gvanca koplataZe rjulTSemwynarebloba qarTveli erisa RmerTma ...

<strong>gvanca</strong> <strong>koplataZe</strong><br />

<strong>rjulTSemwynarebloba</strong> <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>erisa</strong><br />

<strong>RmerTma</strong> adamiani ara mxolod Tavis xatad Seqmna, aramed mas-<br />

Tan damsgavsebis misaRwevad Zalac uboZa. ramdenadac Tavad RmerTi<br />

siyvarulia (I in. IV, 16) da es saxeli mas yvela sxva saxelze metad<br />

esaTnoeba (wm. grigol RmrTismetyveli), amdenad adamians SemoqmedTan<br />

msgavsebis miRweva uwinaresad am niWis mopovebiT SeuZlia.<br />

magram RmerTi absoluturi siyvarulia da yvela uyvars; mze misi<br />

aRmovals borotTa zeda da keTilTa, da wÂms marTalTa zeda da<br />

cruTa; amitom adamianmac, visac misi Sviloba da masTan msgavsebis<br />

srulyofa unda, ara mxolod moyvareni misni, aramed mteric unda<br />

Seiyvaros. mxolod gankacebul RmerTs _ ieso qristes xelewifeboda<br />

ganemarta CvenTvis WeSmariti siyvarulis arsi da moewodebina:<br />

giyuarded mterni Tquenni da akurTxevdiT mwyevarTa TquenTa da<br />

keTilis uyofdiT moZuleTa TquenTa da ulocevdiT maT, romelni<br />

gmZlavrobden Tquen da gdevniden Tquen (mT. V, 44).<br />

sxvagan macxovari gvaswavlis, rom sjuls safuZvlad ori didi<br />

da pirveli mcneba udevs: Seiyuaro ufali RmerTi Seni yovliTa guliTa<br />

SeniTa, yovliTa suliTa SeniTa da yovliTa gonebiTa SeniTa da<br />

Seiyuaro moyuasi Seni viTarca Tavi TÂsi (mT. XXII, 37-40). ganmartavs<br />

ra uflis moZRvrebas siyvarulze, romaelTa mimarT epistoleSi<br />

pavle mociquli wers: romelsa uyuardes moyuasi TÂsi, man<br />

Sjuli aRasrula, viTarmed: ara imruSo, ara kac-hkla, ara iparo,<br />

ara guli giTqumides da sxuaÁ Tu raÁme mcnebaÁ ars, amiTve sityÂTa<br />

aResrulebis, viTarmed: Seiyuaro moyuasi Seni, viTarca Tavi TÂsi,<br />

siyuarulman moyuassa TÂssa boroti ara uyvis; aRmasrulebeli<br />

SjulisaÁ siyuaruli ars (rom. XIII,8-10).<br />

aq aRar SevudgebiT imis ganmartebas, rom moyuasSi ara viwro<br />

gagebiT, xorcielad da sulierad naTesavi da maxlobeli, aramed<br />

saerTod adamiani igulisxmeba, vinc da rogoric ar unda iyos igi.

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julTSemwynarebloba <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>erisa</strong><br />

51<br />

zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sapirispirod ampartavnebisa,<br />

romelic yvela sxva codvaTa dedaa, mSobeli saTnoebaTa<br />

siyvarulia.<br />

samwuxarod, nacvlad imisa, rom gulisxmaeyo da saqmiT ganexorcielebina<br />

axali aRTqmiseuli swavleba siyvarulze, rac misgan<br />

did garjasa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovda, adamianma Seudareblad<br />

ioli gza airCia da RmrTeebriv moZRvrebasTan dapirispireba kacTmoyvareobaze<br />

Seqmnili sakuTari TeoriebiT scada. Sedegic saxezea;<br />

siyvaruli katastrofulad mcirdeba. Tanamedrove adamians ara Tu<br />

saerTod adamianis, aramed ojaxis wevrebis Seyvarebac ki uWirs da<br />

Sesabamisad RmerTsac sul ufro da ufro Sordeba.<br />

es Sesavali imisTvis dagvWirda, raTa gveCvenebina, Tu ra didi<br />

wyaloba moiRo Cvens erze <strong>RmerTma</strong>, roca yvelaze didi niWi _ siyvaruli<br />

gviboZa. es wyaloba araerTgzis mouxsenebia madlierebiT<br />

Cvens patriarqs, uwmidessa da unetaress ilia II-s Tavis epistoleebsa<br />

Tu qadagebebSi.<br />

Tu qristes RmrTeebrivi moZRvrebis SedarebiT advilad Sesawynareblad<br />

da SesaTviseblad ebrael ers Zveli aRTqma da moses sjuli<br />

hqonda, xolo berZnebs maRalganviTarebuli filosofiuri azrovneba<br />

da mxatvruli literatura, Cvens winaprebs _ RmrTis didi saCuqari<br />

_ niWi siyvarulisa. amitom <strong>qarTveli</strong> eri erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc<br />

berZnebTan erTad qristianoba miiRo da miiRo ara mxolod garegnulad,<br />

rogorc amas zogierTi sxva xalxis istoriaSi vxedavT, aramed<br />

mTeli guliT, suliTa da gonebiT Seiyvara kacobriobis xsnisaTvis<br />

jvarcmuli qriste da misi sarwmunoebis dasacavad, rogorc wm. ilia<br />

marTalma brZana, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi TviTonac jvars ecva.<br />

ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar miiqcios im faqtma, rom, Tu qristes<br />

mociqulebi, yvela qveyanaSi, sadac ki axal sarwmunoebas qadagebdnen,<br />

ara mxolod idevnebodnen, aramed sikvdiliTac isjebodnen, wm. andria<br />

pirvelwodebuls, romelmac qristianoba mraval sxva qveyanasTan er-<br />

Tad qarTlSic iqadaga, sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTvelebisagan ara-<br />

Tu devna, winaaRmdegobac ar Sexvedria. TxzulebaSi `mimosvlisaTÂs<br />

da qadagebaTa yovlad qebulisa da didebulisa mociqulisa andreasi~,<br />

orjer ixsenieba igi rogorc qarTlis ganmanaTlebeli da orive<br />

epizodSi araTu miniSnebac ki ar aris mis devnaze, aramed, piriqiT.<br />

erTgan naTqvamia, rom, movida ra `queyanasa qarTlisasa~, aq sakmao<br />

xani dayo da `mravalni gananaTlna sityÂTa moZRurebisa misisaTa<br />

da Sewirna uflisa wmidisa naTlisRebiTa~ 1 ; xolo meoregan vkiTxu-<br />

1 saqarTvelos samoTxe, Sekrebili da gamocemuli mixeil sabininis mier, peterburgi,<br />

1882, gv. 30.

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52 <strong>gvanca</strong> <strong>koplataZe</strong><br />

lobT: andria pirvelwodebuli, svimon kananeli, mataTa da Tadeozi<br />

`miiwivnes queyanasa qarTlisasa da vidre mdinaredmde Woroxisa,<br />

daucadebelad qadagebdes saxelsa RmrTisasa~. 2<br />

rogorc es ivane javaxiSvilma gamoarkvia, warmarTobis epoqaSi<br />

qarTuli erovnuli religia mnaTobebis, kerZod, mzisa da mTvaris<br />

Tayvaniscemas gulisxmobda, xolo mcxeTaSi aRmarTuli kerpebi da<br />

maTi Tayvaniscema sparseTidan unda yofiliyo Semosuli. rogorc<br />

Cans, qarTvelebs mnaTobTa da kerpTa Tayvaniscemac mxolod religiur<br />

moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad sWirdebodaT da sinamdvileSi<br />

arcerTi maTganis WeSmaritebisa ar sjerodaT, radgan maTi<br />

dacvis mizniT arc qristes mociqulebi udevniaT da arc wminda<br />

nino, romelic im qveynis gasanaTleblad, sadac qristes kvarTi<br />

inaxeboda, kapadokiidan IV saukunis dasawyisSi movida.<br />

amqveyniuri cxovrebis kanonzomierebebidan gamomdinare, Seu-<br />

Zlebelia aixsnas, rogor SeZlo ymawvilma qalma, TiTqmis gogonam,<br />

warmarTobis sibnelidan mTeli eris gamoyvana da WeSmaritebis<br />

gzaze dayeneba. am WeSmariti da didi saswaulis aRsruleba yovladmowyale<br />

<strong>RmerTma</strong> ineba. marTalia, wminda qalwuli qarTlSi `madliTa<br />

qristesiTa da yovlad wmidisa maradis qalwulisa mariamisiTa<br />

uSiSiTa gonebiTa~ Semovida, magram isic aRsaniSnavia, rom warmarTi<br />

xalxisa da misi mefe-dedoflisagan mas devna ar ganucdia. mcxeTaSi<br />

misvlis meore dResve, wmida nino momswre gaxda, rogor gamoefina<br />

mTeli eri usulo kerpTa _ armazis, gacisa da gaimis Tayvansacemad.<br />

qarTvelTa sulieri sibrmaviT SeZrwunebuli, cremlebiT Seevedra<br />

ieso qristes, saswauli moevlina, raTa am xalxs mxolod igi ecnoT<br />

WeSmarit RmerTad da didebac misTvis SeewiraT. ufalma Seismina<br />

misi vedreba; meyseulad amovardnilma Zlierma qarebma, SemaZrwunebelma<br />

mexTatexam da sakvirvelma setyvam `sruliad damusrna kerpni<br />

igi da zRude da yoveli SenebulebaÁ daarRvia da uCino yo~.<br />

qarTvelebs didad arc kerpebis dalewva udardiaT da arc imis<br />

gamoZieba ucdiaT, ra iyo mizezi maTi ganadgurebisa. wminda nino sam-<br />

Tavros baRis mayvlovanSi damkvidrda, sadac `sarecel missa ZaZaÁ<br />

darecili miwasa zeda~ iyo. aq eqvsi weli dayo marxva-locviTa da<br />

saswaulebaTa aRsrulebiT. xorciel iwroebasa Sina igi sakuTari<br />

nebiT cxovrobda da ara xalxisa da samefo karis mxridan devnis<br />

gamo. sneulebiT Sepyrobilma nana dedofalma `zvaobiTi mefobisa<br />

pativi dauteva~ da mayvlovanSi `ucxosa da mdabal~ qalwuls sakuTari<br />

fexiT eaxla. mxolod erTxel ganrisxda mirian mefe wminda<br />

qalwulze, roca man dedoflis dedis Zma, sparsi didebuli xvara<br />

2 iqve, gv. 36.

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julTSemwynarebloba <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>erisa</strong><br />

53<br />

gankurna da qristes sjulze moaqcia. wm. ninosa da nana dedofalze<br />

ganawyenebuli sanadirod wavida da gulSi Tqva, rom dabrunebuli<br />

Surs iZiebda maTze misi RmerTebis SeuracxyofisaTvis, magram saswauliT<br />

Tvalaxelili TxoTis mTidan ara rogorc SurismaZiebeli,<br />

aramed WeSmarit sjulze moqceuli dabrunda. aseve advilad da seriozuli<br />

winaaRmdegobis gawevis gareSe miiRes qristes sarwmunoeba<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, sadac `mTeulTa, WarTlelTa<br />

da fxovelTa... naTel-iRes da dalewnes sakerponi da aRaSennes<br />

eklesiani~. 3 `sixaruliT Seiwynares swavlaÁ ninoÁsi~ kaxeTSic: `da<br />

naTel-iRo dedofalman da yovelTa mTavarTa da mxevalTa misTa~. 4<br />

maSasadame, rogorc wminda andria pirvelwodebulis, aseve wminda<br />

mociqulTa sworis ninos cxovrebac gvidasturebs, rom RmrTisgan<br />

kacTmoyvareobis niWiT dajildoebuli Cveni eri gaqristianebamdec<br />

kacTmoyvareobiTa da rjulTSemwynareblobiT gamoirCeoda.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom qalkedonis meoTxe msoflio krebis (451 w.)<br />

Semdeg ori mezobeli qveynis _ saqarTvelosa da somxeTis eklesiaTa<br />

gzebi erTmaneTs daSorda, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb monofizituri<br />

eresis mimdevar somxebs arc sarwmunoebrivi da arc politikuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT devna da Seviwroeba ar ganucdiaT. piriqiT ki momxdara.<br />

arsebobs faqti, romlis mixedviTac sparseTis mefis xosros<br />

mxardaWeriT gulmocemul somxur eklesias da mis meTaurs abraam<br />

kaTalikoss ucdia ZaldatanebiT moeqcia qarTuli eklesia monofizitobaze.<br />

roca curtavis eparqiaSi, romelic saqarTvelo-somxeTis<br />

sazRvarze mdebareobda, drama gaTamaSda da misma somexma episkoposma<br />

mosem somexTa kaTalikoss abraams Tavi qarTvelTagan sarwmunoebriv<br />

niadagze devnilad warudgina, abraamma qarTlis kaTalikosis daSineba<br />

sparseTis mefesTan dasmeniT gadawyvita, romelic monofizitobas<br />

uWerda mxars. rogorc vxedavT, miznis misaRwevad man arc iseT<br />

ukadris xerxze Tqva uari, rogoric dasmenaa. abraamma Tavisi muqara<br />

marTlac aRasrula da rogorc arsen safareli gvamcnobs: `somexTa<br />

Seasmines qarTli mefesa Tana sparsTasa, viTarmed hromTa (igulisxmeba<br />

berZnebi _ g. k.) upyria sarwmunoebaÁ~. 5 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />

rom me-7 saukunis dasawyisSi sparseTis mefis politikuri zegavlena<br />

ara mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTvelosa da somxeTze vrceldeboda,<br />

aramed igi provinciebis warTmevisaTvis TviT bizantiis imperiasac<br />

ebrZoda, advili misaxvedria, am dasmenas ra mZime Sedegi SeiZleboda<br />

3 wm. ninos cxovreba, Zveli qarTuli moTxroba, Tb., 1979, gv. 180.<br />

4 iqve.<br />

5 arsen safareli, ganyofisaTÂs qarTlisa da somxeTisa, gamosca z. aleqsiZem, Tb.,<br />

1980, gv. 82.

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54 <strong>gvanca</strong> <strong>koplataZe</strong><br />

mohyoloda qarTlisaTvis da mohyva kidec. 614 wels, ierusalimis<br />

aRebis Semdeg, sparseTis mefem gamosca dadgenileba, romlis mixedviTac<br />

sparseTis morCil qristianebs somexTa sarwmunoeba _ monofizitoba<br />

unda mieRoT. am brZanebis Sedegad, qarTlis kaTalikosi<br />

kirionica da erismTavari adarnasec iZulebuli gaxdnen daetovebinaT<br />

qveyana.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom somxebis mxridan Seuwynarebloba sakuTar<br />

samSobloSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis aRmsareblobisa ara mxolod<br />

qristianisTvis Seuferebeli, aramed saerTod gaugebari saqcieli<br />

iyo, kirion qarTlis kaTalikoss qristianuli siyvaruli eyo imisaTvis,<br />

rom sarwmunoebriv mterTan kamaTisas, romelic epistoleebiT<br />

mimdinareobda, pirovnebisa da eris Seuracxmyofeli arcerTi<br />

sityva ar dascdenoda. man davis sagani bolomde dogmatikis<br />

CarCoebSi datova da mesame epistoleSi abraam kaTalikoss mtkiced<br />

ganucxada: `gnebavT Tu ar gnebavT, Cveni sarwmunoeba es ariso~. 6<br />

sapirispirod moiqca monofiziti patriarqi somxebisa. darwmunda<br />

ra, rom qarTvelebs verc muqariTa da verc ZaliT marTlmadideblobas<br />

ver daaTmobinebda, da amdenad aRarc paeqrobis gagrZelebas<br />

hqonda azri, 607(8) wels sayovelTao epistole gamosca, romli-<br />

Tac Tavis mrevls, iseve rogorc adre berZnebTan, qarTvelebTanac<br />

yovelgvari urTierTobis gawyveta ubrZana, garda yidva-gayidvisa:<br />

`sruliadac ar eziaroT maT (e. i. qarTvelebs) arc locvaSi, arc<br />

Wama-smaSi, arc megobrobaSi, arc deda-mZuZeobaSi, arc salocavad<br />

wasvliT jvarSi da arc maTi Cvens eklesiaSi miRebiT. maTTan qorwinebisganac<br />

sruliad ganeSoreT; mxolod iyideT da mihyideT~. 7<br />

RmrTis wyalobiT, monofizit somxebs, sparseTis samxedropolitikur<br />

Zalaze dayrdnobiT qarTlSi gamarjveba didxans ar<br />

uzeimiaT. bizantiis keisarma heraklem ara mxolod sparseTis<br />

Zlierebas mouRo bolo, aramed qarTlis eresisagan ganwmendasa da<br />

marTlmadideblobis ganmtkicebazec izruna. 8<br />

mSobliuri eris saukeTeso Tvisebebs, maT Soris kacTmoyvareobasa<br />

da rjuTSemwynareblobas ganasaxierebda qarTvelTa saxelovani<br />

mefe, daviT IV, aRmaSenebeli. qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebi erTxmad<br />

adasturebdnen, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma 60.000 mxedriT gailaSqra<br />

somxeTisaken, musulmanTa batonobisgan ixsna qalaqi anisi da igi<br />

6 uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, gamosca z. aleqsiZem, Tb.,<br />

1975, gv. 143.<br />

7 iqve, gv. 211.<br />

8 `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, Zv. qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni<br />

I, Tb., 1966, gv. 96.

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julTSemwynarebloba <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>erisa</strong><br />

55<br />

mis patronebs _ somxebs Caabara. kargad Tqva poetma: `qarTvelTa<br />

mefe qarTuli sisxliT somexTa qalaqs somxisTvis iRebs~ (m. lebaniZe,<br />

poema `anisis aReba~). es iSviaTi faqti, romelsac kacobriobis<br />

istoriaSi analogi Znelad Tu moeZebneba, mefis maRal qristianul<br />

zneobaze metyvelebs. samwuxarod, sapirispiro Tvisebebze<br />

mianiSnebs somex episkoposTa saqcieli. maSin, roca qarTvelebi da<br />

somxebi anisis ganTavisuflebas erTad zeimobdnen, somexma episkoposebma,<br />

romelnic swavlulobasa da mecnierebas Cemulobdnen, mefes<br />

saeklesio krebis mowveva sTxoves, romelic gamoiZiebda, visi sjuli<br />

iyo WeSmariti _ qarTvelebisa (diofizitoba) Tu somxebisa (monofizitoba)!<br />

Tumca Zalian kargad icoda, vis mxareze iyo simarTle,<br />

gamarjvebulma mefem somxebs es Txovnac Seusrula; man qarTlis<br />

kaTalikosi iovane, episkoposebi da meudabnoeni ixmo, aseve mouwoda<br />

`arsenis iyalToelsa, Targmansa da mecniersa berZenTa da qarTvelTa<br />

enaTasa da ganmanaTlebelsa yovelTa eklesiaTa~, agreTve,<br />

`sxvaTa mecnierTa da brZenTa kacTa~ da daiwyo paeqroba, romelic<br />

`ciskriTgan vidre cxra Jamamde~ gagrZelda. radgan mokamaTeTa sityvisgebas<br />

dasasruli ar uCanda, paeqrobaSi TviTon mefe Caeria<br />

da RmrTismetyvelebis sakiTxTa iseTi Rrma codna warmoaCina da<br />

oratorulad ise ostaturad agebuli sityva warmoTqva, rom TviT<br />

somexi mwvaleblebi iZulebulni gaxdnen eRiarebinaT: `Cven, mefeo,<br />

mowafe gvegone amaT moZRuarTa TquenTa, garna, viTar vxedavT, Sen<br />

same xar moZRuari moZRuarTa, romlisa brWalsa ver mimwuTar arian<br />

ege moZRuar-sagonebelni Tquenni~. 9<br />

rogorc vxedavT, somxebma,<br />

marTalia, mefis upiratesoba aRiares, magram <strong>qarTveli</strong> sasuliero<br />

pirebis, romelTa Soris TviT saxelovani arsen iyalToeli, mTargmneli<br />

da mecnieri iyo, gakilva ar daviwyebiaT.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, TbilisSi mTeli oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />

arabebi batonobdnen. vidre arabTa saxalifo politikurad mZlavr<br />

saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, Tbilisis amiras xelisuflebac mTel<br />

qarTls zedamxedvelobda; xolo roca xalifati daiSala, arab-<br />

Ta batonobac TandaTan Sesustda da Tbilisis amiras uflebebic<br />

Seikveca. XI-XII saukuneebSi igi mxolod Tbiliss ganagebda. iyo<br />

iseTi periodebic, roca amira saqarTvelos mefes xarks uxdida;<br />

amgvari viTarebisas Tbilisis qarTuli mosaxleobac Svebas grZnobda,<br />

qristianebsa da mahmadianebs Soris mSvidobiani urTierToba<br />

myardeboda, anu qristiani qarTvelebi <strong>qarTveli</strong> mefeebis politikur<br />

upiratesobas arabTa dasaCagrad ar iyenebdnen. magram mSvidobiani<br />

urTierToba maSinve irRveoda, rogorc ki arabebs amisTvis<br />

9 `qarTlis cxovreba~ t.I, gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma, Tb., 1955, gv.357.

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56 <strong>gvanca</strong> <strong>koplataZe</strong><br />

xelsayreli pirobebi SeeqmnebodaT, magaliTad, TurqTa ganuwyveteli<br />

Semosevebis dros, ris Sedegadac qarTuli saxelmwifo dasustda.<br />

ase grZeldeboda daviT aRmaSeneblis taxtze asvlamdec da TviT<br />

mis mefobaSic, vidre igi Tbiliss SemoierTebda (1122 w.). Tbiliseli<br />

mahmadianebi qristianebs umowyalod sdevnidnen da xSirad, ise,<br />

rom amisTvis mizezic ki ar sWirdebodaT, xocavdnen. `qarTlis<br />

cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `qalaqi tfilisi... savse iyo sisxliTa<br />

qristianeTaÁTa, rameTu odesme yvian RavRavi da TÂnier mizezisaca<br />

mosrnian, raodenni povnian qristeaneni...~ 10<br />

roca mefem qalaqi aiRo, arc ufiqria samagiero miego da Suri<br />

eZia muslimanebze im tanjva-wamebisaTvis, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

rom ayenebdnen saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis mkvidr mosaxleobas. Tvi-<br />

Ton arabi istorikosebi (al-fariki, al-jauzi) gvauwyeben, rom<br />

gamarjvebulma mefem mcxovrebni (igulisxmeba arabebi) ara mxolod<br />

daindo, aramed TanagrZnobiTac moepyro. arabebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

romelnic qarTvelebs religiuri mrwamsis Tavisuflad aRiarebis<br />

nebas sakuTar samSobloSi ar aZlevdnen, daviTma maT sxvis miwa-wyalze<br />

agebul TavianT meCeTebSi Tavisuflad locvis neba misca. ase<br />

warmoaCina man WeSmariti qristianobis sidiade da silamaze, oRond<br />

ara sityviT, aramed saqmiT. ase rom, misi ganTqmuli tolerantoba<br />

am SemTxvevaSi ara sakuTari sarwmunoebisadmi gulgrilobiT iyo<br />

gamowveuli, aramed piriqiT, misi arsis Rrma wvdomiT da qristes<br />

mier naanderZev mcnebaTa saqmiT aRsrulebis wrfeli surviliT.<br />

Cvens patriarqs, uwmidessa da unetaress ilia II-s xSirad ubr-<br />

Zanebia, rom samebis axali sakaTedro taZriT qarTvelma xalxma<br />

Tavisi sulieri portreti Seqmna. Tu samebis taZari qvaSi naZerwi<br />

portretia Cveni <strong>erisa</strong>, `vefxistyaosanSi~ saRebavebi sityvam Secvala<br />

da misi saSualebiT daxatul portrets qarTuli enisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebelma melodiurobam dinamiuroba da sicocxle SesZina.<br />

am genialur poemaSi mTeli sisavsiT warmoCnda mdidari sulieri<br />

samyaro Cveni <strong>erisa</strong>. da ra igulisxmeba am simdidreSi? uwinaresad<br />

siyvaruli, siyvaruliT savse guli <strong>qarTveli</strong> kacisa. vis gulSic es<br />

grZnoba mefobs, is aranair naklulevanebas ar ganicdis, arc materialursa<br />

da miT umetes _ arc suliers. movusminoT, rogor axasiaTebs<br />

pavle mociquli qristes aRmsareblebs: `...viTarca mwuxareni<br />

da maradis gÂxaris; viTarca glaxakni, da mravalTa ganvamdidrebT;<br />

viTarca araraÁ gvaqus, da yovelive guaqus~ (2 kor. VI, 10). diax,<br />

qristians mwuxarebasa Sinac uxaria da ukiduresi materialuri gasaWiris<br />

drosac ki yovelive aqvs, radgan siyvaruli gaaCnia.<br />

10 iqve, gv. 349.

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julTSemwynarebloba <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>erisa</strong><br />

57<br />

igi saTnoebaTagan erTaderTia, romelic iseve maradiulia, rogorc<br />

suli da gaqroba ar uweria, gansxvavebiT rwmenisa da sasoebisagan.<br />

TumcaRa isini am cxovrebaSi saTnoebaTagan umSvenieresni arian,<br />

magram gamomdinare iqidan, rom imqveyniur cxovrebaSi, RmrTis<br />

siaxloves, suli maT saWiroebas aRar ganicdis, arsebobas bunebrivad<br />

wyveten.<br />

siyvaruli RmrTisa da adamianisa, ganurCevelad imisa, rogoria<br />

igi (`vardTa da nexvTa vinaiTgan mze sworad moefinebis, didTa da<br />

wvrilTa wyaloba numca Sen mogewyinebis~, _ SeadareT macxovris<br />

mcnebas: `mze misi aRmovals borotTa zeda da keTilTa, wvims mar-<br />

TalTa zeda da cruTa~), mSobelia yvela im saTnoebisa, romliTac<br />

poemis personaJebi arian Semkulni, iqneba es amaRlebuli trfoba,<br />

samSoblosa da megobrisaTvis Tavdadeba, guluxvoba, sibrZne, simamace,<br />

madliereba, TanagrZnoba Tu Sendobisa da patiebis unari.<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~ asaxul samyaros materialur mzesTan erTad<br />

es siyvarulic asxivosnebs da aTbobs; amitomacaa igi ase aramiwierad<br />

mSvenieri da mimzidveli.<br />

ra sulierad mwiri anu siyvarulisagan daclili unda iyos adamiani,<br />

rom konteqstidan amoglejili oriode epizodiT am, siyvarulis<br />

sadidebeli Txzulebis, damcireba moindomos (sxvaTa Soris<br />

iseve, rogorc siwmindis danaxva mxolod mas SeuZlia, vinc wmindaa,<br />

siyvarulsac is xedavs, visac uyvars). aseTma vaikritikosebma arc is<br />

ician, rom materialuri samyaro is adgilia, sadac marTalic `gzas<br />

ver auqcevs gansacdelsa mas eSmakisasa~ da arc is, rom mxatvruli<br />

nawarmoebis simarTle igiveobrivi ver iqneba yofiTi realobisa da<br />

igi pirobiTobasac aucileblad gulisxmobs.<br />

RmrTisgan boZebulma siyvarulis niWma gaaTavisebina qarTvel<br />

kacs qristianuli morali da gadaarCina gaborotebas, romelic,<br />

gamomdinare Cveni istoriuli Tavgadasavalidan, TiTqos bunebrivad<br />

unda daufleboda. vera da ver SeiZula man yoveli mxridan Semoseuli<br />

mteri, romelic gamudmebiT cdilobda da cdilobs mis mospobasa<br />

da gaqrobas, srul amoZirkvas im miwa-wylidan, romlis dasacavad<br />

da SesanarCuneblad zRva sisxli aqvs daRvrili.<br />

vaJa-fSavelas aluda qeTelauri gavixsenoT, romelic aseve ganzogadebuli<br />

saxea <strong>qarTveli</strong> kacisa. sakuTari ojaxisa da soflis dasacavad<br />

igi iZulebuli iyo mtrebi daexoca, magram maTi siZulvili<br />

misTvis ucxo grZnobad darCa. simamace, romelic masTan brZolaSi<br />

gamoiCina mucalma da vaJkacoba, romliTac igi sikvdils Seegeba,<br />

sakmarisi gamodga imisaTvis, rom qeTelaurs `rjulZaRli~ qisti<br />

(sxvaTa Soris, qristian aludas rjuli pirvelad mahmadianma mu-

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58 <strong>gvanca</strong> <strong>koplataZe</strong><br />

calma Seugina orTabrZolisas) Satilioni mwyemsebis damwiokebeli<br />

da cxenebis gamtacebeli, gulwrfelad, rogorc Zma da megobari, ise<br />

daetira: `vaJkaco, Cemgan moklulo, <strong>RmerTma</strong> gacxovnos mkvdario~.<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> kacisaTvis ucxoa gulRrZooba da samagieros migebis<br />

survili. umeteswilad igi moqmedebda da moqmedebs bibliuri<br />

samarTliT, romlis mixedviTac SurisZieba RmrTisaa. rogorc<br />

genios Semoqmeds Sehferis, ise warmoaCina vaJam mSobeli eris es<br />

Tviseba poemaSi `haos da qarTlos~. mtrisgan awiokebuli haosi<br />

(somexTa winapris miTiuri saxelia) qarTlosma alal ZmasaviT Seifara<br />

da mas da mis ojaxs lukma gauyo. samagierod, roca mteri<br />

saqarTvelos daesxa Tavs da qarTlosi mis dasacavad omSi wavida,<br />

haosma mTeli misi avladideba miiTvisa da dabrunebaze arc ufiqria,<br />

miT umetes, rom qarTlosi brZolidan mZimed daWrili dabrunda.<br />

saocaria, magram faqtia, qarTloss umadurobisa da miwa-wylis dasakuTrebisaTvis<br />

haosisaTvis sayveduris Tqmis survilic ki ar gas-<br />

Cenia. piriqiT, cols, romelic ayvedrida:<br />

`sawyalis gulis patrono, vis endobodi, radao?<br />

Tavisi sarCo-sabado gadauloce sxvasao,<br />

col-Svils ki dasWer yelebi, miec mdinare wyalsao,~ _ aCumebda<br />

da Zmaze avis Tqmas ukrZalavda. ver vityviT, rom colis pasuxs:<br />

`Zma, rogorc gamigonia, Zmas unda sWerdes mxarsao, sulTa-mxuTavTa<br />

Zmobasa sjobs kbiliT kvnetde qvasao,~ _ simarTle aklia, magram<br />

simarTlea isic, rom <strong>qarTveli</strong> eris gadarCena mravali erovnebisa<br />

da sxvadasxva sjulis matarebeli mtrebisagan, namdvili saswaulia,<br />

kacTmoyvareobis SenarCunebis gamo RmrTisgan misTvis boZebuli.<br />

Tumca imazec unda davfiqrdeT, es Tviseba doylapiobaSi ar<br />

gadagvezardos da gvaxsovdes, rom sarwmunoebasa da mamuls dacva<br />

sWirdeba da igi RmrTisTvis saTno saqmea. Cven xom misgan SurisZieba<br />

gvekrZaleba da ara dacva. Tu usamarTlo damokidebulebaze xandaxan<br />

mainc amoviReT xma, pasuxis gacemas miuCvevelni, Tavis dacvas<br />

danaSaulad gviTvlian da im ers, romlis poetic RmerTs evedreba:<br />

`balaxi viyo saTibi, ara mwadian celoba; cxvradve mamyofa iseva,<br />

oRond amSordes mgeloba~, _ humanizmisa da liberalizmis naklebobas<br />

gvikiJineben. dae, ukeTesad Seiswavlon TavianTi istoria da<br />

sakuTar sulSic ufro Rrmad Caixedon.<br />

am mcire werilis bolos isev vaJa-fSavelas striqonebs movixmob:<br />

`ver mivcem mtersa mamulsa<br />

sajijgnad, dasazianad...<br />

nu gegonebaT, davlaCrdi,<br />

jer iseva var fxianad~.