos, speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba 

ufro dekoratoris saqmea, vidre poetis. 

tragediis mTlianoba (VII) 50b21 

yovelive amis gansazRvris Semdeg, isic vTqvaT, rogori unda 

iyos moqmedebaTa saerTo qarga, vinaidan yvelaze mTavari da arsebiTi 

swored es aris tragediaSi. rogorc aRvniSneT, tragedia 

dasrulebuli, mTliani da garkveuli ganzomilebis mqone moqmedebis 

mibaZvaa, xolo `garkveul ganzomilebas~ imitom vTvli 

misabaZi moqmedebis erT-erT Tvisebad, rom arsebobs mTeli, 

47

omelsac araviTari ganzomileba ar gaaCnia. mTeli ki aris is, 

rasac aqvs dasawyisi. saSuali da dasasruli. dasawyisi aris is, 

rac aucileblobis gamo sxvas ki ar misdevs, piriqiT, bunebrivi 

Tanmimdevrobis Tanaxmad, TviT mas mosdevs an mis Semdeg xdeba 

sxva rame. amis sapirispirod, dasasruli aris is, rac aucileblobis 

ZaliT yovelTvis sxvas mosdevs, sxvis Semdegaa. TviTon 

mas ki aRaraferi mosdevs da bolos, saSuali aris is, rac erTi 

mxriv, sxva rasme mosdevs, xolo meore mxriv, win uswrebs sxvas. 

ase rom, kargad gamarTuli yvela fabula, TviTneburad, saidanme 

ki ar unda iwyebodes da, aseve TviTneburad, sadme ki ar unda 

wydebodes, aramed zemoT motanil gansazRvrebebs unda emor- 

Cilebodes aucileblad. 

48 

tragediis moculoba 

< ... > mSvenieri – suldgmuli arseba Tu usulo nivTi, _ 

garkveuli nawilebisagan aris Semdgari, amitom is ara marto 

mkacri wesrigiT unda aerTebdes am nawilebs, aramed, garkveul 

sididesac unda warmoadgendes: mSveniereba xom sididesa da wesrigSi 

vlindeba. amitom ar SeiZleba mSvenieri iyos metismetad patara 

arseba, vinaidan mzeriT misi aRqma TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, _ 

an metismetad didi, vinaidan, Tu davuSvebT, rom am arsebis sigr- 

Ze SeiZleba aTi aTas stadions aRwevdes, maSin mas mTlianad ki 

ver aRviqvamT, aramed mxolod danawevrebulad, mxolod nawilnawil, 

da, amrigad, Cveni mzerisaTvis miuwvdomeli darCeba misi 

erToba da mTlianoba. maSasadame, rogorc suldgmul arsebebs 

da usulo sagnebs unda hqondeT advilad aRsaqmeli sidide, ise 

fabulebsac unda hqondeT garkveuli sigrZe, romelic advilad 

dasamaxsovrebeli unda iyos. fabulis sigrZis gansazRvra Teatralur 

Sejibrebebsa Tu grZnobad aRqmasTan mimarTebiT poeturi 

xelovnebis saqme rodia. da marTlac, Sejibrebisas rom asi 

tragedia iyos warmosadgeni, maSin Sejibri klepsidrebiT (wylis 

saaTi) Catardeboda, iseve, rogorc, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, es xdeboda 

zogierT sxva SemTxvevaSi. rac Seexeba tragediis sigrZis 

gansazRvras saqmis WeSmariti arsis mixedviT, SeiZleba iTqvas, 

rom Tavisi sididiT yovelTvis umjobesia fabula, romelSiac 

moqmedebis ganviTareba saTanado sicxademdea moyvanili, an, 

ufro martivad gansazRvris mizniT, Cven vityviT, rom sakmarisia 

is sidide, romlis farglebSic, albaTobisa Tu aucileblobis 

Tanaxmad movlenaTa Tanmimdevruli msvlelobis gziT ubedureba 

SeiZleba bednierebaSi gadaizardos, anda, piruku, bedniereba 

– ubedurebaSi.

moqmedebis erTianoba (VIII) 51а16 

fabula marto ki ar aris erToblivi, rom, rogorc zogierTs 

hgonia, erTi gmiris Tavgadasavals mogviTxrobs. marTlac, xom 

SeiZleba erTsa da imave gmirs usasrulod mravali ram gadaxdes 

Tavs. xolo am simravlidan zogierT rames araferi ar aerTebs 

erTmaneTTan zustad aseve, erTi da igive gmiri SeiZleba aTasgvari 

saqmis moqmedi iyos, magram am saqmeTa erToblioba arasodes 

ar iZleva erT mTlian saqmes. < ... > homerosma, < ... > òdiseas~ 

rom qmnida, < ... > yvelaferi ki ar CarTo Sig, rac mis gmirs 

Tavs gadaxdenia, < ... > piriqiT, < ... > erTi moqmedebis irgliv 

aago, da aseve moiqca igi ìliadas~ Txzvis drosac. 

amrigad, raki mimbaZvelobiTi xelovnebis yvela dargSi er- 

Toblivi mibaZva erTis mibaZvaa, amitom fabulac, romelic moqmedebas 

baZavs, erTi da, amasTan, mTliani moqmedebis mibaZva unda 

iyos. moqmedebis nawilebi ki ise unda erwymobdnen erTmaneTs, 

rom erT-erTi maTganis gadaadgileba an amoReba mTelis cvlilebasa 

da gadasxvaferebas < ... > iwvevdes, xolo is, risi momateba 

an gamokleba arafers < ... > cvlis, mTelis organul nawilad 

ver CaiTvleba. 

zogadi da calkeuli moqmedebaSi (IX) 51а36 

poetma imaze ki ar unda ilaparakos, rac sinamdvileSi 

moxda, aramed imaze, rac SeiZleboda momxdariyo da, maSasadame, 

rac albaTobisa Tu aucileblobis mixedviTaa SesaZlebeli. poeti 

da istorikosi imiT rodi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, 

rom pirveli saleqso sazomiT wers, meore ki proziT. < ... > poeti 

da istorikosi erTmaneTisagan swored imiT gansxvavdebian, 

rom istorikosi sinamdvileSi momxdar ambebs gadmogvcems, poeti 

ki imas, rac SeiZleboda momxdariyo. amitom poezia ufro 

filosofiuria da seriozuli, vidre istoria. poeziis sagani 

ufro zogadia, xolo istoriisa – calkeuli. zogadi aris is, 

risi Tqmac an risi qmnac marTebs albaTobisa Tu aucileblobis 

mixedviT, ama Tu im bunebis kacs: swored amas mieltvis poezia 

maSinac ki, roca saxelebs arqmevs moqmed pirebs. calkeuli ki 

aris is, rac Caidina an ganicada. < ... > albaTobis mixedviT rom 

ageben fabulas, komediografebi SemTxveviT saxelebs arqmeven 

TavianT gmirebs da, amrigad, konkretul pirovnebebze rodi 

weren. < ... > tragikosebi ki warsulis realur saxelebs arCeven. 

xolo amis mizezi is gaxlavT, rom SesaZlebeli, amave dros, damajerebelic, 

sarwmunoc aris: Cven ara gvjera, rom SesaZlebelia 

49

is, rac jer kidev ar momxdara, xolo is, rac ukve moxda, ra Tqma 

unda, SesaZlebelia, vinaidan SeuZlebeli rom yofiliyo, arc 

moxdeboda. < ... > ase rom, sulac ar aris savaldebulo miTiuri 

Tqmulebis gamodevneba, romelTa ciklsac ar scildeba tragediebis 

umravlesoba. is ki ara da sasaciloc iqneboda amisken 

swrafva, vinaidan is, rac cnobilia, mxolod mciredTaTvis aris 

cnobili, mowonebiT ki yvelas moswons. zemoTqmulidan aSkaraa, 

rom poeti ufro metad fabulebs unda qmnides, < ... > vinaidan is 

imdenad aris Semoqmedi, ramdenadac mimbaZvelia. xolo es mibaZva 

moqmedebis mibaZvaa. mas rom Tundac sinamdvileSi momxdari 

ambis asaxva mouxdes, is mainc poetad darCeba, vinaidan araferi 

ar uSlis xels imas, rom zogi ram, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba, alba- 

Tobisa Tu SesaZleblobis mixedviT moxdes; am aspeqtSi is maTi 

Semoqmedia. 

martiv fabulaTa da moqmedebaTa Soris yvelaze uaresi epizoduri 

fabulebi da moqmedebebia. epizodurs me vuwodeb iseT 

fabulas, romelSiac epizodebi yovelgvari albaTobisa Tu 

aucileblobis gareSe misdeven erTmaneTs. < ... > 

tragedia ara marto dasrulebulia, aramed SiSisa Tu sibralulis 

aRmZvreli moqmedebis mibaZvac aris. xolo am grZnobebs 

moqmedeba metwilad aRZravs maSin, roca moulodnelad xdeba, 

ufro metad ki maSin, roca ara marto moulodneldad, aramed 

garemoebaTa urTierTganpirobebulobis Sedegadac xdeba. am 

dros gancvifreba ufro didi iqneba, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, raime 

rom TavisTavad an sruliad SemTxveviT momxdariyo, vinaidan 

SemTxveviTTagan yvelaze gansacvifrebeli swored is aris, rac 

SeiZleba ganzrax momxdari egonos kacs. ase magaliTad, argosSi 

mitisis qandakebam mokla mitisisave mkvleli, romelsac Tavze 

daeca im dros, roca es ukanaskneli mas aTvalierebda. SeiZleba 

ifiqro, rom msgavsi movlenebi martooden SemTxveviTobas rodi 

miewereba. 

maSasadme, amnairi fabulebi uciloblad yvelaze ukeTesi 

fabulebia. 

50 

daxlarTuli da martivi fabula (X) 52а12 

zogierTi fabula martivia, zogierTi ki daxlarTuli, 

vinaidan aseTia is moqmedebebic, romelTa mibaZvebsac fabulebi 

warmoadgenen. Mmartivs vuwodeb < ... > uwyvetsa da erTobliv 

moqmedebas, romelSiac cvalebadoba peripetiisa da gamocnobis 

gareSe xdeba, xolo daxlarTuls – iseT moqmedebas, romelSiac 

cvalebadoba gamocnobis an peripetiis, an kidev, erTdroulad,

orive maTganis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. yovelive es fabulis 

agebulebidan unda gamomdinareobdes, magram ise ki, rom uwin 

momxdarisagan aucileblobisa Tu albaTobis mixedviT iRebdes 

dasabams, vinaidan marTlac didi gansxvavebaa – erTi ram meoris 

Sedegad xdeba, Tu, ubralod, meoris Semdeg. 

gamocnoba (XVI) 54b19 

< ... > ukve vTqviT, ra aris gamocnoba. axla ki mis saxeebzec 

vilaparakoT. pirveli da yvelaze nakleb ostaturi saxe, romelsac 

gamouvali mdgomareobidan Tavis daRwevis mizniT mimar- 

Taven, _ esaa gamocnoba garegnuli niSnebis saSualebiT. am 

niSanTagan zogi bunebrivia, < ... > zogi ki – SenaZeni, romelTaganac 

zogierTi niSani an gmiris tans amCnevia, rogorc < ... > 

naWrilobevi < ... > an tansamkauli ... < ... > am niSnebis gamoyeneba 

ukeTesadac SeiZleba da uaresadac. ase magaliTad, odisevsi 

naWrilobevis mixedviT sxvadasxvagarad icnes, erTi mxriv, ZiZam, 

xolo meore mxriv, meRoreebma. yvelaze nakleb ostaturia gamocnoba, 

romelic dajerebis gulisTvis xdeba, iseve rogorc yvela 

sxva amgvari gamocnoba saerTod. ukeTesia gamocnoba, romelic 

peripetiidan gamomdinareobs, rogorc magaliTad, `ganbanis~ 

scena òdiseaSi~. 

meore saxis gamocnoba TviT poetis mier aris gamogonili da, 

amdenad, nakleb ostaturia. ase magaliTad, oreste ìfigeniaSi~ 

aRiarebs, rom is orestea; ifigenia weriliT amJRvanebs Tavis 

vinaobas. oreste ki laparakobs imas, rac poets surs, magram rasac 

ar moiTxovs TviTon fabula. amitom aseTi gamocnoba axloa 

zemoxsenebul naklTan: SesaZlo iyo orestes zogierTi garegnuli 

niSanic hqonoda. < ... > 

mesamea gamocnoba mogonebis saSualebiT, roca ama Tu im sagnis 

xilva raime grZnobas iwvevs. < ... > magaliTad, < ... > gmirma 

dainaxa suraTi da qviTini daiwyo... < ... > mousmina kiTaristess 

da, warsulis mogonebiT gulSeZruli, mwared atirda. < ... > 

meoTxe saxis gamocnoba daskvnis saSualebiT xdeba, rogorc 

magaliTad, `qoeforebSi~. mosula viRac Cemi msgavsi, magram Cemi 

msgavsi aravinaa, orestes garda, maSasadame, mosuli – orestea. 

aseTive gamocnobaa gamoyenebuli sofist poliedes Txzuleba- 

Si ifigenias mimarT: oreste marTebulad daaskvnis, rom misi da 

msxverplad Seswires. amitom masac Seswiraven msxverplad. xolo 

Teodektes `tidevsSi~ gmiri daaskvnis, rom, raki Tavisi vaJis sa- 

Zebnad movida, usaTuod daiRupeba. asevea `fineidebSic~: dainaxaven 

Tu ara adgils, qalebi wamsve mixvdebian, rom aq unda mokvd- 

51

nen, vinaidan aqve gadmosxes isini. 

arsebobs egreTwodebuli rTuli gamocnobac, romelic 

mayurebelTa mcdar daskvnazea dafuZnebuli, rogorc magali- 

Tad, `crumacne odisevsSi~, sadac odisevsi acxadebs, rom SeuZlia 

icnos mSvildi, romelic TvaliT ar unaxavs. mayurebels ki 

hgonia, rom marTla icnobs da, amrigad, mcdar daskvnamde midis. 

magram yvelaze ukeTesi gamocnoba mainc uSualod moqmedebidan 

gamomdinare gamocnobaa. am dros mayureblis gancvifrebas 

movlenaTa bunebrivi ganviTareba iwvevs. < ... > meore adgili 

ekuTvnis gamocnobas daskvnis saSualebiT. 

52 

TvalsaCinoeba (XVII) 55а22 

fabulis agebisa da maTi stilisturi damuSavebis dros poets 

Tvalwin unda edgas yvelaferi, razedac wers. Semoqmedi mxolod 

maSin miakvlevs imas, risi mikvlevac marTebs da mis Tvals 

mxolod maSin ar gamoepareba Sinagani winaaRmdegobani, roca 

yvelafers ise cxadad iTvaliswinebs, TiTqos mis mier aRwerili 

ambebis TviTmxilveli iyos. < ... >ramdenadac SesaZloa, poets 

naTlad unda hqondes warmodgenili gmirTa gancdebic. ama Tu im 

gancdis gadmocemisas yvelaze damajerebelia is, vinc TviTonac 

gulSeZrulia amave grZnobiT. gvaRelvebs is, vinc TviTonac 

Relavs, xolo Cvens risxvas iwvevs risxviT gulanTebuli. amitom 

poezia maRalniWier an RvTaebrivi siSmagiT Sepyrobil kac- 

Ta saufloa. vinaidan pirvelT gardasaxvis Zala SeswevT, xolo 

meoreT – aRtyinebis, aRfrTovanebis. 

zogadi da kerZoobiTi 55а34 

rogorc miTiuri TqmulebebiT Semonaxuli, ise SeTxzuli 

masalac poetma zogadad unda moiazros mzeris dros, Semdeg 

ki epizodebis CarTviT ganavrcos igi. < ... > zogadi SeiZleba 

ise moiazro, rogorc magaliTad, ìfigeniaSi~; umanko qalwuls 

msxverplad swiraven. is gaepareba mzoravT da Soreul qveyanaSi 

gadaixveweba, romlis mcxovrebnic, winaparTa wesisamebr, ucxoelebs 

msxverplad swiraven qalRmerTs. aq mas mzorav qurumad 

ganamweseben. cota xnis Semdeg, RmerTis brZanebiT, am qveyanaSi 

Cadis qalwuli qurumis Zma. < ... > sabralos CasvlisTanave Seipyroben 

da msxverplad Sewirvas daupireben. da ai, swored aq icnes 

igi < ... > vinaidan uneburad aRmoxda sityva, < ... > rom ara 

marto mis das, aramed Turme masac bedad ewera, rom msxverplad 

SeewiraT RvTaebisaTvis. swored aman gadaarCina ganwiruli.

mas Semdeg, rac moqmed pirebs saxelebi daerqmevaT, poets epizodebis 

Semotana marTebs, magram es epizodebi organulad unda 

erwymodnen da examebodnen mTels moqmedebas. < ... > 

dramaSi epizodebi moklea, eposSi ki gavrcobili. ase 

magaliTad, òdiseas~ mTeli Sinaarsi SeiZleba sul ramdenime 

fraziT gadmovceT: gmiri wlebis ganmavlobaSi daexeteba xmelsa 

Tu zRvaze. mas sdevnis poseidoni. is martoa. amasobaSi sasiZoebi 

mTels mis avla-didebas aniaveben da borots izraxaven misi Zis 

mimarT. xangrZlivi tanjva-wamebis Semdeg is Sin brundeba, Tavis 

vinaobas umJRavnebs zogierT Sinaurs da Tavs esxmis sasiZoebs, 

romlebsac musrs gaavlebs, TviTon ki gadarCeba. amiT amoiwureba 

poemis mTeli Sinaarsi, yovelive danarCeni ki epizodebia. 

kvanZis gaskvna da gaxsna (XVIII) 55b24 

yovel tragediaSi ori nawili gamoiyofa: gaskvna da gaxsna. 

pirveli, Cveulebriv, moicavs movlenebs, romlebic dramis gareTaa 

da zog rasme iqidan, rac sakuTriv dramaSi Sedis, xolo 

meore – yovelive sxva danarCens. gaskvnas me vuwodeb im nawils, 

romelic grZeldeba dasawyisidan gardatexis momentamde, saidanac 

bednierebidan – ubedurebaSi, an, piruku, ubedurebidan bednierebaSi 

gadasvla xdeba, xolo gaxsnas – im nawils, romelic 

gardatexis momentiT iwyeba da dasasrulamde midis. < ... > 

arsebobs tragediis oTxi saxeoba, ese igi, imdeni, ramdeni 

nawilic zemoT aRiniSna. kerZod, daxlarTuli tragedia, romel- 

Sic yvelaferi peripetiasa da gamocnobazea dafuZnebuli; pa- 

Tetikuri tragedia, < ... > xasiaTebis tragedia < ... > da bolos, 

fantastikuri tragedia. < ... > 

poeti, uwinares yovlisa, unda cdilobdes imas, rom misi qmnileba 

yvela am saxeobas aerTianebdes, an, Tu yvelas ara, umTavres 

da umravles saxeebs mainc. < ... > 

< ... > ufro marTebulad moviqceviT, Tu tragediaTa msgavsebas 

an araamsgavsebas fabulebis mixedviT ki ar ganvsazRvravT, 

aramed gaskvnisa da gaxsnis mixedviT. < ... > 

erT da mravalfabuliani tragediebi 56а10 

< ... > veridoT tragediaSi eposiseburi kompoziciis gamoyenebas. 

eposiseburs me vuwodeb mravalfabulian qmnilebas. 

eposis sigrZis gamo misi nawilebic saTanadod arian gavrcobilni, 

tragediaSi ki nawilTa amnairi gavrcoba sruliad moulodnel 

Sedegs iZleva. < ... > im tragikosebma, romlebmac Tavi- 

53

anT tragediebs mTeli ìlionis damxoba~ daudes safuZvlad da 

ara misi zogierTi nawili, evripides msgavsad, anda niobes mTeli 

Tavgadasavali daamuSaves da ara misi cxovrebis erTi epizodi, 

rogorc esqilem, _ < ... >sastiki marcxi iwvnies. < ... > mizani miRweulad 

iTvleba maSin, roca, avtoris CanafiqriT, brZeni, magram 

boroti kaci TviTon rCeba motyuebuli, < ... > anda mamaci, magram 

usamarTlo kaci marcxdeba. es tragikulicaa da samarTlianic, 

magram, amave dros, bunebrivic aris, < ... > `bunebrivia isic, rom 

bevri ram arabunebrivad xdeba~. 

54 

qoros qmedeba 56а25 

< ... > qoro erT-erT msaxiobad unda migvaCndes. is unda 

iyos mTlianis nawili da Tavisi wvlili Sehqondes moqmedebis 

gaviTarebaSi, magram ara ise, rogorc evripidesTan, aramed – 

rogorc sofoklesTan. danarCen poetTa SemoqmedebaSi ki qoros 

sagaloblebi imdenadvea dakavSirebuli sakuTar fabulasTan, 

ramdenadac nebismier sxva tragediasTan. amitom maT qmnilebebSi 

qoro CarTul sagaloblebs asrulebs mxolod. amnairi `CarTva~ 

pirvelad agaTonma SemoiRo. magram, kacma rom Tqvas, ra gansxvavebaa: 

gind qoros Seusrulebia CarTuli sagalobeli da gind 

erTi tragediidan meoreSi gadagvitania visime sityva. an, Tundac, 

mTeli epizodi. 

tragediis Sinagani danawevreba: 

peripetia, amocnoba, tanjva (XI) 52а22 

peripetia aris moqmedebis gadasvla mis sapirispiro moqmedebaSi, 

da Tanac, iseTi gadasvla, romelic, Cveni < ... > albaTobisa 

Tu aucileblobis mixedviT xdeba. ase magaliTad, òidiposSi~ 

mefis karze mosulma macnem, romelsac surda keTili ambavi 

exarebina oidiposisaTvis da, amrigad, dedis winaSe SiSisagan 

daexsna igi, mis mier motanili ambiT sapirispiro Sedegs miaRwia. 

da kidev erTi magaliTi: `linkevsSi~ erTi kaci sikvdiliT 

dasasjelad mihyavT, xolo danaosi ukan mihyveba, raTa moakvdinos 

igi, magram moqmedebis ganviTarebis Sedegad TviTon danaosi 

mokvda, sikvdilmisjili ki gadarCa. 

gamocnoba, rogorc TviT saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, sxva ara aris 

ra, Tu ara arcodnidan codnaze, an kidev megobrobidan mtrobaze 

gadasvla; me vgulisxmob imaT gadasvlas, visac gangebam bedniereba 

an ubedureba arguna wilad. yvelaze ukeTesi gamocnoba 

is gamocnobaa, romelic peripetiebis TanxlebiT xdeba; aseTi

gamocnoba gamoyenebulia, magaliTad, òidiposSi~. < ... > SeiZleba 

gamocnoba usulo sagnebisa Tu sxvadasxva SemTxveviTobis 

mixedviT; SeiZleba gamocnoba imis mixedviTac, Tu vin ra Caidina 

an ar Caidina. magram yvelaze arsebiTi rogorc fabulisTvis, 

ise moqmedebisTvisac mainc zemoaRniSnuli gamocnobaa, vinaidan 

amgvari gamocnoba uTuod gamoiwvevs sibraluls an SiSs, xolo 

tragedia < ... > swored amnairi moqmedebis mibaZvaa. egec ar iyos, 

amgvar gamocnobasve mosdevs bednierebac da ubedurebac. 

raki gamocnoba ramdnime gmirs Soris xdeba, amitom an erTi 

gmiri cnobilobs meores (roca erT-erTi maTgani cnobilia), 

an orive – erTimeores. ase magaliTad, orestem ifigenias mier 

misTvis gagzavnili weriliT icno da, ifigenias ki sxvagvari 

sabuTi dasWirda orestes sacnobad. 

maSasadame, am mxriv, fabulas ori nawili aqvs: peripetia da 

gamocnoba. mesame nawilia tanjva. < ... > tanjva iseTi moqmedebaa, 

romelic sikvdils an sastik tkivils iwvevs; aseTia, magaliTad, 

sxvadasxvagvari sikvdili scenaze, autaneli tkivili, Wrilobis 

miyeneba da sxva misTanani. 

tragediis garegnuli danawevreba (XII) 52b14 

tragediis im nawilTa Sesaxeb, romlebic mis safuZvlad unda 

migvaCndes, zemoT vilaparakeT, xolo moculobisa da qvedanayofebis 

mixedviT mas Semdegi nawilebi aqvs: prologi, episodioni, 

eqsodosi da qorikoni, romelSiac, Tavis mxriv, Semdegi ori 

nawili gamoiyofa: parodosi da stasimoni. es ori nawili saer- 

Toa yvela qorikonisaTvis, xolo komosebi da simRerebi scenidan 

martooden zogierTi qorikonis kuTvnilebaa. prologi aris 

tragediis mTliani nawili qoros gamosvlamde; episodioni aris 

tragediis mTliani nawili, romelic CarTulia qoros mTlian 

sagalobelTa Soris; eqsodosi aris tragediis mTliani nawili, 

romelsac qoros galoba aRar mosdevs; rac Seexeba qorikonis 

nawilebs, parodosi aris pirveli mTliani sityva, stasimoni – 

qoros galoba uanepestod da utroqeod, xolo komosi – qorosa 

da msaxiobTa saerTo godeba. 

amrigad, tagediis am nawilTa Sesaxeb, romlebic mis safuZvlad 

unda migvaCndes, zemoT vilaparakeT, xolo moculobisa da 

qvedanayofebis mixedviT mas Semdegi nawilebi aqvs. 

55

56 

ra iwvevs sibralulsa da SiSs (XIII): 

< ... > ras unda eswrafvodnen an ras unda aridebdnen Tavs fabulebis 

mTxzvelni da ra ganapirobebs tragediis winaSe dasaxuli 

miznis miRwevas, raki saukeTeso tragedia Tavisi SedgenilobiT 

martivi ki ar unda iyos, aramed rTuli da, amasTan, SiSisa da sibralulis 

aRmZvreli moqmedebis mibaZvas unda warmoadgendes. 

a) adamianebi (XIII), 52b30 

< ... > arc keTili kaci unda iqnes warmodgenili rogorc 

bednierebidan ubedurebaSi gadamavali, radgan es SiSisa da sibralulis 

aRmZvreli ki ar aris, aramed aRmaSfoTebeli, da arc 

ukeTuri – rogorc ubedurebidan bednierebaSi gadamavali, 

vinaidan es yvelaze nakleb tragikulia, raki amnair tragedias 

ar gaaCnia araferi, rac misTvis saWiroa, ese igi is, rac iwvevs 

kacTmoyvareobis, SiSisa Tu sibralulis grZnobas da bolos, 

arc yovlad uvargisi kaci unda vardebodes bednierebidan ubedurebaSi, 

vinaidan ase agebuli fabula kacTmoyvareobis grZnobas 

ki aRZravda CvenSi, magram ver gamoiwvevda verc sibraluls 

da verc SiSs. da marTlac, sibraluli Cven aRgveZvris imis mimarT, 

visac daumsaxureblad atydeba Tavs ubedureba, xolo Si- 

Si – Cvenive msgavsis mimarT. maSasadame, amnairi SemTxveva ver 

gamoiwvevs verc sibraluls da verc SiSs. ase rom, rCeba mxolod 

kaci, romelsac saSualo adgili uWiravs zemoCamoTvlilTa 

Soris. xolo aseTia is, vinc gansakuTrebuli siqveliTa da 

samarTlianobiT ar gamoirCeva da visac ubedureba sakuTari 

simdablisa da ukeTurebis gamo ki ar atydeba Tavs, aramed ama 

Tu im Secdomis gamo, TumcaRa uwin sayovelTao patviscemiT 

garemosili da didad bednieri iyo, rogorc magaliTad, oidiposi 

< ... > da < ... > … msgavsi sxva warCinebuli pirni. 

b) movlenebi. 53а12 

< ... > aucilebelia, rom < ... > fabula umal martivi iyos, vidre 

rTuli, anu ormagi < ... > da rom mas ubedurebidan bednierebaSi 

ki ar gadavyavdeT, aramed bednierebidan ubedurebaSi da Tanac, 

ara gmiris ukuTurebis, aramed Secdomis gamo; xolo es gmiri 

zedmiwevniT unda hgavdes zemoT aRwerils, an, umal, ukeTesi 

unda iyos, vinem uaresi. amas gvimowmebs istoriac: Tavdapirvelad 

poetebi mravalricxovan SemTxveviTs miTebs amuSavebdnen. 

dRes ki yvelaze ukeTesi tragediebi sul ramdenime sagvareu-

los beds gvixataven; < ... > 

tragediis meore saxes, romelsac zogi pirvelad Tvlis, < ... > 

ormagi fabula aqvs da avTa da kargTaTvis urTierTsapirispiro 

SedegiT mTavrdeba. pirvel saxed ki imitom Tvlian, rom sakmaod 

mdare gemovnebis mayurebeli hyavs. poetebi xom TavianT Semoqmedebas 

xSirad mayurebelTa gemovnebas usadageben, magram siamovneba, 

romelsac amgvari qmnileba gvaniWebs, ufro komediisTvisaa 

niSneuli, vidre tragediisTvis. < ... > 

rogor aRvZraT sibraluli da SiSi (XIV) 53b1: 

SiSisa da sibralulis grZnoba SeiZleba speqtaklis mxatvrulma 

gaformebamac aRZras CvenSi, magram mas TviT fabulis zogadi 

qargac iwvevs, rac upirvelesi Rirseba da WeSmariti poetis 

niSani aris. fabula ise unda iyos agebuli, rom masSi gadmocemuli 

ambavi scenaze warmodgenis gareSec aZrwunebdes da sibraluliT 

avsebdes mkiTxvels. < ... > magram am grZnobis gamowveva 

speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformebis saSualebiT qoregiis (qoregosi 

ewodeboda im pirs, romelsac saxelmwifosagan evaleboda 

gaeRo dramis dadgmisaTvis saWiro Tanxa) saqmea da ara poeturi 

xelovnebisa. xolo mas, visac sasceno warmodgeniT SiSis ki ara, 

martooden gancvifrebis gamowveva surs, araferi aqvs saerTo 

tragediasTan, vinaidan tragediaSi yovelnair siamovnebas ki ar 

unda veZebdeT, aramed mxolod misTvis niSneuls. da raki poets 

marTebs mibaZvis gziT gvaniWebdes siamovnebas, romelic SiSisa 

da sibralulisgan unda gamomdinareobdes, amitom, cxadia, TviT 

tragediis fabula am grZnobebiT unda iyos gamsWvaluli. maS, 

vikvlioT, romeli moqmedeba iwvevs SiSs da romeli – sibraluls. 

a) visa da vis Soris, 53b14 

moqmedeba aucileblad unda xdebodes erTurTis mimarT 

an mtrulad, an moyvrulad, an arc mtrulad da arc moyvrulad 

ganwyobil pirTa Soris. ukeTu mteri stanjavs mters, maSin misi 

moqmedeba anda zraxva ki ar iwvevs CvenSi sibraluls, aramed 

TviT tanjva TavisTavad. igive iTqmis im SemTxvevaSic, roca 

aseve iqcevian erTurTis mimarT arc mtrulad da arc moyvrulad 

ganwyobili pirni. < ... > rodesac moyvasi stanjavs moyvass, 

magaliTad, roca Zma hklavs Zmas, Svili – mamas, deda – Svils, 

Svili – dedas da a. S., an apirebs moklas, an raime amis msgavss 

sCadis – ai, ras unda eZiebdes poeti miTSi. 

57

58 

b) rogori saqcieliT. 53b22 

< ... >poeti TviTon unda poulobdes misTvis saWiro masalas 

da ostaturad sargeblobdes gadmocemebiT. < ... > moqmedeba 

SeiZleba ise xdebodes, rogorc warmoedginaT Zvel poetebs, 

romelTa gmirebi Segnebulad moqmedeben; ase magaliTad, evripides 

medea winazraxviT klavs Tavis Svilebs, magram gmirma SeiZleba 

Seugnebladac Caidinos Semzaravi danaSauli da mxolod 

Semdeg Seityos, raoden axlobeli yofila misTvis misive msxverpli. 

aseTia, magaliTad, sofokles oidiposi. < ... > arsebobs moqmedebis 

mesame saxec, roca gmiri Seugneblad, ucodinarobis 

gamo, apirebs Caidinos saSineli danaSauli, magram boroti zraxvis 

aRsrulebamde scnobs Tavis msxverpls. sxva saxis moqmedeba 

aRar arsebobs: aucilebelia Caidino an ar Caidino danaSauli, 

da, Tanac, _ Segnebulad an Seugneblad. am moqmedebaTagan yvelaze 

uaresi isaa, roca gmiri Segnebulad apirebs danaSaulis 

Cadenas, magram ar sCadis. es gulSemzaravia, magram ara tragikuli, 

vinaidan aq gamoricxulia tanjvis momenti. < ... > moqmedebis 

sxvagvari ganviTarebisas gmiri ukan ki ar ixevs, aramed saqmed 

aqcevs ganzraxuls. magram yvelaze ukeTesi mainc isaa, roca 

gmiri Seugneblad ucodinarobis gamo sCadis danaSauls, xolo 

gamocnoba danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg xdeba, vinaidan aq araferia 

gulSemzaravi, gamocnoba ki SemaZrwunebel STabeWdielebas 

axdens. da bolos, yvelaze qmediTi gza moqmedebis ganviTarebisa: 

sanimuSod aviRoT `kresfonte~, romelSiac merope apirebs 

moklas Tavisi vaJi, magram ara klavs – dedam icno Svili. ase 

ìfigeniaSic~ da icnobs Zmas, xolo `heleSi~ vaJiSvili – saku- 

Tar dedas, romelic is-is iyo unda gaeca. ai, ratomaa, rom tragediebi, 

rogorc zemoT iTqva, sul ramdenime sagvareulos beds 

agviweren. TavianTi Ziebisas tragikosebma xelovnebis wyalobiT 

ki ara, SemTxveviT miagnes imas, rom maTTvis saWiro masala uSualod 

mocemulia miTebSi, amitom maT Zalauneburad uxdebaT im 

sagvareuloebze wera, romlebsac miwyiv Tana sdevdaT amnairi 

ubedureba. < ... > 

III. xasiaTebi (XV) 54а16; 

rac Seexeba xasiaTebs, aris oTxi piroba, romelsac unda viTvaliswinebdeT: 

pirveli da yvelaze arsebiTi is gaxlavT, rom xasiaTi 

keTilSobiluri iyos. moqmed pirs xasiaTi aqvs, Tuki 

misi sityva an qceva cxadyofs, rom is raRacas irCevs, xolo xasiaTis 

keTilSobilebas arCevanis keTilSobiluroba ganapirobebs.

keTilSobileba SeiZleba yvela adamians axasiaTebdes, ase gasinjeT, 

diacsa da monasac ki, Tumca pirveli mdabali qmnilebaa, xolo 

meore yovlad ubadruki arseba aris. meore piroba isaa, rom xasiaTi 

Sesaferisi iyos. < ... > mesame pirobis Tanaxmad, xasiaTi 

marTali unda iyos. xasiaTis simarTle sul sxva gziT miiRweva. 

es arc keTilSobiluri xasiaTia da arc Sesaferisi. < ... > 

SeniSvna maTi Tanmimdevrulobis Taobaze, 54аЗ3 

meoTxe pirobis Tanaxmad, xasiaTi Tanmimdevruli unda iyos. 

im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca moqmedi piri araTanmimderulia da am 

saxiT warmodgeba Cvens winaSe, misi araTanmimdevruloba mainc 

Tanmimdevrulad unda iyos naCvenebi. < ... > 

xasiaTebSi, iseve rogorc moqmedebaTa qargaSi, yovelTvis 

unda veZebdeT albaTobas da aucileblobas, raTa esa da es ambobdes 

an akeTebdes amas da amas aucileblobisa Tu albaTobis 

mixedviT, da raTa erTi ram xdebodes meoris Semdeg isev da iseTi 

aucileblobisa Tu albaTobis mixedviT. 

zemoTqmulidan aSkaraa, rom fabulis gaxsna TviT fabulidan 

unda gamomdinareobdes, TviT fabuliT unda xdebodes da ara 

manqanis saSualebiT. < ... > manqanas unda iyenebdnen mxolod imis 

gasacxadeblad, rac dramis gareT xdeba: an imisa, rac adre moxda 

da, maSasadame, risi codnac ar ZaluZs kacs, anda imisa, rac ufro 

gvian moxdeba da amitom winaswarmetyvelebasa da RvTaebriv 

gamocxadebas moiTxovs. < ... > 

SeniSvna msgavsebis Taobaze. 54b8 

moqmedebaSi araferi unda iyos alogikuri, an, ukidures 

SemTxvevaSi, is tragediis gareT unda darCes. < ... > rakiRa tragedia 

ukeTes kacTa asaxavaa, amitom is karg portretistebs unda 

baZavdes; visime portrets rom qmnian, es ukanasknelni martooden 

msgavsebis gadmocemiT ki ar kmayofildebian, aramed lamazadac 

gvixataven mas zustad aseve, ficx, Tavqarian Tu sxva amnair 

TvisebaTa mqone pirebs rom baZavs, poeti ufro keTilSobil arsebebad 

unda warmogvidgendes maT. < ... > 

IV. azrebi (XIX) 56aЗЗ 

< ... > axla < ... > azrovnebis Sesaxebac vilaparakoT, magram am 

ukanasknelis ganxilva ufro ritorikis saqmea, vinaidan Tavisi 

arsiT is umal codnis am dargs ukavSirdeba. azrovnebiseulia 

59

yvelaferi, rac sityvis meSveobiT unda iqnas miRweuli. kerZod, 

damtkiceba, gabaTileba, ama Tu im gancdis, magaliTad, sibralulis, 

SiSis, mrisxanebis Tu sxva misTanaTa gmowveva, agreTve risame 

gandideba an daknineba. rasakvirvelia, moqmedebaTa gadmocemis 

drosac imave saSualebebs unda mivmarTavdeT, romlebsac viyenebT 

azris sityvieri gadmocemisas, Tuki gvmarTebs warmovidginoT 

sawyalobeli an saSineli, Cveulebrivi Tu araCveulebrivi, 

gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom dramatul moqmedebaSi yovelive 

es TavisTavadac, ese igi, yovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis gareSec 

cxadi unda iyos maSin, rodesac Tavis sityvaSi yovelive amas 

TviTon molaparake gvicxadebs. marTlacda, riRas maqnisi iqneboda 

es ukanasneli, misi saTqmeli rom uimisodac cxadyofdes, 

vTqvaT, sasiamovnos anda saSinels? 

60 

V. stili 56b8 

rac Seexeba stils, aq erTi-erTi gansaxilavi sakiTxia sityvis 

garegnuli gaformeba. misi codnac samsaxiobo xelovnebisa Tu 

am xelovnebas srulyofilad dauflebuli kacis saqmea. me vgulisxmob 

imis codnas, Tu rogori forma unda hqondes brZanebas, 

Txovnas, Txrobas, muqaras, kiTxvas, pasuxs da sxva misTanani. 

yovelive amis codna Tu arcodna poeturi xelovnebis arsebiT 

Rirsebad an naklad ver CaiTvleba da amitom arc imisi azria 

maincdamainc didi yuradRebis Rirsi, vinc am niSniT iwonebs an 

iwunebs poets. marTlacda, gana SeiZleba homerosi davgmoT imis 

gulisTvis, risTvisac mas hkicxavs protagora? kerZod, is Tvlis, 

rom homerosi scodavs, rodesac ambobs: 

`mimRere, RmerTqalo, risxva~... 

vinaidan, protagoras azriT, brZanebiT kiloSi dasmuli moqmedebis 

aRmniSvneli sityva martooden brZanebas gamoxatavs da 

ara Txovnasac... maS, modi, nuRar SevCerdebiT am sakiTxze, romlis 

ganxilvac sxva xelovnebis saqmea da ara poetikisa. 

VI. eposi: 

eposisa da tragediis msgavseba fabulis 

TvalsazrisiT (XXIII) 59а17, 

rac Seexeba TxrobiTsa da sagmiro sazomis mqone poezias, 

cxa-dia, rom misi, iseve rogorc tragediis, fabula dramatuli 

da, amasTan, erTi mTliani, dasrulebuli moqmedebis momcveli 

unda iyos, moqmedebisa, romelsac aqvs dasawyisi, saSuali da

dasasruli, raTa man, rogorc mTlianma cocxalma organizmma, 

misTvis Cveuli siamovneba mogvaniWos. Tavisi kompoziciiT is 

ar unda hgavdes istorias, romelSiac aucilebelia ara erTi 

moqmedebis, aramed drois erTi monakveTis asaxva, romlis ganmavlobaSic 

xdeba yovelive is, rac SeemTxva erTsa Tu mravals 

da ris SigniTac calkeuli movlenebi mxolod SemTxveviT ukav- 

Sirdebian erTime-ores. ase magaliTad, erTdroulad gaimarTa 

salaminis sazRvao brZola da brZola karTagenelebTan sicilia- 

Si, romlebic sulac ar isaxavdnen erTsa da imave mizans. zustad 

aseve, drois Tanmimdevrul dinebaSi bevri ram xdeba erTimeoris 

Semdeg, romelTaganac arcerTs ar aerTebs saerTo mizani. da 

mainc, bevri poeti mcdar gzas irCevs da istorikoss bZavs. amitom, 

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, homerosi am mxrivac RvTaebrivad 

gveCveneba sxva poetebTan SedarebiT: mas ar ucdia mTeli omis 

asaxva, TumcaRa am oms Tavisi dasawyisic hqonda da dasasrulic; ar 

ucdia, radgan am SemTxvevaSi misi qmnileba an metismetad grZeli 

gamovidoda, rac Zalian gaarTulebda mis mimoxilvas, an SedarebiT 

mokle, magram moqmedebaTa siWrelis gamo Zalze daxlarTuli. da ai, 

arCia ra omis mxolod erTi nawili, homerosma mravali epizodi 

CarTo Sig, rogorc magaliTad, `xomaldTa katalogi~ da sxva 

misTanani, romelTa wyalobiTac mravalferovneba mianiWa Tavis 

poemas. sxvebi ki TavianT qmnilebebs erTi gmiris, drois erTi 

monakveTisa da erTi danawevrebuli moqmedebis aRweriT ageben. 

< ... > 

msgavseba saxeebisa da Semadgeneli nawilebis 

mixedviT (XXIV) 59b7; 

< ... > epopeas igive saxeebi unda hqondes, rac tragedias, ese 

igi, an martivi unda iyos, an daxlarTuli, an eTikuri, an paTetikuri, 

da igive nawilebisagan unda Sedgebodes, musikaluri kompoziciisa 

da sasceno sanaxaobis gamoklebiT, vinaidan misTvisac 

aucilebelia peripetiebi da gamocnobani, xasiaTebi da vnebani, 

iseve rogorc natifi stili da maRali azri. < ... > 

gansxvavebuloba moculobis TvalsazrisiT 59b17 

epopea Tavisi Sedgenilobis sigrZiTa da Tavisi saleqso sazomiTac 

gamoirCeva. am sigrZis sazRvrebis dasadgenad sakmarisia 

is, rac zemoT iTqva. saWiroa erTbaSad, Tavidan bolomde 

SeiZlebodes misi mimoxilva, rac mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneba 

SesaZlebeli, Tu poemis Sedgeniloba Seesatyviseba erTi war- 

61

modgenisaTvis gankuTvnili tragediebis saerTo moculobas. 

Tavisi tevadobis wyalobiT epopeas erTi arsebiTi Tavisebureba 

axasiaTebs. saqme isaa, rom tragediaSi SeiZleba aisaxos ara ramdenime 

erTdrouli movlena Tu moqmedeba, aramed mxolod is, 

rac scenaze xdeba da rasac msaxiobebi warmoadgenen. epopeaSi 

ki, romelic sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara gabmuli Txroba, SeiZleba 

erTbaSad gadmoices saqmis arsTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime 

erTdrouli moqmedeba, romlebic zrdian poemis moculobas. 

amrigad, es upiratesoba sidiades aniWebs eposs da msmenelis 

ganwyobilebis swrafi cvlisa da mravalferovan epizodTa aseve 

swrafi monacvleobis SesaZleblobas aZlevs mas. xolo gulisgamawvrilebeli 

erTferovneba xSirad iwvevs tragediis Cavardnas 

scenaze. 

62 

gansxvavebuloba sazomis TvalsazrisiT 59b31 , — 

Tumc gansxvavebuloba ar anelebs eposis dramatulobas 

egreT wodebuli sagmiro sazomi epopeam cdis safuZvelzec 

SeiTvisa da Seisisxlxorca. vinmes rom eposi romelime sxva sazomiT 

an ramdenime sazomis monacvleobiT gaemarTa, es uadgilod 

da Seufereblad mogveCveneboda, vinaidan sagmiro sazomi 

yvela sxva metrze ufro statikuria da ufro zviadi; amitomac 

iTavsebs yvelaze metad glosebsa da metaforebs. iambi da tetrametri 

ki ufro dinamikuria. amasTan, pirveli moqmedebis gadmocemisTvisaa 

zedgamoWrili, xolo meore ukeT udgeba, ukeT 

esadageba cekvis ritms. kidev ufro uadgiloa eposSi saleqso 

sazomebis aRreva. < ... > 

bevr sxva RirsebasTan erTad homerosi im mxrivac imsaxurebs 

qeba-didebas, rom poetTa Soris mxolod man icis, risi qmna mar- 

Tebs. da marTlac, poeti yvelaze nakleb unda Candes Tavis qmnilebaSi, 

vinaidan amis mixedviT rodi iwodeba is mimbaZvelad. da 

mainc, sxva poetebis pirovneba aSkarad cnaurdeba maTs qmnilebebSi 

maSin, rodesac TavianTi Tavis es mimbaZvelni xasiaTebs 

Zalze iSviaTad da Zunwad xataven. homeross ki mokle Sesavlis 

Semdeg dauyovnebliv Semohyavs kaci, qali an sxva arseba da yvelas 

Tavis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs uZebnis, yvelas Tavisi xasiaTiT 

mosavs. 

gansxvavebuloba da msgavsebuloba saocarisa da 

60а11 . 

sinamdvilis asaxvis TvalsazrisiT 

eposSi, iseve rogorc tragediaSi, unda aisaxos gansacvifrebeli, 

magram gancvifrebas umeteswilad alogikuroba iwvevs,

omelic eposSi ufro advili Sesatania, vinaidan aq moqmed pirebs 

ar uyureben. marTlacda, heqtoris devnis epizodi rom 

scenaze yofiliyo warmodgenili, uTuod sicils gamoiwvevda: 

aba, warmoidgineT: aqavelni uZravad dganan, aqilevsi ki Tavis 

qneviT raRacas aniSnebs maT. eposSi ki es araviTar uxerxulobas 

ar iwvevs. xolo gansacvifrebeli – sasiamovnoa. amis sabuTad 

isic kmara, rom, raime ambis moyolisas, TiTqmis yvela mTxrobeli, 

Tavis mxriv, raRac uCveulos umatebs mas, radgan fiqrobs, rom 

amiT aamebs msmenels. 

homerosma isic kargad aswavla sxvebs, Tu rogor unda icruo. 

amnairi sicrue mcdar daskvnazea dafuZnebuli. kacni ase sjian: 

Tu erTi ramis arseboba an gamovlena meore ramis arsebobis an 

gamovlenis pirobaa, amitom, Tu arsebobs an vlindeba es ukanaskneli, 

maSin pirvelic unda arsebobdes an vlindebodes, magram es 

mcdari daskvnaa, vinaidan Tu pirveli yalbia, maSin, miuxedavad 

imisa, rom meore, SesaZloa, WeSmaritic iyos, Cven jer kidev ver 

vityviT imas, TiTqos pirvelic aucileblad arsebobs, vlindeba 

an gamomdinareobs. magram xSirad, raki viciT, rom meore WeSmaritia, 

Cveni suli mcdarad daaskvnis, rom pirvelic WeSmariti 

unda iyos. amis nimuSia erTi epizodi `ganbanidan~. 

SeuZlebelia, magram sarwmuno unda gverCios SesaZlebels, 

magram arasarwmunos, Txroba Tavisufali unda iyos yovelgvari 

alogizmisagan. ra Seedreba Txrobas, romelic saerTod ar Seicavs 

raime aralogikurs. magram Tu es ar xerxdeba, alogikuri 

fabulis gareT unda iqnes datovebuli. < ... > amitom sasaciloa 

imis mtkiceba, TiTqos es daSlis da daarRvevs fabulas. kacma 

rom Tqvas, poetma Tavidanve unda aiRos xeli amnairi fabulis 

Txzvaze, magram Tu mas mainc Semoaqvs alogikuri da amis wyalobiT 

Tavisi qmnileba ufro srulyofili eCveneba, SesaZloa, verc 

sruli uazroba aicilos Tavidan. < ... > òdeseaSic~ ki vxvdebiT 

garkveul Seusabamobas (kerZod, gmiris gadmosvla iTakis napirze), 

< ... > magram homerosi sxva RirsebebiT afermkrTalebs 

da sasiamovnod warmogviCens alogikurs. < ... > 

tragediis eposze aRmatebuloba (XXVI) 61b26 

SesaZloa, vinmem ikiTxos: ra sjobso – eposi Tu tragedia?! 

 

tragedias aqvs yvelaferi, rac gaaCnia eposs. < ... > 

tragediaSi umniSvnelo adgili rodi uWiravs musikalur 

kompozicias da speqtaklis mxatvrul gaformebas, romelTa wyalobiTac 

is ufro cxovelmyofel zemoqmedebas axdens mayure- 

63

elze. tragedia ufro cxadia da TvalsaCino rogorc kiTxvis, 

ise scenaze warmodgenis drosac. < ... > tragedia eposze maRla 

dgas imiTac, rom ufro mcire moculobiT aRwevs poeturi xelovnebis 

mizans, radgan yovelive is, rac ufro Sekrulia, gacilebiT 

ufro sasiamovno STabeWdilebas axdens, vidre is, rac 

drois grZel manZilzea gaWimuli da gaWianurebuli. < ... > tragedia 

eposze ufro mTliania da erTiani. amis sabuTad isic kmara, 

rom romelic gnebavT epopea SeiZleba ramdenime tragedias daedos 

safuZvlad. ase rom, roca epikosebi erT fabulas Txzaven, 

poema an `kudmokvecili~ Cans, Tu mokledaa gadmocemuli, anda 

wyalwyala, Tu grZeli metriT aris gamarTuli. < ... > 

maSasadame, Tu tragedia rogorc yovelive zemoTqmuliT, ise 

Tavisi qmedobiTac gansxvavdeba eposisagan < ... > 

64 

daskvna 

amrigad, tragediisa da epopeis, maTi saxeebisa da Semadgeneli 

nawilebis, am ukanasknelTa raodenobisa da urTierTgansxvavebis, 

poetur qmnilebaTa avkargianobis mizezebis < ... > Sesaxeb 

sakmarisad vilaparakeT 62b16 . 

Zveli berZnulidan Targmna baCana bregvaZem 

(Jurnalidan `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1976 w., №12)

itorika 

wigni I 

1 

`swavlani mWevrmetyvelebis xelovnebis Sesaxeb~ 

(1354a) 

ritorikis ZiriTadi nawili dasabuTebaa. yovelive sxva ki 

amis danamatia. < ... > 

(1354a) 

< ... > mWevrmetyvelebis xelovnebis meTodi darwmunebis me- 

Todia, darwmuneba ki raRacis dasabuTebaa. amitomac yvelaze 

metad gvwams is, rac dasabuTebulad migvaCnia. < ... > rogorc WeSmaritebis, 

ise WeSmaritebisdagvaris ganxilvas erTi da igive unari 

sWirdeba. < ... > adamianebs sakmarisi bunebrivi midrekileba 

aqvT WeSmaritebisaken da umetes SemTxvevaSi pouloben kidevac 

mas. amitom WeSmaritebismagvaris povnis unari aqvs imas, visac 

WeSmaritebis povnis unari aqvs. 

< ... > ritorika < … sasargebloa, radgan masSi bunebrivi WeSmariteba 

da simarTle Warbobs sawinaaRmdegos. 

< ... > saWiroa ganvixiloT sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebic, < ... > 

magram ara im mizniT, rom orive virwmunoT < ... >, aramed imitom, 

rom CvenTvis mdgomareoba ar iyos gaurkveveli da SegveZlos 

imis Zleva, vinc mWevrmetyvelebis unars umarTebulod iyenebs. 

(1355b) 

< ... > didi ziani moaqvs imas, vinc mWevrmetyvelebis unars 

umarTebulod iyenebs. 

ritorika _ darwmunebis saSualebebis codna 

< ... > ritorikas ara aqvs Sesaswavli garkveuli gvaris sagnebi, 

< ... > misi saqmea ara darwmuneba, aramed < ... > im saSualebebis 

codna, romliTac darwmuneba SeiZleba. Aaq isea saqme, rogorc 

sxva xelovnebaSi. magaliTad, saeqimo xelovnebas ar evaleba 

janmrTelobis Seqmna. Mman unda miuTiTos im saSualebebze, rasac 

janmrTeloba mohyveba. 

2 

< ... > ritorika unda iyos yoveli sagnis Sesatyvisi damajereblobiT 

ganxilvis unari. es ki arc erTi sxva xelovnebis saqme 

65

araa, radgan yvela sxva xelovneba aris garkveuli sagnis codna 

da dasabuTeba, magaliTad, medicina _ janmrTelobis da avadmyofobis, 

geometria _ sidideebis SemTxveviTi Tvisebebisa, 

ariTmetika _ ricxvebisa, aseve sxva mecnierebani da xelovnebani. 

ritorika ki, rogorca vTqviT, < ... > nebismieri sagnis damajereblad 

ganxilvis unaria. amitomac vambobT, rom igi araa erTi 

gansazRvruli gvaris movlenaTa xelovneba. 1 

66 

3 

ritorikuli sityvis saxeobani (1358b) 

< ... > arsebobs ritorikuli sityvis sami saxe, radgan amdenivea 

msmenelTa saxeebic. sityva Sedgeba sami nawilisagan: molaparake, 

is, ris Sesaxebac laparakobs da visdamic aris sityva 

mimarTuli. 

msmeneli 

swored es ukanaskneli, ese igi, msmeneli aris sityvis mizani. 

msmeneli ki aucileblad an mayurebelia, an mosamarTle, romelic 

gansjis warsul an myobad movlenebs. Mmomavals gansjis saxalxo 

yrilobis wevri, momxdars _ mosamarTle, xolo maT unars 

_ mayurebeli. ase rom, aucilebelia arsebobdes ritorikuli 

sityvis sami saxe: saTaTbiro, samarTlebrivi, da epidiqtikuri. 

saTaTbiro sityvebSi, < ... > mocemulia raimesaken mowodeba, 

an akrZalva. samosamarTlo sityva an sabralmdeboa, an Tavdacvi- 

Ti. < ... > epidiqtikuri sityva Seicavs an qebas, an Zagebas. 

sityvis TiToeuli saxe moiTxovs garkvevul dros, saTaTbiro 

sityva _ myobads, radgan vinc urCevs an ukrZalavs, momavals 

gulisxmobs. samosamarTlo sityva exeba warsuls, radgan 

rogorc is, vinc brals sdebs, aseve is, vinc Tavs icavs, momxdars 

gulisxmobs. epidiqtikuri sityva ki awmyos exeba, radgan yvela 

aqebs an aZagebs awmyoSi arsebul sagnebs, risTvisac xSirad igoneben 

warsuls da winaswarmetyveleben momavals. 

sityvis mizani 

sityvis TiToeul am saxes gansxvavebuli mizani aqvs.1 sityvis 

sam saxes sami mizani Seesabameba. saTaTbiro sityvis mizania an 

sikeTe an ziani, radgan sityva, romelic aqebs, mimarTulia uke- 

Tesisken, romelic krZalavs _ krZalavs uaress; yovelive da-

narCens ki, samarTlianobasa da usamarTlobas, mSvenierebasa da 

simaxinjes am mizniT iyenebs. samosamarTlo sityvis mizania mar- 

Tlisa da mtyuanis garCeva; yvela danarCen mosazrebas ki amisTvis 

iyenebs. is, vinc aqebs an aZagebs, exeba mSveniersa da maxinjs. 

yvela sxva mosazrebas ki amisTvis iyenebs. 

wigni III 

1 

stili da sityvaTa ganlagebis wesebi 

metyvelebaSi gasarkvevia sami ram: pirveli, saidan miiReba 

dasabuTebis saSualebebi, meore – sityvis stili da mesame – ra 

wesiT davalagoT sityvis nawilebi. < ... > 

metyvelebis xerxebze < ... > axla vimsjelebT, radgan ar 

kmara codna imisa Tu ra Tqva, aramed aucilebelia imis codnac, 

Tu rogor Tqva, radgan bevri ramaa imaze damokidebuli, Tu ra 

STabeWdilebas axdens oratori msmenelze. jer ganvixiloT is, 

rac bunebrivad pirvelia _ Tu saidana aqvs saqmes damajereblobiTi 

Zala. Semdeg – mivaqicoT yuradReba sityvebis ganlagebas 

da mesamec, – rasac gansakuTrebiT didi zemoqmedebiT unari aqvs, 

_ < ... > esaa saubris warmoeba gamometyvelebiT. igi tragediasa 

da rafsodiaSi gvian Semovida, radgan winaT tragediebs poetebi 

TviTon kiTxulobdnen. cxadia, rom ritorikaSi mas igive mniSvneloba 

aqvs, rac poetikaSi. < ... > sakiTxi exeba imas, Tu rogor 

gamoviyenoT xma sxvadasxva grZnobebis gadmocemisas, sad vixmaroT 

Zlieri, sad susti da saSualo xma. an rogor gamoviyenoT maRali, 

dabali da saSualo toni da TiToeuli maTganis Sesatyvisi 

ritmi. SejibrebaSi, Cveulebriv, jildos imsaxurebs is, vinc es 

icis. rogorc scenazea, _ msaxiobi ufro axdens STabeWdilebas, 

vidre poeti, _ aseve xdeba politikur brZolebSic < ... >. 

ritorikis mecnierebis sazrunavi (1404a) 

ritorikis mecnierebis mTeli sazrunavi aris ara is, rom siswore 

daadginos, aramed is, rom daadginos raime rogorc aucilebeli. 

igi imdenad sityvis simarTles ar ikvlevs, ramdenadac imas, 

rom sityva vinmes ar axarebdes an ar awuxebdes, radgan samarTliania 

brZola mxolod sabuTebiT imgvarad, rom mtkicebis garda, 

sxva danarCeni xerxi zedmeti iyos. magram, miuxedavad amisa, 

67

sityviT bevri ramis miRweva SeiZleba msmenelTa dabali donis 

gamo. yovel mecnierebaSi stils mcire mniSvneloba eZleva, radgan 

sakiTxis naTelsayofad gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, Tu rogor 

ixmar sityvas. amis mniSvneloba ki arc Tu ise didia, radgan misi 

mizania warmodgenis Seqmna da msmenelze STabeWdilebis moxdena. 

< ... > 

stils pirvelad poetebma miaqcies yuradReba, raic savsebiT 

bunebrivia, radgan sityva baZvaa, xolo adamianis nawilTagan yvelaze 

metad baZvis unari xmasa aqvs. aqedanve warmodgeba xelovnebac, 

rogorc rafsodia, ise msaxioboba da a. S. radgan poetebi 

martiv azrebs gamoTqvamen, amitom, Cans, maT gavlena stiliT 

moipoves. amitomac pirvelad poetuli stili Seiqmna. < ... > bevr 

gaunaTlebels axlac hgonia, rom poetebi lamazad laparakoben. 

sinamdvileSi ki ase araa, radgan sruliad gansxvavebulia salaparako, 

Cveulebrivi da poeziis stili. < ... > 

68 

2 

stilis mizanSewoniloba (1404b) 

< ... > stilis dadebiTi mxare sicxadeSi mdgomareobs. < ... > 

Tu stili naTeli araa, verc mizans aRwevs, e. i. stili ar unda iyos 

arc amaRlebuli, arc mdabali, aramed mizanSewonili, radgan poeturi 

sityva mdabali araa, magram Seuferebelia Cveulebrivi 

metyvelebisaTvis. < ... > Cveulebrivi sityvaTxmarebidan gadaxra 

amaRlebulis STabeWdilebas tovebs. rogorc adamianebi 

ganicdian Tanamoqalaqeebsa Tu ucxoelebs, amgvaradve ganicdian 

stilsac, _ ucxouri akvirvebT, sakvirveli ki sasiamovnoa. 

< ... > amas poeziaSic didi gavlena aqvs da es mizanSewonilicaa, 

radgan igi Sorsa dgas salaparako enisgan. salaparako enaSi ki 

amas naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan saubris sagani gacilebiT 

mdabalia, vidre poeziisa. < ... > 

sityva Sedgeba saxelebisa da zmnebisagan. 1 < ... > Cveulebriv 

prozaul metyvelebaSi naklebad ixmareba rTuli da axladwarmoebuli 

sityvebi. < ... > Cveulebrivi da gavrcelebuli gamoTqmebi 

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes yoveldRiur salaparako enaSic. 

amas adasturebs is, rom yvela mxolod maT iyenebs. e. i. yvelani 

laparakoben Cveulebrivi da gavrcelebuli gamoTqmebiTa da 

metaforebiT. vinc maT kargad gamoiyenebs, is farulsa da ucxo 

azrs naTelyofs. < ... >

metafora (1405a) 

[metafora] ufro metad unda gamoviyenoT prozaSi, radgan aq 

nakleb aris damxmare saSualebebi, vidre poetur metyvelebaSi. 

sicxade, siamovneba da siaxle metaforaSi Zlier aris mocemuli. 

sityvaSi unda gamoyenebul iqnes mizanSewonili epiTetebi da 

metaforebi, rac SeiZleba miviRoT Sedarebis gziT. Tu Sedareba 

Seusabamobas avlens, maSin winaaRmdegoba sityvasa da sagans Soris 

kidev uro SesamCnevi xdeba. saWiroa imis ganxilva, rom Tu 

alisferi wamosasxami uxdeba axalgazrdas, maSin raRa Sehferis 

moxucs. maT xom erTnairi tanisamosi ar uxdebaT. amitom, roca 

ginda vinme Seamko, unda Seadaro imave gvarSi saukeTesos, magram 

roca ginda aZago, maSin uaress unda Seadaro. me vgulisxmob imas, 

rom winaaRmdegoba arsebobs TiToeuli gvaris SigniT; magali- 

Tad, maTxovarze Tqva, rom is gvxTxovs, xolo vinc gvTxovs, imaze 

Tqva, rom maTxovrobs imis gamo, rom orive sityva raRac Txovnas 

gamoxatavs. < ... > 

< ... > saxelTa Serqmevisas usaxelo sagnebi unda SevadaroT 

ara daSorebul, aramed monaTesave da amave gvaris sagnebs, rom 

naTqvamSi cxadi iyos msgavseba < ... >. 

(1405b) 

metaforebi unda SevadginoT iseTi sityvebisgan, romlebic 

mSvenierni arian an JReradobiT, an mniSvnelobiT, an TvalisaTvis, 

an sxva romelime grZnobisaTvis. magaliTad, gansxvavebulia 

gamoTqmebi: ukeTesia `vardisferi ganTiadi~, vidre àlisferi 

ganTiadi~, uaresia gamoTqma: `wiTeli ganTiadi~. 

epiTetebi SeiZleba SevadginoT mdabali an maxinji gamoTqmebisganac. 

magaliTad, iseTi uxeiro da samarcxvino gamoTqmebisgan, 

rogoricaa `dedis mkvleli~. 2 anda imgvari ukeTesi 

gamoTqmisgan, rogoricaa `mamisaTvis SurismaZiebeli~. simonidem, 

rodesac jorcxenebze gamarjvebulma3 mas mcire gasamrjelo 

SeaZlia, ar moindoma odis SeTxzva. man Tqva, rom misTvis Znelia 

naxevarvirebze odis SeTxzva. magram rodesac sakmarisi Tanxa 

SesTavazes, dawera leqsi: 

`salami Tqvenda mardfexa raSTa qaliSvilebo!~ Tumca cota 

xnis win isini saxedarTa Svilebi iyvnen. < ... > 

3 

sityvis sicive (1406a) 

sityvis sicive oTxnairad warmoSoba: Serwymuli sityvebis 

xmarebiT. < ... > sityvis sicivis pirveli mizezi esaa. meore mizezia 

uCveulo gamoTqmebis gamoyeneba. < ... > 

69

measamea didi, Seusabamo, an xSiri epiTetebis xmareba. poezia- 

Si dasaSvebia gamoTqma `TeTri rZe~, prozaSi ki es didi Seusabamobaa. 

magram Tu mas xSirad vixmarT, maSin cxadi gaxdeba, rom es 

aris poeturi gamoTqma da rom is zomierad unda gamoviyenoT, 

radgan es celis Cveulebriv sityvaTxmarebas da mas ucxo iers 

aZlevs. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa sifrTxile, radgan epiTetebis 

windauxedavi xmareba met zians mogvitans. maTi zedmeti xmarebisas 

sityvas akldeba silamaze, xolo moufiqrebeli xmarebisas 

saziano xdeba. < ... > vinc poeziaSi Seuferebel gamoTqmebs xmaros, 

igi qmnis sasacilo da civ stils, xolo mravalsityvaobis 

gamo azrs gaugebarsa xdis. radgan, rodesac bevr sityvas xmaroben 

imaze, rac cnobilia, amiT naTel azrs abneleben. xalxi Sedgenil 

sityvebs iyenebs < ... > maSin, roca sityvebis dakavSireba 

advilia an rodesac sagans saxeli ara aqvs. < ... > 

(1406b) 

sityvis sicivis meoTxe mizezi dakavSirebulia metaforebis 

xmarebasTan, _ Tuki isini Seufereblad arian gamoyenebuli, 

_ zogjer imitom, rom es sasaciloa (metaforebs xom komediografebi 

iyeneben), zogjer imitom, rom Zalze amaRlebuli da 

tragikuli xasiaTisaa. < ... > 

70 

4 

Sedareba 

Sedarebac metaforaa, radgan mcired gansxvavdeba metaforisgan. 

rodesac poeti ambobs aqilevsze, rom ìs rogorc lomi, ise 

ekveTa~ _ es Saderabaa, magram Tu vityviT `lomi ekveTa~ _ es 

metaforaa. radgan orive mamacia, poetma 1 aqilevss gadataniTi 

mniSvnelobiT lomi uwoda. Sedareba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes 

prozaSic, magram iSviaTad, radgan es poeturi xerxia. Sedarebebi 

iseve unda SevadginoT, rogorc metaforebi, radgan Sedareba 

igive metaforaa, oRond misgan zemoTqmuliT gansxvavdeba. Sedarebaa, 

magaliTad, androtionis 2 naTqvami idrievsze, 3 rom igi 

jaWvidan aSvebul ZaRlsa hgavs. rogorc ZaRlebi Tavs esxmian da 

kbenen adamians, aseve saSiSia borkilebidan gaTavisuflebuli 

idievsi. < ... > aseve platoni `saxelmwifoSi~ micvalebulebis 

mZarcvelT adarebda ZaRlebs, romlebic qvas kbenen, radgan qvis 

msrolels vera wvdebian. 4 xolo xalxs adarebs gemis mflobels, 

romelic Zlieria, magram yru. 5 

(1407a) 

poetur nawarmoebebze ki ambobda, rom isini hgvanan ulamazo

axalgazrdas. 6 radgan xanSi Sesulebi ar hgvanan imas, rac axalgazrdobaSi 

iyvnen, aseve zemodarRveuli leqsebi ar hgavs imas, 

rasac isini adre warmoadgendnen. perikle samoselebze ambobda, 

rom isini im bavSvebs hgvanan, romlebic lukmas ylapaven, magram 

mainc tirian. 7 xolo beotielebis Sesaxeb ambobda, rom isini hgvanan 

im muxebs, romlebic erTmaneTs dajaxebiT amtvreven. demosTene 

xalxze ambobda, rom is hgavs navSi msxdomT, romlebic 

zRvis avadmyofobiT arian avad. 8 xolo demokrate 9 oratorebs 

ZiZebs uwodebda, romlebic lukmas ylapaven, bavSvebs ki nerwyvs 

usvamen tuCebze. antisTene 10 gamxdar kefisodotes 11 adarebda 

sakmevels, romelic sasiamovno surnelebas afrqvevs maSin, roca 

iwvis. yvela aseTi gamoTqma SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc 

Sedareba da rogorc metafora. cxadia, rom isini, romlebic 

damajerebelni arian, SeiZleba metaforad gamoviyenoT. isini 

amave dros Sedarebebic iqnebian, radgan metaforebi Sedarebebia. 

metaforebi yovelTvis orive mxaris Sedarebis safuZvelze 

unda SevadginoT da gamoviyenoT. Tu es mxareebi erTgvarovanni 

arian; magaliTad, dionisesaTvis fiala faria, areosisaTvis ki 

fari aris fiala. 

5 

< ... > 

6 

sityvis sifarTove da stilis dawuruloba 

sityvis sifarToves warmoSobs Semdegi momentebi: 

1. saxelis magier cnebis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, wris nacvlad 

rom Tqva sibrtye, romlis kideebi Tanabrad aris daSorebuli 

Suagulidan. stilis simokles iwvevs sawinaaRmdego movlena: 

cnebis magier saxelis xmareba. am xerxs iyeneben maSin, rodesac 

samarcxvino da Seusabamo movlenebis gadmocema undaT. Tu zogadi 

cneba Seusabamoa, maSin vxmarobT saxels, xolo Tu saxelia 

Seusabamo, maSin mivmarTavT cnebas. saqmis naTelyofa SeiZleba 

metaforebiTa da epiTetebiTac, oRond Tu poeturobas Tavidan 

avicilebT. 

2. stilis sifarToves warmoSobs erTis mravlad qceva, 

rogorc amas poetebi sCadian. magaliTad, navsadguri erTia, magram 

poeti mainc ambobs: 

71

72 

àqevelTa navsadgomebi~, 1 

anda àger werilis mravali kari!~ 2 

3. rodesac sityvebs ki ar vakavSirebT, aramed cal-calke warmovTqvamT. 

magaliTad, ìm qalisa, romelic Cemi colia~. magram 

roca mokled surT Tqma, amboben: `Cemi colisa~. 

4. sityvebis daSoreba kavSirebiT. Tu azris mokled Tqma 

surT, maSin kavSirebs ar xmaroben. magaliTad, kavSiria naxmari 

gamoTqmaSi: `mivedi da movelaparake~. 

(1408a) 

ukavSiroa fraza: `mosvlisTanave movelaparake~. 

5. gamosadegia antimaqes xerxic, 3 rodesac laparakobs sagnis 

im Tvisebebze, rac mas ara aqvs. rogorc, magaliTad, igi aRwers 

tevmesos mTas: 4 ìq mdebareobs borcvi patara, sadac uberavs 

qari Zlieri~. 

ase SeiZleba masala usazRvrod gavzardoT. SeiZleba laparaki 

dadebiTsa da uaryofiT Tvisebebze, romelic sagans ara 

aqvs, imisda mixedviT, romeli maTgani ufro gvWirdeba. ase qmnian 

poetebi zogierT gamoTqmas. magaliTad, ùsimo Cangi da uCango 

simRera~. es gamoTqma miRebulia Tvisebebis uaryofiT. Zlier 

STabeWdilebas tovebs iseTi metaforebi, romelic msgavsebas 

emyareba, magaliTad, gamoTqma: `salamuri aris uCango melodia~. 

7 

stilis Tvisebebi 

sityva mizanSewonilia maSin, Tu sagnis Sesatyvisia, paTeturia 

da eTikuri. sityva mizanSewonilia maSin, Tu mniSvnelovan movlenebze 

ar aris naTqvami sasxvaTaSorisod, xolo umniSvneloze 

sadResaswaulod. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sityva sasacilo iqneba. 

< ... > sityva poeturia maSin, Tu Seuracxofis SemTxvevaSi 

mrisxanea, xolo uRmrTo da samarcxvino moqmedebisas ukmayofilebisa 

da sifrTxilis gamomxatveli. Tu sagani saqebia, maSin 

sityva sadResaswauloa, Tu Sesabralisia, maSin stili dabalia. 

asevea sxva SemTxvevaSic. Tu sityva sagnis Sesabamisia, maSin is 

sarwmuno Cans, radgan adamianis suli tyuvdeba da hgonia, rom 

oratori sworad laparakobs. am SemTxvevaSi msmenels swori 

hgonia is, rasac oratori hyveba. saqme isec rom ar iyos, rogorc 

oratori laparakobs, msmeneli mainc fiqrobs, rom sinamdvileSi 

ase iqneba. msmeneli yovelTvis TanaugrZnobs imas, vinc paTosiT 

laparkobs, _ Tundac arafers ambobdes. Amitom bevri oratori

msmenelze did gavlenas xmauriTac ki axdens. 

eTikuri xasiaTis sityvac niSnebiT gamoixateba, radgan niSnebi 

Sesabamisad Tan axlavs, rogorc gvars, ise mis Tvisebas. 

adamianTa gvarSi me vgulisxmob xnovanebas, magaliTad: bavSvi, 

mamakaci da moxuci, agreTve qali da kaci, lakoneli an Tesalieli. 

TvisebebSi vgulisxmob imas, Tu rogor cxovrebas eweva igi, 

radgan yovel Tvisebas ar Seaqvs gansxvaveba adamianis cxovrebis 

xasiaTSi. Tu oratori imgvar sityvebs iyenebs, rac Tavissave 

Tvisebebs esatyviseba, igi amiT sakuTar xasiaTs gamovlens, radgan 

gaunaTlebeli da ganaTlebuli adamiani arc erTsa da imaveze 

laparakobs da arc erTnairad. msmeneli TanaugrZnobs im orators, 

romelic xSirad iyenebs gamoTqmas: _ `vin ar icis?~, an: 

_ `yvelam icis~. msmeneli eTanxmeba orators sircxvilis gamo, 

raTa isic Tanaziari iyos am Tvisebisa, raic yvelas aqvs. 

(1408b) 

amgvari xerxebisaTvis saerToa rogors drouli, ise udroo 

dros gadaWarbebis Tavidan asacilebeli saSualeba: oratorma 

TviTon unda gakicxos sakuTari Tavi, rameTu WeSmaritebad iReben 

im oratoris sityvas, romelic ar malavs imas, rasac akeTebs. 

oratorma yvela es xerxi erTbaSad ar unda gamoiyenos, radgan am 

SemTxvevaSi msmeneli ar endoba. vgulisxmob imas, rom Tu sityvebi 

mkacria, araa saWiro amis gamoxatva bgeriTac, saxiTac da sxva 

saSualebebiTac. winaaRmdeg SemTxveveSi msmenelisaTvis naTeli 

gaxdeba oratoris ganzraxva. Tu oratori erT xerxs iyenebs da 

meores _ ara, maSin farulad imave Sedegs miiRebs, rasac yvela 

xerxis gamoyenebiT. magram Tu igi faqiz grZnobebze mkacrad 

laparakobs, xolo mkacrze saTuTad, msmeneli mas ar daujerebs. 

rTuli sityvebi, mravali epiTeti da originaluri gamoTqma pa- 

Teturad molaparakes ufro SeSvenis. orators epatieba Tu is 

sibraziT borotebas gamoxatavs rogorc `cad amwdoms~, anda 

ùzarmazars~ da Tu msmenelni aRtacebaSi moiyvana an qebiT an 

ZagebiT, siZulviliT an siyvaruliT < ... >. 

8 

sityvas ar unda hqondes arc leqsis saxe da arc uritmo unda 

iyos, radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi damajerebeli ar iqneba da xelovnuri 

gamoCndeba. garda amisa, daabnevs msmenelis yuradRebas, 

romelic elis msgavsi marcvlebis gameorebas, Tu rodis 

Sexvdeba igive marcvali. < ... > uritmo sityva dausrulebelia, 

Tumca saWiroa, rom sityvas dasrulebuli saxe hqondes, oRond 

arametruli. ganusazRvreli ki arc sasiamovnoa da arc gasage- 

73

i. yovelive ricxviT izomeba. sityvis saxec ricxvia, anu ritmi, 

romlis zomas misi nawilebi Seadgens. maSasadame, saWiroa, rom 

sityvas ritmi hqondes, magram ara metri, radgan maSin is leqsi 

iqneboda. ritmic savsebiT zusti ar unda hqondes. ritmi zusti 

iqneba maSin, Tu mas garkveuli sazRvari eqneba. 

< ... > 

74 

9 

uwyveti da perioduli sityva 

sityva unda iyos uwyveti da erT mTelad Sekruli kavSirebiT, 

rogorc amas diTirambebis SesavalSi vxvdebiT, anda piriqiT, 

wyvetili, rogorc amas adgili aqvs Zveli poetebis antistrofebSi. 

uwyveti sityva ufro Zvelia. < ... > uwyvetSi me vgulisxmob 

sityvas, romelsac dasasruli ara aqvs, Tu saubris sagani 

ar damTavrebula. sityvis aseTi saxe usiamovnoa ganusazRvrelobisa 

gamo, radgan yvelas unda, rom dasasruls xedavdes. 

amitomacaa, rom sirbilisas morbenalT mosaxvevebSi sunTqva 

uWirT da iRlebian. xolo adre, roca dasasruls xedavdnen, ase 

ar itanjebodnen. yovelive es warmoSobs uwyvet sityvas. xolo 

sawinaaRmdego saxe aris perioduli sityva. periodulSi me vgulisxmob 

sityvas, romelsac aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli da advilad 

SesamCnevi sidide. 

(1409b) 

aseTi sityva sasiamovnoa da advilad gasagebi, radgan 

upirispirdeba ganusazRvrel sityvas. agreTve imitom, rom msmenels 

hgonia, rom saqme aqvs raRac gansazRvrulTan da dasrulebulTan. 

xolo is, rac ar ganisazRvreba da arc dasasruli aqvs, 

usiamovnoa. advilad Sesaswavlia is, rac advilad dasamaxsovrebelia. 

es ki imitom, rom periodul sityvas aqvs ricxvi, rasac 

yvela advilad imaxsovrebs. maSasadame, metrul sityvas advilad 

imaxsovreben, vidre arametruls, radgan metruls aqvs ricxvi, 

romliTac is izomeba. 1 periodi unda damTavrdes azrTan erTad 

da ar unda wydebodes myisierad < ... >. 

periodi SeiZleba Seicavdes nawilebs, magram SeiZleba martivic 

iyos. perioduli sityva aris erTi mTeli da dasrulebuli, 

nawilebisagan Sedgenili, advilad warmosaTqmeli erTi 

amosunTqviT da ara nawil-nawil < ... >. `koloni~ aris periodis 

nawili. martivia is periodi, romelic erTi nawilisagan Sedgeba. 

arc periodi da arc misi nawilebi ar unda iyos mokle an grZeli. 

mokle periodi abrkolebs msmenels, romelic miiswrafvis win im

sazRvrisaken, romelic mas warmodgenili aqvs. sityvis Sewyvetisas 

ki ukuiqceva, rogorc darbkolebaze Sejaxebisas. grZel periodebSi 

ki msmenelni CamorCebian, rogorc moseirneni, romelTac 

Tu sazRvari gadalaxes, Tavis mgzavrebs Camoitoveben. aseve grZeli 

periodic Sesavals emsgavseba. < ... > 

periodebis nawilebi an erTmaneTs mosdeven, an erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegebian. 

pirvelis magaliTia: `xSirad gamkvirvebia imisa, 

vinc sadResaswaulo krebebi SemoiRo da fizikuri Sejibrebebi 

daawesa~. 2 

(1410a) 

dapirispirebuli sityva, sadac TiToeul nawils meore nawili 

upirispirdeba, anda TviTon aris sapirispiro nawilebisagan Semdgari. 

magaliTad: `maT orive mxaris guli moiges, rogorc imaTi, 

vinc darCnen, ise imaTi, romlebic maT gahyvnen. am ukanasknelT 

misces imaze meti miwa, vidre Sin hqondaT, pirvelT ki sakmarisi 

dautoves~. aq erTmaneTs upirispirdeba cnebebi: `darCena~, 

`wayola~, ~sakmarisi~, `meti~, anda aseTi gamoTqma: `rogorc is, 

visac qoneba aklia, ise is, vinc misiT sargeblobs~. aq erTmaneTs 

upirispirdeba iseTi gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa `qoneba aklia~ anda 

`qonebiT sargeblobs~. anda aseTi gamoTqmebi: `xSirad xdeba, rom 

imave pirobebSi, romelSic gonierni marcxdebian, ugunurni imarjveben~. 

`rogorc ki miiRes jildoebi damsaxurebis gamo, cota 

xnis Semdeg zRvaze batonobac moipoves~. `man brZana materiki 

gaecuraT, zRva gaevloT, helespontze xidi gaedoT, rom aTonis 

mTisaTvis Ziri gamoeTxaraT~. `moqalaqeT dabadebulTaTvis 

kanoniT moqalaqeobis aRkveTa~. `zogi maTgani saSinlad daiRupa, 

zogi ki samarcxvinod gadarCa~. `pirad cxovrebaSi barbarosebs 

viyenebT rogorc msaxurT, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ki ver 

vamCnvT Cveni mravali mokavSiris monur mdgomareobas~. àn sicocxleSive 

unda gqondes, anda sikvdilis Semdeg datovo~. anda 

piTolaesa da likofronis Taobaze viRacam sasamarTloSi aTenelebs 

uTxra. èseni, roca Sin iyvnen, gyiddnen Tqven, aq mosulni 

ki gyiduloben~.3 yovelive es zemoTqmul Sedegs iwvevs. aseTi 

gamonaTqvamebi sasaiamovnoa, radgan movlenaTa dapirispireba, 

iseve, rogorc paralelebis gavleba, azrs friad gasagebsa xdis. 

< ... > 

10 

sasiamovno da gavrcelebuli gamoTqmebi 

< ... > axla unda vTqvaT isic, Tu rogor warmoiSoba sasiamovno 

da farTod gavrcelebuli gamoTqmebi. maTi Seqmna SeuZlia 

75

niWier da kargad gavarjiSebul adamians < ... >. ganvixiloT maTi 

saxeebi. daviwyoT amiT: bunebrivia, rom advilad daswavla yvelasaTvis 

sasiamovnoa. sityvebi raRacaze migvaniSneben. maSasadame, 

is sityvebi, romlebic codnas gvaZlevs, yvelaze sasiamovnoa. 

zogi sityva ar gvesmis, zogi ki, piriqiT, gvesmiT Zalian kargad. 

yvelaze kargad gasagebia metaforebi. magaliTad, Tu poeti moxucebulobas 

adarebs moWril lerwams, 1 igi gvaswavlis da gvixsnis 

gvareobiTi cnebebiT. radgan orive cneba Wknobas gamoxatavs. 

imave Sedegs aRweven poetebi SedarebebiT, amitom Tu Sedarebebi 

kargad aris SerCeuli, Zlier StabeWdilebas axdens. < ... > 

Sedareba igive metaforaa, oRond metaforisagan gansxvavebiT, 

mas damateba aqvs. magram Sedareba nakleb sasiamovnoa, rogorc 

sigrZis, ise imis gamo, rom ar gveubneba ès~ aris ìs~, rasac arc 

Cveni suli moiTxovs. 

A< ... > 

(1411a) 

metaforebis oTxi saxidan yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia 

SedarebiT miRebuli metafora. magaliTad, perikle ambobda 

omSi daRupuli axalgazrdebis Sesaxeb. `maTi gaqroba saxelmwifodan, 

weliwadidan gazafxulia gaqrobas hgavs~. 2 leptine ki 

lakedemonelebze ambobda. ìsini ar dauSveben imas, rom elada 

cali TvaliT dabrmavdes!~ 3 < ... > isokrate dResaswaulze SekrebilTa 

Sesaxeb amasve ambobda, rac saflavis qvaze weria: ìsini, 

romlebic salaminTan brZolaSi daecnen, Rirsni arian imisa, rom 

eladam maT saflavze Tmebi SeiWras, niSnad imisa, rom maTs simamacesTan 

erTad daimarxa eladis Tavisufleba~. 4 magram ase rom 

yofiliyo naTqvami: `kargi iqneboda, rom berZnebs gamoetiraT 

damarxuli simamace~ _ es TvalsaCino metafora iqneboda magram 

gamoTqma `simamacesTan erTad Tavisufleba~ erTgvari dapirispirebaa. 

(1411b) 

< ... > gamoTqma: `mouwodeT safrTxes safrTxeSi CavardnilTa 

dasaxmareblad~ _ aris TvalsaCino metafora. < ... > 

gamoTqmaSi: ìsini yovelnairad cdilobdnen, rom Tavmdabalni 

yofiliyvnen~,5 sityva `cdilobdnen~ ergvari gazviadebaa. 

anda aseTi gamoTqma: `RmerTma daanTo sulSi gonebis cecxli~.6 

orive es sityva TvalsaCinoebas emsaxureba. `Cven omebs ki ar 

vamTavrebT, aramed gadavdebT xolme~. orive es sityva, rogorc 

`gadadeba~, ise `zavi~ momavals exeba. `zaviT miRebuli nadavli 

ufro mSvenieria, vidre omiT miRebuli~. radgan ukanaskneli exeba 

mcire an erT romelime SemTxvevas, zavi ki mTel oms, Tumca 

orive gamarjvebis niSania. < ... > 

76

11 

TvalsaCinoeba 

ukve vTqviT imis Sesaxeb, rom mxatvruli gamoTqmebi warmoiSoba 

metaforebisa da Sedarebebis safuZveloze da maTi mizani 

aris TvalsaCinoeba. axla unda vilaparakoT imaze, Tu ra aris 

TvalsaCinoeba da rogor miiReba igi. TvalsaCinos iseT gamoTqmas 

vuwodeb, romelic sagans gviCvenebs qmedebisas. magaliTad, 

gamoTqma: `keTili adamiani oTxkuxovania~ _ aris metafora, 

radgan orive cneba dasrulebulia, Tumca moqmedebas ar gamoxatavs. 

1 anda aseTi gamoTqma. àdamianis mowifulobis asaki mis Zal- 

Ta ayvavebis dros emTxveva~. 2 moqmedebis gamoxatulebaa agreTve 

aseTi gamoTqma: `Sen rogorc Tavisufali~. 3 gamoTqmaSi `berZnebma 

amis Semdeg gaqusles~ 4 sityva `gaqusles~ gamoxatavs moqmedebas 

da amave dros aris metafora. homerosi xSirad iyenebda iseT 

metaforebs, romliTac usulo sagnebs sulierad warmoadgenda. 

yvela am SemTxvevaSi azrs damajereblobas aniWebs moqmedeba. 

aseve qvemomotanil magaliTebSi: 

(1412a) `miwaze ukan migoravda veragi qva~. 5 

`gaqanda isari~, èkveTa gaborotebiT~, 

`miwaze idgnen jiutad sisxlis mwyurvalni~. 

`gulgamgmiravi isari gaqanda win boroti zraxviT~. 

am magaliTebSi yovelive gasulierebulia, amitomac isini 

moqmedni sCanan. Tavxedoba da veragobac moqmedebebia. isini Sedarebis 

saSualebiT metaforebad aris gamoyenebuli da rogor 

mimarTebac aris qvisa sizifesTan, iseTive mimarTeba aqvs veragobas 

masTan, vis mimarTac igia Cadenili. es xerxebi kargad 

gamoiyena poetma agreTve usulo sagnebSi: 

àqafebul grexil talRaTa mTebi erTimeores exeTqeboda~. 

am magaliTebSi yovelive gamoxatulia cocxlad da moZravad. 

moZraoba ki moqmedebaa. 

rogorc ukve vTqvi, metaforebi unda SevadginoT maxlobeli, 

magram ara savsebiT naTlad msgavsi movlenebisgan, rogorc 

filosofiaSi iTvleba mizanSewonilad ipovon msgavseba erTmaneTisagan 

daSorebul movlenebSic ki. < ... > 

moxdenili gamoTqmebi metaforebs warmoadgenen, sadac msmenelTa 

Tvalis axveva xdeba. azri ufro naTeli xdeba maSin, roca 

77

codna miRebulia dapirispirebulobis Sedegad. am SemTxvevaSi 

TiTqos metafora ukarnaxebs: `rogori WeSmaritebaa, me ki vcdebodi~. 

mSvenierni arian apofTegmebic, radgan iq oratori ar 

ambobs imas, rasac fiqrobs. magaliTad, stesiqore ambobs: `Wri- 

Winebi erTmaneTs miwidan umRereben~. 6 amave mizeziT sasiamovnoa 

kargad Sedgenili gamocanebic. gamocana warmoadgens metaforuli 

formiT gamoTqmul codnas. < ... > 

(1412b) 

< ... > 

`mSvenieria sikvdili manam, sanam gaxdebode sikvdilis Rirsi~. 

anda aseTi gamoTqma: `mSvenieria sikvdili imisi, visac sikvdili ar 

daumsaxurebia~, anda `visac araferi Caudenia iseTi, rom sikvdili 

daemsaxurebina~. am gamoTqmebs erTnairi forma aqvT, magram 

is winadadeba, romelic moklea da gamoTqmulia dapirispirebis 

gziT, ufro mosawonia. amis mizezi isaa, rom dapirispireba 

met codnas iZleva. xolo mokle gamoTqmaSi codna msmenelamde 

ufro swrafad aRwevs. gamoTqmaSi yovelTvis dasrulebuli 

unda iyos is, razecaa msjeloba. gamoTqma Sedgenili unda iyos 

sworad, xolo naTqvami WeSmariti unda iyos da ara gadakarguli. 

sxvadasxva pirovnebebi sxvadasxvagvarad unda iqnan daxasiaTebuli. 

magaliTad, gamoTqma: ùcodveli unda mokvde~ _ moxdenili 

araa, anda `Risreulma kacma Rirseuli coli unda SeirTos~. 

arc esaa moxdenili gamoTqma. fraza maSin iqneba mSvenieri, roca 

orive xerxi iqneba gamoyenebuli, rogorc, magaliTad, `Rirseulia 

sikvdili imisa, vinc araa sikvdilis Rirsi~. iq, sadac metia 

aseTi gamoTqmebi, sityva ufro mSvenieric iqneba. magaliTad, is 

sityva, sadac naxmaria metaforebi, kerZod, iseTi metaforebi, 

romelic Seicavs an dapirispirebas, an gaTanabrebas, an moqmedebas. 

rogorc zemoTac vqvi, 7 arsebobs iseTi Sedarebebic, romlebic 

rogorc metaforebi, yovelTvis mowonebas imsaxureben. 

isini yovelTvis or saganze ixmarebian, rogorc Sedarebaze damyarebuli 

metafora. magaliTad, Cven vambobT xolme, rom àreosisaTvis 

fari sasmisia~, xolo isarze, rom ìs aris usimo lira~. 

(1413a) 

es araa martivi metaforebi, magram aseTi gamoTqmebi: ìsari 

aris formingi~, 8 anda `fari-sasmisi~ _ martivi metaforebia. Sedarebebs 

ki ase awarmoeben: magaliTad, maimuns adareben fleitaze 

damkvrels, xolo axlomxedvels – mbJutav sanTels. aq orive 

movlenis damcrobas aqvs adgili. Sedareba ufro mosawonia Tu 

metaforulad aris naxmari. magaliTad, faris Sedareba areosis 

TasTan, nangrevebis Sedareba saxlis namsxvrevebTan < ... >. poetebi 

78

marcxs ganicdian, roca karg Sedarebebs ver xmaroben. magram Tu 

maT moxdenilad xmaroben, mowonebas imsaxureben. me vgulisxmob 

Semdeg Sedarebas: 

ìse dahqonda fexebi, rogorc niaxuris Reroebi~. 

anda ìse ebrZoda, rogorc filamoni tomaras~. 9 

yovelive es Sedarebaa, xolo rom Sedareba igive metaforaa, 

amaze bevri iyo naTqvami. 

andaza 

andazac Sedarebaa, oRond erTi gvarisa meore gvarTan. magaliTad, 

Tu vinmem wamoiwyo saqme imis imediT, rom mogeba 

enaxa, magram izarala, amaze ityvian, `viTarca karpaToselma 

kurdReli~,10 radgan orivem erTnairad izarala; Tu saidan da 

rogor iwarmoeba maxvilgonivruli gamoTqmebi, es ukve iTqva. 

hiperbola 

moxdenili hiperbolebic metaforebia. magaliTad, saxeSi 

nacem kacze ityvian, ìse gamoiyureba, rogoru TuTis kalaTa~. 

igulisxmeba, rom saxe dawiTlebuli aqvs. es gamoTqma ufro azviadebs 

viTarebas. ès iseTia, rogorc is~ _ agreTve hiperbolaa. 

gansxvavdeba mxolod gamoTqmiT. `rogorc tomaras SebrZolebuli 

filemoni~, niSnavs imas, rom igi hgavs im filemons, romelic 

tomaras ebrZoda. gamoTqma: `dagrexili fexebi ise mihqonda, 

rogorc niaxuris Reroebi~, niSnavs imas, rom fexebi ise hqonda 

daRunuli, rom gegoneboda fexebi ki ara, niaxuris Reroebi esxa. 

< ... > 

(1413b) 

12 

ar unda daviviwyoT, rom yovel gvarSi ixmareba am gvarisaTvis 

Sesaferi stili, radgan erTi da igive araa werilobiTi da 

sakamaTo, sajaro da samosamarTlo sityvebi. saWiroa orive am 

saxis sityvis codna. pirveli gulisxmobs berZnuli enis karg 

codnas, meore ki imas, rom ar iyo iZulebuli sdumde maSin, roca 

ginda vinmes raime uTxra. zemoaRniSnul mdgomareobaSi vardeba 

is, vinc wera ar icis. werilobiTi sityva yvelaze zustia, xolo 

sakamaTo sityva – yvelaze msaxioburi. arsebobs misi ori saxe: 

79

eTikuri da paTetikuri. amitomac msaxiobebi aseTsave dramebs 

eZeben, xolo poetebi – amgvarsave msaxiobebs. < ...> dawerili sityvebi, 

sakamaTosTan SedarebiT, sustni moCanan, xolo oratorebis 

kargad warmoTqmuli sityvebi sustni aRmoCndebian wakiTxvisas. 

amis mizezi isaa, rom isini gamodgebian mxolod zepir 

kamaTSi. amitomacaa, rom msaxioburi sityva msaxiobis gareSe 

mizans ver aRwevs da ubralo moCans. iseve rogorc erTmaneTTan 

daukavSireblad erTi da imaves gameoreba werilobiT sityvaSi 

dasagmobia, magram zepir-metyvelebaSi oratorebi mas warmatebiT 

iyeneben, radgan es xerxi msaxioburia. < ... > xolo is, vinc ver 

axerxebs msaxiobobas, hgavs adamians, romelic kunZs miaTrevs. 1 

igive iTqmis daukavSirebel gamoTqmebze: `mivedi, Sevxvdi, 

vTxove~. aqac saWiroa msaxioboba da ara erTi da igive xasiaTiTa 

da toniT laparaki, TiTqos erTsa da imave ambobde. daukavSirebel 

gamoTqmasac aqvs Tavisi ieri, radgan iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, 

TiTqos erTsa da imave monakveTSi bevrs ambobdes oratori. 

kavSiri bvrs erTad aqcevs, magram kavSiris moSorebisas erTi 

bevrad iqceva. am dros STabeWdilebis gaZliereba xdeba. magali- 

Tad, `mivedi, velaparake, vTxove~. 

(1414a) 

STabeWdileba iseT iqmneba, rom TiTqos bevri ramaa naTqvami, 

amisave miRweva surs homerossac Semdeg sityvebSi: 

80 

`nirevse mosuli simedan, 

nirevse aglaies Ze, 

nirevse – umSvenieresi~. 2 

razedac bevrjeraa naTqvami, is bevrjerac iqneba dasaxelebuli, 

da Tu bevrjer iqneba dasaxelebuli, bevric gamoCndeba. ase 

rom, erTisa da imaves bevrjer gameoreba paralogizmis saSualebiT 

aZlierebs STabeWdilebas da kargadac gvamaxsovrdeba, 

miuxedavad imisa, rom poeti mas < ... > srulebiT ar axsenebs. 

sajaro sityva ferweras hgavs, sadac Suq-Crdilia gamoyenebuli. 

rac ufro meti xalxi daxatuli tiloze, miT ufro Soridan 

unda Sexedo mas. maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba daculi 

sizuste da orive SemTxveva cud STabeWdilebas tovebs. samosamarTlo 

sityva ufro zustia, radgan mimarTulia erTi mosamarTlisadmi. 

masSi naklebad aris gamoyenebuli oratoruli 

xerxebi. es imitom, rom masSi advilad dasanaxia rogorc is, rac 

damaxasiaTebelia sagnisaTvis, ise is, rac misTvis ucxoa. aq ar 

aris brZola mowinaaRmdegeebTan da msjelobac ufro daxvewilia. 

sityvaTa am saxeobebs yvela oratori erTnairi warmatebiT

ver iyenebs; warmatebas aRwevs is oratori, romelis sityvaSic 

metia msaxioburi mxare, Tumc ki naklebia sizuste. aseTia is sityvebi, 

sadac saWiroa xma da rac SeiZleba mZlavri xma. 

epidiqtikuri sityva ufro werilobiT gamoiyeneba, radgan is 

wakiTxul unda iqnes. meorea samosamarTlo sityva. 

Cven zedmetad migvaCnia gameoreba, rom sityva sasiamovno da 

brwyinvale unda iyos da rom es misTvis ufro metad saWiroa, 

vidre sibrZne da keTilSobileba da sxva eTikuri mxareebi. oratoruli 

sityva rom sasiamovno unda iyos, es naTeli gaxdeba, Tu 

sworad ganvsazRvravT stilis dadebiT mxareebs. magaliTad, 

imas, Tu ratom unda iyos sityva naTeli, arc mdabali stilisa, 

aramed mizanSewonili. Tu stili mravalsityva an moklea, naTeli 

ver iqneba. aqedan cxadia, rom yvelaze mizanSewonilia zomieri 

sityva. amrigad, sityvis siamovnebas zemoTqmuli saSualebebiT 

vaRwevT: Cveulebrivi da uCveulo gamoTqmebis SereviT, riTmiT, 

damajereblobiT da saganTan SesatyvisobiT. 

< ... > 

13 

sityvebis ganlageba 

sityva Sedgeba ori nawilisagan, radgan aucilebelia daadgino 

is sagani, razedac msjelob da daamtkico kidec. maSasadame, 

ar SeiZleba ar daamtkico is, razec msjelob da ar Tqva is, rasac 

amtkiceb. is, vinc amtkicebs, rames amtkicebs da vinc rames 

ambobs, ambobs imitom, rom daamtkicos kidec. amaTgan pirveli 

aris Txroba, meore dasabuTeba. iseve, rogorc sityva rom orad 

gaiyos, romelTagan pirveli nawilia problemis dayeneba, meore 

– mtkiceba. axla ki sityvebs sasacilod yofen. moyola damaxasia- 

Tebelia mxolod samosamarTlo sityvebisaTvis, xolo epidiqtikuri 

da sajaro sityvebisaTvis Tu rodisaa mizanSewonili moyola, 

an mowinaaRmdegis Sexedulebebis uaryofa, anda mtkiceba 

daskvniT nawilSi, amis Sesaxeb axla vilaparakebT. 

(1414b) 

Sesavali, Sedareba da ganmeoreba sajaro gamosvlebSi maSin 

aris saWiro, rodesac winaaRmdegobas aqvs adgili, rasac vxvdebiT 

braldebisa, dacvis da ara rCevis dros. daskvnac ar gvxvdeba 

yvela samosamarTlo sityvaSi, arc maSin, roca sityva moklea, 

arc maSin, roca saqme advilad dasamaxsoverebelia. maSasadame, 

igi ixmareba sityvis Semoklebis mizniT. 

81

amrigad, sityvis aucilebeli nawilebia moyola da mtkiceba. 

es yvela sityvas axasiaTebs, magram sityvebis umravlesoba Seicavs 

Sesavals, moyolas, mtkicebasa da daskvnas. mtkicebiTi xerxebi 

gamiznulia mowinaaRmdegisaTvis. amis gaZlierebas emsaxureba 

Sedareba da maSasadame, isic mtkicebis nawilia. vinc yvela 

am xerxs iyenebs, is raRacas amtkicebs, magram ara SesavliT an 

daskvniT, radgan es mxolod gaxsenebas isaxavs miznad. is, vinc 

sityvas ase yofs, ganaasxvavebs moyolas, monayolis bolos da 

monayolis Sesavals, mxilebasa da mis bolo nawils < ... >. is, vinc 

romelime gvars gamoyofs, misTvis gansxvavebuli saxelic unda 

Seqmnas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi abdaubda da layboba gamova. ase 

iqceva likimniosi Tavis òratorul xelovnebaSi~, Semoaqvs ra 

sityvebi: `dinebis mimarTulebiT~, `gadaxra~ da `gantoteba~. 

82 

14 

Sesavali aris sityvis dasawyisi. igi poeziaSi prologad 

iwodeba, musikaSi preludiad. yovelive es dasawyisia. isini gzis 

maCvenelebi arian momdevnosaTvis. magaliTad, preludia hgavs 

epidiqtikuri sityvis Sesavals. fleitistebi, rac ki kargi aqvT 

dasakravad, TavSive ukraven da preludiaSi aerTianeben. ase 

unda iwerebodes epidiqtiuri sityvebi. oratorma, ris Tqmac 

unda, erTbaSad unda Tqvas da SeakavSiros. < … > amave dros, Tu 

SesavalSi gadaxra xdeba, es dasaSvebia, radgan sityva monotonuri 

aRar iqneba. 

mtkicebiT sityvebSi Sesavali ixmareba an saqebad an saZageblad. 

magaliTad, gorgia òlimpiur~ sityvaSi ambobs: `mamacn 

elinno, mravalTagan pativiscemis Rirsno!~ 1 am sityvaSi gorgia 

aqebs imaT, romelTac saxalxo dResaswaulebi SemoiRes. 

isokrate ki aZagebs maT imitom, rom isini `sxeulebriv upiratesobis 

mqoneT pativs scemen da saCuqrebiT ajildoeben, xolo 

brZenT arafriT ar ajildoeben~. 2 sityva SeiZleba rCeviT daiwyos. 

maaliTad, `saWiroa kargi xalxis pativiscema~. amitom aqebs 

aristides oratori. anda aseTi Sesavali: `saWiroa pativi vceT 

maT, romlebic ar cnobilni arian, arc cudni, aramed keTilni, 

magram ar Canan, rogorc priames vaJiSvili aleqsandre~. avtori 

aseT rCevas iZleva. 

(1415a) 

samosamarTlo sityvis Sesavali mimarTulia msmenelebisadmi 

da exeba an paradorqsul, an Znelad gasageb movlenebs, an yvelasaTvis 

cnobil Sexudulebas im mizniT, rom patiebas miaRwios. 

epidiqtikuri sityvis SesavalSi Sedis Semdegi nawilebi: qeba, 

Zageba, akrZalva da msmenelisadmi mimarTva. Sesavali sityva an 

Sors dgas ZiriTadi sagnisagan, an masTanaa dakavSirebuli. samosamarTlo 

sityvis Sesavals < ... > igive mniSvneloba aqvs, rac 

dramis prologs da eposis Sesavals. xolo diTirambuli sityvis 

Sesavali iseTivea, rogoric epidiqtikuri sityvisa. < ... > 

eposisa da oratoruli sityvebis Sesavali gamiznulia TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, 

raTa msmenelma winaswar Seityos, Tu raze iqneba 

SemdegSi msjeloba da raTa gaugebrobas adgili ar hqondes, 

radgan gaurkveveli sityva dabneulobas iwvevs. magram rodesac 

msmenels TiTqos xelT aZlev dasawyiss, amiT saSualebas aZlev, 

rom mihyves msjelobis msvlelobas. magaliTad, 

`RmerTqalo,umRere risxvas, 3 

muzav, miambe mamac adamianze. 4 

miTxar im droze, roca mrisxane omma 

aziidan evropisaken gadainacvla!~ 5 

tragikosebic iZlevian cnobebs dramis arsis Sesaxeb, Tu ma- 

Sinve ara, rogorc evripide, SesavalSi mainc sadme, rogorc sofokle 

ambobs: 

`mamaCemi polibiosi iyo~. 6 

asevea komediaSic, Sesavlis aucilebeli daniSnuleba da 

Tvisebaa naTelyos mizani, rasac sityva emsaxureba. 

danaCeni xerxebi, rasac oratorebi iyeneben, saerToa yvela 

sityvisaTvis da saqmis gamosworebas emsaxureba. isini gamomdinareoben, 

rogorc oratoris pirovnebisgan, ise msmenelisagan, an 

msjelobis sagnisgan, anda mowinaaRmdege mxarisagan. braldeba 

da misi gabaTileba exeba an molaparakes, an mis mowinaaRmdeges, 

agreTve davis an mosxnas, an mis dawyebas, magram is erTnairad ar 

ixmareba. vinc icavs, braldebis Sesaxeb dasawyisSi laparakobs, 

vinc brals sdebs _ boloSi. Tu ratom, es cxadia, radgan vinc 

Tavs icavs da sasamarTlos winaSe apirebs wardgomas, man aucileblad 

unda mospos yvela dabrkoleba da amrigad, dasawyisSive 

Tavidan aicilos braldeba. xolo vinc brals sdebs, braldeba 

boloSi unda gadaitanos, rom msmenelebma is kargad daimaxsovron. 

msmeneli 

sityva, mimarTuli msmenelebisadmi, gamiznulia an imisTvis, 

rom oratorma msmenelTa keTilganwyobileba moipovos, an imis- 

Tvis, rom maTSi brazi gamoiwvios, an maTi yuradReba miipyros, 

83

anda piriqiT. radgan msmenelis yuradRebis mipyroba yovelTvis 

araa sasurveli, amitom bevri oratori cdilobs msmeneli gaacinos. 

yovelive es ki iwvevs imis ukeT gagebas, rasac urCeven da 

agreTve imas, rom oratori zneobrivad wminda pirovnebad moCandes, 

radgan ufro metad aseT oratorebs usmenen xolme. 

(1415b) 

msmenelni TanaugrZnoben dids, Taviseburs, sakvirvels, sasiamovnos. 

amitom msmeneli unda davarwmunoT, ros sityva amas 

Seexeba. magram Tu msmenelis yuradRebis mipyroba ar gvinda, ma- 

Sin unda STavagonoT, rom saqme umniSvneloa an maT ar exeba, an 

samwuxaroa. 

dasamali araa, rom yovelive es exeba ara sityvebs, aramed cud 

msmenels, im msmenels, romelsac saqmis arsi ar izidavs. magram 

Tu msmeneli aseTi araa, maSin arc Sesavalia saWiro. Sesavali 

xom imisTvis aris gamiznuli, rom msmenels gadasces saqmis arsi, 

raTa Seuqmnas STabWdileba, rom saqmes iseve abia Tavi, rogorc 

sxeuls. is saSualebani, rac saWiroa msmenelis yuradRebis misapyrobad, 

saerToa yvela sityvis nawilisaTvis, sadac es aucilebelia. 

yuradReba sityvis danarCen nawilSi ufro sustia, vidre 

dasawyisSi. amitom sasaciloa am saSualebebis dasawyisSive 

gamoyeneba, sadac msmenelni yvelaze metad arian yuradRebianni. 

amitom, sadac ki moxerxdeba, unda Tqvas xolme oratorma: `momapyar 

yuri, radgan saqme Tqven ufro gexebaT, vidre me~. anda `me 

Tqven getyviT iseT saSinel da sakvirvel rames, rac arasodes 

gsmeniaT~. < ... > 

84 

Sesavali 

SesavalSi yvela oratori an brals sdebs, anda SiSs ufantavs 

msmenels. magaliTad, 

`meufeo, me ar vambob imitom, rom meCqareba~, 7 

`ra saWiroa amdeni Sesavali~. 8 

Sesavals iyeneben agreTve isini, romlebsac saqme cudad aqvT, 

anda hgoniaT, rom cudad aqvs saqme. amitom isini amjobineben 

ilaparakon yvelafris Sesaxeb, saqmis garda. < ... > 

amrigad, ukve vTqviT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ganvawyoT msmeneli 

Cvens sasargeblod. < ... > 

maSasadame, saWiroa oratori am ori miznisken miiswrafvodes. 

epidiqtikur sityvebSi saWiroa davarwmunoT msmeneli, rom 

vaqebT an TviTon mas, an mis Cvevebs, anda sxva rames misas. 

sokrate saflavze warmoTqmul sityvaSi sworad ambobs, rom

`Zneli araa aqo aTenelebi aTenelTa Soris, Znelia aqo isini 

lakedemonelebSi~. 9 

sajaro sityvebis Sesavali warmodgeba samosamarTlo sityvebisagan, 

Tumca pirvelT bunebrivi Sesavali nakleb sWirdebaT, 

radgan saqme, romelsac sityva exeba, msmenelTaTvis cnobilia. 

ase rom, TviT saqmes Sesavali ar sWirdeba. is sWirdeba an orators, 

an mis mowinaaRmdeges, anda saWiroa imisTvis, rom saqme 

warmoadginon ara ise, rogorc is aris, aramed an ufro didad, 

an mcired. maSasadame, saWiroa, rogorc braldeba, ise uaryofa, 

aseve saqmis mniSvnelobis gadideba an damcireba. ai, amisTvis, 

anda sityvis galamazebisTvis aris saWiro Sesavali. radgan sityva 

Sesavlis gareSe uSnod gamoiyureba. aseTia gorgias saxotbo 

sityva, mimarTuli eleelebisadmi. 10 igi yovelgvari man- 

Wva- grexisa da xelebis qnevis gareSe iwyebs: ò, eleav, bedniero 

qalaqo~! 

15 

< ...…> 

16 

epidiqtikur sityvebSi monayoli erTbaSad ar unda iqns mocemuli, 

aramed nawil-nawil, radgan ganxilul unda iqnes is moqmedebani, 

rasac sityva exeba. ritorikuli sityvis erTi nawili 

warmoadgens bunebriv faqtebs (radgan oratori verafers ambobs 

saqmis mizezebze). meore nawili ki xelovnuria, rasac viyenebT 

maSin, Tu raime dasabuTeba gvWirdeba, anda Tu saqme ucnobia, an 

Tu saWiroa saqmis Taviseburebis, misi mniSvnelobis, an yovelive 

amis erTad Cveneba. amitom zogjer saWiroa ara yovelives Tanmimdevruli 

moyola, radgan maSin mtkiceba Zneli dasamaxsovrebeli 

iqneba, aramed saWiroa zogierTi saqmiT daamtkico, rom es kaci 

mamacia, zogiT – rom is aris brZeni an samarTliani. es msjelobebi 

aris umartivesi, pirveli ki – Wreli da aramartivi. 

cnobili saqmeni unda gavixsenoT, radgan bevr saqmes moyola 

sWirdeba. magaliTad, Tu aqilevsis qeba ginda, radgan misi 

saqmeebi yvelam icis, amitom saWiroa mxolod gaxseneba am saqme- 

Ta. magram Tu kritias qeba ginda, maSin ki unda moyve, radgan misi 

saqmeebi bevrma ar icis. axla ki zogi sasacilo moTxovnas ayenebs, 

rom monayoli swrafi unda iyos. magaliTad, comis mzelavs 

viRacam kiTxvaze, rogori comi movzilo _ magari Tu rbilio, 

upasuxa: `kargad mozela ar SeiZleba?~ aqac igive mdgomareobaa: 

85

araa saWiro vrceli Txroba, arc didi Sesavali da vrceli mtkiceba. 

kargi moyola ar niSanvs swrafad an mokled, aramed zomier 

Txrobas. 

(1417a) 

unda moyve ise, rom saqme naTelyo, an Seqmna STabeWdileba, 

rom raRac moxda, an rom aman ziani moitana, an danaSaulebrivi 

iyo, an iseTi sididisa iyo moqmedeba, rogoric orators surs 

rom iyos. mowinaaRmdege ki sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs. saWiroa 

agreTve iseTi magaliTebis motana, romlebic oratoris saTnoebas 

gamoavlens. magaliTad, `me varigebdi mas, rom simarTle 

eTqva da bavSvebi ar mietovebina~. aseTi msjeloba mowinaaRmdegis 

borotmoqmedebas avlens. man mipasuxa: `sadac unda iyos, 

mas eyoleba bavSvebi~. rogorc herodote ambobs, ase upasuxes 

ajanyebulma egviptelebma. 1 an unda ilaparako imaze, rac mosamarTleebs 

esiamovnebaT. 

dacvis dros Txroba nakleb aris saWiro, radgan am SemTxvevaSi 

saWiroa imis mtkiceba, rom saqme ar momxdara an saziano ar 

yofila, an ar yofila danaSaulebrivi, an ar yofila aseTi zomis. 

ase rom, araa saWiro laparaki imaze, rac yvelasaTvis cnobilia. 

< ... > momxdar saqmeebze ki ise unda vimsjeloT, rom isini rom ar 

momxdariyvnen, dasanani iqneboda, an iqneboda saSineleba. < ... > 

86 

Txrobis eTikuri xasiaTi 

Txrobas eTikuri xasiaTi unda hqondes. es ki maSin moxdeba, 

Tu gvecodineba ra eTikuri moqmedeba aris Cadenili. amas, 

erTi mxriv, naTelyofs arCevani, radgan, rogoric arCevania, 

iseTivea xasiaTic. xolo arCevans naTelyofs mizani. amitomac 

maTematikosebis sityvebSi xasiaTi ar Cans, radgan maT arCevan- 

Tan araferi ar aqvT saerTo. sokratelebi ki, piriqiT, sul amaze 

laparakoben. is, rac xasiaTs mosdevs Sedegad, aris xasiaTis gamovlena. 

magaliTad, `laparakis dros is mimodioda~. es avlens 

Tamam da uxeS xasiaTs. xasiaTi imaSic vlindeba, Tu msjelob ara 

raime mosazrebiT, < ... > aramed Seni midrekilebis mixedviT. 

magaliTad, `me mindoda, amitom avirCie~. `miT ukeTesi Tu igi 

araviTar sargeblobas ar momitans~. pirveli damaxasiaTebelia 

gonieri adamianisaTvis, meore – keTilisaTvis, radgan goniereba 

sargeblobas eZebs, sikeTe ki – mSvenierebas. 

Tu is, razec msjelob, damajerebeli araa, sityvis win unda 

waumZRvaro mizezebis axsna, ris magaliTsac iZleva sofokle 

àntigoneSi~. antigone ambobs, rom is ufro Zmaze zrunavda, vidre 

qmarze da bavSvebze, radgan maTi daRupvis SemTxvevaSi sxva

qmar-Svili eyoleboda. radgan 

`hadess arian Cemi mSoblebi, 

vinRa momivlens meore Zmasa?!~ 2 

rodesac mizezs ar asaxeleb, arc damajereblad laparakob. 

amitom saWiroa axsna, rom es imitom ki ar xdeba, rom ar ici, 

ras ambob, aramed imitom, rom aseTia adamianis buneba. xalxs ar 

sjera, rom adamiani nebayoflobiT moqmedebs raime sxva mizniT 

da ara sargeblobis gamo. 

< ... > 

17 

dasabuTeba 

sabuTebi damajerebeli unda iyos, dasabuTeba ki saWiroa, 

radgan dava oTxi sakiTxis garSemo warmoebs. am sadavo sakiTxebs 

ki dasabuTeba sWirdeba. magaliTad, dava SeiZleba exebodes imas, 

moxda Tu ara raime. am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad gansakuTrebiT 

Zlieri dasabuTebaa saWiro. anda Tu dava exeba imas, miayena Tu 

ara vinmem vinmes ziani, an ra moculobis iyo ziani, iyo Tu ara 

moqmedeba samarTliani da saerTod, moxda Tu ara igi? aqac dasabuTeba 

iqneba saWiro. ar unda daviviwyoT is garemoeba, rom 

erTsa da imave davaSi damnaSavea mxolod erTi mxare. < ... > 

epidiqtikur sityvebSi bevri ram SeiZleba gadaWarbebulad 

iyos naCvenebi, magaliTad, mSveniereba an sargebloba, radgan 

aq TviTon saqmem unda dagvarwmunos mis marTebulobaSi. amitom 

maT Sesaxeb naklebi sabuTebi moaqvT. < ... > 

sajaro sitjvebSi SeiZleba idavo imaze, rom raime ar moxda 

an moxda, rasac amtkicebs mowinaaRmdege, magram ar iyo samarTliani 

an sasargeblo < ... >. yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imasac, 

mowinaaRmdege xom ar cruobs < ... >, radgan es imis sabuTia, rom 

is sxv rameSic icruebs. 

(1418a) 

ufro metad sajaro sityvebSia saWiro magaliTebi. samosamarTlo 

sityvebSi ki saWiroa enTimemebi. pirveli momavals exeba, 

amitom iq magaliTis motana aucilebelia, xolo enTimemebi 

exeba arsebuls an ararsebuls, ris damtkicebac ufro saWiroa 

da aucilebeli, radgan momxdari saqmeni aucileblobis sferos 

ganekuTvneba. < ... > 

sajaro sityvebSi darwmuneba ufro Znelia, vidre samosa- 

87

marTloSi, radgan sajaro sityva myobads exeba, samosamarTlo 

ki – warsuls. < ... > samosamarTlo sityvis safuZvels kanoni 

warmoadgens da roca safuZvelic arsebobs, mtkicebac advilia. 

aseT sityvaSi oratori did dros ar andomebs mowinaaRmdegis 

daZlevas an Tavis Tavze laparakobs. < ... > 

epidiqtikur sityvaSi saWiroa qebis Semotanac < ... >. 

orators ki ufro eTikuri sityva Sehferis, vidre zusti. 

rogorc samosamarTlo, ise saTaTbiro sityvaSi laparaki 

unda daviwyoT sakuTari sabuTebidan, xolo Semdeg gadavideT 

mowinaaRmdegis Sexedulebebis darRvevasa da uaryofaze. < ... > 

saWiroa daarRvio mowinaaRmdegis Tu yvela debuleba ara, umravlesoba, 

an sarwmuno, an advilad dasarRvevi mainc, da Semdeg 

daasabuTo sakuTari Tvalsazrisi. 

< ... > 

18 

(1419b) 

< ... > 

rac Seexeba xumrobas, mas erTgvari gamoyeneba aqvs kamaTis 

dros. gorgiac ambobs, rom saWiroa mowinaaRmdegis sidinje siciliT 

gaabaTilo, xolo sicili sidinjiT, raSic is marTalia. 

`poetikaSi~1 Cven naTqvami gvaqvs, Tu xumrobis ramdeni forma 

arsebobs, romelTagan zogi Tavisufal adamians Sehferis, zogi 

ki ara. Tu vis ra Sehferis, TviTon unda SearCios. ironia ufro 

keTilSobiluria, vidre masxaraoba, radgan pirveli xumrobs sakuTari 

siamovnebisaTvis, meore – sxvisTvis. 

88 

19 

epilogi oTx nawils Seicavs: pirveli, Tavis sasargeblod 

da mopirdapiris sawinaaRmdegod msmenelis ganwyoba; meore, 

sabuTebis mniSvnelobis gazrda an Semcireba, mesame, msmenelSi 

paTosis gamowveva, da meoTxe _ gameoreba. 

bunebrivia, rom mas Semdeg, rac oratorma Tavisi Tavi marTal 

kacad warudgina msmenelTs, xolo mopirdapire crud, SeiZleba 

aqos an aZagos Sesabamisad da msmenelic saamisod ganawyos. oratori 

orSi erT gzas irCevs: an unda daamtkicos, rom mas msmenelTaTvis 

an saerTod, yvelasaTvis sikeTe surs, anda rom mowinaaRmdeges 

msmenelTaTvis an yvelasaTvis boroti unda. < ... > mas 

Semdeg, rac naTeli gaxda, Tu ramden, rogor an ra mniSvnelobis 

sagnebTan gvavqs saqme, SeiZleba msmenelis paTosis gaRviZeba, e. 

i. masSi sibralulis, an SiSis, an sibrazis, an siZulvilis, an Su-

is, an Sejibris, an siyvarulis grZnobis aRZvra. 1 < ... > SesavalSi 

ise unda ilaparako, rom dafaruli ar darCes is, Tu raze iqneba 

msjeloba. daskvnaSi ki mokled unda Tqva, rom daamtkice is, rac 

gindoda dagemtkicebina. unda daiwyo ase: 

àmgvarad, davamtkiceT is, ris damtkicebasac vapirebdiT~. es 

SeiZleba aCvenoT mowinaaRmdegis SexedulebasTan sakuTaris SedarebiT, 

Tu erTsa da imave faqtze ras ambobT orive. anda pirdapir 

ganacxadoT, rom ìs amas ambobs, me amas da ra moxdeboda, mas 

rom es emtkicebina da ara es~? anda SeiZleba kiTxva dasvaT: `ra 

darCa dasamtkicebeli~? anda `ra daamtkica man~? < ... > mizanSewonilia, 

rom sityvis bolo nawili iyos wyvetili saxisa, rogorc 

epilogi da ara uwyveti sityva. magaliTad, 

`me giTxariT, Tqven moismineT, Cemi saqme Tqvens xelTaa, 

gadawyviteT?~ 2 

SeniSvnebi: 

wigni I 

2 

1. danarCen mecnierebaTagan gansxvavebiT, dialeqtikasa da ritorikas 

ara aqvs garkveuli obieqtio, amtkicebs aristotele. 

3 

1. `telos~ (mizani) niSnavs agreTve `bolos~, dasasruls. 

wigni III 

2 

1. `poetika~, T. 21. 

2. igulisxmeba evripides òreste~, 1604. 

3. aristoteles mxedvelobaSi hyavs anaqsilae regioneli. 

4 

1. homerosi, ìliada~, XX, 161. 

2. androtioni – aTeneli andronikes Svili, demosTenes Tanamedrove, 

isorkrates mowafe, politikuri moRvawe. 

3. idrievski – karieli mefis mavzoles Zma, cxovrobda IV saukuneSi. 

4. platoni, `saxelmwifo~, IV, 469 D. 

5. iqve, VI, 488 a. 

6. iqve, 601 b. 

7. Tukidide, I, 115. 

8. es sityvebi amoRebulia demosTenes dakarguli sityvidan. 

9. demokrate – aTeneli oratori, demosTenes Tanamedrove. 

10. antisTene – gorgias mowafe, kinikuri skolis fuZemdebeli. 

89

11. keTisodote – kerameveli oratori. misi sityviT mravali adgili exeba 

demosTenes. aqedan ori adgili motanili aqvs aristoteles am wignis me-10 

TavSi. 

6 

1. am sityvebis avtori ucnobia. 

2. evripide, ìfigenia tavrideli~, 727. 

3. antimaqe kolofonidan – episkoposi poeti. cxovrobda peloponesis 

omis dros. sityvebi amoRebulia misi poemidan `Teme~. mas didad afasebdnen 

Zvel sabenZneTSi da xSirad homerosis gverdiT ayenebdnen. 

4. tevmesos mTa – mcire mTa beotiaSi, romelic Tebeda aRmosavleTiT 100 

stadionis manZilze mdebareobs. 

9 

1. heroikuli hegzametri: 2X1X1=∪∪ 

1. iambi: ∪— anu 1X2. 

2. troqe: —∪, 2X1. 

3. peoni: —∪∪∪, an ∪∪∪—2X3, an 3X2. 

2. amoRebulia isokrates `panegirikidan~. 

3. likofrini da paTolae – aleqsandre fervelis colisZmebi. maT dis 

daxmarebiT mokles aleqsandre da mis qonebas daepatronen. miaRwies aTenis 

moqalaqeobasac. maT ebrZoda filipre makedoneli. isini Tavdapirvelad 

mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni aTenelebis mimarT, magram Semdeg daxmarebas 

Txovdnen maT. 

10 

1. homerosi, òdisea~, XIV, 214. 

2. `ritorika~, I, 7. 

3. leptine, aTenis sapatio moqalaqe, demosTenes Tanamedrove. igi moiTxovda 

gadasaxedebisagan ganTavisuflebis SezRudvas, rasac winaaRmdegobas 

uwevda demosTene. es sityvebi man warmoTqva saxalxo krebaze, sadac TemelebTan 

brolaSi damarcxebuli lakonelebi aTenelebs daxmarebas sTxovdnen. 

4. arazusti citati lisiasis epitafiidan, sadac laparakia ara salaminTan, 

aramed helespontTan daRupul aTenelebze. 

5. sityvebi amoRebulia isokrates `panegirikidan~, 151. 

6. esec da momdeveno magaliTic amoRebulia isokrates dasaxelebuli 

Sromidan. 

11 

1. es gamoTqma aristoteles motanili aqvs agreTve `nikomaqes eTikaSi~ (w. 

I, T. 8). amoRebulia simonides leqsidan (fr. 5). moxseniebulia agreTve platonis 

`protagoraSi~ (339). 

2. isokrate, `filipes mimarT~, 10. 

3. iqve, 127. 

4. evripide, ìfigenia avlidSi~, 79,80. 

5. òdisea~, XI, 598. momdevno magaliTic amoRebulia ìliada~ da òdisea~-dan. 

6. stesiqores es fraza aristoteles motanili aqvs agreTve II wignis 21 TavSi. 

7. `ritorika~, III, 4. 

8. formingi – kiTaris Taviseburi saxeoba. 

90

9. filamoni – cnobili aTleti, romelic yvelgan imarjvebda, Tavisufal 

dros ki andomebda varjiSs qviSiani tomariT. aq Sedareba naxmaria dacinviT 

im kacze, romelic RoniT filamons ver Seedreba, magram filamoniviT mondomebiT 

varjiSobs. 

10. karpaTosi – kunZuli, sadac mcxovreblebma ori kurdReli miiyvanes. 

kurdRlebi SemdegSi ise momravldnen, rom mcxovreblebs mTeli naTesebi 

gaunadgures. karpaToselebi didxans nanobdnen Tavis Secdomas. 

12 

1. `kunZs miaTrevs~ _ am gamoTqmaSi aristotele gulisxmobs oratoris 

montonur sityvas, rac mas uarsayofad miaCnia. 

2. ìliada~, II, 671. 

14-15 

1. es adgili motanilia gorgias dakarguli òlimpiuri sityvidan~. 

rogorc Cans, gorgia am sityvaSi mouwodebda berZnebs ebrZbolaT barbarosebis 

winaaRmdeg. 

2. isokrate `panegirikSi~ CamoTvlis aTenelebis Rirsebebs da mouwodebs 

sparselebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. mas mizanSewonilad miaCnda aTenelebis 

hegemonia. sityvaSi iyo agerTve aristidesa da aleqsandres qeba. 

3. ìliada~, I, 1. 

4. òdisea~, I, 1. 

5. savaraudoa, rom es ori striqoni amoRebuli iyos qeriles dakarguli 

istoriuli eposidan. 

6. gakvirvebas iwvevs is, rom aristotele am leqss aTvisebs sofokles 

tragediis SesavlaSi maSip, rodesac is teqstis siRrmeSia. kerZod, 774-e 

striqonSi. 

7. sofokle, àntigone~, 229. 

8. evripide, ìfigenia tavridSi~ (1162), sadac imarTeba saubari ifigeniasa 

da mis Zmas Soris. Zma SeniSnavs ifigenias, rom aseTi vrceli Sesavali saWiro 

ar aris. 

9. aristotele am sityvas axsenebs agreTve I wignis me-9 TavSi. 

10. gorgias `berZnebis qeba~ TiTqmis mTlianad dakargulia. 

16 

1. esaa amboxebuli egviptelebis pasuxi. istoria exeba evgipteli 

jariskacebis nawilis ajanyebas, romlebic ajanyebis Semdeg eTiopiaSi gadavidnen. 

2. àntigone~, 911-912. 

17-19 

1. aristoteles `poetikaSi~ araferi ara aqvs naTqvami xumrobis formebis 

Sesaxeb, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom aristoteles `poetikam~ sruli saxiT 

ar moaRwia. 

2. ritorika~, II, 19. 

3. varaudoben, rom es magaliTi daskvnis Sesaxeb erTgvari gamoZaxilia 

lisiapis daskvnisa sityvaSi, romelic eratosTenes winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. 

Targmna Tamar kukavam 

(wignidan `ritorika~, Tb., 1981) 

91

horaciusi (Zv.w.aR. 65-8 w.w.) 

92 

poeturi xelovneba 

1. mxatvarma rom adamianis Tavs cxenis kiseri gamoabas, yovelgniT 

Sekrebili aso-nawilni nairgvarad Seubumblos, merme ki 

lamazi diacis gamosaxviT dawyebuli es naxati sazarlad daasrulos 

Savi Tevzis kudiT, saxilvelad mixmobilni SeikavebdiT 

Tavs sicilisagan, Cemo megobrebo? 

6. mendeT, pizonebo, 1 swored aseT suraTs daemsgavseba wigni, 

romelSic sicxiT gaTanguli avadmyofis sizmriseburad 

aisaxeba saocarze saocari xatebi, sadac arc Tavi da arc fexi 

erTi mTliani ieris Sesabamisi ar iqneba. 2 marTalia, mxatvrebsac 

da poetebsac imTaviTve Tanabrad aqvT miniWebuli ufleba, 

gabedon, rac nebavT, _ es me kargad vuwyi da am wyalobas Tavadac 

moviTxov da sxvasac ver avukrZalav; oRond es ufleba imad 

rodi gveZleva, mSvidi mZvinvares SevuerToT, gveli _ niblia 

Cits, vefxvi ki _ batkans! 

14. mniSvnelovani ganzraxviT wamowyebul qmnilebas, romelic 

bevrsa da raRac diads gvpirdeba, metad rom gabrwyindes, xSirad 

Zowisfer nakerebs daadeben aqa-iq: an dianas 3 Walasa da sakurTxevels 

aRweren, an mCqefare nakadulis laR dinebas Tvalwarmtac 

mdeloze, anda mdinare renussa 4 da wvimis mauwyebel cisartyelas; 

_ da es maSin, roca arcerTi amaTganis adgili ar gaxldaT 

aq! Sen egeb kviparosis xis daxatva xelgewifebis, magram ris 

maqnisia kviparosi, roca CaZiruli xomaldidan curviT Zlivs 

gamoRweuli, ukve imeddakarguli kaci unda daixatos, rogorc 

ki gaiRebs gasamrjelos? 5 vTqvaT, amforis gakeTeba SegikveTe, 

ros borbali datrialda, 6 ratom gamogivida calyura doqi? 

saqme isaa, rasac qmni, iyos martivi da mTliani! 7 

24. mgosanTa did nawils, mamav da Rirseulo mamis Svilebo, 

xSirad gvacdunebs ukeTesisaken miswrafeba: roca vcdilob, 

magaliTad, grZeli sityva mokled vTqva, gaugebari da bneli 

vxdebi, simsubuqisaken mltolvels ki nervebi da Zala aRara 

myofnis; xSirad amaod iWaWeba, vai-uSvelebels vinc gvpirdeboda, 

xolo is, visac qariSxlis metismetad eSinia, miwaze dabobRavs 

Tavis gadasarCenad; zogic cdilobs, ubralo da martivi 

rame nairnairad da saswaulebriv warmogvisaxos, amitom delfins 

tyeSi gvixatavs, gareul Rors ki _ mRelvare talRebSi. 

Secdomisagan TavdaRwevis survili xSirad Secdomisaken 

miaqanebs mas, visac aklia xelovneba! 

32. emiliusis skolis nebismier ostats SeuZlia brinjaosagan

frCxilebic gamosaxos da rbili Tmebic, magram saboloo SedegiT 

mainc xelmocaruli rCeba ostati igi, rameTu mTlianis Seqmna 

ar ZaluZs. 8 me rom raRacis SeTxzva moviwadino, sruliadac 

ar visurvebdi, davmsgavsebodi xsenebul ostats, rogorc ar 

visurvebdi, Savi Tvalebisa da Savi Tmis patrons mrude cxviri 

mqondes saWvretelad. 

38. dasamuSavebeli masala, mwerlebo, yovelTvis Tqven ZalTa 

Sesabamisad SearCieT da xandazmiT daukvirdiT, ris awevas SeZleben 

Tqveni beWebi da ris daZvraze ityvian uars. vinc Tavisi 

SesaZleblobisda mixedviT airCevs sagans, mas arc enamWevroba 

daakldeba da arc naTeli simwyobre. am simwyobris sikeTe da mSveniereba, 

Tu ar vcdebi, is gaxlavT, rom axla iTqvas mxolod is, 

rac swored axlaa saTqmeli, bevrs ki gverdi unda aevlos da sxva 

droisaTvis gadaidos. 

45. daTqmuli leqsis windaxeduli da frTxili mTxzveli 

ros sityvaT Sewvnas Seudgeba, zogs siyvaruliT da mowiwebiT 

moekideba, zogs ki zizRiT moicilebs Tavidan. 

Tu sayovelTaod cnobil sityvas marjve Sexameba axal elfers 

aZlevs, naTqvami Cinebuli da sxarti gamogiva. 

zogjer, SemTxvevis gamo, aucilebelia idumal ambavTa gamJ- 

Ravneba axleburi gadmocemiT; es sruliad dasaSvebia da Tu es Tavisufleba 

gonivruladaa gamoyenebuli, dakvirvebiT gamokveTili 

axali sityva, ZirZveli ceTegusebisaTvis Tundac aqamde 

gaugonari, uTuod keTil samsaxurs gaswevs. 9 

52. axladSeqmnili sityva met ndobas moipovebs, YTu berZnul 

wyaros eyrdnoba da sifrTxiliTaa iqidan gadmoRebuli. da mar- 

Tlac: ratom aRukveTs romaeli moqalaqe vergiliussa da variuss 

imis uflebas, romelsac ceciliussa da plavtuss uyoymanod 

uboZebs? 10 Tu am saqmeSi mcireodeni wvlilis gaReba mec 

ZalmiZs, amisaTvis ratom unda Semrisxon? katonis da eniusis 

ena axal saxelTa SemotaniT gana ar amdidrebda Cvens mSobliur 

metyvelebas? 11 yovelTvis iyo da kvlavac nebadarTuli iqneba 

sityvis gamokveTa awmyos damRiT! 

60. viT tye moisxams welTa srbolaSi norC foTlebs ZvelTa 

cvenis Semdeg, ise ena Seimoseba xolme axalSobili da Ronieri 

sityvebiT, ros moZvelebulT gaudiT yavli. sikvdils verc Cven 

avcdebiT da verc is gadaurCeba, rac Cveneulia! vTqvaT da mefuri 

saqme aRvasruleT _ CrdiloeTis qarTagan xomaldT krebulis 

dasacavad zRvis ube SevWeriT xmeleTSi, anda xangrZlivi 

drois manZilze unayofo da mxolod niCbviT misawvdomi Waobi 

guTniT gadavxaniT mezoblad mdebare qalaqTa gamosakvebad, an 

kidev Cveni mosavlisaTvis mdinaris saziano dinebas ukeTesi da 

93

axali mimarTuleba miveciT _ mainc warmavalni da mokvdavni arian 

saqmeni Cvenni! 

cxadia, arc Cvens metyvelebas ZaluZs SeinarCunos odindeli 

pativi da moxdeniloba. bevri gardasuli sityva kvlav aRdgeba 

xolme, xolo is sityva-Tqmani, axla rom Rirseba-pativSia, 

daviwyebas miecema, Tu es moisurva Cveulebam, romlis xelTaa 

Zala, samarTali da metyvelebis wesi da rigi. 

73. Tu ra sazomiT unda aRiweros mefeTa da gmirTa mier aRsrulebuli 

saqmeni, es homerosma gviCvena, 12 xolo araTanabar 

karedTa 13 dakavSirebiT Tavdapirvelad Civili gamoxates, merme 

ki sasurveli rCeva-darigebanic CarTes Sig. imis Taobaze, Tu vin 

Seqmna es striqonmcire elegiebi, gramatikosebi cxared davoben 

da dava jerac gadauwyvetelia. gamkilavi iambiT arqiloqe risxvam 

da wyromam SeaiaraRa. 14 es terfi Semdgom SeiTvises sokkusebma 

da maRalma koTurnusebma, 15 rameTu metad marjvea igi kiTxva-migebaSi, 

advilad axSobs brbos guguns da saerTod sasceno 

moqmedebisTvisaa gaCenili. 16 

83. RvTaebaTa da RmerTTa naSierebis, krivSi gamarjvebulisa 

da doRSi upirvelesi raSis, aseve WabukTa ocnebebisa da laRi 

Rvinis hangebiT Semkoba muzam Cangis simebs miando. 17 

86. ratom unda merqvas poetis saxeli, Tu ar ZalmiZs da ar vici 

ukve mowesrigebul xerxTa, TxzulebisaTvis egzom saWiro ferTa 

SerCeva-gamoyeneba? gana swavla mrude uvicobaze samarcxvinoa? 

89. komikur ambavs rodi mouxdeba tragediis eniT gadmoices; 

aseve autanelia, Tqmuleba Tiestes nadimze 18 komediisaTvis gankuTvnili 

laRi leqsiT aRiweros; _ TiToeulma saganma mudam 

Tavisi adgili unda daikavos! Tumca xandaxan, komediac imaRlebs 

xmas da risxvamoreuli xremesi 19 zomaze metad gaberili sityviT 

ilanZReba; tragediaSi ki samSoblodan gamoZevebuli da gaRatakebuli 

telefusi da pelevsi sakmaod xSirad ukuagdeben xolme 

maRalfardovansa da gazviadebul sityvas da ubralo saTqmeliT 

godeben, rameTu maTi Civili mxolod da mxolod mayurebelTa 

gulebis SeZvras lamobs. 20 

99. poeturi qmnilebisaTvis sruliadac ar aris sakmarisi 

garegnuli pewi da silamaze, igi uTuod tkbili saamoc unda iyos, 

raTa msmenelis suli da guli, saiTac surs, iqiT waritacos. 

101. adamianis saxe mocinars RimiliT upasuxebs, mglovares ki 

cremliT. amitom Tu gsurT, mec amatiroT, uwinares yovlisa, Tavad 

gmarTebT glova-tirili, Cemo telefus anda pelevso; mxolod 

maSin SemZravs me Tqveni ubedureba! Tu am mondobil saqmes cudad 

upasuxebT, an ZilSs mivcem Tavs, anda sicils avtex. mwuxare 

saxes wuxilis sityva Sehferis, ganrisxebuls _ muqariT savse, 

94

mxiaruls _ galaRebuli, xolo dadinjebuls _ darbaisluri. 

buneba xom bedis yoveli cvalebadobis kvalobaze maSinve cvlis 

Cvens Sinagan samyaros: gvaxarebs an risxvas mogvrevs, anda mZime 

tanjviT SegvZravs da miwaze dagvcems; xolo Cveni sulis 

moZraoba amis Semdeg gacxaddeba sityvis meSveobiT. 21 Tu moqmedi 

piris sityva am piris bedTan Seusabamod aJRerda, romaelebi 

_ mxed-rebica da qveiTebic 22 sicil-xarxars atexen. metad 

mniSvnelovania, vin gamogvyavs salaparakod: RvTaeba Tu gmiri, 

sibereSi Sesuli kaci, Tu jerxnobiT yvavilobaSi myofi mgznebare 

axalgazrda, mamulis mflobeli qalbatoni Tu erTguli 

ZiZa, moxetiale vaWari Tu abibinebul miwis nakveTze mzrunveli 

meurne, kolxi Tu asirieli, Tebesa Tu argosSi gamozrdili moqalaqe. 

23 aseT SemTxvevaSi an damkvidrebul gadmocemas unda mihyve, 

an cxovrebiseul WeSmaritebas unda daeyrdno. 

120. mweralo, Tu homerosiseuli aqilevsis kvlav gamosaxvas 

ganizraxav, dae, iyos igi daucxromeli, mrisxane, ulmobeli 

da sastiki, vinc kanon-samarTals yurad ar iRebs da yvelafers 

iaraRs andobs. dae, iyos medea mZvinvare da Seupovari, ino _ 

mgloviare, iqsioni _ veragi, io _ moxetiale, xolo oreste _ 

mwuxarebiT aRsavse. 24 

125. Tu scenaze manamde ucnobi ambavi gamogaqvs da kisrulob, 

gmiris axali saxe Seqmna, dae, bolomde iseTive iyos, rogorc 

dasawyisSi warmogvidga da Tavisi Tavis erTguli darCes. sayovelTaod 

cnobili sagnis dapatroneba sakuTari axali TqmiT metismetad 

Zneli saqmea! ufro swori iqneba, ìliada~ samoqmedo 

nawilebad dayo, vidre masSi raRac ucnobi da manamde uTqmeli 

Seitano. sajarod gavrcelebuli masalis dasakuTrebis uflebas 

moipoveb, Tu iaffasian da yvelasaTvis misawvdom gacveTil 

wreSi ar iwrialeb, Tu ar ecdebi, sityva-sityviT Targmno da vi- 

Tom erTgulad gaimeoro, sanimuSod rac agiRia da viT ubralo 

mimbaZveli ar Caxtebi iseT viwroSi, saidanac fexis gamoyofas 

sircxvilis grZnobac krZalavs da poeturi Txzulebis agebis 

wesic. 

136. aramc da aramc ar daiwyo Txzuleba ise, viT kiklikosma 

poetma 25 daiwyo odesRac: `priamusis beds vugalobeb da saxelovan 

omso~. ase farTod pirdaRebuli es aRTqmis damdebi viTom 

iqms Rirseul saqmes? samSobiaro tkivilebiT ewamebian mTebi, 

daibadeba ki sasacilo Taguna! is, vinc Seuferebels ar ikadrebda, 

raoden ukeT brZanebs: 26 `muzav, miambe vaJkacze, romelmac 

troas datyvevnis Semdeg mravali tomis qalaqni naxa da zneni Seityo~. 

rodi cdilobs, poeti igi, naperwklidan daagubos kvamli, 

piriqiT _ kvamlidan gamohyavs naTeli sxivi, raTa merme mSve- 

95

nieri saswauli gagvicxados, gviCvenos _ antifate da skila, 

kiklopi da masTan erTad qaribdisi; 27 ar iwyebs igi diomedes dabrunebis 

ambavs meleagres daRupvis dRidan da Txrobas troas 

omze tyupi kvercxidan. 28 mudam pirdapir miiswrafis Sedegisaken 

da msmeneli maSinve misTvis cnobil ambavTa SuagulSi Sehyavs; 

ris naTlad warmosaxvis imedi ara aqvs, imas ganze tovebs; Tan ise 

cruobs da mogonils WeSmaritSi ise Seurevs, rom dasawyissa da 

Suanawils Soris, iseve rogorc Suanawilsa da dasasruls Soris, 

Tanxmoba ar irRveva. 

153. axla mismine ra msurs me da ra surs CemTan erTad xalxs: 

mayureblebi rom bolomde SegrCes da adgilebze manamde isxdnen, 

sanam kantori ityodes, `dascxeTo taSi~, 29 gmarTebs, yoveli 

asaki Tavisi zne-CveulebiT gamoxato, gansxvavebul xasiaTebsa 

da xanierebas Sesabamisi miusadago: 

158. ai, biWuna, romelic ukve titinebs da miwazec fexs mtkiced 

adgams, tolebTanac TamaSobs igi da umizezod anCxlobs 

kidevac; merme kvlav mSviddeba da, saerTod, mal-male icvlis 

znes da xasiaTs. 

161. pirtitvel Wabuks, romelmac zedamxedvels sul axlaxan 

daaRwia Tavi, sixarulis frTebs asxamen jiSiani cxenebi, ZaRlebi 

da mziT gabrwyinebuli mwvane mindori. 30 sanTeliviT advilad 

idrikeba igi mankierebis winaSe, Wkuis damrigebelT uxeSad eqceva, 

gvian-gvian wvdeba sikeTis arss, fuls uazrod flangavs, metismetad 

pativmoyvarea da sayvareli arsebac SeuZlia mswrafl 

miatovos. 

166. mowifuli vaJkaci, visac asakma miswrafebani Seucvala, 

bejiTad eZebs simdidresa da megobrebs, pativ-didebas elaciceba 

da frTxilobs, ar Caidinos iseTi ram, ris gamosworebac 

Semdeg gauWirdeba. 

169. sibereSi Sesul kacs bevri sazrunavi awveba tvirTad: an 

imitom rom qonebis ZiebiTaa garTuli da rom moipovebs, SiSobs 

sabralo, saguldagulod gadanaxuli ar Semoexarjos; anda imitom, 

rom yovel saqmes krZalviT da civad ekideba imedis eWviT 

Semyure da myofadis winaSe daSinebuli. anCxli da Wirveulia igi; 

qeba-didebiT ixsenebs gardasul dros, Tavisi Wabukobis Jams 

da mkacri msajulis TvaliT kicxavs da aZagebs imas, rac axalma 

drom moitana. 

175. momaval wlebs mravali sikeTe moaqvT Tan da warmavalT 

aseve mravali miaqvT daubruneblad. gaxsovdes: axalgazrdas ar 

daekisros, xandazmuls rac evaleba da vaJkacis samoqmedo saqme 

ar daevalos yrmas. viTarebaTa da drois Sesabamis CarCoSi unda 

vtrialebdeT mudam! 

96

179. ambebi SeiZleba sceniuri TamaSebiTac warmovadginoT 

da TxrobiTac gadmovceT. magram yuriT gagonili sulsa da 

guls ise ver ipyrobs, viT saimedod TvaliT naxuli da mnaxvelis 

xsovnaSi aRbeWdili. oRond esaa: yoveli saqme, rac SigniT xdeba, 

scenaze ar unda gamoitano; mayureblis Tvals unda moacilo 

bevri ram, rac merme, jobs, damswre macnem gadmosces daxvewili 

mWevrmetyvelebiT. dae, nu daxocavs medea Tavis balRebs xalxis 

Tvalwin da uwyalo atrevsi nu moxarSavs aSkarad adamianis 

Signeuls; 31 proknec nu gardaiqceva frTosnad da kadmusi gvele- 

Sapad. 32 Tu maincdamainc maCveneb msgavss rasme, ar davijereb da 

zizRiT Sevaqcev zurgs! 

189. Tu dramatul Txzulebas miznad dausaxavs, mayurebeli 

hyavdes da kvlav da kvlav daidgas, igi xuT moqmedebaze, arc 

meti da arc naklebi ar unda iyos. 33 aramc da aramc RmerTi ar unda 

Caerios moqmedebaSi, Tu, ra Tqma unda, kvanZis gamosaxsnelad ar 

darCa saWiro misi Rirsebis moSvelieba. 34 mosaubre piri oTxi ar 

unda iyos. meoTxe moqmed pirs gundi Seenacvlos da misi wili adgili 

man daikavos; oRond moqmedebaTa Soris araferi imReros 

iseTi, rac samoqmedod warmodgenil ambavs xels ar uwyobs da 

marjved ar esadageba. 35 gundi unda daexmaros keTilT da megobrulad 

daarigos; risxvamoreulni swor gzaze unda daayenos da 

aRgznebulni daaSoSminos; dae, qebiT Seamkos man mokrZalebuli 

salxino sufra, jansaRi kanon-samarTali da Ria WiSkris Jams arsebuli 

mSvidoba; 36 xolo mindobili saidumlo guldagul Seinaxos 

da RmerTebs Seevedros, raTa bedi ewvios mxolod sabraloT 

da gascildes TavaReril ampartavanT. 

202. fleita awindeliviT rodi iyo spilenZis sayvirsa da buk- 

Tan Setoqebuli. igi iyo nazi, martivi, mcirexvreliani da gundsac 

kargad exmatkbileboda da Sveloda. 37 metismetad maRali xma 

mas arc sWirdeboda, rameTu mayurebelTa adgilebi jer kidev ar 

iyo gadaWedili. mcireodeni xalxi, romelic aq Tavs iyrida, advilad 

daiTvleboda da gaxldaT mokrZalebuli, RvTismoSiSi da 

wesrigis moyvaruli. roca Zlevamosilma qveyanam samflobelo 

gaifarTova, xolo qalaqebs ufro ganieri galavnebi Semoavles, 

mfarveli RvTaebis pativiscema dResaswaulobis Jams SeuzRudavad 

daiwyes RviniT da ricxvSezomil metyvelebasa da hangebsac 

meti silaRe mieniWaT. 38 sazeimo dReebSi jafisagan Tavisufali 

soflis uvici mosaxleoba da mdabioTa fena gonivruli garTobisaTvis 

swored maSin Seeria moqalaqeTa RirsebiT Semkobil 

nawils. fleitaze damkvrelma Zvel xelovnebas moZraoba da 

sazeimo elferi daumata 39 da axla igi Tavis wamosasxams farTod 

afrialebda scenaze. sakravebis simTa mkacri JReradoba axali 

97

da mravalferovani xmebiT Seicvala, miuCveveli metyveleba ki 

mkveTrma enamWevrobam aRamaRla, romelic sasargeblo saqmeTa 

wvdomiT da myofadis Taobaze RvTaebrivi rCeva-darigebebiT 

delfos brZnul misnobasTan rodiRa gansxvavdeboda. 

220. vinc tragikuli simReriT erTi sacodavi Txis gulisaTvis 

SejibrSi Caeba, man sul male gaSiSvlebuli veluri satirebi 

gamoiyvana scenaze da darbaislur saxilvels oxunjoba daumata. 

aseTi siaxlis wyalobiT cdilobda, mimzidveli gamxdariyo da 

wminda msxverplis SewirviT garTuli SezarxoSebuli da Tavawyvetili 

mayurebeli daekavebina. 

225. oxunjobis SemTxzvels marTebs, samoqmedo saqme ise miandos 

xumara satirebs da darbaisluri moqmedeba ise Secvalos 

garToba-TamaSiT, rom axlaxan samefo oqro-ZoweuliT Semosili 

romelime RmerTi an gmiri mdabiuri metyvelebiT bnel duqanSi 

ar gadasaxldes, anda miwisagan TavdaRwevis surviliT Rrublebsa 

da sicarieleSi ar afaTurebdes xelebs. 

231. tragedias Rirseba moakldeba, Tu igi msubuq leqsT 

daeyrdnoba; es imas daemsgavseboda, keTilSobili mandilosani 

rom aiZulon, dResaswaulTa Jams mokrZalebiT ironinos giJmaJ 

satirTa Soris. 

234. me rom satirul dramebs vwerde, Cemo pizonebo, mxolod 

Seumkobeli da sayovelTaod xmarebuli sityva-gamoTqmebiT 

rodi davkmayofildebodi; rodi vecdebodi, tragediis iersaxes 

davSorebodi, raTa kacs ver gaerCia, Tu vin saubrobs sawarmoeb- 

Si: davusi, Tavxedi piTiasi, vinc simons mTeli talanti dascincla, 

Tu jer kidev norCi RvTaebis gamdeli da msaxuri silenusi. 

40 cnobil gamoTqmaTagan iseT saleqso Txzulebas Camovqnidi, 

yovels hgoneboda: àseTs xom mec SevTxzavdio~; da Tu marTla 

gabedavda SeTxzvas, bevr ofls daidenda, magram amaod gairjeboda. 

ai, ra Zala aqvs sityvaTa rigsa da SekavSirebas; ai, ra pativs 

aRwevs is, rac saSualosa da Cveulebrivisagan momdinareobs! 

244. me rom msajuli viyo, tyidan gamoyvanili favnusebi, 41 

viT gzajvaredinebsa da sabazro moednebis xSiri stumrebi, verasodes 

ver gabedavdnen verc metismetad ymawvilobanas TamaSs 

viTomc nazi leqsebiT da verc ukadrisi da uwmawuri gamoTqmebiT 

yiamyralobas. isini xom Seuracxyofdnen cxeniT, mama-papiTa 

da sakuTrebiT damSvenebul pirT, 42 romlebic xmeli cercvisa da 

kaklis myidveliviT 43 rodi ikadreben Seaqon xsenebuli takimasxarebi, 

suliTa da guliT mousminon maT da gvirgvini miarTvan. 

251. terfs, romelSic grZeli marcvali mokles mosdevs, iambi 

ewodeba. igi swrafi terfia. misgan warmodga saxeli iamburi 

trimetrisa, romelsac eqvsi iqtusi aqvs. uwin am sazomSi yvela 

98

terfi erTmaneTis msgavsi iyo, magram Semdeg, mosasmenad ufro 

dayovnebuli da dinji rom gamxdariyo, Tavis bunebriv da kanonier 

SedgenilobaSi marjved da asatanad SeiTvisa myari spondeebi, 

oRond ise, rom meoresa da meoTxe terfebSi maT adgili ar dauTmo. 

44 Tumca aseTi ram akciusis 45 cnobil trimetrebSic iCens xandaxan 

Tavs da eniusic xSirad scodavda sascenod SeTxzul Tavis 

mZime leqsebSi: an imis gamo, rom saxeldaxelod da dauxvewavad 

Txzavda maT, anda imitom, rom misda samarcxvinod xelovnebaSi 

iyo gauwafavi. 

263. nebismier msajuls rodi ZaluZs SeniSnos leqsis arakeTilxmovaneba; 

aseTi viTareba ki romael poetebs SeuzRudav 

Tavisuflebas aZlevs. amitom mec gamoviCino daudevroba da 

TviTneburad vwero? am saqmeSi arsebuli ganukiTxaobis imediT 

vifiqro: Tundac yvelam ixilos Cemeuli Secodebani, mainc Seuvali 

davrCebi da veravin verafers gamibedavs-meTqi? vTqvaT, 

bralis dadebas gadavurCi, qebasac xom ver davimsaxureb? 

268. megobrebo, dRisiTac da RamiTac daiWireT xelT da 

ikiTxeT berZnuli sanimuSo qmnilebani! 

270. Tqveni winaprebi, marTalia, aqebdnen plavtusis leqssa 

da oxunjobas, magram, ar vityvi _ briyvulad-meTqi, erTsac da 

meoresac metismeti moTminebiT da gaocebiT ekidebodnen; Tu, 

ra Tqma unda, me da Tqven uwmawurobisagan maxvilsityvaobis 

gamorCeva viciT da wesrigze gamarTuli saleqso sazomis TiTebiT 

gamoTvla da smeniT aRqma ZalgviZs. 

275. tragikuli poeziis manamde ucnobi gvari, amboben, Tespidma 

aRmoaCinao; igi Turme forniT daatarebda Teatrs, romlis 

msaxiobnic TxliT saxemoTxupnulebi galobdnen da moqmedebdnen. 

46 Semdeg moRvaweobda esqile, vinc keTilSobil pirTa 

niRbebi da sagangebo Sesamoseli SemoiRo; manve daago mozomil 

Zelebze scena da msaxiobebs xmamaRali laparaki da koTurnusebze 

dgoma aswavla. 

281. tragikul poezias mohyva Zveli komedia, romelmac arc- 

Tu mcire qeba-dideba daimsaxura; magram misi Tavisufleba mankierebad 

miiCnies da kanonis sagamgeblo ZaliT SezRudes. SemoRebuli 

kanoniT gunds aekrZala vinmesTvis vnebis miyeneba da igi 

samarcxvinod dadumda. 47 

285. Cvens poetebs zemoxsenebulTagan Seuswavlel-mousinjavi 

araferi darCeniaT, magram meti pativi imiT moipoves, rom 

gabedulad gadauxvies berZnul gzas da zogma preteqstebSi, 

zogmac togatebSi saSinao ambebi warmoaCines. 48 

289. Cveni laciumi rom eniTac aranakleb Zlieri iyos, vidre 

mamacobiTa da saxelovani iaraRiT aris, verc erT aqaur poets 

99

ver daafrTxobda Txzulebis dasaxvewad saWiro Sroma da dro. 

291. Tqven, pompiliusis sisxlTagano, 49 dagmeT is leqsi, romelic 

xangrZlivma gaSalaSinebam mraval dRes ar Seayovna da aTgzisma 

bejiTad daxvewam frCxilebamde ar dawminda. 

295. Tandayolil niWs demokrite ufro did bednierebad 

Tvlis, vidre sabralo naswavl xelovnebas da metismetad Wkuadamjdar 

poetebs helikonidan aZevebs. 50 swored amis gamo Cveni 

poetebis didi nawili frCxilebs aRar iWris, wvers aRar iparsavs, 

ganmartoebul adgilebs etaneba da abanos gaurbis. aseTi vinme, 

raki sami antikiraTi 51 ganukurnavi Tavi arasodes miundvia licinius 

dalaqisaTvis, dae ewios jildosa da poetis saxels! me 

ki ra suleli var, yoveli gazafxulis pirs rom naRvelisa da 

boRmisagan viwmindebi! Cemze ukeT xom veravin SeTxzavda leqsebs? 

magram CemTvis ar yofila gaCenili eg saqme. jobs Sevasrulo 

movaleoba salesi qvisa, romelic sibasres aZlevs rkinas, TviT 

ki verafers hkveTs: `me Tavad arafers davwer, sxvas ki vaswavli 

poetis saqmesa da valdebulebas; imas, _ Tu saidan modis Zala 

Semoqmedebisa, ra kvebavs da ayalibebs poets; ra Seferis da ra _ 

ara; sad aris saTnoeba da saiT wargvitacebs Secdoma. swori da 

dakvirvebuli azrovneba _ ai, ra aris Semoqmedebis safuZveli, 

misi wyarosTvali. saamisod saWiro masalas Tqven warmogiCenen 

sokratuli Txzulebebi; 52 kargad ganWvretil masalas ki sityvebic 

xalisianad mohyvebian. 

312. nebismier moqmed pirs Tavis Sesabamiss miagebs is, vinc 

Seiswavla: ra vali awevs samSoblosa da ra megobrebis winaSe; 

rogori siyvaruliT unda uyvardes mama, Zma, anda stumari; rogoria 

samsaxurebrivi movaleoba senatorisa da rogori mosamarTlisa; 

ra aris amocana omSi gagzavnili sardlisa. yovel ganswavlul 

mimbaZvels vurCevdi, daukvirdes cxovrebiseul magaliTs, 

adaT-wesebs da merme cocxali Tqmebic Semoitanos iqidan. 

319. zogjer saerTo silamazes moklebuli dramatuli Txzuleba, 

romelic didi ostatobisa da xelovnebis gareSea Seqmnili 

da mxolod adgil-adgilaa gamarTuli, imis gamo rom zustad 

asaxavs sinamdviles, xalxs ufro xiblavs da ufro myaria, vidre 

Sinaarsisagan daclili da mxolod SiSveli hangebiT Semkobili 

nawarmoebi. 53 

323. Semoqmedebis Tandayolili niWi da mwyobri metyvelebis 

unari muzam uboZa berZnebs, swored berZnebs, romlebic arafers 

ar eswrafodnen ise, rogorc qeba-didebas. samagierod romaeli 

bavSvebi xangrZlivi dakvirvebiT swavloben angariSs, àssis~ 

dayofas as nawilad. 53a ager albinusus biWi! aba, gviTxras: xuT 

uncias rom erTi uncia gamoavakloT, ra dagvrCeba? àssis mesame- 

100

dio~, _ maSinve gvipasuxebs sxapasxupiT. `yoCaR biWo; Sen SeZleb 

sakuTari qonebis Senaxvas. axla amaze gvipasuxe: xsenebul Tanxas 

erTi uncia rom daumato, ras miviRebT?~ _ `naxevars!~ ai, roca 

es sixarbe da qonebaze zrunva imTaviTve daeufleba sulT, imedi 

viqonioT, rom maTi patronebi SeZleben iseTi leqsebis SeTxzvas, 

romelTac kedris zeTs wascxeben da msubuqi kviparosis xis 

skivrSi Seinaxaven xolme? 

333. poetebis survilia, an sargebloba moutanon msmenelT, an 

gaarTon isini, anda erTdroulad Tqvan is, rac cxovrebisaTvis 

marjvea da saamo. Tu msmenels rCeva-darigebas aZlev, iyos igi 

mokle, raTa swrafad naTqvami SesaTviseblad aitacos sulma da 

erTgulad Seinaxos (zedmetad naTqvami ki savse gulidan maSinve 

gadmoiRvreba). 

338. garTobis mizniT gamogonili ambebi WeSmaritebasTan 

axlos unda iyos. zRapari nu moiTxovs, yvelaferi davijeroT 

da lamias mier SeWmul biWs kvlav cocxlad nu gamoiyvans misi 

stomaqidan. 54 

341. rac sargeblobasTan ar aris wilnayari, imas seniorTa 

centuria ukuagdebs, amayi ramnebi ki mosawyen Txzulebas auvlian 

gverds. 55 saerTo mowoneba iman daimsaxura, vinc sasargeblo 

saamos Seuria da mkiTxveli Tanabrad kidec gaarTo da kidec 

daariga. aseTi wigni sosiusebs 56 fuls SesZens, zRvasac gadalaxavs 

da mweralsac xangrZlivad Seunaxavs cnobili kacis saxels. 

347. SecdomaTa Soris aris iseTebi, romelTa mitevebac sasurvelia. 

simi, magaliTad, yovelTvis ar JRers ise, viT Cvens 

xelsa da gonebas surs: roca dinj hangs vTxovT, swored maSin 

gamoscems mkveTr xmas; mSvildi mudam rodi styorcnis isars mizanSi! 

Tu leqsSi bevri ram brwyinavs, mcireodeni laqebisaTvis, 

uyuradRebobebiT an adamianuri bunebis mizeziT rom gaipara, 

ratom unda Semipyros wyromam? ra gamomdinareobs aqedan? is 

_ rom Tu mwerali cdeba wignis gadamweriviT, romelic miuxedavad 

darigebisa mudam erTsa da imave Secdomas uSvebs, patieba 

ar egebis. dacinvas daimsaxurebs is kiTaredusi, romelic erTsa 

da imave simze tyapuniT yalb xmas gamoscems. roca qerile, 57 vinc 

saerTod bevrs scodavs, or-sam karg adgils gamourevs Tavis 

TxzulebaSi, gaocebas iwvevs CemSi da mecineba; aseve _ wyeniT 

vivsebi, didebul homeross rom xandaxan CaeZineba. Tumca grZel 

TxzulebaSi Zilis Semoparva codvad ar iTvleba! 

361. leqsi naxatsa hgavs: aris suraTi, Tu axlos daudeq, Zalze 

gagitacebs; aris iseTic, romelic Soridan mogewoneba. erTs 

Crdili uyvars, meores ki sinaTle sWirdeba, raTa msajulis 

mkacri Sefasebis SiSi ar hqondes. zogi mxolod erTxel mogve- 

101

woneba, zogi ki, aTgzisac rom vixiloT, mudam erTnairad mogviva 

TvalSi. 

366. Sen, ufroso ymawvilo, 58 marTalia, mamiseuli mowodebi- 

Tac da Seni sakuTari gonierebiTac etanebi siswores, mainc Cai- 

Wede xsovnaSi, rasac axla getyvi: 

368. bevria iseTi ram, sadac saSualo done sruliad dasaSvebia 

da asatani. ase, magaliTad, saSualo SesaZleblobebis samarTlis 

mcodne, anda veqili vinme, mWevrmetyvelebaSi SeiZleba Camouvardebodes 

mesalas da kascelius avlussac 59 ver gautoldes 

codnaSi, magram mis saqmes mainc fasi aqvs. poetebs ki saSualo 

doneze yofnis uflebas arc RmerTebi aZleven, arc Cveulebrivi 

adamianebi da arc wigniT movaWreni! viT saamo sufras vnebs 

Seuxmatkbilebeli hangi, metismetad sqeli salbuni da sardul 

TaflSi Sereuli yayaCo, 60 _ lxini amaT gareSec kargad warimarTeboda, 

_ ise sulis dasatkbobad Seqmnil poetur Txzulebas 

vnebs da akninebs simaRlidan odnavi gadaqaneba. 

379. vinc TamaSi ar icis, Tavs aridebs saasparezo iaraRs, gauwvrTneli 

xels ar axlebs burTs, badrosa da rkinis rgols, raTa 

garsSemojarulma xalxma sasacilod ar aigdos. gabedos Tu ara 

leqsis SeTxzva man, visac es saqme ar uswavlia? ratomac ara! 

igi xom TavisufalTagania da keTilSobili, mxedarTa wodebis 

RirsebiT da qonebiT damSvenebuli da yoveli mankisagan ganwmendili! 

Sen ki, Cemo kargo, nuras ityvi da nuras iqm minervas 61 

nebis gareSe; mas daumorCile Seni gansja da goneba! Tu odesme 

rames davwer, uTuod moisminos igi mecius msajulis yurman; 62 

mec maCvene da mamasac waukiTxe; merme tyavis budeSi Cade da cxra 

wels nu gamoscem! is, rac ar gamogicia, advilad gaswordeba; 

laRad gaSvebulma sityvam ki ukan dabruneba ar icis! 

391. veluri tyis kacni RmerTTa wminda misanma orfevsma 

ganarida mkvlelobaT da SemaZrwunebel sisxlian sakvebs. 63 ai, 

aqedan gaCnda Tqmuleba, TiTqos igi vefxvebsa da mZvinvare lomebs 

aTvinierebda. asevea naTqvami Tebes qalaqis damfuZnebel 

amfionze: Cangis wkrialiT sagalavno lodebs amoZravebda da 

momajadoebeli vedrebiT, sadac surda, iq alagebdao. 64 Zvelis- 

Zvelad arsebobda sibrZne, romlis wyalobiTac sazogados ker- 

Zosagan gamoyofdnen, saRvTos _ saerosagan; Tavawyvetil mZunaobas 

lagams sdebdnen da qorwinebas samarTlebriv simtkices 

aZlevdnen; qalaqebs agebdnen da kanonebs xeze amokveTiT werdnen. 

raki poeturi Semoqmedeba amas xels uwyobda, mgosnebma da 

maT mier SeTxzulma simRerebma didi pativi da RvTaebrivi saxeli 

moipoves. amis Semdeg poezias moevlina didebuli homerosi da 

tirteosmac marsiseul omebSi leqsebiT aRunTo mamacuri suli 

102

meomrebs. 65 yoveli kacisa da saqmis wilxvedric simRerebiT gamoiTqva, 

cxovrebiseuli gzac simReTiTve iqna naCvenebi da mefeTa 

wyalobac pieriuli hangebiT 66 aRnusxes. sagangebod gamogonili 

garToba-TamaSi da xangrZlivi Sromis sazRvrad dawesebuli uqmobac 

leqssa da simReras daukavSires. 67 ai, amitom Sen ar unda 

gercxvinebodes Cangis ostati muzisa da mgalobeli apolonis 

saqme! 

408. xSirad ismis kiTxva: buneba qmnis ukeTessa da Sesaqeb 

poetur qmnilebas, Tu xelovneba? 68 me ara mgonia, sisxlsavse 

ZarRvis gareSe mxolod swavlam SeZlos raime, anda bunebrivma 

niWma, romelsac Tan wvrTna ar axlavs. erTi meoris daxmarebas 

moiTxovs da ase vTqvaT, ficiT Sekrul megobrul Tanxmobas. 

412. vinc cdilobs nanatr sazRvars srboliT miaRwios, yrmoba- 

Si unda gadaitanos bevri da bevri iSromos, oflic unda daidinos 

da sicivis susxic igrZnos, trfobasac da Rvinosac unda ganeridos. 

fleitaze damkvrelma, romelic piTiur zeimze gamarjvebisTvis 

69 ukravs, winaswar bevri iswavla, ivarjiSa da ostatis winaSec 

bevri SiSi gadaitana. ar aris sakmarisi Tqva: `me gasaocar 

Txzulebebs vqmni! Tundac qeci Seeyaros maT, mainc ar Semrcxveba, 

rac ar miswavlia, vaRiaro: ar vici-meTqi!~ 

419. viT sagangebo macne mouxmobs xalxs saqonlis sayidlad, 

ise mouxmobs mliqvnelebs xotbis Semsxmelebad poeti, romelic 

mdidaria mamuliT da giraoze gacemuli TanxiT, visac SeuZlia 

Tavdebad daudges sacodav Rataks da kamaTis xelovnebiT 

sasjelisagan daixsnas Znel saqmeSi gaxlarTuli kaci. me Zalze 

gamikvirdeboda, ase galaRebulma poetma masTan Tavmoyril xalx- 

Si cru da WeSmariti megobari rom gaarCios erTmaneTisagan. 

426. Sen, Cemo pizono, Tu vinmes saCuqari uboZe, anda ganzraxuli 

gaqvs misce, nu miiwvev aseT pirs axlaxan SeTxzuli Seneuli 

leqsebis kiTxvisadmi miZRvnil sasixarulo zeimze. miiwvev da 

maSinve morTavs yvirils: `mSvenieria! saukeTesoa! sworze sworia~! 

SeiZleba feric dakargos da madlieri Tvalebidan cremlebic 

daRvaros, xtunvac daiwyos da miwaze fexis braxunic. viT 

daqiravebuli damtirebeli moTqvams da glovobs micvalebuls 

ufro meti mwuxarebiT, vidre suliT namdvilad datanjuli, 

ise cbieri qiliki ufro metadaa xolme Tavgamodebuli poeturi 

Txzulebis alalmarTal maqebarze. ambobdnen, mefeni RviniT savse 

mraval Tass aZalebdnen im pirs, visi ganWvretac surdaT _ iyo Tu 

ara igi maTi marTlac Rirseuli megobari. 70 

436. Tu leqsebi SeTxze, dae, nurasodes nu Segacdenen Sen 

melasaviT gaiZvera mliqvnelebi! 

438. Seni Txzuleba kvintiliusisaTvis 71 rom wagekiTxa, igi 

103

uTuod getyoda: `gaaswore, geTayva, aq da ai, aqac!~ Tu miugebdi: 

ùkve or-samjer amaod Sevaswore da etyoba amaze ukeT ar gamomdiso~, 

igi girCevda: `gaanadgure raic ar varga da gamoukveTavi 

leqsi kvlav grdemls daubruneo!~ Tu moisurvebdi SecdomaTa 

dacvas ufro, vidre gasworebas, igi erT sityvasac aRar gaimetebda, 

amaod aRar gairjeboda da Semtoqeblis gareSe Seni Tavisa 

da qmnilebis siyvaruliT tkbobis saSualebas mogcemda. 

445. keTilSobili da Wkviani kaci uRimRamo leqsebs mudam gakicxavs: 

uxeSad naTqvams brals dasdebs, uswor-masworos kalmis 

gadabrunebiT Sav niSans miusvams, zedmet morTulobas Sekvecs, 

moiTxovs _ naklebad naTel adgilebSi meti Suqi iqnes Setanili, 

orazrovnebas daiwunebs, aRniSnavs, rac Sesacvlelia da, 

erTi sityviT, iqms imas, rasac aristarqe 72 akeTebda. aseTi kaci 

ar ityvis: `ratom vawyenino megobars wvrilmanTa gamo?~ saqme is 

gaxlavT, rom aseT wvrilmanebs metad savalalo Sedegi mohyveba, 

Tu Txzulebis Semqmneli erTxelac aris da sasacilod aigdes da 

cudad miiRes. 

453. rogorc SiSoben xolme, Seexon qeciansa da suravandiT 

Sepyrobils, 73 an gonebaaRreulsa da dianas risxviT daavadebuls, 

74 anda cofians, aseve yvela, visac Wkua aqvs, gaurbis Tavqarian 

poets; mas mxolod balRebi dasdeven uSiSrad. 

457. aseTi poeti zogjer SaSvebis mdevariviT aRapyrobs Tavs 

zecisaken da mihyveba Tavisi leqsebis amonTxevas; Tu am dros 

igi barbacis gamo WaSi an ormoSi Cavarda da xmamaRali yvirili 

morTo: àriqa, xalxo, miSveleTo!~ aravin ar unda scados misi 

zemoT amoyvana! Tu vinme ecdeba uSvelos da Toks CauSvebs, ma- 

Sinve vetyvi mas: `ra ici, eg Tavisi zraxviT ar Cavarda mand da 

araviTari Svela ar surs? aqve movyvebi erTi sicilieli poetis 

daRupvis ambavs: roca empedoklem moindoma ukvdav RmerTad 

gardaqceuliyo, arc aciva, arc acxela da pirdapir gavarvarebul 

etnaSi Caxta. 75 dae mieciT Tavis daRupvis sruli ufleba poetebs! 

vinc maT ZaliT aRmouCens Semweobas, mkvlels emsgavseba! 

sikvdilisaTvis Tavis micemas mxolod erTxel rodi izraxavs 

Serekili poeti: ormodan amoyvanili kacad mainc ar gaxdeba da 

isev saxelovan sikvdils mieswrafeba siyvaruliT. 

vera da ver gamoirkva, ratom Txzavs igi leqsebs, ram Serisxa: 

winaparTa ferfli Sebilwa SardiT, Tu elvadakrul wmida adgils 

Seexo uwminduri? viT galiis dacamlewveli daTvi gamovardeba 

gareT da boboqrobs, ise giJobs da afrTxobs swavlulsa 

Tu uswavlels Tvisi leqsebis vai-mkiTxveli poeti igi. Tu vinme 

Seipyro, Seiklavs xelSi kiTxviT; ar daexsneba, viT wurbela ar 

daexsneba kans, Tu sisxliT kargad ar gaivso. 

104

SeniSvnebi 

1. horaciusis am epistoles adresatebis vinaoba mTlad naTeli ar aris. 

erT-erTi komentatori antikuri xanisa didi romaeli poetis mimarTvis 

obieqtebad asaxelebs Zv. w. 15 wels konsulad myof lucius kalpurnius 

pizons da mis or vaJs. SesaZloa, horaciuss mxedvelobaSi hyavs Zv. w. 23 wels 

aseve konsulad namyofi gneus kalpurnius pizoni, romelTanac erTad brutusis 

laSqarSi imyofeboda. asea Tu ise, werilis adresatebs mWidro kavSiri 

hqoniaT mwerlobasTan, ufrosi vaJi, etyoba, damwyebi dramaturgi iyo. 

2. horaciusi aq gulisxmobs im poetTa Txzulebebs, romlebic nawarmoebis 

mwyobr kompozicias yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen. 

3. RmerTqali diana _ iupiterisa da latonis asuli, apolon RmerTis dai 

(berZenTa artemide). 

4. renusi _ mdinare raini. 

5. wesi iyo, daRupuli xomaldidan bedze gadarCenils zRvis RvTaebis 

taZrisaTvis Seewira Tavisi sveli tansacmeli da samadlobelo warweriani 

naxati. aseTi naxatis SesrulebisaTvis mas garkveuli Tanxa unda gadaexada 

[Sdr. odebi 1, 5 (14)]. 

6. igulisxmeba meTunis borbali. 

7. Zv. w. V saukunis berZnul xelovnebaSi Camoyalibda antikuri esTetikis 

safuZvlebi: erTianoba, mTlianoba, harmoniuloba, simwyobre. 

8. romis cirkTan mdebareobda lucius emilius lepidusis sagladiatoro 

skola, romelsac qveda sarTulze hqonda saxelosnoebi, maT Soris _ 

brinjaos samsxmelo saxelosno. 

9. ceTegusi _ metsaxeli (kognomeni) korneliusTa gvarSi. saxelganTqmuli 

iyo markus kornelius ceTegusi Zv. w. 213 wels uzenaesi qurumi (pontifeqs 

maqsimusi), 211 wels _ pretori, 204 wels konsuli. eniusi da horaciusi uqeben 

mWevrmetyvelebas. am saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvi _ ceTegisebi aRniSnavda 

Zvel gamobrZmedil romaelebs. 

horaciusi aq ekamaTeba arqauli mimarTulebis poetebs, romlebic moiTxovdnen, 

enobriv sakiTxebSi Zveli romaeli mwerlebisaTvis miebaZaT. 

10. stacius ceciliusi da titus plavtusi _ romaeli komediografosebi; 

moRvaweobdnen Zv. w. III _ II ss-Si; misabaZ nimuSad iyenebdnen elinisturi 

xanis berZnul sayofacxovrebo komedias (e.w. axal atikur komedias); SemoiRes 

kontaminaciis xerxi (ramdenime berZnuli komediidan adgendnen erT 

romauls); laTinur enaSi farTod SemohqondaT berZnuli nasesxobebi. 

vergiliusi da lucius varius rufusi _ horaciusis megobari poetebi. 

11. markus porcius katoni (katon cenzori, ufrosi) - Zv. w. III-II ss-is oratori, 

prozaikosi mwerali. 

kvintus eniusi _ katonis Tanamedrove poeti da dramaturgi; romauli 

eposis fuZemdebeli; romaul poeziaSi daamkvidra berZenTa epikuri sazomi 

daqtiluri heqsametri; SeTxza poema ànalebi~ (`JamTa aRwera~), Targmna ber- 

Znuli tragediebi. 

12. igulisxmeba epikuri metruli sazomi daqtiluri heqsametri. 

13. igulisxmeba antikuri lirikis uZvelesi Janris _ elegiis sazomi, 

romelic or kareds (daqtilur heqsametrsa da daqtilur pentametrs) Seicavda. 

es iyo e.w. elegiuri distiqi. horaciusis ganmarteba, TiTqos Tavdapirvelad 

elegiebiT Civils gamoxatavdnen, zusti ar aris, uZvelesi elegiis 

mTavari motivi iyo sabrZolo motivi (kaline, tirteosi); elegiam Semdeg 

SeiZina sxva motivebi: politikuri (soloni), filosofiuri, satrfialo (mim- 

105

nerme)... Civilis anu sevdis motivi elegiis erT-erTi motivi iyo. 

14. arqiloqe paroseli _ Zv. w. VII s-is poeti iambografosi. iambur terfebze 

agebuli sazomiT (iambikuri trimetriT) Txzavda piradi mtrebis damcinav 

leqsebs. 

15. sokkusi _ komedia. saxeli momdinareobs berZnuli komediis msaxiob- 

Ta maRali fexsamosis (s o k k o s) saxelisagan. 

koTurnusi – tragedia. saxeli momdinareobs berZnuli komediis msaxiob- 

Ta maRali fexsamosis (koTornos) saxelisagan. 

16. horaciusi mTlianad iziarebs aristoteles debulebas imis Taobaze, 

rom ìamburi sazomi yvela metrze metad Sehferis sasaubro enas~ (`poetika~, IV). 

17. aq igulisxmeba berZnuli lirikis is Janri, romelsac ewodeba melosi, 

kerZod _ sagundo lirika anu qorika. melosma bolomde SeinarCuna mWidro 

kavSiri musikalur akompanementTan. 

18. Tiestes nadimi antikuri tragediis xSiri miTiuri siuJetia: pelopsisa 

da hipodamias Zeni atrevsi da Tieste erTmaneTs mtrobdnen. atrevsma 

Tiestes Svilebi dauxoca da maTi xorcisagan momzadebuli kerZi aWama mikenSi 

gamarTul nadimze. 

19. xremesi _ romaeli komediografosis terenciusis (195 _ 159 Zv. w.) 

komediis `Tavisi Tavis damsjelis~ gmirTagani, Wirveuli, anCxli da Zuni 

moxuci. 

20. telefusi da pelevsi _ epikuri personaJebi, sofoklesa da evripides 

tragediebis gmirebi. telefusi iyo miziis mefe; daWra aqilevsma. misi 

gankurneba mxolod damWrelis SubiTve SeiZleboda. pelevsi _ aqilevsis 

mama, samSoblodan gaZevebuli, mravalWirgadaxdili gmiri. 

21. swored aseTi azri aqvs gamoTqmuli aristoteles: `poets naTlad 

unda hqondes warmodgenili gmirTa gancdebi. ama Tu im gancdis gadmocemisas 

yvelaze damajerebelia is, vinc TviTonac gulSeZrulia amave grZnobiT. 

gvaRelvebs is, vinc TviTonac Relavs, xolo Cvens risxvas iwvevs risxviT gulanTebuli~ 

(`poetika~ XVII, Targmani b. bregvaZisa). 

22. mxedrebi _ eqvitebi _ romis sazogadoebis erT-erTi (saSualo) fena. 

qveiTebi _ am saxeliT horaciusi aq romis mosaxleobis mravalricxovan dabal 

fenas aRniSnavs. 

23. metad sayuradReboa am konteqstSi `kolxis~ moxsenieba. es imaze miu- 

TiTebs, rom kolxeTisa da misi mosaxleobis xvedriTi wona antikuri sazogadoebis 

istoriaSi sakmaod mniSvnelovani iyo. 

24. ino _ kadmosis asuli, aTamantis meuRle; goneba daubnela RmerTqalma 

heram, am dros mokla sakuTari vaJi learqe. 

iqsioni _ miTiuri lapiTebis mefe, romelmac veragulad mokla simamri. 

io _ inaqes asuli; zevsis mier Zroxad gardaqmnil ios sastikad devnida 

RmerTqali hera (ix. esqiles tragedia `mijaWvuli promeTe~). oreste _ agamemnonis 

vaJi, sakuTari dedis _klitemnestras mkvleli. 

25. epikuri kiklosi Seicavda genialuri homerosis ìliadasa~ da òdiseas~ 

Semavsebel poemebs, romelTac akldaT kompoziciuri mTlianoba da 

gamosaxvis siZliere. 

26. igulisxmeba homerosi. citirebulia misi poemis òdiseas~ Sesavali 

karedebi. 

27. antifate _ lestrigonebis mefe. 

skila _ urCxuli; kiklopi _ odisevsisagan TvalgamoTxrili polifeme 

Ze poseidonisa. 

qaribdisi _ yovlis STanmTqmeli zRvis morevi _ urCxulad personi- 

106

ficirebuli. 

28. diomede _ ìliadas~ gmiri, romlis ambavi dawvrilebiT iyo gadmocemuli 

Tebes ciklis TqmulebebSi. 

meleagre iyo diomedes mamis tidevsis geri _ Zma. 

tyupi kvercxi _ zevsis mier gedad qceulma ledam dado ori kvercxi, 

saidanac gamoiCeknen: troas omis mizezi mSvenieri elene da misi Zmebi kastori 

da polidevke. 

29. romael mayurebels SeZaxiliT vos plaudite (`taSi daukariT~) komediis 

dasrulebas auwyebda speqtaklis monawile momRerali _ msaxiobi (kantori). 

30. igulisxmeba marsis veli, sadac Sejibrebebi imarTeboda. 

31. horaciuss aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs sofokles tragedia àtrevsi~ da evripides 

tragedia `Tieste~. Cvenamde am tragediebs ar mouRweviaT. ix. Sen. 18. 

32. prokne _ pandionis asuli, terevsis meuRle, frTosnad gardasaxuli. 

miTi damuSavebuli hqonda sofokles tragediaSi `terevsi~. es tragedia araa 

moRweuli. 

kadmusi _ Tebes legendaruli damaarsebeli (ix. ovidiusi, `metamorfozebi~, 

III, 1-130). 

33. horaciusi aq dramis elinistur Teorias eyrdnoba. klasikur xanaSi 

(Zv. w. V saukune) dramatuli Txzulebebis moqmedebebad dayofa jer kidev ar 

iyo damkvidrebuli. moqmedeba aq sxvagvar kompoziciaSi viTardeboda. 

34. aq igulisxmeba evripides mier tragediis finaluri nawilisaTvis damkvidrebuli 

xerxi deus eqs maxina (deus ex machina). 

35. antikur tragediaSi scenaze moqmed pirTa (msaxiobTa) raodenoba 

mtkiced iyo gansazRvruli. sofokles droidan scenaze erTdroulad mxolod 

sami msaxiobis moqmedeba iyo nebadarTuli. rac Seexeba gunds, horaciuss 

aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs misi funqcia klasikur xanaSi. rogorc cnobilia, ukve 

evripides tragediebSi gundma TandaTan dakarga Tavisi mWidro kavSiri 

moqmedebis msvlelobasTan. 

36. mSvidobianobis dros antikuri xanis galavanSemovlebuli qalaqebis 

WiSkrebi, rogorc wesi, Ria iyo. 

37. fleita _ berZ. àvlos~ (laT. `tibia~) Tavdapirvelad orxvreliani 

iyo, merme xvrelTa raodenoba moemata. 

38. aq horaciusi uTuod gulisxmobs berZenTa saboloo gamarjvebas 

sparsebTan gamarTul xangrZliv omSi (500 _450 ww. Zv. w.). amis analogiuri 

iyo romis gamarjveba karTagenze. 

39. horaciusi aq gvTavazobs tragediis saxelis mniSvnelobis arcTu mar- 

Tebul axsnas. `tragedia~ berZnulad `Txis simReras~ aRniSnavda, oRond imitom 

ki ara, rom tragikul agonSi (SejibrSi) gamarjvebul poets iaffasiani 

TxiT ajildoebdnen, aramed imitom, rom dionises kultTan dakavSirebul 

ritualTa aRsrulebis dros RvTaebis saxotbo simRerebis Semsrulebeli 

gundis wevrebi _ satirebi Txis tyavebiT iyvnen Semosilni (Txa dionise 

RmerTis wmida cxovelad miaCndaT). 

aristoteles debulebis Tanaxmad, rogorc tragedia, ise komedia, warmoiSva 

improvizaciuli sawyisidan: tragedia warmoiSva diTirambis damwyebTagan 

(eqsarqontTagan), xolo komedia falikuri simRerebis damwyebTagan 

(`poetika~, IV). 

satiruli drama anu `darbaislur saxilvels damatebuli oxunjoba~ dramatuli 

warmodgenebis _ tetralogiebis aucilebel nawils warmoadgenda V 

saukunis berZnul TeatrSi. satiruli drama erTvoda trilogias meoTxe pie- 

107

sis saxiT. masSi monawileobda satirTa gundi silenosis meTaurobiT. aristoteles 

moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, satiruli drama uaRresad mWidro kavSirSi 

iyo tragediasTan: `tragediam SedarebiT gvian aiRo xeli mokle miTebis 

damuSavebasa da Tavisi pirvelsawyisis _ satiruli poeziisaTvis damaxasia- 

Tebel saxumaro stilze, SedarebiT gvian miaRwia Tavis awindel sidiades, 

xolo misi saleqso sazomi tetrametris nacvlad iambikuri trimetriA gaxda. 

tragikosebi swored tetrametrs iyenebdnen Tavdapirvelad, vinaidan Tvi- 

Ton poezia satiruli iyo da ufro metad exameboda cekvas~ (`poetika~, IV). 

uaxloes gamokvlevaTa avtorebi upirates SemTxvevaSi, fiqroben rom 

satiruli drama seriozuli sakulto Tu epikuri dramatuli Semoqmedebis 

paralelurad aRmocenda da ganviTarda. 

40. davusi, piTiasi _ monaTa saxeebi axal atikur komediaSi. 

simoni _ Zunwi moxucia imave komediaSi. 

solenusi (berZ. silenosi) _ merkuriusis an panis Ze. ufrosi, mxiaruli 

satiri, dionise _ bakxusis aRmzrdeli. 

41. favnusebi _ romauli tyis RvTaebebi. 

42. igulisxmebian zeda fenis romaelebi, horaciusi saerTod orientacias 

iRebs sazogadoebis mdidar, warCinebul fenaze. 

43. igulisxmeba romauli sazogadoebis mdabioTa warmomadgeneli. 

44. aq moxseniebul saleqso terfTa Taobaze ix. a. uruSaZe. berZnul-romauli 

da qarTuli metrikis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1980. 

45. lucius akciusi _ romaeli dramaturgi, tragikosi (170-35 Zv.w.). 

46. Tespidi _ berZnuli tragediis mamamTavari. mas miewereba gundidan 

pirveli msaxiobis gamoyvana da Zv. w. 534 wels pirveli tragediis dadgma aTenSi 

didi dionisiebis dResaswaulze. 

47. politikuri Tavisufleba, romelic Zvel antikur komediaSi Seuz- 

Rudveli iyo, peloponesis omis Semdeg (Zv. w. ÎV saukunidan) TandaTanobiT 

aikrZala. 

48. romaul nacionalur dramas safuZveli daudo poetma gneus neviusma 

(daaxl. 270 _201 Zv. w.), romelmac danerga kontaminaciis xerxi: ori an sami 

berZnuli komediis SeerTebiT qmnida erT komedias, romelSic romauli 

sinamdvilis amsaxveli masala Sehqonda. am gziT Seiqmna romauli tragedia 

`preteqstata~ (fabula praetextata) da da romauli komedia `togata~ 

(fabula togata), romelic daupirispirda berZnuli sinamdvilis amsaxvel 

komedias `paliatas~ (preteqsta da toga msaxiobTa romauli Sesamoselia, paliumi 

ki _ berZnuli). 

49. horaciusis epistoles adresati pizonebi aq romis mefis numa pompiliusis 

Camomavlebad arian miCneuli. 

50. demokrites _ did berZen filosofos materialists (460-370 Zv. w.) 

ciceroni miawers gamoTqmas: àravin SeiZleba iyos didi poeti erTgvari siSmagis 

gareSe~ (Cic. De divinat. I, 38, 80). es azri aristotelesac aqvs gamoTqmuli: 

`poezia maRalniWieri an RvTaebrivi siSmagiT Sepyrobil kacTa saufloa, 

vinaidan pirvelT gardasaxvis Zali SeswevT, xolo meoreT _ aRtkinebis, aRfrTovanebis~ 

(`poetika~, XVII). 

helikoni _ muzebis samkvidrebeli mTa beotiaSi. 

51. antikira _sami qalaqis saxeli Zv. saberZneTSi (Tesaliis, fokidisa 

da lokridis). es qalaqebi saxelganTqmuli iyvnen sulis daavadebulis samkurnalo 

e.w. Sxama balaxiT (helleboros). 

52. igulisxmeba sokrates eTikuri skola. 

53. aqedan Cans, horaciusi arsebiT mniSvnelobas poetur SemoqmedebaSi 

108

Sinaarss aniWebda, Tumca formasac aristoteleze met yuradRebas apyrobs. 

53a. assi _ Tormeti unciis Semcveli erTeuli fulisa. 

54. lamia _ romaul folklorSi beberi jadoqari, kudiani qali, romlis 

xsenebiTac bavSvebs afrTxobdnen. 

55. seniorTa centuria, amayi ramnebi _ warCinebuli xanSi Sesuli da 

axalgazrda romaelebi. 

56. sosiusebi _ cnobili wigniT movaWreni Zvels romSi. 

57. qerile _ elinisturi xanis epikosi poeti, romelsac horaciusi sust 

Semoqmedad Tvlida. 

58. avtori mimarTavs pizonis ufros vaJs, romelic literaturul karieras 

iwyebda. 

59. markus valerius mesala korvinusi _ romaeli oratori; 

kascelius avlusi _ cnobili romaeli iuristi, Zv. w. 31 wels konsulad 

myofi. 

60. sarduli Tafli _ cudi gemos mqone Tafli. 

61. minerva _ sibrZnisa da xelovnebis mfarveli RmerTqali. 

62. spurius mecius tarpa _ horaciusis Tanamedrove kritikosi, avgustusis 

karis cenzori. 

63. orfevsi _ Trakieli legendaruli poeti _ momRerali, gadmocemiT, 

CangiTa da simReriT aTvinierebda kldeebsa da fesvmagar xeebs. 

64. zevsisa da antiopes Zeni amfioni da ZeTe Tebes legendaruli galavnis 

mSeneblobas meTaurobdnen. 

65. tirteosi _ Zv. w. VII s-is elegikosi poeti. misi elegiebis umTavresi 

sabrZolo motivi iyo. 

66. pieriuli hangebi _muzaTa samyofelis hangebi. 

67. aq igulisxmeba berZen tragikos poetTa tetralogiebiT Sejibris 

(agonis) SemoReba. 

68. bunebrivi niWis _ ingeniumis (ingenium) da xelovnebis (ars) urTierTobis 

sakiTxi didi yuradRebiT ganixileboda antikuri xanis ara marto poetikis, 

aramed sxva dargebSic (gansakuTrebiT ki retorikis anu oratoruli 

xelovnebis TeoriaSi). 

69. piTiuri zeimi _ erT-erTi panelinuri dResaswauli, apolon RmerTisadmi 

miZRvnili. 

70. ase iqceodao, magaliTad agaTokle sirakuzis tirani Zv. w. IV saukuneSi. 

71. kvintilius varusi _ vergiliusisa da horaciusis megobari poeti, 

romelic Zv. w. 23 wels gardaicvala da romelsac horaciusma erT-erTi oda 

miuZRvna (I, 24). 

72. aristarqe elinisturi anu aleqsandriuli xanis filologosi (Zv. w. 

217-145), homerosis poemebis teqstTa redaqtori. 

73. igulisxmeba siyviTlis seni. 

74. igulisxmeba samTvario seni. 

75. empedokle _ berZeni poeti-filosofosi, akraganteli (483-423 Zv.w.). 

Targmna akaki uruSaZem 

(wignidan `poeturi xelovnebisaTvis~, Tb., 1981). 

109

netari avgustine (354-430 w.w.) 

110 

aRsarebani 

wigni meTerTmete 

IX 

11. am `dasabamiT~ _ Seni sityviT, Seni ZiT, Seni ZaliT, sibrZniTa 

da WeSmaritebiT Sehqmeni, RmerTo, ca da miwa, saswaulebriv 

metyvelma da saswaulebriv moqmedma. vin Caswvdeba, an vin agvixsnis 

am saswauls? ra aris es, SoriT rom kiafobs da ganwonis 

Cems guls, magram ise ki, rom aras avnebs? SeZrwunebuli vTrTi 

da siyvarulis saxmiliT viwvi: vZrwi imdenad, ramdenadac Sen 

ara ggavar; siyvarulis saxmiliT ki viwvi imdenad, ramdenadac 

Seni msgavsi var. sibrZne kiafobs, TviT sibrZnis naTeli minaTebs 

Rrublebidan, romlebic kvlav gars maxvevian, Cemi gauZlisi 

wamebiT sasomixdilsa da svedavsilobis sibneliT garemoculs. 

ise `dauZlurda Cemi Zala salmobiT~ 1 , rom aRar SemiZlia vitvir- 

To TviT Cemi sikeTe, vidre Sen, ufalo, `mowyalev da Semndobo 

yvela Cemi Secodebisa~, ar `gankurnav Cems sneulebebs~ 2 . maSinRa 

ixsni Cems cxovrebas xrwnilebisagan, Seni wyalobiT da SewynarebiT 

gvirgvinosanmyof da `sikeTiT aRavseb Cems survils~, radganac 

`ganaxldeba Cemi siWabuke, rogorc orbisa~ 3 . `sasoebiT 

vcxondebiT~ 4 da `moTminebiT moveliT~ 5 , rodis aRasruleb Sens 

aRTqmas. 

dae, visac SeuZlia, gonebis yuri miapyros Sens sityvebs, me 

ki, Sens winaswarmetyvelebas mindobili, SemogRaRadeb: `rarig 

didebulni arian, ufalo, Seni saqmeni; yvelaferi sibrZniT 

Sehqmeni~ 6 . swored Seni sibrZnea dasabami da am dasabamiT Sehqmeni 

ca da miwa. 

X 

12. aha, siberis sibrmaveSi7 danTqmula maTi goneba, vinc 

gvekiTxeba: `ki magram, ras akeTebda RmerTi cisa da miwis Seqmnamde? 

Tuki arafersac ar akeTebda uqmad myofi, ratom samudamod 

ar darCa iseve uqmad, rogorc ukunisidan iyo? xolo Tu 

RmerTSi Tavs iCens axali neba-survili imis Seqmnisa, rac manamde 

arasodes ar Seuqmnia, maSin raRa maradiuloba eTqmis imas, raSic 

manamde ararsebuli survili Cndeba? da marTlac, neba Rmer-

Tis qmnileba ki ara, yovelgvar qmnilebaze uwinaresi, radganac 

SeuZlebeli iqneboda risime Seqmna, Semoqmedis neba Seqmnilze 

adre rom ar arsebuliyo. amrigad, RmerTis neba ganuyofelia 

TviT misi substanciisagan. xolo Tu RvTaebriv substanciaSi 

Tavs iCens is, rac manamde ar yofila masSi, amnair substancias 

maradiuls ver vuwodebT, da camde marTalnic viqnebiT. Tuki 

maradiuli iyo samyaros Seqmnis RvTaebrivi neba-survili, maSin 

ratom ar aris maradiuli misi qmnileba?~ 8 

XI 

13. amis mTqmelT jer kidev ar esmiT RvTaebrivi sibrZne, 

romelic gaanaTlebs kacTa gonebas, jer kidev ar esmiT yovelive 

is, rac SeniT da SenSi warmoiqmna, ufalo. isini cdiloben Caswvdnen 

maradisobis arss, magram drois nakadi kvlavindeburad miaqanebs 

maT guls, romelic dRemde amaoebiTaa savse. 

vin SeaCerebs da gasaqans ar miscems mas, raTa Tundac wamiT 

Semdgarma aRiqvas marad uZravi maradisobis sxivosani aTinaTi 

da drois uwyvet dinebas Seadaros igi? dae, darwmundes, rom isini 

araTanazomadni arian; dae, Seignos, rom drois xangrZlivobas 

uricxvi mswraflwarmavali wamis simravle ganapirobebs, gamudmebiT 

rom enacvlebian erTmaneTs. maradisobaSi ara aris ra 

warmavali, aramed maradi awmyoa, mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT. dro ki 

verasodes ver iqneba pirwmindad awmyo; dae, mixvdes, rom mTel 

warsuls momavali mierekeba, rom mTeli momavali warsuls mosdevs, 

xolo erTica da meorec imisgan iRebs dasabams, imisgan momdinareobs, 

rasac maradi awmyo hqvia 9 . vin SeaCerebs kacis guls, 

raTa uZravad Semdgarma ixilos, Tu rogor ganapirobebs warsulsac 

da momavalsac marad uZravi maradisoba, romlisTvisac 

ucxoa warsulic da momavalic. 

Seswevs ki Cems xels amdeni Zala? an enas Cemsas Tu SeuZlia sityviT 

gadmoces es saswauli? 

XII 

14. ai, Cemi pasuxi imas, vinc mekiTxeba: ki magram, ras akeTebda 

RmerTi samyaros Seqmnamdeo? 

ise rodi mivugeb, rogorc, gadmocemiT, miugia viRacas, raTa 

xumrobiT aeridebina Tavi daJinebuli kiTxvisaTvis: ras akeTebda 

da geenis cecxls umzadebda uzenaesi saidumloebis mCxrekel- 

Tao. magram erTia naTlad xedva, da meore – masxrad agdeba. ara, 

ase ki ar mivugebdi, aramed varCevdi meTqva: rac ar vici, ar vici- 

111

meTqi, magram masxrad ki ar avigdebdi imas, vinc uzenaesi saidumloebis 

Taobaze mekiTxeba rames, anda Sevaqebdi kacs, sicruiT 

rom pasuxobs amnair kiTxvas. 

me Sen yoveli qmnilebis Semoqmeds giwodeb, RmerTo Cemo, da 

Tu `cad da miwad~ yoveli qmnileba igulisxmeba, Tamamad vityvi: 

cisa da miwis Seqmnamde RmerTi arafersac ar akeTebda; raRacis 

keTeba misTvis xom Seqmnas niSnavda? o, neta yvelaferi, rac minda 

Cemda sasikeTod vicode, iseve kargad vicode, rogorc is, rom 

araviTari qmnileba ar yofila manam, sanam Seiqmneboda. 

112 

XIII 

15. xolo Tu vinme Tavqariani gardasul droTa xatebebs Soris 

daexeteba da kiTxulobs, ratomaa, rom Sen, ufalo, yovlismZleo 

da yovlismpyrobelo, cisa da miwis Semoqmedo, _ uTvalavi saukunis 

manZilze ar Sesdgomixar Sens diad saqmes, dae, gamoiRvi- 

Zos da mixvdes, raoden fuWia da amao misi gancvifreba. 

ranairad unda gaevlo uTvalav saukunes, Tuki isini jer kidev 

ar Segeqmna saukuneTa Semoqmedsa da dasabamier mizezs? gana SeiZleba 

arsebobdes dro, Sen rom ar iyo misi dasabami? an ranairad 

SeiZleboda gaevlo, Tuki jer kidev ar arsebobda? 

da raki Sena xar yoveli drois Semoqmedi 10 , amitom, Tuki cisa 

da miwis Seqmnamde SeiZleba warmovidginoT garkveuli drois 

arseboba, ra ufleba gvaqvs vamtkicoT, TiTqos uqmad da umoqmedod 

iyavi? 11 TviT es dro swored Sen Sehqmeni, da, ra Tqma unda, 

veraviTari dro ver gavidoda, vidre Sen ar Sehqmnidi mas. xolo 

Tu casa da miwaze uwinares saerTod ar iyo dro, raRad vkiTxulobT, 

ra iyo `maSin~? roca ar iyo dro, ar iyo arc `maSin~. 

16. ara, droSi rodi iyavi droTa uadres, Torem maSin ver iqnebodi 

yvela droze uwinaresi. Sen win uswrebdi mTel warsuls, 

maradisobis waruvali awmyos Txemze davanebuli da mTel momavalze 

uzenaesi, radganac momavali mova da wava, `Sen ki marad 

igive xar, da Seni wlebi ar dailevian~. Seni wlebi arc modian da 

arc midian, Cveni wlebi ki, gasasruleblad, kidec modian da kidec 

midian. Seni wlebi uZravni arian da erTdroulni: isini dganan. 

momavalni rodi gandevnian mimavalT, radgan isini saerTod 

ar gadian. Cveni wlebi ki maSin gasruldebian, roca yvelani warsulad 

iqcevian. `Seni wlebi rogorc erTi dRe~ 12 , xolo es dRe 

yoveldRiurad rodi axldeba, aramed yoveldRe erTi da igivea, 

radganac Seni dRevandeli dRe adgils ar uTmobs xvalindels 

da ar cvlis guSindels 13 . Seni dRevandeli dRe maradisobaa, amitomc 

Seni Tanamaradisia 14 Seni Ze, romelsac uTxari: `dRes gSobe

Sen~ 15 . yvela dro Sen Sehqmeni da yvela droze uwinaresi xar, radganac 

ar arsebula iseTi dro, roca dro sul ar iyo. 

XIV 

17. ar arsebula iseTi dro, roca Sen ar Segeqmnas rame; aki Sena 

xar TviT drois Semoqmedi. ar arsebobs dro, Seni Tanamaradisi 

rom iyos, radganac Sen waruvali xar, xolo dro rom waruvali 

iyos, droc aRar iqneboda igi. 

ra aris dro? 16 vin ganmartos es martivad da sxartad? vin Caswvdes 

amas gonebiT, raTa Semdeg agvixsnas cxadad? magram ra aris 

CvenTvis ufro Cveulebrivi da cnobili? gana saubrisas swored 

ase ar aRviqvamT mas? roca Cven vlaparakobT droze, ra Tqma 

unda, mSvenivrad gvesmis, ra aris es, da roca sxva laparakobs 

masze, aseve mSvenivrad gvesmis Cveni Tanamosaubris sityvebic. 

keTili da patiosani; magram mainc ra aris dro? Tu aravin 

mekiTxeba amas, diaxac vici, ra aris dro, magram Tu movindomeb 

SemkiTxvels avuxsna drois raoba, maSin ki araferic ar mesmis. 

da mainc, me SemiZlia dabejiTebiT vamtkico, rac vici: araferi 

rom ar gadiodes, ar iqneboda warsuli dro; araferi rom ar modiodes, 

aseve ar iqneboda momavali; da araferi rom ar iyos, ar 

iqneboda awmyoc. 

magram ranairad SeiZleba iyos es ori dro – warsuli da momavali, 

Tuki pirveli ukve aRar aris, xolo meore jer kidev ar 

aris? awmyoc rom yovelTvis awmyod rCebodes da warsulSi ar gadadiodes, 

maSin is dro ki aRar iqneboda, aramed maradisoba; awmyo 

mxolod imdenadaa dro, rom warsulSi gadadis. maS, rogorRa 

SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom awmyo aris, Tuki misi arsebobis er- 

TaderTi mizezi isaa, rom aRar iyos? maS, gana vcdebiT, rodesac 

vambobT – dro mxolod imitom arsebobs, rom aryofnisaken miiltvis? 

XV 

18. da mainc, Cven dros xan mokles vuwodebT, xanac ki xangrZlivs, 

Tumca amas mxolod warsulsa da momavalze vambobT. ase 

magaliTad, drois aswlovan Sualeds warsulSic da momavalSiac 

`xangrZlivad~ vTvliT, aTdRian Sualeds ki, kvlav warsulsa Tu 

momavalSi, `xanmokled~ vsaxavT. magram ranairad SeiZleba xangrZlivi 

an xanmokle iyos is, rac saerTod ar aris? marTlacda, 

warsuli ukve aRar aris, xolo momavali jer kidev ar aris, maS, 

`xangrZlivs~ nukiRa vuwodebT dros, aramed vTqvaT _ `xangrZ- 

113

livi iyoo~, roca warsuls exeba saqme, an `xanmokle iqnebao~, 

roca momavalze Camovardeba sityva. 

magram, RmerTo Cemo, naTelo Cemo 17 , aqac xom ar dascinebs Seni 

WeSmariteba sabralo kacs? xangrZlivi warsuli mas Semdeg gaxda 

xangrZlivi, rac ukve ganvlo, Tu manamde, roca jer kidev awmyo 

iyo? misi xangrZlivoba mxolod maSin iqneboda SesaZlebeli, 

roca arsebobda raRac iseTi, rasac SeeZlo xangrZlivi yofiliyo. 

magram warsuli xom ukve aRar aris; maS, rogorRa SeiZleba 

xangrZlivi iyos is, rac saerTod ar aris? 

amitom nuRar vityviT, `xangrZlivi iyo warsuli dro~ (radganac 

verafers vpovebT iseTs, xangrZlivi rom yofiliyo), 

aramed vTqvaT: `xangrZlivi iyo awmyo dro~, radganac is mxolod 

awmyoSi Tu SeiZleboda yofiliyo xangrZlivi, vinaidan jer 

kidev ar gamqraliyo, ar gaevlo, da amitomac SeeZlo xangrZlivi 

yofiliyo; xolo rogorc ki ganvlo, maSinve dasrulda misi xangrZlivoba, 

radgan saerTod dasrulda misi arseboba. 

19. axla ki vnaxoT, sulo kacisa, SeuZlia Tu ara awmyo dros 

xangrZlivi iyos? aki Sen mogeca droTa SegrZnebisa da gazomvis 

unari. ras mipasuxeb? 

xangrZlivia Tu ara awmyos asi weli? magram jer imas daukvirdi, 

SeiZleba Tu ara asive weli awmyo iyos? Tu am asidan pirveli 

mimdinareobs, swored isaa awmyo, danarCeni oTxmocdacxrameti 

weli ki momavalia, ese igi, jer kidev ar aris. Tu meore weli daiwyo, 

pirveli ukve warsulSi gadava, es meore awmyo iqneba, danar- 

Ceni ki momavali. modiT, am asidan awmyod vigulisxmoT nebismier 

weli: misi winamorbedi yoveli weli ukve warsuli iqneba, momdevno 

ki – momavali. amitomac SeuZlebelia asive weli awmyo iyos. 

magram ganvagrZoT ganxilva: SeiZleba Tu ara, rom mimdinare 

weli mTlianad awmyo iyos? Tu misi pirveli Tvea, danarCeni 

TerTmeti momavali iqneba; Tu meore Tve mimdinareobs, pirvels 

ukve warsuli eTqmis, danarCens ki – momavali. maSasadame, verc 

mimdinare wels miviCnevT mTlianad awmyod. xolo Tu is mTlianad 

ar aris awmyo, ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba awmyod gvevlinebodes, 

radganac weliwadSi Tormeti Tvea, da romeli Tvec am Jamad 

dgas, swored isaa awmyo. danarCeni TerTmeti ki an warsulia, 

an momavali. Tumca arc es mimdinare Tvea awmyo: awmyo mxolod 

erTi dRea, Tu is pirveli dRea Tvisa, yvela danarCeni dRe momavali 

iqneba; Tu ukanaskneli – yvela winamorbedi dRe warsuls 

ekuTvnis, xolo nebismier Sualed dReTagania, maSin warsulsa da 

momavals Sorisaa moqceuli. 

20. da, ai, im daskvnamde mivediT, rom xangrZlivi martooden 

awmyos Tu SeiZleba ewodos, da isic mxolod erT dRemde dayva- 

114

nils. Tumca, modi, isic davanawevroT, radgan erT dResac ver miviCnevT 

mTlianad awmyod. is dRisa da Ramis saaTebisagan Sedgeba, 

xolo dRe-RameSi ocdaoTxi saaTia. pirveli saaTis mimarT yvela 

danarCeni saaTi momavalia, ukanasknelis mimarT – warsuli. nebismieri 

Sualeduri saaTis mimarT ki yvela winamorbedi saaTi 

warsulad gvevlineba, xolo momdevno – mermisad. TviT es erTi 

saaTic ki mswraflwarmavali wamebisagan Sedgeba: yvela gafrenili 

wami ukve warsulia, danarCeni wami ki – momavali. awmyo SeiZleba 

ewodos drois mxolod im moments, romelic TviT umcires 

nawilakebadac aRar iyofa, magram ise swrafad ki gadadis momavlidan 

warsulSi, rom veraviTar xangrZlivobas mas ver mivawerT. 

awmyo rom grZeldebodes, maSin masSi SeiZleboda gamogveyo warsuli 

da momavali; magram awmyosTvis ucxoa yovelgvari xangr- 

Zlivoba. 

maS, sadRaa is dro, romelsac xangrZlivs vuwodebT? iqneb momavalSi? 

magram Cven xom ar vambobT, rom is `xangrZlivia~, radgan 

jer kidev ar aris is, rasac SeiZleba xangrZlivi ewodos, aramed 

vityviT, rom is `xangrZlivi iqneba~. ki magram, rodisRa iqneba? 

Tu momavalSi, ranairad iqceva xangrZlivad is, rac jer kidev 

ar aris? xolo Tu is xangrZlivad iqceva maSin, roca momavlidan 

moiqceva awmyod da, amrigad, mogvevlineba imad, rac SeiZleba 

xangrZlivi gaxdes, gana swored es awmyo zemoTqmuli sityvebiT 

ar mohyveba yvirils, rom ar SeuZlia xangrZlivi iyos? 

XVI 

21. da mainc, Cven gvesmis, ufalo, ra aris drois Sualedebi; 

erTmaneTs vadarebT maT da vambobT, rom zogi grZelia, zogi ki 

mokle. imasac ki vzomavT, ramdenad ufro grZelia drois erTi 

Sualedi meoreze, an ramdenad mokle, da vamtkicebT, rom drois 

esa da is Sualedi orjer Tu samjer grZelia an mokle meore 

Sualedze, anda rom isini tolni arian. magram drois gazomva 

mxolod maSin SegviZlia, roca is mimdinareobs, da SegviZlia 

swored imitom, rom mis msvlelobas vgrZnobT. gana SeiZleba gazomo 

warsuli, romelic ukve aRar aris, an momavali, romelic 

jer kidev ar aris? vin gabedavs imis mtkicebas, rom SeiZleba gazomo 

ararsebuli? ase rom, sanam dro mimdinareobs, is SeiZleba 

SeigrZno da gazomo kidec; magram roca man ganvlo, es ukve SeuZlebeli 

xdeba, radganac dro aRar aris. 

115

116 

XVII 

22. me mxolod veZeb, mamao, rodi vamtkiceb. Semewie, RmerTo 

Cemo, da miwinamZRvre 19 . vin gabedavs imis mtkicebas, rom es sami 

dro – warsuli, awmyo da momavali, _ rogorc vswavlobdiT 

bavSvobisas da TviTonac vaswavlidiT bavSvebs, _ ar arsebobs? 

rom arsebobs mxolod awmyo, danarCeni ori ki ara? Tu es oric 

arsebulad unda migvaCndes? da dro, momavlidan rom moiqceva 

awmyod, romeliRac faruli sacavidan moedineba, da roca 

warsulad iqceva, farul sacavSive gadadis? radgan sad unaxavs 

momavali imas, vinc mermiss winaswarmetyvelebs, Tuki is saerTod 

ar aris? ararsebuls ver dainaxav. da vinc warsulis ambavs 

gvauwyebs, verafers gvetyoda marTals, gonebis TvaliT rom ar 

xedavdes mas, Tumca SeuZlebelia imis danaxva, rac saerTod ar 

arsebobs. maSasadame, warsulic arsebobs da momavalic. 

XVIII 

23. neba miboZe, ufalo, sasoebav Cemo 20 , kvlav ganvagrZo kvleva-Zieba, 

dae, nuraferi aamRvrevs Cems Zalisxmevas. 

Tu warsulic arsebobs da momavalic, minda vicode, sad arian 

isini. Tuki amis Secnoba Cems Zal-Rones aRemateba, is mainc 

vici, rom, miuxedavad imisa, Tu sad arian, iq arc warsuli eTqmis 

maT da arc momavali, aramed mxolod awmyo. Tu momavali iqac 

momavalia, jer kidev ar aris iq, da Tu warsuli iqac warsulia, 

ukve aRar aris iq, ase rom, miuxedavad imisa, Tu sad arian da rani 

arian, isini mxolod awmyos saxiT arseboben. da vinc marTlad 

gadmogvcems warsuls, TviT movlenebs rodi gamoixmobs Tavisi 

mexsierebidan, movlenebs, romlebic gardasulan, ganqarvebulan, 

aramed maTi xatebebiT nakarnaxev sityvebs. gardasul movlenebs 

SeuZravT Cveni grZnobebi da TiTqos TavianTi nakvalevi 

dautovebiaT Cvens sulSi. ase magaliTad, Cemi siyrme ukve aRar 

aris, warsulSi darCa, romelic aRar arsebobs, magram roca masze 

vfiqrob, an imdroindel ambebsa vyvebi, awmyoSi vxedav mis xatebas, 

radganac cocxlad aRbeWdila Cems mexsierebaSi. 

iqneb aseve winaswarmetyveleben mermissac? SesaZloa, ukve arsebul 

xatebaTa mixedviT winaswar grZnoben imas, rac jer kidev 

ar aris? vaRiareb, RmerTo Cemo, ar vici es. magram is ki dabejiTebiT 

vici, rom Cven umeteswilad vcdilobT winaswar movifiqroT 

Cveni momavali moqmedebani. es winaswari mofiqreba awmyoSi xdeba, 

maSin rodesac TviT moqmedeba, winaswar rom movifiqreT, jer 

kidev ar dagviwyia: is myofadSia. xolo roca mis xorcSesxmas Se-

vudgebiT, maSinRa iCens Tavs TviT moqmedeba, radgan is myofadSi 

ki aRar aris, aramed awmyoSi. 

24. ranairad xorcieldeba momavlis es mistikuri winaswar- 

Wvreta? radganac SeiZleba mxolod imis danaxva, rac aris, xolo 

is, rac aris, momavali ki aRaraa, aramed awmyo. amitom, roca amboben 

momavals `vxedavTo~, sinamdvileSi mas ki ar xedaven (radganac 

momavali jer kidev ar aris), aramed, rogorc Cans, mis mizezebs 

Tu niSnebs, romlebic ukve arseboben. amrigad, winaswarmxedveli 

momavals ki ar xedavs, aramed awmyos, romlis mixedviTac iwinaswarmetyveleba 

sulis mier aRqmuli Tu warmodgenili mermisi. es 

warmodgenebi ukve arseboben da momavlis winaswarmWvretni TavianT 

sulSive Wvreten maT 21 . 

uricxvi magaliTidan sanimuSod movixmob erT-erTs: me vxedav 

ganTiads da winaswar vacxadeb, rom male amova mze, rasac me 

vxedav, awmyoa, xolo rasac vacxadeb, _ momavali. momavalSi mze 

rodia, _ is ukve arsebobs, _ aramed misi amosvla, rac jer kidev 

ar aris, magram Cems suls rom iseve warmodgenili ara hqondes es 

amosvla, rogorc amJamad, roca masze vlaparakob, verc mas viwinaswarmetyvelebdi. 

xolo es ganTiadi, cis Tavanze rom vxedav, 

iseve ar aris mzis amosvla, TumcaRa win ki uswrebs mas, rogorc 

Cemi sulis mier warmosaxuli mzis amosvlis suraTi, magram erTsac 

da meoresac awmyoSi vxedav da winaswar vacxadeb, rom mze amova. 

momavali jer kidev ar aris, xolo Tu jer kidev ar aris, ese 

igi, saerTod ar aris, da raki saerTod ar aris, maSasadame, yovlad 

SeuZlebelia misi danaxva. magram SeiZleba awmyoSi arsebuli 

niSnebis mixedviT viwinaswarmetyveloT igi, niSnebisa, romlebic 

ukve arian da, ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia kidevac davukvirdeT maT. 

XIX 

25. ki magram, ranairad ganumartav, Sen mier Seqmnil arsTa 

gamrigev, diax, ranairad ganumartav sulebs momavals? arada, 

xom ganumartavdi mas Sens winaswarmetyvelT? ranairad xsni momavals, 

ufalo Cemo, visTvisac ar arsebobs momavali? an iqneb, 

ufro sworad, awmyos meSveobiT xsni mermiss? vinaidan, rac ar 

aris, yovlad SeuZlebelia imisi axsna. Cemi mzera arc ise maxvilia 

da gamWriaxi, rom Seni moqmedebis garCeva SesZlos. es Cems 

Zal-Rones aRemateba da Cemda Tavad ki ara 22 , mxolod Seni SemweobiT 

Tu SevZleb amas. maS, Semewie, Cemi Sinagani mzeris sulze 

utkbeso naTelo 23 . 

117

118 

XX 

26. axla ki erTi ram mainc savsebiT cxadia CemTvis: arc warsuli 

arsebobs da arc momavali. amitom scdebian, roca arsebulad 

miiCneven sam dros – warsuls, awmyosa da momavals. albaT, ufro 

marTebuli iqneboda gveTqva: aris sami dro – awmyo warsulisa, 

awmyo awmyosi da awmyo momavalisa. es raRac sami dro mxolod 

Cvens sulSi arsebobs da sxvagan versad ver vxedav maT: awmyo warsulisa 

mexsierebaa; awmyo awmyosi – uSualo Wvreta; awmyo momavlisa 

ki – molodini. Tu nebas damrTaven ase vimsjelo, maSin me 

vxedav da vaRiareb, rom dro samia. 

dae, Tundac Cveulebisamebr ganagrZon (Tumca es aSkarad 

mcdaria): arsebobs sami dro – warsuli, awmyo da momavalio; dae, 

kvlav ganagrZon ase. axla es rodia Cemi sazrunavi; arc davas 

davuwyeb da arc SevekamaTebi vinmes; mxolod im pirobiT, rom 

icodnen, rasac amboben, da esmodeT, rom momavali jer kidev ar 

aris, warsuli ki ukve aRar aris. radganac am sityvebs iSviaTad 

Tu xmaroben maTi WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT; umeteswilad mcdari 

azriT viyenebT maT, magram Cveni ki esmiT. 

XXI 

27. zemoT ukve vTqvi, rom Cven maSin vzomavT dros, roca is 

mimdinareobs. amitomac SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom drois esa 

da es Sualedi orjer ufro grZelia meoreze, an misi tolia da, 

saerTod, garkveuli Tanafardoba davamyaroT drois im nawilebs 

Soris, romlebsac vzomavT. 

amrigad, rogorc aRvniSne, dros misi msvlelobisas vzomavT, 

da vinmes rom ekiTxa CemTvis, ki magram, ra vici, marTla asea Tu 

arao, pasuxad vetyodi: vici imitom, rom Cven vzomavT dros; rac 

ar arsebobs, misi gazomva SeuZlebelia; warsuli da momavali ki 

ar arsebobs. magram ranairad SegviZlia gavzomoT awmyo, romelsac 

xangrZlivoba ar gaaCnia? misi gazomva SeiZleba mxolod ma- 

Sin, roca mimdinareobs; rogorc ki gaivlis, veRar gavzomavT, 

radganac gasazomi aRaraferi gveqneba. 

magram saidan moedineba, ra gziT midis da saiT miemarTeba 

dro, rodesac mas vzomavT? saidan, Tu ara momavlidan? ra gziT, 

Tu ara awmyos gavliT? saiTken, Tu ara warsulisaken? maSasadame, 

iqidan moedineba, sadac jer kidev ar aris, im gziT midis, romelsac 

grZlivoba ar gaaCnia, da imisken miemarTeba, rac ukve aRar 

aris. 

maS, raRas vzomavT, Tu ara drois romeliRac monakveTs?

adgan, roca drois Sualedebze vmsjelobT da ormags, oTxmags, 

an erTmaneTis tolfards vuwodebT maT, ras vgulisxmobT, Tu 

ara drois vrcel monakveTs? ki magram, mainc romel monakveTSi 

izomeba dro misi mimdinareobisas? iqneb, momavalSi, saidanac 

moedineba? magram rac jer kidev ar aris, misi gazomva SeuZlebelia. 

awmyoSi, romlis gavliTac midis? verasdidebiT ver gavzomavT 

imas, rasac araviTari monakveTi ar gaaCnia. warsulSi, saiTkenac 

miemarTeba? magram rac ukve aRar aris, aseve SeuZlebelia 

misi gazomva. 

XII 

28. oh, neta es gonebamiuwvdomeli amocana amomaxsnevina. 

nu damimalav, ufalo RmerTo Cemo, mamao saxiero, gevedrebi, 

qristes gulisTvis, nu damimalav mis pasuxs. momeci Zali Cavwvde 

am movlenis arss, esoden Cveulebrivsa da, imavdroulad, esoden 

saidumlos; Cavwvde da Seni gulmowyalebis Suqi movfino. vis 

mivmarTo am kiTxviT? vis winaSe vaRiaro, Cemda sasikeTod, es Cemi 

umecreba, Tu ara Sens winaSe, didsulovnad rom Seiwynareb Cems 

mwvel survilsa da dauokebel swrafvas, romlis mizania saRmr- 

To werilis Seswavla? momeci, rac miyvars; siyvaruliT ki namdvilad 

miyvars, da amis niWic Sen mommadle. momec, mamao, Sen xom 

WeSmaritad SegiZlia `keTili misacemeli misce Sens Svilebs~ 24 ; 

momeci Zali imis Secnobisa, risTvisac viRwvi, magram es `Znelia 

Cems TvalSi~25, vidre Sen ar amixel mas. gevedrebi, qristes gulisTvis, 

wmidaTa-wmidis saxeliT, dae, nuravin aRudgeba win Cems 

Zalisxmevas. `mwams da mitomac vambob~ 26 , esaa sasoeba Cemi, risTvisac 

vcocxlob: minda `vixilo mSveniereba uflisa~ 27 . àha, ra 

xania momizome dReni~ 28 , da isinic miqrian, magram ar vici rogor. 

Cven ki erTTavad es gvakeria pirze: `dro~, `Jami~, `xani~: `ramden 

xans ilaparaka~; `ra xania akeTebda~, `ra dro gasula mas Semdeg, 

rac ar minaxavs~; `grZeli marcvlis warmoTqmas orjer meti 

dro sWirdeba, vidre moklisas~, da sxva misTanani. Cven vambobT 

amas da sxvebic amasve gveubnebian; Cvenc gvesmis maTi da maTac 

esmiT Cveni. yovelive es cxadze ucxadesia da Cveulebrivze 

Cveulebrivi, magram, amasTanave, araferia ufro bneli da ufro 

Znelic, vidre am sityvebis WeSmariti azris gageba. 

XXIII 

29. erTi swavlulisagan gamigonia, rom dro sxva ara aris ra, 

Tu ara mzis, mTvarisa da varskvlavebis moZraoba, magram me ar 

viziareb mis azrs, Tu asea, maSin ratom ar unda migvaCndes drod 

119

yvela sxeulis moZraoba! ciuri mnaTobebi rom SeCerebuliyvnen 

da mxolod meTunis borbals ebruna, nuTu aRar iqneboda dro, 

romliTac mis brunvebs gavzomavdiT? viTom imisda kvalad, Tu 

rogor ibrunebda borbali – Tanazomierad, nela Tu Cqara, _ 

ver SevZlebdiT gveTqva, rom erT Semobrunebas ufro meti dro 

sWirdeba, vidre meores? da nuTu garkveuli dro ar dasWirdeboda 

amis warmoTqmas? gana Cvens sityvebSi aRar iqneboda grZeli 

da mokle marcvlebi? pirvelni xom ufro didxans ixmianebdnen, 

vidre meoreni. 

ufalo, mieci xalxs imis unari, rom mciredSi SesZlon im arsebiT 

niSan-TvisebaTa danaxva, rac axasiaTebT didTac da pataraTac. 

arseboben varskvlavebi da ciuri mnaTobebi `dRe-Ramis 

gasayarad da dro-Jamis aRsaniSnavad~ 29 ; diax, arseboben, magram 

verc me vityvi, am patara xis borblis Semobruneba dRea-meTqi, 

da verc is swavluli gabedavs imis Tqmas, rom igive borbali 

droSi ar asrulebs bruns. 

30. me msurs gavigo buneba da arsi droisa, romliTac sxeulTa 

moZraobas vzomavT da vambobT, rom, magaliTad, esa da es moZraoba 

orjer ufro xangrZlivia, vidre meore. me minda vikiTxo Semdegi: 

rogorc viciT, dRed marto is dro ki ar iwodeba, romlis 

ganmavlobaSiac mze dedamiwas dahyurebs (amiT ganisazRvreba 

gansxvaveba dResa da Rames Soris), aramed is droc, romlis ganmavlobaSiac 

mze Tavis wriul mimoqcevas asrulebs erTi aisidan 

meore aisamde. swored am mimoqcevaTa Sesabamisad vambobT, amdeni 

da amdeni dRe gavidao, xolo am cnebaSi _ `dRe~ _ Ramec 

igulisxmeba, radganac Rameul dros calke rodi aRvricxavT. 

maSasadame, erTi sruli dRe aisidan aisamde mzis wrebrunviT 

ganisazRvreba, da mec swored amas vkiTxulob: ra aris dRe, TviT 

es wrebrunva, es moZraoba, Tu drois Sualedi, romelSiac igi 

sruldeba? an iqneb, orive erTad? 

pirvel SemTxvevaSi `dRed~ unda gvegulisxmebina erTi saa- 

Tic, Tuki mze drois am SualedSi SesZlebda Tavisi gzis gavlas; 

meore SemTxvevaSi ki `dRe~ saerTod ar iqneboda, Tuki mzis or 

amosvlas Soris drois mxolod es mcire Sualedi – erTi saaTi 

iqneboda moqceuli. erTi sruli dRis gasasruleblad mzes 

ocdaoTxjer unda Seesrulebina Tavisi wrebrunva. mesame SemTxvevaSi 

`dRed~ verc erTsaaTian Sualeds miviCnevdiT, romlis 

ganmavlobaSic mze Tavis erT srul mimoqcevas Seasrulebda, da 

verc im dros, romlis manZilzec Cveulebriv asrulebs Tavis 

wrebrunvas ganTiadidan ganTiadamde (Tu davuSvebdiT, rom mze 

saerTod gaCerda). 

amrigad, axla imas ki aRar vkiTxulob, Tu ra iwodeba dRed, 

120

aramed imas, Tu ra aris dro, romliTac mzis moZraobas vzomavT 

da vambobT, rom mzem drois orjer ufro mokle SualedSi ganvlo 

Tavisi gza, vidre es Cveulebriv xdeba, Tuki davuSvebT, rom 

Tormeti saaTi moandoma erT srul wrebrunvas. drois am ori Sualedis 

Sedarebisas Cven vityviT, rom erTi orjer ufro grZelia 

meoreze, da rom mze zogjer am orTagan erT-erTis ganmavlobaSi 

asrulebs Tavis mimoqcevas aisidan aisamde, zogjer ki 

orjer met dros andomebs amas 30 . 

maS, nuRaravin metyvis, rom dro ciur sxeulTa moZraobaa, 

roca erTma kacma locviT SeaCera mze 31 , raTa gamarjvebiT daesrulebina 

brZola, mze idga, dro ki midioda. brZola grZeldeboda 

da Tavis droze damTavrda. amrigad, me vxedav, rom dro 

erTgvari vrceulobaa Tu ganfeniloba, magram marTla vxedav 

Tu meCveneba, rom vxedav? Sen miCveneb amas, ufalo, Cemo naTelo, 

da WeSmaritebav. 

XXIV 

31. gana imas mibrZaneb, davadasturo, rom dro sxeulTa moZraobaa? 

ara, amas rodi mibrZaneb. kargad mesmis, rom sxeuls mxolod 

droSi SeuZlia imoZraos. es gamigia Sengan. magram dro rom 

TviT sxeulTa moZraoba iyos, es ki aRar mesmis da arc gamigia 

Sengan 32 . rodesac sxeuli amoZravdeba, me droiT vzomav, ramden 

xans moZraobs igi moZraobis dawyebidan mis dasasrulamde. Tu 

ar daminaxavs, rodis daiwyo moZraoba, magram ganuwyvetliv ki 

moZraobda, da verc moZraobis dasasruli SevniSne, ver SevZleb 

misi moZraobis xangrZlivoba gavzomo, Tu ar CavTvliT im dros, 

romlis ganmavlobaSic Tvals vadevnebdi mis moZraobas, dasawyisidan 

dasasrulamde. Tu didxans vakvirdebodi, mxolod imis 

Tqma SemiZlia, rom sakmaod didi dro gavida, Tumca zustad ki 

ver ganvsazRvrav mis xangrZlivobas, radganac xangrZlivoba SedarebiT 

ganisazRvreba. ase magaliTad, Cven vambobT: ès imdenxans 

gagrZelda, ramdensac is grZeldeboda~, an `meti dro das- 

Wirdao~, da a. S. xolo Tu Cven SegviZlia im ori adgilis CaniSvna, 

saidanac moZraobas iwyebs da amTavrebs sxeuli an misi nawili, 

roca ise moZraobs, TiTqos wriulad brunavso, maSin SegviZlia 

vTqvaT, ramden xans grZeldeboda sxeulisa Tu misi nawilis moZraoba 

erTi adgilidan meoremde. 

magram raki sxeulis moZraoba erTia, xolo is, riTac mis moZraobas 

vzomavT, _ meore, gana aSkara ar aris, Tu am ori cnebidan 

romels ufro SeiZleba ewodos dro? sxeuli zogjer Tanabrad 

moZraobs, zogjer ki sulac Cerdeba, da Cven swored droiT vzo- 

121

mavT ara marto mis moZraobas, aramed uZraobasac. am SemTxveva- 

Sic vityviT xolme: ìmden xans idga, ramdensac moZraobda~, an 

_ òrjer Tu samjer ufro met xans idga, vidre moZraobdao~ da 

a.S., imis mixedviT, zustia Cveni gamoTvla Tu miaxloebiTi. maSasadame, 

dro sxeulTa moZraoba rodia. 

122 

XXV 

32. vaRiareb, ufalo, dRemde ar vici, ra aris dro; magram sxva 

ramesac vaRiareb, RmerTo Cemo: vici, rom droSi warmovTqvam am 

Cems sityvebs; rom didi xania droze vlaparakob, da TviT es `didi 

xani~ sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara drois erTgvari Sualedi. magram 

ra vici es, Tuki ar vici, ra aris dro? iqneb, ar vici, ranairad 

gadmovce is, rac ar vici? vaime bedkruls! isic ki ar vici, Tu ra 

ar vici. aha, Sens winaSe vdgavar, ufalo: ar vcruob; rasac vambob, 

imasve vfiqrob. `maS, aminTe lampari, ufalo RmerTo Cemo, 

sinaTled miqcie bneli~ 33 . 

XXVI 

33. gana wrfeli ar aris aRsareba Cemi sulisa, romelic aRiarebs 

Sens winaSe, drosa vzomavo? diax, ufalo, vzomav, magram is 

ki ar vici, Tu rasa vzomav. TviT dros ki ara, sxeulis moZraobas 

vzomav droiT? roca sxeulis moZraobis xangrZlivobas vzomav, 

Tu ramden xans undeba igi gadaadgilebas erTi adgilidan meoremde, 

sxva rasa vzomav, Tu ara dros, romlis ganmavlobaSiac 

moZraobs sxeuli? 

ki magram, riTi gavzomo TviT dro? iqneb, ufro xanmokle 

droiT – ufro xangrZlivi, rogorc latans vzomavT xolme wyr- 

TiT 34 ! iseve, rogorc grZeli marcvlis sigrZes vzomavT mokle 

marcvlis grZlivobiT da vamtkicebT, rom pirveli orjer ufro 

grZelia meoreze. aki leqsis sigrZesac striqonTa raodenobiT 

vzomavT, striqonebisas – terfTa raodenobiT, terfebisas 

– marcvalTa ricxviT, xolo grZeli marcvlebisas – mokle 

marcvalTa grZlivobiT? es gazomva furcelze rodi xdeba 

(Torem sivrcis ganfenilobas gavzomavdiT da ara droisas); ara, 

sityvebis warmoTqmisdakvalad Cven vambobT: es leqsi grZelia; 

amdeni da amdeni striqonisagan Sedgeba; es striqonic grZelia, 

radgan amden da amden marcvals iTvlis; da bolos, es marcvalic 

grZelia, radganac misi sigrZe orjer aRemateba moklisas. 

magram drois zusti sazomi aq ara gvaqvs; radganac SeiZleba 

SedarebiT mokle leqsi ise gaWianurebulad warmoiTqvas, rom

amas meti dro dasWirdes, vidre ufro grZeli, magram sxapasxupiT 

wakiTxuli leqsis warmoTqmas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas striqonis, 

terfisa Tu marcvlis mimarTac. 

amitom, Cemi azriT, dro erTgvari ganfenilobaa, magram risi 

ganfeniloba? _ es ki ar vici, iqneb, sakuTriv sulisa? 35 maS, ra- 

Ras vzomav, ufalo, roca savaraudod vambob: ès dro im droze 

xangrZlivia~, an dabejiTebiT vamtkiceb: ès dro orjer ufro 

grZelia, vidre is-meTqi?~ vici, rom amiT dros vzomav, magram momavlis 

gazomva ar SemiZlia, radgan is jer kidev ar aris; arc awmyosi 

Tu warsulisa, radganac pirvels xangrZlivoba ar gaaCnia, 

xolo meore ukve aRar aris. maS, raRas vzomav? dros, romelic 

gadis, magram jer kidev ar gasula? zemoT swored amas vambobdi. 

XXVII 

34. udreki iyav, sulo Cemo, ufro Zalumad daZabe Seni azri: 

`RmerTia Cveni Semwe; man Segvqmna Cven, TviTon rodi Segviqmnia 

Cvenive Tavi~36. iqiT miapyar Tvali, sadac ukve krTis WeSmaritebis 

ganTiadi. 

warmoidgine, magaliTad, adamianis xma; bgera TrTis, TrTis 

da bolos Cumdeba. miwyda da mdumarebam daisadgura. TviT xma ki 

ganqarda, gaqra. vidre axmiandeboda, momavalSi iyo, da amitomac 

ver gavzomavdiT, radgan jer kidev ar arsebobda. magram verc am- 

Jamad gavzomavT, radganac ukve aRar aris. SeiZleboda gagvezoma 

mxolod manam, sanam xmianebda, radganac mxolod maSin iyo raRac 

iseTi, risi gazomvac SeiZleboda. magram maSinac xom ar iyo uZravad 

gaxevebuli: modioda da midioda. amitomac SeiZleboda misi 

gazomva? vidre haerSi miirxeoda, drois garkveul SualedSi iyo 

moqceuli, da swored am SualediT SeiZleboda misi gazomva: awmyos 

xom xangrZlivoba ar gaaCnia. 

ase rom, Tu SeiZleba misi gazomva, maS, daufiqrdi: ai, xmianobas 

iwyebs meore bgera, romelic jerxnobiT kvlavac uwyvetad da 

Tanabrad xmianebs. gavzomoT, sanam ar mimwydara. Torem miwydeba 

Tu ara, aRaraferi dagvrCeba gasazomi. maS, zustad gavzomoT da 

vTqvaT, ranairia misi xangrZlivoba. magram is kvlavac xmianebs 

da misi gazomva SeiZleba mxolod im wamidan, roca axmianda, im 

wamamde, roca miwydeba. maSasadame, Cven vzomavT Sualeds romeliRac 

dasawyiss da dasasruls Soris. ese igi, ver gavzomavT 

bgeras, romelic jer kidev JRers, da verc imas vityviT, grZelia 

is Tu mokle, an meore bgeris tolfardia, orjer grZelia 

masze da a. S. xolo roca bgera miwydeba, is ukve aRar iqneba. maS, 

rogorRa SeiZleba misi gazomva? da mainc Cven vzomavT dros, im 

123

dros ki ara, romelic jer kidev ar aris, arc imas, romelic ukve 

aRar aris, arc imas, romelic saerTod ar grZeldeba, da arc imas, 

zRvari rom ar gaaCnia. maSasadame, arc momaval dros vzomavT, 

arc warsuls, arc awmyos da arc mimdinares, Tumca, miuxedavad 

amisa, Cven mainc vzomavT dros. 

35. Deus creator omnium (`RmerTo, yovlis Semoqmedo~) 37 – es 

striqoni rva urTierTmonacvle grZeli da mokle marcvlisagan 

Sedgeba. amaTgan oTxi moklea: pirveli, mesame, mexuTe da meSvide; 

isini oTx grZel marcvals ewyvilebian: meores, meoTxes, meeqvsesa 

da merves. yoveli grZeli marcvlis warmoTqmas orjer meti 

dro sWirdeba, vidre moklisas, rasac mkafiod aRiqvams yuri, da 

es asecaa. rogorc Cans, Tu grZnobadi aRqmis sizustes vendobiT, 

grZel marcvals mokleTi vzomav da vgrZnob, rom pirveli 

or ukanasknels udris. magram roca erTimeoris miyolebiT xmianeben, 

rogorRa `movixelTo~ mokle marcvali, raTa sazomad mivusadago 

grZels da, amrigad, davadgino, rom grZeli marcvali 

ori mokle marcvlis tolia? grZeli xom manamde ar gaxmiandeba, 

vidre ar miwydeba mokle. gana grZel marcvals manam vzomav, sanam 

xmianebs? ara, mxolod mas Semdeg, rac dasruldeba. magram dasrulebisTanave 

qreba kidec. maS, raRas vzomav! sadaa is mokle 

marcvali, romliTac vzomav? an grZeli marcvali, romelsac 

vzomav? orivem gaixmiana da gaqra, ganqarda, arcerTi aRar aris, 

me ki vzomav da Cems sisworeSi darwmunebuli vamtkiceb, _ Tuki 

SeiZleba erwmunoT daxvewil smenas, _ rom grZeli marcvali 

orjer ufro grZelia, vidre mokle; ra Tqma unda, drois xangrZlivoba 

igulisxmeba. da es mxolod imitom SemiZlia, rom orive 

marcvalma gaixmiana da miCumda. maSasadame, TviT maT rodi vzomav, 

raki arcerTi aRar aris, aramed maT erTgvar nakvalevs, 

Rrmad rom aRbeWdila Cems mexsierebaSi. 

36. ase rom, sulo Cemo, SenSi vzomav dros38. nu Semedavebi 

da SemekamaTebi Seni STabeWdilebebis oromtrialSi. gimeoreb, 

SenSi vzomav-meTqi dros. yvelaferi, rac gverdiT Cagivlis, 

SenSi tovebs Tavis aRnabeWds; swored amJamad arsebul am aRnabeWds 

vzomav da ara imas, ramac Caiara da SenSi Tavisi nakvalevi 

datova. diax, am ukanasknels vzomav, roca drois gazomvas vapireb. 

maSasadame, swored esaa dro, anda saerTod ar vzomav mas. 

mereda ra? roca dumils vzomavT da vambobT, rom is imden xans 

grZeldeba, ramdeni xnis manZilzec xmianebda esa Tu is bgera, 

gana azriT ar vcdilobT am bgeris gazomvas, TiTqosda kvlavac 

xmianebdes, raTa, amrigad, saSualeba gvqondes ganvsazRvroT 

dumilis drouli Sualedi? zogjer aseve Cumad da usityvod 

warmovTqvamT gulSi leqss, mis calkeul striqonebsa Tu sity- 

124

vebs, da ise ganvsazRvravT maT warmosaTqmelad saWiro drois 

Sualedebsa Tu Tanafardobebs am ukanasknelTa Soris, TiTqos 

xmamaRla warmogveTqvas isini. vTqvaT, vinmes surs daustvinos 

da azriT gansazRvros stvenis momavali xangrZlivoba. cxadia, 

Cumad gansazRvravs drois am Sualeds, kargad daimaxsovrebs mas 

da mxolod Semdeg daustvens. stvena imden xans gagrZeldeba, 

ramdenic winaswar iqna dadgenili. an, ufro sworad, stvena ismoda 

da kvlavac SeiZleba ismodes: rac ukve gaisma, ra Tqma unda, 

xmianebda, rac awi unda gaismas, Semdeg gaixmianebs, da yvelaferi 

ase dasruldeba: yuradRebas warsulSi gadaaqvs momavali; rac 

momavals akldeba, warsuls emateba; da Tu momavali saerTod 

gaqra, darCeba mxolod warsuli. 

XXVIII 

37. ki magram, ranairad mcirdeba an sulac qreba momavali, 

romelic jer kidev ar arsebobs? an ranairad izrdeba warsuli, 

romelic ukve aRar arsebobs? mxolod imnairad, rom es xdeba 

sulSi, radganac martooden sulSi arsebobs sami dro. is elis, 

yuradRebas apyrobs da axsovs: rasac elis, im gziT gaivlis, rasac 

yuradRebas apyrobs, da iqiTken miemarTeba, rac axsovs, vin 

SesZlebs imis uaryofas, rom momavali jer kidev ar arsebobs? magram 

misi molodini ukvea sulSi. anda vin uaryofs imas, rom warsuli 

ukve aRar arsebobs? magram sulSi kvlavac cocxlobs misi xsovna, 

da bolos, vin gabedavs uaryos, rom awmyos xangrZlivoba ar 

gaaCnia? radgan is meyseulad gadis. magram xangrZlivia Cveni 

yuradReba, romelsac dauyovnebliv aryofnaSi gadahyavs yvelaferi, 

rac ki Tavs iCens. maSasadame, xangrZlivia ara momavali 

dro, romelic ar arsebobs; xangrZlivia mxolod momavlis 

molodini. xangrZlivia ara warsuli dro, romelic ar arsebobs; 

xangrZlivia mxolod warsulis xsovna. 

38. vTqvaT, msurs wamoviwyo nacnobi simRera. vidre ar damiwyia, 

mTeli Cemi molodini miskenaa mipyrobili. magram rogorc ki 

daviwyeb, molodini wydeba, simReris nawili warsulSi gadadis 

da, amrigad, amdidrebs Cems mexsierebas. Cemi moqmedebis Zala 

ganwilulia xsovnasa da molodins Soris: xsovnaSi gadadis, rac 

ukve vimRere, molodini ki imiskenaa mimarTuli, rac jer kidev 

samReri damrCa. xolo Cemi yuradReba awmyos ekuTvnis, romlis 

gavliTac miemarTeba momavali, raTa warsulad iqces. rac ufro 

mets vmReri, miT ufro izRudeba molodini da farTovdeba xsovna, 

vidre molodini, bolos da bolos, sul ar gaqreba: simRera 

damTavrda; axla is mTlianad mexsierebaSia gadasuli. rac mTel 

125

simReras mosdis, igive mosdis mis yvela nawils, yvela marcvalsac. 

Cemi simRera SeiZleba ufro vrceli sagaloblis nawili 

iyos, da maSin igive iTqmis am vrceli sagaloblis, iseve, rogorc 

adamianis mTeli cxovrebis mimarTac, romelic aseve calkeuli 

nawilebisa Tu moqmedebebisagan iTxzvis. dasabamidan moyolebuli 

amave kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba kacTa modgmis mTeli 

amqveyniuri arsebobac, romlis nawilebadac calkeul TaobaTa 

Tu kerZo pirTa cxovrebani gvevlinebian. 

126 

SeniSvnebi: 

1. fsalm. 30,11. 

2. fsalm. 102,3. 

3. fsalm. 102,5. 

4. rom. VIII, 24. 

5. rom. VIII, 25. 

6. fsalm. 103, 24. 

7. `Tavis qadagebaSi (267, 2) saxarebis igavis ganmartebisas, romlis mixedviTac 

axali Rvino (maWari) Zvel tikSi ar unda Caisxas, netari avgustine xorciel 

kacTan aigivebs Zvel (`beber~) kacs~. _ pier de labriolis SeniSvna. ix. 

àRsarebaTa~ dasax. gamoc. gv. 304. 

8. Tavis grandiozul TxzulebaSi `RvTis qalaqisaTvis~ (XII, 12 da Smd.) netari 

avgustine ufro dawvrilebiT Cerdeba am problemaze, Tumca iqve aRiarebs, 

rom misi gadaWra adamianuri gonebis SesaZleblobas aRemateba. 

9. Sdr. fsalm. 5, 10. 

10. ix. pirveli wignis Sen. 29. drois es originaluri koncefcia platonis 

`timeosidan~ iRebs dasabams; `timeosis~ mixedviT, kosmosis mowesrigebuli 

da harmoniuli moZraoba, grZnobad-konkretuli samyaros dinamizmi 

sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara idealuri sinamdvilis uZraobis, misi statiurobis 

proecireba qmnadobis wiaRSi; zustad aseve, droc – amqveyniur saganTa da 

movlenaTa arsebobis, maTi moZraobisa da cvalebadobis forma – ucvleli da 

uZravi maradisobis analogiur proeqciad gvevlineba. `maradisoba~ (àios~) 

platonisaTvis Zireulad gansxvavdeba am sityvis Cveni Tanadrouli gagebisagan. 

am terminiT `timeosSi~ aRiniSneba ara bundovani, gaurkveveli da jer 

kidev ar arsebuli momavlidan aw ukve aRar arsebuli warsulisaken calsaxad 

da ukumouqcevlad medini `drois~ (`xronos~) usasrulo odenoba, romelic 

win uswrebs an mosdevs awmyos, aramed erTgvari eqstratemporaluri 

(drois miRmuri, drois gareSe arsebuli) realoba (Cveni ùJamo Jami~, albaT, 

yvelaze srulad da amomwuravd gamoxatavs am cnebis Sinaarss). dRevandeli 

gagebiT `dro~ sasrulia, maradisoba ki usasrulo, maSin rodesac platonis 

azriT, am or cnebas Soris raodenobrivi (kvantitaturi) ki ara, Tvisobrivi 

(kvalitaturi) sxvaoba arsebobs. 

`timeosis~ maradisoba integraluri, calkeul momentebad (waruli, awmyo, 

momavali) ganuwilveli droa, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, maradiuli, waruvali 

awmyo, romelic xasiaTdeba erTaderTi predikatiT _ àris~, da piriqiT, 

sakuTriv dro calkeul momentebadaa ganwiluli. mas Tavisi nawilebi 

(`mere~) da Tavisi saxeebi (èide~) aqvs. drois nawilebia dReebi da Rameebi,

Tveebi da wlebi, saxeebi ki _ ìyo~ da ìqneba~ (e. i. warsuli da momavali). 

àris~, platonis mixedviT, martooden maradisobis atributia; rac Seexeba 

drois im moments, romelsac awmyos vuwodebT Cven, is TiTqos kidec arsebobs 

da arc arsebobs, rakiRa mxolod da mxolod warsulisa da momavlis 

erTmaneTisagan gammijnav zRvrad, mswraflwarmaval wamad Tu drouli nakadis 

erTgvar àtomad~ gvevlineba. Seadare aristotele: àmrigad, ramdenadac 

àxla~ (aristoteles àxla~ igivea, rac platonis àris~, _ b.b.) sxva ara aris 

ra, Tu ara zRvari, is ar aris dro da mxolod TanxvdomiTaa niSneuli droisa- 

Tvis, vinaidan zRvari ekuTvnis mxolod imas, ris zRvaradac is gvevlineba~. 

_ b. bregvaZe, àntikuri civilizaciis gvirgvini~ (ix. wignSi: platoni, `timeosi~, 

Zveli berZnulidan Targmna, winasityvaoba da komentarebi daurTo b. 

bregvaZem, Tb., 1994, gv. 235-236). 

11. dedanSia ara `creator~, aramed sruliad moulodneli òperator~. 

12. Sdr. dabad. II, 3. 

13. fsalm. 101, 28. 

14. II petre, III, 8. 

15. Sdr. wigni I, VI, 10: `gana SeiZleba sxvagan diodes wyaro, saidanac Cux- 

CuxiT iRvreba CvenSi arseboba da sicocxle? ara, Sena gvqmni, ufalo, visTvisac 

erTia arseboba da sicocxle, radganac Sena xar uzenaesi arseboba da 

uzenaesi sicocxle. diax, uzenaesi xar da ucvleli, dRevandeli dRe arasodes 

mTavrdeba SenSi, Tumca ara, mainc mTavrdeba, radganac yoveli dRe 

SenSia; da verc erTi dRe ver gaikvlevda gzas, SenSi rom ar yofiliyo. xolo 

raki `Seni wlebi waruvalni arian~, swored es wlebia dRevandeli dRe. vin 

mosTvlis, Cveni winaprebis ramden dResa da wels gauvlia Seni dRevandeli 

dRis gavliT, romlisganac SeuZeniaT elferi da ziarebian arsebobas, anda 

ramdeni gaivlis kvlavac, ramdeni SeiZens imave elfers da eziareba imave 

arsebobas. `Sen ki erTi da igive xar~: yovelive xvalindelsa Tu zegindels, 

yovelive guSindelsa Tu guSinwindels `dRevandlad~ aqcev, rogorc aqamde 

giqcevia~... 

16. dedanSi zustad asea: `coaelernus~. 

17. fsalm. 2, 7; ebr. V, 5. 

18. `ra aris dro?~ _ am kiTxviT Cven mivadgebiT àRsarebaTa~ da, saer- 

Tod, netari avgustines moZRvrebis erT-erT kardinalur problemas, romlis 

gadaWrasac ufro adre cdilobda antikuri sibrZnismetyveleba, ufro 

gvian ki Sua saukuneebis, renesansisa Tu axali drois evropuli kulturis 

wiaRSi aRmocenebuli TiTqmis yvela universaluri filosofiuri sistema. 

mkiTxvels albaT axsovs didi germaneli mwerlisa da moazrovnis Tomas 

manis sityvebi, romlebiTac iwyeba `jadosnuri mTis~ meeqvse Tavi da romlebSiac 

garkveulwilad Sejamebulia zemoxsenebuli mcdelobis ara erTi 

da ori momenti: 

`ra aris dro? misteria! dro yovlisSemZlea, Tumca sakuTari realoba 

ar gaaCnia; esaa movlenaTa samyaros piroba, esaa moZraoba, sivrceSi sxeul- 

Ta arsebobasTan da TviT sivrcis moZraobasTan Serwymuli da SeerTebuli. 

magram iqneboda dro, rom ar yofiliyo moZraoba? iqneboda moZraoba, rom 

ar yofiliyo dro? fuWi kiTxvaa! iqneb dro sivrcis funqciaa? Tu piriqiT? 

orive erTi da igivea? fuWia ganvagrZoT kiTxva! dro aqtiuria, qmnis, mainc 

rasa qmnis? cvalebadobas. àxla~ ar aris `maSin~, àq~ ar aris ìq~, rakiRa 

maT Soris yovelTvis arsebobs moZraoba. magram raki moZraoba, romliTac 

izomeba dro, wriulia, Tavis TavSive iketeba, es moZraoba da es cvalebadoba 

SeiZleba srulad kvalificirebul iqnes rogorc simSvide da uZraoba. 

127

`maSin~ ganuwyvetliv meordeba àxla~-Si, xolo ìq~ _ àq~-Si. magram raki, 

meore mxriv, Tavganwiruli Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, SeuZlebeli Seiqna sasruli 

droisa da sazRvruli sivrcis warmodgena, gadawyda mieCniaT, rom 

droca da sivrcec maradiulia da usasrulo, imis imediT, rom cota ufro 

srulyofili definiciisaTvis mieRwiaT. magram maradiulisa da usasrulos 

postulatis dadgena xom ar auqmebs logikurad da maTematikurad yovelive 

sasruls da sazRvruls? yvelaferi sulze xom ar daiyvaneba? SesaZlebelia 

Tanmimdevroba maradisobaSi? SesaZlebelia zeddeba usasrulobaSi? rogor 

SevuTanxmoT maradiulisa da usasrulos es damxmare hipoTezebi distanciis, 

moZraobis, cvalebadobis cnebebs? aRaraferi rCeba, garda sazRvrul sxeulTa 

moZraobisa samyaroSi? fuWi kiTxvaa!~ 

rogorc vxedavT, am vrcel citataSi kiTxviTi winadadebebi Warbobs, 

xolo maTze gacemul TiTqmis yvela pasuxs hipoTeza ufro eTqmis, vidre mecnieruli 

kvleva-Ziebis saboloo SedegTa konstatacia. magram Cven dRemde 

ar viciT, ra aris dro, dRemde ar gagvaCnia drois zusti da amomwuravi gansazRvra. 

saqme isaa, rom TviT pirwmindad formaluri TvalsazrisiTac ki 

SeuZlebelia drois definicia. da marTlac, logikur msjelobaSi _ `dro 

aris~... Cven predikatamdec ki ver mivdivarT, radganac zmnis pirieli forma 

àris~, romelic Cvens msjelobaSi kopulis rols asrulebs, erTmaneTs rom 

unda daukavSiros subieqti (`dro~) da predikati (`X~), gramatikuli gagebiT 

TviTonve gvevlineba drod. ase rom, aq Tavs iCens aSkara tavtologia, rac 

logikuri msjelobis gagrZelebis saSualebas aRar gvitovebs. 

magram kvlav mivubrundeT antikur sibrZnismetyvelebas, romelic mniSvnelovanwilad 

ganapirobebs drois netari avgustiniseul koncefcias, 

rodesac antikuri epoqis filosofosi droze laparakobs, is, uwinares yovlisa, 

dReebisa da Rameebis, Tveebisa da wlebis regularulsa da periodul 

Tanmimdevrobasa Tu monacvleobaze fiqrobs. dro ise mWidrodaa dakav- 

Sirebuli ciur sxeulTa sadReRamiso moZraobasTan, rom mas xSirad ciuri 

sferos moZraobasTan, zogjer ki TviT am sferosTanac aigiveben. rac Seexeba 

sakuTriv drois geneziss, zogierTi antikuri koncefciis Tanaxmad, is 

dausabamoa. zogirTis mixedviT ki – dasabamieri. ase magaliTad, platoni 

amtkicebs, rom samyaros Seqmnamde dro ar arsebobda: `cis dabadebamde arc 

dReebi iyo da arc Rameebi, arc Tveebi da wlebi, aramed maTi dasabami ciuri 

wesrigis SeqmnasTan erTad iqna dasaxuli~ (`timeosi~, 37 d). da marTlac, 

drosa da sivrces TavisTavadi arseboba ar gaaCniaT; warmoudgenelia sivrce 

yovelgvari obieqtis, yovelgvari sagnis gareSe, rogorc dro – movlenaTa 

gareSe. amitom roca ar arsebobda samyaro, arc dro da sivrce arsebobda. 

platonis koncefciiT, dro, iseve, rogorc mTeli materialuri, drosa 

da sivrceSi arsebuli grZnobad-konkretuli samyaro ideaTa zedrouli 

da zesivrculi, marad ucvleli da uZravi inteligibiluri sinamdvilidan 

iRebs dasabams. cis, anu samyaros SeqmnasTan erTad Semoqmedi (demiurgosi) 

qmnis drosac, romelsac `timeosi~ axasiaTebs rogorc erTaderTi da uZravi 

maradisobis moZravsa da ricxvTa kanonis mixedviT maradmedin xatebas, kosmosis 

mowesrigebuli da harmoniuli moZraoba, grZnobad-konkretuli samyaros 

dinamizmi sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara idealuri sinamdvilis, misi uZraobis 

proecireba qmnadobis wiaRSi. zustad aseve, droc – amqveyniur saganTa da 

movlenaTa arsebobis, maTi moZraobisa da cvalebadobis forma – ucvleli da 

uZravi maradisobis analogiur proeqciad gvevlineba. `maradisoba~ (àios~) 

platonisaTvis Zireulad gansxvavdeba am sityvis Cveni Tanadrouli gagebisagan. 

am terminiT `timeosSi~ aRiniSneba ara bundovani, gaurkveveli da jer 

128

kidev ararsebuli momavlidan aw ukve aRar arsebuli warsulisaken calsaxad 

da ukumouqcevlad medini `drois~ (`xronos~) usasrulo odenoba, romelic 

win uswrebs, an mosdevs awmyos, aramed erTgvari eqstratempolaruli (drois 

miRmuri, drois gareSe arsebuli) realoba (Cveni ùJamo Jami~, albaT, yvelaze 

srulad da amomwuravad gamoxatavs am cnebis Sinaarss). dRevandeli 

gagebiT, `dro~ sasrulia, `mradisoba~ ki usasrulo, maSin rodesac platonis 

azriT, am or cnebas Soris raodenobrivi (kvantitaturi) ki ara, Tvisobrivi 

(kvalitaturi) sxvaoba arsebobs. 

`timeosis~ maradisoba integraluri, calkeul momentebad (warsuli, awmyo, 

momavali) ganuwilveli droa, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, maradiuli, waruvali 

awmyo, romelic xasiaTdeba erTaderTi atributiT _ àris~. da piriqiT, 

sakuTriv dro calkeul momentebadaa ganwiluli. mas Tavisi nawilebi 

(`mere~) da Tavisi saxeebi (èide~) aqvs. drois nawilebia dReebi da Rameebi, 

Tveebi da wlebi, saxeebi ki _ ìyo~ da ìqneba~ (e. i. warsuli da momavali). 

àris~, platonis mixedviT, martooden maradisobis atributia; rac Seexeba 

drois im moments, romelsac awmyos vuwodebT Cven, is TiTqos kidec arsebobs 

da arc arsebobs, rakiRa mxolod da mxolod warsulisa da momavlis 

erTmaneTisagan gammijnav zRvrad, mswraflwarmaval wamad Tu drouli nakadis 

erTgvar àtomad~ gvevlineba. Seadare aristotele: àmrigad, ramdenadac 

àxla~ (aristoteles àxla~ igivea, rac platonis àris~, _ b. b.) sxva ara 

aris ra, Tu ara zRvari, is ar aris dro da mxolod TanxvdomiTaa niSneuli 

droisaTvis, vinaidan zRvari ekuTvnis mxolod imas, ris zRvradac is gvevlineba~ 

(`fizika~, 220 b 22-24). 

aq arc droa da arc adgili, raTa ufro dawvrilebiT SevCerdeT droisa da 

maradisobis platonuri gagebis calkeul momentebze, da uSualod gadavalT 

drois aristoteleseul interpretaciaze, romelsac platonis koncefcia 

udevs safuZvlad. gansxvaveba isaa, rom mowafe ufro detalurad amuSavebs 

da konstruqciuli elementebiT amdidrebs maswavleblis mier zogadad 

moxazul sqemas; amasTanave, metafizikuri `mradisobisagan~ damoukideblad 

ganixilavs realur samyaroSi medin dros, samyaroSi, romelic, misi mtkicebiT, 

dausabamoa, maSin rodesac platonis TvalsazrisiT mas dasabami aqvs. 

magram modiT, uSualod movusminoT aristoteles: 

`dro imdenad bundovani ram aris, rom an saerTod ar arsebobs, an Zliv- 

ZlivobiT Tu SeiZleba miCneul iqnes arsebulad, rac SeiZleba Semdegze 

dayrdnobiT vivaraudoT: misi erTi nawili iyo da ukve aRar aris, meore 

iqneba da is jer kidev ar aris; im nawilebisagan iTxzvis usasrulo droca da 

gamudmebiT gamoyofili drois TiToeuli Sualedic. xolo is, rac ararsebulisagan 

iTxzvis, rogorc Cans, SeuZlebelia wilnayari iyos arsebobasTan. 

amasTanave, yoveli dayofili sagnisaTvis, Tuki is marTla arsebobs, aucilebelia, 

rom, vidre arsebobs, yvela, an zogierTi misi nawili mainc arsebobdes, 

xolo aseve dayofili drois zogierTi nawili ukve iyo, zogierTi iqneba, da 

arc erTi ar aris, ar arsebobs. àxla~ ki (e. i. àwmyo~ _ b.b.) nawili ar aris, 

radganac nawiliT izomeba mTeli, romelic nawilebisagan unda iTxzvodes; 

dro ki, etyoba, àxla~-sagan ar iTxzvis. egec ar iyos, advili dasadgeni 

rodia, rCeba Tu ara àxla~ (romelic, etyoba, erTmaneTisagan hyofs warsulsa 

da momavals) mudam erTi da igive, Tu yovelTvis sxvad iqceva. Tu is sul 

mudam sxvadasxvaa da droSi arcerTi nawili ar aris meoresTan erTad (garda 

momcvelisa da moculisa, rogorc nakleb dros moicavs meti), xolo amJamad 

ararsebuli, magram uwin arsebuli aucileblad odesRac gaqra, amitom 

arcerTi àxla~ ar iarsebebs meore àxla~-sTan erTad, aramed adrindeli 

129

yovelTvis unda gaqres. Tavis TavSi is ver gaqreba, radganac swored maSinaa 

igi; isic warmoudgenelia, rom adrindeli àxla~ meore àxla~-Si gaqres, 

radganac SeuZlebelia davuSvaT àxla~-Ti Tanmimdevroba, rogorc wertilisa 

– wertilis kvaldakval, Tu, amrigad, erTi àxla~ mis momdevnoSi ki ara, 

romeliRac sxva àxla~-Si qreba, maSin is erTdroulad Sualedur àxla~-Ta 

Soris iqneboda, romelTa ricxvic usasruloa, es ki SeuZlebeli gaxlavT. magram 

isic SeuZlebelia, rom erTi da igive àxla~ yovelTvis iyos, radganac 

raRac dayofilsa da sazRvruls mxolod erTi zRvari rodi aqvs, Tundac is 

erTi an ramdenime mxriv uwyvetic iyos; àxla~ ki zRvaria; ase rom, SeiZleba 

aviRoT sazRvruli dro. garda amisa, Tu erTdrouli – ara adrindeli da ara 

mermindeli – arseboba erTsa da imave àxla~-Si arsebobasa niSnavs, amitom 

Tu am àxla~-Si moqceulia adrindelic da mermindelic, maSin erTdrouli 

iqneba aTi aTasi wlis winandeli ambavi da is, rac dRes moxda, da araferi ar 

iqneba erTmaneTze adrindeli an gviandeli~ (`fizika~, IV, 10, 218 a). 

aristoteles mTeli Semdgomi msjeloba drois Sesaxeb Zalze rTulia, 

zogjer ki imdenad bneli da bundovani, rom mravalricxovan komentatorTa 

Tavgamodebuli mcdeloba kidev ufro abnelebs da abundovanebs sakiTxs, 

nacvlad imisa, rom sinaTle mohfinos mas. Tumca zogadi azris gamotana 

mainc xerxdeba: rogorc zemoT motanili fragmentidan Cans, drois TviT 

arsebobac ki saTuoa, radganac is Semdegi momentebisagan iTxzvis: erTi 

mxriv, warsuli, romelic iyo da aw ukve aRar aris, meore mxriv ki momavali, 

romelic iqneba, magram jer kidev ar aris, `xolo is, rac ararsebulisagan 

iTxzvis – aristoteles marTebuli SeniSvniT, _ SeuZlebelia wilnayari 

iyos arsebobasTan~. rac Seexeba awmyos (àxla~), is mxolod warsulisa da momavlis 

gamyofi zRvaria, wamdauwum cvalebadi zRvari, araviTari grZlivoba 

ar gaaCnia da amitom ar SeiZleba drois momentad iqnes miCneuli. drois es 

paradoqsuli Taviseburebani ukiduresad aZneleben mis gagebas. 

Semdeg aristotele aanalizebs im swavlulTa Tvalsazriss, romelnic 

dros ciuri sferos moZraobasa da TviT am sferosTanac ki aigiveben, ris 

Sedegadac daaskvnis, rom `dro ar aris moZraoba, Tumca moZraobis gareSe ki 

ar arsebobs~ (`fizika~, IV, 10 219 a; Sdr. Tomas manis kiTxva: ìqneboda dro, 

rom ar yofiliyo moZraoba? iqneboda moZraoba, rom ar yofiliyo dro?~), 

radganac Cven mxolod moZraobis meSveobiT aRviqvamT da vzomavT kidec 

dros (aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom Zveli berZnebi Zalze farTo mniSvnelobas 

aniWebdnen termins `moZraoba~; es iyo ara marto materiis sivrculi moZraoba, 

fizikuric da qimiuric, iseve, rogorc adamianis yvela fsiqikuri aqti, 

misi SegrZnebebi, aRqmebi, azrebi Tu gancdebi). 

rakiRa daadgina, rom dro ar aris moZraoba, magram, amasTanave, ar Sei- 

Zleba moZraobis gareSe arsebobdes, aristotele drois gansazRvris safuZvlad 

iRebs Semdeg debulebas: esaa danarCenTagan gansxvavebuli ori drouli 

momentis msgavsebis gancda Cveni cxovrebis mier: `Cven SevicnobT dros, 

roca zRvars vudebT moZraobas da amrigad ganvsazRvravT adrindelsa da 

mermindels; maSin vambobT, rom drom ganvlo, rakiRa grZnobebiT aRviqvamT 

adrindelsa da mermindel moments, Cven imis meSveobiT gavmijnavT maT, rom 

erTxel erTs aRviqvamT, meorejer ki – meores, xolo maT Soris – raRac 

orivesagan gansxvavebuls. radganac maSin Cven viazrebT or kidura wertils 

rogorc Sualedurisagan gansxvavebuls, da suli aRniSnavs or àxla~-s – 

adrindelsa da mermindels; ai, ras vuwodebT dros, radganac swored momentebiT 

SemosazRvruli àxla~ gveCveneba `drod~ (`fizika~, IV, 10 219a 22-30). 

bolos da bolos, aristotele gvTavazobs drois Semdeg definicias: `rode- 

130

sac aris ùwin~ da `Semdeg~, maSin Cven vlaparakobT droze, radganac dro sxva 

ara aris ra, Tu ara moZraobis ricxvi adrindelsa da mermindelTan mimarTebiT. 

amrigad, dro TavisTavad rodia moZraoba, aramed moZraobad gvevlineba 

imdenad, ramdenadac moZraoba Seicavs ricxvs~ (iqve, 219a 33 – 219b 3). 

erTi sityviT, aristoteles orwevrian logikur strquturaSi: moZraoba 

– dro, dro – moZraoba, Znelia xazi gausva romelime wevris primats. miuxedavad 

imisa, rom yovelgvari moZraoba (iseve rogorc yovelgvari cvalebadoba) 

droSi xdeba da droiT izomeba. arc erTi daiyvaneba meoreze da arc 

meore – pirvelze. `Cven ara marto moZraobas vzomavT droiT, aramed drosac 

– moZraobiT, _ imis gamo, rom isini erTmaneTs gansazRvraven, radganac 

dro gansazRvravs moZraobas, rogorc misi ricxvi, xolo moZraoba – dros. 

da Cven vlaparakobT didsa da mcire droze, roca mas moZraobiT vzomavT, 

isve, rogorc ricxvs vzomavT sagnebiT, romlebic Tvlas eqvemdebarebian, 

ase magaliTad, cxenebis ricxvs – cxeniT. swored ricxvis meSveobiT vgebulobT 

cxenebis raodenobas da, piriqiT, saTiTaod rom viTvliT cxenebs – maT 

ricxvs. igive iTqmis droisa da moZraobis mimarTac: droiT Cven vzomavT moZraobas, 

moZraobiT ki – dros~ (iqve, 220b 15-25). 

magram arsebobs moZraobis (cvalebadobis uricxvi sxvadasxva saxe, da Tu 

misi ricxvi, anu zoma Tu sazomi aris dro, maSin moZraobis TiToeul saxes 

misi specifikuri dro unda Seesabamebodes. aristotele TviTonve grZnobs 

amas (iqve, XIV, 223b 1-5), magram saTanado daskvna ki ar gamoaqvs. samyaroSi 

mimdinare yvela procesis dro mis naazrevSi unificirebulia da standartizirebuli: 

esaa dro, romliTac izomeba ciuri sferos regularuli da 

Tanabarzomieri wrebrunva; amitomac gveCveneba, TiTqos dro swored es wrebrunva 

iyos. 

Tavis mesame ènneadaSi~ (7, 9) plotini kritikis sagnad aqcevs drois, 

rogorc moZraobis ricxvis Tu zomis aristoteleseul gagebas: Tuki dro 

marTlac moZraobis ricxvia, maSin is ufro metad rodi ukavSirdeba moZraobas, 

vidre ricxvi àTi~ cxenebs Tu xarebs, romlebsac is aRricxavs, meore 

mxriv, Tu dro uSualod ukavSirdeba moZraobas, romelsac zomavs, rakiRa 

mis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba, rogor ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan sakuTriv 

dro da misi meSveobiT gazomili moZraoba? xolo Tu es gansxvaveba mainc SesaZlebelia, 

maSin dro, rogorc moZraobis ricxvi, pirwmindad eqsterioruli, 

pirwmindad garegnulia moZraobis mimarT da, maSasadame, iseve, rogorc 

pirvel SemTxvevaSi, ubralo ariTmetikul ricxvada rCeba, romelic drois 

araviTar gagebas ar Seicavs. egec ar iyos, aristotele dabejiTebiT amtkicebs: 

`Cven ara marto moZraobas vzomavT droiT, aramed drosac – moZraobiT, 

_ imis gamo, rom isini erTmaneTs gansazRvraven~. keTili da patiosani, 

_ SeniSnavs plotini, _ magram aqve unda vikiTxoT: nuTu imisaTvis, rom dro 

arsebobdes, aucilebeli pirobaa misi gazomva? amasTanave, rakiRa dro usasruloa, 

romelic araviTar ganzomilebaSi ar Tavsdeba, sainteresoa, drois 

mainc romel moments miviCnevT aTvlis wertilad, anu am usasrulo drois 

mimarT `Semdgomad~ Tu ùwinaresad~? 

saqme aSkara absurdamde midis. drois buneba imdenad paradoqsulia, rom 

misi ganmartebisas antikurobis TviT yvelaze didi logikosic ki elementarul 

logikur Secdomas (petitio principii Tu idem per idem) uSvebs. swored amitom – 

dasZens plotini, _ erTxel da samudamod uari unda vTqvaT imaze, rom fizikur 

samyaros davuqvemdebaroT dro, rakiRa misi nebismieri subordinacia 

materialuri sinamdvilisadmi garduval marcxs gviqadis da CixSi gvamwyvdevs. 

ai, ratomaa, rom plotini kvlav miubrundeba `maradisobis~ (àios~) 

131

platoniseul cnebas, `maradisobisa~, romelsac Tavisi didi maswavleblis 

kvaldakval, kosmiuri gonebis azrobrivi da arsobrivi sisavsis, misi uwyveti 

idealuri qmediTobisa Tu absoluturi sicocxlis atributad saxavs. platonisganve 

sesxulobs igi ZiriTad ideas, romlis mixedviTac dro sxva ara 

aris ra, Tu ara ucvleli maradisobis moZravi xati, da axali struqturuli 

elementiT amdidrebs mas: dros, rogorc `samyarouli moZraobis intervals~, 

samyaros sulis `sasicocxlo intervalebTan~ aigivebs. ase ikveTeba 

universaluri simetria: ra kavSiricaa maradisobasa da kosmiur gonebas Soris, 

imave kavSiriT erwymian erTmaneTs droca da samyaros sulic. 

plotinis mixedviT, samyaros suli erTgvari Sualeduri sawyisia idealur 

sinamdvilesa da grZnobad-konkretul samyaros Soris. demiurgosis 

pirmSo, kosmosis macocxlebeli da mamoZravebeli Zala, misi erTianobis 

waruvali principi; samyaros, rogorc RvTaebrivi cocxali arsis TviTSemecneba; 

maTematikur da musikalur TanafardobaTa erToblioba, romelTa 

mixedviTac igeba cvladi da qmnadi sinamdvile; kosmiuri srulqmnilebis 

pirvelsawyisi, romlis meoxebiTac ideebi materiaSi realizdebian, materia- 

Si isxamen xorcs. 

dro – maradisobis proeqcia grZnobad-konkretul sinamdvileSi – samyaros 

sulis sicocxlea, marad moZravi da boboqari sicocxle, romelic 

gulisxmobs gamudmebul gadasvlas sicocxlis gamovlenis erTi romelime 

formidan meoreze (samyarouli sicocxle – wers pol valeri, _ `SeiZleba SevadaroT 

boboqar xanZars, romelic gaafTrebiT utevs yvelafers, razedac 

ki àli miuwvdeba~; usasrulod vrceldeba, droebiT ukan ixevs, Cerdeba, naperwkals 

tyorcnis, raTa gadalaxos sivrce, daipyros axali mijna, fexdafex 

misdevs Tavissave Tavs, ieriSiT iRebs yvelafers, rasac gzad awydeba da 

riTac sazrdoobs, dausruleblad qmnadi, cvladi da Tavisi yovelwamieri 

raobisagan gansxvavebuli, _ ai, rogor aRiqvamda damkvirvebeli sicocxlis 

stiqiur mTlianobas da erTobliobas, maorganizebel da maformirebel Zalas, 

romlis `nadavlic~ xdeba yvelaferi, rac SeiZleba formiT organizebul 

iqnes, iseve, rogorc deformirdeba yvelaferi, rac SeiZleba daiwvas, 

daiferflos da danaxSirdes~, _ ix. pol valeri, sulis krizisi; frangulidan 

Targmna b. bregvaZem, Tb., 1994, gv. 113). 

dro sulis qmediTobis momentTa Tanmimdevruli monacvleobaa. grZnobadi 

sinamdvile rom Seqmna, samyaro sulma `gaadroula~, drois dinebas dauqvemdebara 

igi. samyaro arsebobs da moZraobs sulSi, da raki am sulis sicocxle 

cvalebadia, swored esa qmnis droSi gansxvavebasac. amrigad, dro 

samyarouli sulis sicocxlis intervalebiT iqmneba. sulis sicocxle da 

cxovelmyofeli qmediToba rom ara, droc gaqreboda. samyaro, rogorc 

cocxali arseba (Sdr. platonis `timeosi~, 31a), garemoculia suliT, romlis 

mudmivi qmediTobis Tanmimdevruli intervalebi ganapirobeben samyaros 

wrebrunvas, rac, Tavis mxriv, qmnis ìyo~-s da ìqneba~-s (platoniseuli terminebia, 

_ ix. `timeosi~, 37c), anu warsuls da mermiss, ese igi, dros; xolo 

raki samyaros sulis sicocxle, arsebiTad, misi dauokebeli ltolvaa kosmiuri 

gonebis mimarT, amitom drois yvelaze arsebiT momentad momavali 

gvevlineba. dros, romelsac Zveli berZnebi, uwinares yovlisa, aRiqvamdnen, 

rogorc ciuri sferos wrebrunvas, plotini iazrebs am wrebrunvis WeSmarit 

mizezad – samyarouli sulis sicocxled. 

aq Cven cota xniT mainc unda SevwyvitoT drois Zveli berZnuli koncefciebis 

mimoxilva, raTa mkiTxvelis yuradReba SevaCeroT erT sakmaod 

ucnaur faqtze: saqme isaa, rom Tanamedroveobis zogierTi TvalsaCino ev- 

132

opeli filosofosi kategoriulad amtkicebs, rom Zveli berZnebic da romaelebic 

moklebulni iyvnen drois realuri gancdisa Tu SegrZnebis unars; 

rom maTTvis TiTqos ar arsebobda arc awmyo da arc momavali da mxolod 

warsuliT suldgmulobdnen. ase magaliTad, saxelganTqmuli espaneli moazrovne 

xose ortega i gaseti wers: 

àmboben (Spengleri da sxv.), rom Zvel berZnebs da romaelebs ar gaaCndaT 

drois SegrZnebis unari, isini TiTqos ver grZnobdnen maTi sicocxlis ganfenilobas 

droSi. amitomac iyo, rom mxolod awmyoSi arsebobdnen. amnairi 

gansazRvra me araswori mgonia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, is erTmaneTSi urevs or 

movlenas. Zveli berZeni Tu romaeli gamaogneblad brmaa momavlis mimarT. 

is verc ki amCnevs mas, rogorc daltonikosi ver arCevs wiTel fers. antikuri 

epoqis adamiani warsuliT cocxlobs. vidre raimes aRasrulebdes, is 

ukan ixevs xvlikivT, Tavdasxmas rom upirebs msxverpls. warsulSi is eZebs 

misabaZ nimuSs da warsulis prizmidanve Wvrets mTel samyaros, prizmidan, 

romelic yvelafris deformacias axdens. amitom misi cxovreba warsulis 

gancdaa da gadamRereba. es ki niSnavs, rom Zveli berZnebi da romaelebi arqaistebi 

iyvnen, Tumca yvela Zveli xalxi arqaistia. magram Secdoma iqneboda 

gvefiqra, TiTqos maT ar SeeZloT drois aRqma, drois maTeuli aRqma 

arasrulfasovania. misTvis niSneulia momavlisadmi interesis uqonloba da 

hipertrofirebuli yuradReba warsulis mimarT. Zveli xalxebisagan gansxvavebiT, 

Cven, evropelebi, yovelTvis momavalze varT orientirebulni, radganac 

gvesmis, rom swored momavalia drois arsebiTi ganzomileba. ase rom, 

CvenTvis dro TandebuliT _ `-mde~ ki ar iwyeba, aramed zmnizediT _ `Semdeg~. 

amitomac gveCveneba, rom Zveli berZnebisa da romaelebis cxovrebas 

droismiRmuri xasiaTi hqonda~ (xose ortega i gaseti, masebis amboxi, espanuridan 

Targmna b. bregvaZem, Tb., 1993, gv. 177-178). 

magram ase daaxasiaTo xalxi, romelmac kacobriobis istoriaSi pirvelma 

Cauyara safuZveli droismetyvelebas Tu droismcodneobas (`qronologia~), 

mniSvnelovanwilad rom ganapirobebs dasavluri azrovnebis mTel Semdgom 

ganviTarebas mis mier dasaxuli gziT; amnairi kvalifikacia misce mTel civilizacias, 

romelic Tavisi oriaTaswliani arsebobis damlevs drois yvelaze 

arsebiT ganzomilebad swored momavals saxavs da, amrigad, usasrulo perspeqtivas 

xsnis adamianuri cnobierebisa da sulis winaSe, riTac gadaWriT amkvidrebs 

metafizikur (da ara marto metafizikur) optimizms, _ sul cota, 

istoriuli faqtis gayalbebas niSnavs. ortega i gasetis didi Tanamedrove 

ambobs: `Cven ukusvliT SevdivarT momavalSi~ (pol valeri, sulis krizisi, 

dasax. gamoc. gv. 16). sainteresoa, ras ityodnen dRevandel evropelebze ori 

Tu sami aTaswleulis Semdeg, ase calmxrivad da tendenciurad rom ganemartaT 

es sityvebi. 

Tumca kvlav mivubrundeT sityvas, rogorc TavSive aRvniSneT, drois 

antikuri Teoriebi safuZvlad udevs netari avgustineseul `qronologias~ 

(`droismetyvelebas~), yvelaze srulad da amomwuravad Camoyalibebuls àRsarebaTa~ 

meTerTmete wignSi, sadac avtori cdilobs daamtkicos, rom Rmer- 

Tma àrafrisagan~ (`cx nihilo~) Seqmna samyaro, riTac gadaWriT upirispirdeba 

yvelas, visi azriTac, SeuZlebelia arafrisagan raimes Seqmna, da vinc skeptikurad 

kiTxulobs: `ki magram, ras akeTebda RmerTi samyaros Seqmnamde~ 

(Quid facicbat deus, antcquam faceret caelum et terram?) Tuki arafersac ar akeTebda 

uqmad myofi, ratom samudamod ar darCa iseve uqmad, rogorc ukunisidan 

iyo? xolo Tu RmerTSi Tavs iCens axali neba-survili imis Seqmnisa, rac manamde 

arasodes ar Seuqmnia, maSin raRa maradiuloba eTqmis imas, raSiac ma- 

133

namde ararsebuli survili Cndeba? da marTlac, neba RmerTis qmnileba ki 

ara, yovelgvar qmnilebaze uwinaresia, radganac SeuZlebeli iqneboda risime 

Seqmna, Semoqmedis neba Seqmnilze adre rom ar arsebuliyo. amrigad, RmerTis 

neba ganuyofelia TviT misi substanciisagan. xolo Tu RvTaebriv substanciaSi 

Tavs iCens is, rac manamde ar yofila masSi, amnair substanacias maradiuls 

ver vuwodebT, da camde marTalnic viqnebiT. Tuki maradiuli iyo samyaros 

Seqmnis RvTaebrivi neba-survili, maSin ratom ar aris maradiuli misi 

qmnileba?~ (àRsarebani~, XI, 12). 

maradisoba, netari avgustines mixedviT, ucvlelobis da uZraobis, ufro 

zogadad ki RvTaebrivi substanciis da TviT RmerTis atributia. rac Seexeba 

maradisobisa da drois urTierTmimarTebis problemas, am mxriv, àRsareba- 

Ta~ avtori TiTqmis ucvlelad imeorebs da iziarebs kidec platonis azrs. 

`vin SeaCerebs da gasaqans ar miscems mas (drois nakadSi danTqmul guls, _ 

b.b.), raTa Tundac wamiT Semdgarma aRiqvas marad uZravi maradisobis sxivosani 

aTinaTi da drois uwyvet dinebas Seadaros igi? dae, darwmundes, rom 

isini araTanazomadni arian; dae, Seignos, rom drois xangrZlivobas uricxvi 

msrwaflwarmavali wamis simravle ganapirobebs, gamudmebiT rom enacvlebian 

erTmaneTs. maradisobaSi ara aris ra warmavali, aramed mudmivi awmyoa, mTeli 

Tavisi sisavsiT. dro ki verasodes ver iqneba pirwmindad awmyo; dae, mixvdes, 

rom mTel warsuls momavali mierekeba, rom mTeli momavali warsuls mosdevs, 

xolo erTica da meorec imisgan iRebs dasabams, imisgan momdinareobs, 

rasac maradi awmyo hqvia. vin SeaCerebs kacis guls, raTa uZravad Semdgarma 

ixilos, Tu rogor ganapirobebs warsulsac da momavalsac marad uZravi maradisoba, 

romlisTvisac ucxoa warsulic da momavalic~ (iqve, XI, 13). 

platonis gavlenis kvali aranakleb aSkaraa netari avgustines meore 

TxzulebaSi _ `RvTis qalaqisaTvis~, sadac avtori, maradisobisa da drois 

urTierTgansxvavebidan gamomdinare, cdilobs erTmaneTisagan gamijnos 

cnebebi _ `samyaros Seqmna droSi~ da `samyaros Seqmna drosTan erTad~, 

raTa gviCvenos, rogor gadadis ucvleli da uZravi maradisoba wamiTi-wamad 

cvalebadsa da moZrav droSi, rogor iqmneba grZnoba-konkretuli, ganuwyvetliv 

qmnadi da cvladi samyaro, romlis dasabamic, warmarTi kreacionistis 

TvalsazrisiT, demiurgosia, xolo qristiani Teologis mixedviT _ 

bibliuri RmerTi: 

`Tuki marTebulad ganvasxvavebT maradisobasa da dros, kerZod, imas, 

rom SeuZlebelia drois arseboba raime moZravis cvalebadobis gareSe, 

maradisobisaTvis ki ucxoa yovelgvari cvalebadoba, vin ver SeniSnavs, 

rom ar iqneboda dro, Tuki ar iqneboda qmnileba, romelic raRacnairi 

moZraobiT Secvlida rames?.. vin ityvis, rom samyaroze uwinares ukve iyo 

sxva ram qmnileba, romlis cvlilebiTac SeiZleba edina dros? magram raki 

wminda da uWeSmaritesi werili ambobs: `Tavdapirvelad Seqmna RmerTma ca da 

miwa~, raTa aravin ifiqros, TiTqos manamde Seqmniliyos sxva rame... amitom 

eWvSeuvalad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samyaro Seqmnilia ara droSi (in tempore), 

aramed drosTan erTad (cum iempore), vinaidan is, rac droSi iqmneba, an ama Tu 

im drois Semdeg, an ama Tu im droze uwinares iqmneba, ese igi, warsulis Semdeg 

da momavalze uwinares. magram SeuZlebelia warsuli yofiliyo samyaroze 

uwinares, vinaidan ar iyo qmnileba, romlis cvalebadi moZraobiTac SeeZlo edina 

dros. amitom samyaro drosTan erTad Seiqmna~ (`RvTis qalaqisaTvis~, XI, i). 

maradisobis – am ucvleli, waruvali da integraluri awmyosagan gansxvavebiT, 

dro, platonis, aristotelesa da plotinis kvaldakval, netari 

avgustines mixedviTac, sam momentadaa ganwiluli (warsuli, awmyo da mo- 

134

mavali). magram Tu platoni da aristotele mxolod relatiur arsebobas 

aniWeben awmyos, e. i. faqtobrivad uaryofen mas, netari avgustinesaTvis, 

piriqiT, drois erTaderTi realurad arsebuli momenti mxolod awmyoa, 

romliTac is zomavs ìyo~-sa da ìqneba~-s, e. i. warsulisa da momavlis realobis 

xarisxs, ris Sedegadac rogorc erTi, ise meore drois fiqtiur momentebad 

warmogvidgeba, vinairad warsuli (mkvdari awmyo) ukve aRar arsebobs, 

xolo momavals (daubadebel awmyos) jer kidev ar miuRwevia im fazisaTvis, 

roca masze SeiZleboda gveTqva àris~, e. i. jer kidev ar ziarebia arsebobas. 

netari avgustines azriT, suli uSualod Wvrets da aRiqvams mxolod awmyos, 

maSin rodesac warsuls igonebs da momavals moelis. am subieqtivisturi koncefciis 

Tanaxmad, drois arseboba adamianis suliTaa gansazRvruli, suliT, 

romelic moelis, Wvrets da igonebs. Tu drois sam momentze mainc SeiZleba 

msjeloba, isev da isev am subieqtivistur konteqstSi; àris sami dro – awmyo 

warsulisa, awmyo awmyosi da awmyo momavlisa, es sami dro mxolod Cvens 

sulSi arsebobs da sxvagan versad ver vxadav maT; awmyo warsulisa maxsovrobaa; 

awmyo awmyosi – uSualo Wvreta; awmyo momavlisa ki – molodini~ (àRsarebani~, 

XI, 26). 

Tumca netari avgustine imasac grZnobs, rom awmyos araviTari grZlivoba 

ar gaaCnia da, am TvalsazrisiT, marTalni arian platoni da aristotele, 

romelTa mtkicebiTac, awmyo drois realuri momenti ki ara, mxolod warsulisa 

da momavlis gammijnavi, gamudmebiT cvladi zRvaria. drois paradoqsuli 

buneba kidev erTxel Sinagani winaaRmdegobis CixSi amwyvdevs adamianis 

maZiebel azrs, romelic am Cixidan gamosavals isev da isev drois subieqtivistur 

aRqmaSi eZebs: 

`...yuradRebas warsulSi gadaaqvs momavali; rac momavals akldeba, warsuls 

emateba; da Tu momavali saerTod gaqra, darCeba mxolod warsuli. ki 

magram, ranairad mcirdeba, an sulac qreba momavali, romelic jer kidev ar 

arsebobs? mxolod imnairad, rom es xdeba sulSi, radganac martooden sulSi 

arsebobs sami dro, is elis, yuradRebas apyrobs da axsovs: rasac elis, im 

gziT gaivlis, rasac yuradRebas apyrobs, da iqiTken miemarTeba rac axsovs. 

vin SesZlebs imis uaryofas, rom momavali jer kidev ar arsebobs? magram misi 

molodini ukvea sulSi. anda vin uaryofs imas, rom warsuli ukve aRar arsebobs? 

magram sulSi kvlavac cocxlobs misi xsovna. da bolos, vin gabedavs 

uaryos, rom awmyos xangrZlivoba ar gaaCnia? radgan is meyseulad gadis. 

magram xangrZlivia Cveni yuradReba, romelsac dauyovnebliv aryofnaSi gadahyavs 

yvelaferi, rac ki Tavs iCens. maSasadame, xangrZlivia momavali dro, 

romelic ar arsebobs: xangrZlivia mxolod momavlis molodini. xangrZlivia 

ara warsuli dro, romelic aRar arsebobs; xangrZlivia mxolod warsulis 

xsovna~ (àRsarebani~, XI, 36-37). 

drois platonisa da aristoteleseuli Teoriebi sakmaod orWofulia: 

rogorc maswavleblis, ise mowafis azriTac, dro arc pirwmindad subieqturia 

da arc obieqturi, e. i. arc adamianis cxovrebiTaa gansazRvruli da 

arc damoukidebelia misgan. maTi dro sadRac cnobierebasa da obieqtur realobas 

Soris miedineba, ase rom, arc erTze daiyvaneba da arc meoreze. amitom 

verc erTi axerxebs drois mkacr definicias da verc meore. Tumca isic 

sakiTxavia, SesaZloa ki, saerTod, amnairi definicia? SeuZlia ki adamians 

drois gonebamiuwvdomeli idumalebis zusti da amomwuravi wvdoma? 

drois netari avgustineseuli koncefciis originaloba platonis, aristotelesa 

da plotinis TeoriebTan SedarebiT, uwinares yovlisa, isaa, rom 

hiposeli episkoposis TvalsazrisiT, dro arsebiTad subieqtivisturia, 

135

ese igi, adamianis cnobierebiTaa gansazRvruli. Tumca ver vityviT, rom am 

orginalobis Sedegi win gadadgmuli nabiji iyos drois enigmuri bunebis Secnobis 

gzaze. sapirispiro azrisaa cnobili ingliseli filosofosi bertras 

raseli: `me piradad ar veTanxmebi avgustines Teorias, romlis mixedviTac 

dro raRac Cvens gonebaSi arsebulia, magram es ueWvelad Zalze Wkvianuri 

Teoriaa, Rirsi imisa, rom seriozuli ganxilvis sagnad iqces. metsac getyviT: 

avgustines Teoria gacilebiT ufro win gadadgmuli nabijia yovelive imas- 

Tan SedarebiT, rasac am sakiTxis irgvliv berZnul filosofiaSi vpoulobT. 

es Teoria Seicavs problemis ufro ukeTessa da ufro naTel formulirebas, 

vidre drois subieqtivisturi Teoria kantisa, _ Teoria, romelmac kantis 

Semdeg farTo aRiareba hpova filosofosTa Soris~ (Б. Рассел, История западной 

философии, М., 1959, стр. 370). 

mkiTxveli, romelic yuradRebiT gaecno, erTis mxriv, platonis, aristotelesa 

da plotinis Teoriebis, xolo meore mxriv, netari avgustines koncefciebis 

am mokle mimoxilvas, uTuod dagveTanxmeba imaSi, rom avgustines 

originalobas upiratesad erTi ram ganapirobebs: dro, misi gagebiT, ufro 

subieqtivisturia, vidre berZen filosofiebsa aqvT warmodgenili. magram 

swored am subieqtivizms ar iziarebs bertras raseli. maS, raRas emyareba 

misi mtkiceba imis Taobaze, rom àvgustines Teoria gacilebiT ufro win 

gadadgmuli nabijia yovelive imasTan SedarebiT, rasac am sakiTxis irgvliv 

berZnul filosofiaSi vpoulobT~? 

19. miqa, VII, 8; I ioane, 1, 5. 

20. Sdr. fsalm. 22, 1; 27, 9. 

21. fsalm. 70,5. 

22. `netari avgustine aq mimarTavs racionalistur axsnas. momavali ivaraudeba 

im niSnebis mixedviT, romlebsac awmyo sTavazobs im xalxs, visac 

maTi analizisa da interpretaciis unari Seswevs~. _ pier de labriolis 

SeniSvna; ix. àRsarebaTa~ dasax. gamoc. gv. 313. 

23. Sdr. fsalm. 138, 6. 

24. fsalm. 37, 11. 

25. maTe, VII, 11. 

26. fsalm. 72, 16. 

27. fsalm. 115, 1. 

28. fsalm. 26, 4. 

29. fsalm. 38, 6. 

30. dabad. 1, 14. 

31. netari avgustine zafxulisa da zamTris dReebs gulisxmobs. 

32. ieso nav. X, 12-13. 

33. aristoteles mixedviT (ix. Sen. 18), dro da moZraoba erTmaneTs gansazRvraven, 

netari avgustine ki, arsebiTad, uaryofs maT urTierTgansaz- 

Rvrulobas. 

34. fsalm. 17, 29. 

35. dedanSi – cubitus = daaxl. 45 sm. 

36. netari avgustine aq uaxlovdeba plotinis Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac, 

`drois wvdoma SeuZlebelia sulis gareSe~ (ènn~, III, 7, II). magram 

plotini, rogorc vnaxeT (ix. Sen. 18), aq samyaros suls gulisxmobs, xolo 

netari avgustine, romelic subieqtivisturad iziarebs dros, _ adamianis 

suls. 

37. fsalm. 61, 9; 99, 3. 

136

38. zemoT (IX, XII, 31) netar avgustines ukve moaqvs ambrosi mediolanelis 

am mSvenieri himnis pirveli ori strofi. 

39. saxelganTqmuli frangi mecnieri pier moris mari diuemi Tavis grandiozul, 

aTtomian gamokvlevaSi `samyros sistema. kosmologiur moZRvrebaTa 

istoria platonidan kopernikamde~, parizi, 1913-1959, Semdegnairad 

ganmartavs am pasaJs: `maSasadame, drois arseboba da xangrZlivoba Cveni sulis 

saqmea, sulisa, romelsac SeuZlia yuradRebis erTi da imave, mudmivi da 

myari qmediTobiT moicvas warsulisa da momavlis movlenebi... yovelive ima- 

Si, rac amJamad xdeba, Cvens suls SeuZlia gamoyos Tanmimdevrul movlenaTa 

mTlianoba, da amrigad, erTi da imave, amwamieri yuradRebiT `moixelTos~ 

yvela es movlena. amis wyalobiT is maT aniWebs myarsa da permanentul, inteleqtismier 

arsebobas, rasac isinic moklebulni arian gare sinamdvileSi. 

sxvadasxva grZlivobis gazomvisas suli erTmaneTs adarebs swored am fiqsirebulsa 

da awmyod qceul mTlianobebs~ (P. Duhem. I. c Systéme du monde. t. II, 

Paris. 1914, p. 476). 

laTinuridan Targmna da SeniSvnebi 

daurTo baCana bregvaZem 

(wignidan àRsarebani~, Tb., 1995) 

137

nikola bualo depreo (1636-1711 w.w.) 

138 

poeturi xelovneba 

pirveli simRera 

poeturi nawarmoebis SeTxzvis Sesaxeb 

10 nu fiqrobT, riTmiT wera aris geniosoba. 

geSinodes cariel matyuara cdunebis: 

sagangebod gasinjeT Tqveni Zala, goneba. 

aRmatebul gonebiT noyierma bunebam 

icis avtorebisTvis amorCeva talantis, 

erTs SeuZlia leqsad siyvaruli daxatos, 

15 meorem – saxumaro epigrama galesos. 

25 roca ambavs gadmoscemT, saxumaros Tu sazeos, 

riTma daumorCileT saR azrs mudam, yovelgan, 

nu ggoniaT, rom pirvels ar uyvardes meore. 

30 riTma aris mona da unda iyos gamgoni. 

odes cdilobs mgosani sagangebod mis Zebnas, 

Tavisuflad axerxebs imis povnas goneba: 

mZle gonebis uRelqveS igi drkeba advilad 

da mas emsaxureba, amdidrebs da ar zRudavs. 

35 magram igi janydeba, ros yurs ar aTxoveben 

da imis dasaWerad saRi azri gamodis. 

maS, giyvardeT goneba, rom Tqvenma nawerebma 

gonebisgan miiRos brwyinvaleba, Rirseba. 

bevrni, gatacebulni gaxelebul sificxiT, 

40 saRi azris gareSe qmnian nawarmoebebs; 

iqneboda sircxvili Cveni mgosnebisaTvis, 

Tu imas iazrebdnen, rac sxvam ukve iazra. 

Sors am zedmetobisgan. davuTmoT italias 

yvela am Zvirfas qvaTa yalbi brwyinvalebani. 1 

45 yvela saRi azrisken unda miiswrafvodeT; 

Znelia iq miRweva – gza aris galesili; 

Tu mas odnav moSordiT, wamsve daiRupebiT, 

aris mxolod erTi gza gonebisken savali. 

100 `mkvdarTa da momakvdavTa as mTas Sesabralissa~ 2 

toni ukve aiReT – xelovnebiT ubralom 

da iyaviT diadi, ara ampartavani. 

miawodeT mkiTxvels is, rac mas moswons, izidavs, 

ritmisaTvis ki gqondeT yuri mudam maxvili.

105 rom mudam Tqvens leqsebSi azri sityvis gampobi 

naxevar leqss gviWrides, Sesvenebas gvaZlevdes. 

erideT, rom xmovani metad aCqarebuli, 

xmovnisagan ar iyos gzaSi Sejaxebuli. 3 

SeiZleba SerCevaHharmoniul sityvebis. 

150 sanam weras daiwyebT, azrovneba iswavleT, 

radgan cotad Tu bevrad gvaqvs bneli ideebi 

da gamoTqmac misdevs mas bundovani, xan wminda: 

rasac kargad vifiqrebT, imas cxadad gamovTqvamT. 

sityvebic gvigrovdeba mis gamosaxatavad. 

155 roca didi siWarbe aris Tqvens nawerebSi, 

maSin ena gaxadeT TqvenTvis wmindaTawminda. 

roca sityva yalbia da gamoTqma Semcdari, 

amaoa CemTvisa Tqveni melodiis xma. 

Cemi Wkua-goneba ar ikarebs barbarizms, 

160 arc gaberili leqsis ampartavan solicizms. 

meore simRera 

iswavleT didi poetebisgan 

25 Zneli aris gzis povna am or siWarbes Soris, 

rom ipovoT, mihyeviT Teokrites da virgils. 

maTi nazi Sromebi aRsavseni graciiT 

dRe da Rame ikiTxeT, ar gauSvaT xelidan. 

mxolod maT SeuZliaT brZnul leqsebiT gvaswavlon. 

55 roca nazi ovidi tkbil xmebs acxovelebda, 

gvaZlevda xelovnebis mSvenier gakveTilebs. 1 

marto guli ubnobdes unda elegiaSi. 

oda met brwyinvalebiT, ara naklebi ZaliT 

camde amaRlebs Tavis gaqanebas amayurs, 

60 is amyarebs leqsebiT mtkice kavSirs RmerTebTan. 

mesame simRera 

dramatuli (tragedia, komedia) da epikuri 

poeziis Sesaxeb. moqmedebis dro, ambavi, 

sametyvelo ena 

5 tragedia mtirali, Cven rom Zlier mogvxiblos, 

oidiposs sisxlis cremls, mis tkivilebs agviwers. 

kacis mkvleli oresti SiSs da wuxils gamosqTvams 

da, rom kargad gaverToT, gvaRvrevinebs cremlebsa. 

o, Tqven, romelTac gaTbobT tkbili cecxli Teatris, 

139

140 

10 jildosTvis iq paeqrobT sazeimo leqsebiT, 

gsurT scenas miawodoT iseTi piesebi, 

rom Tqven mTeli parizi qebiT gars SemogertyaT? 

rom ufro izrdebodes misi mimzidveloba, 

rom xalxs kidev oc welsa misi naxva swyurodes? 

15 yovel Tqvens laparakSi, gancda aRelvebuli 

gulSi unda Cndebodes, mas arxevdes, aTbobdes, 

magram Tu Tqveni gmiri umZafresi gancdebiT 

veRar gvavsebs xSirad Cven tkbili saSiSroebiT, 

ver aRviZebs Cvens gulSi Sebralebas mSveniers, 1 

20 ver gvSvelis Tqveni codna scenis mosakazmavad. 

Tqveni civi msjeloba mayurebels adunebs – 

zarmaci rom Seiqmna da taSs rom aRar gikravs. 

Tqveni mWevrmetyvelebis unayofo daWimviT 

daqanculs eZineba an isev gakritikebs. 

45 rom erT adgils, erT dReSi, mxolod erTma ambavma 

miiyvanos bolomde avsebuli Teatri. 

msmenels nu miawodebT ambavs daujerebels: 

SeiZleba marTali zogjer marTals ar hgavdes; 

verasodes mogvxiblos sakvirvel uazrobam, 

50 radgan guls ar aRelvebs is, rac TviT mas ar sjera. 

130 kalprenedi da Áuba msgavsad laparakoben. 2 

CvenSi buneba brZeni, nairsaxovania, 

yovel gancdas sxva da sxva sametyvelo ena aqvs, 

saWiroa risxvisTvis boboqari sityvebi, 

xolo mwuxarebisTvis – ufro mSvidi, martivi. 

160 epikuri qmnileba ufro didi saxiTa 

gvaZlevs did moqmedebas mozrdil moTxrobaSia, 

cocxlobs gamonagoniT da sargeblobs miTebiT. 

aq Cvens mosaxiblavad yvelaferi mzad aris. 

245 gindaT Cven rom mogvwondeT, ar dagvRaloT arasdros? 

gmiri saintereso CvenTvis amoirCieT. 

brwyinvale saTnoebis, ganuzomel Rirsebis, 

rom im sisusteSic ki isev gmiri mosCandes, 

iyos tkbili sasmenad imisi saqmeebi; 

250 Tanaswori iyos is ludovikos, cezaris, 

arasdros polinikes da mis muxanaTi Zmis. 3 

meomari uxeSi CvenSi iwvevs mTqnarebas. 

nu gvawodebT Sinaarss metad bevri ambebiT. 

risxva aqilevsisa zomierad gaSlili 

255 da ganwesrigebuli avsebs mTels ìliadas~. 

zedmetoba ukargavs xelovnebas Rirsebas.

moTxrobaSi iyaviT swrafi da Tan cocxali, 

magram uxvi, amayi iyaviT aRweraSi. 

SeiZleba gamarToT aq warmtaci leqsebi, 

260 magram nu SeexebiT masSi mdabal movlenebs. 

nu mibaZavT im SeSlils, romelic zRvas agviwers. 4 

335 tragikul warmodgenis brwyinvale warmatebam 

aTenSi antikuri komedia dabada. 5 

damcinavma berZenma saxumaro TamaSSi 

gesli gadmoanTxia borotmetyvel enidan. 

Tavxeduri xumrobis gaafrTebul TamaSiT 

340 azri, patiosneba, sibrZne gaxda sakbilo. 

xalxma iq ganadida mxiaruli mgosani, 

xolo iman dacinviT moipova Rirseba. 

roca iman `RrublebSi~ sokrate gamoxata. 6 

345 magram bolo mouRes aseT Tavisuflebas: 

mosamarTlem dawera sastiki kanonebi, 

daavala poetebs metismeti sidinje, 

aukrZala pirebis calke dasaxeleba. 

aRar aboboqrebda Teatrs yru gaafTreba, 

350 gaCnda komediaSi uwyinari sicili; 

man uvneblad daiwyo xalxis gamosworeba, 

menandres nawerebSi SesZlo yvelas moxibvla. 

vinc saxe dainaxa komediis sarkeSi, 

axla ar Tvlis Tavis Tavs is Seuracxyofilad. 

355 Zunwi Zunwis suraTma gaacina da igi 

ver mixvda, rom TviT iyo am portretis nimuSi. 

fuqsavati ucqerda suraTs zustad daxatuls, 

magram mainc ver icno masze saxe Tavisi. 

Tu gsurT komediaSi moipovoT dideba, 

360 obieqtad swavlebis airCieT buneba. 

vinc Tavis Rrma gonebiT gulSi adamianis 

SesZlo naTlad ganWvreta saidumloebisa, 

vinc icis, Tu ra aris gamflangveli da Zunwi, 

wesieri, moSurne, ceti, axirebuli, 

365 SeuZlia scenaze kargad warmoaCinos 

da Cvens win gaacocxlos, Cvens win alaparakos, 

warmogvidgineT yvelgan ubralo saxeebi, 

rom TiTeuls hqondes iq sul cocxali ferebi. 

maS, nu alaparakebT aqtiorebs Semcdarad, 

390 moxucs ymawvilis eniT da ymawvils ki – moxucis. 

SeiswavleT sasaxle da qalaqs gaecaniT, 

iq sakmaod bevria saWiro nimuSebi. 

141

142 

molieri, romelic mis daxatviT gandidda, 

SeiZleba didebis asuliyo mwvervalze, 

Tu mxatvrul niWs xalxs ase uxvad ar aCuqebda, 

niRabSi ar Sexvevda xSirad moqmed pirebsa. 

natifi da saamo bilw xumrobad Secvala, 

urcxvad terenciusi tabarens miakedla, 

sasacilo tomarSi man skapeni gaxvia. 

400 aq me veRar vicani `mizantropis~ avtori. 7 

komedia ver iTmens amooxvras da cremlebs; 

Tvis leqsebSi ar uSvebs is tkivilebs tragikuls, 

magram is arasodes saxalxo moedanze 

ar unda akvirvebdes brbos sibilwiT, simdabliT. 

405 aqtiori xumrobdes unda keTilSobilad, 

raTa misi kvanZebi ixsnebodes advilad. 

moqmedeba gonebis nabijs unda misdevdes 

da ar iCqmalebodes carieli scenaze. 

stili nazi da sada unda imarTebodes, 

410 sityvas unda amkobdes iq enis simaxvile; 

iyos gancdiT savse da Tan mkveTrad gamarTuli 

da scenebi scenebTan mWidrod SeerTebuli. 

ganerideT xumrobas saRi azris gareSe, 

arasodes ar unda gaeTiSoT bunebas. 

meoTxe simRera 

kritikis Sesaxeb 

230 da Soridan giCvenoT saCuqari, gvirgvini. 

mapatieT, agreTve, Tu keTili zrunviTa 

Tqven didebul nabijTa erTguli meTvalyure 

me, xandaxan vaSoreb Zvirfas oqros siyalbes 

da Tavs vesxmi tlanq avtorT naklTa, SecdomaTaTvis, 

235 mawyenari cenzori, magram xSirad saWiro, 

ufro ki gamkicxveli, vidre TviTon Semqmneli. 

SeniSvnebi 

pirveli simRera 

1. bualo aq ilaSqrebs safrangeTis literaturaze italiis gavlenis 

winaaRmdeg. italieli poetebi werdnen leqsebs gaWimuli toniT, gaberili 

stiliT, maT Soris aRsaniSnavni iyvnen guanoni da marini. es ukanaskneli,

Jan-bastis marini, cnobili iyo `Cavalier Marin~-ad. igi daibada neapolSi. 

dawera poema àdonisi~, romlis stili metad gaWimulia. aqedan warmoiSva mimarTuleba 

marinizmis saxelwodebiT. 

2. brebefi (1617-1691) iyo poeti, romelmac Targmna frangulad lukanusis 

`farsali~. am nawarmoebSi gamoxatulia brZola keisarsa da pompeuss 

Soris. mas axasiaTebs gadaWarbeba zebunebrivi suraTebis gadmocemis dros, 

rac bualos ar moswons; magram igi mainc ar uaryofs brebefis damsaxurebas 

am Sromis Targmnis gamo. `Malgné son fatras obscur, souvent Brebeuf etincelle~, ambobs 

igi erT adgilas. 

3. aq laparakia hiatusis Sesaxeb, romelsac franguli leqsi ver iTmens: 

xmovani xmovnis win ar SeiZleba rom darCes. 

meore simRera 

1. bualos mxedvelobaSi aqvs ovidiusis àrs amatoria~. 

mesame simRera 

1. bualo dasZens, rom saSiSroeba, amave dros, unda iyos tkbili (Douce terreur) 

da Sebraleba _ mSvenieri (pitié charmante). aristotele ambobs, rom 

tragedia saSiSroebisa da sibralulis meoxebiT asufTavebs amave gvaris 

gancdebs. espanelebma da kornelim mesame elementi – gakvirveba daumates. 

2. goTie dekalprenedi iyo avtori romanisa `kleopatra~, romlis gmiri 

aris Áuba – mirotaniis mefe. bualo dascinis am mwerals. 

3.cpolinike da misi Zma eteokle arian stasis poema `Tebeidas~ gmirebi. 

isini iyvnen oidiposis Svilebi. maT mamis sikvdilis Semdeg batonobisaTvis 

urTierT brZola gamarTes, sadac orive daiRupa. poemaSi mocemulia saxeebisa 

da sulebis moqmedeba, ris gamoc igi miTologiuria. rasinma `Tebeidazec~ 

tragedia dawera, romelsac sxvanairad `Zmebi – mtrebi~ hqvia. 

4.cam SeSlilis qveS qvemoT aRniSnuli sent-amani da misi `gadarCenili 

mose~ igulisxmeba. ambavi xdeba wiTel zRvaze. 

5.crogorc mkvlevarni aRniSnaven, aTenSi komedia tragediis warmatebis 

Semdeg ar Seqmnila. igi warmoiSva ufro winaT patara dabebSi, dionises 

dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT. 

6.cigulisxmeba aristofanes `Rrublebi~. 

7.cskapeni aris molieris komediis `skapenis oinebis~ (`Les Fourberies de 

Scapin~) gmiri. igi aris laqia, romelic moxuc Jeronts atyuebs, xvevs mas 

tomaraSi (e. i. skapeni Jeronts da ara skapens, rogorc es piesaSia) da fuls 

arTmevs (scena mesame moqmedebaSi). bualo aq moliers mxolod komikur xerxs 

uwunebs. aliansi terenciussa da tabarens Soris marTlac moCans am komediaSi. 

aRebulia adgilebi pirvelis komedia `fermiodan~ da meore farsidan 

`franciskini~ (Francisquine) bualo amis gamo usayvedurebs avtors iseTi didi 

nawarmoebisa, rogoric `mizantropia~. 

Targmani frangulidan, kritikuli 

analizi da SeniSvnebi manase menabdisa 

(wignidan `poeturi xelovneba~, seriiT 

`rCeulTa biblioTeka~, Tb., 1998) 

143

vaxtang VI (1675-1737) 

144 

anderZi didi Wirsa Sina myofis mefis vaxtangisa 

leqsi 

es qilila da damana brZenTagan gamoTqmulebi, 

sparsTa eniTa sitkboTi daSaqrul-dambasulebi, 

vpoe da Cvenad gardmovsTqvi yvavili turfad rgebuli, 

da leqsi-leqsad da ambavi, arc erTi daklebulebi 

rogorc maTSi iyo, ambavi Tavis adgils da leqsi Tavis adgils 

davswere, amTonis Cemis Wiris xelfasad locva da Sendoba rom 

weria, avenobis pirs mainc nurvin gaxsniT. 

es wigni brZenTa naTeli, sxiviT da SuqiT mziani, 

yuriTa tkbilad sasmeni, suliT vardi da iani, 

mkiTxvelTa sargo mravali, ar aTi, ara ziani. 

da vswer mefe vaxtang qarTvelTa, Tesl-tomad daviTiani. 

(s.s. orbeliani, Txzulebani, t. II, gv. 29-40) 

literaturis Semamecnebeli, aRmzrdelobiTi 

daniSnuleba 

aw daibeWda stambaSi pirvel naweri xelisa 

ugbilTa friad saswavlo: gonierT gulTa Tmenisa 

dasrulda ese wigni qoronikons unsa smulsa 

yvelakasa uxaroda: ritorsa da xma usulsa 

saRmToa da saeroca: visca aqus smena gulsa 

da uswavlelsa sibrZnes miscems: goniersa guls usrulsa. 

poeziis saxeobaTa Sesaxeb 

vis Svenis: sWirs rusTvelis leqssa sami ese saqmeni. samze ese 

ubnobs ers saR˜Tod; meores sacolqmrod; mesames rasac zRapris 

mizezad es leqsebi uTqvams da aw aq SesavalSi es meoTxe mefis 

Tamaris qeba mouyvania. wesia pirvelad anderZsa da SesavalSi 

pirvelad qeba R˜Tisa da merme mefeTa.

Sairoba pirvelia: mohyua amas rom radgan leqss ubnobs leqsis 

Tqmas aqebs rom Tavis namuSakevs akeTebs. pirveli Sairoba sibrZnis 

erTi dargi ariso. dargi erTs rigsa hqvian. samR˜To rom 

saRTod gaigonos da daiswavlos msmenelisaTvis didi sargebelia. 

am Tavis wigns ubnobs vinc kaci kargia da msmeneli saR˜Tos 

amaSiac bevrs gaigonebs da iamebis. Sairs aqebs rom grZels ambavs 

mokled ityvis. 

moSaire ara... imas moSaired ar agdebs, vinc TviTo orols 

leqss ityvis da grZelis ambavis galeqsva ar SeuZlia. yovel 

meleqses Tavi kargad moleqsis swori nu hgoniao. erTi ori da 

SoriSori umsgavso ganaRamc rom kidec Tquas. es ar Caigdebao. 

magram am gvari ucodinari kaci kacs ar Seicilebs da joriviT 

fexs misdgams Cemi naTqvami sjobiao. 

meore leqsi... es leqsoba samad gauyvia: erTs xom am Tavis 

leqss ambobs. marTali leqsoba es ariso da marTlac ambobs da 

meored leqsad rostomiani da Tu am gvari leqsebi Caugdia. da 

erTad esec mgonia CaxruxaZec mdivani iyo da isic Tavis amxanags 

leqss uwunebs da Tavisas aqebs da meored leqsad eseca mgonia da 

ar idarebs moleqseobaSi kai nawils udebs. da arc sibrZnis Zali 

aqus imguars leqss da arc gasruleba SeuZliao gulis gasagmirali 

Tqvas rameo. gagmirva Sin rom maxvili ram gauyaros imas 

hqvian. amad cuds mSvildosans ymawvils udaris, rogorc imaT 

didis nadiris sikudili ar SeuZliaT da wvrils xocen. ese am 

gvars filosofosebri da Rrma ara SeuZlia cudamdis ambobso. 

mesame leqsi... leqsad mesamed sufris Sairobas ubnobs: amas 

kargad agdebs da meores leqss ki imas ajobebs da Tavis leqss 

aCens, rome es Cemi leqsi arc sacruo aris da arc saxumaro da 

saaSiyo da amas ubnobs mesames Sairisas saaSiyod, salaRobod, saxumarod 

da amxanagT saTrevelad kargi ario... aSiyoba arabulad 

trfialobas hqvian da laRoba xumrobas hqvian da axla ubnobs 

Cven kargs meleqseebs sufris Sairobac kargad gviameba. romelsac 

naTlad ityviano, magram oRond sasiamovnod ubnobs, Torem 

moSaireSi ki ar agdebs: vinc kargad da grZlad ar ityviso. 

poeziis daniSnuleba 

£ams meleqse... es esaia winaswametyuelis situa uTqvams. esaia 

ityvs va maTTvin, romelni weren sicruesa da esec asre ambobs 

imasaviT: meleqse ams Tavis naWirnaxulevs cud saqmezeo ar abrk- 

145

mevdes da cudzed arazed ubnobdeso. da Tavis batonis dayuedrebac 

aris. rom Tamar mefem amis Tqma dapatiJa ratom cuds 

saqmezed am sityuas da wigns maxarjvinebso: erTs samijnurod 

R˜Tis ubnobs. erTi is unda uCndes samijnurod da imas eaSiyebodes 

da yuelas imisTvin meleqse xelovnebdes imas aqebdes da 

imas amkobdes da imis meti nurvin unda saqebrad da enas misTvis 

amusikebdeso. musiki berZnulad mgaloblobas hqvian da aq gasinjeT 

romeli mijnuri qebula mgaloblad Tu ar R˜TisaTvin. 

Cemi aw... aw verc marTla am zRapris Tqmas marTla Tamar mefes 

adebs, rome batonisaTvis ver ukadrebia da Tu kaci gausinjavs 

arc TviTon ubnobs Cemi axla scaniTo. vinc miqia mas vaqebo. vi- 

Tom RmrTi uqia da imasve vaqebo da imis qeba didad saxelad miaCnia 

da arc Tavs gaviqiqebo. ganqiqeba gawbilebas hqvian, magram 

aw Tavis mefisas ubnobs. mefe sicocxled uTqvams. ase sicocxlea 

mefe kacTaTvin rome imiTi rCebian da imas dafarviT ubnobs: es 

Cemi sicocxle uwyalo aris CemTvis viTa jiqi. jiqi babria, rome 

amazed ar Semiwyala rome R˜Tis qebis Tqma ara mibrbana da zRapars 

maleqsebso da radgan asre mounda aw imas ubnobs, vinc mibr- 

Zana imaTi saxeli qvemoT miTqvams da SefrqveviT miqiao. Sefrqveva 

xSirad zed Seyras rasame hqvian. 

vTqua mijnuro... im zRapris Tqmas mefes abralebs Tavidan kidem 

samR˜Tos mohyua da ubnobs: vTqva mijnuroba pirveli viTam 

Tu pirvel sasufevlis mijnuroba da ubnobs jer isi vTqvao da 

merme zRapario da ambobsve sasufevlis mijnurobis tomoba da 

gvaroba rac ariso. da Znelad saTqmelad da enisagan gamosageblad 

ubnobs imis saqmes da simdabliTac ubnobs. viTam didi filasofosi 

ara varo da ar SemiZliao da asre ambobs is zeciuri saqme 

ariso. aRma amafreneli vinc imas Seecdebis am soflis wyenisa da 

mravlis moTmine unda iyos. 

mas erTsa... im erTs mijnurobas sasufevlis mijnurobazed 

ubnobs da imas Wkvianni Znelad ipovniso da mravalT enac dauSvra 

da yurnic dauvalianda. axla Tavis zRaprisas ambobs es sofliod 

vTqvi Tore me imas sad miswvdebodio da swavlad ubnobs. 

vinc ar isiZavs da qristesTvin ndomas dasTmobs da sworis colqmrobiT 

iqnebis esec imisiv sasufevlis mijnuris mdomis mibaZva 

ariso. 

iyo arabeTs rostevan... radgad samR˜To naxa rom aravin kiTxulobda 

soflios zRapars ufro waikiTxaven. soflio zRapari 

moigona, magram aseTi zRapari ar uTqvams rom sacodavi iyos. 

146

aw ena: ambobs axla ena minda gamoTqmad guli da £elovaneba: 

rom radgan samsaxuri mibrZana mefem: kargad vqna da R˜Ts exvewebis: 

Zali momec da Semewie SengniT rom goneba maqus imas miugdo. 

da davapyra: am Tavis mogonilis zRapris tarielisasa da 

avTandilisas ubnobs: imaTs qebazed Sevewio, rom turfad saxsenebelni 

ariano: im sams tariels fridons da avTandils gmirad 

axsenebs: erTmaneTis monad da morCilad ambobs: 

mo davsxdeT tarielisTÂs: amas ambobs modiT da davsxdeT 

tarielisTvis visac cremli SeuSroblad gvdis: rom amas aqaT 

dabadebuli imisTana vin yofila: amas amisT¢s ambobs im ambavs 

zRaprad xdis: arc dabadebulan da arc vis dabadebuls imas 

udris: Tvara diamc gmirebi imaTTan ar yofiliyos Tvara imis 

aqeT ramdeni wminda kacni dabadebulan imaT rogor ajobinebda: 

magram ubnobs zRaparia ara iyunen rao: me rusTvelman gavleqse 

amTenis tyuilis TqmisT¢s laxvar gul dasobilma: aqamdis ambavi 

iyo aw margalitad wyobilad gavxade: margalitad leqss ucnobs 

da wyobilad leqsis ganwyobas. 

Tamar tarielisa da avTandilis qeba brZana: qarTulad leqsis 

Tqma ubrZana leqsic imas gaukeTebia da ambavica. 

me rusTveli: xams yma patronis mijnuri da trfiali unda iyos: 

da samsaxurisaT¢s ase xeli unda iyos: rome misi samsaxurisaT¢s 

wasaxdenelad da sasikvdilod ar zarobdes: aw ambobs me rusTveli 

batonis samsaxurisaTvis rom xeli var iman rom ubrZana 

amis Tqmas imas adebs: rome amisT¢s viq da amisT¢s ariso: Tamar 

mefes morCilebda spaca da jarica: da ubnobs imis samsaxurisaTÂs 

vxelob da vkudebio: da misis samsaxuris mijnurobiT ese 

ver gavmZRarvar; da verc romelic mmarTebs is mimsaxurebia da 

umsaxurobis uZluri varo: da wamali ara maqvs gavikurnoo, an 

asreTi samsaxuri mibrZanos rome gamaZRos im samsaxurmao: da an 

mamklaso. saCivarsaviT asmens: da amaSi gavs rusTveli SemZle da 

kai kaci yofila rome Zalian samsaxursa sTxovs. 

ese ambavi: es ambavi sparsSi ar aris: da sparsT kai meleqsoba 

icodnen: da Tamar mefe kargi da Zaliani Ãelmwife rom iyo. vi- 

Tam es maszed moindoma: aseTi saqme sxvaSid ratom iyoso. rome 

qarTlSiac ar iyoso: da ubrZana mis mdivans rusTavels qarTuli 

eniT kargi leqsi Tqvio: aw amas ambobs sparsulis mibaZviT radgan 

aTqmevina Tamar mefem rom sparsTagan vsTargmneo: Tvaram 

sparsSid es ambavi arsad ipoeba: ambavic TviTon gaakeTa da leqsadac 

amisTvis ubnobs: rom sparsis leqsis baZzed rom sTqva sparsuli 

ambavi qarTulad vsTargmneo: rogorc margaliti £elis £el 

147

sagogmano aris: gogmani imas hqvian frinveli rome niadag karga 

iarebodes: ise es ambavi margalitisaTvis Seudarebia: da vpoe da 

leqsiT saTargmanod da saWoWmanod gavxadeo: WoWmani saqme rom 

vera eqnas kacsa da dia mtnelis iyos amas hqvian: Tavis xel mqneli 

Tamar mefea: is xelmqneli rogorc damiweria iman dammarTao. 

amas ubnobs. 

TvalTa misgan: axla mohyva sxvasa ambavs rom moleqseebis 

saqmes ambobs: da pirvelzed kidev samR˜T: Tqua rome TvalT 

uwindelT qristes mosvlamde unaTloT ujobdao: rom axla Cena 

enatraT: ai ramdeni guli gamijnurda qristesTvis ramToni velad 

gaiWrnen: meaje maxvewarsa hqvian vinc exvewebian sasufevlisaTvis 

Ãorcsa swven: magram is kmara rom suls lxenas miscemen: da 

sams ferad samebas ambobs: lamis leqs dalevna undao: erTi es 

aris rome samebis qebisaTvis vis eqneba maqTeni sibrZne, rom ar 

daelios: meored es aris sxva ambavs mohyva: da isom vambobdi 

zeiTi sityua dalia: axla sxvas movhyev. 

raca vis ra: raca visca bedma misces rogorc iovane naTlis 

mcemeli brZanebs kma geyavn roWiki Tquenio: roWiki jamagirsa 

hqvian: da pavlec ityvis nura rasa ufrosa ganwesebulisa 

Tqvenisa iqT: is mouyuania visac ra mogecesT imas dasjerdiT: 

muSa muSaobs meomari gulovnobs: mijnuri rom samRdeloni arian 

mijnurobdeT da giyuardesTa da samR˜T – sibrZnes ikiTxvideT 

da TargmnideT: samRTo saqme araca visgan izraxos da daiwunos 

da arc sxvas soflis saqmesa Tu usjuloT sjuls Seudaros 

da Seuwonos. 

ese Tqva: mgosani afuzi aris moSaiTi jambazisa: da Semoxada 

SemopatiJas hqvian. 

am saqmesa: divanose ariopageli didi filosofosi iyo. kerpTa 

da pavlesagan moiqca da efiskopozaT akurTxa: visca imisis sike- 

Tis cnoba gindaT imisis wignis kiTxviT SeityobT aw imas mowmobs 

da ezra winaswarmetyuels da samRvdelos dass rom aswavlis sam- 

Rvdelos saqme vardad xdis da ambobs bralia samRTo vardi codviT 

daTrTviluli iyos da dazrulio: da romelic locvisa da 

marxvisagan ase gamxdari iyos. 

dilasa adre: saxiTa oden samiTa rome sweria marTla ki ar 

vici da me asre mgonia orni mefe dedofali da mesame erTi veziri 

misandoc Tu asre ar daewera saxiTa oden samiTa leqsi ar gaiwyoboda 

da erTs kidev amas veWob rome viTac £elmwifeni R˜Tis 

Crdilad rom arian Tqmulni orni erTad rom isxden saxiT samiTa 

148

viTam kinaRam samebis saxiT isxdeno. Zlierebasa da sazarelobas 

uqebs Tavis patrons odnoba ra ari ver vagrZneT. 

moedans davdgi: aRvseba aRdgoma aris da qarTvelis kacis gulisaTvis 

uTqvams da im qorwilobis rigebsac iswavleba. 

Tqva Cemo: Tu saRmTod es ar eTqvas, sayvarels daZabunebuli 

moyvare rogor ejobinebao. magra esec samRToT uTqvams Tqua 

Cemo. Seni Sors myofi rom daukrulavs vinc sayvarels moSordes 

unda daCumdes gana sul laparakobdes. magram asre uTqvams 

krul iyos vinc Sen codviT dagSordes: vinc daCumdes da sul 

imis qebas ar ambobdes radgan kerpmsaxurebidam moviqeciT da 

goneba qristes darCa xams rom kacman ramdenic codva qnas, guli 

isrev qristezed unda hqondes da daubrundes bevri kaci codvas 

iqs ityvis me ra meSvelebiso. axla es imazed uTqvams Tvali 

rom codviT mtirali hqondes da kiedv isrev qristes Sexedva 

unda swaddes da saso ar unda warikveTos rac ram am sofels 

kacs Seuyvardeba sayvareli is aris da moyvare qriste aris axla 

ambobs ragindara qristes sawyeni rom qnas kacma da Seuyvardes 

codviT qriste daZabunebulad hyvandes is uTqvams mainc isev 

qriste gijobso da sjobso. 

ese araki: eseebi sul swavleba aris. 

kulav ity¢s: rac amas dauweria, Tu kais gziT iswavliT erTs 

ostatad geyofaT. 

ismine Cemi: Tneva saTnooba aris. 

wignidan `qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi 

mcire anTologia~, Tb., 1997. 

149

150 

anton I kaTalikosi (1720-1788 w.w.) 

TÂs mefisa Teimuraz I, 

daviTian-bagratovanisa 

251(795) 

arRaca maTi hxseneba davidumo, 

romelni sibrZnis quÀ-mdebarebi 

hsTqmides, 

eris-kacTagan saqebelTa werilTa, 

romelTa Soris Teimuraz ars mefe, 

SuÀnier meTqÂ maRal piitikosi. 

252(796) 

RuTis-mmetyuÀlebi goris piitikaTa, 

doRmatTa TÂsTa brZen saRmrTo 

Teimuraz, 

keTil-msaxuri, qristes-moyuare mefe, 

ritori ucxo, mWevr-moubnari uxuad, 

monozonebiT misruli uflisadmi. 

TÂs arCil II, imerTa mefisa, 


253(797) 

arCil mravalni sTqua Sairni 

nabrZnulni, 

Targmaneba hqmna xronoRrafisca keTil, 

brZenTa mefeTa istoria werilTa, 

xolo biblia, samRudelo werili, 

bneuli hkriba, Tanad daawyo sibrZniT. 

254(798) 

arCil zrdil iyo zniTa qarTulebriTa, 

esreT viTarmed kma iyo yovelTa Sina, 

isar-CoganTa, nadirT-sruaTa da orolT, 

mReraTa cxeniT yovelTave, raca hsTqua, 

lxinTa, WirebTa, raca saxmar arian.

255(799) 

mefobiTni da sapatrono-yrmobiTni 

qceulebani ganabargna aRweriliT, 

mirida SfoTsa, rossiad miiwia, 

muneburTagan mefeTa pativ-ica, 

Zili mSÂdobis daiZina marTali. 

TÂs vaxtang V mefisa, 


256(800) 

vaxtang Sairni Seawyuna SuÀnierad, 

sibrZnis moyuarea daemowafa sibrZnes, 

Znelni gamoTquna alfavitaTa zeda, 

sxuanica TÂsni aRlesna Sairobad, 

saqeb-ars misni Sair-sityuobani. 

TÂs Teimuraz II mefisa, 


257(801) 

Teimurazca, keTil-msaxurni mefe, 

keTil-SuÀnier, SairTa moqmedebdis, 

qcevani mefeT, anu mTavarT, an sxuaTa, 

an nadirobis, anu asparezobis, 

SairTa Sina Seawyuna SuÀnierad. 

TÂs SoTa rusTavelisa 

258(802) 

SoTa brZen-iyo, sibrZnis-moyuare friad. 

filosofosi, metyueli sparsTa enisa, 

Tu sam-hswadoda, RuTis-metyuÀlica 

maRal, 

ucxo-sakÂruÀl piitikos-mestixe, 

magra amaod daSura, sawuxar-ars es. 

151

152 

TÂs sargis TmoguÀlisa 

259(803) 

sargis eseca SoTaebri ars kaci, 

sibrZnis-moyuare, filosofos 

gamomTqmel, 

ritor SuÀnier, piitikos saqebel, 

TÂT SoTa ityÂs, dilargeT uqia mas, 

saqeb ars TqmulTa maTTÂs mizezTa. 

260(804) 

TÂs CaxruxaZis Zisa 

CaxruxaZis Ze, ucxo piitikosi, 

Tamar didisa mmkobi SairebiTa, 

SoTas SairTa, Tu hsTqua ukeTesTaca, 

mTqmeli mestixe, didi sibrZnis-moyuare, 

yovlad saqebi, ritorT-mestixT gÂrgÂni. 

TÂs sulxan saba orbelianisa 

261(805) 

sabas ara vaqeb amad, viTarmed ese, 

ekklesiasa wmidasa mter-ganudga, 

wina-aRmdgom, mbrZol eqmna WeSmaritebas, 

samoTxis kari, garna jojoxeTis bWe, 

aRwera sulTa warwymedad, TÂTca 

warwymda. 

261 (806) 

magra Sairni misni saqebeloben, 

SairTa vaqeb, sadac ara laTinTa 

ganxeTqileba an Seria wualeba, 

ucxo ars igi, saqebel piitika, 

raca soflioT gamoTqua sulxan-saba.

TÂs iese qsnis erisTÂs Zisa 

262(807) 

iese hsTqmidis SairTa SuÀnierad, 

akoloTia Sehqmna papaTa TÂsTa, 

mowameTaTTÂs akrostixosebr, brZnulad, 

mecnni uyuardes, sibrZnisa trfial-iyo, 

mefeTÂTÂseba aqunda maxloblobiT. 

TÂs dimitri orbelianisa 

263(808) 

dimitri Tu sTqua SairT makeTTa Tana, 

esTa pracxil-ars, viTarmed,zevdebisca, 

Tan-medroeTa TÂsTa garda vaxtangis, 

ucxod SeawyÂs, frasi gankazmis ucxod, 

amo ars, keTil misni piitikani. 

TÂs vaxtang orbelianisa 

264(809) 

vaxtang SairTa daRaTu amaoTad. 

hSureboda, magra sabas ukeTes hsTqmida, 

ucxod Seawyunis, gansakÂrvod dahleqsnis, 

dasatkbobelad mhsmenelTa gonebisa, 

Cemdaca iqmna moZRuar hswavlaTa raTme. 

265(810) 

vaxtang, sibrZnisa quÀ-mdebarebi kaci, 

ritor SuÀnier, mWevr-meTqÂ sakÂruÀli, 

filosofosi, piitikosi ucxo, 

mgelTa waritaces orTa mier wuxilTa, 

davhSTi me, misTÂs morwmune ese, msmeno. 

153

154 

TÂs vaxuSti naTesavisa Cemisa 

266(811) 

vaxuStis uqeb ReoRrafis cnobasa, 

istoriaT Tqmas, vrcel-brZnad 

gardamocemas, 

aman dawyebiT qarTuÂlTa istoria – 

kaxT, mesxT, afxazTa, megrelTa, 

suan-kavkasTa, 

aRwera, daSura, Seewia qarTuÂlTa. 

267(812) 

daviTianTa, mefeTa xe guarisa, 

Sehqmna vaxuSti – wesier da keTilad, 

TumcaRa mdurva miiRo samarTladre, 

rameTu viTme mterobiTnica Tqmani, 

misTa gamoCndes werilTa Sina mraval. 

TÂs dimitri, megobrisa Cemisa, 

cicis SÂlisa 

268(813) 

vqTua dimitri, wamebul yovelTagan, 

ese samarTal SendaÄ dimitri 

Sen filosofos maRal gamobrwyinda aw, 

maTematikos, kmad xolo ritor keTil, 

Cemda sasuruÀl-ars piitika Seni. 

269(814) 

aman hqmna wigni geometria rusebr, 

ese enaTa laTin, francis, germanTa, 

xolo rusTaca da qarTuÀlTa mecnier, 

qristes-moyuare kaci maRal goneba, 

agos ufalman amas welni mravalni. 

270(815) 

awindelTaTÂs CuÀnTa davidumo me, 

amad viTarmed pirispir qeba cud ars, 

daRaTu vhsTuquca, dimitrisaTÂs xolo, 

magra dimitris cnoba friad maRal-ars, 

amisTÂs misda iTquas da nu sxuaTaTÂs.

garda SvidTa nawilTa wyobil-sityuaobisaTa zed darTulTa 

sxuaTaca romelTame saqmeTa stixoloRosobiTac, ese igi SairsityuaobiT 

Cemnive qmnilni. 

271 

272 

wina-sityuaoba gansazRurebisa 

filosofiisa friderikos 

baumeisterisa 

filosofosman baumeister friderikos, 

sazRuar-debul-hyuna nivTni sabrZnoT 

Sinana, 

axal Ãel-yofiT paeqrobiTni Tqmani, 

sam-meocda sam da orasda aTasni 

ese erT wignad qmnili sargebel 

brZenTa. 

rosiasa porfirsa qalaqTasa 

TargmanebiTa laTinTa enisagan 

gardmoRebiT CuÀnsa zeda enasa 

imarxva ese tkivil-amoyuarebiTa 

sargeblad CuÀnTa wrfialTa 

sibrZnisaTa. 

272(818) 

antoni vhSurebi mTargmane siyuaruliT, 

TquÀn CuÀnTa magaT Tana moqalaqeTa 

erT naTesavTa erT meeklesieTa 

brZenTa qarTulTa mirTmad ZRuÀnsityÂerTa. 

dros mefobisTa irkali meorissa. 

155

156 

Tavi 2 

winasityuaoba axlad qmnilisa katiRoriisa CuÀnisa 

274(819) 

ar silaRiTman vardman guTanada Cuen, 

axlad Ãel-yofad quÀTqmulobani Zuelni, 

rameTu ese ZuÀlTa sxolastikosTa 

da CuÀnTaca hqmnes mravalT kmaeni CuÀnda 

magra TÂsTaTÂs SromaÁ saracx tkbilad. 

274(820) 

mhgonies romel saTanado ars ese 

viTarmed axlad cnobad momzidveloba 

moZRuarTad maT romel Tan miinergnes 

TÂsTa gnosisTa mowafeni SedgomiT, 

vinca axlad mivshcne ZuÀlni cnobani. 

275(821) 

ipyrobs TÂs Soris wigni wina mdebare 

Seyuanilebas Cem miersa quÀTqmulad 

xolo samguarTa filosofiisaTa 

katiRoriaT axalT qmnilTa Cem mier 

da porfiriTTa nameorebTa Cemgan. 

274(822) 

kualad simtkices hsjiliTurT CemiT 

TqmulTa 

raTa Tquen CemTa mowafeTa goneba 

mkuÀTri aRuleso, umkuÀTres cnobaTadmi, 

da mogce Cemni axlad ZuÀlni cnobani 

saxseneblad Cemda Tquen CemTa magaT. 

275(823) 

sam meocesa da meruÀsa paraRrafs 

porfiriosis xei davanakuÀTe 

sqimad axliTa morfiTa ar umecrad 

da mun cxoveli hsZes mozardisa adgid 

xolo mSÂnuÀli cxovelisad vanacule.

276(824) 

magra eseni Tumca kanonTa Sina 

esaTave sqimebr icxadebian CuÀngan 

garna mSÂnuÀli gaigone cxovelad 

xolo cxoveli mozardad gulis xma hyav 

mizez ars amaT sxvaTa brZenTa mibaZua. 

277(825) 

hswers pavle saRmrTo korinTelTa 

pirvels Sina 

pirveli adam samSÂnuÀlad cxovelad 

aqa mSÂnuÀli hsmens nacvlad cxovelisa 

xolo cxoveli adgid mozardisaca 

esfer gÂTargmnes CuÀnTa RramatikosTa. 

278(826) 

vinca vhbaZu CuÀnTa wmidaTa TargmanT 

zemowerilTa saxeTa Ãmeul-yofa 

amisTÂs nuÂn umecarTad miguawers 

viciT mSÂnuÀli mSÂnÂeri ars hsixi 

xolo cxoveli kacisa naTesavi. 

279(827) 

iqmna Cuen mier cnobani ese drosa 

irakli brZnisa meored wodebulis 

mefisa, Zmisa Cemisa satrfoisi 

brZanebiTaebri misisa simaRlisaT 

dadebaT ese CuÀnTa wignTa sacavsa. 

Tavi 3 

Seyuanileba anu winasityvaoba wignisa katexizmosisa 

280(828) 

ar momwyindebis TquenTana saubari 

rameTu qarTuelno sibrZnis- 

Semyuarebelni 

aRtexileba maqvs niWad Tquenda momarT 

Sromad, ubnobad, werad moSairebad. 

amad viTarmed miyuarT WeSmaritebiT. 

157

158 

281(829) 

namdÂl WeSmarit zesTa-myo ismens amas 

viTarmed TquenTÂs SeCuÀnebulvhyo 

Tavi 

ara ra mgamis arad Semiracxies 

arca Tquen Tana sikudili, arca tanjua 

vhSurebi surÂliT, ar davhscxre vire 

viyo. 

282(830) 

vhqmen katexizmos sargeblad Tquenda 

Zmano, 

CemT Tan-nergulTad SÂlTa TquÀnTa 

ZmaTadmi 

momwodebelman saTanadoisadmi 

qristeaneTad keTil-msaxur mcxovrebTa 

miTrTurT sargebel hyavT Cemis Tquen 

locuaÁ. 

wignidan `qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi 

mcire anTologia~, Tb., 1997.

mamuka baraTaSvili (XVIII s. II naxevari) 

leqsis swavlis wigni 

q. swavla leqsis Tqmisa da dasawyisi pirveli wignisa 

amis WaSnikisa, povnili mamuka baraTaSvilis mier ZvelTa 

naTqvamTagan 

leqsis anatomia 

leqsi erTi ram aris am soflis saqmeSi. amisTvis am soflis 

saqmis cda kacisaTvis yovelive amazed aris – sikudils ukan moigonebodes, 

da ese amisganac iqneba, rom Tu kargs ityvi sityvis 

simarjviTa da codnis ZaliTa, sulieris codniTa da samxedros 

codniT, mTqmeli moigoneba da msmeni iswavlis. RmrTis qebadideba 

kargebi iTqmis, rom sulis sargebeli iyos amiTi, rom rac 

sagalobeli da iabmikonia, isic erTi rigi leqsoba ari; magram 

Tuca avzeda Tqva, urigod Tqva, qebisa da mogonebis nacvlad, 

saZraxavi da sagmobeli iqneba da codvac mZime, rome kacs codvazed 

aRZravs da avs aswavlis, rogorc rusTvels col-qmrobis 

siyvarulze uTqvams da sxva mravali saRmTod saero swavleba 

mouyvania, romelsa misi Targmani mefes rom ubZanebia, is gamoacxadebs, 

magram zogierTs meleqses imisi wigni cuds saaSiyoT 

gausinjavs, da romelsame saRmrTo werili sameZaod gauleqsavs, 

sxvas mravalT dedakacT trfialebisaTvis TaTris zRaprebi 

gauleqsavs, msmenT sazianod da mTqmelT saurigod. 

aw radgan leqsobisagan eseni da sxva mravali ram gamova, 

amisTvis es swavla davswere, rom leqsi urigod aravis mouvides, 

radgan amTeni kargica da avic gamova. 

maS, marTebs, kacma avi ambavi ar galeqsos; Tu saaSiyo leqsi 

unda, RmrTis saaSiyo, eklesiisa wmindaTa [ambavi galeqsos], 

rogorc rusTvels uTqvams: `mas erTsa mijnurobasa~, anu `mijnuroba 

aris turfa~; da Tu qalis aSiyobaze ginda, col-qmrobis 

siyvarulzeda Tqvi da imis gzebze, rogorc pavle didi mociquli 

iswavleba da rusTveli colq-qmrobis siyvaruls iswavleba 

da aqebs da fatmanis mruSebas sZagebs da ityvis: `kacsa dasvris 

uguloba da diacsa bozi naci~, an kargi igavebi moiyvane da 

imazeda Tqvi, an kai swavlis ambebiT kai ambebi galeqse, an omsa da 

falavnebis ambavzed Tqvi, amisTvis, rom kacs gaagulovnebs, oms 

moandomebs, omisa da iaraRis Ãmarebas aswavlis, da rjulisa da 

mefis da qveynis mterze gamosayenebelia. 

159

aw ese vTqvaT: leqsi mraval Ãma aris, magram Cvens enazed sxvas 

ÃmiT marTals moleqses aravis uTqvams, amisTvis vinc kai moleqse 

yofilan, ambebi gauleqsavT da ambis galeqsvis rigi-Tqma Sairi 

da Caxruxauli [iyo], Tumca wina mTqmelebs adgil-adgil grZel- 

Sairi da grZel-Caxruxauli CaureviaT, magram sparsis moSaireT- 

Si es ukadrisi aris, amisTvis rom is ambavi sul erTi rigi Ãma 

unda iyos, sxva Ãmebi sxvis rigisaTvis aris, romelsac TviTeulad 

amas qvemo gamovacxadeb. 

gZel-Sewyobili, gina mdinari da Sewyobili, kais swavlis igavebisaTvis 

aris, rom rogorac am SairSi mefes ubZanebia igavaT: 

160 

unda mogvandes ekalsa yma axal-norCi rgulebsa, 

beri bambasa gaqondes, iTbobden imiT gulebsa, 

ar satacursa, _ gvelsa gavs, iCemebs mis usulebsa, 

verc xuTos mogvcems, verc Sxamsa, sargos da dasawylulebsa. 

amgvari igavebi am Ãmas ufro gaewyoba. 

wyobili mraval-muxli amisTvis ari, rom erTi igaviani ambavi 

rom erTmanerTze grZlad mobmuli iyos da Sairi sada wyobilSi 

ar gaemarTebodes, wyobilis mravalmuxliT unda Tqva, ramTons 

striqonaTac gaemarTos, imdonad Tqva, urigod ar ari. 

grZledi Sairi samkveTi amisTvis kargia, erTi saqme rom gasaleqsavad 

gindodes, striqonSi ar imarTebodes, ase Tqma Seemateba, 

da rom Tqva – kargia. 

rvulic agreve, Tu erTi ambavi oTxs striqonSi ar modiodes, 

wyobili rCebodes, amaze rom Tqva, ufro gawyobili iqneba. 

iambiko wmindaT werilSi beuria da visac ginda, iqidam 

Seityoba. 

Sewyobili mravalrigia: wyobilica hqvian, Sereulica hqvian, 

mrCobledica hqvian, _ yovels rigiT rigi moxmareba aqvs. 

Zagnakoruli Caxruxauli – esec amav rigaT moixmareba, Tu 

sxva Ãmebi, rom eseebi yvela am wignSi daiwera, saxeli Tavs aweria, 

romelia, imiT miixdomeba. 

magram leqsi ori muxli iqneba, romlisac Sairisa Tu wina 

Tqmulebis saxeli rom damiweria, imis sul bolos striqonis da 

imazeiTis Ãmaze rom Tqva, romlisac Ãmasa ityvi, im ÃmiT leqsi 

iqneba. 

taepi erTs muxlsa hqvian, romlisac Ãmasa bolos striqonis 

Ãmaze ityvi, im Ãmis taepi iqneba, rom eseebic garCeviT Sin [wignSi] 

damiweria. 

pistikauri – erTi ambavi rom or muxlad gindodes saTqmelad, 

or muxlad ar imarTebodes, imis saTqmelad kargia.

axla es vTqvaT, Tu leqsi rogor unda Tqvas, visca unda leqsis 

Tqma oria: erTi – Tavis agebulebiT eqneba kacs leqsis gawyoba, 

meore – agebulobiT rom ara qondes, iqneba, rom leqsi daidvas 

win da ramTonaT leqsi gaiyofa, TiTos sanaclod, ise sityva 

gaawyos da Tqvas amgvarad: 

vardsa hkiTxes: ¦ egzom turfa ¦ raman Segqmna ¦ Tvalad, pirad. 

am TiTo-TiTos mobmulsaviT oTxad sityvas gaawyobs da leqsi 

iqneba aseTi gulisyuriani. merme TavisiTac SeZlos Tqma. iqneba 

uleqsoT vera Tqvas, magram leqsi gawyobili, tkbili igaviani 

unda iyos, rom ors ÃmaT gaisinjebodes, rogorc es leqsia: 

mas uSmago viT miendos, vin moyvare gaamJRavnos. 

es leqsi saidumlos Senaxvasac iswavleba, moZRvar-mowafobasac 

da saaSiyoSiac moixmareba. leqsi mZime da grZeli sityva 

ugemuri iqneba, da ugvaro sityua rom erios – gaaugemurebs. 

rac gvariani, enaze tkbilaT saTqmeli da mokle sityva aris, rom 

winas sityvas Semdgomi misdevdes da ewyobodes, diaR, gvariani 

iqneba, rogorc rusTvelis leqsi, magram es Rramatikis da 

ritorikis ucodinars cotaT gauZneldeba. leqsis boloebi, 

bevri aso rom erTmanerTis toli iyos, imiTi ar gaewyoba. ase 

unda: sityua sityuas ewyobodes, Tvarem ori da sami aso eyofa. 

erTmanerTisa Tana saTargmano oTxiv rom bolo erTi iyos, ase 

unda tani karga aZlevdes, magram romelic striqoni waikiTxo, 

gamgones gauWirdes, es bolo sityua wina striqonisa aris Tu 

ukanisa. magram sparsis moleqseni amas magTons arad miiCneven. 

rac leqsi savse da gvariani igavi bevrad gasasinjavia, imas ufro 

aqeben. Ãmebi yvela am wignSi damiweria da imiT SeityobT, romeli 

rogor iTqmis. iqneba leqsi gemrieli da wyobili iyos, es ambis 

gauleqsavaT sxvaSi arad mosaxmaria, magram imaSiac Tu kai swavlis 

sityua mova da iq leqss ar avsebs, moleqsobaSi nakleboba ari. 

es Sairi TiTo striqoni oTxad gaiyos, daxede, TiTo-TiTo 

ori sityua Seuwyvia, Tu erTi, Tu meti. is meoTxedi gaiWreba, 

merme meore muxli moebmis, merme mesame da merme meoTxe. isic 

gasinje, Tavis muxli rogor ari da imas qveiTebi rogor ari, 

agrev striqoni Tavisa rogor ari. meore, mesame da meoTxe sxva 

sityua rom ase gaawyo, leqsi iqneba. leqsi ors striqonsac hqvian 

da ambavs erTad galeqsuls, sul leqsis wignsac, _ yvelas leqsi 

hqvian. 

wignidan `TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli~, Tb., 1969. 

161

deni didro (1713-1784 w.w.) 

162 


me visurvebdi, gamego, sad aris is skola, sadac grZnobas 

aswavlian. 

arsebobs kidev sxva skola, sadac me mraval mowafes gavgzavnidi, 

es aris is, sadac aswavlidnen sikeTis danaxvas da borotebaze 

Tvalebis daxuWvas. eh! gana mxolod homerosTan naxe Sen is 

adgili, sadac poeti aqilevsis sazizRar bavSvur saqciels aRwers? 

Sen xels urev mdinaris qviSaSi, romelic Seicavs oqros 

marcvlebs: da Sen amogaqvs erTi muWa qviSa, xolo Zirs toveb 

oqros marcvlebs! 

me SevekiTxe erT ymawvils: ratom kicxav Sen yovelTvis, da 

arasodes ar aqeb; es imitomo, mipasuxa man, rom Cemma uadgilo 

kicxvam mxolod sxvas avnos... me, rom is karg biWad ar mcnoboda, 

rarig Semcdarad vigulvebdi mas! 

xalxs ufro surs Wkvianis wodeba miiRos, vidre eSinia borotis 

wodebisa. gana ar kmara Wkuisagan warmoSobil usiamovnebebs 

ar daumato kidev sxva _ borotebisagan warmoSobili? yovel 

sulels eSinia Wkviani adamianis, eSinia borotisa, borotTa 

gamonaklisiT. 

cotaa, Zalian cotaa iseTi adamiani, romelsac amave dargis 

adamianis warmateba gulwrfelad axarebdes: es erT-erTi yvelaze 

ufro iSviaTi movlenaa bunebaSi. 

cezaris pativmoyvareoba bevrad ufro Cveulebrivia, vidre 

amas fiqroben: guli amorCevis saSualebasac ki ar iZleva, is ar 

ambobs: aut caesar, aut nihil. 1 

arsebobs gonebamaxviloba, Zalian damRupveli: is warmoSobs 

eWvs da urwmunoebas. es bundovnad mosaubreni gansakuTrebiT mejavrebian: 

isini hgvanan qars, romelic mtveriT gvivsebs Tvalebs. 

didi gansxvavebaa rezonersa da gonier adamians Soris. gonieri 

adamiani xSirad sdums, rezoneri enas ki ar aCerebs. 

poetma sTqva: 

... Trahit sua quemque volaptas. 2 

Tu bunebaze dakvirveba ar warmoadgens literatoris an 

mxatvris organul Tvisebas, nurafers Rirseuls nu moeliT 

misgan: da kidec rom SeniSnoT masSi es Tviseba siyrmidanve, nu 

aCqardebiT msjelobiT. muza _ qalia, is ar swyalobs yovelTvis 

imas, vinc yvelaze daJinebiT eZebs mis wyalobas. ramdenia maTgan 

gaubedurebuli Seyvarebuli da ramdens gaaubedureben kidev! 

da bednier Seyvarebulsac ki moelis Ralatis safrTxe.

a suleluri saqcielia umalve xeli SegviSalon siamovnebis 

miRebaSi, an gagvawiTlon im siamovnebisaTvis, romelic ukve miviReT: 

swored kritikosebi gveqcevian ase. 

plutarqe ambobs, rom yofila erTxel ise dasrulebuli 

mSvenieri adamiani, rom im dros, rodesac xelovneba yvaoda, 

man defeqtad CauTvala ferwerasa da qandakebas gamoxatvis 

saSualebaTa uZlureba, magram es adamiani xelmwife iyo, mas erqva 

demetrius poliorcetesi. iqneb am adamianSi ar iyo arcerTi 

nawili, romlis ufro metad gamSvenierebasac xelovneba veRar 

SeZlebda: mliqvnelebs amaSi eWvic ar eparebodaT, magram, 

rasakvirvelia, ufrTxodnen amis Tqmas. 

erTma Zveli drois mxatvarma Tqva, rom suraTis wera ufro sasiamovnoa, 

vidre dasrulebuli suraTis cqerao. arsebobs Tanamedrove 

ambavi, rom mxatvarma qurds eskizis naclad damTavrebuli 

suraTi dauTmo. 

arsebobs yalbi Tavazianoba, Tu ara damRupavi xelovnebisaTvis, 

mainc samwuxaro xelovanisaTvis. moyvaruli, romelic 

Rebulobs qedmaRal msajulebs Tavis galereaSi, amaod aCerebs 

maT yuradRebas saukeTeso suraTebze: gakvriT Tu gadaxedaven 

isini maT: isini imyofebian iq, rogorc qalaqis virTagva mindvris 

virTagvas sufraze. 

...Tangentis male singula dente superbo. 3 

es Zalian lamazia; magram es yovelTvis bevrad CamorCeba imas, 

rac sxvagan unaxavT, randon debuase, 4 Tu es mizezia, romelic 

Seni kabinetis kars gaketvinebs, Sen qebis Rirsi xar. 

rogoric ar unda iyos Tqveni warmateba, moelodeT kritikas. 

Tu Tqven odnav faqizi xarT, Tqven umal nakleb gewyinebaT Tqveni 

mtrebis Seteva, vidre megobrebis gamosarCleba. 

kompoziciisaTvis, da siuJetis SerCevis Sesaxeb 

mTlianobis gareSe ar arsebobs simSveniere: da ar arsebobs 

mTlianoba subordinaciis gareSe. TiTqos aq winaaRmdegobaSi 

vvardebiT: magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. 

yovelives mTlianoba warmoiSoba nawilTa subordinaciiT: da 

am subordinaciiT warmoiSoba harmonia, romelic gulisxmobs 

mravalferovnebas. 

mTlianobasa da erTferovnebas Soris iseTive gansxvavebaa, 

rogorc warmtac hangsa da erTxmovan gaWianurebul bgeras Soris. 

simetria niSnavs Sesatyvis nawilTa Tanasworobas erT mTlian- 

Si. simetria, romelic arsebiTia arqiteqturaSi, uaryofilia 

163

ferweraSi. adamianis nawilTa simetria iq moqmedebaTa da pozaTa 

nairferovnebiT yovelTvis darRveulia; is ar arsebobs maSinac 

ki, roca figura winamo xedSia da gaSlili xelebiT moCans. figuris 

sicocxle da moqmedeba ori sxvadasxva sagania. sicocxle 

figuraSi uZrav mdgomareobaSia. xelovanT sityvas _ moZraoba 

gansakuTrebuli gageba mianiWes. uZravi figuris Sesaxeb isini 

amboben, rom mas aqvs moZraoba, e.i. is mzadaa moZraobisaTvis. 

yvelaze ulamazesi suraTis harmoniac ki bunebis harmoniisadmi 

mxolod-Ra susti mibaZvaa. 

xelovneba yvelaze metad gaurbis siZneleebs. 

upirvelesad swored es axsiaTebs yoveli ostatis teqnikasa 

da Sesrulebas. 

rac ufro metad axdens suraTis SeZenis msurveli suraTis 

siuJetis detalizacias, miT ufro metad unda iyos is darwmunebuli, 

rom cud suraTs miiRebs. man ar icis, Tu ramdenad viwro 

CarCoebi aqvs xelovnebas TviT uniWieresi ostatis xelSiac ki. 

ra mesaqmeba, win uswrebda Tu ara moqandakeTa laokooni poetTa 

laokoons? sarwmuno kia, rom erTi gamoyenebul iqna meoris 

modelad. 

yvela Tanaswor pirobebSi me istoria mirCevnia mogonil 

ambebs. 

adamianis Tavi cxenis tanze mogvwons; cxenis Tavi adamianis 

tanze ar mogvwons. es niSnavs, rom TviT gemovneba hqmnis 

saSinelebas. SesaZlebelia me Cavekono sirenas: magram Tu is 

nawili, romelic qalia, Tevzi iqneboda, da is nawili ki, romelic 

Tevzia, qali, me mas zedac ar Sevxedavdi. 

bunebisadmi yovelgvar mibaZvaSi aris teqnika da morali. 

moralis gansja ekuTvnis gemovnebis mqone yvela xalxs: teqnikis 

gansja ekuTvnis mxolod xelovanT. 

bunebis romel kuTxeSic ar unda SeixedoT, veluria Tu kultivirebuli 

is, Raribi Tu mdidari, udabno Tu dasaxlebuli, 

yovelTvis naxavT iq or momxibvlel Tvisebas – WeSmaritebasa da 

harmonias. 

bunebaSi arsebobs fuWi sivrceebi, aseTebi SeiZleba mibaZva- 

Sic (xelovnebaSic) arsebobdes. 

zogjer buneba mSralia, xelovneba ki arasodes ar unda iyos 

aseTi. 

es iqneboda xelovnebis farglebis siviwrovis, misi siRatakis 

niSani, romelmac ferebi megobrul da aramegobrul ferebad ganasxvava. 

arian gabeduli koloristebi, romelTac ugulebelyves 

es gansxvaveba, safrTxiloa maTdami mibaZva da Tvalis bunebaze 

damyarebuli gemovnebis gansjis ugulebelyofa. 

164

gaanaTeT sakuTari obieqtebi sakuTarive mzis SuqiT, im mzisa, 

romelic araa bunebis mze: darCiT cisartyelas Segirdad, magram 

nu iqceviT mis monad. 

Tu Tqven gexerxebaT sakuTar pirmoTneobaTagan ganTavisufleba, 

nu SescodebT, Tqveni suraTis siuJetis Sesatyvisad, ukiduresobamde 

ataroT isini, maSin mTeli Tqveni suraTic iqneba 

imdenad gacxovelebuli, rogoric SeiZleba iyos da unda iyos. 

me mesmis, rom xelovnebas gaaCnia sakuTarive wesebi, romelnic 

arbileben yvela winamorbed wesebs; magram iSviaTad moxdeba, 

rom morali Seewiros teqnikas: me ar mivmarTav arc van giuizums 

da arc Sardens; Janris ferweraSi yvelaferi unda Seewiros 

efeqts. 

rodia Janruli ferwera enTuziazms moklebuli: magram arsebobs 

orgvari enTuziazmi: enTuziazmi sulisa da enTuziazmi 

ostatobisa. pirvelis gareSe idea uferulia; meoris gareSe ki 

Sesrulebaa susti: xolo maTi Serwyma diad elfers aZlevs nawarmoebs. 

did peizaJists gaaCnia Tavisi gansakuTrebuli enTuziazmi: 

es gaxlavT Taviseburi RvTaebrivi TrTolva. 

Zliersa da diad warmosaxvas unda avsebdes mtkice, damajerebeli 

da msubuqi yalami; desheis Tavi misi simamris marjveniT5. 

yoveli xotbis Rirsi kompozicia yvelaferSi da yvelgan ewyoba 

bunebas; unda SemeZlos ganvacxado: àr minaxavs es fenomeni, 

magram is aris~. 

rogorc dramatiul poezias, xelovnebasac gaaCnia mTlianobis 

Semdegi sameba: drois, mzis amosvlis Jams Tu Casvlisas; adgilis, 

e. i. qoxSi, tyis myudroebaSi Tu xalxSi; moqmedebis, es aris 

an qriste mZime jvriT mavali golgoTisaken, an samaridan amomavali 

qvesknelis daTrgunviT, anda emausis piligrimTa winaSe 

movlenili. 

drois mTlianoba fermwerisaTvis kidev ufro mkacradaa 

gansazRvruli, vidre poetisaTvis; radgan poets TiTqmis 

ganuyofeli wamieroba gaaCnia. 

poetis aRweraSi wami wams misdevs, TiTqos ferweris uwyveti 

galerea iqmneba. vin moTvlis, ramdeni siuJetia im momentidan, 

roca efTis qali uaxlovdeba mamas, vidre es mkacri mama mas xanjliT 

guls gaugmiravdes. 

es principebi gacveTilia: sad naxavT iseT fermwers, romelic 

maT ar icnobdes? gana arsebobs fermweri, romelic maT 

icavdes? 

gadaWarbebul bunebas WeSmariti bunebis Tanabrad ar unda 

vayenebdeT, Torem winaaRmdegobaSi CavvardebiT. Tu homerosis 

gmirebi kldis goroxebs isvrian, misi RmerTebi mTebs alajeben. 

165

mogaxsenebdiT, rom xelovans aqvs mxolod erTi momenti; magram 

es momenti SeiZleba arsebobdes winamorbed momentTa kval- 

Tan erTad, da mosalodnel momentebTanac, romelnic awi iqnebian. 

ifigenia jer kidev ar dauklavT: magram ukve vxedav xelSi 

ifigenias sisxlis misaRebad miaxloebul qurums didi TasiT. es 

Tanamdevi momenti Jruantelsa mgvris. 

scenis adgilis daSorebis kvalobaze mxedvelobis kuTxec 

farTovdeba, SeiZleba suraTis arec aseve izrdebodes. ramdenad 

didia es kuTxe Tvalis fskerze? oTxmocdaaTi gradusi: am zomis 

sazRvrebs miRma miCveneben imaze met sivrces, vidre misi miwodeba 

ZalmiZs. aqedan gamomdinareobs aucilebloba, gavafarTovoT 

am xazebis miRma arsebuli sivrce. 

kompoziciebi monotonuri iqnebodnen, Tu mTavari moqmedeba 

zustad daiWerda scenis Sua adgils. SeiZleba, da SesaZloa, 

saWiroc iyos, gadavscdeT am centrs, xolo aqac aucilebelia 

zomierebis dacva. 

ras gulisxmoben kompoziciis wonasworobaSi? SesaZloa, 

mcdari azri mqondes amaze: is, rom suraTis siganes me ganvixilav 

rogorc berkets, ganvixilav im figuraTa simZimes rogorc 

nuls, romelic sayrden wertilSi arsebobs, uRelze myof 

figuraTa Soris arsebuli wonasworobis dadgenas da Semcirebas 

an gadidebas, an daWimvas manZilis ukuproporciulad rogorc 

erTi, ise meore mxridan. figurebi cotaa, Tu amas moiTxovs 

siuJeti, xolo mravalia maT Soris meorexarisxovani: anda, 

bevria figura da cotaa meorexarisxovani. 

ra mizezia, rom xelovneba esoden advilad egueba mogonil 

siuJetebs, miuxedavad maTi aradamajerebloba? igive mizezi, ra 

mizeziTac scena ukeT egueba xelovnur ganaTebas, vidre dRiur 

sinaTles. xelovneba da es ganaTeba warmoadgenen iluziisa da 

moxibvlis sawyiss. 

raoden daxelovnebulic ar unda iyos mxatvari, advili misaxvedria, 

mxedvelobaSi hqonda misabaZi modeli Tu muSaobda 

sakuTari gamocdilebiT: bunebis zogi WeSmaritebis uTanabroba 

amJRavnebs an mis siZunwes, an mis medidurobas. xSirad rom hba- 

Zavdnen bunebas, gana ar SeiZleboda misTvis gverdis avla? ara – 

da ai ratom? imitom, rom sxeulis SeumCneveli moZraobac ki cvlis 

kunTebis mdebareobas, iZleva siswores iq, sadac usworobaa, 

xolo usworobas, sadac siswore iyo; mTeli figura waagavs sinamdviles, 

da yvelaferia iq SesaZlebeli. 

figuraTaSorisi aseTi kontrasti, romelsac esoden sulelurad 

gvirCeven da kidev ufro suleluradve adareben dramatul 

personaJTa kontrasts, gagebulia imgvarad, rogoradac es 

166

esmiT mwerlebs da SesaZloa, mxatvrebsac, kompoziciebs autaneli 

Zaldatanebis iers miscemda. 

Tu Tqven ityodiT, rom kontrasti wesis saqmea, me ar dagijerebdiT; 

Tu moqmedeba moiTxovs, rom ori figura Zirs daixaros, 

maSin orive waxrili unda iyos; xolo Tu Tqven maT hbaZavT 

naturiT, nu SiSobT isini erTmaneTs hgvanan Tu ara. 

kontrasti aseve ar warmoadgens SemTxvevisa da wesis saqmes. 

es aucileblobiTaa gamowveuli da misgan advilad ver gavTavisufldebiT, 

Tu yalbi warmodgena gvaqvs, TiTqosda SesaZlebeli 

iyos ori sxvadasxvanairi figura asakis, sqesis, an xasiaTis 

mixedviT sxvadasxvanairad asrulebdes erTsa da imave saqmes. 

kompozicia iseTnairad unda dalagdes, rom damarwmunos, rom 

is sxvanairad arc SeiZleboda dalagebuliyo. figura unda moqmedebdes 

an isvenebdes imgvarad, rom me damarwmunos imaSi, rom 

sxvanairad moqmedeba ar SeeZleboda. 

graciis, ulazaTobis da ubraloebisaTvis 

yovelive Cveulebrivi martivia: magram yovelive martivi 

Cveulebrivi ar aris. simartive erT-erTi mTavari damaxasiaTebeli 

Tvisebaa silamazisa: xolo igi arsebiTia diadisaTvis. 

horaciusma Tqva: me minda sityvamokle viyo da bundovani ki 

vxdebio. 6 SeiZleba daematos: `me minda martivi viyo da uSveri ki 

vxdebi~. 

originaluroba ar gamoricxavs simartives. 

zogi kompozicia Raribia mravali figuriT, zogi ki mdidaria 

ramdenime figuriT. 

gawamebiT miRebuli winaaRmdegia advilisa: magram zogjer 

advilsac mravali wvalebiT Rebuloben. 

...Sudet multum, frustraque laboret 

Ausus idem. 

buneba arasodes araa nawvalebi: misi imitacia ki xSiradaa ase- 

Ti. 

bualo Txzavs, horaciusi wers: virgiliusi Txzavs, homerosi 

wers. 

rakursebi codnis maCvenebelia: xolo isini iSviaTad arian 

sasiamovno. 

kompoziciis daudevroba lamazi qalis dilis tansacmels 

waagavs, kidev erTi wami da tualeti yvelafers waaxdens. 

arsebobs daudevari graciebi, da graciasmoklebuli 

daudevrobani. 

167

daudevroba amSvenierebs patara sagans, da yovelTvis afu- 

Webs dids. 

sicxian dReebSi cocxali arsebani zantni arian, swored am 

drosaa momkalis mdgomareoba Zneli. 

lamazi peizaJebi gvaswavlian bunebis Secnobas iseve, rogorc 

moxerxebuli portreti gvkarnaxobs Cveni megobris saxis ukeT 

Seswavlas. 

ciceronma uTxra orator markus brutuss: `Sed quodam etiam 

negligentia est diligens�~ * . aseTi sityvebi, ganmartebuli gemovnebis 

mqone adamianis mier, sifaqiziT savse iqneboda. es daudevrobani 

yovelTvis dasaSvebia natif xelovnebaSi an yovelgvar imitaciaSi. 

_ da gana bunebas, mis models, ara aqvs daudevrobani? _ 

magram raSi gamoixatebian isini? 

vin aris daudevari poeti? es iseTi poetia, romelic Cinebuli 

leqsebis gverdiT drogamoSvebiT iZleva usicocxlo da sust 

prozas; es aris semi-poeta. ** es usicocxlo da susti Sroma met 

energias aZlevs im poezias, romelsac is exeba. es msaxuria, romlis 

Raribi tansacmeli kargad amJRavnebs misi batonis mdidrul 

mokazmulobas. batoni win midis, msaxuri ukan misdevs. 

J'ai vu près le Styx, j'ai vu les Euménides; 

Déja venainet frapper mes oreilles timides 

Les affreux cris du chien de l'empire des morts. 7 

ratom arasodes ar aris buneba daudevari? imitom, rom risganac 

ar unda iyos nawarmoebi, ra manZilzec ar unda iyos Cveni 

mxedvelobidan dacilebuli, ra TvalTaxedviTac ar unda 

iyos ganWvretili, bunebis mier mowodebuli nivTi, aris iseTi, 

rogoric unda iyos. esaa Sedegi mizezebisa, romelTa moqmedeba 

man ganicada. 

168 

miamitobisa da mliqvnelobis Sesaxeb 

manera xelovnebaSi igivea, rac farisevloba cxovrebaSi. buSe 

yvelaze didi farisevelia, romelsac me vicnob: ar aris arc 

erTi misi figura, romlis Sesaxebac ar SeiZlebodes, iTqvas: `Sen 

gsurs WeSmariti iyo, magram ara xar~. miamitoba yovelgvar garemoebaSia 

SesaZlebeli: SeiZleba iyo miamitad gmiri, miamitad 

boroti, miamitad RvTisnieri, miamitad lamazi, miamitad oratori, 

miamitad filosofosi. miamitobis gareSe namdvili silamaze 

ar arsebobs. xe, yvavili, mcenare, cxoveli miamitad arian aseTni. 

* `magram daudevrobac xom erTgvarad gafaqizebuli unda iyos~. 

** naxevar-poeti.

me vityodi kidec, rom wyali miamitad wyalia, Torem is Seecdeboda, 

damsgavseboda gakrialebul folads an brols. miamitoba 

aris saganTan imitaciis didi msgavseba, Sesrulebuli RvTiuri 

ubraloebiT: es aris wyali, aRebuli wyarodan da gadatanili 

tiloze. 

mSvenierebis Sesaxeb 

im momentSi, rodesac xelovani fulze fiqrobs, is hkargavs 

mSvenierebis grZnobas. 

yvelaferi, rac iTqva elipsoidur, wriul, klaknil, tal- 

Risebr xazebze – sisulelea. sxeulis TiToeul nawils aqvs silamazis 

sakuTari xazi: Tvalis silamazis xazi sul sxva ramaa, 

vidre muxlis silamazis xazi. 

silamazes mxolod erTi forma aqvs. 

silamaze mxolod WeSmaritebaa, amaRlebuli, SesaZlebeli, 

magram iSviaTi da saswaulebrivi garemoebebiT ganpirobebuli. 

Tu arseboben RmerTebi, arseboben agreTve eSmakebic: ratom ar 

SeiZleba moxdes saswauli erTTa da meoreTa SemweobiT? 

sikeTe aris mxolod sargebeli, amaRlebuli SesaZlebeli da 

saswaulebrivi garemoebebiT. 

meti _ naklebi SesaZlebloba hqmnis simarTlis msgavsebas: 

Cveulebrivi garemoebani qmnian SesaZlebobas. 

xelovneba aris Cveulebriv garemoebaTa CarTva yvelaze saswaulebriv 

sagnebSi, da saswaulebriv garemoebaTa CarTva yvelaze 

Cveulebriv SinaarsebSi. 

aq terminebi saswaulebrivi da Cveulebrivi sinonimebia. amrigad 

arsebobs saswaulebrivi, romelic sicils an tirils 

iwvevs; misi Taviseburebaa – gamoiwvios gakvirveba da gancvifreba. 

drogamoSvebiT esaubreT swavluls: magram rCeva hkiTxeT patiosan 

da mgrZnobiare adamians. 

mxatvarTa nairgvarovani xasiaTi 

miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod erTi buneba arsebobs da misi 

warmosaxvis wesic SeiZleba mxolod erTi iyos da isic iseTi, 

romelic mas warmosaxavs yvelaze didi siZlieriT da WeSmaritebiT, 

TiToeul xelovans aqvs Sesrulebis sakuTari manera; 

dauTmoblobas iCenen mxolod naxatis mimarT, romlis warmosax- 

169

vis wesi mxolod erTia: _ gana TiToeul mwerals ara aqvs Tavisi 

stili? – aqvs. _ gana es stili ar warmoadgens warmosaxvas? 

_ geTanxmebiT, magram sad aris am warmosaxvis modeli? sulSi, 

gonebaSi, warmosaxvis met Tu nakleb unarianobaSi, gulis met 

Tu nakleb sificxeSi. garegani modeli ar unda arioT Sinagan modelSi, 

_ magram gana ar uxdeba zogjer literators romelime 

peizaJis an bataluri suraTis aRwera. am SemTxvevaSi gana misi 

modeli garegani araa? _ swored rom aseTia; magram misi sityvebi 

ar fizikurad gadmogvcems fers; masSi ar aris arc lurji, 

arc mwvane, arc ruxi, arc yviTeli feri; sxvanairad ki mas ar eqneboda 

sityvaTa SerCevis Tavisufleba; sxvanairad, Tu enis simdidre 

imis SesaZleblobas miscemda, enas rvaascxrameti sityva 

palitris rvaascxramet fersa Seesabameboda, saWiro iqneboda, 

siyalbis Tavidan asacileblad, exmara mxolod is erTi sityva, 

romelic zustad gadmogvcemda sagnis fers. mxatvari zustia; 

sityva, romelic gvixatavs, yovelTvis bundovania, me verafers 

ver davumateb mxatvris imitiacias; Cems Tvals SeuZlia dainaxos 

iq mxolod is, rac iq aris, magram literaturul suraTSi, 

raoden damTavrebulic ar unda iyos igi, mxatvrisaTvis, romelic 

moisurvebda literatoris sityvebis gadmotanas tiloze, 

yvelaferi xelaxlad gasakeTebeli iqneboda. rogori WeSmaritic 

ar unda iyos homerosi romelime erT-erT Tavis aRweraSi, 

rogoradac dawvrilebiTi ar unda iyos ovidiusi romelime erTerT 

Tavis metamorfozSi – arc erTi da arc meore ar aZleven mxatvars 

funjis arc erTi gasmis SesaZleblobas, ar aZleven arc erT 

fers, maSinac ki, rodesac isini zustad aRniSnaven fers. 

170 

SeniSvnebi 

1. an cezari, an araferi. 

2. yvelas itacebs Tavisi siamovneba. 

3. imis mkacri kbiliT, vinc cudad Seexeba TiToeul sagans. 

4. randon debuase – didros Tanamedrove, moijare. 

5. Dedhays – iyo buSes siZe. 

6. me minda sityvamokle viyo, xolo bundovani ki vxdebi. Brevis esse laboro, 

obscurus fio. 

7. me davinaxe axlos stiqsi, me davinaxe evmenidebi, romelnic ukve Sei- 

Wrnen Cems mSiSara yurebSi mkvdarTa samefos ZaRlTa saSinel yefiT. 

wignidan èsTetika, filosofia, 

sociologia~, Tb., 1939.

gothold efraim lesingi (1729-1781 w.w.) 

laokooni 

anu 

mxatvrobisa da poeziis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb 

nawili I 

winaTqma 

pirveli, vinc mxatvroba da poezia erTimeores Seadara 1 , 

uTuod natifi gemovnebis kaci yofila, romelsac orive xelovnebidan 

msgavsi zemoqmedeba ganucdia. Cans, mixvda, rom orive xelovneba 

Tvalwin gviyenebs Soreul sagnebs, moCvenebiTs sinamdviled 

gviqcevs. orive iluziaa da orive iluzia mogvwons. 

meorem scada am mowonebis siRrmeSi SeWra da aRmoaCnia, rom 

misi wyaro orivesTan erTnairia. mSvenierebas, romlis cnebac 

Tavdapirvelad xorcSesxmuli sagnebidan gamogvyavs, aqvs sayovelTao 

wesebi, romelTa misadagebac SeiZleba mraval sxva 

ramesTan: moqmedebasTan, fiqrebTan, aseve formebTan. 

mesame, romelmac am sayovelTao kanon-wesTa mniSvnelobasa 

da gamoyenebaze daiwyo fiqri, SeniSna, rom zogi maTgani ufro 

mxatvrobaSi batonobs, zogic poeziaSi; amrigad, erT SemTxveva- 

Si poezias SeuZlia daexmaros mxatvrobas ganmartebebiTa da 

magaliTebiT, meore SemTxvevaSi ki mxatvroba exmareba poezias. 

pirveli maTgani gaxldaT moyvaruli, meore – filosofosi, 

mesame – xelovnebis msajuli. 

pirveli ori umarTebulod ver gamoiyenebda verc Tavis 

grZnobas, verc Tavis daskvnas. piriqiT, xelovnebis msajulis 

SeniSvnebSi mTavaria siswore, yoveli calkeuli SemTxvevisadmi 

msjavris sworad misadageba. magram radganac erT gamWriax 

kritikosze ormocdaaTi martooden maxvilgonieri kritikosi 

modis, pirdapir saocreba iqneboda am msjavris gamoyeneba yovelTvis 

iseTi gonivruli windaxedulobiT, romelic orive xsenebul 

xelovnebas Soris sasurvel wonasworobas SeinarCunebda. 

II 

vin icis, zRaparia Tu sinamdvile, rom saxviTi xelovnebis 

pirveli cdebi siyvaruliTaa STagonebuli 2 , magram is ki udavoa, 

rom did Zvel xelovanTa xels marad da yvelgan is warmarTavda. 

171

aki amJamad mxatvroba iTvleba mTlianad iseT xelovnebad, 

romelic sxeuls sibrtyeze ganasaxierebs da mTel mis garegnobas 

moicavs, brZenma berZenma mas ufro viwro CarCoebi daudgina. 

mxolod mSvenier sxeulTa mibaZva. berZeni xelovani arafers 

ar asaxavda, mSvenieris garda. TviTon yoveldRiuri ubralo silamaze, 

ufro dabali rigis mSveniereba martooden SemTxveviTi 

sagani iyo misTvis, vajiSi, dasveneba. TviT sagnis srulyofas mis 

nawarmoebSi aRtaceba unda gamoewvia. mxatvari metismetad didi 

iyo, rom mayureblisagan moeTxova martooden civi kmayofileba, 

gamowveuli saocari msgavsebiTa da ostatobiT, mxatvris simarjviT. 

Tavis xelovnebaSi mas araferi ara axarebda ise Zlier, 

araferi ar miaCnda ise keTilSobilurad, rogorc xelovnebis 

saboloo mizani. 

`vin isurvebs Sen daxatvas, roca aravis ar surs Seni Sexedva!~ 

_ ambobs erTi epigramatisti 3 erT Zalze uSno garegnobis kacze. 

Cveni drois zogi ostati ityoda: `ra maxinjic ar unda iyo, 

me mainc dagxatav. Tu Seni xilva aravis surs, Cems suraTs mainc 

Sexedaven siamovnebiT; imitom ki ara, rom Seni Sexedva surT, 

aramed imisaTvis, rom es iqneba Cemi xelovnebis sabuTi, rom ase- 

Ti safrTxobela, aseTi msgavsi dagxate~. 

mindoda mxolod is damedgina, rom ZvelTa warmodgeniT, saxviTi 

xelovnebis umaRlesi kanoni mSvenierebis asaxvaa. 

axla, roca es damtkicebulia, aqedan aucileblobiT gamomdinareobs, 

rom yvelaferi sxva, rac saxviTi xelovnebis farglebSia, 

Tu mSvenierebasTan SeuTavsebelia, mas gzas uTmobs, an 

Tu SeiZleba masTan ramenairad Tanxmoba, savsebiT emorCileba 

mis kanonebs. 

me minda gamoxatvaze SevCerde. arseboben vnebani da vnebaTa 

gamoxatvis xarisxebi, romelnic saxis srul damaxinjebaSi vlindebian 

da mTels sxeuls iseT mdgomareobaSi ayeneben, rom mSvenieri 

xazebi, simSvidis Jams rom srulyofilad hqonda, savsebiT 

qrebian. Zveli mxatvrebi am xazebis asaxvas an sruliad uaryofdnen, 

an imdenad arbilebdnen, rom garkveuli zomiT unarCunebdnen 

sxeuls silamazes. 

mZvinvareba da sasowarkveTileba im xelovanTa arc erT 

qmnilebas ar bRalavs. gavbedav da vityvi, rom maT furiebi 

arasodes ausaxavT 4 . 

risxva seriozulobamde daaqveiTes. poetebTan es iyo mrisxane 

iupiteri, romelic mexs tyorcnida, xelovanTan – mxolod 

kuSti da seriozuli. 

mwuxarebas berZnebi arbilebdnen, mdumare sevdad aqcevdnen. 

magram roca es Serbileba adgils ver poulobda (SeuZlebeli 

172

iyo), sadac sasowarkveTileba iseve damamcirebeli iqneboda, 

rogorc damamaxinjebeli, _ rogor moiqca maSin timanTe? 5 rodesac 

agamemnonis asuls ifigenias msxverplad swiraven, yvela 

iq myofs TavTavis kvalobaze unawilebs mwuxarebas, mamas ki, 

romlis urva yvelaze mZime unda yofiliyo, saxes ufaravs, da 

amaze bevri ram maxvilgonivruli iTqva. erTi ambobs: `mxatvarma 

ise amowura Tavisi Tavi mwuxare saxeebis asaxvaSi, rom mamis saxe 

aRar uCvenebia, radgan aRar SeeZlo Rirseulad Cvenebao~. amiT 

man aRiara, rom aseT ubedur SemTxvevaSi mamis dardi yovel 

gamosaxvas aRematebao, – umatebs meore 6 . me ki, Cemda Tavad, imas 

vityvi, rom aq saqme arc mxatvris SesaZleblobis amowurvasTan 

gvaqvs da arc xelovnebis uZlurebasTan. agznebis zrdasTan 

erTad Zlierdeba saxis nakvTebis Sesabamisi gamometyvelebac. 

umaRlesi daZabulobis dros, roca tanjva ukidures xarisxs 

aRwevs, Zlierdeba nakvTebis ukiduresi daZabulobac (Die Allerentschiedensten 

Züge), da araferia xelovnebisTvis ise ioli, 

rogorc misi asaxva, magram timanTem icoda sazRvrebi, romlebic 

graciebma mis xelovnebas daudgines. man icoda, rom agamemnonis, 

rogorc mamis, sasowarkveTilebis gamoxatva simaxinjed aRiqmeboda 

nebismier droSi. ramdenadac mSveniereba da Rirseba amis 

nebas aZlevda, imdenad asaxa mxatvarma mamis tanjva. raRa Tqma 

unda, siamovnebiT aaridebda Tavs simaxinjes, xalisiT Searbilebda, 

magram kompozicia, suraTis Tema arc erTis nebas 

aZlevda, arc meorisas da mxatvars sxva ra gza hqonda, garda 

imisa, rom tanjulis saxe daebura? risi asaxvac ver gabeda, is 

gamosacnobad dautova mnaxvels. mokled, es daburva xarkia, 

romelic xelovanma mSvenierebas gadauxada. is magaliTia ara 

imisa, Tu rogor scildeba gamosaxva xelovnebis sazRvrebs, aramed 

imisa, Tu rogor unda daumorCilos xelovanma is xelovnebis 

pirvel kanons, mSvenierebis kanons. 

es rom laokoons mivusadagoT, maSinve naTeli xdeba safuZveli, 

rasac veZeb. ostati muSaobda umaRlesi mSvenierebis 

Sesaqmnelad, rac SesaZlebeli iqneboda amnair viTarebaSi – 

mZafri xorcieli tkivilis dros. es tkivili, mTeli Tavisi 

dammaxinjebeli simZafriT, SeuTavsebeli iyo mSvenierebasTan, 

amitom xelovans is unda Seerbilebina, yvirili gminviT unda 

Seecvala. imitom ki ara, rom yvirili arakeTilSobili 

sulis gamovlinebaa, aramed imitom, rom is saxes amaxinjebs. 

warmoidgineT pirdaRebuli laokooni da gansajeT: aayvireT 

da naxavT, aqamde iyo qmnileba, romelic TanagrZnobas iwvevda, 

radgan mSvenierebasa da tanjvas erTdroulad gviCvenebda, axla 

ki maxinj, amazrzen qmnilebad iqca, adamiani rom Tvals aaridebs, 

173

adgan tanjvis xilva uxaliso gancdas aRviZebs da tanjulis 

xilva ukmayofilebas iwvevs, ise rom tanjvis sagnis mSveniereba 

uZluria es usiamovno grZnoba sibralulis saamo gancdad 

aqcios. 

martooden piris farTod gaRebac, _ Tundac Tavi gavaneboT 

imas, rom aseTi mdgomareoba saxis danarCen nawilebsac ausaxurebs 

da auSnoebs, _ mxatvrobaSi laqaa, qandakebaSi ki – CaRrmaveba, 

romelic yvelaze ufro amazrzen STabeWdilebas axdens. 

monfokonma 7 veraferi gemovneba gamoavlina, roca viRac pirda- 

Rebuli moxuci wverosani mamakaci 8 warmogvidgina iupiterad, 

romelic viTom winaswarmetyvelebda. gana SeiZleba RmerTi momavals 

RrialiT iuwyebodes? gana misi winaswarmetyveleba damajereblobas 

dakargavda, Tu mis bages sakadris moxazulobas 

mivcemdiT? verc valeris davujereb, rom timanTes xsenebul suraTze 

aiaqsi 9 yvirodao. imaze ufro dabali rangis mxatvrebic 

ki xelovnebis daqveiTebis Jams TavianT suraTebSi erTxelac ar 

ayvireben barbarosebs 10 , rodesac isini xmalamoRebuli gamarjvebulis 

winaSe momakvdinebeli SiSiT caxcaxeben. 

ueWvelia, xorcieli tkivilis aseTi ukiduresi daqveiTeba 

ufro dabal gancdamde mravali Zveli ostatis qmnilebaSia sacnauri. 

mowamluli samosisagan cecxlmodebuli tanjuli herakle 

romeliRac ucnobi ostatisa sulac araa sofokles myvirala 

herakle, romelic ise saSinlad Rrialebs, rom lokridis 

kldeebi da evbeis mTebi aZleven bans. qandakebaSi gmiri umal 

pirquSia, vidre veluri da mZvinvare. piTagora leonstinusis 11 

filoqtete TiTqos mayurebels uziarebs Tavis tanjvas, rasac 

erTi zedmeti xazic ki iers ucvlida da daamaxinjebda. SeiZleba 

mkiTxon, saidan ici, rom im moqandakem filoqtete gamokveTao. 

pliniusis erTi adgilidan, romelic Cemamdec unda SeesworebinaT, 

imdenad cxadia, rom nayalbevi an damaxinjebulia 12 . 

174 

IV 

me Tavs vuyri damowmebul mizezebs, romelTac laokoonis 

ostati aiZules daecva zomiereba xorcieli tkivilis gamoxatvaSi, 

da vrwmundebi, rom yvelaferi es xelovnebis am saxeobis 

Taviseburebidan gamomdinareobs, misi sazRvrebisa da saWiroebebis 

Sedegia. amitomac gaWirdeba, rom aq ganxiluli romelime 

Tavisebureba poeziasac miesadagos. 

aq ar Sevudgebi imis kvlevas, Tu ramdenad axerxebs poeti xorcieli 

silamazis asaxvas. erTi ram ki sruliad udavoa! srulyofilobis 

mTeli es ganuzomeli samefo rom Tvalwin eSleba miba-

ZvisaTvis; am samyaros xiluli safarveli, romlis CvenebiTac es 

srulyofiloba CvenTvis mSvenieri xdeba, poetisaTvis aris mxolod 

erTi sruliad umniSvnelo saSualeba, riTac Tavisi saxeebisadmi 

Cvens cnobismoyvareobas aRZravs. xSirad am saSualebas 

sulac ugulvebelyofs xolme, radgan darwmunebulia, rom Tu 

gmiris saxem erTxelve mogvxibla, misi keTilSobiluri RirsebebiT 

imdenad gatacebuli varT, am garegnul mxareze aRarc ki 

vfiqrobT, da Tu amaze davfiqrdebiT kidec, TviTonve warmovidgenT, 

rom is, Tu mSvenieri ara, arc saZagelia (yovel SemTxvevaSi, 

CvenTvis sulerTia). poetic yvelaze naklebad mimarTavs saxis 

yoveli calkeuli nakvTis aRwerilobas iq, sadac isini uSualod 

TvalisaTvis araa navaraudevi: ubralod uyuradRebod tovebs 

xolme. roca vergiliusis laokooni yviris, vis mouva azrad, rom 

yvirilisaTvis saWiroa piris farTod gaReba da rom es didi piri 

saZagel STabeWdilebas tovebs? sakmarisia, rom weria: `varskvlavTa 

mimarT aRavlenda sazarel yvirils~ 13 . smenisaTvis sakmarisi 

STabeWdileba iqmneba, saxe ki iyos Tundac daRmeWili, Cven 

xom mas ar vxedavT! vinc aq TvalisaTvis saamo suraTs eloda, 

misTvis poeti verafer STabeWdilebas ver Seqmnida. 

poets arc aravin aiZulebs, suraTze erTaderTi momentis asaxviT 

Semoifarglos. Tu surs, yovel moqmedebas iRebs saTavidan 

da bolomde mihyavs, yvela safexuris gavliT, yvela SesaZlebeli 

cvlilebis gadmocemiT. amasTan, yoveli cvlileba, rac mxatvrisagan 

calke dasrulebul nawarmoebs moiTxovda, misTvis mxolod 

erTi Strixis, calke monaxazis saqmea. Tanac aseTi upiratesoba 

aqvs: Tu es Strixi, monaxazi msmenels raimeTi aRizianebs an aRaSfoTebs, 

poets SeuZlia an wina aRwerilobiT ise moamzados, an 

Semdgomi monaxaziT ise Searbilos da gaaumjobesos, rom mTeli 

simwvave dakargos da yvelasaTvis sasiamovno qmnilebad aqcios. 

ase, Tu mamakacs marTla ar ekadreba raRac tkivilisaTvis yvirili, 

gana Cveni varaudis mixedviT, amas SeuZlia ziani miayenos, 

Tu msmenelis guli ukve moigo sxva keTili saqmeebiT?! vergiliusis 

laokooni yviris, Rrialebs, magram Cven ukve vicnobT: es 

laokoonia, romelic xalxs uyvars, rogorc mowinave patrioti 

da gulTbili mama. Cven gvesmis misi yvirili ara rogorc misi xasiaTi, 

aramed ubralod misi tkivilis gamoxatuleba. mxolod es 

gvesmis mis yvirilSi, es grZnoba ki poets mxolod am yviriliT 

SeeZlo CvenTvis aesaxa. 

XI 

sinamdvileSi poeti flobs did upiratesobas, sayovelTaod 

cnobil ambavsa da xasiaTebs rom amuSavebs. mas SeuZlia gverdi 

175

auaros asobiT umniSvnelo wvrilmans, rac sxva dros mTlianisaTvis 

aucilebeli iqneboda, da rac ufro marjved gaugeben 

msmenlebi, miT ufro marjved da swrafad aRuZravs maT interess. 

igive upiratesoba aqvs mxatvarsac, Tu misi siuJeti 

CvenTvis nacnobia, Tu mTeli misi kompoziciis varaudi da mizani 

(idea) imTaviTve gavigeT, Tu misi gmirebis ena gvesmis da 

maTs metyvelebas ara marto vxedavT, aramed kidec gvesmis, 

ras metyveleben. pirvel Sexedvazea damokidebuli mTeli STabeWdileba, 

didi zemoqmedeba, da Tu am pirvel xilvaze didi 

jafa dagvadga, momqancveli fiqri da rCeva dagvWirda, Cveni 

cnobismoyvareobac sustdeba, grZnoba cvdeba. maSin mogvicavs 

gaugebari mxatvris mimarT erTgvari Surisgebis ganwyobileba, 

viwunebT mis gamomxatvelobas, da vai mas, Tu asaxvis maneras 

mSveniereba Seswira! Cven vxedavT, ar mogvwons. da aRar viciT, ra 

vifiqroT. 

176 

XII 

homerosma daamuSava arsisa da moqmedebis ormagi saxeoba: xiluli 

da uxilavi. am gansxvavebas mxatvroba ver gamosaxavs. mas- 

Tan yvelaferi xilulia, Tanac erTnairad xiluli. 

amitom, roca grafi kielusi uxilav moqmedebaTa suraTebs 

erT ganuyofel TanmimdevrobaSi ixilavs, roca Sereul moqmedebaTa 

suraTSi, romlebSiac xiluli da uxilavi arsebebi iReben 

monawileobas, ar gviCvenebs da albaT verc gviCvenebs, sad unda 

iyvnen moqceuli uxilavi saxeebi, romelTac suraTis saxeebi ver 

xedaven an ar SeeZloT daenaxaT, _ sruliad gaugebari, areuldareuli 

da winaaRmdegobiT savse xdeba rogorc calkeul nawilebSi, 

aseve mTlianobaSi. 

magram aseT Secdomas kidev eSveleboda wignis SemweobiT. 

yvelaze cudi isaa, rom mxatvrobaSi xilulsa da uxilavs Soris 

sazRvris sruli moSlis gamo ikargeba yvela is damaxasiaTebeli 

nakvTi, riTac arsTa umaRlesi saxeoba – uxilavi ram ganirCeva 

umniSvnelo xilulisagan. 

magaliTad, roca RmerTebi troas bedis Taobaze ver SeTanxmdnen 

da xelCarTul brZolaSi Caebnen, maSin poetisaTvis mTeli 

es RmerTebis omi uxilavia, rac farTo gasaqans aZlevs fantazias, 

es uxilavoba qmnis safuZvels, ganavrcos brZolis asparezi, 

mogvces RmerTebisa da maTi moqmedebis amaRlebuli, mniSvnelovani, 

diadi, adamianebisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli suraTebi, 

rogorc misi warmosaxvis TamaSs moesurveba. mxatvarma ki xiluli 

scena unda aiRos, Semofargluli asparezi, romelic iqneba

moqmedi pirebisaTvis ganawilebuli aucilebeli nawilebisagan 

Semdgari masStabi. is masStabi, romelic mudam Tvalwinaa da amaRlebuli 

arsebebi, romlebic poetTan mxolod uzomod didebi 

iyvnen, suraTze. usazomod gaberili urCxulebiviT mogveCveneba. 

magram minervam, romelsac Sebma pirvelad marsma gaubeda, 

ukan daixia da Zlieri xeliT aiRo miwidan Savi qva, rac odesRac 

adamianebs SeerTebuli ZaliTa da didi jafiT CauyriaT, rogorc 

samani: 

zevsis asuli ukudga da Zalumi xeliT 

uzomo Savi qva aswia, velze mdebare, 

odesRac mraval kacis xeliT mijnad Cadgmuli. 

am qvis sidideze rom swori warmodgena SeviqmnaT, unda gavixsenoT, 

rom homerosis gmirebi maTi drois uRonieres mamakacebze 

Zlierni arian, xolo im Taobis gmirebi, romelnic nestors 

axalgazrdobaSi unaxavs, RoniT amaTac bevrad aRematebian. axla 

esec vikiTxoT, ra tanadi unda yofiliyo minerva, rom marsisaTvis 

xeliT esrola lodi, romelic mravali mamakacis erToblivi 

ZaliT CaudgamT samanis qvad, Tanac nestoris axalgazrdobis 

droindel gmirebs? Tu mxatvari qalRmerTs lodis proporciulad 

daxatavs, maSin saocreba ixsneba. kaci, romelic Cemze samjer 

didia da styorcnis samgzis udides qvas imasTan SedarebiT, romlis 

tyorcna mec SemiZlia, did gaocebas ver gamoiwvevs, es bunebrivia. 

magram Tu qalRmerTi tanad mcire daixateba, uzarmazari 

lodis mtyorcneli, maSin Seiqmneba usiamovno STabeWdileba, 

rasac ver gaanelebs imisi warmosaxva, rom qalRmerTi usaTuod 

zebunebrivi Zalis mflobelia. sadac ufro did moqmedebas vxedav, 

ufro didi zomis iaraRebi da sagnebic minda. 

marss es qva moxvda, davarda da `Svidi qceva miwa~ dafara 14 . 

mxatvars ar SeeZlo marsisaTvis aseTi ganuzomeli farTobi mieca. 

xolo Tu ar misca, maSin mis suraTSi miwaze vardeba ara marsi, 

ara homerosis marsi, aramed Cveulebrivi meomari. 

longini 15 ambobs. xSirad meCveneba, TiTqos homeross surs 

Tavisi adamianebi RmerTebamde aamaRlos, RmerTebi ki adamianebamde 

daamdabloso. mxatvroba am daqveiTebas namdvilad asaxavs. 

masSi savsebiT qreba yvelaferi, rac homerosTan RmerTebs 

RvTaebriv adamianebzec maRla ayenebs. sidide, Zala, siswrafe, 

riTac poeti RmerTebs amkobs bevrad ufro maRali xarisxiT, 

vidre Tavis upirveles gmirebs, suraTebSi Cveulebrivi adamianebis 

sazomiT unda vixiloT. iupiteri da agamemnoni, apoloni 

da aqilevsi, aiaqsi da marsi sruliad erTnairi sididis arsebebi 

177

iqnebian da maTi Semdgomi garCeva mxolod pirobiTi garegnuli 

niSnebiT moxdeba. 

saSualeba, riTac mxatvarma unda gagvagebinos, Tu romelia xiluli 

da romeli uxilavi mis kompoziciaSi, aris Txeli Rrublis 

qula, romelSiac gaxveulan RvTaebrivi arsebani, niSnad 

imisa, rom suraTze gamoyvanili mokvdavni mas ver xedaven. es 

Rrubelic, etyoba, homerosisaganaa nasesxebi, radgan rogorc 

ki brZolis qarcecxlSi an orTabrZolaSi romelime gmirs sasikvdilo 

safrTxe daemuqreba, romlisaganac RmerTis meti veraferi 

ixsnis, mas sqeli nisli an Ramis wyvdiadi faravs xolme 

da ase ganaridebs uzenaesi brZolis velidan. ase ixsna parisi 

veneram, ideosi 16 – neptunma, xolo heqtori – apolonma. keilusic 

arasodes ar iviwyebs am nislebs da mxatvars urCevs yovel 

xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenos. magram vin ar xedavs, rom 

poetisaTvis nisli, Rrubeli, Rame sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara poeturi 

xerxi, sityvis masala, rac mxolod cvlis gamoTqmas ùCinari~, 

gauCinareba? me yovelTvis ucnauri meCveneboda am poeturi 

gamoTqmis realizeba da namdvili Rrublis Cveneba suraTSi, 

sadac mas, rogorc Tejirs, espanur kedels, ise efareba gmiri, 

mters rom emaleba. es ar iyo poetis mosazreba. amas hqvia mxatvrobis 

sferodan gasvla, radgan Rrubeli aq mxolod ieroglifia, 

martooden simboluri niSania, romelic ganTavisuflebul, 

daxsnil gmirs ki ar faravs, aramed damkvirvebels eubneba: ùnda 

warmoidginoT, rom uCinaria~. es Rrublebi ki im furcelakze 

ukeTesi ar aris, romelic gotikur xelovnebaSi ama Tu im gmirs 

piridan gamosdis, vinaobis gasarkvevad 17 . 

178 

XIII 

homerosis qmnilebebi rom mTlianad dakarguliyo, misi ìliada~ 

da òdisea~ rom SemorCeniliyo mxolod im msgavsi suraTebis 

rigiT, romelnic keiluss maTgan gamohyavs, _ Tundac es suraTebi 

yvelaze ufro srulyofil ostats daexata, _ SevZlebdiT 

gana amis saSualebiT – mTel poetze ar vityvi da – mxolod 

mis ferwerul niWze im warmodgenis Seqmnas, rac dRes gvaqvs? 

vcadoT es Tundac nebismieri pirveli suraTis, magaliTad, 

Savi Wiris suraTis daxmarebiT. ras vxedavT xelovanis tiloze? 

gayinul gvamebs, mogizgize koconebs, momakvdavebs, daRupulebTan 

mojaxire meomrebs, gabrazebul RmerTs, romelic 

Rrublebidan isrebs tyorcnis. am suraTis udidesi simdidrea 

poetis siRaribe, radgan vinmem rom am suraTidan homerosis aRdgena 

moiwadinos, ra unda aTqmevinos? àq ganrisxda apoloni da

Tavisi isrebi stryorcna berZenTa jarSi. mravali berZeni mokvda 

da maTi gvamebi dawves~. axla homerosic wavikiTxoT: 

ase RaRad-yo da sxivosan apolons esma, 

guli irisxa, gadmoiWra olimpos mTidan, 

beWze kaparWi mosaltuli, mSvildi moegdo 

da frTosan isrebs awivlebda siswrafe srbolis, - 

RmerTi maRali moRelavda pirRamiani. 

gemebTan axlos Caimuxla, styorcna isari, 

zarismcemeli vercxlis mSvildi aazuzuna. 

musri gaavlo mawanwala ZaRlebs, saxedrebs, 

Semdeg sikvdilis mTesvel isriT miswvda mxedrobas. 

gvamTa mSTanTqmeli koconebi daagzno yvelgan 18 . 

ramdenadac sicocxle suraTs aRemateba, imdenad maRla dgas 

aq poeti mxatvarze. ganrisxebuli, mSvild-kaparWosani apoloni 

olimpos mwvervalidan daSvebula. me ara marto vxedav mis daSvebas, 

aramed mesmis kidec misi. yovel nabijze Cxarunoben kaparWSi 

mrisxane RmerTis isrebi. Camodis, rogorc Rame. ager, zis, gemebis 

pirdapir zemoT da vercxlis mSvildis zardamcem zrialSi 

pirveli isrebi xvdeba jorebsa da ZaRlebs. Semdeg iwyebs Sxamiani 

isrebiT kacTa Semusvras, da yvelgan gvamTa dasawvavi koconebi 

gizgizeben. – SeuZlebelia romelime sxva enaze gadaviRoT is 

musikaluri ferwera, romelsac poeti am sityvebiT gvasmeninebs. 

aseve SeuZlebelia misi aRdgena suraTidan. amasTan, esaa erTi 

yvelaze ufro umniSvnelo upiratesoba poeziisa mxatvrobis winaSe. 

mTavari upiratesoba ki is gaxlavT, rom poeti suraTebis 

mTeli galereidan qmnis mxatvris erTi garkveuli materialuri 

suraTis siuJets. 

magram iqneba Savi Wiris mofena ar aris mxatvrisaTvis saxarbielo 

Tema? aqaa meore, TvalisaTvis ufro saamo: samsjavroze 

Sekrebil RmerTTa nadimi, Tu gnebavT oqros Ria sasaxle. nairnairi 

jgufebi umSvenieresi da RirsebiT aRsavse saxeebisa, fialebi 

rom auweviaT da maradiuli siWabukis gansaxiereba _ hebe 

emsaxurebaT. ra xuroTmoZRvrebaa, ra siuxve Suqisa da Crdilisa, 

ra kontrastebi, gamometyvelebaTa ra nairferovneba! saidan 

daviwyo, romels vucqiro da riT gavaxaro Tvali? Tu mxatvari 

aseT aRtacebas iwvevs, ramdenad metis gakeTeba SeuZlia poets! 

gavSli da vrCebi motyuebuli. vpoulob mxolod oTx karg na- 

Tel striqons, romelnic suraTis qveS warwerad gamodgeboda. 

es striqonebi suraTis masalas qmnian, magram TviTon ar arian 

suraTi: 

179

180 

kronidis oqros sasaxleSi isxdnen RmerTebi 

da baasobdnen, dedofali hebe narnarad 

oqros fialiT urigebda ukvdavebs neqtars, 

erTurTs etyodnen sadRegrZelos da troas mxares 

gadascqerodnen... 19 

apoloniosi an romelime sxva ufro dabali rangis poetic 

moaxerxebda amis Tqmas, da homerosi aq iseve dabla dgas mxatvarze, 

rogorc zemoT motanil magaliTSi mxatvari idga poetze 

dabla. 

amave dros keilusi iliadis mTels meoTxe TavSi ver poulobs 

am oTx striqonSi gamoxatul suraTze ukeTess. raoden uxvic ar 

unda iyos meoTxe wigni, wers is, gamamxnevebeli saieriSo mowodebebiT, 

brwyinvale da mkveTri xasiaTebis simravliT; raoden saocaric 

ar unda iyos xelovneba, riTac poets laSqari moZraobaSi 

mohyavs, _ mxatvrobisaTvis es Tavi sruliad gamousadegaria. 

grafs SeeZlo daematebina: raoden mdidaric ar unda iyos imiT, 

rasac poetur suraTs uwodeben! 

XVI 

maram me minda saqmes ZirisZiramde Cavyve da iqidanve avxsna. 

me ase vmsjelob. Tu marTalia, rom ferwera (xelovneba) Tavis 

mibaZvaSi sul sxva saSualebebsa da niSnebs saWiroebs, vidre poezia, 

saxeldobr figurebsa da ferebs sivrceSi, poezia ki – danawevrebul 

bgerebs droSi; Tu udavoa, rom gamosaxvis saSualebebi 

(niSnebi) gamosaxuli sagnebis mimarT moxerxebul da mWidro 

kavSirSi unda iyvnen, _ maSin erTimeoris gverdiT ganlagebuli 

gamosaxvis niSnebi unda aRniSnavdnen mxolod im sagnebs an imave 

saganTa nawilebs, romlebic namdvilad erTimeoris gverdiT 

imyofebian, xolo gamosaxvis niSnebi, romelnic erTimeores 

mosdeven droSi, piriqiT, unda asaxavdnen im sagnebs, romelnic 

namdvilad erTimeores misdeven, an maTs nawilebs, romelnic 

Tanmimdevrulad misdeven erTmaneTs droSi. pirvelia ferwera, 

meore – poezia. 

sagnebs, an saganTa nawilebs, romelnic erTimeoris gverdiT 

arseboben, sxeulebi ewodebaT. maSasadame, sxeulebi da maTi xiluli 

Tvisebebi sakuTriv mxatvrobis sagnebi arian. 

sagnebi, romelnic erTimeores mihyvebian, an romelTa nawilebi 

erTmaneTs misdeven, moqmedebebad iwodebian. amrigad, moqmedebani 

Seadgenen poeziis sagans. 

magram yvela sxeuli arsebobs ara marto sivrceSi, aramed 

droSiac. maTi arseboba grZeldeba da am droSive SeiZleba yov-

el wams sxvanairi gveCvenon, sxva urTierTkavSirSi mogvevlinon. 

yovelive es wamieri gamovlinebani da urTierTkavSiri aris wina 

moqmedebis Sedegi da Tavis mxriv SeiZleba gaxdes mizezi momdevnosi 

da maSasadame, axali moqmedebis Suaguli (centri). amrigad, 

mxatvrobac SeiZleba moqmedebas baZavdes, oRond mxolod 

sxeulTa meSveobiT. meore mxriv, moqmedeba ar SeiZleba xdebodes 

TavisTavad, aramed raime arsebebis, mizeis Sedegia, ramdenadac 

es arsebebi sxeulebia an SeiZleba sxeulebad vigulvoT, poeziac 

asaxavs agreTve sxeulebs, oRond moqmedebis meSveobiT. 

ferweraSi, sadac TanaarsebulTa kompoziciebSi moqmedebis 

mxolod erTi wamia naCvenebi, saamisod yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani 

wamia SerCeuli, romlis mixedviTac sacnauri iqneba winac da 

momdevno momentebic. 

aseve, poeziac moqmedebaTa TanmimdevrobaSi (mimdinare moqmedebis 

mibaZvaSi) sxeulis erTaderTi TvisebiT sargeblobs da 

amitomac unda SearCios iseTi Tviseba, romelic yvelaze ufro 

gamokveTilad gamoxatavs sxeulis grZnobier suraTsa da Seqmnis 

warmodgenas imaze, rac am momentSia saWiro. 

aqedan gamomdinareobs mxatvruli enis (epiTetebis) er- 

Tianobasa da xorcSesxmul sxeulTa asaxvisaTvis aucilebeli 

siZunwis (sityvis momWirneobis) wesebi. 

magram me metismeti ndobiT movekidebodi am mSrali daskvnebis 

jaWvs, rom homerosis praqtikas maTi simtkice ar daedasturebina, 

an TviTon homeross ar miveyvane am daskvnebamde. mxolod 

am magaliTebze SeiZleba gavigoT berZeni poetis maneris mTeli 

sidiade, amave gziT SeiZleba naTlad warmovidginoT sapirispiro 

manera bevri Tanamedrove poetisa, romelnic mxatvrebTan brZolaSi 

Cabmulan da iq ejibrebian, sadac maT mxatvrebi usaTuod 

daamarcxeben. 

me vfiqrob, homerosi arafers ar xatavs, win mimavali moqmedebis 

garda, xolo danarCen sagnebs aRwers mxolod am moqmedebasTan 

mimarTebis kvalobaze, amasTan Cveulebriv mokled, erTi 

StrixiT. raRa gasakviria, rom mxatvari cotas an sulac arafers 

xatavs iq, sadac homerosi xatavs da Tavis mosavals xedavs mxolod 

iq, sadac moTxrobilia ambavi mravali mSvenieri saxis, saxe- 

Ta jgufis, mSvenieri pozebis Sesaxeb, Tanac garemoebaa xelsayreli 

mxatvrisaTvis, Tundac TviTon poets naklebad ezruna 

am saxeebis, am jgufis, am pozebisa da sivrcis aRwerilobaze? 

dae, saTiTaod gadasinjon suraTebi, romelnic keiluss moaqvs, 

yoveli nawili daadasturebs Cemi Tvalsazrisis siswores. 

aq ki davtoveb grafs, romelsac surs poetis sasinj qvad mxatvris 

ferebis qva (dafa) aqcios, da gadaval homerosis maneris 

181

ufro dawvrilebiT ganxilvaze. 

erTi sagnisaTvis homeross mxolod erTi Strixi aqvs-meTqi, 

vambob. gemi misTvis Savi gemia, xanac maRali gemi, swrafi gemi, 

sul didi `kargxofebiani Savi gemi~. amaze Sors xomaldis aRwerilobaSi 

homerosi ar midis (àRar xatavs~). magram naosnobas, 

gemis gasvlas, gemis Semosvlas dawvrilebiT xatvs, ase rom misi 

erTi suraTidan mxatvars SeuZlia xuTi, eqvsi suraTi daxatos, 

Tu am aRwerilobis gadatanas moisurvebs Tavis tiloze. 

magram Tu homeross gansakuTrebuli garemoebani zogjer 

aiZuleben, didi xniT SeaCeros Cveni yuradReba saganze, es jer 

kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom mxatvars Tavisi funjiT SeuZlia mas 

misdios. piriqiT, homerosi am sagans uTvalavi xerxiT mraval 

nawilad aqucmacebs, ise rom erTs meore mosdevs da mxatvarma 

unda daucados ukanasknels, raTa dasrulebuli saxiT vixiloT 

is, risi dasawyisic ukve vnaxeT poetTan. magaliTad, homerosi 

gviCvenebs heras etls, winaswar ki hebes aiZulebs, es etli Cvens 

Tvalwin nairnairi nawilebisagan Sekras. vxedavT borblebs, 

RerZebs, dasajdoms, xelnas, mosarTavebs, Tanac mxolod ise, 

rogorc hebe maT awyobs, Tavisi xeliT marTavs. marto borblebs 

araerTi xerxiT aRwers da gviCvenebs spilenZis manebs (borblis 

Cxirebs), oqros fersoebs, spilenZis salteebs, vercxlis 

morgvebs – yvela nawils calke. kaci ityoda: raki borbali erTi 

ar aris, mis aRwerilobaze daxanjulia imdenive dro, ramdenic 

maTi momzadebisaTvisaa saWiro sinamdvileSio. 

182 

XVII 

magram, Semomedavebian, poeziis niSnebi ara marto Tanmimdevrulia, 

aramed TviTneburic, amitomac am TviTneburi niSnebiT 

SesaZlebeliao avsaxoT sagnebi ise, rogorc isini sivrce- 

Si arsebobeno. TviT homerossac xom aqvs Tavis poemebSi saamiso 

magaliTebi, da aqilevsis faris aRwerilobaa gadamwyveti magli- 

Ti imisa, Tu ra dawvrilebiT da Tanac poeturad SeiZleba mogvces 

poetma sagnis suraTi. 

Sevecdebi pasuxi gavce am ormxriv Semodavebaze. me mas 

ormxrivs vuwodeb, radgan, jer erTi, logikuri, marTebuli 

daskvna magaliTis gareSec Zalmosilia, da meorec, homerosis 

magaliTi CemTvis mniSvnelovania, Tumca ar yofila gamagrebuli 

daskvniT. 

marTlac, metyvelebis niSnebi TviTneburicaa, amitom SegviZlia 

maTi SemweobiT CamovTvaloT sxeulis nawilebi TanmimdevrobiT, 

iseve rogorc isini bunebaSi erTimeores mihyvebian. mag-

am aseTi Tviseba mxolod erTi mravalTagania im Tvisebebidan, 

romlebic saerTod aqvs metyvelebas da mis niSnebs, saidanac is 

daskvna ar gamodis, rom is poeziisaTvis Zalze moxerxebulia. poets 

marto is ar surs, rom gasagebi gaxdes, misi warmosaxva mxolod 

naTeli da mkafio ki ar unda iyos. amiT kmayofildeba prozaikosic. 

ara, poetma jer ideebi unda daaRviZos CvenSi da mere 

isic ise gaacocxlos, rom Cven warmovidginoT, TiTqos marTlac 

namdvili grZnobiT ganvicadeT mis mier asaxuli sagnebi da imave 

dros sulac viviwyebT am warmodgenisaTvis gamoyenebul saSualebas 

– mxatvrul sityvas. am azriT avxseniT zemoT poeturi 

suraTis cneba. magram poetma usasrulod unda xatos, da axla 

gvinda vnaxoT ramdenad gamosadegni arian poeturi xatovnebisaTvis 

sxeulebi maTi nawilebis sivrceSi erTimeoris miyolebiT 

ganlagebis TvalsazrisiT. 

ranairad vaRwevT sivrceSi sagnis naTlad warmodgenas? jer 

vakvirdebiT mis calkeul nawilebs, Semdeg maTs kavSirs da bolos 

mTlians. Cveni grZnobebi am sxvadasxva operaciebs iseTi saocari 

siswrafiT axdenen, rom yvela safexuri erTaderT mTlianobaSi 

gveCveneba, da swored es siswrafea sruliad aucilebeli, raTa 

Segveqmnas warmodgena mTelze, rac sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara misi 

calkeuli nawilebis Serwymis Sedegi. davuSvaT axla, rom poets 

mSvenierebis samyaroSi SevyavarT sruliad Tanmimdevruli gadasvliT 

sagnis erTi nawilidan meoreSi, mwyobri wesrigiT. davuSvaT, 

rom am nawilebis dakavSirebiT mTlianobis warmodgenas 

uaRresad srulyofilad gviqmnis – ramdeni dro dasWirda saamisod? 

rasac Tvali erTbaSad amCnevs da moicavs, man didxans unda 

gvixatos nawil-nawil; xSirad xdeba ise, rom ukanasknel nawilTan 

misulebs pirvelebis xasiaTi gvaviwydeba, da mainc am nawilebisagan 

mTeli unda SevadginoT. TvalisaTvis mocemuli sagani da 

misi nawilebi erTTavad mxedvelobis areSia da mravalgzis SeuZlia 

gadaxedos. yurisaTvis ki mosmenili nawilebi dakargulia, 

Tu mexsierebaSi ar CarCa, da Tundac gvaxsovdes, ramdeni jafa 

sWirdeba mexsierebas, rom yvela naxul-gagonili nawilisagan 

maTi STabeWdilebani kvlav cocxlad warmovidginoT, wina STabeWdileba 

aRvadginoT, Tundac ara ise swrafad, rogorc uwin, 

da mivaRwioT miaxloebiT warmodgenas mTelze! 

erTxel kidev vimeoreb: me sulac ar uarvyof unars, rom Sei- 

Zleba aiweros sxeuli misi calkeuli nawilebis saxiT: es SesaZlebelia. 

sityvas aqvs amisi unari, radgan marTalia, isini, es 

nawilebi, droSi erTimeores misdeven, mainc TviTneburi niSnebia. 

ara, me uarvyof aseT aRwerilobas, sityvas, rogorc poeziis sa- 

Sualebas, radgan saganTa aseTi vrceli, Tanmimdevruli aRwe- 

183

ilobani arRveven iluzias, moCvenebiTs xilvas (das Täuschende), 

romlis Seqmnac poeziis mTavar miswrafebas Seadgens. es iluzia, 

moCvenebiTi suraTi, vimeoreb, imitomac irRveva, rom aq sxeulTa 

Sepirispireba sivrceSi ejaxeba sityvis Tanmimdevrobas droSi. 

marTalia, sivrcobriv urTierTobaTa Tanmimdevruli SeerTeba 

mTelis dayofas nawilebad ki aadvilebs, magram am nawilebis kvlav 

mTelad Sekvra uCveulod Zneldeba da arc Tu iSviaTad Seu- 

Zlebelic xdeba. 

yvelgan, sadac iluziis saWiroeba araa, sadac mwerali mxolod 

mkiTxvelTa gonebas esaubreba, mxolod naTels, mkveTrsa 

da ramdenadac SesaZlebelia srul cnebebs iZleva, e. i. sadac 

poezia gamoricxulia, savsebiT drouli da gamosadegia sagnis 

materialuri aRweriloba. da am aRwerilobis xerxiT SeiZleba 

sargeblobdes ara marto mwerali, aramed poetic, Tu is dogmatikosia 

(didaqtikosi, damrigebeli), radgan iq, sadac dogmas 

qadagebs, poeti aRar aris poeti. 

184 

XXIII 

erTaderTi Seusabamo nawili mSvenieri mTlianis harmonias ar- 

Rvevs, magram sagani arc amiT xdeba saZageli. simaxinjec mraval 

xinjs iTxovs, sxvadasxva uTanabro nawils, romelTac erTi Tvalis 

gadavlebiT vxedavT, da mxolod maSin iqmneba STabeWdileba, 

sapirispiro imisa, rasac mSveniereba gvaZlevs. 

amitomac, simaxinje, rogorc aseTi, TiTqos arc poeziis sagani 

unda iyos, magram homerosma mainc mogvca simaxinje, ukiduresi 

nimuSi, Tersites saxiT, Tanac sxeulisa da xasiaTis nawilebis 

aRwerilobiT. sakiTxavia, ra safuZvelze misca Tavs neba, gamoeyenebina 

simaxinjis aRweraSi is xerxi, rasac mSvenierebis gadmocemaSi 

ase gulmodgined gaurboda – nawil-nawil aRwera? gana 

simaxinjiT gamowveuli STabeWdileba iseve ar neldeba nawilebis 

aRwerilobaSi, rogorc mSvenierebis aRweraSi vnaxeT? 

ueWvelad, aqac asea, magram swored amaSia homerosis gamarTleba. 

imis gamo, rom poetis aRwerilobaSi saZaglobis gancda 

sust-deba da xorcieli xinji, arasrulyofiloba naklebad 

sagrZnob fenomenad iqceva, simaxinjis STabeWdilebac neldeba 

da poetisaTvis gamosadegi xdeba. Tu poets ar SeuZlia is Tavisi 

uSualo miznisaTvis gamoiyenos, yovel SemTxvevaSi saZagloba 

Semoaqvs ingredientad (Semadgenel nawilad), im Sereuli STabe- 

Wdilebebis aRZvrisa da gaZlierebis mizniT, romelTa meSveobiTac 

gvarTobs (gvinarCunebs), martooden sufTa sasiamovno 

STabeWdilebebis naklebobis dros.

amrigad, garegnuli umsgavsoba, saZageli formebi arc SeiZleba 

iyos mxatvrobis, rogorc kazmuli xelovnebis sagani 

TavisTavad, radgan grZnoba, rasac is aRZravs, jer erTi, arasasiamovnoa 

da meorec, is ar ekuTvnis im arasasiamovno saganTa 

ricxvs, romelnic mibaZvis Sedegad (suraTSi) sasiamovno grZnobad 

iqceva xolme, magram aq kidev sxva kiTxva iCens Tavs: xom ar 

aris xelovnebaSi saZagloba mainc saWiro, rogorc Semadgeneli 

nawili, sxva grZnobebis gasaZliereblad, kontrastisaTvis, 

rogorc poeziaSi? 

SeuZlia Tu ara mxatvrobas sasacilosa da saSinelis misaRwevad 

saZageli formebis gamoyeneba? 

me ver vbedav, rom ase pirdapir uariT vupasuxo am kiTxvas. 

SeuZlebelia imis uaryofa, rom uwyinari saZagloba mxatvrobaSiac 

sasacilo SeiZleba iyos, metadre Tu es dakavSirebulia miswrafebasTan, 

rom nawarmoebi iyos saxieri da momxiblavi. udavoa 

isic, rom mavne saZagloba bunebaSic da suraTSic SiSs aRZravs, 

xolo is sasacilo da es saSineli, romelnic ukve TavisTavad 

narevi gancdebia, mibaZvaSi ufro rbildeba da sasiamovnoc ki 

xdeba. 

magram amave dros kidev unda gavixsenoT, rom amis miuxedavad 

aq mxatvroba poeziasTan erTnair mdgomareobaSi veraa. poeziaSi, 

rogorc ukve SevniSne, saZagloba formebisa TiTqmis 

sruliad kargavs Tavis arasasiamovno zemoqmedebas imis gamo, 

rom uaryofiTi nawilebi poeziaSi gadmoicema ara erTbaSad, 

aramed TandaTanobiT, droSi, mimdevrobiT. saZagloba poeziaSi 

garkveuli azriT wyvets saZaglobad gamoCenas da sxvagvar movlenebs 

ise Sinaganad ukavSirdeba, rom axal zegavlenas iwvevs, 

axlebur zemoqmedebas axdens. mxatvrobaSi, ferweraSi ki saZagloba, 

piriqiT, yvela Tavisi ZaliT iyris Tavs da bevrad ar gansxvavdeba 

imisagan, rasac bunebaSi vxedavT. uwyinari (uvnebeli, 

ganurCeveli) saZagloba aq didi xniT ver darCeba sasacilo. 

usiamovno gancda imarjvebs, rac pirvelad TavSesaqcevi iyo, is 

male xdeba mxolod sazizRari. igive mosdis mavne saZaglobasac: 

saSineli TandaTan qreba masSi, da bolos mxolod simaxinje 

(uformoba, xinji) ukve ucvleli saxiT gvrCeba Tvalwin. 

SeniSvnebi da komentarebi 

1. `Seadara~ aq zustad ver gamoxatavs dednis azrs, Tumca pirdapiri 

Targmania sityvisa `ferglix~. sinamdvileSi aq igulisxmeba poeziisa da xelovnebis 

(mxatvrobis, ferweris, qandakebis) warmodgena erTianobaSi, saer- 

To zogad aspeqtSi, maTi danaTesaveba, SekavSireba, mimsgavseba an SenivTeba, 

185

ogorc Targmanis pirvel variantSi gvqonda. aseve, qvemoT, iluzia gviweria 

cdunebis, moCvenebiTis, mxedvelobiTi mcdarobis mniSvnelobiT. 

2. `zRapari Tu sinamdvile~ _ legendis Tanaxmad, korinToeli meTunis 

qalma, romelic SoreTs gasamgzavreblad gamzadebul saqmros gverdiT 

ijda, misi saxis Crdili moxaza kedelze, meTunem ki am naxazis mixedviT Seqmna 

Tixis plastikuri saxe, raTa asulisaTvis ganSorebis dardi Seemsubeqebina 

(pliniusis da aTenagoras cnoba). 

3. epigramatisti – igulisxmeba antioqe (anTologia, wig. II, 43). an vinme 

piso, pisonosi _ harduinis mixedviT (wigni pliniusze, 35, gany. 36, gv. 698). 

magram aseTi epigramatisti arc erT anTologiaSi araa cnobili (arc 1884 

wlis cnobil germanul anTologiaSia naxsenebi). saerTod, pisoni arsebobda, 

magram lesingis mier naxsenebi epigrama misi araa. 

4. lesingis mtkiceba, furiebs aravin xatavda da aqandakebdao, Semdgomi 

drois monacemebiTac dasturdeba (ix. roSeris miT. leqsik.). furia (laT. 

`kupriviT Savi~) berZnuli eriniebis romauli oreulia. samni arian, borot 

kacTa sulebi, mosvenebas ver pouloben, RameobiT daZrwian, afrTxoben da 

agiJeben an klaven adamianebs, ufro metad damnaSaveebs, qvesknelSiac codvilebs 

aZrwuneben da saerTod borot dedakacTa sinonimad qceulan (elenes, 

medeas `damRupvel figurebs~ uwodeben). xelovnebaSi ar asaxulan, amitom 

maTi saxec bundovania. 

erTgvari gamonaklisia meduza, romelic zogan agreTve lamazia, magram 

es gorgonac Zvel gamosaxulebebze maxinji, dabRnejilia, enagadmogdebuli 

(aTenis akropolisi, spartis akroterioni, berlinis muzeumisa, kirenaikis 

arqauli WurWeli da sxv.) – es simaxinjis asaxvaze xelovnebaSi. furia romauli 

saxea da isedac nakleb aisaxa. ar unda daviviwyoT isic, rom maxinjebi 

arian harpiebic, eriniebic, kerberic, Tanatosic, hidrac, romlebic mravalgzis 

asaxulan. 

lesingi vrcel sqolioSi edaveba spenss, romelsac `surs furiebi 

hyavdes~ (sagvini, `numizm.~, 178), magram ujobs eZios maT romelsame monetaze, 

sadac mkafiod araferi Cans, vidre Zveli da axali xelovnebis sxva ZeglebSi, 

sadac TviT spensis TqmiT, furiebis asaxva `marTlac iSviaTia~. spensi furiebs 

xedavs meleagres bedis amsxvel cnobil bareliefze (ix. miT. leqsik., 

305). `maS vin unda iyos dedis win mdgari ori qali, Tu ara furiebio?~ `me 

gipasuxebT, _ wers Semdeg lesingi: _ alTeas (gmiris dedis) moaxle qalebi, 

romelnic cecxlSi SeSas ukeTeben. rac Seexeba diskos, romelzedac TiTqos 

furias Tavia gamosaxuli, sinamdvileSi meleagres faria da zed gamosaxulia 

ara maxinji furia, aramed mze heliosi. monfokoni parkis saxes xedavs iq, 

sadac, spensis azriT, furias gamosaxulebaa. iqve dgas kleopatra, meleagres 

coli (da ara kasandra)~. amrigad, furiebis asaxava Zvel xelovnebaSi ar 

mtkicdeba. 

rac zemoT iTqva, ufro romaelTa furiebs exeba. magram saqme ise ar unda 

warmovidginoT, TiTqos furiebi, eriniebi saerTod ar asaxula xelovnebaSi. 

berZnuli xelovneba ZvelTaganve icnobs eriniebs, romelTa evfemisturi 

(`mosaferebeli~) saxelia evmenide (`keTilni~). uwinares yovlisa, cnobilia 

argosis evmenidebis WalaSi daculi reliefi, romauli sarkofagis gamosaxuleba 

(leningradi), neapolis feradi amforisa da luvris yuriani kanTarosis 

gamosaxuleba, miunxenis sarkofagisa, qandakeba `mZinare erinia~ da sxv. 

oRond esaa, rom esqiles sazareli maxinji beberi qalebi SedarebiT miiviwyes 

da mxatvrebma ufro miiRes evripides mkvircxli frTosani qalebi, romel- 

Tac xelSi devnis simbolo – gvelebi uWiravT. xatavdnen axal droSic (diu- 

186

eris graviura da sxv.). 

5. timanTe (daax. 420-380 Zv. w.) _ Zveli berZeni mxatvari. misi mTavari suraTi 

_ ìfigenias msxverplad Sewirva~ mxolod varaudiT SegviZlia warmovidginoT, 

radgan qmnileba ar Semonaxula. am suraTs yvelaze ufro vrclad 

kvintiliane axasiaTebs (orat. xelov., II w., 13, 13). uzadod asaxa kalqanti, 

odisevsi, menelaosi, amowura xelovnebis SesaZleblobani da mamis (agamemnonis) 

Tavi aRar dauxatavs, sicrieliT Secvala, radgan `ver SesZlo Rirseulad 

asaxva~. 

6. èrTi ambobs~ _ igulisxmeba pliniusi, w. XXXV, 36 gany.; iqve, `meore~ 

_ valerius maqsimusi: `man aRiara, rom ar ZaluZs xelovnebis saSualebebiT 

gadmogvces udidesi mwuxarebis simware~ (wig. VIII, Tavi 11). 

valerius maqsimusi – romaeli istorikosi (ax. welT. I sauk. pirveli naxevari), 

datova `Rirsaxsovari saqmeni da gamonaTqvamebi~ (9 wignad), romelic 

imperator timeriuss uZRvna; wigni moralze. 

7. monfokoni, dom bernard de (Montfaucon, 1655-1741) – frangi benediqtineli, 

siZveleTa mkvlevari (àntika ganmartebebiTa da suraTebiT~, 1719). 

8.-`beberi wverosani~ _ laparakia tragikul niRabze. 

9.-aiaqsi – romauli forma berZenTa gmiris aiantis (eantis) saxelisa. 

10. `barbarosebi~ _ igulisxmeba damarcxebul dakielTa saxeebi konstantines 

TaRis gamosaxulebaze. 

11. piTagora leontiusi (Zv. w. V s.) – regiumeli moqandake, berZeni, SecdomiT 

ewoda leontiusi. 

12. lesingi gulisxmobs pliniusis XXXIV wignis me-19 Tavs, sadac istorikosi 

filoqtetes ar asaxelebs, magram wers axalgazrda koWlis qandakebaze, 

`romlis wylulis tkivili mnaxvelsac unda ganecada~. lesingi safuZvlianad 

varaudobs, rom es iqneboda dageslili filoqtete. 

13. vergiliusi, eneida, III, 222. 

14. veresaevis TargmanSia `7 heletra~ (rogorc dedanSia: èpta heleTra~. 

helefroni (pleTroni) Zvel berZenTa sigrZis sazomi iyo, daaxloebiT 31 

metri (e. i. sul 220 metramde), Tumca peleTroni farTobis sazomic iyo: 

0,095. fosis germanul TargmanSia `hufe~ (7. hufen), rac zogadad àdgilmamuls~ 

aRniSnavs. sxva rusul TargmanSi weria 7 desetina (7 heqtarze meti), 

rac sam-oTx qcevas uaxlovdeba. amis analogiurad r. miminoSvilis qarTul 

TargmanSia `Svidi qceva~, rac sam heqtarze metia. cxadia, es yvela TvalsazrisiT 

gazviadebulia, ramdenime heqtar miwas verc erTi RmerTi ver dafaravda. 

kvintus kalaberi marsis waqcevasac saeWvod Tvlis da Tavis wignSi aTenas 

mTel kldes atyorcninebs, rac aresis Sexebaze mtvrad iqceva. lesingi 

homerosis SesworebisaTvis kalabers dascinis. 

15. longini, dionisius kasius longiniusi (daaxl. 213-273) – aTeneli 

ritori da filosofosi, neoplatonikosi, aRmzrdeli, moRvaweobda zenobias 

sasaxleSi, palmiraSi. sikvdiliT dasaja avreliusma. umarTebulod miaweres 

Txzuleba àmaRlebulze~ (I saukunisa). 

16. ideosi (idaosi) hefestosis (da ara neptun-poseidonis) qurumis – daresis 

Ze iyo troaSi, diomedem Zma fegevsi moukla da masac bolos mouRebda, 

magram hefestosma nisliT Sebura da gaarida (sxvaa idaiosi – priamosis 

Svili an meetle; igivea zevsis da herakles zedwodeba, dionises da eneasis mxlebelni, 

parisisa da elenes Svili), lesingi ratomRac poseidons asaxelebs, 

homerosTan ki ideosi hefestosma ixsna (il. 5,12). diomedem rom fegevsi mokla, 

hefestosma misi Zma nisliT Sebura, radgan fegevsi da ideosi hefestosis 

qurumis Svilebi iyvnen. 

187

17. lesingis es msjeloba dasturdeba Semdgomi mecnierul-filologiuri 

dakvirvebebiTac: berZenTa azrovneba Zalze gasagnebuli iyo da uSualo. 

heliosis etlis srbola mzis amosvlis, gaTenebis sinonimi iyo, Tanatosis 

gamoCena – sikvdilisa da a. S. aseve konkretulia poetis azrovneba saxeebSi, 

mocemul SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiT. xSirad gveufleba survili, rom suraTi 

àmoZravdes~, `gagrZeldes~. magaliTad, firosmanis cnobilma suraTma 

`glexi qali da misi vaJi~ gamoiwvia bavSvis kiTxva. `ratom ar aZlevs deda 

Svils mtevans?~ 

18. ìliada~, I, 43-53 (Targm. r. miminoSvilis). 

19. ìliada~, IV, 1-4 (Targm. misive). 

188 

germanulidan Targmna, narkvevi da 

komentarebi daurTo akaki gelovanma 

(wignidan `laokooni anu mxatvrobisa da 

poeziis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb~, Tb., 1986).

iohan volfgang goeTe (1749-1831 w.w.) 

goeTes saubrebi ekermanTan 

msoflio literaturis Sesaxeb 

_ me sul ufro vrwmundebi, ganagrZobda goeTe, _ rom poezia 

mTeli kacobriobis monapovaria da yovel epoqaSi asobiT, 

aTasobiT adamianSi gamovlindeboda. oRond zogs cota ukeTesad 

gamosdis, vidre sxvebs da sxvebze metxans dacuravs zedapirze, 

meti araferi. amitom arc batonma matisonma 1 unda warmoidginos, 

me varo gamorCeuli poeti, arc me unda vifiqro es Cems Tavze, 

arc sxvas unda egonos, sxvaze ukeTesi varo, raki erTi-ori kargi 

leqsi gamouvida. magram Cven, germanelebi, roca garemomcveli 

sinamdvilidan Tavis gayofas Tavs varidebT, iolad vvardebiT 

pedantur kudabzikobaSi. amitom me gulmodgined vecnobi sxva 

erebis monapovars da sxvasac vurCev ase moiqces. dRes erovnuli 

literatura bevrs verafers ambobs. dRis wesrigSi dgeba msoflio 

literatura, 2 da yvelas valia daaCqaros am literaturis 

meufebis epoqa. magram ucxouri literaturis aseTi maRali Sefasebis 

drosac unda veridoT mowonebul nimuSebSi CarCenas da 

ar unda miviRoT is erTaderT nimuSad. ar gvargebs imisi aRiareba, 

rom nimuSia Cinuri an serbiuli, kalderoni an `nibelungebi~, 

ara, samagaliTo nimuSis ZebnaSi isev Zvel berZnul literaturas 

vubrundebiT, radgan berZnebma mSvenieri adamiani asaxes. yvela 

danarCeni ise unda ganvixiloT, rogorc istoriuli, da gadmoviRoT 

ukeTesi ram, ris gadmoRebasac vamjobinebT. 

xelovnebisa da zneobriobis Sesaxeb 

_ me araferi maqvs imisi sawinaaRmdego, rom dramatulma 

poetma kargi moraluri zemoqmedebac moaxdinos mayurebelze, 

_ Tqva goeTem, magram roca saqme exeba mayureblis winaSe 

siuJetis naTlad da efeqturad mitanas, gmirTa saboloo 

moraluri miznebi bevrs verafers daexmarebian, ufro imisaTvis 

unda izrunos, warmodgenisa da scenis meti codna gamoavlinos, 

meti fantazia Caaqsovos moqmedebaSi, raTa sworad gansajos, ra 

SeiZleba da ra ar SeiZleba moxdes ficarnagze. roca zneobrivi 

zemoqmedeba TviT piesaSia Cadebuli, is mainc arsad ar daikargeba, 

Tundac avtors miznad mxolod misi mxatvruli damuSaveba 

189

daesaxa. xolo Tu is sulieradac mdidaria, rogorc sofokle, 

maSin mTeli qmnilebac udavod zneobrivi iqneba, rogorc ar 

unda gaiazros. 

190 

klasikuri da romantikuli poezia 

_ klasikuri da romantikuli poeziis gageba, rac amJamad 

mTels qveyanas moedo da amden davas, azrTa sxvadasxvaobas 

iwvevs, Tavdapirvelad Cemi da Sileris TvalsazrisSi iRebs 

saTaves, _ ganagrZo goeTem. _ poeziaSi me viyavi dajerebuli 

momxre obieqturobisa da sxvas arafers ar vcnobdi, maSin rodesac 

Sileri qmnida wminda subieqturi suliskveTebiT, marTebulad 

racxda mxolod Tavis meTods, medaveboda me da dawera statia 

miamitur da sentimentalur poeziaze, riTac amtkicebda, 

rom me Cemda uneburad maqvs midrekileba romantikuli poeziisaken, 

rom Cems ìfigeniaSi~ sWarbobs romantikuri grZnobiereba, 

da amdenad is ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos klasikur nawarmoebad, 

am sityvis antikuri gagebiT, Tumca pirveli SexedviT SeiZleba 

aseTad gveCvenos. Slegelebma aitaces es dapirispireba da ganavrces. 

ase rom, am Tvalsazrisma iwyo qveynad xetiali; axla 

klasicizmze da romantizmze yvela msjelobs, ormocdaaTi wlis 

win ki maT aravin axsenebda. 

xelovneba, rogorc koleqtiuri arseba 

arsebiTad Cvenc yvelani koleqtiuri arsebebi varT, rasac ar 

unda vfiqrobdeT, ra warmodgenebic ar unda gvqondes. marTlac, 

aba ras warmovadgenT imisTanas, da ra gagvaCnia iseTi, rom savsebiT 

marto Cvens sakuTrebad miviTvaloT! Cvenc gulmodgined 

unda viswavloT rogorc maTgan, vinc Cvenamde cxovrobda, aseve 

maTgan, vinc Cvens gverdiT cxovrobs. TviT udidesi genia bevrs 

verafers gaawyobs, marto Tavis Tavs rom miendos. magram es ar 

esmiT zogjer TviTon uaRresad Wkvian adamianebs, originalobis 

ZiebaSi rom naxevar sicocxles bnelSi cecebiT daexetebian. me 

vicnobdi mxatvrebs, romlebic didgulobdnen imiT, rom ar ahyolian 

sxva didostatebs da yvelafers sakuTar genias umadlian. 

sibriyve gaxlavT! mere, gana aseTi ram SesaZlebelia? gana garemomcveli 

sazogadoeba ar axvevs Tavis Tavs yovel Cvengans, ar 

axdens Cvens formirebas, ar gvayalibebs, Tundac Cveni sisuleleebis 

sapirispirod? me, magaliTad, darwmunebuli var, rom Tu

Tavdajerebuli mxatvari gaivlis oTaxs, romelSiac hkidia didi 

ostatobis naxatebi, Tu mTlad uniWo araa, oTaxidan gardaqmnili 

gava; Tundac sakuTari geniis mflobelic iyos, sxvagvari 

da ufro amaRlebuli iqneba, Tundac suraTebs mxolod Tvali 

Seavlos. 

SeniSvnebi: 

1. matisoni (matTisoni 1761-1831) – Tavmomwone germaneli poeti, saSualo 

niWisa, romlis saxelic enciklopediebSic iSviaTad SeaqvT. goeTes msjavri 

drouli gafrTxileba iqneboda yoveli saSualo poetisaTvis, romelic Tavisi 

eris klasikosebs àr icnobs~ da `maTisonobs~. 

2. msoflio literatura (veltliteratur) – termini, rac gasuli saukunis ocian 

wlebSi goeTem Camoayaliba, Semdeg marqsma da engelsma `manifestSi~ Seitanes 

da literaturaTmcodneobam aRiara, rogorc sxvadasxva droisa da xalxis 

literaturaTa kavSiri, urTierTdamokidebuleba, ideuri da mxatvruli Rirebulebis 

gansja saerTo kriteriumiT. dRes umaRles ganviTarebas aRwevs 

kontaqtebisa da Targmanebis meSveobiT. 

germanulidan Targmna, winasityvaoba da 

komentari daurTo akaki gelovanma 

( wignidan `goeTes saubrebi ekemanTan~, Tb., 1988). 

191

fridrix Sileri (1759-1805 w.w.) 

192 

werilebi adamianis esTetikuri aRzrdis Sesaxeb 

werili meTxuTmete 

Tu grZnobad midrekilebas zogadi cnebiT gamovxatavT, cxovreba 

ewodeba am sityvis ufarToesi mniSvnelobiT, es is cnebaa, 

romelic yovelgvar materialur yofierebasa da grZnobebSi yovelive 

uSualod mocemuls niSnavs. Fformisadmi midrekilebis 

sagans, Tu zogadi cnebiT gamovxatavT, xateba ewodeba am sityvis 

rogorc gadataniTi, iseve pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT; es is cnebaa, 

romelic moicavs saganTa yvela formalur maCvenebels da 

maT yvela mimarTebas azrovnebasTan. TamaSisadmi midrekilebis 

sagans ki, Tu zogad sqemad warmovidgenT, cocxali xateba 

SeiZleba ewodos;N es is cnebaa, romelic moicavs saganTa yvela 

formalur maCvenebels da maT yvela mimarTebas azrovnebas- 

Tan. TamaSisadmi midrekilebis sagans ki, Tu zogad sqemad warmovidgenT, 

SeiZleba cocxali xateba ewodos; es is cnebaa, 

romelic movlenaTa yvela esTetikur TvisobriobaTa aRsaniSnad 

gamoiyeneba, erTi sityviT, yovelive imis aRsaniSnad, rasac 

mSvenierebas uwodeben am sityvis uzogadesi mniSvnelobiT. 

Aam ganmartebiT, Tuki zemoTqmuli amas warmoadgens, mSveniereba 

ar vrceldeba mTel cocxal samyaroze da arc martooden 

misi sferoTi Semoifargleba. Mmarmarilos lodi Tumca 

usuloa da aseTadac rCeba, magram ZaluZs xuroTmoZRvrisa da 

moqandakis wyalobiT cocxal xatebad iqces. Aadamiani ki, Tumca 

cocxlobs da gamoxatulebac aqvs, mainc jer kidev cocxali 

xateba ar aris, _ amisaTvis aucilebelia, rom mis gamoxatulebas 

sicocxle gaaCndes da mis sicocxles gamoxatuleba. 

vidre mxolod vfiqrobT mis xatebaze, igi usicocxlo, SiSveli 

abstraqciaa; vidre mis sicocxles mxolod SevigrZnobT, 

igi xatovanebas moklebulia da ubralo STabeWdilebas warmoadgens. 

mxolod maSin, rodesac misi forma Cvens SegrZnebaSi 

cocxldeba da misi cxovreba Cvens gonebaSi formas iRebs, 

warmoadgens adamiani cocxal xatebas da es yovelTvis ma- 

Sin xdeba, rodesac mas, rogorc mSvenierebas, ganvixilavT. 

Mmagram imiT, rom ZalgviZs davasaxeloT Semadgeneli nawilebi, 

romelTa SeerTebac mSvenierebas warmoqmnis, araviTar SemTxvevaSi 

ar aisaxeba misi genezisi, vinaidan amisaTvis saWiroa am 

SeerTebas CavwvdeT, romelic, rogorc saerTod, sasrulsa da 

usasrulos Soris, yovelgvari urTierTqmedeba, Cvens kvlevas

ar eqvemdebareba. transcendentaluri safuZvlebidan gamomdinare, 

goneba Semdeg moTxovnilebas ayenebs: formalur da materialur 

midrekilebaTa Soris erToba unda iyos, e.i. TamaSisadmi 

midrekileba unda arsebobdes, vinaidan adamianobis cnebas martooden 

realobisa da formis, SemTxveviTobis da aucileblobis, 

vnebiTobisa da Tavisuflebis erTianoba amoswuravs. gonebam 

unda wamoayenos es moTxovnileba, radgan Tavisi arsiT srulqmnasa 

da yovelgvar SezRudvaTa moxsnas eltvis, xolo erTisa an 

meore midrekilebis yovelgvari ganmxoloebuli moqmedeba ki 

adamianis bunebas daumTavrebels tovebs da zRvars udebs. maSasadame, 

radgan goneba ambobs: unda arsebobdes kacobriuli bunebao, 

amiT ukve adgens kanonsac: mSveniereba unda arsebobdeso. 

gamocdilebas ZaluZs pasuxi gagvces kiTxvaze: arsebobs Tu ara 

mSveniereba da es gvecodineba, rogorc ki gamocdileba gvaswavlis, 

arsebobs Tu ara kacobriuli buneba.Mmagram Tu rogor aris 

mSvenierebisa da kacobriuli bunebis arseboba SesaZlebeli, amis 

swavleba arc gamocdilebas ZaluZs da arc gonebas. 

Cven viciT, rom adamiani arc mxolod materiaa da arc mxolod 

suli. maSasadame, mSveniereba, rogorc misi arsis dagvirgvineba, 

ar SeiZleba martooden sicocxle iyos, rogorc amas amtkiceben 

maxvilgonieri damkvirveblebi, romlebic erTob zustad misdeven 

gamocdilebis Cvenebebs, da razedac siamovnebiT daiyvanda 

Cveni drois gemovneba; mSveniereba arc martooden xateba Sei- 

Zleba iyos, rogorc amas amtkicebdnen ganyenebulad moazrovne 

brZenkacebi, romelnic erTob Sordebodnen gamocdilebas, da 

mofilosofose xelovanni, romlebic mSvenierebis ganmartebaSi 

upiratesad xelovnebis saWiroebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. 1 

mSveniereba orive midrekilebis saerTo obieqtia, e.i. TamaSisadmi 

midrekilebis obieqtia. Aam saxelwodebas savsebiT amarTlebs 

sityvaTxmareba, romelsac sityva `TamaSiT~ aRniSvna sCvevia 

yovelive imisa, rac arc subieqturad da arc obieqturad 

SemTxveviTi ar aris da amasTanave arc garegnul da arc Sinagan 

iZulebas ar warmoadgens. vinaidan suli mSvenierebis Wvretis 

dros kanonsa da saWiroebas Soris, bednier SualobaSi imyofeba 

amitom, swored imis gamo, rom orives Soris nawevrdeba, arc er- 

Tisa da arc meoris iZulebas ar eqvemdebareba. rogorc materialuri 

midrekileba, aseve formisadmi midrekileba dabejiTebiT 

ayeneben TavianT moTxovnebs, vinaidan pirvels sinamdvilis SemecnebasTan 

aqvs saqme, meores ki saganTa aucileblobis SemecnebasTan; 

vinaidan moqmedebis Jams pirveli sicocxlis SenarCunebisaken, 

meore ki Rirsebis dacvisaken aris miqceuli, oriveni 

erTad ki WeSmaritebisa da srulyofilebis uzrunvelyofisaken. 

193

Mmagram sicocxle maSinve ufasurdeba, rogorc ki Rirsebas Seexeba 

saqme, xolo movaleoba aRar gaiZulebs, rodesac xalisi iCens 

Tavs; aseve sulic, rogorc ki formalur WeSmaritebas, aucileblobis 

kanons Sexvdeba da abstraqcia aRar hqancavs; ufro Tavisuflad 

da mSvidad iRebs saganTa sinamdviles, materialur WeSmaritebas, 

rogorc ki SesaZlebeli xdeba, rom uSualo Wvreta 

axldes Tan. EerTi sityviT, yovelive namdvili, rodesac ideebTan 

modis SexebaSi, seriozulobas kargavs, vinaidan knindeba, xolo 

aucilebloba, rogorc ki Segnebas Tanxvdeba, agrerigad saWirboroto 

aRar aris, vinaidan ioli xdeba. 

magram albaT ukve didi xania gsurT SemesityvoT: xom ar amcirebs 

mSvenierebas is garemoeba, rom ubralo TamaSTan aigiveben, 

qarafSutul sagnebs uTanabreben, romelTac imTaviTve am 

saxels uwodebdnen? xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba gonivrul cnebas da 

Rirsebas mSvenierebisa, romelic kulturis iaraRad miiCneva, 

silamazis martooden TamaSis sferoTi Semofargvla, da xom ar 

ewinaaRmdegeba misi mSvenierebiT Semofargvla gamocdilebiseul 

cnebas TamaSisa, romelic yovelive imis gamoricxvis Semdegac 

rCeba, rac gemovnebas Seexeba. 

Mmagram ras SeiZleba ubralo TamaSi ewodos, mas Semdeg, rac 

viciT, rom adamianis yvela mdgomareobaTagan swored TamaSi da 

mxolod da mxolod TamaSia, rac srulyofilsa xdis da erTbaSad 

avlens mis ormag bunebas? imas, rasac am saganze Tqveni warmodgenis 

Sesabamisad Semofargvlas uwodebT, me Cemi gagebis Tanaxmad, 

romelic ukve davasabuTe, gafarToebas vuwodeb. amitom me 

sulac piriqiT vityodi: sasiamovnos, sikeTes da srulyofilebas 

adamiani martooden seriozulad ekideba, xolo mSvenierebiT 

ki TamaSobs. rasakvirvelia, am SemTxvevaSi ar unda gavixsenoT 

is TamaSobebi, romlebic namdvil cxovrebaSi gvxvdeba da 

romelnic, Cveulebriv, erTob materialuri sagnebisadmi arian 

miZRvnilni. magram namdvil cxovrebaSi amaod davuwyebdiT Zebnas 

im mSvenierebasac, romelzec aq aris laparaki. mSveniereba, 

romelic sinamdvileSi gvxvdeba, sruliad Seesabameba TamaSisadmi 

midrekilebas, romelic agreTve sinamdvileSi gvxvdeba; 

magram mSvenierebis idealiT, romelsac goneba ayenebs, mocemulia 

agreTve TamaSisadmi midrekilebis ideali, romelic adamians 

Tvalwin unda edgas yvela mis TamaSSi. 

Aarasodes ar Secdeba is, vinc romelime adamianis mSvenierebis 

ideals imave gzaze eZebs, romelzedac es ukanaskneli Tama- 

Sisadmi midrekilebas ikmayofilebs. Tu berZeni tomebi olimpiur 

TamaSobaTa dros Zalis, simardis, siCauqis usisxlo 

asparezobaniT da talantebis keTilSobili SejibriT tkbebod- 

194

nen da, Tu romaeli xalxi damarcxebuli gladiatoris sulTmobrZaobiT 

anda misi libieli mowinaaRmdegis WvretiT iqcevda 

Tavs, ukve martooden amiTac gasagebia CvenTvis, rom veneras, 

iunonas da apolonis idealuri saxeebi romSi ki ar unda veZioT, 

aramed saberZneTSi .2 magram ai goneba ambobs: mSveniereba ar unda 

iyos martooden cxovreba an martooden xateba, aramed cocxali 

xateba unda iyos, anu sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, silamaze, vinaidan 

silamaze adamians absoluturi formisa da absoluturi realobis 

ormag kanons karnaxobs. Aase rom, goneba amave dros ambobs: 

adamiani mxolod mSvenierebiT unda TamaSobdes da mxolod mSvenierebiT 

unda TamaSobdes. 

UukeTu, _ raTa es, bolos da bolos, erTxel da samudamod iTqvas, 

_ adamiani mxolod maSin TamaSobs, rodesac is adamiania am 

sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT da savsebiT adamiani mxolod maSin 

aris, rodesac TamaSobs, es debuleba, romelic am wamSi SeiZleba 

paradoqsad mogeCvenoT, didsa da brma mniSvnelobas SeiZens, 

rodesac SevZlebT movaleobisa da bedisweris ormag dilemas mivuyenoT; 

igi iqneba, amis Tavmdebi me var, esTetikuri xelovnebis 

mTeli Senobis saZirkveli da cxovrebis xelovnebisac, romelic 

kidev ufro rTulia. ise ki mxolod mecnierebisaTvis SeiZleba 

iyos es debuleba moulodneli, Torem berZenTa _ xelovnebis am 

usaCinoes ostatTa _xelovnebasa da grZnobebSi ukve didi xania 

cocxlobda da moqmedebda; esaa mxolod: maT olimpoze gadahqondaT 

is, rac dedamiwaze unda aResrulebinaT. Aam debulebis 

WeSmaritebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, rodesac netar RmerTTa Sublidan 

warxoces rogorc Wmunva da garja, romelnic naoWebiT 

Raraven mokvdavTa Rawvebs, iseve fuWi guliswadili, romelic 

afuebs uSinaarso saxes, azathyves marad kmayofilni yovelgvari 

miznisa, Mmovaleobisa da sazrunavisagan, xolo gancxromasa da 

gulgrilobas saxavdnen RmerTTa modgmis saxarbielo xvedrad, 

rac sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara yvelaze Tavisufali da amaRlebuli 

cxovrebis SedarebiT ufro adamianuri dasaxeleba. berZenTaTvis, 

romelnic erTbaSad swvdebodnen orive samyaros, aucileblobis 

ufro amaRlebul cnebaSi CainTqa rogorc bunebis kanon- 

Ta materialuri Zaldataneba, iseve zneobriv kanonTa sulieri 

iZuleba da am orive aucileblobis erTianobidan warmodga maT- 

Tvis WeSmariti Tavisufleba, aseTi suliT aRfrTovanebulebma 

TavianTi idealis pirisaxidan midrekilebasTan erTad nebelobis 

natamalic ki warxoces, an ufro ukeT, oriveni ganurCevelni 

gaxades, vinaidan orives erTmaneTTan Sinaganad SeduRabeba moaxerxes. 

Ees arc siturfea da arc Rirseba, rac iunona ludovizis 

pirmSvenieri xatebidan gamosWvivis; es arc erTia da arc meore, 

195

vinaidan orivea erTdroulad. maSin, rodesac qalRmerTi Cvens 

Tayvaniscemas moiTxovs, RvTaebrivi diaci Cvens trfials aRagznebs; 

magram, maSin, rodesac zeciur momxiblaobas TavdaviwyebiT 

vemonebiT, zeciuri TviTkmayofileba gvafrTxobs. mTeli 

xateba mwyazaria da TviTkmarad suldgmulobs, Tavis TavSi ganmxoloebuli 

qmnilebaa da TiTqos sivrcis gareSe sufevdes, arc 

nebdeba da arc erkineba aravis; arc Zalaa masSi, romelic Zalebs 

SeebrZoleboda, arc xarvezi, romelSiac droebiToba SeZlebda 

SeWras. Ddauokeblad gvizidavs da gvitacebs erTi, xolo meore 

Sor manZilze gvaCerebs misgan; Cven erTsa da imave dros uzenaes 

simSvidesa da uzenaes ZraobaSi vimyofebiT; ase ibadeba is saamuri 

Cqrolva, romlisTvisac arc gonebas gaaCnia cneba da arc 

enas saxelwodeba. 

196 

werili ocdameore 

Tu sulis esTetikuri ganwyobileba SeiZleba, erTi mxriv, 

nuls gavutoloT, saxeldobr, maSin, rodesac mzeras calkeul 

da garkveul zemoqmedebaze SevaCerebT, meore mxriv, igi ganxilul 

unda iqnes rogorc uzenaesi realobis mdgomareoba maSin, 

rodesac yuradRebas yovelgvar zRvarTa ararsebobasa da im Zalebis 

jamze gavamaxvilebT, romlebic erToblivad moqmedeben 

masSi. Aase rom, ar SeiZleba, ar daveTanxmoT imaTac, vinc esTetikur 

mdgomareobas Semecnebisa da zneobriobisaTvis yvelaze 

nayofierad Tvlis. isini marTalze marTlebi arian, vinaidan 

sulieri ganwyobileba, romelic mTel adamianobas moicavs, 

SesaZleblobis farglebSi aucileblad mis yovel calkeul gamovlenasac 

unda moicavdes. sulierma ganwyobilebam, romelic 

adamianis mTel bunebaSi yovelgvar SezRudvebs spobs yovel 

calkeul gamovlenaSic, aucileblad unda mospos isini. swored 

imis gamo, rom arc erT calkeul funqcias ar mfarvelobs, igi 

yovel maTgans ganurCevlad uwyobs xels, da amitomac ar swyalobs 

gamorCeviT arc erT maTgans. misi saxiT yvela funqciis 

safuZveli SesaZleblobaSia mocemuli. Yyvela danarCeni savarjiSoebi 

suls raime gansakuTrebul siCauqes aniWeben, magram 

samagierod gansakuTrebul samanebsac udeben. Mmartooden 

esTetikurs mivyavarT usazRvrosaken. nebicmieri mdgomareoba, 

romelSic SeiZleba aRmovCndeT, winamavalze migviTiTebs da 

Suamavals saWiroebs Tavis gamosaxsnelad; mxolod esTetikuri 

warmoadgens Tavis TavSi damTavrebul mTlianobas, vinaidan Tavisi 

warmoSobisa da Semdgomi arsebobis yvela pirobas aerTebs.

Mmartooden aqa vgrZnobT Tavs droisagan azatqmnilad da Cveni 

adamianoba iseTi sixalisiTa da umwikvloebiT vlindeba, TiTqo 

garegan ZalTa zemoqmedebiT jer niric ar SeSlodes. 

rac Cvens grZnobebs uSualo SegrZnebis gziT eameba, is Cvens 

saTuTsa da mCqrolav suls yovelgvari STabeWdilebisaTvis 

ganaRebs, magram amasTanave uZlursac gvxdis. rac Cvens gonebriv 

Zalebs Zabavs da ganyenebuli cnebebisaken mouxmobs Cvens 

azrovnebas, is medgarsa xdis Cvens suls, magram imdenadve gvauxeSebs 

da ugrZnobelsa gvxdis, ramdenadac CvenSi ufro met TviTmoqmedebas 

uwyobs xels. swored amis gamo erTsaca da meoresac 

saboloo jamSi aucileblad gamofitvisaken mivyavarT, radgan 

materia didxans ver itans mayalibebeli Zalis naklebobas. Mmagram 

rodesac, piriqiT, WeSmariti mSvenierebiT tkbobas veZleviT, 

maSin Tanabrad vbatonobT Cvens vnebiT da qmediT Zalebze 

da erTnairi siadviliT SegviZlia Tavi gavarTvaT seriozulsac 

da TavSesaqcevsac, simSvidesac da moZraobasac, daTmobasac da 

winaaRmdegobasac, ganyenebul azrovnebasac da ganWvretasac. 

Ees maRali sulieri wonasworoba da Tavisufleba, Zalasa da 

mxneobasTan SeerTebuli, gaxlavT is ganwyobileba, romelsac 

unda gviqmnides xelovnebis WeSmariti nawarmoebi da xalasi es- 

Tetikuri Rirebulebebis amaze ufro saimedo sasinji qva arc 

moiZeveba. Tu amgvari tkbobis Semdeg upiratesad raime gansakuTrebuli 

xasiaTis SegrZnebis an moqmedebisadmi varT ganwyobilni, 

xolo meorisadmi ki, piriqiT, undoblobasa da uJmurobas 

viCenT, es utyuarad amtkicebs imas, rom wminda esTetikuri 

zemoqmedeba ar gangvicdia, sul erTia, saganTa brali iyo es, Cveni 

SegrZnebisa, Tu (rogorc TiTqmis yovelTvis xdeba) orivesi 

erTad. vinaidan SeuZlebelia sinamdvileSi wminda esTetikur 

zemoqmedebis gancda (ukeTu adamiani verasodes ver daaRwevs 

Tavs Zalebze damokidebul mdgomareobas), amitom xelovnebis 

romelime nawarmoebis upiratesoba SeiZleba mxolod esTetikuri 

siwmindis idealTan met miaxloebulobaSi mdgomareobdes, 

da misgan, mTeli im Tavisuflebis miuxedavad, romlamdec SeiZleba 

amaRldes, mainc yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli ganwyoba da 

Taviseburi mimarTeba dagvrCeba. rac ufro zogadia ganwyoba 

da rac ufro naklebad Semofargluli mimarTeba, romelsac 

Cvens suls xelovnebis romelime Janri da misi romelime konkretuli 

qmnileba miagebs, miT ufro keTilSobilia es Janri da 

miT ufro didebulia amgvari qmnileba. Ees SeiZleba Semowmdes 

sxvadasxva Janris xelovnebis nawarmoebebiT da erTi da imave 

Janris xelovnebis sxvadasxva nawarmoebebiT. mSvenieri musika 

CvenSi cxovel grZnobas iwvevs, mSvenieri leqsi warmosaxvis un- 

197

ars gviRvivebs, mSvenieri qandakeba an nageboba CvenSi Segnebas 

aRviZebs, magram is Sesafer dros ver SearCevda, vinc amaRlebuli 

musikaluri tkbobis Semdeg dauyonebliv ganyenebuli azrovnebisaken 

mogvixmobda, vinc amaRlebuli poeturi tkbobis 

Semdeg dauyonebliv yoveldRiuri cxovrebis saristiani saqmianobisaken 

mogviwodebda, anda mSvenieri naxatebisa da qandakebis 

Wvretis Semdeg dauyonebliv Cveni warmosaxvis gacxarebasa 

da grZnobis SeCqvifebas moindomebda. Mmizezi is aris, rom TviT 

yvelaze Sinaarsiani musika masalis gamoisobiT gacilebiT ufro 

mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli grZnobebTan, vidre es WeSmarit 

esTetikur Tavisuflebas SeuZlia aitanos, rom TviT yvelaze 

marjve leqsic ki ufro metad iRebs monawileobas warmosaxvis, 

rogorc Tavisi garemos, nebismier da SemTxveviT TamaSSi, vidre 

amis nebas WeSmaritad mSvenieris Sinagani aucilebloba iZleva, 

rom TviT uSesaniSnavesi qandakebac ki, _ da SeiZleba yvelaze 

ufro swored es ukanaskneli, _ Tavisi cnebis gansazRvrulobis 

gamo seriozul mecnierebas esazRvreba. Tumca, rac ufro maRal 

safexurs aRwevs xelovnebis am sami dargis romelime qmnileba, 

miT ufro ikargeba es gansakuTrebuli kavSirebi, xolo is, rom 

xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebi adamianis sulze zemoqmedebis 

mixedviT erTmaneTs sul ufro da ufro uaxlovdebian da Tanac 

ise, rom TavianT obieqtur sazRvrebs ar arRveven, maTi srulyofis 

aucilebeli da bunebrivi Sedegi gaxlavT. uaRresad keTil- 

Sobili musika unda xatebad iqces da Cvenze antikuri nawarmoebis 

mSvidi ZaliT moqmedebdes; uzenaesad srulyofili skulptura 

unda musikad iqces da guls uSualod Tavis grZnobadi mxariT 

gviCqrolebdes; yvelaze srulqmnili poezia ise Zalumad unda 

gvitacebdes, rogorc musika, magram amasTanave plastikis darad 

mSvidi garkveulobiT mogvicavdes. swored imiT vlindeba srulyofili 

stili xelovnebaSi, rom xerxdeba xelovnebis mocemuli 

dargis specifikuri CarCoebis gadalaxva, magram ise ki, rom ar 

ispoba misi specifikuri upiratesobebi da am TaviseburebaTa 

brZnuli gamoyenebiT ufro zogadi xasiaTi eniWeba. 

ara mxolod is SezRudvebi unda sZlios xelovanma saTanado 

damuSavebiT, romlebsac xelovnebis mocemuli dargis specifikuri 

xasiaTi badebs, aramed isinic, romlebic mis xelT arsebuli 

gansakuTrebuli masalidan gamomdinareoben. xelovnebis 

WeSmaritad mSvenier nawarmoebSi yvelaferi damokidebuli unda 

iyos formaze da araferi Sinaarsze, vinaidan martooden forma 

moqmedebs adamianis mTel raobaze, Sinaarsi ki, piriqiT, mxolod 

calkeul Zalebze. Sinaarsi, rac ar unda amaRlebuli da yovlismomcveli 

iyos, marad SemzRudavad moqmedebs sulze da mxolod 

198

formisagan unda movelodeT WeSmaritad esTetikur Tavisuflebas. 

Aamrigad, ostatis xelovnebis namdvili saidumlo isaa, rom 

formiT alagmos Sinaarsi; da rac ufro didebuli, pretenziuli 

da macduria TavisTavad Sinaarsi, rac ufro TviTneburad miiwevs 

win Tavisi zemoqmedebiT, anu rac ufro metadaa mWvreteli 

ganwyobili uSualod Sinaarsis dasawafavad, miT ufro didia 

triumfi xelovnebisa, romelic ukana swevs da batonobs masze. 

Mmayureblis an msmenlis suli savsebiT Tavisufali da mouwyvleli 

unda rCebodes; xelovanis jadosnuri rkalidan igi iseTive 

wminda da srulyofili unda gamodiodes, rogorc Semoqmedis 

xelidan. yvelaze qarafSutuli saganic ki ise unda damuSavdes, 

rom ganwyobilni viyoT, uSualod mis Semdeg TviT umkacres seriozulobaze 

gadavideT da useriozulesi masalac ise unda 

damuSavdes, rom unari Segvwevdes, uSualod TviT uiolesi Tama- 

SiTac ki SevcvaloT. Aafeqturi xelovnebac, rogoricaa, magali- 

Tad, tragedia, ar ewinaaRmdegeba am moTxovnas; vinaidan, jer 

erTi, savsebiT Tavisufal xelovnebas ar warmoadgens, radgan 

garkveul (paTetikur) mizans emsaxureba, da meorec, xelovnebis 

verc erTi WeSmariti mcodne ver uarhyofs, rom TviT am tipis 

nawarmoebebSic miT ufro srulyofilni arian, rac ufro indomeben 

sulier Tavisuflebas TviT afeqtis umZafres qartexil- 

Siac ki. vnebaTa xelovneba arsebobs, magram vnebiani xelovneba ki 

ukve winaaRmdegobas Seicavs, vinaidan mSvenierebis gardauvali 

efeqti swored vnebaTagan gaazatebaa. aranakleb winaaRmdegobrivia 

damrigebluri (didaqtikuri) xelovnebisa anda gamaumjobesebuli 

(moraluri) xelovnebis cneba, ukeTu araferi ise ar 

ewinaaRmdegeba mSvenierebis cnebas, rogorc sulisaTvis raime 

garkveuli tendenciis miniWebis cda. 

magram Tu nawarmoebi martooden SinaarsiT axdens efeqts, es 

yovelTvis rodi amtkicebs mis amorfulobas; es SeiZleba aseve 

xSirad SemfasebelSi formis SegrZnebis naklebobas mowmobdes. 

Tu Semfasebeli erTob daZabulia, an erTob modunebuli, Tu an 

martooden gonebiT an martooden grZnobiT aRqmas aris Cveuli, 

maSin TviT yvelaze uzado mTlianobaSic mxolod nawilebs 

da unatifes formaSi mxolod Sinaarss dainaxavs. Mmartooden 

uxeSi stiqionis aRqmis unaris mqonem jer unda nawarmoebis es- 

Tetikuri organizacia daangrios, vidre miT sitkboebas ganicdides 

da mere mzrunvelad Tavi mouyaros calkeul komponentebs, 

romelnic ostats ganuzomeli xelovnebiT erT harmoniul 

mTlianobaSi hqonda Sexamebuli. Mmisi interesi uTuod an zneobrivi 

iqneba, an fizikuri, magram esTetikuri ki ara, e.i. swored is 

ara, romelic unda yofiliyo. amgvari mkiTxvelebi ise stkbebian 

199

seriozuli da paTetikuri leqsiT, rogorc qadagebiT, xolo 

meamitiT an saxumaroTi, rogorc maTrobela sasmeliT; da Tu 

sakmaod ugemovnoni arian imisaTvis, rom damrigeblurs moiTxoven 

tragediisa an epopeisagan, Tunda `mesiadac~ rom iyos, maSin 

romelime anakreontuli an katuliseburi simReriT uTuod Seuracxyofilni 

darCebian. 

200 

werili ocdamexuTe 

vidre adamiani Tavis pirvel, fizikur mdgomareobaSi grZnobad 

samyaros mxolod pasiurad aRiqvams, martooden SeigrZnobs, 

manamde mTlianad Serwymulia da swored imis gamo, rom jer kidev 

mxolod samyaroa, misTvis jer samyaro ar arsebobs. mxolod 

maSin, rodesac adamiani esTetikur mdgomareobaSi samyaros 

Tavis gareSe warmoidgens anda sWvrets, gamohyofs misgan Tavis 

pirovnebas, mxolod maSin Cndeba misTvis samyaro, radgan aRar 

aris masTan mTlianad Serwymuli. 3 

gansja (refleqsia) adamianis pirvel Tavisufal damokidebulebas 

warmoadgens garemomcvel samyarosadmi. Tu wadili Tavis 

saganTan uSualod modis SexebaSi, gansja Tavisas ganze ayenebs da 

WeSmarit da ganuyofel sakuTrebad ixdis am sagans swored imiT, 

rom vnebaTaRelvas aridebs Tavs. Bbunebis aucilebloba, romelic 

ubralo SegrZnebis mdgomareobaSi ganuyoflad batonobda, 

refleqsiis dros eSveba, grZnobebSi umalve simSvide ivanebs da 

TviT marad msrbolavi droc ki Cerdeba, Segnebis gafantuli sxivebi 

erTad iyrian Tavs da warmaval fonze usasrulos xateba, 

forma, irekleba. rogorc ki sinaTle aRinTeba adamianSi, ukve 

mis gareTac aRar aris Rame; rogorc ki mSvidoba damyardeba mis 

SigniT, samyaroSic Cadgeba grigali da bunebis morkinali Zalebi 

daSoSmindebian, mtkice zRudeebSi moqceulni. Aamitom gasakviri 

ar aris, rom Zveli epopeebi im diad ambavze, romelic adamianis 

SigniT xdeba, ise laparakoben, rogorc gare samyaroSi momxdar 

revoluciaze da azrs, romelic drois kanonebze imarjvebs, simbolurad 

zevsis xatebaSi asxamen xorcs, saturnis sabrZanebels 

rom uRebs bolos. 

Aadamiani monaa bunebisa, vidre martooden SeigrZnobs mas, 

xolo misi kanonmdebeli xdeba, rogorc ki gaiazrebs mas. Bbuneba, 

romelic manamde batonobda adamianze, rogorc Zala, axla 

momziral TvalTa winaSe dgas. rogorc obieqti. rac adamianisaTvis 

obieqts warmoadgens, ar SeiZleba adamianze Zala hqondes. 

imisaTvis, rom obieqtad rom iqces, misi Zala unda ganica-

dos. ramdenadac adamiani materias formas aniWebs da vidre 

aniWebs, bunebis zemoqmedeba veras daaklebs. suls sxva veraferi 

dauSavebs rames, Tu ara is, rac Tavisuflebas arTmevs, da is 

xom swored imiT amtkicebs Tavisuflebas, rom uformos formas 

aZlevs. Mmxolod iq, sadac uformo da tlanqi masa sufevs da 

gaurkvevel sazRvrebSi bundovani konturebi rialeben, binadrobs 

SiSi. Bbunebis yovel safrTxes dasjabnis adamiani, rogorc 

ki SesZlebs, rom forma mianiWos da Tavis obieqtad gadaaqcios. 

Mmsgavsad imisa, rom adamiani bunebisadmi, rogorc movlenisadmi, 

damoukideblobis gamoCenas iwyebs, aseve avlens Tavis Rirsebas 

bunebis, rogorc Zalis mimarT da keTilSobili TavisuflebiT 

ilaSqrebs Tavisi RmerTebis winaaRmdeg. Eeseni ixsnian moCveneba- 

Ta niRbebs, romlebiTac yrmobis Jams afrTxobdnen, mis warmodgenad 

iqcevian da ancvifreben TavianT SesaxedaobiT. aRmosavleTis 

urCxuli-RvTaeba, romelic mxecuri ZlevamosilebiT 

marTavda samyaros, berZnul fantaziaSi sandomian kacobriul 

saxes iRebs, titanebis sauflo emxoba da usasrulo Zlierebas 

usasrulo forma lagmavs. 

magram, vidre mxolod materialuri samyarodan gamosavals 

da sulier samyaroSi gadasasvlels veZebdi, Cemi warmosaxvis 

laRma dinebam sulieri samyaros SuagulSi mimiyvana. mSveniereba, 

romelsac veZebT, ukve Cvens, ukana Zevs, mSvenierebas gadavaxtiT, 

rodesac uSualo cxovrebidan pirdapir wminda xatebasa da 

xalas obieqtze gadavediT. Aamgvari naxtomi ar axasiaTebs adamianis 

bunebas da raTa masTan fexdafex viaroT, kvlav grZnobad 

samyaroSi unda davbrundeT. 

mSveniereba, rasakvirvelia, Tavisufali Wvretis nayofia da 

masTan erTad ideaTa samyaroSi SevdivarT, magram _ rac dia- 

Rac unda aRiniSnos _ amis gamo grZnobad samyaros ara stovebs, 

rogorc es WeSmaritebis Semecnebis dros xdeba. WeSmariteba 

yovelive materialurisa da SemTxveviTisagan ganyenebis 

produqtia, xalasi obieqti, romelSiac subieqtis SezRudulobis 

natamalic ar unda darCes, xalasi TviTmoqmedebaa, vnebi- 

Tobis Seurevlad. MmarTalia, TviT ukiduresi abstraqciidanac 

moiZeva grZnobierebisaken ukandasaxevi gza, vinaidan azri Sinagan 

grZnobas aCqrolebs da logikuri da moraluri erTianobis 

warmodgena grZnobadi Tanxmobis gancdaSi gadadis. Mmagram, 

rodesac SemecnebiT vtkbebiT, Cvens warmodgenas Cveni SegrZnebisagan 

zedmiwevniT vasxvavebT da mas ise vuyurebT, rogorc ra- 

Rac SemTxveviTs, rac SeiZleba arc yofiliyo da amis gamo Cveni 

Semecneba ar Sewydeboda da WeSmariteba WeSmaritebad darCeboda. 

Mmagram sruliad amao iqneboda imis mcdeloba, rom SegrZne- 

201

is unarisadmi es damokidebuleba mSvenierebis warmodgenisagan 

gamogvecalkevebina; amis gamo ar kmara, erT-erTi maTgani meoris 

Sedegad miviCnioT, aramed saWiroa erTsa da imave dros orives 

urTierTobis Sedegadac da mizezadac ganvixilavdeT. rodesac 

SemecnebiT vsiamovnebT, advilad vasxvavebT moqmedebidan pasiurobaze 

gadasvlas da cxadad vamCnevT, rom pirveli damTavrda, 

rodesac meore iwyeba. rodesac mSvenierebiT vtkbebiT, piriqiT, 

ar xerxdeba moqmedebisa da pasiurobis amgvari Senacvlebis gar- 

Ceva da refleqsia aq imdenad erwymis grZnobas, rom gveCveneba, 

TiTqo formas uSualod SevigrZnobdeT. 

amrigad, Tumca mSveniereba aris sagani CvenTvis, ukeTu refleqsia 

pirobaa, romlis wyalobiTac misi SegrZneba gvaqvs, magram 

amave dros Cveni subieqtis mdgomareobasac warmoadgens igi, 

vinaidan grZnobac pirobaa, romlis wyalobiTac mSvenierebis 

warmodgena gvaqvs. Aamrigad, mSveniereba Tumca formaa, vinaidan 

vWvretT, magram amave dros cxovrebac aris, radgan vgrZnobT. 

EerTi sityviT, mSveniereba erTsa da imave dros Cveni mdgomareobac 

aris da moqmedebac. 

Dda swored imis gamo, rom erTdroulad orivea, mSveniereba 

CvenTvis Zlevamosil sabuTs warmoadgens imisa, rom pasiuroba 

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gamoricxavs moqmedebas, materia _ 

formas da Semofargvla _ usasrulobas, rom amrigad, adamianis 

aucilebeli fizikuri daqvemdebarebulobis gamo misi moraluri 

Tavisufleba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar ispoba. Amas amtkicebs mSveniereba 

da unda davumato, rom martooden mas SeuZlia es daamtkicos. 

vinaidan WeSmaritebiT an logikuri erTianobiT tkbobis 

Jams SegrZneba azrTan aucileblobiT ki ar aris gaerTianebuli, 

Aaramed SemTxveviT axlavs Tan, WeSmaritebas mxolod is ZaluZs 

daamtkicos, rom gonivrul bunebas SeiZleba grZnobadi dahyves 

da piriqiT, magram ara is, rom oriveni Tanaarseboben, rom urTierTzemoqmedeben 

da unda absoluturad da aucileblad gaer- 

Tianebulni iyvnen. piriqiT, azrovnebis dros _ grZnobisa da 

gancdis dros _ azris gamoricxviT ufro maTi SeuTanxmebloba 

unda dagveskvna, da marTlac analitikosebs adamianobaSi wminda 

gonebis arsebobis dasamtkiceblad imaze ukeTesi argumenti 

ver moaqvT, rom igi aucilebelia. magram vinaidan mSvenierebiT 

anu esTetikuri erTianobiT tkbobis dros WeSmariti Serwyma da 

monacvleoba xdeba materiisa formasTan da pasiurobisa qmedi- 

TobasTan, swored amiT mtkicdeba orive bunebis SeerTebadoba, 

usasrulos sasrulobaSi gamovlena da, maSasadame, yvelaze amaRlebuli 

adamianobis SesaZleblobac. 

amrigad, ukve aRar unda SevCqvifdeT, Tu grZnobadi daqvem- 

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debarebulobidan moralur Tavisuflebaze gadasvlas wavawydebiT; 

es mas Semdeg, rac mSvenierebis magaliTze davinaxeT, 

rom pirvelisa da meoris Tanaarseboba SeiZleba da rom saWiro 

ar aris adamiani materias gaeqces, raTa srulad gamoavlinos 

Tavi. Mmagram Tu adamiani ukve grZnobierebasTan erTianobaSia 

Tavisufali, rogorc amas mSvenierebis faqti gvaswavlis da, 

Tu Tavisufleba raRac absoluturi da zegrZnobadia, rasac 

aucileblad moicavs misi cneba, maSin sakiTxavic aRar aris, Tu 

rogor axerxebs adamiani SezRudulobidan absoluturamde ama- 

Rlebas, Tavis azrovnebasa da nebelobaSi grZnobierebisadmi dapirispirebas, 

vinaidan es yovelive ukve momxdaria mSvenierebaSi. 

EerTi sityviT, ukve sakiTxavi aRar aris, Tu rogor gadadis adamiani 

mSvenierebidan WeSmaritebaze, romelic ukve mocemulia 

mSvenierebaSi, rogorc SesaZlebloba, aramed Tu rogor ikvlevs 

gzas yoveldRiuri sinamdvilidan esTetikuramde anda SiSveli 

saarsebo grZnobidan mSvenierebis gancdamde. 

werili ocdameeqvse 

vinaidan martooden sulis esTetikuri ganwyobileba, rogorc 

wina werilebSi vaCvene, aRZravs Tavisuflebas, advili gasagebia, 

rom esTetikuri ganwyobileba ar SeiZleba Tavisuflebidan 

warmoiSvas da, maSasadame, arc zneobriobaSi SeiZleba hqondes 

dasabami, bunebis jildo unda iyos igi; mxolod da mxolod bednierma 

SemTxvevam SeiZleba daamsxvrios fizikuri mdgomareobis 

borkilebi da mSvenierebas aziaros veluri. 

mSvenierebis dvrita Tanabrad nakleb ganviTardeba iq, sadac 

Zunwma bunebam adamiani yovelgvari gancxromisagan ganZarcva 

da iqac, sadac mflangveli buneba yovelgvari jafisagan azatsa 

hyofs _ sadac Clung grZnobierebas araviTari moTxovnileba 

ar gaaCnia da sadac mxurvale vnebaTaRelva vera da ver ZReba. 

ara iq, sadac adamiani trogloditiviT mRvimeebSi imaleba, marad 

martosulia da adamianobas Tavis gareSe versad ver hpovebs 

da arc iq, sadac momTabaresaviT daZrwis uSqar laSqarTa urdoebis 

saxiT, _ aramed mxolod iq, sadac Tavis qoxSi mkvidrobs, 

mSvidobianad sakuTar TavTan, da rogorc ki gareT gamoabijebs, 

mTel modgmas exmaureba, gaifurCqneba misi turfa kokori. mxolod 

iq ganviTardeba grZnoba da goneba, aRmqmeli da Semoqmedi 

Zala, rac mSvenierebis suli da gulia da adamianobis piroba, sadac 

msubuqi eTeri grZnobebs TviT unazes Sexebasac aRaqmevinebs 

da energiuli siTbo suls udgams mdidar masalas, sadac brma ma- 

203

sis sasufeveli ukve damxobilia usicocxlo SemoqmedebaSi da 

Zlevamosili forma TviT umdables qmnilebebs akeTilSobilebs; 

sadac sasixarulo pirobebsa da kurTxeul garemoSi mxolod 

moqmedebas mivyavarT sitkboebamde da mxolod sitkboebas moqmedebamde; 

sadac Tavad cxovrebidan gadmoCqefs wmidaTawmida 

wesrigi da wesrigis kanonidan martooden cxovreba viTardeba; 

sadac warmosaxva sinamdviles gaurbis marad da mainc bunebrivi 

ubraloebidan ganze arasodes ar uxvevs. 

da mainc, romeli movleniT xdeba sacnauri veluris adamianad 

gadaqceva? raoden Sorsac ar unda CavsdioT istorias, es movlena 

erTi da igivea yvela tomisaTvis, romelic ki cxoveluri 

mdgomareobis monobidan gamovida: moCvenebiTobis siyvaruli, 

samkaulebisa da TamaSobebisadmi midrekileba. 

uzenaesi siClunge da uzenaesi goniereba garkveulad hgavs 

erTmaneTs imiT, rom orive mxolod realurs eZiebs da SiSvel 

xilvas sruliad ar aRiqvams. pirvelis simSvide mxolod gancdaSi 

uSualod mocemulma obieqtma SeiZleba daarRvios, xolo meore 

gamocdilebis faqtebisadmi Tavisi cnebebis miyenebam Tu SeiZleba 

daamSvidos; erTi sityviT, sibriyves ar ZaluZs sinamdvileze 

amaRldes, xolo gonebas WeSmaritebis doneze dabla gaCerdes. 

imas, rasac pirvel SemTxvevaSi warmosaxvis nakleboba iwvevs, 

meoreSi warmosaxvaze absoluturi batonoba aRZravs. amgvarad, 

Tu realurobis moTxovnileba da sinamdvileze mijaWvuloba 

ubralod naklovanebebis Sedegia, realobisadmi gulgriloba da 

xilvisadmi interesi adamianurobis WeSmarit gafarToebasa da 

kulturisaken gadadgmul gadamwyvet nabijs warmoadgens. upirveles 

yovlisa, es garegnul Tavisuflebas mowmobs; vinaidan, 

vidre siduxWire gvmbrZaneblobs da moTxovnileba gvaiZulebs, 

manamde warmosaxva mtkice borkilebiT aris mijaWvuli sinamdvileze 

mxolod roca moTxovnileba dakmayofilebulia, laRad 

iSleba misi Zala da unari. magram es mowmobs agreTve Sinagan 

Tavisuflebasac, vinaidan gviCvenebs Zalas, romelic TavisiT, 

garegani masalisagan damoukideblad, modis moZraobaSi da sakmao 

energias flobs imisaTvis, rom materiis mowolas gauZlos. 

saganTa realuroba _ es maTi (sagnebis) saqmea, saganTa xilva 

adamianis saqmea da suli, romelic xilviT ikvebeba, ukve imiT ki 

aRar ganixarebs, rasac aRiqvams, aramed imiT, rasac hqmnis. 

TavisTavad gasagebia, rom aq laparakia mxolod esTetikur 

xilvaze, romelic sinamdvilisa da WeSmaritebisagan gansxvavdeba 

ara logikurze, romelsac esTetikurSi ureven xolme _ romelic, 

maSasadame, imitom uyvarT, rom moCvenebiTia da ara imitom, 

rom ukeTes ramed miaCniaT. mxolod pirveli xilvaa TamaSi, maSin, 

204

odesac meore motyuebaa. pirveli saxis xilvis raimed miCneva 

WeSmaritebas verasodes ver SebRalavs, radgan imis saSiSroeba 

ar arsebobs, rom pirveli meores Seenacvlos, xolo WeSmaritebas 

ki mxolod am erTaderTi gziT SeiZleba vavnoT; misi siZulvili 

niSnavs saerTod yovelgvari xelovnebis siZulvils, radgan 

xelovnebis arsi swored xilva gaxlavT, magram zogjer goneba 

realurobisadmi miswrafebas amgvar Seuwynareblobamde mihyavs 

da uaryofiTad msjelobs mSvenieri xilvis mTel xelovnebaze 

mxolod imitom, rom xilvaa. magram gonebas es martooden maSin 

emarTeba, rodesac zeviT dasaxelebul msgavsebas gaixsenebs. me 

kidev meqneba sababi mSvenieri xilvis aucilebel sazRvrebze sagangebod 

vilaparako. 

Tavad buneba aRamaRlebs adamians realurobidan xilvamde. 

bunebas misTvis momzadebuli aqvs ori grZnobis organo, romelsac 

sinamdvilis Semecnebamde mxolod xilviT mivyavarT. Tvali- 

Ta da yuriT aRqmuli materia ukve ukugdebulia grZnobebisagan 

da obieqti, romelsac uSualod vexebiT cxoveluri grZnobebiT, 

dacilebulia Cvengan. is, rasac TvalebiT vxedavT, gansxvavdeba 

imisagan, rasac SevigrZnobT, vinaidan goneba sinaTlis SualobiT 

swvdeba sagnebs. Sexebis SegrZnebis sagani Zaldatanebaa, romelsac 

Cven ganvicdiT, mxedvelobisa da smenis sagani ki formaa, 

romelsac Cven vqmniT. vidre adamiani jer kidev veluria, mxolod 

SegrZnebaTa gancdiT tkbeba. am periodSi xilvis grZnobebi mxolod 

maT msaxureben da xedvamde an sruliad ver maRldeba, anda 

igi ar akmayofilebs. xolo rogorc ki TvaliT tkbobas iwyebs da 

xedva misTvis damoukidebel Rirebulebas iZens, ukve esTetikurad 

Tavisufalia da TamaSisadmi midrekileba uviTardeba. 

TamaSisadmi midrekilebis aRZvras, romelic xilvaSi hpovebs 

siamovnebas, maSinve mosdevs mimbaZvelobiTi Semoqmedebisadmi 

midrekileba, romelic xilvas rogorc raRac TavisTavads ganixilavs. 

rogorc ki adamiani imas miaRwevs, rom xilvas sinamdvilisagan, 

formas sxeulisagan ganasxvavebs, ukve isic ZaluZs, rom 

daacalkevos isini; ukeTu es ukve moimoqmeda, rodesac erTmane- 

Tisagan ganasxvava, amrigad, mimbaZvelobiTi xelovnebis unari 

saerTod ukve mocemulia adamianSi formis grZnobis unarTan 

erTad. misadmi miswrafeba ki sxva monacemzea dafuZnebuli, romlis 

Sesaxeb msjeloba aq ar mWirdeba. Tu raoden adre an gvian unda 

ganviTardes xelovnebisadmi esTetikuri midrekileba, es mxolod 

im siyvarulis simZafreze iqneba damokidbuli, romliTac 

adamians unari Seswevs martooden xilvaze SeaCeros yuradReba. 

vinaidan yovelgvari yofiereba bunebidan, rogorc gareSe 

Zalidan, xolo yovelgvari xilva Tavdapirvelad adamianisa- 

205

gan, rogorc warmomadgeneli subieqtisagan warmosdgeba, adamiani 

mxolod da mxolod sakuTrebis absolutur uflebas 

iyenebs, rodesac arsebuls xilvas arTmevs da am ukanasknels 

Tavisi kanonebis mixedviT ganagebs. mas SeuzRudavi TavisuflebiT 

ZaluZs imis gaerTianeba, rac bunebam gaTiSa, Tuki SeuZlia 

rogorme maTi erTad gaazreba da gaTiSva imisa, rac bunebam 

erTmaneTs daukavSira, Tuki mis gonebas SeuZlia amgvari dayofa 

moaxdinos. am SemTxvevaSi misTvis araferi ar aris wminda, garda 

sakuTari kanonisa, Tuki im mijnebs icavs, romlebic mis sferos 

saganTa yofierebisagan anu bunebis sferosagan hyofs. 

adamiani meufebis am adamianur uflebas xilvis xelovnebaSi 

iyenebs da rac ufro mijnavs aq `Cemsa~ da `Sens~, rac ufro guldasmiT 

hyofs xatebas arsisagan, miT ufro met damoukideblobas 

aniWebs pirvels, miT ufro ara mxolod ganavrcobs mSvenierebis 

sauflos, aramed TviT WeSmaritebis sazRvrebsac ki icavs, 

vinaidan ise ar ZaluZs xilva sinamdvilisagan ganwmindos, rom 

amave dros sinamdvilec ar ganwmindos xilvisagan. 

magram es TviTmpyrobluri ufleba adamians mxolod da mxolod 

xilvis saufloSi aqvs, warmosaxvis usxeulo saufloSi 

da isic mxolod manamde, vidre misi yofierebis mtkicebaze 

keTilsindisierad Tavs ikavebs TeoriaSi da vidre praqtikaSi 

uars ambobs am xilviT ganagos yofiereba. amgvarad, Tqven xedavT, 

rom poeti erTnairad arRvevs Tavis samanebs maSin, rodesac Tavis 

ideals yofierebas awers da maSinac, rodesac misi SemweobiT 

garkveuli yofierebis ganxorcielebas isaxavs miznad. vinaidan 

arc erTi da arc meore, ise ar SeuZlia moimoqmedos, rom an poetis 

uflebas ar gadaametos, Tavisi idealebiT gamocdilebis sferoSi 

ar SeiWras, da carieli SesaZleblobiT namdvili yofierebis 

ganCinebis ufleba ar daisakuTros, an kidev uari ara Tqvas 

poetis uflebaze, gamocdilebas ar misces idealis sferoSi 

SeWris saSualeba da SesaZlebloba sinamdvilis pirobebiT ar 

SezRudos. 

xilva mxolod imdenad aris esTetikuri, ramdenadac gulaxdilia 

(xelaRebiT acxadebs, rom realobaze araviTari pretenzia 

ar gaaCnia) da ramdenadac damoukidebelia (uars ambobs 

realobis yovelgvar daxmarebaze). vidre xilva yalbia da realobad 

asaRebs Tavs, vidre xalasi ar aris da zemoqmedeba rom 

moaxdinos, realobas saWiroebs, igi sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara materialuri 

miznebisaTvis gankuTvnili mdabali samarjvi da sulis 

Tavisuflebas odnavadac ar mowmos. Tumc ki sulac ar aris 

aucilebeli, rom sagani, romelSic mSvenier xilvas vpovebT, realurobas 

moklebuli iyos, oRondac Cveni msjeloba mis Sesaxeb am 

206

ealobas ar iTvaliswinebdes, vinaidan, ramdenadac am realobas 

mxedvelobaSi iRebs, imdenadac gansja araesTetikuria. cocxali 

qalis silamaze, rasakvirvelia, iseve Zlier mogvewoneba da 

SeiZleba cotaTi metadac ki, vidre igive lamazmani daxatuli, 

magram ramdenadac pirveli ufro mogvwons, imdenadve mogvwons 

ara rogorc damoukidebeli xilva da moswons ara mxolod xalas 

esTetikur grZnobas. am ukanasknels cocxalic mxolod, rogorc 

movlena unda moswondes da namdvilic _ mxolod, rogorc idea. 

Tumca cocxal obieqtSi martooden xalasi xilvis SegrZneba es- 

Tetikuri kulturis Seudareblad maRal dones moiTxovs, vidre 

xilvaSi usicocxlobis atana. 

romel calkeul adamianSi anda mTel xalxSi gulaxdil da 

damoukidebel xilvas vpovebT, iq SegviZlia Wkuac, gemovnebac 

da maTTan dakavSirebuli yvela siqvelec vigulisxmoT. iq ideali 

ganagebs namdvil cxovrebas da naxavT, rogor zeimobs Rirseba 

sakuTrebaze, azri gancxromaze da ukvdavebaze, ocneba myofobaze. 

erTaderTi saSiSari ram iq sazogadoebrivi azri iqneba 

da zeTisxilis rtoTa gvirgvins ufro pativs dasdeben, vidre mewamul 

Sesamosels. yalbi da mwiri xilvis ukan mxolod uZlureba 

da Seryvnili buneba imaleba da rogorc calkeuli adamianebi, 

iseve mTeli xalxebi, romlebic an `realobas xilviT aferadeben, 

anda esTetikur xilvas _ realobiT~, _ orive xSirad erTmaneTTan 

aris dakavSirebuli, _ erTdroulad TavianT moralur 

uRirsobasac amtkiceben da esTetikur uZlurebasac. 

amrigad, kiTxvaze: `ramdenad SeiZleba xilva moralur samyaroSi 

SeiWras?~ _ mokle da konkretuli pasuxi aseTi iqneba: imdenad, 

ramdenadac es esTetikuri xilva iqneba, anu xilva, romelic 

arc realobis Senacvlebas lamobs da arc imas saWiroebs, 

rom realoba Seenacvlos. esTetikuri xilva arasodes ar SeiZleba 

zneobis siwmindisaTvis saxifaTo gaxdes da sadac es sxvagvarad 

aRiqmeba, iq Zneli ar aris imis naTelyofa, rom xilva esTetikuri 

ar iyo. mxolod Tavazian urTierTobaSi gauTviTcnobierebeli 

adamiani Tu miiCnevs, magaliTad, zrdilobiani mopyrobis sayovelTaod 

gavrcelebuli formiT mopyrobas piradad misdami mimarTul 

keTilganwyobilebis niSnad da Semdeg, gulacruebuli, 

farisevlobaze daiwyebs Civils. magram agreTve Tavaziani urTierTobis 

sruliad ucodinari Tu moiSveliebs siyalbes, raTa 

zrdilobiani iyos, da pirferobas dauwyebs, raTa vinmes Tavi 

moawonos. pirvels jer kidev aklia damoukidebeli xilvis gageba 

da amis gamo martooden WeSmaritebad miCnevis gziT ZaluZs 

mniSvneloba misces, meores ki realobis grZnoba aklia da lamobs 

xilviT Sescvalos igi. 

207

imaze Cveulebrivi ara aris ra, vidre Cveni drois garkveul 

trivialur kritikosTagan Civilis gagoneba, rom qveynierebidan 

yovelgvari soliduroba gaqra da xilvis gamoisobiT arsebiTi 

aviwydebaT. Tumca me sulac ar mimaCnia Tavi imisaTvis mowodebulad, 

rom Cveni epoqa am sayvedurisagan gavamarTlo, magram 

ukve im farTo ganzogadebidan, romelsac zne-CveulebaTa es 

ganmCineblebi TavianT braldebas aZleven, erTob aSkaraa, rom 

Tanamedrove epoqis ara mxolod yalb, aramed wrfel xilvasac 

uCivian; da TviT gamonaklisebic ki, romlebic jer kidev axdenen 

mSvenierebis sasargeblod ufro mwir, vidre damoukidebel xilvas 

Seexebian. es kritikosni Tavs esxmian ara mxolod TiTlibazur 

ferumarils, romelic simarTles malavs da sinamdvilis 

Senacvlebis uflebas iCemebs, aramed qvelmoqmedi xilvis winaaRmdegac 

cxaroben, romelic sicarieles avsebs da ubadrukobas 

faravs. aseve cxovroben idealuri xilvis winaaRmdegac, 

romelic mdabal snamdviles akeTilSobilebs. zne-CveulebaTa 

siyalbe samarTlianad Seuracxhyofs maT siyvaruls WeSmaritebisadmi. 

samwuxaroa mxolod, rom am siyalbes Tavazianobasac 

aTvlian. ar moswonT, rom garegnuli zizil-pipilebi da brwyinvaleba 

esoden xSirad WeSmarit damsaxurebas Crdilavs; magram 

aranakleb usiamovnoa maTTvis isic, rac qvel saqmeTaTvis xilvasac 

moiTxovs vinme da saamur formas mdidari SinaarsisTvisac 

savaldebulod xdis. gardasul droTa guliTadobas, simamacesa 

da sixalises saklisoben, magram amasTanave surT kvlav ixilon 

pirvelyofil zne-CveulebaTa sitlanqe da uxeSoba, Zveli 

formebis mouqneloba da Zveleburi gotikuri siWarbe. amgvari 

ganCinebebiT iseT yuradRebas uTmoben materias TavisTavad, 

rac ar ekadreba adamians, vinaidan materialurs mxolod imdenad 

unda afasebdes, ramdenadac ZaluZs forma miiRos da idea- 

Ta sauflo ganavrcos. ase rom, amgvar xmebs mainca da mainc yuri 

ar unda miapyros Cveni saukunis gemovnebam, Tuki sxva ufro uke- 

Tesi intstanciis ganCinebas SeuZlia gauZlos. ara, mSvenierebis 

mkacr msajuls is ki ar ZaluZs gvisayveduros, rom mniSvnelobas 

vaniWebT esTetikur xilvas (Cven jerjerobiT sulac ar vafasebT 

jerovnad), aramed is, rom jer kidev ver CavwvdiT xalas xilvas, 

rom jer kidev yofiereba movlenisagan sakmaod ara gvaqvs gamijnuli 

da amiT orives sazRvrebi samaradisod uzrunvelyofili. 

am sayvedurs iqamde davimsaxurebT, sanam ver SevZlebT cocxali 

bunebis mSvenierebiT tkbobas ise, rom misi daufleba ara gvwaddes, 

xolo xelovnebis mSvenierebiT ise aRtacebas, rom mis mizans 

ar vkiTxulobdeT, _ vidre Cvens warmosaxvaSi mis sakuTar 

absolutur kanonmdeblobas ar davinaxavT da im pativiscemiT, 

208

omelsac mis qmnilebaTa mimarT gamoviCenT, mis Rirsebaze ar 

mivuTiTebT. 

* * * 

yoveli WeSmariti geniosi meamiti unda iyos, Tu ara da is geniosi 

ar aris. mxolod meamitoba aqcevs mas geniosad da Tuki aseTia 

inteleqtualur da esTetikur sferoSi, moralurSic ar ZaluZs 

sxvanairi iyos. igi ar icnobs wesebs _ uilajoTa am yavarjnebs 

da ukuRmarTTa damaSoSminebelT, mihyveba mxolod bunebas anu 

instinqts, Tavis mfarvel angelozs da mSvidad da arxeinad Cauvlis 

yalbi gemovnebis yvela maxes, romelSic arageniosi uTuod 

gaebmeba, Tu imdenad Wkviani ar aris rom maT Soridan mouaros. 

martooden geniossa aqvs momadlebuli cnobilis miRmac Sinaurulad 

grZnobdes Tavs da ganavrcobdes bunebas misi sazRvrebis 

Seulaxavad. Tumca es ambavi Jamidan Jamze udides geniosebsac 

emarTebaT, magram mxolod imis gamo, rom maTac aqvT fantastikuri 

wuTebi, rodesac, sxvisi magaliTiT atacebulT anda Seryvnili 

gemovnebiT cdunebulT, mfarveli buneba stovebT. 

yvelaze daxlarTuli amocanebi geniosma unda upretenzio 

ubralobiTa da siadviliT gadawyvitos; kolumbis kvercxi 

yovelgvari genialuri gadawyvetis simbolod gamodgeba. geniosi 

swored imiT gvaiZulebs geniosad vaRiaroT, rom Tavisi 

ubraloebiT uiklikantures xelovnebazec ki zeimobs. aRiarebuli 

principebis mixedviT ki ar moqmedebs, aramed alRoTi da 

grZnobebiT. magram alRo RvTis mier aqvs momadlebuli (yovelive, 

rasac jansaRi buneba iqms, RvTaebrivia), xolo grZnobebi 

kanonebia yvela droisa da adamianTa yvela TaobisaTvis. 

bavSvuri xasiaTi, romlis daRsac asvams geniosi Tavis qmnilebebs, 

mis pirad cxovrebaSi da CveulebebSic SeimCneva. igi kdemamosilia, 

vinaidan bunebac yovelTvis aseTia; magram saTnoebaze 

Tavs ara sdebs, vinaidan mxolod garyvnileba iqms amas. igi 

gonieria, vinaidan buneba arasodes ar SeiZleba ugunuri iyos, 

magram cbieri ar aris, radgan aseTi martooden xelovneba SeiZleba 

iyos. igi erTgulia Tavisi xasiaTisa da midrekilebebisa, magram 

imis gamo ki ara, rom aseTia misi principebi, aramed imitom, 

rom buneba, ra ryevebic ar unda ganicados, mudam Zvel adgils 

ubrundeba, mudam Zvel moTxovnilebebs anaxlebs. igi Tavmdabalia, 

da lamis gaognebulic ki, vinaidan geniosi marad saidumloa 

sakuTari TavisaTvis, magram mfrTxali ar aris, ukeTu ar uwyis 

im gzis saSiSroebani, romliTac midis. Cven cota ram viciT did 

geniosTa piradi cxovrebidan, magram is mciredic, rac, magali- 

Tad, sofokles, arqimedis, hipokrates, xolo axali droidan 

209

ariostos, dantesa da tasos, rafaelis, albrext diureris, servantesis, 

Seqspiris, fildingis, sternis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb aris 

Semonaxuli, amas adasturebs. 

* * * 

rodesac mSvenieri buneba gvagondeba, romelic gars ertya 

Zvel berZnebs, rodesac vfiqrobT, Tu raoden Sexmatkbilebulad 

SeeZlo am xalxs laR bunebasTan ecxovra Tavisi svebednieri 

zecis qveS, raoden bevrad ufro axlo iyo ubralo bunebasTan 

misi warmodgenaTa da grZnobaTa xasiaTi, misi zne-Cveulebani da 

raoden xalasad aisaxa es yovelive mis poetur qmnilebebSi, SeiZleba 

ucnaurad mogveCvenos, rom maTSi esoden mcired gvxvdeba 

im sentimentaluri interesis niSanwyali, romelic Cven, axali 

drois pirmSoT, bunebis suraTebisa da bunebrivi xasiaTebisaken 

migveweva. marTalia, berZeni uaRresad zustad, sandod, safuZvlianad 

aRwers maT, magram ufro meti gatacebiT ara da arc 

ufro meti guliTadobiT, vidre, vTqvaT, tansacmels, fars, aR- 

Wurvilobas, saojaxo avladidebas anda raime meqanikur nawarms. 

misi siyvaruli obieqtisadmi, rogorc Cans, ar asxvaebs imas, rac 

TavisiT arsebobs, imisagan, rac xelovnebisa da adamianis nebasurvilis 

gamoisobiT arsebobs. buneba, rogorc Cans, ufro mis 

gonebasa da codnismoyvareobas ainteresebs, vidre mis moralur 

grZnobas, da masTan dakavSirebuli ar aris im intimuri gancdebiT, 

grZnobebiT, tkbili kaeSniT, rogorc Cven, axali drois pirm- 

Soni. ufro metic, igi bunebis calkeul movlenebs apirovnebs 

da aRmerTebs, maT moqmedebas Tavisufal arsebaTa saqcielad 

warmogvidgens da amiT bunebas arTmevs im mSvid aucileblobas, 

romelic Cven gansakuTrebiT gvxiblavs. berZeni mis sulswraf 

fantazias bunebidan adamianis cxovrebis dramaSi gadahyavs. mas 

martooden cocxali da Tavisufali _ martooden xasiaTebi, 

moqmedebebi, bed-iRbali da zne-Cveulebani akmayofileben; da 

Tu Cven garkveuli sulieri da moraluri ganwyobilebis dros 

SeiZleba movisurvoT Cveni nebisyofis Tavisuflebis upiratesoba, 

romelic sakuTar TavTan amden davas, amden mousvenrobasa 

da arev-dareas iwvevs, ugono samyaros arCevanmoklebul, magram 

mSvid aucileblobaSi gavcvaloT, berZenis fantazia, piriqiT, 

imiT aris garTuli, rom adamianuri bunebis sawyisebi TviT usulo 

samyaroSic aRmoaCinos da nebisyofis zegavlena dainaxos 

iqac, sadac brma aucilebloba batonobs. 

hoda, saidan modis amgvari sulieri sxvadasxvaoba? rogor 

xdeba, rom swored Cven, romlebsac yvelaferSi, rasac ki buneba 

warmoadgens, esoden usazRvrod gvjobnian Zvelebi, am mxriv 

210

ufro Tayvans vcemT bunebas, ufro intimurad varT masTan dakav- 

Sirebulni da SegviZlia TviT usicocxlo samyaroc ki Cvens umxurvales 

grZnobaSi gavxvioT? es imitom xdeba, rom buneba gaqra 

Cveni adamianobidan da mxolod Cvens gareT, usulo samyaroSi 

vxvdebiT mas mTeli misi WeSmaritebiT. ufro meti bunebrioba ki 

ara, piriqiT, Cveni damokidebulebebis, mdgomareobisa da Cveulebebis 

arabunebrivoba gvaiZulebs fizikur samyaroSi SevecadoT 

davikmayofiloT WeSmaritebisa da ubraloebisadmi midrekileba, 

romelic zneobrivi monacemis darad, saidanac gamomdinareobs 

igi, yoveli adamianis gulSi marxia, verc moisyidi, verc 

gandevni iqidan da, piriqiT, ufro Rvivdeba, da romlis dakmayofilebis 

imedic moralur samyaroSi ar gagvaCnia. amitomaa, rom 

grZnoba, romliTac bunebaze varT mijaWvulni, esoden axlos 

enaTesaveba sinanulis grZnobas, romliTac Cveni siyrmisa da 

balRuri umankoebis gardasul xanas davstiriT. Cveni bavSvoba 

erTaderTi Seuryvneli bunebaRaa, romelsac jer kidev vxvdebiT 

kulturul kacobriobaSi, amitom gasakviri ar aris, rom gareSe 

bunebis yoveli goji Cvens bavSvobaSi ukan gvabrunebs. 

erTob sxvagvarad iyo es Zvel saberZneTSi.4 maTTan kulturis 

gadagvareba ise Sors ar wasula, rom mis gamo buneba mietovebinaT. 

mTeli maTi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nageboba grZnobebze 

iyo dafuZnebuli da ara xelovnurobis xuxulaze; TviT RmerTebzec 

ki maTi moZRvreba meamiti grZnobiT iyo STagonebuli, warmosaxvis 

svebednieri Zalis pirmSo gaxldaT da ara gonebis gansjisa, 

rogoricaa Tanamedrove erovnebaTa saeklesio rwmena; da, 

maSasadame, vinaidan berZenma Tavis adamianobaSi bunebrivoba ar 

dakarga, am ukanaskneliT arc gare samyaroSi SeeZlo gakvirvebuli 

darCeniliyo da arc im sagnebis esoden akviatebuli moTxovnileba 

SeiZleboda hqonoda, romlebSic bunebas kvlav hpovebda. 

sakuTar TavTan srul TanxmobaSi myofi da Tavisi adamianobis 

SegrZnebiT bednieri berZeni, am adamianobis winaSe, rogorc 

umaRlesi zRvaris winaSe, unda gaCerebuliyo da cdiliyo sxva 

yvelaferi rogorme misTvis daeaxlovebina, maSin rodesac Cven, 

sakuTar TavTan uTanxmoebaSi myofT da ubedurT adamianis raobaSi 

miRebuli gamocdilebiT, sxva ufro cxoveli interesi ar 

gagvaCnia, Tu ara is, rom mas rogorme gaveqceT da Tvali avaridoT 

esoden maxinj formas. 

amrigad, grZnoba, romlis Sesaxebac aq vlaparakobT, is ar gaxlavT, 

rac Zvelebs hqondaT; igi ufro imasa hgavs, rac Zvelebis 

mimarT gagvaCnia. isini bunebrivad aRiqvamdnen, Cven bunebrivs 

aRviqvamT. ueWvelia, sul sxva grZnobiT iyo aRsavse homerosis 

suli, rodesac Tavis RvTaebriv meRores aiZulebda ulises 

211

gamaspinZleboda, vidre is grZnoba, romelic axalgazrda ver- 

Ters aRelvebda, rodesac mosawyen stumrebs ganridebuli am 

simReras kiTxulobda. Cveni grZnoba bunebisadmi sneuli adamianis 

grZnobasa hgavs janmrTelobisadmi. 

iseve, rogorc bunebam, rogorc gamocdilebam da rogorc 

(moqmedma da aRmqmelma) subieqtma TandaTanobiT daiwyo adamianis 

cxovrebidan gaqroba, aseve vxedavT, Tu rogor Sedis poeziis 

samyaroSi igi, rogorc ideali da rogorc sagani. swored is 

erovneba, romelic erTdroulad yvelaze Sors wavida arabunebrivobasa 

da mis Sesaxeb msjelobaSi, yvelaze adre da Zlierad 

unda aaRelvos meamitis fenomenma da saxelwodebac misces 

mas. aseTi eri, ramdenadac vici, frangebi iyvnen. magram meamitis 

SegrZneba da misdami interesi, rasakvirvelia, gacilebiT 

ufro Zvelia da moraluri da esTetikuri dakninebis dasawyisiT 

TariRdeba. aRqmis xasiaTSi amgvari cvlileba, magaliTad, ukve 

uaRresad TvalSi sacemia evripidesTan, Tuki mis winamorbedT, 

gansakuTrebiT ki esqiles, SevadarebT; da mainc es poeti Tavisi 

drois favoriti iyo. aseTive gadatrialeba Zvel istorikosebTanac 

SeiniSneba. horaciusi, kultivirebuli da Seryvnili 

epoqis poeti, xotbas asxams aumRvrevel keTildReobas Tavis 

tiburSi; mas SeiZleba sentimentaluri poeziis WeSmariti mamam- 

Tavari vuwodoT, miT umetes, rom am dargSi dResac badali ar 

moeZeveba. arc properciussa da virgiliusTan vpovebT amgvari 

aRqmis niSnebs, SedarebiT naklebad _ ovidiusTan, saamisod guliTadoba 

rom aklda da, tomSi gandevnili, mtkivneulad ganicdida 

im keTildReobis naklebobas, romelsac horaciusi esoden 

siamovnebiT sTmobda Tavis tiburSi. 

poetebi, rac ukve Tavad am mcnebidan gamomdinareobs, yvelgan 

bunebis damcvelni arian. iq, sadac ar ZaluZT mTlianad aseTebi 

iyvnen da sakuTar Tavze ganicdian TviTnebur da xelovnur formaTa 

Semmusrav zegavlenas anda masTan brZola uxdebaT, bunebis 

mowmeebad da Surismgeblebad gamodian; an bunebad iqcevian, anda 

dakargul bunebas dauwyeben Zebnas. aqedan warmoiqmneba poeziis 

ori sruliad gansxvavebuli saxeoba, romlebiTac mTeli poeturi 

asparezi amoiwureba da ganizomeba. yoveli poeti, Tuki 

namdvilad poetia, an meamit an sentimentalur poetTa ricxvs 

ganekuTvneba, imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria epoqa, romelSic 

gaifurCqna misi Semoqmedeba, da agreTve rogor zegavlenas 

axdenen mis zogad ganviTarebaze anda mis warmaval sulier ganwyobilebaze 

SemTxveviTi garemoebani. 

meamiti da maxvilgonieri Wabukuri samyaros poeti, iseve 

rogorc is, romelic xelovnuri kulturis xanidan masTan yve- 

212

laze axlos dgas, mkacri da saTnoa, rogorc qalwuli diana 

Tavis tyeebSi; undoblad gaurbis guls, romelic mas eZiebs, 

survils, romelsac swadia gulSi Caikras. mSrali simarTle, 

romliTac sagans agviwers, arcTu iSviaTad SeiZleba ugrZnoblobad 

mogveCvenos. obieqti mTlianad moicavs mas, misi guli 

cudmadi liToniviT zedapirTanve ki ara Zevs, aramed oqrosaviT 

siRrmeSia saZebari. rogorc RmerTi samyaros miRma, ise dgas 

meamiti poeti Tavisi qmnilebis ukan. igi qmnilebaa da qmnilebac 

igivea; nawarmoebis Rirsi ar unda iyo, an ver gaigo, anda mogeyir- 

Wos, rom mxolod misi SemoqmediT dainteresde. 

aseTad gvevlineba, magaliTad, homerosi Zvelebs Soris da 

Seqspiri axlebs Soris: ori uaRresad gansxvavebuli da epoqaTa 

ganuzomeli manZiliT gaTiSuli, magram swored am damaxasiaTebeli 

TvisebiT ki sruliad igiveobrivi bunebis mqone poeti. 

rodesac erTob adrindel asakSi Seqspirs pirvelad gavecani, 

misma sicivem aRmaSfoTa _ misma ugrZnoblobam, romelic nebas 

aZlevda TviT yvelaze paTetikur adgilebSi exumra, masxaras 

gamoyvaniT daerRvia `hamletis~, `mefe liris~, `makbetis~ da sxva 

piesaTa gulisgamgmiravi scenebi, xan dayovnebuliyo iq, sadac 

Cemi grZnoba mouTmenlad win miiltvoda, xanac gulcivad otebuliyo 

iqidan, sadac Cemi guli siamovnebiT daivanebda. Tanamedrove 

poetebis gacnobam me mimaCvia nawarmoebSi, upirveles 

yovlisa, TviTon avtori momeZebna xolme, mis guls Cavwvdomodi, 

masTan erTad memsjela misi nawarmoebis saganze, mokled, obieqti 

subieqtSi ganmeWvrita xolme; da ver vitandi, rom aq poeti 

yvelgan uxilavi iyo da arsad ar surda CemTan maslaaTi gaeba. 

mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo igi Cemi Tayvaniscemisa da Seswavlis 

sagani, vidre misi, rogorc individis, siyvarulsac viswavlidi. 

jer kidev ar gamaCnda imis unari, rom uSualod, pirveli 

xeliTve gamowvdili buneba gamego, mxolod mis gonebaSi gadaxar- 

Suli da mowesrigebuli suraTis atana SemeZlo. xolo amisaTvis 

yvelaze Sesaferisi subieqtebi iyvnen frangebis da agreTve 

germanelebis sentimentaluri mwerlebi 1750 wlidan mokidebuli 

daaxloebiT 1780 wlamde. ise ki, ara mrcxvenia Cemi bavSvuri 

ganCinebisa, vinaidan momwifebuli kritikac aqeTken ixreboda da 

sakmaod meamitic iyo imisaTvis, rom saqveynod ganecxadebina kidec 

es ambavi. 

igive damemarTa homerosTanac, romelsac ufro mogvianebiT 

gavecani. axla magondeba RirsSesaniSnavi adgili ìliadis~ meeqvse 

wignSi, sadac glavkosi da diomedi erTmaneTs Seejaxebian 

xelCarTul brZolaSi, magram rogorc ki urTierTSi stumarmaspinZlobiT 

damoyvrebulT Seicnoben, erTmaneTs saCuqrebs 

213

sTavazoben. es gulisamaCuyebeli suraTi imisa, Tu rogor wmindad 

icavdnen stumarTmoyvareobis kanonebs TviT omSic ki, SeiZleba 

rainduli keTilSobilebis gverdiT davayenoT, romelsac 

ariosto aRwers: ori raindi, ori metoqe, ferani da rinaldi, 

pirveli _ sarkinozi, meore _ qristiani, cxare brZolis Semdeg, 

mTlad WrilobebiT daserilni, rigdebian, erT cxenze sxdebian, 

raTa gaqceul anJelikas daewion. orive magaliTi, raoden 

didi gansxvavebac ar unda iyos maT Soris, Cvens gulze TiTqmis 

erTnairad moqmedebs, radgan orive vnebebze zneobis mSvenier 

gamarjvebas gvixatavs da suliskveTebis meamitobiT gva- 

Relvebs. magram rogor sxvadasxvanairad uWiravT Tavi poetebs 

am msgavs moqmedebaTa aRweris dros. ariostos, ufro gviandeli 

da ubralo CveulebaTagan ganZarcvuli samyaros moqalaqes, am 

epizodis Txrobis dros ar ZaluZs aRtaceba da mRelvareba dafaros! 

daTrgunvilia im SeusabamobiT, romelic am CveulebaTa 

da misi epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zneTa Soris arsebobs. anazdeulad 

Tavs anebebs sagnis dasuraTebas da TviTon warmogvidgeba. 

vin ar icnobs am mSvenier stanss, vin ar mouyvania aRtacebaSi: 

214 

hoi, siqvelev, keTilSobil Zvel raindebis! 

mosisxle mtrebi, RvTiT da rwmeniT dRes gaTiSulni, 

romelT sxeulze ar damcxrala jer iarebi, 

brZolis qar-cecxlSi gamovlilni, daWril-gvemulni, 

mihrian orni erT meranze, viT RviZli Zmebi, 

eWvisgan sufTa, ndobiT savse alali guliT. 

merani wyvdiads miarRvevda ufskrulis pirTan, 

vidremde gzebi gaiyarnen gzajvaredinTan. 5 

aba, axla Zveli homerosic! rogorc ki diomedi glavkosis, 

Tavisi mowinaaRmdegis, naambobidan Seityobs, rom mama-papaTagan 

stumarmaspinZlobis wesiT iyo mis modgmasTan damoyvrebuli, 

maSinve Subs miwaSi CaarWobs, megobrulad iwyebs masTan saubars 

da uTanxmdeba, rom amieridan brZolebSi erTmaneTs Tavs aarideben 

xolme. magram TviTon homeross movusminoT: 

sanatrel stumrad gelodebi argosSi marad. 

likiad mosuls Senc maspinZlad damixvdebode. 

aq ki varidoT erTurTs Subi medgar brZolaSi, 

kma aris Cemda troelebic, maTi mimyolnic, 

visac RmerTi, Tu ferxT simarde momixelTebda. 

Sen ki geyofin aqavelni _ mohkal vinc Segxvdes. 

axla davcvaloT saWurveli, Segvxedos yvelam 

mama-papaTa megobroba rarig gvalaRebs. 

esred metyvelni etlebidan CamoqveiTdnen, 

xeli xels misces Sekrul ficis gansamtkiceblad.

Tanamedrove poets (yovel SemTxvevaSi iseTs, romelic poetia 

am sityvis moraluri mniSvnelobiT) gauWirdeboda Tundac 

mxolod aqamde moeTmina da amgvari saqcieliT gamowveuli sixaruli 

ar gamoexata. Cven miT ufro iolad mivutevebdiT amas, 

rom kiTxvis dros Cveni gulic am adgilas yovndeba da xalisiT 

Sordeba obieqts, raTa sakuTar TavSi Caixedos. magram amis ni- 

Sanwyalic ar moiZeva homerosTan. TiTqos raRac yoveldRiuri 

euwyebinos da TiTqos mkerdSi gulic ar gaaCndes, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

mSrali simarTliT ganagrZobs: 

goni mihxada ueWvelad zevesma glavkoss, 

rom gaucvala saWurveli diomed tidids _ 

as Zroxis oqro cxraZroxian spilenZis badlad. 6 

amgvari meamiti xasiaTis poetebi xelovnurobis epoqaSi 

Tavis adgilze ver grZnoben Tavs. saerTod, aseT epoqebSi maTi 

arseboba TiTqmis aRarc aris SesaZlebeli, yovel SemTxvevaSi 

maSin isini Tanamedroveobas daoTxilni unda gaurbodnen da 

bedma unda gauRimoT, rom mis av zegavlenas gadaurCnen. Tavad 

kulturulma sazogadoebam arasodes ar SeiZleba isini warmoSvas; 

magram mis gare drodadro jer kidev gamoCndebian xolme, 

ufro rogorc gadamTielni, romelTac gakvirvebiT uWvreten, 

da rogorc bunebis gauzrdeli Svilebi, romlebzedac javri 

mosdiT. raoden keTilismyofelic ar unda iyos aseTi poetebis 

gamoCena xelovanTaTvis, romelnic maT swavloben, da WeSmarit 

mcodneTaTvis, romelTac maTi fasi uwyian, mainc maTi xvedri 

arasaxarbieloa rogorc saerTod, iseve maT saukuneSi. meufis 

beWedi aqvT aRbeWdili Sublze, Cven ki, piriqiT, gvwadia, rom 

muzebma dagvarwion da agvitaton. kritikosebs, gemovnebis am 

Tavgamodebul guSagebs, sZulT isini, rogorc mijnebis damrRvevni, 

romelnic umjobesia ailagmon; TviT homerosic xom mxolod 

aTasi wlis mowmobas unda umadlodes, rom gemovnebis es 

gamCineblebi aRiareben; da mainc Savi dRe adgaT xolme, rodesac 

TavianT wesebs misi magaliTis winaaRmdeg da mis sidiades Tavian- 

Ti wesebis winaaRmdeg amtkiceben. 

vidre adamiani jer kidev xalasi, magram, rasakvirvelia, ara 

uxeSi bunebisaa, igi moqmedebs rogorc ganuyofeli grZnobadi 

erTianoba da rogorc harmoniuli mTlianoba. grZnobebi da 

goneba, aRqmisa da TviTmoqmedebis unari, jer kidev ar gaTiSulan 

TavianT saqmianobaSi da erTmaneTs mkveTrad ar upirispirdebian. 

misi SegrZnebani SemTxvevis uformo TamaSi ar aris, misi 

azrebi warmodgenis uSinaarso TamaSi ar gaxlavT; pirvelni 

aucileblobis kanonidan warmosdgebian, meoreni _ sinamd- 

215

vilidan. xolo rodesac adamiani kulturis stadiaSi Sedis da 

xelovnuroba Tavis daRs asvams, maSin misi grZnobadi harmonia 

ispoba da mxolod rogorc moraluri erTianoba, e.i. rogorc er- 

Tianobisaken swrafva, SeuZlia gamovlindes. mis SegrZnebasa da 

azrovnebas Soris sruli Tanxmoba, romelic pirvel mdgomareobaSi 

namdvilad xorcieldeboda, amJamad martooden idealurad 

arsebobs; adamianSi ki is aRar aris, rogorc misi cxovrebis faqti, 

aramed mis gareT, rogorc azri, romelic jer kidev unda ganxorcieldes. 

xolo Tu axla poeziis cnebas, romelic sxva ara aris 

ra, Tu ara adamianobis rac SeiZleba srulad gamoxatva, orive zemoaRniSnul 

mdgomareobas mivuyenebT, aRmoCndeba, rom iq, bunebrivi 

ubraloebis mdgomaroebaSi, romelSiac adamiani, rogorc 

harmoniuli erTianoba, Tavis gamoxatulebas bolomde sinamdvileSi 

hpovebs, sinamdvilis rac SeiZleba srulyofili mibaZva 

xdis poets poetad; xolo aq, kulturis viTarebaSi, romelSic 

adamianis mTeli bunebis harmoniuli moqmedeba martooden ideas 

warmoadgens, poets poetad xdis sinamdvilis amaRleba idealamde, 

anu rasac agreTve aqamde mivyevarT, idealis gamosaxva. da es 

amasTanave is orad-ori SesaZlebeli saxeoba gaxlavT, romelSic 

ki, saerTod, poetur genias ZaluZs gamovlindes. isini, rogorc 

vxedavT, erTob gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, magram moipoveba 

ufro maRali cneba, romelic orives moicavs, da ar unda 

gveucxoos, Tu es cneba adamianobis ideas Tanxvdeba. 

amitom Zveli da Tanamedrove, meamiti da sentimentaluri 

poetebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba an sulac ar SeiZleba, anda martooden 

maTTvis saerTo da ufro maRali cnebis safuZvelze 

(aseTi ram ki namdvilad arsebobs). marTlacda, Tu poeziis gvareobiT 

cnebas winaswar, calmxrivi abstraqciis gziT gamoviyvanT 

Zvel poetTagan, maSin imaze ioli, magram amave dros imaze 

trivialuric araferia, rom maTTan SedarebiT Tanamedroveni 

davamciroT. Tu poezias martooden imas vuwodebT, rac yvela 

droSi erTnairad moqmedebs ubralo bunebaze, maSin sxva 

gza aRar iqneba, axal poetebs sadavod unda gavuxadoT poetis 

saxeli, Tanac swored imis gamo, rac yvelaze Taviseburi, amaRlebuli 

da mSvenieria maT SemoqmedebaSi. radgan swored am mxriv 

arian martooden xelovnebaze aRzrdilTaTvis misawvdomni da 

ubralo bunebis mqones ki arafers ar eubnebian. 7 visi sulic ukve 

momzadebuli ar aris imisaTvis, rom sinamdvilidan ideebis saufloSi 

gaiWras, umdidres Sinaarss cariel xilvad miiCnevs, xolo 

uzenaes poetur aRmafrenas _ naZaladev grZnobierebad. Wkuaze 

myof arcerT adamians ar mouva azrad, rom homeross gverdiT 

amouyenos romelime Tanamedrove poeti swored imaSi, rac mis 

216

sidiades warmoadgens, da diaRac sasacilod JRers, rodesac 

miltons an klopStoks axal homeross uwodeben da amiTi surT, 

pativi dasdon. magram aseve naklebad Seedreba romelime Zveli 

poeti da maT Soris ki yvelaze naklebad homerosi Tanamedrove 

poets imaSi, rac am ukanasknels gansakuTrebiT axasiaTebs da 

gamoarCevs. Mme vityodi, rom pirveli Zlieria Semofargvlis xelovnebiT, 

meore ki usasrulobis xelovnebiT. 

vinaidan meamiti poeti martooden martiv bunebasa da grZnobas 

asdevs da martooden sinamdvilis mibaZviT ifargleba, amitom 

Tavis saganTanac mxolod erT mimarTebaSi SeiZleba iyos da, am 

TvalsazrisiT, interpretaciis arCevani ar gaaCnia. meamiti qmnilebebiT 

miRebuli sxvadasxva STabeWdileba emyareba erTsa da 

imave xasiaTis SegrZnebis sxvadasxva safexurebs (Tu davuSvebT, 

rom yvelafers ukuvagdebT, rac Tavad Sinaarss ganekuTvneba da 

am STabeWdilebas, rogorc poeturi Sesrulebis xalas nayofs, 

ise ganvixilavT); TviT garegnul formaTa sxvadasxvaobasac ki 

ar ZaluZs raime cvlileba Seitanos am esTetikuri STabeWdilebis 

TvisebriobaSi. forma SeiZleba lirikuli an epikuri, dramatuli 

an aRweriTi iyos; SeiZleba ufro nakleb, an ufro Zlier 

agvaRelvos; magram (Tu masalisagan ganyenebulad vimsjelebT), 

sxvanairad ki arasodes. Cveni grZnoba ganuwyvetliv igivea, 

mTlianad erTi elementisagan Sedgeba, ase rom, iqedan araferi 

ar ZalgviZs gamovarCioT. TviT enebsa da epoqaTa Soris arsebuli 

sxvaobac ki arafers ar cvlis aq. vinaidan swored misi warmo- 

Sobisa da efeqtis es xalasi erTianoba Seadgens meamiti poeziis 

xasiaTs. 

sul sxvagvaradaa saqme sentimentalur poetTan. igi msjelobs 

im STabeWdilebaze, romelsac sagnebi axdenen masze, da 

mxolod am gansjazea dafuZnebuli is mRelvareba, romliTac 

TviTon aris moculi da Cven gadmogvcems. sagani iq ideas ukav- 

Sirdeba da mxolod am kavSirs emyareba poeturi Zala. amis gamo 

sentimentalur poets yovelTvis saqme aqvs or morkinal warmodgenasa 

da SegrZnebasTan, sinamdvilesTan, rogorc zRvarTan 

da Tavis ideasTan, rogorc usasrulobasTan da is Sereuli 

grZnoba, romelsac igi aRZravs, yovelTvis am ormag wyaroze 

miuTiTebs. 8 vinaidan aq principTa simravle sufevs, saqme isaa, 

Tu oridan romeli gadasZlevs poetis SegrZnebasa da mis mier 

Seqmnil gamosaxulebaSi da amitomac SesaZlebelia gansxvaveba 

SesrulebaSi. axla sakiTxi ismis, ufro sinamdvileze surs mas 

SeCerdes, Tu idealze, pirveli rogorc uaryofis sagani swadia 

warmogvidginos, Tu meore _ rogorc ltolvis sagani. amrigad, 

mis mier Seqmnili gamosaxuleba an satirikuli iqneba, anda ele- 

217

giuri (am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT, rac qvemoT iqneba ganmartebuli); 

yoveli sentimentaluri poeti aRqmis am ori saxeobidan 

erT-erTs misdevs. 

poeti satirikosia, Tu Tavis sagnad bunebisagan daSorebas da 

sinamdvilesa da ideals Soris arsebul winaaRmdegobas irCevs 

(rac sulze zemoqmedebis mixedviT erTi da igivea). magram es 

SeuZlia rogorc seriozulad da afeqturad, iseve xumrobiTa 

da mxiarulad warmogvidginos, imisda mixedviT, wadilis sferoSi 

dayovndeba Tu gansjis sferoSi. pirveli xdeba damsjeli 

anu paTetikuri satiris SemTxvevaSi, meore _ saxumaro satiris 

SemTxvevaSi. 

mkacrad Tu mivudgebiT, poetur mizans arc gamkicxvelis 

toni Seefereba da arc gamrTobisa. pirveli erTob seriozulia 

TamaSisaTvis, rasac poezia yovelTvis unda warmoadgendes; meore 

ki erTob qarafSutulia am seriozulobisaTvis, rac yovelgvar 

poetur TamaSs safuZvlad unda edos. moraluri winaaRmdegobani 

ar SeiZleba ar ainteresebdes Cvens guls da amitom suls 

isini Tavisuflebas arTmeven, magram poeturi Cqrolva mainc 

gacxriluli unda iyos yovelgvari specifikuri interesisagan, 

e.i. praqtikul saWiroebasTan yovelgvari kavSirisagan. gonebriv 

winaaRmdegobaTa mimarT ki, piriqiT, guli inertulia, magram poets 

mainc unda hqondes saqme gulis uzenaes survilebTan, bunebasa 

da idealTan. amitom arcTu ioli amocana dgas mis winaSe: pa- 

Tetikur satiraSi poetur formas, romelic Tavisufal TamaSSi 

mdgomareobs, vneba ar moutanos, xolo saxumaro satiraSi poeturi 

Sinaarsi ar gamorCes, romelic mudam usasrulo unda iyos. 

amgvari amocana mxolod erTaderTi gziT SeiZleba gadaiWras. 

damsjeli satira poetur Tavisuflebas aRwevs amaRlebulis 

sferoSi gadasvliT; momcinari satira poetur Sinaarss iZens 

Tavisi sagnis mSvenierebis aspeqtSi ganxilviT. 

satiraSi arasrulyofil sinamdviles ideali upirispirdeba 

uzenaesi realobis saxiT. es ideali aucilebeli ar aris 

poetma sityvierad gamoxatos, Tuki uwyis rogor gaaRviZos igi 

Cvens sulSi; magram amas ki uTuod unda aRwevdes, Torem sxvafriv 

poetur zemoqmedebas ver moaxdens. amrigad, sinamdvile aq 

uaryofis aucilebeli obieqtia, magram mTavari is aris, rom Tavad 

es uaryofa aucileblobiT gamomdinareobdes sinamdviles 

dapirispirebuli idealidan. mas martooden grZnobadi saTave 

SeiZleba hqondes da mxolod da mxolod moTxovnilebaze unda 

iyos dafuZnebuli, romelsac sinamdvile win eRobeba; gana sakmaod 

xSirad ar gvgonia, rom samyarosadmi moraluri siZulvili- 

Ta varT Sepyrobilni, rodesac mxolod imiTa varT gamwarebulni, 

218

om is Cvens midrekilebebs ewinaaRmdegeba? banaluri satirikosi 

swored im materialur interess CasWidebs xolme xels da vinaidan 

am gziT axerxebs kidec CvenSi afeqti gamoiwvios, hgonia, rom 

Cveni guli daipyro da paTetikuris ostatia. magram yovelgvari 

paTosi, romelsac saTaved esa aqvs, uRirsi ram gaxlavT poeturi 

xelovnebisaTvis, romelic mxolod ideebiT unda gvaRelvebdes 

da martooden gonebis meSveobiT poulobdes Cveni gulisaken 

mimaval gzas. amgvari araxalasi da materialuri paTosi niadag 

tanjva-vaebis siWarbiT iCens Tavs da samZimo ganwyobilebiT 

gvixuTavs suls, maSin, rodesac WeSmaritad poeturi paTosi, 

piriqiT, TviTmoqmedebis moWarbebiTa da TviT afeqtis drosac 

ki arsebuli sulieri TavisuflebiT icnoba. Tu Cveni mRelvareba 

gamowveulia sinamdviles dapirispirebuli idealiT, maSin mis 

amaRlebulobaSi ikargeba yovelgvari viwro grZnoba da ideis 

sidiade, romliTaca varT aRvsilni, gamocdilebis yvela samanze 

maRla gvayenebs. amitom aRmaSfoTebeli sinamdvilis gamosaxvis 

dros mTavaria, rom aucilebloba iyos is foni, romelzedac poeti 

an prozaikosi xatavs sinamdviles, raTa xelovanma SesZlos da 

Cveni suli ideebisadmi ganawyos. Tu Cven Cvens ganCinebaSi jerovan 

simaRleze vdgavarT, maSin Tundac sagani mdabali da biwieri 

iyos, es veras daaklebs Cvens Semoqmedebas. rodesac JamTaRmwereli 

tacitusi pirveli saukunis romaelTa Rrma garyvnilebas 

aRwers, igrZnoba, rom es marTlac amaRlebuli sulia, romelic 

am mdabal sagans zevidan dascqeris, da Cveni ganwyobac WeSmaritad 

poeturia, radgan swored is simaRle, romelzedac avtori 

dgas da Cvens aRzevebasac axerxebs, amdablebs mis sagans. 

amrigad, paTetikuri satira niadag iseTi suliskveTebidan 

unda gamomdinareobdes, romelic idealiT mxurvaled aris gams- 

Wvaluli. mxolod harmoniisadmi dauokebel ltolvas ZaluZs 

da uflebac aqvs zneobrivi disharmoniis is Rrma gancda da znedacemulobiT 

is mgznebare aRSfoTeba warmoSvas, romelic aRafrTovanebs 

iuvenals, svifts, rusos, halers da sxvaT. xsenebul 

poetebs SeeZloT da albaT mouxdebodaT kidec aseve iRblianad 

emoRvawaT poeziis gulis amaCqrolebel da unazes JanrSi, 

axalgazrdobaSive rom SemTxveviT mizezebs maTi sulisaTvis es 

garkveuli mimarTuleba ar mieniWebinaT; Tumca ki maT es nawilobriv 

marTlac moimoqmedes. yvelani, vinc aq davasaxeleT, an gadagvarebul 

epoqebSi cxovrobdnen da Tvalwin znedacemulobis 

Semzaravi suraTi hqondaT gadaSlili, anda sakuTarma xvedrma 

dagesla maTi suli. filosofiuri sulic daundobeli simkacriT 

ganasxvavebs xilvas arsisagan, nivTTa siRrmeSi iWreba da amitom 

im ulmoblobisa da zneobrivi sisastikisaken ixreba, romliTac 

219

uso, haleri da sxvani sinamdviles xataven. magram am garegnul 

da SemTxveviT faqtorebs, romlebic yovelTvis SemzRudavad 

moqmedeben, sul bevri, poeturi aRmafrenis mimarTulebis gansazRvra 

ZaluZT, mis Sinaarss ki ver Seadgenen. yvelaferSi erTi 

da igive unda iyos, sufTa yovelgvari garegani moTxovnebisagan, 

da idealisadmi mgznebare ltolvidan gamomdinareobdes, 

rac erTaderTi WeSmariti mowodebaa satirikosisa da saerTod 

yoveli sentimentaluri poetisaTvisac. 

Tu paTetikuri satira martooden amaRlebul sulebs SehferiT, 

moqilike satira SeiZleba mxolod mSvenier guls gamouvides, 

radgan pirvels ukve misi seriozuli sagani azRvevs qarafSutobisagan, 

meore ki, romelsac mxolod moralurad inertuli masala 

SeiZleba gaaCndes, aucileblad masSi CaiZireba da yovelgvar poetur 

Rirsebas dakargavs, Tu Sinaarsi damuSavebiT ar gakeTilSobilda 

da poetis subieqti Tu ar Seenacvla Tavis obieqts. magram 

mxolod mSvenier guls aqvs momadlebuli, damoukideblad misi 

saqmianobis sagnisa, yovel Tavis gamovlenaSi sakuTari xateba 

srulad aRbeWdos. amaRlebul xasiaTs Tavisi Tavi mxolod mas- 

Tan morkinal grZnobasTan mopovebul calkeul gamarjvebebSi, 

mxolod aRmafrenisa da wamieri daZabulobis garkveul momentebSi 

ZaluZs gamoamJRavnos; mSvenier sulSi ki, piriqiT, ideali, 

rogorc buneba, ise moqmedebs, maSasadame, Tanabarzomierad, da 

amitom ZaluZs mSvid mdgomareobaSic gamovlindes. Rrma zRva 

Relvis dros aris yvelaze amaRlebuli, ankara nakaduli ki yvelaze 

mSvenieri maSin gaxlavT, rodesac wynarad moliklikebs. 

bevrjer ukamaTiaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli unda davayenoT 

ufro maRla _ tragedia Tu komedia. Tu es kiTxva mxolod imas 

gulisxmobs, rom romeli maTganis obieqtia ufro mniSvnelovani, 

maSin ueWvelad pirveli daiCemebs upiratesobas. magram Tu isa 

surT gaigon, maTgan romeli ufro mniSvnelovan subieqts moiTxovs, 

maSin ufro meoris sasargeblod gadawydeboda kamaTi. tragediaSi 

bevri ram xdeba ukve TviTon sagnis gamoisobiT. komedia- 

Si ki sagniT araferi ar aris ganpirobebuli, yvelafers poeti 

gansazRvravs. hoda, vinaidan gemovnebis ganCinebaSi masala mxedvelobaSi 

arasodes ar miiReba, xelovnebis am ori Janris esTetikuri 

Rirebuleba, bunebrivia, maTi masalis mniSvnelobasTan 

ukumimarTebaSi unda iyos. tragikos poets sagani amaRlebs, komikosma 

ki, piriqiT, Tavisi subieqtiT unda aiyvanos sagani esTetikur 

simaRlemde. pirvels iseTi aRmafrenis ufleba aqvs, romlisTvisac 

bevri ram SeiZleba ucxoc iyos; meore ki marad igive 

unda rCebodes da, maSasadame, ukve iq iyos da Sinauruladac 

iyos, sadac pirveli raime sagangebo mizezis gareSe ver SeaRwevs. 

220

swored es gaxlavT is, riTac mSvenieri xasiaTi amaRlebulisagan 

gansxvavdeba. pirvelSi yoveli odenoba ukve mocemulia. misi 

bunebidan Zaldautaneblad da gauWirveblad gamomdinareobs, 

da SesaZleblobaSi usasruloa Tavisi gzis yovel wertilSi; 

meores ki yovelgvar sididemde ZaluZs amaRldes, nebisyofis 

ZaliT yovelgvari SezRuduli mdgomaroebidan aiwyvitos Tavi. 

es, maSasadame, mxolod biZgisa da daZabvis Sedegad aris Tavisufali, 

is ki mudam arxeini da laRia. 

komediis mSvenieri amocana CvenSi am sulieri Tavisuflebis 

Casaxva da sazrdooobaa, xolo tragedia ki unda dagvexmaros am 

sulieri Tavisuflebis esTetikuri gziT aRdgenaSi, Tu raime 

afeqtma ZaldatanebiT dagvirRvia igi. amitom tragediaSi sulieri 

Tavisufleba xelovnurad, eqsperimentis saxiT unda iqnes 

darRveuli, ukeTu misi aRdgena mis poetur Zalas amtkicebs; komediaSi 

ki, piriqiT, unda vufrxodeT, rom aRniSnuli sulieri 

Tavisufleba ar dairRves. amitom tragikosi poeti Tavis sagans 

mudam praqtikulad epyroba. komediografi ki Tavisas mudam 

Teoriulad, Tundac pirvels (rogorc lesings Tavis `naTanSi~) 

Teoriuli masalis damuSaveba moeprianos, meores ki praqtikulisa. 

poets tragikosad an komikosad is sfero ki ar aqcevs, 

saidanac sagania aRebuli, aramed samsjavro, romlis winaSec 

ayenebs am sagans poeti. tragikosi unda dinj msjelobas eridebodes 

da mudam gulis dainteresebas cdilobdes, komikosi ki pa- 

Toss ufrTxodes da niadag gonebas arTobdes. amrigad, pirveli 

Tvis xelovnebas mudmiv mRelvarebaSi aCens, meore vnebaTa mudmiv 

ganmuxtvaSi; da es xelovneba orive mxriv, ra Tqma unda, miT 

ufro didia, rac ufro abstraqtuli bunebisaa erTis sagani da 

rac ufro paTetikurisaken ixreba meorisa. 9 amrigad, Tu tragedia 

ufro mniSvnelovani sawyisidan amodis, meore mxriv, unda 

vaRiaroT, rom komedia ufro mniSvnelovani miznisaken midis, 

da mas rom aRwevdes, yovelgvar tragedias zedmetsa da SeuZlebels 

gaxdida. komediis mizani emTxveva uzenaess, romlisTvisac 

brZola uxdeba adamians _ vnebaTaRelvisagan ganTavisuflebas, 

sakuTar TavSi da irgvlivac niadag ankara, niadag mSvidi TvaliT 

mzeras, yvelgan ufro SemTxveviTobis, vidre bedisweris danaxvas 

da ufro absurdulobaze sicils, vidre borotebis gamo Surisgebas 

anda moTqmas. 

Tu poeti bunebas ise upirispirebs xelovnebas da ideals 

_ sinamdviles, rom pirvelTa gamosaxuleba sWarbobs da amiT 

gamowveuli siamovneba gabatonebul gancdad iqceva, maSin aseT 

poets elegiurs vuwodeb. am JanrSiac, iseve rogorc satiraSi, 

ori saxeoba ganirCeva. buneba da ideali SeiZleba glovis sagani 

221

iyos, Tuki pirveli dakargulad, xolo meore miuRwevlad aris 

warmodgenili. anda SeiZleba oriveni sixarulis sagans Seadgendnen, 

Tuki sinamdviled iqnebian warmodgenilni. pirveli 

qmnis elegias viwro mniSvnelobiT, xolo meore idilias farTo 

mniSvnelobiT. 

iseve rogorc aRSfoTeba paTetikurSi da dacinva saxumaro 

satiraSi, mwuxarebac elegiaSi martooden idealiT aRZruli aRfrTovanebidan 

SeiZleba momdinareobdes. mxolod aqedan iZens 

elegia poetur Sinaarss da yoveli sxva wyaro poeturi xelovnebisaTvis 

uRirsia. elegiuri poeti bunebas eZiebs, magram mis simSveniereSi 

da ara mxolod mis misaRebobaSi, ideebTan mis harmoniul 

damokidebulebaSi da ara martooden moTxovnilebisadmi 

damTmobelobaSi. mwuxareba dakargul siameTa gamo, ama qveynidan 

gamqrali oqros xanis gamo, siWabukis gardasuli bednierebisa 

da mijnurobis gamo da a.S. mxolod maSin SeiZleba elegiuri poeziis 

masalad iqces, Tu grZnobadi simSvidis es mdgomareobani 

amave dros moraluri harmoniis sagnadac SeiZleba warmodgenil 

iqnan. amis gamo ar SemiZlia ovidiusis moTqmis simRerebi, romlebic 

misi gaZevebis adgilidan, pontos evqsinosis napiridan 

dairxa, mTlianad poetur qmnilebebad miviCnio, ragind gulis 

amaCqrolebelni ar unda iyvnen da alag-alag maRalpoeturnic. 

erTob mcire energia, erTob mcire suli da keTilSobilebaa mis 

gulistkivilSi. moTxovnilebiTa da ara aRfrTovanebiT aris 

es moTqma-vaeba gadmonTxeuli da Sig SeiZleba banaluri suli 

ara, magram bediT miwasTan gasworebuli keTilSobili sulis banaluri 

ganwyobileba gamosWvivis, Tumca, rodesac gvaxsendeba, 

rom es romia da Tanac avgustusis romi, romelsac glovobs, Cven 

mivutevebT sixarulis pirmSos mis gulistkivils; magram Tavad 

didebuli romic xom mTeli misi siameniT, Tu warmosaxvis Zala 

ar akeTilSobilebs, martooden sasruli sididea da, maSasadame, 

uRirsi obieqti gaxlavT poeturi xelovnebisaTvis, romelsac, 

yovelive imaze maRla mdgoms, rasac sinamdvile iZleva, martooden 

ufleba aqvs usasruloze inaRvlos. 

amrigad, poeturi Civilis Sinaarsi yovelTvis mxolod Sinagani, 

idealuri sagani unda iyos, xolo garegnuli ki arasodes; 

TviT maSinac ki, rodesac poezia sinamdvileSi dakarguls dastiris, 

man jer es danakargi idealuri unda gaxados. poeturi 

midgoma arsebiTad swored am SezRudulis usasrulobamde 

dayvanaSi mdgomareobs. aqedan ki gamomdinareobs, rom garegani 

masala TavisTavad yovelTvis ganurCevelia, vinaidan poeturi 

xelovneba verasodes ver gamoiyenebs mas im saxiT, romliTac 

hpovebs da mxolod imiT, rasac TviTon qmnis misgan, aZlevs mas 

222

poetur Rirebulebas. elegiuri poeti bunebas eZiebs, magram 

rogorc ideas, da Tanac iseT srulyofils, rogoric buneba arasodes 

ar yofila, Tundac rogorc erTxel ukve arsebulsa da 

axla dakarguls dastirodes. rodesac osiani gardasul dReTa 

da gamqral gmirTa Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, misma SemoqmedebiTma 

Zalam es mogonebis suraTebi ukve didi xania idealad aqcia, xolo 

gmirebi _ RmerTebad. garkveul danakargTa gancda sayovelTao 

warmavalobis ideamde ganevrco da aRelvebuli bardi, yvelgan 

modebuli nangrevebis xatebiT devnili, zecaSi aiWreba, raTa iq, 

mzis wrebrunvaSi, gardauvalis grZnobadi xati hpovos. 10 

dauyovnebliv moviSvelieb elegiuri Janris axal poetebs. 

rusos, rogorc poetsa da filosofoss, sxva ara amoZravebs ra, 

Tu ara bunebis povna anda xelovnebaze SurisZieba. imisda mixedviT, 

Tu am oridan romelze dayovndeba misi grZnoba, igi xan elegiurad 

gulaCqrolebulia, xan iuvenaliseuli satirisaTvis 

aRfrTovanebuli, xanac, rogorc ìuliaSi~, idiliis sarbieliT 

aRtacebuli. misi Txzulebani uciloblad poeturni arian SinaarsiT, 

vinaidan ideals exebian. esaa mxolod: rusom ar icis am 

Sinaarsis poetur yaidaze gamoyeneba. marTalia, seriozuli xasiaTi 

arasodes ar aZlevs saSualebas, rom qarafSutulobamde 

daeSvas, magram amave dros, arc nebas rTavs poetur TamaSamde 

amaRldes. xan vnebiT, xanac abstraqciebiT atacebuli, igi iSvia- 

Tad, anda TiTqmis verasodes ver aRwevs esTetikur Tavisuflebas, 

romelic poetma masalis mimarT unda daimkvidros da mkiTxvelsac 

gadasdos. xan avadmyofuri grZnobiereba ipyrobs da mis 

gancdebs SemaZrwunebelsa xdis, xanac azrovnebis Zala uborkavs 

fantazias da Seqmnili naxatis momxiblaobas cnebaTa simkacriT 

musravs. orive Tvisebrioba, romelTa Sinagani urTierTzemoqmedeba 

da Serwyma arsebiTad qmnis kidec poets, am mweralSi 

uCveulod maRali intensivobiT aris mocemuli da imis garda 

sxva aRara aklia ra, rom isini marTlac Serwymulni gamovlindnen, 

rom TviTmoqmedebam mis gancdebSi SeaRwios, xolo grZnobierebam 

_ azrovnebaSi. amitom idealSic, romelsac kacobriobas 

uyenebs, erTob did yuradRebas uTmobs am ukanasknelis 

SezRudulobas da erTob cotas mis SesaZleblobebs, da Tanac 

masTan yvelaferSi ufro fizikuri simSvidis moTxovnileba 

gamosWvivis, vidre moraluri harmoniisa 11 . rusos mgznebare 

grZnobierebaa damnaSave imaSi, rom igi amjobinebs kacobrioba 

pirvelyofili mdgomaroebis uazro erTferovnebas daubrunos, 

oRondac masSi arsebuli ganxeTqileba rac SeiZleba male moiSoros 

Tavidan, vidre es ganxeTqileba bolomde ganxorcielebuli 

ganviTarebis Sedegad sulieri harmoniiT dagvirgvinebuli ixi- 

223

los, rom urCevnia xelovneba sul ar Caisaxos, vidre elodos, 

rodis gaxdeba srulyofili, mokled, rom amjobinebs mizani 

Sekvecos da idealic daamdablos, raTa maT ufro male, raTa 

ufro utyuarad mivaRwioT. 

224 

SeniSvnebi: 

1. berki mSvenierebas cxovrebasTan aigivebs Tavis `filosofiur gamokvlevaSi 

amaRlebulsa da mSvenierebasTan dakavSirebul Cvens cnebaTa warmo- 

Sobis Sesaxeb~. mSveniereba ubralo xatebamde dahyavs, ramdenadac me vici, 

dogmaturi sistemis yovel momxres, romelsac ki odesme am sagnis irgvliv 

Tavisi Sexedulebebi Camouyalibebia; xelovanTa Soris aseTia, magaliTad, 

rafael mengsi Tavis àzrebSi ferweruli gemovnebis Sesaxeb~, rom aRaraferi 

vTqvaT sxvebze. Aam sferoSic, iseve rogorc yvelaferSi, kritikulma filosofiam 

axali gza gadagviSala, gza principebadme _cdisa, xolo gamocdilebamde 

ganyenebuli azrovnebis dayvanisa. 

2. Zneli ar aris niuansebi gavarCioT sxvadasxva xalxTa gemovnebaSi, Tu 

erTmaneTs SevupirispirebT (ise rom axali msoflios samanebs ar gavcdeT) 

londonis doRs, xarebis brZolas madridSi, Zveli parizis speqtaklebs, megondoleTa 

srbolas veneciaSi, nadirTa devnas venaSi da korzos mxiarul 

cxovrebas romSi. amasTanave am sxvadasxva qveynebSi xalxuri TamaSobani bevrad 

ufro naklebad erTferovania, vidre amave qveynebis warCinebul adamianTa 

TamaSobani, rac advilad aixsneba. 

3. erTxel kidev mogagonebT, rom Tumca aucileblad saWiroa, es orive 

periodi ideaSi erTimeores davaciloT, magram gamocdilebaSi metnaklebad 

erTmaneTSi Sereulni arian. agreTve ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqo iyo dro, 

rodesac adamiani mxolod da mxolod am fizikur mdgomareobaSi iyo, da 

dro, rodesac mTlianad daaRwia mas Tavi. rogorc ki adamiani raime sagans 

xedavs, ukve aRar imyofeba martooden fizikur mdgomareobaSi, magram Tavs 

ver daaRwevs am mdgomareobas, vidre raimes xedavs, ukeTu mxolod imdenad 

SeuZlia xedva, ramdenadac SeigrZnobs. marTalia, is sami momenti, romelic 

ocdameoTxe werilis dasawyisSi davasaxele, Tu mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT, 

mTeli kacobriobis ganviTarebasa da calkeuli adamianis srul ganviTarebaSi 

sam periods gansazRvravs, magram igive momentebi SeiZleba gavarCioT 

raime obieqtis yovel calkeul aRqmaSi da, erTi sityviT, aucilebel pirobas 

warmoadgenen yovelgvari Semecnebisa, romelsac grZnobaTa organoebiT 

viRebT. 

4. magram mxolod da mxolod berZnebSi; vinaidan saWiro iyo swored adamianuri 

cxovrebis iseTi azvirTebuli mCqefareba da uxvi sisavse, rogori- 

Tac berZeni iyo garemoculi, rom sicocxle TviT usicocxloSic ki SeetanaT 

da aseTi mondomebiT yvelgan adamianuris xateba daenaxaT. osianis adamian- 

Ta samyaro, magaliTad, mwiri da erTferovani iyo; usicocxlo ki, piriqiT, 

diadi, bumberazuli, Zalovani. ase rom TviTon adgenda da adamians Tavs axvevda 

Tavis uflebebs. amitom am poetis simRerebSi usicocxlo buneba (winaaRmdeg 

adamianisa) gvevlineba, rogorc raRac ufro meti, vidre gancdis 

sagani, Tumca ki ukve osianic uCivis kacobriobis dacemas da kulturis da 

mis mankierebaTa raoden patara sferoc ar unda hqonda osianis xalxs, mainc 

amiT miRebuli gamocdileba sakmaod cxoveli da STambeWdavi iyo imisaTvis, 

rom aRegzno mgrZnobiare zneobrivi mgosani, usicocxlo bunebisaken mieq-

cia da mis simRerebSi is elegiuri kilo CaeRvara, romelic esoden gviCqrolebs 

guls da gvxiblavs. 

5. `mZvinvare rolandi~, pirveli simRera, 22-e stansi. 

6. ìliada~, VI, 224-236, Targmani berZnulidan p. beraZisa. 

7. moliers, rogorc meamit poets, yovel SemTxvevaSi ufleba hqonda Tavisi 

moaxlis ganCinebisaTvis miendo, ra unda darCeniliyo mis komediebSi da ra 

unda amoRebuliyo. agreTve sasurveli iqneboda, rom franguli amaRlebuli 

stilis ostatebsac TavianTi tragediebisaTvis Jamidan Jamze amgvari gamocda 

moewyoT xolme. magarm me aravis ar vurCevdi, rom klopStokis odebisaTvis, 

an `mesiadis~, `dakarguli samoTxis~, `naTan brZenis~ da sxva mravali piesis 

saukeTeso adgilebisaTvis msgavsi gamocda moewyoT. magarm ras vambob? 

gana marTlac aseT gamocdas ar aCaReben xSirad? gana es `molieris moaxle 

gogo~ ar msjelobs abdaubdad Cvens kritikul gamocemebSi, filosofiur da 

literaturul weliwdeulebSi. mogzaurobaTa aRwerebSi poeziasa, xelovnebasa 

da sxva misTanebze? esaa mxolod: germanul miwa-wyalze, rogorc wesi, 

cota ufro ugemovnod, vidre frangulze, da Tanac germanuli literaturis 

pirfareSTa Sesaferisad. 

8. vinc yurdaRebas meamiti poeziiT miRebul STabeWdilebaze amaxvilebs 

da amasTanave SeuZlia misgan is wvlili gamoacalkevos, romelic Sinaarss 

miuZRvis, aRiarebs, rom es STabeWdileba TviT uaRresad paTetikuri Temis 

mqone nawarmoebSic ki niadag sasixarulo, niadag ankara, niadag mSvidia; 

sentimentaluri poeziisagan mogvrili ki mudam cota ufro seriozuli da 

daZabuli iqneba. es imis gamo xdeba, rom meamit gansaxierebebSi, rasac ar unda 

Seexebodnen isini, Cvens warmosaxvis Zalas mudam axarebs simarTle, obieqtis 

cocxali sinamdvile d sxvas arc arafers ar veZiebT maTSi; sentimentalurebSi 

ki, piriqiT, iZulebulni varT warmosaxvis warmodgenebi garkveul 

gonivrul ideas SevuxamoT da, maSasadame, or sxvadasxva mdgomareobas Soris 

vqanaobdeT. 

9. `naTan brZenSi~ es ar momxdara. masalis susxianma bunebam xelovnebis 

mTeli nawarmoebi gaaciva. magram lesingma Tavadac icoda, rom is, rasac 

werda, tragedia ar iyo, da mxolod adamianuri sisustis gamo daaviwyda, 

rom Tavis Tavzedac gaevrcelebina `dramaturgiaSi~ Camoyalibebuli wesi, 

rom poets ufleba ara aqvs tragediis forma sxva miznisaTvis gamoiyenos, 

Tu ara tragikulisaTvis. erTob arsebiTi cvlilebebis gareSe, saeWvoa, rom 

SesaZlebeli iyos am dramatuli poemis karg tragediad gadakeTeba; magram 

mxolod garkveuli umniSvnelo cvlilebebiT SeiZleba misi gadaqceva karg 

komediad. am bolo miznisaTvis paTetizmis Sewirva mogvixdeboda, xolo 

pirvelisaTvis dinji msjelobisa, da gana sakiTxavia, am oridan romels emyareba 

poemis silamaze? 

10. me rom saxelwodebebs: `satira~, èlegia~ da ìdilia~ _ ufro farTo 

mniSvnelobiT vxmarob, vidre es Cveulebriv xdeba xolme, amaSi TavismarTleba, 

vgoneb, ar damWirdeba im mkiTxvelTa winaSe, romlebic Rrmad ixedebian 

saqmis viTarebaSi. amasTan, me sulac ara maqvs ganzraxuli gadavwio is 

sazRvrebi, romlebic aqamdel kvleva-Ziebisa da dakvirvebis Sedegad arcTu 

usafuZvlod iyo gavlebuli satirasa, elegiasa da idilias Soris. me mxolod 

poeziis am JanrebSi gabatonebuli SegrZnebis ragvarobas ganvW-vret 

da xom sakmaod cnobilia, rom es ragvaroba veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver Tavsdeba 

aseT viwro CarCoebSi. elegiurad Cvenze ara mxolod elegia moqmedebs, 

romelsac mxolod da mxolod ase ewodeba: dramatul da epikur poetebsac 

ZaluZT elegiurad gangvawyon. `mesiadaSi~, tomsonis `weliwadis droebSi~, 

225

`dakargul samoTxeSi~, `ganTavisuflebul ierusalimSi~ mravali suraTi 

gvxvdeba, romelic Cveulebriv mxolod idilias, elegias an satiras axasiaTebs. 

igive iTqmis metnaklebad TiTqmis yovel paTetikur leqsze, magram 

is, rom es Tavad idiliasac elegiur Janrs vakuTvneb, rogorc Cans, ufro 

saWiroebs dasa-buTebas. magram gavixsenoT, rom aq laparakia mxolod im 

elegiaze, romelic sakuTriv sentimentalur poezias axasiaTebs, romlis 

arsebac bunebis dapirispirebaa xelovnebasTan da idealis dapirispireba sinamdvilesTan. 

Tundac amas poeti sagangebod xazs ar usvamdes da Seuryvneli 

bunebis anda ganxorcielebuli idealis xalas da TavisTavad suraTebs 

Slides Cvens TvalTa winaSe, mainc es winaaRmdegoba arsebobs mis gulSi da 

misda uneburad funjis yoveli mosmiT gascems Tavis Tavs. esec rom ar iyos, 

TviTon enac ki, romliTac iZulebulia isargeblos da romelsac drois daRi 

azis da xelovnurobis zegavlena aqvs gancdili, mogvagonebs sinamdviles 

misi SezRudvebiT, kulturas misi xelovnurobiT; Tavad Cveni sakuTari guli 

daupirispirdeba im xalasi bunebis xatebas biwierebis gamocdilebas da amnairad 

elegiurs gaxdida Cveni aRqmis xasiaTs, Tundac es poets arc hqonoda 

ganzraxuli. es imdenad aucilebelia, rom TviT uzenaesi siamovnebac ki, 

romelsac Zveli da axali drois meamiti Janris nawarmoebebi kulturul 

adamians aniWeben, didxans ar rCeba xalasi da adre Tu gvian, elegiuri grZnoba 

Seewoneba. dasasrul, SevniSnav kidev, rom aq mocemul dayofas swored 

imis gamo, rom martooden SegrZnebis aRqmis ragvarobazea dafuZnebuli, 

Tavad leqsebis dajgufebasa da poeziis JanrTa gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT 

araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs. ukeTu, radgan poeti TviT erTsa da imave nawarmoebSic 

ki gancdis erTi da igive gvareobiT ar aris Seborkili, es dayofa 

mis mixedviT ki ar unda xdebodes, aramed gamosaxvis formis mixedviT. 

11. waikiTxeT, magaliTad, saucxoo leqsi, romelsac `karsoni~ aqvs 

saTaurad. 

226 

Targmani karlo jorjanelisa 

(wignidan `rCeuli Txzulebani sam tomad~, 

t. III, Tb., 1965).

georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli (1770-1831 w.w.) 

leqciebi esTetikis Sesaxeb 

esTetikis Sesavali 

I. esTetikis gansazRvra da dacva 

bunebrivi mSvenieri da xelovnebis mSvenieri 

am gamoTqmiT Tavidanve gamovricxavT bunebriv mSveniers xelovnebis 

mSvenieris mecnierebidan. erTi mxriv, Cveni sagnis ase- 

Ti gansazRvra vinmes SeiZleba TviTnebur gansazRvrebad eCvenos, 

radgan fiqroben, rom yovel mecnierebas ufleba aqvs nebismierad 

Semoifarglos Tavisi sazRvrebi da moculoba. magram am 

azriT ar unda gavigoT esTetikis gansazRvra xelovnebis mSvenieriT. 

marTalia, Cveulebriv cxovrebaSi adamianebi daCveulni 

arian ilaparakon lamaz ferze, lamaz caze, lamaz mdinareze, 

garda amisa, lamaz yvavilebze, lamaz cxovelebze da ufro metad 

lamaz adamianebze; Tumca aq sruliadac ar gvsurs vikamaToT imis 

Taobaze, Tu ramdend marTebulia amgvari sagnebisaTvis mSvenierebis 

Tvisebis mikuTvneba da, saerTod, gvaqvs Tu ara ufleba 

bunebrivi mSvenieri gverdSi amovuyenoT xelovnebis mSveniers, 

magram amis sawinaaRmdegod mainc SegviZlia aqve davamtkicoT, 

rom xelovnebis mSvenieri ufro maRla dgas, vidre buneba. radgan 

xelovnebis mSveniereba gonisagan Sobili da aRorZinebuli 

mSvenierebaa, da ramdenadac goni da misi qmnilebani ufro maRla 

dganan, vidre buneba Tavisi movlenebiT, amdenad xelovnebis mSvenieri 

ufro maRalia, vidre mSveniereba bunebisa. Tu formalurad 

ganvixilavT, TviT uxeiro da ucabedi azric, rogoric ki 

adamians TavSi mouva, ufro maRla dgas bunebis nebismier nawarmoebze; 

radgan amisTana ucabed azrSi warmodgenilia goniseuloba 

da Tavisufleba. marTalia, Sinaarsis mixedviT, magaliTad, 

mze absoluturad aucilebel moments warmoadgens, maSin, roca 

mcdari azri an fantazia SemTxveviTia, warmavali da male qreba; 

magram TavisTvis aRebuli bunebis aseTi arseboba, rogoric aris 

mze, indiferentulia, ar aris Tavis TavSi Tavisufali da TviTcnobieri. 

mas ganvixilavT sxvasTan aucilebel kavSirSi da ara 

TavisTvis, ara rogorc mSveniers. 

227

aki zogadad aRvniSneT, rom goni da misi xelovnebis mSveniereba 

bunebriv mSvenierze ufro maRla dgas, es kidev ar niSnavs 

imas, rom Cven raime davadgineT, radgan `maRali~ Zalian gaunsaz- 

Rvreli gamoTqmaa; igi bunebrivsa da xelovnebis mSvenierebas 

jer mxolod warmodgenis sivrceSi asaxavs, erTmaneTis gverdiT 

mdgomad, maT Soris mxolod raodenobrivsa da amiT garegan gansxvavebas 

aRniSnavs. is garemoeba, rom goni da misi xelovnebis mSveniereba 

bunebaze ufro maRla dgas, marto SefardebiTi rodia, 

mxolod gonia WeSmariti, yvelafris Tavis TavSi Semcveli, ise 

rom yoveli mSvenieri mxolod maSin aris WeSmaritad mSvenieri, 

rodesac igi am umaRlesis moziarea da Seqmnilia misgan. am azriT, 

bunebrivi mSvenieri, rogorc arasrulqmnili, arasruli 

saxe [mSvenierebisa], romelic Tavisi substanciiT moTavsebulia 

TviT gonSi, vlindeba mxolod gonis kuTvnili mSvenieris ukufenis 

(refleqsiis) saxiT. garda amisa, Zalian bunebrivad migvaCnia, 

Cveni sagnis kazmuli xelovnebiT gansazRvra, radgan 

ramdenic ar unda ilaparakon bunebriv mSvenierebaze, _ xolo 

antikur epoqaSi masze ufro naklebs laparakobdnen, vidre Cvens 

epoqaSi, _ aqamde jer mainc aravis mosvlia azrad is, rom bunebriv 

saganTa mSvenierebis Tvalsazrisi sagangebod gamoecalkevebina 

da moeca mecniereba – am mSvenierebaTa erTgvari sistematuri 

dalageba. marTalia, xelmZRvanelobdnen sargeblianobis 

TvalsazrisiT da Seqmnes, magaliTad, daavadebaTa sawinaRmdego 

bunebrivi sagnebis mecniereba, materia medica, samkurnalod 

gamosadegi mineralebis, qimiuri produqtebis, mcenareebis, cxovelebis 

aRwera, magram mSvenierebis TvalsazrisiT aravis Seudarebia 

da aravis ganuxilavs bunebis samyaro. Cven vgrZnobT, 

rom warmodgenebi bunebriv mSvenierebaze Zalian gaurkvevelia 

da saamiso kriteriumic ar gagvaCnia; amis gamo saganTa aseTi Sedareba 

da Sepirispireba Zalian naklebad sainteresoa. 

am winaswarma SeniSvnebma bunebriv da xelovnebis mSvenierebaze, 

maT urTierTobaze, da pirvelis gamoricxvam Cveni sagangebo 

sagnis sferodan, Tavidan unda agvaSoros is warmodgena, 

TiTqos Cveni mecnierebis gansazRvra mxolod TviTnebobisa 

da Jinianobis Sedegi iyos. magram am urTierTobis dasabuTebas 

aq ar SevudgebiT. misi gansja-ganxilva unda moxdes TviT Cveni 

mecnierebis farglebs SigniT. amitom mas dawvrilebiT avxsniT, 

ganvmartavT da davamtkicebT ufro mogvianebiT. 

228

IV. dayofa 

calkeul xelovnebaTa sistema 

y) bolos, rac Seexeba xelovnebis romantikuli formis mesame, 

yvelaze ufro goniseul gamosaxvas, igi poeziaSi unda veZeboT. 

misi damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba im ZalaSia, romliTac is gonsa 

da mis warmodgenebs umorCilebs grZnobad elements, risganac 

xelovnebis ganTavisufleba jer kidev musikam da ferweram wamoiwyo, 

radgan bgera, poeziis ukanaskneli garegani masala, masSi 

aRar aris is mbgeravi SegrZneba, aramed TavisTavad umniSvnelo 

niSani, isic Tavis TavSi konkretulad qceuli warmodgenisa, da 

ara marto ganusazRvreli SegrZnebisa, misi niuansebisa da gradaciebisa. 

bgera amis wyalobiT iqceva sityvad, Tavis TavSi danawevrebul 

bgerad, romlis daniSnulebaa warmodgenebisa da azrebis 

aRniSvna, radgan uaryofiTi wertili, sanamdec musika mivida, 

axla gamodis rogorc dasrulebuli konkretuli wertili, gonis 

wertili, TviTcnobieri individuumi, warmodgenis dausrulebel 

sivrces Tavisi Tavidan bgeris drosTan rom akavSirebs. magram 

musikaSi SegrZnebasTan, Sinagan sulier cxovrebasTan jer 

kidev uSualod erTiani grZnobadi elementi aq cnobierebis Sinaarsisagan 

gamoTiSulia, maSin roca goni am Sinaarss TavisTvis 

da Tavis TavSi warmodgenad gansazRvravs, ris gamosaxatavadac 

is, marTalia, bgeras iyenebs, magram rogorc mxolod TavisTavad 

Rirebulebasa da Sinaarssmoklebul niSans. amis mixedviT bgera 

SeiZleba ubralo asoc ki iyos, radgan CamoqveiTebulia rogorc 

smenadi, ise xilvadi gonis ubralo miniSnebamde. amitom poeturi 

gamosaxvis gansakuTrebuli elementia poeturi warmodgena 

da TviT goniTi mWvreteloba, da radgan es elementi xelovnebis 

yvela formisaTvis saerToa, amitom poezia yvela am formas 

gasdevs da maTSi damoukideblad viTardeba. poezia zogadi, 

sayovelTao xelovnebaa Tavis TavSi ganTavisuflebuli, Tavis 

sarealizaciod garegan grZnobad masalasTan daukavSirebeli 

gonisa, romelic warmodgenebisa da grZnobebis mxolod Sinagan 

sivrcesa da Sinagan droSi moqmedebs. magram swored am umaRles 

safexurze xelovneba ukve Tavis Tavzec maRla dgeba, radgan aq 

igi gonis Serigebuli grZnobadi TvalsaCinoebis, Serigebuli 

grZnobadi xorcSesxmis stiqias tovebs da warmodgenaTa poeziidan 

azrovnebis prozaSi gadadis. 

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230 

xelovnebis mSvenieri idea, anu ideali 

mesame Tavi 

II. moqmedeba 

2. situacia 

c. kolizia 

situaciis seriozuloba da mniSvneloba mis gansakuTrebulobaSi 

pirvelad SeiZleba daiwyos iq, sadac garkveuloba Tavs 

iCens raime arsebiT gansxvavebad da, sxvis mimarT dapirispirebaSi 

myofi, kolizias daamyarebs. 

kolizias am mimarTebiT Tavisi safuZveli erTgvar darRvevaSi 

aqvs, rac ar SeiZleba darRvevad darCes da unda moixsnas; 

igi uimisodac harmoniuli mdgomareobis Secvlaa, rac kvlav 

unda Seicvalos. magram arc koliziaa jer kidev moqmedeba, is 

mxolod sawyisebsa da wanamZRvrebs Seicavs raRac moqmedebisaTvis, 

da amiT, rogorc moqmedebis SiSveli sababi, situaciis xasiaTs 

inarCunebs. Tumca dapirispirebac, romelSiac kolizia gaiSala, 

SeiZleba romelime adrindeli moqmedebis Sedegi iyos. rogorc, 

magaliTad, Zveli [berZeni tragikosebis] trilogiebi gagrZelebebia 

im azriT, rom erTi dramatuli nawarmoebis bolodan gamomdinareobs 

kolizia meore nawarmoebisaTvis, xolo es kolizia 

Tavis gadaWras moiTxovs mesame nawarmoebSi. radganac kolizia 

saerTod saWiroebs gadawyvetas, rac dapirispirebaTa brZolas 

mosdevs, amitom koliziebiT savse situacia upiratesad dramatuli 

xelovnebis sagans Seadgens; dramatul xelovnebas ki SeuZlia 

mSvenieri mis usrulyofilessa da uRrmes ganviTarebaSi 

gamoxatos, maSin, rodesac, magaliTad, skulpturas ar ZaluZs 

srulad gaaformos iseTi moqmedeba, rodesac diadi sulieri 

Zalebis ganxeTqileba da Serigeba iCens Tavs, is ki ara da, TviT 

ferwerasac, miuxedavad misi farTo asparezisa, moqmedebis mxolod 

erTi momentis Cveneba SeuZlia mudam. 

magram am seriozul situaciebs Tan sdevs Taviseburi siZnele, 

rac Camarxulia TviT maTsave cnebaSi. saxeldobr, isini damyarebuli 

arian qveynis mdgomareobis harmoniis darRvevaze 

da iseT urTierTobebs qmnian, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT ganagr- 

Zon arseboba ise, rogorc arian da maT gardaqmnel daxmarebas 

aucilebels xdian. magram idealis mSveniereba swored mis aum-

Rvrevel erTianobasa, simSvidesa da srulqmnilebaSia. kolizia 

ki, piriqiT, arRvevs WeSmaritad namdvilisa da zneobrivis am 

harmonias da Tavis TavSi erTiani ideali mohyavs disonansisa da 

dapirispirebis [mdgomareobaSi]. amitom aseTi darRvevis gamo 

TviTon idealic ziandeba da xelovnebis amocana aq mxolod imiT 

gamoixateba, rom, erTi mxriv, am gansxvavebaSi Tavisufali mSveniereba 

mainc ar daiRupos, meore mxriv ki, es gaoreba da brZola 

ise gaataros, rom konfliqtis gadawyvetis Sedegad harmonia miviRoT, 

da, amrigad, es harmonia Tavisi srulqmnili arsebobiT 

gamomJRavndes. xolo ra sazRvramde SeiZleba mivides disonansi, 

amaze araviTari zogadi gansazRvrebis dadgena ar SeiZleba, radgan 

yoveli calke xelovneba am mimarTebiT Tavis gansakuTrebul 

xasiaTs emorCileba. Sinagan warmodgenas, magaliTad, ufro meti 

dafleTilobis gadatana SeuZlia, vidre uSualo Wvretas. amitom 

poezias ufleba aqvs Sinagan mdgomareobaTa gamoxatvis dros 

sasowarkveTileba ukidures tanjva-wamebamde miiyvanos, xolo 

garegan mdgomareobaTa gamoxatvisas – saZaglobasa da umsgavsobamde. 

magram saxviT xelovnebaSi – ferweraSi, mxatvrobaSi da 

miT ufro skulpturaSi garegani saxe mtkiced da mudmivad dgas 

ise, rom ar moixsneba, ar hqreba kvlavad anda ar gaielvebs Cvens 

Tvalwin ucbad, raTa imave wuTs iseve gahqres musikis bgerebiviT, 

didi Secdoma iqneboda aq sazizRaris fiqsireba, Tu is Tavis 

gadawyvetas ver hpovebs. amitom saxviT xelovnebaTaTvis yvelaferi 

is rodia nebadarTuli, ris uflebac dramatul poezias 

aqvs, ramdenadac dramatuli poezia mxolod erTi wuTiT gamoavlens 

da kvlav gaaqrobs. 

axla rac Seexeba koliziis ufro uaxloes saxeebs, aq kvlv 

uzogadesi Tvalsazrisebi SeiZleba aRvniSnoT. am mimarTebiT 

sami mTavari mxare unda ganvixiloT: 

pirveli, koliziebi, romlebic wminda fizikuri, bunebrivi 

mdgomareobebidan gamomdinareoben, ramdenadac TviT isini 

uaryofiTi, cudi da amitom xelSemSleli ram arian. 

meore, gonismieri koliziebi, romlebic damyarebulia 

bunebriv, fizikur safuZvlebze; Tumca es safuZvlebi Tavis 

TavSi dadebiTia, magram gonisaTvis mainc gansxvavebaTa da dapirispirebaTa 

SesaZleblobas atareben. 

mesame, ganxeTqilebani, romelnic TavianT safuZvels goniseul 

gansxvavebebSi hpoveben da pirvelad ufleba aqvT gamovidnen 

WeSmaritad saintereso dapirispirebebis saxiT mxolod 

imdenad, ramdenadac isini adamianis sakuTari qmedebidan gamodian. 

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232 

3. moqmedeba 

c. xasiaTi 

Cven amovdiodiT moqmedebis sayovelTao, substancialuri 

Zalebidan. isini TavianTi moRvaweobisa da ganamdvilebisaTvis 

saWiroeben adamianur individualobas, romelSiac isini vlindebian 

mamoZravebeli paTosis saxiT. magram im ZalTa zogadsayovelTaoba 

kerZo individebSi totalobad da erTeulobad unda 

Seikras. es totaloba aris adamiani Tavis konkretul goniseulobasa 

da subieqturobaSi, adamianuri, Tavis TavSi totaluri 

individualoba, rogorc xasiaTi. RmerTebi adamianis paTosad 

iqcevian, da paTosi konkretul moqmedebaSi adamianis xasiaTia. 

amis meoxebiT xasiaTi xelovnebis idealuri gamosaxvis namdvil 

sulsa da guls warmoadgens, ramdenadac igi aqamde ganxilul 

mxareebs Tavis TavSi aerTianebs Tavisi sakuTari totalobis 

momentebis saxiT. vinaidan idea, rogorc ideali, e. i. grZnobadi 

warmodgenisa da mWvretelobisaTvis gaformebuli da Tavis moRvaweobaSi 

moqmedi da Tavisi Tavis aRmsrulebeli, Tavis garkveulobaSi 

Tavis Tavze mimarTuli subieqturi erTeulobaa, magram 

WeSmaritad Tavisufalma erTeulobam, rogorc amas ideali 

moiTxovs, Tavi unda gvaCvenos ara marto rogorc zogadobam, 

aramed amdenadve rogorc konkretulma gansakuTrebulobam, er- 

Tianma gaSualebam da am mxareTa gamsWvalvam, TviT TavisTvis rom 

arsebobs erTianobis saxiT. es Seadgens totalobas [mTlianobas] 

xasiaTisas, romlis ideali Tavis TavSi Tavis Tavis gamaerTianebeli 

subieqturobis mdidar simZlavreSi mdgomareobs. 

am mimarTebiT xasiaTi sami mxriT gvaqvs gansaxilveli. 

pirveli, rogorc totaluri [mTliani] individualoba, xasia- 

Tis simdidre Tavis TavSi. 

meore, xolo es totaloba [mTlianoba] amave dros unda gamovlindes 

gansakuTrebulobad da amitom xasiaTic unda gamovlindes 

garkveuli xasiaTis saxiT. 

mesamec, xasiaTi, Tavis TavSi erTianis saxiT, uerTdeba am 

garkveulobas rogorc Tavis Tavs, Tavis subieqtur TavisTvis 

yofnaSi da misi saSualebiT man unda ganaxorcielos Tavis Tavi, 

rogorc Tavis TavSi mtkice myari xasiaTi. 

axla Cven gvsurs azris es abstraqtuli gansazRvrebani ganvmartoT 

da warmodgenas davuaxlovoT. 

a) paTosi, gaiSleba ra sruli individualobis fargleb- 

Si, amis gamo Tavis garkveulobaSi vlindeba ukve ara rogorc 

gamosaxvis mTliani da erTaderTi interesi, aramed igi moqmedi

xasiaTis TviT mxolod erT, Tumca erT mTavar mxared gadaiqceva. 

vinaidan adamiani Tavis TavSi, paTosis saxiT atarebs ara marto 

erT RmerTs, aramed adamianis suli didia da vrceli, WeSmarit 

adamians mravali RmerTi ekuTvnis da igi Tavis gulSi aTavsebs 

yvela im Zalas, RmerTebis wreSi rom gabneula. mTeli olimpi 

Tavmoyrilia mis mkerdSi. am azriT Tqva erTma Zvelma (berZenma): 

`Seni vnebebidan Sen Sehqmen SenTvis RmerTebi, hoi, adamiano!~ 

marTlac, sinamdvileSi rac ufro ganaTlebuli, kulturuli 

xdebodnen berZnebi, miT ufro meti RmerTi hyavdaT; maTi adrindeli 

RmerTebi ki ufro Clungebad da yeyeCebad gamoiyurebodnen 

da ara individualobad da garkveulobad Camoyalibebul 

RmerTebad. 

amitom xasiaTi aseT simdidreSic unda gamomJRavndes. swored 

is aris xasiaTSi saintereso, rom aseTi totaloba [mTlianoba] 

mJRavndeba da am savseobaSi is mainc Tavis TavTan, Tavis TavSi 

dasrulebul subieqtad rCeba. Tu xasiaTi am damrgvalebasa da 

subieqturobaSi ar gamoixateba da abstraqtulad migdebulia 

mxolod erTaderTi vnebis amara, maSin igi Tavis TavSi ararsebulad 

anu ugunurad, gadareulad, sustad da uRonod gvevlineba. 

radgan individebis sisuste da uZlureba swored is aris, rom im 

maradiul ZalTa Sinaarsi maTSi ar vlindeba maT usakuTres Tvi- 

Tobad, predikatebad, romlebic mas, rogorc am predikatebis 

subieqts, axasiaTebs. 

homerosTan, magaliTad, yoveli gmiri Tvisebasa da xasiaTis 

niSanTa mTeli cocxali sisavsea. aqilevsi yvelaze ufro axalgazrda 

gmiria, magram mis axalgazrdul Zalas ar aklia arc erTi 

sxva namdvili adamianuri Tviseba, da homerosi am mravalmxrivobas 

sxvadasxvanair situaciaSi gadagviSlis. aqilevss uyvars 

Tavisi deda Tetida, igi tiris brizeides gulisTvis, rodesac 

mas mowyveten da Selaxuri Tavmoyvareoba aiZulebs waeCxubos 

agamemnons, rac ìliadaSi~ yvela danarCeni ambis gamosaval 

wertils Seadgens. amasTan igi patroklesa da antiloqes uerTgulesi 

megobaria; amave dros igi Zal-RoniT savse, cecxliviT 

mgznebare axalgazrdaa, fexmardi, mamaci, moxucebulTa winaSe 

Rrma pativiscemiT aRsavse; erTguli foniqsi, ndobiT aRWurvili 

erTguli msaxuri, mis ferxTiT imyofeba, patrokles dasaflavebaze 

moxuc nestors man didi pativi sca. magram amave dros 

aqilevsi mtris mimarT gulficxia, aborgebuli, zviadi, SurismaZiebeli 

da umkacresi, daundobeli, saSinelebiT savse, rodesac 

igi moklul heqtors Tavis etls gamoabams da gvams troas 

kedlebs irgvliv samjer TreviT Semoatarebs; magram mainc molbeba, 

rodesac moxuci priamosi mis karavSi midis, mas am dros 

233

Tavis saxlSi datovebuli moxuci mama gaaxsendeba da motiral 

mefes gauwvdis im xels, romliTac Svili moukla. aqilevsze 

SeiZleba iTqvas: es adamiania! keTilSobili adamianuri bunebis 

mravalmxrivoba mTeli Tavisi simdidriT am erT individuumSi 

iSleba da viTardeba. aseve iTqmis homerosis yvela danarCeni 

gmiris mimarTac; odisevsi, diomide, aiaqsi, agamemnoni, heqtori, 

andromaqe, _ TiToeuli maTgani mTeli damoukidebeli, TavisTavadi 

samyaroa, TiToeuli maTgani sruli, cocxali adamiania da 

ara mxolod xasiaTis romeliRac erTi calkeuli Tvisebis ra- 

Rac alegoriuli abstraqcia. ra SiSveli, fermkrTali, Tumca ki 

Zlieri individualobani arian maTTan SedarebiT rqovani zigfridi, 

truaeli hageni da TviT folkeric, musikosi. 

mxolod aseTi mravalmxrivoba aniWebs xasiaTs cocxal interess. 

magram es sisavse amasTanave erT subieqtad Sekruli unda 

mogvevlinos, da ara rogorc gabneuloba, ybedoba da mxolod 

SiSveli, mravalmxrivi agznebuloba, _ ise rogorc bavSvebi, 

magaliTad, yvelafers xels hkideben, erTi wuTiT dainteresdebian 

da raRac saTamaSo saqmes gaiCenen, _ magram mainc uxasiaToni 

arian, _ piriqiT, xasiaTi adamianis sulis usxvadasxvanaires 

TvisebebSi unda SeiWras, maTSi unda imyofebodes, Tavisi Tviseba 

am TvisebebiT unda aavsos da imave dros ar unda SeCerdes, 

aramed interesebis, miznebis, Taviseburebebis, xasiaTis Tvisebebis 

am mTlianobaSi Tavis TavSi koncentrirebuli da mdgradi 

subieqturoba unda daicvas. 

aseTi mTliani xasiaTebis gamosaxatavad yvelaze ufro Sesaferia 

epikuri poezia, ufro naklebad – dramatuli da lirikuli. 

b) magram am mTlianobazec, rogorc aseTze, xelovnebas jer 

kidev ar SeuZlia SeCerdes. radgan saqme gvaqvs idealTan mis 

garkveulobaSi, amis gamo maSinve ibadeba xasiaTis gansakuTrebulobis 

da individualizebis moTxovnileba. moqmedeba gansakuTrebiT 

mis konfliqtsa da reaqciaSi ayenebs saxis SezRudulobisa 

da garkveulobis pretenzias. amitomac dramatuli 

gmi-rebi metwilad ufro martivni arian Tavis TavSi, vidre epikuri 

saxeebi. ufro mtkice garkveuloba imiTi miiReba, rom gansakuTrebuli 

paTosi xasiaTis arsebiT da TvalsaCino, mniSvnelovan 

Tvisebad iqceva, garkveuli miznebis, gadawyvetilebebisa da 

moqmedebebisaken rom mihyavs igi. Tu gamartiveba, SezRuduloba, 

gacalmxriveba imdenad Sors wava, rom individuumi gamocarieldeba 

da garkveuli paTosis, rogorc siyvarulis, pativis da a. S., 

mxolod SiSvel, Tavis TavSi abstraqtul formad iqceva, maSin 

amis gamo yovelgvari sicocxle da subieqturoba ikargeba da 

gamosaxva, romelSiac xasiaTis mxolod es mxare aris win wamoweu- 

234

li, iqceva, rogorc es frangebTan xSirad xdeba, SiSvel da Rarib 

gamosaxvad. amitom xasiaTis gansakuTrebulobaSi, Tumca, marTalia, 

erTi mTavari gabatonebuli mxare unda gamovlindes, magram 

am garkveulobis farglebSi sruli cxovelmyofeloba da sisavse 

mainc ise unda iqnes daculi, rom individuums darCes asparezi, 

moZraobis SesaZlebloba, mravalmxriv gviCenos Tavisi Tavi, mimarTos 

sxvadasxva mxares, mravalgvar situaciebSi SeiWras da 

Tavis TavSi ganviTarebuli Sinagani cxovrebis mTeli simdidre 

mravalnair gamovlinebebSi gaSalos. amgvari cxovelmyofeloba, 

Tavis TavSi martivi paTosis miuxedavad, axasiaTebs sofokles 

tragikul saxeebs. TavianTi plastikuri damTavrebulobiT isini 

qandakebebs SeiZleba SevadaroT. radgan skulpturasac, Tumca 

igi gansazRvrulia, mainc SeuZlia gamoxatos xasiaTis mravalmxrivoba. 

marTalia, skulptura, winaaRmdeg mZafri vnebisa, mTeli 

Tavisi Zal-RoniT mxolod erT wertils rom eZgereba xolme, 

Tavis wynar mdumarebaSi Zlier neitralitets gamoxatavs da 

Tavis TavSi mSvidad Seicavs yvela Zalas, magram es aumRvreveli 

erTianoba mainc ar Cerdeba abstraqtul garkveulobaze, aramed 

winaswar gvagrZnobinebs mis simSveniereSi amave dros sxva yvelafris 

dabadebis adgils, rogorc uSualo SesaZleblobas, raTa 

usxvadasxvanaires urTierTobebSi gadavides. Cven skulpturis 

nmdvil saxeebSi vxedavT mSvid siRrmes, romelic SesaZleblobas 

Seicavs Tavis TavSi Tavis Tavidan yvela Zala ganaxorcielos. xasiaTis 

Sinagani mravalmxrivoba skulpturaze metad moeTxoveba 

ferweras, musikas da poezias, yoveli drois namdvili xelovanni 

asec iqceodnen. magaliTad, Seqspiris `romeo da julietaSi~ romeos 

mTavari paTosia siyvaruli; magram Cven mas mainc vxedavT 

mSoblebTan, megobrebTan, paJTan mravalmxriv urTierTobaSi; 

Tavisi pativmoyvareobis dasacavad tibalts waeCxubeba da orTa 

brZolaSi iwvevs. Cven vxedavT, Tu rogori mowiwebiT da ndobiT 

epyroba ber-monazons, da TviT samaris pirsac ki saubars gaubams 

im meafTiaqes, romlisganac momakvdinebel Sxams yidulobs, 

mas mudam Rirseulad, keTilSobilurad uWiravs Tavi, magram 

gamsWvalulia Rrma grZnobiT. aseve julietasac mravalnairi 

urTierToba aqvs dedasTan, mamasTan, ZiZasTan, graf parisTan, 

paterTan; da mainc igi Tanabrad aris Cafluli rogorc Tavis 

TavSi, aseve yvela sxva situaciaSic da mTeli misi xasiaTi erTi 

grZnobiT, sasiyvarulo vnebiT aris gamsWvaluli da asuldgmulebuli; 

misi siyvaruli iseTi Rrmaa da vrceli, rogorc usaz- 

Rvroa zRva, ase rom, julietas ufleba aqvs Tqvas: ramdenadac 

mets gavcem, imdenadve ufro meti maqvs me: orive masTan usazRvroa. 

amitom Tumca aq gamoxatulia mxolod erTi paTosi, magram 

235

is mainc unda gaiSalos da ganviTardes Tavis simdidred Tavis 

TavSi. es SemTxveva arsebobs TviT lirikaSic ki, sadac paTosi 

ar SeiZleba iqces moqmedebad konkretul pirobebSi. TviT aqac 

paTosi unda gamovlindes sruliad ganviTarebuli sulis Sinagani 

mdgomareobis saxiT, romelsac SeuZlia garemoebaTa da 

situaciaTa yoveli mxriT gamomJRavndes. cocxali enamWevroba, 

fantazia, yvelafers rom exeba, warsuls awmyoSi gadmoitans, 

da icis Sinagani cxovrebis simboluri gamoTqmisaTvis mTeli 

garegani garemos gamoyeneba, ar eSinia Rrma obieqturi azrebisa 

da am ukanasknelTa gadmocemaSi gvauwyebs SormWvretel, yovlismomcvel, 

naTel, Rirseul, keTilSobil gons; es simdidre 

xasiaTisa, Tavis Sinagan samyaros rom gamoTqvams, arc lirikaSi 

aris uadgilo da mas iq samarTlianad SeiZleba hqondes adgili. 

gansjis TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli aseTi mravalmxrivoba erTi 

romelime gabatonebuli garkveulobis farglebSi SeiZleba ara- 

Tanamimdevrulad mogveCenos. aqilevsi, magaliTad, Tavis keTil- 

Sobilur gmirul xasiaTTan erTad, romlis mSvenieri axalgazrduli 

Zala ZiriTad Tvisebas Seadgens, mamisa da megobris mimarT 

gulCvilia; rogorRa SeiZleba, ismeba kiTxva, rom man saSineli 

SurisZiebiT Sepyrlbilma galavnis irgvliv TreviT Semoatara 

heqtori. msgavsi araTanamimdevrobis arian agreTve Seqspiris 

briyvi masxarebi, TiTqmis mudam gonebamaxvilni da genialuri 

iumoriT aRsavseni. da ai, SeiZleba Tqvas kacma: rogor midian 

es Wkuamaxvili individebi iqamde, rom ase briyvulad iqcevian. 

saxeldobr, gansjas surs abstraqtulad xasiaTis mxolod erTi 

mxare gamohyos, amoswios da mTeli adamianis erTaderT wesad aqcios. 

is, rac calmxrivobis gabatonebis winaaRmdeg gamodis, gansjas 

ubralo calmxrivobad warmoudgenia. magram Tavis TavSi 

mTlianis da miT cocxalis gonivrulobisaTvis es araTanmimdevroba 

warmoadgens swored Tanmimdevrobas da Tanxmobas. radgan 

adamianic swored es aris. mravlis winaaRmdegobas ara Tu Tavis 

TavSi atarebs, aramed gadaaqvs kidevac da masSi Tavis Tavis Tanabari 

da erTguli rCeba. 

y) magram amitom xasiaTma Tavisi gansakuTrebuloba Tavis 

subieqturobas unda SeuerTos, igi unda iyos garkveuli saxe, 

da am garkveulobaSi unda hqondes mudam Tavisi Tavis erTguli 

erTiani paTosis Zala da simagre. Tu amgvarad adamiani Tavis 

TavSi erTiani ar aris, maSin mravalgvarobis sxvadasxva mxare 

Seugneblad da uazrod iSleba. Tavis TavTan erTianobaSi yofna 

Seadgens swored xelovnebaSi individualobis usazRvroebasa da 

RvTaebriobas. am mxriv, simagre, simtkice, Seupovroba, gabeduleba 

mniSvnelovan gansazRvrebas gvaZlevs xasiaTis idealuri 

236

gamosaxvisaTvis. igi iqidan warmosdgeba, rogorc zemoT ukve 

SevexeT, rom ZalTa zogadoba individuumis gansakuTrebulobiT 

ganimsWvaleba da am gaerTianebaSi Tavis TavSi erTian, Tavisi 

Tavisadmi mimarTul subieqturobad da calkeulobad, erTeulobad 

iqceva. 

magram am moTxovnasTan erTad Cven unrda gamovideT gansakuTrebiT 

uaxlesi xelovnebis mravali movlenis winaaRmdeg. 

kornelis `sidSi~, magaliTad, siyvarulisa da pativis kolizia 

brwyinvale partiaa. cxadia, rom Tavis TavSi aseT gansxvavebul 

paToss SeuZlia konfliqtamde misvla; magram roca es 

paTosi Sinagani brZolis saxiT gadatanilia erTsa da imave xasiaTSi, 

maSin, marTalia, es brwyinvale ritorikisa da efeqtiani 

monologebis sababsa da SemTxvevas iZleva, mainc xasiaTis jansaR 

simtkicesa da Tavis TavSi erTianobas ewinaaRmdegeba erTi da imave 

sulis gaoreba, rac pativRirsebis abstraqciidan siyvarulis 

abstraqcias awydeba da piruku. 

aseve ewinaaRmdegeba individualur simtkices, rodesac mTavari 

piri, romelSic ama Tu im paTosis Zala iZvris da moqmedebs, 

daqvemdebarebuli figurisagan rCeva-darigebas iRebs, gaerkveva, 

dahyveba TaTbirs da Semdeg SesaZlebloba eZleva, danaSauli 

Tavidan moixsnas da sxvas gadaabralos. rogorc, magaliTad, rasinis 

fedra enonesagan rCeva-darigebas miiRebs da mis TaTbirs 

dahyveba. namdvili xasiaTi TviT moqmedebs da sxvas uflebas ar 

miscems mis sulSi SeiWras, mis magier ifiqros da gadawyvetileba 

miiRos. magram Tu is sakuTari nebiT moqmedebda, maSin Cadenil 

danaSaulsac TviTon kisrulobs da TviTonve agebs masze pasuxs. 

xasiTis meryeobis, usayrdenobis meore saxe gansakuTrebiT 

axal germanul nawarmoebebSi Camoyalibda mgrZnobiarobis Sinagan 

sisusted [sentimentalobad], rac sakmaod didxans batonobda 

germaniaSi. yvelaze ufro maxlobel da SesaniSnav magaliTad 

unda moviyvanoT verTeri, mTlad daavadebuli xasiaTi; romelsac 

ar Seswevs Zala Tavisi siyvarulis Jinianobaze ufro maRla 

dadges. magram is, rac mas sainteresos xdis, aris vnebianoba da 

grZnobaTa simSveniere, bunebasTan mWidro kavSiris grZnoba, 

gancdaTa sifaqize da lmobieri suli. da Semdeg, rodesac saku- 

Tari pirovnebis uSinaarso subieqturobaSi Cafloba, CaRrmaveba 

ufro da ufro gaizarda, am sisustem, sirbilem kidev sxva 

mravalnairi forma miiRo. iakobis mier mis `voldemarSi~ mocemuli 

simSveniere sulisa amasve unda mieweros, am romanSi mTeli 

zomiT iCens Tavs iseTi warmodgena sakuTar Tavze, TiTqos [gmiri] 

didebuli sulisa iyos; amiT igi Tavs ityuebs da Tvalebs ixvevs 

sakuTari saTnoebisa da upiratesobis Sesaxeb. es aris aRmatebuleba 

237

da RvTaebrioba iseTi sulisa, sinamdvilesTan yovelmxriv mcdar 

urTierTobaSi rom imyofeba da Tavis Tavsve umalavs sakuTar 

sisustes im mxriv, rom ar SeuZlia aitanos da gadaamuSaos arsebuli 

qveynis namdvili Sinaarsi im warCinebulobisa da gvariSvilobis 

gamo, romliTac igi yvelafers, viTarca uRirss, xels hkravs. 

aseTi mSvenieri suli Ria ar aris TviT WeSmariti zneobrivi interesebisa 

da cxovrebis jansaRi miznebisaTvis, sakuTar Tavs 

sakuTar qselSive axvevs, cxovrobs da moZraobs mxolod saku- 

Tar subieqtur religiur da moralur gamonagonebSi. am Sinagan 

enTuziazms, aRtacebas sakuTari araCveulebrivi warCinebulobis, 

upiratesobis gamo, romliTac ase amayobs da ibRinZeba isev 

sakuTari Tavis winaSe, emateba agreTve usazRvro mgrZnobiaroba 

yvela sxvis mimarT, vinc valdebulia es ganmartoebuli [oboli] 

mSveniereba yovel momentSi gamoicnos, gaigos, da Tayvani sces; 

da Tu sxvebi amas ver SesZleben, maSinve es suli mTeli siRrmiT 

aRSfoTdeba da usazRvro Seuracxyofas igrZnobs. maSin erTi 

xelis dakvriT mTeli misi adamianoba, yovelgvari megobroba, 

yovelgvari siyvaruli qreba. misi uunaroba – gadaitanos pedantizmi, 

wvrilmani umniSvnelo garemoebani da uxerxulobani, 

romelTac diadi da Zlieri xasiaTi mSvidad da uzianod Cauvlis 

xolme, _ yovelgvar warmodgenas sWarbobs da swored yvelaze 

ufro arsebiTad umniSvnelo ram garemoeba aseT suls udides sasowarkveTilebaSi 

agdebs. maSin dardsa da naRvels, sevdas, Wmunvas, 

mowyenilobas, cud gunebas, Seuracxyofis grZnobas, melanqolias, 

sakuTari ubedurebis grZnobas bolo ar eReba; aqedan 

warmosdgeba mtanjveli fiqrebiT gawameba Tavis Tavisa da sxvisa, 

SfoTi, borgva, krunCxva da sulis TviT simkacre da ulmobelobac, 

romelSiac am mSvenieri sulis Sinagani gancdebis mTeli 

ubedureba, sacodaoba da sisuste savsebiT mJRavndeba. sulis 

aseTma ucnaurobam ar SeiZleba guli miizidos, radgan namdvil 

xasiaTs is Sehferis, rom raime namdvilis dapyrobis survili, 

gambedaoba da Zala Seswevdes. interesi iseTi subieqtebisadmi, 

mudam mxolod Tavis Tavs rom dastrialeben, fuWi interesia, ra 

didi warmodgenac ar unda hqondeT maT sakuTar Tavze, rom isini 

yvelaze ufro maRali da uwmindesi arsebani arian, rom maTi 

sulis uSinaganes fenebSi dafarulia RvTaebrivi – maT saSinao 

tansacmelSi daudevrad gamovlenili. 

xasiaTis Sinagani substancialuri safuZvlianobis es uqonloba 

sul sxva saxiTac im mxriv Camoyalibda, rom sulis is ucnauri, 

maRali da mSvenieri Tvisebebi hipostazirebulia sul 

ukuRmarTad da gagebulia damoukidebel Zalebad. amas ekuTvnian 

magiuri, magnituri, demonuri movlenebi, naTelxilvis moCvene- 

238

ani, ZilSi xetiali, mTvareuli da a. S. cocxali individuumi, 

romelzec amtkiceben, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobda, am Savbneli 

Zalebis mimarT iseT urTierTobaSi hyveba, rom, erTi mxriv, isini 

[es Zalebi] TviT masSi arian, meore mxriv ki, misi Sinagani samyarosaTvis 

sul ucxo da miRmur Zalebs warmoadgenen, romlebic 

gansazRvraven da warmarTaven mis Sinagan cxovrebas. am ucnob 

ZalebSia TiTqos amouSifravi raRac saSinelebis WeSmariteba, 

romlis wvdoma da gagneba SeuZlebeliao. magram xelovnebis 

samyarodan swored bneli Zalebi unda ganidevnos, radgan xelovnebaSi 

araferia bneli, piriqiT, masSi yvelaferi naTelia da 

gamWvirvale, xolo es zexiluli, Cveni Tvalisa da gonebisaTvis 

miuwvdomeli Zalebi ki mxolod sulis avadmyofobas uwyoben 

xels da poezias bundovans, nislovans, cariels, fuWsa da amaos 

xdian, ris magaliTebsac iZlevian hofmani da hainrix fon klaisti 

Tavis `princ homburgelSi~. WeSmaritad idealur xasiaTs Tavis 

Sinaarsad da paTosad araviTari miRmuri, saiqio da moCvene-biseuli 

ara aqvs, mas namdvili interesebi amoZravebs, raSic igi sakuTar 

Tavs poulobs. gansakuTrebiT naTelxilva uaxloes poeziaSi 

Zalian trivialuri da Cveulebrivi gaxda. piriqiT, rodesac Sileris 

`vilhelm telSi~ moxuci atinghauzeni sikvdilis wuTebSi 

Tavisi samSoblos bed-iRbals iuwyeba, aq es winaswarmetyveleba 

naxmaria marTebulad. magram xasiaTis sijansaRis gadacvla sulis 

avadmyofobaze koliziis Sesaqmnelad da interesis gamosawvevad, 

mudam ubedurebiT, marcxiT damTavrdeba; amitom TviT 

SeSlilobac mxolod didi sifrTxiliT aris gamosayenebeli. 

amgvar gamrudebebs, xasiaTis erTianobasa da simtkices rom 

upirspirdebian, SegviZlia uaxlesi ironiis principic davur- 

ToT. am yalbma Teoriam poetebi imiT Seacdina, rom xasiaTebSi 

gauerTianebeli, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi Seitanes, 

ase rom, TiToeuli xasiaTi TviTve angrevs da anadgurebs 

Tavis Tavs, rogorc xasiaTs. Tu romelime individuumi Tavidan 

kidevac gamodis garkveuli miswrafebiT, saerTod garkveulobiT, 

maSin igi swored Tavis sawinaaRmdegoSi unda gadavides da 

amis gamo xasiaTma araferi ar unda warmoadginos, gamoxatos, 

garda garkveulisa da Tavisi Tavis umniSvneloba-araraobisa. 

es ambavi ironiam xelovnebis gansakuTrebul da umaRles mwvervalad 

miiCnia, radgnac mayurebeli raime TavisTavad dadebiTma 

interesma ki ar unda Seipyroso, aramed masze maRla unda dadges, 

ise rogorc TviT ironia qveynad yvelaferze maRla da yvelafris 

iqiT dgaso. amave azriT undodaT aexsnaT Seqspiris xasia- 

Tebi. magaliTad, ledi makbeti mosiyvarule meuRle da metad sa- 

TuTi, uwyinari sulis qali iyoo, Tumca is azrebs mkvlelobaze 

239

ara marto farTo asparezs uTmobs, aramed sisruleSiac mohyavso. 

magram Seqspiri gamoirCeva swored miseuli xasiaTebis simedgriT, 

kategoriulobiTa da udrekobiT, TviT borotis mxolod 

formaluri sidiadisa da simtkicis gamoxatvis drosac ki. 

marTalia, hamleti gaubedavia, magram igi daeWvebulia ara imaSi, 

Tu ra unda gaakeTos, aramed imaSi, rogor unda Seasrulos. axla 

isini Seqspiris xasiaTebsac ki moCvenebiTsa xdian da fiqroben, 

TiTqos swored es araraoba-umniSvneloba da naxevruloba, 

meryeoba, yoymani, aqeT-iqiT rwevani, gauTavebeli mieT-moeTi 

iyos TavisTavad saintereso. magram ideali swored imiT gamoixateba, 

rom idea namdvilia da am sinamdviles adamiani sWirdeba 

subieqtis saxiT, rogorc Tavis TavSi mtkice erTiani ram. 

rac aq xelovnebaSi mtkice xasiaTis individualobaze vTqviT, 

esec kmara. aseT xasiaTSi mTavaria Tavis TavSi garkveuli, arsebiTi 

paTosi mdidari da savse mkerdisa, romlis Sinagan individualur 

qveyanas paTosi imgvarad gamsWvalavs, rom sulis Sinagani 

samyaros paTosiT ganmsWvaluloba, da ara marto paTosi, 

rogorc aseTi, Tavis gamoxatvas hpovebs. amdenadve paTosma 

adamianis mkerdSi ar unda daarRvios Tavisi Tavi imisaTvis, rom 

gamomJRavndes, rogorc Tavis TavSi araarsebiTi da umniSvnelo 

raRac. 

240 

III. idealis garegani garkveuloba 

C. xelovani 

2. gamosaxvis obieqturoba 

a. ubralo garegani obieqturoba 

sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebTi obieqturoba ase esmiT, rom 

mxatvrul nawarmoebSi yovelgvarma Sinaarsma ukve arsebuli 

sinamdvilis forma unda miiRos da am CvenTvis nacnob garegan 

saxeSi [formaSi] mogvevlinos. Cven rom aseTi obieqturobiT 

davkmayofilebuliyaviT, maSin SegveZlo kocebusaTvis obieqturi 

poeti gvewodebina, vinaidan masTan kvlav sruliad imave 

mdabio, bilw sinamdviles vnaxulobT, magram xelovnebis mizani 

swored is aris, rom yoveldRiuri cxovrebas rogorc Sinaarsi, 

aseve misi gamovlenis wesi Semoacalos, Camobertyos, da mxolod 

TavisTavad da TavisTvis gonivruli mxare, gonismieri moRvaweo-bis 

saSualebiT, Sinagani samyarodan mis WeSmarit garegan 

saxed [formad] gamoavlinos. amitom xelovanma mizanSi rodi unda

amoiRos maincdamainc mxolod es SiSveli garegani obieqturoba, 

Sinaarsis sruli substancia rom aklia. marTalia, SeiZleba 

obieqturobis, arsebulis aseT gagebas Tavis TavSi umaRlesi cxovelmyofeloba 

hqondes da, rogorc ukve adreve goeTes axalgazrdobis 

nawarmoebis zogierTi magaliTidan davinaxeT, igi 

Tavisi Sinagani gulwrfelobiT Zalianac gvizidavdes, magram Tu 

mas namdvili Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia, is mainc ver miaRwevs xelovnebis 

WeSmarit mSvenierebas. amitom xelovani ar unda gamoekidos 

iseT SiSvel garegan obieqturobas, Sinaarsis sruli substancia 

rom aklia. 

b. gaumJRavnebeli Sinagani samyaro 

amitom obieqturi gagebis meore saxe miznad ar isaxavs 

garegans, rogorc aseTs, aramed xelovani Tavis sagans eufleba 

sulis uRrmesi, uSinaganesi gancdiT. magram es Sinagani imdenad 

dafarulia, karCaketili da koncentrirebuli, rom mas ar SeuZlia 

cnobier sicxades da WeSmarit gaSla-ganviTarebas miaRwios. 

amitom paTosis mWevrmetyveleba marto imiT kmayofildeba, rom 

mimaxvedrebeli garegani movlenebiT, winaTgrZnobebiT savse 

niSnebiT miaxvedros mkiTxveli, Tumca Sinaarsis mTeli bunebis 

asaxsnelad saWiro Zala da ganaTleba [kultura] ar gaaCnia. gansakuTrebiT 

xalxuri simRerebi miekuTvneba gamosaxvis am wess. 

isini garegnulad martivad aniSneben [miaxvedreben] im farTo da 

Rrma grZnobaze, rac maT safuZvlad udevT, magram mainc ar SeuZliaT, 

naTlad gamoTqvan igi, vinaidan TviT xelovnebam aq jer 

kidev ver miaRwia ganaTlebas [kulturas] imdenad, rom man Tavisi 

Sinaarsi sruli gamWvirvalobiT gamoarCios, da mxolod imiT 

unda dakmayofildes, rom garegani niSnebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli 

gaxados, miaxvedros sulis winaTgrZnoba. guli Tavis Tavs 

Cahkvirvebia, Tavis TavSi momwyvdeula, SekumSula, da imisaTvis, 

rom sxva gulebisTvisac gasagebi gaxdes, aisaxeba mxolod sruliad 

bolovad garegan gremoebebsa da movlenebSi, romlebic, mar- 

Talia, sakmaod mWevrmetyvelni arian, Tu maT miecemaT Tundac 

sul susti miniSnebis xasiaTi sulsa da grZnobaze. goeTemac 

mogvca am saxis uaRresad Cinebuli simRerebi. `mecxvare-mwyemsis 

naRvliani simRera~, magaliTad, am saxis leqsTa Soris erT-erTi 

umSvenieresTagania; tkivilisa da sevda-kaeSnisagan gatexili 

suli, daunjebuli da guldaxuruli Tavis ambavs gvamcnobs wminda 

garegan saxeebSi da grZnobis koncentrirebuli siRrme maTSi 

mainc gamouqTmelad Zgers. `tyis mefesa~ da sxva mraval leqsSi 

gabatonebulia igive kilo, magram es kilo SeiZleba iseT Clung 

241

arbarosobamde CamoqveiTdes, romelic ar iZleva saSualebas, 

Seignos, cnobierhyos sagnisa da situaciis dedaarsi da mxolod 

yvelaze ufro bolovads, nawilobriv uxeS, nawilobriv ugemur 

garegnul niSnebs gamohkidebia. rogorc magaliTad, krebul `Des 

Knaben Wunderhorn-Si~ moTavsebul `medafdafeSi~ naTqvamia: ò, 

sarCobelav, maRalo saxlo~ an `mSvidobiT, batono kapralo~, 

romelTac friad amaRelvebel striqonebadac ki Tvlidnen. 

piriqiT, rodesac goeTe mReris: 

242 

Cemgan mokrefil Taiguls 

salmad mogiZRvni aTasjer! 

xSirad davxrilvar me misken, 

vin icis, ramden aTasjer, 

da mivixute igi guls 

mravaljer, asiaTasjer! 

iq Sinagani gulwrfeli grZnoba naCvenebia sruliad sxvagvarad, 

rac Cveni mWvretelobis winaSe araviTar trivialursa da 

Tavis Tavis sawinaaRmdegos ar ayenebs. magram, saerTod, obieqturobis 

mTel am saxeobas aklia namdvilad naTeli gamoxatva 

[warmoCena] grZnobisa da vnebisa, rac namdvil xelovnebaSi ar 

unda rCebodes im farul siRrmeSi, garegan niSnebSi gamovleniT 

rom odnav mogvagonebs, odnav exmaureba TavisTavs, aramed an 

unda TavisTvis TviTon gamomJRavndes, an naTlad da srulad 

unda gamosWviodes [gamobrwyindes] im garegan niSnebSi, romel- 

Sic igi aris gansaxierebuli. Sileri, magaliTad, Tavisi paTosiT 

mTel Tavis suls gamoxatavs, friad suls, sagnis arsebas rom Sesisxlxorcebia, 

SeTvisebia, da SeuZlia Tavisi sulis siRrmeebi 

amave dros yvelaze ufro Tavisuflad da brwyinvaled, sruli 

siuxviTa da keTilxmovanebiT gamoTqvas. 

c. WeSmariti obieqturoba 

am mimarTulebiT, idealis cnebis Tanaxmad, subieqturi 

gamoTqmis mxriv, WeSmariti obieqturoba aqac ise SegviZlia davadginoT, 

rom xelovanis STamagonebeli namdvili Sinaarsidan 

araferi ar unda darCes Sinagan subieqtur samyaroSi, mTeli es 

Sinaarsi savsebiT unda gaiSalos da ganviTardes im saxiT, romel- 

Sic amorCeuli Sinaarsis zogadi suli da substancia xazgasmiT 

iqneba naCvenebi imdenadve, ramdenadac misi individualuri 

gaformeba mTlianad warmosdgeba damTavrebulad da mTeli 

gamosaxvis mixedviT im sulisa da substanciisagan ganimsWvaleba. 

vinaidan udiadesi da usaCinoesi aris ara raRac gamouTqmeli, 

Torem am SemTxvevaSi poetis suli mis nawarmoebSi gauxsneli

darCeboda, Tavis TavSi ufro meti siRrmis mqone iqneboda, vidre 

amas misi nawarmoebi gamoxatavs, maSin rodesac sinamdvileSi 

xelovanis mier Seqmnili nawarmoebi aris is, rac masSi yvelaze 

ukeTesi da WeSmaritia; rasac gamoxatavs igi, TviTonac is aris, 

rac mxolod misi sulis siRrmeSi darCa dafaruli, igi ar aris is. 

3. manera. stili da originaloba 

magram ra Zlieradac ar unda moeTxovebodes xelovans obieqturoba, 

swored axlaxan aRniSnuli azriT, gamosaxva mainc misi 

STagonebis (aRmafrenis) nawarmoebia, vinaidan igi, rogorc 

subieqti, mTlianad gaerTianebulia saganTan da misi mxatvruli 

xorcSesxma, Tavisi sulisa da Tavisi fantaziis Sinagani cxovelmyofelobidan 

moaxdina. xelovanis subieqturobisa da 

gamosaxvis WeSmariti obieqturobis identoba mesame mTavari mxarea, 

romelic Cven jer kidev mokled unda ganvixiloT, ramdenadac 

masSi gaerTianebuli aRmoCndeba is, rac aqamde gancalkevebuli 

gvqonda rogorc genia da obieqturoba. es erTianoba 

SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rogorc namdvili originalobis cneba. 

magram sanam SvudgebodeT imis dadgenas, Tu ras Seicavs Tavis 

TavSi es cneba, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT kidev ori punqti, 

romelTa calmxrivoba unda moixsnas, Tu gvsurs, rom WeSmaritma 

originalobam SeZlos gamosvla. es aris subieqturi manera da 

stili. 

a. subieqturi manera 

rac Seexeba, upirveles yovlisa, SiSvel maneras, igi am mimarTebiT 

arsebiTad unda ganvasxvavoT originalobisagan. vinaidan 

manera exeba xelovanis mxolod kerZo da amis gamo SemTxveviT 

Taviseburebebs, ramdenadac isini, Tumica TviT sagnidan da maTi 

idealuri gamoxatvidan ar gamomdinareoben, magram mainc mxatvruli 

nawarmoebis Seqmnis dros iCenen xolme Tavs. 

a) maSin manera, sityvis amgvari gagebiT, exeba xelovnebis ara 

zogad saxeebs, TavisTavad da TavisTvis gamoxatvis gansxvavebul 

wess rom moiTxoven, rogorc, magaliTad, peizaJisti sagnebs 

ufro sxvagvarad iTvisebs, vidre istoriuli suraTebis mxatvari, 

poeti epikosi ufro sxvanairad, vidre lirikosi an dramaturgi; 

manera mxolod am subieqtis aTvisebis sakuTari wesia, 

sakuTari koncefcia da Sesrulebis SemTxveviTi Tavisebureba, 

rasac SeuZlia imdenad Sorsac ki wavides, rom idealis WeSmarit 

cnebasTan pirdapir winaaRmdegobaSi Cavardes. am mxriv ganxiluli 

manera is ucudesi saxea, romelsac SeiZleba gamoekidos 

243

xelovani, vinaidan igi masSi, imis magier, rom namdvil xelovnebas 

mieces, Tavs nebas aZlevs SeiWras subieqturobaSi, rogorc 

aseTSi, da miT Tavi SeizRudos, magram xelovneba moxsnis sazogadod 

rogorc Sinaarsis, aseve misi garegani gamovlenis SiSvel 

SemTxveviTobas, da amitom xelovans moTxovnasac wauyenebs, 

rom Tavisi subieqturi Taviseburebis kerZo SemTxveviTi niSnebi 

Tavis TavSi gaanadguros. 

b) amitomac meore, manera rodi upirispirebs Tavis Tavs WeSmarit 

mxatvrul gamosaxvas, aramed mxatvruli nawarmoebis mxolod 

garegan mxareebs ufro inarCunebs sakuTar sarbielad subieqturi 

gadmocemis wesis kerZo TaviseburebaTaTvis. amitom maneris 

es saxeoba ufro metad mxatvrobaSi [ferweraSi] da musikaSi 

ikidebs fexs, radgan xelovnebis es saxeobani aTvisebasa da Sesrulebas 

garegan mxareTa ufro farTo asparezs sTavazoben. 

Taviseburi, garkveuli mxatvrisa, misi mimdevrebisa da mowafeebisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebeli da xSir ganmeorebaTagan Cveulebad 

Camoyalibebuli gamoxatvis wesi qmnis maneras, romelmac or Semdgom 

mimarTulebaTagan SeiZleba erT-erTi miiRos. 

aa) pirveli mxare exeba aTvisebas. haeris toni, magaliTad, 

xis foTolTa ganlageba, naTelisa da Crdilis ganawileba, saer- 

Tod Seferilobis toni ferweraSi dauboloebel mravalferovnebas 

qmnis. amitom mxatvarTa nawarmoebebSic, gansakuTrebiT 

Seferadebisa da ganaTebis wes-maneraSi, udides sxvadasxvaobasa 

da aRqma-aTvisebis gansakuTrebul wess vxvdebiT. zogjer Sei- 

Zleba feris iseTi tonic Segvxvdes, romelsac saerTod bunebaSi 

ver aRviqvamT, Tumca igi arsebobs, Cven misTvis yuradReba 

ar migviqcevia, magram ama Tu im mxatvars [xelovans] igi moxvda 

TvalSi, aiTvisa da axla ukve mieCvia Seferadebisa da ganaTebis 

am saxiT danaxvas da gadmocemas. rac Seferadebas daemarTa mis 

TvalSi, is SeiZleba daemarTos agreTve sagnebsac, maT dajgufebas, 

mdebareobas, moZraobas, xasiaTs da a. S. gansakuTrebiT 

niderlandelebSi vxvdebiT xSirad maneris am mxares: magaliTad, 

van der neeris Ramis suraTebSi mTvaris Suqis gadmocema; van der 

goienis qviSis borcvebi mis mraval peizaJSi, atlasisa da abre- 

Sumis sxva qsovilebis mudam ganmeorebuli bzinva-elvareba sxva 

ostatebis esoden mraval suraTSi, _ am kategorias ekuTvnis. 

bb) Semdeg manera vrceldeba Sesrulebaze, yalmis momarjvebaze, 

ferebis dadebaze, maT Serevaze da a. S. 

yy) magram, radganac aTvisebisa da gadmocemis aseTi specifikuri 

saxe mudmiv ganaxlebadi gameorebis meoxebiT Cveulebad 

ganzogaddeba da xelovanis meore bunebad iqceva, ibadeba imis safrTxe, 

rom manera, radmenadac specialur xasiaTs iRebs, imdenad 

244

ufro advilad gadagvardeba usulgulo, da amis gamo, SiSvel 

ganmeorebad da fabrikaciad, ris drosac xelovani mTeli grZnobiTa 

da mTeli aRmafreniT aRar ganimsWvaleba misi Seqmnis dros. 

maSin xelovneba ubralo xelis simarjvemde, xelosnis gawafulobamde 

qveiTdeba da manera, romelic TavisTavad iqneba uvargisi 

arc iyos, SesaZloa, ugemur da usicocxlo ramed gadaiqces. 

y) amitom namdvili manera unda ganTavisufldes am SezRuduli 

gansakuTrebulobisagan da Tavis TavSi imdenad unda gafar- 

Tovdes, rom gadmocemis aseTi specialuri saxeobani SiSvel 

Cveulebad ver gadagvardnen. am dros xelovani zogadi saxiT unda 

misdevdes sagnis bunebas, unda SeeZlos gadmocemis am uzogadesi 

wesis ise gageba da aTviseba, rogorc amas sagnis cneba moiTxovs. 

am azriT, magaliTad, goeTes SemoqmedebaSi manera SeiZleba vuwodoT 

imas, rom igi mxiaruli saqceviT ostaturad abolovebs 

ara marto salxino-sanadimo leqsebs, aramed sxva seriozul 

dawyebasac, raTa seriozuli ganxilva an situacia moixsnas, Seanelos 

an sulac moiSoros. horaciusic am maneras misdevs Tavis 

werilebSi. es saqcevi musaifisa an Tavaziani, saamuri drostarebis 

xerxia saerTod, roca Tavs ikaveben, raTa sakiTxis siRrmeSi 

ar Sestopon, sjas ucbad swyveten da TviT Rrma msjelobac ki 

marjve da msubuqi TamaSiT kvlav mxiarul saubarSi gadaaqvT. 

marTalia, esec agreTve maneraa da ganxilvis subieqturobas 

miekuTvneba, magram iseT subieqturobas, uzogadesi xasiaTi rom 

aqvs da mTlad ise iqceva, rogorc gadmocemis ganzraxul saxes 

esaWiroeba. maneris am ukanaskneli safexuridan SegviZlia stilis 

ganxilvaze gadavideT. 

b. stili 

Le style c'est l'homme mème (stili – TviT adamiania) cnobili 

franguli gamoTqmaa. aq stili ewodeba saerTod subieqtis Taviseburebas, 

romelic misi gamoTqmis wesSi, misi sityvis saqcevis 

xasiaTSi da a. S. savsebiT gamoicnoba. batoni fon rumori (ìtaliuri 

gamokvlevebi~, I, gv. 87), piriqiT cdilobs, gamoTqma `stili~ 

àxsnas rogorc masalis Cveulebad qceuli damorCileba 

Sinagani moTxovnilebebisadmi, masalisa, romelSic moqandake 

Tavis figurebs namdvilad aqandakebs, xolo fermweri maT gamoavlens~. 

igi am mimarTulebiT gvacnobs friad mniSvnelovan 

SeniSvnebs gamosaxvis im wesis Sesaxeb, romelsac skulpturis 

garkveuli grZnobadi masala, magaliTad, nebas rTavs an krZalavs. 

magram sityva `stils~ grZnobadi elementis mxolod am mxariT 

ar zRudaven. igi SeiZleba ganvavrcoT mxatvruli gamosax- 

245

vis im gansazRvrebebsa da kanonebze, xelovnebis im saxeobis 

bunebidan rom gamomdinareoben, romelSiac sagani mxatvrul 

ganxorcielebas aRwevs. am TvalsazrisiT, magaliTad, musikaSi 

gaarCeven saeklesio da saopero stils, ferweraSi – istoriul 

stilsa da Janruli ferweris stils da a. S. stili niSnavs gamoxatvis 

iseT wess, romelic Tavisi masalis pirobebs imdenadve 

emorCileba, ramdenadac igi mTlianad Seesatyviseba xelovnebis 

garkveul saxeobaTa gageba-aTvisebisa da Sesrulebis moTxovnilebebsa 

da sagnis cnebidan gamomdinare maT kanonebs. stilis 

uqonloba sityvis am farTo mniSvnelobiT maSin, an uunarobaa 

imisa, rom ar SeuZlia aiTvisos gamosaxvis Tavis TavSi aucileblad 

saWiro wesi, anda subieqturi TviTnebobaa, romelic, nacvlad 

imisa, rom kanonzomier moTxovnilebas daemorCilos, saku- 

Tar neba-survils aZlevs Tavisufal gasaqans da uxeiro maneriT 

cvlis mas. amitom, rogorc batonma fon rumorma ukve SeniSna, 

miuRebelia agreTve xelovnebis erTi saxeobis stilis kanonebis 

gadatana meoreSi, rogorc es Caidina, magaliTad, mengsma vila 

albanSi mdebare Tavis cnobil muzeumSi, sadac man `Tavisi apolonis 

ferebiT SeRebili formebi qandakebis principiT gaigo da 

Seasrula~. aseve uyureben diureris naxatebs, diurerma mTlianad 

xeze amoWris stili SeiTvisa da ferweraSic, gansakuTrebiT 

tansacmlis nakeTebis xatvaSi, gamoiyena. 

246 

xelovnebis simboluri forma 

Sesavali 

simbolos Sesaxeb saerTod 

simbolo im mniSvnelobiT, ra mniSvnelobiTac am sityvas aq 

vxmarobT, qmnis xelovnebis dasawyiss, rogorc cnebis, ise istoriuli 

movlenis Tanaxmad, da amitom unda ganvixiloT kidec 

rogorc winaxelovneba, umTavresad aRmosavleTs rom axasiaTebs 

da pirvelad mxolod mravalgvari gadasvlebis, gardaqmnebisa 

da gaSualebebis Semdeg midis idealis WeSmarit sinamdvilemde, 

rogorc xelovnebis klasikur formamde. amitomac amTaviTve 

unda gavarCioT simbolo misi im damoukidebeli TaviseburebiT, 

romliTac mxatvruli mWvretelobisa da gansaxierebisaTvis gadamwyvet 

tips iZleva, simboluris im saxeobisagan, mxolod SiSvel, 

TavisTavad aradamoukidebel garegan formamde rom aris 

CamoqveiTebuli. saxeldobr, am ukanaskneli saxiT simbolos 

kvlav vnaxavT agreTve xelovnebis klasikur da romantikul 

formebSiac sruliad iseve, rogorc calke mxareebs TviTon sim-

olurSic SeuZliaT klasikuri idealis forma miiRon, anda romantikuli 

xelovnebis dasawyisi gviCvenon. magram aseTi gadasvla 

adrindelisa gviandelSi da gviandelis gamoCena adrindelSi 

mxolod da mxolod meorexarisxovan warmonaqmnebs da calkeul 

niSnebs exeba ise, rom is xelovnebis mTeli nawarmoebis gansakuTrebul 

sulsa da ganmsazRvrel bunebas ver Seadgens. 

piriqiT, sadac simbolo Tavisi gansakuTrebuli formiT 

damoukideblad viTardeba, iq mas sazogadod amaRlebulis, sidiadis 

xasiaTi aqvs, radgan saerTod Tavis TavSi jer kidev uzomod 

da araTavisuflad gansazRvruli idea saxed unda iqces da 

amitom ar ZaluZs konkretul movlenebSi am abstraqciisa da 

zogadobis savsebiT Sesatyvisi raime garkveuli forma naxos. 

amitom am SeusatyvisobaSi idea Tavis garegan munmyofobas aRemateba, 

imis nacvlad, rom masSi gaixsnas, gaiSalos, anda mTlianad 

moTavsdes, xolo movlenis gansazRvrulobis farglebs gareT 

amaRlebulis zogad xasiaTs Seadgens. 

rac Seexeba formalur mxares, axla sruliad zogadad ganvmartoT, 

rogor gvesmis simbolo. 

saerTod, simbolo mWvretelobisaTvis erTgvari uSualod da 

TvalsaCinod arsebuli ram aris, anda misTvis mocemuli garegani 

arseboba, romelic gagebul unda iqnes ara ise, rogorc is Cven 

winaSe uSualod da TvalsaCinod imyofeba, Tavisi Tavis gamo aRebuli, 

aramed ufro farTo da zogadi azriT. amitom amTaviTve 

simboloSi ori ram unda gavarCioT: upirveles yovlisa, mniSvneloba, 

xolo Semdeg misi gamoTqma, gamosaxva. is, pirveli, aris 

raime warmodgena an sagani, sulerTia ra Sinaarsisac unda iyos, 

xolo es, meore, _ amis raRac grZnobadi arseboba an suraTi 

raime saxis. 

1. simbolo, rogorc niSani 

simbolo, upirveles yovlisa, raRac niSania. magram ubralo 

aRniSvnisas igi aris mniSvnelobisa da misi gamoxatulebis kav- 

Siri, oRond sruliad TviTneburi. es gamoxatuleba, es grZnobadi 

nivTi anu suraTi imdenad nakleb warmoidgens sakuTar Tavs, 

rom gamoxatuleba, gamoTqma an niSani warmodgenaSi iwvevs mis- 

Tvis sruliad ucxo Sinaarss, romelTanac is araviTar gansakuTrebul 

urTierTobasa da kavSirs ar saWiroebs. ase, magali- 

Tad, enebSi bgerebi garkveuli warmodgenebis, grZnobebisa da a. S. 

erTgvari niSnebia. magram romelime enis bgeraTa umetesi nawili 

SinaarsisaTvis SemTxveviTi saxiT dakavSirebulia im warmodgenebTan, 

isini rom gamoxataven, Tundac istoriuli ganviTare- 

247

is SemweobiT SeiZlebodes imis damtkiceba, rom Tavdapirveli 

kavSiri sxvagvari iyo, da enaTa sxvaobac umTavresad imaSia, rom 

erTi da igive warmodgena sxvadasxvagvari bgeriT gamoixateba. 

amgvari niSnebis meore magaliTia ferebi (Les couleurs), qudis 

niSnebsa da bairaRebze da a. S. rom xmaroben, raTa amiT gamoxaton, 

Tu romel erovnebas ekuTvnis esa Tu is individumi, gemi da sxva. 

feri ar Seicavs amasTanave Tavis TavSi misTvis da misi mniSvnelobisaTvis 

raRac saerTo Tvisobriobas ise, rom aucileblad akav- 

Sirebdes am fersa da im erovnebas, romelsac is warmogvidgens. 

xelovnebis mimarT ki simbolo ar unda aviRoT mniSvnelobisa da 

aRniSvnis aseTi gulgrilobisa da ganurCevlobis azriT, radgan 

sazogadod xelovneba swored mniSvnelobisa da saxis urTierTmimarTebas, 

naTesaobasa da konkretul urTierTSezRuduloba- 

Si mdgomareobs. 

248 

2. nawilobrivi Tanxmoba saxesa da 

mniSvnelobas Soris 

amitom sul sxvagvaria saqmis viTareba iseTi niSnis mimarT, 

simbolo rom unda iyos. magaliTad, loms iReben xolme sulgrZelobis, 

didsulovnebisa da Ronierebis simbolod, melias 

– cbierebis simbolod, wres, rogorc maradisobis simbolos, 

samkuTxeds, rogorc sampirovnebis, samerTianobis simbolos. 

magram TviTon loms, melias TavisTvis swored is Tvisebebi aqvT, 

romelTa mniSvnelobas isini unda gamoxatavdnen. aseve wrec ar 

gviCvenebs iseT daumTavreblobas, anda TviTneburad romelime 

wertilze SeCeberulsa da gansazRvruls, rogorc, magaliTad, 

swori an sxva Tavis TavSi daubrunebeli xazi, rac axasiaTebs 

agreTve drois romelime gansazRvrul monakveTsac; xolo samkuTxeds, 

rogorc erT mTlians, gverdebisa da kuTxeebis wored 

imdeni ricxvi aqvs, ramdensac RmerTis ideaSi miviRebT, Tu Tvlasa 

da aRricxvas davuqvemdebarebT im gansazRvrebebs, romelTac 

religia RmerTSi xedavs. 

amitom amgvar simboloebSi grZnobad arsebul sagnebs ukve 

TavianT sakuTar arsebobaSi is mniSvneloba aqvT, romlis gadmosacemad 

da gamosaxatavad ixmarebian isini; da amis gamo, am 

farTo azriT, ubralo da ganurCeveli niSani rodia, aramed 

iseTi niSani, romelic Tavis garegnobaSi [garegan formaSi] amave 

dros im warmodgenis Sinaarss Seicavs, romelsac gamoavlens. magram 

imave dros Cveni cnobierebis winaSe unda warmogvidginos 

ara Tavisi Tavi, rogorc esa Tu is konkretuli calkeuli nivTi, 

aramed da mxolod mniSvnelobis zogadi Tvisobrioba.

3. nawilobrivi SeuTanxmebloba saxesa da 

mniSvnelobas Soris 

Semdeg, unda SevniSnoT, mesamec, rom simbolo, Tumca, marTalia, 

mas ar SeuZlia, rogorc ubralo garegan da formalur 

niSans, Tavisi mniSvnelobisaTvis mTlad araadekvaturi iyos, 

magram mainc imisaTvis, rom simbolod darCes, piriqiT, arc 

mTlad adekvaturi unda gaxdes. radgan, Tu, erTi mxriv, Sinaarsi, 

romelic mniSvnelobaa, da saxe, mis aRsaniSnavad rom ixmareba, 

erT romelime TvisebaSi erTmaneTs eTanxmebian, meore mxriv, 

simboluri saxe TavisTvis mainc Seicavs kidev sxva, sruliad 

damoukidebel gansazRvrebebs im saerTo Tvisobriobisagan, 

es saxe erTxel rom aRniSnavda; swored aseve Sinaarsic rodi 

unda iyos mxolod abstraqqtuli Ronesa da cbierebasaviT da 

a. S., igi SeiZleba konkretuli Sinaarsic iyos, rac Tavis mxriv 

kvlav SeiZleba Seicavdes gansakuTrebul Tvisobriobebs, gansxvavebuls 

im pirveli Tvisebebisagan, misi simbolos mniSvnelobas 

rom Seadgens, ufro metad ki gansxvavebuls agreTve am saxis 

yvela danarCeni gansakuTrebuli Tvisebisagan. ase, magaliTad, 

lomi marto Ronieri rodia, anda melia marto cbieri da a. S., 

gansakuTrebiT, RmerTs kidev sul sxva Tvisebebi aqvs, vidre is, 

rac ricxviT, maTematikuri figuriT an cxovelis saxiT SeiZleba 

gamoixatos. amitom Sinaarsic misi warmomdgeni saxis mimarT 

gulgrili, ganurCeveli rCeba da abstraqtuli gansazRvruloba, 

am Sinaarss rom Sadgens, dausruleblad mraval sxva arsebasa da 

warmonaqmnSiac SeiZleba imyofebodes. amave dros konkretul 

Sinaarss Tavis TavSi mravali gansazRvruloba aqvs, romlis 

gamosaxatad SeiZleba gamoiyenon imave gansazRvrulobis sxva 

warmonaqmnebi. igive sworia agreTve im garegani arsebobisaTvis, 

romlSic raime Sinaarsi simbolurad gamoixateba. masac agreTve, 

rogorc konkretul munmyofobas, Tavis TavSi aqvs mravali 

gansazRvreba, romlis simbolo SeiZleba is iyos. ase, magaliTad, 

yvelaze maxlobeli da ukeTesi simbolo Ronisa, simagrisa da 

siZlierisa, ra Tqma unda, lomia, magram asevea xaric, rqa da a. S. 

magram, piriqiT, xarsac, garda amisa, sxva auarebeli simboluri 

mniSvneloba aqvs. xolo dausruleblad bevria im formaTa da 

warmonaqmnTa simravle, romelTac RmerTis warmosadgenad simbolod 

gamoiyeneben. 

aqedan is gamodis, rom simbolo Tavisi sakuTari cnebis Tanaxmad, 

arsebiTad orazrovania, ormniSvnelovani. 

germanulidan Targmna Salva papuaSvilma 

(wignidan èsTetika~, t. I, Tb., 1973). 

249

samuel teilor kolriji (1772-1834) 

250 

poeziis arsis Sesaxeb 

`dakarguli samoTxe~, wigni II. 

poeziis udidesi miRwevaa, roca fantazia moxmobilia ara 

garkveuli formis Sesaqmnelad, aramed azrovnebis Zlierad 

asamoqmedeblad, roca isev da isev gvTavazobs imas, rac erTxel 

dagmobilia, da xelaxla qmnis imas, rac erTxel ukve uaryofilia. 

Sedegi iqneba is, ris gamosaxvazec ocnebobs poeti, saxeldobr, 

warmosaxvis uqonlobis didebuli SegrZnebis sufTa warmosaxviT 

Canacvleba. xandaxan vfiqrob, rom nawyveti, romelic axlaxan wavikiTxeT, 

poeziis usazRvro ZalasTan gajibrebuli mxatvrobis 

viwro CarCoebis saCveneblad SeiZleba gamodges: mxatvrobas ar 

SeuZlia ZiriTadi Temis gareSe. poezia ki uaryofs yovelgvar 

kontrols, yovelgvar SezRudvas. Cven viciT, rom sxvadasxva 

mxatvarma scada daexata jojoxeTis karibWesTan satanisa da 

sikvdilis Sexvedra. rogor iyo warmodgenili sikvdili? ara ise, 

rogorc aRwera igi miltonma, aramed yvelaze ufro gaubraloebuli 

saxiT, risi warmodgenac ki SeiZleba – ConCxi – yvelaze 

mSrali da uvargisi saxe, risi moZebnac moxerxdeboda, romelic 

imis nacvlad, rom azrovnebas qmediToba SeunarCunos, aSkarad 

ubiZgebs mas umoqmedobisaken. saxe, romelTan SedarebiTac kvadrati, 

samkuTxedi an romelime sxva maTematikuri figura sufTa 

fantaziis nayofad moCans. 

gavrcelebuli, magram mcdari Sexedulebaa, rom radgan mwerlobis 

zogierTi forma da azris zogi kombinacia ar aris Cveulebrivi, 

maSasadame, arc bunebrivia. magram unda gavixsenoT, 

rom dramaturgi Tavis xasiaTebs yvela cxovrebiseul situaciasa 

da sulier mdgomareobaSi warmogvidgens da ar arsebobs 

iseTi enobrivi forma, didi da gamWriaxi poeti efeqturad rom 

ar iyenebdes da bunebasTan mimarTebaSic zusti ar iyos. aviRoT, 

magaliTad, sityvaTa TamaSi, romelic SeiZleba mdabalia, magram 

yvela SemTxvevaSi uvnebeli, gonebamaxvilobis saxeobaa da arasodes 

aRZravs Surs. kalamburi SeiZleba asociaciis gardauvali 

nayofi iyos: kacma, romelic cdilobs daamtkicos is, rasac meore 

adamiani ewinaaRmdegeba, Zlieri gancdebiT STagonebulma, 

SesaZloa gamoiyenos igive gamoTqma, romelsac sul sxva mizniT 

mimarTavda, iyenebda misive mowinaaRmdege: kalamburi SeiZleba 

wamotivtivdes mis gonebaSi, rogorc mowinaaRmdegisaTvis pa-

suxis gacemis erT-erTi, zogjer SeiZleba saukeTeso saSualeba: 

metyvelebis es forma brazisa da zizRis SeerTebiTaa Seqmnili 

da sityvaTa TamaSic maTi gamoxatvis bunebrivi saSualebaa. 

Cems Tavsa da Cems TanamoZmeebs ganvixilav, rogorc Semaer- 

Tebel rgols zecasa da dedamiwas Soris, Seqmnils sxeulisa da 

sulisagan. Cven aRvsilni varT gonebisa da nebisyofis ZaliT, im 

maradiuli miswrafebiT, romelic gvagrZnobinebs, ra gvekuTvnis 

da ra ara varT Cven. roca ganvixilav adamians erT pirovnebaSi Sexamebuli 

am ormagi TvisebiT, vxvdebi, rom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes 

siyvarulis iseTi zusti gansazRvra, romelic ar Seesat-yviseba 

Cvens arsebas da erTi nawilis daqvemdebarebas meoreze, rac qmnis 

Cvens srulyofilebas. aqedan gamomdinare, vityodi, rom `siyvaruli 

aris survili mTliani arsisa, SeuerTdes rames an vinmes, 

igrZnos srulyofilebis ucilobloba, yvelaze kargi mniSvnelobiT, 

ris vnebasac gvaZlevs buneba da goneba gvikarnaxebs~. 

inglisuridan Targmna inga miloravam 

(wignidan `Seqspiruli leqciebi~, 

seriiT `rCeuli biblioTeka~, Tb., 1996). 

251

252 

besarion belinski (1811-1848 w.w.) 

poeziis dayofis Sesaxeb * 

poezia aris xelovnebis umaRlesi gvari. yoveli sxva xelovnebis 

SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba cotad Tu bevrad SezRuduli 

da SemosazRvrulia im masaliT, romlis meSveobiTac es xelovneba 

gamovlindeba. arqiteqturis nawarmoebni gvaoceben 

an Tavisi nawilebis harmoniiT, romlebic graciozul mTels 

hqmnian, anda Tavisi uzarmazari da grandiozuli formebiT, da 

TviT cadawvdilni, Cvens sulsac aRitaceben cisken, romelSic 

* miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni literatura axalgazrdaa da rusul sazogadoebas dawyebiTi literaturuli 

ganaTleba gaaCnia, CvenSi ukve oci wlis winaT daiwyo Zlieri kritikuli moZraoba, rac 

dRiTidRe ufro da ufro Zlierdeba. JurnalebSi (winaT ki almanaxebSi) ganuwyvetliv ibeWdeboda da 

ibeWdeba kritikuli xasiaTis, suliskveTebisa da mimarTulebis cotad Tu bevrad SesaniSnavi statiebi. 

SeiZleba Cvens literaturaSi mivuTiToT ramdenime adamianze, romlebmac kritikosTa saxeli moixveWes. 

sazogadoeba, Tavis mxriv, JurnalebSi kritikas da recenziebs TiTqmis iseTive interesiT kiTxulobs, 

rogorc moTxrobebs da kazmuli literaturis sxva nawarmoebT. erTi sityviT, kritika Cveni 

Jurnalebisa da Cveni literaturis cxovrebas Seadgens. sanugeSo faqtia. igi mowmobs, rom sazogadoebaSi 

arsebobs esTetikuri ganaTlebis cxoveli moTxovnileba, cxoveli miswrafeba mSvenierebis 

kanonebis gonivruli Semecnebisadmi, mSobliuri literaturis nawarmoebTa Rirebulebisa da misi Ti- 

Toeuli moRvawis Rirsebis xarisxis gonivruli Semecnebisadmi. magram yovelive es jerjerobiT moTxovnilebis 

dakmayofileba ki ar aris, aramed mxolod moTxovnilebaa, romelic miuTiTebs sxva, ufro 

mniSvnelovan moTxovnilebaze – mSvenieris kanonebis sistematuri codnisa da mis safuZvelze – mSobliuri 

literaturis istoriis sistematuri codnis moTxovnilebaze. amave dros, Cven ar mogvepoveba 

arc erTi wigni, romelic ramdenadme mainc akmayofilebdes am moTxovnilebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom 

am mxriv ramdenime cdas hqonda adgili. dRemde CvenSi Seqmnil aseT TxzulebaTa aradamakmayofileblobis 

mTavari mizezebi, rogorc Cans, aris azrovnebis arasakmarisi ganviTareba, sistemis uqonloba, 

TviTneburi da moZvelebuli Sexedulebebi da cnebebi. 

erT-erTma axalgazrda literatorma, b-ma belinskim, romelsac surs Tavisi SesaZleblobebisamebr 

Seavsos rusuli literaturis es mniSvnelovani xarvezi, gadawyvita ganaxorcielos misi didi 

xnis sanukvari azri – daweros rusuli literaturis kritikuli istoria. mas uyvars mSobliuri sityviereba, 

didi xania guldasmiT akvirdeba mis ganviTarebas da am dargSi codnis sakmao maragi aqvs; amitomac 

mas, rogorc Cans, SeuZlia imedi hqondes, rom misi Sroma arc Tu mTlad warumatebeli darCeba, 

Tumca is iqneba rusul enaze amgvari Txzulebis namdvilad pirveli cda. garda aRniSnuli mizezebisa, 

igi am Sromis Seqmnas Seudga im survilis gamoc, rom sazogadoebas calke wignad da sistematuri gadmocemis 

saxiT warudginos Tavisi im ideebis jami mSveniersa da rusul literaturaze, romlebic gafantulia 

sxvadasxva JurnalSi gamoqveynebul mis statiebSi, _ ideebisa, romlebic originaluri mainc 

arian da savsebiT gansxvavdebian Cvens literaturaSi dRemde gamoTqmuli yvela ideisagan. misi wignis 

saerTo saxelwodeba iqneba `rusuli literaturis Teoriuli da kritikuli kursi~ da masSi Seva Ziri- 

Tadi azris erTianobiTa da sistematuri gadmocemiT erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli Semdegi 

nawilebi: zogadi Sesavali; esTetika (xelovnebis ideis ganviTareba saerTod da poeziis Teoriisa – 

kerZod); rusuli leqsTwyobis Teoria; Teoria sityvierebisa saerTod (mWevrmetyvelebis Teoria da 

Sexeduleba egreT wodebul beletristikul anu sakuTriv – literaturul – da ara mxatvrul – da 

dogmatikur Txzulebebze, romlebic ar miekuTvneba arc xelovnebas zusti azriT da arc mecnierul 

literaturas); Sexeduleba xalxur poeziaze saerTod; rusuli xalxuri poeziis Zeglebis kritikuli 

ganxilva (àmbavi igoris laSqrobisa~ da epikuri da lirikuli Sinaarsis rusuli simRerebi); rusuli 

damwerlobis Zeglebis istoriuli mimoxilva misi dawyebidan petre didis dromde; rusuli mwignobruli 

literaturis istoria kantemiridan da lomonosovidan karamzinamde, karamzinidan puSkinamde da 

puSkinidan 1841 wlamde CaTvliT; rusuli literaturis zogadi mimoxilva, momavlis imedebi, daskvna. 

mxatvruli qmnilebebisa da ama Tu im mizezis gamo SesaniSnav beletristul nawarmoebTa dawvrilebiTi 

kritikuli ganxilvis garda, `rusuli literaturis Teoriul da kritikul kursSi~ mTeli yuradReba 

mieqceva yvela im drogamoSvebiTi gamocemis istoriasac, romlebmac meti Tu naklebi, kargi Tu cudi 

gavlena moaxdines literaturaze da damsaxurebuli Tu daumsaxurebeli saxeliT sargeblobdnen _ 

Jurnalistikis dasawyisidan `moskovski Jurnalamde~ da karamzinis `vestnik evropimde~, maTgan ki – 

dRemde. 

winamdebare statia esTetikis nawyvetia; igi SeiZleba mTeli Txzulebis erTgvar nimuSad gamodges. 

literaturis istoriidanac òteCestvennie zapiski~ moaTavsebs erT an or nawyvets. 

wigni gamova momavali, 1842 wlis damdegs, kompaqturi gamocemis ocdaaT Tabaxze meti moculobiT, 

furclis mervedi zomiT, or svetad, saSualo da wvrili SriftiT. gamocema Tavs idva erT-erTma 

peterburgelma wignis gamyidvelma.

ikargeba maTi gumbaTebis wveroebi. magram amiT SemoisazRvreba 

kidec adamianis sulze maTi momxibvleli gavlenis saSualebani. 

es aris jer kidev mxolod gadasvla pirobiTi simbolizmidan absoluturi 

xelovnebisaken; es jer kidev ar aris xelovneba sruli 

mniSvnelobiT, aramed mxolod miswrafebaa, pirveli nabijia 

xelovnebisaken; es jer kidev ar aris mxatvruli formiT ganxorcielebuli 

azri, aramed _ mxatvruli forma, romelic mxolod 

aniSnebs azrze. qandakebis sfero ufro farToa, misi saSualebani 

ufro mdidaria, vidre xuroTmoZRvrebisa: qandakeba ukve 

gamoxatavs adamianis sxeulis formaTa silamazes, azris gamokr- 

Tomas adamianis saxeze; magram is gamoiWers saxis azris marto 

erT moments, sxeulis erT mdgomareobas (attitude). amasTanave, 

qandakebis SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis sfero mTel adamianze ki 

ar vrceldeba, aramed misi sxeulis marto garegani formebiT 

Semoifargleba, igi gamosaxavs mxolod mamacobas, sidiades da 

Zalas mamakacSi, silamazes da gracias – dedakacSi. ferwerisaTvis 

misawvdomia mTeli adamiani – misi sulis Sinagani samyaroc ki; 

magram ferwerac movlenis erTi momentis gamoWeriT ifargleba. 

musika upiratesad sulis Sinagani samyaros gamomxatvelia, 

magram mis mier gamoxatuli ideebi ganuyofelia bgerebisagan, 

bgerebi ki Tumca suls bevrs eubneba, magram gonebas naTlad da 

garkveviT arafers ar eubneba. poezia gamoixateba adamianis Tavisufali 

sityviT, romelic aris bgerac, suraTic da garkveuli, 

naTlad gamoTqmuli warmodgenac. amitom poezia Seicavs sxva xelovnebaTa 

yvela elements, TiTqosda erTbaSad da ganuyoflad 

iyenebs yvela saSualebas, romlebic cal-calke moepoveba Ti- 

Toeul xelovnebas sxva xelovnebaTagan. poezia aris xelovnebis 

sruli mTlianoba, mTeli misi organizacia, igi moicavs xelovnebis 

yvela mxares da Tanac naTlad da garkveulad Seicavs mis 

yela gansxvavebas. 

I. poezia axorcielebs ideis azrs gareganSi da sulier samyaros 

ayalibebs savsebiT gamokvTil, plastikur saxeebad. mTeli 

Sinagani aq Rrmad iWreba gareganSi, da orive es mxare – Sinagani 

da garegani – erTimeorisagan gancalkevebiT ara Cans, magram 

uSualo erTobliobaSi warmoadgens garkveul, Tavis TavSi Caketil 

realobas – movlenas. aq ar Cans poeti; samyaro, plastikurad 

gamokveTili, TviTonve viTardeba, da poeti TiTqosda 

ubralo mTxrobelia imisa, rac TavisTavad xdeboda. es aris epikuri 

poezia. 

II. yovel garegan movlenas win uZRvis wadili, survili, ganzraxva, 

erTi sityviT – azri; yoveli garegani movlena Sedegia 

Sinagani, faruli Zalebis moqmedebisa. poezia iWreba movlenis 

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am meore, Sinagan mxareSi, am ZalTa siRrmeSi, romlebisganac 

viTardeba garegani realoba, movlena da moqmedeba; aq poezia 

gvevlineba axali, mopirdapire gvariT. es aris subieqturobis 

samefo, es aris Sinagani samyaro, wamowyebaTa samyaro, romelic 

Tavis TavSi rCeba da ar gamovlindeba xolme. aq poezia rCeba 

Sinaganis elementSi, SemgrZnebel, moazrovne fiqrSi; suli aq 

garegani realobidan gadadis Tavis TavSi da poezias aZlevs Tavisi 

Sinagani sicocxlis usasrulod mravalgvar iersa da elfers, 

es sicocxle ki Tavis TavSi gardaqmnis yovelive garegans. aq 

poetis pirovneba pirvel planze warmosdgeba, da Cven yvelafers 

mxolod am pirovnebis meSveobiT vRebulobT da gavigebT. es aris 

lirikuli poezia. 

III. bolos, es ori sxvadasxva gvari urTierTs Seerwymis 

ganuyofel mTelad: Sinagani Tavis TavSi aRar rCeba da gareT 

gamodis, moqmedebiT gamovlindeba; Sinagani, idealuri (subieqturi) 

iqceva gareganad, realurad (obieqturad), rogorc epikur 

poeziaSi, aqac viTardeba garkveuli, realuri moqmedeba, 

romelic sxvadasxva subieqtur da obieqtur ZalTagan gamomdinareobs; 

magram am moqmedebas wminda garegani xasiaTi aRar aqvs. 

aq moqmedeba, movlena Cvens winaSe warmosdgeba ara anazdad, ara 

savsebiT mzamzareuli, ara Cvengan farul warmomCen ZalTagan 

gamowveuli, ara rogorc iseTi, romelmac Tavis TavSi Tavisufali 

wresvla Seasrula da iqve daSoSminda; ara, aq vxedavT individualur 

nebisyofaTa da xasiaTTagan am moqmedebis dawyebisa 

da warmoSobis TviT process. meore mxriT, es xasiaTebi Tavis 

TavSi Caketilni ki ar rCebian, aramed ganuwyvetliv gamovlindebian 

da praqtikuli interesiT amJRavneben Tavisi sulis Sinagani 

mxaris Sinaarss. is aris poeziis umaRlesi gvari da xelovnebis 

gvirgvini – dramatiuli poezia. 

axla, poeziis sami gvaridan TiToeuli maTganis am zogadi da 

mokle narkvevis Semdeg, ufro Rrmad da dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT 

maTi mniSvneloba urTierT Sedarebis gziT. 

epikuri da lirikuli poezia aris namdvili samyaros ori 

ganyenebuli, erTimeorisadmi diametralurad dapirispirebuli 

ukiduresoba; dramatiuli poezia aris am ukiduresobaTa Serwyma 

(konkrecia) cxovel da damoukidebel mesame gvarad. 

epikuri poezia upiratesad obieqturi, garegani poeziaa, 

rogorc Tavisi Tavis mimarT, ise poetisa da misi mkiTxvelis mimarTac. 

epikur poeziaSi gamoxatulia Wvreta samyarosi da sicocxlisa, 

rogorc TavisTavad arsebuli sagnebisa, romlebic 

sruliad gulgrilni arian Tavisi Tavisa da maTi mWvreteli poetis 

an misi mkiTxvelis mimarT. 

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lirikuli poezia, piriqiT, upiratesad subieqturi, Sinagani 

poeziaa, TviT poetis gamoxatulebaa. `lirikul poeziaSi, _ ambobs 

Jan-pol rixteri, _ fermweri iqceva suraTad, Semoqmedi 

– Tavis qmnilebad~. epikuri poezia SeiZleba SevadaroT saganmanaTleblo 

xelovnebebs – arqiteqturas, Zerwvasa da ferweras; 

lirikuli poezia SeiZleba SevadaroT mxolod musikas. arseboben 

iseTi lirikuli nawarmoebnic ki, romlebSic TiTqmis ispoba 

musikisagan poeziis gamyofi sazRvrebi. ase, magaliTad, mravali 

rusuli xalxuri simRera xalxis mexsierebaSi rCeba ara Tavisi 

SinaarsiT (radgan maTSi Sinaarsi TiTqmis srulebiT ar aris), ara 

maTi Semadgeneli sityvebis mniSvnelobiT (radgan am sityvebis 

SeerTeba TiTqmis yovelgvar mniSvnelobas moklebulia da Tumca 

gramatikuli azri aqvs, magram TiTqmis araviTari logikuri 

azri ar gaaCnia), aramed sityvaTa SeerTebiT warmoSobiTi bgerebis 

musikalobiT, leqsebis ritmiT da Tavisi motiviT simReris 

dros, anu Tavisi `xmiT~, rogorc ubralo xalxi ityvis xolme. 

epikuri poezia saxeebsa da suraTebs iyenebs im saxeebisa da 

suraTebis gamosaxatavad, romlebic bunebaSia; lirikuli poezia 

saxeebsa da suraTebs iyenebs usaxo da uformo grZnobis gamosaxatavad, 

romelic adamianis bunebis Sinagan arss Seadgens. èposi, 

_ ambobs Jan-pol rixteri, _ warmogvidgens movlenas, romelic 

warsulidan viTardeba; lirika – mgrZnobelobaa, romelic awmyoSia~. 

maSinac ki, rodesac lirikuli poeti gamoxatavs iseT 

grZnobas, romelic, rogorc Cans, misi pirovnebisaTvis sruliad 

garegania da misTvis ucxo samyarodan auRia, _ maSinac es poeti 

subieqturia: vinaidan mis mier gamoxatuli yoveli grZnoba, 

Semoqmedebis Jams mis pirovnebaSi gardatexili, iqceva mis saku- 

Tar grZnobad; ìstoriuls eposi mogviTxrobs, drama winaswar 

sWvrets an hqmnis, lirika – grZnobs an ganicdis~, _ ambobs Janpol 

rixteri. germaniis am ganTqmuli poeti-moazrovnis SexedulebiT, 

lirika win uswrebs poeziis yvela formas, imitom rom 

ìs aris yoveli poeziis deda, gamRvivebeli naperwkali, rogorc 

promeTeosis usaxo cecxli, romelic yvela saxis gamacocxlebelia~. 

istoriuli azriT Jan-pol rixters ver daveTanxmebiT 

imaSi, rom lirika win uswrebda poeziis sxva gvarebs. CvenTvis 

nimuSi, forma da umaRlesi avtoriteti unda iyos berZnuli xelovneba, 

radgan msoflios arc erT xalxSi xelovneba ar ganvi- 

Tarebula ise TviTmyofad da normalurad, rogorc berZnebSi, 

romelTa mdidari cxovrebis sisrule upiratesad xelovnebaSi 

gamoixata. amitom berZnuli xelovnebis istoriuli ganviTarebis 

aqtebs CvenTvis gonivruli avtoritetis mTeli Zala unda eqnes. 

saberZneTSi epopea win uswrebda lirikas, iseve rogorc lirika 

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uswrebda dramas. xelovnebis aseTi ganviTareba gamarTlebulia 

TviT gonebaWvretiTac: norCi xalxisaTvis obieqturi Sexeduleba 

bunebasa da sicocxleze, rogorc TavisTavad arsebul sagnebze, 

da azri, rogorc gadmocema warsulze, win unda uswrebdnen 

Sinagan Wvretas da azrs, rogorc TviTmyof cnobierebas. 

magram aqedan srulebiT ar unda davaskvnaT, rom xelovnebis ganviTareba 

yvela xalxSi erTnairi TanmimdevrobiT unda momxdariyo. 

ar unda daviviwyoT, rom elinebis cxovrebis mTeli sisrule 

upiratesad xelovnebaSi gamoixata, ase rom maTi nacionaluri 

istoria umTavresad xelovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaa, maSin 

rodesac sxva xalxebSi xelovneba cxovrebis aramTavari elementi, 

meorexarisxovani interesis sagani iyo da sazogadoebrivi 

cxovrebis sxva stiqionebs emorCileboda. magaliTad, ebraelTa 

religiuri poezia upiratesad mxolod lirikulia, e. i. an wminda 

lirikulia, an epikur-lirikuli, anda lirikul-dogmaturi. arabebSi, 

ara rogorc xalxSi, aramed rogorc tomSi, da Tanac nomadur, 

udabnoSi gafantul tomSi, romlisTvisac ucxo iyo sazogadoebrioba, 

arsebobda mxolod lirikuli an lirikul-epikuri 

poezia, magram dramatiuli poezia arasodes ar yofila da arc 

SeiZleboda yofiliyo. romaelebSi, rogorc dampyrob da kanonmdebel 

xalxSi, romelic gatacebuli iyo wminda politikuri da 

samoqalaqo interesebiT, poezia mdgomareobda saberZneTis sanimuSo 

mxatvruli nawarmoebebisadmi uferul mibaZvaSi. evropis 

uaxles xalxebSi, maTi cxovrebis Sinaarsis usazRvro simdidris 

gamo, maTi sazogadoebriobis elementTa dauSreteli simravlisa 

da am sazogadoebriobis umaRlesi ganviTarebis gamo, arsebobs 

poeziis yvela gvari; magram isini TiToeul xalxSi gaCndnen 

Tavisi gansakuTrebuli TanamimdevrobiT, anu, ukeT rom vTqvaT, 

savsebiT SerCeuli saxiT. 

ase, magaliTad, ingliselebSi jer ganviTarda drama Seqspiris 

saxiT, da ukve ori saukunis Semdeg lirikulma poeziam umaRles 

ganviTarebas miRawia baironis, tomas muris, uordsvortisa da 

sxvaTa saxiT, da, lirikulTan erTad, epikurma poeziam – valter 

skotis saxiT, xolo Crdilo amerikis StatebSi, romlebic warmoSobiT 

da eniT ingliss enaTesavebian, _ kuperis saxiT. 

rac Seexeba Jan-polis im azrs, rom lirikuli poezia aris 

yoveli poeziis ZiriTadi stiqioni, _ es azri savsebiT marTebulia 

da Rrmad safuZvliania. lirika yoveli poeziis sicocxle da 

sulia, lirika aris poezia upiratesad, aris poeziis poezia, _ 

da Jan-pol rixteri imdenadve maxvilgonierad iqceva, ramdenadac 

marTebulad, rodesac lirikas yoveli poeziis saerTo elements 

uwodebs da mTel poeziaSi mimoqcevads sisxls adarebs. 

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amitom lirizmi, arsebobs ra TavisTavad, rogorc poeziis calke 

gvari, yvela sxva poeziaSi Sedis rogorc stiqia, sicocxles 

STaberavs maT, rogorc promeTeosis cecxli STaberavs xolme 

sicocxles zevsis yvela qmnilebas. ai amitom Seqspiris dramebi 

– umaRlesi SemoqmedebiTi Zalis es upiratesad dramatiuli 

qmnilebani – esoden mdidaria lirizmiT, rac gamovlindeba xolme 

dramatizmSi da am ukanasknels mohfens sicocxlis molivlive 

SuqTa cimcims, ise rogorc mSvenieri qalwulis saxels gaaciskrovnebs 

siRaJRaJe, xolo mis momxibvlel Tvalebs – almasebrivi 

cimcimi da brwyinva. ulirizmod epopea da drama metismetad 

prozauli da Tavisi Sinaarsisadmi gulcivi iqneboda; swored 

iseve, rogorc isini neli, damdgari da moqmedebiT Raribi xdebian, 

rogorc ki lirizmi maTs umTavres elementad iqceva. 

epopeis Sinaars Seadgens movlena; swrafwarmavali da wamieri 

SegrZneba, romelic poetis suls Searxevs, rogorc sio eolosis 

qnaris simebs, _ lirikuli nawarmoebis Sinaarss Seadgens. amitom 

rogoric unda iyos lirikuli nawarmoebis idea, _ es nawarmoebi 

arasodes ar unda iqnes metismetad grZeli, aramed metwilad mudam 

Zalian mokle unda iyos. epikuri poeziis moculoba damokidebulia 

TviT movlenis moculobaze, _ da Tu movlena vrcelia, 

magram sainteresod da kargad aris gadmocemuli, igi Cvens 

yuradRebas ar Rlis; igi SeiZleba kidevac gawydes, sxva sagnebs 

mimarTos da Semdeg kvlav winandels daubrundes: ìliada~, ise 

rogorc valter skotis an kuperis yoveli romani, SegviZlia 

ramdenime dRe vikiTxoT, wigni xan ganze gadavdoT da xan kidev 

kiTxva ganvagrZoT, drodadro ki sul sxva ram vakeToT. saerTod, 

epopea, moculobis mxriv, poets gacilebiT met Tavisuflebas 

aZlevs, vidre poeziis sxva gvarebi. dramas, rogorc qveviT davinaxavT, 

sididisa da moculobis cotad Tu bevrad garkveuli saz- 

Rvrebi aqvs, magram lirikuli nawarmoebni, am mxriv, metad Sez- 

Ruduli arian. drama metismetad didic rom yofiliyo, _ Cveni 

yuradReba da STabeWdilebaTa Cveni aRqmis moqmedeba SeiZleboda 

didxans miepyro im moqmedebis ganuwyvetel cvalebadobas, 

romelic dramaSi viTardeba; magram lirikuli nawarmoebi, raki 

mxolod grZnobas gamoxatavs, amitom martooden Cvens grZnobaze 

moqmedebs. magram CvenSi arc cnobismoyvareobas iwvevs da arc 

Cvens yuradRebas miapyrobs obieqtur faqtebs, romlebic, sinamdvileSic 

ki – ara Tu poeziaSi, Cveni gonebis did yuradRebas 

ipyroben da grZnobaze moqmedeben. miuxedavad Tavisi Sinaarsis 

mTeli simdidrisa, lirikuli nawarmoebi TiTqos moklebulia 

yovelgvar Sinaarss, _ rogorc musikaluri piesa, romelic 

mTel Cvens arsebas saamo SegrZnebebiT avsebs, magram romlis Si- 

257

naarsis gamoTqma yovlad SeuZlebelia, imitom rom es Sinaarsi 

adamianis sityviT ver gadmoicema. ai ratom aris, rom wakiTxuli 

poemis an dramis Sinaarsi yovelTvis SeiZleba ara Tu uambo sxvas, 

aramed cotad Tu bevrad imoqmedo kidec sxvaze Seni naambobiT, 

_ maSin, rodesac lirikuli nawarmoebis Sinaarss verasodes ver 

miswvdebi. diax, misi arc moyola SeiZleba da arc ganmarteba, 

SeiZleba mxolod misi gancda, da isic mxolod maSin, Tu mas ise 

waikiTxav, rogorc is poets dauweria; xolo sityvis naambobi an 

prozad gadakeTebuli, igi iqceva usaxo da mkvdar Wuprad, saidanac 

swored axlaxan gamofrinda lamazi Wreli pepela. ai ratom 

aris, rom fsevdo-lirikuli da moCvenebiTi àzrebiT~ mdidari 

nawarmoebni leqsidan prozad gadakeTebisas TiTqmis arafers 

hkargaven; maSin rodesac SemoqmedebiTi sulis uRrmesi wiaRidan 

gamosuli udidesi qmnilebani prozad gadakeTebis an odnav uxeiro 

Targmanis dros xSirad yovelgvar mniSvnelobas hkargaven. 

da es metad bunebrvia: rogor miscemT sxvas warmodgenas Tqvens 

mier mosmenili musikis motivze, Tu mas ar imRerebT an instrumentze 

ar daukravT? Tu ityviT, ama da am musikalur nawarmoebSi 

moxdenilad aris gadmocemuli siyvarulisa da eWvianobis ideao, 

_ Tqven amiT srulebiT verafers ver ityviT am musikalur qmnilebaze; 

magram daiwyeT misi simRera an dakvra – da is TviTon 

ametyveldeba. 

Tumca drama mopirispire elementebis – epikuri obieqturobisa 

da lirikuli subieqturobis – Serigebaa, magram, miuxedavad 

amisa, is ar aris arc epopea, arc lirika, aramed mesame ramea, 

sruliad axali da damoukidebeli, Tumca pirveli oridan gamomdinare. 

amitom berZnebSi drama TiTqos eposisa da lirikis Sedegi 

iyo, radgan maT Semdeg gaCnda kidec, da elinuri poeziis yvelaze 

mSvenieri, magram Tanac ukanaskneli yvavili iyo. miuxedavad imisa, 

rom dramaSi, ise rogorc epopeaSi, aris movlena, drama da 

epopea Tavisi arsebiT diametralurad upirispirdeba erTimeores. 

epopeaSi gabatonebulia movlena, dramaSi – adamiani. eposis 

gmiria momxdari ambavi, dramis gmiria adamianis pirovneba. cxovreba 

epopeaSi warmosdgeba rogorc raRac TavisTavad arsebuli, 

ese igi ise, rogorc is aris, adamianisagan damoukidebeli, Tavisi 

Tavis verSemcnobi, adamianis mimarTac da Tavisi Tavis mimarTac 

gulgrili. eposi – es TviTon bunebaa, marad ucvleli Tavis goliaTur 

sidiadeSi, mudam gulgrili Tavisi silamazis mSvenier 

brwyinvalebaSi. dramaSi cxovreba warmodgeba ukve ara mxolod 

TavisTavad, aramed TavisTvis arsebuladac, rogorc gonivruli 

cnobiereba, rogorc Tavisufali nebisyofa. dramis gmiria adamiani, 

da dramaSi movlena ki ar batonobs adamianze, aramed ada- 

258

miani batonobs movlenaze da Tavisufali nebisyofiT ase Tu ise 

gaxsnis am movlenis kvanZs, aseT Tu iseT dasasruls aZlevs mas. 

es azri rom ufro naTelvyoT, movitanoT magaliTebi Zveli da 

axali msoflios cnobili da diadi mxatvruli qmnilebebidan. 

ìliadaSi~ bedi mefobs, igi marTavs ara marto adamianTa, 

aramed TviT RmerTebis moqmedebasac. poetma Zlivs moaswro 

fardis aweva, romliTac CvenTvis dafaruli iyo mis mier moTxrobili 

movlenis scena, _ da Cven ukve winaswar vtyobilobT, rom 

ilioni aqevelTagan unda daeces. Tu mohkles patrokle, es moxda 

ara SemTxveviT, sisxliani brZolis SesaZleblobaTa gamo; ara, 

es winaswar iyo bediT gankuTvnili, rodesac antiloqe, nestoris 

vaJi, aqilevsTan mieSureboda da Tan patrokles sikvdilis 

mware cnoba mihqonda, am dros aqilevsi Tavisi karvis win ijda, 

sevdiani winaTgrZnobiT gulgadaleuli, da aseT fiqrs Seepyro: 

О, не свершили ли боги несчастий, ужаснейших сердцу, 

Кои мне матерь давно предвещала; она говорила: 

В Трое, прежде меня, Мирмидонянин, в брани храбрейщий, 

Должен под дланью троянской расстаться с солнечным светом. 

Боги бессмертные! Умер менетиев сын благородный 

(simRera XVIII, st. 8-12). 

aqilevsma Suri unda iZios Tavisi megobris, patrokles 

mkvlelze; magram mas rom mohklavs, TviTonac unda mokvdes parisis 

isriT, romelsac febusis xeli warmarTavs. es icis TviT 

aqilevsma, _ da ai ras eubneba igi dedamiss, vercxlisfexebian 

Tetidas, okeanis ukvdav nimfas: 

Должно теперь и тебе бесконечную горесть изведать, 

Горесть о сыне погибшем, которого ты не увидишь 

В доме отеческом! ибо и сердце мое не велит мне 

Жить, и в обществе быть человеческом, ежели Гектор, 

Первый, моим копием пораженный, души не извергнет, 

И за грабеж над Патроклом любезнейшим мне не заплатит! 

(iqve, st. 88-93). 

deda cdilobs gadaaTqmevinos Svils am ganzraxvis sisruleSi 

moyvana, risTvisac mas uwinaswarmetyvelebs mosalodnel daRupvas 

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi heqtors mohklavs: 

Скоро умрешь ты, о сын мой, судя по тому, что вещаешь! 

Скоро за сыном Приама конец и тебе уготован! 

(iqve, st. 95-96). 

259

aqilevsi arc ki ekiTxeba dedas, ratom aris es ase, da mxolod 

gmirul mzadyofnas amJRavnebs, Surisgebis tkbili safasuris 

nacvlad daemorCilos sabediswero xvedrs: 

260 

О, да умру я теперь же! Далеко, далеко от родины милой 

Пал он; и верно меня призывал, да избавлю от смерти! 

Что же мне в жизни! Я ни отчизны драгой не увижу! 

Я ни Патрокла от смерти не спас, ни другим благородным 

Не был защитой друзьям, от могучего Гектора падшим. 

Праздный, сижу пред судами, земли бесполезное бремя, 

Будучи муж! Среди всех меднолатных героев ахейских 

Первый во брани, хотя на советах и лучше другие! 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Я выхожу, да главы мине любезной губителя встечу, 

Гектора Смерть же принять готов я, когда ни рассудит 

Здесь мне назначать ее всемогущий Кронион и боги! 

Смерти не мог избежать ни Геракл, из мужей величайший, 

Как ни любезен он был громоносному Зевсу Крониду; 

Мощного рок одолел и вражда непреклонныя Геры. 

Также и я, коль назначена доля мне равная лягу, 

Где суждено, но сияющей славы я прежде добуду! 

Прежде еще же одну между жен полногрудных троянских 

Вздохами тяжкими грудь разрывать я заставлю, и в горе 

С нежных ланит отирать руками обеими слезы! 

Скоро узнают, что долгие дни отдыхал я от брани! 

В бой выхожу, не удерживай, матерь, ничем не преклонишь! 

(iqve, st. 98-126). 

aqilevsis sicocxlis sabediswero katastrofa cnobilia 

TviT heqtorisaTvis. roca kvdeboda, heqtori Tavis mters evedreboda, 

sagineblad da saTrevelad ar mieca misi sxeuli, magram 

Tanxmobis nacvlad wyevla-krulva rom gaigona, 

Дух испуская, к нему провещал шлемоблещущий Гектор: 

Знал я тебя: предчувствовал я, что моим ты моленьем 

Тронут не будешь: в груди у тебя железное сердце. 

Но трепещи, да не буду тебе я божим гневом, 

В оный день, когда Александр и Феб стреловержец, 

Как ни могучего, в Скейских воротах тебя ниспровергнут! 

(simRera XXII, st. 355-360). 

kidev meti: TviT ganmgebel zevss, heqtoris did keTilmosurnes 

da misi xvedris did Tanamlmobels, ar SeuZlia daexmaros 

heqtors Tavisi uzenaesi RvTaebis meufebiT, romlis winaSe yvela 

sxva RmerTebi TrTian, aramed igi mimarTavs sxva, umaRlesi 

meufebis msjavrs:

Зевс распростер, промыслитель, весы золотые; на них он 

Бросил два жребия смерти, в сон погружающей долгий: 

Жребий один Ахиллеса, другой Приамова сына. 

Взял посредине и поднял; поникнул Гектора жребий, 

Тяжкий, к Аиду упал; Аполлон от него удалился. 

(iqve, st. 9-13). 

yovelive aqedan cxadia, rom aqilevsi ar aris poemis gmiri, 

vinaidan igi TiTqos moklebulia Tavisufal nebisyofas, TavisiT 

ki ar moqmedebs, aramed mxolod sxva, Tavis Tavze maRali da garduvali 

nebisyofis nebas asrulebs. es aris bedis nebisyofa! ra- 

Raa es `bedi~, romelic adamianebs Zrwolas hgvris da romelsac 

TviT RmerTebi usityvod emorCilebian? es aris berZnebis warmodgena 

imaze, rasac Cven, uaxlesi drois adamianebi, vuwodebT 

gonivrul aucileblobas, sinamdvilis kanonebs, Tanafardobas 

mizezebsa da Sedegs Soris, erTi sityviT – obieqturi moqmedeba, 

romelic viTardeba da TavisTvis mimdinareobs, Tavisi gonivrulobis 

Sinagani ZaliT amoZravebuli, msgavsad orTqlis manqanisa, 

_ midis SeuCerebliv da gzidan gadauxvevlad, sul erTia, 

Sexvdeba mas adamiani, romelic SeiZleba gasrisos, Tu frialo 

klde, romelzec SeiZleba TviTon daimsxvres... 

zogi valter skots usayvedurebs, rom misi mravali romanis 

gmirebi, romelTa garSemo Tavmoyrilia mTeli nawarmoebis moqmedeba, 

imave dros imdenad uferuli xasiaTiT ganirCevian, rom 

gansakuTrebiT ar ipyroben mTel Cvens interess, rasac isini 

TiTqos uTmoben romanis meorexarisxovan pirebs, rogorc ufro 

originalurT da damaxasiaTebelT. marTlac, ra aris, magali- 

Tad, raindi aivengo – valter skotis erT-erTi saukeTeso romanis 

gmiri? _ mamaci da keTilSobili raindi Tavisi drois 

saerTo suliskveTebiT, da meti araferi, Smag brianTan, momxiblav 

rebekasTan, TviT cedrix saqsonelTan da atelstanTan SedarebiT, 

aivengo raRac mkrTali Crdili, susti monaxazi, upiro 

saxea. igi naklebadac moqmedebs, nakleb gavlenas axdens romanis 

msvlelobaze. igi xan daWrilia, xan sikvdilis pirasaa, xan tyveobaSia 

maSin, rodesac sxvebi moqmedeben da pirvel planze warmogvidgebian. 

miuxedavad Tavisi mZvinvare vnebebisa, romlebic 

mxecurad vlindeba, miuxedavad Tavisi uzneobisa da danaSaulebrivi 

moqmedebisa, taZris raindi briani aivengoze aTasjer 

metad iwvevs mkiTxvelis TanagrZnobas, imitom rom igi tipiuri 

saxea, mZlavri da TviTmyofadi xasiaTia. amave dros, briani mainc 

meorexarisxovani personaJia, romlis yvela Zafi iyris aivengos, 

rogorc mTavari piris, rogorc romanis gmiris, piradi bedis 

261

garSemo. magram, miuxedavad amisa, genialuri romanistis winaaRmdeg 

mimarTuli es braldeba mxolod garegnulad waagavs 

simarTles, namdvilad ki is savsebiT yalbia. is, rac romanis nakli 

hgoniaT, mxolod eposis arsia. amis kidev ufro didad gansacvifrebel 

nimuSad SeiZleba gamodges, magaliTad, `maneringi, 

anu astrologi~, sadac romanis gmiri scenaze gamodis mxolod 

mesame nawilSi da isic rogorc raRac saidumlo piri, romelSic 

gmirs mxolod romanis dasasruls icnobT, Tumca moTxrobis 

pirveli gverdebidanve, qveynad gaCnda Tu ara, mis garSemo ukve 

Tavs iyris romanis mTeli moqmedeba. es asec unda iyos wminda 

epikuri xasiaTis nawarmoebSi, sadac mTavari piri ganviTarebis 

procesSi myofi movlenis mxolod garegani centria da sadac 

is SeiZleba ganirCeodes mxolod saerTo adamianuri niSnebiT, 

romlebic Cvens adamianur TanagrZnobas iwveven, radgan epopeis 

gmiria TviT cxovreba da ara adamiani. epopeaSi movlena, ase 

vTqvaT, axSobs adamians, Tavisi sidiadiT da uzarmazarobiT Crdilavs 

adamianis pirovnebas, Tavisi sakuTari interesiT, Tavisi 

suraTebis mravalferovnebiTa da simravliT Cvens yuradRebas 

CamoaSorebs xolme am pirovnebas. 

dramaSi movlenis Zala da mniSvneloba Tavs iCens rogorc 

`kolizia~, anu is Sejaxeba, is Setakeba gmiris bunebriv gulisTqmasa 

da movaleobaze mis warmodgenas Soris, romelic mis nebisyofaze 

damokidebuli ar aris, romlis arc moxdena da arc Tavidan 

acdena mas ar SeuZlia, magram romlis gadawyveta damokidebulia 

ara movlenaze, aramed mxolod da mxolod gmiris Tavisufal nebisyofaze. 

movlenis Zala dramis gmirs gzajvaredinze ayenebs 

da aiZulebs erTimeoris sruliad sawinaaRmdego ori gzidan air- 

Cios erT-erTi gza, raTa Tavi daaRwios brZolas sakuTar TavTan; 

magram gzis arCevanis gadawyveta damokidebulia dramis gmirze 

da ara movlenaze. kidev meti: dramis katastrofa SeiZleba gmiris 

gaubedavi yoymanis Sedegadac ki moxdes da daCqardes; magram am 

gaubedaobis wyaroa ara movlenis arsi da Zala, aramed mxolod 

gmiris xasiaTi; amis saukeTeso magaliTs gvaZlevs Seqspiris hamleti; 

igi mamamisis sazareli sikvdilis ambavs Seityobs TviT 

aCrdilis piriT: ai movlena, romelic hamletma rodi moamzada, 

aramed mkvdari mefis veragi Zmis garyvnili nebismyofisgan warmosdga. 

es movlena hamlets aiZulebs SurismaZieblis roli Seasrulos; 

magram radgan es roli mis bunebas srulebiT ar egueba, 

amitom mas ipyrobs sakuTar TavTan Sinagani brZola, rasac 

iwvevs Sejaxeba ori mtruli Zalisa – movaleobisa, romelic 

ukarnaxebs Suri iZios mamis sikvdilis gamo, da SurisZiebis piradi 

uunarobisa: ai tragikuli kolizia! mamis sikvdilis sazareli 

262

saidumloebis Setyobam, nacvlad imisa, rom hamleti Seepyro 

erTi grZnobiT, erTi azriT – SurisZiebis grZnobiT da azriT, 

romlebic yovel wuTs mzad unda yofiliyvnen moqmedebaSi gansaxorcieleblad, 

_ am sazarelma aRmoCenam igi aiZula Tavisi 

arsebidan ki ar gamosuliyo, aramed Tavis arsebaSi Caketiliyo 

da Tavisi sulis siRrmeSi Caexedna, masSi aRZra sikvdil-sicocxlis, 

droisa da maradiulobis, movaleobis da nebisyofis sisustis 

sakiTxebi, misi yuradReba miapyro Tavis sakuTar pirovnebas, 

am pirovnebis araraobas da samarcxvino umweobas, masSi warmoSva 

sakuTari Tavisadmi siZulili da zizRi. hamlets aRar swams 

saTnoeba, zneoba, radgan dainaxa, rom mas unari ar Seswevs da 

ar ZaluZs arc mankiereba da uzneoba dasajos, arc saTnoebasa 

da zneobaze xeli aiRos. kidev meti: mas aRar swams siyvarulis 

sinamdvile, qalis Rirseba; rogorc SeSlili, igi lafSi svris 

Tavis grZnobas, ulmobeli xeliT swyvets Tavis wminda kavSirs 

umanko, mSvenier qalur arsebasTan, romelic ase erTgulad da 

alalad miendo mas mTlianad da romelic hamlets ase Rrmad da 

saTuTad uyvarda. ulmoblad da uxeSad Seuracxyofs hamleti 

am uwyinar da naz arsebas, romelic mTlianad Seqmnilia eTerisa, 

sinaTlisa da melodiuri bgerebisagan, TiTqosda Cqarobs 

qveynad xeli aiRos yvelaferze, rac bednierebasa da saTnoebas 

moagonebs. cxadia, hamletis natura wminda Sinagani, mWvretelobiTi, 

subieqturia, gaCenilia grZnobisa da azrisaTvis; xolo 

Semzaravi movlena misgan moiTxovs ara grZnobasa da azrs, 

aramed saqmeebs, idealuri samyarodan mas mouxmobs praqtikul 

samyaroSi, misi sulieri ganwyobisaTvis ucxo moqmedebis samyaroSi. 

bunebrivia, es mdgomareoba hamletSi warmoSobs saSinel 

brZolas, romelic Seadgens kidec yoveli dramis dedaarss. da 

Tu am dramis dasasruli TiTqos epikuri xasiaTiT mimdinareobs 

da misi wyaroa ara Tavisufali gadawyvetileba hamletis 

nebisyofisa, aramed SemTxveviToba (hamletisa da laertis mier 

daSnebis ganuzraxveli gacvla da uneblie Secdoma dedofaldedisa, 

romelmac misi vaJisTvis gankuTvnili mowamluli fiala 

Sesva), miuxedavad amisa, `hamleti~ aris sruliadac ara epikuri, 

aramed upiratesad dramatiuli nawarmoebi, radgan am tragediis 

Sinaarsisa da ganviTarebis arsia misi gmiris Sinagani brZola sakuTar 

TavTan. am brZolis gareSe `hamlets~ CvenTvis araviTari 

Tanauri interesic ki ara aqvs, radgan ofelias xvedric, rac ase 

Rrmad gvaRelvebs, amave brZolis Sedegia. garda amisa, Zmis mkvleli 

mefis sikvdili imdenadvea misi danaSaulis aucilebeli 

Sedegi, ramdenadac namoqmedari hamletis nebisyofisa, romelic 

Zlieri simtkiciT aenTo misi sicocxlis miwuruls, rogorc 

263

alaplapdeba xolme ali Casaqrobad gamzadebuli kandelisa... 

`makbeti~ da òtelo~ koliziis, rogorc dramatiuli dedaarsis, 

uaRresad srulqmnili nimuSebia. gamarjvebul mxedarTmTavars, 

ganTqmul didebuls da kargi, keTilSobili moxuci mefis 

naTesavs, makbets esmis Tavis gulSi Rrmad Camarxuli, magram 

Zlieri da Smagi pativmoyvareobis mZlavri xma. es siSmage, rac 

mZlavr, magram siyvarulisa da samarTlianobis tkbili siTboTi 

ganumsWvalav adamianebSi esoden sazareli da damRupvelia, mas 

moevlineba sami jadoqaris saSineli apoTeoziT. maTi idumali 

winaswarmetyvelebani, rac myisve sruldeba, makbets didxans ver 

aSfoTeben, radgan igi maTSi male gamoicnobs sakuTari sulis 

ganxorcielebul Rrma da bnel ganzraxvas. Tavisi pativmoyvareoba 

mas moevlineba axali da kidev ufro saSineli apoTeoziT 

– misi colis saxiT, qalad movlenili am demonuri arsebis saxiT. 

am qalma mas CauxSo sindisis ukanaskneli qenjna, borotebis 

Cadenis sakuTari satanuri simtkicis magaliTiT aRuZra yalbi 

sircxvili da sabolood gadaawyvetina wyeuli saqmis Cadena. aq 

movlena TiTqmis araviTar rols ar asrulebs: igi mzaddeba TviT 

makbetis nebiT, borotebis xelSemwyob garemoebaTa sabediswero 

damTxveva ki mxolod exmareba borotebis Cadenas, magram mas ar 

warmoSobs. Cven vxedavT makbets Tavis TavTan brZolaSi, tragikul 

koliziaSi: makbets SeeZlo Tavis TavSi daemarcxebina codviTi 

wadili da SeeZlo ahyoloda mas. da misi nebisyofis danaSaulia 

is, rom igi ahyva boroti sawyisis wadils; misma nebisyofam 

warmoSva movlena, magram movlenam rodi misca mimarTuleba mis 

nebisyofas. am dramis danarCeni nawili ukve Sedegia sabediswero 

brZolidan makbetis Tavisufali gamosvlisa: mas aRar ZaluZs 

Sescvalos mefis mkvlelobis momdevno movlenebi; danaSaulma 

igi xelSi Caugdo furiebs, romlebmac mas xeli CasWides da brmasaviT 

waiyvanes borotmoqmedebidan axali borotmoqmedebisaken. 

mis nebisyofaze damokidebuli iyo mxolod is, rom Rirseulad 

daRupuliyo, da igi daiRupa, gangmiruli, magram ara damarcxebuli, 

rogorc Seefereba damnaSave, magram TviT Tavisi danaSauliT 

did adamians. movlena otelos eWvianobis mdgomareobaSi 

ayenebs. es movlena, ra Tqma unda, misi nebisyofis an cnobierebis 

nayofi ar aris, magram miuxedavad amisa, man TviTon Seuwyo xeli 

am movlenis moxdenas Tavisi vulkanuri temperamentiT, Tavisi 

mgznebare vnebebiT, romlebic wamierad aenTebodnen, rogorc 

qviSis qarbuqi avardeba xolme arabeTis udabnoebSi, da ar emor- 

Cilebodnen gonebis xmas; Tavisi bavSvur-mimndobeli xasiaTiT, 

Tavisi crumorwmune warmosaxviT, romelic mas Tavis aRmosavlur, 

afrikul warmoSobas moagonebda. sabediswero wams mas rom 

264

viTomda damnaSave dezdemonas mimarT Tavisi mxecuri ganzraxva 

aelagma, maSin WeSmariteba mas Tvals auxelda cxovrebis bednierebisa 

da netarebisaTvis; magram mas ar surda an ar SeeZlo 

mxecuri Surisgebis ganzraxva aelagma, _ da WeSmaritebis Suqma 

auxila mas Tvali, msgavsad evmenidTa sanTlebis jojoxeTuri 

naTebisa, mxolod imisaTvis, rom gaezoma im ufskrulis siRrme, 

romelSic elvis siswrafiT gadaeSva... 

swored iseve, rogorc epopeaSi aris xolme drama, dramaSic 

aris epopea. berZnebis poeziis yvela gvari, maT Soris TviT 

lrikac, cotad Tu bevrad epikuri xasiaTiT ganirCeva, radgan am 

xalxis mTeli cxovreba upiratesad plastikuri mWvretelobiT 

gamoixata. berZnuli tragedia gansakuTrebiT ganirCeva epikuri 

xasiaTiT da am mxriv diametralurad upirispirdeba uaxles, 

qristianul, Seqspirul dramas. berZnuli tragediis gmiria ara 

adamiani, aramed movlena; misi interesi umTavresad Tavs dastrialebs 

ara individumis xvedrs, aramed xalxis beds, mis warmomadgenelTa 

saxiT. da amitom berZnuli tragediis mTavari piri 

yovelTvis aris naxevrad RmerTi, mefe, gmiri, xolo mis Semdeg 

meore da misdami dapirispirebuli piris TviT xalxi; xalxi 

tragediaSi monawileobs rogorc gundi, romelic piesis msvlelobaze 

pirdapir, qmediT gavlenas TviTon ar axdens, magram mis 

ganviTarebas TiTqos sWvrets da amaze Tavis azrs gamosTqvams. 

berZeni tragikosebi TavianTi gmirebiT ganasaxierebdnen xalxuri 

da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis saerTo Zalebsa da stiqionebs. 

magaliTad, sofokles ukeTilSobiles qmnileba àntigoneSi~, 

tragediis gmiri qalis saxiT ganxorcielebulia ojaxis Seqmnis 

bunebrivi uflebis idea, xolo kreonis saxiT – saxelmwifo samarTlis, 

kanonis Zalis gamarjveba. kreonma sikvdilis dasjis 

muqariT akrZala polinikes, rogorc mamulis mtris, cxedris 

damarxva; xolo damarxvis akrZalva, berZenTa religiuri da sazogadoebrivi 

warmodgenebiT, udides sircxvilad da ubedurebad 

iTvleboda rogorc micvalebulisaTvis, ise misi cocxali 

naTesavebisTvisac. antigone, polinikes da, cdilobda Tavisi 

da – ismene daeyoliebina imaze, rom farulad daekrZalaT TavianTi 

ubeduri xmis cxedari. gaubedavma da sustma ismenem uari 

sTqva, _ da didsulovanma antigonem martodmartom Caidina 

Tavisi keTilSobiluri gmiroba. rodesac kreoni, romelmac es 

ambavi Seityo, SeekiTxva antigones, namdvilad man Caidina Tu 

ara es borotmoqmedeba da icoda Tu ara rom amisTvis sikvdili 

moeloda, _ antigonem dadebiTi pasuxi misca da Tan dasZina, 

Cemi Zma damnaSavec rom yofiliyo, me mainc `davbadebulvar ara 

imisaTvis, rom mZuldes, aramed imisaTvis, rom miyvardeso~. man 

265

auTrToleblad moismina saSineli ganaCeni, ise, rom Sewyaleba 

ar uTxovnia. umonma, antigones saqmrom da kreonis vaJma, kreons 

sTxova Seewyalebina misi sacole, moudrekel mamas waeCxuba da 

sasowarkveTili ganSorda. qurumi tirezia kreons naTesauri 

uflebis darRveviT Seurcxyofili RmerTebis wyromis avismomaswavebeli 

gamovlinebiT daemuqra da polinikes cxedris 

dakrZalva urCia. xalxis xma, gundis saxiT, aSkarad miemxro 

keTilSobil antigones. kreoni Seudrekeli darCa, magram ukve 

eWvma Seawuxa, igi mzad iyos kidec apatios keTilSobil damna- 

Saves, magram mas umZims kanonis Zalis Sesusteba da saxelmwifo 

samarTlis Rirsebis damcireba. bolos, gundis xmam, romelmac 

gaaZliera tirezias muqaris Zala, kreoni daiyolia imaze, rom 

exsna antigone, Tumca mas es umZimda. magram ukve gvian iyo: antigonem 

Tavi CamoixrCo mRvimeSi, sadac wayvanili iyo SimSiliT 

sasikvdilod, xolo emonma, mamis Tvalwin, Tavi moikla antigones 

cxedarTan. evredikamac, kreonis meuRlem da emonis dedam, Svilis 

daRupvis ambavi rom Seityo, Tavi moikla. kreonma daswyevla 

Tavisi sisastike da saSinlad sasowarkveTili dastiroda mis 

mier daRupul erTsisxlierTa sayvarel aCrdilebs. tragedia 

sazeimod mTavrdeba gundis zneobrivi apofegmiT, Zveli berZnebis 

gulubryvilo suliskveTebis Sesabamisad. amrigad, saadaTo 

samarTliT SebRalulma saxelmwifo samarTalma Suri iZia 

SembRalvelze; magram Surismgebeli, Tavisi Surisgebis saSinel 

SedegebSi gaxlarTuli, mis mier SebRaluli saadaTo samarTlis 

SurisZiebis msxverpli gaxda; xolo sibrZne, rac xalxma am 

ambidan gamoitana, orive ukiduresobis Serigebas emsaxureba... 

rogorc epopeaSi, berZnebis tragediaSic sWarbobs maTi Ziri- 

Tadi msoflWvreta _ bedi. oidiposi yovelgvari danaSaulis gareSe 

iqca saSinel damnaSaved da amisaTvis TviTon dasaja Tavisi 

Tavi imiT, rom Tvalebi daiTxara... wamebuli mefis sikvdili 

iwvevs miwisqveSa ZalTa Serigebas masTan da misi saflavi, Rmer- 

Tebis msjavriT, im qveynis keTilReobis sawindari xdeba, romelmac 

misi mowamebrivi gvami Seifara... TiToeuli berZnuli tragediis 

moqmedeba swarmoebs gare samyaroSi, moqmed pirTa Sinagani 

samyaro mayureblisaTvis dafarulia. moqmedebis ganviTareba 

martivi, ararTulia, erT momentSi xdeba, vinaidan TviT Sinaarsic, 

wminda obieqturi da abstraqtuli, did nawarmoebs verc 

gaswvdeboda. meqanizmi erTferovania, zambarebi mudam erTi da 

igivea. moqmedi pirebi hgvanan qandakebebs, romlebsac mSvenieri, 

magram TiTqmis ucvleli saxeebi, reliefuri gamometyveleba 

aqvT, magram TvalebSi guga ara aqvT da sicocxlis naperwkali ar 

ukrTiT. 

266

uaxles xelovnebaSi zogjer epikuri xasiaTiT ganirCevian 

mxolod sakuTriv istoriuli Sinaarsis dramebi, romelTa ZiriTadi 

idea aRebulia umaRlesi saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis 

sferodan. aseTia, magaliTad, Seqspiris `makbeti~ an `riCard II~. 

òteloSi~ ganviTarebulia TiToeulisaTvis cotad Tu bevrad 

gasagebi da misawvdomi grZnoba; `mefe lirSi~ warmodgenilia 

mdgomareoba, rac kidev ufro axlobeli da SesaZlebelia Ti- 

ToeulisaTvis TviT xalxSi, _ da amitom es piesebi Zlier STabe- 

Wdilebas axdenen yvelaze. magram `makbetis~ da `riCard II~-is 

interesi wminda obieqturia da amitom Zalian cotasTvis aris 

mosawvdomi da axlobeli, Tumca, orive dramas mxolod am mxriT 

SeiZleba kidec ewodos epikuri, maTi ganviTareba ki uaRresad 

dramatiulia, radgan igi aRsavsea moZraobiT, da TiToeuli piri 

savsebiT da mTlianad amJRavnebs Tavs Tavisi Sinagani interesis 

sferoSi, magram puSkinis `boris godunovi~ wminda epikuri xasiaTis 

tragediaa. godunovis danaSauli Cadenilia jer kidev dramis 

dawyebamde, da poetma Tavisi gmiri ar gviCvena tragikuli 

koliziis brZolaSi. Cven vxedavT, ra cbierad da marjved axerxebs 

godunovi, rom xalxi mas Seevedros miiRos gvirgvini, romelsac 

igi ukve didi xania Tavis gvirgvinad sTvlis; magram ver vxedavT, 

ra xdeba misi arsebis SigniT da ra gamoZaxils poulobs iq 

mefis mkvlelobis danaSaulebrivi moqmedeba. Cvens yuradRebas 

maSinve ipyrobs axali gmiri, momavali crumosaxele – iaraRi, 

romelic istoriulma nemezidam SebRaluli saxelmwifo samar- 

Tlis SurisgebisaTvis airCia. mxolod maSin, rodesac scenaze 

gamodis SurismaZiebeli, poeti odnav aswevs fardas, romelic 

godunovis Sinagan ganwyobilebas gvifaravda, da Cven mowme 

vxdebiT misi usityvo baasisa sakuTar TavTan, vxedavT, rogor 

sazarlad uswordeba is sakuTar sindiss. puSkinis tragediaSi 

ori gmiria, an, kacma rom sTqvas, arc erTi gmiri ar aris. misi 

gmiria movlena, romlis ideaa istoriuli nemezidas SurisZieba 

SebRaluli saxelmwifo samarTlisaTvis. ai amitom puSkinis es 

diadi qmnileba misawvdomia mcireodenTaTvis da Cveni sazogadoebis 

umravlesobaSi ar SeiZleba sargeblobdes im saxeliT, 

ris Rirsic aris; mis ideas da xasiaTs yvelasTvis sayovelTaod 

misawvdomi interesi ara aqvs. amas unda miekuTvnos TviT godunovis 

xasiaTic: Tavisi nawarmoebis sazianod, puSkini metismetad 

zustad mihyva istorias da godunovi warmoadgina mxolod 

rogorc araCveulebrivad Wkviani pativmoyvare adamiani, ar mianiWa 

mas araviTari piradi sidiade, sulis araviTari genialuri 

Zala, rac istoriis gmiris damaxasiaTebelia. da amitom, esmiT 

ra tragediis zogierTi adgilis fasi (rogorc, magaliTad, me- 

267

matiane pimenis genialuri scena senakSi, roca is ganmartoebulia, 

da momaval crumosaxelesTan saubarSi), ar SeuZliaT Caswvdnen 

Tavisi dinji da didebul-epikuri ganviTarebiT esoden 

uzarmazari mTeli qmnilebis ideas. 

epikur dramebs miekuTvneba mravali dramatiuli nawamoebi, 

romlebsac SuaTana adgili uWiravT tragediasa da komedias Soris. 

aseTia, magaliTad, Seqspiris `qariSxali~, `cimbeliani~, `me- 

Tormete Rame anu ras inebebT~, romlebSic gmirs TviT cxovreba 

warmoadgens. aviRoT, magaliTad, Seqspiris `ras inebebT~. aq 

ar aris gmiri mamakaci an gmiri qali; aq TiToeuli piri Tanabrad 

ipyrobs Cvens yuradRebas, mTeli nawarmoebis garegani interesic 

ki mimarTulia umTavresad or Seyvarebul wyvilze; 

mkiTxvels orive isini Tanabrad ainteresebs da dramis kvanZic 

maTi SeerTebiT ixsneba. 

lirikuli elementi sWarbobs xolme agreTve epopeaSic da 

dramaSic. lirikul poemebs miekuTvneba baironis da puSkinis 

poemebi. maTSi batonobs ara movlena, rogorc epopeaSi, aramed 

adamiani, rogorc dramaSi, anda orive es mxare Sewonasworebuli 

da urTierT Serwymulia. am poemebis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli 

niSani is aris, rom maTSi aRebuli da Tavmoyrilia movlenis 

mxolod poeturi elementebi, da TviT cxovrebis proza 

gaidealebuli da poetizirebulia. puSkinis èvgeni onegini~ 

agreTve lirikul poemebs unda miekuTvnos. Tumca cxovrebis 

proza òneginis~ Sinaarsis TiTqmis umetes nawils Seadgens, 

magram es proza poemaSi Camoyalibda cxovel, msubuq, naTel, 

poetur da harmoniul leqsad, romelSic, maSinac ki, roca is 

epigramis cecxliT brwyinavs, Sereulia sevda – wminda lirikuli 

elementi. poemis gadaxveva Txrobidan, misi mimarTvebi 

sakuTari Tavisadmi – am erTaderTi da uaRresad SesaniSnavi 

mxatvruli qmnilebis uZvirfasesi lirikuli margalitebia. 

Sileris òrleaneli qalwuli~ da `mesineli sapatarZlo~ 

upiratesad lirikuli dramebia, romlebSic moqmedeba warmoebs 

TiTqos ara TavisTvis, aramed operis libretos mniSvneloba 

aqvs; am dramebis dedaarss Seadgens lirikuli monologebi, 

romlebSic gamoTqmulia TiToeuli maTganis ZiriTadi idea. es 

aris keTilSobilur vnebaTa, maRal zraxvaTa da diad movlenaTa 

poeturi apoTeozebi, rac gansakuTrebiT SeiZleba iTqvas 

òrleanel qalwulze~. baironis `manfredi~ da goeTes `fausti~ 

agreTve lirikuli dramebia, TumcaRa sxva xasiaTisa: es 

aris adamianis im Sinagani awewili bunebis poeturi apoTeozebi, 

romelic refleqsiis meSveobiT eswrafvis sicocxlis dakargul 

savseobas. subieqturi, mWvretelobiTi sulis sakiTxebi, yofie- 

268

ebisa da maradisobis saidumloebaTa sakiTxebi, pirovnuli adamianis 

bedis da Tavisi Tavisa da sazogadoebisadmi misi urTier- 

Tobis sakiTxebi Seadgens orive am didi nawarmoebis dedaarss. 

Tavisi Tvisebis gamo lirikul dramas SeuZlia arafrad Caagdos 

garegani sinamdvilis pirobebi; scenaze gamoiwvios sulebi da 

cocxali saxeebiTa da pirebiT gamoxatos vnebebi, survilebi da 

fiqrebi. lirikuli dramis nakli SeiZleba iyos simbolizmisa 

da alegoriisaken midrekileba, rasac ase Tu ise samarTlianad 

usayvedureben `faustis~ meore nawils. 

rac Seexeba sakuTriv lirikul nawarmoebebs, _ isini zogjer 

epikur xasiaTs iReben, rogorc romansSi da baladaSi, razedac 

dawvrilebiT qvemoT vityviT. dramisagan ki isini sesxuloben, magram 

ara dedaarss, aramed mxolod formas, romelic xels uwyobs 

azris uZlieresad gamoTqmas da, ase vTqvaT, aZlierebs grZnobis 

energias. dramatiuli formis amgvar lirikul nawarmoebTa 

umSvenieresi nimuSebia: puSkinis `poeti da brbo~ da `wignis gamyidvelis 

saubari poetTan~, venevitinovis `poeti da megobari~, 

lermontovis `Jurnalisti, mkiTxveli da mwerali~. 

mas Semdeg, rac ganvixileT poeziis TiToeuli gvaris zogadi 

mniSvneloba rogorc gansazRvris, ise Sedarebis gziT, gadavideT 

TiToeuli maTganis Taviseburebebze da saxeebad dayofaze. 

epikuri poeziis Sesaxeb 

eposi, ambavi, Tqmuleba, gadmoscems sagans misi garegani saxiT 

da saerTod gadagviSlis imas, Tu ra aris sagani da rogor aris is. 

eposis dasawyisi aris yoveli gamonaTqvami, romelic daxvewili 

sisxartiT gamoiWers romelime mocemul saganSi imis mTel sisrules, 

rac am saganSi arsebiTia, rac mis dedaarss Seadgens. 

Zvel xalxebSi epigramas (warweris azriT) aseTi xasiaTi hqonda. 

amasve miekuTvneba Zvelebis egreT wodebuli gnomebi, ese igi 

zneobrivi sentenciebi, romlebic erTgvarad Seesabamebian Cvens 

andazebsa da igavebs, Tumca am ukanasknelTagan gansxvavdebian 

Tavisi amaRlebuli, poeturi, zogjer ki religiuri xasiaTiTac 

da komizmisa da prozaulobis uqonlobiT. amasve miekuTvneba 

mTeli krebulebi darigebebisa, norCi xalxis am qorfa qmnilebebisa, 

romlebSic xalxi, mis cxovrebaSi poeziisa da prozis 

gaTiSvamde, Wvretis uSualo da cxoveli formiT gadmoscemda 

Tavis Sexedulebas samyaroze, bunebis sxvadasxva nawilebze da a. 

S. amaTSi srulebiT ar unda avurioT ugvianesi egreT wodebuli 

didaqtikuri leqsebi, romlebic cxovrebis prozam warmoSva. 

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eposis ganviTarebis kibis ufro maRal safexurze imyofeba 

Zvelebis kosmogoniebi da Teogoniebi. kosmogoniebSi warmodgenilia 

samyaros warmoSoba Tavdapirvel substanciur ZalTagan, 

xolo TeogoniebSi – am ZalTa individualizeba sxvadasxva 

RvTaebaSi. bolos, epikurma poeziam Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervals, 

Tavis Tavis srul gansaxierebas maSin miaRwia, roca movlenaTa 

cocxal wyaros – adamians mimarTa da sakuTriv egreT wodebuli 

epopeiT gamoixata. 

epopea mudam iTvleboda poeziis umaRles gvarad, xelovnebis 

gvirgvinad. amis mizezia is udidesi pativiscema, romliTac 

ìliadas~ epyrobodnen berZnebi, xolo maTTan erTad – sxva 

xalxebic Cvens dromde. es usazRvro da Seucnobeli pativiscema 

Zveli drois udidesi nawarmoebisadmi, romelSic gamoixata 

berZnebis cxovrebis mTeli simdidre da sisrule, iqamde 

midioda, rom ìliadas~ uyurebdnen ara rogorc Tavisi droisa 

da Tavisi xalxis suliskveTebis matarebel epikur nawarmoebs, 

aramed rogorc TviT epikur poezias, ese igi Txzulebas sTvlidnen 

poeziis im gvarad, romelsac is miakuTvnes. fiqrobdnen, rom 

yoveli nawarmoebi, romelic ìliadis~ formas uaxlovdeba, misi 

yoveli minamsgavsi, epikuri poema unda iyos da rom yovel xalxs 

unda hqondes Tavisi epopea, Tanac swored iseTi, rogoric berZnebs 

hqondaT. ìliadis~ mixedviT SeimuSaves epikuri poemis 

gansazRvrac ki; am gansazRvriT, epikuri poema iqca im didi istoriuli 

movlenis xotbad, romelmac gavlena moaxdina xalxis 

bedze. amis gamo saWiro iyo mxolod is, rom mSobliur istoriaSi 

gamoenaxaT msgavsi movlena, jer moexmoT muza, daewyoT sayvareli 

sityviT _ `vumRer~ da xmis CaxleCamde emReraT. da ai, 

virgiliusma gaixsena gadmocema troadan eneas misvlaze tibris 

napiras, uTvalavi gaWirvebis gadatanis Semdeg, da rogorc ki 

daiwyo sityviT `cano~ * , maSinve TviTonve warmoidgina da sxvebic 

daarwmuna, TiTqos epikuri poema dawera, misi gakrialebuli, 

gaCarxuli da morTuli ritorikuli nawarmoebi, romelic antipoetur 

xanaSi, Zvel msoflioSi xelovnebis sikvdilis epoqaSi 

gaCnda, didxans pirvelobas eqiSpeboda ìliadas~. dasavleT evropis 

kaTolike berebma virgiliusi kinaRam wmindanad Seracxes; 

anti-poeturi frangi kritikosi, laharpi, èneidas~ TiTqmis ìliadaze~ 

kidev ufro maRla ayenebda. amrigad, èneidam~ warmoSva 

`ganTavisuflebuli ierusalimi~, `Tavgadasavli telemakisa, 

ulises vaJisa~, `dakarguli samoTxe~, `mesiada~, `henriada~, `honzal 

kordueli~, `tilemaxida~, `rossiada~ da mravali sxva àda~. 

espanelebi amayobdnen Tavisi àraukaniT~, portugalielebi _ 

* vumRer. _ red. 

270

`luizitanebiT~. sakmarisia mxolod Tvali gadavavloT epopeis 

arssa da pirobebs sazogadod da ìliadis~ xasiaTs, rom davrwmundeT, 

Tu sadamde midis am èpikuri~ da `sagmiro~ poemebisa da 

piesebis uTuo Rirseba. 

eposi aris xalxis axalgaRviZebuli cnobierebis pirveli 

mwife nayofi poeziis sferoSi. epopea SeiZleba gaCndes mxolod 

xalxis sinorCis xanaSi, roca misi cxovreba jer kidev ar gaTiSula 

or mopirdapire mxared – poeziad da prozad, roca misi istoria 

jer kidev mxolod gadmocemaa, roca mas samyaroze jer kidev 

religiuri warmodgenebi aqvs, roca misi Zala, Zliereba da axali 

moRvaweoba mxolod sagmiro saqmeebiT gamovlindeba. 

amrigad, epopeis Sinaarss unda Seadgendes cxovrebis dedaarsi, 

substanciuri Zalebi, im xalxis ganwyobileba da yofa, 

romelic Tavisi cxovrebis individualur wyaros jer kidev ar 

Camocilebia. amitom xalxuroba epikuri poemis erT-erTi Ziri- 

Tadi pirobaa: TviT poeti movlenas jer kidev Tavisi xalxis 

TvaliT uyurebs ise, rom am movlenisagan ar gamohyofs Tavis 

pirovnebas. magram imisaTvis, rom uaRresad nacionaluri epopea 

imave dros mxatvruli qmnilebac iyos, saWiroa, raTa individualuri 

xalxuri cxovrebis forma Seicavdes zogadsakacobrio, 

msoflio Sinaarss. aseTi iyo berZnebis individualuri cxovreba, 

da amitom maTi kosmogoniuri da Teogoniuri simRerebis 

bavSvuri titinic ki Seicavs ideebs, romlebic Semdgom mTeli kacobriobis 

kuTvnileba gaxda. vimeorebT: muzebisadmi heziodes 

himni, razedac zemoT ukve mivuTiTeT, Seicavs uaxlesi drois 

esTetikis marcvalsa da arss, esTetikisa, romelic aRsavsea 

mSvenieris filosofiiT da ganviTarebulia Cveni Tanamedrove 

germanelebis mWvretelobiTi azrovnebiT. ai amitom aris, rom 

ìliada~ da òdisea~, romlebic nacionaluri berZnuli qmnilebebia, 

imave dros mTel kacobriobas ekuTvnis, yvela saukunisa 

da yvela xalxisaTvis Tanabrad misawvdomia da msoflios yvela 

enasa da kiloze cotad Tu bevrad marjved iTargmneba. berZnebma, 

Tavisi sinorCis epoqiT, gamoxates mTeli kacobriobis bavSvoba, 

rogorc kacobriobis srulma da Rirseulma warmomadgenlebma, 

da homerosis poemebSi kacobrioba grZnobamoreuli igonebs 

Tavisi sakuTari (da ara mxolod berZnebi) bavSvobis naTel epoqas. 

magaliTad, rusul simRerebsa da epikur TqmulebebSi bevri 

poeziaa, magram es poezia moqceulia xalxuri individualobis 

viwro da mojadoebul wreSi, moklebulia zogadsakacobrio 

Sinaarss da amitom gasagebad da mZlavrad elaparakeba mxolod 

rusul suls, magram utyvia yoveli sxva xalxisaTvis da araviTar 

sxva enaze ar SeiZleba iTargmnos. amave mizeziT Cveni xalxuri 

271

simRerebi da epikuri Tqmulebani moklebuli arian yovelgvar 

mxatvrulobas, da Tumca maTSi aqa-iq gaielvebs xolme poeziis 

naTeli naperwklebi, magram imave dros Zalian bevria prozauli 

adgili; xSirad azri maTSi Tavis gamoxatulebas ver poulobs da 

narTaulebiT da simboloebiT titinebs. mxolod zogadsakacobrio, 

msoflio Sinaarsi SeiZleba gamovlindes mxatvruli formiT. 

xalxis substanciuri cxovreba movleniT unda gamoixatos, 

raTa Seqmnas Sinaarsi epopeisaTvis. xalxis sinorCis xanaSi misi 

cxovreba umTavresad vaJkacobiT, mamacobiTa da gmirobiT gamoixateba. 

amitom sayovelTao-saxalxo omi, romelmac xalxis 

mTeli Sinagani Zalebi gamoaRviZa, gamoavlina da daZaba, romelmac 

xalxis (jer kidev miTiur) istoriaSi epoqa Sehqmna da mTel 

mis Semdgom cxovrebaze gavlena moaxdina, _ aseTi omi upiratesad 

epikuri movlenaa da mdidar masalas iZleva epopeisaTvis. 

troas saarako omi berZnebisaTvis swored aseTi movlena iyo da 

Sinaarsi misca ìliadasa~ da òdiseas~, am poemebma ki Sinaarsi 

misces sofokles da evripides tragediebis did nawils. epopeis 

moqmedi pirebi nacionaluri sulis sruli warmomadgenlebi unda 

iyvnen, magram gmiri Tavisi pirovnebiT upiratesad unda gamoxatavdes 

xalxis ZalTa mTel sisrules, misi substanciuri sulis 

mTel poezias. aseTia homerosis aqilevsi. Tqven giyvarT heqtori, 

daRupvis gzaze Semdgari Tavisi xalxisa da ojaxis burji, 

mosiyvarule meuRle da mama, mamaci da Zlieri raindi, romelic 

marto aqilevss Camouvardeba; Tqven didad nanobT mis sikvdils 

da TiTqos gwyinT bedisa da RmerTebis mikerZoeba, romlebic 

aqilevss gamoesarClnen da amiT gaTeles samarTlianoba. magram 

ufro yuradRebiT daakvirdiT – da dainaxavT, rom ficxi, mrisxane, 

mamaci da poeturi pelidi samarTlianad amarcxebs heqtors. 

igi umTavresad gmiria, TaviT fexamde didebis autaneli SuqiT 

mosili, saberZneTis sulis yvela mxaris sruli warmomadgneli, 

qalRmerTis Rirseuli vaJi. heqtori aqilevsze ufro adamianuria, 

magram aqilevsi heqtorze ufro RvTaebrivia, aqilevsi yvela 

sxva gmirze mTeli TaviT maRla dgas; aiaqsi mas RoniT etoleba, 

magram fexis siswrafiT Camouvardeba. wlebiT gaWaRaravebuli 

nestori, didad Wkviani kaci, xangrZlivi apoTeozia, gulTbilobisa 

da moxucuri didsulovnebis apoTeozia. odisei warmomadgenelia 

sibrZnisa politikis azriT. aiaqsi metad ficxi, 

saSinlad mamaci da fizikuri ZaliT aRsavsea. xalxis moZRvari, 

agamemnoni, mefuri sidiadiT ganirCeva. erTi sityviT, ìliadis~ 

TiToeuli moqmedi piri nacionaluri berZnuli sulis romelime 

mxares gamoxatavs, magram aqilevsi xalxis substanciur ZalTa 

erTobliobis gamomxatvelia. igi Tavis tols ver xedavs da mxo- 

272

lod bWobis dros nebayoflobiT uTmobs xolme zogierTebs. 

aqilevsi – es gmiruli saberZneTis poeturi apoTeozia _ is samarTlianad 

aris poemis gmiri. mis diad gmirul suls mSvenier, 

RvTaebriv sxeulSi dausadgurnia, misi saxiT simamace SeerTebulia 

silamazesTan; mis moZraobaSi aris zvaoba, gracia da plastikuri 

silamaze, mis sityvebSi – keTilSobileba da energia. 

sakvirveli ar aris, rom mas RmerTebi da TviT bedi swyaloben; 

sakvirveli ar aris, rom martooden misma gamoCenam maRlobze 

uiaraRod da samgzis SeZaxilma troelTa jaris gaqceva gamoiwvia. 

igi mTeli poemis centria: agamemnonze aqilevsis ganrisxebam 

da masTan Serigebam Sehkra da gaxsna poemis kvanZi, aman misca poemas 

dasawyisi, Sua nawili da dasasruli. ganrisxebuli, igi umoqmedod 

zis Tavis karavSi, oqros simebian Cangs ukravs da brZolebSi 

ar monawileobs; magram igi mainc yovel wuTs rCeba poemis 

gmirad, poemaSi yvelaferi aqilevsisagan gamomdinareobs da 

misken miemarTeba. magram es imitom, rom igi poemaSi monawileobs 

ara Tavisi piraduliT, aramed xalxis saxeliT, rogorc misi warmomadgeneli. 

epopeaSi unda iyos mTlianoba, moqmedebis erTianoba, 

nawilTa TanaSezomileba, _ es aris yoveli mxatvruli nawarmoebis 

aucilebeli piroba da ara marto epopeis damaxasiaTebeli 

Tviseba. 

Cveni drois epopea aris romani. romanSi aris eposis yvela 

gvarovnuli da arsebiTi niSani, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom 

romanSi sxva elementebi da sxva koloriti batonobs. aq ukve 

ar aris gmiruli cxovrebis miTiuri masStabebi, ar aris gmir- 

Ta uzarmazari figurebi, aq ar moqmedeben RmerTebi; magram aq 

gaidealebuli da zogad tipad warmodgenilia Cveulebrivi prozauli 

cxovrebis movlenebi. romanma SeiZleba Tavisi SinaarsisaTvis 

aiRos an istoriuli movlena da mis sferoSi ganaviTaros 

romelime kerZo movlena, rogorc eposSic: gansxvaveba mdgomareobs 

TviT am movlenebis xasiaTSi da, maSasadame, ganviTarebisa da 

gamoxatvvis xasiaTSic; an romanma SeiZleba aiRos cxovreba misi 

dadebiTi sinamdviliT, misi arsebuli mdgomareobiT. es saerTod 

uaxlesi xelovnebis uflebaa, sadac kerZo adamianis bedi mniSvnelovania 

ara imdenad sazogadoebisadmi, ramdenadac kacobriobisadmi 

misi damokidebulebis mxriT. Tumca yoveldRiuri 

cxovrebis saboloo safuZveli aris maradiuli substanciuri 

Zalebi, magram Tavisi gamovlinebiT es cxovreba SemTxveviTia 

da CaxSobilia yovlad umniSvnelo garegnuli movlenebiT. Tumca 

istoria namdvili gamovlinebiT ukve amJRavnebs maradiul 

kanonebsa da gonivrul aucileblobas, magram gamovlinebisas 

273

misi faqtebi TviTSegnebas moklebuli arian da amitom garegani 

movlenebis saxe aqvT, imave dros ki isini mudam gadaxlarTuli 

da gadawnuli arian yoveldRiuri cxovrebis SemTxvevebTan. 

romanis, rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebis, amocanaa CamoaSoros 

yovelive SemTxveviTi yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da istoriul 

movlenebs, Caswvdes maTs farul guls – cxovelmyofel ideas, 

sulisa da gonebis WurWlad aqcios garegnuli da gancalkevebuli. 

romanis met-naklebi mxatvruloba damokidebulia ZiriTadi 

ideis siRrmesa da im Zalaze, romliTac es idea calkeul TaviseburebebSi 

yalibdeba. Tavisi amocanis SesrulebiT romani Tavisufali 

fantaziis yvela sxva nawarmoebis gverdiT dgeba da, am 

azriT, zustad unda gamoiyos beletristikis efemerul nawarmoebTagan, 

romlebic sazogadoebis saarsebo saWiroebebs akmayofileben. 

riCardsonebis, fildingebis, radklifebis, levisebis, 

diukrede-menilebis, lafontenebis, Spisebis, kramerebis, 

pol-de-kokebis, marietebis, dikensebis, lesaJebis, miCiurenebis, 

hiugoebis, de-viniebis gvarebs Tavisi SefardebiTi mniSvneloba 

aqvT da damsaxurebuli saxeliT sargebloben an sargeblobdnen; 

magram isini srulebiT ar unda avurioT servantesis, valter 

skotis, kuperis, hofmanisa da goeTes, rogorc romanistebis, 

saxelebSi. 

romanis sfero epikuri poemis sferoze Seudareblad ufro 

vrcelia. romani, rogorc TviT misi saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, warmoiSva 

qristian xalxTa uaxlesi civilizaciidan, kacobriobis 

im epoqaSi, rodesac mTeli samoqalaqo, sazogadoebrivi, ojaxuri 

da saerTod adamianuri urTierToba uaRresad garTulda da 

dramatiuli gaxda, cxovreba gaRrmavda da gafarTovda elementebis 

usasrulo simravleSi. garda imisa, rom romani saintereso 

da SinaarsiT mdidaria, igi arafriT ar Camouvardeba epikur poemas 

rogorc mxatvruli nawarmoebic. SeiZleba SemogvekamaTon 

da gviTxran, rom Cven TviTon sanimuSod miviCnieT mxolod ori 

poema, maSin, rodesac marto valter skotma ocdaaT romanze 

meti dawera. marTalia, epikuri poema moiTxovs geniosis Zalis 

met Tavmoyras, radgan geniosi am poemaSi mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis 

gmirul saqmes xedavs; magram amis mizezia sruliadac ara 

epopeis upiratesoba romanTan SedarebiT, aramed uaxlesi xalxebis 

cxovrebis umdidresi da uaRresad mSvenieri Sinaarsi Zveli 

berZnebis cxovrebasTan SedarebiT. berZnebis mTeli istoriuli 

cxovreba erTi movleniT da erTi poemiT gamoixata (vinaidan 

òdisea~ TiTqos ìliadis~ gagrZeleba da dasasrulia, Tumca 

berZnebis cxovrebis sxva mxares gamoixatavs). berZnebSi rom axali 

homerosi warmoSobiliyo, _ misi poemisaTvis aRar iqneboda 

274

troas omis msgavsi sxva movlena; xolo, vTqvaT, aseTi movlena 

kidec rom gamoCeniliyo, misi poema mainc ìliadis~ ganmeoreba 

iqneboda da, maSasadame, araviTari Rirseba ar eqneboda. magram 

aiReT, magaliTad, jvarosnuli laSqrobani: valter skotma 

mTeli oTxi romani dawera am epoqis Sesaxeb (`grafi robert 

parizeli~, `Cesteris konetabli~, `Tilisma~, àivenho~), _ da 

aTasic rom daewera, maSinac ki mTeli sisruliT ver amowuravda 

am movlenas. garda amisa, romans kidev is didi upiratesoba aqvs, 

rom SeiZleba mis Sinaarss Seadgendes kerZo cxovrebac, romelic 

verasgziT ver iqneboda berZnuli epopeis Sinaarsi: Zvel msoflioSi 

arsebobda sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo, xalxi, magram ar 

arsebobda adamiani, rogorc kerZo individualuri pirovneba, 

da amitom berZnebis epopeaSi, ise rogorc maT dramaSic, SeiZleboda 

yofiliyvnen mxolod xalxis warmomadgenlebi – naxevrad 

RmerTebi, gmirebi, mefeebi. romanisaTvis ki cxovreba warmodgenilia 

adamianSi, da adamianis gulis, adamianis sulis mistika, 

adamianis xvedri, xalxis cxovrebasTan mTeli misi urTierToba 

romanisaTvis uxvi wyaroa. romanSi srulebiT saWiro ar aris, rom 

rebeka usaTuod dedofali an ivdiTis msgavsi gmiri qali iyos; 

romanisaTvis saWiroa mxolod is, rom rebeka qali iyos. 

moTxroba igive romania, magram naklebi moculobisa, rac 

gamowveulia TviT Sinaarsis arsiTa da moculobiT. Cvens literaturaSi 

romanis am saxis warmomadgenelia WeSmariti mxatvari 

– gogoli. misi saukeTeso moTxrobebia: `taras bulba~, `Zveli 

memamuleni~ da `moTxroba imaze, Tu rogor waeCxuba ivan ivaniCi 

ivan nikiforoviCs~. mxatvruli RirsebiT amaT uaxlovdeba puSkinis 

moTxroba `kapitanis qaliSvili~, xolo misi daumTavrebeli 

romanis _ `petre didis zangis~ nawyveti mowmobs, poeti 

rom udrood ar daRupuliyo, rusuli literatura mxatvruli 

istoriuli romaniT gamdidrdeboda. amaT garda, moTxrobisa 

da romanis dargSic ki, did imeds iZleva axalgazrda talanti 

_ b-ni lermontovi, romelic Cveni literaturis asparezze am 

cota xnis winaT gamovida. germanul literaturaSi moTxrobis 

warmomadgenelia hofmani, romelmac, SeiZleba iTqvas, fantastikuri 

poeziis calke gvari Seqmna. sxva literaturebSi moTxroba 

ise mdidrulad ganviTarebuli ar aris; TviT inglisur literaturaSic 

ki ar arian novelistebi, romelTa saxelebis moxsenieba 

SeiZlebodes valter skotisa da kuperis saxelebis Semdeg, viSington 

irvingi mxolod araCveulebrivad niWieri moambea. 

epikur gvars miekuTvneba kidev idilia anu ekloga, romlisganac 

XVIII saukunem Seqmna poeziis calke gvari – mwyemsuri anu 

bukolikuri poezia. maSin usaTuod undodaT, rom idilias xot- 

275

a Seesxa mwyemsebis cxovrebisaTvis kacobriobis sazogadoebis 

winadroindel periodSi, rodesac adamianebi (TiTqos) kravebiviT 

umankoni, cxvrebiviT keTilni da mtredebiviT grZnobierni 

iyvnen. gulis momsuyebeli, motkbo sentimentaloba, yovelgvar 

energias moklebuli garyvnili, gaxrwnili grZnoba siyvarulisa, 

_ am mwyemsuri poeziis ganmasxvavebel xasiaTs Seadgenda. da es 

poezia gamoigones Zvelebis safuZvelze, Teokrites saxeliT, 

imisaTvis, rom vaCvenoT, Tu ramdenad uazroa es ukbilo ciliswameba 

Zvelebisa da Teokrites mimarT da WeSmariti warmodgena 

mivceT idiliaze, _ aq am saganze mogvyavs azri ganTqmuli gnedi- 

Cisa, romelic Zveli drois Rrmad mcodnea, gamsWvalulia misi 

mxatvruli arsiT, misi wminda bgerebiT da WeSmariti poetia suliTa 

da niWiT. ai ras ambobs igi mis mier berZnulidan Targmnil 

Teokrites idiliis _ `sirakuzeli qalebi anu adonisis dResaswauli~ 

_ winasityvaobaSi. 

ìdiliuri poezia CvenSi, iseve rogorc evropis uaxles literaturebSi, 

Semofarglulia mwyemsuri poeziis viwro gansazRvriT, 

yalbi gansazRvraa. misgan warmosdgeba sxva, amdenadve usafuZvlo 

azri, rom mwemsur poezias (e. i. idiliebs, eklogebs) 

Cvens sityvierebaSi arseboba ar SeuZlia, vinaidan Cven ara gvyavs 

Zveli drois mwyemsTa msgavsi mwyemsebi, da sxv. da sxv. 

`berZnebis idilia, TviT sityvis mniSvnelobiT * , aris sanaxaoba, 

suraTi, anu is, rasac Cven vuwodebT scenas; magram scena 

rogorc mwyemsuri, ise samoqalaqo cxovrebisa, gmiruli cxovrebisac 

ki. amas adasturebs idiliebi Teokritesi, pirveli, 

ukeT rom vTqvaT, erTaderTi poetisa, romelic poeziis gansakuTrebul 

gvarSi dasavleTis yvela xalxisaTvis nimuSi iyo. 

Tumca am gvaris SemuSaveba mas ar dauwyia, magram man igi ufro 

dauaxlova bunebas da amiT srulyofili gaxada. man Tavisi idiliebisaTvis 

formebi gadmoiRo mimebidan, sceniuri warmodgenebidan, 

rac mis samSoblo siciliaSi gamoigones, da mravalferovani 

SinaarsiT gaamdidra isini; magram maTTvis metwilad SearCia 

mdabiuri sagnebi, raTa aleqsandriis sasaxlis fufunebisaTvis, 

sadac igi cxovrobda, daepirispirebina martivi xalxuri azrebi 

da am dapirispirebiT daetyvevebina mkiTxvelebi, romlebic 

bunebas sruliad CamoSorebuli iyvnen. ptolomeebis sasaxle 

srulebiT ar icnobda sicilieli mwyemsebis zne-Cveulebebs; 

maTi cxovrebis suraTebs idiliis mkiTxvelebisaTvis orgvari 

simSveniere unda hqonoda rogorc sagnis siaxliT, ise imdroindeli 

metismeti ganazebulobisa da TavaSvebuli fufunebisad- 

* eidn ll"wn warmosdgeba sityvisagan èido~ – sanaxaoba da kninobiTi sityvaa, 

ase vTqvaT, _ saxiobana. 

276

mi dapirispirebiT. fufunebis tvirTiT da cxovrebis xmauriT 

daqancul guls didad xiblavs is, rac mas ufro myudro, ufro 

tkbil cxovrebas moagonebs. buneba arasodes ar kargavs adamianis 

gulze Tavis mZlavr gavlenas. 

`yvelgan, sadac adamianTa sazogadoebani aRwevdnen im dones, 

romelzec maSin egvipte idga, poetebic agreTve cdilobdnen amgvari 

dapirispirebani moexdinaT. magram marto berZnebs SeeZloT 

erTsa da imave dros yofiliyvnen bunebrivic da originaluric. 

yvela sxva xalxs undoda gaeumjobesebina an Taviseburad gadaekeTebina 

TviT buneba: grZnobas scvlidnen mgrZnobelobiT, 

sisadaves – sinatifiT. romaelebSi ramdenjerme scades qalaqebisaTvis 

daexataT soflis cxovrebis suraTebi. idiliebiT daiwyo 

Tavisi moRvaweoba virgiliusma; magram, miuxedavad leqsebis 

simSvenierisa, igi Teokrites ver gautolda: misi mwyemsebi 

metwilad oratorebi arian, kalpurniusi da sxva romaelebi virgiliuss 

baZavdnen da ara bunebas. 

ùaxlesi drois literaturebSi, gansakuTrebiT italiurSi, 

rodesac poeziis yvela gvari nacadi iyo, didZali idilia gaCnda 

garyvnil xalxSi; magram ra cota bunebriobaa sannazaroSi, ra 

sinatifea gvariniSi! frangebze laparakic ki zedmetia, drois 

gamocdas ver gauZlo verc hesnerma, romelsac bevrs kiTxulobdnen 

lui XV-is sasaxleSi; man Seqmna sentimentaluri buneba 

Tavisi nimuSiT, Tavisi mwyemsebi idealuri saxiT warmoadgina, 

xolo, rac ufro uaresia, idiliaSi Seitana berZnuli miTologia. 

es iyo misi umTavresi Secdoma: nimfebi, favnebi, satirebi CvenTvis 

mokvdnen da Cveni drois poeziaSi ise veRar gamoCndebian, 

rom sicivis grZnoba ar gamoiwvion. amrigad, Teokrite, rogorc 

homerosi, rCeba im naTel farosad, romelsac unda davubrundeT 

yovelTvis, rodesac gza agvereva. 

epikur poezias miekuTvneba apologi da igavi, romlebSic 

poetizirebulia cxovrebis proza da cxovrebis praqtikuli 

yoveldRiuri sibrZne. poeziis am gvarma Tavis umaRles ganvi- 

Tarebas miaRwia mxolod or uaxles literaturaSi – frangulsa 

da rusulSi. frangul literaturaSi igavis warmomadgenelia 

lafonteni; Cvens literaturas ramdenime niWieri igavTmwerali 

moepoveba, xolo krilovis saxiT hyavs WeSmaritad genialuri 

Semoqmedi xalxuri igavebisa, romlebSic mTeli sisruliT gamoixata 

rusi xalxis praqtikuli Wkua, mosazrebuloba, TiTqos 

gulubryvilo, magram gesliani gaqirdva. 

epikur poeziasve unda miekuTvnos egreT wodebuli didaqtikuri 

poeziac; magram mis Sesaxeb kidev gveqneba laparaki. 

277

278 

lirikuli poeziis Sesaxeb 

lirikuli nawarmoebi, rogorc wamieri SegrZnebis nayofi, ar 

SeiZleba iyos da arc unda iyos Zalian grZeli; Tu es ase ar aris, 

igi civic iqneba da naZaladevic, da siamovnebis nacvlad mkiTxvels 

mxolod daRlis. imisaTvis, rom Cveni grZnoba gavaRviZoT 

da misi moqmedeba xangrZlivad SevinarCunoT, saWiroa raime 

obieqtur Sinaarss vWvretdeT; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki, rac 

ufro gaRvivdeba da mSvenivrad gaifurCqneba grZnoba, miT ufro 

male ganeldeba kidec is. ai ratom aris opera yvelaze grZeli 

musikaluri nawarmoebi. operaSi musika mWidrod ukavSirdeba 

obieqtur moqmedebas, da musikis dramatizmi, miuxedavad gabatonebuli 

motivisa, operas cxovel mravalferovnebas aniWebs. 

igive opera, magram warmosaxul da ara arsebul libretoze dawerili, 

momqancveli mogeCvenebodaT. amave mizeziT lirikul poemasac, 

anu dramas, Tavisi moculobis garkveuli sazRvrebi ara 

aqvs. magram sakuTriv lirikul nawarmoebs, wamieri STagonebis 

nayofs, SeuZlia mTeli Cveni arseba Seipyros, CvenSi didi xniT 

aRibeWdos, _ oRond mxolod maSin, Tu mis wasakiTxad saWiroa 

ramdenime wuTi. poetis sulis wamieri ganwyobilebis nayofi, 

_ lirikuli nawarmoebi samudamod daikargeba, Tu qaRaldze 

ar iqneba gadatanili manamde, sanam poetis suls axali ganwyobileba 

daeuflebodes. amitom verc poeti dawers grZel lirikul 

nawarmoebs, romelic, moculobiT didi, magram imave dros 

gansxvavebuli iqneboda SegrZnebis erTianobiT. maSasadame, azris 

erTianobiTac, da amitom sruli, mTliani da individualuri 

iqneboda; verc Cveni grZnobis aRqmadoba didxans ver imoqmedebs 

da male daiRleba, Tu mas ar ganamtkicebs im ideebisa da saxeebis 

mravalferovneba, romlebic mas iwveven da masTan erTad 

moqmedeben gonebazec. ai amitom aris, rom puSkinis uklebliv 

yvela lirikuli nawarmoebi ase moklea, mis winamorbedTa lirikul 

nawarmoebebTan SedarebiT. lirikul nawarmoebTa gaWianurebuloba 

Cveulebriv gamowveulia an imiT, rom poeti, erT 

da imave nawarmoebSi, erTi SegrZnebidan meoreze gadadis da 

Zalauneburad iZulebulia es gadasvlebi ritorikuli CanarTi 

adgilebiT daakavSiros, anda misi yalbi, anti-poeturi da kidev 

ufro metad anti-lirikuli midrekilebiT – didaqtikurad ganaviTaros 

raime ganyenebuli azrebi. lirikuli qmnilebebis 

gaWianurebulobis gamomwvevi orive am naklis namdvili warmomadgeneli 

aris ritorikuli elegisti lamartini. Tumca der- 

Javinis SemoqmedebaSi amave naklovanebebs zogjer gamoisyidis 

xolme Zlieri niWis naTeli gaelveba, magram misi iseTi grZeli

odebi, rogoricaa òda izmailis aRebis gamo~, saerTod autanlad 

momqancvelia; TviT misi `CanCqeris~ erTbaSad wakiTxva Znelia. 

rac Seexeba galeqsil oratorul sityvebs, romlebiTac 

ukvdavi lomonosovi namdvil rusTa smenas xiblavda, petrovis 

`sazeimo odebis~ ritorikuli emfazis gaberil buStebs, kapitnis 

wyalwyala ybedobas, romelSic igi, b-n koSanskis ritorikis 

wesebis mixedviT, dastiris Tavis varamsa da bedis simuxTles; 

bolos, merzliakovis sazeimo da gacveTil lirikul leqsebs * , 

romlebsac igi sauniversiteto aqtebis dros kiTxulobda, _ 

isini mxolod imisTvis gamodgeba, rom mkiTxvelTa suls magnitiviT 

Sehyaron mZime mowyeniloba da Zilis apaTia. 

lirikuli poezia warmoiSveba cxovrebisa da cnobierebis yvela 

safexurze, yvela saukunesa da epoqaSi; magram igi, winaaRmdeg 

eposisa, ifurCqneba ukve maSin, rodesac xalxSi Seiqmneba subieqturoba, 

erTi mxriT, da dadebiTi prozauli sinamdvile, meore 

mxriT. xolo uSualo cnobierebis safexurze, sadac eposi ase 

didebulad da sisavsiT viTardeba, lirikuli poezia Tavisi umaRlesi 

daniSnulebisagan jer kidev Sors aris da, namdvili rom 

iTqvas, jer kidev xelovnebis sferos gareT imyofeba. es aris 

egreT wodebuli bunebrivi anu xalxuri poezia. 

lirikuli poeziis saxeebi damokidebulia subieqtis ur- 

TierTobisagan im saerTo Sinaarsisadmi, romelsac igi Tavisi 

nawarmoebisaTvis iRebs. Tu subieqti saerTo Wvretis elementSi 

CaiZireba da am WvretaSi TiTqos kargavs Tavis individualobas, 

maSin miviRebT himns, diTirambs, fsalmunebs, peanebs. subieqturobas 

am safexurze Tavisi sakuTari xma TiTqos jer kidev 

ara aqvs da igi savsebiT Seupyria im umaRless, romelmac mas na- 

Teli mohfina; aq jer kidev cotaa gankerZoeba, da Tumca zogadi 

gamsWvalulia poetis STagonebuli SegrZnebiT, magram cotad 

Tu bevrad ganyenebulad mJRavndeba. es aris lirikuli poeziis 

dasawyisi, pirveli momenti, da amitom, magaliTad, kalimaxisa 

da heziodes himnebi, pindaris diTirambebi epikuri xasiaTisaa, 

maTSi vxvdebiT Txrobas da saerTod isini sakmaod didi moculobis 

lirikuli saxis poemebia. uaxles poezias amgvar lirikul 

nawarmoebTa mcireodeni nimuSebis warmodgena SeuZlia. Sileris 

ganTqmuli `sixarulis himni~ imdenad Warbad aris gamsWvaluli 

cnobierebiT, rom amgvar nawarmoebTa wyebas ver mivakuTvnebT, 

* aq igulisxmeba mxolod merzliakovis odebi da ara misi Targmanebi Zveli 

mwerlebidan da rusuli simRerebi, romelTa didi nawili Cinebulia. merzliakovs 

poeturi buneba hqonda, magram gasuli saukunis ritorika da piitika 

mas xSirad Tavgzas ubnevda. rac Seexeba lomonosovis odebs, aq igulisxmeba 

mxolod sazeimo odebi, romelTa gaWianurebulobasa da ritorikul xasiaTs 

poeziis naperwklebic ki ver Svelis. 

279

Tumca mgznebare aRfrTovanebis eqscentrikuli ZaliT mas SeiZleba 

kidec ewodos himnic da diTirambic. puSkinis `baxusis zeimis~ 

misive `baxusis simReris~ da batiuSkovis `baxusis qurumi 

qalis~ Sinaarsi aRebulia Zveli cxovrebidan. Tumca puSkinis 

`ruseTis cilismwamebeli~ da `borodinos wlisTavi~ mZafri, 

mgznebare diTirambuli STagonebiT aris aRsavse, magram verc 

maT vuwodebT himnebs an diTirambebs zusti azriT, imitom, rom 

maTSi Zalian SesamCnevia poetis pirovneba. am gvaris nawarmoebTa 

nimuSebs mxolod Zveli msoflio iZleva. 

poetis subieqturoba, ukve mas Semdeg, rac Tavis Tavs Seicnobs, 

Tavisuflad iRebs da moicavs misTvis saintereso raime 

sagans: maSin vRebulobT odas. odis sagans TavisTavadac SeiZleba 

raime substanciuri interesi hqondes (cxovrebis, sinamdvilis, 

cnobierebis sxvadasxva sfero: saxelmwifo, RmerTebis, 

gmirebis xotba, siyvaruli, megobroba da a. S.); aseT SemTxveva- 

Si odebs sazeimo xasiaTi aqvs. Tumca aq poeti mTeli arsebiT 

eZleva kidev Tavis sagans, magram amas Tan axlavs refleqsia 

mis subieqturobaze; igi Tavis uflebas inarCunebs da imdenad 

TviT sagans ki ar aviTarebs, ramdenadac am sagniT aRsavse Tavis 

STagonebas. aseTia puSkinis qmnilebani: `napoleoni~, `zRvas~, 

`kavkasioni~ da `zvavi~. saerTod, unda SevniSnoT, rom oda – es 

SuaTana gvari himnsa anu diTirambs da simReras Soris, agreTve 

naklebad damaxasiaTebelia Cveni droisaTvis. Cveni drois poeti 

misi momxiblveli sagnisagan hqmnis fantazias, suraTs (rogorc, 

magaliTad, lermontovi kavkasiisagan hqmnis `Tergis saCuqars~); 

magram misi sayvareli da guliTadi gvaria simRera, romlis 

mniSvneloba da arsi ufro lirikuli da subieqturia. odaSi metia 

garegani obieqturi, maSin rodesac simRera subieqturobis 

uwmindesi eTeria. amitom puSkins ase cota aqvs odebi, romleb- 

Sic upiratesad mJRavndeboda derJavinis mZlavri poeturi 

moqmedeba. derJavinis mravali oda, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini 

dauxvewelia, mxatvrulad gamoZerwili ar aris, regularuli 

formiT da met-naklebi ritorikiT ganirCeva, _ SeiZleba 

Tavisi drois mixedviT gamodges odebis, rogorc lirikuli 

poeziis saxis, nimuSebad. aseTia gansakuTrebiT: `meSCerskis 

sikvdilis gamo~, `CanCqeri~, `pirvel mezobels~, `Semodgoma 

oCakovis alyis dros~, `xaritebi~, `silamazis dabadeba~ da sxv. 

lirikis wminda, xalasi elementi simReraSi, am sityvis yvelaze 

farTo azriT, gvevlineba rogorc wminda subieqtur 

SegrZnebaTa gamoxatuleba. idumal, poeziis SemoqmedebiTi Zalis 

dauxmareblad gamouTqmel im SegrZnebaTa mTeli uricxvi 

mravalferovneba, romlebic ase uangariSod, ase gansakuTrebu- 

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lad warmoiSvebian Cveni Sinagani arsebis siRrmeSi, aq Tavisufldeba 

Tavisi gansakuTrebulobisagan, e. i. martooden Cemdami 

kuTvnilebisagan, da, fantaziiT frTebSesxmuli, evlineba qveyanas, 

bolos, subieqti, am savsebiT pirad SegrZnebaTa garda, lirikul 

nawarmoebebSi gamoxatavs Tavisi cxovrebis ufro saerTo, 

ufro Segnebul faqtebs sxvadasxva Wvretas, Sexedulebebs, miaxloebebs, 

azrebs, codnis mTel obieqtur marags da sxv. sakuTriv 

simReris garda, amas miekuTvneba sonetebi, stansebi, kanconebi, 

elegiebi, mimarTvebi, satirebi da, bolos, mTeli is mravalgvari 

leqsebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebul saxels verc ki SearqmevT. 

yvela isini, simRerasTan erTad, Cveni drois gansakuTrebul 

lirikas Seadgenen. 

mimarTvebsa da satirebSi SegrZnebas sWarbobs poetis Sexeduleba 

sagnebze. amitom amgvari leqsebi moculobiT SeiZleba 

aRematebodes simReras da sxva sakuTriv lirikul nawarmoebT. 

Tumca, mimarTvasa da satiraSi poeti sagnebs ucqeris Tavisi 

grZnobis prizmis meSveobiT, Tavis Wvretasa da Sexedulebas 

aZlevs cocxal poetur saxeebs; didaqtizms, rogorc is Cveulebrivad 

esmiT, aq ar SeiZleba adgili eqnes. satira unda iyos 

ara mankisa da sisustis gaqirdva, aramed aRgznebuli grZnobis 

anTeba, energia, keTilSobiluri guliswyromis Weqa-quxili. mas 

safuZvlad unda edos uRrmesi iumori da ara mxiaruli da uwyinari 

gonebamaxviloba. mimarTvis saucxoo nimuSia puSkinis leqsi 

`didkacs~, romelSic poetma mSvenieri mxatvruli saxeebiT daaxasiaTa 

XVIII saukunis ruseTi da gvaniSna XIX saukunis mniSvneloba. 

rac Seexeba satiras, Cven ar viciT rusul enaze misi ukeTesi nimuSebi, 

vidre lermontovis `fiqri~ da `nu gjera Seni~. 

elegia sakuTriv sevdiani Sinaarsis simReraa; magram Cvens 

literaturaSi, batiuSkovis meoxebiT, romelmac dawera `momakvdavi 

taso~, warmoiSva istoriuli anu epikuri elegiis gansakuTrebuli 

gvari. poets aq movlenac ki Semohyavs sevdiT gamsWvaluli 

mogonebis formiT. amitom aseTi elegiebis moculobac 

Cveulebriv lirikul nawarmoebebze ufro vrcelia. aseTebia: 

imave batiuSkovis elegia `koSkis nangrevebze SveciaSi~, puSkinis 

àndre Senie~; TviT derJavinis `CanCqers~ SeiZleba epikuri elegia 

ewodos. TumcaRa, epikur elegias SeiZleba ara istoriuli 

Sinaarsic hqondes, rogorc magaliTad, greis ganTqmuli elegia 

`soflis sasaflao~, romelic ase mSvenivrad gadmosca rusulad 

Jukovskim, da batiuSkovis elegia `megobris aCrdili~. epikur 

nawarmoebT miekuTvneba agreTve fiqri, balada da romansi. 

fiqri aris istoriuli movlenis aRapi, anu, ubralod, _ istoriuli 

Sinaarsis simRera. fiqri TiTqmis igivea, rac epikuri ele- 

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gia; magram igi usaTuod moiTxovs Tvalsazrisisa da gamoxatulebis 

xalxurobas. rogorc erTis, ise meoris saucxoo nimuSebia 

puSkinis `simRera grZneul olegze~ da `petre didis nadimi~. 

baladaSi poeti iRebs raime fantastikur an xalxur gadmocemas 

an TviTon igonebs amgvar movlenas, magram masSi mTavaria ara 

movlena, aramed SegrZneba, romelsac es movlena iwvevs, fiqri, 

romelsac is mkiTxvelSi aRZravs. balada da romansi Sua saukuneebSi 

warmoiSva, da amitom evropuli baladebis gmirebi arian 

raindebi, mandilosnebi, berebi; maTi Sinaarsia sulebis gamocxadeba, 

miwisqveSa faruli Zalebi; maTi scenaa cixe-koSki, monasteri, 

sasaflao, uRrani tye, brZolis veli. Jukovskis Cinebulma 

Targmanebma gagvacno Sileris, goeTes, valter skotisa da sxva 

germanel da inglisel momReralTa baladebi. Jukovskim Tvi- 

Tonac dawera ramdenime Cinebuli balada; maTgan saukeTesoa 

isini, romelTa Sinaarsi aRebulia ara rusuli cxovrebidan. gansakuTrebiT 

mSvenieria: èolosis qnari~ da àqilevsi~. puSkinis 

`sasiZo~, `damxrCvali~ da `qajebi~ nacionaluri rusuli baladis 

umSvenieresi nimuSebia. romansi baladisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, 

rom romansSi epikur elements gadaWriT sWarbobs lirikuli 

elementi, xolo amis gamo romansis moculobac bevrad naklebia. 

Jukovskim Tavisi poeturi TargmanebiT gagvacno lirikuli poeziis 

es gvaric. 

lirizmi gabatonebuli elementia germanul literaturaSi. 

lirikuli poezia da musika am eris mxatvruli cxovrebis ulamazesi 

yvavilia. Sileri da goeTe – es aris lirikuli poeziis 

mTeli ori samyaro, misi ori didi mze, sxvadasxva sididis mravali 

TanamgzavriTa da varskvlavebiT garSemortymuli. inglisis 

mdidari literatura lirizmSic agreTve saeWvoa Camouvardebodes 

romelime literaturas, iseve rogorc yvela sxva literaturas 

sjobnis epikur da dramatiul poeziaSi. Seqspiris 

sonetebi da lirikuli poemebi (rogorc, magaliTad, `venera da 

adonisi~), baironis poemebi da mcire nawarmoebni, valter skotis 

lirikuli poemebi, tomas muris, uordsvortis, bornsis, suTeis, 

kolrijis, kouperisa da sxvaTa nawarmoebni lirikuli poeziis 

umdidres saganZurs Seadgenen. frangebs TiTqmis ara aqvT lirikuli 

poezia; yovel SemTxvevaSi, frangebSi es poezia xalxur sim- 

Reras (vodevils) ar gascilebia. beranJe maTi erTaderTi didi 

lirikosia, magram misi haerovani qmnilebani, maTi gamosaxvis 

xalxuri formis gamo, arc erT enaze ar SeiZleba iTargmnos. misi 

simRerebis Semdeg aRsaniSnavia plastikuri Zveli drois suliT 

gamsWvaluli elegiebi andre Seniesi da energiuli barbies iambikoni. 

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sakuTriv lirikuli poezia, Sinagani subiequtri grZnobis 

gamoxatvisa da formis virtuozulobis azriT, CvenSi puSkiniT 

daiwyo. mis sakuTar nawarmoebTa Sesaxeb aq sakmaoa iTqvas, 

rom isini fasdaudebelia. man am nawarmoebebiT Tan gaiyolia 

mTeli Cveni literatura, yvela warmoSobili talanti da misi 

gamoCenis droidan elegia-simRera lirikuli poeziis gansakuTrebul 

gvarad iqca; mxolod moxucebi da xanSiSesuli adamianebi 

amTavrebdnen kidev TavianTi sazeimo odebis mReras. niWieri 

adamianebi, romlebic puSkinTan erTad gamoCndnen da mis mier 

micemul mimarTulebas daadgnen, axla ukve savsebiT Camoyalibdnen, 

cotas weren an ukve sulac aRar weren; miuxedavad amisa, 

zogierTi maTgani SesaniSnavi ZaliT ganirCeoda da maT rusuli 

lirikuli poezia mSvenieri nawarmoebebiT gaamdidres. magram 

Tavisi pirveli gamoCenisTanave fantaziis iseTi Zala, iseTi simdidre, 

Tavis qmnilebaTa formaSi iseTi virtuozuloba veravin 

ver gamoamJRavna, rogoric lermontovma. mis zogierT lirikul 

nawarmoebs SeuZlia mxatvruli RirsebiT puSkinis nawarmoebT 

Seecilos. samarTlianoba moiTxovs agreTve SevniSnoT, rogorc 

mkveTrad gamorCeuli movlena, kolcovis mZlavri talanti. 

man Sehqmna poeziis Taviseburi, savsebiT originaluri da sworupovari 

gvari. marTalia, misi poeziis sfero xalxurobis mojadoebul 

wreSi trialebs, magram igi am wres afarToebs imiT, 

rom Tavisi simRerebisa da fiqrebis xalxur da gulubryvilo 

formaSi ufro saerTo Sinaarsi Seaqvs cnobierebis ufro maRali 

sferodan. 

dramatiuli poeziis Sesaxeb 

drama momxdar movlenas warmogvidgens rogorc iseTs, romelic 

TiTqos awmyoSi xdebodes, mkiTxvelis an mayureblis Tvalwin. 

drama, romelic lirikasTan eposis Serigebaa, calke arc 

erTi da arc meore ar aris, aramed gansakuTrebul organul 

mTlianobas Seadgens. erTi mxriT, moqmedebis wre dramaSi subeqtisaTvis 

Caketili ki ar aris, aramed, piriqiT, misgan momdinareobs 

da masve ubrundeba. meore mxriT, dramaSi subieqts sul 

sxva mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre lirikaSi: is ukve aRar aris Tavis arsebaSi 

Tavmoyrili, mgrZnobeli da mWvreteli Sinagani samyaro, 

ukve aRar aris TviT poeti, aramed is gamodis da TviTon dgeba 

WvretisaTvis obieqtur da realur samyaroSi, romelsac Tavisi 

sakuTari moqmedebiT hqmnis; igi gaiyo da cocxali erTobliobaa 

mravali pirisa, romelTa urTierTwinaaRmdegobisagan sdgeba 

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drama. amis gamo dramaSi dauSvebelia adgilis, SemTxvevaTa, 

mdgomareobaTa, pirTa epikuri gamosaxva, radgan yvela isini Cveni 

Wvretis winaSe unda iyvnen. TviT xalxurobis moTxovnebi dramaSi 

gacilebiT ufro sustia, vidre epopeaSi: `hamletSi~ Cven 

vxedavT evropas da, pirTa suliskveTebisa da bunebis mixedviT, 

CrdiloeT evropas, magram ara danias, da Tanac RmerTma uwyis, 

romel epoqaSi. dramaSi dauSvebelia raime lirikuli grZnobis 

gadmoSla; pirebi unda Candnen moqmedebiT: eseni ukve SegrZneba 

da Wvreta rodia, eseni xasiaTebia. is, rasac dramaSi Cveulebrivad 

ewodeba lirikuli adgilebi, mxolod gaRizianebuli xasia- 

Tis energia, misi paTosia, romelic metyvelebas uneblieT Seasxams 

xolme gansakuTrebuli aRmafrenis frTebs; anda moqmedi 

piris faruli, idumali fiqria, rac Cven unda vicodeT da rasac 

poeti am pirs xmamaRla afiqrebinebs. dramis moqmedeba erTi interesis 

garSemo unda trialebdes da Tanauri interesebi misTvis 

ucxo unda iyos. romanSi zogierTi piri SeiZleba Semoyvanil 

iqnas ara imdenad movlenaSi namdvili monawileobis gamo, ramdenadac 

originaluri xasiaTis gamo; dramaSi ar unda iyos arc 

erTi piri, romelic saWiro ar iqneboda misi msvlelobisa da 

ganviTarebis meqanizmSi. moqmedebis simartive, arasirTule da 

erTianoba (ZiriTadi ideis erTianobis azriT) dramis erT-erTi 

umTavresi piroba unda iyos; dramaSi yvelaferi mimarTuli unda 

iyos erTi miznisaken, erTi ganzraxvisaken, dramis interesi Tavmoyrili 

unda iyos umTavresi piris garSemo, romlis bedSi gamoixateba 

dramis ZiriTadi azri. 

Tumca, yovelive es Seexeba dramis ufro maRal gvars – tragedias. 

tragediis arsi, rogorc zemoT ukve vTqviT, mdgomareobs 

koliziaSi, e. i. bunebrivi gulisTqmis SetakebaSi, SejaxebaSi 

zneobriv movaleobasTan an pirdapir gadaulaxav 

dabrkolebasTan. tragediis ideas uerTdeba sazareli, saSineli 

movlenis, sabediswero dasasrulis idea. germanelebi tragedias 

uwodeben samwuxaro sanaxaobas, Trauerspiel, _ da tragedia 

marTlac samwuxaro sanaxaobaa! Tu sisxli da gvamebi, xanjali 

da sawamlavi misi mudmivi atributebi ar aris, misi dasasruli 

mainc yovelTvis aris gulis uZvirfasesi imedebis damsxvreva, 

mTeli cxovrebis netarebis dakargva. aqedan warmosdgeba kidec 

tragediis Semazrzeni sidiade, misi uzarmazari grandiozuloba: 

masSi mefobs bediswera, bediswera Seadgens mis safuZvelsa 

da dedaarss... ra aris kolizia? _ bedis ucilobeli moTxovna 

Seiwiros msxverpli. Tu gmiri Tavis bunebriv gulisTqmas daamarc-xebda 

zneobrivi kanonis sasargeblod, maSin – mSvidobiT 

bednierebav, mSvidobiT sicocxlis sixarulo da momxibv- 

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lelobav! igi mkvdaria cocxalTa Soris; misi stiqiaa Rrma sulis 

sevda, misi sazrdoa tanjva, misTvis erTaderTi gamosavalia an 

avadmyofuri TviTgandgoma, anda Cqari sikvdili! Tu tragediis 

gmiri Tavis bunebriv gulisTqmas ahyveboda, igi iqneboda 

borotmoqmedi sakuTar TvalSi, sakuTari sinidisis msxverpli, 

radgan misi guli is niadagia, romelSic Rrmad gadgmula 

zneobrivi kanonis fesvebi, da maT ise veRar amohglej, Tu TviT 

guls sasikvdilod ar gaapob da sisxlisagan ar dascli. koliziaSi 

yofierebis kanoni mogvagonebs neronis brZanebas, romlis 

Tanaxmad rogorc borotomoqmedni sikvdiliT dasajes isinic, 

vinc mbrZaneblis gansvenebul das ar dastiroda, vinaidan isini 

ar TanaugrZnobdnen mbrZaneblis danakliss, _ da dasajes 

isinic, vinc gansvenebuls dastiroda, vinaidan igi qalRmerTTa 

krebuls ekuTvnoda, xolo qalRmerTis gamo cremlebis daRvra 

SeiZleboda mxolod misi keTildReobisadmi Suris niSani yofiliyo... 

da imave dros poeziis arc erTi gvari ise Zlierad 

ar batonobs Cvens sulze, iseTi uZlieresi momxibvlelobiT ar 

gvitacebs da iseT maRal siamovnebas ar gvaniWebs, rogorc tragedia. 

da amis safuZvelia didi WeSmariteba, umaRlesi gonivruloba. 

Cven Rrmad Tanavugr-ZnobT brZolaSi dacemul an gamarjvebaSi 

daRuprul gmirs; mag-ram Cvenve viciT, rom Tu es dacema 

an es daRupva ara, igi gmiri ar iqneboda, Tavisi pirovnebiT ver 

ganaxorcielebda maradiul substanciur Zalebs, yofierebis 

msoflio da waruval kanonebs. polinikes cxedris dasaflavebisas 

antigones rom ar scodnoda, rom mas amisaTvis aucileblad 

sikvdili moelis, an sikvdilis safrTxis araviTari SiSi rom ar 

hqonoda, maSin misi moqmedeba mxo-lod keTili da saqebi, magram 

Cveulebrivi da ara gmiruli moq-medeba iqneboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi 

antigone misdami mTel Cvens TanagrZnobas ver gamoiwvevda, 

da maSinve rogorme SemTxveviT rom ar momkvdariyo, Cven mis 

sikvdils ar vinanebdiT: dedamiwaze xom yovel saaTSi aTasobiT 

adamiani kvdeba da yoveli maTganis sikvdili Tu vinaneT, Wiqa 

Cais dalevis droc ki aRar dagvrCeba! ara, axalgazrda da mSvenieri 

antigones udroo da Zaladurma sikvdilma mxolod imitom 

SeaZrwuna kidev mTeli Cveni arseba, rom mis sikvdilSi vxedavT 

adamianuri Rirsebis gamosyidvas, saerTosa da maradiulis gamarjvebas 

warmavalsa da kerZoze, gmirobas, romlis Wvreta Cvens 

suls camde aRamaRlebs, Cvens guls udidesi aRtacebiT ipyrobs! 

diadi zneobrivi amocanebis gadasawyvetad bedi irCevs ukeTil- 

Sobiles sulis sawyaulT, uaRresad aRmaRlebul pirovnebebs, 

romlebic kacobriobas meTauroben, im substanciur ZalTa 

ganmasaxierebel gmirebs, romlebsac zneobrivi samyaro eyrd- 

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noba. ismenec agreTve polinikes da iyo; mis keTil da naTesauri 

grZnobiT aRsavse gulsac agreTve stanjavda daRupuli Zmis augis 

azri; magram es tanjva masSi sikvdilis SiSze Zlieri ar iyo. antigones 

ki saSineli sikvdiliT tanj-vis atana ufro advili egona, 

vidre erTsisxlieri adamianis augi; mas enaneboda imedebiTa 

da mSvenierebiT esoden aRsavse norCi sicocxlis gamoTxoveba; 

igi naRvlianad eTxoveba himenes cTunebebs, romlis sitkboebis 

gancda mas bedma ar arguna; magram igi ar iTxovs Sewyalebas, 

patiebas, igi Tavs ki ar aridebs mis SemaZrwunebel sikvdils, 

aramed sikvdils eswrafvis, maSasadame, orive das Soris gansxvavebaa 

ara grZnobebSi, aramed grZnobis Zalasa, energiasa da 

siRrmeSi, ris Sedegad erTi maTgani keTili, magram Cveulebrivi 

arsebaa, meore ki – gmiria. mospeT sabediswero katastrofa, 

romelic gnebavT tragediaSi, _ da Tqven mas waarTmevT mTel 

sidiades, mTel mis mniSvnelobas, diadi qmnilebidan mas aqcevT 

Cveulebriv sagnad, romelic pirvelad Tqvens TvalSive dahkargavs 

mTel Tavis momxibvlel Zalas. 

zogjer kolizias SeiZleba Seicavdes adamianis yalbi mdgomareoba, 

imis gamo, rom misi buneba ar Seesabameba bedisgan misTvis 

gankuTvnil adgils. mkiTxvelebs vTxovT gaixsenon v. skotis romanis 

`perteli mzeTunaxavis~ erT-erTi gmiri, klanis ubeduri 

ufrosi, amayi sulisa da Zlieri vnebebis patroni kaci, romelic 

misi klanis xvedris gadamwyveti sabediswero brZolis win Tavis 

gamzrdels gamoutydeba imaSi, rom igi laCaria... hamleti laCari 

ar aris, magram misi Sinagani mWvreteli buneba Seqmnilia ara cxovrebis 

qartexilebisaTvis, ara mankTan sabrZolvelad da dana- 

Saulis dasasjelad, imave dros ki bedi mas am gmirobis Casadenad 

mouwodebs... ra hqnas man? Tavi aaridos – adamianebi ver Seityoben 

da ver dahgmoben; magram gana qveynad kubos garda kidev aris 

sxva adgili, sadac SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs daemalo? _ da sabralo 

hamletma marTlac saflavSi hpova navsayudeli... bedi cxovrebis 

yvela gzaze darajobs adamians: ugunuri nebiT wamieri 

gataceba ymawvils zogjer mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis bednierebis 

fasad ujdeba, radgan mas sicocxles uwamlavs mogoneba umanko 

msxverplisa, romelic misma siyvarulma daRupa... da ratom xdeba 

ase? imitom, rom mis sulSi Rrmad gaidga fesvebi zneobrivi 

kanonis Teslma, maSin rodesac saZageli, sazizRari arseba mSvidad 

tkbeba Tavisi garyvnilebis nayofiT da kadnierad ikvexnis 

daRupul msxverplTa ricxviT!.. mxolod maRali bunebis adamiani 

SeiZleba iyos tragediis gmiri an msxverpli: ase xdeba TviT 

sinamdvileSi! 

SemTxveviTobas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, adamianis ucabedi 

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sikvdili an sxva gauTvaliswinebeli garemoeba, romelsac nawarmoebis 

ZiriTad ideasTan pirdapiri damokidebuleba ara aqvs, ar 

SeiZleba tragediaSi adgili eqnes. mxedvelobidan ar unda gavuSvaT, 

rom tragedia ufro xelovnuri nawarmoebia, vidre poeziis 

sxva gvari. otelos rom dezdemonas daxrCoba erTi wuTiT 

daegvianebina an aCqarebuliyo da kari gaeRo emiliasaTvis, 

romelic akakunebda, _ yvelaferi gairkveoda, da dezdemona gadarCeboda, 

magram samagierod tragedia daiRupeboda. dezdemonas 

sikvdili otelos eWvianobis Sedegia da ara SemTxvevis saqme, 

amitom poets ufleba hqonda Segnebulad moeSorebina yvela 

sruliad bunebrivi SemTxveviToba, rasac SeeZlo xeli Seewyo 

dezdemonas gadarCenisaTvis. dezdemonas iseve SeeZlo SeeniSna 

misi xelsaxoci, romelic otelom Tavidan moiglija, rasac dezdemonas 

daRupva mohyva, rogorc SeeZlo arc SeeniSna; magram 

poets sruli ufleba hqonda gamoeyenebina es SemTxveviToba, 

rogorc misi miznis Sesabamisi faqti. misi tragediis mizani iyo 

ara sxvebis dacva brma eWvianobis sazareli Sedegebisagan, aramed 

mayurebelTa sulis SeZrwuneba brma eWvianobis sanaxaobiT, _ ara 

rogorc mankis, aramed rogorc cxovrebis movlenis sana-xaobiT. 

otelos eWvianobas hqonda Tavisi mizezobrioba, Tavisi aucilebloba, 

rac mgznebare bunebasa, aRzrdasa da mTeli misi cxovrebis 

garemoebebSi mdgomareobda: igi imdenadve damnaSave iyo eWvianobaSi, 

ramdenad udanaSauloc. ai ratom aris, rom am diadi 

sulis, Zlieri xasiaTis adamiani CvenSi iwvevs ara misdami zizRsa 

da siZulvils, aramed siyvaruls, gakvirvebasa da TanagrZnobas. 

msoflio sicocxlis harmonia daarRvia misi danaSaulis disonansma, 

_ da man es harmonia aRadgina nebayoflobiTi sikvdiliT, 

riTac gamoisyida Tavisi mZime danaSauli, _ da Cven dramas vxuravT 

Serigebis grZnobiT, Rrma fiqriT cxovrebis miuwvdomel 

saidumloebaze, da Cveni moxibluli Tvalis win xelixelCakidebuli 

dahqris sikvdilis Semdeg Serigebuli ori aCrdili... gvamebi 

da sisxli Cvens grZnobas aRaSfoTebs mxolod maSin, rodesac 

ver vxedavT maTs aucileblobas, rodesac avtori efeqtebisaTvis 

uxvad hfaravs scenas gvamebiT da sisxliT. magram, madloba 

RmerTs, xSiri gamoyenebiT am efeqtebma mTeli Tavisi Zala dahkarges 

da axla ukve sicils iwveven da ara Zrwolas. 

dramatiuli poezia aris poeziis ganviTarebis umaRlesi 

safexuri da xelovnebis gvirgvini, xolo tragedia aris dramatiuli 

poeziis umaRlesi safexuri da gvirgvini. amitom tragedia 

Seicavs dramatiuli poeziis mTel dedaarss, moicavs mis yvela 

elements da, maSasadame, masSi samarTlianad Sedis komikuri 

elementic. poezia da proza xelixelgayrili dadian adamianis 

287

cxovrebaSi, xolo tragediis sagania cxovreba misi elementebis 

mTeli mravalferovnebiT. marTalia, tragedia Tavs uyris cxovrebis 

martooden umaRles, poetur momentebs, magram es Seexeba 

mxolod tragediis gmirs an gmirebs da ara danarCen pirebs, 

romelTa Soris SeiZleba iyvnen avkacnic, saTnonic, briyvebic, 

takimasxarebic, vinaidan adamianTa mTeli cxovreba gmirebis, 

avkacebis, Cveulebrivi xasiaTebis, arakacTa da briyvTa Setakebebsa 

da urTierT zemoqmedebaSi mdgomareobs. tragediis 

dayofas istoriul da araistoriul tragediad, araviTari arsebiTi 

mniSvneloba ara aqvs: rogorc erTis, ise meoris gmirebi 

Tanabrad warmoadgenen adamianuri sulis maradiul, substanciur 

ZalTa ganxorcielebas. uaxles qristianul xelovnebaSi 

adamiani modis ara sazogadoebisagan, aramed kacobriobisagan, 

tragedia ki uaxlesi xelovnebis gvirgvinia, da amitom mefe ri- 

Card meores, mavr otelos, aristokrat Wabuk romeos, aTenis moqalaqe 

timons sruliad Tanabari ufleba aqvT pirveli adgilebi 

eWiroT tragediaSi, radgan yvela isini Tanabrad arian gmirebi. 

ai ratom aris, rom istoriul pirTa damaxinjeba, rac romanSi 

naklebad dasaSvebia, tragediis TiTqos ganuyofeli uflebaa, 

romelic TviT misi arsidan gamomdinareobs. tragikoss surs 

Tavisi gmiri warmoadginos garkveul istoriul mdgomareoba- 

Si: istoria mas aZlevs mdgomareobas, da Tu am mdgomareobis 

istoriuli gmiri tragikosis ideals ar Seesabameba, mas sruli 

ufleba aqvs es gmiri Taviseburad Sescvalos. Sileris tragedia 

`don karlosSi~ filipe gamoxatulia sulac ara ise, rogorc 

mas istoria warmogvidgens, magram es odnavadac ar amcirebs 

piesis Rirsebas, umal adidebs mas. alfierim, Tavis tragediaSi, 

gamoxata namdvili istoriuli filipe II, magram misi nawarmoebi 

mainc ganuzomlad Camouvardeba Silerisas. rac Seexeba princ 

karloss, _ sasaciloc aris misi istoriuli xasiaTis damaxinjebas 

Sileris tragediaSi SevxedoT rogorc raRac seriozul 

rames, vinaidan don karlosi metad umniSvnelo piria istoriaSi. 

bevrs acTunebs goeTes priani, rodesac man samocdaaTi wlis egmonti, 

mravalricxovani ojaxis mama, aqcia aRgznebul Wabukad, 

romelsac gatacebiT uyvars ubralo gogona: yvelaze kanonieri 

priania! – vinaidan goeTes undoda Tavis tragediaSi gamoexata 

ara egmonti, aramed axalgazrda kaci, romelic gatacebiT 

ewafeba cxovrebis sitkboebas da, amasTan erTad, sicocxles 

swiravs samSoblos bednierebis gamosasyidad. tragediis yoveli 

piri ekuTvnis ara istorias, aramed poets, Tundac is istoriul 

saxels atarebdes. didad samarTliania goeTes Semdegi sityvebi: 

`poetisaTvis ar arsebobs arc erTi istoriuli piri; mas unda 

288

gamoxatos Tavisi zneobrivi samyaro da am miznisaTvis zogierT 

istoriul pirs pativs sdebs imiT, rom maT saxelebs miakuTvnebs 

xolme Tavis qmnilebebs~. 

rac Seexeba tragediis dayofas aqtebad, maT ricxvs – es saer- 

Tod dramis garegan formas miekuTvneba. tragedia SeiZleba 

daiweros prozadac da leqsadac; magram yvelaze metad mas Seesabameba 

orives Serwyma, calke adgilebis Sinaarsis dedaarsis 

mixedviT, ese igi imis mixedviT, cxovrebis poeziaa am adgilebSi 

gamoxatuli Tu proza. 

dramatiuli poezia Cndeba im xalxSi, romlis civilizacia 

ukve momwifebulia, misi istoriuli ganviTarebis uaRresi gafurCqvnis 

epoqaSi. ase moxda berZnebSi. maTi didad ganTqmuli 

tragikosebi arian esqile, sofokle da evripide. zemoT ukve 

gakvriT SevexeT berZnuli dramis arssa da xasiaTs, xolo àntigones~ 

Sinaarsis gadmocemiT mkiTxvelebs faqtic miveciT Cveni 

naTqvamis Sesamowmeblad. uaxles xalxTa Soris dramas arc 

erT xalxSi ar miuRwevia iseTi sruli da diadi ayvavebisaTvis, 

rogorsac ingliselebSi miaRwia. Seqspiri dramis homerosia; 

misi drama qristianuli dramis umaRlesi pirvelsaxea. Seqspiris 

dramebSi cxovrebisa da poeziis yvela elementi Serwymulia 

cxoveli erTianobiT, romlis Sinaarsi usazRvro da mxatvruli 

forma – diadia. am dramebSi aris mTeli axlandeli kacobrioba, 

mTeli misi warsuli da momavali; es dramebi yvela xalxsa da 

yvela saukuneSi xelovnebis ganviTarebis didebuli yvavili da 

mSvenieri nayofia, maTSi plasticizmic da mxatvruli formis 

reliefurobac, STagonebis spetaki uSualobac da marefleqsebeli 

fiqric, obieqturi samyaro da subieqturi samyaro 

erTmaneTs Seerwya, urTierTiT ganimsWvala da ganuyrel erTianobad 

SeduRabda. mTeli msoflios poetebis am mefis Rrma 

gulTmisnobaze, naturisa da sinamdvilisadmi erTgulebaze, 

misi SemoqmedebiTi ideebis usazRvreobasa da sidiadeze rom 

gvelaparakna, _ es iqneboda aTasobiT adamianis mier ukve mravaljer 

naTqvamis ganmeoreba. misi TiToeuli dramis Rirsebis 

gansazRvra, imis momaswavebeli iqneboda, rom uzarmazari 

wigni dagvewera, magram ver gveTqva imis measedic ki, ris Tqmac 

gvindoda, imis memilionedic ki, rasac es dramebi Seicaven. 

inglisuri tragediis Semdeg pirveli adgili germanul tragedias 

uWiravs. Silerma da goeTem aiyvanes is saxelganTqmulobis 

am safexurze; Tumca, germanul dramas sul sxva xasiaTi da sxva 

mniSvnelobac ki aqvs, vidre Seqspiris dramas: metwilad es aris 

an lirikuli, an marefleqsebeli drama. mxolod goeTes `goc 

fon berlixingensa~ da ègmontSi~, Sileris `vilhelm telsa~ da 

289

`valenSteinSi~ igrZnoba uSualo Semoqmedebisadmi swrafva. germanuli 

dramis mniSvneloba mWidrod dakavSirebulia saerTod 

germanuli xelovnebis mniSvnelobasTan * . 

espanuri drama naklebad cnobilia, Tumca ara erTi didebuli 

dramaturgis saxeliT amayobs, rogoricaa lope-de-vega da 

kalderoni, vfiqrob, amis mizezia nacionaluroba espanuri 

dramisa, romelic zogad, msoflio Sinaarsamde jer kidev ar 

amaRlebula. 

franguli literaturis istoria mravali dramaturgis saxeliT 

brwyinavs. korneli da rasini TiTqmis ori saukune iTvlebodnen 

msoflios pirvel tragikosebad, maT Semdeg ki – krebili-oni 

da volteri. magram axlac cxadia, rom dramatiuli 

poeziis istoria safrangeTSi dalocvili Zveli drois tansacmlis, 

mode-bisa da sazogadoebriv zne-CveulebaTa istorias miekuTvneba, 

xolo xelovnebis istoriasTan saerTo araferi aqvs. 

uaxles mwvervalTagan hiugos dramebSi gaielvebs xandaxan SesaniSnavi 

niWis naperwklebi. es aris da es. 

komedia aris dramatiuli poeziis ukanaskneli saxe, romelic 

diametralurad upirispirdeba tragedias. tragediis Sinaarsia 

diad zneobriv movlenaTa samyaro, misi gmirebi arian adamianuri 

sulieri bunebis substanciuri ZalebiT aRsavse pirovnebani. 

komediis Sinaarsia gonivrul aucileblobas moklebuli SemTxveviTobani, 

aCrdilebis anu moCvenebiTi, magram namdvilad ararsebuli 

sinamdvilis samyaro; komediis gmirebi arian adamianebi, 

romlebmac uarhyves TavianTi sulieri bunebis substanciuri 

safuZvlebi. amitom moqmedeba, rasac tragedia axdens, _ es aris 

sulis SemaZrwunebeli wmidaTawmida SiSi; moqmedeba, rasac komedia 

axdens, _ es aris sicili, xan mxiaruli, xan gesliani. komediis 

dedaarsia cxovrebis movlenebis winaaRmdegoba cxovrebis 

dedaarsisa da daniSnulebis mimarT. am azriT, komediaSi cxovreba 

gvevlineba rogorc Tavisi Tavis uaryofa. rogorc tragedia 

Tavisi moqmedebis viwro wreSi Tavs uyris mxolod maRal, poetur 

momentebs gmiris movlenaSi, iseve komedia gamoxatavs umTavresad 

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis prozas, mis wvrilmanebsa da SemTxvevebs. 

tragedia aris mobrunebis wre poeziis mzisa, romelic, 

roca tragedias miaRwevs, Tavisi svlis mwvervalze adis, xolo 

roca komediaSi gadadis, dabla eSveba. berZnebSi komedia poeziis 

sikvdili iyo: aristofane maTi ukanaskneli poeti iyo, xolo misi 

komediebi – samgloviaro simRera samudamod dakarguli cxovrebis 

sisrulisa da misgan warmoSobili saberZneTis mSvenieri 

xelovnebisa. magram axal samyaroSi, sadac cxovrebis yvela ele- 

* amaze dawvrilebiT naTqvamia am Txzulebis sxva adgilas. 

290

menti erTimeores msWvalavs da urTierTis ganviTarebas xels ar 

uSlis, komedias xelovnebisaTvis iseTi savalalo mniSvneloba 

ar aqvs: misi elementi Sevida, an SeiZleba Sediodes poeziis yvela 

gvarSi, da komedia SeiZleba viTardebodes tragediasTan erTad 

da win uswrebdes kidec mas xelovnebis istoriul ganviTarebaSi. 

WeSmaritad mxatvruli komediis safuZvelia uRrmesi iumori. 

poetis pirovneba komediaSi ar Cans mxolod garegnulad; magram 

poetis subieqturi Wvreta cxovrebisa, rogorc arrie-re-pensée * , 

uSualod aris komediaSi, da komediaSi gamoyvanili damaxinjebuli 

pirebis – cxovelebis iqiT Tqven geCvenebaT sxva pirebi, 

mSvenierni da adamianurni, da Tqvens sicils axlavs ara mxiaruleba, 

aramed simware da tkivilebi... komediaSi cxovrebas imisa- 

Tvis gviCveneben ise, rogorc is aris, rom naTlad ganvWvritoT 

cxovreba iseTad, rogoric is unda iyos. mxatvruli komediis 

umSvenieresi nimuSia gogolis `revizori~. 

mxatvrulma komediam poetis mizans ar unda Seswiros Tavis 

gamosaxulebaTa obieqturi WeSmariteba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi 

igi mxatvruli komediidan iqceva didaqtikur komediad, im azriT, 

romliTac qvemoT ganvsazRvravT am sityvis mniSvnelobas. 

magram Tu didaqtikuri komediis wyaroa ara oxunjobis uwyinari 

survili, aramed cxovrebis uxamsobiT didad Seuracxyofili 

suli, Tu mis dacinvaSi Sereulia sarkastuli gesli, Tu 

mas safuZvlad udevs uRrmesi iumori, xolo gamoxatvaSi Cans 

mgznebare aRtyineba, erTi sityviT, Tu igi tanjviT mopovebuli 

qmnilebaa, _ maSin igi yovel mxatvrul komedias gautoldeba. 

ra Tqma unda, aseTi komedia ar SeiZleba didi talantis nawarmoebi 

ar iyos; misi gamosaxulebani SeiZleba zedmeti sikaSkaSiT 

da muqi saRebavebiT gansxvavdebodnen, magram arabunebriobamde 

da karikaturulobamde gazviadebuli ar iyvnen. cxadia, rom 

moqmed pirTa xasiaTebi komediaSi unda iyos Seqmnili da ara 

gamogonili, da maTs gamosaxvaSi Cans mxatvrulobis met-naklebi 

xarisxi. aseTi komediis umaRlesi nimuSia `vai Wkuisagan~. es 

aris genialuri adamianis ukeTilSobilesi qmnileba, mgznebare, 

diTirambuli gadmoSla gesliani mquxare guliswyromisa, rac 

gamowveulia uRirs adamianTa dampali sazogadoebis xilviT. 

am adamianTa sulSi ar SeWrila RvTiuri Suqi; isini cxovroben 

Zveli drois daxavsebuli gadmocemebiT, im uxamsi da uzneo wesebis 

sistemis mixedviT, romelTa wvrilmani miznebisa da mdabali 

miswrafebebis sagania mxolod cxovrebis moCvenebebi – Cinebi, 

fuli da Worebi, adamianis Rirsebis damcireba; am adamianTa apa- 

Tiuri, rulmoreuli cxovreba yovelgvari cxoveli grZnobis, 

* faruli azri. _ red. 

291

yovelgvari gonivruli azris, yovelgvari keTilSobiluri gatacebis 

sikvdilis momaswavebelia... `vai Wkuisagans~ Zalian didi 

mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni literaturisTvisac da Cveni sazogadoebisTvisac. 

kidev aris ufro dabali komedia, romelsac SeuZlia mxatvrulobamde 

amaRldes originaluri xasiaTebis SeqmniT, sazogadoebis 

zne-CveulebaTa swori gamoxatviT. magram aseTi komediis 

safuZvelia ara iumori, aramed mxolod komikuri mxiaruleba. 

Tavisi Rirsebis Sesabamisad, aseTi komedia SeiZleba ekuTvnodes 

xelovnebasac da beletristikasac, adgili eWiros literaturis 

am or mxares Soris. Cvens litpraturaSi aseTi komediis 

nimuSebi ar aris. fonvizinis ùswavleli~ da `brigadiri~ zneobriv 

da satirikul komediebs miekuTvneba sityva satirikulis 

Cveulebrivi mniSvnelobiT. WeSmaritad mxatvruli komedia arasodes 

ar SeiZleba daZveldes masSi gamoxatul sazogadoebis 

zne-CveulebaTa Secvlis Sedegad. `revizori~ da ~vai Wkuisagan~ 

ukvdavia. 

kidev aris dramatiuli poeziis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romelsac 

Sua adgili uWiravs tragediasa da komedias Soris: es aris 

is, rasac ewodeba sakuTriv drama. drama momdinareobs melodiurobisagan, 

romelic gasul saukuneSi ebrZoda maSindel maRalfardovan 

da arabunebriv tragedias. melodiurobaSi cxovreba 

poulobda Tavis erTaderT TavSesafars, raTa gaqceoda 

momakvdinebel fsevdoklasicizms, iseve rogorc radklifis, 

diukrediu-menilisa da avgust lafontenis romanebs efareboda, 

raTa Tavi daeRwia iseTi ritorikuli poemebisaTvis, rogoricaa 

`gonzal korduaneli~, `kadmiusi da harmonia~ da sxv. Tumca, 

es warmoSoba Seexeba mxolod saxelwodeba `dramas~, saxeobrivs 

da ara gvareobiTs saxels, da, SeiZleba, kidev uaxles dramas 

(rogoricaa, magaliTad, goeTes ~klavigo~). Seqspirma, romelic 

yovelTvis Tavisi gziT midioda, Semoqmedebis maradiul wesdebebs 

mihyveboda da ara uazro piitikaTa wesebs, dawera mravali 

nawarmoebi, romlebmac SuaTana adgili unda daikavon tragediasa 

da komedias Soris da romlebsac SeiZleba epikuri dramebi 

ewodos. maTSi aris tragikuli xasiaTebi da mdgomareobani 

(rogorc, magaliTad, `veneciel vaWarSi~); magram maTi dasasruli 

TiTqmis yovelTvis bednieria, imitom rom maTi dedaarsi sabediswero 

katastrofas ar moiTxovs. dramis gmiri unda iyos 

TviT cxovreba, magram, miuxedavad dramis epikuri xasiaTisa, misi 

forma uaRresad dramatiuli unda iyos. dramatizmi mdgomareobs 

ara marto saubarSi, aramed mosaubreTa cocxal zemoqmedebaSic 

erTimeoreze. Tu, magaliTad, ori adamiani davobs raime 

292

saganze, aq ara marto drama, aramed dramatiuli elementic ki 

ar aris; magram rodesac modaveni, erTmaneTze gamarjvebis surviliT 

Sepyrobilni, cdiloben erTimeoris xasiaTis raime mxares 

an sulis sust simebs Seexon da rodesac maT davaSi Tavs iCens 

maTi xasiaTi, xolo davis dasasruli maT erTmaneTis mimarT axal 

urTierTobaSi ayenebs, _ es ukve Taviseburi dramaa. magram dramaSi 

mTavaria is, rom iq ar unda iyos grZeli Txroba da TiToeuli 

sityva unda gamovlindes moqmedebiT. drama ar unda iyos arc 

bunebis ubralo gadmoxatva, arc calkeuli, Tundac mSvenieri, 

scenebis krebuli, aramed is unda hqmnides calke, dasrulebul 

samyaros, sadac TiToeuli piri, sakuTar mizans rom eswrafvis 

da mxolod TavisTvis moqmedebs, TviTonac ar icis ise uwyobs 

xels piesis saerTo moqmedebas. es ki mxolod maSin SeiZleba, 

rodesac drama warmoSobili da ganviTarebulia azridan da ara 

warmosaxvis CamonaZerwia. 

Targmna v. mgalobliSvilma 

(wignidan `rCeuli Txzulebani~, t. I, Tb., 1952). 

293

arTur Sopenhaueri (1788-1860 w.w.) 

294 

cxovrebiseuli faseulobebis Sesaxeb 

cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis aforizmebi 

cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis pirvel mcnebad me mimaCnia aristoteles 

mier `nikomaqes eTikaSi~ (XII, 12) gakvriT gamoTqmuli SeniSvna, 

romelic TargmaniT SeiZleba Semdegnairad iqnes formulirebuli: 

`brZeni gancxromas ki ar unda mieltvodes, aramed tanjvis 

Tavidan acilebas~. am wesis utyuaroba imazea dafuZnebuli, rom 

yovelgvari gancxroma, yovelgvari bedniereba negatiuri cnebaa, 

tanjva ki – pozitiuri. es ukanaskneli Tezisi ganviTarebuli da 

dafuZnebulia Cems mTavr SromaSi (t. I, § 58). aq mas avxsni mxolod 

erTi faqtiT, rasac SeiZleba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi davukvirdeT. 

Tu mTeli sxeuli mrTeli da uvnebelia, garda erTi, msubuqad 

daWrili an, saerTod, mtkivneuli adgilisa, janmrTelobis 

SegrZneba mTlianad qreba Cvens cnobierebaSi, yuradReba erT- 

Tavad dazianebuli da mtkivneuli adgiliskenaa mimarTuli da, 

amrigad, saerTod vkargavT cxovrebis Cveneuli SegrZnebidan 

gamomdinare tkbobis gancdas. zustad aseve, Tu yvelaferi Cveni 

survilisamebr xdeba, CvenTvis arasasurveli erTi movlenis 

garda, es ukanaskneli, ragind umniSvneloc ar unda iyos igi, 

gamudmebiT gvitrialebs gonebis Tvalwin. Cven xSirad vfiqrobT 

masze da iSviaTad Tu vixsenebT sxva, gacilebiT ufro arsebiTsa 

da Cvenive survilebis Sesatyvis movlenebs. orsave SemTxvevaSi 

dazianebulia neba, romelic pirvel SemTxvevaSi TviT organizm- 

Sive obieqtivirdeba, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ adamianis swrafvaSi. 

orsave SemTxvevaSi misi dakmayofileba uaryofiTi moqmedebiT 

gamoixateba da amitom uSualod ki ar ganicdeba, aramed mxolod 

gansjis meSveobiT Tu aRwevs Cvens cnobierebamde. piriqiT, nebis 

winaSe aRmarTuli yoveli dabrkoleba pozitiuria da TviTonve 

gvagrZnobinebs Tavs. yovelgvari gancxroma, arsebiTad, sxva ara 

aris ra, Tu ara am dabrkolebaTa daZleva, maTgan ganTavisufleba, 

da amitomac Zalze cota xans grZeldeba. 

ai, ras efuZneba aristoteles zemoT motanili Tezisi, 

romelic gvirCevs, gancxromasa da amqveyniuri siamiT tkbobas 

ki ar moveltvodeT, aramed vcdilobdeT Tavidan aviciloT 

uricxvi cxovrebiseuli ubedureba. Torem volteris gamoTqma 

_ `bedniereba zmanebaa, realuria mxolod tanjva~, _ imdenadve 

mcdari iqneboda, ramdenadac WeSmaritia sinamdvileSi. amitom,

Tu movindomebdiT, evdemoniuri TvalsazrisiT Segvejamebina 

Cveni cxovreba, angariSi Cvens mier gancdil siamovnebaTa saerTo 

ricxvze ki ar unda dagvefuZnebina, aramed _ yvela im tanjvaze, 

rasac Cvenive mcdelobiT davaRwieT Tavi. vidre evdemonologiaze 

CamovagdebdeT sityvas, winaswarve unda dagvezustebina, 

rom misi saxelwodeba hiperbolaa, da rom `bednieri cxovreba~ 

sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara `naklebad ubeduri~, ase Tu ise àsatani~ 

cxovreba. am qveynad imisTvis ki ar movdivarT, rom cxovrebiT 

davtkbeT, aramed imisTvis, rom avitanoT, sneulebasa Tu sasjeliviT 

`movixadoT~ igi... sibere imiTac ki inugeSebs Tavs, rom 

mTeli cxovreba ukan darCa. ubednieresi is ki ar iqneboda, visma 

cxovrebamac gancxromasa da tkbobaSi ganvlo, aramed is, vinc 

autaneli tanjvis gareSe galia wuTisofeli: me vgulisxmob 

rogorc sulier, ise xorciel tanjvas. vinc gancxromiTa da tkbobiT 

zomavs Tavis sicocxles, mas araswori sazomi aurCevia. tkboba 

xom yovelTvis negatiuria. mxolod Surs SeuZlia Cagvagonos 

mcdari azri, TiTqos is bedniereba iyos. tanjva ki, piriqiT, 

pozitiurad aRiqmeba; amitomac cxovrebiseuli bednierebis 

kriteriumad utanjveloba unda migvaCndes. Tu Cvens yofas arc 

mwuxareba amRvrevs da arc sevda, maSin bedniereba, arsebiTad, 

miRweulia. yovelive danarCeni qimeraa. aqedan gamomdinare, 

arasodes ar unda vcdilobdeT, tanjvis, an Tundac riskis fasad 

veziaroT gancxromasa da tkbobas; radganac es niSnavs negatiursa 

Tu qimeras vumsxverploT pozitiuri da realuri. piriqiT, 

mogebulni davrCebiT, Tu tkbobas vumsxverplebT imas, rom 

Tavidan aviciloT tanjva. orsave SemTxvevaSi sul erTia, tanjva 

win uswrebs tkbobas Tu ukan mosdevs mas. ar arebobs ufro didi 

siSlege, vidre mcdeloba imisa, rom gasarTob dawesebulebad aqcio 

Cveni samyaro, ubedurebis es samyofeli, da tanjvisgan gan- 

Tavisufleba ki ara, gancxroma da tkboba migaCndes cxovrebis 

miznad. gacilebiT naklebad cdeba is, vinc metismetad amuqebs 

ferebs da jojoxeTad saxavs samyaros, amitomac mxolod imas 

eswrafis, rom ramenairad miaRwios cecxlisaTvis miuwvdomel 

kunWuls. briyvi gancxromas mieltvis da sasowarkveTa ki rCeba 

xelT. brZeni ki mxolod tanjvas gaurbis, Tu es ver SesZlo, amaSi 

TviTon, an mis sibriyves rodi miuZRvis brali, aramed _ bedisweras, 

xolo Tu odnav mainc miuaxlovda sawadels, imedgacruebis 

SiSi aRar unda hqondes: tanjva, romelsac Tavi daaRwia, yovelTvis 

realuri rCeba. rodesac tanjvas gaurbis, metismetad 

rom gadauxvios ganze da oriode sitkboeba tyuilubralod 

umsxverplos dasaxul mizans, am SemTxvevaSic ki, arsebiTad, 

295

arafers dakargavs: yovelgvari tkboba iluzorulia da wuxili 

imis gamo, rogor gavuSvi xelidano, ara marto uRirsi, sasacilo 

saqcielic kia. 

am WeSmaritebis verwvdoma, rasac optimizmi ganapirobebs, 

uricxvi ubedurebis saTave xdeba. kerZod, im wuTas, roca araferi 

ar gvtanjavs, Tvalwin gvitrialebs ararsebuli bednierebis 

aCrdili da macTuri xmiT CagvCurCulebs _ momyeviTo; amis 

Sedegi ki uciloblad realuri tanjvaa. maSin Cven sinanuliT 

vigonebT tanjvisagan Tavisufal, Cvens ukan dakargul samoTxesaviT 

STenil warsuls da amaod vcdilobT imis Secvlas, rac ukve 

moxda. TiTqos romeliRac boroti suli Tu demoni auxdenel 

survilTa macTuri xibliT gverekeba im uRrublo da umwuxro 

yofidan, romelsac erTaderTs SeiZleba ewodos uzenaesi, WeSmariti 

bedniereba. miamit Wabuks hgonia, TiTqos samyaro tkbobisaTvis 

aris Seqmnili da pozitiuri bednierebis savaned gvevlineba, 

bednierebisa, romelic xelidan usxlteba mxolod imas, 

visac misi dauflebis Zali ar Seswevs. am azrs mas ganumtkiceben 

ara marto romanebi da leqsebi, aramed adamianTa TvalTmaqcuri 

zrunvac yovelive garegnulsa Tu moCvenebiTze... misi cxovreba 

sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara met-naklebi gonivrulobiT organizebuli 

nadiroba pozitiur bednierebaze, romelic aseve pozitiur 

tkbobaTagan Sedgeba. gorozad mzirals Tavi moaqvs imiT, rom 

arad agdebs safrTxes, romelic bednierebisaken mimaval gzaze 

emuqreba. am nadirobis mizania xelT igdos nanadirevi, romelic 

sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs, da amitom monadirisaTvis pozitiuri 

ubedurebiT _ tkiviliT, tanjviT, sneulebiT, auracxeli danakargiT, 

yoveldRiuri sazrunaviT, siRaribiT, sircxviliTa Tu 

aTasnairi usiamovnebiT mTavrdeba. dgeba imedgacruebis mwuxare 

Jami, magram Zalian gviana dgeba. 

Tu, zemoT ganxiluli wesis Tanaxmad, mTeli cxovreba imas 

eZRvneba, rom SeZlebisdagvarad Tavi daaRwio tanjvas, ese igi, 

gaWirvebas, avadmyofobas Tu aTasnair usiamovnebas, _ amnairi 

mizani realuria da garkveulwilad SeiZleba miRweul iqnes, 

Tanac, miT ufro metad, rac ufro nakleb uSlis xels am gegmis 

ganxorcielebas pozitiuri bednierebis aCrdilisaken swrafva. 

amis dasturad goeTe Tavis erT-erT gmirs mitlers aTqmevinebs, 

erTavad sxvis bednierebaze rom zrunavs: ìman, vinc cdilobs 

Tavi daaRwios ubedurebas, yovelTvis icis, rac surs; xolo 

vinc imaze mets mieltvis, raca aqvs, orive TvaliT brmaa~. es Cven 

gvagonebs mSvenier frangul andazas: ùkeTesi kargis mteria~. 

aqedan SeiZleba gamovitanoT kinikosebis ZiriTadi idea, rome- 

296

lic ganxilulia Cems mTavar SromaSi (t. II, T. 16). marTldacda, 

ra aiZulebda kinikosebs, uari eTqvaT gancxromaze, Tu ara im 

tanjvis warmodgena, romelic Tan axlavs gancxromas, an Sedegad 

mosdevs mas? kinikosebisaTvis tanjvis Tavidan acileba ufro 

mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre tkboba da gancxroma. maT Segnebas ganwonida 

tkbobis negatiuri xasiaTi da tanjvis pozitiuri buneba. 

amitomac savsebiT Tanmimdevrulad iqceodnen ise, rom Tavidan 

aecilebinaT tanjva, risTvisac aucileblad miaCndaT uari eTqvaT 

tkbobaze, rac veragulad dagebul maxed miaCndaT, tanjvis 

msxverplad rom aqcevda adamianebs. 

Tumca, Sileris Tqmisa ar iyos, Cven yvelani arkadiaSi davibadeT, 

ese igi, bednierebis molodiniT movdivarT am qvveynad da 

misi miRwevis Sleguri surviliT vsuldgmulobT. magram saqmeSi 

ereva bedi, qeCoSi Cagvavlebs xels da gviCvenebs, rom Cvenda Tavad 

araferic ar SegviZlia, aramed TviTon ganagebs yovels, rom, 

sruli uflebamosilebiT, mis xelTaa ara marto Cveni simdidre 

Tu avladideba, aramed Cveni col-Svilic, Cveni xel-fexic da, ase 

gansajeT, Cveni yel-yur-cxviric. yovel SemTxvevaSi, TandaTanobiT 

SeZenili gamocdileba gvarwmunebs, rom bedniereba `fata 

morganaa~, romelic mxolod Soridan moCans, magram rogorc ki 

vuaxlovdebiT, qreba, da rom tanjva Tu tkivili, piriqiT, savsebiT 

realuria, uSualo da daupatiJebladac gvewveva xolme, 

ase rom, araviTar iluzias aRar gvitovebs Tavis sakuTar bunebasTan 

dakavSirebiT. Tu es WeSmariteba SevisisxlxorceT, ukve 

aRar miveltviT bednierebasa Tu gancxromas da gacilebiT mets 

vzrunavT imaze, Tu rogor davaRwioT Tavi tkivils da tanjvas. 

axlaRa gvesmis, rom am qveynad araferia mSvidi da uSfoTveli arsebobis 

fasi; amiT vudebT zRvars Cvens miswrafebaT da swored 

amis wyalobiT ukeT vaxerxebT xorci SevasxaT maT. Tu ginda nakleb 

ubeduri iyo, maincdamainc did bednierebas ar unda moiTxovde. 

ase fiqrobda goeTes siWabukis megobari merki, romelic 

werda: ùazro pretenzia imisa, rom bednierni viyoT, da Tanac 

– imdenad bednierni, razedac mxolod ocneba Tu SeiZleba, uaRresad 

mavnea CvenTvis. vinc uars ambobs amaze da araferi surs, 

garda imisa, rac misTvis xelmisawvdomia, cxovrebas ver daemdureba~ 

(`mimowera merkTan~, gv. 100). amitom SeZlebisdagvarad 

frTebi unda SevakvecoT Cvens swrafvas tkbobis, simdidris, 

saxelisa Tu Tu pativisaken, radganac amas Sedegad mosdevs 

udidesi ubedureba. es miT ufro sasurvelia da keTilgonivruli, 

rom sul advilad SeiZleba Zalze ubeduri gaxde. savsebiT 

297

samarTlianad brZanebs cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis poeti: `vinc 

oqros Suadeli irCia, arc ubadruk qoxmaxebs daeZebs gansasveneblad 

da arc mdidrul darbazebs, Surs rom iwveven sxvebSi. 

grigali ufro xSirad aryevs veeba fiWvebs, ufro mZimed emxobian 

maRali koSkebi da mexic metwilad mTis mwvervalebs atydeba 

Tavs~ (horaciusi, oda 10). 

cxovrebis pirveli naxevrisaTvis niSneulia bednierebis 

dauokebeli wyurvili, meorisaTvis ki _ ubedurebis SiSi. am 

droisaTvis Cven ukve met-naklebi sicxadiT gvesmis, rom yovelgvari 

bedniereba iluzorulia, tanjva ki, piriqiT, _ realuri. 

saamdroisod adamianebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, maT Soris yvelaze 

gonierni mainc, tanjvisa da tkivilisagan Tavis daRwevas ufro 

mieltvian, vidre bednierebas. siWabukeSi, karze rom momikakunebda 

vinme, gaxarebuli gulSi vambobdi: `madloba RmerTs~, 

magram gavidnen wlebi; axla igive viTareba CemSi SiSs TuRa iwvevs 

da me vambob: ài, isic~. _ maRali niWiT cxebul yovel kacs, 

romelic swored amis gamo mTlianad rodi ekuTvnis Cveulebriv 

mokvdavTa modgmas, da Tavis sakuTar RirsebaTa mixedviT, metnaklebad 

martosulia, _ adamianebTan urTierTobisas ori sapirispiro 

gancda aReZvris gulSi: siWabukeSi hgonia, rom yvelam 

miatova, xanSi Sesuli ki fiqrobs, rom TviTonve gaeqca yvelas. 

pirveli _ Zalze usiamovno gancda – kacTa vercnobisgan iRebs 

dasabams, meore – sasiamovno ki – maTi cnobisgan. amis Sedegad, 

Cveni cxovrebis meore naxevari, musikaluri periodis meore 

nawilis msgavsad, gacilebiT naklebi wyvetilobisa da meti simSvidis 

Semcvelia, vidre pirveli. es imitom, rom siWabukeSi warmogvidgenia, 

TiTqos arsebobs usasrulo bedniereba Tu siamtkbiloba, 

da mxolod misi miRwevaa Zneli, mowifulebma ki viciT, 

rom araferi amdagvari ar arsebobs, da am mxriv damcxralni da 

damSvidebulni met-naklebad asatani awmyoTi, TviT ubadruki 

wvrilmanebiTac ki vtkbebiT. 

ufro farTo gagebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cveni cxovrebis 

pirveli ormoci weli teqstia, momdevno ocdaaTi weli ki _ am 

teqstis komentari, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs CavwvdeT mis WeSmarit 

azrsa Tu Tanmimdevrobas da, imavdroulad, SevicnoT misi 

yvela detali Tu zneobrivi mimarTuleba. 

sicocxlis dasasruli maskaradis dasasruls mogvagonebs, 

roca yvelani ixsnian niRbebs. axlaRa vxvdebiT, ranairni yofilan 

isini, visTanac raime urTierToba gvqonia. saamdroisod 

ukve yvela xasiaTi gamomJRavnda, yovelma saqmem Tavisi nayofi 

298

gamoiRo, Sroma saTanadod dafasda da yovelgvari iluzia gaqra. 

amas, ra Tqma unda, didi dro dasWirda. magram yvelaze ucnauri 

mainc is aris, rom Cveni sicocxlis bolosRa vcnobT sakuTar 

Tavsac, vicxadebT Cvens miznebsa da saSualebebs, metadre, Cvens 

damokidebulebas samyarosa da sxvebis mimarT. xSirad, Tumca ara 

yovelTvis, iZulebulni varT ufro dabla davayenoT Cveni Tavi, 

vidre uwin warmogvedgina, zogjer ki _ ufro maRlac, rac imis 

Sedegia, rom cxadad ar gvqonda Secnobili qveynis simxdale da 

metismetad maRal mizans miveltvodiT. mokled, Cven SevicnobT, 

vis ra fasi aqvs. 

mTargmneli baCana bregvaZe 

(wignidan `cxovrebiseuli sibrZnis aforizmebi~, 

seriiT `rCeulTa biblioTeka~, Tb., 1994). 

299

fridrix nicSe (1844-1900) 

300 

zaratustras winasityva 

1 

odes zaratustras Seusrulda ocdaaTi weli, miatova sam- 

Soblo Tvisi da samSoblos tba da ganvida mTad. aq stkbeboda 

Tavisi suliT da martoobiT da ar mouwyenia aTsa wels. bolos 

icvala guli misi da erT dilas warmosdga riJraJTan, ibruna 

piri mzisaken da ese esityva: 

`dido mnaTobo! viT iyo bednieri, ukeTu ar gyavdes visac 

asinaTleb. 

aTi welia maRliT estumrebi Cems gamoqvabuls: mogbezrdeboda 

Seni naTeli da es gza uCemod, gareSe Cemi arwivisa da gvelisa. 

cismar dRes gelodebodiT, gviziarebdi Sens siuxves da glocavdiT 

amisaTvis. 

xedav! gavbezrdi Cemi sibrZniT, viT futkari TafliT datvirTuli, 

vWirvob xelTa Cemda wdomilTa. 

msurs ganvscde da ganvide, vidre kacTa Soris brZenT Tvisi 

umecrebiT da RaribT Tvisi simdidriT kvlav ar ganixaron. 

amad msurs Senebr qvedaveSva: odes mwuxris Jams zRvis gaRmiT 

dahxval da kvlav qveSeTs asinaTleb, Sen uuxveso mnaTobo! 

mmarTebs daveSva, ese ityvian adamianebi, maT veSurebi 

daRmiT. 

maS makurTxe Sen, Tvalo wynaro, uSurvelad rom umzer TviT 

usazRvro bednierebas! 

daloce sasmisi, ganmzadebuli dasaTxevad, raTa wyali oqroTi 

mdinarebdes da waritanos yvelgan brwyinva netarebisa 

Senisa. 

xedav! sasmissa amas dacla swyuris da zaratusrtas kvlav kacad 

yofna~. 

_ese daiwyo zaratustras dasavali. 

2 

zaratustra mTidan mwirad qvedaeSva da aravis Sehyria. xolo 

odes tyeSi Sevida, meyseulad gaCnda mis winaSe moxuci, Tavisi 

wminda senaki rom daetovebina tyeSi balaxeulobis saZieblad da 

ese mimarTa zaratustras: 

ùcxo ar aris CemTvis es mgzavri: oden wlis winaT aq gaiara. 

mas zaratustras uwodebdnen; xolo igi Secvlila.

maSin Seni nacari migqonda mTad: dRes ganzraxulxar Seni 

cecxli bars miawodo? ar geSinis sasjelis, gadamwvelTaTvis? 

diax, mecnaureba zaratustra, spetakia gamoxedva misi, bageni 

misni zizRs ar dauRaravs. gana amad ar miimarTeba viT mcekvari? 

zaratustra Secvlila, zaratustra bavSvad qmnila, zaratustras 

gauRviZnia: maS ras eZieb mZinareTTan? 

viT zRvaSi scxovrobdi martoobiT da zRva gzidvida. vaglax, 

kvlav napiriT iswrafi? vaglax, kvlav gsurs Seni gvami TviT 

aTrio?~ 

zaratustra etyoda: `miyvars adamianebi ~. 

`ram ganmwira, sTqva wmindanma, tyved da udabnod, Tu ara adamianisadmi 

usazRvro siyvarulma? 

aw RmerTi miyvars, adamiani aRar miyvars. adamiani CemTvis usruli 

nivTia, adamianisadmi siyvaruli damRupavda~. 

zaratustram miugo: `ra vsTqvi siyvarulisaTvis! adamianeb- 

Tan ZRveni mimaqvs~. 

_ araÁ misce, sTqva wmindanma, ukeTesia raime waarTva da zidde 

maTTan erTad – es maTTvis umjobesia: ukeTu Senc gargebs! 

da Tu gsurs misce ram, araÁ misce garda mowyalebisa da amasac 

TviT gTxovdnen!~ 

àr ganvscem mowyalebas, upasuxebda zaratustra, ar viyo 

saamisod Rataki~. 

wmidani hqirdavda zaratustras da etyoda: `maS ecade Seni 

saunje miaRebino! igini ar endobian gandgomilT da ara rwmeniT, 

rom ZRvniT mivdivarT. 

Cveni fexisxma eucxoebaT, yurs mohkraven ra RamiT loginSi, 

gvian mzis amosvlamde, adamianis fexTa dgeras, erTmaneTs ekiTxebian: 

netav es qurdi saiT miipareba? 

nu waxval adamianebTan, darCi tyeSi! Sehgavs cxovelebTan 

waxvide! rad ar gsurs Cemebr yofa, _ daTvi daTvTa Soris, frinveli 

frinvelTa Soris?~. 

`da Sen, wmidano, ras akeTeb tyeSi?~ _ hkiTxa zaratustram. 

wmidanma miugo: `vTxzav sagalobelT da vgalob da odes 

vTxzav sagalobelT, vicini, vstiri da vbutbuteb: ese vadideb 

RmerTsa. galobiT, tiriliT, siciliT da butbutiT vadideb 

RmerTsa, romel Cemi RmerTia. mainc ra mogaqvs saCuqrad?~. 

esma ra ese, zaratustram wmindans Tavi daukra da ityoda: `ra 

maqvs Tqvendami saZRvneli! xolo miSvi Cqara wavide, raTa ara 

wagarTva ra!~ _ da ganSordnen erTmaneTs moxuci da adamiani, 

mocinari viT bavSvebi. 

301

martod darCenili zaratustra ese gulisTxrobda: `mjerodes? 

am moxuc wmidans Tavis tyeSi RmerTis gardacvaleba 

jer ar smenia!~. 

302 

3 

odes zaratustram miaRwia tyis miRma mdebare qalaqs, naxa 

moednad Tavmoyrili eri: elodebodnen jambazsa da zaratustra 

ese etyoda xalxs: 

gaswaviT zekacs. adamiani raobaa, romlis Zleva hxams, ra 

hqmeniT mis daZlevad? 

yovel arsT ze-ram SeuqmniaT: xolo Tqven gsurT am didi tal- 

Ris moqceva iyvneT da amjobinebT kvlav cxovelebad ukuiqceodeT, 

vidre sZlevdiT adamiansa? 

ra aris maimuni adamianisaTvis? dacinva an mtkivani sircxvili. 

igived hyofdes adamiani zekacisaTvis: dacinva an mtkivani 

sircxvili. 

ganvleT gza matliT adamianamde da bevri ram Tqven Soris 

matluria. odesRac maimunebi iyaviT da axlac adamiani ufro 

maimunia, vidre TviT maimuni. 

TviT ubrZnesic Tqven Soris mxolod Seusabamobaa da mcenarisa 

da moCvenebis nazavi. xolo me moCvenebad an mcenared 

gardaqmnas mogiwodebT? 

moxedeT, gaswaviT zekacs! 

zekaci miwis azria. aRiarebdes Tqveni neba: zekaci miwis 

azria! 

gaficebT, Zmebo, iyavneT erTgulni miwisa da ar ujerideT 

romeli saiqioTi gaimedeben! igini momwamlelebi arian, mmecnebiTa 

Tu umecrebiTa. 

igini cxovrebis moZuleni arian, momakvdavni da TviT mowamlulni, 

mohbezrda igini miwas: dee warxdnen. 

odesRac RvTis gmoba udidesi gineba iyo, xolo RmerTi mokvda 

da masTan erTad misi maginebelnic. aw usaSinelesia miwis gmoba 

da pativiscema ucnob wiaRTa, vidre miwis azrisa! 

odesRac suls sxeuli ezizReboda da arai iyo am zizRis 

udidesi: _ mas hsurda igi gamxdari, sazizRari, damSeuli! ese 

lamobda igi masa da miwas gahqceoda. 

hoi, TviT es suli iyo gamxdari, sazizRari da damSeuli: simkacre 

iyo misi vneba! 

Zmano, Tqvenc miTxariT: ras gauwyebT Tqveni sxeuli Tqveni 

sulisas? xolo Tqveni sulis siRatake binZureba ar aris da be- 

Cavi siame?

WeSmaritad, adamiani binZuri mdinarea, WeSmaritad, zRva unda 

iyo, binZuri mdinare SeirTo da ar waibilwo. 

xedavT, gaswaviT zekacs: igia zRva da ZaluZs STanTqas Tqveni 

didi zizRi. 

ra aris uzenaesi Tqven rom SesZlebdeT gancdas? igi didi 

zizRis Jamia. Jami, odes TviT Tqveni bedniereba, goneba da saTnoeba 

gezizRebaT. 

Jami odes ityodeT: `ra aris Cemi bedniereba! igi siRatakea, 

binZureba da beCavi siame. xolo hxamda Cems bednierebas Cemi yofa 

gaemarTlebina!~ 

Jami odes ityodeT: `ra ars Cemi goneba! xarbia codnisaTvis, 

viT lomi WamadisaTvis? igi siRatakea, binZureba da beCavi siame!~ 

Jami odes ityodeT: `ra aris Cemi saTnoeba! mas arodes SeuSfoTebivar. 

moviqance Cemi siqveliT da borotebiTa! yoveli es 

siRatakea, binZureba da beCavi siame!~ 

Jami odes ityodeT: `ra aris Cemi simarTle! vera vxedav viyo 

mxurvaleba da naxSiri. xolo marTali mxurvalebaa da naxSiri!~. 

Jami odes ityodeT: `ra aris Cemi sibraluli! xolo sibraluli 

jvari ar aris adamianTa moyvass ze rom acmeven? xolo sibraluli 

Cemi jvarcma ar aris~. 

amas ityodiT? amas RaRadebdiT? netarZi msmenodes! 

ara Tqveni codva – Tqveni kmayofa SehRaRadebs casa, Tqveni 

Zunwoba TviT codvisaTvis SehRaRadebs casa! 

netarZi sad aris elva, Tvisi eniT rom agxocdeT? sad aris 

SeSliloba, rom unda agecraT? 

mismineT, gaswaviT zekacs: igia is elva, igia is SeSliloba! – 

odes zaratustra amas ityoda erTma erSi wamoiyvira: `gvakmareT 

laparaki jambazisaTvis; aw gvaCveneT kidec~. da eri dascinoda 

zaratustras. xolo jambazs egona es misTvis iyo Tqmuli 

da Seudga saqmes. 

germanulidan Targmna erekle tatiSvilma 

(wignidan èse otyoda zaratustra~, Tb., 1993) 

303

ilia WavWavaZe (1837-1907) 

304 

literaturisa da kritikis Sesaxeb 

`literatura, _ xalxis Wkva, xalxis goneba, grZnoba, fiqri, 

Cveuleba da ganaTlebis xarisxia~. 

`xelovneba aris ganxorcieleba saxeSi ideisa, azrisa: muzika, 

mxat-vroba, poezia _ eseni sul saxeSi gamosTqvamen ideias, mxolod 

imiT ganiyofebian, rom Tavis ideis gamosaTqmelad sxvadasxva masalebsa 

xmaroben, rogorc muzika _ xmasa, mxatvroba _ xazsa, poezia _ 

sityvasa. sityvierebiTi xelovneba poeziasa hqvian, radganac sityvis 

saSualobiT da SemweobiT aRasrulebs xelovnebis mniSvnelobasa~ 

(`pasuxi”, t. V, gv. 34, 41). 

`mecnierebas da xelovnebas Cven vuyurebT, rogorc cxovrebis 

gasamjobinebel RonisZiebaTa. dae... zogierTma unayofo poetma xelovnebis 

saxeliTa ukuaridos piri Tavis xalxis cxovrebasa, meSvide 

cas SeaCeros gabecebuli Tvalebi da bulbulsaviT uazro Stvena 

daiwyos da aRar gaaTavos. Cven imaTTan saerTo gza ara gvaqvs... Cven 

mecnierebas da xelovnebas movhsTxovT arsebiTsa pursa cxovrebaSi 

gamomcxvarsa da mSierTaTvis mosaxmarsa da gamosadegsa... 

xelovnebasac imas movhsTxovT, rom sarkesaviT cxovreba gardmoices, 

raTa Cveni Tavi mis momxiblavis kalmiT cxovlad iyos warmomdgari 

Cven wina, raTa sicudec da sikeTec Cveni davinaxoT. droa 

xelovnebam Tavi daanebos `Rrublebis curvasa~, `gafaRaraTebul 

varskvkavebis caSi bolTis cemasa~, mTvaris xvewnasa, rom Cem sayvarels 

uTxario: cxra mTas iqiT erTi ubeduri poetia, romelsac Sengamo 

òxvris kvamli~ Tvalebsa hswvavs da cremls adenso; droa xelovnebam 

Tavi daanebos ugemur RmeWasa da Tvalebis sresasa, egeba 

cremli momivideso; droa Cavides cxovrebis mdinaris ZirSia, iq monaxos 

Sigmdebare azri Tavis cxovel suraTebisaTvis. iq, cxovrebis 

ZirSi, is ipovis bevr margalitsa da ufro bevrs leqsa da lafsa; arc 

erTis gamoxatva ar unda aSinebdes xelovansa da arc meorisa... 

mecniereba da xelovneba ar arian mogonilni kacis Wkvis da gamoxatulobis 

arc varjiSobisagan da arc varjiSobisaTvis... igini 

ibadebian cxovrebisagan da arseboben cxovrebisaTvis... igini win midian 

cxovrebis viTarebisa gamo da mere Tavis rigzed TviTve win mihyavT 

cxovreba...~ (`saqarTvelos moambezed~, t. V, gv. 131-134).

literaturis erovnuli mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb 

mravaljer Tqmula Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadod literaturas 

yovel qveyanaSi da yovelis xalxis cxovrebaSi; mravali Tqmula 

mazed, Tu ragvari urTierToba da kavSiri sufevs mwerlobisa da 

cxovrebis Soris, ase, rom am saganzed sja da basi saWiro aRar aris. 

magram Cveni cxovreba imgvarad aris momarTuli; masSi arsebobs mravali 

imisTana garemoeba, romelic sruliad sxvas da gansakuTrebuls 

fersa sdebs rogorc TviT literaturis mniSvnelobas, agreTve im 

urTierTobasac, romelic sufevs cxovrebasa da mis Soris... 

Cemis azriT, literaturis mniSvneloba da samsaxuri CvenSi bevrad 

ganirCeva im samsaxurisa da mniSvnelobisagan, romelic upyria 

literaturas im qveyanaSi, sdac cxobvreba ufro farTo CarCoSia 

Camdgari da ufri frTagaSlili mimdinareobs. im adgilas, sadac 

arebobs TavisiT mimavali cxovreba, romelic aravis ar daekiTxeba 

Tavis av-kargianobaSi; sadac avi var Tu kargi pasuxis gamcemi var 

TviTon me _ Zala da mniSvneloba literaturisa sxva unda iyos, vidre 

iq, sadac cxovreba davardnilia da miyruebuli, sadac avia Tu 

kargi, igi aris erTi ram faTerakaT movlenili da sxva ki araferi. 

pirvel SemTxvevaSi literatura rac unda win wamdgari da ayvavebuli 

iyos, mainc ar aris Zala upiratesad moqmedi cxovrebaSi. mas, 

rasakvirvelia, aqac didi gavlena aqvs, magram masTan erTad moqmedoben 

sxva Zalnic, romelTac aqvsT ara naklebi gavlena cxovrebis warmatebisaTvis 

da sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis; iq am warmatebis 

droSa uWiravs ara marto literaturas, aramed sxva yovel TviT saqmiT 

moqmed Zalasac. iq cxovreba imdenad win wamdgaria, Wkua-gonebis 

ganaTleba da ganviTareba imdenad gavrcelebulia, rom literaturas 

miniWebuli aqvs erTgvari, cotad Tu bevrad moxazuli adgili 

da samsaxuri xalxis avkargianobis sazogado mimdinareobaSi. sadac 

sufevs daudgromeli da frTagaSlili brZola cxovrebis sxvadasxva 

kavSirTa Soris iq literaturac, rasakvirvelkia, iRwvis ama 

brZolisaTvis, magram sxvaTa Soris, da Znelad aris xolme moTaved, 

romelic aramc Tu marto win miuZRodes mTels Tvisis drois mimar- 

Tulebas, piriqiT, TviTon hbadavdes mimarTulebas da miT mTlad 

xelT ipyrobdes xalxis survilsa da gulis wadils _ Tu igi xalxi 

cocxalia, da suls udgavdes _ Tu mamakvdavia. 

magram aris dro da adgili, rodesac da sadac cxovreba miyuradebulia 

da Camqrali, sadac sazogado asparezzed aramcTu araviTari 

brZola ar arsebibs, aramed TiTqmis yovelgvari niSani sicocxlisac 

ki gadawyvetilia~ aris Tvalgauwvdeneli wyvdiadic, sadac xalxia 

welmowyvetili, Ronemixdili, gulgatexili. am SemTxvevaSi Tanamdeboba 

da samsaxuri literaturisa sruliad sxvaaa~; am SemTxve- 

305

vaSi literaturis gavlenas farTo da vrceli adgili aqvs Tvalwin 

gadaSlili mas ara hyavs mocile, romelsac SeeZlos misis zedmoqmedobis 

Semcireba cxovrebisaTvis; literaturis Zala, am SemTxvevaSi, 

ganusazRvrelia. igi suls udgavs, Tvals uxels, gzas ukafavs warmatebisas 

da aZlevs mTels cxovrebas mimarTulebas... 

Tu Tavid-bolomde dahkivis cxovrebas erTi xma; ùnda cocxal 

viyoTo~... am xmis gamgoni aris mwerloba, am gulis Zvris amomZaxi aris 

literatura; igi suls udgavs, imeds aZlevs da rwmenas umkvidrebs 

Tavis dacemuls da ilajgawyvetils samSoblos... vimeoreb; aq imas ki 

ar vmbob, rom saca cxovreba amgvar garemoebaSia Cavardnili, iq usa- 

Tuod umaRlesi adgili epyras literaturas. me mxolod vambob, rom 

am SemTxvevaSi literaturis gavlenisa da upiratesobisaTvis arsebobs 

farTo moedani, sadac ayvavdeba literatura Tu ara _ RmerTma 

uwyis es garemoeba damokidebulia erTis mxriT TviT mwerlobis 

Sinagan Tvisebazed da mis moRvaweTa Zalzed, meores mxriT _ TviT 

xalxisa da sazogadoebis sicxovelezed, romelTac dastrialebs igi 

literatura. garda amisa, isic unda aRviaroT, rom ra gvaric unda 

iyos TviT mwerlobis Sinagani simZlavre, agreTve rac unda mZlavri 

sicxovle sufevdes TviT xalxSi da sazogadoebaSi, minc zemoxsenebuli 

adgili mwerlobisa damokidebulia im urTirTndobazed, romelic 

arsebobs, an unda arsebobdes literaturisa da sazogadoebis 

Soris. 

...Tu aqamdisin Cveni mwerloba daSorebuli yofila im umaRles 

samsaxurzed da adgilzed, romelic unda eWiros mas garemoebis 

gamo, exla mainc SeuwyoT mas xeli da vecadoT, rom cotaodenad 

mainc moviaxlovoT is dro, rodesac literatura marTla win 

gauZRveba cxovrebas da marTla daipyrobs im umaRless adgils; Tu 

Cven jer Rirsni ara varT am netarebisa, niadagi mainc moumzadoT, 

romelzedac unda aRmocendes da aRyvavdes Cveni aw bedkruli literatura. 

Tu aqamdisin mwerloba garedam mosuli stumari iyo, 

visurveb mkiTxvelisaTvis, rom SemdegSi mis magivrad eRirsos mas 

TviT SinaobaSi gamozdili da gamokvebuli ojaxisSvili. vinatri 

misTvis mwerlobas nacionalurs... Tvalwin midga is zemoxsenebuli 

umaRlesi mniSvneloba da Tanamdeboba literaturisa, romelsac 

TviT Cvenis qveynis garemoeba gvaCvenebs... vinatri da amazed ukeTesi 

natvra mkiTxvelisaTvis ara maqvs...~ (`fiqri da SeniSvna~ J. ìveria~, 

1879 #1 gv.118). 

306

literaturis zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebis Sesaxeb 

`...msoflio geniosebi _ mweralni imitom arian msoflioni, rom 

maTs naxatSi, romelis erisac gindaT, im eris kacs icnobT, imitom, 

rom igini adamianis sazogado tipsa hqmnian. adamiani yvelgan yovlT 

uwinares adamiania da adamians xom araferi adamianuri ar eucxoeba.... 

ramodenadac mwerlis Semoqmedobis Zali swvdeba am zogadkacobis 

tipsa, imodenad mwerali didia, imodenad msoflioa. Tqma ar unda, 

rom eri, romelsac ekuTvnis amisTana mwerali, Tavisis samkauliT 

akazminebs, Tavis saferaviT afervinebs poets yovels xats, yovels 

namoqmedars Semoqmedobisas, magram eg marto samkaulia, feria da 

ara igi Sinagani buneba xatisa, romelic am SemTxvevaSi zogadia da ara 

kerZo, da romelic marto Tavis sakuTars kanonebs eqvemdebareba. 

...am sazomisa da sawyaos uaryofa _ uaryofaa imisi, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ 

gmirni saerTo-kacobriuls rasme warmoadgenen. nuTu 

marTla tarielis xasiaTsa, Tvisebasa da bunebaSi, anu avTandilisa- 

Si, anu sxvisaSi sxva ara moipoveba ra saerTo-kacobriuli imisTana, 

romlis met-naklebi gamoxatva erTaderTi sazomia, erTaderTi sawyaoa 

mwerlis Semoqmedobis Zalis metnaklebobisa! gana am Semoqmedobis 

Zalis metnaklebobis gamorkveva ar aris pirveli da ukanaskneli 

sagani kritikosisa?! 

...kargs, gonebamaxvils da gamWriaxs psixologs rom es Zliereba 

da ZalRoniereba tarielisa acodinoT da amasTan es uecari Semoyra 

gulisa dawvrilebiT uamboT, pirdapir mogaxsenebsT, rom tarieli 

didis gulisTqmis kacia, imisTana gulisTqmisa, romelsac veRarc 

xorci uZlebs da veRarc suli, da romelic Wkuas, gonebas mTlad 

imorCilebs, rogorc zari, elda, mexi, raki kacs Wkua da goneba 

gamoecleba, is mkvdaria saqmisaTvis, moqmedebsaTvis. ...nuTu Zneli 

misaxvedria, amiT ris Tqma unda rusTavelsa? ra psixologiuri Suqi 

mohfina amis TqmiT gulis Semoyris ambavsa? 

...rusTavelma es psixologiuri wuTi SehniSna da psixologiis 

mixedviT marTladac dagvixata. es xom qebis Rirsia da Rirsi. Cven aq 

sxva mxaresaca vxedavT. Cven imazedac gvinda mivaqcioT yuradReba 

mkiTxvelisa, Tu ra xelovnebiT aris naniSni ima grZnobis Zliereba 

da sidiade, romelsac im wuTs unda Seepyra imisTana gulisTqmis 

qali, rogoric nestan-darejania. rusTaveli saswaulTmoqmedsaviT, 

erTis kalmis mosmiT hqmnis am saswaulsa da gveubneba, tarieli 

daiTxova, isic sxvisa piriT: àw wadio, veras giTxrobs~. ese igi, qali 

damujdao, _ da, aba, ifiqreT, ra grZnobaa amis moqmedi grZnoba!.. 

aq erTis kalmis mosmiT gamoTqmulia is, rasac exlandeli mwerali 

mTels furclebs moandomebda da mainc esoden cxovlad ver gamogvixatavda 

saTqmelsa. 

307

...saqme is aris, rom es ori magaliTic sakmaoa, TviT mkiTxvelic 

CvenTan erTad daarwmunos maszed, Tu raodenad mdidari da farTo 

moedania `vefxis-tyaosani~ WeSmaritis kritikis frTis gasaSlelad, 

Tu eg frTagasaSleli sarbieli TviTon kritikam SecdomiT, Tu 

gangeb, viwro fargalSi ar moamwyvdia da tarielis, avTandilis da 

sxvaTa avkargianobaSi qarTlels, kaxels, petres, ivanes Zebna ar dauwyo. 

zogadi saxe adamianisa, ramodenadac am SemTxvevaSi ufro wvrilzed 

daxurdavebuli iqneba, magaliTebr, zogadi kaci romelisame eris kacad, 

eris kaci romelisame Temis kacad, Temis kaci romelisame gvareulobis 

kacad, gvareulobis kaci ojaxis kacad, ojaxis kaci ivaned, 

fridonad da mebrve sxva, imodenad Semoqmedoba mwerlisa maRlidam 

dabla Camodis, imodenad mwerali niWnaklebia da daqveiTebuli. 

Semoqmedobis Zalis Roniereba erTi da igive ar aris, roca erTi 

mTels gadaswvdeba xolme da meore ki _ marto nawilsa. mweralma Tu 

sxva vinme xelovanma, rac unda zedmiwevniT, mSvenivrad gamoxatos 

erTi romelime calked saxelwodebuli kaci _ ivane Tu petre, yovelTvis 

upiratesoba unda dauTmos imas, vinc zogadis kacis gamoxatvis 

SemZlebelia. amitomac portretebis mxatvari, didad saxelganTqmulic 

da gamoCinebuli, yovelTvis umdablesia, umdaresia 

maszed, vinc zogadis kacis tipis Semoqmedia, Tundac xelTsaqmobiT, 

texnikiT amisi Tanaswori iyos. amitomac TviTon portretebis weras, 

ese igi calke kacis xatvas, mxatvrobaSi ukanaskneli adgili uWiravs 

da TiTqmis xelovnebadac ar aris cnobili, radganac eg ufro ostatobaa, 

vidre xelovneba (, t. 

V, gv. 362-370). 

308 

literaturisa da epoqis moTxovnebis Sesaxeb 

xSirad moxdeba xolme, rom rac guSin swamda literaturas, ra 

moZRvrebac guSin hbatonobda literaturaSi, dRes yovelive is 

uaryofilia da devnuli imav literaturisagan. xSirad erTs romelsame 

xanaSi aRZruli azri, Tu sagani, meore xanaSi isev im sagnada da 

azrad rCeba, mxolod sul sxva saxiT, sxva SuqiT, sxva sigrZe-siganiT 

gamodis. amas yovelisfers Tvalis devna unda da Tu ar kritikiTa 

da gamoZiebiT gamorkveva, SeniSvna mainc da angariSis gaweva, Torem 

aqao da am ocisa da ocdaaT wlis winaT ama da am saganzed esa da es 

iTqvao da daiJinon, _ es aris ukanaskneli sityva mecnierebisa da 

literaturisao, maSin rodesac ukanaskneli sityva dRes sul sxvaa, 

ujiaToba da Wirveuloba iqneba erTxel da erTxel Seborkilebul 

da datyvevebul gonebisa (, t. V, gv. 467-468).

`...ra Zala amoqmedebs literaturas? yvelazed uwinares amaRor- 

Zinebeli literaturisa, rogoradac sxva yovelgvaris sazogadoebrivis 

moRvaweobisa, aris, rasakvirvelia, TviTon cxovrebis moTxovnileba. 

am moTxovnilebasaca aqvs Tvisi ganviTarebiTi msvleloba: 

dasawyisSi es moTxovnileba moxazulia da mcire: Semdeg frTas 

Seisxavs, gavrceldeba da Rrmad gaujdeba cxovrebas. ama msvlelobisdagvarad 

swarmoebs literaturac. ramdenadac moTxovnileba 

vrcelia da Rrmad gamjdari, imdenad literaturis nayofic vrcelia 

da mavalgvarovani. es aris erTgvari damokidebuloba literaturisa 

da cxovrebis Soris~ (`fiqri da SeniSvna~, t. XV, gv. 67). 

ucxouri literaturis gavlenis Sesaxeb 

`qarTul mwerlobaSi araerTxel yofila moxsenebuli... rom Cven 

cxovrebas sWirs erTi samwuxaro xasiaTi, romlis gaqarwyleba friad 

sasurvelia qveynis warmatebisaTvis. me vambob sxvis anabrobazed, 

sxvis WkuiT fiqrzed da moqmedobazed. es tkivili, rasakvirvelia, 

aris ara uecari, cidam movlenili ram, anu bunebiT Seyolili Tviseba, 

aramed aris istoriis naRvawi, mas aqvs Tavisi Sesawynarebeli mizezi, 

Tavisi dasabami da msvleloba da unda hqondes, agreTve, Tavisi 

boloc. mgonia Tqma ar unda, rom zemoxsenebul sityvebsa _ sxvis 

anabrobas, sxvis WkuiT fiqrs, im azriT ki ar vxmarob, viTom ukugdebul 

unda iqmnes sxvis Wkuis monagari, sxvis cxovrebisa da istoriis 

gamonaxuli. amis Tqma mokle Wkuis niSani iqmneboda, sxva ki araferi. 

yvelasTvis cxadia, rom sazogadod codna, mecniereba arc erTis 

xalxis da qveynis kerZo sakuTreba ar aris, aramed ekuTvnis mTels 

kacobriobas saerTod, misis naRvawiT yvelani ganurCevlad sargebloben, 

igi Seadgens qvakuTxeds yovelis warmatebisas da keTildReobisas, 

sadac unda moqmedebdes igi warmateba da keTildReoba. eseve 

iTqmis ucxo xalxis cxovrebazed da istoriazed, romelTa codnis 

sargeblobas eWvi aRara aqvs. mas aqeT, rac mtkiced damyarda, rom win 

wadgoma xalxisa SeuZlebelia Tu sxvas, mazed ufro dawinaurebuls 

ar mibaZa da ar mixeda. 

es iseTi cxadi da mkvidri WeSmariteba aris-meTqi, rom mazed laparaki 

saWiro aRar aris, magram aris kidev meore WeSmaritebac, ara 

naklebad mkvidri, romelic arsebobs SemdegSi: yovel xalxs da qveyanas 

aqvs Tavisi sakuTari xasiaTi, Tavisi sakuTari ferovneba, romliTac 

igi ganirCeva sxva xalxisa da qveynisagan. es xasiaTi da ferovneba 

Seadgens im niadags, romelic Tavisis mxriT aZlevs gansakuTrebuls 

da Tavisebur fers yovels nayofs am niadagzed gamozdils. 

rasakvirvelia, bolosdabolos WeSmariteba, Tu samarTali, Tu si- 

309

keTe yvelgan erTi da igive; magram yvela amis damyareba sxvadasxva 

adgilas sxvadasxva saSualebas da gzas Txoulobs. iq, sadac xalxs 

gadahsvlia es sakuTari feri, es sxvadasxva viTareba, iq, TviTon sicocxlec 

xalxisa did gansacdelSia. Wkua-gonebiTs warmoebasac 

unda hqondes Tavisi sakuTari, Taviseburi niadagi, igic garemocul 

unda iyos Tvisis sakuTaris haeriT, romelic gansakuTrebuls fers 

aZlevs mis umaRless nawarmoebs _ literaturas... 

masala da sazrdo ama moRvaweobisa da warmoebisa, garedam movlenili, 

mxolod maSin Seiqmneba TeslaT TviTon gvartomisa da xalxis 

ganviTarebisaTvis, rodesac mas Rrmad gauvlis zemoxsenebuli 

gansakuTrebuli haeri... Wkua-gonebis TviTmyofoba, damoukidebeli 

moRvaweoba aris Tamasuqi literaturis ganviTarebisa da im 

adgilzed dayenebisa, romelic zemoT aris Tqmuli. uamisod literatura, 

rogorc winac mogaxseneT, iqneba mxolod garedam wveuli 

stumari da ara TviT SinaobaSi gamozdili ojaxiSvili~ (`fiqri da 

SeniSvna~ J. ìveria~, 1879 #1 gv.118). 

`...zedmoqmedebam rusulis literaturisam marto imas SesZina 

sikeTe, romelmac yoveli gamonarkvevi am literaturisa Tavis saku- 

Tar kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara, brmad ar iwama, brmad ar miiCema 

da amrigad ar daixvia xelzed cxovrebaSi iolad wasvlisaTvis. yoveli 

azri marto carieli frazaa imis xelT, visac kritikis cecxlSi 

ar gamoufoladebia da ise ar SeuTvisebia. amnairi kaci kaWkaWia da 

ara WeSmariti warmomadgeneli mis mier qadebulis azrisa, romelic 

Tu sxvisagan dauCemebia, kritikis ZaliT unda usaTuod Tavisad gardaeqcia...~ 

(, t. V, 466-467). 

310 

literaturis istoriuli misiis Sesaxeb 

`...1802 wels 12 aprils sionis taZarSi xma maRla warmoTqmulma 

ficma, ruseTis taxtis sruls qveSevrdomobis aRviarebiT, srulad 

mospo feodaloba, romelic Cvenis Zvel cxovrebis qvakuTxeds Seadgenda... 

es xana gansacdelis xana iyo, sulis kveTebas warmoadgenda. 

TviT besikeburi baiaTi, romelic Cvens poeziasa da cxovrebaSi gaismoda, 

glovis zars miagavda da uwindel udardels da epikuruls simTa 

JReras sruliadac arvis agonebda. im droindeli sulTa swrafva 

metad didis niWiT gamohxata didebulma n. baraTaSvilma, romlis 

,,sulis martooba~ cxadad gviCvenebs, rom imdroindeli cxovreba 

zneobisa da gonebis udabnos warmoadgenda~ (`tfilisi, 1 ianvari, 

1902~, t, V, gv. 461). 

`...roca romelime xalxi imisTana mdgomareobaSi Cavardeba, rogorSiac 

Cven vimyofebiT amJamad, rodesac ers Tavis vinaoba aviwy-

deba, roca is yvelafers, rac mSobliuria, rac gvartomobis damamyarebelia, 

gulgrilad Sescqeris; _ amisTana dros Zvel mwerlobis 

gaxsenebas, Zvel mama-papeul nangrevTa, naSTa aRdgenas, ganaxlebas, 

mogonebas didi, ganusazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs xalxisaTvis: yvela 

es amxnevebs, Tavis TvalSi amaRlebs, akeTilSobilebs. axal idealebs 

aRmouCens da energias umatebs amgvar ersa~ (`vefxistyaosnis~ redaqcia~, 

t. XV, gv. 177). 

`...sazogadoebam cotaTi mainc igrZno, ramdenad saWiroa sakuTaris 

viTarebis gamorkveva da Segneba. amis nayofi iyo isic, rom Cvenma 

mwerlobam xeli mihyo Zvelis viTarebisa da mwerlobis Seswavlasa... 

mas aqeT TandaTan Zlierdeba sakuTaris warsulis da awmyos Seswavla, 

romlis mniSvnelobas veravin ver uarhyofs, radganac is mwerloba 

uqmi da mkvdrad Sobilia, romelsac saZirkvlad sakuTaris 

viTarebis Seswavla ar daudvia. es saqme moimoqmeda im Zvelma (TergdaleulTa) 

Taobam da es aris umTavresi imisi samsaxuri. Zvelis Taobis 

mwerlobam Tavisi feri dasdo axalsac, SesamCnevi gavlena iqonia 

axalze da am gavlenas verasgziT ver miviCnevT mavnebel garemoebad. 

samwuxaro mxolod is aris, rom sakuTaris viTarebis safuZvlianad 

Seswavla CvenSi nelis nabijiT midis win... 

dRevandels Cvens mwerlobas unda hqondes da kidevaca aqvs naTesaoba 

warsul mwerlobasTan... safuZveli, dedaazri Zvelisa da axlisa 

erTi da igivea. vgonebT, isic cxadia, rom safuZveli TandaTan 

izrdeba, Tumca, rogorc winaTve vsTqviT, jerjerobiT ena da mwerloba 

imdenad ver SegvimuSavebia, ramdenadac saWiro da sanatrelia. 

yovels swavlasa da codnas saZirkvlad sakuTaris mwerlobisa da vi- 

Tarebis codna unda daedos...~ (, 

t. V, gv. 422-426). 

literaturuli mimdinareobebis Sesaxeb 

`roca cruklasikuri mimarTuleba ecemoda evropiaSi da ibadeboda 

nel-nela romantikuli mimarTuleba, romlis warmomadgeneli 

Seiqmna bolos didi Silleri: roca gamohsCnda gete Tavis `verteriT~, 

bernarden de-senpieri Tavis ~pol da virginiiT~, Jan-Jak 

ruso Tavis èloiziT~, maSin evropas pirvelad eca damatkbobeli 

sxivi poeziisa: maSin cruklasikur mimarTulebiT daTrgunvilni 

mweralni mivardnen mSiersaviT axalSobils poeziis mimarTulebas: 

magram pirvelad ver icnes verc getes `verteri~, verc èloiza~ 

Jan-Jak rusosi da verc `pol da virginia~ bernarden de-sen-pierisa: 

amaTSi sentimentaluri suli moesmaT, eg suli mamulTa misTa ganavi- 

Tares da dahbades sentimentaluri sxola... rom sentimentaluri mi- 

311

marTuleba aravisTvis ar aris saWiro da, sxvaTa Soris, CvenTvisac, 

amas Tqma aRar unda 

...sentimentalur mimarTulebis magaliTebi gvaqvs Cvens literaturaSi, 

magaliTebr, `vard-bulbulian~ da `Sami-farvaniani~; romantikulis 

mimarTulebisac gvqonia Cven magaliTi Cvens literaturaSi, 

magaliTebr, `vefxis-tyaosani~; cruklasikuric, magaliTebr, 

sul im mwerlebis mimarTuleba, romelTac mibaZes marto garegan 

formas Cven ukvdavis rusTavelis `vefxis-tyaosnisas~ da ver gaiges 

ki, rom `vefxis-tyaosani~ Tu aris ukvdavi, ara marto Tavis formiT, 

aramed Tavis Sinagan RirsebaebiT...~ (sfiridonis da Tadeozis baasi~, 

t. V, gv. 58-59). 

`...sentimentaluri Cveneburad ariso _ saTuTi, mgrZnobeli. iqneba 

Tqveneburad egre iyos da swavlaSi da estetikaSi mag sityviT 

aRniSnaven im mweralTa, romelnic metad hsWimavdnen grZnobas, Zalad 

tirodnen...~ (`sardion mesxievis kritikis gamo~, t. V, gv. 118). 

`ra saWiroa exla an Cven literaturisaTvis an xalxisaTvis sen- 

timentalur sxolis mwerlebis gacnoba?.. iqneba fiqroben, rom Cve- 

ni literatura ar aRzdgeba, Tu ar ganimeora Tavis ganviTarebaSi 

warsul droTa sicrue da cTomileba?! Tu amas fiqroben, maS istorias 

aRara aqvs Tavisi didi mniSvneloba. istoria imiTia didi, rom 

gvaCvenebs Cven winaparTa cTomilebas, masTanave gvaswavlis Wkvasa, 

rogor unda moviqceT... mTeli kacobriobis uwindeli cxovreba sul 

usargeblo iqneba, Tu imaT cxovrebidam Cven sasargeblos aras gamo- 

vitanT~ (òriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis erisTavis kazlo- kazlo- 

vidgan `SeSlilis~ Targmnazeda”, t. V, gv. 16). 

`marTalia, samocian wlebSi gamosulT mweralT daiwyes gaxseneba 

warsulisa da Caudges qvakuTxedi im xids, romelic Castyda warsulsa 

da awmyos Sua da romlis xelaxlad gadebas scdilobs dRevandeli 

dRe, magram ise suliT da guliT aravin miscemia am warsulis 

natvras da siyvaruls, rogorc T. vax. orbeliani... vax. orbelianma 

TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi poeturi ZalRone sul am sagans moaxmara da 

amiT ganmsWvaluli cotad Tu bevrad im sferomde mivida, romelsac 

`romantizms~ eZaxian da romelsac erT dros evropis poeziaSi mTeli 

moedani eWira...~ (, t. V, gv. 555). 

`...T. vaxtang orbeliani namdvili lirikosia romantiul skolisa, 

egredwodebul `romantizms~ igi hyavs CvenSi TiTqmis erTaderTi 

warmomadgeneli. erTaderTs vambob imitom, rom misi poezia am mxriT 

TiTqmis Seurevelia da auWrelebeli~ (`mokle biografia vaxtang 

vaxtangis Zis Tav jambakurian orbelianisa~, t. V, gv. 573). 

312

saliteraturo enis Sesaxeb 

`...Zvels ritorikebSi magrigada hyofdnen enasa (`maRali, saSualo 

da mdabali~ m. n.), romelica erTi unda iyos literaturaSi da ara 

samgvari. gonieri da Wkvis misaRebi safuZveli miCveneT, rom davijero 

egreTi ganyofa misi, rac bunebiT ganuyofelia. Cven marto es 

viciT Zalian kargad, rom literaturas Sehyavs warmatebaSi ena, esec 

kargad viciT, rom literaturis ganzraxvac is aris, rom erTgvari 

ena Sehsdges da ara mravalStoiani. 

uwin rom hyofdnen magrigad, im safuZvliTa hyofdnen, rom ariano 

qveynad samgvarni saganni: maRali, saSualo da mdabali, romelT 

gamosaxatavad unda iyos kideco samgvari enao; maRal sagnisTvis _ 

maRali, saSualo sagnisTvis _ saSualo da mdablisTvia _ mdabali. 

aba exla erTi mibZaneT, arian qveynierobazed eg samgvarni saganni? 

gana yoveli sagani Tavis kvalobazed ar aris maRali, maRal RvTaebriobis 

sibrZnis gamomTqmeli? 

polipi, romelic Zlivs aCens Tavis sulierobas, ise cxadad 

mogviTxrobs RvTis Zlierebasa, rogorc mze, es qveynis macxovrebeli 

mnaTobi. infuzoria, romelnic milionobiT arian erT muWa 

wyalSi, iseve sakvirvelni arian, rogorc moZraoba medidur caSi 

milionTa planetTa. erTi muWa lafis nawilTa dakavSireba iseTi 

sakvirvelia, rogorc vardis mSvenierebis gamocxadeba. ara, bunebaSi 

RmerTs ar Seuqmnia maRali da mdabali sagani. yoveli sagani maRalia 

Tavis kvalobazed da erTnairad mogviTxrobs im did sulzed, 

romelic acxovrebs mTels qveyanasa. maSasadame yoveli sagani erTnairad 

gamoiTqmis. eg samgvarad ganyofa enisa usafuZvlobaa, da 

gTxovT nuRar gaaRviZebT kanons, romelic didi xania, rac daimarxa 

da romelic, vidre iyo Tavis moqmedebaSi, rkinis saltesaviT aviwroebda 

kacis metyvelebasa da azrsa~ (`sardion mesxievis kritikis 

gamo~, t. V, gv. 115-116). 

igavuri metyvelebis Sesaxeb 

`...saba orbelianma rom Tavisi zRaprebi daswera, sibrZne-sicruis 

wigni daarqva. me xSirad Cavfiqrebivar am saxels wignisas. marTlac, 

sadac sibrZnea, iq sicrues ra xeli aqvs? sibrZnesTan sicrue ra mosatania? 

ra sityvis masalaa? ra ugavT erTmaneTs? saba orbeliani _ 

es brZeni, darbaiseli kaci, raT ikadrebda sibrZneSi gaeria sicrue? 

an ra saxarbielo saxelia sicrue? 

me vfiqrob, rom saba orbelians amis Tqma undoda: me zRapars 

geubnebi da sibrZnes ki gamcnebo. zRapari mogonili ambavia, aramar- 

313

Tali, maSasadame, sicruea. am mxriT wigni saba orbelianisa sicruea. 

is sicrue ki ara, romelic swamlavs da hSxamavs adamians da sicruis 

mTqmels ufro sTxris da auwmindurebs, vidre sxvas. is sicrue ki 

ara, romelsac auRia urcxvad Tavi da qurdulad ikbineba geslian 

morielisaviT da romelic ase sazizRaria da samarTlianad devnuli 

yovel patiosan kacisagan... 

saba orbelianis sicrue-meTqi sul sxvaa. saba orbelianis sicrue 

zRaparia, arakia, igavia. igavi, araki, zRapari imisTana saxea, kania 

azrisa, romelic saWkuo da sazneo WeSmaritebas zedmiwevniT gvixatavs 

xorcSesxmulad, Wkuas gvaswavlis, gvarigebs, znes gviwurTnis, 

avsa da kargs gvaniSnebs erTmaneTSi gasarCevad. Tu saba orbelianiseburi 

zRapari, araki amas ara sCadis, ganzraxvad, sagnad ki swored 

es unda hqondes, rom zRapari, araki, igavi Taviss mizezs arsebobisas 

moklebul iqneba. am mxriT zRapari, araki, igavi sibrZnec aris da sicruec. 

sicrue TviTon ambavia, sibrZne _ Sig Casaxuli azria. erTic, 

meorec da mesamec xelovnuri xorcTsxmaa, saWkuo, sazneo swavla- 

STagonebisa, gansaxovnebaa azrisa, iseTi gansaxovneba, romelic marto 

SemoqmedebiTis niWis saidumloebas Seadgens. 

Cveni zRapari tyuilad ki ar iwyeba “iyo da ara iyo raTi”. “iyo” Sig 

Casaxuli azria da azri xom yovelTvis yofila, aris da iqneba. “ara 

ki iyo ra” ekuTvnis TviT ambavsa, romelic arc yofila da arc aris. 

amitomac araki, romelSiac cocxlad, cxovlad aris Casaxuli azri, 

izidavs adamianis gulisyurs imdenad, rom TviT arakis sicruec ki 

marTali ggonia da sul gaviwydebaT, rom yurs ugdebT mogonil ambavsa. 

am saswauls sCadis xelovneba. me mgonia, rom TviT sityva “araki” 

warmomdgaria “ara ki iyodam”, mxolod Semoklebulia... 

roca mTqmeli ase iwyebs zRapars: “iyo da ara ki iyo rao,” TiTqo 

Tavidamve hsurs gauwyoT, rom aryofils, ararsebuls ambavs geubnebio, 

xolo suls adevne gulisyuri da ara xorcsao, azrsa da ara 

ambavsao, radganac ambavi marto azris gamosasaxavad aris aq CarTuli 

da mogonilio. amitomac, Tu zRapars, araks, igavs azri ara aqvs, 

ugemuria, umariloa... 

zRapari, araki, igavi mxolod maSin aiyoliebs xolme gatacebiT 

adamianis gulisyurs, roca gamcnebT rasme saWkuos da sazneos 

marTals, romelic ise SiSvlad, xorcSeusxmelad. usaxod, usura- 

Tod, uferadod yvelasaTvis advilad dasanaxi ar aris. vimeorebT: 

swored amitom zRapari, araki, igavi erTsa da imave dros sibrZnec 

aris da sicruec, sibrZne suliT, sicrue xorciT. aq sicrue xatebaa, 

gansaxovnebaa sibrZnisa. amitomac eseTi sicrue aramcTu codvaa, 

ase samarTlianad sazizRari kacTa urTierTobaSi..., aramed madlia, 

romliTac ase gamoCenilni arian ezope, lafonteni, grimmebi _ Zmani, 

andersoni, krilovi, saba orbeliani da sxvani, am saxiT mqadagebelni 

314

sibrZnisa da WeSmaritebisa. TviTon saRmrTo werilis igavni amave 

orkec Tvisebisa da Rirsebisani arian. 

mTeli egred-wodebuli sityvakazmuli literaturac am safuZvelzea 

aSenebuli: mogonilis ambiT cxadhyos marTali. igic am 

saTavidam modis. amitomac amgvars literaturaSi ar aris arc erTi 

moTxrobili ambavi, rom marTla marTali iyos, marTla namdvili 

iyos: sul adamianis fantaziiT Seqmnilia da iseTis SemoqmedebiT 

xorcSesxmuli, sulTCasaxuli, rom kacsac ki ar ejavreba, didadac 

moswons da esurveba. 

tarieli, nesatan-darejani, avTandil, fridon, TinaTin arc Taviss 

dReSi yofilan da arc iqnebian, arc odesme ucxovriaT da arc 

exla scxovreben, magram aba naxeT Cveni sakvirveli rusTaveli rogor 

saswaulmoqmedobs adamianze, roca imaTs cxovrebas gviambobs, maTis 

cxovrebis majiscemas gvatyobinebs!.. SoTam mis mier mogonil ambavs 

iseTi suli Caatana, rom am WeSmarit sulisagan TviT araWeSmariti 

ambavi marTali gvgonia. ai es saocari gardaqmna, anu uked vTqvaT, 

qmna aryofilisa yofilad, marto Semoqmeds SeuZlian da amitomac am 

RvTiurs Zal-Rones qmnisas Semoqmedobas eZaxian. 

diaR, eseTia igi saidumloeba erTgvaris madlisa, romelsac zegardamo 

STagoneba hqvian da romelic TviT codvils sicruesac ki 

madls aqmnevinebs xolme da yurmoWril msaxurad uxdis sibrZnesa... 

marTalia, sicrues ise samarTlianada aqvs wamxdari saxeli, ise- 

Ti sazizRari ram aris adamianis yurisaTvis, rom sjobda amisTana 

saqmeSi sulac ar xmarebuliyo. me didis sixaruliT aq arc ki vaxsenebdi. 

RmerTma sicruec Searcxvinos da misi madlic. am saqmis 

sakadrisi sxva sityaa saWiro!.. xolo imisTana brZeni da saTno kaci, 

rogoric saba orbeliania, raki sibrZnesTan sicruesac axsenebs da 

Taviss gonebis naRvawss sibrZne-sicruis wigns arqmevs, Cven amisTana 

sityvisaTvis Wkua unda mogvenaxa. usaTuod unda gvekiTxna: amiT ris 

Tqma undoda imisTana windaxeduls, Wkuians da saTnoebiT savse kacs, 

rogoric saba orbeliania. amas moiTxovs igi samarTliani pativiscema, 

romliTac Cven aRsavseni varT saba orbelianis mimarT. saba 

orbelianis sicrue da erTob sityvakazmul literaturisa ucodvelia, 

umwikloa, uborotoa, ubryviloa. igi namusiania, arc aravisa 

hmtrobs, arc aravisa hgmobs. amaze metsac vityviT, igi madliania im 

mxriT, rom azris amxsnelia, mauwyebelia, gagebis gza da xidia, cocxali 

xatia, xelTqmnili didis grZneulebiT (`Cveni exlandeli sibrZsibrZne-sicrue~ t. XIII, gv. 177-181). 

315

316 

poeziis Sesaxeb 

`poezia madlia, niWia, romelic eZleva mxolod kacTa, RvTiv 

rCeulTa madlia, magram amasTanave tvirTic aris, radganac igi movlenilia, 

rom Wrilobidam sisxlis Seuwyveteli dena kacTa sicocxles 

Seuyenos...~ (, t. V, gv. 559). 

`poetis sityva igi xelTuqmneli saganZuria, saca eri hpoebs xolme 

Tviss ukeTess naazrs da nagrZnobs, Tviss ukeTess sulTa-swrafvas, 

Tviss imeds da sasoebas, Tviss Tavmosawonebel gulTaZvras, Tviss 

Wirsa da lxinsa, Tvisis enis da metyvelebis sikekluce-mSvenierebas 

da erTob Tviss suliers saunjes, im saunjes, romliTac eri erobs, 

adamiani adamianobs. rafiel erisTavze~ (, t. XIII, gv. 164). 

`grigol orbelianma... dagvanaxa pirveli, magram saucxovo da 

Seudarebeli magaliTi qarTulis uriTmo leqsisa, ara iambikos msgavsisa, 

da miT dagvimtkica, rom qarTuls sityvasac Tavisi asamaRlebeli 

xma hqonia, egre saWiro leqsTwyobis xmovanebisa da musikisaTvis. man 

amiT gvaCvena, rom qarTuladac SesaZloa uriTmo leqsi, egredwodebuli 

`TeTri leqsTwyoba~, romelic xmovanebiT da musikiT aranaklebia 

riTmian leqsisa...~ (, 

t. V, gv. 554). 

`Zvel droTagan dawyobili aqamomde Cven leqsT-TxzulebiTs 

poeziaSi SevniSneT ganviTareba mxolod lirikul poeziisa, romelic 

aris erTi gvari poeziisa da romelsac musikas da poezias Suaadgili 

uWiravs, amisaTvisac amgvari leqsi sul mudam TiTqmis ufro 

samReralia; ase gonia _ mTeli ar ariso, ase gonia _ raRac akliao, 

roca ar daimRereba; musika aq TiTqo hSveliso poeziasa da poezia _ 

musikasa. sagani amgvar poeziisa TiTon poetis sulis mdgomareobaaa 

sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi da garemoebaSi; wuTis grZnobis, wuTis aRbeWdilebis 

gamoTqmaa, erTis sityviT, TiTon poeti aq mxolod Tavis 

grZnobas xatavs, Tavis gulis moZraobas da aRbeWdilebas. garegani 

buneba misTvis ar arsebobs, da Tu arsebobs, imis xelSi is wminda san- 

TelsaviT lbilia; gaaTbobs Tu ara Tavis gulis cecxliTa, imas gamosaxavs 

zed, rac TiTon ugrZvnia da ara imas, rac TviT bunebaSia, 

rogorc aucilebeli Tviseba misi. 

es mimarTuleba ise gauflebulia CvenSi, rom aramc Tu Cveni sasiqadulo 

da saxelovani poetebi, aramed isic, vinc ki uniWod moawyobs 

xolme or riTmas, isic ki amgvar poeziis mimdevaria. Cven moleqseTa 

Soris marto rusTavelis geniam SeiZlo Seqmna eposisa, ase rom aqamomde 

mis meti TiTqmis aravina Cans. Tumca arian zogierTnic Cven 

literaturaSi, romelTac moindomes mibaZva rusTavelisa, magram

arc erTs maTgans arc niWi hqonda imdeni, rom warmatebiT evloT 

rusTavelisagan naCveneb gzazed, da arc ganaTleba. igini xSirad 

iwyebdnen moTxrobiT da bolos mainc lirikisaken gaduxvevdnen 

xolme...~ (`ciskari~ 1857 wlidan _ 1862 wlamdina~, t. V, 594). 

`...leqsi imiT ara leqsobs, rom sityvebis boloebi erTmaneTisaTvis 

SeuwyviaT. leqsi poeziis Svilia... poezia sagrZnobelia da ara 

sacnobeli... igi gvatkbobs da gvasiamovnebs Wirsa da lxinSiac. viciT, 

rom igi xatebaa CvenTa grZnobaTa, gulisTqmaTa, fiqrTa, naRvelTa, 

lxinTa, erTis sityviT, xilulTa da arxilulTa... poezia ucnauri 

madlia da poeti am madliT mosili kacia. 

poezia RvTaeburi Ronea, gulis siRrmidam adamianis grZnobaTa da 

margalitebis amomtaneli, mxatvaria cxovelmyofeli da xorcTSemsxmeli 

usxeulo azrisa, fiqrisa, grZnobisa, erTis sityviT, adamianis 

da msoflios sulis moZraobisa... 

adamiani, buneba, ca, qveyana, msoflio, _ erTi didebuli wignia, 

ucnaurs enazed dawerili. mecniereba amas sTargmnis uxatebo, usuraTo 

sityviTa, poezia ki xatebiTa da suraTiTa. mecnierebis naTargmni 

jer unda, rac SeiZleba blomad mogrovdes gulis saganZeSi, rom 

mere poetis mxatvrobiTma sityvam aRmobeWdos, suli Caudgas, xorciT 

Semosos adamianis gasataceblad, aRsafrTovaneblad da gasaoceblad. 

Tu poeti mecnierebas ar moiwvevs, marto carieli niWi ver 

uTargmnis am wignsa. saca ara aris mecniereba, iq mkiTxvelic am wignisa 

ar aris~ (,poeziis axalgazrda moyvarulT>, t. V, gv. 233-235). 

`...aba, CaukvirdiT, ra Seusabamod aris Sexamebuli es poeturi suraTi! 

cremli mxolod maSin minda, rom grdemlad mivsce Cems Svilsao. 

aq ZaRlis Tavi im garemoebaSia Cafluli, rom Sewyobilia erTad 

cremli da grdemli. mere miTom rao? me Sen giTxra, ar aris msgavseba 

Tu am or sityvas Soris! jer erTi, marcvalTa da bgeraTa mixedviT 

sariTmod erTi erTmaneTs ar dauvardebian, erTic ormarcvlovania 

da meorec. pirvelis oTxi ukanaskneli bgerac en, man, las, inia da 

meorisac, da meorec isa, rom zedsarTic metia, radgan orive sityvas 

Tan axlavs bgera rae. male mteri mogikvdes, male am or sityvas 

sariTmod gamoiyenebda daxelovnebuli meleqse, magram evdoSvili 

sul sxva juris mgosania. aqaoda es ori sityva gareganis mxriv ese 

TanxmobiT sufeveno, adga, arc aciva, arc acxela da am or cnebas bunebis 

erTidaigiveobac dauloca. 

...iqneba vinme cili dagvwamos da brZanos, Zalian sastikad epyrobiT 

mgosans da ainunSi ar mogaqvT licencia poetikao e. i. poeturi 

Tavisuflebao. magram scdebiT, batonebo! Cven eg poetebis 

saSeRavaTo xvrelic viqonieT gunebaSi. poeturi Tavisufleba anu 

licencia poetika gagvigonia leqsTa wyobaSi, riTmisTvis sityvebis 

Secvla-SeTxzvaSi, mxolod licencia logikasa, fsixikasa da sazo- 

317

gadod Wkvis samTavroSi _ Seuwynarebelia~ (saliteraturo premia 

`Surdulis~ redaqciisa~, t. XV, gv. 603-606). 

318 

dramaturgiis Sesaxeb 

`...Teatri SeuZlebelia Tu repertuari (TviTon warmosadgeni 

piesebi) moklebulia Sinagan Rirsebas, Tu igi ar Seefereba arc dro- 

Ta brunvas da JamTa viTarebas, arc mayurebelTa cotad Tu bevrad 

ganviTarebul gemovnebas... 

rasakvirvelia, sanatrelia, rom Cven scenazed dadgenilni iyvnen 

imisTana piesebi, romelnic Tavisi saliteraturo da sazogadoebriv 

mxriTac gamosayeni iyvnen mayureblisaTvis da sasceno xelovnebisa- 

Tvisac Sesamatni. 

...melodrammebs adgili ekargebaT-meTqi awindelis drois repertuarSi. 

pirveli esa, rom carieli sityvieri darigeba araviTari 

Tamasuqi ar aris warmatebisa. garda amisa Seicvala mxedveloba 

Teatrzed da amasTanave Seicvala agreTve sazogadoebis gemovneba 

(`Teatris matiene~, t. XV, gv 224). 


`...Tu Cvens mwerlobasa da sazogadoebas CaukvirdebiT, SeniSnavT 

erTs arasasiamovno garemoebas, romelic xels uSlis erTis da meoris 

warmatebasac. arc mwerlobasa da arc sazogadoebas ar aRmouCenia 

namdvili gza, romliTac unda msvlelobdes azri da goneba, ar 

daudgenia namdvili azri Cvenis warsul da awmyo viTarebis Sesaxeb.. 

erTis sityviT dRemdis ver dagvidgenia samarTliani kritikuli 

azri Cvenis cxovrebis Sesaxeb... 

...Cven erTmaneTis azri da moqmedeba ver dagvifasebia da samarTlianis 

TvaliT ar gagvisinjavs, da Tu erTmaneTs wunsa vdebT, mxolod 

imisTvis, rom survili da Rone ara gvaqvs erTmanerTis azrsa da 

mizidulebas saZirkveli gavusinjoT. 

yovel dawinaurebul sazogadoebaSi azris sxvadasxvaoba, mravalgvaroba 

kritikis Sedegia da sxvadasxva azrisa da mimarTulebis 

mimdevarT aqvT iseTi wertili, romelic yvelasTvis saerToa. CvenSi 

ki sxvadasxvaoba azrisa kritikulis azris uqonlobis bralia da Cvenis 

gaufrTxileblobisa. CvenSi xSirad erTsa da imave sagnis Sesaxeb 

imdenad SeuTanxmebels da winaaRmdegs azrs gaigonebT, mere iseTs 

sagnebze, romelTa Sesaxeb morigebulni unda viyvneT, rom swored 

gasaocaria...

gabedeT da sTqviT, rom esa da es mwerali didad SesaniSnavia, Tavisis 

nawerebiT didi samsaxuri gauwia samSoblo mwerlobasa da enasao 

da maSinve mogvardebian da SegZaxeben, rom Tqvena scdebiT da uRirs 

mwerals adidebTo. sabuTad imas dagisaxeleben, rom am mweralma ama 

da am dros esa da es ugvno azri warmosTqva da Tanac esa da es saqcieli 

Caidinao. Tu gabedeT da sTqviT, rom CvenSi mwerloba didi 

Zalaa sazogadoebis warmatebisao, maSinve Tqvenis azris miuxedavad, 

gaiZaxian, rom Cveni mwerloba sruliad uZluria, uferulia, ena garyvniliao 

da sxvani... nuTu amgvari uTanxmoeba azrisa, erTmanerTis 

gaugebloba samwuxaro ar aris? gana yovelive ese SesaZlebeli iqneboda, 

CvenSi rom kritikuli azri muSaobdes?gana es SesaZlebeli 

iqneboda, Tu rom Cven SeCveulni viyvneT samarTlians msjelobas da 

yovelsave saqmis rigianad dafasebas da awon-dawonvas? (, t. V, 403-405). 

`kritika~ _ amis Tanaswor mniSvnelobis sityva ar aris qarTuls 

enazed da arc Zalian saWiroa rom iyos, Tumca ukeTesi iqneboda, rom 

yofiliyo, radganac eg dagvimtkicebda, rom Cveni mama-papani mag 

mxriT ganviTarebulni yofilan. sadac saxelia, iq uTuod saganic 

unda iyos. eg sityva exla mTel kacobriobas ekuTvnis da yoveli xalxi, 

cotaodenad ganaTlebuli, xmarobs Tavis enaSi; maSasadame arc 

CvenTvis aris dasaZraxisi, rom eg sityva CvenSi ixmarebodes. 

`kritika~ aris ganxilvac, ganCxrekac, garkvevac, garCevac da dafasebac 

erTad. roca romelsame sagans fassa sdebs kaci, jer imis 

Rirsebas ityvis (Tu aqvs Rirseba) da daamtkicebs, mere ambobs, amodenad 

Rirso, ese igi Sinjavs Signidam da garedam sagansa, yovels mis 

Tvisebasa, arCevs cudsa da kargsa da mere hswonavs marTal sasworzed. 

am orgvar Tvisebaebs sagnisas zogierTi kritikosi, ra ganarCevs 

cuds da kargsa, saswors dauTmobs xolme TiTon mkiTxvels, zogier- 

Tic TiTonve aswonams xolme~ (`pasuxi~, t. V, gv. 38-39). 

`...es ueWvelad ase unda iyves, rom yvelam Taviseburad unda gansajos 

sagani, e.i. ise, rogorc esmis, unda warmohsTqvas azri. es kia, rom 

kacs yovelTvis eyoleba Semmowmebeli: ise uTqvams is azri, rogorc 

unda Tqmuliyo, Tu ara da is azri uTqvams, rac Sehferis sagans, Tu 

Semcdara. Cven viciT, rom rac ki ram aris daarsebuli qveyanazed, 

yovelisfers aqvs Tavisi kanoni da mizezi; ukanonod da umizezod 

araferi arc gaCenila da arc gaCndeba. Cveni azric mag kanonebis da 

mizezebis cnobidam Sedgeba. mag kanonebis da mizezebis cnobazed 

trialebs mecnierebaca... 

...yvelas neba aqvs kritikisa, yvelam unda saxalxoTa sTqvas Tavisi 

azri, rogora fiqrobs ama da am saganzeda; maTgansa zogs gaantyuneben, 

zogzed daeTanxmebian, da amasobaSi statia gaiwmindeba da 

dadgeba ise, rogoric unda namdvilad yofiliyo. da Tu xmas aravin 

319

amoiRebs, maSin yuris mgdebelma ra hqmnas? 

...kritika da lanZRva Zalian SorisSor arian erTmaneTzeda Tavisi 

mniSvnelobiTa. lanZRva ar SeSvenis kacsa aras dros, arc pirad 

TqmiTa da arc qaRaldzed gamocxadebiTa. kritika nuras dros nu 

ggoniaT lanZRva, nurca ggoniaT dacineba; is aris darigeba, Secdomilebis 

cxadad Cveneba, bundiani saqmisa gamorkveviT da naTlad 

Cveneba... 

marad WeSmaritia qarTuli andaza: `kargs mTqmelsa kargi gamgone 

undao~; kargis gasagoneblad kaci momzadebuli unda iyves, goneba 

unda hqondes gaxsnili, ganaTlebuli, Torema bnelis gonebiT, 

bnelaSi kaci ras dainaxams. gonebagaxsnili kaci waikiTxams Txzulebasa 

da ityvis: es cudia, es kargia, es arc Zriel avia da arc Zriel 

kargi; cxadad ityvis, ris mizeziT aris an kargi, an avi, an saSualo; 

cxadis safuZveliT, sabuTiT daamtkicebs Taviss naTqvamsa. kritikosi 

aris gamrCevi Txzulebisa, kritikosi aris cxadad maCvenebeli 

avisa da kargisa TxzulebaSi... is aris damrigebeli da msajuli... 

ra gamova im Jurnalidgana, romelsac ara hyavs kargi damrigebeli, 

kargi kritikosi? verc erTi Jurnali ukritikod ver icocxlebs, 

kritika aris imisi gzis maCvenebeli, imisi winamZRoli, imisi sinaTle 

da damrigebeli. iman unda gamoarCios avi da kargi yovlis simarTliT 

da daanaxos yvela Jurnalis wamkiTxvelsa. yoveli wamkiTxvelisaTvis, 

mgonia, sasiamovno unda iyos yovelTvis kritikuli statia, 

radganac SeuZlian Tavisi azri Seamowmos am kritikiTa, naxos, sxva 

rogora fiqrobs im saganzeda... 

...kritikosi aris-meTqi msajuli; maSasadame, iman ar unda dafaros 

ara-rame simarTle mTxzvelisa da Secdomileba, da, maSasadame, usamarTlod 

ar unda miudges mtyuansa da marTali dasCagros. magrama... 

kritikosi niWiTa da swavliT unda uTuod umaRlesi iyves avtorze, 

Torema ra darigeba SeuZlian?~ (`sfiridonis da Tadeozis baasi~, t. 

V, gv. 92 ; 70-74). 

`...avtori TviTon unda grZnobdes Zaldautaneblad romelime 

azris warmoTqmis saWiroebasa: azri unda gamomdinareobdes laRad, 

TavisTavad gonebidgana, sadac aris mogroebuli da didi xania api- 

rebs gamoxeTqasa, rogoraTac dagubebuli wyali... Zalad gamoyva- gamoyva- 

nils wyalsa wisqvilis dabruneba ar SeuZlian; is aris uRono, romelsaca 

raki moxvdeba TibaTvis mzis Suqi, maSinve gahqreba.... 

es aris gasaocari, roma vidre adamiani kalams aiRebs xelSi, 

laparakobs rigianad... da isev is adamiani, roca ki kalams xels mohkidebs, 

sul daekargeba kiloca, enac maSin daebmis, gonebac sxvanairad 

mohyveba fiqrsa da wamoisvris iseTs sityvebsa, romelTaca 

samaradiso, Sinaurul laparakSi yurs ver mohkram, an arada mohyveba 

iseT maRal fardebze laparaksa, roma erTi sityviT, kacs veRar ic- 

320

nob, romelica oris an samis saaTis win gelaparakeboda ise saamurad. 

ar vici, risTvis, ris mizeziT scdilobs iseTi sityviTa sTqvas Tavisi 

azri, roma yvelas ar esmodes: an unda gaakviros wamkiTxveli Tavisi 

codniTa da amisaTvis weraSi mal-male dafiqrdeba, mal-male Cahxedams 

leqsikonSi, an Zvel wignebSi, erTi sityviT, sadac eguleba da 

iqidgan amorCeuli sityvebiTa naTels azrs daabnelebs, gaamqisebs 

da gaaugemurebs~ (`sfiridonis da Tadeozis baasi~, t. V, gv. 76-77). 

`Tavis Tavis pativismcemeli literatura movalea hpatronobdes 

adamianis namuss da Rirsebas da kaci aravis gaalaxvinos ciliTa da 

tyuiliTa, radganac erTica da meorec yurmoWrilni ymani da mosamsaxureni 

arian marto piradis angariSebisa. literatura ki rogorc 

moRvaweoba ukeTesTa kacTa, erTaderTi far-xmali unda iyos adamianisa, 

roca mis Rirsebas uRirsad, ukadrisad xels Seaxeben xolme 

da miss zneoburs kuTvnilebas staceben. literaturis mravalgvar 

da rTul movaleobaTa Soris es movaleoba erTi udidesTagania, imitom, 

rom namusis SebRalva, namusis axda, kacis saxelis gatexa iseTi 

didi ubedurebaa, rom Tu ar zedmiwevniT gamorkveul, utyuar sabu- 

TiT, literaturam sxva gziT amaebSi aravis ar unda dauTmos erTis 

iotis odenaca. am mxriT literatura yovelis kacis patroni unda 

iyos da mfarveli, nametnavad iq, saca eg patronoba da mfarveloba 

sxva gziT ar arsebobs~ (, t. XI, gv. 62-63). 

`loRika, TiTqo baJs rasme emalebao, sadRac gaeqca, sadRac daekarga 

adamiansa. Rrmad dakvirveba ar aris saWiro, kacma dainaxos, 

rom adamianis Wkuas raRac gautyda, buneburi marTulebi moeSala, 

raRac salte an mohSvebia, an ufro metad wasWeria, raRac soli amovardnia 

da ZiriT Txemamde Tavi da bolo dahbnevia. kac exlandel 

droSi ver gaugia ra, vera gamourkvevia ra, xedviT erTsa hxedavs, 

smeniT sul sxva esmis. aris erTi areuloba... es Wiri ase Tu ise advilad 

mosanelebelia, advilad saxdelia, roca SimaobaSi, erTmaner- 

TobaSi calke kerZo kaci mogvivlens xolme. sul sxvaa da didi da metismeti 

ubedurebaa, roca es boroti, es Wiri gzas gaixsnis, moedans 

moipovebs iq, sadac Tqma da qmna erTi unda iyos, sadac WeSmariteba 

unda WeSmaritobdes, marTali hmarTlobdes, keTili hkeTilobdes 

da patiosneba hpatiosnebdes, sadac xma erisaa da maSasadame, RvTisaca. 

amisTana `wmidaTa wminda~ literaturaa, saca WkvaTamyofeli, 

ukeTesi, Tavankara nawili erisa unda metyvelebdes aSkarad, uferumarilod, 

utyuilod da uxvanjod... loRika saZebneli da sapovneli 

gauxda adamiansa calked da mwerlobasa saerTod!~(, 

t. V, 387-391). 

`ra advili yofila, Tqveni WirimeT, kritikis wera am àxalis 

drois~ wesiTa. erTs gverdzed CauareT, meores gamarjveba uTxariT, 

mesames gonebas nu miawvdenT, meoTxe gadafurcleT; erTs uTxariT, 

321

tabuxs icem-Tqo, meores _ ugemuria da uferuli-Tqo, mesames _ 

vin Sen, vin literatoroba-Tqo, yovels amas `kritikuli SeniSvnebi~ 

daarqviT da gamova kritika àxalis droisa~.arc meti, arc naklebi... 

nu SeSindebiT, batonebo! amisTana axalni iqneba axalgazrdani 

arian, magram axalTaobis kacni ki ara. aq axalis Taobisa da axalis 

droisa ara aris ra da, rvTis mowyalebiT, Tavis dReSiac amisTana 

ram arc iqneba, arc axalis Taobisa da arc axalis drois niSnad... 

erTsa da imave dros, erTsa da imave saganzed hos Tqmac da arasica, 

uloRikoba, TiTon daaSavos da sxvas daabralos, sistema mxilebisa, 

usabuToba kritikisa, ufrosTan xma gaikmideo, sxvis sityvis 

Tavis qeifisamebr gadabruneba, adamianis gulSi òbiskebis~ moxdena 

_ yovelive es TviTveulad calke da sazogadod erTad yofilan da, 

Cvenda saubedurod, kidev karga xans iqnebian... 

Cven sazogadod axals Taobas ki ar vyofT uars, aramed imas, vinc 

mag saxels farTifurTobisaTvis tyuilad iCemebs. axali Taoba 

axalTa azrTa winamZRolobaSi, axalTa azrTa moZRvrebaSia da ara 

imaSi, rom me dRes daviwye wera da Sen guSinao... nuTu marTla amisTa- 

na àxali razmi~ gamodis CvenSi da matulobs kidec... Cven gvwams ada- ada- 

mianis sikeTe sazogadod da amitom ara gvjera eg ambavi...~ (`Sinauri 

mimoxilva _ ~miTam da àxalis razmis kaci...~, t. VII, gv. 145-154). 

`zogadi kuTvnileba WeSmaritis literaturisa da ara im crupentelobisa, 

romelic CvenSi literaturis saxeliT daiareba, gulwrfelobaa, 

uboroto ganzraxvaa, sindisianobaa, pirmoufereblobaa da 

ima grZnobis da rwmenis gamometyvelobaa, romelic sulsa da gulSi 

namdvilad Cagsaxvia, namdvilad gamogkvanZia da Senis sulieris Ronis 

SeZlebisamebr gagizrdia, gagiwurTnia. WeSmariti literatura 

yovelgan da yovels SemTxvevaSi marTebulobis, zrdilobis, adamianis 

Rirsebisa faric aris da xmalica. uzrdeloba, umarTebuloba, 

gaupatiureba adamianisa, uwurTnelobis, gonebagauxsnelobis da 

ujiSobis utyuari niSania... 

Tu, Cvenda sabednierod, qaris motanil liberalobis saxeliT 

morTulma crupentelobam da imav liberalobis saxeliT gakadnierebulma 

lanZRva-Trevam Cvenis literaturidam fexi amoikveTa, 

imaT safaneli moakldebaT, kriWa SeekvriT da amis gamo literaturas 

Zalauneburad unda daeTxovnen. egre mosdiT xolme vaWarTa, 

romelT saqonelsac bazarSi mazanda daufolda da gasavali ara 

aqvs...~ (ìveriis~ winasityvaoba~, t. VII, gv. 242-243). 

`Cveni zne literaturuli metad garyvnilia da zogierTebis 

mowyalebiT jer karga xani gaivlis, vidre Tavis bazars dahkargavs 

tyuili sisini, tyuili bzuili ukbilo mtrobisa da Surisa, avyiaobis 

da kaparCxianobis uRono zedmoseva kbenisaTvis da dabaxanuri 

pirwylianoba lanZRvisa da TrevisaTvis~ (, t. X, gv. 28). 

322

`gaupatiureba visime sakadrisi ar aris arc calke kacisagan, arc 

literaturisagan, romelic marTebulobisa da rigianobis magaliTi 

unda iyos da Tu an erTi aklia, an meore, Rirsi ar aris wminda saxeli 

literaturisa ataros. WuWyiani sityva-pasuxi, WuWyiani gulisnadebi, 

romelic zed abeWdia xolme yovels kacs, sxvis gasabiabrueblad 

gamolaSqrebuls, metismetad cxadi niSania TviTon molaSqres uwmindurobisa 

da WuWyisa~ (, 

t. IX, gv. 647). 

`Cvens ganaTlebuls sazogadoebaSi xSirad ismis gulistkivili, 

rom Cvens literaturas kritika akliao. marTalic aris, _ es didi 

da friad didi danaklisia. litaratura, Tavisis farTo mniSvnelobiT, 

gonebis naWirnaxulevi xvavia, saca wminda xorbalic aris da 

balax-bulaxis Teslica. rac cxavia xvavisaTvis, isic kritikaa literaturisaTvis. 

am naklis mizezad zogi imas ambobs, rom Cveni literatura 

kritikisaTvis metad cotas sazrdos iZlevao; jer xvavi 

Cvenis literaturisa imodena ar aris, rom Rirdes kacma kritikis 

cxavSi gaataros da wminda xorbali balaxbulaxisagan gamoarkvioso. 

am Tqmas didi sabuTi ar miuZRvis: cota Tu bevri, mainc garCeva unda 

da garkveva. amitomac sxvebi amboben, marto sicotave literaturisa 

jer kidev mizezi ar aris, rom kritika Tavs ar iCenso; aq ricxvs 

imodenad mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ramodenadac TviT Rirsebas, ese igi 

literaturis Sinaarssao, da ai am mxriT metad xelmoklea Cveni literatura 

da kritikas amitomac Cvens literaturaSi jer araviTari 

saqme da sarbieli ara aqvso. arc amisTana Tqma imarTlebs Tavs im kacis 

winaSe, vinc pariJis yavaxanis sibrZniT ki ar dahkvirvebia Cvens 

literaturas, aramed gamWriaxis gonebis TvaliTa, romelic codniTa, 

swavliT da mecnierebiT gawurTvnilia da gawmendili xedvisa 

da CxrekisaTvis. 

Cven aras vityviT Cvens Zvels literaturazed, romelsac ase- 

Tis siuxviT asxivosnebs `vefxis-tyaosani~ _ es uZiro morevi, zRva 

azrisa da grZnobisa; Cven aras vityviT arc daviT guramiSvilzed, 

romlis didaqtiuri poezia pirs ar Seircxvens Tund lukrecis, 

virgilis da horacios didaqtiur poezias dauyeneT pirispir, da 

romlis sarwmunoebrivi RaRadeba daviT winaswarmetyvelis fsalmunebis 

simaRlemdea asuli. aras vityviT mefe vaxtang VI-ze, arCil 

mefeze, Teimuraz I-sa da II-zed, romelTac, nametnavad pirvels ors, 

veravin ver daswamebs simCates azrebisas da grZnobisas da romelnic 

moelian gonebamaxvils kritikoss, rom Tavisi miuwyon da samarTlianis 

SaravandediT mohrTon maTi RirsSesaniSnavi gonebrivi Rvawli. 

sakmaoa gavixsenoT am mecxramete saukunis Cveni poezia da maTi 

warCinebulni warmomadgenelni, T. al. WavWavaZedam dawyobili 

dRevandel mwerlebamde, da maSin aSkarad davinaxavT, rom kritikis 

323

uqonloba Cvenis literaturis uSinaarsobas ki ar unda dahbraldes, 

aramed Cvens qondriskacobas, romelic imodenad uZluria, imodenad 

uRonoa, rom verc Cvenis literaturis siRrmisaTvis gonebis Tvali 

Cauwvdenia da verc Cvenis poeziis simaRlisaTvis Tvali gausworebia... 

...uSinaarsoba Cvenis literaturisa aSkara tyuilia. vinc am brals 

sdebs, igi umarTlod eqceva Cvens nawarmoebs da naRvaws gonebisas 

da gulisas, da es mosdis an uvicobiT, an gangeb, rom kritikis uqonlobis 

sircxvili Tavis Tavs moaSoros da sxvas gadaabralos. Cven, 

rasakvirvelia, ver vityviT, rom bevri ram jer kidev sanatreli ar 

iyos Cvenis literaturisaTvis sazogadod da poeziisaTvis calked, 

magram isic, raca gvaqvs Cven dRes, RirsSesaniSnavi ganZia da mravalgvarad 

gamosayeni da saxmari WeSmaritis kritikisaTvis. amas yvela 

gvimowmebs, visac ki sakuTaris TvaliT Cauxednia Cvens literatura- 

Si da ara sxvis STagonebiT, sxvis CaZaxviTa. maSasadame, Tu kritikas 

dRes CvenSi fexi ar audgams, amisi mizezi sul sxva unda iyos da ara 

igi, rasac iZaxian zogni imisaTvis, rom Cvens literaturas amao TavmowonebiT 

ukadrisoben da hTakiloben, rogorc miTamda balRebisaTvis 

saTamaSos hTakilobs davaJkacebuli kaci da zogni imisaTvis, 

rom sakuTars uRonobas niRabi Camoafaron, brali TviT aicilon da 

TviTon literaturas dasdvan... 

Cveni literatura saerTod da poezia calked jer xeluxlebeli 

ganZia. arc erTs ucxo qveynis mecniers, romelsac Cvens Tval- 

Si saxeli da abru aqvs, misTvis jer xelic ar miukarebia, aravis am 

mxriT Tavisi azri ar gamouTqvams, Tavisi beWedi ar dausvams. maSasadame, 

Cvens literaturaze mzamzareuls azrs ver amoikiTxavT verc 

wignebSi da verc gazeTebSi. am saganzed erTs sityvasac ver ipoviT 

versad. es garemoeba iZulebul hyofs yovels Cvengans, visac ki mouwadinia 

Cvenis literaturis kritika, Tavisis sakuTaris WkuiT, sakuTaris 

codniT, sakuTaris msjelobiT Seudges kritikis rTuls 

da mZime saqmesa, rom Tavisi sakuTari ganaCeni daadginos. Cveni ubedurebac 

swored am iZulebaSia. ras izamT? fexs ver gasZravT, Tu sakuTaris 

tvinis Zafebi ar amoqmedeT, Tu sakuTari grZnoba da Wkua ar 

waimZRvareT, Tu sakuTari msjeloba ar iqonieT!.. 

Cveni egred wodebuli ìnteligencia~ metad sustia am TviTmoqmedebisaTvis. 

Cvenni `swavlulni, ganaTlebulni~, darvinis Teorias 

zedmiwevniT gacodineben, hegelis estetikas, lesingisa da tenis 

filosofias xelovnebisas Tavisis xelisguliviT gadagiSlian, Seqspirzed, 

getezed, baironzed da Tunda homeroszedac, romelnic, 

CvenSi ki iTqvas, aTasSi erTs ar waukiTxvas, Tunda mTels uzarmazar 

wignebs dasweren da iqneba iseTi saswaulic moxdes, rom wasakiTxad 

Rirsi wignebic dasweron, _ da erTs pawia leqss ki Cvenis romelisame 

poetisas ver gauZRvebia, rogorc rigia. nu gaikvirvebT, rom es asea. 

324

patara rom Caufiqrdes kaci am saocars ambavs, mizezs male miuxvdeba. 

Seqspiri, gete, baironi sxva mecnierTagan didi xania garCeulia 

mravalgvarad. amazed mravali uweriaT, mravali uTqvamT. maSasadame, 

amaTzed aseTisa Tu iseTis azris Sedgena metismetad advilia da azris 

sabuTis povna ar aris Zneli. aq yvelaferi, azric da sabuTic 

mzad aris, Tqven oRond imodena Rone iqonieT, rom mohkriboT, erTmaneTs 

SeufardoT, SeuwonoT da yovelive Sekrebili, Sefardebuli 

da Sewonili erTs Znad SehkraT da ise miarTvaT mkiTxvelsa. ra Tqma 

unda, rom amasac Wkua, codna unda da mcireodeni xelovnebac, magram 

aq TviTmoqmedeba ufro xelisaa, Tu ese iTqmis, vidre im sulieris 

Zal-Ronisa, romelic TviTon hqmnis, TviTon sjis, TviTon swlavs, 

TviTon sWris da TviTon hkeravs. aq yvelaferi ujra-ujrad awyvia 

evropiis literaturis salaroSi mzamzareulad, oRond im salaroSi 

Sesvlis Rone moipoveT da, raki es geqnebaT, xelis gawvdenis meti ara 

aris ra saWiro, rom ujra gamoswioT da, raca gsurT, is gamoiRoT. 

sul sxvaa, Tu survili dageZraT Cvenis mwerlobis Tu mwerlebis 

sakritikod. aq yvelaferi sakuTaris WkuiT unda hzidoT da 

sakuTaris gonebis Suqi miayenoT. Tqvens gare aq veras ipovniT, veras 

iSoviT, aq sxva unaria saWiro, sxva gamWriaxoba, sxva Zal-Rone. 

SeiZleba kacs auarebeli codna da swavla hqondes da aq erTi fexic 

ver wadgas, Tu is `sxva unaric~ ar hSvelis. is `sxva unari~ igia, rasac 

TviTmsjelobas, TavisiT moqmedebas, TavisiT svlas eZaxian. ai, Cveni 

sisuste swored am TviT msjelobis, TviTmoqmedebis uqonlobaSia. 

Tu romelsame saganzed Cveneburs ìnteligents~ sxvisis azrisaTvis 

yuri ar moukravs, Tu romelsame saganzed sxva ucxo enis wignebsa 

da gazeTebSi azri ar amoukiTxvas, is sagani imisaTvis yovlad bnelia 

da im sagnisaTvis igi yovlad munjia: veras ityvis, imitom, rom 

TviTmsjelobas, Tavisis gonebis gaZRolas igi Cveul ar aris. ramdeni 

sasacilo magaliTia TviTon Cvens literaturaSi, rom sazogado 

Teoriis gulmxurvale mqadagebels ver ecnos calke magaliTi amave 

Teoriisa da, rasac zogadad, TeoriiT amtkicebdes TavgamodebiT da 

mxurvalebiT, imas imave TaavgamodebiT uarhyofdes calke magaliT- 

Si. raTa? imitom, rom am calke magaliTs qveS ara hqonia warwerili, 

rom ama da ama moZRvrebisaao, da TviTonac moZRvars imodena TviTmsjeloba 

ara hqonia, rom Tavisave moZRvrebis erTi magaliTTagani 

saqmeSi ecno. 

TviTmsjeloba, TviTmxedveloba gonebruli umaRlesi wertilia 

adamianis ganviTarebisa da warmatebisa. SesaZloa kacs mravali 

codna hqondes da is unari ki, romelic TavisiT Wrasa da kervas moaswavebs 

gonebis saqmeSi, ar gaxsnodes, ar gaSlodes samoqmedod. amgvaris 

mSralis da uqmis gonebis kaci saxelovanma getem dagvixata Tavis 

`faustSi~. `faustSi~ rom gamoyvanilia vagneri, sworedzed gamoW- 

325

ili saxea imgvaris kacebisa, romelTac codna aqvT da sakuTaris 

WkuiT tarebis unari ki RmerTs Tu beds imaTTvis ar miumadlebia. 

nu gagviwyrebian, Tu vityviT, rom Cvens inteligencias swored eg 

unari TviTmsjelobisa, TviTmxedvelobisa ara aqvs gaxsnili da gadaSlili. 

eg naklia mizezi, rom Cvens sakuTars saqmeSi, Cvens saku- 

Tars avkargianobaSi veraferi gagvigia, Tavi da bolo erTmaneTzed 

ver gadagvibams. eg aris mizezi, rom Cven Cveni kritika ara gvaqvs ara 

romelsame sagnisa sazogadod da literaturisa sakuTrad. Cven imeds 

ara vkargavT, rom eg kritika Cvenc gveRirseba odesme da magis movlena, 

viTa Svili TviTmsjelobisa, Cvenis sulier Zal-Ronis aRmatebis 

da gandidebis niSani iqneba~ (, t. V, 

gv. 341-346). 

`yvelaze didi nakli Cvenis qarTulis literaturisa is aris, 

rom egredwodebuli saliteraturo kritika sruliad ar arsebobs 

CvenSi. bevrni imdurebian da samarTlianadac, rom es asea, magram kritika 

CvenSi mainc ver iSva da ver., ukritikod ki svla da warmateba literaturisa, 

Tu ar ricxviT, RirsebiT mainc, Zalian Znelia da, rom 

vTqvaT, SeuZlebelia, arc es iqneba, vgonebT, meti. cxovelmyofeloba 

literaturisa, misi sicocxle, misi suli da xorci Tavs iCens ara 

marto miT, rac iwereba, aramed nawerebis gankiTxviTaca, rac ufro 

bevri naweria da maRalisa Tu dabalis xarisxisa, miT ufro saWiroa 

kacs xelT eWiros igi sanaTuri, romelsac kritika warmoadgens. kritika 

swored sanaTuria literaturisa, igi swored samtkicia, romelic 

fqvils arCevs qatosagan. 

ramdenadac am uwmidaess daniSnulobaze axloa kritika, imdenad 

igi dids samsaxurs uwevs mkiTxvels sazogadoebas da TviT avtorebs, 

romelTa Soris igi mociqulic aris da xelmZRvanelic erTsa 

da imave dros. mraval saliteraturo sagnebSi gzis gagneba, kargisa 

da avis garCeva, RvarZlis daglejva, margvla xorblis gaZlierebisaTvis, 

advili saqme ar aris. amas niWic unda da didi codnac da amas- 

Tan maRalzneobac, rom midgomiT, TvalRebiT marTals ar umtyunos 

da tyuils gza ar misces. saca kaci sjis, iq Secdomac SesaZlebelia, 

magram yovelis kacis marTali is aris, rac guliT miaCnia marTlad 

da ara midgomiT da TvalRebiTa, an im ganzraxviT, rom amas vasiamovno, 

imas vawyinoo da saswori gankiTxvisa erT-erTs amisTana uRirss 

survils daaZlevinos. 

xolo kritikam rom Tavi iCinos, kritika rom aRmocendes da Tavisi 

sanatreli frTa gaSalos, amisaTvis sakmao ar aris marto erTi 

_ survili. kritika erTi didi safexuria zeaRsvlisa kacTa sazogadoebis 

warmatebis gzazed. kritika sazogadoebis gonebisaTvis asakis 

saqmea. rogorc baSvs ver moeTxoveba wver-ulvaSi hqondes, isec 

sazogadoebas _ kritika, Tu gonebis uasakobiT xsenebul zeaRsvlis 

326

safexuramde ar miuRwevia. kritika cidam ver Camovardeba mananasaviT, 

rac ginda xelebi bevri viSviroT cisken. misi mSobeli da gamCeneli 

TviT sazogadoebaa da igivea misi mzrdeli da ZuZumwoebeli. 

am SemTxvevaSi pirveli niSani sazogadoebis asakovnebisa da aRmatebulobisa, 

sxvaTa mravalTa Soris, is aris, rom sazogadoeba sxvisis 

azris Sewynarebamde tanSi iyos gamarTuli. Sewynareba dajerebas 

ki ar hniSnavs, ginda Tu ara, aramed pativsa, romliTac unda moeqceT 

sxvis azrs, Tundac Tqvens usiamovnos, Tqvens winaaRmdegs. pativiT 

moqceva kidev imas hqvian, rom mTqmels Tu gamkiTxvels sabuTi gauCxrikoT, 

sabuTi auwonoT Tqvens sakuTars sasworze. ase Tu ise saku- 

Tari fasi dasdoT da misawyavi ise miuwyaT. yovlad sakadrisi saqcieli 

gonebagaxsnilisa da marTla ganaTlebulis kacisa swored es 

gzaa da sxva arara. visac es ara sWirs, tyuilad Tavsa sdebs ganaTlebaze, 

tyuilad abriyvebs TavisTavsac da sxvasac, ganaTlebuli varo. 

igi yovel gonebadaxSulzed uaresia. 

saca Cveul ar arian, aseTs pativiT moeqcnen sxvis azrs, is kritika 

mSvidobiani samsaxuri ki ar aris sazogadoebis winaSe, aramed Tavis 

gamometebaaa salanZRavad, saqiSpod, WuWyisa da Cirqis mosacxobad 

da amasTan TviT xmac kritikosisa RaRadebaa udabnoSi. marTalia, 

kai saqmisaTvis, marTalisaTvis Tavdadeba, uSiSaroba, dee mlanZRon, 

WuWyi, Cirqi macxon, jvarT macvano, oRond rac marTali mgonia, imas 

fexi movakidebino sazogadoebaSio, didi sasaxelo ram aris, magram 

dids vaJkacobas, dids sulis Ronesac hTxoulobs da yvela es didbunebovanis 

kacis saqmea. xolo sad aris amisTana kaci? es saWiroeba 

Tavgametebisa, es amaoeba RaRadebisa gana ar unda uSlides kritikis 

movlenas, mxnes guls ar unda utexdes da gulgatexils gasamxneveblad 

Rones ar unda ufro uuZlurebdes!.. 

eseTi garemoeba ise arsad hxuTavs suls kritikas rogorc patara 

qveyanaSi, rogoric Cvenia, saca yvelani TiTqmis erTs viwro moedanze 

vtrialebT urTierTobisaTvis. marTalia, arian patara qveynebi, 

saca kritika frTagaSlilia, magram iq Tu SinaobaSi Semwynarebeli 

ara hyavs gamkiTxvelsa, gared mainc hSoulobs, radganac am pawia 

qveynebis ena, an igi, romlis wyalobiTac karitika Tavisas ambobs, 

sxvaganac gavrcelebulia. qarTuli ena ki amas sruliad moklebulia, 

qarTuli marto saqarTveloSi ician. maSasadame, Tu ar Sin, gared 

Cvenebur kritikoss gamkiTxavi ara hyavs. 

Sin ki yvelani TiTqmis erTmaneTs vicnobT, TiTqmis yoveldRe 

erTmaneTsa vxedavT, zogs winadve dakvebebulni maqebarni hyavs, zogs 

_ mowunarni, zogsa swyins, Cems sayvarels kacs rad rasme uwunebeno, 

zogi hjavrobs, Cvens usiamovno kacs rad aqebeno, Tund Zageba Tu 

qeba ise cxadi iyos, rogorc orjel ori oTxia. CvenSi Tu wuni rame 

dasde vissame nawers, rac gind sabuTiani da cxadi wuni iyos, arian 

327

imisTanani, rom mtrobaSi CamogarTmeven ise uararaod, umizezod, 

sabuTebis uCxrekelad. arian imisTanebic, rom Tu aqeb visme, mouwoneb 

nawers, rac gind sabuTiani qeba da mowoneba iyos, mainc naTelmironobas, 

farisevlobas dagwameben da qebas Tu mowonebas axsnian miT, 

rom sadil-vaxSmebiT mosyiduli xar. aq CvenSi gankiTxva gamkiTxvelisa 

kacis gunebazea migdebuli da ara gonebaze, romelmac marto 

sabuTiT unda hsajos. aq `me ase minda, ase miameba~, ufro metad sWris, 

vidre sabuTiT gamoCxrekili da gulSi gamonaskvili marTali. 

sakvirveli iqneba, rom TviTveuli es garemoeba calke da yoveli 

erTad pirSi burTi ar iyos kritikisaTvis, pirs wyliT ar uvsebdes 

kritikasa. iq, saca kaci kacs amarTlebs imiT, rom kacia da gunebao, 

Tqvens kritikas iseTs kuds gamoabamen, Tqven TiTon iseTs WuWySi 

amogavleben, rom Tavi da bedi unda iwyevloT _ es ra RmerTi gamiwyra 

da xma amoviReo, ratom CemTvis ar vijeqio. 

rac beWdur sityviT SeuZlebelia Cirqi mogcxon, imas miTqma-mo- 

TqmiTa da WorebiT mogcxeben. miTqma-moTqma, Wori CvenSi ufro Sorsa 

swvdeba, patara qveyanaa, male Semouvlis xolme gars, vidre beWduri 

sityva, romelic dRemde taatiT dadis. Tundac kargi marbenalic 

iyos, sruliad uRonoa kudmoZuebuls qurduls miTqma-moTqmas da 

Worebsa ukan sdios da pirSi lagami amosdos. miTqma-moTqma da Wori 

TagvsaviT Cum-Cumad daZvreba soroebSi da modiT da sdieT! tyuilubralod 

gagaupatiureben, Tavze lafs dagasxmen, Tavs mogWrian. 

eg kidev araferi: miTqma-moTqmas da Worebs rogorme aitans da 

gauZlebs kaci. kidev vityviT, Cveni qveyana patara qveyanaa, yovel 

cismara dRes erTmaneTs TvalSi veCxirebiT, ginda Tu ara, erTmaneTsa 

vxedavT, modiT da imisi gabutva da TvalTa briali aiteneT, visac 

naweri dauwuneT, Tund Zalian sabuTianadac, rom gamkiTxvels gaki- 

Txuli mtrad gadaekideba da ecdeba sxvac gadahkidos, amas eWvi ara 

aqvs da yovels amas unda Tu ara gaZleba? gana jvarcma ar aris aseTi 

garemoeba kritikosisaTvis!.. ai swored es aris: saca ara sjobs, gacla 

sjobso, da aki gaclilia kidec CvenSi kritika. kritikosic adamiania, 

imasac unda qveyanaSi tkbilad, siamovnebiT cxovreba da gana 

unda gvikvirdes, rom am tkbilisa da mSvidobianis cxovrebis wyurvilma 

sZlios im jvarTacmas, romelic moelis CvenSi kritikossa, im 

sawamlavs, romelic daSxamavs yovel wuTs misis sicocxlisas. 

yoveli es aris CvenSi imitom, rom sxvis azris Sewynarebamde jer 

ar aRvzrdilvarT. sabuTianad gankiTxvisa ki ar eSinian kritikas, 

usabuTod gankiTxvas ufrTxis da erideba. usabuTod gankiTxva lan- 

ZRvaa, ginebaa da gonebadaxSulis, gulwamxdaris kacis saqmea. Sewynareba 

sxvisa azrisa, ese igi, sabuTiani gankiTxva marTlmsajulebaa 

da gonebaaRmatebulis, gulgawmendilis, WeSmaritad ganaTlebulis 

kacis saqmea. sxvisa azris Sewynareba rom sazogadoebaSi iyos, kriti- 

328

kac xmas amoiRebs, frTas gaSlis, Tu amasTan yovelive sxva garemoeba 

mzaa saamisod. exla ki, minam kaci, Tund kargad momzadebuli, kritikas 

xels mihyofs, jer Tavzed xeli unda aiRos, jvarsacmelad Tavi 

dasdos, salaybod da gasaupatiureblad gaxdes, WuWyisa da Cirqis 

mocxebas ar SeuSindes, nacnobebi da megobrebi gadaikidos, gamoesalmos 

mSvidobians cxovrebas, moiwamlos Tavisis sicocxlis dReni, 

erTi sasiamovno dRe ar hnaxos da yovel am ubedurebis winaSe ar 

Sedrkes. Znelia kacma amodena didsulovnoba da gulovnoba iqonios, 

Tumca ki didad sanatreli, magram natvra da axdena natvrisa erTi da 

igive ar aris. 

kidev vityviT, patara qveyanaa Cveni qveyana da amitomac yovelive 

xsenebuli ubedureba aq ufro SesaZlebelia, vidre sxvagan, Tu saxeSi 

miviRebT im garemoebas, rom sxvis azris Sewynareba CvenSi jer mouwevari 

xilia da mkvaxe xili ki, rogorc mogexsenebaT, kbilsa sWris. 

ityvian, maS didsulovani da gulovani yofila igi TiTo-orola 

kaci, romelTac CvenSi zogierTxel kritikis xma morTeso. ara, batonebo, 

Cveneburi kritikac am safexurzea, razedac sazogadoeba, 

romelsac marto erTaderT sawyaod is xelmZRvaneli azri aqvs, rom 

`kacia da gunebao~. yoveli mzgavsi mzgavssa hSobso, naTqvamia. Tu 

sadme exla kritikis xmaa ismis CvenSi, es xma isev iqidam gamodis, saca 

`kacia da gunebao~ hbudobs. me ase minda, ase miameba~ ufro hlaparakobs 

CvenSi, vidre gankiTxulis naweris saqebi Tu sawuni. 

exlandeli Cveneburi kritika an RvarZlis nTxevaa imis Tavze, 

vinc niSanSia amoRebuli, uararaod, umizezod, dausabuTeblad, an 

qebis xmaa da gundrukT kmeva egreve uararaod, umizezod, dausabuTeblad. 

amisTana kritikoss ra aqvs, rom imis dakargvis SiSma 

daabrkolos? amisTanas Wori da miTqma-moTqma ras CamoarTmevs, rac 

ara abadia ra? ras gaufrTxildes, rom RmerTs gasafrTxilebeli 

ara uRirsebia ra? kars igi hketavs, visac dasakargavi saunje rama 

aqvs, visac arara, imisi qoxi farRalalaa: Tu RmerTma miSvela da Semovida 

vinme, iqneb imas darCes rame aq, Torem aqedam ras waiRebs, rac 

ar ariso. es gulovnoba ki ar aris, pirdapiri angariSia. 

sul sxvaa, visac grZnoba adamianur Rirsebisa gaRviZebuli aqvs. 

am saunjes kaci ise advilad ver gaimetebs sxvis mier saTelavad da 

Cirqmosacxobad, Worebisa da miTqma moTqmis lafSi saTrevad. mar- 

Talia, adamianTa sasaxelod, bevrni yofilan simarTlisaTvis wamebulni 

qveyanaze da amitomac arian wmidaTa Soris Seracxulni. xolo 

es yvelas ara aqvs didebuli unari simarTlisaTvis jvars ecvas. 

amisTana bunebisani iSviaTni arian. Seswire Tavi marTals, dee glanZ- 

Ron da gaTrion, dee mogiwamlon sicocxle, Cagimwaron wuT-soflis 

dReni, advili saTqmelia da Zneli saqneli~ (

`...araerTxel msmenia: Cveni mwerloba imdenad sacodavi da Raribiao, 

rom yoveli kaci, romelsac cotad Tu bevrad Semoudgamso 

fexi mwerlobaSi da avad Tu kargad emsaxurebao mas, yovlad pativsacemi 

da yuradRebis Rirsiao; Tuki swers da abeWvdinebso, `baraqala~ 

ergebao, erTis sityviT, cudad jdomas cudad Sroma sjobiao. 

romeli erTi sjobia _ es am azris mimyolTa gemovnebazed mimindvia; 

me rom mkiTxoT ki _ orive maTTvis mimirTmevia. Cemis azriT, zemoxsenebuls 

msjelobas daerTvis crumorwmuneoba, romelic vnebas Tu 

moutans Cvens mwerlobas, Torem xeirs ki ver daayris veragziT... 

yana Cvenis literaturisa mTlad moqsaqsuli da SambmoreuliameTqi. 

yvelazed uwinaresi da usaWiroesi saqme aris gamargvla, amogleja 

am Sambisa, gamogva da gamowmenda, rac moqsaqsulia: es saqme 

upirveles valad unda hqondes saliteraturo kritikas; man unda 

daanaxos mkiTxvels Tu ra ekuTvnis literaturas da ra ara; ras unda 

epyras kanonieri adgili mwerlobis asparezzed da, piriqiT, ras ara 

aqvs araviTari kavSiri literaturasTan. erTis sityviT, saliteraturo 

kritika movalea Tavi gaataninos mkiTxvels zemoxsenebul ugzo-ukvlobaSi 

da areul-dareulobaSi~ (`fiqri da SeniSvna~, J. ìveria~, 

1879 #2 gv. 105). 

`...imdenad imata CvenSi am dRemdis mwerlobam, rom kritikas karga 

blomad masala aqvs, aswon-daswonos da igemos es mravalferovani sagonebiero 

sazrdo, Cvenis sazogadoebis sacxovreblad daniSnuli, 

kargi kargad icnos da rigiani fasi daados, xolo avi, sun-mokidebuli 

da daxavsebuli, Wkuis bazridgan amoiRos da cecxli waukidos, 

Torem, garwmunebT, Wkuis xolera gaCndeba, ueWvelad gaCndeba da ma- 

Sin kargsa da avsac xom ganurCevlad miwasTan gaasworebs... kritika 

didi Ronea, igi mwerlobisaTvis igivea, rac... rac gamocdili eqimi 

avadmyofisaTvis, rac niWieri sardali anu winamZRvari mxedrobisaTvis, 

rac sinaTle TvalisaTvis, rac Toxi yanisaTvis anu cocxi 

nagvisaTvis. kritika, rogorc keTili mepatrone, zed dastrialebs 

mwerlobas, avs, mavnebels balax-bulaxs acilebs mwerlobis yanasa, 

xolo kargs, wmidas, sasargeblos gzas aZlevs aRorZinebisas, anu 

poetis sityviT, `vardsa mfSvinvares ayvavebs, � � sulsa xdis nakunZa- nakunZa- 

lebsa~, sadac kritika ar moqmedobs, iq kargica da avic erTmaneT- 

Si aireva da yovelive avad gaxdeba, nagavad iqceva. samwuxarod, 

Cvens mwerlobas ar uvis egreTi xelTa aRmpyrobeli Zali, kritika 

TiTqmis ar arsebobs CvenSi da es aris mizezi, rom àvlabruli 

poezia~ ufro saRdeba xalxSi, vinem ankara wyaro, dayursuli 

oqro, maRal-niWierT mgosnebisa. uniWoba da umecreba bazars 

poulobs da saxel-didebas ixveWs, xolo Sroma, mecniereba da 

niWi iCagreba, uferuldeba, kvdeba~ (ìcvne igini karavTa Sensa 

xdomisagan enaTasa~, gaz. “iveria”, 1887w., 29 oqtomberi, #241). 

330

ipolit teni (1828-1893 w.w.) 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis bunebis Sesaxeb 

I 

Cveni meTodis amosavali Tvalsazrisi mdgomareobs im debulebis 

WeSmaritebad aRiarebaSi, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi ar 

aris raime gancalkevebeli, da maSasadame, kvleva-Ziebis sagans 

warmoadgens is mTliani ram, riTac pirobadebulia nawarmoebi 

da ganimarteba igi. 

Zneli ar aris es pirveli nabiji. yvelasaTvis cxadia, rom xelovnebis 

raime nawarmoebi – suraTi, tragedia, qandakeba – Seadgens 

romelime mTlianis nawils, me minda vTqva, mxatvris mier 

Seqmnili mTeli Semoqmedebis nawils. es anbanuri WeSmaritebaa. 

yvelam icis, rom erTi da igive mxatvris sxvadasxva nawarmoebi 

erTmaneTis monaTesaveni arian, rogorc erTi mamis Svilebi, e. i. 

maT aqvT TvalsaCinod gamosaxuli msgavseba. isic mogexsenebaT, 

rom yovel mxatvars aqvs Tavisi stili, romliTac gamoirCeva 

yvela misi nawarmoebi. Tu igi fermweria, mas Taviseburi koloriti 

aqvs, mdidari an mkrTali, Tavisi gamorCeuli tipebi hyavs, 

keTilSobilni an mdabioni, Tavisi mdgomareoba, Tavisi kompozicia, 

Tavisi teqnikuri xerxebic ki – pirvelad feris wasmis, wanacxis, 

saRebavebisa da gamSvenebisa. Tu mweralia, mas Tavisi 

gmirebi hyavs – mZvinvareni an mSvidni, Tavisi kvanZi aqvs rTuli 

an martivi, Tavisi daboloeba – tragikuli an komikuri, stilis 

Taviseburi efeqtebi, Tavisi rTuli winadadebani da Tavisi sakuTari 

leqsikonic ki. imdenad zustia es debuleba, mcodne kacs 

rom warudginoT cnobili ostatis xelmouwereli nawarmoebi, 

igi TiTqmis Seucdomlad icnobs romel xelovans ekuTvnis igi. 

da Tu saTanado gamocdileba da sakmarisad ganviTarebuli 

alRo aqvs, SeiZleba isic iTqvas, mxatvris cxovrebis romel epoqas, 

misi ganviTarebis romel periods ekuTvnis warmodgenili 

nawarmoebi. 

ai, es gaxlavT is pirveli mTlianoba, romelsac unda mivakuTvnoT 

xelovnebis nawarmoebi. 

meore: 

TviTon mxatvaric, Tu aviRebT mis Semoqmedebas mTlianad, 

ar aris gancalkevebuli; aqac arsebobs mTliani, ufro didi, 

vidre TviT mxatvari aris, romlis nawilsac Seadgens igi; es 

gaxlavT im qveynis da epoqis mxatvruli skola, romelsac mxatvari 

ekuTvnis. magaliTad, Seqspiri, romelic pirveli Sexed- 

331

viT TiTqos cidan Camovardnil saswaulad, sxva samyarodan 

Camofrenil meteorad gveCveneba, ar iyo martodmarto: mas Tan 

axlda Tormetamde uaRresad warCinebuli dramaturgi, maT Soris, 

vebsteri, fordi, mesenjeri, marlo, ben jonsoni, fletCeri 

da fransis bomonti, 1 romlebic werdnen imave eniT da imave mimarTulebas 

miekuTvnebodnen, romelsac Seqspiri miekuTvneboda. 

maT piesebs aqvT iseTive damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, rogoric 

Seqspirisas; maT TxzulebaSi hpovebT iseTsave TavSeukavebel, 

sazarel moqmed pirebs, piesis iseTsave sisxlismRvrel da moulodnel 

daboloebas, iseTsave anazdeul gaSmagebul vnebaTa 

aRgznebas, iseTsave areul, ucnaur, RvlarWnil da mbrwyinav 

stils, bunebis peizaJis iseTsave faqiz poetur grZnobas, nazi da 

Rrmadmoyvaruli qalebis iseTsave tipebs. aseve gancalkevebul 

pirovnebad gveCveneba rubensi, 2 TiTqos arc winamorbedi hyavs, 

arc memkvidre; magram sakmarisia gaemgzavroT belgiaSi, daiaroT 

taZrebi gentSi, briuselSi, briugeSi da antverpenSi, 3 rom 

dainaxoT mTeli jgufi mxatvrebisa, romelTa niWi mogagonebT 

rubensis niWs _ Tundac kraieri, romelic Tavis droze rubensis 

metoqed iTvleboda, anda adam van noorti, herard zegersi, 

romboutesi, abraham ianseni, van roozi, van tuldeni, ian van 

osti, 4 da sxvani. kidev, TqvenTvis cnobili iordansi, van deiki, 5 

romlebmac imave arsiT Seignes ferwera, rogoradac rubensma, 

da miuxedavad pirovnuli gansxvavebisa, myarad SeinarCunes 

erTmaneTis monaTesave ieri. imaTac, rogorc rubenss, uyvardaT 

dasaxatad jan-RoniT aRsavse, mSvenieri sxeuli, cxovrebis 

siZliere da mTrTolvare guliscema, sisxliT da grZnobiT aRsavse 

mousvenari xorci, romelic uxvad Semohxvevia sulier arsebas; 

realurad arsebuli da xSirad uxeSi tipebi, Tavisufali 

moZraobis aRtaceba da Zaldautanebloba, saucxood gaferadebuli 

da aWrelebuli qsovili, abreSumis da mewamulis livlivi, 

amoZravebuli da daxveuli mdidruli tanisamosis Semoburviloba. 

dRes yvela isini Caimalnen maTi didi Tanamedrovis didebis 

sxivebSi; magram, miuxedavad amisa, mainc WeSmaritad rCeba is 

debuleba, rom rubensis asaTviseblad masTan erTad erT konad 

unda SevkriboT misi drois niWierebani, sadac mas ufro maRali 

Rero aqvs, vidre sxvebs: SeviswavloT mxatvrebis is skola, romlis 

yvelaze didebuli warmomadgeneli is iyo. 

ai, meore nabiji. 

erTiRa dagvrCa, mesame: 

mxatvrebis mTeli es skola nawilia erTi, ufro vrceli 

mTlianisa – im sazogadoebisa, romelSiac mxatvari imyofeba, da 

romlis gemovnebas Seesabameba piradad misi gemovnebac, radgan 

332

erTi da igive zne-Cveulebani da msoflmxedveloba aqvT, rogorc 

sazogadoebas, agreTve mxatvrebsac: sazogadoebasa da mxatvars 

Soris ar aris aRmarTuli kedeli. Cven dRes mxolod mxatvris 

xma gvesmis saukuneTa siRrmidan; magram am mquxare xmis qveS, romlis 

griali Cvenamde modis, vamCnevT mravalTava brbos guguns 

da miyruebul xmebs, xalxis diad usazRvro da mravalbgerovan 

xmas, romliTac igi mxatvarTan erTad erT kiloze mReroda. da 

swored asec unda yofiliyo: fidiasi, iqtine, 6 didebuli mxatvrebi, 

romelTac Sehqmnes parTenoni 7 da iupiteri – olimpielni 

iyvnen, rogoradac sxva aTenelebi, Tavisufali moqalaqeni 

da kerpTayvanismcemelni, palestraSi 8 aRzrdilni, titvlad 

varjiSobas da Widaobas miCveulni, saxelmwifo saqmeebis mcodneni 

da sazogado moednebze xmis mimcemni: maT igive Cveulebani 

hqondaT, igive interesebi, ideebi da rwmena, rac xalxs, erTsa da 

imave toms ekuTvnodnen, iseve aRzrdilni, imave eniT molaparakeni. 

ase, rom, arsebiTad isini TavianT mayureblebs hgvandnen. 

es TanamTxveva ufro TvalsaCino gaxdeba, Tu davakvirdebiT 

CvenTan ufro axlomdgom xanas. magaliTad aviRoT espaneTis 

istoriis didebuli epoqa, romelic meTeqvsmete saukunidan 

meCvidmetis naxevramde grZeldeba. epoqa, romelmac 

mogvca saxelovani mxatvrebi velaskesi, murilio, zurbarani, 

francisko da herera, alonzo kano, moralusi, 9 da didebuli 

mwerlebi – lope de vega, kalderoni, servantesi, tirso de molina, 

don luis de leoni, gilien de kastro 10 da mravali sxva. 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis konteqstiis Sesaxeb 

maSasadame, Cven im daskvnamde mivediT, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis, 

mxatvris an mxatvarTa mTeli jgufis Sesacnobad saWiroa 

sruli garkveulobiT warmovidginoT im epoqis msoflmxedveloba 

da zne-Cveulebani, romelsac isini ekuTvnian. iq aRmovaCenT 

yvela ganmartebas, iq vipoviT im pirvandel mizezs, romelic 

agvixsnis danarCens. es WeSmariteba, batonebo, damtkicebulia 

gamocdilebiT; da marTlac xelovnebis istoriis umTavres epoqebs 

rom gadavavloT Tvali, vnaxavT, xelovneba Cndeba da Semdeg 

qreba azrovnebis da zne-CveulebaTa dargSi im gansazRvrul 

midrekilebebTan erTad, romelTanac TviTon es xelovneba iyo 

dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, berZnuli tragedia (esqile, sofokle, 

evripide 11 ) Cndeba maSin, rodesac berZnebi imarjveben 

sparselebze, patar-patara respublikuri qalaqebis gmirul 

xanaSi, im didi brZolis dros, rodesac saberZneTi mTel Tavis 

Zal-Rones ikrebs, rom SeinarCunos damoukidebloba da Tavisi 

333

gavlenis qveS moaqcios mTeli ganaTlebuli qveyniereba. Semdeg 

am damoukideblobisa da energiis gaqrobasTan erTad, rodesac 

dakninda berZenTa xasiaTi da makedonelebis 12 mier damarcxebuli 

saberZneTi ucxoelebis kuTvnilebad gadaiqca, Cven vxedavT 

tragediis gaqrobasac. aseve, gotikuri arqiteqtura 13 vi- 

Tardeba feodaluri weswyobilebis sabolod damyarebis dros 

naxevrad aRorZinebis epoqaSi, meTerTmete saukuneSi, rodesac 

normanelebis dayaCaRebisagan ganTavisuflebuli sazogadoeba 

iwyebs ganviTarebis gziT svlas, da qreba im dros, rodesac 

wvrili, damoukidebeli, meomari, baronebis batonoba da misgan 

gamomdinare zne-Cveulebani iSleba, meTxuTmete saukunis damlevs, 

Tanamedrove monarqiebis gaCenis gamo. aseve holandiuri 

mxatvroba udides warmatebas aRwevs im saxelovan dros, rodesac 

holandia Seupovari da mamacuri brZolis gziT sabolood 

Tavisufldeba espaneTis batonobisagan, 14 ebrZvis ingliss tolfasi 

iaraRiT da evropis saxelmwifoTa Soris yvelaze mdidar, 

yvelaze Tavisufal da ganviTarebul samrewvelo qveynad iqceva. 

meore mxriv, Cven vxedavT, meTvramete saukunis dasawyisSi 

rogor gadainacvlebs pirveloba misgan inglisSi. male isic Zirs 

ecema da meorexarisxovan saxelmwifodRa rCeba. amis Semdeg igi 

iqceva kargad mowyobil, mSvidobian, ubralo sabanko da savaWro 

saxlad, sadac adamians SeuZlia saamod icxovros pativmoyvaruli 

zraxvebisa da mRelvarebisagan ganTavisuflebuli keTilgonieri 

burJuis cxovrebiT. swored aseve, franguli tragedia 

Cndeba maSin, rodesac saTavadaznauro monarqiasTan erTad lui 

XIV-is 15 dros batonobda samefiskaro cxovreba, brwyinvale rautebi, 

turfadkazmuli aristokratiuli Sinaymoba, da qreba maSin, 

rodesac privilegiebis mqone sazogadoeba da sasaxlis derefnebis 

zne-Cveulebani ecema revoluciis dartymisagan. 

minda Sedareba movixmo, rom TqvenTvis ufro sagrZnobi 

gaxdes zne-Cveulebisa da gabatonebul SexedulebaTa gavlena 

xelovnebaze. 

Tbili qveynidan CrdiloeTisaken rom waxvideT, axal sartyels 

miaRwevT, SeniSnavT niadagis sul sxva kulturas da sul 

sxva mcenareebs: jer aloe da forToxali; patara manZils rom 

gaivliT zeTisxili da yurZeni gaCndeba; mere muxa da Svria; _ 

ufro Sors fiWvi, dabolos _ xavsi da bowvera. yvela sartyels 

aqvs niadagis Taviseburi kultura da mcenareebi; erTica da meorec 

iwyeba sartyelis TavSi da Tavdeba mis boloSi; erTica da 

meorec Tavis sartyelTan aris dakavSirebuli da es sartyeli 

warmoadgens maTi arsebobis aucilebel pirobas; Tavisi arsebobiT 

an ar arsebobiT is ganagebs am mcenareTa gaCenas, an daRupvas. 

334

da ra aris es sartyeli, Tu ara erTgvari temperatura, erTgvari 

odenoba siTbosi da nestainobisa; erTi sityviT, gabatonebuli 

pirobaTa rigi arsebiTad analogiuri imisa, rasac Cven es-es aris 

axla vuwodeT sazogadoebis msoflmxedveloba da imisi zne- 

Cveulebani? rogorc arsebobs erTgvari fizikuri temperatura, 

romelic Tavisi cvalebadobiT iwvevs ama Tu im mcenaris jiSis 

gaCenas, _ swored aseve arsebobs erTgvari moraluri temperatura, 

romelic Tavisi cvalebadobiT iwvevs xelovnebis ama Tu im 

dargis gaCenas da rogorc fizikur temperaturas vswavlobT, raTa 

SevignoT ama Tu im mcenaris gaCena, _ iqneba es simindi Tu Svria, 

aloe Tu naZvi, iseve unda SeviswavloT moraluri temperatura, 

rom SevignoT xelovnebis raime dargis gaCena – kerpTayvanismcemluri 

qandakebisa Tu realisturi ferwerisa, mistikuri arqiteqturisa, 

Tu klasikuri literaturisa, vnebiani musikisa, an 

idiealisturi poeziisa. adamianis sulis Semoqmedebani, rogorc 

cocxali bunebis nawarmoebni, SeiZleba SevignoT mxolod maSin, 

Tu maT SeviswavliT garemocul aresTan dakavSirebiT. 

II 

mibaZva 

xuT diad xelovnebaTagan, romlebsac qandakeba, poezia, ferwera, 

arqiteqtura da musika Seadgens, jerjerobiT calke davtovoT 

ori ukanaskneli. maTi ganmarteba ufro did siZneles 

warmoadgens; arqiteqturas da musikas davubrundebiT, jerjerobiT 

marto sami pirveli ganvixiloT. yvela samives, rogorc 

Tqvenca xedavT – erTgvari damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba aqvs, is 

Tviseba, rom samive, metad Tu naklebad, warmoadgens mimbaZvelobiT 

xelovnebas. 

pirveli SexedviT ise geCvenebaT, TiTqos maTi damaxasiaTebeli 

Tviseba mimbaZveloba iyos da xelovnebis mier Seqmnili 

nawarmoebis amocana rac SeiZleba zust mimbaZvelobaSi gamoixatebodes, 

radgan TavisTavad cxadia, rom qandakeba cdilobs sinamdvilesTan 

meti daaxloebiT warmosaxos cocxali adamiani, 

rom suraTis mizania warmosaxos namdvili adamiani. realur pozaSi, 

sacxovrebeli binis Sinamowyobilobani, an peizaJi, rogorsac 

iZleva buneba. ara nakleb cxadia isic, rom drama an romani 

cdilobs zedmiwevniT sizustiT warmogvidginos xasiaTebi, moqmedebani, 

saubari da mogvces, ramdenadac ki SeiZleba, cxovrebasTan 

axlo mdgomi saxeebi. da marTlac, Tu ukmarisi aris es 

335

gamosaxva an sizustes moklebuli, Cven veubnebiT moqandakes: 

àra, aseTi forma ara aqvs mkerds an fexs~. mxatvarsac vetyviT: 

`Tqveni suraTis ukana planze figurebi metad msxvilad dagixatavT 

da arabunebrivi ferisa arian Tqveni xeebi~. mweralsac 

vetyviT: àrasodes yofila aseTi adamiani, rom ise egrZnos an 

efiqros, rogorc Tqven mas miawerT~. 

magram sxva sabuTic aris, ufro Zlieri; pirvel yovlisa – 

yvela drois gamocdileba. Tu daakvirdebiT romelime mxatvris 

cxovrebis mimdinareobas _ advilad SeniSnavT, rom igi Cveulebrivad 

or nawilad aris gayofili. pirveli nawilis mimdinareobaSi, 

siymawvileSi da Tavisi niWis mowifulobaSi, igi Sescqeris 

TviT sagnebs; daZabulad da dawvrilebiT ikvlevs, TvalTagan ar 

iSorebs maT, wvalobs da Tavs imtvrevs, rom miaRwios maT gamosaxvas 

da gadaWarbebuli sizustiTac saxavs maT, dgeba iseTi momenti 

mis cxovrebaSi, rodesac hgonia, rom ukve sakmarisad icnobs 

sagnebs, axals veRar hpovebs maTSi da, ganzed udgeba ra cocxal 

nimuSebs, Txzavs dramas an romans, xatavs suraTs, an Zerwavs 

qandakebas gamocdilebiT SeZenili receptebis mixedviT. pirvel 

nawilSi misi Semoqmedeba gaJRenTilia WeSmariti grZnobiT; meore 

nawilSi ki – xdeba nawvalebi yaidis da daqveiTebisaken mieqaneba. 

rom davukvirdeT didi adamianebis cxovrebas, TiTqmis yovelTvis 

aRmovaCenT am or periods. Zalian grZeli iyo miqelanjelos 

pirvel periodi, igi samoc wels grZeldeboda; am drois ganmavlobaSi 

Seqmnil mis nawarmoebebSi Tqven xedavT Zlierebasa da 

gmiruli didebis grZnobas, am grZnobiT aris gaJRenTili mxatvari; 

sxva aRaraferi agondeba. mravali gakveTani, uricxvi naxati, 

sakuTar gulis mudmivi analizi tragikul vnebaTa Seswavla 

da maTi gansaxiereba sxeulSi – yovelive amas xmarobs, rogorc 

saSualebas, rom gadmoafrqvios is mSfoTvare energia, romliTac 

igi aRsavsea. ai ra azrs aRgiZravT Tqven siqstes kapelis yoveli 

kuTxe da mTeli kamara. 17 SediT imave, paulinis 18 mezobel ekvder- 

Si da gasinjeT miqelanjelos siberisdroindeli nawarmoebebi: 

`moqceva wmida pavlesi~, `jvarcma wmida petresi~, daacqerdiT 

Tundac ùkanasknel gankiTxvas~, romelic samocdaSvidi wlisam 

Seqmna. saqmis mcodneni, da profanebic ki, pirveli SexedviTve 

SeniSnaven, rom orTave freska daxatulia mzamzareuli receptis 

mixedviT, rom mxatvris gankargulebaSia formaTa cnobili 

raodenoba da gansazRvruli SabloniT xelmZRvanelobs, erTimeoreze 

alagebs araCveulebriv pozebs, xelovnurad amoklebs 

ganzomilebas da Cven vamCnevT, rom cocxali Semoqmedeba, bunebrivoba, 

diadi ltolva, umaRlesi WeSmariteba, romliTac savse 

iyo misi pirveli periodis nawarmoebni, gaqrnen, an, ukidures 

336

SemTxvevaSi, Sesustdnen, xelovnebis teqnikis borotad gamoyenebis 

da xelobad gadaqcevis gamo, da Tu igi mainc sxvebze maRla 

dgas, metad dabla dgas Tavis TavTan SedarebiT. 

imasve SevniSnavT Cveni, frangebis miqelanjelos sicocxlis 

Seswavlis dros. Tavis moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi korneli 19 

Zlierebis da gmirobis imave grZnobiT iyo aRsavse: igi amas xedavda 

Tavis irgvliv, ZlierebiT aRsavse vnebebSi, romelic sarwmunoebrivma 

omebma uanderZes axal monarqias, duelistebis Tavganwirul 

mamacobaSi, Rirsebis amay grZnobaSi, romelic jerac 

SerCenodaT maTs feodalur sulebs, sisxlimRvrel tragedieb- 

Si, romlebic gaTamaSebulan samefo karze sasaxlis didebulTa 

SeTqmulebisa da riSelies 20 mier ganxorcielebul sikvdilis 

dasjaTa wyalobiT; da maSin Sehqmna kornelma iseTi moqmedi 

pirebi, rogorc himena da sidi, polievqti da polina, kornelia 

da sertoriusi, emilia da horaciusi. 21 Semdeg, siberis Jams 

Seqmna man perfarita, atila da mravali uxeiro piesa, romleb- 

Sic sazarlad daZabuli mdgomareobaa, RvlarWniloba hfaravs 

didsulovnebas. am piesebis weris dros cocxali nimuSebi, romlebsac 

igi uwin xedavda, aRar arsebobdnen msoflio scenaze, 

ukidures SemTxvevaSi, igi aRar eZebda maT, STagonebam miatova 

igi. isic SabloniT swerda, im Zveli xerxebis gaxsenebiT, man rom 

aRmoaCina im dros, rodesac enTuziazmiT iwvoda, swerda literaturul 

Teoriebs, traqtatebsa da msjelobebs Teatraluri 

peripetiebisa da dramaturgiuli Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb. igi 

asls iRebda Tavisi Tavisas da iRebda gadaWarbebiT: Cveva, gamoangariSeba 

da rutina sulis diad moZraobaTa da sagmiro saqmeTa 

uSualod Wvretis magierobas uwevdnen mas, igi aRara hqmnida 

ukve, igi ubralo xelosnad gadaiqca. 

aramarto ama Tu im didi adamianis cxovrebis istoria gvimtkicebs, 

rom saWiro aris mimbaZvelobiT gamosaxva cocxali 

modelisa da daucxromeli da guldasmiT dakvirveba bunebisa; 

amasve gvimtkicebs yoveli didi skolis istoria, yvela skola 

(aq SeuZlebelia gamonaklisis arseboba), ganicdis gadagvarebas 

da dacemas swored imitom, rom iwyebs zust mibaZvas da gaurbis 

cocxal models. ase mouvidaT ferweraSi miqelanjelos mimdevrebs, 

romelnic kunTebis da arabunebrivi pozebis xatviT 

iyvnen gatacebulni; ase mouvidaT Teatraluri dekoraciebis 

da xorciani, momrgvalebuli formebis moyvarulT, romlebic 

baZavdnen did venecielebs. 22 aseve mouvidaT akademikosebs da 

buduaris mxatvrebs, romliTac dasrulda XVIII saukunis franguli 

ferwera. literaturaSi igive daemarTaT romis dacemis 

drois moleqseebs da ritorebs; mgrZnobiare deklamator-dra- 

337

maturgebs, romliTac damTavrda inglisuri drama, da dacemis 

epoqis italiaSi moswrebuli sityvebis da RvlarWnili frazebis 

SemTxzvelT. yvela aq dasaxelebuli magaliTidan ors amovar- 

Cev mxolod, magram Zalian TvalsaCinos: pirveli, es aris Zveli 

drois qandakebis da ferweris dacema, amis naTlad warmosadgenad 

sakmarisia rigrigobiT vinaxuloT pompei da ravena. 23 

pirveli saukunis ferweras da qandakebas vnaxav pompeiSi; ravenaSi 

meeqvse saukunis mozaikebs, romelnic imperator iustinianes 

24 dromde aRweven. am xuTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, gamousworeblad 

gafuWda xelovneba, es dacema Sedegi iyo marto imisa, rom 

daviwyebas mieca cocxali modeli. pirvel saukuneSi jer kidev 

arsebobdnen palestris Cveulebani da kerpTayvanismcemluri 

gemovnebani; maSin adamiani icvamda msubuq tanisamoss, advilad 

mosaxdels, abanoSi dadioda, gatitvlebuli varjiSobda, eswreboda 

cirkis brZolas, siyvaruliT da SegnebiT uyurebda cocxali 

tanis moZraobas; maSindel drois moqandakeebs, fermwerlebs 

gars exvivnen SiSveli an naxevrad SiSveli modelebi da SeeZloT 

maTi gansaxiereba. amitom aris, rom pompeiSi Tqven xedavT kedlebze, 

patara ekvderSi, SidaezoebSi mocekvave mSvenier qalebs, 

marjve da amay axalgazrda gmirebs, Ronier mkerds, mard fexs, 

romelTa Jesti da tanis forma iseTi simarTliTa da cocxlad 

aris gamoxatuli, rom bejiTi SeswavliTac ki ver miuRweviaT 

imave srulqmnilebisaTvis Cvens droSi; Semdegi xuTasi wlis 

ganmavlobaSi nel-nela Seicvala yvelaferi; gaqra kerpTayvanismcemluri 

zne-Cveulebani, palestris mier aRzrdili Cvevebi, 

sruli siSiSvlis gemo; Tavs aRar iwoneben tanis mSvenierebiT, 

piriqiT, mas malaven rTuli tanisamosis qveS, qargaven maqmaniT, 

mewamuli da saucxoo aRmosavluri qsovilebiT. aRar afaseben 

moWidaves da mowiful ymawvil kacs; pirvel adgils ikavebs 

saWurisi, dedakaci, beri. asketizmi ipyrobs qveyanasa da masTan 

erTad midrekileba bundovani ocnebis, usagno kamaTis, qaRaldis 

bRajnisa da uSinaarso ybedobisaken. bizantiel naTrev ybedebs 

darCeniaT burTi da moedani berZnebis uZleveli bumberazebisa 

da romaeli mkacri mebrZolebis magier. akrZalulia Secnoba da 

Seswavla cocxali modelisa. models veRar xedaven; Tvalwin aRaraferi 

rCeba, garda Zveli ostatebis nawarmoebisa da mxatvrebi 

mxolod maT aslsRa iReben. Semdeg am aslis asls iReben, da ase 

sul ufro da ufro Sordeba dedans yoveli Semdegi Taoba. mxatvars 

aRar aqvs sakuTari azri da grZnoba; igi manqanad qceula, 

monurad rom asaxierebs sxvisas. wmida mamebi brZaneben, ar gabedos 

mxatvarma da axali ara moigonos ra; xatos ise, rogorc es 

dakanonebulia, gadmocemulia tradiciiT. mxatvarsa da cocxal 

338

models Soris Seqmnil ganxeTqilebas mihyavs xelovneba im mdgomareobamde, 

romelsac ase cxadad hxedavT ravenaSi. gadis xuTi 

saukune da iqamde ecema xelovneba, rom adamians mxolod fexze 

mdgoms an mjdomares xataven; sxva mdgomareobaSi misi asaxva 

metad Znelad eCvenebaT – mxatvars sxvafriT aRar SeuZlia. xeli 

da fexi TiTqos mxolod da mxolod Zvlad qceula. tanisamosis 

nakecebi TiTqos gaSeSebula: adamiani manekens waagavs, Tvalebi 

TiTqmis mTeli saxis adgils ikavebs. xelovneba WleqiT daavadebul 

adamians waagavs. mas moelis daWknoba da sikvdili. 

amave mizezebiT gamowveul dacemas vxedavT winamorbedi saukunis 

xelovnebis sxva dargebSic. mefe lui XIV-is dros literaturam 

miaRwia stilis srulyofas, siwmindes, simarTles da 

keTilSobilur ubraloebas, romlis magvari sxvagan arsad moipoveboda: 

da gansakuTrebiT sceniurma xelovnebam hpova maSin 

iseTi ena da leqsTwyoba, romlebic adamianis sulis srulyofil 

qmnilebad eCvena evropas. es imiT aixsneba, rom mwerlebis 

irgvliv arsebobdnen cocxali modelebi, romlebsac daJinebiT 

akvirdebodnen isini. lui XIV-m namdvili mefuri sidarbaisliTa 

da mWevrmetyvelebiT aRsavse SesaniSnavi laparaki icoda. kariskacebis 

werilebidan, depeSebidan da memuarebidan viciT, rom 

aristokratiuli kilo, uaRresi moxdeniloba, gamoTqmis sizuste, 

sityvis maragi, manerebis keTilSobileba kariskacebSi 

iseve moipoveboda, rogorc mefeSi, ase rom, Tu imaT wreSi trialebda 

mwerali, advilad SeeZlo mexsierebis da gamocdilebis 

daxmarebiT saukeTeso masala moepovebina Tavisi xelovnebisaTvis. 

asi weli gavida rasinidan 25 delilamde da yvelaferi cxadliv 

Seicvala. imisTana aRtaceba da gakvirveba daimsaxura 

rasinis sityvam da leqsma, rom cocxali adamianis Seswavlis 

nacvlad, cdilobdnen kargad SeeswavlaT is tragediebi, sadac 

es adamia-nebi iyvnen warmodgenilni. modelad mwerlobas 

cocxali adamiani ki ara, winandeli mwerlebi gaexada. SemoiRes 

pirobiTi ena, akademiuri stili, RvlarWnili miTologia, xelovnuri 

leqsTwyoba, Stampiani, Semowmebuli, saxelovan mweralTa 

Txzulebidan amokrefili leqsikoni, maSin iyo, rom gamefda is 

SeuZlebeli stili, romelmac wabilwa XVIII saukunis bolosa da 

XIX saukunis dasawyisis franguli mwerloba, erTgvari Jargoni, 

sadac erT riTmas mosdevda meore, windawin momzadebuli riTma, 

sadac veravin bedavda Tavisi saxeliT exsenebina sagani; sadac 

zarbaznis magier xmarobdnen alegorias, zRvas amfitrites26 

eZaxdnen. Seborkil azrs daekarga gamomsaxveloba, simarTle, 

sicocxle; es stili TiTqos Seqmnili iyo pedantebis akademiis 

mier, romelTac laTinuri moleqseobis qarxnis gamgeoba ufro 

339

mouxdebodaT. 

aqedan iseTi daskvna gamodis, rom ganuwyvetliv unda vakvirdebodeT 

sinamdviles, rac SeiZleba metis mibaZviT avsaxoT 

igi, da rom xelovnebis arsi mdgomareobs, rac SeiZleba, zust da 

srul mibaZvaSi. 

axla vnaxoT, ramdenad sworia es debuleba da SeiZleba Tu ara 

gamoviyvanoT aqedan daskvna, rom zedmiwevniT mibaZva Seadgens 

xelovnebis mizans? 

es rom ase yofiliyo, batonebo, maSin saukeTeso nawarmoebni 

monuri mibaZvis nayofi iqnebodnen. namdvilad ki es ase ar aris. 

aviRoT, pirvel yovlisa, qandakeba. tvifari iZleva originalis 

yvelaze zustsa da swor anabeWds. magram, mainc miuxedavad 

amisa, cxadia, rom kargi tvifari ver Seedreba karg qandakebas. 

meore mxriv, da ukve sxva dargSi – fotografia aris xelovneba, 

romelic xazebis da Crdilebis saSualebiT yvelaze zustad da 

Seumcdarad warmosaxavs erT sibrtyeze sagnis moxazulobas da 

formebs. eWvi ar aris, fotografias SeuZlian daxmareba gauwios 

ferweras; zogjer gamocdili, mcodne adamianis xelSi SesaZlebeli 

xdeba misi mxatvrulad gamoyeneba, magram miuxedavad amisa, 

mas azradac ar mosdis, rom ferweras gautoldes. da bolos, 

erTi ukanaskneli magaliTic. Tu marTalia, rom zedmiwevniT 

mibaZva Seadgens xelovnebis saboloo mizanT, iciT, ra iqneboda 

maSin saukeTeso tragedia, saukeTeso komedia an saukeTeso drama?! 

– stenografiuli angariSebi sisxlis samarTlis procesebis 

Sesaxeb, radgan iq marTlac Cawerilia uklebliv yoveli sityva. 

cxadia isic, rom xandaxan SeiZleba aq aRmoCndes raime bunebrivi 

an wrfeli grZnobiT gataceba, magram es gaxlavT Zvirfaseuli 

liTonis marcvali mTis Soreul, wiaRiseul madanSi. mweralma 

SeiZleba is gamoiyenos masalad, magram TavisTavad ki mas xelovnebasTan 

araferi saerTo ara aqvs. 

dramatuli poeziis saukeTeso nawili _ berZnuli da franguli 

klasikuri piesebi, umetesi nawili espanuri da inglisuri 

dramebisa, Sors udganan sazogado saubris zedmiwevniT gamoyenebas; 

piriqiT, gangeb SeaqvT masSi cvlileba. yvela es poetebi 

leqsad alaparakeben TavianT gmirebs da maT saTqmels zomas da 

xSirad riTmas uyeneben. azianebs Tu ara xelovnebis nawarmoebs 

sinamdvilis aseTi damaxinjeba? sruliadac ara. amas udavod 

amtkicebs goeTes ìfigenias~27 magaliTi, romelic jer prozad 

iyo dawerili da Semdeg ki gaileqsa. igi prozadac mSvenieria, 

340 

III

magram, galeqsili, ganuzomlad maRla dgas. aq, cxadia, rom 

swored Cveulebrivi sasaubro enis Seswavla, riTmis da zomis 

Setana, Seudarebel Zalas aZlevs goeTes Txzulebas, naTel gandidebas, 

farTo da uryev tragikul JReras, romlis gagonebisTanave 

suli amaRldeba Cveulebrivi cxovrebis sisaZagleze da 

Cvens Tvalwin aRsdgebian Zveli gmirebi, pirvelyofili adamianebis 

daviwyebuli tomebi, da maT Soris, dedofluri qalwuli, 

RmerTebis nebis ganmmartebeli, kanonebis damcveli, adamianis 

mwyalobeli, romelSic SeerTebulia adamianis bunebis yoveli 

saTnoeba da didebuleba, raTa saxeli gauTqvas Cvens gvars da 

aRamaRlos Cveni suli. 

IV 

maSasadame, romelime sagnis daxatvis dros, yvelaferi sruli 

sizustiT rodi unda gamovsaxoT. gvrCeba gamosarkvevi, ra 

farglebSi unda davtovoT mibaZva. da ai, winadve geubnebiT: igi 

ar unda aRematebodes nawilebis TanafarTobas, rac urTierT 

damokidebulebas gvaZlevs, axlave gavmartav amas. 

warmoidgineT, rom cocxali modeli gidgaT Tvalwin, qali 

an kaci da mis dasaxatavad erTi fanqari gaqvT da patara qaRaldi 

– ori xelisgulis odena. cxadia veravin mogTxovT, rom naturaluri 

sididiT gamosaxoT igi. amisaTvis qaRaldi ar geyofaT; 

miT ufro veravin mogTxovT, rom ferebi gadmogvceT, radgan 

Tqvens gankargulebaSi mxolod ori feria – TeTri da Savi. 

Tqvengan imas moiTxoven, rom modelis Tanafardoba da, upirvelesad 

yovlisa, proporciebi gamosaxoT, ese igi, nawilebis zoma- 

Ta Tanafardoba. Tu Tavi gansazRvruli sigrZisaa, saWiroa rom 

tans ramdenjerme meti sigrZe hqondes, vidre Tavs, xels – sxva 

sigrZe, isic Tavis sigrZesTan Sefardebuli; agreTve fexs da 

yvela danarCen nawils. 

garda amisa, Tqvengan moiTxoven, rom daxatvis formebi an 

mdgomareobis Tanafardoba gamosaxoT: esa Tu is moRunva, ovali, 

kuTxe, klaknili, romelic originals aqvs, saTanado xazebiT 

unda iyos suraTSi gamoxatuli, mokled rom vTqvaT, amocana 

mdgomareobs nawilebis Tanafardobis, mis srul mTlianobiT 

gadmocemaSi, sxva araferSi; Tqven tanis martivi garsi ki ar unda 

gadmosceT, aramed, ase vTqvaT, tanis logikuri agebuleba. 

amgvaradve warmoidgineT, rom Tqven win mdabioni an didkacni 

moqmedeben cxovrebis scenaze da Tqven gTxoven amis aRweras. 

amis asasruleblad Tqven gaqvT Tvali, yuri, mexsiereba, iqneb 

fanqaric, rom saCqarod CaiweroT xuTi-eqvsi SeniSvna; cota ram 

341

gaqvT, magram es sakmarisia, radgan Tqvengan imas ki ar moiTxoven, 

rom uklebliv gadmogvceT yoveli sityva, yoveli Jesti, yoveli 

moZraoba am kacisa, an im TxuTmeti-oci kacisa, romlebsac Tqven 

uyurebdiT. aqac, rogoradac es iyo winaT moyvanili magaliTSi, 

Tqvengan moiTxoven aRniSnoT proporciebi, dakavSireba, Tanafardobani; 

upirveles yovlisa, _ daicvaT sruli sizustiT 

Tanabroba pirovnebis moqmedebaSi, ese igi, Tqvens aRweraSi umetesi 

mniSvneloba misceT iseT saqciels, romelSiac gamosWvivis 

misi pativmoyvareoba, misi siZunwe, Tu igi Zurwia, mTavari yuradReba 

miaqcioT Zalmomreobis aqtebs, Tu igi TavdauWerelia, 

Semdeg ar daarRvioT sxva da sxva moqmedebaTa urTierTkavSiri, 

ese igi, sweroT ise, rom erTi replika iwvevdes meores, rom esa 

Tu is gadawyvetileba gamomdinareobdes winaT mocemul gadawyvetilebisagan, 

grZnoba-grZnobisagan, azri – winaT aRZrul 

azrisagan da, garda amisa, rom yvelaferi aixsnebodes moqmed 

pirTa arsebul mdgomareobiT da im xasiaTis TvisebebiT, romliTac 

dajildoebulia igi Tqvens mier. mokled, rom vTqvaT, 

literaturaSi, iseve, rogorc ferweraSi, saWiro aris aRvweroT 

ara cocxal arsebaTa da ambebis grZnobebiT aRqmuli garegnoba, 

aramed maTi Tanafardobis da maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis 

mTlianoba, ese igi, maTi logika. amgvarad, saerTo wesiT yvelaferi 

is rac cocxal arsebaSi Cven gvainteresebs, misi Sinagani 

an garegani logika, anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, misi agebuleba, 

Semadgenloba da nawilebis Tanafardoba da swored amis gamo- 

Cenas da gadmocemas vTxovT Cven mxatvars. Tqven xedavT, Tu 

rogori Sesworeba Segvaqvs Cvens pirvel ganzraxvaSi; Cven is ar 

gavaqarwyleT, mxolod davwmindeT; Cven aRmovaCineT xelovnebis 

ufro amaRlebuli xasiaTi; romlis wyalobiT xelovneba xdeba 

ara marto adamianis xelis naSromad, aramed agreTve misi gonebis 

qmnilebad. 

342 

xelovnebis arsi 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis Tavisebureba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom 

pirvel planze gamoiyvanos, rac SeiZleba TvalsaCino gaxados 

sagnis ZiriTadi an mTavari xasiaTi mainc; amis misaRwevad mxatvari 

aSorebs iseT niSnebs, romlebic umTavress faraven, irCevs 

imisTanebs, romlebSiac igi mJRavndeba, asworebs – romlebSic 

Secvlilad moCans igi da gadaamuSavebs imisTanebs, romlebSic 

gauqmebulad eCveneba igi.

SeniSvnebi: 

1. jon vebsteri (1575-1624), jon fordi (1586-1639), mens enjeri (1584-1616), 

kristofer marlo (1564-1593), ben jonsoni (1574-1637), jon fletCeri (1579- 

1625), fransis bomonti (1584-1616) – gamoCenili ingliseli framaturgebi. 

2. rubensi peter paul (1577-1640) – didi flamandieli mxatvari, msoflio 

ferweris erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli. 

3. genti, briuseli, bruge, antverpeni – qalaqebi exlandel belgiaSi, 

romelic uwin cnobili iyor flandriis saxelwodebiT. 

4. gaspar kraieri (1584-1669), adam van noorti (1562-1664), gerard zegersi 

(1591-1651), teodor romboutsi (1597-1637), abraham iansensi (1575-1632), teodor 

van tuldeni (1606-1676), van osti (1600-1661) – flamandieli mxatvrebi, 

didi rubensis Tanamedroveni. 

5. iordansi (1593-1678) – flamandieli mxatvari, avtori mravali Janruli 

suraTebisa, romelnic gamoxataven dResaswaulebs da qeifebs; antonis 

van deiki (1599-1641) – flamandieli mxatvari, msoflio ferweris erT-erTi 

udidesi portretisti, cxovrobda umTavresad inglisSi. 

6. fidiasi (Zv. w. V saukune) – udidesi berZeni moqandake. mis qandakebebs 

Soris cnobilia aTena palada parTenonSi, zevsi (iupiteri) – olimpiis zevsis 

taZrisaTvis. aTena promaqosi da sxv. iqtine _ Zveli saberZneTis udidesi 

arqiteqtori, cxovrobda V sauk. meore naxevarSi Cv. eramde. misi aSenebulia 

parTenoni da misteriebis taZari elevzinSi. 

7. parTenoni – msoflio arqiteqturis udidesi Zegli, RmerTqal aTenas 

taZari Zvel saberZneTSi (eladaSi), aSenebulia 443-432 w. Cv. eramde, arqiteqtor 

iqtines mier marmarilosagan; iupiteri – olimpieli – moqandake fidias 

mier oqrosa da spilos Zvlisagan gamoqandakebuli zevsis (romaulad iupiteris) 

qandakeba qalaq olimpiis taZarSi, exla dakargulia. 

8. palestra – Widaobis skola Zvel saberZneTSi, sadac ymawvilebs aswavlidnen 

xtunvas, sirbils, diskos da Subis tyorcnas, curvasa da Widaobas. 

9. velaskesi (1599-1660), zurbarani (1598-1662), francisko pereri (1576- 

1656), alonzo kano (1601-1687) da luis moralesi (1509-1586) – espanuri ferweris 

SesaniSnavi ostatebi. 

10. lope de vega (1562-1635), kalderoni (1600-1681), tirso de molina 

(1571-1618) da gilien de kastro (1569-1631) – espanuri dramaturgiis brwyinvale 

warmomadgenlebi; servantesi (1547-1616) – didi espaneli mwerali, `donkixotis~ 

avtori; luis de leoni (1527-1591) – espanuri lirikis udidesi warmomadgeneli. 

11. esqile (Zv. w. 525-456), sofokle (Zv. w. 496-406) da evripide (Zv. w. 480-406) 

_ Zveli berZnuli tragediis udidesi warmomadgenlebi; saberZneT-sparse- 

Tis omebi daiwyo 494 wels da faqtiurad damTavrda 480-479 wlebSi, rodesac 

berZnebma brwyinvaled gaimarjves sparselebze salaminTan da plateasTan. 

12. gaZlierebulma makedoniam 338 wels Cv. eramde daipyro saberZneTi 

aleqsandre makedonelis mamis filipes mefobis dros. 

13. gotikuri arqiteqtura – gotikuri xelovnebis mTavari dargi me-12-14 

saukuneebis dasavleT evropaSi (gotikuri stili). aRmocenda safrangeTSi, 

saidanac swrafad gavrcelda inglisSi, germaniaSi, italiasa da espaneTSi. 

gotikuri arqiteqturis SenobisaTvis (umTavresad eklesiebisaTvis); damaxasiaTebelia: 

wvetiani, e. w. isrisebri TaRi, romelic Sesdgeba mravali boZebisa 

da sayrdnobi TaRebisagan; Senoba msubuqia da moxdenili. Signidan da 

garedan mravali qandakebiT dafaruli, feradi sarkmlebi maRali da viwro, 

343

ferweriT moxatuli. 

14. holandielebis brZola espaneTis winaaRmdeg faqtiurad daiwyo 1572 

wels, rodesac maT daikaves qalaqi brili, es brZola msoflio istoriaSi, 

cnobilia rogorc niderlandebis burJuaziuli revolucia, damTavrda arasis 

uniiT (1579 w.), romliTac daarsda holandiis burJuaziuli respublika, 

Semdgari CrdiloeT niderlandebis Svidi provinciisagan. espaneTma faqtiurad 

cno holandiis damoukidebloba mxolod 1609 wels. 

15. franguli klasikuli tragediis umaRlesi ganviTareba daemTxva 

swored franguli absolutizmis udides gafurCqvnas. mefe lui XIV-is (1613- 

1725) dros. 

16. romis papis sasaxleSi (vatikani) arsebobs papi siqsti IV-is kapela (samlocvelo). 

1508 wels papma iulios II-m SeukveTa miqelanjelos siqstes kapelis 

kamaris da Weris freskebiT moxatva. 

17. 1542 w. 67 wlis miqelanjelom papi pavle III-is SekveTiT Seasrula am 

papis samlocvelos, e. w. `paulinis kapelas~ freskebiT moxatva. 

18. pier korneli (1606-1684) – franguli klasikuri tragediis Semqmneli. 

19. kardinali riSelie (1585-1642) – safrangeTis mefis lui XIII-is ministri, 

1624 wlidan safrangeTis faqtiuri mmarTveli. 

20. pier kornelis tragediebis gmirebi: pimene da sidi (`sidi~), horaciusi, 

kamila da emilia (`cina anu avgustusis lmobiereba~) da polievqte da polina 

(`wamebuli polievqte~); perfarita, atila, sertoriusi – kornelis tragediebis 

gmirebi. 

21. didi venecielebi – iguliszmeba renesansis dros veneciuri mxatvrobis 

warmomadgenlebi: jorjone (1476-1510), ticiani (1480-1576), paolo veroneze 

(1528-1588) da iakopo tintoreto (1518-1594): 

22. pompei – romis imperiis qalaqi, daiRupa vulkan vezuvis amoxeTqvis 

dros 79 wels, cnobilia kedlis SesaniSnavi mxatvrobiT, ravena – italiis 

uZvelesi qalaqi, cnobilia Tavisi bizantiuri stilis taZrebiT da mozaikebiT. 

23. iustiniane (527-565) _ bizantiis imperatori, romlis dros konstnatinepolSi 

aSenda wm. sofios taZari (532-537). 

24. van rasini (1639-1699) – franguli klasikuri tragediis didi warmomadgeneli, 

Jak delili (1738-1813). 

25. amfitrite – poseidonis meuRle, zRvis qalRmerTi. 

26. baltazar deneri (1685-1747) – cnobili mxatvari-portretisti. 

27. didma goeTem Tavisi tragedia ìfigenia~ jer prozad dawera 1779 

wels, Semdeg leqsad 1780 w. 

344 

frangulidan Targmna ivane maWavarianma 

(wignidan `xelovnebis filosofia~, Tb., 1990).

345

qrestomaTia I

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