q a l i T u r q e T S i

avtoris stili daculia<br />

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti<br />

aRmosavleTmcodneobis instituti<br />

m a i a b u q u r i<br />

q a l i T u r q e T S i<br />

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />

warmodgenili<br />

d i s e r t a c i a<br />

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori<br />

prof. giuli alasania<br />

Tbilisi<br />

2012

---

2<br />

S i n a a r s i :<br />

Sinaarsi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2<br />

Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3<br />

Tavi I<br />

1. qali anatoliaSi islamamde da islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg ----- 6<br />

Tavi II<br />

1. selim 1-is “kanun-name” ----------------------------------------------------------------- 24<br />

2. poeti qalebi osmaleTis imperiaSi ----------------------------------------------- 30<br />

3. haremi da misi ierarqia osmaleTis imperiaSi. ------------------------------ 35<br />

4. valide sultani. “qalTa mmarTveloba” osmaleTis imperiaSi------ 51<br />

5. sultnis samefo ojaxis gavleniani wevrebi ---------------------------------- 78<br />

6. qalis statusi osmaluri saojaxo samarTlis ------------------------------ 91<br />

mixedviT<br />

7. qali da qvelmoqmedeba osmaleTis imperiaSi -------------------------------- 95<br />

8. qalis samosi da Zvirfaseuloba osmaleTis imperiaSi ---------------- 114<br />

9. qalis mdgomareoba osmaleTis imperiaSi TanzimaTamde --------------- 120<br />

10. qalis mdgomareoba osmaleTis imperiaSi TanzimaTis Semdeg ------ 124<br />

Tavi III<br />

11. qali TurqeTis respublikaSi --------------------------------------------------------- 129<br />

qronologia - qalTa uflebebi TurqeTSi da<br />

genderuli Tanasworobisaken gadadgmuli nabijebi -------------------- 152<br />

daskvna ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 158<br />

bibliografia ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 166

---

3<br />

S e s a v a l i<br />

qalTa statusis gansazRvra erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria<br />

saxelmwifosa da misi sazogadoebis ganviTarebisaTvis. mniSvnelovania<br />

warmoCndes genderuli urTierTobis xarisxi, qalTa uflebaTa<br />

samarTlebrivi formulireba, sazogadoebrivi azri da mentaliteti<br />

qalTan dakavSirebiT ama Tu im qveyanaSi.<br />

qalis sakiTxis gaaqtiureba XX saukunidan daiwyo, rodesac<br />

msoflios mraval qveyanaSi daiwyo qalTa brZola emansipaciisaTvis.<br />

gasuli saukunidan moyolebuli msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Seiqmna<br />

qalTa mravali organizacia, romlebic moiTxovdnen qalTa uflebebis<br />

gafarToebas da amasTanave iqamde maTTvis ararsebuli uflebebis<br />

miniWebas.<br />

XX saukunis dasawyisidan, ufro zustad 20-iani wlebidan,<br />

feminizmis Tema metad aqtualuri gaxda TurqeTSic.<br />

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi osmaleTis imperiaSi islamuri samarTali<br />

dominirebda, romelic qals uuflebo arsebad ganixilavda. osmalur<br />

kanun-nameebsa da sxva sakanonmdeblo dokumentebSi qalis mdgomareoba<br />

TiTqmis ar icvleboda da qali kvlavindeburad inarCunebda uuflebo<br />

mdgomareobas. TurqeTis respublikis 1924 wlis konstitucia<br />

mniSvnelovani nabiji aRmoCnda qalTa uflebebis mosapoveblad. Tumca<br />

aRniSnuli konstitucia Seicavda diskriminaciul formulirebebsac.<br />

TurqeTis respublikaSi, iseve rogorc bevr sxva qveyanaSi, iwyeba<br />

Turq qalTa masobrivi gamosvlebi, iqmneba organizaciebi, TandaTanobiT<br />

qalTa sakiTxi, romelic metnaklebad saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi miZinebuli<br />

iyo, mniSvnelovani xdeba da Sesabamisad qalis uflebebi farTovdeba.<br />

winamdebare naSromSi monografiulad aris Seswavlili qalis<br />

mdgomareoba TurqeTSi socialur, ekonomikur da politikur WrilSi:<br />

qali anatoliaSi winaislamur xanaSi; qali anatoliaSi islamis<br />

gavrcelebis Semdeg; vecnobiT osmalo poet qalebs; naSromSi sagangebo<br />

ganxilvis sagans warmoadgens sultnis samefo kari, haramxana da misi<br />

binadarni, Seswavlilia sultnis dedis - valides mdgomareoba, agreTve<br />

sultnis gavleniani samefo wris qalTa (sultnis colebi, qaliSvilebi)

---

4<br />

istoriebi; yuradReba fokusirdeba uCveulo periodze osmaleTis<br />

imperiaSi, romelic “qalTa mmarTvelobis” saxeliT gaxda cnobili;<br />

gaSuqebulia detalebi mdidari qalebis Sesaxeb osmaleTis istoriaSi;<br />

qalis mdgomareoba osmaleTis imperiaSi TanzimaTamde da mis Semdeg;<br />

qali TurqeTis respublikaSi, aqve warmoCenilia qalTa organizaciebi;<br />

qalis ganaTlebis sakiTxi, qali ojaxSi, qali politikaSi, da sxva.<br />

naSromis qronologiuri CarCoebi sam etapad aris dayofili: a)<br />

Turqi qalis istoria islamamdel da islamis Semdgom xanaSi; b) Turqi<br />

qalis istoria osmaleTis imperiis dros (1299-1923 ww); g) Turqi qalis<br />

istoria TurqeTis respublikis periodSi (1923-2000ww.).<br />

disertantis daintereseba am sakiTxisadmi am sferoSi arsebulma<br />

vakuumma ganapiroba, radganac dRemde es friad saintereso Tema<br />

qarTveli mecnierebis mier Seuswavleli da gamosakvlevia. Cveni mizania,<br />

gamovikvlioT Turqi qalis istoria. amisaTvis moviZieT Sesabamisi<br />

literatura da wyaroebi, ramac SesasaZlebeli gaxada aRniSnuli<br />

naSromi efeqturi faqtebiT, istoriuli monakveTebiTa Tu originaluri<br />

istoriebiT gaemdidrebina.<br />

naSromSi gamoyenebulia Semdegi wyaroebi: osmaluri kanun-nameebi,<br />

istorikosTa matianeebi, literaturuli Zeglebi, muslimTa saRvTo wigni<br />

– yurani. osmaluri kanun-nameebidan aRsaniSnavia sultan selim I-is<br />

“kanun-name”, sadac yuradReba gamaxvilebulia qalis mdgomareobaze<br />

memkvidreobis miRebisas, qonebis flobisas, qorwineba-ganqorwinebisas,<br />

danaSaulis Cadenisas da sxva; winamdebare naSromi eyrdnoba osmalo<br />

istorikosebis – mevlana mehmed neSris (1520w.), mustafa selaniqis (1600w.),<br />

ibrahim feCevis (1650w), abdulaziz efendi yara Celebi zades (1657w.),<br />

mustafa naimas (1716w.) da sxvaTa Sromebs. maTi naSromebidan informacias<br />

viRebT samefo karze mcxovreb qalTa Sesaxeb, maT Soris valide<br />

sultnebis, agreTve, osmaleTis saxelmwifo wyobilebasa da sultnis<br />

samefo karis aRwerilobaze.<br />

islamSi qalis idealis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli<br />

iTamaSa XI saukuneSi sultnebis ToRrul-begis, alf-arslanisa da meliq-<br />

Sahis dros Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifoSi moRvawe vezirma – nizam al-<br />

mulqma da misma politikurma traqtatma - “siaseT-name”.

---

5<br />

mniSvnelovani wyaroa agreTve ucxoeli mogzaurTa da<br />

istorikosTa Txzulebebi, maT Soris: XIV saukunis saxelovani arabi<br />

mogzauris – ibn batutas wigni “ibn batutas mogzauroba”, XIV saukunis<br />

istorikosis fazlalah raSid ad-dinis “oRuzname”, saxelovani imamis<br />

sadr ad-din al-huseinis (XIIIs.) “cnobebi selCukTa saxelmwifoze,<br />

selCukTa emirebsa da mmarTvelebze”. aseve, aRsaniSnavia, oRuzTa<br />

sabrZolo wigni – “dede qorquTis wigni”.<br />

naSromi gamdidrebulia evropeli mogzaurebis cnobebiT,<br />

romlebic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdian haremis<br />

Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia ledi meri montegiu, ingliseli elCis coli,<br />

romelmac 1717 wels imogzaura stambolsa da edirneSi da Tavisi TvaliT<br />

ixila XVIII saukunis haremis cxovreba osmaleTis imperiaSi. aseve<br />

mniSvnelovania meore ingliseli mogzauri qali ledi elisabed kraveni,<br />

romelmac agreTve me-18 saukuneSi imogzaura TurqeTSi, dawera<br />

ramodenime oficialuri werili da 1789 wels gamoaqveyna wigni –<br />

“mogzauroba yirimidan konstantinopolSi”. aRsaniSnavia inglisis elCis<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi henri lelos cnobebi, sultnis sasaxleSi<br />

inglisidan wargzavnili ostatis tomas dalamis dRiuri (“Tomas dalamis<br />

dRiuri, 1599-1600”), avstriis mefis elCis oJie jiselin de busbeqis (1592w.)<br />

“Turquli werilebi” da sxva.<br />

naSromSi moxmobili da gamoyenebulia saxelovani orientalistis<br />

n. m. penzeris (1892-1960) naSromi, romelic asaxavs, “Tofkafis sasaxlisa”<br />

da osmaluri haramxanis istorias.<br />

mniSvnelovani wyaroa TurqeTis respublikis konstitucia.<br />

wyaroebis paralelurad naSromSi asaxulia istoriografiuli<br />

literatura. maT Soris Seswavlilia m. alTindalis, l. ahmadis, f.<br />

ahmadis, g. gudvinis, j. Taqeris, a. iaramanis, h. inaljikis, lord<br />

kinrosis, a. kruties, i. ozTunas, l. persis, s. faroqhis, h. jemis, m. hovis<br />

da sxvaTa Sromebi.<br />

zemoT moxseniebul avtorTa garda, sadisertacio naSromSi agreTve<br />

gamoyenebulia qarTvel mecnierTa (n. gelovani m. svaniZe; n. Sengelia; da<br />

sxv.) da cnobil ucxoel orientalistTa (v. bartoldi, v. gordlevski, d.<br />

eremeevi, a. mileri, a. noviCevi, b. uCoki da sxv.) Sromebi.

---

Tavi I<br />

6<br />

1. qali anatoliaSi islamamde da islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg<br />

dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze Turq-selCukTa tomebis<br />

mosvlamde arsebobda sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebi, maT Soris romisa da<br />

bizantiis imperiebi, romelTa kulturebis memkvidre garkveulwilad<br />

gaxda SemdgomSi osmaleTis imperia, xolo mogvianebiT TurqeTis<br />

respublika.<br />

naSromSi ganxiluli iqneba, Tu rogor yalibdeboda anatoliis<br />

teritoriaze qalis kulti adamianTa cnobierebasa da cxovrebaSi. zeda<br />

paleoliTis xanaSi mcxovrebma tomebma, romlebic misdevdnen nadirobasa<br />

da Semgroveblobas, qali aRiqves, rogorc nayofierebis<br />

simbolo.NneoliTur xanaSi adamianma daiwyo miwis damuSaveba da mudmivi<br />

sacxovreblebis daarseba. arqeologiurma gaTxrebma Caioniusa da nevali<br />

Coris teritoriebze 1 (samxreT-aRmosavleTi anatolia), gamoavlina, rom im<br />

periodSi adamianebs gaaCndaT religiuri rwmenebi, romelic Tavs iyrida<br />

nayofierebis kultis garSemo, sadac qals mniSvnelovani adgili ekava.<br />

qali ganixileboda, rogorc yvela arsebis mfarveli. haCilaris<br />

(meqoTneobis neoliTi) gaTxrebidan gamomdinare qalis roli rogorc<br />

sarwmunoebaSi, ise ojaxSi, mniSvnelovani iyo.<br />

arqeologebi xSirad mianiSnebdnen neoliTuri periodis<br />

dasaxlebaze, romelic daTariRebulia Cv. w. 6000 wliT da miuTiTebs<br />

qalTa dominantur mdgomareobaze. CaTalhoiukis (meqoTneobis neoliTi)<br />

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad naTeli xdeba, rom axlo aRmosavleTSi<br />

neoliTur periodSi dominirebda dedaRmerTis kulti. ax. w.-mde meore<br />

aTaswleulSi, antიkuri kulturis Seswavlisas, vlindeba, rom qalis<br />

kulti maRal safexurze idga mesopotamiaSi, elamSi, egvipteSi,<br />

kviprosze, berZnebs, finikielebsa da sxvaTa Soris (ahmedi 1992:11).<br />

1 Caioniu da nevali Cori – adreuli neoliTuri dasaxlebebi, meqoTneobamdeli<br />

neoliTi.

---

7<br />

qalTa subordinacia Zvel axlo aRmosavleTSi urbanuli<br />

sazogadoebisa da arqauli saxelmwifos daarsebasTan erTad damkvidrda.<br />

arqeologiuri masala gvamcnobs, rom qalebi urbanuli sazogadoebis<br />

daarsebamde ganicdidnen uflebriv Cagvras, romelic gagrZelda<br />

urbanuli centrebisa da qalaqebis aRmocenebasTan erTad.<br />

ax.w.-mde me-4 aTaswleulis bolos, brinjaos xanaSi, rodesac<br />

pirveli qalaqebi da politikuri organizaciebi gaCnda, mamakacis rolma<br />

sazogadoebaSi meti mniSvneloba moipova, Tumca qali kvlav darCa<br />

nayofierebis simbolod da deda-RmerTis kultic kvlav agrZelebda<br />

ayvavebas. qulTefes gaTxrebidan irkveva, rom deda-RmerTi asocirdeboda<br />

mzesTan, sadac deda-RmerTs da mis ojaxs unda emarTa panTeoni. rodesac<br />

meore aTaswleulis bolos anatoliaSi lursmuli damwerloba SemoiRes,<br />

monetebsa da beWdebze anatolieli RmerTebisa da qalRmerTebis<br />

saxelebi figurirebdnen. dedoflebi moRvaweobdnen administraciul da<br />

komerciul cxovrebaSi, qalebs ki SeeZloT mieRoT garkveuli profesia.<br />

“meore aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi xeTebis imperiis (Zv. w. XVIII-dan<br />

XIII-mde) mefeebi da dedoflebi, romlebic anatoliis udides nawils<br />

marTavdnen, Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobdnen, ramodenime xeTma<br />

dedofalma istoriaSi datova kvali, rogorc politikuri da saeklesio<br />

saqmeTa erTpirovnulma msaxurma, magaliTad dedofalma fuduhefam”,<br />

romelic iyo yvelaze gavleniani qali Zvel axlo aRmosavleTSi (renda<br />

2001).<br />

xeTuri sakanonmdeblo dokumentebidan vgebulobT, rom xeTur<br />

samarTalSi daculi iyo qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba,<br />

exeboda es qonebriv sakuTrebas, qorwinebas Tu sisxlis samarTals.<br />

xeTebis samefos dros qals gaaCnda politikuri uflebebi. qali<br />

Tavis qmarTan erTad xels awerda mniSvnelovan sazavo xelSekrulebebs.<br />

magaliTad, xeTebis samefoSi aseTi zavi iyo “kadeSis” zavi – msoflios<br />

pirveli xelmowerili xelSekruleba xeTebsa da egviptelebs Soris. zavi<br />

ZalaSi iqneboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas xels mefesTan erTad<br />

dedofalic moawerda. Zv. w. XIIIs-is anatoliaSi arsebul xeTebis<br />

samefoSi ar SeiniSneboda poligamiis niSnebi. xeTebi, romlebic

---

8<br />

batonobdnen mTels anatoliasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi, ayvavebis xanaSi<br />

iyvnen.<br />

xeTebis imperiis dangrevis Semdgom frigielebma, romlebmac Seqmnes<br />

samefo centralur anatoliaSi, aiTvises anatoliaSi arsebuli Zveli<br />

deda-RmerTis kulti da gardaqmnes frigiul kulturad.<br />

deda-RmerTis kultis arseboba anatoliis teritoriaze momdevno<br />

saukuneebSic gagrZelda. ax.w.-mde 61 wels efesos cnobili deda-RmerTi<br />

iyo artemida. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom berZnul miTologiaSi arsebuli<br />

RmerTi afrodite aris siyvarulisa da silamazis RmerTi Tavisi vaJis<br />

erosisaTvis.<br />

anatoliis berZnul sazogadoebaSi qalebi mniSvnelovani<br />

TavisuflebiT sargeblobdnen. gabatonebuli iyo monogamia, Tumca qalTa<br />

umravlesoba saxls iyo mijaWvuli. aristokratiuli da kulturuli<br />

ojaxebidan iyvnen cnobili qali poetebi, mxatvrebi, magaliTad cnobili<br />

poeti qali safo kunZul lesbosidan iyo.<br />

romaelTa xanaSi qalma ufro meti uflebebi moipova vidre maT<br />

berZenTa mmarTvelobis dros hqondaT. isini ufro aqtiurad<br />

moRvaweobdnen saxlis gareT. maT ar gaaCndaT politikuri uflebebi,<br />

magram maT icavda romis samarTali. qalebs hqondaT sxvadasxva profesia,<br />

dakavebulni iyvnen vaWrobiT. mravali anatolieli qali romaelTa<br />

periodSi iyo mniSvnelovani monumenturi Zeglis mSeneblobis wamowyebis<br />

iniciatori, magaliTad monazoni modestas iniciativiT aSenda bevri<br />

Zegli.<br />

bizantiis periodis anatoliaSi qristianuli monoTeisturi<br />

religiis gavrcelebis Semdeg, religiur doqtrinebSi wminda<br />

RvTismSoblis kulti warmoCnda. bizantiis mmarTvelobis Sua wlebidan<br />

moyolebuli RvTismSoblis freskebi gaCnda saeklesio nagebobebSi, rac<br />

eklesiaSi yvelaze wminda adgils warmoadgenda.<br />

cnobili bizantieli dedoflebi xelovnebis msaxurnic iyvnen.<br />

magaliTad, konstantine didis deda elene, iustiniane I-is coli<br />

Teodora, imperatori qalebi zoe da airini bizantiis imperiis Sua<br />

xanebSi iyvnen ara mxolod Zalauflebis mqone politikuri pirebi, aramed<br />

mravali eklesiisa da socialuri institutis damaarseblebi.

---

9<br />

“bizantiis imperiis dros qalebi ar iyvnen Tanasworuflebianebi<br />

kanonis winaSe, magram samagierod qals pativsacemi adgili ekava saxlSi.<br />

garda amisa, maT sakuTari qonebis flobisa da marTvis uflebac<br />

hqondaT” (renda 2001).<br />

X saukunidan bizantiis imperiis mniSvnelovani teritoria Turq-<br />

selCukTa tomebma daikaves da Sesabamisad moxda Turqi qalis asimilacia<br />

iq arsebul kulturasTan.<br />

Turqebi Tavdapirvelad centralur aziaSi cxovrobdnen, magram<br />

gvalvis gamo maT nel-nela migracia daiwyes Crdilo-dasavleTiTa da<br />

kaspiis zRvis samxreTiT. adreul istoriaSi Turqi qali iTvleboda<br />

ojaxis momxibvlel wevrad, meuRlis aqtiur mxardamWerad, romelic<br />

Tavis qmarTan Tanasworuflebiani iyo. im drois Turqi qali iyo aqtiuri,<br />

rogorc ojaxur, ise sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.<br />

qalis uflebebi Tanaswori iyo mamakacis uflebebTan. qals<br />

damoukidebloba gaaCnda socialur sferoSic. mas SeeZlo yofiliyo<br />

mosamarTle, daekavebina nebismieri adgili umaRles saxelisuflebo<br />

wreSi. mas SeeZlo mamakacis msgavsad wasuliyo omSi, Tuki es saWiro<br />

gaxdeboda. roca mefe saomrad iyo wasuli, qveyanas misi coli marTavda.<br />

mefis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, qalebi iyvnen TavianTi<br />

arasrulwlovani Svilebis regentebi.<br />

“Turq xanebs hyavdaT colebi-xaTunebi, romlebic xanis gverdiT<br />

isxdnen raime socialuri wveulebis an oficialuri ceremoniis dros,<br />

rogoric iyo, magaliTad, ucxoeli elCebis stumroba” (mavitani 2001).<br />

TurqTa religia iyo Samanizmi, rac dafuZnebuli iyo qalis saRvTo<br />

Zalaze. imisaTvis, rom eCvenebinaT saswaulebi, Turqi Samanebi<br />

cdilobdnen qalis imitacia moexdinaT, amisaTvis isini izrdidnen Tmebs,<br />

icvamdnen grZel kabebs da nazad saubrobdnen, aseve iparsavdnen wver-<br />

ulvaSs. qorwineba Turqul tomebSi mniSvnelovani RonisZieba iyo,<br />

romelic didi zeimiT aRiniSneboda. mravalcolianoba tradiciad iyo<br />

qceuli, magram es ar vrceldeboda TurqTa umravles nawilze.<br />

qalebma Seasrules mniSvnelovani roli winaislamur Samanisturi<br />

sazogadoebis anatoliaSi. islamur periodSi centraluri aziis Turqi

---

10<br />

qalebi mamakacebTan erTad monawileobdnen religiur saqmianobaSi (houvi<br />

2000:22).<br />

Turq qals SeeZlo damoukideblad emarTa Tavisi uZravi da moZravi<br />

qoneba, Tu SevadarebT Turqul tomebSi da romis imperiaSi mcxovrebi<br />

qalis uflebebs, Cven bevr saerTos vipoviT.<br />

islamamdeli periodis Turq tomebSi qali iyo ojaxis ufrosi,<br />

bavSvebis aRmzrdeli, religiuri ceremoniebis xelmZRvaneli. qalebi<br />

aseve gvevlinebodnen mravali mamakacuri saqmis meTaurad. TurqebSi<br />

Samanizmis gavleniT absoluturad Tanaswori urTierTobebi arsebobda<br />

qalsa da mamakacs Soris, qalis roli sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi araTu<br />

Semcirda, aramed man upirvelesi adgili daikava (goqalfi 1998:145).<br />

qalis statusis Seswavlisas oRuz TurqTa sazogadoebaSi<br />

interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, Tu ganvixilavT XIV saukunis istorikosis<br />

fazlalah raSid-ad-dinis naSroms “matianeTa krebuli” (“jami aT-<br />

Tavarih”). am naSroms mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia Sua saukuneebis<br />

Turqul istoriografiaSi. masSi pirvelad aris asaxuli oRuzTa<br />

istoria msoflio konteqstSi, rac metyvelebs imaze, Tu raoden didi<br />

mniSvneloba eniWeboda raSid ad-dinis dros oRuzTa tomebs, rogorc<br />

wina aRmosavleTis TurqTa winaprebs. “oRuzTa istoriis” mTavari<br />

damaxasiaTebelia is faqti, rom is warmoadgens xalxuri<br />

zepirmetyvelebis asaxvas, sadac erTmaneTSia gadabmuli legenda da<br />

realoba. es saSualebas gvaZlevs, naSromi ganvixiloT ara mxolod<br />

rogorc folkloruli Zegli, aramed mniSvnelovani istoriuli wyaro.<br />

osmalTa legendaruli istoria, rogorc Turqi xalxis literaturuli<br />

Zegli, ganxilulia mravali mecnieris mier. Cvens mier ganxiluli<br />

fragmenti “jami aT-Tavarih”-idan msoflio istoriaSi cnobilia, rogorc<br />

“oRuz-name”. “oRuz-name” aris mniSvnelovani istoriuli wyaro ara<br />

mxolod Turqi xalxisTvis, aramed im qveynis xalxTaTvisac, sadac<br />

SeaRwies Turqulma tomebma.<br />

naSromidan irkveva, rom Tavisi qmris damjeri da erTguli coli<br />

saTanadod oyo pativcemuli. istorikosi mokled mimoixilavs oRuzis<br />

winaprebs da mis dabadebas: “Turqi istorikosebi iuwyebian, rom rodesac<br />

winaswarmetyvelma noem Tavis vaJiSvilebs dauriga miwebi, ufros Svils –

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11<br />

iafets (iafesi), wilad xvda aRmosavleTis qveynebi TurqestanTan erTad.<br />

iafeti iyo momTabare tomis mcxovrebi. misi zafxulis “ialaqi” da<br />

zamTris “qiSliqi” sacxovrisebi mdebareobda Turqestanis teritoriaze.<br />

mas eyola vaJi, romelsac erqva dib iavqu-xani. “dib” – niSnavs taxts,<br />

xolo “iavqu” – xalxis meTaurs. mas hyavda oTxi saxelovani vaJi:<br />

karaxani, orxani, qiurxani da qiuzxani. qaraxani gaxda taxtis memkvidre<br />

da SemdgomSi fadiSahi. qaraxans eyola vaJi. am bavSvma sami dRe-Ramis<br />

ganmavlobaSi ar miiRo dedis rZe. dedam xeli Caiqnia mis gadarCenaze.<br />

erT Rames mas esizmra, rom Tavisi bavSvi eubneba: “Tu gsurs, rom me<br />

movwovo Seni ZuZu, maSin aRiare RmerTi”. qali msgavs sizmars sami dRe<br />

xedavda. erTxelac aRmarTa xelebi cisken da RmerTs SesTxova daxmareba.<br />

oRuzmac maSinve miiRo dedis rZe. mcirewlovanma bavSvma piri daaRo da<br />

Tqva, rom is daibada bedis varskvlavze, amitom mas unda darqmeoda<br />

oRuzi” (raSid ad-dini 1987:26-27). Semdeg avtori exeba oRuzis daojaxebis<br />

faqts. man ori coli gamoicvala da Semdgom mesame moiyvana, radganac<br />

pirvelma orma colma ar irwmuna is RmerTi, romelsac Tavad oRuzi<br />

aRiarebda da romlis aRiarebiskenac mouwoda Tavis colebs, mesame<br />

colma dauyovnebliv gamoxata erTguleba da damorCilda, naSromSi<br />

vkiTxulobT: “ oRuzi mamam daniSna qiuzxanis qaliSvilze. gogo saxlSi<br />

moiyvana oRuzma da sTxova erwmuna RmerTi. gogonam ar irwmuna. oRuzma<br />

masTan siaxloveze uari ganacxada. aseve moxda meore colis (is iyo<br />

qiurxanis qaliSvili) SerTvisas. maSin mamam oRuzi daniSna mesame biZis<br />

orxanis qaliSvilze. mas oRuzma ganucxada: Tu Sen me damemorCilebi, me<br />

Sen colad mogiyvan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ki gageqcevi. gogonam<br />

upasuxa: - “me Seni nawili var da rac unda mibrZano, Sen dagemorCilebi<br />

da dagnebdebi. oRuzma es qali saxlSi miiyvana da uzomod Seiyvara.<br />

qalsac Zalian uyvarda Tavisi qmari” (raSid ad-dini 1987:28). aqedan<br />

gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom is qali, romelic morCili iyo<br />

Tavisi qmris, qmris mxridanac imsaxurebda sapasuxo pativiscemas. aqve<br />

yuradsaRebia erTi faqtic, rom qals Tavisufali gadawyvetilebis<br />

ufleba hqonda jer kidev oRuzur Turqul sazogadoebaSi, rasac naTlad<br />

vxedavT oRuzis pirveli ori colis magaliTze, romlebmac gabedes da<br />

winaaRmdegoba gauwies TavianT qmars da ar aRiares is RmerTi, romelic

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12<br />

maT qmarma ubrZana, es faqti maT oRuzis mamasTanac daafiqsires: “erT<br />

dRes oRuzis mamam moawyo wveuleba, sadac dapatiJa oRuzi Tavisi sami<br />

coliT. mamam hkiTxa Svils. Tu ratom uyvarda mas mesame coli ufro<br />

metad, miuxedavad imisa, rom pirveli ori coli Zalian lamazebi iyvnen?<br />

orive cols es kiTxva esiamovna da xma amoiRes: oRuzma Cven gvibrZana<br />

gverwmuna erTiani RmerTi, Cven ki vupasuxeT, rom aseT RmerTs Cven ar<br />

vicnobdiT, is ki gagvibrazda. mesame colma ki daujera da daemorCila<br />

mas. amitomac misdami oRuzi ufro keTilmosurne da mosiyvarulea”(raSid<br />

ad-dini 1987:28).<br />

islamis Semosvlamde qali damcirebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda.<br />

qalis cxovreba mosawyeni iyo da garkveuli ideologiebiTa da adaT-<br />

wesebiT savse. qali ganixileboda rogorc cxoveli. islamamde didi<br />

sircxvili iyo ojaxSi mdedrobiTi sqesis bavSvis dabadeba, romelsac<br />

xSirad dabadebisTanave cocxlad miwaSi marxavdnen, mizezad ki<br />

gaWirvebas asaxelebdnen. swored aseT periodSi gamoCnda mociquli<br />

muhamedi, romelmac miznad daisaxa yvela iqamde arsebuli msgavsi<br />

gaurkvevlobis gauqmeba da qalTaTvis sazogadoebrivi statusis<br />

gansazRvra da uflebebis miniWeba.<br />

islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg (Cv.w. me-7 s-Si) moxda qalis<br />

sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis mkveTri formulireba. islamma qalis<br />

statusi aamaRla dis, qaliSvilis, colis da dedis rangSi. maT uflebebi<br />

miiRes sxvadasxva sferoSi, rogoricaa memkvidreoba, qorwineba, ganTleba<br />

da sxva.<br />

pirveli mniSvnelovani ufleba ras islamma qals mianiWa iyo misi<br />

rogorc adamianis aRiareba, radganac islamamde qali miiCneoda rogorc<br />

araamqveyniuri arseba, romelic Seqmnili iyo mxolos Sromisa da<br />

sxvisadmi samsaxurisaTvis. islami miuTiTebs, rom qali da mamakaci erTi<br />

sxeulisagan Seiqmna, yuranSi weria:<br />

“(4:1) hoi xalxo! geSinodeT Tqveni uflisa, romelmac SegqmnaT<br />

Tqven erTi arsisgan. da Seqmna misgan wyviliscali misi, da gaamravla<br />

maTgan kacni da qalni. da geSinodeT allahisa, visiTac urTierTobT<br />

Tqven Soris, da naTesauri kavSirebisa. WeSmaritad, allahi<br />

Tvalismdevnelia Tqvenze” (silagaZe 2009b:27).

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13<br />

Semdegi mniSvnelovani aRiareba iyo qalisa da mamakacis<br />

Tanasworoba. islamSi qalsa da mamakacs Soris sxvaoba ar aris, qalica<br />

da mamakacic erTnairi uflebebiT sargeblobs. yuranSi weria:<br />

“qalis uflebebi msgavsia mamakacis uflebebisa” (yurani 1986:51).<br />

yurani roca miuTiTebs morwmuneebze, xSirad vxvdebiT aseT<br />

gamoTqmas: “morwmune mamakacebi da qalebi”, saidanac TvalnaTliv Cans<br />

qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworoba maT movaleobebSi, uflebebsa da sxva<br />

wyalobaSi. yuranSi weria:<br />

“35(35) WeSmaritad, muslimi kacebi da muslimi qalebi, morwmune<br />

kacebi da morwmune qalebi, morCili kacebi da morCili qalebi, marTali<br />

kacebi da marTali qalebi, momTmeni kacebi da momTmeni qalebi,<br />

RvTismoSiSi kacebi da RvTismoSiSi qalebi, mowyalebis gamRebi kacebi da<br />

mowyalebis gamRebi qalebi, momarxule kacebi da momarxule qalebi,<br />

TavianTi sarcxvenelTa damcavi kacebi da damcavi qalebi, alahis<br />

mravlad mxsenebeli qalebi ... swored maT gaumzada alahma patieba da<br />

didi saboZvari” (yurani 2006:277).<br />

yurani ambobs, rom qalebs, iseve rogorc mamakacebs, gaaCniaT suli<br />

da Tu isini keTili gziT ivlian, aucileblad moxvdebian samoTxeSi:<br />

“70 (70) SediT samoTxeSi Tqven da Tqveni mewyvileni, inetarebT”<br />

(yurani 2006:311).<br />

“vinc samarTliani cxovrebiT cxovrobs, iqneba es kaci Tu qali,<br />

Cven davuCqarebT gzas bednieri cxovrebisaken” (yurani 1986:229).<br />

islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg mniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda qalTa<br />

memkvidreobis sakiTxSi. Tumca islamamde qali ar iyo mTlianad<br />

CamoSorebuli memkvidreobas, misi wili mamakacebTan SedarebiT<br />

mniSvnelovnad dabali iyo. umetes SemTxvevaSi qalis wilis sakiTxi<br />

memkvidreobis miRebisas damokidebuli iyo mamakacis neba-survilze.<br />

islamis warmoSobam axali elementebi Seitana memkvidreobis sistemaSi da<br />

Sedegad yvela iqamde arsebuli gaugebroba moxsna.<br />

memkvidreobis ganawilebis sxva ZiriTad principebTan erTad<br />

mniSvnelovania erT-erTi wesi: mamrobiTi sqesis memkvidre (Tumca ara<br />

yovelTvis) iRebs wilis – orjer mets mdedrobiTi sqesis memkvidresTan

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14<br />

(gardacvlilTan) SedarebiT, erTi da igive naTesauri kavSiris dros<br />

(gelovani 2005:236):<br />

“(4:11) mcnebad gaZlevT allahi Tqveni Svilebis gamo: vaJs – ori<br />

qalis wilis zoma: da Tu arian qalebi, orze metni, maSin maT – ori<br />

mesamedi imisa, rac datova: da Tu erTi qalia, maSin – naxevari mas. da<br />

mis mSoblebs – TiToeuls meeqvsedi imisa, rac datova, Tuki Svili hyavs<br />

mas; da Tuki ara hyavs Svili da memkvidreebi mSoblebi arian, maSin dedas<br />

– mesamedi; xolo Tu Zmebi hyavs, maSin dedas – meeqvsedi mas Semdeg, rac<br />

gaicema misi naanderZevi an vali; Tqveni mSoblebi Tu Svilebi Tqveni –<br />

Tqven ar iciT, amaTgan romelni arian ufro sargeblianni TqvenTvis.<br />

dadgeniladaa allahisagan, - WeSmaritad, allahi yovlismcodne da<br />

brZenia” (silagaZe 2009b:29).<br />

qalebs:<br />

yurani Seagonebs im kacebs, romlebic amcireben an cudad epyrobian<br />

“(4:19) – hoi Tqven, romelTac iwameT! nebadarTuli ara gaqvT, ZaliT<br />

aiRoT memkvidreobaSi colebi. da nu dauSliT waiRon imis nawili, rac<br />

migiciaT maTTvis, garda – Tuki cxadi mruSoba Caidinon. keTilad<br />

moipyariT maT, xolo Tu SeiZuleT – iqneba Tqven gZuldeT rame, allahs<br />

ki didi sikeTe Caedos masSi “ (silagaZe 2009b:30).<br />

islamis winaswarmetyvelma Tqva: “qalebi arian mamakacebis tyupi<br />

naxevrebi”. yuranSi weria: “”isini samoselia Tqveni da Tqvena xarT<br />

samoseli maTi” (silagaZe 2009a:28).<br />

iseve rogorc samoseli faravs Cvens tans siSiSvlisagan, aseve<br />

qali da mamakaci SeuRlebis Semdeg icaven erTmaneTis ubiwoebas.<br />

samoseli tans aniWebs simyudroves, aseve qalica da mamakacic<br />

simyudroves pouloben erTad yofnisas.<br />

muhamedi qebiT avsebda saTno da ubiwo qalebs, is ambobda:<br />

“msoflio da yvelaferi am msoflioSi Zvirfasia, magram yvelaze<br />

Zvirfasi am qveyanaze aris saTno qali”. man erTxel aseTi rame uTxra<br />

momaval xalifa omars: “saWiroa Tu ara, rom gacnobo Tu ra SeiZleba<br />

iyos yvelaze Zvirfasi amqveynad, rac SeiZleba kacma moimaragos? es aris<br />

saTno coli, romelic qmars yovel Sexedvaze siamovnebas hgvris da<br />

romelic Tavis Tavs ganagebs, roca martoa” (Saqiri).

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15<br />

winaswarmetyveli agreTve ambobs:<br />

“yvelaze didi simdidre, rac kacs gaaCnia, aris rwmena, madlieri<br />

guli da morwmune coli, romelic mas exmareba rwmenaSi”. da kvlav:<br />

“msoflio, mTeli msoflio aris materia da am materiebs Soris<br />

saukeTeso aris saTno qali” (Saqiri).<br />

islamis Semosvlis Semdeg yuranis mixedviT nebadarTuli gaxda<br />

mamakacs hyoloda ori, sami an oTxi coli, (iqamde maT uricxvi<br />

raodenobiT SeeZloT hyolodaT colebi), xolo Tu is Tavis colebs<br />

erTnairad ar moepyroboda, maSin mas mxolod erTi colis yolis<br />

ufleba eniWeboda, Tumca es imas ar niSnavda rom yurani iwonebda<br />

mravalcolianobas, ubralod mravalcolianobis nebas rTavda muslims:<br />

“(4:3) xolo Tu SiSobT, rom samarTlianni ar iqnebiT oblebTn, maSin<br />

SeirTeT, vinc mogewonebaT, is qalebi, - ori, sami, oTxi; xolo Tu<br />

SiSobT, rom Tanasworad ver moepyariT, maSin – erTi, an isini, romelTac<br />

Tqveni marjvena dauflebia. es ufro axlos iqneba imasTan, rom gzas ar<br />

gadascdeT Tqven” (silagaZe 1999b:27). “TviTon muhamads alahma<br />

ganusazRvreli raodenobis colebis yolis neba darTo. muslim<br />

mkvlevarTa nawili Tvlis, rom muhamadma am suris gardmovlenamde<br />

moiyvana yvela coli. hadisebis mixedviT muhamads hyavda 14 coli. am<br />

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. Tumca yvela erTi azris<br />

aris imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom 9 coli iyo cocxali misi gardacvalebis<br />

Semdeg “ (gelovani 2005:103).<br />

islamamde mamakacs SeeZlo gahyroda Tavis colebs ramdenjerac<br />

surda. islamma SezRuda es ricxvi da mamakacs mieniWa ganqorwinebis<br />

mxolod ori ufleba. yuranis mixedviT gaqorwinebis survilis gamoTqma<br />

SeeZlo rogorc mamakacs, ise qals, es damokidebuli iyo imaze Tu “vis<br />

xelSi iyo kontraqti”. “da Tu gaeyrebodeT maT, vidre SeexebodeT, xolo<br />

valdebuleba ukve agiRiaT, maSin maT – naxevari imisa, rac ivaldebuleT,<br />

Tuki ar daTmes qalebma an ar daTmo iman, vis xelTac qorwinebis<br />

pirobaa: xolo Tu Tqven daTmobT, es ufro axloa RvTismoSiSobasTan. da<br />

madli ar daiviwyoT Tqven Soris, - WeSmaritad, xedavs allahi, rasaca<br />

iqmT, imas” (silagaZe 2009a:37).

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16<br />

mociquli mouwodebda muslimebs: “geSinodeT alahis qalTan<br />

mimarTebaSi”. “Tqvens Soris saukeTesoa is, vinc Tavis cols kargad<br />

eqceva”. “muslims ar unda ejavrebodes Tavisi coli da arc raime nakls<br />

unda xedavdes masSi, da Tu is am nakls xedavs, maSin man Tavis colSi<br />

kargis danaxvac unda SeZlos”. “rac ufro keTili da zrdilobiania<br />

muslimi Tavisi colis mimarT, miT ufro srulyofilia is Tavis<br />

rwmenaSi”. is agreTve mouwodebs morwmuneebs, rom kargad ganarCion<br />

morCilni da arapatiosani colebi, raTa umizezod ar dasajon isini:<br />

“ (4:34) da kacebi qalebs zemoT dganan imiT, riTac allahma erTni<br />

meoreze upiratesni hyo, da imiT, rasac TavianTi qonebidan gaiReben.<br />

xolo patiosani qalebi morCilni arian da damcvelni dafarulisa –<br />

imiT, riTac allahi icavs. da romelTa urCobasac SiSobdeT, im qalebs<br />

SeagoneT, mere miatoveT sarecelSi da cema agemeT; magram Tu morCilni<br />

gaxdnen, gzas nuRar eZebT maT winaaRmdeg. WeSmaritad, allahi maRali da<br />

didebulia” (silagaZe 2009b:32).<br />

mociquli muhamedi mouwodebs kacebs ukan ar waarTvan colebs is,<br />

rac maT Tavad aCuqes da rac maT ekuTvniT:<br />

“ (4:20) da Tu moisurvebT, erTi coli meore coliT SecvaloT, da<br />

Tunda kintari gqondeT micemuli misTvis, ukan ar waarTvaT araferi.<br />

nuTu waarTmevT rasme cru dabralebiT da cxadi codviT Tqven?”<br />

(silagaZe 2009b:30).<br />

qali, rogorc deda, did pativs imsaxurebs islamSi. muhamedi<br />

acxadebda, rom dedis ufleba umTavresi iyo. mag. erTi kaci misula<br />

alahis mociqulTan da ukiTxavs: “mociqulo, vin aris is adamiani, visac<br />

yvelaze meti ufleba aqvs Cemze?” man ki upasuxa: -”dedaSeni”. –Semdeg vin?<br />

– dedaSeni! –Semdeg vin? – dedaSeni! –Semdeg vin? –mamaSeni!” (al-buhari,<br />

sahih, 8/2).<br />

Turqi qalis Sesaxeb muslimur aRmosavleTSi saintereso azrs<br />

gamoTqvams Turqi istorikosi bahrie uCoki. misi azriT yuranis gamoCenis<br />

Semdeg aRiniSna didi gadatrialeba qalis socialur da uflebriv<br />

mdgomareobaSi muslimur aRmosavleTSi. Tumca qali muslimur samyaroSi<br />

ikavebs ufro dabal safexurs, vidre mamakaci, mainc misi mdgomareoba<br />

yvela mimarTulebiT umjobesia, vidre winamuslimur droSi. “winaislamur

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17<br />

epoqaSi qali ganixileboda, rogorc viRacis sakuTreba, islamis<br />

gavrcelebis Semdeg ki man moipova ufleba. amitom islamis ayvavebis<br />

xanaSi muslimur qveynebSi qals Tavisuflad da mSvidad SeeZlo<br />

daekavebina misTvis Sesaferisi Tanamdeboba” (uCoki 1982:19). muslimi<br />

qalebi, maT Soris Turqi qalebi, warmatebiT moRvaweobdnen mecnierebis,<br />

literaturis dargSi. isini faqtobrivad ar CamorCebodnen mamakacebs arc<br />

politikur arenaze. asrulebdnen saxelmwifo saqmeebs, iyvnen valiebi,<br />

naibebi (nacvlebi, regentebi) da Zlevamosili meufeni.<br />

qalis uflebebze saubrobs profesori m. meieric. Sua saukuneebis<br />

xanaSi mamakaci dakavebuli iyo miwaTmoqmedebiT, mecxoveleobiT. isini<br />

iyvnen mTavari mwarmoeblebi, arCendnen ojaxebs, zrunavdnen<br />

STamomavlobaze. amasTanave, mamakacs eqvemdebareboda qveynis ekonomikuri,<br />

politikuri, samxedro sistemebi. “patriarqaluri Sua saukuneebis qals<br />

ekava dabali, arasruflebiani mdgomareoba, magram es ar unda avurioT<br />

uuflebobaSi. qalis socialur statuss maRla ayenebda misi roli<br />

ojaxSi, qals ufleba hqonda sakuTrebaze, memkvidreobidan wilis<br />

miRebaze, sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanaze da sxv” (uCoki 1982:7).<br />

islamSi qalis idealis CamoyalibebaSi yuranTan, hadisebTan<br />

(gadmocema mociqul muhamadis sityvebis da saqcielis Sesaxeb), da<br />

muslimur samarTalTan erTad garkveuli roli Seasrula cnobili<br />

politikuri da religiuri moRvaweebis sxvadasxva rekomendaciam da<br />

miTiTebam (gelovani 2003:421). XI saukuneSi nizam al-mulqi, sultnebis<br />

ToRrul-begis (1037-1063), alf-arslanis (1063-1072) da meliq-Sahis (1072-1092)<br />

dros Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifos veziri Tavis politikur traqtatSi -<br />

“siaseT-nameSi” werda: “Tu ginda, rom qveyana ar daiqces, cols<br />

saxelmwifo saqmeebSi Carevis ufleba ar misce. Tu mbrZanebeli colis<br />

karnaxiT marTavs qveyanas, saxelmwifo zaraldeba, xalxi gansacdelSi<br />

vardeba, iwyeba qaosi, iflangeba xazina, zeimobs boroteba... cols<br />

mousmine, magram ar daujero” (nizam ul-mulqi 1999:53).<br />

nizam al-mulqis es sityvebi ganpirobebuli iyo Turqi qalis<br />

aqtiurobiT politikur arenaze Turq-selCukTa sazogadoebaSi. amis<br />

Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT istorikosi sadr ad-din al-huseinis naSromSi<br />

“cnobebi selCukTa saxelmwifoze, romelic iuwyeba selCukTa emirebsa da

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18<br />

mmarTvelebze”, rom TurqTa beladis – iabRus 2 coli yuradsaReb<br />

gafrTxilebebs aZlevda Tavis qmars, TurqTa beladi - iabRu gulSi<br />

malavda Tavis zizRs emiri – Toqaqis 3 mimarT, Tumca rodesac emiri<br />

selCuki – Toqaqis Ze gaizarda, iabRum mas jaris mmarTveloba gadasca<br />

da subaSis 4 tituli mianiWa. TurqTa beladis coli qmars yovelTvis<br />

axsenebda, rom frTxili yofiliyo emiri selCukis mimarT. is Tavis qmars<br />

mouwodebda: “mefobis wyaro ar iqneba SenTvis sufTa, sanam Sen ar<br />

moklav selCuks da Seni saxelmwifos dila ar gabrwyindeba sanam mas<br />

Wiqidan sikvdils ar daalevineb. is male gagaZevebs Seni dedaqalaqidan<br />

da ecdeba Sens mogudvas. es iyo naTqvami ise, rom selCukma gaigona da<br />

dainaxa. emirma Sekazma cxeni da Tavis cxenosnebTan da qveiTebTan erTad<br />

gaemarTa islamis qveyanaSi da gabednierda hanafituri islamis miRebiT”<br />

(sadr ad dini 1980:25). 5<br />

ojaxur mdgomareobasa da uflebebze dayrdnobiT muslim qals<br />

SeeZlo Seesrulebinda sakmaod aqtiuri roli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />

sxvadasxva sferoSi. amisi gamovlineba sxvadasxvagvari iyo sofelsa da<br />

qalaqSi. qalTa aqtiur mdgomareobas sazogadoebaSi gansazRvravda maTi<br />

qonebrivi mdgomareoba, ganaTlebis done, socialuri statusi. qalebi<br />

xSirad mimarTavdnen sasamarTlos, raTa esargeblaT TavianTi<br />

uflebebiT, mag. memkvidreobis miRebisas. qalebi gamodiodnen rogorc<br />

TavianTi Svilebis damcvelni, ise rogorc Tavdebebi. zogierTi qali<br />

flobda gansakuTrebul qonebas, fuls debda vaWrobaSi, mevaxSeobaSi,<br />

2 iabRu – umaRlesi xelisufalis tituli dasavleT TurqeTSi<br />

3 Toqaqi – selCukTa winapari tituli, am saxelis ramodenime variantma moaRwia<br />

Cvenamde.<br />

4 subaSi – samxedro meTauri, jaris mTavarsardali, arabuli eqvivalenti: ka’id<br />

al-jaSi.<br />

5 qvemoT (Tavi 6. valide sultani. qalTa mmarTveloba osmaleTis imperiaSi)<br />

visaubrebT Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifoSi cnobili regenti qalis, sultan<br />

maliq-Sahis (1072-1092) meuRlis da sultan mahmudis dedis Turqan-xaTunis<br />

Sesaxeb. am qalma SeZlo garkveuli brZolis gadalaxvis Semdeg Tavisi Svili<br />

mahmudi sultani 2gamxdariyo.

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19<br />

aarsebda meCeTebsa da sxva religiur da kulturul dawesebulebebs.<br />

Sesabamisad Sua saukuneebis TurqeTSi arsebobdnen mdidari qalebi.<br />

islamis evolucia gagrZelda qalis uflebebis mkveTri SezRudviT.<br />

Tumca es procesi erTbaSad ar momxdara. v.a. gordlevskis azriT,<br />

islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg XIII-XIV ss-Si Turqi qali jer kidev<br />

inarCunebda Tavisuflebas. adgilobrivi tradiciebi jer kidev ar iyo<br />

mospobili. “iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg<br />

Zalaufleba qalis xelSi gadadioda da is xdeboda ojaxis ufrosi.<br />

qalebi erTiandebodnen sazogadoebriv da religiur dajgufebebSi”<br />

(gordlevski 1962:16).<br />

istorikosi aSik faSazade mcire aziis mosaxleobaSi gamoarCevs<br />

“rumis bajebs” – mcire aziis debs. misi azriT, SesaZlebelia, termini<br />

baji niSnavda raRac seqtas, romelic axlos iyo beqTaSis ordenTan.<br />

mehmed koprulus azriT “baji” iyo qalTa samxedro gaerTianebebi.<br />

“bajiebis organizaciis” Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebi moipoveba<br />

Turqi istorikosi qalis – meral alTindalis naSromSi (alTindali<br />

1994:14).<br />

Turq-selCukTa xanaSi arsebobda vaWar-xelosanTa muslimuri<br />

amqaris wevrTa organizacia. am organizaciam axlad Seqmnil osmaleTis<br />

imperiaSi didi roli iTamaSa, kerZod murad 1-ma ianiCarTa korpusis<br />

daarsebis Semdeg (1362w.) am organizaciis wevrebi ianiCarTa korpusis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvana.<br />

anatoliis Turqizaciisa da islamizaciis periodisaTvis,<br />

anatoliaSi agreTve arsebobda vaWar xelosanTa muslimuri amqaris<br />

qalTa sazogadoebac. es anatolieli “bajiebis ordeni” iyo. maT jer<br />

kidev anatoliaSi selCukTa saxelmwifos arsebobis dros saxelmwifos<br />

marTva-gamgeblobaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules.<br />

mamakacTa muslimuri amqaris sazogadoebis damaarsebeli ahi evreni<br />

iyo. is filosofosi da 20-mde nawarmoebis avtori gaxldaT. igi yofili<br />

metyeve iyo, magram metad Zlieri da ganaTlebuli pirovneba. es<br />

organizacia TandaTanobiT gafarTovda da Camoyalibda “rumis bajebis<br />

ordeni.” “rumis bajebis ordenis” mTavari ganStoebebi Tavmoyrili iyo

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20<br />

qalaqebSi: kaiseri, konia da kirSehiri da am qalaqebis bajiebis<br />

organizaciis saxels atarebda” (alTindali 1994:14).<br />

islamis gavrcelebamde “rumis bajebis ordenis” qalebi iyvnen<br />

kargi cxenosnebi da mamakacebTan erTad monawileobas iRebdnen omebSi.<br />

Turq qalTa es organizacia Cabmuli iyo qveynis socialur cxovrebaSi<br />

da misi wevrebi amzadebdnen saomar tansacmelsac.<br />

“bajiebis ordenis” wevri qalebi mamakacebTan erTad monawileobas<br />

iRebdnen locvebisa da sxva RvTismsaxurebis dros. organizaciaSi<br />

misuli stumris gamaspinZleba da maTTvis Ramis TavSesafaris micema<br />

bajiebis movaleoba iyo.<br />

1243 wels monRolebma ToqaTi da sivasi daipyres da kaisers<br />

moadgnen. qalaqis dasacavad mimdinare 15 dRiani omis dros ahiebTan<br />

erTad omSi bajiebic ibrZodnen. omis Semdeg anatolia monRolebma<br />

daipyres, ahiebma da bajiebma TavianT sam qalaqSi arsebuli<br />

organizaciebi sofelSi gadaitanes.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom “rumis bajiebis ordenis” damaarsebeli<br />

gaxldaT fatma baji, romelic mamakacTa muslimuri amqaris<br />

organizaciis damaarseblis ahi evrenis coli iyo. fatma baji 1210 wels<br />

daibada. dedamisi tyveTa bazarze nayidi cudi yofaqcevis mona qali<br />

yofila. pataraobaSi metad mousvenari fatma, ganaTlebuli qali gaxda<br />

da religiuri seqtis meTauradac mogvevlina. fatma bajis mxarSi edga<br />

Tavisi da – amine xaTuni, romlebmac erTad didi wvlili Seitanes<br />

ordenis saqmianobaSi.<br />

“im periodis anatoliaSi aseve arsebobda “beqTaSis qalTa ordeni”,<br />

romelic did pativs scemda fatmas pirovnebas” (alTindali 1994:16).<br />

1228 wels fatma baji colad gahyva ahi evrens. 1240 wels misi qmari<br />

daiWires, xolo 1243 wels monRolebis mier kaiseris dapyrobis Semdeg<br />

datyvevebul mamakacebSi fatma bajic aRmoCnda. 17 wlis patimrobis<br />

Semdeg fatma baji gaaTavisufles. patimrobidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg<br />

man Tavis qmarTan erTad erTi weli icxovra, radganac male ahi evreni<br />

gardaicvala.<br />

fatma bajis mier daarsebuli organizacia faqtobrivad am<br />

droisaTvis aRar arsebobda. amasTanave is xvdeboda, rom mudmivi

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21<br />

meTvalyureobis qveS iyo da gadawyvita “beqTaSis” organizaciaSi<br />

Sesuliyo, sadac is didi pativiT miiRes da misma meTaurma haji beqTaSma<br />

mas qonebac misca. haji beqTaSis gardacvalebis Semdeg, fatma bajim mas<br />

mavzoleumi augo. fatma baji qirSehirSi dabinavda da iqve gardaicvala.<br />

aSik faSazadesa da ibn batutas mixedviT “bajiebis ordeni”, iseve<br />

rogorc ahielTa, anu mamakacebis ordeni, monRolebis mier anatoliis<br />

dapyrobisTanave daiSala.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom “bajiebis ordenis” paralelurad Turq-<br />

selCukTa saxelmwifoSi arsebobda “faqiregan”-is (“Fakiregan”), “bajiani-sa”<br />

(“Baciyan”) da “qalbatoni derviSebis” (“Hanim Dervisler”) ordenebi, magram<br />

amaTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani fatma bajis ordeni iyo” (alTindali 1994:<br />

17).<br />

aseTi iyo qalTa gaerTianeba – “bajiebis Oordeni”, romelic<br />

realurad warmoadgenda qalTa samxedro gaerTianebas, romlis wevri<br />

qalebic TiTqmis ar ganirCeodnen mamakacebisagan, aramed isini<br />

mamakacebTan erTad monawileobas iRebdnen samxedro operaciebSi,<br />

mamakacebTan erTad dadiodnen meCeTebSi, eweodnen saqvelmoqmedo<br />

saqmianobas. fatma bajis mier anatoliaSi daarsebuli “bajiebis ordenis”<br />

xsovna adamianTa mogonebebSi didxans SemorCa.<br />

amgvarad, Cven davinaxeT, rom XIII-XIV ss-Si anatoliaSi Turqi qali,<br />

islamis gavrcelebis miuxedavad, kidev inarCunebda Tavisuflebas. amis<br />

mTavar ganmapirobebel mizezs warmoadgenda is faqti, rom anatoliaSi<br />

jer kidev ar iyo mospobili qristianuli tradiciebi da amasTanave<br />

islamsac jer myarad ar hqonda gadgmuli fesvebi.<br />

afliakis mixedviT (XIVs.) mdidari qalebi ikribebodnen koniaSi<br />

didmoxele eminedin miqailis meuRlesTan. arabi istorikosis ibn-batutas<br />

mixedviTac XIV s-Si osmaleTSi ganagrZobda arsebobas Zveli tradiciebi.<br />

“ibn-batutam izniqSi aRmoaCina qali, romelic qalaqs marTavda qmris<br />

saxeliT. misi qmari ki iyo sultani orxani (1326-1359) ” (gordlevski<br />

1962:70). es qali iyo – nilufer xaTuni, warmoSobiT berZeni lordis<br />

Svili, romelic 1299 wels osman beim moitaca da colad SerTo Tavis 12<br />

wlis vaJs orhan beis. orhan bei Tavis cols yvelaferSi endoboda da

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22<br />

qveynis gareT yofnis dros saxelmwifos mmarTveladac tovebda (beiTsi<br />

1978:251).<br />

ibn-batutam imogzaura xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze q. alaieSi.<br />

mogzauri aRniSnavs, rom qalebi q. alaieSi Tavsaburavis gareSe<br />

dadiodnen, qalebma mogzaurs da mis Tanmxleb pirebs TavianTi xeliT<br />

gamomcxvari puri gaugzavnes. xolo roca mogzaurma datova qalaqi,<br />

qalebi tiriliT acilebdnen (ibn batuta 1963:123). aq sagulisxmoa erTi<br />

faqti, rom q. alaie aRmocenda yofili bizantiuri qalaqis kalonorosas<br />

adgilze, ase rom, aq Zlieri iyo qristianuli tradiciebi da amis gamo<br />

xSirad xdeboda islamis dogmebis darRveva.<br />

amrigad, Cven davinaxeT, Tu rogor yalibdeboda anatoliis<br />

teritoriaze qalis kulti. jer kidev zeda paleoliTis xanaSi qali<br />

aRiqves, rogorc nayofierebis simbolo. neoliTur periodSi dominirebda<br />

dedaRmerTis kulti. qalis kulti maRal safexurze Cans antikuri<br />

qveynebis kulturis Seswavlisas. ax. w. aR-mde me-4 aTaswleulis bolos,<br />

brinjaos xanaSi, mamakacis rolma sazogadoebaSi meti mniSvneloba<br />

moipova. Tumca qali kvlav darCa nayofierebis simbolod da deda-<br />

RmerTis kultic agrZelebda ayvavebas. meore aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi<br />

xeTebis imperiis (Zv. w. XVIIIs-dan XIIIs-mde) dros xeTur samarTalSi<br />

daculi iyo qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba. qals gaaCnda<br />

politikuri uflebebic. anatoliis berZnul sazogadoebaSi qalebi<br />

mniSvnelovani TavisuflebiT sargeblobdnen, gabatonebuli iyo<br />

monogamia. romaelTa xanaSi ki qalma ufro meti uflebebi moipova, vidre<br />

berZenTa mmarTvelobis dros hqondaT. qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg<br />

religiur doqtrinebSi wminda RvTismSoblis kulti warmoCnda.<br />

XI saukunidan Turq-selCukebma daipyres bizantiis imperiis<br />

mniSvnelovani teritoria da moxda Turqi qalis asimilacia iq arsebul<br />

kulturasTan. im dros Turqi qali aqtiuri iyo rogorc ojaxur, ise<br />

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. qals damoukidebloba gaaCnda socialur<br />

sferoSic. TurqTa religia iyo Samanizmi, rac dafuZnebuli iyo qalis<br />

saRvTo Zalaze. islamamdeli periodis Turqi qali iyo ojaxis ufrosi,<br />

bavSvebis aRmzrdeli, religiuri ceremoniebis xelmZRvaneli.

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23<br />

islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg osmaleTis imperiaSi moxda qalis<br />

uflebebis mkveTrad SezRudva imasTan SedarebiT ra uflebebic qals<br />

gaaCnda islamamde. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom yuranma garkveulwilad moxsna<br />

mravali gaugebroba, rac islamamde arsebobda qalTan mimarTebaSi da<br />

qalis uflebebi CarCoSi moaqcia. islamamde qalTaTvis raime saxis<br />

uflebis miniWeba damokidebuli iyo mamakacis calkeul<br />

gadawyvetilebaze. yuranSi ki moxda qalTaTvis am uflebebis miniWebis<br />

mkveTri formulireba.<br />

islamis evolucia ganviTarda qalis uflebebis mkveTri SezRudviT.<br />

islamis ganviTarebis Sedegad SeizRuda qalTa uflebebi.<br />

adgilobrivi Zveli tradiciebi Seicvala SariaTis moTxovnebis<br />

Sesabamisad. islamma TandaTanobiT qals CamoarTva is uflebebi,<br />

romlebic maT manamde gaaCndaT. male qali aRmoCnda damcirebul<br />

mdgomareobaSi mamakacTan SedarebiT. Semdgom kanonmdeblobebSi da zne-<br />

CveulebebSi ufro da ufro izRudeboda maTi uflebebi.

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24<br />

Tavi II<br />

1. selim I-is ~kanun-name~<br />

selim I-is sultnobis periodSi (1512-1520ww.) osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

ukve SariaTis mkacri kanonmdebloba moqmedebda. am periodSi Seiqmna<br />

sultan selim I-is “kanun-name”, anu samarTlis wigni.<br />

sultan selim I-is (1512-1520) kanun-names Sesaxeb XX saukunemde<br />

araferi iyo cnobili. naklebad iyo cnobili am sultnis sakanonmdeblo<br />

saqmianobis Sesaxebac. XX saukuneSi Turquli xelnawerebis Seswavlisas<br />

mikvleul iqna ori erTnairad dasaTaurebuli xelnawerisadmi, romelic<br />

ase ikiTxeboda: “sultan selimis kanonTa wigni, RmerTma naTelSi<br />

amyofos misi suli”.<br />

erTi xelnaweri iyo SifriT B 1882, gadaweris TariRiT 1564 weli,<br />

romelic axlosaa am kanonTa wignis Tavdapirvel Sedgenis TariRTan.<br />

meore xelnaweri, SifriT A 250, ar iyo daTariRebuli. am<br />

xelnaweris mixedviT naTeli xdeba kanun-names Semdgenlis saxeli,<br />

romelic aris niSanji jelal-zade (1567w.).<br />

qoja-niSanji jelal-zade Mmustafa Celebi (1567w.) iyo XVI saukunis<br />

osmaleTis imperiis gamoCenili istorikosi da kanonmdebeli. man Tavisi<br />

moRvaweoba sultan selim I-is karze daiwyo. is orjer iyo niSanjis 6<br />

Tanamdebobaze sultan suleiman kanunis (1520-1566) dros (1534-1557ww. da<br />

1566-1567ww.). aqedan gamomdinare udavoa, rom mas marTlac SeeZlo eTava<br />

selim I-is “kanun-name”-s Sedgena. selim I-is sultnobis periodze man<br />

calke istoriuli naSromic dawera, saxelad “wigni selimze”.<br />

selim I-is “kanun-name”-s Sedgenis Semdeg qoja-niSanji jelal-zadem<br />

gaagrZela sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba da daasrula suleiman kanunis (1520-<br />

1566) “kanun-name”-Ti.<br />

6 niSanji – saxelmwifo kancelariis meTauri, romlis valdebulebac iyo<br />

sultnis yvelanairi brZanebebisa da saxelwmifo aqtebis gaformeba.

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25<br />

selim I –is kanonTa wignis Sedgenis paralelurad mimdinareobda<br />

osmalTa kanonTa normebis damkvidreba imperiis provinciebSi: kaiseri,<br />

rumi, diarbeqiri da sxva, rac daTariRebulia 1516-1518 ww.<br />

selim I-is “kanun-name”-Si saubaria sasoflo-sameurneo da<br />

samoqalaqo gadasaxadebze, aRwerilia sxvadasxva saxis sabazro<br />

gadasaxadebi produqciis mixedviT. aRsaniSnavia rom selimis “kanun-name”<br />

nawilobriv aris misi mamis, baiazid II-is (1481-1512ww.) sakanonmdeblo<br />

saqmianobis gagrZeleba.<br />

Tu SevadarebT selim I-is “kanun-name”-s mehmed II (1444-1481 ww.)<br />

kanonTa kodeqss, aSkaraa, rom selim I-is dros mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi<br />

gatarda kanomdeblobaSi, feodaluri wyobilebis detalebi am kanun-<br />

nameSi ufro detalurad aris aRwerili. mag. glexTa mimagreba sifahTa<br />

miwaze, Timariotuli sistemis gamartiveba, “TavisufalTa”kategoriis<br />

Camoyalibeba.<br />

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saxelmwifos ZiriTadi principebis<br />

Camoyalibeba osmaleTis imperiaSi dasrulda selim I-is dros da<br />

sazogadoebaSi damkvidrda kanonmdebloba.<br />

aRniSnul “kanun-nameSi” saubaria qalzec. saintereso iqneba Tu<br />

mimovixilavT da davinaxavT Tu rogoria am periodSi qalis mdgomareoba<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi selim I-is “kanun-name”-s mixedviT.<br />

selim I-is kanunTa krebuli Sedgeba ramdenime punqtisagan. erT-erT<br />

maTganSi, romelic exeba gadasaxads qalis gaTxovebisas naTqvamia, rom<br />

qaliSvilis gaTxovebisas mama ixdida gadasaxads. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom<br />

gadasaxadi qaliSvilis gaTxovebisas iyo 60 axCa, qalis meored<br />

gaTxovebisas ki 40 axCa. erT-erTi sxva muxlidan irkveva isic, rom<br />

gadasaxads Tavis mxriv ixdida mamakacic xelaxla daqorwinebisas. anu<br />

“kanun-name”-s erT-erT muxlSi naTqvamia: “Tu vinme miscems ganqorwinebas,<br />

mas xelaxla daqorwineba SeuZlia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadaixdis<br />

saqorwino gadasaxads” (tveritinova 1969:31). am saqorwino gadasaxads<br />

ewodeboda “baSliqi”. visac SeuZlia gadaixados “baSliqi”, mas SeuZlia<br />

hyavdes bevri coli. amitom Zveli droidan TurqeTi iTvleba haramxanebis<br />

qveynad. “sultnis dros haramxanebi mxolod maRali Tanamdebobis mqone<br />

mdidar pirebs hqondaT. imisaTvis, rom hyoloda ramdenime coli, unda

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26<br />

kargad Seenaxa isini. amitom mdabioTa umravlesobas TiTqmis yovelTvis<br />

erTi coliHhyavda” (eremeevi 1968:100).<br />

yuranis mixedviT mamakacs ufleba hqonda hyoloda oTxi kanonieri<br />

coli. mamakaci valdebuli iyo TiToeuli colisaTvis mieca<br />

sacxovrebeli, mis Sesanaxad gadaexada yvela gadasaxadi. qals ufleba<br />

hqonda ecxovra gancalkevebul binaSi, sadac ar icxovrebdnen qmris<br />

ojaxis wevrebi, misi sxva colebi da Svilebi.<br />

gayrisaTvis aucilebeli iyo, rom mamakacs samjer gaemeorebina ori<br />

mowmis TandaswrebiT, rom mas ar surs Tavisi coli kvlav mis colad<br />

darCeniliyo. “qals ara Tu SeeZlo gamosuliyo ganqorwinebis<br />

iniciatorad, aramed mas ar SeeZlo arcerTi saqmis marTva saxlSi qmris<br />

Tanxmobis gareSe. meuRlis gardacvalebis Semdeg colebi qonebis 1/16-s<br />

an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi 1/8-s iRebdnen. qaliSvilebi ki, rogorc wesi, 2-jer<br />

ufro naklebs, vidre vaJebi” (poznanska 1974:125). 7<br />

selim I-is “kanun-name”-s mixedviT, is adamiani, romelic gabedavda<br />

gogos an qalisadmi Seuracxyofis miyenebas, sastikad isjeboda. “kanun-<br />

nameSi” vkiTxulobT: “vinc ZaliT an eSmakobiT Seipyrobs vinmes saxlSi<br />

gogos an biWs, da is vinc Seipyrobs qaliSvils an qals, unda iqnes<br />

dasaWurisebuli. Tu qals, an gogos ZaliT gaaTxoveben, damnaSaveebma<br />

maSinve unda gaaTavisuflon motacebuli da unda iqnen dasjilni. da Tu<br />

vinme daqorwinda (motacebul gogoze), maSin mas wveri unda moWran”<br />

(tveritinova 1969:32). igives amtkicebs Semdegi muxlebi: “Tu romelime<br />

adamiani qalis binaSi Seva, gauSlis mas Tmebs, gaxdis samoss, da amis<br />

Semdeg amxelen mas, is dasjili iqneba mkacrad, Casvamen cixeSi da<br />

miuyvanen sultans sasaxleSi” (tveritinova 1969:33). “da Tu vinme akocebs<br />

sxvis cols an qaliSvils, an miva mis saxlSi da ecdeba amas, maSin yadi<br />

mkacrad dasjis mas. TiToeuli joxis dartymaze aRebul iqnes jarima 1<br />

axCa” (tveritinova 1969:32).<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom selim I-is “kanun-name”-s mixedviT kanoni<br />

sxvadasxvagvarad moqmedebda qalebis mimarT. es, rogorc Cans,<br />

7 XX s-Si, kerZod 1926 wels, gauqmda poligamia da aseve damyarda qalisa da<br />

mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba.

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27<br />

damokidebuli iyo qalis socialur mdgomareobaze. qalis mruSobaSi<br />

mxilebis dros dabali wris qali ufro sastikad isjeboda, vidre<br />

maRali sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli qali. kanunTa wignSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

“rodesac moxdeba Cxubi qalebs Soris da isini erTmaneTs gawewaven, an<br />

sxva... Tu isini uweso qalebs ganekuTvnebian, maSin isini sastikad unda<br />

iqnen dasjilni, TiToeuli joxis dartymaze aRebul iqnes jarima 1 axCa,<br />

xolo Tu isini wesier qalebs ganekuTvnebian, maSin jarimas gadaixdian<br />

maTi qmrebi, 20 axCas” (tveritinova 1969:32). anu es ukanasknelni ar<br />

isjebian fizikuri sasjeliT, maTgan kanoni mxolod jarimis gadaxdiT<br />

kmayofildeba.<br />

yuranis mixedviT (sura, 2, 4 ...) ori mowme qalis Cveneba Tanabaria<br />

erTi mamakacis Cvenebisa. selim I-is kanunTa wignidan ki vrwmundebiT, rom<br />

qalis Cveneba iseTive angariSgasawevia, rogorc mamakacisa. erTi da igive<br />

danaSaulisaTvis kanoni erTnairad moqmedebs rogorc mamakacisaTvis, ise<br />

qalisaTvis. mag.: “Tu mamakaci ityvis qalze, rom masTan erTad imruSa da<br />

qali uaryofs, qalma unda dados fici, mamakaci ki unda daisajos da<br />

TiToeuli 2 joxis dartymaze aRebul iqnes jarima 2 axCa” (tveritinova<br />

1969:32). aseTive kanoni moqmedebs qalze: “Tu qali an qaliSvili mamakacs<br />

daadanaSaulebs cud yofaqcevaSi, kaci ki amas uaryofs, maSin qalis<br />

sityvebs ar unda mieqces yuradReba. mamakacma unda dados fici mowmis<br />

dauswreblad, qali an qaliSvili ki unda daisajos 2 joxis dakvriT, an<br />

aRebul iqnes jarima 1 axCa” (tveritinova 1969:32).<br />

selim I-is “kanun-name” naTel suraTs warmogvidgens qalis<br />

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb memkvidreobis miRebisas. mamis gardacvalebis<br />

Semdeg memkvidreoba mTlianad vaJiSvilze gadadioda. kanunTa wignSi<br />

vkiTxulobT: “Tu gardacvlil raiaTs 8 darCeba vaJiSvili an qaliSvili<br />

da oriveni moiTxoven: es miwa mamaCemisaa: - sifahis (feodali) ekrZaleba<br />

gadasces miwa qaliSvils, da arc man unda gadasces” (tveritinova<br />

1969:47). Tu mamas vaJi ar darCeba, maSin miwa qaliSvils gadaecema: “Tu<br />

gardacvlils ar darCeba vaJi da mxolod qaliSvili, maSin aris aseTi<br />

brZaneba, rom Tu qaliSvili miwas moiTxovs, maSin mas kanoniT miwa unda<br />

8 raiaTi iyo glexis saerTo aRmniSvneli aRmosavleTis qveynebSi

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28<br />

gadaeces” (tveritinova 1969:47). “iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac miwa qaliSvils<br />

gadaecemoda Tafus 9 safuZvelze. 1573-74 wlis gurjistanis kanun-nameSi<br />

naTqvamia: gardacvlil reias Svili ar hyavs da mas qali rCeba, es miwa<br />

sxvas ar miecema, qals gadaecema Tafus wesiT” (svaniZe 1999b:102).<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom osmaleTis mraval kanun-nameSi pirdapir iyo<br />

naTqvami, rom Tu gardacvlil raiaTs vaJi ar darCeboda, sifahis<br />

akrZaluli hqonda miwis nakveTi gadaeca qaliSvilze da es miwa Tafus<br />

safuZvelze sxvas miecemoda.<br />

saintereso iqneba movaxdinoT Sedareba da vnaxoT, Tu ra<br />

mdgomareobaa am mxriv me-20 saukunis, anu reformebis Semdgomi periodis<br />

TurqeTis soflebSi. “ankaris vilaieTis soflebSi gardacvlili ojaxis<br />

ufrosis coli iRebs qmris memkvidreobis 1/4-s, vaJiSvilebi qonebas<br />

Tanabrad iReben, QqaliSvilebs aZleven qonebis im nawils, romelsac<br />

marTebulad miiCneven, es nawili yovelTvis naklebia vaJiSvilebis<br />

wilTan SedarebiT. qaliSvili Tu ar daTanxmdeba am wils, mas ufleba<br />

aqvs raionul sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanisa, Tumca mas es<br />

SesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia, radgan mas ara aqvs Sesabamisi Zala da<br />

ganaTleba” (serebriakova 1979:32).<br />

selim I-is “kanun-name”-s mixedviT qals ar gadaecemoda upatronod<br />

darCenili miwa. miuxedavad imisa, rom is pirobas iZleoda, rom<br />

gadaixdida yvela gadasaxads: “Tu miwa darCeba upatronod da mas<br />

moiTxovs qali, romelic ganacxadebs, rom is gadaixdis miwis yvela<br />

gadasaxads, ar aris fadiSahis brZaneba, rom miwa miiRos qalma”<br />

(tveritinova 1969:47). sainteresoa is faqtic, rom TviT selim I-is “kanun-<br />

name”-Si vxvdebiT erT-erT iseT muxls, sadac aSkara aRiarebaa imisa, rom<br />

qalma SesaZlebelia Seasrulos mamakacis saqme, movaleoba, anu qali<br />

gautoldes mamakacs Tavisi SesaZleblobebiT. mag. erT-erTi muxlis<br />

gagrZelebaSi vkiTxulobT: “magram Tu qalma raRaca saSualebebiT miiRo<br />

miwa, uZRveba CifTs da ixdis gadasaxads (uSrs) da sifahis gadasaxads,<br />

maSin ar unda CaverioT da vilaparakoT, rom qali ar SeiZleba dadges<br />

9 Tafu - miwis nakveTiT sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxadi, aseve feodaluri<br />

damokidebulebis piroba

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29<br />

mamakacis adgilas da sifahimac ar unda waarTvas mas es miwa”<br />

(tveritinova 1969:47). ase aRiarebda sultani selim I qalis<br />

SesaZleblobebs, qalis mier sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis marTvis unars.<br />

selim I-is sultnobis periodSi osmaleTis imperiaSi gavrcelebuli<br />

iyo SariaTis mkacri kanonmdebloba, romelic sastikad ilaSqrebda<br />

qalis winaaRmdeg, zRudavda mis uflebebs, arTmevda mas sazogadoebriv<br />

saqmianobaSi monawileobis saSualebas. Tu Cven am gadmosaxedidan<br />

SevxedavT selim I-is “kanun-name”-s, davinaxavT, rom im droisaTvis es<br />

kanonTa krebuli metad progresuli, win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo<br />

osmaleTis istoriaSi. sultanma selim I-ma Tavis “kanun-name”-Si dagvanaxa,<br />

rom ar SeiZleba qals mTlianad CamoerTvas uflebebi da iqces uuflebo<br />

arsebad, piriqiT garkveul doneze man aRiara qalis uflebebi, misi<br />

SesaZleblobebi, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis marTvis unari da<br />

gansakuTrebul SemTxevvaSi qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobac.

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30<br />

2.Ppoeti qalebi osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

poezia osmaleTis imperiaSi ara mxolod mamakacebis, aramed<br />

qalebis gatacebac iyo. qalebi werdnen metad STambeWdav leqsebs. XV<br />

saukunidan moyolebuli XX saukunemde osmaleTis imperiaSi qalebis mier<br />

Seqmnili mniSvnelovani poeturi memkvidreoba Rirseul konkurencias<br />

uwevs mamakacTa Semoqmedebas da TvalsaCino adgilic daimkvidra Turqul<br />

poeziaSi.<br />

poeturi niWis mqone qali unda yofiliyo ufro iRbliani da<br />

organizatoruli talantis mqone, vidre mamakaci, Tu mas realurad<br />

surda Tavisi talantis gamovlena da ganviTareba. amisi mTavari piroba<br />

sparsuli enis Seswavla iyo, rac SemdgomSi axlo aRmosavleTis<br />

lirikuli poeziis klasikis Semecnebas gauadvilebda. aseTi ganaTleba<br />

nebismieri SeZlebuli axalgazrda mamakacis codnis Semadgeneli nawili<br />

iyo, magram amas qalTagan mxolod TiToeuli Tu axerxebda. ufro metic,<br />

WeSmarit poets wakiTxuli unda hqonoda Tanamedrove poetTa Sromebi. Tu<br />

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom es yvelaferi ar moipoveboda dabeWdili formiT,<br />

qals uxdeboda am informaciis mopoveba xelnaweris saxiT da gzis<br />

gakvleva poetTa sazogadoebaSi. yovelive es, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />

Tanamedrove poetebTan urTierToba, metad rTuli da mxolod maRali<br />

socialuri wris qalTa xvedri iyo.<br />

selim I-is taxtze asvlisas TurqeTSi farTod iyo cnobili poeti<br />

qalis mihri-xaTunis saxeli. is daibada 1456 wels da gardaicvala 1516<br />

wels. warmoSobiT iyo amasiidan, babi ilias, babidebis ajanyebis erT-<br />

erTi lideris STamomavali, TeologTa da ganaTlebul derviSTa<br />

ojaxidan, sadac literaturuli aqtivoba miRebuli tradicia iyo.<br />

mamamisi amasiis yadi iyo. mihri xaTuni iRbliani aRmoCnda, radganac mas<br />

mieca SesaZlebloba urTieroba hqonoda literatul sazogadoebasTan,<br />

romelic Camoayaliba ufliswulma ahmedim (1465-1513) amasiaSi. baiazid II-<br />

is (1481-1512) vaJma Tavis garSemo Semoikriba saxelovani literatorebi,<br />

romlebic agreTve ganTqmulni iyvnen stambolSic. Tavdapirvelad mihri-<br />

xaTunisTvis dedaqalaqi miuRweveli aRmoCnda, xolo misi poezia

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31<br />

faqtobrivad iyo pasuxi misi kolegisa da konkurentis – poet nejaTis<br />

Semoqmedebaze. mihri, Tavis mxriv, acxadebda rom mas misi mamakaci<br />

kolegebi seriozulad ar aRiqvamdnen da is cdilobda niWieri qalis<br />

dacvas (izi 1985: 229-30).<br />

mravali winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad mihri-xaTunma mainc moaxerxa<br />

Tavis damkvidreba. misi cxovrebis bolo wlebSi misi saxeli iyo im<br />

literaturul pirTa siaSi, romlebic daajildova sultanma baiazid II<br />

(1481-1512). savaraudod nawilobriv mis popularobas dedaqalaqSi xeli<br />

Seuwyo misma megobrobam ufliswul ahmedTan (erunsali 1977-79: 213-22).<br />

im dros marTlac iSviaTi movlena iyo qalisaTvis ganaTlebis<br />

miReba. mihrim es mamamisis wyalobiT moaxerxa. maSin, rodesac islami<br />

qals CarSafSi axvevda da uketavda mas gzas sazogadoebrivi<br />

cxovrebisaken, rodesac osmaleTSi SariaTis mkacri kanonmdebloba<br />

moqmedebda, mihri-xaTunma Tavis SemoqmedebaSi (leqsTa krebuli “divani”)<br />

umRera siyvaruls, romelic, misi azriT, cxovrebas azrs aniWebs. poeti<br />

qali werda aseve muslimi qalis mdgomareobaze, “romelic Tavis<br />

cxovrebas jer mSoblebis saxlis kedlebSi atarebda, xolo Semdeg ki<br />

qmris saxlSi. mas ar hqonda ufleba gadaewyvita Tavisi bedi” (mihri-<br />

xaTuni 1967:28).<br />

mihri-xaTuns gaaCnda farTo msoflmxedveloba. mas hqonda mravali<br />

sasiyvarulo istoria, mis silamazeze legendebi dadioda. is ar<br />

erideboda Tavisi Tayvanismcemlebis saxelebis dasaxelebas Tavis<br />

poeziaSi. yvela misi biografi gvamcnobs, rom misi yvela siyvaruli<br />

darCa platonuri. naTelia, rom poeti yovelTvis mkacrad icavda<br />

moralsa da etikets (faroqhi 2007:117).<br />

mihri xaTunis dasrulebuli poemebidan aRsaniSnavia “Razali”<br />

(“lirikuli oda”), sadac naxseneb aleqsandres nacvlad is gulisxmobda<br />

Tavis Seyvarebuls – esqenders. is aRiarebda srul Tavisuflebas qalsa<br />

da mamakacs Soris. amasTanave protests ucxadebda qalis mimarT<br />

Tanamedrove muslimuri sazogadoebis Sexedulebas, romelic ganixilavda<br />

qals, rogorc gaunaTlebel arsebas, SezRuduls sakuTar azrebsa da<br />

grZnobebSi. mihri ambobda: “erTi Rirseuli qali umjobesia, vidre aTasi

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32<br />

uRirsi mamakaci, erTi saRi azrovnebis qali umjobesia, vidre aTasi<br />

uwignuri mamakaci” (mihri-xaTuni 1967:75).<br />

sainteresoa nawyveti evlia Celebis mogzaurobidan q. amasiaSi, man<br />

moinaxula poeti qalis saflavi da aRniSna: “is iyo umwikvlo qali, man<br />

zepirad Seiswavla 70 tomi didaqtikuri literaturisa ... misi sityvebi<br />

aris iseTive wminda, rogorc Zvirfasi qvis wyali, is aris avtori<br />

silabikuri (marcvlovani) leqsTa krebulisa – “divani”, gamoCenili,<br />

originaluri azrovnebis warCinebuli poeti qali” (feCevi 1983:75).<br />

qalis uuflebo mdgomareoba aisaxa Turqul folklorSi: “qalebs<br />

Tmebi grZeli aqvT, Wkua ki mokle,” “40 welSi erTxel SeiZleba mousmino<br />

qalis rCevas,” “ qali mamakacis gareSe igivea, rac cxeni avSaris gareSe,”<br />

“rasac qali Seexeba, iq keTildReoba qreba” da sxva.<br />

zemoT moxseniebuli poeti qalis mihri-xaTunis garda osmaleTis<br />

imperiaSi iyvnen sxva poeti qalebic.<br />

osmalo poet qalTagan aRsaniSnavia zeinabi, romelic XV saukuneSi<br />

moRvaweobda da 1474 wels gardaicvala. igi iyo metad ganaTlebuli<br />

qali. Turquli enis garda is flobda arabul da sparsul enebs,<br />

Sesabamisad man bevri leqsi sparsul enazec dawera. Cvenamde misma<br />

mxolod ramodenime leqsma moaRwia. amisi mizezi misi qmari gaxldaT,<br />

romelic cdilobda Tavisi coli sazogadoebrivi wridan moekveTa da<br />

CamoSoreboda mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenel kolegebs. misi qmari<br />

agreTve cdilobda zeinabisaTvis leqsebis werac ki aekrZala. es pirveli<br />

osmalo poeti qali agreTve brwyinvale musikosi iyo.<br />

zeinabis leqsebi asaxavs im periodSi arsebul mamakacTa<br />

dominirebul mdgomareobas, rac qalebs aiZulebda mamakacTa mier<br />

damkvidrebuli normebiT ecxovraT.<br />

poeziiT iyo agreTve dakavebuli sultan suleiman brwyinvalis<br />

coli roksolanac. suleimani, romelic aris daaxloebiT 3000 leqsis<br />

avtori, xSirad ugzavnida Tavis cols roksolanas werilebs<br />

sasiyvarulo leqsebis saxiT, roksolanac mas leqsebiTve pasuxobda<br />

(goCeqi 2003: 75).

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33<br />

XVIII saukunis saxelovani poeti qali iyo hubi xaTuni, Tumca is<br />

ufro cnobilia, rogorc fiTnaTi, romlis namdvili saxelic aris<br />

zubeide (gardaicvala 1780). fiTnaTi cxovrobda stambolSi, mas axlo<br />

kavSiri hqonda or Seix ul islamTan - esad effendi iyo misi mama da<br />

Serif efendi misi Zma. orives didi interesi gaaCnda literaturisadmi<br />

(faroqhi 2003b:159).<br />

hubi xaTunim ganaTleba miiRo iqamde, vidre datovebda mamis<br />

saxls. mis biografiaSi vkiTxulobT, rom misi qmari iyo Seix-ul-islam<br />

feuzullahis (mokles 1703 wels) STamomavali da cnobili iyo Tavisi<br />

uWkuobiT. literaturuli moRvaweobis garda, fiTnaTi, cnobili iyo<br />

maxvili gonebiTa da enamoswrebulobiT, swored aman gaxada is<br />

popularuli. misi saxeli figurirebs anegdotebis SemgrovebelTa siaSic.<br />

am dialogebSi fiTnaTi da sxva mamakaci literatorebi ar eridebodnen<br />

erTmaneTisTvis poeturi miniSnebebis da ufro metic erotikuli<br />

miniSnebebis gakeTebas. Tumca mravali am monaTxrobidan Znelad<br />

sarwmunoa.<br />

gamorCeuli Turqi poeti qali iyo leila hanimi, romelic 1847<br />

wels gardaicvala. misma qorwinebam erT kviras gastana. bevri misi<br />

sasiyvarulo leqsi qalTa mimarT iyo dawerili. leila hanimic<br />

Tavisufal cxovrebas misdevda. mas xSirad “bulbulsac” eZaxdnen. is<br />

cnobili iyo leqsebis eqspromtad Seqmnis ostatobiT. misi gabeduli<br />

leqsebi imdroindeli moralis msaxurTa aRSfoTebasac iwvevda. man<br />

datova leqsTa krebuli, romelic imdroindeli stambolis maRali<br />

sazogadoebis garTobas asaxavda (faroqhi 2003b:159)<br />

XIX-XX saukuneebis cnobili poeti da novelisti qalebi iyvnen:<br />

nigar hanim binT osmani (1862-1918), romelic iyo bulgareli oficris<br />

qaliSvili, man datova bulgareTi 1848 wlis revoluciis damarcxebis<br />

Semdeg da Tavi osmaleTis imperias Seafara, aq man miiRo islami da<br />

ganaTleba (renda 1993:248). aseve fatma alie (1862-1936), romlis rogorc<br />

mwerlis kariera osmaleTis imperiis arsebobis bolo dekadaSi Sedga. is<br />

iyo didveziris ahmed jevdeT faSas qaliSvili. ahmed faSa cnobili iyo<br />

konservatoruli politikiT, magram Svilebis ganaTlebis sakiTxs<br />

sxvagvarad miudga da roca dainaxa, rom misi qaliSvili fatma alie iyo

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34<br />

sakmaod niWieri, mas saTanado ganaTleba miaRebina, raTa masSi<br />

samwerlobo kariera ganeviTarebina. fatma alis novelebi asaxaven XIX<br />

saukunis miwurilsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi stambolis maRali<br />

klasis cxovrebas (faroqhi 2003b:159).<br />

amrigad, XV-XX saukuneebSi osmaleTis imperiaSi moRvawe poeti<br />

qalebis Seqmnili mniSvnelovani poeturi memkvidreoba Rirseul<br />

konkurencias uwevs mamakacTa Semoqmedebas da TvalsaCino adgili<br />

daimkvidra Turqul poeziaSi.<br />

poet qalTagan gamorCeuli iyo mihri-xaTuni (1516). maSin, rodesac<br />

islami qals CarSafSi axvevda da osmaleTis imperiaSi SariaTis mkacri<br />

kanonmdebloba moqmedebda, mihri-xaTunma Tavis SemoqmedebaSi umRera<br />

siyvaruls, aRwera muslimi qalis mdgomareoba, romelic faqtobrivad<br />

uuflebo iyo.<br />

XV saukunis cnobili poeti qali iyo zeinabi (1474), romelic<br />

Turquli enis garda flobda arabul da sparsul enebs. man Tavis<br />

SemoqmedebaSi asaxa mamakacTa dominirebuli mdgomareoba.<br />

XVIII saukunis saxelovani poeti iyo fiTnaTi (hubi xaTuni (1780).<br />

XIX saukuneSi leila hanimi, igive “bulbuli” da sxvani.<br />

qvela zemoT CamoTvlili poeti qalis arseboba safuZvels<br />

gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom qalebma metad rTul viTarebaSi mainc SeZles<br />

TavianTi Tavis damkvidreba. davinaxeT, rom maT didi wvlili Seitanes<br />

osmaleTis imperiis literaturis istoriaSi, kerZod ki poeziaSi, da amiT<br />

mniSvnelovani adgili daimkvidres Turqul poeziaSi.

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35<br />

3. haremi da misi ierarqia osmaleTis imperiaSi.<br />

sityva haremi momdinareobs arabuli sityvisagan “haram” da niSnavs<br />

akrZaluls, daculs, wmindas (kucia 1999b:232). haremi aris saxlis<br />

gancalkevebuli nawili, sadac cxovroben qalebi, bavSvebi da maTi<br />

mosamsaxureebi. haremSi cxovroben agreTve colebic. haremi aris<br />

“bednierebis saxli”, adgili, sadac qalebi arian gancalkevebuli da<br />

xelSeuxebelni yvelasagan garda im erTi mamakacisa, romelic marTavs<br />

maT cxovrebas (krutie 1989:17).<br />

haremi arsebobda aziuri samyaros sxvadasxva mxareSi da cnobili<br />

iyo sxvadasxva saxeliT, magram yvelaze ganviTarebuli es iyo osmaleTis<br />

imperiis did seraglioSi.<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi TiTqmis 4 saukunis manZilze sultnis sasaxle<br />

– Tofkafi Sedgeboda sami nawilisagan: enderuni, biruni da haremi.<br />

Tofkafis sasaxlis ezoSi sami didi karibWe iyo: “bab-i hiumaiuni,<br />

babusalami da babusaade, aseve 4 kari. sasaxlis mTliani teritoria 700<br />

000 m2-s Seadgenda da samive mxridan zRva ekra. Tofkafis sasaxles gars<br />

ertya kedeli sigrZiT 1400 metri. sasaxleSi moxvedra ramdenime karis<br />

gavliT iyo SesaZlebeli, maTgan yvelaze mTavari kari bab-i hiumaiuni<br />

iyo, romelic aia sofias mxares gamodioda” (ixsanoglu 2006:112).<br />

Tofkafis sasaxlis marcxena nawilSi iyo ganlagebuli haremi.<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi sultnis samefo kari ori nawilisagan<br />

Sedgeboda – sagareo da saSinao. sagareo moicavda sultnis moxeleebs,<br />

xolo saSinao - sultnis ojaxis qalebisa da bavSvebis samyofels,<br />

romelsac ewodeboda haremi (haramxana).<br />

sultnis sasaxlis sagareo kars ganagebda TeTri saWurisebis<br />

ufrosi kafu aRasi (kafuji baSi). igi iyo Suamavali sultansa da gare<br />

samyaros Soris (svaniZe 1999b:184). sasaxleSi maTi raodenoba 300-dan 900<br />

kacamde iyo da aranairi kontaqti ar hqondaT haremis qalebTan (buraqi<br />

1996–2008). sultnis sasaxlis saSinao kars da harems Savi saWurisebis<br />

meTauri “kizlar aRasi” (qaliSvilebis batoni) meTaurobda. mas aseve<br />

“babusaadeT-aRasi”-s eZaxdnen (hameri 1992:85; aqgunduzi 2000:278).

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36<br />

TanamdebobiT “kizlar aRasi” didvezirisa da Saix-ul-islamis 10 Semdeg<br />

modioda (aqgunduzi 2000:278). mis xelT iyo didi politikuri Zalaufleba.<br />

is metad daaxloebuli iyo sultnis dedasTan da colebTan da agreTve<br />

warmoadgenda damakavSirebel rgols sultansa da mis dedas Soris. misi<br />

Tanamdeboba utoldeboda didveziris Tanamdebobas. Savi saWurisebis<br />

meTauri xelmZRvanelobda haramxanis msaxurTa saqmianobas, axdenda<br />

sultnis mxevlebis SerCevas. saWurisebi yofili monebi iyvnen. maTgan<br />

yvelaze maxinjebi yvelaze Zvirad fasobdnen.<br />

Turqi istorikosebi TeTri saWurisebis dasaqmebis TariRad<br />

miiCneven XV saukunes mehmed I-isa (1413-1421) da Mmurad II-is (1421-1451)<br />

epoqas. Savi saWurisebis instituti ki daarsda daaxl. 1475 wels<br />

suleiman brwyinvalis dros. misi colis – roksolanas piradi mcvelebis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen rogorc TeTri, ise Savi saWurisebi, xolo haremis<br />

Zveli sasaxlidan axal sasaxleSi gadasvlis Semdeg, daaxl. 1541 wels,<br />

mkacrad damkvidrda saWurisebis instituti (penzeri 2005:134).<br />

haremis struqtura ierarqiuli iyo. es struqtura Camoyalibda<br />

islamisa da saxelmwifos moTxovnilebaTa gavleniT. aq xom taxtis<br />

memkvidre izrdeboda. haremSi upiratesoba eniWeboda im mxevlebs,<br />

romelTac vaJebi Sobes. muslim mamakacebs ekrZalebodaT erTmaneTis<br />

naTesavi mxevlebis yola. Tu mxevals saWuriss da monas miuCendnen, es<br />

haremis ierarqiaSi erTi safexuriT awevas niSnavda (gelovani 2005:201).<br />

haremis qalTa umravlesoba warmoSobiT qristiani iyo, isini iyvnen<br />

yvelaze lamazi qalebi osmaleTis imperiaSi. axalgazrda gogonebs<br />

sultnis sasaxleSi agzavnidnen, rogorc sultnisadmi miZRvnil saCuqars.<br />

haramxanis qalTa umravlesobas Seadgendnen Cerqezi, qarTveli, afxazi,<br />

slavi da sxva warmoSobis mona da tyve qalebi. qarTveli qalebi<br />

ganTqmulni iyvenen silamaziT. monebiT datvirTuli navebi xSirad<br />

kveTdnen Sav zRvas. 8 wlis Cerqezi qali, 10 wlis abisinieli qali, 5<br />

10 Saix-ul-islami (“islamis uxucesi”) - sapatio tituli, romelic X saukunidan<br />

eZleodaT calkeul gamoCenil fakihebsa da sufiebs. XII-XVIII ss-Si Saix-ul-<br />

islamis instituti farTod iyo gavrcelebuli egvipteSi, siriaSi, iranSi,<br />

TurqeTSi, Sua aziaSi, yirimSi, volgiispireTsa da kavkasiaSi. es tituli<br />

eniWeboda cnobil RvTismetyvelebs da religiur moRvaweebs (kucia 1999a:208).

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37<br />

wlis Cerqezi gogona, 15-16 wlis Cerqezi qali, 12 wlis qarTveli gogona,<br />

saSualo simaRlis zangi mona, 17 wlis zangi mona Rirda daaxl. 1000-2000<br />

yuruSi. im dros, roca cxeni Rirda 5000 yuruSi (krutie 1989:30). Cerqezi<br />

qalebi ganTqmulni iyvnen sinaziT. mravalma maTganma did warmatebas<br />

miaRwia haremSi da dawinaurdnen haremis iararqiis safexurze. stambolis<br />

monaTa bazarze didi moTxovna iyo Cerqez, abisiniel da qarTvel<br />

qalebze (valCi 1970:46-49).<br />

monა-qalebs ZiriTadad yidulobdnen monaTa bazarze. am faqts<br />

adasturebs avstriis mefe ferdinandis elCi oJie jiselin de busbeqi,<br />

romelmac osmaleTis imperiaSi imogzaura 1544-62 wlebSi, iyo pirveli,<br />

vinc estumra anatolias osmalTa mier am teritoriebis dapyrobis<br />

Semdeg. is Tavis mogonebebSi wers: “Turqebi ...…mxevlebs yiduloben<br />

monaTa bazarze, an omSi nadavlis saxiT Souloben, rodesac maT<br />

konkretuli mxevali mobezrdebaT, kvlav monaTa bazarze agzavnian<br />

gasayidad (busbeqi 1927:117).<br />

mniSvnelovani monaTa bazari iyo aleqsandriasa da kairoSi, rac<br />

didi Semosavlis wyaro iyo. jer kidev muhamadi da misi mimdevrebi<br />

laSqrobaTa dros atyvevebdnen qalebs da bavSvebs, romlebic mogvianebiT<br />

nawildeboda meomrebs Soris nadavlis saxiT an iyideboda monaTa<br />

bazrebze (svaniZe 2002:188). SariaTis mixedviT mona ar SeiZleba yofiliyo<br />

muslimi (gudvini 1994:105). bevri mona qali cdilobda sasaxlis karze<br />

sultnis favoriti qali gamxdariyo, rac maT samudamo fufunebas<br />

uzrunvelyofda.<br />

monaTa bazrebi osmaleTis saxelmwifoSi imperiis daarsebidan<br />

arsebobda. aseTi bazari iyo osmaleTis imperiis pirvel dedaqalaqSi<br />

bursaSi, Semdeg ki edirneSi. mniSvnelovani monaTa bazari iyo stambolSi.<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi monebi ZiriTadad Semdegi qveynebidan<br />

SemohyavdaT:<br />

a) yirimel-TaTarTa saxanoebidan, CerqezeTidan, saqarTvelodan;<br />

b) xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebidan;<br />

g) sudanidan, isqanderidan da aqedan stambolis monaTa bazarze<br />

mihyavdaT (alTindali 1994:30).<br />

TandaTanobiT stambolis monaTa bazarze monebis raodenoba

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38<br />

matulobda. amis gamo murad IV-s (1623-1640) survili gauCnda monaTa<br />

bazari stambolidan sxva qalaqSi gadaetana (alTindali 1994:30).<br />

amrigad, monaTa bazari osmaleTis imperiis daarsebamde arsebobda<br />

da SemdgomSi farTo masStabebs miaRwia. monaTa bazarze Sesyiduli mona<br />

da tyve qalebis umravlesoba sultnis haramxanaSi xvdeboda da iq<br />

ganagrZobda cxovrebas. zogierTi mona qali, romelsac bedi gauRimebda,<br />

valide sultani xdeboda (uluCai 1992:10-11). mravali Cerqezi da qarTuli<br />

ojaxi aiZulebda TavianT qaliSvilebs gamxdariyvnen mxevlebi, rac maT<br />

uzrunvel cxovrebas ganapirobebda (goCeqi 2003:76).<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi osmaleTis mTavrobam<br />

monebiT vaWrobis SezRudva daiwyo. sabolood 1847 wels monaTa bazari<br />

stambolSi gauqmda.<br />

1453 wlis konstantinopolis dapyrobis Semdeg, osmaleTSi<br />

TandaTanobiT moxda bizantiuri kulturisa da tradiciebis SeTviseba.<br />

sultanma mehmed II (1451-1481), romelic cnobilia, rogorc “faTihi” anu<br />

“dampyrobeli” Tavis dedas sTxova qalTa sacxovrebeli ise moewyo,<br />

rogorc es bizantiis imperatoris qvrivs – dedofal elenes hqonda.<br />

sasaxlis SigniT daarsda skolebi, mona qalebi sasaxleSi mihyavdaT.<br />

islamuri poligamia nel-nela Seerwya bizantiur wes-Cveulebebs da am<br />

yvelaferma asaxva hpova haremSi.<br />

konstantinopolis dapyrobidan 10 wlis Semdeg mehmed II-m (1451-1481)<br />

aaSena Tofkafis sasaxle, romelic dasavleTSi cnobili iyo, rogorc<br />

didi sasaxle (Seraglio) an brwyinvale porta (Sublime Porte ) (krutie 1989:27).<br />

Zveli legendis mixedviT sultnis sasaxle gadaWimuli iyo<br />

marmarilos zRvasa da oqros rqas Soris da gaxda Zveli bizantiis<br />

akropolisi.<br />

haramxana sultnis sasaxleSi 1541 wlidan gadavida, mas Semdeg, rac<br />

sultanma roksolanam Tavisi sacxovrebeli iq gadaitana da amiT man<br />

precedenti Seqmna osmaleTis imperiaSi (buquri 2005b:208).<br />

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom XVI-XVII saukuneebi osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

cnobilia rogorc “qalTa mmarTvelobis xana” (Kadınlar Sultanatı),<br />

dawvrilebiT amaze Cven qvemoT ufro farTod visaubrebT. saukuneze<br />

metxans haremi marTavda mTels imperias. is iyo intrigebisa da

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39<br />

meqrTameobis kera. haramxana mdebareobda sultnis pirad sacxovrissa da<br />

Savi saWurisebis meTauris oTaxs Soris. haremSi iyo 4 aTasamde oTaxi.<br />

XV-XVII ss-is ganmavlobaSi haremSi mcxovrebTa raodenoba<br />

ramodenime aTasi qalidan ramodenime aseulamde Semcirda. es ganapiroba<br />

im faqtma, rom axalgazrda ufliswulebs agzavnidnen periferiebSi<br />

mmarTvelebad, romlebic Sesabamisad tovebdnen sasaxles da Tan<br />

mihyavdaT maTi kuTvnili haremis qalebi. XVII s-is Semdeg, SemoiRes<br />

memkvidreobis Sesaxeb axali kanoni, romlis Tanaxmad, ufliswuls<br />

SeeZlo ecxovra sasaxleSi Tavisi mxevlebiT. Sedegad haremis<br />

mosaxleoba ori aTasamde gaizarda. am faqts adasturebs a. d.<br />

aldersonic. Tumca es cifri mainc Znelad dasajerebelia. haremis<br />

mosaxleobis mkveTri zrda dafiqsirda murad III-is (1574-1595), ahmed I-isa<br />

(1603-1617) da ibrahimis (1640-1648) sultnobis periodSi, romlebic yvelaze<br />

did dros haremSi atarebdnen. qalTa raodenobis zrdasTan erTad<br />

Sesabamisad gaizarda xarjebi (Harem and the Ottoman Women).<br />

istorikos h. inaljiqis mixedviT 1475 wlisTvis Tofkafis<br />

sasaxleSi 400 mona qali, xolo Zvel sasaxleSi 250 qali iyo (inaljiqi<br />

1989:85). mematianes mixedviT, mehmed II-is (1451-1481) sultnobis dros,<br />

romelmac aaSena Tofkafis sasaxle, haremis TiToeul oTaxSi 3-4 sawoli<br />

iyo. mogvianebiT qalTa raodenobam sultnis sasaxleSi iklo da 1499<br />

wels baiazid II-s (1481-1512) 10 mona hyavda Tofkafis sasaxleSi da 80 mona<br />

qali Zvel sasaxleSi. sultnis Svilebis dedebs da aseve sultnis dedebs<br />

hyavdaT mosamsaxure gogonebi, romlebic aseve iyvnen haremis wevrebi.<br />

hurem sultans, suleiman I-is (1520-1566) cols, hyavda 100 sefeqali da<br />

auracxeli raodenoba mosamsaxure qalebisa, romlebic Rames haremSi<br />

atarebdnen. selim II-is cols nurbanus mona qalebis metad mokrZalebuli<br />

raodenoba hyavda haremSi. jamSi es iyo 150 kaci, xolo Zvel sasaxleSi<br />

1500 (gudvini 1994:128).<br />

haremSi mosaxvedrad mTavari faqtori iyo gogonas silamaze da<br />

goniereba. haremis qalebi uwesobisa da urCobisaTvis isjebodnen da<br />

igzavnebodnen Zvel sasaxleSi, sadac rCebodnen mcire danazogis amara,<br />

momavalSi daqorwinebis uimedobiT. is qali, romelic SemCneuli iqneboda

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40<br />

jadoqrobaSi, mkacri sasjeliT isjeboda, tomaraSi svamdnen da Suagul<br />

bosforSi agdebdnen (gudvini 1994:129).<br />

haremi SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes rogorc piramida, sadac haremis<br />

qalTa Soris garkveuli ierarqia arsebobda. haremis ierarqiis yvelaze<br />

dabal safexurze mona da tyve qalebi idgnen, ierarqiis saTaveSi ki<br />

sultnis deda _ valide gvevlineboda.<br />

mona qalebi sasaxlis haremSi moxvedramde gadiodnen garkveul<br />

wvrTnas, garda amisa saWurisebi usinjavdnen sxeulis TiToeul nawils,<br />

rom raime defeqti ar hqonodaT. Tu mona qali yvela moTxovnas<br />

daakmayofilebda, Savi saWurisebis ufrosi mas warudgenda valide<br />

sultans, romlis saboloo dasturis Semdeg haramxanaSi xvdeboda.<br />

axalgazrda qalebi haremSi xvdebodnen “acemi”-s 11 statusiT, rac niSnavs<br />

ucxos, axalbedas. “Acemi”-s statusiT aseve sargeblobdnen vaJebic.<br />

paJebis msgavsad isini iyvnen “kul”-ebi 12 , romelTa yidva an gayidva ar<br />

SeiZleboda. “Acemi” dawinaurdeboda da xdeboda “cariye”, “şagird” 13 , “gedikli”<br />

an “usta” 14 (inaljiqi 1989:86).<br />

haremis axalbeda wevris wvrTna haremSi pirvelive dRidan iwyeboda.<br />

isini saerTo sacxovrebelSi iwyebdnen cxovrebas, maT Tvalyurs<br />

adevnebdnen asakovani qalebi, TiToeuls Cabarebuli hyavda aT-aTi<br />

gogona. mTeli Rame haremSi Suqi anTebuli iyo. qalebs aswavlidnen<br />

cekvas, poezias, religias, simRerasa da musikalur instrumentebze<br />

dakvras. haremSi metad miRebuli iyo moTxrobebis kiTxva. yovel Rame<br />

“aTas erTis Ramis” erT moTxrobas kiTxulobdnen (gudvini 1994:131;<br />

inaljiqi 1989:85). rodesac haremis qalebs SemoesmebodaT sultnis<br />

vercxlis lursmebiT moWedili Custebis xma, saswrafod imalebodnen,<br />

11 Acemi – kadeti an mona qali haremSi<br />

12 Kul – sultnis monebi, rogorc sultnis didi ojaxis wevrebi, (vrceldeboda<br />

orive sqesze), saxelmwifos msaxuri.<br />

13 Şagird – haremis ierarqiis erT-erTi safexuri, romelic “cariye” –ze maRal da<br />

gedikli- ze dabal safexurze idga.<br />

14 Usta - iniSneboda sultnisadmi gansakuTrebuli samuSaos Sesasruleblad.

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41<br />

radganac sultanTan pirispir Sexvedra did Seuracxyofad iTvleboda<br />

(inaljiqi 1989:86).<br />

haremSi moxvedrisTanave gogonas qristianuli saxelis nacvlad<br />

muslimur saxels arqmevdnen, romelic ase Tu ise Seefereboda mis<br />

garegnobas. magaliTad, Tu axalgazrda qals hqonda lamazi vardisferi<br />

loyebi, mas arqmevdnen “gulbahars”, gazafxulis vards. Semdeg mas<br />

saswrafod moaqcevdnen islamze, yovelive amis Semdeg gogona eufleboda<br />

sasaxlis etiketsa da islamur kulturas (krutie 1989:30). selim II-is<br />

colis – nurbanus Tavdapirveli saxeli cecilia iyo da warmoSobiT<br />

venecieli iyo (aldersoni 1956:82). 12 wlis asakSi, 1557 wels, is tyved<br />

Cavarda. lamazi da momRimari garegnobis gogona sultans mihgvares da<br />

“nurbanu” Searqves, rac Turqulad niSnavs “manaTobel Pprincesas” da<br />

islamic miaRebines (jemi 2003:88). suleiman I-is (1520-1566) coli<br />

roksolana, evropaSi cnobili rogorc “rosa”, warmoSobiT iyo<br />

galicieli tyve qali, Turqebma mas daarqves huremi anu “momRimari”<br />

Tavisi mxiaruli sicilis gamo (kinrosi 2002:236).<br />

sultnis mxevals “odaliski”-i 15 erqva, sityva-sityviT iTargmneba,<br />

rogorc “oTaxis qali” da niSnavs sayvarels, xarWas, xasas, an mxevals,<br />

romelzedac sultani an ufliswuli daqorwindeboda (ClaiZe 2001b:1081).<br />

isini swavlobdnen cekvas, poezias, musikalur instrumentze dakvras da<br />

erotikul xelovnebas. yvelaze momxibvleli “oTaxis qalebidan” Tormets<br />

arCevdnen, rogorc sultnis “momlodine qalebi” (gedikli). maT evalebodaT<br />

sultnis Cacma, banaoba, sarecxis garecxva, yaviTa da CaiT gamaspinZleba.<br />

mowonebis SemTxvevaSi sultani maT TavisTan itovebda. Tumca “oTaxis<br />

qalebis” ZiriTadi nawili ar gamoirCeoda didi silamaziT da isini<br />

iyvnen sasaxlis mosamsaxureebi. xSirad sultani “oTaxis qals” anu<br />

xarWas, saCuqris saxiT romelime faSas aZlevda. muslimuri etiketis<br />

mixedviT faSas unda gamoesyida es qali da colad Semdeg moeyvana<br />

(buquri 2007:291).<br />

danarCeni “oTaxis qalebi” iyvnen piradad sultnis colebis<br />

(Kadınlar), qaliSvilebis, Savi an TeTri saWurisebis ufrosis samsaxurSi.<br />

15 “odaliski” momdinareobs Turquli sityvidan –“oda”, rac oTaxs niSnavs.

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42<br />

Zlieri fizikuri monacemebis “oTaxis qalebi” xdebodnen haremis mTavari<br />

administratorebi sxvadasxva sferoSi, rogoric iyo: abanos meTvalyure,<br />

yuranis wamkiTxveli, sawyobis meTvalyure da a.S. “oTaxis qals” SeeZlo<br />

haremis ufro maRal safexurze asvla an SeiZleboda is xelaxla<br />

gaeyidaT monaTa bazarze (krutie 1989:33).<br />

haremis Semdeg safexurze iyvnen “gedik”-i 16 an “privilegirebuli”,<br />

romelic sultans nanaxi hyavda an kontaqtic hqonda masTan. isini ara<br />

mxolod lamazebi iyvnen, aramed ganaTlebuli da mosiyvaruleni, Tumca<br />

isini isev qaliSvilebi iyvnen. sxvadasxva periodSi es gogonebi<br />

iwodebodnen, rogorc “gözde” 17 , romlebic xSirad uerTdebodnen “ikbal” 18 -<br />

ebisa da “hassodalık 19 ”-ebis kategorias, amisaTvis maT unda gaeCinaT Svili.<br />

is vinc SeZlebda sultnis yuradRebis mipyrobas da masTan Rames<br />

gaatarebda, sakuTar oTaxs imsaxurebda Tavisi monebiT, samzareulos<br />

mosamsaxureebiTa da sakuTari saWurisebiT. Tu rCeulebs qaliSvili<br />

SeeZinebodaT, gadadiodnen sasaxleSi da xdebodnen “Hasseki kadın” 20 ,<br />

qaliSvilis mSoblebi. sultnis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi maT SeeZloT<br />

gaTxoviliyvnen. Tu vaJi SeeZinebodaT, maTi Semosavalic izrdeboda da<br />

maTi ambiciac dakmayofilebuli iyo. “ikbal”-is kategoriidan, sul mcire<br />

isini xdebodnen “Hasseki Sultan” 21 -i an axalgazrda vaJiSvilis dedebi,<br />

Tumca vaJiSvilis daRupvis SemTxvevaSi maT es statusi CamoerTmeodaT<br />

(hameri 1992:86). maTi statusi eqvivalenti iyo kanonieri colis<br />

statusisa, maT hqondaT apartamentebi, hyavdaT monebi, saWurisebi, qoneba,<br />

uamravi Casacmeli, Zvirfaseuloba da jamagiri (penzeri 2005:176).<br />

16 gedik – am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs privilegirebuls, romelic jer kidev ar hyavda<br />

sultans arCeuli.<br />

17 gözde – “gogona sultnis TvalSi”<br />

18 ikbal – sultnis sayvareli, romelic jer ar aris dawinaurebuli kadın-ad.<br />

19 hassodalik – iRbliani an rCeuli, sultnis favoriti<br />

20 Hasseki kadin – sultnis qaliSvilis dedebi<br />

21 Hasseki Sultan – sultnis vaJiSvilis dedebi

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43<br />

MmTavari “Hasseki Sultan”-i iyo yvelaze ufrosi vaJiSvilis deda,<br />

romelic taxtze asvlisTanave xdeboda “Valide Sultan”-i 22 da marTavda<br />

harems. Teoriulad Svilis sikvdili niSnavda misi uflebebis<br />

CamorTmevas. ase moxda 1603 wels, rodesac mehmed III (1595-1603)<br />

gardaicvala da safie sultani tradiciisamebr “Zvel sasaxleSi”<br />

gadaiyvanes. safies ufleba aRar hqonda emarTa haremis xarjebi (garda<br />

sakuTari xarjebisa). Sesabamisad, man verc wamowyebuli “valides meCeTi”-<br />

s aSeneba daasrula (beiTsi 1978:254).<br />

valide sultani iyo haremSi yvelaze didi Zalauflebis mqone<br />

qalbatoni. metad gavleniani adgili haramxanis qalTa Soris ekava<br />

sultnis dedas – valides, Tumca isic, rogorc sxva danarCeni haramxanis<br />

wevri qalebi, damokidebuli iyo haramxanis Savi saWurisebis meTaurze –<br />

“kizlar aRasi”-ze (“gogonaTa ufrosi”) (mileri 1947:46). muslimi mamakaci<br />

did pativs scemda dedas. gadmocemiT, “kacs SeiZleba hyavdes bevri qali,<br />

magram deda erTi hyavs”. dedebs isini andobdnen haremis mTel<br />

qalbatonebs (krutie 1989:34).<br />

sultnis gardacvalebidan araugvianes ori kvirisa ewyoboda axali<br />

valide sultnis kurTxevis ceremoniali. es procesia metad didebuli da<br />

STambeWdavi iyo. ceremoniaze pirveli miemarTeboda ieniCarTa da<br />

cxenosanTa razmi, maT mihyvebodnen qalaqis mmarTvelebi TavianTi<br />

oficrebiT, romlebsac Tavze TeTri Calmis qudebi exuraT. am<br />

ceremoniaze utyuar cnobebs gvawvdis frangi mogzauri tavernie.<br />

monawileTa Casacmeli morTuli iyo patara zarebiT. procesias<br />

mohyveboda 600 samefo STamomavali didi mwvane Calmis qudebiT da Seix-<br />

ul-islami. maT mohyvebodnen saxelmwifo moxeleebi da Semdeg modioda<br />

Savi saWurisebis meTauri. yovelive amis ukan modioda etli, romelSic<br />

ijda valide Tavisi qaliSvilebiT, mas ukan mosdevda monebiTa da<br />

msaxurebiT savse 12 etli da 4 didi TovliT savse furgoni, romelic<br />

haremSi gamoiyeneboda. valides miacilebdnen “bednierebis WiSkramde”<br />

sadac Tavad axali sultani xvdeboda da Tavis Tavze iRebda dedaze<br />

zrunvas (tavernie 1678:89-90). ase sruldeboda sultnis dedis Zveli<br />

22 Valide Sultan – sultnis deda

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44<br />

sasaxlidan axal sasaxleSi gadasvlis ceremoniali. wina sultnis deda<br />

da colebi TavianTi amaliT ki ukan brundebodnen Zvel sasaxleSi. am<br />

sasaxles aseve erqva “cremlebis sasaxle”. maT yofil sacxovrebels<br />

sultnis sasaxleSi angrevdnen da mis nacvlad axals aSenebdnen (krutie<br />

1989:36). aqve frangi mogzauri eWvs gamoTqvams, rom suleiman II-is (1687-<br />

1691) dedam daikava valides Tanamdeboba Svilis gamefebidan Svidi Tvis<br />

Semdeg. mizezi ucnobia. suleimani taxtze avida noemberSi, xolo valide<br />

saliha Semdegi wlis ivlisSi gaxda valide, romlis Semdegac moxucma<br />

qalma mxolod 18 Tve icocxla (tavernie 1675: 89-90).<br />

valide Tavis mmarTvelobis pirvelive dRes didvezirsa da Seix-<br />

ul-islams saCuqrad ugzavnida Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedil xmalsa da<br />

siasamuris bewvis paltos. Tu valide Tavis Svilze adre<br />

gardaicvleboda, sultani dedis neSts “bednierebis WiSkramde” (Bab-ül-<br />

Hümayün) miacilebda, saidanac neSts dacvis TanxlebiT sasaflaoze<br />

miasvenebdnen, xolo 40 dRis glovis Semdeg yofili valide sultnis<br />

qalTa amalas ukan gaiwvevda Zvel sasaxleSi.<br />

sultnis mcirewlovanebis SemTxvevaSi, valide sultani xdeboda<br />

misi Semcvleli, anu regenti. Tu sultani laSqrobaSi an samogzaurod<br />

midioda, Tavis taxts sammarTvelod dedas utovebda. dedis garda es<br />

saqme SeiZleba miendo taxtis memkvidrisaTvis, didvezirisaTvis, an<br />

romelime vezirisaTvis (buquri 2005b:210).<br />

amrigad, haremis ierarqia ase miemarTeboda qvemodan zemoT: mona da<br />

tyve qalebi, mosamsaxure qalebi an “oTaxis qalebi” (odalısk),<br />

privilegirebulebi (gedik) da sultnis favoritebi (gözde), iRblianebi<br />

(ıkbalı), an rCeulni (hassodalık), sultnis qaliSvilis dedebi (haseki kadin),<br />

sultnis vaJiSvilis dedebi (hasseki sultan) da ierarqiis saTaveSi idga<br />

sultnis deda (valide sultan).<br />

kviraSi orjer haremis gogonebs SeeZloT dacvis TanxlebiT<br />

eseirnaT sasaxlis ezoSi, xandaxan ki daxuruli furgonebiT piknikzedac<br />

ki dadiodnen, aqac saWurisebis TanxlebiT. haremis ezoSi iyo sacurao<br />

auzi, romelSic wyali kargad Tbeboda.

---

45<br />

haremis metad korumpirebul fenas warmoadgenda “kira” 23 – s<br />

kategoria, isini iyvnen valide sultnis saqmiani agentebi. maTi<br />

Zalaufleba vrceldeboda haremis qalebze da am gziT sultanzedac.<br />

maTTvis Semosavlis wyaros warmoadgenda haremis stumrebis mier<br />

gaRebuli saCuqrebi haremis qalTan Ramis gasatareblad.<br />

haremis qalTa umravlesoba axalgazrda asakSi esalmeboda<br />

sicocxles. aseTi movlena araerTxel daCqarebula sxvadasxva meTodiT.<br />

1600 wels ingliseli elCi osmaleTis imperiaSi henri lelo<br />

mogviTxrobs haremis intrigebze. qalebis umravlesoba wyalSi daxrCobiT<br />

asrulebda sicocxles, amaSi didi wvlili saWurisebs miuZRvoda,<br />

romlebic iWerdnen qalebs, tomrebSi aTavsebdnen, navSi svamdnen da<br />

Suagul wyalSi isvridnen (buquri 2007:295).<br />

didi zarzeimiT aRiniSneboda haremSi axalSobilis dabadeba.<br />

mSobiarobisaTvis sasaxleSi winaswar iwyeboda samzadisi. asufTavebdnen<br />

sasaxlis erT-erT yvelaze did oTaxs da lamazad rTavdnen. sawolis<br />

gadasafareblebs da sabnebs wiTeli ferisas arCevdnen, yvela sxva<br />

saWiro inventari ki oqrosi an vercxlis iyo.<br />

axalSobilis dabadebas mTels sasaxles Savi saWurisebis ufrosi<br />

amcnobda. vaJis dabadebis SemTxvevaSi sasaxlis TiToeuli ganyofileba<br />

xuT cxvars swiravda, gogonas dabadebisas ki sams. Sesabamisad,<br />

artileria Svidjer gaisvrida cecxls vaJis dabadebisas da xuTjer<br />

gogonas dabadebisas. ase grZeldeboda dReSi xuTjer TiToeuli locvis<br />

dawyebisas (krutie 1989:110). valide sultani da didveziri saCuqrebs<br />

miarTmevdnen axalSobils da mis dedas. axalSobils aseve eloda<br />

Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedili akvani. am ambidan didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

haremSi grZeldeboda zeimi da garToba, haremi ganaTebuli iyo aTasnairi<br />

lampebiTa da SuqurebiT.<br />

haremis erT-erT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels warmoadgenda<br />

Turquli abano, romelsac Turqulad “hamam”-i (hamam) ewodeba. Turquli<br />

abano bizantiuri abanos adaptaciaa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, warmoiSva<br />

23 kira – niSnavs qiras, kiraci –damqiravebels, am SemTxvevaSi saqmian agents, romelic<br />

ZiriTadad valide sultans emsaxureboda

---

46<br />

romauli “Termi”-dan (Thermae), rac antikuri xanis abanos niSnavs. Tumca,<br />

Zveli romauli antikuri abanoebi ganlagebuli iyo qalaqebsa da<br />

dasvenebis centrebSi, Turquli “hamami” ki imperiis mTels provinciebSi<br />

farTod gamoiyeneboda (krutie 1989:81).<br />

haremis qalebi ganTqmulni iyvnen atlasiseburi kaniT, maTTvis<br />

dabana da ganwmenda religiuri valdebuleba iyo. amitomac, haremSi<br />

mravlad iyo abanoebi. sultans, mis dedas da colebs sakuTari abanoebi<br />

hqondaT, haremis danarCeni qalbatonebi ki sazogado abanoTi<br />

sargeblobdnen, romlis xSiri stumaric iyo Tavad sultani.<br />

saxelganTqmuli orientalisti n. m. penzeri (1892-1960) 24 , romelsac<br />

mieca iSviaTi Sansi fexi Seedga did seraglioSi, mogviTxrobs, rom<br />

sultnis sasaxleSi iyo koridori, romelsac erqva “abanos koridori”. is<br />

akavSirebda sultnis samyofels “hunkar sofasi”-sTan (“samefo saloni”),<br />

amavdroulad koridoridan iyo Sesasvleli orive abanoSi (penzeri<br />

2005:205)<br />

iyo dro, roca sultnis sasaxleSi 30-ze meti abano iyo. iataki<br />

dagebuli iyo mdidruli filebiT, wyali marmarilos avzebSi<br />

Caedineboda, saidanac oqrosa da vercxlis TasebiT qalebi tanze<br />

ivlebdnen da erTmaneTsac exmarebodnen banaobaSi.<br />

haremis qalebisaTvis, romlebsac Tavisufleba warTmeuli hqondaT,<br />

“hamami” iyo mTavari TavSesaqcevi adgili. banaobis ceremonia ramodenime<br />

saaTs grZeldeboda da ZiriTadad saRamoobiT tardeboda.<br />

abano iyo qalebis gacnobis adgili, isini iq erTmaneTsac<br />

aTvalierebdnen. xSirad sultnis da “hamamSi” irCevda Tavisi ZmisTvis<br />

Sesaferis qals.<br />

tradiciisamebr qali qorwinebis wina Rames abanoSi midioda.<br />

princesa sasaxlis abanoTi sargeblobda. mas iq mihyveboda Tavisi deda,<br />

24 n. m. penzeri – saxelganTqmuli orientalisti (1892-1960). 1936 wels man<br />

moaxerxa fexi Seedga “didebul seraglioSi” (Great Seraglio). penzerma mTlianad<br />

daaTvaliera sultnis sasaxle, romelic man ori wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

ramodenimejer moinaxula.

---

47<br />

naTesavebi da axvedrebdnen 200-mde qals, romlebic sapatarZlos<br />

saCuqrebs aZlevdnen.<br />

haremsa da zogadad osmaleTis imperiis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani<br />

wyaroa evropeli mogzaurebis Canawerebi. isini osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

Camodiodnen rogorc evropeli mmarTvelebis wargzavnilebi, an iyvnen<br />

gzad mimavalni axlomdebare qveynebSi. isini tovebdnen TavianTi<br />

mogzaurobis aRwerilobas, rac CvenTvis metad Rirebuli istoriuli<br />

wyaroa. aRsaniSnavia, rom isini adgilobriv informacias metwilad<br />

Rebulobdnen osmalo aramuslim qalTagan, es ukanasknelni xSirad<br />

evropeli mogzaurebis Tarjimnebi iyvnen.<br />

haremis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis ledi meri montegiu,<br />

ingliseli elCis coli, romelmac 1717 wels imogzaura stambolsa da<br />

edirneSi da Tavisi TvaliT ixila XVIII saukunis osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

haremis cxovreba. is ase aRwers iqaurobas: “17 wlis gogona haremSi iyo<br />

sruliad SiSveli da gars exvivnen aseve SiSveli qalebi, isini<br />

Semosilebi iyvnen grZeli nawnavebiT, hqondaT saocrad TeTri kani da<br />

lamazi farTo Tvalebi. isini cekvavdnen da mRerodnen (montegiu 1861).<br />

ledi meri metad ucnaurad iyo Cacmuli Turqi qalis TvalSi. abanoSi<br />

qalebs Tavs dastrialebdnen moaxleebi, romlebic maT Tmebs<br />

uvarcxnidnen. ingliseli elCis cols kargi maspinZloba gauwies<br />

edirneSi, sadac is estumra didveziris cols. etlidan Savi saWurisebis<br />

meTaurma CamoabrZana, Semdeg gaiares ramodenime oTaxi, sadac or rigad<br />

Camwkrivebuli gogonebi isxdnen ledis pativsacemad. didveziris coli<br />

siasamuris bewviT iyo gamowyobili. haremis gogonebs emosaT naqargi<br />

xalaTebi. saWurisebma ledi meri waiyvanes yvavilebis pavilionSi, ramac<br />

masze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina. erT-erT oTaxSi oTxi qali sakravze<br />

ukravda, xolo 16 qali rigrigobiT cekvavda. stumari rom gaaciles,<br />

saCuqrad gadasces vercxlis kalaTa, romelic savse iyo naqargi<br />

cxvirsaxocebiT.<br />

haremis da zogadad qalis Sesaxeb TurqeTSi cnobebs vxvdebiT<br />

meore ucxoeli mogzauri qalis naSromSi, romelmac me-18 saukuneSi<br />

imogzaura TurqeTSi, es gaxlavT elisabed ledi qraveni (1750-1828). man<br />

dawera ramodenime oficialuri werili da 1789 wels gamoaqveyna, rogorc

---

48<br />

“mogzauroba yirimidan konstantinopolSi”. TurqeTi, romelsac qraveni<br />

aRwers, aris evropaze CamorCenili da naklebad mimzidveli qveyana.<br />

qraveni xSirad gamoxatavs ukmayofilebas osmaluri sazogadoebis<br />

mimarT.<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris elisabed qravenis Sexedulebebi Turq<br />

qalze. ledi meri montegius aRwerilobebisagan gansxvavebiT, is ambobs,<br />

rom Turqi qalebi arian Zalian maxinjebi da dasZens: “udavoa, rom<br />

bunebas surda es qalebi silamaziT daejildovebina, magram maTi uSno<br />

warbebi, mowevisagan gaSavebuli Savi kbilebi, moxrili mxrebi, maT<br />

garegnobas sazizRars xdis, ... Savi feris nelsacxebeli, riTic isini<br />

Tvalebs iRebaven, maT ukmex gamoxedvas aniWebs” (kraveni 1970:294-95).<br />

Turq qalis Tmis Sav ferze yuradRebas amaxvileben sxva evropeli<br />

mogzaurebic, evropeli elCi: g. posteli, romelic stambols ewvia 1535<br />

wels dasZens, rom Turq qalebs moswondaT Tmis Savi feri, xolo<br />

warbebs aerTianebdnen, rac maT silamazed miaCndaT.<br />

luiji de zara basano, romelic stambolSi imyofeboda 1537-1540<br />

wlebSi, romSi dabrunebis Semdeg gamosca wigni osmalo xalxis adaT-<br />

wesebze, romelic Seicavda aRwerilobas qalTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.<br />

isic aseve aRniSnavs, rom osmalo qals Zalian uyvarda Savi feris Tma<br />

da sxva feris Tmebs Savad iRebavdnen.<br />

erT sakiTxSi, romelic Seexeba Turqi qalis Tavisuflebas,<br />

gansakuTrebiT maT damokidebulebas mamakacis mimarT, ledi qraveni<br />

eTanxmeba ledi meris. qraveni aRtacebiT aRniSnavs: “ me vfiqrob me ar<br />

minaxavs meore aseTi qveyana, sadac qals amxela Tavisufleba aqvs,<br />

rogorc es TurqeTSia. Turqi qmari, romelic dainaxavs flostebs<br />

haremis karTan, aRar Seva SigniT (kraveni 1970:270).<br />

ledi meri wers: “advili SesamCnevia, rom maT aqvT imaze meti<br />

Tavisufleba, vidre Cven,” is gaocebiT dasZens, rom “grZeli Cadri,<br />

romelsac qalebi atareben, imdenad niRbaven maT, rom Znelia ganasxvavo<br />

Zalauflebis mqone qali Tavisi monisagan da Sesabamisad eWvian qmars<br />

gauWirdeba amoicnos Tavisi sakuTari coli, rodesac mas Sexvdeba ... es<br />

ganapirobebs qalTa did Tavisuflebas “ (montegiu 1965:328).

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49<br />

igive faqtze aris yuradReba gamaxvilebuli ledi qravenis mier<br />

Turqi qalis aRwerisas abanoSi: “me Sevedi abanos winamdebare oTaxSi, es<br />

aris qalTa gasaxdeli oTaxi, iq iyo daaxloebiT 50 qali, zogierT<br />

maTgans Tmebi dabanili qonda, zogs SeRebili da dawnuli, zogierTi iyo<br />

tualetSi ... es abanoebi didi gasarTobia qalTaTvis, Cveulebriv isini iq<br />

5 saaTi rCebian, ZiriTad dros atareben rogorc wyalSi, ise tualetSi –<br />

magram me vfiqrob, rom arasodes ar minaxavs erTad amdeni msuqani qali ...<br />

ramodenime qals hqonda nazi kani da lamazi nakvTebi ... (kraveni 1970:342)<br />

ledi qraveni agreTve estumra harems da aRwers: “SeuZlebelia<br />

warmoidgino amaze ufro sufTa oTaxi interierSi, vidre es aris haremi;<br />

iataki da gasasvleli dafarulia WilobiT, romelic aris Calis an<br />

lerwmis feri, romlisaganac isini aris damzadebuli. oTaxebSi aranairi<br />

aveji ar dgas, garda baliSebisa, romliTac mTeli oTaxi iyo mofenili<br />

da aseve fardebi. amdenad Turqebi, arc kaci da arc qali, flostebiT ar<br />

Sedis oTaxSi, iq ar aris raime silis an WuWyis kvali (kraveni 1970:294).<br />

ledi qraveni harems warmogvidgens, rogorc yvelaze daculs da<br />

wminda adgils da dasZens: “haremi aris wminda adgili, Tundac Tavisi<br />

mflobelisTvis, romelmac daipyro maTi sicocxle, mxolod imitom, rom<br />

is aris mdidari. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TurqeTSi qalebi arian daculni<br />

fuWi, usargeblo cxovrebisagan, da veraferi mTels msoflioSi ver<br />

daarRvevs maT myudroebas. maTi talanti, silamaze, bedniereba Tu<br />

ubedoba dafaruli da SeniRbulia boroti Tvalisagan (kraveni 1970:305).<br />

Tavisi Canawerebi dagvitova ingliselma Tomas dalamma, romelic<br />

stambols ewvia 1599-1600 wlebSi, man mehmed III-s (1595-1603) saCuqrad<br />

Camoutana inglisis dedofal elisabedis mier gamogzavnili orRani.<br />

Tomas dalamma sultnis sasaxleSi Tvali mohkra lamaz Turq qalebs da<br />

Sesabamisad aRwera Tavis CanawerebSi.<br />

amrigad, Cven davinaxeT, rom haremi, romelic aziuri samyaros<br />

mraval qveyanaSi arsebobda, yvelaze ganviTarebuli osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

iyo. is saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi osmalo sultnis sasaxlis Semadgeneli<br />

nawili iyo. kerZod, haremis gadatana sultnis sasaxleSi 1541 wels<br />

moxda, mas Semdeg, ras sultanma roksolanam Tavisi sacxovrebeli iq<br />

gadaitana da amiT precedenti Seqmna osmaleTis imperiaSi.

---

50<br />

haremis qalTa umravlesoba qristiani da aramuslimuri warmoSobis<br />

iyo, isini yvelaze lamazi qalebi iyvnen osmaleTis imperiaSi, romlebic<br />

sultnis haremSi ZiriTadad monaTa bazrebidan xvdebodnen. es qalebi<br />

yvela Rones xmarobdnen, raTa haremSi warmateba moepovebinaT. mravali<br />

iRbliani mona qali sultani valide gaxda.<br />

haremis socialuri struqtura ierarqiuli iyo. es struqtura<br />

Camoyalibda islamisa da saxelmwifos moTxovnilebaTa gavleniT.<br />

sultani valide ganagebda harems, is iyo piramidis TavSi da mas mxolod<br />

Svilis sikvdilis Semdeg kargavda Tavis tituls. mona qalebi ki haremis<br />

ierarqiis yvelaze dabal safexurze iyvnen.<br />

XIX saukuneSi sultani abdul-mejidi Tofkafidan gadavida axal<br />

sasaxleSi (bosforis axlos). amave sasaxleSi gadavida sultnis haremic.<br />

osmaleTis imperiis daSlasTan erTad moiSala haremis tradiciac. 1923<br />

wels mustafa qemal aTaTurqma (1881-1938ww.) sultnis institutTan erTad<br />

haremic gaauqma.<br />

aseTi iyo haremi da misi ierarqia osmaleTis imperiaSi, sadac<br />

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iwereboda qalTa saintereso istoriebi.

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51<br />

4. valide sultani.<br />

qalTa mmarTveloba osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

qalis sakiTxis ganxilvisis TurqeTSi SeuZlebelia gverdi auaro<br />

iseT did Temas rogoricaa valide sultnebis istoria. valide<br />

sultnebis anu sultnis dedebis istoria osmaleTis istoriis yvelaze<br />

saintereso Temaa. maT da agreTve sasaxlis sxva gavlenianma qalebma<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi Seqmnes xana, romelic istoriaSi cnobili gaxda<br />

“qalTa mmarTvelobis” saxeliT.<br />

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cvenamde mravalma wyarom moaRwia.<br />

aRniSnul Temaze mimoxilva ramdenime qveTavad aris warmodgenili: a)<br />

valide sultnis wodebis zogadi aRweriloba; b) valide sultnebi<br />

rogorc regentebi; g) valide sultnebis ganusazRvreli uflebebi –<br />

“qalTa MmmarTveloba” osmaleTis imperiaSi d) valide sultnebi rogorc<br />

dinastiis damcvelebi; e) valide sultnis institutis dasasruli.<br />

valide arabuli sityvaa, arabulad validaTun niSnavs dedas,<br />

validun – mSobels. valide sultani aris wodeba (termini), romelic<br />

mieniWeboda sultnis dedas. sultnis dedebis moxseniebisas aseve<br />

iyenebdnen termins “Mehdi Ulya” – umaRlesi xelisuflis mSobeli.<br />

valide sultnis wodeba, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, pirvelad murad III-<br />

m (1574-1595ww.) SemoiRo da SemdgomSi didxans arsebobda. valides tituli<br />

unarCundeboda dedas Svilis sultnobis periodSi. “sultnis sikvdilis<br />

an sxva gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevis dros sultnis colebi, dedebi da<br />

qaliSvilebi Tofkafidan anu axali sasaxlidan Zvel sasaxleSi<br />

gadahyavdaT da axali sultnis dedas aniWebdnen valides wodebas,<br />

romelic Zveli sasaxlidan (Eski Saray) Tofkafis sasaxleSi gadadioda”<br />

(faqalini 1993:582).<br />

osmaleTis imperiis aRmocenebidan, anu XIV saukunidan<br />

moyolebuli, ufliswulTa dedebs hqondaT mniSvnelovani roli TavianTi<br />

Svilebis politikur aRzrdasa da meurveobaSi, roli, romelic maT<br />

dinastiis arsebobis mTels manZilze SeinarCunes. meurvis, anu regentis<br />

wodeba dedebs osmalebamdec gaaCndaT. Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifoSi

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52<br />

aseTi regenti qali iyo sultan meliq-Sahis (1072-1092) meuRle da sultan<br />

mahmudis deda Turqan xaTuni. is erT-erTi TvalsaCino qali iyo<br />

TurqeTis istoriaSi, Tumca oficialurad ar flobda saxelmwifos<br />

marTvis sadaveebs, mas metad didi Zalaufleba hqonda miniWebuli.<br />

warmoSobiT yaraxanianTa saxelmwifodan iyo. mas Semdeg, rac gaxda maliq<br />

Sahis coli, misi gavlenis qveS aRmoCnda 12 aTasiani jari. jer kidev<br />

maliq Sahis dros is iRebda mniSvnelovan zomebs, rom misi Svili mahmudi<br />

sultani gamxdariyo. “maliq Sahis colma Turqan xaTunma xalifa mukTeds<br />

100 aTasi oqro gaugzavna im mizniT, rom meliq Sahis Svils mahmuds<br />

ubrZanos erTguleba gamoucxados mas.” (Sengelia 2003:389). man daamarcxa<br />

taxtis meore pretendenti barqiaroqi, romelic meliq Sahs sxva<br />

colisagan hyavda da mamis sikvdilis Semdeg mahmudi sultani gaxda.<br />

Turqan xaTuni ki sultnis mcirewlovanobis gamo regenti. am faqts<br />

adasturebs XII saukunis istorikosi sadr ad-din al-husaini, romelic<br />

Tavis naSromSi “cnobebi selCukTa saxelmwifoze, romelic iuwyeba<br />

selCukTa emirebsa da mmarTvelebze” wers: “rodesac meliq Sahi<br />

gardaicvala baRdadSi, gverdze ar aRmoCnda arcerTi misi vaJi garda<br />

mahmudisa, romelic mcirewlovani iyo. jarma mas Sehfica Semdeg mizezTa<br />

gamo: pirveli – misi deda – Turqan-xaTuni sultan maliq-Sahis<br />

mmarTvelobis dros metad gavleniani gaxda da Seiqmna sruluflebiani<br />

yvela saqmeSi. is iyo keTilmosurne jaris mimarT da maTac arCies misi<br />

vaJi. meore mizezi iyo is, rom is iyo Turq mefeTa STamomavali.<br />

ambobdnen, rom is iyo afrasiabas gvaridan. mesame mizezi mdgomareobda<br />

imaSi, rom mis xelT iyo fuli da is gascemda jarze Tanxas. amitomac<br />

Sehfices maT mahmuds da Tan waiyvanes isfahanSi” (sadr ad-dini 1980:78-79).<br />

sultnis sasaxle Sedgeboda mamakacTa ganyofilebisagan da qalTa<br />

haramxanisagan. rogorc zemoT vTqviT, haramxanas icavdnen Savi<br />

saWurisebi. “metad gavleniani adgili ekava haramxanis qalTa Soris<br />

sultnis dedas (valides), Tumca isic, rogorc sxva danarCeni haramxanis<br />

wevri qalebi, damokidebuli iyo haramxanis Savi saWurisebis meTaurze –<br />

“yizlar aRasize” (“gogonaTa ufrosi”)” (mileri 1947:46).<br />

“mehmed II-is (1451-1481) dros haramxanaSi 300-ze meti qali cxovrobda.<br />

maT yofacxovrebas Tvalyurs adevnebda sultnis deda valide, romelic

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53<br />

didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda. droTa ganmavlobaSi misi gavlena kidev<br />

ufro gaizarda da xSirad igi saxelmwifo saqmeebSic ki ereoda.<br />

Zveli sasaxlidan axal sasaxleSi gadasvlisas imarTeboda<br />

ceremoniali, romelsac Valide Alay, anu valides pativsacemad gamarTuli<br />

ceremoniali ewodeboda. axali sultani taxtze asvlidan ramdenime dRis<br />

Semdeg brZanebas gascemda Tavisi dedis Zveli sasaxlidan axal<br />

sasaxleSi gadayvanis Sesaxeb. validesTan erTad axal sasaxleSi<br />

gadadioda mTeli amala msaxurebisa. “im gzaze, sadac valide<br />

taxtrevanze mjdomi Caivlida, uamravi xalxi iyo Sekrebili. ieniCrebi 25<br />

misalmebiT xvdebodnen, rodesac valide monebs Cauvlida, maT saCuqrebs<br />

da axal fuls urigebda. sasaxleSi Sesvlisas sultani egebeboda dedas,<br />

xelebs ukocnida da sixaruliT SigniT SeuZRveboda” (faqalini 1993:581).<br />

valide sultani taxtis memkvidreze maRla idga. taxtis memkvidres<br />

rigiT mesame adgili ekava. “valides mmarTveloba Svilis sultnobis<br />

periods moicavda. Tu Svili gardaicvleboda an taxtidan Camoagdebdnen,<br />

isic (valide) kargavda Tavis tituls da “Zveli valide sultnis”<br />

saxeliT iwodeboda (“Eski Valide Sultan”)” (ozTuna 1986:17).<br />

sultnis mcirewlovanobis SemTxvevaSi, valide sultani xdeboda<br />

misi Semcvleli. Tu sultani laSqrobaSi an samogzaurod midioda, Tavis<br />

taxts sammarTvelod dedas utovebda. dedis garda es saqmianoba<br />

SeiZleba miendo taxtis memkvidrisaTvis, didvezirisaTvis, an romelime<br />

vezirisaTvis.<br />

valide sultnebis raodenoba 22-ia. “es 22 valide sultani jamSi<br />

226 weli marTavda qveyanas. 22 validedan 6 Svilebis gardacvalebis<br />

Semdeg “Zveli valide sultnis” saxeliT ganagrZobda cxovrebas, 15 ki<br />

25 ieniCrebi – ieniCarTa korpusi [Turq. yeniçeri, “axali jari”] – samxedro korpusi<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi, romlis dakompleqteba xdeboda devSirmes (samxedro<br />

begara) wesiT aRzrda-ganaTleba miRebul qristianuli warmomavlobis<br />

gamuslimebul WabukTagan. korpusis Seqmnis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli faqtori<br />

iyo bizantielTa winaaRmdeg omebSi, upirvelesad ki maTi daculi qalaqebisa da<br />

cixe-simagreebis aRebisaTvis organizebuli infanteriis arsebobis<br />

aucilebloba (svaniZe 1999a:82).

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54<br />

Svilebis sultnobis periodSi gardaicvala” (ozTuna 1986:17). zogierTi<br />

valides mmarTvelobis dro Zalian moklea:<br />

mehmed I (1413-1421) deda devleT xaTuni _ 6 Tve;<br />

mustafa I (1617-1618) deda _ 1 weli, 6 Tve;<br />

ahmed I (1603-1617) deda handan sultani _ 1 weli, 11 Tve, 6 dRe;<br />

suleiman II (1687-1691) deda saliha dilaSubi - 1 weli, 11 Tve, 27dRe;<br />

osman III (1754-1757) deda Sehsuvar sultani _ 1 weli, 2 Tve;<br />

murad V (1876) deda Sevq efza sultani _ 3 Tve, 2 dRe.<br />

zogierTi valide ki didi xnis manZilze flobda titulsa da<br />

Tanamdebobas:<br />

28 dRe;<br />

weli;<br />

28 dRe;<br />

mehmed IV (1648-1687) deda xadije Turhan sultani _ 34 weli, 10 Tve,<br />

abdul-hamid II (1876-1909) dedinacvali rahime feresTu sultani _ 28<br />

murad IV (1623-1640) deda qosem mahfeiqer sultani _ 25 weli, 1 Tve,<br />

mustafa II (1695-1703) deda emeTulah rabia gulnuS _ 20 weli, 8 Tve;<br />

ahmed III (1703-1730) deda emeTulah rabia gulnuS _ 20 weli, 8 Tve;<br />

selim III (1789-1807) deda mihri Sah sultani _ 16 weli, 6 Tve, 9 dRe;<br />

abdul-azizi (1861-1876) deda ferTev nial sultani _ 14 weli, 11 Tve,<br />

5 dRe (buquri, 2004a: 38).<br />

jamSi ki osmaleTSi valide sultnebis raodenoba qronologiis<br />

mixedviT ase gamoiyureba:<br />

1. niluferi (1359-ucnobi), orhan I-is coli, murad I-is deda, nilufer<br />

xaTuni;<br />

2. huma (1432-ucnobi) murad II-is coli, mehmed II-is deda, huma xaTuni;<br />

3. amina gulbahari (1481-1492) mehmed II-is coli, baiazed II-is deda,<br />

gulbahar xaTuni;<br />

4. aiSe hafsa (1520-1534) selim I-is coli, suleiman I-is deda;<br />

5. huremi, igive roksolana, (1500-1506—1558) suleiman I-is coli, selim<br />

II-is deda;<br />

6. nurbanu (1574-1583) selim II-is coli. murad III-is deda;<br />

7. safie sultani (1594-1603) murad III-is coli, mehmed III-is deda;

---

8. handani (1603-1603) mehmed III-is coli, ahmed I-is deda;<br />

9. mahfiruz hadije (1617-1621) ahmed I-is coli, osman II-is deda;<br />

55<br />

10. qosemi (1623-1648) mahfeiqeri, ahmed I-is coli, murad IV-isa da ibrahim<br />

I-is deda;<br />

11. Turhan hadije (1648-1683) ibrahim I-is coli, mehmed IV-is deda;<br />

12. saliha dilaSubi (1687-1689) ibrahim I-is coli, suleiman II-is deda;<br />

13. mahfara umaTulah rabia gulnuS (1695-1715) mehmed IV-is coli,<br />

mustafa II-isa da ahmed III-is deda;<br />

14. saliha sabqaTi (1730-1739) mustafa II-is coli, mahmud I-is deda;<br />

15. Sehsuvari (1754-1756) mustafa II-is coli, osman III-is deda;<br />

16. mihri-Sahi (1789-1807) mustafa III-is coli, selim III-is deda;<br />

17. aiSe senieferver (aiSa sina farvar, aiSe sine-ferver) (1807-1808)<br />

abdul-hamid I-is coli, mustafa IV-is deda;<br />

18. naqSedili (1808-1817) abdul-hamid I-is sxva coli, mahmud II-is deda<br />

(savaraudod is iyo napoleonis colis Jozefinas biZaSvili);<br />

19. bezmialemi (bazimi alami) (1839-1852) mahmud II-is sxva coli, abdul-<br />

mejid I-is deda;<br />

20. ferTevniali (1861-1876/ mahmud II-is coli, abdul-azizis deda;<br />

21. Sevq efza (1876-1876) murad V-is deda;<br />

22. rahime feresTu (1876-1904) abdul-mejid I-is coli, abdul-hamid II-is<br />

dedinacvali) (valide sultnebi 2009).<br />

osmaleTis imperiis taxtis memkvidreebi bavSvobidanve iRebdnen<br />

rogorc fizikur, ise inteleqtualur wvrTnas. ufliswulebi gadiodnen<br />

aseve samxedro wvrTnasac. amisaTvis sulTnebs TavianTi Svilebi<br />

dahyavdaT laSqrobebSi, avalebdnen imperiis garkveuli nawilis<br />

mmarTvelobas. magram osmaleTis imperiis arsebobis manZilze iyo<br />

SemTxvevebi, roca princebi, jer kidev pataraobaSi, umamod rCebodnen.<br />

mag.Aahmed I 14 wlis iyo, roca mama gardaecvala, mustafa 2-is, osman II –<br />

13-is, murad IV – 6-is, ibrahimi – 2-is, mehmed IV – 7-is. xSirad aseT<br />

mdgomareobaSi myofi taxtis memkvidreebi cxovrebis aqtiur wlebs<br />

TavianTi biZebisa da taxtze mjdomi Zmebisagan ugulebelyofilni

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56<br />

atarebdnen. bunebrivia, aseT mdgomareobaSi myofi princis ganaTlebasa<br />

da aRzrdaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda maTi deda.<br />

valide sultnebi SvilebisTvis rCevebis micemas maTi taxtze<br />

asvlis Semdegac agrZelebdnen.<br />

valide sultnebi Svilis aRmzrdelebad osmaleTis imperiaSi XVI-<br />

XVII saukunidan mogvevlinen. es iyo rogorc maTi movaleoba, ise maTi<br />

ufleba. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi uflebebiT osmaleTis pirveli<br />

sultnis osman I-is (1281-1326) deda sargeblobda da is iyo pirveli aseTi<br />

uflebis mqone deda (buquri 2005b:211). XVI s-is istorikosis neSris<br />

mixedviT “selCukTa sultanma alaeddinma osmans sultnis tituli uboZa,<br />

rogorc misi damoukideblobis simbolo. amasTan dakavSirebiT Catarda<br />

ceremonia, rodesac musikosTa ansamblma dakvra daiwyo, osmanis dedam<br />

mouwoda Tavis Svils, rom pativiscemis niSnad fexze wamomdgariyo”<br />

(neSri 1983:98). aqedan moyolebuli sultnis kurTxevis ceremonialze<br />

musikis xmaze sultnis fexze wamodgoma tradiciad iqca, sanam am<br />

tradicias mehmed II (1451-1481) gaauqmebda. SesaZlebelia neSris es<br />

monaTxrobi legendad ufro miviCnioT, vidre realur faqtad, magram<br />

mainc gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom garkveuli xnis manZilze sultnis dedis<br />

miTiTeba SemdgomSi tradiciad iqca.<br />

valide sultnebis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis istorikosi<br />

ibrahim feCevi, romelic Tavis mier aRwerili istoriis didi nawilis<br />

Tanamedrove iyo. “feCevis TxzulebaTa did Rirsebad yvelas mier<br />

aRiarebulia is garemoeba, rom igi sargeblobda misi Tanamedrove da,<br />

umTavresad, wina saukuneTa istoriografiuli RirebulebebiT” (jiqia<br />

1964:16).<br />

ibrahim feCevi mogviTxrobs ahmed I-is (1603-1617) dedaze – handan<br />

sultanze, romlis moqmedebasac “dedis uflebas” uwodebs, roca is<br />

Tavis Svils rCevas aZlevs, rom admiral derviS faSas miTiTebas<br />

daujeros. amis Sesaxeb gviambobs: “xandaxan fadiSahma unda moiwvios<br />

derviS faSa Tavis sasaxlis baRSi da yurad iRos misi rCevebi.<br />

faqtobrivad valide sultanic sargeblobs dedis uflebiT da arwmunebs<br />

Tavis Svils, rom “derviS faSas sawinaaRmdego araferi gaakeTo”, feCevi

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57<br />

aseve imeorebs Zvel da popularul naTqvams: “dedis ufleba, RmerTis<br />

uflebaa” (feCevi 1864-1867:316).<br />

ibrahim feCevi Tavis aRwerilobaSi, romelic exeba sultnis<br />

mibrZanebas bahCekafis sasaxleSi, xazs usvams Tu raoden did pativs<br />

scemda sultani Tavis dedas, momdevno nawyvetidan Cven kidev erTxel<br />

vrwmundebiT valide sultnis maRal statusSi osmaleTis imperiaSi:<br />

ibrahim faSas didveziri SeuZRva oTaxSi, taxtamde miacila da daabrZana.<br />

Tavad masTan axlos iatakze dabrZanda da CurCuliT saubari daiwyes:<br />

“Cven viqceodiT sultnis gankargulebisamebr da ar davuSviT, rom<br />

moxuci aRebi Cven mogvmsaxurebodnen. mcire xnis TaTbiris Semdeg<br />

sadrazamTan is SigniT Sevida, raTa eTaTbira valide sultanTan, Cvenc<br />

maT gavyeviT. moxuc aRebs ar surdaT, rom SeveSviT, magram sultanma<br />

ubrZana maT, rom Cven SeveSviT da Cven is ar davtoveT manam, sanam ar<br />

movismineT pativsacemi valide sultnis xma” (feCevi 1981-1982).<br />

selim I-ma (1512-1520) datova qvrivi hafize sultani – suleiman<br />

kanunis deda. is gamoirCeoda discipliniT da misi kontrolis qveS iyo<br />

haremi, miuxedavad imisa, rom iq iyo sastiki konkurencia suleiman I-is<br />

(1520-1566) colebs: giulbaharsa da hurems Soris (gudvini 1994:122).<br />

sultani murad III (1574-1595) iyo yvelaze metad damokidebuli Tavis<br />

dedaze, nurbanu sultanze. paolo kontarinis mixedviT, romelmac 1583<br />

wlis dekemberSi moxseneba gaugzavna veneciis mTavrobas, sadac<br />

ityobineboda sultnis dedis gardacvalebas, acxadebda, rom murad III-is<br />

deda iyo is adamiani, romelsac yvelaze xSirad eyrdnoboda sultani.<br />

sultnis politika mTlianad dedis rCevebze iyo agebuli da masac sxva<br />

araferi rCeboda garda imisa, rom daejerebina da erTguli yofiliyo<br />

Tavisi dedis. nurbanus gardacvalebisas sultanma sinanuliT warmoTqva,<br />

rom is rCeboda oboli, romelsac aRar eyoleboda rCevis mimcemi.<br />

“nurbanus bolo rCeva Tavisi Svilisadmi iyo Semdegi: qveyanaSi<br />

yvelaferi misi (sultnis) kontrolis qveS yofiliyo, gaeZlierebina<br />

Tavisi meTvalyureoba fulze da oqroze yuradRebiT edevnebina Tvali<br />

Tavisi vaJis aRzrdisaTvis (persi 1993:238).<br />

XVI-XVII saukuneebi osmaleTis imperiaSi cnobilia rogorc “qalTa<br />

mmarTvelobis xana” (Kadınlar Sultanatı). saukuneze metxans osmaleTis

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58<br />

imperiis politikuri Zalaufleba samefo haremis warmomadgenel qalTa<br />

xelT iyo. ufro zustad “qalTa mmarTveloba” roksolanas<br />

gardacvalebis Semdeg, anu 1558 wels, daiwyo da dasrulda valide<br />

sultnis – Turhanis (mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) dedis) mmarTvelobiT (1648-<br />

1683). xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifos marTavda haremi,<br />

sadac ganuwyveteli brZola mimdinareobda valide sultansa da sultnis<br />

colebs Soris, aseve “kizlar aRasisTan” ... qalebi ereodnen saxelmwifo<br />

saqmeebSi, ismendnen saxelmwifo saidumloebebs da Sesabamisad Slidnen<br />

TavianT karts” (penzeri 2005:186). “es aixsneba imiT, rom zogierTi<br />

sultani taxtze asvlisas mcirewlovani iyo da maTi dedebi da sultnis<br />

karTan daaxloebuli didmoxeleebi aqtiurad ereodnen saxelmwifos<br />

mmarTvelobaSi” (svaniZe 2002:5).<br />

Zalauflebis mqone qalTagan gamorCeulni arian sultnis sasaxlis<br />

karze daaxloebuli qalebi: sultnis dedebi (valide sultnebi), sultnis<br />

colebi, qaliSvilebi da sxva. es qalebi arian: roksolana igive “huremi”<br />

- sultan suleiman I-is (1520-1566) coli, mihrimahi - suleiman I-is<br />

qaliSvili, nurbanu – murad III-is (1574-1595) deda, safie – mehmed III-is<br />

(1595-1603) deda, qosemi – murad IV-is (1623-1640) deda, Turhani – mehmed IV-<br />

is (1648-1687) deda da sxva (buquri 2005b:206).<br />

qalTa mier Zalauflebis mopoveba osmaleTis imperiaSi ucbad ar<br />

momxdara. qalTa mxridan saxelmwifo saqmeebSi Careva jer kidev oRuzur-<br />

Turqmenul tomebSi SeiniSneboda. Aamis Sesaxeb vkiTxulobT fazllalax<br />

raSid ad-dinis “oRuznameSi”, sadac weria, rom rodesac Turqmenuli<br />

tomis beladma – oRuzma ilaSqra kil baraqis qveyanaSi, mas didi<br />

daxmareba aRmouCines adgilobrivma mcxovrebma qalebma da ufro metic,<br />

am qalTa gonivruli rCevis Sedegad oRuzebma advilad miaRwies<br />

gamarjvebas da qveyana daipyres. “oRuznameSi” vkiTxulobT: “kil baraqTan<br />

omis dros oRuzs iqaurma qalebma misces TavSesafari. am qalebis qmrebi<br />

metad maxinjebi iyvnen da amitom maT oRuzi Zalian moewonaT. maT<br />

surdaT misTvis daxmareba aRmoeCinaT da oRuzi miiyvanes iT baraqas<br />

colTan, romelic maT Soris yvelaze ufrosi coli iyo. Aam qalma<br />

mTeli guliTa da suliT gamoxata Tavisi simpaTia oRuzis mimarT da<br />

malulad masTan elCi gaagzavna, romelsac oRuzTan daabara: “Tu Tqven

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59<br />

gsurT daipyroT Cveni qveyana, maSin Semdegnairad unda moiqceT:<br />

daamzadeT rkinis lursmnebi eklebiT da TiToeulma Tqvenma meomarma<br />

daimagros Tavis zurgze, Setakebis dros ki unda esrolon mters. Mmagram<br />

imisaTvis, rom am rkinis eklebma ar daazianon Tqveni cxenebis fexebi,<br />

Tqven cxenebs nalebi unda daaWedoT. garda amisa Tqvens mtrebs saxe ara<br />

aqvT daculi da Tqven SegiZliaT isrebi saxisken mimarToT. oRuzs<br />

Zalian gauxarda am qalis rCeva da daxmarebis survili. aaSenes gemebi da<br />

am qalebTan gaagzavnes elCebi, romlebic gamorCeulad lamazi kacebi<br />

iyvnen. am elCebs qalebi mTeli ZaliT daexmarnen da oRuzTan gaatanes<br />

yvela saWiro nivTi. zogierTi qali didi siyvarulis gamo am kacebs<br />

gahyvnen. es qveyana am gziT iqna dapyrobili” (raSid ad-dini 1987:36).<br />

1336 wels msoflioSi cnobili arabi mogzauri ibn-batuta<br />

osmaleTis imperiis monaxulebis Semdeg werda, rom Turqebsa da<br />

TaTrebSi colebi metad didi uflebebiT sargeblobdnen. ibn-batutam<br />

imogzaura qalaq xorezmSic 26 . is gaocebuli darCa qalTa mdgomareobiT<br />

da dasZens: “yadis colma – xaTun jija-aRam gamomigzavna 100 dinari,<br />

xolo misma dam, emiris colma – Turabeq xaTunma moawyo wveuleba, sadac<br />

mowveul iyvnen fakihebi 27 da sasaxlis sxva gamorCeuli pirebi. es<br />

wveuleba gamarTul iqna am qalis mier aSenebul zaviaSi 28 ” (ibn batuta<br />

1988:4).<br />

26 xorezmi – olqi amudariis qveda dinebaSi, romelic ibn batutas mogzaurobis<br />

dros Sedioda oqros urdos SemadgenlobaSi. dedaqalaqi iyo urgenCi an<br />

xorezmi.<br />

27 fakihi [fakih, arab. zmnidan fakiha, “esmoda, erkveoda”, icoda samarTali”] –<br />

kanonmdebeli-RvTismetyveli, muslimuri samarTlis – fikhis mcodne. fakihi<br />

SeimuSavebs fikhis problemebs, aswavlis mas da fikhis TvalsazrisiT gamoaqvs<br />

azri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva problemaze. fikhis profesiuli<br />

codna aucilebeli iyo yadiebisa da moxeleebisaTvis. fakihebi Sua saukuneebSi<br />

warmoadgendnen qalaqis mosaxleobis gavlenian fenas da dResac inarCuneben<br />

TavianT gavlenas imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria islamis poziciebi ama Tu im<br />

qveyanaSi (jafariZe 1999a: 187).<br />

28 zavia [“kuTxe”] – qristiani beris senaki, an patara meCeTi, samlocvelo,<br />

salocavad gamoyofili kuTxe saxlSi, zogadad RvTismsaxurebis adgili

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60<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom sultnis samefo karze Warbobdnen aramuslimuri<br />

warmoSobis qalebi. magaliTad, murad IV-is (1623-1640) deda berZeni iyo,<br />

sultan suleiman I-is (1520-1566) coli – roksolana slavi warmoSobisa,<br />

mehmed II-is (1451-1481) coli da Semdgomi sultnis deda gulbaxari –<br />

albanuri an berZnuli warmoSobisa. es ganpirobebuli iyo metwilad<br />

politikuri mdgomareobiT. am faqts adasturebs istorikosi ibrahim<br />

feCevi Tavis istoriul naSromSi da dasZens: “aw gardacvlilma<br />

ildirimma baiazid xanma colad moiyvana vlakas vaJiSvilis qaliSvili.<br />

udavoa, es uCveulo tradicia sultnis karze – giauris qaliSvilis<br />

colad moyvana, metad xSiri iyo. ase rom, sultnis karze Warbobdnen<br />

mezobeli qveynis mmarTvelebis lamazi qaliSvilebi. aseve sultan murad<br />

II-em (1421-1451) colad moiyvana voCes qaliSvili. voCe iyo vlakas vaJi, mas<br />

miznad hqonda dasaxuli daemarcxebina bosniis mefe da sxva rumeliis<br />

giaurebi. Sedegad man waarTva mas semenderu” (feCevi 1981-1982).<br />

aseve “orxan I-ma (1326-1360) colad moiyvana bizantieli princesa –<br />

Teodora, sul male Teodoras da colad gahyva ioane paleologs. am<br />

gziT Turqebi damkvidrdnen evropaSi ara rogorc mtrebi, aramed rogorc<br />

mokavSireebi da naTesavebi bizantiis imperatorisa” (kinrosi 1997:353).<br />

am faqts imeorebs h. inaljiqi da dasZens: 1346 wels osmaleTis<br />

sultanma orhanma kavSiri daamyara ioane V kantakuzenTan – bizantiis<br />

taxtis pretendentTan da iqorwina mis qaliSvil – Teodoraze. aman xeli<br />

Seuwyo osmalebs Careuliyvnen bizantiis saSinao saqmeebSi (inaljiqi<br />

1989:9).<br />

XIV saukuneSi murad I-ma (1360-1389) iqorwina ramdenime berZen<br />

princesaze, maT Soris iyo bizantiel kantakuzenTa ojaxis asuli. misi<br />

pirveli coli berZeni iyo, romelsac Semdgom daerqva “gulCiCeki”<br />

(Gűlçiçek). misgan sultans Semdgomi sultani baiazid I – “elva” (1389-1402)<br />

eyola. “baiazidma dedis gavleniT colad moiyvana qristiani colebi, maT<br />

islamis pirvel saukuneebSi. momdevno xanebSi zavia ewodeboda sufi Saihis<br />

savanesac, sadac is qadagebda da aswavlida muridebs. es termini gansakuTrebiT<br />

gavrcelda Crd. afrikaSi (maRribSi) da andalusiaSi (muslimur espaneTSi),<br />

sadac sufiurma savaneebma saerTod didi roli iTamaSes sufizmis propagandasa<br />

da popularizaciaSi (sanikiZe 1999a: 62).

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61<br />

Soris imperator ioane V paleologis qaliSvili. magram yvelaze metad<br />

Tavisi colebidan gamoarCevda despines, romelic iyo ungreTis mefis<br />

lazar I-is qaliSvili. despina sakmaod did Zalauflebas flobda, magram<br />

is ar gamxdara sultnis deda. is sultanTan erTad 1402 wlis ankaris<br />

Setakebis dros tyved Cavarda, sultani male gardaicvala, despinas<br />

tragikuli istoriac aq wydeba, is rom sultnis deda gamxdariyo masze<br />

meti iqneboda cnobili, magram ucnobia Semdgomi sultani mehmed I (1413-21)<br />

misi Svili iyo Tu ara” (gudvini 1994:122).<br />

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom zogierTi valide sultani warsulSi mona<br />

qali iyo, romlebmac moaxerxes sasaxlis karze dawinaureba da valide<br />

sulTnobamde amaRleba. aseT qalebs miekuTvnebian Semdegi valide<br />

sultnebi: qosemi, nurbanu, safie da gulnuS sultnebi (alTindali<br />

1994:29).<br />

sultan suleiman I-is (1520-1566) coli roksolana warmoSobiT slavi<br />

mona qali iyo, romelic kavkasiaSi tyved Cavardnis Semdeg stambolis<br />

monaTa bazarze, aqedan ki sultnis haramxanaSi moxvda. roksolanam<br />

haremSi warmatebas male miaRwia. igi gaxda sultnis favoriti da<br />

sazogadoebriv Sekrebebze sultans mudam Tan dahyveboda. man osmaleTis<br />

imperiaSi precedenti Seqmna da 1536 wels haremi Zvelidan axal<br />

sasaxleSi gadaitana sultnis gverdiT, sadac man Tavisi gavlenis qveS<br />

moaqcia sultani da agreTve xelT igdo saxelmwifos marTvis sadaveebi<br />

(kinrosi 1997:256; uzunCarSili 1998:404-405; inaljiqi 1989:86). man gamoiwvia<br />

sultnis colis – gulbaharis aRSfoTeba, romlis Svili – mustafa<br />

osmaleTis imperiis taxtis memkvidred iTvleboda.<br />

male, 1534 wels roksolanas wyalobiT gulbahari da misi Svili<br />

mustafa imperiis Soreul provinciaSi gadaasaxles. roksolanas<br />

suleimanisagan vaJi eyola, romelsac arsebuli taxtis memkvidre unda<br />

Seecvala.<br />

roksolanam daarwmuna suleimani, rom didveziri ibrahimi mas<br />

Ralatobda da cdilobda sultnis xelisuflebis uzurpacias. es<br />

yvelaferi imiT dasrulda, rom 1536 wels didveziri ibrahimi sikvdiliT<br />

dasajes. TandaTanobiT “hurem sultanma” haremis qalTa Soris pirveli<br />

adgili moipova. roksolanas intrigebs emsxverpla suleimanis

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62<br />

usayvarlesi Svili Mmustafa, romelic mamis Tvalwin sikvdiliT<br />

dasajes. (noviCevi 1963:99; inaljiqi 1989:87).<br />

saxelganTqmuli orientalisti n. m. penzeri werda, rom,<br />

roksolanas mmarTvelobiT daiwyo qalTa mmarTvelobis xana (kadınlar<br />

sultanatı), romelic daaxloebiT 150 weli gagrZelda, Turqan valide<br />

sultnis, muhamed IV-is dedis gardacvalebamde (penzeri 2005:186). Tumca<br />

Cven vxvdebiT am faqtis sxvanair axsnas u. u. beiTsis naSromSi, romelic<br />

varaudobs, rom e.w. qalTa mmarTvelobis era osmalur istoriografiaSi<br />

daiwyo safies mmarTvelobiT (beiTsi 1978:254)<br />

“hurem sultanma” miaRwia muslimuri samarTlis mixedviT<br />

gamxdariyo sultnis kanonieri coli, risTvisac arcerT mona qals<br />

osmaleTis imperiis arsebobis bolo ori saukunis manZilze ar miuRwevia<br />

(kinrosi 2002:236). am qorwinebam rogorc qristianul, ise muslimur<br />

samyaroSi didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. roksolanas vaJebi gaxdnen<br />

osmaleTis taxtis memkvidreebi. misi vaJi selimi 1566 wels suleimanis I-<br />

is momdevno sultani gaxda, mas Semdeg rac brZola mougo Tavis Zmas<br />

baiazids, romelic 1561 wels am brZolaSi daiRupa.<br />

qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi Tavisuflad ereodnen sultnis<br />

qaliSvilebic. amisi magaliTia sultan suleiman I-is (1520-1566) da<br />

roksolanas qaliSvili mihrimahi. is yvelaze cnobili princesa iyo<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi. mihrimahi saTaveSi edga mraval saganmanaTleblo da<br />

saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas. man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula mamis da<br />

aseve Zmis selim II-is (1566-1574) sultnobis dros (beiTsi 1978:252).<br />

mihrimahi, mamis surviliT, colad gahyva rusTem faSas – Soreuli<br />

diarbeqiris mmarTvels. aRsaniSnavia, rom colisa da sidedris<br />

aqtiurobiT rusTem faSa orjer gaxda didveziri sultan suleiman I-is<br />

dros. kinrosi dasZnes: “mas Semdeg rac rusTem faSa gaxda suelimanis<br />

siZe da didveziri, mis xelT aRmoCnda saxelmwifos finansebi. sultnis<br />

neba-surviliT mis xelSi aRmoCnda qveynis marTvis sadaveebi. Sesabamisad<br />

roksolanam miaRwia Tavisi Zalauflebis zenits” (kinrosi 2002:238).<br />

mihrimahma waaqeza mama maltelTa winaaRmdeg laSroba moewyoT. osmalo<br />

istorikosTa mixedviT mihrimahi mamas vaJiSvilebze metadac uyvarda. mama

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63<br />

mas Wkvian qalad miiCnevda. aqedan gamomdinare, misi rCevebi sasaxlis<br />

wevrTa gamoxmaurebasa da mamis mowonebas imsaxurebda.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom mihrimahi didi qonebis mflobeli gaxldaT. Mmis<br />

qonebas Seadgenda misi mziTevi da agreTve qmris danatovari qoneba.<br />

istorikosi ibrahim feCevi dasZens: “rusTem-faSam gamoiCina didi<br />

guluxvoba, is gascemda did mowyalebas. man didZali fuli dautova<br />

sultan mihrimahs” (feCevi 1981-1982).<br />

zemoT ukve moxseniebuli iyo, rom mona qalidan valide<br />

sulTnobamde amaRlda qosem sultani. is iyo valide sultani sami<br />

Taobis sultnobis dros, kerZod ki murad IV-is (1623-1640), ibrahimis (1640-<br />

1648) da mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) dros. qosem sultani iyo ahmed I-is “xasa”,<br />

romelmac Semdeg didi uflebebi moipova. is sasaxlis karze metad<br />

gavleniani figura iyo. amasTanave aqtiurad monawileobda osmaleTis<br />

imperiis taztze axali kandidaturis SerCevis procesSi.<br />

ahmed I-ma gzidan Camoicila Tavisi Zma mustafa, romelic<br />

sasikvdilod gaimeta. male taxtze ahmed I-is (1603-1617) Svili osmani<br />

avida, Tumca mas taxtis mopovebaSi didi dabrkolebis gadalaxva mouxda.<br />

osmanma, taxtis mosapoveblad, gadawyvita sikvdiliT daesaja Tavisi<br />

yvela Zma, maT Soris mamamisis ahmed I-is favoriti qalis, yofili “xasis”<br />

– qosemis sami vaJi: muradi, qasimi da ibrahimi. 1612 wels venecieli elCi<br />

TurqeTSi simon kontarini ityobineba, rom qosemma TxovniT mimarTa<br />

sultans da Tavisi Svilebi sikvdilisagan daixsna. osmanis Tavdapirveli<br />

cda – xelSi Caegdo taxti, kraxiT dasrulda. amisi mizezi gaxldaT is,<br />

rom mas dedamisi ar daexmara taxtis mopovebaSi. 1618 wels, roca osmani<br />

taxtze avida, dedamisi mahfiruzi cocxali iyo. is faqti, rom mahfiruzi<br />

ar mfarvelobda Tavis Svils, ganpirobebuli iyo im mizeziT, rom is<br />

osmanis sultnobis dros sasaxleSi ar cxovrobda da Sesabamisad arc<br />

valide sultani ar yofila. “savaraudoa, rom mahfiruzis mokveTa<br />

sasaxlidan moxda Tavisi Svilis osmanis gamefebamde da man Tavisi<br />

statusis aRdgena sasaxlis karze amis mere veRar SeZlo. amaze<br />

metyvelebs misi sasaxlidan Sors cxovreba da aseve misi mokrZalebuli<br />

dasaflaveba 1620 wels, Svilis gamefebidan 2 wlis Semdeg” (persi<br />

1993:233).

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64<br />

is faqti, rom mahfiruzi sasaxlidan Sors cxovrobda, kidev<br />

erTxel mtkicdeba, wyaroTa monacemebiT, sadac aRniSnulia, rom osmani<br />

sasaxleSi dedis gareSe izrdeboda. osmani karg damokidebulebaSi iyo<br />

mamis “xasasTan” – qosemTan, romelsac momavali sultani xSirad<br />

saseirnod dahyavda. sultan ahmed I-s (1603-1617) ki ar moswonda Tavisi<br />

Svilis urTierToba Tavis “xasasTan”. sultnis es SiSi ganpirobebuli<br />

iyo imiT, rom man kargad icoda qosemis ambiciebi Tavis SvilebTan<br />

dakavSirebiT. sxva mizezi SeiZleba yofiliyo is, rom sultans ar surda<br />

Tavis davaJkacebul Svilebs (osmans da mehmeds) urTierToba hqonodaT<br />

iseT qalTan, romelic islamuri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT ar iyo<br />

saojaxo wevrTa rangSi. magram ahmed I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg<br />

mdgomareoba Seicvala. osmani, rogorc sultani qosems did pativs<br />

scemda. qosemmac moxerxebulad SeZlo osmanze gavlena moepovebina da<br />

sultans gadaafiqrebina Tavisi Svilebis sikvdiliT dasja. 1612 wels,<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, osmanma sikvdiliT dasaja mxolod ahmedi,<br />

Tavisi ufrosi Zma, romelic qosemis Svili ar iyo.<br />

valide sultani sultanTan Suamavladac gvevlineboda. 1599 wlis<br />

gazafxulze, roca mehmed III-m (1595-1603) daufiqrebeli guluxvoba<br />

gamoiCina da ungreTis kampaniisaTvis Sida salarodan mniSvnelovani<br />

Tanxa gaiRo, didvezirma ibrahim faSam daxmarebisaTvis sadeddin efendis<br />

mimarTa, romelic sultnis maswavlebeli da imJamad mufTi 29 iyo.<br />

sadeddin efendi ki, Tavis mxriv, daukavSirda sultnis dedas – safies,<br />

safie sultans aseve mimarTa iemenma, CiviliT, rom maTi Zveli Txovna<br />

sultnisadmi, romelic exeboda damatebiTi jarebis Seyvanas provinciis<br />

dasacavad, ignorirebuli iyo.<br />

safie sultani warmoSobiT venecieli da bafos aristokratiuli<br />

gvaris warmomadgeneli iyo, romelic tyved Cavarda da Semdeg haremSi<br />

moxvda. safies meore saxeli bafa erqva. is saidumlo mimoweras<br />

awarmoebda ekaterine mediCTan, raTa xeli SeeSala TurqeTisaTvis<br />

veneciaze Tavdasxmisagan. is aseve ekontaqteboda veneciis elCs erT-erTi<br />

29 mufTi ewodeba fakihs, romelsac gamoaqvs feTva - saRvTismetyvelo-<br />

samarTlebrivi daskvna (sanikiZe 1999b: 186).

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65<br />

ebraelis, saxelad “kiarezas” meSveobiT, romelsac haremSi gasayidad<br />

mihqonda samkaulebi. man miaRwia imas, rom Tavisi Svili sultani gaxada,<br />

Tavad ki valide sultani gaxda (penzeri 2005:187).<br />

wyaroebSi moipoveba damadasturebeli cnoba imis Taobaze, rom<br />

valide sultani gabedul miTiTebas aZlevs Tavis Svils qveyanaSi<br />

arsebuli areulobis gamo. magaliTad, selaniqis cnobiT, 1600 wels<br />

mehmed III-is (1595-1603) mier mowveuli krebis Semdeg, romelsac valides<br />

garda eswrebodnen mufTi da didveziri, safie sultanma Tavis Svils<br />

Seaxsena, rom qveyanaSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs<br />

saWiroebda. mTeli qveyana savse iyo meqrTameobiT, gadasaxadebi iyo<br />

mouwesrigebeli. am yvelafris mizezi ki is iyo, rom qveyanas uvici<br />

adamianebi marTavdnen (selaniqi 1989:857-58).<br />

safie sultansa da mehmed III-ze (1595-1603) patara istoriuli<br />

nakveTi aqvs dawerili XVI saukunis sultnis karze moRvawe osmalo<br />

istorikoss mustafa alis. es istoria aris nawyveti misi didi<br />

istoriuli naSromisa. misi daweris mizani iyo is, rom gaefrTxilebina<br />

sultani da dedamisi, rom qveyanaSi mniSvnelovani reformebi iyo<br />

gasatarebeli, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi osmaleTis imperia advilad<br />

ganadgurdeboda (fleiSeri 1979-1980:176-78). alis mowodeba safie<br />

sultnisadmi, cxadia, ganpirobebuli iyo safies ZalauflebiT da misi<br />

mWidro urTierTobiT Tavis SvilTan – mehmedTan da didvezirTan.<br />

am periodis osmalo poeti nevi, romelic iyo murad III-is Svilis<br />

maswavlebeli, safiesadmi miZRvnil leqsSi qebas asxamda valide<br />

sultans, rogorc “saukunis dedofals da uerTgules dedofals.”<br />

mniSvnelovani valide sultani iyo mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) deda<br />

hadije Turhan sultani, romelic valide sultani gaxda mas Semdeg, rac<br />

taxtidan Camoagdes sultani qosemi. “axalgazrda sultnis mehmed IV-is<br />

taxtze asvlis Semdeg mTeli rva wlis manZilze qveyanaSi areuloba iyo,<br />

romlis drosac ieniCrebi da sifahebi erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg<br />

amxedrebdnen or daqvrivebul sultans: mehemd IV-is dedas Turhansa da<br />

mis bebia qosems, romelic garkveuli drois Semdeg moklul iqna misi<br />

mowinaaRmdegis dakveTiT” (kinrosi 1997:324).

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66<br />

yvela am angariSsworebas zed daerTo cvlilebebi sagareo<br />

politikaSi. XVIII saukunis Sua wlebSi zRvaze batonoba venecielTa<br />

xelSi gadavida. Turqebs Zala ar SeswevdaT daecvaT sakuTari sazRvrebi<br />

da sazRvao gzebi. venecielebma xelT igdes kunZulebi tenedosi da<br />

lemnosi. Turqebi marcxdebodnen. imisaTvis, rom qveyana krizisuli<br />

mdgomareobidan gamosuliyo, sultnis dedam saidumlod moixmo TavisTan<br />

energiuli, didi reputaciis mqone pirovneba, romelic waadgeboda<br />

osmaleTis saxelmwifos. es pirovneba iyo mehmed qofrulu, romelsac<br />

sultnis dedam Turhanma didveziris Tanamdeboba SesTavaza. warmoSobiT<br />

albanelma qofrulum Turhans pirobebi wauyena, romliTac is iseT<br />

absolutur Zalauflebas iTxovda, romelic iqamde mxolod sultnis<br />

dedas gaaCnda. valide sultanma Tavisi Svilis piriT Sehfica, rom mis<br />

yvela moTxovnas daakmayofilebda. sultanma pativi sca dedis<br />

gadawyvetilebas da qofrulu didvezirad dainiSna (kinrosi 2002:332).<br />

aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sakuTari mmarTvelobis dros valide<br />

sultani metad mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas erTpirovnulad iRebda.<br />

isic aRsaniSnavia, rom mas Tavis SvilTan, am gadawyvetilebis miRebis<br />

dros, SeTanxmebuli urTierToba hqonda, ufro metic, Svili dedis<br />

gadawyvetilebas iwonebda da pativs scemda.<br />

mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) deda – Turhan sultani Tavisi SvilisTvis<br />

iyo avtoriteti, romelsac is saxelmwifos marTvas andobda, TviTon ki<br />

saqveyno saqmeebs nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda. mematianes – silahdar<br />

mehmed faSas cnobiT, rodesac 1683 wels Turhani gardaicvala, qveyana<br />

danaRvlianda, xalxi ki RmerTs mimarTavda, rom xelidan gamoecalaT<br />

qveynis Zlieri Zala. 4 wlis Semdeg mehmed IV (1648-1687) gardaicvala. u. u.<br />

beiTsi aRniSnavs, rom Turhanis gardacvaleba qveynisaTvis iyo didi<br />

danaklisi. osmalo istorikosebis azriT: “qveynis didi boZi waiqca”<br />

(beiTsi 1978:255).<br />

sultnis stambolSi aryofnis periodSi valide sultnebi iyvnen<br />

sultnebis aqtiuri damcvelni. isini Tvalyurs adevnebdnen, rom romelime<br />

memkvidres xelisufleba ZaliT ar Caegdo xelSi.<br />

selaniqis cnobis mixedviT, 1586 wlis erT-erTi omis dros mehmed<br />

III-m (1595-1603) safie sultani datova mTeli xazinis meTvalyured, sadac

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67<br />

miliardi asperi inaxeboda (hameri 1835-1837:320). sultanma es omi moigo.<br />

“rodesac man miiRo safies milocvis werili, safie ukmayofilebas<br />

gamoTqvamda, rom sultanma am omis Semdeg didveziri sinan faSa<br />

daajildova. amis Semdeg sultanma pirvelive SesaZleblobaze yofili<br />

didveziri, dedamisis mowonebuli – ibrahim faSa daabruna Zvel<br />

Tanamdebobaze, romelsac aseve didi wvlili hqonda gamarjvebaSi. magram<br />

aq aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ibrahim faSa iyo safies siZe” (hameri 1835-<br />

1837:330). aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ibrahim faSas dawinaureba<br />

safies aqtiurobis Sedegi iyo. kargad Cans Tu ra didi iyo sultnis<br />

pativiscema dedisadmi, miuxedavad imisa, rom ibrahimi imsaxurebda<br />

dawinaurebas, es mxolod dedis Carevis Semdeg moxda.<br />

qosem sultani ganTqmuli iyo Tavisi inteleqtiTa da taqtiT<br />

(baisuni 1967:915-923). 1634 wels qosem sultanma didi mfarveloba gauwia<br />

Tavis Svils – sultan murad IV-s (1623-1640). muradis mier izniqis<br />

mosamarTlis sikvdiliT dasjam sasuliero pirTa didi aRSfoTeba<br />

gamoiwvia. gaCnda Worebic, viTom mufTi ahizade husein efendi sultans<br />

maxes ugebda, raTa taxtidan Camoegdo. rodesac am xmebma valide<br />

sultnis yuramde miaRwia, man saswrafod mouwoda murads dabrunebuliyo<br />

dedaqalaqSi. amis Semdeg es mufTi iyo pirveli, romelic osmaleTis<br />

imperiaSi sikvdiliT dasajes (naima 1863-1864:182).<br />

qosem sultanma gaagrZela mmarTveloba Tavisi meore Svilis<br />

ibrahimis (1640-48) sultnobis drosac. rodesac ibrahimi taxtidan<br />

gadadga, qosemis gavlena imdenad didi iyo, rom is erTxans darCa<br />

Zalauflebis mqone mmarTvelad, rogorc Zlieri valide sultani, Tavisi<br />

SviliSvilis mehmed IV-is sultnobisas (dengleri 1978:237; beiTsi<br />

1978:255).<br />

valide sultnebis Zalauflebas adasturebs Semdegi faqti: 1670<br />

wels lui XIV-is elCi markiz de nointeli stambolSi gemiT Cavida,<br />

magram saimperio sasaxlesTan Cavlisas sayviri ar misca. amas ori mizezi<br />

hqonda: 1. amiT mas surda gamoexata safrangeTis Zalaufleba osmaleTis<br />

imperiaze da 2. mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) aryofna stambolSi. amaze qalaqis<br />

mosaxleoba saSinlad aRelda. “diplomatiuri krizisi valide sultnis<br />

Turhanis gabedulma nabijma ganmuxta. is sasaxlidan gadmodga da

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68<br />

moiTxova, rom frangebs mis saxelze samefo sayviri miecaT. franguli<br />

gemebi marTlac swrafad SeCerdnen da artileriam cecxli gaxsna,<br />

valides sapativsacemod sapasuxo cecxli gaxsna sasaxlis artileriamac<br />

(persi 1993:241).<br />

valide sultnebis didi avtoritetis miuxedavad, XVI saukuneSi maT<br />

xSirad eqmnebodaT problemebi. yvela sultans rodi surda, rom maTi<br />

deda maT saqmeebSi Careuliyo. aseT SemTxvevebs gansakuTrebiT maSin<br />

hqonda adgili, roca sultani srulwlovanebis asaks miaRwevda da Tavs<br />

Sesaferisad igrZnobda, rom MmTeli qveynis marTva Tavis Tavze aeRo.<br />

valide sultnebis gavlenis sfero marTlac farTo iyo. maT didi<br />

zegavlena hqondaT mopovebuli sasaxlis karis umaRles moxeleebs<br />

Soris. maTi qaliSvilebi Txovdebodnen gavlenian pirebze, Sesabamisad<br />

maT moqiSpeebic uCndebodaT sultnis didveziris, mufTisa da wina<br />

sultnebis saxiT.<br />

aRsaniSanvia, rom TviTon sultansac ar siamovnebda dedamisis mier<br />

damoukidebeli politikis gatareba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca dedis<br />

qmedebani mis politikasTan SeusabamobaSi modioda. mehmed III-s (1595-1603)<br />

xSirad uxdeboda dedasTan – safiesTan dapirispireba. 1600-1603 ww-Si<br />

stambolSi myofi elCi agostino nini aRniSnavs, rom safie sultani ar<br />

gamoirCeoda mmarTvelobis gansakuTrebuli niWiT, piriqiT, misi roli<br />

qveynis marTvaSi umniSvnelo iyo. misi cnobis mixedviT mehmed III-s safie<br />

sultani sasaxlidan Zvel sasaxleSi gadauyvania, magram ramodenime<br />

dReSi kvlav ukan daubrunebia. safie sultani agreTve gadaurCa<br />

jariskacebis amboxebasac, romlebic moiTxovdnen misi sasaxlidan Sors<br />

gasaxlebas. es sabolood imiT dasrulda, rom safie edirneSi waiyvanes.<br />

garda amisa, safie sultani daadanaSaules fulis gadaxarjvaSi,<br />

romelic man meCeTis asaSeneblad gaiRo, romelic Tumca veRar<br />

dasrulda.<br />

safie sultnis arapopularobas aRniSnavs ingliseli elCi henri<br />

lelo da ambobs, rom mufTi da jariskacebi xSirad Ciodnen sultanTan<br />

safie sultnis mmarTvelobis gamo (lelo 1952:2).<br />

yvelaze seriozuli krizisi, romelsac safie daupirispirda, iyo<br />

1600 wels saimperio jaris jariskacebis amboxeba, romlebic aseve valide

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69<br />

sultans adanaSaulebdnen didZali fulis gaflangvaSi. “marto<br />

komerciul saqmianobaSi safie sultnis qoneba 500 mln aspers Seadgenda.<br />

yvelanair qrTams safie sultani ebraeli qalis daxmarebiT iRebda,<br />

romelic misi marjvena xeli iyo” (persi 1993:242). muhamedma ajanyebulebi<br />

daawynara da Sepirda, rom mdgomareobas gamoasworebda.<br />

safiem gadawyvita, rom Tavisi siZe – didveziri ibrahim-faSa da<br />

admirali halil-faSa Tanamdebobidan gadaeyenebina, radganac maT ver<br />

SeZles misi dacva ajanyebis dros. magram, unda aRiniSnos, rom sultanma<br />

mehmedma yurad ar iRo dedis naTqvami da ar daTanxmda mis moTxovnas.<br />

selaniqis cnobis mixedviT, mas dedisaTvis pasuxad SeuTvlia, rom<br />

vezirebs aranairi danaSauli ar miuZRodaT.<br />

safie sultnisagan gansxvavebiT, kidev ufro naklebi uflebebiT<br />

sargeblobda ahmed I-is (1603-1617) deda handan sultani. unda aRiniSnos,<br />

rom handan sultani iyo mehmed III-is Zis da safie sultnis SviliSvili.<br />

ahmed I-ma yurad ar iRo dedis Txovna, ar daesaja sikvdiliT didveziri<br />

mehmed faSa, romelmac saTanado zomebi ver miiRo da ver Caaqro 1603<br />

wlis anatoliis ajanyeba. dedis Txovnis miuxedavad, ajanyebidan<br />

dabrunebuli mehmed faSa sultanma dauyovnebliv sikvdiliT dasaja<br />

(feCevi 1864-1867:31). handan sultani ahmedis taxtze asvlidan 2 wlis<br />

Semdeg gardaicvala.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom murad III-m (1574-1595) SemoiRo valide-sultnis<br />

instituti, igi dedas Tavis saqmes mxolod misi dedaqalaqSi aryofnis<br />

periodSi gadaabarebda xolme. muradi dedas ar rTavda nebas sruli<br />

Zalaufleba aeRo xelSi, rogorc nurbanu da safie sultnebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi iyo. yvela momdevno sultnis sazrunavi agreTve iyo is, rom<br />

SeezRudaT dedebis uflebebi, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi aWarbebdnen<br />

Tavis Zalauflebas da faqtobriv mmarTvelebad iqceodnen xolme, Tumca<br />

es balansi didad iyo damokidebuli sultnebis da dedebis pirovnul<br />

Tvisebebze da SesaZleblobebze.<br />

Cans, rom mehmed III-is (1595-1603) Semdgomi sultnebi seriozulad<br />

dafiqrdnen valide sultnebis xelisuflebaze da gadawyvites maTi<br />

uflebebi CarCoSi moeqciaT.

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70<br />

murad IV-is (1623-1640) sultnobis meore periodSi naklebad Cans<br />

valide sultnis Careva Svilis saqmeSi.<br />

murad IV-is naadrevi gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze misi Zma –<br />

ibrahimi avida. ibrahim I (1640-1648) mWidrod TanamSromlobda dedasTan da<br />

didvezirTan, Tumca cdilobda maTi gavlenisagan Tavi daecva. male<br />

ibrahimma mufTis Tanamdebobaze Tavisi ndobiT aRWurvili piri – sinji<br />

xoja daniSna da amiT Zalaufleba ganimtkica. male dedamisma qosemma da<br />

didvezirma mustafa faSam masze kontroli dakarges. 1644 wels<br />

didveziri sikvdiliT dasajes. ibrahimma dedis sikvdiliT dasjac<br />

moindoma, magram Seiwyala da sasaxlidan gadaasaxla.<br />

istorikosi naimas mixedviT vigebT, rom ibrahimi dedis miTiTebas<br />

yurs aRar ugdebda, valide sultani Tofkafis maxloblad cxovrobda.<br />

“ibrahimma Tavis debs, anu qosemis Svilebs – aiSes, fatmasa da hanzades<br />

da aseve Tavis dis Svils qaias waarTva maTi kuTvnili miwebi da<br />

Zvirfaseuloba da ubrZana, rom mas damorCilebodnen (naima 1863-1864:317).<br />

valide sultnebi Seviwroebas ganicdidnen didvezirebisa da<br />

ulemebis warmomadgenlebis mxridan. amis mizezi gaxldaT is, rom valide<br />

sultnebi did materialur qonebas flobdnen. amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

sultnis samefo karze moewyo Sexvedra, sadac unda ganexilaT rogorc<br />

valide sultnebis, ise samefo ojaxis wevr qalTa mier qonebis flobis<br />

sakiTxi. krebaze gamocxadebul iqna, rom valide sultani qosemi flobda<br />

miwebs, saidanac mas wliuri Semosavali daaxloebiT aseulobiT aTasi<br />

yuruSi Sesdioda. mufTim es gaaprotesta da Tqva, rom warmoudgeneli<br />

iyo valides aseTi didi farTobis miwis nakveTi hqonoda. samefo karze<br />

moRvawe xelisufalni agreTve kritikis TvaliT uyurebdnen valide<br />

sultnis mier gaweul raime mowyalebas sakuTari qonebis xarjze. amas<br />

isini Tvlidnen, rogorc saxelmwifos finansur sistemaSi Cadenil<br />

danaSauls, radganac qveyana gasaWirSi iyo. qosemma ki Tavisi Tavi imiT<br />

gaimarTla, rom misi survili iyo gaWirvebulTaTvis daxmarebis gaweva,<br />

vidre fulis usargeblod deba saxelmwifos xazinaSi da droTa<br />

ganmavlobaSi misi gaflangva.<br />

sainteresoa mimovixiloT, Tu ra funqcia eniWeboda dedas, rogorc<br />

regents. XVII s-Si osmalebi sityva regents ar gamoiyenebdnen.

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71<br />

“regentobis xanis” aRsaniSnavad Cven vxvdebiT aseT GgamoTqmas –<br />

“movaleoba gamowrTobisa da meTvalyureobisa”, romelic gamoiyena yara<br />

Celebi zade abdulaziz efendim, mas surda mieTiTebina qosem sultnis<br />

funqciaze, roca misi Svidi wlis SviliSvili mehmed IV (1648-1687)<br />

sultani gaxda.<br />

regentobis xana garkveuli valdebuleba iyo sultnis dedisaTvis,<br />

romelsac Tvalyuri unda edevnebina Tavisi SvilisaTvis sultnad<br />

gaxdomis dRidan.<br />

pirveli sultani, romlis drosac sxva ganagebda qveyanas, iyo<br />

mustafa I. feCevis mixedviT: “roca aRmoCnda, rom mustafas gonebrivi da<br />

fizikuri mdgomareoba safrTxeSi iyo, saWiro gaxda eqimis Careva, xolo<br />

qveynis marTvis sadaveebi ki mis dedas gadasces, romelic realurad<br />

asrulebda im funqcias, rac sultnis kompetenciaSi Sedioda” (feCevi<br />

1992:134).<br />

male mustafas adgili osman II-m (1618-1622) daikava. rodesac<br />

ieniCarebi osmans aujanydnen, maT winaswar garkveuli hqondaT Tu vis<br />

kandidaturas dauWrdnen mxars didveziris postze.<br />

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom ibrahimis sultnobis adreul wlebSi<br />

qveyanas faqtobrivad marTavda didveziri da valide sultani da es xana<br />

warmatebulic iyo. xolo roca sultanma srulwlovanebis asaks miaRwia<br />

da erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxda, dedamisi gadaasaxla, xolo<br />

didveziri 1644 wels sikvdiliT dasaja.<br />

1648 wels ibrahimi Camoagdes da taxtze avida 7 wlis mehmed IV<br />

(1648-1687), romelic regents saWiroebda. am SemTxvevaSi wamoiWra ori<br />

valide sultnis kandidatura. pirveli iyo mehmedis axalgazrda deda<br />

Turhan sultani (daaxl. 22 an 23 wlis) da sakmaod gamocdili, mehmedis<br />

bebia – qosemi. vinaidan realuri valides kandidatura Zalian<br />

axalgazrda iyo, iyo eWvi, rom mas, SesaZloa, qveyana saTanadod ver<br />

emarTa. amitom Tanamdebobaze kvlav Zveli valide sultani – Qqosemi<br />

datoves.<br />

is, rom qosemi Zlieri valide sultani iyo, amaze Cven zemoT ukve<br />

visaubreT, magram amjerad qosemze da Turhan sultanze sxva kuTxiT

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72<br />

visaubrebT. Cven aq mimovixilavT imas, Tu rogori gzebiT cdilobda es<br />

ori qali Zalauflebis mopovebasa da SenarCunebas.<br />

rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, mehmed IV-is sulTnad gaxdomis<br />

dRidan valide sultani gaxda qosemi. male mas Turhani –mehmed IV-is<br />

(1648-1687) deda daupirispirda, romlis mokavSiredac gamodioda<br />

didveziri siavuS faSa. qosemma gadawyvita mehmedis nacvlad taxtze<br />

suleimani aeyvana, romelic ibrahimis meore Svili iyo. am gziT Turhanis<br />

nacvlad valide sultani suleimanis deda gaxdeboda, romelsac<br />

dilaSubi erqva da romelic naklebad ambiciuri iqneboda. magram qosemis<br />

es gegma gasca misma msaxurma qalma meleqi haTunma da Turhans yvelaferi<br />

acnoba. 1651 wels qosem sultani moklul iqna, raSic Turhan sultnis<br />

xeli eria. mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) sultnobis pirveli 8 wlis manZilze<br />

ieniCarebi da sifahebi erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg amxedrebdnen or valide<br />

sultans: mehmedis dedas Turhansa da mis bebias - erT dros didi<br />

Zalauflebis mqone qosems, romelic moklul iqna Tavisi mowinaaRmdegis<br />

mier (kinrosi 2002:331).<br />

qosemis did avtoritets qveyanaSi adasturebs is faqti, rom misma<br />

sikvdilma qveyanaSi politikuri krizisi gamoiwvia, “roca misi sikvdilis<br />

ambavi saxalxod cnobili gaxda, stambolSi mcxovrebma mosaxleobam<br />

qalaqis meCeTebi da bazrebi daketes da sami dRe glova gamoacxades<br />

(Celebi 1991:89).ĺ qosemis sikvdilis Semdeg qveyanaSi gatarda rigi<br />

RonisZiebebi. sikvdiliT dasajes qosemis mokavSire ieniCarebi. Turhan<br />

sultanma ki valide sultnis Tanamdeboba miiRo. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

Turhani Zalauflebas am Tanamdebobis miRebamde flobda. amaze<br />

metyvelebs Turhansa da didvezirs Soris arsebuli miwer-moweris<br />

damadasturebeli sabuTebi. maSasadame, Turhani adreuli regentobis<br />

droidan aqtiurad monawileobda yovelgvari oficialuri dokumentisa<br />

Tu saqmis warmoebaSi.<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sultani darwmunebuli ar iyo raime saqmianobis<br />

kanonierebaSi, is gamocdil xalxs sTxovda konsultacias an<br />

xelmZRvanelobda kanunnameTi, raTa yvelaferi kanonis farglebSi<br />

moeqcia. TandaTanobiT Turhanis, rogorc qveynis mmarTvelis adgili,

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73<br />

gamyarda, radganac man SeZlo swrafad SeeZina saTanado gamocdileba da<br />

gaezarda mokavSireTa ricxvi.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom dedis – Turhanis gverdiT mniSvnelovan<br />

saxelmwifoebriv Sexvedrebsa Tu krebebze monawileobas iRebda mehmed IV,<br />

romelsac dedamisi exmareboda gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.<br />

1656 wels osmaleTis imperiaSi momxdari samxedro gadatrialebis<br />

Semdeg gadayenebul iqna didveziri Tarhunju ahmed faSa. mis nacvlad<br />

Turhanma, rogorc zemoT vTqviT, qofrulu mehmed faSa daniSna.<br />

istorikosebma es faqti miiCnies aRdgenad didveziris Zveli<br />

xelisuflebis, romelic garkveuli drois manZilze SezRuduli iyo<br />

haremis qalTaA mier. Turhanis mizanic iyo is, rom qveyana gadaerCina<br />

politikuri da fiskaluri qaosisagan. Turhan sultani amisaTvis zrdida<br />

didveziris Zalauflebas, raTa mas qveyanaSi mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi<br />

gaetarebina, Sedegad ki zRudavda Tavisi da Tavisi Svilis<br />

xelisuflebas. Cans, rom am valide sultnis mizani iyo, rom qveyanaSi<br />

aRdgeniliyo is tradiciuli balansi sultansa da didvezirs Soris, rac<br />

odiTganve osmaleTis imperiis safuZvels warmoadgenda.<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qofrulu mehmed faSas daniSvniT ar<br />

damcrobila Turhan sultnis, rogorc valide sultnis roli. es imiT<br />

iyo ganpirobebuli, rom qofrulu mehmed faSa Turhanis kandidatura iyo.<br />

ase rom, 1656 wels Turhani seriozul riskze wavida, roca qofrulu<br />

didvezirad daniSna, magram misda sabednierod, am riskma gaamarTla<br />

(gudvini 1994:141). n. m. penzeri dasZens, rom Turhani metad gonivrulad<br />

moiqca, roca didvezirad mehmed qofrulu daniSna, romelic TurqeTis<br />

sami yvelaze warmatebuli didveziridan pirveli iyo (penzeri 2005:192).<br />

qofrulus didvezirad daniSvnis Semdeg Turhanma daiwyo Canaqales<br />

cixesimagrisa da didi meCeTis mSenebloba.<br />

1656 weli sxva mxrivac iyo mniSvnelovani weli osmaleTis samefo<br />

dinastiis qalTa istoriaSi. Turhan sultnis regentobiT dasrulda<br />

qalTa regentobis istoria, anu mehmed IV-is Semdeg valide sultani<br />

aRarasodes yofila Tavisi Svilis regenti.<br />

politikuri xelisuflebis SezRudvis Semdeg valide sultnebi<br />

gaxdnen dinastiis matriarqebi, romelTaA ZiriTad sazrunavs

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74<br />

warmoadgenda saojaxo dinastiis keTildReoba da gadarCena. valide<br />

sultnebs aseve Seuvali Zalaufleba gaaCndaT garkveul aspeqtebSi,<br />

romelic maTi Svilebis kompetenciaSi ar Sedioda. isini cdilobdnen<br />

daebrunebinaT sasultnosaTvis simyare. “sultani TiTqmis Seuvali gaxda<br />

saxelmwifos marTvaSi, valide sultani ki, rogorc haremis ufrosi,<br />

ojaxis avtoritets ganagebda. igi warmoadgenda erT mTlian samefo<br />

ojaxs, romelic uzrunvelyofda kavSiris damyarebas samefo dinastiis<br />

Taobebs Soris da simbolizirebas aniWebda maT maradJamobas “ (persi<br />

1993:259).<br />

valide sultnebi aseve aqtiurad zrunavdnen dinastiis<br />

gamravlebaze. amis erT-erTi magaliTia nurbanu sultani - murad III-is<br />

(1574-1595) deda, romelic cdilobda Tavis Svils ar hyoloda mxolod<br />

erTi coli safie. magram muradi 20 wlis manZilze mainc am erTi colis<br />

erTguli darCa (kinrosi 2002:275). safiem mas mxolod ori Svili gauCina,<br />

amaTgan erTi adreul asakSi gardaicvala. igi imsxverpla im xSirma<br />

epidemiebma, romlebsac adgili hqonda XVIs-is bolo wlebSi. murad III-is<br />

dam dinastiis gamravlebis mizniT Tavis Zmas saCuqrad ori mxevalic ki<br />

mihgvara.<br />

dinastiis gazrdaze zrunavda, agreTve, qosem sultanic. romelic<br />

ecada Tavisi Svilis darwmunebas, raTa sikvdiliT ar daesaja Tavisi<br />

Zmebi. dinastiis gasamravleblad qosem sultani cdilobda Tavisi Svilis<br />

- ibrahimis garSemo Semoekriba xasebi, TviTon ki qveynis marTvis<br />

sadaveebi egdo xelT. ibrahimis sultnobis bolo wlebSi, rodesac<br />

qveyanaSi areuloba iyo, qosem sultani kidev erTxel gamovida<br />

dinastiisa da sakuTari Svilis dasacavad.<br />

valide sultanma – Turhanma, dinastiis SesanarCuneblad, daicva<br />

Tavisi Svilis mehed IV-is (1648-1687) Zmebi – suleimani da ahmedi,<br />

romlebic ar iyvnen misi Svilebi.<br />

valide sultnebi iyvnen osmaleTis imperiaSi arsebuli<br />

tradiciebis pirveli damcvelebi. magaliTad, iseTi tradiciebis,<br />

rogoric iyo sultnis taxtze asvlis ceremonia. rodesac mTavrobis<br />

warmomadgenlebma gadawyvites, rom ibrahimi taxtidan gadaeyenebinaT, maT<br />

brZaneba gaugzavnes sasaxleSi, rom sultnis Svidi wlis vaJi taxtze

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75<br />

aeyvanaT da sazeimo ceremonia meCeTSi gamarTuliyo. qosem sultani am<br />

faqts aqtiurad gamoexmaura da aRniSna, rom sultnis taxtze kurTxevis<br />

ceremonia meCeTSi arasodes ar Catarebula da is yovelTvis sasaxleSi<br />

tardeboda. unda vivaraudoT, rom qosems surda am ceremonialis<br />

Catareba im adgilas, sadac mas meti kontrolis saSualeba eqneboda,<br />

magram sinamdvileSi, es ar niSnavda mxolod sakuTari avtoritetis<br />

SenarCunebaze zrunvas, aramed mas realurad surda axali sultnis<br />

keTildReoba, romelsac am qveyanaze jer aranairi gamocdileba ar<br />

gaaCnda. valide sultnebis maRal avtoritetze miuTiTebs is faqtic,<br />

rom axali sultani taxtze asvlisTanave pirvel rigSi dedas<br />

moinaxulebda xolme. muradmac da mehmedmac orivem moinaxules TavianTi<br />

dedebi, raTa maTgan mieRoT dalocva da rCevebi.<br />

valide sultnebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen sultnis<br />

gadayenebisas. gadayenebuli sultnis deda gascemda sanqcias, raTa<br />

taxtze kvlav samefo dinastiis Camomavali asuliyo da ara sxva piri.<br />

XVIIs-is xuTi sultnidan samis deda (eseni iyvnen mustafa I-is,<br />

ibrahimisa da mustafa II-is dedebi) Seeswro Svilis taxtidan gadayenebas.<br />

moipoveba mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxebac, rom rogorc mufTim, ise<br />

didvezirma, dedebs neba darTes monawileoba mieRoT sultnis<br />

gadayenebaSi. magaliTad, “rodesac naTeli gaxda, rom mustafas gonebrivi<br />

SesaZleblobebi qveyanas did zarals miayenebda, dedamisi daTanxmda mis<br />

gadayenebas. dedam mxolod is iTxova, rom misi Svili sikvdiliT ar<br />

daesajaT” (naima 1863-1864:315).<br />

“mdgomareobis daZabvis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo pirebi Semdeg<br />

strategias iyenebdnen. isini valide sultans adarebdnen mociquli<br />

muhamedis dedas, amiT gaamayebuli qosem sultani kidev ufro afarToebda<br />

Tavisi, rogorc maswavleblis, uflebebs Tavisi Svilis da ara mxolod<br />

Svilis, aramed mTlianad muslimuri Temis winaSe” (persi 1993:264).<br />

TandaTanobiT valide sultnis funqcia osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

formaluri xdeboda. es SegviZlia kargad davinaxoT gulnuS sultnis<br />

magaliTze. man metad umniSvnelo roli Seasrula Tavisi Svilis –<br />

mustafa II-is gadayenebaSi 1703 wels da aseve misi meore Svilis – ahmed<br />

III-is (1703-1730) taxtze asvlaSi. am faqtisadmi Tanxmobis gamosaxatavad

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76<br />

mas daawerines formaluri peticia, romelic gaugzavna didvezirsa da<br />

mufTis, riTic acnoba, rom Tanaxma iyo maT mier miRebul<br />

gadawyvetilebaze. e.i. valide sultans mosTxoves imis ratificireba, rac<br />

ukve damtkicebuli iyo wamyvani politikuri da religiuri pirebis mier,<br />

Tumca mis mier am sanqciis gacema mainc aucilebeli iyo.<br />

maSasadame, Cven davinaxeT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi<br />

mniSvnelovani transformacia ganicada qalis statusma anatoliaSi.<br />

qalis uuflebo mdgomareobis fonze osmaleTis imperiaSi Camoyalibda<br />

haremis socialuri struqtura da damkvidrda sultani valides<br />

instituti. sultani valide mogvevlina, rogorc regenti da rogorc<br />

yvelaze Zalauflebis mqone qali osmaleTis imperiaSi.<br />

sultani valides wodeba pirvelad murad III-m (1574-1595) SemoiRo da<br />

SemdgomSic didxans arsebobda. valides tituli unarCundeboda dedas<br />

Svilis sultnobis periodSi. isini Svilebis aRmzrdelebad osmaleTis<br />

imperiaSi XVI-XVII saukuneebSi mogvevlinnen. es iyo rogorc maTi<br />

movaleoba, ise maTi ufleba. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom regentis anu<br />

meurvis wodeba dedebs osmalebamdec gaaCndaT. Turq-selCukTa<br />

saxelmwifoSi aseTi regenti qali iyo sultan maliq-Sahis (1072-1092)<br />

meuRle da sultan mahmudis deda Turqan-xaTuni.<br />

haremSi mcxovreb qalTa uflebebi usazRvro iyo. isini ereodnen<br />

saxelmwifos saqmeebSi, ismendnen qveynis saidumloebebs. haremis<br />

gavlenianma qalebma XVI-XVII ss-Si osmaleTis imperiaSi Seqmnes epoqa,<br />

romelic cnobili gaxda, rogorc “qalTa mmarTvelobis xana”. saukuneze<br />

metxans osmaleTis imperiis politikuri Zalaufleba samefo haremis<br />

warmomadgenel qalTa xelSi iyo. es xana daiwyo roksolanas (sultan<br />

suleiman brwyinvalis coli) gardacvalebis Semdeg (1558) da dasrulda<br />

sultani valide Turhanis (mehmed IV-is deda) mmarTvelobiT (1648-1683).<br />

XVI saukunis miwurulidan sultnebi seriozulad dafiqrdnen<br />

sultani valides xelisuflebaze, maT did Zalauflebaze da gadawyvites<br />

maTi uflebebi SeezRudaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom sultani valides<br />

instituti murad III-m (1574-1595) SemoiRo, misi da yoveli momdevno<br />

sultnis sazrunavi iyo is, rom SeezRudaT dedebis uflebebi, romlebic<br />

xSir SemTxvevaSi faqtobriv mmarTvelebad iqceodnen xolme, Tumca es

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77<br />

balansi didad iyo damokidebuli sultnebisa da dedebis pirovnul<br />

Tvisebebsa da SesaZleblobebze. samefo wris qalTa gavleniani<br />

mmarTveloba male dasrulda. politikuri xelisuflebis SezRudvis<br />

Semdeg sultani valideebi gaxdnen dinastiis matriarqebi, romelTa<br />

ZiriTad sazrunavs warmoadgenda dinastiis keTildReoba, gamravleba da<br />

gadarCena. isini aseve iyvnen osmaleTis imperiaSi arsebuli tradiciebis<br />

pirveli damcvelebi. TandaTanobiT sultani valides funqcia formaluri<br />

gaxda.<br />

amrigad, metad saintereso transformacia ganicada rogorc<br />

mTlianad qalis statusma anatoliaSi, ise sultani valides institutma.<br />

vTvliT, rom am qalebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes osmaleTis<br />

imperiaSi.

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78<br />

5. sultnis samefo ojaxis gavleniani wevrebi<br />

sultnis gavleniani samefo ojaxis wevrebidan aRsaniSnavia<br />

sultnis dedebi, sultnis colebi da sultnis qaliSvilebi. sultnis<br />

dedebze – valide sulTnebze Cven zemoT ukve visaubreT vrclad,<br />

amjerad sultnis colebsa da qaliSvilebze SevCerdebiT. aqve<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom qvemoT dasaxelebuli sultnis colebi agreTve<br />

gvevlinebian rogorc valide sultnebi.<br />

seraglioSi mcxovrebi colebidan yvelaze aRsaniSnavia sami<br />

maTgani: roksolana (1526-1558 ww.), suleiman brwyinvalis coli, qosem<br />

sultani – yvelaze didxans icocxla da yvelaze meti naxa da naqSedil<br />

sultani – iseTi cxovrebiT icxovra, rom masze legendebi gaCnda.<br />

roksolana (hurem sultani)<br />

stambolSi mdebareobs erT-erTi yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavi nageboba<br />

– suleiman brwyinvalis meCeTi, romelic arqiteqtor sinanis Semoqmedebis<br />

brwyinvale nimuSia. meCeTis SigniT sibnelis miuxedavad mravali<br />

fanjaraa, romlebic sparsuli miniTaa damzadebuli da mihrabi 30 ,<br />

romelic feradi filebiTaa mopirkeTebuli. Aiqve moTavsebulia<br />

suleimanisa da misi legendaruli colis – roksolanas mavzoleumi.<br />

haremis mravali qalis msgavsad roksolanas warmoSobac<br />

bundovania. savaraudoa, rom is iyo rusi mona ukrainidan, rasac misi<br />

saxeli adasturebs – “roksolana” an “rusalena”, romelic suleimanis<br />

saukeTeso megobarma – didvezirma ibrahimma monaTa bazarze iyida.<br />

osmalur istoriografiaSi is cnobilia rogorc “hurem” sultani, xolo<br />

ucxour wyaroebSi – roksolana, mas suleimanisagan hyavda oTxi vaJi<br />

selimi, baiazidi, mehmedi da jihangiri (uzunCarSili 1998:401).<br />

roksolanas portretidan ifrqveva misi ganumeorebeli silamaze,<br />

misi Tvalebidan gamosWvivis misi maRali inteleqti. is iyo<br />

araCveulebrivi strategi da msaxiobi politikosi, romelic iseve<br />

30 niSa meCeTis kedelSi, romelic miuTiTebs meqisaken (kibla) (metreveli1999:135).

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79<br />

Tvlida Tavis TiToeul nabijs, rogorc Wadrakis TamaSisas TiToeul<br />

svlas.<br />

roksolanam SeZlo gamxdariyo sultnis mesame coli, radganac mas<br />

vaJiSvili SeeZina, xolo mas Semdeg, rac is sami vaJis deda gaxda<br />

(mehmedis, selimis da baiazidis) man sultnis guli sabolood daipyro.<br />

Tumca sultnis taxtis miRebaSi mas sxva ufliswulebi eRobebodnen.<br />

Mmehmed faTihis mier miRebul iqna kanoni, romlis ZaliTac taxti mamidan<br />

ufros Svilze gadadioda. suleimans Tavisi vaJiSvilebidan surda, rom<br />

baiazedi gamxdariyo momdevno sultani, Tumca am dros yvelaze ufrosi<br />

Mmustafa iyo, romelic sultans sxva qalisagan hyavda (uzunCarSili<br />

1998:358). didveziri ibrahim faSac mas emxroboda. hurem sultnis pirveli<br />

amocana gaxda am veziris Tanamdebobidan gadayeneba.<br />

n. m. penzeris mixedviT, suleimanis dedis gardacvalebis Semdeg,<br />

roksolanasTvis ori mTavari metoqe darCa – pirveli coli, bosfor<br />

sultani (savaraudod gulbahari) da didveziri – ibrahimi (penzeri<br />

2005:175).<br />

1526 wels pietro bragadino, venecieli elCi stambolSi veneciis<br />

senats swerda im gauTavebel brZolaze, romelic mimdinareobda sultnis<br />

pirvel cols – gulbaharsa (mustafas deda) da roksolanas Soris.<br />

gulbaharma erTi-erTi Cxubis dros roksolanas saxec ki daumaxinja.<br />

roksolana protestis niSnad Caiketa Tavis sacxovrebelSi da uari<br />

ganacxada sultanTan Sexvedraze, mizezad Tavisi saxis problemebi<br />

moiyvana. is saqveynod moiTxovda, rom sultans colad moeyvana da<br />

Zalauflebac mieniWebinaT misTvis. sultanma misi gulis mosagebad<br />

Tavisi Svili mustafa manisaSi gaagzavna gamgeblad, romelsac<br />

protokolis mixedviT deda – gulbaharic Tan gahyva. suleimanma male<br />

gauSva yvela mxevali da daaqorwina Tavis faSebze. is roksolanas yvela<br />

survils usrulebda, male roksolana sultnis kanonieri colic gaxda.<br />

am uprecedento ambavze mogviTxrobs imdroindeli ingliseli<br />

damkvirvebeli ser jorj iangi: (1530w.)<br />

“am kviras moxda uprecedento ambavi sasultnos istoriaSi.<br />

sultanma colad moiyvana ruseTidan wamoyvanili mona qali saxelad<br />

roksolana da aris didi zeimi. sasaxleSi didi mxiarulebaa, iseve

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80<br />

rogorc quCebi, morTulia saxlebic, quCebSi aris bevri saqanela da<br />

xalxi qanaobs” (krutie 1989:115).<br />

Ees ulamazesi ambiciuri qalbatoni marTavda suleimans Tavis<br />

gardacvalebamde, 32 weliwadi.<br />

suleimanma am qalSi aRmoaCina meore naxevari, romelTnac<br />

harmoniuli urTierToba hqonda rogor saxlSi, ise sagareo saaqmeebSic.<br />

haremi bneli qvesknelidan gadaiqca lamaz oazisad.<br />

1541 wlis ianvarSi “Zvel sasaxleSi” Zlieri xanZari moxda. am<br />

faqtiT isargebla roksolanam da sacxovreblad Tofkafis sasaxleSi<br />

gadavida, aqve gadavida sultnis haremic. hurem sultnis wliuri<br />

Semosavali 5 000 dukats Seadgenda (gudvini 1994:125).<br />

suleimans surda roksolanasTvis calke sasaxle aego. roksolanam<br />

ifiqra, rom TvalTaxedvis aridan gauCinarebas SeeZlo gamoewvia<br />

sultnis mxridan misi miviwyeba da sanacvlod man sultans meCeTis<br />

aSeneba SesTavaza. Mmiiwvies im droisaTvis yvelaze cnobili Turqi<br />

arqiteqtori – sinani da aaSenebines meCeTi, romelsac “suleimanie”,<br />

suleiman brwyinvalis meCeTi uwodes, es moxda 1549 wels.<br />

roksolana cdilobda Tavisi vaJisaTvis moepovebina sultnis<br />

tituli. Semonaxulia roksolanas werilebi suleimanisadmi. erT-erT<br />

werilSi is swers sultans:<br />

“Cemo mbrZanebelo, Seni aryofna Cems gulSi siyvarulis cecxls<br />

ufro da ufro aRvivebs. Seiwyale es suli da daaCqare werilis<br />

gamogzavna, raTa iqneb masSi vipovo nugeSi. rodesac Seni werili<br />

wavikiTxe, Seni Svili mehmedi da qaliSvili mihrimahi, Cems gverdiT iyvnen<br />

da maT cremlebi wamoscvivdaT... Sen mekiTxebi, Tu ratom gamabraza<br />

ibrahim faSam. RmerTis nebiT, rodesac SevxvdebiT erTmaneTs, me<br />

aucileblad gacnobeb” (uluCai 1950:31).<br />

sasultnoSi didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda ufliswuli mustafa,<br />

romelic mamas Zalian uyvarda. roksolana Seecada mustafa Tavisi<br />

SvilebisaTvis gzidan CamoeSorebina. rodesac man xelT igdo mustafas<br />

werili iranis Sahisadmi, sadac is werda, rom surda Zalauflebis<br />

mopoveba da amaSi Sahs sTxovda daxmarebas. roksolanam es yvelaferi

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81<br />

sultans acnoba, ris Sedegadac moxda brZola mamasa da Svils Soris<br />

ereglis midamoebSi. suleimanma mokla Tavisi Svili.<br />

roksolanas oTxi Svilidan mehmedi mcirewlovani daiRupa,<br />

jihangirs epilefsia aRmoaCnda, baiazidi Zalian mkacri aRmoCnda, xolo<br />

selimi gaxda erTaderTi vaJi, romelzedac dedam imedebi daamyara da<br />

taxtis memkvidrec gaxda.<br />

roksolana gardaicvala 1558 wels da misi adgili daikava misma<br />

qaliSvilma mihrimahma da misma SviliSvilma aiSa humeSahma. selimi da<br />

misi Svili murad III (1574-1595) xSirad politikas qalebs amjobinebdnen.<br />

am periodSi sargeblobdnen maTi debi, colebi da qaliSvilebi da<br />

aqtiurad ereodnen saxelmwifos saqmeebSi. saukeTeso Tanamdebobebs<br />

urigebdnen TavianT qmrebsa da vaJiSvilebs. suleimani rCevisaTvis Tavisi<br />

vaJiSvilebis nacvlad, Tavis qaliSvils - mihrimahs mimarTavda.<br />

roksolanam kargad gawvrTna Tavisi qaliSvili.<br />

qosemi<br />

ufliswuli ahmedi da ufliswuli mustafa cxovrobdnen “oqros<br />

galiaSi” (Golden Cage). roca ahmedi sultani gaxda, man ar mokla Tavisi<br />

Zma da kvlav “oqros galiaSi” datova ramdenime qalTan erTad.<br />

SesasvlelSi auSena kedeli, romelSic patara fanjara gamoWra, saidanac<br />

mustafas saWmels awvdidnen, aseve alkohols da opiumsac. 14 wlis<br />

Semdeg es kedeli dangreul iqna, mustafa ki sultani gaxda.<br />

sultani ahmedi yovel saRamos sxvadasxva qalTan erTad atarebda.<br />

upiratesobas berZen lamazman – qosems aniWebda, romelsac nairnairi<br />

ZvirfaseulobiT anebivrebda. qosemi 15 wlis iyo, rodesac ahmed I-is<br />

favoriti gaxda, romelic agreTve 15 wlis iyo.<br />

ahmedis sulTnoba mcire xans gagrZelda, 1603 wlidan 1617 wlamde.<br />

man qosemi metad axalgazrda qvrivi datova. mas sami vaJi darCa: muradi,<br />

baiazidi da ibrahimi. ramdenimeTviani mmarTvelobis Semdeg giJi mustafas<br />

mmarTveloba daamxo saWurisebis korpusma da is kvlav sapyrobileSi<br />

daabrunes, taxtze avida mustafas Ze – osmani, magram is ieniCarebisa da

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82<br />

sifahebis ajanyebis dros mokles. mas yuri moaWres da damcirebis mizniT<br />

mis dedas gaugzavnes. es pirveli SemTxveva iyo sultnis mkvlelobisa,<br />

Tumca iqamde adgili hqonda ZmaTa mkvlelobebs. giJi mustafa 1622 wels<br />

kidev erTxel gamoiyvanes sapyrobiledan da taxtze aiyvanes. amjerad<br />

mustafam moiTxova qosemis vaJebis sikvdiliT dasja. saWurisebis<br />

korpusma winaaRmdegoba gauwia da taxtze qosemis ufrosi vaJi murad IV<br />

(1623-1640) aiyvanes (krutie 1989:119).<br />

am gziT qosemma aixdina Tavisi ocneba da valide sultani gaxda.<br />

qosemis umcrosi vaJi – ibrahimic gonebasusti iyo. deda imedebs yvelaze<br />

lamaz da mamac baiazidze amyarebda, magram is Tavisma Zmam mokla.<br />

arcerTi valide ar yofila iseTi gavleniani, rogorc qosem<br />

sultani. is ieniCarebTan aliansSi monawileobas iRebda didveziris<br />

daniSvna-gadayenebasa da sultnis taxtze asvlaSi (inaljiqi 1989:98).<br />

murad IV-m (1623-1640) sikvdilisas dedamiss amcno, Tu rogor<br />

sZulda Tavisi Zma ibrahimi. man brZana ibrahimi moeklaT, magram qosemi<br />

win gadaeRoba. ibrahimi sapyrobileSi Caketes da Tavisi Zmis SiSiT gareT<br />

ver gamodioda. mxolod im pirobiT gamovidoda, Tu Tavisi Zmis neSts<br />

daanaxebdnen.<br />

ibrahimis sultnobis wlebs – 1640-1648 ww. ganekuTvneba qosemis,<br />

rogorc valide sultnis gavleniani mmarTveloba. didveziris, mustafa<br />

faSas daxmarebiT imperiis marTva mis xelT iyo. ususuri ibrahimi haremis<br />

cxovrebiT erToboda. mas sigiJemde uyvarda bewvi da moiTxovda yvelgan<br />

bewvi yofiliyo, rom xeliT Sexeboda. amasTanave mas xiblavda msuqani<br />

qalebi. misi favoriti iyo somexi qali, romelsac aRmerTebda. mas<br />

sultanma uboZa damaskos mmarTveloba. erTxel sultanma haremis mTeli<br />

qalebi tomrebSi moaTavsa da daaxrCo.<br />

ibrahimis sigiJis ambebi male farTod gacxadda da amas mohyva<br />

ieniCarebis ajanyeba. isini miadgnen sasaxles da moiTxoves sultnis Tavi.<br />

qosemma maTTan ramdenime saaTiani molaparakebebi awarmoa, Semdeg ki<br />

danebda im pirobiT, rom sultans ar moklavdnen da mas ukan<br />

daabrunebdnen sapyrobileSi, sadac is mosiarule mTvareuli gaxda. misi<br />

yvirili sqeli kedlebis iqiTac ismoda. sabolood mufTis brZanebiT is<br />

daaxrCves.

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83<br />

axali sultani gaxda ibrahimis 7 wlis vaJi mehmedi, misi deda<br />

Turhan sultani iyo. qosems ar surda daeTmo Tavisi Tanamdeboba<br />

TurhanisaTvis da dabrunebuliyo “cremlebis sasaxleSi” (House of Tears).<br />

qosemma scada moewamla mehmedi da taxtze aeyvana axalgazrda oboli<br />

ufliswuli, romelsac advilad marTavda. Sedegad am or qals Soris<br />

daiwyo omi..<br />

ieniCarebi qosemis mxares iyvnen, didveziri qofrulu mehmed faSa<br />

da sasaxlis administraciis sxva warmomadgenlebi ki - Turhanis mxares.<br />

qosemma farulad ieniCarebi haremSi Seiyvana, raTa mZevlad aeyvanaT<br />

axalgazrda sultani da misi deda. Turhans adreve amcnes am<br />

SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb da qosemi Tavad aRmoCnda saWurisebis SeTqmulebis<br />

msxverpli.<br />

qosemi gagiJda, is Tavis Zvirfaseulobas jibeSi itenida da haremis<br />

labirinTebian derefnebSi dadioda. erT dRes is patara kabinetSi<br />

Caiketa, ukan saWurisebi misdevdnen. Tavsaburavis nawili karebSi mohyva,<br />

rac dainaxes saWurisebma, Secvivdnen oTaxSi, qosemi gamoaTries,<br />

tansacmeli Semoaxies da gaZarcves. erT-erTma Tavdamsxmelma qosemi<br />

fardiT moaxrCo. misi SiSveli da sisxliT morwyuli sxeuli haremis<br />

karebTan (Gate of the Aviary) daagdes (penzeri 2005:192).<br />

qosemi haremis qalTagan yvelaze didxans marTavda qveyanas, TiTqmis<br />

naxevari saukune (Kösem Sultan).<br />

Zalaufleba xelT igdo Turhanma (1648w.). is haremSi Zalian<br />

uyvardaT. is mokrZalebuli qali iyo da naklebad ereoda saxelmwifos<br />

saqmeebSi. 1687 wels Turhani gardaicvala, amiT dasrulda qalTa<br />

mmarTvelobis xana.

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84<br />

naqSedil sultani (Aime Debucq de Rivery)<br />

sultnis sasaxlis arcerTi qalis cxovreba ar iyo ise idumalebiT<br />

moculi, rogorc naqSedilis. danamdvilebiT isic ar SegviZlia vTqvaT,<br />

NnaqSedili da emi erTi da igive adamiani iyo Tu ara.<br />

erTi versiiT emi diubuq riveri daibada 1763 wels martiniqSi<br />

keTilSobilis ojaxSi. misi biZaSvili - Jozefina (Josephine Tascher de la<br />

Pagerie) colad gahyva napoleon bonapartis. legendis mixedviT es ori<br />

gogo gaTxovebamde mkiTxavTan iyo, romelmac uTxra, rom orive maTgani<br />

gaxdeboda dedofali, maTgan erTi aRmosavleTis, xolo meore<br />

dasavleTis.<br />

1784 wels, roca emi nantidan martinikSi brundeboda, is Seipyres<br />

da 21 wlis emi sultan abdul-hamid I-s mihgvares.<br />

emi qera, lamazi da metad ganaTlebuli gogona iyo. sultanma mas<br />

saxelad naqSedili (“gulze amoqarguli”) daarqva da Tavis favoritad<br />

aqcia. is meoTxe colamde amaRlda da haremis politikur vnebaTaRelvaSi<br />

CaerTo. is uyurebda da swavlobda, Tu rogor cdilobdnen sultnis<br />

pirveli coli – nuqheT reza da sultnis meore coli mihrimahi TavianTi<br />

Svilebis taxtze ayvanas.<br />

1789 wels, safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis wels, sultani<br />

abul-hamidi gardaicvala. sultani gaxda 27 wlis selim III (1789-1807). man<br />

sTxova naqSedils Tavis SvilTan mahmudTan, anu Tavis ZmisSvilTan<br />

erTad sasaxleSi darCeniliyo. suleimanisaTvis naqSedili iyo<br />

safrangeTTan asocirebuli, safrangeTiT ki selimi metad moxibluli<br />

iyo. naqSedili misi ndobiT aRWurvili gaxda, is sultans frangulsac<br />

aswavlida. pirvelad gaigzavna elCi stambolidan parizSi. selimma neba<br />

darTo naqSedils sasaxle rokokos stiliT moerTo (krutie 1989:123).<br />

am frankofilurma reformebma imsxverpla selimis sicocxle. 1807<br />

wels is moklul iqna religiuri fanatikosebis mier, romlebic ar<br />

iwonebdnen sultnis liberalizms. mkvlelebs mahmudis mokvlac surdaT,<br />

magram naqSedilma RumelSi gadamala da ase gadaarCina sikvdils Tavisi<br />

Svili. am gziT mahmudi Semdegi sultani gaxda da daasrula<br />

mniSvnelovani reformebi, romlebsac atarebda Tavisi dedis

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85<br />

mniSvnelovani gavlenis qveS. l. kinrosis mixedviT mahmudis deda<br />

warmoSobiT, SesaZlebelia frangi iyo, Tumca mahmudma ar icoda arcerTi<br />

evropuli ena (kinrosi 1997:472).<br />

haremis etiketis gaTvaliswinebiT emim miiRo islami, magram is<br />

gulSi qristiani darCa. misi ukanaskneli survili iyo, misTvis saboloo<br />

qristianuli rituali mRvdels Caetarebina. amaSi mis Svils<br />

winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia. momakvdav emisTan osmaleTis imperiis<br />

istoriaSi pirvelad Seabija sasaxleSi kaTolike mRvdelma.<br />

mkvlevari q. isom-ferhaareni aRniSnavs, rom naqSedili iyo sultan<br />

mahmudis deda, magram mas ar erqva emi. is aseve dasZens, “miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom Cven mcire informacia mogvepoveba XVIII saukunis sultnis dedebze,<br />

TiTqmis dazustebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom isini ar iyvnen frangi<br />

princesebi” (isom-ferhaareni 2006:161). am legendebis gavrcelebis erT-erT<br />

mizezad SeiZleba CavTvaloT osmaleTis imperiis survili safrangeTTan<br />

diplomatiuri kavSiris ganmtkicebisa. SegviZlia davasvnaT, rom emis<br />

warmomavloba, iseve rogorc haremis qalTa umravlesobisa, mainc<br />

burusiT darCa moculi.<br />

sultnis qaliSvilebi<br />

sultnis qaliSvilebi sasaxleSi sxva samefo wris bavSvebTan<br />

erTad izrdebodnen, maTTan erTad TamaSobdnen aseve “odaliski”-s<br />

Svilebi. maTi Zmebis msgavsad maTac aZlevdnen ganaTlebas skolaSi,<br />

iqamde, vidre isini miaRwevdnen zrdasrul asaks.<br />

princesebis qorwineba, ZiriTadad, politikur mizans emsaxureboda,<br />

iseve rogorc mraval saxelmwifoSi. sultani Tavad irCevda sasiZoebs<br />

Tavisi qaliSvilebisa da debisaTvis, xolo didveziri formalurad<br />

gamoscemda dekrets (direqtiva, brZaneba). rogorc ki am dekrets miiRebda<br />

esa Tu is sasiZo, is iZulebuli iyo gahyroda Tavis yofil colebsa da<br />

“odaliskebs” (krutie 1989:109).

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86<br />

princesebis daqorwineba adreul asakSi xdeboda, ise, rom saqmro<br />

TvaliTac ar hyavdaT nanaxi. colis mcirewlovanebis gamo, qmari<br />

valdebuli iyo eTava misi aRzrda. mas Semdeg, rac qorwili<br />

gadawydeboda, sultans princesisaTvis unda eCvenebina sasaxle,<br />

romelSic isini gadavidodnen. sacxovreblis yvelanair xarjs ixdida<br />

qmari. princesebs Tan mihqondaT mziTevi, romelic maTi piradi sakuTreba<br />

iyo (beiTsi 1978:249).<br />

zemoT aRniSnul faqts adasturebs princi Ddemetrius kantemiri<br />

XVII saukunis dasasruls. is mogviTxrobs, rom sultnis qaliSvilebi<br />

ZiriTadad akvnidanve arian daniSnulebi maRal saxelmwifo moxeleebze,<br />

romlebsac iqamde, sanam sultnis qaliSvils ar moiyvanen colad, sxva<br />

colis moyvanis ufleba ara aqvT. Tu es moxele sultnis mier dasjili<br />

iqneba, magaliTad, Tavs mokveTen, maSin sultnis qaliSvils sxva saqmros<br />

SeurCeven. murad IV-is (1623-1640) das erT welSi oTxi qmari hyavda, magram<br />

arcerTi maTgani ar yofili realuri qmari. misi qmrebi amxiles<br />

sxvadasxva saxelmwifo danaSaulebebSi, Sesabamisad mTeli qoneba gadaeca<br />

maT cols, realurad ki samefo xazinas (kantemiri 1734:179).<br />

princesebi xSirad Txovdebodnen sqesobriv momwifebamde da maTze<br />

gacilebiT didi asakis mamakacebze da Sesabamisad xSirad adreul asakSi<br />

qvrivdebodnen. es gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi iyo XIX saukuneSi. Tumca es<br />

yovelTvis ar iyo katastrofa. fatma sultani, sultan ahmed III-is (1703-<br />

1730) qaliSvili, 13 wlis iyo, roca daaqorwines didvezir – nevSehirli<br />

ibrahim faSaze, romelic 51 wlis iyo. 63 wlis didveziri sikvdiliT<br />

dasajes. 24 wlis fatma bolomde qmris erTguli darCa. manamde 5 wlis<br />

fatma daaqorwines didvezirze da 9 wlis fatma daqvrivda.<br />

mustafa III-is (1757-74ww) Svili daaqorwines 4 wlis asakSi, meuRlis<br />

gardacvalebis Semdeg ki, 7 wlis asakSi – didvezirze, 8 wlisa isev<br />

daqvrivda. 17 wlisa igi daqorwinda faSaze da 25 weli iyo misi meuRle.<br />

misma meuRlem masze didxans icocxla.<br />

zogierTi gogona 2-3 wlis asakSi ukve iniSneboda. seraglios<br />

matianeSi - analebSi (Annals) moipoveba qorwilis SesaniSnavi aRweriloba<br />

(1709w.), romelic gaimarTa mehmed III-is (1595-1603) 5 wlis qaliSvil fatmasa<br />

da mis kariskacs ali-faSas Soris, romelic saSualo wlovanebis

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87<br />

mamakaci iyo. ceremonia iyo simboluri. daqorwinebis Semdeg maT erTad<br />

cxovreba iqamde ar SeeZloT, sanam fatma mowifulobis asaks ar<br />

miaRwevda. amas ki ali-faSa ver moeswro, radganac qorwinebidan 7 wlis<br />

Semdeg is moklul iqna erT-erT omSi.<br />

sultan suleimanis da – Sah sultani colad hyavda didvezir<br />

lutfi faSas. man winaaRmdegoba gauwia Tavis qmars mkacri<br />

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, rac iTvaliswinebda muslimi qalebis dasjas,<br />

amisaTvis didveziri sastikad gausworda Sah sultans, qalis kivilma<br />

saWurisebis yuramdec miaRwia. ganrisxebulma sultanma ar dasaja<br />

sikvdiliT luTfi faSa, Tumca moiTxova ganqorwineboda Tavis das da<br />

Semdeg gadaasaxla. es faqti miuTiTebs, rom princesebi ereodnen maTi<br />

qmrebis saqmianobaSi da cdilobdnen Careuliyvnen maT mier miRebul<br />

gadawyvetilebebSi. gadasaxlebaSi luTfi faSam dawera mniSvnelovani<br />

istoriuli narkvevi osmaleTis sulTnebze, romelic dResac<br />

mniSvnelovani saistorio wyaroa. Sah sultani aRar daqorwinebula.<br />

samefo ojaxma Seuracmxyofel luTfi faSas mainc ar CamoarTva qoneba.<br />

princesebi, xSirad, sicocxlesac ki uZRvnidnen TavianT<br />

mosiyvarule qmrebs, magaliTad, fatma sultanma, murad IV-is dam,<br />

gadaarCina siavuS faSas sicocxle.<br />

evlia Celebis mixedviT, ufro metia cnobili kaia sultanze da mis<br />

qmarze meleq ahmed faSaze. 1633 wels evliam Tavad gaisrola iaraRi,<br />

raTa aReniSnaT kaias dabadeba. 1644 wels is daqorwinda didvezirze<br />

meleq ahmed faSaze. isini Zalian bednieri wyvili iyo. sainteresoa is<br />

faqti, rom mas valide sultanTan vizitisaTvis problema ar eqmneboda<br />

da yovelTvis Tavisuflad Sedioda masTan. roca is gardaicvala, yvela<br />

valide Tu princesa mivida mis saflavze pativsacemad.<br />

meleq ahmedi kvlav daqorwinda princesaze, beber jadoqarze –<br />

fatma sultanze. misTvis es meoTxe qmari iyo. saqorwino Ramis Semdeg man<br />

sasaxleSi moiyvana Sida da gare mosamsaxureebis auracxeli raodenoba.<br />

es qali iyo usircxvilo da araordinaruli pirovneba. qmarma Tavis<br />

colze SesCivla sultans, sultanma ki miugo, rom aseTi uTanxmoebani<br />

xSiri iyo col-qmars Soris. meleq ahmedis gardacvalebis Semdeg, fatmam<br />

moisurva daeluqa misi oTaxebi. es ambavi acnobes did vezirs, romelmac

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88<br />

moiTxova saswrafod moexsnaT yvela luqi, princesam ki gaqceviT uSvela<br />

Tavs.<br />

fatmas cxovrebas Tu gadavxedavT, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom is<br />

iyo metad ganebivrebuli da egoisti qali. is iyo qosemis Svili,<br />

dabadebuli 1605 wels. 19 wlisa daqorwinda kafudan faSaze, romelsac<br />

gaeyara, raTa daqorwinebuliyo qara Mmustafa faSaze, romelic mokles<br />

1628 wels e.w. saqorwino sarecelze. amis Semdeg fatma daqorwinda sxva<br />

admiralze, romelic 3 wlis Semdeg mokles. mxolod 24 wlis Semdeg man<br />

moiTxova meleq ahmed faSaze daqorwineba. ahmed faSas gardacvalebis<br />

Semdeg is saswrafod daqorwinda kidev erT faSaze, romelic 3 wlis<br />

Semdeg gardaicvala, amis Semdeg fatma 62 wlis asakSi gaTxovda bolo<br />

faSaze, romelmac fatmaze didxans icocxla.<br />

nebismieri mamakaci, romelic qorwindeboda sultnis ojaxis<br />

wevrze, jildovdeboda “Damat”-is an “siZes” tituliT.<br />

fatmas da – aiSe, aseve daibada 1605 wels 7 wlis asakSi is<br />

daaqorwines didvezirze, romelic mokles, roca aiSe 9 wlis iyo<br />

(gudvini 1994:144). cnobili araa isini erTmaneTs odesme Tu Sexvdnen.<br />

Semdeg is dainiSna erT-erT gmirze, romelic gardaicvala, roca aiSe 16<br />

wlis iyo. 1627 wels aiSe 22 wlis asakSi gaTxovda erT didvezirze. misi<br />

mkvlelobis Semdeg sami weli aiSem Seisvena, ris Semdegac gaTxovda<br />

faSaze. es qorwineba gagrZelda 4 wels. sabolood is gaTxovda voinuk<br />

ahmed faSaze, romelic gardaicvala, roca aiSe 39 wlis iyo. aiSe darCa<br />

qvrivi, Tumca didZali fuli hqonda da 1656 wels gardaicvala.<br />

XIX saukuneSi “bavSvebis qorwineba” dasrulda da qorwinebis<br />

minimalur asakad dasaxelda mowifulobis asaki. zogierTi princesa<br />

TviTonve arCevda Tavis saqmros da Sesabamisad didi TavisuflebiT<br />

sargeblobda, vidre romelime qali islamur samyaroSi. zogi princesa<br />

siyvaruliT Txovdeboda.<br />

qorwinebis ceremonia metad saintereso iyo. procesia miemarTeboda<br />

Tofkafis sasaxlidan sasiZos sasaxlisaken. ianiCarTa korpusi<br />

sadResaswaulo formaSi iyo gamowyobili da mziTevi mihqondaT. maT<br />

mihyvebodaT yuranis wamkiTxvelebi, miliciis meTauri, TeTri saWurisebis<br />

ufrosi, mTavari arqiteqtori da sxva. mohqondaT sadResaswaulo

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89<br />

vercxlisa da oqros foTlebiT morTuli cvilis xe, romelsac<br />

patarZlis oTaxSi dgamdnen rogorc nayofierebisa da siuxvis simbolos<br />

(Nahil). bolos mohqondaT saCuqrebi, maT Soris Zvirfasi samkaulebi,<br />

TvlebiT moqarguli baliSebi. procesiaSi monawileobas iRebdnen<br />

Tanamdebobis pirebi, romlebic modiodnen Tanamdebobis mixedviT,<br />

didveziri da Seix-ul-islami erTad modiodnen. yvelaze bolos<br />

modiodnen avejiT datvirTuli saxedrebi (gudvini 1994:145).<br />

qorwinebis ceremonia ZiriTadad xuTSabaT dRes imarTeboda da<br />

sruldeboda sapatarZlos Tavis axal binaSi SebrZanebiT. wveulebas<br />

eswrebodnen meqis mbrZanebeli da Savi saWurisebis ufrosic. patarZali<br />

mihyavdaT vercxlis etliT, romelsac mihyvebodnen haremis mTavari<br />

qalbatonebi naklebad TvalismomWreli etlebiT da Semdeg gogonebi.<br />

ukravda orkestri. evlia Celebis mixedviT zogierTi sadResaswaulo<br />

cvilis xe imdenad didi iyo, rom aseuli mona iyo saWiro mis<br />

satareblad. 1646 wels 4 wlis princesas qorwinebisas es xe imdenad<br />

maRali iyo, rom minareTis simaRles aRwevda. saqorwino dResaswauli or<br />

kviraze metxans grZeldeboda.<br />

sultnebi guluxvebi iyvnen TavianTi qaliSvilebis gaTxovebisas.<br />

sapatarZlos mziTevs saxalxod gamofendnen. 1836 wels mihrimah sultnis<br />

qorwilis Sesaxeb Semdeg cnobebs gvawvdis baroni helmut moltke:<br />

“guSin (4 maisi, oTxSabaTi, 1836w.) princesas mziTevi waiRes Tavis<br />

axal saxlSi, procesias icavdnen kavalrebi da ramodenime faSa.<br />

procesiaSi monawileobas iRebda 40 saxedari, romelic datvirTuli iyo<br />

Zvirfasi qsovilebiT, 20 etli datvirTuli SaliT, xaliCebiT, abreSumis<br />

tansacmliT da sxva, Semdeg modioda 360 mtvirTavi, romlebsac mohqondaT<br />

didi vercxlis langrebi. pirvel langarze ido yurani, Semkuli oqroTi<br />

da margalitebiT, Semdeg vercxlis skamebi, saiuveliro yuTebi, oqros<br />

Citis galiebi da kidev RmerTma icis ra. savarudoa, rom aqedan bevr<br />

nivTs ukan abrunebdnen da Semdegi princesas qorwilze kvlav<br />

gamohqondaT” (krutie 1989:109).<br />

garToba, cekva, TamaSi ramodenime kviras grZeldeboda. qorwilis<br />

ceremoniis dasrulebis Semdeg axaldaqorwinebulebi sasaxleSi<br />

midiodnen, romelic winaswar iyo morTuli sultnis mier. sasiZo

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90<br />

Sedioda sacolis oTaxSi, is jer loculobda, Semdeg fexebs ukocnida<br />

princesas. ase iwyeboda pirveli saqorwino Rame.<br />

naTelia, rom osmaleTis imperiis princesaTa daqorwineba<br />

politikurad motivirebuli iyo. amis naTeli magaliTia zemoT<br />

CamoTvlili faqtebi. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom me-15 saukunis<br />

dasasrulisaTvis nel-nela iklo osmalo princesaTa qorwinebam<br />

araosmaluri dinastiis warmomadgenlebze, isini xSirad Txovdebodnen an<br />

sakuTar biZaSvilze, an romelime gamorCeul didmoxeleze da amiT<br />

gamoxatavdnen isini qveynisadmi erTgulebas (goCeqi 2003:75).<br />

princesebs didi zegavlena gaaCndaT mamebze, magaliTad suleiman<br />

brwyinvalis (1520-1566) qaliSvils mihrimahs da mis (sultnis) SviliSvils<br />

aiSe humaSahs didi Zalaufleba gaaCndaT mamebsa da qmrebze. ahmed III-is<br />

(1703-1730) meore qaliSvilma haTije sultanma didi gavlena moaxdina<br />

rogorc mamaze, ise Zmaze, aseve didvezirze titebis epoqaSi.<br />

mihrimah sultani yvelaze cnobili princesa iyo osmaleTis<br />

istoriaSi. is saTaveSi edga mraval saganmanaTleblo da saqvelmoqmedo<br />

saqmianobas. is Zalzed ambiciuri iyo. osmalo istorikosTa mixedviT<br />

mihrimahi mamas vaJiSvilebze metadac uyvarda da mas miiCnevda Zalian<br />

Wkvian qalad.<br />

mihrimahis qoneba, romelsac Seadgenda misi kuTvnili mziTevi da<br />

aseve qmris qoneba, misive anderZiT, gadaeca saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebs<br />

mihrimah sultans Zalian uyvarda Tavisi Zma selim II (1566-1574), romelsac<br />

taxtze asvlisas asesxa 50 000 oqros dukati (beiTsi 1978:252).<br />

mihrimah sultnis saxeli dakavSirebulia osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

mSeneblobis gaaqtiurebasTan. misi surviliT da iniciativiT aSenda ori<br />

meCeTi Tavisi kompleqsebiT, abanoebiTa da medreseebiT. orive es meCeTi<br />

aaSena arqiteqtorma sinanma. pirveli meCeTi mdebareobda usqudaris<br />

napirze – stambolis aziur nawilSi, xolo meore edirnekafiSi.

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91<br />

6. qalis statusi osmaluri<br />

saojaxo samarTlis mixedviT<br />

Turqi qalis socialuri da samarTlebrivi statusis<br />

warmoCenisaTvis saintereso iqneba, Tu mokled ganvixilavT osmalur<br />

saojaxo samarTals. osmalur saojaxo samarTali saukuneTa manZilze<br />

Seesabameboda SariaTis kanonmdeblobas. man cvlilebebi mxolod 1917<br />

wels ganicada, roca miRebul iqna axali saojaxo samarTali.<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi 1544 wlamde qals SeeZlo gaTxoveba<br />

mSoblebis daukiTxavad, rac 1544 wlidan sultnis brZanebiT sastikad<br />

aikrZala da ase gagrZelda XX saukunemde. am kanonis ZaliT<br />

mosamarTleebi valdebulni iyvnen yovelgvari qorwinebis saqme<br />

SeewyvitaT, Tu amaze mSoblebis Tanxmoba ar eqnebodaT miRebuli.<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi islamuri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT daSvebuli<br />

iyo poligamia, anu muslim kacs SeeZlo 4 kanonieri coli hyoloda.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom poligamia ZiriTadad saxelisuflebo wreebSi iyo<br />

gavrcelebuli. magaliTad, qofrulu mehmed faSas 4 kanonieri coli da<br />

ramodenime xasa hyavda. qveynis erTian mdgomareobas Tu ganvixilavT am<br />

mimarTulebiT, davinaxavT, rom mamakacTa ZiriTad nawils erTi an ori<br />

coli hyavda, rac damokidebuli iyo maT qonebriv SesaZleblobebze. amis<br />

ganmapirobebeli faqtori agreTve iyo isic, rom xSirad qals ar surda<br />

colad gahyoloda iseT mamakacs, romelsac sxva coli hyavda. mag. ”1631<br />

wels osmaleTis erT-erT sofelSi mola huseinis qaliSvilma Sahiem<br />

uari ganacxada daqorwinebuliyo ukve daniSnul jaferze, radganac mas<br />

ukve sxva coli hyavda” (aqilmazi 2002a: 629).<br />

luiji de zara basanom, romelic stambolSi imyofeboda 1537-1540<br />

wlebSi, romSi dabrunebis Semdeg gamosca wigni osmalo xalxis adaT-<br />

wesebze, romelic Seicavda aRwerilobas qalTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.<br />

qorwinebasTan dakavSirebiT l. basano aRniSnavs, rom muslimi qali ar<br />

Txovdeboda qristian mamakacze, magram muslimi mamakaci xSirad irTavda<br />

qristian cols. muslim qals SeeZlo ganqorwineba Tu mas ar<br />

moewoneboda qmris saxli an Tu qmari daaZalebda Tavis cols Rvinis<br />

dalevas.

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92<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi mravali cnoba moipoveba imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

qmrebi xSirad umizezod scemdnen TavianT colebs, Seuracxyofas<br />

ayenebdnen maT da saxlebSi amwyvdevdnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo<br />

yovelTvis mxars uWerda qals da mamakacebisagan maTdami pativiscemas<br />

moiTxovda.<br />

Cven mogvepoveba muslimi iuristebis mier samarTlis wignebidan<br />

Sedgenili sia im ufleba-valdebulebebisa, rac mamakacebs qalebTan<br />

mimarTebaSi gaaCndaT:<br />

1. qalebma unda daakmayofilon TavianTi qmrebis yvela survili Tu<br />

brZaneba da daemorCilon maT;<br />

2. sacxovrebelis gansazRvra mamakacis valdebulebaa da qalebic<br />

unda daemorCilon maT. “mamakacma Tavisi coli ar unda acxovros<br />

iq, sadac misi ded-mama cxovrobs an yofili coli. Tu es<br />

sacxovrebeli ar aris janmrTeli, an ar aris iq sacxovrebeli<br />

pirobebi, qals SeuZlia iqauroba datovos” (halili 1974:78).<br />

3. mamakacs SeuZlia akontrolos colis wasvla-mosvla. hanafitebis<br />

mixedviT mamakacma ar unda dauSalos Tavis cols kviraSi erTxel<br />

Tavisi mSoblebis, xolo weliwadSi erTxel naTesavebis<br />

monaxuleba;<br />

4. stumris miRebis nebarTva colma qmrisagan winaswar unda miiRos,<br />

radganac misi qmari ixdis yvela xarjs, magram es ar unda<br />

gavrceldes colis mSoblebis stumrobaze kviraSi erTxel da<br />

naTesavebis weliwadSi erTxel.<br />

qalis aseTi damokidebuli mdgomareoba erTnairad ar vrceldeboda<br />

mTels osmaleTis imperiaSi. amis dadasturebaa Tundac ledi montegius<br />

werilebi, sadac is asaxavs XVIII s-is Turqi qalis Tavisufal cxovrebas<br />

(aqilmazi 2002a:630).<br />

qmars ar SeuZlia gankargos colis qoneba, qals SeuZlia<br />

damoukideblad gankargos Tavisi qoneba da qmars ufleba ara aqvs am<br />

qonebaze. Tavisi qonebiT qalebs SeuZliaT vakfebis daarsebac, razedac<br />

am naSromSi iqneba saubari. qals aseve SeeZlo Tavisi qonebis

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93<br />

memkvidreobiT gadacema. “mahri” 31 , romelsac qmari aZlevda cols, iyo<br />

colis kuTvnili qoneba, romelzedac arc qmars da arc mamamiss aranairi<br />

ufleba ar gaaCndaT. Cveulebriv ”mahris” nawils qals gadascemdnen<br />

niSnobis ceremonialze an qorwilis Semdeg da mas ewodeboda “mehr-i<br />

muaccel” 32 . “mahris” danarCen nawils qali iRebda maSin, roca qorwineba<br />

sruldeboda gayriT, an sikvdiliT. amas ewodeboda “mihr-i müeccel”.<br />

amgvarad “qmris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi cols aucileblad<br />

gamoeyofoda “mahri” da Semdeg danarCen qonebas uyofdnen memkvidreebs.<br />

Tu es ase ar moxdeboda, qals SeeZlo wasuliyo sasamarTloSi da<br />

daecva Tavisi uflebebi” (aqilmazi 2002a:630).<br />

qmrebi aseve valdebulebi iyvnen TavianTi colebisaTvis<br />

uzrunveleyoT sacxovrebeli, saWmeli, sasmeli, samedicino daxmareba da<br />

mosamsaxuris xarjebi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi qals SeeZlo<br />

sasamarTloSi sarCeli Seetana.<br />

“islamuri samarTlis mixedviT ganqorwineba xdeboda “talak” –<br />

formulis warmoTqmiT. mamakacs hqonda ganqorwinebis upiratesi ufleba.<br />

qals sakuTari iniciativiT ganqorwineba SeeZlo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Tu es saqorwino xelSekrulebiT iyo gansazRvruli, amas erqva “tefviz-i<br />

talak”, magram mosamarTleTa CanawerebSi qalis mier ganqorwinebis<br />

iniciativis Sesaxeb metad mwiria cnobebi. amis mizezi aris is, rom qals<br />

iSviaTad aZlevdnen ganqorwinebis uflebas. aris cnobebi imis Sesaxeb,<br />

rom “tefviz-i talak”-is uflebebi miiRo osmaleTis sultnebis zogierTma<br />

qaliSvilma.<br />

31 mahri aris qoneba, romelic qmarma unda gamouyos cols Tanasworuflebiani<br />

qorwinebis Tanaxmad. mahri kanonieri qorwinebis mTavari pirobaa da ganixileba,<br />

rogorc safasuri colisaTvis col-qmruli movaleobis Sesrulebis gamo. mahri<br />

aris yvelaferi is, rasac Rirebuleba gaaCnia da razedac SeiZleba gavrceldes<br />

sakuTrebis ufleba (gelovani 2005:167).<br />

32 muslimur samarTalSi mahri or nawilad iyofa: mu‘ajjal (winaswar<br />

gadaxdili) da mu‘ajjal (gadavadebuli). pirveli nawilis gadaxda xdeba<br />

maSinve, colis moTxovniT da meore nawili – an qmris gardacvalebisas an<br />

ganqorwinebisas (gelovani 2005:168).

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94<br />

yvelaze misaRebi ganqorwinebis meTodi qalisaTvis iyo “tefrik”-i.<br />

“Tefrik”-is dros qali mimarTavda sasamarTlos da iTxovda ganqorwinebas.<br />

mizezad ki asaxelebda col-qmruli valdebulebebis Seusruleblobas.<br />

amgvarad, Cven davinaxeT, rom osmalur samarTals safuZvlad edo<br />

islamuri samarTali mcireodeni cvlilebebiT. es cvlilebebi ki<br />

miRebuli iyo osmaleTSi gabatonebuli hanafituri samarTlebrivi<br />

skolis mier. aRniSnuli saojaxo samarTali ucvleli darCa 1917 wlamde,<br />

roca miRebul iqna axali saojaxo samarTlis kodeqsi.

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95<br />

7. qali da qvelmoqmedeba osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi mcxovrebi mdidari qalebis Sesaxeb metad<br />

saintereso cnobebi moipoveba.<br />

winamdebare TavSi saubari iqneba XV-XVIII ss-is osmaleTis<br />

imperiaSi mcxovreb mdidar qalTa Sesaxeb, maT socialur rolze<br />

sazogadoebaSi, aRwerili iqneba mdidari qalebis qonebrivi<br />

inventarizacia, maTi sazogadoebrivi statusi. visaubrebT imazec, Tu<br />

rogor gamoiyureboda mdidari qalis Casacmeli, maTi Zvirfasi<br />

samkaulebi. mniSvnelovani informacia iqna moZiebuli im qalTa Sesaxeb,<br />

romlebmac haji (piligrimoba) Seasrules meqaSi.<br />

rogorc CvenTvis aris cnobili, Sua saukuneebis osmaleTis<br />

imperiaSi SariaTis mixedviT qals ufleba hqonda memkvidreobidan Tavisi<br />

wili qoneba mieRo. es ganpirobebuli iyo imiTac, rom yadi aqtiurad<br />

cdilobda daecva qalTa uflebebi memkvidreobis miRebisas, Sedegad<br />

qalisTvis sasamarTlos kari yovelTvis Ria iyo. osmalur anatoliaSi<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo qalis mier qonebis flobis sakiTxi. magram Cans, rom<br />

am kuTxiT situacia gansxvavebulia regionebis mixedviT. me-17-e saukunis<br />

anatoliaSi qalebi xSirad iRebdnen memkvidreobidan TavianT wils.<br />

mogvepoveba cnobebi imis Sesaxebac, rom qalebi TavianT qonebas zrdidnen<br />

fulis gasesxebis gziTac. anatolieli qalis sakuTrebaSi xSirad iyo<br />

baRebi da venaxebi. XVI-XVII saukuneebis Canawerebis mixedviT iyvnen<br />

qalebi, romlebic flobdnen saxelmwifos kuTvnil sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

miwebs da amasTan dakavSirebiT icavdnen TavianT uflebebs<br />

sasamarTloSi. samwuxarod Zalian mwiria cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu<br />

rogor moipovebda qali aseT aqtiur rols sazogadoebaSi.<br />

istorikosma abraham merjuzma dakvirvebebi Caatara alepos<br />

magaliTze. misi cnobebis mixedviT irkveva, rom XVIII saukunis alepoSi<br />

xSiri iyo iseTi faqti, roca col-qmari erTad yidulobda saxls, rac<br />

iSviaTi iyo centralur anatoliaSi. cnobebidan irkveva, rom alepoeli

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96<br />

qali ufro aqtiurad iRebda memkvidreobiT uZrav qonebas, vidre es<br />

xdeboda XVII saukuneebis anatoliaSi.<br />

interess moklebuli ar iqneba Tu SevCerdebiT XVIII saukunis<br />

osmaleTis imperiis princesaTa danaxarjebze. osmaleTis imperiis<br />

arsebobis manZilze princesaTa moxmarebis sagnebs yovelTvis Seadgenda<br />

Zvirfasi nivTebi. XVIII saukunidan am princesaTa politikuri roli<br />

gaizarda da Sesabamisad maTma danaxarjebmac imata da gamWvirvale<br />

Seiqmna. danaxarjebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgenda zRvis zolSi<br />

bosforis gaswvriv mdebare vilebi (sahilsarai). aseTi vilebi,<br />

Cveulebriv, saimperio dinastiis Camomaval qalebs dabadebidan gaaCndaT,<br />

an gadaecemodaT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini am dinastiis Camomavalze<br />

gaTxovdebodnen. princesaTa qmrebi xSirad igzavnebodnen Soreul<br />

provinciebSi, princesebi ki ar tovebdnen dedaqalqs, es vilebi iyo maTi<br />

mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili (faroqhi 2003: 155).<br />

safie sultans gaaCnda agarakebi, abanoebi da baRebi, amasTanave<br />

zRvispira agarakebi usqudaris sazRvao zolSi, fermebi silivriSi,<br />

salTfanSi. mas agreTve gaaCnda vakfebi, romlidanac Semosul Tanxas<br />

saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas axmarda. aRsaniSnavia, rom am sasaxleebma<br />

Cvenamdis ar moaRwia, radganac isini xisagan iyo nagebi da maT Sesaxeb<br />

mxolod istoriuli dokumentebidan vigebT. evropeli mogzaurebi<br />

aRfrTovanebas uziarebdnen erTmaneTs bosforis zolSi arsebuli<br />

sasaxleebis gamo. vxvdebiT agreTve am mogzaurTa mier am sasaxleTa<br />

aRwerilobas.<br />

sultnebi xSirad stumrobdnen TavianT qaliSvilebsa da debs<br />

bosforis sanapiro zolSi mdebare vilebSi. princesebi aseve<br />

dainteresebulni iyvnen am vilebis rekonstruqciiT. magaliTad, haTije<br />

sultanma, selim III-is (1789-1807) dam daafinansa stambolis pirveli<br />

neoklasikuri stilis Senobis aSeneba, romlis arqiteqtoric iyo frangi<br />

a.i. melingi (faroqhi 2003: 155). princesas gardacvalebis Semdeg misi vila<br />

ar gadaecemoda mis memkvidres, aramed Semdeg princesas.<br />

Tofkafisa da premierministris sasaxleebis gamokvlevebs ufro<br />

Sorsac mivyavarT. irkveva, rom XVI-XVII ss-is manZilze dinastiis

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97<br />

Camomavali qalebi iyvnen didmasStabiani sameCeTo kompleqsebis<br />

damaarseblebi. XVIII s-Si aseTi saqmianoba naklebad mniSvnelovani iyo.<br />

XIV saukunidan moyolebuli osmaleTis imperiis arnaxulma<br />

siZlierem ganapiroba arqiteqturis ayvaveba, rac XVI saukuneSi ufro<br />

farTod gaiSala. islamur sazogadoebaSi qalis SezRuduli uflebebis<br />

miuxedavad, selCukTa da osmalTa xanaSi mravali arqiteqturuli<br />

nageboba iqna dafinansebuli qalTa mier. es faqti badebs kiTxvebs, Tu<br />

romel socialur fenas miekuTvnebodnen zemoT dasaxelebuli qalebi, ra<br />

saxsrebiT afinansebdnen monumenturi Zeglebis mSeneblobas. jer kidev<br />

winaosmalur periodSi anatoliaSi Sendeboda konkretuli qalebisadmi<br />

miZRvnili mavzoleumebi, sadac mdebareobda sasaflaoc. selCukTa<br />

xanidan SemorCenilia erTi aseTi Zegli, is mdebareobs qalaq kaiserSi da<br />

miZRvnilia erT-erTi im droisaTvis metad cnobili qalbatonisadmi –<br />

mahferi xaTunisadmi, romelsac ewodeboda “princesaTa princesa”,<br />

“sultnebis sultnis deda” (beiTsi 1978:245).<br />

XII saukunidan moyolebuli vidre XV saukunemde aSenebuli 1000<br />

medresedan 5 atarebda qalis saxels, aseve 119 qaravansaraidan 6 atarebda<br />

qalis saxels. aRsaniSnavia, rom 5 am 6-dan aSenebulia mahferi xaTunis<br />

mier. es qali dominirebs selCukTa xanaSi, rogorc yvelaze didi<br />

mSenebeli.<br />

zemoT CamoTvlili magaliTebidan advilad SegviZlia davaskvnaT,<br />

rom qalis roli socialur da politikur cxovrebaSi selCukTa<br />

saxelmwifoSi de facto aRiarebuli iyo. es ganapiroba im faqtma, rom<br />

selCukma qalebma gamocdileba miiRes qristianuli samyarodan, romelic<br />

im teritoriaze selCukTa xanamde arsebobda.<br />

osmalo qalebi aarsebdnen religiur dawesebulebebs: meCeTebs,<br />

skolebs, mavzoleumebs, aseve saero Senobebs: abanoebs, bazrebs, xidebs,<br />

karavansaraiebs.<br />

am mxriv sainteresoa ganvixiloT saxelovani arabi mogzauris ibn<br />

batutas naSromi “mogzauroba”, kerZod Tavi, romelic exeba mis<br />

mogzaurobas Sua aziasa da ramodenime axlomdebare raionSi, sadac is<br />

agviRwers Tu ra uflebebiT sargeblobdnen adgilobrivi qalebi,<br />

romlebic iyvnen iqauri gamgeblebis colebi. ibn batuta, Tavis

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98<br />

mogzaurobisas qalaq xorezmSi, aRniSnavs, rom am qalaqSi man gaicno<br />

qalaqis didveziris coli, romelmac sakuTari saxsrebiT aaSena meCeTi,<br />

naSromSi vkiTxulobT: “paraskevs gavemarTe meCeTsa da medreseSi. am<br />

qalaqs (xorezmi 33 ) marTavda sultani uzbeki 34 , romelsac hyavda Tavisi<br />

didveziri saxelad yuTludemiri. am emirma aaSena medrese da sxva<br />

momijnave saTavsoebi. rac Seexeba meCeTs, is aaSena misma madlmosilma<br />

meuRlem Turabeq-xaTunma 35 ” (ibn batuta 1988:2). mogzauri am<br />

qalbatonisTvis ar iSurebs maRal Sefasebas, gvacnobs mis ojaxis<br />

wevrebs da dasZens: “emiri aris saxelovani emiri – yuTludemiri 36 , misi<br />

saxeli niSnavs “keTilSobil rkinas”, “yuTlu” niSnavs “keTilSobils”,<br />

“demir” – “rkinas”. es amira aris sultan muhamed uzbekis deidaSvili<br />

dedis mxridan. Mmisi vaJi daqorwinebulia xsenebuli sultnis<br />

qaliSvilze. Mmisi deda aris mefe TaiTugli yuTludemiris coli –<br />

Turabeq xaTuni, ganTqmuli Tavisi keTilSobilebiT” (ibn batuta 1988:3).<br />

ibn batutas didi fuladi daxmareba aRmouCina emirma, man mogzaurs<br />

gaugzavna tomriT fuli. am fulis (dirhemebSi) raodenoba maRribul<br />

oqroSi utoldboda samas dinars. aseve fuladi daxmareba aRmouCina<br />

yadis colma, xolo zemoTmoxseniebuli emiris - yuTludemiris colma<br />

wveuleba gamarTa da sxvadasxva saCuqriT daajildova stumari,<br />

“mogzauroba”-Si vkiTxulobT: “yadis colma – jija-aRa-hanumma<br />

gamomigzavna aTi dinari. misma dam – Turabeqma, emiris colma, gamarTa<br />

wveuleba, romelzec moiwvia fakihebi da qalaqis sxva cnobili pirebi. es<br />

wveuleba gamarTul iqna mis mier aSenebul zavieSi sadac kvebavdnen<br />

mimsvlel-momsvlels. man (Turabeqma) gamomigzavna siasamuris qurqi da<br />

33 xorezmi - olqi amudariis qveda dinebaSi, romelic ibn batutas mogzaurobis<br />

dros Sedioda oqros urdos SemadgenlobaSi. dedaqalaqi iyo urgenCi an<br />

xorezmi.<br />

34 uzbeki – oqros urdos me-10 xani (1312-1349ww.).<br />

35 Turabeq-xaTuni – mas ibn batuta moixseniebs maSinac, roca aRwers Tavis<br />

mogzaurobas iranSi. iq laparakobs imaze, Tu ramdeni saCuqari gauzavna am<br />

qalma indoeTis mefes. (ix. Баттута, 1988: 26, II, 73).<br />

36 yuTludemiri – ibn duqmaqis mixedviT is daniSnuli iqna q. xorezmis<br />

gamgeblad 721 (1321) wels.

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99<br />

kargi cxeni. is saukeTeso, morwmune da xelgaSlili qalia. alahi<br />

swyalobdes” (ibn batuta 1988:4).<br />

ibn batuta aseve saintereso istorias gvamcnobs, Tu rogor aSenda<br />

qalaq balhaSi 37 meCeTi qalaqis gamgeblis colis mier. qalebs abasianTa<br />

mmarTvelobis dros (750-1258) mniSvnelovani misia ekisrebodaT, isini<br />

xSirad iyvnen Suamavlebi xalxsa da umaRles xelisufalT Soris, garda<br />

amisa, isini didi guluxvobiTa da didsulovnebiT gamoirCeodnen, ramac<br />

Tavad xalifac ki ganacvifra. amas adasturebs ibn batutas mogzaurobis<br />

erT-erTi Tavi: “erTma istorikosma macnoba, rom meCeTi balhaSi aSenebul<br />

iqna qalis mier, romlis qmaric, saxelad daud-ibn ali, iyo balhas<br />

gamgebeli abasianTa dros. erTxel moxda ise, rom xalifa gauwyra<br />

balhis mcxovreblebs maT mier Cadenili saqcielis gamo da qalaqSi<br />

gaamwesa amira, romelsac daevala didZali gadasaxadebis akrefa. roca<br />

es amira mivida balhaSi, qalebi da bavSvebi eaxlnen gamgeblis cols,<br />

romelmac es meCeTi aaSena da daiwyes masTan wuwuni aRniSnuli<br />

mosakreblis gamo. maSin am qalma amiras gaugzavna kaba, romelic<br />

Sekerili iyo Zvirfasi qvebiT da romlis Rirebulebac aRemateboda<br />

mTliani mosakreblis Tanxas da dasZina: “gadaeci es xalifas, me amas<br />

gavcem balhis mosaxleobisaTvis, maTi sevdiani mdgomareobis gamo. amiram<br />

wauRo kaba xalifas, daudo is win da mouyva mTeli istoria. xalifas<br />

Sercxva da Tqva: “nuTu SesaZlebelia qali iyos ufro didsulovani,<br />

vidre Cven? man ubrZana amiras gaeTavisflebina balhis mcxovrebni<br />

mosakrebelisagan da dabrunebuliyo saswrafod da daebrunebina kaba<br />

gamgeblis colisTvis. amis garda man gaanTavisufla balhis<br />

mcxovreblebi gadasaxadisagan mTeli wlis manZilze. amira dabrunda<br />

balhaSi da am qalis saxlSi misvlisas gaumeora xalifas sityvebi da<br />

daubruna kaba. maSin man (qalma) hkiTxa: “naxa xalifam es kaba?” amiramac<br />

daudastura. “ me arasodes ar Cavicvam im kabas, romelic naxa im kacma,<br />

romelic ar aris Cemi naTesavi, - ganacxada man da brZana gaeyidaT kaba,<br />

37 balha – qalaqi samxreT avRaneTSi. Zvel droSi am qalaqs erqva baqtra.<br />

monRolTa Semosevam am qalaqis ayvavebas bolo mouRo. balhas maxloblad<br />

aSenda axali qalaqi, saxelad vazirabadi.

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100<br />

im fuliT ki aaSena meCeTi, mopirdapire mxares zavia da karavan-sarai<br />

qvisgan, romelsac erqva kazani 38 . karavan sarai isev karg mdgomareobaSia.<br />

kabis 1/3 Tanxa xeluxlebeli darCa da gadmocemis Tanaxmad qalma brZana<br />

is CaefloT meCeTis erT-erTi kolonis qveS, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

gamoeyenebinaT. Cingizs acnobes am istoriis Sesaxeb da man brZana am<br />

meCeTis kolonebis darRveva. daaxl. 3 kolona daangries, magram veraferi<br />

ver ipoves. danarCenebs xeli ar axles (ibn batuta 1988:14).<br />

samefo wris qalebidan pirveli, vinc qvelmoqmedebiT gamoirCeoda,<br />

iyo nilufer xaTuni (orhan I-is (1326-1360) coli, murad I-is (1360-1389)<br />

deda). man daafinansa xidis mSenebloba, aseve misi dafinansebiT aSenda<br />

derviSTa monasteri (Zaviye) da patara meCeTi (mescit) bursas<br />

maxloblad (goCeqi 2003: 77).<br />

meCeTisa da sxva arqiteqturuli nagebobebis daarsebiT SemdgomSi<br />

Tavi gamoiCines sultnis sasaxlis sxva qalebmac: zeinab sultanma (1769),<br />

Sebsafa qadinma (1787) da bezmialem valide sultanma – sultan abdul-<br />

mejid I (1839-1861) dedam. maT daaarses meCeTebi, moawyves Sadrevnebi da<br />

aages saRvTo nagebobani. aRsaniSnavia, rom bezmialem valide sultanma<br />

daaarsa rogorc meCeTi, ise dawyebiTi skola, romelSic swavlobdnen<br />

gogonebi. sultanma, Tavisi dedis mxardasaWerad, Tavisi ori Svili am<br />

saswavlebelSi Seiyvana. es Senoba stambolSi dResac aris SemorCenili<br />

da aseve am valide sultnis mier dafinansebuli saavadmyofos Senoba<br />

(Gureba Hastanesi). muhamed alis erT-erTma qaliSvilma, romelic taxtze<br />

ecileboda mahmud II, saxelad zeinab qamilma (1852-82) daaarsa<br />

saavadmyofo, romelic dResac moqmedia. 1755 wels<br />

zevqi qadinma, haremis erT-erTma mobinadrem osman III-is dros, daaarsa<br />

skola, romelic gamoirCeoda lamazi SadrevniT findikliSi, gzad<br />

galaTadan beSiqTaSamde. (faroqhi 2003: 155).<br />

zemoT moyvanili faqtebs adasturebs istorikosi fariba zarinebaf<br />

Sari, romelic wers: “XVIII s-is ganmavlobaSi osmalo princesebi didi<br />

simdidris mqoneni iyvnen. maT daaarses meCeTebi, saxalxo skolebi,<br />

biblioTekebi, saavadmyofoebi, sasadiloebi da moawyves saxalxo<br />

38 kazani – tufis msgavsi samSeneblo qva.

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101<br />

Sadrevnebi” (zarinebafi 2002:557). Semdeg es istorikosi CamoTvlis<br />

konkretul magaliTebs, riTic dasturdeba, rom rogorc sultnis<br />

qaliSvilebi, ise sultnis dedebic CarTulni iyvnen arqiteqturul<br />

saqmianobaSi: “suleiman brwyinvalis Svilma mihrimahma daaarsa meCeTi<br />

usqudarSi, romelic aSenebul iqna cnobili arqiteqtoris – mimar<br />

sinanis mier (1570 wels). safie sultanma –mehmed III-is (1595-1603) dedam<br />

daaarsa Yeni Cemi’-is kompleqsi eminonuSi 1597 wels. Turhan sultanma,<br />

mehmed IV-is dedam daasrula is da aseve daaarsa skola, saxalxo<br />

Sadrevnebi da egvipturi bazari 1663 wels. mravali saxalxo<br />

dawesebuleba daaarsa, agreTve, qosem sultanma, murad 1V-isa (1623-40) da<br />

ibrahim 1-is (1640-48) dedam usqudarSi. XVIII s-Si usqudarSi gulnuS<br />

sultanma mustafa II-is (1695-1703) da ahmed III-is (1703-1730) dedam daaarsa<br />

“axali valides meCeTi”. manve daaarsa saavadmyofo (Dar Al-Shifa), romelic<br />

didi vakfis mflobeli iyo kairoSi, bulaqsa da suecis portSi.<br />

bezmialiem, abdul-mejid I-is (1839-1861) dedam daaarsa “dolmabahCes<br />

meCeTi” (zarinebafi 2002:557).<br />

sultan selim II-is dam mihrimahma metad didZali qoneba moagrova<br />

Tavisi korumpirebuli qmris wyalobiT. magram orive maTgani didZal<br />

fuls xarjavda qvelmoqmedebaSi. mihrimahi iTvleboda msoflios<br />

umdidres qalbatonad. mravali sastumro mis saxels atarebda (gudvini<br />

1994:126).<br />

valide sultani iyo erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani qali, romlis<br />

davalebiTac Sendeboda arqiteqturuli Zeglebi. amaTgan aRsaniSnavia<br />

valide sultnebis “axali meCeTi”, romelic Sendeboda sami valide<br />

sultnis dros da sami arqiteqtoris mier.<br />

“axali meCeTi”-s aSeneba daiwyo 1598 wels safie sultnisa da misi<br />

Svilis – mehmed III-is (1595-1603) sultnobisas. safies Tavisma vaJma uboZa<br />

miwebi egvipteSi, romelic mniSvnelovani Semosavlis wyaro iyo. swored<br />

am SemosavaliT daafinansa safiem meCeTis mSenebloba. Tumca man ver<br />

SeZlo mis dasrulebamde Tofkafis sasaxleSi darCena. is Tavisma<br />

SviliSvilma ahmed I-ma Zvel sasaxleSi gadaiyvana. sultans surda axali<br />

meCeTi aeSenebina, Tumca qveynis ekonomiuri mdgomareoba ori meCeTis

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102<br />

mSeneblobis xarjebs ver gaswvdeboda. amitom safie sultnis mier<br />

wamowyebuli meCeTis mSenebloba SeCerebul iqna.<br />

“axali meCeTi”-s mSenebloba gagrZelda qosemis sultnobis dros.<br />

Semdeg ki Turhan sultnis dros.<br />

sabolood “axali meCeTis” mSenebloba, Tavisi kompleqsiT,<br />

dasrulda 1663 wels. meCeTis SemadgenlobaSi iyo mavzoleumebi,<br />

Sadrevnebi, abanoebi da cnobili egvipturi bazaric.<br />

meCeTi, romelic valide sultnis saxels atarebs, aris<br />

“ferTevnialis meCeTi”, is iyo ukanaskneli valide sultani, sultan<br />

abdul-azizis (1861-1876) deda da mahmud II-is (1808-1839) coli. is aris<br />

ekleqtikuri stilis meCeTi, romelic mdebareobs stambolSi aqsaraiSi.<br />

misi mSenebloba dasrulda 1871 wels. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis<br />

sasaflao, Sadrevani da ezo, romelsac marmarilos kibeebi mihyveba<br />

(beiTsi 1978:256).<br />

arqiteqturuli Zeglebis dafinanseba rTuli saqme iyo. qalebs<br />

Semosavlis sxvadasxva wyaro gaaCndaT da SeeZloT es Tanxa TavianTi<br />

neba-survilis mixedviT ganekargaT. wyaroebze dayrdnobiT qalebsac igive<br />

safexuris gavla uwevdaT, rac mamakacebs, raTa moepovebinaT miwa,<br />

daefinansebinaT da daearsebinaT vakfebi. qalTa mier dawyebuli<br />

mSeneblobebi dadgenil vadaSi ar sruldeboda., rac ganpirobebuli iyo<br />

dafinansebis SewyvetiT.<br />

istorikosi u. beitsi dasZens, rom arcerTi qalTa mier aSenebuli<br />

nageboba ar iyo didi zomis da ar iyo aSenebuli qalaqis gamorCeul<br />

adgilas.<br />

qalTaTvis Semosavlis wyaros warmoadgenda regularuli<br />

jamagiri, romelsac haremis qalebs uxdidnen yoveldRiuri saxarjo<br />

Tanxis garda, magaliTad, tansacmlis sayidlad da sxva. amgvarad qalebs<br />

SeeZloT daezogaT fuli. garda amisa mdidari ojaxidan gamosul qals<br />

didZal mziTevs atandnen, maT Soris fulsa da Zvirfaseulobas. busbeqis<br />

mixedviT mziTevi iyo erTaderTi ganmasxvavebeli kanonier colsa da mona<br />

qals Soris. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qals mohyveboda auracxeli mziTevi,<br />

maSin qmari valdebuli iyo uari eTqva sxva mxevlebze da yofiliyo erTi<br />

colis erTguli (busbeqi 1927:117-119). iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTi

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103<br />

colis yola sxva mizeziTac iyo ganpirobebuli, magaliTad, evropeli<br />

elCi s. Svaigeri, romelic 1577-81 wlebSi imyofeboda stambolSi.<br />

dasZens, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi osmalo kacs mxolod erTi coli hyavda,<br />

amisi mizezi is iyo, rom mas surda Tavis saxlSi mSvidoba da siwynare<br />

yofiliyo.<br />

yvelaze adrindeli drois qonebrivi inventarizciis amsaxveli<br />

Canawerebi daTariRebulia 1486-89 wlebiT. 60 adamians vxvdebiT, romlis<br />

qonebac 10,000 axCas Seadgens valis gadaxdamde. es ki im droisaTvis<br />

mniSvnelovani Tanxaa. mdidar bursel qalTa Soris gamovlenilia aTi<br />

qali, romelTa qonebac aRwevda 10-20 aTas axCas. amaTgan ori qalis<br />

qoneba Seadgenda 20-30 aTas axCas, xolo erTi amaTgan iyo iseTi, romlis<br />

qonebac sikvdilis dros iyo 40 aTasi axCa.<br />

yvelaze mdidari qalebis qoneba mainc ar CaiTvleboda did Tanxad<br />

mamakacis qonebasTan SedarebiT, radganac mamakacis saSualo qoneba 100<br />

aTas axCas Seadgenda. mdidari qalebi ZiriTadad iyvnen bursaSi, radganac<br />

bursa im droisaTvis vaWrobis mTavari centri iyo.<br />

mniSvnelovani qalaqi iyo usqudari, romelic Semdeg dedaqalaqs<br />

SeuerTda. am qalaqSic iyvnen mdidari qalebi, romelTa qonebac<br />

gardacvalebisas 6,431 axCas Seadgenda. burseli qalebis qonebas iSviaTad<br />

Seadgenda fuli, xandaxan saxli, Zvirfaseuloba an Zvirfasi safeiqro<br />

nawarmi.<br />

yvela qals ar gaaCnda fuli. gulbahar abdulahma datova 1500 axCa<br />

(14,3% misi qonebisa valis gadaxdamde), haje benefSe ufro metad<br />

orientirebuli aRmoCnda fulze, radganac misma qonebam Seadgina 5,068<br />

axCa (47,7%). mas hqonda hajis tituli. is xSirad hyidda Tavis Zvirfas<br />

nivTebs, raTa Tavisi sikvdilis Semdeg SesaZlebeli yofiliyo Tavisi<br />

danatovari anderZis Sesruleba.<br />

Sahi xaTunis qonebis naxevarze mets Seadgenda fuli, aqedan<br />

ZiriTadi iyo veneciuri dukatebi. amis sapirispirod haTunbegi binT hoja<br />

huseini upiratesobas aniWebda Zvirfaseulobas, misi safule Seadgenda<br />

1,472 axCas (9,2% valis gadaxdamde). haje SahfaSa binT haji ali beg<br />

f2lobda 303 axCas (20,8% misi qonebisa sanam kreditorebi<br />

gamoCndebodnen).

---

104<br />

Cveni davTrebis mier mikvleuli mdidari qalebi CarTulni iyvnen<br />

sakredito saqmeebSi. maT qmrebs maTi fuli emarTaT, radgan qmrebma<br />

droze ar gadauxades sapatarZloebs saqorwino xelSekrulebiT<br />

gansazRvruli Tanxa (mahri). meuRlis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi meuRles<br />

uxdeboda mahris gadaxda Tavisi gardacvlili colis sasargeblod.<br />

qalebi gulbahar binT abdulahisa an sultanfaSa binT haji muradis<br />

gardacvalebis Semdeg qmrebma, romlebic TavianTi colebis qonebis<br />

memkvidreebi Seiqmnen, arsebuli sapatarZlo vali aRar gadaixades. XV<br />

saukuneSi mahris gadaxda xdeboda winaswar da srulad, winaaRmdeg<br />

SemTxvevaSi qalebi protests acxadebdnen.<br />

fulis gasesxeba an valis aReba Zalian xSiri movlena iyo. mxolod<br />

gulbahar haje benefSe, haTunbegi binT hoja huseini, selCuk binT el-haj<br />

mehmedsa da haje SahfaSas aravis vali ar hqondaT. wavawydiT erT aseT<br />

SemTxvevas: aiSe binT alis, abreSumis mqsovels 10,286 axCa vali hqonda<br />

ramdenime adamianis, aqedan umeteswilad qalebis.<br />

mdidar qalebs hyavdaT monebic. “aTidan eqvs an Svid qals hyavda<br />

erTi mona qali mainc, zogs, SesaZlebelia, ufro metic. magaliTad<br />

hurisa da mis qmars, mahmuds, hyavdaT mona qali devleTi, romelic<br />

colsac da qmarsac Tanabrad ekuTvnodaT. rodesac mahmudi daqvrivda,<br />

devleTi misi sakuTari mona gaxda. xSirad xdeboda ise, rom qmars ar<br />

hqonda ufleba colis kuTvnili mona Tavis sakuTrebad gaexada, mas<br />

Tavisi sakuTari monebi hyavda” (faroqhi 2003a:139). samwuxarod ar gvaqvs<br />

zusti cnobebi, romelic naTels mohfenda mona qalebis romeli<br />

kategoria iyo qmris da romeli colis sakuTreba.<br />

huris sikvdilma devleTs Tavisufleba ver mianiWa, mahmuds arc<br />

ucdia misi gaTavisufleba. am mxriv iRbliani aRmoCnda sultanfaSa haji<br />

muradis mona qali gulbahari. sultanfaSam anderZad daibara, rom misi<br />

sikvdilis Semdeg gulbaharisaTvis Tavisufleba mieniWebinaT.<br />

sultanfaSam gaTavisuflebul qals 200 axCac dautova, romliTac mas<br />

SeeZlo axali cxovrebis dawyeba. gaTavisuflebis procedura da<br />

memkvidreobis miReba yofili mesakuTrisagan sruldeboda<br />

gardacvalebulis qonebrivi inventarizaciis SedgeniT, sadac miTiTebuli<br />

unda yofiliyo gaTavisuflebuli monis kuTvnili wili yofili

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105<br />

mesakuTris qonebidan. berklis mixedviT dabali socialuri warmoSobis<br />

qals ar hyavda mona-mosamsaxureebi da isini saqmes TviTon akeTebdnen.<br />

mdidari ojaxis qalebi ki misdevdnen uzrunvel cxovrebas, ar<br />

asrulebdnen aranair samuSaos da wignis gadaSlac ki ezarebodaT.<br />

berkli ambobs: “isini mTel dReebs atareben CaxuTul oTaxebSi, ewevian<br />

sigarets da miierTmeven tkbileuls, dadian abanoebSi da erTmaneTis<br />

mosanaxuleblad” (berkli 2001).<br />

haTunbegi binT hoja huseini Tavis mona qalebs ramdenime wlis<br />

muSaobis Semdeg aTavisuflebda. aseT gaTavisuflebul qalebs<br />

miekuTvnebian saluri da Samlu binT abdulahi. isini erTi periodi iyvnen<br />

haTunbegis ojaxis wevrebi.<br />

qonebis datoveba yofili mona qalisaTvis tradiciad iqca da<br />

gagrZelda Semdgom saukuneebSic. 1735 wliT daTariRebulia erTi cnoba,<br />

romelic mogviTxrobs hava binT halilze. masac aseve hyolia mona qali<br />

saxelad afife, romelic qarTveli iyo da romelsac Sepirda<br />

gaTavisuflebas. afifem gaTavisuflebis Semdeg miiRo leibi, dasajdomi<br />

baliSi, aseve ramodenime qvabi, tafa. havam Tavis mona qals agreTve<br />

dautova oqrosa da vercxlis samkaulebi, inventarizaciidan vigebT, rom<br />

agreTve dautova vercxlis abzinda da erTi wyvili sayure. es guluxvoba<br />

gaxda mizezi imisa, rom havas erTma naTesavma gaaprotesta misi anderZi<br />

da ganacxada, rom havas qmarma da afifem qonebis metad didi raodenoba<br />

miiRes, Tumca mosamarTlem es protesti ar miiRo.<br />

SesaZlebelia, is simdidre, rac am oTx gaTavisuflebul qals<br />

darCaT, modioda im saCuqrebidan, rasac maT maTi qmrebi aZlevdnen. am<br />

saCuqrebSi Sedioda sapatarZlo saCuqrebic. mcire vaWrobas, xelobas da<br />

fulis gasesxebis institutsac SeeZlo maTTvis damatebiTi finansuri<br />

Semosavali moetana. gulbahari sargeblobda am SesaZleblobiT. mas<br />

hqonda saqsovi dazga, abreSumis Zafi da xSirad fulis gasesxebiTac iyo<br />

dakavebuli. haje benefSe, romelmac meqaSi haji Seasrula, Cans, sakmaod<br />

mdidari yofila, radganac Cveulebriv qmrebi colebs aseTi<br />

saqmianobisaTvis ar afinansebdnen. haje benefSe eweoda fulis<br />

gasesxebasac.

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106<br />

savaraudoa, rom ramodenime qalma osmaleTis imperiaSi, sarwmuno<br />

wyaroebis mixedviT Seasrula meqaSi piligrimoba. imisaTvis, rom<br />

aRniSnuli misia Segesrulebina, anu bursadan hijazSi Casuliyavi, unda<br />

yofiliyavi sakmaod mdidari. haji 39 anu piligrimoba meqaSi didi pativi<br />

iyo TiToeuli mislimisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki qalTaTvis. sultanfaSa<br />

binT haji muradma meqaSi haji winaswar dagegma, magram is iqamde<br />

gardaicvala. man Tavis anderZSi daibara, rom Tavisi Zvirfasi<br />

TavsaburaviT daafinansebda nebismiers, romelic mis nacvlad<br />

ganaxorcielebda hajis. samwuxarod, ar mogvepoveba zusti cnobebi imis<br />

Sesaxeb misi Tavsaburavi sakmarisi anazRaureba iyo Tu ara hajis<br />

(piligrimis) daqiravebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis. ar aris agreTve cnobili,<br />

vinmem ganaxorciela Tu ara misi ukanaskneli survili. iyvnen<br />

iseTi qalebic (savaraudoa, rom es iyo haje benefSe), romlis dedas da<br />

mamas Sesrulebuli hqondaT meqaSi piligrimoba. man mouwoda ramodenime<br />

qals, rom SeesrulebinaT meqaSi haji. Tumca rogor moaxerxa man amis<br />

ganxorcieleba, Cven ar viciT. gvaqvs cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom haje<br />

SahfaSas hqonda hajis tituli.<br />

osmaleTis samefo wris mxolod oTxma wevrma (aqedan arcerTi<br />

sultani) Seasrula haji. maT Soris iyvnen sultnebis ahmed II-is (1691-95)<br />

da mahmud I-is (1730-54) colebi (gudvini 1994:118).<br />

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qalis mier meqaSi piligrimobis<br />

Sesruleba miuTiTebda ara mxolod maT qonebriv SesaZleblobebze,<br />

aramed mTlianad maTi ojaxis maRal statusze.<br />

sainteresoa ori mdidari provincieli qalis qonebrivi<br />

memkvidreobis mimoxilva. es qalebi arian: haje saliha Ciosidan da<br />

CeSmedan, romelic gardaicvala 1806 wels, hava hanimi, romelic<br />

gardaicvala 1860-61 wels. haje salihas Sesaxeb vgebulobT, rom erT-<br />

erTma misma babuam daaarsa saojaxo kera Ciossa da CeSmeSi, romlis<br />

SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda sarwyavi baRi, venaxi da ramodenime maRazia.<br />

CvenESegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom haje saliha warmoSobiT im adgilidan iyo<br />

39 haji - piligrimoba meqaSi, muslimis xuTi ZiriTadi movaleobidan, islamis<br />

xuTi burjidan erT-erTi (jafariZe 1999b:233).

---

107<br />

da gaTxovebis Semdegac mas Sors wasvla ar mosdomebia. “SesaZlebelia<br />

moxda isec, rom haje saliha daubrunda Tavis warmoSobis adgils<br />

rogorc qvrivi. magram es naklebad savaraudoa. iqidan gamomdinare, rom<br />

mis sakuTrebaSi myofi miwa patara teritoriaze iyo gadaWimuli,<br />

SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom am qals qonebis didi nawili<br />

memkvidreobiT ergo. ra asakSi gardaicvala, cnobili ar aris, magram<br />

saxeli haje miuTiTebs, rom is unda yofiliyo sul cota Sua xnis qali<br />

mainc” (faroqhi 2003a:154).<br />

haje salihas inventari naklebad damakmayofilebelia XV saukunis<br />

mkvlevarisaTvis, radganac iq araferia cnobili memkvidreze.<br />

SedarebiT meti informacia mogvepoveba hava hanimze, romelic<br />

cxovrobda anatoliaSi da gardaicvala 1860-61 wels, haje salihas<br />

gardacvalebidan 54 wlis Semdeg. mis inventarizaciaSi mopovebuli<br />

didZali simdidris garda Cven viciT misi mamisa da babuis saxelebi<br />

(haji mehmed faSa aRa da abubeqiri). CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu ra iyo maTi<br />

Semosavlis wyaro, garda imisa, rom isini iyvnen miwismflobelebi<br />

anatoliaSi. misi qmari cnobilia, rogorc mubaiacizade mustafa<br />

beiefendi halil aRa. misi winaprebi, savaraudoa, rom gamdidrnen<br />

osmalTa jarisadmi da flotisadmi xorbleulis miyidviT.<br />

sikvdilis Semdeg hava hanims darCa ori vaJi, daaxloebiT 14 wlisa.<br />

Cven TiTqmis ar mogvepoveba informacia misi erTaderTi qaliSvilis<br />

Sesaxeb - iyo Tu ara gaTxovili, datova Tu ara STamomavloba. hava hanimi<br />

gardaicvala 30-40 wlis asakSi. Cven ar viciT mis qmars sxva colebic<br />

hyavda Tu ara.<br />

savaraudoa, rom hava hanimis qonebis TiTqmis naxevari modioda misi<br />

Tavdapirveli qonebidan. gaTxovebis Semdeg mis qonebas Seemata mxolod<br />

saqorwino gadasaxadi mahri, romelic, SesaZlebelia, yofiliyo raime<br />

samkauli. Cans, rom hava hanimi yofila XIX saukunis Sua wlebis<br />

anatoliis erT-erTi iSviaTi memkvidre gamorCeulad mdidari kacisa.<br />

SesaZlebelia, rom man Tavisi qoneba gazarda investiciebis xarjze,<br />

gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac islamuri kanonmdeblobis mixedviT,<br />

mxolod mis qmars SeeZlo ekontrolebina ojaxis dRiuri gasavali.

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108<br />

SesaZlebelia, rom Tavis finansur saqmianobaSi mas hqonda valebic,<br />

magram hava hanimis qonebrivi aRweriloba amaze cnobebs ar gvawvdis.<br />

Semonaxulia cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom misi sikvdilis Semdeg misma<br />

qmarma gayida misi qoneba, romelic Sefasebuli iyo 42 300 yuruSad.<br />

haje salihas qonebidan cnobebi gvaqvs mxolod im nivTebze,<br />

romlebic gaiyida. cnobebi ar mogvepoveba im nivTebze, romlebic misi<br />

sikvdilis Semdeg STamomavlobas gadaeca. amisagan gansxvavebiT hava<br />

hanimis qonebrivi inventarizacia iZleva cnobebs TiToeul nivTze. mas<br />

qonebis udidesi nawili miRebuli hqonda memkvidreobiT da arc misi<br />

sikvdilis Semdeg ar gayidula.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom haje salihas ZiriTad qonebas Seadgenda<br />

fuli, uZravi qoneba da wili gemebze, Tumca misi mTliani qonebis<br />

gansazRvra rTulia. hava hanimis garderobi metad mokrZalebulia, haje<br />

salihas ki gaaCnda uamravi tansacmeli. tansacmelis aseTi nairsaxeoba<br />

migvaniSnebs XIX saukuneSi vaWrobis ganviTarebaze, romelSic Cabmulni<br />

iyvnen egeoseli da Cioseli vaWrebi. SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom hava<br />

salihas Zvirfaseuloba ufro faseuli iyo vidre hava hanimis.<br />

metad mniSvnelovania am ori qalis sasoflo-sameurneo qoneba.<br />

orive qali flobda fermebs, baRebsa da venaxebs. haje salihas qoneba iyo<br />

60 978 yuruSi, saidanac naxevari mainc Cadebuli hqonda miwaSi, maSin<br />

roca hava hanims Tavisi qonebis 40% Cadebuli hqonda sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

saqmianobaSi. haje salihas investicia soflis meurneobaSi patara iyo.<br />

2900 yuruSi Cadebuli hqonda fermis SenobaSi, hqonda wili or wylis<br />

wisqvilSi. haje salihas gaaCnda Zvirfasi venaxi, aseve zeTisxilisa da<br />

forToxlis xeebis baRebi da CeSmes raionSi asobiT zeTisxilis,<br />

limonisa da forToxlis xe iyo daregistrirebuli mis saxelze. haje<br />

salihas qonebis yvelaze fasian nawils Seadgenda venaxebi.<br />

gansxvavebuli iyo hava hanimis sasoflo-sameurneo qoneba. mis<br />

sakuTrebaSi Sedioda XVII s-Si antaliis mimdebare teritoriaze<br />

arsebuli baRebi. garda amisa mas hqonda wili wisqvilebSi istanosis<br />

teritoriaze, mas gaaCnda ferma qoselerSi Tavisi aRWurvilobiT. es<br />

ferma cnobili iyo imiT, rom iq dasaqmebuli yofilan afrikeli monebi.<br />

moipoveba cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom hava hanimi legaluri mflobeli

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109<br />

yofila qoseleris fermis da saxlebic, romlebic aRmarTuli iyo am<br />

teritoriaze, iyo am qalis piradi sakuTreba. es yvelaferi aRniSnulic<br />

aris mis qonebriv inventarizaciaSi.<br />

qoselerSi arsebuli fermis garda, hava hanimis sakuTari wili<br />

gaaCnda qizilaRaCisa da Teqfurovas fermebidan. CvenTvis ucnobia es<br />

fermebi mxolod miwas moicavda, Tu Senobebsac. qoseleris fermebTan<br />

SedarebiT es fermebi naklebad saintereso iyo. es iqidanac dasturdeba,<br />

rom roca hava hanimis daqvrivebulma qmarma gadawyvita gaeyida Tavisi<br />

colis kuTvnili qoneba, man gasayidad amoirCia Teqfurovasa da<br />

qizilaRaCis fermebis wili, qoseleris ferma ki daitova.<br />

hava hanimis qoneba keTilmowyobili iyo. msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa<br />

rqosani pirutyvis saerTo raodenoba saerTo qonebis 10%-s Seadgenda.<br />

qoseleris fermaSi iyo 32 wyvili xari, 70 cxvari da uamravi viri, 10<br />

aqlemi, 28 faSati, 20 kameCi. aqlemebi gamoiyeneboda sezonuri<br />

mogzaurobisaTvis. hava hanimis qvrivma pirvel rigSi gayida aqlemebi,<br />

kameCebi da faSati cxenebi.<br />

“haje salihac da hava hanimic cdilobdnen finansuri saqmianoba<br />

daewyoT vaWrobis sferoSic. maT Soris fulis gasesxebaSi. mag. Tu<br />

CavTvliT, rom haje salihas qoneba Seadgenda 59,175 yuruSs, aqedan sesxi<br />

7,8% iyo, es sesxis raodenoba cotaTi aRemateba hava hanimis sesxs,<br />

romelic iyo 6,7%. aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom arcerTi<br />

qalisaTvis fulis gasesxeba ar iyo mniSvnelovani saqme” (faroqhi<br />

2003a:159).<br />

haje salihas mier gacemuli sesxebis nawili komerciuli<br />

daniSnulebisa iyo. mag., haji hasanoRlu husein aRas, romelmac isesxa<br />

misgan 600 yuruSi, fuli moixmara savaWro saqonelis sayidlad. haje<br />

saliha afinansebda miwaze momuSave glexebsac, raTa mosvlodaT kargi<br />

mosavali. hava hanimi valebs ZiriTadad muslimanebs aZlevda. sesxi<br />

aRwevda 1000-2000 yuruSs, iyo aseve dabali sesxebic. maSin roca 10aqlemi<br />

Rirda 2000 yuruSi da patara maRazia antaliaSi SesaZlebeli iyo, rom<br />

gayiduliyo 750 yuruSad, 1000 yuruSi sakmaod karg Tanxas warmoadgenda.<br />

orive qals wili hqonda naosnobaSi (navebze), naosnoba ki im<br />

droisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo. haje salihas gardacvalebisas

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110<br />

CeSmes patara porti mTlianad mis sakuTrebaSi iyo da Rirda 800 yuruSi.<br />

garda amisa mas hqonda wili sxva sam gemze, am sami gemis wili<br />

daaxloebiT 1500 yuruSi iyo.<br />

am or qals wili hqonda agreTve samoqalaqo uZrav qonebaze,<br />

romelic warmoadgenda komerciul investiciebs, es iyo mudmivi rentis<br />

wyaro. haje salihas gaaCnda ramodenime maRazia, saxeldobr sursaTis<br />

maRaziebi, meTunuqeTa, mRebavTa, mWedelTa maRaziebi. yvela es maRazia<br />

ganlagebuli iyo CeSmes maxloblad mdebare sofel alaCaTSi. haje<br />

salihas saqalaqo qoneba 94 450 yuruSs moicavda da misi qonebis<br />

mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgenda. haje saliha maRaziebs flobda<br />

qorquTelSic. aq mis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda erTi didi Senoba, sadac<br />

pirvel sarTulze moTavsebuli iyo 5 maRazia, zemo sarTulze ki yavis<br />

saxli iyo. is agreTve antaliaSi mdebare yavis saxlis Tanamflobelic<br />

iyo. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am qalis qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili,<br />

romelic misma qmarma misi sikvdilis Semdeg Seagrova, warmoiqmna am<br />

investiciebidan.<br />

qonebis ra nawils moixmardnen es qalebi? amis dadgena arcTu<br />

advili aRmoCnda. yvelaferTan erTad am kategoriaSi Setanili unda<br />

iqnes is saxli, romelSic haje hanimi cxovrobda. am kategoriaSi ar<br />

Sedis arc misi saxli antaliaSi, aramed mxolod didi rezidencia<br />

istanosTan axlos mdebare sofelSi, romelic naxevrad dangreul<br />

mdgomareobaSi iyo. SesaZlebelia, hava hanimi da misi ojaxi antaliaSi<br />

cxovrobdnen mxolod zamTrobiT.<br />

haje salihas Sesaxeb viciT, rom is flobda 3 rezidencias. Ciosis<br />

saxli savaraudoa, rom misi mTavari rezidencia iyo. misi am sami<br />

rezidenciis Sesaxeb Cven Zalian mwiri informacia gvaqvs. ufro meti<br />

informacia mogvepoveba haje salihas anatoliis ori rezidenciis<br />

Sesaxeb, romelic mdebareobda CeSmeSi mdebare meCeTis marjvena mxares<br />

Tavisi baRiT. saxli samsarTuliani iyo. pirvel sarTulze iyo misaRebi,<br />

rogorc divanhane, mesame sarTulze iyo veranda da oTaxi meidanis<br />

saxelwodebiT. am SenobasTan SedarebiT alaCaTis sacxovrebeli saxli<br />

fermas ufro hgavs. masac hqonda rogorc selamliqi, ise haremi.

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111<br />

Cven vigebT, rom haje hanimi xelmomWirne qali iyo, misi inventari<br />

mxolod 5 kabas Seicavda da arc misi samkaulebi Warbobs. unda<br />

aRiniSnos, rom haje salihas samkaulebi ufro STambeWdavia, vidre haje<br />

hanimis. orive qals gaaCnda margaliti da brilianti, oqros jaWvebi.<br />

garda amisa haje salihas gaaCnda Zvirfasi qvebi, rogoricaa safiri,<br />

zurmuxti, firuzi, rom araferi vTqvaT Zowze da mominanqrebuli emalis<br />

nakeTobebze. dokumentacia am Zvirfaseulobis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb ar<br />

arsebobs.<br />

XVIII-XIX ss-is ganmavlobaSi osmaleTis imperiaSi xSiri iyo<br />

qonebis konfiskacia. konfiskacia exeboda qalis qonebasac, maT Soris,<br />

haje salihas qonebasac Seexo konfiskacia, sabolood ki mTeli misi<br />

qoneba mis memkvidreebs gadaecaT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am orive<br />

qalis ojaxSi icavdnen samoqalaqo tradiciebs da Sesabamisad qalebs<br />

uflebas rTavdnen mieRoT TavianTi wili qonebisa, maSin roca soflad<br />

qals im wilsac arTmevdnen, romelic SariaTis mixedviT misi kuTvnili<br />

iyo. Cvens mier zemoT warmodgenilma qalebma qonebis mniSvnelovani<br />

nawili miiRes memkvidreobiT. rogorc wesi, mamakacebs piligrimobisas<br />

TavianTi colebi Tan ar dahyavdaT, Cven ar viciT haje saliha meqaSi<br />

marto iyo, Tu qmarTan erTad, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom mas am<br />

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi dabrkoleba ar Sexvedria. haje hanimi ki ar<br />

gamoirCeva aseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebiT.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom am droisaTvis aranairi miTiTeba ar arsebobda<br />

Tu qonebis ra nawili unda yofiliyo qalis sakuTrebaSi. amiT es qalebi<br />

gansxvavdebodnen XVII s-is kaiseris Tu ankaris qalebisagan an Tundac<br />

XVIII s-is alepos da sxva soflis qalebisagan.<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi samefo ojaxis wevri qalebi aarsebdnen kerZo<br />

da saojaxo vakfebs. ~vakfi, es iyo saeklesio miwa, romlis fondsac<br />

Seadgenda sultnis, feodalebis an sxva samefo dinastiis<br />

warmomadgenlis mier Sewiruli miwebi~ (svaniZe, 1999: 100). es vakfebi<br />

warmoadgenda saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebs. XVIII s-is manZilze<br />

anatoliis vakfebis 17.03% osmalo qalebis mier iyo daarsebuli.<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi arsebobda agreTve fuladi vakfebic. “barqanisa da<br />

aiverdis mier gamoqveynebuli fuladi vakfis dokumentebidan vigebT, rom

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112<br />

1546 wels fuladi vakfebi Seadgenda stambolis mTliani vakfebis 46%-s.<br />

amave dukumentebidan vigebT, rom vakfebs aarsebdnen qalebic. risTvisac<br />

isini XVI s-Si arsebuli kanonis Tanaxmad ixdidnen wliur 10%-s (500<br />

axCas). Cans, rom am 10%-s (360 axCa) isini uxdidnen meCeTis imams, xolo<br />

danarCens (140 axCa) damaarsebels” (zarinebafi 2002:555).<br />

vakfebs qalebi ZiriTadad stambolSi aarsebdnen, magram aseve<br />

meqaSi, medinasa da ierusalimSi. yvelaze msxvili vakfis mflobelebi<br />

iyvnen: nurbanu sultani (murad III-is (1574-1595) deda), safie sultani<br />

(mehmed III-is (1595-1603) deda), qosem sultani (murad IV-isa (1623-1640) da<br />

ibrahimis (1640-1648) deda), haTije sultani (mehmed IV-is (1648-1687) deda),<br />

gulnuS emeTulahH sultani M(mustafa II (1695-1703) da ahmed III-is (1703-1730)<br />

deda), bezmialem sultani (abdul-mejidis (1839-1861) deda) da bolos<br />

ferTevnial sultani (abdul-azizis (1861-1876) deda) (ixsanoglu 2006:114).<br />

“osmalo qalebis msgavsad XVIII s-is kairoSi mcxovrebi monuri<br />

warmomavlobis mamluqi qalebic mniSvnelovani saqalaqo da sasoflo<br />

qonebis mflobelni iyvnen, rasac Semdeg isini abandebdnen saojaxo<br />

vakfebSi. kairos mamluqi qalebi flobdnen vakfebis 25%-s. igive<br />

mdgomareoba iyo alepoSi” (zarinebafi 2002:561).<br />

irkveva, rom 1546 wlidan moyolebuli vakfTa 36% daarsebuli iyo<br />

saSualo fenis warmoSobis qalTa mier. am qalTa didi nawili iyo<br />

yofili mona, razec miuTiTebs maTi saxelebi, mag. amine binT abdulah.<br />

“binT/bin abdulah” iyo sazogado saxeli, romelic erqvaT mona qalebs an<br />

kacebs.<br />

amgvarad, am TavSi ganxiluli iyo XV-XVIII ss-is osmaleTis<br />

imperiaSi mcxovrebi mdidari qalebis istoriebi. saubari iyo maT<br />

socialur rolze sazogadoebaSi, saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobaze, aRwerili<br />

iyo maTi qonebrivi inventarizacia da sazogadoebrivi statusi. isini am<br />

droisaTvis qalisTvis warmoudgeneli simdidris mqoneni iyvnen. am<br />

simdidres gonivrulad marTavdnen da gadascemdnen STamomavlobas.<br />

xSirad maTi memkvidreebi maTi qmrebi xdebodnen da isini gardacvlili<br />

meuRlis qonebiT agrZelebdnen cxovrebas. gansxvavebuli iyo mdidari<br />

qalis Casacmeli da samkaulebi, romelic maTi socialuri statusis<br />

gamomxatveli iyo. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi qali muslimTaTvis

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113<br />

umaRlesi titulis – hajis mflobeli iyo. aqve mniSvnelovania erTi<br />

faqtori, yvela zemoT CamoTvlil qalTa am warmatebis ganmsazRvreli<br />

iyo maTi socialuri kuTvnileba da warmomavloba.

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114<br />

8. qalis samosi da Zvirfaseuloba osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

osmalo Tu evropeli damkvirveblebis azriT, qalis samosi maTi<br />

socialuri statusis gamomxatveli iyo. msgavsad bevri evropeli<br />

monarqisa, osmalo sultnebic cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT stabiluroba<br />

da naTlad gansazRvravdnen socialur wesrigs. es wesrigi exeboda<br />

Cacmulobasac. Sesabamisad qalis statusis gamomxatvelic unda<br />

yofiliyo misi Cacmuloba. “1564 wels gamovida dekreti, romlis<br />

mixedviTac aramuslim qals unda etarebina qvedabolo angoras<br />

matylisagan an abreSumisa da bambis naerTisagan damzadebuli, romelic<br />

warmoebuli iyo savaraudod bursaSi” (faroqhi 1980:77). tansacmeli<br />

gansxvavdeboda regionebis mixedviT, radgan SeuZlebelia imperiis yvela<br />

mxareSi erTaniri Casacmeli damzadebuliyo. osmalo istorikosebi aseve<br />

aRniSnaven tansacmelTan dakavSirebul folklorul motivebs. mogzauri<br />

evlia Celebi mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis qalTa qurqebisa da<br />

Tavsaburavebis Sesaxeb, rodesac man imogzaura maT saxlebSi. evlia<br />

Celebi qalis CacmulobasTan erTad dasZens: “isini moZraoben metad<br />

moridebulad da gaxveulni arian CadrSi da mosasxamebSi” (Celebi 1983:73).<br />

amas ganapirobebda metwilad qalis Casacmelis stili. idealuri qali<br />

unda yofiliyo mTlianad daburuli da uxilavi. mcire aziaSi, keZod ki<br />

qalaq boluSi mogzaurobas Evelia Celebi ase aRwers: “yvela qals acvia<br />

faranja, an mTlianad arian SefuTulebi “ (Celebi 1983:61).<br />

igives adasturebs avstriis mefe ferdinandis elCi oJie jiselin de<br />

busbeqi, romelmac osmaleTis imperiaSi imogzaura 1544-62 wlebSi<br />

“Turqebi yvelaze metad did mniSvnelobas aniWeben TavianTi colebis<br />

ubiwoebas. isini maT aiZuleben isxdnen saxlSi da iSviaTad naxon mzis<br />

sinaTle. Tu isini gareT gasvlis uflebas miiReben, iseTi Sexveulebi<br />

gamodian, rom adamians moCveneba an aCrdili egoneba” (busbeqi 1927:117).<br />

XVIII saukuneSi sultnebma Cacmis stilTan dakavSirebiT mravali<br />

dekreti gamosces da amiT SezRudes qalisaTvis miniWebuli iqamde<br />

darCenili is ramdenime uflebac, ris mixedviTac qals SeeZlo quCaSi<br />

siaruli. am dekretebiT qalTaTvis daketili aRmoCnda mqargvelTa

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115<br />

maRaziebic, romlis xSiri stumrebic isini iyvnen.<br />

mdidar da Rarib qals Soris Cacmulobis stilTan dakavSirebiT<br />

mniSvnelovani sxvaoba ar iyo. Tumca garkveuli wesebi maT nebas rTavda<br />

etarebinaT sxvadasxva feris faraja (mosasxami) da fexsacmeli, raTa<br />

gamoeaSkaravebinaT TavianTi statusi. faraja gamoiyeneboda ZiriTadad<br />

saxlis gareT. is iyo farTo mosasxami, grZelmklavebiani, sayelos<br />

gareSe, ZiriTadad abreSumis. an matylis qsovilisagan damzadebuli da<br />

koWebamde sigrZis. sazamTro mosasxami xSirad bewviT iyo gawyobili.<br />

qalebi aseve atarebdnen bewvis paltoebs. Tavsaburavs “yaşmak” erqva da<br />

qalebs masSi mxolod Tvalebi uCandaT.<br />

Ffexsacmels “başmak”-i erqva da yvela qali atarebda mas.<br />

aramuslim qals misi tarebis ufleba ar hqonda. Casacmelis mixedviT<br />

Canda qalis statusi, dawyebuli sultnis dediT, damTavrebuli haremis<br />

qaliT. maTi Casacmeli ori naWrisagan Sedgeboda (mTavari naWrisagan da<br />

oqros an vercxlis Zafis naqargisagan). Casacmeli iyo agreTve<br />

samnaWriani, Salvrebi, Jiletebi, perangebi, kafTanebi, faranjebi.<br />

Zvirfaseuloba da Zvirfasi tansacmeli maRali wris warmomadgenel<br />

qalis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo. maTi stumari iyo ledi meri<br />

montegiu.<br />

mdidari qalis tipuri Casacmeli iyo farTo perangi (gőmlek),<br />

damzadebuli bambisa an abreSumisagan. amis qvemoT ecvaT kaba (entari),<br />

romelic rogorc saSualo, ise maRali wris qalTaTvis, damzadebuli<br />

iyo velvetis an abreSumisagan. naklebad SeZlebuli qalTaTvis is<br />

damzadebuli iyo iafiani abreSumisa an bambisagan, romelsac erqva beledis.<br />

TavSali TmebSi samagriT iyo damagrebuli, Tmebi maRla hqondaT aweuli.<br />

garedan ecvaT mosasxami (dolaman), rasac ZiriTadad zamTarSi xmarobdnen.<br />

gareT Casacmelad iyenebdnen farTo paltos – farace, rasac hqonda grZeli<br />

mklavebi, raTa xelebi Tavisuflad SeeyoT siciveSi SigniT. maTi saxe<br />

mTlianad dafaruli iyo CadriT, mxolod patara adgili TvalebisTvis<br />

iyo Ria (faroqhi 2007:110).<br />

wyaroebidan irkveva, rom qalis Tavsaburavi Zalian Zvirfasi iyo,<br />

(maT Soris sultanfaSa binT haje muradisa da selCuk binT el-haj

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116<br />

mehmedis) da daaxloebiT 3,500 axCa Rirda, zogierTi ki 4,000 axCa, es<br />

Tavsaburavebi Seicavda oqrosa da vercxlis naWrebis dekoracias.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom sultanfaSa binT haji muradis meuRles, metad<br />

Zvirfasi kaftani hqonda, romelic Seicavda girCis, abreSumisa da<br />

velvetis qsovilebs oqrosa da vercxlTan erTad. misi fasi 700 axCas<br />

Seadgenda, romelic ufro Zvirfasi iyo, vidre nebismieri samkauli. aseTi<br />

Zvirfasi nivTi gaaCnda haTunbegi binT hoja huseins, romelic iyo 800<br />

axCamde Rirebulebis. XVI saukuneSi osmaluri administracia mkacrad<br />

akontrolebda vercxlis Zafis warmoebas, magram XV-XVI ss-Si mamakacebi<br />

ufro advilad aZlevdnen Tavs uflebas Zvirfasi farCis qsoviliT<br />

SeemosaT TavianTi qalebi.<br />

“sasaxlis qali atarebda Tmebis mosarTavebs, romlebic TavianTi<br />

Tmebisagan iyo damzadebuli da erqva “hotoz” an “yemen”, aseve sxva<br />

mosarTavi naWrebisagan” (faroqhi 2003a:66). sasaxlis qali fexze icvamda<br />

fexsacmels an saRamos Custebs, romlebic sxvadasxva feris tyavisagan<br />

iyo damzadebuli da morTuli iyo oqroTi da vercxliT, xSirad ki<br />

briliantisa da margalitis TvlebiT.<br />

“Zvirfasi Tvlebis ornamentebiT iyo morTuli mdidari qalebis<br />

yeli da mklavebi. mdidari qalebi misdevdnen parizul modas, TandaTan<br />

ki evropuli moda mTlianad Caenacvla adgilobriv modas” (qalis<br />

Casacmeli).<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo is faqti, rom sasaxlis mdidari da gavleniani<br />

qalebi atarebdnen gvirgvinis msgavs qudis mosarTav frTebs (plumaJi,<br />

jiRa), aseTsave mosarTav frTebs atarebda sultanic da es iyo<br />

Zalauflebis simbolo. sultani aseT mosarTavebs saCuqradac arigebda.<br />

mdidari qali, Cveulebriv, erTze met qudis mosarTav frTas atarebda,<br />

magram xandaxan mxolod erTsac, romelsac imagrebda Sublze an Tavis<br />

ukana mxares.<br />

mdidari osmalo qalebis aRWurvilobaSi Sedioda iseTi Zvirfasi<br />

TvlebiT moWedili samkaulebi, rogoricaa brilianti, ameTvisto,<br />

kornelia, margaliti. mdidari qalebi aseve atarebdnen margalitis mZivsa<br />

da oqros jaWvs. XVIII s-is britaneli elCi stambolSi werda, rom

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117<br />

sultan Mmustafa II-is (1695-1703) cols hafize sultans fexebamde sigrZis<br />

mZivi ekida, romelic Semkuli iyo margalitisa da briliantis TvlebiT.<br />

ledi meri montegiu gaocebuli darCa samkaulebis silamaziTa da<br />

faseulobiT, romliTac stambolis mcxovrebi qalebi TavianT Tavebs<br />

amkobdnen. Tumca gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa bursaSi mcxovrebi<br />

xelosanTa da vaWarTa colebisa da qaliSvilebis mdgomareoba. udavoa,<br />

rom yvela qals gaaCnda Zvirfaseuloba. amaTgan yvelaze gamorCeuli iyo<br />

sayureebi, ZiriTadad oqrosi an vercxlis. SedarebiT mdidar qalebs ki<br />

es sayureebi gawyobili hqondaT margalitebiT, romelic yvelaze<br />

popularuli iyo da savaraudod importirebuli iyo bahreinidan. aseve<br />

popularuli iyo brasletebi, ZiriTadad is iyo oqrosi da iyideboda<br />

wyvilad. yelsabamebs mohyveboda patara yuTebi, sadac ido yuranis<br />

teqsti, Tumca es naklebad popularuli iyo vidre sayure. bursis mdidar<br />

qalebs hqondaT Zvirfasi metalis qamrebi. garda vercxlis qamrebisa,<br />

agreTve iyo naWris qamrebi, romlebic morTuli iyo vercxlisa da<br />

mooqrovili maqmanebiT. aseTi naWris qamrebi xSirad Semkuli iyo<br />

vercxlisa da oqros ZafebiT da xSirad welze Semortymuli moqarguli<br />

SarfebiTac dadiodnen qalebi. oqrosa da vercxlis naqargebi iyo<br />

sxvadasxva dasaxelebis tansacmelze da aseve baliSebsa da saxlis<br />

teqstilis sxva nivTebze (faroqhi 2007:108)<br />

Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod ramodenime aseTma saxeobam, romlebic<br />

inaxeba muzeumebSi da ekuTvnis an sultnis ojaxs, an aRdgenilia XIX<br />

saukuneSi. zogierTi sayure, romelic inaxeba muzeumSi, daTariRebulia<br />

XIX-XX saukuniT da aris ganmeoreba bizantiuri stilisa. Cvenamde<br />

moRweuli sayureebi Cven gviqmnian warmodgenas XVIII saukunis qalis<br />

samkaulebze.<br />

Tanamedrove eTnologiuri gamokvlevebidan CvenTvis cnobilia, rom<br />

qals SeeZlo gaeyida misTvis qorwilSi naCuqari samkaulebi, raTa<br />

uzrunveleyo axladSeqmnili ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. (sirmani<br />

1988). dReisaTvis es nivTebi aris ZiriTadad brasletebi. es xdeboda XVIII<br />

saukunis adreul wlebSi bursaSi. aseve darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT,<br />

rom es brasletebi damzadebuli iyo oqrosagan. Tundac osmalo

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118<br />

princesebi Zvirfaseulobas iyenebdnen rogorc simdidris dagrovebis<br />

wyaros, romelic SeeZloT gaWirvebis dros gadaednoT da gamoeyenebinaT.<br />

“osmaleTis imperiaSi qalis mier CarSafis tareba niSnavda misi<br />

bavSvobis dasasruls. amiT agreTve dasturdeboda, rom is gaTxovili<br />

iyo” (Nicole, 2002: 581).<br />

aramuslimi qalebic muslimi qalebis msgavsad icvamdnen.<br />

iburavdnen Tu ara isini saxes, damokidebuli iyo im adgilze, sadac<br />

isini cxovrobdnen, an maT statusze. balkaneTsa da stambolSi qalebs<br />

saxis sul mcire naxevari ar hqondaT dafaruli, Tumca aseTi SemTxveva<br />

gamonaklisi iyo. aTenSi, axalgazrda, dasaojaxebeli qalebi atarebdnen<br />

Cadrs da mxolod daojaxebulebi aCendnen TavianT saxes (maqkenzi 1992:64).<br />

somxeTsa da aRmosavleT anatoliaSi, aseve kavkasiaSi, qalebi muslimTa<br />

msgavsad Cadrs atarebdnen. Tumca evropel istorikosTa cnobiT XVI-XVII<br />

ss. garkveul regionebSi iyo gamonaklisebi. XVI saukunis osmalur<br />

miniatiurebSi vxvdebiT rogorc CadriT, ise mis gareSe qristian qalebs<br />

(renda 2001).<br />

evropeli maRali wris qalebi epatiJebodnen SeZlebuli ojaxebis<br />

osmalo qalebs da aswavlidnen frangul, inglisur da germanul enebs.<br />

Sedegad enis codna osmalo qals exmareboda evropuli modis Sesaxeb<br />

codnis miRebaSi.<br />

Ppirveli osmalo qalebi, romlebmac aiTvises evropuli moda,<br />

iyvnen samefo dinastiidan an SeZlebuli ojaxebidan.Uunda aRiniSnos, rom<br />

“evropuli tansacmliT osmaluri tansacmlis Canacvleba erTbaSad ar<br />

momxdara. Tavidan osmalo qalebma daiwyes evropuli aRWurvilobis<br />

xmareba, magaliTad, xelTaTmanis, windis. Nnelnela tradiciuli<br />

Turquli mosasxami evropulma kabam Secvala” (Nicole, 2002: 583).<br />

osmalo qali evropul tansacmels ZiriTadad parizSi yidulobda,<br />

sadac Tavad dadioda, an naTesavs abarebda. zogierTi qali ki<br />

stambolSive akerinebda kabas evropel mkeravebs.<br />

amgvarad, qalis samosi osmaleTis imperiaSi maTi socialuri<br />

statusis gamomxatveli iyo. Turqi qalis ZiriTadi Casacmeli iyo faraja,<br />

romelsac is ZiriTadad saxlis gareT icvamda da “başmak”-i (fexsacmeli),<br />

Tavze ki Tavsaburavi exura da mas “yaşmak” erqva, rac qalis mTel saxes

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119<br />

faravda da mxolod Tvalebi uCanda. mdidar qalTa Cacmuloba, rogorc<br />

zemoT aRvniSneT, gamorCeuli iyo. maT Zvirfasi naWrisagan Sekerili<br />

tansacmeli emosaT, maTi samkaulebi da Tavsaburavi Zvirfasi TvlebiT<br />

iyo Semkuli. pirveli osmalo qalebi, romlebmac aiTvises evropuli<br />

moda, samefo dinastiidan an SeZlebuli ojaxebidan iyvnen. nel-nela<br />

osmaleTis imperiaSi xdeboda tradiciuli Turquli tansacmlis<br />

evropuli kabiT Canacvleba. XIX saukunis bolos farajam da<br />

Tavsaburavma gaqroba daiwyo. 1908 wlis revoluciis Semdeg TurqeTSi<br />

mkveTri cvlilebebi moxda Turqi qalis CasacmelTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

sabolood ki TurqeTSi evropuli moda damkvidrda.

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120<br />

9. qalis mdgomareoba osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

TanzimaTamde<br />

Sua saukuneebis osmaleTis imperiaSi qalTa did nawils uxdeboda<br />

muSaoba, raTa ojaxebi SeenaxaT. maTi dasaqmebis areali arcTu didi iyo.<br />

isini ZiriTadad dasaqmebuli iyvnen ojaxebSi. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

aseTi samuSaos Sovnis Sansi mxolod axalgazrda mona qalebs eZleodaT.<br />

gaTxovili qalisaTvis aseTi samuSaos moZebna Zneli iyo. qalebi<br />

dakavebuli iyvnen abanoebSi, aseve saqorwino samzadisTan dakavSirebul<br />

saqmianobaSi.<br />

qalTa didi raodenoba dakavebuli iyo safeiqro warmoebiTa da<br />

Semdgom misi realizaciiT. Zafis darTvas qalebi saxlebSic axerxebdnen.<br />

“1678 wels bursaSi mcxovrebi qalebis 50% abreSumis darTviT iyo<br />

dakavebuli” (faroqhi 2003a:165). safeiqro mrewvelobidan Semosuli<br />

Semosavali ganapirobebda qalis siZlieresa da finansur<br />

damoukideblobas (goCeqi 2003: 78). bevri saqsovi dazga ganlagebuli iyo<br />

ara mxolod maRaziaSi, aramed kerZo saxlebSi, qalebi aqac<br />

gvevlinebodnen damrTvelebad. aseTi qalebis umravlesoba<br />

axalgazrdobaSi muSaobda mdidar qalebTan rogorc mqargvelebi da maT<br />

am saqmidan kargi anazRaurebac hqondaT. iyvnen iseTi qalebic, romlebic<br />

awarmoebdnen sanTels. sanTlis damzadebisas farTod gamoiyeneboda<br />

sxvadasxva cxovelis cximi.<br />

iyvnen iseTi qalebic, romlebic dros saxlSi fuWad atarebdnen.<br />

evropeli mogzauri hans dernSvami, romelic Tan axlda bulgarel<br />

sardals stambolSi 1553 wels, dasZens, rom osmalo qali arc Tu xSirad<br />

dadis meCeTSi, aramed is saxlSi loculobs. dernSvami dasZens, rom<br />

osmalo qali, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saxlSi dros fuWad atarebda, saojaxo<br />

saqmes ki mosamsaxureebi akeTebdnen. aseve aRniSnavs, rom bevri coli<br />

qmris erTguli iyo, magram iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac qali Ralatobda<br />

qmars misi omSi wasvlis Semdeg. es qalebi Semdeg sakadrisad arc ki<br />

isjebodnen, radganac maTi saxe CadriT iyo dafaruli da es ucnobi<br />

rCeboda (goCeqi 2003:74).

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121<br />

sasamarTlos Canawerebidan vgebulobT, rom am periodis qalebs<br />

gaaCndaT fabrika-qarxnebi, sacxobebi, gastronomiuli maRaziebi da sxva.<br />

ronald jeningsma Seiswavla 1600-25 wlebis kaiseris sasamarTlos 2000-<br />

mde Canaweri, saidanac irkveva, rom araelitaruli wris qalebi<br />

Tavisuflad marTavdnen qonebas da monawileobdnen komerciul<br />

garigebebSi. isini dakavebulni iyvnen miwaTmflobelobiT da fulis<br />

gasesxebiT (goCeqi 2003:79).<br />

gansakuTrebiT didi aqtiurobiT gamoirCeodnen burseli qalebi.<br />

1600-1700 wlebis sasamarTlos Canawerebidan naTelia, rom burseli<br />

qalebi ufro xSirad mimarTavdnen sasamarTlos vidre q. kaiseris qalebi.<br />

qalTa maRali aqtiuroba bursaSi ganpirobebuli iyo am qalaqis<br />

siaxloviT dedaqalaqTan.<br />

sociologebis mier Seswavlil iqna XVII-XVIII ss-is Turquli<br />

ojaxebi. maTi naSromebis gacnobis Sedegad Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT,<br />

rom ZiriTadad arsebobda ojaxis ori tipi: pirveli tipis ojaxSi<br />

patarZals Tavisi ojaxis wevrebi gadascemdnen siZis ojaxis naTesaobas.<br />

sabolood qmari da dedamTili akontrolebdnen patarZlis yvela nabijs.<br />

Tu qali ojaxidan wasvlas daapirebda, maT ufleba hqondaT xeli<br />

SeeSalaT misTvis da ar gaetanebinaT qoneba. es amcirebda qalis<br />

statuss. meore tipis ojaxSi qali iyo qmris biznes partniori, romelic<br />

inawilebda mis uflebamosilebas da damoukideblad asrulebda<br />

ekonomikur saqmianobas. aseTi tipis ojaxi sakmaod xSiri iyo da qalebic,<br />

Cveulebriv, SariaTis mixedviT memkvidreobis mflobelnic xdebodnen.<br />

SariaTis mixedviT osmaleTis imperiaSi qalsac da mamakacsac<br />

Tanabari ufleba hqondaT sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis, nebismieri<br />

saxis SeTanxmebis dadebis, advokatis ayvanis dros. mamakacsac da qalsac<br />

Tanabrad evalebodaT sasamarTloSi mowmis miyvana.<br />

“xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, roca daqvrivebuli qalebi gamodiodnen<br />

ojaxis interesebis damcvelebad. aqedan gamomdinare qmrebi an<br />

adgilobrivi mosamarTleebi Rrmad endobodnen qalebis kompetenturobas.<br />

qmari sikvdilis Semdeg Tavis cols Svilebis meurved niSnavda, romelic<br />

icavda maT uflebebs” (faroqhi 2003a:168).

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122<br />

yadis dokumentaciebSi, uxvadaa iseTi qalebis raodenoba, romlebic<br />

TavianTi Svilebis uflebebis dasacavad gamodiodnen. istorikosi<br />

ronald jeningsi iyo pirveli, romelmac daamtkica, rom qalebi marTlac<br />

ar uSindebodnen sasamarTloSi wasvlas da TavianTi da Tavisi Svilebis<br />

uflebebis dacvas. anatoliis qalaqebSi mcxovrebma ramdenime qalma<br />

saxeli gaiTqva, rogorc TavianT uflebebis aqtiurma damcvelma.<br />

xSirad qalebs gadaecemodaT iseTi mniSvnelovani saqmianoba,<br />

rogoric iyo saojaxo administrirebaSi arsebul dawesebulebaTa marTva.<br />

am dawesebulebis damaarsebeli daniSnavda Tavis memkvidres, romelic<br />

iqneboda an kaci an qali da romelsac unda emarTa esa Tu is meCeTi,<br />

skola an Sadrevani, an gamiznulad daexarja fuli raime saRmrTo<br />

saqmianobisaTvis. unda aRiniSnos, rom sakmod xSirad es memkvidreebi<br />

iyvnen qalebi.<br />

“qalebi ufro xSirad maSin xdebodnen dawesebulebaTa mmarTvelebi,<br />

rodesac isini iyvnen damaarseblis erTaderTi memkvidre. Sesabamisad<br />

isini ganagebdnen am saqmes da Semdgom gadascemdnen TavianT vaJiSvilebs<br />

an qaliSvilebs” (faroqhi 2003a:187).<br />

yovelive zemoTTqmulis Semdeg unda aRvniSnoT, rom ZiriTadi<br />

funqcia ojaxSi mamakacs ekava da maTi statusi ojaxis danarCen<br />

wevrebTan SedarebiT amaRlebuli iyo. qalebi mxolod gansakuTrebul<br />

SemTxvevaSi iRebdnen monawileobas sxvadasxva sapasuxismgeblo<br />

saqmianobaSi, ZiriTadad aseTi saqmianoba iyo wina saqorwino<br />

molaparakebaSi monawileobis miReba. bambis sawarmos fermerTa colebi<br />

aqtiurad monawileobdnen qalTaTvis Sromis danawilebaSi. qali aseve<br />

amyarebda saWiro kavSirebs, riTic uzrunvelyofda mosavlis gazrdas da<br />

amiT ojaxis prestiJsac zrdida. qalebi dakavebulni iyvnen warmoebiTac<br />

da ufleba hqondaT yofiliyvnen ojaxis sruluflebiani<br />

warmomadgenlebi socialur sakiTxebSi.<br />

XVII s-is burseli yadis Canawerebis mixedviT qalebi metad aqtiur<br />

cxovrebas eweodnen. maT Soris iyvnen kaiserSi mcxovrebi qalebi. Cven<br />

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qalaqSi mcxovrebi qalebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />

sofleli qalebi CrdilSi idgnen.

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123<br />

sainteresoa XVIII s-is kaiseris qalTa qoneba. kaiseridan iyo<br />

iazgul binT haji hidiri, romlis mamamac imogzaura ierusalimSi. am<br />

qalis qoneba Seadgenda 1-2 yuruSs, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda<br />

patara savenaxe miwa, aseve 10 yuruSis Rirebulebis Zvirfasi vercxlis<br />

qamari, agreTve 50 yuruSis Rirebulebis oqros brasleti.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc kaiserSi, ise soflebSi arsebobdnen<br />

SeZlebul qristianTa ojaxebi. SeZlebul fenas ekuTvnoda gul anas<br />

ojaxi. oqrosa da vercxlis ornamentebiani Zvirfaseuloba SeZlebul<br />

qristianTa ojaxebisaTvis ar warmoadgenda iSviaTobas.<br />

amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Suasaukuneebis osmaleTis<br />

imperiaSi mTeli rigi SezRudvebis miuxedavad mainc SeiniSneba qalTa<br />

sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi garkveuli aqtiuroba. Tumca, maTgan<br />

gamorCeulni arian qalaqad mcxovrebi qalebi, sofleli qalebi ki,<br />

CrdilSi dganan. qalTa aqtiurobis Sesaxeb informacias metwilad<br />

sasamarTlos Canawerebidan viRebT, saidanac irkveva, rom elitaruli<br />

wris qalebi Tavisuflad marTavdnen qonebas da monawilobdnen<br />

komerciul garigebebSi. isini, aseve, dakavebulni iyvnen<br />

miwaTmflobelobiT da fulis gasesxebiT. qalsac da mamakacsac Tanabari<br />

ufleba hqonda sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis, nebismieri saxis<br />

SeTanxmebis dadebis da advokatis ayvanis dros. qals xSirad<br />

gadaecemoda sasamarTlo administrirebaSi arsebul dawesebulebaTa<br />

marTva. mag. meCeTi, skola an Sadrevani. qals SeeZlo fulis gaReba raime<br />

saxis saRvTo saqmianobisaTvis. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom qalebi<br />

mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi iRebdnen aseT saqmianobaSi<br />

monawileobis uflebas. es xSirad maSin xdeboda roca is damaarseblis<br />

erTaderTi memkvidre iyo.

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124<br />

10. qalis mdgomareoba osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

TanzimaTis Semdeg<br />

XIX s-is dasawyisidan osmaleTis imperiaSi mniSvnelovani<br />

cvlilebebi SeiniSneba. TandaTan qveyanaSi daiwyo dasavluri<br />

Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis tendencia. osmalebi Tvlidnen, rom isini<br />

evropas Zalian CamorCebodnen. es CamorCeniloba rom daeZliaT, qveyanaSi<br />

gasatarebeli iyo mniSvnelovani reformebi, maT Soris samxedro,<br />

sasamarTlo da saganmanaTleblo. XIX s-is sami mniSvnelovani nabiji<br />

qveynis modernizaciisaTvis iyo konstituciuri mTavrobis mSenebloba,<br />

inteleqtualuri elitis aRmoceneba da qalis ganaTlebis sakiTxisadmi<br />

mniSvnelobis miniWeba (buquri 2004b:295).<br />

XIX s-is reformebis xana osmaleTis imperiaSi cnobilia rogorc<br />

TanzimaTis xana. 1839 welsa da 1856 wels gamosulma kanonebma didi<br />

gardaqmna Seitana Turqi qalis cxovrebaSi.<br />

“1839 wlamde osmaleTSi islamuri kanonmdebloba moqmedebda da<br />

Sesabamisad nebismieri fadiSahis mier miRebuli brZaneba islamuri<br />

kanonTa kodeqsis SesabamisobaSi unda mosuliyo. 1839 wlidan<br />

moyolebuli osmaleTis imperiaSi islamuri kanonmdeblobasTan erTad<br />

moqmedebda evropaSi moqmedi kanonTa sistemac” (halili 1974:285).<br />

marTlac daiwyo struqturuli cvlilebebi qveynis<br />

modernizaciisaTvis. es cvlilebebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, yvela<br />

sferos Seexo.<br />

”1842 wlidan qalTaTvis TandaTanobiT gaixsna dawyebiTi da<br />

umaRlesi ganaTlebis skolebi da qalebmac iwyes ganaTlebis miReba”<br />

(noviCevi 1978:186). is qalebi, romlebic amTavrebdnen “Muallime Mektebleri”-s<br />

(“maswavlebel qalTa skola”), mTavrobis mier igzavnebodnen qveynis<br />

sxvadasxva mxareSi, raTa sxva qalebisTvisac miecaT ganaTleba.<br />

1858 wels osmaleTis imperiaSi gaixsna pirveli dawyebiTi skola<br />

qalTaTvis (Rűşdiyye). 1869-70 wlebSi stambolSi gaixsna maswavlebel<br />

qalTa mosamzadebeli seminaria, romelTac unda eswavlebinaT qalTa

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125<br />

skolebSi. 1880-iani wlebidan skolebi gaixsna calkeul provinciebSi<br />

adgilobriv mmarTvelTa iniciativiT (faroqhi 2003:159).<br />

qalebi cdilobdnen sagazeTo publikaciebis saSualebiT<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis ecnobebinaT TavianTi problemebi. qalebi atarebdnen<br />

konferenciebs, qmnidnen sazogadoebebs. magaliTad, 1869 w-dan<br />

moyolebuli, roca daibeWda qalTa pirveli gazeTi “Teraqi muhaderaTi”<br />

(civilizaciis progresi), 40-mde qalTa gazeTi iqna dabeWdili vidre 1926<br />

w-mde, roca axali laTinuri anbani SemoiRes. am periodidan moyolebuli<br />

TurqeTSi daarsda mravali qalTa sazogadoeba, romelic ibrZoda qalTa<br />

uflebebisaTvis.<br />

1886 wels daibeWda pirveli Jurnali “yvavilis furceli”<br />

(“Şűkűfezar”), sadac ibeWdeboda mxolod qalTa statiebi, misi mflobeli<br />

qali iyo. Jurnalistebidan aRsaniSnavia: munire, fatma nevberi da fatma<br />

nigari.<br />

Jurnali “qalTa gazeTi” (“Hanımlara mahsus gazete”) gamodioda 1895-dan<br />

1908 wlamde. masSi momuSave TanamSromlebi iyvnen rogorc qalebi, ise<br />

mamakacebi, maT Soris iyo novelisti fatma alie. (faroqhi 2003:160)<br />

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada saojaxo samarTalmac. “kanoni nebas<br />

rTavda daqvrivebul qals xelmeored daqorwinebuliyo” (iaramani 2001:24).<br />

“1856 wels miRebuli kanoniT gogonebs, biWebis msgavsad, ufleba<br />

eZleodaT mamis danatovari miwa memkvidreobiT mieRoT da yofiliyvnen am<br />

miwis mflobelni” ” (iaramani 2001:25).<br />

1868 wels gamoica kanoni “Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi” (“saxalxo<br />

ganaTlebis regulacia”), romliTac “mTavroba mouwodebda osmaleTis<br />

imperiis mTels mosaxleobas, rom qaliSvilebi 6-11 wlis asakSi<br />

gaegzavnaT dawyebiT skolebSi ganaTlebis misaRebad” (Çana). mogvianebiT<br />

ki, 1876 wels gamosul “konstituciaSi” (“Kanuni Esasi”) ewera, rom<br />

osmaleTis imperiis mTeli mosaxleoba valdebuli iyo mieRo dawyebiTi<br />

ganaTleba.<br />

qalTa mimarT saxelmwifos aseTma damokidebulebam ganapiroba<br />

qalTaTvis ufro didi yuradRebis mipyroba. qalTa Temas exeboda<br />

statiebi aTeulobiT Jurnalsa da gazeTSi, sadac yvelaze aqtualuri<br />

Tema iyo qalTaTvis ganaTlebis micema, rasac didi mniSvneloba eqneboda

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126<br />

qveynis ganviTarebaSi. qalebi aseve ilaSqrebdnen mravalcolianobis<br />

winaaRmdeg, moiTxovdnen qalisa da mamakacis uflebriv gaTanabrebas.<br />

1908 wlis revoluciis Semdeg wina planze dadga qalTa<br />

Tanasworobis sakiTxi. inteligencias surda qalebi yofiliyvnen<br />

sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevrebi da ara haremis qalebi. haremis<br />

qalebi gauCinardnen Turquli sazogadoebidan monarqiis gauqmebasTan<br />

erTad (ahmadi 1999:84).<br />

I msoflio omamde TurqeTSi pirveli filmi gamovida. ayvaveba iwyo<br />

Teatrmac. axalma garemom xeli Seuwyo muslim qalebs fexi daedgaT<br />

scenaze, sadac monopolias somexi qalebi flobdnen.<br />

1911 wels TurqeTSi dadges telefonebi da omis periodSi aq gaCnda<br />

pirveli samuSao adgilebi muslim qalTaTvis. osmalur sazogadoebaSi<br />

qalebi muSaobdnen mcire industriaSi, rogoric iyo safeiqro, xaliCebis<br />

da Tambaqos mrewveloba. es ganStoebebi miCneul iyo, rogorc qalis<br />

saqme da maT uxdidnen ufro dabal xelfass, vidre mamakacebs. franguli<br />

wyaros mixedviT qalis Sroma wyalze ufro iafi Rirda.<br />

1908 wlis revoluciis Semdgom, ganaTlebulma qalebma iseT did<br />

qalaqebSi rogoricaa stamboli, saloniki da izmiri, daiwyes Jurnalebis<br />

gamocema, sadac gamoxatavdnen TavianT reaqcias qalTa diskriminaciis<br />

gamo. maT daaarses qalTa pirveli asociacia, gazardes Jurnalis<br />

gamocemis ricxvi.<br />

1908 wels axalgazrda TurqTa revolucia qalTaTvis didi Sedegis<br />

momtani aRmoCnda. axalgazrda Turqebi acxadebdnen: “qali unda<br />

ganTavisufldes tradiciis CarCoebidano” (ahmadi 1999:84). isini aseve<br />

Tvlidnen, rom Turquli sazogadoeba ar Seicvleboda iqamde, vidre qali<br />

ar moipovebda aqtiur rols am sazogadoebaSi.<br />

1908 wlis gadatrialebamde qalis ganaTlebis sakiTxs ar eqceoda<br />

yuradReba. gogonebs iRebdnen dawyebiT skolebSi, magram ganaTlebis<br />

miReba mxolod 2 wlamde grZeldeboda, anu rogorc isini<br />

wamoizrdebodnen, Tvlidnen, rom maTi adgili mamakacis gverdiT aRar<br />

iyo. v. gordlevski gvamcnobs, rom “revoluciis Semdeg stambolis<br />

saSualo skola saerTo iyo gogoebisa da biWebisaTvis, Tumca<br />

formalurad ganaTlebis miReba gancalkevebiT xdeboda. 12-13 wlis asakSi

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127<br />

gogonebi ukve CarSafiT dadiodnen da saxes iburavdnen” (gordlevski<br />

1962:75).<br />

1911 wels gaixsna qalTa pirveli skola stambolSi, aswavlidnen<br />

frangul enas, rogorc ucxo enas da Sesvenebis dros gogonebi<br />

frangulad saubrobdnen. umaRlesi skolis karebi im droisaTvis mainc<br />

daxuruli iyo qalTaTvis, magram es gagrZelda pirvel msoflio omamde.<br />

1914 wels stambolis universitetSi gaixsna kursebi qalebisaTvis. “aseTi<br />

kursebi arsebobda abdul-azizis dros, magram abdul-hamid 11-is<br />

reaqciulma mTavrobam akrZala. kursebi miznad isaxavda moemzadebinaT<br />

kargi diasaxlisebi, aswavlidnen xelsaqmes, higienas, saojaxo saqmes.<br />

leqciebi tardeboda kviraSi 4-jer, dReSi 2 saaTi” (gordlevski 1962:76).<br />

erT-erTi gazeTis “Vakit”-is korespondenti qali qulsum raximi<br />

pirveli msoflio omis dawyebamde werda: “is dro Sors ar aris, roca<br />

stambolis universitetSi Cabarebis uflebas qalebsac miscemen da<br />

qalebic moismenen leqciebs mamakacebis gverdiT”-o.<br />

1916 wels liceumma gamouSva pedagogTa pirveli kadrebi. 1913 wels<br />

daarsda umaRlesi skola qalTaTvis, xolo 1915 wels gaixsna maTTvis<br />

umaRlesi saswavlebeli.<br />

qalis mdgomareoba ueWvelad umjobesdeboda. qali xdeboda<br />

sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevri. “q. koniaSi mejlisis arCevnebis<br />

dros mustafa qemalis colma – latifem 10 xma miiRo. latifem didi<br />

madloba gadauxada qalaqis mers da gazeT “Halk”-is redaqtors”<br />

(gordlevski 1962: 504).<br />

1908 wlis revoluciis Semdeg qalebma ufleba moipoves<br />

daearsebinaT asociaciebi, sadac gaatarebdnen TavianT interesebs. aman ki<br />

gza gauxsna sxvadasxva feministuri organizaciis daarsebas (buquri<br />

2004b:298).<br />

1911 wels gamoCnda “qalTa uflebebis dacvis sazogadoeba”. am<br />

sazogadoebis garSemo mravali qali dairazma.<br />

yvelaze gamorCeuli qalTa organizacia iyo “Osmanlı Mudaafa-i Hukuk-u<br />

Nisvan Cemiyeti” (“qalTa uflebebis dacvis osmaluri sazogadoeba”). 1913<br />

wels am sazogadoebam gamosca Jurnali “Kadınlar Dűnyasi” (“qalTa<br />

msoflio”), romelic 1921 wlamde gamodioda. am Jurnalis liderebma

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128<br />

gadawyvites SeecvalaT arsebuli saojaxo samarTali da daemkvidrebinaT<br />

axali, egalitaruli saojaxo samarTali. asociaciis wevrebi yuradRebas<br />

amaxvilebdnen sayovelTao problemebze, xazs usvamdnen im tradiciul<br />

privilegiebs, romliTac mamakacebi sargeblobdnen daqorwinebisas an<br />

ganqorwinebisas da gansakuTrebiT maTTvis miniWebul poligamiis<br />

uflebas. isini aseve ilaSqrebdnen im dabrkolebaTa winaaRmdeg,<br />

romlebic xels uSlida qals monawileoba mieRo sazogadoebriv<br />

saqmianobaSi” (alTindali 1994:233).<br />

amrigad, XIX s-Si osmaleTis imperiaSi dawyebuli TanzimaTiT<br />

qalis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda. gatarda mniSvnelovani reformebi<br />

samxedro, sasamarTlo da saganmanaTleblo dargSi. am periodisaTvis<br />

yvelaze didi monapovari qalisTvis ganaTlebis uflebis miniWeba iyo.<br />

1839 da 1856 wlebSi gamosulma kanonebma didi gardatexa moaxdina Turqi<br />

qalis cxovrebaSi.

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Tavi III<br />

129<br />

1. qali TurqeTis respublikaSi<br />

1923 wels TurqeTi respublikad gamocxadda da amas mohyva<br />

radikaluri reformebi qalis statusTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

respublikis damaarsebelma – mustafa qemal aTaTurqma miznad<br />

daisaxa axali sazogadoebis formireba axali kulturiTa da axali<br />

faseulobebiT. respublikis Seqmnidan pirvel etapze yuradReba mieniWa<br />

eris Camoyalibebis sakiTxs, anu eris integracias axal saxelmwifosTan.<br />

am eris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen rogorc samxedro pirebi, biurokratia da<br />

inteligincia, ise qalebi, romlebic sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan fenas<br />

warmoadgendnen, radganac isini mTavar politikur funqcias asrulebdnen.<br />

qemalistebis survili iyo tradiciuli osmaluri sazogadoeba<br />

SeecvalaT evropuli sazogadoebiT. am miznis misaRwevad qals neba<br />

darTes monawileoba mieRo sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. qalebis gamosvla<br />

karCaketili cxovrebidan da iqamde arsebuli mravali adaT-wesis<br />

gauqmeba niSnavda, rom qveyanaSi arsebuli islamuri kanonebi<br />

TandaTanobiT dasavluri faseulobebis gavlenis qveS eqceoda.<br />

garda zemoTTqmulisa aTaTurqi brZanebda, rom qalisa da mamakacis<br />

uflebebi unda yofiliyo Tanaswori yvela aspeqtSi. is aseve acxadebda,<br />

rom qalebma didi wvlili gaiRes im brZolaSi, romelic warmoebda<br />

respublikis daarsebis adreul wlebSi. mogvianebiT man aseve yuradReba<br />

SeaCera qalTa im SesaZleblobebze, romlebic maT SeeZloT gaeRoT<br />

qveynis sakeTildReod. amis safuZvelze SemuSavebul iqna axali kanonebi.<br />

respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg qalebma moipoves Semdegi<br />

uflebebi, romlebic moyva 1926 wlis axal samoqalaqo kodeqss da 1934<br />

wels arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba.<br />

ganmaTavisuflebeli omis (1918-1920) dasrulebis Semdeg, 1923 wels,<br />

qalebma daarses I politikuri partia – “Kadınlar Halk Partısı” (“qalTa<br />

saxalxo partia”). es partia ibrZoda qalTaA socialuri, ekonomikuri da<br />

politikuri uflebebisaTvis. magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />

oficialurad es partia ar iyo daSvebuli. male 1924 wels partiis

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130<br />

wevrebma daaarses “Turq qalTa gaerTianeba” (“Turk Kadınlar Birliği”) da<br />

ibrZoles iqamde, sanam mTavrobam qals ar misca arCevnebSi monawileobis<br />

ufleba. am miznisaTvis imarTeboda uamravi mitingi da konferencia.<br />

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1926 wels miRebul iqna samoqalaqo<br />

kodeqsi, romelmac aamaRla qalis statusi. kodeqsma mniSvnelovnad<br />

Secvala SariaTis normebi. moviyvanT ramodenime muxls:<br />

muxli 169 - qals ara aqvs ufleba gaxdes Tavisi qmris valis<br />

garanti, Tu mas amaze sasamarTlos nebarTva ara aqvs miRebuli.<br />

gvars.<br />

muxli 153 - qali mxolod aucilebel SemTxvevaSi iRebs qmris<br />

saojaxo samarTlis 88-e da 90-e muxlebis mixedviT srulwlovan<br />

gogonas (18w.) ufleba aqvs gaTxovdes ojaxis wevrebis daukiTxavad.<br />

mamakacs SeuZlia daqorwindes 17 wlis asakSi. “qals SeeZlo daqorwineba<br />

18 wlis asakSi. es ki xels SeuSlida gogonas adreul asakSi gaTxovebas.<br />

Sesabamisad 16-17 wlis gogonas gaTxoveba SeeZlo mxolod ojaxis<br />

wevrebis Tanxmobis miRebis Semdeg” (qaflani 2002:566).<br />

muxli 170 - ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba qonebis gayofa.<br />

muxli 263 - Tumca col-qmars Tanabari uflebebi aqvs Svilebze,<br />

ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvebi rCebian mamasTan.<br />

muxli 95-ganqorwinebul qals ar SeuZlia gaTxoveba gayridan 300<br />

dRis ganmavlobaSi (fexmZimobis maqsimaluri periodi), magram Tu qali<br />

daamtkicebs, rom ar aris fexmZimed, an Tu gayril meuRles Serigeba<br />

moundeba, maSin es mocdis periodi SeiZleba Semcirdes.<br />

“1926 wels gamosuli samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT<br />

mamakacs ufleba hqonda hyoloda mxolod erTi coli, mravalcolianoba<br />

arakanonieri gaxda. kanonis mixedviT mxolod oficialur cols SeeZlo<br />

esargebla qorwinebis uflebebiT (memkvidreobis miReba da sxv.) (qaflani<br />

2002: 565).<br />

zemoT aRniSnul faqts aRniSnavs v.v. bartoldic da dasZens: “1926<br />

safuZveli ufro adre moumzadda, anu 1917 wels, roca gamoica kanoni,<br />

romlis mixedviTac nebadarTuli iyo qorwinebisas daeyenebinaT piroba,<br />

raTa qmars ar moeyvana sxva coli, am pirobis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi<br />

qorwineba gauqmebulad gamocxaddeboda. rogorc vxedavT, qalis

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131<br />

mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli progresis<br />

safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli reformebis Sedegad moxda” (bartoldi<br />

1966: 649). aqve davsZenT, rom 1917 wels gamosuli kanoniT saojaxo<br />

samarTalze, qals eniWeboda ganqorwinebis da qorwinebis ufleba (ahmadi<br />

1999: 86).<br />

miuxedavad respublikuri samoqalaqo kodeqsis mier poligamiis<br />

gauqmebisa, islamuri poligamia kvlav cocxlobs TurqeTSi. soflebsa da<br />

dabebSi, sadac ekonomikuri cxovreba dafuZnebulia soflis meurneobaze,<br />

mamakacebs kvlav mohyavT erTi an ori coli. meore colis moyvanas<br />

ZiriTadad ganapirobebs is faqti, rom pirveli coli aRar aris<br />

seqsualurad mimzidveli, an man ver Sva vaJiSvili. colebis raodenoba<br />

damokidebulia mamakacis ekonomikur SesaZleblobaze. bavSvebi, romlebic<br />

meore an Semdegi qorwinebidan iSvnen, arakanonierad iTvlebian da maTi<br />

mamis keTil nebazea damokidebuli maTTvis finansuri mxardaWera. “aseTi<br />

adaT-wesebi ZiriTadad aRmosavleT TurqeTSia gavrcelebuli, vidre<br />

dasavleTSi da es faqtori ueWvelad metyvelebs mamakacTa<br />

privilegirebul mdgomareobaze” (joSari 1978: 127).<br />

1926 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsSi naTqvami iyo, rom samuSaoze<br />

xelfasis gadaxdisas ar unda yofiliyo gansxvaveba sqesis mixedviT<br />

(brauningi 1985:10).<br />

qalTa uflebebi gansazRvrulia TurqeTis konstituciaSi.<br />

muxli 50- “aravin SeiZleba aiZulon Seasrulos samuSao, romelic<br />

ar Seesabameba mis asaks, sqess da Zalebs. gansakuTrebiT daculia<br />

mcirewlovanTa da qalTa, fizikurad da sulierad arasakmarisad<br />

ganviTarebulTa Sromis pirobebi.<br />

muxli 42- aravis SeiZleba CamoerTvas swavlisa da ganaTlebis<br />

ufleba (sordia 2000:35). Tumca ganurCevlad sqesisa, yvela<br />

moqalaqisaTvis savaldebuloa mxolod dawyebiTi ganaTlebis miReba,<br />

romelic 5 wels Seadgens. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom 1997 wlidan<br />

savaldebulo ganaTleba gaizarda 5-dan 8 w-mde.<br />

demografiuli politikidan gamomdinare aborti gamocxadda<br />

danaSaulad, romlisTvisac isjebodnen 1-dan 4 wlamde Tavisuflebis<br />

aRkveTiT.

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132<br />

1983 wels miRebuli kodeqsis mixedviT qals abortis ufleba aqvs<br />

pirveli 10 kviris ganmavlobaSi, xolo Tu qali gaTxovilia, saWiroa<br />

amaze qmris Tanxmoba, Tu qmari ar hyavs, maSin naTesavebis.<br />

amgvarad, Tanamedrove Turquli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi Seicavs<br />

qalTaTvis ramodenime uflebriv SezRudvas, Tumca amasTan erTad es<br />

kanonebi ar zRudavs qals miiRos ganaTleba, imuSaos, ganqorwindes,<br />

gansazRvros SobadobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (buquri 2005a:49).<br />

1926 wels ganaTlebis saministrom ganixila qalTa ganaTlebis<br />

sakiTxi. 1927 wlidan moyolebuli vidre 1939 wlamde oridan cametamde<br />

gaizarda qalTa profesiuli skolebis raodenoba. Sesabamisad studentTa<br />

raodenobamac imata 456-dan 2175-mde. aRniSnuli skolebi ar iyo<br />

xelmisawvdomi sofleli qalisaTvis. maTTvis 1939 wels daarsda Wra-<br />

kervisa da saojaxo saqmianobis kursebi (brauningi 1985:20).<br />

1924 wlis konstituciis 21-e muxlSi ewera: “yvela Turqs, visac<br />

Seusrulda 30 weli, ufleba aqvs monawileoba miiRos arCevnebSi”-o.<br />

rejef feqerma – Semdgomma premier ministrma, moiTxova am muxlSi<br />

ASesworebis Setana da im TurqebSi yvela qalis gaerTianeba. Tavis<br />

oponentebs ki mimarTa: “Tqven ambobT, rom TurqeTis saxelmwifo aris<br />

xalxis saxelmwifo, xalxis respublika, magram nuTu Turqi qalebi ar<br />

Seadgenen sul cota am saxelmwifos mosaxleobis naxevars? sityvebSi<br />

“yoveli Turqi” unda moiazrebodes yoveli Turqi qali, romelsac 30<br />

weli Seusrulda” (ahmadi 1999:86). magram feqeris mcdeloba damarcxebul<br />

iqna parlamentSi myofi qemalisturi burjuaziuli revoluciis<br />

mowinaaRmdegeTa mier. qemalistebi iZulebulni Seiqmnen eRiarebinaT<br />

sazogadoeba im tradiciebiT, romlis winaaRmdegac ibrZodnen, Tumca<br />

droebiT. qemalma gadawyvita yvelasaTvis magaliTi eCvenebina da colad<br />

moiyvana ganaTlebuli, Tavisuflad moazrovne Turqi qali. qemals aseve<br />

hyavda 2 geri qaliSvili: afeT inani da sabiha goqCeni, romelTaganac<br />

pirveli gaxda ankaris universitetis profesori, xolo meore - piloti,<br />

romlis monawileobiTac CaxSobil iqna qurTebis ajanyeba 1937 wels.<br />

sabihas imiji ganasaxierebda qalTa Tanasworuflebianobasa da<br />

nacionalizms.

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133<br />

qemalistebis mxridan Zveli tradiciebisadmi aqtiuri brZolis<br />

gamoxatuleba iyo “mis TurqeTis” konkursis Catareba (1929). es pirveli<br />

SemTxveva iyo TurqeTSi. gamarjvebulma “mis TurqeTma” momdevno wels<br />

monawileoba miiRo “mis msoflioze” rio de JaneiroSi 1930 wels. mis<br />

TurqeTis gamarjvebuli gaxda qeriman halisi, romelmac 1932 wels mis<br />

msoflios tituli moigo. am ambidan 20 wlis Semdeg Turqi gunsel<br />

baSari arCeul iqna mis evropad. “es konkursi nawilobriv mimarTuli iyo<br />

iqiTac, rom SedarebiT dabali wris qalebSi CamoeyalibebinaT Tavis<br />

rwmena” (ahmadi 1999:76). mis msoflios titulis miRebis Semdeg qeriman<br />

halisma depeSa gaugzavnda mustafa qemals, sadac ityobineboda, rom misi<br />

warmateba Sedegi iyo im ideebisa, romelic man da misma TanamebrZolebma<br />

gaaRvives Turqul sazogadoebaSi.<br />

1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi stambolis garSemo gaixsna pliaJebi<br />

qalebisaTvis, magram aq misvla mxolod gasaTxovar gogoebs, maT Soris<br />

samoqalaqo moxeleTa qaliSvilebs SeeZloT.<br />

1930-iani wlebidan qveynis industrializaciis Sedegad mravali<br />

fabrika-qarxana ixsneba da iq asaqmeben bevr qals. qalaqebSi qalebi<br />

xdebian maswavleblebi, advokatebi, mosamarTleebi, qalTaTvis Ria iyo<br />

policiis karebic. TandaTanobiT gadavarda garigebiT qorwinebis<br />

tradicia da qalebi TavianTi surviliT Txovdebodnen. aRmoceneba iwyo<br />

axali tipis ojaxmac.<br />

aqtiurad muSaobda “Turq qalTa kavSiri” da misi prezidenti<br />

latife xanimi (qemalis meuRle). mamakacebi aqtiurad upirispirdebodnen<br />

qalTa am kavSirs, isini gamodiodnen qalebTan maTi uflebebis<br />

gaTanabrebis winaaRmdeg. mamakacebi qalebSi xedavdnen mTavar metoqeebs<br />

samuSao bazarze, romlebic “piridan lukmas aclidnen”.<br />

qalTa emansipaciis sakiTxSi mniSvnelovani iyo Turqizmis<br />

ideologia. misi mTavari ideologi zia gioqalfi ambobda, rom rac ufro<br />

maRalia qveynis demokratiis done, miT maRalia feminizmis xarisxio<br />

(goqalfi 1998:145). Tavis naSromSi “Turqizmis principebi” z. goqalfma<br />

aRiara qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba islamamdel TurqebSi.<br />

misi naSromi, romelic mniSvnelovania axali reformebis<br />

legitimurobisa da qalTa statusis Secvlis saqmeSi, dafuZnebulia

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134<br />

konkretuli samuSaoebis, miTebisa da legendebis xelaxal ganmartebebze<br />

(araTi 2003:294).<br />

goqalfi miiCnevda, rom modernizacia ar niSnavda vesternizacias,<br />

aramed is iyo arsebiTad Turquli. is Sedarebas axdenda anatoliis<br />

istoriul warsulTan da ambobda, rom winaislamuri anatoliis<br />

sazogadoeba iyo egalitaruli, Zveli Turqebi iyvnen demokratebi da<br />

feministebi, TurqeTs ar esaWiroeboda miebaZa evropisaTvis, mas SeeZlo<br />

Tavisi warsulis magaliTebiT exelmZRvanela (uaiTi 2003:148). goqalfis<br />

ideebi aSkarad revoluciuri iyo.<br />

reformebis kvaldakval, romelic miznad isaxavda qalTa<br />

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, reformistebma miznad daisaxes Tavidan<br />

daeweraT TurqeTis istoria. afeT inani, aTaTurqis geri qaliSvili, iyo<br />

maT Soris visac daevala TurqeTis istoriis kvleva. mas ganaTleba<br />

SveicariaSi hqonda miRebuli aTaTurqis meTvalyureobiT. afeT inanis<br />

wigni “Tarih Boyunca Tűrk Kadının Hak ve Gőrevleri” (“Turq qalTa uflebebi da<br />

movaleobebi”) aris Sedegi brZolisa, romlis mizanic iyo respublikuri<br />

reformebis dakanoneba. wigni mimoixilavs Turqi qalis istorias wina<br />

islamuri droidan moyolebuli respublikis periodamde. wignis mTavari<br />

mizania warmoaCinos aTaTurqis roli qalTaTvis uflebebis miniWebis<br />

saqmeSi.<br />

1930-iani wlebis ekonomikur progresTan erTad qalebma didi<br />

Tavisufleba moipoves. safeiqrodan dawyebuli da Tambaqos industriiT<br />

damTavrebuli gamoiyeneboda qalis Sroma. qalTa mier am rolis<br />

Sesrulebam gamoiwvia maTTvis politikuri statusis miniWeba. 1930wlis<br />

aprilSi maT ufleba miecaT monawileoba mieRoT adgilobriv arCevnebSi,<br />

romelic Catarda wlis bolos. 1934 wels parlamentma xma misca<br />

winadadebas, rom qalebs monawileoba mieRoT saparlamento arCevnebSi<br />

ara mxolod rogorc amomrCevlebs, aramed rogorc kandidatebsac.<br />

“parlamentis sxdomaze sityviT gamovida premier ministri ismeT ineniu,<br />

romelmac ganacxada: “rodesac mTeli qveyana dapyrobili iyo, am dros<br />

qalebi mamakacebTan erTad omis frontze ibrZodnen. isini Sromobdnen<br />

mindvrebSic, raTa qveynis mosaxleoba lukma-puris gareSe ar<br />

darCeniliyo. qalis aseTi Rirseba namdvilad dasafasebelia” (qaflani

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135<br />

2002:567). saintereso iqneba Tu aRvniSnavT, rom 1935 wlis Tebervlis<br />

arCevnebis Sedegad 18 qali arCeul iqna axal mTavrobaSi. amaTgan 3<br />

saSualo ganaTlebiT, danarCenebi ki umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, mxolod erTi<br />

iyo glexobis warmomadgeneli. ase da amgvarad, maSin, rodesac msoflios<br />

mraval qveyanaSi qalebi saxlSi gamoketilebi iyvnen, Turqi qali<br />

parlamentis wevri iyo.<br />

1935 wels stambolSi “ildiz palasSi” (Yıldiz Palace) Catarda xmis<br />

uflebebisa da TanasworuflebianobisaTvis mebrZolTa saerTaSoriso<br />

aliansis kongresi, romelsac umaspinZla qalTa kavSirma. kongresis<br />

mTavar sakiTxad ganxilul iqna msoflios qalTa TanamSromloba im<br />

sakiTxebSi, romelic exeboda socialur wes-Cveulebebsa da adaTebs.<br />

stambolidan kongresis monawileebi ankaraSi wavidnen, sadac maT aTa-<br />

Turqma umaspinZla. man delegaciis wevrebs ganucxada, rom Turqi<br />

qalebisa da mamakacebis msgavsad unda gaerTiandnen mTeli msoflios<br />

qalebi da mamakacebi, raTa daamyaron mSvidoba mTels msoflioSi”-o<br />

(ahmadi 1999:89).<br />

1955 wels saintereso eqsperimenti ganxorcielda – gaixsna<br />

samxedro skolebi kadeti qalTaTvis. ramdenime qalma warmatebiTac<br />

daasrula es skola, magram 1961 wels gadawyvetileba ukuagdes da<br />

aRniSnuli skola gaauqmes (brauningi 1985:12).<br />

qalis politikuri mdgomareoba Semdgom wlebSi mkveTrad<br />

gaumjobesda. magaliTad: 1946 wels daiwyo mravalpartiuli politika,<br />

1971 wels pirveli qali ministri iqna arCeuli. 1986 wels parlamentis<br />

wevri qali gaxda ministrTa kabinetis wevri. 1993 wels dainiSna I<br />

premier-ministri qali (Tansu Cileri).<br />

saarCevno da yovelive sxva zemoxsenebuli uflebebis miniWebis<br />

Sedegad qalTa erTi nawili miiCnevda, rom maT miiRes is, risTvisac<br />

ibrZodnen da Tvlidnen, rom qalTa moZraoba unda Sewyvetiliyo. 1935<br />

wels “Turq qalTa gaerTianebis”. ramodenime liderma gadawyvita, rom<br />

gaeuqmebinaT es gaerTianeba. paralelurad mTavrobis mier daarsebul<br />

iqna organizacia “xalxTa saxlebi” (“Halk Evleri”), romlis mizanic iyo<br />

qemalisturi principebis ganxorcieleba. “qemalistebi qalebs

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136<br />

mouwodebdnen am organizaciebSi wasuliyvnen da TavianTi energia<br />

qemalisturi ideebis ganxorcielebisaTvis SeewiraT” (Cana).<br />

1950 wlidan vidre 1980 wlamde Turqi qalebi TavianT energias or<br />

ideologias swiravdnen: qemalizms da socializms. amasTanave<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom es orive ideologia xels ar uwyobda feministuri<br />

moZraobis ganviTarebas 1980 wlamde. ase iwyo miZineba feministurma<br />

moZraobam 1980 wlamde.<br />

xangrZlivi Sesvenebis Semdgom, 1980 wlis samxedro gadatrialebis<br />

Semdeg, TurqeTSi feministuri moZraoba aRsdga. revoluciis Sedegad<br />

qveyanaSi damyarda demokratia, feminizmi male umTavres Temad gadaiqca,<br />

romelic xalxs arwmunebda, rom male is mniSvnelovan adgils<br />

daimkvidrebda 1980-iani wlebis qveynis politikur asparezze. jariskacTaA<br />

intervenciis Semdeg, 1980 wels aRmocenda feministuri moZraoba,<br />

romelic damoukidebeli sxva politikuri partiebisagan da romelmac<br />

qalTa didi masebi CaiTria. “Tavdapirvelad feministur moZraobaSi<br />

moRvawe qalebi ZiriTadad stambolis, izmirisa Tu ankaris ganaTlebuli<br />

da mdidari ojaxis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. TandaTanobiT am moZraobaSi<br />

sxvadasxva fenis qalebi CaerTvnen. ZiriTadad eseni iyvnen universitetis<br />

studenti gogoebi” (iaramani 2001:175).<br />

Cadris Tema da “Tavsaburavis omi” TurqeTSi. 40 sazogadoebrivi<br />

gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad TurqeTSi Cadris Tema sakmaod mniSvnelovania, is 10<br />

yvelaze aqtualur problemaTa ricxvSi Sedis, maT Sorisaa umuSevroba,<br />

ekonomikuri arastabiluroba, qurTebis problema da sxva. statistikis<br />

40 HTavdapirvelad ”hijabis”, anu Cadris” tareba evalebodaT mociqul<br />

muhamadis colebs, Semdgom ki yvela Tavisufal muslim qals Seexo. yurani<br />

mouwodebs mociquls mosTxovos Tavis qaliSvilebs da morwmuneTa colebs<br />

mWidron moixvion saburveli (33:59) (sanikiZe 1999g: 235).<br />

yuranSi weria, rom morwmune qalebma “ar unda gamoaCinon TavianTi<br />

mSvenebani, sityva ‘mSveneba” aris farTod ganmartebuli, anu masSi SeiZleba<br />

vigulisxmoT Tma, mxrebi, mklavebi, Tumca mravali reformisti amtkicebs, rom<br />

es miuTiTebs qalTa dafarul nawilebze (houvi 2000:104).

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137<br />

Tanaxmad TurqeTSi Cadris mtarebel qalTa ricxvi mosaxleobis<br />

naxevarze metia da 61.3%-s aRwevs (jarqioglu 2006: 23).<br />

Cadris problema TurqeTSi meoTxedi saukunea arsebobs. pirvelad<br />

Cadris tareba saxelmwifo organizaciebSi, saswavlo da samedicino<br />

dawesebulebebSi 1924 wlis 25 noembers aikrZala. 1980-iani wlebidan<br />

xalxSi religiuri tendenciebis gaZlierebis niadagze premier-ministris<br />

TurguT ozalis dros Cadris tarebaze akrZalva droebiT gauqmda,<br />

Semdeg ki kvlav aikrZala (1984-idan 1987-mde).<br />

1980 wels, rodesac samxedro Zalebma xelT igdes xelisufleba,<br />

daxures yvela politikuri partia, gaerTianeba da asociacia da<br />

akrZales Tavsaburavebisa da araxCinis tareba saxalxo skolebSi.<br />

yovelive aman islamistebis mxridan gaficvebi da saprotesto<br />

demonstraciebi gamoiwvia (houvi 2000:103).<br />

am periods emTxveva e.w. “Tavsaburavis omi” romelic 1981 wels<br />

gaCaRda TurqeTSi. es moZraoba Tavdapirvelad ramodenime studentma<br />

wamoiwyo da male is saerTo samoqalaqo omad iqca.<br />

1988 wlis dekemberSi gaZlierda T. ozalis mmarTveli partiis<br />

islamisturi dajgufeba. maT mier kanonSi Setanil iqna cvlileba,<br />

romliTac neba darTes Cadris tarebaze umaRles saswavleblebSi,<br />

biblioTekebSi, laboratoriebsa da saavadmyofoebSi. es kanoni kvlav<br />

SeizRuda prezident q. evrenis (1980-1989) mier 1999 wlis 28 Tebervals,<br />

samxedroebma ultimatumi wauyenes TurqeTis islamist premiers n.<br />

erbaqans da kvlav gamkacrda Cacmis stili.<br />

saxelwifos mxridan qalTa sakiTxis aseTma socializaciam<br />

gamoiwvia qalTa religiuri fenis aqtiuri CarTva sazogadoebriv<br />

cxovrebaSi, rac sakmaod efeqturi gamodga. 1980-ian wlebSi daarsda<br />

qalTa mravali gaerTianeba: “refahi”, “fazileTi” (“saTnoebis partia”),<br />

“samarTlianobisa da ganviTarebis partia”, romlebmac mniSvnelovani<br />

roli iTamaSes 1990-2000-ian wlebSi.<br />

2007 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi “samarTlianobisa da<br />

ganviTarebis partiis” gamarjvebam ganapiroba 1980 wlis konstituciis<br />

teqstis gadaxedva. TurqeTis premier-ministrma taip erdoganma ganacxada,<br />

rom ar Tvlis Cadris tarebas sazogadoebriv adgilebSi kanondarRvevad.

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138<br />

konstituciis proeqtis erT-erTma avtorma prof. e. ozbudunma mxari<br />

dauWira premier-ministrs da gaixsena sociologiuri gamokiTxvis<br />

Sedegebi, ris mixedviTac qalTa 70% atarebs Cadrs da am faqts isini<br />

miiCneven rogorc religiur wess.<br />

axali kanoni, romelic parlamentma miiRo 2007 wels kvlav Seicavs<br />

muxls Zveli konstituciidan, sadac naTqvamia, rom “ganaTlebis miReba<br />

unda moxdes aTaTurqis principebisa da normebis dacvis paralelurad<br />

da amavdroulad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli Tanamedrove<br />

saganmanaTleblo normebi saxelmwifos meTvalyureobiTa da kontroliT.<br />

TurqeTis respublikis gamocxadebidan pirvelive dReebSi Tavis<br />

daburvis sakiTxi aqtualuri xdeba. 41 aTaTurqi miiCnevda, rom Cacma aris<br />

kulturis gamomxatveli. aTaTurqi cdilobda dasavluri saxelmwifos<br />

aSenebas da ilaSqrebda islamuri Tavsaburavebisa da Cadris winaaRmdeg.<br />

man sabolood akrZala es ukanaskneli, romelic misTvis osmaleTis<br />

imperiis gadmonaSTi iyo. erT-erTi sityviT gamosvlisas aTaTurqma<br />

ganacxada: “zogierT adgilas me Sevxvdi qalebs, romlebic atarebdnen<br />

41 aqve interessmoklebuli ar iqneba, Tu gadavinacvlebT istoriul<br />

warsulSi da davsZenT, rom muslimi qalis mier Cadris tareba moxda<br />

dapyrobil xalxTan asimilaciis Sedegad. rogorc CvenTvis aris cnobili,<br />

islamis ayvavebisas Cadrs moixmardnen sasanianTa sazogadoebaSi, qristianul<br />

axlo aRmosavleTsa da xmelTaSuazRvispira regionSi. muhamedis cxovrebisas<br />

misi colebi iyvnen erTaderTi muslimi qalebi, romlebic valdebulni iyvnen<br />

Tavi daeburaT, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, muslimTa mier mimdebare<br />

teritoriebis dapyrobis Sedegad, Cadris tareba maRali sazogadoebis<br />

warmomadgeneli qalTaTvis savaldebuli gaxda (ahmadi 1992:5). am sakiTxs exeba<br />

istorikosi n. gelovani, romlis azriTac “Cadri da karCaketiloba ar aris<br />

wminda islamuri movlena. abraamistuli erTRmerTianobis tradicia<br />

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs morwmune qalis garegnul saxes. qalis<br />

sxeulis dafarva ucxo Tvalisagan, “swori Cacma” yovelTvis iyo qalis<br />

siwmindisa da umankoebis simbolo. Cadri uZvelesi droidan qalis<br />

morTulobisa da Cacmulobis aucilebel atributs warmoadgenda. magram es wesi<br />

ucxo iyo islamamdeli arabebisaTvis. Cadris Cveuleba muslimebTan gavrcelda<br />

mezobeli bizantiidan da sparseTidan” (gelovani 2005:136).

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139<br />

qsovilis an pirsaxocis naWers, raTa damalon saxeebi... ras niSnavs es<br />

saqcieli? batonebo, nuTu SeiZleba ganaTlebuli eris dedebma da<br />

qaliSvilebma dauSvan aseTi saqcieli, aseTi barbarosuli mdgomareoba?<br />

es aris sanaxaoba, romelic mTels ers sasacilos xdis. es unda<br />

dauyovnebliv gamoswordes” (liusi 1961:165). is aseve dasZenda: “megobrebo,<br />

Cveni qalebi Cveulebriv azrovneben... modiT daanaxon maT TavianTi saxe<br />

msoflios, da dae maTac dainaxon is sakuTari TvalebiT” (uaiTi, 2003:150)<br />

erTmaneTSi ar unda avurioT Tavsaburavi, romelsac atarebda<br />

islamisti aqtivisti, da tradiciuli Tavsafari. pirveli maTgani<br />

mTlianad faravs saxes, garda Tvalebisa, amasTanave ar unda Candes Tmis<br />

nawilic ki. meore ki warmoadgens erTgvar qsovilis nawils, mis<br />

dafarebisas Cans Tmis nawili. mas qali atarebs dakrZalvisas, an soflis<br />

meurneobaSi muSaobisas mzis sxivebisagan dasacavad.<br />

1998 wlis dasawyisSi ganaTlebis saministrom SemoiRo kodeqsi,<br />

romliTac mkacrad ganisazRvra Cacmis stili maswavleblebisa da<br />

studentebisaTvis skolebsa da universitetebSi, am kodeqsiT, aseve,<br />

ikrZaleboda religiuri simboloebis tareba. aman kidev ufro gaaRviva<br />

saprotesto talRa. masSi monawileobas parlamentarebic iRebdnen.<br />

Cafas samedicino fakultetis profesori aisel eqSi mogviTxrobs<br />

CvenTvis cnobili sekularisti qalis – bahrie uCokis tragikul<br />

istoriaze. romelmac gabeda da televiziiT ganacxada, rom Tavsaburavis<br />

tareba ar iyo savaldebulo yuranis mixedviT. am orma qalma erTad<br />

miiRo monawileoba 1993 wels konferenciaze germaniaSi, romelic mieZRvna<br />

qalTa statusis ganxilvas. uCokma gamoxata SiSi, rom is SesaZlebelia<br />

moeklaT fundamentalistebs. ori kviris Semdeg is marTlac mokles<br />

sakuTar saxlSi asafeTqebeli nivTierebiT (ahmedi 1992:105).<br />

iranSi mimdinare movlenebma da TurqeTSi islamuri moZraobis<br />

gaaqtiurebam SeaSfoTa universitetis qalTa fena, ramac 1989 wels biZgi<br />

misca “Tanamedrove cxovrebis mxardasaWeri sazogadoebis” (CYDD)<br />

gaxsnas, romlis mizanic aris TurqeTis demokratiuli sistemis dacva<br />

radikaluri islamisagan.

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140<br />

am sazogadoebis Tanadamaarsebelia zemoT moxseniebuli nejla<br />

araTi, qalTa sakiTxis kvlevis centris xelmZRvaneli stambolis<br />

universitetSi.<br />

prof. araTi erT-erTi pirveli iyo, romelic Seecada qalTaTvis<br />

savaldebulo ganaTleba 5- dan 8 wlamde gaezarda.<br />

meore aqtiuri qemalisturi dajgufebaa “Turq qalTa federacia”,<br />

romelsac qveyanaSi 35 ganStoeba aqvs. isini zrunaven qalTa<br />

janmrTelobis, ganaTlebisa da iuridiuli uflebebisaTvis da a.S.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom stambolis universitetis samedicino fakultetis<br />

me-5 kursis studenti ainur demireli mzad iyo Tavisi ganaTleba Seewira<br />

religiuri mrwamsisaTvis. is daJinebiT moiTxovda Tavsaburavis tarebas<br />

da amaSi ver xedavda veranair diskriminacias. Sesabamisad es ar<br />

mianiSnebda mamakacTa batonobaze. is ambobda: “Tu mamakaci religiurad<br />

ganaTlebulia, is qals ukeTesad epyroba, amitomac me msurs, rom<br />

religiurad ganaTlebul qmarze viqorwino”. ainurs ar darTes neba<br />

Caebarebina gamocdebi, radganac Tavsaburavs atarebda.<br />

wignis avtori marvin hovi ainurs piradad Sexvda da esaubra.<br />

avtori dasZens, rom gogonas sityvebSi igrZnoboda fundamentalisturi<br />

ideebi. man ganacxada, rom sjeroda yuranis TiToeuli sityvis da<br />

Tavsaburavis tareba misTvis religiuri valdebuleba iyo. “Tu me ar<br />

daviburav Tavs, me davisjebi sxva cxovrebaSi. qalebs aqvT miniWebuli<br />

uflebebi yuranis mixedviT, da Tu mamakacebi ufro met uflebebs<br />

floben (daqorwinebisas, sasamarTloSi, mekvidreobis miRebisas da sxv.)<br />

es imitom, rom isini ufro Zlierni arian da maT SeuZliaT qalTa dacva<br />

da mxardaWera (houvi 2000:109).<br />

1998 wels ganaTlebis saministros mier SemoRebuli kodeqsiT<br />

aikrZala Tavsaburavisa da wveris tareba saswavleblebSi da romeli<br />

univerisitetis xelmZRvanelic amas ar Seasrulebda, ganTavisufldeboda<br />

Tanamdebobidan.<br />

samwuxarod, unda aRiniSnos, rom “Tavsaburavis omi” –s dros<br />

daixarja mniSvnelovani dro, maSin, roca 21 saukunis TurqeTSi mravlad<br />

arian gaunaTlebeli qalebi, xSiria adreuli qorwinebisa da

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141<br />

mravalcolianobis SemTxvevebi. adgili aqvs Zaladobriv qorwinebas,<br />

saojaxo konfliqtebs.<br />

1980-iani wlebi – feminizmis aRmoceneba. aRsaniSnavia sami faqtori,<br />

ramac 1980-iani wlebidan feminizmis aRmoceneba gamoiwvia:<br />

1) samxedro mTavrobis mier qveynis gawmenda memarcxene da<br />

memarjvene ideologiebisagan. qveynis ideologiuri garemo aseve<br />

gaTavisuflda moxaliseTa mier daarsebuli savaWro da politikuri<br />

organizaciebisagan. es ki gzas uxsnida axal socialuri moZraobebis<br />

ganviTarebas.<br />

2) liberaluri politika, romelic wamoiwyo premier ministrma<br />

TurguT ozalma, mas Semdeg, rac 1983 wlis arCevnebiT xelisuflebaSi<br />

movida. mis mier xasgasmiT iqna aRniSnuli ori sakiTxis mniSvneloba:<br />

liberalizmisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis. liberaluri politikis<br />

damyarebasTan erTad adgili daimkvidra pluralizmma da samoqalaqo<br />

sazogadoeba gaTavisuflada memarcxene da memarjvene ideologiebisagan.<br />

ukanaskneli mesame faqtori, romelmac xeli Seuwyo feminizmis<br />

ganviTarebas, iyo socialuri faqtori. eyrdnobodnen ra<br />

saganmanaTeleblo da sakomunikacio SesaZleblobebs, qalebi iTxovdnen<br />

gansakuTrebuli uflebebis miniWebas. yvelaze mniSvnelovani am mxriv iyo<br />

profesiis qona. qalebi, romlebic miiswrafodnen karierisaken, iRebdnen<br />

raime ganaTlebas da amiT xels uwyobdnen TviTrealizacias (ozTurqi<br />

1992/1993).<br />

Sirin Teqeli, romelic iyo Turquli feministuri moZraobis<br />

yvelaze gavleniani figura, ambobda, rom 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisi iyo<br />

maTi moZraobis Sesamzadebeli wlebi. am xnis manZilze feministma<br />

qalebma mravali dasavlel feministTa wigni Targmnes Turqul enaze.<br />

Targmnil iqna iseTi cnobili dasavlel feministTa nawarmoebebi,<br />

rogoric arian: simone de bovuari, qeiT mileTi da SulamiT<br />

faierstouni.<br />

feminizmis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa Jurnalma<br />

“Kadınca” (“qaluri”), romlis gamocemac 1978 wlidan daiwyo. am Jurnalis<br />

statiebi mTlianad exeboda qalTa problemebs. “Kadınca” did<br />

mniSvnelobas aniWebda qalis SesaZleblobebs, romliTac qals saSualeba

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142<br />

eZleoda aemaRlebina Tavisi statusi. garda amisa am JurnalSi arsebuli<br />

statiebis avtorebi akritikebdnen sxvadasxva tradiciul Rirebulebebs,<br />

rogoric iyo magaliTad – qalwulobis SenarCuneba, abortis akrZalva da<br />

sxva.<br />

TurqeTis feministur moZraobaSi mniSvnelovani nabiji iqna<br />

gadadgmuli 1981 wlis maisSi, roca gaixsna simpoziumi “YAZKO”-s<br />

(mweralTa da mTargmnelTa kavSiri) saxelwodebiT. male imave pirTa mier<br />

gaixsna axali simpoziumebi. maTi mizani iyo agreTve, yuradReba<br />

gaemaxvilebina qalTa uuflebo mdgomareobaze, miuxedavad am kuTxiT<br />

gatarebuli mravali reformisa.<br />

“YAZKO”-s Semadgenlobis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgenda 50 qali,<br />

romlebic TavianT energias mTlianad qalis sakiTxs axmardnen,<br />

Targmnidnen evropeli feministebis nawarmoebebs Turqul enaze. isini<br />

agreTve dakavebuli iyvnen warsulis kvleviTac.<br />

Teqeli miiCnevs, rom respublikis damaarseblebis mier<br />

ganxorcielebul reformebs hqonda simboluri mniSvneloba da<br />

dadebiTad aisaxeboda am elitis demokratiul imijze (araTi 2003:295).<br />

miaRwies:<br />

Teqeli aRniSnavs, Tu rogor dagmes maT marqsizmi da warmatebasac<br />

“1980-iani wlebis manZilze Cven radikalurad mimovixileT Cveni<br />

warsuli, gansakuTrebiT ki marqsizmi, ganvixileT Cveni yoveldRiuri<br />

gamocdileba. Cven mivaRwieT im koncefciaTa swor ganmartebas, romelic<br />

Turquli kulturis mniSvnelovani nawilia. magaliTad, patriarqati, anu<br />

mamakacTa batonoba qalebze da am gziT Cven sabolood gavxdiT<br />

feministebi” (Teqeli 1989:37).<br />

1982 wlidan qalebi ufro aqtiurad Seecadnen TavianTi ideologiis<br />

danergvas. amisaTvis isini cdilobdnen sxvadasxva gazeTis TiTo gverdze<br />

saTanado statia gamoeqveynebinaT. Sedegad maT dabeWdes statia “YAZKO”-<br />

s mier gamocemul gazeT “Somut”-Si. pirveli feministuri gverdi<br />

damzadebul iqna feministur moZRvrebaTa principebze, rac gulisxmobda,<br />

rom yovel qals ufleba hqonda gamoCeniliyo sagazeTo statiebSi.<br />

sagazeTo statiebi Seexeboda iseT Temebs, rogoric iyo aborti, qalTa<br />

dRe, qali da reklama, qali folklorSi. garda amisa am gazeTSi

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143<br />

ibeWdeboda dasavlel mweralTa sxvadasxva statiebi, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />

simone de bovuaris.<br />

“Somut”-is gamocdilebis miRebis Semdeg qalebma gadawyvites<br />

SeeqmnaT avtonomiuri politikuri Zala, romelic damoukidebeli<br />

iqneboda saxelmwifos, politikuri partiebisa da sxva socialuri<br />

moZraoebebisagan. amgvarad 1983 wlidan Turqul feminizmSi axali xana<br />

daiwyo.<br />

yvelaze RirsSesaniSnavi faqti iyo “qalTa wris” (“Kadınlar Çevresi”)<br />

daarseba. misi mizani iyo xeli Seewyo qalTa moZraobis<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis, gaeanalizebina qalTa Sroma da moexdina misi<br />

saTanado anazRaureba. aseve misi mizani iyo qalSi gamoemuSavebina<br />

sakuTari Tavis rwmena da Secnobis unari.<br />

studentTa aqtiuri mxardaWeris Sedegad feminizmma qveyanaSi fexi<br />

myarad moikida. 1980-iani wlebis manZilze rogorc qalTa mier, ise qalTa<br />

Sesaxeb dawerili wignebi bestselerebad iqca.<br />

pirveli naSromi TurqeTSi, romelic mxolod qalTa Temaze iyo<br />

fokusirebuli, gamosca nermin abadan-unaTma, Tavdapirvelad Turqulad,<br />

xolo Semdeg inglisurad. abadan unaTma SeZlo naSromSi Tavi moeyara<br />

originaluri eseebisaTvis qalTa fertilurobis, janmrTelobis<br />

ekonomikuri da politikuri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb (araTi 2003:295).<br />

feministuri moZraobisadmi yuradReba gaamaxviles qalTa<br />

filmebiTac. “1980-ian wlebSi gamosuli Turquli filmebis mTavari Tema<br />

qalis sakiTxi iyo” (Cana).<br />

Turqma feministebma, pirvelad TurqeTis istoriaSi, 1985 wels<br />

aRniSnes qalTa saerTaSoriso dRe 8 marti.<br />

Turq feministTa pirveli masobrivi aqciis Sedegad, sapeticio<br />

sabWom 1986 wels miiRo peticia, romlis mixedviTac prezidents<br />

uyenebdnen moTxovnas, rom ecno gaerTianebuli erebis mier miRebuli<br />

SeTanxmeba, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom TurqeTis yvela moqalaqes,<br />

ganurCevlad sqesisa, eZleoda Tanabari uflebebi. amas mohyva Semdgomi<br />

peticia 1986 wlis martSi, romelic wauyenes TurqeTis did erovnul<br />

krebas. Semdgom peticias xels awerda 7000 qali, romlebic iyvnen

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144<br />

sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi fenis warmomadgenlebi: msaxiobebi,<br />

parlamentarebi, diasaxlisebi, maswavleblebi da sxva (buquri 2005a:51)<br />

zemoT moxseniebuli moZraobis Sedegad Seiqmna “qalTa asociacia<br />

diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg”, raTa mas organizeba gaekeTebina sxvadasxva<br />

RonisZiebebisaTvis da daerwmunebina mTavroba, rom gaerTianebuli erebis<br />

SeTanxmeba gansaxilvelad gaetana. Sedegad TurqeTma xeli moawera am<br />

SeTanxmebas 1987 wels.<br />

Seiqmna mravali damoukidebeli organizacia. erT-erTi aseTi<br />

organizacia iyo “Mor Çati Kadın Sığınağı Vakfı” (“qalTa TavSesafaris<br />

sazogadoeba”), romelic daarsda 1990 wels stambolSi. misi mizania<br />

gadawyvitos qalis fsiqologiuri da iuridiuli problemebi, agreTve<br />

mianiWos qalebs TavSesafari. dResdReobiT TurqeTSi bevria aseTi qalTa<br />

TavSesafari, romlebsac ZiriTadad adgilobrivi mTavroba afinansebs.<br />

feministemba daarses biblioTeka, saxelad “Kadın Eserleri Kütüphanesi ve<br />

Birliği Merkezi” (“qalTa Txzulebebisa da sainformacio centris<br />

biblioTeka”), sadac Tavmoyrilia qalTa nawarmoebebi da aseve<br />

publikaciebi qalTa Sesaxeb. es biblioTeka dResac funqcionirebs da<br />

dainteresebul pirebs amaragebs informaciiT qalTa Sesaxeb. es<br />

biblioTeka aseve warmoadgens qalTa TavSeyris centrs.<br />

feministma qalebma TurqeTis universitetebSi daaarses qalTa<br />

sakiTxis kvlevis centrebi, romlebic emsaxureba rogorc qalTa<br />

problemebis kvlevas, ise saTaveSi udgas seminarebisa da simpoziumebis<br />

gamarTvas, aseve amzadebs axalgazrda gogoebs am dargSi.<br />

1990-ian wlebSi feminizmi farTod gavrcelda sxvadasxva socialur<br />

dajgufebebSi. egalitarulma feminizmma daaarsa “KADER”-i (“asociacia<br />

qalTa mxardaWerisa da momzadebisa parlamentisaTvis”). am sazogadoebis<br />

mizania mxari dauWiros qalTa politikur, ekonomikur da socialur<br />

saqmianobas.<br />

feminizmma aqtiurad gaagrZela Tavisi moRvaweoba 1990-ian da 2000-<br />

ian wlebSi. qurTi feministebi dairazmnen Jurnal “Rosa”-s garSemo. 1996<br />

wels maT TavianTi Tavebi gamoacalkeves Turqi qalebisagan, qurTTa<br />

erovnuli moZraobisagan da kacebisagan.

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145<br />

tradiciulma religiurma feministurma dajgufebam daaarsa “Başkent<br />

kadın Platformu” (“dedaqalaqis qalTa platforma”), masSi gawevrianebuli<br />

qalebi ibrZvian tradiciuli da patriarqaluri Rirebulebebis<br />

winaaRmdeg. isini moiTxoven im ekonomikuri, iuridiuli da kulturuli<br />

barierebis gauqmebas, rac maT eRobebaT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaken.<br />

qemalistma qalebma daaarses “Cağdaş Yaşami Destekleme Derneği”<br />

(“asociacia Tanamedrove cxovrebis mxardasaWerad”). romlis mizanic aris<br />

Tanamedrove cxovrebis stilis dakanoneba qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

upirisprirdebian islamur moZraobas.<br />

TurqeTis respublikis daarsebidan 70 wlisTavis iubilis<br />

aRsaniSnavad gamoica wigni: “aTaTurqi: warsulidan momavlisaken”. masSi<br />

gamoqveynebul erT-erT statiaSi, romlis avtoric aris nejla araTi –<br />

stambolis universitetSi arsebul qalTa sakiTxTa kvlevis programis<br />

xelmZRvaneli, ityobineba, rom aTaTurqis reformebi saojaxo<br />

samarTalSi, Turquli samoqalaqo kodeqsi da qalTa saarCevno uflebebi<br />

iyo gardatexa ara mxolod islamur samyaroSi, aramed mTels<br />

dasavleTSi.<br />

profesori araTi aseve exmaureba 1925 wlis deklaracias, risTvisac<br />

mravali Turqi qali madlierebas gamoTqvams aTaTurqis mimarT. is<br />

dasZens: sazogadoeba, eri Sedgeba ori sqesis warmomadgenelisagan:<br />

mdedrobiTisa da mamrobiTisagan. SeuZlebelia Cven SevcvaloT erTi<br />

nawili da meore ugulebelvhyoT, Tu Cven qveynis keTildReoba gvsurs.<br />

gana SesaZlebeblia, rom sazogadeoba gayofili iyos or nawilad, sadac<br />

erTi nawili cisken miemarTeba, xolo meore nawili dedamiwazea<br />

mijaWvuli? amgvarad progresisaken nabijebi unda gadaidgas rogorc<br />

mamakacTa, ise qalTa mier (houvi 2000:18).<br />

1998 wlidan moyolebuli yovelwliurad tardeba “qalTa kinos<br />

festivali”. Turq qalTa dajgufebebi (feministebi, memarcxeneebi,<br />

qemalistebi da sxva) regularulad iReben monawileobas festivalSi.<br />

isini aseve warmoadgenen TurqeTs gaerTianebuli erebis mier<br />

organizebul Sekrebebze.<br />

feministurma moZraobam TurqeTSi qveynis socialuri dajgufebebis<br />

yuradReba miipyro. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisidan memarcxeneTa mravalma

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146<br />

Jurnalma gamoaqveyna statiebi qalTa Temaze. maT mier daarsebul iqna<br />

sxvadasxva qalTa asociacia. qalTa sakiTxs yuradReba dauTmo<br />

tradiciulma religiurma dajgufebam. maT mier daibeWda sxvadasxva<br />

saxis Jurnalebi. 1990-iani wlisaTvis es dajgufeba gaxda yvelaze<br />

aqtiuri, vinc pirvel etapze ayenebda qalis Temas. maT mier dabeWdil<br />

JurnalTa raodenoba 50 aTass aRwevda. daarsebul iqna sxvadasxva<br />

asociacia. am dajgufebis wevrma qalebma daiwyes tradiciuli Turquli<br />

kulturis gakritikeba, romelic iyo patriarqaluri. qalTa am moZraobas<br />

eZaxdnen “TavSalian feministur moZraobas.” 1987 wels maT dabeWdes<br />

Jurnali “AyÇe.” isini moiTxovdenen, rom sasuliero pirT maTTvis neba<br />

daerToT, raTa yofiliyvenen sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevrebi.<br />

1980-iani wlebidan feminizmis gavlenis qveS aRmoCnda qemalist<br />

qalTa asociacia. maT yuradReba miaqcies samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqss,<br />

romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda qalTa interesebs, qalTa mier politikur<br />

asparezze moRvaweobas.<br />

1990-iani wlebidan TurqeTSi daarsebuli qalTA sazogadoebebidan<br />

aRsaniSnavia “Aile Araştırma Kurumu (“ojaxis kvlevis instituti”) da “Kadının<br />

Statusu ve Sorunları Genel Müdürlüğü” (“qalTa problemebisa da statusis<br />

direqtorati”).<br />

1993 wels daarsda “dedaTa da bavSvTa saganmanaTleblo<br />

dawesebuleba (MOCEF), romelic TurqeTSi pirvelad emsaxureba saxlSi<br />

dafuZnebul mosamzadebel kursebs skolaSi SemsvlelTaTvis.<br />

1995 wels ankaraSi daarsda “Tanamedrove axalgazrdebisa da qalTa<br />

dawesebuleba”. centri xels uwyobs janmrTelobis programas,<br />

saganmanaTleblo kursebs, sabavSvo baRebs, biblioTekebsa da profesiul<br />

wvrTnas qalTaTvis.<br />

1996 wels jeilan orhunis mier daarsebul iqna kulturuli<br />

organizacia, romelic ikvlevs soflel qalTa cxovrebas. am<br />

organizacias ewodeba “Anakültür” da muSaobs samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />

TurqeTSi. organizaciis xelmZRvanelobiT 1997 wlis 7-10 marts moewyo<br />

qalTa saerTaSoriso dRisadmi miZRvnili zeimi, romelsac agreTve<br />

daeswro saxelmwifo ministri qalTa sakiTxebSi. zeimSi monawileoba<br />

miiRo 50 qalma stambolidan, ankaridan da sxva qalaqebidan, agreTve 500

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147<br />

adgilobrivma qalma. zeims Tan axlda tradiciuli cekvebi, modebis<br />

Cveneba da a.S.<br />

analogiuri qalTa saerTaSoriso dRisadmi miZRvnili zeimebi<br />

gaimarTa samxreT-aRmosavleT da centralur anatoliis sxvadasxva<br />

qalaqebSi. zeims Tan axlda warmodgenebi, folkloruli cekvebi, poezia,<br />

simRera ad a.S.<br />

“Anakültür” -is wevri moxaliseebi qveynis aRmosavleTiT mcxovreb<br />

qalebs ugzavnian wignebs, Casacmels, sakancelario saqonels.<br />

amgvarma samuSaoebma samxreT-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi gamoiwvia<br />

mravali arasamTavrobo organizaciis daintereseba am regioniT,<br />

magaliTad, damyarda kavSiri Semdeg sazogadoebebs Soris: qalebi qalTa<br />

uflebebisaTvis da “Kader”-sa da gazianTefis qalTa platformasTan.<br />

Turqulma ganviTarebis organizaciam daiwyo mravalferovani proeqti am<br />

regionSi.<br />

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, 1993 wlis zafxulSi istoriuli<br />

faqti dafiqsirda, TurqeTis premier ministri gaxda qali – Tansu<br />

Cileri. sxvadasxva politikuri speqtris warmomadgeneli Turqebi,<br />

gansakuTrebiT, qalebi aRfrTovanebulebi iyvnen am faqtiT. maT winaSe<br />

warsdga axalgazrda qali Tavisi momxibvleli RimiliT, romelsac<br />

ekonomiuri ganaTleba amerikaSi hqonda miRebuli, da romelic inglisurs<br />

ufro kargad flobda, vidre Turquls. masSi xedavdnen qveynis<br />

evropeizaciis gzaze dadgomis did imeds (houvi 2000:114).<br />

Tanamdebobis dakavebis Semdeg Cilerma ganacxada, rom is ar<br />

iqneboda gansxvavebuli mamakacisagan. unda aRiniSnos, rom misma<br />

mmarTvelobam feministebis mxridan Zlieri kritika daimsaxura, radganac<br />

is nakleb yuradRebas uTmobda qalTa sakiTxebs (Cileri 2009).<br />

TurqeTis politikurma partiebma TavianT programaSi Seitanes<br />

axali principebi, romelic exeboda qalTaA sakiTxs, gadasinjul iqna<br />

samoqalaqo samarTlisa da sagadasaxado kodeqsebi da cvlilebebi iqna<br />

Setanili Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze.<br />

1995 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi 21.4%-iT pirvel adgilze gavida<br />

refahis islamisturi partia, meore, mesame adgilze ki liberalur da

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148<br />

konservatiuli partiebi – “dedasamSoblos” da “samarTliani gzis”<br />

partiebi – 19-19%-iT.<br />

refahis partiis warmatebis erT-erTi ganmapirobebeli iyo misi<br />

wevri qalebi, romlebic karidan-karze dadiodnen da xalxs sTavazobdnen<br />

janmrTelobis, socuzrunveloyofisa da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobaSi<br />

mxardaWeras. partiis erT-erTi gamoCenili varskvlavi iyo sibel<br />

eraslani – islamisturi feminizmis aqtivisti, romlis mamac iyo<br />

qemalisti samxedro oficeri. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas hqonda<br />

iuridiuli ganaTleba, is ver gamoCnda sasamarTlos winaSe, radganac is<br />

daJinebiT moiTxovda Tavsaburavis tarebas. TiTqmis damoukideblad<br />

eraslanma daaarsa refahis partiis qalTa ganStoeba, romelic 18 000<br />

moxalisisagan Sedgeboda. male am ricxvma 200 000 qals miaRwia.<br />

miuxedavad misi didi mcdelobisa, man Tavisi posti dakarga 1995 wels,<br />

radganac man gaakritika partiis politika, radganac xelmZRvanelebma ar<br />

daasaxeles arcerTi qalis kandidatura erovnul arCevnebSi (houvi 2000:<br />

29).<br />

“1995 wlis 23 ivliss TurqeTis parlamentma, xangrZlivi diskusiis<br />

Semdeg, daamtkica e.w. “demokratiuli reformebis paketi”. am<br />

dadgenilebiT axalgazrdebsa da qalebs miecaT politikuri<br />

organizaciebis Seqmnis ufleba” (svaniZe 2005:215-216).<br />

1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi 24 qali iqna arCeuli<br />

parlamentis wevrad, es aris didi raodenoba mas Semdeg rac 1934 wels<br />

aTaTurqis damsaxurebiT Turqma qalebma moipoves ufleba yofiliyvnen<br />

arCeulni erovnul arCevnebSi. maTi ricxvi ufro metic iqneboda<br />

aTaTurqis partias 10%-iani barieri rom gadaelaxa. Tumca aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom pirvelad parlamentis wevri qalidan ors ebura Tavsaburavi (houvi<br />

2000:214).<br />

feministuri mimarTulebebi. 1985 wlidan moyolebuli warmoiqmna<br />

sxvadasxva feminsituri mimarTulebebi da maTi ideologiebi. amaTgan<br />

aRsaniSnavia sami ZiriTadi mimdinareoba: egalitaruli, socialuri da<br />

radikaluri feminizmi. egalitaruli feminizmi yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />

qalTa gaTavisuflebasa da Tanasworobaze mamakacTan mimarTebaSi. man<br />

TurqeTSi fexi moikida 1984 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac daibeWda jurnali

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149<br />

“Kadinca”, romelic dResac gamodis. is sakiTxebi, romlebsac es jurnali<br />

1980-90 wlebSi ganixilavda, dResac aqtualuria. aseve calke<br />

mimdinareobad gamoeyo socialuri da radikaluri feminizmi.<br />

egalitaruli feminizmisagan gansxvavebiT socialistma da radikalistma<br />

feministebma Tanasworobaze ufro meti moiTxoves da daiwyes brZola<br />

qalTa emansipaciisaTvis.<br />

qalTa es sami dajgufeba (egalitaruli, socialuri, radikaluri)<br />

gaerTianda 1987 wlamde, xolo Semdeg isev daiyo. socialistma<br />

feministebma 1987-1990ww. dabeWdes Jurnali “Sosyalist Feminist Kaktus”<br />

(”socialist feministTa kaktusi”), amJamad ki uSveben “Pazartesi”-s<br />

(“fazarTesi”), maSin rodesac radikalebma dabeWdes “Feminist”-i. Semdeg ki<br />

uSvebdnen sxvadasxva adgilobriv Jurnalebs.<br />

egalitarulma feminizmma mTavar amocanad daisaxa qalisa da<br />

mamakacis Tanasworoba da Tavisufleba. es Tanasworoba moicavda sam<br />

ZiriTad moTxovnas: Tanasworoba profesiul cxovrebaSi, Tanasworoba<br />

qorwinebis periodSi da Tanasworoba socialur cxovrebaSi. garda amisa<br />

isini yuradRebas amaxvilebdnen qalTa Tavisuflebaze, rac ZiriTadad<br />

seqsualur Tavisuflebas niSnavda.<br />

egalitaruli feminizmis mimdevrebi cdiloben daareguliron<br />

saxelmwifos normebi da samarTali. maT TurqeTSi Seqmnes liberalu-<br />

demokratiuli sazogadoeba, sadac qalica da mamakacic Tanabari<br />

uflebebiT sargebloben.<br />

egalitaruli feminizmisagan gansxvavebiT radikaluri feminizmis<br />

mizania gaaTavisuflos qali kacis batonobisagan. aseve radikaluri<br />

feminizmi uaryofs qalTa gawevrianebas sxva sazogadoebriv<br />

institutebTan. isini acxadeben, rom iseTi sazogadoebrivi<br />

dawesebulebebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, saxelmwifo biurokratia,<br />

samxedro da policia, arian mamakacuri Rirebulebebis matareblebi da<br />

arcerT qals ar SeuZlia am sferoSi monawileobis miReba (vildani<br />

1990:4). isini akritikeben egalitaruli feminizmis Sexedulebebs, rom<br />

qalTa emansipacia miiRweva demokratiul da saxalxo institutebis<br />

TanasworobiT. radikali feministebi ar kmayofildebian maTTvis<br />

miniWebuli droebiTi uflebebiT da isini moiTxoven mamakacze

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150<br />

damyarebuli kulturis Zireul gardaqmnas.<br />

socialisti feministebi ki amtkiceben, rom qalis statusi aris<br />

istoriuli Sedegi konkretuli ekonomikuri modelisa, saxeldobr-<br />

kapitalizmis. amitomac qalTa Cagvris ZiriTad mizezad isini miiCneven<br />

“kapitalizms” da ara “patriarqats” (savrani 1989:29).<br />

socialisti feministebi yuradRebas amaxvileben lozungze “piradi<br />

aris politikuri”, e.i. isini ilaSqreben kerZo mesakuTreobis, piradulis<br />

winaaRmdeg. isini warmoaCenen qalis mier sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi<br />

monawileobis miRebis saWiroebas. isini Tvlian rom maT unda moaxdinon<br />

iseTi sakiTxebis politizireba, rogoricaa qalis Sroma ojaxSi, dedoba<br />

da sxv. akritikeben egalitaruli feminizmis moTxovnas Tanamonawileobis<br />

uflebis miniWebaze, radganac isini Tvlidnen, rom “TviT parlamentSi<br />

myofi feminsituri burJuazia ver gadawyvetda qalTa problemebs,<br />

radganac mTavari bazisi qalTa Cagvrisa iyo am sistemis Semadgeneli<br />

nawili “ (ozTurqi 1988:22).<br />

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom miuxedavad imisa rom feminizmis am sam<br />

ganStoebas gaaCnda sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi da miswrafebani, isini mainc<br />

erT mizans emsaxurebodnen, Zirs uTxridnen patriarqalur kulturasa da<br />

mis politikur insitutebs TurqeTSi.<br />

amrigad, feminizmma, rogorc socialurma jgufma, 1980-iani wlebis<br />

TurqeTSi Seqmna axali politikuri mimdinareoba. feministTa aqtiuri<br />

moZraobis Sedegad TurqeTSi mTavar sakiTxad dadga genderuli<br />

Tanasworuflebianobis problema.<br />

amJamad feminizmi TurqeTSi anviTarebs tendencias, romelic<br />

gulisxmobs qalTa separacias kacebisagan da im saqmianobisagan, romelic<br />

mamakacTa sasargeblod aris mimarTuli. genderi TurqeTSi amkvidrebs<br />

samarTlian kanonebs genderis, rasis, klasis, religiisa da sxva<br />

sociologiur kategoriebTan mimarTebaSi. Turquli feminizmi warmoaCens<br />

sxvadasxva socialur jgufebs, romelTac gaaCniaT sxvadasxva socialuri<br />

saWiroebani, kultura, istoria, da gamocdileba. aRsaniSnavia feminizmis<br />

didi wvlili samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi.<br />

feministuri lozungi “piradi aris politikuri” uaryofs<br />

socialur dayofas saxalxo da kerZo sferoebs Soris. sazogadoebriv

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151<br />

cxovrebaSi yvelasaTvis gza xsnili unda iyos ganurCevlad sqesisa,<br />

eTnosisa, asakisa da sxva. yvelam TavianTi wvlili unda Seitanos<br />

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi (buquri 2005a:53).<br />

yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare metad didia feministTa<br />

wvlili Turquli sazogadoebis formirebaSi. miuxedavad miRweuli<br />

Tanasworuflebianobisa, uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis<br />

iarsebebs. radganac TurqeTis respublika warmoadgens winaaRmdegobrivad<br />

ganviTarebul qveyanas, is aris gardamavali ganviTarebis safexurze<br />

myofi qveyana. dResac kvlav arsebobs moTxovnebi, rac qmnis axal-axali<br />

feminsituri moZraobis niadags.

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g a n a T l e b a<br />

152<br />

q r o n o l o g i a<br />

qalTaA uflebebi TurqeTSi da<br />

genderuli Tanasworobisaken gadadgmuli nabijebi<br />

1842w. daiwyo meddebis momzadeba samedicino saganmanaTleblo skolebSi<br />

1845w. savaldebulod gamocxadda dawyebiTi ganaTlebis miReba<br />

gogonebisa da vaJebisaTvis<br />

1876w. daarsda maswavlebelTa skolebi gogonebisaTvis<br />

1859w. daarsda saSualo ganaTlebis skolebi gogonebisaTvis<br />

1864w. daarsda teqnikuri saganmanaTleblo skola gogonebisaTvis<br />

1869w. daarsda saindustrio skola gogonebisaTvis<br />

1876w. pirveli konstituciis mixedviT (Kanun-i Esasi) dawyebiTi ganaTleba<br />

savaldebulod gamocxad2da vaJebisa da gogonebisaTvis<br />

1880w. daarsda mosamzadebeli skolebi saSualo skolebSi Semsvleli<br />

gogonebisaTvis<br />

1913w. daarsda umaRlesi skolebi qalTaTvis<br />

1915w. daarsda pirveli universiteti qalTaTvis<br />

1924w. ZalaSi Sevida kanoni ganaTlebisa da swavlebis Sesaxeb<br />

1932w. daarsda Ramis profesiuli da xelovnebis skolebi qalTaTvis<br />

1938w. daarsda xelovnebisa da kervis kursebi qalTaTvis<br />

1945w. daarsda mosamzadebeli skolebi profesiuli skolebis<br />

kursdamTavrebul qalTaTvis<br />

1990w. stambolis universitetSi daarsda bakalavris Semdgomi ganaTlebis<br />

xarisxi qalTaTvis<br />

1996w. pirvelad qalTa ganaTleba dajildovda umaRlesi xarisxiT<br />

1997w. savaldebulo ganaTleba gaizarda 5-dan 8 wlamde.

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j a n m r T e l o b a<br />

1926w. aborti da misi xelSewyoba gamocxadda kriminalur danaSaulad<br />

153<br />

1952w. daiwyo deda-Svilis samedicino servisi jandacvis saministros<br />

mier<br />

1965w. ZalaSi Sevida kanoni ojaxis dagegmvaze: Sobadobis kontroli<br />

gamocxadda nawilobriv ufasod, aborti gamocxadda ufasod mxolod<br />

rogorc saswrafo samedicino daxmareba<br />

1985w. gamoica Sesworeba ojaxis dagegmvasTan dakavSirebiT: nebadarTuli<br />

aborti gamocxadda orsulobis mxolod pirvel 10 kviraze.<br />

d a s a q m e b a<br />

1897w. qalebma Seabijes mosamsaxureTa rigebSi rogorc xelfasis mqone<br />

moxeleebma<br />

1913w. qalebma Seabijes saxelmwifo samsaxurSi<br />

1914w. qalebma daiwyes vaWroba da komerciuli saqmianoba<br />

1915w. kanonma mianiWa momuSave qalebs socialuri uflebebi da<br />

usafrTxoeba<br />

1930w. gamoica sayovelTao saxalxo janmrTelobis kanoni, romelic<br />

iTvaliswinebda qalTa da bavSvebis dacvas.<br />

1945w. dawesda dekretuli Svebuleba<br />

1949w. kanonis mixedviT sapensio asaki da dazRveva Tanawori gaxda<br />

kacebTan mimarTebaSi<br />

1971w. gamoica kanoni, romelic eyrdnoboda princips: Tanabari xelfasi<br />

Tanabari samuSaos fasad.<br />

1971w. aikrZala qalTa muSaoba mZime da saxifaTo pirobebSi<br />

1990w. sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gaauqma kanoni, romelic<br />

iTvaliswinebda qalTa muSaobas qorwinebis pirvel periodSi<br />

1993w. gamoica kanoni, romelic iTvaliswinebda qalTa samewarmeo<br />

saqmianobis waxalisebas.

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k a n o n i<br />

154<br />

1567w. qalebs mieniWaT qonebis damoukideblad gankargvis ufleba<br />

1839w. qalebi Tanasworuflebianebi gaxdnen kanonis winaSe<br />

1858w. qonebis flobisas qalebi da kacebi Tanasworuflebianebi gaxdnen<br />

1876w. pirveli konstituciiT ganisazRvra umTavresi uflebebi<br />

1911w. col-qmruli RalatisaTvis Tanabrad isjeboda kacic da qalic.<br />

1917w. cvlileba ganicada saojaxo samarTalma: saqorwino kontraqtis<br />

dadebisas aucilebeli iyo samoqalaqo piris daswreba. saqorwino asaki<br />

ganisazRvra kacTaTvis 18 wliT da qalTaTvis 17 wliT.<br />

1923w. respublikis gamocxadeba<br />

1926w. TurqeTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT savaldebulo gaxda<br />

erTcolianoba. qalebs 2mieniWaT ganqorwinebis, Svilze meurveobis,<br />

qonebis gankargvis uflebebi.<br />

1935w. gaimarTa 12-e saerTaSoriso qalTa kongresi stambolSi<br />

1938w. arasrulwlovanTaTvis saqorwino asaki ganisazRvra mamakacebSi 17<br />

wliT da qalebSi 15 wliT mSoblebis nebarTviT.<br />

1985w. TurqeTi gawevrianda CEDAW-Si (saerTaSoriso konvencia qalTa<br />

diskriminaciis formebis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb)<br />

1990w. kanonis ZaliT gauqmda sasjelis Semsubuqeba prostituciisaTvis<br />

1995w. TurqeTma xeli moawera pekinis deklaracias.<br />

1996w. gauqmda col-qmruli Ralatis, rogorc kriminalur aqtad miCneva<br />

mamakacebisaTvis<br />

1997w. qalebs mieniWaT ufleba SeenarCunebinaT qaliSvilobis gvarebi<br />

TavianTi qmrebis gvarebTan erTad.<br />

1998w. miRebul iqna axali kanoni saojaxo uflebebis dasacavad<br />

1998w. gauqmda ojaxis ufrosis mier saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. qalebi da<br />

kacebi gaxdnen individualuri Semomtanebi<br />

1998w. gauqmda col-qmruli Ralatis, rogorc kriminalur aqtad miCneva<br />

qalTaTvis.

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p o l i t i k a<br />

155<br />

1923w. qalTa uflebebis dasacavad daarsda “qalTa saxalxo partia”.<br />

1924w. daarsda qalTa asociacia.<br />

1930w. qalebma moipoves ufleba monawileoba mieRoT arCevnebSi rogorc<br />

amomrCevlebma, ise kandidatebma adgilobriv mTavrobaSi.<br />

1933w. qalebma moipoves ufleba monawileoba mieRoT arCevnebSi rogorc<br />

amomrCevlebma, ise kandidatebma sasoflo administraciaSi.<br />

1934w. moipoves saarCevno xmis da arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba<br />

saparlamento arCevnebSi<br />

1935w. Catarda pirveli arCevnebi, sadac qalebs gaaCndaT ufleba<br />

yofiliyvnen rogorc amomrCevlebi, ise arCeulni.<br />

1946w. daiwyo mravalpartiuli politika.<br />

1971w. dainiSna pirveli qali ministri damatebiT-saparlamento wevrad<br />

1986w. parlamentis wevri qali gaxda ministrTa kabinetis wevri.<br />

1994w. dainiSna pirveli qali premier-ministrad<br />

1995w. qalTa raodenoba parlamentSi gaizarda 2.4%-iT, 1935 wlis Semdeg<br />

qalTa raodenobam parlamentSi piks miaRwia.<br />

d a r R v e v e b i q a l T a m i m a r T<br />

1980–iani wlebis qalTa moZraobis aRmavlobam gamoiwvia erovnul<br />

programaSi qalTa mimarT darRvevebis sakiTxis gaTvaliswineba<br />

1990w. “mewamuli saxuravis TavSesafaris” sazogadoebam gaxsna “qalTa<br />

sakonsultacio da TavSesafris centri” stambolSi.<br />

1991w. gaixsna qalTa solidarobis organizacia. man gaxsna pirveli<br />

damoukidebeli TavSesafari qalTaTvis 1993w.<br />

1994w. generalurma direqtoratma qalTa statussa da problemebze gaxsna<br />

sainformacio-sakonsultacio banki, raTa gauwion qalebs konsultacia<br />

da meurveoba maT mimarT arsebuli darRvevebis winaaRmdeg.

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156<br />

1998w. mTavari prokuroris gadawyvetilebiT ZalaSi Sevida kanoni<br />

saojaxo samarTlisa, romelic iTvaliswinebda qalTa dacvas maT mimarT<br />

arsebuli darRvevebisa da bavSvebisa, romlebic aseve arian saojaxo<br />

Zaladobis msxverplni.<br />

dReisaTvis TurqeTSi aris 11 qalTa TavSesafari, aseve 6 sameurveo<br />

centri. aseve bavSvTa dacvisa da socialuri daxmarebis saagento<br />

emsaxureba 19 socialur centrs, romelic emsaxureba qalebs saojaxo<br />

darRvevebisagan dasacavad.<br />

erovnuli meqanizmi qalTa moZraobis mxardasaWerad<br />

1987w. daarsda qalTa politikis gamtarebeli komiteti<br />

1989w. Sromisa da soc. uzrunvelyofis saministroSi daarsda qalTa<br />

ganyofileba.<br />

1989w. stambolis universitetSi daarsda qalTa problemebis kvlevis<br />

centri. dReisaTvis aris 13 aseTi centri.<br />

1990w. municipalitetebSi daarsda qalTa biuroebi.<br />

1992w. (oqtomberi) direqtoratis mier moxda xelaxali gadasinjva qalTa<br />

statusisa da problemebisa kanoni # 3670-is Tanaxmad.<br />

1992w. DGSOW –s teqnikuri TanamSromlobis “genderi da ganviTareba”<br />

proeqti daiwyo UNDP-s mxardaWeriT.<br />

1993w. daarsda qalTa biuroebi yvela samoqalaqo da Sromis<br />

sindikatebiT.<br />

1993w. saxelmwifo statistikis universitetSi daarsda statistikisa da<br />

socialuri struqturis departamenti qalTaTvis.<br />

1994w. TurqeTma monawileoba miiRo kairoSi gaeros saerTaSoriso<br />

konferenciaSi ganviTarebis dargSi.<br />

1995w. TurqeTma monawileoba miiRo saerTaSoriso konferenciaze<br />

socialur ganviTarebaze. saxelmwifo ministrma xeli moawera erovnul<br />

programas.

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157<br />

1995w. TurqeTma monawileoba miiRo qalTa IV saerTaSoriso<br />

konferenciaSi<br />

1997w. gaixsna qalTa ganyofilebebi 12 provinciaSi.<br />

1997w. DGSPW qalTa ganviTarebis proeqti gaiSala UNDP-s mxardaWeriT.<br />

1998w. daarsda saparlamento komisia qalis statusis gansasazRvrad<br />

CEDAW-s farglebSi.

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158<br />

d a s k v n a<br />

naSromis mizani iyo Turqi qalis statusis ganxilva sxvadasxva<br />

epoqaSi. Cven davinaxeT, Tu rogor yalibdeboda anatoliis teritoriaze<br />

qalis kulti. jer kidev zeda paleoliTis xanaSi qali aRiqves, rogorc<br />

nayofierebis simbolo. neoliTur periodSi dominirebda dedaRmerTis<br />

kulti. qalis kulti maRal safexurze Cans antikuri qveynebis kulturis<br />

Seswavlisas. ax. w. me-4 aTaswleulis bolos, brinjaos xanaSi, mamakacis<br />

rolma sazogadoebaSi meti mniSvneloba moipova. Tumca qali kvlav darCa<br />

nayofierebis simbolod da deda-RmerTis kultic agrZelebda ayvavebas.<br />

meore aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi xeTebis imperiis (Zv. w. XVIIIs-dan XIIIs-<br />

mde) dros xeTur samarTalSi daculi iyo qalisa da mamakacis<br />

Tanasworuflebianoba. qals gaaCnda politikuri uflebebic. anatoliis<br />

berZnul sazogadoebaSi qalebi mniSvnelovani TavisuflebiT<br />

sargeblobdnen, gabatonebuli iyo monogamia. romaelTa xanaSi ki qalma<br />

ufro meti uflebebi moipova, vidre berZenTa mmarTvelobis dros<br />

hqondaT. qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg religiur doqtrinebSi wminda<br />

RvTismSoblis kulti warmoCnda.<br />

XI saukunidan Turq-selCukebma daipyres bizantiis imperiis<br />

mniSvnelovani teritoria da moxda Turqi qalis asimilacia iq arsebul<br />

kulturasTan. im dros Turqi qali aqtiuri iyo rogorc ojaxur, ise<br />

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. qals damoukidebloba gaaCnda socialur<br />

sferoSic. TurqTa religia iyo Samanizmi, rac dafuZnebuli iyo qalis<br />

saRvTo Zalaze. islamamdeli periodis Turqi qali iyo ojaxis ufrosi,<br />

bavSvebis aRmzrdeli, religiuri ceremoniebis xelmZRvaneli.<br />

islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg (ax.w. me-7 s-Si) moxda qalis<br />

sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis mkveTri formulireba. islamma qalis<br />

statusi aamaRla dis, qaliSvilis, colis da dedis rangSi. muhamedi,<br />

arabuli samyaros lideri, rogorc progresuli moRvawe, moqmedebda<br />

qalis uflebebisaTvis da maTi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis.<br />

muhamedma qals ufleba misca sxvadasxva sferoSi, rogoricaa: saojaxo,<br />

qorwineba, ganaTleba, memkvidreoba da sxv., ramac qalis statusi<br />

sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovnad aamaRla imasTand SedarebiT, rac adre iyo.

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159<br />

winaislamur epoqaSi qali ganixileboda, rogorc viRacis<br />

sakuTreba, islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg ki man moipova ufleba. amitom<br />

islamis ayvavebis xanaSi muslimur qveynebSi qals Tavisuflad da<br />

mSvidad SeeZlo daekavebina misTvis Sesaferisi Tanamdeboba. muslimi<br />

qalebi, maT Soris Turqi qalebi, warmatebiT moRvaweobdnen mecnierebis,<br />

literaturis dargSi. isini faqtobrivad ar CamorCebodnen mamakacebs arc<br />

politikur arenaze. asrulebdnen saxelmwifo saqmeebs, iyvnen valiebi,<br />

naibebi (nacvlebi, regentebi) da Zlevamosili meufeni.<br />

islamis evolucia ganviTarda qalis uflebebis mkveTri SezRudviT.<br />

islamis ganviTarebis Sedegad SeizRuda qalTa uflebebi. adgilobrivi<br />

Zveli tradiciebi Seicvala SariaTis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad. islamma<br />

TandaTanobiT qals CamoarTva is uflebebi, romlebic maT manamde<br />

gaaCndaT. male qali aRmoCnda damcirebul mdgomareobaSi mamakacTan<br />

SedarebiT. Semdgom kanonmdeblobebSi da zne-CveulebebSi ufro da ufro<br />

izRudeboda maTi uflebebi.<br />

XIII-XIV ss-Si da Semdgomac xSirad xdeboda SariaTis normebis<br />

darRveva da qalisaTvis gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi uflebebis miniWeba. amisi<br />

dadasturebaa sultan selim I-is (1512-1520) “kanun-name”. es “kanun-name”<br />

Seiqmna im periodSi, rodesac osmaleTis imperiaSi SariaTis mkacri<br />

kanonmdebloba batonobda. im droisaTvis es kanonTa krebuli<br />

wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo osmaleTis imperiaSi, man aRiara qalis<br />

uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi.N<br />

aRsaniSnavia XV-XX saukuneebSi osmaleTis imperiaSi moRvawe poet<br />

qalTa Semoqmedeba. maT mier Seqmnili mniSvnelovani poeturi<br />

memkvidreoba Rirseul konkurencias uwevs mamakacTa Semoqmedebas da<br />

TvalsaCino adgili daimkvidra Turqul poeziaSi.<br />

poet qalTagan gamorCeuli iyo mihri-xaTuni (1516). maSin, rodesac<br />

islami qals CarSafSi axvevda da osmaleTis imperiaSi SariaTis mkacri<br />

kanonmdebloba moqmedebda, mihri-xaTunma Tavis SemoqmedebaSi umRera<br />

siyvaruls, aRwera muslimi qalis mdgomareoba, romelic faqtobrivad<br />

uuflebo iyo.<br />

XV saukunis cnobili poeti qali iyo zeinabi (1474), romelic<br />

Turquli enis garda flobda arabul da sparsul enebs. man Tavis

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160<br />

SemoqmedebaSi asaxa mamakacTa dominirebuli mdgomareoba.<br />

XVIII saukunis saxelovani poeti iyo fiTnaTi (hubi xaTuni (1780).<br />

XIX saukuneSi leila hanimi, igive “bulbuli” da sxvani.<br />

qvela zemoT CamoTvlili poeti qalis arseboba safuZvels<br />

gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom qalebma metad rTul viTarebaSi mainc SeZles<br />

TavianTi Tavis damkvidreba. davinaxeT, rom maT didi wvlili Seitanes<br />

osmaleTis imperiis literaturis istoriaSi, kerZod ki poeziaSi, da amiT<br />

mniSvnelovani adgili daimkvidres Turqul poeziaSi.<br />

Cven davinaxeT, rom haremi, romelic aziuri samyaros mraval<br />

qveyanaSi arsebobda, yvelaze ganviTarebuli osmaleTis imperiaSi iyo. is<br />

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi osmalo sultnis sasaxlis Semadgeneli nawili<br />

iyo. kerZod, haremis gadatana sultnis sasaxleSi 1541 wels moxda, mas<br />

Semdeg, ras sultanma roksolanam Tavisi sacxovrebeli iq gadaitana da<br />

amiT precedenti Seqmna osmaleTis imperiaSi.<br />

haremis qalTa umravlesoba qristiani da aramuslimuri warmoSobis<br />

iyo, isini yvelaze lamazi qalebi iyvnen osmaleTis imperiaSi, romlebic<br />

sultnis haremSi ZiriTadad monaTa bazrebidan xvdebodnen. es qalebi<br />

yvela Rones xmarobdnen, raTa haremSi warmateba moepovebinaT. mravali<br />

iRbliani mona qali sultani valide gaxda.<br />

haremis socialuri struqtura ierarqiuli iyo. es struqtura<br />

Camoyalibda islamisa da saxelmwifos moTxovnilebaTa gavleniT. valide<br />

sultani ganagebda harems, is iyo piramidis TavSi da mas mxolod Svilis<br />

sikvdilis Semdeg aqveiTebdnen. mona qalebi ki haremis ierarqiis yvelaze<br />

dabal safexurze iyvnen.<br />

XIX saukuneSi sultani abdul-mejidi Tofkafidan gadavida axal<br />

sasaxleSi (bosforis axlos). amave sasaxleSi gadavida sultnis haremic.<br />

osmaleTis imperiis daSlasTan erTad moiSala haremis tradiciac. 1923<br />

wels mustafa qemal aTaTurqma (1881-1938ww.) sultnis institutTan erTad<br />

haremic gaauqma.<br />

Cven davinaxeT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani<br />

transformacia ganicada qalis statusma anatoliaSi. qalis uuflebo<br />

mdgomareobis fonze osmaleTis imperiaSi Camoyalibda haremis<br />

socialuri struqtura da damkvidrda valide sultanis instituti.

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161<br />

valide sultani mogvevlina, rogorc regenti da rogorc yvelaze<br />

Zalauflebis mqone qali osmaleTis imperiaSi. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

regentis anu meurvis wodeba dedebs osmalebamdec gaaCndaT. Turq-<br />

selCukTa saxelmwifoSi aseTi regenti qali iyo sultan maliq-Sahis<br />

(1072-1092) meuRle da sultan mahmudis deda Turqan-xaTuni.<br />

valide sultnis wodeba osmaleTSi pirvelad murad III-m (1574-1595)<br />

SemoiRo da SemdgomSic didxans arsebobda. valides tituli dedas<br />

unarCundeboda Svilis sultnobis periodSi. isini Svilebis<br />

aRmzrdelebad osmaleTis imperiaSi XVI-XVII saukuneebSi mogvevlinnen. es<br />

iyo rogorc maTi movaleoba, ise maTi ufleba.<br />

haremSi mcxovreb qalTa uflebebi usazRvro iyo. isini ereodnen<br />

saxelmwifos saqmeebSi, ismendnen qveynis saidumloebebs. haremis<br />

gavlenianma qalebma XVI-XVII ss-Si osmaleTis imperiaSi Seqmnes epoqa,<br />

romelic cnobili gaxda, rogorc “qalTa mmarTvelobis xana”. saukuneze<br />

metxans osmaleTis imperiis politikuri Zalaufleba samefo haremis<br />

warmomadgenel qalTa xelSi iyo. es xana daiwyo roksolanas (sultan<br />

suleiman brwyinvalis coli) gardacvalebis Semdeg (1558) da dasrulda<br />

sultani valide Turhanis (mehmed IV-is deda) mmarTvelobiT (1648-1683).<br />

XVII saukunis miwurulidan sultnebi seriozulad dafiqrdnen<br />

sultani valides xelisuflebaze, maT did Zalauflebaze da gadawyvites<br />

maTi uflebebi SeezRudaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom sultani valides<br />

instituti murad III-m (1574-1595) SemoiRo, misi da yoveli momdevno<br />

sultnis sazrunavi iyo is, rom SeezRudaT dedebis uflebebi, romlebic<br />

xSir SemTxvevaSi faqtobriv mmarTvelebad iqceodnen xolme, Tumca es<br />

balansi didad iyo damokidebuli sultnebisa da dedebis pirovnul<br />

Tvisebebsa da SesaZleblobebze. samefo wris qalTa gavleniani<br />

mmarTveloba male dasrulda. politikuri xelisuflebis SezRudvis<br />

Semdeg valide sultnebi gaxdnen dinastiis matriarqebi, romelTa<br />

ZiriTad sazrunavs warmoadgenda dinastiis keTildReoba, gamravleba da<br />

gadarCena. isini aseve iyvnen osmaleTis imperiaSi arsebuli tradiciebis<br />

pirveli damcvelebi. TandaTan valide sultanis funqcia formaluri<br />

gaxda.<br />

amrigad, metad saintereso transformacia ganicada rogorc

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162<br />

mTlianad qalis statusma anatoliaSi, ise valide sultani institutma.<br />

qalebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes osmaleTis imperiaSi.<br />

naSromSi moTxrobilia sultnis gavleniani samefo ojaxis<br />

wevrebze, sultnis colebsa da qaliSvilebze. seraglioSi mcxovrebi<br />

colebidan gamorCeuli adgili ekavaT roksolanas (1526-1558 ww.),<br />

suleiman brwyinvalis cols, qosem sultans, romelmac yvelaze didxans<br />

icocxla da yvelaze meti naxa, da naqSedil sultans, romelmac iseTi<br />

cxovrebiT icxovra, rom masze legendebi gaCnda. sultnis<br />

qaliSvilebidan yvelaze gamorCeuli iyo suleiman brwyinvalis<br />

qaliSvili mihrimahi.<br />

naSromSi ganxiluli iyo XV-XVIII ss-is osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

mcxovrebi mdidari qalebis istoriebi. saubari iyo maT socialur rolze<br />

sazogadoebaSi, saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobaze, aRwerili iyo maTi qonebrivi<br />

inventarizacia da sazogadoebrivi statusi. isini am droisaTvis<br />

qalisTvis warmoudgeneli simdidris mqoneni iyvnen. am simdidres<br />

gonivrulad marTavdnen da gadascemdnen STamomavlobas. xSirad maTi<br />

memkvidreebi maTi qmrebi xdebodnen da isini gardacvlili meuRlis<br />

qonebiT agrZelebdnen cxovrebas. gansxvavebuli iyo mdidari qalis<br />

Casacmeli da samkaulebi, romelic maTi socialuri statusis<br />

gamomxatveli iyo. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi qali muslimTaTvis<br />

umaRlesi titulis – hajis mflobeli iyo. aqve mniSvnelovania erTi<br />

faqtori, yvela zemoT CamoTvlil qalTa warmatebis ganmsazRvreli iyo<br />

maTi socialuri kuTvnileba da warmomavloba.<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo qalis samosi osmaleTis imperiaSi, rac maTi<br />

socialuri statusis gamomxatveli iyo. Turqi qalis ZiriTadi Casacmeli<br />

iyo faraja, romelsac is ZiriTadad saxlis gareT icvamda da “başmak”-i<br />

(fexsacmeli), Tavze ki Tavsaburavi exura da mas “yaşmak” erqva, rac<br />

qalis mTel saxes faravda da mxolod Tvalebi uCanda. mdidar qalTa<br />

Cacmuloba, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gamorCeuli iyo. maT Zvirfasi<br />

naWrisagan Sekerili tansacmeli emosaT, maTi samkaulebi da Tavsaburavi<br />

Zvirfasi TvlebiT iyo Semkuli. pirveli osmalo qalebi, romlebmac<br />

aiTvises evropuli moda, samefo dinastiidan an SeZlebuli ojaxebidan<br />

iyvnen. nel-nela osmaleTis imperiaSi xdeboda tradiciuli Turquli

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163<br />

tansacmlis evropuli kabiT Canacvleba. XIX saukunis bolos farajam da<br />

Tavsaburavma gaqroba daiwyo. 1908 wlis revoluciis Semdeg TurqeTSi<br />

mkveTri cvlilebebi moxda Turqi qalis CasacmelTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

sabolood ki TurqeTSi evropuli moda damkvidrda.<br />

Suasaukuneebis osmaleTis imperiaSi SesamCnevia qalTa<br />

sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi aqtiuroba. Tumca, maTgan gamorCeulni arian<br />

qalaqad mcxovrebi qalebi, sofleli qalebi ki, CrdilSi dganan. qalTa<br />

aqtiurobis Sesaxeb informacias metwilad sasamarTlos Canawerebidan<br />

viRebT, saidanac irkveva, rom elitaruli wris qalebi Tavisuflad<br />

marTavdnen qonebas da monawilobdnen komerciul garigebebSi. isini,<br />

aseve, dakavebulni iyvnen miwaTmflobelobiT da fulis gasesxebiT.<br />

qalsac da mamakacsac Tanabari ufleba hqonda sasamarTloSi sarCelis<br />

Setanis, nebismieri saxis SeTanxmebis dadebis da advokatis ayvanis dros.<br />

qals xSirad gadaecemoda sasamarTlo administrirebaSi arsebul<br />

dawesebulebaTa marTva. mag. meCeTi, skola an Sadrevani. qals SeeZlo<br />

fulis gaReba raime saxis saRvTo saqmianobisaTvis. magram unda<br />

aRiniSnos, rom qalebi mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi iRebdnen aseT<br />

saqmianobaSi monawileobis uflebas. es xSirad maSin xdeboda roca is<br />

damaarseblis erTaderTi memkvidre iyo.<br />

XIX s-Si osmaleTis imperiaSi dawyebuli TanzimaTiT qalis<br />

mdgomareoba gaumjobesda. gatarda mniSvnelovani reformebi samxedro,<br />

sasamarTlo da saganmanaTleblo dargSi. am periodisaTvis yvelaze didi<br />

monapovari qalisTvis ganaTlebis uflebis miniWeba iyo. 1839 da 1856<br />

wlebSi gamosulma kanonebma didi gardatexa moaxdina Turqi qalis<br />

cxovrebaSi.<br />

1858 wels gaixsna I dawyebiTi skola qalTaTvis osmaleTis<br />

imperiaSi. 1886wels daibeWda pirveli KJurnali qalTaTvis. 1895-1908 ww-Si<br />

gamodioda Jurnali “qalTa gazeTi”. 1856wels miRebuli kanoniT<br />

gogonebis biWebis msgavsad ufleba eZleodaT mamis danatovari miwa<br />

memkvidreobiT mieRoT. 1876wels gamosul konstituciaSi ewera, rom<br />

osmaleTis imperiis mTeli mosaxleoba valdebuli iyo mieRo dawyebiTi<br />

ganaTleba. qalTaTvis ufro didi Sedegis momtani aRmoCnda 1908 wlis<br />

axalgazrda TurqTa revolucia. 1911 wels gaixsna qalTa I skola

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164<br />

stambolSi, 1913 wels daarsda umaRlesi skola qalTaTvis, xolo 1915<br />

wels gaixsna maTTvis umaRlesi saswavlebeli.<br />

Turqulma sazogadoebam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada 1920-<br />

ian wlebSi respublikis pirveli prezidentis aTaTurqis mier<br />

ganxorcielebuli reformebis Sedegad. gamocxadda TurqeTis respublika<br />

(1923), gauqmda sasultno (1922), saxalifo (1924). miiRes dasavluri<br />

kanonmdebloba. safuZveli Caeyara liberalur kapitalizmsa da<br />

industrializacias. qalTa kanonmdeblobis dargSic ZiriTadi<br />

cvlilebebi swored am periodSi gatarda.<br />

XX saukunidan moyolebuli TurqeTSi ufro aqtiuri xdeba qalis<br />

Tema. Turqi axalgazrdoba ganaTlebas evropaSi iRebs, samSobloSi<br />

dabrunebulebi ki cdiloben dasavluri Rirebulebebis TavianT qveyanaSi<br />

damkvidrebas. axlad gamocxadebuli respublikis periodSi gatarebuli<br />

reformebidan aRsaniSnavia: mravalcolianobis gauqmeba (1926), Cadris<br />

moxda (1925), arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba (1930), qalisaTvis saarCevno<br />

uflebebis miniWeba (1934), da sxva mravali. Turqi qali gamodis<br />

karCaketili cxovrebidan da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ferxulSi ebmeba.<br />

maSin, rodesac msoflios mraval qveyanaSi qalebi saxlSi gamoketilebi<br />

iyvnen, Turqi qali ukve parlamentis aqtiuri wevri iyo (1935w). ufro<br />

mogvianebiT ki Tansu Cileri gaxda qveynis premier ministri qali (1993).<br />

TurqeTis respublikis adreul wlebSi ganxorcielebuli emansipaciuri<br />

gardaqmnebi ucxo iyo evropuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis, magram es procesi<br />

TurqeTSi adgilobrivi tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganviTarda.<br />

Turqul saojaxo samarTalSi mkveTrad dominirebs selCukTa da<br />

osmalTa xanidan SemorCenili wesebi. Tumca, meores mxriv, is<br />

iTvaliswinebs evropul samarTlebriv tradiciebs.<br />

zogierTi moZvelebuli tradicia TurqeTSi aferxebs qalTa srul<br />

emansipacias. geografiuli mdebareobis mixedviT vawydebiT kulturul da<br />

eTnikur gansxvavebebs mosaxleobas Soris. ZiriTadad es SeimCneva<br />

soflad, metwilad aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT anatoliaSi,<br />

sadac glexi qali mijaWvulia miwas, man naklebad icis Tavisi uflebebis<br />

Sesaxeb da brmad emorCileba Tavis qmars. saxelmwifo da sxvadasxva<br />

fondebi cdiloben am regionebSi aamaRlon qalTa ganaTlebis done.

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165<br />

TurqeTSi qalTa aqtiurobis done sazogadoebaSi bevrad CamorCeba<br />

evropul maCveneblebs. aq Tavisi specifikuri ganviTarebiT, specifikurad<br />

xasiaTdeba qalTa statusic.<br />

1980-iani wlebidan feministuri moZraoba ufro aqtiurdeba. arsdeba<br />

mravali qalTa sazogadoeba, Jurnal-gazeTebi, biblioTekebi, imarTeba<br />

qalTa konferenciebi, rogorc TurqeTis, ise mTeli msoflios masStabiT,<br />

sadac Turqi qali aqtiurad iRebs monawileobas.<br />

Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qalTa moZraobam Seqmna axali<br />

politikuri mimdinareoba TurqeTSi, am mimdinareobam TurqeTSi mTavar<br />

sakiTxad daayena genderuli Tanasworuflebianobis problemebi. qalTa<br />

brZolam emansipaciisaTvis didi roli iTamaSa TurqeTis sazogadoebis<br />

formirebaSi.<br />

miuxedavad qalTa mier miRweuli garkveuli warmatebebisa, Turqul<br />

sazogadoebaSi mainc arsebobs genderuli araTanasworuflebianoba,<br />

adgili aqvs qalis uflebebis darRvevebs, es ki imaze migvaniSnebs, rom<br />

qalis Tema kvlav aqtualuria.<br />

aTaTurqis memkvidreoba da qalTa aqtiurobis xarisxi TurqeTSi<br />

imeds gvaZlevs, rom momavalSi Turqi qali srulad moipovebs Tavis<br />

uflebebs da gaxdeba sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevri.<br />

D

---

ibliografia<br />

busbeqi 1927<br />

busbeqi 1998<br />

Tefeni 1998a<br />

Tefeni 1998b<br />

166<br />

a) wyaroebi<br />

Busbecq Ogier Ghiselin, Turkish letters, trans. E.S. Forster, London 1927<br />

busbeqi ogier Ciselin, Turquli werilebi, Targmna e.s<br />

forsterma, londoni, 1927<br />

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