`mwignobroba qarTuli~*
`mwignobroba qarTuli~*
`mwignobroba qarTuli~*
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
<strong>`mwignobroba</strong> qarTuli~ ∗<br />
`da ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa<br />
Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTagani. aman ganavrco<br />
ena qarTuli, da arRara izraxeboda<br />
sxua ena qarTlsa Sina TÂnier qarTulisa.<br />
da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~.<br />
XI saukunis istorikosis leonti mrovelis es cnoba did<br />
kamaTs iwvevs Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografiaSi. mas<br />
maincdamainc didi rwmeniT ar ekideboda axali qarTuli<br />
istoriografiis fuZemdebeli da qarTuli damwerlobaTmcodneobis<br />
faqtobrivi Semqmneli ivane javaxiSvili da<br />
farnavazis mier qarTuli mwignobrobis Seqmnas legendad<br />
miiCnevda.<br />
Cveulebriv iTvleba, rom `qarTul mwignobrobaSi~<br />
ZvelqarTuli `asomTavruli~ anbanis SemoReba igulisxmeba<br />
Zv. welTaRricxvis me-3 saukuneSi. magram arsaidan Cans, rom<br />
leonti mroveli farnavazis mier Seqmnil `qarTul<br />
mwignobrobaSi~ uciloblad ZvelqarTul `asomTavrul~<br />
damwerlobas gulisxmobda, im qarTul damwerlobas,<br />
romliTac Sesrulebuli uZvelesi epigrafikuli Zeglebi<br />
me-5 saukuniT, e.i. adreqristianuli xaniT TariRdeba.<br />
intensiuri arqeologiuri Ziebis Sedegad aRmoCnda mravali<br />
epigrafikuli Zegli qristianobamdeli xanisa, magram maT<br />
Soris – arc erTi qarTuli `asomTavruliT~ Sesrulebeli.<br />
es warwerebi ZiriTadad berZnulsa da arameul enebzea<br />
naweri.<br />
∗ , 1987 w. 20 noemberi, am Temaze ix. agreTve Cveni<br />
Semdegdroindeli publikaciebi: `qristianoba da qarTuli<br />
kultura~, – gaz. `saqarTvelos parlamenti~, #10, 15<br />
seqtemberi, 1995 w.; kreb. `filologiuri Ziebani~, Tbilisi, 1995,<br />
gv. 57–64; `qristianoba da Zveli qarTuli kultura~. –<br />
, 1998 w. 13-20 marti; <strong>`mwignobroba</strong> qarTuli~. – kreb.:<br />
`Dedicatio. istoriul-filologiuri Ziebani~, eZRvneba akademikos<br />
mariam lorTqifaniZes, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 420–429, 475–477 (reziume<br />
inglisur enaze); ~Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis qristianuli<br />
sawyisebi~. – Jurn. ~gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
Jurnali~, quTaisi, 2002, #4, gv. 3–9; ~qristianoba da Zveli qarTuli<br />
damwerloba~. – kreb. ~konstantine wereTeli _ 80 ~. saiubileo<br />
krebuli, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 78–83 (reziume inglisur enaze);<br />
~qristianoba da Zveli qarTuli kultura da damwerloba~. – Jurn.<br />
~logosi~, Tbilisi, 2004, #2, gv. 13–16 (reziume inglisur enaze).<br />
Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix.<br />
T. gamyreliZe, `weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba.<br />
anbanuri weris tipologia da warmomavloba~, akaki SaniZis<br />
redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT, `Tbilisis universitetis<br />
gamomcemloba~, Tbilisi, 1989/90; Sdr. am monografiis inglisuri<br />
Targmanis gamocema: Alphabetic Writing and the Old Georgian Script. A<br />
Typology and Provenience of Alphabetic Writing Systems, Delmar _ New<br />
York, 1994: «Caravan Books».
ukve am metad metyveli faqtidan SeiZleba garkveuli<br />
daskvnebis gamotana da im varaudis wamoyeneba, rom<br />
ZvelqarTuli `asomTavruli~ qristianuli xanis erovnuli<br />
damwerlobaa, Seqmnili qarTlSi qristianobis oficialur<br />
sarwmunoebad gamocxadebisTan erTad, iseve rogorc es moxda<br />
sxvadasxva dros saTanado qveynebSi kopturi, goTuri, Zveli<br />
somxuri da Zveli slavuri damwerlobebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
romlebic Tavsdebian berZnulze damyarebul adreqristianul<br />
damwerlobaTa saerTo tipologiur jgufSi.<br />
Zveli qarTuli `asomTavruli~ damwerlobis<br />
specialuri struqturul-tipologiuri Seswavla avlens<br />
mis utyuar kavSirs Zvel berZnul damwerlobasTan,<br />
romelsac igi emyareba da romelic unda yofiliyo<br />
gamoyenebuli prototipad, iseve rogorc damwerlobaTa<br />
zemoxsenebuli tipologiuri jgufis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
Zveli qarTuli `asomTavruli~ anbanis qristianul<br />
damwerlobad miCneva gansazRvravs misi Seqmnis xanas me-4<br />
saukunis dasasruliT an, SesaZlebelia, ufro adre<br />
periodiT.<br />
Zveli qarTuli `asomTavruli~ damwerlobis sruli<br />
`CamonakvTuloba~ da savsebiT Camoyalibebuli grafikuli<br />
xasiaTi, rac ukve uZveles istoriulad dadasturebul<br />
qarTul warwerebSi SeiniSneba, mowmobs swored am<br />
damwerlobis Seqmnas erTdrouli SemoqmedebiTi aqtis<br />
Sedegad.<br />
damwerlobis Seqmna gulisxmobs mTliani werilobiTi<br />
sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelsac garkveuli azriT<br />
dasrulebuli xasiaTi aqvs. rac ufro srulyofilia axlad<br />
Seqmnili damwerloba, rac ufro adekvaturad asaxavs igi<br />
enis bgeriT mxares, miT ufro naklebi damatebebi da<br />
Sesworebebi SeaqvT Semdgom masSi, miT ufro stabiluria<br />
igi Tavisi xasiaTiT.<br />
swored amgvari srulyofileba axasiaTebs asomTavrul<br />
damwerlobas da misi savsebiT Camoyalibebuli xasiaTi ukve<br />
me-5 saukunis warwerebSi ar gulisxmobs aucileblad am<br />
konkretuli weriTi sistemis xangrZliv winare istorias.<br />
Zveli qarTuli `asomTavruli~ damwerlobis Seqmna<br />
qristianul xanaSi, rodesac unda dawyebuliyo erovnuli<br />
anbaniT `saRmrTo werilis~ qarTul enaze gadmocema,<br />
advilad gasagebs xdis im werilobiTi da literaturuli<br />
tradiciebis arsebobasac, rac Cven qarTuli enisaTvis ukve<br />
me-5 saukunis bolos unda vivaraudoT.<br />
qristianoba imTaviTve iyo mwignobruli religia da<br />
xalxi, romelic am sarwmunoebas eziareboda, sakuTar<br />
mwignobrobas qmnida da iviTarebda. amasTanave, gansxvavebiT<br />
dasavluri qristianobisagan, aRmosavluri qristianoba<br />
xels uwyobda mwignobrobisa da mwerlobis ganviTarebas<br />
sakuTar erovnul enaze, erovnuli enisaTvis axali<br />
damwerlobis Seqmnas da naTargmni Tu originaluri Zeglebis<br />
SeTxzvas. ase moxda es qristianuli kopturi, goTuri, Zveli
somxuri da Zveli slavuri damwerlobebis Seqmnis<br />
SemTxvevaSi.<br />
Zveli qarTuli `asomTavruli~ anbanis qristianuli<br />
epoqis damwerlobad miCneva, romelic Seiqmna berZnuli<br />
weriTi sistemis safuZvelze garkveuli piris originaluri<br />
Semoqmedebis Sedegad, bunebrivad svams kiTxvas qarTuli<br />
anbanis Semqmnelis vinaobis Sesaxeb: vin iyo is pirovneba,<br />
romelmac Tanadrouli berZnuli anbanuri damwerlobis<br />
safuZvelze sruliad originaluri, monumenturi stilis<br />
mrglovani damwerloba Seqmna?<br />
istoriam Semogvinaxa qristianuli goTuri, somxuri da<br />
slavuri anbanebis SemqmnelTa saxelebi. esenia vulfila,<br />
mesrop-maSToci da konstantine-kirile. magram Cven dRemde<br />
ar viciT danamdvilebiT saxeli Zveli qarTuli<br />
`asomTavruli~ damwerlobis Semqmnelisa.<br />
somxuri istoriuli wyaroebi Zveli qarTuli anbanis<br />
Seqmnas (somxurTan da kavkasiis albanur damwerlobasTan<br />
erTad) imave mesrop-maSTocs miaweren, magram amave cnobebis<br />
mixedviT irkveva, rom mesrop-maSTocma TviT ar icoda<br />
qarTuli, rac sruliad gamoricxavs mis mier qarTuli<br />
anbanis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas.<br />
axali damwerlobis Seqmna axali grafikuli<br />
simboloebis gamogoneba-SeTxzvas ki ar niSnavs mxolod; igi<br />
gulisxmobs uwinares yovlisa enis Rrma lingvisturi<br />
analizis Catarebas, gabmuli metyvelebisa da sityvebis<br />
danawevrebas calkeul bgeriT erTeulebad, romlebic unda<br />
gamoixatos saTanado grafikuli niSnebiT. es aris swored<br />
axali damwerlobis Seqmnis procesSi logikurad pirveli<br />
da ZiriTadi etapi, rasac arsebiTad emyareba mTeli Semdgomi<br />
procedura bgeraTa grafikuli gamoxatvisa da maTi<br />
anbanTrigSi gawyobisa. yovelive es SeuZlebels xdis<br />
konkretuli enisaTvis damwerlobis Seqmnas iseTi piris mier,<br />
romelic am enas Rrmad ar aris dauflebuli, romelsac<br />
winaswar am enis Taviseburi lingvisturi analizi ar<br />
Cautarebia.<br />
mesrop-maSTocs verc `instruqtorad~ an<br />
`konsultantad~ vivaraudebT Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli<br />
anbanis Seqmnis saqmeSi, ramdenadac Zveli qarTuli<br />
damwerloba Zveli somxurisagan gansxvavebul struqturul<br />
principebs emyareba. Zveli qarTuli damwerlobis rogorc<br />
niSanTrigi, ise niSanTa grafikuli maxasiaTeblebi<br />
prototipuli berZnuli sistemisadmi damokidebulebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT somxurisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebul suraTs<br />
gviCvenebs, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavs Zveli somxuri<br />
damwerlobis Semqmnelis monawileobas qarTuli anbanis<br />
SedgenaSi Tundac `konsultantis~ rolSi, romelic<br />
uziarebs vinme sxvas axali damwerlobis Seqmnis Tavis<br />
gamocdilebasa da zogad principebs.<br />
prototipul berZnul sistemasTan damokidebulebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerloba
tipologiurad ufro axlosaa qristianuli damwerlobis<br />
uZveles nimuSebTan – kopturTan da goTurTan; niSanTrigis<br />
TvalsazrisiT qarTul damwerlobaSi igive principebia<br />
ganxorcielebuli, rac koptursa da goTurSi, sapirispirod<br />
Zveli somxuri damwerlobisa, romelic gansxvavebul<br />
principebzea agebuli.<br />
kopturisa da goTuris msgavsad, Zveli qarTulis<br />
analogiuri principebi gatarebulia Zvel slavur<br />
damwerlobaSic, romelic Zveli qarTuli sistemis gavlenis<br />
utyuar niSnebs avlens anbanTrigis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
magram Tu ZvelqarTuli `asomTavruli~ adreqristianuli<br />
xanis qarTuli damwerlobaa, Seqmnili ara uadres ax.<br />
welTaRricxvis meoTxe saukunisa, ras unda miuTiTebdes<br />
leonti mrovelis cnoba farnavazis mier `qarTuli<br />
mwignobrobis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb Zv. welTaRricxvis me-3<br />
saukuneSi?<br />
farnavazis droindeli an ufro gviandeli warmarTuli<br />
saqarTvelosaTvis <strong>`mwignobroba</strong> qarTuli~ unda niSnavdes<br />
albaT am dros qarTuli `weris~ SemoRebas specifikuri<br />
saxiT, e.i. qarTuli teqstis `Caweras~ romelime im dros<br />
gavrcelebuli enisa da damwerlobis, magaliTad, arameulis,<br />
saSualebiT da amgvarad Cawerili teqstis wakiTxvas kvlav<br />
sawyis, am SemTxvevaSi qarTul enaze.<br />
`weris~ es meTodi, romelsac cnobili britaneli<br />
iranisti ilia gerSeviCi `aloglotografias~ – anu `sxvaenaze-weras~<br />
uwodebs, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Zvel<br />
iranul samyaroSi.<br />
weris, `mwignobrobis~ amgvari wesis dros teqsti an<br />
Setyobineba, romelsac garkveul enaze karnaxoben,<br />
magaliTad, Zvel sparsulze, iTargmneba sinqronulad<br />
specialist-Camweris mier da Caiwereba damwerlobis mqone<br />
sxva romelime enaze, am SemTxvevaSi elamurad, da waikiTxeba<br />
an amoikiTxeba adresatis mier specialist-Tarjimanis<br />
daxmarebiT ara elamurad, aramed Tavdapirvel enaze,<br />
romelzedac nakarnaxebi iyo es teqsti an Setyobineba, e.i.<br />
Zvel sparsulad. elamuri ena da damwerloba gamodian am<br />
SemTxvevaSi `Suamavali enis~ rolSi, romlis saSualebiTac<br />
xdeba zepirad Zvelsparsulad Sedgenili Tavdapirveli<br />
teqstis an Setyobinebis kodireba. sakuTriv Zvelsparsuli<br />
solisebri damwerloba mxolod ufro mogvianebiT iqna<br />
SemoRebuli Zvelsparsuli teqstis uSualod werilobiTi<br />
fiqsaciisaTvis.<br />
saSualo sparsuli epoqisaTvis amgvar `Suamaval enad~<br />
ukve ara elamuri, aramed im xanad farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
arameuli ena gvevlineba `konsonantur-silaburi~<br />
damwerlobiT. `elamografia~, rac Zvelsparsuli<br />
mwignobrobisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, saSualo sparsul<br />
epoqaSi `arameografiiT~ icvleba, rasac SemdgomSi saSualo<br />
sparsuli werisaTvis damaxasiaTebel arameul<br />
ideografiamde mivyavarT.
ilia gerSeviCis moxdenili Sedarebis mixedviT, zepiri<br />
teqstis `Caweris~ aseTi meTodi igivea, rac metyvelebis<br />
`Cawera~ Tanamedrove magnitofonis firze. zepirad<br />
nakarnaxebi sparsuli teqstis arameulad an elamurad<br />
specialisti-Camweri da amave teqstis sparsuladve<br />
amomkiTxveli emsgavseba Tanamedrove `Camwer~ aparaturas<br />
im gansxvavebiT, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi aseTi aparaturis<br />
`meqanizmi~ elamuri (an arameuli) enaa, meore SemTxvevaSi<br />
ki – eleqtronuli mowyobiloba. aloglotografiuli<br />
wera, rogorc Cans, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli maxlobel<br />
aRmosavleTSi, riTac unda aixsnebodes sxvadasxva epoqaSi<br />
calkeuli enebis (elamuris, arameulis...) gansakuTrebuli<br />
xmareba mTel am regionSi.<br />
amasTanave, adgilobriv enebze damwerlobis arqona da<br />
`weris~ aloglotografiuli wesi, e.i. wera-kiTxvis<br />
faqtiuri codna mxolod specialist-TarjimanTa viwro<br />
wris mier, ar niSnavda sxvaTa `gaunaTleblobas~ an qveyanaSi<br />
literaturuli tradiciebis uqonlobas. aseTi daSveba<br />
iqneboda Cveni dRevandeli warmodgenebis gadatana Zvel<br />
epoqebze, rodesac `aloglotografia~ da wera-kiTxva<br />
sazogadod viwro, SesaZlebelia, arcTu ise prestiJul<br />
specialobas warmoadgenda (rogorc, magaliTad, sawer<br />
manqanaze beWdva an stenografia Cvens epoqaSi) da ar<br />
gansazRvravda adamianis ganaTlebis dones. sazogadoebis<br />
`ganaTlebuloba~ ganisazRvreboda sazogadod im codnis<br />
maragiT, romelic zepirad, zepirsityvierebis gziT Taobidan<br />
Taobas gadaecemoda.<br />
qristianobamde amierkavkasiaSic weris erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi meTodi, rogorc Cans, `aloglotografia~ unda<br />
yofiliyo, riTac aixsneba aq arameul warweraTa<br />
gansakuTrebuli gavrceleba. warmarTul iberiasa da<br />
somxeTSi teqstebi sakuTar adgilobriv enebze, albaT,<br />
swored aloglotografiis wesiT arameulad iwereboda, rac<br />
gasagebs xdis cnobas qarTlSi mefe farnavazis dros<br />
`qarTuli mwignobrobis~ SemoRebis Sesaxeb. `qarTuli<br />
mwignobroba~ SeiZleba, maSasadame, gavigoT rogorc<br />
`qarTuli aloglotografia~ arameulis safuZvelze,<br />
romelzedac weram am epoqis amierkavkasiaSi specifikuri,<br />
giorgi wereTlis mier `armazul arameulad~ wodebuli<br />
saxeoba miiRo. maSasadame, teqsts karnaxobdnen qarTulad,<br />
igi sinqronulad iTargmneboda da Caiwereboda specialist-<br />
Camweris mier arameulad da amoikiTxeboda qarTuladve. es<br />
unda yofiliyo qarTuli teqstis Caweris wesi arameuli<br />
enis da damwerlobis SuamavlobiT.<br />
qristianul qarTul saxelmwifoSi `mwignobrobis~<br />
arseboba Tundac rom mxolod arameuli<br />
`aloglotografiis~ saxiT vivaraudoT, esec mniSvnelovnad<br />
Seuwyobda xels mSobliur enaze literaturuli<br />
tradiciebis swraf ganviTarebas.<br />
amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve SesaZlebloba
warmarTul qarTul samyaroSi literaturuli tradiciebis<br />
arsebobisa zepirsityvierebis saxiT. cnobilia, rom<br />
literatura da literaturuli enis Camoyalibeba ama Tu<br />
im kulturaSi ar iwyeba aucileblad enis werilobiT<br />
fiqsaciasTan erTad, am enaze damwerlobis gaCenasTan erTad.<br />
literaturuli tradiciebi da literaturuli ena<br />
SesaZlebelia arsebobdes xangrZlivi periodis manZilze<br />
zepirsityvierebis saxiT am enaze specifikuri damwerlobis<br />
arsebobis gareSec.<br />
weris SemoReba mxolod amgvari tradiciebis grafikul<br />
fiqsacias axdens da xels uwyobs literaturuli enis<br />
Semdgom ganmtkicebasa da ganviTarebas. ase, magaliTad, Zveli<br />
induri literaturuli Zeglebi – veduri himnebi –<br />
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mxolod zepirad<br />
gadaicemoda da vrceldeboda; homerosis poemebi Seiqmna<br />
mniSvnelovnad ufro adre, vidre misi werilobiTi fiqsacia<br />
da Cawera ganxorcielda; egeve Seexeba sxvadasxva evropul<br />
literaturul tradiciebs da sxv.<br />
zepirsityvierebis amgvar tradiciebs aZlierebda agreTve<br />
axlad gaqristianebul aRmosavlur samyaroSi (maT Soris<br />
albaT saqarTveloSic) saRmrTo wignebis gadmoRebis iseTi<br />
wesi, rasac `aloglotoepia~ anu `sxva-enaze-Tqma~<br />
SeiZleba ewodos, rodesac mosaxleobaSi mSobliur enaze<br />
qadageba xdeboda religiuri teqstebis (Zveli da,<br />
gansakuTrebiT, axali aRTqmis) uSualod zepirad<br />
gadmoReba-Targmanebis saSualebiT. aseT viTarebaSi<br />
ixveweboda da mdidrdeboda leqsikurad da<br />
terminologiurad TviT is enac, romelzedac qadagebdnen<br />
da zepirad gadmoscemdnen kanonikur religiur teqstebs.<br />
amasac unda Seeqmna winapiroba imisa, rom qarTuli ena<br />
ganviTarebul da daxvewil literaturul enad<br />
Camoyalibebuliyo sakuTriv qarTuli qristianuli<br />
damwerlobis Seqmnisa da enis werilobiTi fiqsaciis<br />
droisaTvis.<br />
qristianobas mniSvnelovnad unda Seewyo xeli SemdgomSi<br />
literaturuli tradiciebis swrafi ganviTarebisaTvis;<br />
swored am sarwmunoebis safuZvelze iqmneba axali qarTuli<br />
kultura da mwignobroba, yalibdeba qarTvelTa erovnuli<br />
erTianobis Segneba, rasac araerTgzis gadaurCenia<br />
qarTveloba Tavisi istoriuli arsebobis manZilze sruli<br />
erovnuli gadagvarebisagan.<br />
qristianuli rwmena imxanad, rogorc mSobliuri ena da<br />
kultura dRes, iyo mZlavri faqtori erovnuli<br />
TviTSegnebisa da TviTdamkvidrebis.<br />
sarwmunoeba im epoqaSi, da gansakuTrebiT qristianuli<br />
sarwmunoeba Tavisi mowamebrivi ideologiiT, xdeba ZiriTadi<br />
komponenti adreqristianul xanaSi erovnuli da eTnikuri<br />
identifikaciisa.<br />
Tanamedrove kulturul samyaroSi qarTveloba<br />
ganixileba swored rogorc qristianuli civilizaciis
warmomadgeneli eri, romlis kultura axleburad<br />
gardaiqmna da aRorZinda qristianobis safuZvelze, romlis<br />
erovnuli damwerloba da, maSasadame, `axali mwignobroba~<br />
qristianobis – im droisaTvis axali rwmenisa da<br />
ideologiis safuZvelze Seiqmna.<br />
swored qristianobis saSualebiT eziara istoriulad<br />
qarTveloba imdroindel jer aRmosavlur da Semdgom<br />
dasavlur sakacobrio civilizacias da Tavad Seitana Tavisi<br />
wvlili am civilizaciaSi.