sjani Sjani - Tbilisi State University
sjani Sjani - Tbilisi State University
sjani Sjani - Tbilisi State University
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti<br />
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature<br />
komparativistuli literaturis qarTuli asociacia<br />
Georgian Comparative Literature Association<br />
iv. javaxiSvilis <strong>Tbilisi</strong>s saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
zogadi da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis<br />
instituti<br />
Institute of General and Comparative Literary Studies<br />
of Iv. Javakhishvili <strong>Tbilisi</strong> <strong>State</strong> <strong>University</strong><br />
<strong>sjani</strong><br />
yovelwliuri samecniero Jurnali<br />
literaturis Teoriasa da SedarebiT literaturaSi<br />
<strong>Sjani</strong><br />
Annual Scientific Journal of Literary Theory and<br />
Comparative Literature<br />
9
edaqtori<br />
irma ratiani<br />
saredaqcio kolegia<br />
Tamar barbaqaZe<br />
levan bregaZe<br />
Teimuraz doiaSvili<br />
maka elbaqiZe<br />
gaga lomiZe<br />
Tamar lomiZe<br />
revaz siraZe<br />
bela wifuria<br />
malxaz xarbedia<br />
saredaqcio kolegiis<br />
sapatio wevrebi<br />
rudolf kroitneri (germania)<br />
manfred Smelingi (germania)<br />
sadao cukui (iaponia)<br />
pasuxismgebeli mdivani<br />
solomon tabucaZe<br />
<strong>sjani</strong> 9, 2008<br />
redaqciis misamarTi:<br />
0108, <strong>Tbilisi</strong>,<br />
merab kostavas q. #5<br />
telefoni: 99-63-84<br />
faqsi: 99-53-00<br />
www.litinstituti.ge<br />
E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge<br />
ISSN 1512-2514<br />
Editor<br />
Irma Ratiani<br />
Editorial Board<br />
Tamar Barbakadze<br />
Levan Bregadze<br />
Teimuraz Doiashvili<br />
Maka Elbakidze<br />
Gaga Lomidze<br />
Tamar Lomidze<br />
Revaz Siradze<br />
Bela Tsipuria<br />
Malkhaz Kharbedia<br />
Honorary Members<br />
of Editorial Board<br />
Rudolf Kreutner (Germany)<br />
Manfred Schmeling (Germany)<br />
Sadao Tsukui (Japan)<br />
Responsible Editor<br />
Solomon Tabutsadze<br />
<strong>Sjani</strong> 9, 2008<br />
Address:<br />
0108, <strong>Tbilisi</strong><br />
M. Kostava str. 5<br />
Tel.: 99-63-84<br />
Fax: 99-53-00<br />
www.litinstituti.ge<br />
E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge
Sinaarsi Content<br />
pozicia pozicia<br />
irma ratiani<br />
qarTvelologiuri qarTvelologiurikvlekvlevebivebi _ _ TviTmizani TviTmizani Tu Tu saWisaWiroeba? roeba?<br />
literaturis literaturis Teoriis Teoriis<br />
problemebi problemebi<br />
ivane amirxanaSvili<br />
saswaulis saswaulis kompozicia kompozicia<br />
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
`subieqturi `subieqturi Txroba Txroba da da<br />
citirebuli citirebuli metyveleba~:<br />
metyveleba~:<br />
istoria, istoria, Teoria Teoria da da praqpraqtika tika<br />
(XX (XX saukunis saukunis dasavleTev-<br />
dasavleTevropuli<br />
ropuli romanis romanis mixedviT) mixedviT)<br />
rusudan canava<br />
metafora metafora da da metamorfoza<br />
metamorfoza<br />
solomon tabucaZe<br />
avtori avtori da da gmiri gmiri istoriuistoriuli li poetikis poetikis WrilSi WrilSi<br />
poetikuri poetikuri praqtikebi praqtikebi<br />
Temur kobaxiZe<br />
sulisa sulisa da da xorcis xorcis diqodiqotomia: tomia: tomas tomas eliotis eliotis<br />
`hipopotami~ `hipopotami~ da da `ukvdav`ukvdavebis ebis CurCuli~ CurCuli~<br />
literaturaTmcodneobis<br />
literaturaTmcodneobis<br />
qrestomaTia<br />
qrestomaTia<br />
mixail baxtini<br />
karnavalizebuli karnavalizebuliliteraliteratura tura<br />
7<br />
11<br />
19<br />
41<br />
60<br />
69<br />
85<br />
Position Position<br />
Irma Ratiani<br />
Kartvelology Kartvelology (Georgian (Georgian Stud- Studies)<br />
ies) – – Self-aim Self-aim or or Necessity? Necessity?<br />
Problems Problems of of Literary Literary<br />
Theory Theory<br />
Ivane Amirkhanashvili<br />
Composition Composition of of a a Miracle Miracle<br />
Tamar Chikhladze<br />
“Subjective “Subjective Narrative Narrative and and Cit- Cited<br />
ed Speech”: Speech”: History, History, Theory Theory<br />
and and Practice Practice<br />
(according (according to to XX XX century century<br />
West-European West-European novel) novel)<br />
Rusudan Tsanava<br />
Metaphor Metaphor and and Metamorphosis<br />
Metamorphosis<br />
Solomon Tabutsadze<br />
Author Author and and Character Character within within<br />
the the Scope Scope of of Historic Historical al Poetics Poetics<br />
Poetical Poetical Practices Practices<br />
Temur Kobakhidze<br />
Dichotomy Dichotomy of of Body Body and and<br />
Soul:T.S.Eliot’s Soul:T.S.Eliot’s “The “The Hippo- Hippopotamus”<br />
potamus” and and “Whispers “Whispers of of<br />
Immortality”<br />
Immortality”<br />
Chrestomathy Chrestomathy of of<br />
Literary Literary Theory Theory<br />
Mikhail Bakhtin<br />
Carnivalized Carnivalized Literature Literature
leqsmcodneoba<br />
leqsmcodneoba<br />
Teimuraz doiaSvili<br />
sikeTis sikeTis yvavilebi yvavilebi<br />
akaki xinTibiZe<br />
Warbi Warbi riTmis riTmis gagebisaTvis<br />
gagebisaTvis<br />
Tamar barbaqaZe<br />
galaktionis galaktionis monoriTmi monoriTmi<br />
(`ieri~, (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~)<br />
`ferad-feradi~)<br />
giorgi lobJaniZe<br />
arabuli arabuli leqsis leqsis ganaxlebiganaxlebisaTvis saTvis brZolis brZolis II II etapi etapi<br />
(momxreebi (momxreebi da da mowinaaRmdemowinaaRmdegeni)<br />
geni)<br />
filologiuri filologiuri Ziebani Ziebani<br />
laura grigolaSvili<br />
kvlav kvlav Zveli Zveli qarTuli qarTuli mwmwerlobis erlobis periodebisa periodebisa da da<br />
mijnebisaTvis<br />
mijnebisaTvis<br />
kritikuli kritikuli diskursi diskursi<br />
nona kupreiSvili<br />
70-80-iani 70-80-iani wlebis wlebis kritika: kritika:<br />
`rekonstruqciidan~ `rekonstruqciidan~ nova- novaciamde<br />
ciamde<br />
Targmanis Targmanis Teoria Teoria<br />
nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe<br />
mTargmnelis mTargmnelis problema problema Zvel Zvel<br />
saqarTveloSi saqarTveloSi da da sakiTxis sakiTxis<br />
kvlevis kvlevis ZiriTadi ZiriTadi meTodmeTodologiuri ologiuri aspeqtebi aspeqtebi<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
102<br />
105<br />
109<br />
117<br />
127<br />
137<br />
149<br />
Theory Theory of of Poetry Poetry<br />
Teimuraz Teimuraz Doiashvili Doiashvili<br />
Blossoms Blossoms of of Kindness Kindness<br />
Akaki Khintibidze<br />
Towards Towards Understanding Understanding Ex- Excessiveness<br />
cessiveness of of Rhyme Rhyme<br />
Tamar Barbakadze<br />
Galaktion’s Galaktion’s Mono-Rhythme<br />
Mono-Rhythme<br />
Giorgi Lobzhanidze<br />
The The II II Stage Stage of of the the Battle Battle for for<br />
the the Renewal Renewal of of Arabic Arabic Verse: Verse:<br />
Supporters Supporters and and Opponents Opponents<br />
Philological Philological Works Works<br />
Laura Grigolashvili<br />
Towards Towards Periods Periods and and Bound- Boundariesaries<br />
of of Old Old Georgian Georgian LiteraLiterature ture<br />
Critical Critical Discourse Discourse<br />
Nona Kupreishvili<br />
Criticism Criticism of of 70-80s: 70-80s: from from “Re- “Reconstruction”<br />
construction” to to Innovation Innovation<br />
Theory Theory of of Translation Translation<br />
Nana Mrevlishvili, Eka Chikvaidze<br />
The The Challenge Challenge of of Translation Translation<br />
in in Ancient Ancient Georgia Georgia and and Main Main<br />
Methodological Methodological Aspects Aspects of of the the<br />
Study Study of of the the Issue Issue
folkloristika folkloristika __<br />
Tanamedrove Tanamedrove kvlevebi kvlevebi<br />
dalila dalila bedianiZe bedianiZe<br />
amiranis amiranis miTis miTis kompozicikompoziciuri uri Taviseburebani<br />
Taviseburebani<br />
dominik irtenkaufi<br />
`SedarebiTi `SedarebiTi miTologia. miTologia.<br />
germania-saqarTvelos germania-saqarTvelosSoSoris ris sazRvris sazRvris monacvleoba<br />
monacvleoba<br />
– – amirani amirani interesTa interesTa cen- centrSi~<br />
trSi~<br />
kulturis kulturis paradigmebi paradigmebi<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
epikuri epikuri gmiris gmiris sikvdili sikvdili<br />
da da omis omis aRqmis aRqmis zogierTi zogierTi<br />
sakiTxi sakiTxi arqaul arqaul kultura- kultura-<br />
Si Si<br />
debiuti debiuti<br />
maka germisaSvili<br />
qarTuli qarTuli komediis komediis sawyisawyisebi sebi<br />
memoria memoria<br />
emzar kvitaiSvili<br />
mudam mudam siamovnebiT siamovnebiT vigoneb vigoneb<br />
Rimi Rimilis lis da da leqsis leqsis kaci kaci<br />
nodar alania<br />
`Cangi `Cangi gikurTxos gikurTxos zenama...~ zenama...~<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
168<br />
174<br />
185<br />
215<br />
228<br />
234<br />
Folkloristic Folkloristic – – the the Modern Modern<br />
Researches Researches<br />
Dalila Bedianidze<br />
Compositional Compositional Peculiarities Peculiarities of of<br />
Amirani’s Amirani’s Myth Myth<br />
Dominik Irtenkauf<br />
Vergleichende Vergleichende Mythologie- Mythologieforschung:forschung:<br />
Grenzverkehr Grenzverkehr zwiszwischenchen Deutschland Deutschland und und GeorGeorgien gien - - Amirani Amirani im im Zentrum Zentrum<br />
des des Interesses Interesses<br />
Pa Paradigms radigms of of Culture Culture<br />
Kakha Katsitadze<br />
The The Death Death of of the the Epic Epic Hero Hero<br />
and and Some Some Aspects Aspects of of the the War War<br />
Perception Perception in in Archaic Archaic Culture Culture<br />
Debut Debut<br />
Maka Ge Germisashvili rmisashvili<br />
Bases Bases of of Georgian Georgian Comedy Comedy<br />
Mem Memoria oria<br />
Emzar Kvitaishvili<br />
I I always always Recollect Recollect it it with with<br />
Pleasure Pleasure<br />
A A Man Man of of Smile Smile and and Poetry Poetry<br />
Nodar Alania<br />
Let Let the the God God Bless Bless Your Your Lyre... Lyre...
gamoxmaureba, gamoxmaureba, recenzia recenzia<br />
venera kavTiaSvili<br />
literaturis literaturis Teoria Teoria _ _<br />
XX XX saukunis saukunis ZiriTadi ZiriTadi meT- meTodologiuri<br />
odologiuri koncefciebi<br />
koncefciebi<br />
da da mimdinareobebi<br />
mimdinareobebi<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
revaz revaz siraZe siraZe _ _ `kultura `kultura<br />
da da ssaxismetyveleba~<br />
axismetyveleba~<br />
axali axali wignebi wignebi<br />
moamzada moamzada gaga gaga lomiZem lomiZem<br />
SoTa SoTa rusTavelis rusTavelis qarTuli- qarTuliliteraturis<br />
literaturis institutis<br />
institutis<br />
samecniero samecniero publikaciebis<br />
publikaciebis<br />
stili stili<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
241<br />
250<br />
274<br />
280<br />
Reviews, Reviews, Comments Comments<br />
Venera Kavtiashvili<br />
Literary Literary Theory Theory – – Basic Basic Con- Concepts<br />
cepts and and Methodological<br />
Methodological<br />
Tendencies Tendencies of of XX XX Century Century<br />
Nana Gonjilashvili<br />
Revaz Revaz Siradze Siradze – – “Culture “Culture and and<br />
Imagology” Imagology”<br />
New New Books Books<br />
Prepared Prepared by by Gaga Gaga Lomidze Lomidze<br />
Style Style of of Academic Academic Publications<br />
Publications<br />
In In Shota Shota Rustaveli Rustaveli Institute Institute of of<br />
Georgian Georgian Literature Literature
pozicia<br />
irma ratiani<br />
qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi _ TviTmizani Tu saWiroeba?<br />
dRes sayovelTaod aRiarebulia samecniero-kvleviTi centrebis roli<br />
saxelmwifos ganviTarebis saqmeSi. es roli gacilebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
mcirericxovani da originaluri kulturis qveynebisaTvis, romlebic iRvwian<br />
TviTdamkvidrebisTvis. miCneulia, rom aseTi TviTdamkvidrebis erTerT<br />
seriozul berkets warmoadgens ganaTlebatevadi da mecnierebatevadi<br />
ekonomikuri da kulturuli sivrcis Seqmna da ganviTareba.<br />
Sesabamisad, samecniero-kvleviTi sistemis srulyofa, misi xarisxis<br />
amaRleba msoflio standartebis doneze SeiZleba qveynis erT-erT Ziri-<br />
Tad miznad iqnas moazrebuli. am miznis realizaciaSi qarTvelologiur<br />
mecnierebebs, rogorc erovnuli identobis upirveles maCvenebels, gadamwyveti<br />
roli eniWeba.<br />
qarTvelologiuri mecnierebebi, romelTa kvlevebis praqtikaSi danergva<br />
ar asocirdeba maRalSemosavlian ekonomikur SedegebTan (gansxvavebiT sabunebismetyvelo,<br />
ekonomikuri Tu teqnologiuri mecnierebebisgan), nacvlad amisa,<br />
gansazRvravs da inarCunebs eris identobas, mis sulierebas, enas, literaturas,<br />
kulturasa da istorias. qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi aris is sayrdeni,<br />
romelzedac dgas qarTuli Rirebulebebi, Sesabamisad, qarTvelologiis<br />
– saxelmwifo enis, erovnuli literaturisa da istoriis movla-patronoba<br />
saxelmwifoebriv strategiad unda iqces im mniSvnelovani faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
rom erovnuli kvlevebi msoflios masStabiT ganixileba kulturuli<br />
dialogis umTavres berketad, xolo kulturuli dialogi warmoadgens<br />
komunikaciis sayrden formas Tanamedrove msoflioSi.<br />
ra adgili uWiravs saqarTvelos Tanamedrove msoflio kulturul rukaze?<br />
rogoria misi roli msoflio civilizaciis istoriaSi? ra kulturuli<br />
kodis matarebelia qarTveli? ras niSnavs `patara eris~ kulturuli<br />
gamocdileba `didi erebis~ kulturuli gamocdilebis fonze? ramdenad inarCunebs<br />
`nacionaluri literatura~ TviTmyofadobas mimdinare globalizaciis<br />
procesSi? ras niSnavs `literatura sazRvrebs gareSe~ da rogor<br />
muSaobs es formula Tanamedrove SedarebiTi kvlevebis konteqstSi?<br />
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema qarTvelologiuri anu erovnuli samecniero<br />
kvlevebis prerogativaa, sadac erT-erTi centraluri adgili literaturaTmcodneobiT<br />
kvlevebs uWiravs. qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi<br />
7
8<br />
irma ratiani<br />
kvlevebi, erTi mxriv, qarTuli identobis sazomi da maCvenebelia, xolo,<br />
meore mxriv _ msoflio kulturul procesebTan qarTuli kulturuli<br />
procesebis faseuli integraciis winapiroba. Tanamedrove kvlevebis misia<br />
aris ara marto kvleva qarTuli literaturisa, miTologiisa Tu literaturaTmcodneobiTi<br />
procesebisa, aramed am kvlevebis danergva praqtikaSi<br />
erovnuli da saerTaSoriso masStabiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs<br />
qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvlevebis CarTvas msoflo literaturul<br />
dialogSi (imave sapasuxismgeblo misiiT, Tav-TavianTi kompetenciis<br />
sferoSi, aRWurvilni arian sxva qarTvelologiuri kvleviTi centrebi).<br />
magram CarTva ar gulisxmobs martivad Serevasa da, miT umetes, ganlevas.<br />
dResdReobiT, moicva ra farTo politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri<br />
da kulturuli sferoebi, Tanamedrove politikuri da akademiuri debatebis<br />
erT-erT yvelaze popularul terminad globalizacia iqca, xolo<br />
`kultura sazRvrebs gareSe~ _ misTvis niSandobliv konceptualur logod.<br />
literatura kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia, Sesabamisad, dgeba arsebiTi<br />
mniSvnelobis mqone kiTxva: ras niSnavs termini `sazRvrebs gareSe~<br />
da ramdenad qmediTia igi nacionaluri literaturebisa da erovnuli kvlevebis,<br />
Cvens SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli literaturisa da qarTvelologiuri<br />
klevebis TvalsazrisiT?<br />
mogvwons Cven es Tu ara, literaturas aqvs erovneba, vinaidan, rogorc<br />
samarTlianad SeniSnavda ilia WavWavaZe `literatura eris sarkea”. yoveli<br />
nacionaluri literatura myarad dgas sakuTar tradiciebze, romelTa<br />
Sorisac upirvelesi misi nacionaluri mexsierebaa, gamoxatuli arqetipuli<br />
modelebis saxiT. „saRi azrisadmi~ erT-erT yvelaze negatiurad ganwyobil<br />
mweralsac ki, vladimer nabokovs, swored erovnuli da literaturuli<br />
mexsiereba miaCnda identobis upirveles sazomad. magram, sakiTxis analizi<br />
mxolod am erTi mimarTulebiT ar amoiwureba: meores mxriv, literaturis<br />
erovnuloba, rogorc identobis msazRvreli, ar SeiZleba iqces izolirebis<br />
da, miT ufro, TviTizolirebis motivaciad da gamarTlebad. am ukanasknel<br />
mosazrebas, vfiqrobT, zurgs umagrebs evropuli da msoflio literaturuli<br />
procesebis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoria, romelic uxvad gvTavazobs<br />
nacionalur literaturaTa faseuli konceptualuri da stilisturi<br />
integraciis magaliTebs: Sua saukuneebis, renesansis, romantizmisa Tu modernizmis<br />
(da sxva) epoqaTa esTetikurma sistemebma SeZles nacionalur literaturaTa<br />
mobilizeba saerTo konceptebis garSemo, mxolod _ sakuTari<br />
identobis SenarCunebis pirobiT. aRniSnul epoqebSi, miT ufro, renesansis,<br />
romantizmis, realizmisa da modernizmis wiaRSi literaturam Tavi daaRwia<br />
kulturul da dro-sivrcul preskrifciulobas da masStaburad ganivrco<br />
farTo istoriuli da kulturuli konteqstis mimarTulebiT. Tamamad Sei-
qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi _ TviTmizani Tu saWiroeba?<br />
Zleba paralelis gavleba Tanamedrove literaturul procesTan: ar axalia,<br />
Zvelia, mxolod _ saxecvlili da modernizebuli: SedarebiTi literatura.<br />
SedarebiTi literatura me-20 saukunis evropul da amerikul literaturaTmcodneobiT<br />
sivrceSi SemuSavebuli multiinterpretaciuli da interdisciplinaruli<br />
meTodebis nacionaluri literaturebis doneze swrafi<br />
ganvrcobis logikuri Sedegia. swored mis wiaRSi aRmocenda cneba: `literatura<br />
sazRvrebs gareSe~. magram komparativistuli kvlevebi ar gulisxmobs<br />
literaturuli sazRvrebis ugunurad gaxsnas, arc calkeuli nacionaluri<br />
literaturebis SepirispirebiT analizs, aramed im universaluri meTodis<br />
realizebas, romelic zogad perspeqtivaSi gaiazrebs konkretul literaturul<br />
nawarmoebs, anu cdeba nacionaluri maxasiaTeblebis sazRvrebs da<br />
adgens gansxvavebuli nacionaluri kulturebisa da literaturebis integraciis<br />
xarisxs maTi kulturuli identobis SenarCunebis pirobiT. es<br />
principi arsebiT mniSvnelobas iZens Tanamedrove globalizaciis Seuqcevad<br />
procesSi.<br />
qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi da qarTvelologiuri kvlevebis<br />
upirvelesi amocana swored am urTulesi procesis marTva da gaZRolaa.<br />
am misiis kvalificiurad SesrulebaSi qarTvelologiur centrebs, garda<br />
sakuTari resursebis optimalurad gadanawilebisa da organizebisa, esaWiroebaT<br />
qmediTi mxardaWera da daxmareba saxelmwifos mxridan, vinaidan<br />
qarTvelologia arc TviTmizania da arc axireba, aramed _ saWiroeba.<br />
sasurvelia, mkveTrad ganisazRvros qarTvelologiuri centrebis misiis<br />
ganxorcielebis perspeqtivebi da SesaZleblobebi, anu ganisazRvros qarTvelologiuri<br />
kvlevebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis strategiuli gezi. swori<br />
strategiiT gaTvaliswinebuli miznebisa da amocanebis ganxorcielebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi qarTvelologiuri kvleviTi centrebi Camoyalibdeba samecniero<br />
kvlevebis Tanamedrove standartebis Sesabamis organizaciebad da sa-<br />
Sualebas miscems qarTvelologiur skolas integrirdes msoflio humanitarul<br />
procesebSi.<br />
Kartvelology (Georgian Studies) – Self-aim or Necessity?<br />
Summary<br />
Irma Ratiani<br />
Kartvelology or Georgian Studies is a valuable measure of National identity. Even it is<br />
not associated with a high economical income (like some natural, economical or technology<br />
sciences) or commercial effectiveness, it is very important for a small country like Georgia<br />
9
10<br />
irma ratiani<br />
to preserve its national identity, language, literature, history and culture. Katrvelology is<br />
a strong background of Georgian National values. Therefore, it has to be the strategy of<br />
Georgia’s <strong>State</strong> to take care of Georgian Studies, studies of National Language, literature<br />
and history. Undoubtedly, National researches, all over the world, guarantee the cultural<br />
dialogue as a main form of communication.<br />
What place is defined for Georgia on the map of contemporary cultural world? What<br />
part it plays in the history of world civilization? What is the cultural code of Georgian?<br />
What does the cultural experience of a “Small nation” means in the context of a “Big nations”<br />
experience? How “National literature” does survive within the on-going process<br />
of Globalization? What does the formula “Literature without boarders” means and how it<br />
works in the context of comparative literature?<br />
To answer those questions is one of the main aims of Kartvelology.<br />
Though the goal of Georgian Studies is not only to preserve its national identity, but,<br />
also, to put Georgian science together with contemporary world researches and to integrate<br />
it in the world scientific dialogue. But integration does not means to disappeared. Foe example:<br />
when we are talking about the literature, we should admit that literature (we do like<br />
it or we do not) has Nationality, because literature is always associated with tradition and<br />
memory and text, itself, is always about reconstruction. But nationality of literature does<br />
not mean or could not possibly mean the isolation or self-isolation. One of the basic methodologies<br />
of contemporary literary studies – comparative literature is gently regulating the<br />
process. Comparative studies imply the realization of that universal method which interprets<br />
the concrete literary text in wide general perspective, i.e. goes beyond the boundaries<br />
of national characteristics and establishes the rate of integration of different national cultures<br />
and literatures on the condition to preserve their cultural identity. The same process<br />
is available in other fields of Katrvelology and the basic function of Georgian Studies is to<br />
regulate this valuable process on a high scientific level. Though ,Kartvelology is not a selfaim,<br />
but – necessity, which must be replaced under the Governmental care.
ivane amirxanaSvili<br />
literaturis Teoriis problemebi<br />
saswaulis kompozicia<br />
`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ WeliSur redaqciaSi gvxvdeba erTi rigiTi agiografiuli<br />
pasaJi, romelic marTlac sruliad Cveulebrivi, arafriT<br />
gamorCeuli adgili iqneboda, sagangebo paTetikiT gamarTul teqstSi CvenTvis<br />
saintereso azris konturebi rom ar SeimCneodes, rac, winaswarve unda<br />
iTqvas, ar warmoadgens raime gansazRvrul koncefcias, Tumca neba-uneblieT<br />
iZleva miniSnebas raRac mowesrigebuli Tvalsazrisis arsebobaze. ker-<br />
Zod, saubaria frazaze, romelsac abiaTar mRvdeli warmoTqvams astiron<br />
mTavarTan saubarSi: `misgan (wmida ninosgan – i.a.) vixilen sakvirvelebani<br />
kurnebaTani da niSni sazarelni da saswaulni saSinelni~ (`moqcevaÁ qar-<br />
TlisaÁ~, Tavi `b~). martivi definiciis xerxs Tu moviSveliebT, aq mocemuli<br />
predikatebis `gansazRvris areebi~ ase dalagdeba:<br />
kurneba – sakvirveli;<br />
niSani – sazareli;<br />
saswauli – saSineli.<br />
didi dakvirveba ar sWirdeba imis danaxvas, rom aq daxasiaTebulia iseTi<br />
metafizikuri subieqtebi, romlebic Cveulebrivobis miRma samyarodan, adamianuri<br />
yofierebis gare sferoebidan, zesinamdvilidan movlenil faqtebad<br />
unda miviCnioT da vinaidan es marTlac asea, maSin isic unda vaRiaroT,<br />
rom Cven mier aRebul samive logikur wyvils aerTianebs erTi ram, rasac<br />
ubralod saswauls uwodeben. saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi saswaulis<br />
sinonimadaa miCneuli niSanic, kurnebac da TviT sakvirvelebac, Tumca bibliuri<br />
tradiciis mixedviT, TiToeuli es cneba damoukidebeli Sinaarsis<br />
mqone erTeuladac moiazreba. magaliTad, moses xuTwigneulSi saswauli<br />
gagebulia rogorc niSani; axal aRTqmaSi _ ZiriTadad rogorc kurneba;<br />
agiografiaSi yvelaze xSirad sakvirvelebis mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli,<br />
saerTod ki saswauli agiografiul TxzulebaSi niSanic aris, kurnebac da<br />
sakvirvelebac.<br />
abiaTaris `sistemac~ TiTqmis asea dalagebuli, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar<br />
miviRebT pirvel wyvils, romelSic erT-erT subieqts (`sakvirveleba~)<br />
predikatis funqcia aqvs dakisrebuli.<br />
TavisTavad sainteresoa imis garkveva, Tu ratom aris saswauli saSineli,<br />
an niSani – sazareli, magram amjerad sakiTxis sxva mxare gvainteresebs,<br />
11
12<br />
ivane amirxanaSvili<br />
kerZod, ra aris saswauli da ra rols asrulebs is agiografiuli nawarmoebis<br />
teqstis agebaSi.<br />
aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom naratiuli TvalsazrisiT saswauli<br />
Txzulebis sruliad Tavisebur, damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone er-<br />
Teuls warmoadgens da amitom msjeloba misi teqstTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb<br />
ar aris dazRveuli TviTmiznuri manipulirebis sacTurisagan. garTulebis<br />
Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa windawinve ganisazRvros, Tu ras vgulisxmobT<br />
zogadad teqstis cnebaSi – wmida werils, saRvTismetyvelo<br />
koniunqturaTa sistemas Tu ubralod sityvierebis faqts. zedmetia imaze<br />
laparaki, rom samive momenti erT mTlianobas warmoadgens da TiToeulis<br />
axsna-gaazreba swored saerTo analizis meSveobiT unda xdebodes,<br />
magram, amave dros, arsebobs sakmao safuZveli imisaTvis, rom cnebaTa<br />
gamijvnis principi miviCnioT amosaval wertilad, romelic saSualebas<br />
mogvcems calkeulSi davinaxoT mTeli da mTelSi – calkeuli. jer erTi,<br />
meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT es aris erTaderTi gza da meorec, swored<br />
es mimarTuleba gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, gamovricxoT iZulebiTi manipulaciebi<br />
da SesaZlo ideologiuri aberaciebi. aqedan gamomdinare, sawyis<br />
formulad unda miviRoT teqsti rogorc sityvieri Semoqmedebis Sedegi,<br />
rogorc yvelaze obieqturi mocemuloba, rac subieqtis, anu avtoris Rv-<br />
Taebrivi inspiraciis gziT iSva. sityva aris pirveladi esTetikuri konstruqcia,<br />
romelzedac igeba yovelgvari ideologiuri zednaSeni, amitom<br />
am zednaSenis Sinaarsobriv xasiaTs teqsti gansazRvravs. teqstis raobasa<br />
da mis xarisxzea damokidebuli ara marto avtoris Canafiqris, aramed<br />
yvelanairi koniunqturis, paradigmis Tu sxva savaldebulo kliSeebis axsna,<br />
gageba, saerTod – recefciis wesi.<br />
rogorc zemoT iTqva, saswauli teqstSi avtonomiuri figuris saxiT<br />
aris CarTuli, magram es ar niSnavs, rom igi savsebiT Tavisufalia saerTo<br />
kompoziciuri kavSirebisagan. bolos da bolos, igi teqstis nawilia, teqsti<br />
awesrigebs mis Sinaarss.<br />
Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT, saswauli aris uflis nebis gamoxatuleba,<br />
niSani, uwyeba. sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebul moses ufali uboZebs kverTxs,<br />
romelic gvelad gadaiqceva. es saswauli niSania. am niSanma unda daarwmunos<br />
faraoni, rom mose RvTis warmogzavnilia. saswaulebrivma kverTxma,<br />
rogorc niSnis momcemma, sisxlad unda aqcios nilosis wyali (gamosvla,<br />
7,20), egviptes unda mohfinos gombeSoebi (iqve, 8,5), gaamravlos mumli<br />
(8,16). buzankaliT aavsos qveyana (8,21), moiyvanos setyva (9,24), yanebs Seasisos<br />
kalia (10,12), Suaze gaapos mewamuli zRva, kldidan wyaro gadmoadinos<br />
(17,6) da a. S. yvela es movlena aris niSani, rom ufali aq aris,<br />
rom uflis neba moqmedebs. ufali pirdapir ambobs: `da saswaulebi igi da
saswaulis kompozicia<br />
niSebi Cemi, romel vyav magaT zeda, gulisxma-hyoT da uwyodeT, rameTu me<br />
var ufali RmerTi~ (gamosvla, 10,3).<br />
saswauli aris ufalsa da adamianebs Soris dadebuli aRTqmis erT-erTi<br />
elementi.<br />
sinais mTaze ufali aRuTqvams moses, rom xalxis Tvalwin moaxdens iseT<br />
saswaulebs, rogoric arcerT qveyanaSi ar momxdara. risTvis aris saWiro<br />
saswaulebi? _ imisaTvis, rom adamianebma dainaxon, Tu ra saSinelia, anu<br />
raoden mosafrxilebelia saqme, romelsac ufali ukeTebs moses (gamosvla,<br />
34,10).<br />
rodesac sadResaswaulo karavs uflis Rrubeli dafaravs, es niSnavs,<br />
rom savane uflis didebam aavso da am dros iq mosec ki ver Seva (gamosvla,<br />
40,34-45). e. i. niSani saSinelia.<br />
Zveli aRTqmis saswaulebis teqnika zogjer jadoqrobis elementebs imeorebs.<br />
magaliTad, magiuri formebi mJRavndeba iseT saswaulebSi, rogorebicaa<br />
aaronis kverTxis gadaqceva gvelad (gamosvla, 7,10), iso naves mier<br />
locviT caze mzis SeCereba (iso nave, 10,12-13), elisesgan puris gamravleba<br />
(meoTxe mefeTa 4,43), samsonis Tmis ambavi, ricxvebis magiis roli ieriqonis<br />
dacemaSi da sxv. magram es aris mxolod formaluri msgavseba, Sinaarsobrivad<br />
ki aRniSnuli saswaulebi sxva aris imdenad, ramdenadac yvela<br />
saswauli RvTis nebiT xdeba. saerTod, biblia mkacrad krZalavs nebismier<br />
magias Tu jadoqrobas da ar scnobs kavSirs uflis nebasa da magias Soris<br />
(gamosvla 22,17; 2 sjuli, 18,10).<br />
bibliis mkvlevaris iehezkel kaufmanis azriT, Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi<br />
gamovlenili magiuri teqnikis Tavisebureba is aris, rom mas gamoclili<br />
aqvs miTologiuri bazisi, magiur ileTebs asrulebs RvTis kaci da ara<br />
TviT RmerTi. es aris arsebiTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani, romelic cxadyofs,<br />
rom bibliuri saswauli warmarTul analogebTan SedarebiT sul sxva faseulobebzea<br />
orientirebuli. Zveli aRTqma magias ganmartavs rogorc mistikur<br />
codnas im bunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb, romelsac jadoqari amoxsnis.<br />
rogorc i. kaufmani wers, es faqtiurad kerpTayvanismeblobaa, radgan masSi<br />
RmerTi ar aris, magram sul sxv suraTs vxedavT RvTis kacis qmedebaSi: saswauls<br />
warmoSobs ara misi moqmedeba an Selocva, aramed uflis xeli.<br />
`marTalia, bibliurma tradiciam aiTvisa egvipturi saswaulis koloriti,<br />
magram warmarTuli masala sruliad axali, arawarmarTuli simbolizmiT<br />
daitvirTa~ - dasZens i. kaufmani (kaufmani 1997: 64).<br />
amasTan erTad, saswauli ar unda gavigoT pirdapir, misi materialuri<br />
gamovlinebiT. saswauli aris sulieri movlena.<br />
vladimir soloviovi lev tolstoisadmi miweril werilSi, romelSic<br />
macxovris mkvdreTiT aRdgomis saswaulis WeSmaritebas asabuTebs, wers:<br />
13
14<br />
ivane amirxanaSvili<br />
`Tuki saswaulis qveS vigulisxmebT saganTa saerTo mdinarebis sawinaaRmdego<br />
da amitom SeuZlebel faqts, maSin mkvdreTiT aRdgoma sruliad<br />
saspirispiroa saswaulisa – es aris upirobod aucilebeli faqti sagan-<br />
Ta saerTo mdinarebaSi; xolo Tuki saswaulis qveS vigulisxmebT pirvelad<br />
momxdar, manamde ararsebul faqts, maSin `SesvenebulTagan pirvelis~<br />
mkvdreTiT aRdgoma, raRa Tqma unda, iseTive saswaulia, sruliad iseTive,<br />
rogoric pirveli organuli ujredis gaCena araorganul samyaroSi, anda<br />
cxovelis gamoCena pirvelyofil mcenareTa, xolo pirveli adamianisa –<br />
orangutanebs Soris. es saswaulebi ar eeWveba sabunebismetyvelo istorias,<br />
aseve ueWvelia mkvdreTiT aRdgomis saswauli kacobriobis istoriisaTvis~<br />
(soloviovi 2001: 15).<br />
materialuri da sulieri sawyisebis Sepirispireba am SemTxvevaSi er-<br />
TaderTi gamosavalia, rom damtkicdes saswaulis aramaterialuri buneba,<br />
rac SesaZloa Zneli gasagebi iyos skeptikurad ganwyobili gonebisaTvis,<br />
Tumca gasagebia maTTvis, vinc saswaulis materialur faqtologiaSi Sinagan<br />
logikur kavSirs xedavs.<br />
saswauls aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs fantastikasTan am sityvis im gagebiT,<br />
rogoradac is dRes esmiT. saerTod, es ori cneba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba<br />
erTmaneTisagan. agiografiis konteqstSi fantastikis xseneba dabneulobis<br />
mets arafers moitans.<br />
movlenis araCveulebrioba Tu arabunebrioba fizikuri TvalsazrisiT<br />
fantastikaa, metafizikuri TvalsazrisiT ki – saswauli.<br />
erTi sityviT, ar SeiZleba saswauli materialur movlenad CaiTvalos,<br />
is aris sulieri movlena, anu, soloviovisave sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `Sinagani<br />
sulieri srulyofilebis aucilebeli bunebrivi Sedegi~.<br />
Teizmis tradiciuli msoflmxedveloba saswauls ganixilavs bibliuri<br />
rwmenis saerTo paradoqsis, anu pirovnuli absolutis konteqstSi, sadac<br />
RvTaebrivi usasruloba xorcieldeba konkretul, sasrul, calkeul sxeulSi<br />
da es paradoqsi, Tavisi materialuri formis miuxedavad, simbolur<br />
Sinaarss atarebs.<br />
rogorc sergei averincevi wers, mTavari is ki ar aris, rom wiTeli zRvis<br />
talRebi Suaze gaipo israelis ZeTa winaSe (gamosvla, 14,21), aramed is,<br />
rom TviT `ufalTa ufalma~, `saukuno mefem~ adamianTa jgufis saqme Tavis<br />
saqmed aqcia; ara is, rom ieso qalwuli dedisagan iSva da avadmyofebs kurnavda,<br />
aramed is, rom mis sasrul da xrwnad sxeulSi `damkvidrebul ars<br />
yovelive savsebaÁ RmrTeebisa xorcielad~ (kolaselTa mimarT, 2,9) (averincevi<br />
2000: 204).<br />
aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, saswaulis azrs, mis Sinaarss gansazRvravs ori<br />
winapiroba, romelTa gareSe saswauli sruli uazroba iqneboda. pirveli,
saswaulis kompozicia<br />
s. averincevis azriT, es aris cnobieri an qvecnobieri rwmena imisa, rom<br />
konkretuli `me“ zogadTan mimarTebaSi ar iyos ubralod rogorc nawili<br />
mTelTan mimarTebaSi; da meore – unda vaRiarebdeT saswaulis simbolur<br />
azrs.<br />
`amgvarad, _ wers s. averincevi, _ marTalia, saxarebiseul kurnebaTa<br />
mizani an Sedegi pirvel yovlisa gankurnebulTa janmrTelobad gaiazreba,<br />
magram Tavisi azriT aranairad ar daiyvaneba janmrTelobamde: TviT Jesti<br />
gankurnebis saswaulisa naCvenebia ara marto rogorc erTeulTa mimarT<br />
gamoCenili mowyaleba, aramed rogorc yvelas winaSe movlenili niSani~<br />
(averincevi 2000: 204).<br />
danarCeni, rac saswaulis azris gagebas Seexeba, Teologiis sferos warmoadgens<br />
da am Temaze, cxadia, mravalnairi da urTierTgamomricxavi interpretaciebi<br />
arsebobs, magram amjerad Cveni mizania, vaCvenoT, Tu raSi<br />
mdgomareobs saswaulis mxatvruli funqcia, ra daniSnuleba akisria mas<br />
Txzulebis saerTo struqturaSi da ras warmoadgens igi – mtkicebulebas<br />
Tu ambavs?<br />
umravles SemTxvevaSi saswauli gamoiyeneba rogorc mtkicebuleba wmidanis<br />
saRvTo misiis dasafiqsireblad; saswauls moixmoben magaliTad da<br />
nimuSad imisa, Tu raoden did Zalas aniWebs adamians suliwmidis madli.<br />
roca SuSanikis CareviT ganikurneba `ganborebuli~ dedakaci, es aris<br />
imis mauwyebeli faqti da mtkicebuleba, rom wamebuli ukve aRivso wmidanobis<br />
madliT, xolo giorgi aTonelis Sexvedra cecxlisfer da TeTrad<br />
mosil WabukebTan ki aris ambavi, romelic gviCvenebs wmidanobis gzaze Semdgari<br />
moRvawis arCevanis siswores. ymawvilobisas mdinare qciaSi banaobis<br />
dros giorgis gamoecxadeba cecxlisferi yrma, romelic mas saTamaSod<br />
iwvevs, am dros gamoCndeba `spetakiT mosili~ yrma, romelic mokidebs<br />
xels giorgis da etyvis, CemTan iyavi, radgan ukeTesi moyvasi varo. Txzulebis<br />
avtori giorgi mcire iqve ganmartavs, rom pirveli yrma aris eSmaki,<br />
romelsac giorgis daRrCoba surs, meore ki – angelozi, romelic mas<br />
dabadebidanve miuCina RmerTma sicocxlis mcvelad. epizodi nawarmoebSi<br />
CarTulia rogorc mTavari personaJis mier pirvel pirSi monaTxrobi ambavi,<br />
romelic ise erwymis avtoris msjelobis xazs, rom diskursi ar irRveva,<br />
epizodi Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs da Sinaarssve mihyveba msjelobis<br />
logikur finalamde, sadac unda damtkicdes, rom marTalni iyvnen giorgis<br />
mSoblebi, roca Svili dabadebisTanave RmerTs aRuTqves da sworia moRvaweobis<br />
is gza, romelsac giorgi adgas.<br />
`ganborebuli dedakacis~ epizodi iakob xucess mohyavs rogorc ganyenebuli<br />
faqti, magaliTi, anu mtkicebuleba; qciis epizodi ki aris siuJeturi<br />
monakveTi, anu ambavi.<br />
15
16<br />
ivane amirxanaSvili<br />
qarTul agiografiaSi mtkicebulebidan ambavze evoluciuri gadasvlis<br />
tendencia ar SeiniSneba, Tumca aSkaraa, rom iq, sadac saswauli ambis<br />
funqciiTaa gamoyenebuli, avtors meti saSualeba eZleva beletristuli<br />
wiaRsvlebisTvis. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia davasaxeloT ioane sabanisZis<br />
Txzulebis mesame Tavis bolo nawili, romelic saswaulis agiografiul<br />
misteriad unda miviCnioT.<br />
saswaulis esTetikazea agebuli `serapion zarzmelis cxovrebis~ siuJetis<br />
ganviTareba. Txrobis ZiriTadi qarga gamoikveTeba Txzulebis meoTxe<br />
TavSi, roca miqel parexels Ramis locvis dros `gankvirveba raime~ daecema<br />
da RvTis angelozi etyvis, Seni mowafeebi serapioni da ioane axlave samcxes<br />
waravline, raTa RvTis mier miniSnebul adgilas monasteri aRaSenono.<br />
faqtiurad mTeli Txzuleba aris svla im sakvirveli niSnisaken, sadac<br />
saRmrTo brZanebiT unda aSendes zarzma. miqelis gamocxadebaSi, rogorc<br />
Txzulebis kompoziciur preludiaSi, miniSnebulia yvela is adgili, anu<br />
orientiri, romelmac saswaulamde (niSamde) unda miiyvanos berebi. ase,<br />
rom Txzulebis cnobili toponimebi _ beras jvari, ZinZe, cxroWa, saZmo,<br />
goderZi, drosi, saTaxve, SeSisTavi, babgeni, bobxa da TviT zarzma warmoadgenen<br />
ara marto niSebs, aramed siuJetis struqturul erTeulebs, romlebic<br />
aqtiurad arian CarTuli Txrobis dinamikaSi da rom araferi iTqvas<br />
am originaluri faqturis mxatvrul funqciaze, pirdapiri, bukvaluri recefciis<br />
TvalsazrisiTac cxaddeba avtoris Canafiqri: berebis msvleloba<br />
aRTqmuli adgilisaken warmoadginos rogorc gza saswaulisaken. am gzis<br />
bolo da mTavari niSi – zarzma etimologiuri SinaarsiTac saswauls ukav-<br />
Sirdeba, radgan zari da SiSi, razedac aRmocendeba saxelwodeba zarzma,<br />
saswaulis, ase vTqvaT, atributebia. basil zarzmeli amas TviTonve ganmartavs<br />
Txzulebis mecxre Tavis bolos, sadac wers: `rameTu ewoda zarzma<br />
erTa maTgan, romelni zarTa da SiSTa miuTxrobeliTa Sepyrobil iyvnes~.<br />
berebi asruleben `niSTa da saswaulTa mier ganbrwyinvebuli~ miqel parexelis<br />
miTiTebas, romelic faqtiurad RvTis nebaa, anu rogorc basil<br />
zarzmeli wers, `brZaneba ars saRmrTo~ da arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom<br />
giorgi CorCanelisa da berebis Sexvedra sakvirvelebis niSniT aris aRbe-<br />
Wdili.<br />
sakvirveleba, sakvirveli niSani, rogorc wesi, cxaddeba maSin, roca<br />
movlenaTa ganviTareba zRvrul wertils aRwevs da situacia TavisTavad<br />
moiTxovs ara formalur, aramed arsebiT ganmuxtvas sruliad axal, gansxvavebul<br />
gradaciaSi gadasvliT, rac usaTuod da erTmniSvnelovnad unda<br />
moaswavebdes vertikalur moZraobas qvemodan zemoT, miwidan zecisken,<br />
sikvdilidan sicocxlisaken, rogorc es xdeba, magaliTad, `ioanesa da efTvimes<br />
cxovrebis~ mecamete TavSi, sadac mZafri seniT Sepyrobil, sikvdils
saswaulis kompozicia<br />
miaxlebul yrma efTvTimes RvTismSobeli gamoecxadeba, xels SeaSvelebs,<br />
suliwmidis madliT aRavsebs da ganamzadebs aRsrulebad didTa saqmeTa,<br />
romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba qarTuli kulturis aRmavlobas da, sxvaTa<br />
Soris, analizs Tu bolomde gavyvebiT, imis Tqmac mogviwevs, rom aq saqme<br />
gvaqvs agiografiuli TxzulebisaTvis naklebad damaxasiaTebel movlenas-<br />
Tan, roca gamocxadeba xorcieldeba ara marto zogadi saRvTismetyvelo<br />
mimarTulebiT, aramed erovnul-kulturologiuri niSniTac. `aRdeg, nu<br />
geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi~ - RvTismSoblis piriT naTqvam am<br />
sityvebSi giorgi mTawmideli xedavs aTonis literaturuli skolis istoriul<br />
misias qarTuli kulturis winaSe. saberZneTSi gazrdili yrma,<br />
romelmac qarTuli TiTqmis ar icis, RvTis nebiT ubrundeba mSobliuri<br />
enis wiaRs da iwyebs umagaliTo mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas, ris wyalobiTac<br />
saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdeba dasavleTis inteleqtualur<br />
areals. saswaulis erT niSanSi ormagi Sinaarsi devs – gamocxadebis<br />
saswaulma efTvimes daubruna janmrTeli gvami da erovnuli suli, rac<br />
mTlianobaSi sakmarisi unda yofiliyo imisaTvis, rom gacxadebuliyo mocemul<br />
niSanSi dafaruli azri.<br />
avtori sagangebod arCevs saswauls imisaTvis, raTa paraleli gaavlos<br />
wminda werilTan da Seqmnas STabeWdileba, rom wmindani iesos saswauls<br />
imeorebs (daTaSvili 1998: e-4).<br />
Tumca, rogorc grigol noseli SeniSnavs, agiografoss zomierebis gamo-<br />
Cena marTebs nawarmoebSi saswaulTa CarTvisas, raTa ar gaafuWos gemovnebiani<br />
mkiTxvelis STabeWdileba da, amave dros, eWvi ar gauCinos mciredmorwmunes.<br />
am mosazrebas exmianeba berdiaevis Tvalsazrisic. saswauli gveZleva rwmenis<br />
gamo da ara imisaTvis, rom rwmena warmoSvas. saswauliT gaCenili<br />
rwmena Zaladoba, iZuleba iqneboda (berdiaevi 1989: 57).<br />
amrigad, saswauli agiografiul TxzulebaSi, kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT,<br />
atarebs gansazRvrul funqcias, romelic xasiaTdeba gamokveTili<br />
niSnebiT. kerZod, igi gamoiyeneba mtkicebulebad wmidanis saRvTo misiis<br />
fiqsaciisaTvis. Txrobis saerTo struqturaSi is CarTulia rogorc magaliTi,<br />
an rogorc mtkicebuleba. aqedan gamomdinare, unda gairCes saswaulis<br />
faqtologiuri da esTetikuri funqciebi. saswaulis agiografiuli gageba<br />
bibliur sazriss eyrdnoba, gansxvaveba Tavs iCens mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
roca avtori beletristul wiaRsvlebs mimarTavs, Tumca ZiriTadi arsi<br />
saswaulis bibliuri koncefciisa ucvleli rCeba.<br />
17
18<br />
ivane amirxanaSvili<br />
damowmebani:<br />
averincevi 2000: Аверинцев С. София – Логос. Словарь. Киев: «Дух и литера», 2000.<br />
berdiaevi 1989:. Бердяев Н. Философия свободы. М.: “Правда”, 1989.<br />
daTaSvili 1998: daTaSvili l. saswaulni da Cvvenebani `wmida makrines cxovrebis~<br />
magaliTze. `axali qarTuli gazeTi~, 19. VIII. Tb.: 1998.<br />
kaufmani 1997: Кауфман И. Религия древнего Израиля. Библейские исследования. Сбор-<br />
ник статей. Академичесская серия. Выпуск 1. М.: 1997.<br />
soloviovi 2001: soloviovi v. werili l. n. tolstois. 28 ivlisi – 2 agvisto, 1894.<br />
peterburgi. burgi.urgi. . Targmna Targmna Targmna nana nananana axobaZem. axobaZem. axobaZem. . gaz. gaz. gaz. gaz. . `literaturuli `literaturuli `literaturuli `literaturuli saqarT- saqarT- saqarT- saqarTsaqarT-<br />
saqarT-<br />
saqarT- saqarT-<br />
velo~, 13-19 aprili, Tb.: 2001.<br />
Composition of a Miracle<br />
Summary<br />
Ivane Amirkhanashvili<br />
What is a miracle and what is its role while constructing the Hagiographic text?<br />
From narrative viewpoint, a miracle represents a distinctive unit, possessing independent<br />
meaning and therefore, discussing its relation towards the text is not secured from self<br />
interpretations. To avoid misunderstanding, it is necessary to define what we mean in the<br />
concept of text in general– a sacred letter, a system of theological conjuncture or simply a<br />
fact of verbality.<br />
As an initial formula, text should be regard as a result of verbal creativity. At the same<br />
time, it should be noted that a miracle is not completely isolated from a text. In hagiographic<br />
texts miracle acquires definite function, which is characterized by distinguished signs.<br />
It is used as a proof for fixing Saint’s divine mission. In the general structure of narration<br />
it is included as an example or as a statement. Therefore, we should distinguish between<br />
factologic and aesthetic functions of a miracle.<br />
Source for hagiographic understanding of a miracle is biblical; the difference arises<br />
only when the author uses belletristic means, though the essence of biblical conception of<br />
miracle remains unchanged.
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
`subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~:<br />
istoria, Teoria da praqtika<br />
(XX saukunis dasavleTevropuli romanis mixedviT)<br />
XX saukunis evropis rTuli epoqa srulad aisaxa literaturaSi, romlis<br />
gamomsaxvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebul formad iqca romani. literturuli<br />
procesebis axsna, ZiriTadad, fsiqologias daekisra. modernisti mwerali<br />
Seecada, siRrmiseuli `me~-s warmoCeniT Tavisi wignebisaTvis gansxvavebuli<br />
STagoneba mieca. `obieqturi~ Txroba `subieqturi~ midgomiT Seicvala.<br />
Tanamedrove romanis sawyisebis Zieba albaT servantesidan iwyeba, rodesac<br />
misma personaJma _ erTma gamxdarma da uqonelma keTilma kacma _<br />
don kixotma _ Tavgadasavlebis saZieblad wasvla gadawyvita. rainduli<br />
romanebis kiTxviT gabruebuls dro Secvlili dauxvda, amitom misi ambavic<br />
sasacilod iqca. adamianis ocnebas aRar SeeZlo samyaros Secvla, magram<br />
is amas daJinebiT iTxovda. individisa da sazogadoebis aseTi gaxleCa<br />
badebs Tanamedrove romans. ema bovari _ floberis romanis personaJi _<br />
ocnebobda ra daqorwinebuliyo iseT adamianze, romelic valss acekvebda<br />
sasaxleSi, don kixots Zalian hgavs. servantesi da floberi TavianT qmnilebebs<br />
romanul saxes aZleven. Cndeba termini `romanuli~, romelic iTvaliswinebs,<br />
erTi mxriv imas, rom Cven mxedvelobaSi miviRoT SeSlili meocnebis<br />
an fuqsavati gogonas warmosaxva da, meore mxriv, mTxroblis azri.<br />
XX saukunis dasawyisSi xanmokle krizisis Semdeg, dasavleTevropuli<br />
romani literaturuli gamomsaxvelobis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul formad<br />
gadaiqca. amjerad man asaxa adamianTa pasuxismgebloba, zraxvebi Tu<br />
mwuxareba, rasac odesRac epopea, qronika, moraluri traqtati da nawilobriv,<br />
poezia emsaxureboda. dasavleTevropeli kaci yvelafers ipovnis<br />
Tanamedrove romanSi, rac ki mis sve-beds Seexeba. romanma SeZlo erTdroulad<br />
SemoeTavazebina `ambis~ fsiqologiuri, socialuri, ontologiuri,<br />
esTetikuri da simboluri rezonansebis uzarmazari registri.<br />
XX saukunis Suaxanebis literaturas daudga `eWvis era~, romelic<br />
jer kidev stendalma iwinaswarmetyvela, Tumca gamudmebiT icvleboda. gazrdili<br />
tragizmis fonze mweralTa axali Taoba gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare<br />
gaxda samyaros absurdulobis mimarT. maSin gadaisinja literaturis<br />
daniSnulebis sakiTxi.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, froidisa da iungis moZRvreba imdroindeli lit-<br />
19
20<br />
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
eraturis saSen masalad iqca.<br />
daaxloebiT imave periodSi, rodesac prustis pirveli romani qveyndeba<br />
(1912w.), literaturaSi Cndeba axali termini _ `subieqturi Txroba~. igi<br />
miesadageba iseT romanebs, romlebic meti TaviseburebiT Tu Txrobis TavisuflebiT<br />
gamoirCevian. iq adgils ikavebs fantazia, miTi, jadosnoba. amgvari<br />
Txroba SeiZleba gaurkvevelic iyos da musikaluri tonalobis Semcvelic,<br />
ris misaRwevadac mwerals iSviaTi metaforebis gamoyeneba uxdeba.<br />
aseTi stilis romanad SeiZleba CaiTvalos magaliTad, a. furnies `didi<br />
molni~, T. manis `jadosnuri mTa~ an o. l. haqslis `geniosi da qalRmer-<br />
Ti~.<br />
XVII saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, dasavlur romans yvelaze metad<br />
izidavs adamianis sulis wiaRis xilva, misi yvelaze Rrma da idumali intimurobis<br />
ufskrulebi. maTSi siamovnebiT eSveba am jadosnobas aracnobierad<br />
damorCilebuli mkiTxveli. rusodan moriakamde an natali sarotamde,<br />
dostoevskis gavliT, es cduneba akviatebad iqceva, `da kargi mweralic<br />
isaa, vinc Cveni cxovrebis im nawilis Secnobasa da gamoTqmaSi dagvexmareba,<br />
romelic erTi SexedviT gaugebari da ganze myofi gveCveneba~. (diuameli<br />
1925: 34)<br />
maSasadame, Tanamedrove epoqaSi mkiTxvels ufro meti swadia, miiRos<br />
romanidan, vidre aqamde Rebulobda, anu surs cnobierebis im sivrceSi SeRweva,<br />
romelic TiToeuli adamianis sulis siRrmeSi mdebareobs. is cdilobs<br />
gaigos gemo SigniT mdebare emociebis, mogonebebis, fiqrebis, naRvelis<br />
da martoobis erTobliobisa, rasac Jan-pol sartri `gulzidvis~ gansazRvrebas<br />
aZlevs. mas miaCnia, rom is cxovreba, riTac adamiani arsebobs,<br />
sabolood gaRaribda, rom sxvis anu romanis gmiris cnobierebaSi SeRweviT<br />
nugeSs hpovebs.<br />
XX s. romans eqsperimentebis Catareba swadia. kafka, prusti, muzili,<br />
joisi kiTxvis qveS ayeneben romanis gansazRvrebas da daniSnulebas. romani<br />
aRaraa `moTxrobili~, vinaidan `TxrobaSi~ yvelaferi winaswar aris axsnili<br />
da ganWvretili, mTxrobelma winaswar icis dasasruli. romani gaurbis<br />
tragikuls da romantikuls. adamiani aRar warmoadgens misi Seswavlis<br />
sagans. mwerals romanSi Seaqvs uwesrigoba, idumaleba, naRveli, paTetika,<br />
rac Sinagani samyaros siRrmidan momdinareobs. dostoevski, nervali da<br />
kidev bevri sxva winaswar grZnobdnen am axali tipis romanis dabadebas.<br />
icvleba mwerlis damokidebuleba momxdari ambisa da moqmedi pirebis mimarT.<br />
`imis magivrad, rom zemodan da Soridan gaanaTos mkiTxvelis cnobiereba<br />
da gaafarTovos, iTamaSos Tavis mxriv, jadoqris an reJisoris roli, masTan<br />
aigivebs Tavs da masTan erTad xetialobs arsebobis nacrisfer peizaJebSi~
`subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika<br />
_ wers kritikosi r. alberesi mwerlis Sesaxeb. (alberesi 1990: 133)<br />
erTaderTi ram, rac SeiZleba specifikuri iyos Tanamedrove romanSi,<br />
aris ena. romanis dargSi, rogorc bevr sxvaSi, ukve yvelaferi iTqva. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom gaunaTlebel publikas SeuZlia bevri siaxle aRmoaCinos,<br />
ganswavluli adamiani advilad SeigrZnobs im kavSirebs, romlebic ama Tu<br />
im ambavs aqvs warsulis did nimuSebTan. dasavluri romani mivida im wertilamde,<br />
saidanac daiwyo dumili _ ambis moyolis SewyvetiT gamowveuli si-<br />
Cume. damTavrda iseTi romanis xana, romelic raRacas gvixsnida. mwerali<br />
amoefara mTxrobels, romelic TviTonve aris da arc aris.<br />
romanisti iwyebs qaragmebiT, miniSnebebiT laparaks, swavlobs mkiTxvelTan<br />
TanamSromlobas. TiTqmis 3000-wliani arsebobis manZilze literaturam<br />
yvelaferi amowura. romanmac droTa ganmavlobaSi sakuTari wesiT<br />
da logikiT aRmoaCina arsebobis sxvadasxva aspeqti da aseTi daskvna gamoitana:<br />
samyaro kompleqsuri da orazrovania, rac metad miiwevs win, miT<br />
naklebad uaxlovdeba simarTles. sinamdvile mxolod SefardebiTi, nawilobrivi<br />
da winaaRmdegobrivia.<br />
XX saukunis dasavlel mwerlebTan yvelaze mniSvnelovani qvecnobieris<br />
determinizmia. am sakiTxs xom araerTi Semoqmedi utrialebs, maT Soris a.<br />
Jidi. Tavdapirvelad es ukanaskneli `sotie~-is Jans mimarTavs, rac misTvis<br />
Tavisufal Txrobas ganasaxierebs, romelsac determinizmis SezRudvebisgan<br />
gaTavisufleba SeuZlia. misi `vatikanis jurRmulebi~ am axali esTetikis<br />
magivrobas swevs, rac gansakuTrebulad umotivo qmedebis TeoriaSi<br />
gamoixateba. `yalbi fulis mWrelebi~ afarToebs personaJTa wres im mizniT,<br />
rom ganasaxieros zneobrivi poziciebi da cxovrebis arCevani; romani<br />
daskvnis gakeTebaze uars ambobs da mkiTxvels tovebs daumTavrebeli Txrobis<br />
Sua gzaze.<br />
XX saukunis II naxevris romansac erTob rTuli peizaJi aqvs daxatuli.<br />
is aqrobs yovlisamsaxvel Txrobas, magram ar ZaluZs, daiviwyos, rom realobas<br />
Txzavs. amitomac gafarToebul realizmSi eqcevian iseTi mwerlebi,<br />
romlebic TavianT romanebSi iyeneben cnobierebis nakads, Sinagani molologis<br />
teqnikas, asociaciebs, kinematografiuli montaJis xerxebs, bibliur<br />
motivebs da Txrobis sxvadasxva eqsperimentul saSualebebs. realizms miakuTvnes<br />
naturalisturi faqturisa da metafizikuri da transcendentaluri<br />
mimarTebis Tu eqspresionistuli elementebis Semcveli romanebi.<br />
XX s. mTeli literatura, mainc antimimeturad rCeba, vinaidan aRar mimarTavs<br />
mimsgavsebis meTods. is aRar baZavs, ar amsgavsebs Tavis fiqcias xilul,<br />
grZnobiT aRsaqmel sinamdviles. es literatura cdilobs, gamosaxos<br />
da mxatvrul saxeebad aqcios yofierebis sinamdvilis arsi. masSi aRwerili<br />
sagani aRar hgavs empiriulad arsebul sagans. man deformacia ganicada da<br />
21
22<br />
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
groteskiT, igaviTa Tu sxvadasxva `SifriT~ gamoisaxa. aq mTavari principi<br />
is ki araa, moxda Tu ara ambavi sinamdvileSi, aramed is, rom SesaZloa,<br />
asec momxdariyo. es pirobiTi samyaroa. mTxrobeli darwmunebuli ar aris<br />
imaSi, rasac gadmoscems. amgvar `varaudisa~ da `eWvis~ poetikas aSkarad<br />
vxvdebiT, magaliTad, maqs friSTan.<br />
dasavlur romanSi myarad moikida fexi parodiam.. parodiuli nawarmoebi<br />
Tu manamde iwvevda sicils, Tanamedrove epoqaSi tragediad iqca. parodiulobam<br />
aCvena Zveli sulieri, ideuri Rirebulebebis gaufasureba da<br />
rwmenis gaqroba. mweralic xatavs Zvelis gaufasurebis suraTs. amitomaa<br />
dRes Seqmnili istoriuli romanebic parodiuli.<br />
isic unda vTqvaT, rom Tanamedrove literaturis tendenciebs Soris<br />
umniSvnelovanesi movlenaa miTosis teqnikis gamoyeneba. miTosi literaturul<br />
fenomenad iqca.<br />
XX s. romans, asaxavs ra samyaros mTxroblis cnobierebis mixedviT da<br />
ara realurad, mTeli yuradReba personaJis sulier samyaroze gadaaqvs,<br />
amitom araerT wigns `centriskenuli~ an `Caketili~ romani uwodes. masSi<br />
wamyvani elementi gmiris individualurobaa da ara moqmedeba sivrceSi. sulieri<br />
procesebisTvis romanis formis misacemad saWiroa Caketili sivrcis<br />
Seqmna, realurobidan mowyveta. ase miiRweva hermetizacia, rac XX<br />
s. mwerlebma: T. manma, fr. kafkam da sxvebma SesaniSnavad moaxerxes. `hermetuli<br />
romani~, romelic miznad isaxavs pirovnebis transmutacias, misi<br />
sulieri ganwmendisa da amaRlebis Cvenebas, cxadad iCens sinamdvilidan<br />
gaqcevis, empiriulobis daZlevis midrekilebas. swored es Tavisebureba ganasxvavebs<br />
aseTi tipis romans `cnobierebis nakadis~ romanisagan, romelic<br />
sruliad empiriulia.<br />
cneba _ `centriskenuli~ dostoevskidan modis. is Seecada, eCvenebina,<br />
Tu raoden marTali iyo mis mier gadmocemuli ambebi da rogor ukav-<br />
Sirdebodnen isini mis namdvil, sulier gancdebs. XIX s. mwerlebi iseT<br />
gamonaTqvamebs, romlebSic maTi gulwrfeloba da piradi gancdebi vlindeboda,<br />
`unebur aRsarebebs~ uwodebdnen. e. gonkurma aRniSna, rom XIX s.<br />
bolos moxda fsiqologiuri romanis ganaxleba.<br />
mogvianebiT romanma specifikuri realoba aRwera da aRar ganviTarda.<br />
Tumca, zogierTi kritikosi, maT Soris baxtini, miiCnevs, rom romanuli<br />
Janri uSreti ganaxlebis unaris mqonea. (baxtini 1973: 24).<br />
ukeTesia, daveTanxmoT baxtins, vinc fiqrobs, rom romani ar Sewyvets<br />
ganviTarebas, miT ufro maSin, rodesac masTan erTad kritikac ase intensiurad<br />
viTardeba. Cndeba axali terminebi, romlebic romanTan mimarTebaSi<br />
aqtiurad gamoiyeneba da mkiTxvels exmareba, ukeT gaerkves axleburi romanis<br />
labirinTebSi. erT-erTi aseTi termini gaxlavT `subieqturi Txro-
`subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika<br />
ba~, romlis Seswavlac didi xani araa, rac daiwyes.<br />
saerTod, es termini aRniSnavs romanistis Zalisxmevas, warmoaCinos<br />
Tavisi gamonagonis elementebi erTi an ramdenime personaJis Tvalsazrisis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
personaJis aRwera romanis ganuyofeli nawilia. magaliTad, stendalis<br />
an Tekereis gmirebis umravlesoba avtoris subieqturi aRweris niSnebs<br />
atarebs. subieqturobaze damokidebuli aRweriloba personaJisa, damtkicebulia,<br />
rom ukeTesad axasiaTebs TviT aRmwers, vidre mas, visac aRweren.<br />
sayuradReboa, rogor xdeba ambis moyola `subieqtur romanSi~. amas<br />
gansazRvravs mTxroblis garkveuli pozicia am ambis mimarT. romanistma,<br />
rogorc moriaki uwodebs, `RmerTis niSnis matarebelma~, vinc es personaJebi<br />
Seqmna, miiTvisa yovlismcodnis privilegia: Tavisi RvTiuri niWiT, man<br />
zondireba gaukeTa Tirkmlebs da gulebs da imaze ukeT gaicno Tavisi qmnilebebi,<br />
vidre TviT isini icnobdnen sakuTar Tavso, ambobs moriaki. SemTxvevas,<br />
rodesac mTxrobeli ufro mets ambobs personaJebze, vidre TviT<br />
SeuZliaT, rom Tqvan, literaturis Teoretikosebi ganixilaven Txrobis<br />
pirvel saxed. meore SemTxvevad miiCneven iseT Txrobas, rodesac mTxrobeli<br />
Tavs Zalas atans, mxolod is Tqvas, rac icis personaJma da aCvenos<br />
is, rasac es personaJi grZnobs. am movlenas frangi kritikosi Jan puioni<br />
uwodebs `xedviT~ (vision) Txrobas, romelic dakavSirebulia subieqturi<br />
Tvalsazrisis SezRudvis dacvasTan da `keTilsindisierad~ dakvirvebasTan,<br />
rogorc ambobs TviT mkvlevari. (koni 1981: 86)<br />
mesame SemTxveva is aris, rom Txroba `obieqturia~, anu mTxrobeli<br />
kmayofildeba personaJis qcevebis garedan daregistrirebiT. subieqturi<br />
realizmis teqnikas gansazRvravs swored `xedva romelime personaJiT~ (vision<br />
avec), ramac daipyro Tanamedrove romani. a. Jidi, malro, folkneri<br />
iyeneben mxolod faqtebis gamoxatvas personaJis Sexedulebidan gamomdinare.<br />
`subieqturi realizis~ principi, rogorc es sartrma aRniSna, gamoricxavs<br />
sxva xmas, garda personaJisa. miuTiTebs, rom personaJis xasiaTi<br />
TandaTan ixateba, roca is asrulebs moqmedebebs an warmoTqvams sityvebs.<br />
subieqturi Txroba eyrdnoba mkiTxvelis mier romanSi adamianis Tvalsazrisis<br />
povnas da masTan SeTavsebas, mkiTxvelis personaJad gadaqcevasac ki.<br />
bolo cda imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mkiTxveli miiwvios romanSi monawileobis<br />
misaRebad. frangi Teoretikosi Jan huioni naSromSi `dro da romani~<br />
`romelime personaJis xedvas~ (vision avec), romlis meSveobiTac, mkiTxvelic<br />
calke gamoyofs personaJis Tvalsazriss, ganasxvavebs `zurgidan xedvisagan~<br />
(vision par derrière), romelic varaudobs romanistis aSkara Carevas.<br />
magaliTad `vision avec~-is nimuSad stendalis `sentimentaluri aRzrdaa~<br />
23
24<br />
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
miCneuli, xolo `vision par derrière~ ilustrirebulia balzakis sxvadasxva<br />
romanSi, sadac mravladaa Tavmoyrili romanistis sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi.<br />
balzaki, icnobs ra Tavisi personaJis Sinagan samyaros, Tavisuflad gadadis<br />
erTi Tvalsazrisidan meoreze, rasac Tavis Tvalsazriss umatebs, anu<br />
rogorc mTxroblis, filosofosisa da istorikosis Tvalsazriss. aseTi<br />
yovlismcodneoba balzakis romanebs ayenebs tradiciuli romanis rigebSi<br />
maSin, roca flobers modernuloba Semoaqvs. igi emorCileba imas, rasac<br />
sartrma `subieqturi realizmi~ uwoda. (puioni 1996: 45)<br />
maS, rogor xdeba romanistis mier subieqturi realobis asaxva? sazogadod,<br />
mTxroblis Carevis xarisxs im ambavSi, rasac is gadmogvcems, gansaz-<br />
Rvravs distancia. saWiroa, ganisazRvros is, Tu ramdenad `axloa~ mTxrobeli<br />
gadmocemul faqtebTan an piriqiT, `distancias ikavebs~, gvTavazobs nakleb<br />
faqtebs, vidre TviT misTvisaa cnobili. magaliTad, suraTs sxvadasxva<br />
manZilidan sxvadasxva sizustiT vxedavT. aseve, ambavic ar gamoCndeba erTi da<br />
imave moculobiT im distanciis mixedviT, rasac mTxrobeli irCevs. Tu is `axloa~<br />
masTan, SemogvTavazebs zust da detalur Txrobas, mogvcems ra didi sizustis<br />
STabeWdilebas, anu obieqturobas da piriqiT, mTxrobeli `Sordeba~<br />
ra faqtebis realobas, SemogvTavazebs bundovan Txrobas _ ese igi arazustsa<br />
da subieqturs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Txroba yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs ambavze,<br />
meoreSi ki _ mTxrobelze. `siaxlovisa~ da `siSoris~ winaaRmdegobas mivyavarT<br />
`obieqturobasa~ da `subieqturobas~ Soris arsebul Seusabamobamde. e.<br />
jeimzis azriT, saqme exeba `Cvenebas~ da `Tqmas~. (Juvi 1997: 29)<br />
cnobilia, rom monaTxrobi Seicavs sam Sres: movlenebs, sityvebs anu metyvelebas<br />
da fiqrebs. gansxvaveba romanebs Soris am Sreebis gamoxatvis distanciaSi<br />
iqneba. Tu mTxrobeli irCevs `siaxloves~, is `gviCvenebs~, vidre<br />
`gviyveba~. is uars ambobs mokle mimoxilvaze detaluri scenebis sasargeblod.<br />
mkiTxvels SeuZlia `uyuros~ movlenas. samagierod, `Sors~ myofi<br />
mTxrobeli lakonurobas da faqtebis komentarebs gvTavazobs. floberi<br />
emas sikvdilis scenas `axlo myofi~ aRwers, xolo patara bertas beds<br />
ramdenime StrixiT iZleva avtori, vinaidan `Sors~ aris.<br />
rac Seexeba metyvelebas, aq mTxrobeli ganagebs teqnikaTa mTel serias.<br />
kritikos J. Jenetis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, SeiZleba moxdes distanciis<br />
kibeze asvlis klasifikacia maqsimumidan minimumamde. TxrobiTi metyveleba,<br />
sadac erTveba personaJis saubaric, mas igive doneze ayenebs, rogorc<br />
sxva movlenebs. distanciis SemTxvevaSi Txroba Sors rCeba sinamdvileSi<br />
warmoTqmuli sityvebisagan. aq Txroba kmayofildeba bundovanebiT.<br />
am sakiTxis ganvrcobamde, ganvsazRvroT ra aris metyveleba da ra Taviseburebebi<br />
axasiaTebs fsiqologiuri xasiaTis diqcias.<br />
metyvelebis manera aris procesi, romelic qmnis winaswar gansazRvrul
`subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika<br />
da mwyobri mniSvnelobis teqsts. Tvalsazrisi wesebis erTobliobaa,<br />
romelic miznad isaxavs, orientacia gaukeTos da Seferiloba misces metyvelebas.<br />
is Txrobisa da aRweris elementebs swavlobs. Tvalsazrisi<br />
miCneulia, rogorc metyvelebis Semadgeneli sintaqsuri da semantikuri<br />
nawilebis ganmsazRvreli. rac Seexeba teqstiT gamoxatuli emociurobis<br />
Seswavlas, is literaturuli analizis nawilia. Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania<br />
metyvelebisTvis emociuroba da misi gadmocema, amas fsiqologiuri<br />
analizi da gamoxatvis lingvistika gviCvenebs. grZnobismieri mdgomareoba<br />
mainc sityvebis saSualebiT unda gadmoices. es lingvistika moiTxovs specializebul<br />
leqsikas da morfologias, romelic miukuTvneba e.w. `gamomxatvel<br />
modalizacias~. aq gamoiyofa grZnobebis gadmomcem modalizaciaTa<br />
klasi, romelic subieqtis `sulis mdgomareobas~ gamoxatavs. esenia: zmnebi,<br />
sazogado saxelebi, zedsarTavebi da zmnizedebi. zogadad, grZnobismieri<br />
modalizacia emyareba gamoxatuli sagnebisa Tu situaciis dadebiT an<br />
uaryofiT Sefasebas. mgrZnobiaroba-emociuroba rTuli fenomenia da Sei-<br />
Zleba ramdenime TvalsazrisiT ganixilos, ufro metad, aRweriTi da teqstis<br />
analizis gziT. Tu masTan fsiqologiuri analiziT midgoma SeiZleba,<br />
is unda daeyrdnos semio-lingvistikur analizs. `sulis mdgomareoba~ warmodgenilia<br />
Sesabamisi leqsikiT, magaliTad, vnebis gamomxatveli sityvebiT:<br />
siyvaruli, survili; magram aseve zogadi nomenklaturis terminebiT:<br />
grZnoba, emocia, ltolva... da Tu am saxelebs maT zmnur, zedsarTavur Tu<br />
zmnizedur derivaciebs davumatebT, mainc ver movixelTebT mgrZnobelobis<br />
sidides da siZlieres. metyvelebis globalur struqturebs SeuZliaT gansazRvon<br />
leqsikuri da frazeologiuri lokaluri struqturebi. mgrZnobelobis<br />
sidide metyvelebis dones Seesabameba. mgrZnobelobas gamoxatavs<br />
xatovani kodebi _ somaturi gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic aRniSnaven, magali-<br />
Tad, personaJis gawiTlebas. somaturi gamonaTqvami miemarTeba pirvel rig-<br />
Si im personaJis saxes, romelic wiTldeba. e.i. sityvebis nacvlad Cndeba<br />
somaturi aqti. sityvebis gareSec, is emsaxureba azris gadmocemas. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, mgrZnobelobis sidide mxolod metyvelebas ar exeba, aramed<br />
mTel teqts.<br />
Sinagani Tvalsazrisis gadmosacemad avtors sWirdeba specialuri<br />
gamoTqmebi, rac aRwers Sinagan mdgomareobas. magaliTad: `man gaifiqra~,<br />
`man igrZno~, `moeCvena~, `gaixsena~ da a.S. SesaZloa, gamoiyenebodes gareSe<br />
damkvirveblis TvalsazrisisaTvis iseTi sagangebo sityvebi, rogoricaa:<br />
`etyoba~, `Cans~, `TiTqos~ da a.S. isini maSin ixmareba, rodesac mTxrobeli<br />
aRwers imas, rac sinamdvileSi man ar SeiZleba icodes. es gmiris gancdebi<br />
da fiqrebia gareSe meTvalyuris Tvalsazrisidan.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom damajereblad da sabolood jer ar gadawyveti-<br />
25
26<br />
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
la TxrobiTi literaturis kuTvnili sityvis (lexis) irgvliv arsebuli<br />
problemebi. romanistebi mTavari gmirebis Sinagan metyvelebaze akeTeben<br />
aqcents. erTi sityviT, Txrobis (frangulad – recit ; inglisurad – telling)<br />
da metyvelebis (frang. – discours ; ing – speech) dapirispireba grZeldeba.<br />
erTaderTi periodi, rodesac maT Soris Tanxmoba da wonasworoba SeiniSneboda,<br />
XIX s. klasikuri xana iyo – balzakisa da tolstois obieqturi<br />
TxrobiT gamorCeuli. `Tanamedrove epoqam gaaZliera imis SesaZlebloba,<br />
rom adamianis metyvelebamdeli, Znelad misawvdomi cnobiereba mwerlisaTvis<br />
gamxdariyo naTeli da zusti~. _ aRniSnavs J. Jeneti. (Jeneti 1973b: 24)<br />
`Figures III~-Si Jenetma dabneulobis gasafantavad kidev erTxel daazusta<br />
cnebebi: `recit~ da `narration~, rac qarTulad Txrobas niSnavs. is<br />
ambobs, rom termini `recit~ aris metyveleba anu TviT moTxrobili teqsti<br />
_ Txrobis Semcveloba, xolo `narration~ _ Txrobis aqti.<br />
rogorc vTqviT, XX s. evropul mwerlobaSi sametyvelo stili I adgils<br />
ikavebs, mkvidrdeba axleburi naratiuli stili _ jer grZeli Sinagani<br />
monologebi, Semdeg maTi Canacvleba distanciidan TxrobiT.<br />
monologis an Tundac Sinagani monologis teqnika arc XIX s. literaturisTvis<br />
iyo ucxo. Sinagan monologebs fsiqologiuri xasiaTis yvela<br />
romanSi vxvdebiT. isini ufro tradiciuli monologebia, vinaidan personaJis<br />
metyvelebaSi aSkarad Cans yovlismcodne avtori-mTxrobeli. rac Seexeba<br />
XX s. modernistul literaturaSi damkvidrebul Sinagan monologs,<br />
aq personaJis fiqrebis formireba xdeba TviT am personaJis mier da adgili<br />
aqvs misi cnobierebis _ azrebisa da suraTebis fsiqologiur gamoxatvas.<br />
Sinagani metyvelebis ganviTarebis sazRvrebi da formebi Tanmimdevrulad<br />
icvleboda imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor viTardeboda mecnieruli Tu<br />
eTikuri warmodgena adamianis fsiqikaze da TviTanalizis SesaZlo xarisxebze.<br />
am tipis metyveleba niSnavs dauqvemdebarebel irib Tu pirdapir naTqvamSi<br />
personaJis fiqrebis aRweras maTi warmoSobis droidanve mTxroblis<br />
yovelgvari Carevis gareSe. is cvlis e. w. fsiqologiur analizs. es aris<br />
personaJis cnobierebis _ azrebisa da suraTebis fsiqologiuri gamoxatva,<br />
cda martomyofi adamianis fsiqikuri moZraobis xelaxla Seqmnisa.<br />
Tanamedrove mxatvrul literaturaSi yuradRebas iqcevs iribi metyvelebis<br />
axali forma, romelsac frangulad Le style indirect libre-s<br />
uwodeben, rusulad – Несобственно-прямая речь. zemoT Cven is pirobiTad<br />
`dauqvemdebarebel irib stilad~ movixsenieT, radgan is irib naTqvamSi auqmebs<br />
yovelgvar daqvemdebarebas. am tipis metyvelebaSi ori `xma~ Tavsdeba<br />
– avtorisa da personaJisa. is icavs droTa SeTanxmebas da gancxadebiTi<br />
formiT gamoirCeva. igi zogjer avtonomias aRwevs.<br />
fr. moriaki xSirad iyenebs `dauqvemdebarebel irib stils~, rac per-
`subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika<br />
sonaJis fiqrs warmoadgens. roca romanisti ereva pirdapiri naTqvamis<br />
pasaJebSi, raTa qcevebze miuTiTos, is Tavs ar izRudavs, bihevioristuli *<br />
xasiaTis komentaris gakeTebiT. moriakis stilis progresi mdgomareobs<br />
personaJis saqmeSi ukanonod Carevisgan Tavis Sekavebasa da romanistis<br />
logikuri metyvelebis Sinagan metyvelebad gadaqcevaSi.<br />
gadataniTi anu iribi metyveleba, Seicavs ra personaJis naTqvams iribi<br />
formiT, axloa warmoTqmuli sityvebis sizustesTan: personaJis mier warmoTqmuli<br />
sityvebi TxrobiTi kilos mier ifiltreba.<br />
vfiqrobT, am mxriv, CvenTvis sayuradReboa moriakis romani `tereza<br />
dekeiru~, romlis introspeqtul TxrobaSi terezas Tvalsazrisi dominirebs.<br />
Txroba mxolod mis mogonebebs mihyveba, raSic CarTulia mTavari personaJis<br />
fiqri Tu warmosaxva. marto myofi tereza Tavis TavSia Caketili<br />
da sakuTar Tavs uRrmavdeba. amdenad, mis cnobierebis nakads didi adgili<br />
eTmoba TxrobaSi. fiqrebi gadmocemulia xan iribi naTqvamiT (`terezas<br />
eCveneba, rom~) da xan dauqvemdebarebeli iribi stiliT (`ras etyoda is<br />
mas~). romanis moqmedebis warsulsa da awmyos terezas meSveobiT vigebT.<br />
mis Tvalsazriss mwerali aZlierebs erTi mxriv imiT, rom ukan ixevs Tavisi<br />
gmiris aRwerisas, Tan zogjer Tavis mosazrebasac urTavs (`terezas axsovs,<br />
rom~), xolo meore mxriv, Txrobis `kerebs~ amravlebs. xdeba isec,<br />
rom moriaki uyuradRebod tovebs Tavis gmirs da sxva personaJze gadadis,<br />
vinc Tavis fiqrebs gadmoscems. mwerali zogjer Tamamad urTavs iq sakuTar<br />
msjelobas maqsimebis saxiT.<br />
movitanTT avtorisa da personaJis Tvalsazrisebis urTierTSerwymis<br />
magaliTi, sadac I piris III piriT Canacvleba bevrs arafers cvlis da avtoris<br />
mier gamoyenebuli `dauqvemdebarebeli iribi naTqvami~ isev Sinagani<br />
metyvelebis erTgvari gagrZelebaa:<br />
`tereza kvlav fiqrTa xlarTebs mihyveba: «rogor STavagono bernars,<br />
rom me is vaJi arasodes myvarebia? [...] rogorc yvela adamians, visTvisac<br />
siyvaruli ucxoa, hgonia, rom Cem mier Cadenili danaSauli vnebiT iyo nakarnaxevi».<br />
bernarma unda gaigos, rom imJamad tereza misadmi ar ganicdida<br />
siZulvils. es kia, rom xSirad autanlad eCveneboda, magram fiqradac ar<br />
hqonia dardis gaqarveba sxva mamakacTan~. (moriaki 1983: 47)<br />
Cveni msjelobis Tema – citirebuli metyveleba, sakuTar TavTan saubris<br />
erT-erTi saxe, rac ase xSirad gamoiyeneba XX s. romanis personaJebis<br />
mier, aris sityvis dialoguri ganzomilebidan gadaxveva, romelic gamomdinareobs<br />
literaturaSi subieqtis bed-iRblis Seswavlidan. is wamoWris<br />
araerT teqnikur da Teoriul problemas, romlis nawilobriv gadaWras<br />
qvemoT SevecdebiT.<br />
* bihevioristuli – adamianis yofaqcevis obieqturi kvlevismieri.<br />
27
28<br />
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
fiqrebis gadmocemis sakiTxis irgvliv sakmaod mwvaved kamaToben Teoretikosebi.<br />
maT Sromebs Soris gamoirCeva frangi d. konis `Sinagani gamWvirvaleba~,<br />
sadac aRniSnulia, rom fsiqikuri cxovrebis gamoxatva Txrobis<br />
mxriv specialur midgomas saWiroebs. J. Jeneti miiCnevs, rom TxrobisaTvis<br />
mxolod movlenebia cnobili, metyveleba movlenebis gansakuTrebuli<br />
saxeobaa da SeuZlia pirdapir citirebuli iyos sityvier TxrobaSi. misi<br />
azriT fiqrTa Txroba ar ganirCeva sityvieri Txrobisagan. `fiqri Cumi<br />
sityvaa, rogor aRdgeba fiqrebi sityvebis gareSe?~ – aRniSnavs kritikosi.<br />
(Jeneti 1973: 97)<br />
aRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, d. koni Tavis gamokvlevebSi ganmartavs,<br />
rom e.w. fsiqoTxroba (psychorécit) warmodgenilia personaJis Sinagani<br />
samyaros mcodne avtorisagan. SemTxvevas, rodesac is distancias ani-<br />
Webs upiratesobas, konis azriT, SeiZleba ewodos `SesamCnevi disonansi~.<br />
am dros mTxrobeli naTlad emijneba subieqturi SefasebiT personaJs,<br />
romlis Sinagan samyaroSic aRwevs; xolo SemTxvevas, rodesac mTxrobeli<br />
irCevs `siaxloves~, ewodeba `SesamCnevi konsonansi~. aq mTxrobeli neitralur<br />
poziciazea.<br />
SevadaroT erTmaneTs ori winadadeba:<br />
1. `sabralo kacma ifiqra, rom daRupuli iyo~.<br />
2. `man ifiqra, rom daRupuli iyo~.<br />
pirvel magaliTSi avtori subieqturad aRwers movlenas da personaJsac<br />
uaryofiTad afasebs (sabralo kaci), meoreSi ki, icavs ra neitralitets,<br />
araviTar msjelobas ar iZleva masze.<br />
`naratiuli monologi~ (frang. – monologue narrative) * gadadis dauqvemdebarebel<br />
irib stilze imisda mixedviT, mTxrobeli `siSores~ irCevs Tu<br />
`siaxloves~.<br />
`citirebuli monologi~ (frang. – monologue rapporté) aRniSnavs personaJis<br />
Sinagan saubars ucvlelad, romelic SeiZleba gadmoices ironiulad<br />
an neitralurad. magaliTad:<br />
1. `sabralo kacma ifiqra: `daRupuli var~ (ironiuli)<br />
2. `man ifiqra: `daRupuli var~ (neitraluri).<br />
koni aseTi tipis monologs akavSirebs `avtonomiur monologTan~<br />
(frang. – monologue autonome) anu `Sinagan monologTan~ (frang. – Monologue<br />
intérieur). aq yovelTvis saqme exeba personaJis fiqrebis pirdapir citirebas,<br />
magram ar Cans mTxrobeli, romelsac isini mkiTxvelamde miaqvs. isev<br />
ganvixiloT magaliTi:<br />
`is uceb gaCerda. me daRupuli var~.<br />
konteqstidan gamomdinare, meore fraza SeiZleba daemTxvas personaJis<br />
* termini ekuTvnis J. Jenets. (Genette Gerard. Figures III. Seuil. 1973).
`subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika<br />
fiqrebs. aqac es aris manera, romliTac personaJi saxeldeba zemoT motanil<br />
magaliTSi da romelic nebas gvaZlevs, gamovavlinoT SesaZlo ironia<br />
an neitraliteti mTxroblisa.<br />
qvemoT warmovadgenT fsiqikuri cxovrebis asaxvis xerxebs konis mixedviT.<br />
(koni 1981: 232).<br />
fsiqo-Txroba<br />
(Sinagani cxovrebis asaxva<br />
yovlis-mcodne avtorisagan)<br />
naratiuli monologi<br />
Sinagani monologi<br />
(personaJis fiqrebis zusti<br />
citireba)<br />
distancia (SesamCnevi disonansi)<br />
siaxlove (SesamCnevi konsonansi)<br />
distancia (ironiuli tonaloba)<br />
siaxlove (araironiuli tonaloba)<br />
distancia (monologis ironiulad gadmocema)<br />
siaxlove (ironiis gareSe gadmocema)<br />
aRniSnul msjelobaze dayrdnobiT da sxva kvlevebis damowmebiT, Cven<br />
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT citirebuli monologisa (monologue rapporté) da<br />
Sinagani monologis (Monologue intérieur) msgavseba-gansxavebaze, SevecdebiT,<br />
gavarkvioT, ramdenad axlo dganan isini erTmaneTTan da movixmoT Sesabamisi<br />
magaliTebi.<br />
rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, subieqturi Txroba mTlianad aris damokidebuli<br />
personaJis Tvalsazrisze, mis fiqrsa da metyvelebaze.<br />
rogor SeiZleba warmogvidginos mTxrobelma personaJi, romelic<br />
mTlianad ikavebs subieqturi romanis Txrobis areals?<br />
sazogadod, vfiqrobT, rom romanis personaJi oTxi saxiT SeiZleba iqnes<br />
warmodgenili: 1. Tavisive Tavis mier, 2. sxva personaJis mier, 3. mTxroblis<br />
mier, 4. Tavisive Tavis, sxva personaJebisa da mTxroblis mier erTad. maTgan<br />
subieqturi Txroba eyrdnoba pirvels, personaJis warmodgenas Tavisive<br />
Tavis mier. imisaTvis, rom personaJma sakuTari Tavi warmogvidginos,<br />
is mas kargad unda icnobdes. SeiZleba mkiTxveli mowme gaxdes imisa, Tu<br />
rogor iwyebs personaJi Tavisi Tavis Secnobas. TviTanalizis gakeTeba er-<br />
Tob Znelia, vinaidan is subieqturobis viwro sazRvrebSia datyvevebuli.<br />
mas ar ZaluZs, ganze gadges Tavisive Tavidan da gansajos igi. `romel Tvals<br />
SeuZlia sakuTari Tavi dainaxos?~ _ kiTxulobs stendali `anri briularSi~.<br />
adamians ar ZaluZs Tavis Tavs miapyros is civi mzera, rogorc amas<br />
sxvaze gaakeTebda, da Tu es SeeZleboda, misi erTaderTi mzera damaxinjdeboda,<br />
TvalTagan dahkargavda figuris erTianobas da win wamoswevda imgvar<br />
Strixebs, romelic SesaZloa, ar yofiliyo dominanturi. mwerali saku-<br />
Tari Sinagani samyaros Cvenebas met-naklebad yovelTvis mimarTavda. amas is<br />
29
30<br />
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
saucxood axerxebda iseTi Janris meSveobiT, rogoricaa aRsareba. aRsarebis<br />
Janris didostatebad arian miCneulni avgustine, abeliari, ruso. amgvar<br />
romanSi avtori saqveynod aSiSvlebs sakuTar Tavs, dafarul, intimur<br />
moZraobebs. misi mizania, gaerkves sakuTar TavSi, dainaxos Tavisi nakli,<br />
Tqvas aRsareba da amiT eswrafvos srulyofilebas, idealur pirovnebad<br />
qcevas. es procesi aris `garegani~ adamianidan `Sinagani~ adamianisken Semobruneba.<br />
`me~ cvalebadia, Wirveuli an sulac, Seucnobeli. rogorc h. hese<br />
ambobda. adamianma is unda ipovnos, Seimecnos da amaRldes `mdabal me~-dan<br />
`zenaar me~-mde.<br />
mxolod aRsareba an avtobiografia ver axdens mTeli sinamdvilis modelirebas<br />
ise, rogorc romani. romans ganzogadebis Zala aqvs da calkeuli<br />
adamianis beds zogadad, adamianis bedad aqcevs. aRsareba subieqturi realobaa<br />
da aqvs dasasruli, romans ki SeuZlia darCes dausrulebeli da<br />
momavlis mimarT gaxsnili.<br />
subieqturi Txrobis erT-erTi forma SesaZloa, iyos piradi dRiuri.<br />
igi iseT principzea agebuli, rom yoveldRiurad asaxavs Sinagan cxovrebas<br />
misi msvlelobis dros. dRiuris forma aniWebs erT saerTo mniSvnels<br />
iseT romanebs, rogoricaa sartris `gulzidva~, moriakis `aspitTa bude~<br />
an bernanosis `soflis mRvdlis dRiuri~. amgvari forma mniSvnelovnad<br />
amcirebs ra gansxvavebas damwerlobasa da realur cxovrebas Soris, cdilobs<br />
gamoxatos yoveldRiurobaSi CaZiruli cnobierebis ganviTareba.<br />
epistolarul romanSi es gansxvaveba kidev ufro mcirea, vinaidan personaJi<br />
wers maSin, rodesac moqmedebis procesSi imyofeba. piradi dRiurisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT, werils surs, miaRwios adresatamde. werilis avtorma<br />
SeiZleba zustad ver an ar gadmosces `Tavisi Sinagani yofa~ yvelafris<br />
gamJRavnebis SiSiT an adresatze zrunvis gamo. adresati ki an pasuxobs an<br />
Cumdeba.<br />
dRiuri xSirad bevr rames sesxulobs memuarebisagan ise, rogorc memuarebi<br />
SeiZleba gaxdes piradi dRiuri. XX s. romanistebi xSirad amdidreben<br />
sakuTar nawerebs dRiurebiTa Tu epistolaruli nimuSebiT. nawarmoebSi<br />
piradi werilebis CarTva mis personaJebs met idumalebas da saku-<br />
Tari Tavis ukeT `gaxsnis~ saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
fsiqologiuri xasiaTis metyveleba aqcents akeTebs lingvistur<br />
modalobebze, romlebic `gulebis codnas~ exeba. es metyveleba pirvel<br />
rigSi romanis formazea damokidebuli.<br />
Cven mier CamoTvlili Janrebi swored rom subieqturi Txrobis princips<br />
eyrdnoba, sadac did adgils ikavebs Sinagani metyveleba. ukve iTqva, rom<br />
is ramdenime saxisaa. dauqvemdebarebeli iribi stili, romelic floberma<br />
da jein ustenma SeimuSaves, citirebul monologs ar Seicavs. is moTxro-
`subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika<br />
bili, sxvisi piriT gadmocemuli monologia. aris agreTve narativizebuli<br />
monologi (frang. - monologue narrativisé; ingl. _ narrated monologue) anu<br />
iseTi metyveleba, romelic ekuTvnis personaJs, magram mas mTxrobeli gadmogvcems<br />
III pirSi da warsul droSi.<br />
frangi Teoretikosi, pol rikoeri, romelmac aRniSnuli meTodebi gamoikvlia,<br />
Tavis statiaSi `fiqrebisa da grZnobebis pirdapiri Txroba~,<br />
gamoyo ori aseTi SemTxveva: avtoTxroba (autorécit), rasac eyrdnoba aRsareba<br />
Tu memuarebi da fsiqoTxroba (psychorécit). misi TqmiT,, romanuli<br />
fiqcia, garda grZnobebisa da fiqrebis pirdapiri gadmocemisa, eyrdnoba<br />
or teqnikas:<br />
1) citirebul monologs (frangulad – monologue rapporté, inglisurad<br />
_ quoted monologue), rac niSnavs sxvisi fiqciuri Sinagani metyvelebis<br />
citirebas mTxoblis mier an Tavis TavTan raime azris damowmebas (frang. _<br />
se citer) TviT personaJis mierve ise, rogorc TviTcitirebul monologSi.<br />
2) TviTcitirebul monologs (frang. – monologue autorapporté, ing. – selfquoted<br />
monologue), sadac mTxrobeli mxolod azustebs citirebul sityvebs<br />
fiqrebis warmoqmnis procesSi.<br />
qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi termini _ monologue rapporté cnobilia<br />
`gancdili metyvelebis~ saxeliT. *<br />
citirebuli da TviTcitirebuli monologebis erTmaneTisgan garCevva<br />
rTulia, vinaidan isini SeniRbulni arian. magaliTad, narativizebuli monologi<br />
rom citirebul monologad gadavaqcioT, unda aRvadginoT personaJebi<br />
Sesaferis droSi. sxva siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rac joisis<br />
mkiTxvelma kargad icis. es iseTi teqstebia, sadac aRar arsebobs sazRvari<br />
mTxroblisa da personaJis metyvelebas Soris. narativizebuli monologis<br />
es saukeTeso kobminacia axorcielebs sxvisi sityvebisa da fiqrebis<br />
yvelaze srulyofil integracias TxrobiT qsovilSi: mTxroblis sityva<br />
Tavis Tavze iRebs personaJis sityvas ise, rom Tavis xmas mas aZlevs da<br />
mTxrobeli personaJis tons emorCileba.<br />
saerTod, Sinagani monologis ormagi xasiaTi xSirad gamoiyeneba inglisur<br />
literaturaSi: aaSkaravebs mentaluri cxovrebis miudgomel da<br />
gamoukvlevel doneebs sxvadasxva saSualebebiT da aCvenebs, rogor SeigrZnobs<br />
samyaros adamianis cnobiereba. amis moTxovnileba TviT drom moitana<br />
da literaturaSi gaCnda cneba `cnobierebis nakadisa~, romlis Semadgeneli<br />
nawili swored Sinagani monologia – meTodi Sinagani gacnobierebulobis<br />
Cvenebisa.<br />
1931w. gamoqveynebul eseSi frangma mweralma e. diuJardenma Sinagani monologis<br />
pirveli ganmarteba mogvca. es is mweralia, romlis romanSic j.<br />
* ix. d. fanjikiZe, Targmanis Teoria da praqtika. Tb.: 1988. gv. 68.<br />
31
32<br />
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
joisma Sinagani monologis Canasaxebi naxa da Semdeg es xerxi Tavis `uliseSi~<br />
gamoiyena gacilebiT srulyofili literaturuli teqnikis saxiT..<br />
ai, es ganmartebac:<br />
`Sinagani monologi poetikis disciplinaSi aris msmenelis gareSe arsebuli<br />
metyveleba, romliTac personaJi warmouTqmelad gamoxatavs aracnobierTan<br />
yvelaze axlo myof intimur fiqrs yovelgvari logikuri wyobis<br />
gareSe, anu warmoqmnisTanave, sintaqsur minimumamde dayvanili pirdapiri<br />
frazebis saSualebiT, TiTqos gonebaSi am wuTas mosuli fiqris STabeWdilebas<br />
iZleodes~ (diuJardeni 1977: 88)<br />
diuJardeni miuTiTebs, rom mTavari siaxle, rac Sinaganma monologma<br />
moitana, iyo fiqrTa uwyveti dinebis mexsierebaSi aRdgena imave wesrigiT,<br />
rogorc personaJis gonebaSi warmoiSobodnen. avtoris azriT, Sinagani monologisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia sityvaTa SerCevis, Tanmimdevrobis ararseboba,<br />
racionaluri, logikuri niSnebis gaqroba.<br />
vityviT, rom mogvianebiT diuJardenis ganmarteba dromoWmuli da mwiri<br />
aRmoCndeba im Sinagani monologebisaTvis, romlebmac XX s. I naxevris<br />
cnobierebis nakadis literatura mTlianad moicva, gansakuTrebiT ki II<br />
naxevris romanSi ganviTarebuli monologebisaTvis.<br />
ramdenadac literatura adamianis samyaros, fsiqikas asaxavs, misi Secnoba<br />
martivi ar aris. mxatvruli sityva grZnobebTan aris Sesisxlxorcebuli<br />
da adamianze zemoqmedebis unari aqvs. mwerlis geniis wyalobiT<br />
sakmaod banaluri ambavi zogadkacobriul masStabebs aRwevs da sacnauri<br />
xdeba yvelasaTvis, vxedavT imas, rasac Cveulebrivi TvaliT ver davinaxavdiT<br />
_ gmirTa sulebis uRrmes Sreebs, sulier Tavgadasavlebs. mxatvruli<br />
sityvis meSveobiT adamianis sulis ukeT warmosaCenad cnobierebis nakadis<br />
xerxi iqna gamoyenebuli, romelic warsuli grZnobebis gaRvivebas emsaxureba.<br />
cnobierebis nakadi gmiriseul Txrobas gulisxmobs, magram yovelTvis<br />
ara. es gansakuTrebiT maSin aris SeuZlebeli, Tu am TxrobaSi rame grZnoba<br />
ki ar Cans, aramed mogoneba, romelic mwerlis mier gacnobierebuli da<br />
gaazrebulia. Tu personaJi Tavis warsul gancdaze gviambobs, es iqneba mxolod<br />
misi axlandeli Sexeduleba maSindeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. Tumca,<br />
am gziTac mkiTxveli mSvenivrad gebulobs personaJis saidumlos, romli-<br />
Tac misi sulia moculi, ecnoba mis Tavgadasavals. cnobierebis nakadi am<br />
yovelives cota sxvagvarad aRwers.<br />
aRniSnuli literaturuli mimdinareobis farTo mimoxilvas aq saWirod<br />
ar miviCnevT, vinaidan masze ukve sakmaod dawerila. vityviT mxolod,<br />
rom cnobierebis nakadis Sinagani monologi asociaciuri Txrobis elementebiTaa<br />
datvirTuli, sadac, erT SemTxvevaSi asociacia eyrdnoba gmiris an<br />
mTxroblis cnobierebis dinebaSi arsebul, Tundac erTi SexedviT erTma-
`subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika<br />
neTTan daukavSirebel `niSansvetebs~, romlebic am dinebas axali asociaciebisaken<br />
mimarTaven da, meore _ asociacia mTlianad mwerlis mxatvrul<br />
koncefciaSi Sedis da miedineba gmiris fizikuri arsebobis gamomxatveli<br />
faqtebisa Tu mis sulier cxovrebasTan uSualo kavSirSi myofi movlenebisagan<br />
damoukideblad. aseTi asociaciis niSansvetebi gmiris Sinagan monologSi<br />
Tavsdeba da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, im mxatvruli komentarebis<br />
organuli nawilia, romlebsac mwerali urTavs personaJTa nafiqralsa da<br />
gancdils, raTa gafantuli asociaciebi ZiriTad saTqmels daukavSiros.<br />
joisis `ulise~ stilisa da literaturuli qaragmebis mravalferovnebis<br />
amsaxvelia. masTan, ise, rogorc folknerTan, waSlilia zRvari `sxvis~<br />
sityvas, avtoriseul remarkasa da personaJis Sinagan monologs Soris. arc<br />
joisi da arc folkneri brWyalebs ar xmarobs. joisTan dialogi da monologi<br />
`daSlilia~, erTmaneTis gverdiT Tavsdeba garegnulad daukavSirebeli<br />
asociaciebi da warmodgenebi. Tumca, zogjer Sinagani monologis SinaarsSi<br />
mcire logikurobisa da realur planTan kavSiris povnac SeiZleba.<br />
Sinagan monologze saubari CvenTvis sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac<br />
mas zogi ram saerTo aqvs citirebul metyvelebasTan. movitanoT magali-<br />
Tebi personaJTa tradiciuli da aratradiciuli monologebidan da erTmaneTs<br />
SevadaroT:<br />
`ulises~ personaJi, stiveni gakveTilze algebris amocanis amoxsnaSi<br />
exmareba erT-erT moswavles. stivenis cnobierebaSi mimdinare movlenebi,<br />
Sinagani monologi da avtoris sityvebi erTmaneTisgan araviTari niSnebiT<br />
ar gamoiyofa:<br />
`_ axla gaigeT? SegiZliaT meore TviTon amoxsnaT?<br />
_ diax, ser.<br />
grZeli, uSno xazebiT sarjentma amocanis piroba gadawera [...] mkrTali<br />
kani sircxvilisagan odnav Seefarkla. Amor matris: subieqturi da obieqturi<br />
naTesaobiTi brunva wyal-wyala sisxliTa da aWrili rZiT gamokveba<br />
da aravisTvis daunaxvebia misi saxvevebi.<br />
mec aseTi viyavi. es daSvebuli mxrebi, es mouqneloba, Cemi bavSvoba<br />
waxrila Cems gverdiT. metismetad Sorsaa, [...] Cemi Sorsaa, misi ki Cveni<br />
TvalebiviT saidumloebiT moculi. saidumloebani, dadumebulni, gaqvavebulni,<br />
Cveni saidumloebani: tiranebi, romelTac swadiaT, rom vinmem<br />
daamxos isini.<br />
amocana amoixsna~. (joisi 1983: 38)<br />
rogorc vxedavT, stivenis Sinagan metyvelebaSi logikurad Camoyalibebul<br />
fiqrebs warmosaxviTi suraTebi sWarbobs.<br />
axla movixmoT erTi epizodi Tanamedrove frangi mwerali qalis – koletis<br />
romanidan `mawanwala~. misi mTavari moqmedi piris – renes cnobie-<br />
33
34<br />
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
reba cekvisas Semdeg fiqrebs daupyria:<br />
`me maT vxedav, Cemda uneburad vxedav... cekvis dros, trialisas, vxedav<br />
da vcnob. win! win! am saRamos goneba naTeli maqvs... vcekvav... araferi maviwydeba,<br />
Tavs veuflebi. midi! midi! arsebobs ki es xalxi? ara, ara. realoba<br />
mxolod cekvaa, Suqi, Tavisufleba, musika... realuri mxolod misi<br />
fiqris ritmebis gadmocemaa, misi gansaxiereba lamaz JestebSi... am wuTs<br />
mxolod maTi moxibvla msurs! cota Zala kidev: TmebiTa da samkaulebiT<br />
datvirTuli maTi Tavebi morCilad da nela ixrebian da momyvebian... ai,<br />
iRimebian, es moxibluli sulelebi~... (koleti 1910: 53-54)<br />
aq personaJis fiqrebis dinebas romanisti xels ar uSlis, arc erT komentars<br />
ar urTavs, vinaidan TiToeuli sityva naTlad xsnis gmiris sulier<br />
ganwyobilebas da warmodgenas gvaZlevs, imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba, rogorc<br />
`SigniT~, ise `gareT~.<br />
saxezea aratradiciuli da tradiciuli monologebi, romelTa Soris<br />
gansxvavebacaa da msgavsebac. pirvel rigSi sayuradReboa is, Tu ras aCvenebs<br />
avtori, aracnobiers Tu cnobiers, Semdeg – misi pozicia. Cvens SemTxvevebSi<br />
avtorTa poziciebi neitraluria. rac Seexeba dros, saqme gvaqvs subieqturi<br />
awmyo drois asaxvasTan, magram pirvel magaliTSi Txrobis drois<br />
nacvlad mxolod Sinagani droa, xolo sivrce – ganusazRvreli. meoreSi<br />
droc da sivrcec sruliad konkretulia. punqtuaciuri niSnebis arseboba<br />
aq logikuri Txrobis atributebs warmoadgens. tradiciul Sinagan monologs<br />
axasiaTebs elifsebis, zmna `yofnis~ araerTi formis anu e.w. prezentativis<br />
– `es aris~, anaforis, kiTxviTi winadadebis xSirad xmareba da<br />
aratradiciulis msgavsad, dialogisa da monologis urTierTSerwyma. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom Txrobis teqnikaze dramaturgiuli koncefciis gavrceleba<br />
aratradiciuli monologisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris.<br />
kidev ganvixiloT citirebuli metyvelebis magaliTi deniz dezi Jikeris<br />
romanidan `sofi~, raTa davrwmundeT zemoT motanili msjelobis sisworeSi:<br />
`me yvelaze mSvenieri var[...]Sen Tavs cudad grZnob[...]eleni me miyurebs[...]Tu<br />
avixedav, is iqiT gaixedavs da gawiTldeba. momwons, roca wiTldeba[...]Jizeli<br />
ambobs, rom elens namdvili maqmanebiani sacvlebi acvia,<br />
arc mkerdsakravi, arc korseti. [...]saidan gaigo es yvelaferi Jizelma?~<br />
(denizi 2006: 22)<br />
maSasadame, citirebul monologsa da avtonomiur anu Sinagan monologs<br />
Soris gansxvavebas konteqsti gansazRvravs, sadac mTxrobeli personaJis<br />
Sinagani metyvelebis citirebas sxvadasxvagvarad axdens. folknerTan, magaliTad,<br />
vxvdebiT rogorc avtonomiur, ise avtobiografiul monologebs<br />
(marteni 1999: 2). kventini aRsasrulis dRis movlenebs am ukanaskneli ti-
`subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika<br />
pis metyvelebis saSualebiT gadmogvcems. aq qronologiuri Tanmimdevroba<br />
daculia, magram aseT monologSi SesaZloa, uxeSad SeiWras warsuli dro.<br />
folkneri mraval teqnikur saSualebas iyenebs, raTa teqstSi Seitanos ritmis<br />
cvalebadoba. Sinagan monologs daqvemdebarebuli aqvs sxvadasxva tipis<br />
monologi da amdenad iqmneba cnobierebis gadajaWvuli dineba. teqstSi<br />
orazrovnebas da orWofobas iwvevs avtoris mier gakeTebuli gadasvlebi<br />
sxvisken fokalizaciaze, yovlismcodne avtoris aRwerilobebidan personaJis<br />
Sinagan metyvelebaze.<br />
yvela es sakiTxebi literaturaTmcodneobaSi sakmaod kargadaa Seswavlili,<br />
magram interesi kvlavac didia.<br />
motanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom citirebuli metyveleba, romelsac,<br />
raRa Tqma unda, monologis saxe aqvs, warmoadgens stendaliseuli an<br />
dostoevskiseuli monologebis gaRrmavebul, daxvewil da gaumjobesebul<br />
formebs, sintaqsurad mowesrigebul, Tanmimdevruli winadadebebisa da sityvebis<br />
wyobas, gansazRvrul drosa da sivrceSi moTavsebul moqmedebaTa<br />
erTobliobas da logikurad axsnad da SemadgenlobiT rTul fiqrTa dinebebs.<br />
am yovelives iSviaTad SevxvdebiT folkneris, vulfis, mogvianebiT<br />
ki, TiTqmis aRar - biutoris, beketis, koenis SemoqmedebaSi. monologebi<br />
maTTan warsuls aqcevs wamis, erTi momentis Tanaziarad, yvela es monologi<br />
gamoxatavs awmyoSi Caketilobas. s. beketis romanSi `moloi~, ori<br />
personaJi monologebiT saubrobs. isini darwmunebulni ar arian imaSi,<br />
rac adre moxda. maTTvis arc momavalia garkveuli. sityvis Tqma mkiTxvels<br />
ekisreba, raTa es personaJebi erTmaneTisgan gaarCios. aq personaJi uecrad<br />
ararad iqceva. teqstic imdenad mcirdeba ise, rom `meti aRaraferi~ xdeba.<br />
Tanamedrove romanebi amsxvrevs Cvens Cveulebebs, interesi gamoviCinoT<br />
teqstis mimarT, magram igive romanebi gviCvenebs, dialogisa da monologis<br />
opoziciaSi realurad rogor qreba maTi sazRvrebi, raTa gamoxatos drois<br />
gansakuTrebuli koncefcia.<br />
v. vulfis romani `talRebi~ mTeli Tanmimdevrobaa Sinagani monologebis<br />
seriisa, romelSic ibadeba sxvadasxva personaJi sxvadasxva poeturi<br />
aRwerilobiT. aq iseve axloa mkiTxveli subieqtur realobasa da persona-<br />
Jis cnobierebasTan, rogorc obieqtur realobaSi _ faqtTan. am teqnikis<br />
uxerxuloba is aris, rom spobs personaJis Sinagani drois qronologiur<br />
Tanmimdevrobas.<br />
vulfi xSirad mimarTavs ra Sinagani molologis teqnikas, uxeSad ar<br />
eqceva mkiTxvels Tavisi triukebiT. is icavs Txrobis ostatobas da Tavs<br />
uflebas aZlevs, isargeblos ormagi privilegiiT: SeaRwios gmiris cnobierebaSi<br />
da gamoavlinos igi erTmaneTis miyolebiT. magram mas Semdeg, rac<br />
romanisti ayalibebs Sinagan molologs, is riskavs mivides garkveul zR-<br />
35
36<br />
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
vramde. igi moxerxebulad alamazebs monologebs TavSekavebuli miTiTebebiT,<br />
romlebic mkiTxvels xelaxla arsebobis saSualebas aZlevs aRniSnul<br />
situaciaSi.<br />
Sinagani molologi gvxvdeba T. manis `jadosnur mTaSic~, magram mokr-<br />
Zalebulad maSin, roca `uliseSi~ moqmedebis nacvlad mxolod Sinagani<br />
metyvelebaa, aq xazgasmulia drois subieqturi aspeqti, rac damokidebulia<br />
gancdebze.<br />
a. kamius `dacema~ mTlianad monologuri romania, sityvis erTgvari<br />
Tavgadasavali. misi gadasxvafereba an Sewyveta mxolod sxva personaJs SeeZleboda.<br />
amave avtoris pirveli romani `ucxoc~ rogorc monologi, ise<br />
iwyeba. sityvebi `dRes~, `xval~, `guSin~ gviqmnian STabeWdilebas, TiTqos<br />
mTxrobeli-personaJis dRevandelobaSi, awmyoSi vimyofebiT, romelic mis<br />
fiqrebs mihyveba iseTi TanmimdevrobiT, rogori TanmimdevrobiTac isini mis<br />
TavSi ibadeba. magram romanis pirvel nawilSive zogjer icvleba martivi<br />
monologis forma.<br />
unda iTqvas, rom 50-iani wlebis dasavlur romanSi Sinagani monologi<br />
gansakuTrebul saxes iRebs, sadac fraza Zlivs aris moxazuli. mwerlebi<br />
cdiloben, gaauqmon winadadebis wyobis wesebi da misi yvela niSani mospon<br />
punqtuaciasTan erTad. movitanoT erTi fraza, ufro sworad, frazis embrioni<br />
beketis romanidan `es rogor?~:<br />
`cxovrebas / cxovrebas / sxva / naTelSi / romelic SeiZleboda mqonoda<br />
/ erTi wamiT / isev ver daviwyeb~. (beketi 1968: 10)<br />
es aris gansakuTrebuli tipis teqstis segmentebi, romlebic nakleb integrirebadia<br />
ermaneTTan da ar ZaluZT erTmaneTis daxmarebiT arseboba.<br />
es iseTi sityva-frazis nimuSia, romelsac olofrazas (holophrase) uwodeben.<br />
misi specifikuroba, frazis Canasaxi TvalSi sacemi maSin iqneba, Tu<br />
mas cezurebiT da dasrulebuli melodiurobiT warmovTqvamT. aRniSnuli<br />
fraza daaxloebiT aseTi unda yofiliyo:<br />
`namdvil cxovrebas, romelmac uarmyo, naTelSi cxovrebas, romelic<br />
SeiZleboda mqonoda, Tundac erTi wamiT isev ver daviwyeb~.<br />
olofraza eyrdnoba Jests, mimikas, winalingvistur formas, romlebic<br />
aseve cnobierebis gamovlinebebia.<br />
franguli `axali romani~ mkiTxvels pirdapir ayenebs moqmedebis centrSi<br />
gamogonili ambebisa, romlebic aRmoCndeba qaoturi realobisa da<br />
sakuTari Tavis gaSifvris pasuxismgeblobis winaSe. misi mTavari siaxle<br />
ki mainc enasa da weris reformaSi iqneba, xolo siZvele _ samyarosa da<br />
adamianis warmodgenis subieqturobaSi. aqac romanisti uars ityvis Tavis<br />
uflebebze personaJis sasargeblod. aq warmoCndeba iseTi Txroba, romelic<br />
Camoyalibebis procesSi iqneba. miSel biutoris prozis saxiT Cven
`subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika<br />
gvaqvs Txrobis absoluturad Tanamedrove forma, romlis Caketili cnobierebis<br />
gaxsna mxolod II pirs SeuZlia. mis romanSi `modifikaciebi~ mxolod<br />
meore piria gamoyenebuli. xom ar aris es Taviseburi gamoxatuleba<br />
Sinagani monologisa, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom `axali romani~ mkiTxvelis<br />
aqtiur monawileobas moiTxovs da mas mwerlis oreulad aqcevs? unda vivaraudoT,<br />
rom es asea.<br />
Cven SevecadeT, kidev erTxel gveCvenebina citirebuli da cnobierebis<br />
nakadis Sinagani monologebis ganviTarebis Taviseburebani Tanamedrove dasavlur<br />
romanSi, maTi msgavseba-gansxvaveba da yuradReba gagvemaxvilebina<br />
terminze `citirebuli~, vinaidan migvaCnia, rom amgvari metyvelebiT personaJis<br />
fiqrebis, gancdebisa da emociebis, swored rom citireba xdeba<br />
mTxrobelis an TviT personaJis mier, raTa sxvasac mieces saSualeba, Tavis<br />
warmosaxvaSi gaacocxlos misi subieqturi cxovrebis amsaxveli ambebi. kidev<br />
erTxel ganvmarteT literaturis TeoriaSi damkvidrebuli terminebis<br />
mniSvneloba, romlebic dabneulobas kvlav iwvevs. maSasadame, fsiqo-Txroba<br />
– psycho-récit es aris aRweriloba yovlismcodne avtoris mier, xolo<br />
citirebuli monologi – monologue rapporté warmoadgens pirvel an mesame<br />
pirSi mTxroblis mier citirebul mentalur anu warmouTqmel pirdapir<br />
naTqvams. monologue rapporté konma daakavSira monologue autonome – Tan (avtonomiuri<br />
ewodeba imitom, rom is aRar ukavSirdeba TxrobiT konteqsts.<br />
aq avtori anu Sinagani saubris gadmomcemi gauCinarebulia), igive Sinagan<br />
monologTan, rasac Jenetmac ase uwoda: monologue interieur, xolo monologue<br />
rapporté-s – discours rapporté (morisi 1996: 182-201). erT-erTi Tavisebureba,<br />
rac citirebul monologebSi SeimCneva, aris maTi agebis xelovneba.<br />
is SeiZleba romanis nebismier adgilas Caisvas: dialogebSi, avtoriseul<br />
TxrobaSi abzacis gareSe. maTi garCeva Zneli ar aris, vinaidan brWyalebSia<br />
moTavsebuli an kursiviTaa dawerili.<br />
dabolos, SevniSnavT, rom aRniSnuli meTodis srulyofilad Seswavlis<br />
mravali mcdeloba da, zogadad, mis mimarT gamowveuli interesi missave<br />
moTxovnilebaze metyvelebs. sagulisxmoa, rom es teqnika momavalSic daexmareba<br />
mwerlebs adamianis Sinagani bunebis ukeT Secnobasa da warmoCenaSi,<br />
aseve, romanis axali problemebis gadawyvetaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, arc<br />
literaturis Teoriasa da kritikaSi Sewydeba kvleva-Zieba mis irgvliv da<br />
gaCndeba rogorc axali terminologia, ise axali Tvalsazrisebi.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
alberesi: 1990: Alberes R.M. Histoire du Roman moderne. Alin Miuchel. Paris. 1962.<br />
amoni 1989: Hamon P. Le personnel du roman. 1989.<br />
37
38<br />
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
analizi 2002: L’analyse littéraire, notion et refères. Bordas. Nathan. 2002.<br />
bailoni 1996: Baylon Ch. Sociolinguistique.Société, langue et discours. Nathan. 1996.<br />
barti 1977: Barthes R., Kayser W., Wayn C. Booth. Poètique du récit. Paris: Seuil. 1977.<br />
baxtini 1973: Bakhtine M. Epopée et roman. L’étude du roman Questions de Méthodologie.<br />
1973.<br />
beketi 1968: Beckett. S. Comment c’est. ed. Minuit. 1968.<br />
berTelo 2001: Berthelot F. Parole et dialogue dans le roman. Nathan Université. 2001.<br />
denizi 2006: Denyse désy Gicuère. Sophie. Récit suivi d’une réflexion théorique.veb gver-<br />
di ganTavsebulia 2006 w. mis: http://manuscitdepot.com/livres-gratuits/pdt-<br />
livres/n.denyse-desy-giguere.2pdf.<br />
diuameli 1925: Duhamel G. Essais sur le roman. Lesage. 1925.<br />
diuJardeni 1977: Dujardin E. Les Lauries sont coupés, suivi du Monologue intérieur. Rome:<br />
Bulzoni, 1977.<br />
diqsioneri 1997: Dictionnaire des genres et notions littéraire. Albin Michel, Encyclopaedia Uni-<br />
versalis. Paris. 1997.<br />
enciklopedia 2001: Энцислопедия терминов и понятии. М.: 2001.<br />
kerbarti 1990: Kerbart-Orecchioni Catherine. L’Enonciation de la subjectivité dans le langage.<br />
Armand Colin. 1990.<br />
klodi 1991: Claudes P., Reuter Yves, Personnage et histoire littéraire. Toulouse. PUM.<br />
1991.<br />
koleti 1910: Colette. La Vagabonde. Ed. Albin Michel. 1910.<br />
koni 1981: Conh D. La Transparance intérieur. Paris: Seuil. 1981.<br />
maJisteri 2002: Majister. Le Monologue interieur. veb. gverdi ganTavsebulia 2002 w. mis:<br />
http//www.site-majister.com//trarec5.htm<br />
marteni 1999: Martin H. Le monologue interieur dans The Sound and the Fury de William<br />
Fauner. vebgverdiganTavsebulia 1999 w. mis:http://www.erudit.org/revue/<br />
vi1989/v14/n3/200080/ar.pdt..<br />
mengeno 1997: Maingueneau D. Pragmatique pour le discours littéraire. Dumod. 1997.<br />
moriaki 1983: moriaki fr. tereza dekeiru.. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1986.<br />
morisi 1996: Maurice D. Monologue rapporté. veb gverdi ganTavsebulia 1996 w. mis :<br />
http://books.google.com/books?id=Md6ah7LKUsC&/pg=PA181&/pg=monol<br />
oguerapporte&source=web&ots=x96<br />
otie 1995: Authier J. Ces mots qui ne vont pas de soi. Boucles réflexives et non-coinciden-<br />
ces du dire. Paris. Larousse. 2 tomes.1995.<br />
prozorovi 1999: Прозоров В. Автор. Введение в литературоведение. М. 1999<br />
puioni 1996: Poullot J. Temps et roman. Gallimard. 1996.<br />
Jeneti 1973: Genette G. Figures III.. Seuil. 1973.<br />
Jeneti 1983: Genette G. Nouveau discours du récit. Seuil 1983.<br />
Jeneti 2004: Genette G. Fiction et diction. Seuil 2004.
`subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika<br />
Juvi 1992: Jouve V. L’Effet-personnage dans le roman. PUF. 1992.<br />
Juvi 1997: Jouve V. La poètique du roman. SEDES. 1997.<br />
ransieri 1998: Rancière J. La Parole muette. Essai sur les contradictions de la littérature. Ha-<br />
chette. 1998.<br />
rei 1997: Rey P.L. Le Roman. Hachette. 1997.<br />
roberi 2000: Le Robert des grands écrivains de la langue française. Dictionnaires Le Robert.<br />
2000.<br />
frankoeri 1976: Francoeur L. Pour une typologie du monologue intérieur. Neohelicon. Vol. IV.<br />
(3-4). 1976.<br />
Cerneci 1999: Чернец Л. Персонаж. Ввудение в литературоведение. М.: 1999<br />
joisi 1983: joisi j. ulise.. Tb.: `merani~, 1983.<br />
Tamar Chikhladze<br />
`Subjective Narrative and Cited Speech~: History, Theory and Practice<br />
(according to XX century West-European novel)<br />
Summary<br />
The work deals with the issues of literary theory, such as the character of contemporary<br />
West-European novel narrative and types of personage’s speech. Emphases are made on<br />
finding exact Georgian equivalents for newly established terminology. The above mentioned<br />
problem is discussed within the scope of history of literature, as well as theory and<br />
practice.<br />
In XX century, a novel expressing more sincerity of feelings and emotions, reached<br />
unimaginable scales of its possibilities. In addition to reflection of thoughts, revealing and<br />
painting deep layers of human’s spiritual world by previously unknown means was witnessed<br />
in art. “Subjective” approach replaced “objective” narrative.<br />
The author of the article discusses peculiarities of subjective narrative and forms of<br />
personage’s speech, attitude of a novelist towards past events and a speaker, shows the atmosphere<br />
of those works, where facts are no longer revealed and the protagonist has to tell<br />
about his life with the help of his thoughts and memories. Against this background, character’s<br />
language, inner speech that can be of several types, attracts our attention. Monologue<br />
rapporte (French), to which the author refers to as “cited monologue”, is singled out among<br />
them. Author defines it as a manner of narration in first person, taking place in associativesubjective<br />
present tense, which is syntactically organized, but contains a number of characteristic<br />
features of the stream of consciousness’ interior monologue. Examples from XX<br />
century European novelists’ works serve as a proof for this discussion.<br />
It is acknowledged that narrated story includes three layers: events, words or speech<br />
and thoughts. The author regards it vital to define to what extent is the narrator “distant” or<br />
39
40<br />
Tamar CixlaZe<br />
“near” to the expressed facts. In other words, distance determines the degree of narrator’s<br />
intervention in the story that he tells. Difference between novels is in the expression of<br />
distance of events, speech and thoughts. The opposition between “nearness” and “distantness”<br />
leads us towards the existing irrelevance between “objective” and “subjective”, to<br />
what we have– “showing” or “saying”. As for the techniques of subjective realism, it is<br />
determined by “vision by one of the character’s” (vision avec – French), which has conquered<br />
contemporary novel.<br />
Speech and peculiarities of psychological diction are defined in the given article. Viewpoint<br />
is also discussed in the work, as it is regarded as a defining element of syntactical<br />
and semantic parts of speech. The author considers that the study of emotions expressed<br />
with the help of a text is a part of literary analysis. Emotionality and its expression are<br />
essential for speech, which is showed by psychological analysis and linguistics of expression,<br />
though feelings are displayed more with the help of words. This linguistics requires<br />
specialized vocabulary and morphology, which belongs to the so called “expressive modalization”.<br />
A class of feeling expressing modalization is singled out, expressing subject’s<br />
“condition of spirit”, these are: verbs, general nouns, adjectives and adverbs. In general,<br />
feeling expressing modalization is based on positive and negative evaluation of expressed<br />
things and situations. Sensitivity-emotionality is a complex phenomenon, and can be discussed<br />
from several viewpoints, mostly by means of description and text analysis. If it can<br />
be approached from psychological analysis, then it should be based on semio-linguistic<br />
analysis. “Condition of Spirit” is represented not only by relevant vocabulary, but also by<br />
general terminology: feeling, emotion or aspiration.<br />
The author of the article widely discusses the history for establishment of means for<br />
reflecting psychic life and their theoretical value. Based on the researches of scientists, the<br />
author emphasizes similarities and differences between cited monologue (monologue rapporte)<br />
and interior monologue.<br />
The author introduces Georgian equivalents for foreign terminology: “noticeable dissonance”,<br />
“noticeable consonance”, “narrative monologue”, “cited monologue” and “autonomic”<br />
or “interior monologue”.<br />
During the research he mainly uses the conclusions of French, English and Russian<br />
literary critics.
usudan canava<br />
metafora da metamorfoza<br />
metafora, mecnierTa didi nawilis azriT, ZiriTadi tropia; sxva tropebs<br />
swored metaforasTan mimarTebiT ganixilaven. r. iakobsoni, k. levi-strosi<br />
amtkiceben, rom metafora da metonimia erTimeoris mimarT simetriul<br />
opozicias, Sesabamisad, or struqurul RerZs qmnis _ paradigmatulsa<br />
da substituciurs. rac Seexeba sxva tropebsa da metyvelebis figurebs,<br />
isini am ori mTavari RerZis garSemo lagdebian (ZiriTadad, metaforis).<br />
sxva mosazrebiT, metonimia `Sedis~ metaforaSi (m-jgufi). met-naklebad<br />
garkveulia mimarTebebi metaforasa da Sedarebas, metaforasa da simbolos,<br />
sinekdoqes, ironias, alegorias, gamocanas, hiperbolas, kataxrezas<br />
Soris.<br />
amJamad Cven gvainteresebs metaforisa da metamorfozis mimarTebis<br />
sakiTxi. saqme isaa, rom literaturis TeoriaSi gansazRvrulia poeturi<br />
stilistikis zemoT CamoTvlili terminebis funqciebi da adgili. metamorfozis<br />
SemTxvevaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa imitom, rom metamorfoza arc<br />
tropia, arc metyvelebis figura; amitom, upirveles yovlisa, swored is<br />
unda dadgindes, Tu ra “statusiT” SevadarebT mas metaforas.<br />
miTologiaSi matamorfoza (meta-movrfwsi~) niSnavs cocxali arsebebis<br />
an nivTebis gardasaxvas sxva arsebebad an nivTebad. metamorfozebis<br />
arqauli formebi asaxaven adreuli miToepikuri poeturi azris yvelaze<br />
arsebiT Strixebs, kerZod, warmodgenas, rom erTi SeiZleba gamovlindes<br />
dauTvleli, Semoufarglavi, mravlobiTi saxiT. metamorfoza gadalaxavs<br />
sazRvrebs sxvadasxva sknelebs Soris. yvelaze arqauli metamorfozebi totemistur<br />
warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba. mas arsebiTi funqcia ekisreba kosmogoniur<br />
miTosSi. msoflios uZvelesi kulturebis matarebeli xalxebisTvis<br />
kargadaa cnobili miTi, rogor Seiqmna samyaro mokluli da danawevrebuli<br />
adamianis (RvTaebis, goliaTis, an romelime arsebis) sxeulis nawilebisgan.<br />
erT-erTi popularuli motivia RvTaebebis droebiTi metamorfozebi.<br />
TvalsaCinoa etiologiuri miTebisa da metamorfozebis organuli kavSiri,<br />
aseve usulo sagnebis gasulierebisa da gardasaxvis motivi.<br />
metamorfoza formiT metemfsiqozis religiur doqtrinasac emsgavseba.<br />
metamorfozebi gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo literaturaSi, mxatvrobasa<br />
da skulpturaSi.<br />
poetikis mixedviT metamorfoza arc tropia, arc metyvelebis figura,<br />
magram mniSvnelovani funqcia ekisreba mxatvrul teqstebSi. ismis kiTxva:<br />
ra datvirTva aqvs metamorfozas poetikis konteqstSi? Cemi azriT, meta-<br />
41
42<br />
rusudan canava<br />
morfoza warmarTuli religiuri azrovnebisa da miTopoeturi azrovnebis<br />
SemaerTebeli rgolia. metamorfoza aris saazrovno meqanizmi, Tu gnebavT,<br />
universaluri formula, romelic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qvecnobierisa<br />
da samyaros wvdomis fenomeni. metamorfozaSi kodirebulia urTierToba<br />
aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris. igi (metamorfoza) xels uwyobs<br />
`xatis~, `simbolos~, `figuris~ warmoSobas.<br />
ver vityviT, rom metaforisa da metamorfozis mimarTebis sakiTxi mecnierebaSi<br />
cxare diskusiis sagnad iqca. gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ase Sei-<br />
Zleba davajgufoT:<br />
1. metafora da metamorfoza sruliad gansxvavebuli fenomenebia da maTi<br />
msgavseba mxolod zedapirulia (v. vinogradovi, n. aruTiunova). “metafora-<br />
Si ar aris araviTari elferi sagnis gardasaxvisa. piriqiT, `orplanianoba~,<br />
sityvieri mimsgavseba erTi `sagnisa~ meoresTan (misgan mkveTrad gansxvavebulTan)<br />
metaforis ganuyofeli nawilia. aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa<br />
(metamorfoza r.c.) gaemijnos metaforasa da Sedarebas.“ v. vinogradovi<br />
moixmobs fragments axmatovas leqsidan: `sul axlaxan Tavisufal mercxlad<br />
ifrine... am frenas me mxolod simRerad Semovafrindi, dilis sxivebiT<br />
naferebi~ (Targmani sityvasityviTia. r.c.). vinogradovis azriT: `yvela am<br />
SemTxvevaSi saxezea ara sufTa sityvieri metaforebi, aramed “miTologiuri<br />
azrovnebis~ gamoZaxili. yvela es `gardasaxva~ gmiris (personaJis)<br />
mier aRiqmeba, rogorc realoba. rogorc Cans, aq saxezea ara enobrivi<br />
metamorfozebi, aramed samyaros aRqmis saSualeba~ (vinogradovi 1976: 411-<br />
412). Cemi azriT, es msjeloba dasabuTebuli ar aris. v. vinogradovi Tavad<br />
ambobs, rom mercxlad da simRerad gardasaxva miTologiuri azrovnebis<br />
gamoZaxilia, kerZod, metamorfoza. Semdeg ki wers, rom es ar aris metamorfoza,<br />
aramed _ samyaros aRqmis saSualeba (e. i. metafora). jer erTi,<br />
metamorfozac samyaros wvdomis saSualebaa. meorec, metamorfozaSic<br />
sruliad sapirispiro sidideebis (kategoriebis, klasebis) moulodneli<br />
identifikacia xdeba. metamorfozebis amsaxveli miTebi xsnian amgvari gardasaxvebis<br />
pirvelmizezebs (etiologias), erTjerad an ramdenime msgavs<br />
variants gvTavazoben, raTa gasagebi gaxdes poetur figurad qceuli metamorfozuli<br />
saxis Sinaarsi. cxadia, yvela metamorfoza ar gardaisaxeba<br />
metaforad. rig SemTxvevebSi metamorfozebi inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas<br />
da damoukidebel saxeebad gvevlinebian.<br />
n. aruTiunova vinogradovis Tvalsazriss amatebs argumentebs, romelTa<br />
mixedviT mkafiod unda gaimijnos metafora da metamorfoza: metamorfoza<br />
`aCvenebs~ gardasaxul samyaros; mag.: `rux ciyvad Sevxtebi muryanze,<br />
damfrTxal mercxlad gavifren, gedad mogixmob... ratom momaCveneb Tavs<br />
xan qarad, xan qvad, xan Citad?“ (a. axmatova. Targmani mxolod Sesabami-
metafora da metamorfoza<br />
si formebis zustad gadmocemas isaxavs miznad. r.c.). igi dasZens: metamorfoza<br />
epizodia, scena, movlena, metafora ki msWvalavs mTel siuJets<br />
(aruTiunova 1990: 29). es msjelobac ar aris damajerebeli. ras niSnavs _<br />
metamorfoza asaxavs scenas da movlenas? nuTu aq moxmobili saxeebi ar<br />
`msWvalaven siuJets?~<br />
Semdegi argumenti: metaforas axasiaTebs semantikis sferoSi SeRweva,<br />
rac ar axasiaTebs metamorfozas. avtori moixmobs v. potebnias Tvalsazriss,<br />
rom metamorfoza miuTiTebs ra `substanciasTan kerZo damTxvevas~<br />
ar ileqeba enaSi, rogorc gardaqmnisa da mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnis gansakuTrebuli<br />
saSualeba. Tumca aqve aRniSnavs, rom metamorfozasac gaaCnia<br />
semantikaSi `gasvlis~ saSualeba; es gasvla miuTiTebs kavSirze subieqtis<br />
moqmedebasTan (mag.: CorTiT sirbili; israd frena; dawalikebiT svla; mdinared<br />
dena). rogorc ki iqmneba aseTi Sewyvileba, xdeba saxelis adverbalizacia<br />
da vRebulobT axal azrs. msgavs SemTxvevaSi saubroben metaforaze<br />
da ara metamorfozaze (aruTiunova 1990: 30). Cemi azriT, Tavad arutiunova<br />
miuTiTebs rom metamorfozuli `masalidan~ SeiZleba metaforis miReba (am<br />
sakiTxs qvemoT davubrundebiT).<br />
2. metafora da metamorfoza, faqtobrivad, erTi da igivea (v. stivensi,<br />
m. kuini).<br />
stivensis azriT, poezia aris metamorfoza, poeti gonebis gamWriaxobiT<br />
`aRmoaCens~ transformaciebis saSualebebs da sityvis ZaliT aCvenebs gadarCenis<br />
axal gzebs. metafora saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvamtkicoT da davicvaT<br />
Cveni gamocdilebis faqizi cvalebadi Strixebi, misi naxevartonebi,<br />
radganac sityvebi, romlebsac viyenebT maTi standartuli mniSvnelobiT,<br />
samyaros ufro sworxazovnad asaxaven. sruli simarTle iqneba Tu vityviT,<br />
rom metaforebi afarToeben Cvens enobriv SesaZleblobebs. poetebi, Segnebulad<br />
Tu Seugneblad, miakvleven ra sicocxlisa Tu samyaros ama Tu im<br />
Taviseburebas, eZeben rac SeiZleba gaazrebul cocxal da cincxal saSualebebs<br />
TavianTi `ganbrZobis~ Sedegebis gadmosacemad. isini eZieben sityvebs<br />
da SeanivTeben mas saxesTan, raTa am dros warmoqmnilma metaforebma<br />
mxolod poetis intuicia ki ar gamoxaton, aramed sicocxle STaberon<br />
axal SesaZlo azrebs.<br />
v. stivensi metaforas xSirad aigivebs metamorfozasTan; zog konteqstSi<br />
igi wers: metafora an metamorfoza. misi azriT: `SeiZleba iTqvas, poezia umeteswilad<br />
aRmocendeba rogorc metyvelebis figurebis gamoyenebis rezultati,<br />
an (rac igivea) rogorc erTi warmosaxvis meoreze zemoqmedebis Sedegi<br />
metaforis saSualebiT. metaforisa da metamorfozis gaigiveba aris am Tvalsazrisis<br />
gamoxatvis Semoklebuli gza~ (stivensi 1951: 117-118). stivensze ufro<br />
kategoriulia m. kuinis pozicia. misi azriT, metamorfoza aris elementi,<br />
43
44<br />
rusudan canava<br />
romelic warmoadgens yovelgvari poeziis arss. rogorc meTodi, (metamorfoza)<br />
Segnebulad gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove poeziaSi (kuini 1955: 27).<br />
am mosazrebasTan axlosaa e.w. `miTologiuri skolis~ (i. da v. grimebis)<br />
koncefcia, romelic ar aris gaziarebuli Tanamedrove mkvlevarebis mier.<br />
stivensisa da kuinis Tvalsazrisis nakli isaa, rom arc erTi mecnieri<br />
ar asabuTebs metaforisa da metamorfozis `igiveobas~; isini am faqts iReben,<br />
a priori WeSmaritebad.<br />
3. axla Sevecdebi Camovayalibo varaudi, romelic iTvaliswinebs ramdenime<br />
mecniris konceptualur xedvas. saqme isaa, rom qvemoT warmodgenili<br />
mosazrebebi pirdapir ar exeba metaforisa da metamorfozis urTierTmimarTebis<br />
sakiTxs, magram, Cemi azriT, am ori fenomenis arsebiTad msgavs safuZvlebsa<br />
da principebze miuTiTebs. mxedvelobaSi maqvs e. kasireris `sabazo<br />
metaforebis~ koncefcia, romelic garkveulwilad exmianeba a. losevis<br />
`absoluturi miTis~ * Teorias; k. levi-strosis kodebisa da matricis<br />
Teoria, agreTve sxva Tvalsazrisebi. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, es mecnierebi<br />
aSkarad ar laparakoben metamorfozis mimarTebaze metaforasTan, magram Tu<br />
kargad davukvirdebiT, sabazo//absoluturi miTi, transformirebadi kodebi,<br />
sityvier TamaSebze dafuZnebuli pirveli saazrovno modelebi swored metamorfozebia<br />
(etiologiuri, kosmogoniuri, kosmologiuri miTebi).<br />
ernst kasirerma Tavisi koncefcia Camoayaliba samtomian monografiaSi<br />
`simboluri formebis filosofia~ (kasireri 1925), romlis II tomia `mi-<br />
Tologiuri azrovneba~. igi miTologias ganixilavs enasTan da kulturasTan<br />
erTad. misi TvalTaxedviT, miTologia aris Caketili simboluri sistema,<br />
romelSic simboloebi gaerTianebulia funqcionirebis xasiaTiT da garesamyaros<br />
modelirebis saSualebebiT. miTologiuri azrovnebis Taviseburebas<br />
kasireri xedavs realurisa da idealuris, sagnisa da saxis, sxeulisa<br />
da Tvisebis, `sawyisisa~ da `principis~ ganurCevlobad, ris safuZvelzec<br />
msgavseba an momijnaveoba gardaisaxeba mizezobriv TanmimdevrulobaSi, mizezobriv-SedegobiT<br />
process ki aqvs materialuri metamorfozis xasiaTi.<br />
urTierTobebi ki ar sinTezirdeba, aramed igivdeba. nawili funqcionalurad<br />
mTelis igiveobrivia. mTeli kosmosi mowyobilia erTi modeliT da gamoixateba<br />
opoziciiT _ `wminda~ da `profanuli~. cxovrebis erTianobis<br />
miTosuri gancda gamovlindeba adamianTa calkeuli jgufebis erTianobaSi<br />
(erTobaSi) cxovelTa calkeul jgufebTan (totemizmi).<br />
* a. losevi saubrobs miTebis mTavar tipebze; igi erTmaneTs upirispirebs absolutur da SedarebiT<br />
miTologiebs. absoluturi miTologia arsebobs, rogorc msoflios erTaderTi SesaZlo suraTi<br />
da misi arc erTi principi ar eqvemdebareba klebas (damcrobas). absoluturi miTologia viTardeba<br />
sakuTari Tavidan da arafers scnobs sakuTari Tavis garda. absoluturi miTologia aris absoluturi<br />
yofiereba, romelmac Tavi gamoavlina absolutur miTSi; yofiereba, romelmac miaRwia<br />
miTis dones, amasTan arc am yofierebas, arc am miTs ar SeiZleba hqondes arc sazRvari, arc _ winaaRmdegoba.<br />
absoluturi miTis dialeqtika, arsebiTad, aris sruliad Cveulebrivi dialeqtika.
metafora da metamorfoza<br />
e.kasireris kvleva efuZneba: struqturalistur, semiologiur meTodebs.<br />
miTosuri Semecneba mogvagonebs kods, romlisTvisac saWiroa gasaRebi.<br />
kasireris (axla Cven yuradRebas ar vamaxvilebT kasireris mcdar debulebebze)<br />
azriT, ena da miTi saerTo Ziridan aRmocendnen. am saerTos Ziebas ki<br />
metaforul azrovnebamde mivyavarT. amitom Tu gvinda gaviazroT, miTosuri da<br />
enobrivi samyaroebis, erTi mxriv, erTianoba, meore mxriv, gansxvaveba, aucilebelia<br />
CavwvdeT metaforis arssa da azrs. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
eniWeba e.w. `bazisur (sabazo) metaforebs~. * swored sabazo metaforebs ukav-<br />
Sirdeba enisa da miTosuri warmodgenebis aRmoceneba (warmoSoba). es procesi<br />
kasirers ase warmoudgenia: yvelaze martivi enobrivi gamoxatuleba moiTxovs<br />
garkveuli msoflmxedvelobrivi an emociuri Sinaarsis gardasaxvas bgerad,<br />
anu misTvis mtrul Seusabamo Sinaarsad (emociis, azris gadatana bgerad aris<br />
procesi _ metav + forevw). es emociebi pirvelyofil adamians garesamyarosTan<br />
urTierTobisas uCndeba; SiSi, aRtaceba Tu sxva tipis emocia (anu warmosaxvaSi<br />
aRZruli `xati~) badebs survils, sxvebsac gauziaron igi. am dros iqmneba<br />
sametyvelo ena. aseve miTosuri saxe aRmocendeba transformaciis saSualebiT,<br />
romlis wyalobiTac yoveldRiurobisgan miRebuli Cveulebrivi yofiTi, yoveldRiuri<br />
_ profanuli _ STabeWdilebebi amaRldeba `wmindas~ rangSi. aq xdeba<br />
ara mxolod gadatana, aramed WeSmariti gardasaxva sxva gvarad.<br />
ena da miTi imTaviTve imyofebian erTmaneTTan ganuyofel kavSirSi, mxolod<br />
Semdeg gancalkevdebian, rogorc damoukidebeli elementebi. isini (ena da miTi)<br />
warmoadgenen erTi da imave totis sxvadasxva ylortebs, romlebic warmoiSvnen<br />
sulieri gadamuSavebis erTi da imave aqtidan. am gardasaxvis aqtis dasrulebisas<br />
ixsneba Sinagani daZabuloba. “adamiani misi survilisgan damoukideblad,<br />
iZulebuli iyo elaparaka metaforulad; da ara imitom, rom ar SeeZlo Tavisi<br />
poeturi fantaziis daokeba, aramed imitom, rom unda daeZaba igi (fantazia)<br />
ukidures zomamde, raTa gamoexata Tavisi sulis mzardi moTxovnileba. anu sabazo<br />
metafora monawileobs sityvebis warmoqmnis procesSi, saxeldebaSi. amitom<br />
aris ena da metafora erTi Ziridan, Semdgom ki sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT<br />
viTardebian. kasireri ar asaxelebs sabazo metaforis magaliTebs, imitom, rom<br />
sabazo metafora SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri sityva, romelsac aqvs daZabuloba<br />
da `tevadoba~, mag.: `bRavana~ (kasireri 1925: 41). **<br />
* sabazo (bazisur )metaforebs gamoyofs e. makkormakic. MacCormac E., A Cognitive Theory of Metaphor,<br />
MIT Press, Cambridge _ London, 1985.<br />
** kasireri imowmebs uzeneris mier moxmobil magaliTebs: litvur Teofaniur saxelebSi Tovlis RmerT- RmerT-<br />
Tan erTad arsebobs naxiris RmerTi _ bRavana (vinc bRavis), futkrebis RmerTi _ bzuila, miwisZvris<br />
RmerTi _ mryeveli. rogorc ki naxiris RmerTma miiRo bRavanas saxe, igi unda SeecnoT sruliad<br />
sxvadasxva movlenebSi: misTvis moesminaT lomis bdRvinvaSi, qariSxlis RrialSi, okeanis xmaurSi.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT miTi isev da isev cocxldeba da mdidrdeba enis wyalobiT, ena ki miTiT. am mudmivi<br />
urTierTzemoqmedebiTa da urTierTgamsWvalviT dasturdeba sulieri sawyisis erToba, romlisganac<br />
warmoiSvnen isini _ sxvadasxva gamoxatulebebiTa da safexurebiT. (kasireri, ibid. 41).<br />
45
46<br />
rusudan canava<br />
metaforis ganviTarebas aqvs 2 mTavari stadia: 1. formirebis _ enaSi<br />
saxeobisa da gvaris aRmniSvneli terminebis Seqmna (e. w. sabazo metaforebis<br />
etapi). 2. Semdgomi ganviTarebis _ ukve Seqmnili saxeebis SigniT (an<br />
saxidan gvarze) niSan-TvisebaTa gadatana. kasireris azriT, aq Cans adamianis<br />
azrovnebis sxvadasxva tendencia: Tu meore SemTxvevaSi xdeba warmodgenaTa<br />
gafarToebis procesi (wyalSi Cagdebuli qvis garSemo wreebis gafarToebis<br />
principiT), I SemTxvevaSi _ piriqiT farTo wre viwrovdeba (wyalSi Cagdebuli<br />
qvis Sebrunebuli kadri) _ emociaTa da STabeWdilebaTa koncentrireba<br />
erT sityvaSi.<br />
verasdros gavigebT miTologias, Tu kargad ar gaviazrebT imas, rasac vuwodebT<br />
anTropomorfizms, personifikacias an gasulierebas. SeuZlebeli<br />
iqneboda garemomcveli samyaros aTviseba sabazo metaforis _ am universaluri<br />
miTologiis gareSe. es aris saganTa qaosSi adamianis mier Caberili<br />
suli, yofasTan adamianis misadagebis saSualeba. am meore Sesaqmes dasabami<br />
iyo sityva. da mainc, Semdgomi ganviTarebisas es egzom mWidro, da rogorc<br />
Cans, aucilebeli kavSiri TandaTan sustdeba da wydeba. rameTu ena ar miekuTvneba<br />
mxolod miTebis samefos, masSi (enaSi) dasabamidanve moqmedebs sxva<br />
Zalac _ logosis Zala. enis ganviTarebis Semdgom etapebze sityva Tanda-<br />
Tan xdeba mxolod cnebis niSani. am Zalis gamoyofisa da gamoTavisuflebis<br />
paralelurad mimdinareobs sxva procesic. xelovneba, iseve, rogorc ena,<br />
mWidrod ewvneba miTs. miTi, ena da xelovneba gamomdinareoben konkretuli<br />
daunawevrebeli erTobidan (erTianobisgan), romelic SemdgomSi TandaTan<br />
daiSala sulieri moRvaweobis sam sxvadasxva sferod.<br />
enobriv da miTosur azrovnebaSi batonobs kanoni, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT<br />
specifikuri gansxvavebebis nivelirebisa da ganzavebis kanoni. yoveli<br />
nawili mTelis ekvivalenturia, egzemplari ki saxis an gvaris. yovel nawils<br />
SeuZlia ara mxolod mTelis reprezentacia (individs _ saxeobisa da gvarisa),<br />
aramed nawili moiazreba, rogorc mTeli. nawilebi Tavis TavSi moicaven<br />
`mTelis~ Zalas, mniSvnelobas, qmediTobas. aq upriania gavixsenoT enobrivi<br />
da miTologiuri `metaforis~ mTavari principi, romelic asea formulirebuli<br />
pars pro toto (nawili viTarca mTeli). rogorc cnobilia, am umTavres<br />
princips eqvemdebareba mTeli magiuri azrovneba. is, vinc marTavs mTelis<br />
raRac nawils, magiuri azrovnebis mixedviT, batonobs mTelze. *<br />
* kasirers mohyavs magaliTebi miTosidan da magiuri ritualebidan. mag.: imisaTvis, rom moipovo<br />
sxva adamianze magiuri zemoqmedebis unari, sakmarisia moipovo im adamianis frCxili, Tma, nerwyvi...<br />
igive funqcia aqvs adamianis Crdils an gamosaxulebas sarkeSi. am princips efuZneba mTeli `simpaTiuri<br />
magia~ (ix. j.freizeri). magram, amasTanave miTiTebulia, rom am warmodgenebis mixedviT,<br />
mxedvelobaSi aqvT ara ubralod analogia, aramed realuri identuroba. magaliTad moxmobilia<br />
wvimis gamoxmobisa da Sewyvetis ritualebi, rodesac wylis wveTi asocirebulia wvimasTan. wvima,<br />
rogorc miTosuri Zala, an wvimis `demoni~ mopkurebuli wylis yvela wveTSia. iseve, rogorc qeris<br />
yvela TavTavSi (da marcvalSi) aris RvTaeba.
metafora da metamorfoza<br />
Zvel ritorikas metaforis ZiriTad saxed mohyavs gvaris Secvla saxeobiT,<br />
mTelisa _ nawiliT, an piriqiT. aq savsebiT TvalsaCinod Cans, ramdenad<br />
uSualod momdinareobs metaforis es forma miTis sulieri arsidan.<br />
amavdroulad cxadi xdeba, rom Tavad miTSi laparakia raRac sruliad<br />
gansxvavebulze da gacilebiT didze, vidre ubralod `Secvlaa~ (Senacvleba)<br />
_ ritorikul-enobrivi figura. imas, rasac Cven, ufro gviandeli<br />
refleqsiiT, ubralo gadatanad miviCnevT, misTvis (ZvelTaTvis r.c.) warmoadgens<br />
realur da bunebriv identurobas. *<br />
miTologiuri metaforis es umTavresi Strixi saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />
ufro zustad ganvsazRvroT da gavigoT azri da moqmedeba imisa, rasac<br />
Cveulebriv uwodeben enis metaforul funqcias. jer kidev kvintiliane<br />
miuTiTebda, rom es funqcia enis nawili ki ar aris, aramed misiT gamsWvalulia<br />
adamianTa mTeli metyveleba. Tu marTalia, rom saerTo gagebiT<br />
metafora unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc metyvelebis garkveuli movlena,<br />
aramed enis arsebobis erT-erTi konstituciuri piroba, maSin mis gasagebad<br />
xelaxla unda davubrundeT cnebaTa Seqmnis mTavar formas enaSi. saboloo<br />
jamSi, isini warmoiSobian koncentraciis aqtisgan, grZnobaTa kompresiis<br />
gamocdilebisgan, romlebic qmnian aucilebel winapirobas yoveli<br />
enobrivi cnebis formirebisTvis. yovel jer kidev bundovan STabeWdilebas,<br />
romelic jer ar aris asaxuli enaSi, SeuZlia saxis (RmerTis, misi nominaciis)<br />
Seqmnis stimulireba.<br />
am analizidan Cans, rom kasireris mier sabazo metaforebis magaliTebad<br />
moxmobili miTosuri masala, faqtobrivad, metamorfozebis nimuSebia.<br />
CvenTvis sayuradRebo aspeqtebs wamoswevs a. losevi miTsa da poeziaze<br />
msjelobisas. mkvlevari gamoyofs miTisa da poeziis msgavsebis 3 niSans: 1.<br />
miTosuri da poeturi saxeebi _ orive gamomsaxvelobiTia. cneba `gamomsaxveloba~<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovania; a. losevis ganmartebiT: gamosaxva aris<br />
`Sinaganisa~ da `gareganis~ sinTezi _ Zala, romelic `Sinagans~ aiZulebs,<br />
rom gamovlindes, `garegans~ ki eqaCeba (eweva) `Sinaganis~ siRrmeSi SesaRwevad.<br />
gamosaxva (gamoxatva) yovelTvis dinamikuri procesia; moZraoba xorcieldeba<br />
rogorc `Signidan~ `gareT~, ise “garedan” `SigniT~. xatovnad<br />
rom vTqvaT, gamosaxva aris ori energiis Sexvedris arena (Sinaganisa da<br />
* miTosur-magiuri azrovnebisaTvis ar arsebobs `ubralo~ gamosaxuleba (anu, ubralod, gamosaxuleba);<br />
yoveli saxe ganasaxierebs sagnis `arsebas~, anu demons, anu `suls”~ mag. egviptelTa<br />
warmodgeniT, saxeli, emblema, Tu RmerTis an demonis gamosaxuleba SeiZleba iqces Zalis mqone<br />
damcvel amuletad imisTvis, vinc mas atarebs. es damcveli Zala moqmedebs manam, sanam arsebobs<br />
is masala, romlisganac isini arian Seqmnilni. egviptelebs sjerodaT, rom mamakacis, qalis an<br />
cxovelis figuras SeiZleba gadaeces im arsebis suli, romelsac igi warmoadgens misi yvela<br />
TvisebiTa da atributiT. taZarSi dadgmuli RmerTis figura `Seicavda~ Sesabamisi RmerTis suls.<br />
egviptelebs uxsovari droidan sjerodaT, rom nebismier qandakebasa da figuraSi Cabudebuli iyo<br />
suli. igive warmodgenebi cocxlobs primitiuli xalxebSi.<br />
47
48<br />
rusudan canava<br />
gareganis) da maTi Serwyma erT mTelSi, romelic erTdroulad erTicaa<br />
da meorec. termini gamo-saxva (gamo-xatva) miuTiTebs aqtiur mimarTulobaze,<br />
TviTgardasaxvaze. poeziis mTavari iaraRi _ sityva _ gamomsaxvelia,<br />
igi `perspeqtiulia~ da ara `brtyeli~. asevea miTic; igi `gamomxatvelia~,<br />
yovelTvis Cans, rom miTSi ori an meti Srea. maT amsgavsebs isic,<br />
rom miTosuri da poeturi saxeebi SeiZleba iyvnen sqemebic, alegoriebic<br />
da simboloebic. 2. miTosic da poeziac arsiT, erTnairi doziT arian ara<br />
mxolod gamomsaxvelni, aramed inteligencia (intel-lego-dan `SegrZneba, aRqma,<br />
SemCneva; Secnoba; azrovneba; garkveva~) anu `gasulierebuli gamoxatva~.<br />
yoveli poeturi forma yovelTvis aris raRac `sulCaberili~, `Signidan~<br />
xiluli cxovreba. asea miTosic. igi an pirdapir mogviTxrobs cocxal<br />
arsebebze, an aracocxalze mogviTxrobs ise, rom Cans misi Tavdapirveli<br />
sulieri arseba. poeturia ara Tavad sagani, aramed misi gamoxatvis, gagebis<br />
saSualeba. igive unda iTqvas miTosze. miTosuri saxe ar arsebobs, rogorc<br />
nivTi, romelic TavisTavad aris mSvenieri. miTosuri saxe miTiuria misi<br />
gaformebis anu gamosaxvis dozis Sesabamisad. miTic da poeziac `cocxloben~<br />
gasulierebul samyaroSi da es gasuliereba sagnis gamovlenis saSualebaa.<br />
3. poeziaSic da miTSic saxe ar saWiroebs rame logikur sistemebs,<br />
igi cxadi da xilulia. orivesTvis damaxasiaTebelia xiluli suraTovneba<br />
_ Sinagani da garegnuli.<br />
poeziisa da miTossis ganmasxvavebelia gamijvna (gankerZoeba, ganyeneba)<br />
igi, erTi mxriv, poeziisa da miTosis saerTo niSania, meore mxriv, isini<br />
swored aq Sordebian erTmaneTs principulad da sabolood.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, losevis azriT, poezia SeuZlebelia miTosis<br />
gareSe, maSin rodesac miTi poeziis gareSec arsebobs (losevi 1991: 41-68).<br />
r. iakobsoni ganasxvavebs poetur funqcias da poezias. poeturi funqcia<br />
emTxveva, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nawilobriv, imas, rasac ombredani (fsiqologiis<br />
poziciidan) uwodebs enis TamaSebriv funqcias. am TvalsazrisiT Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovania i. haizingas Tvalsazrisi, romelic warmodgenila naSromSi<br />
`kaci moTamaSe~ (`Homo Ludens“).<br />
sityvis gamomsaxvelobiT potenciaze r. barti wers: ena ar daiyvaneba<br />
mis mier `Sobil~ Setyobinebaze. mas SeuZlia ukan moitovos es Setyobineba<br />
da araiSviaTad Cvenamde moitanos mrisxane guguni raRac sxvisa, vidre is,<br />
rac Tavad Setyobinebis SinaarsSia; raRac iseTi, rac TiTqos zed edeba<br />
subieqtis Segnebul, racionalur xmas _ Zalmosili, daJinebuli xma Tavad<br />
struqturisa; xma, romelic gvarovnuli kategoriiT alaparakda (barti<br />
1989: 549).<br />
k.levi-strosis saanalizo masalis (miTebis) didi nawili transformaciebs<br />
efuZneba. mkvlevaris azriT, am transformaciebis safuZvelSi Zevs
metafora da metamorfoza<br />
metaforizmi. metaforizmi Zalian afarToebs sazRvrebs sxvadasxva saxeebis,<br />
motivebis da siuJeturi svlebis dasaaxloeblad. levi-stross miaCnia,<br />
rom metafora eyrdnoba logikuri urTierTobebis intuicias sxvadasxva<br />
sferos Soris. amasTan, Tavad miTologiuri logika Rrmad metaforulia,<br />
ris demonstrirebasac k. levi-strosi axerxebs totemisturi masalis<br />
klasifikaciis safuZvelze. aerTianebs ra uamrav miTs miTosur sistemebSi,<br />
levi-strosi erT miTs ganixilavs, rogorc meoris `metaforas~. magaliTad:<br />
miTi Taflis dResaswaulis warmoSobaze aris metafora Taflis warmoSobis<br />
miTTan mimarTebiT. TaflTan dakavSirebuli metaforebi Zalian Zvelia.<br />
vedebis himnebSi Tafli asocirebulia rZesTan. bibliis mixedviT, aRTqmuli<br />
miwa Taflisa da rZis siuxviT gamoirCeva. uflis sityvebi `Taflze tkbilia~.<br />
babilonSi Tafli RmerTisadmi gankuTvnil gansakuTrebul ZRvnad<br />
iTvleboda. `iliadis~ mixedviT, Tixis WurWelSi Casxmuli Tafli micvalebulebisTvis<br />
iyo gankuTvnili. cnobilia gamoTqmebi: `TafliviT tkbili~,<br />
`Taflis mdinareebi~, `Taflobis Tve~ da sxva. amerikel indielTa miTebSi<br />
(levi-strosi swored am miTebs ikvlevda) Tafli warmoadgens `saWmlis~<br />
metaforas, romelic Caenacvleba seqsualobas (tapiri, qalis bukvaluri<br />
macdunebeli, Sepirispirebulia TaflTan _ metaforul macdunebelTan.<br />
indielTa miTebis personaJi qalis bukvaluri TavSeukavebloba Taflisadmi<br />
Sedarebulia sxva personaJis dauokebel swrafvasTan akrZaluli kav-<br />
Sirebisadmi) e. i. xdeba kodis Secvla. `miTologiurebSi~ metaforizaciis<br />
Sedegad kodis Secvlis uamravi magaliTia moyvanili. magaliTad, miTebis<br />
personaJi qali susai aris sammagi inversia gogonasi, romelsac Zalian<br />
uyvars Tafli: igi iRebs pasuxismgeblobas pleadebis (Tanavarskvlavedis)<br />
warmoSobaze; is aris mravalSviliani deda, aris moRalate coli. amgvarad,<br />
metaforizacias Zalian xSirad moyveba kodis Secvla (levi-strosi 2000:15,<br />
253).<br />
k.levi-strosi yvela miTSi gamoyofs `armaturas~ anu TaviseburebaTa er-<br />
Tobliobas, romelic saerToa (ucvlelia) or an ramdenime miTSi, gamoyofs<br />
`kods~ anu funqciaTa sistemas, romelTa saSualebiTac aRiniSnebian es<br />
Taviseburebebi da `Setyobinebas~, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, mocemuli mi-<br />
Tis Sinaarsia. faqtobrivad, Setyobineba miTebSi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,<br />
Seesabameba etiologiur Temas (kulturisa da bunebis sxvadasxva faseulobaTa<br />
warmoSoba). magaliTad: `Jes~ tomSi miTi cecxlis warmoSobis Sesaxeb<br />
bororos tomSi transformirdeba wvimisa da qariSxlis warmoSobad;<br />
gareuli Rorebis warmoSobis miTi tupis tomSi gardaisaxeba samkaulebisa<br />
da sxva Zvirfasi nivTebis warmoSobis miTad. etiologiuri Temis Secvla<br />
aris Tavad Setyobinebis Secvla. aq `armaturebs~ Seadgens moyvrebis, anu<br />
`mimcemebisa~ da `mimRebTa~, urTierToba (colebis miReba sxva nivTebze<br />
49
50<br />
rusudan canava<br />
gacvliT da sxva). rodesac colebs `gascemen~ adamianebi, maT miiReben<br />
mxecebi; rodesac mimRebebi arian adamianebi, gascemen _ sulebi. Zalian<br />
xSirad miTidan miTze gadasvlisas armatura da kodi rCeba, icvleba Setyobineba.<br />
Setyobineba SeiZleba Seicvalos sruli inversiis donezec. Setyobineba<br />
gadaicema kodebiT, romelTac aqvT TavianTi gramatika da leqsika.<br />
invariantulia maTi gramatika da ara leqsika da, ra Tqma unda, ara Setyobineba.<br />
k.levi-strosi mivida empiriul daskvnemde: ori naxevradtransformacia<br />
Setyobinebis doneze Seesabameba erTs leqsikis doneze.<br />
k.levi-strosma detalurad Seiswavla kodidan kodze gadasvla da maTi<br />
urTulesi gadajaWvulobebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva im miTebis<br />
analizi, romlebic exeba sikvdilsa da sicocxles. aq erTi da igive<br />
Setyobineba gadaecema ramdenime kodiT, romlebic Seesabamebian grZnobis<br />
5 organos.<br />
saintereso gamodga samedicino praqtikis (indielTa yofis am umniSvnelovanesi<br />
sferos) Sejereba miTebTan da ritualebTan, agreTve fsiqologebisa<br />
da fsiqiatrebis dakvirvebebi (magaliTad, fsiqologi dezoi wers, rom<br />
fsiqopaTologiuri aSlilobebis gadmocema SeiZleba mxolod simboloTa<br />
eniT. amitom igi Tavis avadmyofebTan simboloebis gamoyenebiT saubrobs. es<br />
simboloebi, Tavis mxriv, sityvieri metaforebi arian). miTi da mimdinare<br />
movlenebi qmnian wyvils, romelSic xorcieldeba avadmyofisa da eqimis dualizmi.<br />
SizofreniiT daavadebisas moqmedebs eqimi, avadmyofi ki qmnis miTs.<br />
Samanuri (mkurnalobis yvelaze Zveli praqtika) mkurnalobis praqtikaSi<br />
miTs yveba eqimi, avadmyofi ki moqmedebs. mkurnalobis Tanamedrove da Samanuri<br />
meTodebi erTsa da imave principebs efuZneba, romlis mizania avadmyofobis<br />
struqturis Secvla. induqciis am procesSi monawileobs metafora.<br />
aq ar SeiZleba ar mogvagondes artur rembos gamonaTqvami: `metaforis<br />
saSualebiT samyaros Secvla SeiZleba~ (levi-strosi 1985: 179-180).<br />
levi-strosis azriT, miTebis wyalobiT Cven vxvdebiT, rom metafora<br />
eyrdnoba logikuri urTierTobebis intuiciur winaTgrZnobas romeliRac<br />
erT sferosa da sxvebs Soris. metaforis saSualebiT xerxdeba pirvelis<br />
`Seyvana~ sxvebSi miuxedavad refleqsirebadi azrisa, romelic jiutad<br />
cdilobs maT daSoriSorebas. metafora ar aris enis samSvenisi, yoveli<br />
metafora wmends enas da aamaRlebs mas Tavdapirvel bunebamde (erTi wuTiT<br />
waSlis erT-erTs mravalricxovan sinekdoqeTagan). miTosuri azri imeorebs<br />
raRac Zalian mniSvnelovan process, romelic xdeba enaSi (levi-strosi<br />
1999: 322).<br />
Cveni sakvlevi sakiTxis Semdgomi gaSlisTvis Zalian sainteresoa<br />
metaforis ganxilva modelTan da analogiasTan mimarTebiT. zogi mecnieri<br />
fiqrobs, rom modelebi gafarToebuli metaforebia, analogiebi ki
metafora da metamorfoza<br />
modelebis meqanizmebi. m. blekis azriT, modelebi (gansxvavebiT calkeuli<br />
metaforuli winadadebebisgan) aerTianeben Sedarebebis ufro farTo<br />
bades. erTi mTliani metaforuli qselis aRsaniSnad bleks Semoaqvs termini<br />
`arqetipi~. es arqetipi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT analogiad sxva SemTxvevebisaTvis<br />
(bleki 1960: 12-13). p. rikiori, blekisgan gansxvavebiT, arqetipis<br />
sanacvlod iyenebs termins `metaforuli qseli~ (raTa ar moxdes<br />
aRreva iungiseul arqetipTan) (rikiori 1977: 43). ganasxvaveben modelis 2<br />
tips: I. erTi sagnis modelebi (mag.: TviTmfrinavis an avtomobilis sxvadasxva<br />
modeli), II. atomi, rogorc mzis sistemis modeli; an Tavis tvini,<br />
rogorc kompiuteris modeli. is, rom atomi aris mzis sistemis modeli, an<br />
tvini muSaobs, rogorc kompiuteri, arafriT gansxvavdeba metaforisgan.<br />
analogiuri modeli `sasargebloa~ imitom, rom gvexmareba `ucnobs~ mivudgeT<br />
`cnobilis~ saSualebiT da saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavakeToT naxtomi<br />
azrovnebaSi. am azriT, modelebi aris metaforebi ufro farTo gagebiT da<br />
maT safuZvlad udevT sabazo metaforebi (sRurudi 2003: 352).<br />
sabazo metaforebis (kodebis, metaforuli qselis) kvalobaze SegviZlia<br />
gamovyoT sabazo metamorfozebi, metamorfozuli kodebi.…<br />
`myar~ (mudmiv) metamorfozaSi gardasaxva xdeba erTxel da samudamod<br />
mag.: adamianis sxeulis nawilebisgan samyaros da pirvelnivTebis Seqmna;<br />
sxvadasxva frinvelebis, cxovelebisa da mcenareebis warmoSoba gardasaxvebis<br />
saSualebiT: oboba, yvavi, narcisi da a.S. amgvari myari metamorfozebi,<br />
Tavis mxriv, warmoadgenen modelebs (kodebs) sxva metamorfozebisaTvis. am<br />
tipis metamorfozebi etiologiuri xasiaTisaa da miTisqmnadobis uZveles<br />
periods miekuTvneba. aseT TxrobebSi erTmaneTs ejaWveba pirvelyofili<br />
warmodgenebi samyaros Sesaqmeze, yofiTi, filosofiuri da fsiqologiuri<br />
aspeqtebi. es yvelaferi adamianis qveSecneulis doneze daileqa (Seiqmna<br />
arqetipebi). metamorfozebis wored es universaluri modelebi dganan<br />
metaforis gverdiT.<br />
moZravi, aramyari metamorfozebi azris ganviTarebis sxva etaps esadageba.<br />
magaliTad, RmerTebs SeuZliaT sxvadasxva ieris miReba. tiresiasi jer qalad<br />
gardaisaxa, mere isev kacad. adamians SeuZlia mcire xniT saxe icvalos:<br />
gardaisaxos cxovelad, frinvelad mcenared da a. S. mxatvruli literatura<br />
orive formas iyenebs: adamiani Tavis TavSi `grZnobs~ romelime sxva<br />
arsebas _ cxovels, frinvels, mwers, e. i. xdeba embrionis romeliRac fazis<br />
gaaqtiureba (dabadebamde adamiani xom evoluciis yvela ZiriTad etaps gaivlis);<br />
gaoreba. grZnobebis, gancdebis, Seqmnili situaciis Sesabamisad, adamiani<br />
Tavis Tavs usadagebs ara marto ama Tu im nivTs, arsebas, aramed ganyenebul<br />
cnebas: fers, suns da a.S. am procesebis dasabami ki aris qveSecneulSi arsebuli<br />
metamorfozis idea. es procesi SeiZleba SevadaroT almasisgan bril-<br />
51
52<br />
rusudan canava<br />
iantis miRebas. yvela almasi ar gardaiqmneba briliantad, aramed mxolod<br />
is, romelsac ostati mohkidebs xels da daawaxnagebs. metamorfoza almasia<br />
poetis xelSi. Tu poets surs, misgan metaforas `gaakeTebs~.<br />
metamorfoza aCvenebs azris moZraobis veqtors, process, mimarTulebas,<br />
amitom misi buneba predikatulia.<br />
ase rom, metaforis `dabadebaSi~ arc Tu ukanasknel funqcias asrulebs<br />
metamorfoza. metafora `ibadeba~ pirvelyofili miTo-religiuri warmodgenebis<br />
warmoSobisas, igi msoflaRqmis saSualebaa. metamorfoza metaforis<br />
`meqanizmia~.<br />
literaturul metamorfozebs Soris gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs<br />
ovidiusis `metamorfozebs~, romelSic, Cemi azriT, Cans avtoris damokidebuleba<br />
`gardaqmnebisadmi~ poetikis TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
`metamorfozebSi~ (nazoni 1980: 1932) damuSavebulia 250-mde berZnuli<br />
da italikur-etruskul-romauli miTi; yvela maTgani gardasaxvaze (metamorfozaze)<br />
mogviTxrobs. poemaSi Txroba Tanmimdevrulia da erT mTlian<br />
sistemas warmoadgens: iwyeba qaosidan kosmosis warmoSobiT, rasac mohyveba<br />
kosmogoniuri metamorfozebi; Semdgom aRwerilia olimpiuri panTeonis<br />
formireba, ciklebi da uamravi CarTuli ambavi, romlebic metamorfozebis<br />
yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevas moicavs. `metamorfozebi~ ovidiusis simwifis<br />
periodis nawarmoebia. ismis kiTxva: risTvis dasWirda mwerals yvelasTvis<br />
kargad nacnobi miTebis `galeqsva~? saqme isaa, rom ovidiusamdec arsebobda<br />
miTebis uamravi krebuli da saxelmZRvanelo (prozaulic, da rogorc gadmogvcemen,<br />
poeturic). mecnierebaSi am faqts ase xsnian: ovidiuss surda metemfsiqozis<br />
piTagoraseuli koncefciis gamyareba miTologiuri masaliT.<br />
marTlac, poemis XV wignSi, romelic piTagoras eZRvneba, ovidiusi vrclad<br />
msjelobs sulTa gadasaxlebis Teoriaze.<br />
am Tvalsazriss savsebiT viziareb, magram, Cemi azriT, `metamorfozebSi~<br />
Cadebulia gacilebiT meti, vidre metemfsiqozis koncefciis popularizacia.<br />
ufro sworad, ovidiusma moaxerxa metemfsiqozis filosofiur-religiuri<br />
koncefciis dakavSireba poetikasTan. saqme is aris, rom, misive<br />
Txzulebebdan gamomdinare, kargad Cans, ramdens fiqrobda ovidiusi poeturi<br />
sityvis zemoqmedebis Zalaze. Tavad suliT xorcamde poets Tavisi biografiis<br />
araerT umZimes momentSi mxsnelad swored leqsi moevlina (gansakuTrebiT<br />
niSandoblivia sasowarkveTa, romelic mas daeufla gadasaxlebis<br />
misjisas. tomasken mimavali poeti, romelsac zRvaze saSineli qariSxalic<br />
daatyda, sikvdils natrobda. mas surda aqafebul talRebSi gadaSvebuliyo,<br />
magram swored am dros igrZno, rogor daulagda gonebaSi Tavisi<br />
tragikuli gancdebi saleqso striqonebad. poeziam, muzam gadamarCinao, _<br />
wers ovidiusi).
metafora da metamorfoza<br />
Cemi azriT, ovidiusma `metamorfozebSi~ mkiTxvels almasis sabado<br />
`gauxsna~. genialurma poetma zustad miakvlia metaforuli xatebis erTerT<br />
umTavres `sacavs~ da STamomavlobas saqme gauiola imiT, rom `daalaga~<br />
metamorfozuli etiologiebis variantebi da maTgan gamomavali daskvnafigurebi,<br />
maT Cven SegviZlia vuwodoT `sabazo~ metamorfozebi (sabazo<br />
metaforebis kvalobaze): niobe-kldea, araqne _ oboba, zevsi _ arwivi, xari,<br />
wvima, elva da quxili; hera _ SroSani, dionise _ vazi, mtevani da sxva. am<br />
saxeTa analogiiT iolad SeiZleba Seiqmnas axali variantebi. `metamorfozebi~<br />
sruliad garkveuli principiT da mizniT Seiqmna. `metamorfozebi~<br />
aris udidesi `gaWra~ literaturaSi. ovidiusis mier SemoTavazebuli poeturi<br />
saxismetyvelebis ulevi wyaro.<br />
`metamorfozebi~ mTavrdeba poetis anderZiT, romelic Zalian hgavs<br />
horaciusis cnobil odas `melpomenesadmi~:<br />
`davidgi Zegli brinjaoze maradiuli,<br />
mefeTa saZvle piramidebs aRmatebuli<br />
da mis damxobis arvin aris aw SemZlebeli<br />
arc qariSxali, arca warRvna daundobeli,<br />
arc uTvalavi welTa rigi da dro msrboleli“.<br />
(leqsis fragmenti Targmnilia Cem mier).<br />
qvis (brinjaos) Zeglis, rogorc ukvdavebis metaforis (horaciusi,<br />
ovidiusi, puSkini. galaktionma am `hangze gaawyo~ leqsi `maRal mTazeda<br />
avage sasaxle axal-axali~) `sabazo~ miTia niobes metamorfoza qvad.<br />
aqedan erTi nabijia pigmalionis miTamde (Semdgom ki jadosnuri zRapris<br />
modelamde gaqvavebuli adamianebis Sesaxeb). qvis gasulierebas (adamianis<br />
gaqvavebas) ramdenime aspeqtiT SeiZleba mivudgeT; umTavresi ki aris is, rom<br />
qvaSi, qandakebaSi moiazreba vitaluri substancia (ukvdaveba). *<br />
`sabazo~ metamorfozebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT RmerTebisa da adamiane-<br />
* galaktion tabiZem leqsSi `buneba moqandakea~ es procesi ase aRwera:<br />
`klde aWarisa, Tixa xandakis,<br />
xelsawyo _ bevri _<br />
yovel xelxebas am moqandakis<br />
hqvia Sedevri!<br />
xedav orfeoss, nimfas, dioniss<br />
niWTa mlocvari _<br />
Sors reliefi kavkasionis,<br />
gasaocari!<br />
TiTqo simSvide ciskrian tevrze<br />
basri da mWevri<br />
krTis grigalidan _ yovel Sedevrze<br />
didi Sedevri!~<br />
53
54<br />
rusudan canava<br />
bis gardasaxvebi sxvadasxva cxovelebad da frinvelebad (pirvelyofili<br />
totemisturi rwmenis gamoxatuleba). ovidiusTan zevsi gardaisaxeba arwivad,<br />
xarad, wvimad; hera _gugulad, Zroxad, yvavilad. anu, yvela RmerTs<br />
`Tavisi~ cxoveli, frinveli, mcenare an bunebis esa Tu is movlena Seesabameba.<br />
es, erTi mxriv, miuTiTebs, rom amgvari metamorfozebi ar aris nebismieri<br />
da garkveul Zalian siRrmiseul qvecnobier erTobas efuZneba. meore<br />
mxriv, berZen-romael mweralTa mier damkvidrebuli `modelebi~ Tavisebur<br />
`sabazo~ metamorfozebad iqcnen Semdgomi epoqebis adamianebisTvis arwivizevsi<br />
rig SemTxvevaSi simboloa, mag. heraldikaSi; rig SemTxvevaSi gamarjvebis<br />
metafora. gaaCnia, ras moisurvebs mwerali da rogor `daamuSavebs~<br />
am poetur saxes. magram is, Tu ratom aris arwivi `saxe~, amis ganmartebas<br />
gvaZlevs miTi zevsis arwivad metamorfozis Sesaxeb.<br />
metamorfozisa da metaforis mimarTebis sakiTxi sainteresod aisaxa<br />
antikur prozaSic. saberZneTSi filosofiuri proza ufro adre Camoyalibda,<br />
vidre mxatvruli. heraklites swavlebis mixedviT, gansxvavebulTagan<br />
iSveba srulyofili harmonia. es Teza garkveuli logikuri aucileblobiT<br />
airekleba enazec. heraklites naSromis signatura antiTezaa, romelic<br />
poeziaSi empedoklem, prozaSi gorgiasma ganaviTares. gamodis, rom ritorikis<br />
aRmoceneba filosofiuri saqmianobis `gverdiTi produqtebis~<br />
formalizaciaa. iniciativa ekuTvnoda filosofias. filosofia gamovida<br />
miTiT, kultiT, yofiT sanqcirebuli dResaswaulidan, raTa Seeqmna saku-<br />
Tari arakalendaruli dResaswauli, imitom rom Tavad gamxdariyo dResaswauli<br />
(haidegeri 1961: 14-15). tradiciuli sistemis SigniT adamianTa yofa<br />
daiyo kalendarul dResaswaulebad da Cveulebriv dReebad. sityvaTa Tama-<br />
Si aris azris, ase vTqvaT, sadResaswaulo samosi da ritualuri cekva. *<br />
rogorc irkveva, winafilosofiuri da winaliteraturuli azris dabadeba<br />
(sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, `sibrZnis~ literatura _ formiT saTamaSo, SinaarsiT<br />
_ didaqtikuri) saerTokacobriuli fenomenia, damaxasiaTebeli<br />
ara mxolod elinuri samyarosTvis, aramed mTeli axlo aRmosavleTisTvis.<br />
amgvarad, ukve winafilosofia warmoSobs faqiz, moZrav sityvas, romelic<br />
mzadaa bgeraTa TamaSisa da metaforuli gardasaxvisaTvis (averincevi 1979:<br />
65-66). gza winafilosofiuri enidan filosofiurisken namdvili revoluciaa.<br />
revoluciaa imitom, rom es aris orerTiani _ dapirispirebuli, magram<br />
erTimeoris momcveli, urTierTganmapirobebeli procesi.<br />
platonis dialogebSi sokrate gamoyvanilia, rogorc sityvaze, cnebe-<br />
* Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi xorcieldeba saintereso mcdelobebi miTis `gamoTqmis~, `gamoxatvis~<br />
rekonstruqciisa arqauli berZnuli teqstebidan. s. deligiorgisis dakvirvebiT, `Tqmis~ (`Txrobis~)<br />
arqauli tipi dakavSirebulia adamianis sametyvelo aparatis fiziologiasTan. sametyvelo<br />
aparatis fiziologia saintereso kavSirs avlens somaturi gamoxatvis iseT formasTan, rogoricaa<br />
ritualuri cekvebi. S. deligiorgis, Alternative Myth, AILC, 1976:8.
metafora da metamorfoza<br />
bze azartuli `monadire~. igi isev da isev usvams kiTxvebs Tanamosaubreebs:<br />
ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi mosaubris mier gamoyenebuli sityva; es WeSmaritad<br />
`romeliRac mamxilebeli RmerTia~, romelic `gamoavlens da amxels<br />
daudevrebs metyvelebaSi~ (Sophista 216 b). sityvaTqmnadobis procesi Sei-<br />
Zleba SevadaroT liTonis nakeTobis Seqmnas; liTonis wrTobis msgavsad,<br />
sityva jer `xurdeba~ sametyvelo fantaziis TamaSiT, Semdgom mkveTrad<br />
civdeba inteleqtualuri kritikis zemoqmedebiT. vitgenStainis SeniSvniT,<br />
`mTeli filosofia enis kritikaa~ (vitgenStaini 1959: 44). enis kritika<br />
moniSnavs sazRvars, igi gadaWris Wiplars, romelic aerTebs filosofias<br />
winarefilosofiis sxeulTan. aq ikveTeba gansxvaveba filosofiasa da<br />
poezias Soris, razec werda platoni (Resp. X, 607 b). aviRoT magaliTad<br />
pindares poezia, romelic iTvleba `sibrZnis~ mwvervalad mTeli Tavisi<br />
sityvieri morTulobis sazeimo uCveulobiT _ ufro swored, am sazeimo<br />
uCveulobis wyalobiT _ igi (pindare) ritualurad asaxavda ra samyaros,<br />
rogorc mocemulobas, amavdroulad, xotbis Sesxmisas (am aqtiT) ritualurad<br />
amkvidrebda enas, rogorc mocemulobas. filosofiur refleqsias<br />
ar SeeZlo distancireba ar moexdina amgvari poziciisgan. saboloo jamSi<br />
aman migviyvana ZiriTadi filosofiuri terminebis sistemis Camoyalibebamde.<br />
platoniseul `enis kritikas~ mivyavarT sityvebis WeSmariti da dasabamieri<br />
mniSvnelobis mikvlevasTan; yoveli sityvis fuZis Tavdapirveli<br />
semantikuri intensivobis `gamococxlebasTan~. * sainteresoa mosazrebebi<br />
waSlil metaforebze. platoni msjelobs `umZimes SurisZiebaze~, rogorc<br />
`msubuq da frTian sityvaze~. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom metafora `fr-<br />
Tiani sityvebi~ (e]pea pteroevnta) gvxvdeba jer kidev homerosTan `iliadaSi~<br />
46-jer, `odiseaSi~_ 58-jer.<br />
yvela `pirveladi~ (pirvelad ganxorcielebuli) metamorfoza iyo moulodneli,<br />
unikaluri da Sokismomgvreli; zustad iseTi efeqtis mqone,<br />
rasac iwvevs `cincxali~ metafora. metaforisa da metamorfozis gzebi<br />
pirvelad maSin gadaikveTa, rodesac adamianis gonebaSi daibada gardasaxvis<br />
SesaZleblobis idea da Semdgom am azrma `gaaqtiurebuli~ sityva warmoSva.<br />
gaaqtiurebul sityvaSi igulisxmeba ara sagnebis nominacia, aramed<br />
predikatuli konstruqcia, rodesac sityva `mzad aris~ `moqmedebisaTvis~.<br />
metaforisa da metamorfozis `Sexvedra~ Tu `amosvla~ erTi sawyisidan am<br />
ori fenomenis Zalian Rrma konceptualur pirvelmizezebze (safuZvelze)<br />
mianiSnebs. magram Semdgom movlenebi ise ganviTarda, rom metamorfoza<br />
miTSi `CarCa~, misi ganviTareba metemfsiqozis formalistur aspeqts ver<br />
* am sakiTxis analizi warmodgenilia naSromSi: Classen C.J. Sprachliche Deutung als Triebkraft platonischen<br />
und sokratischen Philosophierens. Mu>nchen 1959. klasenma pirvelma Caatara platonis teqstebis<br />
seriozuli analizi swored im TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogor muSaobda platoni im sityvebze,<br />
romlebic ar iqcnen filosofiur terminebad.<br />
55
56<br />
rusudan canava<br />
gascda, metaforam ki `frTa gaSala~ da samyaros aRqmis saSualebad iqca.<br />
metaforebis im tips, romlebic statiaSi ganvixileT, pirobiTad Sei-<br />
Zleba vuwodoT `miTosuri metaforebi~ (eseni, faqtobrivad, epiforebia,<br />
romlebSic semantikuri Zvra ganxorcielda saxidan saxeze, gvaridan saxeze,<br />
saxidan gvarze gadatanis safuZvelze. am metaforebs axasiaTebs gansakuTrebuli<br />
siaxlove gapirovnebasa da simbolosTan), magram es ise ar unda<br />
gavigoT, rom aRniSnuli metaforebi mxolod antikuri epoqis mweralTa<br />
TxzulebebSi gvxvdeba. axla warmovadgen galaktion tabiZis erTi leqsis<br />
analizs, romelic, Cemi azriT, `miTosuri~ metaforis nimuSia:<br />
`cxeniT xidze~<br />
`cxeni miangrevs xideebs CliqiT,<br />
magram uecrad scqvita yurebi,<br />
misi Tvalebi aivssen _ iqiT<br />
adamianur ubedurebiT...<br />
mis Tvalwin gakrTa msubuqi mwkrivi:<br />
eTamaSeba nakadebs Tevzi.<br />
iyo mxedari _ Cveulebrivi _<br />
kaci _ viT kaci, da ara zevsi~.<br />
am leqsis erTaderTi personaJi cxenia: swored is `miangrevs xideebs<br />
CliqiT~, man `sqvita~ yurebi da misi Tvalebi `aivsnen~ `adamianur ubedurebiT~.<br />
analizs viwyebT fraziT: `mis Tvalwin gakrTa msubuqi mwkrivi~.<br />
romel mwkrivzea laparaki? leqsis Semdgom sam taepSi naxsenebi _ `Tevzi~,<br />
`mxedari~ da `zevsi~ gvafiqrebineben, rom poetis gonebaSi cnobili metamorfozuli<br />
saxeebi axal poetur metaforad gardaisaxa: kerZod, I plani:<br />
cxeni zRvaTa mbrZaneblis _ poseidonis (//neptunis) cxovelia. poseidonis<br />
zoomorfuli ikonografia iseve ukavSirdeba cxens, rogorc zevsisa _<br />
xars. poseidons emorCileba zRvis yvela binadari da, ra Tqma unda, `nakadebTan<br />
moTamaSe Tevzi~ (Tevzis xseneba aZlierebs cxenis kavSirs wylis<br />
stiqiasTan). II plani _ `Tvalwin gamkrTal mwkrivSi~ cxeni mxedaricaa. III<br />
plani _ miuxedavad imisa, rom xari da cxeni uzenaesi RvTaebebis zoomorfuli<br />
hipostasebia, isini mainc naklebi `Rirsebis~ Rirsebis~ arian, vidre Tavad Rv-<br />
Taebebi. cnobili gamoTmaa: `rac zevss epatieba, xars ar epatieba~. aqedan:<br />
`iyo mxedari _ Cveulebrivi _ / kaci _ viT kaci, da ara zevsi~. ase rom<br />
sami miTosuri plastis SereviT, romelTagan ori (zevsi da poseidoni, Sesabamisad,<br />
cxeni da xari) metamorfozaa, iqmneba poeturi figura.
metafora da metamorfoza<br />
damowmebani:<br />
averincevi 1979: Аверинцев С. С. Классическая греческая филосояиф как явление историко-<br />
литературного ряда. В сб.: Новое в современной классической филологии. М.:<br />
1979.<br />
arutiunova 1990: Арутюнова Н. Д. Теория метафоры. М.: 1990.<br />
barti 1989: Барт Р. Изранные работы. Семиотика, Поэетика. М.: 1989.<br />
bleki 1960: Black M. Models and Metaphors. Cornell <strong>University</strong> Press 1960.<br />
vinogradovi 1976: Виноградов В. В. Поэтика русской литературы. М.: 1976.<br />
vitgenSteini 1959: Витгенштейн Л. Логико-философский трактат. Пер. с нем. М.: 1959.<br />
kasireri 1925: Cassirer E. Philosophie des symbolischen Formen. Zweiter Teil, Berlin, 1925.<br />
kuini 1955: Quinn M. Bernetta. The Metamorphic Tradition in Modern Poetry. Rutgers Univ.<br />
Press, 1955.<br />
levi-strosi 1985: Леви-Стросс К. Структурная антропология. Пер. с франц. М.: 1985.<br />
levi-strosi 1999: Леви-Стросс К. Сырое и приготовленное. Пер. с франц. М.: 1999.<br />
levi-strosi 2000: Леви-Стросс К. Мифологики. От меда к пеплу. Пер. с франц. Т. II, СПБ 2000.<br />
losevi 1991: Лосев А. Ф. Филофия, Мифология, культура. М.: 1991.<br />
nazoni 1960: nazoni publius ovidius metamorfozebi. redaqcia, Sesavali werili da<br />
komentarebi ak. uruSaZis. Tb.: 1980. P. Ovidii Nasonis. Carmina, ed. R. Ehwald,<br />
V. Lery. T. 1-3, Lipsiae 1915-1932.<br />
rikiori 1977: Ricoeur P. The Rule of Metaphor. <strong>University</strong> of Toronto Press, 1977.<br />
stivensi 1951: Stevens W. The Necessary Angel. Knopf, 1951.<br />
sRurudi 2003: Sgouroudh D. H metafora kai h sumbolh th~ sth glwssa. Aqhvna: 2003.<br />
haidegeri 1961: Heidegger M. Neietzsch., Pfullingen, 1961.<br />
Metaphor and Metamorphosis<br />
Summary<br />
Rusudan Tsanava<br />
The study of metaphor, the central trope responsible for the artistic quality of a text,<br />
started in the times of Aristotle. Since then, many scholarly opinions have been ventured<br />
and several theories have been developed. One of the principle objectives of metaphor<br />
studies is admitted to be its relationship with other tropes: simile and metonymy. Along<br />
with this, scholars have been exploring interrelationships between metaphor and metamorphosis.<br />
The so-called transformations are prevalent in the artistic thought. They offer<br />
a vivid picture of the author’s (character’s) spiritual state and very often determine chief<br />
merits of artistic images found in a text. Virtual or imaginary transformations are associated<br />
with mythic metamorphoses. It should also be noted that unlike simile and metonymy,<br />
57
58<br />
rusudan canava<br />
metamorphosis is not a trope. Another noteworthy fact is that the majority of scholars draw<br />
a clear line between metaphor and metamorphosis. This viewpoint is supported by two arguments:<br />
1. Metaphor implies nothing that could suggest transformation. On the contrary,<br />
bidimensionality, conceptual likening of two altogether different ‘items’ is inherent with<br />
metaphor. On the other hand, metamorphosis is the repercussion of mythological thought<br />
when every type of transformation is perceived as a real fact. Hence, transformation is a<br />
means of world perception. 2. Metaphor is distinguished for its tendency to penetrate the<br />
field of semantics, which is not characteristic of metamorphosis.<br />
In my opinion, the erroneous conceptual basis of such reasoning lies in limiting metamorphosis<br />
solely to the domain of ‘mythological thought’. Close analysis of the nature and<br />
kinds of metamorphosis revealed that the latter implies an unanticipated identification of<br />
absolutely opposite values (categories, classes). And the myths reflecting a metamorphosis<br />
explain the prime cause (etiology) of unanticipated transformations. These universal<br />
etiological myths offer a single or several similar versions throwing light on the semantics<br />
of a metamorphosal image, turned into a poetic figure. In fact, ancient creative thinking is<br />
mostly based exactly on metamorphosal images. Metamorphosis, an ‘output’ of the earliest,<br />
most archaic thinking, is to a greater extent a source of ancient metaphor. This thinking<br />
incorporates every manifestation of primeval syncretism – religion, thought, generalization<br />
and creativity; integration and disintegration. Naturally, not all metamorphoses develop<br />
into a metaphor; sometimes metamorphoses retain their original nature and appear as independent<br />
elements. These processes can be compared to the treatment of diamonds. Not<br />
every piece of rough diamond will turn into a fine cultivated gem but only those cut by a<br />
skillful master. Metamorphosis is a rough diamond in the hands of a master, who can cut it<br />
into a metaphor if he wishes so.<br />
The aim of the paper is to determine the function of metamorphosis in differentiating<br />
between new and old (ancient) metaphors. Conceptual analysis of Ovid’s Metamorphoses<br />
will help to find an answer to the posed question. The Metamorphoses is a most significant<br />
break-through in the literary theory. The poet offered to the readers (as well as to the authors)<br />
of every epoch and taste an inexhaustible source of poetic tropology – the archetypes<br />
of the so-called ‘fixed’ metaphors – etiological metamorphoses – which, to put it metaphorically,<br />
never ceases to flow in the veins of ‘old’ as well as ‘new’ metaphors.<br />
Every primary metamorphosis was unexpected, unique and astonishing, having the<br />
same effect as a ‘fresh’ metaphor. Metaphor and metamorphosis first met when the idea<br />
of the possible transformation was born in human mind, which afterwards generated ‘activated’<br />
word. ‘Activated’ word refers not to the nomination of things but to the ‘readiness’<br />
of a word for ‘activity’. The ‘encounter’ of metaphor and metamorphosis, or their ‘stemming’<br />
from the same origin, points to the deep conceptual cause of the two phenomena.<br />
However, the following events took such a turn that metamorphosis remained confined to<br />
myth, failing to expand beyond the formalistic aspect of metempsychosis, while metaphor
metafora da metamorfoza<br />
enjoyed further development and became a means of world perception.<br />
The types of metaphor considered in the article can be conventionally called ‘mythic<br />
metaphors’ (in fact, they are epiphors, in which semantic shift is due to its transfer from<br />
species to species, from genus to species, from species to genus. These metaphors are<br />
especially close to personification and symbol). However, it should not be understood as<br />
if the above-mentioned metaphors were used only by ancient authors. The article presents<br />
an analysis of a poem by Galaktion Tabidze, which, I reckon, is the example of a ‘mythic’<br />
metaphor:<br />
Astride On a Bridge<br />
A horse rushes ahead crushing bridges with his hoofs,<br />
But suddenly pricked up his ears,<br />
His eyes filled up – over there<br />
With human misfortune …<br />
A light row passed swiftly before his eyes;<br />
A fish is playing with streams<br />
He was a horseman – an ordinary horseman –<br />
a man – like a man, and not Zeus.`<br />
The only character of the poem is the horse. It is him who ‘rushes ahead crushing<br />
bridges with his hoofs’; he pricked up his ears and his eyes filled up with ‘human misfortune’.<br />
The analysis starts with the following phrase: ‘A light row passed swiftly before his<br />
eyes’. What row does the poet speak about? ‘Fish’, ‘horseman’ and ‘Zeus’ mentioned in the<br />
following three lines prompt us to think that the well-known metamorphosal phrases transformed<br />
in the poet’s mind into a new poetic metaphor: in particular, perspective I: Horse<br />
is the animal of Poseidon, the lord of the sea. The zoomorphic iconography of Poseidon is<br />
associated with horse in the same way as that of Zeus with bull (the mentioning of the fish<br />
intensifies the relationship between the horse and the water element). Perspective II – as ‘a<br />
light row passes swiftly before his eyes’, the steed is the horseman as well. Perspective III<br />
– Although bull and horse are the zoomorphic hypostases of the supreme deities, they are<br />
of lower nobility than the deities. According to the well-known saying, what is forgivable<br />
for Zeus, is not forgivable for the bull. Hence, ‘He was a horseman – an ordinary horseman<br />
– a man – like a man, and not Zeus.’ So, through the fusion of three mythic layers, two<br />
of which (Zeus and Poseidon, and correspondingly, the horse and the bull) are metamorphoses,<br />
a poetic figure is created.<br />
59
solomon tabucaZe<br />
60<br />
avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi<br />
cnobili rusi filosofosis, filologis, literaturaTmcodnisa da<br />
kulturis Teoretikosis mixail baxtinis (1895–1975) naSromebma gansakuTrebuli<br />
rezonansi gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos da 80-iani<br />
wlebis dasawyisSi SeiZina da es moxda mas Semdeg, rac 1979 wels, avtoris<br />
gardacvalebidan oTxi wlis Tavze gamovida wigni `sityvieri xelovnebis<br />
esTetika~. 60–ian wlebSi (1965 w.) daibeWda misi wigni `fransua rables<br />
Semoqmedeba da Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis xalxuri kultura~, mogvianebiT<br />
ki naSromi dostoevskis Semoqmedebisa da poetikis problemebze,<br />
magram yvelaze meti gamoxmaureba _ yovel SemTxvevaSi qarTul literaturaTmcodneobiT<br />
sivrceSi _ `sityvieri xelovnebis esTetikas~ mohyva. am<br />
wignSi centraluri adgili ukavia 20–ian wlebSi dawyebul, dausrulebel<br />
da saarqivo masalebSi SemorCenil naSroms `avtori da gmiri esTetikur<br />
qmedebaSi~. swavlulis arqivsave Semounaxavs filosofiuri xasiaTis Txzuleba<br />
imave problematikaze, romelic imdenad dazianebuli aRmoCnda,<br />
rom mis mxolod fragmentebze Tu SeiZleba laparaki. mkvlevaris teqstebis<br />
amgvari istoria piradad CemTvis imdenadaa sagulisxmo, ramdenadac<br />
igi `gaSlil~ da `gadaWimul~ sabWoeTSi marginalizebuli adamianis bedsa<br />
da cxovrebiseul gzas ukavSirdeba. ver viviwyeb 70 –ian wlebSi, uxarisxo<br />
sagazeTo qaRaldze, saranskSi dabeWdil krebuls, romelSic mixail baxtinis<br />
fotocaa gamoqveynebuli; fotosuraTidan yvelaze `demokratiul<br />
transportze~ _ velosipedze fexSemodgmuli filosofosi Semogvyurebs,<br />
rac, sxva rom ara vicodeT ra am kacis biografiidan, me piradad bevrismetyvel<br />
faqtad mesaxeba im gariyulobis gaTvaliswinebiT, raic, Tundac<br />
am vizualur dokumentzea asaxuli: dRes ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli<br />
literaturaTmcodne, sabWouri provinciis `glubinkaSi~, aTxrili, ormoebiani<br />
da tborebiT `gamSvenebuli~ gzis piras dgas da, rogorc Cans,<br />
moyvaruli fotografis mier Seyovnebuli wamis Semdeg, kvlav Tavis pedagogiur,<br />
uCinar moRvaweobas gaagrZelebs mordoviis universitetSi. esec<br />
Cveuli movlena unda iyos da, rogorc Cans, ara mxolod sabWoeTSi... humanitaruli<br />
ideebis bedi da bediswera, albaT, imTaviTve iyo dakavSirebuli<br />
yaribobiTa da uqonlobiT gaspetakebuli sulis mimoxvrasTan. asea Tu ise,<br />
`mixail baxtini~ dRes ukve qrestomaTiuli saxelia da misi zemoxsenebuli<br />
naSromic _ `avtori da gmiri esTetikur qmedebaSi~ _ filosofiuri es-<br />
Tetikis TviTmyofadi nimuSia. Tu ufro davazustebT, es aris esTetikisa<br />
da zneobis filosofiis mijnaze, anu im sivrceSi myofi naSromi, romel-
avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi<br />
sac Tavad baxtini adamianis qmediTi `movlenis~, `saqcielis~ samyaros<br />
uwodebs. naSromis safuZvelmdebi eTikuri kategoriaa `pasuxismgebloba~,<br />
romlis konkretizaciac xdeba cnebaSi `ualiboba yofierebaSi~: adamians ara<br />
aqvs `alibis~, anu gadaxris ufleba im zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan, romlis<br />
yofierebaSi realizaciac misi erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli `adgilia~,<br />
ganumerebeli saqcielia, romlis eqstrapolirebac unda moxdes mTel mis<br />
cxovrebaze; ese igi, adamianis cxovreba erTi mTliani saqcielia_ pasuxismgeblobiT<br />
gamsWvaluli saqcieli. mixail baxtinis erTi yvelaze adreuli<br />
naSromTagani swore asea dasaTaurebuli _ `saqcielis filosofiisaTvis~.<br />
mis dialogur koncefcias, kerZod, `me – Cemi sxvai~ * -s problemas swored<br />
aq daedo safuZveli da SemdgomSi ufro detalurad damuSavda naSromSi<br />
avtorsa da gmirze. avtorisa da gmiris urTierTmimarTeba aris subieqtis<br />
mimarTeba subieqtTan. rodesac baxtinma esTetikur obieqtSi gamoacalkeva<br />
`dialogis~ kategoria, igi am obieqts ganixilavda ara sagnobriv–bunebriv<br />
fenomenad, aramed sruliad axal yofiT -esTetikur warmonaqmnad, romelic<br />
dafuZnebulia `me~-sa da `Cemi sxvai~-s subieqtebis, personologiur da<br />
imanentur–socialur anu avtorisa da gmiris urTierTmimarTebaze.<br />
sagulisxmoa `me~ da `Cemi sxvais~ ganxilva istoriuli poetikis ganaserSi.<br />
poetikis istoriis pirvel stadias aleqsandr veselovski sinkretizmis<br />
epoqas uwodebda. sinkretizmi, rogorc mxatvruli principi, samyaros<br />
ganuwvalebel aRqmas da Sasabamisad ganuwvalebel esTetikur cnobierebasac<br />
gulisxmobs. arqauli adamiani sinkretulad aRiqvams grZnobis<br />
organoTa monacemebs, sakuTar Tavsa da bunebas, `me~-sa da `...sxvai~-s, sityvasa<br />
da misiT aRniSnul sagans, ritualur da yofiT qmedebas, xelovnebas<br />
da cxovrebas. erTi sityviT, rogorc aleqsandr veselovski aRniSnavs<br />
Tavis qrestomaTiul naSromSi, sinkretizmi gamoxatavs arqaul cnobierebas,<br />
romelic samyaros erT mTlianobad warmoidgens da romlisTvisac<br />
sruliad ucxoa ganyenebuli, ganwilvadi da refleqsiuri azrovneba. mkvlevarma<br />
Tvali gaadevna am principis gamovlinebas poeturi enisa da stilis<br />
sferoSi, mxatvruli saxis struqturaSi, literaturis gvarebisa da Janrebis<br />
winare istoriaSi, avtorobis formirebaSi, motivsa da siuJetSi da<br />
sxva. erTi sityviT, sinkretulobis principi literaturis centraluri<br />
kategoriebis cxavSi gatarebis Semdeg, yvelaze sicocxlisunariani poetur<br />
saxeTa sferoSi aRmoCnda. amitom, SemdgomSi, rodesac sinkretizmze<br />
visaubrebT, mxedvelobaSi gveqneba ara konkretuli epoqis gamomxatveli<br />
mxatvruli faqti, aramed sazogadod xelovneba, romlis saxeobriv struqturasac<br />
sinkretizmis principi ganapirobebs. saqme is aris, rom esTetikur<br />
obieqts sinkretuli statusi ara mxolod arqaikaSi aqvs, aramed igi, ama<br />
* viyenebT „Я-Другой“-s gr. robaqiZiseul Targmanebs.<br />
61
62<br />
solomon tabucaZe<br />
Tu im formiT, poetikis ganviTarebis sxva stadiebzec iCens Tavs. sagulisyuroa,<br />
rom am problemaze, oRond mis sxva aspeqtze, saubrobs merab mamardaSvili<br />
marsel prustis Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas: `cnobierebis romeliRaca<br />
doneze _ da am doneze gadamwyveti cxovrebuseuli movlenebi ukve<br />
arseboben _ yvelaferi gveZleva erTgvaris sinkretulis saxiT~. literaturas<br />
cnobierebis swored am saxeobasTan mivyavarT da amitom sinkretizmi<br />
misi istoriuli saSo ki ar aris, aramed erTgvari arqetupuli Tviseba,<br />
romlis kvlav da kvlavwarmoeba xdeba. sinkretizmis fenomenis metaistoriul<br />
mniSvnelobasac es ganapirobebs.<br />
es istoriuli eqskursi mxolod imitom dagvWirda, rom `subieqturi<br />
sinkretizmis~ cnebamde mivsuliyaviT. Tavad termini poetikosma samson<br />
broitmanma Semoitana gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, magram am fenomenis<br />
arsebobis faqtebi, ra Tqma unda, adrec aRiniSneboda.<br />
Teoriulma poetikam karga xani gaarkvia, rom esTetikuri obieqti movlenis<br />
bunebisaa (movlenobrivia), raic gulisxmobs, rom misi arqiteqtinika<br />
ganpirobebulia esTetikuri movlenis subieqtebis _ avtoris, gmirisa da<br />
mkiTxvel-msmenelis urTierTobiTa da urTierTmimarTebiT. swored am urTierTobaTa<br />
struqturidan amoizrdeba Txzulebis arqiteqtonikaca da sxva<br />
gamomxatveli kompoziciuri formebic.<br />
arqauli folklori, Zveli literaturebi da tradiciuli xalxuri<br />
Semoqmedeba, swored anonimuri principisa gamo, avtoris cnebas ar icnobs,<br />
magram yovelTvis da yvelgan SeiniSneba raRaca iseTi movlena, rac Tanamedrove<br />
`avtorisa~ da `gmiris~ cnebaTa ekvivalentad SeiZleba miviCnioT.<br />
esaa, magaliTad, Txrobisas aramotivirebuli da uecari gadasvla mesame<br />
piridan pirvelze da Semdeg kvlav Txrobis pirvandel poziciaze dabruneba.<br />
ese igi pirdapiri Txrobis Canacvleba pirobiTad pirdapiri metyvelebiT<br />
_ yovelgvari daTqmisa da gafrTxilebis gareSe. es faqti polineziuri<br />
folkloris mkvlevarebma SeniSnes da, maTive varaudiT, uZveles saazrovno<br />
principze damyarebuli am movlenis sazrisi is aris, rom subieqturi<br />
struqtura enobrivi formiT swored ase vlindeba. mokled, saqme gvaqvs<br />
subieqturi sinkretizmis eqstralingvistur faqtorebTan. folklorul<br />
cnobierebaSi `me~-sa da `...sxvai~-s, anu avtorisa da gmiris sferoebi ganuwvalebelia<br />
da maT Siris sazRvari imdenad `gaumagrebelia~, rom Txroba<br />
Zaldautaneblad gadadis erTidan meoreSi.<br />
subieqturi sinkretizmis gamomxatveli forma karga xania Cabarda istorias<br />
da subieqturi organizaciis odesRac dominanturi (gabatonebuli)<br />
principi dRes mxolod reliqtad unda warmovidginoT, magram saqme is aris,<br />
rom al. veselovski `qoroseuli sinkretizmis~ fenomenis Seswavlisas mis<br />
gasaRebs swored subieqturi organizaciis formaSi eZiebda. saqme is aris,
avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi<br />
rom igi qoros upirovno avtorad ganixilavda, saidanac TandaTan gamoiyofoda<br />
da gamocalkevdeboda pirovnuli avtoris saxe da swored am procesSi<br />
warmoiSoboda stiluri, Janruli da kompoziciuri formebi. qoro _ avtorisa<br />
da gmiris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi mkvlevars ar dauyenebia.<br />
qorosa da sxva arqauli formebis avtor-gmiris ipostass gansakuTrebuli<br />
yuradReba miaqcies olga freidenbergma da mixail baxtinma, Tumca<br />
am problemisadmi maTac gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT. Tu veselovskisTvis<br />
centraluri sakiTxi sinkretizmis pirovnuli da qoroseuli<br />
sawyisTa urTierTmimarTeba iyo, olga freidenbergi sakvanZo problemad<br />
subieqtis obieqtTan mimartebas ganixilavda, xolo mixail baxtini `me~sa<br />
da `...sxvai~-s urTierTmimarTebas gamoyofda. subieqt-obieqtis da subieqt-subieqtis<br />
gansxvavebul aspeqtTa amgvarma aqcentebma ganapiroba kvlevis<br />
SedegTa sxvaobac.<br />
olga freidenbergi, veselovskisdakvalad, xazs usvamda pirvelyofili<br />
adamianis bunebisgan da sociumisgan ganuwvaleblobas da am faqtis Sinagan<br />
da arsobriv korelatad (Tanafardad) is miaCnda, rom al. veselovski<br />
ar acalkevebda subieqts obieqtisagan da ar axdenda masTan dakavSirebuli<br />
aqtiuri da pasiuri statusebis diferencirebas. antikuri kulturis<br />
mkvlevaris azriT, cnobierebis amgvari struqturaa asaxuli sityvieri<br />
Semoqmedebis erT-erT uZveles formaSi _ miTSi, sadac Tavad mTxrobeli<br />
identuria Tavisi monaTxrobisa: subieqtobriv (aqtiur) aspeqtSi igi _<br />
`avtoria~, anu zemoqmedi RmerTia, obieqtobrivSi (pasiurSi) ki _ `gmiri~,<br />
anu RmerTi, romelic Tavad ganicdis zemoqmedebas, Tumca es ori aspeqti<br />
miTSi ganuyofelia.<br />
amrigad, qmedebis funqciaSi RmerTi aris is aqtiuri subieqti, romelic<br />
SemdgomSi `avtorad~ iqceva. amis Taobaze sergei averincevi wers: Auctor<br />
(`avtori`) _ nomen agentis-ia, anu aRniSnavs moqmedebis subueqts; auctoritas<br />
(`avtoriteti~) _ ki am subieqtis romeliRac Tvisebis aRmniSvneli. TviT<br />
qmedeba aRiniSneba zmniT augeo, erTi im zmnaTaganiT, romelic, goeTeseburad<br />
Tu vityviT, laTinuri enis Taurzmnaa (Urvorte), romlis azrobrivi<br />
sizrqec ver gadmoicema saleqsikono statiaSi. Augeo _ es aris RmerTebis,<br />
viTarca kosmiuri iniciativis wyarosTavis maxasiaTebeli, niSandoblivi<br />
qmedeba: `ganvamravleb~, `Tanavmoqmedeb~ an, ubralod, `sCavdivar~_ raRac<br />
momyavs yofierebaSi (vayofiereb) anda arsebuls vmateb wonas, moculobas<br />
an potencias (averincevi 1994: 105).<br />
magram igive RmerTi pasiuri (obieqtobrivi) ipostasiT, ganmcdelisa<br />
(TviTon rom ganicdis zemoqmedebas) da kvdomis funqciiT _ es ukve<br />
`gmiria~. klav olga freidenbergis magaliTebs Tu moviSveliebT, berZnebTan<br />
`kvdomisa~ da `gmirad qcevis~ cnebebs sinonimuri gageba hqonda _ `kv-<br />
63
64<br />
solomon tabucaZe<br />
doma~ niSnavda `gmirad qcevas~. gmiri imTavad adamiani ki ar iyo, aramed<br />
momakvdavi RvTaeba, TviT kosmosi an `totemi Casvenebis mdgomareobaSi,<br />
qve-sknelSi~. swored amitom gmiris pirvelsawyisuri da dasabamuri mniSvneloba,<br />
sruliad gansxvavebulia misi Tanamedrove gagebisagan.<br />
meamboxur bunebasa da mamacur xasiaTs gmiri mogvianebiT SeiZens, iZens, rode- rodesac<br />
igi qvesknelsa da jojoxeTSi sagmiro saqmeebs sCadis _ SeeWideba<br />
sikvdils da, `Zlevai sakvirvelis~ kvalad, xelaxla iSvis da ibadeba<br />
cxovrebaSi. saTqmelia isic, rom, rogorc `avtoris~ cnebaSi SeinarCuna<br />
kulturulma mexsierebam `RmerTis~ xsovna, arc sityva `gmirSi~ gawyvetila<br />
kavSir -mimarTeba `sikvdilTan~. mexsierebis amgvarma faqtma avtoris<br />
gmirTan da mis samyarosTan esTetikuri mimarTebis sakiTxze msjelobisas,<br />
mixail baxtins safuZveli misca eTqva, , rom es aris damokidebuleba sikv- sikv- sikvdilad<br />
midrekilisadmi.<br />
miTSi subieqt-obieqtis ganuwvaleblobis aRwerisas, olga freidenbergis<br />
mixedviT, ar arsebobs gansxvaveba imaT Soris Tu vin mogviTxrobs, ra<br />
moiTxroba da vis moeTxroba.<br />
vinc yveba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ganuwvalebeli avtori _ gmiri _<br />
RmerTia; magram saqme is aris, rom msmenelic RmerTia; Txroba, romelsac<br />
locvis forma aqvs, mimarTulia RvTisadmi da imavdroulad msmenelisa<br />
da mayureblisadmi, romelTa Tvalwinac mimdinareobs movlena. Tavis mxriv,<br />
is, raic moiTxroba (siuJeti da Tavad moTxroba, romelic erTgvar `sxeulad~,<br />
`tanad~ unda vigulvoT) aris sakurTxevelze mitanili msxverpli.<br />
es saxe calsaxad mianiSnebs, rom moTxroba hgavs samsxverplo cxovels,<br />
anu kvlav da kvlav RvTaebas Tavisi pasiuri mdgomareobis Jams (cnobilia,<br />
rom miTologiur siRrmeebSi `qurumi da msxverpli _ erTi da igivea~, bevr<br />
miTologiaSi RmerTs sakuTarive Tavi miaqvs msxverplad).<br />
am arqaul subieqtur struqturas TviT berZnul literaturaSic ki ar<br />
amiuwuravs Tavisi Tavi. yvelaze ukeT igi Semoinaxa dramam, aseve lirikamac<br />
da TviT iseTma gviandelma Janrmac ki, rogoricaa romani. uZvelesi komediis<br />
ganmsazRvreli Tavisebureba isicaa, rom moqmed pirad gamodis TviT<br />
avtori, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs subieqtur-obieqtobriv, erTeulmravlobiT,<br />
qoroul formebs da inarCunebs RvTaebriv da imavdroulad<br />
zoomorful bunebas. rasac dRes gmiri ewodeba, uZveles komediaSi iyo<br />
niRabi, romelic `personaJul~ kategorias ki ar ganekuTvneba, aramed realurs,<br />
cocxals da literaturamdels.<br />
aRaras vambobT berZnuli lirikis arqaul struqturaze, sadac mRerac,<br />
cekvac da Txrobac avtoriseulia; erTi sityviT, yvelafers avtori<br />
`akeTebs~, magram avtori erTeuli ki ara, mravlobiTis formiT gvevlineba<br />
da, miuxedavad amisa, igi Tavis Tavs pirveli piris mxoloobiTi formiT
avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi<br />
moixseniebs da is, rac moiTxroba, mas ki ar exeba, aramed RmerTs [`igi<br />
laparakobs RvTis nacvlad da amiTve laparakobs Tavis Tavze~ (freidenbergi<br />
1978: )].<br />
avtoris aRweris subieqt-obieqtobrivi kriteriumebis freidenbergiseuli<br />
versia mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo problemis siRrmiseuli gaazrebis<br />
gzaze. amgvari midgomisas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba SeiZina pirovnulisa da<br />
`qoros~ urTierTobis ara `raodenobrivma~ urTierTmimarTebam, aramed<br />
aqtiur-subieqtobrivi da pasiur-obieqtobrivi pozicia _ rolebis masJamindeli<br />
(dasabamiuri) ganuwvaleblobisa da da samomavlo potenciuri ganviTarebis<br />
Taviseburebebma. mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo RvTaebrivi intenciis<br />
amokiTxva avtoriseul da gmiriseul poziciaSi (am intenciis Tanamedrove<br />
gamovlinebaa Cvens warmodgenaSi arsebuli avtor-Semoqmedis saxe).<br />
da mainc subieqt-obieqtobriv kriteriumebs Tavisi sazRvrebi gaaCnia.<br />
davsvaT sakiTxi amgvarad: aris Tu ara gmiri (RvTaebis pasiuri mdgomareoba)<br />
obieqtobrivi, am sityvis gviandeli gagebiT? zemonaTqvamidan<br />
gamomdinereobs, rom olga freidenbergs gmiri subieqtisa da subieqtobrivis<br />
gamovlinebis Tavisebur formad warmoedgina. aseve esmoda problema<br />
mixail baxtinsac, romelic aqcents akeTebda subieqt-subieqtobriv<br />
urTierTmimarTebaze esTetikuri obieqtis arqiteqtinikaSi. subieqtobrivi<br />
struqturisadmi baxtiniseuli midgoma mWidrod ukavSirdeba mkvlevaris<br />
zogad meTodologiur mizandasaxulobebs. am mimarTulebiT Ziebisas misi<br />
erT-erTi amosavali wanamZRvari iyo adamianis arsebobis realur formad<br />
`me – Cemi sxvai~-s orerTianoba da ara `abstraqtuli me~. `sityvieri xelovnebis<br />
esTetikaSi~ igi wers, rom rogorc dedis saSoSi xdeba adamianis<br />
formireba _ aseve iRviZebs mis cnobierebaSi Sefaruli ucxo cnobiereba.<br />
esTetikuri Semoqmedeba erTi cnobierebis farglebSi ar xdeba. esTetikur<br />
movlenaSi ramdenime monawilea da orerTiani `me – ...sxvai~ `avtori-gmiri~s<br />
formiT warmogvidgeba. xelovnebis ganviTarebis adreul etapze, rodesac<br />
esTetikuri cnobiereba is-is iyo iRviZebda da yalibdeboda, warmoSobis<br />
procesSi myofi avtori, zedmiwevniTi gagebiT, sxvaTa cnobierebaSi iyo Tav-<br />
Sefarebuli. es iyo `sxvaTa qoro~, romlis mxardaWerisa da damowmebis<br />
gareSe esTetikuri aqti SeuZlebelia.<br />
qoros substrati kargad vlindeba uZveles literaturul gvarSi<br />
_ lirikaSi: `lirika _ es aris sakuTar TavSi Sinagani `me~-s emociuri<br />
TvaliT xedva da Sinagani `.. sxvai~-s emociuri xmis smena. me vusmen Cems<br />
Tavs sxvaSi, sxvebTan erTad da sxvebisTvis... �...� �...� me vpoulob Cem Tavs emoemociurad mTrTolvare ucxo xmaSi, ganvasaxovneb/ganvfen Cems Tavs xotbis<br />
aRmvlenel ucxo xmaSi, vpoulob masSi sakuTari Sinagani TrTolvisadmi<br />
avtoritetul midgomas~ (baxtini 1979: 149).<br />
65
66<br />
solomon tabucaZe<br />
cxadia, sakiTxis amgvari dasmisas mixail baxtini aqcents akeTebs ara<br />
pirovnebis masisgan ganuwvaleblobaze an subieqtis obieqtisgan ganusxvaveblobaze,<br />
aramed yuradRebas amaxvilebs cnobierebaSi (igulisxmeba esTetikuri<br />
cnobiereba) subieqturi sinkretizmis fundamentur dafuZnebulobaze,<br />
`...sxvai~-s `me~-saTvis principul aucileblobasa da saWiroebaze. es<br />
aucileblobaa rom badebs da warmoSobs xelovnebas da amave aucileblobis<br />
uSualo da TvalsaCino gamovlinebaa qoro. amave dros `avtoris avtoriteti<br />
aris qoros avtoriteti~ (baxtini 1979: 149), romelic, imavdroulad<br />
`sxvaTa~ anu gmirTa qorodac gvevlineba.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom avtor-gmiri baxtinTanac da freidenbergTanac Rmer-<br />
Tia, romelic pirdapir da `obieqtobrivad~ ki ar vlindeba, aramed intenciis<br />
imgvari gansakuTrebuli formiT, uromlisidac avtoroba rogorc<br />
aseTi _ SeuZlebelia. baxtini mas uwodebs `cxovrebisgare aqtiur pozicias~<br />
da `pirovnuli yofnis esTetikuri gaformebisaTvis aucilebel pirobas~.<br />
mxatvari swored isaa, vinc cxovrebisgarea aqtiuri... igi cxovrebis<br />
Sinamos (Signidan) gamgebi da misi Tanaziari ki araa mxolos, aramed mas<br />
igi `undis` iq, sadac cxovreba TavisTvis da TavisTavad arc aris, sadac igi<br />
miqceulia Tavis gareT da saWiroebs garemyof aqtivobas.<br />
es azri rom ufro naTeli gaxdes, polifoniuri romanis baxtiniseuli<br />
Teoria unda gavixsenoT, sadac igi dialoguri sityvis cnebaze saurobs.<br />
dialoguri midgoma SesaZlebelia erTeuli movlenisadmic, _ Tuki igi<br />
aRiqmeba ara rogorc enis upirovno sityva, aramed rogorc ucxo sazrisobrivi<br />
poziciis niSani da ucxo gamonaTqvamis warmomadgeneli, ese igi, Tuki<br />
masSi gvesmis ucxo xma. amitom dialoguri urTierTobebi SeiZleba msWvalavdes<br />
mTlianad gamoTqmas (mag., romans) da TviT calkeul gamoTqmasac ki<br />
_ Tuki masSi dialogurad ejaxeba ori xma. unda warmovidginoT dialogi,<br />
sadac replikebi imgvaradaa gamotovebuli, rom saerTo sazrisi odnavadac<br />
ar irRveva da es mianiSnebs, rom meore mosaubre eswreba dauswreblad, uCinarad;<br />
misi sityvebi ar ismis, magram misi naubris nakvalevs gansazRvravs<br />
yvela arsebuli sityva pirveli mosaubrisa. Cven vgrZnobT, rom es saubaria<br />
da Tanac daZabuli, radgan yoveli sityva mTeli Tavisi arsebiT exmianeba da<br />
reagirebs uCinar Tanamosaubreze da yoveli maTgani miuTiTebs da mianiSnebs<br />
Tavis gareT arsebulze, Tavisi sazRvrebis miRma (gareT) myof, warmouTqmel<br />
ucxo sityvaze.<br />
mixail baxtinis mier Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazrisi `sinkretuli~ avtorobis<br />
stadiasTan dakavSirebiT, iTvaliswinebs am gansazRvruli formis<br />
mTels evolucias. swored am niadagze SeiZleboda aRmocenebuliyo subieqturi<br />
mTlianobis/erTianobis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romelmac ar icis<br />
diqotomia, `ugrZnobia~ dapirispirebulobaTa mimarT da Tavis TavSi
avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi<br />
moicavs garecxovrebasa da aqtivobas. baxtiniseuli avtorobis problemis<br />
amgvarad dasma imitom aris produqtiuli, rom mis pirobas mkvlevari<br />
pirovnuli sawyisis raodenobriv ganviTarebaSi ki ar xedavs, aramed Rirebulebrivi<br />
piziciis GgansakuTrebuli saxis SeZenaSi.<br />
dRes ukve cnobilia, rom avtoroba jer kidev TviTRirebulebrivi<br />
pirovnebis fenomenis Camoyalibebamdea warmoqmnili, magram `avtoroba _<br />
sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT~ dResac pirovnul avtorobad gvesmis da mis upirveles<br />
maxasiaTeblad `SemoqmedebiT iniciativis ganumereblobas~ da `individualur<br />
maneras~ miviCnevT. baxtinis Tvalsazrisi gvexmareba da xels<br />
gviwyobs imis gagebaSi, Tu ratom arsebobda esTetikurad srulfasovani<br />
avtori im kulturebSi, romlebSic pirovneba jer kidev ar iyo sociumidan<br />
gamoyofili da ar hqonda TviTRirebulebrivi statusi; kulturebSi,<br />
romlebSic gamomuSavda esTetikuri poziciis is saxe da sxeuli, romelsac<br />
mkvlevari cxovrebis gare aqtivobas (garemyofelobas) uwodebs.<br />
amrigad, istoriuli poetikis farglebSi damuSavda is problematika,<br />
sadac garkveul iqna, rom avtorisa da gmiris subieqtobrivi sinkretzmi<br />
arqaul cnobierebasa da xelovnebaSi dafuZnebulia `me~-sa da `Cemi sxvai~-s<br />
specifikur ganuwvaleblobaze.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
averincevi 1994: Аверинцев С.С. Авторство и авторитет. wignSi: Историческая поэтика: Литера-<br />
турные эпохи и типи художественного сознания. М.: 1994.<br />
baxtini 1979: Бахтин М.М. Эстетика словесного творчества.М.: 19<br />
freidenbergi 1978: Фрейденберг О.М. Миф и литература дрености. М.: 1978<br />
freidenbergi 1997: Фрейденберг О.М. Поэтика сюжета и жанра. М.: Лабиринт, 1997.<br />
elmisamarTi: http://www.infoliolib.info/philol/freidenberg/2_0.html#1<br />
Author and Character within the Scope of Historical Poetics<br />
Summary<br />
Solomon Tabutsadze<br />
The article deals with Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of “author and character” within the<br />
scope of historical poetics. Author’s and character’s interrelation is subject’s relation towards<br />
subject. When Bakhtin singled out the category of “dialogue” in aesthetic object, he<br />
regarded this phenomenon of object not as natural-subjective but as a brand new beingaesthetic<br />
formation based on the relation of subjects’ “ego” and “alter ego”, personal and<br />
immanent-social, or of author and hero.<br />
67
68<br />
solomon tabucaZe<br />
It is truth universally acknowledged that authorship was formed prior to the establishment<br />
of the phenomenon of self-valued identity, but “authorship-with its own meaning” is<br />
still understood as personal authorship and we consider uniqueness of creative initiative<br />
and individual manner as its primary signs. Afetr analyzing the concept of author-character<br />
in the theories of Aleksandr Veselovsky, Olga Freidenberg and Mikhail Bakhtin, we can<br />
conclude why there existed aesthetically valuable author in the culture, where the person<br />
was not singled out yet and did not have self-valued status.<br />
The perception of world by human is principally syncretic and appears while creating<br />
image structure of art. Syncretism, as artistic principle, means perception of the world,<br />
which includes aesthetic consciousness as well. Creativity does not happen within the<br />
boundaries of one consciousness. There are a number of participants in aesthetic event and<br />
it is revealed in the form of “ego-alter ego” “author-character”. At the early stage of the<br />
development of art, when aesthetic consciousness was beginning to awaken and be formed,<br />
the author, being in the process of formation, found shelter in others consciousness.<br />
Mikhail Bakhtin, who made emphasis on the subject-subjective interrelation in architectonics<br />
of aesthetic object, regarded “ego-alter ego” and not “abstract I” as the form of<br />
real existence. This principle formed basis for his general methodological researches and<br />
we should regard scientific actualization of principle of subjective syncretism as his essential<br />
discovery.
poetikuri praqtikebi<br />
Temur kobaxiZe<br />
sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~<br />
da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~<br />
eliotis adreuli krebulis, `leqsebi 1920~-is ZiriTadi Taviseburebaa<br />
farTod gaazrebuli ironiuli kontrasti, romelic masSi Semavali yvela<br />
nawarmoebis mxatvrul qsovils msWvalavs. am krebulze dayrdnobiT, zogi<br />
mkvlevari eliots poet-satirikosadac ki miiCnevs, rac Secdomaa – `oTxi<br />
kvertetis~ avtori satirikosi arasodes yofila. elioti am adreul<br />
krebulSic ufro siRrmiseul msoflmxedvelobriv ganzoga-debaTa poetad,<br />
mWvretelobiTi (Tumc ironiuli) muzis msaxurad gvevlineba, vidre<br />
satirikosis kalmiT aRWurvil, `mamxilebel~ Semoqmedad. marTalia, saxeTa<br />
Zerwvisas is uxvad iyenebs grotesks, zogjer (da ara marto am krebulSi)<br />
iseT motivebsac, rac TiTqos socialur satirad aRiqmeba, magram sabolood,<br />
elioti yovelTvis eliotad rCeba – yvela metnaklebad `konkretul~<br />
konfliqts is globalur, sayovelTao, maradiul problemaTa planSi<br />
ganazogadebs. misi leqsis yovel sityvasa Tu intonacias iseTi siRrmiseuli<br />
da sagangebo mniSvneloba eniWeba, rom sabolood, uSualo-ironiuli<br />
efeqtis nacvlad, wina planze rTuli azrobriv-emociuri qveteqstiT datvirTuli,<br />
mravalwaxnagovani mxatvruli struqtura wamoiweva, romlis aRqmac<br />
mxolod satirisa an ironiis niSniT SeuZlebelia. gamonakliss albaT<br />
erTaderTi leqsi, `hippopotami~ (1917) Seadgens, romelic naklebadaa gadatvirTuli<br />
asociaciebiT da romlis mZafri ironia uSualod kaTolikur<br />
eklesias exeba.<br />
`hipopotamis~ ironia da sarkazmi momakvdinebelia, Tumca misi kiTxvisas<br />
mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom arsebiTad, leqsi arc aTeisturia da arc antireligiuri,<br />
is antiklerikaluria. unda iTqvas, rom analogiuri ganwyobilebi-<br />
Taa aRsavse imave periodSi Seqmnili bevrad ufro rTuli, reminiscenciebiT<br />
daxunZluli leqsi `b-n eliotis sakvirao wirvac~, sadac poeti ukve sul<br />
sxva, Teologiur siRrmeebs swvdeba. magram Tu `sakvirao wirvaSi~ saxeTa<br />
kontrastuloba rTulad aris niuansirebuli da asociaciur narTaulebSi<br />
gabneulia, `hipopotamSi~ ironia TvalSi sacemi, xolo satira da groteski<br />
Zalze mkafio da konkretulia. leqsSi uxvadaa iumoric _ `cota msubuqi,<br />
saxumaro raRac davwereo~ (elioti: 1988, 213), aRniSnavs poeti dedisadmi mi-<br />
69
70<br />
Temur kobaxiZe<br />
weril werilSi, Tumca unda vivaraudoT, rom imJamindeli postviqtorianuli<br />
ingliseli mkiTxvelis mier `hipopotamis~ iumori mTlad ase `msubuqad~ ver<br />
aRiqmeboda. aSkara komikurobasTan erTad, leqsi aRsavsea gesliani groteskiT,<br />
rac viqtorianuli poeziis mSvid da maameblur tradiciebze gazrdili mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />
uTuod moulodneli da ucxo iqneboda. miTumetes, rodesac es<br />
groteski arc meti, arc naklebi, eklesias Seexeboda.<br />
dRes `hipopotami~ aRiqmeba, rogorc maxvilgonivruli, mZafrad ironiuli<br />
leqsi, romlis antiklerikaluri Tematika odnav ucnauri, magram<br />
modernistuli poetikis zogad konteqstSi savsebiT moazrebadi formiTaa<br />
gadmocemuli. is namdvilad ar warmoadgens aTeistur pampflets, magram<br />
aSkaraa, rom eklesias, qristes mistikur sxeuls (corpus Domini nostri) da<br />
amqveynad sulieri sawisis gansaxierebas, eliots lamis karikaturuli<br />
saxiT warmosaxavs. imave “sakvirao wirvisagan” gansxvavebiT, `hipopotamSi~<br />
ironiisa da sarkazmis obieqtad Teologiuri doqtrinebi da maTi avtorebi<br />
ki ar warmogvidgeba, aramed eklesiis socialuri saxe, sazogadoebaSi misi<br />
roli da daniSnuleba. upirveles yovlisa, poetis ironia exeba eklesias,<br />
rogorc socialur instituts. amgvari `socilogizmi~ eliotis poeziaSi<br />
iSviaTia da `hipopotami~ am mxrivac erTgvar gamonaklisad aRiqmeba. aq Tavs<br />
iCens kaTolikuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli axalgazrda eliotis<br />
Sinagani protestic (WeSmariti eklesia, the True Church teqstSi mTavruli<br />
asoebiT aris gamoyofili, rac kaTolikur tradicias Seesabameba da ara<br />
anglikanurs, an protestantuls (sauTemi 1994: 107)).<br />
leqsis mTlian konteqstSi usazRvrod ironiuliulad JRers epigrafi,<br />
romelic wm. egnate antioqielis epistoles fragments warmoadgens.<br />
es fragmenti dedanSic gamorCeulad RvTismsaxurebs exeba (is mrevlis<br />
erTgvari darigebaa imis Taobaze, Tu ra mowiwebiT unda moepyran isini<br />
mRvdlebs), Tumca rogorc eliotis epigrafi, is sruliad sapirispiro<br />
suliskveTebas gamoxatavs: `Sesabamisad, yvelam Tayvani eciT diakvnebs iseve,<br />
rogorc Tayvans scemT ieso qristes, radgan episkoposi uflis saxea, xolo<br />
mRvdlebi ki RvTis sakrebulo da mociqulTa dasi. amaT gareSe saxelwodba<br />
`eklesia~ ar dairqmeva. me darwmunebuli var, rom Tqvenc ase fiqrobT~.<br />
saqmec is aris, rom `hipopotamis~ gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebeTa mTeli<br />
erToblioba swored imis gamoxatvisaken aris mimarTuli, rom misi avtori<br />
sul sxvanairad `fiqrobs~. aseve ironiulia da konteqstualurad sruliad<br />
saxeSecvlili mociqul pavles epistoles fragmentic (kolaselTa mimarT<br />
4: 16), romelic leqss meore epigrafad aqvs wamZRvarebuli: `roca am<br />
werils waikiTxaven TqvenTan, ise moiqeciT, rom lavdikielTa eklesiaSic<br />
waikiTxon, [xolo romelic lavdikielTaTvisaa gagzavnili, Tqvenc waikiTxeT.]~,<br />
rac imis miniSnebaa, rom Tumca leqsi kaTolikur samRvdeloebas
sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~<br />
exeba, asebiTad is anglikanur samRvdeloebasac gulisxmobs. lavdikielTa<br />
eklesia ki swored is `nel-tfili~, anu moraluri saxis armqone eklesiaa,<br />
romlis Sesaxebac qriste ambobs ioanes gamocxadebaSi: `vicni saqmeni Senni,<br />
rameTu arca grili xar, arca tfili. jer-iyo, raÁTamca, anu grili iyav,<br />
anu tfili. aramed esreT nel-tfili xar da arca grili, arca tfili. megulebis<br />
aRmogdebaÁ Seni pirisagan Cemisa~ (3:15-16). anu arsebiTad, qriste<br />
lavdikielTa eklesias swored zneobriv faseulobaTa degradaciaSi sdebs<br />
brals da monaniebisaken mouwodebs.<br />
Tematurad, leqsi sakmaod martivia: is warmoadgens hipopotamisa da<br />
eklesiis gavrcobilgavrcobil Sedarebas, Sedarebas, Sedarebas, , sadac sadac sadac sadac pozitiuri pozitiuri pozitiuri pozitiuripozitiuri datvirTva datvirTva datvirTva datvirTva datvirTvadatvirTva mTlianad mTlianad mTlianad mTlianad mTlianad mTlianadmTlianadhipo- hipo-<br />
hipo- hipo- hipohipohipohipopotamis<br />
saxezea gadatanili. uwyinari cxoveli zantad isvenebs wumpeSi, is,<br />
rogorc yvela RvTisgan Seqmnili arseba, mxolod sisxli da xorcia, `dune<br />
da xrwnadi~. eklesia ki, amasoflad zeciuri sasufevlis simbolo, sali<br />
kldesaviT mtkicea, rameTu mas swored `kldeSi gaudgams fuZe~ (saxarebis<br />
ironiuli reminiscenciaa: `da me geubnebi Sen, rom: Sen xar petre, da am<br />
kldeze avaSeneb Cems eklesias~. maTe, 16:18).<br />
zurgganieri hipopotami<br />
talaxSi wevs da isvenebs zantad<br />
TiTqos mkvrivia imisi tani,<br />
ra aris sisxlis da xorcis garda.<br />
sisxli da xorci dune da xrwnadi<br />
mgrZnobiarea da Soks ver uZlebs;<br />
uflis taZari awvdila camdis<br />
radganac kldeSi gaudgams fuZe.<br />
(aq da Semdgom – medea zaaliSvilis Targmani)<br />
eklesiis usazRvro SesaZleblobebisa da misi yovlismomcveli TviTkmayofilebis<br />
fonze hipopotami umweo da daucvelia; misTvis yoveldRiuri<br />
sazrdos Sovnac problemaa, is mangosac ki ver swvdeba xeze. eklesias ki<br />
Soreuli qveynebidan atmebiT da broweulebiT amarageben da is isea gamsunagebuli,<br />
rom ukve ZilSic Seeqceva sakvebs. gulubryvilo hipopotams<br />
mxolod dawyvilebis Jams Tu aRmoxdeba ucnauri `modulaciebi~, Cven ki<br />
yovel kviras vismenT, Tu rogor zeimobs eklesia RmerTTan uryev kavSirs:<br />
At mating time the hippo’s voice<br />
Betrays inflexions hoarse and odd,<br />
But every week we hear rejoice<br />
The Church, at being one with God.<br />
71
72<br />
Temur kobaxiZe<br />
The hippopotamus’s day<br />
Is passed in sleep; at night he hunts;<br />
God works in a mysterious way --<br />
The Church can sleep and feed at once<br />
hipopotami sinaTles dRisas<br />
ZilSi atarebs; sazrdoobs RamiT,<br />
idumalia gangeba RvTisa –<br />
mis taZars ZilSic mada aqvs Wamis<br />
ironia aq `solomonis qebaTa qebis~ faruli reminiscenciiTac gamoixateba:<br />
hipopotams swored Sewyvilebis sezonSi aRmoxdeba xolme Tavisi<br />
`modulaciebi~, eklesia ki (`qebaTa qebis~ tradiciuli interpretaciis<br />
Tanaxmad, igive `qristes sasZlo~), sistematurad zeimobs RmerTTan Tavis<br />
erTobasa da uryev kavSirs. leqsis finalSi hipopotami, kaTolike wmindanis<br />
msgavsad, zecas amaRldeba da apoTeozs aRwevs, mas angelozebi osanas ugaloben,<br />
xolo eklesia ki qvemoT rCeba, `momwamvlel burusSi gaxveuli~.<br />
eliotis ramdenime sxva leqsis msgavsad, `hipopotamic~ Seiqmna, rogorc<br />
teofil goties (1811-1875) xsovnisadmi erTgvari saxumaro `miZRvna~. axalgazrda<br />
eliots izidavda frangi poetis martivi leqsTwyoba (tradiciuli sazomiT<br />
gamarTuli, gariTmuli strofebi) da man, ezra paundis rCeviT, Seqmna goties<br />
erTgvari `mibaZvebi~, romlebic mogvianebiT krebulSi Sevida. am “mibaZvaTagan”<br />
yvelaze TvalSisacemi swored `hipopotamia~, radgan is uSualod goties imave<br />
saxelwodebis leqss (`L’Hippopotame~, 1833-38) ukavSirdeba, Tumca unda iTqvas,<br />
rom erTi saxaliso detals garda, es msgavseba saTauriTa da leqsTwyobis imitaciiT<br />
amoiwureba. saxaliso detali ki is aris, rom goties msgavsad, romelic<br />
Tavis leqsSi sakuTar Tavs hipopotams adarebs (Je suis comme l’hippopotame),<br />
eliotsac mohyavs faruli asociacia, romelic missa da hipopotamis ironiul<br />
Sedarebas Seicavs. Tu neoromantikosi gotie epataJs iwvevda frang mkiTxvelSi<br />
hipopotamTan Sedarebis uSualo delkarirebiT, eliots, imJamad loidis bankis<br />
rigiT klerks, leqsSi luis kerolis (1832-1892) `giJi…mebaRis simReris~ asociacia<br />
Seaqvs, sadac swored bankis klerkia gaigivebuli hipopotamTan:<br />
He thought he saw a Banker’s Clerk<br />
Descending from the bus:<br />
He looked again, and found it was<br />
A Hippopotamus.<br />
`If this should stay to dine”, he said<br />
There won’t be much for us!~
sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~<br />
es axalgazrda poetis erTgvari Rimiliani `mokiTxvaa~, romelsac is<br />
wina saukunis poeziis metrs, `emalebisa da kameebis~ avtors, parnasel<br />
teofil goties ugzavnis.<br />
cxadia, avangardisa da postmodernis eqscentrikiT ganebivrebul<br />
dRevandel inteleqtuals eliotis uCveulo Sedarebebi naklebad gaakvirvebs,<br />
magram leqsis dakvirvebuli aRqmisas TviT yvelaze momTxovn<br />
mkiTxvels nawarmoebis sruliad moulodneli gancdiT-inteleqtulari<br />
siRrme warmoudgeba Tvalwin. erTi SexedviT sakmaod martivi `hipopotami~<br />
ramdenime bibliuri da literaturuli reminiscenciis garda, Zmebi<br />
hubert da ian van eikebis mier Seqmnili gentis cnobili sakurTxevlis<br />
(`mistikuri kravis Tayvaniscema~ (1427-1428)), metad mniSvnelovan ferwerul<br />
asociaciasac Seicavs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sxva yvelaferTan er-<br />
Tad, `hipopotami~ Crdilouri renesansis am yvelaze cnobili ferweruli<br />
nawarmoebis erTgvar parodiasac warmoadgens. cnobilia, rom gentis<br />
sakurTxeveli ioanes saxarebisa da apokalifsisis (ioanes gamocxadebis)<br />
Tavisufali ferweruli interpretaciaa, xolo ioanes gamocxadeba ki<br />
(iseve, rogorc saxareba) Tavis mxriv, eliotis `hipopotamis~ erT-erT<br />
asociaciur fons Seadgens..<br />
jeimz mileris cnobiT (mileri 2007: 192-193), pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis<br />
win poetma moinaxula genti da belgiis sxva, didi mxatvruli tradiciebiT<br />
cnobili qalaqebi. `flandria... unikaluria da misi ferweruli tiloebi<br />
gansacvifrebeli, _ werda aRtacebuli poeti konrad eikens, maTgan mxolod<br />
erTia genialuri, gentSi (xazi Cemia – T.k.), magram mTeli ganZia brugeSi,<br />
antvepenSi, briuselSi. memlingi, van eiki metsiu, broigeli, rubensi – es yvelaferi<br />
saswaulia~ (elioti 1988: 42). rogorc Cans, gentis sakurTxevels poetze<br />
didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia, radgan leqsSi uxvadaa gabneuli masTan<br />
dakavSirebuli asociaciuri detalebi. hipopotami swroed kravis sisxliT<br />
ganibaneba `TovliviT TeTrad~, mas `yvela wamebuli qalwuli eamboreba~, is<br />
Cans wmindanTa garemocvaSic, sadac `oqros qnarze ukravs~. angelozTa gundi<br />
mas `hosanas ugalobs~, xolo rodesac is `frTebs gamoibams~ da zecad amaRldeba,<br />
mama RmerTis `zeciurni mklavni~ swored mas moexvevian:<br />
I saw the ‘potamus take wing<br />
Ascending from the damp savannas,<br />
And quiring angels round him sing<br />
The praise of God, in loud hosannas.<br />
Blood of the Lamb shall wash him clean<br />
And him shall heavenly arms enfold,<br />
73
74<br />
Temur kobaxiZe<br />
Among the saints he shall be seen<br />
Performing on a harp of gold.<br />
He shall be washed as white as snow,<br />
By all the martyr’d virgins kist…<br />
yvela am poeturi saxisa Tu detalis vizualuri analogebi aRbeWdilia<br />
gentis sakurTxevelze (Smidti 2001: 31). gansakuTrebiT saxieria wamebul<br />
qalwulTa dasi, swored is wamebuli qalwulebi, eliotis leqsSi hipopotams<br />
rom eamborebian. centraluri panelis xelmarcxniv gamosaxulia wmindanebad<br />
Seracxul religiur moRvaweTa (romis papebi, kardinalebi, episkoposebi,<br />
diakvnebi) gundi, anu Tavad eklesia, romelic Seadgens eliotis<br />
ironiis ZiriTad obieqts. mTavari panelis centrSi gamosaxulia kravi,<br />
romelsac gulidan sisxli sdis – xsnis simbolo da swored is sisxli,<br />
romliTac eliotis hipopotami `ganibaneba~ (`gairecxes TavianTi samosi da<br />
gaaspetakes isini kravis sisxliT~ (gamocxadeba, 7_14)). sakurTxevlis zeda<br />
panelebi mgalobelsa da orRanze damkvrel angelozTa gunds warmosaxavs.<br />
maTgan erT-erTi oqros qnarzec ukravs (eliotTan – Performing on a harp<br />
of gold). erTi sityviT, leqsSi asociaciurad motanilia mravali ferweruli<br />
detali, romelic gentis sakurTxevlis sxvadasxva nawils Seesabameba,<br />
xolod TviT kravi `Canacvlebulia~ hipopotamis groteskuli saxiT.<br />
kompoziciurad, sakurTxevlis ferweruli detalebi iseve `gars akravs~<br />
centrSi gamosaxul kravs, rogorc am detalTa amsaxveli asociaciuri poeturi<br />
saxeebi _ eliotis leqsSi warmosaxul hipopotams.<br />
interteqstualuri efeqti aq is aris, rom sinTezi, romelic sabolood<br />
mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi aRibeWdeba, araerTgvarovan struqturaTa asociaciur<br />
sinTezs warmoadgens – esaa ferwerisa da poeziis, apologiisa<br />
da parodiis, religiuri aRtkinebisa da ironiuli groteskis erTianoba,<br />
romelic asociaciur saxeTa sivrceSi gamoixateba. ferweruli tilos<br />
nasesxeb detalebs elioti Tavis teqstSi parodiul, groteskul saxeebad<br />
iyenebs. faqtiurad, sakurTxevlis ferwerul asociaciaSi poets `Semohyavs~<br />
literturuli saxe – hipopotami, romelic, cxadia, mxolod<br />
im SemTxvevaSi iqceva am `asociaciuri sakurTxevlis~ nawilad, Tu saqme<br />
realur sakurTxevels ki ar exeba, aramed eliotis leqsSi mis verbalur<br />
ekvivalentebs (parodiul krav _ hipopotams, wamebul qalwulebs, eklesias,<br />
mgalobel angelozebs, qnarze damkvrelebs da a.S.). Sedegad, eliotis<br />
poeziaSi Caxeduli mkiTxvelisaTvis gentis sakurTxevlis aRqmisas, `hipopotamis~<br />
asociacia TiTqmis iseve `cocxalia~, rogorc ferweris mcodne<br />
mkiTxvelisaTvis _ sakurTxevlis asociacia, rodesac is `hipopotams~
sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~<br />
kiTxulobs. cnobil niderlandel mkvlevars, r. ingelbiens pirad werilSi<br />
aRniSnuli aqvs, rom gentSi, `kravis TayvaniscemiT~ tkbobisas, is eliotis<br />
SesaZlebel aluziebze fiqrobda `.... da es gansacvifrebeli iyo... uceb<br />
eliotis hipopotamma Semoabija taZarSi~.<br />
Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad `amdidrebs~ yovelive es TviT gentis sakurTxevlis<br />
aRqmas, magram faqtia, rom eliotis poeziaSi Caxedul mkiTvels,<br />
Zmebi van eikebis Sedevris xilvisas uciloblad gauRvivdeba `hipopotamis~<br />
Rrmad parodiuli, ironiuli ganwyobilebac, rac meoce saukunis modernizmisa<br />
da me-15 saukunis Crdilouri renesansis epoqaTa Soris uSvelebeli<br />
kontrastis gamomxatvelia da cxadia, Sesabamis emociasac aRZravs.<br />
rogorc TviT elioti aRniSnavs eseSi `ritikis daniSnuleba~, Tanadrouli<br />
literatura zustad iseTsave gavlenas axdens warsulis SedevrTa aRqmaze,<br />
rogorc warsulis mxatvruli qmnilebebi gansazRvraven literaturis Tanamedrove<br />
saxes (elioti 1861: 23).<br />
mTeli am ferwerul-religiuri asociaciuri sirTulis miuxedavad, `hipopotamSi~<br />
ironiul kontrasts metad uSualo xasiaTi aqvs; aq is naklebadaa<br />
garTulebuli da konkretuli publicisturi miznis Sesabamisad, Tu<br />
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, nawarmoebis `zedapirzea~ gadmotanili. Seumzadebel<br />
mkiTxvels yvela am asociaciaTa gauTvaliswinebladac SeuZlia aRiqvas leqsis<br />
mZafri ironiuli suliskveTeba. `hipopotamisagan~ gansxvavebiT, eliotis<br />
sxva leqsebSi ironia da kontrasti ufro farulia; xSirad es Tvisebebi<br />
rTul literaturul da miTologiur reminiscenciaTa gadaxlarTviT miiRweva<br />
da avtoriseuli poziciac am leqsebSi ufro gaSualebulia, `Znelad<br />
misagnebia~. aseTi azrobriv-emociuri sirTulis Sesabamisad, gancdiTi<br />
efeqtic ufro Rrma xasiaTs iZens, Tumca aRsaqmeladac ufro Zneli xdeba da<br />
mkiTxvelisagan safuZvlian momzadebasa da sibejiTes iTxovs.<br />
magaliTad, `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ (1918), romelic daaxloebiT `hipipotamTan~<br />
erTdrulad Seiqmna, erTi SexedviT, aseve TvalSi sacemi ironiuli<br />
kontrastebisagan Sedgeba. meore mxriv (da rogorc es xSirad<br />
xdeba xolme eliotis poeziaSi), leqsis moCvenebiTi simartive SesaZloa<br />
gadaulaxav sirTuled warmoudges Seumzadebel mkiTxvels, romelic mis seriozul<br />
aRqma-gaazrebas ganizraxavs. suraTi aqac, rogorc `hipopotamSi~,<br />
erTi SexedviT, sakmaod martivia. leqsSi aRwerilia ironiuli kontrasti<br />
SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis amaRlebul mniSvnelobasa da zneobrivad nivelirebul<br />
yofas Soris. me-17 saukunis ingliseli avtorebis – uiliam uebsterisa<br />
da jon donis sulieri miswrafebani, maTi survili, amaRldnen empiriul<br />
sinamdvileze da zegrZnobad, transcendentur yofierebas eziaron, mZafr<br />
ironiul kontrastSia Tanamedrove meZavis, vinme griSkinas portretsa da<br />
misi yofis aRwerasTan:<br />
75
76<br />
Temur kobaxiZe<br />
Webster was much possessed by death<br />
And saw the skull beneath the skin;<br />
And breastless creatures under ground<br />
Leaned backward with a lipless grin.<br />
Donne, I suppose, was such another<br />
Who found no substitute for sense;<br />
To seize and clutch and penetrate;<br />
Expert beyond experience,<br />
uebsters ipyrobda sikvdilze fiqri<br />
da kanqveS igi qalas xedavda,<br />
xolo miwis qveS umkerdo ConCxebs<br />
da utuCebo RreWas cxedarTa.<br />
vfiqrob, rom donic sxva iyo – qveynad<br />
sxva Zala ver scno gonebis meti<br />
Ziebis, povnis, yovlis wvdomisTvis;<br />
cdis miRma sferos iyo eqsperti.<br />
leqsis saTauri uordsuorTis cnobili odis (Intimations of Immortality~)<br />
parodiul miniSnebas Seicavs, rac Tavidanve xazs usvams nawarmoebis situaciisa<br />
da problematikis mkveTrad antiromantikul, ironiul-parodiul<br />
xasiaTs. `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ isea agebuli, rom ZiriTadi kontrasti Tanamedrove<br />
meZavsa da warsulis did SemoqmedTa Soris kontrastul saxeTa mTeli<br />
ierarqiis TavSia moqceuli. elioti Tavis nawarmoebs or nawilad hyofs da<br />
pirveli nawilis xatovanebas meoris saxeebTan mZafr ironiul dapirispirebaSi<br />
warmosaxavs. erTi mxriv, `miwis qveS umkerdo ConCxebi~, `utuCebo RreWa<br />
cxedarTa~, `TvalTa ukaklo upeebi~ da a. S., xolo meore mxriv –<br />
Grishkin is nice: her Russian eye<br />
Is underlined for emphasis;<br />
Uncorseted, her friendly bust<br />
Gives promise of pneumatic bliss.<br />
kargi ram aris griSkina: rusul<br />
Tvalebs feradi xaziT gamohyofs<br />
da ukorseto, Tbili biustiT<br />
moaqvs pnevmatur tkbobis samoTxe.
sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~<br />
sabolood, saxeTa amgvari kontrastuloba nawarmoebis azrobrivi sistemisaTvis<br />
ganmsazRvrel, eTikur planSi gaazrebul dualistur winaaRmdegobas<br />
gulisxmobs – doni `cdis miRma mdebare sferoTa eqspertia~, xolo<br />
griSkina TviT am `cdismier~ samyaros ganasaxierebs. donis `wmindanTa<br />
nawilebSi~ da `saRvTo sonetebSi~ siyvaruli zemateruialur yofierebas<br />
erwymis, griSkina ki mdabal instinqtTa mozvavebiT iaguarsa da maimuns<br />
aWarbebs. am or situaciaTa Sedareba Zalze axlos dgas idealur da materialur<br />
sawyisTa dapirispirebasTan, sagnobrivi realobisa da sulis yofierebis<br />
dualistur antagonizmTan. aSkaraa, rom tradiciul, religiurdogmatur<br />
sqemas elioti nawarmoebis kompoziciur RerZad iyenebs, daaxloebiT<br />
im mxatvrul funqcias aniWebs mas, romelic momdevno nawarmoebebSi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki `unayofo miwaSi~ ukve miToss daekisreba. is, rom<br />
elioti mxolod `iyenebs~ am sqemas da ara `swams~ misi, Tundac iqidan Cans,<br />
rom ironias is orive mxares erTnairad unawilebs. `ukvdavbis CurCulis~<br />
saintereso Tavisebureba isaa, rom donis sasiyvarulo lirikis nimuSTa<br />
msgavsad, aqac poetis subieqtur pozicias, leqsis problematikasTan mis<br />
uSualo mimrTebas kontrastuli xatovanebis ironuli Rimili `efareba~.<br />
is, rom `uebsters ipyrobda sikvdilze fiqri / da kanqveS igi qalas<br />
xedavda, / xolo miwisqveS umkerdo ConCxebs / da utuCebo Rre-<br />
Was cxedarTa~, literaturaTmcodneobaSi miCneulia uebsteris dramaturgiis<br />
erT-erT yvelaze Rrma da lakonur daxasiaTebad. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom es azri poeturi strofis saxiT aris gadmocemuli, is Tavs<br />
uyris uebsteris dramaturgiis umTavres Tvisebebs: pirquS fiqrs amaoebaze,<br />
sikvdilze da mis saboloo, naklebadesTetikur, Tumca realursa<br />
da saocrad `materialistur~ arsze. `Possessed by death~ (sikvdilze<br />
fiqriT Sepryobili) eliotis asociaciur poetikaSi ueWveladaRiqmeba, rogorc `obsessed by death~-`sikvdilis akviatebuli azris mqones~<br />
evfemizmi (templini 1997: 140). anu is, rom uebsteri `sivdilze fiqriT<br />
iyo Sepyrobili~ faruli ironiis ZaliT imasac niSnavs, rom misTvis<br />
`sikvdili akviatebuli azri iyo~. magram skvdili, kvdoma, kvdomis procesi,<br />
TviT sityva `to die~, Tavis mxriv, meCvidmete saukunis saliteraturo<br />
enaze iseve, rogoc imJamindeli maRali sazogadoebis Jargonze,<br />
seqsisa da sakuTriv, orgazmis metafora iyo da misi evfemizmi (mohaksi<br />
1984: 387-412). mas uxvad iyenebdnen poeziaSi, iyenebda jon donic Tavis<br />
maxvilgonivrul paradoqsebSi – `to die~ misTvisac xSirad ormxrivi<br />
konotaciis Semcveli kalamburia (ix. leqsi `kanonizacia~: We can die<br />
by it, if not live by love…). cxadia, am simbolur-azrobriv konteqstSi<br />
imis mtkiceba, rom `uebsters ipyrobda sikvdilze fiqri~, rom is iyo<br />
`possessed (obsessed?) by death~, usasrulo ironiiT aris aRsavse, radgan<br />
77
78<br />
Temur kobaxiZe<br />
qveteqsti aq isaa, rom mas swored seqsi hqonda idee fixe-ad qceuli<br />
da ara sikvdili. TviT donsac, romelmac `qveynad sxva Zala ver scno<br />
gonebis meti~ imis garda, rom `[xeli] CasWidos, waavlos da SeaRwios~<br />
(to seize and clutch and penetrate) elioti orazrovnad axasiaTebs, radganac<br />
`CaWidva~, `xelis wavleba~ da gansakuTrebiT, `SeRweva~ (penetrate)<br />
aSkarad orazrovania da ormxriv konotacias Seicavs, sqesobrivi aqtis<br />
gamomxatvel metaforikas warmoadgens. yovel SemTxvevaSi, SemecnebiT,<br />
inteleqtualur an SemoqmedebiT process es poeturi fraza naklebad<br />
mogvagonebs, an mogvagonebs mxolod Tavis “seqsualur” konotaciasTan<br />
erTad.<br />
poetikuri TvalsazrisiT, leqsi isec SeiZleba wavikiTxoT, rogorc<br />
eliotis mier `grZnobad-inteleqtualuri aRqmis mTlianobis~ (unified<br />
sensibility) rRvevis kritika. aq is `metafizikosi~ poetebisa da upirvelesad,<br />
TviT donisaTvis damaxasiaTebel grZnobisa da emociis sinTezs<br />
upirispirebs Tanamedrove poezias, sadac es sinTezi darRveulia. `rodesac<br />
poetis cnobiereba mzad aris samuSaos Sesasruleblad, _ werda elioti<br />
eseSei `metafizikosi poetebi~, _ is ganuwyvetliv aerTianebs erTmaneTTan<br />
SeuTavebel STabeWdilebebs. Cveulebrivi adamianis STabeWdilebebi qaoturia,<br />
mouwesrigebelia, fragmentulia. mas an Seuyvardeba vinme, an is<br />
spinozas kiTxulobs da am STabeWdilebebs araferi aqvT saerTo arc erTmaneTTan<br />
da arc sabeWdi manqanis xmaurTan, an samzareulodan gamosul saWmlis<br />
sunTan. poetis cnobierebaSi ki es STabeWdilebebi yovelTvis axal<br />
mTlianobas hqmnian“ (elioti 1951: 287). mogvianebiT, Teoriul nawerebSi (A<br />
Note on Two Odes of Cowley, 1938) is ukve gansazRvravs am Tvisebas, rogorc<br />
metafizikur maxvilgonierebas (wit) da `ukvdavebis CurCulis~ ZiriTadi,<br />
faruli suliskveTebac am `maxvigonivruli~ esTetikuri mTlianobis<br />
daSlas-Tan dakavSirebuli erTob ironiuli sinanulia.…<br />
`metafizikur~ maxvilgonierebas, elioti gansazRvravs, rogorc `azris<br />
uSalo, grZnobad gancdas, anu azris emociad qcevas~ (elioti 1951:<br />
286). donTan da uebsterTan dakavSirebli xatovanebis ZiriTadi, poetikuri<br />
aspeqtic swored `azris uSualo, grZnobad gancdas~ gulisxmobs:<br />
poeti rTuli, gavrcobili metaforis (e.w. `conceit~) saSualebiT axdens<br />
imis demonstracias, Tu rogor SeiZleba azrisa da gancdis sinTezireba.<br />
sikvdilis `analitikuri~, pirwmindad inteleqtualuri gageba donTan da<br />
uebsterTan imavdroulad aSkara seqsualuri konotacis Seicavs, rac ukve<br />
gancdaTa sferos ganekuTvneba: gr.smiti aRniSnavs, rom `leqsi dawerilia<br />
seqsze, rogorc sikvdilis gacnobierebis saSualebaze – saSualebaze, romlis<br />
gamoyenebac mxolod mefe iakobis avxorc eopqaSi Tu iqneboda Sesa-<br />
Zlebeli~ (smiti 1966: 41). amgvarad, `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ ara mxolod
sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~<br />
praqtikuli magaliTia me-17 saukunis poetTa `gaerTianebuli mgrZnobelobisa~<br />
aramed is erTgvari `receptis~ elementebsac Seicavs imis Taobaze, Tu<br />
rogor unda iqnas miRweuli es metad faseuli Tviseba, romelic, rogorc<br />
elioti sTvlida, barokos epoqis aqeT, inglisuri poeziisaTvis dakargula.<br />
`saqme is aris, rom sadRac meCvidmete saukuneSi moxda am grZnobadinteleqtualuri<br />
aRqmis mTlianobis rRveva, rasac mere ukve veRarasodes<br />
ver davaRwieT Tavi~ (elioti 1951: 288).<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom igive sinTezs Seicavs griSkinTan dakavSirebuli metaforikac.<br />
griSkinis prototipi iyo serJ diagilevis sabaleto dasis wevri,<br />
rusi balerina serafima astafieva (1876-1934), romlic sacxovreblad londonSi<br />
darCa da romelic eliots ezra paundma gaacno im imediT, rom am<br />
Sexvedridan leqsi `gamocxveboda~ (TviT paundi orjer sagangebod axsenebs<br />
mas Tavis 77-e eda da 79-e 79-e -e `pizanur `pizanur `pizanur `pizanur `pizanur kantoebSi~). kantoebSi~). paundi paundi paundi ar ar ar Semcdara Semcdara Semcdara da da da da da Tumca Tumca Tumca re- re- re- re-<br />
re- re- realuri<br />
astafieva TiTqmis arafriT ar hgavda griSkins, am Sexvedram, rogorc<br />
Cans, biZgi misca `ukvdavebis CurCulis~ Seqmnas. eliotis griSkini mTlianad<br />
seqszea `momarTuli~ – xelovnebasTan, miTumetes baletTan, an raime saxis<br />
sulierebasTan mas araferi akavSirebs da faqtobrivad, misi sagangebod vulgaruli<br />
warmosaxva leqsSi sxva araferia, Tu ara meZavis portreti. magram<br />
saqme aqac Rrma orazrovbnebaSia, romelsac elioti sityvebis sxva, simbolur,<br />
farul, an etimologiur mniSvnelobaTa xazgasmiT aRwevs. is `pnevmaturi<br />
netareba~, romelic griSkinas mimzidvel biusts, unda vifiqroT,<br />
yvela xelgaSlili msurvelisaTvis moaqvs, mTeli groteskul-ironiuli<br />
skabrezulobis miuxedavad, agreTve ormag konotacias Seicavs. Tanamedrov<br />
mkiTxvelSi pnevmaturi burRis, an CaquCis asociaciis aRmZvreli es sityva<br />
warmoqmnilia ZvelberZnuli `pnevma~-dan, (πνευμα) romelic `sunTqvas~<br />
niSnavs. terminologiurad, Sua saukuneebis RvTismetyvelebam is jer kidev<br />
filon aleqsandrielis (Zv.w. 20 – ax.w. 40) nawerebidan aitaca da qristianuli<br />
gagebiT `sulis~ aRmniSvnel sityvad aqcia. `pnevmatologia~ dasavlur<br />
RvTismetyvelebaSi saerTod, suliwmindas Semswavleli Teologiuri disciplinaa.<br />
ase rom griSkinTan dakavSirebiT, suliereba da inteleqtualizmi<br />
zustad isevea miniSnebuli, rogorc uebsterisa da donis sulier miswrafebebSi<br />
– seqsualuri ltolva. gamodis, rom materialuri da sulieri samyaro<br />
erTmaneTs mkveTrad upirispirdeba, magram meore mxriv orive erTmaneTis Canasaxs<br />
Seicavs, msgavsad Cinuri inis da ianisa. leqsi efuZneba sakmaod rTul,<br />
`oTxmag~ metaforas: uebsteris da donis sulier sferoTa eqspertoba iseTsave<br />
parodiul-seqsualr konotacias Seicavs, rogorc griSkinas meZavuri<br />
momxibvleloba da mTeli misi erTob skabrezuli portreti - parodiul<br />
sulierebas. erTi mxriv, leqsSi suli da xorci (mxatvruli Semoqmedeba da<br />
meZavis yofa, mTeli misi `saqmianoba~) dapirispirebulia erTmaneTTan, meroe<br />
79
80<br />
Temur kobaxiZe<br />
mxriv – erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli. eliotis usasrulo ironiac swored<br />
amaSi gamoixateba: Tu griSkinas moTanTale biusti `pnevmas~, anu sulsa da<br />
`sulierebas~ Seicavs, xolo donis da uebsteris amaRlebuli miswrafebebi<br />
sqesobriv ltolvasa da `mdabio instinqts~, maSin sadRaa, saerTod, zneobrivi<br />
faseulobebi? sadRaa religia, mxatvruli Semoqmedebs amaRlebuli<br />
zeSTagoneba, sadRaa suliereba? cdunebiT aRsavse `abstraqtuli mocemulobani~<br />
gars uvlian griSkinis biwier xibls da mxolod `Cevni saZmo-Ra<br />
mixoxavs gamxmar neknebze~, rom `Tbilad Segvinaxos~ Cvenive metafizika:<br />
And even the Abstract Entities<br />
Circumambulate her charm;<br />
But our lot crawls between dry ribs<br />
To keep our metaphysics warm.<br />
simbolur-azrobrivi datvirTvis sawyisiTa Ziebas aq metad Sors mivyevarT<br />
– parodiuli froidistuli narTaulebidan (mxatvruli Semoqmedebis<br />
seqsualuri determinirebuloba), TviT imis mtkicebamde, rom erTi SexedviT<br />
dapirispirebuli sawyisebi arsebiTad erTi da igivea, an erTmaneTis `sarCulia~.<br />
faqtia, rom am gziT elioti ironiulad `auqmebs~ sulisa da xorcis<br />
tradiciul diqotomias da sulier faseulobaTa TavisTavadobasTan, maT<br />
avtonomiurobasTan dakavSirebiT Rrma skefsiss gamoxatavs. parodiuli<br />
erosi (griSkina, rogorc siZvis `qurumi~) da parodiuli tanatosi (uebsteris<br />
`micvalebulTa xatovaneba~) faqtobrivad, erTi da igivea – orive<br />
parodiaa. faseulobebi nivelirebulia, magram es dRes da guSin ki ar momxdara,<br />
ase iyo ukve donis da uebsteris droidn. elioti erTmaneTs ki ar<br />
upirispirbs epoqebs, aramed maT arsebiT identurobaze pesimisturi daskvna<br />
gamoaqvs. radganac es pesimizmi usazRvrod ironiulia, sarkastulic ki,<br />
leqsis aRqmisas xSirad iqmneba `TamaSis~, avtoriseuli `araseriozulobis~<br />
zedapiruli STabeWdileba, romelic ifanteba am Rrmad seriozuli<br />
nawarmoebis siRrmiseuli gansjisas. arsebiTad, es swored is `amaRlebuli<br />
seriozulobaa~, romelzedac Tavis droze wrda didi kritikosi meTiu arnoldi<br />
da romelsac, maxvilgo-nierebasTan erTad, qlinT bruqsma Tavis<br />
cnobil wignSi mTeli Tavi miuZRvna (bruqsi 1939: 18-38).<br />
eliotis, iseve, rogorc Tavis droze donis, `metafizikuri~ ironia im<br />
skefsiss gamoxatavs, romliTac es krizisuli xanis Semoqmedebi xSirad<br />
ekidebodnen sinamdviles. skefsisi da is Rrma pesimizmi, romelTa saboloo<br />
daZlevac eliotma mxolod mogvianebiT, religiur faseulobaTa aRiarebis<br />
gziT SesZlo, misi adreuli poeziisaTvis sakmaod damaxasiaaTebelia.<br />
meore mxriv, Znelia eliots, Tundac adreuls, Tanmimdevruli skeptikosi
sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~<br />
uwodoT – es misi poeziis erT-erTi Strixi, an ufro erT-erTi xerxia SemoqmedebiTi<br />
gzis dasawyisSi. rogorc `hipopotami~, ise `ukvdavebis CurCuli~<br />
pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi Seiqmna, gaCaRebuli brZolebis dros da es<br />
niSandoblivia. gasuli saukunis damdegi da ociani wlebi xom is dro iyo,<br />
rodesac bevri didi Semoqmedi Zalze mtkivneulad aRiqvamda kacobriobis<br />
istoriis erTi udidesi periodis epilogs. sruldeboda renesansuli humanizmisa<br />
da misi memkvidre ganmanaTleblobis, Semdeg _ romantizmis idealTa<br />
daqveiTebisa da saboloo degradaciis xangrZlivi procesi. warsuls<br />
Cabarda `viqtorias epoqac~ - klasikuri britanuli liberalizmisa da<br />
`sazogadoebrivi harmoniis~ xana. mxatvrul literaturaSi kars iyo momdgari<br />
`unayofo miwis~, `kacis fitulebis~, joisis `ulises~ da kafkas<br />
`procesis~ epoqa. evropul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi optimistur, liberalur-humanistur<br />
warmodgenebs masoflmxed-velobrivi Cixis gamZafrebuli<br />
gancda Caenacvla.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
bruqsi 1939: Brooks Cl, Modern Poetry and the tradition. Chapel Hill NC: Crolina UP,<br />
1939<br />
elioti 1951: Eliot T. S. Selected Essays. London: Faber & Faber, 1951.<br />
elioti 1988: Eliot T. S. The Letters of T. S. Eliot. Ed. by Valerie Eliot. Vol. I, London: Har-<br />
court Brce Jovannovich, © 1988.<br />
mileri 2007: Miller J. E. T.S.Eliot: The Making of an American Poet, 1888-1922. Pennsylva-<br />
nia <strong>State</strong> UP, 2007.<br />
mohaksi 1984: Mohacsy Il. The Legend of the Unicorn: An Illumination of the Maternal Split.<br />
Journal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry,<br />
(1984).<br />
sauTemi 1984: Southam B. C. A Guide to the Selected Poems of T. S. Eliot. London: Harcourt<br />
Brace & Co, © 1994.<br />
smiti 1966: Smith Gr. T. S. Eliot’s Poetry and Plays. A Study in Sources and Meaning. Chi-<br />
cago: Chicago UP, 1966 .<br />
templini 1997: Tamplin R. A Preface to T. S. Eliot. London: Longman, 1997.<br />
Smidti 2001: Schmidt P. The Ghent Altarpiece. Ghent, Amsterdam: Ludion, 2001.<br />
(?)12: “Likewise, in sixteenth- to eighteenth-century England, to “die” was a euphe-<br />
mism for orgasm”.<br />
81
82<br />
Temur Kobakhidze<br />
Temur kobaxiZe<br />
Dichotomy of Body and Soul:<br />
T.S.Eliot’s “The Hippopotamus” and “Whispers of Immortality”<br />
Summary<br />
‘Whispers of Immortality’ and ‘The Hippopotamus’ were composed in the middle of<br />
the World War 2, while Eliot stayed in London. Sharp ironical, grotesque imagery and even<br />
caricature are characteristic of both poems as is their rich allusiveness. They share much<br />
of their subject-matter and the theme, although that is hardly recognizable on the surface.<br />
Each in its own way, they both deal with the dichotomy of body and soul, the subject that<br />
would have been obviously religious had not Eliot regarded it with a great deal of ironic<br />
distance and skepticism of an erudite poet-analyst, and by no means with reverence of a<br />
devotional poet.<br />
Within the basic antithesis of “The Hippopotamus”, that of the hippopotamus and the<br />
True Church, smaller antitheses are developed by the major opposites. For example, the<br />
hippopotamus seems firm but is frail, while the True Church presents no such opposition;<br />
yet this antithesis proves to be truer of the church. The “mysterious way” in which<br />
“God works”, gives us not only the satiric wonder of the sleeping church but also the<br />
sympathetic wonder of the limited hippopotamus taking wing and ascending to heaven.<br />
Striking similarities between the poem and Jan van Eyck’s Ghent Altarpiece (Adoration<br />
of the Mystic Lamb) prove that part of Eliot’s design was to draw a parody analogy with<br />
this world famous piece of painting by borrowing from it some of the crucial imagery for<br />
his poem. All those quiring angels and ‘martyr’d virgins’, by whom the hippopotamus<br />
‘shall be kist’, ‘the harp of gold’, on which the hippopotamus ‘performs’, ‘blood of the<br />
Lamb’, by which he will be cleaned, and ‘the True Church’ itself, personified by a group<br />
of high ranked clerics in papal tiaras, etc. are depicted in van Eyck’ altarpiece, which is<br />
commonly considered to be one of the most important masterpieces of the 16th century<br />
Northern Renaissance painting. Behind all the external irony and grotesque, Eliot’s poem<br />
can doubtlessly be perceived as an inter textual context, where by means of a parallel<br />
extra textual associations, the motif of the Ghent Altarpiece is explicitly recognized. Parody<br />
of the Ghent Altarpiece in “The Hippopotamus” can be identified as part of the main<br />
current in Modernist aesthetics and its ideology, which repudiated root and branch the<br />
Renaissance values together with what was called ‘humanitarianism’ in T.S.Eliot’s time.<br />
The attention, however, is drawn to what we now call the period of relative decline of<br />
the High Renaissance values, and the introduction of Mannerism and Baroque, strongly<br />
exemplified by the 17th century ‘metaphysical’ poetry and the Jacobean drama.<br />
“Whispers of Immortality” makes the use of both bodily lust and spiritual aspirations<br />
just like “The Hippopotamus” refers to The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb in its imagery. In
sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~<br />
fact, both Webster and Donne are ‘possessed by death and see the skull beneath the skin’,<br />
but ironically, in Eliot’s system of values, ‘possessed’ is quite naturally perceived as ‘obsessed’,<br />
and obsession by death acquires a highly dubious meaning. In the 17th century lyrics,<br />
as well as in the high society jargon of the time ‘to die’ often constituted an euphemism<br />
for sexual climax (Cf. Donne’s “Canonization”: ‘We can die by it, if not live by love…’),<br />
the ironic innuendo here doubtless being that Webster appears to be sex-obsessed. Donn’s<br />
spiritual exercises too, especially his aptness “to seize, and clutch, and penetrate”, bear<br />
strong resemblance to a sexual contact, being in fact, its metaphorical description. It is<br />
obvious that the soul and body are merged in both Donne and Webster, as are their spiritual<br />
intentions and the underlying ironic sexuality. Poetically, this also is a ‘metaphysical’<br />
poem, exemplifying Eliot’s thesis of ‘dissociation of sensibility’, which took place by the<br />
end of the 17th century “…and from which we never recovered”. At a first glance, the<br />
Elizabethan and Jacobean authors are taken against moderns. In contrast to the spiritual<br />
aspirations of Donne and Webster, we are much possessed by Grishkin , no “breastless<br />
creature’, but giving promise of ‘pneumotic bliss’. Alien, overwhelming animal, and rank,<br />
the flesh now dominates man. Unlike Webster or Donne, we have to separate thought and<br />
sense, otherwise living sense will conquer our feeble metaphysics:<br />
But our lot crawls between dry ribs<br />
To keep our metaphysics warm.<br />
Grishkin (whose prototype has been a Russian ballet girl Serafima Astafieva of Diaghilev’s<br />
company, who stayed in London after Diaghilev had left) with her ‘friendly bust’,<br />
which gives ‘pneumotic bliss’ seem to represent the flesh per se, the body as opposed to<br />
soul, and so it does at a first galnce. But the latent meaning of Eliot’s phrasing goes much<br />
deeper and reveals an absolutely different and even paradoxical attitude. ‘Pneuma’ (the<br />
πνευμα of “pneumotic bliss”) is the Greek word for breath but the Christian tradition starting<br />
with Philon of Alexandria, has attributed to it the meaning of ‘soul’. In fact, ‘pneumatology’<br />
is a discipline in Western theology, which is dedicated to the studies of the Holy<br />
Spirit. It seems quite obvious, that just like the “metaphysical” and highly spiritual striving<br />
of Donne and Webster have a strong sexually determined underflow, Grishkin’s uncorseted<br />
and ‘friendly’ bust contains pneuma, and hence the most exceptional spirituality, associated<br />
with the Holy Spirit. In fact, in “Whispers of Immortality” the dichotomy of body and soul<br />
is canceled, and the cancellation represented with bitter irony if not sarcasm. Body and soul<br />
coexist, if not in harmony, but for Eliot of the 1910’s, they serve as each others manifestations.<br />
Death is not a spiritual, but a biological matter marked with strong sexual implications,<br />
and life is lust personified in Grishkin, who is a carrier of “pneumatic” spirituality.<br />
Eliot’s “metaphysical” irony is part of general skepticism reflected in his early poetry,<br />
the quality reaching its climax in “The Hollow Men”, where there is no room even for irony<br />
83
84<br />
Temur kobaxiZe<br />
anymore. The turn of the century and the 1910’s were the time when many distinguished<br />
men of letters reacted most painfully to the end of one of the longest and most productive<br />
periods in Western cultural history. World War II and its consequences exemplified to them<br />
the end of the long Renaissance history, succeeded by the Age of Reason and Romanticism.<br />
In European minds, the culture of Victorian era, known for its show-off social harmony<br />
and hypocrite morals was also coming to an end. Upcoming was the composition of “The<br />
Waste Land” and “The Hollow Men”, of Joyce’s Ulysses and Kafka’s The Trial. The Western<br />
creative thought was dominated with the sensation of an overwhelming cultural and<br />
psychological deadlock and the premonition of crisis.
literaturaTmcodneobis qrestomaTia<br />
karnavalizebuli literatura<br />
mixail baxtini<br />
karnavalis (sxvadasxvagvar dResaswaulTa da karnavaluri tipis wes-<br />
CveulebaTa da formaTa erTobliobis gagebiT), misi arsis, pirvelyofil<br />
sazogadoebasa da adamianis pirvelyofil azrovnebaSi misi Rrma fesvebis,<br />
klasobriv sazogadoebaSi misi ganviTarebis, iSviaTi sicocxlisunarianobisa<br />
da waruSleli xiblis problema kulturis istoriis erT-erTi<br />
urTulesi da usainteresoesi sakiTxTagania. safuZvlianad mas aq, cxadia,<br />
ver ganvixilavT. aq Cven karnavalizebis, anu literaturaze, Tanac mis Janrul<br />
mxareze karnavalis zemoqmedebis problema gvainteresebs.<br />
TviTon karnavali (vimeorebT: karnavaluri tipis yvelanair dResaswaulTa er-<br />
Tobliobis azriT), cxadia, ar aris literaturuli movlena. igi sawesCveulebo<br />
xasiaTis sinkretuli sanaxaobrivi formaa. es aris Zalian rTuli, mravalmxrivi<br />
forma, romelic epoqebis, erebisa da sxvadasxva dResaswaulebis Sesabamisad,<br />
saerTo karnavalur safuZvelTan erTad, sxvadasxva nairsaxeobiTa da elferiT<br />
xasiaTdeba. karnavalma simbolur cxadad xelSesaxeb formaTa ena SeimuSava,<br />
didi da rTuli masobrivi msvlelobebiT dawyebuli da calkeuli karnavaluri<br />
JestebiT damTavrebuli. es ena diferencirebulad, SeiZleba iTqvas, danawevrebulad<br />
(nebismieri enis msgavsad) erTian (magram rTul) karnavalur msoflgancdas<br />
gamoxatavda, romliTac gamsWvaluli iyo yvela misi forma. SeuZlebelia am enis<br />
ramdenadme srulad da adekvaturad gadatana sityvierebis enaze, miT umetes _<br />
ganyenebul cnebaTa enaze, magram igi eqvemdebareba konkretul-grZnobadi niSniT<br />
masTan naTesaur kavSirSi myofi mxatvruli saxeebis, anu literaturis enaze<br />
gadatanas. karnavalis gadatanas literaturis enaze Cven mis karnavalizebas vuwodebT.<br />
am transportirebis TvalsazrisiT, qvemoT karnavalis calkeul momentebsa<br />
da Taviseburebebs gamovyofT da ganvixilavT.<br />
karnavali aris sanaxaoba rampisa da Semsruleblebad da mayureblebad<br />
dayofis gareSe. karnavalSi yvela uSualo monawilea, karnavaluri qmedebis<br />
Tanaziaria. karnavals ar ucqeren da, mkacrad rom vTqvaT, mis gaTama-<br />
Sebas ki ar axdenen, aramed cxovroben masSi, cxovroben misi kanonebiT,<br />
vidre es kanonebi moqmedeben, anu karnavalur cxovrebas ewevian. TviTon<br />
karnavaluri cxovreba aris iseTi cxovreba, romelic amogdebulia Cveulebrivi<br />
kalapotidan, anu erTgvari `ukuRma cxovrebaa~, `gadmobrunebuli<br />
samyaroa~ (`monde à l’envers~).<br />
85
86<br />
mixail baxtini<br />
karnavalis dros uqmdeba wesebi, akrZalvebi da SezRudvebi, romlebic<br />
Cveulebrivi, anu arakarnavaluri cxovrebis dinebasa da wyobas gansazvraven;<br />
upirvelesad uqmdeba ierarqiuli wyoba da masTan dakavSirebuli<br />
SiSis, mokrZalebis, pietetis, eTiketis da a.S. formebi, anu yovelive is,<br />
rasac adamianTa socialur-ierarqiuli da yvela sxvagvari (maT Soris –<br />
asakobrivi) uTanasworoba ganapirobebs. uqmdeba yovelgvari distancia<br />
adamianebs Soris da ZalaSi Sedis gansakuTrebuli karnavaluri kategoria<br />
_ laRi familaruli kontaqti adamianebs Soris. es aris karnavaluri msoflgancdis<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovani momenti. adamianebi, romlebic cxovrebaSi<br />
Seuvali ierarqiuli barierebiT arian dayofilni, karnavalur moedanze<br />
erTmaneTTan Tavisufal familarul kavSirs amyareben. familaruli<br />
kavSiris es kategoria rogorc masobriv qmedebaTa organizaciis xasiaTs,<br />
aseve Tavisufal karnavalur Jestikulaciasa da gulwrfel karnavalur sityvas<br />
gansazRvravs.<br />
karnavalSi konkretul-emociuri da naxevrad realuri da naxevrad gaTamaSebuli<br />
formiT adamianis adamianTan urTierTobaTa axali modusi yalibdeba,<br />
romelic arakarnavaluri cxovrebis umZlavres socialur-ierarqiul<br />
urTierTobebs upirispirdeba. adamianis qceva, Jesti da sityva Tavisufldeba<br />
yovelgvari ierarqiuli mdgomareobis (wodebis, Tanamdebobis, asakis,<br />
qonebrivi mdgomareobis) Zalisagan, romelic mTlianad ganapirobebda maT<br />
xasiaTs arakarnavalur cxovrebaSi, da amitomac isini, Cveulebrivi arakarnavaluri<br />
cxovrebisaTvis logikis TvalsazrisiT, eqscentruli, Seusabamo<br />
xdebian. eqscentruloba karnavaluri msoflgancdis gansakuTrebuli kategoriaa,<br />
romelic organulad aris dakavSirebuli familaruli kontaqtis<br />
kategoriasTan; igi adamianis bunebis faruli Sreebis gamoxatvisa da gamovlenis<br />
saSualebas iZleva.<br />
familarulobasTan aris dakavSirebuli karnavaluri msoflgancdis mesame<br />
kategoriac _ karnavaluri mezalansebi. laRi familaruli damokidebuleba<br />
yvelaferze vrceldeba: yvela Rirebulebaze, azrze, movlenasa<br />
da saganze. karnavaluri kontaqti da SeTavseba myardeba yvelafers Soris,<br />
rac arakarnavaluri ierarqiuli msoflgancdiT daxSuli, Caketili, gancalkevebuli<br />
da erTamaneTisagan dacilebuli iyo. karnavali aaxlovebs,<br />
aerTianebs, SeauRlebs da SeaTavsebs wmindas profanulTan, maRals dabal-<br />
Tan, diads mdaresTan, brZnuls sulelurTan da a.S.<br />
amasTan aris dakavSirebuli meoTxe karnavaluri kategoriac _ profanacia:<br />
karnavaluri mkrexelobani, karnavalur damdablebaTa da damiwebaTa<br />
mTeli sistema, miwisa da sxeulis mwarmoeblur ZalebTan dakavSirebuli<br />
karnavaluri uxamsobani, karnavaluri parodiebi wminda teqstebsa da<br />
gamonaTqvamebze da a.S. [...]
karnavalizebuli literatura<br />
es karnavaluri kategoriebi da upirvelesad _ adamianisa da qveynierebis<br />
laRi familarizebis kategoria, aTaswleulebis manZilze literaturaSi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT _ prozauli romanis dialogur xazSi gadadioda.<br />
familarizeba xels uwyobda epikuri da tragikuli distanciis rRvevas da<br />
asaxvis yvela sagnis gadatanas familaruli kontaqtis zonaSi; igi arsebi-<br />
Tad vlindeboda siuJetisa da siuJetur viTarebaTa organizaciaSi, ganapirobebda<br />
avtoris poziciis gansakuTrebul familarul damokidebulebas<br />
gmirebisadmi (rac SeuZlebelia maRal JanrebSi), nergavda mezalansebisa da<br />
maprofanirebel damdablebaTa logikas da bolos _ udides gardamqnel<br />
zegavlenas axdenda literaturis Tavad sityvier stilze. [...]<br />
mTavari karnavaluri qmedeba aris karnavaluri xelmwifis gamasxreba,<br />
misi Semkoba da ganmkoba. [...]<br />
mefis gvirgviniT Semkobasa da mis mocilebaSi ganfenilia karnavaluri<br />
msoflgancdis TviT birTvi _ cvlilebaTa da gardaqmnaTa, sikvdilisa da<br />
ganaxlebis paTosi. karnavali yovlis momspobi da yovlis ganmaxlebeli<br />
drois zeimia [...] Semkoba-ganmkoba ormxrivi ambivalenturi wes-Cveulebaa,<br />
romelic gamoxatavs cvla-ganaxlebis garduvalobasa da amavdroulad<br />
_ mis cxovelmyofelobas, yovelgvari wyobisa da wesrigis, yovelgvari<br />
Zalauflebisa da yovelgvari mdgomareobis (ierarqiulis) mxiarul fardobiTobas.<br />
Semkoba imTaviTve gulisxmobs Semdgom ganmkobas: igi Tavidanve<br />
ambivalenturia. mimdinareobs namdvili xelmwifis _ misi monis an masxaris<br />
Semkoba, da amiT xdeba gadmotrialebuli karnavaluri samyaros gaxsna da<br />
sakralizeba. Semkobis wes-CveulebaSi ceremonialis yvela momenti, Zalauflebis<br />
simboloebi, romlebic Sesamkobels gadaecema, is samosi, romli-<br />
Tac igi imoseba, ambivalenturi xdeba, mxiaruli fardobiTobis xasiaTs<br />
iZens, TiTqmis butaforuli xdeba (magram es sawesCveulebo butaforiaa);<br />
maTi simboluri mniSvneloba orplanianobas iZens (rogorc Zalauflebis<br />
realuri simboloebi, anu arakarnavalur samyaroSi isini erTplanianebi,<br />
absoluturebi, damZimebuli da monoliTurad seriozuli arian). dagvirgvinebaSi<br />
imTaviTve gamosWvivis gangvirgvineba. aseTia yvela karnavaluri<br />
simbolo: isini yovelTvis Seicaven uaryofis (sikvdilis) perspeqtivas an<br />
piriqiT. dabadeba moaswavebs sikvdils, sikvdili _ axal dabadebas. karnavali<br />
arafris absolutizebas ar axdens, igi yvelafris fardobas iuwyeba.<br />
[...] karnavalisaTvis ucxoa rogorc absoluturi uaryofa, aseve<br />
absoluturi mtkiceba. metic, swored gangvirgvinebis wes-CveulebaSi<br />
gansakuTrebiT cxadad Canda cvlisa da ganaxlebis paTosi, aRmaSenebeli<br />
sikvdilis saxe. amitomac literaturaSi yvelaze xSirad gangvirgvinebis<br />
wes-Cveuleba gadmohqondaT. magram, vimeorebT, Semkoba-ganmkoba ganuyofelia,<br />
isini orbunebovani arian da erTmaneTSi gadadian; absolutur gan-<br />
87
88<br />
mixail baxtini<br />
calkevebisas mTlianad ikargeba maTi karnavaluri azri. [...] dagvirgvinebagangvirgvinebis<br />
wes-Cveulebam didi zegavlena iqonia literaturul-mxatvrul<br />
azrovnebaze. man ganapiroba mxatvruli saxeebisa da mTlianad nawarmoebebis<br />
agebis gansakuTrebuli ganmagvirgvinebeli saxeoba, Tanac iseTi,<br />
rodesac gangvirgvineba arsebiTad ambivalenturi da orplaniania. magram<br />
Tu gangvirgvinebis saxeebSi karnavaluri ambivalenturoba ikargeboda, ma-<br />
Sin aseTi saxeebi knindebodnen, uaryofiTi gangvirgvinebis wminda moralur<br />
Tu socialur-politikuri xasiaTs iZendnen, erTplaniani xdebodnen, hkargavdnen<br />
TavianT mxatvrulobas da liton publicistikas emsgavsebodnen.<br />
erTxel kidev unda SevexoT karnavaluri saxeebis ambivalentur bunebas.<br />
karnavalis yvela saxe ormxrivia, TavianT TavSi cvlisa da krizisis orive<br />
poluss aerTianebs: dabadebasa da sikvdils (orsuli sikvdilis saxe),<br />
kurTxevas da wyevlas (damlocveli karnavaluri wyevlebi sikvdilisa da<br />
aRdgomis erTdrouli surviliT), qebasa da lanZRvas, siymawvilesa da siberes,<br />
qvenasa da zenas, winasa da ukanas, sicruesa da sibrZnes. karnavaluri<br />
azrovnebisaTvis uaRresad damaxasiaTebelia wyvili saxeebi, romlebic<br />
kontrastis (maRali _ dabali, msuqani _ gamxdari da a. S.) da msgavsebis<br />
niSniT (oreulebi _ wyvilebi) arian SerCeulni. damaxasiaTebelia agreTve<br />
sagnebis piruku gamoyeneba: samosis ukuRma (an piruku) Cacma, magaliTad,<br />
Sarvali _ Tavze, WurWeli _ qudis nacvlad, saojaxo nivTebis iaraRad<br />
gamoyeneba da a.S.…yovelive es eqscentriulobis karnavaluri kategoriis<br />
gamovlinebaa, sayovelTaod miRebulisa da aRiarebulis darRveva da Cveulebrivi<br />
kalapotidan amovardnili cxovrebaa.<br />
karnavalSi uaRresad ambivalenturia cecxlis saxe. es iseTi cecxlia,<br />
romelic erTdroulad Tan anadgurebs da Tan aaxlebs qveynierebas. evropul<br />
karnavalebSi yovelTvis iyenebdnen ganskuTrebul nagebobas (Cveulebriv<br />
_ urems sxvadasxvagvari karnavaluri bargiT), romelsac `jojoxeTs~<br />
uwodebdnen; karnavalis dasasruls am `jojoxeTs~ sazeimod cecxls<br />
ukidebnen (zogjer karnavaluri `jojoxeTi~ karnavalurad iyo SeTavsebuli<br />
siuxvis rqasTan). damaxasiaTebelia romauli karnavalis `moccoli~-s<br />
wes-Cveuleba: karnavalis yovel monawiles xelSi anTebuli sanTeli (`namwvi~)<br />
eWira, Tanac yvela cdilobda sxvisi sanTlis Caqrobas SeZaxiliT `Sia<br />
ammazzato!~ (`sikvdili Sen!~). romis karnavalis Tavis cnobil aRweraSi<br />
(`italiur mogzaurobaSi~) goeTe, romelic cdilobs, axsnas karnavaluri<br />
saxeebis Rrma azri, aseT uaRresad simbolur scenas aRwers: `moccoli~-s<br />
dros biWuna aqrobs mamamisis sanTels mxiaruli karnavaluri ZaxiliT:<br />
`Sia ammazzato, il Signiore Padre!~ (`sikvdili Sen, mama batono!~).<br />
aseve uaRresad ambivalenturia TviTon karnavaluri sicili. genetikurad<br />
igi ritualuri sicilis uZveles formebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
karnavalizebuli literatura<br />
ritualuri sicili mimarTuli iyo uzenaesisaken: lanZRavdnen da dascinodnen<br />
mzes (umaRles RvTaebas), sxva RmerTebs, umaRles miwier Zalauflebas,<br />
raTa aeZulebinaT isini ganaxlebuliyvnen. ritualuri sicilis yvela<br />
forma sikvdilTan da aRorZinebasTan, Seqmnis aqtTan, Seqmnis Zalis simboloebTan<br />
iyo dakavSirebuli. ritualuri sicili reagirebda mzis sicocxlis<br />
krizisebze mzis (mzis wrebrunva) cxovrebaSi, RvTaebis sicocxlis,<br />
samyarosa da adamianis cxovrebis krizisebze (samgloviaro sicili). masSi<br />
dacinva Serwymuli iyo aRtacebasTan.<br />
ritualuri sicilis am uZvelesma mimarTebam uzenaesisken (RvTaeba da<br />
Zalaufleba) ganapiroba sicilis privilegias antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebSi.<br />
sicilis formiT nebadarTuli iyo bevri ram iseTi, rac seriozuli<br />
formiT ikrZalebida. Sua saukuneebSi sicilis nebadarTuli formis<br />
safariT SesaZlebeli iyo `parodia sacra~, anu parodia wminda teqstebsa da<br />
ritualebze.<br />
karnavaluri sicilic uzenaesisken _ xelisufalTa da simarTlis, msoflwesrigis<br />
cvlis mimarT aris mimarTuli. sicili cvlis orive poluss<br />
moicavs, mimarTulia Tavad cvlis procesisadmi, Tavad krizisisadmi. karnavaluri<br />
sicilis aqtSi SeTavsebulia sikvdili da aRorZineba, uaryofa<br />
(dacinva) da damkvidreba (aRtacebuli sicili). es aris uaRresad msoflmxedvelobrivi<br />
da universaluri sicili.<br />
unda SevexoT sicilTan dakacSirebiT kidev erT sakiTxs _ parodiis karnavalur<br />
bunebas. parodia `menipes satirisa~ da saerTod yvelanairi karnavaluri<br />
Janris ganuyofeli nawilia. wminda JanrebisaTvis (eposi, tragedia)<br />
parodia ucxoa, xolo karnavaluri JanrebisaTvis, piriqiT, organulad<br />
niSandoblivia. antikur xanaSi parodia ganuyoflad iyo dakavSirebuli karnavalur<br />
msoflgancdasTan. parodireba didebis Saravandedis mamxilebeli<br />
oreulis Seqmnaa, igive `ukuRma samyaroa~. amitom parodia ambivalenturia.<br />
antikuroba, arsebiTad, yvelafris parodirebas axdenda: magaliTad, satiruli<br />
drama misi winamorbedi tragikuli trilogiis parodiuli sasacilo<br />
aspeqti iyo. parodia, cxadia, ar iyo parodiis sagnis calsaxad uaryofa.<br />
yvelafers aqvs Tavisi parodia, anu _ sasacilo aspeqti, vinaidan sikvdilis<br />
gziT yvelaferi aRorZinebasa da ganaxlebas eqvemdebareba. romSi parodia<br />
iyo rogorc samgloviaro, aseve triumfaluri sicilis aucilebeli<br />
momenti iyo (cxadia, erTic da meorec karnavaluri tipis wes-Cveulebas warmoadgenda).<br />
karnavalSi parodireba Zalian uxvad gamoiyeneboda da mas sxvadasxva<br />
forma da xarisxi hqonda: sxvadasxva saxeebi (magaliTad, sxvadasxvagvari<br />
karnavaluri wyvilebi) sxvadasxvanairad da gansxvavebuli kuTxidan<br />
axdendnen erTmaneTis parodirebas; igi damagrZelebeli, damapataravebeli,<br />
damamaxinjebeli mrude sarkeebis msgavsi mTeli sistema iyo.<br />
89
90<br />
mixail baxtini<br />
parodiuli oreulebi aseve xSir movlenad iqca karnavalizebul literaturaSi.<br />
es gansakuTrebiT cxadad Cans dostoevskisTan, _ misi romanebis<br />
TiTqmis yvela mTavar gmirs ramdenime oreuli hyavs, romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad<br />
axdenen mis parodirebas: raskolnikovisaTvis _ svidrigailovi,<br />
luJini, lebeziatnikovi, stavroginisaTvis _ piotr verxovenski, Satovi,<br />
kirilovi, ivane karamazovisaTvis _ smerdiakovi, eSmaki, rakitini. yovel<br />
maTganSi (yovel oreulSi) gmiri kvdeba (anu xdeba misi uaryofa), raTa ganaxldes<br />
(anu, rom ganiwmindos da Tavis Tavze amaRldes).<br />
axali drois viwrod formalur literaturul parodiaSi kavSiri karnavalur<br />
msoflaRqmasTan TiTqmis mTlianad gawyvetilia. magram aRorZinebia<br />
epoqis parodiebSi (erazmTan, rablesTan da sxv.) karnavaluri cecxli jer<br />
kidev gizgizebda: parodia ambivalenturi iyo da acnobierebda Tavis kav-<br />
Sirs sikvdil-ganaxlebasTan. amitom gaxda SesaZlebeli karnavalis wiaRSi<br />
dabadebuliyo erT-erTi udidesi da yvelaze karnavaluri romani msoflio<br />
literaturaSi _ servantesis `don-kixoti~. [...]<br />
karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebs udidesi adgili ekava antikurobis<br />
farTo saxalxo masebis cxovrebaSi _ rogorc berZnulis, aseve gansakuTrebiT<br />
_ romaulis, sadac karnavaluri tipis centraluri (magram ara<br />
erTaderTi) dResaswauli saturnaliebi iyo. aranaklebi (da SesaZloa _<br />
kidev ufro meti) mniSvneloba hqonda am dResaswaulebs Suasaukuneobriv<br />
evropasa da aRorZinebis epoqaSi, rodesac isini nawilobriv uSualod romauli<br />
saturnaliebis cocxal gagrZelebas warmoadgendnen. saxalxo karnavaluri<br />
kulturis sferoSi antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebs Soris ar<br />
yofila tradiciis raime wyveta. karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebi maTi<br />
ganviTarebis yvela epoqaSi uzarmazar, dRemde arasakmarisad Sefasebul da<br />
Seswavlil zegavlenas axdendnen mTeli kulturis ganviTarebaze, maT Soris<br />
_ literaturis, romlis zogierTma Janrma da mimarTulebam gansakuTrebiT<br />
mZlavri karnavalizeba ganicada. antikur epoqaSi gansakuTrebiT<br />
Zlieri karnavalizeba Zvelma atikurma komediam da seriozul-sasacilos<br />
mTelma dargma ganicada. romSi satirisa da epigramis yvela nairsaxeoba<br />
organizaciulad iyo dakavSirebuli saturnaliebTan, saturnaliebisaTvis<br />
iqmneboda anda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am dResaswaulis dakanonebul karnavalur<br />
silaReTa safarvelis qveS iqmneboda (ase, magaliTad, marcialis<br />
mTeli Semoqmedeba uSualod aris dakavSirebuli saturnaliebTan).<br />
Sua saukuneebSi uvrcesi sasacilo da parodiuli literatura xalxur<br />
enebze da laTinurad ase Tu ise karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebTan iyo<br />
dakavSirebuli _ sakuTriv karnavalTan, `briyvTa dResaswaulTan~, laR<br />
`saaRdgomo sicilTan~ (`risus paschalis~) da sxv. Sua saukuneebSi TiTqmis<br />
yovel saeklesio dResaswauls (gansakuTrebiT iseTebs, rogoricaa uflis
karnavalizebuli literatura<br />
sisxlisa da xorcis dResaswauli) saxalxo Tavyrilobebis karnavali ieri<br />
dahkravda. mraval imgvar erovnul dResaswauls, rogorcaa, magaliTad,<br />
xarebTan brZola, aSkarad karnavaluri xasiaTi hqonda. karnavaluri ganwyoba<br />
sufevda bazrobis, rTvelis dReebSi, miraklebis, misteriebis, sotis<br />
da a.S. dadgmis dReebSi; Sua saukuneebis mTel Teatralur-sanaxaobriv<br />
cxovrebas karnavaluri xasiaTi hqonda. gviandeli Sua saukuneebis did<br />
qalaqebSi (iseTebSi, rogoricaa romi, neapoli, venecia, parizi, lioni, niurnbergi,<br />
kiolni da sxv.) saerTo jamSi yovel wels sam Tvemde (zogjer _<br />
metxans) sruli karnavaluri cxovreba sufevda. SeiZleba iTqvas (cxadia,<br />
garkveuli dazustebebiT), rom Sua saukuneebis adamiani orgvar cxovrebas<br />
eweoda: erTi iyo oficialuri, monoliTurad seriozuli da moRuSuli<br />
cxovreba, romelic mkacr ierarqiul wesrigs eqvemdebareboda da SiSiT,<br />
dogmatizmiT, mokrZalebiTa da pietetiT iyo aRsavse, xolo meore iyo karnavaluri<br />
moednebis laRi cxovreba, romelic aRsavse iyo ambivalenturi<br />
siciliT, mkrexelobebiT, yvelaferi wmindas profanaciebiT, damdablebiTa<br />
da uxamsobiT, yvelasTan da yvelafrisadmi Sinauruli damokidebulebiT<br />
gamsWvaluli. es orive cxovreba dakanonebuli da drois mkacri sazRvrebiT<br />
iyo gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan.<br />
cxovrebisa da azrovnebis am ori sistemis (oficialurisa da karnavaluris)<br />
monacvleobisa da gamijnulobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe verasodes<br />
gavigebT Sua saukuneebis adamianis kulturul cnobierebas, verasodes<br />
CavwvdebiT bolomde Sua saukuneebis literaturis mraval iseT<br />
movlenas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `parodia sacra~. orgvari cxovreba _<br />
oficialuri da karnavaluri _ antikur samyaroSic arsebobda, magram iq<br />
(gansakuTrebiT _ saberZneTSi) isini arasodes yofila ase mkveTrad gamijnuli).<br />
Sua saukuneebSi xdeboda agreTve evropel xalxTa sametyvelo cxovrebis<br />
karnavalizeba: enis calkeuli Sreebi _ e.w. moednebis familaruli<br />
metyveleba _ karnavaluri msoflgancdiT iyo gamsWvaluli; iqmneboda<br />
agreTve laRi karnavaluri Jestikulaciis uzarmazari fondi. yvela evropeli<br />
xalxis familaruli metyveleba, gansakuTrebiT uxamsi da damcinavi,<br />
Cvens dromde aRsavsea karnavaluri reliqtebiT; Tanamdrove uxamsi da damcinavi<br />
Jestikulaciac aRsavsea karnavaluri simbolikiT.<br />
aRorZinebis epoqaSi karnavalurma stiqiam, SeiZleba iTqvas,Pwaleka<br />
zRudeebi da oficialuri cxovrebisa da msoflgagebis mraval sferoSi<br />
SeiWra. upirvelesad didi literaturis TiTqmis yvela Janri moicva, romlebic<br />
arsebiTad gardaqmna. moxda mTeli mxatvruli literaturis uaRresad<br />
Rrma da TiTqmis sruli karnavalizeba. karnavaluri msoflgancda da<br />
misi kategoriebi, karnavaluri sicili, Semkoba-ganmkobis, cvlisa da gad-<br />
91
92<br />
mixail baxtini<br />
acmis karnavalur qmedebaTa simbolika, karnavaluri ambivalenturoba da<br />
familaruli, cinikur-gulaxdilis, eqscentrulis, saxotbo-salanZRavi<br />
laRi karnavaluri sityvis yvela niuansma Rrmad SeaRwia mxatvruli literaturis<br />
TiTqmis yvela JanrSi. renesansuli msoflmxedvelobis rTuli<br />
formebic karnavaluri msoflgancdis safuZvelze yalibdeba. garkveulwilad<br />
karnavaluri msoflgancdis prizmaSi xdeboda humanistebis mier<br />
SeTvisebuli antikurobis gardatexa. aRorZineba karnavaluri cxovrebis<br />
mwvervalia. Semdeg daRmasvla iwyeba.<br />
XVII saukunidan dawyebuli saxalxo karnavaluri cxovreba ukan ixevs,<br />
TiTqmis mTlianad hkargavs sayovelTao xalxurobas, misi xvedriTi wili<br />
adamianTa cxovrebaSi mkveTrad klebulobs, misi formebi Raribdeba, knindeba<br />
da suls Rafavs. jer kidev aRorZinebis droidan ganviTarebas iwyebs<br />
sakaro-sazeimo maskaraduli kultura, romelmac araerTi karnavaluri<br />
(ZiriTadad garegnuli dekoratiuli xasiaTis) forma da simbolo SeiTvisa.<br />
Semdeg ganviTarebas iwyebs dResaswaulTa da garTobaTa ufro far-<br />
To (amjerad _ ara saxalxo) xazi, romelsac SeiZleba maskaraduli xazi<br />
ewodos; masSi karnavaluri msoflgancdis zogierTi silaRe da Soreuli<br />
elferi SemorCa. mravali karnavaluri forma moswyda Tavis saxalxo safuZvlebs<br />
da moednidan kamerul maskaradul xazSi gadainacvla, romelic<br />
dRemde arsebobs. karnavalis mravali Zveli forma dResac ganagrZobs arsebobasa<br />
da ganviTarebas moednebis balaganur komikSi, da agreTve _ cirkSi.<br />
[...] zogi ram karnavaluri atmosferodan garkveul pirobebSi Tavs inarCunebda<br />
bohemaSi, romelic umeteswilad karnavali msoflgancdis gadagvareba<br />
da Sebilwvaa (masSi xom natamalic aRar aris darCenili sayovelTao<br />
xalxurobis karnavaluri suliskveTebisagan). [...]<br />
ra Tqma unda, karnavalic am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT da karnavaluri<br />
tipis sxva zeimebi (magaliTad, xarebTan brZola), agreTve maskaraduli<br />
xazi, balaganuri masxaraoba da karnavaluri folkloris sxva formebi<br />
garkveul uSualo zemoqmedebas literaturaze Cvens dromde ganagrZoben.<br />
magram es zegavlena umeteswilad nawarmoebebis SinaarsiT ifargleba da ar<br />
exeba maT Janrul safuZvels, anu moklebulia Janris warmomqmnel unars.<br />
axla SegviZlia davubrundeT Janrebis karnavalizebas seriozul-sasacilo<br />
sferoSi, romlis saxelwodebac ki karnavalurad ambivalenturad JRers.<br />
`sokrates dialogis~ karnavaluri safuZveli, misi erTob rTuli literaturuli<br />
formisa da filosofiuri siRrmis miuxedavad, eWvs ar iwvevs.<br />
am Janris Tavdapirvel birTvs safuZvlad daedo cvlisa da mxiaruli fardobiTobis<br />
suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli saxalxo-karnavaluri `paeqroba~<br />
sikvdilsa da sicocxles, sibnelesa da sinaTles, zafxulsa da zamTars
karnavalizebuli literatura<br />
da a.S. Soris, paeqroba, romelic azrs saSualebas ar aZlevs calmxriv<br />
seriozulobis, uvargisi garkveulobisa da erTniSnadobis gaqvavebuli saxe<br />
miiRos. amiT `sokrates dialogi~ gansxvavdeba rogorc wminda ritorikuli<br />
dialogisagan, aseve tragikuli dialogisagan, magram karnavaluri<br />
safuZveli mas ramdenadme sofronis mimebTan aaxlovebs. TviT azrisa da<br />
WeSmaritebis dialoguri bunebis sokratiseuli aRmoCena gulisxmobs dialogis<br />
monawileTa urTierTobis karnavalur familarizebas, maT Soris<br />
yovelgvari distanciis gauqmebas; metic, Tavad gansjis saganisadmi, ragind<br />
diadi da mniSvnelovani iyos, da Tavad WeSmaritebisadmi damokidebulebaTa<br />
familarizebas gulisxmobs. platonis zogierTi dialogi Semkoba-ganmkobis<br />
karnavaluri principiT aris agebuli. [...] saerTod, karnavaluri legendebi<br />
arsebiTad gansxvavdebian heroizebisaken mimarTuli epikuri Tqmulebebisagan:<br />
isini amdableben gmirs, miwaze dahyavT igi, axdenen mis familarizebas,<br />
daaxloebas da gaadamianurebas; ambivalenturi karnavaluri sicili nacartutad<br />
aqcevs yvelafers, rac gacveTili da gaSeSebulia, magram ar spobs<br />
saxis namdvil gmirul birTvs. unda iTqvas, rom romanis gmirTa saxeebic<br />
(gargantua, ulenSpigeli, don kixoti, fausti, simplicisimusi da sxvebi)<br />
karnavaluri legendebis atmosferoSi iqmnebodnen.<br />
kidev ufro cxadad Cans menipes karnavaluri buneba. karnavalizebiT aris<br />
gamsWvaluli misi gare Sreebic da Sina siRrmiseuli birTvic. zogierT<br />
menipeSi karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebia asaxuli (magaliTad, varon-<br />
Tan or satiraSi naCvenebia romauli dResaswaulebi; iuliane gandgomilis<br />
erT-erT menipeSi olimpoze gamarTuli saturnaliebis dResaswauli<br />
iyo naCvenebi). es jer kidev garegnuli (ase vTqvaT, Tematuri), magram mainc<br />
kavSiria. gacilebiT ufro sagulisxmoa menipes sami planis _ olimpos,<br />
qvesknelisa da miwis _ karnavaluri gaazreba. olimpos gamosaxulebas<br />
aSkarad karnavaluri xasiaTi aqvs: menipes olimposaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
laRi familarizeba, skandalebi da eqscentruloba, Semkoba-ganmkoba. olimpo<br />
lamis karnavalur moedans emsgavseba (ix., magaliTad, lukianes `tragikuli<br />
zevsi~). zogjer olimpiuri scenebi karnavalur damdablebaTa da<br />
damiwebaTa planSia mocemuli (imave lukianesTan). kidev ufro saintereso<br />
da Tanamimdevrulia qvesknelis karnavalizeba. qveskneli aTanabrebs yvela<br />
amqveyniur mdgomareobaTa warmomadgenels, aq Tanabari uflebiT xvdebian<br />
da familarul kontaqts amyareben erTmaneTTan imperatori da mona, mdidari<br />
da maTxovari da a.S.; sikvdili ganZarcvavs yvelas, vinc cxovrebisas<br />
Semkobili iyo. xSirad qvesknelis gamosaxvisas `ukuRma samyaros~ logika<br />
gamoiyeneboda: imperatori qvesknelSi mona xdeba, mona _ iperatori da a.S.<br />
menipes karnavalizebuli qveskneli ganapirobebda Sua saukuneebis mxiaruli<br />
jojoxeTis gamosaxulebebs, ramac Tavisi daboloeba rablesTan pova. am<br />
93
94<br />
mixail baxtini<br />
Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciisaTvis antikuri qvesknelisa da qristianuli<br />
jojoxeTis mizandasaxuli SeTavsebaa damaxasiaTebeli. misteriebSi eSmakebic<br />
(`diableriebSi~) aseve Tanamimdevrulad karnavalizebuli arian.<br />
menipeSi miwieri planic karnavalizebulia: TiTqmis yvela scenisa da realuri<br />
cxovrebis movlenis miRma, romlebic umeteswilad naturalisturad<br />
aris gamosaxuli, gamosWvivis met-naklebad cxadi karnavaluri moedani<br />
da familaruli kontaqtebis, mezalansebis, gadacmebisa da mistifikaciebis,<br />
kontrastuli wyvili saxeebis, skandalebis, Semkoba-ganmkobis specifikuri<br />
karnavaluri logika. ase, magaliTad, `satirikonis~ qoxmaxebis yvela<br />
naturalisturi scenis miRma met-naklebi sicxadiT karnavaluri moedani<br />
gamosWvivis. `satirikonis~ siuJetic Tanamimdevrulad karnavalizebulia.<br />
amis mowmeni varT agreTve apuleusis `metamorfozebSi“ (`oqros virSi~).<br />
zogjer karnavalizeba ufro Rrma SreebSia ganfenili da aseT SemTxveva-<br />
Si mxolod calkeuli saxeebisa da movlenebis karnavalur obertonebze<br />
saubris saSualeba gveZleva. magram zogjer igi garegnuladac vlindeba,<br />
magaliTad, zRurblze mkvlelobis wminda karnavalur epizodSi, rodesac<br />
luciusi adamianebis nacvlad Rvinis tikebs gangmiravs da daRvrili Rvino<br />
sisxli hgonia; igive iTqmis momdevno scenaze, rodesac misi mistificirebuli<br />
karnavaluri gasamarTleba xdeba. karnavaluri obertonebi ismis<br />
agreTve tonalobis mxriv iseT seriozul menipeSi, rogoricaa boeciusis<br />
`filosofosis nugeSi~.<br />
karnavalizeba menipes TviT uRrmes filosofiur-dailogur birTvamde<br />
aRwevs. rogorc vnaxeT, am JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sikvdil-sicocxlis<br />
ukanaskneli kiTxvebis mTeli simwvaviT wamoWra da garkveuli universalobac<br />
(kerZo problemebi da gaSlili filosofiuri argumentireba mis-<br />
Tvis ucxoa). karnavaluri azri ganfenilia ukanaskneli kiTxvebis sfero-<br />
Si, romlebsac igi ara ganyenebul-filosofiuri an religiur-dogmaturi<br />
TvalsazrisiT aSuqebs, aramed axdens maT gaTamaSebas karnavalur qmedebaTa<br />
da saxeTa konkretul-xelSesaxebi formiT. amitom karnavalizeba saSualebas<br />
iZleoda ukanaskneli kiTxvebi ganyenebul-filosofiur sferodan<br />
karnavalurad dinamiuri, mravalgvari da elvare saxeebisa da movlenebis<br />
konkretul-xelSesaxeb planSi yofiliyo gadatanili. karnavalizeba saSualebas<br />
iZleoda `filosofia heteras Wreli samosiT yofiliyo Semosili~.<br />
karnavaluri msoflgancda aRmZravi Rvedia ideasa da avantiurul mxatvrul<br />
saxes Soris. axali drois evropul literaturaSi amis naTeli magaliTia<br />
volteris filosofiuri moTxrobebi maTi ideuri universalizmiTa da karnavaluri<br />
dinamikiTa da siWreliT (magaliTad, `kandidi~); am moTxrobebSi<br />
Zalian cxadad vlindeba menipeisa da karnavalizebis tradiciebi. amgvarad,<br />
karnavalizeba menipes TviT filosofiur birTvamde aRwevs.
karnavalizebuli literatura<br />
amgvarad, menipeSi TiTqosda nairsaxovani da SeuTavsebeli elementebis<br />
saocari SeTavseba moCans: filosofiuri dialogis, avanturisa da fantastikis,<br />
qoxmaxebis naturalizmis, utopiis da a.S. axla ukve SegviZlia vTqvaT,<br />
rom is iSviaTi Zalis mqone SemakavSirebeli sawyisi, rac am nairsaxovan<br />
elementebs Janris organul mTlianobaSi moaqcevs, karnavali da karnavaluri<br />
msoflgancdaa. evropuli literaturis ganviTarebis momdevno<br />
etapzec karnavalizebam xeli Seuwyo Janrebs, azrTa daxurul sistemebs,<br />
sxvadasxva stilebs da a.S. Soris zRudeebis moSlas; igi auqmebda yovelgvar<br />
daxSulobas da urTierTugulvebelyofas, aaxlovebda daSorebuls,<br />
aerTianebda gancalkevebuls. es aris karnavalizebis didi funqcia literaturis<br />
istoriaSi.<br />
axla oriode sityva menipesa da karnavalizebis Sesaxeb qristianul<br />
niadagze.<br />
menipem da mis orbitaSi ganviTarebulma monaTesave Janrebma garkveuli<br />
zegavlena iqonies Camoyalibebis procesSi myof Zvel berZnul, romaul da<br />
bizantiur mwerlobaze.<br />
Zveli qristianuli mwerlobis ZiriTadi TxrobiTi Janrebi _ `saxarebani~,<br />
`kaTolike epistoleni~, `apokalifsisi~ da `wmindanTa da wamebulTa<br />
cxovrebani~ _ dakavSirebulia antikur aretalogiasTan, romelic Cveni<br />
welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi menipes orbitaSi viTardeboda. qristianul<br />
JanrebSi, gansakuTrebiT _ mravalricxovan `saxarebebsa~ da mociqulTa<br />
`epistoleebSi~ yalibdeba qristianuli dialoguri sinkrizebi:<br />
is, visac acTuneben (qriste, wmindani) da macduri, morwmune da urjulo,<br />
wmindani da codvili, mdidari da Raribi, qristes mimdevari da fariseveli,<br />
mociquli (qristiani) da warmarTi da sxv. [...] aseTi antikuri Zirebi, `sawyisebi~<br />
(`arqaika~) aqvs im Janrul tradicias, romlis erT-erT mwvervali<br />
dostoevskis Semoqmedebaa. es `sawyisebi~ mis SemoqmedebaSi ganaxlebuli<br />
saxiTaa warmodgenili.<br />
magram am saTaveebisagan dostoevskis ori aTaswleuli aSorebs, romlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi Janruli tradicia ganagrZobda ganviTarebas, rTuli xdeboda<br />
da saxes icvlida (Tumca inarCunebda mTlianobasa da uwyvetelobas). oriode<br />
sityviT menipes Semdgom ganviTarebaze.<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, ukve antikur da adreqristianul niadagze menipe<br />
amJRavnebda iSviaT `protevsisebur~ Tvisebas, icvlida garegnul formas<br />
(Tumca inarCunebda Sinagan Janrul Tvisebriobas), romanis srul moculobas<br />
iZenda, iTavsebda monaTesave Janrebs, mkvidrdeboda sxva did JanrebSi<br />
(magaliTad, berZnul da adreqristianul romanSi). es Tavisebureba<br />
Tavs iCens menipes ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi,<br />
aseve axal droSi.<br />
95
96<br />
mixail baxtini<br />
Sua saukuneebSi menipes Janruli Taviseburebani laTinuri saeklesio<br />
mwerlobis zogierT dargSi ganagrZobdnen arsebobas da ganaxlebas, romlebic,<br />
ganskuTrebiT mowameTa cxovrebis zogierT nairsaxeobaSi, uSualod<br />
agrZelebdnen Zveli qristianuli literaturis tradiciebs. ufro Tavisufali<br />
da originaluri saxiT menipe Sua saukuneebis iseT dialogizebul da<br />
karnavalizebul JanrebSi cocxlobda, rogoricaa `kamaTi~, `paeqroba~, ambivalenturi<br />
`xotba~ (desputaisons, dits, débats), moralite da mirakli,<br />
xolo gviandel saukuneebSi _ misteria da soti. menipes elementebi igrZnoba<br />
Sua saukuneebis mkveTrad karnavalizebul parodiul da naxevradparodiul<br />
literaturaSi: imqveyniur parodiul xilvebSi, parodiul `saxarebaTa<br />
sakiTxavebSi~ da a.S. da bolos, am Janruli tradiciis ganviTarebis<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovani momentia Sua saukuneebisa da adreuli aRorZinebis<br />
xanis novelisturi literatura, romelic Zlier aris gamsWvaluli karnavalizebuli<br />
menipes elementebiT.<br />
aRorZinebis xanaSi _ mTeli literaturisa da msoflmxedvelobis Rrma<br />
da TiTqmis sayovelTao karnavalizebis epoqaSi _ menipe yvela did JanrSi<br />
(rablesTan, servantesTan, grimilshauzenTan da sxvebTan) mkvidrdeba, amas-<br />
Tanave viTardeba menipes sxvadasxvagvari renesansuli formebi, romlebSic<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi SeTavsebulia am Janris antikuri da Suasaukuneobrivi<br />
tradiciebi: deperies `mSvidobis winwili~, erazmis `qeba sisulelisa~,<br />
servantesis `samoZRvrebo novelebi~, `Satyre Menippée de la vertue du Catholicon<br />
d’Espagne~ (`menipes satira espaneli kaTolikonis Rirsebebze~, 1594 w.,<br />
erT-erTi udidesi politikuri satira msoflio literaturaSi), grimilshauzenis,<br />
kevedosa da sxvebis satirebi.<br />
axal droSi menipe ara mxolod sxva karnavalizebul JanrebSi mkvidrdeba,<br />
aramed sxvadasxva variantiTa da saxelwodebiT damoukidebladac<br />
ganagrZobs ganviTarebas: `lukianes dialogi~, `saubrebi micvalebulTa<br />
samefoSi~ (antikuri tradiciiT aRbeWdili nairsaxeoba), `filosofiuri<br />
moTxroba~ (menipes nairsaxeoba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia ganmanaTleblobis<br />
xanisaTvis), `fantastikuri moTxroba~ da `filosofiuri zRapari~<br />
(romantizmisaTvis, magaliTad, hofmanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebi) da<br />
sxv. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom axal droSi menipes Janrul Taviseburebebs<br />
sxvadasxva literaturuli mimdinareobebio da SemoqmedebiTi meTodebi<br />
iyenebdnen da sxvadasxvagvarad aviTarebdnen mas. ase, magaliTad, volteris<br />
racionalisturi `filosofiuri moTxroba~ da hofmanis romantikuli<br />
`filosofiuri zRapari~, maTi mxatvruli arsis, ideuri Sinaarsisa da,<br />
cxadia, SemoqmedebiTi individualobis didi sxvaobis miuxedavad (sakmarisia,<br />
magaliTad, SevadaroT `mikromegasi~ da `pawia caxesi~), menipes saerTo<br />
Janruli niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian da orive mkveTad karnavalizebu-
karnavalizebuli literatura<br />
lia. unda iTqvas, rom axali drois literaturaSi menipe karnavalizebis<br />
yvelaze mZlavri da elvare formebis ZiriTadi matarebeli iyo.<br />
da bolos saWiroa imis aRniSvna, rom Janruli saxelwodeba `menipe~,<br />
iseve rogorc yvela sxva antikuri Janruli saxelwodeba _ `epopea~, `tragedia~,<br />
`idilia~ da sxv., _ axali drois literaturis mimarT gamoyenebisas,<br />
antikurobisagan gansxvavebiT, ara garkveuli Janruli kanonis, aramed<br />
Janruli arsis aRsaniSnad ixmareba. (magram Tu iseTi Janruli terminebi,<br />
rogoricaa `epopea~, `tragedia~ da `idilia~, axali drois literaturis<br />
mimarT gamoyenebisas sayovelTaodaa miRebuli, Cveulebrivia da, ar gveucnaureba,<br />
rodesac `omsa da mSvidobas~ epopeas, `boris godunovs~ _ tragedias,<br />
xolo `Zveli drois memamuleni~ _ idilias vuwodebT. magram Janruli<br />
termini `menipe~ uCveuloa (gansakuTrebiT _ Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi)<br />
da amitom misi gamoyeneba axali drois literaturis nawarmoebTa<br />
(magaliTad, dostoevskis) mimarT SesaZloa ramdenadme ucnauri da<br />
naZaladevi mogveCvenos).<br />
Cveni eqskursis dros ukve aRvniSneT, rom menipesa da misi monaTesave<br />
Janrebis Cvens mier mocemuli daxasiaTeba mTlianad vrceldeba dostoevskis<br />
Semeqmedebis Janrul Taviseburebebze. [...]<br />
gavixsenoT is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, romelic dostoevskisaTvis<br />
hqonda volterisa da didros dialogur kulturas, romlis saTaveebs<br />
“sokrates dialogTan”, antikur menipesTan da _ nawilobriv _ diatribasTan<br />
da soliloqviumTan mivyavarT. Tavisufali menipes meore nairsaxeoba,<br />
fantastikuri da zRapruli elementebiT, gvxvdeba hofmanTan, romelmac<br />
mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia adrindel dostoevskize. dostoevskis<br />
yuradReba miiqcies agreTve edgar pos moTxrobebma, romlebic TavianTi<br />
arsiaT axlos arian menipesTan. [...]<br />
Tavisi TematikiT `sasacilo adamianis sizmari~ dostoevskis wamyvani Temebis<br />
erTgvari sruli enciklopediaa; amasTanave es Temebi da maTi mxatvruli<br />
xorcSesxmis wesi erTob damaxasiaTebelia menipes JanrisaTvis. `sasacilo<br />
adamianis~ centralur figuraSi cxadad gamosWvivis karnavalizebuli<br />
literaturis `brZeni briyvis~ da `tragikuli masxaras~ ambivalenturi<br />
seriozul-sasacilo saxe. [...] `sasacilo adamianis sizmari~ menipesaTvis<br />
uaRresad damxasiaTebeli TemiT iwyeba, _ es aris Tema iseTi adamianisa,<br />
romelmac erTaderTma icis WeSmariteba da amitom mas yvela dascinis,<br />
rogorc giJs. [...] SevexebiT dostoevskis kidev ramdenime sxva tipis nawarmoebs,<br />
romlebic TavianTi arsiT axlos arian menipesTan, magram pirdapir<br />
ar Seicaven fantastikur elements. aseTia upirvelesad moTxroba `Tvinieri<br />
qalwuli~, romelSic JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mwvave siuJeturi<br />
anakriza, mkveTri kontrastebiT, mezalansebiTa da moraluri eqsperiment-<br />
97
98<br />
mixail baxtini<br />
ebiT, soliloqviumis saxiTaa gaformebuli. moTxrobis gmiri Tavis Tavze<br />
ambobs: `me dumiliT saubris ostati var, me mTeli Cemi cxovreba dumiliT<br />
Cavilaparake da mTeli tragediebi dumiliT gavatare Cems TavTan~. gmiris<br />
saxe Tavis Tavisadmi swored dialoguri damokidebulebiT aris gaxsnili.<br />
[...] amgvar menipesTan, arsebiTad, axlos aris agreTve `baraTebi iatakqve-<br />
SeTidan~ (1864), romelic agebulia rogorc diatriba (saubari dauswrebel<br />
mosaubresTan); igi Ria da faruli polemikiT aris gamsWvaluli da<br />
aRsarebis arsebis elementebs Seicavs. am nawarmoebSi menipes sxva nacnobi<br />
elementebic moCans: mwvave dialogur sinkrizebi, familarizeba da profanireba,<br />
qoxmaxebis naturalizmi da sxv. SevexebiT dostoevskis kidev erT<br />
nawarmoebs erTob damaxasiaTebeli saTauriT _ `uxamsi anekdoti~ (1862).<br />
es Rrmad karnavalizebuli moTxrobac axlosaa menipesTanA(magram varonis<br />
tipis menipesTan). aq yvelaferi aRsavsea mkveTri karnavaluri kontrastebiT,<br />
mezelansebiT, ambivalenturobiT, damdablebiTa da ganmkobiT.<br />
romanSi `danaSauli da sasjeli~ sonia raskolnikovis mier sonias<br />
pirveli monaxulebis cnobili scena (saxarebis kiTxviT) lamis sruli qristianizebuli<br />
menipea: mwvave dialoguri sinkrizebi (rwmena urwmenobasTan,<br />
morCileba siamayesTan), mwvave anakriza, oqsimoronuli SeTavsebebi (moazrovne<br />
_ borotmoqmedi, meZavi _ wmindani), ukanasknel kiTxvaTa Riad dasma<br />
da saxarebis kiTxva qoxmaxis garemoSi. menipeebia raskolnikovis sizmrebi<br />
da agreTve svidrigailovis sizmari TviTmkvlelobis win.<br />
`idiotSi~ menipe aris ipolites aRsareba (`Cemi aucilebeli axsnaganmarteba~),<br />
romelic terasaze Tavad miSkinis dialogis scenis CarCoSia<br />
Casmuli da ipolites TviTmkvlelobis sceniT mTavrdeba. `eSmakebSi~ ase-<br />
Tia stavroginis aRsareba am aRsarebis CarCo _ dialogi stavroginsa da<br />
tixons Soris. `ymawvilSi~ aseTia versilovis sizmari.<br />
`Zmebi karamazovebSi~ SesaniSnavi menipe aris ivanesa da alioSas saubari<br />
mivardnili dabis savaWro moedanze traqtirSi `dedaqalaqis qalaqi~. aq<br />
traqtiris orRanis xmaze, biliardis burTebisa da ludis boTlebis sacobTa<br />
tkacunSi beri da aTeisti msoflios ukanasknel sakiTxebs wyveten. am<br />
`menipes satiraSi~ Casmulia meore satira _ `legenda did inkvizitorze~,<br />
romelsac damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs da qristesa da eSmakis saxarebiseuli<br />
sinkrizis mixedviTaa agebuli. es orive urTierTdakavSirebuli<br />
`menipes satira~ msoflio mxatvrul-filosofiuri literaturis udides<br />
nawarmoebTa rigs ganekuTvneba. da bolos, aseve Rrma menipea ivane karamazovis<br />
saubari eSmakTan (Tavi: `eSmaki, ivane feodoroviCis koSmari~). [...]<br />
karnavalizebis movlena dostoevskis SemoqmedebaSi, cxadia, scildeba<br />
menipes farglebs da mas damatebiTi Janruli wyaroebi aqvs, romlebic calke<br />
ganxilvas saWiroeben. dostoevskize, isve rogorc XVII-XIX saukunee-
karnavalizebuli literatura<br />
bis mraval mweralze, karnavalizeba upirvelesad literaturul-Janruli<br />
tradiciis saxiT zemoqmedebda, xolo karnavalizebis araliteraturuli<br />
wyaro, anu _ karnavali, mTeli sicxadiT, SesaZloa, arc ki hqonia gacnobierebuli.<br />
magram karnavali, misi formebi da simboloebi, da upirvelesad<br />
Tavad karnavaluri msoflgancda mraval literaturul JanrSi iWreboda,<br />
mTlianad msWvalavda da ayalibebda maT Taviseburebebs, maTi erTgvari<br />
ganuyofeli nawili xdeboda. literaturis enaze gadatanili karnavaluri<br />
formebi cxovrebis mxatvruli wvdomis mZlavr iaraRad, gansakuTrebul<br />
enad iqcnen, romlis sityvebsa da formebs simboluri ganzogadebis, anu<br />
siRrmeSi ganzogadebis udidesi Zala SeswevT. [...] XVII, XVIII da XIX saukuneebis<br />
literaturisaTvis karnavalizebis umTavres wyaros aRorZinebis<br />
xanis mwerlebi warmoadgendnen _ upirvelesad bokaCo, rable, Seqspiri,<br />
servantesi da grimilshauzeni (es ukanaskneli scildeba aRorZinebis farglebs,<br />
magram mis SemoqmedebaSi karnavalis Rrma gavlena aranaklebad igrZnoba,<br />
vidre SeqspirTan da servantesTan). aseTsave wyaros warmoadgenda<br />
agreTve (uSualod karnavalizebuli) pikareskuli romani. garda amisa, am<br />
saukuneTa mwerlebisaTvis karnavalizebis wyaro, cxadia, antikurobisa<br />
(maT Soris _ `menipes satira~) da Sua saukuneebis karnavalizebuli literatura<br />
iyo.<br />
dostoevskisaTvis karnavaluri tradiciis aTvisebisas didi mniSvneloba<br />
hqonda XVIII saukunis literaturas da upirvelesad _ voltersa da<br />
didros, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia karnavalizebis SeTavseba antikurobisa<br />
da aRorZinebis xanis dialogebiT nasazrdoeb maRal dialogur<br />
kulturasTan. [...]<br />
karnavaluri tradiciis ufro Rrma SeTvisebis magaliTi hpova dostoevskim<br />
balzakTan, JorJ sandTan da viqtor hiugosTan, romlebTanac naklebad<br />
gvxvdeba karnavalizebis garegnuli gamovlinebebi, magram samagierod<br />
karnavalizebiT Rrmad aris gamsWvaluli didi da Zlieri xasiaTebisa da<br />
vnebaTaRelvis agebuleba. vnebaTa karnavalizeba upirvelesad maT ambivalenturobaSi<br />
vlindeba: siyvaruli SeTavsebulia siZulvilTan, siZunwe _<br />
uangarobasTan, Zalauflebis siyvaruli _ TvidakninebasTan da a.S.<br />
karnavalizebis SeTavsebas cxovrebis sentimentalur aRqmasTan dostoevski<br />
poulobda sternTan da dikensTan. da bolos, karnavalizebis SeTavseba<br />
romantikuli (da ara racionalisturis, rogorc volterTan da<br />
didrosTan) saxis ideasTan dostoevskim edgar posTan da gansakuTrebiT _<br />
hofmanTan pova. calke unda iTqvas rusul tradiciaze. aq, gogolis garda,<br />
unda vaxsenoT dostoevskize puSkinis Rrmad karnavalizebuli nawarmoebebis<br />
_ `boris godunovis~, belkinis moTxrobebis, boldinos tragediebisa<br />
da `pikis qalis~ uzarmazari zegavlena.<br />
99
100<br />
mixail baxtini<br />
karnavalizebis am mokle mimoxilvas odnavadac ara aqvs sisrulis pretenzia.<br />
CvenTvis mTavari iyo tradiciis ZiriTadi xazebis Cveneba. erTxel<br />
kidev xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom Cven gvainteresebs ara calkeuli mwerlebis,<br />
calkeuli Temebis, ideebisa da saxeebis zegavlena, aramed uSualod<br />
TviT Janruli tradiciis zegavlena, romelsac igi am mwerlebidan iTvisebda.<br />
[...].<br />
karnavalizebis problemis swori gagebisaTvis Tavi unda davaRwioT<br />
karnavalis gamartivebul gagebas, mis gaigivebas axali drois maskaradul<br />
xazTan da miT umetes mis uxams bohemur gaazrebas. karnavali gardasuli<br />
diadi aTaswleulebis sruliad saxalxo msoflgancdaa. es msoflgancda,<br />
romelic Tavisufalia SiSisagan, maqsimalurad aaxlovebs qveyanas adamianTan,<br />
da adamians adamianTan (yvelani laRi familaruli kontaqtis zonaSi<br />
arian moqceulni) da cvlaTa sixaruliTa da mxiaruli fardobiTobiT<br />
upirispirdeba SiSiT danergil, dogmatur da axlis warmoqmnisadmi mtrulad<br />
ganwyobil calmxriv da moRuSul oficialur seriozulobas, romelic<br />
arsebuli mdgomareobisa da sazogadoebrivi yofis absolutizirebisaken<br />
miiswrafvis. karnavaluri msoflgancda swored amgvari seriozulobisagan<br />
Tavisuflebas iZleoda. magram yovelive amaSi odnavadac ar aris fuqsavatoba<br />
da uxamsi bohemuri individualizmi. aseve unda gavemijnoT karnavalis<br />
Teatralur-sanaxaobriv koncefcias, rac erTob damaxasiaTebelia axali<br />
droisaTvis. karnavalis swori gagebisaTvis unda mivmarToT mis saTaveebsa<br />
da mwvervalebs, anu antikurobas, Sua saukuneebsa, da bolos, aRorZinebis<br />
epoqas. [...]<br />
Cven ukve aRvniSneT reducirebuli sicilis didi mniSvneloba msoflio<br />
literaturaSi. sicili aris Taviseburi, magram logikuri eniT gamouxatavi<br />
esTetikuri damokidebuleba sinamdvlisadmi, anu misi mxatvruli xedvisa<br />
da wvdomis garkveuli saSualeba da, maSasadame, agreTve mxatvruli<br />
saxis, siuJetis, Janris agebis garkveuli xerxi. ambivalentur karnavalur<br />
sicils uzarmazari SemoqmedebiTi _ Tanac Janris warmomqmneli _ Zala<br />
hqonda. amgvari sicili movlenas cvlisa da gadasvlis procesSi iWerda<br />
da wvdeboda, movlenaSi Camoyalibebis orive poluss da maT uwyvet da cxovelmyofel,<br />
ganaxlebisaken midrekil cvalebadobas aRnusxavda: sikvdil-<br />
Si ganWvretilia dabadeba, dabadebaSi _ sikvdili, gamarjvebaSi _ damarcxeba,<br />
damarcxebaSi _ gamarjveba, SemkobaSi _ganmkoba a.S. karnavaluri<br />
sicili arc erT am moments ar aZlevs calmxriv seriozulobaSi gaqvavebis<br />
saSualebas.<br />
Cven aq Zalauneburad vaxdenT karnavaluri ambivalenturobis logizirebasa<br />
da damaxinjebas; rodesac vambobT, rom sikvdilSi `ganWvretilia~ dabadeba,<br />
amiT Zalauneburad vxleCT da ramdenadme vacilebT erTmaneTisagan
karnavalizebuli literatura<br />
sikvdilsa da dabadebas. cocxal karnavalur saxeebSi ki TviT sikvdili<br />
orsuladaa da mSobiarobs, xolo mSobiare dedis wiaRi sikvdilad gvevlineba.<br />
swored amgvar saxeebs badebs SemoqmedebiTi karnavaluri sicili,<br />
romelSic ganuyoflad arian Serwymuli dacinva da aRtaceba, Zageba da<br />
qeba.<br />
rodesac literaturaSi karnavalisa da karnavaluri sicilis gadatana<br />
xdeba, isini met-naklebad saxes icvlian mxatvrul-literaturuli<br />
amocanebis Sesabamisad. magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi da nebismieri xasiaTis<br />
gardamqmnis SemTxvevaSi ambivalenturoba da sicili mxatvrul saxeSi<br />
mainc rCeba. amasTanave garkveul pirobebsa da garkveul JanrebSi Sesa-<br />
Zloa moxdes sicilis reducireba. sicili kvlavac ganapirobebs saxis<br />
struqturas, magram TviTon minimumamde daxSulia: asaxuli sinamdvilis<br />
struqturaSi Cven, marTalia, vamCnevT sicilis kvals, magram TviT sicili<br />
ar gvesmis. ase, magaliTad, platonis (pirveli periodis) `sokrates dialogebSi~<br />
sicili reducirebulia (Tumca ara mTlianad), magram igi rCeba<br />
mTavari gmiris (sokrates) saxis struqturaSi, dialogis wayvanis meTodSi,<br />
da rac mTavaria, inarCunebs arsebobas sruliad WeSmarit (da ara ritorikul)<br />
dialogurobaSi, romelic azrs Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi yofierebis<br />
laR fardobiTobaSi moaqcevs da ar aZlevs mas abstraqtul-dogmatur<br />
(monologur) uZraobaSi gaqvavebis saSualebas.<br />
aRorZinebis xanis literaturaSi sazogadod ar xdeba sicilis reducireba,<br />
Tumca misi `xmis simaRles~ aq uTuod sxvadasxva gradaciebi aqvs.<br />
rablesTan, magaliTad, igi saqveynod ismis. ukve servantesTan igi saqveynod<br />
aRar ismis, marTalia, `don kixotis~ pirvel wignSi sicili jer kidev sakmaod<br />
xmamaRla gaismis, xolo meoreSi, pirvel wignTan SedarebiT, sakmaod<br />
reducirebulia. es reducireba mTavari gmiris struqturasa da siuJetis<br />
cvlilebebTanac aris dakavSirebuli. XVIII da XIX saukuneebis literaturaSi<br />
sicili, rogorc wesi, sakmaod daxSulia _ ironiamde, iumoramde<br />
da reducirebuli sicilis sxva formebamde.<br />
(dasasruli. dasawyisi wina nomerSi).<br />
rusulidan Targmna Tamar nucubiZem.<br />
wignidan: М. Бахтин _ Проблемы поэтики Достоевского,<br />
Москва, 1968.<br />
M. Bakhtin – Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics.<br />
Translated by Tamar Nutsubidze.<br />
101
leqsmcodneoba<br />
Teimuraz doiaSvili<br />
102<br />
sikeTis yvavilebi<br />
visac qarTuli leqsi uyvars da versifikaciis kvlevac ainteresebs,<br />
akaki xinTibiZis saxeli nacnobicaa da axlobelic. `akakis leqsisa~ da<br />
`galaktionis poetikis~ avtorma naxevar saukuneze meti miuZRvna leqsmcodneobis<br />
problemebis mecnierul Seswavlas, Tavis interesTa TvalsawierSi<br />
moaqcia xangrZlivi, TiTqmis aTaswlovani periodi qarTuli poeziis<br />
ganviTarebisa – rusTvelis epoqidan Tanamedroveobamde – da araerTi istoriulad<br />
mniSvnelovani da Teoriulad Rirebuli sakiTxi gaarkvia.<br />
* * *<br />
akaki xinTibiZes momadlebuli hqonda poeziisa da leqsis mkvlevarisaTvis<br />
iseTi aucilebeli Tvisebani, rogoricaa intuicia da analitikuri<br />
unari, warmosaxva da gemovneba, erudicia, magram me mainc gansakuTrebiT<br />
maocebda misi gulmodgineba, iSviaTi niWi Sromisa, Tanamimdevroba da moTmineba<br />
miznisaken mimaval gzaze.<br />
es mizani sapirado arasodes yofila. akaki xinTibiZes mxolod erTi<br />
ram amoZravebda – mudam da yovelTvis! – qarTuli mwerlobis msaxurebis<br />
survili.<br />
mosavalic xvavrieli hqonda: mravali, wigni, aseulobiT gamokvleva da<br />
literaturuli werili.<br />
* * *<br />
batoni akakis saarsebo atmosfero kvleva da azris gaziareba iyo. misi<br />
pirovnuli buneba yvelaze ukeT maSin Canda, rodesac kolegebs Tu farTo<br />
auditorias Ziebis Sedegebs acnobda. es ar iyo mxolod saqmis mcodne profesionalis<br />
gamosvla – moxseneba axali, saintereso Temaze. baton akakis<br />
hqonda midrekileba, mecnieruli komunikaciis procesi erTgvar ritualad,<br />
sulieri gandobis aqtad eqcia, romlis drosac TanamdgomT qarTuli<br />
leqsis morig, mis mier mignebul saidumlos aziarebda.<br />
* * *<br />
akaki xinTibiZem TiTqmis yvela klasikos poetze dagvitova poetikuri<br />
narkvevi: SoTa, sulxan-saba, guramiSvili, besiki, romantikosebi, ilia,
sikeTis yvavilebi<br />
akaki, vaJa, gamorCeulad ki mainc galaktions afasebda – galaktionis poezia<br />
iyo misi aRtacebisa da mudmivi gaocebis sagani.<br />
Tavisi `didi sameulic~ hqonda. SoTa – vaJa – galaktioni, xolo Tu<br />
versifikaciul jadoqrobaze midgeboda saqme, aq ufro kategoriuli iyo:<br />
rusTaveli da galaktioni – Tanabrad!<br />
siyvaruls galaktionisadmi saqmiT adasturebda. amaze metyvelebs werilebis<br />
vrceli seria did poetze, agreTve grandiozuli `galaktionis<br />
riTmis leqsikoni~, romelic akaki xinTibiZis Taosnobis Seiqmna da, samwuxarod,<br />
dRemde gamoucemelia.<br />
* * *<br />
batoni akaki bunebiT saTno, keTilmosurne adamiani iyo, magram mtkice<br />
da Seuvalic; veraviTari safrTxe da usiamovneba, veraviTari koniunqtura<br />
ver Seacvlevinebda Tvalsazriss, Tu mis WeSmaritebas irwmunebda. albaT,<br />
esec aris mizezi imisa, rom qarTvel literatorTagan iSviaTad ganucdia<br />
vinmes imdeni daumsaxurebeli wyena Tu usafuZvlo Tavdasxma, ramdenic<br />
baton akakis. me minaxavs igi umZimes wuTebSi, mopaeqreTa uRirsi gamoxdomebiT<br />
gaognebuli, magram am viTarebaSic – TavSekavebuli da gawonasworebuli.<br />
is, rogorc zneobis kaci, arasodes kargavda Rirsebis grZnobas,<br />
profesionalis patiosnebiT icavda polemikis wesebs – mxolod argumentirebis<br />
logikas aRiarebda.<br />
* * *<br />
bolo xanebSi, rodesac avadmyofoba mieZala da gareT gamosvla gau-<br />
Wirda, xSirad vsaubrobdiT telefoniT. ainteresebda, ras vakeTebdi, Tvi-<br />
Tonac emociurad miambobda, raze muSaobda imJamad. zogjer raimes mo-<br />
Zebna-dazustebasac mTxovda fundamenturi monografiisaTvis `qarTuli<br />
leqsis istoria da Teoria~, romlis saboloo redaqtireba moaswro kidec.<br />
TiTqos ver grZnobda Savi aCrdilis siaxloves, ise iqceoda: weras ar<br />
wyvetda, iumors ar Ralatobda, rac mTavaria, gansacdels ar gauborotebia<br />
– uTqmelad sevdiani, ufro Tbili da alersiani gaxda.<br />
erT dRes gulis morigi Setevisgan gamobrunebulma dareka. yurmili<br />
Cemma meuRlem aiRo. batonma akakim uguneboba Seatyo da mizezi hkiTxa –<br />
SviliSvils wiTela gaurTulda da ojaxSi dazafrulni viyaviT. batonma<br />
akakim gagvamxneva, bavSvs axlave movrCeno da... yurmilSi simRera gaisma:<br />
`batonebo, mouoxeT~. es simRera adreT bevrjer momismenia, batoni akaki<br />
mas didi krZalviT da grZnobiT galobda xolme megobrebTan erTad. axla,<br />
uRono da dasustebuli, TiTqmis uxmod amoTqvamda sityvebs, mainc mReroda<br />
_ bavSvs umReroda! gaognebulni vusmendiT...<br />
103
104<br />
Teimuraz doiaSvili<br />
saocreba moxda – Temurikos imave Rames ukeTesoba daetyo. gaixara batonma<br />
akakim, sityvasac gadamikravda xolme, rogoraa saqme, xom mogirCine<br />
SviliSvilio?!<br />
* * *<br />
akaki xinTibiZisagan bevri sikeTe maxsovs, safiqralic bevri damitova<br />
da mosagonaric. amis droc mova. axla ki, am mcire werilis werisas, isev<br />
Camesmis CurCuliT, vedrebiT namReri sityvebi: `mouoxeT... ia da vardi hfenia...~<br />
me ase mgonia: batoni akakis saflavze mudmivad hyvavis sikeTis uxilavi<br />
yvavilebi – ia da vardi. maTi xilva yvelas SeuZlia, vinc amqveynad sikeTis<br />
rwmeniT cxovrobs.
Warbi riTmis gagebisaTvis<br />
Warbi riTmis gagebisaTvis<br />
akaki xinTibiZe<br />
Warbi riTmis cneba SemuSavebuli ar aris. igi pirdapiri azriT esmiT:<br />
`vefxistyaosnis~ maRalsa da dabal SairSi or da sammarcvliani riTmebia,<br />
xolo oTx-xuTmarcvlianebi Warbia.<br />
es gageba mcdaria.<br />
`vefxistyaosnis~ oTxmarcvliani riTma: naTurqalsa-nasuqalsa-nabuqalsa<br />
(56), xuTmarcvliani _ moisminebda-moiwyinebda-moilxinebda-Tina-<br />
Tinebda (52), iseve, rogorc galaktionis akademia-nakadebia (`goties~) –<br />
Warb riTmebad ar CaiTvleba.<br />
zogi mkvlevari qarTul leqsSi sammarcvlianze (`daqtilurze~) grZel<br />
riTmas ver xedavs da zemoT motanili riTmebi `zedaqtilurad~ miaCnia. zogis<br />
azriT ki, qarTulSi xuTmarcvlianze ugrZesi riTma saerTod ar arsebobs.<br />
qarTul leqss midrekileba aqvs grZeli riTmebisaken.<br />
guramiSvilis riTma: Savberdi-gavhmtverdebi-davmterdebi-davjerdebi<br />
– oTxmarcvliani, griSaSvilis: akakiseburs-akiskisebuls-xuTmarcvliani;<br />
lado asaTianisa – gadabrialebiT-SavbrialebiT _ Savnabdianebi _ eqvsmarcvliani,<br />
gvxvdeba rvamarcvliani riTmac: gagvaWoriWorebeno _ dagva-<br />
SoriSorebeno (xalxuri).<br />
arc erTi es riTma Warbi ar aris.<br />
riTmis siWarbis ganmsazRvreli metruli sqemaa, metrul sqemasTan Sesatyvisoba.<br />
`vefxistyaosnis~ 98-e strofi, romlis metruli sqemaa 44/44 ormarcvliani<br />
riTmiT iwyeba: cxensa-Cvensa da oTxmarcvlianze gadadis: anafrensa-wanarbensa,<br />
magram 130-e strofSi es simetria darRveulia: getyvia-Semityvia-gisetyvia-dautyvia.<br />
strofi maRali Sairisaa (44/44) da riTma an<br />
ormarcvliani unda hqondes, an – oTxmarcvliani.<br />
Tu Semityvia-gisetyvia-dautyvias ormarcvliani evfoniuri Tanxmoba<br />
aqvs (tyvia), getyvia-gesityviaSi bgeriTi Tanxmoba aSkarad sammarcvliania<br />
(etyvia).<br />
am uswormasworobas mkiTxveli ver grZnobs, radgan igi leqsis ritms<br />
mihyveba da am SemTxvevaSi luw (or) marcvlian riTmas aRiqvams. Tumca getyvia-gisetyvias<br />
sammarcvlianobas ver gaeqcevi da, amdenad, igi Warbi riTmaa.<br />
aseve, poemis meore strofi metruli sqemis Sesabamisad (53/53) moiTxovs<br />
sam an xuTmarcvlianriTmas; magram misi riTma oTxmarcvliania,e.i.Warbia: yovlisa tanisa-satanisa-gasatanisa-wasatanisa.<br />
85-e strofSi, romelic maRali SairiTaa dawerili da luwmarcvlian<br />
105
106<br />
akaki xinTibiZe<br />
riTmas saWiroebs, misi oTxive cali sammarcvliania. sariTmo sityvebs:<br />
pirsa, gmirsa TavSi winare sityvaTa a xmovani erTvis: wylisa pirsa-viTa<br />
gmirsa-unagirsa-anatirsa. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa: a gmirsa-agirsa.<br />
es riTmac Warbia.<br />
87-e strofis riTmaSi; gulmduRarisad-molizRarisad-Rari sad-aRarisad<br />
sariTmo erTeulia sammarcvliani arisad, magram ra vuyoT riTmis mesame-meo-<br />
Txe calebSi oTxmarcvlian bgeriT Tanxmobas: giSrisa Rari sad – aRarisad?<br />
rogor SevelioT riTmis am srul identurobas: a Rari sad – aRarisad?<br />
134-e strofSi riTmis sami cali oTxmarcvliania: raca qmari-dasanTqmari-asaqmari,<br />
magram pirvel da meore calebSi sammarcvliani riTma iki-<br />
Txeba: raca qmari-Senaqmari (aqmari), rac metrul sqemasTan (44/44) Seusabamobis<br />
gamo, Warbia.<br />
galaktionis leqsSi `Tovli~ kadencia xuTmarcvliania – variaciebiT<br />
23, 32 (ufro bunebrivi 2 3-ia), amitomac ZiriTadi riTma (katrenis II-IV<br />
striqonebisa) TiTqmis yovelTvis sami marcvliT ifargleba: vberdebinaxaverdebi,<br />
cxovreba-memaxsovreba, dafnaSi-udabnoSi, damTova-mimatova,<br />
broleba-gamoqroleba, binaSi-winaSe.<br />
xididan fena-dawvenacleqsis adrindel variantebSi (gaz. `saxalxo sa- sa-<br />
qme~, `artistuli yvavilebi~) sammarcvliani iyo: xididan cvena-dawvena,<br />
magram 1927 wlis krebulSi cvena fenam Secvala. ioseb griSaSvili werda:<br />
`galaktionma moixsna Teqa provincialuri. adre hqonda cvena~ (Tumca cvena<br />
provinciuli forma ar aris: foTolcvena).<br />
sammarcvlovani riTma ormarcvlianze Camovida: fena-dawvena, rogorc<br />
es pirvel strofSi: fena-moTmena. riTma gaRaribda. metrul sqemasac ver<br />
moergo, Warbi gaxda.<br />
Warbia galaktionis `orxideebis~ oTxmarcvliani riTma: dasevdili-isev<br />
diliTYsqemis mixedviT (5/4/5) riTma unda yofiliyo an xuTmarcvliani, an<br />
sam (or) marcvliani. arada, iseTi sasiamovno evfoniuri Tanxmobaa dasevdili-isev<br />
diliT, rom misi ormarcvlianze gadayvana – dasevdili-diliT an,<br />
miTumetes, sammarcvlianze (evdili ev diliT) arasgziT ar SeiZleba.<br />
maSasadame, riTmis siWarbe mis grZliobasTan ki ara, saleqso sqemasTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli, sqemis moTxovnas ar Seesabameba: an grZelia masze, an - mokle.<br />
albaT, mkiTxveli Semomedaveba: sityvas `Warbi~ negatiuri Sinaarsi aqvs,<br />
Warbi riTma ki usiamovno SegrZnebas ar iwvevso.<br />
sruli WeSmaritebaa!<br />
poetebic ar eridebian Warb riTmebs. riTmis metrul sqemasTan Sesabamisobas<br />
mis evfoniur simdidres amjobineben. galaktionis oTxmarcvlian<br />
riTmebSi ufro xSirad sammarcvliani bgeriTi Tanxmobaa, xolo xuTmarcvlianebSi<br />
– oTxmarcvliani.
Warbi riTmis gagebisaTvis<br />
Warbi riTma, faqtobrivad, mkiTxvelis cnobierebis miRmaa, radgan leqsi<br />
ritms mihyavs; ritmis gareSe ar arsebobs (verlibrsac Tavisi ritmi aqvs),<br />
riTmis gareSe ki – ramdenic gnebavT.<br />
riTma, Warbi iqneba Tu metrul sqemasTan gawonasworebuli, leqsis xasiaTs<br />
ver cvlis.<br />
es gansakuTrebiT Warb riTmaze iTqmis, romelic mxolod fonikazea dafu-<br />
Znebuli, radgan riTmas sxva parametrebic aqvs: kerZod, ritmi da semantika,<br />
romelic riTmis Rirsebis erTi pirveli msazRvrelia, fonikaze metic.<br />
riTmis semantika ki mTliani sityvebis Sewyobas gulisxmobs da ara sityvaTa<br />
nawilebisas, rac Warb riTmaSia.<br />
amitom: a gmirsa _ agirsa, a Rari sad – aRarisad – riTmebi ar aris.<br />
es cdomileba qarTuli riTmis silabur-tonuri Teoriidan momdinareobs,<br />
romlis mixedviT, riTmad klauzulebia miCneuli, sariTmo sityvaTa<br />
maxvilisSemdgomi nawilebi.<br />
amrigad, Warbi riTma leqsze uaryofiT gavlenas ver axdens, mis Rirsebas ar<br />
amcirebs, amitom poetebic ar eridebian mas (TviT rusTaveli da galaktioni!).<br />
Tumca lado asaTianis leqsebSi Zalze iSviaTia Warbi riTmebi. TiTqmis<br />
yvela misi riTma metruli sqemis Sesatyvisia: niSnianebi-moSrialeben, es<br />
alublebi-vesaubrebi, ZaZa bunebas-daZabuneba, siaruli-mxiaruli:<br />
rusTavelis prospeqtze siaruli<br />
nu momiSalos RmerTma;<br />
viyo mudam ase mxiaruli,<br />
qarTveli poeti merqvas.<br />
samwuxarod, didxans ar dascalda lado asaTians rusTvelisprospeqtze siaruli.<br />
Towards Understanding Excessiveness of Rhyme<br />
Summary<br />
Akaki Khintibidze<br />
The notion of excessive rhyme is not worked out yet. It is understood in its direct sense:<br />
There are two and three-syllable rhymes in “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”s high and<br />
low verses, four-syllable rhymes are regarded as excessive.<br />
Such kind of interpretation is wrong.<br />
Four-syllable rhyme of “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”: “naturqalsa-nasukalsa-nabuqalsa”<br />
(56), five-syllable rhyme: “moismenda-moitkenda-moilkhenda-tinatinebda” (52), like<br />
107
108<br />
akaki xinTibiZe<br />
Galaktioni’s academy-nacadamy (“To Gothie”) – will not be considered as excessive.<br />
Some researchers cannot see longer than three-syllable rhymes (dactylic) and consider<br />
the above mentioned rhymes as “Super-dactylic”. Some of them think that there are not<br />
rhymes longer than five-syllable in Georgian.<br />
Georgian verses are inclined towards long rhymes.<br />
Guramishvili’s rhyme: shavberdebi-gavhmtverdebi-davmterdebi-davjerdebi - four syllable,<br />
Grishashvili’s: akikisebuls-akiskisebuls – five-syllable; Lado Asatiani’s: “gadabrialebit-shavbrialebit-shavnabdianebi<br />
– six-syllable, there are eight-syllable rhymes as well:<br />
gagvachorichorinebeno-dagvashorishorebeno (folklore).<br />
None of these rhymes are excessive.<br />
Metric scheme is defining feature for excessiveness of rhyme, correspondence with<br />
metric scheme, it does not correspond to the requirement of the scheme: is either shorter<br />
or longer it.<br />
Probably, the reader will argue with me: the word “excessive” has a negative connotation,<br />
but excessive rhyme does not provoke unpleasant feelings.<br />
It is true!<br />
Poets do not try to avoid excessive rhymes. They prefer its euphonic richness rather<br />
than its correspondence with metric scheme. In Galaktioni’s four-syllable rhymes there is<br />
more often three-syllable sound assent, in five-syllable rhymes – four-syllable.<br />
Excessive rhyme is actually beyond reader’s consciousness, as rhythm leads the poem;<br />
it does not exist without rhythm, but it is possible without rhyme.<br />
Rhyme, be it excessive or in correspondence with the metric scheme, cannot change the<br />
character of the verse.<br />
This it especially true for excessive rhyme, which is based only on phonics, as rhyme<br />
has some other parameters as well: rhythm and semantics, which are the primary defining<br />
features of its dignity, more than phonic.<br />
The semantics of rhyme means the collocation of whole words and not of parts of<br />
words, as in excessive rhyme.<br />
This misinterpretation comes from syllabic-tonic theory of Georgian rhyme, according<br />
to which, parts that come after stressed syllables in rhymed words are regarded as rhyme.<br />
Therefore, excessive rhyme does not have a negative impact on the verse, does not<br />
diminish its dignity that is why poets do not try to avoid using it (even Rustaveli and<br />
Galaktioni).<br />
Although, excessive rhymes are extremely rare in Lado Asatiani’s poems. Almost all<br />
of his rhymes correspond to the metric scheme. Almost all its rhymes correspond to metric<br />
scheme.
galaktionis monorimi<br />
(`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~)<br />
Tamar barbaqaZe<br />
galaktion tabiZis TxzulebaTa uaxles gamocemaSi (tabiZe 2005: 372)<br />
poetis cnobili leqsi `ieri~ dabeWdilia Zveli TariRiT (1915 w.):<br />
iyo dila mSvenieri,<br />
dila feradi,<br />
magram uceb wamovida<br />
caieradi.<br />
ase iyo Seni dilac<br />
bedisweramdi,<br />
sanam yofnis ar dagkravda<br />
caieradi.<br />
rom iWeqa, gza dayruvda<br />
seriT seramdi,<br />
da maisis wamovida<br />
caieradi.<br />
eh, wamodi, Cemo wvimav,<br />
mgoni, meRirsa,<br />
moTminebiT megrZno risxva<br />
Seni mexisa –<br />
rom Sens elvas SeuerTdes<br />
lurja merani,<br />
caierads Cemi Cangis,<br />
caieradi.<br />
iyos qrola maradisi,<br />
magram verraTi<br />
ver daacxros droTa CvenTa<br />
caieradi.<br />
zemoxsenebul gamocemaSi am leqsis Taobaze vkiTxulobT, rom mis avtografs<br />
(a 5570) axlavs avtoris xelmowera da mis mier gadaxazulia saTauri `caieradi~,<br />
magram daculia poetis minaweri: `ca ierad~. aqvea minawerebi: `Маникеизм. Шота<br />
был последователь~, `feradi, veraTi, feravdi~. zemoxsenebul gamocemaSi, rogorc<br />
vTqviT, `ieri~ 1915 wliT aris daTariRebuli, rac, ra Tqma unda, saeWvoa.<br />
109
110<br />
Tamar barbaqaZe<br />
minawerebma: `feradi, veraTi, feravdi~ logikurad gagvaxsena galaktionis<br />
1938 wels dawerili leqsi: `ferad-feradi~:<br />
me xom sxva var, dRe cismare,<br />
maxvils vferavdi,<br />
Sen ki gqonda dReT sizmari<br />
ferad-feradi.<br />
miyvars am xmis gagoneba,<br />
ver wavSale mogoneba<br />
radgan verraTi<br />
ferad-feradi.<br />
Semiyvarda eg xma tkbili<br />
bedisweramdi,<br />
sad ar damdevs misi Crdili<br />
ferad-feradi.<br />
iyos ise, rogorc darCa<br />
amieramdi, _<br />
CemTvis ZonZi, SenTvis farCa<br />
ferad-feradi.<br />
orive leqsi monoriTmiania. `ieris~ sayrden riTmad warmogvidgeba sityva<br />
`caieradi~, romelic 5-jer meordeba 24-striqonian leqsSi. monorimis<br />
danarCeni sariTmo erTeulebia: feradi-bedisweramdi-seramdi-meraniverraTi.<br />
gamonaklisia sariTmo wyvili: meRirsa-mexisa.<br />
`ferad-feradis~ kompozicia eyrdnoba fuZegaorkecebul, polilogur<br />
kompozits: ferad-feradi: vferavdi–ferad-feradi-verraTi-ferad-feradi-bedisweramdi-amieramdi-ferad-feradi.<br />
8-jerad riTmaSi oTxjer gameorebulia:<br />
`ferad-feradi~, xolo ori cali riTmisa: vferavdi-veraTi,<br />
rogorc viciT, ukve moniSnuli hqonda galaktions `ieris~ avtografSi.<br />
sazomi orive monorimisa erTnairia: cametmarcvledi (4/4/5) – ase iSviaTi<br />
galaktionis poeziaSi. cametmarcvledi, rogorc cnobilia, aRorZinebis<br />
periodidan iRebs saTaves, gansakuTrebiT xSirad ki misi sxvadasxva variacia<br />
(35/5, 4/4/5, 43/24 (24/43) daviT guramiSvilis leqsebSi gvxvdeba. galaktionis<br />
poeziaSi cametmarcvledi, izosilabur sazomTa Soris, gamoyenebis<br />
sixSiriT, erT-erT bolo adgilzea: variaciiT 33/43 sul ori leqsi<br />
dauweria poets, xolo zemoxsenebuli 44/5 oTx leqsSi gvxvdeba. 1927 wlis<br />
krebulSi Sesuli leqsebic: `daiRupa is xomaldi~ da `zRvis fskeridan~<br />
swored 445-iT aris Sesrulebuli:
galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~)<br />
daiRupa is xomaldi didi xania,<br />
o, ramdeni mwuxareba amitania.<br />
(`daiRupa is xomaldi~)<br />
ak. xinTibiZe wers: `Semdeg poetma es izosilaburi striqonebi datexa<br />
(`ieri~) (xinTibiZe 1987: 212).<br />
rogorc vxedavT, galaktionis poetikis, misi metrikis cnobili mkvlevari<br />
ueWvelad miiCnevs, rom `ieri~ 1927 wlis mere unda iyos dawerili. Cven<br />
ar gveeWveba, rom `ieri~ da `ferad-feradi~ erTmaneTs enaTesaveba da Tu<br />
`ferad-feradis~ TariRi eWvs ar iwvevs, namdvilad 1938 wels aris dawerili,<br />
`ieri~ 1928-1938 wlebiT unda daTariRdes. SeuZlebelia, 1915 wels<br />
daewera galaktions `ieri~ da igi ar Seetana arc `artistul yvavilebSi~<br />
(1919 w.) da arc 1927 wlis krebulSi.<br />
rogorc miuTiTeben, `1928-58 wlebSi galaktioni... pirdapiri azriT,<br />
awarmoebda namdvil teqstologiur oms sakuTari teqstebis winaaRmdeg –<br />
cvlida atribucias, axal teqsts awerda Zvel TariRs da a.S. garkveuli<br />
azriT, man moigo es `30-wliani omi~ (1928-1958 w.w.). man gaimarjva, radganac<br />
`gadawera~ ara mxolod warsuli, aramed momavalic, momaval mkvlevarTa<br />
reaqciebi~ (SaTiriSvili 2004: 23-24).<br />
Cans, galaktionis meore saleqso reforma, romelic `20-30-iani wlebis<br />
mijnaze daiwyo da poetis bolo periodis lirikaSi Tvisebrivad axali<br />
mxatvruli sistemis SeqmniT dasrulda~ (doiaSvili 1995: 34), Seexo poetis<br />
metrikasa da riTmasac. kerZod, cametmarcvledisa da monorimisaTvis<br />
galaktions 30-ian wlebamde yuradReba ar miuqcevia. es sazomic (44/5) da<br />
monorimic siaxlea galaktionis 30-iani wlebis versifikaciaSi.<br />
galaktionis meore saleqso reforma iTvaliswinebda `sinamdvilis,<br />
rogorc esTetikuri obieqtis, aRiarebas da Sesabamis koreqtivebs poeziis<br />
arsis gagebaSi. aRorZinda poetisa da xalxis, poeziisa da xalxis<br />
interesebis ganuyoflobis idea, gadaisinja poetur enasa da stilTan<br />
dakavSirebiT damokidebuleba, poeturoba unda daefuZnos ara rTul,<br />
elitur enas, ara rCeul sityvebs, aramed yoveldRiur sasaubro metyvelebas,<br />
poeziisaTvis umTavresia sada, gasagebi stili, xalxuri<br />
ena, msubuqi leqsi~ (doiaSvili 1995: 35) – aseTi iyo saxalxo poetis,<br />
galaktion tabiZis azri poetisa da poeziis daniSnulebaze 30-50-ian<br />
wlebSi: `...Cvens simRerebSi ismis xalxis guliscema, xalxis Zlieri,<br />
naTeli da mgznebare xma~ (tabiZe 1975: 198). g. tabiZis 30-ian wlebis CanawerebSi<br />
poeti sakuTar Tavs miznad usaxavda `organiulad SeTvisebas<br />
masiuri, xalxuri Semoqmedebisas, romelic idealuria mravali formis<br />
mxriv...~ (tabiZe 1975: 312)<br />
111
112<br />
Tamar barbaqaZe<br />
sayuradReboa, rom `ferad-feradis~ kompozicia, monorimTan erTad,<br />
kidev erT^ burjs, sityva `xmas~ eyrdnoba: `miyvars am xmis gagoneba~, `Semiyvarda<br />
eg xma tkbili~. `xma~ xalxuri leqsisa da simReris kilos unda<br />
gulisxmobdes da igi galaktionis 1934-1941 wlebis monorimebSi Taviseburad<br />
ametyvelda. am Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi galaktions 18 monorimi<br />
dauweria, mesamedi (6 leqsi) ki swored 1938 wliT aris daTariRebuli. sagulisxmoa,<br />
`xmasTan~ mimarTebiT, 1939 wels dawerili leqsi: `xmamaRla~:<br />
Cems gulSi arc winaT,<br />
arc axla,<br />
arc SiSi yofila,<br />
arc daRla.<br />
aJRerdiT, Cangebo,<br />
xelaxla:<br />
xmamaRla, xmamaRla,<br />
xmamaRla!<br />
xolo 1938 wels galaktioni monorimiT wers Tavis umSvenieres, dRes<br />
ukve popularul simRerad qceul, leqss: `ar var oboli am qveyanaze~. es<br />
monorimi `xmis~, `hangis~ Zlevamosilebas eZRvneba:<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
ar var oboli am qveyanaze,<br />
Sen megulebi nugeSad sanam...<br />
ra aris tkbili dedis nanaze,<br />
me mimatova adre im nanam.<br />
mainc davdivar am qveyanaze.<br />
sul ar vivlidi am qveyanaze,<br />
nugeSad rom ar megulebode,<br />
dae, mgosnobiT mraval nanaze<br />
zogs vyvarebode, zogs vZulebode<br />
oblad Tavs ar vTvli am qveyanaze.<br />
ar var oboli am qveyanaze,<br />
ager qnarebi, ager gulebi...<br />
zRvao, is hangi Sen gaanaze,<br />
kvlav vityvi: raki Sen megulebi,<br />
oblad Tavs ar vTvli am qveyanaze.<br />
es samstrofiani monorimi sayuradReboa formis siaxliT: kentstriqonian<br />
strofebad danawevrebuli monorimi iSviaTia: monoriTmiani leqse-
galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~)<br />
bis umravlesoba stroful danawevrebas ar cnobs. asea dawerili `ieri~<br />
da `ferad-feradi~, asea vaJa-fSavelas monoriTmiani leqsebis umravlesoba<br />
(barbaqaZe 1984: 138); galaktioni ki xuTstriqoniani strofebiT wers<br />
Sedevrs _ monorims dedis nanaze, romelic poetis STagonebas kvebavs cxovrebis<br />
(`zRvao, is hangi Sen gaanaze...~) xmebiT. `xmasTan~ erTad, galaktionis<br />
monorimis Tanamgzavri sityvebia: Cangebi, qnarebi, gulebi..., magram<br />
umTavresi am monorimebisaTvis aris xma `caieradisa”, anu xma maisis uecari<br />
wvimisa, rasac `caierads~ uwodeben poetis mSobliur imereTSi.<br />
am sityvas (`caieradi~) ori aTeuli wlis winaT mixeil alaviZem miaqcia<br />
yuradReba da ganmarta, rom igi maisis wvimas _ uecars, Sxapunas _ unda<br />
aRniSnavdes (alaviZe 1982: 130). monorimi `ieri~ sityva `caieradis~ swored<br />
am mniSvnelobas unda gulisxmobdes. sayuradReboa, rom sityva `ca-ierad~<br />
pirvelad `artistul yvavilebSi~ gvxvdeba leqsSi `SiSi~:<br />
... da rogor mxedrebi,<br />
rogorc ca-ierad.<br />
mewyerad, samumad<br />
gvedeba es Wiri.<br />
(tabiZe 1919: 113)<br />
sul ki sityva: `caieradi~ galaktionis poeziaSi xuTjer gvxvdeba:<br />
oTxjer `ierSi~, xolo erTxel - `SiSSi~.<br />
ueWvelia, rom galaktions uyvars Tavisi siyrmisdroindeli sityva,<br />
ufrTxildeba mas, radgan `caieradis~ xma dedis nanasTan aris gaTanabrebuli.<br />
sulis musika, Sinagani harmoniis, sidiadis SegrZneba ki poets exmareba<br />
amqveyniuri aurzaurisa da uxerxulobis daZlevaSi. `ferad-feradi~<br />
kontrastul wyvils gulisxmobs: `me~ da `Sen~ dapirispireba gansazRvravs<br />
leqsis kompozicias, romelic ferad-feradi mogonebebis fonze iqmneba: Tu<br />
gavixsenebT `ieris~ avtografis (a 5570) minawerebs: `caierad~, `feradi,<br />
veraTi, feravdi~ unda vifiqroT, rom poeti erTma mogonebam meoresTan<br />
miiyvana, meorem – mravali sxva ram gaaxsena. `ca-ierad~ `artistuli yvavilebis~<br />
leqsis `SiSis~ gaxsenebam gaaxmiana, xolo `caieradi~ `feradferads~<br />
daedo safuZvlad; rac Seexeba minawers zemoxsnebul avtografSi:<br />
`Маникеизм. Шота был последователь~, SesaZloa, is SemTxveviT aRmoCnda im<br />
furcelze, romelzec `ieria~ Sesrulebuli. magram maniqevelobis Taobaze<br />
msjeloba qarTul istoriografiaSi, filosofiasa da literaturismcodneobaSi<br />
(iv. javaxiSvili, S. nucubiZe, p. ingoroyva) swored 20-30-iani wlebis<br />
mijnas ukavSirdeba; Sesabamisad, `ieri~ 30-iani wlebis kuTvnilebaa da<br />
ara 1915 wlisa.<br />
113
114<br />
Tamar barbaqaZe<br />
galaktionis monorimis kvleva amjerad am ori, saanalizo leqsis (`ieri~,<br />
`ferad-feradi~) mixedviT warmovadgineT da, Sesabamisad, galaktionis<br />
TxzulebaTa uaxlesi gamocemis II da V tomebiT SemovisazRvreT.<br />
savaraudo iyo, rom monorimi galaktionis poeziisaTvis organuli ar<br />
iqneboda da, amitomac, iSviaTad Segvxvdeboda Tavidan bolomde erTi riTmiT<br />
gamarTuli leqsi. pirveli qarTuli poetikuri traqtatis `WaSnikis~<br />
avtori monorims `boloerTs~ uwodebs da mis nimuSsac gvTavazobs: `mefis<br />
Tqmuli boloerTi~ (`me Sevamke ca, qveyana, zRva, mTa, veli, nayofT gvari,<br />
...~) xuTi, erTi saerTo riTmiT Sekruli strofisagan Sedgeba da amitomac<br />
hqvia `bolo erTi~. aseve boloerTia `mefis Tqmulic~ (`SuriT aRivsnen<br />
ugbilni~), grZelSairiT (53/53) Sesrulebuli (baraTaSvili 1981: 23); monoriTmiani<br />
leqsebi sagangebod SeviswavleT vaJa-fSavelas poeziaSi, radgan<br />
xalxur xmebs eyrdnoboda igi, monoriTmianobac mosalodneli iyo vaJas<br />
lirikisaTvis (barbaqaZe 1984: 135).<br />
galaktionis poeziaSi ki, rogorc vTqviT, sul ar velodebodiT monoriTmiani<br />
leqsebis amgvar simravles: II tomSi (1915-1921 wlebi) 15 `boloerTi~<br />
leqsia Setanili, xolo V tomSi (1932-1940 wlebi) 18 monorimi; sul<br />
14 weliwadSi 33 monorimi.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom monorimebis: `Cemi simRera”, (`zogs oqromkediT monaqsovari~),<br />
`hquxda xmovani qari mravali~, `xmamaRla~, `melanqoliuri<br />
mesimRere~, `srolis xma mTaSi~ - saTaurebi `xmas~ ukavSirdeba, xolo monorimebi:<br />
`ar var oboli amqveyanaze~ da `verxvebi~ didi xania popularul<br />
simRerebad aris qceuli saqarTveloSi.<br />
mcire gadaxveva: galaktioni, sruliad samarTlianad, amayobda, rom kargi<br />
xma hqonda. igi igonebs: `... arasodes iseTi `mravalJamieri~ ar maxsovs,<br />
Cven sami rom vmRerodiT: me, vano sarajiSvili da daviT pavliaSvili~ (tabiZe<br />
1975: 213). cnobilia, rom galaktioni niko sulxaniSvilis momReral-<br />
Ta gundis wevri iyo 1910 wlidan. galaktioni igonebs:<br />
`niko iRebs gammas, sruliad ubralo gammas, do, re, mi... me vyvebi –<br />
jer sruliad ubralod. Semdeg gadadis variaciebze da Cemi xma umaRlesi<br />
notidan gadmodis dabalze. dablidan maRalze – da ase Semdeg didxans.<br />
kompozitori guldasmiT amowmebs yovelives. ukanaskneli akordi miwyda.<br />
gamocda damTavrda.<br />
yvela sulganabulia. mec vucdi sulxaniSvilis daskvnas, ukanasknel ganaCens.<br />
is cota xans sdums da Semdeg dajerebis, aRtacebuli ieriT xmaSi<br />
(xazgasma Cvenia – T.b.) ambobs:<br />
_ ra sufTa altia, gasaocari xaverdovani da wkriala, Zlieri alti!<br />
unazesi lirikaa! ramdeni wlisa xarT?<br />
_ TxuTmetisa, batono niko!
galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~)<br />
_ rodesac ocs wels gadascdebiT, es Tqveni altic baritonad iqceva.<br />
Cveulebrivad ase xdeba. darCiT Cems gundSi, vimReroT erTad! – xalisianad<br />
sTqva man da mxarze xeli damkra~ (tabiZe 1975: 240-241).<br />
zemoxsenebuli mogoneba isedac sainteresoa, magram gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
aq galaktionis mier ierisa da xmis dakavSireba: `aRtacebuli<br />
ieriT xmaSi ambobs...~ e.i. xmas aqvs Tavisi ieri, intonacia, iseve, rogorc<br />
saxes aqvs ieri, gamometyveleba. xmis ieri gansakuTrebulia galaktionis<br />
monorimisaTvis.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
baraTaSvili 1981: baraTaSvili m. swavla leqsis Tqmisa. Tb.: <strong>Tbilisi</strong>s universitetis ga-<br />
momcemloba, 1981.<br />
barbaqaZe 1984: barbaqaZe T. vaJa-fSavelas monoriTmiani leqsebi. WaSniki. qarTuli le-<br />
qsmcodneobis sakiTxebi. Tb.: <strong>Tbilisi</strong>s universitetis gamomcemloba,<br />
1984.<br />
doiaSvili 1995: doiaSvili T. galaktion tabiZis saxeobrivi azrovneba. sadisertacio<br />
macne filologiis mecn. doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad.<br />
Tb.: 1995.<br />
tabiZe 1975: tabiZe g. Txzulebani. t.XII, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1975.<br />
tabiZe 2005: tabiZe g. saarqivo gamocema ocdaxuT wignad. w. II, leqsebi (1915 - 1921),<br />
Tb.: gamomcemloba `literaturis matiane~, 2005.<br />
SaTiriSvili 2004: SaTiriSvili z.galaktionis galaktionis poetika poetika da da ritorika. ritorika. 1915-1927. 1915-1927. Tb.: Tb.: ga-<br />
ga ga-<br />
momcemloba `logos presi~, 2004.<br />
Galaktion’s Monorhhyme<br />
Summary<br />
Tamar Barbakadze<br />
The article deals with the fact that even in the brand new editions of Galaktion Tabidze’s<br />
works we come across the same dating of verses without taking into consideration their<br />
style, poetics and versification.<br />
The research reveals: the peculiarity of Galaktion’s second poetic reform: Approach<br />
to the voice of folk poetry, dialect was reflected in verses with common rhyme written in<br />
1928-1958. It is so called mono rhyme, which traditionally belongs to folk poetry.<br />
Tabidze’s well-known mono rhyme “Expression” (“Ieri”) is dated by 1915 which in not<br />
correct. This poem is directly linked or precedes poet’s mono rhyme: “Colourful-Colourful”<br />
(“Peradi-Peradi”), which was written, without doubt, in 1938.<br />
115
116<br />
Tamar barbaqaZe<br />
Galaktion’s second poetic reform (20-30s of XX century) was about poet’s metrics and<br />
rhyme. Galaktioni had paid no attention to thirteen-syllable words and mono-rhyme until<br />
30s. This criterion (44/5) and mono-rhyme is innovation in Galaktion’s versification.<br />
It should be noted, that the composition of “Perad-Peradi” (“Colourful-Colourful”), is<br />
based not only on mono-rhyme but on the word “voice” as well: “I like hearing this voice”,<br />
“I fell in love with this sweat voice”. Dialect should be meant in the voice of folk verses<br />
and songs and it found its expression in Galaktion’s 1934-1941 mono-rhymes. Galaktioni<br />
managed to write 18 mono-rhymes during these 7 years, third of them (6) are dated by<br />
1938.<br />
The word “Tsaieradi”, which is repeated 5 times in 24-line verse, represents the poem’s<br />
“Expression” (“Ieri”) key rhyme element.<br />
The composition of “Perad-Peradi”(“Colourful-Colourful”) uses double rooted, polylogic<br />
composites as a base: vperavdi-perad-peradi-versati-perad-peradi-bedistseramdiamieramdi-perad-peradi.<br />
“perad-peradi” is repeated for four times.<br />
Thirteen-syllable starts from the epoch of Renaissance, its variations (35/5, 4/4/5,<br />
43/24, 24/43) are most frequently met in Guramishvili’s works. By means of frequency of<br />
use 4/4/5 is in the last place.<br />
The basis for versification interrelation of analysed mono-rhymes are found. Likeness<br />
of “Ieri” and “perad-peradi”, is shown not only with the help of identity of mono-rhymes’<br />
lexical units but with same meter: both mono-rhymes are written by rare criterion – thirteen-syllable<br />
– 44/5, which Galaktioni has not used until 30s.<br />
The author focuses on the word form that forms compositional basis for Galaktion’s<br />
mono-rhyme “Ieri”: rare, exotic, dialectic form: “Tsaieradi”, denoting sudden, poring rain<br />
of May. Galaktioni has once mentioned this word in the collection “Artistic Flowers”, then<br />
repeats it for four times in “Ieri”. The sound of the rain is connected with folk, childhood<br />
sounds, recollecting of which defines Galaktion’s song mood.
giorgi lobJaniZe<br />
arabuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis II etapi<br />
(momxreebi da mowinaaRmdegeni)<br />
arabuli leqsis struqturuli da Tematuri ganaxlebis procesSi mkvlevrebi<br />
ramdenime etaps gamohyofen (abbasi 1996: 82). aRniSnuli sqemis<br />
mixedviT, ganaxlebis meore etapi gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba<br />
(al-amadi 1966: 12). mecnierebi dRemde kamaToben imis Taobaze, vin SeiZleba<br />
miviCnioT ganaxlebis II etapis mebairaxtred _ iranuli warmomavlobis<br />
erayeli poeti qali naziq al-mala’iqa (1923-1993) Tu sirieli poeti badr<br />
Saqir as-saiabi (1926-1964) (axali... 1974: 101).<br />
Tumca, Cveni azriT, amas principuli mniSvneloba ar aqvs, radganac arabuli<br />
leqsis Tvisebrivi ganaxlebis mcdeloba aRniSnul or poetamdec<br />
araerTxel yofila da am procesSi mravali literatori monawileobda.<br />
ubralod, yvela wina mcdeloba spontanuri xasiaTisa iyo, xolo naziq<br />
al-mala’iqas 1949 wels dastambuli poeturi krebulis `nakverCxlebi da<br />
nacari~ (`Sazaia va ramad~) winaTqma, SesaZloa, erTgvar manifestad miviCnioT,<br />
sadac poeti qali mecnierulad, logikuri argumentebis moSveliebiT<br />
asabuTebs yvela Tavis SemoqmedebiT novaciasa da, aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
arabuli leqsis ganaxlebis aucileblobas.<br />
iTvleba, rom xsenebulma winasityvaobam, erTi mxriv, Seqmna axali arabuli<br />
poeziis damkvidrebisaTvis aucilebeli logikuri baza, meore mxriv ki, gamoavlina<br />
poeziis Sesaxeb Teoriul naazrevsa da praqtikul gamocdilebas Soris<br />
arsebuli yvela mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba da Seusabamoba (abbasi 1996: 93).<br />
sainteresoa, rom naziq al-mala’iqa, rodesac arabuli leqsis tradiciuli<br />
leqswyobis pirobiTobaTagan gaTavisuflebis aucileblobaze<br />
laparakobs, sakuTar msjelobas sainteresod asabuTebs. kerZod, igi arabul<br />
enas zusti poeturi miniSnebebisadmi (al-iSara) ugulisyurobasa da<br />
sazogado bundovanebaSi (ibham) `adanaSaulebs~. Tumca iqve icavs kidec am<br />
bundovanebas da acxadebs, rom `bundovaneba adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis<br />
mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia da Cven am movlenas, TavisTavad, versad<br />
gaveqceviT, miT ufro Tu gvinda, rom xelovnebis meSveobiT fsiqika<br />
aRvweroT da fsiqikuri cxovreba zustad, xelSesaxebad gavaanalizoT~.<br />
leqsmcodneTa SefasebiT, naziq al-mala’iqa Tavisi am `winasityvaobiT~,<br />
sruliad mourideblad, gamoTqvams rwmenas poeturi revoluciis aucileblobisa<br />
da im cvlilebebisadmi, rasac aRniSnuli revolucia Sedegad<br />
moitans (qadqani 2001: 56). igi acxadebs mzadyofnas, gaxsnilad miiRos yve-<br />
117
118<br />
giorgi lobJaniZe<br />
la Sedegi _ rogoric ar unda iyos is _ da ambobs: `darwmunebuli var,<br />
dRevandeli arabuli poezia cvlilebaTa mdinaris napiras dgas, romlis<br />
yovelmxriv movardnili, yvelafris Zirfesvianad mglejveli niaRvrebi<br />
adgilze poeziis tradiciuli safuZvelebis nasaxsac ki aRar datoveben.<br />
tradiciuli poetikis yoveli wesi _ riTma da ritmi iqneba Tu stili<br />
_ erTianad moiryeva. sityvaTa areali ki ise gaiSleba da gafarTovdeba,<br />
rom poets Tvalwin gamosaxvisa da gamoTqmis SesaZleblobaTa sruliad<br />
gansxvavebul, axal, farTo horizonts gadauSlis. Tu warsulSi TavisTavadi<br />
poeturi gamocdileba adamianis fsiqikas garedan uyurebda, axla es<br />
gamocdileba fsiqikas Signidan gaaSuqebs~ (al-mala’iqa 1946: 3).<br />
am „yvelafris Zirfesvianad mglejveli~ ganaxlebis Tavisebureba isicaa,<br />
rom didi siswrafiT viTardeba da dayovneba ar axasiaTebs. yvelafers<br />
daunaneblad acamtverebs da kritikis saSualebasac ki aRaravis utovebs.<br />
meore Taviseburebad SeiZleba procesis permanentuloba miviCnioT. siaxleebi<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi Zveldeba. amis gamo poezia mudmivad novaciis<br />
momxrea da wes-kanonTa Tu gayinul kliSeTa sazRvrebs arasodes emorCileba<br />
(al-mala’iqa 1946: 4).<br />
axali arabuli poeziis specialistebi aRniSnaven, rom maSin, roca naziq<br />
al-mala’iqa wignSi `axali arabuli poeziis sakiTxebi~ (pirvelad daistamba<br />
1962 w.), cdilobda axali poeziis kritikis zogi safuZveli Camoeyalibebina,<br />
axali poeziis talRa imaze gacilebiT Zlieri iyo, rom kritikisa<br />
da analizis mowesrigebul farglebSi moemwyvdiaT (axali... 1974: 50).<br />
Tumca mniSvnelovania isic, rom ganaxlebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi iqmneboda<br />
im adamianis mier, romelic TviTon iyo am ganaxlebis erT-erTi iniciatori<br />
da sulisCamdgmeli. praqtikulad, al-mala’iqa Tavisi Teoriuli naSromebis<br />
meoxebiT cdilobda SemoeTavazebina yvela im SemoqmedebiTi Taviseburebis mecnieruli<br />
analizi, rac mis poezias axasiaTebda. es „garkveulwilad“ hgavda<br />
sakuTari aracnobieris Semecnebas, romlis drosac araCveulebrivad ganaTlebuli<br />
poeti miRebul Sedegebs koleqtiur aracnobierze ganazogadebda.<br />
garda amisa, mkvlevrebi yuradRebas aqceven im garemoebas, rom arabuli<br />
leqsis ganaxlebas safuZveli qalma da ara mamakacma poetma Cauyara (abbasi<br />
1996: 79). amas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba maSin mieniWeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />
rom axali arabuli poeziis erT-erTi niSani individualizmis<br />
gamkveTreba, pirad grZnobebze Seulamazebeli, pirdapiri laparaki, fsiqikis<br />
siRrmeebSi CaZirva, am siRrmeTa moxelTeba da gareT gamotana iyo. es<br />
ki gansakuTrebiT rTuli gaxldaT qalisaTvis CvenTvis saintereso epoqa-<br />
Si, radganac, tradiciulad, arabul qveynebSi miiCnevdnen, rom kaci qalis<br />
grZnobebis gadmocemas TviT qalze ukeTac ki axerxebda. garda amisa, sazogadoeba<br />
imas, rasac kacisgan SedarebiT mSvidad miiRebda, qals arafriT
arabuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis II etapi<br />
apatiebda. arabuli sazogadoebaSi, sadac qals arasodes gaaCnda mamakacis<br />
Tanabari sazogadoebrivi uflebebi, grZnobebi, romelzec qali poeti daufaravad<br />
saubrobda, ucxo, mtruli da tradiciuli `ojaxis burjisagan~<br />
miuRebeli Canda. amitomac, siaxlisaken swrafva da poeziaSi axali Tematikis<br />
Tanamimdevruli damkvidreba umTavresad ucxouri poeziiT zedmetad<br />
gatacebasa da am poeziis arcTu jansaR gavlenas braldeboda.<br />
Tumca naziq al-mala’iqa Tavidanve dabejiTebiT miuTiTebda, rom axali<br />
arabuli poeziis stilistikis Sesaqmnelad poets, romelic novatoriul<br />
Ziebebs gadawyvetda, upirvelesad tradiciuli arudis sistemis zedmiwevniTi<br />
codna moeTxoveboda. swored arudis sistemas unda dafuZneboda<br />
yvela is novacia, rac Zaldautaneblad Cajdeboda Tanamedrove arabuli<br />
leqsis Tematikisa da struqturis formalur niSanTa erTian konteqstSi<br />
(axali... 1974: 210).<br />
TviTon naziq al-mala’iqa SesaniSnavad flobda tradiciuli arabuli<br />
poeziis saleqso formebs da swored am codnisa Tu flobis safuZvelze<br />
agebda axal stilistikas.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, aqve saintereso unda iyos imisi aRniSvna, rom zogi mkvlevri<br />
andalusiuri muvaSahis gaCenis winapirobadac arudis sistemis mimarT<br />
andalusielTa mometebul _ Teoriul Tu praqtikul _ cnobiswadils<br />
miiCnevda, rac leqsis imdroindel cnobil ostatTa erTgvar SejibrSi gamoixateboda.<br />
Sejibri iTvaliswinebda leqsebis Txzvas arudis sistemis im<br />
sazomTa mixedviT, rasac `al-ara‘id al-muhmila~ ewodeboda. `al-ara‘id<br />
al-muhmila~ aerTianebda iseT sazomebs, romelic arudis sistemis avtorma<br />
xalil ibn ahmadma sazomTa erTian skalaze savsebiT samarTlianad ganalaga,<br />
rogorc Teoriulad SesaZlebeli (kudelini 1973: 14), magram praqtikulad<br />
am sazomTaTvis arcerT arab poets arc arudis sistemis Seqmnamde da arc<br />
mas Semdgom arasodes miumarTavs (andalusiuri... 1963: 300).<br />
Tumca andalusiaSi mimdinare poeturi porcesebisagan gansxvavebiT, axal<br />
arabul poezias leqsis sturqturaSi arasodes gamouyenebia xalil ibn<br />
ahmadis Teoriuli sazomebi da Tanamedrove poetebi mxolod gavrcelebuli<br />
struqturuli elementebis e. w. bahrebis gamravalferovnebis aucileblobaze<br />
saubrobdnen. amitomac marTebuli Cans ihsan ‘abbasis Sefaseba,<br />
rom `am mxriv Tanamedrove arabi poetebi gacilebiT tradicionalistebi<br />
iyvnen, vidre muvaSahebis _ andalusiaSi mcxovrebi arabi _ avtorebi~ (abbasi<br />
1996: 203). Tumca igive mecnieri am movlenas imiT xsnis, rom Tanamedrove<br />
poetebi ise iyvnen gatacebulni arudis sistemiTa da am sistemis<br />
calkeuli sazomebiT, rom gulubryvilod sjerodaT, TiTqos gavrcelebuli<br />
bahrebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo ise, rom amiT arudis sistemis<br />
sazomebi ar darRveuliyo. amitomac Tuki sazomebi irRveoda, es uneblieT<br />
119
120<br />
giorgi lobJaniZe<br />
ufro xdeboda, vidre winaswarganzraxuli da kargad mofiqrebuli gegmis<br />
safuZvelze (qadqani 2001: 67).<br />
gardaqmnaTa daCqarebulma tempma da poetTa dauokebelma da erTi SexedviT<br />
moulodnelma swrafvam saleqso enis ganaxlebisaken kritikosTa dabneuloba<br />
da garkveulwilad uaryofiTi reaqcia gamoiwvia. am procesis Tanamdevi<br />
kritikuli gamokvlevebi SeiZleba or kategoriad daavajgufoT: er-<br />
Tis mxriv aRweriTi, leqsis Sinaarsis ganmmartebeli, xolo meores mxriv,<br />
TviTonac poeturi, eqspresiuli xasiaTis statiebi. aRniSnuli viTareba<br />
bunebrivad wamoWris kiTxvas: arsebiTad siRrmiseuli kritikuli Teoriis<br />
gareSe rogor SeZlo arabulma poeziam fexze damdgariyo da TviTganaxlebis<br />
qaoturi procesi permanentuli gaexada. SekiTxva TavisTavad gulisxmobs<br />
im obieqtur garemoebas, rom yovelgvari literaturuli siaxle,<br />
romelic sakuTar arsebobasa da xangrZlivobas aucileblad miiCnevs,<br />
uTuod saWiroebs kritikis seriozul Tanadgomas. xolo Tu aseTi ram ar<br />
gvaqvs, maSin sxva faqtorebi unda amuSavdes dawyebuli saqmis gadasarCenad<br />
da bolomde misayvanad. arabuli poeziis SemTxvevaSi es roli ramdenime<br />
faqtorma iTamaSa. kerZod, axali Tematikis ayvavebam da drois suliskveTebasTan<br />
am Tematikis sinqronulma Tanxmobam, SemoqmedebiT problemebTan<br />
gulwrfeli brZolis mdidarma gamocdilebam, aseve Zveli saleqso formebis<br />
gamofitvama da axali epoqis saTqmelis gadmosacemad maTma SemoqmedebiTma<br />
uunarobam. ra Tqma unda, iyo sxva faqtorebic, romelTagan sami, rakiRa<br />
TiToeuli maTgani Tavis mxriv ganaxlebis procesis sam safexursac<br />
gamoxatavs, saWiroa calke da dawvrilebiT iqnes ganxiluli.<br />
pirvel faqtors mogviano xanis arabuli saliteraturo kritika `Cum<br />
Tanamonawileobas~ uwodebs. am terminSi igulisxmeba is, rom arabuli leqsis<br />
ganaxlebis procesi dasawyisidanve Sors iyo Sinagani gaTiSulobisa da<br />
aSkara winaaRmdegobaTagan, Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime poetis pirovnul<br />
pozicias, romelic ufro gamonaklisi iyo, vidre sayovelTao da gavrcelebuli<br />
Sexedulebani. magaliTad, badr aS-Saqir as-saiabis dapirispireba<br />
salah abd-as-saburTan anda al-baiaTisa da naziq al-mala’iqas polemika<br />
Tavisufali leqsis naklovanebaTa Taobaze.<br />
magram yvela, vinc weris axali stilistikis momxre iyo da am stiliT<br />
TviTgamoxatvas amjobinebda, Tundac uSualod misi wvlili procesSi<br />
Zalze mokrZalebuli yofiliyo, TavisTavs `axali skolis~ erTiani ojaxis<br />
wevrad miiCnevda da aRniSnuli jgufis saerTo `mters~ _ `tradicionalistTa<br />
skolis~ Sexedulebebs upirispirdeboda. es `Cumi Tanamonawileoba~<br />
Tavis SigniT uamrav gansxvavebul mosazrebas, damokidebulebasa da, bolos<br />
da bolos, gansxvavebul gemovnebas gulisxmobda, amitomac didi iyo Sinagani<br />
dapirispirebis, TviT umwvavesi uTanxmoebis aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis
arabuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis II etapi<br />
albaToba. pirvel etapze axali poeziis moZraoba am ganxeTqilebas aRniSnul<br />
SexedulebaTa da uTanxmoebaTa mkafiod Camouyalibeblobam gadaarCina.<br />
kerZod ki iman, rom formalur doneze `axali moZraobis~ meTaurebs TavianTi<br />
naazrevisaTvis anda ideur-literaturuli mimarTulebisaTvis Sesabamisi<br />
forma jer kidev ar moeZebnaT. Tumca gamoxatvis iseT gansxvavebul<br />
yalibsa da saSualebebs eZebdnen, sadac TavianTi grZnobebis adekvatur integrirebas<br />
moaxerxebdnen, radganac Zveli, tradiciuli saleqso formebi<br />
saamisod aSkarad aRar gamodgeboda. Tumca roca mkiTxveli, erTis mxriv,<br />
naziq al-mala’iqas krebulebs _ `Ramis metrfe qali~ an `nakverCxlebi da<br />
nacari~, as-saiabis wignebs `damWknari yvavilebi~ da `miTebi~, al-baiaTis<br />
krebulebs `angelozebi da eSmakebi~ da `damsxvreuli kokebi~, meore mxriv<br />
ki abd as-saburis ormisra‘ian fragmentebs da arudis sistemis sazomebiT<br />
Seqmnil sxva leqsebs gaecnoba, maT Soris arsebiT, Tematur gansxvavebas<br />
versad aRmoaCens.<br />
mkafio ar iyo arc Sexedulebani da arc poeziis gzebi da mimarTulebani.<br />
amitomac am `Cumi Tanamonawileobis~ winaaRmdeg ver SevxvdebiT iseTi tipis<br />
kritikas, rogoric adonisma `winaaRmdegobis poeziis~ Taobaze dawera. ra<br />
Tqma unda aRsaniSnavia is, rom adonisis kritikuli werili im dros Seiqmna,<br />
roca `axal poezias~ fexi jer kidev myarad ar moekidebina, `winaaRmdegobis<br />
poezia~ ki, romelic lamis saerTo saxalxo movlenad iyo gamocxadebuli,<br />
`wminda wylis evropul leqss~ araerTi kuTxiT daemuqra.<br />
adonisi aRniSnavs: `Cveni poezia okupirebul teritoriebze, jer erTi,<br />
arc patara Senakadia Tanamedrove arabuli poeziis dedamdinaris gverdiT,<br />
aramed TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli dinebaa da meorec, is gagrZelebaa da ara<br />
dasawyisi. gagrZeleba im erovnul ganmaTavisuflebeli poeziisa, romelsac<br />
arabi xalxi am saukunis (igulisxmeba me-20 saukune g. l.) pirvel naxevarSi<br />
gaecno da revoluciuri poezia ar yofila~ (adonisi 1967: 11).<br />
adonisi Tavis Sexedulebas ramdenime mosazrebiT amyarebs. misi azriT, poeziis<br />
saanalizo mimarTuleba mTlianad jdeba tradiciuli da memkvidreobiT<br />
miRebuli stilistikis CarCoebSi da Sors dgas revoluciurobisagan,<br />
radgan is revolucias gare movlenad ganixilavs, romelic SeiZleba erT-erT<br />
Temad gamoiyenos. am mxriv, winaaRmdegobis poezia wminda wylis eposia, radganac<br />
aRsavsea hiperboluri suliskveTebiT, hiperbola ki amSvidebs TviTSemecnebis<br />
vnebas da sabolood aClungebs mas~ (adonisi 1967: 15).<br />
adonisis aRniSnuli mosazrebebi CvenTvis imdenad aris saintereso, ramdenadac,<br />
winaaRmdegobis poeziaze saubris miuxedavad, `Cumi Tanamonawileobis~<br />
SemoqmedebiTi banakis wevrebs Soris pirvel xelSesaxeb uTanxmoebasac<br />
aaSkaravebs. arsebiTad aqedan daiwyo is didi Teoriuli gansxvavebebi,<br />
121
122<br />
giorgi lobJaniZe<br />
romelic SedarebiT srulyofilad ramdenime literaturuli gamocemis<br />
furclebze aisaxa.<br />
es gamocemebi SegviZlia axali poeziis damkvidrebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes<br />
faqtorad miviCnioT. maTgan pirvel rigSi ki unda davasaxeloT Jurnali<br />
`apolo~, romelic albaT imis magaliTad gamodgeba, rom poeziis nebismieri<br />
axali mimarTuleba literaturis istoriaSi sabolood dasamkvidreblad<br />
saWiroebs literaturul wreebSi popularul gamocemas. aseTi roli arabuli<br />
leqsis ganaxlebis I etapze ergo gamocemas `apolo~, romelic 1932<br />
wels ahmad zaqi abu Sadim (1892-1955) da literaturuli jgufis `apolos~<br />
wevrebma daarses. gamodioda 1935 wlamde da arabuli modernizmis erT-erT^<br />
mebairaxtered iTvleboda. arabuli leqsis ganaxlebis II etapze ki `apolos~<br />
funqciebi TavisTavze orma libanurma almanaxma aiRo. es almanaxebi<br />
iyo: `al-adab~ (`literatura~) da `aS-Si‘r~ (`poezia~). pirveli maTgani 1953<br />
wels daaarsa iusuf al-xalma da kvartalurad ibeWdeboda, meore ki 1957<br />
wels gamoica iusuf al-xalis mxardaWeriTa da adonisis redaqtorobiT da<br />
1964 wlamde gamodioda. samwliani pauzis Semdeg, 1967 wels isev ganaxlda<br />
misi gamocema da 1969 wlamde gagrZelda.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom almanaxi `poezia~ im dros, roca axal poezias Zalze<br />
cota, faqtobrivad TiTebze CamosaTvleli momxreebi hyavda, am poeziis<br />
qomagad da damamkvidreblad gamodioda da aRniSnuli gamocemis damsaxureba<br />
arabuli leqsis ganaxlebis procesSi bevrad sWarbobs sxva nebismieri<br />
gamocemisas. almanaxi `poezia~ iyo aRniSnuli procesis sxvadasxva<br />
mimarTulebis warmomadgenelTa dasaydeni da Taviseburi TavSesafari. aq<br />
ibeWdeboda TviT yvelaze gabeduli da Tamami eqsperimentebi, romelic<br />
tradiciuli sazogadoebis kritikasa da xSirad ulmobel risxvasac ki<br />
imsaxurebda. garda amisa aqve qveyndeboda Tanamedrove msoflio poeziis<br />
nimuSTa arabuli Targmanebi da Teoriuli werilebi axali poeziis arsisa<br />
da viTarebis Sesaxeb. almanaxis daxurvis Semdeg ki is roli, rasac mimdinare<br />
saliteraturo procesSi manamde aRniSnuli almanaxi asrulebda, nawilobriv<br />
itvirTa ramdenime gamocemam, magaliTad, Tavkif as-saiRis redaqtorobiT<br />
1968 wels gamocemulma Jurnalma `hivar~ (`dialogi~) da amave<br />
wels adonisis mier daarsebulma Jurnalma `mavakif~ (`poziciebi~). amis<br />
Semdeg kidev ramdenime gamocema gaCnda da ukve aramxolod libanSi, aramed<br />
arabuli samyaros TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, rasac sazogadoebaSi axali<br />
poeziis mimarT arnaxuli interesi mohyva. interesma ki gamoiwvia axali<br />
stilistikis SigniT sxvadasxva SemoqmedebiT poziciebze mdgomi literatorebis<br />
calkeul jgufebad gaerTianeba, romelTac TavianTi Semoqmedebis<br />
popularzaciis saqmeSi igive funqcia ikisres, rasac adre mxolod beWduri<br />
gamocemebi asrulebda.
arabuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis II etapi<br />
am droidan ukve SedarebiT gaadvilda gamomcemlobebTan urTierTobac.<br />
CvenTvis saintereso periodSi axali poeziis calke krebulebad gamocemis<br />
saqmes xsenebuli literaturuli Jurnalebis redaqciebi uZRvebodnen.<br />
swored almanaxma `aS-Si‘r~ da yovelkvartalurma `al-adab~ SeimuSaves<br />
is sagamomcemlo politika, romliTac axali poeziis krebulebi mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />
mimzidvel da saintereso gamocemebad aqcies. amas garda, amave<br />
mizniT yvela sxva gamomcemlobaze metad gaisarja libanuri `dar al-‘uda~,<br />
romelic axali poeziis warmatebul warmomadgenelTa sruli krebulebis<br />
(al-a‘mal al-qamila) dastambvas Seudga.<br />
magram es warmateba erTbaSad da moulodnelad ar mosula. SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom axalma arabulma poeziam TviTdamkvidrebis urTulesi gza gamoiara<br />
da Tavidan aRtacebiT axali stilis momxre literatorebs aravin<br />
Sexvedria. Tavdasxma ki, piriqiT, uamravi SexvdaT da imaSic ki dasdes brali,<br />
rom maTi mcdelobani iyo moRalaturi gegma arabuli saliteraturo<br />
enis dasarRvevad da da dasamxobad.<br />
Cvens mkiTxvels warmodgena rom Seeqmnas, ramdenad saSiSi iyo aseTi<br />
braldeba poetTa axalTaobisaTvis, aucilebelia icodes, rom uzarmazar<br />
farTobze gadaWimuli, erTmaneTisagan zogjer mkveTrad gansxvavebuli arabuli<br />
qveynebis erTianobis erT-erT garantad saliteraturo arabuli ena<br />
gvevlineba. amitomac, saliteraturo arabulze nebismieri formiT Tavdasxma<br />
lamis erovnul Ralatad ganixileba.<br />
garda amisa, tradiciuli stilistikis momxre da moamage literatorebi<br />
axali poeziis adeptebs imaSic adanaSaulebdnen, rom maT ar xelewifebodaT<br />
arudis sistemis farglebSi Rirebuli nimuSebi SeeqmnaT, savsebiT<br />
ver flobdnen Zvel gamocdilebas da amitomac iyvenen iZulebulni, tradiciuli<br />
mowesrigebuli kasidebis nacvlad `nafleT-nafleTi striqonebi~<br />
eweraT da poeziad gaesaRebinaT. magaliTad, 1959 wels, ukve cnobili da<br />
aRiarebuli mahmud abbas al-ukkadi (1889-1964), romelic im dros egviptis<br />
literaturisa da xelovnebis umaRlesi mejlisis wevri iyo, damaskos<br />
poeziis festivalSi axali poeziis zogi warmomadgenlis monawileobis winaaRmdeg<br />
gamovida da ganacxada, rom am axalma poetebma, magaliTad, ahmad<br />
abd al-mu‘ti al-hijazim (daib. 1935w.), ar ician poeziis Zireuli, pirveladi<br />
principebi. amitomac, namdvili literaturis gadasarCenad igi iZulebulia<br />
yvela Rone ixmaros da Tu saWiro gaxda, egviptis literaturisa da<br />
umaRlesi mejlisis wevrobidanac ki gadadges.<br />
amis sapasuxod al-hijazim imisaTvis, rom al-ukaadisaTvis daemtkicebina,<br />
tradiciuli arabuli sazomebi da stilistikac memarjvebao, erTxans,<br />
Zveli poetebis mibaZviT, kasidebis wera wamoiwyo<br />
magram axal poeziasTan tradicionalistTa dapirispirebas yvelaze ukeT<br />
123
124<br />
giorgi lobJaniZe<br />
asaxavs erTi dokumenti. 1964 wels egviptis poetTa asociaciam am qveynis<br />
kulturis erovnul saministros warudgina peticia, sadac naTqvami iyo,<br />
rom axali poeziis moZraoba safrTxes uqmnis saliteraturo arabul enas<br />
da garkveul jgufs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, amtkicon, dialeqtiT vikvebebiTo.<br />
enis damcireba ki TavisTavad gulisxmobs erTiani arabuli erovnebis<br />
abuCad agdebas, radganac poezia yovelTvis da yvela erSi xelovnebis<br />
sxva dargebze metad icavda erovnul Taviseburebasac da enobriv siwmindesac.<br />
mTavari saSiSroeba ki isaa, rom am tipis poezia gamoxatavs arabul da<br />
muslimur azrovnebasTan savsebiT dapirispirebul da gansxvavbul ideologias.<br />
magaliTad, zogierT nimuSSi codvisa da ganwmenidis, jvarcmisa da mkvdreTiT<br />
aRdgomis ideebi sxva religiuri sistemebidanaa nasesxebi. aseve didi<br />
mkrexelobaa maT mier sityva `alahis~ xmareba, radgan am sityvas, ZiriTadad,<br />
kerpTayvanismcemlebTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyeneben. mokled, axali poeziis<br />
moZraoba es aris enobriv samoselSi gaxveuli ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba,<br />
romelic mtrobs yovelive erovnulsa da tradiciuls da cdilobs miwasTan<br />
gaasworos didi arabuli poeziis mwvervalebi~ (axali... 1974: 37).<br />
dakvirvebul mkiTxvels albaT ecnaura TviTon am peticiis ena, romelic<br />
rig SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba dadanaSaulebis unificirebul stilistikad<br />
miviCnioT TiTqmis yvela drosa da sazogadoebaSi.<br />
TumcaRa samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom ideologiuri mosazrebebis<br />
garda, romelic aSkarad diskriminaciul xasiaTs atarebs, iyo<br />
bevri _ wmindad profesiuli _ SeniSvna, romelzedac argumentirebuli<br />
pasuxi verc Teoriul da verc praqtikul doneze axalma arabulma poeziam<br />
dRemde ver moaxerxa.<br />
axali poeziis iseT Seurigebel mowinaaRmdegeTagan, rogoric iyvne:<br />
aziz abaza, al-ukkadi Tu salih javdaTi, dRes ukve bevri cocxali aRaraa.<br />
xolo am poeziis momxreebsa da mesveurebs ufro meti dro da saSualeba<br />
miecaT sakuTari literaturuli ideebis bolomde aTvisebisa da damkvidrebisaTvis.<br />
Tumca gaCndnen axali mowinaaRmdegeebi, da xSirad TviTon axali<br />
poeziis momxreTa Sorisac, magram maTi naazrevis ganxilva ukve calke<br />
werilis Temaa.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
abbasi 1996: abbasi i. احسان عباس الاتجاهات في الشعر العربی المعاصر بیروت<br />
1996<br />
adonisi 1967: adonisi ادونيس مدخل في الشعر العربي الحديث دمشق 1967<br />
al-amadi 1966: al-amadi ابو القاسم ابن بشر الامدی القدیم و الجدید فی الشعر العربی<br />
الحدیث القاهرة 1966
arabuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis II etapi<br />
al-mala’iqa 1946: al-mala’iqa نازک الملائکة شظايا و رماد (مقدمة) بغداد 1946<br />
andalusiuri... 1963: andalusiuri literaturis istoria. اريخ الادب الاندلسي<br />
عصر الطوائف و المرابطين بيروت . 1963<br />
axali... 1964: axali arabuli poeziis problemebi. قضايا في الشعر العربی<br />
الحدیث بيروت 1974<br />
kudelini 1973: Куделин А. Б. Классическая арабо-испанская поэзия. Москва: 1973.<br />
(?)qadqani 1377: فیعی کدکنی رضا محمد شعر معاصر عرب تهران 1377<br />
The II Stage of the Battle for the Renewal of Arabic Verse:<br />
Supporters and Opponents<br />
Summary<br />
Giorgi Lobzhanidze<br />
Researchers and historians of Arabic literature distinguish three main stages in the<br />
process of development of Arabic literature.<br />
Giorgi Lobzhanidze’s article deals with the second stage of the development of New<br />
Arabic poetry (from 1940s to 1980s), when, on the one hand, the opposition between traditional<br />
and new aesthetics has reached its pick and on the other hand, when the peculiarities<br />
and main values have finally been marked, which was later used by contemporary writers<br />
to activate poetical language which was totally different from the old one.<br />
Researchers cannot agree on the name of innovator of Arabic poetry and they name different<br />
poets from various Arabic countries, who had to implement similar reforms in nearly<br />
the same period and due to these reforms to distribute all the burdens and poetical results.<br />
Though, collection of Iraq poetess Nazik al-Mala’ikah “Ash and Remains “ was written<br />
several years prior the works of other poets, therefore the above mentioned collection<br />
provide us with materials which helps us to mark all the tendencies of development, which<br />
was later more clearly fixed in the books of other Arabic writers. Nazik al-Mala’ikah’s collection<br />
is preceded by the author’s brief preface, which represents a kind of manifest for<br />
defending aesthetics and values that are reflected in the book.<br />
If the preface of Nazik al-Mala’ikah only fixes the results of the process, Giorgi Lobjanidze<br />
in his article tries to clear out reasons, which has caused these results.<br />
The author of the article briefly discusses literary condition in Arabic countries and<br />
represents the works of Nazik al-Mala’ikah and other poets as a logical consequence.<br />
In the second half of the XX century Arabic east initiated and speeded up the process of<br />
industrialization and westernization. This process was relatively earlier passed by West.<br />
Drastic changes that have taken place in the life style would without doubt be reflected<br />
on literature, as Arabic writer of the second half of the XX century was no longer the child<br />
of the reality to where his ancestors have to live.<br />
125
126<br />
giorgi lobJaniZe<br />
Poetic transformation of reality gave us new literary reality, whose system of morals<br />
was gained by means of reaching human’s feelings and intellect.<br />
This system of values has included the content of poetry and has put it upside down.<br />
The change of content farther required formal changes (changes in the form).<br />
Therefore, collapse of traditional poetics and building new aesthetics on this tradition<br />
happened in two directions.<br />
From the point of content a lot of themes have entered the Arabic poetry in the period<br />
under discussion, and changes of kaleidoscopic nature would probably confuse poets of<br />
previous epoch.<br />
Relation towards individualism was the main differentiating sign between traditional<br />
and new poetics.<br />
If in the previous epochs the person’s voice was lost in the frames of artistic-imaginative<br />
system, could hardly or not at all be distinguished, new poetry has completely ruined<br />
that frame and positioned the individual in his centre of interest.<br />
As a result, in poetry intimate mood was strengthened and was outlined such feelings,<br />
which were previously condemned by poets.<br />
Of course, intimacy does not consider only sexual feelings (it should be noted that traditional<br />
Arabic literature never avoided this topic and showed it with great interest), here<br />
we speak about representing and analysing hidden, unconscious inclinations of human,<br />
during the representation of which poetic word acquires more meaning.<br />
Poetic forms that were used for centuries would not be appropriate for such kind of<br />
drastic individualism, which like lifeless scheme, would not only prevent the expression<br />
of new poetical content accents but would also slow down everything, what contemporary<br />
poet regarded as his main message towards society.<br />
Therefore, new poetical forms emerge in Arabic poetry in the second half of XX century,<br />
opposing traditional Arud system and from the first glance, are regarded as innovations<br />
brought from outside (Western poetry).<br />
Although, the author of the article analysis the formal changes made by Andalusia Arabic<br />
poetry in traditional Arud system, contrasts these results with form novelty of Arabic<br />
literature and concludes that new poetic forms established in contemporary Arabic poetry<br />
should be more a logical consequence of the collapse of Arud system than blindly coping<br />
organically strange elements from Western poetry.<br />
If it was not that way, novelties of Arabic poetry could not be established and find logical<br />
development in today’s literary processes.<br />
All these in the article are displayed against the background of analysis of thoughts of<br />
supporters and opponents of new poetry, which enabled the author to reflect clearly and<br />
exactly the process of development.
filologiuri Ziebani<br />
laura grigolaSvili<br />
kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisa da<br />
mijnebisaTvis<br />
qarTuli mwerloba sam umTavres etapadaa dayofili. es etapebia: Zveli,<br />
axali, uaxlesi. aRniSnuli klasifikacia literaturaTmcodneTa Soris<br />
dRes mraval kiTxvas badebs: ramdenad marTebulia V-XVIII saukuneebis<br />
literaturis mTlianad Zvel qarTul mwerlobad miCneva, an misi gamijvna<br />
axali da uaxlesi mwerlobisgan? mizanSewonilia Tu ara Zvel mwerlobaSi<br />
sasuliero da saero xasiaTis nakadTa erTmaneTisgan gamoyofa? xom ar unda<br />
davubrunoT sasuliero mwerlobas misi funqciuri datvirTvis gamomxatveli<br />
termini _ saeklesio || samRvdelo? sadavod iqca qarTuli mwerlobis<br />
calkeul periodTa mijnebisa da maTi saxeldebis sakiTxic. uaryofil iqna<br />
socialur-ekonomikur formaciebTan literaturul procesTa misadagebis<br />
tradicia. samagierod gaCnda am periodTa aRmniSvneli axali, litmcodneobiTi<br />
terminebi: elinizaciis xana, saxismetyvelebiTi determinaciebi:<br />
eideturi, eikonuri, sakuTriv saxismetyvelebiTi da a.S.<br />
meti kategoriulobiT daismis qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisTvis evropuli<br />
kulturologiuri paradigmebis (renesansi, manerizmi, baroko...)<br />
gamoyenebis sakiTxi. yvela es kiTxva gansjisken gvibiZgebs.<br />
gamovyofT ramdenimes. am bolo dros gamoiTqva Tvalsazrisi, rom ar<br />
arsebobs raime enobrivi Tu Sinaarsobrivi barieri, romelic `Zvel mwerlobas~<br />
principulad, Tvisebrivad gamijnavda `axali~ an `uaxlesi~<br />
qarTuli literaturisagan~ (TvaraZe 1997: 154), an kidev: `im faqtiT, rom<br />
rusTaveli, `visramiani~, CaxruxaZe, Teimuraz I, arCili, sulxan-saba orbeliani,<br />
guramiSvili mTlianad `Zvelisadmi~ arian mikuTvnebuli, qarTuli<br />
literaturis periodizaciis sistemidan amogdebulia Zvelsa da axals<br />
Soris ganfenili da evropuli renesansis, barokos da ganmanaTleblobis<br />
analogiuri movlenebis msgavsi gardamavali periodi~ (kenWoSvili 2007:<br />
133-134).<br />
vidre msjelobas gavagrZelebde, yuradReba unda gavamaxviloT samecniero<br />
literaturaSi gamokveTil erT Zalzed saintereso Tvalsazrisze<br />
literaturuli procesebisa da stadialuri periodebis raobis Sesaxeb.<br />
klasifikacia efuZneba literaturis Sinaarsobrivi da formaluri donee-<br />
127
128<br />
laura grigolaSvili<br />
bis urTierTmimarTebas. am klasifikaciiT literaturis ganviTarebis istoriaSi<br />
gamoiyofa sami ZiriTadi safexuri, romelTa aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebulia<br />
cnebebi: winarefleqsiuri tradicionalizmi, refleqsiuri tradicionalizmi<br />
da posttradicionalizmi.<br />
am koncefciis avtori s. averincevi, efuZneba ra evropuli da rusuli<br />
litmcodneobiTi kvlevebis mdidar gamocdilebas, miiCnevs, rom aristoteles<br />
droidan mokidebuli, roca literaturam pirvelad gaacnobiera Tavisi Tavi<br />
da pirvelad moaxdina konstituireba Tavisi Tavisa, rogorc literaturisa, e.<br />
i. Seimecna sruliad garkveuli avtonomiuri realoba, rogorc yvela sxva realobisgan,<br />
pirvel rigSi ki yofisa da kulturisagan gansxvavebuli realoba,<br />
man SeZlo TviTgamorkveva poetikasa da ritorikaSi (TviT aristotele, mama<br />
evropuli logikuri tradiciisa, imavdroulad xom avtoria `poetikisa~ da<br />
`ritorikisa~. _ s. averincevi). am droidan winarefleqsiuri tradicionalizmi<br />
icvleba refleqsiuri tradicionalizmiT, xolo namdvili, araorazrovani<br />
niSnebi literaturis axali mdgomareobisa Tavs iCens mxolod XVIII s-is<br />
II naxevarSi. aqedan mokidebuli literaturuli procesi eqvemdebareba posttradicionalur<br />
sistemebs literaturis ganviTarebisa, refleqsiuri tradicionalizmis<br />
xana ki moicavs did, erTmaneTisagan metad gansxvavebul epoqebs.<br />
esenia: elinizmi da romi, Sua saukuneebi da renesansi, baroko da klasicizmi.<br />
maT erT-erT saerTo maxasiaTeblad, maTi homogenobis erT-erT faqtorad ki<br />
miCneulia ritorikis principi (averincevi 1986: 112).<br />
maSasadame, refleqsiuri tradicionalizmis epoqa iwyeba aristoteles<br />
xanidan da grZeldeba romantizmamde. igi efuZneba nimuSis, kanonis,<br />
tradiciis, konvenciis esTetikas. axali dro, axali literatura, axali<br />
epoqa arRvevs literaturul tradiciebs, reglaments da iqmneba farTo<br />
asparezi SemoqmedebiTi TavisuflebisaTvis, individualuri `mes~ gamoxatvisaTvis,<br />
nairgvari stiluri da saxeobrivi konstruqciebisaTvis.<br />
msjelobas Tu gavagrZelebT da qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis<br />
process am kuTxiT SevxedavT, kategoriulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zveli<br />
da axali || uaxlesi mwerlobis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna (rac sulac ar niSnavs<br />
maTi erTianobis uaryofas) ar ewinaaRmdegeba mxatvruli saazrovno<br />
procesis ganviTarebis logikas. unda gaviTvaliswinoT is fundamenturi<br />
literaturul-esTetikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi principebi, romlebic<br />
safuZvlad udevs, erTi mxriv, Zvel qarTul mwerlobas, meore mxriv,<br />
axal da uaxles mwerlobebs. axlisgan gansxvavebiT Zveli mwerlobisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia msoflmxedvelobrivi simwyobre da mTlianoba, am wanamZ-<br />
Rvrebze dafuZnebuli koncefcia adamianisa, avtorisa da mkiTxvelis msoflSegrZnebaTa<br />
da esTetikuri xedvis sruli Tanxvedra, fabulisa da siuJetis<br />
urTierTomimarTebis specifika, realizmis Taviseburi gageba, droisa
kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisa da mijnebisaTvis<br />
da sivrcis sruliad sxvadasxvagvari konceptebi da sxv. Tumca isic unda<br />
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebi transformacias Zveli<br />
qarTuli mwerlobis wiaRSive ganicdis, rac niadags qmnis kidec axali es-<br />
Tetikuri principebis damkvidrebisaTvis.<br />
sakiTxis naTelsayofad Suasaukuneobrivi mwerlobis ramdenime aspeqtze<br />
gavamaxvileb yuradRebas.<br />
magaliTad, rogoria avtoris, Semoqmedis gageba Sua saukuneebis kulturaSi<br />
da ra SinaarsiT daitvirTeba igi axal droSi?<br />
Suasaukuneobrivi gagebiT, Semoqmedi, iseve rogorc aRniSnul epoqasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli sociumis yvela warmomadgeneli, Tavs organuli mTlianobis<br />
nawilad miiCnevs, igi mikrokosmosia, romelsac makrokosmosis kanonzomierebani<br />
msWvalavs. samyaros erTi centri aqvs (RmerTi, universumi),<br />
yoveli Seqmnili am centrs eswrafvis: Semecnebis mizani Sesamecnebelisa<br />
da Semmecnebelis sruli SeerTebaa. adamiani Semecnebis am gzaze yalibdeba<br />
pirovnebad. yoveli adamiani erT zneobriv kanons emorCileba, zneobrivi<br />
srulyofis erTi ideali ikveTeba _ qristes baZvis gziT Teozisi, ganRmr-<br />
Toba. es kanonzomiereba gansazRvravs Sua saukuneebis esTetikur da eTikur<br />
Sexedulebebs. es kanonzomiereba udevs safuZvlad mxatvrul-Semoqmedebi-<br />
Ti procesis yovel komponenets. racionalizmis epoqaSi, axal droSi ki,<br />
roca adamiani daSorda religiur TvalTaxedvas, man Tavisi Tavi organuli<br />
mTlianobis nawilad ki ara, damoukidebel mTlianobad moiazra da zogadi<br />
kanonzomierebis Semecnebis nacvlad sakuTar kanonzomierebaTa Seqmna daiwyo.<br />
pirovnuli ufleba TiTqos sazogadoebriv wesrigs ejibreba, yovel individs<br />
TiTqos Tavisi cxovrebis gansakuTrebuli gza aqvs, rasac igi zogjer<br />
uazrobamde mihyavs. aRniSnulma procesma individualizmi daamkvidra.<br />
Sua saukuneebis kulturas msWvalavs Tvalsazrisi, rom WeSmariti Semoqmedi<br />
da erTaderTi pirovnuli avtori RmerTia, sxvebi RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis<br />
oden amxsnelebi, komentatorebi arian. isini Tavis mimarTebas uzenaesisadmi<br />
mza religiuri formulebiT gamoxataven, mxatvruli naazrevi<br />
efuZneba am religiur-dogmatur frazeologias, paradigmul saxeebsa da<br />
gamoTqmebs. amitom iyo am epoqisTvis ucxo `geniosis~ cneba. amitom gamoiricxeboda<br />
raime konfliqti avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris msoflSegrZnebiTi<br />
xedvisa Tu esTetikuri aRqmis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
axali dro, axali literatura (igulisxmeba romantizmi da misi Semdgomi<br />
periodis literatura) aRiarebs mxolod individualur xmas, mxolod<br />
konkretuli SemoqmedisaTvis damaxasiaTebel intonaciebs. mxatvruli<br />
saxeebi originalobiT gamoirCeva, saxeobrivi sistema Semoqmedis<br />
individualuri mignebisa da xedvis gamomxatvelia. mxatvruli teqstis<br />
interpretaciaTa nairgvaroba savsebiT bunebrivia.<br />
129
130<br />
laura grigolaSvili<br />
gansxvavebulia realizmis gagebac Zvel qarTul mwerlobasa da axal<br />
mwerlobaSi. sasuliero mwerlobaSi realizmi ar gulisxmobs mxolod<br />
grZnobad-meterialur sinamdviles. aq realuri upirvelesad zegrZnobadi,<br />
sulieri sinamdvilea. metic: maradiuli sulieri faseulobebiT aRiqmeba<br />
da ganizomeba materialur sivrceSi ganfenili yoveli movlena. `aTvlis~<br />
anu xedvis wertili samyaros centrs uerTdeba. Semoqmedis aRqmaSi orive<br />
ganzomileba (sulieri da materialuri) erTiandeba, xedva ki mimarTulia<br />
zegrZnobadidan grZnobadisken, maradiuli, sulieri Rirebulebebidan<br />
amqveyniuri faseulobebisken. aseT xedvas uwodeben `Sebrunebul perspeqtivas~,<br />
romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba pirdapiri perspeqtivisagan, axali<br />
drois Semoqmedis xedvisgan.<br />
sayuradReboa, rom bevri TvalsaCino literatori, magaliTad, n. konradi,<br />
d. blagoi, v. Jirmunski uaryofs kidec ara mxolod petrarkasa da<br />
bokaCos realizms, aramed TviT rables, servantesisa da Seqspiris realizmsac.<br />
`hipoTeza realizmis damkvidrebisa literaturaSi daaxloebiT<br />
XIX saukunis meore mesamedSi dRes sakmaod argumentirebulad iTvleba~<br />
(xlodovski 1967: 86).<br />
Cveni sakiTxisTvis mniSvnelovania isic, rom literaturaTmcodneobaSi<br />
fabulisadmi mwerlis damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT zogadad gamoyofen<br />
or periods: erTia `mza fabuliT~ sargeblobisa da meore, fabulis `naturidan~<br />
gadmoRebisa. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Semoqmedi ar Txzavs fabulas, igi<br />
mza saxiT iRebs mas miTologiidan, xalxuri gadmocemidan, an sinamdvilidan.<br />
mwerali movalea daicvas fabuluri tradicia. `es kanonad qceuli<br />
principi damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod antikuri poeziisaTvis, aramed Sua<br />
saukuneebis mwerlobisaTvis, Zalian mniSvnelovani doziT aRorZinebisa da<br />
klasicizmis epoqebisTvisac~ (koJinovi 1964: 447).<br />
axal mwerlobaSi avtoris damokidebuleba fabulisadmi Tavisufalia.<br />
igi TviTon Txzavs fabulas, misi SemoqmedebiTi fantazia sruliad Seuz-<br />
Rudavia.<br />
literaturis qronologiuri CarCoebisa da periodizaciis problemebis<br />
gadasawyvetad sociologiuri kriteriumebis momarjveba dRes samar-<br />
Tlianad miiCneva anaqronizmad, magram verc faqts wauvalT; `Sua saukuneebi<br />
moicavs periods Zvelsa da axal istorias Soris da emTxveva feodalizmis<br />
Casaxvis, ganviTarebisa da daSlis epoqas, termini `Sua saukuneebi~ ixmareba<br />
rogorc dasavleTi evropis qveynebis, ise sxva regionebis mimarTac, Tumca<br />
feodalizmis arsebobis xana yvelgan ar emTxveva erTmaneTs~ (qarTuli...<br />
1987: XI, 51). magaliTad, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad,<br />
aRmosavleTSi Suasaukuneebi `gagrZelda~ lamis XVIII saukunemde. amas-<br />
Tan, mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes isic, rom Suasaukuneobrivi adamianis,
kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisa da mijnebisaTvis<br />
sazogadoebis sulieri struqtura, misi Sinagan ganviTareba gansazRvravs<br />
Sesabamis ekonomikur-socialuri formaciis procesebs da ara piriqiT.<br />
anu feodalizmi ki araa ganmsazRvreli Sua saukuneebis kulturis, magali-<br />
Tad, erT-erTi ZiriTadi kategoriis _ ierarqizmis principis Camoyalibebisa,<br />
aramed swored am kulturologiurma kategoriam iqonia zegavlena<br />
feodaluri struqturebis ierarqiuli wyobis warmoqmnaze.<br />
vfiqrobT, yovelive zemoaRniSnuli gvaZlevs uflebas, Zveli qarTuli<br />
mwerloba (V-XVIII ss.) miviCnioT erT megaperiodad, tipologiurad davukavSiroT<br />
refleqsiur-tradicionalur kulturas da gavmijnoT igi posttradicionaluri<br />
epoqisgan.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Zveli mwerloba, sazogadod, medievaluri<br />
kultura misi warmoqmnidan dasasrulamde sruliadac ar aris erTgvarovani.<br />
aman ganapiroba k. kekeliZiseuli klasifikacia qarTuli mwerlobisa<br />
da misi dayofa oTx periodad (kekeliZe 1960: 42-79). aseT dayofas Cveni<br />
mwerlobisa TviT literaturis ganviTarebis etapebi gvkarnaxoben.<br />
ufro rTulad dgas am periodTa literaturaTmcodneobiTi determinaciis<br />
sakiTxi. jer erTi, myaria tradicia Zvel mwerlobaSi saero da sasuliero<br />
nakadTa erTmaneTisagan gamoyofisa, Tumca aseTi gamijvna zogs<br />
sadavod miaCnia, radgan, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba marTlac gaZneldes pasuxi<br />
kiTxvaze: `ratom miekuTvneba daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani sinanulisani~<br />
sasuliero lirikas, daviT guramiSvilis sagaloblebi ki saeros? am kiTxvaze<br />
pasuxisTvis kvlav unda gavixsenoT, rom `galobani~ ufro tradicionaluria,<br />
kanonSia moqceuli, reglamentiTaa gansazRvruli, daviT guramiSvilis<br />
lirika ki tradiciulTan erTad, rogorc es barokuli poeziisaTvis<br />
aris damaxasiaTebeli, Seicavs axal maxasiaTeblebsac, axal intonacias,<br />
axal ritms, axal sazoms, rac meti subieqtivizmiT msWvalavs saTqmels.<br />
magram ara mgonia, mizanSewonili iyos sasuliero mwerlobas davukanonoT,<br />
ufro swored, aRvudginoT funqciuri datvirTvis mqone terminebi:<br />
`saeklesio~, `liturgiuli~, `samRvdelo~, radgan amiT SeiZleba Seiqmnas<br />
saSiSroeba misi mowyvetisa qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebis erTiani<br />
struqturisgan. es ki tolfasi iqneba, vTqvaT, iseTi viTarebisa, qarTuli<br />
xelovneba rom davtovoT yinwvisis angelozis, gelaTis RvTismSoblis, an<br />
ubisis freskebis gareSe. magram radgan termini `sasuliero~ TiTqos imas<br />
niSnavs, rom es mwerloba saero, sekularuli mwerlobis Sinaarss sulieri,<br />
amaRlebuli idealebisken intenciiT upirispirdeba, iqneb jobdes,<br />
sasuliero mwerlobas sakraluri vuwodoT, miT ufro, rom es termini<br />
dRevandel literaturaTmcodneobaSi sul ufro ikidebs fexs.<br />
arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom swored sakraluri mwerlobis wiaRSi<br />
aRmocenda qareTuli saero literatura, rac mecnieruli argumenta-<br />
131
132<br />
laura grigolaSvili<br />
ciiT naTelyo k. kekeliZem (kekeliZe 1958: 5-6). da Tu vinmes k. kekliZis<br />
es Teza naklebsarwmunod miaCnia, gaiTvaliswinos z. SaTiriSvilis uaRresad<br />
saintereso naSromis _ poeti da poeziis idea evropul kulturaSi<br />
_ is monakveTic, sadac saubaria evropuli lirikis instituciur<br />
sawyisze _ locviT-meditaciur praqtikasa da Janrze. mecnieri efuZneba<br />
ingliseli filologis luis martcis gamokvlevebs da Segvaxsenebs, rom<br />
evropuli lirika XVI-XVII saukuneebSi inglisuri nacionaluri eklesiis<br />
(anglikanobis) wiaRSi aRmocenda da `swored inglisuri lirikuli<br />
poeziidan iwyeba Tanamedrove lirikuli poezia, romelic vrceldeba jer<br />
`safrangeTsa da germaniaSi, xolo Semdeg _ sxva evropul qveynebsa da ruseTSi~<br />
(SaTiriSvili 1980: 67).<br />
TiTqos ufro Wirs `vefxistyaosnisa~ da misi epoqis sxva literaturuli<br />
Zeglebis (`amirandarejaniani~, `abdulmesia~, `Tamariani~) da hagiografia-himnografiis<br />
erT kulturul sivrceSi moazreba. magram aqac<br />
pirvel rigSi yuradReba unda gamaxvildes im maxasiaTeblebze, romlebic<br />
saerTo aqvT sasuliero mwerlobasa da `vefxistyaosans~ (aqac gzamkvlevad<br />
k. kekeliZis zemoTmiTiTebuli naSromi gamogvadgeba) da romliTac isini<br />
axali drois literaturul-mxatvruli principebisgan gansxvavdebian.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom renesansis epoqis yvelaze tipur, yvelaze Tvalsa-<br />
Cino SemoqmedTa mimarTac ki Cndeba, vTqvaT, aseTi kiTxva _ ra doziTaa<br />
maTs SemoqmedebaSi renesansuli da ra doziT ikveTeba aq adreSuasaukuneebisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. magaliTad, gamoCenili italieli literatori<br />
vitore branka aqveynebs naSroms gamomwvevi saTauriT: Boccaccio<br />
medievale, 1975 (Бокаччо средневековый, italiuridan rusul enaze iTargmna<br />
da gamoica 1983 w.). am wignis ZiriTadi debulebebis gadmocema winamdebare<br />
naSromis mizans scildeba, ise ki gasaTvaliswinebelia, ra ostatobiT, ra<br />
codniTa da erudiciiTaa naTelyofili bokaCos `dekameronis~ organuli<br />
kavSiri Suasaukuneobriv kulturasa da literaturul tradiciebTan.<br />
sazogadod, roca ikvleven renesansis kavSirs antikur kulturasTan, iqve<br />
iCens xolme Tavs sakiTxi Suasaukuneobrivi fenomenis rolis Sesaxeb renesansul<br />
msoflSegrZnebaSi. statiebis krebulSi `Античное наследиев в культукультукультуре<br />
Возрождения~ (М. 1984), Sesulia ramdenime werili, sadac gamokveTilia<br />
Tvalsazrisi renesansis epoqis humanizmze qristianuli kulturis gavlenis<br />
Rrma Seswavlis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. aseTebia: i. Cerniakis `Гумaнизм эпохи<br />
возрождения и христианская мысль древности~, a. gorfunkelis `Полемика вокруг<br />
античного наследия в эпоху Возрождения~ da sxv.<br />
amave niadagze unda aixsnas dava kulturis ganviTarebis istoriaSi<br />
`vefxistyaosnis~ adgilis gansazRvris Taobaze. e. meletinskis kategoriuli<br />
daskvniT, `rusTavelis mikuTvneba renesansis moRvaweebisadmi, iseve
kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisa da mijnebisaTvis<br />
rogorc Teoria aRmosavluri renesansisa, Sedegia ara rusTavelisa da zogierTi<br />
aRmosavleli poetis gadaWarbebiT Sefasebisa, aramed Sua saukuneebis<br />
kulturis Seufaseblobisa~ (meletinski 1983: 218). misive azriT, `ukav-<br />
Sirebs ra rusTavels misi epoqis evropul kulturas, damatebiT ganayofierebuls<br />
arabuli da sparsuli gavlenebiT, e. g. xinTibiZe ufro axlos dgas<br />
WeSmaritebasTan, vidre S. i. nucubiZe Tavisi `aRmosavluri renesansiT~ (meletinski<br />
1983: 218). el. xinTibiZe ki miiCnevs, rom `rusTavelis Semoqmedeba<br />
gviandeli Sua saukuneebis movlenaa, romelsac renesansuli elementebi<br />
axasiaTebs. rusTaveli, rogorc poeti da moazrovne, Sua saukuneebisa da<br />
renesansis zRvarze dgas, msgavsad dante aligierisa~ (xinTibiZe, 1993: 231).<br />
misive daskvniT, `saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc dasavleT evropaSi, qristianuli<br />
kulturis ganviTareba mivida kacobriobis azrovnebis procesis<br />
am axal etapamde, romlis Semdgomi ganviTareba, ganxorcielebuli mxolod<br />
evropis kulturuli ganviTarebis istoriaSi, renesansis saxeliTaa cnobili~<br />
(xinTibiZe 1993: 211). isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom termini `renesansi~<br />
Semfasebluri datvirTvas ar atarebs. is kulturis gnaviTarebis mxolod<br />
erTi mniSvnelovani etapis aRmniSvnelia.<br />
erTi ram cxadia, Tu adreuli Sua saukuneebis kulturaSi adamiani aisaxeba<br />
erTi ganzomilebiT _ adamiani da RmerTi, gmiri _ RvTismsaxurebis gzaze,<br />
gviandel Sua saukuneebSi adamiani ainteresebT sxvadasxva ganzomilebiT;<br />
Semoqmedi gmirs gvixatavs rogorc mijnurs, rogorc megobars, rogorc<br />
saraindo movaleobebis aRmsrulebels. oRond mis SegnebaSi yovelive es<br />
RvTismsaxurebacaa (`vinca mokvdes mefeTaTvis, sulni maTni zecas rbian~).<br />
sxva sakiTxia, rom TandaTan interesi adamianisadmi TandaTan Semoifargleba<br />
empiriuli sinamdviliT. romantizmi, rogorc literaturuli movlena, upirvelesad,<br />
Rrma nostalgiaa Suasaukuneobriv harmoniaze.<br />
daskvnis saxiT unda iTqvas, rom Zveli qarTuli mwerloba (V-XVIII<br />
ss.) erTi mTlianobaa, tipologiurad is Suasaukuneobrivia, medievaluria.<br />
misi umTavresi maxasiaTebelia _ refleqsiuri tradicionalizmi. am<br />
literaturis ganviTarebis istoria, bunebrivia, gulisxmobs calkeul<br />
etapebs, calkeul periodebs. vfiqrob, k. kekeliZis mier SemuSavebuli periodizaciis<br />
sqema seriozul cvlilebas ar saWiroebs. Tumca yoveli periodis<br />
determinebaSi albaT SeiZleba meti konkretulobis Setana. SeiZleba<br />
gamoikveTos evropuli literaturuli procesebis Sesatyvisi etapebi evropuli<br />
terminebiTve: protorenesansi, manerizmi, baroko, klasicizmi...<br />
swored amgvarad moiazreben rusi medievistebi Zveli rusuli mwerlobis<br />
(IX-XVII ss.) ganviTarebis process. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT r. siraZis<br />
koncefcia Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis saxismetyvelebiTi periodizaciis<br />
principebzec (siraZe 2008: 14-22).<br />
133
134<br />
laura grigolaSvili<br />
qarTuli medievaluri mwerloba iyofa 4 periodad:<br />
I _ sakraluri mwerlobis aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis periodi (V-XI ss.). am<br />
mwerlobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia eikonuri (xatisebri) gansaxovnebis esTetika.<br />
II _ medievaluri mwerlobis klasikuri periodi (XII-XIII ss.). am periodSi<br />
iwyeba mwerlobis sekularizacia, ikveTeba protorenesansis niSnebi.<br />
literaturisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTriv mxatvruli saxismetyveleba,<br />
`sinTezuri esTetika~.<br />
III _ medievaluri mwerlobis stagnaciis periodi (XIV-XV ss.). misTvis<br />
saxismetyvelebiTi siaxleni araa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
IV _ medievaluri mwerlobis damagvirgvinebeli periodi (XVI-XVIII<br />
ss.). SeiniSneba manerizmis, barokos, klasicizmis niSnebi. am epoqisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia saxismetyvelebiTi tendenciebis simbiozi.<br />
rac Seexeba e. w. `gardamaval xanas~ (XVIII s-is bolo da XIX s-is dasawyisi),<br />
mTlianad viziareb r. siraZis Tvalsazriss: `igi unda ganvakuTvnoT<br />
axal qarTul mwerlobas, radgan iqiTken warimarTeba misi `gardamavloba~<br />
(siraZe 2008: 22).<br />
oRond unda gvaxsovdes, rom literaturuli procesebis CarCoebSi moqceva<br />
srulebiTac ar aris universaluri xasiaTisa. Cven mravali gamonaklisis<br />
daSveba da aRiareba gvmarTebs. periodTa nominaciebSi mxolod<br />
dominanturi literaturuli tendenciebi hpoveben asaxvas.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
averincevi 1986: Аверинцев С. Историческая подвижность категории жанра: опыт перио-<br />
дизации. krebulSi: (Историческая поэтика. Итоги иперспективыперспективыизучеизучеизуче- ния. М.: «Наука», 1986.<br />
TvaraZe 1997: TvaraZe r. gadasaxedi. gamomcemloba `saqarTvelo~, 1997.<br />
kekeliZe 1960: kekliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I. Tb.: gamomcemloba<br />
`sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1960.<br />
kekeliZe 1958: kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. II. Tb.: Tsu gamomcem-<br />
loba, 1958.<br />
kenWoSvili 2007: kenWoSvili i. gardamavali megaperiodi qarTul literaturaSi. kre-<br />
bulSi: I saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, litmcodneobis Tanamedrove<br />
problemebi (masalebi). Tb.: gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2007.<br />
koJinovi 1964: Кожинов В. Сюжет, фабула, композиция. wignSi: Теория литературы. М.:<br />
«Наука», 1964.<br />
meletinski 1983: Мелетинский Е. Средневековый роман. М.: 1983.<br />
siraZe 2008: siraZe r. kultura da saxismetyveleba. Tb.: gamomcemloba `inteleq-<br />
ti~, 2008.
kvlav Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis periodebisa da mijnebisaTvis<br />
qarTuli... 1987: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. XI, Sua saukuneebi. Tb.: 1987.<br />
SaTiriSvili 2008: SaTiriSvili z. poeti da poeziis idea evropul kulturaSi. krebul-<br />
Si: evropuli ideebis istoria da qarTuli kultura. Tb.: .: gamomecem- gamomecem-<br />
loba `universali~, 2008.<br />
xlodovski 1967: Хлодовский Р. Ренессансный реализм и фантастика (Попытка аталитиче-<br />
ского прочтения нескольких новелл «Декамерона»). wignSi: Литература<br />
эпохи Возрождения. М.: издательство «Наука», 1967.<br />
xinTibiZe 1993: xinTibiZe e. Suasaukuneobrivi da renesansuli `vefxistyaosanSi~.<br />
Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1993.<br />
Towards Periods and Boundaries of Old Georgian Literature<br />
Laura Grigolashvili<br />
Nowadays, the problem of the periodization of Georgian writings is very actual among<br />
literary critics. There arises a question: Is it correct to regard V-XVIII-century writings as<br />
Old Georgian literature, or to distinguish it from New and Brand New writings? Should we<br />
differentiate between ecclesiastic and secular types in early period? Should we restore the<br />
term for ecclesiastic literature that expresses its function? The issue of the periodization<br />
of Georgian literature and their naming is quite arguable. The tradition of matching literary<br />
processes to social-economical formations was neglected. In return, new literary terms<br />
denoting these concepts have emerged: Hellenization period, aesthetic determinations: eidetic,<br />
iconic, personally aesthetic and others.<br />
The article deals with the above mentioned issues and on the basis of scientific researches<br />
the author tries to prove that Old Georgian Literature (V-XVIII centuries) is a<br />
whole. Typologically, it belongs to the middle ages, it is medieval, reflectional traditionalism<br />
is its main characteristic.<br />
The history of the development of the literature naturally means separate stages, periods.<br />
I consider that the scheme of periodization, worked out by K. Kekelidze does not<br />
inquire further drastic changes. Still, more concreteness can be brought into the determination<br />
of each period. Stages corresponding to the processes of European literature can be<br />
pointed out, expressed by European terms: proto-renaissance, mannerism, baroque, classicism…<br />
This is the way Russian medievalists regard the process of the development of<br />
Russian literature (IX-XVII centuries). We should also take into consideration R. Siradze’s<br />
conception about the principles of periodization of Ancient Georgian writings.<br />
Georgian Medieval literature should traditionally be divided into four periods:<br />
I – The period of the emergence and development of sacral writings (IV-XI centuries).<br />
Aesthetics of iconic imagining is peculiar for that period.<br />
II – Classical period of medieval literature (XII-XIII centuries). From this period we<br />
135
136<br />
laura grigolaSvili<br />
witness the secularization of writings, signs of proto-renaissance are singled out. Artistic<br />
aesthetics, “Synthetic Aesthetics” is characteristic of this literature.<br />
III – Period of stagnation of medieval writings (IV-XV centuries). Aesthetic innovations<br />
are not peculiar for this epoch.<br />
IV – Last period of medieval writing (XVI-XVIII centuries). Signs of mannerism, baroque,<br />
classicism are spotted.<br />
It is implied, that in the nominations of periods only dominant literary tendencies are<br />
reflected.
kritikuli diskursi<br />
nona kupreiSvili<br />
70-80-iani wlebis kritika: `rekonstruqciidan~ novaciamde<br />
poststalinuri qarTuliqarTuli sabWoTa sabWoTasabWoTa kulturis kulturis kulturiskulturis konteqstSi konteqstSi konteqstSi konteqstSikonteqstSiliotariseuliotariseuliotariseuliotariseuliotariseuliotariseuli e.w. `metanarativebis Teoriis~ gaazrebis aucileblobam (mxedvelobaSi<br />
maqvs b. wifurias werili `postsabWoTa travma literaturaSi da kidev<br />
erTi metanarativismetanarativisdasasruli~ dasasruli~ ~ (wifuria (wifuria wifuria 2004: 2004: 2004: 32) 32) nacionaluri nacionaluri metanara- metanarametanara<br />
metanara- metanarametanarativisaraara<br />
mxolod mxolod definicia, definicia,definicia, , aramed aramed aramed aramed misi misi misi misimisi warmoqmnis warmoqmnis warmoqmnis warmoqmnis warmoqmniswarmoqmnis zusti zusti zusti zusti zusti zustizusti TariRic TariRic TariRic TariRic TariRic TariRic TariRic TariRic mogvmogvmogv-<br />
mogv- mogvmogvmogv-<br />
mogv-<br />
mogvmogvca:<br />
_ 1956 wlis martis dReebi, rac qronoligiurad stalinuri epoqis<br />
dasasruls daemTxva.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, iTqva, rom maSin miRebuli `represiuli travmisa da<br />
frustraciis~ ~ Sedegad gamoikveTagamoikveTasabWoTasabWoTa miTologizaciis miTologizaciismiTologizaciis axali axali axaliaxali naciona- nacionanaciona-<br />
naciona- nacionanacionaluri<br />
miTologizaciiT Canacvlebis tendencia, rasac Tan axlda `sabWoTa<br />
metanarativis farsadqceva~ ~ da da da ZiriTadad ZiriTadad ZiriTadad mxatvrul mxatvrul mxatvrul niSan-saxeTa niSan-saxeTa niSan-saxeTaniSan-saxeTa niSan-saxeTa -saxeTa saxeTameSveo- meSveo- meSveo- meSveo- meSveomeSveo<br />
meSveo-<br />
meSveobiT<br />
gamoxatuli `nacionaluri, antisabWouri utopiis~ damkvidreba.<br />
dasawyisisTvis ammsjelobaSigamovyofdi, , bartismsgavsad, , mxatvru<br />
mxatvru- mxatvru-<br />
mxatvru- mxatvruli<br />
da kritikuli diskursebis pirdapir da arapirdapir enaTa azrobriv<br />
sibrtyeSi gadatanas,gadatanas, , rasac rasac rasac werilis werilis weriliswerilis avtori avtori avtori avtoriavtori ara ara ara ara araara mxolod mxolod mxolod mxolod mxolod mxolodmxolod Janrobrivi Janrobrivi Janrobrivi Janrobrivi Janrobrivi Janrobrivi Janrobrivi Janrobrivi dede-<br />
de- dededede-<br />
de-<br />
dedeterminizmis,<br />
aramed mxatvruli da kritikuli refleqsirebis xarisxis<br />
dasadgenadac mimarTavs.mimarTavs. . faqtiurad, faqtiurad, faqtiurad, , analogiuri analogiuri analogiuri analogiuri ganmarteba ganmarteba ganmarteba ganmartebaganmarteba mieca mieca mieca mieca miecamiecaliteralitera- litera- litera- litera- literaliteraliteraliteraturuldakritikuldiskursTa<br />
funqcionirebis funqcionirebis funqcionirebis sakiTxs sakiTxssakiTxs sakiTxs sakiTxs sakiTxs gasuli gasuli gasuligasuli gasuli gasuli saukusaukusaukusaukusaukusaukunis<br />
70-80-ian wlebSi, msgavsi analizisTvis sakmaod Seuferebel garemoSi;<br />
magaliTad, , a. . baqraZisa baqraZisa baqraZisa da da dada j. j. j. j. . qarCxaZis qarCxaZis qarCxaZis qarCxaZis qarCxaZis gamonaTqvamebSi gamonaTqvamebSi gamonaTqvamebSi gamonaTqvamebSigamonaTqvamebSi gamoikveTa gamoikveTa gamoikveTa gamoikveTa gamoikveTagamoikveTa mosaz- mosaz- mosaz- mosazmosaz-<br />
mosaz- mosazmosazmosazreba<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom literaturis simbolur-alegoriul saxeTa sistema<br />
(anu arapirdapiri ena) ufro daculia kritikul diskursTan, rogorc<br />
pirdapir enasTan, SedarebiT. amitomac kritikis mudmivad ganqiqebis survili<br />
saSiSi Janris ganeitralebis, gauvnebelyofebisaken mimarTuli qmedebaa<br />
da ara literaturuli procesis ramdenadme mastimulirebeli saSualeba<br />
(baqraZe 1979: 413; qarCxaZe 2000: 3). sailustraciod gamodgeba agreTve<br />
kritikos g. natroSvilis sityvis fragmenti, romelic mis mier geronti<br />
qiqoZis saiubileosaiubileo saRamoze saRamozesaRamoze iqna iqna iqnaiqna warmoTqmuli: warmoTqmuli: warmoTqmuli: warmoTqmuli:warmoTqmuli: : `qarTuli `qarTuli `qarTuli `qarTuli `qarTuli qarTuli kritikuli kritikuli kritikuli kritikuli kritikuli kritikulikritikuliazazazazaz- az- azazazrovnebis<br />
kvalificiur kadrebs (romelTa Soris dasaxelebuli iyvnen g.<br />
asaTiani, g margvelaSvili, o. paWkoria, g. kankava, a baqraZe, r. TvaraZe, T<br />
doiaSvili, i.kenWoSvili da sxv.) SeuZliaT gauZRvnen romelic gnebavT did<br />
literaturas... Tumca isini mainc ver warmarTaven literaturul process,<br />
137
138<br />
nona kupreiSvili<br />
ver ucxadeben brZolas mdares, uxarisxos, zereles, ver uZleben dawolas,<br />
romelsac axdens erTgvari wnexi, uxilavad rom dgas da wnevis sakmaod<br />
didi Zala aqvs...~ (natroSvili 1971: 3).<br />
radgan kritika kvlav ideologiur interesTa centrad, ufro zustad ki,<br />
literaturis politikisideologemebamdedayvanisqmediTsaSualebadrCeboda (amasTan, literaturis zedamxedvelebs Tvisobrivad axali safrTxis,<br />
“uxilavi uxilaviwnexis”, ”, SiSic moeZalaT), ), bunebrivia, bunebrivia, bunebrivia, bunebrivia, , saxelmwifoebrivi saxelmwifoebrivi kontrokontro-<br />
kontro- kontro-<br />
kontro- kontro- kontro-<br />
kontrolis<br />
Tundac iluzoruliliberalizaciispirobebSicki (breJnevis breJnevismmarT mmarT- mmarT-<br />
mmarT-<br />
velobis xana, `glasnost-perestroikis~ etapi) gaaqtiurda Tavad kritikosTa<br />
TviTseleqcirebisa da polarizebis procesi, anu moxda gamijvna imaT Soris,<br />
visac, , erTi erTi mxriv, mxriv,mxriv, , `zemodan `zemodan `zemodan zemodan daSvebuli~ daSvebuli~ daSvebuli~ daSvebuli~daSvebuli~ ~ Zveli Zveli Zveli Zveli Zveli Zveli kritikuli kritikuli kritikuli kritikuli kritikuli kritikuli sqemebiT sqemebiT sqemebiT sqemebiT sqemebiT sqemebiTsqemebiTapelire- apelire- apelireapelire-<br />
apelire- apelire-<br />
apelire-<br />
apelireapelireapelireba<br />
ar surda; meore mxriv ki, axleburad, profesiul enaze saubris dawyeba<br />
ar undoda da arc SeeZlo. am fonze sul ufro alogikuri Canda miswrafeba<br />
`socrealizmis mkvdradSobili esTetikis~ farglebSi moZraobisa, romlis<br />
referenciis wertili ukiduresad politizirebuli kritikuli diskursi,<br />
garegani da Sinagani cenzuris erTpirovnuli batonoba, daufaravi servilizmi<br />
da kritikosis mantiamosxmuli subieqtis literaturuli saqmosnoba iyo.<br />
nodar wuleiskirs swored 70-ianebis dasawyisSi SemTxveviT rodi Semoaqvs<br />
`eSmaki mwerlis~, `eSmaki kritikosis~ cneba, romelic realobas asaxavda da<br />
im droisaTvis myarad damkvidrebuli `ormagi cnobierebiT~ (kormeri 1997: 39)<br />
anu rogorc jorj orueli ityoda, `doublethink~-iT sazrdoobda.<br />
axali Taobis inteleqtualTanaazrevSiaRniSnulproblemasTandakav-dakav dakav-<br />
SirebiT erTisagulisxmotendencia SeiniSneba (sxva sxvatendenciebze, , SeZleb- SeZleb-<br />
SeZleb-<br />
SeZleb-<br />
SeZlebisdagvarad,<br />
, qvemoT mivaniSnebT). mivaniSnebT). ). gamovsaxoT gamovsaxoT gamovsaxoT igiigi igi Tundac Tundac Tundac Tundac Tundac amgvariamgvari amgvari msjelo- msjelomsjelo<br />
msjelo- msjelomsjelomsjelomsjelobiT:<br />
guram asaTians, revaz TvaraZes Tu akaki baqraZes, qarTuli kulturis<br />
identobis SenarCunebas rom eswrafodnen, uari ar uTqvamT komunisturi<br />
partiis rigebSi gawevrianebasa Tu im privilegiebze, romlebsac sabWoTa<br />
xelisufleba sakuTari legitimaciis safasurad gaiRebda xolme. araferi<br />
rom ar vTqvaT, Tundac, otia paWkoriaze, romelic yofili politikuri<br />
patimari iyodamisi, , rogorckritikosis, , aqtivobaamstatusismqoneada ada- ada-<br />
ada- adamianis<br />
gambedaobas ar scildeboda. aq, rogorc arCil jorjaZe werda erTi<br />
cxare marqsisti polemistis Sesaxeb: `metyvelebis aparatia gafuWebuli~.<br />
sinamdvileSi arCevanis zRvari ara kompartiis rigebSi yofna-aryofnaze<br />
gadioda, , (b. b. . JRenti JRenti da da k. k. . lorTqifaniZe lorTqifaniZe partbileTis partbileTis mflobelni mflobelni arc arc yo<br />
yo- yo-<br />
yo- yoyofilan, , Tumca orTodoqsikomunistebiromiyvnen, , cxadia), ), aramedimne ne- ne- ne- ne-<br />
ne-<br />
bis qona-arqonaze, romelic xelovnebasTan mimarTebiT erTpirovnulad<br />
SemuSavebuli sabWouri koncefciis demontaJs sWirdeboda. moaxerxebda<br />
kulturuli mexsierebistradiciazestalinisgardacvalebis Semdeg aR<br />
aR-<br />
aRmocenebuli<br />
`axali samocianelTa Taoba~ cru, yalbi cnobierebis velis
70-80-iani wlebis kritika: `rekonstruqciidan~ novaciamde<br />
miRma gasvlas, , daubrundebodamxatvrulisityvaenis, , rogorc`yofiere- `yofiere- `yofiere- `yofiere- `yofiere-<br />
`yofiere- `yofiereyofierebis<br />
saxlis~ wiaRs, kritikac, Sesabamisad, sakuTari azris privatulobas<br />
SeiZenda, , v. . Sklovskis Sklovskis termins termins Tu Tu gavixsenebT, gavixsenebT, , sulac sulac e.w. e.w. .w. w. . `hamburguli `hamburguli `hamburguli hamburgulian an- an-<br />
an- an-<br />
an-<br />
an-<br />
an- anangariSis~ ~ principiT amoqmeddeboda. amoqmeddeboda. . imave imave Sklovskis Sklovskis mixedviT, mixedviT, mixedviT, , rusul rusul rusul rusul mw- mw- mw- mwmw<br />
mw- mw-<br />
mw- mwmwerlobaSi<br />
`hamburguli angariSiT~ ar arsebobda, magaliTad, serafimoviCi<br />
da veresaevi... bulgakovi sabrZolo xaliCaze iyo gasuli, babeli msubuq<br />
woniT kategoriaSi iricxeboda, gorki _ saeWvo gaxldaT (vinaidan xSirad<br />
formaSi ar iyo), xlebnikovi _ yofili Cempioni da a.S.<br />
Cvens pirobebSi msgavsi msgavsi Sefasebebis Sefasebebis micemamicema micema niWierebasa niWierebasa niWierebasa da da da profesionprofesion-<br />
profesion-<br />
profesionalizmTan<br />
erTad gansakuTrebul `sulier substrats~ (kiknaZe .2006: 80)<br />
moiTxovda, , anu anu tradicionalizmisa tradicionalizmisatradicionalizmisa da da dada `sovietizmis~ `sovietizmis~ `sovietizmis~ `sovietizmis~ sovietizmis~ ~ mkacrad mkacrad mkacrad mkacrad mkacrad mkacradgansaz- gansaz- gansazgansazgansaz-<br />
gansaz- gansaz- gansaz- gansazgansaz-<br />
Rvrul nazavs, , romelickritikosissulierigamocdilebiTundayo yo- yofiliyo<br />
aqtivizebuli. b. JRentis mtkicebis sawinaaRmdegod ki qarTul<br />
mwerlobaSi kvlavac xelSeuxeblad grZnobdnen Tavs e.w. `nekritikabelni~<br />
mwerlebi, , romelTagarSemo Semokrebili `referenciuli referenciulijgufebi~ ~ faseu<br />
faseu- faseu-<br />
faseu-<br />
faseufaseulobaTasakuTarsakuTar<br />
sistemasa sistemasasistemasa da da dada am am am amam sistemaSi sistemaSi sistemaSi sistemaSi sistemaSisistemaSi advilad advilad advilad advilad advilad adviladadvilad integrirebad integrirebad integrirebad integrirebad integrirebad integrirebad integrirebadintegrirebadfsevfsevfsevfsevfsevfsevfsevfsevfsevdoavtoritetebs amkvidrebdnen. sabWoTa `literaturuli generlebis~<br />
qeba-dideba -dideba didebada da maT maT maT referenciul referenciul referenciul referenciul jgufebSi jgufebSi jgufebSi jgufebSi yofna yofna yofna yofna kritikoss kritikoss kritikoss kritikoss kritikoss sruli sruli sruli sruli sruli sruli usausausausausausausafrTxoebisgarantiasgarantias<br />
aZlevda aZlevdaaZlevda (gaweuli (gaweuli (gaweuli gaweuli samsaxuris samsaxuris samsaxuris samsaxurissamsaxuris xarisxis xarisxis xarisxis xarisxis xarisxisxarisxis dadgena dadgena dadgena dadgena dadgena dadgenadadgenauSecuSecuSec- uSec- uSecuSecuSecuSecuSecdomod<br />
SeiZleboda maTTvis xelisuflebis mier gacemuli sacxovrebeli<br />
binebis adgilmdebareobisa da TviT sarTulis mixedviTac ki). kritikosTa<br />
umravlesobas amgvari usafrTxoeba haeriviT sWirdeboda, Tavad mwerals ki<br />
sakuTriv misi kritikosisaTvis unda miegno. amitomac gaCnda mogvianebiT<br />
Jurnal `kritikis~ kritikis~ ~ iumoristul CanarTSi mwerali _ personaJisorsi orsi- orsi-<br />
orsi-<br />
orsi- orsi- orsiorsityviani replika: `veZeb kritikoss!~<br />
sagulisxmoa, , romsworedmaSin, , rodesac rodesac dasavleTSisulufroRrma- Rrma-<br />
Rrma-<br />
Rrma- RrmaRrmavdeba<br />
harold blumis mier `esTetikidan danaSaulebriv gaqcevad~ wodebuli<br />
procesi, marqsistul kliSeebs ganridebuli kritikuli azri sapirispiro<br />
moZraobis veqtoris Ziebas iwyebs. sazogadoebis garkveul nawilSic Cndeba<br />
moTxovnileba imgvarimgvar mwerlobasa mwerlobasamwerlobasa da da dada kritikul kritikul kritikul kritikulkritikul refleqsiaze, refleqsiaze, refleqsiaze, refleqsiaze, refleqsiaze,refleqsiaze, , romelic romelic romelic romelic romelic romelic romelicnananananana- na- nanaklebad<br />
iqneba damokidebuli bazissa da zednaSenze da naxevarsaukunovani<br />
kulturuli wyvetis SedegTa minimalizebisniSniTwarimarTeba. . akrZalu<br />
akrZalu- akrZalu-<br />
akrZalu-<br />
akrZaluli<br />
literaturuli skolebisa da mimdinareobebis, Serisxuli avtorebis<br />
(m. javaxiSvilis, t. tabiZis, p. iaSvilis _ gr. robaqiZis dabruneba qarTul<br />
kulturul sivrceSi gacilebiT gvian moxda) reabilitaciasTan erTad ara<br />
marto xelaxla aRmoCenili Zveli, aramed axali Teoriuli saSualebebis<br />
aucileblobac ikveTeba.<br />
60-70-iani ianiwlebismijnazemodernizmisdeterminizmisadarekonversiis, igive ukan dabrunebis, aqtualuri sakiTxebi wamoWrili r. TvaraZis<br />
139
140<br />
nona kupreiSvili<br />
`mTliani mTlianisaqarTvelossaqarTvelos mesityve~ mesityve~mesityve~ ~ (TvaraZe (TvaraZe (TvaraZe TvaraZe 1968: 1968: 1968: 1968: 5), 5), 5), 5), o. o. o. o. o. . jinorias jinorias jinorias jinorias jinorias jinorias`modern`modern- `modern-<br />
`modern- `modern- `modern- `modern- `modern- `modern- modernizmis<br />
arsi da Rirebuleba Tomas manis SemoqmedebaSi `doqtor faustusis~<br />
mixedviT~ (jinoria 1970: 27), g. asaTianis (`modelebi da sinamdvile~, `meti<br />
sinaTle~ (asaTiani 1970: 9-7) da z. gamsaxurdias `iluziebi da sinamdvile~<br />
(gamsaxurdia 1970: 10) werilebSi da polemika, romelic am werilebis<br />
garSemo gaimarTa (g. asaTiani, z. gamsaxurdia, r. jafariZe, a. mircxulava,<br />
v. . baakaSvili) ) da da romelic romelicromelic aSkarad aSkarad aSkaradaSkarad gascda gascda gascda gascdagascda kritikis kritikis kritikis kritikis kritikiskritikis deversifikaciis deversifikaciis deversifikaciis deversifikaciis deversifikaciis deversifikaciisdeversifikaciis farg- farg- farg- fargfargfargfargfargfargfarglebs;<br />
; imdenadgafarTovda, , romkulturiserTianproblemadiqca, , romel<br />
romel- romel-<br />
romel- romelromelsac<br />
cnobilma mkvlevarma karl ginzburgma totalitarizmis konteqstSi<br />
`kulturis xelaxali aRmoCena~ uwoda. aRniSnul movlenas dasavleTSi<br />
moRvawe es avtori sruliad samarTlianad uwodebs `komunisturi reJimis<br />
winaaRmdeg mimarTulprotests~ ~ (ginzburgi ginzburgi 2003: 49), romelmacpirovne pirovne- pirovne- pirovne- pirovnebis<br />
axali, faqtiurad, antisabWouri koncefcia gamoavlina, pirovneba ara<br />
rogorc xelisuflebis funqcia, aramed kulturis subieqti. kultura ki<br />
maradmedini, mudmivganaxlebadi fenomeni, romlis reducireba socialekonomikur<br />
determinizmTan SeuZlebelia. `samyaros amgvari individuacia~<br />
erTjeradi aqti ar gaxldaT. igi xelisuflebisaTvis Tavisi ybadaRebuli<br />
gaTanabreba _ `уравниловка~-s TeoriiT, saSiSs xdida kulturis matarebel<br />
adamianebs, , radganisiniaramartoakompleqtebdnengansxvavebuladmoazmoazrovneTarigebs, , aramed aramed ukve ukve ukve qmnidnen qmnidnen qmnidnen qmnidnen da da da dada momavalSic momavalSic momavalSic momavalSic momavalSic Seqmnidnen Seqmnidnen Seqmnidnen Seqmnidnen Seqmnidnen Seqmnidnen damoukideb-<br />
damoukideb-<br />
damoukidebdamoukidebdamoukidebdamoukideb-<br />
damoukideb-<br />
damoukidebdamoukideb<br />
damoukideb-<br />
damoukidebel<br />
teqstebsa da damoukidebel reprezentatorebs.<br />
`enis enisgeniis geniis wvdoma~ wvdoma~ wvdoma~ ~ da da da da verwvdoma,verwvdoma, verwvdoma, verwvdoma, , erovnuloba erovnuloba erovnuloba erovnuloba erovnuloba erovnuloba dada da da zeerovnuloba, zeerovnuloba, zeerovnuloba, zeerovnuloba, zeerovnuloba, , saazsaazsaaz-<br />
saaz- saaz- saaz-<br />
saazsaazrovno<br />
konceptebis: `warsuli, rogorc frTebi~ da `warsuli, rogorc<br />
xundebi~ _ rogorc Tezisa da antiTezis wamoyeneba, miTosis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
regeneraciis saSualebad miCneva da misi sruli miuRebloba, kritikasa da<br />
da literaturaTmcodneobaSi intuitiuri meTodis da amis sapirispirod,<br />
inteleqtismieri analizisanalizisupiratesobisupiratesobis aRiareba aRiarebaaRiareba _ _ _ amgvarma amgvarma amgvarma amgvarma da da da dadamsgavsmsgavsmsgavs- msgavs- msgavsmsgavsmsgavsma<br />
opoziciurma mosazrebebma mzis sinaTle swored kulturis problemis<br />
dasmis konteqstSiixiles. . Tumca maTvegaamJRavnesisgadaulaxaviwinaaRm winaaRm-<br />
winaaRmdegobebic,<br />
, romlebic `sovietizmis~ `sovietizmis~ sovietizmis~ ~ sxvadasxva sxvadasxva sxvadasxva etapzeetapze etapze etapze met-naklebi met-naklebi met-naklebi met-naklebi -naklebi naklebiinten inten- inteninten-<br />
inten- inten- inten-<br />
sivobiTfaruladfarulad anu anuanu zedapirze zedapirze zedapirzezedapirze amousvlelad amousvlelad amousvlelad amousvleladamousvlelad arsebobda arsebobda arsebobda arsebobda arsebobdaarsebobda da da da da da dada rig rig rig rig rig rig rigSemTxvevaSemTxvevaSemTxvevaSemTxvevaSemTxvevaSemTxvevaSemTxveva- SemTxveva-<br />
SemTxveva-<br />
Si TviT am reJimiT iyo provocirebuli. isini ara Tu ganeitralda, aramed<br />
ufro gaRrmavdadaganviTarda, , racdaadasturakidecpostsabWourimov mov- movlenebis<br />
dramatizmma da, Tu gnebavT, nawilobriv, `postsabWouri travmis~<br />
xarisxmac.<br />
rodesac vsaubrobTamperiodisqarTulisazogadoebis sazogadoebis sazogadoebis srul srul srul konkonkonformizmze,<br />
, udardelobasa udardelobasa da dada TviTkmayofilebaze TviTkmayofilebaze TviTkmayofilebaze TviTkmayofilebaze (niJaraZe (niJaraZe (niJaraZe (niJaraZe niJaraZe 1999: 1999: 1999: 1999: 1999: 42), 42), 42), 42), 42), samo- samo- samo-<br />
samo-<br />
samo- samo- samocianelTa<br />
Tu Semdgomi Taobebis mier Seqmnil fsevdokulturaze, qarTul<br />
mwerlobaze, , rogorcmiTogeneraciisdiskursze, , kritikaze, , romelicmx-mx mx- mx- mx- mx-<br />
mx-
70-80-iani wlebis kritika: `rekonstruqciidan~ novaciamde<br />
olod maxinjimaxinji an anan usaxuri usaxuri usaxuriusaxuri formiT formiT formiT formiTformiT Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu vlindeboda vlindeboda vlindeboda vlindeboda vlindeboda vlindeboda (andronikaSvili, (andronikaSvili, (andronikaSvili, (andronikaSvili, (andronikaSvili, (andronikaSvili, andronikaSvili, , maimaimaimai-<br />
mai-<br />
mai- mai- mai- mai- maisuraZe<br />
2007: 125) _ undagaviTvaliswinoT,gaviTvaliswinoT, , rom rom rom es es eses pretenzia pretenzia pretenzia pretenziapretenzia ver ver ver ver verver gavrcel- gavrcelgavrcel-<br />
gavrcel- gavrcelgavrcelgavrcelgavrceldeba<br />
qarTuli kulturis rekonstruqciis im Zalisxmevaze, romelic 50-60iani<br />
wlebis mijnaze daiwyo, verc intonaciurad da stilurad saxecvlil<br />
poeziaze damismisironiul-parodiul ironiul-parodiul -parodiul parodiulnakadze, nakadze, nakadze, , verc verc verc 70-ian 70-ian 70-ian ianwlebSi wlebSi wlebSi wlebSi aRzeve<br />
aRzeve- aRzeve-<br />
aRzeve- aRzeveaRzeve-<br />
aRzeve- aRzeveaRzevebuli<br />
qarTuli romanis Janrze da bolos, verc kritikis im analitikur<br />
paTosze, rasac iTxovda `Tavis epoqalur da esTetikur drosTan~ garkveul<br />
kontaqtSi Sesuli literatura da Rebulobda kidec.<br />
a. . baqraZem baqraZem ganmarta, ganmarta, , realurad realurad rogori rogori kritikis kritikis arsebobaze arsebobaze SeiZlebo- SeiZlebo-<br />
SeiZlebo-<br />
SeiZlebo- SeiZlebo-<br />
SeiZlebo- SeiZleboda<br />
saubari: “Tu dRevandel literaturul kritikas mivudgebiT klasikuri<br />
literaturuli kritikis poziciiT, romelic aucilebelad gulisxmobs<br />
kritikoss sakuTari ideur-mxatvruli moZRvrebiT, maSin kritika, cxadia,<br />
ar gvaqvs... Tu kritikas ganvixilavT, rogorc Semfasebels, analitikoss,<br />
Suamavals mwerlobasa da publikums Soris, maSin Cven gvaqvs kritika da<br />
yoveli qarTvelikritikosi, , individualuriniWierebis Sesabamisad, , em<br />
em-<br />
em-<br />
em- emsaxureba<br />
sazogadoebas da mwerlobas~... (baqraZe 1980: 420). da Tu amave<br />
werilSi avtorma kritikisa da kritikosis funqcionirebas mainc `eWvis<br />
TvaliT Sexeda~, es moxda ara imitom, rom kritikuli refleqsirebis verc<br />
erTi forma drois im monakveTSi ver iarsebebda, aramed ufro imitom, rom<br />
kritikis `zneobrivad zneobrivaddamnagvianeblebs~ damnagvianeblebs~ ~ a. a. a. . baqraZe baqraZe baqraZe baqraZe `naZiralobisa `naZiralobisa `naZiralobisa `naZiralobisa naZiralobisada da da da da znezne-<br />
zne- zne- zne- zneznedacemulobiselements~elements~ ~ rom rom rom uwodebs, uwodebs, uwodebs,uwodebs, , rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc grafomanuli, grafomanuli, grafomanuli, grafomanuli, grafomanuli,grafomanuli, , mkvdari mkvdari mkvdari mkvdari mkvdari mkvdari mkvdarimwmw- mw- mwmw-<br />
mw- mwmw-<br />
mw- mwmwerlobis<br />
adeptebs, ar unda daepyroT isedac danawevrebul-dasaxiCrebuli<br />
literaturuli sivrce,sivrce, , SeuZlebeli SeuZlebeli SeuZlebeli ar ar arar unda unda unda unda gaexadaT gaexadaT gaexadaT gaexadaTgaexadaT is is is is isissazogadoebri- sazogadoebri-<br />
sazogadoebrisazogadoebrisazogadoebrisazogadoebrisazogadoebrivi<br />
da SemoqmedebiTi TviTtransformacia, romlis sirTule `kritikosTa<br />
Segnebul nawilsac~ unda etvirTa. cxadia, im mwerlebTan erTad, romlebic<br />
sul ufro eridebodnen koniunqturul Temebs da sakuTari saTqmelic<br />
gaaCndaT.<br />
1972 welsgamosvlasiwyebskritikisspecialuriorganoalmanaxi`kri- `kri- `krikritika~<br />
~ (red. red. . g. . merkvilaZe), merkvilaZe), merkvilaZe), ), romelic romelic romelic oficialurad oficialurad oficialurad `literaturul-mx-<br />
`literaturul-mx-<br />
`literaturul-mx-<br />
`literaturul-mx-<br />
`literaturul-mx-<br />
`literaturul-mx-<br />
`literaturul-mx-<br />
`literaturul-mx-<br />
literaturul-mx--mxmxatvrulikritikismdgomareobasadaamocanebisamocanebis Taobaze Taobaze morigi morigi reagire<br />
reagire-<br />
reagirebisTvisaa<br />
mowodebuli. Tumca kritikis mimarT wamoyenebuli tradiciuli<br />
pretenziebi: : kritika `naklebad naklebadmomTxovniasakuTari Tavisadmi, , racmraval mraval-<br />
mraval-<br />
mraval- mravalmravalwilad ganapirobebs kritikuli azrovnebis dabal ideur-Teoriul dones...,<br />
... saWiroa literaturul-kritikuli azrovnebis donis mkveTri amaRleba~...<br />
drois aRniSnulaRniSnul konteqstSi, konteqstSi,konteqstSi, , uwindeli uwindeli uwindeli uwindeli dominanturobis dominanturobis dominanturobis dominanturobisdominanturobis dakargvasTan dakargvasTan dakargvasTan dakargvasTan dakargvasTandakargvasTanererer- er- erererer-<br />
Tad, , garkveul garkveul orazrovnebas orazrovnebas iZens. iZens. . almanaxSi almanaxSi momavalSi momavalSi gamoqveynebuli gamoqveynebuli `ara- `ara- `ara-<br />
`ara- `ara-<br />
`ara- `araaranomenklaturulikritikosebis~kritikosebis~ ~ werilebi werilebi werilebi oficialur oficialur oficialuroficialur literaturasTan literaturasTan literaturasTan literaturasTanliteraturasTandada- da- dadadadapirispirebas<br />
ara marto poetikis, aramed mTlianad literaturis, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, , kulturuli kulturuli cnobierebis cnobierebiscnobierebis doneze doneze donezedoneze avlendnen. avlendnen. avlendnen. avlendnen.avlendnen. . mizezi: mizezi: mizezi: mizezi: mizezi: mizezi: : `esTetikuri `esTetikuri `esTetikuri `esTetikuri `esTetikuri `esTetikuri esTetikuriris- ris- risrisrisris-<br />
ris- ris- ris- risris-<br />
141
142<br />
nona kupreiSvili<br />
kis~ xarisxis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba kritikis pasuximgeblobis xarisxic,<br />
`literaturuli da Sesabamisad kritikuli cxovrebis centralizebuli<br />
modelis rRvevas~ ~ (n. n. . darbaiseli darbaiseli 2004: 2004: 9) 9) enisa enisa da da da azrovnebisazrovnebis azrovnebis azrovnebis `desovietiza-<br />
`desovietiza-<br />
`desovietiza-<br />
`desovietiza-<br />
`desovietiza-<br />
`desovietiza-<br />
`desovietizadesovietizacias~<br />
literaturuli, eseisturi kritikis CarCoebis gafarToebac mohyva.<br />
kulturis programis aqtivizireba, romelic 60-70 wlebSi gamokveTili<br />
`neostalinelebisa da liberaluri inteligenciis~ dapirispirebis fonze<br />
mimdinareobs (magaliTad, ruseTSi `Новый мир~-is, `Таганка~-s, s, , `buldozer-<br />
`buldozer-<br />
`buldozerbuldozeruli<br />
gamofenis~, almanax `Метрополь~-is isgarSemo Seqmnili aJiotaJi; ; saqarT<br />
saqarT- saqarT-<br />
saqarT-<br />
saqarTveloSi:<br />
: z. z. . gamsaxurdias gamsaxurdias gamsaxurdias TviTgamocemebi: TviTgamocemebi: TviTgamocemebi: TviTgamocemebi: : `saqarTvelos `saqarTvelos `saqarTvelos `saqarTvelos saqarTvelos moambe~, moambe~, moambe~, moambe~,moambe~, ~, `oqros `oqros `oqros `oqros `oqros oqrossaw- saw- saw- saw- saw- saw- sawsaw-<br />
saw- sawsawmisi~;<br />
r. sturuasa da T. CxeiZis Teatraluri warmodgenebi; `Литературная<br />
Грузия~-s spublikaciebi) ) iTxovssociologiurikritikis kritikis garkveul garkveul garkveul traditraditraditradi-<br />
tradi- tradiciaTa<br />
aRdgena-modificirebas. literaturuli teqstis analizi emsaxureba<br />
pirovnebis marTebulmarTebul socializacias, socializacias,socializacias, , kulturasa kulturasa kulturasa kulturasa da da da dada sociums sociums sociums sociums sociums Soris Soris Soris Soris Soris Soris gaCegaCegaCe-<br />
gaCe- gaCegaCe-<br />
gaCe-<br />
gaCegaCenili<br />
distanciis aRmofxvras. a. baqraZe qrestomaTiul teqstebs, sabWoTasa<br />
da klasikurs (`kolxeTis ciskari~, `suramis cixe~, `jayos xiznebi~, `haki<br />
aZba~ da sxv.), swored am mizniT iyenebs. e.w. `neosociologiuri~ kritikuli<br />
refleqsia sakmaod efeqturi aRmoCnda. man sxvadasxva Taobebs warsulisadmi<br />
fxizeli damokidebulebis, erTi SexedviT, uimedod gadagvarebul garemoSi<br />
`socialuri socialuridapolitikuriaqtivobisa~ ~ daracgansakuTrebiTmniSvnelo mniSvnelo- mniSvnelovania,<br />
, `sakuTar sakuTarmexsierebasTanuSeRavaTo, , konfliqturimuSaobis~ ~ upirate<br />
upirate- upirate-<br />
upirate- upirateupiratesoba<br />
aCvena. sazogadoebis jansaRi nawilisaTvis amgvari gzavnili gasagebi<br />
aRmoCnda, , rasaca. . baqraZis baqraZis sajaro sajaro leqciebis leqciebis mosmenis mosmenis msurvelTa msurvelTa raode<br />
raode- raoderaodenobac<br />
adasturebda.<br />
savsebiT gasagebia kritikis raobis ganmsazRvreli a. baqraZiseuli<br />
msjeloba: : `yoveli yovelixalxissityvakazmuli sityvakazmuli mwerloba mwerloba oTx oTx oTx burjs burjs burjs burjs eyrdeyrdeyrdeyrdeyrdeyrdnoba<br />
_ dramaturgias, , kritikas, kritikas, , prozas prozas prozas da da dada poezias. poezias. poezias. poezias.poezias. . Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu Tu romelime romelime romelime romelime romelime romelime maT- maT- maT- maT- maT- maTmaT-<br />
maT-<br />
maTmaTgani<br />
sustia an ar arsebobs, maSin es literatura koWlia. amitom oTxive<br />
dargi mwerlobisa Tanabrad unda viTardebodes~ (baqraZe 1979: 2), magram<br />
ras unda niSnavdes a. baqraZis mierve SemoTavazebuli metaforuli saxe:<br />
`kritika-pilpilmoyrili madli, kritikosi _ oTaraanT qvrivi~, Tu ara<br />
im misiis gacnobierebas, romelic mweralTan erTad daekisra kulturuli<br />
da erovnuli identobis waSlis safrTxis winaSe mdgar kritikoss, ufro<br />
sworad, rogorc a. baqraZe ityoda, `kritikosTa Segnebul nawils~. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi `gadarCenis gadarCenis sekularizebuli sekularizebulisekularizebuli metaforis~ metaforis~ metaforis~metaforis~ ~ erTaderT erTaderT erTaderT erTaderT erTaderTpirovne- pirovne- pirovnepirovnepirovne-<br />
pirovne- pirovnepirovnebasTan,<br />
, (Tundac Tundac Rrmad Rrmad Rrmad moazrovne moazrovne moazrovnemoazrovne filosofosTan filosofosTan filosofosTan filosofosTanfilosofosTan m. m. m. m. m.m. . mamardaSvilTan) mamardaSvilTan) mamardaSvilTan) mamardaSvilTan) mamardaSvilTan) mamardaSvilTan) mamardaSvilTan) ) dakav-<br />
dakav-<br />
dakavdakavdakavdakav-<br />
dakav- dakavdakav- Sireba amam adamianTa adamianTaadamianTa Rvawlis Rvawlis Rvawlis Rvawlis da da da dada saerTokulturuli saerTokulturuli saerTokulturuli saerTokulturuli saerTokulturulisaerTokulturuli konteqstis konteqstis konteqstis konteqstis konteqstis konteqstiskonteqstisugulebeugulebe- ugulebe-<br />
ugulebeugulebeugulebeugulebeugulebelyofad<br />
aRiqmeba.<br />
seriozul braldebad gaismis 70-iani, gansakuTrebiT ki 80-iani wlebis<br />
kritikuli azris CarTva CarTva e.w.e.w. .w. w. . filologiuri filologiuri filologiuri filologiuri diskursisdiskursis diskursis diskursis diskursis SeqmnaSi, SeqmnaSi, SeqmnaSi, SeqmnaSi, SeqmnaSi, , romel-romel-<br />
romel-<br />
romel- romel-<br />
romel- romel- romel-<br />
romel- romel
70-80-iani wlebis kritika: `rekonstruqciidan~ novaciamde<br />
mac socialursocialur aqtivobas aqtivobasaqtivobas moklebuli, moklebuli, moklebuli,moklebuli, , ukiduresad ukiduresad ukiduresad ukiduresad ukiduresad miTologizebuli miTologizebuli miTologizebuli miTologizebuli miTologizebulimiTologizebulicnocnocnocno- cno- cnocnocnobierebis<br />
sruli kraxi da Sesabamisad, `postsabWouri travma~ gamoiwvia.<br />
vinaidan kritika nacionaluri narativis Semadgenel nawilad iqca, mis<br />
mier aqcentirebuliaqcentirebuli faseulobaTa faseulobaTafaseulobaTa kriteriumebi kriteriumebi kriteriumebikriteriumebi iseve iseve iseve iseveiseve homogenurni homogenurni homogenurni homogenurni homogenurnihomogenurniaRaRaRaRaRaRaRmoCndnen, rogorc qarTuli mwerlobis idealebi. am mosazrebis gaziareba<br />
mxolod nawilobrivaa SesaZlebeli, , vinaidanb. . wifuriasada da rig rig sxva sxva sxva avav-<br />
av- av-<br />
av-<br />
avtorTa<br />
mier calmxrivadaa gaazrebuli TviT nacionaluri narativis cneba.<br />
masSi nagulisxmevia, rogorc Tavis droze l. bregaZem SeniSna, patriotul<br />
Temaze Seqmnili wminda wylis sabWouri poeturi Tu prozauli teqstebi,<br />
(maT maT `usircxvilo usircxviloteqstebsac~ ~ vuwodebdi), ), romlebicsinamdvileSifsev fsev- fsev- fsev- fsev-<br />
fsev- fsevdopatriotulni<br />
iyvnen da am Temis srul profanacias axdendnen. amitom,<br />
sasurvelia, , totalitarizmismxilebasargadahyvesgadahyvesisic, isic, , ramac, ramac, , faqti<br />
faqti- faqti- faqti- faqtifaqtifaqtiurad,<br />
, mis mis sawinaaRmdegod sawinaaRmdegodsawinaaRmdegod imuSava. imuSava. imuSava.imuSava. . aseve aseve aseve aseve aseve gadasaxedia gadasaxedia gadasaxedia gadasaxedia gadasaxedia `sabWoTa `sabWoTa `sabWoTa `sabWoTa `sabWoTa sabWoTamiTologi- miTologi-<br />
miTologimiTologimiTologi-<br />
miTologi-<br />
miTologi-<br />
miTologi-<br />
miTologimiTologizaciis<br />
nacionaluri miTologizaciiT~ Canacvlebis sqema, `nacionaluri<br />
miTologizaciis~ cnebis sruli definiciis mizniT. SesaZloa, am sakiTxSi<br />
mxareTa Seurigeblobas ufro Rrma fesvebichqondes, , vidre vidre es es erTi erTi Sexed- Sexed- Sexed- Sexed- Sexed-<br />
Sexed- Sexed-<br />
Sexed-<br />
Sexed-<br />
Sexed-<br />
viT Cans. bevri ram, rac mag., 1996 wels r. TvaraZesTan l. iakobaSvilis<br />
polemikis dros iTqva, dRes bolomde legitimizebulia da arc es unda<br />
iyos SemTxveviTi. SemTxveviTi. . sinamdvileSi, sinamdvileSi, sinamdvileSi, , kritikam kritikam kritikam kritikam (iseve (iseve (iseve (iseve iseve rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc mwerlobam) mwerlobam) mwerlobam) mwerlobam) mwerlobam)mwerlobam) ) aSkar-<br />
aSkar- aSkar- aSkar- aSkar- aSkar- aSkar- aSkaraSkar-<br />
aSkar- aSkarad<br />
Segnebulad wamoswia win miTologizebis nakadi, romelic `gadarCenis<br />
metaforisgan~ mowyvetilad ar unda iqnas ganxiluli, Tumca am arCevans<br />
ufro safuZvliani da argumentirebuli axsna sWirdeba. sxva saqmea, rom<br />
sabolood misimisi utrireba utrirebautrireba mainc mainc maincmainc moxda. moxda. moxda. moxda.moxda. . amas amas amas amas amas amas Tundac Tundac Tundac Tundac Tundac Tundac Tundac o. o. o. o. o. o. o.o. . CxeiZis CxeiZis CxeiZis CxeiZis CxeiZis CxeiZis CxeiZis CxeiZis gaxmaurebugaxmaurebugaxmaurebugaxmaurebugaxmaurebu-<br />
gaxmaurebu-<br />
gaxmaurebu-<br />
gaxmaurebu-<br />
gaxmaurebugaxmaurebuli<br />
werili `Rvinia gadaiCexa~ adasturebs. sabolood, iseTi STabeWdileba<br />
iqmneba, rom komunisturi periodis TviT gamokveTilad antikomunisturi<br />
movlenebic ki miuRebeli xdeba.<br />
70-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi literaturaTmcodneobaSi zusti meTodebis<br />
SemoRwevis dro dgeba. 1977 wels qveyndeba r. yaralaSvilis statiebis<br />
krebuli `wigni da mkiTxveli~, romelSic struqturalisturi da poststruqturalisturi<br />
(mag. recefciuli esTetika) epoqis umniSvnelovanesi<br />
novaciebia mimoxiluli. literaturuli komunikaciebis Taviseburebani am<br />
statiebSi aRqmis tradiciul formaTa avtomatizmis daZlevis niSniTaa mowodebuli;<br />
ganxilulia mkiTxvelis, recipientis, roli warmosaxviTi sinamdvilis<br />
SeqmnaSi da am konteqstSi kritikisa da kritikosis mier SeZenili<br />
radikaluri siaxlis Semcveli funqciebi.<br />
`... kritikosis daniSnuleba _ wers r. yaralaSvili _ unda iyos ara<br />
nawarmoebis `axsna~ da mkiTxvelisaTvis imis uwyeba, Tu `risi Tqma undoda~<br />
mwerals, aramed misTvis gasaRebis miwodeba, Sesabamisi konstruqciuli<br />
principis dadgena da ganmarteba... mxatvruli sistema, kodi, konstruqci-<br />
143
144<br />
nona kupreiSvili<br />
uli principi _ ai, kritikosis moqmedebis are...~ teqstisa da maT Soris,<br />
sakuTari kodebis mqone klasikuri teqstebis interpretacia, maTi maradiuli<br />
sicocxlis wyaroa `nawarmoebis aRqma unda icvlebodes da icvleba<br />
kidec~... Tumca arc am mosazrebis avtoris, rolan bartis, agreTve recefciuli<br />
anu aRqmis esTetikis principTa Semqmnelis da am wignSi damowmebuli<br />
mkvlevrebis roman ingardenisa da volfgang izeris, iseve rogorc<br />
hermenevtikis erT-erTi damfuZneblis gadameris, amasTan tartus universitetis<br />
profesoris iuri lotmanis saxelebi mkiTxvelTa viwro wrisaTvis<br />
Tu iyo cnobili. amitom wamowyebuli saubari meTodebis Sesaxeb maTi<br />
danergviTa da gamoyenebiT ar dasrulebula. es procesi sakmaod didi xniT<br />
gadaido. Tumca wignis avtoris mcdeloba mimarTuli daxSuli kulturuli<br />
sivrcis garRvevisa da Tavisuflebis kidev erTi monakveTis asaTviseblad _<br />
TavisTavad umniSvnelo faqti ver iqneboda.<br />
amave periodSi, axalgazrda kritikosi T. doiaSvili axdens struqturalisturi<br />
Ziebebis aqtualizebas, aRniSnuli meTodisaTvis `qarTuli<br />
niadagis~ dasazRvras. werilSi `struqturalizmi: PRO ET CONTRA~<br />
(doiaSvili 1979: 46) `poeziis, rogorc enobrivi fenomenis, rogorc niSan-<br />
Ta sistemis semiotikis kvlevis obieqtad gamocxadebis~ mizanSewonilebaa<br />
aqcentirebuli. struqturuli lingvistikis meTodebis literaturaTmcodneobaSi,<br />
kerZod, poetikaSi gadatana, struqturalizmis safuZvelTa<br />
safuZvlad cnobili formulis `poezia=enas~ eWvqveS dayeneba, poeziis<br />
enobriv faqtad gamocxadebis uperspeqtivoba aq ara ideologiuri mosazrebebiTaa<br />
motivirebuli, aramed movlenis arsSi wvdomis logikiT; argumentirebuli<br />
SeuTanxmebloba i. lotmanis daskvnebTan struqturalizmisa<br />
da istorizmis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxSi; mxatvruli nawarmoebis niSnamde<br />
dayvanis utopiurobis r. bartiseuli msjelobis `aqilevsis quslad~<br />
gamocxadeba; cnobili maTematikosis, kolmogorovis, gaTvlebisa<br />
da `informaciuli esTetikis~ Teoretikosis, germaneli (maSin, dasavleTgermaneli)<br />
mkvlevris, m. benzes literaturafobiuri gancxadebebis kritikuli<br />
Sefaseba werilis avtoris erudiciisa da profesionalizmis gamovlinebaa.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom igi wers `Sinagani cenzuris~ gareSe, saqmis<br />
codniT da saqmis sasargeblod da ara romelime literaturuli Cinovnikis<br />
saameblad. swored aseTi damokidebulebiT gamoirCeoda 80-ian wlebSi<br />
kritikuli tandemi: doiaSvili _ bregaZe, romelTa publikaciebi Tavisuflad<br />
SegviZlia `hamburguli angariSis~ nimuSebad miviCnioT.<br />
TviT is faqti, rom 70-80-iani wlebis qarTul kritikaSi mwvaved daismis<br />
mimeturi da antimimeturi xelovnebis, konvenciuli leqsisa da verlibris,<br />
ironiul-parodiuli nakadis (pirveli kritikuli werili am sakiTxs i.<br />
kenWoSvilma uZRvna), tradiciuli da antiutopiuri romanis, litera-
70-80-iani wlebis kritika: `rekonstruqciidan~ novaciamde<br />
turis utilitarizmisa da antiutilitarizmis, metaforuli da umetaforo<br />
azrovnebis, leqsmcodneobaSi, kerZod ki rusTvelologiaSi, tradiciuli<br />
(a. gawerelia) da struqturalisturi meTodis (akad. g. wereTeli)<br />
gamoyenebis sakiTxebi da sxva, adasturebs imas, rasac werilis dasawyisSive<br />
kritikis Tavisufali refleqsirebisken swrafva vuwodeT. literaturuli<br />
procesis sirTule marto imaSi ki ar mJRavndeboda, ,rom gamomcemlobis<br />
buRalteriaSi, t. Wanturias sityvebiT, sul ufro SeuZlebeli xdeboda<br />
leqsisaTvis honoraris gamowera misi uCveulo formis gamo, aramed Tundac<br />
imitom, rom `mimetizmi~ da parodiuli stili gverdigverd arsebobdnen...<br />
(Wanturia, doiaSvili 1981: 5).<br />
mimeturi xelovnebis dasacavad dawerili ak. vasaZis wignis `mxatvruli<br />
Semoqmedebis fsiqologiis sakiTxebis~ garSemo gamarTuli polemika,<br />
romelic imdroindel presaSi aisaxa (gamovarCevdiT l. bregaZisa da m. qurdianis<br />
werilebs), analogiur periods emTxveva. am konteqstSi realizmis<br />
uryevi klasikuri nimuSebis, gogolis `cxvirisa~ da Seqspiris dramebis<br />
antimimeturi literaturis nimuSebad gamocxadeba (bregaZe 1982: 4) moulodnelobis<br />
efeqtTan erTad Zveli Taobis kritikosTaTvis literaturuli<br />
avanturizmis elementsac Seicavda da tradiciuli kritikuli analizisTvis<br />
xelovnurad Seqmnil seriozul diskomfortad aRiqmeboda.<br />
Tu gaviziarebT s. siguaseul Janrobriv-meTodologiur definicias, 70-<br />
80-iani wlebis kritikaSi sabolood gamoikveTa impresionistuli eseizmi<br />
(g. asaTiani, o. paWkoria, t. Wanturia, r. miSvelaZe. davZendi: j. Rvinjilia,<br />
k. imedaSvili, g. benaSvili, z. abzianiZe), analitikuri eseizmi (m. kveselava,<br />
T. Cxenkeli, g. gaCeCilaZe, v. javaxaZe, r. CxeiZe. aqac davZendi: o. CxeiZe,<br />
r. TvaraZe, n. gelaSvili), agreTve e.w. sociologiuri kritika (a. baqraZe,<br />
agreTve, r. jafariZe, n. wuleiskiri), romelmac yvelaze komunikaciuri<br />
Janri, publicistika, gamoiyena, riTac kidev erTxel daadastura literaturul-esTetikuri,<br />
gnebavT literaturul-Teoriuli da nacionaluri<br />
problematikis erT epistemaSi Tanaarseboba.<br />
80-iani wlebis kritikosTa Taoba (n. gelaSvili, s. sigua, m. kvaWantiraZe,<br />
T. vasaZe, r. CxeiZe, m. joxaZe, a. mindiaSvili, T. qoriZe, z. gogia, a. bedukaZe.<br />
v. amirxanaSvili,) `teqsts ufro ganmartavs, vidre afasebs~ (sigua 1984:<br />
6) kvlevis axali meTodologia da stilistika (mag. s. siguasTan struqturalisturi,<br />
m. kvaWantiraZesTan hermenevtikuri, T. vasaZesTan racionalisturi)<br />
imdenad yovlismomcveli xdeba, rom maTi werilebi, tradiciuli<br />
gagebiT, kritikul paToss arc Seicavs. TviT kulturuli identobis Temac,<br />
romelic `rekonstruqtivistebma~ 60-70-ian wlebSi wamoswies, aq ara SiSveli<br />
formiT, aramed teqsturi analizis, argumentaciis saxiT mogvewodeba,<br />
rac, cxadia, sulac ar niSnavs erovnul infantilizms. nacionaluri<br />
145
146<br />
nona kupreiSvili<br />
narativi am axal kritikul diskursSic sruladaa SenarCunebuli.<br />
80-iani wlebis literaturuli kritika aSkarad `sxvadasxva mimarTulebebadaa<br />
diferencirebuli~. es kidev ufro cxadyofs mis `TiTqmis uprecendento<br />
aqtivobas...~ arsebobs am aqtivobis ramdenime mizezi: 50-60-iani<br />
wlebis rekonstruqtivizmi; 70-ian wlebSi, ideologiuri decentraciis<br />
procesis gaRrmavebis fonze, literaturul-Teoriuli novaciebis miRebisa<br />
da gaazrebisaken mimarTuli tendenciebi. (mxedvelobidan cxadia, arc<br />
e.w. `sanqcirebuli Tavisufleba~ unda gamogvrCes, romelic totalitarizmis<br />
am ukanasknel fazaSi kritikis mier jerovnad iqna gamoyenebuli).<br />
aRniSnul mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT unda gaviziaro n. darbaiselis<br />
analitikuri daskvna: `... yvelaferi ganviTarebisken miemarTeboda,... unda<br />
Camcxraliyo polemikuri paTosi, erTjerad efeqtebze gaTvlili ritorikuli<br />
abrundebis adgili kritikaSi Rrma azrs unda daeWira, magram sazogadoebas,<br />
rogorc sistemas, ganviTarebis sxva logika aRmoaCnda...~ (darbaiseli<br />
2003: 32). vfiqrob, angariSgasawevi mosazrebaa. gansakuTrebiT imaTTvis,<br />
vinc Cqarobs totalitarizmis kliSirebuli literaturul-kritikuli<br />
azrovnebis sudara gadaafaros yvelafers, rac am wlebSi Seqmnila.<br />
`ifqlisagan RvarZlis~ gamorCeva, rogorc gonierebis aqti, ar SeiZleba<br />
komunisturi kulturpolitikis reinterpretaciis mcdelobad iqnas aRqmuli.<br />
nacionaluri narativic uTuod orgvari iyo: Tavsmoxveuli-fsevdo<br />
da organuli. gadaWarbebulia, literaturacentrizmis gmobac socialpolitikuri<br />
diskursis sasargeblod, radgan literaturacentrizmidan<br />
sociocentrizmSi gadasvlas, rom dascloda, qarTul mwerlobasTan erTad<br />
kritikac amzadebda. nu movindomebT imaze meti carieli adgilebis Seqmnas,<br />
vidre amis safuZveli realurad arsebobs.. gvaxsovdes, arafrisagan<br />
araferi warmoiSoba.<br />
damowmebani<br />
andronikaSvili, maisuraZe 2007: Грузия – 1990: Филологема независимостинезависимости или илиили неизвлечен- неизвлечен- неизвлечен- неизвлеченнеизвлечен-<br />
ный опит. НЛО, # 82, 2007.<br />
asaTiani 2003: asaTiani g. Txzulebani oTx tomad t. IV. Tb.: 2003.<br />
barti 1989: Барт Р. Избранные работы ( Семиотика Поэтика) М.: 1989.<br />
baqraZe 2005: baqraZe a. Txzulebani rva tomad t. V. Tb.: 2005.<br />
bergi 1997: Берг А. Гамбургский счёт. НЛО № 25, 1997.<br />
bregaZe 1982: bregaZe l. mxatvruli gaucxoebis principi. Ggaz. literaturuli<br />
saqarTvelo, 19 marti, 1982.<br />
gasparovi 1997: Гаспаров М. Критика как самоцель. НЛО № 57, 1997.<br />
ginzburgi 2003: Гинзбург К. Мифы – Эмблемы – Приметы. М.: 2003.
70-80-iani wlebis kritika: `rekonstruqciidan~ novaciamde<br />
darbaiseli 2005: darbaiseli n. 90-iani wlebis qarTuli literaturuli kritika. 2005.<br />
doiaSvili 1972: doiaSvili T. struqturalizmi: PRO ET KONTRA. ciskari #6, 1972.<br />
TvaraZe 1997: TvaraZe r. gadasaxedi. mTliani saqarTvelos mesityve. Tb.: 1997.<br />
Teoria 2006: literaturis Teoria (XXs. ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da<br />
mimdinareobebi) Tb.: 2006<br />
kiknaZe 2006: kiknaZe z. `meranis~ genealogia. lit. Ziebani _ XXVII, 2006.<br />
kormeri 1997: Кормер В. Двойное сознание интеллингенции и псевдо-культура. М.: 1997.<br />
maisuraZe 2005: maisuraZeg.g. . inteligencia. inteligencia. inteligencia. . krebuli: krebuli: krebuli: krebuli: : `saqarTvelo `saqarTvelo `saqarTvelo `saqarTvelo saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa aTaswleulTa aTaswleulTa aTaswleulTa aTaswleulTaaTaswleulTagasagasa- gasa- gasa- gasa- gasa- gasa- gasagasagasa-<br />
yarze~. Tb.: 2005.<br />
mamardaSvili 1980: Мамардашвили М. Литературная критика как акт чтения. htttp://ru:philosophy.<br />
Kiev.ua<br />
natroSvili 1971: natroSvili g. geronti qiqoZis saiubileod. gaz. `literaturuli<br />
saqarTvelo~, 28 maisi, 1971.<br />
niJaraZe 1999: Нижарадзе Г. Нация и мир. ж. Дружба народов, №10,1999.<br />
Wanturia, doiaSvili 1981: Wanturia t. – doiaSvili T. dialogi: jeri axla poetebzea. gaz.<br />
`literaturuli saqarTvelo~, marti, 1981.<br />
qarCxaZe 2000: qarCxaZe j. zneobis ekologia. J. arili, #16 (3), 2000.<br />
yaralaSvili 1977: yaralaSvili r. wigni da mkiTxveli. Tb.: 1977.<br />
wifuria 2004: wifuria b. postsabWoTa travma literaturaSi da kidev erTi metanara-<br />
tivis dasasruli. J. <strong>sjani</strong> #5, 2004.<br />
Criticism of 70-80s: from “Reconstruction” to Innovation<br />
Summary<br />
Nona Kupreishvili<br />
The complexity of the research of Georgian critical thought of the II half of XX century<br />
is conditioned primarily by unsystematic and controversial character of the reflection<br />
of the above mentioned period. From the Post Soviet position, in the conditions of the<br />
existing theoretical and disciplinary reorientation, it requires different vision and analysis.<br />
Popreception of western theories and the tendency of Nihilistic evaluation of brand new<br />
Georgian literary processes can be of no use in this case.<br />
After Stalin’s death, when public opinion had chance for transformation, there arose a<br />
new generation of writers and critics (O. Chkheidze, N. Chkheidze, G. Asatiani, G. Kankava,<br />
T. Chkhenkeli, P. Beridze, N. Kakabadze, M. Kveselava, G. Margvelashvili), who after<br />
ripping “iron curtains” aside, after stepping in the world of different opinions and evaluations,<br />
conspirationally or semi-conspirationally struggled against complete disorientation<br />
of writing and considered depolitization of criticism, its returning to literature, as one of<br />
the most essential means.<br />
147
148<br />
nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe<br />
This important event, showed in the article, is connected not only with journal “Tsiskari”<br />
(1957) and with“Tskiskreli”, but with S. Chikovani’s journal “Mnatobi” (1955-60) and<br />
polemic letters of the newspaper “Young Communist” (1954). After analyzing publications<br />
of the followers of anti-socialist aesthetics, especially G. Asatiani’s Essay “First Dialogue<br />
with Wide Remarks”, as a contemporary version of “Notes of a traveler” we considered<br />
it well-grounded to call this process reconstruction and those writers and critics who are<br />
actively involved in it, “Reconstructionists”. Reconstruction, in the given context, should<br />
be understood as an attempt to restore cultural gaps, as “replacing dead time “, as a hope to<br />
return in time, history “after a long period of time and life lack”, as a chance for awakening<br />
for those people who are “lost in history”.<br />
The analysis of the critical thinking of 60-70s serves as a proof that ground has been<br />
prepared for expressing interest towards culture. We called this event “Rediscovery of<br />
culture” using K. Ginsberg’s term.<br />
To prove the free reflection of critical thinking of 70-80s the fact of the activation of<br />
following problems are listed and analyzed: The problem of mimetic and anti-mimetic art,<br />
the need for co-existence of conventive verse and vers libre (free verse) against the background<br />
of vers librophoby, the emergence of ironical-parodic vers libre flow, the issues<br />
of the use of traditional and anti-utopian novels, utilitarianism and anti-utilitarianism of<br />
literature, metaphoric thinking, traditional and structural methods in versification.<br />
The research showed that history of Soviet literature, so called post-Stalin period was<br />
marked by existence of not only true literature, but healthy critical thinking as well.
Targmanis Teoria<br />
nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe<br />
mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi da<br />
sakiTxis kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri aspeqtebi<br />
XI saukunis qarTuli saazrovno sistemis mkveTri orientacia bizantiur<br />
kulturul procesebze mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda ara mxolod<br />
calkeuli kulturuli mimarTulebis, aramed mTlianad am periodis<br />
qarTuli kulturis zogad tendenciebs. qarTuli religiur-filosofiuri<br />
azrisa Tu zogadad, literaturuli procesebis ganviTareba bizantiuri<br />
kulturuli procesebis paralelurad mimdinareobda da, Sesabamisad, ayalibebda<br />
mis xasiaTs. mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobis intensivobac, romelic<br />
Tavs iCens am periodis qarTul sinamdvileSi, ganpirobebulia qarTvel<br />
mTargmnel-moRvaweTa surviliT _ gverdSi amoudgnen imdroindeli msoflios<br />
mowinave kulturul qveyanas, bizantias. amitom, Tu adreul period-<br />
Si qarTveli moRvaweebi ZiriTadad qmnidnen originalur Zeglebs, am periodisaTvis<br />
samwerlobo wreebSi gacxovelebuli mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba<br />
iwyeba. epoqis xasiaTisa da moTxovnebis Sesabamisad yalibdeba da droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi ixveweba mTargmnelobiTi koncefciac. literaturuli mTargmnelobiTi<br />
tradicia ganarCevs or ZiriTad mTargmnelobiT praqtikas: dinamikursa<br />
da formalurs. dinamikuri tipis Targmani (Sensus de sense) aris<br />
Targmanis Tavisufali, parafrazirebuli, tendenciuri, igive ganmartebiTi<br />
tipi, romelSic gamoikveTeba mTargmnelis sakuTari Sexedulebebi, sxvagvarad,<br />
es aris e. w. modalur-adapturi tipi. xolo formaluri ekvivalentis<br />
(anu semantikuri da formaluri) tipis Targmani (verbum e verbo) aris<br />
zedmiwevniTi, sityvasityviTi struqturuli Targmanis tipi (bezaraSvili<br />
2004: 319).<br />
qarTuli mTargmnelobiTi tradiciisaTvis adreul etapze ZiriTadad<br />
damaxasiaTebeli iyo dinamikuri tipis Targmani, romelsac mogvianebiT formaluri<br />
ekvivalentis Targmani enacvleba. zusti, adeqvaturi Targmani dedniseuli<br />
teqstisa ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli iyo elinofiluri mimarTulebisaTvis.<br />
Tumca adeqvaturi Targmani jer kidev ar niSnavda elinofilur<br />
mimarTulebaze orientirebas, radgan amgvari xasiaTis Targmanebi qarTul<br />
mwerlobaSi gacilebiT adreul periodSic dasturdeba (mag. severiane gabalovnelis<br />
equsTa dReTaÁ – V s.-is I nax.) (bezaraSvili 2004: 328).<br />
149
150<br />
nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe<br />
Targmanis dednis teqstTan mimarTebis dadgenisa Tu romelime moRvawis<br />
mTargmnelobiTi koncefciis Taviseburebaze msjelobisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
winapirobaa im konkretuli pirvelwyaros mikvleva, romlidanac uSualod<br />
iTargmna esa Tu is literaturuli Zegli. es sakiTxi qarTul filologiur<br />
mecnierebaSi principulad daisva jer kidev 1969 wels. Tavis gamokvlevaSi<br />
`bizantiur-qarTuli literaturuli urTierTobani~ prof. e. xinTibiZe<br />
miuTiTebda: `SeuZlebelia qarTveli mTargmnelis mTargmnelobiT meTodebze<br />
vilaparakoT, Tu xelT ara gaqvT mis mier naTargmni sando teqsti da<br />
swored is berZnuli redaqcia, romelsac igi Targmnida. amis aucileblobas<br />
is iwvevs, rom TiTqmis yvela Zveli bizantiuri literaturuli<br />
Zegli Cvenamde aTobiT berZnuli xelnaweriTaa moRweuli. es xelnawerebi<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi redaqciuladac gansxvavdeba, variantul sxvaobebze rom<br />
aRaraferi vTqvaT~ (xinTibiZe 1969: 145).<br />
amave Tvalsazriss aviTarebs miSel van esbroki efTvime aTonelis mTargmnelobiT<br />
meTodebze msjelobisas. m. esbrokis umniSvnelovanes Sromad unda<br />
CaiTvalos efTvime aTonelis mTargmnelobiTi meTodis axleburi Sefaseba,<br />
romelic warmoadgina gamokvlevaSi `uthyme l’Hagiorite: le traducteur et ses traductions~<br />
(Esbroeck 1988 : 73-107). gamokvlevis avtori kritikulad ganixilavs<br />
k. kekeliZis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom efTvime `an miumatebda dedans,<br />
an moaklebda mas, an Secvlida Taviseburad Txzulebis ama Tu im adgils<br />
da iZleoda saTargmni Txzulebis savsebiT axal redaqcias. esbrokma<br />
Tavidan gaaanaliza k. kekeliZis mier efTvime aTonelis mTargmnelobiTi<br />
meTodis dasadgenad Seswavlili Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi (`mcire sjuliskanoni~,<br />
`maqsime aRmsareblis cxovreba~, `mcire svinaqsari~, `ilarion<br />
qarTvelis cxovreba~, `maqsime aRmsareblis SekiTxvebi Talasesadmi~, `wm.<br />
miqelis saswaulebi~) da efrem mciris cnobili anderZi efTvimes Sesaxeb<br />
da sxv. misi azriT, efTvime zustad, sityva-sityviT ar Targmnis, magram igi<br />
kvecs an umatebs ara mTel paragrafebs, an sxva Txzulebebidan amoRebul<br />
fragmentebs, aramed mxolod sityvebs. mkvlevris daskvniT, efTvime iyenebs<br />
dasaxelebul TxzulebaTa sxva redaqciebs, romlebic dReisaTvis dakargulia,<br />
an jer kidev gamosavlinebelia.<br />
amdenad, raki arsebobs Targmani, e.i. arsebobs mTargmnelis problemac,<br />
radgan Cvenamde araerT Zegls mouRwevia, romelTa mTargmnelis Sesaxebac<br />
araferi viciT. xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac Txzulebis mTargmnelis, gadamwerisa<br />
Tu damkveTis vinaoba erTmaneTSi ireva. aseve, arcTu iSviaTia erTsa<br />
da imave periodSi erTi saliteraturo skolis farglebSi moRvawe mTargmnelTa<br />
naSromebis arasworad mikuTvneba sxva mTargmnelisadmi (amis naTelsayofad<br />
ioane petriwis, ioane WimWimelisa da ioane tariWisZis, an kidev<br />
arsenis saxeliT moRvawe ramdenime pirovnebis erTmaneTSi aRreva, anda ni-
mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />
koloz gulaberisZisTvis giorgi mTawmindelis, eqvTime aTonelis, daviT<br />
tbelisa Tu efrem mciriseul TargmanTa mikuTvnebac gamogvadgeboda). aseT<br />
viTarebaSi, cxadia, mTargmnelis realuri vinaobis dasadgenad ramdenime<br />
faqtors unda mieqces yuradReba: 1. Zeglis Sesaxeb arsebul istoriul wyaroebs;<br />
2. literaturul tradiciebs; 3. mTargmnelobiT meTods, romelic<br />
gangvasazRvrinebs im saliteraturo skolasa da, Sesabamisad, savaraudo<br />
drosa da sivrces, rodesac da sadac es Txzuleba unda Sesrulebuliyo<br />
(sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. rafava 1983: 046). 4. informaciuli sisrulisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia im erovnul enobriv stilur normaTa kvlevac, romliTac esa<br />
Tu is Targmania Sesrulebuli. samecniero wreebSi miRebuli tradiciuli<br />
kvlevis meTodi naklebad gulisxmobs Zeglis lingvistur analizs, rasac<br />
Zalze xSirad araswor daskvnamde mivyavarT. daskvnisas gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
moRvaweobis ra etapzea Sesrulebuli Targmani, radgan mTargmnelebi<br />
sistematiurad azustebdnen da xvewdnen mTargmnelobiT meTodsa Tu terminologiur<br />
struqturas.<br />
qarTvel moRvaweTa mTargmnelobiT tradiciebi epoqaTa moTxovnilebis<br />
Sesabamisad icvleboda. efTvime aTonelis mTargmnelobiTi meTodi garkveul<br />
etapze moZvelebuli aRmoCnda da aRar Seesabameboda gazrdil literaturul<br />
moTxovnilebebs. axali mTargmnelobiTi meTodis damkvidreba<br />
giorgi aTonelis saxels ukavSirdeba. igi cdilobs saTargmni masalis<br />
dedanTan daaxloebas; TumcaRa droTa ganmavlobaSi giorgi mTawmindeliseulma<br />
Targmanebmac moiTxoves xelmeored gadasinjva. efrem mcirem aTonis<br />
saliteraturo skolis mTargmnelobiTi tradiciebi Tvisobrivad axal<br />
safexurze aiyvana, misi mTargmnelobiTi meTodis ZiriTadi principi swored<br />
Targmanis dedniseul teqstTan zedmiwevniTi daaxloeba iyo.<br />
aToneli mamebis mier Seqmnil mTargmnelobiT stilsa da mimarTulebas<br />
XI-XII s.s. mkveTrad gaemijna gelaTis saliteraturo skola (tradiciulad,<br />
mkvlevarTa didi nawilis mosazrebiT, ioane petriwi, arsen iyal-<br />
ToelTan erTad, am skolis fuZemdebeli da poziciis ganmsazRvreli iyo.<br />
Tumca arsebobs aranakleb yuradsaRebi versiac, romelic ioane petriwis<br />
moRvaweobas gelaTis saliteraturo skolas ar ukavSirebs) (lolaSvili<br />
1978: 75; WeliZe 1995:). miuTiTeben, rom „gelaTis skola erT-erTi mZlavri<br />
da umniSvnelovanesi Stoa qarTuli Targmanis elinofinur mimarTulebaSi,<br />
romelic... qristianuli azris istoriaSi agrZelebs aRmosavluri Teologiis,<br />
aleqsandriuli skolisa da kabadokiuri patristikis xazs“ (meliqiSvili<br />
1996: 65). swored gelaTis saliteraturo skola aris damfuZnebeli<br />
axali enobrivi stilisa, romelic sxvaTagan TviTmyofadi niSnebiT<br />
gamoirCeva. gelaTis mTargmnelobiTi skolis mimdevarni didi ZalisxmeviT<br />
cdilobdnen daexvewaT qarTuli ena, gamoevlinebinaT misi SesaZleblobani<br />
151
152<br />
nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe<br />
berZnulidan Targmnili literaturis filosofiuri azrisa da terminebis<br />
zustad gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT. imis Sesabamisad, ras usaxavdnen sakuTar<br />
Tavs miznad, maT SeimuSaves sruliad gansazRvruli principebi, romlebic<br />
aq Targmnil Zeglebs sxvaTagan gamoarCevs Targmnis sizustiT, stiliTa Tu<br />
leqsikiT. gelaTis skolis ZiriTad mimarTulebas sxva niSnebTan erTad zustad<br />
Targmnis principi (Targmnisas ki mxolod qarTuli enis potencialis,<br />
Zirebisa da mawarmoeblebis gamoyeneba) qmnis.<br />
mTargmnelobiT skolebs Soris, erTi mxriv, arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaoba<br />
Targmanis stils, saTargmni masalis SerCevis, da a. S. TvalsazrisiT,<br />
magram, meore mxriv, SesaZloa mTargmnelobiTi meTodi gansxvavebuli iyos<br />
erTi avtoris memkvidreobis farglebSic, radgan, rogorc SevniSnavdiT,<br />
stili SeiZleba Seicvalos saTargmni masalis Tematikis an mTargmnelis<br />
moRvaweobis periodis mixedviT. es faqtori ki, SesaZloa, mcdari daskvnis<br />
safuZveli gaxdes. zogadi daskvnebis gamotanisas aranaklebi sirTule SeiZleba<br />
Seqmnas erTi saliteraturo skolis farglebSi Targmanis enobrivterminologiuri<br />
aspeqtebis msgavsebam. amitom sakiTxis kvlevisas aucilebelia<br />
im konkretuli madiferencirebeli maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswineba,<br />
romlebic erT mTargmnel-moRvawes meorisagan ganarCevs. madiferencirebeli<br />
statistikuri maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic samecniero literaturaSia<br />
miTiTebuli (meliqiSvili 1996: 65), enis sxvadasxva sferos ganekuTvneba: 1.<br />
terminologiuri sityvaTSemoqmedebisa; 2. yofiT-leqsikuri; 3. gramatikuli,<br />
garkveul SemTxvevebSi – sintaqsuri maxasiaTeblebic.<br />
Tu rogor SeiZleba kvlevis miTiTebuli meTodikis gauTvaliswineblobam<br />
mcdar gzaze dagvayenos, amis sailustraciod warmovadgenT gelaTis saliteraturo<br />
skolis mTargmnelobiTi normebiT Sesrulebul or Zegls – eklesiastes<br />
ganmartebaTa gelaTur versias * da agiografiul Txzulebas –<br />
wm. barbares wameba.<br />
eklesiastes ganmartebaTa gelaTuri versiis mTargmnelad k. kekeliZe<br />
ioane WimWimels miiCnevda. SeniSnavda ra miTiTebuli Zeglisa da Teofilaqte<br />
bulgarelis lukasa da markozis saxarebaTa ganmartebebis msgavsebas,<br />
askvnida, rom Teofilaqte bulgarelis TxzulebaTa da eklesiastes ganmartebis<br />
xsenebuli Zeglis mTargmneli erTi da igive pirovnebaa, xolo<br />
am pirovnebis vinaobis Sesaxeb cnoba daculia Teofilaqte bulgarelis<br />
TxzulebaTa Targmanis SesavalSive: `ioaneman filosofosman WimWimelman<br />
eladelTa Ãmisagan spanT mosaxeled Ãmad gardamoiRo TargmanebaÁ wmidisa<br />
evanReliisa~ (kekeliZe 1920: XIII).<br />
* qarTuli xelnaweri (A 61) ori avtoris egzegetikur Txzulebas Seicavs – mitrofane smirnel<br />
mitropolitisa da olimpiodore aleqsandrieli diakonis eklesiastes ganmartebebs, magram, raki<br />
Zegls mTlianobaSi erTiani struqtruli saxe aqvs da erTi mTargmnelis mieraa Sesrulebuli,<br />
amitom cal-calke Txzulebebad diferencirebas ar vaxdenT.
mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />
vnaxoT, ramdenad SesaZlebelia am daskvnis gaziareba.<br />
eklesiastes ganmartebaTa gelaTuri versiis mTargmnelis sakiTxze msjelobisas<br />
verc xelnawerTa anderZ-minawerebi da verc sxva werilobiT<br />
ZeglebSi Semonaxuli cnobebi ver dagvexmareba, radgan amgvari araferia<br />
SemorCenili qarTul mwerlobaSi.<br />
Zeglis mTargmnelis vinaobis Sesaxeb azris gamoTqma mxolod enobrivi<br />
Taviseburebebisa da leqsikuri mxaris Seswavlaze dayrdnobiTaa SesaZlebeli.<br />
sakiTxze msjelobisas ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT d. meliqiSvilis statias<br />
gelaTis saliteraturo skolis enobrivi stilis erTianobisa da individualurobis<br />
sakiTxisaTvis, romelSic mecnieri gvTavazobs v. fuqsis mier<br />
damuSavebuli statistikuri maxasiaTeblebis meTods da miuTiTebs, rom<br />
amgvari meTodi calkeul avtorTa individualuri enobrivi stilis Seswavlis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. `rodesac garkveuli raodenobis enobrivi niSnebi<br />
dasturdeba cnobil avtorTan da maTgan arc erTi ar gvxvdeba sadavo teqstSi<br />
(an piriqiT), SeiZleba calsaxa daskvnis gamotana: sadavo teqsti ar<br />
ekuTvnis mocemul avtors~ (meliqiSvili 1996: 68).<br />
statias darTuli aqvs diferenciuli enobrivi maxasiaTeblebis cxrili,<br />
romelSic mecnieri warmoadgens gelaTis saliteraturo skolis ZeglebisaTvis<br />
niSandobliv terminologiur, yofiT-leqsikur da gramatikul<br />
maxasiaTeblebs.<br />
amdenad, eklesiastes ganmartebaTa sakvlevi Zeglidan gvainteresebs is<br />
konkretuli terminebi da enobrivi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic ama Tu im<br />
mTargmnelis cnebiT-leqsikuri aparatis kuTvnilebadaa miCneuli da sxva<br />
maxasiaTeblebTan erTobliobaSi SesaZloa dagvexmaros Zeglis mTargmnelis<br />
vinaobis gansazRvrisas. * amgvar terminTa rigSi unda ganvixiloT Zrva,<br />
moZraoba leqsemebi. am formaTa gamoyeneba damaxasiaTebelia gelaTis skolis<br />
moRvaweTa saliteraturo enisaTvis, gvxvdeba Cvens sakvlev TxzulebaSic,<br />
isini TiTqmis Tanabari raodenobiT gvxvdeba rogorc saxelzmnis,<br />
ise – zmnis piriani formebis saxiT (15\17) da ZiriTadad aqvs gadaxris (da<br />
ara – moZraobis) mniSvneloba (midreka moZraobis mniSvnelobiT mxolod<br />
petriwTan dasturdeba); TanSesityva forma ZeglSi erTxel dasturdeba,<br />
magram ara imgvari terminuli gagebiT (berZnuli sullogismoc formis Sesatyvisad),<br />
rogoriTac gvxvdeba petriwTan da amonios ermisis Txzuleba-<br />
* aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom zogierTi termini, romelic erT avtorTan yoaqve<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom zogierTi termini, romelic erT avtorTan yofiT-leqsikuri<br />
sferos kuTvnilebaa, meore avtorTan cnebiT-terminologiuri mniSvnelobiTaa<br />
gamoyenebuli. ase, magaliTad, jerCineba arsen iyalToelTan terminologiuri sityvaSemoqmedebis<br />
produqtia, xolo eklesiastes ganmartebis gelaTur TargmanebSi yofiTi leqsikis sferos<br />
ganekuTvneba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas midreka terminis Sesaxeb, romelsac mxolod petriwTan aqvs<br />
terminuli datvirTva.<br />
153
154<br />
nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe<br />
Ta qarTul TargmanebSi. am formis Sesatyvisad eklesiastes ganmartebaTa<br />
gelaTur versiaSi gvaqvs termini filosofosebri: rameTu ixileT filosofosebri<br />
metyuÀlebaÁ eklesiastesi [A 61: 40. II] _ Ora gar thn sullogis�<br />
tikhn apodosin tou Ekklhsiastou [PG: 796C].<br />
termini Tbe, romelic qarTvel elinofilebTan – efrem mciresTan, arsen<br />
iyalToelTan, petre gelaTelTan... masalis, materiis mniSvnelobiT<br />
gvxvdeba, amave mniSvnelobiT gvaqvs Cven sakvlev ZeglSic; eklesiastes ganmartebebis<br />
gelaTur TargmanebSi dasturdeba, agreTve, termini gardanivTva,<br />
romlis zmnuri formac gvxvdeba ruis-urbnisis krebis ZeglisweraSi;<br />
romeloba\viTareba terminebidan berZnuli to poion terminis Sesatyvisad<br />
ZeglSi gvxvdeba romeloba (to poion–is Sesatyvisad arsen iyalToelis<br />
gviandel TargmanebSi `romelobis~ nacvlad ZiriTadia `viTareba,~ xolo<br />
petriwTan – romeloba); berZnuli akribiac-s Sesatyvisad ZeglSi, msgavsad<br />
arsen iyalToelisa da ioane WimWimelisa, dasturdeba forma ganmkacreba;<br />
gramatikuli formebidan ZeglSi gelaTuri TargmanebisaTvis niSandoblivi<br />
–ye sufiqsis gamoyenebis arc erTi SemTxveva ar dadasturda; ar dadasturda<br />
agreTve ars meSveli zmnis gamartivebisa da winamaval sityvasTan<br />
Serwymis SemTxvevebi.<br />
-ebiani mravlobiTis formebi, romlebsac gelaTis saliteraturo skolis<br />
moRvaweebi narTanian mravlobiTTan erTad aqtiurad iyeneben, mcire<br />
raodenobiT (18 SemTxveva) gvxvdeba TxzulebaSi; gvxvdeba, agreTve, I rezultativSi<br />
–ia dabolovebiani formis gamoyenebis ori SemTxveva; gelaTeli<br />
mTargmnelebis stilisTvis niSandoblivi naT. br. + ZliT Tandebuliani<br />
formebi eklesiastes TargmanebaSic gamoiyeneba; ZeglSi mxolod erTxel<br />
gvxvdeba –mebr Tandebuliani forma, amgvari formebis gamoyeneba petriwis<br />
stilisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis damkvidrebis<br />
mcdeloba saliteraturo qarTulSi gelaTeli mTargmnelebis moRvaweobas<br />
ukavSirdeba. eklesiastes ganmartebaSi sqesis garCeva mxolod leqsikuri<br />
erTeulebiT xdeba da ara – sqesis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebiT; -mi<br />
Tandebuliani formebis, romlebic aseve tipiuria gelaTeli moRvaweebis<br />
stilisTvis, gamoyenebis oTxi SemTxveva dasturdeba sakvlev ZeglSi, intensiurad<br />
ixmareba am Tandebulis sruli forma mimarT da, agreTve, misi<br />
variantuli Sesatyvisi – momarT; sakvlev ZeglSi I kavSirebiTis III pirSi<br />
subieqtis aRsaniSnad gvaqvs Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo ZeglebisaTvis<br />
tradiciuli -odian daboloeba (amgvar SemTxvevebSi petriwi –odin<br />
daboloebas iyenebs); xat terminis Targmanisas (rodesac adamianis, RvTis<br />
msgavsi arsebis, Seqmnazea saubari) ioane petriwi iyenebs –ebr Tandebuls<br />
berZnuli kata windebulis Sesabamisad, eklesiastes TargmanebaSi msgavsi<br />
formebi ar gvxvdeba.
mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />
gelaTel moRvaweebs berZnuli enis tradiciis gavleniT hqondaT mcdeloba<br />
mdedrobiTi sqesis gamoxatvis damkvidrebisa saliteraturo enaSi.<br />
es procesi, rogorc miTiTebulia samecniero literaturaSi, petriwamde<br />
gacilebiT adre dawyebula gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis mcdelobas<br />
vxvdebiT efrem mciresTan, romelic –a sufiqsis darTviT cdilobs<br />
mdedrobiTi sqesis formirebas (danelia 1998a: 102):L `mdidaraÁ moiRebn<br />
WiWnaursa, xolo qurivi matylsa SeRebulsa~. iqve efremi SeniSnavs: `Seiswave,<br />
mdidaraÁ axalmopovebulad dedalad sityuad, rameTu dedakaci ars,<br />
momRebeli WiWnaurisa, xolo WiWnauri mamasa efTÂmes abreSumisa saxelad<br />
moupovebia~ (danelia 1998a: 98) SeniSnulia (danelia 1998a: 94-107),<br />
rom mdedrobiTi sqesis –a sufiqsis uZvelesi saxea –al sufiqsi, romelic<br />
dasturdeba giorgi monazonis `xronigrafis~ gelaTuri stiliT Sesrulebul<br />
TargmanSi. aq moyvanilia citata eklesiastedan (92,78), romelSic<br />
gvxvdeba forma momReralebni momRernis sapirispirod: movignen monani<br />
da mÃevalni, da saxlis-wulni iqmnnes Cemda mraval ufroÁs yovelTa yofilTasa<br />
uwinares Cemda ierusalÀms. da Sevkribe vecxlica da oqroÁ da<br />
simdidre mefeTaÁ da yanaTaÁÁ da ganvawyven momRerni da momReralebni da<br />
saSuebelni Zisa kacisani, mwdeni da mwdeani.~ aq formebi momRerni (momReri<br />
– mamr. sqesi) da momReralebni (Tavdapirvel formad moiazreba momRera<br />
– mdedr. sqesi) erTmaneTisagan sqesiT ganirCevian. eklesiastes ganmartebis<br />
gelaTur TargmanebSi igive muxlebSi (II Tavis 8-9) sqesis garCeva xdeba ara<br />
afiqsuri warmoebiT, aramed - leqsikuri erTeulebiT: vyven Cemdad memRerni<br />
mamani da dedani saSuebelad Zisa kacisa, mewdieni mamani da dedani. da ganvdiden<br />
da SevsZine ufroÁs yovelTa pirvelTa CemTa ierusalims Sina [48. I].<br />
rogorc vxedavT, aq dakonkretebulia rogorc memRerni, ise mewdieni sqesis<br />
gamomxatveli konkretuli sityvebiT _ mamani da dedani. gelaTis biblia-<br />
Si, konkretulad – ieremias winaswar-metyvelebaSi, dasturdeba formebi,<br />
romlebsac erTvis mdedrobiTi sqesis –a mawarmoebeli: da moaq[c]ies Semdgomad<br />
gavlinebisa mis da ukun-iqcnes yrmani da yrmaani, romelni ganevlinnes<br />
Tavisuflad da dautevebdes maT yrmebad da yrmaebad 34,11. Sdr. ierusalimuri<br />
nusxa (J): da moiqces Semdgomad ganvlinebisa mis da ukun-iqcnnes<br />
monani da mÃevalni, romelni-igi ganavlines Tavisuflebad da Seidgenebdes<br />
maT monad da mÃevlad. 34,11; daimorCileniT igini yofad Tquenda yrmebad<br />
da yrmaaebad. 34,16. 34,11. Sdr. J: daimorCileT igini, raÁTa iyvnen Tquenda<br />
monad da mÃevlad. 34,16 (danelia 1992b).<br />
citirebul monakveTebSi yrma, fuZekvecadi saxeli, Sekvecili saxiTaa<br />
warmodgenili -ebiani mravlobiTis sufiqsis darTvisas. pirvel SemTxveva-<br />
Si – yrm-eb-ad (mamr. sq. – ara aqvs mawarmoebeli), meore SemTxvevaSi – yrma-eb-ad,<br />
am SemTxvevaSi –a sufiqss md. sqesis gamoxatvis funqcia aqvs. meore<br />
155
156<br />
nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe<br />
citatSi, rogorc vnaxeT, fuZec sruladaa warmodgenili da darTulia sqesis<br />
mawarmoebeli sufiqsic - yrma-a-eb-ad. gelaTis bibliaSi –a sufiqsian<br />
warmoebasTan erTad (ebraela – ier. 34,10; ufala – es. 24,2; moxucebula –<br />
zaq. 8,4) gvaqvs –id sufiqsiani mdedrobiTi sqesis saxelebi: Wabukidi (ara<br />
ipoos qalwulebaÁWabukidisa,~ II Sj. 22,21), yrmidi (hrqua: romeli ars<br />
yrmidi ese,~ ruT. 2.5) da a. S.<br />
sqesis gamoxatva qarTuli saliteraturo enisaTvis arabunebrivi da<br />
miuRebeli aRmoCnda, mTargmnel-redaqtorTa amgvari mcdeloba – naZaladevi,<br />
sqesis gamomxatveli sufiqsebi ki, rogorc k. danelia uwodebda –<br />
`gramatikuli barbarizmebi.~ amdenad, gramatikuli sqesi, romelic arc<br />
erTxel ar dasturdeba eklesiastes ganmartebis gelaTur TargmanebSi, ver<br />
damkvidrda qarTul saliteraturo enaSi.<br />
yofiT-leqsikuri sferodan ZeglSi intensiurad gvxvdeba egera forma,<br />
romelic saliteraturo qarTulSi efrem mciris Semotanili Cans, aseve<br />
xSiria sadme, sadame da Ãmobs formebs gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, dasturdeba<br />
agreTve, azmnobs formis gamoyenebis ramdenime SemTxvevac; termini mimdemi,<br />
romlis terminologiuri mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba arsen iyalToels<br />
unda ukavSirdebodes, ZeglSi orgzis gvxvdeba, magram orivejer yofiTleqsikuri<br />
da ara - cnebiT-terminologiuri mniSvnelobiT; eklesiastes<br />
TargmanebaSi yofiT-leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT dasturdeba, agreTve, gioba<br />
da jerCineba formebi.<br />
statikuri maxasiaTeblebis cxrilis gamoyenebam kidev erTxel<br />
cxad-yo, rom eklesiastes ganmartebaTa sakvlevi Zegli gelaTis saliteraturo<br />
skolis moRvawis mieraa Targmnili. yofiT-leqsikur, terminologiur<br />
da enobriv formebze dakvirvebis Sedegad Semdegi suraTi gamoikveTa:<br />
#<br />
mTargmneli anonimi<br />
avtorebi<br />
enobr. norm.<br />
mitrofane,<br />
olimp. aleqsandr.<br />
ioane<br />
WimWimeli<br />
Teofilaqte<br />
bulgareli<br />
nusxa A 61 A 102; A 103<br />
teqstebi<br />
eklesiastes<br />
Targmaneba<br />
markozisa da lukas<br />
saxarebaTa ganmarteba<br />
1 -ye - ~<br />
2 -eb + +<br />
3 -ia + -<br />
4 -admi; -isami - +<br />
5 naT.+ ZliT + +<br />
6 mebr +(1) -<br />
7 mdedr. sqesi - +
mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />
8 -esTa - -<br />
9 egera + +<br />
10 sad(a)me + +<br />
11 medad -<br />
12 mimdemi +(1) +<br />
13 ZÂnad - +<br />
14 mowleoba +<br />
15 sazrisi -<br />
16 cebna + -<br />
17 midreka + -<br />
18 Zrva, moZraoba + +<br />
19 Segulissityua -<br />
20 TanSesityua -<br />
21 Ãmobs + +<br />
22 azmnobs +(2)<br />
23 gioba +<br />
24 jerCineba +<br />
25 ganmkacreba +<br />
Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze Zeglis mTargmnelad ver miviCnevT ioane<br />
WimWimels, rogorc amas varaudobda k. kekeliZe (ioane WimWimelisa da Cven<br />
mier sakvlevi Zeglis mTargmnelis stilis sxvaoba gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad<br />
vlindeba –admi, -isami Tandebuliani formebis gamoyenebisas. es formebi<br />
intensiurad ixmareba saxarebaTa Teofilaqte bulgareliseuli ganmartebebis<br />
qarTul TargmanebSi da erTxelac ar dasturdeba eklesiastes ganmartebaTa<br />
sakvlev ZeglSi. sxvaoba Tavs iCens gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis<br />
aspeqtiTac).<br />
eklesiastes ganmartebaTa gelaTuri Targmanebis mTargmnels anonimad<br />
miiCnevs e. WeliZe. naSromSi `Zveli qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo terminologia~<br />
mkvlevari sxva terminTa rigSi ganixilavs berZnuli gnosic leqsemis<br />
Targmnis Taviseburebas da SeniSnavs: `rac Seexeba grigol akrakantelisa *<br />
da olimpiodores ganmartebebs eklesiastes Sesaxeb, agreTve, ioane Wim-<br />
* eklesiates ganmartebis mitrofaneseuli teqstis avtorad, minis (PG) gamocemis safuZvelze, e.<br />
WeliZe grigol akrakantels miiCnevs. garkveuli periodis manZilze Cvenc amave Tvalsazriss viziarebdiT.<br />
uaxloes momavalSi sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveyndeba Cveni naSromi, romelic sakiTxs<br />
axali mimarTulebiT gaaSuqebs (n. m.).<br />
157
158<br />
nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe<br />
Wimelis mier Targmnil Teofilaqte bulgarelis evangeliur komentarebs<br />
(markozisa da lukas Tavebi), romlebic, rogorc aRvniSneT, did naTesaobas<br />
amJRavneben efrem mciris terminologiasTan (eWvi ar aris, rom ioane Wim-<br />
Wimelica da eklesiastes zemoaRniSnul ganmartebaTa ucnobi mTargmnelic,<br />
romelsac k. kekeliZe imave ioane WimWimelTan aigivebs, uTuod efrem mciris<br />
mowafeebi arian) maTSi berZnuli gnwsic TiTqmis ugamonaklisod Targmnilia,<br />
rogorc `mecniereba~ (WeliZe 1996: 454).<br />
eklesiastes ganmartebaTa sakvlevi Zeglis mTargmnelis stilebrivi na-<br />
Tesaoba efrem mciresTan aSkaraa, amasTan, aSkaraa mTargmnelis individualobac.<br />
is terminebi, romlebic saliteraturo enaSi efrem mciris damkvidrebuli<br />
Cans, garkveuli odenobiT dasturdeba ZeglSi, magram xSirad maT<br />
gverdiT maTive paralelur formebad moiazreba neologizmebi, romlebiTac<br />
zogadad mdidaria XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli saliteraturo ena. eklesiastes<br />
ganmartebaTa mTargmnelis stili erTgvar gardamaval safexurs<br />
warmoadgens efrem mciris stilsa da Semdgomi periodis gelaTis saliteraturo<br />
skolis moRvaweTa stils Soris. diferenciuli enobrivi niSnebis<br />
mixedviT Zegli yvelaze met siaxloes petre gelaTelis enasTan avlens.<br />
magram im mkveTri sxvaobebis gamo, romlebic SeiniSneba amave mTargmnelTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, petre gelaTeli namdvilad ver iqneba am Zeglis mTargmneli.<br />
zemowarmodgenili kvlevis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakiTxi eklesiastes ganmartebaTa<br />
miTiTebuli Zeglis mTargmnelis vinaobis Sesaxeb Riad rCeba da<br />
moiTxovs damatebiTi safuZvliani argumentebis Ziebas mTargmnelis vinaobis<br />
gansasazRvrad.<br />
vnaxoT ra suraTi gamoikveTeba wm. barbares wamebis agiografiul Zeglze<br />
am TvalsazrisiT dakvirvebisas.<br />
wm. barbares wamebis qarTuli metafrasuli redaqciebis mTargmnel–<br />
SemdgenelTa Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa mier winaswar gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT<br />
A128/Ath.2 redaqcia petriwis „Tqmulia“ (kekeliZe 1957: 165), H1347/Gel.5<br />
ki _ arsen iyalToelisa (aRweriloba aRweriloba 1989: 5). ). redaqciis mTargmnelis Se- Se- Sesaxeb<br />
cnobas gvawvdis A koleqciis 878-e xelnaweri: ,,ese merkviris wameba<br />
da varvarisi petriwis Tqmulia, amisTvis orive erTad davswere, Tumca wrfelTaTvs<br />
Znelsasmenel Cans, garna sityuaTa mosurneTaTvs didad tkbilia<br />
da mecnierTagan Rrmad sasurvel enamzeoba petriwisa“. ra aZlevs amgvari<br />
ganacxadis safuZvels A 878 xelnaweris gadamwers, CvenTvis ucnobia.<br />
Cveni azriT, grigol mRvdelmonazoni (xelnaweri A 878-is gadamweri) enis<br />
sirTulisa da „Znelsasmenlobis“ gamo ukavSirebs barbares wamebas petriwis<br />
saxels. Tavis mxriv, swored grigol mRvdelmonazonis zemomomxobil<br />
daskvnas imowmebs k. kekeliZe, roca brZanebs: „Znelsasmenelobas da enamzeobasac<br />
rom ar mivaqcioT yuradReba, TviT berZnuli forma „varvara“
mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />
erTi maCvenebelTagania ioane petriwis samwerlo normebisao“ (kekeliZe<br />
1918: XIV). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom „enamzeobis“ gamo gelaTis skolis araerT<br />
xelnawers usafuZvlod miawerdnen petriws. argumentad ver gamodgeba<br />
forma „varvarac“, radgan es saxeli yvela Zvel xelnawerSi (garda A 878-sa)<br />
baniTaa warmodgenili (barbara). vini am xelnawerSi (igulisxmeba A 878)<br />
rusulis (da ara berZnulis!) gavleniTaa gaCenili (rac XIX s.-is krebulisaTvis<br />
Cveulebrivia da ara _ moulodneli). amgvarad, verc grigol<br />
mRvdelmonazonis da, Sesabamisad, verc k. kekeliZis am mosazrebas A128/<br />
Ath.2-is mTargmnelis Sesaxeb ver gaviazrebT.<br />
β redaqciis mTargmnelad H 1347 xelnaweris minawerebze dayrdnobiT arsen<br />
iyalToels miiCneven. H 1347 krebulis gadamweri 159r da 203r-ze ixseniebs<br />
vinme arsenis: „wmidao RvTismSobelo,.. meox meyav winaSe Zisa Senisa<br />
friad codvilsa arsenis...“ da „wmidao pirveldiakono stefane... meox meyav<br />
friad codvilsa arsenis,“ xolo 72r ki iyalTels: „ekrZale mkiTxvelo,<br />
iyalTelsa hlocvidi“. uSualod Cvens xelnawers anderZi ar erTvis. krebulSi<br />
miTiTebuli araa iyalToeli (an arseni, Tuki es saxeli da zewodeba<br />
erTsa da imave pirs miemarTeba) krebulis damkveT-Semdgenelia, gadamweri<br />
Tu konkretuli statiis mTargmneli (an avtori). samecniero literaturaSi<br />
araferia naTqvami TviT krebulis paleografiul maxasiaTeblebze.<br />
amdenad, verc Cven vimsjelebT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad emTxveva Zeglis<br />
gadamweris xeli arsenisas. rogorc qarTul xelnawerTa aRwerilobis H<br />
fondis III tomSia miTiTebuli, H1347 XI-XII s.s metafrasuli krebulia,<br />
es ki swored is droa, roca cxovrobda da moRvaweobda arsen iyalToeli.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, Tuki qarTul xelnawerTa aRwerilobaSi gamoTqmuli varaudi<br />
krebulis Sedgenis Sesaxeb paleografiuli niSnebiTaa gamyarebuli<br />
da H 1347 xelnaweri marTlac XI-XII saukuneebis metafrasuli krebulia,<br />
xolo krebulis minawerebze dayrdnobiT wmida barbares wamebis Targmanis<br />
arsen iyalToelisaTvis mikuTvnebas bolomde argumentirebulad mainc ver<br />
CavTvliT (radgan minaweri uSualod Cvens xelnawers ar erTvis). 2) momdevno<br />
xanis mwerlobaSi wmida barbares wamebis metafrasul redaqciaTa<br />
Sesaxeb cnobebi Semonaxuli ar aris. 3) rakiRa pirdapiri sabuTi an literaturuli<br />
wyaros mowmoba Zeglis mTargmnelis Sesaxeb ar gvaqvs, amjeradac<br />
unda daveyrdnoT enobriv Taviseburebebs da leqsikur mxares. CvenTvis<br />
saintereso orive xelnaweri garkveulwilad avlens erTmaneTTan msgavsebas,<br />
rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom orive mTargmneli gelaTis literaturuli<br />
skolis warmomadgenelia. mTargmnelTa dadgena-identifikaciisaTvis gacilebiT<br />
mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli or xelnawers Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebia.<br />
TvalsaCino rom iyos A128/Ath.2 xelnawerebisa da ioane „platonuri<br />
filosofosis“ Sromebis da H1347/Gel.5 redaqciisa da arsen iyal-<br />
159
160<br />
nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe<br />
Toelis TargmanTa Soris arsebuli stiluri da enobriv-terminologiuri<br />
sxvaobani, Sesadareblad movuxmoT am mTargmnelTa ucilobel naSromebs da<br />
maTi kvlevis Sedegad miRebul daskvnebs (nemesios emeselis anTropologiuri<br />
da prokle diadoxosis Teologiuri traqtatebi, ioane damaskelis<br />
„gardamocema“ da giorgi amartolis „xronoRrafi“).<br />
I. gramatikuli sxvaobani:<br />
1. barbares wamebis a redaqciaSi vxvdebiT –ebiani mravlobiTis gamoyenebis<br />
18 SemTxvevas, rac sakmaod xSiria iseTi mcire zomis ZeglisTvis,<br />
rogoric CvenTvis saintereso xelnaweria. miuTiTeben, rom ioane petriwis<br />
SromebSi –ebiani mravlobiTis xmarebis 24 SemTxvevaa dadasturebuli.<br />
amaTgan 20 gvxvdeba ,,ganmartebaTa“ bolosityvaobaSi, romelic XVIII saukunis<br />
xeliT aris aRdgenili, e.i. petriwis enas ar axasiaTebs -ebiani mravlobiTis<br />
formebi (rafava 1983: 058). Cveni xelnawerisTvis -eb mravlobiTis<br />
iseTive aqtiuri mawarmoebelia, rogoric nar-Taniani (TumcaRa, erT SemTxvevaSi<br />
-eb gvxvdeba Tanian mravlobiTTan kombinaciaSic, rac damaxasiaTebelia<br />
gardamavali periodisaTvis: ,,viTarca eliseman yrmebTa“).<br />
2. gelaTis skolis Zeglebs micemiTSi dasmuli saxelis mravlobiTis aRsaniSnavad<br />
axasiaTebs -ye sufiqsoidis xmareba (ZiriTadad grZnoba-aRqmis<br />
da yola-qonebis gamomxatvel inversiul zmnebSi), rac ar SeiniSneba barbares<br />
wamebis arc erT redaqciaSi. -ye sufiqsi ucxoa petriwisTvisac.<br />
3. a redaqciis orive da b gelaTur (Gel.5) xelnawerebSi gvaqvs gaformebuli<br />
moTxrobiTi sakuTar saxelebTan (eliseman, dioskoreman...). SeniSnaven,<br />
rom ,,kavSirTa Targmansa da ganmartebaSi moTxrobiTi brunva gauformebladaa<br />
warmodgenili“ (meliqiSvili 1975: 15).<br />
4. gelaTur teqstebSi (petriwisgan gansxvavebiT) xSiria -mi Tandebuli<br />
naTesaobiT da viTarebiT brunvebTan (petriwi am Tandebulebs mxolod ormag<br />
naTesaobiT-viTarebiTSi xmarobs). Cveni xelnawerebi iSviaTad, magram<br />
swored arsenis jgufis da ara petriwis tradicias misdeven (Sendami da<br />
misda mimarT) -mi Tandebulebis xmarebis SemTxvevaSi. ufro metad ki sruli<br />
formiT –mimarT (siZisa mimarT) iyeneben am nawilaks. Cvens xelnawerebSi ar<br />
gvaqvs -momarT nawilakis xmarebis SemTxvevebi (arc srulad da arc gamartivebuli<br />
saxiT).<br />
5. petriwTan gvxvdeba -mde Tandebuli nanaTesaobiT viTarebiTTan, b redaqciaSi<br />
gvaqvs dResamomde forma -mde TandebuliT. α redaqciaSi es Tandebuli<br />
mxolod viTarebiT da ara ormag brunvas erTvis (gaTenebamde).<br />
6. rogorc α, ise b redaqciis mTargmnelebi Tanad zmnizedas prepoziciuri<br />
wyobiT damoukidebeli mniSvnelobiTac xmaroben (berZnul dedanSi<br />
Tanad leqsemas Seesabameba αμα, μέν da δέ).<br />
7. ioane petriwis SromaTa enas axasiaTebs ars meSveli zmnis gamartiveba
mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />
da winamaval sityvasTan Serwyma. es movlena Tavs iCens rogorc Sedgenil<br />
SemasmenelTan, ise – TurmeobiTis formaSi. Cvens xelnawerebSi ki msgavsi<br />
magaliTebi ar gvaqvs.<br />
8. gansxvavebiT petriwisgan, Cvens xelnawerebSi ar gvaqvs nasaxelar zmna-<br />
Ta –ov xufiqsiani (saxarebiseuli „perovis“ tipis) formebi.<br />
9. arc erT xelnawerSi ar gvaqvs petriwisa da Tanadrouli sametyvelo<br />
enisTvis damaxasiaTebel –ia daboloebiani formebi I rezultativSi (gavixsenoT<br />
„vefxistyaosniseuli“ „qvemore miTqvams, miqia“-s tipis warmoeba),<br />
romelic „xronoRrafSi“ iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba (mag. Seuracxia)<br />
(yauxCiSvili 1926: 8).<br />
10. petriwTan I kavSirebiTis III pirSi gvaqvs –odin daboloebiani formebi<br />
(nacvlad –odian tipuri savrcobisa), rac ar axasiaTebs arc a, arc b<br />
redaqciebs (gelaTur teqstTa msgavsad).<br />
11. ioane petriwTan „Zali“ mxolod substantivis mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari<br />
da terminologiuri datvirTva, „potenciis“ gageba aqvs. rogorc a,<br />
ise β redaqciis xelnawerebSi es leqsema Tandebulisa da derivaciuli funqciiTac<br />
gvxvdeba (es ki ucxoa ioane petriwis enisTvis) da terminis mniSvnelobiTac.<br />
12. ioane petriwi xSirad mimarTavs nuume, magra, maSa kavSirebs, Cveni<br />
xelnawerebis Semadgenelni am kavSirebs ar mimarTaven.<br />
13. Tu kavSirs a redaqciis Semdgeneli xmarobs pirobiTi damokidebuli<br />
winadadebis bolos zmnis Semdeg. es movlena axasiaTebs gelaTur teqstebs<br />
(mag. maqsime aRmsareblis „pirosTan sityvisgebis“ gelaTur Targmans) (xoferia<br />
1998: 59).<br />
14. ioane petriwisTvis Cveulebrivia „mebr“ Tandebuli berZnuli kata–<br />
s Sesatyvisad prepoziciuri wyobiT: „mebr JamiT“, „mebr guamiTa“ da a.<br />
S. Cvens xelnawerebSi es konstruqcia („mebr“+moqm/viT.) ar gvxvdeba da<br />
Sesabamisi berZnuli windebuli gadmocemulia martivi moqmedebiTi (/viTarebiTi)<br />
brunvis formiT.<br />
15. mTargmnelTa diferenciisaTvis mniSvnelovania sityvawarmoebis Taviseburebanic:<br />
kompozotian warmoebaSi a redaqciisaTvis produqtiuli wina,<br />
Tana, uku, adverbialuri warmoSobis prefiqsebi, uku arc erTgan ar gvxvdeba<br />
b redaqciaSi. am mTargmnelis dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gare<br />
prefiqsiani kompozitebia, rac ucxoa a redaqciis SemdgenelisTvis. oTxive<br />
afiqsi aqtiuria petriwisa da iyalToelis metyvelebisTvis.<br />
16. abstraqtul saxelTa warmoebisas a redaqciis mTargmneli Tanabari<br />
aqtivobiT mimarTavs -eba/-oba sufiqsebs, b redaqciis mTargmnelisTvis ki<br />
metad produqtiulia -eba formanti (ioane petriwisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic<br />
–oba mawarmoebels aniWebs upiratesobas).<br />
161
162<br />
nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe<br />
17. uqonlobis saxelebi b redaqciaSi sasubieqto mimReobebisgan uaryofiTi<br />
ar/ver nawilakebiTaa nawarmoebi.<br />
18. a redaqciisTvis aqtiuria –ca nawilaki, Cveulebriv igi erTvis saxelebs,<br />
magram or SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba III pirSi mdgar zmnasTanac (iyoca,<br />
ganucxadaca). iyoca forma –ca nawilakiT gvaqvs „xronoRragSic.“<br />
19. rogorc a redaqciis mTargmnelis, ise „xronoRrafis“ metyvelebisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia –re nawilaki. amave redaqciisTvis aqtiuria -me da<br />
–Ra nawilakebic, romelnic b redaqciaSi gvxvdeba, magram iSviaTad (vidreme,<br />
raime, arcaRa formebSi).<br />
20. gelaTur teqstTagan gansxvavebiT, barbares wamebis arc erT redaqciaSi<br />
ar gvaqvs gaformebuli mdedr. sqesi (msgavsad petriwisa); am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
gamonaklisia dioskoride forma, romelic ukonteqstodaa moxmobili.<br />
21. orive redaqciaSi gvaqvs –a nawilaki kiTxviTi an kiTxva-Zaxilis<br />
Sinaarsis gasaZliereblad, xolo b redaqciis mTargmneli am TvalsazrisiT<br />
–o nawilaksac mimarTavs (es movlena damaxasiaTebelia „xronoRrafisTvisac“).<br />
22. petriwi da iyalToeli kai leqsemas da +c hendiadisuri wyviliT<br />
gadmogvcemen. es movlena ar gvxvdeba b redaqciaSi; a redaqciaSi, gansxvavebiT<br />
b-sagan da +c gvaqvs, magram Zneli saTqmelia kai-s Seesabameba igi Tu<br />
ara.<br />
23. orive redaqciaSi gvaqvs uSemasmenlo winadadebebi, romelTa ricxvic<br />
β-Si Warbobs. petriwis TargmanTagan gansxvavebiT, a redaqciaSi uSemasmenlo<br />
winadadebebi Zalze cotaa.<br />
24. a redaqciaSi aseve cotaa pasivuri konstruqciebi, gansxvavebiT petriwisa<br />
da iyalToelis TargmanTa da β redaqciisagan, sadac amgvari winadadebebi<br />
xSiria.<br />
25. amgvarive viTarebaa infinitivur winadadebaTa gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
a redaqciis mTargmnel-redaqtori am SemTxvevaSic zomierebas ar-<br />
Cevs.<br />
26. gansxvavebul suraTs gvaCvenebs mimReobur konstruqciebze dakvirveba.<br />
mas Zalze aqtiurad mimarTaven rogorc a, ise β redaqciis mTargmnelebi.<br />
TumcaRa, gansxvavebiT A128/Ath.2 xelnawerebisgan, H1347/Gel.5-Si<br />
TiTqmis ar gvaqvs metyveleba wris zmnis mimReoburi konstruqciebi.<br />
27. madiferencirebeli gramatikuli niSnebis gamokveTisas gverds ver<br />
avuvliT berZnul leqsikur erTeulebs. esaa: a) uTargmnelad gadmosuli<br />
berZnuli leqsika (stratiotis tipisa); b) uTargmnelad gadmosuli berZnuli<br />
leqsika, romelTa qarTuli mawarmoeblebi aqvT darTuli (Terstrovnoda<br />
tipisa). g) sakuTar saxelTa arasworad gadmosuli formebi,
mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />
rac qarTul TargmanSi saxelTa gadmotanisas siWreles iwvevs (dioskore,<br />
iuliane/i/a, barbara da a.S.). d) Sinaarsis mixedviT sazogados msgavsad<br />
Targmnili sak. saxeli (mzisqalaqis tipisa). amgvari, msubuqad rom vTqvaT,<br />
„Secdomebi“ ioane petriwis xelidan gamosul Zegls ar unda axasiaTebdes.<br />
amitomve gveeWveba, rom β redaqcia arsenis Targmania (da gamovTqvamT<br />
mokrZalebul varauds, rom Tuki mainc miviCnevT arseniseulad, maSin misi<br />
moRvaweobis adreul periods unda mivakuTvnoT).<br />
II. yofiT-leqsikuri maxasiaTeblebi: gelaTis saliteraturo skolis<br />
enobrivi stilis erTianobisa da individualurobis Sesaxeb d. meliqiSvili<br />
SeniSnavs: „yofiTi leqsikis sferoSi vgulisxmobT individualuri<br />
metyvelebisaTvis (sityvaTxmarebisTvis) xSirad saxmarisi semantikis<br />
sityvebs... romlebic sistematurad gvxvdeba... gelaTur xelnawerebSi da<br />
saerTod ar dasturdeba ioane petriwis metyvelebaSi“ (meliqiSvili 1996:<br />
69). terminologiur-leqsikur sakiTxebze msjelobisas swored is leqsikuri<br />
erTeulebi gamovkveTeT, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia gelaTuri xelnawerisaTvis<br />
da, piriqiT, ucxoa petriwis enisaTvis. Cvens SemTxvevaSi<br />
esenia ZliTi, sadme, egera, mimdemi, ZÂnad, iWÂ/iWÂ, mowleoba, gioba, Tmoba,<br />
zmnoba, Znoba, jerCineba, modreka/Zrva, damWirva, TbÀ, (aR)wba, gerSi<br />
leqsemebi, romlebic saTanado adgilas konteqstis moxmobiT araerTxel<br />
davimowmeT. gameorebis Tavidan asarideblad magaliTebis moxmobisgan Tavs<br />
SevikavebT da mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom am leqsemaTagan zogierTi orive redaqciisaTvis<br />
saerToa, zogi ki mxolod erT-erTis kuTvnilebaa: ZliTi,<br />
midreka, Zrva, Ãmoba, zmnoba, jerCineba is leqsikuri erTeulebia, romelic<br />
orive redaqciis mTargmnelis metyvelebas axasiaTebs; TbÀ, (aR)wbebaÁ (es<br />
leqsemebi gvxvdeba „xronoRrafSic’), xolo egera, sadme, mimdemi, (umimdemesad),<br />
ZÂnad, iWÂ, mowleoba, gioba (ugiobelad), damWirva, gerSi-mxolod<br />
β redaqciis yofiT-leqsikuri maxasiaTeblebia. es leqsikuri erTeulebi<br />
ioane petriws an ar axasiaTebs, an principulad sxva SinaarsiT mouxmobs<br />
maT (rogorc es ZliTi, Zrva, midreka terminTa magaliTze vnaxeT).<br />
III. terminologiuri maxasiaTeblebi: dogmatur-saRvTismetyvelo da<br />
leqsikur-terminologiur sakiTxebze msjelobisas sagangebod SevCerdiT<br />
ontologiur-metafizikur da drois mcnebis gamomxatvel terminologiaze<br />
rogorc a, ise β redaqciebSi. rogorc SevniSneT, terminologiuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT ufro sainteresoa A128/Ath.2 redaqcia, radgan locvaTa da<br />
gamocxadeba-saswaulTa siWarbis gamo a jgufis xelnawerebi datvirTulia<br />
specialuri saRvTismetyvelo leqsikiT. iqve mivuTiTeT, rom es terminebi<br />
qmnian sruliad Camoyalibebul terminologiur sistemas, sadac yvela<br />
leqsemas Tavisi Sesatyvisi aqvs daZebnili. yofiT da specialur terminologiur<br />
sistemaze dakvirvebam kidev erTxel migviyvana daskvnamde, rom a<br />
163
164<br />
nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe<br />
jgufis xelnawerebi ioane petriws ar ekuTvnis. amave daskvnis gamotanis<br />
SesaZleblobas iZleva terminologiur maxasiaTebelTa gamokveTa. Cveni xelnawerebi<br />
(rogorc a, ise β jgufisa) terminologiuri maxasiaTeblebi sam<br />
ZiriTad jgufad davyaviT: a) terminologia, romelic emTxveva sakuTriv<br />
arsenis TargmanebSi dadasturebul terminebs. mag., A128/Ath.2 xelnawerebSi<br />
gvaqvs: „ipyroben yovlobasa,“ „gardamocemis“ arseniseul TargmanSi<br />
- „epyrian yovelni“ (rogorc zemoT SevniSneT, xSir SemTxvevaSi a redaqciis<br />
mTargmnel-redaqtori dogmaturi msjelobisas „gardamocemis“ Sesabamis<br />
epizodebs TiTqmis sityva-sityviT imowmebs). efrem mcire „pyroba“-s nacvlad<br />
mimarTavs „Secva“ zmnas da Targmnis amgvarad: „Seucven yovelni.“ amgvarive<br />
viTarebaa „myofobiTi guaris“ SemTxvevaSic, rasac arsenTan igive Sewyvileba,<br />
xolo efremTan TvTeba Seesabameba; erTsa da imave konteqstSi berZnuli<br />
ktisic efremTan dabadebulis, β xelnaweris mTargmnelTagan ki, arsenis<br />
msgavsad, agebulis Sesatyvisia. orive xelnaweris mTargmneli mimarTavs<br />
termins jerCineba berZnuli γνωμη-s Sesabamisad, nacvlad efremiseuli<br />
terminebisa da a.S. b) terminologia, romelic imeorebs Zvel tradiciul<br />
leqsikas (mag. efrem mciris terminebs). amgvar leqsema-terminTa ricxvic<br />
ar aris cota: kamaran leqsema β redaqciis mTargmnels efremis msgavsad<br />
pirdapir gadmoaqvs (kamara), xolo arseni mas sferissaxeobad Targmnis;<br />
berZnuli tropoc β redaqciaSi saxed aris Targmnili (amave xelnawerSi saxe<br />
tropoc–is Sesatyvisadac gvxvdeba). tropoc –saxe Sesabamisoba Cveulebrivia,<br />
rogorc efremis, ise petriwis TargmanTaTvis. amgvarsave Targmans iziarebda<br />
Tavdapirvelad arsenic, xolo SemdegSi daamkvidra tropoc _ guari<br />
Sesatyvisoba, rac saerTo gaxda gelaTuri teqstebisaTvis (WeliZe 1995:<br />
124). g) terminebi, romelic sakuTriv Cveni xelnawerebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
amgvar terminTa ricxvs miekuTvneba umTno, rac berZnuli aseβeιaν<br />
leqsemis Sesatyvisia da, romelsac mimarTavs orive redaqciis mTargmneli.<br />
amgvarad, statistikuri maxasiaTeblebis meTodis gamoyenebam gvaCvena,<br />
rom barbares wamebis A 128/Ath.2 redaqcia gelaTis mTargmnelobiT skolaSia<br />
Sesrulebuli da arc terminologiurad, arc yofiT-leqsikuri da<br />
gramatikuli niSnebiT ar asaxavs petriwis ucilobeli TargmanebisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel viTarebas. igi ar unda ekuTvnodes ioane petriws. a redaqciis<br />
mTargmnel-redaqtori unda iyos bibliisa da (rogorc Zveli, ise axali<br />
aRTqmis wignTa) da ,,gardamocemis“ kargi mcodne (rasac gvidasturebs<br />
Zveli da axali aRTqmis saxeobrivi sistemis Sedareba-epiTetTa intensiuri<br />
moxmoba). xolo, raki Txzuleba gelaTis mTargmnelobiTi skolis principebiTaa<br />
Sesrulebuli, SesaZloa misi Semdgeneli unda veZioT gelaTis<br />
bibliis mTargmnelTa, arsenis uSualo memkvidreTa da enobriv-stilur
mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />
tradiciaTa gamgrZeleblebs Soris. enobriv-terminologiuri maxasiaTeblebis<br />
mixedviT, a redaqcia axlos dgas ioane sinelis ,,klemaqsis“ enasTan<br />
(romelsac petre gelaTelis saxels ukavSireben). xolo β redaqcia, savaraudod,<br />
arsen iyalToelis mieraa Sesrulebuli mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobis<br />
adreul etapze, „gardamocemis“ xelaxla Targmnamde.<br />
amdenad, warmodgenilma meTodikam saSualeba mogvca kritikulad gadagvesinja<br />
is daskvnebi, romlebic samecniero literaturaSi eklesiastes<br />
ganmartebaTa gelaTuri versiisa da barbares wamebis (a da b redaqciebis)<br />
mTargmnelTa Sesaxeb arsebobda da dagvesaxa kvlevis axali mimarTuleba.<br />
vfiqrobT, mTargmnelis problemis amgvari meTodologiuri aspeqtebiT<br />
ganxilva, romelic werilobiT wyaroebTan erTad gulisxmobs anonimuri<br />
Targmanebis enobriv-terminologiur analizs, yuradsaRebi unda iyos msgavsi<br />
sakiTxebiT dainteresebul pirTaTvis.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
aRweriloba 1989: aTonis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.<br />
t. I, Tb.: 1989.<br />
bezaraSvili 2004: bezaraSvili q. ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika grigol<br />
RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT. Tb.: gamom-<br />
cemloba `mecniereba,~ 2004.<br />
danelia 1998: danelia k. gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis sakiTxisaTvis. narkvevebi<br />
qarTuli samwerlobo enis istoriidan. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1998.<br />
danelia 1992: danelia k. ieremias winaswarmetyvelebis Zveli qarTuli versiebi. Tb.:<br />
Tsu gamomcemloba, 1992.<br />
Esbroeck 1988: Esbroeck M.v., Eutime l’Hagiorite: le traducteur et ses traductions.- Revue des Etu-<br />
des Georgiennes et Caucasiennes (Bedi kartlisa XL VII), vol. 4, 1988<br />
kekeliZe 1920: kekeliZe k. TargmanebaÁ eklesiastesi mitrofane zmÂrnel mitropoli-<br />
tisaÁ. Tb.: 1920.<br />
kekeliZe 1957: kekeliZe k. qarTuli naTargmni agiografia. etiudebi. V. Tb.: 1957.<br />
kekeliZe 1918: kekeliZe k. kimeni. t. I, Tb.: 1918.<br />
lolaSvili 1978: lolaSvili iv. arsen iyalToeli (cxovreba da moRvaweoba). Tb.: 1978.<br />
meliqiSvili 1996: meliqiSvili d. gelaTis saliteraturo skolis enobrivi stilis er- er-<br />
Tianobisa da individualurobis sakiTxisaTvis. gelaTis mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis uwyebani. 2, Tb.: 1996.<br />
meliqiSvili 1975: meliqiSvili d. ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da stili. Tb.:<br />
Tsu gamomcemloba, 1975.<br />
rafava... 1983: rafava m., keWaRmaZe n. amonios ermisis Txzulebani qarTul mwerlobaSi.<br />
gamosac. moamzada, leqsikoni da gamokvleva daurTo m. rafavam. Tb.: 1983.<br />
165
166<br />
nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe<br />
WeliZe 1995: WeliZe ed. ioane petriwis cxovreba da moRvaweoba. J. religia, I-II, 1995.<br />
WeliZe 1996: WeliZe ed. Zveli qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo terminologia. I, Tb.:<br />
gamomcemloba mecniereba, 1996.<br />
xinTibiZe 1969: xinTibiZe e. bizantiur-qarTuli literaturuli urTierTobani. Tb.:<br />
Tsu gamomcemloba, 1969.<br />
xoferia 1998: xoferia l. maqsime aRmsareblis `pirosTan sityvisgebis~ qarTuli<br />
Targmanebi. sakandidato disertacia. Tb.: 1998.<br />
yauxCiSvili 1926: yauxCiSvili s. giorgi amartolis `xronoRrafis~ qarTuli Targma-<br />
ni. 2, Tb.: 1926.<br />
xelnawerebi:<br />
A 61 - Rirsisa mamisa Cvenisa mitrofane zmÂrnel mitropolitisa da ulÂmpiodore<br />
diakonisa mier aRwerili TargmanebaÁÁeklesiastisa.<br />
A128; Ath.2; H1347; Gel.5 - wmida barbares wameba.<br />
A 878 - wmida merkviris wameba.<br />
By N. Mrevlishvili, E. Chikvaidze<br />
The Challenge of Translation in Ancient Georgia and<br />
Main Methodological Aspects of the Study of the Issue<br />
Summary<br />
Evident orientation of the 11 th century Georgian system of thinking to Byzantine<br />
cultural processes significantly determined trends of not only specific directions of<br />
culture, but also basic cultural trends of Georgia of that period in general. Georgian<br />
religious-philosophical concepts or the literary processes in general were developed<br />
in parallel with Byzantine cultural processes, and acquired substance accordingly. The<br />
intensity of translation activity that emerges in the reality of Georgia of this period is<br />
conditioned by the desire of Georgian translators to compare to Byzantium -- a leading<br />
cultural country of the world of that period. Therefore, if Georgian writers mainly<br />
created original works at an earlier stage, this period is marked by the commencement<br />
of active translation activity. Over time, in line with the nature and requirements of the<br />
epoch, the concept of translation was formed and refined.<br />
The study of literary heritage of Georgian translators and the identification of individual<br />
linguistic-terminological qualifiers is important for in-depth research of the<br />
issue, as well as for the establishment of the identity of anonymous translators. Frequently<br />
the names of a translator, copyist or sponsor are intermixed. Additionally, the<br />
cases of erroneous attribution of translators of the same literary school and the same
mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />
period to other translators are not rare. In such conditions, it is obvious that several factors<br />
are to be taken into account for the establishment of actual identity of a translator:<br />
1. Historical sources about the work; 2. Literary traditions; 3. Method of translation,<br />
based on which literary school and, respectively, probable time and place of the given<br />
work can be ascertained. 4. For the completeness of information national stylistic<br />
norms used for this or that translation are to be studied. The following factor is to be<br />
taken into account when making a conclusion: the stage of career the translation was<br />
performed, since translators continuously elaborated and refined translation method<br />
or terminological structure. The work reviews theoretical material on the basis of two<br />
works performed pursuant to translation standards of the Gelati Theological school:<br />
Gelati version of the interpretation of Ecclesiastes and the Torturing of St. Barbara.<br />
The presented methodology (method of statistical qualifiers – V. Fooks, D. Melikishvili)<br />
has enabled us to critically review the conclusions that existed in scientific literature<br />
about the translators of the Gelati version of Exegesis of Ecclesiastes and of the Torturing<br />
of St. Barbara (Editions A and B) and set forth a new direction for the research. In<br />
our opinion, tackling the issue of a translator by way of such methodological aspects<br />
that entails the analysis of linguistic-terminological analysis of anonymous translations,<br />
in addition to written sources, should be noteworthy to the people interested in<br />
similar issues.<br />
167
folkloristika _ Tanamedrove kvlevebi<br />
dalila bedianiZe<br />
168<br />
amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani<br />
mecnierTa Soris sakamaToa sakiTxi – arsebos Tu ara amiranis miTi,<br />
Tu Cven mxolod amiranis eposTan gvaqvs saqme. amirani epikuri gmiri ki<br />
aris, magram Cveni varaudiT, misi Tavgadasavali Camoyalibebulia qarTul<br />
folklorSi rogorc eposad, aseve – calkeul miTebad. Tu promeTes Tavgadasavals<br />
miTad miviCnevT, ratom ar unda miviCnioT amiranis Tavgadasavali<br />
miTad? arsebobs araerTi Canaweri amiranis Sesaxeb, romelTaganac kompoziciuri<br />
mTlianobiT gamoirCeva ori svanuri varianti da erTic – fSauri,<br />
Tumca leqsnarevi, magram kompoziciurad mTliani da Sekruli.<br />
amiranis Tavgadasavali msgavsebas iCens araerTi xalxis epikuri gmirebis<br />
TavgadasavalTan, maT Soris – antikuri miTosis personaJebis TavgadasavlebTan.<br />
Cven amjerad yuradRebas SevaCerebT berZnuli miTosis gmirebTan,<br />
heraklesTan, TezevsTan, persevsTan, peiriToesTan amiranis msgavsebaze da<br />
mxolod gakvriT SevexebiT promeTes, vinaidan promeTe-amiranis Sesaxeb bevri<br />
dawerila da aq axali araferi gvaqvs saTqmeli.<br />
Tavis cnobil naSromSi `miTis poetika~ eliazar meletinski exeba<br />
amiransac da aRniSnavs, rom amirani – monaTesave berZnuli promeTesi, msgavsebas<br />
iCens persevsTan, TezevsTan, heraklesTan – rogorc urCxelTa damamarcxebeli<br />
gmiri. didi mecnieri aq mxolod erTi fraziT kmayofildeba<br />
da ar ganixilavs msgavsebis faqtebs. Cven mas veTanxmebiT da Cveni mxriv<br />
davumatebT, rom amirani peiriToesTanac iCens msgavsebas.<br />
amiranis miTis svanuri variantebis mixedviT, misi kompoziciuri detalebi<br />
ZiriTadad aseTia: 1. amiranis mSoblebis satrfialo Tavgadasavali;<br />
2. amiranis dabadeba; 3. mdinaris piras amiranis akvnis dadgma da monaTvla;<br />
4. amirani mamis saxlSi; 5. amiranis mier mamis Tvalis dabruneba; 6. amiranis<br />
Sexvedra calTvala devTan; 7. amiranis da misi Zmebis brZola devebTan; 8.<br />
amiranis mier baybaydevis damarcxeba; 9. amiranis brZola devTan, romelmac<br />
igi gadaylapa (iniciacia); 10. amiranis gamosvla devis wiaRidan; 11. mze-<br />
Tunaxav qeTus (igive yamari) Zieba; 12. amirani da gmiri ambri-andrerobi;<br />
13. kekluca keisris qalis qeTus motaceba; 14. brZola sacolis mamasTan<br />
da Zmebis sikvdili; 15. amiranis Zmebis gacocxleba; 16. amirani – ficismtexeli;<br />
17. amiranis RmerTTan Sexvedra; 18. amiranis mijaWva (Ciqovani 1947:<br />
355-363; 363-375).
amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani<br />
amiranis miTis svanur variantebs avsebs da siRrmes matebs fSauri varianti,<br />
romlis kompoziciuri detalebic aseTia:<br />
1. amiranis mama sulkalmaxs sami vaJi hyavda. umcrosi amirani iyo,<br />
qristes naTluli. amiranis dedas darejani erqva. ded-mama daexocaT bavSvebs<br />
da maT devebi Cagravdnen.<br />
2. sanadirod wasulT cxra mTas iqiT, meaTe mTaze iremi SexvdaT, romelmac<br />
koSkTan miiyvana isini (Semdeg modis poeturi CanarTi koSkisa da camcumis<br />
Sesaxeb).<br />
3. amirani da misi Zmebi Sexvdnen baybay devs, romelmac yamari uxsena maT.<br />
amiranis mier baybayis mokvlis Semdeg misi Tavebidan amomZvrali sami Wia<br />
sam gveleSapad iqca.<br />
4. amiranma daxoca TeTri da wiTeli gveleSapi, Savma ki is Caylapa (iniciacia).<br />
amiranma mas muceli gamosWra da gamovida, oRond – gaqosavebuli.<br />
5. igris epizodi.<br />
6. yamaris gzaze devebs hqondaT qorwili – cxra Zma devs. badrma, usupma<br />
da amiranma isini daxoces da maT saxls daepatronen.<br />
7. yamaris naxva amiranis mier, motaceba, WurWlis aSla da mdevris<br />
dadevneba.<br />
8. amiranis da misi Zmebis brZola mdevarTan, Zmebis sikvdili, yamaris<br />
mamis mokvla yamaris daxmarebiT.<br />
9. amiranma neka TiTis moWriT Tavi moikla, radgan Zmebi daexocnen brZolaSi,<br />
yamarma is Tagvis magaliTze gaacocxla. gaacocxles badri da usupic<br />
da Sin wavidnen.<br />
10. amiranis mteri ambri momkvdariyo – misi barkali ver aswia amiranma,<br />
ambris dedam aswia da Searcxvina amirani, romelic sabnelos Cajda.<br />
11. RmerTma amirans misi TxovniT Zala moumata, magram amirani gaborotda<br />
da gazviadda.<br />
12. amiranma Tavis naTliasTan SeWideba daiJina. RmerTma samjer daaso<br />
joxi, romelic amiranma orjer moglija, mesamed ki – vera. RmerTma igi am<br />
joxze miajaWva da zed gergeti da yazbegis mTa daaxura.<br />
13. amirans Tan goSiac hyavs, romelic jaWvs lokviT aTxelebs, magram<br />
did xuTSabaTs mWedlebi grdemls uros dahkraven da jaWvi isev sqeldeba.<br />
14. amirani erTma monadirem naxa gamoqvabulSi da moindoma misi gaTavisufleba.<br />
igi jambara-sakidelis mosatanad wavida, rom amiranis xmali<br />
imiT daeZra, magram misma colma ar moisvena, mainc gamoelaparaka (piroba<br />
aseTi iyo – monadire aravis unda dalaparakeboda). monadirem coli ki<br />
mityipa da amiranTan mivida, magram is gamoqvabulic gaqra da amiranic (Ciqovani<br />
1947: 312-327).<br />
Cveni yuradReba miiqcia erTma qarTulma xalxurma zRaparma `broweu-<br />
169
170<br />
dalila bedianiZe<br />
lis wyaro~ (rCeuli 1958: 42-47), romelSic gvxvdeba informacia amiranis<br />
gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. amiranis gaTavisufleba ar aris kavSirSi mTel<br />
zRaparTan, igi calke ambad aris CarTuli zRapris SuaSi:<br />
devkaci Tavisi sulis Citis kolofs amiranis gasaRebiT aRebs. `es<br />
amiranis gasaRebi aris samyura balaxi – sTqva mzeTunaxavma. didxans iyo<br />
kldeze mijaWvuli amiran gmirTagmiri, misi codviT dedamiwa iwvoda, cas<br />
da qveyanas ebraleboda, magram veravin uSvela... borkili ara tydeboda.<br />
erTxel mivida WianWvela da uTxra: mecodebi, rom magre itanjebi da,<br />
Tu damimadleb, giSvelio, agiSvebo. amirans gaecina da uTxra: dedamiwis<br />
zurgze Senze patara ara dacocavs rao, magram guli ki yvelaze didi gqonia<br />
da SeuZlebels iCemebo. WianWvelam uTxra. aba, me getyvi da Sen yuri<br />
damigdeo _ erTxel gvelma bayayi daiWira, Caylapva undoda, magram gaaSvebina;<br />
bayayma Tavs uSvela, gadaxta balaxebSi, moglija matitela balaxi,<br />
daidva nakbenze da wyluli moiSuSa; me gamikvirda, mivedi matitelasTan<br />
da qeba Sevasxi: balaxi Sen yofilxar-meTqi. balaxi me kia ara var, ager<br />
rom Cems gverdiT samyura izrdeba, is aris, rom cxraklitulebs aRebs da<br />
borkilebs amtvrevs... midebis meti ara unda rao. es rom gavigone, mivedi,<br />
movglije samyuras meoTxe foToli da wamogiReo. micocda, miadva amiranis<br />
jaWvs da gaxsna borkili. amiranma Tavi aiSva da WianWvela daloca: rac tani<br />
gaq, erTi aTasad imaze meti Zala mogeceso. es samyura balaxi amirans, ra-<br />
Rai Tavi auSvia, gadaugdia, am wyeul devkacs upovnia da sadRac damaluli<br />
aqvso. miixed-moixeda ZiZiSvilma da kedels Sua Cakiruli dainaxa amiranis<br />
gasaRebi. gamoiRo, miadva kolofs, gaxsna, gamoiyvana Citi, misca xelSi xelmwifis<br />
Svils – waaglijes Tavi da mokvda devi~ (rCeuli 1958: 45). niSandoblivia,<br />
rom am zRaparSi naxsenebi oTxyura samyura balaxi aris magiuri<br />
mcenare da mas msoflio folklorSi saerTaSoriso simbolos mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs (bregaZe 2007: megruli).<br />
am gaTavisuflebis epizodis gaTvaliswinebiT amiranis miTi kidev ufro<br />
srul saxes iZens da ufro met msgavsebas iCens promeTes, Tezevsis da peiri-<br />
Toes miTebTan (herale da persevsi mijaWvulni ar yofilan da Sesabamisad,<br />
promeTes miTebSi gaTavisuflebis epizodic ar gvxvdeba). rogorc cnobilia,<br />
promeTes miTTan amiranis miTs akavSirebs gmiris xasiaTi da gmiris<br />
mijaWva, zemoxsenebuli qarTuli zRapris mixedviT ki Tavs iCens msgavsebis<br />
kidev axali detali – gmiris gaTavisufleba.<br />
promeTes mijaWva-gaTavisuflebaze bevri Tqmula, am sakiTxs aRar gamovekidebiT,<br />
axla CavxedoT Tezevsis da peiriToes miTs (kuni 1965: 201-204):<br />
Tezevsi iyo poseidonis Svili, misi mTavari gmiroba iyo minotavris mokvla.<br />
igi daumegobrda lapiTebis meomari tomis meTaurs Zlevamosil gmirs<br />
peiriToes, romelmac colad SeirTo mSvenieri hipodamia. hipodamia male
amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani<br />
gardaicvala. peiriToem igi iglova, Semdeg ki Tezevsis daxmarebiT moitaca<br />
mSvenieri elene. elene wilisyriT Tezevss ergo da ara peiriToes. maSin<br />
peiriToem hadesis colis – persefones motaceba sTxova Tezevss. Tezevss<br />
Tavzari daeca, magram megobars uari ver uTxra. isini mividnen hadesTan da<br />
colis daTmoba mosTxoves. ganrisxda hadesi, magram Tavi Seikava da gmirebs<br />
micvalebulTa samefos SemosasvlelTan kldeSi amokveTil taxtze dajdoma<br />
ubrZana. rogorc ki taxtze daeSvnen, orive gmiri zed miejaWva, wamodgoma<br />
veRar SeZles da moZraobis unari dakarges. Tezevsi didxans darCa<br />
aCrdilTa qveyanaSi. mZime tanjvas iTmenda qvesknelSi, magram bolos heraklem<br />
gaaTavisufla igi (niSandoblivia, rom promeTec heraklem gaaTavisufla).<br />
rac Seexeba peiriToes, misi bedis Sesaxeb miTSi araferia naTqvami. unda<br />
vifiqroT, rom TezevsTan erTad isic gaTavisuflda taxtze mijaWvisagan.<br />
Tezevsi skirosis mefe likomedem zRvaSi gadaagdo maRali kldidan da ase<br />
daiRupa. am mxriv Tezevsi amiranisgan gansxvavdeba, romelic promeTesaviT<br />
ukvdavia, Tumca Tezevsi amiraniviT borot ZalebTan mebrZolia – man mokla<br />
minotavri da sxva gmirobebic Caidina. minotavris mokvlaSi mas daexmara<br />
masze Seyvarebuli ariadne (Sdr. amirans rogor daexmara RrubelTbatonis<br />
mokvlaSi masze Seyvarebuli yamari. es faqti sayuradReboa imiTac, rom<br />
aq gvxvdeba qali sakuTari mamis winaaRmdeg Seyvarebulis dasaxmareblad.<br />
mkrTalia, magram mainc aris aq analogi medeasa da iazonis ambavs Soris,<br />
Tumca ariadne dionises coli gaxda da ara Tezevsisa).<br />
amiranis msgavseba heraklesa, persevssa da TezevsTan (peiriToes warmo-<br />
Soba ucnobia) moicavs gmiris warmoSobasac – igi RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa,<br />
qal-RmerT dalis Svili, xolo berZen gmirebs mamebi hyavT RmerTebi (herakles<br />
–zevsi, persevsac zevsi, xolo Tezevss – poseidoni). amirani herakles<br />
hgavs imiTac, rom igi gvelTmebrZolia (gavixsenoT herakles pirveli<br />
gmiroba) da imiTac, rom igi ukvdavia (heraklesac xom ukvdaveba mianiWes<br />
olimpoze RmerTebma da colad heba SerTes). persevsis miTi msgavsebas iCens<br />
amiranis miTTan erTi detaliTac – patara persevsi da dedamisi danae argosis<br />
mefe akrisiam, orakulis winaswarmetyvelebiT SeSinebulma, xis kidobanSi<br />
Casva da monebs zRvaSi gadaagdebina. kidobani meTevze diqtisma gamoitana<br />
zRvidan da orive dedaSvili Tavis Zmas, serifosis mefe polideqtes<br />
mihgvara, romlis karzec gaizarda persevsi. es detali Cven mogvagonebs wyalTan<br />
dakavSirebul axalSobil miTosur gmirebs – kriSnas, moses da sxva<br />
da mogvagonebs amiransac, romlis akvanic wyaros pirTan iqna dadgmuli da<br />
romelic ara mSobelma mamam gazarda. persevsis miTs im zRaprebTanac aqvs<br />
kavSiri andromedes urCxulisagan gadarCenis detaliT, romlebSic gmiri<br />
wylis mflobeli gveleSapis SeWmisagan ixsnis mzeTunaxavs, magram es ukve<br />
sxva sakiTxia. persevsi gvelmebrZol gmiradac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rad-<br />
171
172<br />
dalila bedianiZe<br />
gan gorgona-meduzas, romelic man mokla, Tavze gvelebi asevia da meduzas<br />
sisxlis wveTebisgan Sxamiani gvelebi warmoiSvnen – am mxrivac hgavs igi<br />
amirans, oRond persevsic mokvdavia, rogorc Tezevsi.<br />
amiranis miTTan kompoziciur msgavsebas iCens zogierTi berZnuli miTis<br />
dasawyisi detali `gmiris mSoblebis satrfialo Tavgadasavali~: herakles<br />
dedas alkmenes, amfitrionis meuRles, zevsisagan eyola herakle. zevsma<br />
aseve Seiyvara danae – argosis mefis akrisias asuli, moevlina mas oqros<br />
wvimis saxiT da misgan danaes eyola persevsi.<br />
herakle, iseve, rogorc promeTe da amirani, RmerTebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli<br />
gmiria. igi SeebrZola sikvdilis RmerTs Tanatoss (mefe admetes<br />
colis alkestidas gamosaxsnelad), zRvis RmerTs nerevss (hesperidebis<br />
vaSlebisken mimavali gza aswavlebina), apolons (romelTanac zevsma Seariga),<br />
mdinaris RmerT aqeloes (romelic gvelad iqca) – igi mudam gamarjvebuli<br />
gamodioda. Tezevsma peiriToesTvis colis, persefones daTmoba<br />
sTxova hadess, riTac mis winaaRmdeg gamovida da peiriToesTan erTad amisaTvis<br />
mijaWvul iqna.<br />
amrigad, zemoxsenebul berZnul miTebTan herakles, persevsis, Tezevsis<br />
da peiriToes Sesaxeb amiranis miTi msgavsebas iCens mTavari gmiris xasiaTiT,<br />
gvelTmebrZolobiT, mijaWvis da gaTavisuflebis detaliT (oRond es<br />
ukanaskneli mxolod Tezevsis da peiriToes Sesaxeb miTSi gvxvdeba, garda<br />
promeTesi).<br />
amiranis miTis Cvens mier zemoT moyvanili variantebis kompoziciuri detalebi<br />
logikurad misdeven erTmaneTs, isini iCenen damoukideblobas sxva<br />
qveynebis miTebisagan, aRmocenebuli arian qarTuli cnobierebis niadagze<br />
da berZnul miTosTan ramodenime Sexebis wertili aqvT.<br />
dasasruls erTsac aRvniSnavdiT _ berZnebs aqvT promeTes saxelTan<br />
dakavSirebuli dResaswauli, xolo Cven, qarTvelebs, romelTac gvyavs<br />
udidesi miTiuri gmiri amirani, ara gvaqvs amiranoba.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
bregaZe 2007: megruli xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebi. J. `le kokaz iliustreSi~<br />
_ moxseneba, wakiTxuli ilia WavWavaZis 170 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil<br />
folkloristTa samecniero konferenciaze. 13 ivnisi, 2007.<br />
kuni 1965: kuni n. a. Zveli saberZneTis legendebi da miTebi. Tb.: gamom-<br />
cemloba `ganaTleba~, 1965.<br />
rCeuli 1958: rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. el. virsalaZiT redaqciiT Tb.:<br />
gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1958.<br />
Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m. mijaWvuli amirani. Tb.: 1947.
amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani<br />
Compositional Peculiarities of Amirani’s Myth<br />
Summary<br />
Dalila Bedianidze<br />
Amirani’s myth is an ancient Georgian legend. There exist a number of its variations.<br />
The Svan version of the myth represents Amirani’s story most precisely and clearly.<br />
According to Svan version of Amirani’s myth its compositional details are the following:<br />
1. Love story of Amirani’s parents<br />
2. Amirani’s birth<br />
3. Placing Amirani’s cradle on the bank of the river and his baptizing<br />
4. Amirani in his father’s house<br />
5. Amirani returns his father’s eye/ first heroism<br />
6. Amirani’s meeting with one-eyed Ogre (Devi)<br />
7. Amirani’s and his brothers struggle with Ogres (Devis)<br />
8. Amirani defeats Ogre (Devi)<br />
9. Amirani’s battle with dragons; swallowing of Amirani by Black Dragon<br />
10. Amirani’s coming out from dragon’s belly<br />
11. Searching for Qamari<br />
12. Amirani and hero Ambri<br />
13. Kidnapping Qamari, a maiden unseen by the sun<br />
14. Struggle with Qamari’s father and death of Amirani’s brothers<br />
15. Amirani’s suicide; Qamari restores him and his brothers to life<br />
16. Amirani – oath breaker<br />
17. Amirani challenging the God<br />
18. Amirani’s chaining<br />
Some of the compositional details of Amirani’s myth have something in common with<br />
elements depicting adventures of mythic heroes of other countries. For example, there are<br />
similarities in comparison with Greek myth: Prometheus’, Heracles’, Theseus’, Peirithous’<br />
myths. Hero’s birth and his struggle with different evil creatures should be singled out<br />
among them. Compare Heracles – struggling with snakes and Amirani – with dragons,<br />
hero’s challenging with God or Gods and his punishment, in some cases chaining, in some<br />
cases placing under mountain / see Armenian myth – Mheri, in some cases chaining on the<br />
chair / see Theseus and Peirithous<br />
The heroes of Greek myth are finally liberated. Amirani frees himself too, but we come<br />
across this detail not in Georgian myth, but in Georgian folk epic “Source of Pomegranates”,<br />
recorded by Elene Virsaladze.<br />
173
Dominik Irtenkauf (Deutschland)<br />
Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen<br />
Deutschland und Georgien - Amirani im Zentrum des Interesses<br />
I.<br />
174<br />
Einleitende Worte<br />
Hans Blumenberg schreibt in seinem Buch Arbeit am Mythos davon, daß den Göttern<br />
das Lachen verboten werden soll. Platon schreibt gegen die griechischen Dichter Homer,<br />
Hesiod und Aischylos an, die aus der Götterwelt eine allzumenschliche machen, in der es<br />
– wie zuweilen bei den Menschen auch – drunter und drüber zugeht. Für meinen Artikel<br />
ist diese Auseinandersetzung in der antiken Literatur von Bedeutung, da ich entgegen des<br />
Titel dieses Artikels nicht auf eine unabhängige Forschung im Bereich der Mythologie<br />
abziele.<br />
Als Musa-Stipendiat liegt meine Absicht vielmehr darin, eine stoffgeschichtliche als<br />
auch materielle Untersuchung des Mythos anzustellen. Hans Blumenberg beschreibt meine<br />
Absicht sehr treffend mit den folgenden Sätzen: „Geschichten brauchen nicht bis ans Letzte<br />
vorzustoßen. Sie stehen nur unter der einen Anforderung: sie dürfen nicht ausgehen.“<br />
(Blumenberg 2006: S. 143)<br />
Arbeit am Mythos bedeutet im Künstlerischen: Bereitschaft zur Wandlung – in der<br />
Wissenschaft: Nachweis dieser Wandlungen. Die Metamorphose durchzieht die Welt der<br />
griechischen Mythologie. Zudem besitzt die Mythologie ein immer noch unerschöpfliches<br />
Reservoir an Bildern, die für eine literarische Arbeit von Bedeutung sind. Die Wissenschaft<br />
– in meinem Fall besonders die Komparatistik – greift genau an jenen Schnittstellen, an<br />
denen die literarische Umarbeitung gewisse Grenzen des Stoffs – zum Beispiel der Fesselung<br />
des Prometheus an den Kaukasus – zu überschreiten droht. An dieser gefährlichen<br />
Grenzüberschreitung tritt die komparatistische Wissenschaft als philologische Kontrolle<br />
auf und gibt den Rahmen der Neuinterpretation vor. Das scheint keine besondere Eigenart<br />
schriftstellerischen Arbeitens zu sein – die Integrität der Tradition fordert eine solche<br />
Vorgehensweise. Auf der anderen Seite ist es für mich als Schriftsteller unerheblich, ob<br />
ich einen mythologischen Text aus der Vergangenheit als Unterlage meiner Arbeit nehme<br />
oder neue Bilder aus der Re-Lektüre mythologischer Texte in meiner täglichen Umgebung<br />
finde. Es kommt mir in meiner literarischen Arbeit auf die Anwendbarkeit des Mythos<br />
an. In der Wissenschaft muß man hingegen vorsichtiger im Umgang mit Mythologemen<br />
sein. Die Mythologieforschung kann bereits auf eine eigene Tradition zurückschauen. In<br />
Deutschland nimmt sie mit Christoph Martin Wieland und Gottfried Herder ihren Lauf.<br />
Eine Gesamtüberblick über ihre Geschichte kann ich aufgrund Platzmangel nicht liefern.<br />
Meine Arbeit zu Georgien soll nicht zu viel Wissenschaft enthalten. Was heißt das?
Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland<br />
Die vergleichende Forschung schaut sich nach Bildern um, die Roland Barthes in seinen<br />
Mythen des Alltags beschreibt. Wenn die Parallelen zwischen deutscher und georgischer<br />
Mythologie in den Blickpunkt gerückt werden, kommen die Konturen der Heldenfiguren<br />
im Fall meines Buchprojekts zur besonderen Geltung. Sie werden so genau in ihren Konturen<br />
untersucht, um als Palimpsest für meine eigene Literatur zu dienen – eine sofortige<br />
Weiterverwendung.<br />
Die Arbeit am Mythos bestimmt sich durch die Variabilität der Gestaltung. An bestehenden<br />
Mythen wird nach eingehender Beschäftigung fortgeschrieben, was bereits in der<br />
Überlieferung enthalten ist.<br />
Blumenberg spricht von einer Entgegensetzung zwischen Grundmythos und Wissenschaft.<br />
Wissenschaft muß sich, um zu funktionieren, vom Totalitätsanspruch lossagen. Ein<br />
Künstler mag Bilder gestalten, die eine breite Fläche beschreiben. Sie drücken eine Aussage<br />
zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt aus, die in sich stimmig und abgeschlossen ist. Hier<br />
berührt sich immer wieder aktualisierte Kunst mit dem Mythos, der eine Welt nicht unbedingt<br />
abschließend im Sinne von vernünftig erklärt, aber ab einem bestimmten Punkt nicht<br />
hinterfragt werden möchte, da auf seinen Bildern die Säulen dieser oder einer vergangenen<br />
Welt ruhen.<br />
Die Wissenschaft ist sich ihrer Vorläufigkeit, besonders der theoretischen Konzepte,<br />
stets bewußt, wenn sie sich über ihre eigenen Strukturen bewußt wird. Die wissenschaftlichen<br />
Erkenntnisse werden immer wieder aufs neue geprüft. Es sind Bausteine, auf denen<br />
Weiteres fundiert werden kann.<br />
In der Kunst kommt es nicht so sehr auf philologische Genauigkeit denn auf Überzeugungskraft<br />
an. Von Bildern lebt sie und die Rezeptionsforschung stellt eindeutig unter Beweis,<br />
daß sich Autoren vermehrt am mythologischen Stoff bedient haben. Stoff meint hier<br />
eine abgrenzbare Situation, eine Konstellation der mythologischen Welt, die spezifische<br />
Personagen und Beziehungen fordert.<br />
Mich interessiert bei meiner Forschung die Zusammensetzung des Pa l i m P s e s t s – unter<br />
dem sichtbaren Text an der Oberfläche liegt ein anderer verborgen. Gérard Genette exemplifiziert<br />
mehrere Kategorien des intertextuellen Bezugs. Es kommt mir nicht so sehr auf die<br />
exakte Anwendung einer Theorie an, als vielmehr auf ein weiterführendes Verständnis der<br />
Mythen und vor allem ihre Weiterverarbeitung in der Kunst.<br />
Es sind zwei unterschiedliche Annäherungen: das wissenschaftliche Interesse untersucht<br />
die Typologie der mythischen Figuren und ihre Genealogie. Das künstlerische Interesse<br />
hingegen fragt nach der Bildhaftigkeit.<br />
Bei der näheren Beschäftigung mit der Mythologie fällt auf, daß sie nicht aus einem<br />
Guß geschaffen worden ist und ständiger Revision unterliegt. Besonders am Beispiel des<br />
Halbgotts und Titans Prometheus kann man die ständige Umarbeitung, Nachbearbeitung,<br />
Veränderung nachweisen. Schließlich überkommt dem Mythos eine kleine Schwäche, insofern<br />
der französische Schriftsteller André Gide im Prometheus-Mythologem eine par-<br />
175
176<br />
Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany)<br />
odistische Note wahrnimmt und dies literarisch verarbeitet (Le Prométhée mal enchainé,<br />
1899).<br />
Ich stelle mir selbst die Frage, was passiert, wenn die Götter anfangen, zu lachen. Der<br />
Schalk treibt sich möglicherweise in das Gesicht des Forschers. Wenn der mythische Ernst,<br />
die Überwindung des anfänglichen Chaos, in heiteres Spiel umbricht, verlieren die Erkenntnisse<br />
möglicherweise an Tiefsinn, kaum aber an Überzeugungskraft.<br />
Ich spreche hier das Problem der zwiegespaltenen Rede an: der Wissenschaft auf der<br />
einen und der Literatur auf der anderen Seite. Geschichten werden nicht geschrieben, um<br />
nur einem kleinen elitären Zirkel zugänglich gemacht zu werden. Wer schreibt, möchte<br />
Empfänger erreichen. In der zeitgenössischen Literatur entstehen Texte im Nu, ein ästhetisches<br />
Urteil wird über die rasante Weiterentwicklung der Medien erschwert.<br />
Auch in bezug auf die Rezeption der Mythen im 21. Jahrhundert gilt zu vermuten, daß<br />
in allen Bereichen der Gesellschaft ein vages Verständnis anzutreffen ist. Wie bei einem<br />
Palimpsest kommt nie deutlich heraus, welche genauen Worte unter den aktuell sichtbaren<br />
niedergefaßt sind. Mit einer solchen medialen Praxis kann die Wissenschaft nicht leben,<br />
die Kunst schon. Die Wissenschaft fordert klare Definitionen und Abgrenzungen. Der gravierende<br />
Unterschied zwischen begründbaren Thesen und überzeugenden Bildern spricht<br />
sich meiner Meinung nach am deutlichsten in der Mediengeschichte aus. Als Schriftsteller<br />
interessiert mich vornehmlich die Verwertbarkeit des vorgefundenen Materials. In diesem<br />
Ansatz komme ich einem Bildenden Künstler nahe, der für einen angemessenen Ausdruck<br />
nach den rechten Mitteln sucht. An dieser Schnittstelle greift mein Interesse am Mythos<br />
an: Wie schreibt sich dieser durch die Werke? Methoden für eine solchgestaltige Analyse<br />
gibt die komparatistische Rezeptionsforschung an die Hand. Ich habe bereits von Genette<br />
gesprochen.<br />
Ein weiterer Bezugspunkt aus essayistischer Perspektive wäre Roland Barthes – und<br />
zwar aufgrund seiner stets bemerkbaren medialen Kompetenz. Sein Buch zur Fotografie<br />
(La chambre claire) kann nicht nur zur (theoretischen) Betrachtung von Fotos herangezogen<br />
werden, sondern mehr noch zur Orientierung des eigenen Interesses dienen. Einerseits<br />
geht Barthes auf eine theoretische Grundlege seiner photographischen Wahrnehmung<br />
ein; andererseits versucht der französische Essayist, seine persönlichen Wahrnehmungen<br />
bezüglich besonderer Photographien in seine theoretische Erläuterungen zum Wesen der<br />
Photographie an sich einzubringen. Dieser dialektische Sprung gelingt in einer präzisen<br />
Sprache, die zugleich Raum für persönliches Kolorit zuläßt.<br />
Die persönliche Faszination an der Mythologie und ihrer Ausdruckskraft sollte ein<br />
Stück weit zurückgenommen werden, um nicht in falschen Pathos und ungenaue Aussagen<br />
zu verfallen. Dennoch bleibt zu konstatieren, daß die Vergleichende Mythologieforschung<br />
keinesfalls ein persönliches Bekenntnis ausschließen muß, wenn sie sich nicht allein auf<br />
die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung begrenzen möchte.<br />
Texte entstehen unter Rückbezug auf Vorgängertexte – in kompositorischer Hinsicht
Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland<br />
ist der Bezug auf diese Vorbilder eine vielgestaltige angewandte Praxis. Während der Arbeit<br />
am Mythos verändert sich der Ursprungsstoff und geht anteilig in die Neubearbeitung<br />
ein. Jetzt müssten konkrete Beispiele folgen, um die Textarbeit zu verdeutlichen. Darauf<br />
möchte ich in meinem Artikel jedoch verzichten und stattdessen auf die Weiterverarbeitung<br />
Amiranis im Kontext meines Buchprojektes eingehen.<br />
II.<br />
Zum Amirani-Mythos<br />
Amirani wird auf persönliche Nachfrage bei Einwohnern Tbilissis als starker Mann<br />
vorgestellt. Ein Held aus Berufung, Sohn der Jagdgöttin Dali und des Jägers Sukalmachi<br />
(nach der Überlieferung des Chikovani-Buchs). Er setzt sich gegen die Unterdrückung des<br />
einfachen Volks ein.<br />
„Als das Wortgeplänkel begann, gingen sie zum Karren und sagten zu ihrem jüngsten<br />
Bruder:<br />
‚Bruder Amirani, du hilfst denen, die in Not und Gefahr sind. Vielen hast du wieder auf<br />
die Füße geholfen. Deinem Wesen bist du bis heute nicht untreu geworden.’“<br />
(Chikovani 1978: 122-123)<br />
Die Arbeit an mythologischen Stoffen fordert in der schriftstellerischen Praxis eine<br />
andere Ausrichtung als in der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung. Im Schriftstellerischen<br />
kommt es auf die dramaturgische Zuspitzung an; in der Wissenschaft auf die Darstellung<br />
der Zusammenhänge, die Offenlegung der Genealogie, die Rezeptionsgeschichte des mythologischen<br />
Stoffs.<br />
Wenn ich mich in Georgien mit der Mythologie beschäftige, hat das kein rein historisches<br />
oder literaturwissenschaftliches Interesse. Ich bin auf der Suche nach neuem Stoff.<br />
Lese ich georgische Romane, um mir einen Einblick in diese Nationalliteratur zu verschaffen,<br />
lese ich sie nicht allein als Ausdruck einer bestimmten Nation, die mit anderen<br />
Nationalliteraturen verglichen werden kann, sondern auch als Unterlage für meine Arbeit<br />
am Palimpsest.<br />
In meiner Literatur überarbeite ich meine Forschungserkenntnisse in einen literarisch<br />
ausgearbeiteten Text.<br />
Amirani entstammt der Märchenwelt, wie einige Parallelen zum Märchenstoff nahelegen.<br />
Das Mythologem besitzt eindeutig folkloristische Bezüge, weist ebenfalls Bezüge zur<br />
Heldensage auf (Kampf gegen Ungeheuer beziehungsweise Dewis, Eroberung einer schönen<br />
Frau, Auszug von der Heimat), doch stellt sich trotz der über dreihundert Fassungen<br />
eine gewisse Beschränkung des mythologischen Stoffs ein.<br />
Er hat sich aus der Märchenwelt nie wirklich emanzipiert. Das Buch von Micheil Chikovani<br />
war bislang aufgrund mangelnder Sprachkenntnisse meine Forschungsgrundlage.<br />
Mir ist die Expansivität der Amiranologie bewußt, die Vielzahl an Textvarianten ebenso.<br />
Im Palimpsestverfahren können die einzelnen Schichten durcheinander geraten, jeweils<br />
177
178<br />
Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany)<br />
den Platz der anderen einnehmen. Hans Blumenberg geht in seinem Buch zum Mythos<br />
häufig auf das Prinzip der Metamorphose ein. Diese eigentliche Prinzip der Mythologie<br />
möchte ich als Erkenntnismethode übernehmen; und zwar die Arbeit am Mythos bedingt<br />
eine Überarbeitung des alten Stoffs und seine Erprüfung im zeitgenössischen Alltag. Die<br />
letzte Forderung stammt, so muß ich eingestehen, aus meiner eigenen Emanzipation aus<br />
der deutschen Romantik. Die Verbindung der Sagenwelt eines Landes mit den Konstellationen,<br />
die sich im Alltag von Zeit zu Zeit wiederholen.<br />
Die Leser werden Friedrich Schlegels Rede über die Mythologie sicher kennen. Aus<br />
dieser ertönt die Forderung nach einer sogenannten Neuen Mythologie. Meines Erachtens<br />
kann diese immer noch bearbeitet werden und sie findet unablässig neue Formen.<br />
In der gegenwärtigen deutschsprachigen Literatur besteht ein deutlicher Hang zu einem<br />
rein dokumentarischen Stil. Die Mythologie interessiert hierbei nicht viel, da ihr ein bildungsbürgerlicher<br />
Ballast, ein akademischer Zwang anhaftet. Erst durch die Vereinfachung<br />
ihrer Bildsprache auf wesentliche Figuren gewinnt die Mythologie an neuer Aussagekraft.<br />
Was fand ich nun während meines Aufenthalts in Georgien an Amirani?<br />
Amirani ist bodenständiger als Prometheus. Aus den mir einsehbaren Quellen geht<br />
hervor, daß Amirani allein durch seine Mutter, die Jagdgöttin Dali, einen Bezug zur Götterwelt<br />
unterhält. Die notierte Amiranisage ist bereits aus dem Umfeld der georgischen<br />
Mythologie herausgelöst. Es gibt kein breites Götterpantheon, in dem er sich bewegt. Ihn<br />
begleiten seine beiden Halbbrüder auf seinen Fahrten und bestehen gemeinsame Abenteuer.<br />
Das Amirani-Mythologem weist einige Züge der Heldensage auf: die Ausfahrt, das Bestehen<br />
der Abenteuer, das Kräftemessen mit Ungeheuern und dem Wolkenkönig – mit dem<br />
kleinen, aber gewichtigen Unterschied, daß er nicht an den Ausgangspunkt zurückkehrt,<br />
sondern angekettet im Kaukasus endet.<br />
Bestraft wird Amirani letztlich für die Herausforderung Gottes, jedoch nicht aufgrund<br />
einer Tat für die Menschheit, deren Zweckmäßigkeit Zeus im griechischen Mythos immer<br />
wieder in Zweifel zieht, sondern weil er den Gott im Kräftemessen herausfordert und damit<br />
seine Unterordnung nicht akzeptiert.<br />
Prometheus hingegen wird für den Feuerraub, einer gefährlichen Sache für den Menschen,<br />
in den Kaukasus verbannt. Der Kontakt zwischen griechischer und georgischer Welt<br />
ist belegt, wofür unter anderem auch die Übernahme des Christentums spricht, wenn auch<br />
die Weisungen aus Byzanz, einem ‚Außenposten’ der hellenischen Welt, stammten.<br />
Ehrlich eingestanden, habe ich während meiner schriftstellerischen Arbeit in Georgien<br />
mehr Sympathie für Amirani empfunden, da dieser weniger „bearbeitet“ wurde als Prometheus.<br />
Die Spuren in der georgischen Literatur sind eher spärlich gesät, ganz im Gegensatz<br />
zu Prometheus, der auch in der deutschsprachigen Literatur eine breite Resonanz gefunden<br />
hat. Am bekanntesten dürfte Goethes Prometheus-Gedicht sein. Ein georgischer Amirani-<br />
Roman steht noch aus. Oder besser gesagt: ein Roman, der sich in seinem Kern auf den<br />
mythischen Helden konzentriert.
Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland<br />
Da setze ich an und hinterfrage diese Vernachlässigung. Um ein Buch über das Mythologem<br />
eines fremden Landes gewissermaßen gegen ein nur oberflächliches Verständnis<br />
abzusichern, ist die Forschung an der Überlieferung notwendig. In der Amiranisage treten,<br />
wie ich bereits anführte, Muster der Heldensage auf. Darüber hinaus kann man Amirani<br />
als ein archaisches Symptom des Heldentums verstehen. Was heißt das? Amiranis Figur<br />
läßt gewisse Schlüsse über die Rolle des Heldens zu. Er unterstützt die Unterdrückten und<br />
sorgt für eine Befriedung der noch chaotisch anmutenden Welt, die von Ungeheuern und<br />
Bösewichten erfüllt ist.<br />
Zieht man nun meine Überlegungen zum Palimpsest in Betracht, kann der Amirani-<br />
Stoff die fundamentbildende Schicht des Palimpsests abgeben, als Hintergrund einer erneuten<br />
Beschäftigung mit georgischer Mythologie. Unterstützend kommt hierbei der<br />
Übergang des Amirani-Stoffs in den Sagenschatz zugute, das heißt, der Inhalt des Stoffs<br />
erfährt durch Kinder- beziehungsweise Märchenbücher eine weite Verbreitung. Das fällt<br />
mir auch in Geschäften auf, wenn ich mich mit Lebensmitteln eindecke, daß erstens der<br />
Name ‚Amirani’ bekannt ist und zweitens er als starker Mann, geradezu als Draufgänger<br />
wahrgenommen wird – und hiermit ein gewisser parodistischer Zug in die Heldensage<br />
kommt. Wohlgemerkt, in der Rezeption kommt dieser parodistische Zug zur Geltung.<br />
Nicht im Textkonvolut, was einen interessanten Schluß auf die Perzeption postmodernen<br />
Heldentums zuläßt.<br />
Im Alltag kann über einen überstarken Helden wie Amirani bloß im Gestus der Ironie<br />
gesprochen werden.<br />
Diesen parodistischen Zug möchte ich aufgreifen, denn er fungiert als Schnittstelle zur<br />
germanischen Mythologie, besser gesagt: zu einem jüngeren Stoff, der aber für die deutsche<br />
Literatur in etwa die Bedeutung des Rustaweli-Poems Der Mann im Tigerfell übernimmt.<br />
Ich spreche vom Nibelungenlied und seinem Helden Siegfried, der den Drachen<br />
tötet und für seinen Herrn Gunther manches Wagnis eingeht. Seine treuherzige Loyalität<br />
verunmöglicht eine gegenwärtige Neubearbeitung Siegfrieds als ernstzunehmenden Helden;<br />
in der Kunst ist allein ein parodistischer Umgang mit ihm möglich, so meine These.<br />
Diese Rezeption des Helden in der deutschen Kunst mag auf die Auswirkungen des Zweiten<br />
Weltkriegs zurückzuführen sein.<br />
Eine Konzentration auf bloße Kraftmeierei führt zu amüsantem Lächeln während der<br />
Einkäufe auf den Straßen Tbilissis. Für mich persönlich führt die Mythologieforschung zu<br />
einer integrativen Funktion des Mythos: durch typologische Übereinstimmungen ist eine<br />
Verständigung über Ländergrenzen möglich. Grenzverkehr findet statt.<br />
Meine Beschäftigung mit Amirani als unterer Schicht des Palimpsests mag unter den<br />
kritischen Augen der Amiranologie, einer spezialisierten Disziplin, nicht standhalten können.<br />
Durch Textstudium bemühe ich mich um ein close reading, das jedoch den Text als<br />
Ausdruck eines bestimmten Diskurs aufliest, das heißt ihm seinen Ort in der Mediengeschichte<br />
zuweist. Der Bezug auf die mediale Struktur eines Textes bildet für meine eigenen<br />
179
180<br />
Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany)<br />
Forschungen zwischen Literatur und komparatistischer Wissenschaft ein wesentliches Bindeglied.<br />
Er erklärt die Rezeption der Mythologie sowohl vom Produzenten als auch vom<br />
Rezipienten des Textes aus: die Übernahme eines Mythologems in die Bildkomposition<br />
eines Gemäldes oder in den Handlungsverlauf eines Romans läßt Schlüsse auf die Überzeugungskraft<br />
des Bildes zu. Diese Überzeugungskraft setzt ein vorgängiges ästhetisches<br />
Urteil voraus. Das Urteil kommt auf der Rezipientenseite zustande, was ein möglicherweise<br />
schlechtes Licht auf meine Forschung werfen mag, da mich während der Studie für<br />
ein Buchprojekt auch stets die andere Seite, der Leser, interessiert, ohne den jede Literatur<br />
überflüssig wäre. Diese Einsicht hat keineswegs mit einer Willfährigkeit dem Leser gegenüber<br />
zu tun, sondern mit einem ehrlich begründeten Interesse an seiner Position. Ein<br />
kleines Land, dessen kulturelles Erbe noch nicht die Aufmerksamkeit bekommt, das es<br />
verdient, sollte nicht durch eine unverständliche Sprache noch weiter von Mitteleuropa gerückt<br />
werden. Der Spagat zwischen verständlicher und treffender Sprache kann nur durch<br />
ein Interchangieren zwischen wissenschaftlicher Forschung und literarischem Ausdruck<br />
gelingen.<br />
Mein Buch zum ‚zeitgenössischen Amirani’ in Georgien versucht, georgische Mythologie<br />
in Literatur zu überführen, mit dem konkreten vierteljährlichen Aufenthalt im Sommer<br />
2007 verbindend. Das heuristische Prinzip der Metamorphosen unterstützt die intertextuelle<br />
Bezugnahme der einzelnen Schichten meines Palimpsest-Buchs – je nach Grad der<br />
Veränderung sind unterschiedliche Antworten möglich auf die Frage: Wer war, wer ist und<br />
wer wird Amirani sein?<br />
In der germanischen Mythologie stossen wir auf die drei Nornen, Skuld - Urd – und<br />
Werdandi, die die Fäden des Lebens in den Händen halten und über Vergangenheit, Gegenwart<br />
und Zukunft entscheiden. Sie stehen in manchem Supermarket in der Hauptstadt, und<br />
teilen mir gewisse Geheimnisse des georgischen Alltags mit. Ich schaue zurück – und sehe:<br />
Amirani. Ich schaue auf mich – und sehe: einen in Georgien gestrandeten Schriftsteller. Ich<br />
schaue voraus – und sehe: ein Buch über Amirani und Georgien.<br />
Die mittlere Schicht wird vom Helden in der Fremde gestaltet. Dieser nimmt sich in<br />
der Kampfbereitschaft bewußt zurück; weil es nicht um die Durchsetzung seines Willens<br />
geht und der endlose Kampf gegen eine chaotische ‚Ordnung’ in einer post-mythischen<br />
Zeit nicht länger zu seiner wichtigsten Pflicht gehört. Der Held in der Fremde tritt aus dem<br />
mythologischen Muster und nimmt das Wagnis einer Eingewöhnung an. Im Palimpsest-<br />
Verfahren funktioniert die literarische Arbeit durch Überarbeitung, Ausstreichung, Fortschreibung.<br />
Die Mythologie gewinnt durch konzentrierte Textarbeit an neuem Leben, weil<br />
Amirani als bestimmtes literarisches Muster im Handlungsverlauf anwendbar ist. Jedoch<br />
gilt es trotz des Palimpsest-Verfahrens trotzdem auf die einzelnen Verknüpfungen und Varianten<br />
zu achten.<br />
In der germanischen Mythologie läßt sich ein Großteil nur durch andere Zeugnisse<br />
rekonstruieren. Häufig muß sich der Mythologieforscher bei römischen Schreibern einen
Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland<br />
Eindruck verschaffen, wie zum Beispiel bei Tacitus. Jeder Text repräsentiert sicher auch<br />
ein spezifisches Interesse an der Sache, und so muß sein diskursiver Entstehungsort stets<br />
mitberücksichtigt werden. Das Nibelungenlied nimmt Züge der germanischen Mythologie<br />
auf; es läßt sich durchaus als partielle Wiederaufnahme der germanischen Mythologie verstehen,<br />
vermengt diese jedoch mit der im Mittelalter fortgeführten Aventiuere, die sich an<br />
antike Heldenepen anschließt, jedoch das höfische Ideal der Ritterlichkeit hinzufügt.<br />
Amirani ist als mythisches Substrat in einer ‚früheren Stufe’ stehen geblieben, und die<br />
Vielzahl an oralen ‚Textvarianten’ belegt zunächst eine gewisse Rezeptionskraft, das heißt:<br />
im Reich der Märchen und Geschichten, die man sich abends vor dem Schlafengehen erzählt,<br />
besitzt Amirani einen festen Platz. In der Weltliteratur hingegen verfügt er über keine<br />
ständige Vertretung. Prometheus wird ihm möglicherweise den Rang abgelaufen haben.<br />
Amirani sendet keine Botschafter in die Welt aus. Die Gründe mögen auch in einem höheren<br />
Alter des Mythologems liegen. In diesem Artikel wollte ich von meiner Arbeit am Mythos<br />
erzählen, weniger von den spezifischen Charakteristika des Mythologems Amirani.<br />
„Wenn Lévi-Strauss vorschlägt, alle erhobenen Fassungen eines Mythos in einer Blattstruktur<br />
übereinander zu projizieren, um dadurch den Kernbestand zu ermitteln, so ist dies<br />
die Ausfällung des Zeitfaktors: alle Varianten werden einer unbestimmten Zeitebene zugeordnet.<br />
Es ist nicht mehr das ewig Wahre, aber doch eines, für das Zeitverlauf und Zeitstelle<br />
gleichgültig sind. Für eine philosophische Mythologie ist das besonders gehärtete<br />
Material des Mythos in seinem Geschichtsgang nicht zuletzt dadurch aufschlußreich, daß<br />
an seinem Widerstand gegen die Richtung und Stärke der verformenden und destruktiven<br />
Kräfte Aufschlüsse für die geschichtlichen Horizonte gewonnen werden können, aus denen<br />
sie einwirken.“ (Blumenberg 2006: S. 301)<br />
III.<br />
Resümee<br />
Mein Fazit möchte ich mit einem Zitat aus einem Brief Gottfried Benns an Käthe von<br />
Porada beginnen:<br />
„Europa ist der Erdteil der Abgründe und Schatten, denken Sie doch, daß im hellsten<br />
Griechenland Prometheus an den Felsen mußte und wie er litt!“ (zitiert bei Blumenberg<br />
2006: S. 329)<br />
Der Kaukasus wurde vom deutschen Dichter ins helle Griechenland gerückt. Der Kaukasus<br />
verliert an Außerordentlichkeit im geographischen, aber vor allem mythologischen<br />
Sinne. Es könnte als Lob aufgefaßt werden, wenn der Felsen im Kaukasus als wenn nicht<br />
Mittelpunkt, so doch als Bestandteil Europas wahrgenommen wird. Durch Prometheus<br />
rückt der Kaukasus näher an Europa, doch möchte ich nicht in den Kanon einstimmen,<br />
Amirani sei ein georgischer Prometheus. Es gibt einige Unterschiede: es fehlen die Tricksterattribute.<br />
Amirani ist gewitzt und übermenschlich stark, doch unterliegt er letztlich der<br />
göttlichen Herausforderung. Prometheus ebenso, was die Fesselung an den Felsen bezeugt,<br />
181
182<br />
Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany)<br />
doch verliert Prometheus nicht den Rückhalt in der Götterwelt. Herakles gelingt es letztlich,<br />
Prometheus in manchen Varianten des Mythos zu befreien. Bei Amirani wird diese<br />
Befreiung immer wieder vereitelt. Amirani als nationale Allegorie bietet sich für Georgien<br />
an, und wurde im 19. Jahrhundert unter anderem von Dichtern wie Akaki Zereteli aufgegriffen.<br />
Zu sehr ähnelt die von vielen blutigen Kämpfen geprägte Geschichte Georgiens<br />
dem Schicksal des Halbgotts Amirani.<br />
Amirani ist unbearbeiteter als die Mythologeme aus der griechischen Mythologie; er<br />
läßt – so nehme ich das in meiner schriftstellerischen als auch wissenschaftlichen Praxis<br />
wahr – mehr Freiraum für eine Neuinterpretation, die sich an der bestehenden Tradition<br />
ausrichtet.<br />
Meine Absicht in Georgien ist es, die Amiranisage als untere Schicht des Palimpsests<br />
wahrzunehmen, die Textur der Mythologie in der Kultur als auch im Alltagsleben aufzuspüren<br />
und mit Hilfe einer Arbeit am Mythos zu verstehen lernen. Hierfür nimmt meine<br />
Vorgehensweise wissenschaftliche Züge insofern an, als daß ich Differenzen nicht nivelliere,<br />
sondern in meine Arbeit einfließen lasse. Zugleich öffnet sich mein literarisches Auge<br />
den offensichtlichen Änderungen an der Oberfläche. Dieses ‚Projekt’ dauert seit Beginn<br />
der literarischen Moderne an. Bitte verlangen Sie von mir nicht, ein Werk, einen Schriftsteller<br />
oder gar eine Jahreszahl für diesen Umbruch zu nennen. Er macht sich bis heute<br />
bemerkbar, ist lange noch nicht ausgestanden und fordert vom wahrnehmenden Subjekt<br />
eine jeweils auf die Fragestellung abgestimmte Phänomenologie.<br />
Meine Phänomenologie speist sich aus Gérard Genettes Intertextualitätskonzept des<br />
Palimpsestverfahrens, Blumenbergs Arbeit am Mythos, den ich weniger philosophisch wie<br />
er, sondern medienpraktisch verstehen möchte und meinen eigenen kontingenten Erfahrungen<br />
in den drei Monaten, die ich in Georgien verweilte.<br />
Aus dieser trigonalen Konzeption entwickelt sich eine Untersuchung zu Amirani, angereichert<br />
mit Muskeldehnungen meines Kopfes, die persönliches Kolorit als auch fiktionalisierte<br />
Erlebnisse ausdrücken, und Reflektionen zur zeitgenössischen Rezeption jedweder<br />
Mythologie.<br />
Ich möchte zu Gérard Genette noch einige Worte anführen: In seinem Buch Palimpseste.<br />
Die Literatur auf zweiter Stufe (Frankfurt am Main 1993) führt er anhand einer Vielzahl<br />
an Beispielen vor, in welcher Beziehung ein Hypo- zu einem Hypertext steht, wie in einem<br />
neu verfaßten Text Spuren einer Vorlage auftauchen. Aus seinem Ansatz kann ich für meine<br />
eigene schriftstellerische Arbeit die Kunst der feinen Trennung erlernen, das heißt mir<br />
wird bewußt, daß das Amirani-Mythologem über mehrere Schichten verfügt, die jeweils<br />
zeitlich voneinander geschieden werden müssen. Zudem wird ein Gefühl der perspektivischen<br />
Veränderung vermittelt - wird der Rahmen einer Vorlage erweitert oder reduziert,<br />
neubearbeitet oder übernommen, variiert oder plagiiert?<br />
Diese intertextuelle Webarbeit geschieht auf dem Hintergrund einer Arbeit am Mythos,<br />
zu der ich bereits oben näheres ausgeführt habe. Bei dieser Arbeit bleibe ich nicht am
Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland<br />
Original ‘kleben’, sondern führe es in einem anderen Medium - der Literatur - fort, um dadurch<br />
die Aussagekraft georgischer Mythologie zu testen. Auch beziehe ich andere Medien<br />
als die textuelle oder orale Überlieferung ein; wie zum Beispiel die Bildende Kunst oder<br />
den internationalen Film. Auf diese Weise soll eine möglichst ausgewogene Sicht auf das<br />
mythologische Umfeld Amiranis ermöglicht werden. Die Ergebnisse kann ich zum derzeitigen<br />
Stand meiner Forschungen noch nicht absehen.<br />
Spätestens wenn das Buch zu Amirani im Rahmen des Musa-Stipendiums veröffentlicht<br />
wird, werde ich nähere Details preisgeben können.<br />
Literatur:<br />
Barthes 1980: Barthes R. La chambre claire. notes sur la photographi. Paris : Gallimard,<br />
1980.<br />
Blumenberg 2006: Blumenberg H. Arbeit am Mythos. Frankfurt am Main, suhrkamp verlag,<br />
2006.<br />
Chikovani 1978: Chikovani M. (Hg.). Das Buch vom Helden Amirani. Ein altgeorgischer Sagen-<br />
kreis, übersetzt von Heinz Fähnrich, Leipzig: Kiepenheuer, 1978.<br />
Genette 1993: Genette G. Palimpseste. Die Literatur auf zweiter Stufe. Frankfurt am Main,<br />
suhrkamp verlag, 1993.<br />
dominik irtenkaufi<br />
`SedarebiTi miTologia. germania-saqarTvelos Soris sazRvris<br />
monacvleoba – amirani interesTa centrSi~<br />
reziume<br />
Cemi saboloo mizania, erTad movaqcio mecnieruli kvleva da literaturuli<br />
interpretacia, im wignSi, sadac laparaki iqneba amiranis saxeSi<br />
gamoxatul gmirobis qarTul miTologiur motivze. winamdebare statia<br />
efuZneba leqcias, romelic Cavatare SoTa rusTavelis literaturis institutSi<br />
2007 wlis 17 oqtombers, ganaTlebis saministros mier organizebuli<br />
programis ,,muza-saqarTvelos~ farglebSi. maSin me visaubre amiranis<br />
miTologiis specifiur maxasiaTeblebze da gadavwyvite Tavi ameridebina<br />
Temisadmi gansakuTrebulad samecniero midgomisTvis. amis nacvlad, yuradReba<br />
gavamaxvile miTologiis warmosaxviT Zalaze dRevandel yoveldRiur<br />
cxovrebaSi.<br />
winamdebare statiaSi amiranis problemis kvleva, erTi mxriv, eyrdnoba<br />
Jerar jenetis palimpsestis interteqstualobis Teorias, meore mxriv, _<br />
183
184<br />
Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany)<br />
hans blumensbergis wigns Arbeit am Mythos (miTosze muSaoba), imdenad ramdenadac<br />
me mainteresebs is miTologiuri cvlilebebi, romelic ganicada<br />
miTologiam mas Semdeg rac pirvelad gamoCnda konkretuli miTologiuri<br />
motivi _ gmiri ucxo miwaze. Cemi kvleva miTologiur Temaze SeiZleba SevadaroT<br />
amerikeli mecnieris Jozef kempbelis popularul wigns ,,aTasi<br />
saxis mqone gmiri~. Tavis wignebSi is yovelTvis cdilobs ipovos msgavseba<br />
msoflios sxvadasxa miTologiebs Soris.<br />
Cemi statiis da SemdgomSi, wignis, mizania gaacnos germanel mkiTxvels ara<br />
marto qarTuli miTologia, aramed yoveldRiuri cxovreba da miTologiis<br />
roli dRevandel saqarTveloSi. amis gamo, me ZiriTadad dainteresebuli<br />
var qarTuli miTologiisa da zRaprebis aRqmiT xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferoSi.<br />
es aris Cemi, ase vTqvaT, intermedialuri midgoma. amas garda, vcdilob<br />
ganvaviTaro specialuri fenomenologiuri midgoma sakiTxisadmi,<br />
raTa davabalanso cru Sexedulebebi da miTis erTi mimarTulebiT aRqma.<br />
es fenomenologiuri meTodi Seicavs qarTuli miTologiis pirovnul reinterpretacias,<br />
germanuli kulturis gaTvaliswinebiT. germania-saqarTvelos<br />
Soris sazRvrebis gadakveTasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi ganixileba<br />
kulturuli msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis aspeqtSi.<br />
amirani jer kidev ZiriTadi miTologiuri motivia, romelic unda iqnas<br />
mxatrulad reinterpretirebuli.
kulturis paradigmebi<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi<br />
arqaul kulturaSi<br />
dasavleTSi sul ufro intrensiurad viTardeba kvlevebis tipi, romel-<br />
Tac samxedro-kulturologiuri SeiZleba vuwodoT da romelic moicavs<br />
imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor aRiqmeboda ama Tu im kulturaSi is fenomeni,<br />
omis saxeliT rom aris cnobili. m. osovskaias, r. kardinis da sxvebis naSromebma<br />
am mimarTulebiT sruliad axali horizonti gaxsna. warmodgenil<br />
samxedro-kulturologiuri Tematikisadmi miZRvnil statiaSi Cven SevexebiT<br />
omis arqauli aRqmis erT-erT yvelaze aqtualur da dramatul moments<br />
_ gmiri-beladis (SeTavsebiT epikuri samxedro gmiris) daRupvasTan dakav-<br />
Sirebul rig aspeqtebs.<br />
omi, sikvdili, sicocxle<br />
sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom samxedro saqmes sikvdilTan specifikuri<br />
damokidebuleba aqvs. es sakiTxi dawvrilebiT gavarCieT „strategiis safuZvlebis“<br />
bolo monakveTebSi (kacitaZe 2006: 501-520) da axla mxolod<br />
mokled gavimeorebT ZiriTad daskvnebs.<br />
arsebobs sami sfero, romelTac sikvdilisadmi specifikuri, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, uaRresad intimuri damokidebuleba aqvT. esenia: filosofia, romelic<br />
sokratuli Tu kvazisokratuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad (romelic<br />
XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTul filosofiur skolebze gadamwyvet gavlenas<br />
axdenda), sxva araferia, Tu ara `wurTvna sikudilisa~, `sikvdilis treiningi~<br />
_ sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebSi sikvdilis SiSis gadalaxva, inteleqtualuri<br />
amaRleba Cven sasrulobaze, oRond sruliad sxva formiT, vidre es,<br />
vTqvaT, iaponur kulturaSi iyo;<br />
medicina – sfero, romelic gulisxmobda sikvdilisgan dacvas (cxadia,<br />
es dacva yovelTvis pirobiTia, vinaidan sikvdili mainc Cveni mudmivi da<br />
Tanxmxlebi Tanamgzavria);<br />
samxedro saqme, romlis ZiriTadi saqme (`biznesi~) sikvdilia, `mokvdinebaa~,<br />
oRond es mokvdineba gacilebiT sxva da specifikuria, vidre, vTqvaT,<br />
`qileris~ mier Cadenili mkvleloba. samxedroc klavs, an, sul cota,<br />
185
186<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
gegmavs amas, magram misi qmedeba arsebiTad gansxvavebulia da ara mxolod<br />
imitom, rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli mkvleloba saxelmwifos mieraa<br />
institucionizebuli. es SeiZleba arc ise mniSvnelovani detalia. ufro<br />
mniSvnelovania is, rom samxedros arsebobis wesi principulad gansxvavdeba<br />
qileris arsebobis wesisagan (qilers, rogorc sikvdilisadmi specialur<br />
mimarTebas, ar ganvixilavT im martivi mizezis gamo, rom is paTologiaa<br />
maSin, roca samxedros, medikosisisa an filosofosis damokidebuleba sikvdilis<br />
mimarT normaluri adamianis damokidebulebis formaa). SesaZloa,<br />
amerikis strategiuli aviaciis devizi _ `mSvidoba Cveni profesiaa~ _<br />
arcTu adekvaturi xumroba iyo, magram is garkveul zRvars aRniSnavs sikvdilsa<br />
da sicocxles Soris; zRvars, romelic Zalian myifea, Tumca arsebobs<br />
da samxedroebs am myife zRvarze uwevT moqmedeba.<br />
magram omis arsi erTxel da samudamod mocemuli ram ar aris, is Tavis<br />
istoriul arsebobaSi sxvadasxvagvarad avlens Tavs. ase rom, icvleba damokidebuleba<br />
samxedro saqmis mimarT. aseve mudmivad icvleba sikvdilis<br />
adamianiseuli gageba. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva epoqebSi adamianebis, gansaku-<br />
TrebiT samxedroebis (pirvel rigSi, bunebrivia, Cven isini gvainteresebs)<br />
mier sicocxlis, sikvdilisa da imis aRqma Tu ra iqmena sikvdilis Semdeg,<br />
sruliad sxvadasxvagvaria. am sami `ramis~ urTierTmimarTebis gageba udides<br />
gavlenas axdens samxedros qcevaze (Tu swams saiqios arseboba, adamiani<br />
erTgvarad SeiZleba moiqces, Tu ara swams – sxvagvarad). Tavad urTierTmimarTebas<br />
ki kulturis tipi, misi ZiriTadi parametrebi da indikatorebi<br />
gansazRvraven. esaa is uSinaganesi kavSiri kulturasa da samxedro saqmes<br />
Soris, romelic bolo dromde mkvlevarebis yuradRebis miRma rCeboda.<br />
yovel kulturas Tavisi warmodgena aqvs sikvdilze da imazec, Tu ra<br />
iqneba sikvdilis Semdeg. am mxriv gamonakliss arc Cven mier ganxiluli<br />
kulturebi warmoadgens. metic, es kulturebi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad mijnaven<br />
„Cveulebriv“ sikvdilsa da omSi daRupvas. magaliTad, Zvelirlandiurad<br />
brZolaSi daRupvas erqva torchair, sityvasityviT _ dacema (rom<br />
vambobT xolme `brZolis velze daecao~, amis msgavsad), xolo Cveulebriv<br />
sikvdils ewodeboda et atbath sityvasityviT: „sikvdiliT mokvda“ (warmodwarmodgenebi... 2002: 42). Cveulebriv sikvdili mravali formiT ganisazRvreboda,<br />
magaliTad: rogorc danakargi, dafarulobaSi gadasvla, wasvla, kleba,<br />
qroba da a.S. amasTan sikvdilis sxvadasxva formebisadmi damokidebuleba<br />
sxvadasxva socialuri fenebSi sxvadasxva unda yofiliyo. Tu meomrisaTvis<br />
brZolaSi moulodneli daRupva samoTxeSi moxvedris garantia iyo, miwis<br />
muSisaTvis bunebrivi mdgomareoba loginSi mSvidi sikvdvili iyo. gvianzepirsityvieri<br />
da masze damyarebuli naratiuli tradicia saiqios Sesaxeb,<br />
romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, samxedro aristokratias wreSi iqmneboda an,
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
ukidures SemTxvevaSi, misTvis iyo gankuTvnili da sikvdilze mis Sexedulebebs<br />
asaxavda. aq mTavari iyo xanmokle sicocxle da iseTi sikvdili,<br />
romelic gmirad gaqcevda da saukuneebis manZilze gagiTqvamda saxels. aRarafers<br />
vityviT imis Taobaze, rom amgvari sikvdili saiqios, `samoTxeSi~<br />
moxvedris garantia iyo (rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, warmarTul samoTxes araferi<br />
aqvs saerTo qristianulTan). magaliTad: axalgazrda RvTaeba baldri,<br />
erTaderTi skandinavuri RvTaeba, Tavad odinis usayvarlesi Svili,<br />
romelic regnerankamde iRupeba, germanul-skandinaviur samoTxeSi ki ar<br />
xvdeba, aramed erTgvar jojoxeTSi. mizezi erTia: is brZolaSi ar daRupula,<br />
sabrZolo iaraRiT ki ara, totis moxvedriT daiRupa da ver daimkvidrebs<br />
adgils iq, sadac mxolod omSi daRupulebi eZlevian netarebas,<br />
cxadia ise, rogorc es Zvelgermanels esmoda (Tu rogor esmoda, qvemoT<br />
vnaxavT). baldris mdgomareobas TviT mamamisi, RvTaebaTa Soris upirvelesi<br />
_ odinic ki ver amsubuqebs. msoflio kanonis winaSe wasvla masac<br />
ar SeuZlia. amitom sruliad logikuria, rom iseTi gmirebi, rogorebic<br />
kuhulini an aqilevsi arian, siyrmidanve irCeven xanmokle, magram saxelovan<br />
sicocxles, romelsac garda saaqaoSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxelianobisa,<br />
saiqioSi privilegirebuli mdgomareoba mosdevs. da es logikuri<br />
arCevania imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu CavwvdebiT _ rogor esmoda sicocxle,<br />
sikvdili da sikvdilis Semdgomi cxovreba winasaxelmwifoebrivi donis samxedro<br />
aristokratias.<br />
sikvdilis uwyeba<br />
sikvdilis mauwyebeli niSani<br />
albaT, yvelas gvaxsovs cnobili `sikvdilis niSani~ robert luis stivensonis<br />
`ganZis kunZulidan~.es sikvdilis niSani erTi Savad SeRebili qa-<br />
Raldia, mekobreebma rom gaugzavnes Tavis yofil kolegas. Tumca, SegviZlia<br />
vTqvaT, rom sikvdilis momaswavebel niSanze, am sityvis farTo gagebiT,<br />
SegviZlia uamravi arqauli eTnosisa da folkloruli tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
visaubroT. Zalian zogadad, esaa raRac xdomileba, movlena<br />
an maTi erToblioba, romelic, wesisamebr, personaJis, gmiris (realurad<br />
arsebulis da Semdeg miTologizebulis, an Tundac gamogonilis) aRsasruls<br />
moaswavebs. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia gavixsenoT arsena, romelic,<br />
rasakvirvelia, ar aris arqauli da magiuri personaJi, magram tipologiurad<br />
garkveul msgavsebas avlens maTTan (gavixsenoT: `uzarbaznod ar iqneba<br />
Tqveni arsenas daWera~ da sxv.). arsenas daRupvamde ramdenime xniT adre<br />
misdis sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSani. mas esizmreba:<br />
187
188<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
vnaxe wuxeli sizmari, imisTana Tqvensa mtersa,<br />
vnaxe wuxeli sizmari, sisxlSi viRebavdi wversa,<br />
wreul me xom ar movrCebi, rac rom unda gadawydesa,<br />
an TaTari miRalatebs, qarTveli ar momarCensa.<br />
aseTi uamravi magaliTi SeiZleba moiZebnos ara mxolod arqaul<br />
folklorSi, an masze damyarebul naratiul ZeglebSi, aramed iseT TxzulebaSic<br />
ki, rogoricaa poema simona doliZis Sesaxeb, sadac gmirs, daRupvamde<br />
mcire xniT adre esizmreba, rom yelze gveli axvevia. am monakveTis<br />
amocanaa sikvdilis momaswavebeli aseTi niSnebis ramdenime tipis gamoyofa<br />
da maTi gaaanalizeba. amasTan xazs vusvamT, rom, naSromis Tematikidan gamomdinare,<br />
mxolod gmiri meomrebis magaliTebiT SemovifarglebiT.<br />
pirvel yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom am niSans Tavisi adresati hyavs,<br />
romelsac SeuZlia gaigos, rom raRac xdomileba ama Tu im piris (rogorc<br />
wesi, Tavad misi) aRsasrulis momaswavebelia (swored ase aRiqvamen sikvdilis<br />
niSans arsena da simona doliZe). amasTan es niSani drois an sivrcis<br />
garkveul, gansakuTrebul monakveTSi SeiZleba iqnes miRebuli. magaliTad,<br />
simona doliZis SemTxvevaSi aqcenti droiT parametrze keTdeba:<br />
cxra enkenis Tves mesizmra,<br />
viTom yels mexvia gveli,<br />
vecade, ver moviSore,<br />
ise SemeSala xeli.<br />
aranakleb cnobili abragis, mixo WuWulaSvilis sikvdilis momaswavebeli<br />
niSani ki sivrcis monakveTTan aris dakavSirebuli:<br />
Cemi wera da ajali,<br />
sizmarSi vnaxe cxadada,<br />
Turme viyavi qiziySi,<br />
damSvidebuli wynarada,<br />
marcxena wveri momparses,<br />
marjvena damrCa calada.<br />
marjvena xelis TiTebSi,<br />
sisxli mdioda Savada.<br />
maSinve vuTxari biWebsa,<br />
ver gadavrCebi mSralada.<br />
kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom arc arsena da arc revolucioneri abra-
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
gebi arqauli personaJebi ar arian da genetikurad maTTan raime kavSiri Tu<br />
aqvT, imdenad Soreuli, rom misi daZebna Wirs, magram tipologiurad isini<br />
garkveul msgavsebas avlenen arqaul gmirebTan da amitom maT magaliTzec<br />
SegviZlia sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSnebis ilustrireba.<br />
oreulTan Sexvedra rogorc sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSani<br />
sikvdilis momaswavebel erT-erT niSnad sakuTar oreulTan Sexvedra<br />
SeiZleba miviCnioT. principSi oreulTan Sexvedraca da sizmarSi miRebuli<br />
sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSanic movlenaTa erT rigs ganekuTvneba. saku-<br />
Tari daRupvis momaswavebel sizmarSi gmiri, rogorc wesi, garkveul mdgomareobaSi<br />
Cayenebul sakuTar Tavs xedavs anu sakuTar oreuls xvdeba. amave<br />
dros oreulTan Sexvedra SeiZleba moaswavebdes pirovnebis gaorebas, misi<br />
daSlis dasawyiss, romelic sabolood misi aRsasrulis mauwyebelia. zogierTi<br />
mkvlevaris azriT, amave konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT sarkis gatexva,<br />
rogorc sikvdilis an raime ubedurebis momaswavebeli. sarkis gatexva xom<br />
gmiris erTiani xatis damsxvrevas, mis fragmentaciasa da, Sesabamisad, aRsasruls<br />
moaswavebs. amave rigis movlenebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT sikvdilis<br />
momaswavebeli erT-erT niSanTagani, romelic kuhulins evlineba: ukanasknel<br />
brZolaSi mimavali kuhulini mdinareze gadasvlisas xedavs axalgazrda<br />
mtiral qaliSvils, romelic gasisxlianebul tansacmelsa da abjars<br />
recxavs. kargad rom daakvirdeba, kuhulini dainaxavs, rom es misi sakuTari<br />
samosi da abjaria. gadalaxavs Tu ara gmiri mdinares, qaliSvili qreba. aseve,<br />
irlandiur sagaSi `da hokis saxlis dangreva~ qalRvTaeba badbi ambobs,<br />
rom recxavs lagams im mefisa, romelic daiRupeba. Tumca lagami am dros<br />
ukve sisxliania. sagulisxmoa sisxlis, rogorc sikvdilis momaswavebeli<br />
niSnis farTo gavceleba moyolebuli arsenadan, romelic sisxliT iRebavs<br />
wversa, damTavrebuli kuhuliniT. rodesac am ukanasknels sasikvdilo br-<br />
Zolis win dedamisi Rvinos miutans, es ukanaskneli sisxlad iqceva.<br />
tabus darRveva<br />
gmiris mier raime akrZalvis, tabus darRveva agreTve SeiZleba gaxdes<br />
sikvdilis niSani. oRond am SemTxvevaSi saqme ufro specifikur viTarebasTan<br />
gvaqvs, vidre raime saxis winaswarmetyvelebisas. tabus uneblie Tu<br />
Segnebuli darRveviT gmiri ara Tu iRebs gafrTxilebas SesaZlo aRsasrulis<br />
Sesaxeb, aramed erTgvarad axdens mis provocirebas. magaliTisaTvis<br />
SegviZlia gavixsenoT, rom arsenas sikvdils win swored `tabus~ darRveva<br />
uZRvis, rodesac is wiTel paraskevs Rvinis smas iwyebs.<br />
189
190<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
tabuTa amgvari sistema, rogorc aRvniSneT, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli<br />
Zvel irlandiaSi, sadac tabus geisi ewodeboda. geisi SeiZleboda personaJs<br />
Tavad daewesebina sakuTari TavisaTvis, aseve SeiZleboda es geisi sxvas<br />
daedo masze. amasTan geisis darRvevam SeiZleba prognozistuli funqciac<br />
miiRos (igi moaswavebdes gmiris daRupvas) da kauzativurisac (gaxdes gmiris<br />
daRupvis mizezi). amasTan problemas warmoadgens is, rom gmirs SeiZleba<br />
ramdenime urTierTgamomricxavi geisi edos, romelTagan erTis Sesruleba<br />
TavisTavad iwvevdes meoris darRvevas.<br />
magaliTad kvlav kuhulinis eposi SeiZleba aviRoT. ukanasknel brZolaSi<br />
mimaval kuhulins gzad xsenebuli kalatinis sami jojo asuli Sexvdeba,<br />
romlebic kocons arian mimsxdarni da circelis Samfurebze ZaRlis<br />
xorcs wvaven. isini kuhulins SesTavazeben am arcTu sasiamovno mwvadis gasinjvas.<br />
kuhulins geisi adevs, romelic ZaRlis xorcis Wamas ukrZalavs<br />
(es geisi kulanis ZaRls da Tavad gmiris saxels ukavSirdeba). magram amave<br />
dros adevs geisi, rom uari ar Tqvas sufrasTan mipatiJebaze. didxans uarobs<br />
gmiri, magram rodesac jojoebi bralad dasdeben, rom maT Raribul<br />
sufras iwunebs, igi ZaRlis xorcs gasinjavs, ris Sedegadac Tavisi Zalis<br />
nawils kargavs. amas ki saboloo jamSi gmiris daRupva mosdevs.<br />
verbaluri winaswarmetyveleba<br />
sikvdilis erT-erT momaswavebel niSans warmoadgens mavanis mier gmirisaTvis<br />
misi momavali daRupvis winaswarmetyveleba. aseTi winaswar<br />
metyvelebis tradicia mraval arqaul kulturaSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad: winaswarmetyvelebis<br />
aRmniSvneli irlandiuri sityva tairngire warmodgeba<br />
kompozitidan do-airngir, rac sityvasityviT niSnavs winaswar (air=winaswar)<br />
yvirils (gair). amasTan amgvari winaswarmetyvelebis avtori SeiZleba mxolod<br />
adamiani ki ar iyos, aramed nebismier cocxali arseba.<br />
aseTi arsebis rolSi SeiZleba gamovides, upirveles yovlisa, cxeni an<br />
ZaRli, romelic patronisadmi erTgulebiT gamoirCeva. maTi qmedeba gafr-<br />
Txilebaa patronisadmi, ar Caidinos garkveuli qmedeba, Tumca SesaZlebelia<br />
sikvdilis winaswarmetyvelis rolSi gamodiodes magiasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
sxva arsebac, magaliTad _ gveli an mgeli.<br />
cxenis mier gmiris gafrTxilebis magaliTi momavali sikvdilis Sesaxeb<br />
narTebis eposSi gvxvdeba. gmiri soslani saiqiodan rom dabrundeba, gafr-<br />
Txilebis miuxedavad, gzad quds rom dainaxavs, aiRebs da qamarSi gairWobs.<br />
sinamdvileSi es Turme qudi ki ara, qudad gadaqceuli soslanis mteri<br />
sirdoni yofila. soslani Tavis molaparake cxens imdens awvalebs, aiZulebs<br />
_ uTxras, rogor SeiZleba misi (cxenis) mokvla. cxenic iZulebulia
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
uTxras, rom is (cxeni) molod maSin mokvdeba, rodesac fexis qaCaCebs qvemoT<br />
esvrian. Semdeg ekiTxeba, rogor SeiZleba Tavad gmiris mokvla. razec<br />
soslani pasuxobs, rom muxlisTavebs garda mTlianad foladisaa da mxolod<br />
maSin mokvdeba, Tu muxlisTavebze balsagis borbali (erTdroulad<br />
personaJicaa da, Cans, raRac basri badros msgavsi iaraRic) gadauvlis.<br />
`hoda, ar Segindos ufalma, _ uTxra cxenma, _ mec damRupe da Seni Tavic.<br />
aba naxe, qamarSi qudis Zvela rom gairWe, eg gaTagis vaJi sirdoni gaxlda~<br />
(narTebi 1988: 164). marTlac, sirdoni jer cxens mouswrafebs sicocxles,<br />
xolo Semdeg balsagis borblis meSveobiT soslansac mouRebs bolos (amaze<br />
dawvrilebiT qvemoT visaubrebT).<br />
cxenis mier gmiris gafrTxilebis sxva magaliTia mocemuli kuhulinis<br />
eposSi. sabediswero brZolaSi gamgzavrebis win kuhulinis meetle verafriT<br />
abams etlSi mis rux cxens. rodesac kuhulini cxens miuaxlovdeba,<br />
is samgzis daudgeba marcxena mxariT, xolo Semdeg sam sisxlian kurcxals<br />
gadmoagdebs. gasagebia, rom cxenebi, rogorc saiqiosTan dakavSirebuli<br />
arsebebi (ix. zemoT), winaswarmetyvelabasTanac arian dakavSirebulni, saxeldobr<br />
im winaswarmetyvelebasTan, maTi da maTi patronis daRupvas rom<br />
exeba.<br />
daTarsva<br />
daTarsvasTan dakavSirebuli crurwmenebi sayovelTaod aris gavrcelebuli<br />
_ dawyebuli imiT, rom romeliRac dRes raimes Cadena ar SeiZleba,<br />
damTavrebuli e.w. marcxena fexze adgomiT. gmiris daRupvis momaswavebeli<br />
niSnis magaliTi isev kuhulinis eposSi SeiZleba vnaxoT, sadac bolo brZolaSi<br />
mimaval kuhulins mosasxamis sakinZi dauvardeba, rac sxva miniSnebeb-<br />
Tan kompleqsSi sikvdilis momaswavebeli kidev erTi niSania.<br />
epikuri gmiris sikvdili<br />
gmiris sikvdilis logika<br />
gmiris sikvdili ar aris mxolod winaswarmetyelebis ubralo axdoma,<br />
tabus darRvevis Sedegi an sikvdilis mauwyebeli niSnidan aucileblobiT<br />
gamomdinare faqti. sikvdili amave dros gmiris heroizaciis aucilebeli<br />
pirobaa, miT ufro, rom es sikvdili veragulad da orTabrZolis patiosani<br />
wesebis darRveviT xdeba. metic, am qmedebiT gmirebi TiTqosda gamoisyidian<br />
manamde Cadenil uRirs qmedebebs (gavixsenoT, rom arqauli eposis<br />
personaJebi sruliadac ar arian wmindanebi). gmiris sikvdili aerTianebs<br />
191
192<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
mTel siuJets im TvalsazrisiT, rom laitmotivad gasdevs mas, xolo meore<br />
mxriv, amave siuJets erTianobad hkravs viTarca logikuri dasasruli.<br />
amitom sikvdilis gziT gmiris heroizaciaa mTavari da ara Tavad gmiruli<br />
sikvdili. miT ufro, rom gmiri SeiZleba srulebiTac ar iRupebodes<br />
gmirulad, magaliTad sigurdi an osuri narTebis gmiri soslani.<br />
zogjer gmiris sikvdili racionalizebuli da motivizirebulia (magaliTad,<br />
sigurdi ciliswamebis msxverpli xdeba). magram gmiris daRupvis<br />
faqts yvela SemTxvevaSi damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs, imis miuxedavad,<br />
gaaCnia raime motivacia, Tu wminda iracionaluri aqtis xasiaTs atarebs.<br />
kidev ufro arsebiTia, rom gmirul daRupvamde, anu gmirad saboloo qcevamde,<br />
personaJi Tavad Cadis RalatiT mkvlelobas. magaliTad: sigurdi<br />
RalatiT klavs fafnirsa da regins (mere ra, rom erTi drakoni iyo da meore<br />
_ juja, Tan Tavad apirebdnen sigurdisaTvis bolos moRebas). mTavaria,<br />
rom gmiri raindulad ki ar xocavs miwinaaRmdegeebs, aramed _ motyuebiT.<br />
vTqvaT, amirani mis gadamrCenel devis das klavs, soslani motyuebiT klavs<br />
bibics, romelmac igi daindo (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT soslanis originalur<br />
qurqze, romelic misi mtrebis skalpebidanaa Sekerili) da a.S. Tumca,<br />
es gasakviri araa, arqauli sazogadoebis samxedro demokratiis epoqa<br />
saraindo-kurtuazuli xana ar yofila, amitom gmiris mier sisastikis, an<br />
gindac veragobis, Cadena gasakviri ar unda iyos. Tumca, daRupvis logikas<br />
am sisastikesTan da veragobasTan araviTari pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvs. bolos<br />
da bolos iRupeba beovulfi, romelsac arc veragoba Caudenia da arc<br />
sisastike (Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom `beovulfSi” arqauli eposis gmiris<br />
niSnebTan erTad Cndeba saraindo romanis personaJisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
Tvisebebic).<br />
gmiris sikvdilis aucilebel elements mis mkvlelze SurisZieba warmoadgens.<br />
rogorc „beovulfis“ 1384-e kupletSia naTqvami, megobrisaTvis<br />
Suri unda iZio da ar itiro unayofod. rogorc wesi, daRupuli gmirebi<br />
marTlac SurnaZiebi rCebian. Tumca zogjer, iSviaTad, isic xdeba, rom samagieros<br />
mizRvis Semdeg Tavad SurismaZiebelic iRupeba. magram yvelaze<br />
metad ubeduria is daRupuli gmiri, romelsac potenciuri SurismaZiebelic<br />
ki ar hyavs.<br />
rasakvirvelia, gmiri SeuZlebelia Cveulebriv brZolaSi moklan. mis<br />
dasamarcxeblad an veragobaa saWiro, an _ gansakuTrebuli iaraRi (zogjer<br />
Tavad gmirisave), garemoebaTa uCveulo damTxveva an saqmeSi boroti Zalebis<br />
CarTva, romlebic yvelafer amas moaxerxeben. sainteresoa, rom XIX<br />
saukunis meore naxevris da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli folkloris<br />
personaJebi arqauli eposis gmirebTan aqac iseTive tipologiur msgavsebas<br />
amJRavneben, rogorc sikvdilis mauwyebeli niSnis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad,
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
epikuri gmiris darad arsenas damarcxeba SeuZlebelia Cveulebrivi iara-<br />
RiT (isev da isev: `uzarbaznod ar iqneba Tqveni arsenas daWera~). amitom<br />
kuWatnelis lekis biWma zurgidan veraguli gasroliT mokla arsena oZelaSvili.<br />
rainduli romanebis gmirebisa da arsenasi ar iyos, XX saukunis dasawyisis<br />
qarTuli revoluciuri folkloris sami devgmiris damarcxebac mxolod<br />
RalatiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. daTiko SevardnaZe vinme WeliZes mouwamlavs,<br />
ris Sesaxebac firali guldawuxebuli ambobs:<br />
Sen dailoce WeliZev,<br />
rom gamikeTe vaxSami,<br />
xmeli xili bevri gvqonda,<br />
Zveli Rvino da qaTami,<br />
sawamlavic Semapare,<br />
rom Seviqmeni nasvami.<br />
simona doliZe kidev ufro muxTali Ralatis msxverpli gaxda:<br />
ar vfiqrobdi Tu gamcemda,<br />
Cemi Zma andro doliZe.<br />
andro doliZes Zma ar daundvia da simonasTan cnobili uriadniki jafariZe<br />
mouyvania _ danarCeni mkiTxvelmac kargad uwyis. rac Seexeba mixa<br />
WuWulaSvils, man orjer ganicada Ralatis simware: jer iyo da vinme giorgi<br />
mWedliSvili iseve moeqca, rogorc farsadan bodbisxeveli _ arsenas,<br />
daaTro da daaWerina. magram mixa cimbiridan gamoipara. Tumca cud xalxs<br />
ra gamolevs da vinme Samilas biWma gigam mixas saldaTebi miusia. garSemortymulma<br />
mixam tyveobas TviTmkvleloba amjobina.<br />
niSandoblivia, rom dasaxlebul poemaTa gardacvlili personaJebi TavianT<br />
sikvdilze pirvel pirSi mogviTxroben, rac imas niSnavs, rom sikvdilis<br />
miuxedavad, mainc cocxloben, ukve rogorc folkloris maradiuli<br />
gmirebi.<br />
gmiri soslanis sikvdili<br />
rogorc zemoT vTqviT, sikvdilis momaswavebel niSans verc narTebis gmiri<br />
soslani gadaurCa. vnaxoT, rogor axda es winaswarmetyveleba. erTxel<br />
soslani sanadirod iyo da mSvenieri fur-iremi dainaxa. rogorc xSirad<br />
xdeba, is iyo mSvildi daumizna, rom fur-iremi mSvenier qaliSvilad iqca<br />
193
194<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
da soslans colad SerTva sTxova, razec gmirma sakmaod uxeSad upasuxa:<br />
`ramdeni gzaabneuli qaliSvilic Semxvdes, yvela colad rom SemerTo,<br />
narTebis sofelSi maTi tevac ar iqneba~ (narTebi 1988: 166). qaliSvili<br />
daemuqra, razec soslani gacecxlda da mandilosans nezvi uwoda. am Seuracxyofis<br />
Semdeg qaliSvili frinvelad iqca da gafrinda. Turme, nu ityvi<br />
da xsenebuli lamazmani balsagis (rogorc Cans, mzis gansaxierebaa) asuli<br />
yofila. man mamas SesCivla, soslanma Seuracyofa momayenao. ganrisxebulma<br />
balsagma Tavis borbals (rogorc vTqviT, Cans, erTdroulad badrosebri<br />
basri saganicaa da gansulierebuli personaJic) uxmo da soslanis mokvla<br />
ubrZana. borbali soslanis mosaklavad gafrinda. `aba dauxvdi, narTelo<br />
vaJkacoo~-o, _ gadmosZaxa balsagma. soslanis kiTxvas, ra iaraRiT upirebda<br />
mokvlas, balsagma upasuxa, dasartymeli iaraRiTo da Tan mouwoda:<br />
Tu vaJkaci xar, Subli dauxvedreo. soslanma foladis Subli SeuSvira.<br />
moxvda borbali, magram Sublma aisxlita, scada soslanma borblis daWera,<br />
magram am ukanasknelma dasxltoma moaxerxa. balsagma isev gadmosZaxa,<br />
borbali brundeba da mkerdi dauxvedreo. dauxvedra soslanma mkerdi da<br />
isev asxlta borbali. axla ki soslanma imarjva, borbali daiWira da ori<br />
nekni Caumtvria. borbali Seexvewa: gamiSvi da awi balsagis borbali ki ara,<br />
soslanis borbali merqmevao, Tan RmerTi daiyena Tavmdebad. daujera soslanma<br />
da gauSva.<br />
gauSva da sul tyuilad. gzad borbals muxTali sirdoni Sexda da aswavla,<br />
rogor eZia Suri soslanze. nekidan sisxli gamoidine da Semdeg fics<br />
Zala daekargebao. mere mWedel qurdalagonTan midi da axal neknebs gamogiWedavs,<br />
bolos ki soslani ZmakacebTan erTad zilxanis velze nadirobis<br />
Semdeg mosasveneblad iqneba wamowolili, midi da yvelas muxlebze gadauareo.<br />
afrinda borbali da, vinc karavSi iwva, yvelas fexebi daaWra. magram<br />
soslani Turme karavSi ar yofila. fexebdaWrili megobrebi rom naxa, ma-<br />
Sinve mixvda, vin Caidenda amas da borbals gaekida. gzad vels, muryans,<br />
cacxvs, rcxilas, wifels, muxas sTxova balsagis borblis dakaveba, magram<br />
arc erTma ar daakava da soslanma yvela daswyevla. Semdgom aryis xem scada<br />
balsagis borblis dakaveba, magram ver SeZlo. bolos da bolos balsagis<br />
borbali sviam daakava. sviis totebSi gabmul borbals soslanma orive<br />
gverdi Caumtvria da is iyo, unda moekla, rom borbali Seevedra, sicocxle<br />
maCuqeo.<br />
didxans uarobda gmiri, magram bolos, mas Semdeg, rac borbalma fici<br />
dado, oRond gamiSvi da Cemi ojaxis Tormet wevrs davxocav Seni Tormeti<br />
Zmobilis sanacvlodo, soslanma kvlav gauSva borbali.<br />
gauSva da isev Secda. ficis Sesasruleblad mimaval borbals kvlav sirdoni<br />
Sexvda da daarwmuna, rom ficis Sesruleba mkvlelobis imitaciiTac
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
SeiZleboda: saxeldobr imiT, rom Tavisi ojaxis Tormeti wevridan zogisaTvis<br />
fexze daeWra frCxilebi da zogisaTvis _ xelze. borbalic ase<br />
moiqca. qurdonma qurdalagons kvlav gaamTelebina borblis gverdebi da<br />
daarwmuna borbali, kidev erTxel ecada soslanisaTvis muxlebis gadaWra.<br />
es mcdeloba warmatebiT dasrulda, balsagis borbalma soslans muxlebi<br />
gadauWra, Tavisi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis daWrili frCxilebi miuyara da cad<br />
afrinda.<br />
ususurad mwolare soslans jer arwivma gadaufrina, mere qorma, Semdeg<br />
_ mercxalma. gmirma samives sTxova, Cemi ambavi narTebs SeatyobineTo, magram<br />
mxolod mercxali daTanxmda. Semdeg daTvi, mgeli da melia movidnen.<br />
pirvelma orma gulwrfeli wuxili gamoTqves soslanis bedis gamo da man<br />
isini daloca, xolo meliam farisevlobisa gamo daiwyo da gmiris wyevla<br />
daimsaxura.<br />
amasobaSi mercxalma narTebs soslanis samwuxaro bedi amcno. soslan-<br />
Tan mividnen, bajaRlo oqros kubo daumzades, abreSumis sudara. soslanma<br />
Zmebs daubara, iseTi saflavi gamiTxareT, sami fanjara rom hqondeso, erTi<br />
aRmosavleTiT mzem amosvlisas rom Semaxedoso, erTi SuaSi, mzem SuadRiT<br />
rom damxedoso da erTic dasavleTiT, mzem Casvlisas rom damxedoso. Semdeg<br />
daibara balsagis borbalsa da sirdonze Suri iZieTo, ris Sesrulebasac<br />
misi Wabuki ZmisSvili dahpirda da soslanmac mSvidad ganuteva<br />
suli (ise, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mTlianad mainc ar momkvdara). narTebma<br />
soslans samfanjriani saflavi gaukeTes, oqros kuboSi Caasvenes da mSvilisaric<br />
Caatanes.<br />
cota xnis Semdeg soslanis Zmebma sirdoni daibares da uTxres: `soslanis<br />
cxeni umxedrod gavelurdeba; Tu kaci xar, zogjer Sejeqi xolme~ (nar-<br />
Tebi 1988: 176). sirdonma yasidad iuara, magram didi xnis Txovnis Semdeg<br />
dasTanxmda. soslanis cxens rom moajdeboda, dascinoda da patrons augad<br />
uxsenebda. erTxel ise gaTavxedda, soslanis saflavze mivida, saflavis irgvliv<br />
Weneba iwyo da gmirs saflavSi CasZaxa: `hei, soslan, ras moveswar,<br />
Seni naqebi cxeni me damrCa (narTebi 1988: 177). esa Tqva da zed saflavis Sua<br />
sarkmelze gadaalaja. ver moiTmina mkvdarma soslanma mtris es Tavxedoba,<br />
esrola qvemodan sarkmlis gavliT isari da sirdons tvini cas mianTxevia.<br />
erTi balsagis borbalzec maZiebia Surio, _ inatra da, mgoni, sabolood<br />
mokvda (rasakvirvelia, Tu folkloris gmiri SeiZleba sabolood mokvdes).<br />
misma ZmiSvilma qurdalagons rkinis keti gaakeTebina da balsagis<br />
borbali xizis velze daibara. iq ise dascxo rkinis keti, rom balsagis<br />
borbals erTi nekni aRar SearCina mTeli. SeSinebuli borbali gaiqca, xan<br />
ixvad iqca, xan tyis qaTmad, bolos saflavi gaiTxara da iq daimala. magram<br />
soslanis Zmiswulma mainc miagno daatyveva, soslanis saflavTan miiyvana<br />
195
196<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
orad gahkveTa, erTi naxevari TaviT daudo soslans da meore ferxTiT.<br />
Catarebuli analizis Semdeg SeiZleba iTqvas, rom soslanis sikvdili<br />
gmiris heroizaciis formaa da ara gmiruli sikvdilis nairsaxeoba. mas<br />
balsagis borbali veragulad klavs da umweo mdgomarobaSi tovebs. soslanis<br />
sikvdili aucilebeli pirobaa imisaTvis, rom logikurad ganasrulos<br />
misi gmirad gadaqceva. balsagis borblis ramdenjerme gaSveba Sinagani<br />
logikis matarebelia. man xazi unda gausvas imas, rom Ria brZolaSi gmiri<br />
daumarcxebelia da misi mokvla mxolod RalatiT SeiZleba. sikvdili rom<br />
soslanis gmirad qcevis procesis gansrulebaa, isic adasturebs, rom igi<br />
saflavidanac ki klavs Tavis mter sirdons. amasTan is bednieri mokluli<br />
gmiria, ramdenadac hyavs SurismaZiebeli.<br />
gmiri kuhulinis sikvdili<br />
gmiri kuhulinis mTavari mteri, boroti dedofali medbi ar isvenebda<br />
da kuhulinis daRupvas eswrafoda. misi waqezebiT kuhulinis mier<br />
mokluli jadoqar kalatinis Svilebma kuhulins mravali ubeduri xilva<br />
mouvlines. mas Semdeg, rac gmirma arafrad Caagdo sikvdilis mauwyebeli<br />
araerTi niSani da daarRvia geisi, romelic ZaRlis xorcis Wamas ukrZalavda,<br />
gadamwyveti brZolis Jami dadga. medbma kuhulinis winaaRmdeg axali<br />
koaliciis Seqmna moaxerxa, romelsac saTaveSi kuhulinis mier daxocili<br />
bumberazebis vaJebi lugaid kuroisZe da erk kairbres Ze Caudgnen. erkma<br />
veragoba moifiqra. kuhulinis mtrebs urCia: SeerCiaT ori umamacesi meomari,<br />
romlebic orTabrZolis imitacias moaxdendnen, xolo maT siaxloves<br />
daeyenebinaT bardi (poeti, romlis Txovnaze uari irlandiaSi samarcxvinod<br />
iTvleboda). bards kuhulinisaTvis misi Subi unda eTxova, romelzec<br />
nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyo, rom misiT mefe ganigmireboda. imis gamo, rom<br />
irlandiuri qcevis kodeqsi bardisaTvis nebismier Txovnaze uaris Tqmas<br />
krZalavda (erTi gadmocemiT, romeliRac mefe iZulebulic ki gaxda, rom<br />
bardisaTvis sakuTari Tvali daeTmo), kuhulini, cxadia, am Txovnas Seasrulebda.<br />
maSin kuhulinis mtrebs igi Tavisive SubiT unda ganegmiraT. es<br />
veraguli gegma miRebul iqna.<br />
amasobaSi kuhulini mowinaaRmdegeTa laSqars miuaxlovda da ganadgureba<br />
dauwyo. ra sabrZolo ileTs ar mimarTa: asi quxilis ileTs, samasi<br />
quxilis ileTs, samgzis cxra vaJkacis quxilis ileTs... mowinaaRmdegeebi<br />
gafanta da Semdeg maT JuJvas mihyo xeli. imdeni mteri gaJuJa, ramdenic<br />
zRvaSi qviSaa da caze varskvlavi. uecrad or erTmaneTTan Serkinebul meomars<br />
waawyda. maT siaxloves bardi idga. `sircxvili Sen, kuhulin, Tu am<br />
meomar vaJkacebs ar gaaSveleb~, _ uTxra kuhulins. kuhulini miuaxlovda
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
meomrebs da TiToeul maTgans ise Caartya TavSi muSti, rom tvini gamouvidaT<br />
yurebidan da nestoebidan. `WeSmaritad gaaSvele isini, _ uTxra bardma,<br />
_ awi isini erTmaneTs zians marTlac veRar miayeneben~. `eseni arafriT<br />
ar daurvdebodnen, rom ara Seni Txovna~, _ upasuxa kuhulinma. amis Semdeg<br />
bardma kuhulins Subi sTxova. kuhulinma upasuxa, rom Subi Tavad sWirdeba,<br />
vinaidan mtrebTan omobs. amaze bardma upasuxa, rom Tu Subs ar miscems,<br />
bardi kuhulinze damcinav simReras SeTxzavs (irlandiaSi ufro didi sircxvili<br />
ar arsebobda). `ar egebis, rom Sevrcxve ZRvnis gacemaze uarisa da<br />
wuwuraqobisaTvis~, _ Tqva kuhulinma da bards Subi tariT win tyorcna,<br />
Tanac iseTi ZaliT, rom bards Subli gauxvrita da kidev cxra mis ukan<br />
mdgomi meomari miayola (warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, Subi wveriT win rom<br />
esrola). amis Semdeg kuhulini mtris mwyobris siRrmeSi SeiWra da brZola<br />
gaagrZela. xolo misma mterma natyorcni Subi aiRo da kuhulinisken srola<br />
daapira. `am SubiT mefe mokvdeba~, _ iwinaswarmetyveles jadoqar kalatinis<br />
Svilebma. lugaidma Subi tyorcna, magram kuhulinis nacvlad misi<br />
meetle laegi gangmira. kuhulini mxurvaled daemSvidoba Tavis erTgul<br />
meetles da brZola gaagrZela Tanac ise, rom meetlis Tanamdebobac SeiTavsa.<br />
mtris mwyobris garRvevis Semdeg igi kvlav waawyda or urTierTmebrZol<br />
meomarsa da bards. bardma kvlav sTxova kuhulins meomrebis gaSveleba. man<br />
meomrebs xeli CasWida da iseTi ZaliT moityorcna sxvadasxva mxares, rom<br />
maTi xorcis naglejebi irgvliv mimoifina. Semdeg bardma kuhulins Subi<br />
sTxova. kuhulinis uars man upasuxa, rom is gmiris gamamasxaravebel leqss<br />
SeTxzavda. _ me dReSi mxolod erTxel var valdebuli Sevasrulo Txovna,<br />
_ upasuxa kuhulinma, _ dRes Txovna ukve Sevasrule. _ icode Sens gamo<br />
mTel ulads gavamasxaraveb, _ daemuqra bardi. _ araodes momxdara, rom<br />
Cemi siZunwis an xeiris gamo uladi Sercxveniliyo. marTalia, mcire xnis<br />
sicocxleRa damrCa, magram es arc axla moxdeba, _ upasuxa kuhulinma.<br />
man kvlav tariT win stryorcna Subi bards, Subli gauxvrita da mis ukan<br />
mdgomi cxra meomaric gangmira. Subi axla erk kairbres Zem aiRo da kalatinis<br />
ZeT hkiTxa, vin mokvdeboda am SubiT. maT upasuxes, rom am SubiT<br />
mefe mokvdeboda. erkis ukmayofilo SeniSvnaze, rom es maT erTxel ukve<br />
iwinaswarnetyveles, kalatinis Svilebma auxsnes, rom winaswarmetyveleba<br />
axda, vinaidan Subma laegi gangmira, es ukanaskneli ki irlandiel meetleebs<br />
Soris upirvelesi, Sesabamisad meetleebis mefe iyo. styorcna erkma<br />
Subi da kuhulinis cxeni ruxi gangmira. gamoiRo kuhulinma cxenis Wrilobidan<br />
Subi da daemSvidoba Tavis erTgul cxens. es ukanaskneli kiserze<br />
naxevari caluRiT gaemarTa fuatis mTasTan arsebul rux tbaSi, saidanac<br />
is odesRac kuhulinma moipova.<br />
kuhulinma brZola etlSi Sebmuli erTi cxeniTRa gaagrZela. Semdgomi<br />
197
198<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
brZolisas igive scena gaTamaSda, rac pirvel or SemTxvevaSi. bardma kuhulins<br />
Subi sTxova. gmiris pasuxad, rom man bardebis Txovna ukve orgzis Seasrula,<br />
mesame bardi daimuqra, rom is kuhulinis mTel gvars Searcxvenda.<br />
ise, jobda ar damuqrebuda, vinaidan kuhulinma masac Subli gauxvrita da,<br />
rogorc icoda xolme, cxra meomari miayola. Subi lugaidma aiRo da kalatinis<br />
vaJebs hkiTxa, vin mokvdeboda am SubiT. maT kvlav upasuxes, rom am<br />
SubiT mefe mokvdeboda. lugaidis ukmayofilo SeniSvnaze, rom es maT ukve<br />
Tqves, rodesac Subi erkma isrola, kalatinis vaJebma ganmartes, rom isini<br />
marTlebi iyvnen, vinaidan Subma irlandiis cxenebis mefe mokla. maSin lugaidma<br />
Subi styorcna da kuhulini ise gangmira, rom Signeuli gadmoucvivda.<br />
amis mxilveli kuhulinis Savi cxeni etlidan gamovida da Savi tbisaken<br />
gaswia, sadac odesRac kuhulinma igi moipova. gmiri saSinelma wyurvilis<br />
grZnobam Seipyro. man mtrebs sTxova, iqve mdebare tbamde mieSvaT, sikvdilis<br />
win rom gagrilebuliyo. es ukanasknelni daTanxmdnen, Tu ukan dabrunebis<br />
pirobas miscemda. _ mxolod imas gTxovT, Tavad moxvideT CemTan, Tu ukan<br />
dabrunebas ver movaxerxeb, _ sTxova kuhulinma. sasikvdilod daWrilma<br />
gmirma ibanava, wyali Sesva da irlandielebs dauZaxa. moaxloebuli mteri<br />
rom dainaxa, iqve mdgom maRal qvas mieba, raTa fexze mdgomi Sexvedroda<br />
sikvdils. am dros misi ruxi moWenda (romelic TiTqosda mkvdari iyo),<br />
raTa patroni daecva manam, sanam cocxali iyo. man kbilebiT gatkvira ormocdaaTi<br />
mteri. xolo TiToeuli CliqiT ocdaaT-ocdaaTi kuhulinis sikvdilis<br />
mosurne mospo. amis miuxedavad, lugaidi kuhulinTan miiWra da<br />
Tavi mohkveTa. am dros gmirs xelidan xmali gauvarda, romelic lugaids<br />
marjvenaze daeca da xeli mohkveTa.<br />
mtrebma kuhulinis Tavi, xeli da fari waiRes da gzas daadgnen. gzad<br />
lugaids banaoba mounda. swored banaobisas wamoewia lugains kuhulinis<br />
biZaSvili da Zmadnafici konan Zlevamosili Tavisi ZaRlisTaviani cxeniT,<br />
romelsac wiTeli nami erqva. konal Zlevamosili daTanxmda lugaidis Txovnas,<br />
mxolod cali xeliT SebrZoleboda mas (rogorc gvaxsovs, lugaids<br />
marjvena kuhulinis xmalma mohkveTa. xazs vusvamT, xmalma da ara kuhulinma,<br />
romelic am momentisaTvis ukve mkvdari iyo). brZolisas konalma Tavisi<br />
cxenis daxmarebiT daamarcxa lugaidi da Tavi mohkveTa. ase iZia gmirma<br />
konalma Suri gmir kuhulinisaTvis. konalis sardlobiT uladebma mteri<br />
sastikad daamarcxes, kuhulinis mokveTili Tavi daibrunes da Sin gamarjvebulebi<br />
dabrundnen. aseTi iyo kuhulinis aRsasruli.<br />
Tumca, kuhulini samudamod ar gamqrala. rogorc erTi gviandeli legenda<br />
gadmogvcems, igi erTxel kidev gamocxadebia irlandielebs im Jams,<br />
roca am ukanasknelTa Soris maTi ganmanaTlebeli wminda patriki qristianobas<br />
amkvidrebda. wminda patriks igi saiqiodan gamouZaxia, raTa irlan-
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
diis warmarT xelmwife loigairesTvis eCvenebina qristianobis WeSmariteba<br />
da jojoxeTis mTeli saSinelebebi: `erTxel loigaire da wminda patrikis<br />
megobari wminda benini mak-indokis velze idgnen. uecrad iseTi Zalis civma<br />
qarma wamoubera, rom orivem Zlivs Seikaves Tavi, rom ar waqceuliyvnen. beninma<br />
auxsna, rom es qari jojoxeTis karibWidan SemoiWra. karibWe ki cota<br />
xniT imitom gaaRes, rom iqidan kuhulini gamoeSvaT. Semdeg veli nislma<br />
dafara da nislSi cxadad gamoCnda uzarmazari aCrdilisebri etli, romelSic<br />
`oTxiT morbenali” cxenebi iynen Sebmulni. etlSi orni iyvnen _<br />
kuhulini da misi erTguli meetle laegi. kuhulini ametyvelda da mouwoda<br />
loigaires moqcevisaken. `irwmune RvTisa da wminda patrikisa, rameTu<br />
Sens winaSe demoni ki ara, aramed kuhulinia, Ze sualtamisa~ (rolestoni<br />
2004: 196) imis dasarwmuneblad, rom namdvilad kuhulinia, igi warmarT<br />
xelmwifes sakuTar gmirobebs CamouTvlis da jojoxeTis saSinelebebze<br />
mouTxrobs. Semdeg kuhulini wminda patriks sTxovs, ufals Seavedros,<br />
rom misTvis zecis kari gaixsnas. amboben, ufalma kuhulinisa da wminda<br />
patrikis vedreba Seiwyalao, xolo loigaire qristianad moqceula.<br />
gmiris datireba<br />
am monakveTSi daRupuli gmiris datirebaze visaubrebT. xazs vusvam: laparakia<br />
ara sazogadod gardacvlilis, aramed sworedac rom daRupulis<br />
datirebaze. daRupuli gmiris amgvari datireba gulisxmobs gansakuTrebuli<br />
zepiri poeturi teqstis arsebobas, romelic Seicavs garkveul stereotipul<br />
formulebs. aq upiratesad SevexebiT datirebis rituals skandinavur<br />
da Zvel qarTul tradiciebSi, Tumca saWiroebis mixedviT gaviTvaliswinebT<br />
agreTve keltur da baltoslavur tradiciasac.<br />
Cveulebriv datirebis rituals asrulebs solisti (solistebi). rituali<br />
morgebulia konkretuli situaciisadmi, magram yovelTvis Seicavs<br />
garkveul stereotipul formulebsa da sqemebs. datirebis monawileTa<br />
nawili solistis an solistebis qmedebas JestebiT (magaliTad, sxeulis<br />
garkveuli qneviT) uWers mxars. cnobili mkvlevari desnickaia aRniSnavs:<br />
`epikuri poeziisa da datirebis leqsikur-semantikuri da sintaqsur-stilistikuri<br />
Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovnad msgavsia. rogorc Cans, datirebis<br />
ritualisas did rols TamaSobs improvizireba mza formulebisa da<br />
standartuli sqemebis safuZvelze~ (warmodgenebi... 2002: 203). mkvlevari<br />
Tvlis, rom datirebis teqstebs msgavsi morfologia gaaCnia da Sedgeba<br />
Sesavali formulisagan, varirebadi ZiriTadi teqstisa da damasrulebeli<br />
wamoZaxilebisagan, romlebic xmamaRal qviTinSi gadadis.<br />
datireba mimarTulia micvalebulze, TiTqosda am ukanasknels SeeZlos<br />
199
200<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
gaigos yvelaferi, rasac masze amboben. datireba aris im saxis ritualuri<br />
teqsti, romelmac micvalebulebsa da cocxlebs Soris kavSiri unda daamyaros,<br />
daareguliros kavSiri daRupul gmirsa da cocxalTa samyaros<br />
Soris. ufro zustad, datirebas ori adresanti hyavs _ rogorc cocxal-<br />
Ta, ise micvalebulTa samyaroebi. orivem unda Seityos daRupuli gmiris<br />
siqvelis Sesaxeb.<br />
amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom datireba ar aris Selocvis nairsaxeoba.<br />
am ukanasknelSi adresati sustadaa gamoxatuli maSin, rodesac datirebis<br />
adresati, formulebis trafaretulobis miuxedavd personificirebulia.<br />
misdami mimarTva Seicavs pirovnebis gadaZaxils pirovnebisadmi. datirebas<br />
axasiaTebs maRali toni (lamis wivili) da teqstis Segnebuli gangrZobiTi<br />
wakiTxva. laparakia Zaxilze, yvirilze, wivilze, tirilze da a.S.<br />
Zvel inglisur teqst `beovulfSi~ SemorCenila monaTxrobi, sadac gmiris<br />
damtireblis funqcia gayofilia bebruxanasa da gmiris saZmos Tormet<br />
wevrs Soris. beberi qalis mier Sesrulebuli gulisgamgmiravi datireba<br />
aviswmomaswaveblad JRerda datirebaze damswre pirTaTvis. balto-slavianuri<br />
da balto-finuri monacemebis umetesobiT, damtireblis rolSi<br />
mxolod qalebi gamodiodnen. n. ganinas azriT, datirebis mTavar Sinaarss<br />
sayovelTao gaubedurebis aRwera Seadgenda.<br />
arsebobda datirebis sxva formac, rodesac damtireblis rolSi mefis<br />
saZmos wevrebi gamodiodnen. magaliTad, iordanesTan gvaqvs atilas datirebis<br />
STambeWdavi suraTi: `hunTa mTeli tomis saukeTeso mxedrebi... esevi-<br />
Tar ixseniebdnen mis gmirobebs: `hunTa didi xelmwife atila, Sobili mamamis<br />
munZukisagan, uZlieres tomTa beladi! Sen, romelmac aqamde arnaxuli<br />
simamaciT erTma daipyari skviTTa da germanelTa samefoebi, romelmac<br />
qalaqTa aRebiT Tavzari daec romaelTa orive imperias, da raTa danarCeni<br />
[qalaqebi] ar gaZarculiyo, mowyaleba miiRe, maTi (romaelebis _ k.k.) vedreba<br />
Seismine, da yovelwliur xarks dasjerdi. da am yovelives warmatebiT<br />
dasrulebis Semdeg aResrule ara mtris mier miyenebuli Wrilobisagan,<br />
ara Senianebis veragobisagan, aramed sixarulSi da mxiarulebaSi,<br />
tkivilis gareSe, rodesac mTeli tomi janmrTeli da dauzianebeli iyo. vin<br />
CaTvlis amas aRsasrulad, Tu aravin aris iseTi, viszec Suria saZiebeli~<br />
(warmodgenebi... 2002: 216).<br />
rogorc mkvlevarebi varaudoben, atilas datirebisas mamakacTa samgloviaro<br />
simReris adresatia rogorc gardacvlili beladi, ise mamakacTa mTeli<br />
samyaro. mamakacuri datirebis specifika imaSia, rom masSi gmiris gardacvalebiT<br />
miyenebuli SesaZlo zianis CamoTvlas enacvleba daRupulis Rirsebebis<br />
CamoTvla. Tumca, rogorc `beovulfis~ datirebis sqemidan SeiZleba<br />
davaskvnaT, datirebis teqstSi Sedis wuxili gmiri-beladis (hlafordes
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
hryre) daRupvis gamo (ar dagvaviwydes _ atilas SemTxvevaSi damtireblebi<br />
mas brZolaSi daRupulad ki ara, lxinsa da drostarebaSi gardacvlilad<br />
miiCnevdnen, amitom mis datirebaSi daRupvaze aqcentireba ver iqneboda), naxsenebia<br />
lxinis Sewyveta, dacarielebuli darbazebi da a.S.<br />
gmiri-beladis daRupva misi garemocvisaTvis (`saZmosaTvis~) didi gamocdaa.<br />
is ganixileba ara mxolod socialur, aramed kosmiur planSic,<br />
rogorc qaosis Zalebis gamarjveba, mdgradi kosmiuri (romelic Tavisi arsiT<br />
socialuricaa) struqturis darRveva. rac ufro maRalia daRupulis<br />
socialuri rangi, miT ufro metia garRveva kosmiur doneze da miT ufro<br />
Zlieria qaoturi Zalebis Semoteva. datireba ara mxolod zaralis konstantaciaa,<br />
aramed im qaosis gamovlineba, romelic samyarosa da sociums<br />
misi arsebobis garantis gardacvalebiT moaklda.<br />
gmiri-beladis datireba saZmos wevrebis mier gulisxmobs Semdeg moqmedebebs:<br />
`Tqma~, `ubnoba~, `gamocxadeba~, `uwyeba~, `qeba~, `dideba~,<br />
`gansja~, `gankiTxva~. yvela eseni irTveba ufro farTo mniSvnelobaTa vel-<br />
Si, romelic xasiaTdeba, rogorc `wuxili~, `datireba~, `simRera~, `sevdis<br />
simRera~, `reCitativi~, `sityva-simRera~. beladis datireba iazreba,<br />
rogorc verbaluri gamoxatva sayovelTao qaosisa, gmiri-beladis gardacvalebas<br />
rom mohyveba.<br />
amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom arsebobs daRupuli gmiris datirebis<br />
ori forma: 1. qalebis mier Catarebuli datirebis rituali, romelsac<br />
aqvs Civilis, wuxilis xasiaTi da romliTac aRiwereba qaosi, gmiris sikvdilis<br />
Semdeg rom dadgeba. 2. mamakacuri datireba, rogorc qaosis manifestacia,<br />
beladis xotba, misi gmirobebis aRwera, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
_ Surisgebis aRTqma. amasTanave, rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven, datirebis<br />
ena (magaliTad, Zvelgermanuli) monaTesavea epiuri poeziis enisa da<br />
dakavSirebulia maRali stilis zepirmetyvelebasTan, romelic sruldeba<br />
sazogadoebriv-mniSvnelovani ceremoniebisas.<br />
datirebis orive forma gvxdeba arqaul qarTul tradiciebSi. gmiris<br />
datireba mamakacis mier gvxvdeba naratul ZeglebSi, xolo qalis mier<br />
gmiris datirebia _ folklorul zepirspityvier tradiciaSi. rogorc<br />
naratuli wyaroebidan dasturdeba, arsebobda specialuri instituti damtireblebisa,<br />
`mgosanni glovisani~, romelTa amocana datirebis gziT gmiris<br />
gandideba da SesaZlo qaosis dadgomis faqtze xazgasma iyo.<br />
leonti mrovelisaTvis miwerili qronikis im monakveTSi, romelic farsman<br />
qvels eZRvneba, moTxrobilia, rom sparselebma, veraferi daakles<br />
gmir mefes da ubralod mowamles igi (mzareulis mosyidvis gziT). Semdeg<br />
teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `maSin iqmna glova da tirili, da tyeba yovelTa<br />
qarTvelTa zeda, warCinebulTagan vidre glaxamde. da ityebdes yovelni Ta-<br />
201
202<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
vsa TvisTa yovelTa Sina qalaqTa da dabnebTa, rameTu dasxdebian mgosanni<br />
glovisani, da Sekrbian yovelni da axsenebdian simxnesa da siquelesa, da<br />
siSueniesa da saxierebasa farsman quelisasa, da ityodian esreT: `vai Cuen,<br />
rameTu mogvZina sueman borotman, da mefe Cueni, romlisagan xsnil viyveniT<br />
monebisagan mterTa, moikla igi kacTa mgrZnebelTagan, da aw miveciT<br />
Cuen wartyuevnad naTesavTa ucxoTa~ (qc 1958: 53).<br />
am framgmentze yuradReba jer kidev pavle ingoroyvam gaamaxvila (ingoroyva<br />
19?: 259-269). is farsmanis datirebis teqsts arqaul originalad miiCnevda,<br />
ramac rig mkvlevarebSi skepticizmi gamoiwvia. Tumca, sruliad gaugebaria,<br />
rogor Seityo XI saukunis avtorma leonti mrovelma datirebis ritualis<br />
Sesaxeb, romelic sxva arqauli xalxebis datirebis ritualis zusti<br />
analogia. pirvel yovlisa, aRvniSnavT imas, rom farsmanis datirebis teqsti<br />
zustad jdeba arqauli datirebis teqstis zemoT moyvanil daxasiaTebaSi,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac (kidev erTxel gavimeorebT): `epikuri poeziisa da datirebis<br />
leqsikur-semantikuri da sintaqsur-stilistikuri Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovnad<br />
msgavsia. rogorc Cans, datirebis ritualisas did rols TamaSobs<br />
improvizireba mza formulebisa da standartuli sqemebis safuZvelze~. farsman<br />
qvelis datirebaSi rom mogvepoveba sintaqsur-stilisturi da leqsikursemantikuri<br />
msgavseba epikur teqstebTan, eWvs gareSea (magaliTad, ritmuli<br />
prozis wyoba). aseve eWvs gareSea, rom farsmanis datirebis teqstSi gvxvdeba<br />
mza formulebi da standartuli sqemebi. erTaderTi saeWvo momenti improvizaciaa,<br />
magram misi arseboba an ararsebobaze SeuZlebelia vilaparakoT manam,<br />
sanam datirebis sxva analogiur teqsts ar davadgenT.<br />
farsman qvelis datireba Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT aseve identuria<br />
arqauli gmiris datirebisa. aqac xazgasmulia gmiris siqveleni (`axsenebdian<br />
simxnesa da siquelesa, da siSueniesa da saxierebasa farsman quelisasa~);<br />
amasTan `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ _ `mgosanTa glovisaTa~ tirilis<br />
teqstis mxolod bolo monakveTia uSualod citirebuli. rogorc zemoT<br />
iTqva, arqaul sazogadoebebSi gmiris datireba sam Tanmimdevrul etaps<br />
moicavda: 1) Sesavali; 2) varirebadi ZiriTadi teqsti; 3) damasrulebeli<br />
wamoZaxili, romelic xmamaRal qviTinSi gadadioda.<br />
farsman qvelis datirebis teqstSi varirebadi ZiriTadi teqstis zusti<br />
citati Semonaxuli ar aris, magram datirebis ritualSi mis arsebobas<br />
calsaxad adasturebs fraza: `da axsenebdian simxnesa da siquelesa, da si-<br />
Sueniesa da saxierebasa farsman quelisasa~. cxadia, es moxsenieba teqstis<br />
ZiriTadi monakveTi unda yofiliyo. damasrulebeli wamoZaxilia: `vai Cuen,<br />
rameTu mogvZina sueman borotman, da mefe Cueni, romlisagan xsnil viyveniT<br />
monebisagan mterTa, moikla igi kacTa mgrZnebelTagan, da aw miveciT Cuen wartyuevnad<br />
naTesavTa ucxoTa~. ubralo dakvirveba naTelyofs, rom aq teqstSi
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
aRmavali ritmul-semantikuri eskalacia mimdinareobs (`vai Cuen~-dan `miveciT<br />
Cuen wartyuevnad naTesavTa ucxoTa~-mde). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es<br />
yvelaferi xdeba fonze, rodesac `ityebdes yovelni Tavsa TvisTa~, savsebiT<br />
logikuria vivaraudoT, rom msgavsad sxva arqauli datirebis ritualebisa,<br />
Cvens SemTxvevaSic datirebis dasasruli albaT xmamaRal qviTinSi gadadioda.<br />
datirebis teqstis morfologiis TvalsazrisiT, erTaderTi, ris Sesaxebac<br />
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstis mixedviT ver vimsjelebT, aris sakiTxi _<br />
hqonda Tu ara datirebas Sesavali nawili.<br />
teqstisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia arqauli datirebis is Taviseburebac,<br />
rom misi adresati aris sazogadoebac (`vai Cuenda~) da Tavad micvalebulic,<br />
romlis siqvelesac esmeba xazi. aseve eWvs gareSea isic, rom datirebaSi<br />
xazgasmulia im qaosis dadgoma, romelic gmiris sikvdils mosdevs:<br />
`da aw miveciT Cuen wartyuevnad naTesavTa ucxoTa~.<br />
da bolos, SevexoT `mgosanTa glovisaTa~ instituts, anu pasuxi gavceT<br />
sakiTxs, mandilosnebi axorcielebdnen gmiri xelmwifis datirebis rituals<br />
Tu mamakacebi. im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom momxdari ambidan<br />
ramodenime saukunis Semdegac ki qalebi da mamakacebi gancalkevebiT sadilobdnen<br />
(rogorc es `SuSanikis wamebidan~ Cans) naTeli gaxdeba, rom gmiri<br />
mefis damtireblebi mamakacebi unda yofiliyvnen (Sdr. svanur zars).<br />
amrigad farsman qvelis datirebis teqstSi Semonaxulia gmiri-mefis datirebis<br />
ritualisa da Sesabamisi teqstis iseTi momentebi, rogorebicaa:<br />
• gansakuTrebuli zepiri poeturi teqstis arseboba;<br />
• garkveul stereotipul formulebi;<br />
• datirebisas Jestebis arseboba (`ityebdes yovelni Tavsa Tavsa TvisTa~);<br />
• ZiriTadi teqsti da damasrulebeli wamoZaxilebi, romelic xmamaRal<br />
qviTinSi gadadis;<br />
• datirebas ori adresanti hyavs: rogorc cocxalTa, ise micvalebulTa<br />
samyaroebi. orivem unda Seityos daRupuli gmiris siqvelis Sesaxeb;<br />
• datirebis leqsikur-semantikuri da sintaqsur-stilistikuri msgavseba<br />
epikuri poeziisTan;<br />
• datireba ara mxolod zaralis konstataciaa, aramed momavali qaosis<br />
konstatirebac, romelic sociumSi misi arsebobis garantis gardacvalebis<br />
Semdeg dadgeba.<br />
yovelive es amtkicebs, rom `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semonaxuli datirebis<br />
teqsti struqturulad praqtikulad im teqstebis identuria, romlebic<br />
skandinaviuri, kelturi da sxva masalis safuZvelzea rekonsturirebuli.<br />
es, sxvaTa Soris, garkveul safuZvels iZleva `qarTlis cxovrebis~<br />
genezisis axleburi gagebisTvisac.<br />
203
204<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
Tumca qarTul kulturaSi, saxeldobr folklorSi, moipoveba sxva teqstic,<br />
romelSic damtirebeli kaci ki ara qalia. es teqsti naratiul ki<br />
ara, zepirsityvierebis sferos ganekuTvneba. am teqstis Sesaxeb moviyvan<br />
vrcel amonawers z. kiknaZis wignidan `qarTuli miTologia~ avtors mohyavs<br />
datirebis teqsti da vrcel komentars ukeTebs mas:<br />
Sarmanaulo, Savardenoo,<br />
mTibelni gixarianRaeo?<br />
mTibel-mamyrisa sanayrodao<br />
dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo?<br />
bevrais jixvis gamgoresao,<br />
Tofsa xirimsa zidavRaeo?<br />
mtrisa bevrais gamjavresao,<br />
welsa frangulsa ibamRaeo?<br />
stumris bevrisa masamsaxursao,<br />
tyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo?<br />
bevrais mtrisa gamrigesao,<br />
enasa bWeSi zidavRaeo?<br />
am xevsuruli xmiT natiralSi paradigmulad aris aRnusxuli yoveli saqmianoba,<br />
romelTa aRsrulebaSi gadis TiToeuli ymis wuTisofeli. motirali<br />
saTiTaod CamoTvlis maT daRupulis cxedarTan Sekrebili xalxis gasagonad.<br />
da sagulisxmoa, rom yovelive amas saymo, TiToeuli moyme diacis piriT<br />
ismens. romc ar ganmeordes naTqvami, am sityvebs Rrmad ibeWdavs maTi maxsovroba.<br />
SromaSi, nadirobaSi, brZolaSi, maspinZlobaSi, saymos TanxmobisaTvis<br />
zrunvaSi gadis cxovreba Sarmanaulisa. motirali Tavisi lakonurobiTa da<br />
amomwuraobiT arqetipul mniSvnelobas iZens rigiTi ymis amsofliuri yofierebisaTvis,<br />
Tumca is, rogorc natirali, damwuxrebuli gulis uSualo<br />
amoZaxilia: dai tiris Zmaze, dabadebasa da sikvdils Soris moqceul erT sicocxleze,<br />
rogorc wuTissoflis dasasrulze, romlis tragizms itvirTavs<br />
oriode TiTqosda umniSvnelo marcvali `Rae~ (kiknaZe 1996: 192).<br />
valhala anu sikvdili da sicocxle<br />
saiqioSi<br />
Tavidanve aRvniSnav: imas, rac arqauli azrovnebis SemTxvevaSi xasia-<br />
Tdeba, rogorc `saiqio~, araferi aqvs saerTo am terminis gaazrebasTan<br />
monoTestur religiebSi. germanul da gansakuTrebiT keltur tradiciaSi
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
saiqio miRmuri, transcendenturi ram ki ar aris, aramed erTgvari paraleluri<br />
samyaro, romelic Cveni samyaros gverdiT arsebobs da garkveul<br />
wertilebSi kveTs kidec mas. aseTi wertili SeiZleba iyos ukacrieli sasaxle,<br />
mTa an borcvi, tbaze mdebare kunZuli da a.S. ramdenadac saiqio,<br />
ufro zustad, saiqioebi, paraleluri samyaros xasiaTs atarebs, sulac<br />
ar aris gasakviri, rom gmiri Cveni qveynidan saiqioSi moxvdes da Semdeg<br />
ukan moaxerxos dabruneba. marTalia, saiqio Cvens samyaros hgavs, magram<br />
garkveuli gansxvavebacaa. magaliTad, am pararelul samyaroebSi SeiZleba<br />
drois dineba Cvens samyarosTan SedarebiT aCqarebuli an Senelebuli iyos.<br />
qarTul tradiciaSi cnobilia SemTxveva, rodesac saiqios sityvebs sapirispiro<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre saaqaos. magaliTad, `TefSebis damtvreva~<br />
niSnavs TefSebis darecxvas. saiqios variantad qarTul tradiciaSi SeiZleba<br />
ganvixiloT qajeTic.<br />
aseTi saiqioebis, ufro zustad, parareluli samyaroebis Tema yvelaze<br />
ukeT keltur tradiciaSia ganviTarebuli. Tumca Tema imdenad CaxlarTulia,<br />
rom keltologebi dRemde davoben: uamravi paraleluri samyaro arsebobda<br />
keltebTan Tu erTi da yvela danarCeni am erTi sxvebismomcveli<br />
saiqios nawilebia. magram kelturi gadmocemebi paraleluri samyaroebis<br />
Sesaxeb praqtikulad ar Seicavs daRupuli samxedroebis samyoflisa da<br />
saiqioSi maTi cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb informacias. amitom im informaciiT<br />
SemovifarglebiT, romelic SemorCenilia islandiur tradiciaSi, saxeldobr,<br />
`umcros edaSi~. snori sturlusonis am TxzulebaSi Semonaxulia<br />
valhalas anu im saiqios aRwera, sadac xvdebian daRupuli meomrebi. Tumca,<br />
sanam uSualod valhalas aRweraze gadavidodeT, SevexoT saerTod pararelul<br />
samyaroebs skandinavur, saxeldobr, islandiur tradiciaSi.<br />
daRupul meomarTaTvis gamiznuli mTavari saiqioa cnobili valhala,<br />
val-holl `micvalebulTa srasasaxle~. sivrcobrivad is arsebobs gladshaimis<br />
gverdiT, xolo droiTi TvalsazriT xasiaTdeba, rogorc dasabamiseuli,<br />
rogorc im epoqis produqti, rodesac `RmerTebi mxolod iwyebdnen<br />
dasaxlebas~. valhala xasiaTdeba, rogorc veli (vollr), saxli (rann), srasasaxle<br />
(salr). valhalas gaaCnia iseTi atributebic, rogorebicaa: farTe<br />
(vidr), brwyinvale oqrosi (gullbiartr). valhalasTan dakavSirebulni arian<br />
iseTi personaJebi, rogorebicaa: odini, iremi eiqTuTurniro, valkiriebi<br />
da a.S.<br />
meore saiqio xasiaTdeba, rogorc ukvdavTa samyaro (O-dains-akr). yvela,<br />
vinc iq midis, ganikurneba yovelgvari sneulebisagan, siberisgan da arasdros<br />
mokvdeba.<br />
oiumi – istorikos iordanes `getikaSi~ (goTebis istoriaSi) warmodgenilia,<br />
rogorc skviTeTSi arsebuli idealuri qveyana. igi garSemorty-<br />
205
206<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
mulia WaobebiT da morevebiT, magram qveynis SigniT xvavi da baraqa sufevs.<br />
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom iordanesTan erT-erTi paraleluri samyaro<br />
transformirda kvazirealur mxared iseve, rogorc imave avtorTan miTosuri<br />
asebi da vanebi transformirdnen kvazirealurad arsebul tomebad.<br />
Semdegi paraleluri samyaro iwodeba Folk-vangr-ad anu samxedro saZmos<br />
velad. es valhalis erTgvari variantia, oRond ufro dabali donisa.<br />
es fraias saufloa, sadac is odinTan erTad iyofs brZolebSi daRupul<br />
vaJkacTa naxevars (ra niSniT xdeba es dayofa ucnobia, magram savaraudoa,<br />
rom odins TavisTan valhalaSi saukeTeso mebrZolebi mihyavs, xolo danar-<br />
Cenebi samxedro saZmos velze xvdebian). es paraleluri samyaro zecaSia.<br />
Semdegi pozitiur saiqioebs, anu paralelur samyaroebs, Soris aris<br />
glas-heimr-i anu brwyinvalebis (sixarulis) samyaro. Zneli saTqmelia,<br />
valhalas nawilia igi, valhalis ubralo sinonimi Tu erTgvari miwieri<br />
valhala. glas haimri garedanac da Signidanac bajaRlo oqrosia. iq Rmer-<br />
Tebma aRmarTes taZari, agreTve Tormeti samefo taxti odinisaTvis.<br />
Vingolf-i anu netarebis taZari, rogorc Cans, valhalis gare nawilia (valhalis<br />
gverdiTaa). `umcrosi eda~-s mixedviT: `da mas [odins] kidev ewodeba<br />
daRupulTa mama, vinaidan isini, vinc brZolaSi daiRupnen, misi Svilobilebi<br />
arian. da acxovrebs is mas valhalasa da vingolvSi da ewodebaT maT<br />
einheriebi~ (warmodgenebi... 2002: 405).<br />
aq aRar SevexebiT sxva pozitiur paralelur samyarebs, sadac cxovroben<br />
ucodveli adamianebi, vinaidan maT daRupul meomrebTan, omTan da brZolebTan<br />
pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvT. aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom am naTeli<br />
saiqioebis garda, arsebobs bneli, negatiuri saiqioebi.<br />
maT Soris, pirvel rigSi, unda gamoiyos hel-i (igive sityva dRevandel<br />
inglisurSi jojoxeTs niSnavs). es sityva erTdroulad aRniSnavs mkvdrebis<br />
samyarosac da am samyaros meufe goliaT qalsac. heli erTgvarad waagavs<br />
berZnul tartarozs. is samyaros centrSi mdebare ifan idrgasilis fesveb-<br />
Sia, CrdiloeTis mxares. Rrmad miwaSi. aq ZiriTadad arian adamianebi, romlebic<br />
siberiT an avadmyofobiT daixocnen (anu amgvari sikvdili codvad<br />
iTvleba brZolaSi daRupvasTan SedarebiT). iqve binadrobs mgel fenriris<br />
oreuli _ giganturi ZaRli harmi da mamali.<br />
jojoxeTuri paraleluri samyaros sxva nairsaxeobas warmoadgens nidhafioll-i<br />
sityvasityviT _ mTisqveSeTi, erTi sityviT, qveskneli. mis binadarTa<br />
Soris cnobilia Savi drakoni, romelsac frTebs Soris gvamebi hkidia. Cans<br />
am qvesknelis sinonimuri unda iyos, an masTan raRacnairad dakavSirebuli<br />
nidha-vellir-i velis qveSeTi, anu isev qveskneli. SesaZloa laparakia erTi da<br />
imave qvesknelis or lokusze, romelTagan erTi dablobebs qvemoTaa moTavsebuli,<br />
xolo meore _ mTebs qvemoT. velisqveSeTis qveskneli kvlav uka-
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
vSirdeba drakons. iq binadrobs juja sindri, agreTve micvalebulebic. es<br />
qvesknelic CrdiloeTiTaa moTavsebuli.<br />
Semdegi bneli paraleluri samyaroa nifl-heimri _ bneleTis qveyana, romelsac<br />
helTan igive damokidebuleba aqvs, rogorc olk-vangrs valhalasTan, anu<br />
bneleTis qveynis nawili misi identuria. isic msoflio ifnis fesvebs qvemoT<br />
aris da iqac siberiT an avadmyofobiT daxocilebi imyofebian. is dasabamiseulad<br />
arsebobs da masSi mudmivi sicive sufevs. misi meufec goliaTi helia.<br />
da bolos, am arcTu sasiamovno samyaroebis CamoTvla unda davamTavroT Niflhel-iT.<br />
is helis kidev ufro qvemoT mdebareobs da iq goliaTi vaftrudniri sufevs.<br />
mis Sesaxeb Zalian cota ramaa cnobili. rogorc Cans, iq iseTi negatiuri<br />
pirovnebebi xvdebian, romelTaTvis helSi yofnac ki arasakmarisi sasjelia.<br />
ase SeiZleba mokled davaxasiaToT saiqioebis Tu paraleluri samyaroebis<br />
nusxa skandinavur tradiciaSi. cnobilma rusma mkvlevarma t. toporovam gamowvlilviT<br />
ganixila es sakiTxi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom saboloo jamSi es<br />
samyaroebi or tipze daiyvaneba. erTi tipi ukavSirdeba iseT maxasiaTeblebs,<br />
rogorebicaa: `qveS~, `miwisqveS~ ,`CrdiloeTs~, siSaves, floris ararsebobas,<br />
iseT cxovelebs, rogorebicaa: gveli, drakoni, ZaRli, mgeli, mamali. es tipi<br />
agreTve ukavSirdeba sikvdils (brZolaSi ardaRupvis garda, sikvdilis TiTqmis<br />
yvela formas (siberiT sikvdilidan _ daxrCobamde), da bolos _ siRrmesa<br />
da siviwroves.<br />
paralelur samyaroTa meore tipi ukavSirdeba cas, samxreTs an aRmosavleTs,<br />
xeebs, mcenareebs, yvavilebs. mis faunas Citebi warmoadgenen. am tipis samyaro<br />
aris naTeli, manaTobeli an mwvane. is ukavSirdeba sicocxlesa da kosmosis<br />
ganaxlebas, agreTve sifarToves, sapirispirod pirveli tipis samyaroebis siviwrovisa.<br />
meore tipis samyarosagan yvelaze ukeT valhalaa cnobili, sadac, rogorc<br />
vTqviT, daRupul gmirTa sulebi sufeven. unda vifiqroT, rom pirveli tipis<br />
negatiur samyaroSi im daRupul arsebaTa sulebi sufeven, romlebic SeiZleba<br />
daxasiaTdnen, rogorc antigmirebi. germanuli saiqioebis am mokle daxasiaTebis<br />
Semdeg gadavideT maTgan yvelaze cnobilze _ valhalaze.<br />
jer SevexoT imas, Tu rogor Seityo kacobriobam valhalaSi gabatonebuli<br />
cxovrebis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze Semdegi gadmocema arsebobs: iyo Svedebis erTi<br />
mefe, saxelad gulvi. mas mudam ainteresebda, ratom arian asebi esoden Zlierebi.<br />
gulvi jadoqari iyo. erTxel moxucad gadaiqca da asebis samyoflis<br />
_ asgardisaken gaswia. magram arc asebi iyvnen gulubryviloebi. Seityves,<br />
rom gulvi maTTan modioda da xilva gaugzavnes. asebis samyofelTan misulma<br />
gulvim Tavi vinme ganglerad gaasaRa. gulvi-ganglerma qalaqSi (asgardSi)<br />
Sesvlisas uzarmazari sasaxle ixila da Semxvedrs sTxova, mis mepatronesTan<br />
mieyvanaT. sasaxleSi Sesulma samefo taxtebze mjdomi sami xelmwife dainaxa,<br />
207
208<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
romlebic gaecvnen, rogorc `maRali~, `toladmaRali~ da `mesame~. rogorc<br />
monaTxrobidan Cans, samive sxvadasxva hipostasiT warmodgenili iyo odini.<br />
ganglerim moridebiT dauwyo maT sxvadasxva kiTxvebis micema. magaliTad, rogor<br />
warmoiSva samyaro, vin arian mTavari RmerTebi da a.S. bolos igi valhalis<br />
mowyobasac Seexo. qvemoT warmogidgenT im teqstis Tavisufal gadmocemas,<br />
valhalas rom exeba da Semonaxulia snori sturlusonis `umcrosi edas~ im<br />
monakveTSi, `gulvis xilvebi (zmanebebi)~ rom ewodeba (ramdenadac saqme Tavisufal<br />
gadmocemasTan gvaqvs zust citacias ar vaxdenT).<br />
maSin ityoda gangleri (anu gulvi): `Sen momiTxrob, rom samyaros dasabamis<br />
Jamidan yvela daRupuli axla valhalas odinTan sufeven. riT kvebavs<br />
maT odini? ras aWmevs? valhalaSi xom uamravi adamiani grovdeba?~. maSin<br />
ityoda maRali eseviTar: `marTals ambob. WeSmaritad mravali xalxia valhalas<br />
Tavmoyrili. da metic iqneba, Tumca odes mgeli mova (laparakia<br />
rignarekisas mgeli fenriris mosvlaze _ k.k.), mainc ukmarisni iqnebian.<br />
ramdeni mkvidric ar unda hyavdes valhalas, yvelas eyofa tax sehrinmiris<br />
CiCia. mas yovel dRe xarSaven, magram saRamosTvis kvlav mTelia. Seni<br />
kiTxvebidan gamomdinare, vatyob, rom cotani moiZebnebian iseTi brZenni,<br />
mTeli simarTle rom uwyodnen. andhrimniri hqvia mzareuls, xolo qvabs _<br />
eldhrimniri. Tqmul ars:<br />
andhrimniri xarSavs<br />
sehrimnir-taxs<br />
eldhrimnirSi xorcifleska<br />
-s (germanuli Flasche) SesaniSnavs,<br />
mciredebma Tu ician<br />
riT ikvebebian einheriebi.<br />
maSin ikiTxa ganglerim: `da TviT odini, isic imasve Wams, rasac einheriebi“?<br />
maRali ambobs: `mTels saWmels, magidaze rom udgas, or mgels uyris.<br />
maT geri da freki hqviaT. ar sWirdeba odins araviTari saWmeli. Rvino _<br />
ai misi saWmeli da sasmeli. iTqmeba:<br />
geris da frekis,<br />
kvebavs mebrZoli,,<br />
meomarTa mama;<br />
magram Tavad<br />
abjriT mbrwyinavi,<br />
mxolod Rvinos svams.
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
ori yorani uzis mxrebze da yurSi CasCurCuleben yovelives, rasac xedaven an<br />
esmiT. hugini da mugini hqviaT yvavebs. is diliT agzavnis yvavebs da isinic mTel<br />
msoflios moifrenen da sauzmisaTvis brundebian. maTgan igebs odini yovelives,<br />
rac qveynad xdeba, amitom mas yvavebis RmerTs uwodeben. iTqmeba:<br />
hugini da mugini<br />
mudam cargvals,<br />
frinaven dauRlelad,<br />
huginze vSiSob,<br />
muginze vSiSob,<br />
dabrundebian Tu ara´yvavebi!.<br />
maSin hkiTxa ganglerim: `aqvT einheriebs iseTi sasmeli, siuxviT rom ar<br />
Camouvardebodes maT saWmels? Tu mxolod wyals svamen? “<br />
maRali pasuxobs: `ucnauria Seni SekiTxva. TiTqos yvelas mama (Alföðr)<br />
konungebs, iarlebs da didebulebs dahpatiJebs da wyals SesTavazebs! valhalas<br />
moxvedrilT WeSmaritad saukeTeso sasmelad moeCvenebodaT wyali,<br />
valhala ukeTes jildos rom ar sTavazobdes Wrilobebisa da sasikvdilo<br />
tanjvisaTvis. sxva rasme getyvi: Txa saxelad haidruni cxovrobs valhala-<br />
Si da Zovs igi im saxelovani xidan, leradi rom hqvia. Tafli, misi curidan<br />
rom moedineba, yoveldRe avsebs did gobs. imdeni Taflia, rom sakmarisia<br />
yvela einheriis dasaTrobad”.<br />
Tqva maSin ganglerim: `diax, arcTu mcire xeiria aseTi Txidan. saocari<br />
unda iyos xe, romlidanac foTlebs Zovs”.<br />
isev ganglerim Tqva: `saocar sagnebze momiyevi. ramxela unda iyos valhalis<br />
darbazni. albaT maT karebebTan adamianTa didi brboebi dganan.<br />
maSin upasuxa maRalma: `ratom ar mkiTxav, ramdeni karia valhalaSi da<br />
ramxelebi arian isini? odes Cems pasuxs gaigeb, ityvi, rom ucnauri iqneboda,<br />
Tu nebismieri Tavisi surviliT Sevidoda iq, an gamovidoda iqidan.<br />
Tumca, isic marTalia, rom iq Camojdoma iseve advilia, rogorc iq Sesvla.<br />
`grinmiris sityvebSi” daaxloebiT asea naTqvami:<br />
xuTi aseuli karebia,<br />
da kidev ormoci<br />
valhalaSi, WeSmaritad;<br />
rvaasi meomari<br />
gamova yoveli karebidan,<br />
mgelTan Sesarkineblad.<br />
209
210<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
maSin Tqva ganglerim: `mravali adamiania valhalaSi. da marTla didi<br />
meufea odini, amxela jari rom emorCileba. riT erTobian einheriebi, rodesac<br />
ar ilxenen”?<br />
upasuxa maRalma: `yovel dRes, odes warmodgebian, saWurvels aisxamen<br />
da, rom gavlen darbazebidan, erTmaneTs sasikvdilod ebrZvian. esaa maTi<br />
garToba. odes sauzmis Jami dadgeba, ukan brundebian valhalaSi da nadims<br />
iwyeben. iTqmeba:<br />
einheriebi yvelani,<br />
marad ibrZvian<br />
odinis sasaxlesTan,,<br />
orTabrZolaSi ebmebian,<br />
amTavreben ra brZolas,<br />
mSvidad nadimoben.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, valhala marTlac arqauli epoqis, winasaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
samxedro saZmoebis cxovrebis maradiuli xatia. iq maradiulad gr-<br />
Zeldeba is, rac moZmeTaTvis dedamiwaze sruldeba. da mTel am brZolebsa<br />
da nadimebs erTi meufe hyavs _ odini, romelic Tavis valhalel mxedrions<br />
arasodes aklebs saWmels, sasmelsa da brZolis Jins.<br />
arqauli RmerTebis aRsasruli<br />
istoriuli procesis dialeqtikas arqauli epoqa logikurad mihyavs<br />
dasasrulamde. am dasasruls mravali faqtori ganapirobebs, dawyebuli<br />
instituciuridan (Temebisa da saZmoebis transformireba saxelmwifoebad),<br />
damTavrebuli teqnoligiuriT (brinjaos Canacvleba rkiniT). Zvel<br />
aRmosavleTSi es procesi ufro adre xdeba da ZvelaRmosavluri tipis<br />
saxelmwifoebis SeqmniT sruldeba. igive procesi cota mogvianebiT xdeba<br />
antikurobaSic, saberZneTsa da romSi. wina planze saxelmwifos damkvidrebasTan<br />
erTad TandaTanobiT iwevs samxedro siqvele, xolo magiuri<br />
sawyisi ukana planze gadadis, TumcaRa sruladac ar qreba. principi _<br />
`Samani meomarze Zlieria, magia samxedro siqveleze Zlieria~ _ warsuls<br />
bardeba.<br />
Cven uars vambobT am transformaciis dayvanaze mxolod erT, romelime<br />
faqtorze _ materialursa Tu sulierze. es iseTive umaduri saqmea, rogorc<br />
imis garkveva, kvercxi ufro adre gaCnda Tu qaTami. amis miuxedavad, Cven<br />
mier ganxiluli sakiTxisaTvis saWirod mimaCnia mcire eqskursi teqnologiis<br />
istoriis sferoSi. brinjao, brinjaos iaraRi organul kavSirSia ara
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
mxolod magiur mentalitetsa da Temur organizaciasTan, aramed garkveul<br />
`samrewvelo ciklTanac~. mcire socialur jgufad, Temad organizebuli<br />
sazogadoebis teqnologiuri cikli aseve SezRuduli iyo. teqnologiuri<br />
ciklis centrSi mWedeli idga, romelic viwro-lokaluri, Temuri Tu saZmoseuli<br />
interesebidan gamomdinare moqmedebda. es cikli organul kavSirSi<br />
iyo magiur msoflmxedvelobasTan da ukavSirdeboda gmirisaTvis iaraRis<br />
gamokvervas, razec amdeni visaubreT. rkinis etapis dadgoma gulisxmobs ara<br />
mxolod Temis Canacvlebas saxelmwifoTi, aramed rkinis teqnologiebis gavrcelebasac.<br />
es teqnologia kargavs magiur xasiaTs da, Tu SeiZleba ase<br />
iTqvas, gadadis industriul safuZvelze. saxelmwifo organizacia gulisxmobs<br />
rkinis iaraRis masobriv gavrcelebas, process, romelic mimdinareobs<br />
Temidan da saZmodan saxelmwifos Seqmnis paralelurad.<br />
rkinis gaCenasTan erTad, rasac saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis pirobebSi<br />
rkinis iaraRis gavrceleba mosdevs, iqmneba `masobrivi~ armiebi. es<br />
armiebi bevrad ufro racionaluri principebiT aris organizebuli, vidre<br />
magiur-Samanur msoflgancdaze damyarebuli da brinjaos iaraRiT aRWurvili<br />
laSqari. amgvar armiaTa Setakebisas axali, heroikuli, rkinis eris SenaerTebi<br />
gamanadgurebel dartymebs ayeneben ara mxolod brinjaos iaraRiT<br />
aRWurvil jarebs, aramed TviT magiur mosoflgancdas. aseTi gamarjvebis<br />
STambeWdavi aRwera moipoveba romael istorikos titus liviusTan, saxeldobr<br />
iq, sadac moTxrobilia romaelTa gamarjvebaze etruskebTan brZola-<br />
Si. titus liviusi wers: `Tavdapirvelad romaelebi damarcxdnen, vinaidan<br />
romael jariskacebs SeeSindaT qurumebisa, romlebic furiebis msgavsad<br />
CiraRdnebis qneviTa da gvelebiT xelSi modiodnen. romaelebi uwesrigod<br />
gaiqcnen TavianTi gamagrebebisaken. magram konsulebma, oficrebma da tribunebma<br />
jariskacebs dacinva dauwyes imis gamo, rom maT bavSvebiviT SeeSindaT<br />
am TvalTmaqcebisa. jariskacebs sircxvilma siTamame daubruna da Seuties<br />
im nivTebs, romlebmac isini gaaqcies (sainteresoa, rom romaelebi aq mters<br />
ki ara, nivTebs uteven _ k.k.). gafantes ra aCrdilebi, isini Tavs daesxnen<br />
namdvil mters, gaarRvies maTi dacvis xazi, xelT Caigdes uzarmazari nadavli<br />
da gamarjvebulni dabrudnen. TavianT SiSs isini uxeSi jariskaculi<br />
xumrobiT dascinodnen~ (maiani 1964: 320).<br />
Znelia ufro STambeWdavi aRwera imisa, Tu rogor daZlia rkinis xanis<br />
heroikam brinjaos xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Samanur-magiuri msoflgancda,<br />
romelic samxedro siqveles ki ara, CiraRdnebis qnevasa da gvelebis<br />
trialiT Sesrulebuli ritualiT gamowveul SiSs emyareboda. etruskebi<br />
romaelebs aCrdilebad warmoudgebaT. aCrdili isaa, rac Tavs gviCvenebs<br />
sxvagvarad, vidre sinamdvileSia. mas Tan axlavs magiiT, Samanis mier warmoebuli<br />
brZoliT gamowveuli SiSi. am SiSis gamarjvebis erTaderTi saSua-<br />
211
212<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
leba masze sicilia. amitom romaelebma gamarjveba maSin moipoves, rodesac<br />
sakuTar SiSze sicili daiwyes.<br />
titusis mier aRwerili romaelTa gamarjveba SesaZloa ufro mniSvnelovanic<br />
ki iyo, vidre karTagenze gamarjveba, rasac pativcemuli liviusi<br />
aranakleb STambeWdavad aRwers. marTalia, punikur omebSi romaelebma antikuri<br />
xanis erT-erTi udidesi mxedarmTavris damarcxeba moaxerxes, magram<br />
etruskebze moTxrobili gamarjveba mainc ufro mniSvnelovania, rameTu aq<br />
romaelebma ara marto mterze, aramed sakuTar SiSebsa da stereotipebze<br />
gaimarjves da iqcnen imad, radac mTeli kacobrioba icnobs _ racionalurad<br />
warmarTuli omis geniosebad.<br />
titus liviusis aRwerili epizodi samxedro da politikuri istoriis<br />
sferoSi imasve asaxavs, rasac rkinis gamarjveba brinjaoze. amgvari gamarjvebis<br />
saintereso gadmocemas dResac inaxavs qarTuli ena, ufro zustad ki is<br />
sityvebi, omis warmoebas rom exeba. `brZola~ imave Ziris Semcvelia, romelic<br />
Semonaxulia sityvaSi `brZeni~. es ukanaskneli SemorCenilia mxolod saku-<br />
Triv qarTulSi _ enaSi, romelic rkinis xanis dadgomis Semdeg Cndeba. am sityvis<br />
dasabamiseul mniSvnelobas megruli inaxavs, sadac qarTul `brZ~-s Sesabameba<br />
~burj~. megrulad `vuburjuanq~ niSnavs `veWidavebi~, `vebRlanZunebi~,<br />
`burjafi~ niSnavs bRlarZunsa da Widaobas, magram am semantikur velSi jdeba<br />
imave sityvis sawyisiseuli mniSvneloba, rac niSnavs `borgvas~ `SfoTvas~.<br />
es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs raRaciT Sepyrobas, normaluri mdgomareobidan<br />
gadaxvevas, erTi sityviT, transs. svanurSi igive Ziri isev da isev Widaobas,<br />
uwesrigo brZolas gulisxmobs (Sdr. sityva `borjRals~). amdenad, qarTuli<br />
borgva transis mniSvnelobis Semcvelia da es mniSvneloba mogvianebiT transfomirdeba<br />
brZenis, rogorc magiuri codnis, mflobelisad. sapirispirod<br />
amisa `Serkineba~, romelic mxolod qarTul enaSi moipoveba aRar Seicavs magiuri<br />
transis mniSvnelobas. is protoraindul Serkinebas, e.i. rkinis iara-<br />
RiT urTierTbrZolas gulisxmobs. marTalia, Tavad rkina SeiZleba davukav-<br />
SiroT saerTo qarTvelur `rku~-s (rac imasve aRniSnavs, rasac `gawmenda~ da<br />
SesaZloa Tavdapirvelad igi madnis gawmendas, sxvagvarad, rkinis miRebas ni-<br />
Snavda). magram es arcaa arsebiTi. mTavari isaa, rom samxedro moqmedebaTa warmoeba<br />
magiur-Samanuri brZolidan rkinis iaraRiT SerkinebaSi gadaizarda.<br />
omi, am sityvis zusti gagebiT, am droidan Cndeba. `zusti gageba~ jer<br />
kidev ar gulixmobs imas, TiTqos klauzevicis Tezisi omze, rogorc saxelmwifo<br />
politikis gagrZelebaze, ukve ZalaSi Sedis, Tumca aqeTken arsebiTi nabiji<br />
idgmeba, gansakuTrebiT antikuri epoqis dasasruls. omi, rogorc kacobriobis<br />
saqmianobis Tvisebrivad axali (arqaulTan SedarebiT), instituti<br />
im gagebiT Cndeba, rom saxelmwifos gacilebiT ufro meti resursi gaaCnia<br />
omis warmarTvisaTvis, vidre Tems, saZmos, anda erTi konkretuli miznisaTvis
epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi<br />
Seqmnil saZmoebis koalicias. saxelmwifos Seqmnas axali mentalobis Seqmna<br />
mosdevs, romlis pirobebSic icvleba mTlianad samyarosa da, maSasadame,<br />
omis aRqmac. Zireulad icvleba omis warmoebis wesic, Tumca es gaqroba hegeliseul<br />
moxsna-Senaxvis xasiaTs atarebs da gamqrali msoflmxedvelobis<br />
rigi elementebi transformirebuli saxiT agrZelebs arsebobas.<br />
saxelmwifos dabadebasTan erTad arqauli omis RvTaebebis aRsasrulic<br />
dgeba. es aRsasruli mxolod nawilobriv hgavs skandinaviur rognareks,<br />
romelsac am wignSi didi adgili davuTmeT. RmerTebis aRsasruls axali<br />
wesrigis damyareba mosdevs. es araa im wesrigis ubralo aRdgena, romlis<br />
dangrevac mgel fenriris Tavis awyvetiT iwyeba. axali wesrigi saxelmwifos<br />
saxes iRebs, romlis mobinadrenic omis sxvagvar gagebas emyarebian,<br />
vidre meTemeni an moZmeni. Tumca, amgvari gagebis kvleva omis arsis aRqmisadmi<br />
miZRvnili sxva naSromebis sagania.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
ingoroyva (1978): ingoroyva p. TxzulebaTa krebuli. tomi IV. Tb.: 1978<br />
kacitaZe 2006: kacitaZe k. strategiis safuZvlebi. Tb.: Ggamomcemloba `cisartyela~,<br />
2006.<br />
kiknaZe 1996: kiknaZe z. qarTuli miTologia. quTaisi: 1996.<br />
maiani 1964: Маяни З. Этруски начинают говорить. М.: 1964<br />
narTebi 1988: narTebi. cxinvali: 1988.<br />
roleston 2004: Роллестон Т. Мифы, легенды и предания кельтов. М.: 2004.<br />
qc 1958: qarTlis cxovreba. t. I, Tb.: 1958.<br />
warmodgenebi... 2002: Представления о смерти и локализация иного мира у древних кельтов и германцев.<br />
М.: 2002.<br />
Kakha Katsitadze<br />
The Death of the Epic Hero and Some Aspects of the War Perception in Archaic<br />
Culture<br />
The type of researches that can be called military-culturological is developing intensively<br />
in the Western countries and studies in what way the phenomenon, known as war, is<br />
perceived in each seperate culture. M. Osovskaya’s, R. Kardin’s and others’ works opened<br />
totally different perspectives towards this direction. In the given article, concerning military-culturological<br />
theme, we will discuss one of the most actual and dramatic moment<br />
of the archaic perception of war – a range of aspects connected with the death of a heroleader.<br />
213
214<br />
kaxa kacitaZe<br />
Every culture has its own idea about death and afterlife. Narrative tradition based on<br />
folklore about the afterlife, which has reached us, was created in the circle of military aristocracy,<br />
or was meant for them and reflected their ideas about death. Here was highlighted<br />
such kind of life and death which turned the person hero and would make him famous for<br />
centuries. Such heroes as Kuhulin or Achilleus, from the very beginning chose short life<br />
filled with fame. Such kind of life does not only bring fame in this world, but is also accompanied<br />
by privileges in the afterlife. It was a logical choice, if we take into consideration<br />
how the military aristocracy understood life, death and afterlife.<br />
The article deals with with the following topics concerning the death of an epic heroleader:<br />
sign warning about death, meeting with a double, as a sign alerting death, breaking<br />
taboos, verbal fortunetelling, enchantment, logic of hero’s death, mourning over the hero,<br />
perception about afterlife and death of archaic Gods.<br />
The logic of the hero’s death is emphasised in the article. The hero’s death is not only<br />
a simple justification of fortunetelling, consequence of taboo breaking or a fact following<br />
the death telling sign. The death, at the same time, is a necessary condition for heroization<br />
of protagonist as this death is accompanied by violation of rules. Moreover, with the<br />
help of this act, heroes compensate their past actions (we should recollect that the heroes<br />
of archaic times, are not saints). On the one hand, the hero’s death unites the whole plot,<br />
it accompanies it as a lightmotif and on the other hand, unites this same plot as a logical<br />
ending. Therefore, heroization of a protagonist with the help of death is important, and not<br />
the heroic death. Moreover, the character may not die heroicaly at all, for example Sigurd<br />
or hero of Ossati, Soslan.<br />
The way pre-state society understood the phenmenon of war is discussed on the example<br />
of hero’s death. Cultural-ritual aspects of war perception and the difference detween<br />
past and today’s perception of war is outlined.In the article it is concluded how new tradition,<br />
established simultaneously with thefoundation of <strong>State</strong> defeats old, pre-<strong>State</strong> approach.
debiuti<br />
qarTuli dramaturgiis saTaveebTan<br />
marine germisaSvili<br />
originaluri qarTuli dramaturgia komediis JanriT iwyeba. g. erisTavis,<br />
z. antonovis, a. cagarelis da sxvaTa piesebi umetesad swored am Janrs<br />
ganekuTvneboda. Sesabamisad, qarTuli drmaturgiis istoriaSi komedias<br />
gansakuTrebuli roli aqvs.<br />
iona meunargia wers: `komedia da sazogadod drama yovelgvar literaturul<br />
Txuzulebaze ufro Znelia dasawerad. TviT sagani amrig TxuzulebaTa<br />
aris Zneli da miuvali. es is uxilavi, ucnobi da ganuzomeli adamianis<br />
sulia, romlis siRrmeSic unda CaeSvas dramaturgi da uTvalyuros yovelgvar<br />
sulis moZraobas, yovelgvar mis survils da ganzraxvas. ...sakuTrad<br />
komedia imgvar wvrilmans, umsgavsos da umniSvnelo moqmed pirebs iRebs<br />
Tavisda Sinaarsad, romelTa survili da saqcieli imdenad damaxinjebulni<br />
arian, rom uneblied sicils autexen kacs. komediis mwerlis samkali sul<br />
yvelgan aris, saca sulels Tavisi Tavi filosofosad miaCnia, saca uRirsi<br />
pirvelobas Cemobs, saca ubralo SemTxvevas didi mniSvneloba eZleva, saca<br />
aris farisevloba, Tavismoyvareoba, angareba, Suri, zakva. amisTana mdidari<br />
SinaarsiT komediis mwerali sxvadasxvagvarad sargeblobs. zogi imgvar<br />
komediebs wers, romelSiac sazogado naklulevaneba aris gamoxatuli mTeli<br />
kacobriobisa; zogi komediis Sinaarsad mxolod erTi romelisame eris<br />
naklulevanobas iRebs; zogi ki mxolod erTi romelisame sazogadoebis<br />
zneobiT simaxinjes~. (meunargia 1954: 283-285.)<br />
komediis zegavlena yovelTvis sicilia, xSirad cremlnarevi sicili,<br />
rogorc amas akaki aRniSnavs. ,,mayurebeli dascinis moqmedi piris sasacilo<br />
mdgomareobas, romeSliac Tavisi ararobiT TviTon gaiba Tavi. am sicils<br />
xandaxan Sebralebis grZnobac emateba, Tu komediis gmiri bedisagan<br />
itanjeba.<br />
komediis sicili sxvanairi sicilia. es sicili gamowveuli unda iyos komediaSi<br />
gamoyvanil pirTa mdgomareobiT. es ubralo sicili rodia, es dacinvaa.<br />
… xolo am sicilsa da dacinvaSi avtoris dedaaazri yvelagan naTlad<br />
unda moCandes, ufro naTels unda hfendes sasacilo sagnebs, maSin komedia<br />
sasargeblo da Wkuis maswavlebeli, zneobis Tu patiosnebis damcveli<br />
da sworis maCvenebelia~ (gunia 1889: 47,76). cnobilia, rom bevri komedia<br />
sxvadasxvagvaria: xasiaTis komedia, zneobis komedia, intrigis komedia da<br />
215
216<br />
marine germisaSvili<br />
sxv. aqedan upiratesoba eZleva xasiaTis komediebs da saukeTeso komediografebic<br />
_ minandre, plavtusi, molieri adamianTa sazogado naklovanebebze<br />
amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas. giorgi erisTavis dramaturgiaSi mniSvnelovani<br />
adgili sworedac rom zneobis komediebs ekuTvnis. ,,giorgi erisTavis komediis<br />
Sinaarsi Cveni eris naklulevanebaa. es naklulevaneba aris amaoTmorwmuneoba,<br />
daudevroba, uqmad dros gatareba, Zmisa ar gankiTxva, SeZlebazed<br />
gardametebulis xarjva, valis siyvaruli, baqiaoba, sizarmace, da sxv. poeti<br />
gamovida samwerlo asparezze im dros, roca suyvela es naklulevaneba hqonda<br />
Cvens sazogadoebas da Rirseba ki TiTqmis araviTari, garda vaJkacobisa<br />
da rainduli xasiaTisa. amgvari usulo da uazro sazogadoeba dacemuli<br />
sazogadoeba iyo, romelsac fexze dayeneba sWiroda. … Cvens droSi es didi<br />
vali komediam ikisra. qarTveli eris warmatebiT suldgmulma axalgazrda<br />
giorgim yovelgvari misi naklulevaneba xelze daixvia da ise xelovnurad<br />
gamosaxa es naklulevaneba, ise dascina mas, ise uwyalod hgvema, rom Semdgom-<br />
Si, rodesac sazogadoebam dainaxa misi komediebi TeatrSi, xalxma TavisTavi<br />
icno, dacinvam Tavisi keTili Sedegi moitana da sazogadoeba ramdenadac iyo<br />
gamofxizlda. bevrs Tavis naklulevanebas Tavi aaSora komediis SurduliT<br />
dawylulebulma gmirma~ (meunargia 1954: 291).<br />
volteric amasve adasturebs da ambobs, rom komedia iseTi xelovnebaa,<br />
romelic keTil zneobas aswavlis kacsao. amave azris gansamtkiceblad da<br />
gasafarToeblad sergei mesxsac moviSveliebT: ,,imisTvis, rom komedias ke-<br />
Tili zemoqmedeba hqondes sazogadoebaze, saWiroa � ... � esmodes misi mni-<br />
Svneloba. Tu sazogadoeba komedias marto imisTvis uyurebs, rom icinos da<br />
ar iswavlos, maSin komediis warmodgena amisTana sazogadoebisTvis srulebiT<br />
unayofo iqneba~ (mesxi 1953: 120). aki iliac brZanebs: ,,didi komediis<br />
Seqmna cxovrebis, adamianTa urTierTobis Rrma codnas, gansakuTrebul niWs<br />
da iSviaT mxatvrul ostatobas moiTxovs.<br />
molieri azriT, komediis amocana sazogadod adamianuri da umTavresad ki<br />
Cveni Tanamedroveobis mankierebaTa gamoxatvaa. komedoigrafis gansakuTrebuli<br />
damsaxureba isaa, rom komikuri situaciis fonze man Seqmna tipiuri<br />
saxeebi tipiur garemoebebSi. mis komediebSi sicili, rogorc mZafri satira,<br />
Zlieri saSualebaa adamianTa zneobrivi aRzrdisaTvis. igi axlos<br />
icnobda rogorc dabali, aseve maRali sazogadoebis cxovrebas. moliers<br />
uyvarda Tqma: `me viReb sikeTes yvelgan, sadac ki mas vnaxulob~. Tumca<br />
miseuli xalxuroba mogvianebiT uaryofiTad Seafases ganamanaTleblebma,<br />
magram verc mis genias uaryofdnen.<br />
swored am esTetikur principebze Seiqmna piesebi: `tartiufi anu muzmuzela~,<br />
`don Juani anu qvis stumari~, `mizanTrofi~, `sasacilo pranWia<br />
qalebi~, `Zalad eqimi~, `JorJ dandeni anu gasulelebuli qmari~, `Zunwi~,
qarTuli komediis sawyisebi<br />
`gaaznaurebuli mdabio~, `skapenis cuRlutoba~, `eWviT avadmyofi~, `colis<br />
SerTvevineba~, `siyvaruli mkurnalobs~, `sicilieli anu siyvaruli<br />
mxatvrobs~, `sganareli anu qmari romelsac hgonia coli mRalatobso~,<br />
`Cinebuli sasiZo~ da sxva. yvela zemoT xsenebuli komedia, qarTulad<br />
iTargmna da TiTqmis yvela daidga kidevac qarTul scenaze.<br />
,,adamianebi komediaSi unda iqnan warmodgenilni, rogorc isini sinamdvileSi<br />
arian, ise rom moqmed pirebSi SeiZlebodes Cveni sazogadoebis danaxva.<br />
Tu wesebi amas xels uwyobs, xom kargi, Tu ara da maSin maT yuradRebas<br />
nu miaqcevT~ _ es iyo molieris komediebis mTavari principi.<br />
safrangeTSi klasicizmis komedias miznad dausaxes, `gamovasworoT siciliT<br />
zne-Cveuleba~ da namdvili komediac xom mTeli Tavisi siuJetebiTa<br />
da mxatvruli saxeebiT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebasTan aris dakavSirebuli,<br />
romelic miznad isaxavs sagnebi da movlenebi asaxos ise, rogoradac arseboben<br />
sinamdvileSi. es ki relizmis ZiriTadi principia. erisTavis komediebic<br />
am principzea agebuli. ,,igi kritikulad Sexvda Tavis Tanamedrove<br />
sazogadoebas,socialur yofas da mogvca am yofis Seulamazebeli sura-<br />
Tebi~ (gamezardaSvili 1957: 154).<br />
im evropel dramaturgTa Soris, romelTac gamorCeuli roli Seasrules<br />
qarTuli komediuri Janrebis ganviTarebaSi, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia<br />
molieri. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom giorgi erisTavis dramaturgia upirvelesad<br />
davalebulia molierisagan da rom axali qarTuli Teatris daarsebis<br />
meore welsve (1852) mis repertuarSi molieris piesam _ `Zalad eqimi~ _<br />
daikava adgili.<br />
molieris komediebis Temebi, satira, xalxuroba, realuri sinamdvilis<br />
asaxva, da sazogadoebis mankieri mxareebis mxileba axlos iyo qarTuli<br />
realisturi mwerlobis mizanTan.<br />
molieris Semoqmedebis gacnoba da gaTaviseba, XIX saukunis qarTulfrangul<br />
literaturul urTierTobaTa erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
movlenaa. “qarTvelobaSi arc erT ucxo mwerali ise cnobili ar aris,<br />
rogorc molieri” aRniSnavda aleqsandre sarajiSvilis (sarajiSvilis xelnaweri:<br />
372-g-1:1).<br />
molieris piesebis Targmna XIX s.-is 50-ian wlebSi iwyeba. frangi komediografis<br />
piesebs Targmnidnen: dimitri yifiani, giorgi TumaniSvili,<br />
akaki wereTeli, ivane maCabeli, kote mesxi, elene lorTqifaniZe da sxv.<br />
,,kriJangi~ /”L’ avare”/ 1668 wels molierma dadga Tavis TeatrSi. komedia<br />
`Zunwi~ qarTulad iTargmna peterburgis universitetis studentTa jgufis<br />
mier 1879 w. ivane maCablis redaqciiT. studentTa am jgufidan cnobilia<br />
vasil maCabeli. Targmani ar aris srulyofili. bevri adgili gamotovebulia.<br />
enobrivadac Wrelia, rac, savaraudod, gamowveuli unda iyos Targman-<br />
217
218<br />
marine germisaSvili<br />
ze ramdenime piris muSaobiT. gamotovebuli adgilebi Targmnilia ir. qavJaraZis<br />
mier. Jurnal `iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul am Targmans axlavs minaweri _<br />
,,es komedia gadaTargmnil iqmna franciulis enidam peterburgis qarTveli<br />
studentobisgan (iveria 1884:); gamoqveynebulia ,,arvicaSvilis anonimuri<br />
xelmoweriT, 1897 wlis 18 dekembers, TbilisSi, artist gedevanovis sabenefisod~<br />
(iveria 1897:).<br />
`Zunwi~. komedia ,,Zunwi’’pirvelad warmoadgines TbilisSi e.w. TamamSevis<br />
TeatrSi. 1852 wlis 18 \ 30 - ianvars, Tavad avtoris xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />
am komediis avtografi, ar aris daculi. igi pirvelad calke wignad gamosca<br />
TviT giorgi erisTavma da 1852 wels dabeWda sakuTar stambaSi. gamocemis<br />
gare ydaze vkiTxulobT: ,,Zunwi~, komedia 2-s moqmedebaSi, Txzuleba<br />
T. giorg. erisTavisa. stambasa Sina T.g.eri~.<br />
1879 wlis 5/17 dekembers dadges g. erisTavis komedia `Zunwi~<br />
1880 wlis 14/26 marts imave komedias kvlav gamoexmaura `droeba~ da<br />
recenziaSi vkiTxulobT: `v. abaSiZe Zunwis (karapetas) rolSi iseTive niWieri<br />
da xelovnuri iyo Tu ukeTesi ara, rogorc adre. es Cinebuli moTamaSe<br />
srulebiT samasxarod da sasacilod ar warmoadgens Zunws. siZunwe TiTqo<br />
avadmyofobad, Zvalsa da rbilSi vnebad gardaqcevia da amis gamo imis xasiaTSi<br />
v. abaSiZis TamaSiT sasacilo mxareebi ki ara, ufro dasafiqrebeli<br />
mxareebi ixateba~(droeba 1880: #61).<br />
piesis msvlelobisas mayurebeli yovelTvis daZabuli iyo, radgan mnaxveli<br />
zizRiT Sehyurebda siZunwis mankiT daavadebul adamians, da Tu gaicinebda, es<br />
iyo ara mxiaruli, udardeli sicili, aramed mwuxarebis amomnTxevi, is, razedac<br />
akaki wereTelma Tqva: `vin ra icis rom sicili zogjer cremlze mwareao~<br />
(gersamia 1943: 43). vaso abaSiZeze wignis Semqmneli agrZelebs: `Zunwis Tema ar<br />
aris erTi romelime mwerlis kuTvnileba. Zunwoba Zveli, saerTaSoriso da<br />
maradiuli Temaa. am Temaze mravalma mweralma Seqmna nawarmoebi: plavti, Seqspiri,<br />
molieri, larivei buaroberi, bualo, puSkini, gogoli, balzaki, gi de<br />
mopasani,saSa gitri,rober buassi,fernan reino, eJeni Saveti da bevri sxvani. �<br />
... � Zunwoba es adamianis udidesi socialuri mankia.… Zunwi adamiani sulierad<br />
daavadebuls mogagonebT, mis cxovrebasa da moqmedebaSi bevri ram aris sasacilo,<br />
Zunwi adamiani saerTod aravis ebraleba. amas yovelives Zunwi TviTonac<br />
kargad grZnobs, magram am seniT Sepyrobils Tavis gankurna ar SeuZlia...<br />
amnairad Zunwoba adamianisaTvis tragediaa. da mwerlebi Tu maT sulier<br />
ganwyobilebas umTavresad tragikomediul formebSi xsnian, es imisaTvis,<br />
rom dacinvis saSualebiT ufro advilia am senis mxileba da gakilva.<br />
Zunwebi �…... � yvela epoqaSi iyvnen. isini Tavis saerTo xasiaTiT _<br />
siZunwiT yvelani erTmaneTs gvanan, magram vinaidan yoveli maTgani Tavisi<br />
qveynis da konkretuli epoqis Svilia, ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikuri
qarTuli komediis sawyisebi<br />
da politikur pirobebSi aRzrdili, amitom calkeuli maTganis moqmedebas<br />
Tavis qveynis Tavisebureba, zne-Cveuleba axasiaTebs, radgan mis wiaRSi<br />
uxdeba cxovreba-moqmedeba~ (gersamia 1943: 46, 47).<br />
siZunwis Temaze antikur saberZneTSic werdnen komediebs. maT Cvenamde<br />
ar mouRwevia, Tumca cnobilia Zveli berZnuli Tqmuleba `Zunwis~ Sesaxeb:<br />
Zunwi dRe da Rame RmerTs evedreboda, bevri oqro moeca. RmerTma Seusrula<br />
survili. Zunwi rasac xels Seaxebda, TviT saWmelsac ki, yvelaferi<br />
oqrod iqceoda. sabolood Zunwi SimSiliT mokvda.<br />
evklioni, harpagoni, Zunwi baroni, Seiloki, gobseki _ siZunwis sinonimebia.<br />
Zunwis mxatvrul damuSavebaSi pirveloba ekuTvnis Zvel berZen<br />
mwerals Teofrastes, xolo romaeli plavtusis komediis ,,Ulularias~ siu-<br />
JetiT TviT moliermac isargebla.<br />
rogorc yoveli Zunwi, plavtusis evklionic Civis Tavis siRaribes. mosamsaxure<br />
strobili ambobs, rom evklionis saxli `savsea sicarieliT da<br />
obobas qseliT~. rogorc Raribi, daxmarebasac ki Rebulobs sazogadoebrivi<br />
saSualebebidan. igi imdenad Zunwia, rom dalaqis mier moWrili fr-<br />
Cxilebic ki Sin moaqvs, msaxurebs sayvedurobs, rom anTebuli Rumelidan<br />
boli gareT gadis da ikargeba, enaneba piris dabanisas daRvrili wyali da<br />
RamiT saxeze ifarebs, rom amonasunTqi haeric ar daekargos.<br />
evklions ganZi ki miwaSi aqvs dafluli. dRe da Ram masze fiqrobs, eWvi<br />
klavs da eCveneba rom mamalic ki, miwis gaCxrekisas, mis ganZsa Txris. mdidar<br />
mezobel megadorsac Raribi hgonia evklioni. mas surs evklionis qaliSvilis<br />
_ fedras, colad SerTva. evklioni, rodesac rwmundeba, rom<br />
mziTevs ar mosTxoven, Tanxmdeba megadorisaTvis qaliSvilis miTxovebas.<br />
iwyeba saqorwino mzadeba da am dros megadoris moxerxebuli msaxuris _<br />
strobilis droc dgeba, romelic ganZs hparavs evklions...<br />
iwyeba Zunwis tanjva:<br />
me davikarge! me daviRupe! me mkvdari var! ox, sad<br />
gaviqce da sad ar gaviqce? gaCerdi, daiWire!<br />
vin? vis! me ar vici, ver vxedav, me brma var,<br />
magram sad wavide? sad var me! vin var me!<br />
ar maqvs gagebis unari! momexmareT, gevedrebiT!<br />
maCveneT is, vinc is moitaca!<br />
ra Tqvi Sen, me mzad var Tqven dagijeroT.<br />
saxeze getyobaT, kargi adamiani xarT!<br />
es ra aris? Tqven iciT! Tqven yvelas gicnobT.<br />
ar meeWveba, rom umravlesi TqvenTagani qurdia...<br />
(gaCeCilaZe 1957: )<br />
219
220<br />
marine germisaSvili<br />
komediis bolo nawili dakargulia. mkvlevarTa azriT, piesa ase unda<br />
sruldebodes: ganZi ubrundeba Zunws. gaxarebuli evklioni Tavis qaliSvils<br />
mis sasurvel likonids miaTxovebs, ganZs, romelmac aseTi satanjvelSi<br />
Caagdo, mziTvad atans fedras.<br />
plavtusma didi gavlena moaxdina evropis komediografiis ganviTarebaze.<br />
misi gavleniT Seiqmna komedia `Dell’ arte~ (`niRbebis komedia~), romelmac<br />
Seqmna trabaxa meomrisa da moxerxebuli msaxuris niRbebi.<br />
ra aqvT saerTo plavtusisa da erisTavis komediebs? ruseTSi plavtusiT<br />
daintereseba XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi daiwyo. am dros Targmnili<br />
iyo misi mxolod erTi komedia `tyveebi~. SesaZlebelia giorgi erisTavi<br />
ar icnobda am komedias. yovel SemTxvevaSi, plavtusis gavlenaze SesaZloa<br />
gaWirdes saubari da Tu komediebi _ `ganZi~ da `Zunwi~ _ moqmedebaTa<br />
zogierT situaciaSi erTmaneTs hgavs, savaraudod imitom, rom molieris<br />
komedia `Zunwi~, romlis gavleniTac dawera g. erisTavma Tavisi komedia,<br />
Seqmnilia plavtusis `ganZis~ mibaZviT.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom siZunwe _ plavtusma, molierma da erisTavma komediis<br />
JanriT gadmogvces, puSkinma ki _ tragediis. puSkinis `Zunwi raindi~<br />
tragediaa. nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri baronis siZunwis raindia. alberi ase<br />
gadmogvcems Tavisi mamis baronis siZunwes:<br />
ara! mamaCems arc megobrad da arc msaxurad<br />
ar miaCnia igi,misTvis kerpia fuli.<br />
emsaxureba mas TviTonve,da mere rogor?<br />
rogorc uxamsi mona,rogorc jaWvze dabmuli<br />
nagazi. aki zamTar-zafxul Tavis xuxulas<br />
ara Sordeba.xmel purze da wyalze gadadis.<br />
Tvals ar xuWavs mTeli Rame.yefs da wrialebs.<br />
zandukebSi ki udrtvinvelad sZinavT oqroebs...’<br />
(puSkini : 522)<br />
Tavad baronis damokidebuleba ganZisadmi amgvaria:<br />
viT qarafSuta axalgazrda elis paemans<br />
memruSe qalTan, an cru sityviT dabmul diacTan,<br />
da suli misdis, egreve mec sulmouTmenlad<br />
am wuTs velodi mTeli kvira, sanam idumal<br />
Cems saganZurSi am zandukebs ar movakiTxe.<br />
sviani dRe maqvs...<br />
(puSkini : 525)
qarTuli komediis sawyisebi<br />
amave monologSi baroni Cumad loculobs oqroTi savse skivrTan. aseTi<br />
scena ar aris arc plavtusis `ganZSi~ da arc molieris `ZunwSi~, erisTavis<br />
Zunw-karapetas monologi skivrSi Camalul oqroebTan hgavs puSkiniseuli<br />
Zunw-baronis aRniSnul monologs. es ori Txzulebac mxolod amiT hgavs<br />
erTmaneTs.<br />
puSkinis ,,Zunwi raindi~ leqsad dawerili tragediaa, g. erisTavis `Zunwi~<br />
ki _ komedia. pirvelis mTavari personaJi _ baroni raindia, meorisa<br />
_ mevaxSe vaWari. g. erisTavis `Zunwi~, molieris imave saxeldebis komediis<br />
gavleniTa Cans Seqmnili ise da imgvaradve, rogorc molierma SeTxza Tavisi<br />
`Zunwi~ plavtusis `ganZis~ zegavleniT. xolod eg aris, rom plavtusis<br />
`ganZis~ gavlena ufro Zlieria molieriseul `Zunwze~, radgan `ganZidan~<br />
moliers nasesxebi aqvs Tema, tipaJi, da zogierTi adgilic ki.<br />
harpagonis siZunwiT aRSfoTebuli mzareul Jakis naTqvamSi TvalnaTlivaa<br />
warmoCenili harpagonis seni: ,,erTs mougonia, rom Tqven TviTon SemoparulxarT<br />
erT Rames Tqvensave TavlaSi, Tqvenve Tqvenisave cxenisTvis qeris<br />
moparva gdomebiaT, magram mejinibes mouswvrixarT bnelaSi da imdeni urtyams,<br />
rom sul zurgidan tyavi auZvria, magram sircxviliT xma ver amogi-<br />
RiaT. meores mougonia, viTom Tqven biWebs gangeb ujavrdebiT da eCxubebiT<br />
vadis gasvlis dros, rom jamagiri Tqven SegrCeT. mesame ambobs, rom Tqveni<br />
mezoblis kataze saCivari SegitaniaT, cxvris dumis nagleji momparao; raRa<br />
bevri gavagrZeloT, batono, erTi sityviT, yvelgan Tqveni lanZRva ismis. yvela<br />
Tqven yofilxarT: Zunwi, wuwkic, qecianic, laCaric...~ (molieri 1937: 164)<br />
plavtusis komediisdarad, aqac gamoyvanilia moxerxebuli msaxuris tipi.<br />
es aris Seyvarebulebis gansacdelisagan gamomxsneli lafleSi (frang. isari),<br />
romelic miwaSi didi simdidris gadammalav Zunw harpagons oqroTi savse<br />
skivrs hparavs. Zunwi itanjeba da Tavzardacemuli gahyviris: `daviRupe!<br />
gamcarcves, yeli gamomWres! vin iqneboda? rogor movnaxo? saiT wavide, saiT<br />
ara? aq xom ar iqneba? vin icis, iqneb aqvea! dadeq, dadeq! (waivlebs xels<br />
mklavze) fulebi, Cemi fulebi damibrune meTqi! vaime! es xom me var! Wkua ameria.<br />
ar vici, sad var, vina var, ras vSvrebi? vai, Cemo sayvarelo fulebo! vai,<br />
Cemo erTgulo megobaro! wamarTves Seni Tavi! (molieri 1937: 519)<br />
harpagonisave monologis gavleniT unda iyos Seqmnili karapetas moTqmis<br />
scena: `vai, miSveleT! yaraul! qurdebi! policmeister! Cestis aficer!<br />
sad aris Cemi qurdi, vin mompareT?! geTayva, miTxariT... Tavs davixrCob,<br />
wyalSi gadavvardebi! ara... ho, movklav Cemi qurdi~ (erisTavi : 210). amasve<br />
gvidasturebs kritikosis sityvebi: ,,es qarTul sinamdvilesTan Sefardebuli<br />
harpagonis monologia, qarTul realobasTan Sezavebuli da Sesisxorcebuli.<br />
TviT harpagonis monologi ki plavtusis evkilionis monologis<br />
gavleniT aris Seqmnili~ (gaCeCilaZe : 265).<br />
221
222<br />
marine germisaSvili<br />
erisTaviseuli `Zunwis~ siuJeti, molierisagan gansxvavebiT, martivia.<br />
mevaxSe karapetas qaliSvili xamfera uyvars Tavad arCil Raznels, mas<br />
surs xamferas colad SerTva. karapeta ar aZlevs SeuRlebis nebas im mosazrebiT,<br />
rom `maT fuli ara aqvs~. paralelurad, Zalze mkrTalad, piesaSi<br />
mocemulia mosamsaxure imereli biWis ivanikas da mosamsaxure gogo<br />
monavardisas siyvaruli. ivanikas rCeviT karapetas mohparaven oqroTi saves<br />
yuTs da manamde ar ubruneben, vidre karapeta arCilisa da xamferas qorwinebas<br />
ar daTanxmdeba.<br />
molieris `Zunwis~ siuJeturi ganviTareba ufro rTulia, vidre eris-<br />
Tavisa. mxolod sailustraciod vityviT, rom pirveli _ xuTi moqmedebisagan<br />
Sedgeba, meore ki _ ori; pirvelSi 15 moqmedi piria, meoreSi _<br />
7. cnobilia, rom me-17 _ 18 ss. -Si saqarTveloSi yuradReba gaamaxviles<br />
upirvelesad klasicistur nimuSze. XIX s. -is I naxevarSi iTargmna volteri,<br />
korneli, rasini, ruso, lafontenis igav-arakebi da sxv. Tumca arcerTi<br />
ar yofila warmodgenili erisTavis TeatrSi; savaraudoa, rom klasicisturi<br />
tragediebi ar iyo srul TanxmierebaSi erisTavis realisturi Teatris<br />
esTetikasTan. molieri werda: `komediis amocanaa _ gamoxatos adamianuri<br />
mankierebani saerTod da umTavresad Cveni Tanamedroveobis mankierebani~.<br />
swored amitom unda yofiliyo, rom giorgi erisTavma qarTuli sinamdvilis<br />
srulfasovnad warmosaCenad komediis Janrs mimarTa; da radgan komedia<br />
ucxo xili iyo qarTuli kulturuli cxovrebisaTvis, ukeT aRqmis mizniT,<br />
qarTvelma komediografma rTuli kompozicia, intrigebi da moqmed gmirTa<br />
raodenobac ki _ gaamartiva.<br />
jer kidev Zvel saberZneTSi, , aristofaneskomediebSi, , gvxvdebamsaxu msaxu- msaxu-<br />
msaxu- msaxu-<br />
msaxu-<br />
msaxuris<br />
niRabi. menandres komediaSi monebi ukve batonebis samijnuro saqmeebs<br />
akvaraxWineben. romaul komediaSi, saxeldobr plavtiusis ,,ganZSi~, mona,<br />
batonis ganZis qurdi _ strobili, ukve komediis intrigis mTavari Rer-<br />
Zia; Sua saukuneebis farsSi ki ukve gaiZvera msaxurad gardaisaxa da aseTia<br />
igi, Tundac ariostos ,,skivris komediasa~ da makiavelis `mandragoraSi~.<br />
es udevs safuZvlad msaxuris yvelaze srulyofil saxeebs _ arlekins,<br />
brigelas, servetas da sxva; swored isini qmnian intrigsac da misi damagvirgvinebelnic<br />
isini arian. molieris wyalobiT msaxuris mniSvneloba<br />
ufro gaizarda da moralurad batonebze maRlac ki aRmoCnda. molieris<br />
lafleSi, skapeni, kovieli da sganareli da bomarSes figaro am niRbis<br />
ukvdavi tipebi arian, romelTa mibaZviT mravali eris literatura gamdidrda<br />
msgavsi saxeebiT.<br />
rac Seexeba qarTuli ,,msaxuris~ niRabs erisTavisave komediebSi, pirvelad<br />
igi imereli ivanikas saxiT Semovida.<br />
ise rogorc molieris lafleSi, ivanikac yvelaze moxerxebulia. Zunwi
qarTuli komediis sawyisebi<br />
karapetas modreka mxolod ivanikam SeZlo. eSmakobiT Tavisi Canafiqric<br />
ganaxorciela da,da, , karapetas karapetas karapetas winaaRmdegobisda winaaRmdegobisda winaaRmdegobisda miuxedavad, miuxedavad, miuxedavad, arCili arCili arCili da da dadaxamxam- xam- xamxamxamfera<br />
daaqorwina. ivanika, gamocdilebiTa da fantaziis mravalferovnebiT,<br />
molieris `cuRlutebis mefes~ _ skapens ver Seedreba, magram eSmakobiT<br />
maT namdvilad ar Camouvardeba.<br />
moliersa da erisTavs aqvT saerTo siuJeturi adgilebic, orive<br />
komediaSi mosamsaxureni _ lafleSi da imereli ivanika, TavianT patronebs<br />
oqroTi savse yuTs hparaven da swored es aris orive komediis<br />
intrigis sayrdeni. es kombinacia aZlevs Seyvarebulebs SeuRlebis sa-<br />
Sualebas. molieris kidev erTi scenis msgavsia, saca imereli ,,skapeni~<br />
_ ivanika, uxsnis arCils Tu rogor unda daumalon karapetas fuli da<br />
rogor unda mohgvaron `axundi~ kenWebis Sesalocad. giorgi erisTavis<br />
`Zunwis~ msgavsebas molieris `ZunwTan~ ganapirobebs is rom, orive<br />
nawarmoebis mTavari moqmedi gmiri siZunwis gamo erTnairad `damwvar<br />
dadagulni arian~. maTi es Tviseba sxvadasxvanairi interpretaciiTaa<br />
gaSlili.<br />
harpagoni ambobs: `fuli Cemi sisxl-xorci Cemi gulRviZliao~. mas Tavis<br />
ojaxSi sastiki, autaneli reJimi aqvs damyarebuli da yvelas gamudmebiT<br />
CasCiCinebs: `aveji bevri ar xexoT, gacvdeba~, `nuravis daalevinebT Rvinos,<br />
sanam ramdenjerme ar moiTxovs~, `axal tansacmels xSirad nu CaicvamT,<br />
gafuWdeba~, `nasufralze Tvali geWiroT, ar waxdes ra~ da a.S. harpagonis<br />
misalmebac ki mis suliskveTebas avlens, _ salami misesxebiao! sakuTari<br />
etlis SesakeTebladac ver imetebs fuls; cxenebs aSimSilebs, RamiT, laparakisas<br />
sanTels aqrobs, radgan laparaki sibneleSiac SeiZleba da xarjic<br />
naklebi iqneba da sxva.<br />
giorgi erisTavis karapetac pirwavardnili Zunwia. ZonZebiT daiareba,<br />
saRamos mSieri wveba, saSinlad puradZviria. karapeta gaiZaxis: `vaxSami<br />
modnaT aRar aris~, ojaxs SimSiliT hklavs, siciviT xocavs, sanTels ar<br />
anTebinebs da qaliSvilis _ xamferas gaTxovebasac mxolod mas Semdeg gadawyvets,<br />
roca Seityobs, rom qaliSvili da mosamsaxure gogo weliwadSi<br />
TxuTmeti Tumani ujdeba.<br />
karapeta uswavleli da gaunaTlebelia, magram fulis yadri kargad icis<br />
da sakuTar siZes Jangiani xmliT asaCuqrebs.<br />
qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis siamaye _ xmali da mklavi, karapetas mxolod<br />
sicilsa gvris. mama-papuri xmlis danaxvisas arCils didebuli warsuli<br />
axsendeba, raic karapetasvis sruliad ucxoa da mxolod ironias hgvris:<br />
`xedamT, Jangian rkinazed rasa bodams! Cemi oqroebs Tvali ar uyura~.<br />
karapetam ar icis, ra aris an risTvisaa cxovrebaSi saWiro dambaCa, romelic<br />
mas erTma Tavadis msaxurma miutana:<br />
223
224<br />
marine germisaSvili<br />
karapeta – jer miTxar, tambaCa raad minda?<br />
msaxuri – erT tyveda Rirs: naxe, inglisia!<br />
karapeta – me gana leki var, tyve viyido ... inglisi maTlafa<br />
gamigonia. ar minda, xels ar momcems!<br />
msaxuri – hei, drov! iaraRi Calis… fasad aRar gadis! aRav, Zalian<br />
saWiro aris… rac ginda, is mome.<br />
karapeta – es vercxli ahyare, aq iqneba asi misxali: xuTi maneTi mogce.<br />
erTi kvira vadiT, es rkina ukan waiRe.<br />
karapeta dambaCas ise uyurebs, rogorc ubralo rkinas. msaxuris mier<br />
dasagiraveblad mitanil dambaCidan mxolod vercxli xiblavs, radgan kargad<br />
uwyis, rom cxovrebaSi warmmarTveli Zala istoriul iaraRs ki ara, vercxlsa<br />
da oqros ekuTvnis. karapeta darwmunebulia, rom samoTxeSi mxolod<br />
fulia, rom misive wyalobiT ,,dva raza bluRodorni~ gaxdeba. oqro kerpad<br />
uqcevia da hgonia, ro fuli cxovrebaSi yvelaferia da sxva arc araferi<br />
arsebobs: `Cemi coli Sena xar! Cemi Svili Sena xar. … ase gagifrTxilde,<br />
Tu Tqven erTmaneTs mogakloT, Rori gavxde~; anda aseTi frazaebi: ,,bednieri<br />
klite! ax netavi me viyo klite, eSmaki ver gamaRebda~; `erTbaSad rom davinaxav<br />
ar wamivides guli � ... � Cemi muzika es aris! dee, vinc unda icinos~.<br />
Rogorc kritikosebi aRniSnaven, _ `karapeta dabaRovis saxiT eris-<br />
Tavi gvixatavs pirveli damgroveblis tips, romelic Zunwis WeSmariti gansaxierebaa.<br />
Zunwis tipi ... axali movlena ar yofila lit-risaTvis, magram<br />
erisTaviseuli Zunwi araa adre Seqmnili saxeebis ubralo gameoreba. igi im<br />
droindeli Tbiliseli vaWris gansaxierebaa~ (gamezardaSvili 1957: 158).<br />
giorgi erisTavi yuradRebiT epyroba komediis dasasruls. aq avtori<br />
erTgvari Semfaseblis rolSi gvevlineba. komediebs (`gayra~, `dava~) amTavrebs<br />
mayureblisadmi mimarTviT, sadac mwerali Seafasebs momxdars da ganvlils.<br />
aseTi xerxi damaxasiaTebeli iyo rogorc klasicizmis, ise adrindeli<br />
burJuaziis dramaturgiisaTvis.<br />
msgavsi mimarTva XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTvel dramaturgs g.<br />
avaliSvilsac aqvs, romelic rus dramaturgs sumarokovs baZavda.<br />
rac Seexeba `Zunwis~ dasasruls, igi sxvagvaria. komediaSi kuplets,<br />
romliTac karapeta (avtori) mimarTavs mayurebels, araviTari didaqtikuri<br />
Sinaarsi ara aqvs:<br />
Tu gindaT, rom mxiarulad<br />
gaataroT am TeatrSi,<br />
nu dagvagdebT gulnaklulad,<br />
yvelam dagvikariT taSi.<br />
(`Zunwi~ 1937: 215)
qarTuli komediis sawyisebi<br />
am SemTxvevaSi g. erisTavi iseTsave xerxs mimarTavs, rogorsac molieri<br />
`gaaznaurebul mdabioSi~. komedias molieri ase amTavrebs:<br />
vaSa aseT warmodgenas,<br />
vaSa aseT drostarebas,<br />
RmerTebsac ar ganucdiaT<br />
ufro tkbili netareba...<br />
(molieri 1937: 27).<br />
am mcire mimioxilviT kidev erTxel dasturdeba, rom originaluri<br />
qarTuli dramaturgia komediiT iwyeba, romelmac safuZvelmdebi roli<br />
iTamaSa giorgi erisTavis Teatris SeqmnaSi. komedia ar aris mxolod usagno<br />
sicili, igi, akakisdakvalad, cremlnarev sicils badebs da gonierTaTvis<br />
Wkuis saswavlebelia. msoflio komediografnic am xerxs mimarTavdnen<br />
da maTeuli sicili zneTswavlulebis ukvdav magaliTad rCeba.<br />
damowmebani:<br />
gamezardaSvili 1957: gamezardaSvili d. narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis storiidan.<br />
w. II. Tb. gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1957.<br />
gaCeCilaZe 1945: gaCeCilaZe a. g. erisTavis dramaturgia. Tb.: `sablitgami~, 1945.<br />
gaCeCilaZe 1957: gaCeCilaZe a. narkvevebi. Tb.: Ggamomcemloba `xelovneba~, 1957.<br />
gersamia 1943: gersamia g. v. abaSiZe. Tb.: 1943.<br />
gersamia 1950: gersamia s. g. erisTavis Teatri. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1950.<br />
gunia 1889: gunia v. qarTuli Teatri. qarTuli Teatris moRvaweni sasceno xelo-<br />
vnebis Sesaxeb. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1889.<br />
droeba 1979-1980: J. droeba 1879; 1880 # 61.<br />
iveria 1984: J. iveria. 1984 # 7/12.<br />
mesxi 1953: mesxi s. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t.III. Tb.: 1953.<br />
meunargia 1954: meunargia i. qarTveli mwerlebi (g. erisTavi). Tb.: 1954.<br />
molieri 1937: molieri Jan-batist. komediebis krebuli. qarTveli da ucxoeli<br />
mwerlebi. wigni II. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sorapani~, 1937.<br />
puSkini 1937: puSkini al. rCeuli nawerebi. qarTuli Targmani. t. II. Tb.: `saxel-<br />
gami~, 1937.<br />
puSkini 1975: puSkini al. Zunwi raindi (Tamaz Cxenkelis Targamini). rCeuli Txzu-<br />
lebani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1975.<br />
sarajiSvilis xelnaweri: sarajiSvilis a. xelnaweri. xelnawerTa instituti, 372-g-1:1.<br />
qarTyli mwerloba: tomi 10. giorgi erisTavi „Zunwi“. nakaduli, <strong>Tbilisi</strong> 1995.<br />
225
226<br />
marine germisaSvili<br />
Bases of Georgian Dramaturgy<br />
Summary<br />
Marine Germisashvili<br />
Original Georgian dramaturgy starts with comedy genre. The aim of comedy is not simple,<br />
groundless laughter; but it is often mixed with tears, is useful and didactic. Laughter<br />
should not be transformed into chatting. Shortcomings are more productively disclosed in<br />
the form of comedy…<br />
Best Comedy writers – Menander, Plautus and Moliere made emphasis on the shortcomings<br />
of mankind. Getting acquainted with Moliere’s works is one of the most essential<br />
events of XIX century Georgian-French relations. “No foreign writer is as famous among<br />
Georgians as Moliere” was mentioned in Aleksadre Sarajishvili’s manuscript (A. Sarajishvili’s<br />
manuscript: Institute of Manuscripts, 372- 1:1). Moliere should be pointed out among<br />
European dramaturges, playing the most important role not only in the development of<br />
Georgian translational history of literature, but also in the evolution of comedy genre for<br />
Georgian theatre. It is enough to say that Giorgi Eristavi’s dramaturgy owes much to Moliere<br />
and on the second year after the foundation of Georgian theatre (1852) Moliere’s play<br />
– “The Physician in Spite of Himself” occupied its place in the repertoire of a theatre.<br />
The aim of comedy is to improve people with the help of laughter and not mockery.<br />
Laughter is one of the strongest tools for revealing shortcomings of mankind. This genre is<br />
especially close to the audience and raises no less important social issues than tragedy. G.<br />
Eristavi’s theatre follows this genre.<br />
Themes of Moliere’s comedy, satire, folklore, reflection of reality and revealing society’s<br />
shortcomings were close to the aim of Georgian realistic writing.<br />
Moliere expressed XVII century French society, Giorgi Eristavi - XIX century Georgian<br />
society. Shortcomings of Georgian nation are reflected in the plots of his comedies:<br />
clumsiness, sitting around, boasting, laziness and others.<br />
“If society watches comedy only for laughing and not studying, then it is of no use for<br />
such society”. (S. Meskhi. complete collection of works volume III. 1953: 120)<br />
Moliere and G. Eristavi have done great service; against the background of comic situation<br />
they created specimen in typical environments. In their comedies, laughter, as a form<br />
of satire, is good means for humans’ moral upbringing. “The Miser” /”Lavare”, Moliere<br />
showed this play in his theater in 1668, in Georgian it was translated as “krizhangi” (The<br />
Miser) in 1879, the translation was done by Petersburg <strong>University</strong> group of students , under<br />
the edition of Ivane Machabeli.<br />
Journal “Iveria” 1884 7/12 – under Arvitsashvili’s anonymous signature they staged<br />
Eristavi’s comedy “The Miser” in 1879, December 5/17 (Droeba” 254 1879).<br />
Comedy “The Miser” was first played in <strong>Tbilisi</strong>, in 1852, January 18/30, by the su-
qarTuli komediis sawyisebi<br />
pervision of the author himself. The signature of this comedy is not reserved. It was first<br />
published as a separate book by G.Eristavi.<br />
“The topic of meanness is not a property of one concrete author. Meanness is an old, international<br />
and eternal theme. A lot of authors created works on this topic: Plautus, Shakespeare,<br />
Moliere, Larivie Buarober, Bualo, Pushkin, Gogol, Balzak, Gi de Maupassant, Sasha<br />
Gitre, Rober Buass, Fernand Reino, and many others.<br />
Meanness is a huge social fallaciousness of a human. They all resemble each other by<br />
their general characteristic – stinginess, but as each of them is the son of their epoch, therefore<br />
the act of each of them is characterized by the characteristics, habits that are peculiar<br />
for their country and epoch.<br />
Plautus, Moliere and G. Eristavi expressed meanness with the help of comedy, Pushkinwith<br />
tragedy. G. Eristavi’s plot of “The Miser” “is simple in comparison with Moliere’s.<br />
The plot development of “The Miser” is more complicated, than Eristavi’s “The Miser”.<br />
The first consists of five acts, the second of two. In the first play there are 15 characters, in<br />
the second – 7. G. Eristavi’s adroit servant, Imereli boy Ivanika is created by the influence<br />
of Molier’s servant. Ivanika cannot be compared with Moliere’s “king of slackers” Scapin.<br />
Ivanika is inexperienced, but is as clever as they are. The explanation for this simplicity<br />
is that the society of those times was not ready for complicated plots, difficult interreges<br />
and for new genre – comedy. In the works of both authors meanness is expressed, as social<br />
cruelty: negative impact of money on human, family, moral, social relations.<br />
227
memoria<br />
emzar kvitaiSvili<br />
228<br />
mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb<br />
1985 wlis 1 Tebervals, rodesac rva wlis gardacvlil nodar alanias<br />
dabadebidan samoci weli unda Sesruleboda, `literaturul saqarTveloSi~<br />
masze gamovaqveyne mcire mogoneba. es keTil samaxsovrod darCaT<br />
nodaris meuRles, gamomcemloba `nakadulis~ amagdar redaqtors, daxvewili<br />
gemovnebiT literators lili gogoxias (erTi welic ar gasula, rac<br />
igi amqveynad aRaraa) da mis yvela sikeTiT Semkul, yuradRebian qailSvils<br />
nanas. amjeradac, roca nodaris mSobliurma literaturis institutma gadawyvita<br />
Jurnal `sjanSi~ misi TvalsaCino Rvawlis gaxseneba, nana alaniam<br />
survili gamoTqva, me is Zveli mogoneba momeZebna. sajaro biblioTekaSi<br />
gulisxmieri adamianebi damexmarnen da gazeTis Zveli nomeri mapovnines.<br />
ganvlili wlebis manZilze, Cems TvalSiac bevri ram Zireulad Seicvala da<br />
gadafasda (es aramcdaaramc ar exeba wminda zneobis kacs, nodar alanias,<br />
romlis mimarT siyvaruli da pativiscema arasodes gamineldeba), magram<br />
adre gamoqveynebulSi erTi sityvac ar Semicvlia. Zalze sasixaruloa, rom<br />
dRevandel, axal Taobas axsovs winamorbedTa damsaxureba, xolo nodar<br />
alania swored is kacia, visac saqarTvelo iolad ver daiviwyebs.<br />
mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb mis gverdiT gatarebul wlebs. masTan saubari<br />
arasodes mogwyindeboda, alesili goneba da maxvili ena hqonda. erT<br />
pirovnebaze ar iyo kargi azrisa da miTxra – magis daxasiaTebas me ar Sevudgebi,<br />
dros aRar davkargav, namdvili uri hipiao. maxsovs, institutSi<br />
dagvianebasa da samsaxuridan adre wasvlaze simkacre daaweses. cota zedmetad<br />
aqtiurobda institutis swavluli mdivani guram SaraZe (misma mxecurad<br />
mokvlam Zalian damwyvita guli, bevr sasargeblo saqmes akeTebda),<br />
vinac Cvenma maSindelma direqtorma, batonma aleqsandre baramiZem ganusaz-<br />
Rvreli uflebebiT aRWurva. igi bevr ufros kolegasTan da akademiis xelmZRvanelebTanac<br />
erTob daaxloebuli iyo, rogorRac exerxeboda es ambavi.<br />
institutis gaRizianebul TanamSromelTa erTma nawilma masTan Sebr-<br />
Zoleba ganizraxa (metwilad qalebi iyvnen gamwarebuli). me ganyofilebaSi<br />
Cavilaparake – tyuilad nu mocdebian, guram SaraZe TiTqmis yovel saRamos<br />
akademiis prezidentis, evgeni xaraZis stumaria, mis Cais WiqaSi mTvarisxela<br />
limonis naWeri dacuravs aRma-daRma da Zveleburi, mominanqrebuli ver-
mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb<br />
cxlis kovzis wkriali ismis-meTqi. araferi didi xumroba ar iyo, magram<br />
nodaris fantaziam gacilebiT meti warmoidgina, sicilisagan kinaRam gadafiCinda,<br />
im veeba limonis naWers saxelurian brolis WiqaSi ukve vxedav, es<br />
ram gaTqmevinao. ufro Tamam raRaceebsac vambobdiT, verTobodiT, iq myofi<br />
guram asaTiani da mirian abulaZec mxars gvibamdnen. guldasawyvetia, rom<br />
dRevandeli axalgazrdebi maT ver moeswrnen.<br />
winamdebare mogonebaSi `Tanamdebobis piri qali~ figurirebs. igi cekas<br />
ideologiuri ganyofilebis mdivani, mSvenieri qalbatoni viqtoria siraZe<br />
gaxldaT da aq dasamalic araferia. vercxlis pawia, lamazi viruka<br />
ki, nodar alanias mkerdze rom hqonda dabneuli (es mogvianebiT gavige),<br />
mis axlobels, didebul vaJkacs, zaur bolqvaZis qvisls, murman xoferias<br />
gaekeTebina. mas mec kargad vicnobdi, saukeTeso stomatologi da Tavisi<br />
arsebiT namdvili xelovani, iuveliri iyo, rogorc ityvian, xelidan yvelaferi<br />
gamosdioda. is samkerde nakeToba oqrosgan surda Camoesxa; sul<br />
sami grami daWirdeba, SenTvis ar menanebao, uTqvams, magram nodari uarze<br />
damdgara. Tu Zma xar, nu izam magas, oqros viri nametani iqneba, viRacas<br />
mdidari vegonebio. zauris colisda, brwyinvale eqimi da yovlad uangaro<br />
adamiani, qalbatoni nunu darCia da nodar alania baTumSi Turme erT skolaSi<br />
swavlobdnen da mere ojaxebiTac megobrobdnen.<br />
nodar alaniaze bevri sxva ramis gaxsenebac SeiZleboda, magram es albaT<br />
sxva droisTvis unda gadavdo. amasobaSi imdeni xani gavida (ras vifiqrebdi!),<br />
me TviTonac veteranTa ricxvSi aRmoCndi da siberisken sakmaod<br />
var midrekili, magram jer kidev bevri maqvs mosawrebi da Tu gangebam ineba,<br />
Sevecdebi, warsulis fergadasuli furclebi Cemeburad gavacocxlo. nodari<br />
sami wlis gardacvlili iyo, roca, misi nasaxsovari saferflis gamo,<br />
wasulis xsovnas, lamazi sicocxlis bolo dReebs, erTi leqsi mivuZRveni.<br />
barem imasac aqve davurTav.<br />
229
230<br />
emzar kvitaiSvili<br />
egvipturi flosti<br />
(saferfle – nodar alanias naCuqari)<br />
ra meTqmis meti, uvlia navsad,<br />
auzneqia TiTberis Wvinti,<br />
Waobze mimdgars magonebs navsac,<br />
man unda gaWras samaris bindi.<br />
xan meCveneba: priala, brtyeli<br />
muceli misi – uTos Ziria,<br />
amoudagavs gul-RviZli, yeli<br />
sawyalis, uRvTod gauwiria.<br />
basr kideebze, Savad rom bzinavs,<br />
tuSi, patronis xeliT navlebi,<br />
maniSnebs – Savi migelis bina,<br />
metyvis – Senc ase miinavlebi.<br />
damdnarma xelma moxata, Reba,<br />
is mazRvevinebs bolomde sazRavs,<br />
damskdar filtvebis Camesmis yefa<br />
da Wiris ofli saxeze masxams.<br />
dgas faraoni. etli mardia,<br />
versad wauva nadiri tyisa,<br />
faraons mSvildi moumarTia,<br />
vai, vis ferdsac aZgerebs isars.<br />
gacurda tbaze wiTeli sxivi...<br />
mzes, laJvardidan oqrod dadenils,<br />
dadevnebia, qariviT wivis,<br />
Sriala frTebSi xvevs Sevardeni.<br />
ver dagemale, lando myefaro,<br />
Sen ar gWirdeba arxi da xidi...<br />
viTom Cemia, sul me mebaros,<br />
yovel nabijze sicocxles vyidi.
mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb<br />
Rimilis da leqsis kaci<br />
ramdenadac ioli da sasiamovno iyo nodar alanias gverdiT cxovreba,<br />
imdenadve Znelad Sesaguebeli, gulismomkvleli gaxda misi am qveyanasTan,<br />
silamazesTan, leqsTan ganSoreba. uleqsod mas erTi dRec ar ucxovria da<br />
arc isaa SemTxveviTi, Tavisi arsebobis ukanaskneli wamebi leqsis damTavrebad<br />
rom CaTvala.<br />
qarTul mwerlobas bevr ar hyolia masaviT erTguli, TavSewiruli<br />
msaxuri. me minaxavs igi radioSi uecrad gamoZaxebuli, daZabulobisgan<br />
saxeaWrelebuli. saaTiani saubari unda Caewera saswrafod Tanamedrove<br />
qarTul poeziaze. yvelaferi mozoma da gansazRvra, yvelas Tavisi miago<br />
da daTqmul droSic gasaocari sizustiT Caetia. aseT rames, ra Tqma unda,<br />
mxolod gansakuTrebuli unari da didi siyvaruli SegaZlebinebs.<br />
literaturis institutSi nodarTan erTad vmuSaobdi ganyofilebaSi.<br />
Cveni gamge – dauviwyari guram asaTiani, erTTavad nodars Txovda wliuri<br />
saangariSo moxsenebebis wakiTxvas. Sen kargad gamogdiso, Cveuli iumoriT<br />
eubneboda. nodaric RimiliTve Tanxmdeboda; miseburi keTilsindisierebiT,<br />
piruTvnelad mimoixilavda yovel naSroms, CanawerSi iSviaTad Tu Caixedavda.<br />
ase vyavdiT yvelani ganebivrebuli.<br />
miuxedavad xaTrianobisa, saocrad mTliani, daurRveveli pirovneba iyo.<br />
Zmoba da gatana, iman rom icoda, iseTi unda, magram roca vinmes siglaxesa<br />
da borotebas Seatyobda, imisas aRarafers iwamebda.<br />
saucxoo mTxrobeli iyo. erTxel nodari mogviyva erT sasacilo ambavs.<br />
Salva nucubiZesTan rom SemTxveoda. guldasmiT waekiTxa batoni<br />
Salvas axladgamosuli wigni. erTgan miTiTebul literaturas daeinteresebina<br />
da wyaro moeZebna, sadac msgavsi ram saerTod ar werebula. nodars<br />
patara, mokrZalebuli baraTi Seedgina; avtors SemCneul uzustobas<br />
atyobinebda da iqve keTil rCevasac aZlevda, Semdgom gamocemaSi es<br />
lafsusi gaesworebina. baraTi iqve, institutis gverdiT, batoni Salvas<br />
saxlis safosto yuTSi Caegdo. amis mere daaxloebiT weliwads gaevlo<br />
da Salva nucubiZe raRac saqmeze institutSi misuliyo. mis garSemo maSinve<br />
TayvanismcemelTa wre Sekrula da sja-baasi gamarTula. karga xnis<br />
mere baton Salvas ukiTxavs – alania aq romeliao; nodars morcxvad upasuxia,<br />
me gaxlavarTo. baton Salvas ganze gaxmia da yurSi uTqvams: mere,<br />
biWo, saqme dagelia, sxvis nawerSi rom iCiCqnebio. amaze orTaves gulianad<br />
uciniaT.<br />
yvelam vicodiT nodaris erTi lamazi axireba: didyura da gamrje pirutyvisadmi<br />
gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli. ramden nivTsa Tu nakeTobas, ranair<br />
suraTsa Tu samkauls ar naxavdiT mis samuSao oTaxSi da yvelaferze viri<br />
231
232<br />
emzar kvitaiSvili<br />
iyo gamosaxuli; abaJurzec kudaprexili CoCori konwialobda. am emblemaSi<br />
igi, etyoba, bevrad met azrs debda, vidre erTi SexedviT Cans.<br />
TvalsaCino adgilas hqonda gamodebuli raJden gvetaZis `virebis mesia~.<br />
mis biblioTekaSi, ra Tqma unda, gamorCeuli adgili eWira apuleusis<br />
`oqros virs~. didad gaixara, roca qarTul enaze waikiTxa givi gegeWkoris<br />
mier Targmnili fransis Jamis leqsi `locva, rom samoTxeSi virebTan er-<br />
Tad Sevide~.<br />
erTxel nodars romeliRac qalaqSi mivlinebiT agzavnidnen dromoWmul<br />
Cveulebebze leqciebis wasakiTxad (rogorc TviTon yveboda, sakmaod maRali<br />
done iyo). Tanamdebobis pirma qalma, vinc uSualod aZlevda am davalebas,<br />
moulodnelad pijakze daxeda da gaocebisagan Tvalebi gaufarTovda.<br />
koxta, oTxkuTxa samkerde niSanze (ranairad iSovna, dResac ar vici) nodaris<br />
sayvareli arsebis – yurebaqaCuli saxedris Tavi iyo aRbeWdili. amis<br />
damnaxvels bolos gascinebia; TqmiT nodarisTvis araferi uTqvams.<br />
arasodes damaviwydeba zamTris saocrad lamazi dRe. tariel Wanturia da<br />
me erTi leqsis anTologias (`viT margaliTi oboli~) vadgendiT (am patara<br />
wignis gamosvlam SemdgomSi bevri usiamovneba mogvayena). vicodiT, nodar<br />
alanias araerTi iSviaTi gamocema moeZeveboda Tavis wignsacavSi da masze uke-<br />
Tes damxmares am saqmeSi Znelad viSovidiT. gveloda da miseburi sixarulic<br />
gamoxata Cvens gamoCenaze. karga xans visaubreT. davasaxelebdiT romelime<br />
Zvel wignsa Tu Jurnals, da umal saocari simardiT gamoaZvrenda Taroebad<br />
qceuli kedlis xan erTi, xan meore kuTxidan. bevri sasargeblo ram gvirCia<br />
im dRes. bolos dagvitrialda da Tavis meuRlesTan, qalbaton lilisTan<br />
erTad sanaqebo maspinZloba gagviwia. saucxoo kaxur RvinosTan erTad brolis<br />
grafiniT aseve mSvenieri `izabela~ Semodga sufraze – gurulebi xarT<br />
da egeba es isurvoTo. Zvirfasi franguli koniakis gaxsnac daapira, magram<br />
xelSi veciT, ar davanebeT, meti mogvividoda. misi saTqmeli qarTul leqss,<br />
qarTul mwerlobas, samSoblos dastrialebda. arigebda da ar eleoda siyvaruli.<br />
erTi gansakuTrebuli sadRegrZelo leningradel eqims miuZRvna,<br />
ubrwyinvalesi vaJkacia, saocrad ganaTlebuli da keTili, axla erTmaneT-<br />
Tan didi miwer-mowera da megobroba gvaqvs, sikvdilisgan iman mixsnao, _<br />
gviTxra. wamosvlis win agvixirda, gindaT Tu ara, TiTo rame unda gaCuqoT,<br />
Cemgan samaxsovrod dagrCeToh me egvipturi TiTberis patara saferfle Cam-<br />
Cara jibeSi, brtyelZiriani, baidis moyvanilobis flosti, Zveleburi simboloebiT<br />
moxatuli. ar minda, papiross ar vewevi-meTqi, magram ar momeSva<br />
– rom ar gamomarTva wawydebio (es misi sayvareli gamoTqma iyo). tariels<br />
miniaturul morze darWobil aseTsave miniaturul culs aZalebda, mar-<br />
Tlac lamaz suvenirs, magram verasgziT ver daiyolia, is Cemze principuli<br />
aRmoCnda, amas, Zmao, ver waviReb, aqaurobas ufro uxdebao.
mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb<br />
bindi iwva, gareT rom gamoviSaleT. saxuravebi, xeTa SiSveli totebi<br />
spetak, fumfula Tovls mtkavelze Seefifqa. ca da miwa unazes, notio, civ<br />
siTeTreSi iyo gaxveuli.<br />
mogvianebiT dagvnanebia da gviTqvams me da tariels, rom im Cvens Sedgenil,<br />
bevri miTqma-moTqmis gamomwvev wignSi nodar alanias wvlili, misi<br />
alali Tanadgoma aRuniSvneli dagvrCa.<br />
maxsendeba 1976 wlis avadmosagonari zafxulic. institutis TanamSromlebi<br />
leningradis matarebelze vacilebdiT saeWvod gamxdar, ukiduresad<br />
dauZlurebul, filtvebdazianebul nodars, romelsac sunTqva uWirda. diagnozi<br />
ar iyo sabolood dadgenili, magram sasikeTo piri rom ar uCanda<br />
saqmes, vxedavdiT. mas isev Tavisi leningradeli eqimis (anatoli kuriginis)<br />
imedi hqonda. kaxuri nabdis quli exura da gaRimebuli (ramdenadac See-<br />
Zlo) galeul, sanTeliviT moRvenTil marjvenas gviqnevda vagonis fanjridan.<br />
axloblebTan erTad, gverdiT Tavisi siyrmis megobari cotne kikviZe<br />
idga, isic mihyveboda. vai, rom amjerad uiRblo gamodga es mgzavroba da,<br />
ukan dabrunebuls didi dRe aRar ewera. 20 nombers (52 wlis Sesrulebas<br />
zustad erTi kvira aklda) nodar alanias Suqdaklebul Tvalebs samudamod<br />
daeSrita mzis naTeli.<br />
xSirad mifiqria – ra moxdeboda, sawyali nodarisTvis ase rom ar emux-<br />
Tla beds-meTqi da pasuxic mudam mzad mqonia. bevri araferi daetyoboda<br />
mis xasiaTsa da garegnobas; ise ise msubuqad amoivlida institutis kibeebs,<br />
yvelas Tavisi ganumeorebeli RimiliT, xelaweuli miesalmeboda, SemoaRebda<br />
meore sarTulze dermatingadakrul did kars, ganuyrel Sav saqaRaldes<br />
(didi portfeli mis xelSi ar maxsovs) da axali gazeTebs magidaze dayrida<br />
da kiTxvas Seudgeboda.<br />
axla samoci wlisa iqneboda igi. araviTar xmaurs ar atexda, kaciSvils<br />
ar etyoda, Cemi iubilea da gulTbilad momesalmeTo. ormocdaaTis<br />
msgavsad, am Tavis samoc welsac mcxeTis `maranSi~ gadaixdida, axlobeli<br />
adamianebiT garSemortymuli. xalisianad aswevda Wiqas, sakuTar Rvawlsa<br />
da damsaxurebaze laparaks aravis daaclida, qarTuli miwis, qarTuli<br />
leqsis sadidebels ityoda.<br />
netamc ase yofiliyo.<br />
1985 weli.<br />
233
nodar alania<br />
234<br />
nodar alania<br />
`Cangi gikurTxos zenama...~ *<br />
(wignidan `naTeli siyvarulisa~)<br />
madlobeli var guliTa,<br />
SoTais sulis lxenama,<br />
samSoblos samsaxurisTvis,<br />
Cangi gikurTxos zenama.<br />
vaJa fSavela<br />
akaki daewafa da Caeqsova mSobeli xalxis ukvdavebas. igi saqarTvelom<br />
aRiara erT-erT pirvel da usayvarles poetad da xalxis siyvaruli Tan<br />
sdevda yovel nabijze. poeti fxizlad exmaureboda yovel movlenas da faqts,<br />
Tu ki igi mis samSoblosa da ers odnav mainc Seexeboda. xalxi mouTmenlad<br />
eloda mis yovel axal nawarmoebs, aitacebda da Tavis sakuTrebad aqcevda.<br />
poeti iTrTvileboda WaRariT, mZimdeboda nabiji, fermkrTaldeboda<br />
TvalTa elvareba, guli ki ubereblad rCeboda da igi Wabukurad omaxianad<br />
ambobda:<br />
ara, ayvavdes imedi,<br />
guls ver gamitexs WaRara,<br />
gmirebs uZaxis... uyivis<br />
Cemi dafi da naRara.<br />
samSoblos ubedureba guls useravda, magram `dRiur sicxadiT guldaCagruli~<br />
mainc gamamxnevebeli sityviT mimarTavda xalxs, aRagznebda<br />
miferflil kocons da swamda, rom:<br />
rkinas cecxli afoladebs,<br />
adamians gansacdeli;<br />
erTi wava da sxva mova...<br />
ase gviwers es sofeli.<br />
da maS Wiri dRevandeli<br />
nu gaSinebs, nurc gikvirsa...<br />
`Wirsa Sigan gamagreba<br />
ise unda, viT qviTkirsa~...<br />
* Jurnalis redaqcia avtoriseul teqstTan erTad ucvlelad unarCunebs citirebis avtoriseul<br />
versias.
`Cangi gikurTxos zenama...~<br />
mxcovan mgosans yvelgan usazRvro pativiscemiTa da mokrZalebiT xvdebodnen,<br />
CurCuliTa da sasoebiT axsenebdnen mis saxels, gars exveodnen aRtacebuli<br />
SeZaxilebiT, masze zrunavdnen da fiqrobdnen.<br />
saintereso detali:<br />
1908 wlis 25 maiss akaki leqcias kiTxulobs SoTa rusTavelze. darbazi<br />
ver itevs xalxs.<br />
poeti amTavrebs leqcias da madlierebiT kiTxulobs Tavis axal leqss<br />
`amirani~.<br />
taSi, ovaciebi, aRfrTovaneba da ai, naavadmyofar, daRlil mgosans `fexi<br />
gausxta da kinaRam waiqca...~<br />
gazeTebs ar gamorCeniaT es ambavi. ufro meti, igi simbolurad miiCnies.<br />
valerian gunias Jurnali am faqts uZRvnis specialur werils da epigrafad<br />
umZRvarebs:<br />
Cemo samSoblov! Seni dacema<br />
ara, ar aris sabediswero...<br />
avtori akakis mTel cxovrebas saqarTvelos istorias adarebs da, roca<br />
am ukanasknel SemTxvevaze Cerdeba, alegoriulad wers: `...moiRala, moiqanca<br />
saqarTvelo, sisuste Seepara muxlsa da mklavSi, magram eg droebiTi<br />
movlenaa: Seisvenebs da kvlav ganagrZobs Tavis winamsvlelobas aboboqrebul<br />
cxovrebis zRvaze...<br />
ra vuyoT, rom aTasSi erTxel fexs wahkravs mterTa da SinaurTa mier win<br />
gaxirul dabrkolebas. dabarbacdeba, Seiryeva, magram arasdros ar waiqceva...<br />
droebiT dauZlurebuls, dasustebuls saqarTvelos darajad udgas<br />
misi RviZli Svilni – Wirisufalni... RvTiuris cecxliT aRenTeba maTi<br />
gulebi... mxned da rwmeniT wamoeqomagebian isini dabarbacebuls mSobels<br />
mamas, naTelis WaRariT gabadrulsa da mxrebSi amoudgebian yavarjenad... da<br />
wamodgeba, welSi gaimarTeba bevri Wir-varamis mnaxveli moxuci da... kvlav<br />
ganagrZobs Tavis saqmes, Tavis istorias~. *<br />
ai, kidev damaxasiaTebeli epizodi xalxis siyvarulisa; ivane ioseliani<br />
igonebs SemTxvevas rkinigzis sadgurze:<br />
`...modis daRlili nabijiT.<br />
icnes... da sayvareli saxeli CurCuliT gavrcelda xalxSi. mokrZalebiT gzasuTmoben,<br />
Sori-axlos mohyvebian... erTma gabeda da vagonze amavals xeli miaSvela.<br />
TiTqos amas ucdidnen, xalxi daiZra adgilebidan da is... zeviT aitaces.<br />
am dros zarsac Semohkres da matarebeli daiZra.<br />
* `niSaduri~, 1938, # 47.<br />
235
236<br />
nodar alania<br />
or-sam wuTSi Cveni kupe alyaSemortymuli iyo. ver gaWra viRac samxedro<br />
piris dezebis Cxrialma da rixianma brZanebam. mgzavrebi ieriSiT modiodnen<br />
mesame klasis vagonebidan, ukana rigebSi mdgomni weroebiviT igrZelebdnen<br />
kisrebs, rom erTi Tvali mainc moekraT sayvareli adamianisaTvis.<br />
cxeli haeriT SexuTul kupeSi fanjara Zirs davuSviT da mxolod maSin<br />
mivxvdiT, rom mTeli matarebeli akakis leqsebs mReroda.<br />
`sanam viyav axalgazrda...~<br />
`daigvianes, jer arsad sCanan...~ *<br />
axlovdeboda ormocdaaTi weli im bednieri dRidan, roca akakim pirveli<br />
leqsi gagzavna ivane kereseliZis `ciskarSi~, qarTveli xalxi Seudga akakis<br />
iubilesaTvis mzadebas. amiT mas undoda gamoexata siyvaruli da pativiscema<br />
didi poetisadmi.<br />
TbilisSi Seiqmna mTavari saiubileo komisia iakob gogebaSvilisa da<br />
giorgi yazbegis TavmjdomareobiT, sofrom mgalobliSvilisa da samson<br />
fircxalavas mdivnobiT. komisiis wevrebi iyvnen: ivane gomarTeli, valerian<br />
gunia, nikoloz erisTavi, ioseb merkvilaZe, pavle TumaniSvili,- mariam<br />
orbeliani da parmen WiWinaZe.<br />
saqarTvelos yvela Jurnal-gazeTi Tvalyurs adevnebda saiubileo<br />
mzadebas, aqveynebda masalebs did mgosanze da sazogadoebas drodadro Seaxsenebda:<br />
`wels Semodgomaze Sesrulda ormocdaaTi weliwadi, rac poeti<br />
moRvaweobs erovnuli mwerlobis asparezze. ueWvelia qarTveloba Sesaferisi<br />
elferiT da didebiT gadixdis Tavis vals bumberazi mgosnis winaSe.<br />
yvela Cveni erovnuli dawesebulebani, romelTa daarsebaSi urevia mgosnis<br />
madliani xeli, erTad Seikribebian, raTa pativi scen poetis SesaniSnav da<br />
samagaliTo Rvawls, qarTveli erisa da qveynis sakeTildReod gaweuls~. **<br />
mTavarma saiubileo komisiam dagzavna mowodeba, romelSiac mokled<br />
daaxasiaTa mgosnis ganusazRvreli Rvawli samSoblo qveynis winaSe, misi poeziis<br />
Rirseba da iTxova Semdgariyo adgilobrivi komitetebi. komitetebs<br />
unda exelmZRvanelaT komisiis mier Sedgenili saiubileo programiT da<br />
Sesaferi monawileoba mieRoT saerTo dResaswaulSi.<br />
mozardi Taobis didma moamagem, iakob gogebaSvilma patarebic ar daiviwya<br />
da imedi gamoTqva, rom `am dResaswaulSi mxurvale monawileobas miiReben<br />
ara marto didni, aramed norCi qarTvelebic, romelTaTvis sasiqadulo<br />
iubilarma Seqmna bevrad meti saucxoo leqsebi da moTxrobebi, vidre sxva<br />
Cveneburma mgosnebma...~<br />
* `literaturuli gazeTi~, 1935, # 7.<br />
** `niSaduri~, 1938, # 43.
`Cangi gikurTxos zenama...~<br />
iubile dainiSna 1908 wlis 7 dekembers.<br />
gaTenda nanatri dila. sazeimod morTul dedaqalaqs silamazes matebda<br />
zamTrisaTvis uCveulo mzis naTeli. zRva xalxi gamofeniliyo quCebSi.<br />
im dRis yvela Jurnal-gazeTi, garda mTavrobis oficiozis `kavkazisa~ da<br />
reaqciuli `golos kavkazisa~ mTlianad akakis mieZRvna. iyideboda sagangebod<br />
am dRisTvis dabeWdili poetis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebisadmi miZRvnili<br />
krebulebi da broSurebi, poetis suraTebi.<br />
vakidan (sadac am dros akaki cxovrobda), sionis taZramde quCebis orive<br />
mxare gaWedilia da xalxis am cocxal kedlebs Sua nela moemarTeba lando.<br />
landoSi saiubileo komitetis TavmjdomaresTan erTad zis daTovlili<br />
olimpieli. TeTri Tma-wveriT Semosili lamazi saxe gansakuTrebuli na-<br />
TeliT moCans Savi tansacmlis fonze.<br />
sazeimo msvleloba miemarTeba sionis taZrisaken. paraklisi mTavrdeba<br />
da taZridan gamosul poets qudmoxdili zRva xalxi taSiTa da `vaSas~<br />
ZaxiliT egebeba. nela miiwevs win TeTr cxenebSebmuli lando, romelsac<br />
sapatio eqskorti mihyveba. gamoCnda Teatri, sadac unda Catardes iubile.<br />
kvlav `vaSa~ da taSi.<br />
12 saaTze aixada farda. gaisma zaqaria faliaSvilis mier sagangebod am<br />
dRisTvis dawerili `mravalJamieri~ da ivane faliaSvilis diriJorobiT<br />
orkestris mier Sesrulebuli sadResaswaulo himni. mquxare taSis grialSi<br />
mgosani avida yvavilebiT savse estradaze.<br />
iakob gogebaSvilis Sesavali sityviT daiwyo xalxTa Zmobis da megobrobis<br />
dResaswauli. scenaze erTmaneTs cvlian saqarTvelos yvela kuTxis<br />
warmomadgenlebi, kulturul dawesebulebaTa delegatebi, qarTvelebi da<br />
rusebi, azerbaijanelebi da somxebi, ukrainelebi da polonelebi.<br />
darbazi zanzarebs aRtacebiT da moulodnelad gaismis omaxiani xma:<br />
mSobeli qveynis mozarev,<br />
unda gimRero mTurada;<br />
imav WiriT var sneuli,<br />
rac Sen gatyvia wylulada...<br />
mec amatira bevrjela<br />
Sens Tvalze cremlis denama.<br />
netavi bevri gazardos<br />
SenisTanebi dedama!<br />
es, Carglidan sagangebod Camosuli vaJa fSavela esalmeba Tavis did<br />
Tanamokalmes. ovaciebSi iZireba ukanaskneli striqonebi da scenisaken fe-<br />
237
238<br />
nodar alania<br />
rad-feradi yvavilebi mofrinaven.<br />
moxuc mgosans margalitebad auelvarda Tvalebze cremli, roca scenaze<br />
savanelma glexebma misi akvani Semoitanes.<br />
gansakuTrebuli siyvaruliT uyvarda akakis patarebi. ukve sikvdilis<br />
pirad mdgari poeti 1913 wlis 29 ivliss gazeT `TemSi~ igonebda Tavisi<br />
xangrZlivi cxovrebidan im oTx SemTxvevas, romelTa gaxsenebac yovelTvis<br />
siamis Jruantels hgvrida, agrZnobinebda ganuzomel sixarulsa da<br />
netarebas. maTgan ori patarebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. movusminoT TviTon<br />
poets: `freilinis quCaze (dRevandeli sulxan-saba orbelianis quCa, _<br />
n.a.) mivdiodi. trotuarze win Semxvda viRac gamdeli; xel-Cakidebuli<br />
mohyavda amayad fexadgmuli bavSvi. patara Zlivs mobajbajebda. daminaxa<br />
Tu ara im bavSvma, Semomcina, gaabzika TiTi da Zliv CailuRluRa `ei, akaki!~.<br />
me gavSterdi, gamdelma bodiSi moixada: ama da am kacis Svilia, Tqven<br />
piradad ar gicnoben, magram Tqveni suraTi ukidiaT oTaxSi da am bavSvmac<br />
miTi gicnoTo!.. Cem dReSi ar gamomecada da maSin gamovscade siamovnebis<br />
ofli. sazogadoebis TanagrZnobis uCveuli ara var, vin mosTvlis ramdeni<br />
taSi momismenia, ramdeni `vaSa~ gamigonia! ramdeni sasiamovno ram minaxavs?<br />
magram arc erTxel is ar migrZvnia, rac im patara bavSvis TiTma da natitinebma<br />
magrbZnobia...<br />
...moRrublulSi golovinis (axlandeli rusTavelis – n.a.) prospeqtze<br />
gamovedi, uecrad wvimam dauSva. me, radganac upaltood viyavi, gaveCqare<br />
Sinisaken. ukanidam xma momesma: `batono akaki, moicadeT!~ SevCerdi, mivixede<br />
da CemTan moiWra qolgiT xelSi viRac Tormet-cameti wlis gogona<br />
da SemomTavaza qolga: ai miirTviT, da mere miboZeT!<br />
_ mere Tqven?<br />
_ me ara miWirs ra, rom davsevlde, da Tqven vai Tu gawyinosT. _ rom<br />
aRar momeSva, gadavswyviteT, rom orive im erT qolgas SevfarebodiT da<br />
ise mivsuliyaviT Cem sadguramdi. sastumros karebs rom mivadeqi, sadac<br />
Sevdeqi, gamomeTxova da Tavis qolgianad gaudga gzas. dResac ar vici misi<br />
saxeli da gvari, magram imisi umanko, bavSvuri saxe ki yovelTvis Tvalwin<br />
midgas!..<br />
xandaxan rom davfiqrdebi warsulze da warmovidgen Cems uTvalav tanjvebs-<br />
yvela imaT Sevuwoni xolme am SemTxvevebs da saswori amaTken ixrebao~,<br />
_ igonebda igi.<br />
akaki yovelTvis siamovnebiT atarebda dros norCebTan, mouTxrobda<br />
saintereso ambebs, eTamaSeboda da erToboda maTTan erTad.<br />
maTTvis yovelTvis, yovelgan,<br />
Ria maqvs gulis karebi.
`Cangi gikurTxos zenama...~<br />
ambobda igi mozardebze.<br />
gulwrfeli sixaruliT Seegeba poeti mis iubileze misalocad mosul<br />
Jurnal `nakadulis~ patara mkiTxvelebs. scenaze Semovida qulajaSi, Coxasa<br />
da gurul CaquraSi gamowyobili sami ymawvili da qarTuli kabebiT<br />
Semosili ori gogona. xelT eWiraT dafnis foTlebisagan dawnuli asoebi:<br />
akaki. yvela aso erTi meoreze gadabmuli iyo milocvis teqstiani abre-<br />
Sumis lentiT. patara deputatebi mwyobrad warudgnen mgosans da misaloci<br />
leqsiT mimarTa amJamad saqarTvelos sssr skolis damsaxurebulma<br />
maswavlebelma, ssr kavSiris sportis damsaxurebulma ostatma giorgi<br />
merkvilaZem. `nakadulis~ saxeliT adresi waikiTxa nino nakaSiZem.<br />
usazRvrod nasiamovnebma poetma sapasuxo sityvaSi ase mimarTa norCebs:<br />
`Cemo patara megobrebo! sxvaTa Soris erTi didi naklica maqvs. musikis ara<br />
gamegeba ra, mxolod ki vgrZnob. am nakls yovelTvis mivsebda axalTaobis<br />
tiktiki. ai, axlac, Tqveni sityva musikasaviT mwvdeba gulis siRrmemdis<br />
da dids madlobasac gwiravT. gTxovT, rom ar daiviwyoT dRevandeli dRe,<br />
imitom ki ara, rom Cemis mizeziT aris gamowveuli, ara, ufro sxva mizniT!<br />
ai, xom xedavT, xalxSi aRZrula erovnuli grZnoba da mas unda, rom hyavdes<br />
namdvili moRvawe da gmiri da ara CemsaviT moCvenebuli. da es gmiri Tqvenma<br />
Taobam unda warmoSos. es mxolod maSin SeiZleba, Tu mudam erovnul<br />
niadagze gedgmebaT fexi; vinc Tavis gvartomobas uarhyofs, is veRarc sxvas<br />
gamoadgeba. igi uvargisi iqneba Sinac da gareTac. giyvardeT Tqveni qarTveloba,<br />
magram Sovinisturi grZnobiT ki ara, e. i. sxvisi daklebiT rame<br />
SesZinoT Tqvens erovnebas. ara! im siyvaruliT, romelsac sarCulad unda<br />
edvas Zmobis, erTobis da siyvarulis survili! gadaeciT es Tqvens patara<br />
amxanagebs!~<br />
4 saaTze dasrulda dilis zeimi da imave saRamos kvlav gagrZelda. isev<br />
milocvebi, deputaciebi, yvavilebi, taSi da aRfrTovaneba...<br />
uamravi depeSa mosula iubilaris saxelze. Tavis yofil students<br />
ulocavs peterburgis saimperatoro universitetis aRmosavluri enebis<br />
fakulteti, salams uTvlian samxatvro Teatris mesveurni stanislavski<br />
da nemiroviC-danCenko, Jurnal `russkoe bogatstvos~ redaqciis saxeliT<br />
mwerali korolenko, peterburgis saliteraturo sazogadoebidan mwerali<br />
anenski, moskovis saliteraturo da samxatvro wris davalebiT al.<br />
sumbaTaSvil-iuJini, moskovis universitetis profesori sakulini, aRmosavlur<br />
enaTa lazarevis institutis profesorTa sabWos saxeliT institutis<br />
direqtori mileri da mdivani aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, ingliseli<br />
mwerali qali marjori uordropi da sxvani da sxvani.<br />
`politikuri gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebi, _ iwerebodnen arxangelskis<br />
guberniis qalaq kemidan, _ uerTdebian qarTvelTa saerTo zeims xalxis<br />
239
240<br />
nodar alania<br />
sayvareli, Tavisuflebis momRerali, damonebulTa sevdis gamomTqmeli,<br />
samSoblos sasiqadulo Svilis akaki wereTlis iubiles gamo~.<br />
qalaq xolmogoridan ityobinebodnen, rom `qarTveli politikuri gadasaxlebulebi<br />
uerTeben Tavis xma qarTvelTa zeimis saerTo hangs – xalxis<br />
sayvareli, Tavisuflebis momRerali, zeSTagonebuli poetis, politikurad<br />
damonebuli xalxis mwuxarebis amsaxvelis, Tavisi samSoblos sasiqadulo<br />
Svilis akaki wereTlis iubiles gamo~.<br />
saRamos dasasruls iubilarma sityviTa da leqsiT mimarTa Tavis sayvarel<br />
samSoblosa da xalxs.<br />
akaki wereTlis iubile gadaiqca erovnul dResaswaulad, xalxis siyvarulis<br />
mCqefare gamovlinebad. man gadalaxa dedaqalaqi da uricxv mdinareebad<br />
ganefina rogorc saqarTvelos soflebsa da qalaqebSi, ise mis saz-<br />
Rvrebs gareTac.
gamoxmaureba, recenzia<br />
venera kavTiaSvili<br />
literaturis Teoria _ XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri<br />
koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi<br />
(recenzia)<br />
qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi 2008 wels momxdar mniSvnelovan<br />
movlenaTa Soris, Cemis azriT, umniSvnelovanesia SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli<br />
literaturis institutis mier gamocemuli wigni `literaturis Teoria.<br />
XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimarTulebebi~.<br />
Tu ratom, amas erTgvarad TviT saTauric gansazRvravs da kidev Semdegi:<br />
XX saukunis udidesi nawili (70 welze meti) Cvenma qveyanam sabWoTa<br />
totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi ganvlo, roca yoveli siaxle, Tu igi<br />
am reJimis ideologiis CarCoebSi ar jdeboda, sastikad ikrZaleboda da<br />
Tu vinmes sityva an kalami mainc `daukrefavSi~ gaeqceoda, Sesabamisi gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
Tu gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegic mohyveboda. aman gamoiwvia<br />
Cveni literaturisa da xelovnebis im procesebisagan mowyveta, rac sab-<br />
WoTa rkinis fardis iqiT, anu dasavlur samyaroSi mimdinareobda. kerZod,<br />
CavrCiT e. w. realizmis da sruliad gaugebari `socialisturi realizmis~<br />
WurSi. arada rkinis fardis iqeT literatura, cxovrebasTan erTad, duRda<br />
da gadmoduRda: iqmneboda sruliad axali mimarTulebebi Tavisi pozitiuri<br />
Tu negatiuri mxareebiT. siaxlisaken swrafva cxovrebis yoveldRiurobas<br />
warmoadgenda. amas ki moklebuli iyo rogorc zogadad sabWoTa,<br />
ise mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi saqarTvelos sulieri cxovreba. Tumca, aq<br />
isic uTuod aRsaniSnia, rom Cveni literaturisa da kulturis moRvaweni<br />
SeniRbviT mainc axerxebdnen am siaxleebze Tavisebur reagirebas, magram es<br />
iyo calkeul uniWieres adamianTa Tavganwirvis tolfasi uiSviaTesi gamovlineba.<br />
mas Semdeg ki, rac Tavi davaRwieT am viTarebas, aRmoCnda, rom CavrCenilvarT<br />
sadRac me-19 saukuneSi. TviT cxovrebam moiTxova, daCqarebuli<br />
tempiT agvenazRaurebina is danaklisi Tu CamorCena, rac am xnis manZilze<br />
sulieri cxovrebis sferoSi ganvicadeT. swored am mizniT literaturis<br />
instituti Tavisi maRalprofesiuli TanamSromlebis ZalisxmeviT Seecada<br />
danaklisis Sevsebas da gamosca dasaxelebuli wigni, romelSic dasavluri<br />
literaturul-Teoriuli mimdinareobebis uprecendento siuxvidan gamoarCia<br />
mTavari xazi da warmoaCina im skolebis naRvawi da naazrevi, romlebic<br />
241
242<br />
venera kavTiaSvili<br />
seriozulad iyvnen dainteresebuli mxatvruli teqstis mecnieruli analizis<br />
problemiT da monaTesave humanitarul disciplinebTan (filosofia,<br />
esTetika, lingvistika, fsiqologia) misi mimarTebebis garkveviT. amas<br />
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan interdisciplinaruli skolebi gzas uxsnian<br />
teqstis kvlevis mravalplaniani modelebis damkvidrebas. am wignis<br />
mniSvnelobasa da saWiroebaze mianiSnebs Tundac is, rom misi pirveli gamocema<br />
umokles droSi bibliografiul iSviaTobad iqca. Tanac saanalizo<br />
krebuli pirveli gamocemis ubralo gameorebas ki ar warmoadgens, aramed<br />
Sevsebulia axali masaliT da rac uaRresad mniSvnelovania, darTuli aqvs<br />
soliduri moculobis leqsikoni, romelic ganmartavs SromebSi gamoyenebul<br />
uamrav ucxo sityvas da gamoTqmas, razec seriozuli Sroma gaswies v.<br />
kavTiaSvilma da r. canavam.<br />
wignis umTavresi Rirseba da praqtikuli daniSnuleba isaa, rom igi gamoiyeneba<br />
rogorc filologiuri, ise, zogadad, humanitaruli profilis<br />
studentebis (bakalavriati, magistratura, doqtorantura) swavlebisaTvis<br />
saxelmZRvanelod. barem aqve imasac davsZen, rom saWiro gaxdeba Semdgomi<br />
metad mZime da Sromatevadi samuSaos Catareba, raTa meore wignis<br />
saxiT gamoices praqtikuli xasiaTis krebulic, sadac saanalizo krebulSi<br />
mocemuli Teoriebis mixedviT gaanalizdeba qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedeba,<br />
riTac, erTi mxriv, qarTuli mwerlobac Caewereba msoflio literaturul<br />
procesebSi, meore mxriv ki praqtikuli analizi studentebsa Tu<br />
dainteresebul mkiTxvels gauadvilebs pirvel wignSi mocemuli rTuli<br />
Teoriuli msjelobebis aRqmas.<br />
ramdenadac wigni kompilaciur xasiaTs atarebs da mTlianad sxvadasxva<br />
mimdinareobis warmomadgenelTa da TvalsaCino TeoretikosTa naazrevis<br />
interpretacias warmoadgens, Cemi recenziis mizanic, Sesabamisad, wignSi<br />
Sesuli gamokvlevebis mTavari saTqmelis warmoCeniTa da zogadi SefasebiT<br />
ganvsazRvre.<br />
wignSi warmodgenili Tematika istoriuli qronologiiT aris dalagebuli<br />
da mkiTxvels xels uwyobs saerTo procesisaTvis ara marto Tanmimdevrulad<br />
Tvalis gadevnebaSi, aramed calkeuli skolebis Tu mimarTulebebis<br />
erTmaneTisagan gamomdinareobis, msgavseba-gansxvavebis da a. S. dadgenaSic.<br />
wigni iwyeba Tamar lomiZis mier rusuli formalisturi skolis warmomadgenelTa<br />
naRvawis ganxilviT da es ar aris SemTxveviTi, radgan, jer<br />
erTi, swored maTi naazrevi daedo safuZvlad SemdegSi ase momravlebul<br />
formalistur mimdinareobebs da meorec, am skolis (masSi Sediodnen: `poeturi<br />
enis SemswavlelTa sazogadoeba~, moskovis lingvisturi wre da leningradis<br />
xelovnebis istoriis institutis TanamSromelTa erTi jgufi)
literaturis Teoria _ XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi<br />
warmomadgenelTa (up. yovlisa, m. baxtinis) praqtikuli kvlevis meTodebma<br />
da Sedegebma bevrad gansazRvres struqturuli poetikis, semiotikis, informaciis<br />
Teoriisa da manqanuri Targmnis ganviTareba. SromaSi gaanalizebulia<br />
rusuli formalizmis iseTi Teoriuli konstruqtebi, rogoricaa:<br />
gaucnaureba, formisa da Sinaarsis klasikuri diqotomiis gadaazreba,<br />
fabula da siuJeti, zRapris struqturis analizi, poeturi teqstis analizi.<br />
T. lomiZis kvlevis paTosi mimarTulia im tendenciebis saCveneblad,<br />
romlebmac rusul formalizmSi gareTeoriuli meTodebis gamoyenebisa da<br />
codnis SidaTeoriuli dafuZnebis mcdelobebi gamokveTa. am orma urTierTdakavSirebulma<br />
tendenciam ki Semdgomi ganviTareba pova semiotikisa<br />
da struqturalizmis Teoriul koncefciebSi, romlebic formalizmis msgavsad,<br />
literaturaTmcodneobis zust, sistemur mecnierebad qcevas isaxavdnen<br />
miznad.<br />
meore statiaSi (`struqturalizmi~) T. lomiZe struqturalizms ganixilavs,<br />
rogorc rusuli formalizmis memkvidres. mimoixilavs misi Camoyalibebis<br />
istoriasa da gavlenis farglebs; am sferos iseTi TvalsaCino<br />
warmomadgenlebis Teoriul koncefciebs, rogorebic levi-strosi, miSel<br />
fuko, Jak lakani da rolan barti arian. ramdenadac struqturalizmi ar<br />
Camoyalibebula erTian Teoriul skolad, aramed igi aisaxa humanitarul<br />
dargTa sxvadasxva sferoebSi Catarebul calkeul gamokvlevebSi, dasaxelebuli<br />
Teoretikosebis, rogorc sxvadasxva sferoTa warmomadgenlebis, koncefciebis<br />
sayrdeni punqtebic sxvadasxva aRmoCnda (Tu mxedvelobaSi ar<br />
miviRebT imas, rom isini erTnairad ganicdidnen sosiuris lingvisturi<br />
Teoriisa da rusuli formalizmis zegavlenas). kerZod, Tu levi-strosis,<br />
rogorc eTnologis, mizans eTnografiuli kvlevis miznebis, amocanebis da<br />
principebis xorcSesxma warmoadgenda (inteleqtualuri racionalizmi,<br />
lingvisturi meTodologia, bunebisa da kulturis SemaerTebeli `xidis~,<br />
`socialuri nulovani xarisxis~ Zieba), frangi fsiqoanalitikosisa<br />
da filosofosis Jak lakanisaTvis mTavari froidis triadis – id, ego,<br />
superegos warmosaxuliT, simboluriT da realuriT Senacvleba aRmoCnda.<br />
rolan barti ki, rogorc literaturaTmcodne, dainteresda termin<br />
`werilobiTiT~ (écriture) da originalurad gadaiazra igi. yvela es sakiTxi<br />
mokled, naTlad da amomwuravad gaaSuqa T. lomiZem.<br />
irma ratiani krebulSi warmodgenilia oTxi gamokvleviT. igi exeba iseT<br />
mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: `baxtinis Teoriuli koncefcia. dialoguri<br />
kritika~, `fenomenologiuri kritika~, `hermenevtika~, `amerikuli<br />
`axali kritika~. sakiTxebi moicavs me-20 saukunis 20-70-ian wlebs.<br />
es aris, zogadad dasavlur kulturul sivrceSi warmarTuli rTuli socialur-politikuri<br />
kataklizmebiT savse sxvadasxva filosofiur-esTe-<br />
243
244<br />
venera kavTiaSvili<br />
tikuri azris sinqronuli Tu diaqronuli ganviTarebis procesebisaTvis<br />
Tvalis gadevnebisa da kritikuli analizis SesaniSnavi nimuSi. m. baxtin-<br />
Tan dakavSirebul SromaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia `kantis seminaris~<br />
saqmianobaze, romelic mokle droSi `nevelis filosofiur skolad~ Camoyalibda<br />
da didi roli Seasrula rogorc Tavad baxtinis filosofiuresTetikuri<br />
naazrevis xasiaTis gansazRvraSi, ise me-20 saukunis literaturul-Teoriul<br />
sivrceSi dasmul iseT problemebze, rogoric iyo: literaturuli<br />
Janris gansazRvra, dialoguri kritikis Camoyalibeba, sicilisa<br />
da karnavalis filosofiis SemuSaveba, droisa da sivrcis kategoriebis<br />
filosofiuri gaazreba da misi gadatana konkretul mxatvrul teqstebze.<br />
Sromis ZiriTadi nawili eTmoba swored aRniSnuli sakiTxebis baxtiniseul<br />
damuSavebas; im siaxleebs, rasac Teoretikosi Tavis SromaSi gvTavazobs.<br />
kerZod, romanis Janris specifikisa da genezisis definicias; diskursis<br />
tipologiis dadgenas; heteroglosiis, rogorc `avtoris xmisa~ da `sxvisi<br />
xmis~, statusisa da urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvrisaTvis orxmiani<br />
diskursis definicias; dialoguri principis, rogorc polifoniuri romanis<br />
Camoyalibebis aucilebeli winapirobis gansazRvras; menipeas Janris<br />
gansazRvras; karnavalizaciis istoriul-ontologiur gaazrebas da<br />
qronotopis, rogorc literaturisaTvis principulad mniSvnelovani kategoriebis<br />
definicias. sakiTxTa es CamonaTvalic ki naTelyofs, Tu ra mniSvnelovani<br />
sakiTxebia ratianis SromaSi gaanalizebuli da specialistebisaTvis<br />
SemoTavazebuli.<br />
`fenomenologiur kritikaSi~ i. ratiani mimoixilavs germaneli filosofosis<br />
– edmund huserlis fenomenologiur moZRvrebas, romelic safuZvlad<br />
daedo sxvadasxva mimarTulebebis Camoyalibebas. kerZod, egzistencializms,<br />
germanul realontologias, inglisur neorealizms, filosofiur<br />
anTropologiasa da sxva. i. ratiani jer axdens cneba `fenomenologiis~<br />
huserliseuli gaazrebis Cvenebas, radgan misi konceptualuri<br />
datvirTva winamavali filosofosebisagan sruliad gansxvavebulia, Semdeg<br />
ki mimoixilavs fenomenologiuri meTodis gavlenis masStabebs (roman ingardeni,<br />
moris merlo-ponti, martin haidegeri) da daaskvnis: `literaturaTmcodneobam<br />
warmatebiT moirgo fenomenologiuri moZRvrebis zogadi<br />
modeli da zedmiwevniT kargad miusadaga misi calkeuli terminebi da<br />
cnebebi literaturuli teqstis specifikas~.<br />
gamokvlevaSi `hermenevtika~ i. ratiani aanalizebs sxvadasxva avtorTa<br />
Sexedulebebs (fr. Slaimaxeri, v. dilTai, m. haidegeri, h. g. gadameri, e. d.<br />
hirSi, p. rikiori) da iziarebs mosazrebas, rom `hermenevtikul interpretaciaSi<br />
mTavari araa mxolod literaturuli teqstis rekonstruqcia, arc<br />
literaturuli nawarmoebis konteqstisa da Cveni istoriuli konteqctis
literaturis Teoria _ XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi<br />
Tanmimdevruli urTierTganviTareba. interpretaciis mizania mkiTxvelis<br />
ganswavlulobis aris gafarToeba da mis mier sakuTari Tavis ukeT Secnoba~.<br />
gamokvlevaSi `amerikuli axali kritika~ ganxilulia Tomas eliotis,<br />
riCardsis da livisis Teoriebi, romlebmac, rogorc i. ratiani wers,<br />
`programis saxe miiRo~ da `romelic met-naklebi prioritetulobiT<br />
ganxorcielda amerikuli `axali kritikis~ farglebSi~. amas mohyveba mis<br />
ZiriTad tendenciebsa da Tanamedrove literaturis TeoriasTan maT mimarTebaze<br />
msjeloba; kritikis im niaRvris gaSuqeba, rac `axal kritikas~<br />
70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daatyda, bolos ki daskvnis saxiT naTqvamia, rom<br />
`marTalia, `axali kritika~ 70-iani wlebidan kritikis obieqtad iqca, magram<br />
mainc igi im skolad rCeba, romelsac mudmivad unda gaewios angariSi<br />
litmcodneobis istoriaSi.“<br />
gaga lomiZe krebulSi warmodgenilia oTxi gamokvleviT (`praRis skola~,<br />
`miTologiuri kritika~, `marqsistuli kritika dasavleTSi~ da `axali<br />
istorizmi~). cnobilia, rom `praRis skolis~ gareSe me-20 saukunis<br />
struqturalizmis saerTo saxis warmodgena SeuZlebelia rogorc istoriuli,<br />
aseve Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, radgan swored am skolam SeimuSava<br />
esTetikisa da poetikis amocanebi da meTodebi da poststruqturalistebze<br />
adre ganaviTara misTvis damaxasiaTebeli epistemologiuri Sexedulebebi.<br />
g. lomiZe amomwuravad ganixilavs am skolisaTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />
iseT meTodebs, rogoricaa: interdisciplinaruloba, literaturul da<br />
Cveulebriv enebs Soris gansxvavebuloba. aqve farTodaa ganxiluli praRis<br />
skolis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebis (muraJkovski, iakobsoni, vodiCka)<br />
naSromebi. `praRis skolis~ poeturi enis koncefciaze udidesi gavlena<br />
rusulma formalizmma moaxdina da swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli is, rom<br />
aRniSnuli gamokvleva saanalizo krebulSi `rusuli formalizmis~ Semdegaa<br />
moTavsebuli.<br />
`miTologiur kritikaSi` g. lomiZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs iseT sakiTxebze,<br />
rogoricaa: miTologiuri kritika praqtikaSi; anTropologia da misi<br />
wvlili; iungis fsiqologia da arqetipis miseuli gageba. rac Seexeba `marqsistul<br />
kritikas dasavleTSi~, igi eZRvneba gviandeli xanis marqsisti<br />
kritikosebis Rwvas, gamijnodnen `vulgarul~ marqsizms da gaerkviaT, Tu<br />
ra mimarTebebi arsebobs literaturasa da ekonomikur formaciebs Soris.<br />
aRniSnuli naSromic swored am `gviandeli marqsistebis~ SexedulebaTa aRnusxvisa<br />
da warmoCenis sayuradRebo cdaa. statiaSi ki `axali istorizmi~<br />
g. lomiZe cdilobs warmoaCinos, Tu rogor daupirispirdnen `axali istorizmis~<br />
mimdevrebi amerikuli `axali kritikisa~ da mis Semdgom ganvi-<br />
Tarebul dekonstruqciul midgomebs. maT mier SemuSavebuli siaxle isaa,<br />
245
246<br />
venera kavTiaSvili<br />
rom igi Slis sazRvrebs `literaturasa~ da `istorias~, `teqstsa da konteqsts~<br />
Soris. amasTan dakavSirebiT ganxilulia `axali istorizmis~ iseT<br />
warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebi, rogorebic stiven grinblati da adroian<br />
montrouzi arian.<br />
levan bregaZe krebulSi warmodgenilia ori gamokvleviT (`fsiqoanalizi<br />
da mxatvruli Semoqmedeba~ da `recefciuli esTetika~). aqedan pirveli,<br />
cxadia, zigmund froids da mis fsiqoanalitikur meTods ukavSirdeba,<br />
magram l. bregaZes yuradReba gadaaqvs karl gustav iungis Sexeduleba-<br />
Ta analizze, romelmac froidis moZRvreba `koleqtiuri aracnobieris~<br />
cnebis SemotaniT ganaviTara. bregaZe vrclad mimoixilavs `koleqtiuri<br />
aracnobieris~ bunebas, upirispirebs (iungis mixedviT) pirovnul aracnobiers<br />
da yvelaze Rrma, dafarul Sred warmoadgens mas, romelic mnemonikuri<br />
(mexsierebiTi) xatebis saxiT SemorCa tvinis anatomiur struqturas,<br />
anu is, rasac arqetipebs vuwodebT.<br />
`recefciul esTetikaSi~ l. bregaZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu<br />
ra gavlena moaxdina mxatvruli teqstis recefciuli esTetikis TvalsazrisiT<br />
ganxilvam literaturis Semswavleli mecnierebis ganviTarebaze;<br />
literaturuli Janrebis srulyofaze; mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis xerx-<br />
Ta evoluciis Sinagan mizezebsa da motivebze.<br />
solomon tabucaZe krebulSi warmodgenilia gamokvleviT `gavlenis<br />
Teoria~, romelSic amerikeli literaturaTmcodnis _ harold blumis<br />
(`ielis kritikosTa~ jgufis warmomadgeneli) literaturuli urTier-<br />
Tobebis Teoriaa ganxiluli. kerZod, _ `gavlenis SiSis~ Tu blumiseuli<br />
`antiTeturi kritikis~ saxeliT cnobili koncefciis analizi. amisaTvis<br />
s. tabucaZe blumis oTx naSromsa (`gavlenis SiSi: poeziis Teoria~, `gadakiTxvis<br />
ruqa~, `kabala da kritika~, `poezia da represia: revizionizmi<br />
bleikidan stivensonamde~) da maT Sesaxeb gamoTqmul mosazrebebze dayrdnobiT<br />
axdens am Teoriis arsisa da raobis ganmartebas: `literatura Tavisi<br />
Sinagani bunebiT antagonisturia, rac vlindeba imiT, rom yoveli avtori<br />
Tavis winamorbed Semoqmeds ejibreba da ebrZvis. `Zlieri~ poeti axdens<br />
winamorbedTa teqstebis radikalur transformacias, rasac blumi `araswor<br />
wakiTxvas~ uwodebs da rac, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebulia `gavlenis<br />
SiSiT~. es SiSi, ritorikasTan nazavi Taviseburi tropebis anu `gavlenis<br />
SiSis~ tropebis saxiTaa Casaxlebuli axal teqstSi. amitom winamorbed<br />
teqstebTan WidilSi Seqmnil axal nawarmoebSi yovelTvis ritorikulad<br />
aris Cawerili SiSi, SfoTi da egzistencialuri kaeSani~. amasTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT igi gvTavazobs amerikeli literaturaTmcodne sara pratis mosazrebas,<br />
romlis Tanaxmadac, blumma ori mTavari miznidan (1. unda moxdes<br />
Camoyalibebuli warmodgenebis deidealizacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor uw-
literaturis Teoria _ XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi<br />
yobs xels erTi poeti meore poetis formirebas; 2. imgvari poetikis Seqmna,<br />
romelic literaturuli kritikis ganviTarebas Seuwyobs xels) pirvelSi<br />
marTlac miaRwia mizans, xolo meoreSi sruli kraxi ganicada da `miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom literaturis TeoretikosTa Soris blumis Teoria didi<br />
aJiotaJisa da gansjis sagnad iqca, misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba mxolod<br />
`gavlenis SiSis~ xsenebiT amoiwura~. s. tabucaZe mokled, magram damajereblad<br />
ganixilavs im wyaroebs, romlebmac gadamwyveti zemoqmedeba iqonies<br />
blumis Teoriaze. eseni arian fr. nicSe da z. froidi. nicSem – Tavisi `moralis<br />
genialogiiT~, xolo froidma _ `oidiposis kompleqsisa~ da `ojaxuri<br />
romanis~ TeoriebiT. isic aRsaniSnia, rom blumma kritikulad Seafasa<br />
maTi naazrevi da ar mouxdenia ubralo gadamuSaveba Tu Canacvleba. blumi<br />
gavlenis koncefcias froidis struqturis saxiT warmoidgens, magram sxva<br />
SinaarsiT avsebs. `Tu froidis mTavari saidumlo – aRniSnavs s. tabucaZe<br />
– libidoa, blumisaTvis igi droSi moiazreba da... froidis mier gamokvleuli<br />
meqanizmebi da maTi ambivalenturi funqcionireba gvevlineba... reviziuli<br />
mimarTebebis TvalsaCino analogebad, romlebic warmarTaven poetTaSoris<br />
kavSirebs~ da warmoadgens amgvari mimarTebebis eqvs saxeobas,<br />
romelTa mokle da amomwurav ganmartebas gvTavazobs igi. esenia:<br />
1. klinameni anu poeturi gadakiTxva, gadaxra;<br />
2. tesera anu gansruleba da antiTeza;<br />
3. kenozisi anu gameoreba da memkvidreobiTobis wyveta.<br />
4 daimonizacia anu amaRlebulis sapirispiro, _ personalizebuli kontramaRlebuli.<br />
5. askeza anu ganwmenda da solipsizmi (idealuri subieqtivizmi); mizanmimarTuli<br />
qmedeba martoobis mdgomareobis misaRwevad.<br />
6. apofradesi anu micvalebulTa dabruneba.<br />
malxaz xarbediac ori naSromiT aris krebulSi warmodgenili: `poststruqturalizmi<br />
da dekonstruqcia~ da `naratologia~. orive naSromSi<br />
aRniSnuli cnebebisa da maT qveS moazrebuli Teoriebis axsna-gaanalizebaa<br />
warmodgenili; enis semiologiuri kvlevis sakiTxebs eZRvneba m. kvaWantiraZis<br />
gamokvleva, xolo bela wifuria metad sainteresod ganmartavs postmodernis<br />
raobas (rasakvirvelia, iseT TeoretikosTa naazrevze dayrdnobiT,<br />
rogorebic ihab hasani, Jan bodreari, frederik jeimsoni, bari luisi,<br />
jozef qonTi da sxvebi arian), romelic arc raimes uSualo ganmeorebaa,<br />
arc raimes ubralo asli, aramed igi aris asli, originalis gareSe anu<br />
simulakra (fenomeni, zematerialuri ideis, pirvlsaxis gareSe; uarso<br />
movlenebis kvlavwarmoeba). igi axdens aqamde arsebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi<br />
formebis moxmarebas, gadamuSavebas da gadawerasac ki. Sromis avtori aseve<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs romanze, rogorc postmodernistuli mwerlobis<br />
247
248<br />
venera kavTiaSvili<br />
mTavar formaze; ironiaze, rogorc postmodernistuli xelovnebis Ziri-<br />
Tad emociur fonze da paranoiaze, rogorc postmodernistuli mgrZnobelobis<br />
erT-erT niSanze, rasac xSirad siuJeturi struqturis asagebad<br />
mimarTaven; ormag kodirebaze, rogorc teqstis ZiriTad maxasiaTebelze<br />
(Tumca ara yvela postmodenistuli teqstisaTvis) da a. S.<br />
dasasrul minda kidev erTxel xazi gavusva warmodgenili wignis did<br />
mniSvnelobas ara marto literaturaTmcodneobis, aramed mecnierebis momijnave<br />
dargebiTvisac.<br />
Venera Kavtiashvili<br />
The Review of the Book– “Literary Theory – Basic Concepts and Methodological<br />
Tendencies of XX Century”<br />
Summary<br />
The publishing of the book “Literary Theory – Basic Concepts and Methodological<br />
Tendencies of XX Century” by Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature should be<br />
mentioned among the most essential events that has taken place in Georgian literary criticism<br />
in 2008. This is a serious attempt to eradicate the spiritual shortage and drawbacks,<br />
from which Georgian culture has suffered during the Soviet period.<br />
The book that is under analysis points out the main line from Western literary-theoretical<br />
tendencies and the thoughts of the schools which were interested in scientific analysis<br />
of artistic texts and tried to identify their relation towards relative disciplines of humanities<br />
(philosophy, aesthetics, linguistics, psychology), which paves the path towards the establishment<br />
of multidimensional models of text research.<br />
The themes that are presented in the book are arranged chronologically and aid the<br />
reader not only to look through the general processes, but also to identify the deduction,<br />
similarity-difference and others between schools and tendencies.<br />
The book starts with the analysis of the works of Russian formalists, which is completely<br />
natural, because they later formed bases for formalistic directions that have sprung<br />
up. Moreover, the methods and results of the practical research made by them, have defined<br />
the development of structural poetics, semiotics, informational theory and machine<br />
translation. It is naturally followed by discussion of issues like: “Theoretical Conception<br />
of Bakhtin. Dialogue Criticism”; “Phenomenological Criticism”; “Hermeneutics”; “New<br />
American Criticism”; These issues cover 20-70s of the XX century and represent a sample<br />
for following the processes of synchronic and diachronic development of tough socialpolitical<br />
thinking and critical analysis.<br />
It is acknowledged, that portraying the general picture of structuralism without Prague<br />
School is impossible, from historical as well as from theoretical point of view. This school
literaturis Teoria _ XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi<br />
was the first to work out the tasks and methods of aesthetics and poetics and developed its<br />
characteristic epistemological viewpoints before post-structuralism. The book covers the<br />
methods that are peculiar for that school, such as: inter-disciplinarity, difference between<br />
literary and spoken language.<br />
The essential researches, like: “Mythological Criticism in Practice”, “Jung’s Psychology<br />
and his Understanding of Archetype”, “Psychoanalysis and Artistic Works”, connected<br />
with Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytical method are also displayed in the book, but in<br />
this case emphases are made on the analysis of Carl Gustav Jung’s viewpoints, who developed<br />
Freud’s doctrine by coining the concept of “Collective Unconscious”.<br />
The analysis of Harold Bloom’s theory of literary relations, to be more exact “Anxiety<br />
of Influence” or the concept known as Bloom’s “Antithetic Criticism” is also represented<br />
in the book in an interesting way. In addition, the essence of the concepts and theories<br />
implemented in them are also discussed, such as: post-structuralism, deconstruction, narratology,<br />
and the essence of postmodernism is defined on the basis of the thoughts of such<br />
theoreticians as: Ihab Hassan, Jean Bodrear, Friedrich Jameson, Barry Louise, Joseph Kont<br />
and others.<br />
The incomplete list of the works presented in the book points to the importance of this<br />
book not only from the point of literary criticism but from related sciences as well.<br />
249
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
250<br />
revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
(recenzia)<br />
wels b-ma revaz siraZem kulturis sakiTxebiT dainteresebul specialistebsa<br />
da farTo mkiTxvels warudgina Tavisi axali wigni _ kultura<br />
da saxismetyveleba, romelic aerTianebs konkretuli sakiTxebisadmi miZ-<br />
Rvnil narkvevebs. b-ni revazi (rogorc yovelTvis) gvTavazobs kulturis<br />
sakiTxebis metad mniSvnelovan kvlevas, romelic Tavis mxriv ukavSirdeba<br />
mwerlobisa da mxatvrobis saxismetyvelebasa da istoriulsa da Tanamedrove<br />
cnebaTa metyvelebas. wignis winaTqmaSi avtori aRniSnavs da amasTanave<br />
ganmartavs, rom narkvevebi exmianeba yofierebis saxeobriv TvalTaxedvas,<br />
romlis mixedviT, saxe mTel yofiT sinamdvileSia da ara oden xelovnebis<br />
qmnilebaSi. yofierebis saxeobrivi koncefciis wanamZRvrebi warmoCenilia<br />
b-ni revazis specialur narkvevSi _ `saxismetyveleba~ (1976), Camoyalibebuli<br />
da fundamenturad Seswavlilia missave wignebSi _ „qarTuli esTetikuri<br />
azris istoriidan“ (1978), „qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi“ (2000).<br />
axali wigni _ „kultura da saxismetyveleba“ (2008) gagrZelebaa aRniSnuli<br />
naSromebisa da gaazrebaTa pluralurobis gaTvaliswinebiT, calkeuli<br />
sakiTxebis dRevandel problemebsa da safiqralTan dakavSirebas isaxavs<br />
miznad.<br />
wigni aerTianebs Teqvsmet narkvevs, romlebSic saxismetyvelebiTi kvleva-Ziebisa<br />
da Tanamedrove cnebaTmetyvelebis safuZvelze, tradiciul<br />
SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT calkeul sakiTxTa axleburi wakiTxva-gaazrebaa<br />
warmoCenili.<br />
wignis pirveli narkvevi _ istoria `mkiTxelis fenomenisa~ da saxismetyvelebiTi<br />
periodizacia _ exeba literaturis periodizacias, romelic<br />
nawarmoebis ukeT gagebas unda emsaxurebodes. b-ni revazi Zveli qarTuli<br />
literaturis istoriis periodizaciisTvis mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs e.w.<br />
aRmosavlur-qristianuli kulturul-istoriuli regionis raobas, masSi<br />
Semaval mwerlobaTa Soris ki umTavress _ bizantiur-berZnul literaturas<br />
gamohyofs. avtori mimoixilavs k.kekeliZis mier qarTuli literaturis<br />
istoriis I tomSi warmodgenil Zveli qarTuli literaturis periodizaciis<br />
safuZvlebsa da struqturas. Tavis mxriv, mecnier-mkvlevari<br />
qarTuli literaturis periodizaciisaTvis aRmosavlur-qristianuli<br />
kulturul-istoriuli regionidan gamohyofs da ganmartavs Semdeg niSnebs:
evaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
1. biblia da masze dafuZnebuli liturgikuli wesi azrovnebisa, romelsac<br />
ukavSirdeba drois veqtorul da ciklur gagebaTa erTianoba;<br />
2. yofierebis saxeobrivi koncefcia, romlis mixedviT, saxe da saxeTa<br />
sistemebi miemarTeba universaliebs, es ukanasknelni ki sazriss aZleven<br />
saxeebs (`Sebrunebuli perspeqtiva~);<br />
3. hermenevtikuli (ganmartebiTi) wesi azrovnebisa, romlis mixedviT,<br />
mTavaria maradiul problemaTa mudmivi `Targmaneba~;<br />
4. `ganviTarebis~ pirobiToba literaturis da saerTod, xelovnebis istoriis<br />
mimarT, radgan maTSi siaxlenia saZiebeli da ara `ganviTareba~;<br />
5. yvelafris ganmsazRvrelia moZRvreba adamianze, iqmneba `nimuSis esTetika~,<br />
amave dros icvleba adamianTmcodneoba.<br />
narkvevis vrceli monakveTi eTmoba `teqstis~, rogorc zogad-kulturologiuri<br />
kategoriis ganxilvas, rac niSnavs imas, rom yvelaferi SesaZlebelia<br />
ganixilebodes, rogorc `teqsti~ (istoria, samyaro, TviT adamiani<br />
da sxv.). r. siraZe teqstis ganzomilebaze msjelobisas emyareba r. ingardens,<br />
amasTanave amjobinebs horizontaluri (teqstis sityvaTa struqturuli<br />
Tanamimdevroba) da vertikaluri (teqstis sulieri Sinaarsi) veqtorebis<br />
gamoyofas, raTa nebismieri teqsti gaiazrebodes jvarsaxovnebiT<br />
(amqveyniuri da sulieri SinaarsiT, romelic jvris vertikals Seesabameba).<br />
aRniSnulia, rom droSi xdeba teqstis horizontaluri mdinareba,<br />
xolo myisieri SeiZleba iyos sulieri vertikalis SegrZneba. r.siraZis<br />
azriT, sasurvelia `jvarsaxovneba~ damkvidrdes literaturul esTetikur<br />
sferoSic, garkveuli pirobiTobiT, saero nawarmoebSic SesaZlebelia misi<br />
danaxva. `jvarsaxovnebaze~ msjelobisas narkvevSi gamoikveTeba mkiTxvelis<br />
fenomeni, romlisTvisac iwereba nawarmoebi da romelic mudmivad qmnis<br />
nawarmoebs da literaturul epoqasac. am mimarTebiT, narkvevSi moxmobilia<br />
umberto ekosa da piter kornelis Txzulebani, miSel fukos wigni _ `sityvebi<br />
da sagnebi~; dasaxelebulia mkiTxvelis problemisadmi miZRvnili<br />
qarTvel mecnierTa gamokvlevebi. r.siraZe teqstTa istoriisa da avtorTa<br />
gamonaTqvamebis mixedviT warmogvidgens `mkiTxvelis fenomenis~ istorias.<br />
am mizniT moxmobilia `wm.ninos cxovrebis~, SuSanikisa da abos `wamebaTa~,<br />
ioane zedaznelisa da ilarion qarTvelis `cxovrebaTa~, `vefxistyaosnis~,<br />
`daviTianis~ teqstebidan Sesabamisi epizodebi, romelTa meSveobiT warmoCndeba<br />
mkiTxvelis fenomenis raoba.<br />
narkvevis qveTavi _ saxismetyvelebiTi periodizaciisaTvis _ erT-erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani da sayuradRebo cdaa Zveli qarTuli literaturis periodizaciis<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis. r. siraZis azriT, literaturis istoriisaTvis<br />
Sidaliteraturuli faqtorebia amosavali da ara epoqaTa xasiaTi.<br />
amisdakvalad, avtori mizanSewonilad Tvlis, gamoiyos oTxi periodi:<br />
251
252<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
1. eideturi anu miTosuri saxismetyvelebis periodi (winaqristianuli<br />
xana), romelic ZiriTadad miTosur xanas moicavs, Tavs iCens agiografiaSic<br />
(qristianobis xanaSi dagmobili an desakralizebulia). eidetur saxismetyvelebaSi<br />
saxis Sina arsi srulad vlindeba missave formaSi;<br />
2. eikonuri (anu xatisebri) gansaxovnebis xana (IV-XI ss. _ agiografia,<br />
himnografia, homiliebi). aq gareforma mianiSnebs mis Sinaarssa da Sina<br />
arss, rac miRmuria da suliT SesagrZnobi. r.siraZis azriT, eikonuri saxismetyveleba<br />
Tavs iCens Semdegdroindel qarTul mwerlobaSic (moxmobilia<br />
d. guramiSvilis, n. baraTaSvilis, a. wereTlis, g. tabiZis, a. kalandaZis<br />
poeziidan Sesabamisi nawyvetebi);<br />
3. mesame periodad miCneulia XII- XIII saukuneebi. mxatvruli saxismetyvelebaa<br />
am periodis ganmsazRvreli, radgan, rogorc b-ni revazi SeniSnavs,<br />
saxeTa safuZveli oden esTetikuria, ar emorCileba arc eikonurobas<br />
da arc miToss. am TvalsazrisiT, ganxilulia `amirandarejanianis~, `abdulmesianis~,<br />
`Tamarianis~ saxismetyveleba, romelic cxadyofs, rom `es-<br />
Tetikuri TvalTaxedvis dominirebam safuZveli Seqmna dasavlur-qristianuli,<br />
antikuri da aRmosavluri (ufro-sparsuli) da miTosuri saxismetyvelebiTi<br />
tradiciebis sinTezisa~ (r.siraZe, kultura da saxismetyveleba,<br />
Tb., 2008, gv.18);<br />
4. dacemis xana (XIV-XVss.) _ miuxedavad imisa, rom es periodi arc<br />
originaluri qarTul nawarmoebTa simravliT da arc saxismetyvelebiTi<br />
siaxleebiT ar gamoirCeva, r.siraZis azriT, am dros gansakuTrebiT iCens<br />
Tavs sakiTxi _ `fsiqologiuri memkvidreoba~ (Taobidan Taobas gadacemuli<br />
fsiqologiuri zegavlena), romelic qmnis `mkiTxvelis istorias~,<br />
erovnuli xasiaTis SenarCunebas uwyobs xels. enobrivi msoflxedva gansaz-<br />
Rvravs literaturis saxismetyvelebas.<br />
r. siraZe V periods (XVI-XVIII ss.) e.w. `aRorZinebis xanas~ (romlis<br />
saxeldebis uvargisoba karga xania aRiniSneba) ganixilavs yovlismomcveli<br />
mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT, kerZod, sparsofilobis amsaxveli da<br />
antisparsofiluri narativi, `marTlis Tqmis~ principTa Semcveli saxismetyvelebiTi<br />
nakadi (arCili, feSangi, ioseb saakaZe, d.guramiSvili),<br />
sparsofiluri saxismetyveleba (Teimuraz I da misi skola), religiur<br />
simbolikaze damyarebuli lirika (d.guramiSvili, vaxtang VI), erovnuli<br />
saxismetyvelebis kvalobaze arakTa damuSaveba (s.-s.orbeliani). am periodSi<br />
Tavs iCens mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba (sparsuli, rusuli, dasavlurevropuli<br />
literaturisa).<br />
b-ni revazi e.w. `gardamaval xanas~ (XVIII s-is bolo da XIX s-is dasawyisi)<br />
ganakuTvnebs axal qarTul mwerlobas.<br />
r. siraZis mier SemoTavazebuli saxismetyvelebiTi periodizacia bevri-
evaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
saTvis SesaZloa, sakamaToc iyos, magram ucilobelia, rom narkvevSi xangrZlivi<br />
mecnieruli kvlevis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli axali Tvalsazrisi,<br />
meTodologiuri midgoma gamoikveTeba, erTob sayuradRebo da gasaTvaliswinebeli.<br />
wignis momdevno narkvevSi _ dro da Jami _ ganxilulia: dro Jamieri<br />
(warmavlobisa) da dro maradiuli (i.petriwis naazrevze dayrdnobiT), maTi<br />
urTierTmimarTeba (Jamieri drois sawyisi maradiuli droa), Jamieri dro<br />
da misi bunebis arsi(dro cvalebadia, ucvlelia _ misi buneba, romelic<br />
maradiulobis xatia), dro-sivrcis (qronotopis) cneba da adamiani, siuJeturi<br />
dros arsi (igia saxe da xati maradiulobisa), ena da zedrouloba.<br />
r. siraZe gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs: samyaros saxeobriv Semecnebas,<br />
qarTuli naazrevisaTvis fundamenturi mniSvnelobis fenomens<br />
(movlena samyaroSi CarTulia rogorc saxe), saxeobrivi gagebis princips<br />
(saxeobrivadaa SesagrZnobi drois arseboba, saxeobrioba cvalebadobaa,<br />
maradiuloba igiveobriobaa. maradiuloba warmoSobs saxeobriobas, magram<br />
igi maradiulobas ver swvdeba). yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare<br />
mkvlevari askvnis, rom `gansaxovnebis Teoria SeiZleba drois Teoriad<br />
iqces~ (gv. 29).<br />
specialistTa da kulturiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa yuradRebas<br />
uTuod miipyrobs narkvevis is nawili, romelic drois bibliur-qristianuli<br />
koncefciis ganxilvas eTmoba (wm. ioane damaskelis naazrevis moxmobiT<br />
_ dro ganxilulia adamianis arsebobis sazrisiT, kacobriobis arsebobis<br />
sazrisi ki ganmartebulia esqatologiuri drois mixedviT, manamde<br />
istoriuli an egzistencialuri droa). r.siraZe gamoyofs drois gagebis<br />
mTavar mimarTebebs: dro da sikeTe (sikeTea drois saxeobrivi bunebis ganmsazRvreli,<br />
misi mizani da Sinaarsi), dro da ricxvi (orive wmindaa da<br />
sagnebSi sulis msgavsadaa ganfenili, sagnobriobaSi ar iTqvifeba, ricxvi<br />
gansazRvravs dros), ricxvTa simbolikis ganxilva ki warmoCens azrs, rom<br />
adamianma unda icxovros RvTiuri droiT.<br />
mkvlevari Seiswavlis i.petriwis `ganmartebidan~ drois aRricxvasa da<br />
droul ganzomilebas (arsebobs raodenobrivi gazomva droisa, amasTanave<br />
ganizomeba drois Tviseba, xarisxi, sazrisi), arsiTa da moqmedebiT Jamiseuls,<br />
Jameuli drois samobas (iyo, aris da iqneba, rasac enaSi gramatikuli<br />
droc amtkicebs. yovelive sam droSi myofobs), droisa da movlenis<br />
bunebis urTierTmimarTebas (movlenis gvareobiTi raobisa da sakuTari<br />
bunebis SenarCunebas). b-ni revazi sagangebod gamohyofs i. petriwis filosofiuri<br />
msoflxedvis safuZvels _ `erTs~ (yvelafris miRmuri `erTi~ da<br />
warmoqmnili, pirvelwarmomqmneli `erTi~; `erTidan~ momdinareobs dro)<br />
da or binarul mimarTebas Soris arsebiT kavSirs (maraduloba da dro,<br />
253
254<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
erTi da simravle); drois zecnebiTi aspeqtebis TvalTaxedviT gaazrebulia<br />
`martivis~ raoba (simartive umaRlesi erTisa da simartive nivTTa),<br />
romelic gansaxovnebis qronotopisaTvisaa sayuradRebo. sanimuSod moxmobilia<br />
wm.dionise areopagelis msjelobani RvTaebis antinomiurad gaazrebisaTvis<br />
(antinomiurad gasaazrebelia RvTaeba da antinomiuri bunebisaa<br />
dro).<br />
narkvevSi eortalogiuri dro (dro saqristiano dResaswaulebisa)<br />
agiografiis Seswavlis safuZvelze ganxilulia drois saxismetyvelebi-<br />
Ti gaazrebebi (moxmobilia `wm.ninos cxovreba~, `abos wameba~). r.siraZe<br />
qarTul agiografiaSi gamoyofs kompoziciis sam tips (nawarmoebebi _ uwyveti<br />
teleologiuri siuJetiT, triptiquli tipis da centralur-cikluri<br />
kompoziciiT) da mas ukavSirebs siuJeturi drois problemas agiografiaSi<br />
(am mimarTebiT ganxilulia ``SuSanikis wameba~, `abos wameba~<br />
da `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba). yuradRebulia ZvelqarTul saistorio<br />
mwerlobaSi JanrTa (`cxovreba~, istoria da JamTaaRmwerloba) droisadmi<br />
samnairi midgoma, TariRTa simcire (rac r.siraZis azriT, imiT aixsneba,<br />
rom molenebi mowodebulia zedrouli igavurobiT da ara drouli konkretizirebiT).<br />
r. siraZe sagangebod msjelobs saxeobriv sistemebze dafuZnebul yovlismTlianobis<br />
ideaze, yovlismomcveli simbolizmis filosofiaze (v.<br />
soloviovis Tvalsazrisis mixedviT) da sxvadasxva saazrovno nakadis sin-<br />
Tezirebis kvalobaze ganixilavs i.petriwis azrovnebisaTvis wamyvans _ igavur<br />
cnobierebas (samyaroSi nebismieri movlena saxeobrivia, saRvTo sazrisi<br />
msWvalavs da aerTianebs yvelafers). `samyaro saxeTa sistemaa, xolo<br />
samyaros Secnoba saxeTa Sinaarsis amocnobis gziT xdeba~ (gv. 48).<br />
narkvevis dasasruls r.siraZe aRniSnavs, rom sikeTea drois sazrisis<br />
ganmsazRvreli, misi mizanica da Sinaarsic, drois saxeobrivi buneba ki samyaros<br />
saxeobrivi agebulebisa da saxismetyvelebiTi koncefciis erT-erTi<br />
mTavari safuZvelia.<br />
SevniSnavT, rom wignis zemoganxiluli narkvevi (dro da Jami) Zalze<br />
mniSvnelovan cnebebs, ideebsa da movlenebs aerTianebs, mraval sakiTxsa<br />
da safiqrals aRZravs, romlebic istoriulsa da Tanamedrove cnebaTmetyvelebas<br />
ukavSirdeba. b-ni revazi cdilobs, aRniSnuli sakiTxi saxeobrivi<br />
Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT warmogviCinos da umTavresze gagvamaxvilebinos<br />
yuradReba. am TvalTaxedviT, imdenad yovlismomcveli da tevadia narkvevi,<br />
rom yoveli sityva da fraza mkiTxvelisagan did yuradRebas, dakvirvebasa<br />
da analizs moiTxovs, Zneldeba misi erTianobaSi aRqma. magram mxolod<br />
fiqris aRmZvreli sityvaa faseuli, romlisTvisac Rirs yovelgvari<br />
sirTulis daZleva.
evaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
wignis momdevno narkvevSi _ `sveti-cxoveli~ _ sazrisi qarTvelTa sulieri<br />
cxovrebisa _ aRniSnulia, rom istoriis sazrisi (Teologiuri istoriosofiis<br />
mixedviT) `sveticxovelia~, romelic jvarsaxovnebas aniWebs<br />
drosa da garemos. r.siraZe qarTul istoriosofias (qristianul kulturologias),<br />
romelic mwyobrad ar gamovlenila, etapobrivad mimoixilavs<br />
_ qristianuli religiis dafuZnebas, romelmac `axali cxovreba~<br />
da Sesabamisad miznobrivi dro daamkvidra (`mravalTavebi~, naTargmni da<br />
originaluri agiografia, eortalogiuri kalendari da a.S.), `moqcevaÁ<br />
qarTlisaÁs~ e.w. qronikuli nawilis Janrobriv nakadebs, maT mTlianobas.<br />
avtori ioane sabanisZis istoriosofiidan oTx niSans gamoyofs, istoriis<br />
RvTismetyvelebas nikoloz gulaberisZis `sakiTxavis~ mixedviT warmoaCens,<br />
`qarTvelTa bunebis~ kritikis maCveneblad `daviT aRmaSeneblis cxovrebas~<br />
miiCnevs. narkvevSi saubaria _ anton bagrationis `wyobilsityvaobaze~<br />
(saqarTvelos `klasikuri warsulis~ suraTi istoriuli pirovnebebiTaa<br />
Seqmnili), gr.orbelianis `sadRegrZeloze~ (mkvidrdeba koncefcia<br />
_ qarTvelTa erTianobis gacnobierebis dawyebisa saxelmwifoebriobis<br />
Camoyalibebisa da erTiani mwignobrobis Seqmnis droidan), erTiani saqarTvelos<br />
ideis mudmiv arsebobaze (gansakuTrebiT vaxuSti batoniSvilisa da<br />
d.guramiSvilis istoriosofiaSi), axali qarTuli filosofiis dasawyisze<br />
(ilia WavWavaze). r.siraZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs qristianul adamianTmcodneobaze,<br />
romelSic mJRavndeba qarTuli istoriosofiuli Sexedulebani.<br />
am mimarTebiT, mkvlevari ganixilavs saistorio TxzulebaTa saxeldebebs,<br />
`wminda mxedris~ ideals, romelic safuZvlad edeba qarTul-renesansul<br />
kulturas, Tamaris IV hipostazis ideas, tolerantobas (sparsuli,<br />
laTinuri kulturisadmi), enis bunebasa da Sina-arss eris cnobierebasa da<br />
yofierebaSi. dasasruls aRniSnulia, rom qarTvelTa sulier cxovrebas<br />
aSinaarsebs `sveti-cxoveli~.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom r.siraZis mier qarTuli qristianuli kulturologiisaTvis<br />
`sveti-cxovlis~ sazrisad warmodgena erTob sayuradRebo<br />
azria da siaxlis damamkvidrebeli qarTul cnobierebaSi, rac masStaburi<br />
xedvisaken warmarTavs Cvens gulisyurs.<br />
narkvevSi _ sioni da qarTuli eklesiologia _ r.siraZis azriT, arsebiTia<br />
pasuxis gacema Semdeg kiTxvebze: saqarTveloSi ratom iyo popoularuli<br />
eklesiaTa saxelwodebad `sioni~? ratom ar iyo saqarTveloSi<br />
`sofiis~ saxelobis eklesiebi? am mizniT, narkvevSi warmoCenilia sionis<br />
raoba, misi kulturul-religiuri Sinaarsi (bibliur-evangeluri, sofiologiuri<br />
da eklesiologiuri mniSvneloba). r.siraZis azriT, `sioni~, vi-<br />
Tarca saxe-idea, SeiZleba gamoxatavdes Semdeg saxe-ideebs: RvTismSobeli,<br />
wm. sofia (zesTasibrZne), zeciuri `qalaqi~ da eklesia. `sionis~ person-<br />
255
256<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
ificireba xdeba qalis saxeSi. ierusalimi sionis asulia~ (gv.58). sionTan<br />
mimarTebiT, qarTul wyaroTagan upirvelesad moxmobilia `moqcevaÁ qar-<br />
TlisaÁs~ WeliSuri varianti, sadac `sioni~ `kaTolike eklesiis~ Ziri-<br />
Tad saxelwodebad moiazreba (Tavdapirveli saxeldebaa `wmidaTa wmida~,<br />
SemdegSi _ `sioni~ da `sveticxoveli~); `sionis~ konteqsti warmoCenilia<br />
`Siosa da evagres cxovrebisa~ da `ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~, juanSeris<br />
Txzulebis, `klarjuli mravalTavis~ ioane bolneliseuli sakiTxavis<br />
mixedviT. aRniSnulia, rom sveticxovlis taZari solomonis taZarsaa Semsgavsebuli<br />
da sibrZnis adgilad miiCneoda iseve, rogorc `sioni~ (`sioni~<br />
aia-sofias, wminda sibrZnis simbolocaa).<br />
narkvevis bolos r.siraZe ajamebs kvlevis Sedegebs Semdegi saxiT: 1.<br />
saqarTveloSi sionis saxeldebiT eklesiaTa farTo gavrceleba RvTismSoblisadmi<br />
wilxvdomilobis ideiT, qarTuli eklesiis ierusalimuri warmo-<br />
SobiT aixsneba; 2. ierusalimis sioni (konstantinepolis aia-sofias gaTvaliswinebiT)<br />
SesaZloa yofiliyo zogadi nimuSi Tavdapirveli qarTuli<br />
qristianuli taZrisaTvis.; 3. saqarTveloSi wm.sofiis idea daukavSires<br />
RvTismSoblis eklesiebs _ sions da amiT unda aixsnas CvenSi wm.sofiis<br />
saxelobis eklesiaTa ararseboba.<br />
davZenT, rom narkvevSi wamoWrili sakiTxebi, romlebic samecniero<br />
literaturaSi metnaklebadaa yuradRebuli, erTiani TvalTaxedviTaa gaazrebuli<br />
da Sefasebuli, amomwuravad da mkafiod warmoaCens saTqmels, sazogadoebaSi<br />
arsebul bevr kiTxvas scems pasuxs da savaraudo safiqrals<br />
naTels hfens.<br />
narkvevi _ sveticxoveli, aia-sofia da sioni (simboloTa gaazrebisaTvis)<br />
_ erTgvari gagrZelebaa winare kvlevisa. r.siraZis varaudiTiT, pavle<br />
mociqulis epistole (romelic eklesias exeba) unda yofiliyo sveticxovlis<br />
saxeldebis uSualo safuZveli (`sveti WeSmaritebisa~ qarTul sinamdvileSi<br />
Senacvlebulia `sveti cxoveliT~, qristes qarTuli saxeldebis _<br />
`macxovris~ kvalobaze). amdenad, mkvlevris azriT, `sveti-cxoveli~ saRvTo<br />
WeSmaritebas, wminda sibrZnes (`aia-sofias~) gulisxmobs, rasac bibliuri<br />
safuZveli aqvs. amasTanave `sveti-cxoveli~ ganicdeboda `Zalad RvTisa~.<br />
narkvevSi (erT-erT bizantiur traqtatsa da `wm.ninos cxovrebaze~ dayrdnobiT)<br />
warmoCenilia imperator konstantines droindeli aia-sofiasa da<br />
sveticxovlis (romelic `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT, `sionad~ iwodeba)<br />
urTierTmimarTeba (aia-sofia sveticxovlis winasaxe unda yofiliyo).<br />
b-ni revazi Tvlis, rom sveticxovlis pirvelnimuSad solomonis `sibrZnis<br />
taZarTan~ erTad qristes saflavi da sioni unda qceuliyo (sveticxovelSi<br />
Cadgmuli mcire eklesia qristes saflavis taZris analogiuria, `sioni~<br />
ki saqarTveloSi RvTismSoblis taZrebs ewodeba). narkvevSi warmoCenili
evaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
mosazrebani emyareba bibliur wignebs, bizantiur traqtats _ `uwyebaÁ da<br />
TxrobaÁ aRSenebisaTvis taZrisa eklesiisa...~, andria kritelis _ `SobisaTvis<br />
RvTismSoblisa~, efrem mciris Teologiur leqsikons, `moqcevaÁ<br />
qarTlisaÁs~, n.gulaberisZis `sakiTxavsa~ da `galobans~.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom r.siraZis wignis ori narkvevi _ sioni da qarTuli<br />
eklesiologia da sveticxoveli, aia-sofia da sioni _ erT mTlianobadaa<br />
gasaazrebeli da aRsaqmeli. es ori gamokvleva garkveulwilad safuZvels<br />
umzadebs winmswreb Tavs _ `sveticxoveli~ _ sazrisi qarTvelTa sulieri<br />
cxovrebisa. erTianobaSi ki mkiTxveli srulad gaisigrZeganebs, miadevnebs<br />
Tvals da gulisyuriT gaacnobierebs qarTvelTa sulieri cxovrebisaTvis<br />
esoden mniSvnelovani sazrisis _ `sveticxovlisa~ da sveticxovlis Sinaarss.<br />
wignis erT-erTi narkvevi _ toponimi `gareja~ da misi eklesiologiuri<br />
Sinaarsi _ miznad isixavs samecniero literaturaSi araerTgzis<br />
yuradRebuli sakiTxis garkvevas, romelic dRemde sakamaToa da kvlavac<br />
_ fiqrisa da gansjis aRmZvreli. zogadi mimoxilvis Semdeg, r. siraZe<br />
gamokveTs qarTvelTaTvis `aTcamet mamaTa~ damsaxurebasa da Rvawls,<br />
romelic wm.ninos mociqulebrivi Rvawlis kvalobaze warimarTeboda. mkvlevari<br />
toponim `garesjis~ eklesiologiuri Sinaarss ganixilavs qristianuli<br />
`qarTlis~ sivrcul SinaarsTan mimarTebiT da aRniSnavs, rom `qar-<br />
Tli~ (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ arsebobis droidan) qarTlTan erTad kaxeTsac<br />
gulisxmobs. b-ni revazi `daviT garejelis cxovrebis~ erTi monakveTis<br />
mixedviT mimoixilavs `udabnos~ mniSvnelobas da am SemTxvevaSi dausaxlebel<br />
garemoSi, garejaSi samonastro sulierebis damkvidrebad miiCnevs.<br />
misi azriT, kompoziti `gare-sja~ Tavdapirvelad adgilis saxeldebad, e. i.<br />
toponimad ki ar warmoqmnila, aramed samonazvno qmedebis, monazvnis mier<br />
tanjvisa da SeWirvebis aRsaniSnavad...~ (gv. 78). mkvlevari `garesjis~ Secvlas<br />
forma `garejiT~, Tavdapirvel saxeldebaSi eklesiologiuri Sinaarsis<br />
dakargvis SegrZnebiT xsnis.<br />
Cveni azriT, savsebiT marTebulia fiqri imasa, rom `garesja~ ar gulisxmobs<br />
`gare-gansjas~ (`gare-msjelobas~), aramed, _ rogorc b-ni revazi ganmartavs,<br />
_ monazvnis mier tanjvas, asketur `TviT dasjas~, rasac mama daviTi<br />
qarTlis mimarT `gare~ regionSi, udabnoSi aRasrulebda.<br />
narkvevSi _ bodi-bodbe da soji dedofali _ gamoyofilia wm.ninos<br />
dros bodbis gaqristianebis sakiTxi (`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ monacemTa<br />
mixedviT). aRniSnulia is gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rac mieniWa bodbes<br />
da mTel kaxeTs wm.ninos iq dakrZalviT. r.siraZis azriT, wm.ninos saflavs<br />
bodbeSi ramdenime momenti gansazRvravs, kerZod, strabonis cnobiT,<br />
swored aq unda mdgariyo TeTri qalRmerTis (levkoTeas) taZari, `moqcevaÁ<br />
257
258<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT ki _ miriani SesaZleblad Tvlis wm.ninos armazis<br />
asulad miCnevas. mkvlevari varaudobs, rom wm.ninos kultma daZlia qal-<br />
RvTaebaTa kulti. bodbes mniSvnelobas, b-ni revazis azriT, ganadidebs<br />
soji dedoflis pirovnebac, romlis moRvaweoba warmoaCens `didi kaxeTis~<br />
qarTul saqristianosTan gamTlianebas. narkvevSi gamoTqmulia varaudi,<br />
rom `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstSi soji dedofalTan dakavSirebuli CanarTi,<br />
SesaZloa, bodbis eklesiis uZvelesi `sakiTxavi~ iyos. b-n revazi<br />
amis maCveneblad Tvlis soji dedoflis mcxeTaSi misvlis didmniSvnelovan<br />
faqts, romelic TxzulebaSi sagangebodaa aRwerili, Tavad wm. ninosa da<br />
samefo karis mieraa gansakuTrebiT yuradRebuli.<br />
da bolos, r.siraZe `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT gamokveTs qalTa<br />
Rvawls qarTlis moqcevaSi. qalTa saxeebisa da maTi damsaxurebis mTeli<br />
sisruliT warmoCena did STabeWdilebas axdens da erTgvar gakvirvebasac<br />
ki iwvevs. nawarmoebis kiTxvisas es fenomeni aseTi masStaburobiT nakleb<br />
aRiqmeba; am SemTxvevaSi ki (erTianobaSi warmoCenisas) _ mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />
sacnauri xdeba, rom qalTa Rvawli fasdaudebelia, igi qarTlis moqcevis<br />
mTel gzas moicavs da saerTod, Txzulebas uwyvet xazad gasdevs.<br />
narkvevSi _ ioane petriwis saxismetyveleba _ Seswavlilia saxeobriobis<br />
adgili da mniSvnelovneba movlenaTa simravlis petriwiseul warmodgenaSi.<br />
am mizniT, r.siraZe ioane petriwis `ganmartebidan~ gamoyofs da ganixilavs<br />
Semdeg sakiTxebs: `pirvelmizezis~ mravalmxriv ganmartebas, saxeTa warmoqmnasa<br />
da msgavsebas, ierarqiuli wyobis mimarTebasa (zemodan qvemoT da piruku)<br />
da ierarqiuli wyobis esTetikur princips, samyaros esTetikuri gaazrebis<br />
koncefcias, berZnuli miTologiisadmi mimarTebas, moZRvrebas drosa da<br />
sivrceze, `erTisa~ da `simravlis~ urTierkavSirs da sxv.<br />
r. siraZis azriT, `pirvelmizezis~ petriwiseul ganmartebaTa Soris<br />
`dambadebloba-warmoqmnis~ Tvalsazrisia umTavresi (mxedvelobaSia saxeTa<br />
warmoqmna, am warmoqmnisas msgavsebis sakiTxi), gansaxovneba da trfialeba<br />
(ierarqiul wyobaSi qvemodan zemoT moZraobis gamomwvevi) ukavSirdeba mSvenierebas.<br />
mkvlevari aq gamokveTs erT moments, rom esTetikurobisadmia<br />
damorCilebuli (an dakavSirebuli) RmerTis raobaTa gaazrebisaTvis moxmobili<br />
sxvadasxva aspeqti. `pirvelmizezis~ mravalmxriv ganmartebaTa Soris<br />
b-ni revazi gamoyofs `mzes~ da aRniSnavs, rom petriwis naazrevSi `mze~<br />
pirvelmizezis simboloa (mze araa `zesT arsi~), misi mSvenierebis yvelaze<br />
ukeT warmomCeni (rac mravalgzis meordeba). amisdakvalad, mkvlevrisaTvis<br />
miuRebelia mzis RmerTobis kvalis arseboba petriwis naazrevSi. sakiTxis<br />
ganxilvis Sedegad irkveva Semdegi: petriwis `ganmartebis~ mixedviT, samyaros<br />
Seqmna mSvenierebis gamovlinebaa _ arsebobiTac da Tavisi Sinaarsi-<br />
Tac arsebulni mSvenierni arian.
evaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
r. siraZe petriwis msoflgagebaSi esTetikis didi mniSvnelovnebis warmosaCenad<br />
ganixilavs samyaros ierarqiul wyobas da masSi esTetikuri safuZvelis<br />
gamovlenas cdilobs. ganmartebaTa mixedviT, mkvlevari samyaros<br />
ierarqias (zeaRmavali wyobiT) Semdegi rigiT warmogvidgens: 1. sxeuli, 2.<br />
4 elementi, 3. ca, 4. buneba, 5. suli, 6. goni (`gonieri arsi~), 7. namdvil<br />
myofi, 8. erTni, 9. erTi. am sistemaSi umTavresi, arsis ganmsazRvreli<br />
yofila `pirveli goneba~ (`namdvil myofi~). b-ni revazi am ganmartebidan<br />
gamokveTs arsebiTs, rom `pirveli goneba~, romelic yoveli myofisa da<br />
arsisaTvis dasabamia, mSvenierebis saTave yofila. petriwis naazrevSi mkvlevris<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs imis warmoCena, rom `siraTa~<br />
mimarTeba, rogorc amqveynad, iseve zesTasofelSi, saxeobrivia, e.i. mTeli<br />
samyaro warmodgenilia saxeTa sistemaSi. samyaro iwyeba da mTavrdeba saxeebiT~<br />
(gv.93).<br />
r. siraZe sagangebod msjelobs im faqtze (romelic specialurad yuradRebuli<br />
ar yofila), rom petriwTan terminebi _ `saxieri~, `saxierebaÁ~<br />
ar ixmareba. maT nacvlad gamoiyeneba _ `keTili~, `keTilobaÁ~. mkvlevris<br />
azriT, amgvar Canacvlebas SeiZleba moeZebnos axsna _ petriwi `saxes~<br />
`gansaxovnebis~ gamosaxatavad iyenebda, gansaxovnebas sikeTesTan erTad mSvenierebac<br />
mohqonda; termini `saxieri~ ki _ qarTul mwerlobaSi keTils<br />
aRniSnavda da amdenad iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom gansaxovnebasTan mxolod<br />
sikeTe dakavSirebuliyo. narkvevSi yuradRebulia kidev erTi aspeqti<br />
_ samyaros esTetikuri gaazrebis koncefcia _ saxis gaazrebadaa miCneuli<br />
samyaros Semecneba, rac siamovnebas gvaniWebs. swored amas aRniSnavs es-<br />
Tetikuri termini `samusikeloTa rTvaÁ~ (mxatvruli morTvis, mokazmvis<br />
gza). r.siraZis varaudiT, petriwiseuli Semecnebis ornairi tipidan _ azrTan<br />
safexurebrivi miaxlovebisa da uSualo miaxlovebidan _ mxatvruli<br />
Semecneba meore tipad CaiTvleboda.<br />
r. siraZe ar eTanxmeba petriwis naazrevSi galobis samxmianobasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT e.metrevelis Sexedulebas (sami registris erTi bgeris er-<br />
Tianobas) da aRniSnavs, rom aq swored sami gansxvavebuli xmis erTianobaze,<br />
harmoniazea saubari da es mxolod musikas ar exeba. mkvlevris azriT, es<br />
zogadesTetikuri principia da samyaros zogad kanonzomierebaTa gamoxatulebadaa<br />
miCneuli.<br />
narkvevSi ganxilulia petriwis mimarTeba berZnuli miTologiisadmi,<br />
rac, r.siraZis azriT, literaturuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis Zalze<br />
sayuradReboa. sakiTxis ganxilvis Sedegad irkveva, rom petriwma antikuri<br />
memkvidreoba qristianobis safuZvelze `moaqcia~.<br />
dro-sivrcis petriwiseul filosofiasTan dakavSirebiT ki _ aRniSnulia,<br />
rom igi emyareba yofierebis saxeobriobas, maTi sazrisia sikeTe.<br />
259
260<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
petriwis naazrevidan narkvevSi saubaria `erTisa~ da `simravlis~ mimarTebazec<br />
(yoveli qmnileba gulisxmobs mis Semoqmeds, magram umaRles erTs<br />
ver swvdeba mTeli samyaros gaazrebebi). r.siraZe amisdakvalad gamoTqvams<br />
varauds, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebi misi Semoqmedis bunebas warmoaCens,<br />
yvelaferi ki usasrulod miemarTeba Cveni gonebisaTvis miuwvdomel uzenaes<br />
erTs.<br />
narkvevis dasasruls, zemoaRniSnul SexedulebaTa ganxilvis Sedegad<br />
r.siraZe aRniSnavs, rom qarTul neoplatonizmSi saxis buneba mravalmxrivaa<br />
Secnobili, rom am naazrevSi esTetikuri Sinaarsis mikuTvnebiT xiluli<br />
samyaros faseuloba maRldeboda, soflisa da zeSTasoflis morigebas es-<br />
Tetika axdenda, samyaros esTetikuri faseulobis aRiarebas ki didi mniSvneloba<br />
hqonda.<br />
aRniSnuli narkvevi mniSvnelovani da sayuradReboa ioane petriwis saxismetyvelebis<br />
Sesamecneblad. SesaZlebloba gveZleva, am urTules filosofiur<br />
naazrevSi sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa (RmerTze, samyaroze, mis ierarqiul<br />
wyobaze da a.S) meSveobiT amovikiTxoT filosofosis mier mravalmxriv<br />
Secnobili da Camoyalibebuli gansaxovnebis Taviseburebani, ganvsazRvroT<br />
saxeobriobis adgili da mniSvnelovneba movlenaTa simravlis petriwiseul<br />
warmodgenaSi, romelsac msWvalavs esTetikuri Tvalsazrisi. r.siraZis<br />
mier ganxiluli urTulesi sakiTxebi mkiTxvels uadvilebs petriwiseuli<br />
msoflgagebis aRqmas da gansaxovnebis principebTan dakavSirebiT bevr axal<br />
Tvalsazriss awvdis.<br />
wignis Semdegi narkvevi _ rusTavelis esTetikuri TvalTaxedva (Teoriuli<br />
Sexedulebani) _ warmoaCens rusTavelis literaturul-esTetikur<br />
principebs, romlebic Tavad poetis mier Teoriuli saxiTaa gadmocemuli.<br />
sakiTxTa uSualo kvlevamde, r.siraZe mimoixilavs rusTavelis esTetikis<br />
Seswavlis istorias da aRniSnavs, rom mxolod uaxles samecniero literaturaSi<br />
iZebneba specialuri gamokvlevebi rusTavelis literaturulesTetikuri<br />
Sexedulebebisa da mxatvruli samyaros Sesaxeb.<br />
narkvevSi `vefxistyaosnis~ SesavalSi gamoTqmuli sxvadasxva Teoriuli<br />
mosazrebidan gamoyofilia Semdegi sakiTxebi: 1. poeturi STagonebis wyaro,<br />
2. poeturi Semoqmedebis elementebi, 3. poeturi Semoqmedebis sagani, 4.<br />
mijnuris esTetikuri kvalifikacia.<br />
r. siraze aRniSnavs, rom rusTavelisTvis poeturi STagonebis pirvelsaTave<br />
RvTaebaa, rac SemoqmedebiT proceSi siyvaruliT gamsWvalvas gulisxmobs.<br />
amdenad, SemoqmedebiTi STagonebis pirvelwyarod mkvlevari siyvaruls<br />
miiCnevs, romelsac (RvTaebriv siyvaruls) mSveniereba moaqvs. da<br />
radgan rusTaveli amqveynad RvTaebrivi siyvarulis gamovlinebas Tamaris<br />
saxeSi xedavs, r. siraZe Semdegnairad gaiazrebs siyvarulis rusTvelur
evaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
warmodgenas _ RvTaeba, siyvaruli, Tamari. yuradsaRebia mkvlevris Sexeduleba,<br />
rom rusTvelisaTvis `mijnurTa surviliT~ gamsWvalvis gareSe<br />
pirovneba mxatvrul SemoqmedebiT unarsacaa moklebuli. es azri samecniero<br />
literaturaSi sagangebod araa yuradRebuli da amdenad poeturi<br />
STagonebis rusTavelur gagebaSi erT mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoaCens.<br />
r. siraZe rusTavelis naazrevidan gamoyofs poeturi Semoqmedebis 4 elements<br />
(ena, guli, xelovaneba, goneba), romlebic poeturi gamoTqmis silamazis<br />
(`turfad xsenebis~) misaRwevadaa aucilebeli; poezias ki qmnis am<br />
elementTa gamamTlianebeli, poeturi mizandasaxulobis mqone da SemoqmedebiTad<br />
STagonebuli pirovneba.<br />
narkvevSi ganxilulia RvTaebrivi da adamianuri siyvarulis mimarTeba,<br />
dazustebulia rusTvelur sityvaxmarebaSi terminis _ `baZvis~ mniSvneloba,<br />
rom igi mimsgavsebasTan erTad `gansaxovnebasac~ gulisxmobs. daskvna<br />
aseTia: `amqveyniuri, amaRlebuli adamianuri siyvaruli SeiZleba zeciurs<br />
ganasaxovnebdes~ (gv. 114). idealuri mijnuris saxeze msjeloba gamokveTs<br />
azrs, rom idealur mijnurSi (romelic adamianis zogadi idealia) RvTaebrivi<br />
idealebia Tavmoyrili. rusTveliseuli koncefciis amgvari wakiTxva<br />
da gaazreba mxolod erTiani xedviTaa SesaZlebeli, rac r. siraZis kvlevis<br />
mudmivi maxasiaTebelia.<br />
Sairobis ganmartebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic yvelaze metadaa yuradRebuli<br />
samecniero literaturaSi, b-ni revazi warmoaCens gansxvavebul<br />
Tvalsazriss, rom rusTavelisTvis yovelgvari sibrZne RvTaebrivia, saRv-<br />
Toc da saeroc, rom poemaSi gvar-saxeobrivadaa ganmartebuli `sibrZnis<br />
dargad~, `saRvTod~ gamocxadebuli Sairoba, rac saero poeziis mniSvnelobas<br />
amaRlebda.<br />
Sairobis Janrobriv sakiTxebze msjelobisas mkvlevari yuradRebas<br />
amaxvilebs imaze, rom rusTaveli poetur nawarmoebTa gamoyofasTan er-<br />
Tad sxvadasxva SesaZleblobis poetTa klasifikacias axdens. aqve ganmartebulia,<br />
rom `grZeli leqsis~ Tqma poetisagan did gamocdilebasa<br />
da Sromas iTxovs. r.siraZe rusTvelis poetur RirsebaTa ZiriTad kriteriumebad<br />
`grZlad Tqmasa~ da `naTlad Tqmas~ miiCnevs, rac, Cveni azriT,<br />
gasaTvaliswinebeli SeniSvnaa. mkvlevari sagangebod msjelobs araerTxel<br />
yuradRebul striqonze: `Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi dargi~ da<br />
aRniSnavs, rom aq azrovnebis sxva formaTa Soris Sairobis adgilis gansazRvrazea<br />
saubari. aRniSnuli strofis gasaazreblad b-ni revazi ganixilavs<br />
p.ingoroyvas, g.nadiraZis, m.gogiberiZis Sexedulebebs, ar eTanxmeba<br />
im azrs, rom `Sairoba~ saerTod xelovnebas da arc mis erT mxares niSnavs,<br />
radgan rusTavelTan `xelovneba~ ar ixmareba dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT,<br />
xolo `esTetika~ im droisaTvis saerTod ar arsebobda dRevandeli<br />
261
262<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
gagebiT. mkvlevari ganmartebis konkretuli Sinaarsis amosacnobad uciloblad<br />
miiCnevs, gaviTvaliswinoT moZRvreba orgvari sibrZnis Sesaxeb.<br />
narkvevSi gamokveTilia azri, rom rusTaveli mihyveba areopagitul moZ-<br />
Rvrebas zogadi TvalsazrisiT da axleburi gaazrebani Semoaqvs _ poemis<br />
mixedviT, `sibrZneSi~ ar igulisxmeba mxolod saRvTismetyvelo sibrZne,<br />
arc sibrZneTa saxeebia dapirispirebuli, mxolod umecrebaa RvTaebriobis<br />
antipodi. rusTavelTan `Sairoba~ sibrZnis rigis movlenaa, misi erT-erTi<br />
qvesaxea, xolo `xelovaneba~ aRniSnavs ostatobas da ara xelovnebas.<br />
narkvevSi r.siraZe rusTavelis esTetikur naazrevTan dakavSirebiT samecniero<br />
literaturaSi wamoWril mraval sakiTxs sayuradRebo axsnas uZebnis<br />
da Sua saukuneebis Teoriul-literaturul principebze dayrdnobiT<br />
gvisabuTebs sakuTar Sexedulebebs, romelnic siaxleTa warmomCenelia da<br />
WeSmaritebis wvdomis gzaTa Ziebisken gvibiZgebs.<br />
`casa caTasa~ (Tamar mefis iambiko) _ ase ewodeba narkvevs, romelSic<br />
ganxilulia `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ teqstSi CarTuli Tamar<br />
mefis `iambiko xuTeuli~. nawarmoebis gasaazreblad r.siraZe mimoixilavs<br />
istoriul viTarebas, dakavSirebuls Samqoris brZolasTan, romelic Tamaris<br />
`iambikos~ Seqmnis sababi gamxdara. mkvlevari SeniSnavs, rom `iambiko~,<br />
romlis mizani RvTis maradiulobis gamoxatvaa, RvTaebrivi sinamdvilis<br />
warmodgeniT iwyeba da amqveyniuri sinamdviliT sruldeba, rac `Sebrunebuli<br />
perspeqtivis~ principis erTgvari gamovlenaa. b-ni revazis azriT,<br />
Tamaris sityvebi _ `casa caTasa~ bibliur-patristikul moZRvrebas emyareba<br />
da caTagan gansakuTrebuls gulisxmobs, romlis `damwyebia RmerTmTavroba~.<br />
ioane damaskelisa da ioane petriwis naazrevis moxmobiT, mkvlevari<br />
daaskvnis, rom `caTa ca~ yofierebis pirvelsaTavea, RvTis adgili,<br />
umaRlesi caa, sadac `RmerTmTavroba~ (areopagituli wignebis mixedviT<br />
_ RvTaebrivi pirvelsawyisi) da `mRvdelT-mTavrobaa~ (wminda sawyisi).<br />
narkvevSi ganxilulia `iambikos~ striqonebi, romlebSic warmoCndeba Sesaqmis<br />
gaazreba, adamianis pirvelarsi. r.siraZis azriT, miuxedavad imisa,<br />
rom aq aqcentirebulia Ze RvTisa, mimarTva mainc RvTismSoblisadmia. bibliasa<br />
da patristikaze dayrdnobiT mkvlevars gamoaqvs daskvna, rom caTa<br />
ca RvTismSobelia, saRvTo usazRvroebis damtevi, romlis mimarTac Tamari<br />
madlierebis vedrebas aRavlens.<br />
r. siraZe aRniSnul narkvevSi mniSvnelovan dakvirvebebs gamokveTs da<br />
sayuradRebo Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams, romlebic saximetyvelebis meSveobiT<br />
aixsneba da gaiazreba. sakiTxis amgvari kvleva, `iambikoSi~ gansaxovnebaTa<br />
Zieba-warmoCena kvlavac cxadyofs `RmrTivganbrZobili~ Tamar mefis<br />
sulier simaRlesa da swrafvans, mkiTxvelisaTvis ametyvelebul ucnob<br />
samyaros.
evaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
friad saintereso da mravalmxrivi gansaxovnebis, sulis urTulesi<br />
Sreebis wvdomis warmomaCenelia narkvevi _ galaktionis `lurja cxenebi~<br />
da v.kandinskis `lurji mxedari~ (interteqstualuri wakiTxvisaTvis).<br />
r. siraZe mimoixilavs galaktionis winare periodis leqsebs (1915 wlis<br />
CaTvliT) da gamokveTs im Taviseburebebs, romlebic TavCenilia `lurja<br />
cxenebSi~ (1916w.); esenia _ teqstSi azrobrivze metad sityvebis emociuri<br />
urTierTkavSiri, saxeTa Sinaarsis mdinarebaSi (da ara statikur formeb-<br />
Si) ganamdvileba, mdinarebis Seqmna sityvaTa metalogikuri miniSnebiT da<br />
ara logikuri kavSiriT. mkvlevris dakvirvebiT, nawarmoebSi arasagnobrivi<br />
sinamdvile iqmneba sityvaTa sagnobrivi Sinaarsidan abstraqciiT.<br />
b-ni revazi `lurja cxenebis~ gaazrebisas warmoaCens im abstraqciaqmnil<br />
sivrces, romelic ufro `namdvili~ sinamdvilea, vidre konkretuli garemo.<br />
rogorc mkvlevari SeniSnavs, am sivrceSi, romelic qaosic-ki aRaraa,<br />
yofnisa da aryofnis gverdiT raRac mesamed aRiqmeba `napiri~ (`elvarebda<br />
napiri samudamo mxareSi~). mniSvnelovania aRniSvna imisa, rom leqsSi mimarTva<br />
_`Sen~ Seicavs `mes~ Sinaarss Taviseburi gaucxoebiT, rac poeturi<br />
igiveobaa, `depersonaluri Sinaarsis personalizeba~. rogorc mkvlevari<br />
SeniSnavs, pirovnulis danaxvis SesaZleblobas aq qmnis SemoqmedebiT procesTan<br />
dakavSirebuli impulsebis warmoCena.<br />
r. siraZe `lurja cxenebis~ urTulesi Sreebis wvdomisaTvis (romelnic<br />
bolomde miuwvdomelia) moixmobs galaktionis leqsebs, Soreuli<br />
reminiscenciebisTvis iTvaliswinebs miToss, antikur samyaros kulturas,<br />
qristianul ikonografias, qarTul poezias; gansakuTrebiT galaktionis<br />
Canawerebia yuradRebuli da poetis azrs, rom maRal poeziaSi `sinamdvileze<br />
meti sinamdvilea~, b-ni revazi abstraqcionistul eqspresionizmis<br />
principad aRiarebs. mkvlevari `lurja cxenebis~ interteqstualuri gaazrebisaTvis<br />
sruliad gansakuTrebulad miiCnevs vasil kandinskis (1866-1944)<br />
`lurj mxedars~ (mis grafikul, ferwerul da sxva variaciebs). narkvevSi<br />
mimoxilulia v.kandinskisa da f.markis TaosnobiT (redaqtorobiTa da avtorobiT)<br />
gamosuli almanaxi `lurji mxedari~ (1912 w.), masSi warmodgenili<br />
avtorebi (almanaxis ydazea v.kandinskis graviura _ `lurji mxedari~),<br />
gamokveTilia v.kandinskis Semoqmedebasa da `lurji mxedris~ ciklis<br />
nawarmoebTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. r. siraZe aRniSnavs, rom kandinskis<br />
mxatvroba aramimeturia da arasagnobrivi (am mizniT moxmobilia<br />
nawarmoebebi, ganxilulia _ `apokalifsis mxedari~). mkvlevari sagangebod<br />
msjelobs kandinskis `lurj mxedarze~, romlis Sinaarsi yofna-aryofnis<br />
miRmuria. galaktionis `lurja cxenebis~ darad, aqac danaxulia e.w. `mesame<br />
gamoricxuli~, areopagituli antinomiis kvalobaze gasaazrebeli.<br />
narkvevSi daZebnili da gamovlenilia `lurja cxenebisa~ da `lurji mx-<br />
263
264<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
edris~ saerTo Tavisiseburebani _ sulieri yofiereba (avtori Tavis Tavs<br />
gamoxatavs), gansaxovnebis arasagnobrioba da ganyenebuloba; feris, formisa,<br />
xazis (kandinskisTan) da sityvis (galaktionTan) TavisTavadi raobiT<br />
(da ara raimesi) warmoCena, daSlili samyaro da danawevrebuli sinamdvile,<br />
gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa siuxve (saTqmelis saboloo miuRwevlobis<br />
mizniT), SemoqmedebiTi procesebis Tanamdevi impulsebi, ikonografiuli<br />
gansaxovneba (Sinaarsi xiluli realobis miRma).<br />
narkvevSi imdenad siRrmiseulad da yovlismomcveli xedviTaa gaazrebuli<br />
galaktionis `lurja cxenebisa~ da v. kandinskis `lurji mxedris~<br />
Sina-arsi, rom saTqmelsac TiTqos aRar tovebs, igi fiqrisken da dumilSi<br />
gancdisken mimarTavs mkiTxvels. sakiTxTa interteqstualuri kvleva, reminscenciebisa<br />
Tu saxismetyvelebis warmoCena nawarmoebTa sulieri Sinaarsis<br />
amocnoba-wakiTxvaSi gvexmareba, `sinamdvileze met sinamdviles~ _ teqstismiRmur<br />
sinamdviles migvaaxlebs, usaxo da usazRvro sinamdviles realurad<br />
SegvagrZnobinebs, sityvier gamomsaxvel saSualebaTa siuxve ki miuRwevlobis<br />
SegrZnebas, `verTqmas~ sakuTar gulisTqmad gviqcevs. r.siraZe<br />
erTianobaSi gvawvdis avtorTa SemoqmedebiTi procesis Tanamdev impulsebs,<br />
sulier yofierebasa Tu poetur filosofosobas, daSlil samyarosa da<br />
nawarmoebis daSlil sinamdviles, zesinamdvilisken rom iswrafvis; imavdroulad<br />
eqspresiiT SevyavarT SemoqmedTa abstraqtuli eqspresionizmis<br />
samyaroSi, formas daSorebuli Sinaarsisken Cvenc, mkiTxvelTac gagviyoliebs<br />
da erTgvari TanaSemoqmedebisa Tu Tanagancdis grZnobas aRgviZravs.<br />
gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba imis Tqma (albaT mkiTxvelic dameTanxmeba), rom am<br />
narkvevis (iseve, rogorc sxva naSromTa) gacnobisas b-n revazTan mimarTebiT<br />
movixmoT galaktionis sityvebi _`me vxedav sizmrebs araTqveneburs~.<br />
wignis Semdeg narkvevSi _ apokalifsi wignisa. apokalifsuri xilvani<br />
`wm.ninos cxovrebaSi~ _ ganxilulia wminda wignis apokalifsuri tipis<br />
xilva, romelic, r. siraZis SexedulebiT, exmianeba wm.ioanes gamocxadebas.<br />
wignTa urTierTmimarTebis Seswavlis Sedegad gamoikveTeba azri, rom<br />
`gamocxadeba~ ubralo wyaro ki aRar aris, anda marginaluri `sqolio~,<br />
aramed is `Sedis~ `cxovrebis~ teqstSi da garkveulwilad erT mTlianobas<br />
qmnis~ (gv.157). amgvari dasvna teqstTa Semxvedri adgilebisa da gansaxovnebaTa<br />
msgavsebis warmoCeniTaa gamotanili, kerZod, RvTis xilva angelozuri<br />
kacis saxiT, `dabeWduli~ (saidumlo sibrZnis Semcveli) wigni, romlis<br />
mTavari funqcia misionerulia, sveti-cxoveli, Tvali-patiosani. `wm.ninos<br />
cxovrebis~ `wm.ioanes gamocxadebaze~ damokidebulebis maCveneblad<br />
r.siraZe miiCnevs `Satberdis krebuls~. aq Setanilia ipolite romaelis<br />
`aRsasrulisaTvis JamTaÁsa~, romelSic dasaxelebulia ioane RvTismetyveli<br />
da moyvanilia misi citata `gamocxadebidan~. mkvlevari swored
evaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
am nawvetsa da ipolite romaelis ganmartebas (gamocxadebis~ dedakacis<br />
Sesaxeb, romelic simboloa eklesiisa) ukavSirebs `wm.ninos cxovrebaSi~<br />
`eklesiis sulis~ simbolos _ jvars. narkvevSi saubaria wignis apokalifsis<br />
mniSvnelobaze (wignis `aTi sityva~ miemarTeba moses `aT mcnebas~) da<br />
wm.ninos wigni rjulis dafebis axal iersaxed, axal aRTqmaze damyarebul,<br />
axal apokalifsur wignadaa miCneuli.<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom r. siraZis es narkvevi Cvenebaa imisa, Tu raoden<br />
didi mniSvnelovnebis, siRrmiseuli Sina-arsis Semcvelia `wm.ninos cxovrebis~<br />
teqsti, paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis da gansaxovnebaTa amouwuravi<br />
saunje, interteqstualizmiT aRsaqmeli da gasaazrebeli.<br />
narkvevSi _ `idgnen da elodnen~, `dganan da elian~ _ r. siraZis mizania,<br />
`interteqstualuri~ wakiTxvis gziT warmoaCinos `mTani maRalnis~<br />
ori wyaro: 1. evsevi aleqsandrielis (Vs.) `kviriakis~ sakiTxavi da 2. goeTes<br />
mTaTa bunebis gaazreba `mogzaurobidan italiaSi~. unda aRiniSnos,<br />
rom es Txzulebebi pirvelad swored am narkvevSia dasaxelebuli `mTani<br />
maRalnis~ (saerTod, vaJas nawarmoebTa) wyarod. mkvlevars evsevi aleqsandrielis<br />
sakiTxavidan mohyavs nawyvetebi, romlebSic Svidjeraa warmoCenili<br />
am tipis frazebi: `dganan da elian~ da `idgnen da elodnen~, vaJasTan ki<br />
_ samjeraa am tipis Sesityveba. r. siraZis azriT, orive nawarmoebSi saRvTo<br />
imeds ukavSirdeba molodinis gancda, romelic qristianul sasoebas _<br />
imeds gulisxmobs. mkvlevari goeTes mTaTa bunebis gaazrebis warmosaCenad,<br />
ZiriTadad, eyrdnoba m. baxtinis Targmans, iTvaliswinebs rusul Targmansa<br />
da germanul dedansac. narkvevSi goeTes nawarmoebidan _ `mogzaurobidan<br />
italiaSi~ moxmobilia nawyveti, romlis mixedviT, mTis cxovelmyofeli<br />
Sinagani pulsirebaa, misive Semogarenis cvalebadobis ganmsazRvreli. yovelive<br />
amas miemarTeba vaJas mTaTa gulSi `cecxlis duRili~, idea, grZnoba,<br />
ocneba, `usazRvro zRvad~ Camdgari molodini.<br />
r. siraZis mier miTiTebuli wyaroebi dro-sivrculi mimarTebiT xsnian<br />
da msWvalaven vaJas mTaTa molodinisa da macocxlebeli bunebis arss, maT<br />
axali TvalsawieriT msWvalaven.<br />
zevsis saxecvlileba _ aseTi saxelwodebisaa narkvevi, romelSic<br />
r.siraZe warmoaCens petriwis `ganmartebaSi~ zevsis raobas. Tadapirvelad<br />
mkvlevari gamokveTs i. petriwis damokidebulebas miTologiisadmi<br />
_ rwmenis safuZvelSia qriste, miTologiidan aRbuli saxelebi (prome-<br />
Te, hermesi, aTena) ki _ adamianuri fenomenis simbolur saxelwodebebadaa<br />
gamoyenebuli. mkvlevari cdilobs gaarkvios, Tu raa saxeldebuli zevsad<br />
petriwis naazrevSi. `ganmartebis~ me-60 Tavidan moyvanil nawyvetze dayrdnobiT,<br />
r.siraZe aRniSnavs, rom petriwi samyaros ierarqiuli wyobis erTerT<br />
safexurs (sagnobrivi cnobierebis sferos) uwodebs `zevss~, romelic<br />
265
266<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
kerpTa, samyaros zemdgomi Zalis saxelwodebaa. diois anu zevsis sfero<br />
hbaZavs umaRles RvTiur realobas _ `namdvil-myofs~, `erTi~ yvelaze<br />
maRla dgas, zevsi ki warmavlobaSi monawileobs. amitomac ar SeiZleba<br />
igi uzenaes RvTaebad miviCnioT. r. siraZis msjelobidan gamomdinare, petriwTan<br />
antikuri warmodgenebi desakralizebulia, axlebur mniSvnelobas<br />
iZens. amdenad, zevsi dabali safexuria umaRles RvTaebriv sinamdvilesTan<br />
mimarTebiT. igi uzenaesi RmerTisganaa Seqmnili.<br />
narkvevi _ `suli saqmiT metyveli~ _ ilia WavWavaZis poemis _ `aCrdilis~<br />
problematikisa da gansaxovnebaTa Taviseburebebis warmoCena-gaazrebas<br />
exeba. r.siraZe poemis mraval mniSvnelovan sakiTxTa Soris ramdenimeze<br />
aCerebs yuradRebas. erT-erTi maTgani `aCrdilis~ mizandasaxulobis gamokveTasa<br />
da garkvevas isaxavs miznad. mkvlevari eikonuri saxismetyvelebiT<br />
movlenil xilvad miiCnevs aCrdils, romlis xilvisaTvis poemis III TavSi<br />
poetis cnobierebis Semzadebaa mocemuli. r. siraZe ganixilavs aCrdilis<br />
saxis raobas da aRniSnavs, rom igi kacsaxovani sulia, adamianSi arsebuli<br />
angelosuri suli, romelic TviT ilias sulieri zeswrafvis simbolod<br />
warmodgeba. narkvevSi poemis mizandasaxulobad, saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebul<br />
konkretul problemasTan erTad, aCrdiliseburi amaRlebuli cnobierebisken<br />
swrafvaa miCneuli. r.siraZe ganixilavs poemis yovel TavSi warmoCenil<br />
qristianul msoflxedvis sakiTxs, romelic zogjer problemis<br />
saxiT, xan ki _ specifikuri qristologiuri sityvaxmarebiTaa mowodebuli<br />
(kerZod, cisa da miwis urTierTmimarTebis idea, galobani erovnuli sinanulisani,<br />
optimizmi, idea `dakarguli samoTxisa~). mkvlevari gamoTqvams<br />
varauds, rom aCrdilis iliaseuli xilvis erT-erTi STamagonebeli SesaZloa<br />
iyos n. gulaberisZis `sveticxovlis sakiTxavi~ _ daviT aRmaSenebels<br />
sveticxovlis taZris Tavze eCveneba RvTaeba spetaki moxucis saxiT.<br />
am Tvalsazrisis gamoTqmis safuZvels, b-ni revazis azriT, iZleva poemis<br />
adreuli radaqciis daTariReba _ 26 ianvari (daviT aRmaSeneblis xsenebis<br />
dRe).<br />
narkvevSi calke sakiTxadaa gamoyofili `aCrdilis~ XVII Tavi, romelic,<br />
r.siraZis SexedulebiT, mcxeTis awmyosa da warsuls saRvTismetyvelo<br />
saxismetyvelebiT warmoaCens. aRniSnulia ilias saxismetyvelebis mimar-<br />
Teba `wm.ninos cxovrebasTan~, romlis Seswavla gamokveTs Semdeg azrs _<br />
qarTlis gulidan aRmocenebuli `xe cxovrebisa~, romelsac aqvs `Ziri<br />
Tavisuflebis~, unda gulisxmobdes `sveti-cxovels~, Tavisuflebis simbolod<br />
`xe cxovrebisas~ gaazreba ki uTanabrdeba `xes cnobadisa keTilisa da<br />
borotisa~. r.siraZis TvalTaxedviT, mcxeTas (simbolurad saqarTvelos)<br />
ukavSirdeba idea `dakarguli samoTxisa~, romelic potenciurad `samoTxis<br />
dabrunebis~ ideas Seicavs, rasac poemis optimisturi dasasruli unda
evaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
gulisxmobdes. mkvlevari gamoTqvams azrs, rom poemaSi warmoCenili azrovnebis<br />
sxvadasxva formebi aCrdilis cnobierebaSia gamTlianebuli, rac sazogadoebaSi<br />
arsebuli urTierTgaucxoebis daZlevis mcdelobas unda niSnavdes.<br />
aRniSnuli narkvevi iseve, rogorc r.siraZis yoveli naSromi, `aCrdilis~<br />
axlebur wakiTxvas gvTavazobs, gansxvavebulsa da sayuradRebos poemis<br />
Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi arsebul mravalricxovan gamokvlevaTa<br />
Soris. aCrdilis saxis, da saerTod poemis amgvari gaazreba da sakiTxTa<br />
dasma ilias Semoqmedebisa da msoflxedvis siRrmiseul wvdomas, masTan miaxlebis<br />
SesaZleblobas uqmnis qarTuli mwerlobiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels.<br />
erTob mniSvnelovani da mravalmxriv gasaTvaliswinebelia narkvevi _<br />
qarTuli paradigmuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis _ romliTac sruldeba<br />
r.siraZis wigni. narkvevi ramdenime qveTavisgan Sedgeba da erTi rigis, ur-<br />
TierTganmsazRvrel (urTierTgamWol) sakiTxebs mTlianobaSi warmogvidgens.<br />
pirveli sakiTxi _ Teoriuli wanamZRvrebi _ saxismetyvelebis raobis<br />
gansazRvrasa da mniSvnelovnebas warmoaCens, gansaxovnebisa, romlis<br />
erovnuli raoba enis bunebas emyareba. aRniSnulia, rom qarTuli literaturis<br />
saxismetyvelebiTi istoriis gaazreba paradigmul saxeTa Seswavlis<br />
gareSe warmoudgenelia; r.siraZe miznad isaxavs enis Sinaformebze damyarebuli<br />
literaturuli saxismetyvelebis Seswavla-gamokveTas. mkvlevris<br />
azriT, aq arsebiT sakiTxad warmodgeba qarTuli enis indoevropul enebTan<br />
mimarTeba, radgan T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis monografiaSi (`indoevropuli<br />
ena da indoevropelebi~) indoevropul enaTa monacemebze warmodgenili<br />
`saganTa samyaros~ klasebis enobrivi movlenebi qarTuli paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis<br />
tipTa dadgenis safuZvelni xdebian.<br />
narkvevis qveTavi _ paradigmuli saxismetyveleba da enis Sinaforma _<br />
miznad isaxavs ori problemis _ a) rogor saxeebSi vlindeba erovnuli es-<br />
Tetikuri msoflaRqmis specifika da b) rogor vlindeba enaSi paradigmuli<br />
saxismetyvelebis safuZvlebi _ d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoriis safuZvelze<br />
kvlevas. r. siraZe SeniSnavs, rom saxeqmnadoba aracnobieri (anu subieqtis<br />
ganwyobis) procesia, gansaxovnebis qvecnobieri safuZveli ki _ enis Sinaforma<br />
(gareformis safuZveli, mis miRma sagulisxmo). mkvlevari nawarmoebTa<br />
teqstis istorias aniWebs did mniSvnelobas enobrivi msoflaRqmis<br />
cvalebadobisa da mTlianobis TvalsazrisiT. aqve aRniSnulia mxatvruli<br />
sityvis saxisqmnadobiTi potencia (mxatvruli sityva sWarbobs asasaxav<br />
sagans), romelSic warmoCindeba enobrivi msoflxedvis xasiaTi.<br />
qveTavi _ saxismetyvelebis zesocialuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb _ warmoaCens<br />
saxismetyvelebis Sesaswavlisas bunebasTan erovnuli mimarTe-<br />
267
268<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
bis sakiTxs, radgan bunebasTan mimarTebiT vlindeba `erovnuli ganwyoba~<br />
(moxmobilia l.gumiliovisa da v.vernadskis Teoriebi). r.siraZe ganixilavs<br />
adamianis mimarTebas biosferosa da noosferosTan (orive Cans enaSi cnobieradac<br />
da aracnobieradac). aRniSnulia, rom noosfero, ena da gansaxovneba<br />
zeklasobrivi raoba-fenomeni-movlenebia. mkvlevari ganixilavs ra<br />
v.vernadskis debulebebs, rom kosmiuri mTlianobis nawili _ adamiani<br />
Tavisi suliT noosferos nawilia, aRniSnavs am principis platonur-neoplatonistur<br />
moZRvrebidan momdinareobas (mxedvelobaSia `soflisa~<br />
da `zesTasoflis~ urTierTmimarTeba). yovelive zemoaRniSnuli gamokveTs<br />
gaazrebas, rom biosferoze maRlamdgomia pnevmasfero, romelic xelovnebaSi<br />
warmoCndeba; gansaxovneba swvdeba `pnevmosferos~, e. i. noosferos. r.<br />
siraZe dasZens, rom `gansaxovnebis bunebis Semofargvla socialuri faqtorebiT<br />
iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc enis bunebisa~ (gv. 186).<br />
`mSveniereba viTarca esTetikuri WeSmariteba~ _ narkvevis qveTavSi sityvis<br />
Sinaformis wvdomisaTvis ganxilulia S. nucubiZis aleTologiuri<br />
esTetika (sityvaSi arsebiTi, zecnebiTis Zieba), romlis ZiriTadi debulebaa<br />
_ mSveniereba esTetikuri WeSmaritebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, r.siraZe<br />
SeniSnavs, rom mSveniereba sityvis semantikis miRmur sferoSia, sadac es-<br />
Tetikuri da logikuri erTmaneTs hkveTs. mkvlevari qarTuli saazrovno<br />
tradiciebis istoriaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan adgils `saxeze~ SemuSavebul<br />
mosazrebebs aniWebs, kerZod, S. nucubiZiseul Sexedulebas (romelic<br />
agrZelebs areopagitikisa da petriwis saazrovno tradiciebs), rom<br />
WeSmariteba yovelgvar dapirispirebulobaze maRlamdgomia. mas adamiani<br />
`sibrZniT~ swvdeba. r. siraZe `orgvari sibrZnis~ moZRvrebis safuZvelze<br />
gamoyofs sityvis semantikis or mxares: konkretulsa da zogads, romelTa<br />
urTierTmimarTebis xasiaTSi (binarulobaSi) SesaZleblad Tvlis enobrivi<br />
msoflxedvis zogad TaviseburebaTa danaxvas. swored am mizniT, narkvevSi<br />
gamoyofilia qveTavi _ sakiTxTa Seswavlis istoriidan, romelic bizantiursa<br />
da qarTul esTetikaSi `saxis~ kategorias warmoCens (gansazRvrulia<br />
saxis orplanianoba), aRniSnulia mTavari _ sityvaTa `ziareba~ sayovelTao<br />
universaliebTan, rac r. siraZis azriT, arsebiTia qarTul sityvaSi orplanianobis<br />
ragvarobis gasaazreblad. qristianul xelovnebaSi sityva ganixileba<br />
viTarca xati, radgan konkretulidan universaliebisken svlas iTvaliswinebs.<br />
mkvlevari SeniSnavs, rom gansaxovnebis Seswavlisas konkretul<br />
saxeTa analizisTvis saxeTqmnadobis zogad principebTan erTad enis bunebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebaa aucilebeli, `sityvis semantikuri velis ierarqiis<br />
Sreebis gasaazreblad mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod TviT enobriv monacemebs,<br />
aramed saxviTi xelovnebis saxeTa paradigmulobasac~ (190).<br />
narkvevis qveTavi _ qarTuli paradigmatikis Seswavlis istoriidan _
evaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
r. siraZe aRniSnavs k.kekeliZis naSromebSi fundamenturi qristologiuri<br />
principebis erovnuli adaptaciis Seswavlis mniSvnelovnebas qarTuli paradigmuli<br />
saxismetyvelebis kvleva-ZiebisaTvis. mkvlevari gamoyofs agiografiisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli paradigmuli kompoziciuri modelebis sam<br />
saxes: 1. centralur-cikluri struqturis mqone kompoziciebs (`grigol<br />
xanZTelis cxovreba~, aTonelTa `cxovrebani~, wm.giorgis xatebi); 2. triptiquli<br />
struqtura (`abos wameba~, samkaredi xatebi); 3. uwyvet qronologiur<br />
Tanamimdevrobaze agebuli kompoziciebi (`SuSanikis wameba). aqvea<br />
warmoCenili himnografiasa da qarTul saero mwerlobaSi paradigmulobis<br />
ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi, miniSnebulia sparsuli mwerlobis gaTvaliswinebis<br />
aucileblobac.<br />
narkvevis mniSvnelovan qveTavs warmoadgens _ qarTuli paradigmuli saxismetyveleba<br />
da qarTuli ena. r.siraZe aRniSnavs, rom enaSi erovnulTan<br />
erTad mJRavndeba isic, Tu ra aris SeTavsebuli da SeTvisebuli erovnuli<br />
kulturis mier, amdenad aucilebelia enisa da kulturis mTlianobaSi<br />
gaazreba (rasac iTvaliswinebs `kulturis lingvisturi paleontologia~).<br />
gamokveTilia azri, rom paradigmul saxismetyvelebaSi uciloblad<br />
iCens Tavs samyaros struqturis saukuneebis manZilze SemuSavebuli modelebi,<br />
`Tu rogoraa fiqsirebuli enaSi adamianis yofasTan dakavSirebul<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovan movlenaTa urTierTmimarTebani~ (gv. 194). mniSvnelovania<br />
imis aRniSvna, rom enaSi fiqsirebuli movlenebis urTierTmimarTebaTa<br />
principebi saxisqmnadobebis erovnul bunebas gansazRvravs. molenaTa<br />
Sepirispirebis struqturis gansazRvrisas gasaTvaliswinebelia msgavsebagansxvavebebi,<br />
opoziciisa da polarizaciis Taviseburebani. yovelive amis<br />
naTelsayofad r.siraZe enobrivad fiqsirebuli modelis kvalobaze warmoa-<br />
Cens `sulis~ mimarTebaTa sistemas: suli mcenareTa, cxovelTa da adamianis<br />
`sicocxliTi~ suli (samSvineli), `sityvieri~ suli kacisa (`xati da<br />
msgavsi RvTisa~), angelozis suli (`meore naTeli~) da suli wmida (`dambadebeli~).<br />
mniSvnelovnebaTa simravlis miuxedavad, mkvlevari gamokveTs<br />
`sulis~ semantikur opozicias: `suli~ amqveyniuri da `suli~ zeciuri.<br />
moxmobili nimuSis kvalobaze r.siraZe aRniSnavs qarTul enaSi binaluri<br />
semantikuri polarulobis arsebobas, riTac qarTuli enobrive msoflxedva<br />
emsgavseba da kidevac gansxvavdeba (qarTulSi sxvadasxva cnebani erTi<br />
sityvieri formiT gamoixateba) indoevropulisgan.<br />
r. siraZe qarTuli paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis Sesaswavlad enobrivi<br />
msoflxedvis safuZvelze yuradRebas amaxvilebs qarTuli enis Taviseburebaze<br />
_ yofiTi movlenebisa da sulier sferos fenomenTa erTi da imave<br />
sityviT gamoxatvis unarze. amgvari semantikuri binaruloba mkvlevars erovnuli<br />
msoflxedvis gamomxatvelad esaxeba (semantikuri binaruloba ar<br />
269
270<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
gulisxmobs omonimebs, romlebic mxolod erT mniSvnelobas gamokveTen).<br />
b-ni revazi aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs ramodenime sityvas<br />
(`sityva~ _ leqsikuri erTeuli da logosi; `saxe~ _ pirisaxe da arso;<br />
`erTi~ _ ricxviTi saxeli da RvTiuri yovlismTlianoba; `sofeli~ _<br />
sacxovrebeli mxaris erTeuli da cxovreba; `qveyana~ _ miwa da samyaro;<br />
`qalaqi~ _ dasaxleba da mowesrigebuli cxovreba; `xelovneba~ _ ostatoba<br />
da mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, `guli~ _ organo da centri; `mze~ _<br />
eideturi da eikonuri), romlebic yvelaze metad gamoxataven adamianTa<br />
warmodgenebs yofiTsa da sulier samyaroze.<br />
aucilebelia aRniSvna imisa, rom narkvevis qveTavSi _ qarTuli paradigmatikis<br />
Seswavlis istoriidan _ r. siraZe wamoWris iseT mniSvnelovan<br />
sakiTxebs da kvlevas iseTi axleburi TvalTaxedviT warmarTavs, samecniero<br />
literaturaSi aqamde rom ar yofila yuradRebuli da gaTvaliwinebuli.<br />
qarTul saxismetyvelebaSi paradigmadqceuli sityvebis (romelnic<br />
cxovrebisa da samyarosadmi adamianTa mniSvnelovan sferoebs gamoxataven)<br />
amgvari meTodiT Seswavla saSualebas iZleva ara mxolod zogierTi ganzogadebisaTvis,<br />
Semdgom kvleva-Ziebas uxsnis gzas, SegvagrZnobinebs sityvis<br />
saxismetyvelebis potencias da sityvis binaruli mniSvnelobis gziT mxatvruli<br />
saxis Sinaarsis amocnobaSi gvexmareba.<br />
aRniSnuli narkvevi, Cveni azriT, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi da gamor-<br />
Ceulia r. siraZis mravalricxovan naSromTagan da saerTod, qarTuli kulturis<br />
Semswavlel samecniero kvleva-ZiebaTa Soris. misi mniSvnelovneba<br />
ganisazRvreba rogorc literaturis Teoriis, aseve _ zogadmecnieruli<br />
TvalsazrisiT. rac mTavaria, kvlevis meTodebis mravalmxrivoba da siRrmiseuli<br />
analizi (azrTa pluralizmis gamomwvevi pirobiTobis Semcveli<br />
_ rogorc amas b-ni revazi Tavad aRniSnavs da Cvenc amisaken mogviwodebsxolme)<br />
ganapirobebs siaxleTa, axleburi xedvis warmoCena-damkvidrebas<br />
(am SemTxvevaSi, sityvis semantikuri binaruloba) qarTul cnobierebaSi. es<br />
Sefaseba ara mxolod am narkvevs, mTel wigns Seesatyviseba. r.siraZis monografia<br />
_ qarTuli kultura da saxismetyveleba _ SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs,<br />
Tvali gavadevnoT qarTuli literaturis saxismetyvelebiT istorias,<br />
literaturis mxatvrul-esTetikuri Tu saerTo-kulturologiuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT Seswavlas, qarTuli mwerlobis paradigmuli saxismetyvelebis<br />
kvleva-Ziebas, qarTul saazrovno tradiciebs, erovnul esTetikur<br />
msoflaRqmas, enobrivi msoflxedvis cvalebadobas, yofierebis saxeobriv<br />
koncefcias, kulturis sakiTxebis kavSirs istoriulsa da Tanamedrove<br />
cnebaTmetyvelebasTan da a.S. amdenad, zemoaRniSnuli wigni qarTuli kulturis<br />
sakiTxebiT dainteresebul specialistebsa da mkiTxvels axleburi<br />
kuTxiT warmouCens erTi SexedviT nacnob-ucnob sityvas, azrs, ideasa Tu
evaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
movlenas da axal sulier samyaros gadauSlis, romelic sulierebiTvea<br />
SesagrZnobi.<br />
dasasruls, gvinda SevniSnoT, rom wigni _ qarTuli kultura da saxismetyveleba<br />
_ yvelaferTan erTad da upirveles yovlisa, warmogviCens<br />
Tavad avtors _ b-n revaz siraZis pirovnebas, miwyiv maZiebels, suliTa<br />
da gonebiT Seucnobadis wvdomisaken mswrafs, mkiTxvelisaTvis dafarulis<br />
xilva-Cvenebis mosurnes, xedvis Tvalsawieris gamxsnels, sikeTis damnaxavi<br />
da mayurebeli TvaliT macqerals, pluralizmis mosurnesa da damfasebels.<br />
Revaz Siradze – “Culture and Imagology”<br />
Summary<br />
Nana Gonjilashvili<br />
This year Revaz Siradze presented his new book – “Culture and Imagology” to those<br />
interested in culture. Prof. Siradze offers a decisive research of cultural issues, connected<br />
with imagology of literature and art, and historical and modern conceptology. The book<br />
unites six researches, which represent the new reading-realization of concrete questions, on<br />
the basis of researches of imagology and modern conceptology, by taking into consideration<br />
traditional opinions.<br />
Imagological periodization introduced by R. Siradze (which joins four periods), maybe<br />
arguable for a lot of people, but it is worth mentioning that a new viewpoint, methodological<br />
approach will be distinguished on the basis of prolonged scientific research.<br />
Essay – Time and Period –unites essential concepts, ideas and events connected with<br />
historical and contemporary conceptology. Prof. Siradze tries to represent the above mentioned<br />
issue by means of image perception.<br />
It should be noted that two essays of Siradze’s book – Sioni and Georgian Churchology<br />
and Svetitskhoveli, Aia-Sopia and Sioni” – should be analysed and perceived as a whole.<br />
These two researches form the basis for the preceding chapter – “Sveti-Tskhoveli” – Essence<br />
for Georgian’s Spiritual Life. In general, the reader will get acquainted and will realize the significance<br />
of Georgian’s spiritual life –inner-essence of Sveti –Tskhoveli and “Svetitskhoveli”.<br />
One of the essays of the book – Toponymy “Gareja” and its ecclesiastic content –<br />
aims at clearing the debatable issues of scientific literature which are still disputable and<br />
cause discussions.<br />
In the essay – Bodi-Bodbre and Soji Queen – is singled out the issue of Bodbe baptizing<br />
during St. Nino (on the basis of “Moqtsevai Qartlisai”). There is also mentioned the<br />
special importance of Bodbe and entire Kakheti acquiring after St. Nino’s burring there.<br />
R. Siradze considers that the personality of Soji Queen also plays an important role in the<br />
271
272<br />
nana gonjilaSvili<br />
importance of Bodbe, whose public life represents ”Big Kakheti’s” union with Georgian<br />
Christen world.<br />
The work – Ioane Petritse’s Imagology – is crucial for the perception of Ioane<br />
Petridze’s imagology. We have an opportunity, in this complicated philosophical thinking,<br />
with the help of different viewpoints, to recognize the peculiarities of imaging being perceived<br />
and formed by the philosopher. We can define the place and importance of image in<br />
Petritse’s opinion about varieties of events.<br />
In the essay – Rustaveli’s aesthetical viewpoint - R. Siradze finds interesting explanations<br />
to the problems raised in scientific literature concerning Rustaveli’s aesthetical thinking<br />
and proves his viewpoints on the basis of theoretical-literary principles of middle ages,<br />
which represent the novelty and leads us towards the way of truth finding.<br />
In Siradze’s work - “tsasa tsatasa” (Queen Tamar’s Iambic) – R. Siradze singles out<br />
essential observations and expresses a significant opinion, which can be explained and<br />
considered with the help ofimagology.<br />
In the essay – Galaktion’s “Blue Horses” and V. Kandinsky’s “Blue Hosreman”<br />
(towards inter-textual reading) – inter-textual analysis of the problems, representation of<br />
reminiscences and aesthetics helps us to guess and read the inner(spiritual) content of the<br />
creative works. R. Siradze shows us in wholeness the accompanying impulses of creative<br />
processes of the writers, spiritual being or poetic philosophy.<br />
R. Siradze’s research – Apocalypse of Book. Apocalyptic Contemplate “In St. Nino’s<br />
Life” – shows the importance, deep content of the text of “St Nino’s Life”. It is a treasure<br />
of paradigmatic imagology, to be perceived and analyzed with the help of inter-textuality.<br />
In the essay – “They Stood and Waited”, “They Stand and Wait” – R. Siradze’s aim<br />
is to represent two sources of “High Mountains” by means of “inter-textual” reading: !. Evsevi<br />
Aleksandriely’s “Kviriaki” and 2. Goethe’s understanding of the nature of mountains<br />
in “From Voyage in Italy”. It should be noted that these works are first mentioned as source<br />
of “High Mountains” in this research.<br />
The essay – “A Soul Speaking with Action” – concerns the representation-consideration<br />
of Ilia Chavchavadze’s “Shadow”s problematic. The mentioned research offers rereading<br />
of “Shadow” in a new way. Interpreting Shadow’s image and the whole poem in<br />
this way enables the reader to take a deep insight into Ilia Chavchavadze’s works and his<br />
view point.<br />
The essay – Towards Georgian Paradigmatic Imagology - ends R. Siradze’s book. It<br />
consists of several subheadings and represents inter-defining issues as a whole. The above<br />
mentioned research is one of the decisive and distinguishable between his numerous works<br />
and in general among Georgian scientific researches. Its essence is defined as from the<br />
point of view of literary theory, as well as general science.<br />
R. Siradze’s monograph – Georgian Culture and Imagology – enables us, to look at<br />
the history of imagology of Georgian literature, artistic-aesthetic or general-artistic study
evaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~<br />
of literature, research-study of paradigmatic imagology of Georgian literature, Georgian<br />
thinking traditions, national aesthetic world perception, change of language perception,<br />
connection of cultural issues with historic and contemporary conceptology and others.<br />
Therefore, the above mentioned book shows new-old words, ideas and events and opens a<br />
new spiritual world to the specialists and readers interested in Georgian culture.<br />
273
axali wignebi<br />
revaz siraZe<br />
kultura da saxismetyveleba<br />
gamomcemloba: inteleqti<br />
2008<br />
es wigni revaz siraZis winare naSromebis _ `qarTuli esTetikuri azris<br />
istoriidan~, `qarTuli kulturis safuZvlebi~ da sxvaTa _ gagrZelebaa.<br />
am naSromSic kulturis sakiTxebi ukavSirdeba saxismetyvelebas mwerlobasa<br />
da mxatvrobaSi, agreTve istoriulsa da Tanamedrove cnebaTmetyvelebas.<br />
avtoris TqmiT, `kultura saxea adamianisa, saxea pirovnuladac,<br />
erovnuladac da zogadadamianuradac. amitom kulturologia, SeiZleba,<br />
saxismetyvelebiTi iyos~.<br />
Tamar barbaqaZe<br />
soneti saqarTveloSi<br />
gamomcemloba: universali<br />
2008<br />
wignSi monografiulad aris Seswavlili sonetis istoriis etapebi<br />
qarTul mwerlobaSi. naSromSi naCvenebia, rom soneti erovnuli poeziis<br />
istoriis sxvadasxva etapze gavrcelebul myar saleqso formaTagan dRes<br />
yvelaze ufro popularulia. monografiaSi sonetis istoriis da Teoriis<br />
sakiTxebi urTierTkavSirSia ganxiluli. ZiriTadi versifikaciuli parametrebis<br />
Seswavlis safuZvelze, gaanalizebulia qarTvel poetTa sonetebi.<br />
literaturis Teoria: XX saukunis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi<br />
da mimdinareobebi<br />
avtorTa koleqtivi (meore Sevsebuli gamocema)<br />
Teimuraz doiaSvili (redaqtori), irma ratiani (redaqtori)<br />
gamomcemloba: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba<br />
2008<br />
winamdebare krebuli aris wignis _ `literaturis Teoria. XX saukunis<br />
ZiriTadi meTodologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi~ _ meore,<br />
Sevsebuli da gadamuSavebuli gamocema. igi eTmoba me-20 saukunis ZiriTadi<br />
literaturul-Teoriuli meTodologiuri koncefciebisa da mimdinareobebis<br />
analizs. avtorTa koleqtivis naSromi gansazRvrulia literaturisa<br />
da literaturaTmcodneobis problemebiT dainteresebuli farTo mkiTxvelisTvis.<br />
misi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia rogorc filologiuri, ise,<br />
274
zogadad, humanitaruli profiles studentebTan. axal, Sevsebul gamocemas<br />
Tan erTvis pirTa saZiebeli da terminTa leqsikoni, romelic venera kavTiaSvilma<br />
da rusudan canavam moamzades. sxvadasxva Teoriuli mimdinareobisadmi<br />
miZRvnili statiebs, aseve, daemata statia gavlenis Teoriis Sesaxeb.<br />
levan bregaZe<br />
moTxrobebi literaturaze.<br />
gamomcemloba: bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba<br />
2008<br />
levan bregaZis am wignSi Tavmoyrilia kritikosis mier bolo wlebSi<br />
dawerili saukeTeso werilebi. mkiTxveli aq kvlav gaecnoba avtoris mosazrebebs,<br />
isev eqneba saSualeba isiamovnos levan bregaZisTvis damaxasiaTebeli,<br />
teqstebis uCveulo kuTxiT kiTxvis maneriT Tu interteqstualuri<br />
paralelebis siuxviT. aq gansakuTrebuli isaa, rom am wigniT avtori cdilobs<br />
TviTon mogvevlinos mTxrobelad da mxatvruli literaturis Sesaxeb<br />
gviambos; an rogorc TviT avtori acxadebs wignis dasawyisSi: `mTxzvelTa<br />
ostatobis Sesaxeb Txroba aravis tovebs gulgrils, risi mizezic<br />
is unda iyos, rom yvela Cvengani, metad Tu naklebad, mTxzvelia~.<br />
saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia `ilia WavWavaZe da misi epoqa~<br />
(masalebi)<br />
gamomcemloba: SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti<br />
irma ratiani (redaqtori)<br />
2008<br />
krebulSi Tavmoyrilia 2007 wels Catarebuli konferenciis masalebi.<br />
rogorc aRiarebulia, klasikuri Txzulebis upiratesoba aris is, rom igi<br />
yvela epoqaSi sxvadasxvagvarad wakiTxvis saSualebas iZleva da amitomac<br />
r kargavs aqtualobas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ilia WavWavaZis mxatvrul<br />
teqstebsa da publicistur memkvidreobaze. krebuli aerTianebs rogorc<br />
sakuTriv ilias nawarmoebebis mravalferovan interpretaciebs, aseve mis<br />
mier sxvadasxva dros ama Tu im sakiTxze gamoTqmuli azris analizs. aq<br />
aris rogorc recefciis, ise mwerlis winamorbedi Tu momdevno xanis avtorebis<br />
saSualebiT misi Semoqmedebis interpretaciis nimuSebi, Teoriuli<br />
kvlevebic da teqstologiuri naSromebic, komparativistuli analizic<br />
da folkloristikuli kvlevac. krebulSi Sesulia rogorc qarTveli, ise<br />
ucxoeli avtorebis naSromebi.<br />
Mapping World Literature: International Canonization and Transnational Literatures<br />
Continuum Literary Studies<br />
275
y Mads Rosendahl Thomsen<br />
meds rozendal Tomseni<br />
msoflio literaturis adgili: saerTaSoriso kanonizacia da transnacionaluri<br />
literaturebi<br />
gamomcemloba: Continuum<br />
2008<br />
Tomsenis wigns, sadac warmodgenilia gabeduli da profesionaluri analizi<br />
msoflio literaturis konceptis Sesaxeb mimdinare kamaTSi sicxadis<br />
Setanis TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovani naSromia. avtori gvexmareba,<br />
rom ukeT gavigoT Cvens Tanamedrove globalistur samyaroSi literaturuli<br />
teqstebis Seqmnis da gavrcelebis Taviseburebebi. Tavis mosazrebebs<br />
avtori literaturis Tanavarskvlavedebis cnebis saSualebiT ayalibebs.<br />
Tomseni Tavis naSromSi TvalsaCino magaliTebis saSualebiT ganixilavs<br />
msoflio literaturis cnebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxs da amdenad, mniSvnelovania<br />
rogorc komparativistikis studentebisTvis, ise pedagogebisTvisac.<br />
Tomsenis wigni msoflio literaturis sxvadasxva fenomenebisa<br />
da semantikuri fenebis sistemuri analizis SesaniSnavi nimuSia.<br />
Authority Matters: Rethinking the Theory and Practice of Authorship<br />
by Stephen Donovan (Editor), Danuta Fjellestad (Editor), Rolf Lundén (Editor)<br />
sTiven donovani (redaqtori), danuta fielestadi (redaqtori), rolf<br />
lundeni (redaqtori)<br />
avtorobis sakiTxi: avtorobis Teoriis da praqtikis xelaxali gaazreba<br />
gamomcemloba: Rodopi<br />
2008<br />
eseebis am vrcel krebulSi 11 mkvlevris da mwerlis naSromebi erTiandeba,<br />
sadac isini avtorobasa da ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze<br />
msjeloben. isini am problemas kulturis teqstebis warmoebasa da maT<br />
recefciasTan mimarTebaSi ganixilaven. sanalizo dro moicavs periods renesansidan<br />
cifruli gamocemebis xanis CaTvliT. am eseebSi aris mcdeloba,<br />
rom xelaxla gaviazroT rolan bartis, miSel fukos da pier burdies gavleniani<br />
Teoriebi da gansxvavebuli kuTxiT wavikiTxoT iseTi avtorebis mxatvruli<br />
teqstebi, rogorebicaa filip sidnei, Tomas hardi, ieitsi, gertrud<br />
staini da sxvebi.<br />
276<br />
Theories of Narrative<br />
by T. Hawkes<br />
T. houqsi
narativis Teoriebi<br />
gamomcemloba: Routledge<br />
2008<br />
es samtomeuli 42-nawiliani seriis _ `axali aqcentebis~ nawilia. am<br />
seriis pirveli wigni 1977 wels gamovida da maSinve Secvala literaturaTmcodneobis<br />
saxe.<br />
Writing and Filming the Painting: Ekphrasis in Literature and Film<br />
by Laura M. Sager Eidt (Author)<br />
lora m. zager aidti<br />
naxatis Sesaxeb wera da kinogadaReba: ekfrasisi literaturasa da<br />
kinoSi<br />
gamomcemloba: Rodopi<br />
2008<br />
am inovaciur interdisciplinur kvlevaSi erTmaneTTan Sedarebulia<br />
ferweris gamoyeneba literaturul teqstebsa da filmebSi. oTxi tipis ekfrasisis<br />
gansazRvrisas, avtori miuTiTebs ekfrasisis cnebis gafarToebaze<br />
da iseT filmebs ganixilavs, romlebic vizualur xelovnebaze an, zogadad,<br />
xelovanebze mogviTxrobs. am TvalsazrisiT aanalizebs goias, rembrandtis<br />
da vermeeris xelovnebas da maT ekfrasisul gamoyenebas sxvadasxva teqstsa<br />
da filmSi. wignSi avtori naTelyofs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania ekfrasisi<br />
literaturul teqstebsa da filmebSi esTetikuri da ideologiuri<br />
sakiTxebis gamosavlenad. wignSi Teoriuli sakiTxebi ganxilulia me-20<br />
saukunis evropuli literaturisa da kinos wamyvani warmomadgenlebis<br />
Semoqmedebis fonze.<br />
Feminine Discourse in Roman Comedy: On Echoes and Voices<br />
by Dorota M. Dutsch (Author)<br />
doroTa m. daTSi<br />
feminuri diskursi romaul komediaSi: eqoebisa da xmebis Sesaxeb<br />
2008<br />
laTinur enaze dawerili literatura qal avtorebs TiTqmis ar icnobs.<br />
amitomac isRa dagvrCenia, rom im periodSi qalebis msoflmxedvelobis<br />
Sesaxeb warmodgena mamakaci avtorebis saSualebiT SevityoT. plavtusis<br />
(Zv. w. III-II saukuneebi) da terenciusis (Zv. w. II s.) nawerebSi vlindeba,<br />
rom maTi qali personaJebis metyveleba gansakuTrebuli enobrivi TaviseburebebiT<br />
xasiaTdeba: saalerso sityvebiT da uamrav wvrilman problemaze<br />
yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT.<br />
277
Dialogism and Lyric Self-Fashioning: Bakhtin and the Voices of a Genre<br />
by Jacob Blevins (Editor)<br />
dialogizmi da lirikuli `me~-s formireba: baxtini da Janris saxeobebi<br />
jeiqob blevinsi (redaqtori)<br />
gamomcemloba: Susquehanna <strong>University</strong> Press<br />
2008<br />
mixail baxtiniseuli dialogurobis Teoriis amosaval wertilad dasaxviT,<br />
am wignSi ganxilulia lirikuli poeturi tradiciis farglebSi dapirispirebul<br />
xmaTa gamovlinebebi. lirikuli subieqtis TviTSegneba weris/<br />
metyvelebis aqtis msvlelobisas, sxvadasxva doneze, udavod, dakavSirebulia<br />
sxvaTa aSkara Tu Sefarul xmebTan. wignSi Tavmoyrilia klasikuri, Suasaukuneebis,<br />
adreuli modernizmisa da modernizmis xanis lirikuli nawarmoebebis<br />
Sesaxeb dawerili eseebi, sadac dialogurobis sxvadasxva elementi gvxvdeba,<br />
iqneba es mamrobiTi Tu mdedrobiTi, sajaro Tu piraduli diskursebi, interteqstualoba<br />
da warsulis xmebi, dialogebi literaturasa da xelovnebas<br />
Soris da, rac mTavaria, dialogi lirikul `me~-sa da mkiTxvels Soris.<br />
In Defense of Reading<br />
by Daniel R. Schwarz<br />
deniel r. Svarci<br />
wakiTxvis dasacavad<br />
gamomcemloba: Wiley-Blackwell<br />
2008<br />
gavleniani da araerTi premiis mflobeli kritikosis, deniel Svarcis<br />
mier dawerili naSromi `wakiTxvis dasacavad: rogor vaswavloT literatura<br />
21-e saukuneSi~ wakiTxvis aqtiT mogvrili siamovnebis gulmxurvale<br />
dacvis nimuSia. wignSi dasmulia iseTi problemuri sakiTxi, rogoricaa:<br />
ratom da rogor vkiTxulobT teqstebs. aseve dasmulia Tanamedrove universitetebSi<br />
literaturis swavlebis problemac. Svarcis Tanaxmad, kargi<br />
kritikosisTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovania teqstic da konteqstic. masSi avtori<br />
ganixilavs iseTi avtorebis teqstebs, rogorebicaa joisi, vulfi,<br />
konradi, forsteri, gordimeri da Spigelmani.<br />
278<br />
Dream Notes<br />
by Theodor W. Adorno<br />
Teodor adorno<br />
sizmris Canawerebi<br />
gamomcemloba: Polity<br />
2008
adornos aocebda sakuTari sizmrebi da mTeli cxovrebis manZilze iwerda<br />
maT. sicocxleSi mxolod ramdenime sizmari gamoqveynda. wignSi Sesulia<br />
adornos Canawerebi sizmrebis Sesaxeb, romelic misi sicocxlis ukanasknel<br />
25 weliwads moicavs. mas, vinc adornosgan maRalfardovan msjelobas elodeba<br />
filosofiuri sakiTxebis, musikisa da kulturis Sesaxeb, imedi gaucruvdeba<br />
da mxolod adornos gulaxdili refleqsiebi daxvdeba. masSi igrZnoba<br />
avtoris Sinagani survilebi, danaSaulis SegrZneba Tu mRelvareba. sizmrebi<br />
warmodgenilia pirdapir, Seulamazeblad. arc maTi analizia aq Catarebuli.<br />
Cndeba kiTxva: es yvelaferi gamonagonia, avtobiografiaa Tu cnobierebis winareracionaluri,<br />
kvazimiTosuri mdgomareobis moxelTebis mcdelobaa?<br />
Ковтун Е. Н. Художественный вымысел в литературе ХХ века: учебное<br />
пособие<br />
e. kovtuni<br />
mxatvruli gamonagoni XX saukunis literaturaSi: saxelmZRvanelo<br />
gamomcemloba: Высшая школа<br />
2008<br />
wignSi me-20 saukunis fantastikuri literatura ganxilulia mxatvruli<br />
gamonagonis sxva tipebis ganviTarebis konteqstSi, rac saerTo jamSi,<br />
uCveulos Sesaxeb Txrobis saxesxvaobaTa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul erTian<br />
sistemas qmnis. wignSi konkretuli magaliTebis moxmobiT, aRdgeba originaluri<br />
mxatvruli struqturebi _ modelebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia<br />
fantastikisTvis, utopiisTvis, jadosnuri zRaprebisa Tu miTebisTvis.<br />
Хосе Ортега-и-Гассет. Анатомия рассеянной души. Пио Бароха. Древо<br />
познания<br />
xose ortega-i-gaseti. dafantuli sulis anatomia<br />
pio baroxa. xe cnobadisa<br />
gamomcemloba: Лабиринт<br />
2008<br />
wignSi Sesulia me-20 saukunis ori espaneli klasikosis _ filosofos<br />
xose ortega-i-gasetis da mweral pio baroxas Txzulebebi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
erTdrouladaa warmodgenili gamokvevac (ortega-i-gasetis) da saanalizo<br />
teqstic (baroxas baroxas romani). romani).romani). ). me-19-me-20 me-19-me-20 me-19-me-20 me-19-me-20 -19-me-20 me-20 -20 saukuneebis saukuneebis saukuneebis saukuneebis saukuneebis mijnis mijnis mijnis mijnis mijnismijnis evropuli evropuli evropuli evropuli evropuli evropulievropulikul- kul- kulkul-<br />
kul- kul- kul- kul- kul- kulkulkulkulturiskonteqstSimaTidialogiswyalobiT,<br />
, mkiTxvelifilosofiurire re- refleqsiebisvelSivelSi<br />
aRmoCndeba. aRmoCndeba.aRmoCndeba. . espaneli espaneli espaneli espaneli filosofosis filosofosis filosofosis filosofosisfilosofosis es es es es eses naSromi naSromi naSromi naSromi naSromi naSrominaSromipirvepirvepirve- pirve- pirvepirvepirvepirvepirveladiTargmnarusulenaze,<br />
, romanisteqstiskigadamuSavebuliredaqcii-redaqcii redaqcii- redaqcii-<br />
Taa warmodgenili. gamocemis samecniero aparati moicavs Sesaval werils,<br />
orive nawarmoebis komentarebs da saxelTa saZiebels.<br />
279
280<br />
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis samecniero<br />
publikaciebis stili<br />
1. literaturis institutis periodul gamocemebSi ibeWdeba naSromebi, romlebic moicavs<br />
Tanamedrove literaturaT mcod neobisaTvis aqtualur Temebsa da problemebs, mniSvnelovan<br />
gamokvlevaTa jer gamouqveynebel Sedegebs.<br />
2. naSromi warmodgenili unda iyos or calad (eleqtronuli versiiT, disketze _ floppy A:)<br />
da Tan axldes:<br />
� Tavfurceli, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneba avtoris saxeli, gvari, statusi da sakontaqto<br />
koordinatebi;<br />
� anotacia qarTul enaze (1 nabeWdi gverdi).<br />
3. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) statias unda erTvodes boloSi.<br />
4. naSromi moculobiT unda iyos kompiuterze nabeWdi ara umetes TxuTmeti da aranakleb<br />
xuTi gverdisa.<br />
5. naSromi dabeWdili da gaformebuli unda iyos A4 formatis TeTr qaRaldze Semdegnairad:<br />
a) naSromis saTauri (iwereba SuaSi);<br />
b) naSromis teqsti;<br />
g) damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa);<br />
d) anotacia;<br />
e) oTxive mxriv datovebuli mindori 25 mm;<br />
v) nabeWdi teqstis Srifti – Lit.Nusx 11, intervali _ 1;<br />
6. JurnalSi miRebulia evropuli standartebis Sesabamisad SemuSavebuli citirebisa da mi-<br />
TiTebis wesi `literaturis institutis stili~ (list).<br />
misi moTxovnebia:<br />
a) motanili citata ZiriTadi teqstisgan gamoiyofa brWyalebiT (` ~). citirebis dasasruls,<br />
mrgval frCxilebSi, daismis indeqsi, romelSic aRniSnulia citirebuli teqstis<br />
avtoris gvari, teqstis gamoqveynebis weli, Semdeg _ orwertili da gverdi.<br />
magaliTad: (abaSiZe 1970:25). (ix. danarTSi warmodgenili nimuSi).<br />
b) saleqso strofis (da ara striqonis) citirebis SemTxvevaSi, motanili citata gamoiyofa<br />
teqstisagan da citatis fontis (Sriftis) zoma mcirdeba erTi intervaliT (mag.:<br />
Tu teqstis fontis zomaa Lit.Nusx 11, maSin citatis zoma iqneba Lit.Nusx 10).<br />
g) me-6 punqtis moTxovna ar exeba rubrikebs `gamoxmaureba, recenzia~ da `axali wignebi~,<br />
sadac Sriftis zomebia:<br />
� ZiriTadi teqsti Lit.Nusx 10,<br />
� ganmarteba-SeniSvnebi (sqolioSi CataniT) _ Lit.Nusx 9.<br />
7. damowmebani (damowmebuli literaturis nusxa) unda dalagdes indeqsis mixedviT, anbanuri<br />
rigiT da daibeWdos garkveuli wesiT (dawvrilebiT ix. danarTis cxrili).<br />
8. a) statiis avtoris vrceli ganmartebani inomreba da inacvlebs<br />
teqstis bolos anotaciis win;<br />
b) statiis avtoris mcire SeniSvnebi aRiniSneba varskvlaviT da Caitaneba gverdis bolos,<br />
sqolioSi.<br />
9. avtori pasuxismgebelia dasabeWdad warmodgenili naSromis literaturul stilsa da<br />
marTlweraze.<br />
10. Semosuli statia sarecenziod gadaecema anonimur eqsperts.<br />
11. Semosuli masalebis ganxilvis Semdeg, damatebiTi miTiTebebisaTvis, redaqcia daukavSirdeba<br />
dasabeWdad SerCeul naSromTa avtorebs.<br />
12. avtors, gansazRvruli vadiT (ara umetes sami dRisa), koreqturisaTvis eZleva ukve dakabadonebuli<br />
naSromi. Tu dadgenil vadaSi statia ar iqneba dabrunebuli, redaqcia uflebas<br />
itovebs SeaCeros igi an dabeWdos avtoris vizis gareSe.
.<br />
danarTi<br />
citirebis, miTiTebisa da bibliografiis formis nimuSi<br />
nimuSi:<br />
Jenetis amocanaa prustis mxatvruli maneris TaviseburebaTa gamokvleva<br />
da imis dasabuTeba, rom `metafora da metonimia SeuTavsebeli antagonistebi<br />
rodi arian. isini ganamtkiceben da msWvalaven urTierTs,<br />
meore maTganis jerovani Sefaseba sulac ar niSnavs metonimiaTa erTgvari<br />
nusxis (romelic konkurencias gauwevs metaforaTa nusxas) Sedgenas,<br />
aramed – imis gamovlenas, Tu rogor monawileoben da funqcionireben<br />
analogiis mimarTebaTa farglebSi `Tanaarsebobis~ mimarTebebi.<br />
amgvarad, unda gamoaSkaravdes metonimiis roli metaforaSi~ (Jeneti<br />
1998: 37). ratom SearCia Jenetma analizis sagnad swored prustis Semoqmedeba?<br />
imitom, aRniSnavs mecnieri, rom TviT prustis esTetikur TeoriaSi,<br />
iseve, rogorc praqtikaSi, metaforul (analogiaze damyarebul)<br />
mimarTebebs Zalze arsebiTi roli ganekuTvneba, imdenad arsebiTi, rom<br />
maTi mniSvneloba da roli, sxva semantikur mimarTebebTan SedarebiT,<br />
Zalze gazviadebulia.<br />
cxrili<br />
monacemis tipi damowmebuli literaturis nusxis<br />
(damowmebani-s) forma indeqsis mixedviT<br />
Bibliography Form<br />
wigni,<br />
erTi avtori<br />
Book, one authors<br />
wigni,<br />
ori, an meti avtori<br />
Book, two authors<br />
abaSiZe 1970: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX s.-is qarTuli<br />
literaturis Sesaxeb. <strong>Tbilisi</strong>:<br />
gamomcemloba `merani~, 1970.<br />
vaisi 1962: Weiss, Daniel A. Oedipus in Nottingham: D.H.<br />
Lawrence. Seattle: <strong>University</strong> of Washington<br />
Press, 1962.<br />
kekeliZe ... 1975: kekeliZe k., baramiZe a. Zveli qarTuli<br />
literaturis istoria. <strong>Tbilisi</strong>:<br />
gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1975.<br />
naTaZe ... 1994: naTaZe k., petriaSvili v., nakaSiZe b. qarTulrusuli<br />
literaturuli urTierTobis<br />
istoriidan. quTaisi: gamomcemloba<br />
`ganTiadi~, 1994.<br />
hiutoni ... 1959: Houghton, Walter E. and G. Robert Strange.<br />
Victorian Poetry and Poetics. Cambridge:<br />
Harvard <strong>University</strong> Press, 1959.<br />
281
282<br />
yovelTviuri<br />
Jurnalis an sxva<br />
tipis perioduli<br />
gamocemis statia<br />
Article in a journal or<br />
magazine published<br />
monthly<br />
wigni, avtoris gareSe<br />
Book, no author given<br />
dawesebuleba,<br />
asociacia da<br />
misTanani, avtoris<br />
poziciiT<br />
Institution, association, or<br />
the like, as “author”<br />
redaqtori, an<br />
kompilatori, avtoris<br />
poziciiT<br />
Editor or compiler as<br />
“author”<br />
eleqtronuli<br />
dokumenti<br />
internetidan<br />
Electronic document:<br />
From Internet<br />
enciklopedia,<br />
leqsikoni<br />
Encyclopedia,<br />
Dictionary<br />
aleqsiZe 1992: aleqsiZe z. `qarTvel ebraelTa~ saRmrTo<br />
misia saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis<br />
TvalTaxedviT. J. iveria. qarTul-evropuli<br />
institutis Jurnali, 1, 1992.<br />
someri 1988: Sommer, Robert. The Personality of Vegetables:<br />
Botanical Metaphors for Human Characteristics.<br />
Journal of Personality 56, no. 4 (December)<br />
1988.<br />
sabiblioTeko ... 1989: sabiblioTeko saqmis organizacia da<br />
marTva. baTumi: gamomcemloba `aWara~, 1989.<br />
cxovrebis ... 1976: New Life Options: The Working Women’s<br />
Resource Book. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.<br />
amerikis ... 1995: amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia.<br />
organizaciis saxelmZRvanelo cnobari da<br />
1995/1996 wlis wevrTa cnobari. Cikago:<br />
amerikis biblioTekaTa asociacia, 1995.<br />
amerikis ... 1995: American Library Association. ALA Handbook<br />
of Organization and 1995/1996 Membership<br />
Directory. Chicago: American Library<br />
Association, 1995.<br />
duduCava 1975: duduCava m. (redaqtori). literaturis<br />
Teoriis mcire leqsikoni. Tb.:<br />
gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1975.<br />
hendersoni 1950: Henderson, J.N.D. (editor). The World’s Religions.<br />
London: Inter-Varsity Fellowship, 1950.<br />
mitCeli 1995: mitCeli, uiliam j. bitebis qalaqi: sivrce,<br />
adgili da sainformacio nakadi [on-lain<br />
wigni] (kembriji: gamomc.: MIT Press, 1995,<br />
ganTavsebulia 29 seqtembridan, 1995); mis.:<br />
http://www-mitpress.mit.edu:80/ City_of_Bits/<br />
Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet.<br />
mitCeli 1995: Mitchell, William J. City of Bits: Space, Place, and<br />
the Infobahn [book on- line]. Cambridge, MA:<br />
MIT Press, 1995, accessed 29 September 1995;<br />
available from http://www-mitpress. mit.edu:80/<br />
City_of_Bits/Pulling_Glass/ index.html; Internet.<br />
vebsteri 1961: vebsteris axali sauniversiteto leqsikoni.<br />
springfildi: MA: G. и C. Merriam, 1961<br />
vebsteri 1961: Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield:<br />
MA: G. & C. Merriam, 1961.
interviu<br />
(gamouqveynebeli)<br />
saavtoro xelnaweri<br />
Interview (unpublished)<br />
by writer of paper<br />
sagazeTo statia<br />
Newspaper article<br />
yovelkvireuli<br />
Jurnalis statia<br />
Article in a magazine<br />
publis hed weekly (or of<br />
general interest)<br />
Tezisebi, an<br />
sadisertacio<br />
naSromis daskvnebi<br />
(debulebebi)<br />
Thesis or dissertation<br />
morganisi 1996: morganisi, nensi d. interviu avtorTan, 16<br />
ivlisi 1996, fol riviera, masaCusetsi,<br />
Canaweri<br />
morganisi 1996: Morganis, Nancy D. Interview by author, 16 July<br />
1996, Fall River, MA. Tape recording.<br />
niu iork taimsi 1990: `mariotis korporaciis profili~, gaz.<br />
niu iork taimsi, 21 ianvari 1990, Can. III, gv. 5.<br />
niu iork taimsi 1990: “Profile of Marriott Corp.” New York Times,<br />
21 January 1990, sec. III, p. 5.<br />
naiTi 1990: naiTi r. poloneTis Sinaomebi. J. aSS-is siaxleni<br />
da msoflios cnobebi, 10-17 seqtemberi,<br />
1990.<br />
naiTi 1990: Knight R. Poland’s Feud in the Family. U.S. News and<br />
World Report, 10-17 September, 1990.<br />
filipsi 1962: filipsi o. ovidiusis zegavlena lucianis<br />
zepur sazogadoebaze. sadoqtoro<br />
disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 1962.<br />
filipsi 1962: Phillips, O. The Influence of Ovid on Lucan’s Bellum<br />
Civile. Ph.D. diss., <strong>University</strong> of Chicago, 1962.<br />
*erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli ramdenime naSromi (calke an TanaavtorobiT) an<br />
erTi da igive naSromi (gagrZelebebiT) ramdenime nomerSi mieTiTeba anbanuri rigiT.<br />
magaliTad:<br />
(abaSiZe 1987a: 21), (abaSiZe 1987b: 87).<br />
283
Change language