YDK 947

edaqtorisgan 

ìstoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis XII tomi 

mravalferovani TematikiT gamoirCeva. aq warmodgenilia 

naSromebi rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis, 

eTnologiis, istoriuli geografiis, enaTmecnierebis, 

eklesiis istoriis, aseve sxva qveynebis 

kulturisa da miTologiis Sesaxeb. garkveuli 

siaxlea im kuTxiTac, rom am tomSi masalebi 

warmodgenilia rubrikebis saxiT. 

samwuxarod, unda iTqvas, rom winamdebare 

tomi gamoirCeva Cveni Zvirfasi kolegebis xsovnisadmi 

miZRvnili mogonebebis simravliT. qarTulma 

humanitarulma mecnierebam am weliwadSi didi 

danaklisi ganicada. davkargeT iseTi nayofieri 

da niWieri mecnierebi, rogorebic iyvnen TinaTin 

oCiauri, vaxtang SamilaZe, soso WanturiSvili, 

manana SilakaZe, mixeil qurdiani. 

Cven mokrZalebiT SevecdebiT maTi xsovnis 

pativiscemas im mogonebebis gamoqveynebiT, romlebic 

saocari siTboTia savse da odnav mainc 

warmoaCens maT damsaxurebas qarTuli mecnierebis 

winaSe. 

3

istoria 

History 

4 

xaTuna ioseliani 

samxedro SenaerTebis aRmniSvneli 

qarTuli terminologia 

gansakuTrebiT rTuli geopolitikuri mdebareobis 

gamo, saqarTvelo uZvelesi periodidanve 

mraval sirTules awydeboda, rac garkveulwilad 

aisaxeboda mis ganviTarebaze. am viTarebam 

yvelaze meti gavlena samxedro saqmeze moaxdina. 

uZvelesi xanidan moyolebuli, saqarTvelos 

Zlier dampyroblebTan uwevda dapirispireba, ramac 

TavisTavad ganapiroba samxedro saqmis ganvi- 

Tareba, sabrZolo da Tavdasacavi iaraRis mravalferovneba 

da safortifikacio nagebobebisa 

da qselis uzado saxiT Camoyalibeba. 

sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebTan xSiri sabrZolo 

urTierTobebis Sedegad, qarTuli samxedro 

xelovneba TandaTan ixveweboda. misi ganviTareba 

xdeboda rogorc adgilobrivi kanonzomierebis 

Sesabamisad, ise mowinaaRmdegis samxedro saqmidan 

aRebuli niuansebis safuZvelze. am erTobliobam 

ki Camoayaliba qarTuli samxedro xelovneba, 

romelic saukuneebis manZilze tols ar 

udebda Tavis Tanamedrove sxva qveynebis samxedro 

saqmes. qarTvelebis sabrZolo meTodologia- 

Si gaTvaliswinebuli iyo yvelaferi _ geografiuli 

garemo, strategia, taqtika, SeiaraReba; saukeTesod 

iyo mogvarebuli umTavresi problema, 

romlis winaSec yovelTvis idga qarTuli saxelmwifo 

_ mravalricxovani mtris SedarebiT mci-

ericxovani ZaliT damarcxeba. qarTuli samxedro 

saqmis erTerTi pirveli mkvlevari, i. gedevaniSvili 

qarTuli sabrZolo wyobis ganxilvisas 

aseT daskvnas akeTebs: “qarTuli sabrZolo wyoba 

iyo moqnili, nawilebi erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli, 

gaaCnda rezervi; evropaSi aseTi wyoba SemoiRes 

mxolod napoleonis Semdeg” [3, 59-60]. 

Cveni kvlevis sagans amjerad ar warmoadgens 

qarTuli laSqris wyoba da brZolis warmoebis 

meTodologia. Cven ganvixilavT qarTul samxedro 

xelovnebasTan dakavSirebul ZiriTad terminologias, 

maT warmomavlobas da mniSvnelobebs. 

rogorc aRiniSna, qarTvelebs uZvelesi droidanve 

sabrZolo urTierTobebi hqondaT Zlier 

saxelmwifoebTan, rac garkveul gavlenas axdenda 

ara mxolod samxedro saqmis ganviTarebaze, 

aramed masTan dakavSirebul terminologiazec. 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom didi nawili qarTuli samxedro 

terminologiisa, sparsulidan aris Semosuli, 

rac metyvelebs rogorc sparseTTan intensiur 

urTierTobaze, ise qarTuli sabrZolo xelovnebis 

siZveleze. 

qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis aRmniSvnelad 

gamoiyeneboda terminebi: “eri”, “jari”, 

“mxedroba”, “spa”, “laSqari”. 

uZvelesi qarTuli termini, romelic jars 

aRniSnavda “eri” iyo. wyaroebisa da leqsikologiuri 

monacemebidan Cans, rom “eri” Tavidan ori 

mniSvnelobis mqone sityva iyo. igi aRniSnavda 

“xalxs”, “mravals”, “xalxis erTobliobas”, 

“mrevls”, “wurili eri” _mdabio xalxs, anu glexobas”. 

amave dros, “eri” niSnavda jars, “ermravali 

_ didi jaris patrons”, xolo “erisagani” 

_ jariskacs, meomars. termin “erSi” gamokveTili 

5

samxedro mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia agreTve 

“erisTavis” instituti. 

sabas mixedviT “eri _ msoflio kaci, jaria” 

[4, 241]; i. abulaZes “eri” ar aqvs ganmartebuli, 

Tumca misgan nawarmoebi terminebi uxvad aqvs dadasturebuli: 

“erisagani _ jariskaci”; “erisakaci, 

eriskaci _ mxedari, jariskaci, saero piri, 

msoflio, mdabio”; “eriskacobisa modgami _ Tanamosagre, 

TanambrZoli” [1, 150]. 

amrigad, uZvelesi qarTuli termini, romelsac 

dResac ar daukargavs aqtualoba da axla 

mxolod xalxis, naciis aRmniSvnelad ixmareba, 

Tavidan xalxsac niSnavda da jarsac. ivane javaxiSvilis 

daskvniT “eris” orgvari mniSvneloba 

gasakviri araa, imitom rom xalxi da jari uZveles 

dros erTidaigive iyo [9, 193]. anu qarTuli 

termini maSinaa gaCenili, rodesac molaSqreobis 

ufleba jer kidev yvelas hqonda, jari dgeboda 

yvela brZolisunariani mamakacisgan da molaSqreoba 

mxolod romelime fenis privilegias ar 

warmoadgenda. Tumca mas Semdegac, rac qarTuli 

saxelmwifo Camoyalibda, samxedro terminologia 

swored “erisgan” iwarmoeba: “erisTavi, erismTavari, 

erismoZRuari” jaris ufross, mxedar- 

TmTavars niSnavs. 

garkveuli periodi termini “eri” inarCunebda 

samxedro mniSvnelobas, Semdeg ki mas Caenacvla 

sparsuli warmoSobis leqsemebi “spa” da 

“laSqari”. 

xalxis, gundis, simravlis da aseve laSqris 

aRmniSvneli iyo “jari”, romelic Tavidan JamTaaRmwerelTan 

gvxvdeba: “aTasi yivCayi gaqceuli 

Sekrba vaxtangs Tana jarad” [8, 317]. sabasTan jari 

ganmartebulia rogorc “mravalni kacni _ 

6

mijra jaris Setkeca” [5. 452]. aqac imave viTarebasTan 

gvaqvs saqme, termini aRniSnavs rogorc 

“mraval kacs”, xalxs, gunds, aseve laSqars, meomarTa 

krebuls. Tumca es termini, “erisgan” gansxvavebiT, 

samxedro mniSvnelobiT ganviTarda da 

dRes qarTuli sabrZolo SenaerTebis ZiriTadi 

aRmniSvnelia. 

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa termini “mxedari//mxedroba//samxedro”, 

romelic dResac jarTan 

erTad, qarTuli SeiaraRebis erTerT mTavar 

leqsemadaa damkvidrebuli. 

mxedari Tavdapirvelad mxolod cxenosans, 

amxedrebuls niSnavda, Semdgom gaCnda “mxedroba”, 

rac mTlianad jars aRniSnavda. amis safuZvelze 

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Sua saukuneebis 

qarTul laSqarSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani cxenosani 

Zala iyo, ris Sedegadac es termini zogadad 

saomari xelovnebis _ “samxedro” _ aRmniSvnelad 

iqca. 1084 wlis tipikonSi, romelic petriwonis 

monastrisTvis iyo Sedgenili, erTi mokle 

da frTiani fraziT mSvenivradaa Camoyalibebuli 

qarTvelTa daxasiaTeba, sadac “mxedrobi- 

Ta” ukve Cvevas, profesias da erovnuli xasiaTis 

mTavar aspeqts gamoxatavs: “qarTvelni varT na- 

TesaviT mxnenni, mxedrobiTa aRzrdilni da marad 

Wirveulsa cxovrebasa Cveulni”. aseve SeiZlebas 

iTqvas daviTY aRmaSeneblis frazis Sesaxeb, 

romliTac is samRvdeloebas mimarTavs: “vi- 

Tarca mxedrobasa Sina aRzrdili..... martivTa mier 

sityuaTa gezraxo Tqven” [7, 357]. 

werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebis mixedviT 

“mxedars//mxedrobas” ori mniSvneloba gaaCnia. 

erTi esaa gundi, krebuli (“zecisa mxedrobani” 

[7, 209]), xolo meore _ cxenosani, cxenze amxed- 

7

ebuli. sabas ganmartebiT “mxჴedari _ cxenosani, 

mebrZoli, wvrTili da didgvaria’’ [4, 553]. aq 

kargad Cans, rom “mxedris” mniSvnelobaSi umTavresi 

sabrZolo, meomruli arsia, amave dros gawvrTnili 

da didgvarovani, rac isev adasturebs, 

rom saqarTveloSi meomari iyo socialurad dawinaurebeli 

fenis warmomadgeneli, Zlieri da 

gawrTvnili, anu Tavisi saqmis mcodne da SemZlebi. 

sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi metad 

saintereso informaciebi da ganmartebebi moipoveba 

qarTuli laSqris mmarTveli struqturis 

Sesaxeb, umaRlesi sardlobis titulatura aseve 

termin “mxedrobisganaa” warmoqmnili. 

sulxan-saba orbeliani jaris ufrosebis, 

anu sardlebis, sam Tanamdebobas gviCvenebs. pirvelia 

“mxჴedarT-mTavari” _ laSqarTa Semdgomi 

mefisa, romlisa brZanebasa erCian yoveli mxedroba”. 

misi Semdgomi piria “mxჴedarT-moZRuari” 

_ mxedrobaTa maswavlebeli, viTarZi uxamT brZola”; 

xolo mesamea “mxჴedarT-myuanebeli” _ ese 

ars mxedrobaTa winamZRoli, sada omi xams da misi 

ars rCeva, cixeTa Semodgoma, dadarneba da 

misTanani” [4, 553]. 

sulxan-saba orbeliani qarTuli laSqris 

mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb metad saintereso cnobebs 

gvawvdis. Cans, rom umaRlesi mTavarsardlis 

garda, romelsac mefe warmoadgenda, qarTul 

laSqars yolia sami mTavari winamZRoli, romel- 

Ta funqciebic naTlad iyo gansazRvruli da diferencirebuli. 

I _ es aris jaris ufrosi, mxedarTmTavari, 

Semdgomi mefisa, romelsac emorCileba 

mTeli sabrZolo Zala; II _ mxedarTmoZRua- 

8

i, romelic SeiZleba samxedro operaciebis 

mrCevlad da maswavleblad CavTvaloT, vinaidan 

is urCevs, sad ra moqmedeba iqneba upriani, rogor 

unda ganlagdes jari da ra saxis Seteva 

ganxorcieldes; III _ mxedarTmyuanebeli, anu 

brZolis da mxedrobis wamyvani, realuri winam- 

ZRoli, romelic Tavad miuZRvis laSqars, omobs, 

gadamwyvet situaciaSi TviTon irCevs moqmedebis 

gegmas, Casafreba iqneba es, Seteva Tu cixeTa “Semowyoba” 

da a.S. 

saintereso terminia damowmebuli qarTul 

werilobiT wyaroebSi, esaa “menaveT-moZRuari”, 

rac “menaveTa Tavs” niSnavda [1, 221]. Tumca samwuxarod 

ar xerxdeba imis dadgena, es termini aRniSnavda 

Tu ara raime samxedro Tanamdebobas 

Suasaukuneebis qarTul laSqarSi da iyo Tu ara 

mxedarTmTavris msgavsi instituti, vinaidan igi 

damowmebul citataSi zogadad “gonierebis” konteqstiTaa 

gamoyenebuli: “bagrat . . . viTarca 

ჴeluanman menaveT-moZRuarman ganago yoveli saqme 

afxazeTisa” [8, 276]. 

garda terminologiuri Tvalsazrisisa, es 

monacemebi metad faseulia qarTuli laSqris 

marTvis struqturis SeswavlisaTvis, Cans, rom 

jaris mmarTveloba umaRles jgufSic ki diferencirebuli 

iyo. is faqti, rom mefis, anu umaRlesi 

mTavarsardlis Semdeg aseve umaRlesi samxedro 

mmarTveloba Tundac sami TanamdebobiT 

iyo gansazRvruli, udavod metyvelebs qarTuli 

jaris struqturul daxvewilobaze. SesaZlebelia, 

am kuTxiT kvlevis gagrZelebam ufro metad 

saintereso Sedegebi mogvces qarTuli laSqris 

wyobis, mmarTvelobis struqturisa da brZolis 

warmoebis meTodologiis Sesaxeb. 

9

am terminebis garda, qarTuli SeiaraRebuli 

Zalebi saukuneebis manZilze gamoixateboda terminebiT 

“spa” da “laSqari”. 

spa da laSqari orive sparsuli warmoSobis 

leqsemebia. sabas ganmartebiT laSqari “didi jaria 

samtero” [4, 408]; m. andronikaSvilis mixedviT 

“laSqari” axali sparsulidan momdinare sityvaa, 

rac unda niSnavdes “gamanadgurebels, Tavdamsxmels, 

jars, xalxs” [2, 337-339]. rac Seexeba spas, 

saba mas ase ganmartavs: “spa _ mxedari, spani _ 

mxedrobani”, arsebula agreTve termini “spaTmZRuari, 

rac “erismZRuars” niSnavs [1, 401]. m. andronikaSvilis 

mixedviT: “spa _ jari, armia, mxedroba, 

laSqari; qarTuli spa ueWvelia modis falauridan” 

[2, 369-371]. amdenad, spa da laSqari orive 

samxedro kontingentis, jaris aRmniSvneli terminebia. 

ivane javaxiSvilis daskvniT, “laSqaris” da 

“spis” mravlobiTi forma “laSqarni” da “spani” 

qarTulSi “gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiTac ixmareboda 

da sagangebo cnebis aRmniSvnel terminebad 

iqca” [9, 220]. wyaroebis Seswavlis Semdeg 

akademikosi im daskvnamde mivida, rom “laSqarni” 

da “spani” maRali samxedro wris, “guariani da 

didebuli” xelisuflebis, an raRac dawesebulebis 

aRmniSvneli iyo. maTi warmomadgenlebi “ubralo 

meomrebi ki ar yofilan, aramed meomarTa 

rCeuli nawili, qveynis bediRbalsa da keTildReobaze 

mzrunveli wre”. meomarTa am nawils 

ivane javaxiSvili Suasaukuneebis evropis raindTa 

wres udarebs [9, 223]. 

rac Seexeba folklors, aq laSqari ufro 

xSirad moixsenieba, vidre spa. unda aRiniSnos 

isic, rom folkloruli monacemebis mixedviT 

10

laSqari meomrebis mcirericxovan erTobliobasac 

niSnavda. magaliTad, svanur poeziaSi laSqrad 

moixsenieba ori an sami aTeuli meomrisgan 

Semdgari razmic. 

yovelive es imas niSnavs, rom “laSqari//laSqarni”, 

“spa//spani” zogadad iyo rogorc mTlianad 

jaris, aseve maRali samxedro wrisa da mebrZolTagan 

Seqmnili Cveulebrivi gundis aRmniSvneli 

terminebi. Tumca Cans, rom maT ZiriTadad 

mainc SeinarCunes Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba, rac 

mebrZolTa erTobliobas, jars gulisxmobda. 

rac Seexeba aseve Zveli qarTuli samxedro 

xelovnebisgan ganuyofel terminebs: “spaspeti _ 

(mxedarTmTavari, saSualo sparsulidan modis [2, 

371], spasalari _ (mxedarTmTavari, jaris ufrosi, 

axali sparsuli [2, 372], amirbari, sardali _ 

(Zveli sparsuli, [6, 859]”, sparsuli warmomavlobisani 

arian. 

mcireodeni kvlevis Sedegad, rac qarTuli 

werilobiTi wyaroebisa da leqsikologiuri 

kvlevebis monacemebze iyo dafuZnebuli, gamoCnda, 

rom Zveli qarTuli sabrZolo xelovneba 

didi tradiciebis matarebelia, sadac erTmaneTsaa 

Serwymuli sakuTari da sxva qveynebis sabrZolo 

gamocdileba da terminologia. 

11

wyaroebi da literatura 

1. i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, 

Tb., 1973. 

2. m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli 

enobrivi urTierTobidan, Tb., 1966. 

3. i. gedevaniSvili, samxedro xelovneba saqar- 

TveloSi (nimuSebi samxedro istoriidan), tf., 

1915. 

4. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, 

t. I, Tb., 1991. 


t. II, Tb., 1993. 

6. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeuli, 

nakveTi II, Tb., 1990. 

7. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela 

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis 

mier, t. I, Tb., 1955. 

8. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela 

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis 

mier, t. II, Tb., 1959. 

9. i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. 

VI, Tb., 1982. 

12

Khatuna Ioseliani 

Terms Denoting Military Unitsin Georgian 

The geopolitical situation from the very beginning determined 

complicated and acrid relations of Georgia with big neighboring 

countries that in fact were mainly displayed in war 

affairs. The country that was in the state of permanent defense 

was of course developing the art of war. It means that country 

was producing various kinds of weapons of high quality, 

developing fortifying system, constructed fortifying buildings 

andwas forming methodology of fighting (strategy, tactics…) 

completely. 

Georgian terms denoting military units are various. They 

were changed in the course of time. Ancient term that was 

denoting both people and army was “eri”. “Eri” meant people, 

nation and forces, army as well. “Erisagani” meant warrior, it 

also was denoting army, host. It also meant group, many and 

army.The reason of this is that ancient Georgian terms are 

formed at that very period when the service in the forces was not 

a privilege of the high society members and everybody was 

allowed to serve in the army. 

In the following period Persian lexemes such as: 

“spa”,”lashkari”, that are equal to “jari” and ”eri”, were inculcated. 

Finally the term “eri” was developed as a word denoting 

only people, nation; as a term denoting ethnicity and had lost the 

military semantics. We can say the same about “spa”, and 

“lashkari”. Finally remained only “jari”, that from the beginning 

was denoting “mravali” as well. As for “mkhedroba”, that meant 

forces and was originated from “tskhenosani=amkhedrebuli”, is 

partly used in the modern speech and its derivative word 

“samkhedro”generally means art of war and military structures. 

13

Salva gloveli 

qarTvel mefeTa titulaturis Sesaxeb - 

`mefeTa-mefe~ 

mefeTa titulatura erT-erTi mniSvnelovani 

sakvlevi sakiTxia. titulaturis Seswavla mravalmxriv 

mniSvnelovania, is sakmaod saintereso 

da mdidar informacias moicavs. saqarTvelos istoriaSic 

mefeTa titulaturis mixedviT araerTi 

sakiTxi naTeli gamxdara mkvlevarTaTvis. amjeradac 

gvinda erTi titulis _ `mefeTa-mefis~ _ Sesaxeb 

visaubroT da konkretul faqtebTan erTad 

gaviazroT am titulis Sinaarsi, masSi daculi 

mdidari informacia da istoriuli faqtebi. amTaviTve 

aRvniSnavT, rom saubari exeba ara zogadad 

`mefeTa-mefis~ tituls, aramed `qarTvelTa samefoSi~ 

am titulis Sinaarss, kerZod, gurgen mefis 

mier `mefeTa mefis~ titulis flobas. 

rogorc cnobilia, 994 wels gardaicvala 

bagrat II `qarTvelTa mefe~ (`regvenad~ wodebuli). 

mis Semdeg es tituli da samefo teritoriebic 

unda gadasuliyo misi memkvidreebis gurgenis 

(bagrat II-is Ze) da bagrat III-is (gurgenis Ze, 

bagrat II-is SviliSvili) xelSi. gurgeni wyaroebSi 

ixsenieba `mefeT-mefis~ tituliT da ara 

`qarTvelTa mefed~. 

rogorc irkveva, 994 wels bagrat II `qar- 

TvelTa mefis~ gardacvalebis Semdeg es tituli 

gadasula ara misi memkvidreebis, aramed daviT 

kurapalatis xelSi. amas mowmobs Cvenamde moRweuli 

aTonis lavraSi gadawerili erTi xelnaweri, 

romelic Seicavs eqvTime aTonelis Targmnil 

14

Txzulebebs. mniSvnelovania, rom mis anderZ-minawerebSi 

6-jer ixsenieba daviTi, aqedan 4-jer rogorc 

`qarTvelTa mefe~. k. kekeliZem am anderZ-minawerebSi 

moxseniebuli daviTi gaaigiva daviT 

kurapalatTan [8, 205]. daviT III-is `qarTvelTa mefobas~ 

iziareben c. qurcikiZe da m. lorTqifani- 

Ze [17, 338-339; 18, 374, 377; Sead. 13, 78-81; 19, 36]. 

profesorma n. SoSiaSvilma, gaiziara ra aRniSnuli 

mosazreba, daaskvna, rom anderZ-minaweri Sesrulebulia 

994-1001 wlebSi, anu bagrat II `qar- 

TvelTa mefis~ gardacvalebidan Tavad daviT III 

kurapalatis gardacvalebamde periodSi [16, 

120]. e. i. bagrat II-is Semdeg `qarTvelTa mefe~ 

ar gamxdara arc gurgeni da arc bagrat III, am 

titulis mflobeli xdeba daviT III kurapalati 

[12, 471]. 

pirvelad bagrat III `qarTvelTa mefed~ ixsenieba 

wvimoeTis taZris warweraSi, romelic da- 

TariRebulia da Sesrulebulia 1002 wels: 

`saxeliTa RmrTisaÁTa me glaxak/man an-na 

viwye Senebad/wmadasa amas eklesiasa sa/yofelsa 

wmidaÁsa naTlis mce/melisasa salocvelad, adiden 

RmerTman,/Zlierisa bagrat afxazTa da/qar- 

TvelTa mefisa da kura/palatisa, da Zisa ma/Tisa 

giorgi oÂflis wulisa da /mefisa Cuenisa da 

saÃsra/d codvilisa sulisa mSobelTa /da mama- 

Ta CemTaTÂs qoronikoni iyo skb~ [20, 154]. 

maSasadame, bagrat III `qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis 

mflobeli gaxda mxolod daviT III kurapalatis 

gardacvalebis Semdeg. am mosazrebas 

iziarebs prof. valeri silogavac [15, 52-53]. yoveli 

SemTxvevisaTvis, manamde (1001 wlamde) bagrati 

arsad ar aris moxseniebuli `qarTvelTa me- 

15

fed~. rac Seexeba 996 wlis martvilis warweras, 

is ar unda iyos sworad aRdgenili m. broses mier. 

`brose, - wers e. TayaiSvili, - ase kiTxulobs 

da sTargmnis warweras: [RmerTo Seiwyale] mefe 

afxazTa [da qarTvelTa orTave Sina] cxovrebaTa 

aRaSena wminda ese sanaTla [vi].... dasabamiTganTa 

welTa q. (). qoronikonsa siv~ [6, 4]. rogorc Cans, 

aq bagrat III-is tituli `qarTvelTa mefe~ broses 

mieraa aRdgenili. es warwera gamocemulia v. 

silogavas mierac, sadac, Cveni azriT, teqsti ufro 

zustadaa aRdgenili: 

`[ † adiden RmerTman bagrat] m(e)fÀ afxazTa 

[orTave Sin]a cx(o)r(e)b(a)Ta; aRaSena w(mida)Y ese 

sanaTla[vi] d(a)s [abami]Tg(a)n [T]a w(e)lTa [x]q, 

qr(oni)k(on)sa siv~ [15, 35]. 

maSasadame, daviTma bagrat II-is gardacvalebis 

Semdeg `qarTvelTa mefis~ titulis miRebiT 

sul cota 7 wliT mainc Seaferxa bagrat III-is 

`qarTvelTa mefed~ gaxdoma anu saqarTvelos gaerTianebis 

procesi; yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT, 

TiTqos gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom iwodeba gurgeni 

`mefeTa-mefed~. iqneb man es tituli, am etapze, 

daupirispira `qarTvelTa mefes~ rogorc vnaxeT, 

bagrat II-is Semdeg `qarTvelTa mefe~ gamxdara 

daviT III kurapalati. es tituli gvarSi 

ufrosi mefis Sinaarsis matarebelia. istoriul 

wyaroebSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, gurgeni ixsenieba 

`mefeT-mefed~ [9, 278; 14, 52; 5, 29...]. es titulic 

mefeTa Soris upirveless, ufros mefes unda aRniSnavdes. 

iqneb gurgeni ase upirispirdeba swored 

daviT III kurapalatsa da aw ukve `qarTvel- 

Ta mefes~. `mefeT-mefobiT~ is erTgvarad ivsebs 

im danakliss, romelic mas miayena daviTma `qar- 

16

TvelTa mefis~ titulis warTmeviT. `mefeT-mefoba~ 

ar aris ucxo bagrationTaTvis. am tituliT 

TviT daviT kurapalatic ixsenieba 973 w. `parxlis 

oTxTavis~ minawerSi [1, 79]. mniSvnelovania 

erTi analogia: maSin daviTmac dakarga `qar- 

TvelTa mefis~ tituli. is iyo bagrat I `qar- 

TvelTa mefis~ SviliSvili da misi kanonieri 

memkvidre. miuxedavad amisa, `qarTvelTa mefe~ 

gaxda bagrat II `regveni~ (swored misi gardacvalebis 

Semdeg SeZlo daviTma am titulis miReba). 

SesaZloa, maSinac moxda am titulebis dapirispireba. 

daviT III-m dakarga ra `qarTvelTa mefoba~, 

iwoda `mefeT-mefed~, anu amiT xazi gausva 

mis kanonier uflebas - iyos upirvelesi mefeTa 

Soris (sainteresoa titulebis _ `qarTvelTa mefe” 

da `qarTvelTa kurapalatis” urTierTmimar- 

Tebac. istorikos nikoloz gurgeniZis aRniSvniT, 

`qarTvelTa kurapalatis~ titulis SemoReba 

gamowveuli iyo bizantiis mxridan kurapalatis 

tituliT manipulirebisaTvis. igi warmoadgenda 

Sualedur tituls `kurapalatsa~ da `qar- 

TvelTa mefis~ titulebs Soris da vinaidan er- 

Tiani qarTuli samefos Seqmnis gamo dakarga Tavisi 

faqtiuri Sinaarsi, amoRebul iqna erTiani 

saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturidanac) [4, 18-24]. 

mivubrundeT gurgen `mefeTa-mefes~. sumbat 

daviTis Zis qronikis mixedviT, `vidre gurgenis 

gamefebamde ese bagrat mefe iqmna afxazeTs da 

amisTÂs gurgens mefeTmefobaY ewoda~ [14, 52]. sumbatis 

mixedviT, radganac bagrati (III) `qarTvel- 

Ta samefoSi~ mamis gamefebamde ukve iyo gamefebuli 

àfxazeTSi~, amitom gaxda gurgeni `mefeTmefe~. 

aq saqme unda gvqondes am faqtis sumbatiseul 

gagebasTan [Sead. 7, 109]. motanili citati- 

17

dan Cans, rom sumbats gurgeni warmodgenili 

hyavs ara mxolod `qarTvelTa~ samefoSi upirveles 

mefed, aramed sxvadasxva samefoebis - àfxazTa~ 

da `qarTvelTa~ mefeebis mefed da es ma- 

Sin, rodesac aRniSnuli samefoebi jer kidev ar 

arian gaerTianebulni. maSasadame, sumbatis ganmartebis 

mixedviT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom `mefeT-mefoba~, 

am etapze, bevrad ufro maRal titulad 

moiazreba, vidre `qarTvelTa~ an Tundac 

àfxazTa mefoba~. gurgenis `mefeT-mefobis~ sumbatiseuli 

gagebis Tanaxmad, bagrat II-is gardacvalebis 

Semdeg, 994 wlidan SeiZleba gurgeni miviCnioT 

erTgvar simbolur mefed im erTiani samefosi, 

romelic jer kidev ar aris Camoyalibebuli 

da romelsac realurad misi Ze - bagrat III 

Caudgeba Semdeg saTaveSi. im dros es iqneboda 

aSkara xazgasma, rom `mefeT-mefe~ gurgenis kanonieri 

memkvidre - bagrat III iqneba upirvelesi 

daviT kurapalat _ `qarTvelTa mefesTan~ mimar- 

TebaSic, magram aseTi msjelobis safuZvels iZleva 

gurgenis `mefeT-mefobis~ mxolod sumbatiseuli 

axsna, rac SeiZleba gadaWarbebulicaa; 

sumbat daviTis Ze aris ukve gaerTianebul qar- 

Tul saxelmwifoSi moRvawe pirovneba da am kuTxiT 

aqvs gurgenis `mefeT-mefoba~ axsnili, rac 

savsebiT SesaZlebelia, ar iyos axlos WeSmaritebasTan. 

ufro realurad migvaCnia, rom am etapze, 

gurgeni, aw ukve `qarTvelTa mefe~ daviT IIIis 

sawinaaRmdegod, iwoda `mefeT-mefed~. istorikosi 

z. papasqiri wers: `bagrat `reguenis~ gardacvalebis 

Semdeg `qarTvelTa~ mefed iwoda ara 

misi Ze gurgeni, aramed am ukanasknelis vaJi bagrat 

àfxazTa~ mefe: es gakeTda bagrat III-is legitimisturi 

uflebebis gansamtkiceblad tao- 

18

klarjeTSi. am RonisZiebis iniciatorad unda miviCnioT 

TviT gurgeni (SeiZleba daviT kurapalatic)~ 

[13, 81-82]. is rom bagrati gurgenis sicocxleSive 

iwoda `qarTvelTa mefed~, rasakvirvelia, 

gurgenis TanxmobiT moxda, isini yovelTvis 

erTad iyvnen politikuri daZabulobis dros, 

magram daSveba imisa, rom daviT kurapalatic 

xels uwyobda bagrat III-sTvis `qarTvelTa mefis~ 

titulis gadacemas, cotaTi gaugebaria; daviTma 

xom Tavadve miiRo es tituli bagrat II 

`regvenis~ gardacvalebisTanave da, albaT, swored 

amitom gaxda gurgenic `mefeTa-mefis~ titulis 

matarebeli, razedac zemoT visaubreT. 

im argumentebis gaTvaliswinebiT, razedac 

zemoT visaubreT, kerZod - 1. bagrat II-is gardacvalebidan 

(994 wlidan) daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebamde 

(1001 w.) bagrat III arc erT wyaro- 

Si ar ixsenieba `qarTvelTa mefed~; is `qarTvel- 

Ta mefed~ pirvelad ixsenieba xcisis eklesiis 

1002 wlis warweraSi (anu zustad daviT kurapalatis 

gardacvalebis meore wels); 2. gurgeni mamis 

- bagrat II `qarTvelTa mefis~ gardacvalebis 

Semdeg ar ixsenieba `qarTvelTa mefed~, aramed 

is iwoda `mefeTa-mefed~; 3. aTonur xelnawerSi 

daviT III kurapalati moixsenieba `qarTvelTa mefed~ 

- Cven viziarebT azrs, rom 994-1001 wlebSi 

`qarTvelTa mefea~ daviT III kurapalati. 1001 

wlis Semdeg bagrat III ukve xdeba mefe àfxazTa 

da qarTvelTa~, anu saqarTvelos gaerTianebis 

procesi kvlav gagrZelda [saqarTvelos gaerTianebis 

saqmeSi daviT III kurapalatis rolis Sesaxeb 

ixileT agreTve: 11; 3; 10; 2]. 

rac Seexeba tituls `mefeTa-mefe~-s, Cveni 

azriT, is aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, mainc ar iyo 

19

memkvidreobiTi oficialuri tituli. amiTic aixsneba, 

rom is ar gadadioda memkvidreobiT; `qar- 

TvelTa samefoSi~ `mefeTa-mefed~ iwodebodnen 

mxolod calkeul SemTxvevebSi `qarTvelTa mefis~ 

titulis sapirispirod da igive SinaarsiT 

ra Sinaarssac atarebda Tavis TavSi `qarTvelTa 

mefis~ tituli – upirvelesi mefe mefeTa Soris. 


1. S. badriZe, daviT didi taoelis politikuri 

statusis sakiTxisaTvis. Tsu Sromebi. B 8-9 

(155-156), humanitaruli mecnierebani. Tb., 1974. 

2. S. gloveli, n. gurgeniZe, qarTvel politikos- 

Ta brZola saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis. 

kr. `saistorio Studiebi~ IV, Tb., 2003. 

3. k. grigolia, recenzia wignisa giorgi meliqiSvili, 

feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri 

gaerTianeba da saqarTveloSi feodalur 

urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis zogierTi sakiTxi. 

gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, #10, 11, 

marti, 1994. 

4. n. gurgeniZe, `qarTvelTa mefisa~ da `qarTvel- 

Ta kurapalatis~ urTierTmimarTebisaTvis. istoriul-eTnografiuli 

Studiebi, V, iv. javaxiSvilis 

sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutSi 

2001 w. 24-27 seqtembers Catarebuli 

institutis 60 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili axal- 

20

gazrda mecnierTa da aspirantTa dargTaSorisi 

konferenciis masalebi, Tb., 2002. 

5. e. TayaiSvili, 1917 wlis arqeologiuri eqspedicia 

samxreT saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1960. 

6. e. TayaiSvili, martvilis monasteri. redaqtor-gamomcemeli 

buba kudava, Tb., 1993. 

7. p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, qarTveli mwerali 

meaTe saukunisa. narkvevi Zveli saqarTvelos 

literaturis, kulturis da saxelmwifoebrivi 

cxovrebis istoriidan, Tb., 1954. 

8. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, 

I, Tb., 1980. 

9. matiane qarTlisa, `qarTlis cxovreba~ I, teqsti 

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT 

s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955. 

10. g. meliqiSvili, isev feodaluri saqarTvelos 

politikuri gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. gaz. `literaturuli 

saqarTvelo~, #13. 1 aprili, 1994. 

11. g. meliqiSvili, feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri 

gaerTianeba da saqarTveloSi feodalur 

urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis zogierTi 

sakiTxi, Tb., 1973. 

12. g. mWedliZe, bagrat mesamis saqarTvelo, quT. 

1996. 

13. z. papasqiri, erTiani qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos 

warmoqmna da saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri 

mdgomareobis zogierTi sakiTxi, 

Tb., 1990. 

14. sumbat daviTis Ze, cxorebaY da uwyebaY bagratonianTa, 

Cuen qarTvelTa mefeTasa, Tu sadaT 

moiwivnes amas queyanasa igini, anu romliT JamiTgan 

upyries maT mefoba qarTlisa, romeli 

aRwera sumbat Zeman daviTisman. teqsti gamosa- 

21

cemad moamzada, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da sa- 

Zieblebi daurTo goneli araxamiam, Tb., 1990. 

15. qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebis korpusi, II. 

dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi. nakv. I (IX- 

XIII ss.). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada valeri 

silogavam, Tb., 1980. 

16. c. qurcikiZe, aTonze gadawerili erTi xelnaweris 

Sesaxeb. `mwignobari~. Tb., 1980. 

17. М. Д. Лордкипанидзе, Картвельское царство (Тао-Кларджети). 

В кн.: Очерки истории Грузии. II. Грузия в IV- 

X веках, Тб., 1988. 

18. М. Д. Лордкипанидзе, Предпосылки объединения грузинских 

земель. В кн.: Очерки истории Грузии. II. Грузия 

в IV-X веках, Тб., 1988. 

19. З. Папаскири, От Давида до Давида. Из истории международных 

отношений Грузии, 70-е годы Х – 80-е годы 

ХI вв. Тб., 2001. 

20. Р. Шмерлинг, Древний Цвимоэтский храм близ сел. 

Хциси. `qarTuli xelovneba~. qarTuli xelovnebis 

istoriis institutis Sromebi, 4, Tb., 

1955. 

22

Shalva Gloveli 

About the Title of the Georgian Kings-“Mepeta Mepe” 

The article deals with the question of Georgian kings‟ 

titles, mainly the title “Mepeta Mepe” (King of Kings). The 

issue of kings‟ titles isimportant subject of the research as they 

give us many sided, rich and significant information. The article 

discusses the issue of the meaning of mentioned title and its 

possession in the “Kingdom of Georgians”, mainly possessing 

of the title “Mepeta Mepe“(King of Kings) by king Gurgen. 

The political aspects of receiving this title are shown in the 

article as well.“In the Kingdom of Georgians” the title of 

“Mepeta Mepe”( King of Kings) is admitted as the opposite 

term of “King of Georgians”.The opinion that Gurgen the son of 

Bagrat opposes David III “King of Georgians” and curopalate 

with the title of “Mepeta Mepe” (King of Kings) is also shared 

in the article. 

It is believed that “In the Kingdom of Georgians” title 

“Mepeta Mepe” (King of Kings) was not officially hereditary 

title. It was not possessed by heritage. Only in some cases, kings 

“In the Kingdom of Georgians”, in the opposite of the title 

“King of Georgians” were called “Mepeta Mepe” (King of 

Kings). This title had the same meaning as the title“King of 

Georgians”; the meaning of the first king among other kings. 

23

termin àleqsandres karis~ 

warmomavlobis sakiTxi 

andro gogolaZe 

medea gogolaZe 

kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebis kontrols uZvelesi 

droidan didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. jer 

kidev Zvel gadmocemebSi aqtualuri iyo civilizebuli 

samyaros velur xalxTa samyofelisagan 

gammijnavi sazRvris sakiTxi. am regions da iq 

mcxovrebT bibliuri tradicia gogisa da magogis 

mxareebad da xalxebad moiazrebs. wyaroebSi 

maT, zogadad, CrdiloeTis kideebi ewodebaT. 

uZvelesi tradicia CrdiloeTis velur xalxTa 

samyofelis da iqidan momavali safrTxis 

Sesaxeb istoriuli realobiTac dasturdeba. 

uxsovari droidan kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebiT 

sargeblobdnen kimerielebis, skviTebis, hunebis, 

sarmatebis meomari tomebi, romlebic SiSis 

zars scemdnen im drois civilizaciebs da aqedanve 

mniSvnelovani gaxda am gadmosasvlelebis 

dacvis da kontrolis sakiTxi. 

antikuri wyaroebi kavkasiis mTebs sxvadasxva 

dasaxelebebs aZlevdnen. Teokritosi (Zv. w. 

IV-III ss.), publius vergilius maroni (Zv. w. I s.) 

da sxv. kavkasias skviTiis mTas uwodeben [2, 163- 

166, 445], klavdios ptolemaiosi dasavleT kavkasiis 

gadmosasvlels sarmatiis karibWed moixse- 

24

niebs [2, 356b]. rogorc Cans, es saxelwodebebi momdinareoben 

im eTnosebisagan (skviTebi, sarmatebi), 

romlebic sargeblobdnen am gzebiT samxreT 

kavkasiaSi mosaxvedrad. amis naTeli magaliTia 

agreTve, darialis saxelwodeba, romelic sparsulad 

osTa kars niSnavs. 

kavkasionis ZiriTad gadmosasvlelebs darials 

da darubands mematianeebi sxvadasxva saxelebiT 

moixsenieben. 

ioseb flaviusi (ax. w. I s.) hirkaniis gasavals 

uwodebs im adgils, romelic aleqsandrem 

rkinis kariT daketa. Tavis ìudevelTa siZveleebSi~, 

flaviusi, tiberiusisa da artabanosis 

brZolebTan dakavSirebiT wers, rom tiberiusi 

`didi fuladi saboZvriT ibirebda iberTa da 

albanTa mefeebs, rom SebrZolebodnen isini artabanoss 

dauyovnebliv. amaT uari uTxres am SebrZolebaze, 

xolo alanebs ki gza misces Tavis 

qveynebze, gauRes maT kaspiis kari da Seusies artabanoss~ 

[14, 63]. T. yauxCiSvili `hirkaniis gasavalSi~ 

darubands moiazrebs, xolo kaspiis kar- 

Si, ufro darials [14, 63]. 

gansazRvravs ra manZils istoriul-geografiul 

punqtebs Soris, straboni (Zv. w. I _ ax. w. 

I) ambobs: `xolo eratosTenesi msoflios sigr- 

Zed iRebs im xazs, romelic gadadis stelebze, 

kaspiis bWeze da kavkasosze, pirdapiri xaziT... 

rogoraa, rom kaspiis mTidan kaspiis bWemde gayvanili 

xazi tolia imisa, romelic Tafsakosidan 

modis amave punqtamde~ [2, 211]. 

gaius plinius sekundusi (ufrosi) (ax. w. I 

s.) iZleva ra istoriul-geografiul aRwerilobas, 

kaspiis karebis saxelwodebas Secdomad miiCnevs 

da mas kavkasiis karebs uwodebs: `maT iqiT 

25

aris kavkasiis karebi, romelsac metad mcdarad 

bevri kaspiis karebad ixseniebs. es aris bunebis 

uzarmazari qmnileba, romelic mTaTa uecari ga- 

TiSvis Sedegad aris warmoqmnili da sadac gasasvleli 

Caxergilia Serkinuli morebiT.... karis 

mxareze kldeze aris cixe-simagre, romelsac kumanias 

uwodeben, romelic aRmarTulia uricxvi 

tomebisTvis gzis gadasaRobad. amdenad, am adgilas, 

swored iberiis qalaq hermastusis sapirispiro 

mxares, am karebiT qveyana nawilebad aris 

gayofili. kavkasiis karebidan gurdiniis mTebSi 

cxovroben valebi da suauebi, ukulturo tomebi; 

Tumca oqros sabadoebs kargad Txrian. maTgan 

moyolebuli pontosamde cxovrobs jer henioxTa, 

Semdeg ki _ aqeelTa mravali tomi. aseTia samyaros 

erT-erTi yvelaze didebuli kuTxe~ [2, 502]. 

àleqsandrianis~ mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonelma 

urwmuno warmarTebi devna CrdiloeTis 

kidemde. es warmarTi tomebi Sehyara mTebSi, Rmer- 

Tebis daxmarebiT Caketa isini iq, gaakeTa didi 

spilenZis kari, wausva jadosnuri wamali, romelsac 

arc cecxli ekareboda da arc rkina [1, 143- 

144]. rogorc cnobilia, àleqsandriani~, romlis 

avtors pirobiTad fsevdokalisTenes uwodeben, 

mraval enazea naTargmni. romanis qarTul TargmanSi 

aRniSnul kars kadspidni, xolo rusulSi 

`Врата аспидеска~, `аспидовыми~ [7, 55, 120] ewodeba. 

qarTuli wyaroebic ar mijnaven am gadmosasvlelebis 

saxelwodebebs. kaspiis da kavkasiis kari 

SeiZleba ewodebodes, rogorc darubands, ise 

darials. 

leonti mrovelis mixedviT, kavkasiis gadasasvleli 

SeiZleba iyos, rogorc dariali, ise darubandi: 

àman asfagur ganuxunis karni kavkasian- 

26

Tani da gamoiyvannis ovsni, lekni da xazarni...~ 

[3, 59]. vaxuSti igive pasaJis gameorebisas kavkasiis 

kars darials uwodebs: `xolo asfagur ganaxuna 

karni darielasi da gamoiyvanna ovsni da 

lekni~ [4, 70]. 

leonti meoregan wers: `maSin somexTa mogzavnes 

varaz-baqarissa mociquli da rques, raTa 

Sekrben da moirTon Zali berZenTagan, da ganaxunes 

karni kavkasianTani, da gamoiyvannes ovsni da 

lekni~ [3, 136]. aqac, mematiane kavkasiis karSi darials 

gulisxmobs. 

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ WeliSuri redaqcia 

qarTlSi mefobis dasrulebis siuJets ase gadmogvcems: 

àmis bakuris ze daesrula mefobaÁ qarTlisaÁ... 

da viTarca mefobaÁ daesrula qarTls 

Sina, sparsni ganZlierdes da ereTi da somxiTi 

daipyres. xolo qarTli umetesad daipyres. da 

kavkasianTa Sevides da karni ovseTisani aignes 

da erTi didi kari ovseTve da orni dvaleTs da 

erTi parWuans durZukeTisasa, da igi mTiulni 

gomardad daadginnes... da odes erakle mefe movida. 

maSin daimÃunes sparsni. da sparsTa xazare- 

Tisa karni Seqmnes da xazarni meot yvnes~ [5, 95]. 

Cvenamde moRweulia rigi wyaroebi, romlebic 

aleqsandres kavkasiaSi laSqrobas gadmogvcemen. 

fsevdokalisTenes àleqsandrianSi~ aRwerilia 

aleqsandre makedonelis Tavgadasavali, gamdidrebuli 

istoriuli, folkloruli Tu legendaruli 

siuJetebiT. aq moTxrobilia aleqsandres 

mier velur xalxTa gandevna da maTi CrdiloeTis 

mTebSi Semwyvdevis ambavi, sadac is ake- 

Tebs did spilenZis kars. am kars, rogorc aRvni- 

SneT, qarTul TargmanSi kadspidni ewodeba [1, 

143-144]. marTalia, romanSi aRwerili es ambavi in- 

27

doeTis miRma aRmosavleTSi xdeba, magram Cven 

gvaeWvebs termin kadspidnis lokalizaciis saki- 

Txi. vfiqrobT, rom kadspidni _ kaspiis karis aRmniSvnelia. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom romanis tradicia 

ar iZleva zust geografiul sazRvrebs, vvaraudobT, 

rom es ambebi kavkasiaSi xdeba. 

gaius plinius sekundusi (ax. w. I s.) aRni- 

Snavs, rom aleqsandrem daipyro kavkasia, ès aris 

makedonia, romelic odesRac mTeli samyaros 

mpyrobeli iyo da swvdeboda azias, armenias, iberias, 

albanias, kapadokias, sirias, egviptes, tavruss, 

kavkasias~ [2, 497]. 

gaius iulius solinusi (ax. w. III s.) imeorebs 

pliniusis naTqvams, àleqsandre didma daimorCila 

azia, armenia, albania.... tavrosi da kavkasosi 

gadalaxa~ [2, 560]. 

ioseb flaviusis gadmocemiT, romaelebi vespasianes 

dros apirebdnen SeWriliyvnen midiaSi 

da àmitom hirkanelTa mefesTan molaparakebas 

awarmoebdnen. es imitom, rom hirkanelTa mefe 

iyo mflobeli gasasvlelis, romelic mefe aleqsandrem 

rkinis bWeebiT Caketa. hirkanelTa mefem 

maT gza misca. mravalricxovani alani Tavs daesxa 

midielebs~ [2, 227]. 

kurcius rufusis (ax. w. I s.) aRweril aleqsandres 

laSqrobaSi moxseniebulia kavkasosis 

mTebi, sadamdec manZili makedonelebma 17 dReSi 

gaiares. kavkasosi sxva wyaroebSi indoeTis mTebad 

aris warmoCenili, magram am avtorTan aleqsandres 

laSqrobis marSruti kavkasosis mTebisken 

midis amaZonebis samyofelis gavliT, rac 

eWvs badebs, rom avtoris aRwerili ambavi exeba 

kavkasias da ara indoeTis mxareebs. kurcius ru- 

28

fusi amaZonebis samyofels kavkasiaSi, kerZod, 

mdinare fasisis mxareebSi moixseniebs [2, 493-495]. 

klavdios ptolemaiosis cnobiT, sarmatiis 

karTan siaxloves iyo aleqsandres svetebi. sarmatiis 

kari ki avtorTan darialis gadmosasvlels 

aRniSnavs [2, 356b]. 

martianus kapela (ax. w. IV-V ss.) wers: kavkasias 

aqvs karibWe _ mas kaspiisas uwodeben. es 

aris ucxoelTa mimosvlis Sesakaveblad, rkinis 

koWebiT gadarazuli, kldis SemonaWrebi [2, 623]. 

movses xorenaci aRniSnavs, rom aleqsandrem 

daipyro kavkasia, didi qarTveli pitiaxSi mihrdati 

àleqsandrem iverielTa qveynidan moyvanili 

tyveebis xelisuflad daadgina. mihrdats miando 

CrdiloeTis mefisa da pontos zRvis gamgebloba~ 

[6, 111]. 

CvenTvis sainteresoa, kaspiis bWis (karis) 

lokalizaciis sakiTxi. rogorc irkveva, masSi 

igulisxmeba, rogorc darubandi, aseve dariali. 

Tumca kaspiis bWeni antikur avtorebTan, rig Sem- 

TxvevaSi aRniSnavda midiidan parTiaSi gadasasvlels. 

cnobilia, rom am gadmosasvlels meistorieni 

aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobebis erTerT 

punqtad moiazreben da aleqsandres karis 

saxeliTac ixsenieben. rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, 

aleqsandres karis warmomavloba ukavSirdeba makedonelis 

mier veluri xalxebis damarcxebas da 

CrdiloeTis mTebSi gadarekvas da maTi Semosevebisagan 

Tavdacvis mizniT, iq cixe-simagreTa sistemis 

Seqmnas. Cveni azriT, aleqsandres karis es 

legenda Tu istoriuli realia, ara hirkaniis 

mTebs, aramed kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebs niSnavs, 

radgan velur xalxTa samyofeli kavkasiis Crdi- 

29

loeTiT lokalizdeboda da ara kaspiis zRvis 

samxreTiT. 

TviT flavios arianec ki, romelic kavkasosis 

mTebs indoeTSi aTavsebs da miiCnevs, rom 

aleqsandres kavkasiaSi ar ulaSqria, erT sayuradRebo 

cnobas iZleva, roca aRwers aleqsandres 

mimarTvas jarisadmi: `Tu Tqven yvelas 

gindaT wasvla, yvelani wadiT, xolo Sin rom 

mixvalT, uambeT Tqvenianebs, rom miatoveT Tqveni 

mefe, aleqsandre, romelmac gaimarjva sparselebze, 

midielebze, baqtrielebsa da sakebze, daimorCila 

uqsiebi, araxotebi, drangebi; mflobeli 

parTelebis, xorazmelebis, hirkanielebis vidre 

kaspiis zRvamde; is, romelmac gadaiara kavkasosi 

kaspiis bWis zemoT, gadalaxa mdinare oqsosi da 

tanaisi, aseve mdinare indosi, rac dionises garda 

aravis gadauvlia...~ [14, 186]. Cveni azriT, aq 

saubaria kavkasiis mTebze da ara indoeTis hindiyuSze. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom T. yauxCiSvilis azriT, 

aleqsandres kavkasiis mTebi ar gadaulaxavs, 

am adgils isic damafiqreblad Tvlis [14, 

184]. n. nikoloziSvili ki aRniSnavs, rom Sei- 

Zleba es iyos pontos kavkasia 13, 36-37]. 

qarTuli saistorio mwerloba (leonti mrovelis 

`mefeTa cxovreba~, ucnobi avtoris `moqcevaÁ 

qarTlisaÁ~) pirdapir cnobebs iZlevian aleqsandre 

makedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb. 

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT aleqsandre 

movida qarTlSi, ìxilna naTesavni bun-Turqni 

msxdomareni mdinaresa mtkuarsa... daukvirda aleqsandres 

da cna, rameTu ieboselTa naTesavni iyvnes, 

yovelsa xorcielsa Wamdes da samare maTi 

ara iyo~, amis Semdeg aleqsandre aiyara da wavida. 

`da Semdgomad ramodenisame Jamisa movida 

30

aleqsandre mefe yovlisa queyanisaÁ da dalewna 

samni ese qalaqni da cixeni da honTa dasca maxvili 

da meot iqmnnes~ [5, 81-82]. 

qarTlis cxovrebiT àman aleqsandre daipyrna 

yovelni kideni queyanisani. ese gamovida dasavliT, 

da Sevida samÃriT, Semovida CrdiloT, 

gardamovlna kavkasni da movida qarTlad... daipyra 

aleqsandre yoveli qarTli~ [3, 17-18]. 

rac Seexeba, termin kadspidns, etimologiurad 

is msgavsia kaspiis karisa, magram kaspiis kari 

am gadmosasvlelis gviandeli formaa, qarTul 

wyaroebSi is sxva saxelwodebiT gvxvdeba. 

unda aRiniSnos, rom avtorebi xSirad urevdnen 

erTmaneTSi darialis da darubandis gadmosasvlelebs 

da saerTo saxels kaspiis kars, an aleqsandres 

kars uwodebdnen. 

qarTul samecniero literaturaSic ver xerxdeba 

kaspiis karis erTmniSvnelovani lokalizacia. 

simon janaSia kaspiis karSi ufro darubands gulisxmobs, 

`...marcxniv kaspiis karebidan (darubandis 

yelidan) aris mniSvnelovani mTa~ [15, 77]. 

T. yauxCiSvili kaspiis karSi ufro darials 

gulisxmobs [14, 63]. 

kaspiis bWis sakiTxi n. nikoloziSvilmac daayena, 

romelic berZnul-laTinur mwerlobaSi 

daculi cnobebis safuZvelze, masSi xan darubands, 

xan darials moiazrebs [13, 36-37]. 

m. inaZe, mimoixilavs ra kaspiis karis mniSvnelobas 

saerTaSoriso diplomatiur urTierTobebSi, 

wers: `Cven SevecadeT, werilobiT wyaroeb- 

Si daculi cnobebis erToblivi kvleva-ZiebiT 

kvlav mivbrunebodiT `kaspiis karebis~ adgilmdebareobis 

sakiTxs da Tanamimdevrulad warmogvedgina 

am saxelwodebis matarebeli kavkasiis ga- 

31

sasvlelebis _ darialis da darubandis mniSvneloba 

ax. w. I-VI ss. aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi 

samyaros diplomatiur urTierTobebSi~ [11, 67]. 

rogorc Cans, avtori kaspiis karSi darials da 

darubands gulisxmobs. 

kavkasiis mTebSi simagreTa sistemis Seqmnas 

Soreul saukuneTa falauri eposic exmianeba. konkretulad 

es exeba spandiatis cikls, romelsac 

ukavSirdeba darialis karis Sebma. am sakiTxs exeba 

g. mamulia, `sayuradRebo cnoba masèudim Semogvinaxa. 

igi mogviTxrobs, rom sparsTa ufliswuls 

spandiats, guSTasfis Zes, alaneTsa da kavkasias 

Soris Camomavali mdinaris piras miuval 

kldeze cixe augia da jaric Cauyenebia masSi kavkasiisaken 

mimavali gzis dasacavad. es ambavi da 

spandiatis sxva omebis Tavgadasavali moTxrobili 

iyo ibn mukaffaè-s mier arabul enaze gadmoRebul 

wignSi. radgan ibn mukaffaè-s TiTqmis yvela Targmani 

dakargulad iTvleba, konkretulad verafers 

vityviT, magram erTi ki uciloblad unda va- 

RiaroT, rom sasanelTa xanaSi arsebobda legendis 

cikli spandiatis mier darialis karis Sebmis 

Sesaxeb, romelic firdousis Sahnames da saèalibis 

ìstoriis~ gareT darCa~ [12, 250]. 

rogorc vxedavT, Zveli tradicia àleqsandres 

karis~ warmoSobas makedonelis laSqrobebs 

ukavSirebs, romliTac aleqsandres pirovnebas 

garkveul sakralur mniSvnelobas sZens. 

jvarosnuli epoqis evropuli mexsiereba aleqsandres 

kars ZiriTadad kavkasiaSi aTavsebs, 

rac Cans, rogorc werilobiT, aseve kartografiul 

masalebSi. am SemTxvevaSi, evropuli mexsiereba 

sazrdoobda antikuri da elinisturi samyaros 

gadmocemebiT, TqmulebebiT, werilobiTi 

32

wyaroebiT, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom aleqsandres 

kari swored kavkasiaSi mdebareobs da kavkasiis 

CrdiloeTiT arsebul ukidegano sivrceebs 

evropelebic velur xalxTa samyofelad 

miiCneven. 

wminda saflavis kantori anselusi (1108 w.) 

aRniSnavs, rom qarTvelTa mefe daviTs Tavisi winaprebis 

msgavsad eWira kaspiis karebi. aq kaspiis 

kari darubandia da ara kaspiis zRvis samxreTiT 

arsebuli hirkaniis (kaspiis) kari, e. i. saubaria 

kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebze. anselusi wers: 

ìs daviTi, romelsac misi winaprebis msgavsad 

kaspiis karebi, gogisa da magogis xalxebs rom 

akavebs, eWira da darajobda, rasac misi Svili 

dRemde asrulebs, visi qveyana da samefo midiel- 

Ta da sparselTa winaaRmdeg Cveni ase vTqvaT, 

wina burjia * [10, 137]. 

z. avaliSvilis mier gamocemul TargmanSi 

`kaspiis kari _ gogsa da magogs zRudavs~, e. i. 

gogisa da magogis xalxebis samyofelis sazRvaria 

[8, 17-18]. aq kargad Cans, rom gogisa da 

magogis xalxTa samyofeli kavkasiis CrdiloeT- 

Sia. swored es xalxebi gadareka Tavis droze 

aleqsandre makedonelma sadRac CrdiloeTis 

mTebSi da Caketa iq. jvarosnuli epoqis evropuli 

warmodgenebi gogisa da magogis xalxebSi 

alanebs moiazrebs. es kargad Cans ioane presvi- 

* sainteresoa aseve al-farikis cnoba, romelic exeba demetre 

I-s. 1153 wels igi stumrad yofila demetres karze da 

mefes xlebia mogzaurobaSi, romelic, savaraudod, samefo 

sazRvrebis monaxuleba-eqspedicias exeboda. swored am da- 

Tvalierebis dros misula mefe darubandSi. rogorc Cans, 

saqarTvelos samefo kari demetres mefobaSic kontrols 

uwevda am umniSvnelovanes strategiul gadmosasvlels. 

33

teris 1165 wlis cnobil epistoleSi, sadac alanebi 

sxva tomebTan erTad am xalxebis CamonaTvalSi 

arian moxseniebulni [9, 77]. unda gaviTvaliswinoT 

isic, rom CamonaTvalSi mocemuli tomebis 

umetesobis identifikacia ar xerxdeba. mas 

Zveli bibliuri, apokalifsuri da literaturuli 

kvali adevs. rac Seexeba alanebs, maTi identifikacia 

eWvs ar iwvevs, radgan isini ukve didi 

xania cxovrobdnen kavkasiis CrdiloeTiT, razec 

darialis sparsuli saxelwodebac _ `darialan~ 

metyvelebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba 

kaspiis karad darialic ki warmovidginoT. 

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom Sua saukuneebis evropuli 

kartografia aleqsandres kars mainc kaspiis 

zRvasTan, e. i. darubandTan aTavsebs. aSkaraa, 

aq saubaria kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebze, radgan 

wyaroTa monacemebiT, daviTi da misi memkvidreebi 

`nikofsiidan darubandamde da ovseTidan 

aregawamde~ teritoriis mflobelebi iyvnen 

da ara midia-parTiis gadasasvlelebisa. 

kaspiis karis geografiuli kuTvnilebis saki- 

Txze msjelobs a. TvaraZe. mkvlevari aRniSnavs, 

rom aq SeiZleba saubari iyos orive gadmosasvlelze, 

darialze da darubandze _ derbentze. is 

miniSnebas akeTebs anselusis werilSi moxseniebul 

gogisa da magogis karze, rac SeiZleba aRniSnavdes 

kidec orive gadmosasvlelis flobas [10, 214]. 

paderbornis episkopos oliverusis (1220-1221 

ww.) cnobiT `qarTvelebi qristianebi arian, cxovroben 

sparseTis mezoblad, aRTqmuli qveynidan 

metad Sors. maTi sabrZanebeli gadaWimulia kaspiis 

mTebamde, sadac damwyvdeuli aTi tomi elodeba 

antiqristes mosvlas. maSin isini gadmoang- 

34

even winaRobebs da yovelives gaaCanageben~ [10, 

143]. 

a. TvaraZe aRniSnavs, rom Sua saukuneebSi, gansakuTrebiT 

laTinur dasavleTSi, farTod gavrcelebuli 

legendis Tanaxmad, aleqsandre makedonelma 

kavkasiis an kaspiis mTebSi RmerTis SewevniT Caketa 

gogisa da magogis xalxebi, an ebraelTa aTi dakarguli 

tomi. misi azriT, Sua saukuneebis dasavle- 

Tevropuli veltbildi civilizebuli samyaros am 

apokalipturi xalxebisagan dacvis funqcias qarTvelebsac 

akisrebda [10, 144]. 

kidev erTi naTeli magaliTi imis Sesaxeb Tu 

sad moiazrebdnen evropelebi am xalxTa samyofels, 

oliverusis cnobaSia, sadac saubaria damwyvdeul 

aT tomze. eseni, marTlac, gogisa da magogis 

xalxebia, radgan elodebian antiqristes 

mosvlas. es kargad Cans Zvel winaswarmetyvelebebSi 

da ioanes gamocxadebaSi _ apokalifsSi. 

rac Seexeba aT toms, misi legenda dakavSirebulia 

ebraelTa gadasaxlebebTan, rodesac ltolvili 

ebraelebi gaifantnen qveynierebis sxvadasxva 

mxareebSi. rig wyaroebSi (XII saukunis ebraeli 

benJamen tudelelis mogzaurobis aRwerilobaSi 

aRniSnulia, rom ebraeli ltolvili mosaxleoba 

cxovrobda midiis mTebSi da mTlianad 

sparseTsa Tu Sua aziis qalaqebSic) ebraelTa 

dasaxlebebi iyo midiisa da parTiis mxareebSi, 

kaspiis zRvis samxreTiT mTebSi. am SemTxvevaSi 

oliverusis cnoba exeba kavkasiis CrdiloeTiT 

mcxovreb tomebs da veTanxmebiT a. TvaraZes, rom 

am xalxTa apokalifsuri legenda garkveulwilad 

dakavSirebulia aleqsandre makedonelis kavkasiaSi 

laSqrobebis gadmocemebTan. rogorc 

vxedavT, jvarosnuli epoqis (imitom aRvniSnavT 

35

am epoqas jvarosnuli niSniT, rom am laSqrobebma 

biZgi misces evropelTa dainteresebas aRmosavleTiT, 

maT Soris kavkasiiT da im Zveli gadmocemebis, 

legendebis kvali kargad aisaxa maSindeli 

evropelebis mexsierebaSi) istoriuli mexsiereba 

aleqsandre makedonelis mier veluri 

xalxebis damarcxebas kavkasiis mxareebSi moiazrebs. 

aRsaniSnavia, XIII saukunis cnobili benediqteli 

beris plano karpinis mogzaurobis Canawerebi. 

igi mogviTxrobs, rom rodesac monRolebi 

miuaxlovdnen kaspiis mTebs, ès ukanasknelni im 

mxridan, saidanac maT miuaxlovdnen, almasis 

qvis iyvnen. amitom miizides isrebi da rkinis iaraRi. 

rogorc Cans, kaspiis mTebSi Caketilma xalxebma 

laSqris xmauri gaiges da daiwyes mcdeloba, 

gadmoengriaT mTa~ [10, 145]. 

msgavsi siuJetebia sxva avtorebTanac, magaliTad, 

maTe parizeli da raSid ad-dini aRniSnaven, 

rom monRolebi (TaTrebi) gamoiWrnen kavkasiis 

mTebiT garSemortymuli qveynidan mas Semdeg, 

rac rkinis Semcvel mTebSi erT-erTi gadmosasvleli 

Zlieri cecxliT gaalxves [10, 145]. 

magnituri Zalis mizidulobis mTebSi monRolTa 

moxvedris ambavi gadmocemulia Cingis-xanis 

legendaSic, sadac aRniSnulia, rom monRolTa 

isrebi da Subebi am mTebma miizides da meomrebs 

Zala waerTvaT iq yofnisas. legendis mixedviT, 

rodesac monRolebma miaRwies kaspiis mTebs, iq 

daxvdnen aleqsandre didis mier Caketili ebraelebi, 

romlebic TavianT Tavs gogisa da magogis 

saxeliT ixseniebdnen. aqac saubaria im mTebis 

magnitur Zalaze, riTac meomarTa iaraRi miizides. 

es aris eposi-romani Cingis-xanze. mecnier- 

36

ebi gamoTqvamen varauds, rom aleqsandres romansa 

da Cingis-xanis romans Soris bevri msgavsebaa. 

es ki SeiZleba mianiSnebdes imaze, rom aleqsandres 

romani Targmnili iyo uiRurebis enaze da 

gavrcelebuli iyo monRol-TaTar xalxebSi. amitomac 

iqonia gavlena am romanma Cingis-xanis 

legendaze [16, 106-145]. 

kaspiis mTebTan dakavSirebuli jadosnuri 

Tvisebebis legenda, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gadmocemulia 

aseve, fsevdokalisTenes àleqsandrianSi~. 

mas Semdeg, rac aleqsandrem CrdiloeTis 

mTebs iqiT gadareka veluri tomebi, Caketa isini 

mTebSi, gaakeTebina didi spilenZis kari da wausva 

mas jadosnuri wamali _ sunkaliTi, romelsac 

arc cecxli ekareboda da arc rkina. savaraudod, 

àleqsandrianis~ es pasaJi iqca SemdgomSi 

Cingis-xanis romanis da sxva avtorTa Txzulebebis 

wyarod. 

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom XIII saukunis II naxevridan 

velur xalxTa samyofeli rig wyaroebSi 

ukve aRmosavleTiT, dedamiwis kideebSi gadadis 

da monRolTa sacxovrisTan lokalizdeba. evropelebma 

da axlo aRmosavleTis xalxebma XIII saukunis 

Sua xanebisaTvis kargad gaicnes monRol- 

Ta naxevrad veluri buneba da amjerad gogisa 

da magogis xalxebad swored maT miiCnevdnen. amitomac 

gadadis am tomebis sacxovrisi kavkasiis 

mTebidan ufro aRmosavleTiT. niSandoblivia, 

rom magogis Zeebs monRolebs uwodeben, gogis 

Zeebs goTebs. savaraudod, es, saxelwodebebis etimologiur 

damTxvevebze unda mianiSnebdes. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom XIII-XIV saukuneebidan 

zog wyaroebSi am xalxTa samyofeli sadRac aRmosavleTSi 

gvxvdeba, ZiriTadad, evropuli kar- 

37

tografia gogisa da magogis xalxebs kavkasiis 

mTebSi moiazrebs da mas aleqsandres legendas 

ukavSirebs. 

aleqsandres kavkasiaSi laSqrobis legenda 

daculia marko polosTan: ès aris qveyana, sadac 

aleqsandre dids CrdiloeTisken undoda gasvla, 

magram gza veRar gaagrZela erTi karis siviwrovis 

da siZnelis gamo, romelsac erTi mxridan 

zRva ekvris, xolo meore mxridan maRali 

mTebi da tyeebi sazRvraven. ise rom, mcire razmiT 

am karis mTeli msoflios momxdurebisagan 

dacva SeiZleba. rodesac aleqsandre didma gasasvleli 

ver gadalaxa, maSin karis SesasvlelTan 

aaSenebina didi kedeli da gaamagra is koSkebiT, 

raTa mis gadaRma mcxovrebT aqeT mxareze Tavdasxmis 

SesaZlebloba ar hqonodaT. araCveulebrivi 

simagris gamo gasasvlelma `rkinis karis~ saxeli 

miiRo da sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom aleqsandrem 

monRolebi Caketa or mTas Soris. 

mcdaria, rodesac am Caketil xalxad monRolebs 

vnaxavT, maSin iq cxovrobdnen yivCaRebi, rig sxva 

xalxebTan erTad~ [10, 152]. 

marko polosTan aleqsandres laSqrobis istoria 

Zveli tradiciuli siuJetebisagan odnav 

gansxvavebulia, magram sainteresoa, rom avtori 

CrdiloeTSi gadasasvlels `rkinis kars~ * uwodebs 

da aRniSnavs, rom es sayovelTaod cnobili 

* aleqsandres karis aseTi dasaxeleba sxva wyaroebSic gvxvdeba. 

es saxelwodebac im Zveli legendidan modis, roca 

aleqsandrem didi spilenZis kari gaakeTebina. unda aRiniSnos, 

rom aleqsandres karis _ alayafis forma TviT Sua 

saukuneebis evropul rukebzec gvxvdeba. 

38

iyo aleqsandres mier aSenebuli didi kedlis 

koSkebis da alayafebis gamo. 

sxva evropuli cnobebi qarTvelTa sacxovriss 

kaspiis mTebamde sazRvraven. rogorc 

Cans, maSin kaspiis mTebad mTliani kavkasioni 

aRiqmeboda, albaT ufro aRmosavleTis nawili, 

sadac kaspiis kari mdebareobda da amitomac 

uwodeben saqarTvelos CrdiloeT mTianeTis nawils 

kaspiis mTebs. 

rogorc vxedavT, Sua saukuneebis evropuli 

istoriul-geografiuli msoflmxedveloba kaspiis 

kars kavkasiis CrdiloeTSi _ maRal mTebSi 

aTavsebs. 

Sua saukuneebis geografiul rukebze Tavisi 

adgili aqvs daTmobili veluri xalxebis legendas. 

isini gamosaxulni arian maRali kedlebis 

miRma, gamoxatulia maTi veluri da kaciWamia buneba. 

ra Tqma unda, am rukebis mixedviT samyaros 

geografiuli konturebis zusti gamosaxva SeuZlebelia. 

es rukebi Seicavs Zveli Tqmulebebis, 

winaswarmetyvelebebis Tu apokalifsuri gamocxadebebis 

kvals. agreTve, gogisa da magogis xalxTa 

legendebsac. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom rukebze gamosaxuli 

geografiuli regionebi ZiriTadad ar gamoxataven 

realur sazRvrebs, mocemuli konturebi 

CrdiloeTis mTebisa, kaspiis zRvis Tu kavkasionis 

gadasasvlelebisa dakavSirebulia aleqsandre 

makedonelis legendasTan. es Cans 1000 wliT 

daTariRebul anglo-saqsonur msoflio rukaze 

[10, 192-197]. 

XI saukunis anonimur rukaze kavkasiis mTebze 

datanebulia kaspiis karibWe _ kaspiis kari 

[10, 206-207]. 

39

msgavsi suraTia hainrix fon maincis (XII s.), 

gvidos (1119 w.), lamber de sen-omeris (XII s.), 

fsalmunis (XIII s.), ebstorfis (1235 w.), riCard 

haldingemis herefordis (1280 w.) msoflio rukebzec 

[10, 208-244]. 

mocemuli masaliT Cans jvarosnuli epoqis 

evropuli codna kavkasiis, rogorc istoriulgeografiuli 

regionis da misi sakralur-mistiuri 

mniSvnelobisa, dakavSirebuli Zveli winaswarmetyvelebebis, 

gamocxadebebis da literaturul-legendaruli 

siuJetebis gaazrebasTan. am 

CamonaTvalSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs 

aleqsandre makedonelis legendasac, romlis misteriebi 

dakavSirebulia kavkasiis samyarosTan. 

es ki gvafiqrebinebs, rom aleqsandre makedonelis 

kavkasiaSi laSqroba, mis mier uwmindur xalxTa 

CrdiloeTis mTebSi gadarekva da iq 

`karTa~ sistemis Seqmna ar aris moklebuli 

realur istoriul safuZvels. 


1. aleqsandriani, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, 

gamokvleva, komentarebi, leqsikoni da saZieblebi 

daurTo r. mirianaSvilma, Tb., 1980. 

40

2. antikuri kavkasia, enciklopedia, t. I, wyaroebi, 

Tb., 2010. 

3. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, teqsti dadgenili yvela 

ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCi- 

Svilis mier, Tb., 1955. 

4. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, teqsti dadgenili 

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yaux- 

CiSvilis mier, Tb., 1973. 

5. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis 

Zeglebi, t. I, Tb., 1963. 

6. movses xorenaci, somxeTis istoria, Targmani 

al. abdalaZisa, Tb., 1984. 

7. Александрия, Роман об Александре Македонском по 

русской рукописи XV века, М-Л., 1965. 

8. z. avaliSvili, jvarosanTa droidan, Tb., 1989. 

9. a. gogolaZe, ioane presviteris legendis istoriuli 

da bibliuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 

2005. 

10. a. TvaraZe, saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul 

wyaroebSi, Tb., 2004. 

11. m. inaZe, kaspiis kari (dariali, darubandi) ax. 

w. I-VI saukuneTa saerTaSoriso diplomatiur 

urTierTobebSi, qarTuli diplomatia (weliwdeuli), 

Tb., 1996. 

12. guram mamulia, leonti mrovelis da juanSeris 

wyaroebi (falauri eposi leonti 

mrovelis da juanSeris saistorio TxzulebebSi), 

macne, #4, 1964. 

13. n. nikoloziSvili, qarTuli elinizmis da 

qristianobis saTaveebTan `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁsa~ 

da `qarTvel mefeTa cxovrebis~ mixedviT, 

disertacia imk samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, 

Tb., 2006. 

41

14. T. yauxCiSvili, berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos 

Sesaxeb, V, Tb., 1983. 

15. s. janaSia, Sromebi, II, Tb., 1952. 

16. А. Юрченко, Империя и Космос. Опыт интерпретации 

средневекового описания Империи Чингисхана. Ab 

Imperio. 1 / 2002. 

Andro Gogoladze 

Medea Gogoladze 

The Origin Issue of the Term “Alexandres Kari” 

The issue of Alexander of Macedon‟scampaign in the 

Caucasus is still a subject of interestin Georgian historiography. 

But it is difficult to state whether the campaignwas a truehistorical 

fact or not as the notifications of the sources are contradictory. 

In our opinion the information about this campaign connected 

with historical-geographic heritage that is preserved in the 

historical memoryis of great importance. 

According to some Greek, Latin and Georgian sources 

Alexander of Macedon defeated devilry tribesin theCaucasus, 

scattered them beyond the Caucasian range in the North and 

constructed fortifying system that lately got the name of 

“Alexsandres Kari” (The Door of Alexander). The story of this 

people‟s scatter in the mountains by Alexander is reflected not 

only in the narrative sources, but in legends and historical novels 

as well. Lately, the Medieval Europeanhistoricalmemory locates 

“The Door of Alexander”(“Alexsandres Kari”) in historical 

sources and on maps mainly in the Caucasus that once more 

speaks on behalf ofthe fact that Alexander of Macedon was in 

the Caucasus. 

42

naTia abaSiZe 

ivane-yvaryvare cixisjvarel-jayelis 

istoriul-politikuri portreti 

XII saukunis bolosa da XIII saukunis 50-iani 

wlebis politikur moRvaweebs Soris mniSvnelovan 

figuras saqarTvelos samefo karze warmoadgenda 

ivane-yvaryvare cixisjvarel- jayeli _ sakmaod 

gavleniani feodaluri sagvareulos erTerTi 

TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli. vidre uSualod 

mis pirovnebasa da Rvawls SevexebodeT yuradRebas 

SevaCerebT zogadad jayelTa da cixisjvarelTa 

gvaris warmomavlobaze. 

jayelebi XI-XVI saukuneebSi samxreT saqar- 

Tvelos, kerZod samcxis sakmaod warCinebul feodalur 

sagvareulos warmoadgendnen. 

jayelTa sagvareulo saxelwodeba warmomdgaria 

geografiuli saxelidan ,,jayi’’ da samamule 

mflobelobas aRniSnavs. istoriul wyaroebSi 

cnobebi jayelTa sagvareulos Sesaxeb XI 

saukunis 30-iani wlebidan Cndeba, (alis egvteris 

warwera, XI saukunis 30-iani wlebi; awyurSi gadawerili 

ioanes saxarebis anderZi _ 1053 w) [12, 

501]. ufro adreuli periodis Sesaxeb pirdapiri 

cnobebi ar mogvepoveba. 

43

qarTul istoriografiaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, 

rom jayiswylis mimdgom teritorias jayelebamde 

flobda vinme _ CanCax faleli [12, 501]. 

mkvlevar d. kldiaSvilis mosazrebiT am sagvareulom 

samamuled jayis Temi da ,,jayeloba’’ XI saukunis 

30-ian wlebSi miiRo, rac SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes 

CanCax-falelis am mxridan wasvlas, bagrat 

IV-sadmi Ralatis gamo. gamoricxuli ar aris 

rom, jayelTa sagvareulo mefis xelisuflebis 

dasayrdens warmoadgenda da swored am erTgulebisaTvis 

dawinaurda am mxareSi, samamuled miiRo 

jayis mxare da ,,jayelTa” sagvareulo wodeba. 

CvenTvis jayelTa warmoSobis sakiTxi imdenad 

mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac swored maTgan 

gamoyofili calke sagvareulo Stos warmomadgenlebi 

_ cixisjvarelebi. cixisjvarels, rogorc 

sagvareulo saxelwodebas qarTul wyaroebSi 

pirvelad vxvdebiT mefe bagrat IV-is dros, 

roca ,,msaxurebisa nacvlad mefeman uboZa sulas 

mamulobiT cixisjuari da oZrÃe bodo-kldiTa” 

[3, 305]. swored am droidan sula da misi STamomavloba 

iwodebian cixisjvarelebad. 

sula kalmaxis erisTavis STamomavlobidan 

sulas Semdgom, saqarTvelos farTo politikur 

sarbielze XII saukunis 90-iani wlebidan Cans ivane-yvaryvare 

jayel-cixisjvareli. qarTuli wyaro 

pirvelad ivanes moixseniebs Tamaris dros, giorgi 

rusis ajanyebis periodSi. Aakad. iv javaxiSvili 

Tamaris mowinaaRmdege ajanyebulebs Soris 

asaxelebs ivane-yvaryvare cixisjvarels. 1191 wels 

mefis winaaRmdeg ajanyebul giorgi russ ,,pirveli 

guzani miemxro >, mere samcxis spasalari boco, ivaneyvaryvare 

cixisjuareli” [19, 260] da sxvani. sain- 

44

teresoa, rogor mivida aseT daskvnamde mkvlevari 

SesaZlebelia, rom mis xelT arsebuli wyaroebi 

aZlevda aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas. 

Tumca, ivane-yvaryvare cixisjvarelis monawileoba 

Tamarisa da samefo karis sawinaRmdego gamosvlaSi, 

dRemde Cvens xelT arsebuli qarTuli 

wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba. piriqiT igi saqarTvelos 

mefis erTgulTa rigebSia. ,,istoriani da azmani 

SaravandeTTani’’ asaxelebs ra giorgi rusis 

momxreebs, guzanis Semdgom Cerdeba bocoze ,,aqiT 

boco, samcxisa spasalari da sisrulisaca aRmatebiT 

Sewyalebuli, sxÂTa mesxiTa didebul-aznauriTurT, 

TÂinier ivane cixisjvarelisa, romelsa 

yuaryuareca ewodebis. ese damagrda TÂisiTurT 

mokiduliTurT, viTar guar eyodaca momgonebelsa 

sulasa erTgulobisasa, romel baRuaSsa zeda 

uerTgula bagrats” [2, 49]. ase rom qarTuli wyaros 

mixedviT ivane-yvaryvare jayel-cixisjvarels 

mefis mowinaaRmdegeTa rigebSi ver vxedavT. is 

faqti rom ivanes moqmedeba Sedarebulia sula 

kalmaxis erisTavis bagrat mefisadmi erTgulebasTan, 

migvaniSnebs saqarTvelos samefo karisadmi 

am pirovnebis erTgulebaze. amaze unda migvi- 

TiTebdes is faqtic, rom igi ajanyebis Semdgom 

periodSi aRzevebulia _ jer samcxis erisTavTerisTavi 

da spasalaria, xolo Semdeg meWurWle- 

Tuxucesis saxelos flobs [11, 663]. aqedan gamomdinare, 

ivane cixisjvareli ara ajanyebulTa Soris 

myofi, aramed, erTiani centralizebuli saqarTvelosa 

da misi samefo karis erTgulebaSi 

myofi pirovnebaa. 

,,mocemul SemTxvevaSi ivane cixisjvareli 

mefis momxre Cans, magram es srulebiT ar niSnavs 

imas, rom igi an kidev sxva msgavsi feodali 

45

mudmivad erTguli darCeniliyo saqarTvelos samefo 

xelisuflebisa, radgan amis safuZvels ar 

iZleva TviT feodalizmis buneba, misi safuZvlebi” 

[14, 148]. TumcaRa qarTul wyaroebs Tu gavadevnebT 

Tvals, ivane saqarTvelos mefeebs er- 

Tgulad udgas mxarSi. 

mkvlevar p. ingoroyvas varaudiT ivane jayel-cixisjvareli 

dabadebula (daaxloebiT 1160 

wels). Tamaris mefobis pirvel periodSi mas saxeli 

mouxveWia rogorc niWier mxedarTmTavars. 

,,1184-91 wlebSi yvaryvare aris samcxis cixisjvaris 

Temis erisTavi, xolo rodesac 1191 wels 

samcxis erisTavT-erisTavi da spasalari boco 

bocos Ze gadayenebuli iqna Tanamdebobidan Ralatis 

gamo, samcxis erisTavT-erisTavisa da spasalaris 

am pasuxsageb postze dainiSna yvaryvare” 

[11, 663]. samcxis spasalarobasa da erisTavTerisTavobasTan 

erTad ivanes gadaeca agreTve 

samkvidro samflobelod jayis Temi da cixe. amitom 

es axali erisTavT-erisTavi samcxis samxareo 

erTeulisa Tavis Zvel sagvareulo saxelwodebas 

cixisjvarels umatebs meore saxelwodebas 

_ jayeli. amis Semdeg samcxis spasalarTa es 

gvari ormag sagvareulo saxels atarebs jayelcixisjvareli. 

Aamieridan am gvaris warmomadgenlebi 

pirveloben samcxeSi. Aase warmoiqmna axali 

jayelebis anu cixisjvarel-jayelebis feodaluri 

sagvareulo. Zveli jayelebi ki amieridan bocosZeebad 

iwodebian [11, 598]. 

sainteresoa basil ezosmoZRvris gadmocema 

samcxis spasalaris yvaryvares, rogorc monapire 

mTavris Sesaxeb: ,,zedaT artani, sada mesxni monapirobdes, 

romelTa Soris iyo yuaryuara, samcxisa 

spasalari, jayeli, kaci didad gamarjuebuli da 

46

erTguli mefeTa” [2, 129]. es fraza kidev erTxel 

asabuTebs ivanes erTgulebas samefo karis mimarT. 

ivane-yvaryvare cixisjvarel-jayeli erT-er- 

Ti mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo moRvawe iyo, rogorc 

Tamaris, ise misi memkvidreebis _ giorgi 

IV-sa da rusudanis mefobis dros. ,,samcxisa spasalaris 

meWurWleTuxucesis yuaryuares Svili ” 

[4, 51], ,,rameTu pativiTa iyo meWurWleT-uxucesi 

da mTavari qveyanasa samcxisasa” [2, 191]. ase moixseniebs 

qarTuli wyaro mas jer laSa-giorgis, 

Semdgom rusudanis periodis ambebis gadmocemisas. 

meWurWleTuxucesi, rogorc viciT saxelmwifo 

xazinis gamgebeli iyo. ,,didi aris meWurWle- 

Tuxucesi, aTabagobis dawyebamdi meoTxe veziri 

iyo’’ [6, 20] _ vkiTxulobT xelmwifis karis garigebaSi. 

aqedan gamomdinare naTeli xdeba Tu ra 

did figuras warmoadgens ivane jayeli saqarTvelos 

samefo karze. 

politikur asparezze aseTive aqtiurebi Canan 

yvaryvares Svilebi. Mmisi vaJebi qarTul wyaroSi 

ixsenebian saqarTvelos mefe giorgi-laSas- 

Tan erTad, mis mier gadaxdili brZolebis dros. 

yvaryvares vaJebi, Cans, piradad daaxloebuli yofilan 

axalgazrda mefesTan. ganZelebTan brZolis 

dros mefis TanamosagreTa Soris pirvelad 

dasaxelebulia yvaryvares Svili: ,,TÂT mefe la- 

Sa wina mieteva mÃned da Zlierad, ... romlisa Tana 

winambrZolobdes Zlierad yuaryuara jayelisa 

Svili pirmSo” [2, 153]. 

monRolebTan pirveli Setakebis dros laSqarSi 

ibrZvis yvaryvares meore vaJi beqa, romelic 

amave brZolas ewireba: ,,samcxisa spasalaris, 

meWurWleTuxucesis yuaryuares Svili beqai 

47

moikla Zlierad mbrZoli” [4, 51]. iseve rogorc 

yvaryvare, aseve misi Svilebi erTgulad udganan 

mefes mxarSi, ibrZvian mtris winaaRmdeg da qveynis 

politikur saqmeebSi aqtiurad Cabmulni arian. 

Hyvaryvares hyavda Tu ara sxva Svilebi beqasa 

da pirmSos (ufros vaJs niSnavs) garda, CvenTvis 

araa cnobili. Aamis Sesaxeb qarTuli wyaro arafers 

gveubneba. samagierod informacias gvawvdis 

misi SviliSvilebis ivanesa da sargisis Sesaxeb. 

did interess iwvevs ivane-yvaryvare cixisjvarelis 

mSoblebis vinaoba. samwuxarod, qarTuli 

wyaroebi araviTar informacias ar gvawvdian 

maT Sesaxeb, cnobilia mxolod, rom ivane sula 

kalmaxis erisTavis STamomavalia. 

ivane-yvaryvare cixisjvarel-jayeli rusudanis 

mefobis dros sakmaod did rols asrulebs 

qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. igi erTaderTi 

,,saqveynod gamrige” aRmoCnda, romelmac samkvdro-sasicocxlo 

brZola gaumarTa monRolebs, 

roca TviT samefo karic ki ganerida mterTan 

brZolas. ,,esreT moisra da tyue iqmna suli mravali 

samcxes, da bevri eri moikla. odes arRara 

iyo Rone, moaÃsena mefesa rusudans ivane cixisjuarelman 

jayelman, romelsa yuaryuareca ewodeboda, 

ukeTu sTndes, raTa iÃsnas queyana samcxia 

oÃrebisagan, da igica miendos CaRatas” [2, 

191]. mefisagan dasturis miRebis Semdeg ,,warvida 

ivane da ixila CaRata, romelman pativiTa Seiwynara 

da daudginna mcvelni queyanisani” [2, 191]. 

ivane cixisjvarel-jayeli, rogorc samefo 

karze dawinaurebuli moxele monawileobas iRebs 

daviT rusudanis Zis monRolTa urdoSi mefed dasamtkiceblad 

gagzavnaSi. 

48

usudanis sikvdilis Semdeg monRolebma saqarTvelo 

samxedro-administraciul erTeulebad 

_ dumnebad dayves. erT-erTi dumnis meTaurad iv. 

javaxiSvili asaxelebs ivane cixisjvarels. ,,mesxeTis 

danarCeni provinciebi javaxeTis garda 

karnu-qalaqamde ivane-yvaryvare cixisjvarel-jayelis 

samflobelo iyo” [16, 395]. es mosazreba ZiriTadad 

gaziarebulia qarTul istoriografia- 

Si, Tumca qarTlis cxovreba, samcxis dumnis 

mmarTvelad asaxelebs gamrekel Torels da ara 

yvaryvare cixisjvarels. ,,gamrekelsa Torelsa... 

ÃelT udva javaxeTi, samcxe da aRmarT vidre 

karnu-qalaqamde” [2, 208]. am cnobebidan Tu vimsjelebT 

ufro misaRebi da damajerebelia qar- 

Tuli wyaros cnoba, romelic yvaryvares dumnis- 

Tavobis Sesaxeb araviTar faqts gvisaxelebs. 

ivane cixisjvarel-jayeli sakmaod gavlenian 

feodals warmoadgens XII-XIII saukuneebis saqar- 

TveloSi. batoniSvil vaxuStis cnobiT umefobis 

Jams, roca qveyanas dasarbevad Semoesivnen mcireazieli 

Turqebi, qarTvelma mTavrebma daxmareba 

sTxoves ivanes, romelic maT mxarSi amoudga. 

,,kualad aRiZrnen saberZneTiT da sxuaTa qalaq- 

Tagan Turqni rbevad saqarTvelosa. mcnobTa Sav- 

STa. klarjTa, taoelTa, kolaartaanelTa, karniforelTa, 

auwyes yuaryuare cixisjuarelsa, ra- 

Ta Seewios. xolo man mouwoda mesxTa da Sekriba 

mÃedari Ä (10 000) da waremarTa; da aTurqni 

mosdgomodnen banas, olTissa da aoÃrebdnen taos. 

xolo amaTis misvlis mcnobelni Turqni aRi- 

Wurnen da ewyunen avnisis vakesa zeda. mosca 

RmerTman Zleva iverielTa da wariqcivnes, moswyÂdnes 

da aRiRnes alafni uricxuni” [1, 209]. am 

suraTidan naTlad Cans, Tu ra Zlieri da gavle- 

49

niani feodalia yvaryvare jayeli, rom misgan 

Semweobas iTxoven sxva feodalebic ki. 

rogorc JamTaaRmwerlis cnobebidan irkveva 

ivane erT-erTi monawile da iniciatoria koxtas- 

Tavis SeTqmulebis. igi yovelTvis mxarSi udgas 

qveynis bediT dainteresebul progresulad moazrovne 

pirebs da maTTan erTad ibrZvis samSoblos 

keTildReobisTvis. amas araerTi faqti adasturebs. 

,, JamTa amaT SfoTTa Sekrbes yovelni 

mTavarni saqarTvelosani koxtasTavsa, imerni da 

amerni: egarslan, cotne dadiani, varam gageli, 

yuaryuare, kupari SoTa, TorRai, her-kaxni, qar- 

Tvelni... mesxni, taoelni” [4, 97]. 

ivanem aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo taxtis memkvidris 

_ daviT giorgis Zis moZebnasa da CamoyvanaSi. 

,,Sekrbes mTavarni ameris saqaTvelosani _ 

SanSe, varam gageli, yuaryuare jayeli, sargis 

Tmogueli ... da mravalni erismTavarni da Zebnayves 

laSas Zisa daviTisaTÂs” [4, 99]. aqac qveynis 

interesebisaTvis mebrZol pirovnebad gvevlineba. 

ivane-yvaryvare cixisjvrelis moRvaweobis 

bolo periodis Sesaxeb mkvlevari p. ingoroyva 

dasZens: ,,yvaryvare ukanasknelad moixsenieba 1245 

wels, romlis axlo igi gardacvlila. am dros 

igi Rrmad moxucebuli iyo, daxloebiT 85 wlisa” 

[11, 664]. 

ivane-yvaryvare cixisjvarel-jayeli sakmaod 

did da gavlenian politikur figuras warmoadgenda 

XII _ XIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. amas 

qarTveli mematianeebisgan mowvdili araerTi faqti 

mowmobs. Mman didi wvlili Seitana qveynis yofasa 

da cxovrebaSi. saqarTvelos mefeebs mudam 

mxarSi edga. samSoblos interesebisaTvis meb- 

50

Zol xalxs zurgs umagrebda da maTTan erTad 

agresorTa winaaRmdeg TavgamodebiT ibrZoda. 


1. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqar- 

Tvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili 

yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis 

mier, t. IV, 1973. 

2. istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, qarTlis 

cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi 

xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. 

II, Tb., 1959. 

3. matiane qarTlisaÁ, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti 


s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955. 

4. JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani matiane, teqsti gamosacemad 

moamzada, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da 

leqsikoni daurTo r. kiknaZem, Tb., 1987. 

5. sumbat daviTis Ze, cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa, 

qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili 


mier, t. I, Tb., 1955. 

6. xelmwifis karis garigeba, teqstebi gamosacemad 

moamzada, inglisurad Targmna, winasityvaoba, 

leqsikoni, SeniSvnebi da komentarebi daurTo 

q. surgulaZem, Tb., 1993. 

51

7. i. anTelava, SeniSvnebi ,,qarTlis cxovrebis” 

teqstisTvis, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, t. 

VII, Tb., 1987. 

8. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, 

t. VI, Tb., 1973. 


t. VIII, Tb., 1975. 


t. IX, Tb., 1979. 

11. p. ingoroyva, rusTvelianas epilogi, TxzulebaTa 

krebuli, t. I, Tb., 1963. 

12. d. kldiaSvili, jayelTa feodaluri sagvareulos 

istoriisaTvis (XI s), ,,saq. ssr. mecnierebaTa 

akademiis moambe”, t. 98, # 2, Tb., 1980. 

13. b. lominaZe, monRolTa batonoba saqarTvelo- 

Si da brZola mis winaaRmdeg (XIII s. 40 _ XIV 

s. 10 _ iani ww.), saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, 

t. III, Tb., 1979. 

14. r. metreveli, mefe Tamari, Tb., 1991. 

15. r. metreveli, Sinaklasobrivi brZola feodalur 

saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1973. 

16. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi, 

naw. I, Tb., 1998. 

17. v. WeliZe, qarTlis cxovrebis qronikebi, wig. 

III, Tb., 1980. 

18. v. WeliZe, qarTlis cxovrebis qronikebi, wig. 

IV, Tb., 1983. 


II, Tb., 1983. 


III, Tb., 1982. 

52

53 

Natia Abashidze 

Historical and Political Portrait ofIvane-Kvarkvare 

Tsikhisjvarel-Jakeli 

Ivane -Kvarkvare Tsikhisjvarel-Jakeli (the end of the 12 th 

century and the fifties of the 13 th century), one of the prominent 

representatives of the powerful feudal family,was one of the 

most important politicalfiguresof Georgian Kingdom. 

A well-known researcher P. Ingoroyva supposed that Ivane 

Tsikhisjvarel-Jakeli was born in about 1160 and died in 1245 

at the age of 85. 

In Georgian historical sources for the first time Ivane is 

mentionedin the period of Queen Tamar‟s reign, when Giorgi 

Russian rebelled. 

Academician Ivane Javakhishvili considers Ivane – 

KvarkvareTsikhisjvarelias a rebel against the Queen.However 

the Georgian sources we can possessdo notconfirm this 

fact.Ivane issublimed after this rebellion.At first he is the 

main noble(eristavt eristavi) of Samtskhe and a Commanderin 

–Chief(amirspasalari) and then he holds a post of the 

treasurer(mechurchlet ukhutsesi) Ivane Tsikhisjvarel-Jakeli was 

one of the most important figures during the reign of Tamar,as

well as her successor Giorgi IV and Rusudan,”because he was a 

treasurer and the head of the county Samtskhe.”He is also 

mentioned in the Georgian historical source, telling us about the 

period of Lasha-Giorgi and Rusudan. 

Kvarkvares‟s children,Firstborn(pirmsho) and Bekaare 

active on the political stage.Georgian sources also mention 

Kvarkvare‟s grandchildren Ivane and Sargis.But we have not 

got the informationabout their parents. The only thing that is 

known is that Ivane is noble SulaKalmakhi‟s descendant. 

Ivane-Kvarkvare Tsikhisjvarel-Jakeli played asignificant 

role in the countrypolitical life of the Rusudan‟sreign.He was 

the only person who fought against Mongols,even when the 

royal court refused to fight with the enemy. 

Ivane Tsikhisjvarel-Jakeli, as an important figure of the 

royal court, participatedin sending Rusudan‟s son David to 

the Horde for approval [to approve him as aking]of the king. 

Prince Vakhushti reported that when there was not aking 

in Georgiaand when the country was invaded by the Turks of 

Asia Minor, the Georgian nobles asked Ivane for help.He 

supported them and defeated the enemy. 

Ivane is one of the participants and initiator of 

Kokhtastavis conspiracy. He also actively participated in 

finding and takingthe heir of the Throne David Giorgi‟s 

son[azrikargadarmesmis] 

Several facts given by Georgian historians confirm that 

Ivane KvarkvareTsikhisjvarel-Jakheli was a big and influential 

political figure.He always helped Georgian Kings.He backed 

uppeople who fought for the interests of their homeland.He 

strongly fought with them against invaders. 

54

zurab sulaberiZe 

kavkasiis mefisnacvali mixeil romanovi da 

afxazeTis politikuri istoriis 

sakiTxebi XIX s-is 60-ian wlebSi 

(1866 wlis ajanyeba da pirveli muhajiroba) 

ruseTis imperiis cnobili politikuri moRvawisa 

da kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mixeil nikolozis 

Zis moRvaweobas qarTul da rusul istoriografiaSi 

araerTi mkvlevari Sexebia. didma 

mTavarma, romelic 2 aTeul welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi 

imyofeboda kavkasiis mefisnacvlis 

Tanamdebobaze, Tavisi kvali daaCnia XIX saukunis 

meore naxevris saqarTvelos politikur-ekonomikur 

da kulturul ganviTarebas. misi moRvaweobis 

periods emTxveva iseTi proeqtis ganxorcieleba, 

rogoricaa amierkavkasiaSi pirveli rkinigzis 

gayvana, aseve mravali kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo 

RonisZiebis gatareba. magram, 

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom es RonisZiebebi emsaxureboda 

mxolod erT mizans _ kavkasiis ekonomi- 

55

kur da kulturul asimilacias uzarmazari imperiis 

sivrceSi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mixeil 

romanovis is politikuri gadawyvetilebebi, 

romlebSic TavisTavad Cadebuli iyo XIX saukunis 

rusuli imperializmis interesi _ saqarTvelosa 

da kavkasiis sxva regionebis politikuri 

sistemisa da eTnikuri suraTis Secvla. 

ruseTis samxedro-istoriul arqivSi aRmoCenili 

masalebis safuZvelze, gavnixilavT ramdenime 

problemas mixeil romanovis rolze XIX saukunis 

60-ian wlebSi afxazeTis politikur istoriaSi. 

cnobilia, rom XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan, 

afxazeTi gadaiqca erT-erT bazad dasavleT 

kavkasiis TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli xalxebis 

winaaRmdeg samoqmedod. imperiis xelisuflebasa 

da afxazeTis mTavar mixeil ServaSiZes Soris 

Tavdapirveli Tanxmoba mxolod garegnuli xasiaTis 

iyo. ramdenadac afxazeTis mTavris xelisuflebis 

arseboba didi dabrkoleba iyo kavkasiis 

Savi zRvis sanapiroze rusuli dasaxlebebis 

Sesaqmnelad, ruseTis samxedro imperializmi 

eZebda Sesabamis pirobebsa da sababs afxazeTis 

avtonomiis gauqmebisaTvis [5, 5-6]. 

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan kavkasiaSi ruseTi 

samxedro-politikuri TvalsazrisiT dRi- 

TidRe Zlierdeboda. imperiis regularuli nawilebis 

mier 1859 wels Runibis simagris aRebis 

Semdeg gadawyda afxazeTis im regionebis damor- 

Cileba, romelzedac jer kidev ar vrceldeboda 

imperiis xelisuflebis kontroli [2, 176]. 1860 

wels general yorRanovis meTaurobiT warmatebiT 

dasrulda afxazeTis miuvali kuTxis fsxus 

ieriSi. 1864 wlis maisSi, Tanamedrove krasnaia 

56

polianas midamoebSi rusebma sabolood amowyvites 

fsxusa da aibgas afxazuri tomebi da sazeimod 

aRniSnes didi kavaksiuri omis dasruleba [2, 

177]. 

dasavleT kavkasiis saboloo dapyrobam gansakuTrebuli 

gavlena iqonia afxazeTis avtonomiis 

gauqmebaze. zemoaRniSnuli movlenebis Semdeg 

pirveli Sexvedra kavkasiis mefisnacvalsa 

da afxazeTis mTavars Soris quTaisSi 1863 wlis 

gazafxulze gaimarTa. molodini, rom Sexvedris 

Semdeg imperiis xelisuflebasa da samTavros 

Soris urTierToba megobruli iqneboda, ar gamarTlda 

[12, 217]. mas Semdeg, rac Tavad mixeil 

ServaSiZe gaemgzavra piatigorskSi samkurnalod, 

da samTavros mmarTveloba gadaabara Tavis Zmas 

aleqsandre ServaSiZes, samTavro kvlav moicva 

urTierTdapirispirebam. kerZod, afxazeTis gavlenianma 

mflobelma hasan marRaniam SeiaraRebuli 

Tavdasxma ganaxorciela aleqsandre ServaSi- 

Zis mamulze, daarbia mis mflobelobaSi arsebuli 

soflebi, saidanac gatacebuli 25 tyve Turqebs 

mihyida. mixeil ServaSiZem gaanTavisufla 

giorgi ServaSiZe abJius olqis mflobelobisgan, 

romlis adgilze hasan marRania daniSna [12, 217]. 

amgvarma gadawyvetilebam, kidev ufro gaaRrmava 

dapirispireba kavkasiis mefisnacvalsa da mixeil 

ServaSiZes Soris. 

kidev ufro gamwvavda maT Soris urTierToba 

maSin, roca 1863 wlis Semodgomaze kavkasiis 

mefisnacvals soxumSi stumrobis dros ar daxvda 

afxazeTis mTavari. es ukanaskneli mizezad 

avadmyofobas acxadebda da sTxovda kavkasiis mefisnacvals, 

rom afxazeTSi samTavros marTvis 

ufleba gadaecaT misi Svilis, giorgisaTvis, ro- 

57

melsac ukve adiutantis Tanamdeboba ekava kavkasiis 

mefisnacvlis karze. 

giorgis mTavrad daniSvnis Sesaxeb TxovniT 

mimarTavda mixeil ServaSiZe kavkasiis armiis 

samxedro Stabis ufross, general kocebusac. mixeil 

ServaSiZis TxovnasTan dakavSirebiT, kavkasiis 

mefisnacvali aRniSnavda, rom giorgis mTavrad 

damtkiceba scildeboda mis kompetencias, is 

imperatoris gadawyvetilebaze iyo damokidebuli. 

aseve, mixeil nikolozis Ze dasZenda, rom giorgi 

ServaSiZe jer kidev axalgazrda iyo sam- 

Tavros winaSe arsebuli problemebis gadasawyvetad 

[12, 218]. im periodis saarqivo masalebidan 

kargad Cans, rom giorgi ServaSiZis axalgazrdoba 

mxolod mizezi iyo. afxazeTis samTavros avtonomiis 

gauqmeba saimperatoro karis mier, faqtobrivad, 

gadawyvetili iyo. 

1864 wlis 27 marts kavkasiis mefisnacvalma 

saimperatoro karis winaSe aRZra sakiTxi afxaze- 

Tis samTavros gauqmebis Sesaxeb. gagzavnil werilSi 

aRniSnuli iyo, rom am RonisZiebis miReba 

saWiroa imisaTvis, raTa Sesruldes umaRlesi 

mTavrobis mier mowonebuli ganzraxva kazakTa 

stanicebis mowyobis Taobaze Savi zRvis aRm. sanapiroze 

– md. yubanis SesarTavidan md. bzifamde 

[12, 218; 5, 6]. 

mixeil romanovs samTavros administraciuli 

sistemis Zireuli Secvlis argumentad mohyavda 

Semdegi garemoebebi: naxevrad veluri qveyana, 

romelic saukuneebis manZilze ganicdida 

Sida omebsa da samxedro dapirispirebas, naxevari 

saukunis win aRmoCnda ruseTis mfarvelobis 

qveS; ruseTis mmarTvelobis Semosvlis miuxedavad, 

me-19 saukunis 30-50-ian wlebSi ganviTarebu- 

58

li movlenebis gamo, ruseTs ar mieca saSualeba 

afxazeTi bolomde misi gavlenis qveS moeqcia. am 

mdgomareobis gamo samTavros xelisufleba sruliad 

angariSgauweveli gaxda. yovelive amis miuxedavad, 

mTavrebi jildovdebodnen mniSvnelovani 

jildoebiTa da saCuqrebiT, ramac mefisnacvlis 

azriT, aramc Tu dadebiTi, aramed ukiduresad 

uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia samTavros Semdgom 

ganviTarebaze. 

Seqmnil mdgomareobaze pasuxismgeblobas 

kavkasiis mefisnacvali pirdapir mixeil Serva- 

SiZes akisrebda. mTavars brals sdebda, rom man 

gadmoibira afxazebi, raTa uari eTqvaT ruseTis 

armiaSi msaxurebaze, (gansakuTrebiT misi udidebulesobis 

sabadrago samsaxurze); aseve, mixeil 

ServaSiZis miTiTebiT, afxazebs aekrZalaT TavianTi 

Svilebi miebarebinaT rusul saswavlebleb- 

Si. ServaSiZisave gadawyvetilebiT sanapiro 

zolSi, ZiriTadad, unda momxdariyo muslimebis, 

Turqebis Casaxleba [1, 11-12]. 

garda zemoaRniSnulisa, afxazeTis mTavars 

bralad edeboda muslimuri religiis propaganda 

1 . 

Seqmnili mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad, 

kavkasiis mefisnacvali aucileblad miiCnevda 

Semdegi RonisZiebebis gatarebas: 

1 yovelive zemoxsenebuli ar warmoadgenda simarTles. samurzayanos 

eklesiis dekanozi daviT maWavariani 1856 wlis 

23 ianvars saqarTvelos egzarqosisadmi wardgenil erTerT 

moxsenebaSi xazs usvams, rom aRdgomis dResaswaulze, 

afxazeTis mTavris meuRles dauvalebia saberiosa da samurzayanos 

aznaurebisaTvis, wesisamebr gamocxadebuliyvnen 

eklesiaSi [scsa, f.416( ОВД), saqm. 42, fyrc. 171-172]. 

59

1. mTavrisa da misi memkvidrisaTvis uari unda 

eTqvaT samTavros mmarTvelobaze. 

2. ServaSiZeTa STamomavlobis uzrunvelsayofad 

saimperatoro xelisuflebis mier unda gaRebuliyo 

saWiro xarjebi. 

3. afxazeTis teritoriuli erTeulisagan unda 

Camoyalibebuliyo samxedro olqi, romelic webeldasTan 

erTad daeqvemdebareoda samxedro 

xelmZRvanelobas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, daeqvemdebareboda 

quTaisis general-gubernators. 

4. Tavisufali miwebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, kazakTa 

dasaxleba gagrZelebuliyo md. enguramde, 

romlebic bzifSi Casaxlebul kazakebTan erTad 

SeZlebdnen, SeeqmnaT afxazeTis kazakTa razmi, 

romelsac saTaveSi Caudgeboda afxazeTis samxedro 

ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli. 

5. afxazeTsa da yubans Soris sazRvari gagris 

qedi unda yofiliyo, romelic afxazeTs ukve im 

periodisaTvis yofda jiqeTisagan [1, 14-16]. 

1864 wlis 29 ivniss carizmma afxazeTis sam- 

Tavro gaauqma da rusuli mmarTveloba SemoiRo. 

Seiqmna soxumis samxedro ganyofileba, romlis 

ufrosad dainiSna afxazeTis rusuli samxedro 

jarebis sardali p. Satilovi, romelic instruqciiT 

quTaisis general-gubernators eqvemdebareboda. 

soxumis samxedro ganyofilebaSi Sevida 

bzifis, soxumis, abJuis olqebi (okrugebi) da webeldis 

saboqaulo [12, 267]. 

quTaisis general-gubernatori Tavadi mirski 

1864 wlis zafxulSi piradad eaxla mixeil ServaSiZes 

tyvarCelSi. es ukanaskneli araTu win 

aRudga rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebas, aramed 

man moiwvia afxazeTis warCinebulebi, raTa ecnoT 

ruseTis mmarTvelobis uzenaesoba. Tumca, 

60

mixeil ServaSiZe ukmayofilebasac ar malavda 

saimperatoro karis mier mis mimarT gamovlenili 

undoblobisaTvis. sviatopolk-mirskisTan 

Sexvedrisas, erTaderTi, rasac is moiTxovda, neba 

daerToT afxazeTSi ecxovra. im SemTxvevaSi, 

Tu amis nebas ar miscemdnen, is iTxovda mamuls 

imereTSi da cxovrebis uflebas zamTrobiT qu- 

TaisSi, xolo zafxulobiT baqoSi. iTxovda, aseve, 

saxazino miwidan adgilis gamoyofas raWaSi 

agarakis asaSeneblad. Tu amazec uars etyodnen, 

maSin miecaT misTvis ierusalimSi gamgzavrebis 

nebarTva, sadac macxovris saflavTan daelodeboda 

sicocxlis dasrulebas [12, 230-231; 2, 182]. 

afxazeTSi arsebuli mdgomareobisa da mixeil 

ServaSiZis moTxovnebis safuZvlianad gacnobis 

Semdeg, quTaisis general-gubernatori werda mixeil 

nikolozis Zes: «...Результаты моих размышлении 

осмеливаюсь повергнуть Вашему вниманию, что личность 

Шервашидзе заключаеть в себе двойной характер: 

потомственного владетеля и генерал-адъютанта» [12, 231]. 

1864 wlis 11 oqtombers didi mTavari mixeil 

nikolozis Ze isev ewvia afxazeTs. man kvlavindeburad 

miiRo mixeil ServaSiZisagan Txovnis werili 

misi afxazeTSi darCenis, an ierusalimSi 

gamgzavrebis uflebis micemis Sesaxeb [12, 233]. mixeil 

nikolozis Ze Tanaxma iyo mixeil ServaSiZe 

1865 wlis gazafxulamde darCeniliyo afxazeTSi. 

magram, rodesac kavkasiis mefisnacvali Tbilis- 

Si dabrunda, im periodisaTvis ruseTis imperiis 

diplomatiur kancelariaSi konstantinopolidan 

informacia Semovida, afxazeTis mTavris mier 

osmaleTis xelisuflebisaTvis Txovnis Sesaxeb. 

am informaciiT, ServaSiZe Txovda misTvis gemis 

gamogzavnasa da TurqeTSi Casvlis uflebas [12, 

61

235; 2, 182]. mas Semdeg, rac es ambavi cnobili gaxda 

kavkasiis xelisuflebisaTvis, quTaisis general-gubernatorma, 

general Satilovma miiRo 

brZaneba mixeil ServaSiZis afxazeTidan sabolood 

moSorebis Sesaxeb. 

1864 wlis 3 noembers generali Satilovi 

erevnis ori batalioniTa da kazakTa erTi aseuliT 

oCamCireSi Sevida. 4 noembers Satilovi 

polkovnik graf quTaisovTan erTad sof. akvaskisken 

gaemarTa, sadac mixeil ServaSiZe imyofeboda. 

mas Semdeg, rac mixeil ServaSiZisTvis 

cnobili gaxda rusebis jaris Semosvlis ambavi, 

gaiqca dalis xeobis mimarTulebiT. mosaxleoba- 

Si gavrcelda xma ruseTis jarebis mier afxaze- 

Tis aoxrebis Sesaxeb, ramac xalxi SiSsa da gaurkvevlobaSi 

Caagdo. mosaxleobis damSvidebis 

Semdeg, sofel gufSi gamocxadnen mixeil Serva- 

SiZis warmomadgenlebi. maTTan, maior kiSelskisa 

da graf quTaisovis molaparakebis Semdeg, mixeil 

ServaSiZe daiTanxmes dabrunebuliyo sof. akvaskiSi 

[Кваски] [12, 235-237]. mxareebs Soris molaparakebebi 

sof. TxinaSi Sedga. mixeil ServaSiZe 

kidev erTxel iTxovda afxazeTSi darCenis nebarTvas 

da agreTve, Tavs imarTlebda, rom TurqeTis 

xelisuflebisadmi misi Txovna gemis gamogzavna 

iyo mxolod, romliTac is SeZlebda ierusalimSi 

gamgzavrebas. miuxedavad amisa, Satilovis 

brZanebiT mixeil ServaSiZe daapatimres 

[12, 236-237]. afxazeTis mTavars mTlianad Camoer- 

Tva misi uZravi qoneba da igi xazinas gadaeca. 

samagiero safasurad, mixeil nikolozis Zis 

brZanebiT, mas unda miscemoda Sesabamisi Tanxa. 

1864 wels general ponses xelmZRvanelobiT Seiq- 

62

mna specialuri komisia, mixeil ServaSiZis Semosavlis 

dasadgenad [12, 239]. 

1864 wlis 7 noembers dapatimrebuli mixeil 

ServaSiZe gemiT novorosiiskSi gadaiyvanes. iqidan 

mixeil ServaSiZe gadaasaxles stavropolSi, 

xolo 1865 wels – voroneJSi, sadac gardaicvala. 

gardacvalebis Semdeg mixeil ServaSiZe Camoasvenes 

afxazeTSi da moqvis taZarSi daasaflaves 

[12, 239; 2, 182]. 

1864 wlis seqtemberSi Seiqmna specialuri 

komisia “afxazeTis mmarTvelobis debulebis” SesamuSaveblad. 

aseve, mixeil ServaSiZis qonebis 

aRwerisa da afxazeTis saerTo mdgomareobis 

Seswavlis mizniT gaigzavna specialuri komisia 

general ponses meTaurobiT. aRniSnuli komisia, 

romelic ganixilavda wodebriv da miwaze sakuTrebis 

sakiTxebs, gaxda pirveli mizezi afxazeT- 

Si ukmayofilebisa da saxalxo mRelvarebisa. afxazeTSi 

politikuri daZabulobis Seqmnas xeli 

Seuwyo soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis axal 

ufrosad koniaris damtkicebamac. romelic cdilobda 

saerTod amoeZirkva an TurqeTSi gadasaxlebiT 

daesustebina afxazeTis maRali feodaluri 

wris warmomadgenlebi. afxazeTis feodaluri 

sazogadoebis didi nawilis survilic iyo 

TurqeTSi gadasaxleba, magram ramdenadac imperiis 

xelisufleba ukrZalavda gadasaxlebis Sem- 

TxvevaSi maT mflobelobaSi arsebul ymebze uflebis 

SenarCunebas, isini TurqeTSi gadasaxlebisagan 

Tavs ikavebdnen [12, 270]. 

samxedro administraciis warmomadgenelTa 

moqmedeba gadaWarbebuli iyo. isini uxeSad da 

uadgilod axvevdnen TavianT azrs batonymobis 

gauqmebisa da wodebrivi urTierTobis probleme- 

63

is gadawyvetaze. erTaderTi rac ganxorcielda 

kavkasiis rusuli administraciis mier, iyo droebiTi 

sasamarTlo komisiisa da qalaqis ratuSis 

damtkiceba, aseve soxumis wodebrivi sasamar- 

Tloebis Seqmna. wodebrivi sasamarTlo Sedgeboda 

sxvadasxva fenis warmomadgenelTagan. maT mier 

samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigeba 

xdeboda adaTobriv samarTalze dayrdnobiT. xolo 

soflebSi sadavo sakiTxebis gadawyveta xorcieldeboda 

samediatoro sasamarTloebis meSveobiT, 

romelic damyarebuli iyo adaTobrivi samarTlis 

normebze [12, 275-276]. zemoaRniSnul uwyebebs 

erTmaneTTan ar gaaCndaT araviTari koordinacia, 

rac ruseTis interesebis warmatebiT 

ganxorcielebisaTvis Semaferxebeli iyo. 

soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis mowyoba iuridiuli 

TvalsazrisiT imTaviTve sruliad moumzadebeli 

iyo. samTavros avtonomiis gauqmebis 

Semdeg, maRali feodaluri wris warmomadgenel- 

Ta wodebrivi urTierTobis sakiTxis gadauwyvetelobasTan 

erTad, Tavi iCina ramdenime mniSvnelovanma 

problemam: religiurma winaaRmdegobam, 

ServaSiZeTa saxlis warmomadgenelTa Soris dapirispirebam, 

soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis 

Statebis daumtkiceblobam da sxva [12, 270-271]. 

1864 wlis dasasruls afxazeTis administraciuli 

sakiTxebis Seswavlisa da Sesabamisi debulebis 

Seqmnis mizniT mixeil nikolozis Zis 

mier gaigzavna axali komisia general-maior bar- 

Tolomeis xelmZRvanelobiT. komisiis SemadgenlobaSi 

Sediodnen pirebi, rogorc samxedro, ise 

samoqalaqo sferodan. 

proeqti, romelic Tbilisidan jer kidev 

1864 wlis zafxulSi gaigzavna, imperiis saxel- 

64

mwifo sabWos sxdomaze dasamtkiceblad wardgenil 

iqna mxolod weliwad-naxevris Semdeg _ 1866 

wlis 22 Tebervals [6, 80]. magram, saboloo gadawyvetileba 

saimperatoro karis mier mainc ver 

iqna miRebuli. 

soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis Camoyalibebis 

sakiTxi ver gadawyda 1866 wlis 2 aprilis 

saxelmwifo sabWos sxdomazec. kavkasiis komitetis 

mier wardgenili proeqti ukan gaiwvies sakiTxis 

finansTa saministrosTan da saimperatoro 

kancelariis me-2 ganyofilebasTan winaswar 

SesaTanxmeblad [6, 94]. 

kavkasiis xelisuflebisaTvis soxumis ganyofilebis 

Seqmnis proeqtSi erT-erTi damabrkolebeli 

garemoeba iyo sasamarTlo sistemis mowyobis 

sakiTxi. 

1856 wels Camoyalibda quTaisis gubernia da 

afxazeTis teritoria sagubernio sistemaSi Sevida 

sam calkeul politikur erTeulad, afxaze- 

Ti, samurzayano da webelda, TiToeul politikur 

erTeuls, Sidapolitikuri mowyobis saerTo 

safuZvlis miuxedavad, samarTlebrivi kultura 

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli qonda. aman Tavisi 

kvali daaCnia am tertoriaze mcxovrebi xalxis 

sazogadoebriv mowyobas. kerZod, soxumis olqsa 

da Sua afxazeTSi SedarebiT ufro myarad moikida 

fexi Turqul-muslimurma sasamarTlo sistemam, 

webeldaSi _ Cerqezulma adaTobrivma samar- 

Talma, xolo samurzayanoSi – qarTulma sasamar- 

Tlo sistemam [12, 119; 13, 429]. 

afxazeTSi rusuli mmarTvelobis Semosvlis 

miuxedavad, 1864 wlamde regionSi rusuli sasamarTlo-politikuri 

sistemis gavlena minimaluri 

iyo. kerZod, soxumSi sasamarTlo saqmeebs 

65

xelmZRvanelobda qalaqis Tavi, romelsac irCevda 

qalaqis mosaxleoba. samoqalaqo da sisxlis 

samarTlis saqmeebis ganxilva soxumis ratuSaSi 

gansxvavebuli iyo im mxrivac, rom im SemTxvevaSi 

Tu saqmiT dainteresebuli iyo privilegirebuli 

wodebis warmomadgeneli, saqme ixileboda saer- 

To mosmeniT, romelSic monawilebda aseve maRali 

sazogadoebis wridan mowveuli 2 pirovneba. 

sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi, romelic Semodioda 

qvemo instanciis sasamarTlodan, soxumis ratu- 

Sas Semdgomi gadawyvetilebis misaRebad Sehqonda 

quTaisis general-gubernatorTan, xolo igi 

mas gubernatorebisaTvis arsebuli wesis mixedviT 

ganixilavda [12, 120-121]. aseve, quTaisis sagubernio 

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas eqvemdebareboda 

sadavo samoqalaqo saqmeebi da soxumis 

ratuSis mier ganxiluli saapelacio saCivrebi. 

samurzayanoSi, mas Semdeg, rac 1840 wels is 

gamoeyo samegrelos samTavros, Camoyalibda pristavis 

mmarTveloba. igi Sedgeboda pristavis, Tarjimnis 

da 4 esaulisagan. 1840 wels pirvelad, daniSnuli 

pristavi, Stabs-kapitani kirilovi Semovida 

winadadebiT sagubernatoro karis winaSe wodebrivi 

sasamarTlos (словесный суд) Seqmnis Sesaxeb, 

romelic pristavis zedamxedvelobis qveS 

imuSavebda. Tavad wodebrivi sasamarTlo unda 

Semdgariyo samurzayanoelebis mier arCeuli war- 

Cinebuli wris oTxi warmomadgenlisagan – mdivanbegebisagan. 

mdivanbegTa sabWos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis 

Sesruleba unda ganexorcielebinaT 

aseve arCevnebis gziT danSnul 8 boqauls [12, 

121-122]. 

mas Semdeg, rac baron rozenma 1840 wels daimorCila 

webeldisa da dalis xeobis mosaxleo- 

66

a, am mxareSi Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli sapristavo, 

romelic eqvemdebareboda afxazeTSi 

ganlagebuli rusuli samxedro jarebis meTaurs. 

politikuri sistema agebuli iyo samxedro-ada- 

Tobriv principze. 

mTlianad afxazeTSi politikuri erTeulis 

rusul sasamarTlo sistemaSi moqceva imTaviTve 

rom problemuri aRmoCnda es naTlad ikveTeba 

imperiis kancelariis meore ganyofilebs statssekretaris 

v. paninis mimarTvaSi samxedro ministr 

d. miliutinisadmi. rogorc mimarTvidan 

Cans, soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis sasamar- 

Tlo sistemis mowyoba, xangrZliv periodze unda 

yofiliyo gaTvlili. aqedan gamomdinare, kavkasiis 

mefisnacvlis mier wardgenili proeqti mxolod 

gardamavali periodisaTvis gamodgeboda, 

raTa kidev didi xniT ar gaWianurebuliyo Tavad 

samxedro ganyofilebis Seqmnis sakiTxi [6, 97]. 

ganusazRvreli rCeboda imperiis finansTa saministrosgan, 

Tu rogor unda momxdariyo saxelmwifo 

xazinis mier regionis administraciuli 

mmarTvelobisaTvis aucilebeli Tanxis - 24869 

maneTis da 65 kapikis dafarva: aqedan 18480 maneTi 

_ soxumis mTavari sasamarTlos Sesanaxad (romelic 

gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda deputatebis, 

msajul -mosamarTleebis [словесных судов] da samazro 

(zemski) guSagebis Sesanaxad [6, 92-93]. dar- 

Cenili Tanxa sxva danarCeni administraciuli 

aparatis saWiroebas moxmardeboda. 

ruseTis saimperatoro karis me-2 ganyofileba 

iTvaliswinebda kavkasiaSi samxedro-samoqalaqo 

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb warmodgenil sakiTxs 

da miiCnevda, rom 3 wlis vadiT miRebuli yofi- 

67

liyo droebiTi proeqti soxumis ganyofilebis 

Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb [6, 95]. 

am mimarTvis Semdeg Cans, rom saimperatoro 

karis kancelariaSi ufro aqtiurad daisva sakiTxi 

zemoaRniSnuli problemis gadasawyvetad. 

afxazeTis samTavros soxumis samxedro ganyofilebad 

Camoyalibebis gadaudeblobaze specialurad 

avalebda imperatori aleqsandre II Sesabamis 

uwyebebs [6, 138]. samxedro ministri statssekretaris 

gulkeviCis mimarT 1866 wlis 30 ivlisiT 

daTariRebul werilSi miiCnevda, rom am 

etapze afxazeTis samxedro-samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis 

damtkiceba unda ganxorcielebuliyo kavkasiis 

komitetis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis 

safuZvelze [6, 138]. 

sabolood ruseTis saimperatoro karze Semdeg 

gadawyvetilebamde mividnen: 

1. soxumis ganyofilebis Seqmnisa da mis gardaqmnaze 

Sesabamisi cvlilebis ganxorcieleba moexdina 

kavkasiiis komitets da am uflebis farglebSi 

kavkasiis mefisnacvals miscemoda kanonieri 

ufleba Semdgomi politikuri moqmedebis gansaxorcieleblad. 

2. aRniSnulis Sesaxeb mixeil nikolozis 

ZisaTvis ecnobebinaT telegrafiT yvela TandarTuli 

[препроводив] aslebiT [6, 141-142]. 

1866 wlis 3 agvistos saimperatoro karisa 

da samxedro ministris gadawyvetileba specialuri 

weriliT gaegzavna kavkasiis mefisnacvals. 

gardamavali periodisaTvis ZalaSi rCeboda soxumis 

samxedro-samoqalaqo ganyofilebis mowyobis 

is modeli, romelic kavkasiis kamitetma (jer 

kidev 1864 wlis zafxulSi) waradgina [6, 143]. 

1866 wlis 29 ivliss afxazeTi samxedro 

mRelvarebam moicva. ver daveTanxmebiT g. ZiZari- 

68

as mosazrebas, rom ajanyebis dawyeba moulodneli 

iyo kavkasiis xelisuflebisaTvis [10, 155]. 

radgan jer kidev ramdenime dRiT adre, 1866 

wlis 23 ivliss, polkovniki koniari, bzifis xeobis 

ufrosis izmailovis cnobaze dayrdnobiT, 

atyobinebda quTaisis general-gubernators bzifis 

xeobis mosaxleobis mxridan mosalodneli 

amboxebis Sesaxeb. 

ajanyebis mTavari mizezebi Semdegi iyo: 1. 

xalxis ukmayofileba samTavros gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT. 

2. xalxis ukmayofileba imperiis moxeleTa 

mxridan maTi Sexedulebebis gauTvaliswineblobis 

gamo; xalxis survili iyo darCeniliyvnen 

afxazeTis samTavro saxlis warmomadgenlebi 

pirvandel uflebebSi. 3. batonymobisagan 

ganTavisuflebisas xalxis survilebis gaTvaliswineba. 

4. mxaris xelmZRvanelobisgan yvela 

dapatimrebulTa ganTavisufleba [7, 28]. 

kavkasiis mefinsacvali ganviTarebul movlenebze 

pasuxismgeblobas pirdapir ServaSiZeebis 

saxls akisrebda. amboxebis ZiriTad mizezs mZime 

socialuri mdgomareobiT xsnida, romelsac, 

mixeil nikolozis Zis azriT, ServaSeiZeebi TavianT 

sasargeblod iyenebdnen [7, 20]. 

1866 wlis 25 ivliss polkovnikma koniarma 

gadawyvita Sexvedroda mosaxleobas arsebuli 

daZabulobis mosaxsnelad. is gemiT soxumidan 

gudauTaSi Cavida, giorgi da aleqsandre Serva- 

SiZeebTan erTad. 26 ivliss isini gudauTidan souqsusaken 

(lixnisken) gaemarTnen. Kkoniari darwmunebuli 

iyo mosaxleobaze ServaSiZeebis gavlenaSi, 

romelTa meSveobiT fiqrobda, rom SeZlebda 

mRelvarebis Cacxrobas [7, 99]. 

69

1866 wlis 26 ivliss souqsuSi, bzifis olqis 

yvela macxovrebeli, naSuadRevisaTvis Seikriba 

mTavris yofil sasaxlesTan. Sexvedris dros koniarTan 

erTad imyofebodnen ServaSiZeTa saxlis 

warmomadgenlebi, sxvadasxva Cinis moxeleebi da 

olqis mosamarTleebi. Sexvedrisas mosaxleobisagan 

rCeulebma, maT gaacnes TavianTi gansakuTrebuli 

ukmayofileba, rac dakavSirebuli iyo 

glexTa ganTavisuflebis sakiTxTan. aseve, maT- 

Tvis gaugebari iyo, Tu ra formiTYmoxdeboda 

glexebis ganTavisufleba TavianTi yofili mebatoneebisagan. 

amboxebulebi iTxovdenen, rom See- 

CerebinaT am proeqtis ganxorcieleba da problemis 

gadasawyvetad gaegzavnaT specialuri delegacia 

kavkasiis mefisnacvalTan, raTa aexsnaT 

misTvis yvelaferi, an isini saTiTaod gadaesaxlebinaT 

TurqeTSi [7, 99]. 

koniarma am moTxovnaze ganacxada, rom Tanaxma 

iyo rekomendacia gaewia kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblobasTan 

aRniSnuli Txovnis gadasawyvetad. 

magram, pirvelyovlisa, maT unda SeesrulebinaT 

olqis administraciis mier gacemuli gankarguleba. 

am dros eSeris mcxovreb zaur–beq 

ZiapS-ifam gaisrola da yiJina morTo sof. fsir- 

Tis mkvidrma laz gandalma. vidre amboxebulebi 

daiwyebdnen srolas, polkovniki koniari, masTan 

myof maRali fenis warmomadgenlebTan erTad, 

SeiWra yofili mTavris sasaxleSi [7, 100]. 

ajanyebulebi pirvel rigSi Tavs daesxnen hauptvaxts, 

saidanac gaaTavisufles patimrebi. sabrZolo 

Setakebisas daiRupa soxumis samxedro 

ganyofilebis ufrosi koniari, bzifis olqis 

samxedro administraciis ufrosi izmailovi, saolqo 

sammarTvelos adiutanti surinoviCi, Cino- 

70

sani mrCeveli Cerepovi, maTi mxlebeli qali da 

ramdenime kazaki. sul am incidents Seewira 50 

rusi samxedro piri. mTavari SeiaraRebuli Setakebis 

monawileebi iyvnen elmurza marRania 

[Эльмурза Маргани], Smafi marRania [Шмаф Маргани], 

Tamuka marRania [Тамаук Маргани], zaurbek ZziafSifa 

[Заурбек Дзяпш-ипа], TaTlasTan lakerbaia 

[Татластан Лакербай] da sxvebi [7, 100]. 

gadarCenilma kazakebma jer MafxazeTis mTavris 

yofil saxls Seafares Tavi, xolo saxlze 

Semotevis Semdeg, eklesias. mogvianebiT isini 

aleqsandre ServaSiZis meuRlesTan erTad soxum- 

Si gadaiyvanes [7, 101]. 

ajanyebulebma 27 ivliss SeZles gumisTis rusuli 

saguSagos garRveva da soxumisaken daZvra. 

polkovnikma kulmanma, mxedvelobaSi miiRo 

rusuli garnizonis simcire da gadawyvita soxumSi 

myofi yvela afxazis gaZeveba. soxumidan 

kodoramde mosaxlebis umetesi nawili aqtiurad 

monawileobda soxumze Tavdasxmasa da ZarcvaSi 

[7, 101]. 

ajanyebulTa Tavdapirveli warmateba afxazeTSi 

samxedro nawilebis yofnis simcirem ganapiroba. 

im periodisaTvis soxumSi ganlagebuli 

iyo samxedro TvalsazrisiT yvelaze susti Semadgenlobis 

6 rota [7, 98]. 

saswrafo RonisZiebebis misaRebad, jarebis 

sardlad gaigzavna Tavadi sviatopolk-mirski. 

imave dros gaigzavna 39-e qveiTi divizia da me-9 

rota [линеийнис] batalionidan. ajanyebulebisaTvis 

Crd. kavkasiis gadasasvlelis Caketvis mizniT, 

yubanidan Sitlipis uReltexiliT kazakTa 

aseuli afxazeTSi iqna gadmosrolili. aseve, me- 

71

19 qveiTi diviziis polkidan 2 batalioni 4 mTis 

qvemexiT gaigzavna novorosiiskidan soxumSi [7, 

19-19]. 

1866 wlis 27 ivliss ajanyebulebi Lsofel 

akapasTan Tavs daesxnen leusis rotas. miuxedavad 

didi winaaRmdegobebisa, leusma SeZlo TavdacviTi 

meqanizmis Seqmna, ramac ajanyebulebi 

aiZula ukan daxeuliyvnen. ajanyebulTa Zalebis 

SesustebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana ruse- 

Tis jarebis saartilerio dartymebma zRvidan 

da cixe-simagreebidan. amdenad, soxumi ajanyebulebma 

27 ivliss ver daikaves. 

1866 wlis 26-27 ivliss meamboxeebma aseve ver 

daikaves biWvinTis cixe-simagre. ajanyebulebma 4 

kacisagan Semdgari sabWo airCies. mis SemadgenlobaSi 

Sediodnen: glexebi kamgaza xagba, zafasa 

gumba da laza ladaria da Tavadi Smafa magi [9, 

152]. 

1866 wlis 26 ivliss Sxuan-souqsuSi afxazebma 

gudauTis sakarantino-sabaJo saguSago gadawves. 

barkasze gadarCenili dabali Cinisa da Cinovnikebis 

warmomadgenlebi Caiyvanes SxunaSi 

(Шхуну), saguSagos warmomadgenlebidan daiWra 3 

da daiRupa 1 guSagi [7, 15; 22]. 

am mdgomareobis kvaldakval, fon kulmanma 

miiRo gadawyvetileba meTauroba aeRo yvela sajariso 

SenaerTebze. xolo kapitanma gavriSevma 

gamoTqva mzadyofna, fon kulmanis moTxovnis Sesabamisad, 

gaegzavna gemi “voini” da oranZa navi 

(Sxuna) “redut-kale” foTsa da gagraSi, iq gan- 

Tavsebuli jaris nawilebis gadmosayvanad. saTanado 

gankarguleba gaica biWvinTis samxedro 

xelmZRvanelobisadmi mTielTa gamosvlebis Sem- 

TxvevaSi samxedro mzadyofnis Sesaxeb [7, 22]. 

72

1866 wlis 27 ivliss, SuadRisTvis, afxazebis 

jarma 2000 kacamde SemadgenlobiT, tamuSka da 

mustafa marRaniebis xelmZRvanelobiT, ieriSi miitana 

mTis qveS arsebul dasaxlebaze da daikava. 

maT gadawves qalaqis Senobebi da xelSi Caigdes 

darCenili qoneba. rusebma gaaTkecebuli brZolis 

fasad, SeZles TavdamsxmelTa centridan 

ukan daxeva. brZolis velze ruseTis jarebis 

mxridan daiRupa 6 da daiWra 19 jariskaci, xolo 

TavdamsxmelTa mxridan daRupulTa da daWrilTa 

ricxvi 150-ze mets aRwevda [7, 24]. 

1866 wlis 27 ivliss mixeil nikolozis Zem 

gankarguleba misca Tavad mirskis, rom ganexorcielebina 

forsirebuli marSi 39-e qveiTi polki- 

Ta da me-9 saxazo batalioniT amboxebis adgilas. 

xolo yubanis olqis mxridan gaigzavna kazakTa 

polkis ori aseuli, me-19 qveiTi diviziidan 

2 batalioni 4 mTis qvemexiT. aseve, kazakTa 5 

batalioni TiToeulSi 2 aseuli samxedro ZaliT, 

ganlagdnen storoJevoisTan, maTi daniSnuleba 

iyo kavSirSi gasvla quTaisis general-gubernatoris 

mirskis ZalebTan da bzifis xeobis 

zemo nawilidan yubanSi gadasasvlelis Caketva 

[7, 102; 9, 156]. 

26 ivliss ajanyebulebi winaaRmdegobis gamo 

md. gumisTasTan SeCerdnen. mxolod 27 ivliss 

SeZles maT gumisTis rusuli saguSagos garRveva 

da soxumisaken daZvra [7, 101]. 

ukiduresad garTulda mdgomareoba webeldis 

olqSi. ramdenadac olqis pristavi Savrovi 

da dalis mTavari mixeil marSania im periodisaTvis 

soxumSi iyvnen, webeldasa da soxums Soris 

samxedro TvalsazrisiT aranairi kavSiri ar 

arsebobda. webeldis macxovreblebma 28 ivliss 

73

daarbies saxlebi da alya Semoartyes cixe-simagresa 

da pristavis saxls. alyaSemortymulebs 

Soris aseve imyofeboda arqiepiskoposi daviT ma- 

Wavariani. 

rusebisTvis webeldaSi Seqmnili mZime mdgomareoba 

gantvirTa mxaris mTavarma mixeil marSaniam, 

man Sekriba dalis mosaxleobidan 70 adamiani 

da Sevida simagreSi. danarCenma Zalebma ki daikaves 

sabrZolo gamagrebiTi poziciebi. warmatebuli 

samxedro operaciis Semdeg, soxumis samxedro 

gzaze ganlagebuli quTaisis cxenosanTa 

regularuli polkis erTi aseuli webeldaSi iqna 

gadayvanili [7, 102]. 

mixeil marSanias erTgulebas mogvianebiT 

gansakuTrebiT usvamda xazs kavkasiis mefisnacvali 

1866 wlisa 21 agvistos imperatorisadmi gagzavnil 

werilSi [9, 153]. 

1866 wlis 28 ivliss afxazma amboxebulebma 

damatebiTi Zalebis miRebis Semdeg soxumze ganaaxles 

ieriSi, romelic oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi 

grZeldeboda. aRniSnul operaciaSi daiRupa rusebis 

mxridan 20 dabali Cinis warmomadgeneli, 

daiWra 3 oficeri da 55 rigiTi samxedro. samxedro 

moqmedebebSi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli Saviz- 

RvispireTis sazRvao samxedro floti. Tavadi 

mirski am operaciis Casatareblad soxumSi 30 ivliss 

Cavida; imave dRes afxazeTSi Sevida foTSi 

ganlagebuli ori batalioni. gamoiZaxes elizavetopolis 

polki, darCenili 39-e diviziac aseve 

gaigzavna afxazeTsa da samegreloSi forsirebuli 

marSiT Tarxanovis xelmZRvanelobiT. samxedro 

operaciaSi monawilebisaTvis gamoZaxebul iqna 

saartilerio brigadebi goridan da ekaterinodaridan 

[7, 3-3]. 

74

1866 wlis 2 agvistos Tavadi mirski acnobebda 

xelisuflebas, rom rTulma dReebma soxumSi 

ukve Caiara, 2 dReSi dagegmili hqondaT kontrSeteva 

soxumze; aseve ruseTis sasargeblod warimarTa 

moqmedeba biWvinTasa da webeldaSi [7, 4]. 

1866 wlis 3 agvistos molaparakeba Sedga 

bzifis xeobis afxaz uxucesebTan. maT ganacxades, 

rom is pirebi, romlebic monawileobdenen 

ruseTis winaRmdeg ajanyebaSi, aucileblad daisjebodnen. 

aseve, maT unda uzrunveleyoT yvela 

gatacebuli nivTisa da iaraRis dabruneba. uxucesebi 

am davalebis Sesrulebas imave wlis 4 agvistodan 

Seudgnen [7, 104-104]. 

1866 wlis 5 agvistos webeldaSi polkovnik 

kotliarevskis xelmZRvanelobiT gaigzavna sami batalioni 

sajariso nawili ori qvemexiT. jars webeldaSi 

aranairi sabrZolo moqmedeba ar ganuxorcielebia 

da 10 agvistos soxumSi dabrunda. 

1866 wlis 8 agvistos samegrelos miliciis 

800-kacianma nawilma, 2 aseulisagan Semdgarma qu- 

Taisis regularulma cxenosanma razmma da 2 

msrolelma polkma md. enguri gadalaxa da afxazeTis 

teritoriaze Sevida. maT oqumSi SeuerTda 

samurzayanosa da abJuis [Абжибской] kazakTa miliciis 

300 kaciani razmi. samxedro Zalebma 9 agvistos 

SeZles mTlianad aRedginaT sagzao kav- 

Siri da soxumSi Sesvla. aseve aRdgenil iqna 

kavSiri webeldasa da soxums Soris [7, 104-105]. 

santeresoa is faqtic, rom afxazeTis politikur 

destabilizaciaSi garkveul interess avlendnen 

safrangeTis diplomatiis warmomadgenlebi. 

Cvens mier ruseTis arqivSi aRmoCenili dokumentis 

Tanaxmad, 1866 wels trapizonSi ruseTis 

75

generaluri konsuli moSnini saimperatoro karis 

saelCos konstantinopolSi atyobinebda, rom afxazeTis 

ajanyebis erT-erTi meTauri xosan _ margani 

(xasan marRania) iyo iaraRi dasavleTis intrigisa, 

TavianTi politikuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. 

rogorc saarqivo masalebidan Cans, 

xasan marRania 1866 wlis ivlisSi franguli gemiT 

baTumSi gaemgzavra, amave gemze imyofeboda im 

periodis rusuli diplomatiuri misiisaTvis kargad 

cnobili vinme rebuli [Ребулъ], romelTan daaxloebuli 

pirebi, anonimurad atyobinebdnen ruseTis 

generalur konsuls, rom afxazeTSi momxdari 

politikuri daZabuloba franguli politikuri 

intrigis nawili iyo [7, 50-50]. 

Tavad xasan marRanias molaparakeba gaumar- 

Tavs baTumSi mcxovreb afxazebTan. Sexvedraze 

sxvebTan erTad imyofeboda vinme mustabei, romelsac 

didi gavlena hqonda afxazeTSi. rogorc 

Cans, es mustabei iyo ajanyebis mTavari meTauri. 

rusi diplomatis am azrs amyarebs is faqtic, 

rom 1866 wlis 29 ivliss foTidan trapizonSi 

Semosul frangul gems aseve mohyva safrangeTis 

konsuli Seferi, romelsac trapizonis faSasTan 

gaumarTavs xangrZlivi molaparakeba afxazeTSi 

arsebul politikur viTarebaze [7, 51]. aseve, 

frangi inJinrebi axorcielebdnen yarsisa da baiazeTis 

simagreebis wesrigSi moyvanas. dokumentebidan 

Cans, rom afxazeTis ajanyebis erT-erTi 

meTauri xasan marRania ruseTis diplomatiur misiasTanac 

iyo Sekruli. rogorc moSninis werilidan 

Cans, «Хосан- Морган сейчас присылал ко мне 

узнать о подробностьях и причинах возмущения» [7, 51]. 

safrangeTis diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli See- 

76

cada kidec antirusuli moZraobis gamoyenebas 

Tavisi politikuri miznebis sasargeblod. magram, 

rogorc SemdgomSi ganviTarebuli politikuri 

movlenebidan Cans, safrangeTis mxridan seriozuli 

finansuri da samxedro daxmareba afxazeTSi 

ajanyebulebs ar miuRiaT. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, 

rom franguli mxre dainteresebuli 

yofiliyo am ajanyebiT, vinaidan afxazeTis feodalTa 

erTi nawili daimedebuli iyo sagareo Zalebis 

mxardaWeriT [10, 190)]. magram, im periodis 

saerTaSoriso viTarebidan gamomdinare, araswori 

iqneba, rom afxazeTis ajanyeba Tavidan bolomde 

Sefasdes safrangeTis da saerTod evropis 

diplomatiis intrigis nawilad. 

1866 wlis 12 agvistos mixeil nikolozis Ze 

soxumSi Cavida. 14 agvistos 1 samxedro razmi da 

8 batalioni polk. bibikovis meTaurobiT, gadmosxes 

gudauTaSi. imave dRes gudauTaSi Cavida 

mirski. ajanyebulebs sadesanto nawilebisaTvis 

aranairi winaaRmdegoba ar gauweviaT [10, 172]. 

1866 wlis 20 agvistos mirskis mier gaica 

specialuri brZaneba mosaxleobis mxridan iara- 

Ris Cabarebis Sesaxeb. mirskis mier iaraRis amosaRebad 

TiToeuli soflisaTvis specialuri 

dReebi iqna gamoyofili [10, 173-174]. gudauTidan 

sofel anuxvamde iaraRis amoReba unda ganxorcielebuliyo 

polk. razumixinis xelmZRvaneobiT, 

sof. fsircxaSi Tavad polk. levaSovis mier, xolo 

md. gumisTidan mTlianad sof. eSeris macxovreblebidan 

iaraRis amoReba daevala polk. 

maWavarians. 1866 wlis 31 agvistos bzifis xeobis 

ganiaraReba dasrulda [7, 109; 9, 175]. mixeil 

nikolozis Ze pirdapir moiTxovda, rom „erTxel 

da samudamod“ dasrulebuliyo am mxaris damor- 

77

Cileba. mosaxleobis mxridan winaaRmdegobis gawevis 

SemTxvevaSi, kavkasiis mefisnacvals ganzraxuli 

hqonda yovelgvari Zalismieri saSualebis 

gamoyeneba: gadasxleba, gadawva da sxva. 

1866 wlis 2 seqtembers miiRebul iqna gadawyvetileba 

soxumis olqidan _ md. kodoramde (webeldis 

olqis CaTvliT) macxovreblebisagan iaraRis 

amoRebis Sesaxeb, romelic 1866 wlis 7 

seqtembrisaTvis ZiriTadad dasrulda [7, 110; 10, 

177-178]. 63 soflidan amoRebuli iqna 5667 Tofi 

da 670 pistoleti [10, 178]. 

am RonisZiebaTa kvaldakval, soxumidan md. 

enguramde macxovreblebs aekrZalaT cecxlsasroli 

iaraRis tareba. aseve, aekrZalaT samegreloSi 

mcxovreb pirebs iaraRiT gadmosvla afxazeTis 

teritoriaze. 1866 wlis 20 agvistos mixeil 

nikolozis Ze ruseTis imperators acnobebda 

afxazeTis saboloo damorCilebas. aleqsandre 

II aRfrTovanebuli iyo dasavleT kavkasiaSi 

ruseTis jarebis warmatebuli moqmedebebiT. kavkasiis 

mefisnacvlis 1866 wlis 13 agvistos brZanebiT, 

soxumSi samxedro operaciis dros gamoCenili 

TavdadebisaTvis 24 samxedro piri dajildovda 

[10, 179-180]. 

sviatopolk-mirskis brZanebiT, soxumSi da- 

Rupuli pirebisa da sxvadasxva saxis miyenebuli 

zaralis dadgenis mizniT, Seiqmna ori komisia. 

pirvel komisias, romelsac unda daedgina saxelmwifosaTvis 

miyenebuli zarali, saTaveSi edga 

polkovniki pavlovi; meore komisias, romelsac 

unda daedgina kerZo pirebze miyenebuli ziani, 

xelmZRvanelobda polkovniki zavadski. am ukanasknelma 

imuSava 1866 wlis 5 agvistodan 11 oqtombramde 

[10, 183]. garda zemoaRniSuli komisiebisa, 

78

mixeil nikolozis Zis mier Seiqmna kidev ori sagamoZiebo 

komisia. pirvel komisias, yorRanovis 

meTaurobiT, unda gamoeZia ajanyebis monawileebi 

da ganesazRvra maTi danaSaulis xarisxi [7, 110]. 

xolo meore, e.w. gansakuTrebul komisias administraciuli 

kuTxiT unda gamoeZia ajanyebis mizezebi, 

Seeswavla yofaqceva da moqmedebani ServaSiZeTa 

ojaxisa. pirveli komisia muSaobas Seudga 

1866 wlis 1 seqtembridan da daasrula imave 

wlis 19 oqtombers. xolo meore komisiam, 

polkovnik pavlovis xelmZRvanelobiT, imuSava 5 

agvistodan 11 oqtombramde [10, 180-182]. komisiis 

muSaobis Sedegad, mravali adamiani iqna pasuxismgeblobaSi 

gadacemuli. nawili ki, savele sasamarTlos 

wesiT CamoaxrCves. 

1866 wlis 24 agvistos soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis 

ufrosis Tanamdebobaze daamtkices generali 

tolstoi, romelsac specialuri davaleba 

mieca mxaris sruli ganiaraRebisaTvis [7, 110- 

110]. 

mixeil nikolozis Zem dasaja aseve ServaSi- 

ZeTa gvaris warmomadgenlebi. kavkasiis mefisnacvali 

1866 wlis 12 seqtembers samxedro ministr 

miliutins mimarTavda, rom adiutanti giorgi ServaSiZe 

saerTod gaeTavisuflebinaT samxedro samsaxurisagan 

[7, 52]. sabolood giorgi da aleqsandre 

ServaSiZeebi gaasaxles afxazeTidan; giorgi 

- quTaisSi, xolo aleqsandre – TbilisSi [7, 171]. 

imperiis maRalCinosanTaTvis ServaSiZeebis 

ajanyebaSi monawileobis garkveva sakmaod didi 

xnis manZilze msjelobis sagani iyo. rogorc masalebidan 

Cans, giorgi ServaSiZis da misi biZis 

aleqsandres mimarT ruseTis imperiis samxedro 

saministroSi ruseTis sawinaaRmdego mravali da- 

79

mabezRebeli informacia arsebobda. kerZod, imperiis 

saxelmwifo qonebis ministri general-adiutanti 

zelenovi konfidencialuri weriliT mimarTavda 

samxedro ministr miliutins giorgi 

ServaSiZis afxazeTis mRelvarebaSi monawileobis 

garkvevis Sesaxeb [7, 153]. 

mixeil nikolozis Ze ruseTis saimperatoro 

karis winaSe giorgi ServaSiZes, ZiriTadad, adanaSaulebda 

lixnTan momxdari incidentis da 

mTlianad ajanyebis msvlelobis dros gulgrilobis 

gamovlenaSi. is aRniSnavda: „Нет никогого 

сомнения, что подобные поведения в глазах населения 

приняло тот вид, который пожелали придать ему лица, руководившия 

этим делом, и что в народном сознании он 

являлся в настоящем случае вполне сочувстующим возмущению, 

в видах мести за удаление отца его“ [7, 171-173]. 

“susti xasiaTisa” da “SezRuduli azrovnebis” 

mqone aleqsandre ServaSiZe dadanaSaulebuli 

iyo Tavis qveSevrdomebTan erTad soxumze 

Tavdasxmis dros ruseTis mowinaaRmdegeTa jgufis 

mxardaWerasa da ganapira mxareebSi [gansakuTrebiT 

webeldis] ajanyebis gafarToebaSi [7, 

173-175]. mTlianobaSi mixeil nikolozis Zis azriT, 

ServaSiZeebis moqmedeba ar warmoadgenda 

iseT danaSaulebriv qmedebas, rom isini sasamar- 

Tlos wesiT gasamarTlebuliyvnen [7, 175]. faqtia, 

rom kavkasiis mefisnacvali Tavs aridebda afxazeTSi 

axali daZabulobis warmoqmnas. 

kavkasiis mefisnacvlis SuamdgomlobiT giorgi 

da aleqsandre ServaSiZeebs aekrZalaT ara 

marto afxazeTSi cxovreba, aramed kavkasiaSi 

dabrunebac. giorgi ServaSiZe unda gadasaxlebuliyo 

orenburgis olqSi. 1867 wlis 2 maisidan 

mas mieca ufleba emsaxura kavaleriis polkSi. 

80

xolo aleqsandre ServaSiZe samxedro samsaxuridan 

saboolo daTxovniT – gadasaxlebul iqna 

astraxanis guberniaSi [7, 176-176]. aseve ekrZaleboda 

afxazeTSi cxovreba mixeil ServaSiZis meore 

Zmas konstantine ServaSiZes da umcros Svils 

mixeilsac [7, 177]. afxazeTSi cxovrebis ufleba 

ar ezRudebodaT mxolod mixeil ServaSiZis 

debs. kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mier wardgenili 

Suamdgomloba 1867 wlis 15 aprilidan kanonier 

moqmedebaSi Sevida [7, 180]. 

amave periodidan Sevida ZalaSi mixeil nikolozis 

Zis proeqti ServaSiZeTa ojaxis warmomadgenelTaTvis 

fuladi kompensaciis gamoyofis 

Sesaxeb: proeqtis mixedviT, Ggiorgisa da mixeil 

(umcrosi) ServaSiZeebisaTvis wlis ganmavlobaSi 

unda gacemuliyo xuT-xuTi aTasi maneTi. amave 

raodenobis Tanxa gamoeyoT mixeil ServaSiZis 

Zmebs konstantinesa da aleqsandres. rac Seexeba 

mixeil ServaSiZis asulebs ninosa da barbares 

[Варвара], maT mTavroba gamouyofda or-or aTas 

maneTs. TiToeulze 500 maneTis odenobis Tanxa 

iqna gamoyofili afxazeTis ukanaskneli mTavris 

RviZli dis, rusudanisaTvis da biZaSvilis, aSe 

xanumisaTvis. mTlianad saxelmwifo xazinidan 

unda gamoyofiliyo 25 aTasi maneTi [7, 202-204]. 

mixeil ServaSiZis arasrulwlovan Svilebs: 

mixeils, ninosa da barbares meurved miuCines bi- 

Za daviT dadiani. romelic gaweul saqmianobaze 

angariSvaldebuli iyo kavkasiis xelisuflebisa 

da soxumis samxedro ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelobis 

winaSe [7, 54; 57; 63]. 

ajanyebis CaxSobisTanave kavkasiis mefisnacvali 

1866 wlis 24 agvistos samxedro ministr miliutins 

werda werils, rom neba daerToT afxa- 

81

zeTidan daaxloebiT 1000 ojaxis gadasaxlebisa 

zRvis gavliT rostovSi [7, 13]. pasuxad samxedro 

ministri werda, rom ramdenadac jer dRis wesrigSi 

idga kaitaxelebis gadasaxlebis sakiTxi, 

afxazebis gadasaxleba mizanSewonili iqneboda 

1867 wlis adre gazafxulisaTvis [7, 57; 63]. 

kavkasiis administraciis warmomadgenlebi miiCnevdnen, 

rom politikuri simSvidis uzrunvelsayofad, 

unda moexdinaT afxazeTis muslimuri 

mosaxleobis Semcireba TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis 

gziT [11, 285-286; 4, 68]. mixeil romanovi aRniSnavda, 

rom afxazebis gadasaxlebis mTavari amocana 

iyo imperiisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili xalxis sazRvrispira 

regionebidan moSoreba [11, 284]. 

1867 wlis ianvris dasawyisSi, kavkasiis mTavari 

samxedro Stabis ufrosma, generalma karcevma 

Tbilisidan stambolSi gagzavna generaluri 

Stabis kapitani Selkovnikovi. mas diplomatiuri 

misiis daxmarebiT unda mieRo TurqeTis xelisuflebisagan 

Tanxmoba 4500 afxazi ojaxis 

osmaleTis siRrmeSi Casaxlebaze [7, 156]. 

1867 wlis 2-3 ianvars gaimarTa ruseTis diplomatiuri 

warmomadgenlis p. ignatievisa da osmaleTis 

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis ali fa- 

Sas Sexvedra. TurqeTis xelisuflebis mxridan 

winaaRmdegobis gamo, ruseTis diplomatias didi 

Sroma dasWirda afxazTa TurqeTSi Casaxlebis 

Sesaxeb Tanxmobis misaRwevad [7, 156-157]. molaparakebis 

periodSi mTavar problemas qmnida gadasaxlebulTa 

teritoriulad gansaxlebis sakiTxi. 

rogorc dokumentebidan Cans, osmaleTis xelisufleba 

moiTxovda mTielTa rumeliaSi Casaxlebas. 

ruseTis diplomatia ki afxazTa Casasaxleblad 

ukeTes variantad miiCnevda diarbe- 

82

qirsa da erzingans Soris arsebul teritorias 

[7, 157-158]. 

TurqeTis winadadebaTagan ruseTisaTvis misaRebi 

afsuebis siriaSi Casaxleba iyo. aseT Sem- 

TxvevaSi afsuebs samSobloSi dabrunebis saSualeba 

ar miecemodaT. ruseTis diplomatiisaTvis 

problemad rCeboda momavali urTierToba Casaxlebul 

afxazebsa da adgilobriv kaTolikur mosaxleobas 

Soris [7, 158-158]. 

1867 wlis 6 aprils mohajirTa pirveli nakadi 

- fsxuelebisa da jiqebis 49 ojaxi (sul 218 

adamiani), sami xomaldiT soxumidan baTumSi Caiyvanes 

[10, 285]. 

1867 wlis 25 aprils 4000 afxazis TurqeTSi, 

kerZod siriaSi gadasaxlebis sakiTxi praqtikulad 

gadawyvetili iyo. maTi gadayvana anatoliis 

erT-erT portSi maisis dasawyisSi unda momxdariyo. 

xolo Semdgom Turqi komisrebis mier moxdeboda 

maTi gansaxleba miRebuli gegmis mixedviT. 

[miRweuli SeTanxmebis mixedviT, mohajirebis Casaxleba 

da gadasxma portebSi ase unda yofiliyo: xoja-ilsa 

da viran-SexirSi Casasaxlebulebis ismidis portSi; karaxasirsa 

da ketaiaSi – mudanianis portSi; magneziaSi, denizliSi, 

xantaSaSi – smirnis portSi; nigdeSi, iCilSi, maraSSi, 

azapaSi - mersinos portSi; kesariasa da xaCSirSi – 

samsunis portSi; erzingianisa da madenis – trapizonSi; 

koniasa da elaieTis _ selivkiis portSi; burdurisa da 

naSidis – tekes portSi; anepisa da orfis – aleqsandrettis 

portSi] [7, 229-229]. 

ruseTis diplomatiuri misiis mier gagzavnili 

masalebiT dasturdeba, rom 1867 wlis 18 aprilidan 

18 maisamde soxumidan 70 karapiT gadasaxlebul 

iqna 10865 afxazi [7, 242]. amaTgan 7132 

1867 wlis 16 maisamde gadaasaxles rumeliaSi, 

xolo darCenilebi ganaTavses trapzonis gareu- 

83

anSi arsebul 70 - aTasian CerqezTa banakSi [7, 

243]. zemoaRniSnul gadasaxlebul afxazTa 

ricxvs daemata 1867 wlis 29 maiss gadasaxlebuli 

400 afxazi [7, 243]. 

gadasaxlebulTa nawili yovelnairad cdilobda 

sxvadasxva saSualebiT Tavidan aecilebina 

gadasaxleba. am faqts aseve adasturebs trapizonSi 

ruseTis sakonsulos mTavari mrCevlis 

moSninis werili, romelic aRniSnavs, rom 72 gemidan 

miRebuli saerTo sxvaoba warmoadgenda 

1105 adamians [7, 243]. 

muhajirobis Semzaravi faqtis Sesaxeb araerT 

cnobil mecniersa da sazogado moRvawes gamouTqvams 

Tavisi Sexeduleba; maT dawvrilebiT 

ganxilvas Cven ar SevudgebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod, 

rom muhajirobis simZimes ver malavda Tavad 

ruseTis diplomatiuri misiis warmomadgeneli: 

«Переселение это хотя идет в отличных условиях, благодаря 

мерам высшего Кавказского начальства и хорошему 

денежному состоянию Абхазцев, тем не менее оно произвело 

очень грустное впечатление» [7, 243]. kavkasiel xalxTa 

TurqeTSi gadsaxlebis procesi farTod ga- 

Suqda im periodis sxvadasxva periodul gamocemebSi. 

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ayram da osmaleTSi 

gadasaxlebam Tavzari dasca ilia WavWavaZes. 

didi sazogado moRvawe im daskvnamde mivida, 

rom sulTnis mTavroba da ruseTis imperiis 

xelisufleba xels uwyobda kavkasiel xalxebs 

daetovebinaT TavianTi samSoblo da osmaleTSi 

gadaxvewiliyvnen [3, 46]. 

rogorc mohajirobis mTavari organizatoris, 

mixeil nikolozis Zis werilSi samxedro 

ministr miliutinisadmi miTiTebulia, rom 1867 

wels afxazeTidan mosaxleobis gadasaxleba 

84

grZeldeboda imave wlis gviani aprilidan ivnisis 

dasawyisamde [7, 256; 9, 3-4]. gadasaxlebulTa 

saerTo ricxvi Seadgenda 19342 adamians [7, 256]. 

maTgan 2503 ojaxi (14740 adamiani) gadaasaxles 

webeldidan da dalis xeobidan, xolo 855 ojaxi 

(4602 adamiani) biWvinTisa da drandis olqebidan 

[7, 256; 4, 72-73]. 

afxazi istorikosebis _ g.ZiZarias, S. inalifas, 

b. aSubas da sxvaTa mier, afsuaTa mravalricxovnobisa 

da tragikuli warsulis saerTo 

suraTis Sesaqmnelad, 1867 wlis mohajirobis 

dros gadasaxlebulTa ricxvi aTeul aTasobiT 

aris xelovnurad gazrdili. es problema araer- 

Txel gamxdara qarTveli mecnierebis mxridan (z. 

papasqiri, g. gasviani, a. ToTaZe...) samarTliani 

kritikis sagani. 

1867 wlis muhajirobis Sedegad dacarielda 

afxazeTis rigi teritoriebi. am garemoebam ganapiroba 

axali administraciuli reformis gatareba, 

romelic 1868 wlis maisSi ganxorcielda. 

1868 wlis dasawyisSi axlad daniSnulma soxumis 

samxedro ganyofilebis ufrosma general-maiorma 

geimanma SeimuSava proeqti afxazeTis administraciuli 

mowyobis Sesaxeb [8, 1]. aRniSnuli 

proeqtis sruli varianti Tavisi danarTiT 1868 

wlis 12 Tebervals kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mier 

waredgina imperiis samxedro ministrs d. miliutins. 

romelic 1868 wlis 27 maiss ruseTis imperatorma 

sabolood daamtkica. afxazeTis regioni 

daiyo or _ biWvinTisa da oCamCiris olqad. 

soxumis ganyofileba miuerTda samurzayanos 

olqi, romelic moicavda oCamCiridan mdinare enguramde 

teritorias. TiToeuli olqi Tavis 

mxriv iyofoda ubnebad: biWvinTis olqi Sedge- 

85

oda ori ubnisagan - gudauTisa da gumisTisa. 

gudauTis ubani moicavda teritorias gagridan 

md. fsircxame [Пситр], gumisTis ubani md. fsircxidan 

[Пситр] md. kodoramde. oCamCiris olqi moicavda 

regions mdinare kodoridan mdinare RaliZgamde. 

xolo RaliZgidan enguramde arsebuli 

teritoriuli ubani moeqca samurzayanos olqSi 

[8, 1; 12, 278-279]. amgvarma administraciulma dayofam 

1883 wlamde iarseba [12, 279]. 


1. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio 

arqivi, f. 416, aRw. З, saqme, 177. 

2. papasqiri z., narkvevebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis 

istoriuli warsulidan, nakv. I, Tb., 2004. 

3. WurRulia o., narkvevebi qarTul-afxazuri 

kulturul-literaturuli urTierTobis istoriidan, 

I, soxumi, 1974. 

4. b. xorava, afxazTa 1867 wlis muhajiroba, Tb., 2004. 

5. s. janaSia, Sromebi, t. VI (giorgi ServaSiZe, 

kulturul-istoriuli narkvevi). 

6. Российский государственный военно-исторический архив 

(РГВИА), ф. 38, 1865-1868 гг, оп. 30/286, св. 879, д. 12. 


(РГВИА), ф. 400, Азиат. часть, 1866 г (оп. 908), на 

266 листах, д. 54. 


(РГВИА), ф. 400, 1866-1867 гг, оп. 908,. д.9. 

9. Кавказ, №40, 268, 1867 г. 

10. Дзидзария Г., Восстание Абхазии.. 

11. Дзидзария Г, Мохаджирство и проблемы истории Абхазии 

XIX столетия, Сухуми, 1982. 

12. Исторические записки об управлении Кавказом, составил 

С. Эсадзе, т. 1, Тифлис, 1907. 

86

13. Отчет по главному управвлению Наместника Кавказского 

за первое десятилетия управления Кавказским и 

Закавказским краем, его императорским высочеством 

великим князем Михаил Николаевичем (6 декабря 1862 

– 6 декабря 1872). Тифлис, 1872. 

Zurab Sulaberidze 

Mikhail Romanov, Vicegerent of the Caucasus and the 

Problems of the Political History of 

Abkhazia in the 1960s 

The aim of the given publication is to study the role of the 

prominent political figure of the Russian empire and vicegerentMikhail 

Romanov in creating the political situation that took 

place in the 1960s in Abkhazia. 

On the basis of the new materials we found in the 

Military-Historical Archive of Russia and in scientific works the 

article deals with thehistory of the revolt of Abkhazians 

(Apsuas) in 1866 and the first Mukhajirism. The abolition of the 

Abkhazia principality, the formation of the Sokhumi Military- 

Civil Department, the exile of the Shervashidzes‟ family 

members and the new administration division problems of 

Abkhazia are discussed in the article. Because of above 

mentioned facts some regions of Abkhazia became empty and 

Russia colonized this ancient region of Georgia. 

87

eTnologia 

Ethnology 

lavrenti janiaSvili 

qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanlebis Tanamedrove 

qarTul sazogadoebaSi integraciis 

eTnokulturuli aspeqtebi * 

qvemo qarTli istoriuli saqarTvelos samxreT 

aRmosavleT nawils ewodeba. Taviseburi geografiuli 

mdebareobis gamo es teritoria uZvelesi 

droidan iyo moqceuli intensiuri eTnomigraciuli 

procesebis arealSi. igi Camoyalibda 

saqarTvelos yvelaze Wrel eTnikur regionad, 

titularuli mosaxleobisagan gansxvavebuli eTnikuri 

jgufebiT _ e.w. “erovnuli umciresobebiT” 

kompaqturad dasaxlebul mxared, sadac 

formaluri umciresoba (qveynis masStabiT), faq- 

* statia Sesrulebulia sagranto preqtis `socialuri usafrTxoebis 

eTnikuri aspeqtebi polieTnikur sazogadoebaSi 

(eTnoumciresoba da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba)~ farglebSi. 

88

tiur umravlesobas (lokaluri masStabiT) warmoadgens 

[ 29, 14] 1 . mag. marneulis raionSi azerbaijanelebi 

Seadgenen mTeli mosaxleobis 83,1%, 

dmanisis raionSi 66,8%, bolnisis raionSi 66%, 

gardabanSi 45,1% (statistikuri monacemebiT mTlianad 

saqarTveloSi azerbaijanelebi mosaxleobis 

daaxloebiT 6,5% Seadgenen) [17, 110-116]. 

Turquli warmomavlobis tomebis pirveli 

masobrivi Semosvla-damkvidreba aR. saqarTveloSi 

”did Turqobas” ukavSirdeba. samxreT kavkasiaSi 

Turq-selCukebi XI s-is 30-ian wlebSi gamoCndnen. 

XI sukunis II naxevridan TurqTa TareSi gaxSirda, 

daiwyo “didi Turqobis” xana. momTabareTa Camosaxleba 

yovelwliurad ufro da ufro intensiur 

xasiaTs Rebulobda. qarTl-kaxeTis nayofieri 

velebi saZovrebad iqca. mwarmoebeli mosaxleobis 

didi nawili gawyda, danarCeni ki mTebSi gaixizna 

[20, 319-329; 21, 265; 14, 198-199]. unda iTqvas, 

rom XI saukunis bolos gaerTianebuli sqarTvelos 

mefe daviT IV aRmaSenebelma qveyanaSi Seqmnili 

mZime mdgomareobis gamosworeba SeZlo da 

momTabareTa ZiriTadi nawili saqarTvelodan gandevna 

[21, 367; 14, 239]. marTalia, qarTuli saxelmwifos 

dasustebis Semdeg XIII-XV ss. Turquli 

warmomavlobis mosaxleobis Semosvla grZeldeboda, 

magram am process fragmentuli xasiaTi 

hqonda da qarTveli politikuri mesveurebi advilad 

axerxebdnen momTabareTa gandevnas an integracias 

[16, 251-255; 12, 279-277; 3, 256; 10, 335; 7, 133]. 

1 2006 wlisTvis arsebul kanonproeqtSi, naTqvami iyo, rom 

”erovnuli umciresoba” ar SeiZleba iyos avtoqTonuri mosaxleobis 

nawili an saqarTvelos avtonomiuri regionis 

titularuli erovneba. 

89

XV-XVI saukuneebidan Turqmanuli modgmis 

(qarTuli wyaroebiT TaTrebi, dRevandeli azerbaijanlebis 

winaprebi) tomebis Camosaxlebam ufro 

intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo. gansakuTrebiT Seuqcevadi 

gaxda igi XVII s-is dasawyisidan, rodesac 

Sah abas pirvelma qarTlis mefe giorgis sa- 

Cuqrad miwebi mosTxova. abasma ”naCuqar” miwaze 

lores saxno Seqmna da iq borCalus mahmadiani 

tomebi Camoasaxla [4, 219]. XVII_XVIII saukuneSi aR. 

saqarTveloSi Camosaxlda hasanlus tomis erTi 

nawili. isini ZiriTadad kaxeTSi da qvemo qar- 

TlSi (dRevandeli marneulisa da gardabnis raionebSi) 

danawildnen. nasibus tomma dmanisis xeobaSi 

SeaRwia, qcia-xramis xeobebis gayolebiT aRmosavleTisaken 

wavida da mdinare mtkvris gaRma 

mxareze liloebsa da yaraiis mdidar saZovrebs 

moekida [3, 419]. pirvel xanebSi Camosaxlebuli 

yizilbaSebi iranis Sahs emorCilebodnen da qar- 

Tlis samefos aRwerebSic ar gvxvdebian. mogvianebiT, 

TandaTanobiT qarTul feodalur sistema- 

Si Sevidnen da aqtiurad monawileobdnen qarTuli 

saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi [9, 553-578]. amis mkafio 

magaliTia saxalxo gmiri xudia borCaloeli, 

romelsac Rirseuli adgili uWiravs mefe 

erekle II-s erTgul TanamebrZolTa Soris. 

zemoxsenebul migracias zogjer adgilobrivi 

mesveurebic uwyobdnen xels. aq Semoyvanil 

ucxo jgufebs qarTuli samefo kari da calkeuli 

feodali gaukacrielebuli adgilebis dasasaxleblad 

da saqalaqo cxovrebis gamosacocxleblad 

iyenebda [15, 198-203; 1, 521]. saqarTvelos 

samefos mmarTveloba araTu upirispirdeboda 

migrantebs, aramed qmnida pirobebs maTi integrirebisaTvis. 

qarTveli mefeebi (erekle II, giorgi 

90

XII) migrantebisaTvis SeRavaTebs awesebdnen. swored 

amitom, ukumigracias umniSvnelo masStabebi 

hqonda. XVIII s-is Sua wlebSi erekle II-s muRanis 

velidan gadmousaxlebia sparselebisagan Seviwrovebuli 

250 Turqmanuli ojaxi, maTgan Seiqmna 

soflebi: muRanlo, yafanaxyi da yizil-hanjili, 

romlebic dRes marneulis raionSi mdebareoben 

[1, 521]. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe mudmivad akvirdeboda 

migrantebs da ar aZlevda maT qveynidan wasvlis 

saSualebas. 1755 w. man ukan daabruna erevnis saxanosa 

da yarasuze gadasxlebuli borCaloelebi 

[2, 50]. 1756 wels samcxeSi saialaRod mdgomma 

elebma gadawyvites iranSi wasvla. maT yazaxis 

momTabareebic SeuerTdnen. erekle mefe yaiyulSi 

daewia maT da ukan daabruna [15, 243]. ufro mogvianebiT, 

rodesac qvemo qarTlis elebis erTi nawili, 

Taraqamebi, ali-begma gadaibira axalcixis 

safaSoSi dasasaxleblad (es iyo samcxeSi momTabare 

TurqmanTa masobrivad Casaxlebis pirveli 

SemTxveva), qarTl-kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII-m TurqeTis 

sulTanTanac ki iCivla maTi ukan dabrunebis 

moTxovniT [13, 332]. 

Turqmanuli modgmis tomebis damkvidrebis 

Semdeg aqtualuri gaxda elis sakiTxi. eliT dasaxlebuli 

miwebi Sahma ”soiurRalad” gadasca 

qarTlis mefis moxeles, somxiTis meliqs. qar- 

Tlis mefis moxelisadmi amgvari wyaloba, Sahs 

qarTuli miwaTmflobelobis wesis dasarRvevad 

esaWiroeboda. iranis politikur interesebs, ra 

Tqma unda am miwebis ”Tiulad” gamocxadeba ufro 

Seesabameboda, magram es radikaluri RonisZieba 

aucileblad daupirispirebda Sahs qarTlis 

feodalur sazogadoebas. ”soiurRali” saqarTvelos 

saxelmwifos organizaciidan TandaTanobiT 

91

gamoTiSvis SesaZleblobas iZleoda [6, 221-223]. 

mogvianebiT, iranis politikuri gavlenis Sesustebis 

Sesabamisad Camosaxlebuli Turqmanebi 

sul ufro eqceodnen qarTuli saxelmwifos gavlenaSi. 

ra Tqma unda, ucxo sameurneo da fiskalur 

sistemasTan Segueba momTabare mosaxleobas 

Zalze uWirda. qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI Seecada 

sakanonmdeblo safuZveli Seeqmna qarTul 

samefoSi eli mosaxleobis integrirebisaTvisis. 

igi dasturlamalis ”elis gamosaRebis rigiT” 

gansazRvravda Turqmanuli mosaxleobis uflebamovaleobebs 

[9, 553-578]. 

XIX saukunidan, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos 

dapyrobis Semdgom, qarTul miwebze momTabare 

elebis damagrebas did yuradRebas aqcevda rusuli 

mmarTvelobac. Mmoxeleebi yovelnairad 

aferxebdnen ”TaTrebis” winare samSobloSi gadasaxlebas. 

Tumca es procesi mainc mimdinareobda 

XIX s-is damdegs borCalos mouravis moxsenebis 

Tanaxmad mTeli sofeli najbadilu aiyara. 

elebis ayra-gaqcevam im xanebSi imdenad masobrivi 

xasiaTi miiRo, rom xelisufleba iZulebuli 

gaxda garkveul pirebze TvalTvali daewesebina 

[18, 1007]. 

momTabareTa cxovrebis stili da nagebobadasaxlebaTa 

formebi tradiciul, nomadur cxovrebis 

umkacres kanonebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. 

myari, mkvidrad nagebi, sameurneo da scxovrebeli 

nagebobebi amgvari cxovrebis wesTan SeusabamobaSi 

modioda. momTabareobisaTvis SedarebiT 

mosaxerxebeli iyo martivi karvebi. XVI saukunis 

ingliseli mogzauri antoni jekinsoni aRniSnavda, 

rom nomadebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sacxovrebeli 

iyo msubuqi karvebi. TiToeuli urdo 

92

calke Cerdeboda da karvebs urdos meTauris 

karvis irgvliv akeTebda. iqve abinavebdnen saqonlis 

jogebsac, romelsac tvirTis gadasazidi 

saWapano transportiT SemozRudavdnen, riTac 

mtris dasxmis SemTxvevaSi, erTgvar gamagrebul 

punqts Rebulobdnen [23, 52]. samecniero literaturidan 

cnobilia, rom nomadebi saerTod eridebodnen 

dapyrobil qalaqebsa da soflebSi dabinavebas 

da maTi gverdis avliT stepebSi momTabareobdnen 

[26, 15-16]. saqarTveloSi Semosaxlebul 

momTabareebs mza sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebi 

daxvdaT, radgan ZiriTadad ayrili mosaxleobis 

adgilebSi mkvidrdebodnen. droTa 

ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda momTabare elTa 

adaptacia adgilobriv sameurneo ekologiur garemoSi 

da, Sesabamisad, adgilobrivi sacxovrebeli 

tipis aTviseba. CamosaxlebulTa erTi nawilis 

adgilebze damagrebas da mkvidr sacxovrebel 

nagebobebSi dabinavebas iraneli mesveurebic 

uwyobdnen xels. mohamed Taheris erTi cnobiT 

saqarTveloSi sacxovreblad gamogzavnil elebs 

kalatozebsac ayolebdnen, raTa maTTvis xelsayreli 

sacxovrebeli pirobebi SeeqmnaT [19, 393]. 

savaraudod, gadmosaxlebulTa pirvandeli sacxovrebeli 

saxlebi amierkavkasiisaTvis tipuri 

gvirgvinian-erdoiani saxlis adgilobriv martiv 

variants warmoadgenda. 

winaT azerbaijanelTa Soris gavrcelebuli 

iyo tradiciuli miwuri nageboba ”yaradami” (Savi 

saxli). yaradami kompleqsuri nagebobaa, sadac 

erT WerqveS moTavsebulia ramdenime saTavso [17, 

19; 24, 72-75; 25, 66-68]. maT Soris, saqonlis sadgomi 

boseli (”maldam”). yaradamis saxuravi warmoadgenda 

yelisaken daviwroebul safexurovan piramidas, 

93

omelic oTx msxvil xis boZs eyrdnoboda. yaradamSi 

haeri da sinaTle gvirgvinis yelidan Semodioda, 

aqedanve gadioda Suacecxlis kvamli. sacxovrebeli 

garedan TiTqmis ar Canda da ufro 

yorRans waagavda, romelSic viwro bneli derefani 

Sedioda. amgvari nagebobis aveji da dgam-Wur- 

Weli metad ubralo iyo. aq idga xis yuTebi sasoflo-sameurneo 

produqciisaTvis, aseve zandukebi 

da xis grZeli taxtebi. aqve iyo fqvilis Sesanaxi 

Txis tyavis tomrebi da ormo xorblisaTvis. 

oTaxis gasanaTeblad iyenebdnen navTis lampas an 

Wraqs (yara Cirax). iataki nawilobriv xaliCebiT, 

flasebiT da jejimebiT iyo mofenili [28, 119]. 

simptomaturia, rom azerbaijanelTa Soris 

samxreTkavkasiulma erdoian-gvirgvinianma sacxovrebelma 

Semdgomi ganviTareba ver hpova. 

gvirgvinis formiTa da centraluri boZebis raodenobiT 

"ev damma" (sacxovrebelma oTaxma) trafaretuli 

xasiaTi miiRo. saerTo farTobis segmentaciis 

mxriv ki azerbaijanuli yaradami samkamerian 

komplesze Sors ver wavida [30, 24]. 

sabWoTa periodSi radikalurad Seicvala 

dasaxlebis struqtura da sacxovrebeli nagebobebi. 

miwurbaniani saxlebis adgili daiWira erT 

da orsarTulianma, kapitalurma, qvis nagebobebma. 

dasaxlebebis centrSi gaCnda savaWro saswavlo 

da kulturuli dawesebulebebi. XX saukunis tipuri 

azerbaijanuli soflis centrSi iyo salaybo, 

sadac wydeboda saWirboroto sakiTxebi. aseve, 

wyaro patara auziT, saidanac sofeli sasmel 

wyals ezideboda da saqonels arwyulebda. azerbaijanuli 

dasaxlebebi umetesad ganlagebuli 

iyo mdinareebis da sarwyavi arxebis sanapiroebze. 

individualuri ezoebi, baRebi, sacxovrebeli da 

94

sameurneo nagebobebi gamoirCeodnen garkveuli 

dagegmarebis uqonlobiT. meurneobis Tavisebureba 

da cxovrebis wesi kargad aris asaxuli soflebis 

struqturasa da sacxovrebel kompleqsSi. 

XX saukunis bolo aTwleulidan ramdenime adgilas 

daiwyo soflis centrebSi meCeTebis Seneba. 

SenarCunebuli iqna nagebobaTa zogierTi Taviseburebac, 

kerZod, saxlebi mimarTulia yru kedliT 

gzisaken da fasadiT ezosaken. ezoebi SedarebiT 

momcroa da mijriT erTmaneTze miwyobili. 

sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebis 

transformacia mWidrod ukavSirdeba meurneobis 

dargebis proporciis cvlilebas. qvemo qarTlis 

Turqmanuli mosaxleoba, marTalia TandaTanobiT 

ecnoboda adgilobriv samiwaTmoqmedo kulturebs, 

magram me-19 saukuneSic ki wamyvani roli 

maT meurneobaSi kvlav mesaqonleobas eWira [27, 

3]. saqarTveloSi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis qveynebisagan 

gansxvavebiT momTabaruli eqstensiuri 

meurneobisaTvis saWiro sameurneo baza naklebad 

iyo amitom maT daiwyes adgilobriv tradiciul 

simbiozur meurneobaze TandaTanobiT gadasvla. 

vaxuSti batoniSvilis Tanaxmad ukve XVIII saukunisaTvis 

_ ”saxloben elni qciamde velsa zeda, 

da sTesen yovelsa marcvalsa, da Teslsa zeviT 

werilTa, da mtilovanTa, savseni pirutyviTa” [3, 

309]. amasTanave, qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobaSi ufro 

gvian periodamdec ki XX saukinis 20-30-ian 

wlebamde TiTqmis ucvlelad iyo SemorCenili 

qarTuli tradiciuli Sromis iaraRebi. qarTvel 

eTnologTa dakvirvebiT amJamindeli sameureo 

baza qarTul samiwaTmoqmedebo plastzea damyarebuli 

da qarTuli samiwaTmoqmedo sistemaa 

wamyvani [5, 264]. Turquli warmomavlobis mosaxle- 

95

oba mkvidr cxovrebaze gadasvlasTan erTad 

eziareboda adgilobriv sameurneo tradiciebsac, 

maT qarTul guTans "qoTani" uwodes da memindvreobis 

wesic adgilobrivebisagan SeiTvises. 

maT cnobierebaSi dRemdea SemorCenili qarTuli 

xorblis jiSebis saxelwodebebic _ "Savfxa" ("yara 

yolC"), TavTuxi ("TavTux"), dolis puri 

("buRda" da a.S.) [8, 262]. 

mesaqonleobis SezRudvis xarjze TandaTanobiT 

gaizarda miwaTmoqmedebis xvedriTi wili. 

XX saukunisaTvis sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSi 

azerbaijanelebiT dasaxlebul rig soflebSi 

ganviTarebuli iyo memarcvleoba (xorbali, 

simindi), mebaxCeoba (kombosto, pomidori da 

a.S) da mevenaxeobac ki. adgilobrivi ekosameurneo 

garemos gavleniT momxdari es cvlileba kidev 

ufro gaZlierda komunisturi wyobis kraxisa 

da socialuri-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis transformaciis 

Semdeg. kolmeurneobebis gauqmebam 

SesaZlebeli gaxada soflis meurneobis produqciiT 

qalaqis momarageba uSualod mwarmoebelTa 

mier da kargi mogebis miReba. Seqmnil situacias 

sakmaod advilad auRes alRo qvemo qarTlSi 

mcxovrebma azerbaijanlebma da mniSvnelovani 

segmentic daikaves Tbilisis agrarul bazrebSi. 

transformacia ganicada qvemo qarTlSi 

mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebis socialurma yofam 

da sulierma kulturamac. azerbaijanelebis ritualebSi 

yvelaze arqaulad miCneulia dakrZalvis 

ceremoniali, romelic islamur tradiciazea 

dafuZnebuli amasTanave, uamrav islamamdel rituals 

Seicavs. momakvdavs awvenen zurgze, yiblas 

(samxreTis) mimarTulebiT. Semdeg kiTxuloben SahadaTis 

locvas. sasurveli iyo es locva Tavad 

96

momakvdavs moesmina. axlad gardacvlils usworeben 

xel-fexs, uxveven Tvalebs da ybas. Tu fexmZime 

gardaicvleboda misTvis muceli unda gaeWraT 

da bavSvi amoeyvanaT, xolo Semdeg isev gaekeraT. 

aucilebelia gardacvlilis samjer wyliT an 

qviSiT ganbanva. SariaTi krZalavs gardacvlilis 

tansacmliT damarxvas, igi TeTri tilos sudara- 

Si gaxveuli unda daikrZalos [22]. 

micvalebuli uwmindurad iTvleba, masTan 

SexebiT nebismieri sulieri an sagani SeiZleba 

waibilwos, amitom axloblebic ki ar ekarebodnen 

da gardacvlils am saqmiT specialurad dakavebuli 

xalxi apatiosnebda. mTel sofels saerTo 

janezi (micvalebulis saflavamde misatani 

xis an liTonis WurWeli) hqonda. micvalebuli 

ar unda Sexeboda miwas, saflavs qviT aguriT an 

ficriT amoaSeneben, xolo zemodan xis masiur 

ficrebs awyobdnen da miwas ise ayridnen. dasaflavebis 

Semdeg saRamoTi saflavze cecxls an- 

Tebdnen, romliTac “micvalebulma saiqiosaken 

unda gaikvalos gza.” micvalebulisadmi amgvari 

damokidebuleba zoroastrizmis gadmonaSTad iTvleba. 

sabWoTa periodSi kulturis am sferosac 

Seexo cvlilebebi dakrZalvis ritualis da saflavis 

mowyobis wesis calkeuli elementebi adgilobrivi 

eTnikuri garemos gavleniT Seicvala. 

mag. XX saukunis bolomde aq gvxvdeba suraTebiani 

saflavis qvebi (rac islamuri dogmatikiT 

sastikad ikrZaleba) [22]. 

savele eTnografiuli masaliT dasturdeba, 

rom adgilobrivi eTnikuri garemo gavlenas axdenda 

tradiciuli kulturis sxva mxareebzec. 

magaliTad TanadaTan Semcirda leviratisa da 

sororatis SemTxvevebi, Tumca baldizis [colis 

97

dis] Txova da mazlze daqorwinebis SemTxvevebi 

bolo xanebamde gvxvdeba. unda iTqvas, rom am sakiTxze 

msjelobisas Cveni mTxroblebi garkveul 

uxerxulobas ganicdidnen, radgan icodnen rom 

mezobeli qristianebi aseT urTierTobebs garyvnilebad 

aRiqvamen. amasTanave, cdiloben daasabuTon 

qorwinebis am formis upiratesoba da xazs 

usvamen mis dadebiT mxareebs. rogorc leviratis 

dros, sororatis SemTxvevaSic movlenas garkveul 

moralur gamarTlebas uZebnian _ amboben, deida 

obol disSvilebs ufro kargad gazrdis da 

met gulisxmierebasac gamoiCens maT mimarTo [22]. 

qarTul eTnikur garemosTan urTierTobis Sedegad 

Seicvala azerbaijaneli mosaxleobis damokidebuleba 

alkoholur sasmelebTan. cnobilia, 

rom islami krZalavas alkoholur sasmelebs, gansakuTrebiT 

_ Rvinos. qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanelTa 

umetesoba ki ara marto svams Rvinos, aramed 

aqvs venaxi (metwilad maRlari) da sakuTar 

meurneobaSi awarmoebs sasmels. simptomaturia, 

rom cvlileba ganicada saritualo sufrebis 

msvlelobamac. mag. sofel sadaxloSi (marneulis 

r-ni) mecnierTa jgufi daeswro saqorwino sufras. 

ojaxis erTi wevri “haji” iyo da kategoriulad 

akrZala sufrasTan alkoholuri sasmelis mitana. 

amis miuxedavad, dainiSna Tamada, romelic TanamoinaxeebTan 

erTad sadRegrZeloebs xilis wveniT 

warmoTqvamda [22]. unda iTqvas, rom kvebis kulturasa 

da sufris wesebSi qarTuli garemos gavlena 

sakmaod Zlieria. didi popularobiT sargeblobs 

qarTuli kerZebi: xaWapuri, mwvadi, xinaali, kubdari, 

sacivi da sxva [11, 60-61]. 

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan, mTels postsabWour 

sivceSi daiwyo mosaxleobis Semobru- 

98

neba religiisaken. gansxvavebuli religiuri jgufebis 

radikalizacia, zogan konfliqtis mizezic 

gaxda. marTalia, qvemo qarTlSic SeimCneva reislamizaciisa 

procesi, magram religiur niadagze 

dapirispirebis aSoreba aq SedarebiT advilad 

moxerxda. rogorc Cans, es im faqtormac ganapiroba, 

rom azerabaijanlebi sakmaod loialurni 

arian qristianuli Zeglebisadmi da mowiwebiT epyrobian 

maT. am faqts gancvifrebaSi mouyvania 

sof. vaxtangisis moZRvari. RvTismsaxurma CvenTan 

saubrisas aRniSna, rom muslimebi bevrad ufro 

kargad muSaobdnen taZris mSeneblobaze vidre 

qarTvelebi an somxebi. muslimebi meti pativiscemiT 

epyrobodnen saydars _ mag. ar ewodnen sigarets 

mis axlomaxlo, ar bilwistyvaobdnen da 

a.S. calke unda aRiniSnos, rom azerbaiajanlebi 

zogjer qristianul ritualebSic (mag giorgobaze) 

monawileoben. aseve, sakmaod xSiria musulmanur 

inciciaciaSi "suniaTSi" qristianis "qavorad" 

(naTliad) mowveva da a.S. bunebrivia, yovelive es 

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs gansxvavebul eTnokonfesiur 

erTobebs Soris pozitiuri damokidebulebis 

gamyarebaSi [22]. 

calke unda gamoiyos saxelmwifo enisa da 

e.w. lingvo frankas sakiTxi. XIX_XX saukuneebSi 

saxelmwifo enis da aseve Llingvo frankas funqcias 

rusuli asrulebda. qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanulma 

mosaxleobam qarTuli sustad, an saerTd 

ar icoda. qarTulis saxelmwifo enad gamocxadebis 

Semdeg am mosaxleobisaTvis garTulda 

ganaTlebis miReba, biznes saqmianoba da saxelmwifo 

struqturebSi muSaoba. amis gamo azerbaijanelTa 

Soris mwvaved dadga qarTuli enis 

swavlis sakiTxi. mosaxleobis TiTqmis yvela asa- 

99

kobriv jgufSi SexvdebiT adamianebs, romlebic 

qarTuli enis Seswavlas cdiloben. aRsaniSnavia 

isic, rom pirad urTierTobaSi xSirad gamoTqvamen 

survils, gaizardos qarTuli enis saaTebi 

azerbaijanul skolebSi [22]. 

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qvemo qarTlSi 

Turqulenovani mosaxleobis (azerbaijanelebis) 

adaptirebis procesi sakmaod xangrZlivi, rTuli 

da araerTgvarovani iyo. transformireba ganicada 

momTabare elebis yofisa da kulturis TiTqmis 

yvela sferom, moxda Turqulenovani mosaxleobis 

adgilobriv eTnokulturul da ekosameurneo 

garemoSi integracia. zemomotanili masala 

aCvenebs, rom es procesi kvlavac grZeldeba. 


1. g. akofaSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saz- 

Rvrebi da mosaxleoba, saqarTvelos istoriis 

narkvevebi, t. IV. Tb., 1973. 

2. T. bagrationi, axali istoria, Tb., 1983. 

3. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqar- 

Tvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, Tb., 1972. 


wigni VI, Tb., 1973. 

5. l. beriaSvili, g. gociriZe, qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobis 

yofisa da kulturis zogierTi aspeqti 

eTnografiuli monacemebis Suqze (gardabnis 

raioni) iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da 

eTnologiis institutis Sromebi VIII, Tb., 2008. 

6. v. gabaSvili, qarTuli feodaluri miwismflobelobis 

istoriidan, (XVI s-is ukanaskneli meoTxedi), 

saq. mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. java- 

100

xiSvilis saxelobis istoriis institutis 

Sromebi, I, 1955. 

7. d. gvritiSvili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, 

t. II, Tb., 1965. 

8. g. gociriZe, eTnikuri procesebi da kulturaTa 

dialogi qvemo qarTlis mosaxleobaSi (qar- 

Tul-azerbaijanuli urTierTobis magaliTze, 

gardabnisa da marneulis raionebi), logosi, 

2008. 

9. dasturlamali, kari 21, qarTuli samarTlis 

Zeglebi, Tb., 1970. 

10. egnataSvili beri, axali qarTlis cxovreba, 

qarTlis cxovreba, t. II, Tb., 1959. 

11. x. ioseliani, eTnikurjgufTaSorisi kulturul-istoriuli 

paralelebi da urTierTdamokidebuleba 

(gardabnis raionSi mcxovrebi qar- 

Tvelebisa da azerbaijanelebis magaliTze), 

eTnologiuri krebuli I, Tb., 2008. 

12. b. lominaZe, monRolTa batonoba saqarTveloSi 

da brZola mis winaaRmdeg, saqarTvelos istoriis 

narkvevebi, t. III, Tb., 1979. 

13. S. lomsaZe, samcxe-javaxeTi (XVIII s. Sua wlebidan 

XIX saukunis Sua wlebamde), Tb., 1975. 

14. m. lorTqifaniZe, Turq-selCukebis gandevna, saqarTvelos 

sazRvrebis gafarToeba, saqarTvelos 

istoriis narkvevebi, t. III, Tb., 1979. 

15. p. orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, teqsti daadgina, 

Sesavali, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daur- 

To e. cagareiSvilma, Tb., 1981. 

16. JamTaaRmwereli, qarTlis cxovreba t. II, teqsti 

dadgenili yvela ZriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT 


17. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis pirveli 

erovnuli sayovelTao aRweris Sedegebi, tomi 

101

I, internetvesia, 

http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/census/200 

2/I%20tomi%20%20saqarTvelos%20mosaxleobis%202002 

%20wlis%20pirveli%20erovnuli%20sayovelTao%20aRweris 

%20Sedegebi. pdf 

18. scia f. 16, 1aRw. 1, saqme 1007. 

19. v. fuTuriZe, mohamed Taheris cnobebi saqarTvelos 

Sesaxeb / teqsti, Targmani da SeniSvnebi v. 

fuTuriZisa // masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis 

istoriisaTvis, nakv. 30, Tb., 1954. 

20. qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, teqsti dadgenili yvela 

ZriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis 

mier, Tb., 1958. 

21. n. Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 

Tb., 1968 

22. l. janiaSvili, savele eTnografiuli masala 

(qvemo qarTli), 2006-2010. 

23. Early voyages and travels to Russia and Persia by Anthony 

Jenkinson and other Englishmen, with some account of the 

first intercourse of the English with Russia and Central Asia 

by way of the Caspian Sea. Edited by E. Delmar Morgan and 

C.H. Coote. Published by B. Franklin in New York, 1900. 

24. К. Т. Каракашлы, Материальная культура Азербайджанцев, 

Баку, 1964. 

25. В. П. Кобычев, Крестьянское жилище народов Азербaйджана в 

XIX в. Кавказ, Этнографическиы сборник, 3, М-Л., 1962. 

26. В. П. Кобичев, Поселения и жилище народов Северного 

Кавказа в XIX _XX вв. М., 1982. 

27. А. М. Набиев, Поселения и жилища азербайджанцев проживавших 

в Грузии в конце XIX начале XX вв. (По 

материалам Квемо-Картлийской историко-этнографической 

области), Автореферат дисертации на соискание 

ученой степени КИН, Тб., 1981. 

28. Рустамов Я. А. О поселении и крестянском жилище 

102

азербайджанцев Карабахской зони. Азербайджанский 

этнографический сбоник, 2, Баку 1966. 

29. Дж. Уитли, Введение в дейтвие Рамочной Конвеции О 

Защите Национальных Меньшинств в Грузии: Исследование 

выполнимости, Европейский центр по делам 

меньшинств, доклад #28, 2006. 

30. Т.А Чиковани, Из истории народного жилища Закавказия 

(Историко-этнографического исследование), Автореферат 

диссертации, представленной на соискание ученой 

степени ДИН, Тб., 1967. 

Lavrenti Janiashvili 

Ethnocultural Aspects of Kvemo Kartli Azerbaijanians 

Integration into Modern GeorgianSociety 

Kvemo Kartli is the southeast part of Georgia. Because its 

peculiar geographic location, historical and social-economic 

conditions the mentioned territory from the ancient times 

became an area of intensive ethnomigrations. Thus, ethnically it 

became the most variegated region of Georgia. This is a region 

compactly populated with ethnic groups which are so called 

“ethnic minorities” that are different from titular population. 

This is a region where thegroup of Azerbaijanians (formal 

minority throughout country) is factually in majority (locally). 

In Marneuli region Azerbaijanians are 83, 1% of the whole 

population, in Dmanisi – 66, 8%, in Bolnisi – 66%, in Gardabani 

– 45, 1% (according to 2002 survey Azerbaijanians are 6, 5% of 

the whole population of Georgia). 

The infiltration process of the ancestors of Azerbaijanians 

(tribes of Turkish origin) in Georgia was not homogeneous.In 

the so called “DidiTurkoba”( severe (literally big) invasion of 

Turks) periodthat took place in the11 th century and after 

Georgian authorities were opposing the settlement of Turkish 

origin tribes with weapons, were freeing the country from 

103

nomadic Elis, Turkish tribes who came in Georgia after 

Turkmanian invasion.At that period country was still able to 

settle the devastated places; was still able to prevent and oppose 

settlement of people who were carriers of alien, nomadic type of 

economy. Lately, when it became possible to integrate tribes of 

Turkish origin and the possibility to involve them in the 

symbiotic economy peculiar to Georgia, above mentioned 

attitude was changed. Now the native leaders were supporting 

bringing so called Tatars in the country. The royal court of 

Georgia and separate feudals were using brought in foreign 

groups for reviving the devastated places and economy. 

Aftersettlement of the Turkmanorigintribes‟adaptation and 

adjusting with native eco-economic and fiscal system of “Eli” 

population became topical. King of Kartli Vakhtang VI tried to 

make law foundation for their integration into Georgian 

kingdom. In contrast to the Oriental countries the necessary 

economic basis for nomadic extensive economy was less in 

Georgia. That is why nomad Elis started to move gradually on 

symbiotic economy. The field ethnographic material proves that 

the local ethnic environment used to affect the other sides of 

traditional culture as well. For instance: the cases of levirate and 

sororate became less. Contacts with Georgian ethnic 

environment changed their relations towards alcohol. The most 

of the Kvemo Kartli Azerbaijanian population not only drinks 

vine, but cultivates it and has got vineyards (mostly vineyard 

that goes up on a tree). 

The adaptation of Turkish-speaking population (Azerbaijanians) 

was quite a long term, difficult process and was not 

homogeneous.Mostly all the spheres of Elis‟ every-day life and 

culture underwent transformation. Turkish-speaking population 

integrated with local ethnocultural and eco-economic environment. 

The type of dwelling, economic system, some elements 

of spiritual culture underwent changes. 

104

daviT WiTanava 

sicocxlis aRdgena-ganaxlebis idea 

`qvevrsamarxebSi~ da zedaSes kultura 

saqarTveloSi yvelaze Zveli qvevrsamarxi, 

romelic Zv. w. aR-iT VII saukuniT TariRdeba, aRmoCenilia 

sofel eSeraSi (soxumTan axlos); aq 

micvalebulis Zvlebi elaga qvevrSi didi raodenobis 

brinjaos nivTebTan da sardionis mZiveb- 

Tan erTad [33, 23]. Tixis WurWelSi dakrZalvis 

tradicia farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mTian afxazeTSi, 

gulurifSis r-nis sof. olginskoeSi, sadac 

TiToeul saflavSi Cadgmuli sam-sami Tixis 

WurWelia napovni. erT-erT maTganSi mouTavsebiaT 

kremaciis naSTebi, inventari, samkaulebi, xolo 

or danarCenSi, rogorc varaudoben, raRac 

siTxe CausxamT [5, 90-92]. afxazeTSi gvamis dawvis 

Cveuleba urnebSi da maT gareSe, Zv. w. aR. X saukunidan 

moyolebuli SeiniSneba da is damaxasia- 

Tebeli iyo, rogorc am mxaris, ise misi mosaz- 

Rvre raionebis Zveli mosaxleobisaTvis (soWi, 

mzimTa) [20, 191]. 

105

aRniSnulia, rom qvevrSi damarxvis wesi TiTqmis 

erTaderTi wesia micvalebulis dakrZalvisa 

elinisturi xanis kolxeTSi [7, 6], xolo qvevri, 

rogorc Rvinis Sesanaxi WurWeli farTod Zv. w. 

aR. VI saukunidan aris cnobili saqarTveloSi [15, 

247; 12, 61]. arqeologTa varaudiT, qvevris Camoyalibeba 

Zv. w. aR. VII saukuneSi unda momxdariyo [6, 

95-96], xolo mogvianebiT diRomSi aRmoCnda Zv. w. 

aR. VIII-VII ss. qvevrebic [10, 65]. 

qarTlSi (iberiis samefoSi) qvevrsamarxTa 

gavrceleba iwyeba Zv. w. aR. III saukunidan da 

gvxvdeba Zv. w. aR. I saukunemde [2, 16-20; 1, 40], xolo 

azerbaijanSi Zv. w. aR. II saukunidan [27, 127- 

128; 24, 78]. 

amierkavkasiaSi qvevrsamarxebi gavrcelebuli 

Cans Zv. w. aR. VIII saukunidan (argiSTihinili) [13, 

70], xolo kavkasiaSi yvelaze uZvelesi aRmoCenilia 

daRestanSi, romelic Zv. w. aR. II aTaswleuliT 

TariRdeba [26, 283]. 

micvalebulis damwvari Zvlebis sxvadasxva 

formis Tixis WurWelSi moTavsebiT dakrZalvis 

wesi uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli TiTqmis 

mTels msoflioSia gavrcelebuli, xolo saqar- 

Tvelos teritoriaze is jer kidev adreuli 

brinjaos xanis yorRanebSia fiqsirebuli; ker- 

Zod, samgoris yorRanebSi napovni iyo erTi naxvretiani 

WurWeli, romelSic adamianis ferfli 

aRmoCnda [16, 391]. 

jer kidev Zv. w. aR. VIII-VII aTaswleulebis 

mesopotamiis adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebSi 

Semosvlas iwyebs dakrZalvis gansakuTrebuli 

wesi, romelic bavSvis ConCxis (mogvianebiT mozrdilebis) 

WurWelSi CalagebiT kerasTan, an keris 

qveS dakrZalvaSi mdgomareobs [22, 70-76], xo- 

106

lo Zv. w. aR. XXXIX-XXVIII saukuneebis palestina-siriis 

Zeglebze ukve absoliturad Warbobs 

WurWelSi dakrZalvis wesi ara marto bavSvebisa, 

aramed zrdasruli adamianebisac [22, 52-53]. dakrZalvis 

sxva formebis gverdiT, Zveli Sumerebic 

micvalebulis Zvlebs alagebdnen did doqebSi 

(pifosebSi) [38, 229] da gansakuTrebul WurWelSi 

_ kanopebSi [19, 250]; micvalebulis Zvlebis Tixis 

WurWelSi dakrZalvis Cveuleba gavrcelebuli 

iyo Zvel italiaSi (vilanovas kultura) [21, 227], 

Zvel saberZneTSi [16, 39], centralur anatoliaSi, 

samxreT amerikis indielebsa da Zvel perueleb- 

Sic [28, 72-75]. 

calkeul Zvel kulturebSi micvalebulis 

damwvari Zvlebis WurWelSi CalagebiT dakrZalva, 

(miT umetes Tu is iq dakrZalvis erTaderTi 

wesi ar aris), miuTiTebs garkveul eTnikur 

cvlilebebze (vfiqrobT, es qvevrsamarxebTan dakavSirebiT 

saqarTvelos magaliTze aSkarad Cans) 

da mosaxleobis socialur suraTzec gviqmnis 

warmodgenas, Tumca amjerad CvenTvis sainteresoa 

maT Soris ara Tu eTnogenetikuri kavSirebis 

Zebna, aramed am wesis warmoqmnis religiurritualuri 

mxaris warmoCena, romelic msoflios 

sxvadasxva regionisTvis da srulad aramona- 

Tesave eTnikuri jgufebisTvis TiTqmis identuri 

formiT aris damaxasiaTebeli. aqve aRvniSnavT, 

rom saqarTveloSi fiqsirebul qvevrsamarxebSi 

garkveuli rituali unda Sesrulebuliyo da 

Cveni azriT, mas mWidro kavSiri aqvs qarTul eTnografiul 

yofaSi bolo dromde SemorCenil 

òxvameris~ da `zedaSes~ kulturasTan. 

micvalebulis mjdomare mdgomareobaSi xorblis 

Sesanax did WurWelSi moTavsebas (siria-pa- 

107

lestina), zogierTi avtori (diunani), micvalebulis 

momavali aRorZinebis Sesaxeb arsebul rwmenas 

ukavSirebs [22, 52-53]. sxva avtorTa mosazrebiT, 

urnebSi dakrZaluli micvalebulis ferfli 

(Sua italiis, Crdilo germaniis, skandinaviis) 

garegnulad mogvagonebs saxls da im momentis 

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Tavdapirvelad micvalebuli 

ikrZaleboda saxlSi kerasTan da mas Semdeg, 

rac es wesi miviwyebul iqna, micvalebulis sikvdilis 

Semdgom mis sacxovrebel saxlTan mWidro 

kavSiris rwmenidan gamomdinare, mas krZalavdnen 

misi saxlis msgavs WurWelSi anu Tavis saxlSi 

[29, 37-38]; imave azrs aviTarebs l. Sternbergic 

[36, 338-339]. 

saqarTveloSi qvevris samarx WurWlad gamoyenebasTan 

dakavSirebiT aRniSnulia, rom mis samarxav 

saSualebad gamoyenebamde is sameurneo 

daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda [3, 116]. z. kvicianis 

azriT, qvevrSi dakrZalvis idea dakavSirebulia 

sicocxlis mudmivobasTan, xolo bavSvebis amforebSi 

dakrZalvis wesi gamoxatavs dabadebisa da 

sikvdilis erTianobis rwmenas, romlis fesvebic 

ufro Rrma warsulSi unda veZeboT da avtori 

mas berZnul tradiciad miiCnevs [11, 141, 143-144]. 

g. lorTqifaniZis azriT, micvalebulis qvevrebSi 

(pifosebSi) dakrZalva dakavSirebuli iyo 

kolxebSi gabatonebul religiur rwmena-warmodgenebTan. 

misive TqmiT, micvalebulis saxeldaxelod 

miwisgan izolacia migvaniSnebs garkveul 

tabuze, romelic krZalavs uSualod miwasTan 

Sexebas, romelsac kolxeTSi Tayvans scemdnen, 

rogorc erT-erT uzenaes RvTaebas. avtorisave 

aRniSvniT, msgavsi akrZalva kargad aris cnobili 

religiis istoriaSi da dakavSirebulia 

108

RvTaebriobis ideasTan [30, 85-86]; amave dros, gamoTqmuli 

mosazrebiT, dasakrZalavi qvevrebis 

cxoveluri ornamenti _ ulayebi da irmebi _ 

mzis kultTan, mgeli _ ZaRli, mweri _ uzenaesi 

RvTaebis msaxuris rolSia da rwmena warmodgenaTa 

es wre SesaZloa kavSirSia eTnografiulad 

samegreloSi cnobil mesefobasTan. amave dros, 

aRniSnulia, rom aseTi gamosaxulebebiT Semkuli 

qvevrebi sagangebod mzaddeboda da zedaSed aR- 

Tqmuli Rvinis Sesanaxad Tu gamoiyeneboda, xolo 

TviT samarxad gamoyenebuli qvevri nayofierebis 

mudmivi ganaxlebis ideasTan iyo dakavSirebuli 

da saSvilosnos, saSos imitacias warmoadgenda 

[6, 99-105]. 

micvalebulis Zvlebis Tu ferflis WurWel- 

Si CalagebiT (qvevrsamarxebi da sxva) dakrZalvis 

wesSi erT-erT umTavres rols TamaSobs cecxli, 

rac gvamis kremaciaSi aris gamoxatuli. 

kremaciis wesi, rogorc Cven amaze adrec gavamaxvileT 

yuradReba, msoflios mraval xalxSi arsebobs 

da mas zogierTi mecnieri, saqarTvelos 

arqeologiuri masalis analizis Sedegad, garedan 

SeTvisebulad, nawili ki adgilobriv wesad 

miiCnevs; Cveni azriT, kremaciis wesis berZnulromauli 

Tu sxva kulturebidan SeTvisebis mtkiceba 

ar aris marTebuli, aramed misi sawyisebi 

unda veZeboT zogadad pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi 

arsebul rwmena-warmodgenebSi da is universaluria. 

is mWidro kavSirSia micvalebulis da 

winapris kulTtan, rac arqaul epoqaSi kerasTan 

micvalebulis dakrZalvaSi naTlad Cans [18, 294- 

195, iqve miTiTebulia literatura am sakiTxze]. 

gamomdinare aqedan sainteresoa avtorTa mier 

(levina-dorSi, kunovi, Sternbergi) zemoT moyva- 

109

nili mosazreba micvalebulis urnebSi dakrZalvasTan 

dakavSirebiT, rac cecxlis da keris 

kultTan da sacxovrisTan aris kavSirSi, Tumca 

vfiqrobT, am wess sxva datvirTvac gaaCnia. vfiqrobT, 

arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba Tixis magiur-ritualur 

daniSnulebasac. SuamdinareTis 

xalxebis warmodgeniT, adamiani Tixisgan iyo 

Seqmnili da ara marto Seqmnili, aramed Tixad 

iqceoda sikvdilis Semdeg. rogorc varaudoben, 

Tixis namtvrevebi warmoadgendnen embrionis niSnebs. 

Tixa iyo qaluri bunebis; Tixa miwis nawils 

warmoadgenda, xolo miwa qalTan iyo gaigivebuli 

[23, 122-123, 126]. WurWelSi dakrZalvis 

wesis ritualuri arsis amosacnobad mniSvnelovnad 

migvaCnia adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebSi 

dadasturebuli is faqti, rom sawyis etapze Tixis 

patara zomis WurWlebSi ikrZalebian bavSvebi, 

Semdgom epoqebSi mozrdilebi, xolo ufro 

gviandel kulturebSi yvela asakis adamianebi. 

gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT, bavSvis dakrZalvis wesi 

urnebSi, qalis rolis da simbolikis naTeli gamovlinebaa 

pirvelyofil da Semdgomi drois 

kulturebSi, da patara zomis WurWlebi uSualod 

gadmogvcemen qalis tanis formas; is ganasaxierebs 

rogorc mTlianad sxeuls an mis nawils, 

zogjer ki mucels [22, 107], xolo rac Seexeba 

dawvis Cveulebas is SesaZloa swored warmoiqmna 

im ideidan, rom suli kvamlTan erTad midis 

cisken [25, 210]. 

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi yvelaze ufro sayuradRebod 

migvaCnia erT-erTi etruskuli gamosaxuleba 

kiusidan, kerZod, minervas CafxutSi egeidasTan 

erTad orive xeliT uWiravs axalSobili 

pifoss zemoT, saidanac is gamovida. axalSobili 

110

gamosaxulia Cafxutis da Subis gareSe. mis kiserze 

sami sigelia. is atarebs marishusrnana-s saxels. 

minervas gverdiT dgas turani, mis ukan 

turmsi, romelsac daCoqilis formiT axalSobili 

uWiravs erTi sigeliT xelSi, misi saxelia 

marishalna. minervidan marjvniv aris titveli 

axalSobili SubiT. es aris sikvdilis RmerTi. 

maris _ axalSobili etruskul ZeglebSi Seesabameba 

romaul marss [34, 202]. marsi klasikuri 

epoqis romSi iyo omis RvTaeba, romelsac aseve 

aigivebdnen berZnul omis RvTaeba aresTan [32, 

28], Tumca marsi Tavisi sawyisiT agraruli RvTaeba 

unda yofiliyo, romelic Semodgomis mcenareulobis 

genias warmoadgenda [31, 98]. rogorc 

Cans, marsi adre zogadad dakavSirebuli iyo miwaTmoqmedebasTan 

(aresis kultTan Serwymis Semdgom 

miiRo meomruli funqcia) da Zveli romauli 

axali wlis pirveli Tve (marti), rodesac ewyoboda 

marsis mTavari dResaswauli, miZRvnili 

iyo am RmerTis mimarT da mis sapativcemulod 

Semdgom erT-erT planetas (marsi) Seerqva saxeli, 

romlis feri TiTqos sisxlis fers gvagonebs 

[32, 28-29], aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom marsis 

oreulad iTvleboda kvirini [31, 98], romlis saxelzec 

ewyoboda kvirinalebi anu kvirinis mimarT 

msxverplSewirvis rituali [32, 113-114]. 

zemoT moyvanili masalidan gamomdinare, anu 

konkretulad pirvel rigSi etruskul gamosaxulebaze 

pirfosidan gamosuli bavSvis saxiT Cven 

saqme gvaqvs nayofierebis RvTaebasTan anu sicocxlis 

aRdgena-ganaxlebis ideasTan, romlis 

dResaswauli emTxveva axali wlis pirvel Tves 

Zvel romaelebSi (marti), xolo WurWeli aq ganasaxierebs 

qalis sxeuls, saSos. vfiqrobT, swo- 

111

ed es idea unda edos safuZvlad dakrZalvis im 

rituals, rac bavSvis damwvari ferflis da 

Zvlebis urnebSi moTavsebaSi gamoixata. ar aris 

gamoricxuli, rom es bavSvebi specialurad 

msxverplad SeewiraT nayofierebis RvTaebisadmi 

[35, 62] Semdgom didi zomis WurWelSi moaTavses 

mozrdili adamianis sxeulis narCenebi, romelic 

aseve sulis ukvdavebis da misi kvlav ganaxlebis 

ideasTan iyo kavSirSi. vfiqrobT, `zedaSe~ anu 

òxvameri~ genetikurad swored zemoT warmodgenili 

ideidan Cans ganviTarebuli; kerZod, qvevrSi 

dakrZalvis wesis gaqrobis Semdgom masSi 

isxmeba wminda Rvino, romelic cvlis micvalebuls 

da masTan Sesrulebuli locviT kavSirs 

amyarebs zeda samyarosTan; nayofierebis RvTaebas 

SesTxovs ojaxis da gvaris keTildReobas. 

Tavisi sawyisiT ki is agrarul kulTtan da sicocxlis 

aRdgena-ganaxlebis ideasTan aris kav- 

SirSi. sicocxlis aRdgena-ganaxlebis ideasTan 

WurWelSi dakrZalvis wesis kavSirze, vfiqrobT, 

naTlad metyvelebs isic, rom etruskuli maris 

axalSobili Seesabameba romaul marss, romelic 

Tavisi sawyisi agraruli RvTaeba iyo da misi saxeli 

da dResaswauli ukavSirdeba, rogorc zemoTac 

aRvniSneT, Zveli romauli kalendriT axali 

wlis pirvel Tves marts, rac isev da isev, 

`sicocxlis ganaxlebas~, àRdgenas~, raRac àxlis 

dawyebas~ gvamcnobs. aqve SeiZleba davsvaT 

sakiTxi maris-marsisa da qarTuli mar-is identurobis 

Sesaxeb, romeli ukanasknelic didi qvevris 

saxelwodeba iyo [8, 5]. aseve funqciuri 

TvalsazrisiT, masTan axlos dgas egvipturi 

osirisi _ marcvleulis egvipturi RmerTi, romelic 

miTSi puris personifikaciaa, is yovelwli- 

112

urad kvdeba da isev aRdgeba (Sdr. berZnuli aresi 

da kolxeTSi aresis veli _ d. W.) [37, 354]. aseve 

`mari~-dan Cans nawarmoebi qarTulad Rvinis 

saxlis aRmniSvneli nagebobis termini _ marani, 

sadac `mare~-bi iyo Cafluli. masSi aseve Cans samaris 

anu `saflavis~ mniSvnelobac da albaT misaRebia 

is mosazreba, rom `samare~ da misgan nawarmoebi 

krebiTi saxeli `samarovani~ iseTi adgilis 

aRmniSvneli iyo Tavdapirvelad, sadac micvalebuls 

marSi Casvenebuls marxavdnen [3, 156]. 

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi sayuradRebod migvaCnia 

megrulSi qvevris aRmniSvneli sityva `lagvani~, 

romelic gv=qv kompleqsebis identurobis 

TvalsazrisiT qarTuli `qvevris~ Sesatyvisia da 

Zireulad identuri sityvebia; aranakleb mniSvnelovania 

is, rom svanurSi miwis aRmniSvnelad 

gvaqvs gim sityva (Sdr. megruli dixa da qarT. 

Tixa) da megrulSi Tixis didi mrgvali WurWlis 

aRmniSvneli saxelwodeba _ `gvimi~ (gamoiyeneba 

Wis zemoT dasadgmelad), romelic, vfiqrobT 

`simrgvalis~ gamomxatveli sityvaa da Tu Cven 

`la-gvansa~ da `qvevrs~ fuZiseulad erTi da imave 

warmomavlobis (gv=qv) sityvebad miviCnevT, 

maTTan mimarTebaSi sainteresoa megruli kvercxis 

aRmniSvneli sityva `marqvali~, romelSic 

aseve pirdapir Cans `simrgvalis~ sinonimi; kidev 

ufro mniSvnelovania, rom Cveni azriT, is Sedgeba 

ori sityvisgan mari-sa da qval-is anu gvalisagan 

(qvevri=la-gvani), rac isev nayofierebis 

kults da sicocxlis ganaxlebis ideas gadmogvcems 

da mari swored rom is WurWelia, romelic 

am ideas, anu qalis formas, saSos da a.S. 

ganasaxierebs. amave dros, saerTod kvercxi etruskul, 

egviptur, uris, maris, Razas da kretis 

113

minosur kulturebSi mravlad aris aRmoCenili, 

romelic mWidro kavSirSia zogadad micvalebulis 

kultTan da konkretulad sicocxlis aRor- 

Zinebis ideasTan [34, 222]. 

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, rogorc terminologiuri 

Tanxvedris, ise ritualuri TvalsazrisiT 

sainteresoa svanuri saaxalwlo rituali, romelic 

sruldeboda beRlis funqciis mqone marcvleulisa 

da fqvilisaTvis gem//gæem-is win. aseve 

svaneTSi cxveboda sagangebo ritualuri kveri 

gem, kidobnebis gamosaxulebiT _ Ãulis ritualis 

dros warmoTqmul sityvier formulaSi moixsenieboda 

sqesobrivi ganayofierebisa da gamravlebis 

RvTaebis ganmasaxierebeli bombRa, rac 

miznad isaxavda bomRas cxovelmyofeluri Zalis 

beRlisTvis gadacemas da saerTod pureulis gamravlebas 

[14, 179]. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom samegreloSi 

maranSi Sesrulebul miqamgarios salocavSi, 

romlis saxelzec iq calke qvevria 

Cafluli, ojaxis ufrosis mier warmoTqmul 

locvaSi aSkarad Cans nayofierebis RvTaebisadmi 

locva da sicocxlis ganaxlebis idea, romelsac 

SesTxovs qvevrs ojaxis ufrosi [9, 169], aseve 

aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom gavrcelebuli 

wesis Tanaxmad, sazedaSe sakvebi (aseve oxvamurisTvis 

gankuTvnili Rvino da sxva _ d.W.) aucileblad 

glexis mier moweuli pirveli produqti 

unda yofiliyo. es exeboda rogorc Rvinos (mas 

sagangebod calke qvevrSi ayenebdnen) aseve purs 

(xorbals), erbos (`naTavars~ anu `Tveuls~), 

Tafls da a. S. [4, 60]. 

maSasadame, vfiqrobT, rom Tixis WurWeli, 

rogorc miwis anu qaluri bunebis da formis, 

romelSic Tavdapirvelad ikrZalebian bavSvebi, 

114

ganasaxierebs sicocxlis sawyiss, sicocxlis ganaxlebis, 

uwyvetlobis anu aRdgena-ganaxlebis 

ideas, romelic gadmonaSTuri formiT qvevrsamarxebSi 

aisaxa. is mWidro kavSirSia micvalebulis 

da winapris kultTan, romelic mfarvelobs 

rogorc ojaxis nayofierebas, gamravlebas, ke- 

TildReobas, da Seuwyvetlobis ideas, rac Tavis 

mxriv axali wlis ritualebTan unda yofiliyo 

kavSirSi. is Tavisi sawyisiT agraruli saqmianobis 

mfarvelia (osirisi-marisi-marsi=mari), romelsac 

ganasaxierebs qalis formis Tixis WurWeli. 

SemdgomSi masSi isxmeba qarTvelTaTvis wmindaTawminda 

siTxe anu Rvino, romelic oxvameris, 

zedaSes da sxvaTa saxiT bolo dromde SemorCa 

qarTul eTnografiul yofas. RvTaebis ganawyenebis 

SemTxvevaSi ki adamiani garkveul prevenciul 

zomebsac mimarTavda, rac qvevris damtvrevis ritualSic 

gamoCnda [17, 68-84]. 

literatura 

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Tb.,1959. 

2. a. afaqiZe, mcxeTa IV, Tb., 1982. 

3. a. boxoCaZe, mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba saqarTveloSi, 

arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT, Tb., 

1963. 

4. g. gociriZe, zedaSes kultura saqarTveloSi, 

qarTveluri memkvidreoba, X, Tb., 2006. 

115

5. i. grZeliSvili, Tixis WurWelSi dakrZalvis 

da kremaciis naSTebi afxazeTSi, saqarTvelos 

mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. VIII, #2, Tb., 

1947. 

6. n. vaSakiZe, g. lorTqifaniZe, kolxuri qvevri, 

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, t. V, 

Tb., 1975. 

7. v. Tolordava, dakrZalvis wesebi elinisturi 

xanis saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1980. 

8. n. Tofuria, qarTveli xalxis sameurneo yofis 

istoriidan, Tb., 1984. 

9. n. Tofuria, Rvinis zedaSeebi, masalebi saqar- 

Tvelos eTnografiisaTvis, t. XII-XIII, Tb., 1963. 

10. c. kakabaZe, SroSuli keramika, Tb., 1982. 

11. z. kviciani, dasavleT saqarTvelos da romis 

imperiis kulturul urTierTobaTa istoriisaTvis, 

Tb., 1997. 

12. T. miqelaZe, Ziebani kolxeTsa da samxreT-aRmosavleT 

SavizRvispireTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis 

istoriidan, Tb., 1974. 

13. a. noneSvili, qvevrsamarxebi amierkavkasiaSi, 

Tb., 1983. 

14. j. ruxaZe, xalxuri agrikultura dasavleT 

saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1976. 

15. saqarTvelos arqeologia, Tb., 1959. 

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liTonis warmoebis adreul safexurze, Tb., 

1976. 

17. d. WiTanava, saojaxo òxvameri~ (salocavi) 

qvevris damtvrevis ritualis interpretaciisaTvis, 

kr. istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebani, t. 

X, Tb., 2008. 

18. d. WiTanava, socialuri organizaciis ganmsaz- 

Rvreli kidev erTi faqtoris Sesaxeb arqaul 

116

sazogadoebaSi (keris winapris da micvalebulis 

kultTan kavSirSi), kr. Teimuraz mibCuani 

70, Tb., 2008-2010. 

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Карачаево-Черкесии, М., 1971. 

21. Античная мифология, М., 2005. 

22. Е. В. Антонова, Обряды и верования первобытных земледельцев 

востока, М., 1990. 

23. Е. В. Антонова, Очерки культуры древних земледельцев 

Передней и Средней Азий М., 1984. 

24. А. Апакидзе, Города древней Грузии, Тб., 1968. 

25. В. Вундт, Миф и религия, СПБ. 1910. 

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Дагестана, Учение записки дагестанского филиала АН. 

СССР, ин-та О истории языка и литературы, Т. ХIII, 

Мах. 1964. 

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Грузии, Известия АН. Азербайджанская СССР, №1, 

Баку, 1947. 

28. Б. А. Куфтин, Материалы к археологии Колхиды, т. II, 

ТБ., 1950. 

29. Левина-дорши, Г. Кунов, Огонь жилище, Киев, 1923. 

30. Г. Лорткипанидзе, Колхида в VI-II вв. до н. э. Тб., 1978. 

31. Н. А. Машкин, История древнего Рима, М., 1948. 

32. Мифологический словарь, Л., 1961. 

33. А. Л. Монгайт, Археология в СССР, М., 1955. 

34. А. И.Немировский, Этруски, От мифа к истории, М., 

1983. 

35. Э. Тэйлор, Первобытная культура, М., 1939. 

36. Л. Я. Штернберг, Первобытная религия в свете этнографии, 

Л., 1936. 

37. Дж. Фрезер, Золотая ветвь, М., 1984. 

117

38. Г. Чайлд, Древнейший Восток в свете новых раскопок, 

М., 1956. 

118 

David Chitanava 

Pitcher Burials, Cult of Zedashe and the Idea of 

Resurrection and Revival of the life 

The article discusses the interrelation problems of burring in the 

vessel (urn, pitcher burials etc.) of the cremated corpse‟ ashes or bones 

and the religious beliefs and rituals connected with zedashe-okhvameri 

and the ideological background of its origin. 

In the early agricultural cultures of the ancient East keeping of a 

child‟s cremated bones and burying themsymbolically is connected 

with a nature ofwoman and is connected with resurrection and revival 

of the life. The mere example of it is one of the Etruscan imagesof a 

newly born child (marishushusrnana) coming from a vassal and this 

idea personifies the creation of new life, revival. Maris, the newly born 

is connected with the cults of Roman Mars (Greek Ares) which in itself 

springs from agriculture and its cults.At the same time the festival of 

Maris-Mars was feasted in behalf of the beginning of the old Roman 

New Year (March)or “the revived new life”. Festival of Maris-Marsmight 

be identical to Georgian mar, the pitcher where cremated bones of a 

dead body were put. It also is tightly connected with marani not only 

because it is a building for keeping vine, but as the main place for 

praying and veneration that can determine the wellbeing and fertility. 

The Megrelian term lagvani (pitcher) etymologically should denote 

simrgvali (meaning round). Name of the special ritual bread baked for 

the goddess of fertility and fertilization in Svaneti called gem/guem

seems to be derived from gim (Sv. earth). From the very beginning 

children were buried in mars (lately adults as well) thatis connected 

with the idea of revival. Lately it became a place for keeping holy vine. 

The rituals that are performed at the pitcher with the holy vine have the 

same functions and determine the wellbeing and fertility of the family. 

119 

irma kvaSilava 

osTa tradiciuli yofisa da kulturis 

zogierTi Taviseburebebi 

eTnosis mentaliteti, ganviTarebis done, sayofacxovrebo 

kultura met-naklebi simwvaviT 

idga yovel epoqaSi, yvela eris winaSe, rogorc 

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Tanamdevi maradaqtualuri 

problema, magram CvenTvis, eTnokonfliqtebis 

zonaSi moxvedrili qveynisaTvis, am mimarTulebiT 

muSaobis gaZliereba istoriulma aucileblobam 

ganapiroba. 

cnobilia, rom osebi miekuTvnebian indoevropuli 

xalxebis iranul jgufs, romlebmac 

mkveTri kulturul-yofiTi transformacia kavkasiaSi 

mosvlis da damxvdurebTan asimilaciis safuZvelze 

ganicades. 1989 wlis monacemebiT, maTi 

saerTo raodenoba 589 aTass Seadgenda, romelTa 

didi umravlesoba CrdiloeT oseTSi cxovrobda. 

gafantulni arian agreTve ruseTis federaciasa 

da sxva postsabWour qveynebSi. zogierTi cnobiT, 

oqtombris revoluciamde, amerikis SeerTebul 

StatebSi, CrdiloeT oseTidan migrirebuli 

15 aTasze meti osi iTvleboda [14, 18]. imave 1989 

wlis statistikuri monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi

osebis raodenoba 164,005 aTas adamians Seadgenda, 

romlebic ZiriTadad koncentrirebulni iyvnen 

e.w. samxreT oseTSi, agreTve kaxeTis, mcxe- 

Ta-mTianeTis da raWis soflebSi. isini sakmao 

raodenobiT gvxvdebian saqarTvelos sxvadasxva 

did qalaqebsa da raionul centrebSi. sisxliani 

dapirispirebis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi osTa raodenoba 

mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. 

rogorc statistikuri aRwerilobidan irkveva, 

osebi Tanabrad galaRebulni moCanan, rogorc 

TavianT, ise ucxo qveynebSi. mkvlevarTa Canawerebis 

mixedviT, TiTqos, `saxlSi da TavianTi 

mwvervalebis qveS osebi yvelaze uSiSari xalxia, 

magram, rogorc ki Tavis samSoblos gareT 

moxvdebian, guladobas ver amJRavneben~ [13, 208]. 

amave sakiTxze saxelovani mematiane SeniSnavda, 

rom osebi arian `qveyanaTa TvisTa laRni da 

amayni, sxvaTa qveyanaTa Sina mdabalni~ [3, 637]. 

cxadia, osebs mTidan barisken ekonomikuri iZuleba 

mierekeboda, magram xasiaTis bunebrivma 

Tvisebebma, kerZod gambedaobam, moxerxebulobam, 

TviTnebobam, mzakvrobam, am saqmeSi Tavisi roli 

Seasrula. maT momZlavrebas xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifos 

gamiznulma politikam, batonymobis gauqmebam 

nawilobriv TavadaznaurTa daudevrobam, 

xiznobis dakanonebam da a.S. òsebi nel-nela daiZvrnen 

mTebidan da xeobebidan da Camoesaxlnen 

qarTlis ganapira soflebTan. mTeli kalTebi 

didis mTebisa CrdiloeTis mxriv imaT daiWires... 

osebi gamovidnen samaCablosa da saerisTavo mTebidan 

daesaxlnen falavandianT, xerxeuliZianT 

da sxva TavadaznaurTa mamulebSi, wresaviT Semoertynen 

gorsa da duSeTis mazris CrdiloeT 

nawilsa [9,' 25]. osebi iyvnen Tu ara `sxvaTa qve- 

120

yanaTa Sina mdabalni~ Zneli saTqmelia, vinaidan 

ZvelqarTulSi misi ormagi gageba arsebobs. mdabali 

- Tavmdabali da sulmdabali. aqedan Tu 

romels gulisxmobda vaxuSti batoniSvili, friad 

rTuli saqmea, magram kvleis Sedegebi iribad 

gagvimxels saTqmels. 

erT-erTi yobaneli osi glexis sagadasaxlebo 

moZraoba, SesaZleblobas iZleva osTa migraciul 

procesze ganvazogadoT. igi bavSvobidan 

mTis wiaRSi cxovrobda. itanjeboda SimSiliT 

da siciviT. Semdeg barSi gadmosaxlda Tavis 

ojaxianad da mojamagired daiwyo muSaoba col- 

Tan erTad. ase daexeteboda erTi patronidan meoremde. 

sxisTvis iwyvetavda welsa da Rvrida 

ofls. sxvisTvis xnavda da Toxnida, Tesavda siminds, 

Tibavda, ezideboda qvas. sami weli iyo mojamagired 

da fulis nacvlad gasamrjelod, sazogadoebisagan 

nebarTva aiRo, rom soflis napiras 

dasaxlebuliyo. mxolod ramdenime xnis Semdeg 

SeZlo facxiT Seecvala gomuri. iseTive Raribi 

glexebis daxmarebiT, rogoric TviTon iyo 

moxna miwis patara nakveTi, Semdeg ki cxenic gai- 

Cina [11, 67]. upriania ukanasknel frazaze SevCerdeT. 

Raribi ojaxis gamosakvebad gana mizanSewonili 

ar iqneboda glexs Txa, cxari an Zroxa SeeZina, 

vidre cxeni. safiqrebelia, rom igi winaswar 

emzadeboda cru vaJkacobisaTvis anu jigitobisaTvis. 

icis, rom aTasjer rom ecados, ke- 

Tilsindisieri SromiT verafers ver SeiZens. 

saxnavi miwis mwvave nakleboba gasaqans ar miscems. 

miwas ki - sisxlis fasi edo, metic, àrcTu 

iSviaTad, Zma Zmas klavda, rom mis samkvidrebels 

dapatroneboda~ [10, 102]. raki amgvarad verafers 

ver axerxebda, ukanonobis gzas adgeba. amisaTvis 

121

upirvelesad cxens moiZiebs da saTanado iaraRaRWurvilobas 

imaragebs. niSandoblivia, rom Zvelad 

iaraRi, gansakuTrebiT mama-papis naqoni, 

fasdaudebel ganZs warmoadgenda, romlis gayidva 

did sircxvilad iTvleboda. `Sens umcros 

Zmas ratom ar esmis, rom mamiseuli iaraRis gayidva 

sulac ar aris sasircxvilo saqme. ratom 

ar hyidis gayidos da im fuliT Zroxa mainc 

iyidos rad unda kedelze rom Camoukidebia 

Jangs unda SeaWamos Tqveni patara debi ki mSivrebi 

arian~ [11, 9]. Zvelad urvadis gadaxdisas 

erT ubralo Tofs 10-15 Zroxad, xolo xmals an 

saarye qvabebs 7-10 Zroxad aZlevdnen. SemTxveviTi 

ar aris, rom osTa `simdidris ganmsazRvrelad 

pirutyvi, spilenZis qvebebi da iaraRi~ saxeldeba~ 

[2, 237]. mudmiv SfoTsa da ganxeTqilebaSi 

mcxovrebi osebi, SeiaraRebas yovelTvis saTanadod 

afasebdnen. kavkasiis baris zolSi gabatonebulma 

yabardoelebma osebi aiZules mTebs Sefarebodnen, 

sadac xeobebis mixedviT sasoflo-teritoriuli 

erTeulebi Camoayalibes. Tagauris, 

qurTaTis, alagirisa da digoris mkvidrni mtrulad 

ganwyobil Temebad iyvnen daSlili. giuldenStedtis 

cnobiT, àraTu erTmaneTTan kavSir- 

Si arian, aramed cxovrobdnen cal-calke. aSkara 

mtrobiT arTulebdnen Tavis isedac mkacr cxovrebas 

da vnebas ayenebdnen sakuTar Tavs~ [5, 59]. 

rogorc Cans, osebis xasiaTis gaavznianeba gonebrivma 

umecrebam da ukiduresma siduxWirem ganapiroba. 

mkari bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebi, 

patriarqaluri wyoba, CamorCenili sameurneo 

sistema, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis deficiti 

mkveTrad aferxebda mosaxleobis zneobriv da 

materialur winsvlas. àraferia ise gadaWarbe- 

122

uli, rogorc maTi yvirili Cxubisas. isini er- 

TmaneTs emuqrebian TofebiTa da xanjlebiT da 

Cans, rom yovelTvis mzad arian erTmaneTis mosaklavad~ 

[13, 209]. SeuZlebelia aseTi daundoblebi 

yofiliyvnen, magram xasiaTis sisuste, mouTmenloba, 

urCoba, sificxe, ufro zustad 

`mkvircxli ficxeloba~, mudmivi riski da daZabuloba, 

arastabiluri realoba erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg 

ganawyobdaT. vinaidan maT akldaT `mbrZanebeli 

xeli da gonivrulad mowyobili cxovreba~, 

samarTlianobis regulizaciis saxed piradi 

angariSsworeba gvevlineba. èrTmaneTTan imdenad 

pirnaTeli iyvnen, ramdenadac adaTobrivi samar- 

Tali amis saSualebas aZlevda~ [1, 67]. wminda mamaTa 

mixedviT, adaTi WeSmaritebis gareSe moZvelebuli 

cdomilebaa (wm. kvipriane karTageneli), 

WeSmaritebisgan Soris idgnen, osTa erTi nawilis 

mahmadianobis, umravlesobaTa warmarTobis 

da zogierTebis qristianobis gamo. mtkice da er- 

Tiani rjulismieri msaxurebis uqonlobas isini 

Rrma cdomilebamde mihyavda. sagvarovno, saxeobi, 

sasoflo Tu saojaxo salocavebis simravle, 

srulebiT ar niSnavs osTa myari sarwmunoebrivi 

msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas. rwmena-warmodgenaTa 

saweso ritualebs ise misdevdnen, rogorc 

axsovdaT da rogorc sWirdebodaT. Tu rogor 

xelovnurad xdeboda nivTis an adgilis 

gaRvTiereba naTlad moCans Tergis xeobaSi 

mcxovrebi tuaevebis magaliTze, `romelTa winapars, 

daaxloebiT asi wlis win xvnis dros upovia 

patara brinjaos figura (simaRle 9 sm-ia, sigane 

- 5 sm.). figuris povna tuaevebs RvTis movlenad 

CauTvliaT, misTvis augiaT qvis patara ni- 

Si, Taro dautanebiaT da amuleti iq dausvenebi- 

123

aT. yovel axalweliwads mas qadebiT moilocavdnen, 

vinaidan ojaxis baraqis xatad iqna aRiarebuli 

da amave dros sagvarovno salocavis funqcia 

daekisra~ [17, 36]. rasakvirvelia, amoCemebuli 

nivTebisa da wminda adgilebis garda, osebi 

adidebdnen da eTayvanebodnen qristianuli sarwmunoebisaTvis 

wamebul wmindanebs, angelozebsa 

da mTavarangelozebze aRmatebul RmrTismSobel 

mariams, magram es mxolod qarTuli kulturis 

cxovelmyofeli gavlenis Sedegia. saqarTvelos 

calkeuli samefo-samTavroebad daSlisa da 

osebze yabardos gavlenis Sesustebis Semdeg, 

`qveynis SigniT ar arsebobda iseTi sazogadoebrivi 

Zalebi, romlebic sistematiuri RonisZiebebiT 

ama Tu im religias Rrmad daamkvidrebdnen 

xalxis SegnebaSi~ [6, 38]. 

amis gamo, osebi TavianT mier Seqmnil RvTaebebSi 

eZebdnen Svelas. mag: `mdinaris axlos rom 

mindoria, iq dgas patara jixuri, romelsac aqaurebi 

`tbadcacilas~ eZaxian. es jixuri salocavia, 

RmerTma nu mogakloT misi madli da cxovelmyofeli 

Zala~ [11, 111]. mTidan velze gadmosaxlebis 

Semdeg, moxucebi wesisamebr moiZebnidnen 

adgils, sadac daisvenebdnen da Rreobebs anu 

raRac `zebunebrivTan~ dakavSirebul sasoflo 

zeims moawyobdnen. aseTi mitovebuli mTebis mosagonari 

adgilebi yvela sofelSi iyo da wmindad 

iTvleboda. amisaTvis goraks, an moedans 

airCevdnen, sadac mSvenier koroms, wminda xeTa 

funqcias daakisrebdnen da Taviseburad eTayvanebodnen. 

soflis moedanze, amorCeul adgilas, veeberTela 

xis ZirSi, romlis totebi qnidnen did 

karavs, mTis CveulebaTa mixedviT, imarTeboda 

uxucesTa Tavyriloba, sadac xis skamebis nac- 

124

vlad, qvis didi lodebi ewyo. aqve wydeboda rogorc 

sameurneo mniSvnelobis, ise socialuri 

usamarTlobis mravali saWirboroto sakiTxebi. 

niSandoblivia, rom osTa konservatiuli sazogadoeba 

iseT eTnokulturul maxasiaTeblebs 

inarCunebda, rogoricaa winaparTa pativiscema da 

micvalebulTa kultis msaxureba. mtyuan-mar- 

Tlis gasarCevad an vinmes Sesarcxvenad, damxrCvali 

katis an ZaRlis, an saxedris mama-papis 

saflavze Camokideba, udides sircxvilad iTvleboda. 

ras ar mimarTavdnen, oRond msgavs gansacdelSi 

ar CaegdoT Tavi. aseve miutevebel danaSaulad 

iTvleboda osisTvis yvedreba-SeZaxili 

`mas ar Rirseboda sagvareulo sasaflaoze dakrZalva. 

Zalze mniSvnelovania im xalxuri gadmocemebis 

xazgasma, romlis Tanaxmad, e.w. samxreT- 

Si gadmosaxlebuli osebi, TavianT gardacvlilebs 

usaTuod CrdiloeTSi gadaasvenebdnen da 

sagvareulo samarxs miabarebdnen~ [16, 64]. 

mTel oseTSi yvelaze damamcireblad iTvleboda 

wamoZaxili `sidai mardta~, e.i. imqveynad 

Seni micvalebuli SimSilobso; maT swamdaT, rom 

micvalebuli qelexis da rigebis gareSe ar 

cxondeboda. Wirisufali, romelic gardacvlilisaTvis 

saTanado xarjs ar gaswevda, an rames 

daaklebda, ùsulados~ saxels Seirqmevda rac 

friad damcirebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebda. xolo 

aseTi damamcirebeli saxelebi gauTavebel 

SfoTs da davas iwvevda ara amrto calkeul pirebsa 

da sagvareuloebs Soris, aramed xSirad 

sxvadasxva soflis mosaxleobac erTveboda, rac 

arc Tu ise iSviaTad sisxliani Setakebis mizezi 

xdeboda [8, 70]. amis asacileblad unda daeklaT 

xuTi-eqvsi xari, ormocamde cxvari, moeduRebinaT 

125

amdenime qvabi ludi, an gamoexadaT amdenive 

arayi, daepatiJebinaT mTeli naTesaoba, axlo-maxlo 

soflis mosaxleoba da ase unda ezrunaT 

weliwadSi ramdenjerme, rogorc dakrZalvis 

dReze, aseve ormocze, amaRlebaze, mariamobaze 

da gardacvlilis wlisTavze. mowveulma stumrebmac 

icodnen pativiscema, magram maTi motanil 

daxarjulis mesamedsac ver asworebda, vinaidan 

zogierTi maTgani sami-oTxi dRe rCeboda maspin- 

ZelTan. e.i. im dromde sanamde sasmeli da sakvebi 

ar gamoileoda. uzomo sma-Wama bunebrivia Cxubsa 

da ayalmayals iwvevda, rac zogjer kacis kvlasa 

da sxva ubedurebaSi gadadioda. mogvianebiT 

sazogadoebam izruna micvalebulis sulis sacxovnebeli 

aRapebi metad mowesrigebuli da 

RvTisTvis saTno gaexada. Tumca sazogadoebis 

nawili bolomde tradiciis erTguli rCeboda. 

`Zveli dro aRar aris ara! winaT aRapi iseTi 

berketiT ewyoboda, rom mTeli aulebi eswreboda. 

axla ki daklavs kaci erT xars, zed or-sam 

cxvars waaklavs da amas akmarebs xalxs~ [11, 16]. 

sainteresoa, saidan unda eSovaT an sacolesTvis 

gadasaxdeli yalimi an amisTana aRapis gasastumrebeli 

xarji, rodesac umravlesobas memkvidreobiT 

mxolod cariel qoxs utovebdnen. mag: `kazi, 

mTeli ojaxiT erT patara qoxSi ixuTeba; mas 

arc saqaTme gaaCnia da arc boseli. Robec ki ara 

aqvs da misi qoxi Sua quCaSi dgas... es aris cxovreba 

sircxvilia da meti araferi, saxlebi ki 

ara, saqaTmeebi gvidgas; zamTarSi Tavi sicivisagan 

ver dagvicavs, zafxulSi ki wvimisagan. Tu 

gareT wvims - Sinac wvims. rac Cven zamTarSi Se- 

Sas vxarjavT! Camoitan zamTris ganmavlobaSi 

erT as urem SeSas, cecxli buxarSi mudam gvin- 

126

Tia, siTbo ki ar aris. xel-fexs nacarSi vyofT 

gasaTbobad, zurgi ki mainc gayinuli gvaqvs. tansacmeli 

ratom gvexeva da gvifuWdeba imitom 

rom mTeli zamTari cecxlSi vwvavT, tanze TveobiT 

ar vixdiT. qurqebs zamTar-zafxul vatarebT~ 

[11, 9]. ukidures siduxWireSi mcxovrebni 

iZulebulni xdebodnen Zalmomreobaze gadasuliyvnen. 

maTi marbieli razmebi moulodnelad 

gamocvivdebodnen mTis xevebiT, iWrebodnen qar- 

Tul soflebSi, awiokebdnen da Zarcvavdnen damxvdurebs. 

itacebdnen yvelafers, rac ki xelSi 

moxvdebodaT. kavkasiaSi rusebis gabatonebis Semdeg, 

bolo moeRo maT jgufur laSqrobebs anu 

`lagamamodebulni aRmoCndnen~ [2, 235]. maSin raRa 

darCenodaT, calkeuli pirebi avazakoba-yaCaRobaze 

gadavidnen. bunebiT ki ar iyvnen qurdebi, 

ubadruki yofa aiZulebdaT ojaxebi nadavliT 

gamoekvebaT. Semdeg ukve am xelobaSi ise daostatdnen, 

aRarc Segoneba Wrida da aRarc sasjeli. 

osi avtori goris mazris osebze dananebiT 

SeniSnavda: osi ver aris iseTi mxne da mamaci, 

rogorc winaT iyo. mas daaviwyda uwindeli Tavisi 

dideba. exla marto is icis, rom Ram-RamobiT 

boselSi Zroxebis gamosayvanad Seiparos [12, 2]. 

mSvidobiani osuri mosaxleoba xelisuflebas 

Txovda, bolo moeRo maTi TanamebrZolebis TavaSvebuli 

moqmedebisaTvis. amao lodiniT daRlilma 

sazogadoebam, kavkavis mazraSi, sof. ardonSi 

Tavad miiRo aRmkveTi RonisZieba da qurdoba-avazakobaSi 

mxilebulT Semdegi ganaCeni 

daudgina: maTi saqoneli sasoflo naxirSi aRar 

gaeriaT, maTi ojaxis wevrebi soflis yriloba- 

Si, samRvToze da aRarc micvalebulze aRar mie- 

RoT da arc maT mikareboda vinme gasaWirsa da 

127

lxinSi [4, 800]. Serisxvis aRniSnulma formam ra 

Sedegi gamoiRo CvenTvis ucnobia, magram osTa 

TareSiT raWis mazraSi kudaros xeobis mosaxleobac 

yofila Tavgabezrebuli. maTTvis wminda 

gabriel qiqoZes Semdegnairad miumarTavs. `ra wesi 

an ra cxovreba iqneba sofelSi, rom Sens mezobels 

Sen moparo da waarTva da Senma mezobelma 

Sen mogparos da waiRos viRas SeuZlia 

maSin cxovreba qveyanazed [15, 94]. 

micvalebulTa sulisaTvis osTa gansakuTrebuli 

mzrunvelobis niSania, akldamuri kulturis 

warmoSoba, romelsac safuZvlad iseTi warmodgena 

udevs, TiTqos imqveynad micvalebulebi ise cxovrobdnen, 

rogorc aq da amitomac iqac sWirdebaT 

saxli da sakvebi. garda amisa, akldamebis warmoSobis 

Tanamdev mizezebad moiazreba miwis ukiduresi 

simcire, agreTve SimSilobis da epidemiebis dros 

mTis masivebSi miwis gaTxris teqnikuri siZneleebi. 

cxadia micvalebulis kulti da xalxis warmosaxva 

saiqios cxovrebaze, romeliv micvalebulis miwaSi 

damarxvas dauSveblad miiCnevda. amrigad, akldamebi 

(os. zafaZebi), maRal kldovan borcvebze, anu 

saxnav-saTesad gamousadegar nakveTebze gvxvdeba. 

esenia: miwisqveSa, naxevrad miwisqveSa da miwiszeda 

akldamebi. TiTeeul akldamas aqvs saZromi da naxvreti 

kedlebSi ventilaciisaTvis. orpiri, gamWoli 

qarisa da haeris simSralis gamo, cxedari mumificirdeboda 

da didxans inaxeboda. TiToeul akldamas 

hqonda erTi, ori an sami kamera, xis an qvis 

ramdenime iarusiani TaroebiT, romelzec gardacvlilis 

cxedari Tavsdeboda. maT mSeneblebad qvis 

ubadlo ostatebi - inguSebi iTvlebian, magram Crd. 

oseTis sof. daryavis Zvel sasaflaos `mkvdrebis 

qalaqi~ - samocdaaTamde sxvadasxva tipis da for- 

128

mis akldamas, osebis materialur kulturaSi sapatio 

adgili uWiravs. e.w. samxreT oseTSi, akldamuri 

kultura ar gavrcelebula. mxolod zemo roka- 

Si, rokis uReltexilTan eqvsi Cveulebrivi orsar- 

Tuliani akldama gvxvdeba. TiTeuli maTgani klde- 

Si gamokveTil mozrdil oTaxs warmoadgens, sadac 

micvalebulis cxedars aTavsebdnen. saqarTveloSi 

migraciis Semdeg, qarTul kulturaze orientirebul 

osebs, dakrZalvis araqristianuli wesi aRar 

dasWirvebiaT. amave dros, maT ar gasWirvebiaT liaxvis 

auzis teritoriis istoriuli mniSvnelobis 

sacxovrebel saxlebze, cixe-koSkebze, eklesia-monastrebze, 

sxvadasxva daniSnulebis Senoba-nagebobebze, 

arqeologiur nivTebze, romelic mxolod 

qarTvelebis xeliT da SromiT aris Seqmnili, urcxvad 

gamoacxadon samarTal memkvidreobis pretenzia. 

amrigad, zemoaRniSnuli mematianis Sefaseba, 

`sxvaTa qveyanaTa Sida mdabalni~, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan 

uaryofiTad JRers, magram `yoveli kulturis 

fesvi adamianSia da yvelgan, sadac ki mas 

uxdeba cxovreba, rasac qmnis kacobriobis saxeliT 

qmnis. is yvelgan Tesavs sakacobrio Tesls, romelic 

nayofs iRebs konkretul sazogadoebriv yofa- 

Si, sakacobrio kulturis yovel kerZo gamovlinebaSi. 

qveynis miyruebul adgilebSi SeyuJulT ar 

uSenebiaT monumenturi taZrebi da sra sasaxleni, 

xSirad kvalic ki ar dautovebiaT miwaze TavanTi 

arsebobisa, magram es ukvaloba iqneb maTi Rirsebac 

iyos, radgan kvali nivTieria, es xalxi ki sulier 

Rirebulebebs qmnida~ [7, 11]. osebSi ase Seiqmna ufrosisa 

da stumris pativiscema, ojaxuri siwminde, 

mSvidobismyofeloba anu mosisxleTa Serigeba, ur- 

TierTgatana da urTierTdaxmareba, daCagrulis ga- 

129

moqomageba da sxva sulieri faseulobebi, romlebic 

memkvidreobiT miRebuli erTiani kavkasiis maradiuli 

kulturaa, sadac tonis mimcemad da kanonmdeblad 

uZvelesi qarTuli civilizacia gvevlineba. 


1. С. Анисимов, Кавказ, Тб. 1916. 

2. e. aixvaldi, saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 2005. 

germanulidan Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi 

daurTo g. gelaSvilma. 

3. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqar- 

Tvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, Tb., 1973. 

4. baris oseTi, kavkavis mazra, gaz. `cnobis furceli~, 

#1643, 16 noemberi, 1901. 

5. i. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi. 

t. II, Tb., 1962. germanuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT 

gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo g. gelaSvilma. 

6. g. TogoSvili, vaxuSti bagrationi oseTisa da 

osebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 1977. 

7. z. kiknaZe, qarTuli miTologia, I, Tb., 1996 

8. С. Каргинов, "ночь в мертвых" в Осетии, известия Кавказского 

отдела императорского русского географического общества, Тб., 

1915. 

9. s. mgalobliSvili, mogonebani, tf., 1957. 

10. П. Надеждин, Природа и люди Кавказа и Закавказья, с-ПБ, 

1869. 

11. osuri prozis anTologia, Tb., 1959. 

12. osi-C, oseTi (goris mazra). gaz. `Sroma~, #17, 4 maisi, 

1883. 

130

13. i. rainegsi, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanulidan 

Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTi 

g. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002. 

14. Н. Феоктистов, по северной Осетии, М., 1938. 

15. gabriel qiqoZe, moZRvreba Tqmuli osTadmi kudaros 

xeobis eklesiaSi, Jurn. jvari vazisa, #1, 1997. 

16. Л. Чибиров, Осетинское народное жилище, Тб., 1970. 

17. g. jalabaZe, miwaTmoqmedeba Tergis xeobaSi, 

akad. s. janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo muzeumis 

moambe, XXIII-B, 1961. 

131 

Irma Kvashilava 

Some Peculiaritiesof the Ossetians Every-day life and 

Culture 

The Ossetians, who belong to Iranian group of the Indo- 

European peoples, after they came and settled in the Caucasus 

underwent serious cultural and every-day life transformationsand 

assimilated with the native, aboriginal population.All above 

mentioned seriously influenced and reflected on the Ossetians 

ethnocultural features. The social and family relations, forms of 

settlement, the branches of labor, etc. are the subjects of the given 

work scientific discussion.These are the subjects which obviously 

reflect ethnic mentality, level of development, every-day life. 

Study of these problems had more or less had a special interest 

for scientists, but now for us, for a country with ethnoconfllicts 

they becameissues of burning importance and are determined by 

historical inevitability. 

The given research is based on special scientific literature, 

historical sources and “the Analogy of the Ossetian Prose” that

impartially reflects ethnographical reality. Besides some 

subjective viewpoints, it contains important, useful data about the 

every-day life of the Osetians. 

eTnolingvistika 

Ethno-Lingustics 

avTandil sonRulaSvili 

eTnikuri terminologiis zogierTi sakiTxi 

rogorc cnobilia, eTnikuri problema metad 

mravalmxrivia. igi moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoric 

aris enisa da kulturis mniSvneloba kacobriobis 

diferenciaciisaTvis, jgufuri (eTnikuri) 

TviTSegnebis formireba da funqcionireba, calkeul 

koleqtivebs Soris urTierTobis xasiaTi da 

a.S. 

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom specialuri gamokvlevebi 

eTnosis arsis, eTnikuri urTierTobisa 

da procesebisadmi da saerTod cnebebisadmi _ 

èTnikuri jgufi~, èTnikuri erToba~ èTnosisadmi 

kuTvnileba~ dasavleTis mecnierul gamokvlevebSi 

XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan daiwyo. 

amasTanave, aseTi saxis gamokvlevebi cariel adgilze 

ar aRmocenebula [12, 207]. 

eTnosis cneba Tavisi miRebuli da gavrcelebuli 

mniSvnelobiT berZnuli sityvis semantikas 

eyrdnoba. èTnos~ berZnulad niSnavs: modgmas, 

toms, jogs, remas, xalxs, ers, erovnebas. 

individis eTnikuri niSnebi moicavs: tempera- 

132

ments, mixramoxras, kanis da Tmis Seferilobas, 

xasiaTs, Cveul gunebaTa im Taviseburebebs, romlebic 

mas sisxlismier kavSirTagan Semtkicebuli 

`Cven-jgufis~ CamomavlobiT rgebia. vityviT: 

eTnikuri Cineli, maori an zulusio da vgulisxmobT, 

rom mavani tomobriv, sisxlismier xsenebul 

jgufTagan erT-erTs ekuTvnis [4, 7-8]. Sua 

saukuneebidan dRemde eTnikur erTobaTa aRsaniSnavad 

ucxoel avtorebTan gamoiyeneboda ZiriTadad 

oTxi termini: nacia (eri), tomi, rasa da eTnikuri 

jgufi. Aam terminebis gamovlena da gamoyeneba 

sxvadasxva epoqaSi dakavSirebuli iyo gansxvavebul 

istoriul-kulturul koncefciebTan. 

erTi koncefciis meoriT Secvla iwvevda aRniSnuli 

terminebis arsebiTad azrobriv cvlilebebs. 

Yyvelaze adre literaturaSi Semovida 

termini èri~, romelic adreuli Sua saukuneebidan 

gamoiyeneboda evropaSi eTnikuri (lingvisturi 

da kulturuli) erTeulis aRsaniSnavad. VII 

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi aRniSnuli SinaarsiT 

ganmartavda ers isidore sevilieli, XIII saukunis 

franciskaneli beri barTolomeo anglikusi. 

naciis SedarebiT sruli aRweriloba damaxasia- 

Tebelia aRorZinebis epoqisaTvis, ramac asaxva 

hpova i. bemusisa da s. miunteris SromebSi. 1527 

wels agripa miuTiTebda, rom sxvadasxva `naciis~ 

(eris) warmomadgenlebi gansxvavdebian xmis, enis, 

laparakis maneris, kvebis, tradiciis, siyvarulisa 

da siZulvilis, SiSisa da brazis gansakuTrebuli 

gamoxatviT. 

termin `nacias~ aseTive azriT farTod iyenebdnen 

ganmanaTleblobis epoqis filosofosebi da 

istorikosebi (a. r. tiurgo, S. monteskie, a. fergiusoni, 

J. kondorse da sxv.) [12, 208]. 

133

dRes eris cneba ufro farToa, vidre moiazreba 

bibliaSi. wminda werilSi pirvelad sityva 

èri~ gvxvdeba dabadebis wignSi faraonis morCilebaSi 

da msaxurebaSi myofTa mimarT, rodesac 

iosebi aRmoCndeba faraonis winaSe. kerZod, `saTno 

_UuCndes sityuani ese winaSe yovlisa erisa 

misisa~ (dab. 41, 37) da Semdeg: `pirsa Sensa er- 

Cdes eri Cemi~ (dab. 41, 40). cxadia, rom aq igulisxmeba 

ara eTnosi, aramed im xalxTa simravle, 

romelic faraonis morCilebaSi iyo, mis kanons 

emorCileboda, romelsac esmoda misi ena. 

sxva SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ufali mimarTavs mose 

winaswarmetyvels da ambobs, rom `xilviT vixile 

me Zviri e r i s a C e m i s a~ da `gamoviyvano e 

r i Cemi, Zeni israelisaniqueyaniT egviptiT~. igulisxmeba 

RvTis morCilebaSi myofi xalxi, romelic 

ismens RvTis sityvas da icavs sjuls [9, 36]. 

XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris gamoCenili 

moRvawe Teimuraz bagrationi (1782-1846) ers Semdegnairad 

ganmartavs: è r i werilis sityviT 

Cveneburad samxedrosa hqvian. mgonia, ese ebrauli 

unda iyos, swored ki ver dagimtkiceb da irwmune, 

eri arc (ahl) aqedam ars warmoebuli, arc 

e r i d a m a. i e r e berZulic aris. sakuTrad 

Cveneburi _ n a T e s a v i, T e s l i, m o q a l 

a q e, m c x o v r e b i, s a m x e d r o, s a m k 

v i r c x l o, m k v i r c x l n i eseni, romelsac 

xazi aqvs gasmuli, salaSqroni anu laSqarTaganni 

arian da sxvani~ [2, 52]. 

Cveni leqsikografi termin _ Temis axsnisas 

eris ganmartebazec saubrobs. kerZod, `T e m i 

sruliad kacni romlisame queyanisa mcxovrebni 

moqalaqeni mdabioni da sxvani. T e m i ars samefoTa, 

gina e r T a erTi romelime nawili, sxva- 

134

dasxva Temi niSnavs sxvasa da sxvasa naTesaobasa, 

gina adgilsa~ [2, 61]. 

bagrationi n a c i a s Semdegnairad ganmartavs: 

`gvarni anu sirani~ [4, 98]. Mmisive axsniT `s 

i r a _ STamomavlobasac niSnavs da s i r a _ 

nawili anu kerZo~ [4, 119]. 

daviT CubinaSvilis SexedulebiT è r i _ 

mdabio xalxi, naTesaoba kacTa, gansakuTrebuli 

eniTa, STamomavlobiTa da sarwmunoebiTa, simravle 

kacTa erTad SekrebilTa, jari [11, 495]. `n a 

c i a (frang.), tomi, Tesli xalxisa [11, 970]. t o 

m i (berZn.), naTesaoba, Camomavloba [11, 125]. 

i. WavWavaZe, i. gogebaSvili, v. fSavela, a. wereTeli, 

s. mesxi, a. jorjaZe da sxvebi, eris ni- 

SanTvisebebis uaRresad farTo speqtrs warmogvidgenen 

da TiToeuli faqtoris miniSnebasac ZiriTadad, 

swori _ subieqtivizmisagan dazRveuli 

argumentebis moSveliebiT ganmartaven [6, 148]. saerTo 

jamSi erisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebad 

isini Tvlian: enis, teritoriis da kulturis er- 

Tobas, saerTo istoriul beds, erTian STamomavlobas, 

sisxliT naTesaobas, saxelmwifoebriv er- 

Tobas da a. S. 

eris Camoyalibebis etapebis problemis kvlevisaTvis 

dResac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania 

qarTvel swavlulTa Tvalsazrisi, rom eri rogorc 

istoriuli kategoria, warsulis wiaRSi 

aRmocenda da misi arsebobis ganmapirobebeli safuZvlebis 

cvlilebebiT eris cnebis Sinaarsobrivi 

da praqtikuli mxareebic icvleba _ mdidrdeba 

da ufro mravalferovani xdeba [6, 149]. 

ilia eris (eTnosis) cnebasTan dakavSirebiT, 

mecnierul doneze ayalibebs misTvis damaxasiaTebel 

komponentebs. aseTebia `mamuli~, teritoria, 

135

sadac moxda ama Tu im eris, am SemTxvevaSi qar- 

Tveli eris formireba.Eena _ saRvTo ram aris, sazogado 

sakuTrebaa, sazogadoebasTan erTad iqmneba 

da viTardeba im teritoriul erTeulze, sadac 

xdeba ama Tu im eris formireba Tavisi rwmeniTa 

da kulturiT. enis erToba niSnavs kulturis 

erTobas. erToba gvartomobisa, saerTo istoriuli 

warsuli, kultura da masTan ganuyofeli 

intensiuri cxovreba. qveynis ekonomikuri mTlianoba 

ki masTan kacobriobis Ronisa da simkvidris 

dedaboZia. Aamgvarad, ilia WavWavaZe, Seexo ra 

eris cnebas, xazi gausva yvela Taviseburebas da 

Camoayaliba yvela misi komponenti [7, 39]. 

XX saukunis dasawyisSi eris ganmsazRvrel 

ZiriTad komponentad miaCndaT `samSoblo miwawyali, 

ena, istoria, erTnairi Tavgadasavali da 

ara sarwmunoeba~. eTnosis am gansazRvraSi akaki 

wereTeli religiis ignorirebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda, 

Tumca arc imas amarTlebda, vinc erovnebasa 

da sarwmunoebas erTmaneTSi aigivebda. poeti 

gvTavazobs Tavis koncefcias, kerZod, èrs~, 

im droisaTvis arsebul sazogadoebriv wyobas 

igi adarebs xes. misi azriT, es aris igive erovnebis 

xe, romelSic feodaluri ierarqiuli kibe 

xeluxlebeli darCa [7, 44]. termini `tomi~ mecnierebaSi 

damkvidrda axal droSi. Tavdapirvelad 

toms uwodebdnen mcire socialur jgufebs, romlebic 

a. r. tiurgos azriT monadireebSi moiTvlida 

15-20 adamians. aRniSnuli terminis aseTi 

ganmarteba memkvidreobiT ergoT XIX saukunis 

mkvlevrebs. terminis srulyofili ganmarteba 

daixvewa XIX saukunis meore naxevarsa da Semdgom 

periodSi j. maklenanTan, g. spenserTan da 

a. S. [12, 209]. 

136

aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX saukuneSi terminebi 

`tomi~ da `nacia~ (eri) xSirad sinonimebad gamoiyeneboda. 

zogierTi avtori ganixilavda, rogorc 

ramdenime socialuri erTeulis _ tomis 

eTnikur erTobas. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi 

Eernst renanma gamijna am ori cnebis _ terminis 

mniSvneloba. `naciis~ warmoSoba man daukavSira 

evropaSi Sua saukuneebis sawyis etaps [12, 211]. 

Semdegi termini, romelic erTi periodi 

farTod gamoiyeneboda eTnikurobis mniSvnelobiT 

aris `rasa~. misi Semotana samecniero brunvaSi 

ganekuTvneba XIX saukunis dasawyiss [12, 212]. 

zemoT aRniSnul da sxva terminebTan dakav- 

SirebiT, rasac adgili hqonda qarTul sinamdvileSi, 

ganvixiloT ramdenime sakiTxi Cveni eris 

warsulidan. 

uZveles droSi qarTvelebi sxvadasxva tomebad 

Tu jgufebad iyofodnen (romelTa detaluri 

CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans), maT xangrZlivi 

cxovrebis procesSi sul sxvadasxva ucxo jgufebic 

Seerivnen (Semoxizvnisa Tu SemoWris gziT) 

da Seerwynen. bavSvuri gulubryviloba da istoriis 

ucodinarobaa imisi warmodgena da mtkiceba, 

rom qarTveli xalxi _ anu eri (,,nacia~) erTi 

dedmamidan, gvaridan an naTesauri Temidan gaCnda 

da wminda warmoSobisaa. aseTi ram bunebaSi 

ar arsebobs. pirdapir unda iTqvas, dedamiwis 

zurgze arsebuli yvela xalxi anu eri, urTier- 

TmonaTesavesTan erTad, sul sxvadasxva rasis, 

enis, zne-Cveulebis, jiSis, kulturis, rwmena-warmodgenis, 

xasiaTisa da sxva adamianTa masis dajgufebis, 

Sezrdisa da Serwymis Sedegadaa warmo- 

Sobili xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebis Sedegad. da 

137

a Tqma unda, ase warmoiSva da Camoyalibda qar- 

Tveli eric (is gamonaklisi araa) [3, 94-95]. 

sagulisxmoa, rom qarTveli xalxis Camoyalibeba 

VIII-IX saukuneebSi damTavrda, rasac male 

qarTveli eris (myari erTobis) saboloo formireba 

mohyva. am TvalsazrisiT raoden bevris metyvelia 

Tundac saqarTvelos uSoreulesi kuTxis 

svaneTis erT-erTi Temis latalis patara soflis 

lailis eklesiis xatis XI saukunis warwera: 

,,wmidao mTavarangelozo muxerisao... adiden 

mefeni bagratonianni, dadiani da didebuli da 

erTobili saqarTvelo da erTobilni suanni...~ 

rogorc Cans, qarTvelTa erToba da erTianoba 

(bunebrivia, agreTve maT garSemo myofi sxva eTnikuri 

jgufebis) . . . sabolood sruliad saqar- 

Tvelos farglebSi gamoiwrTo da SeduRabda. es 

Cans Tundac svaneTis patara soflis mosaxleTa 

TviTSegnebis (Sinagani rwmenis) gamoxatulebidan 

erTiani da erToblivi mmarTveli bagrationebis, 

qarTvelebisa da sruliad saqarTvelos Sesaxeb 

[3, 94]. 1926 wlis aRweriT, rogorc sxva sakavSiro 

aRwerebiT aWareli, svani, megreli da a.S. 

araqarTvelebad arian dafiqsirebuli. 1927 wels 

am antiqarTul pozicias gamoexmaura ucnobi avtori, 

magram gasagebi mizezebis gamo kritikuli 

werili ar gamoqveynebula. dedani aRmoCnda Sinagan 

saqmeTa saministros arqivSi. mogvaqvs werilis 

teqsti: ,,cneba aWareli, megreli, svani da 

sxva bunebrivia ar ewinaaRmdegeba cnebas qarTveli; 

piriqiT, cneba ,,qarTveli~ Seicavs yvela danarCens 

rogorc mTeli _ calke nawilebs. roca 

svani an megreli TavisTavs svans an megrels 

uwodebs, amiT igi mxolod Tavis provincialur 

STamomavlobas aRniSnavs da ara imas, rom igi 

138

qarTveli ar aris; piriqiT, svanis an megrelis 

warmodgenaSi saxelwodeba ,,svani~ an ,,megreli~ 

es aris nawili cnebisa ,,qarTveli~, rogorc er- 

Ti mTelisa. es tomebi ara marto rasobrivi STamomavlobiT, 

aramed erovnuli SegnebiT e r T i 

qarTveli eris ganuyofel nawils Seadgens~ [10, 

29-30]. 

gzajvaredinze mdebare saqarTvelos teritoriis 

polieTnikuroba aqaur mosaxleobas 

cxovrebis garkveul wess _ tolerantobas karnaxobda. 

(im xarisxiT, rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo 

gaerTianeba). uxsovari droidan saqarTvelo- 

Sic xalxi jgufebad cxovrobda. erTad cxovrebis 

Sedegad adamianebs Tavisi jgufisadmi loialoba 

uyalibdebodaT. gaerTianebaTagan zogier- 

Ti sisxliT iyo SekavSirebuli (,,Tesli~ da aqedan 

gamomdinare ,,naTesavi~, ,,Tvisi~, ,,Tesltomi~, 

,,tomi~, ,,guari~, ,,saxli~, ,,guarnaTesaoba~, ,,maxlobeli~, 

,,modgma~, ,,buneba~, ,,Temi~), xolo gaer- 

TianebaTa nawili mravaleTnikuri iyo _ ,,mkvidrni 

saqarTvelosani~, ,,qarTvelTa Svilni~, ,,eri~. 

gaerTianeba iyo, rogorc horizontaluri, aseve 

vertikaluri, rac Sesabamis gamoTqmebSi aisaxeba, 

ukanaskneli, magaliTad, sakmaod xSir SesityvebaSi 

,,sjuli mamaTa CuenTa~, an aqve SeiZleba gavixsenoT 

termini ,,Tvisi~, romelic sam Taobas 

moicavs. naTesavni sxvadasxva iyvnen _ ,,naTesavi 

sparsTa~, ,,naTesavi somexi~, ,, yovelni naTesavni 

berZenTani~, ,,naTesavi ismaelisi~, ,,agaris naTesavni~, 

,,bunebiT sarkinoz~. msgavsi gamoTqmebis 

sixSire uZveles wyaroebSi naTlad warmoaCens 

avtorTa mkafio eTnikur cnobierebas. 

ucxo eTnikuri warmomavlobisani qarTul 

wyaroebSi aRiniSnebodnen rogorc ,,ucxoni~, ,,uc- 

139

xoni naTesavni~, ,, ucxoTeslni~, ,,mosulni~ da 

sxv. ,,Cven~ da ,,isini~ saqarTvelos teritoriaze 

Zveli droidan Tanaarsebobdnen da maT Soris 

urTierTobebi sxvadasxva xasiaTisa iyo [1,44]. 

Tavisi arsebobis manZilze, qarTuli saxelmwifo, 

dasaxlebuli mravali erovnebis warmomadgenlebiT, 

faqtia, rom arasodes gamxdara mravalerovani 

qveyana (dRes ki, pirvelad saqarTvelos 

istoriaSi, aseTi arasasurveli perspeqtiva 

realurad isaxeba). es imitom, rom saqarTvelos, 

rogorc saxelmwifos, istoriul-tradiciulad, 

SemuSavebuli hqonda damcveli meqanizmi, romlis 

moqmedebiTac, Cvenma winaprebma dRemde Semogvinaxes 

qarTuli miwa-wyali, SeinarCunes erovnuli 

kultura da TviTmyofadoba. es damcveli meqanizmi 

iyo ,,ucxos~ miReba-dasaxlebis wesi, romelic 

uzrunvelyofda mosuli ,,ucxos~ im kulturul 

samyarosTan Sezrdas, romlis garemocvaSic 

igi eqceoda [5, 91]. 

termin ,,ucxos~ gagebas zogierTi Tavisebureba 

gaaCnia. magaliTad, istoriulad ,,ucxo~ Tavisi 

SinaarsiT ara marto ucxoeTnikuri, sxva 

erovnebis warmomadgenlis momcveli iyo, aramed 

,,ucxo~ iyo qveynis SigniT (mag., saqarTvelos 

SigniT) erTi kuTxidan meore kuTxeSi, erTi Temidan 

meore TemSi sacxovreblad droebiT Tu 

mudmivad gadaadgilebuli pirovnebac. qveynis 

SigniT gadaadgilebuli SeiZleba qarTvelic yofiliyo 

da araqarTvelic. rogorc qarTveli, ise 

araqarTveli ,,ucxos~ miRebis da dasaxlebis wesi, 

principSi TiTqmis erTnairi iyo da erTmane- 

Tisagan cotaTi Tu gansxvavdeboda. Tu Tanamedrove 

civilizebuli samyaros qveynebis SigniT 

mosaxleobis gadaadgileba Tavisuflad xdeba, 

140

xolo bevr qveyanaSi (mag., fineTSi, espaneTSi da 

sxv.) specialuri kanonebiTaa moxsnili qveynis 

SigniT, gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebuli yovelgvari 

SezRudva (am qveynebis moqalaqeebs ufleba 

aqvT erovnuli teritoriis farglebSi Tavisuflad 

airCion sacxovrebeli adgili), ase rodi 

iyo istoriuladac. erTi Temidan meoreSi gadaadgilebuli 

piri Tu ojaxi, am TemisaTvis ,,ucxo~ 

iyo da ,,ucxos~ miReba dasaxlebis erTxel 

da samudamod dadgenil wess emorCileboda [5, 

92-93]. 

da bolos kvlav ilias davesesxoT eris ganmartebasTan 

dakavSirebiT: ,,eri es aris . . . istoriiT 

SeduRabebul erTsul da erTxorc mkvidrTa 

krebuli~. am uaRresad lakonur, magram tevad 

gansazRvrebaSi mocemulia eris arsis maxasiaTeblebis 

iseTi gadmocema (Tanmimdevroba _ mniSvnelobis 

TvalsazrisiT), romlis dari arc mis 

Tanamedrove da arc dRevandel politikur mecnierebaSi 

ar moipoveba [8, 102-103]. es rom inglisels 

an germanels daewera, politikuri ekonomiis, samarTalmcodneobisa 

da politologiis vercerTi 

avtori am debulebas gverds ver auvlida. 

141

literatura 

1. g.Aalasania, aRmsareblobis roli erovnuli 

TviTSegnebis CamoyalibebaSi, kr. `qarTuli saeklesio 

galoba, eri da tradicia~, Tb., 2001. 

2. Teimuraz bagrationi, wigni leqsikoni, masalebi 

Sekriba, anbanze gaawyo, winasityvaoba da 

SeniSvnebi daurTo guram SaraZe m, Tb., 1979. 

3. g. gasviani, uZvelesi qarTveluri enis Zegli 

(svanuri leqsikoni), ànalebi~, 2001, #1 

4. l. dalaqiSvili, kulturis krizisi, eTnizmi 

da eroba, èTnopolitika~, 2002,#1. 

5. J. eriaSvili, saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze ùcxos~ 

miReba-dasaxlebis meqanizmis istoriuleTnografiuli 

aspeqtebi, `klio~, 2006, #30. 

6. d. malazonia, qarTuli istoriografiuli azrovneba 

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, Tb., 1979. 

7. o. miminoSvili, eTnologiis ganviTarebisa da 

Camoyalibebis ZiriTadi etapebi saqarTveloSi 

(sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferati), Tb., 

2003. 

8. politologia, Tb., 2001. 

9. protopresviteri giorgi (gamrekeli), eri da 

tradicia, kr. `qarTuli saeklesio galoba 

eri da tradicia~, Tb., 2001. 

142

10. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros arqivi, 

f, 14, anaw. 3, saq. 438. 

11. d. CubinaSvili, qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 

1984. 

12. В. А. Шнирелъман, Проблема доклассового и раннеклассового 

этноса в зарубежной этнографии, сб. Этнос в 

доклассовом и раннеклассовом обшестве, М., 1982. 

Some issues of ethnic terminology 

Avtandil Songhulashvili 

The ethnic problem is very diverse. Special studies of this 

issue - the „ethnic group“, „ethnic unity“, „belonging to the 

ethnic“ in the west starts from the 50-th of XX century. 

However, some experiments in this sphere were in the previous 

epoch also. Most previous in literature has entered the term 

„nation“. The term „Nations“ in the same meaning is used by 

Enlightenment era philosophers. The terminology peculiar 

vision of the explanation offered by Georgian figures: Teimuraz 

Bagrationi, Davit Chubinashvili, Ilia Chavchavadze, Iakob 

Gogebashvili, Akaki Tsereteli, Vaja Pshavela… 

143

144 

gia kvaSilava 

www.Kvashilava-Gia.com 

GiaKvashilava@yahoo.com 

vuZRvni doqt. herbert ZebiSisa da 

prof. akaki uruSaZis naTel xsovnas 

festosis diskosa da misi monaTesave 

damwerlobebis naxat-niSnebis 

amokiTxvis Sesaxeb (2). varduli 

am naSromSi mocemulia 

festosis diskos PHD38 

naxat-niSnis grafikuli daxasiaTeba, 

simboluri mniSvneloba, 

amokiTxva, tipologiuri 

paralelebi da 

komentarebi. 

1. PHD38 naxat-niSnis 

grafikuli daxasiaTeba 

festosis diskos 

PHD38 naxat-niSans ser ar- 

Tur evansi (1909, 279; 1921,

6602) uwodebs: zizilas/gvirilas, frintas an varduls; 

k. aartuni (1992) _ yvavils; o. detmeri (1989) _ 

lotoss; l. pernie (1908, 297) _ zizilas da varduls, 

xolo g. ipseni (1929, 2), l. godari (1995, 81), v. keani 

(1990), d. olenroTi (1996), k. zornigi (1997, 71), j. aizenbergi 

(2008, 19) da sxvebi _ varduls. 

diskos 

niSnebi: 

PHD38 naxat-niSans emsgavseba Semdegi 

a. kretuli ieroglifebi: #315[1]ARCH S (2/14) 

01/CMS II, I, 391 (HM 2260) (CHIC 1996, 290); F21DE 

(#261[11]CR()S(3/3)09/CMS XII, 110) (CHIC 1996, 256; 

Douros 2008, 65); 

b. anatoliuri ieroglifi A189/F28CD/128CD/ 

0126A asterisk _ varskvlavi (Douros 2008, 74; Anders 

2004, 7; Eisenberg 2008, 11, sur. 8). 

aseve, diskos PHD38 naxat-niSans Sdr. sxvadasxva 

damwerlobis niSnebi, esenia: 

a. kretuli ieroglifebi: varskvlavi an mze rva 

maxvilwveriani sxiviT: F21DB (Evans 1909, 233, 107; 

Douros 2008, 64, 67); , (Evans 1909, 221, 107, b, d); 

(Evans 1895, 76, sur. 73c); sxiviani mzis simboloebi: , 

F21DA (Evans 1909, 221, 107, a; Douros 2008, 64, 67); 

mzis simboloebi, mze da oTxi mTvare: F21DE, 

F21EO (Evans 1909, 154, P.25, c; Douros 2008, 65); varskvlavi 

an mze rva mbrunavi sxiviT: (Evans 1895, 

43, 60), CH033/F2089 (Evans 1909, 221, 108, a; 233, 108; 

Douros 2008, 57, 67); (Evans 1895, 26, sur. 33c; 1909, 155, 

sur. 28b; 221, 108, a); CH033/F2088 (CHIC 1996, 274, 398; 

Douros 2008, 57); varskvlavi an mze ori mbrunavi 

145

sxiviT: (Evans 1909, 221, 108, e); (Evans 1895, 43, 

62; 1909, 154, P.25, d); Tvali: (Evans 1895, 26, sur. 

33d; 27, sur. 34c), (Evans 1895, 24, sur. 29a; 34, 2a, 

2b); , , , CH005 (CHIC 1996, 17, 387), 

CH005/F2012, CH005/F2013 (Douros 2008, 56, 67); 

, (Evans 1895, 23, sur. 28b; 34, 2d, 2c); , , 

(Evans 1909, 182-183; 232, 5); mzis disko: F21DC, 

F21DO (Evans 1909, 221, 109, a, b; 233, 109; Douros 2008, 64, 

67); CH073/F2116; CH073/F2117 (CHIC 1996, 17, 19); 

CH073/F2115 (CHIC 1996, 416; Douros 2008, 59); jvrebi: 

, , , , , (Evans 1909, 222, 112); , 

CH070 (CHIC 1996, 17, 19, 415, 416); 

kretuli da egeosuri xazovani niSani 

1895, 80, tab. I, 28; 96, tab. III, 8; 106, sur. 77); 

A da B xazovani damwerlobebis niSnebi: 

(Evans 

AB24a; , , AB24; , , , , AB23 (Evans 

1952, 11); , , A28 (Evans 1952, 12); , , AB2, romlebic 

evanss (1952, 6) miaCnia varskvlavis an mzis 

religiur sibolod 1 ; AB3 (Evans 1952, 6); 

1 . `knososSi, gvelebiani qalRvTaebis sakurTxevelSi mTel 

rig sabeWdav qvebze aRmoCenili jvari warmogvidgeba religiur 

simbolod. zogjer mas svastikis forma aqvs. niSandoblivia, 

rom imave niSaSi napovnia tolferda marmarilos jvari. igi, 

aseve, amotvifrulia sasaxlis samSeneblo blokebze. 

martivi saxis jvari xSirad wagrZelebuli formisaa primitiul 

piqtografiaSi, gansakuTebiT amerikis indielebTan, rogorc 

varskvlavis niSani [Sdr. Evans 1921, 514], da, savaraudod, 

mas igive mniSvneloba qonda, rac minosur kretaze. 

tolferda jvari gvxvdeba, agreTev, A xazovan damwerlobis 

niSnebSi; masTan erTad warmodgenilia jvris varianti, sadac 

horizontaluri RerZi ufro moklea vidre vertikaluri Rer- 

146

A xazovani damwerlobis niSnebi: , (CHIC 

1996, 19); A309c/F071C (Douros 2008, 37); A309a/ 

F071A (Douros 2008, 36, 53); (Evans 1921, 640); 

A077/F0689, A077/F06BA; A077/F06BB; A077/F06BC 

(Douros 2008, 29, 53); A325/F073B, A326/F073C (Douros 

2008, 37, 38, 53); A044/F0672, A044/F0673, 

A044/F0674 (GORILA 1985, V, XXXV; Douros 2008, 27, 53); 

A002/F0602, A002/F0603, A702/F0863 (Douros 2008, 

25, 49, 53); 

Zi. umetesad es forma ixmareboda B xazovan warwerebSi~ (Evans 

1909, 222, 223). 

147

B xazovani damwerlobis niSnebi: [ka] _ borbali 

(Evans 1935 II , 742, sur. 725; 743, sur. 727, 24a; 745, 

sur. 728, 26; 750, sur. 733; 751, sur. 734; 757, sur. 740; 

788, sur. 763); (Evans 1935 II , 794, sur. 767; 795, sur. 

768; Chadwick 1990, 44, sur. 10); B243/100CF _ borbali 

1 (Douros 2008, 9, 35; UCS, 1991-2006, 512, 513; Sdr. 

MHM 1991, I, 528, sur. 2, 3, 5); [ro] B002/1002B (Douros 

2008, 25, 53; Evans 1935 II , 743); 

rvasxiviani varskvlavi wreSi (Evans 1906, 167, 

sur. 146); 

mikenuri periodis knososis sasaxlis samSeneblo 

blokebze gamoxatuli niSnebi: , , (Evans 1895, 

13, sur. 9, a, e, g); kretuli da egeosuri xazovani niSnebi: 

, (Evans 1895, 80, tab. I, 11, 12); 

1 . Sdr.: , , , borbali (Шер 1980, 195; Гамкрелидзе, 

Иванов 1984, II, 736, sur. 17). 

148

kviprosuli marcvlovani damwerlobis niSnebi: 

[a] C10800; [e] C10801; [i] C10802 (Chadwick 1990, 

22; Douros 2008, 12); 

b. egvipturi ieroglifebi: C1 mzis disko (mag., 

egvipt. [r‛] aris mze; an [r‛] _ mze-RvTaeba 

re/ra; [ỉtn] mzis disko, RvTaeba atoni: Collier, 

Manley 2007, 5, 17, 28, 29, 136, 152, 156); C6 varskvlavi 

(Collier, Manley 2007, 137); 

g. anatoliuri ieroglifebi: , [sa 4 ] *402/ 

0089A scutella _ lambaqi (Laroche 1960; Hawkins 2000 I , 29, 

68; Anders 2004, 15); [ ala/i] *292/125BA/1293A/0246B 

rota _ borbali; [ ara/i] 125B8/12938/*290 (Hawkins 

2000 I , 29, 31; Everson 2006, ##2, ##8; 2007, 14, 21; Sdr. 

Anders 2004, 10); [ a] *215b/0072A (Hawkins 2000 I , 28, 

29; Anders 2004, 8); *025/F219 oculus – Tvali 

(Hawkins 2000 I , 27); 

d. Zveli semituri damwerlobis niSnebi: , [ ] 

(gamyreliZe 1989, 29, tab. 2; 55); [„ayin] (Fischer 2003, 48, 

sur. 28; 126, sur. 94); [„ajin] Tvali (gamyreliZe 1989, 

29, tab. 2; 37, tab. 3; 40, tab. 5; 42, 44; 51, tab. 7; 52, 53); 

e. Zveli finikiuri damwerlobis niSnebi: F0908 

(Coulmas 1999, 403, tab. 11); [ ] (gamyreliZe 1989, 29, 

tab. 2; 69, tab. 11); (Fischer 2003, 126, sur. 94); 

10908 (Evans 1909, 87; Douros 2008, 12) _ ēt h _ gorgali 

() (patariZe 1980, 110), borbali (); 

v. Zveli berZnuli damwerlobis niSnebi: 03F4/ 

FFA9D, 0398/FFA9E, FFAA2, FFAA8, FFAAA, 

FFA9F [t h ] (Douros 2008, 5, 14, 79; agreTve ix. gamyreliZe 

1989, 69, tab. 11); 

149

z. Zveli italikuri damwerlobebis niSnebi: proto-tirenuli 

niSnebi: , [t h ]; [ś]; [h] (gamyreliZe 

1989, 93, tab. 13); etruskuli niSnebi: , [t h ] 

(gamyreliZe 1989, 93, tab. 13; Douros 2008, 78); (Douros 

2008, 78; Coulmas 1999, 148, tab. 5); umbruli niSani 

[h] (gamyreliZe 1989, 93, tab. 13; Douros 2008, 78); 

T. kariuli damwerlobis niSnebi: [t/q] 102A8, 

102B8, FFA9D, FFA9F, FFAA6; FFAAF 

(Douros 2008, 22); 

i. iberiuli damwerlobis niSnebi: , , [te, 

de]; [ku, gu]; , (gamyreliZe 1989, 63, tab. 10); 

k. likiuri damwerlobis niSnebi: [q] 102BC; 

10290; 1029B (Douros 2008, 11, 21); 

l. kolxur da iberiul keramikaze datanili niSnebi: 

, , , romelsac v. liCeli (2001, 7, 13, 15, 17, 25, 76, 77, 

82) uwodebs proto-qarTuli damwerlobis niSnebs; 

xevsureTsa da TuSeTSi aRmoCenili niSnebi: , 

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , 

(gigauri 2010, 174, sur. 275; 175, sur. 276; kokoSaSvili 

2009, 12, cxr. 1); , (gigauri 2010, 77, sur. 103; 120, 

sur. 175) da sxva, romlebsac vuwodeb proto-qarTveluri 

damwerlobis niSnebs; 

Zveli qarTuli asomTavruli damwerlobis niSani 

=> [T] (javaxiSvili 1949, 209); 

m. somxuri erkaTagiris ( – `rkinis damwerloba~) 

niSani [t h ] (gamyreliZe 1989, 105, tab. 18); 

n. indis velze (mag., harappa, mohenjo-daro) gavrcelebuli 

damwerlobis niSani 

386E/110 (Everson 

150

1999-b, 8); induri brahmi damwerlobis niSnebi: , 

[tha] (Monier-Williams 1999, xxvii), [tha]; 

o. proto-elamuri damwerlobis niSnebi: , , 

cxvari (Englund 2004, 106, sur. 5.3b; 125, sur. 5.14; 

128, sur. 5.17; 130, sur. 5.19); , , (Englund 2004, 115, 

sur. 5.8a; 125, sur. 5.14); , [lik()], [*li]; 

[gal()] (Viers 2000, 80, sur. 2); 

p. Sumeruli 1 damwerlobis niSani => => 

[udu] – cxvari (PSD; Burrows 1935, 22, 272; Falkenstein 

1936, 761), romelic amotvifrulia uruqis III periodis 

Semdeg Tixis firfitebze: Ashm-1926-642; Ashm- 

1926-576; Ashm-1926-564; Ashm-1926-646; 2 

1 . Sumer. [ki·en·gi 7 (·r)] (Walker 1987, 55), 

[ki·en·gir 15 ] = ki qveyana, miwa + en qurumebi + gir 15 /gi 7 (·r) keTilSobili 

= keTilSobili qurumeb(is) qveyana (PSD; Halloran 2006, 6, 

110); aqad. šumeru; ebr. [šin‟ar]; berZn. , ; qarT. 

Sinyari; ingl. Shinar (biblia 1989; Bible 2008, dab. 10.10, 14.1, 14.9) _ 

Sumeri. Sumer. [eme·gir 15 ] _ Sumeruli ena (PSD; Halloran 2006, 

19, 87), romelsac n. fofxaZe ukavSirebs e·m·egir·ul/e·m·egr·ul- 

/m·egr·ul- formas (ix. http://nabukodori.blogspot.com). 

Sdr. Sumer. , [engur] _ miwisqveSa mtknari wylis, tbis 

saxeli Sumerul da aqadur miTologiaSi (Sdr.: PSD; Mercer 

1918, 16; Halloran 2006, 54; MHM 1991, I, 22; 1992, II, 40): qarT. 

engur·i (Fähnrich 1981, 11); megr. ing r·i, ingir·i _ 1. wylis kolxuri 

RvTaebis saxeli; 2. saqarTveloSi mdinare, romelic er- 

Tvis Sav zRvas; 3. sof. zugdidis r-nSi; svan. iegir _ mdinare. 

2 . http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdljinfo.html veb-gverdis mixedviT mocemulia 

SuamdinareTis civilizaciebis periodizacia, Tixis firfitebis 

numeracia da Semdegi Semoklebani: Ashm = Ashmolean Museum, 

Oxford; CDLI = the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative; Erm = Hermitage 

Museum, St.-Petersburg; MRAH = Musées Royaux d‟Art et d‟Histoire, Brussels. 

151

Sumeruli damwerlobis niSnebi: , (Mercer 

1918, 9; Falkenstein 1936, 44, 45a, 47, 193); ; 

lursmuli damwerlobis niSnebi 1 : 

, (Falkenstein 1936, 192), romelic gamoiyeneboda 

Zv.w. 3200-3100 ww.-Si, gviandeli uruqis IV periodSi; 

, gamoiyeneboda Zv.w. 3100-2900 ww.-is, jemdeTnasris 

periodis (anu gviandeli uruqis III periodi) 

Semdeg Tixis firfitebze: Ashm-1926-714, CDLI No 

P005249; Ashm-1926-709, CDLI No P005216; 

_ Zv.w. 2600-2500 ww.-is, adredinastiuri IIIa periodis 

Semdeg Tixis firfitebze: Ashm-1928-017, CDLI 

No P005311; Ashm-1928-428, CDLI No P222324; Ashm-1930- 

156, CDLI No P220624, xolo _ Semdeg Tixis 

firfitebze: Ashm-1924-0455, CDLI No P222314; MRAH- 

0.0089, CDLI No P010548; 

_ Zv.w. 2500-2350 ww.-is, adredinastiuri IIIb periodis 

Semdeg Tixis firfitebze: Erm-14376, CDLI No 

1 . SuamdinareTSi (berZn. ) mcxovrebma xalxebma lursmuli 

anu soliseburi damwerlobis `lursmul niSans~ uwodes 

mismari (Doblhofer, Friedrich 2002, 95). masala momawoda n. kvaSilavam, 

risTvisac mas guliTad madlobas movaxseneb. 

Sdr. mismari: arab. [mismari] > Zv. qarT. lusmari (orbeliani 

1991, I, 424); megr. lismari/ l smari _ lursmani (qajaia 

2008, II, 92, 93, 195); Sdr. agreTve: germ. Keilschrift; ingl. cuneiform 

(wedge-shaped) writing; cuneiform < laT. cŭneus _ lursmani, soli 

(Hunting 1915, 28; tatiSvili 2009, 17 2 ). 

`lursmuli niSnis~ aRmniSvneli sityva Sumer. [saĝ.KAK], 

[saĝtak], , , [santak (2,3,4) ] niSnavs samkuTxeds, sols (PSD; 

Halloran 2006, 54), xolo aqad. sa·an·tak·ku ( [SAG.DU 3 ]) _ 

samkuTxeds (CAD 1984, 15, 149, 150; agreTve ix.: tatiSvili 2009, 

17 3 ; Коган, Лѐзов 2009, 174), romelic geometriul terminad gamoiyeneboda 

Zv. babilonSi. 

152

P222695; MRAH-0.0023, CDLI No P222342; MRAH-0.0023, 

CDLI No P222946, xolo _ Semdeg Tixis firfitebze: 

Ashm-1924-0462, CDLI No P222315; Erm-14065, CDLI No 

P222280; Erm-14314, CDLI No P222479; Erm-14012, CDLI 

No P221719; Erm-14017, CDLI No P221724; Erm-14051, 

CDLI No P221820; Erm-14056, CDLI No P221825; Erm- 

14061, CDLI No P221830; 

, , _ Zv.w. 2350-2100 ww.-is, Zvelaqaduri periodis 


No P215367; MRAH-0.0239, CDLI No P222277; MRAH- 

0.0710, CDLI No P222950; MRAH-0.0094, CDLI No P216420; 

MRAH-0.0515, CDLI No P200407; 

, _ Zv.w. 2100-2000 ww.-is, uris III periodis 

Semdeg Tixis firfitebze: Ashm-1912-1141, CDLI No 


CDLI No P200933; 

_ Zv.w. 2000-1600 ww.-is, Zvelbabilonuri periodis 

Semdeg Tixis firfitebze: Ashm-1931-0137b, CDLI 

No P332926; Ashm-1932-0392, CDLI No P247796; Ashm- 

1924-0887, CDLI No P347494; Ashm-1932-0176+ N6939, 

CDLI No P231029; 

, , _ Zv.w. 900-540 ww.-is axalasuruli periodis 


No P347743; Ashm-1924-1499+1717, CDLI No P347749; 

Ashm-1924-1206+1410+1470, CDLI No P347753; Ashm-1924- 

1831, CDLI No P347836; Ashm-1924-1230+Ashm-1927-2118, 

CDLI No P247827 da sxva. 

aseTia lursmuli niSnis evolucia (Sdr.: Mercer 

1918, 36; Deimel 1922, 1, 8; Falkenstein 1936, 192; Chadwick 

1990, 21, sur. 5). 

153

vafurcliani vardulis gamosaxulebas ukav- 

Sirdeba Sumeruli piqtograma da lursmuli damwerlobis 

1202E niSani (Sdr. SaraSeniZe 2008, 28, 9- 

10), romlebic gamoxataven varskvlavs, casa da an/anu 

_ cis RvTaebas (meliqiSvili 2004, 8). mag., Sumer.: 

[mul] aris varskvlavi, 1 [an] _ ca, [diĝir/dingir = 

Semokl. d] _ RvTaeba (Mercer 1918, 9, 36; Foxvog 2010, 9; 

Halloran 2006, 6, 32, 38, 53; UCS 1991-2008, 580; Doblhofer, 

Friedrich 2002, 158, sur. 99; Everson 2004, 12). 

Sumer. , , piqtogramebisa da lursmuli 

damwerlobis niSnis gviandeli saxea aqad. 13- 

NAa13/Th-D12/1202D niSani, romlis transliteracia 

aris: an ca; dingir, ilum _ RvTaeba; ìl, sa 8 , ša 8 (Piška 2003, 

1, 2, 4, 8, 9; 1998, 2; Viers 2000, 89) da sxva. 

niSnis evoluciasa da mis variantebs warmovadgen 

Semdeg naxatSi: 

1 . Sumer. [mul] (ĝi 6 /mi Rame + ul) aris 1. varskvlavi; 2. Tanavarskvlavedi; 

3. planeta; 4. meteoriti (Halloran 2006, 32); 5. 

brwyinva, gamosxiveba (PSD); Sumer. ul _ 1. varskvlavi; 2. yvavili; 

kokori; kvirti; 3. ornameti; 4. siamovneba (Halloran 2006, 6); Sumer. 

[an·mul] _ varskvalviani ca (Halloran 2006, 78); Sumer. 

[mul·an] _ ciuri varskvalvi (PSD); Sumer. [aš·me] _ 1. varskvlavis 

simbolo; 2. mzis diskos ornamenti; 3. varduli; 4. mocimcime 

naTeba (Halloran 2006, 79; Sdr. PSD). 

Sdr. Sumer. [ul 6 ] _ naTeba, brwyinva (PSD): s.-qarTv. * -; 

qarT. el·v·a; svan. hel-; megr. val·i, val·u·a; laz. o·val·u (Fähnrich 

1981; fenrixi, sarjvelaZe 2000, 198). 

154

zemoT warmodgenili masala cxadyofs, rom festosis 

diskoze dabeWdili PHD38 naxat-niSani aris 

rvafurcliani vardulis piqtografiuli niSnis 

uZvelesi nimuSi. 

2. vardulisa da diskos simboluri mniSvneloba 

rogorc cnobilia, vardulisa da diskos 

gamosaxulebebi xSirad gvxvdeba Sumerul, babilonur, 

asurul, egviptur, indur, xeTur, xuritul, 

urartul, kretul, kolxur, berZnul, finikiur, sparsul 

da sxva kulturebSi (Sdr.: Goodyear 1891; Evans 

1909, 39; 1921, 262, 479-483; Kantor 1945; 1999, 127-163, 169- 

194, 247, 305-360; 506, sur. XIII.5; 725, sur. XVII.9, 27; 766, 

sur. XIX.16, 17); aseve aris evropuli (mag., berZnuli, 

romauli da sxva) arqiteqturuli ornamentebis nimuSebSi 

(Sdr.: Schmelzeisen 1992; Rosin 2001, 113). 

155

qvemoT warmovadgen mzis, varskvlavisa da miwis 

RvTaebebis simboloebs, am xalxTa kulturebisa da 

miTologiebis mixedviT. 

2.1. mze-RvTaebebis simboloebi 

rvafurcliani varduli an lotosi da 

disko sxvadasxva kulturaSi aris: mzis piqtograma, 

RvTebebis atributi, saRvTo niSani (mag., egvipturi 

mzis RvTaeba [r‛] ra/re; indur religiaSi RvTaeba 

[brahmā] brahma da sxv.), siwmindis, sicocxlis, 

maradiulobis, nayofierebis, bunebis gafurCqvnisa 

da ayvavebis simbolo, mefis xelisuflebis regalia 

da samefo saxlis Zalauflebis niSani. 

ieroglifur-luviur damwerlobaSi mzes aRniSnavs 

ieroglifi A190/ 128CE/F28CE sol 2 _ mzis 

frTosani disko (Everson 2007, 13, 19), romelic zogan 

aris samefo titulaturis Semadgeneli nawili, zogan 

ki samefo kartuSs anu edikulas qmnis (Meriggi 

1975, 3, tab. 12, 15-17, 95-96, 163 da a. S.; agreTve ix.: Alp 

1996; 1998, sur. 1; Герни 1987, 179, sur. 11, 5; Doblhofer, 

Friedrich 2002, 221, sur. 126; xazaraZe 2006, 10, 13). mag., 

xeTebis didi mefis, xaTuSili III-is saxeli da samefo 

emblema _ mzis frTosani disko dabeWdilia Tixis 

firfitaze, romelic daTariRebulia Zv.w. XIII s.-iT 

(ix. Never 1996, 33, 60, 57-59). 

156

qvemoT warmovadgen mzis frTosani diskos Semdeg 

variantebs, romlebic aRmoCenilia SumerSi, babilonSi, 

asureTSi, miTanSi, egvipteSi, anatoliaSi, 

sparseTSi da sxvagan (Kantor 1945; 1999, 544, sur. 

XIV.3, 4, 15, 16, 22, 27, 33; 749, sur. XVIII.9-11, 19; 770, 

sur. XIX.24): 

157

Sumeruli, aqaduri anu asurul-babilonuri, xurituli, 

urartuli da ugarituli miTologiebis mixedviT, 

mzisa da samarTlinobis RvTaebas _ Sumer. 

[ d ud] 1 (Sdr. MHM 1992, II, 552); Zv. babil. , 

1 . Sumer. [ud, u 4 ] aris 1. mze; 2. dRe (PSD); 3. sinaTle; 4. dro; 5. 

amindi; 6. grigali, qariSxali (demoni) (Halloran 2006, 5; Sdr. 

Doblhofer, Friedrich 2002, 158, sur. 99). 

Sdr.: Sumer. [bar 6 ] _ naTeba, brwyinva; TeTri (Halloran 2006, 

39; agreTve ix. Civil 2009, 8); Sumer. [babbar, bar 6 , par] _ TeTri 

(PSD); Sumer. 

[babbar (2) ] _ naTeli, brwyinavi; TeTri; mzis 

amosvla (Halloran 2006, 51); Sumer. [e 2·babbar (2) ] _ mzis 

RvTaeba utus gasxivosnebuli saxli, taZari (Sdr. Civil 2009, 14); 

asur. [MUL 2 .BABBAR] _ iupiteri (Kasak, Veede 2001, 21, 30); 

qarT. barbar·i _ gizgizi (Sdr.: Tseretheli 1913-1916; fenrixi, 

sarjvelaZe 2000, 94-95, 194). 

158

asur. [ d UD] – utu 1 _ Seesabameba: babil. 

[ d šà·máš] _ SamaSi 2 (Kasak, Veede 2001, 19); 

xur. d Ši·mi·gi; urart. d Šiwini _ mze-RvTaeba; ugar. 

d Šapšu _ mze-qalRvTaeba (Sdr. Нозадзе 2007, 323; DDD 

1999, 126). utus saRvTo ricxvia _ 20 (Kasak, Veede 

2001, 14, 18, 19). 

egvipturi miTologiis mixedviT, mze-RvTaebaa re 

anu ra da misi Sesabamisi: egvipt. [ prỉ] xefri _ 

amomavali mze, dilis mzis RvTaeba; egvipt. 

[ỉtm] atumi _ Camavali mze (Sdr. egvipt. [ỉtn] 

ateni 3 /atoni – mzis disko). RvTaeba atums emsgavseba 

1 . Sdr. mamakacis saxeli utu, romelic dRemde SemorCenilia 

saqarTveloSi, kerZod, samegreloSi. 

2 . Sdr. ša·maš: aqad. šam·šu _ mzis disko (Kasak, Veede 2001, 19); 

qarT. mze; megr. bJa; laz. mJo·ra (Марръ 1908, 3); svan. _ mze 

(fenrixi, sarjvelaZe 2000, 327, 328); laz. bJa·Cxa _ kviradRe 

(javaxiSvili 1979, I, 164-169); 

3 . RvTaeba aten·s n. gamrekelma (1885, 40) daukavSira forma 

aten·i (goris r-nis soflis saxelwodeba). 

159

urartuli mzis RvTaeba Sivini. mze-RvTaeba re/ra gamoCnda 

ayvavebuli lotosis rvafurcliani yvavilidan. 

igi caze naviT mogzaurobs (MHM 1991, I, 124; 

1992, II, 358-359, 589), xolo, berZnuli miTologiis 

mixedviT, 1 _ heliosi etliT amobrwyindeba caze 

(MHM 1991, I, 271; 1992, II, 559; Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 

1984, II, 731). 

1 . Sdr.: berZn. ; _ mze; aRmosavleTi (Вейсман 1899, 

2006, 586); qarT. alioni; megr. ialoni, aloni, al ni _ aisi, 

ganTiadi (Кипшидзе 1914, 194, 247; qajaia 2001, I, 183; 2002, II, 81). 

160

fsalmunSi (83.12) weria, rom `mze da fari aris 

ufali RmerTi~. antikuri periodis moazrovneebi 

mzes sxvadasxvanairad axasiaTebdnen. mag., esqile ambobs, 

rom `mze aris wre~; plutarqe _ `mze aris sfero~; 

piTagora _ `mze aris disko~. agreTve: `mze 

aris lamazi qali~, `mze aris fari~, `mze aris naTeli 

borbali~, `mze aris Tvali~, `Tvali sinaTlea~, 

da sxva. 

msoflios sxvadasxva xalxebis kulturaSi mze-RvTaebis 

simboloebia: rvafurcliani varduli 1 (Neve 

1996, 33, 60; Herder 1980, 130); disko rvafurcliani 

varduliT (Herder 1980, 130); 

disko 2 (Maxwell-Hyslop 

1 . s.-s. orbelianis (1698; 1991, 26; 1993, 335, 336) leqsikonis mixedviT, 

`sada ese [ rvafurcliani varduli] jdes, mzea~. 

2 . Sdr.: tibet. [ ]; sansk. [ ], romelic 

niSnavs diskos, rgols, sferos da borbals (Chandra Das 1989, 56; 

Conway 2006, 1; MHM 1992, II, 100), aris mzis simbolo (Conway 2006, 

161

1971, 149; Mijatović, Ninković, Vemić 2003, 338, 340, 341; Kurtik 

1999, 508 21 ; Kazmierczak 1992, 8, sur. 18; Herder 1980, 92); 

Tvali (nadiraZe 1989, 21, 22); wre centrSi 

wertiliT (Kasak, Veede 2001, 29, 30; Collier, Manley 2007, 

136; EA 1987, 557; Kazmierczak 1992, 24, sur. 91); , 

frTosani diskoebi rvafurcliani varduliT 

(Sdr. Black, Green 1992); , frTosani 

diskoebi (Neve 1996, 57, 58, 59; Heiser 2006, 10); 

frTosani disko gvelebiT; wre jvriT (Evans 1909, 

87; Kazmierczak 1992, 10, sur. 25; Bauer, Dümotz, Golowin 

1987, 44-45); borbali 1 (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984, II, 

720, 721, 725, 936, 1270; Pulleyblank 1966, 31-32; Herder 1980, 

129; Sdr.: Chadwick 1976, 165, sur. 69; Chadwick 1990, 44, 

sur. 10; MHM 1991, I, 286; 528, sur. 2, 3, 5; 644); wre 

ormagi jvriT (romelic Semdgom aRniSnulia Zv. 

indur monetaze: d‟Alviella 1894, 41); 

rgoli jvriT; 

ormagi wre ormagi jvriT (Kazmierczak 1992, 16, 

sur. 47, 50); 

wre ormagi jvriT (saberZneTi, sparta, 

Zv.w. 640); 

jvriT; 

disko rvasxiviani mcenareuli ornamentiT; 

ormagi wre maxvilwveriani ormagi 

disko ormagi jvriT (romelic aris budiz- 

2). induizmSi borbali aris mzis RvTaeba suria’s (devang. 

[ ] _ mze) simbolo (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984, II, 684, 684 1 , 720, 

721; Sdr. MHM 1992, II, 477, 478). actekur miTologiaSi mas emsgavseba 

mzis RvTaeba tonatiu’s disko (Sdr.: Галич 1990, 109, 110; 

MHM 1992, II, 518). 

1 . Sdr.: Sumer. GIGIR; saSualo i.-e. * ; semit. *galgal-; 

qarTv. * , * _ borbali (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984, II, 

737 1 , 719). 

162

mis simbolo); 

rvafurcliani lotosi budas gamosaxulebiT; 

disko rva samtalRovani sxiviT; , 

, diskoebi oTxi maxvilwveriani da oTxi samtalRovani 

sxivebiT (d‟Alviella 1894, 14; Black, Green 

1992, 143; Heiser 2006, 5, 7, 12; MHM 1991, I, 303, 458; 1992, 

II, 651); disko rva maxvilwveriani sxiviT; 

disko rva maxvilwveriani da rva samtalRovani sxivebiT; 

sxiviani rgoli manebiT (Evans 1921, 514, sur. 

371); disko oTxi sxiviTa da jvriT (romelic aris 

asurelebis RvTaeba aSuris simbolo); rgoli 

ori mbrunavi sxiviT (Evans 1895, 43, 62; 1909, 154, P.25, 

d; 221, 108, e); , wreebi rva mbrunavi sxiviT 

(Evans 1909, 151, P.9; 155, 221; Kazmierczak 1992, 18, sur. 

59); diskoebi rva mbrunavi sxiviT: (saberZneTi, korinTo, 

kviprosi, Zv.w. 640-630 ww.), (MHM 1991, I, 287), 

, , ; borjRali (Сумбадзе 1984; leJava, kilaZe, 

giorgobiani 2007, 3, 110, 121), ormagi gama 

formis jvari anu ormagi svastika, xolo mogvianebiT 

_ etli, cxeni 1 (Sdr. Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 

Иванов 1984, II, 731, 936) da sxva. 

2.2. varskvlav-RvTaebebis simboloebi 

aqaduri miTologiis mixedviT, aqad. [ d a·a] _ 

aia (Sdr.: Delaporte 1910, XLVI, 116; 1923, No. 251, pl. 76; 

Waddell 1924, 247, sur. 36; Black, Green 1992, 173; Collon 

1 . Sdr. cxen·i: s.i.-e. *s(a) Hel-/n- – mze (Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984, II, 

684); megr. Cxan·a _ mze; mziani dRe; sicxe. 

163

2007, 1; Нозадзе 2007, 63) aris mze-RvTaeba SamaSis meuRle, 

_ sinaTlis, ciskris, siyvarulisa da nayofierebis 

qalRvTaeba. qalRvTaeba aias Sumerul miTologiaSi 

Seesabameba mze-RvTaeba utus meuRle, Sumer. qal- 

RvTaeba [ d še 3·ri 5·da] 1 (Sdr. ETCSL) _ Serida/Senirda. 

misi RvTebrivi epiTetia Sumer. 

[su 3·ud·aĝ 2 /su 3·ud·ag 2 ] _ moelvare, mbrwyinavi (Sdr.: 

PSD; DDD 1999, 126; Falkenstein 1957, 305). 

qvemoT warmovadgen aiasa da utus niSnebis evolucias: 

1 . Sdr.: Sumer. šer _ kaSkaSa; Sumer. še·er _ kaSkaSi; sikaSkaSe; 

sxivi (PSD; ETCSL), sinaTle, cimcimi (Halloran 2006, 142); Sumer. 

šér _ brwyinva (Halloran 2006, 45). 

164

nayofierebis, siyvarulisa da omis qalRvTaebis, 

cisa da miwis dedoflis saxeli inana 1 lursmul damwerlobaSi 

Semdegnairad iwereba: Sumer. , 

Zv. babil. , babil. , asur. [ d inanna] 

anu misi Sesatyvisi semit. iSTari _ Zv. babil. , 

1 . aseve Sdr. Sumer.: [ d Nina] (Sdr. Mercer 1918, 3), Innin, Innini, 

Innina, Irnina, Ennin, Ennina, Nin, Ninnin, Ninanna, Nana, Ninni da 

Ninnar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna). 

165

abil. , asur. [ d iš·tar], an Zv. babil. 

, babil. , , asur. 

[ d U.DAR]. 

qvemoT warmovadgen inanas niSnis evolucias: 

166

Sumeruli `cis didi qalbatoni/dedofali~ ninana 

iwereba: Sumer. , , , 

Zv. babil. 

[ d nin·an·na]. 1 

, asur. 

Sumer. da aqad. qalRvTaeba , 

[ d na·na·a], d Nanã, d Nanãy, d Nanãya (resp. berZn. / 

) _ nana 2 anu nanaia ukavSirdeba: babil. qal- 

RvTaeba aias, romelic aris varskvlavis an planetis 

saxeli da Sumer. 

[ d inana sar ] _ planeta, 

inanas anu iSTars 3 (PSD; Black, Green 1992, 109; MHM 

1 . Sumer. d nin·an·na (= dingir didi qalbatoni/dedofali + ca + 

naT. br. niSani) SeiZleba iTargmnos `ciskris did qalbatonad~. 

2 . Sdr.: sogdiuri (saSualo spars.) qalRvTaeba Nanā (Azarpay 1981, 

132-139); Zv. somx. [nané/ nanea] – dilis varskvlavi, qalRvTaeba, 

Zv. somx. 

[aramazd] _ RvTaeba aramazdis qaliSvili 

(Gvelesiani 2009, 5). 

Sdr. armazadi: spars. RvTaeba [ahura-mazdā]; Zv. qarT. 

RvTaeba armazi (Gvelesiani 2009, 4). 

3. 

iSTars Seesatyviseba: lomze aRmarTuli Sumeruli qalRvTaeba 

Serida; semit. aSirta, aStarte/astarte da lomisTaviani an 

167

1991, I, 595; 1992, II, 197), xolo es ukanaskneli identificirebulia 

planeta venerasTan (Williams-Forte 1983, 

176; Piška 2003, 4; Kasak, Veede 2001, 14, 22-24; Kurtik 1999, 

lomze aRmarTuli qalRvTaeba aStoreTi/aStaroTi (Sdr. MHM 

1991, I, 115). mas ukavSirdeba: minosuri da mcire aziuri didi 

dedaRvTaeba rea-kibele, romelsac icaven koribantebi da 

lomebi, da kretis qalRvTaeba gvelebiT (Evans 1921, 504, 505, 

656, 657; MHM 1991, I, 647, 179). agreTve iSTarTan gaigivebulia: 

siyvarulisa da nayofierebis das.-semit. qalRvTaeba qadeSi/ 

qudSu/qeTeSi, romelic lomze aris aRmarTuli yvavilebiTa da 

gvelebiT xelSi (MHM 1992, II, 21); cis, nayofierebisa da siyvarulis 

egvipt. qalRvTaeba , [ ] _ hatori (Sdr.: 

Evans 1921, 505 1 ; MHM 1992, II, 584); siyvarulisa da silamazis 

berZn. qalRvTaeba 

_ afrodite; nayofierebis romauli 

qalRvTaeba venera (Clay 1922, 45; Collier, Manley 2007, 157; 

MHM 1991, I, 231, 135) da sxva. 

àsirielebi afrodites uwodeben militas, arabebi _ alilats, 

xolo sparselebi _ mitras~ (herodote I, 131). protoindo-iran. 

*mitra- > berZn.-romauli Mithras. 

Sdr. aqaduri qalRvTaeba Ištar: s.-i.-e. *Hast [h] ar-; aqad. 

; xeT. hašter; avest. stərəbyō; somx. [astł/astġ]; 

berZn. ; laT. stēlla < *stēl-na; goT. staírnō; Zv. z.-germ. sterno; 

germ. Stern; Zv. ingl. steorra; ingl. star; Zv. isl. stjarna; aram. ‛tr _ 

varskvlavi; semit. *‛a tar- gaRmerTebuli varskvlavi; venera; 

samxr.-arab. ‛ tr; saSualo egvipt. ỉśtr; finik. ‛štrt (Гамкрелидзе, 

Иванов 1984, II, 685, 686, 875, 875 1 ); Zv. ebr. , [‛š r ] 

(Bible 2008; biblia 1989, msaj. 10.6; 1 mef. 7.3-4, 12.10, 31.10; 3 mef. 11.5, 

11.33; 4 mef. 23:13; Sdr. ier. 44.18-19); Zv. ebr. [‛šrh]; ugarit. 

[‛ trt], ‛ rt; somx. [astłik/astġik]; Zv. berZn. 

_ qalRvTaeba astarte (MHM 1991, I, 115); egvipt. [зst] _ 

qalRvTaeba isida (Collier, Manley 2007, 70, 151; MHM 1991, I, 133); 

xurit. Iš ara _ qalRvTaeba iSxara (Нозадзе 2007, 186); ebr. 

[‟es er]. 

iSTars agreTve SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes: aqad. anuniTu (MHM 

1991, I, 595) da xur. d Ni·na·at·ta/ d Ne·na·at·ta _ ninata/nenata (Нозадзе 

2007, 260). 

168

502, 502 4 , 503; Collins 1994, 110, 115; MHM 1991, I, 510, 

595), romelsac uwodeben `mwuxris varskvlavsac~ da 

`ciskris varskvlavsac~. 

inanas anu iSTaris saRvTo ricxvi aris 15 

(Kasak, Veede 2001, 23). 

aias da inanas anu iSTaris simboloebia: rvafurcliani 

varduli (Maxwell-Hyslop 1971, 151, 152; 

Black, Green 1992, 109, 156, 169-170; Aleff 1982-2009, 4; 

MHM 1991, I, 510; Ad de Vries 1981, 391-393; Herder 1980, 

134); rvafurcliani niSani; ormagi jvari 

(Herder 1980, 93); , , , , , rvaqimiani 

varskvlavebi (Maxwell-Hyslop 1971, 149; Black, Green 

1992, 108; Heiser 2006, 6, 12; MHM 1992, II, 651; Leick 1998, 

pl. 38); disko 1 , rgoli (MHM 1991, I, 510; Herder 1980, 

92); ormagi wre rvasxiviani varskvlaviT, oTxi 

maxvilwveriani sxiviTa da oTxi mcenareuli ornamentiT 

(Evans 1909, 157, P.40*); , , , , diskoebi 

rvaqimiani varskvlaviT (Black, Green 1992, 169, 

sur. 143; Heiser 2006, 6, 7, 8); rvaqimiani varskvlavi 

(romelic Semdgom bahaizmis simboloa); lomi 

(Evans 1909, 221; Pritchard 1969, 177, pl. 522; Collins 1994, 

113, 114; Leick 1998, pl. 38); gveli, cxvari (Kurtik 

1999, 502, sur. 1; 504, sur. 4; 504 10 ; Collins 1994, 107, 108, 

113; MHM 1991, I, 400, 409; Parpola 1997, XXXVIII, sur. 17) 

da sxva. 

1 . `mcire simboluri disko, mzis sxiviani niSnisgan gansxvavebiT, 

unda CaiTvalos qvesknelis qalRvTaebis, dedoflisa da 

Ramis cis varskvlaviani kamaris simbolod~ (Evans 1921, 514). 

169

zemoT mocemuli mzisa da varskvlavis simboloebi, 

Tvalis, cxvris, borblisa da jvris niSnebi warmodgenilia 

Semdeg naxatSi: 

2.3. miwis RvTaebebis simboloebi 

cnobilia, rom astraluri RvTaebebi, funqciuri 

gamovlinebebiT, mWidrod ukavSirdeba miwis RvTaebebs. 

kolxuri didi dedaRvTaeba nana, romelic ukav- 

Sirdeba Sumer. qalRvTaeba nanas, aris `miwis deda~, 

àdgilis deda~, nayofierebisa da sicocxlis mSobeli 

qalRvTaeba. qarTul panTeonSi mas Seerwya 

barbale-mzis kulti da mze mdedrobiTi sqesis RvTaebad 

gardaiqca (bardaveliZe 2006, 131; agreTve ix. 

nadiraZe 1989, 21). 

170

amrigad, qalRvTaeba nana, 1 mze-RvTaebis hipostasia 

(Бардавелидзе 1957, 75-79, 81-83, 86, 94-98, 100, 139, 

155, 156, 188, 190, 193). 

qarTvelebis (agreTve indo-evropuli modgmis zogierTi 

Zveli xalxi, ix. Гамкрeлидзе, Иванов 1984, II, 

685) SexedulebiT mTvare mamakacia, xolo mze _ qali. 

es Cans, magaliTad, megrul xalxur leqsSi (javaxiSvili 

1908, 111; Кипшидзе 1914, 188): 

strabonisa (X,3,12) 1 da arianes (X.9) 2 cnobebis analizis 

safuZvelze v. bardaveliZis (1957, 81 da Smd.), 

1 . megr., laz. nana _ 1. deda; 2. megruli misamReri: `dida-voi 

nana, dida-voi, nanina!..~ _ dedasulo nanav, dedasulo, naninav!..; 

megr. nanaia _ nana sityvis kninobiT-moferebiTi forma _ dediko 

(Кипшидзе 1914, 019; qajaia 2002, II, 358-359). 

v. bardaveliZe (1957, 81-93) varaudobs, rom qarTuli simRera 

ìavnana~-s refreni: ìav-nana, vardo-nana, iav-naninao~, qalRvTaeba 

nanas kults ukavSideba (Gvelesiani 2009, 9). 

Sdr. kolxuri nana da nina: i.-e. *Han- _ bebia, mamis deda; 

xeT. qalRvTaeba 

(Sdr.: Гамкрелидзе, Иванов 1984, II, 

766; kvaSilava 2007, 213, 214); ainina, danina anu danana _ warmarTuli 

kerpebi Zv. qarTlSi (janaSia 1959, III, 193); Sumer. Inanna, 

Ininna anu iSTari; spars. qalRvTaeba [anāhitā] (Маррь 1902, 

9; wereTli 1924, 100-101; javaxiSvili 1979, 141-142); Zv. somx. 

qalRvTaeba [anahit] (Gvelesiani 2009, 6). 

171

oT. lorTqifaniZisa (2000, 90-96) da j. nadiraZis 

(1989, 136-140) mier gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom kolx. 

qalRvTaeba, `didi deda~ _ nana anu fasiane gaigivebulia 

minosur da aziis dedaRvTaebasTan, miwis, 

gamoqvabulisa da mTis qalRvTaebasTan, rea-kibelesTan 

3 (Sdr. Evans 1909, 103); meore mxriv, kibeles 

anu kibebes/qubabas 4 ukavSirdeba: Sumer. 

[ d nin· ur·saĝ] _ mTisa da borcviani adgilis qalba- 

1 . straboni (X,3,12; Jones 1961, V, 99) wers: 

`rac Seexeba berekintebs _ erT-erT frigiul toms _ da saerTod 

frigielebs, agreTve idis maxloblad mcxovreb troelebs, 

isini Tayvans scemen reas, umarTaven mas orgiebs, uwodeben 

RmerTebis dedas, agdistiss, xolo agreTve adgilis mixedviT 

[reas saxelebia] _ idaia, dindimene, sipilene, pesinuntis, 

kibele da kibebe~ (yauxCiSvili 1957). 

2 . ariane (X.9; Hoffmann 1842, 50) wers: 

`fasisSi, rom Sedixar, marcxniv aRmarTulia fasiane Teosi. 

garegnobis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, esaa rea, radgan xelSi 

winwila uWiravs, mis savarZelTanaa lomebi da zis, rogorc 

fidiasis qandakeba aTenis metroonSi~ (keWaRmaZe 1961). 

3 . l. kotreli (1959; 1987, 83) fiqrobs, rom kolxeTis mefis aietis 

da _ kretis mefis, minosis meuRle, pasifae da misi qali- 

Svili, ariadne aziis dedaRvTaebis qurumebi iyvnen. 

4 . kibele/kibebe/qubaba xSirad gaigivebulia xuritul dedaRvTaeba 

-Tan (Sdr. kvaSilava 2007, 212). 

172

toni (PSD; Dalley 1998, 326; Halloran 2006, 38, 102), Semoqmedi 

didi dedaRTaeba (Civil 2009, 42), miwisa da nayofierebis 

qalRvTaeba ninxursanga; Sumer. , 

, [ d ki/gi 5 ]; asur. [ d ki] (Sdr.: Deimel 1922, 

46, 440; Schnaider 1935, 481; PSD; Halloran 2006, 12; Falkenstein 

1936, 747; Mercer 1918, 7, 165) _ miwis qalRvaTeba 

qi da berZn. _ miwis qalRvaTeba gea. 

ser ar. evansis (Evans 1909, 13, 54, 96, 97 Smd., 103, 

195, 209, 210, 291; 1921, 6, 44, 222, 223, 505, 657) mixedviT, 

monosuri kretis, bunebis qalRvTaebas funqciuri gamovlinebebiT 

emsgavseba: rea, did dedaRvTaeba, miwis 

qalRvTaeba, mTis qalRvTaeba, gamoqvabulis qalRvTaeba, 

qalRvTaeba gvelebiT, qalRvTaeba mtrediT, qal- 

RvTaeba ormagi culiT da sxva qalRvTaebebi. 

k. Sprengeli (1821, 53-54; 1989, 31) wers, rom `kolxebi 

Tayvans scemdnen... azias, promeTes dedas, erTerT 

okianides,.. frigielebi mas uwodebdnen maias, romelic 

SesaZlebelia iyos indusebis maia,.. rom rea, 

kibele, azia da fazisis qalRvTaeba, romelebsac Tayvans 

scemdnen [aia-]kolxeTSi, udavod erTi da igivea...~ 

1 

miwis dedaRvTaebebis simboloebia: rvafurcliani 

varduli, disko rva maxvilwveriani sxiviT, 

gveli da lomi (Evans 1921, 479, 514, 447, 500- 

504, 508, 721; 1909, 195, 211, 270, 283, 291); minosuri 

kretis, bunebis qalRvTaebis simboloa svastika 

(Evans 1909, 96) da sxva. 

1 

. „Seine Mutter Asia, Prometheus Mutter, eine Oceanide,.. ward von den 

Kolchern verehrt… Die Phrygier nannten sie Μαία, vielleicht die Maya der 

Hindus,.. Da Rhea, Kybele, Asia und die phasianische Göttinn, in Kolchis 

verehrt, einerley sind ist gewi ...“ (Sprengel 1821, 53-54). 

173

zemoT warmodgenili masalis (Sdr.: Kean 1985, 30- 

32; Aleff 2005, 2.2; Bigaj 2008, 22, 36; CoTaliSvili 2003, 

162) mixedviT gamovlinda is, rom PHD38 rvafurcliani 

varduli aris: mzis, varskvlavis, miwis, (deda-)RvTaebebisa 

da samefo Zalauflebis simbolo. 

vfiqrob, rom PHD38 rvafurcliani varduli 

SeiZleba miviCnio mze-qveynis, aia-kolxeTis samefo 

ojaxisa da Zalauflebis aRmniSvnel simbolod. 

3. vardulisa da diskos niSnebi arqeologiur da 

xelovnebis nimuSebSi 

3.1. SuamdinareTSi, iranSi, avRaneTSi, siriaSi, egvipteSi, 

anatoliaSi, kretaze, saberZneTSi, saqarTvelo- 

Si, somxeTsa da sxvagan aRmoCenilia arqeologiuri 

masalebi, romlebzec mocemulia: varduli, mzis, 

mTvarisa da varskvlavis astraluri niSnebi, 

, diskoebi, agreTve Tvali, lomi, 

gveli, cxvari, cxeni, xari, morieli da 

sxva gamosaxulebebi. 

qvemoT warmovadgen Semdeg masalas: 

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

3.2. saqarTveloSi (mag., afxazeTi, samegrelo, aWara, 

lazeTi, guria, imereTi, raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi, 

qarTli, samcxe-javaxeTi da xevsureTi) aRmoCenilia 

diskoebi, samkaulebi, sabeWdavebi, keramika, kolxuri 

culebi, satevrebi, maxvilebi, Subispirebi, sartylebi, 

rgolebi, mSvildsakinZebi (fibulebi), qinZis 

Tavebi da sxva nivTebi, romlebzec mocemulia mzisa 

da varskvlavis astraluri niSnebi: rvafurcliani 

varduli; 

disko rva maxvilwveriani sxiviT; 

wre rva maxvilwveriani sxiviT; , , wreebi; 

wre borjRaliT; rvasxiviani wre; svastika; 

, erTi meoreze gadabmuli spiralebi da sxva 

geometriuli da mcenareuli ornamentebi. am nivTebze 

aseve sakmaod xSiria cxenis, xaris, frinvelisa 

da sxva cocxali arsebebis gamosaxulebebi 

(ix.: lorTqifaniZe 1986, 88-is Smd.; 1972, 19-22; 16-is 

Smd., sur. 3-6, 8, 12, 13; Лордкипанидзе 1989, 108, sur. 45; 

112, sur. 48; 130-132, sur. 56-58; 156, sur. 72; 128-is Smd., 

sur. IV; 158, sur. 74; 161-168, sur. 77-83; 180, sur. 92; 194- 

196, sur. 102-104; 217, sur. 109; 256-is Smd., sur. IX.2; 

190

290; 292, sur. 147a; 323; 323 14 ; 352-is Smd., sur. XVII; 

Gambaschidze, Hauptmann, Slotta, Yalçin 2001, 14, 15, 70, 75, 

96, 104, 106, 110, 146, 151, 159, 168-181, 187, 226, 276, 296- 

301, 305, 308, 310-311, 313, 366, 367, 371, 376, 378, 380, 390, 

397, 434-442). 

qvemoT warmovadgen Sesabamis masalas: 

191

192

193

194

qarTuli eklesia-monastrebis kedlebze, svetebsa 

da stelebze mravlad aris gamoxatuli: rvafurcliani 

varduli, 

rvaqimiani varskvlavi, 

wre rvafurcliani varduliT, 

wre rvaqimiani vars- 

195

kvlaviT, wre borjRaliT, wre ormagi jvriT, 

wre jvriT, jvari, svastika da sxva geometriuli 

da mcenareuli ornamentebi. aseve sakmaod 

xSiria cxvris, lomis, xaris, frinvelisa 

da sxva cocxali arsebebis gamosaxulebebi (ix.: 

CubinaSvili 1936, I; kakabaZe 2003, 17, 35, 128, 129, 163, 

247, 250; Mepisaschwili, Zinzadse 1986, 231, 290, 352, 359, 

362, 364, 365; Gambaschidze, Hauptmann, Slotta, Yalçin 2001, 

32, 40, 42; ramiSvili 2008, 174, tab. XXIV, 1-4; 175, tab. 

XXV, 1-4; 176, tab. XXVI, 3; 178, tab. XXVIII, 1; 180, tab. 

XXX). qarTul xatebsa da jvrebze mocemulia: 

rvafurcliani varduli, rvaqimiani varskvlavi 

da sxva msgavsi niSnebi (Gambaschidze, Hauptmann, Slotta, 

Yalçin 2001, 36, 37, 41, 45). 


196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

kolxur-qarTul oda-saxlebze, darbazis tipis saxlebze, 

dedaboZebze, buxrebze, marnebze, xis WiSkrebsa 

da sxva saxis nagebobebze uxvad aris warmodgenili: 

rvafurcliani varduli, 

rvaqimiani varskvlavi borjRaliT, 

210 

wre varskvlaviT, 

wre borjRaliT, 

wre ormagi jvriT da sxva saxis astraluri 

niSnebi (ix.: CubinaSvili 1936, I; bardaveliZe, Citaia 

1939; Бардавелидзе 1957; Citaia 1967; 2000, 176, sur. 25; 

209, 215; javaxiSvili 1968; jafariZe, javaxiSvili 

1971; Сумбадзе 1984; leJava, kilaZe, giorgobiani 2007, 

3, 7, 8, 20; 27, 30, 31, 33, 37, 55-57, 63, 81, 101, 110, 20-121, 

134, 148-149).


211

4. rvafurcliani vardulis naxat-niSnis amokiTxva 

da aia formis semantikuri paralelebi 

qvemoT mocemulia mimarTeba festosis diskos 

PHD38 naxat-niSansa da proto-qarTvelur-kolxur 

*a a formas Soris. aseve warmodgenilia A xazovani 

damwerlobis ori warweris amokiTxva. 

proto-qarTv.-kolx. *a a _ aia, rvafurcliani varduli, 

rozeti 1 ; 

1 . frang., ingl. rosette (< frang. rose + ette); germ. Rosette; ital. 

rosetta; rus. розéтка da sxva. 

s.-i.-e. * -/* -; avest. [ ] mcenaris dasaxeleba 

> somx. [vard]; qarT. vardi; miken. berZn. [wo-do-we]: PY 

Fr 1203 (S1203-Cii), 1204 (S343-H 4), 1207.1 (H 41) (DMic 2 ); Zv. berZn. 

(atikuri), (eoliuri) > laT. (etruskuli) * > 

laT. rosa > Zv. z.-germ. rōsa; frang., ingl. rose; germ. Rose; Cex. ; 

pol. _ vardi; da sxva (Sdr. Гамкрeлидзе, Иванов 1984, II, 663); 

Turq. gül vardi < saSualo spars. (fal.) [gul] yvavili, vardi < 

Zv. spars. * - > *warda- > fal. [varta]; parT. wār yvavili 

(Sdr.: Paul 1998, 169; Bailey 1930-32, 60, 61); arab. [wárdun] wiTeli 

vardi (Lane 1968, 2935); ebr. [vered] vardi, da sxva. 

rogorc Cans, Zv. spars. * - forma aris nasesxebi berZnul- 

Si, laTinurSi, arabulSi, ebraulSi, somxursa da qarTulSi. 

vardi an lotosi egvipteSi, evropasa da aziaSi gavrcelebuli 

simboloa. magaliTad, vardi Zvel berZnul kulturaSi 

(Géczi 2006, 1-83) mzis RvTaeba heliosis (Greek Lyric, 5, Anonymous, 

Fragment 931; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 39.19 Smd.; Pseudo-Apollodorus, 

Bibliotheca E2.12; Flaccus V, 245 Smd.; www.theoi.com), siyvarulisa 

da silamazis qalRvTaeba 

-sa (homerosi, ìliada~ 

XXIII, 186; Owen 1851, 444; Clapp 1899, 234, 234 186 ; MHM 1991, I, 132) 

da (homerosi, ìliada~ I, 477; Owen 1851, 29; 

mimnerme, `nano~, XII fragmenti) _ vardisferTiTebiani ganTiadis 

qalRvTaeba eosis (aiosi, aisi) atributia. 

212

megr. aia _ 1. названiе какого-то растенiя (Кипшидзе 

1914, 193 (397)); yvavili (anTelava 2006, 5); 2. qalis 

saxeli (Wanturia 2006, 13). 

Cemi Sromis wina nawilSi (kvaSilava 2008, 217-218; 

www.kvashilava-gia.com) festosis diskos naxat-niSanTa 

amokiTxvisTvis warmodgenilia 5.2.1-5 algoriTmi, 

romelic, rogorc cnobilia, warwerebSi iTvaliswinebs 

naxat-niSnebis vertikalur Tu horizontalur 

poziciebs. mzisa da varskvlavis aRmniSvnel naxatniSnisTvis, 

PHD38 rvafurcliani vardulisTvis, 

kretuli damwerlobis 315[1]ARCH S (2/14) 01/CMS 

II, I, 391 da F21DE (261[11]CR()S(3/3)09/CMS XII, 110) 

ieroglifebisTvis, aseve A xazovani damwerlobis 

A044/F0672 niSnisTvis vertikaluri an horizontaluri 

poziciebi ar gansxvavdeba. amitom algoriTmis 

5.2.5 wesisa da zemoT mocemuli masalis mixedviT, es 

niSnebi Cem mier amoikiTxeba rogorc Sesabamisi ormarcvliani 

sityva [*a a]. 

i. bigaim (2008, 22, 36) diskos PHD38 naxat-niSani 

daukavSira berZn. yvavilsa da berZn. 

varskvlavs. igi Seadara kviprosuli marcvlovani 

damwerlobis [a] niSans da amoikiTxa rogorc [a]/ 

[ai] marcvali. 

amokiTxvis marTebulebas agreTve adasturebs is, 

rom A xazovani damwerlobis A044/F0672 niSani 

aris kviprosuli damwerlobis [a], [i], [e] da 

[sa] niSnebisa da B xazovani damwerlobis [i] niSnis 

ligatura da mas amovikiTxav rogorc [a-i-e-sa] 

kompleqss, rac SeiZleba iyos berZn. _ aia. 

metad sainteresoa, agreTve, A xazovani damwerlobiT 

Sesrulebuli SY Za 2 (HM 3429) arqeologiu- 

213

i masalis d striqonSi mocemuli forma (GORILA 

1985, V, 64-65; agreTve ix. KH 97a.1: Younger 2008-2010). 

radgan A008/F0615 da A057/F0692 niSnebi sawyisi 

poziciidan (ix. niSani: Evans 1895, 80, tab. I, 8) 90 0 - 

iT aris Semobrunebuli, e.i. niSnebi vertikalurad 

aris warmodgenili. algoriTmis 5.2.2 wesis mixedviT, 

A008/F0615 culi Cem mier amoikiTxeba rogorc 

Sesabamisi proto-qarTv.-kolx. *a·rgan formidan 

mxolod pirveli marcvali [*a] (kvaSilava 

2009, 305-307), xolo A057/F0692 niSani savaraudod 

_ rogorc [* a]. ase rom, kompleqsi Cem mier amoikiTxeba 

rogorc [*a a]. 

Sesabamisad, k. kretaze, knososSi aRmoCenili KN Za 

18 (HM 2597) arqeologiur masalaze A xazovani damwerlobiT 

amokawrul warweras 

(GORILA 1982, IV, 12-13), romelsac Tu Semdegi 

saxiT aRvadgen 

, algoriTmis 

5.2.2 da 5.2.5 wesebis mixedviT amovikiTxav 

rogorc [/* a-a- a a a-/// a a- a-.-//-.-//] _ `... ia-aia, 

aia(RvTaeba)- ... ia, ia ua- ...~ religiur misamRers, 1 

romelic SesaZlebelia ukavSirdeba RvTaeba aias 

kults. 

am warweraSi algoriTmis 5.2.2 wesis mixedviT 

CH037/F209A da A054/F068B saxlis niSnebi Cem mier 

amoikiTxeba rogorc Sesabamisi proto-qarTv.-kolx. 

* a-da formis mxolod pirveli marcvali [* a]. 

* a-da formas kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megr. 

1 . Sdr. qarTuli xalxuri simReris, `krimanWulis~ misamRers: 

iao-uao-s. 

214

* ode > ude _ saxli 1 Semdegi procesebis Tanaxmad: 

1. -*a >-e kontraqcia, sadac -* saxelobiTi brunvis 

niSania (Sdr.: Кипшидзе 1914, 08 (60); Deeters 1926, III, 

1927, IV, 68; Ciqobava 1936, 30; Tofuria, 1954, VI, 448, 

450-451; gamyreliZe, maWavariani 1965, 165, 165 2-5 , 166, 

166 3 ; kvaSilava 2008, 225); 2. * a>o (Sdr. gamyreliZe, 

maWavariani 1965, 43); 3. o>u (Sdr.: gamyreliZe, ma- 

Wavariani 1965, 289, 289 3 , 290-291; kvaSilava 2009, 302). 

Cem mier amokiTxvas gavamagreb imiTac, rom j. iangerma 

(2008-2010) es warwera, romelic aris ][••]- • 

[•••]- • -[ ][•][ saxis, amoikiTxa rogorc ][••]-JA • 

[•••]-JA • JA-WA-[ ][•][ `savaraudo religiuri teqsti~. 

amokiTxvis marTebulebas agreTve adasturebs sa- 

Tanado miken. berZn. , da niSnebis gaJRereba. m. 

ventrisma B xazovani damwerlobis B008/10000, 

B057/1000A da B054/10037 niSnebi Sesabamisad amoikiTxa 

rogorc [a], [ja] da [wa]. 

amdenad, festosis diskos warweraSi PHD38 

rvafurcliani vardulis naxat-niSans amovikiTxav 

rogorc [*a a] formas da is aris mze-qveynis, aias, 

mogvianod kolxeTis, saqarTvelos Zveli saxelwodeba, 

romelsac Seesabameba berZn. , naT. br. 

(Sdr.: herodote I, 2; II, 103-105; VII, 193, 197; 

apolonios rodoseli I, 174; II, 417, 422, 1094, 1141, 

1185, 1267, 1277; III, 306, 313, 1061; IV, 33, 255, 277-278; yauxCiSvili 

1964, 9-14; 1970, VIII, 2-4; yauxCiSvili 1960, 

18-19, 48-49; 1976-b, 12, 18-19; uruSaZe 1964, 6-8, 10, 63-64; 

1970, 28-29, 347 10 ; lorTqifaniZe 2000, 9 1 ; 1986, 43; Гам- 

1 . Sdr. proto-qarTv.-kolx. * ad-a : saerTo-qarTv. *y ed- (fenrixi, 

sarjvelaZe 2000, 535-536; Ciqobava 1936, 19). Sdr. ude: oda 

_ saxli. 

215

крeлидзе, Иванов 1984, II, 907, 907 1 , 908; gordeziani 2007, 

III, 469, 473). 

aqve aRvniSnav, rom rvafurcliani varduls 

agreTve miviCnev aias samefo ojaxisa da Zalauflebis 

aRmniSvnel simbolod. 

qvemoT warmovadgen aia formis semantikur paralelebs: 

berZn. , naT. br. _ aia anu ea, 1 kolxeTis 

qalaqi (evmelosi; EGF 1877, I, 188 da Smd., 2; uruSaZe 

1948, 224 96 ; 1964, 103); 

berZn. , naT. br. _ aia, qalaqi TesaliaSi, 

Zvel saberZneTSi, pelazgebis samkvidrebelSi (stefane 

bizantieli èTnika~; Meinekius 1849, 36, 37, 20-21; 

uruSaZe 1964, 230); 

berZn. _ aia, gazafxulis nimfa, romelic uyvarda 

mdinaris kolxur RvTaebas, faziss; aia, kun- 

Zuli kolxeTSi (Flaccus V, 426; Smith 1869, I, 22); 

berZn. , naT. br. 2 (homerosi, ìliada~ VIII, 

1; apolonios rodoseli I, 580; Owen 1851, 147; Merkel 

1854, 30, 580; uruSaZe 1970, 66, 580), berZnuli wyaro- 

1 . aia formas kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba ea. es Sesatyvisoba 

aixsneba imiT, rom zanurSi, ufro xSirad ki megrulSi mimdinareobs 

ai->e- (agreTve -ai>-e da -ai->-e-) kontraqcia. mag., 

qarT. maisi > megr. meesi > mesi, romelic miCneulia qarTulidan 

megrulSi nasesxeb formad (Ciqobava 1942, 154; gamyreliZe, 

maWavariani 1965, 165, 166; qajaia 2001, I, 23; Sdr.: Кипшидзе 1914, 

08(60); Deeters 1926, 1927, 68; agreTve ix. : Ciqobava 1936, 30; axvlediani 

1956, 179; Tofuria 1954, 448, 450-451). 

2 . agreTve ix.: homerosi, ìliada~ II, 162, 178; III, 243-244; IV, 

172; VIII, 1; IX, 506; XI, 817; XV, 740; XVI, 539; XXII, 327, 742; XXIV, 

695; òdisea~ I, 41, 75, 203; IV, 262, 521; X, 236, 472; XI, 301; XVIII, 

145; XIX, 301; XXI, 62-63; XXIII, 353; XXIV, 290; Цымбурский 2005, 

309-311 da Smd. 

216

ebis mixedviT, dasturdeba, rom es aris (yauxCiSvili 

1952, IV, II, 315; uruSaZe 1948, 224 96 ; 1964, 479) 

anu doriuli , 1 romlis ionuri formaa , rac 

niSnavs `miwas~, `dedamiwas~ (Theopompi 340; Müllerus 

1841, 332, 340; Perrin, Seymour 1897, Vocabulary, 3; Smith 

1870, II, 195; Вейсман 1899, 2006, 27, 261, 270, 298; MHM 

1991, I, 300; uruSaZe 1964, 319; gordeziani 1999, 53; 2007, 

III, 473); 

berZn. / _ gaia/gea/ge, dedamiwa, qalRvTaeba, 

kolxTa udidesi saficari (apolonios rodoseli 

III, 714-417; Schol. ad. Apoll. Rhod. III, 714; Merkel 

1854, 169-170, 714-717; 467, 714; uruSaZe 1964, 514; 1970, 

350 15 , 364; lorTqifaniZe 1986, 128 8 ; Smith 1870, II, 195); 

miken. berZn. Aiwa _ [a 3 -wa] KN C 973 (Ventris, 

Chadwick 1973, 537; DMic 2 ; Isebaert 2005, 168), 2 romelic 

amoikiTxeba rogorc , Aia – aia, xaris metsaxeli 

(Цымбурский 2005, 309); 

miken. berZn. Aiwjā _ [a 3 -wa-ja] PY En 74.22 (S74- 

H1/S.1), [a 3 -wa- Semdegi niSani ver ikiTxeba] PY Eo 

160.2 (H41/S.41) (Ventris, Chadwick 1973, 537; DMic 2 ; Ise- 

1 . Sdr. megr.: ga _ gora, borcvi (SaraSeniZe 1983, 40-41), goraki, 

seri (qajaia 2001, I, 277). 

2 . e. benetisa da GORILA-s mixedviT mocemulia Tixis firfitebis 

numeracia da Semdegi Semoklebani: a 3 = ai; HT = hagia triada, 

HM = heraklionis muzeumi, KH = xania, KN = knososi, MY = mikeni, 

PY = pilosi, SY = simi, TH = Tebe; adamianTa aRmniSvneli 

ideogramebi warmoadgens A da B klasebs, Sinauri cxovelebis 

ideogramebi _ C da D klasebs, marcvleulis ideograma _ E 

klass, marcvleulisa da sxva produqtebis ideogramebi _ F da 

G klasebs, brinjaosa da oqros ideogramebi _ J klass, tansacmlis 

ideograma _ L klass, sxvadasxva WurWlis ideogramebi 

_ T klass, samxedro aRWurvilobis ideogramebi _ R da S 

klasebs da a. S. (ix. CoTaliSvili 2003, 184). 

217

aert 2005, 168), romelic s. hilerma (1991, 214) da v. 

cimburskim (2005, 308) amoikiTxes rogorc , 

Aiaia (Sdr.: Isebaert 2005, 168; gordeziani 2007, III, 481; 

gordeziani 1999, 100; gordeziani 2009, 78) _ aiaia, 

`RvTis mona~ qalis saxeli (Efkleidou 2004, 61; gordeziani 

2009, 79, 79 20 ); 

berZn. , naT. br. _ kunZuli aiaia (homerosi, 

òdisea~ X, 135; XII, 4; apolonios rodoseli 

III, 1074; Perrin, Seymour 1897, 77, 99; 135; Vocabulary, 58; 

79, 72; 84, 1; gordeziani 2007, III, 475); 

berZn. , naT. br. _ aiaia, kirkes da 

medeas epiTeti (homerosi, òdisea~ IX, 32; ix. qvemoT); 

aqad.-babil. [ d a·a], d A-ya, d A-i-ya, d Aya _ aia, 

dedaRvTaeba, mze-qalRvTaeba, mze-RvTaeba SamaSis 

meuRle (Black, Green 1992, 173; Нозадзе 2007, 63; gordeziani 

1999, 53); 

urart. [ d a-i-a] _ RvTaeba aia (miwis RvTaeba); 

A-i-e – miwaSi (Sayce 1882, 683); 

aqad.-babil. [ d e 2·a] 1 (Leick 1998, 37; DDD 1999, 

126; Collon 2007, 1) _ RvTaeba ea, `wylis saxli~ (Sumer. 

1 . e. kingi (1888, 8, 58-59), J. botero (2004) da sxvebi varaudoben, 

rom am SemTxvevaSi dasavleT semituri (qanaanuri) gamoTqma 

ebr. [yah] aris aqad. ea anu Sumer. [ d en·ki/gi 5 ] (Civil 

2009, 15; PSD) _ enqi, miwis ufali (Sumer. en _ ufali; ki _ miwa: 

Halloran 2006, 6, 12; MHM 1992, II, 662). [yah] ibrunvis semituri 

daboloebiT yahw = yahu, romelic SeiZleba Camoyalibebuliyo 

Zveli aRTqmis [jhwh] TanxmovanTa mimdevrobis formaSi 

(biblia, gamosvla 3.14: 

[’ahyh ’ašr ’ahyh] _ me var, 

romelic var; fsalmuni 111.1: [halelu-yah] _ adideT ufali 

RmerTi!). [yah] aseve ereodaT ugaritul Áam formasTan, mdinarisa 

da zRvis RvTaebasTan, romlis adrindeli saxeli sul 

cota erT uZveles wyaroSi mainc iyo Ya(h)w/Ya’a (dasavleT- 

218

a _ wyali; a, a-a – mama; e 2 _ saxli; taZari: King 1888, 22, 

51; Halloran 2006, 3, 71; ETCSL); 

ebr. [’ayh], Aiah, Ajah, Aia – saxeli aia (biblia, 

dabadeba 36.24; I neStTa 1.40; II mefeTa 3.7; 21.8, 10); 

ebr. [‛yh], Hai, Ai, Aija, Aia _ toponimi 

(biblia, neemia 11.31); 

Zv. ind. Āyú _ sicocxlis Zala (MHM 1991, I, 146); 

ugar. ayaku; xurit. Ayakun _ RvTaeba (Нозадзе 2007, 

64); 

xurit. d A·a·ak·ki, ayakki _ sakulto sagani taZarSi 

(Нозадзе 2007, 64); 

xeT. ayakki _ sakulto sagani taZarSi; iSTaris 

epiTeti (Hoffner 2009, 2; tatiSvili 2006, 1, 23); 

xeT. GIŠ e a-, GIŠ eya(n)- _ eia, mardmwvane wminda xe, 

urTxeli (), romlis kults ukavSirdeba sakraluri 

cxvris tyavis rituali (Гамкрeлидзе, Иванов 1984, II, 

907, 582; tatiSvili 2007, 2, 5); igi gamoiyeneboda erTgvar 

simbolod sxvadasxva moqalaqeobrivi movaleobebisgan, 

mag., gadasaxadebebisgan da yoveldRiuri 

Sesasrulebeli samuSaosgan gaTavisuflebisas (Hoffner 

2009, 8); 

semituri zmnuri Ziri * wy > * yy- > ebr. [hyh-], romelic niSnavda 

`yofnas~, `sicocxles~, am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs `gazafxuls~, 

`wylis Tavze molivlives~; Sdr. biblia, dabadeba 1.2; 3.20: 

[ wh] _ eva). Tumca eac da Áamic wylis RvTaebebia. ea iyo Semoqmedi 

da miwisqveSidan momdinare mtknari wylis RvTaeba, 

xolo enqi iyo miwis gamanayofirebeli RvTaeba (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki). 

Teodorite kvirelma (Haereticarum fabularum compendium 241, 

1673) dawera ebr. TanxmovanTa mimdevrobis ekvivalenturi 

formebi: [iao] da [aia]; agreTve ix. diodore sicilieli 

I, 94: [iao]. 

Sdr. ebr. [yah]: egvipt. [ỉ‛ ] _ mTvare. 

219

megr. aia-JaSxa/aia-JeSxa; svan. aia-miSladeR, aiamiSlad 

R _ aia-mzis dRe, warmarTuli dResaswaulis 

sadidmarxvo kvira dRis saxeli 1 (Кобалія 1903, 103; 

Кипшидзе 1914, 229 (433), 193; qajaia 2001, I, 169; miqelaZe 

1974; anTelava 2006, 5; gordeziani 1999, 53; 

2007, III, 474). 

5. qveyana aias adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb 

ramdenadac festosis diskos warweraSi PHD38 

rvafurcliani vardulis naxat-niSans amovikiTxav rogorc 

[*a a] formas, romlis mniSvnelobaa qveyana aia. 

qvemoT ganvixilav mis geografiul adgilmdebareobas. 

amisTvis aucilebelia Zvel berZen avtorTa cnobebis, 

asuruli da urartuli wyaroebisa da am masalebis 

mecnierTa mier analizis Sedegebis warmodgena 

(ix. lorTqifaniZe 1986, 30-76). 

herodotes (aia _ kolxeTi: I, 2; VII, 193, 197; 

kolxebi: II, 103-105; III, 97; IV, 37, 40; VII, 79), apolonios 

rodoselis (aia: II, 422, 1094, 1141, 1185, 1267; 

1 . samegreloSi, afxazeTsa da svaneTSi aioba iyo erT-erTi warmarTuli 

dResaswauli, romelic imarTeboda baiobis _ bzobis 

wina kvira dRes. am dRes megrelebi da afxazebi gazafxulis yvavilebiT, 

iebiT Seamkobdnen sacxovrebel da sameurneo nagebobebs 

da yvavilebs yvelgan moabnevdnen ezoSi (anTelava 2006, 5. 

masala momawoda n. RambaSiZem, risTvisac mas guliTad madlobas 

movaxseneb), sruldeboda qvevris (lagvanis) dalocva (qajaia 

2009, IV, 24). n. anTelavas (2006, 5) miaCnia, rom aioba iyo gazafxulze 

mzis buniobisadmi miZRvnili dResaswauli. dResaswauli 

aia ixsenieba Semdeg megrul xalxur leqsSi (Кобалia 1903, 

103; Кипшидзе 1914, 188): 

220

III, 306, 1061; IV, 255, 277-278; kolxeTi: I, 174; II, 1277; III, 

313; IV, 33; aia _ kolxeTi: II, 417), strabonisa (XI, 1, 4; 

2, 1; 2, 14-18; 3, 2; 3, 4; 5, 5; 14, 4; 14, 15; XII, 1, 1; 3, 1-2; 3, 

13; 3, 17-18; 3, 28-29; 4, 3) da sxvebis (Euripid., Medea 2) 

cnobebis yovelmxvrivi analiziT s. yauxCiSvili (1964, 

9-14; 1970, VIII, 2-4), T. yauxCiSvili (1960, 18-19, 48-49; 

1976-b, 12, 18-19), ak. uruSaZe (1970, 28-29, 347 10 ; 1964, 6-8, 

10, 63-64) da oT. lorTqifaniZe (2000, 9 1 ; 1986, 32, 43, 

128 8 ; 1989, 213) asabuTeben, rom aia aris kolxeTis 

sinonimi ( / ) da aia aris am qveynis uZvelesi 

saxelwodeba, xolo kolxeTi _ SedarebiT axali 

(agreTve ix.: Smith 1896, 15; Perrin, Seymour 1897, 

Vocabulary, 3; Гамкрeлидзе, Иванов 1984, II, 907, 907 1 , 908; 

Gambaschidze, Hauptmann, Slotta, Yalçin 2001, 196 da Smd.; 

gordeziani 2007, III, 469, 473). 

berZnuli wyaroebze dayrdnobiT s. yauxCiSvili 

(1964, 13), ak. uruSaZe (1964, 6-10) da oT. lorTqifaniZe 

(2000, 9 1 ) weren, rom aia (resp. ea) iyo dasavleT saqarTvelos 

uZvelesi saxelwodeba. 

hekateos miletelis (Zv.w. VI s.) cnobis 1 mixedviT, 

m. janaSvili (1906, 3) wers, rom `mosxni (= mesxni _ 

qarTvelebi) kolxis gvartomni arian. maSasadame, 

TviT kolxic yofila igive qarTveli~. 

berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT, ak. uruSaZe (1948, 

224 96 ; 1964, 55), T. miqelaZe (1974, 72, 79-85, 164-168), T. 

yauxCiSvili (1976-a, 589) da oT. lorTqifaniZe (2000, 

9 1 ; 1986, 43; 1989, 219) weren, rom / _ aiakolxeTi 

mdebareobda evqsinis pontos anu Savi zRvis 

samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT sanapiroebze. 

qvemoT ganvixilav sxvadasxva berZnul wyaroebs: 

1 . ` , ~ (Hecatæi fragmenta 

188, Müllerus 1841, I, 13; agreTve ix.: lomouri 1963; xazaraZe 1984). 

221

homerosi òdiseaSi~ (XII, 1-4; agreTve ix.: X, 135; 

XI, 70; Perrin, Seymour 1897, 135; Dindorf 1855, II, 457, 135, 

5-6) wers: 

òdes datova okeanis Rrma mdinareba da gadakveTa 

vrceli zRvis talRa, xomaldi miadga kunZul 

aiaie’s, sadac aisze Sobili eosis sasaxleSi ferxuli 

ewyoba da sadac heliosi aRmosvlas iwyebs...~ 

(uruSaZe 1964, 176; 1970, 355 29 ). 

`[homerosis] es aRweriloba uTuod gulisxmobs 

aRmosavleTiT mdebare mxares, saidanac mze amodis... 

berZen komentatorTa cnobiT [resp. ] _ 

aiaia [resp. aiaie] igivea, rac _ aia, oRond erTi 

marcvliT ganvrcobili... [es] oTxi taepi [òdiseidan~] 

imaze miuTiTebs, rom kirkes aiaia dasavleTSi 

(tireniis zRvaSi) ki ar aris sagulvebeli, aramed 

swored aRmosavleTSi, kolxeTSi... aia’s gadatana etruriaSi 

miTis gviandeli versiebis produqtia. rac 

Seexeba imas, rom homerosi aias (kolxeTs) kunZulis 

saxeliT moixseniebs, es dabrkolebas ar qmnis. antikur 

wyaroebSi kunZuli yovelTvis imas rodi niSnavs, 

rasac Cven vgulisxmobT dRes am sityvaSi, aramed 

iseT mxares, romelic zRvasa da mdinareTa Sorisaa 

moqceuli da gasasvlelad xmeleTis viwro yeliRa 

aqvs~ (uruSaZe 1964, 493 6 ; 1970, 350 11 , 355 29 ). 

citatas òdiseidan~ (IX, 31-32; Perrin, Seymour 1897, 

77, 99): 

222

_ `mayovnebda Tavis sasaxleSi aiaieli 1 grZneuli 

kirke, _ surda misi meuRle gavmxdariyav~ (uruSaZe 

1964, 174, 175, 178), evstaTi Tesalonikeli (Eustathius 

1825, 321, 1614, 14-19) ase ganmartavs: 

`... aiaie [ixmareba] kolxikes nacvlad adgilis 

saxelis mixedviT. aia kolxeTis qalaqia sxvebTanac 

da likofronTanac. 2 mis moqalaqe kacs hqvia aiamoqalaqe 

qals _ aiaia, xolo kirkes kunZulsac _ 

aiaia amave kirkes gamo. sxvaTa Soris, Tu kunZul 

aiaias Tavdapirveli saxeli aris ori ai, [maSin] 

iqaur kirkesac mesame ai unda hqonoda, raTa yofiliyo 

aiaiaie, rac ar ixmareba misi cudi JRerado- 

1 . aiaieli aris kirkes (Perrin, Seymour 1897, Vocabulary, 3; Smith 

1896, 15) da medeas epiTeti, romelic miRebulia aia sityvidan 

(Smith 1869, I, 23). mag., (homerosi òdisea~ XII, 268, 

273; Eustathius 1828, 15), (òdiseis~ IX, 32 sqolio; 

Dindorf 1855, II, 408, 32, 14-19; apolonios rodoseli IV, 559; 

Merkel 1854, 234) _ aiaieli kirke (uruSaZe 1964, 177; 1970, 278, 

279); (apolonios rodoseli III, 1136; Merkel 1854, 

190) _ aiaieli medea (uruSaZe 1970, 234, 235). 

2 . aseve ix.: Strabo I, 2.39; Schol. ad Eurip., Medea 2; Schol. ad. Apoll. 

Rhod. II, 417; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 1024; EGF 1877, I, 189; Eustathius 1828, 

15; Bachmann 1830, 327, 1011-1046; Merkel 1854, 414, 417, 25-26; Jones 

1960, I, 166-167; uruSaZe 1964, 195, 238, 240, 304, 310, 325, 414. 

223

isa da ukve xsenebuli omonimis gamo. xolo geografosi 

[straboni 1 ] asaxelebs qalaq aias fazisTan da 

amiT imas ambobs, rom kolxeTis am aiasTan axlos 

aris kirkes kunZuli aiaiec~ (yauxCiSvili 1970, VIII, 

2; uruSaZe 1964, 183, 412; 1970, 355 29 ). 

òdiseis~ IX, 32 sqolioSi komentatori (Dindorf 

1855, II, 408, 32, 14-5) wers, rom ` 

~ _ àiaia xom kolxeTis qalaqia~ (uruSaZe 

1964, 177). mas miaCnia, rom kirkes samkvidrebeli 

aiaia ar mdebareobs centraluri italiis tireniis 

(etruriis) sanapirosTan axlos (uruSaZe 1964, 493 8 ). 

mimnermes TxzulebaSi, `nano~-s XI fragmentSi 

(Diehl 1954; uruSaZe 1964, 201, 202) weria: 

`TviT iasonic verasdros ver wamoiRebda diad 

sawmiss aiadan, Tumca tvirTmZime gza ganvlo zviadi 

peliasis uZnelesi davalebis Sesasruleblad; verc 

okeanes lamaz nakads ver miaRwevdnen [argonavtebi, 

medeas siyvaruls rom ar eSvela]... 2 aq mali heli- 

1 . ix.: straboni I, 2, 10, 39; Hamilton 1854, 31-32, 72. 

2 . `kuTxovan frCxilebSi Casmuli sityvebiT elegiis naklulovani 

adgili Seavso g. kaibelma (1887, 510), romelmac amisaTvis 

gamoiyena apolonios rodoselis àrgonavtikis~ III, 2-3 taepebi: 

... _ `... waiRo iasonma 

medeas siyvarulis wyalobiT sawmisi [kolxeTidan] iolkosSi~ 

(uruSaZe 1964, 301 * ; 1948, 110; 1970, 176, 177). Sdr.: hesiode, `Teo- 

224

osis sxivebi Zevs oqros darbazSi, aietis qalaqSi, 

okeanes sanapiroze, sadac waremarTa RvTaebrivi iasoni~ 

(uruSaZe 1964, 201, 202). 

Zv.w. VIII s.-Si evmelos korinTeli (Corinthiaca 2; 

Schol. ad Pind. Ol. XIII, 74; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 174; EGF 1877, 

I, 188, 189; uruSaZe 1964, 194, 2a; 195, 2b) da Zv.w. VI-V 

ss.-Si pindare (uruSaZe 1964, 203, piTiuri IV, 15-22; 

213, Str. 10, 210-215; Wheelwright 1830, 104, 21; Colin 1841, 

187, Str. 10) moixsenieben Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosTan 

mdebare qveynis saxels _ kolxeTs 1 (uru- 

SaZe 1948, 224 1 , 23; Smith 1854, I, 642-643). 

herodote (I, 2; VII, 193, 197; Godley 1920, 4; 1938, 510, 

514) wers: 

`grZeli xomaldiT moscures [argonavtebma] aiakolxidaSi, 

mdinare fasisTan, da iq, rodesac gaakeTes 

is, ris gulisTvisac movidnen, moitaces mefis 

asuli medeÁa... eseni micuravdnen aiaSi, kolxidaSi, 

sawmisisaTvis... movida es kitisorosi aia _ kolxidadan...~ 

(yauxCiSvili 1975, 37; 1976-a, 472, 473). 

gonia~, 992-996 (Evelyn-White 1914, 14; uruSaZe 1964, 187); straboni I, 

2, 40 (Hamilton 1854, 73). 

1 . kolxeTi an kolxebi ix., mag., Herod. I, 104; II, 104; 

Lycophr., Alexandra 1022 (Bachmann 1830, 215; uruSaZe 1964, 301); Strabo 

XI, 2, 17-18 (Kramer 1852, 10, XI, 2, 17-18); Schol. ad. Apoll. Rhod. III, 1040 

(Merkel 1854, 474, 20-23); da sxvagan. - (Suida 1705, 

II, 341) _ kolxeTi - lazeTi. 

225

apolonios rodoseli (II, 417-418, 1246-1250, 1260- 

1261, 1266-1270; III, 1135; IV, 277-281; Merkel 1854, 91, 133, 

134, 190, 219) wers: 

226

àia _ kolxeTi xom zRvisa da miwis dasalierSi 

mdebareobs... da ai, ukve gamoCnda pontos ukiduresi 

yure da kavkasiis mTebis maRali mwvervalebic aRimarTnen. 

aq spilenZis borkilebiT pirquS kldeebze 

mijaWvuli promeTe Tavisi RviZliT kvebavda arwivs, 

romelic ganuwyvetliv miiswrafoda misken... RamiT, 

[argonavtebma] argosis gamocdilebis wyalobiT, miaRwies 

farTod momdinare faziss da pontos ukidures 

sazRvars... [gmirebs] xelmarcxniv ekavaT maRali 

kavkasioni da aias qalaqi kÂtaiisi 1 ; aqve iyo are- 

1 . aseve berZnul wyaroebSi daculi formebia: , , 

, , , , , , da 

sxva (ix.: Lycophron 1312; Bachmann 1830, 335, 1312; Merkel 1854, 99, 399, 

403; 413, 399, 26-27, 32, 34; Schol. ad. Apoll. Rhod. II, 399; Orpheus 1764, 116, 

819; Eustathius 1825, 161, 1493, 49; 1828, 275; Suida 1705, II, 404), romlebsac 

Seesabameba qarT. quTa-is-i; imer. quTe-is-i; megr. quTe-S-i; svan. quT- 

S (Sdr.: yauxCiSvili 1964, 50; uruSaZe 1964, 6, 28, 66, 103, 138, 182, 295, 

296, 301, 304, 310-312, 324, 326, 474, 481, 493 12 da Smd.; 1970, 28-30, 128, 345 35 , 

373; 1948, 218 28 da Smd.; gordeziani 1999, 98, 101; 2007, III, 471-472); Sdr. 

227

erZn. : quTa _ Sumeris uZvelesi qalaqi (biblia, IV mefeTa 

17.24); megr. quTa _ kacis saxeli (Wanturia 2006, 71). 

friqses Svilis saxelis variantebSi / (Herodotus 

VII, 197; Strabo XII, 3, 10; uruSaZe 1964, 285, 432, 488; gordeziani 

2007, III, 471 2 ) da am formebidan warmoebul toponimSi T. 

yauxCiSvili (1957, 19-20) gamoyofs - Zirs da gamoTqvams mosazrebas, 

rom toponimi sakmaod adre iyo cnobili (agreTve 

ix.: uruSaZe 1970, 373; gordeziani 1999, 98). 

metad sayuradReboa is, rom d. pakardi (1974, 148, 153) k. kretaze 

aRmoCenili A xazovani damwerlobiT Sesrulebul firfitebze 

adasturdebs Semdeg formebs: [KI-TA-I] HT 123a.1-2 (HM 

1367+ 1371) da [KU-TA- Semdegi niSani ver ikiTxeba] 

HT 115b.4 (HM 1360) (GORILA 1976, I, 190-191; 210-211; Younger 2008- 

2010), romlebic Sesabamisad daukavSira miken. berZn.: [ku- ạ-ijo] 

KN As (2) 1517.7 (s. 102); [ku-ta-i-to] KN C 902.10 (s. 201), Xd 146.2 

(DMic 2 ; Isebaert 2005, 156, 161) da [ku- ạ - Semdegi niSani ver ikiTxeba] 

KN X 5534.1, X 9443.1, X 9321 (DMic 2 ), xolo eseni amoikiTxes 

rogorc , (Sdr.: Лурье 1957, 205; uruSaZe 1964, 138 91 ; 

1974, 373; gordeziani 1999, 101; 2007, III, 472; gordeziani 2009, 79 21 ). 

aseve dasturdeba Semdegi miken. berZn. formebi: [kuta-i-si- 

Semdegi niSani ver ikiTxeba] KN X 7891; [ku-ta-i-si- ọ] 

KN X 7891; [ku-ta-si-jo] KN Da 1394.B (s. 117), Dv 1237.B (s. 117); 

[ku-ta-ti- Semdegi niSani ver ikiTxeba] KN X 1538.1; 

[ku-ta-ti-ja-qe] KN G 820.3; [ku-ta-ti-jo] KN As (2) 1516.12, Ga (2) 

419.2b, Ga (2) 673.1, Wb 5662, X 7897.b; [ku-ta-to] KN Ce 59.2b da 

sxva (DMic 2 ; agreTve ix.: Ventris, Chadwick 1953; Лурье 1957, 205; Isebaert 

2005, 156, 160, 161; uruSaZe 1974, 373; 1964, 138 91 ; 493, 394, 499 31 ; 

gordeziani 1999, 101; 2007, III, 472); berZn. , , 

(gordeziani 2009, 79, 79 21 ; CoTaliSvili 2003, 107). 

berZnul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT ak. uruSaZe (1964, 138 91 ) wers, 

rom zemoT mocemuli miken. berZn. formebi pelasguri warmomavlobisa 

Cans; kreta pelasgTa samkvidrebeli iyo da masTan qarTvelur 

tomebs mravali Zafi akavSirebda (janaSia 1959, III, 193). 

r. gordeziani (1999, 101; 2007, III, 472-473; 2008, IV, 105) kolxur 

-sa da kretul -s adarebs saerTo-qarTvelur 

*quTais-s. 

228

sis veli da am RmerTis wmida Walaki, sadac gvele- 

Sapi fxizlad icavda muxis foTlebiT Seburvil totebze 

Camokidebul sawmiss... heras hqonda gadawyvetili, 

rom aiaieli medeas samSoblo miwa daetovebina 

da peliasis dasaRupavad wminda iolkosSi misuliyo... 

xolo aia axlac mtkiced dgas da aq [cxovroben] 

im [egviptel] vaJkacTa Camomavalni, romlebic 

man [faraonma sesostrisma] aiaSi samosaxlod daamkvidra. 

1 amaT Senaxuli aqvT TavianTi mamaTgan naweri 

kirbebi, romlebzedac irgvliv mogzaurTaTvis na- 

Cvenebia zRvisa da xmeleTis yvela gza da sazRvari~ 

(uruSaZe 1970, 129, 173, 235, 265, 351 7 , 352 8 ). 

apolonios rodoselis àrgonavtikis~ sqoliasti 

(Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod III, 1074, 1093; Merkel 1854, 474, 

1074, 28-30; 476, 1093, 1-3) aiaias kunZulis saxelze 

aseT ganmartebebs gvaZlevs: 

`fazisSi aris kunZuli aiaia, sadac ido sawmisi. 

[aiaia] kolxTa dedaqalaqia~ (uruSaZe 1964, 330); 

1 . àia ki axlac rCeba _ [argosi] ambobs, rom aia sesonqosisis 

[egvipt. 

_ sesostrisi] droebidan mokidebuli 

uryevad dgas da misi mkvidrni sesonqosisis mier 

Camosaxlebul [egviptelTa] STamomavalebi arian...~ (Schol. ad 

Apol. Rhod. IV, 277; Merkel 1854, 497, 277, 6-8; uruSaZe 1964, 332). 

Sdr.: herodote II, 103-105; pliniusi ufrosi XXXIII, 15, 52 

(Bostock, Riley 1857, 93-94); agreTve ix. lamberti 1991, 14-15. 

229

`kunZul aiaias: metobs marcvali ai, vinaidan 

aris aias kunZulis. aia kolxTa dedaqalaqia. moixsenieba 

kunZuli fazisSi, sadac, rogorc ferekide 

ambobs, sawmisi [iyo]~ (uruSaZe 1964, 257). 

stefane bizantieli èTnikaSi~ (Meinekius 1849, 36, 

16-28; Holstenius, Berkelius 1885, 24, 29-31) aiaze wers: 

àia: kolxTa qalaqi, aietis dafuZnebuli, [Savi] 

zRvisgan daSorebulia samasi stadioniT; mas Camoudis 

ori mdinare: hipposi [cxeniswyali] da kÂaneosi 

[texuri], romlebic [qalaqs] naxevarkunZulad hqmnian...~ 

(yauxCiSvili 1936, III, 274; uruSaZe 1964, 230; agreTve 

ix.: uruSaZe 1948, 218 29 da Smd.; Lordkipanidze 

2000, 15, sur. 1). 

aqve warmovadgen k. kretze aRmoCenili zogi warweris, 

agreTve asuruli da urartuli warwerebis 

amokiTxvis magaliTebs. 

d. pakardma (1974, 146) k. kretaze, hagia-triadaSi 

aRmoCenili A xazovani damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli 

HT 117 (HM 1364) firfitis a7 striqonSi mocemuli 

forma [KU-KU-DA-RA] 1 (GORILA 1976, I, 196-197) 

daukavSira miken. berZn. formebs: [ko-ki-da] KN 

Sd 4403.a (L 128); KN So (1) 4430.a (L 130) da [ko-kide-jo] 

KN Fh 5465 (141) (Evans 1952, II, pl. XIV, 04.03; 

CoMIK 1990, II, 204, 216; DMic 2 ), romlebic o. landaum 

(1958, 72), s. hilerma (1991, 214, 214 53 ) da sxvebma Sesabamisad 

amoikiTxes rogorc , _ 

1 . Sdr. miken. berZn. anTroponimi [ku-ka-da-ro] KN Uf (2) 

836.b (122) (DMic 2 ; Younger 2008-2010). 

230

kolxida, kolxideli (Sdr.: gordeziani 1999, 100; 

2007, III, 470; gordeziani 2009, 76, 76 7 , 77). 

T. gamyreliZem (1999; 2002, 45-46; 2004), uaxlesi gamokvlevebis 

Tanaxmad, kolxuri saxelmwifoebriobis 

arseboba Zv. w.-is XV s.-Si ivarauda, ramdenadac 

mikenuri epoqis berZnul warwerebSi (Zv. w. XV-XIV 

ss.) dokumenturad dasturdeba mravali saxeli, romlebic 

àrgonavtebis miTidan~ iyo cnobili, maT Soris 

iseTi saxelebi, rogoricaa `(qveyana) aia~, `kolxida~, 

ìasoni~ (miken. berZn. [i-wa-so] KN Xd 7756; 

PY An 519.8, 654.17, 661.3 (S657-H 1), PY Cn 655.6 (S719-H 

1); berZn. , ) da sxva. 

asuruli lursmuli warwerebis (tiglaTfileser 

I, Zv. w. 1115/1114-1077/1076) yovelmxrivi analiziT g. 

meliqiSvili (1954, 22 da Smd., 407-408; 1970, I, 369, 369 3 , 

370) amoikiTxavs Kil i 1 (Kir i: Luckenbill 1926, I, 92, 270) 

1 . `saWiroa aRvniSnoT, rom bevri mkvlevari [mag., C. F. Lehmann-Haupt, 

И. М. Дьяконов da sxvebi] Kil- i saxels ab- i-s saxiT 

kiTxulobs. pirvel niSans ( ), romliTac es saxeli iwereba, 

Kil-Tan erTad ab da zogi sxva marcvlis mniSvnelobac gaaCnia~ 

(meliqiSvili 1970, 369 3 ). 

tiglaTfileser I erT-erT warweraSi ambobs: `TuqulTiafileSara,.. 

romelmac daipyro ab i-s qveyna did zRvamde~. g. meliqiSvilis 

(1970, 367-369) mier Seswavlili asuruli warwerebis 

mixedviT, `didi zRva~ aris `zemo zRva~ da mas miaCnia, rom `zemo 

zRva~ Savi zRvaa. 

vfiqrob, rom zemoT mocemul warweraSi imave lursmuli 

niSnebiT SesaZloa aRiniSneba qveyana ab i (Sdr. ab- i/a, a- 

ab- i/a-: CAD 1956, 6, 15), romelic ar mdebareobda vanis tbis 

samxreT-dasavleTiT da, albaT, masSi igulisxmeba xalibebis 

( : herodote I, 28; Suida 1705, III, 652; yauxCiSvili 1952, IV, 

II, 324) qveyana. 

Cems mosazrebas gavamagreb imiTac, rom asur. ab- i-s Zirs, 

sadac - i xuritul-urartuli kuTvnilebis sufiqsia (meliqiSvi- 

231

formas, romelsac aigivebs -Tan (agreTve ix.: 

lorTqifaniZe 1986, 45; gordeziani 2007, III, 469; gordeziani 

2009, 79-80). 

urartuli lursmuli warwerebis (sarduri II, Zv. 

w. 750-748 da 744-742) mixedviT, g. meliqiSvili (1962, 

320 da Smd.; 1970, I, 386-389, 39-40; 2004, 98, 107-109) Qul a 1 

formas aigivebs -Tan (Лордкипанидзе 1989, 219, 

210; Lordkipanidze 1991, 110; lorTqifaniZe 1986, 44; 

lorTqifaniZe 2007, 149; agreTve ix.: Salvini 1995, 70; 

gordeziani 2009, 80). 

6. saxeli aietis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb 

Zvel berZnul wyaroebSi dadasturebulia saxeli 

/ _ aieti, romelic nawarmoebia _ 

aia qveynis saxelidan. 

li 1970, 382, 364), Seesatyviseba berZn. -i. marTlac, kolx. 

*xal b- > *xa b- > *xab-, sadac -*l - > -* - > -ø- procesi refleqsuria. 

es procesi amJamadac dasturdeba megruli enis senakuri 

kilos banZur-martvilur TqmaSi. mag., Zalami/ZalÁami/ 

ZaÁami/Zaami/Zami _ Zalian (Кипшидзе 1914, 373; qajaia 2001, I, 18; 

2002, II, 372, 374). 

yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg, vfiqrob, rom misaRebia asuruli 

lursumuli niSnebis orive amokiTxva: KUR Kil- i da KUR abi. 

es formebi ukavSirdeba qarTveluri tomis, xalibebis qveynis 

saxels, kolxeTs, romelic mdebareobda `did zRvasTan~ 

(Sav zRvasTan). 

1 . urart. KUR qul- a-i, KUR qu-ul- a-i-di, KUR qu-ul- a- a-li-e- i – kulxa 

(155 C, 2; 155 D, 3, 6, 9: Марръ, Opбелі 1922, 47-51; Sayce 1929, 95-96; 

Меликишвили 1953, #4; Арутюнян 2001, 519), romlebSic [o] xmovnis 

nacvlad aris [u], radgan lursmul damwerlobaSi [o] xmovani 

ar aisaxeba (tatiSvili 2009, 23). 

urartul warweraSi (155 D, 5) kolxeTis mefis saxeli I [1]-šái 

aris naxsenebi, magram samwuxarod, am saxelis pirveli marcvali 

waSlilia, darCenilia misi daboloeba -šá- i (Меликишвили 

1953, #4; meliqiSvili 1970, I, 388). 

232

qvemoT ganvixilav am masalas: 

berZnul miTologiidan cnobilia, rom `[oqros] 

verZma aTamasis vaJi [friqse] Savi zRvis maxloblad 

mdebare mziur eaSi (resp. aia) miiyvana. [aiasa da 

korinToSi] mefobda mzis RmerTis, heliosisa [da 

perseis] vaJi _ aieti. 1 mas hyavda ori asuli: mSvenieri 

medea 2 da qalkiope da vaJi _ afsirte~ (uruSaZe 

1948, 13; agreTve ix. Smith 1869, I, 24). 

straboni `geografiaSi~ (I, 2, 39; Jones 1960, 166; 

agreTve ix.: qsenofonti V, 6, 37; uruSaZe 1964, 291) wers: 

`... is, rom kolxeTze mefobda aieti, sarwmunodaa 

miCneuli; iqaurebSi es saxeli adgilobrivia~ (uru- 

SaZe 1964, 414). 

fsevdo-orfevsis poema àrgonavtika~ eZRvneba argonavtebis 

laSqrobas mzis qveynaSi, aiaSi, kolxeTSi 

(uruSaZe 1964, 63, 64). poemaSi gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia 

kolxTa mefis, heliosis Zis, mzis vaJis _ aietis 

mzesTan Sedareba. mag., 809-812 taipebi (Orpheus 1764, 114): 

1 . ix.: evmelosi korinTeli, Corinthiaca 2; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 1024; 

EGF 1877, I, 189 (uruSaZe 1964, 22, 195, 2c); Lycophr., Alexandra 1024 

(Bachmann 1830, 215; uruSaZe 1964, 301). 

2 . r. jankom (1982, 2007, 247; Sdr.: gordeziani 1999, 101; 2007, 481- 

482; gordeziani 2009, 79) miken. berZn. anTroponims [me-dejo] 

KN B (5) 800.4 (s. 104) (DMic 2 ; Isebaert 2005, 64) daukavSira 

-i (medeiosi, medeas da iasonis vaJi). 

233

àieti heliosis darad brwyinavda etlze [aRmar- 

Tuli] oqros peplosidan aTinaTebuli elvarebiT; 

Tavs edga cecxlovani sxivebiT Semkobili foCebiani 

gvirgvini~ (uruSaZe 1964, 64). 

pindares sqoliastis (Drachmann 1903, 372, 74d) azriT, 

aieti aias eponimia: 

`... heliosisa da antiopes Zes _ aiets usmines, daefuZnebina 

kolxeTSi misgan saxelis mqone qalaqi...~ 

(uruSaZe 1964, 217, b; 496 8 ). 

stefane bizantieli èTnikaSi~ (Meinekius 1849, 36, 

18-20) wers: 

234

`... [aiasgan] unda iyos nawarmoebi àietes~, rogorc 

àzia~ _ àziates~ [=àzieli~], ise àia~ _ àiates~ da 

àietes~ [=àieli~]...~ (yauxCiSvuli 1936, III, 274; uruSaZe 

1964, 230, 496 13 ; lorTqifaniZe 1986, 30; Лордкипанидзе 

1989, 213). 

agreTve evstaTi Tesalonikeli (Eustathius 1825, 

321, 1614, 19-20) wers: 

`gmirma aietmac saxeli amave aias [saxelwodebidan] 

aiRo, amas Zveli [mwerlebi] cxadyofen~ (yauxCiSvili 

1970, VIII, 2; uruSaZe 1964, 183; lorTqifaniZe 1986, 32). 

`rogorc Cans, Seqmnilia mefis saxeli aieti (berZn. 

= + ). saerTod cnobilia, rom berZnul- 

Si bolosarTi - - aRniSnavs warmomavlobas. magali- 

Tad, _ qalaqi, xolo [Holstenius, Berkelius 

1885, 353, 10-11] _ moqalaqe; [gamarjvebis 

qalaqi] _ [Holstenius, Berkelius 1885, 315, 11- 

13] _ nikopoleli, _ [Holstenius, 

Berkelius 1885, 459, 22-32; 460, 1-2] _ xaonieli. amgvaradve 

saxeli aietes unda niSavdes aiels [àias moqalaqe~] 

da, maSasadame, TviT qveyanas unda rqmeoda aia~ 

(yauxCiSvili 1964, 13; Sdr.: lorTqifaniZe 1986, 32; 

gordeziani 1999, 101; 2007, III, 480 da Smd.). 

aseve h. henigsvaldis (ix.: Гамкрeлидзе, Иванов 1984, 

II, 908 1 ; Цымбурский 2005, 312, 312 3 ) mixedviT, toponimi 

235

-i 1 miRebulia qveynis saxelwodebidan; Sesabamisad 

eTnonimi 

niSnavs àias qveynis 

mkvidrebs~. 

aqve aRvniSnav, rom d. pakardma (1974, 140) k. kretaze, 

knososSi aRmoCenili A xazovani damwerlobiT 

mocemul formas [A-WA-TI-NA-RA 2 ] II13 daukavSira 

miken. berZn. Aiwātas _ [a 3 -wa-ta] KN Vc 

(1) 7612 (s. 124-S) (Ventris, Chadwick 1973, 537; DMic 2 ; Isebaert 

2005, 168), romelic s. hilerma (1991, 214) da v. cimburskim 

(2005, 308) amoikiTxes rogorc / , 

Aiates/Aietes _ aieti (Sdr.: gordeziani 2007, III, 481; 

gordeziani 2009, 78-79). 

● daskvna 

1. naSromSi dadasturebulia, rom festosis diskoze 

dabeWdilia PHD38 rvafurcliani vardulis 

naxat-niSnis uZvelesi nimuSi; 

2. naSromSi naCvenebia, rom vardulis naxat-ni- 

Sani (agreTve disko, wre) sxvadasxva kulturebSi 

aris mzis, varskvlavis, miwis, RvTaebebisa da samefo 

Zalauflebis simbolo; avtoris mier varduli 

miCneulia mze-qveynis, aia-kolxeTis, misi samefo ojaxisa 

da Zalauflebis aRmniSvnel simbolod; 

3. naSromSi saTanadod warmodgenilia sxvadasxva 

kulturis arqeologiuri masalebi da xelovnebis 

nimuSebi, romlebSic vardulis (agreTve disko, 

wre) naxat-niSani uxvad aris asaxuli; 

1 . berZn. toponimi iyo mxare Zvel saberZneTSi, romelic 

mdebareobda mcire aziis dasavleT da Crdilo-dasavleT 

regionSi. 

236

4. naSromSi warmodgenili mzisa da varskvlavis 

aRmniSvneli simboloebi: festosis diskos PHD38 

rvafurcliani vardulis niSani, kretuli damwerlobis 

315[1]ARCH S (2/14) 01/CMS II, I, 391 da 

F21DE (261[11]CR()S(3/3)09/ CMS XII, 110) ieroglifebi 

da A xazovani damwerlobis A044/F0672 niSani, 

romlebic amoikiTxeba proto-qarTvelur-kolxur 

enaze rogorc [*a a] forma; 

5. naSromSi warmodgenilia proto-qarTv.-kolx. 

*a a formis fonetikuri da semantikuri Sesatyvisobani 

sxvadasxva enebsa da kulturebSi; 

6. naSromSi warmodgenili berZnuli, asuruli da 

urartuli wyaroebis mixedviT da mecnierTa mier am 

wyaroTa analizis safuZvelze dasturdeba, rom qveyana 

aia-kolxeTi mdebareobda evqsinis pontos anu 

Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT sanapiroebze; 

7. naSromSi warmodgenili berZnuli wyaroebis 

mixedviT, aieti niSnavs àiels~, àias mkvidrs~ da 

àias moqalaqes~; 

8. naSromSi warmodgenilia A xazovani damwerlobis 

Semdegi warwerebi: SY Za 2 (HM 3429) da 

KN Za 18 (HM 2597), 

romlebic proto-qarTvelur-kolxur enaze Cem mier 

Sesabamisad amoikiTxeba rogorc [*a- a] _ aia da [...* a- 

a- a, a a- ... a, a- a- ...] _ `... ia-aia, aia (RvTaeba)- ... ia, 

ia ua- ...~ formebi; 

9. naSromSi warmodgenili masalis safuZvelze vvaraudob 

qveyana aia-kolxeTis saxelmwifos arsebobas 

Zv. w.-is XX-XV saukuneebSi. 

237

On Reading Pictorial Signs 

of the Phaistos Disk and 

Related Scripts (2). Rosette 

238 

Gia Kvashilava 

www.kvashilava-gia.com 

giakvashilava@yahoo.com 

Dedicated to Dr Herbert R. Zebisch 

and Prof. Akaki Urushadze 

This study concerns the graphic 

character, symbolic meanings, 

typological parallels, commentaries 

and reading of the 

Phaistos Disk pictorial sign 

PHD38. 

1. Graphical Character of 

the Pictorial Sign PHD38 

The Phaistos Disk pictorial 

sign PHD38 is called marguerite, 

star-anemone or rosette 

by Sir Arthur Evans (1909, 279; 

1921, 660 2 ); blossom – by K. Aartun (1992); lotus – by O. 

Dettmer (1989); marguerite and rosette – by L. Pernier (1908, 

297); rosette – by G. Ipsen (1929, 2), L. Godart (1995, 81), V. 

Kean (1990), D. Ohlenroth (1996), K. Soring (1997), J. M. 

Eisenberg (2008, 19) and others. 

The signs of the following scripts are similar to the Disk sign 

PHD38:

a. Cretan hieroglyphs: #315[1]ARCH S (2/14)01/CMS II, 

I, 391 (HM 2260) (CHIC 1996, 290); F21DE (#261[11] 

CR()S(3/3)09/CMS XII, 110) (CHIC 1996, 256; Douros 2008, 

65); 

b. Anatolian hieroglyph A189/F28CD/128CD/0126A 

asterisk – star (Douros 2008, 74; Anders 2004, 7; Eisenberg 

2008, 11, Fig. 8). 

Also compare the Disk sign PHD38 to signs of various 

scripts, such as: 

a. Cretan hieroglyphs: day-star or sun with eight sharppointed 

rays: F21DB (Evans 1909, 233, 107; Douros 2008, 

64, 67); , (Evans 1909, 221, 107, b, d); (Evans 1895, 

76, Fig. 73c); rayed solar symbols: , F21DA (Evans 1909, 

221, 107, a; Douros 2008, 64, 67); solar symbols, sun and four 

moons: F21DE, F21EO (Evans 1909, 154, P.25, c; 222, 

110; Douros 2008, 65); day-star or sun with eight revolving 

rays: (Evans 1895, 43, 60), CH033/F2089 (Evans 1909, 

221, 108, a; 233, 108; Douros 2008, 57, 67); (Evans 1895, 

26, Fig. 33c; 1909, 155, Fig. 28b; 221, 108, a); CH033/ 

F2088 (CHIC 1996, 274, 398; Douros 2008, 57); day-star or sun 

with two revolving rays: (Evans 1909, 221, 108, e); 

(Evans 1895, 43, 62; 1909, 154, P.25, d); eyes: (Evans 

1895, 26, Fig. 33d; 27, Fig. 34c), (Evans 1895, 24, Fig. 

29a; 34, 2a, 2b); , , , CH005 (CHIC 1996, 17, 

387), CH005/F2012, CH005/F2013 (Douros 2008, 56, 

67); , (Evans 1895, 23, Fig. 28b; 34, 2d, 2c); , , 

(Evans 1909, 182-183; 232, 5); solar disks: F21DC, 

F21DO (Evans 1909, 221, 109, a, b; 233, 109; Douros 2008, 64, 

67); CH073/F2116; CH073/F2117 (CHIC 1996, 17, 19); 

CH073/F2115 (CHIC 1996, 416; Douros 2008, 59); crosses: 

239

, , , , , (Evans 1909, 222, 112); , CH070 

(CHIC 1996, 17, 19, 415, 416); 

Cretan and Aegean linear character (Evans 1895, 80, 

Table I, 28; 96, Table III, 8; 106, Fig. 77); 

The following signs of the Linear A and B scripts: 

AB24a; , , AB24; , , , , AB23 (Evans 

1952, 11); , , AB28 (Evans 1952, 12); , ; AB2 that 

are considered to be religious symbols of star or Sun by Evans 1 ; 

AB3 (Evans 1952, 6); 

Signs of the Linear A scripts: , (CHIC 1996, 19); 

A309c/F071C (Douros 2008, 37); A309a/F071A (Douros 

2008, 36, 53); (Evans 1921, 640); A077/F0689, 

A077/F06BA; A077/F06BB; A077/F06BC (Douros 2008, 

29, 53); A325/F073B, A326/F073C (Douros 2008, 37, 38, 

53); A044/F0672, A044/F0673, A044/F0674 (GORILA 

1985, V, XXXV; Douros 2008, 27, 53); A002/F0602, 

A002/F0603, A702/F0863 (Douros 2008, 25, 49, 53); 

1 . “The cross appears as a religious symbol on a series of seals found in the 

shrine of the snake Goddess at Knossos, occasionally taking the swastika 

form. It is remarkable that in the same repository an equal-limbed marble 

cross was also found. It is also found incised on the Palace blocks. 

The simple cross is widely diffused in primitive pictography, notably 

among the American Indians, as a star sign [comp. Evans 1921, 514], and 

there is evidence that it had the same significance in Minoan Crete. 

The equal-limbed cross appears among the signs of the Linear Class A, 

together with a variant in which the cross-bar is shorter than the upright stem. 

This latter type was generally adopted in Class B of the linear script.” (Evans 

1909, 222, 223). 

240

Signs of the Linear B scripts: [ka] – wheel (Evans 1935 II , 

742, Fig. 725; 743, Fig. 727, 24a; 745, Fig. 728, 26; 750, Fig. 

733; 751, Fig. 734; 757, Fig. 740; 788, Fig. 763); (Evans 

1935 II , 794, Fig. 767; 795, Fig. 768; Chadwick 1990, 44, Fig. 

10); B243/100CF – wheel 1 (Douros 2008, 9, 35; UCS, 1991- 

2006, 512, 513; comp. MPW 1991, I, 528, Fig. 2, 3, 5); [ro] 

B002/1002B (Douros 2008, 25, 53; Evans 1935 II , 743); 

1 . Comp.: , , , wheel (Sher 1980, 195; Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 

1984, II, 736, Fig. 17). 

241

Eight-rayed star in a circle (Coping stone with incised 

signs, from niche of the Royal Tomb at Isopata: Evans 1906, 

167, Fig. 146); 

Signs on blocks of the Mycenaean period Building in Knossos: 

, , (Evans 1895, 13, Fig. 9, a, e, g); Cretan and Aegean 

linear characters: , (Evans 1895, 80, Table I, 11, 12); 

Signs of the Cypriot syllabic script: [a] C10800; [e] 

C10801; [i] C10802 (Chadwick 1990, 22; Douros 2008, 12); 

b. Egyptian hieroglyphs: C1 sun-disk (e.g., Egyptian 

[r‛] is the Sun; or [r‛] – the Sun-god Re or Ra; 

[ỉtn] sun-disk, the god Aten: Collier, Manley 2007, 5, 17, 28, 

29, 136, 152, 156); C6 star (Collier, Manley 2007, 137); 

c. Anatolian hieroglyphs: , [sa 4 ] *402/0089A scutella 

– saucer (Laroche 1960; Hawkins 2000 I , 29, 68; Anders 2004, 

15); [ ala/i] *292/125BA/1293A/0246B rota – wheel; 

[ ara/i] 125B8/12938/*290 (Hawkins 2000 I , 29, 31; Everson 

2006, ##2, ##8; 2007, 14, 21; comp. Anders 2004, 10); [ a] 

*215b/0072A (Hawkins 2000 I , 28, 29; Anders 2004, 8); 

*025/F219 oculus – eye (Hawkins 2000 I , 27); 

d. Old Semitic script signs: , [ ] (Gamkrelidze 1989, 

29, Table 2; 55); [„ayin] (Fischer 2003, 48, Fig. 28; 126, Fig. 

94); [„ajin] – eye (Gamkrelidze 1989, 29, Table 2; 37, Table 

3; 40, Table 5; 42, 44; 51, Table 7; 52, 53); 

e. Old Phoenician script signs: F0908 (Coulmas 1999, 

403, Table 11); [ ] (Gamkrelidze 1989, 29, Table 2; 69, 

Table 11); (Fischer 2003, 126, Fig. 94); 10908 (Evans 

1909, 87; Douros 2008, 12) – ēt h – clew, ball () (Pataridze 

1980, 110), wheel (); 

242

f. Old Greek script signs: 03F4/FFA9D, 0398/ FFA9E, 

FFAA2, FFAA8, FFAAA, FFA9F [t h ] (Douros 

2008, 5, 14, 79; see also: Gamkrelidze 1989, 69, Table 11); 

g. Old Italic script signs: Proto-Tyrrhenian signs: , 

[t h ]; [ś]; [h] (Gamkrelidze 1989, 93, Table 13); Etruscan 

signs: , [t h ] (Gamkrelidze 1989, 93, Table 13; Douros 

2008, 78); (Douros 2008, 78; Coulmas 1999, 148, Table 5); 

Umbrian sign [h] (Gamkrelidze 1989, 93, Table 13; Douros 

2008, 78); 

h. Carian script signs: [t/q] 102A8, 102B8, 

FFA9D, FFA9F, FFAA6; FFAAF (Douros 2008, 22); 

i. Iberian script signs: , , [te, de]; [ku, gu]; , 

(Gamkrelidze 1989, 63, Table 10); 

j. Lycian script signs: [q] 102BC; 10290; 1029B 

(Douros 2008, 11, 21); 

k. signs on Colchian and Iberian ceramics: , , ; V. 

Licheli (2001, 62, 76, 77, 82) calls them Proto-Georgian script 

signs; 

Also signs: , , , , , , , , , , , , 

, , , (Gigauri 2010, 174, Fig. 275; 175, Fig. 276; 

Kokoshashvili 2009, 12, Table 1); (Gigauri 2010, 77, Fig. 

103); (Gigauri 2010, 120, Fig. 175) etc found in the East 

Georgia highland of Khevsureti and Tusheti; I call them Proto- 

Kartvelian script signs; 

The Old Georgian Asomtavruli ( – majuscule) 

script sign => [t h ] (Javakhishvili 1949, 209); 

l. The Armenian Erkatagir ( – ironclad letters) 

script sign [t h ] (Gamkrelidze 1989, 105, Table 18); 

243

m. The sign of the Indus script (e.g., Harappan, Mohenjo- 

Daro) 386E/110 (Everson 1999-b, 8); Brāhmī script signs: 

, [tha] (Monier-Williams 1999, xxvii), [tha]; 

n. Proto-Elamite script signs: , , sheep (Englund 

2004, 106, Fig. 5.3b; 125, Fig. 5.14; 128, Fig. 5.17; 130, Fig. 

5.19); , , (Englund 2004, 115, Fig. 5.8a; 125, Fig. 5.14); 

, [lik()], [*li]; [gal()] (Viers 2000, 80, Fig. 2); 

o. The Sumerian 1 script sign => => [udu] – 

sheep (PSD; Burrows 1935, 22, 272; Falkenstein 1936, 761) 

inscribed on the following clay tablets of the Uruk III period: 

Ashm-1926-642; Ashm-1926-576; Ashm-1926-564; Ashm-1926- 

646; 2 

1 . Sumerian [ki·en·gi 7 (·r)] (Walker 1987, 55), 

[ki·en·gir 15 ] = ki place + en lords + gir 15 /gi 7 (·r) noble = the place of noble 

lords (PSD; Halloran 2006, 6, 110); Akkadian šumeru; Hebrew 

[šin‟ar]; Greek , ; Georgian [šinq‟ari]; English 

Shinar (Bible 1989, 2008, Genesis 10.10, 14.1, 14.9) – Sumer. Sumerian 

[eme·gir 15 ] – the Sumerian language (PSD; Halloran 2006, 19, 87) 

that is, according to N. Popkhadze, related to form e·m·egir·ul-/e·m·egr·ul- 

/m·egr·ul- – Mingrelian (see http://nabukodori.blogspot.com). 

Comp. Sumerian , [en·gur], that was the name for the mythological 

underground fresh water lake in Sumerian and Akkadian mythology 

(comp.: PSD; Mercer 1918, 16; Halloran 2006, 54; MPW 1991, I, 22; 1992, 

II, 40): Georgian 

[engur·i] (Fähnrich 1981, 11); Mingrelian 

[ingər·i], [ingir·i] – 1. the name of Colchian god of water; 

2. a river in west Georgia that flows into the Black Sea, 3. a village in west 

Georgia, Zugdidi region; Svan [iegir] – river. 

2 . The periods of Mesopotamian civilization, numbering of clay tablets and 

the following abbreviations are given according to http://cdli.ucla.edu/pubs/cdljinfo.html: 

Ashm = Ashmolean Museum, Oxford; CDLI = the Cuneiform 

Digital Library Initiative; Erm = Hermitage Museum, St.-Petersburg; MRAH 

= Musées Royaux d‟Art et d‟Histoire, Brussels. 

244

Sumerian script signs: , (Mercer 1918, 9; Falkenstein 

1936, 44, 45a, 47, 193); ; 

Signs of cuneiform script 1 : , (Falkenstein 1936, 192) 

used during 3200-3100 BC in the Late Uruk IV period; 

, used during 3100-2900 BC in the Jemdet Nasr period 

(or the Late Uruk III period) on the following clay tablets: 

Ashm-1926-714, CDLI No P005249; Ashm-1926-709, CDLI 

No P005216; 

used during 2600-2500 BC on the following clay tablets 

of the Early Dynastic IIIa period: Ashm-1928-017, CDLI No 

P005311; Ashm-1928-428, CDLI No P222324; Ashm-1930- 

156, CDLI No P220624, and – on the following clay tablets: 

Ashm-1924-0455, CDLI No P222314; MRAH-0.0089, CDLI 

No P010548; 

used during 2500-2350 BC in the Early Dynastic IIIb 

period on the following clay tablets: Erm-14376, CDLI No 


CDLI No P222946, and – on the following clay tablets: Ashm- 

1924-0462, CDLI No P222315; Erm-14065, CDLI No P222280; 

Erm-14314, CDLI No P222479; Erm-14012, CDLI No P221719; 

1 . Cuneiform signs were called mismari by the people living in Mesopotamia 

( 

) (Doblhofer, Friedrich 2002, 95). I am thankful to 

N. Kvashilava for drawing my attention to this fact. 

Comp. mismari: Arabic [mismari] > Old Georgian 

[lusmari] (Orbeliani 1991, I, 424); Mingrelian / [lismari/ 

ləsmari] – nail (Kajaia 2008, II, 92, 93, 195); comp. also: German Keilschrift; 

English cuneiform (i.e. wedge-shaped) writing; cuneiform < Latin 

cŭneus – nail, wedge (Hunting 1915, 28; Tatishvili 2009, 17 2 ). 

Cuneiform sign in Sumerian [saĝ.KAK], [saĝtak], , , 

[santak (2,3,4) ] is triangle, wedge (PSD; Halloran 2006, 54), and in Akkadian 

sa·an·tak·ku ( [SAG.DÙ]) – triangle (CAD 1984, 6, 149, 150; also 

see: Tatishvili 2009, 17 3 ; Kogan, Loesov 2009, 174); the word was used as a 

geometric term in old Babylon. 

245



, , used in 2350-2100 BC on the following clay 

tablets of the Old Akkadian period: Ashm-1930-403, CDLI No 


CDLI No P222950; MRAH-0.0094, CDLI No P216420; 

MRAH-0.0515, CDLI No P200407; 

, used in 2100-2000 BC on the following clay tablets of 

the Ur III period: Ashm-1912-1141, CDLI No P127265; MRAH- 

0.0119, CDLI No P200932; MRAH-0.0120, CDLI No P200933; 

used on the following clay tablets in 2000-1600 BC in 

the Old Babylonian period: Ashm-1931-0137b, CDLI No 

P332926; Ashm-1932-0392, CDLI No P247796; Ashm-1924- 

0887, CDLI No P347494; Ashm-1932-0176+N6939, CDLI No 

P231029; 

, , used in 900-540 in the Neo-Assyrian period on 

the following clay tablets: Ashm-1924-1914, CDLI No 

P347743; Ashm-1924-1499+1717, CDLI No P347749; Ashm- 

1924-1206+1410+1470, CDLI No P347753; Ashm-1924-1831, 

CDLI No P347836; Ashm-1924-1230+Ashm-1927-2118, CDLI 

No P247827, etc. 

Such is the development of the cuneiform sign (comp.: 

Mercer 1918, 36; Deimel 1922, 1, 8; Falkenstein 1936, 192; 

Chadwick 1990, 21, Fig. 5). 

Eight-petalled rosette is connected to Sumerian pictogram 

and cuneiform sign 1202E (comp. Sharashenidze 2008, 

28, 9-10) that denote star, sky and An/Anu – a sky-god, the god 

of heaven (Melikishvili 2004, 8). E.g., Sumerian [mul] is 

star, 1 [an] – sky, [diĝir/dingir = abbreviated d] – god 

1 . Sumerian [mul] (ĝi 6 /mi night + ul) is 1. star; 2. constellation; 3. 

planet; 4. meteor (Halloran 2006, 32); 5. to shine, radiate (light, branches) 

(PSD); Sumerian ul – 1. star; 2. flower, bud; 3. ornament; 4. pleasure 

246

(Mercer 1918, 9, 36; Foxvog 2010, 9; Halloran 2006, 6, 32, 38, 

53; UCS 1991-2008, 580; Doblhofer, Friedrich 2002, 158, Fig. 

99; Everson 2004, 12). 

The later variant of Sumerian pictograms , , and of 

cuneiform sign is the Akkadian sign 13-NAa13/Th- 

D12/1202D the transliterations of which are: an – sky; dingir, 

ilum – god; ìl, sa 8 , ša 8 (Piška 2003, 1, 2, 4, 8, 9; 1998, 2; Viers 

2000, 89), etc. 

The evolution and variants of sign are shown below: 

(Halloran 2006, 6); Sumerian [an·mul] – starry sky (Halloran 2006, 

78); Sumerian [mul·an] – heavenly star (PSD); Sumerian 

[aš·me] – 1. star symbol; 2. sun-disk ornament; 3. rosette; 4. sparkle, 

glimmer (Halloran 2006, 79; comp. PSD). 

Comp. Sumerian [ul 6 ] – to become bright, shine (PSD): Common-Kartvelian 

* - [wel-]; Georgian [el·v·a]; Svan - [hel-]; Mingelian 

[val·i], [val·u·a]; Laz [o·val·u] – lightning 

(Fähnrich 1981; Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000, 198). 

247

The above material makes it clear that the PHD38 sign 

printed on the Phaistos Disk is the oldest pictographic sign of 

the eight-petalled rosette. 

2. On Symbolic Meanings of Rosette and Disk 

As well known the signs rosette and disk are often 

observed in Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Egyptian, Indian, 

Hittite, Hurrian, Urartian, Cretan, Colchian, Greek, Phoenician, 

Persian and other cultural areas (comp.: Goodyear 1891; Evans 

1909, 31; 1921, 262, 479-483; Kantor 1945; 1999, 127-163, 

169-194, 247, 305-360; 506, Fig. XIII.5; 725, Fig. XVII.9, 27; 

766, Fig. XIX.16, 17); the same are attested in European (e.g., 

Greek, Roman and other) architectural ornaments (comp.: 

Schmelzeisen 1992; Rosin 2001, 113). 

Below are presented the symbols of the Sun, star and Earth 

deities as they are attested for the cultures and mythologies of 

these people. 

2.1. Symbols of the Sun-gods and Sun-goddesses 

In various cultures eight-petalled rosette or lotus and 

disk are: pictograms of the sun, divine signs, attributes of 

gods (e.g., the signs of the Egyptian Sun-god [r‛] – Ra/Re; 

that of Indian god [brahmā] – Brahma). They are the signs 

of purity, life, eternity, fertility, bloom and blossom of nature; 

royal regalia and the symbols of royal power. 

The sun is denoted by the hieroglyph A190/128CE/ 

F28CE sol 2 – winged disk of the sun in hieroglyphic Luwian 

script (Everson 2007, 13, 19) that sometimes is a part of royal 

titles, and sometimes creates a royal cartouche or aedicula 

(Meriggi 1975, 3, Table 12, 15-17, 95-96, 163, etc; see also: Alp 

1996, 1998, Fig. 1; Gurney 1987, 179, Fig. 11, 5; Doblhofer, 

Friedrich 2002, 221, Fig. 126; Khazaradze 2006, 10, 13). E.g., 

the name and the royal symbol of the Hittite Great King Hattu- 

248

sili III – a winged disk of the sun – is imprinted on the clay 

tablet dated from the 13 th century BC (see Never 1996, 33, 60, 

57-59). 

The variants of the winged sun disk found in Sumer, Babylon, 

Assyria, Mitanni, Egypt, Anatolia, Persia and other places 

are shown below (Kantor 1945; 1999, 544, Fig. XIV.3, 4, 15, 

16, 22, 27, 33; 749, Fig. XVIII.9-11, 19; 770, Fig. XIX.24): 

249

According to Akkadian or Assyro-Babylonian, Hurrian, 

Urartian and Ugaritic mythologies, corresponding signs to the 

Sun-god and the god of equity – Sumerian 

MPW 1992, II, 552), also Old Babylonian 

[ d ud] 1 (comp. 

, Assyrian 

1 . Sumerian [ud, u 4 ] means: 1. the Sun; 2. day (PSD); 3. light; 4. time; 5. 

weather; 6. storm (demon) (Halloran 2006, 5; comp. Doblhofer, Friedrich 

2002, 158, Fig. 99). 

Comp.: Sumerian [bar 6 ] – to shine, be bright; white (Halloran 2006, 

39; also see Civil 2009, 8); Sumerian [babbar, bar 6 , par] – white; be 

white (PSD); Sumerian [babbar (2) ] – bright; white; the rising sun 

(Halloran 2006, 51); Sumerian [e 2·babbar (2) ] – the shining house, 

temple of the Sun-god Utu (comp. Civil 2009, 14); Assyrian 

[MUL 2 .BABBAR] – Jupiter (Kasak, Veede 2001, 21, 30); Georgian 

[barbar·i] – to flame, to blaze (comp.: Tseretheli 1913-1916; 

Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000, 94-95, 194). 

250

[ d UD] – Utu 1 are connected to: Babylonian 

[ d šà·máš] – Shamash 2 (Kasak, Veede 2001, 19); Hurrian 

d Ši·mi·gi; Urartian d Šiwini – the Sun-god; Ugaritic d Šapšu – the 

Sun-goddess (comp. Nozadze 2007, 323; DDD 1999, 126). The 

sacred number of Utu is – 20 (Kasak, Veede 2001, 14, 18, 19). 

According to the Egyptian mythology the Sun-god Re or Ra 

was identified with: Egyptian 

[ prỉ] Khepri – the rising 

sun, god of the morning sun; Egyptian [ỉtm] Atum – 

the setting sun (comp. Egyptian [ỉtn] Aten 3 /Aton – the 

sun-disk). The deity Atum is similar to the Urartian solar god, 

Shivini. The Sun-god Re was seen in the eight-petalled blossom 

1 . Comp. man‟s name Utu in use today in Georgia, namely in Mingrelia. 

2 . Comp. ša·maš: Akkadian šam·šu – sun-disk (Kasak, Veede 2001, 19); 

Georgian [mze]; Mingrelian [bža]; Laz [mžo·ra] – the Sun 

(Marr, 1908, 3); Svan [məž] – the Sun (Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000, 327, 

328); Laz [bža·čxa] – Sunday (Javakhishvili 1979, I, 164-169). 

3 . The god Aten was connected by N. Gamrekeli (1885, 40) to Georgian 

[at‟en·i] (the name of the old village in Gori region, Eastern 

Georgia). 

251

of lotus. He travels in the sky by boat (MPW 1991, I, 124; 1992, 

1 

II, 358-359, 589), and, according to Greece mythology, 

– Hélios travels across heaven in a chariot (MPW 1991, I, 271; 

1992, II, 559; Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984, II, 731). 

1 . Comp.: Greek ; – the Sun; the East (Weisman 1899, 2006, 

586); Georgian [alioni]; Mingrelian / / [ialoni/ 

aloni/aləni] – dawn, the break of a day (Кipshidze 1914, 194, 247; Kajaia 

2001, I, 183; 2002, II, 81). 

252

In Psalms (84.11) we read: ‘the Lord God is a sun and a 

shield’. The philosophers of the classical period characterized 

the sun variously. E.g. Aeschylus says that „the sun is a circle‟; 

Plutarch – that „the sun is a sphere‟; Pythagoras of Samos – 

that „the sun is a disk‟. Others compared: it with „a beautiful 

woman‟, „a shield‟; or said: „the sun is a wheel‟, „the sun is an 

eye‟, and „eye is light‟, etc. 

In various cultures the symbols of the Sun-god are: an eightpetalled 

rosette 1 (Neve 1996, 33, 60; Herder 1980, 134); a 

disk with an eight-petalled rosette (Herder 1980, 130); a 

disk 2 (Maxwell-Hyslop 1971, 149; Mijatović, Ninković, 

1 . According to the lexicon of S.-S. Orbeliani (1698; 1991, 26; 1993, 335, 

336): “where this [eight-petalled rosette ] sits, is the sun”. 

2 . Comp.: Tibetan [ ] and Sanskrit [ ] mean 

a disk, ring, sphere and wheel (Chandra Das 1989, 56; Conway 2006, 1; 

MPW 1992, II, 100); they are symbols of the sun (Conway 2006, 2). 

Corresponding Aztec symbol is a disk of the Sun-god, Tonatiuh (comp.: 

Galich 1990, 109, 110; MPW 1992, II, 518). In Hinduism a wheel is a 

symbol of the solar deity, Surya (Devanagari [ ] – the supreme 

light) (Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984, II, 684, 684 1 , 720, 721; comp. MPW 1992, 

II, 477, 478). 

253

Vemić 2003, 338, 340, 341; Kurtik 1999, 508 21 ; Kazmierczak 

1992, 8, Fig. 18); an eye (Nadiradze 1989, 21, 22); a circle 

with a dot at its centre (Kasak, Veede 2001, 29, 30; Collier, 

Manley 2007, 136; EA 1987, 557; Kazmierczak 1992, 24, Fig. 

91); winged disks with an eight-petalled rosette , 

(comp. Black, Green 1992); winged disks , 

(Neve 1996, 57, 58, 59; Heiser 2006, 10); a winged disk with 

snakes ; a circle with a cross (Evans 1909, 87; 

Kazmierczak 1992, 10, Fig. 25; Bauer, Dümotz, Golowin 1987, 

44-45); a wheel 1 (Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984, II, 720, 721, 

725, 936, 1270; Pulleyblank 1966, 31-32; Herder 1980, 129; 

comp.: Chadwick 1976, 165, Fig. 69; Chadwick 1990, 44, Fig. 

10; MPW 1991, I, 286; 528, Fig. 2, 3, 5; 644); a circle with a 

double cross 

(later seen on an old Indian coin: d‟Alviella 

1894, 41); a ring with a cross ; a double circle with a 

double cross 

with a double cross 

(Kazmierczak 1992, 16, Fig. 47, 50); a circle 

circle with a sharp-pointed double cross 

(Greece, Sparta, 640 BC); a double 

; a disk with an 

eight-rayed floral ornament ; a disk with a double cross 

(the symbol of Buddhism); an eight-petalled lotus with Buddha 

; a disk with eight three-waved rays ; disks with four 

sharp-pointed and four three-waved rays: , , 

(d‟Alviella 1894, 14; Black, Green 1992, 143; Heiser 2006, 5, 7, 

12; MPW 1991, I, 303, 458; 1992, II, 651); a disk with eight 

sharp-pointed rays 

eight three-waved rays 

; a disk with eight sharp-pointed and 

; a rayed ring with spokes 

1 . Comp.: Sumerian GIGIR; Middle Indo-European * ; Semitic 

*galgal-; Kartvelian * , * – wheel (Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984, 

II, 737 1 , 719). 

254

(Evans 1921, 514, Fig. 371); a disk with four rays and a cross 

(the symbol of the Assyrian god Ashur); a ring with two 

revolving rays (Evans 1895, 43, 62; 1909, 154, P.25, d; 

221, 108, e); circles with eight revolving rays: , (Evans 

1909, 151, P.9; 155, 221; Kazmierczak 1992, 18, Fig. 59); disks 

with eight revolving rays: (Greece, Corinth, Cyprus, 640- 

630 BC), (MPW 1991, I, 287), , , ; eight curving 

rays 

(Sumbadze 1984; Lezhava, etc 2007, 3, 110, 121); a 

double swastika or a double cross gammata 

, in later periods 

a chariot and a horse 1 (comp. Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 

1984, II, 731, 936), etc. 

2.2. Symbols of the Star Goddesses 

According to Akkadian mythology, Akkadian [ d a·a] 

– Aya (comp.: Delaporte 1910, XLVI, 116; 1923, No. 251, pl. 

76; Waddell 1924, 247, Fig. 36; Black, Green 1992, 173; Collon 

2007, 1; Nozadze 2007, 63) is the spouse of the Sun-god 

Shamash, the goddess of light, dawn, love and fertility. In 

Sumerian mythology the equivalent of the goddess Aya is the 

spouse of the Sun-god Utu, the Sumerian goddess 

[ d še 3·ri 5·da] 2 (comp. ETCSL) – Sherida/Shenirda; its divine 

epithet is Sumerian [su 3·ud·aĝ 2 /su 3·ud·ag 2 ] – shiny 

(comp.: PSD; DDD 1999, 126; Falkenstein 1957, 305). 

1 . Comp. Georgian [cxen·i] – horse: Common-Indo-European 

*s(a) Hel-/n- – sun (Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984, II, 684); Migrelian 

[šxan·a] – the sun; sunny day; heat. 

2 . Comp.: Sumerian šer – bright; Sumerian še·er – to be bright; reddening 

sunburn; brilliance, ray (PSD; ETCSL), shine, light, glimmer (Halloran 

2006, 142); Sumerian šér – to shine brightly (Halloran 2006, 45). 

255

The evolution of the signs Aya and Utu are given below: 

256

The name of the goddess of fertility, love and war, of the 

Queen of Heaven and Earth, Inanna 1 is scribed in the cuneiform 

writing in the following way: Sumerian , Old Babylonian 

, , Assyrian [ d inanna], corresponding 

Semitic Ishtar: Old Babylonian 

, Babylonian 

, Assyrian [ d iš·tar], or Old 

Babylonian , Babylonian , , Assyrian 

[ d U.DAR]. 

1 . Comp. also Sumerian: [ d Nina] (comp. Mercer 1918, 3), Innin, Innini, 

Innina, Irnina, Ennin, Ennina, Nin, Ninnin, Ninanna, Nana, Ninni and 

Ninnar (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna). 

257

The evolution of the Inanna sign is given below: 

The Sumerian Great Queen/Lady of Heaven, Ninanna is 

scribed with cuneiforms in the following way: Sumerian 

, , , Old Babylonian 

, Assyrian [ d nin·an·na]. 1 

Sumerian and Akkadian names of the goddess , 

[ d na·na·a], d Nanã, d Nanãy, d Nanãya (resp. 

Greek / ) – Nana 2 or Nanaya are connected to: 

1 . Sumerian d nin·an·na (= dingir great lady/queen + heaven + genitive marker) 

could be translated as the great lady of dawn. 

2 . Comp.: Sogdian (Middle Iranian) goddess Nanā (Azarpay 1981, 132-139); 

Old Armenian [Nané/Nanea] – goddess of the Evening Star, daughter 

of the Old Armenian deity [Aramazd] (Gvelesiani 2009, 5). 

258

Babylonian Aya, which is the name of a star or a planet and 

Sumerian [ d inana sar ] – a planet, Inanna/Ishtar 1 

(PSD; Black, Green 1992, 109; MPW 1991, I, 595; 1992, II, 

197); the latter is identified with the planet Venus (Williams- 

Forte 1983, 176; Piška 2003, 4; Kasak, Veede 2001, 14, 22-24; 

Kurtik 1999, 502, 502 4 , 503; Collins 1994, 110, 115; MPW 

Comp. Aramazd: Iranian god [Ahura-mazdā]; Old Georgian 

deity [armazi] (Gvelesiani 2009, 4). 

1. 

Ishtar corresponds to: Sherida, Sumerian goddess of fertility and love 

sitting astride a lion; Semitic Ashirta, Asharte/Astarte and Ashtoret/ 

Ashtarot, lion headed or sitting on a lion (comp. MPW 1991, I, 115). It corresponds 

to: with Minoan or Asia Minor Great God-mother Rhea-Cybéle 

guarded by Corybantes and lions, and the Cretan Goddess with snakes (Evans 

1921, 504, 505, 656, 657; MPW 1991, I, 647, 179); identical to Ishtar are also: 

the West Semitic Goddess of love and fertility Qadesh/Qodesh, setting astride 

a lion with flowers and snakes in hand (MPW 1992, II, 21); the Egyptian 

Goddess of the Heaven, fertility and love , [ ] – Hathor 

(comp.: Evans 1921, 505 1 ; MPW 1992, II, 584); the Greek goddess of love and 

beauty – Aphrodite; the Roman goddess of fertility Venus (Clay 

1922, 45; Collier, Manley 2007, 157; MPW 1991, I, 231, 135), etc. 

“Aphrodite is called by the Assyrians Mylitta, by the Arabians Alilat, by 

the Persians Mitra” (Herodotus I, 131). Proto-Indo-Iranian *mitra- > Greco- 

Roman Mithras. 

Comp. the Akkadian goddess Ištar: Common-Indo-European *Hast [h] ar-; 

Akkadian 

; Hittite ašter; Avestan stərəbyō; Armenian 

[astł/astġ]; Greek ; Latin stēlla < *stēl-na; Gothic staírnō; Old High 

German sterno; German Stern; Old Icelandic stjarna; Aramaic ‛tr; Old 

English steorra – star; Semitic *‛a tar- the divine star; Venus; South Arabian 

‛ tr; Middle Egyptian ỉśtr; Phoenician ‛štrt (Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984, II, 

685, 686, 875, 875 1 ); Old Hebrew , [‛š r ] (Bible 1992, 2008, 

Judges 10.6; 1 Samuel 7.3-4, 12.10, 31.10; 1 Kings 11.5, 11.33; 2 Kings 23:13; 

comp. Jeremiah 44.18-19); Old Hebrew [‛šrh]; Ugaritic 

[‛ trt], ‛ rt; Armenian [astłik/astġik]; Old Greek – the 

goddess Astarte (MPW 1991, I, 115); Egyptian [зst] – the goddess Isis 

(Collier, Manley 2007, 70, 151; MPW 1991, I, 133); Hurrian Iš ara – the 

goddess Ishkhara (Nozadze 2007, 186); Hebrew [‟es er]. Ishtar might 

be also connected with the Akkadian Anunitu (MPW 1991, I, 595) and 

Hurrian d Ni·na·at·ta/ d Ne·na·at·ta (Nozadze 2007, 260). 

259

1991, I, 510, 595). Venus is the Morning Star. It‟s also known 

as the Evening Star. 

The sacred number of Inanna or Ishtar is 15 (Kasak, 

Veede 2001, 23). 

The symbols of Aya and Inanna or Ishtar are: an eightpetalled 

rosette (Maxwell-Hyslop 1971, 151, 152; Black, 

Green 1992, 109, 156, 169-170; Aleff 1982-2009, 4; MPW 1991, 

I, 510; Ad de Vries 1981, 391-393; Herder 1980, 134); an eightpetalled 

sign ; a double cross (Herder 1980, 93); eightpointed 

stars: , , , , , , (Maxwell-Hyslop 

1971, 149; Black, Green 1992, 108; Heiser 2006, 6, 12; MPW 

1992, II, 651; Leick 1998, pl. 38); a disk 1 , a ring (MPW 

1991, I, 510; Herder 1980, 92); a double circle with an eightpointed 

star, four sharp-pointed rays and four floral 

ornaments 

(Evans 1909, 157, P.40*); disks with eightpointed 

stars: , , , , Black, Green 1992, 169, Fig. 

143; Heiser 2006, 6, 7, 8); an eight-pointed star (later a 

symbol of Bahaism); a lion (Evans 1909, 221; Pritchard 

1969, 177, pl. 522; Collins 1994, 113, 114; Leick 1998, pl. 38); 

a snake , a sheep (Kurtik 1999, 502, Fig. 1; 504, Fig. 4; 

504 10 ; Collins 1994, 107, 108, 113; MPW 1991, I, 400, 409; 

Parpola 1997, XXXVIII, Fig. 17), etc. 

The Sun and star symbols, eye, sheep, wheel and cross 

signs are given in the following table: 

1 . “The smaller symbolic disk, as contrasted with that of the rayed solar 

emblem, must be taken as symbolic of the Goddess as Queen of the 

Underworld and of the starry vault of Night” (Evans 1921, 514). 

260

2.3. Symbols of the Earth Goddesses 

As well known, astral deities are functionally closely connected 

to terrestrial deities. 

The Colchian Great Mother Goddess [Nana], who is 

connected to Sumerian Goddess Nana/Inanna, is the Mother of 

Earth, the Mother of Place, the goddess of fertility and giving 

life. In the Georgian pantheon the cult of Barbale-Sun merged 

into it, and the Sun became the feminine deity (Bardavelidze 

2006, 131; also see Nadiradze 1989, 21). 

So, the Goddess Nana 1 is the hypostasis of the Sun-goddess 

(Bardavelidze 1957, 75-79, 81-83, 86, 94-98, 100, 139, 155, 

156, 188, 190, 193). 

1 . Mingrelian, Laz [nana] – 1. mother; 2. the Mingrelian folk song: 

dida-voi Nana, dida-voi, Nanina!.. – mother-spirit(-VOC) Nana(-VOC), 

mother-spirit(-VOC), Nanina(-VOC)!.. Mingrelian [nanaia] – the 

diminutive form of the word Nana, similar to ‘mommy’ (Kipshidze 1914, 019; 

Kajaia 2002, II, 358-359). 

V. Bardavelidze (1957, 81-93) suggests that the Georgian folk song, lullaby 

Iavnana is purportedly derived from the Colchian form Nana, and it‟s refrain: 

ia-v-Nana, vard-o-Nana, ia-v-Nanina-o – Violet-VOC-Nana, Rose-VOC- 

261

For Georgians (also for older Indo-European people, see: 

Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984, II, 685) the Moon is male, and the 

Sun is female. This is seen, e. g., in a Mingrelian verse (Javakhishvili 

1908, 111; Kipshidze 1914, 188): 

Basing on the analysis of Strabo (X,3,12) 1 and Arrian (X.9) 1 

V. Bardavelidze (1957, 81 and ff.), O. Lordkipanidze (2000, 90- 

Nana, Violet-VOC-Nanina-VOC, is connected with the cult of the goddess 

Nana. 

Comp. Colchian [nana] and [nina]: Indo-European *Han- – 

mother of one’s father; Hittite goddess 

(comp.: Gamkrelidze, 

Ivanov 1984, II, 766; Kvashilava 2007, 247, 248); [ainina], 

[danina] or [danana] – pagan idols in old Kartli, east Georgia 

(Janashia 1959, III, 193); Sumerian goddess Inanna, Ininna or Ishtar; 

Persian goddess [Anāhitā] (Marr 1902, 9; Tseretheli 1924, 100-101; 

Javakhishvili 1979, 141-142); Old Armenian goddess [Anahit] 

(Gvelesiani 2009, 6). 

1 . Strabo (X,3,12; Jones 1961, V, 99) writes: 

“But as for the Berecyntes, a tribe of Phrygians, and the Phrygians in 

general, and those of the Trojans who live round Ida, they too hold Rhea in 

honour and worshiped her with orgies, calling her Mother of the gods and 

262

96) and J. Nadiradze (1989, 136-140) show that the Colchian 

goddess, Great Mother Nana or Phasiane is identified with the 

Minoan and Asiatic Great Mother Goddess, the Earth Goddess, 

Goddess of the Caves and the Lady of the Mountain Rhea- 

Cybéle 2 (comp.: Evans 1909, 103); on the other hand, Cybéle or 

Cybébe/Kubaba 3 is connected to: Sumerian 

[ d nin· ur·saĝ] – Ninhursag, Lady of a Mountain and a hillcountry 

(PSD; Dalley 1998, 326; Halloran 2006, 38, 102), the 

creator Mother Goddess (Civil 2009, 42), the goddess of 

fertility and the Earth; Sumerian , , [ d ki/gi 5 ]; 

Assyrian [ d ki] (comp.: Deimel 1922, 46, 440; Schnaider 

1935, 481; PSD; Halloran 2006, 12; Falkenstein 1936, 747; 

Mercer 1918, 7, 165) – the Earth Mother Ki and Greek – 

the Earth Mother Gaea. 

According to Sir A. Evans (1909, 13, 54, 96, 97 ff., 103, 

195, 209, 210, 291; 1921, 6 , 44, 222, 223, 505, 657), the Nature- 

Goddess of Minoan Crete functionally resembles: Rhea, the 

Great Mother Goddess, the Earth-Goddess, the Mountain 

Agdistis and Phrygia the Great Goddess, and also, from the places where she 

is worshipped, Idaea and Dindymenê and Sipylenê and Pessinuntis and 

Cybelê and Cybebê” (Jones 1961, V, 99). 

1 . Arrian (X.9; Hoffmann 1842, 50) writes: 

“At the entrance to the Phasis, to the left stands Phasian Theos. Judging 

by its appearance this is Rhea; and indeed, she holds a cymbal in her hands, 

and lions are at the throne; and she is seated like [Rhea] of Phidias at the 

Metroon in Athens” (Lordkipanidze 2000, 90). 

2 . L. Cottrell (1959) thinks that Pasiphaë, a sister of the king of Colchis 

Aeëtes and the spouse of the king of Crete Minos, and her daughter Ariadne 

were priestesses of the Asian Mother. 

3 . Cybéle/Kybébe/Kubaba is often identified with the Hurrian mother 

goddess (Kvashilava 2007, 246-247). 

263

Goddess, Goddess of the Caves, the Snake Goddess, the Dove 

Goddess, Goddess of the Double Axe and other Goddesses. 

K. J. Sprengel (1821, 53-54) writes: “Prometheus‟ mother 

Asia, one of Oceanid,.. was worshipped by Colchis… Phrygians 

called her Μαία, maybe the Maya of Hindus,.. There is 

no doubt that Rhea, Cybéle, Asia and the Phasis goddess 

(Phasiane) worshipped by [Aea-]Colchis are the same…” 1 

The symbols of the Earth-Goddesses are: an eight-petalled 

rosette , a disk with eight sharp-pointed rays ; a snake 

and a lion (Evans 1921, 479, 514, 447, 500-504, 508, 

721; 1909, 195, 211, 270, 283, 291), the great Nature Goddess 

of Minoan Crete is swastika (Evans 1909, 96), etc. 

The material (comp.: Kean 1985, 30-32; Aleff 2005, 2.2; 

Bigaj 2008, 22, 36; Chotalishvili 2003, 162) given above makes 

clear that the eight-petalled rosette PHD38 is the symbol of 

the Sun, star, Earth, the Mother Goddess, other deities, and of 

royal power. 

I suppose that the eight-petalled rosette PHD38 might be 

considered to be a symbol of the royal family and royal power 

of the the Sun-country Aea-Colchis. 

3. The Signs of Rosette and Disk in Archaeology and Art 

3.1. On archaeological samples excavated in Mesopotamia, 

Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Egypt, Anatolia, Crete, Greece, 

Georgia, Armenia, and etc., rosette , the astral signs of Sun 

, Moon and star , disks , , also eye , lion , 

snake , sheep , horse , bull , scorpion , etc. 

are found. 

The material is presented below: 

1 . „Seine Mutter Asia, Prometheus Mutter, eine Oceanide,.. ward von den 

Kolchern verehrt… Die Phrygier nannten sie Μαία, vielleicht die Maya der 

Hindus,.. Da Rhea, Kybele, Asia und die phasianische Göttinn, in Kolchis 

verehrt, einerley sind ist gewi ...“ (Sprengel 1821, 53-54). 

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

3.2. In various regions of Georgia – such as Abkhazia, Mingrelia, 

Ajara, Lazistan, Guria, Imereti, Racha, Lechkhumi, Svaneti, 

Kartli, Samtskhe-Javakheti and Khevsureti – archaeological 

material – disks, jewellery, seals, ceramics, Colchian 

axes, daggers, rapiers, spears, belts, rings, fibulae (brooches), 

pins, etc is found with astral signs of sun and star on them: an 

eight-petalled rosette ; a disk with eight sharp-pointed rays 

; a circle with eight sharp-pointed rays ; circles , , 

; a circle with eight revolving rays ; a circle with eight 

rays ; swastika ; double spirals , and other geometric 

and floral ornaments. Also, the images of a horse , a bull 

, a bird and other creatures are portrayed on them (see: 

Lordkipanidze 1986, 88 ff.; 1972, 19-22; 16 ff., Fig. 3-6, 8, 12, 

13; Lordkipanidze 1989, 108, Fig. 45; 112, Fig. 48; 130-132, 

Fig. 56-58; 156, Fig. 72; 128 ff., Fig. IV; 158, Fig. 74; 161-168, 

Fig. 77-83; 180, Fig. 92; 194-196, Fig. 102-104; 217, Fig. 109; 

256 ff., Fig. IX.2; 290; 292, Fig. 147a; 323; 323 14 ; 352 ff., Fig. 

XVII; Gambaschidze, Hauptmann, Slotta, Yalçin 2001, 14, 15, 

70, 75, 96, 104, 106, 110, 146, 151, 159, 168-181, 187, 226, 

282

276, 296-301, 305, 308, 310-311, 313, 366, 367, 371, 376, 378, 

380, 390, 397, 434-442). 

The corresponding material is presented below: 

283

284

285

286

287

The following signs are portrayed on walls, columns and 

stelae of Georgian churches and monasteries: an eight-petalled 

rosette ; a circle with an eight-petalled rosette ; eight 

sharp-pointed rays ; circles with eight sharp-pointed rays 

; a circle with eight revolving rays ; a circle with a double 

cross ; a circle with a cross ; cross ; swastika , and 

other geometric ornaments. Here also, the images of creatures, 

such as sheep , lion , bull , bird are often 

portrayed (see: Chubinashvili 1936, I; Kakabadze 2003, 17, 35, 

128, 129, 163, 247, 250; Mepisaschwili, Zinzadse 1986, 231, 

290, 352, 359, 362, 364, 365; Gambaschidze, Hauptmann, 

Slotta, Yalçin 2001, 32, 40, 42; Ramishvili 2008, 174, Pl. 

XXIV, 1-4; 175, Pl. XXV, 1-4; 176, Pl. XXVI, 3; 178, Pl. 

XXVIII, 1; 180, Pl. XXX). On Georgian icons and crosses an 

eight-petalled rosette , eight sharp-pointed rays and other 

signs are given (Gambaschidze, Hauptmann, Slotta, Yalçin 2001, 

36, 37, 41, 45). 

288


289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

The central pillars, fire places, wine cellars, wooden gates etc., of 

304

Colchian-Georgian Oda-houses widely spread in Meskheti-Javakheti, 

Trialeti, West Georgia and Kartli, also of Darbazi-houses of 

Kartli, Kakheti, Samtskhe-Javakheti and Trialeti are decorated with 

the ornaments of an eight-petalled rosette ; a circle with star ; 

an eight-rayed star with eight revolving rays ; a circle with eight 

revolving rays ; a circle with double cross and other astral 

symbols (see: Chubinashvili 1936, I; Bardavelidze, Chitaia 1939; 

Bardavelidze 1957; Chitaia 1967; 2000, 176, Fig. 25; 209; 215; 

Javakhishvili 1968; Japaridze, Javakhishvili 1971; Sumbadze 1984; 

Lezhava, Kiladze, Giorgobiani 2007, 3, 7, 8, 20; 27, 30, 31, 33, 37, 

55-57, 63, 81, 101, 110, 20-121, 134, 148-149). 


305

4. On the Reading of Eight-petalled Rosette Sign and 

Sematic Parallels of Aea 

The correspondence between the Phaistos Disk sign 

PHD38 and Proto-Kartvelian-Colchian * [*aəa] is shown 

below. Also the readings of two Linear A inscriptions are given. 

Proto-Kartvelian-Colchian * [*aəa] PHD38 – aea, eightpetalled 

rosette 1 ; 

1 . French rosette (< rose + ette); German Rosette; Italian rosetta; Russian 

розéтка rosette, and so on. 

Common-Indo-European * -/* -; Avestan [ ] the name 

of a plant > Armenian [vard]; Georgian [vardi]; Mycenaean Greek 

[wo-do-we]: PY Fr 1203 (S1203-Cii), 1204 (S343-H 4), 1207.1 (H 41) 

(DMic 2 ); Old Greek (Attic), (Aeolic) > Latin (Etruscan) * 

> Latin rosa > Old High German rōsa; Franch rose; German Rose; Czech ; 

Polish – rose, and so on (comp.: Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984, II, 663); Turkish 

gül rose < Middle Persian (Pahlavi) [gul] flower, rose < Old Persian * - > 

*warda- > Pahlavi [varta]; Parthian wār flower (comp.: Paul 1998, 169; 

Bailey 1930-32, 60, 61); Arabic [wárdun] red rose (Lane 1968, 2935); 

Hebrew [vered] rose, and so on. Old Persian * - is supposedly borrowed 

into Greek, Latin, Arabic, Hebrew, Armenian and Georgian. 

A rose and lotus were widely spread symbols in Egypt, Europe and Asia. E.g. 

in ancient Greek (Géczi 2006, 1-83) a rose was attributed to the Sun-god Hélios 

306

Mingrelian [aia] – 1. aea, the name of some plant 

(Кipshidze 1914, 193 (397)); flower (Antelava 2006, 5); 2. a 

name of woman (Chanturia 2006, 13). 

In the earlier chapters of my work (Kvashilava 2008, 253-254; 

www.kvashilava-gia.com) the algorythm 5.2.1-5 for reading the 

pictorial signs of the Phaistos Disk is presented that is based on the 

horizontal or vertical positions of the signs. For the signs of the Sun 

and star, for eight-petalled rosette PHD38, for the hieroglyphic 

signs of the Cretan script: 315[1] ARCH S (2/14) 01/CMS II, I, 

391 and F21DE (261[11]CR()S(3/3)09/CMS XII, 110), and the 

Linear A sign A044/F0672 no vertical or horizontal positions can 

be considered. So, according to algorythm rule 5.2.5 and the data 

given above, these symbols are read by me as a whole two-syllable 

word: Proto-Kartvelian-Colchian * [*aəa]. 

J. Bigaj (2008, 22, 36) connects sign PHD38 to Greek 

flower, and Greek star; he compares this symbol to 

the Cypriot script sign [a] and reads it as [a]/[ai] syllable. 

Such reading is also supported by the fact that the Linear A 

sign A044/F0672 is the ligature of the Cypriot script signs 

[a], [i], [e] and [sa], also of the Linear B sign [i]; so I 

read it as [a-i-e-sa] that may be Greek – Aea. 

Of great interest are also the signs (GORILA 1985, V, 64- 

65; also see KH 97a.1: Younger 2008-2010) given in line d of 

Linear A inscription of archaeological material SY Za 2 (HM 

3429), because A008/F0615 and A057/F0692 are rotated 90 0 

from the initial position (see sign : Evans 1895, 80, Table I, 8); 

i.e. the signs are vertical. According to rule 5.2.2 of the algorithm, 

(Greek Lyric, 5, Anonymous, Fragment 931; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 39.19 ff.; 

Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca E2.12; Flaccus V, 245 ff.; www.theoi.com), the 

Greek goddess of love and beauty (Homer, Iliad, XXIII, 186; Owen 

1851, 444; Clapp 1899, 234, 234 186 ; MHM 1991, I, 132), and 

(Homer, Iliad, I, 477; Owen 1851, 29; Mimnermus, Nanno, Fragment 12) – 

to the rosy-fingered Greek goddess of the down Eos. 

307

A008/F0615 axe is read the first syllable * [*a] of the Proto- 

Kartvelian-Colchian form * · [*a·rganə] (Kvashilava 2009, 

332-333), and the sign A057/F0692 might supposedly be read as 

* [*əa]. Consequently I read as * [*aəa]. 

Linear A inscription KN Za 18 (HM 2597) found on the 

Crete, in Knossos 

1982, IV, 12-13), reconstructed by me as 

(GORILA 

, according to rules 5.2.2 and 5.2.5 of the 

algorithm is read by me as /* - - -/// - -.-//-.-// 

[/*əa-a-əa aəa-/// əa əa- wa-.-//-.-//] – “... Violet-Rosette, 

Aea(deity)- ... Violet, Violet-...”, a religious refrain 1 that might 

be connected to the cult of the deity Aea. 

According to rule 5.2.2 of my algorithm, only the first syllable 

* [* wa] of signs CH037/F209A and A054/ 

F068B houses are read of the Proto-Kartvelian-Colchian form 

* · [* wa·daə]. Form * · [* wa·daə] is in regular 

corespondence with Mingrelian * [* ode] > [ ude] – 

house 2 on the basis following processes: 1. Contraction -* >- 

[-*aə>-e] where -* [-*ə] is the nominative case ending (comp.: 

Kipshidze 1914, 08(60); Deeters 1926, III; 1927, IV, 68; Chikobava 

1936, 30; Topuria 1954, VI, 448, 450-451; Gamkrelidze, 

Machavariani 1965, 165, 165 2-5 , 166, 166 3 ; Kvashilava 2008, 

259); 2. * > [*wa>o] (comp. Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 

1965, 43); 3. > [o>u] (comp.: Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 

1965, 289, 289 3 , 290-291; Kvashilava 2009, 329). 

1 . Comp. the refrain in the Georgian folk song Krimanchuli: [iaouao] 

– eao-wao. 

2 . Comp. Proto-Kartvelian-Colchian * - [* wad-aə]: Common-Kartvelian 

* - [*q‟wed-] (Fähnrich, Sarjveladze 2000, 535-536; Chikobava 

1936, 19). Comp. Mingrelian [ ude]: Georgian [oda] – house. 

308

My readings are supported by J. Younger (2008-2010) who 

read this inscription ][••]- • [•••]- • -[ ][•][ as ][••]-JA • 

[•••]-JA • JA-WA-[ ][•][ ‟supposedly a religious text‟. 

The rightness of the reading is also confirmed by the readings 

of the corresponding Myceneaen Greek B008/10000, 

B057/1000A and B054/10037. M. Ventris read these signs as 

[a], [ja] and [wa] correspondingly. 

So, the eight-petalled rosette PHD38 I read as * 

[*aəa] – Aea, the oldest name of the Sun-country of Colchis, 

Sakartvelo/Georgia the corresponding Greek is genit. case 

(comp.: Herodotus I, 2; II, 103-105; VII, 193, 197; Apollonius 

of Rhodes I, 174; II, 417, 422, 1094, 1141, 1185, 1267, 

1277; III, 306, 313, 1061; IV, 33, 255, 277-278; Kaukhchishvili 

1964, 9-14; 1970, VIII, 2-4; Kaukhchishvili 1960, 18-19, 48-49; 

1976-b, 12, 18-19; Urushadze 1964, 6-8, 10, 63-64; 1970, 28-29, 

347 10 ; Lordkipanidze 2000, 9 1 ; 1986, 43; Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 

1984, II, 907, 907 1 , 908; Gordeziani 2007, III, 469, 473). 

I also think that the eight-petalled rosette is the symbol 

of the royal family and the royal power of Aea. 

Semantic parallels of Aea are presented below: 

Greek , genit. case – Aea or Eëa, 1 a town of 

Colchis (Eumelus of Corinth; EGF 1877, I, 188 and ff., 2; 

Urushadze 1948, 224 96 ; 1964, 103); 

Greek , genit. case – Aea, a town in Thessaly, Old 

Greece, inhabited by Pelasgians (Stephen of Byzantium, 

Ethnica; Meinekius 1849, 36, 37, 20-21; Urushadze 1964, 230); 

1 . Colchian [aia] is regularly corresponded by [ea]. The correspondence 

in supported by the fact that in Zan, especially in Mingrelian - 

> - [ai->e-] (also: - >- [-ai>-e] and - ->- - [-ai->-e-]) contraction. E.g., 

Georgian [maisi] > Mingrelian [meesi] > [mesi] – May, 

the word in considered to be borrowed from Georgian to Mingrelian 

(Chikobava 1942, 154; Gamkrelidze, Machavariani 1965, 165, 166; Kajaia 

2001, I, 23; comp.: Kipshidze 1914, 08(60); Deeters 1926, 1927, 68; also see: 

Chikobava 1936, 30; Akhvlediani 1956, 179; Topuria 1954, 448, 450-451). 

309

Greek – Aea is the spring nymph loved by the 

Colchian river god Phasis; the island Aea in Colchis (Flaccus 

V, 426; Smith 1869, I, 22); 

Greek , genit. case 1 (Homer, Iliad VIII, 1; Apollonius 

of Rhodes I, 580; Owen 1851, 147; Merkel 1854, 30, 580; Urushadze 

1970, 66, 580), according to Greek sources (Kaukhchishvili 

1952, IV, II, 315; Urushadze 1948, 224 96 ; 1964, 

479) or Dorian , 2 Ionian – means ‟land‟, ‟the earth‟ 

(Theopompi 340; Müllerus 1841, 332, 340; Perrin, Seymour 

1897, Vocabulary, 3; Smith 1870, II, 195; Weisman 1899, 2006, 

27, 261, 270, 298; MPW 1991, I, 300; Urushadze 1964, 319; 

Gordeziani 1999, 53; 2007, III, 473); 

Greek / – Gaea/Gea/Ge is the goddess of the Earth; 

greatly worshipped by Colchis (Apollonius of Rhodes III, 714-717; 

Schol. ad. Apoll. Rhod. III, 714; Merkel 1854, 169-170, 714-717; 

467, 714; Coleridge 1889, 123-124; Smith 1870, II, 195; Urushadze 

1964, 514; 1970, 350 15 , 364; Lordkipanidze 1986, 128 8 ); 

Mycenaean Greek Aiwa – [a 3 -wa] KN C 973 (Ventris, 

Chadwick 1973, 537; DMic 2 ; Isebaert 2005, 168) 3 that is read as 

, Aia – Aea, a bull’s nickname (Tsymburskij 2005, 309); 

Mycenaean Greek Aiwajā – [a 3 -wa-ja] PY En 74.22 

(S74-H1/S.1), [a 3 -wa- the rest is unreadable] PY Eo 160.2 

(H41/S.41) (Ventris, Chadwick 1973, 537; DMic 2 ; Isebaert 2005, 

168), that S. Hiller (1991, 214) and V. Tsymburskij (2005, 308) 

1 . Also see: Homer, Iliad II, 162, 178; III, 243-244; IV, 172; VIII, 1; IX, 

506; XI, 817; XV, 740; XVI, 539; XXIII, 327, 742; XXIV, 695; Odyssey I, 

41, 75, 203; IV, 262, 521; X, 236, 472; XI, 301; XVIII, 145; XIX, 301; XXI, 

62-63; XXIII, 353; XXIV, 290; Tsymburskij 2005, 309-311 and ff. 

2 . Comp. Mingralian [ga] – a hill, a hillock (Sharashenidze 1983, 40- 

41; Kajaia 2001, I, 277). 

3 . The numbering of clay tablets and abbreviations are given according E. L. 

Bennett and GORILA: a 3 = ai, Cn = livestock, HM = Heraklion Museum, HT = 

Hagia Triada, KH = Chania, KN = Knossos, MY = Mycenae, PY = Pylos, Sd = 

chariots and armor, SY = Syme, TH = Thebes, Wc = roundels, Za = stone vessels. 

310

was read as , Aiaia (comp.: Isebaert 2005, 168; 

Gordeziani 1999, 100; Gordeziani 2007, III, 481; Gordeziani 

2009, 78) – Aeaea, ‟a god’s slave‟, a feminine anthroponym 

(Efkleidou 2004, 61; Gordeziani 2009, 79, 79 20 ); 

Greek , genit. case – the island Aeaea (Homer, 

Odyssey X, 135; XII, 4; Apollonius of Rhodes III, 1074; Perrin, 

Seymour 1897, 135; Vocabulary, 58; 79, 72; 84, 1); 

Greek , genit. case – Aeaea, an epithet of 

Circe and Medea (Homer, Odyssey IX, 32; see below); 

Akkadian-Babylonian [ d a·a], d A-ya, d A-i-ya – Aya was 

the Mother Goddess, the consort of the Sun-god Shamash 

(Black, Green 1992, 173; Nozadze 2007, 63; Gordeziani 1999, 53); 

Urartian [ d a-i-a] – Aya, the god Aias (the Earthgod); 

A-i-e – in the land (Sayce 1882, 683); 

Akkadian-Babylonian [ d e 2·a] 1 (Leick 1998, 37; 

DDD 1999, 126; Collon 2007) – the god Ea; ‟house of the 

1 . E. G. King (1888, 8, 58-59), J. Bottéro (2004) and many others have 

suggested that in this case a West-Semitic (Canaanite) way of saying Hebrew 

[yah] is Akkadian Ea or Sumerian [ d en·ki/gi 5 ] (Civil 2009, 15; PSD) 

– Enki, Lord of the Earth (Sumerian en – lord; ki – earth: Halloran 2006, 6, 12; 

MPW 1992, II, 662). [ya ] is declined with the Semitic ending as Yahw = 

Yahu and may have developed into the later form of the Tetragrammation 

[jhwh] of the Hebrew Old Testament (Bible, Exodus 3.14: 

[‟ahyh ‟ašr ‟ahyh] – I am who I am; Psalms 111.1: [halelu-yah] 

– Praise the LORD GOD!). [yah] has also been confused with the Ugaritic Yam 

(the god of Rivers and Sea) whose earlier name in at least one ancient source was 

Ya(h)w/Ya’a (the West-Semitic verb root * wy > * yy- > Hebrew [hyh-] 

meaning „to be‟, „to live‟ in this case used for „spring‟, „hovering over the 

waters‟; comp. Bible, Genesis 1.2; Genesis 3.20: [ wh] – Eve). Although 

both Ea and Yam were water gods, Ea was the creator and representative of the 

sweet beneficent waters from below the earth, and as Enki was responsible for 

fertilising the earth itself (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki). 

Theodoret of Cyrus (Haereticarum fabularum compendium 241, 1673) 

writes the equivalents forms of the Hebrew Tetragrammation : [Iao] 

and [Aia]; also see Diodorus Siculus I, 94: [iao]. 

Comp. Hebrew [yah]: Egyptian [ỉ‛ ] – moon. 

311

water‟ (Sumerian a – water; a, a-a – father; e 2 – house, temple: 

King 1888, 22, 51; Halloran 2006, 3, 71; ETCSL); 

Hebrew [‟ayh], Aiah, Ajah, Aia – Aya, a personal name 

(Bible, Genesis 36.24; I Chronicles 1.40; II Samuel 3.7; 21.8, 10); 

Hebrew [‛yh], Hai, Ai, Aija, Aia – Aya, a name of 

place (Bible, Nehemiah 11.31); 

Old Indian Āyú – the power of life (MPW 1991, I, 146); 

Ugaritic ayaku; Hurrian Ayakun – deity (Nozadze 2007, 64); 

Hurrian d A·a·ak·ki, ayakki – a cult object in a temple 

(Nozadze 2007, 64); 

Hittite ayakki – a cult object in a temple, an epithet of 

Ishtar (Hoffner 2009, 2; Tatishvili 2006, 1, 23); 

Hittite GIŠ e a-, GIŠ eya(n)- – eya, evergreen sacred tree, yew (); 

to its cult the ritual of sacred sheep skin was connected 

(Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 1984, II, 907, 582; Tatishvili 2007, 2, 5); it 

was used as a symbol of being free of various civil obligations, 

e.g., taxes and chores (Hoffner 2009, 8); 

Mingrelian [aia-žašxa], [aia-žešxa]; 

Svan [aia-mišladeγ], [aiamišladäγ] 

– the Aea-sun day; the name of the fasting Sunday 

of the pagan celebration 1 (Коbalia 1903, 103; Кipshidze 1914, 

1 . Aea [aia] was one of the pagan celebrations held in Mingrelia, Abkhazia, 

and Svaneti on the day a week before Baea [baia] – the Palm Sunday. 

On this day Mingrelians and Abkhazians used to decorate their homes 

and farm buildings with spring flowers, violets (Georgian [ia]), also 

scatlering them all over the yards (Antelava 2006, 5. I am thankful to N. 

Ghambashidze who supplied me with this information), wine-jars were 

blessed (Kajaia 2009, IV, 24). N. Anteleva (2006, 5) thinks that Aea was 

then the celebration of the spring equinox. The Aea celebration is mentioned 

in Mingrelian folk verse (Kobalia 1903, 103; Kipshidze 1914, 188): 

312

229 (433), 193; Kajaia 2001, I, 169; Mikeladze 1974; Antelava 

2006, 5; Gordeziani 1999, 53; 2007, III, 474). 

5. About Geographical Location of Aea 

As mentioned above, the sign PHD38 of the eightpetalled 

rosette is read by me as * [*aəa] – the country Aea, 

below the geographical location of this country is considered. 

The commentaries of Ancient Greek authors, the Assirian and 

Urartian sources and the results of the analyses of these should 

be presented here (see Lordkipanidze 1986, 30-76). 

Basing on Herodotus (Aea – Colchis: I, 2; VII, 193, 197; 

Colchians: II, 103-105; III, 97; IV, 37, 40; VII, 79), Apollonius of 

Rhodes (Aea: II, 422, 1094, 1141, 1185, 1267; III, 306, 1061; IV, 

255, 277-278; Colchis: I, 174; II, 1277; III, 313; IV, 33; Aea – 

Colchis: II, 417), Strabo (XI, 1, 4; 2, 1; 2, 14-18; 3, 2; 3, 4; 5, 5; 14, 

4; 14, 15; XII, 1, 1; 3, 1-2; 3, 13; 3, 17-18; 3, 28-29; 4, 3) and 

others (Euripid., Medea 2), S. Kaukhchishvili (1964, 9-14; 1970, 

VIII, 2-4), T. Kaukhchishvili (1960, 18-19, 48-49; 1976-b, 12, 18- 

19), A. Urushadze (1970, 28-29, 347 10 ; 1964, 6-8, 10, 63-64) and 

O. Lordkipanidze (1986, 32, 43, 128 8 ; 1989, 213; 2000, 9 1 ) argue 

that Aea is the synonym of Colchis ( / ), Aea is the 

oldest name of this country, and it was called Colchis only later 

(also see: Smith 1896, 15; Perrin, Seymour 1897, Vocabulary, 3; 

Gamkrelidze, Ivanov II, 907, 907 1 , 908; Gambaschidze, 

Hauptmann, Slotta, Yalçin 2001, 196 and ff.; Gordeziani 2007, III, 

469, 473). 

S. Kaukhchishvili (1964, 13), A. Urushadze (1964, 6-10) 

and O. Lordkipanidze (2000, 9 1 ) argue that according to Greek 

sources Aea (resp. Eëa) was the oldest name of Georgia. 

Basing on Hecataeus of Miletus 1 (the 6 th c. BC), M. 

Janashvili (1906, 3) writes: ”Moskhians (Moschi = Meskhs = 

Meskhetians = Georgians) are Colchian tribes. So, Colchians 

1 . “ , “ (Hecatæi fragmenta 

188, Müllerus 1841, I, 13; also see: Lomouri 1963; Khazaradze 1984). 

313

are the same as Georgians”. 

A. Urushadze (1948, 224 96 ; 1964, 55), T. Mikeladze (1974, 

72, 79-85, 164-168), T. Kaukhchishvili (1976-a, 589) and O. 

Lordkipanidze (2000, 9 1 ; 1986, 43; 1989, 219) argue that / 

– Aea/Colchis was situated at the east and south-east 

coasts of the Pontus Euxinus (or the Black Sea), as is cleare 

from the Ancient Greek sources. 

Some of the Greek sources are considered below: 

In Homer‟s Odyssey (XII, 1-4; also see: X, 135; XI, 70; 

Perrin, Seymour 1897, 135; Dindorf 1855, II, 457, 135, 5-6) we 

read: 

”Now after the ship had left the stream of the river Oceanus, 

and was come to the wave of the wide sea, and the isle Aeaea, 

where is the dwelling place of early Dawn and her dancing grounds, 

and the land of sunrising...” (Butcher, Lang 1900, 192). 

”No doubt, the description given by Homer implies the place 

situated in the Earth where the Sun rises... According to Greek 

commentators, [resp. ] – Aeaea [Aeaeé] is the same 

as – Aea but lengthened by one syllable... [These] four lines 

imply that Circe’s Aea is not situated in West (at the Tyrrhenian 

Sea), but in the East, in Colchis... Removing Aea to Etruria is the 

product of later versions of the myth. Mentioning Aea (Colchis) as 

the name of an island by Homer presents no obstacle. In ancient 

times island did not always mean what it means today, but also a 

land situated between the sea and rivers, the passage being only a 

narrow stripe of land” (Urushadze 1964, 493 6 ; 1970, 350 11 , 355 29 ). 

One more quotation from Odyssey (IX, 31-32; Perrin, 

Seymour 1897, 77, 99): 

314

– “... and likewise too, guileful Circe of Aeaea 1 , would have 

stayed me in her halls, longing to have me for her lord” (Butcher, 

Lang 1900, 135), Eustathius of Thessalonica (Eustathius 1825, 

321, 1614, 14-19; Kaukhchishvili 1970, VIII, 2; Urushadze 

1964, 183; 1970, 355 29 ) interprets the lines in the following 

way: 

“Aeaea [is used] instead of Colchis according to the name of 

the place. Aea is mentioned as a town in Colchis by others, and 

also by Lycophron. 2 The citizen-man of it is called Aeaeos, the 

citezen-woman – Aeaea, and the Circe‟s island [is called] Aeaea 

1 . The epithet of both Circe (Perrin, Seymour 1897, Vocabulary, 3; Smith 

1896, 15), a sister of Aeëtes, and Medea, a daughter of Aeëtes, is Aeaea, the 

word derived from Aea, the country where her father Aeëtes ruled (Smith 

1869, I, 23). E.g., (Homer, Odyssey XII, 268, 273; Eustathius 

1828, 15), (Scholia to Odyssey IX, 32; Dindorf 1855, II, 408, 

32, 14-19; Apollonius of Rhodes IV, 559; Merkel 1854, 234) – Aeaean Circe 

(Urushadze 1964, 177; 1970, 278, 279); 

(Apollonius of 

Rhodes III, 1136; Merkel 1854, 190) – Aeaean Medea (Urushadze 1970, 

234, 235). 

2 . Also see: Strabo I, 2.39; Schol. ad Eurip., Medea 2; Schol. ad. Apoll. 

Rhod. II, 417; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 1024; EGF 1877, I, 189; Eustathius 1828, 

15; Bachmann 1830, 327, 1011-1046; Merkel 1854, 414, 417, 25-26; Jones 

1960, I, 166-167; Urushadze 1964, 195, 238, 240, 304, 310, 325, 414. 

315

ecause of Circe. By the way, if the name of the island Aeaea 

was initially double ae, the Circe of the place had to have the 

third ae for it to be Aeaeaeé, but because of its bad sound and 

the mentioned homonymy, it is not used; the geographer [Strabo 

1 ] names the town Aea at Phasis, meaning that this Aea in 

Colchis is also situated near the Circe’s island Aeaeé”. 

In his scholia to IX, 32 a commentator of Odyssey (Dindorf 

1855, II, 408, 32, 14-5) writes: ” 

” – ”Aeaea is [known] as a town in Colchis” (Urushadze 

1964, 177). He thinks that Circe‟s home Aeaea is not 

situated near the seaside in Central Italy, Tyrrhenia (Etruria) 

(Urushadze 1964, 493 8 ). 

In Mimnermus‟ Nanno (Fragment 11; Diehl 1954; Urushadze 

1964, 201, 202) we read: 

”Even Jason could never take the great Fleece from Aea, 

though he travelled a heavily-burdened way to fulfill Pelias‟ hard 

wish-order, neither could [Argonauts] reached the Oceanus‟ 

beautiful waters [without the help of Medea‟s love]... 2 Here, 

Aeëtes‟ town, where the rays of swift Hélios lay in a golden 

1 . Strabo I, 2, 10, 39; see Hamilton 1854, 31-32, 72. 

2 . “In square brackets the missing words reconstructed by G. Kaibel (1887, 510) 

are enclosed; for this he used the lines from Apollonius of Rhodes‟ Argonautica 

II, 2-3: ... – “due to Medea’s 

love, Jason took the Fleece [from Colchis] to Iolkós” (Urushadze 1964, 301 * ; 

1948, 110; 1970, 176, 177). Comp.: Hesiod‟s Theogonia, 992-996 (Evelyn-White 

1914, 14; Urushadze 1964, 187); Strabo I, 2, 40 (Hamilton 1854, 73). 

316

storeroom at the edge of Oceanus where god-like Jason went”. 

In the 8th c. BC Eumelus of Corinth (Corinthiaca 2; Schol. ad 

Pind. Ol. XIII, 74; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 174; EGF 1877, I, 188, 

189; Urushadze 1964, 194, 2a; 195, 2b) and Pindar (Wheelwright 

1830, 104, 21; Colin 1841, 187, Str. 10; Urushadze 1964, 203, 

Pythian IV, 15-22; 213, Str. 10, 210-215) – in the 6 th -5 th centuries 

BC – mention the name of the country at the east coast of Black 

Sea – Colchis 1 (Urushadze 1948, 224 1 , 23; Smith 1854, I, 642- 

643). 

Herodotus (I, 2; VII, 193, 197) wites: 

”The Argonauts sailed in a long ship to Aea of the 

Colchians and the river Phasis and when they had done the rest 

of the business for which they came, they carried off the king‟s 

daughter Medea... They were sailing to Aea in Colchis for the 

fleece... Cytissorus came from Aea in Colchis...~ (Godley 1920, 

4-5; 1938, 510-511, 514-515). 

1 . For – Colchis or – Colchian see, e.g., Herod. I, 104; II, 

104; Lycophr., Alexandra 1022 (Bachmann 1830, 215; Urushadze 1964, 301); 

Strabo XI, 2, 17-18 (Kramer 1852, 10, XI, 2, 17-18); Schol. ad. Apoll. Rhod. 

III, 1040 (Merkel 1854, 474, 20-23); etc. - (Suida 1705, 

II, 341) – Colchis - Lazistan. 

317

Apollonius of Rhodes (II, 417-418, 1246-1250, 1260-1261, 

1266-1270; III, 1135; IV, 277-281; Merkel 1854, 91, 133, 134, 

190, 219) writes: 

318

”For Colchian Aea lieth at the uttermost end of Pontus and 

the earth. ... And as they sailed, there came in sight a bay of the 

sea, and before them rose up the steep cliffs of the Caucasian 

mountains, where Prometheus was feeding with his liver an 

eagle, swooping back again and again, his limbs fast bound to 

the hard rocks with bands of brass, unbreakable... At night, by 

the skill of Argus, came the Argonauts to the broad stream of the 

Phasis and the uttermost ends of the sea... Upon their left hand 

they kept steep Caucasus and the Cytaean 1 town of Aea, and 

1 . In Greek sources the forms: , , , , , 

, , , and other are also presented (see: 

Lycophron 1312; Bachmann 1830, 335, 1312; Merkel 1854, 99, 399, 403; 

413, 399, 26-27, 32, 34; Schol. ad. Apoll. Rhod. II, 399; Orpheus 1764, 116, 

819; Eustathius 1825, 161, 1493, 49; 1828, 275; Suida 1705, II, 404); the 

related Georgian words are: 

[k h ut h a-is-i, k h ut h a-GEN-NOM]; 

Imeretian [k h ut h e-is-i, k h ut h e-GEN-NOM]; Mingrelian 

[k h ut h e-š-i, k h ut h e-GEN-NOM]; Svan [k h ut h -āš, k h ut h -GEN] 

(comp.: Kaukhchishvili 1964, 50; Urushadze 1964, 6, 28, 66, 103, 138, 182, 

295, 296, 301, 304, 310-312, 324, 325, 474, 481, 493 12 and ff.; 1970, 28-30, 

319

next the plain of Ares and that god‟s sacred grove, where the 

serpent keepeth watch and ward o‟er the fleece as it hangs on 

128, 345 35 , 373; 1948, 218 28 and ff.; Gordeziani 1999, 98, 101; 2007, III, 

471-472); Comp. Greek : Kutha/Cuthah/Cutha was an ancient city of 

Sumer (Bible, 2 Kings 17.24); Mingrelian [k h ut h a] – a masculine 

anthroponym (Chanturia 2006, 71). 

T. Kaukhchishvili (1957, 19-20) separates the word root - in the 

variants of the name of Phrixus’ son – / (Herodotus 

VII, 197; Strabo XII, 3, 10; Urushadze 1964, 285, 432, 488; Gordeziani 

2007, III, 471 2 ) and the derived toponym ; she argues that the 

toponym was well known in early times (see also: Urushadze 1970, 

373; Gordeziani 1999, 98). 

It is noteworthy that the following similar forms are attested on the 

tablets with Linear A inscriptions found on the Crete: [KI-TA-I] 

HT 123a.1-2 (HM 1367+1371) and [KU-TA- the rest is unreadable] 

HT 115b.4 (HM 1360) (GORILA 1976, I, 190-191; 210-211; Younger 2008- 

2010) D. W. Packard (1974, 148, 153) correspondingly connected Myceneaen 

Greek: [ku- ạ-i-jo] KN As (2) 1517.7 (s. 102); [ku-ta-ito] 

KN C 902.10 (s. 201) (DMic 2 ; Isebaert 2005, 156, 161) and [ku-tathe 

rest is unreadable] KN X 9321 (DMic 2 ), that were read as , 

(comp: Lurje 1957, 205; Urushadze 1964, 138 91 ; 1974, 373; 

Gordeziani 1999, 101; 2007, III, 472; Gordeziani 2009, 79 21 ). 

The following Myceneaen Greek forms are also attested in: 

[ku-ta-i-si- the rest is unreadable] KN X 7891; [ku-ta-i-si- ọ] KN X 

7891; [ku-ta-si-jo] KN Da 1394.B (s. 117), Dv 1237.B (s. 117); 

[ku-ta-ti- the rest is unreadable] KN X 1538.1; [ku-ta-ti-jaqe] 

KN G 820.3; [ku-ta-ti-jo] KN As (2) 1516.12, Ga (2) 419.2b, Ga 

(2) 673.1, Wb 5662, X 7897.b; [ku-ta-to] KN Ce 59.2b and others 

(DMic 2 ; also see: Ventris, Chadwick 1953; Lurje 1957, 205; Isebaert 2005, 

156, 160, 161; Urushadze 1974, 373; 1964, 138 91 ; 493, 394, 499 31 ; Gordeziani 

1999, 101; 2007, III, 472); Greek , , 

(Gordeziani 2009, 79, 79 21 ; Chotalishvili 2003, 107). 

Depending on Greek sources A. Urushadze (1964, 138 91 ) supposes that 

these forms are of Pelasgian origin; the Crete was the habitat of Pelasgians that 

were connected with many ties to Kartvelian tribes (Janashia 1959, III, 193). 

R. Gordeziani (1999, 101; 2007, III, 472-473; 2008, IV, 105) compares 

Colchian and Cretan to the Common-Kartvelian * - 

[k h ut h ais-]. 

320

the oak‟s rough branches... For such was the mind of Hera, that 

Aeaean Medea should come to sacred Iolchos, to the bane of 

Pelias, leaving her own country... But Aea still abides steadfast, 

and the children of those [Egyptian] men, whom that king [Pharaoh 

Sesostris] did plant therein to dwell there 1 ; these men 

preserve writings of their fathers, graved upon pillars, whereon 

are all the ways and limits of sea and dry land, far and wide, for 

those who come thither.” (Coleridge 1889, 66, 95, 158, 137; 

Urushadze 1970, 351 7 , 352 8 ). 

A scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes‟ Argonautica (Schol. 

ad Apoll. Rhod III, 1074, 1093; Merkel 1854, 474, 1074, 28-30; 

476, 1093, 1-3; Urushadze 1964, 330, 257) gives the following 

explanation about the name of the island – Aeaea: 

”In Phasis there is the island Aeaea where the fleece was 

kept. [Aeaea] is the capital of Colchis”; 

”The name of the island, Aeaeés is one syllable ae longer, 

because it is the island of Aea. Aea is the capital of Colchis. The 

island is mentioned in Phasis where, according to Pherecydes of 

Syros [was] the fleece”. 

Stephen of Byzantium writes on Aea in his Ethnica (Meinekius 

1 . ”Aea is still there – [Argos] says that Aea stands unshakable and its 

inhabitants are descendents of the people [of Egyptians] brought to settle 

there by Sesostris [Egyptian 

– Sesonkosis] …” 

(Schol. ad Apol. Rhod. IV, 277; Merkel 1854, 497, 277, 6-8; Urushadze 

1964, 332). Comp.: Herodotus II, 103-105; Pliny the Elder XXXIII, 15, 52 

(Bostock, Riley 1857, 93-94); also see: Lamberti 1991, 14-15. 

321

1849, 36, 16-18; Holstenius, Berkelius 1885, 24, 29-31): 

”Aea: the town of Colchis, founded by Aeëtes, is 300 stadia 

away from the [Black] Sea; two rivers are flowing round it 

Hippus [Tskhenis-tsqali – river-horse] and Kyáneos [Tekhuri], 

that turn the [town] into a peninsula…” (also see: Kaukhchishvili 

1936, III, 274; Urushadze 1948, 218 29 and ff.; 1964, 230; 

Lordkipanidze 2000, 15, Fig. 1). 

Below the readings of some inscriptions found on the Crete, 

also of Assirian and Urartian inscriptions are presented. 

The signs of line a7 of Linear A inscription on HT 117 (HM 

1364) tablet – [KU-KU-DA-RA] 1 (GORILA 1976, I, 196- 

197) were connected by D. W. Packard (1974, 146) to Myceneaen 

Greek: [ko-ki-da] KN Sd 4403.a (L 128); KN So (1) 4430.a 

(L 130) and [ko-ki-de-jo] KN Fh 5465 (141) (Evans 1952, 

II, pl. XIV, 04.03; CoMIK 1990, II, 204, 216; DMic 2 ), that were 

correspondingly read by O. Landau (1958, 72), S. Hiller (1991, 

214, 214 53 ) and others as , – Colchis, 

Colchian (comp.: Gordeziani 1999, 100; 2007, III, 470; Gordeziani 

2009, 76, 76 7 , 77). 

According to the latest researches, T. Gamkrelidze (1999; 

2002, 45-46; 2004): ”The existance of Colchian state is assumed 

to exist around the 15 th century BC, for in the Greek 

inscriptions of Myceneaen epoch (the 15 th -14 th centuries BC) 

many names that were known to us from the myth of 

Argonauts – such as: the country Aea, Colchis, Jason 

(Myceneaen Greek [i-wa-so] KN Xd 7756; PY An 519.8, 

654.17, 661.3 (S657-H 1); PY Cn 655.6 (S719-H 1); Greek 

, ), etc are attested”. 

1 . Comp. the Myceneaen Greek masculine anthroponym [ku-ka-daro] 

KN Uf (2) 836.b (122) (DMic 2 ; Younger 2008-2010). 

322

After the thorough study and analysis of Assirian cuneiform 

inscriptions (Tiglath-Pileser I, 1115/1114-1077/1076 BC) G. 

Melikishvili (1954, 22 and ff., 407-408; 1970, I, 369, 369 3 , 370) 

read Kil i 1 (Kir i: Luckenbill 1926, I, 92, 270) which he 

identified with (also see: Lordkipanidze 1986, 45; Gordeziani 

2007, III, 469; Gordeziani 2009, 83). 

According to Urartian sources (Sarduri II, 750-748 and 744- 

742 BC), G. Melikishvili (1962, 320 and ff.; 1970, I, 386-389, 

39-40; 2004, 98, 107-109) identifies the Qul a 2 form with 

1 . ”It should be noted that many researchers [e.g., C. F. Lehmann-Haupt, I. 

M. Diakonoff, and others] read the name Kil- i as ab- i. The first sign 

( ) is raed not only as Kil and ab, but as some others syllables, too” 

(Melikishvili 1970, 369 3 ). 

In one of the inscriptions Tiglath-Pileser I says: ”Tukulti-apil-Ešarra,.. 

who conquered country ab i till ‟the Big Sea‟. According to Assyrian 

inscriptions ‟the Big Sea‟ is ‟the Upper Sea‟, and G. Melikishvili (1970, 367- 

369) argues that this is the Black Sea. 

I think that the same cuneiform signs of the inscription given above denote 

the country ab i (comp. ab- i/a, a-ab- i/a-: CAD 1956, 6, 15) that was 

not situated to the South of the lake Vani, and in this case the country of 

Chalybes ( : Herodotus I, 28; Suida 1705, III, 652) was meant. 

My point of view is supported by Assirian root ab- i, where - i is a Hurrian- 

Urartian suffix (Melikishvili 1970, 382, 364); it corresponds to Greek -. The 

process: Colchian * - [*xaləb-] > * - [*xaəb-] > * - [*xab-], where - 

* - [-*lə-] > -* - [-*ə-] > -ø- is reflexive. This process takes place in the local 

Bandza-Martvili speech of Senaki dialect in Mingrelia. E.g., / / 

/ / [dzalami/dzaljami/dzajami/dzaami/dzami] – very (Kipshidze 

1914, 373; Kajaia 2001, I, 18; 2002, II, 372, 374). 

The abovesaid allows the acceptance of both readings the Assyrian cuneiform 

sign as KUR Kil- i and KUR ab- i. They both are connected to the name of the 

country of Chalybes – Colchis that lay at ’the Big Sea‟ (the Black Sea). 

2 . Urartian KUR qul- a-i, KUR qu-ul- a-i-di, KUR qu-ul- a- a-li-e- i – Kulkha, 

Colchis (155 C, 2; 155 D, 3, 6, 9: Marr, Orbeli 1922, 47-51; Sayce 1929, 95-96; 

Melikishvili 1953, #4; Haroutyunyan 2001, 519), where [u] occurs instead of [o] 

as the vowel [o] was not reflected in cuneiform script (Tatishvili 2009, 23). 

In Urartian inscription (155 D, 5) in the name of a king of Colchis the 

first syllable in unfortunalely erased I [1]-šá- i only the last part -šá- i is still 

there (Melikishvili 1953, #4; 1970, I, 388). 

323

(Lordkipanidze 1989, 219, 210; 1991, 110; 1986, 44; 

Lordkipanidze 2007, 149; also see: Salvini 1995, 70; Gordeziani 

2009, 83). 

6. On the Origin of the Name Aeëtes 

The name / – Aeëtes, derived from the name 

of the country Aea, is attested in the Ancient Greek sources. 

Below these data are presented. 

It is well known from Greek mythology that ”the son of 

Athamas [Phrixus] brought the ram [with golden wool] to the 

sunny Eëa (resp. Aea) near the Black sea. [Aea and Corinth] 

were ruled by King Aeëtes, 1 the son of the Sun-god Hélios [and 

the Oceanid Perseis, a daughter of Oceanus]. He had two daughters: 

beautiful Medea 2 and Chalciope, and the son – 

Apsyrtus” (Urushadze 1948, 13; also see Smith 1869, I, 24). 

Strabo (I, 2, 39; Jones 1960, 166, 167; also see: Xenophon 

V, 6, 37; Macmichael 1890, 145) writes: 

”... Aeëtes is believed to have ruled over Colchis, and the 

name Aeëtes is still locally current among the people of that 

region”. 

The Orphic Argonautica describes the voyage of Argonauts 

to the country of the Sun – Aea, Colchis (Urushadze 1964, 63, 

64). Comparing Colchians’ king, Aeëtes, a son of Hélios, with 

the Sun has special importance in the poem. E.g. lines 809-812 

1 . See: Eumelus of Corinth, Corinthiaca 2; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 1024; EGF 1877, 

I, 189 (Urushadze 1964, 22, 195, 2c); Lycophr., Alexandra 1024 (Bachmann 

1830, 215; Urushadze 1964, 301). 

2 . Anthroponym (Medus, son of Medea and Jason) was connected 

to Myceneaen Greek anthroponym [me-de-jo] KN B (5) 800.4 (104) 

(DMic 2 ) by R. Janko (1982, 2007, 247; comp.: R. Gordeziani 1999, 101; 

2007, III, 481-482; Gordeziani 2009, 79). 

324

(Orpheus 1764, 114; Urushadze 1964, 64): 

”Aeëtes shined like Hélios on his chariot from the brightness 

of the reflected light of a golden ; on his head he 

wore the crown decorated with fringes of fiery rays”. 

According to a scholiast on Pindar (Drachmann 1903, 372, 

74d; Urushadze 1964, 217, b; 496 8 ) Aeëtes is an eponym of 

Aea: 

325

”... Listened to the son of Hélios and Antiope – Aeëtes, [he] 

to found the town of his name in Colchis”. 

Stephen of Byzantium writes in his Ethnica (Meinekius 

1849, 36, 18-20; Kaukhchishvili 1936, III, 274; Urushadze 

1964, 230, 496 13 ; Lordkipanidze 1986, 30; 1989, 213): 

”Aeëtes is derived from [Aea], like Asia – Asiátes [= Asian], 

so Aea – Aeátes and Aeëtes [= Aean]”. 

Also Eustathius of Thessalonica (Eustathius 1825, 321, 

1614, 19-20; Kaukhchishvili 1970, VIII, 2; Urushadze 1964, 

183; Lordkipanidze 1986, 32) writes: 

”The old [writers] tell that the hero Aeëtes took his name 

from Aea”. 

”The king‟s name Aeëtes (Greek = + ) is a 

derived form. As generally known, the Greek suffix - - means 

‟to have origin from‟. E.g., – a town, [Holstenius, 

Berkelius 1885, 353, 10-11] – a citizen, 

[a town of 

victory] – [Holstenius, Berkelius 1885, 315, 11- 

13] – from Nicóplis, [Chaonia] – [Holstenius, 

Berkelius 1885, 459, 22-32; 460, 1-2] – Chaonian origin. In the 

same way the name Aeëtes means Aean (‟from Aea‟, ‟a citizen 

of Aea‟), it follows that the name of the country was Aea” 

(Kaukhchishvili 1964, 13; comp.: Lordkipanidze 1986, 32; Gordeziani 

1999, 101). 

Also, according to H. M. Hoenigswald (Gamkrelidze, Ivanov 

II, 908 1 ; Tsymburskij 2005, 312, 312 3 ), the toponym 

326

1 is derived from the name of the country , and the 

ethnonym means „the inhabitants of the country of 

Aea‟. 

It is to be noted that Myceneaen Greek Aiwātas – [a 3 - 

wa-ta] KN Vc (1) 7612 (s. 124-S) (Ventris, Chadwick 1973, 

537; DMic 2 ; Isebaert 2005, 168) read by S. Hiller (1991, 214) 

and V. L. Tsymburskij (2005, 308) as / , Aiates/ 

Aietes – Aeëtes (comp.: Gordeziani 2007, III, 481; Gordeziani 

2009, 78-79) was connected to the succession of Linear A 

inscription signs [A-WA-TI-NA-RA 2 ] II13 by D. W. 

Packard (1974, 140). 

● SUMMARY 

1. The sign PHD38 is the oldest example of the eightpetalled 

rosette; 

2. In various cultures the sign of the eight-petalled 

rosette (also – disk, circle) is the symbol of the Sun, star, 

Earth, deities and royal power; the author argues that it is also 

the symbol of the Sun-country Aea-Colchis, denoting the royal 

family and royal power of Aea; 

3. The archaeological material and the examples of art with 

rosette (also – disk, circle) are presented amply as the 

samples of various cultures; 

4. The Sun and star symbols are presented: the sign 

PHD38 of the eight-petalled rosette, the Cretan hieroglyphs 

315[1]ARCH S (2/14) 01/CMS II, I, 391 and F21DE (261 

[11]CR()S(3/ 3)09/CMS XII, 110), and the Linear A sign 

A044/F0672; they are read is the Proto-Kartvelian-Colchian as 

* [*aəa] by the author; 

1 . The Ancient Greek toponym was an area of Old Greece situated to 

the west and north-western region of Asia Minor. 

327

5. The corresponding phonetic and symbolic forms of the 

Proto-Kartvelian-Colchian * [*aəa] are shown in various 

languages and cultures; 

6. Greek, Assirian and Urartian sources and their analyses by 

researchers confirm that Aea-Colchis was situated at the east 

and south-east coasts of the Pontus Euxinus or the Black Sea; 

7. According to the Greek sources Aeëtes means: ‟of Aea‟, 

‟an inhabitant of Aea‟, ‟a citizen of Aea‟; 

8. The following Linear A inscriptions are presented: SY 

Za 2 (HM 3429) and 

KN Za 

18 (HM 2597); they are read by me in the Proto-Kartvelian- 

Colchian language correspondingly as: * - [*a-əa] – Aea and 

”... - - , -... , - -...” [...*əa-a-əa, aəa-... əa, əawa-...] 

– ”... Violet-Rosette, Aea(deity)- ... Violet, Violet-...”; 

9. To my mind, the data presented in this research confirms 

that the country of Aea-Colchis exhisted in the 20 th -to-15 th 

centuries BC. 

328

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364

istoriuli geografia 

Historical Geography 

manavis istoriidan 

365 

papuna gabisonia 

sofeli manavi (sagarejos r-ni) mdidaria istoriul-kulturuli 

ZeglebiT da TavisTavad saintereso 

warsuli gaaCnia. 

soflis saxelwodeba sityva `manisgan~ unda 

warmodgebodes. didi qarTveli mwignobari sulxan-saba 

orbeliani Tavis `sityvis kona~-Si `mans~ 

ramdenime ganmartebas aZlevs: `mana ars palo da 

momcro margili~, ` kvalad manad iTqmian paloi 

dasarWobeli, gina momcro margili RobeTa, gina 

karvisa ezoTa~, `mana ars saRile qalTa~, `mana 

ewodeba TiTistarsa qalTasa~ [3, 432-433]. safiqrebelia, 

rom manavis etimologia palosTan, igive 

momcro margilisgan unda momdinareobdes da igi 

raRacis mijnasTan iyos dakavSirebuli (Sdr `samani~). 

manavis teritoria uZvelesi droidan dasaxlebuli 

iyo. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad 

aq gamovlinda eneoliTis anu spilenZ-qvis da 

brinjaos xanis (Zv. w. VI-V aTaswleulebi) Zvlis 

iaraRebi, brinjaos isrispirebi, Subispirebi, samkaulebi, 

keramikis, maT Soris qvevrebis namsxvrevebi. 

manavSi, adgil zeianis midamoebSi 30 metri 

diametris yorRanis gaTxris Sedegad gamovlinda 

sarkofagi, romelic iq arsebuli Tixis nawarmis 

mixedviT Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleuliT daTariRda [7]. 

am periodis aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli 

iyo e. w. `yorRanuli kultura~. yorRa-

nebi anu xelovnuri miwayrilebi tomis beladebis 

an qurumebis samarxi iyo. qviT aSenebul sarkofagebSi 

aTavsebdnen micvalebuls da zemodan 

didi raodenobiT miwas ayridnen, ise, rom borcvis 

forma mieRo. aseTivea zeianSi aRmoCenili 

yorRani, sadac mamakacisa da qalis samarxi aRmoCnda. 

savaraudod mamakaci tomis beladi, xolo 

qali ki misi meuRle iqneboda. rogorc wesi, 

am xanaSi dakrZalvisas, tomis warCinebulebs Tan 

monebs ayolebdnen, rom im qveynad momsaxurebodnen 

Tavis batons. `zeianis yorRanSic~ msxverplad 

SewirulTa 8 neSti aRmoCnda. 

TviTon soflis saxeli saistorio wyaroeb- 

Si daaxloebiT XI saukunidan gvxvdeba. sinas 

mTaze qarTvelebi Sua saukuneebSi samonastro 

cxovrebas eweodnen. aq wmida ekaterines monasterSi 

XX saukunis dasawyisSi cnobilma mecnierma 

niko marma aRmoaCina pergamentze Sesrulebuli 

xelnaweri wigni `wmida efTvimes cxovreba~, 

XI saukuneSi dawerili. xelnawers axlda minaweri: 

`Semovwire wmida magas alags mTas sinas me 

giorgi manavelman, mosaxseneblad sulisa Cemisa 

da mSobelTa CemTuis~ [13, 36]. giorgi manaveli 

Cans, rom warCinebuli da Zalian SeZlebuli pirovnebaa, 

radgan Sua saukuneebSi wigni didi iSviaToba 

iyo da masze mxolod mefeebs, eklesiamonastrebs 

da didgvarovnebs miuwvdebodaT xeli. 

SedarebisTvis erTi xelnaweris safasuri SeiZleboda 

yofiliyo mozrdili soflis teritoria 

iq mcxovrebi yma-glexebiTurT. 

daaxloebiT am periods emTxveva manavis cixis 

pirveli samSeneblo forma. rogorc daadgina 

qarTul saforTifikacio-sasimagro nageboba- 

Ta cnobilma mkvlevarma p. zaqariam, am simagris 

366

uZvelesi fena X-XI saukuneebs ganekuTvneba, im 

periods, roca erTiani saqarTvelos saxelmwifo 

yalibdeba. cixis aRweras qvemoT SevexebiT. 

saistorio wyaroebSi daculi cnobis mixedviT 

giorgi III-is (1156-1184 ww.) da Tamaris (1178- 

1207 ww.) mefobisas manavi giorgi II-is da Tamaris 

didad erTguli ministris Wiaber mandaturTuxucesis 

samflobelos Seadgenda [9, 58]. 

Zalian saintereso cnobaa daculi `qarTlis 

cxovrebis~ gviandel CanarTSi, romelic Tamaris 

asul rusudanis mefobis xanas exeba. rusudani 

1223-1244 wlebSi mefobda. am CanarTis mixedviT 

`msaxurTuxucesi manaveli rusudan mefes Seuyvania 

savazirosa~ [4, 49]. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad 

sarwmunoa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ es gviandeli 

damateba, an vin aris is manaveli didaznauri, 

romelsac egzom sapatio Tanamdeboba miuRia. msaxurTuxucesis 

saxelo feodalur saqarTveloSi 

umniSvnelovanes saministros warmoadgenda. msaxurTuxucesi 

mefis gansakuTrebuli ndobiT aR- 

Wurvili piri iyo da mas samefo saxlis da mamulebis 

marTva-gamgeoba, aseve monarqis uSiSroebis 

uzrunvelyofa ebara. 

manavis CrdiloeTiT, civis mTaze dRemde SemorCenilia 

grandiozuli cixe-simagris naSTebi, 

romelsac adgilobrivebi `qalis cixes~ eZaxian. 

es simagre daaxloebiT X-XII saukuneebSia agebuli. 

cixis CrdiloeTiT mxares darbazuli eklesia 

idga [10, 9]. am cixe-simagres ukavSirdeba qveynisTvis 

umniSvnelovanesi swori politikuri, 

Tumca sisxliani gadawyvetilebis miReba. kerZod, 

XIV saukuneSi monRolTa batonobisagan darRveuli 

saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena-ganmtkicebas 

roca Seudga saqarTvelos mefe giorgi V brwyin- 

367

vale (1314-1346 ww.), mas safrTxeebis aRkveTasTan 

erTad qarTveli did-aznaurebis nawilis separatizmisa 

da urCobis daZlevac mouxda, romlebic 

mefis xelisuflebis srul ignorirebas axdendnen. 

giorgi V-isTvis maTTan pirdapiri, Ria 

brZolis gamocxadeba wamgebiani iyo, radgan mefes 

saTanado samxedro Zala ar gaaCnda. amitom 

man, rogorc `qarTlis cxovreba~ gvamcnobs, civis 

mTaze arsebul cixe-simagreSi, romelic savaraudoa, 

`qalis cixe~ unda iyos, darbazobaze miiwvia 

hereT-kaxeTis da somxeTis urCi erisTavebi 

da Tavis xelqveiTebs amoawyvetina. amis Semdeg 

giorgi V-m aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Tavisi poziciebi 

gaimtkica da dasavleT saqarTvelos da 

samcxis SemoerTebas Seudga. 

manavis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis swavluli 

batoniSvili, istorikosi da geografi vaxuSti 

bagrationi Tavis àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~-Si: 

`xolo dampalas aRmosavleTiT _ CrdiloT 

ars, hereTis mTis Zirs, manavi wers vaxuSti 

sadac aRaSena sasaxle imam yuli xan. mTis Zirad 

ars Zueladi cixe da aw Semusrvili. aramed Rvino 

manavisa keTili~.... èsreT rameTu dauteva 

imam yulis xan yaraRaji da hyo sasaxle Tavisi 

Telavsa da manavs, da iyofoda zamTars mun, xolo 

zafxuls maRaros [1, 528, 612]. 

vaxuStis cnobis mixedviT irkveva, rom manavis 

Zveli, dangreuli cixe aRudgenia kaxeTis mefe 

daviT II-s (1703-1722 ww.), igive imam yuli xans. 

rogorc cnobilia, am xanaSi kaxeTi da qarTli 

iranis vasaluri qveynebi iyvnen da Sesabamisad 

samefo taxtze amsvlelebs iranis Sahi amtkicebda, 

im pirobiT, rom muslimoba mieRoT. daviT II-m 

manavis cixeSi sazamTro rezidencia moiwyo. 

368

manavis cixe, zemoT rogorc aRvniSneT, agebuli 

unda iyos X-XI saukuneebSi. mis aSenebas 

kaxeTis mTavar kviri ``` dids ukavSireben. rogorc 

cnobilia saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I-is 

(1014-1027 ww.) mefobis dasawyisSi kaxeT-hereTi er- 

Tiani saqarTvelos CamoSorda da adgilobrivi 

mmarTveloba damyarda. SesaZlebelia kvirike II-s 

am cixis ageba imisTvis dasWirda, rom Tavisi damoukidebloba 

ganemtkicebina da saqarTvelos mefis 

yovelgvari mcdeloba, raTa kaxeT-hereTi 

isev dabrunebuliyo erTiani saqarTvelos samefos 

SemadgenlobaSi CaeSala. 

dRevandeli manavis cixe gvianfeodaluri safortifikacio 

nagebobaa. simagre sami mxridan 

Znelad misadgomia. igi Sedgeba Sida (citadeli) 

da qveda cixisgan. Sida cixes Sesasvleli aRmosavleT 

mxridan hqonda. qveda cixis Sesasvleli 

CrdiloeTiT aRmarTuli TaRovani koSkis qveS 

gadioda, romelic dReisTvis dangreulia. citadelis 

SigniT 3 mcire zomis, erTnaviani eklesia 

idga. es eklesiebi gankuTvnili iyo cixis garnizonisTvis 

da aseve iq Semosevebis dros TavSefarebeli 

mosaxleobisTvis. simagris SigniT ramdenime 

Senoba-nageboba idga. cixes gaaCnda wyalsacavebi 

[8, 101]. am cixeSi didi qorwili gadaixada 

kaxeTis mefis daviT II-is Zmam, SemdegSi qarTlis 

mefem Teimuraz II (1744-1762 ww.): `warvida Teimuraz 

tfiliss didebiT, rameTu warsvlad iyo vaxtang 

ispaans, iqorwina da didiTa didebiTa da 

ziTviTa moiyvana Tamar manavs da qmna kualad 

qorwili jerovani [1, 614]. 

manavis cixe soflis mcxovrebTa umTavresi 

TavSesafari iyo lekianobisa Tu sparselTa Semosevebisas. 

germaneli mogzauris i. giulden- 

369

Stedtis cnobiT XVIII s-is 70-ian wlebSi, morigi 

Semosevisas soflis mcirericxovan mosaxleobas 

saswrafod cixisTvis Seufarebia Tavi [2, 154]. 

manavi qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II-is (1744- 

1797 ww.) saxelTanac aris dakavSirebuli. XVIII s- 

is 50-iani wlebis miwuruls lekebi masobrivad 

Semoesivnen qarTl-kaxeTs. erekle II Tavis jariT 

maT winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gaemarTa. manavis 

TavSi mas lekebi daxvdnen, magram qarTvelebTan 

brZolaSi damarcxdnen da gaiqcnen [5, 144]. manav- 

Si erekle II-s ramdenjerme molaSqreTa Sesakrebi 

punqti mouwyvia. erTi dokumentis mixedviT 

lekebis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis win kaxeTis 

mxedrobis erTi nawili manavis bolos Seegeba 

mefes. meore dokumentiT (1796 w.) erekle II oTar 

amilaxvars ubrZanebs, rom misi sasardlodan 

qudze kaci Tavisi 40 dRis sagzaliT gamoiyvanos 

da am razmiT mefes sagarejos, an manavis bolos, 

arCilis sasaxlesTan daxvdes [5, 144, 515]. 

saistorio dokumentebSi Taviseburad XVIII 

s-Si socialuri urTierTobani, romlebic zogjer 

calkeul mebatonesa da yma-glexs exeba, 

zogjer ki soflis Temis dapirispirebas feodalTan. 

1757 wlis 1 ivnisis dokumenti V `samar- 

Tali erekle II-isa givi avaliSvilis ymis saqmeze~ 

gvamcnobs: `manavis focxveraSvili ZvelTaganve 

zaal da givi avaliSvils `wyalobaT WirebiaT~ 

(e. i. uCuqebiaT). avaliSvilebi, rom gayrilan 

zaals da givis `baraTiT wilad~ (e. i. gayris 

sabuTis Tanaxmad). erekles biZas, imamyuli 

xans (daviT II) ganaCeni gadaucia givisTvis: sanam 

Seni Zmis coli cocxali iqnebao, manam emsaxuros 

focxveraSvili maso. Semdeg radgan Seni 

ymac aris, mere SenTvis gviboZebiao. sabolood, 

370

sasamarTlo garCevis Semdeg givis Svils, aslans 

darCa es focxveraSvili~ [5, 461-462]. 

meore dokumenti àrCa giorgi ioramaSvilis 

ymobis Taobaze mdivanbegTa ganCinebiT, romelsac 

TariRad 1765 wlis 15 agvisto uzis, mogviTxrobs: 

`CerqeziSvili demetre Cioda: es kaci giorgi 

xojaSvili ariso da Cemi ymao... (es giorgi 

ki ambobda).... winwyaroeli ioramaSvili varo da 

CerqeziSvili Cems daymevebas cdilobso, Tanac 

beburiSvils mimyidao, magram areulobis gamo misi 

mama qarTlSi gadavidao, mere es giorgi isev 

CemTan movidao~ [5, 515]. 

dramatuli gamodga Tavad CerqeziSvilebisa 

da manavelebis dava, romlis gadawyveta TviT 

erekle II-s mouxda. ai ras gvamcnobs 1783 wlis 

`ganCineba CerqezianTa da manavelTa mamulis saqmeze~: 

CerqeziSvilebi da manavelebi erTmaneTs 

mamuls edavebodnen. CerqeziSvilebi ambobdnen, 

rom es mamuli Savqedis bolos aris da Cveniao. 

manavelebi amtkicebdnen: 1. mamulis mdebareoba 

TvalnaTliv uCvenebs, rom is manavis boloa da 

ara Savqedis. 2. mefe Teimurazis brZaneba da oqmi, 

romliTac mas manavelebisTvis uboZebia es miwa. 

3. brZaneba SioS mdivans wauRia, xolo imis 

saxlidan tetias wamouRia. Semdeg es brZaneba 

CerqeziSvilebTan moxvedrila, romelsac isini 

malavdnen. 4. sasazRvro mijna CerqeziSvilebma 

moglijes da maTTvis sasurvel adgilas Caasves. 

Tavis mxriv am braldebas CerqeziSvilebi 

uaryofdnen, rom am mamulSi maT gociriZe da medingiSvili 

esaxlaT. aseve, Teimurazis gacemuli 

sabuTi maT ar hqondaT da Sesabamisad arc malavdnen 

(es sabuTi Teimuraz II-s maSin gaucia, 

roca imam yuli xanis anu Tavisi Zmis daviT II-is 

371

naibi e. i. moadgile iyo). sasazRvro mijna ki 

CerqeziSvilisTvis maT kacs gadauwevia, rom Tavi 

ymobidan daexsna. 

saqarTvelos (qarTl-kaxeTis samefos) mar- 

Tlmsajulebam, radgan imam yuli xanis davTarSi 

gociriZe da medingiSvili, CerqeziSvilebis ymebi 

SavqedSi saxlobdnen, xolo am mamuls CerqeziSvilebis 

4 saxli flobda, CerqeziSvilebs fici 

daadebina. fici unda daedoT: martyofis mouravs 

sulxans, janaslans, avTandils da mamukas: ` mefis 

imam yuli xanis davTarSi gociriZe da medingiSvili 

Savqeds CerqezianT ymaT rom uweriaT, 

es kacni mefis imam yuli xanis drosac am sadaos 

mamulSi saxlobdes, Savqedis bolos iyo 

da arc gamoerTmeodes~. Tu ase daificeben mamuli 

CerqeziSvilebs darCebaT, Tu arada saxasod 

(e.i. saxelmwifod) daideba. ganaCenis asruleba 

uSikasab (sapolicio moxele) garsevans daevala. 

`Cven yovlisa saqarTvelosa da kaxeTis mefe 

irakli. ianvris k, qoronikoni uoa~ [6, 198-200]. 

XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi kaxeTSi moxda mosaxleobis 

aRwera, maT Soris manavSi, ToRliaurSi, 

zemo SavqedSi da burdianSi. am aRweris mixedviT 

vigebT, Tu romeli gvaris warmomadgenlebi 

cxovrobdnen im dros manavSi. bevri am gvarTagan 

dRes ar gvxvdeba. zogierTis saxelisagan ki axali 

gvari warmoiSva: 

àris manavs SioS mdivnis yma~: 

1. nacvali dimitri _ aznauri 

2. giorgi mRvdeli _ aznauri 

3. ioTam sorozniSvili _ aznauri 

4. boraSvili xorua 

5. qemxa boraSvili papa azadi 

372

6. amirjanaSvili beri 

7. firalasSvili beri 

8. taveluri iordane 

9. meunagrisSvili papuna 

10. akofasSvili beri 

11. giuasSvili giorgi 

12. daTuna misi ganayofi 

13. janaizasSvili beri 

14. janaizasSvili jani 

15. misi ganayofi papa 

16. Cito misi ganayofi 

17. daTunasSvili gogila 

18. misi ganayofi Sermazani 

19. yazarasSvili nazari xabazi 

20. alisxanaSvili nasyida 

21. giuasSvili 

22. matyuara paata 

23. biZina maxaroblisSvili 

24. amis ganayofi 

25. daTuna 

26. saruxanaSvili aruTina oboli 

27. mWedeli paata 

28. aliasSvili beri 

29. terteraSvili Tumana (saxlTuxucesi) 

30. mezvere gogia 

31. giorgi oboli Saverdi 

32. ioTamis yma ucunasSvili 

33. qafiCxasSvili giorgi 

34. imerlisSvili 

35. giorgi mRvdlis yma beria 

36. Tumanas yma giorgi 

37. TavSavisSvili gziri bogano 

38. feiqari Tamaza 

39. ivane kalatozi, bogano 

40. avalisSvili yma focxveraSvili 

41. giorgi eSikaRTabaSis yma naxucvar 

373

`manavis batonis mezvere~: 

1. soziasSvili kacura 

2. ioramasSvili giorgi 

3. winamZRvris mezvere giorgi 

4. aRdgomelisSvili maxara 

àris janaSdalis yma ToRlauraSi, zemo Savqeds, 

burdianSi~: 

1. beJan qemxa 

2. baiasSvili 

3. qita 

4. kaciasSvili adodi 

5. misi ganayoTi xucia 

6. tapataZe 

7. TavqanqaraSvili beri 

8. wverikazmasSvili 

9. braWuli marcvala, amowyvetili 

10. braWuli oboli 

11. darCiasSvili Tamaza 

12. javSanasSvili gziro~ [11, 12-15]. 

manavis sakulto nagebobebidan aRsaniSnavia 

manavis cixis qvemoT mdgari erTnaviani gumbaTovani 

eklesia, romelic 1794 wels daviT garejis 

samonastro lavris arqimandritefTvimes auSenebia. 

amis Sesaxeb gvamcnobda samxreTis (ars zemoT 

dadebuli) warweriani marmarilos qva, romelic 

taZris kedelSi iyo Catanebuli. dReisTvis 

es qva dakargulia: `drosa... mefisa iraklisa meorisasa, 

mowyalebiT qriste RmrTisad, aRuaSene 

dedisa, RmrTis Sobis wmida eklesia mravalmTis 

naTlismcemlis monastris arximanditrman efTimi, 

qristes aqeT C R J d, qoronikonia u p b~ [10, 9]. 

eklesia nagebia riyis da Sirimis qviT, gamoyenebulia 

aseve aguri. taZari sigrZiT daaxloe- 

374

iT 16 metria, siganiT 10. aq dasavleTisa da samxreTis 

karebi. 

manavSi, Taraqis CrdiloeTiT maRal gorakze 

dgas gumbaTiani eklesia, romelic vedrebis wmida 

giorgis saxelzea aSenebuli, mkrTali vardisferi 

aguriT da gvian Sua saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. 

manavis istoriis adgilobrivma mkvlevarma n. 

aTuaSvilma manavis midamoebSi mravali naeklesiari 

da sakulto nageboba moiZia: kaloubnis wmida 

giorgis naeklesiari, manavis cixis CrdiloeTiT 

qva-jvari, manavis sasaflaoze RvTismSoblisa da 

qaSveTis naeklesiarebi, stefaniSvilebis salocavi 

òdiSi~, misgan 600 metris daSorebiT, aRmosavleT 

mxares `mTavarangelozis~ naeklesiari. 

375


1. batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqar- 

Tvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, teqsti 



2. i. giuldenStetdis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, 

germanuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca 

da gamokvleva daurTo g. gelaSvilma, 

t. II, Tb., 1964. 


Tb., 1991. 

4. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, i. surgulaZis 

gamocema, Tb., 1970 

5. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosca, 

SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. 

doliZem, t. IV, Tb., 1972. 

6. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosca, 

SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. 

doliZem, t. V, Tb., 1974. 

7. n. aTuaSvili, manavi, soflis cxovreba, 10. VI, 

#64, 1990. 

8. p. zaqaraia, qarTuli cixe-qalaqebi, cixe-simagreebi, 

cixe-darbazebi, cixe-galavnebi, koSkebi, 

Tb., 2004. 

9. j. lomaSvili, etiudebi, Tb., 1984. 

10. l. yorRanaSvili, Cemi sofeli manavi, Tb., 2010. 

11. iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis 

Zeglebi, w. 1, demografiuli Zeglebi, 

aRmosavleT saqarTvelo XVIII s-is xalxTa aRweris 

davTrebi, Tb., 1967. 

12. gazeTi `zari~, 3, I, #6, 1907. 

13. Н. Я. Марр, Описание Грузинских рукописей Синайского 

Монастыря, М., 1940. 

376

From the history of Manavi 

Papuna Gabisonia 

Village Manavi (district of Sagarejo) is rich with it‟s 

historical and cultural places. The area of the village was 

populated from the ancient times. That is proved from the 

archeological material founded there. Manavi is named in 

historical sources from the 11 th century. On the high mountain in 

the village there is a great castle (built in the 10 th -11 th centuries). 

The castle was rebuilt in the 18 th century. The castle was 

one of the residences of the King of Kakheti David II (1703- 

1722). Below the castle there is a dome-shaped church named 

after St. Mary. To the North of the village there is a church 

named after St. George. High from the village There is ,,Tsivi 

Mountain”. There is a castle from the middle centuries there 

named ,,Kalis Tsikhe”. In historical sources Manavi is often 

named from the 18 th century. There also is a list of families lived 

in Manavi 

377

giorgi grZeliZe 

qvaSveTis wm. giorgis taZari sofel patara 

liloSi 

qvaSveTis wminda giorgis taZari mdebareobs 

Tbilisis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT sofel patara 

liloSi, soflebis: martyofis, noriosa da qvi- 

Sianas momijnaved, zRvis donidan 800 metrze [2, 

708]. rac Sesabamis klimats qmnis wlis yvela 

dros, zafxuli icis grili qalaqTan SedarebiT, 

zamTari ki xangrZlivi da mkacri. 

sofeli didi istoriisa unda iyos razec 

metyvelebs garSemo arsebuli Zveli taZrebi wm. 

giorgis, RvTismSoblisa da qvaSveTis wm giorgis 

saxelobis bazilikebi, garda aRniSnuli taZrebisa, 

soflis teritoriaze vxvdebiT Zvel akldamebs 

romelTac adgilobrivebi xSirad awydebian 

miwis damuSavebis dros. 

Tavad soflis istoria ki or saukunes Tu 

iTvlis, rogorc adgilobrivebi hyvebian Tavdapirvelad 

maTi winaprebis sacxovrisi dRevandeli 

soflis CrdloeTiT xevSi yofila, sadac 

dRevandlamde SemorCenilia zemoT dasaxelebuli 

wm. giorgis mcire bazilikuri taZari da 

qristianuli saflavebi, dabla gadmosaxlebis 

mizezi im dros mravali yofila, mkacri zamTari, 

lekTa TareSi. 

garemosagan metad daSorebuli adgilmdebareobis 

gamo samwuxaro ambavic xSirad momxdara 

xolme, erT-erTi maTgani ki, rac soflis mTlianad 

gadmosaxlebis mizezi gamxdara Semdegi yofila: 

erT dRes sofelSi qorwili yofila ro- 

378

desac mefe da patarZali faitoniT Sin brundebodnen 

moulodnelad faitoni gadabrunebula 

da orive qvisnavis xevSi gadavardnilan da da- 

Rupulan. am ambavis Semdeg mTeli sofeli barSi 

gadmosaxlebula sadac im dros saTavado mamulebi 

yofila. xevisaTvis Serqmeuli saxeli qvisnavi 

ki gviandelia, gadmocemiT xevSi Zvelad 

wylis dasalevad mwyemsebi saqonels mierekebodnen, 

sadac navis formis grZeli qva yofila, saidanac 

saqoneli wyals svamda. saxelic xevisaTvis 

aqedan SeurqmeviaT. 

qvaSveTis wm. giorgis sofelSi yvelaze ma- 

Ral adgilas augiaT, taZari erT dros mlocvelni 

dResaswaulebze mezobeli soflebidanac 

adiodnen martyofidan, noriodan, sofel didlilodan, 

qviSianadan da sofeli gldanidan. 

Zvel taZarze raimes Tqma dRes Znelia, radgan 

mas arsad ar ixseniebs vaxuSti batoniSvili sofeli 

patara lilos arealze saubrisas, romelsac 

exeba zogadad da sofels uwodebs qvitkiris lilos 

[1, 537]. 

Zveli taZridan dRes mxolod nangrevebiRaa 

darCenili. sofelSi dRiTidRe ikargeba Zveli 

gadmocemebi masze, rogorc ramdenime wlis win 

dazverviTi arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas dadginda 

qvaSveTis wm. giorgi VI-VII ss. mijnaze unda iyos 

agebuli. igi im droisaTvis metad strategiuli 

daniSnulebis adgilic yofila, radgan Zvelad 

mtris moaxloebisas dRevandeli taZris adgilas 

cecxls anTebdnen da garSemo myofT ase auwyebdnen 

mtris moaxloebas, sul ramdenime wuTSi ki 

cecxlis sxvadasxva mwvervalze anTebiT sruli 

sabrZolo mzadyofna iyo; qvaSveTis Semdgom 

cecxls Savnabadas wm. giorgis taZarTan anTeb- 

379

dnen, ase gadascemdnen TeleTsa da kojorSi _ 

qoroRlis cixes, kojoridan zedazens, iqidan ki 

mcxeTis jvris monasters da ase grZeldeboda 

vidre ar Segrovdeboda sakmarisi Zala mtris winaaRmdeg 

sabrZolvelad. 

rogorc soflis uxucesi macxovreblebi ixseneben 

dRevandeli patara lilos teritoriaze 

qvaSveTis eklesiis nangrevebi (oTxi kedeli) 1950 

wlamde iyo. taZars ar hqonia gumbaTi, wlebis 

manZilze wvimam da Tovlma ganapiroba taZris 

daSla 1993-1996 wlisaTvis taZari mTlianad daingra. 

taZris garSemo da mimdebare xevebSi mimofantuli 

didi zomis samSeneblo qvebi miuTiTebs, 

rom taZari arc Tu ise patara zomis unda yofiliyo. 

taZari ar iyo moxatuli, adgilobrivebi 

ixseneben rom taZarSi dabrZanebuli iyo xatebi 

da jverebi, nawili siwmindeebisa soflis 

mkvidrT saxlebSi waubrZanebiaT im imediT, rom 

taZari aRdgeboda da siwmindeebs ukan daabrunebdnen. 

XIX s. bolos taZarTan axlos bermonazonTa 

samyofeli yofila, rac gvafiqrebinebs imas, rom 

erT dros aq samonastro cxovreba unda yofiliyo, 

dRes maTi samyofelidan araferia darCenili. 

metad rTulia imis dadgena, Tu vin iyvnen 

qvaSveTis wm. giorgiSi sasuliero pirebi, Tumca 

ramdenime maTgani dResac axsovT, mRvdeli gvarad 

yaryaraSvili, taZarSi mezobeli sofel qvi- 

Sianadan erovnebiT rusi mRvdeli nikala rusi 

aRasrulebda xolme RvTismetyvelebas isic metad 

viwro wreSi da mxolod did dResaswaulebze. 

nikala rusi garda qvaSveTis taZrisa wm. giorgisa 

da RvTismSoblis taZrebsac patronobda 

xolme. 

380

taZars metad didebuli zari hqonia Zvelad, 

rodesac rekavdnen, misi xma tbamdec (dR. Tbilisis 

zRva) aRwevda, zari komunistur xelisuflebas 

1921 wels eklesiidan Camouxsnia. misTvis taZris 

yofil diakvans ivane munjiSvils miuxedia, 

romelic im dros skolaSi maswavleblobda da 

zari zed skolaze daumagrebia, sadac darCenila 

1947 wlamde sanam axal Senobas ar aagebdnen, zari 

mSeneblobis dros dakargula. mis Sesaxeb 

dRemde araferi ar ician. 

miuxedavad imis, rom taZari dResdReobiT ar 

arsebobs, morwmuneni da yoveli ojaxi, romelic 

wm. giorgis raimes CauTqvam aw ukve nataZralze 

adis da Sesawiravs klavs, dRes adrindelis msgavsad 

Tu salocavad saklaviT aRar amodian sofel 

didi lilodan, noriodan da sxva mezobeli soflebidan, 

aq ZiriTadad patara lilos mcxovreblebi 

dadian. nataZralze dReoba imarTeba yovel 

giorgobaze 6 maissa da 23 noembers. Tumca Semodgomaze 

ufro meti xalxi grovdeba vidre gazafxulze. 

yoveli ojaxi saklaviT midis, mierekebian 

xbos, cxvars, zogs SeTqmuli hyavs Sinauri frinveli. 

saklavi, Tu kargi amindia, iqve nataZralze 

ikvleba da iqve mzaddeba, Tu cudi amindi daiWira 

Sesawiri mainc ahyavT iqve klaven da ukan 

brundebian, am SemTxvevaSi Sewirul saqonels 

mcire cecxlze umniSvnelod Tavze da fexebze 

cecxls gaatareben, saqondis Tavs, fexebsa da 

tyavs iqve toveben, danarCeni ki ukan miaqvT. aseve 

iqcevian Tu ahyavT Sinauri frinveli ZiriTadad 

mamali, romelTac swiraven, anTeben san- 

Tlebsa da warmoTqvamen mcire locvebs da toveben 

frinvelis Tavsa da fexebs. 

381

nataZralze adian aramxolod giorgobaze, 

aramed sxva dResaswaulebze, bzobas, mariamobas, 

aRdgomas, adian aramxolod saklaviT, aramed 

tkbileuliTac, giorgobaze ki mxolod saklaviT. 

garda didi qristianuli dResaswaulebisa 

bveri maTgani ubralo dReebSic adis, Tan miaqvs 

Rvino da sanTlebi da ase ilocebian. bolo periodSi 

aRar SeiniSneba momlocvelTa iseTi didi 

aqtiuroba rogorc iyo ocdaaTi, ormoci 

wlis winaT, roca uamravi mlocveli modioda 

aSkareTis gziT taZarSi, es is gza iyo, romelic 

gadioda sofelze Zvelad da romlis xazic Semdegi 

iyo: aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT _ lilo, 

sofeli didi lilo, qvitkiris lilo, qviSiana, 

mamkonda, sofeli gldani. CrdiloeTidan _ samxreTiT: 

ujarma, martyofi, norio, qvitkiris lilo, 

mlaSe tbis sanapiro (dRevandeli Tbilisis 

zRva), navTluRi [3]. 


1. vaxuSti batoniSvili, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, 

aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, teqsti dadgenili 


mier, Tb., 1973 w. 

2. sabWoTa ensiklopedia, t. VII, Tb., 1975 w. 

3. g. grZeliZe, savele eTnografiuli dRiuri, 2010. 

382

eligia da eklesiis istoria 

Religion and History of Church 

383 


qarTvelTa qristianuli sarwmunoebis 

Sesaxeb 

qarTuli feodaluri samefo-samTavroebis 

socialur-politikuri istoria SedarebiT uke- 

Tesadaa Seswavlili, vidre mosaxleobis sulieri 

kulturis sakiTxebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos 

politikuri erTeulebis Znelbedobam, kulturuli 

Zalebis aRmavloba ufro aRmosavleT saqar- 

Tvelosken gadaitana. Sesabamisad, qarTul saistorio 

Txzulebebsa da qronikebSi naklebad aisaxa 

dasavleT saqarTvelos samTavroebis politikuri, 

kulturuli Tu socialur-ekonomikuri 

majiscema. am mxriv, gamonakliss XVII saukune 

warmoadgens, rodesac gamococxlda urTierToba 

dasavleT evropis qveynebTan, ruseTTan, ramac 

asaxva hpova dasavleT evropul (gansakuTrebiT 

italiur) misionerul literaturaSi da rusul 

wyaroebSi. èvropis daintereseba saqarTveloTi, 

erTis mxriv, gamowveuli iyo aRmosavleTis qveynebTan 

savaWro gzebis ZiebiT. kavkasiaze ki, 

odiTganve dasavleTis aRmosavleTTan damakavSirebeli 

erT-erTi umTavresi sagzao arteria gadioda; 

meores mxriv, gvian SuasaukuneebSi romis 

kaTolikuri eklesiis miswrafebiT _ Tavisi gavlena 

aRmosavleTis qristianul qveynebzec gaevrcelebina~ 

[9,10]. arsebuli masalebis mixedviT, 

saqarTveloSi kaTolikuri propaganda, XIIIs-is 

20-iani wlebidan iwyeba da XIXs-is Sua periodam-

de grZeldeba, magram XVI-XVIIss-Si, kaTolike misionerebi 

gansakuTrebiT momravldnen. saqme ima- 

Sia, rom XVIIs-is pirvel meoTxedSi, `kaTolike 

fides~ daarsebam saqarTveloSi kaTolikobis istoriis 

axal xanas Cauyara safuZveli. kerZod, 

XVIIs-is 30-ian wlebSi, odiSSi dafuZnda Teatinelebis 

ordenis kaTolikuri misia. maTi propaganda 

samegreloSi faqtobrivad 1670-iani wlebiT 

mTavrdeba. TeatinelTa Soris iyvnen arqanjelo 

lamberti, juzepe judiCe milaneli, qristefore 

kasteli, iozef Zampi. es ukanaskneli TeatinelTa 

ordenis berebis winamZRvari iyo, romis propagandas 

igi meored gamougzavnia samegreloSi, 

rac mis nayofier moRvaweobaze mianiSnebs. ni- 

Sandoblivia, rom misionerebi TavianT relacieb- 

Si gansakuTrebiT mondomebiT cdilobdnen zustad 

aReniSnaT yovelive is, rac maT garSemo 

xdeboda. tendenciuroba axasiaTebT ZiriTadad 

religiur sakiTxebSi. isini `dadebiTad afasebdnen 

imaT, vinc kaTolikobis gavrcelebaSi xels 

uwyobdaT, xolo vinc uSlidaT uaryofiTad ixsenebdnen~ 

[3, 12]. misionerebma kritikis qarcecxlSi 

gaatares ara mxolod konkretuli pirovnebebi, 

aramed marTlmadidebel RvTismsaxurTa 

mTeli ierarqia. ase, mag.: Zampis naSromSi detalurad 

aris aRwerili xalxis damokidebuleba 

eklesiasTan, marxvebi, maTi dacvis wesebi, locvebi, 

xatebis Tayvaniscema, taZris interieris 

Semkuloba, wm. reliqviebi da a.S., magram igi yvelafers 

klerikaluri poziciebidan afasebda, 

anu is rac kaTolikur dogmebs ar Seesabameboda, 

misi TvalsazrisiT xalxis sulier cxovrebas 

amaxinjebda. ufro metic, arqanjelo lambertma, 

romelic xangrZlivad cxovrobda odiSis samTav- 

384

oSi da sxvebTan SedarebiT sinamdvilis srulfasovani 

aRweriloba warmogvidgina, kolxida 

`sasuliero moRvaweobisaTvis unayofod~ miiCnia, 

romelic mxolod kaTolike misionerebis mecadineobam 

gaxada namdvili, saimedo asparezi sasuliero 

saqmianobisaTvis. misive cnobiT, mounaTlavi 

kolxidelebis raodenobis Sesamcireblad, 

maT ramdenime aTasi suli monaTles [4, 8]. friad 

ganaTlebul da samisionero moRvaweobisaTvis 

yovelmxriv momzadebul misionerebs ar gaWirvebiaT 

adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan daaxloeba; 

mkurnalobisa da xeloba-xelosnobis danergvis 

garda, isini sulze warmatebul nadirobas misdevdnen. 

kerZod, `samegrelosa da saqarTvelos 

centrebSi zamTris sezonSi mwyemsebi did 

cecxls anTebdnen, sadac Tavs iyrian qalebiTa 

da bavSvebiT. sulze monadire Cveni patrebi maT- 

Tan Caebmian saubarSi uflis samefos Sesaxeb, 

naTlaven Cvil bvSvebs da sxvebsac aswavlian 

cis gzas~ [3, 12]. amdenad, misionerebs Zala da 

energia ar dauSurebiT samegreloSi kaTolikobis 

dasanergad da am mimarTulebiT sakmao warmatebebic 

hqondaT. amave dros, isini adgilobriv 

mosaxleobas erTxmad amxeldnen araqristianul 

cxovrebis wesSi, qristianuli niSan-Tvisebebis 

uqonlobaSi, naTlobisa da sxva saidumloebebis 

WeSmariti wesebis daviwyebaSi, Tumca imasac das- 

Zendnen, rom isini gakaTolikdebodnen, wminda saidumloebebsac 

miiRebdnen, magram àmas ar akeTeben, 

rom SeCvenebisa da zizRis sagani ar gaxdnen 

sxvebisagan, rogorc mwvaleblebi~ [6, 51]. aseTi 

ganwyobilebis safuZveli iyo marTlmadidebeli 

sarwmuneobis erTguleba. rjulismsaxurebaze aRmatebuli 

mrwamsi qarTvels verc ki warmoedgina. 

385

sxva SemTxvevaSi, gaqristianda anu gaqarTvelda 

identuri mniSvnelobis mcnebebi ar iqneboda. 

SemTxveviTi ar aris adgilobrivi mosaxleobis 

msoflmxedvelobis Sefaseba, rac arq. lambertma 

dagvitova. man Tavis morig naSroms `wminda kolxeTi~ 

uwoda. qristianuli sarwmunoebis erT-erT 

udides saidumloebaze _ naTlobaze, romelic 

karia yvela sxva saidumloebisa, gangeb SevaCereT 

yuradReba, vinaidan samegreloSi mas ramdenime 

Tavisebureba axasiaTebda. Cveulebis Tanaxmad, 

vinmes monaTvlisas, aucilebelia Zroxis da 

Roris dakvla, mRvdlisa da sxvebisaTvis sadilis 

gamarTva. siRaribis gamo bevri erideba TavianTi 

Svilebis monaTvlas [6, 94]. cxadia, mdidrebi 

amiT ar kmayofildebodnen. naTlobis dResaswauli 

ufro brwyinvale rom yofiliyo, klavdnen 

saklavebs. epatiJebodnen naTesav-megobrebs 

da maT sazeimo sufras uSlidnen. niSandoblivia, 

rom samegreloSi dResac mtkiced misdeven aRniSnul 

Cveulebas da naTlobisaTvis saTanadod 

emzadebian. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom 

Zvelad naTloba maranSic sruldeboda, romlebsac 

eklesiebis mexuTe tips miakuTvnebdnen [9, 

147]. eklesiis siSoris an sxva mizezis gamo, maranSi, 

iq, sadac salocavi qvevrebi hqondaT Cafluli, 

mRvdeli jvrisweris saidumlosac aRavlenda 

[5, 265]. rac Seexeba naTlobisas saxelis 

gadarqmevas, wyaroebSi amis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar 

gvxvdeba. saerTod, samegreloSi marTlmadidebeli 

wmindanebis saxels naklebad arqmevdnen, radgan 

`maTi TqmiT ubralo adamians ar unda erqvas 

wmindanis saxeli, rom ar Seuracxyos igi~ [9, 

165]. odiSelebis anu megrelebis mtkice sarwmunoebis 

ganmsazRvrelad marxvis Senaxva unda mi- 

386

viCnioT. `kolxidas~ warsulze J.f. gamba samar- 

Tlianad SeniSnavda, rom misi bedi msgavsia yvela 

im qristianuli qveynis bedisa, romelic didi 

xnis ganmavlobaSi mahmadianebs morCilebdnen. misive 

cnobiT, erT-erTi didebulis Tormetiode 

wlis vaJiSvili stumrebisaTvis gawyobil vax- 

Sams, im erTaderTi mizezis gamo ar daeswro, 

rom berZnuli saeklesio wesiT, wminda marxvis 

dReebi uwevda [1, 127]. arasrulwlovani ymawvilis 

sarwmunoebrivi siwminde, gasaqans iZleva mosaxleobis 

sxva asakobriv da socialur kategoriaze 

ganzogaddes. rasakvirvelia, episkoposebi da 

sasuliero pirebi marxvas mkacrad icavdnen, rac 

Rvinis dalevasa da Tevzis Wamisagan TavSekaveba- 

Si gamoixateboda. `marxvis dros sakvebs ixmevdnen 

dReSi erTxel, isic mwuxrisas. mrevlic ase 

iqceva~ [9, 140]. marxvis mkacr Senaxvaze mianiSnebs 

ori Cveuleba, rom qelexze usaTuod yvelaferi 

samarxvo unda yofiliyo; da nadirobis dro marxvis 

xangrZlivobis Sesabamisad hqondaT gansaz- 

Rvruli. kerZod, irmebze nadirobas ori dro 

aqvs weliwadSi, erTi yvelieris dawyebidan didmarxvamde 

da meore - seqtembris dasasrulidan 

Sobis marxvamde [4, 56]. didmarxvaSi ki _ dReSi 

mxolod erTxel sWamdnen, mzis Casvlis Semdeg, 

dRis ganmavlobaSi Tavs nebas ar aZlevdnen xili 

gaesinjaT. rac ar unda avadmyofi yofiliyvnen, 

an moxuci, an dauZlurebuli, sikvdils arCevdnen 

da xorcs ar igemebdnen e.i. marxvas ar daarRvevdnen. 

garda amisa, `pirvel kviraSi TiTqmis veravis 

ver naxavT samegreloSi cxenze Semjdars. Tu 

mgzavroba dasWirdaT, am dros yvelani fexiT 

mogzauroben. gansakuTrebiT qalebi, rac unda 

didi gvaris iyvnen, mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi 

387

ac unda didi sicive iyos, am dros fexSiSvelebi 

dadian, sxvebi didmarxvis periodSi paraskevobiT 

srulebiT saWmels ar sWamen. bolo kviras 

Rvinos ar svamen da sam ukanasknel dRes 

araviTar saWmels ar igemeben~ [4, 132]. kaTolike 

misionerebs marTlmadidebluri xSiri da xangrZlivi 

marxvebis mtkiced Senaxva warmoudgenlad 

miaCndaT. miT umetes, samarxvo kerZebidan 

mxolod Turqul lobios asaxelebdnen. `drois 

Sesaferisad marxvaSi an axal lobios sWamdnen, 

an Zvelsa~ [4, 54]. Sobisa da aRdgomis didmarxvis 

garda, petre-pavlobis marxvas inaxavdnen, romelic 

sulTmofenobis Semdeg iwyeboda. marxviT 

miagebdnen pativs `maraSinas~ anu RvTismSoblis 

miZinebas. ase iqceodnen naTlisRebaze, jvarTamaRlebaze 

da a.S. rogorc irkveva, ZiriTadad 

icavdnen marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier dadgenil 

kalendars zogierTi Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT. 

ase, mag: naTlisRebisas TiToeuli 

saxloba Tavis samrevlo eklesiaSi miiCqaroda, 

rom wirvis Semdeg maxlobel mdinareze nakur- 

Txi wyali saxlSi epkurebina. `rogorc ki mRvdeli 

wyals akurTxebs, xalxi cdilobs rac SeiZleba 

Cqara amoiRos doqebiT wyali, radgan darwmunebulia, 

rom Tu amoReba daugvianda, nakurTx 

wyals mdinare waiRebso~ [4, 125]. samegreloSi am 

dros Cveulebad hqondaT bzobas, eklesiidan rom 

gamovidodnen, yvelas qudze daekra bzis toti 

da mTeli dRe ase etarebinaT [4, 132]. marxvis Senaxva 

gulisxmobda wirva-locvasa da sxva saRmrTo 

msaxurebaze daswreba-monawileobas, romelsac 

kaTolike misionerebi SeZlebisdagvarad 

amuqebdnen. kerZod, samTavro da saepiskoposo eklesiebSi 

mxolod mTavar dResaswaulebSi wirav- 

388

dnen da Cveulebad ar hqondaT wirvaze daswreba, 

garda uqme dReebisa. uqmobdnen giorgobas, eliobas, 

petre-pavlobas anu `petroba~=pertobas, 

amaRlebas da a.S. wirvis Semdeg mRvdeli akur- 

Txebda sursaTsa da locavda mis momtans, Semdeg 

erTad sxdebodnen da dros RvTis didebaSi, 

erTmaneTis dalocvaSi mxiarulad atarebdnen. 

dReoba-dResaswaulis amgvari aRniSvna tradiciad 

mosdgamdaT Cvens winaprebs. misi arsis Cawvdoma 

cxadia evropel misionerebs ar ucdiaT. 

`dReoba iyo TviT soflis erTgvari SemamWidrovebeli, 

SemakavSirebeli saSualeba, es iyo mezobel 

soflebs Soris urTierTobis erT-erTi 

forma, agreTve sxvadasxva saxis sameurneo xasia- 

Tis garigebis adgili. maT xSirad moyveboda 

xolme mosalodneli niSnoba-qorwilebi, naTelmironobis 

saSualebiT ojaxebis urTierToba-ganmtkiceba 

da sxva~ [6, 126]. dReobaSi monawileTa 

simarjve, cekva-TamaSi, simRera, sportuli Sejibrebebi 

agrerigad alamazebda soflis duxWir 

JamTasvlas. 

RvTisadmi gulisxmieri damokidebuleba da 

saxarebiseuli mcnebebis rwmena - `movediT Cemda 

yovelni maSuralni da tvirTmZimeni da me gangisueno 

Tquen~ (maTe 11, 28-30), moCans megrelebis im 

qmedebaSi, rodesac isini gaWirvebisa da mwuxarebis 

SemTxvevaSi umalve eklesias miaSurebdnen 

xolme. eklesiis karebTan gaCerdebodnen da 

RvTismSoblis xats locva-vedrebas aRuvlendnen. 

maT icodnen agreTve `xatTan Suamavlis miyvana, 

TiTqos veqilebiao, ise esaubrebodnen xats, mravali 

sabuTis motaniT, ris Semdegac xati unda 

ganewyoT misi pativismcemlisadmi raTa igi Seiwynaros~ 

[6, 94]. garegnulad locviTi grZnoba 

389

pirjvris gamosaxvasa da metaniaSi vlindeba. pirjvari 

gamoxatavs Cvens Sinagan survils da 

swrafvas _ mivbaZoT qristes, vicxovroT sadideblad 

RvTisa, xolo metania aris RvTis winaSe 

Cveni krZaluloba, aseve uRirsebisa da sinanulis 

grZnobebi, swored amgvarad loculobdnen 

qalebi, rodesac ànTebdnen sanTels da amagrebdnen 

mas TavianTi saxlis an eklesiis karze, akmevdnen 

mcireoden sakmevels da mzisken mibrunebulni 

Zlier moixrebodnen da mravalgzis gadaiwerdnen 

pirjvars TaviT fexebamde~ [9, 127]. locvisas 

iTxovdnen janmrTelobas, karg mosavals, 

daxmarebas maTi gamZarcvavi qurdis aRmoCenaSi 

da sxva. 

Zvelad megrelebi Wamis win yovelTvis iwerdnen 

pirjvars da sufraze Tu mRvdeli imyofeboda, 

Rvinos ise ar dalevdnen, Tu winaswar misgan 

kurTxevas ar gamoiTxovdnen. `maT Cveni 

mRvdlebisaTvisac xSirad uTxoviaT Sendoba, ara 

marto sufrasTan, aramed gzaSi Sexvedris drosac. 

am xalxs aseTi Cveuleba aqvs: Tu Sexvdebian 

bers an prelats, gaaCereben cxens da dalocvas 

sTxoven~ [9, 181]. RvTisgan Sewevnis mfarvelobisa 

da locva-kurTxevis miRebas sxvadasxva gziT 

cdilobdnen. cxeniT mgzavrobis dros eklesias- 

Tan ise ar gaivlidnen, rom ramdenjerme mainc 

garSemo ar SemoevloT; eklesias, wmindanTa xatebs 

oqros an Zvirfas qvebs Seswiravdnen; kvira 

da sxva uqme dReebSi xarebs uRelSi ar gaabamdnen 

da saerTod, araviTar samuSaos ar asrulebdnen, 

gardacvalebulTaTvis wirvas ayenebdnen, 

ierusalimSi Sesawirs agzavnidnen da a.S. 

udavod marTalia qr. kasteli, rodesac suraTze 

minaweri ase gaaforma: `saqarTvelos da samegre- 

390

los dedoflebi xelSi eklesiiT axatvinebdnen 

Tavs, TavianT qmrebTan erTad... icaven qristianul 

saxels warmarTobisa da mahmadianobisagan. 

didi RvTismosavebi arian berZnuli sarwmunoebisa~ 

[3, 93]. misionerebs mizandasaxuli politika 

hqondaT _ marTlmadidebel da mahmadianebs Soris 

kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis gavrceleba. amitom 

sagangebod akninebdnen marTlmadidebel samwysos 

da mRvdelmTavrebis yovelnair qmedebas. 

TiTqos mRvdelmsaxurTagans aravis ar esmoda 

saidumloebaTa Sinaarsi, aRsarebasa da ziareba- 

Si did sasyidels iTxovdnen, piradi gamorCenis 

gamo msaxurobdnen, familarulad loculobdnen 

da misTana. misionerebi SeniSnavdnen, rom eklesiebi 

kargad mowyobili da Semkuli iyo mSvenieri 

xatebiT. TavianT saepiskoposo taZrebze episkoposebi 

gulmodgined zrunavdnen. ìcavdnen sisufTaves, 

berZnuli yaidis xatebiT amkobdnen, 

romelic oqroTi, margalitebiT d sxva ZvirfaseulobiTaa 

mooWvili da amiT fiqrobdnen RvTis 

risxvis Semsubuqebas~ [9, 139]. arq. lamberti amis 

Sesaxeb dasZenda: rom maT Soris is Semcdari 

rwmuneba aris gavrcelebuli, rom kacs yovelive 

codva epatieba, Tu eklesias rames Seswiravso. 

amitomac Tu vinmem rame danaSauli Caidina da 

sindisi awuxebs, aRsarebas rodi Tvlis saukeTeso 

saSualebad, aramed darwmunebulia, rom eklesias 

Tu oqros an Zvirfas qvebs Sewiravs, yovelive 

codva srulebiT epatiebao [4, 112]. xorcieli 

da sulieri mowyaleba momakvdinebel codva- 

Ta mZlevel saTnoebad iTvleba, magram cxadia, 

rom macxovnebeli sinanuli, aRsareba da ziareba 

yvelafers aRemateba. isic unda iTqvas, rom Cveni 

winaprebis saero cxovreba mTlianad gamsWvalu- 

391

li iyo eklesiuri cnobierebiT, eklesiis madliT. 

Semoqmedisken mimaval ìwro~ gzis acdenas, 

umalve sikvdils amjobinebdnen. Zvelad zogier- 

Ti eklesiis karebi umetes wilad arc ki iketeboda, 

magram vinmes eklesiidan saeklesio nivTebis 

gatana azrad ar mouvidoda. Tu es moxdeboda, 

mas sikvdiliT sjidnen. `samegreloSi Cveulebad 

ar iyo damnaSavis sikvdiliT dasja. sikvdiliT 

mxolod maSin sjidnen, roca iseTi mZime 

danaSaulis damamtkicebeli sabuTi hqondaT, rogoricaa 

eklesiis gaqurdva, mTavris mokvla Tu 

saxelmwifos damxobis cda~ [3, 46]. lambertisTan 

daculia cnoba im mkrexelobis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa 

eklesiis gadawva an saeklesio nivTebis moparva, 

agreTve oqros da vercxlis xatebis misakuTreba. 

àmis Camden avazakebs Tavebi mosWres 

da Camokides iqve, sadac danaSauli Caidines. 

sxva qveynebze ufro aq jer kidev iseTi pativiscema 

darCeniaT eklesiis mimarT, rom TviT sarwmunoebas 

ufro uRalateben, vidre aseT danaSauls 

datoveben dausjelad~ [4, 71]. rasakvirvelia, 

yovelgvari ukiduresoba borotebaa, sasikvdilo 

ganaCenis samarTlianoba mudam sadavoa. 

am SemTxvevaSi saintereso is aris, rom qurdebis 

sikvdiliT dasja codvad iTvleboda, garda eklesiis 

gaqurdvisa. eklesia da wm. reliqviebis, 

saerTod siwmindis xelmyofs maSindeli sazogadoeba 

ver egueboda, asamarebda. 

cnobilia, rom misionerebis odiSSi moRvaweoba 

levan dadianis (1611-1657) mmarTvelobis 

wlebs daemTxva. maTi urTierToba amJamad scildeba 

kvlevis sakiTxebs; imis aRniSvna aucilebelia, 

rom levan dadianma RvTismoyvareoba friad 

saTno saqmeebiT gamoavlina. dangreuli eklesie- 

392

i xelaxla aaSena, romelsac saxuravi ar hqonda, 

imas saxuravi gaukeTa, romelsac ornamentebi 

Semoscloda, isev gaamSveniera da Seamko. amasTanave 

yvela eklesias friad Seumata Semosavali. 

uTvalavi oqro-vercxlis xati gaakeTebina TvalmargalitiT 

Semkobili. aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 

ocze meti oqromWedeli hyavda, romlebic saeklesio 

WurWels ganuwyvetliv akeTebdnen [4, 33]. 

cxadia, misionerebs SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT 

didi mooqruli an movercxlili spilenZis xatebi, 

romlebic maTi TqmiT, morTuli iyo Zvirfasi, 

umetes SemTxvevaSi yalbi TvlebiT. `xatebs Soris 

aris berZnuli yaidis RvTismSobeli, aseTive 

mama RvTisa, jvarcma, berZen da sxva wminda mama- 

Ta mravalricxovani xatebi. yvela xats Camofarebuli 

aqvs abreSumis fardebi. am xatebs Soris 

wmida giorgis xati yvelaze metad saTayvanoa. 

mis win yovelTvis mravlad aris anTebuli san- 

Tlebi [9, 147]. Zlevamosili da didmowame wmida 

giorgisadmi rwmena da saweso rituali gansxvavebuli 

saxiT warmogvidgeba. wm. giorgis xatze 

daficeba, gadacema an dawyevla simarTlis dacvis 

SemTxvevaSic ki, wmindanis risxvas iwvevda. 

SiSisa da krZalvis miuxedavad, ususuri samxilebeli 

niSnebis dros, braldebuls Tavis gamarTleba 

mxolod xatze daficebiT SeeZlo, romelic 

pirvandeli saxiT zogierT mxareSi didxans 

SemorCa. `fici unda moxdes romelime Zlieri 

xatis winaSe momCivanis amorCeviT. momCivanma 

unda amoirCios eklesiac, sadac fici unda moxdes 

da xatic, romelzec braldebulma unda daificos~ 

[4, 72]. megrelTa rwmeniT, sicruis Tqmas 

saswaulmoqmed wm. giorgis xatTan veravin gabedavda, 

vinaidan mswraflSemsmeneli wmindani amis- 

393

Tvis mas dasjida, gadarevda da simarTles aTqmevinebda. 

`ficze Segdeba~ anu xatze daficeba 

samarTlis warmoebis utyuari saxe iyo [8, 204]. 

xalxis rwmeniT, wm. giorgis yvela xats erTi da 

igive saswaulis moxdena TiTqos ar SeeZlo. am 

mxriv, iloris wm. giorgis xatma da salocavma 

gansakuTrebuli aRiareba da Tayvaniscema moixve- 

Wa, rac megrul dalocvaSic aisaxa: `gagiTbes 

(gwyalobdes) zeviT RmerTi, cxovar-macxovari xati, 

mTavarangelozi focxosi (senakis r.), RvTismowame-xeTisa, 

yulevi da alerti, wm. giorgi 

iloris, wm. giorgi jvarisa~ (walenjixis r-ni) 

[11, 30]. 

saukeTeso Rvinos wm. giorgis saxelze inaxavdnen, 

romelsac petre-pavlobis dRes, margvlis 

win didi ambiT moxsnidnen Tavs. àmisTvis 

maranSi moiwveven mRvdels, romelic Seimoseba 

saeklesio tanisamosiT, ramdensame locvas ityvis 

qvevris Tavze da Semdeg amisa moxsnis Tavs 

qvevrs, iqidan patara doqSi gadmoasxams Rvinos, 

romelsac gagzavnis Sesawiravad wm. giorgis eklesiaSi. 

amis Semdeg SeuZliaT ixmaron es Rvino~ 

[4, 53]. zogierTi cnobiT, rodesac qvevris axda 

surdaT, wirvas ayenebdnen, Zroxas hklavdnen [6, 

99]. RvTisadmi da romelime wmindanisadmi Sesawiravi 

wiTeli Rvino-zedaSis garda, qarTuli sinamdvile 

icnobs avadmyofobis an sxva raime aR- 

TqmasTan dakavSirebul samRTo Sesawiravebs, 

òxvamerebs~, romlebic maranSi iyo ganTavsebuli. 

`megruli oxvameri orgvari mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda. 

erTi mxriv, is adgilia, sadac locvarituali 

sruldeba, xolo meore mxriv, salocavisTvis 

gankuTvnili Sesawiravia. igi SeiZleba 

iyos ERvino, puri, sanTeli, Tafli da sxva. ro- 

394

melic RvTaebisadmi aris miZRvnili. aseTive 

mniSvnelobisaa imerul-raWuli `salocvili~ [2, 

120]. megruli oxvamerebidan gvxvdeba samgario, 

samRvTo, saoxoro, saocodinaro, SqviTule, sawaCxure, 

sadabado da a.S. saTanado locvas ojaxis 

ufrosi mamakaci aRavlenda xolme. niSandoblivia, 

rom maranSi moTavsebul qvevrebTan qals 

ara Tu raime ritualis Sesruleba, aramed Sesvlac 

ekrZaleboda. aRniSnuli salocavi qvevrebidan 

zogi maTgani saerTo, saojaxo iyo, zogi 

ki pirovnuli. `Zmebis gayris dros salocavi 

qvevrebi xSirad maT saerTo mflobelobaSi rCeboda, 

magram umetes SemTxvevaSi Zmebi qvevrebsac 

iyofdnen da mxolod `saRmrTo~-s salocav 

qvevrs saZmod deda fuZeSi tovebdnen, aq mTeli 

saZmo Tavs iyrida da saerTo xarjiT `samRvTos~ 

gadaixdidnen [5, 328]. 

amrigad, locva ojaxis gamravlebis, Sinauri 

saqonlis matebis da sxva saWiroebisaTvis, romelic 

daawynarebda adamianis cxovrebas, rogorc 

irkveva, saTanado msxverplSewirvis TanxlebiT 

sruldeboda TiToeul ojaxSi, romelic droTa 

ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva mizezis gamo Semcirda. 

misionerebis moRvaweobis dros, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba 

Zalze xSirad swiravda RmerTs sisxlian 

msxverpls, rogoricaa mamali, goWi an 

wvrilfexa saqoneli. msxverplis mitanis dRes 

ambobdnen didi dRe dadgao, magram ès dRe ar 

aris uflis sadidebeli da saTayvanebeli didi 

dRe, radganac eklesiSi ar midian, ar ismenen 

wirvas, ar evedrebian ufals, ar akeTeben keTil 

saqmeebs; am dRes atareben sma-WamaSi da RmerTs 

dalocvas da TavianTi mtrebis amowyvetas Txoven~ 

[9, 185]. udavoa, rom mravalgvari òxvameri~ 

395

codvebis mitevebas, ganwmendas, saRvTo madlis 

moZiebas da moxveWas emsaxureboda. am urTierTobas 

RmerTsa da morwmune adamians Soris Rrma 

safuZveli aqvs, romelsac nawilobriv Cawvda 

ucxoeli swavluli romelic aRniSnavdaL `miuxedavad 

aseTi sizarmacisa, megrelebi arian didad 

morwmune qristianebi~ [7, 132]. 

amrigad, winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmiT Camosul 

misionerebs, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mtkice 

rjulismsaxurebam SeuSala xeli kaTolikuri 

sarwmunoebis propagandaSi. 

396


1. Jak fransua gamba, mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, Tb.; 

1987, frangulidan Targmna n. mgalobliSvilma 

2. n. Tofuria, sakulto nageboba zedaSe oxvame, 

masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, 

XXII, 1985. 

3. don qristoforo de kasteli, cnobebi da albomi 

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. teqsti gaSifra, Targmna, gamokvleva 

da komentarebi daurTo b. giorgaZem. 

4. don arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, 

Tb., 1990. italiuridan Targmna al. Wyoniam. 

5. s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia, 

Tb., 1941 

6. don juzepe judiCe milaneli, werilebi saqarTveloze, 

Tb., 1964. italiuri teqsti Targmna, winasityvaoba 

da SeniSvnebi daurTo b. giorgaZem. 

7. i. rainegsi, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanulidan 

Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo 

g. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002. 

8. T. saxokia, qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani, t. II, 

Tb., 1947. 

9. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis 

sxva qveynebSi, Tb., 1975. frangulidan 

Targmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daur- 

To m. mgalobliSvilma. 

10. n. SoSitaSvili, Sida qarTlis Tanamedrove 

soflis kulturuli 

11. a. canava, qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba (megruli 

teqstebi), Tb., 1975. 

397


About the Christianity of Georgians 

The work deals with the relations of Odishi (Samegrelo) 

population towards the church, clergy, veneration of the icons, 

fasting, liturgical rights and the Christian outlook generally. The 

data about above mentioned issues are preserved in the records 

of the scientist-travellers and the descriptions of the missionaries. 

The political units of the western Georgia principalities 

underwent hard times that determined betterdevelopment of the 

eastern Georgianculture. Consequently the Georgian chronicles 

and historical sources of the late feudal period are represented 

fragmentarily. The relations with the western European countries 

and Russia revived in the 17 th century. This is described in the 

relacións of the foreign missionaries. After long term observation 

Catholic missionaries left valuable descriptionof the native 

population‟s every-day life and culture. Well trained researchers 

had an intension to propagate and spread Catholic faith among 

the population and did their best that it should have been 

acceptable for natives. But they were not able to have a great 

success because of the Orthodox orientation of the population. 

398

maia SaorSaZe 

kaTolikos-patriarqi kirile II (ciciSvili) 

da misi moRvaweoba 

kirile II (ciciSvili) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos 

kaTolikos-patriarqad 1737-1739 wlebSi imyofeboda. 

manamde igi samTavneli episkoposi da 

qarTlis mTavarepiskoposi iyo, xolo kaTolikosobis 

Semdgom wlebSi kvlav qarTlis mTavarepiskoposia. 

savaraudod, garkveuli drois man- 

Zilze igi bodbisa da rusTavis saepiskoposoebsac 

ganagebda. misi moRvaweoba gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia 

qarTlis mTavarepiskoposobis periodSi, 

romel kaTedrazec igi SedarebiT ufro 

xangrZlivi droiT moRvaweobda. 

kirile II kaTolikosi moxseniebulia 1738 w. 

2 Tebervlis sabuTSi. ,,ymisa da mamulis nasyidobis 

wigns, micemuls oTar aleqsiSvilis mier 

farsadan ciciSvilisadmi”, amtkicebs kirile ka- 

Tolikosi. ,,q. Cven, yovlisa saqarTvelos k[aTaliko]z[i] 

kirile am nasyidobas vamtkicebT”. xelrTva: 

,,k[aTaliko]z[i] kirile”. [1, 275]. rogorc 

Cans, besarion kaTolikos-patriarqis (baraTaSvil-orbeliSvilis) 

(1725-1737 ww.) gardacvalebis 

Semdeg, sakaTolikoso taxti droebiT kirilem 

daikava, vidre domenti IV kaTolikos-patriarqi 

(bagrationi) (1705-1741ww.) saqarTveloSi dabrundeboda 

1739 wels (rogorc cnobilia, 1725-39 

wlebSi igi qarTlSi ar imyofeboda). 

arsebobs 1739 wlis 23 martiT daTariRebuli 

,,ymisa da mamulis danebebis wigni, micemuli daviT 

TarxnisSvilis mier giorgi maRalaZisadmi”, 

399

omelsac amtkicebs kaTolikosi kirile: ,,Cven, 

batoni k[aTaliko]zi kirile am garigebisa da piris 

dadebisa da Serigebis mowame var”. xelrTva: 

,,k[aTaliko]zi kirile.” [2, 34-35; 24]. (sigel- 

Si mowmeebs Soris dasaxelebulia mTavarepiskoposi 

romanoz). am sabuTs ar icnobs an ratomRac 

ar asaxelebs b. lominaZe Tavis gamokvlevaSi ,,masalebi 

saqarTvelos XVII-XVIII ss. istoriis qronologiisaTvis” 

[4]. sabuTi araa moxmobili aseve 

2000 wels gamocemul krebulSi ,,saqarTvelos ka- 

Tolikos-patriarqebi” [15], rac kidev ufro gaamyarebda 

kirile II-is 1739 wlamde kaTolikosad 

yofnis mosazrebas. 

saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi daculia 1739 

wliT daTariRebuli kidev erTi sabuTi: ,,mamulis 

nasyidobis wigni solaRaSvili ieses mier 

mTavarepiskopos romanozisadmi”, romelsac beWdiT 

amtkicebs kaTolikosi kirile [11; 9]. 

aris agreTve daaxloebiT 1738-1739 wlebSi 

Sedgenili ,,ganCineba kirile kaTalikozisa davi- 

Tisa da solomonis yma-mamulis saqmeze”, romelsac 

uzis beWedi: kaTalikozi kirile. sabuTi dawerilia 

,,mirobis” SemoRebis meoTxe wels [18, 

348; 23]. 

gaugebrobas iwvevs 1739 wlis 5 martiT da- 

TariRebuli sabuTi ,,samwysos ganwesebis wigni 

domenti kaTalikozisa urbnel nikoloz xerxeuliZisadmi”, 

romelsac amtkicebs kaTolikospatriarqi 

domenti, xolo sabuTs aqvs Semdegdroindeli 

damtkicebebic. mas axlavs Semdegi 

xelrTvebi da beWdebi: kaTolikos-patriarqi anton 

I, Semdeg mefe erekle II, ufliswuli giorgi, 

qarTlis mTavarepiskoposi kirile, Tbileli mitropoliti 

efTvime da a. S. ,,q. Cven, qarTlis mTa- 

400

varefiskopozi kirile am patriaqis sigels vamtkicebT”. 

xelrTva: ,,mTavarefiskopozi kirile.” 

[20; 22; 17, 742-746]. gasarkvevi isaa, rom Tuki 1739 

wlis 5 marts ukve domenti kaTolikosi gascems 

sabuTs, imave wlis 23 marts rogorRa ixsenieba 

zemoT aRniSnul sabuTSi kaTolikosi kirile 

ciciSvili saqme imaSia, rom prof. i. doliZis 

mier gamoqveynebul am sabuTSi, qoronikoni ukÀ 

aris 1740 weli, xolo qristes aqeT CRlT _ 1739 

wels udris. Cveni azriT, swored amaSia Secdoma 

da unda iyos CRm. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT aqve gamoqveynebul 

sxva sabuTebsac, sadac ki miTiTebulia 

qoronikoni ukÀ, mas mosdevs qristes aqeT 

CRm. 1740 wlis aRniSnul sabuTs 1745 wels amtkicebs 

anton I kaTolikosi, 1767 wels mefe erekle 

II, 1768 wels giorgi ufliswuli, kirile qar- 

Tlis mTavarepiskoposi da a.S. 

,,qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis” me-3 wignSi 

am sabuTs mosdevs ,,wigni domenti kaTalikozisa 

avaliSvilebisadmi nikoloz urbnelisaTvis samwysos 

ganwesebis Sesaxeb”, romelic uTariRoa da 

prof. i. doliZes is kiTxvis niSnis qveS daTari- 

Rebuli aqvs 1739 wlis martiT. misi Sinaarsidan 

gamomdinare da Cvens mier 1740 wliT gadaTariRebul 

sabuTTan kavSiris gamo, Cveni azriT, es sabuTic, 

savaraudod, 1740 wels miekuTvneba. swored 

amis sasargeblod miuTiTebs kidev erTi 

,,wyalobis sigeli domenti kaTalikozisa gabriel 

Warmaulisadmi”, romelic Sedgenilia domenti 

kaTalikosis mier konstantinopolSi yofnis 

dros (am faqts igi sabuTSive aRniSnavs) da romelic 

daTariRebulia 1739 wliT (CRlT) [21; 17, 

747-750]. Semdegdroindeli sabuTebi ki, romelsac 

kaTolikosi domenti gascems, 1740 wlidan iwyeba. 

401

1740-1741 wlebiTaa daTariRebuli ,,wigni domenti 

kaTalikozisa mrovelisa da urbnelis samwysos 

saqmeze ganCinebiT”, romlis mixedviTac, 

domenti kaTolikosis brZanebiT, mrovelisa da 

urbnelis davas mTavarepiskopos-mitropoliti 

kirile da Tbileli mitropoliti evTimi arigeben. 

rogorc domenti kaTolikosma saavaliSvilo 

,,sadgris xeoba da bagineT-gujareTi” urbnel 

episkopos nikoloz xerxeuliZes misca samwysod, 

aseve umtkiceben urbnels samwysod mTavarepiskoposi 

kirile da Tbileli mitropoliti evTimi 

[17, 762]. 

1724-39 wlebiT aqvs daTariRebuli prof. i. 

doliZes ,,aRTqmis wigni mTavarepiskopos raJdenisa 

domenti kaTalikozisadmi,” saidanac vgebulobT, 

rom raJden ciciSvils mTavarepiskoposoba 

,,eSova” domenti kaTolikosis stambolSi yofnis 

dros. domentis brZanebiT igi Tbilelsa da 

or episkoposs ukurTxebiaT [17, 741-742]. igive sabuTs 

T. Jordania daaxloebiT 1727 wlis axlo 

droiT aTariRebs, ris damadasturebladac mohyavs 

1727 wlis ,,wyalobis sigeli kaTalikoz domentis 

mier mRvdel iese tlaSaZisaTvis da misi 

Zis zaqariasaTvis”, sadac domenti kaTolikosi 

stambolSi (konstantinopolSi) myofad moixsenieba 

da iqidan marTavs saqarTvelos eklesias [19, 

113-115; 17, 713-714]. T. Jordania aRniSnavs, rom raJdeni 

manamde samTavneli episkoposi iyo. Cveni azriT, 

savaraudod, roca igi mTavarepiskoposi gaxda, 

am droisaTvis kirile samTavneli episkoposia, 

xolo ramdenime xnis Semdeg is ikavebs qar- 

Tlis mTavarepiskoposis kaTedras (vidre 1737- 

1739 ww-sa). 

402

saistorio sabuTebSi xSirad moixsenieba 

,,qarTlis mTavarepiskoposi kirile” da Cvenc misi 

moRvaweobis swored am etapis zogierT movlenas 

gvinda SevexoT. 

kirile mTavarepiskoposad isxenieba 1736, 

1737, 1740, 1741, 1753, 1755, 1764, 1768, 1771 da a. S. 

wlebis sabuTebSi. 

n. berZeniSvilis mixedviT, 1736 wlis maisSia 

gacemuli ,,biWis ,,mirTmevis” (anu Sewirulobis – 

m. S.) wigni, micemuli roin javaxisSvilis meuRlis 

monazon elenes mier amba-alaverdel nikolaozisadmi”, 

romelsac bolos erTvis kirile 

mTavarepiskoposis minaweri: ,,q. Cven, mTavarefiskopozi 

kirile amis mowame varT. kirile.” [1, 395]. 

n. berZeniSvils, uneblie Secdoma aqvs daSvebuli 

TariRSi da qoronikon uld_s, 1736 wliT gansaz- 

Rvravs, rac sinamdvileSi udris 1746 wels. xolo 

prof. i. doliZe igive sabuTs, marTebulad, 

swored 1746 wliT aTariRebs [17, 791]. (sabuTis 

1736 wliT daTariRebas, n. berZeniSvilis mixedviT, 

iyenebs Tavis naSromSi b. lominaZec). Cven 

moviZieT sabuTis piri saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi 

[13] da marTlac, qoronikoni aris uld, anu 

1746 weli. 

miuxedavad aRniSnuli lafsusisa, Cven saqar- 

Tvelos erovnul arqivSive mivakvlieT sxva sabuTs, 

romelic swored 1736 wliT aris daTari- 

Rebuli da romelSic moixsenieba mTavarepiskoposi 

kirile. kerZod, zemo ciciSvilebi Sewirulobis 

wigns aZleven mrovel aTanases, romlis 

mixedviTac isini, Tavis yofil ymas _ CxikvaZe 

lazares, misive survilis gaTvaliswinebiT, swiraven 

ruisis wm. RvTaebis eklesias, wirva-locvaze 

moxseniebis sanacvlod da momaval cxovreba- 

403

Si maTi sulis saoxad da nugeSad. sabuTs amowmebs 

mTavarepiskoposi kirile: ,,q. Cven, ciciSvili 

mTavarefiskopozi kirile, amis mowame (varT)”. 

xelrTva: kirile. sabuTs uzis TariRi, qoronikoni 

ukd, rac udris 1736 wels. [12]. 

1740 wlis 8 Tebervals Sedgenil ,,ioram mouravisSvilisa 

da amilRabaris qalis ganqorwinebis 

oqms”, domenti IV kaTolikosis Semdeg amowmebs 

kirile mTavarepiskoposi. ,, q. Cven, qarTlisa 

mTavar efiskopozi kirile amis mowame varT. mTavar 

efiskopozi kirile.” [16, 96; 18, 349-350]. 

arsebobs agreTve 1741 wlis 1 marts gacemuli 

,,mamulisa da ymis nasyidobis wigni, micemuli 

zurab zurabisSvilis mier qaixosro orbelianisadmi”, 

sadac minaweria: ,,q. Cven, mTavarefiskopozi 

kirile amis mowame varT. kirile.” [1., 

296]. 

mowmeebSia dasaxelebuli kirile mTavarepiskoposi 

1743 wlis 17 ivnisis sigelSic. ,,ymis nasyidobis 

wigns, micemuls mamuka abaSiZis mier vaxuSti 

abaSiZisadmi” axlavs minaweri da xelrTva: 

,,aris amisi mowame batoni mTavarepiskopozi kirile.” 

[1, 316]. 

1747 wlis amilaxvrebis sigels amtkicebs 

mTavarepiskoposi kirile (f. 1448, s. 4202). agreTve 

naxsenebia igi 1753 wlis 10 maisis sabuTSic [18, 

418]. 

kirile mTavarepiskoposi monawilea 1764 

wlis 18 oqtombris saeklesio krebisa, romelmac 

zaqaria xucesi (gabaSvili) SeaCvena da eklesiidan 

gankveTa [18, 503_508]. 

kirile mTavarepiskoposi moixsenieba agreTve 

1768 wlis 15 maisis sigelSic [18, 554_555]. saqarTvelos 

erovnul arqivSi daculia mefe erek- 

404

le II mier kirile mTavarepiskoposisadmi micemuli 

sabuTebi 1771 wlisa [6; 7] da a.S. magram Cven- 

Tvis amJamad sainteresoa 1755 wlis erTi sabuTi, 

romlis mixedviTac, mefe Teimuraz II (gamgebeli 

1709-15ww. kaxeTis mefe 1733-44ww. qarTlis mefe 

1744-62ww.) gorSi kaTolikebs taZars da masTan 

arsebul rezidencias CamoarTmevs da gadascems 

kirile mTavarepiskoposs, rogorc mis kanonier 

kuTvnilebas. Cven am sabuTs saqarTvelos erovnul 

arqivSi mivakvlieT. is gamoqveynebuli ar 

aris da dRemde samecniero literaturaSi Semotanili 

ar yofila. misi mokle Sinaarsi rusulad 

Tavis naSromSi d. furcelaZes naxsenebi 

aqvs [25, 51] am sabuTs axsenebs p. karbelaSvilic, 

romelic saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSi, mis pirad 

fondSia daculi [14]. 

am sabuTisadmi didi interesi kidev ufro 

imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom goris amJamindeli sakaTedro 

taZaris gamo karga xnis manZilze mimdinareobda 

dava kaTolikebTan da igi axlaxans, 

Cvens saukuneSic ki warmoiSva. 

sabuTi gadamweris mixedviT, dednis pirs, 

warmoadgens. qaRaldis zomaa 20 1/2X15 sm. (qaragmis 

gaxsna da punqtuacia Cvenia _m. S.) 

,q. Cveni brZaneba aris, gors patrebis saydari 

da sasaxle mTavarefiskopozis, batonis wmindas 

kirilesaTvis gviboZebia da wyaloba gviqnia, Tavis 

taxtaT da sadgomaT, roca gors mibrZandebodes, 

am saydarsa da saydris saxlebSi dadgebodes, 

radgan gori {da} qarTveli kaci, amis 

samwyso iyo, es patrebis naqoni eklesia amisTvis 

gviboZebia. qristeSobis ka, q(oroni)k(on)s umg.” 

aqvs beWdis adgili legendiT:…...m(e)f(e)...Teimurazis 

damtkicebuli [10]. (xazgasma Cvenia _ m. S.). 

405

sabuTidan Cans, rom goris aRniSnuli taZari, 

garkveuli drois manZilze, ,,naqoni” da kuTvnili 

yofila kaTolike misionerebisa, magram 

Teimuraz mefem es taZari da mis gverdiT mdebare 

sasaxle CamoarTva maT da kirile mTavarepiskoposs 

gadasca, rogorc gorisa da aq mcxovrebi 

marTlmadidebeli mrevlis mwemsmTavars. aqedan 

gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom 1755 wlidan, 

dRevandel goris sakaTedro taZarSi, wirvalocva 

marTlmadidebluri wesiT aResruleboda. 

gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve imdroindeli politikuri 

viTareba saqarTveloSi da antikaTolikuri 

propaganda. saeklesio krebam swored 

1755 wels gadaayena kaTolikosobidan anton I ka- 

Tolikuri sarwmunoebis miRebis braldebiT. rogorc 

Cans, am faqtmac Tavisi gavlena iqonia Teimurazis 

politikaze kaTolike misionerebis mimarT. 

calke kvlevis sagania is, Tu ra uZRoda win 

taZris gadacemis faqts da rogor ganviTarda 

Semdgomi movlenebi. aRniSnuli sakiTxi SeZlebisdagvarad 

Seiswavla prof. q. pavliaSvilma da 

krebulSi ,,kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, 

XXI, Tb; 2005, gamoaqveyna kidec statia 

,,fragmentebi goris kaTolikuri eklesiis istoriidan 

(XV-XIX ss.)”, magram Cvens mier aRniSnul 

sigels igi ar icnobs da Sesabamisad, arc axsenebs, 

risi codna da gaTvaliswineba am naSroms 

kidev ufro met damajereblobas SesZenda. ker- 

Zod, mis xelT arsebuli cnobebis analizis safuZvelze, 

q. pavliaSvili aRniSnavs, rom 1806 

wels ruseTis mTavrobas, kapucineli misionerebisaTvis 

gorsa da TbilisSi CamorTmeuli eklesiebi 

daubrunebia, risTvisac maT xelisuflebam 

406

6000 man. gamouyo. ,,misionerebi gamudmebiT iTxovdnen 

vatikanisagan ruseTis mTavrobasTan saerTo 

enis gamonaxvas, raTa CamorTmeuli eklesiebi daebrunebinaT 

gorsa da TbilisSi, rameTu veRar 

audiodnen goris sadgomi saxlis qiris gadaxdas. 

aRniSnuli ki imis dasturia, rom misionerebs 

1795 wlidan gorSi eklesia ukve aRar hqoniaT”_ 

daaskvnis prof. pavliaSvili [5, 87]. Cven davazustebT 

am mosazrebas da zemoT moyvanili, 

samecniero literaturaSi axlad Semotanili sigelis 

safuZvelze aRvniSnavT, rom kaTolike misionerebs 

gorSi eklesia 1755 wlidan CamorTmeviaT 

da igi mefe Teimuraz II-s qarTlis mTavarepiskopos 

kirilesaTvis da Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos 

marTlmadidebeli eklesiisaTvis gadaucia. 

es mdgomareoba rom SenarCunebulia 1802 wlamde, 

amis Tqmac zustad SeiZleba imis safuZvelze, 

rom saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSive daculia 

qarTl-kaxeTis episkoposTa da arqimandritTa mier 

Sedgenili moxsenebiTi baraTi imperator 

aleqsandre I-dmi [8], saidanac vgebulobT, rom 

qarTl-kaxeTis episkoposebi da arqimandritebi 

aRiareben ra ruseTis imperatoris 1801 wels mi- 

Rebul manifests qarTl-kaxeTis ruseTTan Seer- 

Tebis Taobaze, mimarTaven aleqsandre I-s, raTa 

igi saukuneTa manZilze aoxrebul da dasustebul 

saqarTvelos eklesia-monastrebs Seewios, 

aRadginos, Seamkos, daicvas da daifaros. maTive 

TxovniT, SeunarCundeT episkoposebs Tav-Tavian- 

Ti xarisxebi da eparqiebi, mamulebi, ymebi da Semosavlebi. 

sasuliero dasis gansakuTrebul saTxovars 

ki Semdegi ram warmoadgens: Tbilissa da 

gorSi kaTolikebs imperatorisagan maTi adrindeli, 

kuTvnili eklesiebis ukan dabruneba mouT- 

407

xoviaT. werilis avtorebi imperators Seaxseneben, 

rom mefe Teimuraz II-m da erekle II-m, krebis 

dadgenilebiTa da gadawyvetilebiT, kaTolikeTa 

mxridan sazogadoebis winaSe didi SecodebisaTvis, 

isini gandevnes saqarTvelodan da mas Semdeg, 

maTi kuTvnili mcire taZrebic marTlmadideblur 

eklesias daubrunda. sasuliero pirebi 

TxovniT mimarTaven imperators, rom ukan aRar 

daubrunos kaTolikebs CamorTmeuli eklesiebi, 

radgan wlebis manZilze maTSi mravali cnobili 

qarTveli sasuliero Tu saero moRvawe iyo dasaflavebuli. 

rogorc Cans, qarTveli sasuliero pirebi 

winaswar grZnobdnen saSiS tendencias kaTolikebis 

kvlav gaaqtiurebisa da ruseTis xelisuflebisagan 

garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi maTi 

mfarvelobis gamo. swored amaze mianiSnebs is 

garemoeba, rom 1806 wels isini droebiT ibruneben 

kidec goris yofil, e. w. kaTolikur taZars 

da XIX saukuneSi drodadro inarCuneben kidec 

mas, vidre 1845 wlidan kaTolikebs saqarTvelodan 

sabolood ar gandevnian. 

kaTolikebis pretenziebi goris taZris mimarT 

am saukuneSic ki warmoiSva, rac yovlad 

usafuZvloa. arsebobs ramdenime cnoba am taZris 

daarsebis Sesaxeb da erT-erTis mixedviT, kaTolike 

misionerebs XVII saukuneSi (1629w. 27 aprilis 

relacia propaganda fidesadmi), Teimuraz I- 

gan (1606-1648ww.) miuRiaT wyaloba, rom mtrisagan 

dangreuli taZris adgilze TavianTi eklesia ae- 

SenebinaT da aqve sacxovrebeli saxlic gaeCinaT. 

aseTi gadawyvetileba mefis mxridan imiT iyo 

ganpirobebuli, rom avgustinel berebs misTvis 

qeTevan dedoflis wminda nawilebi CamoutaniaT. 

408

gaxarebuli mefis mowyalebiT maT kidec isargebles, 

qarTuli eklesia kaTolikurad gadaakeTes 

da wm. petres saxeli uwodes. Semdgom saukuneeb- 

Si ki situacia Seicvala Tu ara, 1755 wels es eklesia 

mis namdvil mflobels, saqarTvelos mar- 

Tlmadidebel eklesias daubrunda da Sesabamisad, 

aRdga kidec RvTismsaxureba. goris taZris 

e. w. kaTolikuri nawili rom qarTuli taZris 

saZirkvelsa da nangrevebzea daSenebuli, es kidev 

erTxel, axlaxans aq mimdinare sarestavracio 

samuSaoebis msvlelobam daadastura. 

kirile kaTolikosis moRvaweoba sxva mravali 

kuTxiTac sainteresoa. p. ioseliani wers, 

rom kirile ciciSvili iyo ,,biZa giorgi sardlisa, 

simamrisa TviT mefisa giorgisa. . . odes 

movidnen osmalni asaklebelad mcxeTisa da sxva- 

Ta ekklesiisa saunjeTa, scemes mas mravlad, ra- 

Ta…aCvenos mas samkaulni da TabaliTa daayrevines 

ferxTa frCxilebi. Semdgomad dabrunebisa 

domentisa stambolidam, Caabara mas kaTolikosoba 

da TviT iwyo cxovreba martivisa berisa. iyo 

mcodne sparsulisa da TaTrulisa, sayvareli mefisa, 

naswavli mWermeTqvi da sityva marjve. miwer-mowera 

misi anastasiasTan, mefisa iraklisa 

dedinacvalTan, mowmobs missa sibrZnesa... ravdenjerme 

aRiyvanes xarisxsa da gamoZieso droTa amboxisa 

gamo. gardaicvala 90 wlisa 1774 welsa.” 

[3, 139]. 

kirile mTavarepiskoposis gardacvalebis 

TariRad 1774 wlis miTiTeba ar unda iyos marTebuli, 

radgan sabuTebSi igi amis Semdgomac 

(80_90-ian wlebSi) ixsenieba bodbisa da rusTavis 

saepiskoposo kaTedrebze. ra Tqma unda, Tuki es 

swored yofili saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patri- 

409

arqi da qarTlis mTavarepiskoposi kirilea, ma- 

Sin am dros igi daaxloebiT 95 wlamde moxuci 

unda yofiliyo. p. ioseliani ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, 

misi gardacvalebis asakad swored Rrmad 

moxucebulobas, 90 wels asaxelebs. amdenad, es 

sakiTxi Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs. 


1. dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri istoriidan, 

w. I, batonymuri urTierToba (XV-XVIIIss.), n. 

berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1940. 

2. dokumentebi saqarTvelos socialuri istoriidan, 

w. II, batonymuri urTierToba (XV-XIXss.), 

n. berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1953. 

3. p. ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, akaki 

gawerelias Sesavali werilebiT, redaqcii- 

Ta da SeniSvnebiT; tf., 1936. 

4. b. lominaZe, masalebi saqarTvelos XVII-XVIII saukuneTa 

istoriis qronologiisaTvis, masalebi saqar- 

Tvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nak. 29, 1951 w. 

5. q. pavliaSvili, fragmentebi goris kaTolikuri eklesiis 

istoriidan (XV-XIX ss.), kulturis istoriisa 

da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XXI, Tb., 2005. 

6. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, fondi 1448, saqme 

# 3060 


# 3068 


# 9200, 9199 


# 2147 

410


# 2167 


# 2176 


# 2536 


# 2616 

14. saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, p. karbelaSvilis 

piradi fondi 1461, saqme 17. 

15. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi, Tb., 2000. 

16. saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, e. TayaiSvilis 

redaqtorobiT, tf., 1899. 

17. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, saeklesio sakanonmdeblo 

Zeglebi (XI-XIXss.), teqstebi gamosca, 

SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doli- 

Zem, Tb., 1970. 

18. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi IV, sasamarTlo gan- 

Cinebani (XVI-XVIIIss.), teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi 

da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1972. 

19. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa 

da mwerlobisa, Sekrebili, qronologiurad 

dawyobili da axsnili T. Jordanias mier, w. III, 

(1700 w-dan XIX s-is 60-ian wlebamde), Tb., 1967. 

20. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, fondi Ad-502 (d) 

21. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, fondi Ad-506 

22. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, fondi Ad-1502-a (p) 

23. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, fondi Hd-2705 

24. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, fondi Hd-2792 

25. Д. П. Пурцеладзе, Грузинские церковные гуджари (грамоты), 

Тиф., 1881. 

411 

Maia Shaorshadze

Catholicos-Patriarch Kirile II (Tsitsishvili) and His 

Activity 

Kirile II (Tsitsishvili) was Catholicos-Patriarch of the 

eastern Georgia in 1737-1739. Before he became Catholicos- 

Patriarch Kirile was a Bishop of Samtavnoand Archbishop of 

Kartli.After his service asCatholicos-Patriarch of Georgia Kirile 

became Archbishop of Kartli again. 

Catholicos Kirile is mentioned in the document dated to February 

2, 1738. “The Book of Serf and Land Deed of Purchase” waspassed by 

Kirile Catholicos. It seems that after the death of Catholicos-Patriarch 

Besarion (Baratashvili-Orbelishvili) (1725-1737)Kirile became acting 

Catholicos, before Catholicos-Patriarch Domenti IV (Bagrationi) returned 

back in Georgia in 1739. 

There is a document dated to March 23, 1739 which is passes by 

Catholicos Kirile. This document is unknown for Babilina Lominadze or 

she might not mentioned it for unknown reasonsin her research. The 

document is not either mentioned in the collection “The Catholicos- 

Patriarchs of Georgia” published in 2000. Mentioning of Kirile II among 

the Catholicos-Patriarchs might strengthen the viewpoint thathe was 

Catholicos before 1739. 

There is one more document “The Book of Deed of 

Purchase Given to Archbishop Romanos by SologhashviliIese” 

preserved in the central archive and dated to 1739. The 

document is passed by Catholicos Kirile with a stamp. 

There is also “A Decree of Catholicos Kirile” dated nearly to 

1738-1739 which has a stamp with two words: Catholicos Kirile. 

“The Archbishop of Kartli Kirile” is often mentioned in the 

historical documents. Some moments of Kirile‟s activity when his is 

mentioned as Archbishop of Kartli are underscoredin the given work. 

Kirile is mentioned as Archbishop in the documents of following 

years: 1736, 1737, 1740, 1741, 1743, 1753, 1755, 1764, 1768, 1771 and 

etc. 

412

A document dated to 1755 is of special interest. According 

to this document king Teimuras II confiscated,took from 

Catholics a church and residence in Gory and gave it to 

Archbishop Kirile as his legal property. This document that is 

preserved in the Central Archive is not published and has not yet 

been in scientific circulation. Exactly the significance of this 

document is discussed in the given work. 

Catholics have a claim on today‟s cathedral of Gori even 

in this century that is totally groundless. There are some 

notifications about founding of this church. According to one of 

these notifications in the 17 th century Teimuras Igave Catholic 

missionaries permission and grace to build their church and a 

house for living on the place of a Georgian church destroyed by 

invaders.Such kind of decision was taken by king because 

Augustinian monks brought him the relics of his motherand 

queen, St. Ketevan. Catholics built there a church and named 

after St. Peter. In the following centuries the situation changed. 

In 1755 the church was delivered to the Orthodox Church of 

Georgia. The same situation is in 1802 that is proved by historical 

sources. After Georgia joined Russia from time to time 

Catholics were returning back the mentioned church. In 1845 

the church finallypassed into the ownership of the Church of 

Georgia. 

wyaroTmcodneoba 

Source Study 

413

esma mania 

afxazeTi qarTvel moRvaweTa epistoleebSi 

(XIX s. 80-iani _ XX s. 10-iani ww.) 

afxazeTis istoriis movlenebis rekonstruqciisTvis 

am regionidan gamogzavnil epistoleebs, 

rogorc specifikur wyaroebs, Seucvleli 

mniSvneloba aqvs. e. w. `pirveli kategoriis~ wyaroebi 

_ oficialuri dokumentacia, aqtebi, oqmebi, 

angariSebi, saqmiani mimowera qveyanaSi moqmedi 

biurokratiuli da msoflmxedvelobrivi wnexis 

gamo obieqturi realobis mxolod reglamentirebul 

formats asaxavs. es SezRuduloba ki 

yovelTvis eqceva socio-politikuri direqtivebis, 

diplomatiuri Sablonebis, fasadur-butaforiuli 

imijebis, biurokratiuli etiketis CarCoebSi. 

aseT pirobebSi informaciis obieqturobisa 

da miukerZoeblobis xarisxi, bunebrivia, SedarebiT 

dabalia. miT umetes, multikulturuli da 

multieTnikuri sazogadoebebiT dasaxlebul 

sazRvrispira regionebSi. epistoles, pirad mimoweras, 

rogorc sruliad gansxvavebuli tipis saistorio 

wyaros, specifikuri maxasiaTeblebi 

aqvs. epistoluri informacia, komunikaciis arasajaro 

meqanizmis gamo, gantvirTulia socialuri 

Sablonebisagan, ideologiuli Tu msoflmxedvelobrivi 

SezRudvebisgan da Seicavs ker- 

Zo, personificirebul tendenciebs, rac sazogadoebrivi 

azris dinamikis kvlevisTvis Seucvlel 

mniSvnelobas iZens. 

XIX saukunis 80-iani _ XX saukunis 10-iani 

wlebis afxazeTis istoria imperiuli, rusifika- 

414

toruli saeklesio politikis gamkacrebasa da 

marTlmadideblobis mniSvnelonad dasustebis 

periods emTxveva. es periodi gabriel episkoposis 

moRvaweobis Semdgom iwyeba da saqarTvelos 

eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgeniT sruldeba. am 

periodis afxazeTis mravalmxriv saintereso istoriis 

Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis 

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi epistoleebi. 

maT mniSvnelobasa da aqtualobaze 

mxolod adresat-adresantTa miTiTebac ki kmara. 

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi inaxeba dekanoz 

daviT maWavarianisa da aleqsandre oqropiriZis, 

leonide da aleqsandre oqroporiZeebis, Tedo 

saxokiasa da iakob gogebaSvilis, petre Waraiasa 

da iakob gogebaSvilis, episkopos kirionisa da 

mRvdel ioseb CijavaZis, niko TavdgiriZisa da 

iakob gogebaSvilis mimowera, agreTve petre kon- 

WoSvilis mogonebani da ambrosi xelaias afxazeTSi 

warmoTqmul qadagebaTa Savi Canawerebi. 

sainteresoa, rom CamoTvlil pirTagan, saer- 

To raodenobis TiTqmis orimesamedi (11-idan 7) 

sasuliero moRvawea. es faqti ki am periodis afxazeTSi 

sasulieri pirebis aqtivobasa da mTavari 

eTno-politikuri problemebis sasuliero 

sivrceSi koncentraciaze miuTiTebs. rogorc 

mosalodneli iyo, TiToeuli es werili afxaze- 

Tidan aris mowerili adresatisadmi da, ZiriTadad, 

kerZo aRqma-SegrZnebebis doneze gauSualebel, 

emociur informacias Seicavs. 

is faqti, rom kerZo miwer-moweraSi adamians 

uCndeba survili, afxazeTSi arsebul sazogadoebriv-politikur 

sirTuleebze isaubros, es zemoT 

CamoTvlili moRvaweebis maRal socialur 

pasuxismgeblobaze miuTiTebs. aqedan gamomdina- 

415

e, es werilebi mizandasaxulobis TvalsazrisiT, 

SesaZloa, sam jgufad davyoT: 1. adresatTan 

saqmiani (oRond araoficialuri) reagirebisTvis 

gagzavnili, 2. procesebSi garkvevisa da piradi 

Sefasebebis gacvlisTvis gagzavnili 3. avtorebis 

nafiqr-namoqmedaris perifrazebis gadmosacemad 

gagzavnili epistoleebi. 

Tu CavTvliT, rom epistole specifikuri informaciis 

wyaroa, faqtebi, movlenebi, procesebi e. 

w. `fsiqologiuri gaxsnilobis~, personificirebuli 

prizmidan ganixileba. swored am faqtoridan 

gamomdinare, Cveni epistoleebis mravalferovan 

TematikaSi dominantur tendenciaTa ramdenime 

jgufi gamovyaviT: 

1. am mimoweris asaxvis pirvelxarisxovan 

jgufad unda movuTiToT am periodis afxazeTSi 

qristianobis formalizaciis, misi sekularicaziis, 

sulieri Sinaarsisgan daclis problema. 

1906wels episkoposi kirion II mRvdel ioseb CijavaZes 

swerda: 

àqauri episkoposebi reviziazed rom mividodnen 

romelsame sazogadoebaSi, maSinve administracia 

da adgilobrivi Tavad-aznauroba sxva 

ceremoniaTa Soris Seagrovebdnen nebiT Tu ZaliT 

1000-2000 abxazs da episkoposis TanadaswrebiT 

mohnaTvlavdnen. amas didi wvaleba ar undoda, 

monaTvla Zaan sadaT xdeboda: xalxs Seagrovebdnen 

did-pataras wyalSi Serekamdnen da monaTlamdnen. 

amis Semdeg elvis siswrafiT mifrinamdnen 

depeSebi peterburgs, Tbiliss. CemTvisac 

surdaT es usaWiroesi nawili mimoxilvisa gaemarTad 

àTasamde kacs moganaTlinebTo”, miTxres, 

magram am nair monaTlvazed uari ganvacxade 

da vurCie jer rigianad moemzadebinaT igini 

416

da mere, rodesac darwmundebodnen maT gulwrfel 

gadawyvetilebazed, moenaTlaT.~ 

2. meore jgufad SegviZlia gamovyoT regionis 

eTnikuri struqturis amsaxveli variaciebi, 

misi gavlena arajansaRi sazogadoebrivi azris 

formirebasa da cnobiereba-miswrafebebis aramdgradobaze. 

rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, eTnokoreqtulobis, 

rogorc eTnikuri konfliqtebis, 

prevenciis wyaros sakiTxze. 

regionis sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebis 

formirebis saqmeSi es moRvaweebi did mniSvnelobas 

aniWeben am regionSi mosaxle erebis 

eTnikur Tvisebebs da miswrafebebs. sakmaod Tamamad 

msjeloben xasiaTis im zedmetad loialur 

Tvisebebze, romelic zogjer sazianoc kia erisaTvis 

da romelsac xSirad farTo komunikaciebi 

da Tavsmoxveuli multieTnikuri garemo ganapirobebs. 

episkoposi kirion saZagliSvili Tavis mimowera- 

Si am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ase msjelobs: 

`saqarTvelom Zvel droSi didi Zala Sealia, 

rom Savi zRvis napirebzed qarTveli tomi 

ar amovardniliyo, ar gaedevnaT aqedan. did safrTxeSi 

Cavardeba aq qarTuli saqme, Tu, molodini 

gamarTlda da, rkinis gza aq gamoatares _ gaadvilebuli 

moZraobis SemweobiT am mxares moawydebian 

uriebi, somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi da maT 

megrelebi konkurencias ver gauweven. 

* * * 

`religiuri ryevis wyalobiT qristianoba aq 

ZvalrbilSi ver gasjdomiaT, ver qceula igi ma- 

Ral zneobis saWiroebaT _ afxazebis gulSi ver 

gaudgams mas fesvebi. zogi maTgani mxolod saxe- 

417

liT iTvlebian qristianebaT, namdvilad ki mahmadianobas 

aRiareben, radganac es sarwmunoeba 

ufro akmayofilebs maT moTxovnilebebs da zne- 

CveulebaTa. amasTan mahmadianoba ufro Seesabameba 

maT awindel Sexedulobas da dabal kulturas.~ 

* * * 

`Zalian daqveiTebuli xalxia, _ mdidar bunebas 

eseni gauzarmacebia. megrelebi rom ar iyvnen 

abxazeTSi, eseni simSiliT daixocebian, radganac 

maT mamulebSi megrelebi muSaoben. mTeli 

afxazeTi megrelebiT aris samse. mRvdeli, diakoni, 

soflis mwerali, maswavlebeli, vaWari, mu- 

Saki _ sul megrelebi arian. zog soflebSi abxazebs 

Tvisi ena dahviwyebiaT, megrulad laparakoben 

da megrelebaT sTvlian Tavis Tavs. oCemCiris 

blaRoCinma d. marRaniam, romelic dabadebiT 

abxazia da qarTvelebs moyvrulad ar ucqeris, 

sTqva: `batono, rogorc evropaSi frangulia gavrcelebuli 

da miRebuli, ise Cvens afxazeTSi 

megruliao”. marTlac, afxazebis fTilebi didi 

xania rac daxsnilia. axlo momavali aq megrelebisaa, 

amaT darCebaT Savi zRvis napiri.~ 

* * * 

`yvelazed gamWriaxni aReb-micemobaSi da meijaradarobaSi 

megrelebi arian da amitomac cota 

ar iyos kargi TvaliT ar uyureben maT. rom 

momavali aq megrelebs ekuTvniT, es eWvs gareSea. 

mxolod samwuxaro is aris, rom megrelebisagan 

aqamdin didi vaWari, romelsac evropiul yaidazed 

daeyenebinos aReb-micemoba, ar gamosula. me 

mgoni es Sedegia maTi xasiaTisa. didi saqmis 

dawyobas sidarbaisle unda da ara aCqarebuli 

xasiaTi. yovel SemTxvevaSi Savi zRvis napiri 

418

megrelebisaa, maT zarbaznebiT ver gasdevnian 

aqidan.~ 

* * * 

`mlocvelebis umetesi nawili megrelebi 

arian xolme. davakvirdi megrelebis moqmedebas 

da makvirvebs maTi xasiaTi. ...eseni erTnairis 

gulsmodginebiT gaiZaxoden Zvelad `kirieleisons”, 

ìla ilahla mahmad rasullas” (lazebi, 

romlebic igive megrelebi arian), ùfalo Segviwyales” 

da exlac gaiZaxian `Rospodi pomiluis”. 

amaT rom mtkice xasiaTi hqoniyoT ucxo 

xalxTa axalSenebi aq fexs ver moikidebdnen.~ 

regionis eTnikuri struqturebis aRweraSi 

xSirad gvxvdeba Semdegi kombinaciebi: èstonebi 

da megrelebi~, `moldavanebi, bulgarelebi da 

megrelebi~... 

1892 wels ki leonide oqropiriZe biZas _ 

aleqsandre oqropiriZes sinanuliT swerda afxazeTSi 

misionerobis Sesaxeb: `sworeT mogaxsenoT, 

arximandrit ambrosis kai saqme mosvlia, 

afxazeTi rom CamourTmeviaT. mxolod TviT afxazeTisTvis 

ki, vfiqrob, es sasargeblo ar unda 

iyos. dReis amas iqiT mTel afxazeTSi SkolebSidac 

da ekklesiebSidac Setanili iqneba marto 

rusuli ena da qarTuli ki srulebiT gamoidevneba. 

erTi sityviT, axla ki mwams, rom afxazeTi 

srulebiT Camoacales saqarTvelos da piri aqnevines 

ruseTisken. exla yvelaferi gamoaSkaravda!~ 

3. qarTuli enis gavrcelebis problema 

zemoT CamoTvlil moRvaweTa pirad werilebSi 

yvelaze meti msjeloba am problemis Sesaxeb 

aris. sainteresoa, rom saubari qarTul enasTan 

419

erTad, afxazeTSi eTnikuri enebis (megrulisa 

da afxazuris) SezRudvasac exeba. 

kirioni ase aRwers saqmis viTarebas: àrsad iseT 

Segnebul winaaRmdegobas ar uweven qarTuli 

enis gavrcelebas rogorc soxumSi: afxazuri ena 

Seadgina uvicma rusis mRvdlebma mxolod im mosazrebiT, 

rom Tu deda-enas eqna mniSvneloba rusuli 

anbanis SemweobiT Semdgar afxazur enas 

mivsceT upiratesobao. amnairi brZolaa yovelgan 

yoveli mxriT Cven winaaRmdeg da Cven ki vcdilobT 

Cvenve davabrkoloT Cveni saqme.~ 

4. regionis kulturuli landSaftis (Mmoqvi, 

dranda, ilori, axali aToni, bedia...) rogorc saqarTvelosTan 

ideologiuri da saxelmwifoebrivi 

erTianobis winapirobis, samonasatro meurneobisa 

da samonastro infrastruqturis sakiTxebis 

aRwera. 

5. diplomatiuri da zomieri politikis gatarebis 

aucileblobis sakiTxi da strategiuli 

politikis dagegmvis auculebloba 

`gaadvilebuli moZraobis SemweobiT am mxares moawydebian 

uriebi, somxebi, berZnebi, rusebi da maT megrelebi 

konkurencias ver gauweven. Tu manamdis movaswariT 

aq qarTuli ekklesiis da skolis gaxsna, maSin 

ori Seupovari simagre qarTveli erovnebisa xelSi 

mainc gveqneba. cota meti fxa rom gamoiCinon aqaurelebma, 

maSin es dawesebulebani did samsaxurs gauweven 

qarTul saqmes.~ 

* * * 

`mRvdeli t. joxTaberiZe gadmoviyvane guria-samegrelos 

eparxiidan da kapanaZis adgilzed skolebis 

meTvalyureT davniSne. qarTvel seminari- 

420

el mRvdlebs vamravleb, momaval eparxialur samarTvelos 

wevrebad gamomadgebian.~ 

6. xmebisa da Worebis gavrcelebis meqanizmi, 

rogorc mizanmimarTuli politikis nawili; 

7. piradi damokidebulebebis, gancda-SegrZnebebis, 

SefasebiTi tendenciebis asaxva. 

TiTqmis 30 versis manZilze gaWimulia g.d. Serva- 

SiZes mamuli (gofmeistrisa). aTonis mTis axlo 

oc dRiurzed meti zvari aqvs, romelSic vazebi 

Cveneburad aris gaSenebuli _ sarebzed. roca mivuaxlovdi 

TviT monasters zarebis braxa-bruxs 

bolo aRara hqonda. aTonis monasterma ver moaxdina 

Cemzed iseTi STabeWdileba, rogorc warmodgena 

mqonda. metad azviadeben mlocvelebi da 

kalmosnebi axal aTons. marTalia, namuSevari 

bevria, magram imis meaTedic ar aris gakeTebuli, 

rasac amboben. 

* * * 

àqamde miiRebdi aqedan gamogzavnil mcenareulobas, 

nakladnoic maSinve gamovagzavnine tarasis. 

aTi Ziri ornairi kviparosi iyo, xuTi Ziri 

baSmala (iaponiis vaSli) metad gemrieli nayofi 

aqvs, exla ayvavda aq baSmala da martSi nayofi 

mzaT iqneba, mand havis gamo erTi TviT gvian 

Semova. amis garda ramdenime Ziri yvavilisac 

aris boWkaSi xexilebTan erTad Cadebuli. meba- 

Rem kargad gaaxvia, Sehkra magra da imedia dauzianebels 

miiRebdi. Tu kidev dagWirdes rame SemomiTvale 

da sagazafxulod Sevanaxineb.~ 

Tu am epistoleebis enobriv specifikas mivadevnebT 

Tvalyurs, Warbobs Txrobis TurmeobiTi 

manera, wina viTarebis amsaxveli formebi, sadac 

subieqtis roli, faqtobrivad, ukana planzea gadanacvlebuli. 

es ki mkiTxvelSi amZafrebs TiT- 

421

qmis gasaidumloebuli subieqtis amocnobiT mi- 

Rebul Tanagancdas da am fsiqologiuri mdgomareobiT 

martivad xdeba avtoris poziciis maRiarebeli. 

samwuxaro isaa, rom am epistoleebSi asaxuli 

problemebi TiTqmis ucvlelad meordeba saukunis 

bolosac da gakveTilis funqcias ver iTavsebs 

istoria. garda amisa, moRvaweebis sazogadod 

cnobil `legitimur imijTan~ erTad, TvalsaCino 

xdeba maTi Sinagani konfliqtebisa da samoqalaqo 

disharmoniis gamomwvevi mizezebi. yvela 

es faqtori im urTierTsawinaaRmdego, urTierTgamomricxavi 

da SeuTavsebeli viTarebebis 

kvlevisTvisaa aucilebeli, riTac im periodis 

afxazeTi imarTeboda.N 

422 

Esma Mania 

Abkhazia in the Epistles of the Public Figures of 

Georgia 

(From the 1880es till the1910es)

Epistle, personal correspondence,as an absolutely different type of 

historical source,has a specific peculiarities. Information of the epistle, 

because of its private mechanism of communication, is free from social 

stencils, ideological or outlook restrictions and contains private, 

personified tendencies - the inevitable value for the study of public 

opinion dynamics. 

The epistles that are preserved at National Centre of Manuscripts 

give us significant information to study many - sided interesting history of 

those days Abkhazia. Even the names to whom these letters belong tell us 

how interesting and topical they are. The correspondence of archpriest 

David Machavariani and Alexander Okropiridze, Leonide and 

Aleksandre Okropiridzes, Tedo Sakhokia and Iakob Gogebashvili, Petre 

Charaia and Iakob Gogebashvili is preserved at National Centre of 

Manuscripts. The memoirs of Petre Konchoshvili and rough copyof 

Ambrosi Khelaia‟s sermons in Abkhaziaare also preserved at National 

Centre of Manuscripts. 

Epistle is a source of specific information. Facts, eventsand process 

of so called “psychological openness” are discussed from the personal 

prism. Because of this among the various themes of our epistles we can 

distinguish some groups of dominating tendencies: 

1. The problem offormalization, secularization of Christianity, 

losing of its spiritual meaning and sense. 

2. Variations reflecting ethnical structure in the region,their 

influence on the formation of the unhealthy public opinion and instable 

mentality and aspiration. The most important that is underscored in the 

epistles is ethnocorrectnessas the main source of preventing ethnic 

conflicts. 

3. The problem of spreading of Georgian language. 

4. Description of the problems of theregion cultural 

landscape (Mokvi, Dranda, Ilori, Akhali Atoni, Bedia…) as the 

precondition of the ideological and statehood unity of Georgia, 

monastery economy and infrastructure. 

423

5. The problem of carrying on inevitably diplomatic, 

moderated policy; inevitability of planning strategic policy. 

6. The mechanism of spreading rumors as the part of the 

purposeful policy. 

7. Reflection of personal attitudes, feelings, evaluation 

tendencies. 

miTologia 

Mythology 

424 

nana baxsoliani

MfrigielTa mefe midasi 

(miTi da realoba) 

sinamdviles, romelSic adamiani cxovrobda, 

yvelafers, rasac is akeTebda, miTosur xanaSi 

Seqmnili modelebi gansazRvravda [1, 161] 

m. mamardaSvili werda, rom miTi pirvel rig- 

Si iyo xsovna warsulisa, warsulSi momxdari 

zogadi da ara konkretuli movlenebisa. miTi yovelTvis 

warsulze iyo orientirebuli da warsulis 

udidesi mniSvnelobis CvenebiT axerxebda 

sociumSi moqmedi socialuri da kulturuli 

normebis mowesrigebas. miTi yovelTvis asaxavda 

im `WeSmarit” movlenebs, romlebic dRes transcendentul 

samyaros SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT. swored 

es samyaro iyo miTisTvis im umaRlesi Rirebulebebis 

matarebeli, romelsac adamianebs zewinaprebi 

aswavlidnen da aziarebdnen [1, 162]. 

miTi kvleva-Ziebis da axsnis sagania. dRes 

arqeologia nivTieri sabuTebiT amagrebs miTebis 

samyaros. 

winamdebare naSromi frigiis mefe midass 

exeba. Mmas ZvelberZnul miTologiasa da mwerlobaSi 

gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. 

herodotes (Zv. w. V s.) mowmobiT, midasi gordiosisa 

da kibeles Ze, simdidriTa da viris yurebiT 

cnobili frigiis mefea. brigebis mefis 

Svilma Tavisi xalxi makedoniidan aziis im mxareSi 

Caiyvana, romelsac Semdeg `frigia” ewoda 

[2, 532]. 

425

ciceronis Tanaxmad, rodesac midasi jer kidev 

bavSvi iyo, WianWvelebma pirSi puris marcvali 

Caudes, niSnad imisa, rom odesme didi simdidris 

mflobeli gaxdeboda. savaraudod, miTis 

es varianti mcire aziis oqros sabadoebze ber- 

Znebis warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba. MmiTebSi midasi 

zogjer dionisesTan da silenosTan erTad figurirebs. 

aristoteles mowmobiT, midasi brZen silenoss 

ekiTxeba, Tu ra aris adamianis uzenaesi 

bedniereba. silenosis pasuxi pesimisturia. igi 

antikuri xanis “nugeSis filosofias” daedo safuZvlad, 

romelic gvamcnobs: ùmaRlesi bedniereba 

isaa, rom kaci ar daibados da Tu daibada, 

male mokvdeso” [3, 357-358]. 

Mmefis mier silenosis Sepyrobis motivi Zvelia. 

igi e. w. `berlinur fialazea” asaxuli. Ffiala 

Zv. w. VI s-iT TariRdeba, rac imas niSnavs, 

rom Zveli berZnuli larnakwera midasis personaJs 

gacilebiT ufro adre icnobda, vidre ZvelberZnuli 

mwerloba [4, 22.2; 5, 69]. 

varaudoben, rom miTiuri midasi istoriuli 

midas II-is, gordiosis Zis pirvelwinapari iyo. 

asuruli werilobiTi wyaroebis mowmobiT, midas 

426

II frigiaSi Zv. w. VIII saukunis bolosa da VII saukunis 

dasawyisSi mefobda [6, 147]. 

jer kidev 1957 wels pensilvaniis universitetis 

muzeumis arqeologTa jgufma gordionSi 

(dRev. iasi-huiuqi) mdinare sakariis platoze 

yorRani gaTxara, romelic samecniero literaturaSi 

midasis yorRanis saxeliTaa cnobili. 

igi Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba. masSi 

moTavsebul xis kameraSi dakrZalvis inhumaciuri 

wesi dadasturda. xis sarecelze mamakacis Con- 

Cxi aRmoCnda. misi simaRle 1. 59 sm. iqneboda, asaki 

daaxloebiT 60-65 wliT ganisazRvra. Mmicvalebuls 

xelebi sxeulis gaswvriv hqonda moTavsebuli, 

fexebi – gaWimuli, xolo Tavi aRmosavleTisken 

orientirebuli. iqve 350 cali brinjaos 

WurWeli, sami cali rkinis sadgami, xis aveji 

da mcire raodenobis Tixis WurWeli gamovlinda 

[7, 255-264]. r. iangis mosazrebiT, samarxi frigiis 

cnobil mefe midass ekuTvnoda. Eevsebiosis Tanaxmad, 

mefe midasi frigias daaxloebiT Zv. w. 

738-696 ww. marTavda, rasac asuruli lursmuli 

warwerebic adasturebs. Mamave TariRze, mcire 

gansxvavebiT, iulius afrikanusic miuTiTebda [6, 

166]. midasis mefoba kimerielTa mier misi qalaqis 

ganadgurebiT damTavrda. Mmefem sicocxle 

TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula (man xarebi daakvlevina 

da maTi sisxli Sesva). r. iangis mosazrebiT, 

am Semosevis Semdeg frigielebs aRar SeeZloT 

mdidruli samarxis, miT umetes didi yorRanis 

ageba (misi simaRle gaTxrisas 53 m. iyo, savaraudod, 

Tavdapirvelad igi 80 m-is unda yofiliyo). 

Mmidass gordiosis STamomavlad miiCneven. varaudoben, 

rom man mamis samarxi daikava [8, 159, 161]. 

427

1974 wels k. devrisi saTaveSi Caudga gordionis 

arqeologiur eqspedicias. Mmisi mosazrebiT, 

kimerielebma frigia verc aiRes da verc daimorCiles, 

magram, raki yirimisken mimavali gza 

frigiaze gadioda, am qveyanas garkveuli problemebi 

Seeqmna. Zv. w. VII saukunis manZilze frigia 

damoukidebeli rCeboda, vidre mas lidia Zv. 

w. VI s-Si daipyrobda. 

1988 w. ankaris universitetis paleoanTropologiis 

ganyofilebaSi midasis Tavis qalaze da 

ConCxze aRdgeniTi samuSao Catarda. igi gamagrebul 

iqna 3%-iani akrilod B72 5%-iani koncentratebiT 

80%-ian xsnarSi, romelSic 20% aceton/etanoli 

Sedioda, raTa aorTqleba Seferxebuliyo. 

Tavis qalis gamagrebis Semdeg, qveda 

ybisa da Tavis qalisagan sxmuli gakeTda. Tavis 

qalis rekonstruqciisaTvis Zvlis sxva narCenebic 

iqna gamoyenebuli. Tavis qalis marjvena mxares 

dazianebuli adgili Tixis firfitebiT Seivso. 

firfitebi kansa da Zvals Soris arsebul 

sisqes, cxviris formasa da saxis agebulebas 

azusteben. saxe savaraudod, dakunTuli da mogrZo 

unda yofiliyo. yba substanciuri (masiuri), 

kefa grZeli. Tavis qalis restavraciis samuSao- 

Si manCesteris universitetis samedicino skolac 

CaerTo [8,160]. 

Catarebuli samuSao midasis garegnobaze 

sakmaod STambeWdav warmodgenas gviqmnis. irkveva, 

rom cxviris zurgis forma zemodan marTkuTxaa, 

piris sigane TvalTa Sua manZilis tolia. Mmetad 

idiosinkretulia qveda tuCi, romelic gareTaa 

gadmoweuli. yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom Tavis 

qalis rekonstruqciidan 7 Tvis Semdeg yuris 

kideze Tma amovida [8, 161]. 

428

Aam kraniologiuri masaliT dainteresebulma 

iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis 

institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebis gamges 

l. biTaZes mivmarTe . CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi 

mxolod skulpturulad rekonstruirebuli da 

or proeqciaSi warmodgenili Tavis qalis sura- 

Tebi iyo. Aamis safuZvelze man Semdegi daskvna 

warmoadgina: Tavis qalis reliefi xorkliani ar 

Cans. igi mkveTrad gamoxatulia; dvrilisebri 

morCi saSualo zomisaa, yvrimalTSua diametri 

didi, warbzeda are sustad gamoxatuli. Sublis 

diametri didi. Tvalbudis gareTa konturi ufro 

momrgvalebulia, vidre kuTxovani. Sublis Zvlis 

qicvi da qalasarqveli daqanebuliQ(gansakuTrebiT 

mkveTrad kefis Zvlis areSi). qveda ybaze 

kbilebi ar dasturdeba. midass saReWi kbilebi 

sicocxleSive hqonia dakarguli. Mmxolod ori 

kbiliRaa SemorCenili. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 

cxviris unagiri, romelic ganieri (dakrionuli 

qorda) da dabali (dakrionuli simaRle) 

Cans; cxviri saSualo siganisa da simaRlisaa: zeda 

tuCi maRali da Txeli. Tavis qala profilis 

Wrilidan mezokranulia, Tavis qalas forma zemodan 

xuTkuTxovani (Pentagonorales). 

amjerad, mefe midasis Sesaxeb arsebuli 

ZvelberZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebidan im miTze 

gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas, romelic apolonis 

mier viris yurebiT midasis `damSvenebis” ambavs 

gadmogvcems. Cveni mizania, am miTisa da midasis 

Tavis qalis rekonstruqciis Sedegad miRebuli 

qalbaton l. biTaZes uRrmes madlobas movaxsenebT naSromis 

guldasmiT gacnobisa da gaweuli konsultaciebis- 

Tvis. 

429

Sedegebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze miTisa 

da realobis urTierTmimarTeba warmovaCinoT. 

CvenTvis saintereso miTi Zv. w. V saukuniT TariRdeba. 

igi, SesaZloa, totemistur, an kosmogoniuri 

kategoriis anTropogenur qvekategorias 

mivakuTvnoT. MmiTis Sinaarsi aseTia: midasi apolonisa 

da panis (sxva variantiT, marsiasis) musikaluri 

paeqrobis msajuli yofila. pirveloba 

man pans arguna. sxva versiiT, msajuli mTis 

RvTaeba tmolosi iyo, xolo mefe midasma panis 

gamarjveba mxolod daadastura. Gganrisxebulma 

apolonma igi umecrebisaTvis viris yurebiT `daajildova”. 

Nnakli rom daefara, midasi yurebs 

maRali frigiuli qudis qveS malavda, rasac misi 

dalaqi didi xnis manZilze saidumlod inaxavda. 

sabolood, dalaqisaTvis saidumlos Senaxva 

Zneli asatani Seiqmna. miTis mixedviT, man 

qalaqgareT ormo amoTxara da Sig CasZaxa: “mefe 

midass viris yurebi aqvso!”. dalaqma ormos miwa 

miayara. im adgilas lerwami amovida. mas `damarxuli” 

saidumlo amohyva da qveyanas amcno. ramdenjerac 

niavi lerwams Searxevda, imdenjer gaismoda: 

`mefe midass viris yurebi hqoniao!” [9, 

265-268]. sxva versiiT, mwyemsma lerwmisagan salamuri 

gamoTala, romliTac musikaluri hangebis 

nacvlad midasisaTvis saidumlo informacia gaJ- 

Rerda. 

viris yurebTan midasis mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, 

sxva monacemebicaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. 

kerZod ki, is, rom frigiaSi dionises kultis 

damkvidreba midass ukavSirdeba. sayuradRebo 

isaa, rom dionises kultisadmi miZRvnil ritual- 

Si virs gansakuTrebuli funqcia ekisreboda. ufro 

metic, am ritualis amsaxvel ZvelberZnul mo- 

430

xatul keramikul WurWlebze (londoni, vatikani) 

midasi, rogorc ritualis erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi 

piri, viris yurebiTaa gamosaxuli. aranakleb 

sainteresoa isic, rom midasis samefo kverTxs, 

iseve rogorc, egviptis panTeonis erT-erTi RvTaebis 

setis kverTxs, viris yurebi àmSvenebda” . 

Tu yovelive zemoaRniSnuls erTobliobaSi 

gaviazrebT, im savaraudo daskvnamde mivalT, rom 

midasis yurebis Temisadmi miZRvnili ZvelberZnuli 

miTologiuri siuJetebi, romelTac xelovnebis 

Zeglebzec hpoves asaxva, frigielTa mefis 

yurebis anomaliasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. 

gamoricxuli ar aris, rom, rogorc amas 

manCesteris universitetis cnobili genetikosi 

r. vudi aRniSnavda, saqme exebodes e. w. `darvinis 

xorkls”, romelic xSirad `banjgvlian fiWvTanaa” 

identificirebuli [10, 52-61]. 

vfiqrobT, swored es unda yofiliyo midasis 

saidumlo, romelic misma dalaqma uneburad gasca. 

miTi da realoba SeerTda. 

D 


 

aqve davsZenT, rom virisyurebiani midasis gamosaxulebas 

nikoloz pusenis mier Seqmnil xelovnebis nimuSzec vxvdebiT 

da r. Strausis operaSic, romelic midass eZRvneba. 

431

1. xidaSeli m., rituali da simbolo arqaul 

kulturaSi, Tbilisi, 2005. iqve ix. miTiTeba 

specialur literaturaze. 

2. herodote, ìstoria”, berZnulidan Targmna, 

winasityvaoba da saZiebeli daurTo T. yaux- 

CiSvilma, Tb., 1976. 

3. Мифологический словарь, Москва, 1990. 

4. Beazly J. D., Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters, Oxford, 1963. 

5. Richter G. M. A., The Furniture of the Greeks, Etruscans 

and Romans, London, 1966. 

6. xazaraZe n., saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis eTnopolitikuri 

problemebi, Tb., 1984. 

7. xazaraZe n., gordionis yorRanuli samarxebi, 

kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri krebuli, II, Tb., 

1962. 

8. Prag A. J. N. W., Reconstructing King Midas: A first report, 

AS,vol XXXIX, London-Ankara, 1989. 

9. publius ovidius nazoni, metamorfozebi, redaqcia, 

Sesavali sityva da komentarebi ak. 

uruSaZis, Tb., 1980. 

10. Gerasimow M. M., The Face Finder, London, 1977. 

Nana Bakhsoliani 

432

The Phrygian King Midas 

Myth and reality 

The aim of the work is old Greek myth about Midas ears 

and Midas skeleton reconstruction on the base of collaboration 

of myth and reality. According to the analyze and co-direction 

the author came to this conclusion that old Greek sketches 

dedicated to Midas ears , which found the reflection in art‟s 

works, it is not exception, according to the Manchester 

University‟s outstanding genetic R.Wood‟s notion, that the 

matter was in “Darvin‟s strolls”, which was identified to the “ 

pine”. From the point of view of the author, exactly that fact 

would be the secret, which was opened by his hairdresser. The 

myth and reality were united. 

polemika 

Polemics 

433

daviT merkvilaZe 

ras gvTavazobs sergei markovi da 

saqarTvelos ruseTTan `SeerTebis~ sakiTxi 

2010 wlis zafxulSi internetgamomcemloba 

Накануне.RU-m gamoaqveyna iterviu s. markovTan, 

romelic cdilobs daamtkicos, aqaoda qarTvelebi 

istoriis falsifikacias eweviano. aRsaniSnavia, 

rom igi ruseTis federaciis prezidentTan 

arsebuli `ruseTis interesebis sazianod istoriis 

falsifikaciis mcdelobebis xelisSemSleli 

komisiis~ wevria (TavisTavad sagulisxmoa, 

rom kremlSi aseTi komiasiac ki moqmedebs). amgvarad, 

ìstoriis gamyalbeblebTan~ brZola mis 

pirdapir movaleobas warmoadgens. vnaxoT, rogor 

arTmevs Tavs am saqmes batoni markovi. 

publikaciis saTaurSi gamotanili markovis 

sityvebi: `xelisufleba rom SeinarCunon, saqar- 

Tvelos amJamindeli xelmZRvanelebi iZulebulni 

arian damalon simarTle~ imTaviTve naTels 

xdis, rom rusi politologis samizned kidev er- 

Txel iqca saqarTvelo (da ara mxolod saqar- 

Tvelos xelisufleba, rogorc amas xSirad cdiloben 

warmoaCinon aq Tu ruseTSi). rogorc Semdeg 

aSkaravdeba, es `simarTle~ ruseT-saqarTvelos 

urTierTobis istorias exeba, romelsac saakaSvili 

Turme qarTvelebs umalavs, rameTu misi 

moTxovniT apireben `qarTveli moswavleebis da- 

Sinebas sabWoTa da rusuli okupaciiT~. saqme 

exeba amJamad Seqmnis procesSi myof saxelmZRvanelos 

_ `saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba XIX- 

434

XXI saukuneebSi~. dros ar davkargav, vamtkico, 

Tu ramdenad absurdulia gancxadeba, rom saqar- 

Tvelos xelisuflebas Tavis gadasarCenad Turme 

aRaraferi darCenia, garda ìstoriul simar- 

TlesTan brZolisa~. anda ra saWiroa brZola, 

roca arc dasamali gvaqvs qarTvelebs rame da 

arc vinmesTan Tavis samarTlebeli. istoriul 

simarTles am mxriv Tu rame SeuZlia, esaa jiutad 

amxilos veragi rusuli imperialisturi 

zraxvebi mTeli misi farTo samezoblos (da ara 

mxolod kavkasiis) mimarT. rac Seexeba rusuli 

agresia-okupaciiT qarTveli moswavleebis daSinebas, 

ruseTis armiam kremlis brZanebiT, uaxlesi 

samxedro teqnikis gamoyenebiTa da samxedro 

aviaciis mier qarTuli qalaqebisa da soflebis 

dabombviT, ori wlis win am saqmes ukve didi 

warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. sxvaTa Soris, dRes 

esec istoriaa, uaxlesi istoria, romelic qar- 

Tvelma moswavleebma sakuTari TvaliT ixiles, 

bevrma maTganma ki sakuTar Tavzec iwvnia rusuli 

agresiis mTeli saSineleba. es maT mexsierebaSi 

ukve samaradJamodaa aRbeWdili. amitom markovma 

da misnairebma kremlSi unda icodnen, rom 

saqarTvelos momaval Taobas sakuTari qmedebebiT 

Tavad SeaZules Tavic da ruseTic da axla 

Cven, rusebmac da qarTvelebmac erTad unda vizrunoT 

am damokidebulebis Sesacvlelad. 

magram ai, ras gvTavazobs batoni markovi 

xalxTa Soris SuRlis Tavidan asacileblad. 

rogorc Cans, mas Zalian kargad esmis am mimar- 

TulebiT istoriisa da istorikosebis mniSvneloba. 

amitom aseTi ram moifiqra: unda davweroT 

ori istoria. erTi maTgani unda iyos Cveulebrivi 

sqeltaniani istoriuli gamokvlevebi, Sesaba- 

435

misi samecniero aparatiT, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba 

yvela Temaze pirdapiri saubari, magram ès 

unda iyos Caketili profesiul sazogadoebaSi 

da sazogadoebriv azrze ar unda zemoqmedebdes~. 

calke unda Seiqmnas meore istoria, romelic iqneba 

gaTvaliswinebuli farTo sazogadoebisaTvis, 

masisaTvis _ e.w. `sazogadoebrivi istoria~. 

swored am meore istoriis Sesabamisad unda iwerebodes 

saxelmZRvaneloebi, popularuli literatura, 

xdebodes filmebis gadaReba. aseTi istoria 

unda moxvdes masmediasa da teleprogramebSi 

da a.S. 

cxadia, pirveli es aris namdvili istoria, 

romelic mxolod profesionali istorikosebisaTvis 

unda iyos cnobili. xolo meore, esaa 

natyuari istoria, sagangebod rigiTi, sxva danarCeni 

adamianebisaTvis dawerili, yalbi sazogadoebrivi 

azris Sesaqmnelad, anu sazogadoebis 

SecdomaSi Sesayvanad da maTTvis sakuTar warsulze 

mcdari warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad. 

raSi dasWirda markovs am ori istoriis Teoriaze 

alaparakeba Cans, man kargad uwyis, ruseTs 

evropisa da aziis mravali xalxis winaSe 

uamravi danaSauli rom aqvs Cadenili bolo orisami 

saukunis manZilze. amitom mas aranairad ar 

aZlevs xels, es istoriuli faqtebi Tu Sefasebebi 

Cveulebriv adamianTaTvis xelmisawvdomi da 

sajaro gaxdes. ruseTis `Seulaxav avtoritets~ 

gafrTxileba xom unda. momavalSi vin icis, kidev 

raSi da vis gasabriyveblad dasWirdebaT misi gamoyeneba. 

amitomac gvikrZalavs batoni markovi 

profesional istorikosebs, misive sityvebiT, 

`televizorSi SeZromas~ da `Cveni ideebiT xalxis 

aforiaqebas~. mas ar surs xalxma simarTle 

436

Seityos ruseTis `samarTlianobisa~ da imis Sesaxeb, 

Tu rogor ìxsna ruseTma saqarTvelo fizikuri 

ganadgurebisagan~ (Tumca unda vaRiaroT, 

`markovis Teoria~ garkveul `progresul elementebsac~ 

Seicavs, rameTu profesional istorikosebs 

mainc gvaniWebs àkademiur Tavisuflebas~, 

rac niSnavs istoriul WeSmaritebaze Tavisuflad 

weras (Tundac danarCenTagan dafarulad), 

maSin roca sabWoTa kavSiris xanaSi yvela doneze 

iseTi simarTlis Tqma, romelic `mSobliur 

komunistur partias~ ar surda, kategoriulad 

ikrZaleboda da sastikad isjeboda. raRa dagvrCenia, 

madlobas movaxsenebT moskovel `kolegas~ 

qarTveli istorikosebis winaSe am `didsulovani 

daTmobisa da uflebebis gafarToebisaTvis~. 

cxadze cxadia, markovi istoriis falsifikacias 

rom gvsayvedurobs, Tavad mogviwodebs istoriis 

gayalbebisaken. amitom aris, rom brals 

gvdebs e.w. sazogadoebrivi (e.i. xalxisaTvis gankuTvnili) 

istoriisadmi `nacionalur midgomaSi~. 

anu CvenTan Turme istoriis gamoyenebiT xalxTa 

Soris siZulvilis gaRvivebas ewyoba xeli, ramac 

TiTqos àxalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba 

CaiTria ramdenime omSi afxazebTan da oseb- 

Tan da ruseTTan konfliqtSic ki~. arada mtkicebas 

ar saWiroebs, rom swored kremlis pirdapiri 

miTiTebebiTa da SekveTiT, swored istoriis 

damaxinjebis aqtiuri gamoyenebiT xdeboda da 

xdeba afxazebsa da osebSi antiqarTuli da separatistuli 

ganwyobilebebis xelovnurad gaRviveba, 

ris saboloo mizansac qarTuli damoukidebeli 

saxelmwifos Seqmnisa da misi rusuli orbitidan 

TavdaRwevis dauSvebloba warmoadgenda. 

437

kremlis es politika dRemde grZeldeba da savalalo 

Sedegebic (maT Soris Tavad afxazebisa 

da osebisTvis) Tvalwin gvidevs. xalxTa Soris 

siZulvilsac mTeli mondomebiT aCaReben, raTa 

Semdeg maT Soris momrigeblad mogvevlinon da 

msoflios aCvenon, xom xedavT `rusis xiStebis~ 

gareSe regionSi mSvidoba rom SeuZlebeliao. am 

sakiTxze msjeloba Cveni mizandasaxulobis farglebs 

scildeba. davZen mxolod, rom kremlis es 

xrikebi visTvis rogor, magram, ai, batoni markovisTvis 

ki SesaniSnavad aris cnobili. mas rom 

hkiTxoT, ìranTan da TurqeTTan waCxubebaRa 

dagvrCenia mxolod da keTili mezoblebi aRar 

darCeba saqarTvelos~. SeiZleba esec Zalian gindodeT 

mand, batonebo, magram amis imedi nu geqnebaT. 

ise ki niSandoblivi SeniSvnaa. sanam ruse- 

Ti Cvens samSoblos waepotineboda, didi xnis 

manZilze swored am saxelmwifoebidan wamosuli 

agresiis mogerieba uwevdaT Cvens winaprebs. amis 

amsaxvel mraval mZime furcels Seicavs saqar- 

Tvelos maTTan urTierTobis istoria. magram 

arc erT maTgans arasdros mouTxovia Cvengan istoriis 

`gadakeTeba~ da miuxedavad imisa, rom 

Zvel seljukianTa da osmalebisa Tu sparsel-yizilbaSTa 

mier saqarTvelos mimarT Cadenil 

codvebis Sesaxeb qarTuli saxelmZRvaneloebi 

daufaravad mogviTxroben, es xels ar gviSlis, 

sruliad Tanamedrove epoqaSi axali, megobrulpartnioruli 

urTierToba davamyaroT erTmaneT- 

Tan saxelmwifo doneze. es imitom, rom TurqeTma 

da iranma saqarTvelos mimarT imperiuli ambiciebi 

didi xania daiviwyes. aiReT magaliTi maTgan 

Tqvenc, Crdiloelo mezoblebo, pativi eciT saqarTvelos 

suverenitetsa da teritoriul mTli- 

438

anobas da dRes Cvens saxelmwifoebs Soris ke- 

Tilmezoblur urTierTobas Tundac guSin er- 

TmaneTis daRvrili sisxli win aRar gadaeRobeba. 

es aris gamosavali viTarebis gamosworebisaTvis 

da ara saqarTveloSi xelisuflebis Secvlis 

Tqveneburi arafris momcemi àqtiuri lodini~. 

markovi ara marto yalbi istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis 

daweras mogviwodebs, saamisod sagangebo 

direqtivebic aqvs gamzadebuli. is moiTxovs, 

rom saxelmZRvaneloSi aRniSnuli unda 

iyos ramdenime `faqti~. mkiTxveli srulad rom 

gaerkves, ras iTxovs markovi Cvengan, es `faqtebi~ 

qvemoT mogvyavs avtoriseuli stilis dacviT: 

1. saqarTvelo Sevida ruseTSi nebayoflobiT, 

mravalricxovani Txovnebis Sedegad. 

2. ruseTis maSindelma xelmZRvanelobam mkacrad 

ver SeinarCuna xelSekrulebis pirobebi. 

igi wavida qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis 

srul demontaJze da miiRo igi guberniis 

uflebiT. 

3. saqarTvelos arasdros uarsebia im saxiT, 

ra saxiTac arsebobda igi sabWoTa kavSiris 

SemadgenlobaSi. saerTod, erTiani saqarTvelo, 

rogorc aseTi, ruseTs gareT arc arsebula, 

arc ruseTis nawilad gaxdomamde da 

arc mis Semdeg. 

pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos, rom bunebaSi 

(istoriaSi) ar arsebobs saqarTvelodan gagzavnili 

arc erTi mimarTva ruseTis Semadgenloba- 

Si Sesvlis TxovniT. es `mravalricxovani Txovnebi~ 

mxolod rusuli imperiuli fantaziis nayofia, 

romelic iseTive ukideganoa, rogorc Tavad 

rusuli imperia misi Zlierebis zenitSi yof- 

439

nisas. xelSekruleba, romelsac markovi axsenebs 

(Tumca ki ar Tu ver asaxelebs) da romelic ruseTs 

bolomde ver daucavs, SevaxsenebT mas, rom 

ybadaRebuli georgievskis traqtatia. verafers 

vityviT, wakiTxuli aqvs Tu ara misi muxlebi, 

magram faqti ki isaa, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefo 

am xelSekrulebis ZaliT nebayoflobiT Sedioda 

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi (da ara SemadgenlobaSi!) 

Tavisi sruli saxelmwifoebrivi atributikis SenarCunebisa 

da bolomde bagrationTa dinastiis 

samefos saTaveSi darCenis pirobiT. ruseTma ki 

araTu `bolomde ver daicva~ xelSekrulebis pirobebi, 

misi arc erTi punqti Segnebulad ar Seasrula. 

isargebla ra erekle II-is sruli ndobiT, 

veragulad, motyuebiT, erTi xelis dakvriT 

bolo mouRo mis mfarvelobas mindobil 

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis 

mTavar burjs, romlis dacvis valdebuleba 

Tavisive iperatoris, ekaterine II-is mier 

iyo Tavis droze (1783 w.) xelmowerili. Tumca ki 

saqarTvelosTan dadebuli romeli principuli 

xelSekruleba ar daurRvevia ruseTs gavixsenoT 

1920 wlis 7 maisis ruseT-saqarTvelos xel- 

Sekruleba, romliTac sabWoTa ruseTma cno saqarTvelos 

pirveli (demokratiuli) respublikis 

damoukidebloba, isic mxolod mas Semdeg, roca 

darwmundnen, imxanad saqarTvelos dapyrobis Zala 

jer rom ar SeswevdaT da weliwadic ar iyo 

gasuli, Tavisive aRiarebuli saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 

kidev erTxel rom mospes veluri 

wiTeli agresiis Sedegad. visac sabWoTa xanaSi 

gviswavlia, kargad gvaxsovs, rogor gvarwmunebdnen, 

nebayoflobiT SevediTo `did sabWoTa 

Zmur~ ojaxSi. xolo samSoblos Tavisuflebi- 

440

saTvis mebrZoli mamuliSvilebi `xalxis mterTa~ 

siaSi iricxebodnen uyoymanod (kidev erTi magaliTi 

istoriis gayalbebisa). kidev gavixsenoT, 

rogor irRveoda mowinaaRmdege mxaris mier (romelSic 

ruseTi moiazreba upirobod) xelSekrulebebi 

e.w. afxazeTis omis dros, an dRemde Seusrulebeli 

12 agvistos e.w. eqvspunqtiani SeTanxmeba, 

safrangeTis prezident sarkozis SuamavlobiT 

dadebuli. ai, aseT sando `partniorTan~ 

gviwevs Cvenda saubedurod urTierToba. 

cinikurad JRers markovis sityvebi: ruseTis 

mier saqarTvelos `guberniis uflebiT mierTeba.~ 

sinamdvileSi es niSnavs, rom saqarTvelo yovelgvari 

uflebis gareSe iqna `mierTebuli~, yovelgvari 

avtonomiis uflebis gareSec ki. amas sinamdvileSi 

sxva araferi hqvia, Tu ara dapyroba. istoriaSi 

yvelafers Tavisi saxeli unda daerqvas. 

erTxel da samudamod unda daviviwyoT rusulsabWour 

xanaSi xelovnurad damkvidrebuli termini 

`mierTeba~, sagangebod im mizniT mogonili, 

raTa SeniRbuliyo ruseTis imperiis mzakvroba 

da dampyrobeli mteri moyvared da keTilismsurvelad 

Seracxiliyo. markovisnairTa logikiT saqarTveloSi 

mosuli yvela dampyrobeli Cvens 

`mierTebas~ cdilobda mxolod da neta ra Tavi 

mogvbezreboda, sicocxles rom ar vzogavdiT da 

xmalCaugeblad vebrZodiT aTasi juris momxvdurs 

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. Tundac osmaleTis 

imperiasTan ra gvaqvs sasayveduro. manac 

xom erT dros istoriuli samxreT saqarTvelo 

`safaSos uflebiT miierTa~. iqneb ruseTi naklebi 

mondomebiT cdilobda qarTvelebis garusebas, 

vidre osmaleTi _ gaTurqebas gana amis damadasturebeli 

faqtebi saZebaria istorikosebisaTvis 

441

viTom erTiani saqarTveloc rusuliBimperiuli 

politikis produqti yofila mxolod. magram 

ra vuyoT Cveni istoriis oqros xanas davi- 

Tidan Tamaramde (da ara marto), ra vuyoT `nikofsiiTgan 

darubandamde~ mTeli amierkavkasiis 

masStabiT ganvrcobil saqarTvelos samefos 

arc egaa saqarTvelos arakeTilmosurneTaTvis 

problema: mTavaria ers sakuTari namdvili istoria 

daaviwyo da raSic ginda daarwmuneb. ai, Tundac: 

saqarTvelom Tu gindaT kvlavac iarsebos, 

ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi unda dabrundeT. gveubnebian: 

nurc iocnebebT Tavisuflebaze, xsna mxolod 

am maradiul Rirebulebaze uaris Tqmasa 

da... ruseTSia. es kidev erTi nimuSi, Tu ratom 

gvTavazoben CrdiloeTidan istoriis gayalbebas 

istoriis falsifikaciasTan brZolis lozungiT. 

istoriidan erTiani saqarTvelos arsebobis 

warxocviT surT gaamarTlon aseve TavianTive 

aRZrul-waqezebuli afxazuri da osuri separatizmi 

istoriul aspeqtSi. afxazeTi da e.w. samxreT 

oseTi Turme mxolod sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval 

saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi arsebobda. 

anu isini ruseTma `gviboZa~ da radgan ruseTTan 

erT saxelmwifoSi cxovreba `gadavifiqreT~, amitom 

ruseTmac gadawyvita ukan waeRo es Tavisi 

`naboZvari~. rogorc markovi ambobs: àmis Semdeg 

gasagebi xdeba, ratom aRar isurves afxazebma da 

osebma qarTvelebTan cxovreba, roca saqarTvelo 

gaiqca ssrk-dan~. aseTi `genialuri~ daskvnisaTvis, 

sxvaTa Soris, markovi im faqtsac iSveliebs, 

rom `ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebul 

iqna (ra uwyinari sityvebia SerCeuli `dapyrobis~ 

sanacvlod _ d.m.) ara saqarTvelo, aramed 

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo~. kremlis politologs 

442

vurCevT elementarul istoriul-geografias gaecnos 

da darwmundeba, rom e.w. samxreT oseTis 

teritoria, maSinac swored am qarTl-kaxeTis samefos 

SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda da masTan erTad 

igdo xelT ruseTis imperiam. da saerTod, es 

mxare Sida qarTlis (kidev ufro Zvel xanaSi istoriuli 

zena soflis) mniSvnelovan nawils 

warmoadgenda da erTiani saqarTvelos ararsebobis 

xanaSic mudam aRmosavlurqarTul saxelmwifos 

(ZiriTadad qarTlis samefos) sazRvrebSi 

imyofeboda. ase rom, `samxreT oseTi~ ki namdvilad 

aris sabWouri imperiuli politikis `Sedevri~, 

romelsac arc manamde uarsebia arc erTi 

wami da dResac ruseTis ZalisxmeviT ùdgas suli~. 

markovs nurc is aviwydeba, rom dasavleT 

saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebriobis aRmocenebis 

dRidan (im dros, roca rusisa da ruseTis saxsenebelic 

ar iyo duniaze) afxazeTs dasavlur 

qarTuli saxelmwifo (kolxeT-egrisi) rom moicavda. 

mogvianebiT, misi mcire xniT mowyvetac saqarTvelos 

maSindeli èrTmorwmune~ imperiis, 

bizantiis damsaxureba iyo mxolod. metic, amis 

Semdeg afxazeTi araerTi saukunis manZilze mTeli 

dasavleT saqarTvelos saxelwodebad iqca, 

rogorc afxazi _ dasavleT saqarTvelos yvela 

mkvidris saerTo saxelad. gvian Sua saukuneeb- 

Sic afxazeTis samTavro calke politikuri er- 

Teulis saxiT arsebobda iseve, rogorc guriis, 

svaneTis, odiSis samTavroebi. 

markovi aseve mogviwodebs, `gavixsenoT, rogor 

Sedioda saqarTvelo ruseTis Semadgenloba- 

Si da rom igi amas akeTebda sruli likvidaciis 

safrTxis qveS~. aq dampyrobel ruseTs `Semmaer- 

Teblis~ rolic ki CamoerTva. Turme mas arc ki 

443

`SevyavdiT~ Tavis imperiul sazRvrebSi, es qar- 

Tulma samefo-samTavroebma TviTon daades Tavi 

da nawili-nawil, erTmaneTis miyolebiT daiwyes 

sanatrel imperiaSi `SeZroma~. iqneb isic mogvaxsenos 

markovma, am dros erTmaneTs vejibrebodiT 

qarTvelebi, vin vis daaswrebda, Tu raime rigi- 

Tobis pricipiT vxelmZRvanelobdiT. 

sainteresoa, rom markovi saqarTvelos istoriaSi 

saTanadod ganswavluliviT Tamamad asura- 

Tebs `saqarTvelos sruli likvidaciis safrTxis~ 

arssac: im dros, roca aRmosavlurqarTuli 

samefoebi sparseTisadmi vasalur damokidebulebaSi 

imyofebodnen, sparseTis Sahs gadauwyvetia 

am saxelmwifos sruli mospoba. igegmeboda 

saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobis gadasaxleba 

iranis Sida raionebSi, xolo maT adgilas sparseli 

mosaxleobis Casaxleba. zogierTi soflebis 

deportaciac ki ukve mouswriaT. gadasaxlebul 

qarTvelTa STamomavlebi Turme dRes mesopotamiaSi 

cxovroben, Tanamdrove eraySi, romel- 

Tac ar SeunarCunebiaT arc ena da arc tradiciebi. 

meti damajereblobisTvis imasac dasZens, 

`nebismier msurvels SeuZlia gaemgzavros iq da 

naxos ra bedi eloda qarTvel ers ruseTs gareT 

rom darCeniliyoo~. sparseTis nawilic rom ar 

gamxdariyo, _ ganagrZobs igi, _ saqarTvelo osmaleTs 

mainc ver gadaurCeboda. iq ki rogor icxovrebdnen 

SegviZlia davrwmundeT lazebis magaliTze, 

romelnic dRes CamorCenili xalxia, TavianTi 

skolebisa da kulturis gareSe da Cveni 

CuqCebiviT `politkoreqtuli anegdotebis~ gmirebad 

iqcneno. 

markovs an aqa-iq yurmokvriT smenia cotaodeni 

ram qarTveli xalxis istoriidan da am Tavisi 

444

nacodvilari `codniT~ (ufro ki arcodniT) cdilobs 

Seakowiwos rusuli imperiuli cnobierebisaTvis 

sasargeblo ìstoria~, anda rac ufro savaraudoa, 

gangeb cdilobs sazogadoebis Secdoma- 

Si Seyvanas sagangebod am mizniT gamogonili istoriis 

saSualebiT. es iseTi abdaubdaa, masze SeiZleboda 

ganmarteba arc migveca, magram arc ga- 

Cumeba ar ivargebs. sakadrisma pasuxma Tanamedrove 

aRviraxsnil vostorgovebs iqneb mcired mainc 

gauwios lagamis movaleoba. miT umetes, rom es 

erTi rusi politikosis Tvalsazrisi ar aris 

mxolod. ase fiqrobs da azrovnebs TiTqmis mTeli 

Tanamedrove rusuli politelita. 

daviwyoT imiT, rom araTu `SeerTebis~ dros 

(1801 w.), aramed georgievskis traqtatis dadebis 

droisaTvisac (1783 w.), erekle II-is mefobis Jams, 

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gaerTianebul da Zlier 

aRmosavlurqarTul saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. 

igi ukve karga xania, rac iranis vasaluri damokidebulebisagan 

ganTavisuflebuliyo. xarkis 

Zlevis xanac didi xnis Cabarebuli iyo warsuls. 

dasustebuli irani, sadac Sahobis msurvelebi 

erTmaneTTan omiT iyvnen garTulni (erT-er- 

Ti maTgani, azat-xani ereklem Tavad daamarcxa 

da tyvedac ki igdo), qarTvelTaTvis aRaraviTar 

safrTxes aRar warmoadgenda. metic, ereklesa da 

Teimuraz II-is (erekles mamis) meTaurobiT 

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ukve brZoliT daemtkicebina 

Tavisi upiratesoba amierkavkasiis saxanoeb- 

Tan brZolaSi da manamde iranis mflobelobaSi 

arsebuli erevnis, ganjisa da naxWevnis saxanoebi 

daemorCilebina kidec da moxarkedac gaexada. 

neta romel Sahs gadaewyvita am dros qar- 

Tvelebis sruli gasaxleba da Tan maTi nawilis 

445

ayrac rom mouswria, gagvimxilos mainc markovma. 

magram igi arc ise suleli Cans. aseT Sahs ara- 

Tu XVIII s-is bolos, mTeli am saukunis ganmavlobaSic 

ver moviZiebT. sparseTis Sahi, romlsac 

qarTvelTa mospobis gegma hqonda da mis ganxorcielebisas 

qarTvelTa erTi nawili kaxeTidan 

iranis gzasac gauyena, es avadsaxsenebeli Sahabas 

I-a (qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi maSin ki 

namdvilad warmoadgendnen iranis vasalebs). magram 

am mtarvalma Tavis am cnobil sasatik meTodebs 

XVII s-is 10-ian wlebSi mimarTa, ruseTis mier 

qarTl-kaxeTis dapyrobamde TiTqmis ori saukuniT 

adre da misi mcdelobebic sruli marcxiT 

damTavrda – qarTvelebis ganadgureba man ver 

SeZlo. ai, mTeli Tavisi rCeuli armiis naxevari 

ki qarTvelTa xmliT iqna ganadgurebuli. vinaidan 

am ambebs saqarTveloSi rusobis damyarebas- 

Tan amxela qronologiuri acdenis gamo araferi 

akavSirebs (mas mere saqarTveloSi da mTels regionSi 

politikuri viTareba araerTgzis Seicvala), 

amitomaa, rom markovi Sah-abas I-s Segnebulad 

ar axsenebs. ase xom bolomde gamoaSkaravdeba, 

rogori primitiuli eSmakobiT cdilobs 

igi mkiTxvelis SecdomaSi Seyvanas ruseTisaTvis 

`mxsnelis~ misiis mosargebad. es nebsiTi Tu 

uneblie qronologiuri aRreva unda iyos imis 

mizezic, rom markovi, cota ar iyos, dabneulad 

gamoiyureba da ruseTTan `SeerTebis~ win aRmosavleT 

saqarTveloSi arsebul samefoze xan 

mravlobiT ricxvSi laparakobs da xanac mxolobiTSi 

(sinamdvileSi Sah-abasis dros cal-calke 

arsebuli qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi aq rusebis 

mosvlamde ukve naxevar saukuneze meti 

xnis gaerTianebuli iyo). 

446

mesopotamiaSi (igive SuamdinareTSi) erayis 

teritoriaze gadasaxlebuli gadagvarebuli qar- 

Tvelebis arsebobac mTlianad markovis fantaziis 

nayofia. iq saqarTvelodan arasdros aravin 

gausaxlebiaT. markovi albaT awi mainc gaiTvaliswinebs, 

rom Sah-abasis mier gasaxlebul qar- 

TvelTa STamomavalTa naxvas Tu vinme gadawyvets, 

iranSi gamgzavreba unda urCios, fereidanis 

mxareSi, sadac ixilavs dRemde qarTul enaze 

moubar da qarTul erovnulTviTSegnebaSenarCunebul 

qarTvelebs (Tumca iranis sxva mxareebSi 

gadasaxlebulebma es maTsaviT ver moaxerxes). 

radgan irani gamoiricxa, iqneb osmaleTi 

upirebda saqarTvelos Caylapvas, rom ara `mxsneli 

ruseTi~ erekle II-is xangrZlivi mefobis 

Jams, osmaleTs araTu arc erTxel ar ucdia aRmosavleT 

saqarTveloSi raRac formiT mainc Tavisi 

gavlenis damyareba, amis pretenziac ar gamouxatavs 

da yovelTvis `patara kaxTan~ keTilganwyobili 

urTierTobis damyareba erCivna. mar- 

Talia, osmaleTsa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris 

iyo sabrZolo Setakebis SemTxveva, magram es 

maSin, roca rusis jaris Tanxlebisgan gulmocemulma 

ereklem, imis imediT, rom samcxe-javaxeTs 

osmalebisagan daixsnida, Tavis jariT saxelmwifo 

sazRvrebi gadalaxa da osmaleTis teritoriaze, 

axalcixis safaSoSi SeiWra. visac Cveni istoria 

waukiTxavs, yvelas axsovs am dros rusi 

generlis, totlebenis muxanaTuri Ralati, qar- 

Tuli jari mowinaaRmdegis sazRvrebSi rom gaityua 

da brZolis win zurgi aqcia. ver gaamarTla 

maSin totlebenis gegmebma, patara kaxis meTaurobiT 

1770 wels qarTvelebma aspinZis brZolaSi 

urusodac brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves. Tum- 

447

ca sakmarisi Zalebis uqonlobis gamo ukanve gamobruneba 

mouwiaT. miT ufro, erekles ambavi mouvida: 

mis `dasaxmareblad~ Camosuli germanuli 

warmoSobis rusi generali amasobaSi TbilisSi 

Casuliyo da mefis winaaRmdeg intrigebis xlar- 

Tva daewyo. 

samagierod, osmaleTi dasavleT saqarTveloze 

batonobis pretenzias acxadebda. magram 

mas Semdeg, rac erekles Tanamdrove imereTis 

axalgazrda mefem, solomon I-ma 1757 wels xresilis 

brZolaSi osmalTa jari sastikad gaanadgura, 

osmaleTis sulTnis morCilebazec uari Tqva 

da xarkic micemac Seuwyvita. sabolood osmalebi 

dasavleT saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad mxolod 

Savi zRvispira cixe-qalaqebsRa akontrolebdnen 

da solomoni axla maT gandevnas aqedanac cdilobda. 

imereTis mefem imdeni gabeda, Tavsac ki 

daesxa osmaleTs aWara-qobuleTis ganTavisuflebis 

mizniT. am dros osmaleTic imdenad dasustebuli 

iyo, gaZlierebuli da Setevaze gadasuli 

qarTveli mefeebisagan mxolod Tavdacva uwevda. 

gakadnierebuli qarTvelebis dasasjelad raime 

samxedro zomebis miRebisaTvis ki Zalebi namdvilad 

aRar yofnida. axla Tavad gansajeT, ramdenad 

Seswevda saqarTvelos gadaylapvis Zala. 

lazebs rac Seexeba, istoriis Carxma maTi 

didi nawili saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi qarTuli 

saxelmwifoebriobis miRma moaqcia. magram markovma 

de icodes, maT dRemde SenarCunebuli aqvT 

sakuTari ena da kultura. TavianTi niWisa da 

unaris wyalobiT lazebi TurqeTSi bevr maRal 

saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebsac floben. marto is 

rad Rirs, lazuri warmoSobis romaa TurqeTis 

amJamindeli premier-ministri _ rejeb Taif er- 

448

dohani. am eTnikuri jgufis winaSe markovs bodi- 

Sis moxda ekuTvnis CamorCenil xalxad wodebis 

gamo. lazebis CuqCebTan Sedarebac, rbilad rom 

vTqvaT, uadgiloa (Tumca roca igi Tavis moqalaqeebs 

ayenebs Seuracxyofas, sxvaze raRa unda 

movTxovoT). 

aqve TavisTavad wamoiWreba kidev erTi sakiTxi: 

Tu erekles arsaidan safrTxe ar emuqreboda, 

raSi dasWirda ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla 

traqtatis ideis gaCenis Taobaze cota qvemoT 

aRvniSnavT. axla ki mokled mogaxsenebT, 

rom am xelSekrulebis umTavres mizans ereklesaTvis 

ara gareSe mtrisagan Tavdacva, rasac igi 

Tavis ZalebiTac warmatebiT arTmevda Tavs, aramed 

ruseT-osmaleTis mosalodneli omebis dros 

ruseTis mokavSireobiTa da daxmarebiT osmale- 

Tis imperiaSi darCenili qarTuli miwa-wylis 

ganTavisufleba da SemoerTeba warmoadgenda. 

upirveles yovlisa, es exeboda axalcixis safa- 

Sos. magram ruseTs sul sxva, qarTuli samefo 

karisagan dafaruli gegmebi amoZravebda. mis mizans 

saqarTvelos dapyroba warmoadgenda da mis 

interesebSi qarTl-kaxeTis gaZliereba sulac ar 

Sedioda. amitom iyo, georgievskis traqtatis dadebis 

Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis mdgomareoba dRiTidRe 

uaresobisaken rom midioda. qveyanas ruseT- 

Tan kavSiris gamo mtrebi umravldeboda, Zlieri 

mokavSiris dapirebuli mxardaWera ki ar Canda. 

swored es avadsaxsenebeli traqtati da masze 

erekles mtkiced dgoma iyo erTaderTi mizezi 

aRa-mahmad-xanis saqarTveloSi laSqrobisa. ruseTma 

ara Tu ar Seasrula am dros Tavis Tavze 

aRebuli valdebuleba, samxedro ZaliT daxmareboda 

erekles, yvelaferi gaakeTa, raTa qarTve- 

449

lebisaken waeqezebina iranis es ukanaskneli agresia. 

calke erekles daxmarebas pirdebodnen da 

calke Sahis emisrebi Riad miaxvedres, rom am danapirebis 

Serulebas ar apirebdnen. xanSi Sesul 

erekles erTmorwmune imperatorisagan aseT veragoba 

da sityvis gatexa ver warmoedgina. Sedegad 

ki 1795 wlis krwanisis tragedia da Tbilisis 

aoxreba miviReT. amis Semdeg daiwyo ruseTma saqarTveloSi 

dapirebuli jaris Semoyvana, oRond 

ara qarTvelebis dasaxmareblad (aRa-mahmad-xani 

maleve sakuTar karavSi mokles SeTqmulebma), 

aramed ukve daZabunebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos 

dasapyrobad da gasauqmeblad. 

ar gegonoT, markovis uniWo demagogia mxolod 

zemoTqmuliT sruldebodes. mas Tavis gagrZelebac 

aqvs. ai isic: `ruseTis imperia, axla 

amis Sesaxeb pirdapir SeiZleba saubari, ar iwvoda 

surviliT saqarTvelos SesaerTeblad. maSin 

Cveni eqspansiis veqtori orientirebuli iyo dasavleTiT, 

balkaneTisaken. saqarTvelosgan Cven 

miviReT mxolod problemebi, saqarTvelos ruseTTan 

mierTeba iyo erT-erTi mizezi, ratomac 

gagrZelda kavkasiis omi as welze meti xans. ruseTma 

daicva saqarTvelo gareSe mtrebisagan, 

upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom qarTvelebi iyvnen 

Cveni erTmorwmuneebi. rusi xelmwifeebi 

icavdnen iq marTlmadideblobas, da amis daviwyebac 

ar SeiZleba.~ 

ras izam, xaTri ver gautexa ruseTis imperiam 

erTmorwmune qarTvelebis mravalgzis xvewnamudaras, 

Torem azradac ar hqonia kavkasionze 

gadmolajeba. ase, zedmet bargad aikida saqar- 

Tvelo (ai, exla ki gasagebia, ratom uwodes 

Cvens samSoblos markovis qveyanaSi Turme Грузия, 

450

maTTvis is erTob mZime груз-i aRmoCnda...). magram 

erTi ram ki gaugebaria, ratom SeiZleba mxolod 

axla, oras welze meti xnis Semdeg saubari imis 

Taobaze, rom ruseTs arafriT ar sdomebia saqarTvelos 

mierTeba. nuTu ruseTis saimperio 

cenzura blokavda am Temas an Semdgom sabWour 

ideologiasTan SeuTavseblobis gamo ikrZaleboda 

amaze saubari rasakvirvelia, arc erTi da 

arc meore. sxvaTa Soris, ruseTSi imperiis saqarTveloTi 

dainteresebas arc arasdros malavdnen, 

ubralod mis Cvens qveyanaSi eqspansiis iniciatorad 

yovelTvis qarTuli mxaris gamoyvanas 

cdilobdnen. es mdgomareoba saTaves jer kidev 

im droidan iRebs, roca ruseTma CaTvala, rom 

dadga dro orTavian arwivs Tavis klanWebiT amierkavkasiis 

dapyrobac daewyo. maSin imperatrica 

ekaterine II Tavis didmoxele rwmunebulebs kavkasiispireTSi 

mouwodebda ereklesTan gaeformebinaT 

mfarvelobiTi xelSekruleba da Tan saqme 

ise moewyoT, rom am saqmis iniciatorad qarTuli 

samefo kari warmoCeniliyo da qarTvelebsac 

hgonebodaT, ruseTi maTi Txovnis Sesabamisad 

moqmedebda. ase miviReT cnobili georgievskis 

traqtati. magram axla markovma yvelas gadaaWarba, 

roca saqarTvelos ruseTis nebis sawinaaRmdegod 

masze ZalaTi mitmasnilad warmoaCens. vinaidan 

aseTi uazrobis mtkiceba ruseTSic aqamde 

azrad aravis mosvlia (Tumca bolomde verc amas 

gamovricxavT), amis axsnas imiT cdilobs, TiTqos 

aqamde amis Tqmas ruseTSi vinme krZalavda. 

asea, 25 weliwadia, rac ruseTSi `demokratizacia~ 

daiwyo da mxolod axla da mxolod markovs 

eyo gambedaoba bolomde sruli `simarTle~ 

eTqva saqarTvelos ruseTTan `SeerTebis~ Sesa- 

451

xeb. etyoba, ucnauri xalxi varT qarTvelebi. rogorc 

ki Cvens maxloblad romelime dampyrobeli 

gamoCndeboda, myisve mivetmasnebodiT Cveni qveyni- 

TurT da mere Cvens problemebs vaxvevdiT Tavs. 

hoda, frTxilad markov, ra ici, iqneb sasanuri 

irani, arabTa saxalifo, bizantiis imperia, seljukianTa 

sasulTno, ilxanTa sayaeno, sefianTa 

irani (romeli erTi CamovTvalo) marTlac `qar- 

Tuli problemebis~ simZimem daaqcia. kargad dafiqrdiT, 

vaiTu ssrk-s dangrevis (rac dRemde 

ver moginelebiaT) mizezic `qarTuli problemebi~ 

iyo. Tu ruseTisaTvis aseTi uSreti problemebis 

wyaro varT, SegveSviT Tqve dalocvilebo 

da Tqvenc daisvenebT da Cvenc SvebiT amovisun- 

TqavT. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebasac moexsneba 

erTi zedmeti Tavis tkivili. 

ratom ar akeTebs amas ruseTi imitom rom 

ruseTis sagareo politikis (da albaT ara marto) 

mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala dRemde misi imperiuli 

ambiciebia. XIX s-is dasawyisidan saqar- 

Tvelos dapyrobac am mizniT daiwyo. saqarTvelo 

`kavkasiis gasaRebi~ iyo yovelTvis da kavkasiaSi 

gabatonebisaTvis misi daufleba aucilebel winapirobas 

warmoadgenda. urcxvi tyuilia, rom 

ruseTi am dros mxolod balkaneTiT iyo dainteresebuli. 

gaZlierebis gzaze mgomma Crdilourma 

imperiam imxanad TavisTavSi iseTi Zalis mozRvaveba 

igrZno, Tavis eqspansia samxreTisaken, Savi 

zRvis orive mxares ganaviTara: dasavleTiT balkaneTis 

naxevarkunZulze da aRmosavleTiT amierkavkasiaSi. 

es iyo orive mimarTulebiT amoqmedebuli 

erTi strategiuli interesi. am ori mimar- 

Tulebidan ruseTi erT metoqes, osmaleTs aviwrovebda. 

qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis 

452

dapyrobis Semdeg ruseTi uSualod osmaleTis 

samflobeloebze axorcielebda Setevebs. amitomac 

ruseT-TurqeTis omebi am droidan moyolebuli, 

rogorc wesi, or _ balkaneTisa da kavkasiis 

frontebze mimdinareobda. Tu ruseTs mxolod 

balkaneTi ainteresebda, ratom moqmedebda ase 

aqtiurad (yvelanairi TvalsazrisiT) kavkasiaSi 

ratom gagrZelda kavkasiis omi (anu kavkasiis 

dapyrobis procesi) às welze met xans~ pasuxebi 

am kiTxvebze TavisTavad naTelia. iqneb markovma 

dagvizustos, ras gvsayvedurobs qarTvelebs, 

imas rom ruseTi kavkasiis dapyrobiT omSi 

saqarTvelos gamo Caeba, Tu es omi amdeni xniT 

rom gauWianurda magram pasuxisaTvis SeuZlia 

Tavi ar Seiwuxos. orive SemTxvevaSi absurdul 

braldebasTan gvaqvs saqme. ruseTma kavkasiis 

dapyrobis mcdeloba saqarTveloSi Semosvlamde 

karga xniT adre daiwyo. `Tbili zRvebisa~ da 

kavkasiis yelis xelSi Cagdebis gareSe ruseTi 

ver Camoyalibdeboda msoflio mniSvnelobis imperiad, 

rasac igi esoden eswrafvoda. amis damadasturebeli 

magaliTebis moyvaniT Tavs ar SegawyenT. 

rac Seexeba kavkasiis dapyrobis gaWianurebas, 

ruseTma saqarTvelos dauflebis Sedegad 

rkalSi moqceuli da mTebSi momwyvdeuli erTi 

mxriv CeCnebisa da daRestnelebis da meore mxriv 

Cerqez-adiReelebis damarcxebas cal-calke ocdaaT-ocdaaTi 

weli moandoma. Tu amas davumatebT 

qarTveli generlebisa da oficrebis Tavgamodebas 

ruseTis armiis SemadgenlobaSi, saer- 

Tod saeWvo xdeba, SeZlebda ki ruseTi saqarTvelos 

dauflebis gareSe Tavisuflebismoyvare mamaci 

mTielebiT dasaxlebul kavkasiis damorCilebas 

453

aseTia utifari dampyroblis logika. Tan 

gipyrobs, Tavisuflebas garTmevs, saxelmwifoebriobas 

giuqmebs, erTiani qarTuli organizmis 

dasarRvevad aTasi juris eTnosebs gisaxlebs 

(ra ici, rodis gaxdeba saWiro, maT mexuTe kolonis 

funqcia Seasrulebinos), Semdeg Zal-Rones 

ar iSurebs, Seni mSobliuri ena wagarTvas, 

qarTuli cnobiereba da TviTSegneba gulidan da 

gonebidan amogiSanTos. yvelafers izams, saku- 

Tar istorias bolomde Tu ver dagaviwyebs, ise 

dagimaxinjos, Tavisuflebis idea saSviliSvilod 

amogigdos Tavidan da dampyroblis winaSe 

mudmivad qedmoxrilad gamyofos da sul davalebulad 

gagrZnobinos Tavi. aba rogor, amxela sikeTe 

gagikeTa, Seni keTildReobisaTvis ramdeni 

dabrkolebis gadalaxva da sisxlisRvra mouwia. 

Tan waramara dagamadlis am `sikeTes~ da dagayvedris 

Tavis imperiul marwuxebSi `didsulovnad 

miRebas~ isev Sens sakeTildReod. 

ènas Zvali ara aqvso~ _ uTqvamT Zveli droidan 

qarTvelebs. marTalia, eniT yvelafris gamoTqma 

SeiZleba, magram mTavaria, enis patrons 

hqondes namusi, enas rom amis ufleba ar misces. 

es ukanaskneli ramdenad gaaCnia Cveni kritikis 

obieqts, es ukve sazogadoebam gansajos. 

roca erma sakuTari istoria kargad icis, 

momavalSi Secdomebsac naklebad dauSvebs, misi 

motyuebac arc ise advili iqneba. es ki dRes ocnebad 

eqcaT kremlis mesveurT. amitomac iRwvis 

markovi ase gulmodgined òri istoriis~ Teoriis 

dasamkvidreblad. 

nu gavxleCT istorias sajaro da samecniero 

nawilebad, im motiviT, rom farTo sazogadoebas 

yvelaferi ar unda gavumxiloT. miviRoT isto- 

454

ia iseTi, rogoric aris, Selamazebisa da gadakeTebis 

gareSe. mivudgeT mas keTilsindisierad, 

miukerZoeblad da yvelafers faqtebi gvetyvian 

TavisTavad. markovisnairTa survilebs ki axdena 

ar uweria da darwmunebuli var, aseTi faqtebi 

mxolod istorikosTa wreSi arc arasodes dar- 

Ceba. 

P.S. kremlis mesveurTa SeSfoTeba gasagebia. 

bolo orasi wlis manZilze ruseTis saimperio, 

komunisturi, Tu postkomunisturi xelisuflebis 

mxridan saqarTvelom imdeni ubedureba iwvnia, 

yvelafris dokumenturad Seswavla da erT 

wignSi Tavmoyra bolomde gaaSiSvlebs rusul 

`velikoderJavul~ ambiciebs, saaSkaraoze gamoitans 

mis dafarul imperiul zraxvebs saqarTvelos 

(da mTeli kavkasiis) mimarT, sabolood daukargavs 

Zalas cnobil demagogias, Tu rogor 

ixsna ruseTma saqarTvelo `fizikuri ganadgurebisagan~, 

Tu rogor zrunavdnen qarTvelebis siyvaruliT 

gulanTebuli rusi mmarTvelebi Cvenze 

da ra vuyoT, Tu am zrunvis dros jer daxmarebas 

gvpirdebodnen da gvatyuebdnen, Semdeg jari 

mtris mosagerieblad ki ara Cvens dasapyrobad 

SemohyavdaT, mTeli mondomebiT cdilobdnen qar- 

TvelTa gadagvareba-garusebas, qarTuli eTnikuri 

erTobis danawevrebas, Cveni samSoblos eTnikurad 

maqsimalurad aWrelebas. Tu ukmayofilebas 

gamovTqvamdiT, an miT umetes iaraRiT movindomebdiT 

Tavisuflebis mopovebas, cecxliTa da 

maxviliT daundoblad cdilobdnen qarTuli Tavisuflebismoyvare 

sulis CaxSobas da a.S. es yvelaferi 

Turme mxolod qarTvelTa keTildReobisTvis 

keTdeboda, Torem ruseTSi aqedan aranair 

sargebels ar iRebdnen problemebisa da axa- 

455

li Tavsatexis garda. aseTi umaduri xalxi vyofilvarT 

qarTvelebi. yovelive amis Semdeg arad 

vagdebT ùfrosi Zmis~ damsaxurebas Cvens winaSe 

da mudam mainc orTaviani arwivis klanWebidan 

gasxltomas vlamobT. dRes am klanWebiT Crdiloeli 

mtacebeli afxazeTsa da Sida qarTlis 

nawilsRa ebRauWeba, Tumca ki amasac droebiT... 

xsovna 

In Memoriam 

456

Tina oCiaurs 

`Sen, Cemis mamis salocavo, 

laRo, lamazo, iaxsaro, 

saxlic tiris da karic tiris, 

sanapironi Camodian. 

wvimaTodeni cremli ginda, 

foTolTodeni motiralni. 

RmerTo uSvele dalocvilo*~: 

niWiers da marTals, pirdapirs da ueSmakos, 

iumoriT savses da meleqse-mokafies, mTels dedamiwaze 

saukeTeso qadas rom acxobda, Cems deida 

Tinas. RmerTo, win waumZRvare Cemi madliereba 

yvela SeniSvnaze, yvela xevsurulad, laquc-pirferobis 

gareSe naTqvam sityvaze; win waumZRvare 

Cemi siyvaruli, Tuki ram kargi gamikeTebia Cvens 

saqmeSi, misi gamozrdili romaa, isic win waum- 

ZRvare da naTelSi mimyofe samzeodan SenTan mosuli, 

Tavis karg mSoblebTan mosuli, saaqaos 

javrad Cayolil iraklisTan mosuli Cemi deida 

Tina, iq, sadac araa Wiri, arca urva, arca sul- 

Tqma, aramed sixaruli da cxovreba dausrulebeli. 

nino RambaSiZe 

* xalxuri poeziis anTologia Sedgenili zurab kiknaZisa 

da tristan maxauris mier, qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris 

fondi, red. merab RaRaniZe, Tb., memkvidreoba, 2010. 

mecnierebis danaklisi 

(vaxtang SamilaZe) 

457

Znelia Seeguo azrs, rom vaxtang SamilaZe 

aRar aris... 

sul cota xnis win, akad. giorgi Citaias dabadebidan 

120 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil saiubileo 

sxdomas eswreboda, mxned gamoiyureboda da momavlis 

saintereso proeqtebic hqonda SemuSavebuli: 

Cveuli energiiT agrZelebda saqarTvelos 

eTnologiis istoriis meore tomze muSaobas. 

samwuxarod, ubedurma SemTxvevam 75 wlis asakSi 

Sewyvita misi sicocxle... 

vaxtang SamilaZe qarTuli eTnografiuli 

skolis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli iyo: istoriis 

mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, saqarTvelos 

mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespodenti, 

akademiasTan arsebuli kavkasiis 

xalxebTan urTierTobis komisiis Tavmjdomare, 

SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis (ba- 

Tumi) sruli profesori da eTnologiis mimar- 

Tulebis xelmZRvaneli, n. berZeniSvilis saxelobis 

kvleviTi institutis samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare. 

didia vaxtang SamilaZis damsaxureba qarTuli 

eTnologiuri skolis ganviTarebaSi. mis fundamentur 

naSromebs kargad icnobdnen ara marto 

CvenSi, da yofil sabWoTa sivrceSi, aramed mis 

farglebs gareTac, iyo mravali saerTaSoriso 

forumis monawile, eTnologTa saerTaSoriso 

asociaciis wevri... 

vaxtang SamilaZe sruliad axalgazrda iyo, 

roca baTumis universitetis damTavrebis Semdeg, 

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis iv. javaxiSvilis 

saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis 

institutis aspiranti gaxda. iyo akad. 

458

giorgi Cataias, prof. mixeil gegeSiZis da prof. 

aleqsi robaqiZis mowafe. istoriis institutSi 

daicva sakandidato da sadoqtoro disertaciebi. 

aqve Seqmna man pirveli naSromi àlpuri mesaqonleoba 

saqarTveloSi~, romelmac specialistTa 

mowoneba daimsaxura. mesaqonleobis problemebs 

mieZRvna misi sadoqtoro disertaciac. man CvenSi 

pirvelma Semoitana mimoqcevaSi momTabaruli mesaqonleobis 

e. w. transumansis cneba, moaxdina 

am dargis mecnieruli klasifikacia da warmoaCina 

misi zogad qarTuli da zogadkavkasiuri Taviseburebebi, 

rasac kulturis istoriis ganzogadebuli 

kvlevisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba 

aqvs. 

ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos vaxtang SamilaZis 

al. robaqiZesTan TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. maT 

erToblivad Teoriuli xasiaTis ara erTi naSromi 

Seqmnes. swored prof. al. robaqiZesTan er- 

Tad SeZlo vaxtang SamilaZem qarTuli erovnuli 

kulturuli sameurneo tipebis, maTi regionaluri 

modelebis Seswavla da dadgena. mkvlevari 

aseve nayofierad ikvlevda qarTuli eTnologiis 

wyaroTmcodneobiT bazas, meistorieTa Txzulebebs, 

monografiul Canawerebs, werilobiT wyaroebs, 

tradiciuli materialuri da sulieri kulturis 

arqetipebis gamosavlenad. 

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mkvlevari samecniero 

muSaobas SesaniSnavad uTavsebda pedagogiur 

moRvaweobas. wlebis manZilze v. SamilaZe xelmZRvanelobda 

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis 

eTnologiis kaTedras. man aRzarda qarTveli 

eTnologebis ara erTi Taoba, romlebic 

dRes ukve samecniero asparezze moRvaweoben. 

amasTan, saxelmwifo universitetSi kiTxulobda 

459

eTnologiis istoriis, zogadi eTnologiisa da 

meTodologiis kursebs, xelmZRvanelobda kaTedras, 

aspirantebs, disertantebs. misi uSualo 

xelmZRvanelobiT aTobiT disertaciaa daculi. 

mas xSirad oponentad da samecnieroo sabWos sapatio 

wevrad iwvevdnen qveynis farglebs gareT, 

TanamSromlobda kavkasiis samecniero centreb- 

Tan, erevanSi, baqoSi, moskovSi, sanktpeterburgSi... 

vaxtang SamilaZis mecnieruli memkvidreoba 

farTo da mravalwaxnagovania. igi muSaobda ara 

mxolod tradiciuli yofisa da kulturis calkeul 

problemebze, aramed ikvlevda Teoriul 

problemebsac. misi bolo monografia `saqarTvelos 

eTnologiis istoria~, naw. I (oT. miminoSvilTan 

TanaavtorobiT) (Tb., 2009) aseTi kvlevis 

samagaliTo nimuSia, mravalwliani, fundamenturi 

Ziebis Sedegia, romelic dRes ukve dargis matianed 

gadaiqca. gansakuTrebiT didia narkvevis 

mniSvneloba sauniversiteto kursis organizacia- 

Si, igi Cinebuli damxmare saxelmZRvaneloa, romelic 

Tavs uyris qarTul eTnografiaSi Seqmnil 

mecnierul produqcias, ajamebs da aanalizebs 

dargis ganviTarebis istoriul etapebs, anzogadebs 

maT Teoriul WrilSi da a.S., ris gamoc es 

wigni yvela eTnologisaTvis, istorikosisa da 

folkloristisaTvis erTnairad saintereso da 

saWiroa. aranakleb mniSvnelovania avtoris sxva 

naSromebic, romelTa ricxvi 200-s aRemateba. 

nayofieri iyo batoni vaxtangis muSaoba saqar- 

Tvelos mecnierebis erovnuli akademiis kavkasiis 

xalxebTan urTierTobis komisiaSi. am komisiis TaosnobiT 

ukve moewyo ramdenime saerTaSoriso konferencia 

deviziT `kavkasiis istoria, arqeologia, 

460

eTnologia da filkloristika~, man, givi RambaSi- 

ZesTan erTad, daaarsa kavkasiis fondi, koordinacias 

uwevda regionalur kvlevebs da sxv. 

bolo wlebSi batoni vaxtangi bevrs fiqrobda 

eTnologiaze, dargis sadReiso da samomavlo 

problemebze, undoda Tavisi gamocdileba maqsimalurad 

gamoeyenebina da miuxedavad Seryeuli 

janmrTelobisa energiulad agrZelebda muSaobas. 

miaCnda da swamda, rom swored eTnologia 

aris is dargi, romelsac Tanamedrove globalizaciis 

pirobebSic ki, Seswevs Zala gadaarCinos 

eri, daicvas misi erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreoba, 

identoba da mentaloba. 

vaxtang SamilaZe mudam gamoirCeoda maRali 

inteleqtiT, farTo diapazoniT, erudiciiT, flobda 

kolegebTan urTierTobis SesaSur unars, iyo 

Tavaziani da mokrZalebuli, magram amave dros 

principuli, Tanmimdevruli, Tavis saqmeze uaRresad 

Seyvarebuli namdvili profesionali. 

75 wlis asaki mecnierisaTvis SemoqmedebiTi 

simwifis xanaa, vaxtang SamilaZec ar iyo gamonaklisi: 

bevrs fiqrobda da ganicdida, qmnida proeqtebs, 

saxavda miznebs, da amocanebs, apirebda eTnolog 

mkvlevarTa personalis anTologiis gamocemas, 

baTumSi gafarToebuli forumis kavkasiologiuri 

simpoziumis mowyobas da ra dasanania, rom yvelaferi 

es mas ganuxorcielebeli darCa. 

manana SilakaZis gaxseneba 

nino mindaZe 

giorgi gociriZe 

461

EerTxel, rodesac qalbatonma mananam gaigo, 

rom Cemi gogona germanul baRSi dadioda, germanuli 

wigni aCuqa.Mmas mere qalbaton mananas Cvens 

ojaxSi tante mananas veZaxdiT. 

tante manana maSin gardaicvala, rodesac sakuTari 

Sromis nayofi yvelaze metad axla, am 

asakSi unda moewia; rodesac studentebis mravali 

TaobisaTvis codna da gamocdileba bolomde 

unda gaeziarebina.Mmas xom saqmisadmi saSuri damokidebuleba 

hqonda, iseTi rogorsac dRes iSviaTad 

Tu naxavT. sakuTari Tu mis mier gasworebuli 

sxvisi naSromi uzado sizustiT da skrupulozurobiT 

gamoirCeoda. iyo keTilmosurne, 

sxvaze augis armTqmeli. Mmisi da batoni Savlegis 

gamorCeuli da-Zmoba albaT calke saubris 

Temaa. SesaniSnavi meuRlis megobari da umSvenieresi 

ekos-elenes deda. 

zafxuli iyo. germaneli stumrebi-studentebi da 

Cveni kolegebi, xalxuri instrumentebis muzeumSi waviyvaneT, 

sadac tante manana wlebis manZilze muSaobda 

da sadac, ra Tqma unda Tavad gvimaspinZla. muzeumis 

Semdeg ki leseliZis erT mSvenier restoranSi 

Cvenma germanelma stumrebma-kolegebma gvimaspinZles. 

im dRes tante manana bolos vnaxe. sicocxliT, imedebiT, 

gegmebiT savse iyo. momwonda aseTs rom vxedavdi. 

Semodgomaze ki avadmyofobiT damZimebuli, magram 

RmerTTan Sesaxvedrad momzadebuli dagvemSvidoba. 

`dambadebelo, mianiWe ganaTleba da cxoneba, 

amkvidre sasufeveli, Seumsubuqe moneba~. 

cxovrebis sanukvari megobari 


462

metad Znelia CemTvis 

vwero warsul dro- 

Si im pirovnebaze, vis 

gverdiTac gavatare sicocxlis 

45 weli. 

maxsendeba 1065 weli, 

saqarTvelos muzeumi. 

adgili, sadac pirvelad 

Sevxvdi axalgazrda kacs, soso WanturiSvils. 

man maSinve miiqcia Cemi yuradReba Tavisi 

kargi garegnobiT, zrdilobiT, inteligenturi 

maneriT. rogorc aRmoCnda, arc is darCenila 

gulgrili Cems mimarT da Cvens Soris gaiba is 

uxilavi Zafi, romelsac siyvaruli da urTier- 

Tpativiscema hqvia. didxans ar gvifiqria da ramdenime 

TveSi viqorwineT kidec. es iyo araCveulebrivi 

periodi Cveni Tanacxovrebisa. Cems gaocebas 

yovelTvis iwvevda is, rom mas uamravi nacnob-megobari 

hyavda da rac mTavaria, yvela siyvaruliT 

egebeboda mas yovelTvis. maSin is 

axalgazrde aspiranti gaxldaT, romelic did 

pativs scemda Tavis xelmZRvanelebs: baton giorgi 

Citaias da qalbaton vera bardaveliZes, romelTa 

xelmZRvanelobiTac Camoyalibda seriozul 

mkvlevar mecnierad. mas arasodes daviwyebia 

maTi Rvawli. 

sosos iseve rogorc me, Zalzed uyvarda 

klasikuri musika. xSirad davdiodiT sxvadasxva 

koncertebze, saopero speqtaqlebze, Semdeg saxlSi 

vagrZelebdiT am Temaze saubars. es saerTo 

interesi da gataceba kidev ufro aduRabebda 

Cvens erTobas. soso xSirad metyoda xolme: `Sen 

rom ase ar gyvareboda musika, albad me as ar 

meyvarebodio~ da marTlac, mas fanatiurad uy- 

463

varda klasikuri musika, amave dros eTayvaneboda 

qarTul xalxur Semoqmedebasac. TviTonac xom 

mSvenivrad mReroda, gansakuTrebiT uyvarda mravalJamieri, 

romelsac sakmaod karg doneze asrulebda 

Tavisi skolis megobrebTan erTad. 

gadioda wlebi, gvemateboda xani. me yovel- 

Tvis makvirvebda is, rom miuxedavad mZime senisa, 

soso mainc didi gatacebiTa da SemarTebiT emsaxureboda 

Tavis saqmes. mravali uZilo Ramisa da 

didi Sromis fasad werda Tavis wignebsa da naSromebs, 

rac saTanadod daafasa da aRiara qar- 

Tulma istoriulma sazogadoebam. aqve minda aRvniSno, 

rom garda mecnierisa, soso agreTve 

araCveulebrivi megobari iyo. mas yvelas gasaWiri 

gulTan mihqonda. iyo megobrebisa da nacnobebis 

qomagi da gverdSi mdgomi. mas Zalian uyvarda 

axalgazrdoba. is didi armia studentebisa 

da aspirantebis xom misi erTguli megobrebi iyvnen 

da aseTad darCnen bolomde. 

minda didi madloba gamovxato yvela im pirovnebis 

mimarT, vinc saTanadod daafasa sosos 

Rvawli, pirovnuli Tvisebebi da CemTan erTad 

gaiziara is didi gulistkivili, romelic sosos 

am qveynidan wasvlam gamoiwvia. 

ar minda Cemi mogoneba pesimistur notze davasrulo. 

minda aRvniSno, rom soso bednieri kaci 

iyo. mas darCa vaJi, oTxi SviliSvili da ori 

SvilTaSvili, romelTagan patarebi dResac elian 

soso babus gamoCenas. 

"RvTis karis SemRebi" 

manana WanturiSvili 

464

fiqrebi mixeil qurdianze 

da mis wignze "iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis 

safuZvlebi" 

miSiko nanatri kaci iyo. erTaderTi werili, romelic 

wasvlis Semdeg miviRe, maSin, rodesac dedaCems 

aRar esalmebodnen quCaSi, Tvals aridebdnen da zurgs 

aqcevdnen, ucnobma axalgazrdam momwera werili, romelmac 

Zala momca, imedic damibruna. darCnen kidev namdvilebi! 

da ai, axla im namdvilTagan namdvili aRar aris. 

bolos rom vnaxe, ukve sikvdils hyavda Caxutebuli... 

axla es didi xnis nanatri wigni mikavia xelT da 

isev mivdivar... nanatrma kacma nanatri wigni damitova... 

romelmac erTi metad mtkivneuli gancda aRmiZra: 1000 

gverdze metis Tavmoyra erT wignad kargs arafers ambobs 

im viTarebis Sesaxeb, romelSic uxdebaT muSaoba 

qarTvel mecnierebs. davcqeri gakvirvebuli da vfiqrob: 

am wignis damwers yoveli Tavi dawerisTanave rom gamoeqveynebina, 

qarTuli enaTmecniereba axla gacilebiT ufro 

Rrmad iqneboda SeWrili qarTveluri da kavkasiuri 

an "ibero-kavkasiuri", Tu avtoriviT baskebsac miviTvliT, 

enebis saidumloSi. vambob saidumloSi, radgan ena 

TavisTavad araTu yofierebis mTeli saidumlos matarebelia, 

aramed Tavadac saidumloa, romliTac, evolucionistebisagan 

gansxvavebiT, RmerTma imTaviTve "gamoTqva 

yofiereba" da Seqmna yoveli. magram amis SesaZlebloba 

ar iyo moZalebul oromtrialSi saqarTvelos Seseuli 

arakeTilmosurneebisa, romlebsac saubedurod mze iseve 

unaTebs, rogorc vardebs. yoveli kultura da yoveli 

kulturosani kacis cxovreba idumalebiTaa moculi _ 

misteriaa. misteria ki xeldasxmasa da gansakuTrebul 

mizans gulisxmobs. es aris kacobis gza. 

465

aris erTi mniSvnelovani ram: xeldasxmis procesi 

uwyvetad mimdinareobs maSinac ki, rodesac misteria 

mTlianad dafarulia da profanuli masaa gabatonebuli: 

yana nexvTa velad aris gadaqceuli. Cveulebriv, xeldasxmuloba 

gamoxatulia sityvebiT "RvTiTkurTxeuli", 

"RvTisnieri", "RvTiTmoculi", "RvTismona"... romelTac 

dionise areopageli saRmrToTa saxelebs uwodebs da 

romelic TavisTavad Sedis zemodasaxelebul sityvaTa 

pirvel nawilSi `RvTiT~. amas Semoaqvs niSnebi da maxasiaTeblebi, 

spontanurad rom miewereba kacs, romelSic 

yvela is Tviseba da SemoqmedebiTi sikeTe aris gamovlenili, 

romelic Semoqmedis msgavsebiTa da xatobiT kulturis 

sicocxlisa da energiis wyaro xdeba. amasTanave, 

es sityvebi Tu wodebani gamoxataven im xeldasxmis ierarqiul 

doneebs, romelTa xarisxebsac warmoadgenen. 

xeldasxmulebi gansxvavebuli cxovrebiT cxovroben. 

maTi yofierebis horizonti Sevsebulia sulieri 

RirebulebebiT da imgvari saqmiT (moRvaweobiT, moqalaqeobiT), 

romelic aaSkaravebs maTSi RvTisSvilebsa da 

RvTiskaris mcvelebs. RvTis karad iyo gancdili saqar- 

Tvelo da qarTveloba rusTvelis Semdgomac, daviT guramiSvilTan, 

sulxan-saba orbelianTan, vaJasTan... ukanaskneli 

ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi sityva RvTiTkurTxeuli 

sul ufro da ufro mkvidrdeboda sinamdvileSi, da 

miewereboda arsebiTad qarTuli enisa da qarTul enaze 

SemomqmedT. radgan swored am enaSi iqmna koncentrirebuli 

arseba qarTulobisa, romlis gamoTqma mxolod qar- 

Tul enas SeeZlo. yovelive sxva nexvTa velad iyo qceuli, 

rogorc ilia WavWavaZe godebda. Sors rom ar wavideT 

RvTiTkurTxeulebi iyvnen dimitri yifiani, ilia 

WavWavaZe, niko nikolaZe, akaki wereTeli, vaJa fSavela, 

daviT kldiaSvili, aleqsandre yazbegi, galaktioni.., yve- 

466

las ver CamovTvli, romelTa hologramebi qmnian imas, 

rasac qarTuli cxovrebis wesi, qarTuli kultura da 

SemoqmedebiTi energia ewodeba. maTi cxovrebiseuli mizani 

yovelTvis kulturSemoqmedia da vidre es energia 

qmediTad muSaobs, qarTuli kultura da cxovrebiseuli 

misteria, romelsac "giorgiuli" ewodeba, ganagrZobs zemoqmedebas 

cxovrebasa da im gzaze, romelzedac gaucnobiereblad 

dgeba rCeuli. 

xeldasxmuloba da rCeuloba _ RvTiTkurTxeuloba 

_ Tavisi SedegiT vlindeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac 

gza ukve gavlilia da xeldasxmis umaRlesi forma miRebuli. 

aq xdeba RvTis karTan misvla, romelic ukve saz- 

Rvris gadalaxvaa, Sexvedra RvTisSvilebTan da gasvla 

saiqioSi _ misteria aRsrulebuli xdeba. miSiko qurdianis 

cxovrebiseuli misteriac aRsrulda. aRsrulda rogorc 

xeldasxmuli kacis, rogorc RvTisSvilis, vinc 

arsad dazoga Tavi, raTa mieRwia im miznisaTvis, romelsac 

saqarTvelo, qarTuli kultura da qarTuli cxovrebis 

wesi hqvia. mtersac eoma da yvelaze did saidumlos 

_ ibero-kavkasiur enaTa erTianobasac SeeWida, ri- 

Tac SeaRo "RvTis kari", raTa iq Sexvdes imaT, vinc faravs 

saqarTvelos da mcvelad udgas. amitomac mcxeTis 

monasterSi _ samTavroSi daido bina. es aris misi saiqioSi 

gasvlis kari... 

467

topologiuri ganSliT qarTuli kosmosi orad aris 

gayofili: saaqaod da saiqiod; saiqioSi moTavsebulia rogorc 

zeca (radgan ca saaqaosTanaa _ saaqaos Tavzea), aseve qveskneli 

_ ori ukiduresi da sapirispirod ganlagebuli sivrcealagi, 

romelic ar aris diferencirebuli da struqturirebuli. 

zeca da qveskneli erTnairad saiqioa da amitom aris 

SesaZlebeli "iq" Sexvedra, rac SesaZloa TviT sityva qvesknelSia 

gamoTqmuli: skneli-skna-skvna-naskvi_kvanZi. qarTul 

miTokosmo-logiaSi saiqio aris qvesknelisa da zecis (zesknelis) 

kvanZi da amdenad erTiani. saaqaos topologia ixsneba 

qveyaniT-yaniT-sofliT-Sua skneliT da ciT _ es aris saaqao 

toposi, romelSic arsebobs adamiani da Slis Tavis yofierebas. 

sainteresoa, rogor xdeba qarTul xedvasa da hologramaSi 

am ori sferos Sexvedra da vin aris am Sexvedris momwyob_monawile 

vin aris "dRisa da Ramis Semyreli" ("mova 

Semyreli yovelTa erTgan dRisa da Ramisa". sainteresoa qvesknelisa 

da samaris mimarTebac: "qvesknelSic wasulxar, Casulxar, 

qvesknelamde gza gqonia" da a.S. _iwyevleba guruli; 

468

sa-mare aris kari, romlis gareSe qvesknelSi ver Caxval. mare 

svanurad niSnavs kacs; sa-mare = kacisa, kacisaTvis, sa-kac-e 

(sainteresoa, rom samaridan adamiani ki ar saxierdeba, aramed 

kaci). topologiur aRniSvnaTa Soris `da, Ca~ = qveviT à, 

amo~ = zeviT (dadeba, CaReba, Cadeba,... asvla, amoReba, amosvla 

da sxva). yana aris adamianis qmedebis nayofis gamomRebi, adamianis 

samuSao alagi; mindori kacis SromiT unda gadaiqces 

yanad. aris aseve ca da zeca. aq saxezea garkveuli astronomiuli 

topologia: ca aris marixi, `cis karis gamRebi~; zeca 

aris veneras zeviT arsebuli savanes, romelSic miyolebiT 

arian moTavsebulni yvela danarCeni planetebi da TviT mzec. 

es amave dros aris simboluri miTokosmologia, simbolizacia 

ki enis wiaRSi xorcieldeba da iZens sazriss. 

Cemi hologramuli xedva ar aris mecnieruli, Tumca 

kiTxvebi, romlebic enaTmecnierTa winaSe daismis am xedvidan, 

pasuxgacemuli ar aris. saqarTveloSi Cemi Camosvlis Semdeg, 

miSiko iyo pirveli, romelTanac SemeZlo am Temebze saubari; 

Cveni urTierToba iyo cnobili qarTuli xasiaTis ("CeiCoCe, 

Zama cota") sruli daZleva da paraleluri azrovneba, romelic 

udides siamovnebas mgvrida. safuZveli Cveni xedvisa saerTo 

iyo: humboldtis cnobili fraza: "pirvelsave warmoTqmul 

sityvaSi mTeli enaa" _ namdvili hologramuli xedvaa, 

romlidanac me miTolingvisturi suraTi gamomesaxa, xolo 

miSikos _ mecnieruli: amis didebuli Sedegi axla magidaze 

midevs da Rrma fiqrebs var micemuli. 

enaTa topologiis Cemi modeli gulisxmobs qarTvelur 

jgufSi svanuridan ganviTarebas zanurisa da oriveTagan 

(da sxvaTagan) dagvirgvinebas qarTuliT _ piramidas da ara 

damoukidebel sxivebs erTi wyarodan gamosuls. mag: istoriulad 

da lingvisturad kolxuri-svanuris ganviTareba gvaZlevs 

zanursa (dasavleT kolxur qvejgufs) da ibero-kolxurs 

(aRmosavleT kolxur qvejgufs) _ farnavazis saxelmwifos 

enas. ibero-kolxuris mcxeTuri (dedaqalaqi "qarT") metyvelebidan, 

qarT-ulad naTqmi pirveli sityvidan mTeli sametyvelo 

da samwerlobo ena gaixsna, radgan ena ixsneba Tavis 

469

SesaZleblobaTa velSi _ ki ar viTardeba, _ ixsneba, miuxedavad 

masSi sinTezirebuli sxvadasxva enobrivi mocemulobebisa, 

rogorc gvamcnobs "qarTlis cxovreba" (yvela im enis kvali 

arsebobs qarTulSi da ufro metisac, magram igi yovelTvis 

TavisTavis tolia!), viTardeba qarT_mcxeTis (qalaqis-dedaqalaqis) 

sakraluri ena. faqtobrivi arqeologiuri monacemebis 

arqonis pirobebSi, vfiqrob, es unda yofiliyo swored sakraluri 

zepiri ena, msgavsi xatis enisa, romelic weril formasa 

da saxes iRebs wignieri qristianuli religiisa da 

qristianuli eklesiis mier. qarTuli iqceva wignierebis er- 

TaderT enad ibero-kolxeTisa da, ufro farTod, kavkasiis 

sivrceSi. ZiriTadad, igi faravs mTel sivrces, romelic yalibdeba 

rogorc qristianuli qarTli... da saqarTvelo, Sesabamisad 

qarTulenovani qristianobis gavrcelebisa. ibero-kavkasiur 

enaTa erTianobac ar unda iwvevdes eWvs, Tu uaxles 

monacemebs gaviTvaliswinebT, gadaviazrebT da ar ki uarvyofT... 

arqeologiuri gaTxrebi da qarTveluri enebi (svanurzanur-qarTuli 

_ dialeqtebis zRviT) adastureben, rom samxreT 

kavkasia warmoadgenda wina da mcire aziuri religiuri 

centrebis "navsayudels". aq iyo davanebuli TiTqmis yoveli 

religiuri centri, romelic sxvadasxva enobriv Teokosmologiur 

hologramebs ganasaxierebda da qmnida samxreTkavkasieli 

mosaxleobis arsebiT maxasiaTeblebs, romliTac es mosaxleoba 

idgenda Tavis identobas da TviTgamomcnobi xdeboda. am 

TvalsazrisiT arc aris SemTxveviTi, rom elias xaleni da 

qristes kvarTi qarT-mcxeTaSi aRmoCnda da iqca qarT-uli saxelmwifosa 

da qarT-uli kulturis cxovrebis wesis safuZvlad. 

swored amitom, vfiqrob, saqarTvelos istoriis modelireba 

evropuli istoriis yalibiT sruliad usafuZvlo da 

uniadagoa. 

es hologramuli miTolingvistikis erTi magaliTi 

iyo, romelzedac daviwyeT saubari da romelic mecnierul 

uaryofas iTxovda, magram rogor SeiZleba miTolingvistikis 

mecnieruli uaryofa an dasabuTeba aravin icis. Cveni saubre- 

470

ic imave sami wertiliT Sewyda Cemda gulsatkenad da damamwuxreblad. 

miSiko rom aq iyos, aucileblad ityoda Tavis 

azrs, Tavis mecnierul Tvalsazriss da vikamaTebdiT an 

ufro zustad viazrovnebdiT: mZafrad, daundoblad, miuxedavad 

imisa, rom me "batonobiT" mommarTavda yovel- 

Tvis. mecnierTaTvis savalalod (Tu sabednierod!), mecnierebam 

wertili ar icis, is sami wertiliTa da momdevno 

kiTxvis niSniT arsebobs. amitom unda iqnas gamoqveynebuli 

wamierad nafiqr-nakvlevi, rom rac SeiZleba 

Sors gadaiwios am samma wertilma da dapataravdes kiTxvis 

niSani. dapataravdes, magram ar gaqres, radgan maSin 

es ukve mecniereba aRar iqneba da "WeSmaritebas" daemsgavseba, 

romlis ukan mrisxane cenzorebi Cadgebian 

"dogmebis" dasacavad. didad samwuxaroa, rom es 1000 

gverdiani wigni avtoris gareSe darCa _ kiTxvebs, romlebsac 

is aRZravs, aRar eyoleba pasuxis namdvili gamcemi 

_ mixeil qurdiani: kaci, mamuliSvili, qarTveli, 

mecnieri, poeti, mebrZoli Tavis bedisa, xeldasxmuli 

giorgieli da Cemi axalgazrda megobari... 

Tumca axalgazrdoba, rogorc Cans, sruliad pirobiTi 

cnebaa... xolo megobroba wlovanebas ar iTvlis... 

Cven ki vikiTxoT es wigni da SevecadoT, rac SeiZleba 

Sors gavitanoT is sami wertili, romliTac "ibriul-kavkasiur 

enaTa erTianobisa" da ‘‘enaTmecnierebis 

safuZvlebis’’ es didi mecnieruli sinTezi da holograma 

mTavrdeba. 

didi danaklisia!! 

janri kaSia 

parizi, noembris 17, 2010 weli 

471

SesaniSnavi mkvlevari da 

uangaro moRvawe 

batonma mixeil qurdianma 1040 gverdis moculobis 

fundamenturi monografia dagvitova, 

romelic erTaderTi akademiuri wignia misTvisac 

da CvenTvisac _ meti veRar moaswro... saqmeSi Cauxedav 

mkiTxvels erTi SexedviT TiTqos Zalze 

pretenziulad moeCveneba am didebuli naRvawis 

saxelwodeba “iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis 

safuZvlebi”, magram vinc detalurad gaecnoba 

mas, umalve mixvdeba, rom es wigni Rrma interdisciplinaruli 

kvlevis uaRresad msxmoiare nayofia. 

masSi warmodgenilia lingvistikis araer- 

Ti sfero, istoria, eTnologia, kulturologia, 

folklori. 

saetapo naSromSi diaqronuli enaTmecnierebis 

moTxovnaTa doneze ara marto dadgenilia 

iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis Semadgenloba 

(Tanamedrove laTinuri transkrifciiTurT), aramed 

nebismieri Teoriuli debuleba, Sedarebisa 

Tu kanonzomier regularul fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa 

rekonstruqciis procedura da saboloo 

daskvnebi mkacrad verificirebadia. saqarTvelos 

mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespodentis, 

profesor avTandil arabulis azriT, 

esaa Semajamebeli naSromi iberiul-kavkasiur 

enaTa naTesaobis TeoriaSi, romlis dasrulebiT 

iberiul-kavkasiur enaTmecniereba “finiSis sworze” 

gavida. 

mainc ras niSnavs jvaredini verifikacia _ 

avtoris mixedviT, istoriuli derivaciis fonemur 

kanonzomierebaTa dadgena arsebiTad hipoTe- 

472

tur fardobaTa Semowmebis aucilebel procedurebs 

eqvemdebareba. verifikaciis samive safexuri 

(masalobrivi, sistemuri Tu tipologiuri) wignSi 

safuZvlianadaa ganxiluli, rac erTxel kidev 

adasturebs kavkasiologiuri skolis sulis- 

Camdgmelisa da damagvirgvineblis akademikos arnold 

Ciqobavas moZRvrebis sayrden Teziss: “rac 

ufro Sors vixedebiT warsulSi, miT metia saer- 

To”. 

kavkasiologiaSi didi xania cnobil fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa 

kidev erTxel gadamowmebis 

garda, “iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis safuZvlebSi” 

dadgenilia sruliad axali kanonzomierebani 

qarTvelur da naxur enaTa sibilantebs 

Soris, naxur-daRestnuri da qarTveluri 

fuZeenebis xmovanTSesatyvisobani, agreTve lateralTa 

regularuli Tanafardobani baskur, qar- 

Tvelur da daRestnur enebSi. avtoris azriT nebismieri 

Crdilokavkasiuri jgufis diferencirebuli 

bgeraTSesatyvisobis gamovlena samxreTkavkasiur, 

anu baskur-qarTvelur jgufTan sakmarisi 

pirobaa formaluri Tu semantikuri rekonstruqciisaTvis 

iberiul-kavkasiuri fuZeenis 

qronologiur doneze. SevniSnavT: albaT, gacilebiT 

didi sirTuleebi gveqneba semantemaTa Sinaarsis 

aRdgenisa am SemTxvevaSi. 

WeSmaritebis Ziebis gzaze analizur-sinTetur 

azrovnebaSi Tanabrad Zlieri mkvlevari 

ukompromisoa TviT udidesi samecniero avtoritetebis 

winaSec ki; am Tvisebis sailustraciod 

araerTi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba: Zalze originaluria 

misi Tvalsazrisi koordinatTa sivrcis 

universalurobis, identur bgeraTSesatyvisobaTa 

da induqciis, rogorc komparativistuli 

473

meTodis sayrdeni RerZis, Sesaxeb... am SesaniSnavi 

monografiis kiTxvisas mkiTxvels iseTi STabeWdileba 

eqmneba, rom “individualuri gonebis gamonaTeba 

TiTqos umartivesad xsnis problemaTa 

urTules xlarTs” (a. arabuli). 

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelur enaTa diferencirebis 

mixeil qurdianiseuli sqema sruliad 

gansxvavdeba brwyinvale germaneli qarTvelologis 

gerhard deetersis sqemisagan (am ukanasknels 

viziarebT, ZiriTadad, qarTvelur enaTa 

mkvlevrebi), mainc mTeli misi sistema agebulia 

Zalze mwyobrad, vinmesTan an rameze yovelgvari 

kompromisebis gareSe, magram saocrad koreqtulad, 

Tumca aqve SevniSnavT, rom konsonantTa 

kompleqsebis TvalsazrisiT saanalizo monografiis 

avtoris mier svanur-zanuri erTianobis 

daSveba TiTqos SesaZloa kidec (Sdr. arnold 

Ciqobavas, qeTevan lomTaTiZisa da karl horst 

Smidtis Tvalsazrisebi), magram ra vuyoT xmovnebs 

_ aq xom aSkaraa swored qarTul-svanuri 

(da ara svanur-zanuri) erTianoba, xolo, Tu sadme 

raime anomaliaa, TiTqmis yvelafris axsna SeiZleba 

svanuri umlautiTa da xmovanTa poziciuri 

Tu arapoziciuri sigrZiT. 

Zalze frTxilia mixeil qurdiani garkveul 

ZirTa etimologiuri kvlevisas, risi dasturicaa 

naSromis mniSvnelovani nawili, romelSic 

iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxSi Semavali yvela 

jgufis leqsemaTa Tu arqiformaTa analizi mocemulia 

cal-calke, mere ki es yvelaferi ganxilulia 

rekonstruirebuli iberiul-kavkasiuri 

fuZeenis doneze. Tanamedrove zogadlingvisturi 

Teoriebisa Tu konkretuli enobrivi masalis istoriul-SedarebiTi 

meTodiT ganxilvis safuZ- 

474

velzea damuSavebuli saerTo iberiul-kavkasiur 

enis semantikuri leqsikoni (gv. 625-660) da baskur-qarTveluri 

enis etimologiuri leqsikoni 

(gv. 661-696), romlebic moicaven, erTi mxriv, baskur-qarTvelur 

da naxur-daRestnur, xolo, meore 

mxriv, baskur-qarTvelur da afxazur-adiRur 

leqsikas. rac Seexeba naxur-daRestnur da afxazur-adiRur 

enaTa verificirebul fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa 

gamzadebul masalebs, maTi gamoqveyneba 

mixeil qurdianma veRar moaswro (igive xvedri 

xvda wilad mis momdevno wignsac “qarTvelTa 

pirveli sacxovrisis Sesaxeb”). 

ZiriTadi daskvna aseTia: enaTmecnierTa 

garkveul wreSi (rogorc CvenSi, ise ucxoeTSi) 

gavrcelebuli azris sapirispirod, iberiul-kavkasiur 

enaTa ojaxi warmoadgens genialogiuri 

(da ara tipologiuri) klasifikaciis cnebas. istoriul-SedarebiTi 

meTodis mkacri gamoyenebis 

safuZvelze regularul fonemaTSesatyvisobaTa 

gamovlenis formiT dadginda, rom e. w. Crdilokavkasiuri 

enebi (afxazur-adiRuri da naxur-da- 

Restnuri) ar avlenen ufro met siaxloves er- 

TmaneTTan, vidre TiToeuli maTgani _ samxreTkavkasiurTan 

(baskur-qarTvelurTan). 

mixeil qurdiani sagangebod emzadeboda 

prezentaciisTvis, magram muxTalma wuTisofelma 

udrood mouswrafa sicocxle uaRresad erudirebul 

da fenomenaluri niWiT dajildoebul avtors, 

romelmac Zalze rTuli cxovreba ganvlo 

56 wlis manZilze. mas mouxda araerTi iZulebiTi 

nabijis gadadgma rogorc profesiul saqmianoba- 

Si, ise pirad cxovrebaSi, ramac Zalze mtkivneuli 

daRi daasva didebuli mkvlevris janmrTelobas. 

475

ogorc iqna 1998 wels sastambod gamzadda 

kavkasiologTa samagido wigni, magram teqnikuri 

problemebis Sedegad mTlianad ganadgurda teqstis 

eleqtronuli versia, gadarCa mxolod sakoreqturod 

gamzadebuli amonabeWdebi. amis Semdeg 

xelaxla daiwyo poligrafiuli bataliebi 

da mainc 2005 wlis nacvlad “iberiul-kavkasiuri 

enaTmecnijerebis safuZvlebi” gamoqveynda 2007 

wels. 

sul axlaxan ormoci dRe gavida miSas 

“zesTasofelSi” gadabrZanebidan _ mcxeTaSi ganisvenebs 

mama gabrielis gverdiT, misi nanatri 

samTavros monastris ezoSi, rac marto misTvis 

ki ara, CvenTvisac Zalze ioli gadasatania _ monasteri 

xom mSfoTvare sulTa saoxia. 

Tvalwin gvidgas araCveulebrivi oratoris, 

araerTi sajaro gamosvla _ yovelTvis alali, 

xandaxan fantastikuric ki (emelian qurdianis 

vaJi xom poetic iyo!), magram mainc fsevdomecnierul 

msjelobasTan ukompromiso, Seuvali, cxare. 

nebismieri avtoriteti misTvis arafers warmoadgenda 

Tu is unamusod tyuoda. ama wlis ianvarSi 

erTad gaxldiT italiaSi gaCeratas saxelmwifo 

universitetSi gamarTul saerTaSoriso konferenciaze 

“siaxleebi kavkasiologiaSi”. erT-erTi 

moxseneba hqonda veneciis universitetis sakmaod 

maRali donis profesors _ erovnebiT somexs 

(gvars Segnebulad ar vasaxelebT!), romelmac didi 

ambiT daiwyo mtkiceba qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis 

mesrop maStociseuli versiis Sesaxeb, legendis 

saxiTac ki rom aRar sjera dReisaTvis 

aRaravis. saSinlad ganerviulda miSiko da paeqrobisas 

Tavisi brwyinvale rusuliT cdilobda, 

daemtkicebina momxseneblis azrTa usafuZvloba. 

476

Tqven warmoidgineT, veneciel profesors nervic 

ar Sestokebia saxeze, Cveni profesori ki kinaRam 

kaTedrazeve Caeferfla ise Relavda. mivxvdi, 

rom momxsenebelma rusuli ar icoda da saswrafod 

vuCurCule mokamaTes, msjeloba inglisurad 

gaegrZelebina (im sxdomis Tavmjdomare gaxldiT). 

Zalian erideboda: “sul axali naswavli 

maqvs inglisuri ena; albaT Secdomebs davuSvebo, 

magram sxva gza aRar iyo _ kamaTi gagrZelda 

inglisurad da momxsenebeli iZulebuli gaxda, 

bodiSi moexada ara mxolod mopaeqrisaTvis, aramed 

mTeli qarTuli delegaciisTvisac. maSin mixeil 

qurdianma Zalze uxerxuli situaciidan ixsna 

veneciis universitetis ori profesoric _ 

qarTvelologi luiji magareto da gaga SurRaia. 

samwuxarod miSa verc am konferenciis masalebis 

gamoqveynebas moeswro. dRe-dReze gamova 

gaCeratas universitetis samecniero krebuli, 

romelSic misi statiac ibeWdeba da romelic eZ- 

Rvneba Cvengan udrood wasuli mecnieris naTel 

xsovnas. 

saocari iumori da imitaciis unari hqonda. 

Zalian xSirad baZavda cnobil adamianebs; gansakuTrebiT 

gviyvarda miSiko maSin, roca is Cveni 

moZRvarTmoZRvris, akademikos arnold Ciqobavas 

metyvelebas acocxlebda. Tvalebi rom dagexuWa, 

verafriT daijerebdi, rom Sens winaSe ar idga 

batoni arnoldi. 

svani iyo, magram sololakSi dabadebulgazrdils 

Tavisi “akvnis ena” aravin aswavla (mi- 

Tumetes deda kaxeli hyavs!), amitom svanuri enis 

specialists Zalian manebivrebda da sul mefereboda: 

Cemi ojaxis lxiniT ilxenda, Wiri ki guls 

umZiebda. Cvens erT-erT sufrasTan qalbatonma 

477

usudan sefiskveraZem uTxra: Cemi da Tqveni Tanaklaseli 

iyo da Sin sul imas ambobda _ miSiko 

qurdiani ugzoukvlod ganaTlebuli biWia, maseTi 

moswavle Cvens skolaSi ki ara, mTel saqar- 

TveloSic aravin iqnebao”. netav genaxaT rogor 

daimorcxva brwyinvale kompozitoris Seqebaze! 

mixeil qurdiani, iza CantlaZe, rusudan ioseliani 

enaTmecnierebis institutSi 26 weli vimu- 

SaveT erTad da wlebis umravlesoba erT ganyofilebaSi 

gavatareT. erTxelac mTeli seriozulobiT 

gamomicxada: “sicocxleSive Zegli unda 

agigoT mestiis ulamazes skverSi; xom iciT, qurdianebis 

umravlesoba arqiteqtoria, oRond iqneb 

rogorme dagvazavoT me da levan Rvinjilia _ 

verafriT gadavwyviteT, romeli kabiT SegmosoT, 

amitom xom ar ajobebs veneras stilSi dagidgaT 

Zeglio” xom warmogidgeniaT, marTla rom ganexorcielebinaT 

Canafiqri, ra ambavi atydeboda 

svaneTSi! 

sami Tve iavadmyofa, umZimes mdgomareobaSi 

iyo _ ganukurnebeli seni sWirda, sastiki dieta 

478

dauniSnes eqimebma. am dros unda gamoqveynebuliyo 

Cveni 840 gverdiani wigni “kodoruli qronikebi”, 

romlis mTavari redaqtoria mixeil qurdiani. 

ise cudad iyo, vifiqre, iqneb odnav mainc gamokeTdes-meTqi 

da gamomcemlobis direqtors 

vTxove, erTi cali mainc daebeWda. Cemma yofilma 

aspirantma, filologiis akademiurma doqtorma, 

qeTevan margian-subarma wauRo pirveli egzemplari 

saavadmyofoSi... ise gaxarebia, kiTxvac ki dauwyia: 

afxazeTSi ruseT-saqarTvelos omis monawiles 

(golgoTis gza) kodorisa da Wuberis xeobebi 

hqonda gavlili 1992 wels, amitomac esalbuneboda 

“kodorul qronikebSi” moTxrobili 

epizodebi misi sulis xveulebs. 

TiTqmis yvela sadisertacio naSromis oponenti 

iyo ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis universitetisa 

da enaTmecnierebis institutis samecniero 

sabWos sxdomebze, magram me misi dawerili 

recenzia arasdros minaxavs _ zepiri gamosvlebi 

hqonda xolme, amitom Zalian SemeSinda, roca Cemi 

aspirantis _ rusudan ioselianis sadoqtoro 

disertaciis oponentad daniSnes. mTeli Tve vurekavdi, 

vaxsenebdi, magram Tqvenc ar momikvdeT! 

_ imden adgilas muSaobda da imdeni saqme hqonda, 

rom dRedaRam muxlCauxreli Sromis miuxedavad 

mainc yvelafers ver aswrebda. bolos, rogorc 

iqna, movida institutSi, Caiketa Tavis kabinetSi 

(zogadi enaTmecnierebis ganyofilebis 

gamge iyo) da erT dReSi dawera iseTi recenzia, 

romlis msgavss sxvebi erT TveSic ki ver moifiqrebdnen. 

eh, saocrad gamorCeuli niWis patroni daaklda 

universitetebsac, gelaTisa da sasuliero 

akademiebsac, enaTmecnierebis institutsac, 

479

sapatriarqosac, rusTavelis sazogadoebasac, qalaqsac 

da, upirveles yovlisa, Tavis ojaxebs _ 

xuTi saukeTeso Svilis mama iyo. miSas meuRlec 

araCveulebrivi hyavs. profesorma sofio lobJaniZem 

miatova yvelaferi _ ojaxic, samsaxuric 

da sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi saavadmyofoSi mwoliare 

qmari faqtiurad Zalad acocxla. roca agoniaSi 

iyo, maSinac ki mecnierebiT hqonia goneba 

gadatvirTuli; Turme sofikos eubneboda: “xedav, 

Cemi wignis prezentaciaze rogor maqebs qalbatoni 

damana meliqiSvili, amas namdvilad ar movelodio” 

(TiTqmis yvela sxdomaze mwvaved kama- 

Tobdnen xolme oriveni). es rom damanas vuTxari, 

imdeni itira, Zlivs davamSvide: “miuxedavad imisa, 

rom sul “vCxubobdiT”, mainc Zalian miyvarda 

miSiko _ es ra ubedureba dagvemarTao!” 

roca mis sanaxavad mivedi, iseTi dasustebuli 

damxvda amodena vaJkaci, rom ZlivZlivobiT 

laparakobda, magram me mainc mxiarulad viqceodi, 

vexumrebodi. is aSkarad mixvda Cems msaxiobobas 

da amitom imedianad gamomemSvidoba: 

_ ar inerviuloT, qalbatono iza, me male 

davdgebi fexze da yvelaferi kargad iqneba (aqeT 

mamSvidebda); dampirdnen, rom sam dReSi gamweren 

saxlSi... 

_ hoda, iq movalT Sens sanaxavad-meTqi. 

_ mobrZandiT da Cvenc Sin dagxvdebiTo. 

ki dagvxvda, magram... 

iza CantlaZe 

480

kvali naTeli 

...yovelTvis “batono mixeiliT” mivmarTavdi. 

TiTqos examuSeboda... roca Tavis ganyofilebaSi 

mimiRo, pirvelsave dRes miTxra: “araviTari oficialuroba, 

araviTari “batono” da “qalbatono”, 

Cven xom oriveni mulaxlebi varTo”. TavSi gamielva, 

rom mulaxlobaze Tavgamodebuli am ori 

adamianidan arc erTi ar viyaviT iq dabadebulgazrdili. 

Cemda uneburad gameRima. miSa Secba, 

TiTqos sityva pirze Seeyina da, cota ar iyos, 

civad mkiTxa: “sasacilo ra vTqvio” mivxvdi, 

ifiqra: “Cems svanobaze gaeRimao”, magram, roca 

ganvumarte da xumrobiT Cveni Tavi uiaraRos gmirebis 

konteqstSic movixsenie, oRond Secvlili 

aspeqtiT (“arc erTi iyo Tbiliseli, arc meore 

Wubereli, oriveni didi mulaxis Svilebi iyvnenmeTqi”), 

gulianad gaicina. 

rodesac Cemi pirveli wigni gamovida, batonma 

miSam zedmetad maRali Sefaseba misca (yovel 

SemTxvevaSi me ase momeCvena). me _ vifiqre: 

“unda, rom wamaxalisos-meTqi”. erT dRes Cvens 

biblioTekaSi Sevedi da uceb biblioTekaris Se- 

Zaxili momwvda: “ai, TviTon avtori movidao!” aRmoCnda, 

rom CemTvis sruliad ucnobi gogona, romelic 

sapatriarqos universitetis magistranti 

iyo, gvarad liparteliani, Cems wigns eZebda. Ggamikvirda, 

radgan naSromi sul axali gamosuli 

iyo da vkiTxe, “romelma leqtorma migiTiTaTmeTqi” 

“batonma mixeil qurdianma ase gviTxra, 

vinc svanurSi apirebs muSaobas, es wigni aucileblad 

unda waikiTxoso”. Ees CemTvis erT-erTi 

udidesi jildo iyo, rac ki cxovrebaSi mimiRia... 

481

...saavadmyofoSi pirvelad rom movinaxule, 

arc ise cudad iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi didxans 

visaubreT. “ras akeTebo” _ mkiTxa. CavTvale, 

rom SekiTxva ganyofilebis gegmur samuSaos exeboda 

da vupasuxe: F”maqsime qaldanis mier aRmo- 

Cenili fonetikuri kanonzomierebebis Tavmoyradafiqsirebas 

vaxden-meTqi”. A”amas ar gekiTxebi, 

Sen raze muSaobo” mivxvdi, sxva pasuxi undoda 

da... “axal wignze vmuSaob-meTqi” _ Cemda uneburad 

wamomcda... es tyuili iyo (im dros mxolod 

idea arsebobda!) _ uneblieT, mis gasaxareblad 

naTqvami qvecnobieri tyuili. miSas iseTi aRfrTovaneba 

gamoexata saxeze, rom ukan veRar davixevdi 

(amas axla aRar vnanob, maSin ki Zalian 

ganvicade). Tema mkiTxa. Mmivuge _ “evidencializmi 

svanurSi-meTqi”. Tanac sul axali informacia 

mqonda: sagangebod am Temisadmi miZRvnili saer- 

TaSoriso konferencia unda Catarebuliyo birmingemSi.EaRmoCnda, 

rom arc es iyo misTvis axali. 

zogad lingvistikaSi evidencializmis problemis 

aqtualobaze daiwyo saubari da ramdenime 

praqtikuli rCevac momca. Mmainc guldamZimebuli 

wamovedi, magram SecdomiTa Tu tyuilis TqmiT 

Cadenili codvis gamosworebis gza maSinve vipove: 

male sakiTxis Seswavlis istoria ukve mzad 

mqonda da ZiriTad nawilzec gadavedi. 

Semdeg misvlaze arc ise yoCaRad damxvda, 

Tumca Cveuli enTuziazmi mainc etyoboda: mTxova, 

italiaSi dasabeWdi statiis gadavadebis Sesaxeb 

mimewera vitorio tomelerisTvis, rac saswrafod 

Sevusrule da pasuxic dadebiTi movida. 

verafriT warmovidgendi, am mdgomareobaSi Tu 

isev Cems wignze Camoagdebda laparaks, magram 

ase ar moxda. gamocemis xarjebi axsena _ insti- 

482

tuts SesaZlebloba ara aqvso, tariel gurgeni- 

Zis gamoucemeli naSromi moiyvana magaliTad... 

roca vuTxari, “Cemi xarjiT gamovcem-meTqi” (ukve 

Tamamad vuTxari, radgan “danaSauli” nawilobriv 

gamosyiduli mqonda), gauxarda _ “fonetika 

moicdis... es Cveni profilia da Tanac droulio” 

(am “droulis” dakonkreteba ver vTxove, Tumca 

ki Zalian davinteresdi). vuTxari: “qalbatoni 

iza CantlaZe albaT ar damzardeba redaqtorobas, 

magram zogadi enaTmecnierebis ganyofilebamac 

xom unda waikiTxos Tqven Tu geclebaT 

(“Tu SegeZlebaT” veRar vuTxari), didi bedniereba 

iqneba-meTqi”. axlac yurebSi midgas misi “ar 

grcxvenia!”, romelic erTxel an orjer ki ara, 

oTxjer Tu xuTjer gaimeora... 

erTxel qarTvelur enaTa ganyofilebaSi Sevedi 

da iq miSa damxvda. misTvis Cveuli emociiT 

mWevrmetyvelebda mulaxze Tu qurdianebze, kargad 

ar maxsovs. roca daamTavra, bavSvobaSi dawerili 

leqsi gamaxsenda da, ar vici, rogor gavbede, 

magram wavukiTxe ki: 

ferTa simravle, koSkTa siuxve, 

mTis Severcxlili kalTa... 

zecis silurje, TeTri Wiuxi, 

mze _ oqrosferi balTa... 

gazRaprebuli SemoRameba, 

liled” mosuli dila, 

kldes Sefrenili Sxefis dabneva 

molze iebis Rilad... 

samargianos... saqurdianos... 

namuss Tavad da bolod _ 

amas yvelafers, yvelafers 

erTad mulaxi hqvia mxolod! 

483

ogorc Cans, es misi saubris daskvnad miiCnia 

da: “ai, xedav ra kargia! ra kargia!” mere me 

CamekiTxa: “xom kargia” _ ver mixvda Cemi rom 

iyo... margianebic gaixsena, qurdianebic...… mulaxze 

undoda saubari, mulaxlobis mudmivi gancda 

hqonda, CemTvis kargad nacnobi… nostalgia imisa, 

rac sinamdvileSi arc erTs ar gvqonia... me mesmoda 

misi... 

“mis amqveyniT gayvanas mxolod erTi axsna 

eZebnebao _ brZana meufe danielma batoni miSas 

gardacvelebidan meormoce dRes _ samSobloze 

da adamianebze Seyvarebuli mixeilis misia iq 

ufro didia; albaT, iq anTia sanTlad CvenTvis 

mlocveli misi sulio” _ malamod moecxo Cems 

guls es sityvebi... 

araerTi Zvirfasi adamiani maklia, maT Soris 

ojaxis wevrebi... maTTvis mimiTvlia batoni 

miSa, romlis xsovna araTu sanTlad, kirionad 

menTeba mudam... 

Txovna, “batonobiT” aRar mimemarTa, saboloo 

sityvaSic ver Sevusrule, magram ara subordinaciis 

an ucxoobis gamo, ara! is Tavisi 

gamWvirvale suliT, uRalato bunebiT, usazRvro 

TavisuflebiT azrisa Tu sityvisa, siamayiT (ara 

ampartavnobiT!) da, Tu gnebavT, garegnobiT, bolomde 

darCa CemTvis mowiwebis sagnad _ is namdvili 

batoni iyo, namdvili raindi, namdvili 

“mulaxeli vargi”... dabolos, namdvili kaci, adamiani. 

sityvas erTi Zveli leqsiT davasruleb: 

“zogi kacobas TamaSobs, 

zogi kacia marTla; 

marTla kacebi cotaa, 

sxvaTa ara aqvT daTvla...” 

484

mixeil qurdiani da qeTevan margiani-subari 

Tqven im umciresobaSi brZandebiT, Cemo batono 

miSa, visac RvTis rCeuloba xvda wilad, vinc 

“kvali naTeli” datova amqveynad! 

qeTevan margiani 

485

sarCevi 

redaqtorisgan ............................................................................... 3 

istoria 

History 

xaTuna ioseliani 

samxedro SenaerTebis aRmniSvneli 

qarTuli terminologia ..................................................... 4 

Khatuna Ioseliani 

Terms Denoting Military Unitsin Georgian .................... 13 

Salva gloveli 

qarTvel mefeTa titulaturis 

Sesaxeb - `mefeTa-mefe~ ......................................................... 14 

Shalva Gloveli 

About the Title of the Georgian 

Kings – “Mepeta Mepe” ................................................... 23 

andro gogolaZe medea gogolaZe 

termin àleqsandres karis~ 

warmomavlobis sakiTxi ....................................................... 24 

Andro Gogoladze, Medea Gogoladze 

The Origin Issue of the Term 

“Alexandres Kari” ............................................................................... 42 

naTia abaSiZe 

ivane-yvaryvare cixisjvarel-jayelis 

istoriul-politikuri portreti ............................. 43 

486

Natia Abashidze 

Historical and Political Portrait ofIvane-Kvarkvare 

Tsikhisjvarel-Jakeli ................................................................................ 53 

zurab sulaberiZe 

kavkasiis mefisnacvali mixeil romanovi 

da afxazeTis politikuri istoriis 

sakiTxebi XIX s-is 60-ian wlebSi 

(1866 wlis ajanyeba da pirveli muhajiroba).... 55 

Zurab Sulaberidze 

Mikhail Romanov, Vicegerent of the Caucasus and the 

Problems of the Political History of 

Abkhazia in the 1960s ........................................................................ 87 

eTnologia 

Ethnology 

lavrenti janiaSvili 

qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanlebis Tanamedrove 

qarTul sazogadebaSi integraciis eTnokulturuli 

aspeqtebi ........................................................... 88 

Lavrenti Janiashvili 

Ethnocultural Aspects of Kvemo Kartli Azerbaijanians 

Integration into Modern GeorgianSociety ............................. 103 

daviT WiTanava 

sicocxlis aRdgena-ganaxlebis idea 

`qvevrsamarxebSi~ da zedaSes kultura .......... 105 

David Chitanava 

487

Pitcher Burials, Cult of Zedashe and the Idea 

of Resurrection and Revival of the life ................................ 118 


osTa tradiciuli yofisa da kulturis 

zogierTi Taviseburebebi ............................................. 119 


Some Peculiaritiesof the Ossetians 

Every-day life and Culture ....................................................... 131 

eTnolingvistika 

Ethno-Lingustics 

avTandil sonRulaSvili 

eTnikuri terminologiis 

zogierTi sakiTxi ............................................................... 132 

Avtandil Songhulashvili 

Some issues of ethnic terminology ......................................... 143 

gia kvaSilava 

festosis diskosa da misi monaTesave 

damwerlobebis naxat-niSnebis 

amokiTxvis Sesaxeb (2). varduli ......................... 144 

Gia Kvashilava 

On Reading Pictorial Signs 

of the Phaistos Disk and 

Related Scripts (2). Rosette ...................................................... 237 

488

istoriuli geografia 

Historical Geography 

papuna gabisonia 

manavis istoriidan ........................................................... 363 

Papuna Gabisonia 

From the history of Manavi ...................................................... 375 

giorgi grZeliZe 

qvaSveTis wm. giorgis taZari sofel 

patara liloSi ................................................................... 376 

religia da eklesiis istoria 

Religion and History of Church 


qarTvelTa qristianuli 

sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb ................................................... 381 


About the Christianity of Georgians .............................. 396 

maia SaorSaZe 

kaTolikos-patriarqi kirile II (ciciSvili) 

da misi moRvaweoba ........................................................ 397 

Maia Shaorshadze 

Catholicos-Patriarch Kirile II (Tsitsishvili) 

and His Activity ...................................................................... 410 

489

wyaroTmcodneoba 

Source Study 

esma mania 

afxazeTi qarTvel moRvaweTa epistoleebSi 

(XIX s. 80-iani _ XX s. 10-iani ww.) ....................... 412 

Esma Mania 

Abkhazia in the Epistles of the Public Figures of Georgia 

(From the 1880es till the1910es) ........................................... 421 

miTologia 

Mythology 

nana baxsoliani 

frigielTa mefe midasi 

miTi da realoba ................................................................... 423 

Nana Bakhsoliani 

The Phrygian King Midas 

Myth and reality .............................................................................. 431 

polemika 

Polemics 

daviT merkvilaZe 

ras gvTavazobs sergei markovi da 

saqarTvelos ruseTTan 

`SeerTebis~ sakiTxi ......................................................... 432 

490

xsovna 

In Memoriam 


Tina oCiaurs ............................................................................ 455 

giorgi gociriZe, nino mindaZe 

mecnierebis danaklisi 

(vaxtang SamilaZe) .............................................................. 456 


manana SilakaZis gaxseneba ....................................... 460 

manana WanturiSvili 

cxovrebis sanukvari megobari .............................. 461 

janri kaSia 

"RvTis karis SemRebi" 

fiqrebi mixeil qurdianze 

da mis wignze "iberiul-kavkasiuri 

enaTmecnierebis safuZvlebi" ........................................... 463 

iza CantlaZe 

SesaniSnavi mkvlevari da uangaro moRvawe 

(mixeil qurdiani) .............................................................. 470 

qeTevan margiani-subari 

`kvali naTeli~ 

(mixeil qurdiani) .............................................................. 479 

491

492

YDK 947

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