224 (ciklidan: araqarTuli warmomavlobis qarTveli mwerlebi)
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224 (ciklidan: araqarTuli warmomavlobis qarTveli mwerlebi)

224 (ciklidan: araqarTuli warmomavlobis qarTveli mwerlebi)

224 (ciklidan: araqarTuli warmomavlobis qarTveli mwerlebi)

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<strong>224</strong><br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

avTandil avTandil nikoleiSvili<br />

nikoleiSvili<br />

hazira<br />

hazira<br />

(<strong>ciklidan</strong>: <strong>araqarTuli</strong> <strong>warmomavlobis</strong><br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>mwerlebi</strong>)<br />

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul poeziaSi niSandoblivad<br />

gamovlenilma da besikisa da saiaTnovas mier umaRles poetur simaRleze<br />

ayvanilma aRmosavlurma (sparsul-arabulma) literaturulma<br />

tendenciebma arsebiTad gansazRvres XIX saukuneSi moRvawe im poetebis<br />

Semoqmedebis Tvisebrivi buneba da arsi, romlebic e. w. qalaquri<br />

poeziis SemoqmedTa saxeliT arian cnobilni (ieTim-gurji, hazira, giorgi<br />

skandarnova, daviT giviSvili, anton ganjiskareli, beCara...). miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom aRmosavluri poeturi tendenciebi imxanad moRvawe Cveni<br />

klasikosebis SemoqmedebaSic gamovlindnen sakmaod mZlavrad da<br />

xelSesaxebad (a. WavWavaZe, g. orbeliani, a. wereTeli...), maTi mwerluri<br />

individualobis ganmsazRvrel da warmomCen umTavres mimarTulebad<br />

zemoT aRniSnuli tendenciebi mainc ar qceulan da movlenaTa aRqmawarmosaxvis<br />

maTeuli stili da manera upirveles yovlisa erovnuli<br />

literaturuli wiaRiT sazrdoobs.<br />

XIX saukunis TbilisSi moRvawe zemoT dasaxelebuli aSuRi<br />

poetebisa da maTi Tanamesityveebis leqs-simRerebis saxiT poeturi<br />

SedevrebiT mdidar qarTul zepirsityvierebas imxanad erTi sakmaod<br />

mZlavri nakadic Seemata qalaquri poetur-musikaluri folkloris<br />

saxiT. marTalia, amgvari formis nawarmoebebi arc wina saukuneebis<br />

qarTuli literaturisTvis warmoadgendnen ucxo movlenas, magram XIX<br />

saukunis qalaquri poetur-musikaluri folklori zemoTqmuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT mainc gansakuTrebiT mdidaria da mravalferovani.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom imdriondeli qarTuli qalaquri poeziis<br />

farTod popularuli nimuSebis avtorTa saxelebi dainteresebul<br />

mkiTxvelTaTvis kargadaa cnobili, rac folkloruli Janris nimuSebad<br />

am nawarmoebTa miCnevas, logikurad Tu vimsjelebT, safuZvels unda<br />

aclides. saTqmelis gamoxatvis mxatvruli specifikiT maTi didi nawili<br />

pirvel yovlisa mainc swored qalaquri poeturi folkloris noyieri<br />

wiaRiT sazrdoobs. zemoTqmuli daskvnis gamotanas xels mniSvnelovanwilad<br />

uwyobs is faqtic, rom xsenebuli leqs-simRerebis saukeTeso<br />

nimuSebi xalxSi imxanad udidesi popularobiT sargeblobdnen.<br />

naTqvamis dasturad mkiTxveli bevr uaRresad saintereso masalasa<br />

da damajerebel arguments ipovis Tbilisuri poeturi folkloris<br />

sworupovari mkvlevris _ ioseb griSaSvilis ukvdav wignSi `Zveli<br />

tfilisis literaturuli bohema" (i. griSaSvili, 1985).<br />

magaliTad, i. griSaSvilis marTebuli mosazrebiT, `xalxur<br />

mwerlobad" marto iseTi Semoqmedeba ki ar igulisxmeba, romlis avtoric<br />

ucnobia, aramed `is Semoqmedebac, romelic xalxis Svilis gulidan

hazira (<strong>ciklidan</strong>: <strong>araqarTuli</strong> <strong>warmomavlobis</strong> <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>mwerlebi</strong>)<br />

laRad momdinareobs, ukosmetikod, Tavisi primitiuli saxiT da avtoric<br />

CvenTvis, cotad Tu bevrad, cnobilia" (gv. 138).<br />

XIX saukunis TbilisSi moRvawe im aSuR poetTa Soris, romelTac<br />

sagulisxmo roli Seasrules zemoT aRniSnul poetur tendenciaTa<br />

kidev ufro metad momZlavrebis saqmeSi, hazira _ i. griSaSvilis mier<br />

`Zveli Tbilisis axal saiaTnovad" saxeldebuli mgosani _ erT-erTi<br />

yvelaze TvalsaCino figuraa. miuxedavad imisa, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis<br />

mkacri literaturuli kanonebiT ganmsjel-Semfasebeli mkiTxveli haziras<br />

leqsebSi bevr naklsa da xarvezs ipovis, mis poeziaSi is magiuri Sinagani<br />

energiac vlindeba sakmaod mZlavri formiT, romelic ara marto poetis<br />

droindeli sazogadoebis did nawilze zemoqmedebda andamaturi ZaliT,<br />

aramed dResac gvizidavs da aRgvagznebs.<br />

hazira faqtobrivad profesionali poeti arc ki yofila. imis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom misi leqsebis umravlesoba samRerlad iyo gamiznuli,<br />

ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom igi sasimRero teqstebis avtori<br />

ufroa, vidre profesionali poetis mier dawerili leqsebisa. Tavad<br />

haziras mier Seqmnil musikalur melodiebs misadagebuli misive sasimRero<br />

taqstebisTvis Tanamdev im naklovanebebs, riTac es teqstebi<br />

xasiaTdebodnen, am simRerebis msmeneli naklebad grZnobda da poetis<br />

droindel Tbilissa da mis farglebs gareTac farTod popularul am<br />

leqs-simRerebs aRfrTovanebiT ukravda taSs.<br />

garda mxatvruli sisadavisa da ubraloebisa, haziras amRerebuli<br />

leqsebis popularobas isic arsebiTad gansazRvravda, rom maTSi<br />

gamoxatuli saTqmeli msmenelTaTvis metad advili aRsaqmeli da<br />

gasaazrebeli iyo da aTasobiT adamianis Wir-varamisa da safiqralsadardeblis<br />

gamomxatveli es leqs-simRerebi sazogadoebis didi<br />

nawilisaTvis qeifisa da molxenis ganuyofel nawilad iyo qceuli.<br />

pirvel yovlisa swored amgvari popularobiT unda aixsnas is<br />

faqti, rom hazirasa da misi Tanamedrove aSuRi poetebis sasimRero<br />

leqsebi patar-patara krebulebad sistematurad gamodioda XIX saukunis<br />

meore naxevrisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis TbilisSi da maT moyvaruli<br />

mkiTxveli sakmaod mravlad hyavda.<br />

sazogadoebis farTo fenebSi hazirasa da misi Tanamokalme aSuRi<br />

poetebis aseTi SemoqmedebiTi popularoba, wminda komerciuli miznebidan<br />

gamomdinare, maTi wignebis gamomcemelTa dainteresebasac arsebiTad<br />

uwyobda xels. swored amis naTel dadasturebas warmoadgenda is faqti,<br />

rom XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi xsenebul<br />

poetTa patar-patara poeturi krebulebi sakmaod xSirad miewodeboda<br />

mkiTxvels. aRniSnul movlenas akaki wereTeli 1886 wels gazeT `iveriis"<br />

62-e nomerSi gamoqveynebul werilSi Semdegnair Sefasebas aZlevda:<br />

`ocdaSvidi weliwadia, raca vwer da jer kidev Cems nawerebs calke<br />

wignad gamosvla ar Rirsebia, maSin, rodesac sxvebis, Cemi Tanamokalmeebis,<br />

magaliTad, skandarnovis, riJaoRlanis da maTi damqaSebis nawerebi ki<br />

cal-calke wignebad ganmeorebiT ibeWdebian."<br />

225

226<br />

a. nikoleiSvili<br />

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom haziras SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis<br />

udidesi nawili dRes ara marto mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvisaa Znelad<br />

xelmisawvdomi, aramed TviT specialistebisTvisac ki, misi poeturi<br />

Rvawlis Sesaswavlad da imJamindel literaturul, erovnul da socialur<br />

movlenaTa konteqstSi gasaanalizeblad Zalze cota ramaa gakeTebuli.<br />

qvemoT Sevecdebi ramdenadme mainc warmovaCino qarTuli aSuRuri poeziis<br />

am saintereso warmomadgenlis poeturi SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

umTavresi tendenciebi da konkretuli magaliTebis moSveliebiT vcado<br />

misi mwerluri Rvawlis Sefaseba Cveni literaturis istoriaSi (werilSi<br />

ganxiluli haziras leqsebi damowmebuli maqvs Semdegi wignebidan: 1.<br />

axali leqsebi sxvadasxva, Sedgenili hazirasi, 1894 w. 2. ybedi haziras<br />

rCeuli simRerebi, muxambazebi da sxvadasxva hangebi, 1903 w. 3. beladi,<br />

sxvadasxva axali leqsebi da simRerebi haziras Txzuleba, 1904 w. 4.<br />

hazira, gamgelebuli batkani anu omi balkaneTisa, 1914 w. 5. qarTuli<br />

poezia, t. 16, qalaquri poezia, 1985 w. 6. Sedevrebi, Seadgina da gamosca<br />

m. lebaniZem, 1994 w.).<br />

* * *<br />

Tavisi drois sazogadoebaSica da literaturis istoriaSic haziras<br />

saxeliT cnobili aSuRi poeti abram abramovi (abramiSvili), romelic<br />

erovnuli warmomavlobiT somexi iyo, daibada 1845 wels borCalos<br />

mazris (axlandeli marneulis raionis) sofel SulaverSi. gazeT `iveriasa"<br />

(1891 wlis IV da V nomrebSi) da Jurnal `Teatrsa da cxovrebaSi" (1915<br />

wlis pirvel nomerSi) dabeWdil mogonebebSi hazira Tavadve yveba<br />

umTavres epizodebs sakuTari cxovrebidan.<br />

poetis informaciiT, papamisi, romelic yarabaReli SeZlebuli<br />

vaWari yofila, `erTxel sagarejos wasula, iq <strong>qarTveli</strong> qali mowonebia<br />

_ garejeli yandarelis asuli Tamari da colad SeurTavs. wauyvania<br />

iqidgan SulaverSi da iq dasaxlebula. dahbadebia iq vaJi, mounaTlavT<br />

somxurad da daurqmeviaT daTia." haziras gadmocemiT, momavalSi swored<br />

es daTia yofila mamamisi. erTi wlis Semdeg daTias SesZenia da, romelic<br />

ukve qarTulad mounaTlavT da marine daurqmeviaT. Svilebis aseTi<br />

gansxvavebuli wesiT monaTvla, poetis TqmiT, Turme maSin xdeboda,<br />

roca qmari somexi iyo, coli ki <strong>qarTveli</strong>. ase rom, formaluri wesis<br />

mixedviT, haziras mama somxad iTvleboda, mamida ki qarTvelad (gaz.<br />

"iveria", 1891, #4).<br />

daTia mamamisis kvals gahyolia da SeZlebuli vaWari gamxdara. mas<br />

colad SeurTavs Tbiliseli somxis qali, romelTanac rva Svili SesZenia<br />

_ ori vaJi da eqvsi qali. hazira SvilebSi yvelaze umcrosi yofila.<br />

bavSvebis aRzrdis saqmeSi daTiasa da misi meuRlisaTvis udidesi daxmareba<br />

gauwevia daTias dedas _ Tamars, romelic, rogorc iTqva, <strong>qarTveli</strong><br />

qali iyo. mas bavSvebi `suliTa da guliT iseT qarTvelebad" aRuzrdia,<br />

rom `arc ki vicodiT, Tu somxebi viyaviTo", _ wers zemoT damowmebul

hazira (<strong>ciklidan</strong>: <strong>araqarTuli</strong> <strong>warmomavlobis</strong> <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>mwerlebi</strong>)<br />

mogonebaSi poeti. misi TqmiT, maT ojaxSi `somxuris laparakis WaWanebac<br />

ki ar iyo, vidre maTTan somexi stumari ar mividoda."<br />

haziras mamas, rogorc SeZlebul vaWars, Turme `mTeli Sulaveri<br />

xelSi Weria" da iseTi didi saxli dgmia, rom msgavsi sacxovrebeli<br />

`qalaqSi TviT mirzoevsac ara hqonia." miuxedavad cxovrebis amgvari<br />

pirobebisa, haziras Sesaferisi ganaTleba ar miuRia. poetis TqmiT,<br />

swavlis nacvlad, `ymawvilobidan misi saqme venaxSi muSaoba, tyeSi siaruli<br />

da guTanze mexreoba" yofila. wignis kiTxva ki Turme Zalze ejavreboda<br />

da `ar swavlobda, miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli Sulaveris ymawvilebi<br />

mis saxlSi swavlobdnen wigns, radgan misi ufrosi Zma maswavlebeli iyo"<br />

(`Teatri da cxovreba", 1915, #1).<br />

rogorc haziras erT-erTi leqsidan vgebulobT, poetis ojaxs<br />

misi bavSvobis periodSi didi tragedia datydomia Tavs. ai, ras wers<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT Tavad igi:<br />

mama mogvikvda, davrCiT oblada,<br />

deda sxvas gahyva puris mcxoblada,<br />

Cveni saqme veRar midis mwyobrada.<br />

bedi gagveqca, saxli dagveqca,<br />

cxeni wagveqca, veRar adgeba...<br />

ax, rodis iqneba dagvidges dari,<br />

gveRirsos Cveni saxli da kari.<br />

15 wlis asakSi myofi hazira dedas Sulaveridan TbilisSi Cauyvania<br />

da Tavisi dis meuRlisaTvis, romelsac samikitno duqani hqonia gaxsnili,<br />

mojamagired miubarebia, risTvisac weliwadSi Turme 25 maneTs uxdidnen<br />

gasamrjelod. imave duqanSi erTi xnieri kacic muSaobda Turme, haziras<br />

msgavsad, isic `qonebidgan dacemuli kacis Svili" da poetis dedis<br />

Soreuli naTesavi. haziras dedis TxovniT, swored mas uswavlebia<br />

poetisTvis wera-kiTxva. `sami wlis Semdeg, _ ganagrZobs poeti Tavisi<br />

Tavgadasavlis Txrobas, _ Camovida dedaCemi da im drosve Cems deidaSvilis<br />

mixakas `fermaSi" gaiRo duqani. gamomiyvana iqidgan da mimca mojamagired<br />

weliwadSi aT Tumnad" (gaz. `iveria", 1891, #5).<br />

xsenebul adgilze hazira sami wlis ganmavlobaSi darCenila. iq<br />

yofnis periodi mis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani imiT gamodga,<br />

rom pirvelad swored maSin gamovlinda misi poetur-musikaluri<br />

SemoqmedebiTi niWi. am niWis gaRvivebisaTvis xelisSemwyob umTavres<br />

faqtorad poeti maSindel Tbilisur yofas miiCnevs. kerZod, misi<br />

monaTxrobis mixedviT, `am dros qalaqSi aSuRebs Cveulebad hqondaT<br />

yovel kviras maraqas gamarTva. mec xSirad mivdiodi sayureblad. ai,<br />

swored aq Camenerga gulSi simReris siyvaruli. am simRerebma Semayvara<br />

SeZulebuli wignis kiTxva. radganac simRerebi unda damewera aSuRebisagan<br />

da Semeswavla, wera viswavle, magram vai im swavlasa: Cems nawers me<br />

TviTon unda gavyolodi, rom wamekiTxa, Torem sxva veras gaigebda<br />

(TiTqmis dResac asea)."<br />

simReriT haziras gatacebas sul male imdenad didi warmatebebi<br />

mohyolia, rom misi deidaSvilis duqans, sadac igi mReroda, uamravi<br />

muStari mowydomia. poetis TqmiT, maTi didi nawili duqanSi Turme<br />

227

228<br />

a. nikoleiSvili<br />

ufro metad misi simReris mosasmenad dadioda. Tavad hazira mis<br />

cxovrebaSi momxdar am gardatexas aseT Sefasebas aZlevs: `iqidgan<br />

daiwyo Cemi siyvaruli simRerebisa da saca aSuRebsa vxedavdi, Wkua<br />

imaTzed mimdioda. sul Cemi natvra da Txovna uflis mimarT is iyo, rom<br />

aSuRebisaTvis simRerebis amomRebi da mTqmeli vyofiliyavi" (gaz. `iveria",<br />

1891, #5).<br />

deidaSvilis duqanSi amnairad gatarebuli sami wlis Semdeg haziras<br />

gadauwyvetia simRera xelobad gaexada da Semosavlis wyarod eqcia. am<br />

ocnebiT gatacebulma, man deidaSvilTan muSaobas Tavi daaneba, aSuRi<br />

amxanagebi gaiCina da sufridan sufraze dadioda da mReroda. haziras<br />

popularobas arsebiTad ganapirobebda is faqti, rom igi Tbiliseli<br />

aSuRebis mier damkvidrebuli tradiciebis uniWieresi gamgrZelebeli<br />

gamodga.<br />

kerZod, igi ara marto saukeTeso momReral-Semsrulebeli yofila,<br />

aramed Tavadac werda simRerebsac da maT teqstebsac. garda qarTuli<br />

enisa, is leqsebs Turme somxuradac werda. ase rom, deidaSvilidan<br />

wasvlis Semdeg, `oriode weliwadSi, rogorc Tavad ambobs, iseTi aSuRi<br />

Seqmnila, rom sanaqebod dayavda xalxs."<br />

yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad, haziras popularoba im faqtmac<br />

ganapiroba mniSvnelovanwilad, rom TavianTi simRerebiT is da misi<br />

TanamomRerlebi xalxis Wir-varamsac gamoxatavdnen Seulamazeblad da<br />

emociuri simZafriT. ase rom, poetis TqmiT, isini mudam iq imyofebodnen,<br />

`saca cxovrebas xalxisTvis kiseri moegrixa, tvini da guli gaeciebina."<br />

haziras momRerlobaze saubris dros aq erT arsebiTad mniSvnelovan<br />

garemoebasac minda mivaqcio yuradReba: mis mier Sedgenil momReralTa<br />

dasSi, rogorc wesi, Turme brma aSuRebi iyvnen gaerTianebulni. miuxedavad<br />

bevri adamianis rCevisa, brma aSuRebs CamoSoreboda da mis irgvliv<br />

Tvalxiluli momRerlebi Semoekriba, riTac gacilebiT met fuls iSovida,<br />

hazira maT am rCevas principulad ar eTanxmeboda.<br />

haziras sayvareli sakravi daira yofila. dReniadag duqnebsa da<br />

samikitnoebSi mosiarule, Turme namdvili bohemuri cxovrebiT<br />

cxovrobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnuli warmomavlobiT somexi<br />

iyo, gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli mainc qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelosadmi<br />

hqonia, rac gansakuTrebuli simZafriT aris gamoxatuli mis SemoqmedebaSi.<br />

haziras leqs-simRerebi ara marto mosaxleobis dabal fenebSi<br />

yofila popularuli, aramed sazogadoebis maRalganviTarebul wreebSic<br />

ki. amis dasturad aq Tundac im pativismcemluri damokidebulebis<br />

gaxsenebac iqneba sakmarisi, rasac ilia iCenda mis mimarT. kerZod, man<br />

haziras vrceli biografiuli monaTxrobi da ramdenime werili misi<br />

redaqtorobiT gamomaval gazeT `iveriaSi" gamoaqveyna. Tavis mxriv,<br />

hazirac xSirad gamodioda xolme Cveni klasikosi poetebis Semoqmedebis<br />

popularizatoris rolSi da simRerebs maT leqsebzec hqmnida.<br />

aqve ramdenime sityva im saganmanaTleblo rolis Sesaxebac unda<br />

iTqvas xazgasmiT, rasac hazirasa da misi drois sxva aSuRi poetebis<br />

leqsebi asrulebdnen imJamindel saqarTveloSi. ai, ras wers Tavad

hazira (<strong>ciklidan</strong>: <strong>araqarTuli</strong> <strong>warmomavlobis</strong> <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>mwerlebi</strong>)<br />

poeti am faqtTan dakavSirebiT erTgan: `romel erT mwerals, romel<br />

erT moZRvars, romel erT leqcias, romel erT moqadages SeeZlo<br />

Caegonebina xalxisTvis is, rasac Cven vagonebdiT Cveni tkbili dakvriT<br />

da simReriT."<br />

ase rom, rogorc i. griSaSvili aRniSnavs savsebiT marTebulad,<br />

`haziras Tavisi Sinaarsiani leqsebiT metad didi Rvawli miuZRvis xalxis<br />

gaTviTcnobierebis saqmeSi. vin mosTvlis misi tkbili tkbili simRerebis<br />

simRerebis<br />

simRerebis<br />

wyalobiT ramdeni daewafa kiTxvas!" (i. griSaSvili, 1985, gv. 322).<br />

haziras leqs-simRerebis saerTo-saxalxo popularobam arsebiTad<br />

ganapiroba is faqti, rom Tavis momRerlebTan erTad igi garkveuli<br />

periodis ganmavlobaSi qarTul TeatrSic hyoliaT miwveuli antraqtebis<br />

dros mayureblis gasarTobad. Tavad poeti am ambavs aseT Sefasebas<br />

aZlevs: `jer exla ra aris Teatris saqme, rom maSin ra unda yofiliyo;<br />

magram mainc, gadametebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityvi, rom dabali xalxi<br />

TeatrSi Cemi simRerebis gulisTvis dadioda. erTi sityviT, Teatrs<br />

imnairi xalxiT vavsebdi, romelmac ar icoda, ra iyo Teatri. amave<br />

dros me myvanda samocdaTxuTmeti Segirdi _ <strong>qarTveli</strong>, somexi, TaTari,<br />

berZeni; saqarTvelos sxva-da-sxva mcxovrebni _ guruli, TuSi, qisti,<br />

qurTi da sxva. yvelam qarTuli wmindaT icoda. SevWurve eseni sasargeblo<br />

da gamaRviZebeli leqsebiT da mTels saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis yovel<br />

kuTxeSi davfante" (`Teatri da cxovreba", 1915, #1).<br />

Teatrisadmi haziras siyvaruli imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom<br />

mas ramdenime piesac hqonia dawerili (`Cveuleba", `jibgiri", `aSuRi",<br />

`yaCaRi" da sxv.). erT-erTi maTgani _ `jibgiri" 1880 wels Tbilisis<br />

saxalxo Teatris scenazec yofila warmodgenili.<br />

1920 wels Tbiliselebma sayvarel aSuRs didi zar-zeimiT gadauxades<br />

moRvaweobis naxevarsaukunovani iubile. garda <strong>qarTveli</strong> sazogadoebis<br />

warmomadgenlebisa (ioseb imedaSvili, giorgi quCiSvili...), saiubileo<br />

saRamoSi cnobilma somexma poetma ovanes Tumanianmac da mxatvarma<br />

gevorq baSinjaRianmac miiRes monawileoba.<br />

hazira gardaicvala 1922 wels. poetis megobrebma misadmi<br />

pativiscema uCveulo formiT gamoxates. ai, ras gviambobs amasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT i. griSaSvili: `mokvda hazira da mis saflavze ar ismoda<br />

TiTbris instrumentebis samgloviaro himni, _ Wianurs Seswira Tavisi<br />

jeeloba da Wianurebma daitires ukanasknelad. misma Segirdebma<br />

gansvenebulis saflavze gamarTes lxini _ diaR, lxini da ara qelexi! da,<br />

rogorc yaraCoReli nefe midis xolme Tavisi mamis saflavze da zurnaze<br />

cekviT gamosTxovs dalocvas, isec haziras mowafeebma mis saflavze<br />

daukres haziras sayvareli hangebi, rom maTi ostatis madliani niWi mis<br />

SegirdebSi gadasuliyo da hazirasebur hangebs kvlav didxans ecocxla.<br />

daukres `masrafi", warmosTqves leqsebi, Semdeg, Zveli Cveulebis Tanaxmad,<br />

mis saflavze daawyes sakravebi, usityvod Sehfices misi anderZis dacva<br />

da sanTelanTebulni dabrundnen haziras binaze, TiTqos es xalxi haziras<br />

qorwilSi yofiliyo da ara mis dasflavebaze.<br />

229

230<br />

a. nikoleiSvili<br />

haziras oTaxSi, sadac dalia mgosanma suli, ormoci dRis<br />

ganmavlobaSi misi Segirdebi morigeobiT aTevdnen Rames, rom<br />

gardacvalebulis kera ar gacivebuliyo da mis daudgromel suls<br />

Segirdebis SemoqmedebaSic emarada" (i. griSaSvili, 1985, gv. 329).<br />

hazira dasaflavebulia TbilisSi, xojevanqis sasaflaoze.<br />

* * *<br />

rogorc ukve iTqva, hazira ise ganuyofelad iyo Sezrdil-<br />

Sesisxlxorcebuli saqarTvelosa da qarTul yofas, pirvel yovlisa ki<br />

Tbilisur yoveldRiur sinamdviles, rom sxvagan cxovreba mas verc ki<br />

warmoedgina. marTalia, erovnebiT somexi iyo, magram saqarTvelo misTvis<br />

umTavres xatsa da saficars warmoadgenda. ivane gomarTelis SefasebiT,<br />

`hazira saqarTvelos tarielia. mas imdenad uyvars saqarTvelo, rom<br />

sxvagan Zvirfas sasaxles saqarTveloSi saflavi urCevnia. amitomac imis<br />

poezias axasiaTebs patriotizmi."<br />

saqarTvelosadmi haziras siyvarulis amgvar SefasebaSi<br />

gadaWarbebuli rom araferia, amis dasturad misi Semoqmedebidan mravali<br />

STambeWdavi magaliTis motana SeiZleba. igi Tavisi leqs-simRerebiT<br />

yvelafers akeTebda saimisod, Cveni qveynisadmi siyvarulis es wminda<br />

grZnoba misi mkiTxvelebisa da msmenelebis gulSic rom ganemtkicebina<br />

kidev ufro metad. saqarTvelo mas imdenad Zlier uyvarda, rom, rogorc<br />

erT-erT leqsSi wers, sxvagan Zvirfas sasaxleSi cxovrebas Cvens qveyanaSi<br />

dasaflaveba erCivna:<br />

hazir, kai azrebi airCie,<br />

Sens megobars, Zmas, mezobels misdie,<br />

sxvagan Zvirfas sasaxleze irCie _<br />

saqarTveloSi saflavi, sulojan!<br />

haziras poeziaSi mkveTri kontrastulobiTaa erTmaneTisagan<br />

gamijnuli romantikulad gandidebuli warsuli da poetis droindeli<br />

cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovanebani. magaliTad,<br />

leqsSi `aRsdeq, Tamar dedofalo!" Tavisi drois qarTuli yofis<br />

degradaciis efeqturi formiT warmosaCenad hazira am periodis Cvens<br />

sinamdviles kontrastuli saxiT udarebs da upirispirebs Tamar mefis<br />

xanis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv Zlierebas da nawarmoebis laitmotivad<br />

qceuli sityvebis (`aRsdeq, Tamar dedofalo, SenTvis stiris saqarTvelo!")<br />

mizanmimarTuli ganmeorebiT yoveli strofis bolos saTqmels kidev<br />

ufro met STambeWdaobasa da azrobriv simZafres sZens.<br />

haziras SefasebiT, Cveni qveynis dacemisa da dakninebis<br />

ganmapirobebeli umTavresi mizezi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom Tamar mefis<br />

droindeli qarTvelebisagan gansxvavebiT, misi drois qarTvelebi `diacni,<br />

mabezRarni da zarmacni" iyvnen, `borotiTa da WiriT savseni." ase rom,<br />

poetis TqmiT, Tu Tamaris dros `ze viyaviT, aw varT Zirsa, veRar<br />

vxedavT Cvensa gmirsa."<br />

warsulisa da awmyos amgvari kontrastuli gamijvna erTmaneTisagan<br />

haziras poeturi Semoqmedebis erT-erT mTavar Temad romaa<br />

damkvidrebuli, amas misi sxva leqsebic naTlad adastureben. magaliTad,

hazira (<strong>ciklidan</strong>: <strong>araqarTuli</strong> <strong>warmomavlobis</strong> <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>mwerlebi</strong>)<br />

leqsSi `saqarTvelos gzaze damidga cxeni" poeti gulmduRare cremlebiT<br />

godebda imis gamo, rom misi drois saqarTvelos ukve aRar hyavdnen<br />

mtrisTvis Tavzaris damcemi iseTi gmirebi, rogorebic Tamar mefe da<br />

daviT aRmaSenebeli iyvnen:<br />

saqarTvelos gzaze damidga cxeni,<br />

ar vici, rad gamiwyra Cemi gamCeni,<br />

maSin vTqvi Tu, saqme wamxdara Cveni.<br />

mas Semdeg TvalTagan mdis cremlis Rvari,<br />

viRa gvyavs, vin dasces mtersa Tavzari,<br />

sadRa gvyavs daviTi, didi Tamari!..<br />

miuxedavad Tavisi erovnuli <strong>warmomavlobis</strong>a, hazira imdenad<br />

ganuyofelad iyo Sezrdil-Sesisxlxorcebuli qarTul yofasa da garemos,<br />

rom misi patriotuli Tvalsawieri faqtobrivad mxolod saqarTveloTi<br />

da <strong>qarTveli</strong> xalxisadmi siyvarulis grZnobis gamoxatviTaa Semofargluli.<br />

es naTlad da araorazrovnad Cans ara marto saqarTvelosadmi miZRvnili<br />

misi leqs-simRerebidan, aramed im nawarmoebebidanac, romlebSic avtori<br />

sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTvis formiT gamoxatavs xolme Tavisi<br />

moqalaqeobrivi TvalTaxedvis ama Tu im mxares.<br />

magaliTad, leqsSi `<strong>qarTveli</strong> xar, marTali qarTvelTagan" poeti<br />

mis RviZl TanamoZmed qceul qarTvel kacs Txovs, rom misi qarTveloba<br />

araferSi gacvalos, `qarTvelTagan gzakvali ar ibrunos" da Tavis<br />

umTavres moqalaqeobriv movaleobad gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili `sawyali<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong>s gakiTxva" da misTvis Tanadgomis aRmoCena daisaxos. rogorc<br />

nawarmoebidan TvalnaTliv Cans, haziras amgvari didaqtika pirvel yovlisa<br />

imis rwmenas emyareba, rom <strong>qarTveli</strong> kacisaTvis Tanamdgom da saimedod<br />

damxmare pirovneba uwinaresad swored misi TanamoZme SeiZleba iyos da<br />

ara `ucxo gvaris" mqone gadamTieli.<br />

haziras `qarTuli cnobierebis" gamovlinebis TvalsazrisiT aseve<br />

erT-erTi metad saintereso leqsia `Cemo ivero". masSi poetma kidev<br />

erTxel gamoxata uRrmesi gulistkivili imis gamo, rom misi drois<br />

saqarTvelos ukve dakarguli hqonda warsuli dideba. kerZod, Tu adre<br />

igi imdenad mZlavr saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, rom masze xelis aRmarTvas<br />

veravin bedavda da misi Svilebi sakuTari samSoblos dasacavad<br />

daufiqreblad Rvridnen sisxls, poetis TqmiT, misi drois saqarTveloSi<br />

sul sxva mdgomareoba iyo da igi Cveni qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis<br />

ganmamtkicebel ers ukve `veRar xedavda".<br />

yovelive zemoTqmulTan erTad xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavi aqve isicaa,<br />

rom Cveni qveynisadmi amgvari siyvarulisa da erTgulebisken hazira mis<br />

kolega aSuR-mestvireebsac xSirad mouwodebda xolme. magaliTad, xalxuri<br />

poeturi stiliT daweril erT-erT leqsSi (`darigeba", 1892) igi megobar<br />

mestvires urCevs, `ubralo yvirils" Tavi daanebos da misi simRerebiT<br />

xalxs `qarTvelTa lxena da Wiri asminos":<br />

imRere, Zmao mestvirev, ubralod rasa yvirio,<br />

Cahbere gudas Ronivrad, grZnobiT aavse stvirio,<br />

cnobismoyvares asmine qarTvelTa lxena-Wirio.<br />

231

232<br />

a. nikoleiSvili<br />

...acnobe ucnob qarTvelsa, raca gvaqvs gasaWirio,<br />

rom qarTvlis erma dalocos Seni ena da pirio.<br />

qarTlis bediTa da Wir-varamiT haziras aseTi daintereseba pirvel<br />

yovlisa im didi siyvaruliT iyo ganpirobebuli, riTac igi<br />

saqarTvelosTan iyo Sesisxlxorcebuli. swored am siyvarulis<br />

gamovlinebad unda miviCnioT is Sefasebebi, romelTac igi Cvens qveyanasTan<br />

misi pirovnuli damokidebulebis warmosaCenad akeTebda. magaliTad,<br />

samSoblosadmi mimarTul erT-erT leqsSi hazira wers:<br />

sul tyuili, magram Sen namdvili xar,<br />

Cemi sicocxlis didi nawili xar,<br />

dedaSvilur siyvarulze tkbili xar,<br />

Cemo kargo, sayvarelo mamulo!<br />

me xom CemTvis ara vCivi, magrama<br />

man inaRvlos, visac qveynad aqvs rama,<br />

Tund ar iyos hazira da abrama,<br />

genacvalos saZirkvelo qarTulo!<br />

saqarTvelosadmi haziras siyvarulze saubris dros aq xazi im<br />

garemoebasac minda gavusva, rom igi am siyvarulis grZnobisadmi uRalato<br />

erTgulebas Tavis Svilsac utovebda anderZad da leqsSi `modi, Svilo,<br />

CemTana" dabejiTebiT Txovda, Cveni qveynisadmi Tavdadebuli samsaxuri<br />

masac daesaxa misi cxovrebis uzenaes idealad. xsenebuli leqsi metad<br />

sayuradRebo imiTacaa, rom hazira ara marto zogadad mouwodebs mis<br />

memkvidres yovelive zemoTqmulisadmi uRalato erTgulebisaken, aramed<br />

saxeldebuladac usaxelebda mas am siyvarulis ganmapirobebel umTavres<br />

faqtorebs: qarTul enas, rogorc adamianur samyarosTan damakavSirebel<br />

umTavres saSualebas da Cveni didi mamuliSvilebis (Tamar mefe, daviT<br />

aRmaSenebeli, giorgi brwyinvale...) saflavebis miCnevas uwmindes salocav<br />

adgilebad. hazira Tavis memkvidres dabejiTebiT Txovda, saqarTvelosadmi<br />

misi amgvari siyvaruli mas ara marto sityviT gamoexata, aramed, Tu<br />

saWiro gaxdeboda, misTvis Tavis gawirvazec ki ar eTqva uari.<br />

haziras poeziis lirikuli gmiri samSoblosadmi mis siyvaruls<br />

ara marto sityvierad gamoxatavs, aramed imisTvisac aris mzad,<br />

realuradac rom Cadges saqveyno interesebis damcvelTa rigebSi.<br />

magaliTad, leqsSi `aha, dedav, me movdivar" (1904 w.) poetis mier<br />

gandidebuli lirikuli gmiri dedas Semdegi sityvebiT auwyebs Tavis<br />

gadawyvetilebas _ msxverplad Seewiros sakuTari qveynis dacvas<br />

mravalricxovani mtris agresiisagan:<br />

aha, dedav, me mivdivar mamulisTvis msxverplada,<br />

rom ar darCes momavalSi upatronod, oblada,<br />

dedav, RmerTsa Seavedre Cemi Tavi locviTa,<br />

ar gavZRebi mtrisa sisxliT, arc Tu imaT xocviTa.<br />

vfiqrob, mkiTxveli dameTanxmeba imaSi, rom samSoblos<br />

TavisuflebisaTvis TviTSesawirad gamzadebuli am idealizebuli gmiris<br />

patriotuli TvalTaxedva bevri ramiT poulobs saerTos XIX saukunis<br />

meore naxevris didi <strong>qarTveli</strong> poetebis mier gandidebul im pirovnebaTa

hazira (<strong>ciklidan</strong>: <strong>araqarTuli</strong> <strong>warmomavlobis</strong> <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>mwerlebi</strong>)<br />

erovnul idealebTan, romlebic TavianTi cxovrebis umTavresi<br />

mizanswrafvis sagnad samSoblosTvis Tavganwirvas isaxavdnen. am<br />

TvalsazrisiT haziras leqsis lirikuli gmiris erovnul-moqalaqeobrivi<br />

mrwamsi araerTi niSnis mixedviT SeiZleba SevudaroT Tundac i. WavWavaZis<br />

dramatuli poemis _ `qarTvlis dedis" personaJTa romantikul<br />

patriotul TviTSegnebas.<br />

haziras patriotul leqsebSi gmobisa da kicxvis sagnad zogjer is<br />

qarTvelebic iyvnen qceulni, romlebic TavianT qarTvelobaze win `ucxo<br />

garegans" ayenebdnen. aseT adamians hazira briyvulad Tavmomwone kacs<br />

uwodebda da am sibriyvidan Tavis daRwevis erTaderT gzad ganaTlebasa<br />

da qarTul mwignobrobas miiCnevda.<br />

haziras leqs-simRerebSi xSirad esmeba xazi im garemoebas, rom<br />

saqarTvelos msgavsi qveyana mas msoflioSi sxvagan arsad eguleboda.<br />

saqarTvelosadmi mis amgvar damokidebulebas poeti xalxur-aSuRuri<br />

poeziisadmi damaxasiaTebeli poeturi simartiviTa da uSualobiT<br />

gamoxatavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom am siyvarulis gamoxatvas, arcTu<br />

iSviaTad saTanado poeturi garandvac aklia da sityvieri<br />

CuqurTmovnebac, avtoriseuli grZnobebi da emociebi imdenad gulwrfelia<br />

da uSualo, rom maTi andamati mainc sakmaod Zalumad zemoqmedebs<br />

mkiTxvelze.<br />

1914 wels gamocemul Tavis erT-erT poetur krebuls _<br />

`gamgelebuli batkani anu omi balkaneTisa" haziram ydaze aseTi epigrafi<br />

warumZRvara:<br />

Cveni lamazi qveyana gaafuWes, gaaveles,<br />

CemTvis mkvidri saxli mqonda, daaqcies, daaneles.<br />

cxvari viyav mSvidi, wynari, sul yvelasTvis uwyinari,<br />

ar mindoda gamgeleba, magram ZaliT gamamgeles.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, damowmebul leqsSi poetma ganzogadebuli saxiT<br />

gausva xazi misi SemoqmedebisaTvis mkafiod damaxasiaTebel protestantul<br />

suliskveTebas. Zalmomreobis, adamianis mier adamianis usamarTlod<br />

daCagvris winaaRmdeg mimarTuli protestanti haziras leqs-simRerebSi<br />

ideologiuri sworxazovnebiTaa gamoxatuli, rac cxovrebiT dabeCavebuli<br />

adamianebis interess misi poeziisadmi kidev ufro aZlierebda.<br />

mravlismTqmelia is faqti, rom socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg<br />

mimarTuli haziras ramdenime leqs-simRera dRemde inarCunebs<br />

popularobas. magaliTad, bevrma SeiZleba arc ki icodes, rom farTod<br />

cnobil sasimRero melodiad qceuli qvemoT damowmebuli leqsis avtori<br />

swored haziraa:<br />

ar miyvars, ara, ar miyvars, kaci orpiri, cbieri,<br />

ar SevWam imis purs, ara, Tu gind vkvdebode mSieri!..<br />

igive unda iTqva simRerazec `sadac aris, gaTendeba, aRsdeq, muSav,<br />

Sen!" socialurad daCagruli moqalaqeebis guls malamod edeboda<br />

avtoriseuli mowodeba imisken, rom adamianis umTavres amqveyniur<br />

movaleobad gasaWirSi Cavardnili moyvasisTvis uangarod daxmareba unda<br />

qceuliyo:<br />

233

234<br />

a. nikoleiSvili<br />

gana kaci ibadeba marto Tavis TavisTvisa?<br />

movalea, rom izrunos moZmis kargis, avisTvisa...<br />

gazafxuli uxarian, imisTvis galobs mercxali,<br />

Tuki moZmes aras vargeb, rad minda Tavi cocxali!<br />

hazira cdilobs, socialur Temebze daweril Tavis leqs-simRerebSi<br />

saTqmeli xSirad didaqtikur-damoZRvriTi formiT gamoxatos. poetis<br />

mizani iyo, socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli protestis<br />

grZnoba am gziT mas ara marto im adamianebis gulSi gaemZafrebina kidev<br />

ufro metad, vinc am usamarTlobis msxverplad iyo qceuli, aramed<br />

isinic daefiqrebina yovelive amaze, vinc Tavadac iyo am borotebis<br />

nebsiTi Tu uneblie Tanamonawile.<br />

haziras muxambazebSi kidev ufro metad Rrmavdeba da Zlierdeba<br />

socialuri usamarTlobis mxilebis is tendencia, romelic XIX saukunis<br />

meore naxevris qarTul mwerlobaSi daamkvidres `Tergdaleulebma". am<br />

TvalsazrisiT igi bevri ramiTaa davalebuli maTi, pirvel yovlisa ki<br />

akakis, poeziiT. Tumca aqve xazi im garemoebasac unda gaesvas, rom<br />

haziras poeziaSi revoluciur-demokratiuli ideebis damamkvidrel erTerT<br />

umTavres faqtorad XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze saqarTveloSi<br />

farTod aRzevebuli revoluciuri movlenebic iqcnen.<br />

rogorc haziras Semoqmedebidan TvalnaTliv Cans, igi qveynad<br />

damkvidrebuli socialuri usamarTlobis mxolod ubralod mamxileblis<br />

rolSi ki ar gamodis, aramed am usamarTlobis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebis<br />

warmoCenasac cdilobs da aqtiurad eZebs gzebs maT dasaZlevad. bevri<br />

misi Tanamedrovis msgavsad, hazirac Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli imaSi,<br />

rom qveynad damkvidrebuli socialuri borotebis daZleva realurad<br />

mxolod brZolis gziT iyo SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom am<br />

tendenciam gansakuTrebiT farTo masStabebi 1905 wlis revoluciis<br />

periodSi daweril leqsebSi SeiZina, amgvari suliskveTebis gamomxatveli<br />

nawarmoebebi mas manamdec sakmaod mravlad aqvs dawerili.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom, xelmiuwvdomlobis gamo, haziras SemoqmedebiTi<br />

memkvidreobis srulyofilad moZieba ver moxerxda, vfiqrob, werilSi<br />

gaanalizebuli nawarmoebebic savsebiT sakmarisia im poeturi Rvawlis<br />

warmosaCenad da Sesafaseblad, riTac qarTuli aSuRuri poeziis am<br />

saintereso warmomadgenlma daimkvidra Tavisi mokrZalebuli adgili<br />

XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli<br />

literaturis istoriaSi.

hazira (<strong>ciklidan</strong>: <strong>araqarTuli</strong> <strong>warmomavlobis</strong> <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>mwerlebi</strong>)<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

beladi, sxvadasxva axali leqsebi da simRerebi, haziras Txzuleba, 1904.<br />

i. griSaSvili, 1985 - i. griSaSvili, Txzulebani xuT tomad, t. III, 1985.<br />

gaz. `Teatri da cxovreba", 1915, #1.<br />

gaz. `iveria", 1886, #62; 1891, #4, 5.<br />

qarTuli poezia, t. 16, qalaquri poezia, 1985.<br />

ybedi haziras rCeuli simRerebi, muxambazebi da sxvadasxva hangebi, 1903.<br />

Sedevrebi, Seadgina da gamosca m. lebaniZem, 1994 w.<br />

hazira, 1894 - axali leqsebi sxvadasxva, Sedgenili hazirasi, 1894.<br />

hazira, 1914 - hazira, gamgelebuli batkani anu omi balkaneTisa, 1914.<br />

AVTANDIL NIKOLEISHVILI<br />

HAZIRA<br />

(From the series: Georgian writers of non-ethnic Georgian origin)<br />

Among ashug poets of the 19 th century Tbilisi who had substantially contributed<br />

to the strengthening of the Georgian language ashug poetry Hazira was one of the<br />

most prominent figures.<br />

Considering the fact that most of his poems were written for singing purposes<br />

it would be more correct to say that he is rather an author of song texts than of<br />

poems composed by a professional poet.<br />

In addition to the artistic simplicity the popularity of Hazira’s sung poems was<br />

determined essentially by the contents of the lyrics that were easy for comprehension<br />

and expressed the concerns and troubles plaguing to the thousands of his listeners.<br />

The fact that the great part of Hazira’s poems is inaccessible for not only the<br />

general public but for the specialists as well my paper offers the discussion of his<br />

poems in the context of events of social and national importance and analyzes main<br />

tendencies characterizing to this prominent representative of the Georgian ashug<br />

poetry.<br />

235

236<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

oTar oTar nikoleiSvili<br />

nikoleiSvili<br />

aleqsandre aleqsandre manveliSvili manveliSvili da da<br />

da<br />

ruseT ruseT-saqarTvelos ruseT saqarTvelos urTierTobis<br />

urTierTobis<br />

zogierTi zogierTi sakiTxi<br />

sakiTxi<br />

gansxvavebiT sabWoTa kavSirSi moRvawe mecnierebisagan, romlebic<br />

imJamindeli diqtatoruli ideologiuri politikis zewolis gamo Zalze<br />

SezRudulebi iyvnen istoriuli movlenebis obieqturad da miukerZoeblad<br />

Sefasebis dros, ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi Cveni mamuliSvilebi TavianT<br />

mosazrebebsa da Sexedulebebs yovelgvari SeboWilobis gareSe<br />

gamoTqvamdnen. es, rasakvirvelia, imas sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos sabWoTa<br />

periodSi CvenSi mxolod koniunqturuli da tendenciurad ideologizebuli<br />

naSromebi iwereboda da mecnieruli azrovnebis ganviTareba<br />

CixSi iyo moqceuli. imis naTelsayofad, yvelafris miuxedavad, sabWoTa<br />

epoqis qarTul mecnierebas TviT yvelaze ideologizebul dargebSic ki<br />

uaRresad mniSvnelovani warmatebebi rom aqvs mopovebuli, movlenaTa<br />

arsSi garkveul mkiTxvels araerTi fundamenturi naSromis gaxseneba<br />

SeuZlia.<br />

im mecnierebaTagan, romlebic xelisuflebis mier sabWoTa epoqaSi<br />

farTod damkvidrebuli ideologiuri normativebis zewolis Sedegad<br />

yvelaze metad dazaraldnen, uwinaresad istoria unda davasaxeloT.<br />

upirveles yovlisa swored xsenebuli ideologiuri diqtatoruli<br />

politikis Sedegi iyo is faqti, rom sabWoTa periodSi moRvawe Cveni<br />

istorikosebis arcTu mcire nawili xSirad tendenciurad da<br />

Selamazebulad warmoaCenda movlenebs. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT<br />

didi Secdomebi iyo daSvebuli ruseT-saqrTvelos urTierTobis istoriis<br />

Seswavlis dros.<br />

aRniSnuli sakiTxis mecnieruli kvlevis sabWoTa epoqaSi moRvawe<br />

istorikosebi iZulebuli iyvnen realurad arsebuli viTareba calkeul<br />

SemTxvevebSi tendenciurad da koniunqturulad warmoeCinaT da<br />

istoriuli sinamdvile prorusuli TvalTaxedviT SeefasebinaT. Tumca,<br />

am sirTuleTa miuxedavad, imdroindel qarTvel istorikosTa araerTma<br />

warmomadgenelma, didi riskisa da gabedulebis fasad, mainc SeZlo<br />

marTali sityvis Tqma.<br />

zemoTqmul garemoebas ase xazgasmiT aq kidev erTxel imitomac<br />

mivapyrobT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, rom amiT gvinda ufro naTlad<br />

da mkafiod warmovaCinoT is umniSvnelovanesi damsaxureba, rac ruseTsaqarTvelos<br />

istoriuli urTierTobis monografiulad Seswavlisa da<br />

obieqturad warmoCenis saqmeSi miuZRvis XX saukunis qarTvel emigrantTa<br />

erT-erT iseT uaRresad TvalsaCino warmomadgenels, rogoric aleqsandre<br />

manveliSvili iyo.<br />

1931-1934 wlebSi, emigraciaSi yofnis periodSi, dawerili Tavisi<br />

didmniSvnelovani monografiiT, romelic 1951 wels gamoica parizSi<br />

saxelwodebiT "ruseTi da saqrTvelo" (I tomi) da romelSic or

aleqsandre manveliSvili da ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis zogierTi sakiTxi<br />

qveyanas Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli<br />

XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebamdea mimoxiluli, al. manveliSvilma warmatebiT<br />

Seavso sabWoTa periodis Cvens istoriul mecnierebaSi arsebuli didi<br />

xarvezi.<br />

al. manveliSvilis monografiis pozitiur mxareebze saubrisas<br />

sagangebod unda gaesvas xazi im garemoebas, rom or qveyanas Soris<br />

realurad arsebuli istoriuli viTarebis Seswavlisa da gaanalizebis<br />

dros mkvlevari, arcTu ise iSviaTad, pirvelSemfaseblis rolSic gamodis<br />

xolme. xsenebuli wignis gamosvlis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT bolo sami<br />

aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, zemoT aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT warmarTuli<br />

mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegad al. manveliSvilis monografiaSi gamoTqmuli<br />

mosazrebebi kidev ufro metad gaRrmavda da axal-axali dokumenturi<br />

masalebiT gamdidrda, ramac xsenebuli naSromisadmi interesi TiTqos<br />

ramdenadme ganelda kidec. magram am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobidan ar unda<br />

gamogvrCes is faqti, rom <strong>qarTveli</strong> emigranti istorikosi erT-erTi<br />

pirvelTagani iyo, vinc ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriis<br />

Seswavlas swori da arakoniunqturuli mimarTuleba misca.<br />

al. manveliSvilis naSromis mniSvnelobas arsebiTad zrdis is<br />

garemoeba, rom ruseT-saqrTvelos urTierTobis istoria masSi<br />

masStaburad, Sesabamisi periodebis saerTaSoriso viTarebis konteqstSia<br />

ganxiluli, im movlenebTan uSualo kavSirSi, romelTac saqarTvelo<br />

iZulebuli gaxades, aqtiurad daewyo Zieba ruseTTan damakavSirebeli<br />

gzisa.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa saqarTvelos<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi problemebis gansja-gaanalizeba im politikurekonomikuri<br />

da sarwmuneobrivi dapirispirebulobis fonze, romelic<br />

evropisa da aziis qveynebs Soris mimdinareobda gamZafrebuli formiT<br />

gviandel Sua saukuneebSi.<br />

al. manveliSvilis mtkicebiT, XV-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos<br />

istoriaSi ganviTarebuli tragikuli movlenebi, rac sabolood Cveni<br />

qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargviT damTavrda, im<br />

gulgrilma da inertulma damokidebulebamac gansazRvra arsebiTad,<br />

rasac imdroindeli evropis saxelmwifoebi iCendnen kavkasiis, kerZod ki<br />

saqarTvelos mimarT. samwuxarod, miuxedavad Cveni qveynis liderebis<br />

aqtiuri da permanentuli mcdelobebisa, maSindeli evropis saxelmwifoTa<br />

mesveurebi da romis kaTolikuri eklesiis saWeTmyrobelebi realurad<br />

TiTqos saerTod ar dainteresebulan Cveni qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

problemebiT. al. manveliSvili ara marto ubralod afiqsirebs am<br />

movlenas, aramed mis argumentirebul axsnasac cdilobs.<br />

misi azriT, adrindel saukuneebSi Cveni qveynisadmi, saerTod,<br />

mTeli wina aziisadmi da kavkasiisadmi, msoflioSi sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />

damokidebulebis arseboba, ramac saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv<br />

ganviTarebazec moaxdina udidesi da metad keTilismyofeli zegavlena,<br />

imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom xsenebuli regioni "evropisa da aziis<br />

237

238<br />

o. nikoleiSvili<br />

rasaTa Widilis moedani. aq Caisaxa da iSva adamianis Semoqmedeba da aqve<br />

dairwa akvani pirveli sakacobrio civilizaciisa.<br />

es iyo ori qveynis Sexvedris centri; misi saSualebiT ukavSirdeboda<br />

dasavleTi aRmosavleTs" (gv. 13).<br />

saqarTvelo, saerTod kavkasia, am did saerTaSoriso rolsa da<br />

mniSvnelobas, al. manveliSvilis SefasebiT, im droidan kargavs da<br />

gamodis evropis saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis sferodan, roca<br />

"evropielni aziasTan mimosvlis axal gzebs aRmoaCenen (XV s.). amieridan<br />

misi istoriuli roli mcirdeba" (iqve). evropa-aziis damakavSirebeli<br />

axali savaWro gzebis aRmoCenam, mkvlevris azriT, sagrZnoblad daamcro<br />

da Seasusta saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso roli. Tu manamde am rols<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravda is faqti, rom dasavleT-aRmosavleTis<br />

mTavari gza, indoeTisaken mimavali, swored saqarTveloze midioda",<br />

axla es gza ukve Zalze daSorda Cvens qveyanas, ramac sabediswero<br />

zegavlena moaxdina mis Semdgom saxelmwifoebriv ganviTarebaze. al.<br />

manveliSvilis mtkicebiT, evropis saxelmwifoTa dainteresebac<br />

saqarTvelos mimarT swored am droidan iwyebs mkveTrad Semcirebas.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoris mier gamoTqmul sakmaod originalur<br />

am TvalsazrisSi yvelaferi bolomde misaRebi da gasaziarebeli ar aris<br />

(vTqvaT, mtkiceba imisa, TiTqos qarTvelebs kultura mxolod zemoT<br />

aRniSnul periodSi aqvT Seqmnili), avtoriseuli Tvalsazrisis umTavresi<br />

politikur-saxelmwifoebrivi arsi, Cveni azriT, ZiriTadad mainc sworia<br />

da Cveni qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi Tavisufleba da Zliereba marTlac<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad iyo damokidebuli imaze, ra saerTaSoriso rolis<br />

Sesrulebac uxdeboda mas istoriuli ganviTarebis ama Tu im etapze.<br />

al. manveliSvili ara marto uSualod saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli<br />

movlenebis aRmwerlisa da gamaanalizeblis rolSi gamodis, aramed im<br />

umTavresi globaluri mizezebis axsnasac da warmoCenasac cdilobs,<br />

romelTac saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis jer dakninebadasusteba,<br />

Semdeg ki misi damxoba ganapirobes. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT,<br />

misi samecniero kvlevis umTavresi mizania im garemoebaTa obieqturi<br />

axsna da gacnobiereba, ramac saqarTvelo sabolood ruseTis koloniad<br />

aqcia.<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> mefeebis mier XV saukunis bolo wlebidan dawyebuli<br />

prorusuli saqmianoba, rac Semdgomi sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi<br />

TandaTanobiT imdenad gaZlierda, rom sabolood saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

damoukideblobis dakargviT dasrulda, al. manveliSvilis SefasebiT,<br />

Cveni samSoblos mesveurTa mcdari politikis Sedegi ki ar iyo, aramed<br />

saerTaSoriso viTarebiT ganpirobebuli saxelmwifoebrivi bediswera.<br />

mkvlevari Rrmadaa darwmunebuli imaSi, rom aRniSnuli movlena<br />

faqtobrivad im politikuri da savaWro-ekonomikuri dapirispirebis<br />

Tavisebur Sedegs warmoadgenda, romelic evropasa da azias Soris<br />

arsebobda imxanad.<br />

evropis saxelmwifoTa da romis kaTolikuri eklesiis winamZRolTa<br />

amgvarma pasiurma da mxolod sityvier doneze gamoxatulma interesma

aleqsandre manveliSvili da ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis zogierTi sakiTxi<br />

qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi da fizikuri gadarCenis gzaTa maZiebel qarTvel<br />

mefeebs Tvali ruseTisaken miapyrobina, rasac al. manveliSvili,<br />

imdroindeli istoriuli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, savsebiT<br />

gamarTlebul movlenad miiCnevs. misi SefasebiT, "radganac evropa misTvis<br />

miuwvdomeli darCa", "mahmadiani qveynebisagan ganwvalebuli da daqanculi"<br />

saqarTvelo "fsiqologiurad advilad urigdeba" erTmorwmune "ruseTTan<br />

daaxlovebis cdas."<br />

al. manveliSvilis monografiis umTavresi mizania, pirvelwyaroebsa<br />

da mdidar faqtobriv masalebze dayrdnobiT kidev erTxel warmoaCinos<br />

TvalnaTliv, ramdenad Sedegiani aRmoCnda Cveni qveynisaTvis Seqmnili<br />

istoriuli realobiT nakarnaxevi am gadawyvetilebis miReba.<br />

al. manveliSvilis wignSi am urTierTobisTvis farTod<br />

damaxasiaTebeli negatiuri mxareebi, upirveles yovlisa, rusuli<br />

wyaroebidan moSveliebul faqtebsa da movlenebze dayrdnobiTaa<br />

warmoCenili, rac kidev ufro naTlad da daueWveblad gvarwmunebs<br />

avtoriseuli msjelobis simarTlesa da aratendenciurobaSi.<br />

al. manveliSvilis wignis Rirseba isic aris, rom masSi im<br />

Tvalsazrisis iluziurobaca da siyalbecaa mdidar dokumentur masalebze<br />

dayrdnobiT damajereblad naTelyofili, romlis mixedviTac <strong>qarTveli</strong><br />

da rusi xalxebis erTmaneTTan SemakavSirebel mZlavr Zalad qristianuli<br />

sarwmunoeba iyo miCneuli. istoriuli faqtebis moSveliebiT, mkvlevari<br />

cdilobs argumentirebulad dagvarwmunos imaSi, rom "erTmorwmune"<br />

rusebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gacilebiT ufro meti sisastikiTa da<br />

barbarosobiT ibrZodnen <strong>qarTveli</strong> xalxis dasaTrgunad, vidre sxva<br />

sarwmunoebis mimdevari dampyroblebi.<br />

miuxedavad im samecniero Rirsebebisa, riTac al. manveliSvilis<br />

gansaxilveli naSromi xasiaTdeba da razec zemoT ukve visaubreT, igi<br />

klasikuri tipis monografiul gamokvlevad mainc ver CaiTvleba. es<br />

garemoeba arsebiTad ganapiroba im faqtma, rom Sesaswavlad aRebuli<br />

problemis mizanmimarTul kvleva-Ziebasa da axal saarqivo da sxva saxis<br />

dokumenturi masalebis mopovebaze metad wignis avtori zogjer<br />

saqarTvelos istoriis sayovelTaod cnobili epizodebis moTxrobiiTaa<br />

gatacebuli.<br />

aRniSnuli movlena, Cveni azriT, ori umTavresi faqtoriTaa<br />

ganpirobebuli. pirveli imiT, rom avtors, romelic xsenebul naSroms<br />

emigraciaSi yofnis periodSi werda, naklebad an saerTod ar miuwvdeboda<br />

xeli saqarTveloSi arsebul saarqivo dokumentebsa da specialur<br />

samecniero literaturaze da meorec, garda mkvlevar-specialistebisa,<br />

misi wigni mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa ki ucxoeTSi<br />

mcxovrebi Cveni TanamemamuleebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli, ramac<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra avtoriseuli Txrobis stilis sityvieri<br />

simsubuqe da erTgvarad beletrizebuli forma.<br />

239

240<br />

o. nikoleiSvili<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

al. manveliSvili, 1951 - al. manveliSvili, ruseTi da saqarTvelo,<br />

parizi, 1951.<br />

narkvevebi, 1973 - saqarTvelos istoriiis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tb., 1973.<br />

g. SaraZe, 1993 - g. SaraZe, ucxoeTis cis qveS, t. II, Tb., 1993.<br />

OTAR NIKOLEISHVILI<br />

ALEXANDRE MANVELISHVILI AND SOME QUESTIONS<br />

OF RUSSO-GEORGIAN RELATIONSHIPS<br />

Alexandre Manvelishvili wrote a monograph work Russia and Georgia in the<br />

emigration in the years 1931-34 (Paris, 1951). The author surveys the relationship<br />

between the two countries from the ancient time to the 60s of the 19 th century with<br />

which he filled the gap caused by the Soviet period censorship.<br />

Alexandre Manvelishvili gives the vast panorama of historical events in the<br />

context of the related issues in the world history. One of the merits of the book is<br />

that it provides convincing arguments to dispel illusions according to which the<br />

common Christian Orthodox confession had been considered a reliable basis for the<br />

tenacity of mutual relations. Referring to historical facts the historian tries to provide<br />

well-grounded argumentations that Russia, a country of the common Christian ideology,<br />

has harmed and oppressed Georgian people with far more perfidious atrocity and<br />

barbarity than any other invaders with non-Christian faith.

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

madona madona konstantines konstantines asuli asuli niJaraZe<br />

niJaraZe<br />

saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos avtonomiis avtonomiis avtonomiis sakiTxi<br />

sakiTxi<br />

da da <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>qarTveli</strong> inteligencia<br />

inteligencia<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba mTels<br />

mis istorias gasdevs, magram man gansakuTrebuli saxe miiRo XIX saukuneSi,<br />

rodesac ruseTis imperiam gaauqma qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, taxti<br />

waarTva bagrationTa aTaswlovan samefo dinastias da saqarTvelo<br />

nawil-nawil miuerTa ruseTs, aqcia mis guberniebad.<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> xalxi ar Seurigda erovnuli Cagvris axal uRels,<br />

romelsac gansakuTrebulad sastikad miiCnevda, radgan saqarTvelos<br />

ruseTisagan megobroba, mokavSireoba surda mezobeli musulmani<br />

agresorebis winaaRmdeg.<br />

XIX saukunis II naxevridan TergdaleulTa xelmZRvanelobiT<br />

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam mwvave ideologiuri, farTo<br />

saxalxo xasiaTi SeiZina. swored am dros ilia WavWavaZis "iveriam" dasva<br />

pirvelad qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis sakiTxi, Tumca Zalze<br />

SezRudulad, Sefarulad, magram mainc es iyo pirveli cda avtonomiis<br />

moTxovnisa ruseTis farglebSi, rac SemdegSi ilia WavWavaZem ufro<br />

farTod gansazRvra erovnul-demokratTa programaSi. "iveriis" mowinave<br />

statiis Sinaarsi imaze metyvelebda, rom ilia WavWavaZesa da mis<br />

TanamebrZolebs ruseTis mravalerovnuli saxelmwifos politikuradministraciuli<br />

mowyobis saukeTeso formad erovnul-teritoriul<br />

avtonomiaTa federacia miaCndaT (al. bendianiSvili, 1980, gv. 147-148).<br />

SemdegSi es problema detalurad daamuSaves da ufro energiuli<br />

saqmianoba avtonomia-federaciis sakiTxze gaaCaRes gazeTebis "cnobis<br />

furclisa" da "saqarTvelos" publicistebma.<br />

"cnobis furclisa" da "saqarTvelos" irgvliv Tavmoyrili iyo<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> inteligenciis mowinave nawili, kerZod: arCil jorjaZe, giorgi<br />

lasxiSvili, samson fircxalava, grigol rcxilaZe, kita abaSiZe, aleqsandre<br />

aRlaZe, vladimer lorTqifaniZe.<br />

am jgufma, romelic SemdegSi socialist-federalisturi partiis<br />

Seqmnis iniciatori iyo, Taviseburi midgoma gamoamJRavna imTaviTve<br />

avtonomiis ideisadmi.<br />

900-ian wlebSi mowinave <strong>qarTveli</strong> inteligenciis mier wamoyenebuli<br />

avtonomiis ideas mxardaWera hqonda TviT imperiuli xelisuflebis<br />

mxridan. ruseTis mowinave inteligencia im etapze am ideas farTo<br />

propagandas uwevda. 1906 wels ruseTis saTaTbiroSi Seiqmna fraqcia,<br />

romelic sakanonmdeblo mxardaWeras ucxadebda avtonomia-federaciis<br />

principiT ruseTis mowyobas, im erebisTvis kulturul-administraciuli<br />

uflebebis miniWebas da avtonomiuri formiT arsebobis uflebas,<br />

romlebic ibrZodnen amisaTvis. Sedegad ruseTi Seanelebda antireJimul<br />

gamosvlebs, centridanul mmarTvelobas gaaadvilebda da imperiis kuTxeebs<br />

Soris kavSirs ganamtkicebda. es erebi da qveynebi iyvnen: poloneTi,<br />

fineTi, baltiispireTi, amierkavkasiis qveynebi.<br />

241

242<br />

m. niJaraZe<br />

saTaTbiroSi Semaval avtonomistTa fraqciaSi Sediodnen da<br />

muSaobas warmarTavdnen cnobili rusi profesorebi: boduen de kurtene,<br />

luCicki, lednicki, kolubiakini, Sragi da sxv. kavSiri aRiarebda ruseTis<br />

mTlianobis politikas da iTxovda erovnul-teritoriul avtonomiebs.<br />

federaciul mowyobas eTanxmebodnen cnobili rusi mecnierebi,<br />

<strong>mwerlebi</strong>, SemoqmedebiTi jgufebi, publicistebi.<br />

saqarTvelos avtonomiis farglebSi saxelmwifo enad qarTuli ena<br />

gamocxaddeboda, magram kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofda saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriaze mcxovreb sxva erovnebaTa enebis, kulturis, zne-Cveulebebis<br />

dacvasa da Tavisufal ganviTarebas.<br />

avtonomiuri saqarTvelos parlamenti saSinao politikas<br />

warmarTavda, magram sagareo politikis warmarTvis ufleba mas ar<br />

eqneboda. saqarTvelo Tavis wvlils Seitanda federalur biujetSi da<br />

ruseTis Tavdacvis xarjebSi. ruseTis erTiani federaciuli saxelmwifos<br />

marTva-gamgeobaSi avtonomiuri saqarTvelo centralur parlamentSi<br />

monawileobas miiRebda gagzavnili warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT (oqmebi..,<br />

1904, gv. 176-183).<br />

imis gamo, rom avtonomiis sakiTxSi sazogadoebis mowinave nawilis<br />

azri orad gaiyo: erTni emxrobodnen ruseTis federaciaSi saqarTvelos<br />

Sesvlas avtonomiis saxiT, meoreni ki _ srul damoukideblobas iTxovdnen<br />

da yovelgvari politikuri kavSiris gawyvetas ruseTTan, saWiro gaxda<br />

am ori azris SeTanxmeba. amitom 1904 wlis aprilSi Catarda partiaTa<br />

da sazogadoebriv-politikur mimdinareobaTa warmomadgenlebis<br />

konferencia, sadac unda miRebuliyo saerTo rezoluciebi ganxilul<br />

sakiTxebze, ris gamoc social-demokratebma konferencia datoves.<br />

konferenciam yvelaze didi adgili avtonomiis sakiTxis ganxilvas dauTmo.<br />

avtonomiis moTxovnas socialist-federalistebTan erTad mxari dauWires<br />

socialist-revolucionerebma da anarqistebma. konferenciaze<br />

"separatistebic" gamovidnen, Tumca isini umciresobaSi aRmoCndnen.<br />

konferenciis mier miRebul rezoluciaSi ewera: "qarTvel<br />

revolucionerTa konferencia uaryofs separatizms, romelic ar<br />

CaiTvleba erTa socialuri ganviTarebisa da erTa Soris solidarobis<br />

ganmtkicebis Tavdebad da acxadebs, rom ganTavisuflebuli<br />

saqarTvelosaTvis saukeTeso da usaWiroesi wyobileba unda iyos<br />

avtonomiuri _ saqarTvelo sxva erebTan federaciulad SekavSirebuli"<br />

(oqmebi.., 1904, gv. 176-183).<br />

am konferenciis organizatori da cnobili moazrovne arCil<br />

jorjaZe SemdegSi aRniSnavda, rom igi male mixvda uazrobas: saerTaSoriso<br />

samarTalze imedis damyarebiT damoukideblobis aRdgenas dasavleT<br />

evropaze damyarebuli imedebic male ganelda. cxadi gaxda, rom amgvari<br />

imedebiT qarTvelebi verc saerTaSoriso asparezze gavidodiT da verc<br />

erovnul avtonomias miviRebdiTo (gaz. "cnobis furceli", 1905 w., 25<br />

Tebervali).

saqarTvelos avtonomiis sakiTxi da <strong>qarTveli</strong> inteligencia<br />

qarTuli presa did adgils uTmobda saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formebs: federaciis, konfederaciis, uniaxelSekrulebis<br />

formebs, arCevda maT, argebda qarTul interesebs.<br />

am mxriv saintereso iyo samson fircxalavas werilebi "cnobis<br />

furcelSi", sadac is upirates rols federaciis formas aniWebda.<br />

saerTo demokratiul Tvalsazrisze mdgari qarTuli presa miiCnevda<br />

ruseTis demokratiul safuZvelze gardaqmnis SesaZleblobas da<br />

avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebisaTvis brZolaSi Tavadaznaurobis<br />

gamoyenebasac.<br />

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, kerZod, kaxeTSi, imereTSi, Tbilisis<br />

saTavadaznauro krebebze gamohqondaT gadawyvetileba "qveynis<br />

mmarTvelobis principad avtonomiis dasadebad". saqarTvelos<br />

inteligencias miaCnda, rom saswrafod unda mowveuliyo damfuZnebeli<br />

kreba aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadasaWrelad.<br />

mxolod ganaxlebul ruseTs SeeZlo Serigeboda nacionaluri<br />

batonobis dakargvas da im azrs, rom ganaxlebis gzaze damdgar erebs<br />

esaWiroeboda Tavisufleba da TviTmmarTveloba (gaz. "cnobis furceli",<br />

1905 w. 31 marti).<br />

1905 wlis 18 Tebervals ruseTma gamosca imperatoris umaRlesi<br />

brZaneba saxelmwifo saTaTbiros mowvevis Taobaze. amas did miRwevad<br />

Tvlida daviT kariWaSvili, Tumca saeWvodac miiCnevda, rom am organoSi<br />

warmomadgenlebis arCevis ufleba qarTvelebs miscemodaT.<br />

saqarTvelos Sesvla ruseTis mfarvelobaSi qarTvel mefeebs da<br />

xalxs, daviT kariWaSvilis azriT, sxvagvarad warmoedginaT. ruseTis<br />

biurokratiam ki uaryo qarTvelTa erovnuli arseboba da misi sruli<br />

gadagvareba moisurva. Tanamedrove pirobebSi d. kariWaSvili ayenebda<br />

axal moTxovnebs. eseni iyo:<br />

1. saxelmwifo (rusul) enasTan erTad qarTuli enis daSveba<br />

skolebsa da saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi;<br />

2. qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena;<br />

3. saqarTvelos moxeleebad ZiriTadad qarTvelebis daniSvna;<br />

4. Cvens qveyanaSi sagubernio erobebis nacvlad erTi, centraluri<br />

saqarTvelos saqarTvelos erobisa erobisa da da misi misi dawesebulebebis dawesebulebebis Camoyalibeba<br />

Camoyalibeba<br />

Camoyalibeba<br />

(gaz. "cnobis furceli", 1905 w. . 18 maisi).<br />

es moTxovnebi metad zomieri da SezRuduli iyo, rac mowinave<br />

qarTvel inteligencias da qveynis patriotul Zalebs am droisTvis<br />

sruliad aRar akmayofilebdaT.<br />

erovnuli sakiTxis dasmas, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas<br />

an Seqmnas umTavres miznad acxadebdnen <strong>qarTveli</strong> publicistebi: anonimi<br />

avtori statiaSi "eri da saxelmwifo" ixilavda sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss<br />

erovnul sakiTxze. is uaryofda da ganxilvis Rirsadac ar miiCnevda<br />

imaT Tvalsazriss, romelTa TeoriiT did erebs unda CaeylapaT patarebi.<br />

avtonomistTa ideas dapirispirebuli <strong>qarTveli</strong> politikosebi<br />

acxadebdnen, rom es ar iyo xalxis moTxovna, rom es avtonomia mxolod<br />

burJuaziis interesTa damcvelebma moigones. samson fircxalava amas<br />

243

244<br />

m. niJaraZe<br />

arasamarTlian gancxadebad Tvlida. misi azriT, xalxi iTxovda saerTo<br />

demokratiul gardaqmnebs, arCevnebs. yvelaferi, rasac xalxi iTxovda,<br />

iyo namdvili avtonomiis Sinaarsi. moxeleTa arCevnebi, qarTul enaze<br />

sasamarTlo da sxva biurokratiuli dawesebulebebis muSaoba SeiZleboda<br />

mxolod avtonomiuri TviTmmarTvelobis mqone qveyanaSi, xalxi<br />

decentralizaciis gziT unda daaxloveboda marTva-gamgeobas.<br />

gaz. "iveriasa" da "cnobis furcelSi" xSirad ibeWdeboda rusi<br />

moazrovneebis werilebi. eseni umTavresad is avtonomistebi iyvnen,<br />

romlebmac damoukidebeli fraqcia Seqmnes ruseTis sabWoSi, an, TavianTi<br />

demokratiuli azrovnebis gamo, mxars uWerdnen erTa TviTgamorkvevis<br />

process avtonomiur-federaciul saxelmwifoSi.<br />

v. golubaevis azriT, carizmi xSirad hkidebda erTmaneTs sxvadasxva<br />

erebs, mimarTavda ra "dahyav da ibatones" imperiul princips, am gziT<br />

cdilobda Tavis gadarCenas (v. golubaevi, 1905).<br />

erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen erovnul-demokrati vasil wereTeli<br />

da social-demokrati (bolSeviki) aleqsandre wulukiZec. avtonomias<br />

wulukiZe miuReblad Tvlida: ruseTSi burJuazia ufro gaZlierdeba<br />

da CvenSi did baJebs Semoitanso, razedac vasil wereTeli pasuxobda:<br />

marto eg Tua mizezi, maSin Cveni burJuaziac sakuTar baJebs daawesebs<br />

da avtonomia ukeTesic iqnebao (alaroideli, 1909).<br />

saqarTvelos avtonomias mxars uWerda mwerali mixeil javaxiSvili.<br />

misi publikaciebi xSirad warmoadgenda avtonomistTa opoziciis<br />

socialisturi partiebis warmomadgenlebTan polemikas.<br />

am sakiTxze msjelobdnen gazeTebi "Sroma" da "lampari". "Sroma"<br />

erovnuli mimarTulebis iyo, "lampari" ki - prorusuli orientaciis.<br />

"lamparsa" da "Sromas" Soris gamarTul polemikaSi Canda, rom<br />

mixeil javaxiSvili mxars uWerda avtonomiis ideas, mas ramdenjerme<br />

mouxda Tavisi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba (m. adamaSvili, 1906).<br />

socialist-federalisturi "Sroma" TavgamodebiT icavda erovnul<br />

avtonomiasa da msoflio federacias. misi azriT, unda mospobiliyo<br />

saxelmwifoTa amdroindeli sazRvrebi, radganac isini "ar eTanxmebodnen<br />

eTnografiul da erovnul sazRvrebs" (gaz. "Sroma", 1906, #4).<br />

avtonomiis moTxovnaSi igi imowmebda rusuli demokratiuli<br />

presis iseT organos, rogoric iyo peterburgSi gamomavali gazeTi<br />

"strana".<br />

"Sroma" Tvlida, rom social-demokratebma 1903 wlidan dakarges<br />

erovnuli saxe, roca ruseTis socialur-demokratiul partiaSi<br />

aiTqvifnen. gazeTi ixilavda 1903 wlis yrilobaze warsadgeni programis<br />

proeqtis II muxls, sadac ewera: "demokratiuli respublika, romelic<br />

dafuZnebuli iqneba federaciuli principis Tanaxmad (saxelmwifos<br />

sxvadasxva eris SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis safuZvlebze), ruseTis dayofa<br />

olqebad ekonomikuri da teritoriuli pirobebis mixedviT" (gaz. "Sroma",<br />

1906, #5).<br />

"Sroma" akritikebda calkeul mosazrebebs avtonomiis Sesaxeb. is<br />

mxars ar uWerda erovnul avtonomias, im mosazrebiT, rom teritoriul

saqarTvelos avtonomiis sakiTxi da <strong>qarTveli</strong> inteligencia<br />

avtonomiaSi erTi eris hegemonia ganxorcieldeboda da moxdeboda<br />

patara erebis daCagvra, erovnuli avtonomiebis SemoReba swori ar<br />

iyo.<br />

"Sroma" gamoricxavda saqarTvelos istoriuli sazRvrebis aRdgenas,<br />

iseTi teritoriul moTxovnas, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, zaqaTala,<br />

romelic "ukve sxva modgmis xalxiT" iyo dasaxlebuli, magram mtkiced<br />

icavda Tvalsazriss, rom is teritoria, romelic realurad warmoadgenda<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> xalxis sacxovrebel adgils, saqarTvelos avtonomiaSi unda<br />

Sesuliyo, Tundac mis SigniT, ramdenime raionSi, kompaqturad yofiliyvnen<br />

dasaxlebulni somxebi an sxva eris xalxi.<br />

gazeTis azriT, erTi eris meoreze gabatoneba ver moxdeboda,<br />

radgan amas gamoricxavdnen saxelmwifos demokratiuli institutebi.<br />

socialist-federalisturi "Sromis" amgvari Tvalsazrisi<br />

progresuli iyo am droisaTvis, Tumca bolomde misaRebi igi <strong>qarTveli</strong><br />

xalxis mowinave moazrovneebisaTvis ar yofila. erovnul-demokratiuli<br />

mimarTulebis politikosebi amgvar avtonomiaSi xedavdnen <strong>qarTveli</strong><br />

eris interesebisadmi winaaRmdegobas, maT zaqaTala Tu samahmadiano<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriebi momavali qarTuli saxelmwifos nawilad<br />

miaCndaT.<br />

ruseTis I revoluciis dros gaaqtiurebuli es sakiTxi revoluciis<br />

Semdeg TiTqos miiviwyes, Tumca qarTuli presa mainc ar iviwyebda am<br />

sakiTxs, ruseTis avtonomia-federaciuli principebiT mowyobas da<br />

saimperio erovnul politikas, kolonizaciis mimdinare procesebs<br />

erTmaneTTan akavSirebda da aanalizebda, raTa saTanado daskvnebi<br />

gamoetana.<br />

avtonomiis ideas ayenebda mixako wereTeli, cnobili <strong>qarTveli</strong><br />

anarqisti gazeT "erSi" gamoqveynebul vrcel publikaciaSi _ "eris<br />

ufleba" mTavar sakiTxad saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier erebis<br />

uflebaTa dacvas ayenebda da ara qveynebis uflebebisas (Ãð. ×àëõóøÿí,<br />

1905, c. 52).<br />

aseve saintereso iyo giorgi Jordanias broSura "aqvs Tu ara<br />

saqarTvelos kanonieri ufleba moiTxovos avtonomia." es naSromi<br />

"grakxis" fesevdonimiT daibeWda quTaisSi 1907 wels, magram ver gavrcelda<br />

cenzuris gamo. naSromze recenzia gamoaqveyna cnobilma istorikosma<br />

givi Jordaniam.<br />

I msoflio omis dros ruseTi cdilobda kvlav Careuliyo<br />

saqarTvelos demografiul procesebSi, ayrili aWarlebis nacvlad aWaris<br />

soflebSi sxva eTnosi CaesaxlebinaT, rasac xeli SeuSala qarTulma<br />

erovnulma saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebam, romelmac SeZlo Tanxis<br />

Segroveba da iq kvlav aWarlebi daabruna.<br />

1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg amierkavkasiam marTlac<br />

moipova avtonomiuri federacia. masSi sami qveyana: saqarTvelo, somxeTi<br />

da azerbaijani gaerTianda. amierkavkasiis federaciul saxelmwifos<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> social-demokratebi, somexi daSnak-cutunebi da azerbaijaneli<br />

245

246<br />

m. niJaraZe<br />

musavatis partiebi marTavdnen. centri federaciisa q. Tbilisi iyo. mis<br />

mTavrobaSic ZiriTadad qarTvelebi Warbobdnen.<br />

mmarTveli social-demokratebi imedovnebdnen, rom ruseTSi<br />

gaZlierdeboda demokratiuli xelisufleba da amierkavkasiis federacias<br />

miiRebda mis SemadgenlobaSi. social-demokrati ivane gomarTeli gazeTSi<br />

_"Cveni megobari" imedovnebda, rom saqarTvelo avtonomiis saxiT Sevidoda<br />

amierkavkasiis sxva qveynebTan erTad ruseTis federaciul saxelmwifoSi.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

m. adamaSvili, 1906 - m. adamaSvili, pasuxad "kampris redaqcias:<br />

gaz. "Sroma", #57, ¹62, 1906.<br />

alaroideli, 1909 - alaroideli, kavkasiis erToba: gaz. "droeba",<br />

#251, 1909 wlis 11 noemberi.<br />

al. bendianiSvili, 1980 - al. bendianiSvili, erovnuli sakiTxi<br />

saqarTveloSi 1801-1921 wlebSi, Tb., 1980.<br />

v. golubaevi, 1905 - v. golubaevi, erovneba da erebi: gaz. "cnobis<br />

furceli", 1905, 18 maisi.<br />

erovnuli da teritorialuri: gaz. "Sroma", #11, 1906 wlis 16<br />

aprili.<br />

g. lasxiSvili, 1934 - g. lasxiSvili, memuarebi, Tb., 1934.<br />

nacionaluri avtonomia da msoflio federacia: gaz. "Sroma",<br />

#4, 1906.<br />

oqmebi.., 1904 - oqmebi qarTvel revolucionerTa pirveli<br />

konferenciisa, parizi, 1904.<br />

gaz. "saqarTvelo", 1903, #9.<br />

saqarTvelos xalxTa moZraoba da erovnuli niadagi: gaz. `Sroma",<br />

#5, 1906.<br />

scsa - saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi.<br />

gaz. "cnobis furceli", 1905 w. 25 Tebervali, 29 marti, 31 marti,<br />

16 aprili, 24 aprili; 18 maisi, 29 oqtomberi.<br />

d. WumburiZe, 2003 - d. WumburiZe, <strong>qarTveli</strong> xalxis erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

brZola XX s-is dasawyisSi: "mematiane", Tb., 2003.<br />

Ãð. ×àëõóøÿí, 1905 - Ãð. ×àëõóøÿí, Àðìÿíñêèé âîïðîñ Ðîññèè, Òèô.,<br />

1905.<br />

Êàðèáà, Êðàñíàÿ êíèãà, Òèô., 1920.

saqarTvelos avtonomiis sakiTxi da <strong>qarTveli</strong> inteligencia<br />

MADONA NIZHARADZE<br />

THE QUESTION OF GEORGIA’S AUTONOMY AND THE<br />

GEORGIAN INTELLIGENTSIA<br />

The question of restoring Georgia’s statehood was first deposed in Iveria,<br />

edited by Ilia Chavchavadze. Later energetic polemics about the issues autonomy<br />

and federative systems appeared in the newspapers Tsnobis Purtseli and Sakartvelo.<br />

The idea of autonomy was promulgated by Grigol Rtskhiladze, Mikheil<br />

Javakhishvili, Vasil Tsereteli, Kita Abashidze, Aleksandre Agladze, Vladimer<br />

Lortkipanidze and others. In 1900s even the Russia’s imperialistic government<br />

supported the idea of Georgia’s autonomy.<br />

The chief point of publicists publishing in Georgian press was the demand of<br />

restoring the Georgian as the official language of the autonomy. As for the other<br />

ethnic groups living here they should be provided legal grounds for the preservation<br />

of their language, culture and customs, the a possibility for the unencumbered freedom<br />

of development.<br />

247

248<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

madona madona apolonis apolonis asuli asuli niJaraZe,<br />

niJaraZe,<br />

izolda izolda rusaZe<br />

rusaZe<br />

Hpoeti Hpoeti aneta aneta aneta grigolis grigolis asuli asuli kapanaZe kapanaZe<br />

kapanaZe<br />

ra viciT am pirovnebis Sesaxeb? samwuxarod, TiTqmis araferi.<br />

"qarTuli wignis" daxmarebiT gairkva, rom a. kapanaZis leqsebi<br />

mxolod orjer daibeWda: pirvelad _ 1902 wels, xolo meored _ 1904<br />

wels. orive gamocemulia q. TbilisSi. pirvel wigns aweria: "gamocema<br />

aneta kapanaZisa, #I. leqsebi aneta kapanaZisa (avtoris suraTiT) Òèïîãð.<br />

"Ãóòåíáåðã", êí. Ãð. Äèàñàìèäçå, Äâîðöîâ óë... 1902". wigni moicavs 71 gverds,<br />

20 x13.<br />

es wigni daculia Tbilisis sajaro biblioTekaSi, leninis saxelobis<br />

sajaro biblioTekaSi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiasa da peterburgis<br />

saltikov-SCedrinis saxelobis Sromis wiTeli droSis ordenosan<br />

saxelmwifo sajaro biblioTekaSi ("qarTuli wigni", bibliografia, t. 1,<br />

#2552).<br />

rac Seexeba 1904 wels gamocemul a. kapanaZis leqsebis wigns<br />

"moulodneli sikvdili leqsiT", inaxeba saqarTvelos centralur arqivsa<br />

da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis samecniero biblioTekaSi<br />

("qarTuli wigni", bibliografia, t. II, #2841). wigni dabeWdilia ar.<br />

quTaTelaZis stambaSi (15 gverdi, 14 x 10).<br />

sakiTxiT daintereseba gamoiwvia im garemoebam, rom poeti qalis<br />

pirveli wigni aRmoCnda q. quTaisSi, am statiis avtoris _ m. niJaraZis<br />

ojaxSi. wigni dazianebulia da moicavs mxolod 64 gverds.<br />

muSaobis procesSi "qarTuli wignis" I, II da III tomebis garda<br />

SeviswavleT "droebis" 1900-1910 wlebisa da gazeT "cnobis furclis"<br />

1901-1909 wlebis masalebi. samwuxarod, a. kapanaZis Sesaxeb cnobebi<br />

Zalian mwiria.<br />

a. kapanaZis pirveli wignis gamocema cenzuris mier nebadarTul<br />

iqna 1902 w. 27 agvistos.<br />

am gamocemas Tan erTvis avtoris fotosuraTi, romelzedac poet<br />

qals 40-45 wlis Sesaxedaoba aqvs. sakmaod lamazi qalbatonia, tipuri<br />

qarTuli saxiT, Zvirfasi Cixti-kopiT, mandiliTa da kavebiT.<br />

meore wigns, teqnikuri mizezebis gamo, jerjerobiT ver ver<br />

mivakvlieT.<br />

a. kapanaZis poezia Tematurad mravalferovania, Tumca, ZiriTadad,<br />

pesimisturi ganwyoba igrZnoba. CvenTvis ucnobia misi piradi cxovrebis<br />

detalebi. amitom verafers vityviT am leqsebis pesimizmis mizezze,<br />

Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom aseTi ganwyoba im periodis SemoqmedTaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli iyo.<br />

a. kapanaZes poetis movaleobisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb dawerili<br />

aqvs leqsebi: "muzas" da "kalams". avtoris azriT, poetis niWi zeciuri<br />

madlia da misi daniSnulebaa amqveyniuri cxovrebis tkbil-mware gancda:

poeti aneta grigolis asuli kapanaZe<br />

"he, muzav, modi, momxede,<br />

STambere niWi ciuri,<br />

rom vigrZno mec mware-tkbili<br />

cxovreba amqveyniuri" ("muzas").<br />

a. kapanaZe i. WavWavaZisa da a. wereTlis epoqaSi moRvaweobda da,<br />

cxadia, misi poezia maT gavlenas ganicdis. a. kapanaZis Conguri, akakis<br />

msgavsad, samSoblos bedze wuxs, xolo leqsi "kalams", ilias mibaZviT,<br />

simarTles emsaxureba:<br />

"Tumc ki xar pawawkintela,<br />

mainc xar Ronierio,<br />

aTassa mklav-Roniersa<br />

ajobebs Seni wverio" ("kalams").<br />

poetis lirika, ZiriTadad, satrfialoa. cxadia, ar viciT, am<br />

leqsebis adresatis vinaoba, magram avtoriseuli gancdebi realuria.<br />

siyvarulis Temazea dawerili misi leqsebi: "satrfos", "muxambazi",<br />

"turfa", "sayvarlis fantazia", "yvedreba" da sxv. poeti qali<br />

grZnobamoreviT, siyvaruliT anTebuli mimarTavs satrfos:<br />

"Seni eSxiT aRvsili maqvs guneba,<br />

Senebr koxta arvin ar meguleba,<br />

guls megzneba siyvarulis alebi,<br />

Sensken mzeriT damisustda Tvalebi" (gv. 63).<br />

a. kapanaZis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Temaa mSromeli xalxis<br />

mZime cxovrebis Cveneba. leqsebi: "<strong>qarTveli</strong> glexis Svili var", "sawyali<br />

kacis Svili var", "muSa", "mosamsaxuris survili" da sxv. daCagrul<br />

adamianebs gvixatavs, Tumca a. kapanaZem Tavis poeziaSi ar mogvca<br />

usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZol adamianTa saxeebi. am leqsebis lirikuli<br />

gmirebi _ mSromeli glexebi RvTisagan erTxel boZebuls sjerdebian da<br />

ukeTesi momavlisaTvis ar ibrZvian. cxadia, Tu mwerali usamarTlobiT<br />

Sewuxebuli xalxis brZolas asaxavda, cenzura dabeWdvis nebas ar miscemda.<br />

a. kapanaZis patriotuli lirika samSoblosadmi spetaki da nazi<br />

siyvaruliT aRvsili striqonebia. poet qals awuxebs qveynis bedi da<br />

daufaravad gadmogvcems Tavis emociebs. leqsSi "Cems suraTs"<br />

gulmxurvaled loculobs da samSoblos keTildReobas evedreba RmerTs.<br />

avtori Tavis poeziaSi umReris adamianur zneobasa da spetak<br />

suls. am mxriv sayuradReboa leqsi-balada "oboli".<br />

a. kapanaZis SemoqmedebaSi saintereso Temebia: dedaSviluri<br />

siyvaruli, moxucTa da sneulTa TanagrZnoba, bunebis suraTebi, qalaquri<br />

cxovrebis asaxva da sxv.<br />

a. kapanaZis poezia ideur-mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT Tavisi epoqis<br />

donezea, Tumca riTmebis mixedviT moisustebs. ufro xSirad gamoyenebulia<br />

Raribi, arazusti riTma. poeti ZiriTadad mimarTavs daqtilur riTmas<br />

emfatikuri "a"-s daxmarebiT. iSviaTad SeimCneva zedaqtiluri riTmebic<br />

(Ronierio _ Seni wverio; ar iwyebs _ daiviwyebs da sxv.), saerTod ar<br />

iyenebs erTmarcvlian da ormarcvlian riTmas. ZiriTadad, leqsebi<br />

249

250<br />

m. niJaraZe, i. rusaZe<br />

gawyobilia intervaliani riTmebiT, Tumca xandaxan gvxvdeba paraleluri<br />

da jvaredinic (gv. 41, 61, 64).<br />

gavaanalizeT leqsebi enobrivi TvalsazrisiTac. aq warmovadgineT<br />

suraTi imisa, Tu rogoria XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze dawerili da<br />

gamoqveynebuli leqsebis gramatikuli normebi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />

mivaqcieT imas, Tu ra msgavsebasa da gansxvavebas gviCvenebs am leqsebis<br />

ena Zvel da axal saliteraturo enasTan mimarTebiT. leqsebi, ZiriTadad,<br />

axali qarTuli saliteraturo eniTaa dawerili, Tumca aqa-iq gvxvdeba<br />

ZvelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli normebi.<br />

a. kapanaZis poeziaSi gamoyenebuli ena Wrelia. sinamdvileSi, XIX<br />

saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi Zveli saerTod ar unda<br />

iyos, magram aqa-iq mainc vxvdebiT.<br />

zogierTi enobrivi movlena, romelic am leqsebSi warmoCinda,<br />

Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo enas ar axasiaTebs, radganac igi<br />

"ganviTarebis saerTo kanonzomierebis ZaliT an sul daikarga, an zog<br />

dialeqtur jgufs SemorCa" (iv. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. VI).<br />

moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs. saxelTa warmoeba; moTxrobiTi<br />

brunva: Savbedman (gv. 5), Sewuxebulman (gv. 14); viTarebiTi brunva:<br />

xataT (gv. 19), mwareT (gv. 36); Tandebuli: saklavzed (gv. 24), tuCzed<br />

(gv. 21); "idan" formas xmarobs ase: Tvalidgan (gv. 26), saydridgan (gv.<br />

20); a. kapanaZe iyenebs -mde/-mdis Tandebulis dialeqtur formas: wlamdisin<br />

(gv. 11), dromdin (gv. 19).<br />

a. kapanaZis poeziaSi xSiria msazRvrel-sazRvrulis gamoyenebis<br />

SemTxvevebi. poeti mimarTavs atributul msazRvrel-sazRvrulis<br />

prepoziciur wyobas, magram gardamaval saxeobas: dakodils gulis<br />

wylulebsa (gv. 6).<br />

prepoziciuri wyobis dros substanciuri msazRvreli a. kapanaZis<br />

leqsebSi sazRvrulTan erTad brunebis dros ucvlelia da dgas<br />

naTesaobiT brunvaSi. Zvel qarTulSi is yovelTvis gavrcobili iyo,<br />

garda adamianis saxelisa. saanalizod aRebul leqsebSi ki sazogado<br />

saxelebTan gauvrcobeli formiTaa warmodgenili: oqros gvirgvini<br />

Zvirfasis TvlebiT adgiaT Tavze (gv. 20).<br />

zmna: pirveli subieqturi piris niSani u xmovnis win bevr SemTxvevaSi<br />

dakargulia: Cauvarde (gv. 32), dauwyebdiT (gv. 53); mesame subieqturi<br />

pirisaTvis zmnaTa nariani formebi: rcxvenian, eSinian, uxarian da misTanebi<br />

dRes qarTl-kaxurs, moxeursa da fSaur dialeqtebs axasiaTebT. am<br />

mxriv, am dialeqtebSi daculia is viTareba, rac iyo XII-XIX saukuneebis<br />

qarTul enaSi. a. kapanaZe zustad icavs Tavisi epoqis droindel normebs.<br />

XIX saukuneSi TanxmovniT dawyebuli zmnis erT formaSi Tavs<br />

iyrida ori prefiqsi _ pirveli subieqturi da mesame obieqturi piris<br />

niSnebi: vhkiTxeT, vsTxove da sxv. es wesi daculia a. kapanaZis leqsebSic.<br />

zogierT erTpirian zmnas subieqturi piris niSanTan erTad obieqtis<br />

prefiqssac urTavs: sdgas (gv. 20), sZgerda (gv. 9); zogjer mesame pirdapir<br />

obieqtur pirsac afiqsiT warmogvidgens: gamosTqvi (gv. 7)...

poeti aneta grigolis asuli kapanaZe<br />

a. kapanaZis poeziaSi Segvxvda xmovanSecvlili zmniswinebis<br />

dialeqturi formebi: mamivida (gv. 40), mamcems (gv. 64); zogierT<br />

zmniswins poeti iyenebs Zveli formiT: ganqra (gv. 59), gardmogvafare<br />

(gv. 37), STagbera (gv. 55) da sxv.<br />

cnobilia, rom aR- zmniswinian formebSi pirveli subiqturi piris<br />

niSani v- zmniswinis Semdeg iwereba. a. kapanaZis leqsebSi SeiniSneba<br />

Zveli normebis gavlena, roca gamoyenebuli iyo "aRviareb" forma zmnisa:<br />

uRviaro (gv. 6), giRviareb (gv. 8) da sxv.<br />

poeti qalis leqsebSi dadasturda -av da -am Temis niSnebis mcdarad<br />

gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi: movrTam (gv. 11), daginaxamT (gv. 56), naxam (gv.<br />

25).<br />

a. kapanaZis leqsebSi gamoyenebulia zogierTi leqsikuri erTeulis<br />

dialeqturi forma.<br />

statiaSi SevecadeT warmogveCina a. kapanaZis Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi<br />

motivebi da ideur-mxatvruli analizi. SevexeT misi leqsebis Rirsebanaklovanebebs,<br />

ganvixileT gramatikuli foni XIX saukunis saliteraturo<br />

enis normebis mixedviT da sazogadoebas mivawodeT masala ucnobi<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> poeti qalis Sesaxeb.<br />

mkiTxvels vTxovT, Tu raime cnoba an masala gaaCniaT aneta kapanaZis<br />

Sesaxeb, mogvawodon.<br />

MADONA NIZHARADZE, IZOLDA RUSADZE<br />

ANETA KAPANADZE – POETESS<br />

Aneta Kapanadze published her books of poems in 1902 and 1904. The<br />

first one has the title Aneta Kapanadze’s Poems, the other Sudden Death with<br />

Poems. The first book is found in the Tbilisi Public Library, in the Scientific<br />

Library of the Georgian Academy of Sciences and in and in Petersburg Saltikov-<br />

Schedrin Public Library. The second book is kept in the Central Archive of<br />

Georgia and in the Scientific Library of the Georgian Academy of Sciences.<br />

The first book was also found in the family library of Madona Nizharadze, an<br />

author of the present paper.<br />

Apart from the three volume of the Georgian Book and the press of Aneta<br />

Kapanadze’s time we could not find any other materials about the poetess.<br />

Main themes of her poetry are the role of poetry and a poet, love lyrics, motherland,<br />

compassion to the needy, hard life of the layman etc. It is noteworthy that Aneta<br />

Kapanadze did not write about the struggle of toilers against injustice. The<br />

censorship of the period made it impossible to do it.<br />

The present paper discusses Aneta Kapanadze’s poems from the point of<br />

literary studies: metrics, rhyme …as well as from their linguistic properties.<br />

251

252<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

madona madona apolonis apolonis asuli asuli niJaraZe<br />

niJaraZe<br />

portreti portreti - - gamosaxvis gamosaxvis aucilebeli<br />

aucilebeli<br />

saSualeba<br />

saSualeba<br />

mwerali personaJis daxasiaTebisas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs<br />

portrets. umeteswilad gmiris garegnoba da misi sulieri samyaro<br />

urTierTmimarTebaSia. xSirad garegnobis ganmsazRvreli adamianis Sinagani<br />

bunebaa.<br />

portretSi, Cveulebriv, igulisxmeba personaJis aRnagoba: simaRle,<br />

saxe, Tma-wveri, Tval-warbi, tuC-kbili da Cacmulobac ki. SeiZleba<br />

mweralma gamoiyenos portretis Semavsebeli sxva elementebic: sigareti,<br />

portsigari, xeljoxi, saTvale da sxv.<br />

zogjer portreti mTlianobaSia warmodgenili, zogjer ki - nawilnawil,<br />

e. i. mwerali TandaTanobiT aRwers gmiris garegnobas.<br />

literaturul ZeglebSi gamoikveTa portretis ori saxeoba:<br />

dadebiTi da uaryofiTi. am klasifikaciis safuZveli mainc personaJis<br />

Sinagani samyaroa. portreti garegnobaa, xolo Tviseba da xasiaTi -<br />

adamianis buneba. meore gansazRvravs pirvels. e.i. portretidan ki ar<br />

gamomdinareobs dadebiTi an uaryofiTi gmiri, aramed piriqiT - moqmed<br />

pirTa xasiaTebidan. dadebiTi Tvisebebi gansazRvravs personaJis<br />

garegnobasac. sxvaTa Soris, uZvelesi sibrZnea, rom jansaRi, lamazi<br />

suli adamians garegnobiTac alamazebs.<br />

dadebiTi portretis nimuSad qarTul mwerlobaSi bevri personaJis<br />

gaxseneba SeiZleba. rusTavelis gmirebis - tarielis, avTandilis, nestandarejanis,<br />

TinaTinisa da sxva personaJebis silamaze Seesabameba am gmirTa<br />

maRalzneobriv bunebas, xolo amave poemaSi gamoyvanili flidi da orpiri<br />

vaWari, ficisa da sityvis gamtexi useni `mWle aris da Tvalad nasi".<br />

agreTve, baSi-aCuki, Tornike erisTavi, elguja, xevisberi goCa da sxvebi<br />

qarTul mwerlobaSi dauviwyari zneobrivi saxeebi arian, Sesabamisad,,<br />

maTi portretebic dadebiTia.<br />

a. wereTeli abduSahilis SesaniSnavi portretis aRweriT TiTqos<br />

winaswar gvamzadebs misi feriscvalebisaTvis. aseTi garegnobis adamiani<br />

ar SeiZleba boroti, urjulo da sisxlismRvreli iyos.<br />

k. gamsaxurdia wers: `Sorena Camovida kedlidan, xatauri farCis<br />

kaba ecva Savi, oqrosferi Tmebi gadmoRvriliyvnen mxrebze, modioda<br />

yayaCoebis velze, TavTuxis Tavelebs esroda utas, yayaCoebsa da TavTuxis<br />

Tavelebs" (k. gamsaxurdia, 1959, gv. 792). am portretis Sesabamisad<br />

Sorena kolonkeliZe saTno, nazi da spetaki qalwulia.<br />

uaryofiTi portreti uaryofiTi gmiris dasaxasiaTeblad<br />

gamoiyeneba. adamianis Sinagani samyaro, misi cudi xasiaTi da niSan-<br />

Tvisebebi gavlenas axdens garegnobaze da aisaxeba mis saxeze. borot da<br />

uxams adamians uzneo da boroti gamometyveleba aqvs.<br />

i. WavWavaZis mier daxatuli luarsabis portreti qarTul<br />

mwerlobaSi zarmaci da uqnara adamianis SesaniSnavi nimuSia. sulierad

portreti - gamosaxvis aucilebeli saSualeba<br />

gadagvarebuli luarsab TaTqariZe sxeuliTac gadagvarebulia. amas<br />

adasturebs ara marto misi aRnagoba, aramed - Cacmulobac.<br />

m. javaxiSvili jayo jivaSvilis portretis daxatvisas maqsimalurad<br />

cdilobs misi vulgaruli garegnobis warmoCenas: `dedaboZiviT sqeli<br />

da gaCaCxuli fexebi Zlivs imagrebdnen uSnoT da ganivrad dadgmul<br />

TeZoebsa da mxar-beWs". `jayom cali xeliT doinji Semoiyara, cxenis<br />

kbilebi gaaelva da daiWixvina". `ramdenime naWrilobeviT daserili Tavi<br />

da pirsaxe iseTi Savis, xSirisa da aburZgvnilis jagriT hqonda Semosili,<br />

TiTqo jayos beWebze kuprSi amovlebuli uzarmazari zRarbi<br />

acocebuliyo". `Savi jagris buCqnari Tvalebamde swvdeboda da im<br />

jagnaridan mxolod xaris Tvalebs, win-wamoyril cxenis kbilebsa da<br />

aWyletil cxvirs amoeyoT Tavi". aseTi portretiT iwyebs mwerali<br />

jayos daxasiaTebas da mkiTxveli nawarmoebis pirveli gverdidan xvdeba,<br />

rom uaryofiT personaJTan aqvs saqme. jayos usiamovno, Semzarav<br />

garegnobas Seesabameba misi qceva-xasiaTic. is gaunaTlebeli da uzneo<br />

adamiania, rac gamoixateba misive garegnobaSi.<br />

portretze msjelobis dros yuradRebis gareSe ver davtovebT<br />

arcTu iSviaT gamonaklisebs. zogjer personaJis portreti da gmiris<br />

Sinagani samyaro erTmaneTs ar Seesatyviseba. garegnobiT momxibvleli<br />

da lamazi pirovneba aRWurvilia uaryofiTi TvisebebiT an piriqiT,<br />

cudi uaryofiTi portretis mqone personaJi sulierad spetaki da<br />

amaRlebulia.<br />

msoflio klasikur mwerlobaSi uaryofiTi portretis SesaniSnavi<br />

nimuSia v. hiugos mier daxatuli kvazimodo. misi suraTi yvelaze didi<br />

simaxinjis gansaxierebaa: "rogorc ar unda vecadoT, mivceT mkiTxvels<br />

warmodgena, ver SevZlebT aRvweroT es oTxwaxnaga cxviri, cxenis<br />

naliseburi piri. pawawina marcxena Tvals jagriseburi mwiTuri warbi<br />

Camofareboda, marjvena Tvali ki sruliad gamqraliyo. veeba meWeWs qveS<br />

uswormasworo, Camtvreuli da meCxeri kbilebi koSkis qongurebs ugavda,<br />

gaxeTqil da dakoJril tuCebze spilos eSviseburi Roji mouCanda,<br />

nikapi orad hqonda gayofili. kidev ufro Znelia am saSineli saxis<br />

gamometyvelebis gadmocema, romelSic gaboroteba, gaoceba da sevda<br />

ixateboda erTdroulad". mwerali TandaTanobiT avsebs kvazimodos<br />

garegnobas: `mTeli misi pirovneba simaxinjes warmoadgenda, veeba Tavs<br />

aburZgvnili, jagriseburi mwiTuri Tma ufaravda. zurgze beWebs Soris<br />

amozrdoda uzarmazari kuzi, romelic gawonasworebuli iyo meore<br />

mopirdapire kuziT mkerdze. TeZoebi ise ucnaurad amovardnoda, rom<br />

mis fexebs mxolod muxlebSi SeeZloT erTmaneTTan Sexvedra da Tu<br />

winidan SexedavdiT, saxelurebiT SeerTebul or namgals mogagonebdaT.<br />

farTo terfebi da urCxulis sazareli xelebi hqonda" da a. S.<br />

(v. hiugo, 1970, gv. 71). mkiTxvelma icis rom kvazimodos buneba misi<br />

garegnobis sruliad sawinaaRmdegoa. am maxinj sxeulSi uaRresad nazi,<br />

sevdiani da gmiruli suli imaleba. e. i. portreti da gmiris xasiaTi ar<br />

Seesabameba urTierTs.<br />

253

254<br />

m. niJaraZe<br />

garegnobisa da sulieri samyaros urTierTSeguebis nimuSad<br />

gamodgeba ilias `glaxis naambobSi" glaxis - gabrielis bolodroindeli<br />

portreti: `ise mtkivneulad Seikriba warbebi da daeRmiWa gayviTlebuli<br />

saxe... is iyo sruliad daTenTili sneulebisagan. yviTeli saxe, Siga-da-<br />

Sig tylapsaviT CaCneuli, SeSupebuli hqonda, rogorc wyalmankis mqones,<br />

Tma da mozrdili WaRara wveri WuWyisagan ise gasqeleboda, TiTqos imis<br />

Tmas Tavis dReSi arc wyali moxvedriao da arc savarcxeli." es portreti<br />

ekuTvnis odesRac mSvenier, magram bedisagan daCagrul da gaubedurebul<br />

adamians. mis amJamindel mdgomareobas aseTi suraTi savsebiT Seesabameba.<br />

mxatvrul literaturaSi aris SemTxvevebi, roca portreti<br />

dadebiTia, magram pirovneba - uaryofiTi. gavixsenoT a. wereTlis<br />

`gamzrdelidan" umSvenieresi zia-xanumi:<br />

`zia-xanum, Senc ki ici,<br />

rom mSvenebiT ganTqmulia;<br />

bevri kargi axalgazrda<br />

misi eSxiT dabmulia!<br />

mTvaresaviT xeluxlebi,<br />

sxivebs hfens da arvis aTbobs;<br />

momxibvlelad, Soreulad<br />

Tanasworad yvelas atkbobs!" (a. wereTeli, 1989, gv. 203).<br />

rogorc mkiTxvelisaTvis cnobilia, zia-xanumi uaryofiTi<br />

pirovnebaa. igi mzadaa, sakuTari axirebuli survilebis Sesasruleblad<br />

vaJkacebis sicocxle gaswiros da Seyvarebulebs ukadrisi saqcieli<br />

Caadeninos.<br />

akakis `Tamar cbierSi", ra Tqma unda, uaryofiTi personaJia<br />

imereTis dedofali Tamar cbieri. misi portreti, garegnobis sruli<br />

aRwera mwerals ar moucia, magram SigadaSig calkeuli strofebiT<br />

poeti gviCvenebs am qalis mSvenebas. Tavisi garegnobiT man bevri saxelovani<br />

vaJkaci acduna. dedofali TviTon ixasiaTebs Tavs:<br />

`rogorc rom mTvare TxuTmetis dRisa,<br />

veRar SemZeni sinaTlis kide,<br />

miscuravs caze sxivmomfinare<br />

ampartavnebiT kidiT-kidemde,<br />

ise mSveneba Cemi srulqmnili,<br />

erTsa wertilze SeCerebula,<br />

magram jer kidev misi dideba<br />

da sxivosnoba ar daklebula" (a. wereTeli, 1989, gv. 96).<br />

sxva adgilas poeti cbier dedofalze ambobs: `TviT ciur mnaTobs,<br />

qveynad Camosuls". piesis mixedviT, dedoflis mSvenier sxeulSi<br />

moTavsebulia boroti da cbierebiT aRsavse suli.<br />

maSasadame, portreti daxasiaTebisa da saxis Seqmnis aucilebeli<br />

saSualebaa. ufro xSirad <strong>mwerlebi</strong> personaJis daxasiaTebas maTi<br />

garegnobis aRweriT iwyeben.

portreti - gamosaxvis aucilebeli saSualeba<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

k. gamsaxurdia, 1959 - k. gamsaxurdia, rCeuli, t. II, Tb., 1959.<br />

m. niJaraZe, z. kikviZe, 2006 - m. niJaraZe, z. kikviZe,<br />

literaturismcodneobis propedevtika, quTaisi, 2006.<br />

a. wereTeli, 1989 - a. wereTeli, rCeuli, t. III, Tb., 1989.<br />

i. WavWavaZe, 1985 - i. WavWavaZe, rCeuli, t. II, Tb., 1985.<br />

a. Wilaia, r. Wilaia, 2002 - a. Wilaia, r. Wilaia, literaturaTmcodneobiTi<br />

cnebebi, Tb., 2002.<br />

m. javaxiSvili, 1959 - m. javaxiSvili, rCeuli, t. II, Tb., 1959.<br />

v. hiugo, 1970 - v. hiugo, parizis RvTismSoblis taZari, 1970.<br />

MADONA NIZHARADZE<br />

PORTRAITURE – A NECESSARY MEANS OF EXPRESSION<br />

Portraiture is a necessary means of characterizing a personage and creating<br />

literary images. In most cases the appearance of a character and his/her spiritual<br />

world are interrelated. Often the innermost nature of a human being determines the<br />

appearance.<br />

Portraiture usually means the art of portrayal, the depiction in words of a<br />

personage’s figure, eye and brows, moth and teeth, hair and beard, clothing etc.<br />

Writers can make use other complementary objects: a cigarette, cigar-case, cane,<br />

and beads etc.<br />

Sometimes verbal portraits are provided in full-length at one time. In other<br />

cases authors develop the picture gradually furnishing it according to the plot line.<br />

Traditionally literary studies distinguish two types of portraits: positive and<br />

negative. A personage with handsome appearance usually reveals positive characters<br />

and those of ugly appearance are associated with negative ones. It is noteworthy<br />

that inner qualities serve the decisive sign for the outward look and not the vice<br />

versa.<br />

Various fictions have exemptions in which the portrait of the personage and<br />

his/her inner world are in contrast relationship. The handsome may have negative<br />

personality and the positive character can be wrapped up in the ugly appearance.<br />

Portraits also may correspond to particular mood of a personage at the certain<br />

stage of its development i.e. at a certain period of his/her life this or that appearance<br />

can prove more necessary.<br />

This paper discusses examples of the portraiture from the Georgian classics.<br />

255

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qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

nato nato nato niqabaZe, niqabaZe,<br />

niqabaZe,<br />

ekate ekaterine ekate rine kaxiZe kaxiZe<br />

kaxiZe<br />

grigol grigol grigol giorgis giorgis giorgis Ze Ze veSapeli/veSapiZe<br />

veSapeli/veSapiZe<br />

(1891-1926)<br />

(1891-1926)<br />

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mSeneblobis dRevandel etapze,<br />

demokratiisa da sajaroobis pirobebSi SesaZlebeli xdeba, Cveni<br />

Tanamemamuleebis, gamoCenil erovnul da politikur moRvaweTa saxelebis<br />

dabruneba. Cveni valia SevavsoT saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis `TeTri"<br />

laqebi, ar davuSvaT istoriuli sinamdvilis falsifikacia, daviwyebis sqeli<br />

safari movaSoroT yvela im moRvawes, romlebic dRemde CrdilSia moqceuli.<br />

pirovneba, romelzedac gvinda SevaCeroT yuradReba, uaRresad aqtiur<br />

rols asrulebda qarTul sazogadoebriv-politikur sarbielze.<br />

grigol giorgis Ze veSapeli (veSapiZe) daibada 1891 wels sofel sairxeSi,<br />

Sorapnis mazraSi (dRevand. saCxeris raioni). marTalia, igi Raribi glexis<br />

Svili iyo, magram bavSvobidanve swavlisadmi gamorCeulma survilma SeaZlebina<br />

mas, zemo imereTis am patara soflidan gasuliyo da sazogadoebriv sarbielze<br />

warmatebuli moRvaweobisaTvis Sesaferi ganaTleba mieRo (u. sidamoniZe,<br />

1970, gv. 216).<br />

grigol veSapeli swavlobda quTaisis klasikur gimnaziaSi. igi<br />

gamoirCeoda aqtiurobiTa da kargi swavliT. grigol veSapelma gimnazia<br />

warmatebiT daamTavra. qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma<br />

sazogadoebam gaiTvaliswina niWieri axalgazrdis Txovna da igi specialuri<br />

stipendiiT saswavleblad moskovis universitetSi gagzavna. msoflio<br />

literaturis moyvaruli Wabuki filologiis fakultetze Cairicxa.<br />

grigol veSapelma jer kidev studentobis wlebSi yuradReba miipyro,<br />

rogorc qarTvel studentTa saTvistomos organizatorma da niWierma<br />

publicistma. igi aqtiurad Caeba 1915 wels daarsebul gazeT `saqarTvelos"<br />

publicistur saqmianobaSi. am organoSi agzavnida da beWdavda yvelaze mwvave<br />

da im droisaTvis aqtualur politikur problemebze. es problemebi<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Semadgeneli nawili<br />

iyo da maT erovnul WrilSi ganixilavda.<br />

grigol veSapelma jer kidev studentobis wlebSi dawera ramdenime<br />

Sroma rusul da qarTul enebze. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: `saqarTvelo da<br />

lazistani" da `saqarTvelos SeerTeba ruseTTan" (g. SaraZe, 2001, gv.<br />

223).<br />

saqarTveloSi dabrunebamde axalgazrda filologma gazeT<br />

`saqarTvelos" saxeliT ramdenime RonisZiebaSi miiRo monawileoba, romelic<br />

moskovis qarTuli sazogadoebis iniciativiT gaimarTa. rusi poetis<br />

konstantine balmontis pativsacemad gamarTul banketze grigol veSapelma<br />

warmoTqva sityva. Tavis gamosvlaSi didi madloba gadauxada k. balmonts<br />

`vefxistyaosnis" rusul enaze Targmnisa da didi <strong>qarTveli</strong> genialuri poetis<br />

rusuli sazogadoebisaTvis gacnobis gamo (gr. veSapeli, 1916).

grigol giorgis Ze veSapeli/veSapiZe (1891-1926)<br />

1916 wels grigol veSapelma moskovis universitetSi swavla daasrula<br />

da 1917 wlis Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiuli revoluciis gamarjvebis<br />

Semdeg saqarTveloSi dabrunda. sxva qarTvel erovnul moRvaweebTan erTad<br />

man aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo erovnul-demokratiuli partiis<br />

saqmianobaSi da am partiis erT-erTi damaarsebeli da liderTagani gaxda.<br />

erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis fuZemdeblebs TavianT<br />

umTavres miznad saqarTvelos erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena<br />

miaCndaT. maTi ideali iyo erTiani, ganuyofeli mamuli da ara dasebad<br />

dapirispirebuli da dayofili saqarTvelo.<br />

erovnul-demokratiuli partiis Camoyalibebis procesi TiTqmis<br />

meoTxedi saukune grZeldeboda. swored grigol veSapelis samSobloSi<br />

dabrunebas daemTxva am partiis daarseba 1917 wlis ivnisSi. partiis daarsebam<br />

axali impulsi SesZina saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebas.<br />

asparezze gamovida erTiani politikuri organizacia, romlis umTavresi<br />

mizani saqarTvelos politikuri Tavisufleba da erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

aRdgena iyo.<br />

1917 wels grigol veSapeli arCeul iqna amierkavkasiis damoukidebeli<br />

saxelmwifos saTaTbiro organos - seimis wevrad. misi iniciativiTa da<br />

aqtiuri monawileobiT Seiqmna saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo, romlis wevric<br />

gaxda grigol veSapeli. igi yuradRebas iqcevda Tavisi gamosvlebiT erovnul<br />

sabWosa da amierkavkasiis seimSi, rogorc niWieri oratori da saukeTeso<br />

publicisti. amitom iyo, rom mas yvela erovnul saqmeSi didi wili edo.<br />

rodesac 1918 wlis 26 maiss mTavrobis sasaxlis TeTr darbazSi Sekrebil<br />

erovnuli sabWos wevrTa da sazogadoebis winaSe noe Jordaniam<br />

damoukideblobis aqti waikiTxa, misi rusuli varianti grigol veSapelma<br />

warmoadgina (d. WumburiZe, 2008, gv. 90).<br />

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg (1918) grigol veSapeli<br />

arCeul iqna damfuZnebeli krebis wevrad - saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />

deputatad. parlamentSi is Sevida, rogorc damoukidebeli nacionalurdemokratiuli<br />

partiis xelmZRvaneli, romlis organo iyo gazeTi `klde".<br />

grigol veSapeli aqtiurad iyo CarTuli saqarTvelos Jurnalistur<br />

saqmianobaSi. 1917 wlidan redaqtorobda erovnul-demokratiuli partiis<br />

beWdviT organos _ `saqarTvelos", 1918-1920 wlebSi gazeT `kldes" (1919 w.<br />

gazeTi zogjer `sali kldis", `pitalo kldis" saxeliT gamodioda), 1920<br />

wels gazeT `nacionalists", xolo 1920-1921 wlebSi gazeT `miwas". igi rasac<br />

akeTebda, yovelTvis gamoirCeoda saqmisadmi SeupovrobiT da erovnuli<br />

problemebisadmi mwvave damokidebulebiT.<br />

grigol veSapelis antirusul ganwyobas da mis erovnul suliskve-<br />

Tebas naTlad adasturebs damoukideblobis meore dResve, 1918 wlis 27<br />

maiss gakeTebuli Jesti: Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWos sxdomaze gamovida Tbilisis<br />

qalaqis Tavi xatisovi, deputatebic umetesad araqarTvelebi iyvnen, amitom<br />

samuSao ena rusuli iyo. rodesac sityvaSi gamosulebma TavianTi azri<br />

rusulad warmoTqves, grigol veSapelma sityva qarTulad warmoTqva. man<br />

gaakritika xatisovis gamosvla, romelmac saqarTvelos damoukideblobas<br />

naadrevi uwoda.<br />

257

258<br />

n. niqabaZe, e. kaxiZe<br />

grigol veSapelis Seupovari xasiaTi, mtkice nebisyofa, patriotizmi<br />

da humanizmi kargad Cans mis publicistikaSi, romelic uxvad ibeWdeboda<br />

1918-1921 wlebis qarTul erovnul presaSi. roca 1921 wels saqarTvelo<br />

ruseTma daipyro, am viTarebam Tavzari dasca qarTvel mamuliSvilebs da,<br />

ra Tqma unda, grigol veSapels.<br />

imedgacruebuli grigol veSapeli ramdenime Tve baTumSi darCa, ar<br />

gahyva emigraciaSi im mTavrobas, romlis uniaTobasac abralebdnen<br />

nawilobriv am did erovnul marcxs. igi jer stambolSi wavida, Semoiara<br />

evropis qveynebi da bolos parizSi Cavida. eweoda farTo antibolSevikur<br />

propagandas rogorc damoukideblad, ise emigrantul mTavrobasTan<br />

erTad. grigol veSapelisaTvis TandaTanobiT cxadi gaxda socialdemokratiuli<br />

mTavrobis saqmianobis uSedegoba, rac upirveles yovlisa<br />

gamoixata imaSi, rom maT ver SeZles evropaSi mokavSiris povna ruseTis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. amasTan, grigol veSapeli kategoriuli winaaRmdegi<br />

iyo emigrantuli mTavrobis mier SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis momzadebisa da<br />

ganxorcielebis iseT pirobebSi, roca evropis arc erTi saxelmwifo mxars<br />

ar uWerda saqarTvelos ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. radgan maTTvis es<br />

ukanaskneli ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre saqarTvelo.<br />

1924 wlis ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg grigol veSapeli darwmunda,<br />

rom bolSevikuri reJimis damarcxeba saqarTveloSi SeuZlebeli iyo da<br />

antibolSevikur saqmianobasac niadagi ecleboda. igi sastikad gmobda<br />

sisxlisRvris gagrZelebas, gadaWriT moiTxovda mis dauyovnebliv Sewyvetas<br />

da mSvidobiani cxovrebis damkvidrebas Tavis samSobloSi.<br />

1924 wlis 5 noembers grigol veSapelma parizSi daaarsa gazeTi `axali<br />

saqarTvelo", romelic kategoriulad gamovida im moZraobis winaaRmdeg<br />

evropaSi, rasac awarmoebda social-demokratiuli mTavroba da likvidaciiT<br />

emuqreboda am mTavrobis restavraciis politikas.<br />

grigol veSapeli politikur asparezze meteoriviT gamoCnda da isev<br />

Cqara gaqra usazRvro sivrceSi. xanmokle gamodga misi sicocxle da<br />

politikuri moRvaweobac. metad energiuli, mebrZoli da niWieri pirovneba<br />

Tavisi moRvaweobiT miuRebeli aRmoCnda mowinaRmdegisaTvis, amitom<br />

gadawyvites misi fizikuri ganadgureba. grigol veSapeli 1926 wlis 10 ivniss<br />

gansxvavebuli azrisaTvis moklul iqna parizSi. mis mkvlelobas didi<br />

gamoZaxili mohyva rogorc evropaSi, ise sabWoTa saqarTveloSi.<br />

grigol veSapeli dakrZales parizSi, monparnasis sasaflaoze 1926<br />

wlis 14 ivniss. misi mSoblebis TxovniT, sabWoTa xelisuflebam grigol<br />

veSapelis cxedari parizidan saqarTveloSi Camoasvena 1928 wels, dakrZales<br />

TbilisSi didubis panTeonSi. 1937 wels xelisuflebis gankargulebiT misi<br />

cxedari didubidan vakis sasaflaoze gadaitanes da iq dakrZales.<br />

grigol veSapelis msoflmxedveloba emigraciaSi winaaRmdegobrivi<br />

aRmoCnda, misi azrovneba gaorda. erTi mxriv, samSobloze usazRvrod<br />

Seyvarebuli patrioti, misi damoukideblobis qomagi da meore mxriv -<br />

sabWoTa xelisuflebaze orientirebuli. Seqmnilma uaRresad rTulma<br />

istoriulma viTarebam, epoqam, romlis Svilic is iyo da romelSiac uxdeboda<br />

cxovreba da moRvaweoba, ganapiroba misi gaorebuli Sexedulebani.

grigol giorgis Ze veSapeli/veSapiZe (1891-1926)<br />

grigol veSapeli tragikuli bedis adamiani iyo. misi cxovrebis gza,<br />

politikuri moRvaweoba Tu naazrevi erTob rTuli, magram sayuradRebo<br />

gamocdilebaa, romlisganac mxolod erTmniSvnelovani daskvnebis gamotana<br />

ver xerxdeba. misi emigraciamdeli periodisa da 1921-1923 wlebis<br />

Sexedulebebi gulwrfeli patriotis, <strong>qarTveli</strong> nacionalistis<br />

Sexedulebebia. 1924-1926 wlebSi gamoqveynebul publikaciebSi ki grigol<br />

veSapeli sabWoTa xelisuflebis momxre da saqarTveloSi sabWoTa politikis<br />

gamziarebeli Cans.<br />

rogorc Cans, ukanasknel dros grigol veSapeli moeqca sabWoTa<br />

xelisuflebis gavlenis qveS, magram mTeli sicocxlis manZilze mxolod Tavis<br />

samSobloze fiqrobda da mis ukeTes momavalze ocnebobda.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

gr. veSapeli, 1916 - gr. veSapeli, balmontis misalmeba: gaz.<br />

`saqarTvelo", # 20, 1916.<br />

u. sidamoniZe, 1970 - u. sidamoniZe, saqarTveloSi burJuaziuldemokratiuli<br />

moZraobisa da socialisturi revoluciis gamarjvebis<br />

istoriografia (1917- 1921), Tb., 1970.<br />

g. SaraZe, 2001 - g. SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis<br />

istoria, t. 1, Tb., 2001.<br />

d. WumburiZe, 2008 - d. WumburiZe, istoriuli portretebi (dasawyisi<br />

me-20 saukunisa), Tb., 20081.<br />

NATO NIKABADZE, EKATERINE KAKHIDZE<br />

GRIGOL GIORGIS-DZE VESHAPELI/VESHAPIDZE (1891-1926)<br />

Grigol Veshapeli was born in a poor farmer’s family in the village of Sairkhe,<br />

Shorapani administrative region (now Sachkhere region). He studied at the Kutaisi<br />

Classical Gymnasium where he made good progress. The Society of Disseminating<br />

Literacy among Georgians awarded him a special scholarship to study at the<br />

philological faculty of the Moscow University.<br />

During the studentship period Grigol Veshapeli distinguished himself as the<br />

head of the Georgian immigrant society and the gifted publicist. He wrote several<br />

works in Georgian and Russian languages during these years.<br />

Grigol Veshapeli graduated from the University in 1916. In 1917 after the<br />

February Revolution he returned to Georgia.<br />

In 1921 when the Soviet Russia occupied Georgia Grigol Veshapeli did not<br />

follow the Government in emigration. He went to Istanbul a few months later and<br />

then in Europe where he continued his intense anti-Bolshevik activities alone and in<br />

collaboration with the emigrated Government members.<br />

After the failure of the rebellion of 1924 Grigol Veshapeli abandoned anti-<br />

Bolshevik activities, split from the emigrated Government and decided to go to<br />

Georgia. He was assassinated for his different views in 10 th July1926.<br />

259

260<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

nato nato niqabaZe<br />

niqabaZe<br />

damoukideblobis damoukideblobis dakargva dakargva da da "qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli sakiTxi"<br />

sakiTxi"<br />

saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso politikaSi<br />

politikaSi<br />

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis dasawyisi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis<br />

arsebobis mTel manZilze uaRresad mZime saSinao da saerTaSoriso<br />

viTarebiT aRiniSna. sabWoTa ruseTi ukve iRebda gadamWrel zomebs<br />

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisaTvis.<br />

1921 wlis 11 Tebervlidan sabWoTa ruseTma damoukidebeli saqar-<br />

Tvelos winaaRmdeg daiwyo saomari moqmedeba. 24 Tebervlamde<br />

grZeldeboda sisxlismRvreli brZolebi Tbilisis misadgomebTan. qarTuli<br />

jaris simcirem da mowinaaRmdegis ricxobrivma upiratesobam aiZula<br />

mTavarsardali, daecala TiTqmis ukve garemoculi dedaqalaqi.<br />

1921 wlis 25 Tebervals sabWoTa armia TbilisSi Sevida, moaxdina<br />

saqarTvelos okupacia, aneqsia da iq sabWoTa xelisufleba daamyara.<br />

Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvis saqmeSi<br />

xelisuflebis mxridan daSvebuli iyo seriozuli Secdomebi. am<br />

SecdomebSi brali hqonda ara marto xelisuflebas, aramed opoziciur<br />

Zalebsac.<br />

savsebiT swori iyo k. gamsaxurdia, rodesac werilSi ,,sityvebi<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> erisadmi 26 maiss" damarcxebis mizezebs erTi romelime<br />

politikuri partiis saqmianobaSi ki ar eZebda, aramed cdilobda<br />

globaluri poziciebidan gaerkvia misi warmoSobis saTave. nuravin nu<br />

daabralebs am katastrofas martooden mezoblebs, nurc romelime<br />

gansazRvrul partias: ,,qarTvelebis ukanasknel politikur egzamenSi _<br />

werda k. gamsaxurdia, _ Cven davinaxeT, rom <strong>qarTveli</strong> xalxi, rogorc<br />

saxelmwifo aRmSeneblobis masala Zlier kargia, magram misi meTauri _<br />

inteligencia bevr SemTxvevaSi uRirsi aRmoCnda eris beladobisa" (gaz.<br />

"saqarTvelos respublika", 2002, 26 maisi).<br />

z. avaliSvilis azriT, saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTis<br />

dapirispireba menSevikuri mTavrobis sagareo politikis brali iyo,<br />

romelmac saqarTvelo srul izolaciaSi moaqcia rogorc moskovis,<br />

ise angoris mimarT.<br />

1921 wlis damdegs ki saqarTvelos, _ wers z. avaliSvili, _<br />

Tavisi mTavrobisa da damfuZnebeli krebis saxiT hyavda partiuli<br />

organizaciis kreatura, romelnic saxelmwifoebriv saqmeebSi gamoucdeli<br />

doqtrinorobiT dauRalavad da sijiutiT dReniadag amcrobdnen...<br />

Tavisive arsebobisa da momavlis safuZvels (z. avaliSvili, 1990, gv. 7).<br />

z. avaliSvilis TqmiT, saqarTvelos mTavroba gzis dasasruls<br />

iseT viTarebaSi aRmoCnda, rom misi Zirs gadaZaxeba erTi wkipurtiT<br />

gaxda SesaZlebeli.<br />

saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli mTavroba emigraciaSi yofnisas<br />

yvela Rones xmarobda imisaTvis, rom epova mokavSire evropis qveynebis<br />

saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos emigrantul mTavrobas

damoukideblobis dakargva da "qarTuli sakiTxi" saerTaSoriso politikaSi<br />

safrangeTSi Casvlisas politikur moRvaweTagan aravin daxvedria,<br />

SemdgomSi maT Soris kargi urTierToba Camoyalibda.<br />

safrangeTis pozicia saqarTvelos mimarT naTlad gamoixata 1921<br />

wlis Teberval-martis londonis konferenciaze. safrangeTma<br />

Suamdgomloba gaswia inglisTan da osmaleTTan saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.<br />

aRniSnuli azri gamoTqmulia saqarTvelos sruluflebiani elCis ak.<br />

Cxenkelis moxsenebaSi _ `memuari sruluflebiani elCisa diplomatiuri<br />

muSaobis Sesaxeb 1921-1922 ww." (scsa, s. 872).<br />

samTavrobo doneze Sexvedrebidan sayuradReboa n. Jordanias<br />

saubari safrangeTis prezident-mileiranTan, romelic 1921 wlis 8 ivniss<br />

gaimarTa. saubridan cxadi xdeba, rom safrangeTis prezidents naTeli<br />

warmodgena ar hqonda saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebze. aseTi pozicia<br />

gamowveuli iyo im saerTaSoriso viTarebiT, romlisTvisac angariSi<br />

unda gaewia mas, vidre qarTuli sakiTxisaTvis.<br />

igulisxmeba inglis-safrangeTis xelSekrulebis saidumlo punqti,<br />

romelic xel-fexs uxsnida ingliss ruseTis sakiTxSi (e. w. Carte Blanche).<br />

sanacvlod safrangeTmac daiwyo moskovTan daaxloebis kampania<br />

axladarCeuli premier erios xelmZRvanelobiT. 1924 wels safrangeTma<br />

diplomatiuri urTierToba daamyara sabWoTa kavSirTan (g. cxovrebaZe,<br />

1996, gv. 47).<br />

saqarTvelo-safrangeTis kargi urTierTobis miuxedavad,<br />

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam da saerTod qarTulma<br />

politikurma Zalebma ver moaxerxes safrangeTis realur mokavSired<br />

gaxdoma.<br />

sayuradReboa, Tu rogor Sexvda inglisis mmarTveli wreebi<br />

saqarTvelos elCs ak. Cxenkels 1921 wlis 17 marts rwmunebis sigelis<br />

gadacemisas. inglisis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma lord kerzonma, marTalia,<br />

mwuxareba gamoTqva saqarTvelos dapyrobis gamo, magram dampyroblis<br />

Sesaxeb araferi uTqvams.<br />

1924 wlis 2 Tebervals inglissa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris damyarda<br />

diplomatiuri urTierToba. imave wels aRniSnul gzas daadgnen evropis<br />

qveynebi: italia, norvegia, avstria, saberZneTi, dania, safrangeTi da<br />

sxvebi. e. i. inglisis ZalisxmeviT sabWoTa kavSirma Tavis srul aRiarebas<br />

miaRwia evropaSi (scsa, s. 1056).<br />

saqarTvelos 1918-1921 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi erTerTi<br />

umTavresi sakiTxi saqarTvelo-germaniis urTierToba iyo. 1918<br />

wels germaniam pirvelma cno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da gaxsna<br />

saelCo TbilisSi. pirvel msoflio omSi (1914-1918) germania damarcxda.<br />

igi iZulebuli gaxda mokavSire epova da am gzam sabWoTa kavSirTan<br />

miiyvana. es moxda genuis konferenciis dros rapaloSi 1922 wlis 16<br />

aprils, roca germania-sabWoTa ruseTis xelSekruleba gaformda. rapalos<br />

xelSekruleba gavrcelda saqarTveloze 1922 wlis 5 noembris aqtiT.<br />

am mxriv sayuradReboa germaniaSi saqarTvelos warmomadgenlis<br />

vl. axmetelis werili n. Jordaniasadmi, romelic daTariRebulia 1922<br />

wlis 7 noembriT: ,,germaniis mTavrobam gadadga saSineli nabiji... rapalos<br />

261

262<br />

n. niqabaZe<br />

xelSekruleba gavrcelda saqarTveloze. am aqtiT germaniis mTavrobam<br />

waSala saqarTvelos damoukidebeli arseboba da mospo saqarTvelos<br />

warmomadgenloba berlinSi".<br />

ruseT-osmaleTis urTierToba ganisazRvra moskovSi 1921 wlis 16<br />

martis xelSekrulebiT, riTac ruseTma gaaCuqa saqarTvelosa da somxeTis<br />

teritoriaTa didi nawili, rac avaldebulebda TurqeTs angariSi gaewia<br />

sabWoTa ruseTisaTvis.<br />

saqarTvelos misiis warmomadgeneli k. gvarjalaZe n. Jordaniasadmi<br />

gagzavnil werilSi acnobebs misi Sexvedris Sesaxeb osmaleTis mTavrobis<br />

warmomadgenelTan _ refet faSasTan. igi acxadebda: ,,saqarTvelos<br />

bolSevikuri mTavroba CvenTvis ufro xelsayrelia, radgan maTTan<br />

gvaqvs xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac isini CvenTan teritoriul da<br />

ekonomikur sakiTxebze morigebulni arian, rom Zveli mTavroba dabrundes<br />

saqarTveloSi da masTan Cven laparaki daviwyoT. ar viciT, ras izams is.<br />

SeiZleba teritoriuli sakiTxi wamogviyenos... amitom CvenTvis ufro<br />

xelsayreli bolSevikebi arian".<br />

zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia gadaWriT vTqvaT, rom<br />

evropis didma saxelmwifoebma TavianT politikur da ekonomikur<br />

mokavSired sabWoTa ruseTi airCies da kari miuxures gansacdelSi myof<br />

saqarTvelos. saqarTvelo realuri mokavSiris gareSe martodmarto,<br />

Tavisi Zalebis amara darCa bolSevikuri ruseTis winaaRmdeg gadamwyvet<br />

brZolaSi.<br />

TiTqmis erTi saukunis Semdeg, XXI saukunis damdegs, damoukidebeli<br />

saqarTvelo isev ruseTis mxridan ganicdis udides zewolas, romelic<br />

cdilobs ZirZveli qarTuli miwebis _ afxazeTisa da cxinvalis mxaris<br />

- yofili samxreT oseTis teritoriebis mitacebas.<br />

,,qarTuli sakiTxi" dResac mwvaved dgas saerTaSoriso politikaSi.<br />

im fonze, roca ruseTma afxazeTSi Seiyvana damatebiTi SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalebi da Riad da aSkarad cdilobs saqarTvelos CamoaSoros misi<br />

kuTvnili miwebi. sabednierod, dRes evropis yvela saxelmwifo, aSS da<br />

saerTaSoriso institutebi aSkarad gmoben ruseTis agresias saqarTvelos<br />

mimarT da yvela Rones xmaroben, rom droulad aRkveTon ruseTis<br />

ukanono qmedeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

z. avaliSvili, 1990 - z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba<br />

1918-1921 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, Tb., 1990.<br />

gaz. ,,saqarTvelos respublika", 2002 wlis 26 maisi.<br />

scsa - saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi.<br />

g. cxovrebaZe, 1996 - g. cxovrebaZe, qarTuli politikuri emigracia<br />

da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi 1921-1925 wlebSi, Tb., 1996.

damoukideblobis dakargva da "qarTuli sakiTxi" saerTaSoriso politikaSi<br />

NATO NIKABADZE<br />

THE LOSS OF INDEPENDENCE AND INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFI-<br />

CANCE OF ‘THE GEORGIAN ISSUE’<br />

In the beginning of 20s of the 20 th century the Democratic Republic of<br />

Georgia suffered from the hardest domestic and international conditions. In February<br />

11, 1921 Soviet Russia began military intervention against the independent country.<br />

In February 25 th the Red Army occupied Tbilisi capital city that proclaimed the Soviet<br />

authority in the country.<br />

Democratic government went to emigration in France. The Georgian<br />

Menshevik government in exile made all efforts to find allies in Europe. However,<br />

Paris began negotiations with Moscow and the diplomatic relationship established<br />

between them in 1924.<br />

In February 2, 1924 United Kingdom and the Soviet Union established<br />

diplomatic relations. In the same year the same course was taken by other European<br />

countries, as: Italy, Norway, Austria, Greece, Denmark, France etc. that is the Soviet<br />

Union gained her complete recognition through the efforts of the United Kingdom.<br />

The agreement between Germany and the Soviet Russia was concluded in<br />

Rafalo in 16 th April, 1922. This agreement extended on Georgia as well.<br />

The relation between the Soviet Russia and Ottoman Turkey was regulated<br />

according to Moscow agreement of Marc 16, 1921 by force of which the Soviet<br />

Russia conceded considerable sizes of Georgia’s and Armenia’s territories to gain<br />

the support from Turkey.<br />

European states were bound to decide on Russia as their political and<br />

economical partner slamming the door to hapless Georgia.<br />

263

264<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

bela bela papava<br />

papava<br />

toponimTa toponimTa cvla cvla afxazeTisa afxazeTisa afxazeTisa da da<br />

da<br />

aWaris aWaris avtonomiebSi avtonomiebSi sabWoTa sabWoTa periodSi<br />

periodSi<br />

koloniuri mmarTvelobis pirobebSi metropoliis mier dapyrobil<br />

teritoriaze istoriul toponimTa Secvla erT-erTi upirvelesi<br />

RonisZiebaa. sociolingvistika am movlenas avtoqToni mosaxleobis<br />

koleqtiuri identobis rRvevisaken mimarTul RonisZiebad ganixilavs<br />

da konkretuli adgilisadmi mexsierebiTi kavSiris wyvetis mizanmimarTul<br />

aqts uwodebs.<br />

enobrivi kontaqtebis iseTi tipis aRwerisas, rodesac erTi enis<br />

mier meore enis funqcionirebis sferoTa Zaladobrivi SezRudva xdeba,<br />

sociolingvistika iyenebs terminebs: ,,enobrivi agresia", ,,enobrivi<br />

eqspansia", ,,enobrivi SemoWra". yvela es termini erTi enis mier meoris<br />

Seviwroebaze (da gandevnazec) miuTiTebs. Cveulebriv, enobrivi agresia<br />

politikuri agresiis erT-erTi formaa da gansakuTrebulad mtkivneulia<br />

mosaxleobisaTvis. enobrivi agresia iwyeba enis funqcionirebis SezRudviT<br />

da TandaTan iCens Tavs enobrivi sistemis yvela doneze. cxadia, am<br />

process e.w. maregulirebeli hyavs politikurad dainteresebuli mxaris<br />

(qveynis, organizaciis, jgufis) saxiT. ,,sagangebod dagegmili politikis<br />

Sedegad Zalze Taviseburi eTnikuri da enobrivi viTareba Seiqmna<br />

saqarTvelos istoriulad ganuyofel nawilSi, afxazeTSi, romelic<br />

geostrategiuli TvalsazrisiT Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda Savi zRvis<br />

sanapiroze, sxva saxelmwifos (TurqeTis) sazRvridan arcTu ise Sors<br />

mdebareobis gamo" (T. gvancelaZe, 2000, gv. 117).<br />

afxazeTi da aWara, saqarTvelos zRvispireTis mniSvnelovani<br />

kuTxeebi, xSirad xdeboda zRvaze gasvlis mosurne tomTa da sxvadasxva<br />

imperiaTa samxedro ambiciebis obieqti. amitomac iyo, rom am regionebSi<br />

mosaxleobas gansakuTrebiT didi gamZleobis gamoCena uxdeboda Tavisi<br />

istoriul-geografiuli mexsierebis SesanarCuneblad. amjerad am kuTxeebis<br />

istoriis axal periods, XX saukunes ganvixilavT rusuli imperializmis<br />

mier toponimTa cvlis politikis TvalsazrisiT. "jer kidev afxazeTis<br />

dapyrobamde imperiis ideologebi gegmavdnen am bieTnikuri (qarTulafxazuri)<br />

regionis garusebas. gegmis Tanaxmad, zRvis mxridan (TurqeTis<br />

agresiis Tavidan acilebis mizniT) afxazeTidan unda aeyaraT qarTvelebi<br />

da afxazebi, romelTac imperia ar endoboda, xolo maT nasaxlarebze<br />

unda daesaxlebinaT imperiisadmi loialurad ganwyobili rusebi,<br />

ukrainelebi, anatolieli somxebi da berZnebi, bulgarelebi, estonelebi,<br />

germanelebi. mdinare yubanis SesarTavidan mdinare enguris SesarTavamde<br />

zRvis sanapiroze ganzraxuli iyo rus kazakTa samxedro dasaxlebebis<br />

uwyveti jaWvis Seqmna" (T. gvancelaZe, 2000, gv. 118). amgvari politikiT<br />

carizmi cdilobda afxazeTSi mcire raodenobiT darCenili <strong>qarTveli</strong><br />

da afxazi mosaxleobis jer erovnuli TviTSegnebis Secvlas, Semdeg ki<br />

_ am mxaris sabolood garusebas. am TvalsazrisiT sabWoTa ruseTs<br />

mefis ruseTis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi ar Seucvlia.

toponimTa cvla afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiebSi sabWoTa periodSi<br />

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis eTnikuri dacalkevebis mizniT, istoriuli<br />

saqarTvelos samefos nawili afxazeTi (istoriuli afxazeTis zRvispireTis<br />

mxolod erTi monakveTi) caristuli ruseTis imperiis memkvidre sabWoTa<br />

ruseTma calke erTeulad gaaforma da 1921 wels Seqmna afxazeTis<br />

sabWoTa socialisturi respublika. imave wlis dekemberSi afxazeTis<br />

sabWoTa socialisturi respublika xelSekrulebis sawyisebze SeuerTda<br />

saqarTvelos ssr-s da 1931 wels gardaiqmna avtonomiur respublikad.<br />

afxazeTis avtonomiuri olqis (dedaqalaqi soxumi) teritoria Sedga<br />

yofili soxumis okrugisagan. igi Tavidanve gaiyo xuT mazrad: kodoris,<br />

(centri oCamCire), samurzayanos (gali), gumisTis (soxumi), gagris (gagra),<br />

gudauTis (gudauTa)" (v. ezugbaia, 1973).<br />

afxazeTis administraciuli statusis esoden radikaluri da xSiri<br />

cvla miznad isaxavda mosaxleobis erovnuli Sedgenilobis Secvlas,<br />

mkvidri mosaxleobis mTlianobis darRvevas, istoriuli mexsierebis<br />

waSlas, makonsolidirebeli enobrivi sityva-simboloebisa da toponimuri<br />

markerebis xmarebidan amoRebas. afxazeTSi gatarebuli rusifikatoruli<br />

politikis Sedegad ukve ocdaaTian wlebSi aSkara gaxda mosaxleobis<br />

eTnikuri siWrele. 1930 wels gamocemul saqarTvelos ssr administraciulteritoriuli<br />

dayofis wignSi warmodgenilia afxazeTis mosaxleobis<br />

eTnikuri Sedgenilobis amsaxveli aseTi suraTi (1926 wlis aRweris<br />

mixedviT):<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> 33. 5 %<br />

somexi 12. 7 %<br />

rusi 6. 2 %<br />

afxazi 27. 8 %<br />

berZeni 6. 9 %<br />

ukraineli 2. 3 %<br />

danarCeni 10. 2 %<br />

ruseTis sabWoTa imperiis CanafiqriT saqarTvelos mTliani<br />

sivrcidan unda amogdebuliyo aWarac. aWaris avtonomiuri socialisturi<br />

respublika ki, rogorc saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis<br />

nawili, Seiqmna saqarTvelos revkomis 1921 wlis 16 ivlisis dekretiT.<br />

aWaris avtonomiuri respublika, gansxvavebiT afxazeTisagan, ar Seqmnila<br />

erovnuli niSnis mixedviT. misi Seqmnisas gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mxolod<br />

da mxolod mosaxleobis ,,sayofacxovrebo Tavisebureba", rac ganapiroba<br />

maTTvis iZulebiT Tavsmoxveulma mahmadianurma religiam da saqarTvelodan<br />

xangrZlivad CamoSorebam. misi Seqmna ganapiroba agreTve sabWoTa ruseTsa<br />

da TurqeTs Soris dadebulma 1921 wlis 16 martis xelSekrulebamac.<br />

aWaris avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublika ZiriTadad<br />

Seiqmna yofili baTumis olqisagan da Tavidanve daiyo xuT mazrad:<br />

xulos, qedis, qobuleTis, aWariswylis da Woroxis (dedaqalaqi _ baTumi)<br />

(v. ezugbaia, 1973, gv. 22).<br />

zemoT dasaxelebuli administraciul-teritoriuli dayofis wignis<br />

monacemebiT, 1926 wels aWaristanis mosaxleobas Seadgenda:<br />

265

266<br />

b. papava<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> 15. 6 %<br />

aWareli 52. 8 %<br />

rusi 7. 7 %<br />

somexi 7. 9 %<br />

berZeni 4. 2 %<br />

qurTi 2. 4 %<br />

danarCeni 9. 1 %<br />

(rogorc vxedavT, am cxrilSi aWarlebi da qarTvelebi gamoyofilia<br />

cal-calke).<br />

imperiis mTel teritoriaze gatarebuli gamarusebeli politika,<br />

rogorc aRvniSneT, xorcieldeboda mravali gziTa da xerxiT.<br />

gansakuTrebuli samizne ki mainc is qveynebi da regionebi iyo, romelTac<br />

Rrma istoriuli mexsiereba hqondaT da Znelad eqvemdebarebodnen<br />

asimilaciasa da rusifikacias.<br />

specialistebi afxazeTis geografiul saxelTa istoriuli cvlisadmi<br />

miZRvnil SromebSi gamoyofen ramdenime periods; kerZod, prof. o.<br />

miqiaSvilis azriT, mizanmimarTuli cvla iwyeba i. b. stalinis<br />

gardacvalebis Semdeg (n. xruSCovis dros), xolo meore etapad miCneulia<br />

afxazeTis omisSemdgomi periodi. Tumca prof. T. gvancelaZe, savsebiT<br />

damajereblad, am procesSi xuT etaps gamoyofs da aTvlas ufro<br />

Soridan iwyebs. misi azriT, afxazeTSi toponimTa cvla stiqiurad,<br />

Carevis gareSe daiwyo XVI saukunis pirveli naxevridan, rodesac<br />

CrdiloeT kavkasiidan daiwyo afxazuri mosaxleobis migraciuli<br />

procesebi. XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi aqa-iq gaCnda Turquli geografiuli<br />

saxelwodebebic.<br />

radikalurad gansxvavebuli viTareba Seiqmna 1864 wlis Semdgom,<br />

roca toponimTa cvla masobriv xasiaTs atarebda, asaxavda da asaxavs<br />

carizmis, komunisturi imperiisa da afxazuri separatistuli<br />

xelisuflebis mier winaswar dagegmil da mizanmimarTul enobriv<br />

politikas. afxazeTSi geografiul saxelTa dagegmili masobrivi cvlis<br />

pirveli etapi ganxorcielda 1864-1918 wlebs Soris da mWidrod iyo<br />

dakavSirebuli carizmis kolonialistur da rusifikatorul<br />

politikasTan.<br />

afxazTa muhajirobis wlebSi (1866-1879) afxazeTis rukidan gaqra<br />

afxazuri da qarTveluri warmoSobis toponimebis "masa" da misi adgili<br />

upiratesad rusulma geografiulma saxelebma daikava. rusuli toponimebi<br />

or mTavar jgufs qmnida: erTi nawili nawarmoebi iyo romanovebis<br />

samefo dinastiis, samefo ojaxis wevrTa saxelebisagan, xolo meore<br />

nawils safuZvlad daedo ruseTis armiis generalTa, msxvil CinosanTa<br />

Tu memamuleTa gvarebi (T. gvancelaZe, 2000, gv. 44-46). am droidan<br />

Cndeba iseTi toponimebi, rogoricaa: aleqsandrovka, aleqsandrovka, aleqsandrovka, andreevka,<br />

andreevka,<br />

andreevka,<br />

anastasievka, anastasievka, anastasievka, ekaterinovka, ekaterinovka, mixailovka, mixailovka, mixailovka, nikolaevka,<br />

nikolaevka,<br />

pilenkovo, pilenkovo, poltavo-aleqsandrovskoe poltavo-aleqsandrovskoe da sxv.<br />

toponimTa masobrivi cvlis meore etapi ganxorcielda XX saukunis<br />

20-30-ian wlebSi da hqonda komunistur-ideologiuri xasiaTi. upirvelesad

toponimTa cvla afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiebSi sabWoTa periodSi<br />

uqmdeboda religiuri msoflmxedvelobis, carizmis periodTan<br />

dakavSirebuli an ama Tu im xalxis erovnul TaviseburebebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli geografiuli saxelwodebebi. maT adgilas ki Cndeboda<br />

komunisturi partiis liderebis gvarebTan an revoluciur cnebebTan<br />

dakavSirebuli xelovnuri saxelebi. sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval yvela<br />

respublikaSi damkvidrda leninis, leninis, stalinis, stalinis, budionis,<br />

budionis,<br />

orjonikiZis... orjonikiZis... gvarebidan momdinare saxelebi, aseve, ,,sabWo ,,sabWo ,,sabWo", ,,sabWo<br />

,,komuna ,,komuna", ,,komuna ,,komuna , ,,oqtomberi<br />

,,oqtomberi", ,,oqtomberi , , ,,gamarjveba<br />

,,gamarjveba<br />

,,gamarjveba", ,,gamarjveba<br />

,,gamarjveba , ,,ganaxleba<br />

,,ganaxleba" ,,ganaxleba da msgavs<br />

cnebaTa mimaniSnebeli toponimebi.<br />

toponimTa masobrivi cvlis axali, mesame etapi moicavda XX<br />

saukunis 40-ian wlebs mTlianad da 50-iani wlebis pirvel naxevars.<br />

1940-1954 wlebSi afxazeTSi upiratesad gauqmda carizmis dros<br />

SemoRebuli rusuli da ufro adrindeli Turquli warmoSobis<br />

toponimebi, maT magier ki dainerga qarTuli an afxazuri saxelebi.<br />

magaliTad, anastasievka anastasievka _ _ ganaxleba, ganaxleba, beSkardaSi beSkardaSi _ mTisubani,<br />

mTisubani,<br />

mTisubani,<br />

boRazi boRazi _ _ veli, veli, ekaterinovka ekaterinovka _ _ kelasuri, kelasuri, kazarma kazarma _ _<br />

_<br />

salxino.<br />

salxino.<br />

toponimTa masobrivi cvlis meoTxe etapi radikalurad gansxvavdeba<br />

wina etapisagan. es etapi daiwyo 1954-55 wlebSi da grZeldeboda sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris saboloo daSlamde, 1991 wlamde. gansakuTrebiT aqtiur periodad<br />

ki unda miviCnioT 1954-68 wlebi, roca gauqmda qarTuli toponimebis<br />

didi nawili da maTi adgili kvlav rusulma saxelebma daikava (T.<br />

gvancelaZe, 2000, gv. 47-49). am periods ukavSirdeba Semdegi saxis<br />

toponimTa cvla: baRnaSeni baRnaSeni _ _ estonka, estonka, estonka, meore meore arasaZixi arasaZixi arasaZixi _<br />

_<br />

vtoroi vtoroi arasaZixi arasaZixi (am toponims msazRvreli rusuli identuriT<br />

Seucvales 1955 wels, xolo qarTuli msazRvreli kvlav daubrunes 1967<br />

wels): salxino salxino _ _ vesiolovka, vesiolovka, vesiolovka, sixaruli sixaruli _ _ otradnoe otradnoe da<br />

sxv. aseve aRdga ramdenime afxazuri tiponimi. magaliTad: bzisxevi bzisxevi _ _<br />

_<br />

bzifTa, bzifTa, gagrisxeoba gagrisxeoba _ _ gagrafsTa<br />

gagrafsTa gagrafsTa da sxv.<br />

toponimTa masobrivi cvlis bolo, mexuTe etapi ki xorcieldeba<br />

dRemde (iqve, gv. 51).<br />

sabWoTa periodSi ganxorcielebuli am politikis ufro detaluri<br />

analizisTvis saWiro gaxda saarqivo masalis moZieba. sakvlevi masala<br />

moZiebulia Semdeg statistikur krebulebsa da saarqivo dokumentebSi:<br />

1. sssr administraciuli dayofa, tfilisi, 1925;<br />

2. saqarTvelos ssr administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa, tfilisi,<br />

1930;<br />

3. saqarTvelos ssr administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa, 1949<br />

wlis 1 seqtembrisTvis, Tbilisi, 1949;<br />

4. saqarTvelos ssr administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa 1961<br />

wlis 1 ivlisisaTvis, Tbilisi, 1961;<br />

5. saqarTvelos ssr administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa 1966<br />

wlis 15 ianvrisTvis, Tbilisi, 1966;<br />

6. saqarTvelos ssr respublikuri daqvemdebarebis qalaqebisa da<br />

administraciuli raionebis cnobari, Tbilisi, 1974;<br />

7. saqarTvelos ssr. administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa 1977<br />

wlis 1 ianvrisTvis, Tbilisi, 1977;<br />

267

268<br />

b. papava<br />

8. saqarTvelos ssr administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa 1987<br />

wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT, Tbilisi, 1987;<br />

9. vaJa ezugbaia, saqarTvelos ssr axali administraciulteritoriuli<br />

dayofa da sabWoebis rolis Semdgomi amaRleba (1921-1932<br />

ww.), Tbilisi, 1973;<br />

Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, 1925 wlidan 1987 wlis<br />

CaTvliT, orive regionSi 204 dasaxlebul punqts (soflebs, dabebs,<br />

qalaqebs Seecvala saxeli. maTgan, cvlileba Seexo afxazeTSi _ 183<br />

toponims, xolo aWaraSi _ 21-s. am statistikidanac Cans, rom sabWoTa<br />

xelisuflebis enobrivi politikis mTavari samizne afxazeTi iyo, sadac<br />

mosaxleobis eTnikur-enobrivi mravalferovneba enobrivi konfliqtebis<br />

gasaRviveblad SeiZleboda gamoeyenebinaT.<br />

gansakuTrebuli intensiurobiT mimdinareobda toponimTa masobrivi<br />

cvla 1948, 1952 da 1955 wlebSi. magaliTad, 1948 wels orive regionSi<br />

Seicvala 96 geografiuli saxeli, 1952 wels _ 39, 1955 wels ki _ 34.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom yvelaze masobrivi cvla ganxorcielda 1948 wlis 3<br />

seqtembers. am dRes orive regionSi Seicvala 94 toponimi, aqedan<br />

afxazeTSi _ 75, xolo aWaraSi _ 19.<br />

orive avtonomiaSi Semaval raionebSi toponimTa cvlis suraTi<br />

1925-1987 wlebSi aseTia: gudauTa _ 30; gagra _ 37; gulrifSi _ 12;<br />

soxumi _ 35; oCamCire _ 31; gali _ 14; agreTve, unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />

danarCeni Secvlili 24 toponimi 1949 wlis saqarTvelos ssr<br />

administraciul-teritoriuli dayofis cnobaris mixedviT Sedioda<br />

gulrifSis raionSi, xolo 1961, 1966 da 1977 wlebis monacemebis mixedviT<br />

soxumSi Semaval geografiul punqtebad saxeldeba; xulo _ 8; qeda _<br />

5; baTumi _ 7, xolo erTi toponimi, msgavsad zemoT moyvanili magaliTisa,<br />

1949 wlis saqarTvelos ssr administraciul-teritoriuli dayofis<br />

cnobaris mixedviT ekuTvnis xulos raions, xolo sxva masalebidan Cans,<br />

rom Suaxevis raions ganekuTvneba.<br />

am monacemebidan naTlad Cans, rom sabWoTa imperia gansakuTrebul<br />

ideologiur datvirTvas aniWebda afxazeTis im raionebs, sadac mosaxleoba<br />

eTnikurad gansakuTrebiT Wreli iyo da sadac am mosaxleobaSi Warbobda<br />

saqarTvelos farglebs garedan XIX-XX saukuneebSi moyvanili<br />

<strong>araqarTuli</strong> da araafxazuri mosaxleoba (soxumisa da gagris raionebi).<br />

afxazeTSi Secvlili geografiuli saxelebi SeiZleba ase dajgufdes:<br />

• afxazuri saxeli Seicvala afxazuriT: agvavera→ blaburxva,<br />

aguwa→ anuxva... (1948 w.);<br />

• afxazuri _ qarTuliT: atiSadu → vardisubani (1955 w.).<br />

• qarTuli _ qarTuliT: qeTevani → koCara, cxiri → mziuri,<br />

saSarangio→ muxuri...;<br />

• qarTuli _ afxazuriT: Txilovani → arasara, vardisubani→<br />

atiSadu (1952 w.), bambukovani → akalamra (1967 w.);<br />

• qarTuli _ rusuliT: saqarTvelos xeoba → gruzinskoe uSCelie,<br />

kodori → vladimirovka, sixaruli → otradnoe...<br />

• qarTuli zedsarTavi da ricxviTi saxelebi Seicvala rusuli<br />

ekvivalentebiT: meore arasaZixi → vtoroi arasaZixi, zemo afianCi →<br />

verxni afianCi;

toponimTa cvla afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiebSi sabWoTa periodSi<br />

• carizmis dros Serqmeuli rusuli saxelebi 30-40-ian wlebSi<br />

Seicvala qarTuliT, 50-iani wlebidan ki kvlav aRadgines carizmis<br />

droindeli rusuli, magram _ ara afxazuri saxelebi: estonka →<br />

baRnaSeni → estonka, vladimirovka → kodori → vladimirovka;<br />

toponimTa cvla aWaraSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielda<br />

1940-iani wlebidan. 1948 wlis 3 seqtembers Seicvala 19 toponimi xulos,<br />

qedis, xelvaCaurisa da baTumis raionebSi.<br />

hibriduli (Turqul-qarTuli) an sakuTriv Turquli toponimebi<br />

Seicvala qarTuliT: aliqoRlebi → oqtomberi, axveloRlebi → axali<br />

ubani, ijadi → ganaxleba, kakaoRlebi → arsenauli, yadioRlebi →<br />

ganaxleba, yaradere → ganTiadi; qveda orTabaTumi → winsvla, zeda<br />

orTabaTumi → Caisubani.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoT mocemuli oficialuri monacemebis<br />

sapirispiro cnobebs gvawvdis z. cxovrebovas mier 1979 wels<br />

gamoqveynebuli broSura "Òîïîíèìèÿ þæíîé îñåòèè â ïèñüìåííûõ<br />

èñòî÷íèêàõ". am broSuraSi mocemulia cnobebi yofili samxreT oseTis<br />

avtonomiur olqSi ganxorcielebul toponimTa cvlasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

mxolod am teritoriaze sabWoTa periodSi 558 geografiuli saxelidan<br />

352 saxelwodebas, anu samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi dasaxlebuli<br />

punqtebis saxelwodebebis 63 %-s, ganucdia ama Tu im saxis Sesworeba<br />

da Secvla.<br />

toponimTa amgvari masobrivi cvla, cxadia, xdeboda saqarTvelos<br />

mTel teritoriaze. sainteresoa, rom saqarTvelos administraciulteritoriuli<br />

dayofis oficialuri masalebi duman am faqtebis Sesaxeb,<br />

romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTveloSi toponimTa cvla araerTgzis<br />

ganxorcielebula.<br />

amrigad, warmodgenili masalebis safuZvelze naTlad SegviZlia<br />

davinaxoT dampyrobeli ruseTis mier dagegmili da gatarebuli<br />

gamarusebeli politikis Sedegebi saqarTveloSi. marTalia, toponimTa<br />

cvla am RonisZiebis erT-erTi elementTagania, magram aSkarad saSiSi da<br />

safrTxilo, risi Sedegebic ukve saTanadod aisaxa Cveni qveynis<br />

sinamdvileSi.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

T. gvancelaZe, 2000 - T. gvancelaZe, enaTa funqcionireba<br />

polieTnikur regionSi marTvadi enobrivi politikis pirobebSi:<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. IV, quTaisi, 2000.<br />

v. ezugbaia, 1973 - v. ezugbaia, saqarTvelos ssr axali<br />

administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa da sabWoebis rolis Semdgomi<br />

amaRleba (1921-1932 ww.), Tb., 1973.<br />

m. naWyebia, 2008 - m. naWyebia, afxazeTis toponimTa cvlis etapebi:<br />

gaz. "soxumis universiteti", #2, 2008.<br />

s. cxovrebova, 1979 - C. Öõîâðåáîâà, "Òîïîíèìèÿ þæíîé îñåòèè â<br />

ïèñüìåííûõ èñòî÷íèêàõ", Òá, 1979.<br />

269

270<br />

b. papava<br />

BELA PAPAVA<br />

PLACE NAME CHANGES IN ABKHAZIA AND ACHARA<br />

(ADJARIA) DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD<br />

Tribes and countries seeking for the seaside territory possessions often<br />

expressed their military ambitions for Abkhazia and Achara, the important provinces<br />

of Georgia on the Black Sea coast. The present paper discusses new period, 20 th<br />

century, and changes of place names in the region as a means of Russian imperialistic<br />

policy carried in the region.<br />

According to the present available data (‘Administrative and Territorial<br />

Division of Georgia’ during the years 1949, 1961, 1966, 1977, and 1978) from the<br />

year 1925 to 1987 in the two region of Georgia settled areas: villages, small towns,<br />

towns had undergone 204 changes. Among them the shift of place names in Abkhazia<br />

was 183 in Achara 21. This statistics gives the vivid picture that Abkhazia was the<br />

principal target of Russia’s language policy where the existence of multitude of ethnic<br />

and lingual groups could be used for the arousal of conflicts on language grounds.<br />

The change of place names marked with various intensities in different periods.<br />

Most noteworthy seem the years 1948, 1952 and 1954. For instance, in 1948 in both<br />

regions 96 place names changed; 39 in 1952; 34 in 1955. In September 3, 1948 94<br />

names changed in both regions, among them 75 in Abkhazia, and 19 in Adjara.<br />

Compared to the official data Z.Tskhovrebova in her brochure “ Toponimya<br />

Yuzhnnoy Ossetii v pismenikh istochnikakh”(in Russian), published in 1979 refers<br />

to the data that in the Ossetia Autonomous Region out of the 558 settlement place<br />

names 352, i.e. 63%, had been changed or corrected to some degrees.<br />

Such massive shift of place names took on entire territory of Georgia about<br />

which the official materials of the administrative and territorial arrangement of Georgia<br />

remains silent.

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

madona madona robaqiZe,<br />

robaqiZe,<br />

sulxan sulxan kupraSvili<br />

kupraSvili<br />

qarTuli qarTuli avtokefaluri avtokefaluri eklesiis eklesiis istoriidan<br />

istoriidan<br />

saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia erT-erTi uZvelesia<br />

qristianul samyaroSi. samecniero literaturaSi miRebuli mosazrebiT,<br />

igi Camoyalibda IV saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, roca qarTlis samefoSi<br />

mirian mefis dros qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda.<br />

qarTuli saeklesio tradiciis mixedviT, es moxda 326 wels, magram<br />

saqarTveloSi qristianobis qadageba da gavrceleba amaze gacilebiT<br />

adre dawyebula. pirvel mqadageblad dasavleT saqarTveloSi mosulan<br />

mociqulebi wminda andria pirvelwodebuli da wminda svimon kananeli<br />

(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv. 38).<br />

andria mociquls saqarTveloSi ramdenimejer umogzauria da mesame<br />

mogzaurobis dros mas Tan Camouyvania svimon kananeli da mociquli<br />

mataTa - amis Sesaxeb wers merve saukunis avtori epifane<br />

konstantinopoleli (efrem mcire, 1959, gv. 4). yuradReba unda mieqces,<br />

rom wminda andria mociqulma ara marto gaaqristiana qarTvelebi,<br />

aramed daaarsa kidec pirveli qarTuli saepiskoposo qalaq awyurSi. am<br />

saepiskoposos meTaurad daniSna episkoposi, iqve datova ramdenime<br />

mRvdeli da diakoni. qarTuli saeklesio tradiciis mixedviT, faqtiurad<br />

es iyo daarseba, dafuZvneba da Seqmna qarTuli eklesiisa Tavisi ierarqiiT.<br />

matiane wers: `daudgina episkoposi mRvdelni da diakonni (anania jafariZe,<br />

1983-1988, gv. 38).<br />

cnobili moRvawe efrem mcire berZnul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT<br />

aRniSnavda, rom saqarTveloSi maTTan erTad iqadaga mociqulma<br />

barTlomemac afxazeTSi, oseTsa da qarTlSi. mociqul barTlomes<br />

saqarTveloSi moRvaweoba Cans laTinur wyaroebSic. amis Sesaxeb<br />

aRniSnavda arqanjelo lamberti (T. Jordania, 1892, gv. 34).<br />

sxva mosazrebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi iqadages mociqulebma<br />

mataTam da kabadokiaSi - petrem (i. tabaRua, 1982, gv. 56). imaves<br />

adasturebs epifane kviproselic. me-4 s-is avtori, romelic Tvlida,<br />

rom saqarTveloSi dakrZalulia mociquli mataTa (n. kelenjeriZe, 1949,<br />

gv. 7-8). amasve aRniSnavs mTavarepiskoposi a. jafariZec:<br />

`<strong>qarTveli</strong> mRvdelmTavrebi Camolocvis an puris kurTxevis dros<br />

ixseniebdnen mociqulebs, romelTac uqadagiaT am qveyanaSi, es faqti<br />

daculia uZveles teqstebSi"... wmidaTa didebulTa da yovlad qebulTa<br />

mociqulTa - andria pirvelwodebulisa da svimon kananelisaTa, Tadeozisa<br />

da barTlomesiTa"... (anania jafariZe, 1983-1988, gv. 3).<br />

es imas niSnavs, rom saukuneTa manZilze qarTuli oficialuri<br />

eklesia aRiarebda, rom saqarTvelos ganmanaTleblebi arian locvisas<br />

moxseniebuli es mociqulebi (iqve, gv. 56).<br />

271

272<br />

m. robaqiZe, s. kupraSvili<br />

amdenad, saqarTvelos eklesia qristes mociqulTa mieraa daarsebuli<br />

da, aqedan gamomdinare, igi samociqulo eklesiaa (iqve, gv. 59).<br />

radgan mociqulebs ekuTvnodaT mTeli Zalaufleba miwieri eklesiisa,<br />

amitomac maT daaarses pirveli avtokefaluri eklesiebi". igive azri<br />

gatarebulia XVI saukunis slavur wyaroSi, romelic qarTul eklesias<br />

miiCnevs Toma mociqulis mier daarsebulad (anania jafariZe, 1983-1988,<br />

gv. 60).<br />

zemoaRniSnuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTuli eklesiis<br />

avtokefalurobis sawyisi saqarTveloSi mociqulTa moRvaweobis<br />

periodidan iRebs saTaves.<br />

325 wlis nikeis I msoflio saeklesio krebas eswreboda biWvinTis<br />

episkoposi stratofile da trapezunis episkoposi damnusi. marTalia,<br />

varaudoben, rom dasaxelebuli mRvdelmTavrebi iyvnen berZenTa tomisani,<br />

magram maT mrevls, berZen moaxalSeneTa garda, <strong>qarTveli</strong> mosaxleobac<br />

Seadgenda.<br />

`qarTlis cxovreba" gadmogvcems, rom `axladdaarsebulma iberiis<br />

eklesiam pirveli samRvdeloeba miiRo konstantinepolidan. wminda nino<br />

ganmanaTleblis rCeviT qarTvelTa mefe miriani iTxovs konstantine<br />

imperatorTan, raTa axlad moqceuli eris mosanaTlad da dasamoZRvrad<br />

gamogzavnos sasuliero piri. wminda konstantine didi moavlens<br />

saqarTveloSi ioane episkoposs mRvdlebiT da diakonebiT, romlebic<br />

jer didebulT, xolo Semdgom ubralo ers naTlaven mtkvrisa da<br />

aragvis SesarTavSi e. w. `qarTvelTa iordaneSi".<br />

saistorio tradiciis Tanaxmad, aqedan iRebs saTaves qarTuli<br />

eklesiis istoria, TumcaRa winare saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi<br />

qristianuli Temebisa da saeklesio ierarqiis arseboba gansxvavebuli<br />

mosazrebisaTvis sakmaod myar safuZvels qmnis.<br />

axladdaarsebuli qarTuli eklesia, rogorc uZvelesi wyaroebidan<br />

Cans, Tavidan daeqvemdebara antioqiis sapatriarqos, rogorc uaxloes<br />

sapatriarqos, xolo eklesiis meTauri atarebda mTavarepiskoposis<br />

tituls.<br />

qarTuli eklesiis aseTi uflebrivi mdgomareoba gagrZelda V<br />

saukunis II naxevramde. V saukunidan qarTulma eklesiam antioqiisagan<br />

miiRo avtokefalia. misi meTauri iyo qarTlis kaTalikosi, xolo XI<br />

saukunis 10-iani wlebidan _ sruliad saqarTvelos patriarqi.<br />

qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis dawesebis TariRad V saukune<br />

miaCniaT m. broses, T. Jordanias, m. TamaraSvils, i. sokolovs, iv.<br />

javaxiSvils... es TariRi gaziarebulia Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier.<br />

istorikos juanSerTan daculia cnoba, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

axali formireba moxda im droisaTvis miRebuli yvela kanonieri wesis<br />

dacviT. mefem saberZneTidan gamoiTxova Tormeti episkoposi<br />

kaTalikosiTurT da miiRo kidec. swored Tormeti, radgan sul mcire<br />

Tormeti episkoposi iyo saWiro, raTa adgilobriv eklesias Tavisi

qarTuli avtokefaluri eklesiis istoriidan<br />

funqcia normalurad Seesrulebina (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv. 198-<br />

199).<br />

juanSeris gadmocemiT, RvTis gangebiT vaxtangi naxulobs sakvirvel<br />

Cvenebas, ramac didi gavlena moaxdina mTels mis mermindel cxovrebaze.<br />

man ixila qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebeli wminda nino, eklesiis didi moZRvari<br />

da maswavlebeli wminda grigori RvTismetyveli. bizantiis keisari petre<br />

da samoeli, romelTagan SemdegSi pirveli gaxda kaTalikosi, meore -<br />

episkoposi. wminda grigoris locva-kurTxeviT vaxtangi naTlis gvirgvins<br />

daadgams petres, xolo es ukanaskneli gvirgvins adgams samoel monazons,<br />

keisari ki vaxtangs amboriTa da mefuri pativiT moikiTxavs, rogorc<br />

Tanaswors. aRniSnuli Cvenebisas gorgasali ixilavs jvars gvirgviniT,<br />

romelsac adgamen Tavze sityvebiT: `umetesmorwmune iyo Sen yovelTa<br />

Soris naTesavsa sparsTasa", `Sengan aReSennen eklesiani da ganewesnen<br />

episkoposni da episkoposTa mTavari", `gvirgvinica wamebisa miiRo"<br />

(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv. 199).<br />

istoria adasturebs, rom yovelive zustad ganxorcielda<br />

momavalSi. mefe daemorCila RvTis nebas, saqarTvelo ki oficialurad<br />

avtokefaluri gaxda.<br />

juanSeri garkveviT mianiSnebs, rom kaTalikosobaze vaxtangma locvakurTxeva<br />

zecidan miiRo. niSandoblivia isic, rom Tavis droze wminda<br />

ninomac Tavisi mociquleobrivi moRvaweobac zeciuri locva-kurTxeviT<br />

daiwyo.<br />

Zveli qarTuli literaturuli Zegli `SuSanikis wameba" kidev<br />

erTxel adasturebs me-5 s-Si saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalurobas<br />

misTvis aucilebeli yvela niSan-TvisebebiT. am TxzulebaSi personalurad<br />

naxsenebia im drois kaTalikosi samoeli epiTetiT: `Tavi episkoposTai"<br />

(episkoposi zosime, 1990, gv. 3). es ukanaskneli rigiT meore kaTalikosia<br />

petres Semdeg. sxva wyaros mixedviTac am periodSi kaTalikoss ewodeba<br />

`episkoposTmTavari" (Zeglebi, 1918, gv. 27). es saxelwodebani pirdapir<br />

gviCveneben kaTalikosis daniSnulebas, magram gvaqvs cnoba imis Sesaxebac,<br />

rom mas hyavs xelqveiTi episkoposebi - `episkoposi misive moyuvasi"<br />

(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv. 168-197).<br />

am mxriv CvenTvis sainteresoa X saukunis <strong>qarTveli</strong> mwerlis giorgi<br />

merCulis `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba", sadac aRwerilia IX saukuneSi<br />

adgilobriv saeklesio krebaze qarTuli eklesiis meTauris, kaTalikosis<br />

arCeva. saqarTvelos eklesiis mRvdelmTavarTagan Semdgari saeklesio<br />

kreba ucxo sapatriarqoebTan SeTanxmebis gareSe, sruliad<br />

damoukideblad irCevs eklesiis mamamTavars, riTac kidev erTxel<br />

dasturdeba qarTuli eklesiis sruli avtokefaluroba.<br />

V saukunidan qarTulma eklesiam miiRo erovnuli saxe. aRmocenda<br />

erovnuli kultura, sasuliero mwerloba, xuroTmoZRvreba, samonastro<br />

cxovreba. VI-VII saukuneebSi qarTuli eklesia aerTianebda 33-35<br />

saepiskoposo eparqias.<br />

273

274<br />

m. robaqiZe, s. kupraSvili<br />

qarTuli eklesiis gafarToebisa da qristianobis ganmtkicebisaTvis<br />

didi mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTveloSi monastrebis mSeneblobas,<br />

romelsac ganuzomeli Rvawli dasdo `aTcametma" asurelma mamam. sirieli<br />

mamebis moRvaweoba daemTxva qarTlSi iranelTa batonobis periods.<br />

qristianobis ganmtkicebiT maT xeli Seuwyves qarTvelTa erovnuli<br />

Segnebis amaRlebas. asurelma mamebma aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi daaarses<br />

Teqvsmetze meti monasteri: ioane zedaznis, SiomRvimis, alaverdis,<br />

martyofis, iyalTos, samTavisis, garejis saarqimandrito, romelic Tavis<br />

mxriv aerTianebda ramdenime monasters.<br />

VIII saukunis bolodan farTo samonastro moZraoba daiwyo<br />

tao-klarjeTSi. aq daarsda xanZTis saarqimandrito. xanZTa, Satberdi,<br />

mTeli es samonastro centri VIII-X saukuneebSi iqcnen TvalsaCino<br />

mwignobrul-saganmanaTleblo centrebad, sadac moRvaweobdnen cnobili<br />

mecnieri da mwignobari saeklesio mamebi: grigol xanZTeli, miqael<br />

modrekili, ioane minCxi, ioane mtbevari, ioane zosime, saba mtbevari,<br />

serapion zarzmeli da sxva. X saukunisaTvis qarTul enaze ukve Seqmnili<br />

iyo mdidari hagiografiuli da saistorio mwerloba, berZnulidan<br />

iTargmna TiTqmis mTeli ZiriTadi literatura, liturgikis, dogmatikis,<br />

hagiografiis da sxva dargebSi. maRal dones miaRwia saeklesio<br />

arqiteqturam, risi dasturicaa - oSki, bana, xaxuli da sxva.<br />

qarTuli eklesiis avtoriteti da gavlena gascda saqarTvelos<br />

farglebs. jer kidev V saukunidan mWidro urTierToba damyarda<br />

romis, antioqiis, ierusalimis sapatriarqoebis saeklesio centrebTan.<br />

amasTan, qarTuli samonastro centrebi daarsda siria-palestinaSi,<br />

xolo X saukuneSi aRmocenda qarTvelTa monasteri aTonze (Zeglebi,<br />

1918, gv. 17). yovelive es xels uwyobda gareSe saqristianosTan<br />

saqarTvelos intensiur kontaqtebs, rac ormxriv xasiaTs iZens: qarTuli<br />

qristianuli eklesia mdidrdeba qristianul samyarosTan urTierTobiT,<br />

xolo Tavad qristianuli samyaro arcTu naklebad ikvebeba qarTuli<br />

qristianuli kulturuli tradiciebiT, rac araerTxelaa miniSnebuli<br />

literaturaSi. amis dasturad me-6 saukunis avtori prokofi kesarieli<br />

gamodgeba (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv. 168).<br />

qarTuli eklesiis avtoritetis zrdis maCvenebelia Semdegi<br />

faqtic: daaxloebiT VIII saukunis Sua wlebSi saqarTveloSi Camovida<br />

guTeli ioane, romelmac episkoposis xeldasxma mcxeTis kaTalikosisagan<br />

miiRo. guTeli episkoposi sakurTxevlad jer konstantinopolis<br />

patriarqTan gaemgzavra, romelsac is ierarqiulad emorCileboda, magram<br />

radgan iq maSin xatmebrZoloba iyo gabatonebuli 725-843 ww.<br />

ukurTxeblad ukan gamobrunebula. maSin ioane saqarTveloSi gamoagzavnes<br />

(saqarTvelos istoria, 1990, gv. 80-81).<br />

aseve qarTuli eklesiis maRali avtoritetis dadasturebaa is<br />

faqtic, rom IX saukuneSi ierusalimis patriarqis - sergis TanxmobiT<br />

qarTulma eklesiam miiRo mironis kurTxevis ufleba mcxeTis<br />

sveticxovelSi (b. lominaZe, 1992, gv. 87-88).

qarTuli avtokefaluri eklesiis istoriidan<br />

qarTuli ena eklesiis erTaderT sayovelTao enad gavrcelda.<br />

VIII-X ss. Jamis wirva da locva qarTulad sruldeboda. XI-XII ss-Si<br />

farTo muSaoba gaCaRda qarTul enaze axali bizantiuri mwerlobis<br />

TargmanisaTvis. am saqmianobaSi TavianTi wvlili Seitanes eqvTime da<br />

giorgi aTonelebma, giorgi mcirem, leonti mrovelma, juanSerma, arsen<br />

iyalToelma, efrem mcirem, ioane petriwma da sxvebma. amgvari muSaoba<br />

warmoebda rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise sazRvargareTis qarTul centrebSi<br />

- aTonze, petriwonis monasterSi, ierusalimis jvris monasterSi.<br />

qarTuli eklesia daarsebis dRidanve gaxda mflobeli organizacia,<br />

misi Semosavlis wyaros Semowiruli, nasyidi mamulebi Seadgenda.<br />

monastrebs ki hqondaT sakuTari meurneoba. X-XI ss-Si eklesiam did<br />

ekonomiur Zlierebas miaRwia.<br />

XI s-Si saqarTvelos eklesiis kaTalikos-patriarqs eWira VI adgili<br />

romis papis CaTvliT. eklesiaTa ganyofis Semdeg saqarTvelos eklesias<br />

ekava me-5 adgili. xolo XVI saukunis dasasruls, rodesac aRmosavleTis<br />

patriarqebma ruseTis eklesias mianiWes me-5 adgili, saqarTvelos eklesiam<br />

daikava me-6 adgili, romelic uWiravs dRemde. saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

kaTalikos-patriarqis meeqvse adgilis Sesaxeb cnoba daculia XIII saukunis<br />

dokumentSi (1259 w). ` ...Cvenca glaxaki qristes mier Semdgomad xuTTa<br />

patriarqTa... da suetis cxovelis meequsisa patriarqisa da qristesmier<br />

yovlisa saqarTvelos kaTalikosi nikoloz vamtkiceb da warvwer"... (b.<br />

lominaZe, 1992, gv. 87-88).<br />

sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqo teritoriulad Semcirda XVI<br />

saukunis miwuruls Turqebis mier samcxe-saaTabagos mitacebisa da iq<br />

islamis gavrcelebis gamo. aqtiur taZrebSi TandaTan gauqmda qristianuli<br />

wirva-locva, qristianuli mrevli Semcirda, daifanta. XVIII saukuneSi,<br />

roca saqarTvelo gaTavisuflda iranisa da TurqeTis batonobisagan,<br />

imereTSi solomon pirvelma da qarTl-kaxeTSi erekle meorem scades<br />

sxvadasxva RonisZiebebiT qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis Seryeuli<br />

mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba.<br />

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTma moaxdina saqarTvelos aneqsia.<br />

aTi wlis Semdeg, 1811 wels ruseTis imperatoris brZanebiT qarTul<br />

eklesias waerTva damoukidebloba da daqvemdebarebul iqna rusuli<br />

eklesiis `uwmindesi da umarTebulesi sinodisadmi". aqedan moyolebuli<br />

vidre 1918 wlamde (?) saqarTvelos eklesiurad marTavdnen rusi<br />

egzarqosebi.<br />

275

276<br />

m. robaqiZe, s. kupraSvili<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

episkoposi zosime, 1990 - episkoposi zosime (SioSvili), saqarTvelos<br />

eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis: Jurn. "jvari vazisa", 1990, #3.<br />

efrem mcire, 1959 - efrem mcire, uwyebaT mizezisa qarTvelTa<br />

moqcevisasa Tu romelTa wignTa Sina moixsenebis, Tb., 1959.<br />

n. kelenjeriZe, 1949 - n. kelenjeriZe, saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso<br />

eklesiis mokle istoria, Tb., 1949.<br />

b. lominaZe, 1992 - b. lominaZe, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo da misi<br />

avtokefalia: religia, 1992, #12.<br />

T. Jordania, 1892 - T. Jordania, qronikebi, t. I, tf., 1892.<br />

saqarTvelos istoria, 1990 - saqarTvelos istoria (saskolo<br />

saxlmZRvanelo), Tb., 1990.<br />

i. tabaRua, 1982 - i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da<br />

wignTsacavebSi, t. I, Tb., 1982.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba, 1955 - qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, Tb., 1955.<br />

Zeglebi, 1918 - Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli Zeglebi, t. I, tf.,<br />

1918.<br />

anania jafariZe, 1983-1988 - episkoposi anania jafariZe, saqarTvelos<br />

samociqulo eklesiis istoria, axalcixe, 1983-1988.<br />

SULKHAN KUPRASHVILI, MADONA ROBAKIDZE<br />

RUSSIA’S IMPERIAL POLICY AND THE GEORGIAN CHURCH<br />

AUTOCEPHALY IN 1801-1811<br />

In the late half of the 19 th century Tsarist Russia waged consistent fight for<br />

trapping the Georgian Church into her ideological grips.<br />

In September 12, 1801 the Emperor signed a manifest by force of which on<br />

April 12 th of the next year, in the Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral surrounded by Russian<br />

troops, Russia imposed the representatives of the Georgian nobility to sign the<br />

document of abolishing Bagrationi House prerogatives. David who had been proclaimed<br />

the heir of Giorgi XII by Russia when the king was still alive was sent in exile. The<br />

same fate shared Mariam, the last queen of Georgia, wife of Giorgi XII. Some eight<br />

years later the lot of Kartlo-Kakheti kingdom extended on Imereti kingdom that<br />

accomplished Russia’s footing in Georgia.<br />

The establishment of the Tsarist government in Georgia would not complete<br />

only with the abolishment of the Georgian statehood. Now Russia began to interfere<br />

in the affairs of the Georgian Church for its subjugation. The government issued a<br />

reform anticipating organization of religious diskateria which would be entitled to<br />

lead Religious-educational activities. The primary task of the diskateria was to count<br />

and register the property of the Georgian Church to figure out all incomes and determine

qarTuli avtokefaluri eklesiis istoriidan<br />

the number of clergy and make order in the parishes. The government appointed<br />

General Tormasov with personal responsibilities for the implementation of the reform.<br />

Earlier to these events, in February 1801, Russian Emperor issued the order<br />

obliging Catholicos Anton II to draw up the complete data of the real situation of the<br />

Georgian Church and its clergy. The latter did not carry out the task. In November<br />

3, 1810 Tormasov sent Catholicos Anton II in exile and in February 10, 1811 he<br />

presented Golitsin new project of organizing the Georgian Church. According to the<br />

project the bishop of Mtskheta and Kartli should be at the head of the Georgian<br />

Church who would be given a title of Metropolitan of Mtskheta and Kartli and the<br />

Exarches of the Synod.<br />

In 1811 the institution of Catholicos was replaced by Exarches, subordinated<br />

to diskateria. The first exarches of Georgia became Bishop Varlam Eristavi, a man<br />

educated in Russia. The abolishment of autocephaly of the Georgian Church marked<br />

the new and different stage of Georgia’s occupation by Russia.<br />

277

278<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

nato nato svianaZe<br />

svianaZe<br />

niko niko lorTqifaniZis lorTqifaniZis esTetikuri esTetikuri mrwamsi, mrwamsi,<br />

mrwamsi,<br />

mxatvruli mxatvruli manera, manera, ena, ena, stili<br />

stili<br />

ferwerasTan Sexamebuli bgerweris Taviseburi modeli, romelic<br />

musikiT gamowveuli emociis tolfasovania – aseTia mwerlis esteTikuri<br />

mrwamsi. niko lorTqifaniZis es rwmena kondensirebuladaa Camoyalibebuli<br />

im epigrafSi, romelic man warumZRvara miniaturaTa cikls saerTo<br />

saTauriT "sulieri ganwyobilebani" (1914): "umTavres miznad mqonda<br />

mkiTxvelSi erTgvari sulieri ganwyobileba gamomewvia - sityvis saSualebiT<br />

musikis sawadeli mimeRwia. qarTul mwerlobaSi iSviaTia aseTi cda.<br />

Secdoma da uxerxulobac amitom mravali iqneba".<br />

n. lorTqifaniZis TiTqmis yvela novelas sakuTari intonacia<br />

aqvs. intonaciuri simdidre, romelic kvlav nawarmoebis feradovnebisken<br />

aris mimarTuli, qmnis ganwyobilebaTa dausruleblad cvalebad gamas.<br />

es gama xan aRmavalia, aqtiurad mJReri, xan unazesi sevdiT moculi, an<br />

Cumi, nawyvet-nawyveti, grZnobis gamomxatveli sasveni niSnebiT aRniSnuli.<br />

yoveli intonacia saSualebas iZleva daisvenos masze mkiTxvelma. yovel<br />

gadasvlas intonaciis erTi kilodan meoreze simWevre Seaqvs nawarmoebSi<br />

da azRvevs mas monotonurobisagan. n. lorTqifaniZe Zlieri intonaciebis<br />

gareSe ar wers, ar metyvelebs. maTi simravle SeiZleba SevadaroT<br />

mxolod impresionistul, wertilebisagan Semdgar suraTs. SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, mwerlis zogierTi novela puantelisturi rigis nawarmoebia.<br />

n. lorTqifaniZes Zalze exerxeba dialogebis ageba. amaSi, erTi<br />

mxriv, mas exmareba dialogis daniSnulebis srulyofili codna prozaSi,<br />

meore mxriv, n. lorTqifaniZisaTvis, rogorc garkveuli maneris mqone<br />

mwerlisaTvis, es SedarebiT iolad dasauflebel sferos warmoadgenda.<br />

dialogis gamarTvis mxriv igi didi masStabis klasikosTa gverdiT SeiZleba<br />

davayenoT.<br />

"tyvedyofilis dabrunebaSi" vkiTxulobT:<br />

"qoxis kari WrialiT gaiRo da gaisma:<br />

- lekura, ra ambavia, ras uyef?<br />

am Zaxilze ZaRli gaiqca. isev Semobrunda, TiTqos karSi gamosul<br />

qals WiSkrisaken iwvevso.<br />

- isev is mglis arCivi maCvi Semoipara usaTuod, - wyeva-krulviT<br />

waibutbuta qalma da ZaRls gahyva.<br />

- uime! es vinaa?<br />

- me var, deda, - siko!<br />

- ui, Seni Wiri ki Semeyaros! – da qali Caexvia Svils.<br />

- marTa, marTa! – gasZaxa qalma.<br />

qoxis kari isev WrialiT gaiRo.<br />

- gameiqeci, qalo, siko mosula!..<br />

- uime! amas ras vxedav, batono... – meti veraferi sTqva qalma da<br />

ar icoda, rogor moxveoda, sad ekocna...

niko lorTqifaniZis esTetikuri mrwamsi, mxatvruli manera, ena, stili<br />

mTvare gamocurda Rrublebidan da ezo gaanaTa.<br />

- Cemi ninoia sadaa? – ikiTxa sikom.<br />

- Zinavs... – da marTas undoda gasaRviZeblad wasuliyo; sikom<br />

SeaCera:<br />

- iZinos! codvaa gogo! moveswrebi mis naxvas... awi xom arsad<br />

waval".<br />

n. lorTqifaniZis yoveli fraza metad metyvelia, mgrZnobiarea,<br />

cocxali. igi arsad ar iZleva vrcel ganmartebebs, sarTulebian<br />

aRwerilobebs. yoveli winadadeba mis nawarmoebSi siaxlis Semcvelia.<br />

mas xSirad ar yofnis moTmineba, rom mTliani fraza Seqmnas, mraval<br />

sityvas andos is, rac mas surda eTqva. misi moTxrobaTa abzacebi<br />

Txelia, advilad dasaZlevi, imitom rom abzacis magier igi erT winadadebas<br />

xmarobs.<br />

"fardis awevam daigviana, magram sazogadoebas mouTmenloba ar<br />

emCneoda.<br />

kneina gaqra. – "uialqnod".<br />

xSirad winadadebas igi arCevs erT mokle Sesityvebas. n.<br />

lorTqifaniZis emociurad yvelaze datvirTul nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba<br />

erTsityviani abzacebic. zogan erTi sityvac ar aris da gvxvdeba<br />

mravalwertili, xan kiTxvis niSani, rac weris impresionistul maneraze<br />

migviTiTebs, magram Tuki aseTi manera namdvilad impresionistulia,<br />

bazisi am moTxrobebSi mainc wminda realisturi xdeba.<br />

werilis uSualoba, misi metyveli ena, stilis mxatvruloba<br />

erTgvarad vlindeba nawarmoebTa dawyebis TaviseburebebSi. zogi maTganis<br />

dasawyisi myisve aRWurvilia Rrma fsiqologizmiT, zogi dawyeba<br />

kinematografiuli sicxadiT viTardeba.<br />

pirveli lirikuli (xSirad sentimentaluri) fraza xandaxan<br />

gansazRvravs, erTgvarad tons aZlevs, mTeli moTxrobis lirikul (an<br />

sentimentalur) ganwyobilebas.<br />

arcTu ise iSviaTad mwerali nawarmoebis pirvel winadadebaSi<br />

mTeli nawarmoebis sazrdo esencias aTavsebs. dasawyisi xSirad xdeba<br />

nawarmoebis keTilxmovan mJRer kamertonad: "Seugneblad daerida<br />

bavSvebis sivils – gamovida qoxidan, gaiara ezo, ugzo-ukvlod midioda"<br />

_ amgvarad iwyeba "tragedia ugmirod". cxadia, am moTxrobis ZiriTadi<br />

ambis Semdgomi ganviTareba pirvelsave striqonebSi aqvs avtors mocemuli.<br />

"mokvda. mis naz xels ar gausworebia sasTumali. idumalis mwuxarebiT<br />

ar Semouxedavs oTaxSi satrfos Tvalebs. nacnobebs ar moukiTxavT".<br />

amgvaria pirveli striqonebi moTxrobisa "guli". igi sul ocdaoTxi<br />

arasruli striqonisagan Sedgeba, magram albaT iSviaTad iwereba xolme<br />

aseTi patriotuli simwveliT aRniSnuli nawarmoebi.<br />

n. lorTqifaniZis mxatvruli stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia aseTi<br />

Tvisebac – mis miniaturaTa umravlesobas amSveneben minawerebi, romlebic<br />

TiTqos erTgvar eqskurss ukeTeben mkiTxvels nawarmoebis SinaarsSi<br />

ukeT Casawvdomad. amas amCnevda s. Ciqovanis mkafio Tvali: "isini qmnian<br />

nawarmoebis Sinagan samyaroSi Sesasvlelad saWiro sulier mdgomareobas"<br />

(s. Ciqovani, gv. 105). magaliTad, miniaturaTa cikls – "panaSvidi" –<br />

279

280<br />

n. svianaZe<br />

aweria: " vuZRvni mas, visac ukanaskneli pativi ver veci, erTi muWa miwa<br />

ver mivayare", xolo miniaturas "mrcxveni" epigrafad amSvenebs<br />

miqelanjelos ukve damowmebuli sityvebi: "tkbilia Ziri, utkbesia gaqvaveba<br />

jamsa saZraxsa da saxelis gatexisas araferi davinaxo, araferi vigrZno<br />

– ai, Cemi netareba, maS, nu maRviZeb, wynarad ilaparake".<br />

n. lorTqifaniZis stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo didi siZunwe<br />

sityvieri masalisa, mokveTili stili. "gaWianurebuli sityvaTa frqveva",<br />

rogorc TviTon ambobda, mas WiriviT sZulda. is iyo Taviseburi xarkis<br />

gadaxda 900-ian wlebSi mxatvrul literaturaSi danergili<br />

impresionistuli stilisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, 900-iani wlebidan<br />

moyolebuli, vidre meoce saukunis 20-ian wlebamdis, Cvens mwerlobaSi<br />

Zlierad aRorZinda SekumSuli Tqmebisa da frazebis mcire formis<br />

moTxrobebi, magram aq Cven ar unda avurioT revoluciis wlebSi<br />

gamoyenebuli es msxvili, mcire formiani lirikuli prozis nimuSebi<br />

dekadantur miniaturebTan. am SemTxvevaSi n. lorTqifaniZe erTgvari<br />

SemakavSirebeli xidi iyo impresionistuli da qarTuli realisturi<br />

mcireforniani prozauli Janrisa. igi, erTi mxriv, aragvispirelisa da<br />

i. evdoSvilis msgavsad, mimarTavda moTxrobebis mcire formas _ eskizs,<br />

suraTs, miniaturas, meore mxriv, v. barnovis msgavsad, iyenebs ritmul<br />

prozas, metwilad galeqsili formiT, oRond, arqaizmebisagan Tavisufals.<br />

ai, Tundac misi erTi magaliTi: "gulis iarebs rom xelsa hkrav, pirSi<br />

rom metyvi kiTxvasa mwares, mudam rom sicils cremlad miqcev da rom<br />

dascini Cems aRmafrenas. tyuilad TvalTmaqcob – swored miT gamCnev,<br />

rom CemTan stiri Cemsa satirals, rom CemTan ginda simRera tkbili, rom<br />

Cemgan eli bednierebas. xasiaTs icvli... gana bavSvi var, ver SegamCnio<br />

ampartavani, Tu risTvis sxvebTan ia xar nazi, CemTan ki ekliT moculi<br />

vardi.<br />

da nu momeswros, rom Segecvalos es mkacri qceva, tkbil saubrado.<br />

o, RmerTma nu qnas, rom mxolod sityvas, rasac Sen igrZnob, TlaT<br />

daexatos".<br />

moTxrobaSi CarTuli es teqsti Zalian uaxlovdeba leqss, magram<br />

n. lorTqifaniZis weris impresionistuli manera mJRavndeba, rogorc<br />

TviTonve wers, im siuJetur TaviseburebaSi, romelsac igi iyenebda<br />

klasikur siuJetiani nawarmoebisagan gansxvavebiT, STabeWdilebaTa wuTieri<br />

momentebis aRweriT, rasac erTgvarad daumTavrebeli xasiaTi hqonda. n.<br />

lorTqifaniZem Taviseburad moariga impresionistuli lakonizmi<br />

realisturi miniaturebis JanrTan.<br />

ganwyobilebis Sesaqmnelad mwerali mraval xerxs iyenebda.<br />

mkiTxvelis sulSi grZnobis pirveli impulsi saTaurs aqvs, Tavisebur<br />

gancdas aRuZravs mas. "uialqnos", "panaSvidi", "sulieri ganwyobilebani",<br />

"sevdiani naxatebi", "mgloviare guliTa", "saSineli mdgomareoba" da sxva<br />

CamoTvlisTanave qmnian im sulier atmosferos, romliTac gaJRenTili<br />

iyo mwerlis adreuli Semoqmedeba, magram nawarmoebis ganwyobilebis<br />

SesagrZnobad mxolod saTauridan miRebuli STabeWdileba araa sakmarisi.<br />

saWiroa novelis Tu eskizis wakiTxvamde Cadge im sulier mdgomareobaSi,<br />

romelic mwerals hqonda nawarmoebis Seqmnisas. maT gasagebad civi<br />

goneba ar gamodgeba. maTs asaTviseblad imdenad cxovrebisa da

niko lorTqifaniZis esTetikuri mrwamsi, mxatvruli manera, ena, stili<br />

literaturis Teoriis codna ar aris saWiro, ramdenadac unari –<br />

Seerwya sxva adamians, Caiyeno Tavi imave viTarebaSi, romelSic Semoqmedi<br />

iyo. maSin gasagebi gaxdeba sulis is mdgomareoba, rasac Sedegad naRvliani<br />

suraTebi mohyolia. niko lorTqifaniZe cdilobs, rom mkiTxveli<br />

nawilobriv mainc miiyvanos am mdgomareobamde, rasac igi epigrafebis<br />

meSveobiT axerxebs: "mesmis kilo samgloviaro zarisa da vwer" ("cxovreba<br />

salomikasi").<br />

amrigad, mwerali xSirad saTaurisa da epigrafis saSualebiT<br />

aRwevs nawarmoebis SesagrZnobad saWiro ganwyobilebis Seqmnas. TviT<br />

nawarmoebebi n. lorTqifaniZisa, umeteswilad, gmiris lirikuli aRsarebaa,<br />

Taviseburi poeturi intonaciiT gadmocemuli.<br />

n. lorTqifaniZisaTvis mTavari ganwyobilebisa da sulis<br />

tkivilebis gadmocemaa, romelic gabmul Txrobas moiTxovs; "Cven gvinda<br />

ara mogonili istoria, aramed gamosaxva, ara garToba, aramed<br />

STabeWdileba" – werda h. fon hofmanstali. ganwyobilebis gadmocema<br />

mwyobr siuJets ar saWiroebs.<br />

n. lorTqifaniZis Semoqmedebaze impresionizmis gavlena im siuJetur<br />

TaviseburebaSi mJRavndeba, rac misi nawarmoebisaTvis aris niSneuli.<br />

movlenebi aq isea gadmocemuli, rom aRibeWdeba mxolod SeukavSirebeli<br />

STabeWdilebani, romlebic ar obieqtivirdeba gabmuli Txrobis saxiT.<br />

es aris tipuri impresionistuli forma, sadac gamoricxulia kvanZis<br />

Sekvrisa da gaxsnis principi. Txzulebis calkeuli Tavebi damoukidebeli<br />

nawilebia sakuTari moqmedebiTa da ganviTarebiT, romlebic warmoadgenen<br />

ZiriTad Temis variaciebs.<br />

"visac gamouvlia didi avadmyofoba, axsovs bodva, tkivilebis<br />

dros Cangi Tu ara, zRapari mainc mousmenia, igi gaigebs Cems suliskveTebas<br />

da sasiamod darCeba areuli istoriis, daviwyebuli zepirgadmocemis da<br />

daRlili ocnebis xlarTi, mware RameebSi naRvliani fiqrebis gasafantavad<br />

Sekonili".<br />

amiT naTelia mxatvruli mrwamsi n. lorTqifaniZisa, rac ufro<br />

aaxloebs modernistul mwerlobasTan. rogorc literaturulesTetikuri<br />

Sexedulebani, ise mxatvruli praqtika n. lorTqifaniZisa,<br />

mxatvruli xerxebi da saSualebani, aRqma, esTetikuri fenomeni<br />

modernistulia.<br />

n. lorTqifaniZis mTavari mxatvruli manera plastikuri xedvaa.<br />

Tavis uamrav STabeWdileba im misnuri mxedvelobis wyalobiT iRebs,<br />

romelsac ar gamorCeba araferi mniSvnelovani, arc aristokratis<br />

sasaxleSi da arc glexis qoxSi, amitom aris, rom xSirad misi miniaturebi<br />

"dangreuli budeebidan" da "ameridan" ferweruli peizaJebis sinaTlesa<br />

da sizustes inarCuneben. eskizebi, etiudebi da peizaJebi mTlianobaSi<br />

rom aviRoT, erT did mxatvrul tilos hgavs. es namdvili ferweraa.<br />

tyuilad ki ar aqvs mas epigrafad: "zogan yviTel, zogan wiTel, zogan<br />

alisferia" da SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom n. lorTqifaniZis miniaturebs<br />

aseTi saxelebi hqvia: "suraTi soflad", "sentimentaluri naxati", "biusti",<br />

"sevdiani naxatebi"...<br />

281

282<br />

n. svianaZe<br />

n. lorTqifaniZis stilur TaviseburebaTa Soris gansakuTrebiT<br />

unda aRvniSnoT sityvis ukiduresi momWirneoba. mis nimuSad Tundac<br />

"tragedia ugmirod" gamodgeba. aq cota sityviT bevris Tqmis unari<br />

zenitSia ayvanili. unda iTqvas, rom mwerlis es Tavisebureba ar<br />

momdinareobs mxolod mis mier arCeuli mwiri Janridan, rac TavisTavad<br />

saWiroebs lakonur Txrobas. niko lorTqifaniZe mozrdil<br />

nawarmoebebSic erTguli rCeba am wesisa.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

e. abramiSvili, 1972 - e. abramiSvili, niko lorTqifaniZe – novelis<br />

ostati: Jurn. "ciskari", 1972, #4.<br />

T. doiaSvili, 1981 - T. doiaSvili, ganwyobilebaTa da STabeWdilebaTa<br />

mxatvari: gaz. "literaturuli saqarTvelo", 1981, 16 oqtomberi.<br />

g. natroSvili, 1982 - g. natroSvili, niko lorTqifaniZis mxatvruli<br />

samyaro: Jurn. "ganTiadi", 1982, #6.<br />

b. JRenti, 1972 - b. JRenti, mxatvruli sityvis brwyinvale ostati:<br />

Jurn. "mnaTobi", 1972, #10.<br />

s. Wilaia, 1982 - s. Wilaia, qarTuli moTxrobis ostati: gaz.<br />

"literaturuli saqarTvelo", 1982, 30 aprili.<br />

NATO SVIANADZE<br />

NIKO LRTKIPANIDZE’S AESTHETIC CREED, ARTISTIC<br />

MANNER, LANGUAGE AND STYLE<br />

Peculiar pattern of speech sound application in accordance with the paint<br />

application in art that possess congeniality of emotion caused by music sounds – is<br />

N.Lortkipanidze’s aesthetic creed.<br />

Almost each of his short stories has its own unique intonation. These intonations<br />

can be compared with dots of the Impressionist pictures. The author never provides<br />

them for the extended comments. His paragraphs are thin, easily manageable, as it<br />

usually consists of a single sentence. He makes frequent use of a sequence of three<br />

full stops, question marks, suggesting the impressionist manner of writing.<br />

N.Lortkipanidze’s style tends to be close to poetic verse experimenting variety<br />

of means to create mood, among them is the choice of story titles.<br />

Most striking feature of N.Lortkipanidze’s writing style is the extreme frugality<br />

of word-use. He remains loyal to the laconic expression in the bigger works than<br />

those of the short stories.

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

avantiurizmi avantiurizmi qarTul qarTul qarTul xalxur xalxur xalxur zRaprebSi<br />

zRaprebSi<br />

eka eka silagaZe<br />

silagaZe<br />

zRapari TxrobiTi, Cveulebrivi xalxuri nawarmoebia, upiratesad<br />

fantastikuri Sinaarsisa. igi miTologiuri xasiaTis mokle moTxrobaa,<br />

xalxis sulieri kulturis nawilia. arsebobs zRapris ramdenime saxe:<br />

miTologiuri, sayofacxovrebo, avantiuristuli da sxva.<br />

rogorc viciT, avantiura franguli sityvaa da niSnavs<br />

uperspeqtivod, realuri Zalebisa da pirobebis gauTvaliwineblad,<br />

SemTxveviTi warmatebis imediT wamowyebul saqmes, Tavgadasavals,<br />

Cveulebriv saZraxiss.<br />

qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi xSirad gvxvdeba avantiuristuli<br />

moqmedebebi, SemTxveviTobas, iRbals, moxerxebulobas mindobili<br />

gamarTleba an gaumarTlebloba, Tavis daRweva gamouvali mdgomareobidan<br />

tyuiliT, cru dapirebiT, saZraxisi saqcieliT.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom avantiuras zRapris gmirebi mimarTaven sxvadasxva<br />

mizniT: Tavis gadasarCenad, Suris saZieblad, SimSilis mosaklavad, sakuTari<br />

axirebulobis, gamxiarulebis, Sinagani borotebis Tu sxva mizezTa gamo.<br />

vis ar SexvdebiT aq: motyuebul da gabriyvebul mgelsa Tu daTvs,<br />

moxerxebulobiT gamorCeul melas da frTebis imedad gayoyoCebul<br />

frinvelebs. gavixsenoT, magaliTad, zRapari "motyuebuli mgeli", sadac<br />

moxerxebuli Rori mtacebel nadirs gaabriyvebs imiT, rom Tavisi sami<br />

goWis _ xrutunas, mcivanas da magaras arsebobis Sesaxeb Seatyobinebs.<br />

mSieri mgeli Tavis Secdomas maSin mixvda, roca kari aRar gauRes,<br />

magram raRa dros.<br />

zRaparSi "ametyvelebuli cxoveli" xom igive adamiania, romelic,<br />

xSirad ver Tokavs Tavis velur instiqtebs, ver imorCilebs sakuTar<br />

survilebs. sulmokleoba, siZunwe, gaumaZRroba, Suri, gautanloba,<br />

gulubryviloba, gulRrZooba, sizante, sxvisi ubedurebiT aRfrTovaneba,<br />

SurisZieba, moxerxebuloba da uamravi sxva grZnoba amravalferovnebs,<br />

sainteresos da mimzidvels xdis ara marto nawarmoebs, aramed erTgvarad<br />

moZRvravs mkiTxvels da afrTxilebs, rom keTilTa Soris arseboben<br />

borotebi, rom saWiroa sifrTxile yovel gadadgmul nabijze.<br />

macdurebad da avantiuristebad zRaprebSi umetesad meliebi<br />

gvevlinebian. ganusazRvrelia maTi saZraxisi qmedebebi. isini yovelTvis<br />

cdiloben TavianTi moxerxebulobiT daCagron fizikurad Tavisze ufro<br />

Zlierebi da imxiarulon maTi gulubryvilobiT gamowveuli ubedurebebiT.<br />

zRaparSi ,,daTvis, mglisa da meliis ambavi" moTxrobilia erTi<br />

meliis Sesaxeb, romelic yovelgvari mizezis gareSe sakuTari boroti<br />

da cbieri bunebis gamo ubedurebas gadahyris gulubryvilo daTvs _<br />

orive bels mouklavs, Tanac gankurnebisTvis winaswar qrTamad aiRebs<br />

dedals da qadas. gabrazebul daTvs ki SemTxveviT Semxvedr mgels<br />

gaugzavnis da kargad daaJeJinebs usafuZvlo axirebis gamo.<br />

283

284<br />

e. silagaZe<br />

mxolod avantiuriT gadairCina melam Tavi gabrazebuli mglisgan.<br />

cxvrebTan aRmoCenis imediT godori gadaacva Tavze, daagora da<br />

mecxvareebs acemina. meored Suris saZieblad misuls ki Tavi xarazad<br />

gaacno, ukana tani gaukera _ xSirad aRar mogSivdeba, sul maZRari<br />

iqnebio da lamis sikvdilis piras miiyvana.<br />

sainteresoa isic, Tu ramdenad swavloben Wkuas mravaljer<br />

gabriyvebuli personaJebi. samwuxarod, SurisZiebiT anTebulebi ver<br />

amCneven morig ubedurebas, saZageli da gaiZvera mtris mier Cafiqrebuls<br />

manam, sanam misi ganxorcielebis simwares sakuTar tyavze ar iwvneven,<br />

Tumca zogs tyavsac ar arCenen da bolomde briyvebad toveben da<br />

isinic rCebian mcire mosazrebis, windauxedaobis da zedmetad mimndobi<br />

xasiaTis gamo.<br />

zRaparSi ,,daTvi da mela" iSviaT SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme. Cans,<br />

rom melas, avantiuristobis garda, siyvarulic SeuZlia, magram saSinlad<br />

Seubralebelia sayvareli arsebis dakargviT gamowveuli tkivilis<br />

SurisZiebisas. gaumaZRar daTvs mwared anana Tavisi, naCuqari bekekas<br />

SeWma. moqeifeebisgan tyavis gaZroba ar akmara, mere eklebSi Seityua.<br />

arc amas dajerda da SamfurebiT dadaRa, Tumca verc amiT moioxa<br />

SurisZiebiT anTebuli guli da sabolood wuwki daTvi kldidan daagora.<br />

is xom kravTan SedarebiT iyo moxerxebuli, motyuebiT gaaRebina karebi<br />

da SeWama, meliasTan ki sruliad gulubryvilo aRmoCnda da sakadrisi<br />

Sedegic miiRo, Tumca ufro Wkviani da moxerxebuli rom yofiliyo,<br />

albaT melas yvelafers ar daujerebda da gadarCeboda, magram meliis<br />

avantiurizmi xom mis daRupvaSi Cans.<br />

avantiuristul zRaprebSi gvxvdeba pirobis anu ficis dadebis<br />

sxvadasxva saxe. zogi Tavis TavTan debs pirobas, zogi sxvebs aZlevs<br />

fics da amtkicebs, rom ar daarRvevs, magram ,,maZRarze" dadebuli<br />

piroba umetesad mSierze aviwydebaT.<br />

zRaparSi ,,melia da mwyerCita" or metad moxerxebul personaJs<br />

vxvdebiT im imediT da pirobiT, rom melia mwyerCitas Svilebs da<br />

SviliSvilebs ar SeuWamda (anu aqac pirad bednierebaze zrunva da<br />

sxvisi ubedurebiT tkbobaa naCvenebi). melas jer leSi moanelebina mTagorebze<br />

sirbiliT, Semdeg kargad acina, Sedegad ki, rom ara sakuTari<br />

frTebi da moxerxeba, meliis wera gaxdeboda.<br />

mSvidi da bednieri cxovrebis sanacvlod mwyerCitam aravin daindo,<br />

arc xari, romelsac rqaze saxre moxvda da motyda, arc mawvniT savse<br />

qila, arc patara bavSvi, mSierze pirobadaviwyebuli melac ki, romelsac<br />

Tavi didi saxriT gautexa (masze moqneuli melas moxvda).<br />

maZRarze dadebuli fici mSierze im mgelsac daaviwyda, ierusalims<br />

rom midioda codvebis mosananieblad (,,mglis berad Sedgoma"). ver<br />

acduna eSmakma da mSvidad amcno Tavisi gadawyvetileba gzad Semxvedr<br />

mozvers, cxvrebsa da virs, magram, roca ierusalims mivida, eklesiaSi<br />

ver Sevida Tavisi mglobis gamo da SimSilmac Zalian Seawuxa, piroba<br />

ar gaxsenebia, ,,rodesac muceli carielia, iq ierusalims ra xeli<br />

aqvso".

mglis saxeSi SesaZlebelia davinaxoT codvebiT damZimebuli adamiani,<br />

romlisTvisac sulis cxoneba sasurvelia, magram naklebad SesaZlebeli<br />

Tavisi saqveynod cnobili codvebisa da mouTmenlobis gamo.<br />

gvxvdeba zRaprebi, romlebSic personaJebi kidev erT<br />

avantiuristul meTods _ daSinebas mimarTaven. magaliTad, zRaparSi<br />

,,mela" moTxrobilia, Tu rogor aSinebda stumrad misuli mela ojaxebs<br />

da mohyavda iqidan puris nacvlad mamali, mamlis nacvlad cxvari,<br />

cxvris nacvlad xari da xaris nacvlad patarZalic ki. ramdenad SerCa<br />

mas es qmedebebi, sul sxva sakiTxia, magram naCvenebia, rom uamrav<br />

saZraxis saqmes mela mxolod sakuTari siamovnebisa da bednierebisTvis<br />

akeTebda, arad agdebda im adamianebs, romlebic keTilad, gulTbilad<br />

da gulRiad xvdebodnen karze misul ucxo stumars.<br />

zRaparSi "nadirTa Zmoba" daTvi iCens avantiuras Tavisi Zal-<br />

Ronidan gamomdinare. TiTqmis ubrZolvelad mopovebuli lukma arcerT<br />

megobars ar gauyo, piriqiT, daaSina kidec isini. daTvisTvis Zmoba da<br />

megobroba carieli sityvebi iyo, igi Tavisze sustebs daumegobrda da<br />

Sedegsac imkida.<br />

zRapris gmirebi yovelTvis avlenen sakuTar xasiaTs, bunebas,<br />

yovelTvis iswrafvian erTmaneTisken, umetes SemTxvevaSi ebrZvian<br />

erTmaneTs da urTierTsawinaaRmdegod moqmedeben, magram maTi<br />

urTierToba gamudmebul avantiurul qmedebebzea agebuli.<br />

1973.<br />

avantiurizmi qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

g. asaTiani, 1982 - g. asaTiani, saTaveebTan, Tb., 1982.<br />

s. gaCeCilaZe, 1973 - s. gaCeCilaZe, litmcodneobis Sesavali, Tb.,<br />

T. qurdovaniZe, 1983 - T. qurdovaniZe, qarTuli xalxuri jadosnuri<br />

zRaprebi, Tb., 1983.<br />

zRaprebi, 1949 - rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi, elene<br />

virsalaZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1949.<br />

285

286<br />

e. silagaZe<br />

EKA SILAGADZE<br />

VENTURES IN THE GEORGIAN FOLK TALES<br />

Folk tales are of various kinds, as: mythological, of everyday life, of engaging<br />

in hazards and some others. Georgian folk tales often convey activities of personages<br />

engaging in risks. They engage in ventures for various motivations: for rescuing<br />

their own life, for taking revenge, for the search for food, or just for the obsession,<br />

for fun, or for their innate cruelty or whatever other reasons.<br />

In most cases from the personified animals foxes distinguish with wit and<br />

flexibility to trick and overcome strong but the gullible opponents and have fun over<br />

the misfortunes inflicted to victims.<br />

Having been duped multiple times trustful personages cannot learn lessons<br />

and being exited to exact revenge on the enemy fail to see the next misfortune cast<br />

over them until they experience its bitterness one more times.<br />

Folk tale personages always reveal their character, mood and are in a hurry to<br />

meet each other, mostly fighting against one another or act against each other. Their<br />

relationship is built on the venture activities.

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

dialeqtizmebi dialeqtizmebi mxatvrul mxatvrul enaSi enaSi da da maTi<br />

maTi<br />

Targmnis Targmnis problema<br />

problema<br />

neli siWinava<br />

miuxedavad didi miRwevebisa, qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi dRemde ar<br />

qreba interesi dialeqtTa yovelmxrivi da amomwuravi Seswavlisadmi.<br />

ar wydeba dialeqtTa saerTo movlenebis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis Zieba<br />

qarTuli enis ganviTarebis saerTo fonze da qarTuli enis dialeqtTa<br />

masalis analizis safuZvelze zogadenaTmecnieruli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba.<br />

gamoqveynebulia monografiuli gamokvlevebi da didi raodenobiT<br />

calkeuli statiebi. specialurad Seswavlilia ramdenime dialeqtis<br />

leqsika. dabeWdilia dialeqtologiuri teqstebi da leqsikonebi.<br />

dialeqturi Taviseburebani gamovlenilia rogorc Zvel werilobiT<br />

ZeglebSi - Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi, originalur mxatvrul<br />

literaturaSi, istoriul sabuTebSi, aseve Tanamedrove mxatvruli<br />

literaturis enaSi. mwerlis enis SeswavlasTan erTad mimdinareobs<br />

personaJTa metyvelebis TaviseburebaTa Seswavla.<br />

guruli dialeqtis Taviseburebani farTod aris warmodgenili<br />

mwerlobaSi, umTavresad e. noneSvilis TxzulebebSi. gurulizmebi gvxdeba<br />

agreTve n. nakaSiZis, W. lomTaTiZis, p. CxikvaZis, n. dumbaZisa da sxvaTa<br />

nawarmoebebSi.<br />

imeruli erT-erTi msxvili dialeqturi erTeulia. imerulma<br />

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana qarTuli saliteraturo enis<br />

ganviTarebaSi. misi Taviseburebani gamoyenebuli aqvT ZiriTadad<br />

personaJTa metyvelebaSi a. wereTels, d. kldiaSvils, g. wereTels,<br />

n. lorTqifaniZes, r. gvetaZes, k. lorTqifaniZes, o. ioselians da sxv.<br />

kaxuri masala Warbad gvxdeba saistorio ZeglebSi, moyolebuli<br />

XV saukunidan. kaxuris Taviseburebebi warmodgenilia kaxeTidan gamosuli<br />

<strong>mwerlebi</strong>s enaSi (Teimuraz I, arCili, Teimuraz II, a. WavWavaZe, i. WavWavaZe,<br />

r. erisTavi, i. evdoSvili, d. maCxaneli, g. leoniZe da sxv.).<br />

moxeuri farTod aris warmodgenili a.yazbegis personaJTa<br />

metyvelebaSi. leqsikur-frazeologiuri moxevizmebi gvxvdeba mwerliseul<br />

enaSic. moxeuri kilos nimuSi gamoiyena i.WavWavaZem "mgzavris werilebSi".<br />

fSauri kilos Taviseburebebi mwerlobaSi gamoiyenes<br />

razikaSvilebma, gansakuTrebiT vaJa-fSavelam.<br />

megruli leqsika gvxvdeba ioane petriwis, konstantine gamsaxurdias<br />

da mraval sxvaTa nawerebSi (k. danelia, 1991; t. futkaraZe, 2007;<br />

e. dadiani, 2007; r. Serozia, 2008).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, qarTul mxatvrul literaturaSi dialeqtizmebis<br />

gamoyeneba iqca ama Tu im mwerlis Semoqmedebis individualur-stilistur<br />

Taviseburebad bunebrivad wamoiWra interesi dialeqturi sityvebis<br />

Targmnis problemisadmi, romelic Cven gavaanalizeT qarTul-rusuli<br />

mxatvruli Targmanebis magaliTze.<br />

287

288<br />

n. siWinava<br />

Targmnis gamoCenili Teoretikosi a. fiodorovi aRniSnavda, rom<br />

nebismier enaSi arsebobs iseTi specifikuri elementebi, romelTac ar<br />

gaaCnia pirdapiri formaluri Sesatyvisebi sxva enebSi. miuxedavad amisa,<br />

am danaklisis kompensireba xdeba sxva garkveuli gramatikuli an leqsikuri<br />

saSualebebiT, romelTac SeuZlia maTi mniSvnelobis gadmocema konteqstis<br />

mixedviT. namdvilad uTargmneli rCeba dednis is calkeuli enobrivi<br />

elementebi, romlebic warmoadgenen gadaxras saerTo saliteraturo<br />

normidan: dialeqtizmebi da socialuri Jargonebis sityvebi.<br />

dialeqtizmebi da Jargonuli sityvebi gamoiyeneba mxatvrul<br />

literaturaSi, rogorc:<br />

a) ZiriTadi enobrivi saSualeba, e.i. saliteraturo normidan<br />

gadaxra damaxasiaTebelia mTeli nawarmoebisTvis, rogorc avtoris,<br />

aseve personaJebis metyvelebisaTvis;<br />

b) calkeuli personaJebis enobrivi daxasiaTebis saSualeba;<br />

g) ekzotizmi, garkveuli koloritis Sesaqmnelad.<br />

a. fiodorovs dasaSvebad miaCnia dialeqtizmebis gadmocema sxva<br />

enobrivi saSualebebiT, e. i. ar uaryofda maTi funqcionaluri Targmnis<br />

an kompensaciis SesaZleblobas: "...Îñíîâíûì ôóíêöèîíàëüíûì ñîîòâåòñòâèåì<br />

âñÿêî ãî ð îäà äèàëåêòèçì àì (êàê òåððèòîðèàëüíûì, òàê è ñîöèàëüíûì ) â ðóññêèõ<br />

ïåðåâîäàõ ñïîñîáíî ñëóæèòü ïðîñòîðå÷èå â øèðîêîì ñìûñëå ñëîâà. È åñëè<br />

åùå â íåäàâíåì ïðîøëîì ïðîñòîðå÷èå î÷åíü ðåäêî ïðèìåíÿëîñü â ïåðåâî äàõ,<br />

åñëè äàæå áåçäèàëåêòíîå ïðîñòîðå÷èå îðèãèíàëà ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî ÷àñòî îñòàâàëîñü<br />

íåâî ñïðîèçâåäåííûì, òî çà ïîñëåäíèå íåñêîëüêî ëåò â ðóññêèõ ïåðåâî äàõ<br />

õóä îæåñòâåííîé ïðîçû - è êëàññè÷åñêîé è ñîâðåìåííîé - îò÷åòëèâî íàìåòèëñÿ<br />

ñäâèã â ýòîì îòíîøåíèè" (a. fiodorovi, 1968, gv. 316).<br />

irJi levi Tvlida, rom saWiroa zogadi STabeWdilebis SenarCuneba,<br />

rasac SeiZleba mivaRwioT salaparako elementebis gamoyenebiT nebismier<br />

sxva adgilas, iq, sadac konteqsti amis saSualebas iZleva (i. levi, 1974,<br />

gv. 148).<br />

mxatvruli Targmnis Teoretikosebi aqsiomad miiCneven im azrs,<br />

rom dialeqtizmis dialeqtizmiTve Targmna dauSvebelia. v. gaki aRniSnavda:<br />

"...Íåìûñëèìî ïåðåâîäèòü þæíîôðàíöóçñêèå äèàëåêòèçìû ñ ïîìîùüþ<br />

îñîáåííîñòåé þæíîðóññêèõ äèàëåêòîâ" (v. gaki, 1966, gv. 38). im enis<br />

teritoriuli dialeqtis elementebis gamoyeneba, romelzec xorcieldeba<br />

Targmna, winaaRmdegobaSi Seva dednis realur SinaarsTan, moqmedebis<br />

adgilTan, mis garemoebebTan, moqmedi pirebisa da TviT avtoris erovnul<br />

kuTvnilebasTan.<br />

originalis stilisturi Taviseburebis SenarCunebis erTaderT<br />

saSualebas iZleva sasaubro metyvelebis elementebis gamoyeneba. am<br />

azrs iziarebda b.larinic, roca miuTiTebda ucxouri originalebis<br />

dialeqtizmebisTvis rusuli Sesatyvisebis povnis SesaZleblobaze: "È<br />

ïðîñòîðå÷èå ïåðñîíàæà, è ðåïëèêè íà îáëàñòíîì äèàëåêòå, è âñå ñîöèàëüíîäèàëåêòíûå<br />

äèàëîãè (íà àðãî, íà ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîì æàðãîíå) - âñåãäà<br />

ñòèëèñòè÷åñêè àêòèâíû, è ýòî äîëæíî íàéòè äîõîä÷èâî å ñîîòâåòñòâèå â ïåðåâî äå...<br />

Åñòü òàêèå ýëåìåíòû ðóññêî é íàðîäíîé ðå÷è, êî òîðûå íå ëîêàëèçó þòñÿ â óçêèõ

dialeqtizmebi mxatvrul enaSi da maTi Targmnis problema<br />

ðàìêàõ îäíîãî äèàëåêòà, à ïðèáëèæàþòñÿ ê "îáùåíàðîäíûì", õîòÿ è îñòàþòñÿ<br />

âíå íîðìû ëèòåðàòóðíîãî ÿçûêà. Îíè è ìîãëè áû áûòü ñèãíàë îì "äèàëåêòèçì à"<br />

ïðè ïåðåâîäå" (b. larini, 1959, gv. 137). amgvar pozicias mxars uWeren<br />

Targmnis Teoretikosebis mTeli rigi: a. fiodorovi, v. gaki, i. kaSkini,<br />

i. levi, i. reckeri, a. Sveiceri da sxv.<br />

literaturul nawarmoebSi gamoyenebuli teritoriuli dialeqtis<br />

elementebi ara mxolod miuTiTeben moqmedi pirebis kuTvnilebas<br />

mosaxleobis garkveuli teritoriuli jgufisadmi, ara mxolod viwro<br />

adgilobrivi koloritis niSan-Tvisebaa, aramed aris literaturuli<br />

normis darRveva da, amrigad, warmoadgenen personaJebis socialuri an<br />

kulturuli daxasiaTebis saSualebas. dialeqtizmebis stilisturi<br />

gadmocemis SesaZlebloba TargmanSi arsebobs, magram, samwuxarod, rogorc<br />

amas miuTiTebda a. fiodorovi, es SesaZlebloba xSirad auTvisebeli<br />

rCeba.<br />

s. petrovi Riad akritikebda Targmanebs, romelSic originalebi<br />

kargaven Tavis xalxur xasiaTs, romelTa ena wignuri da mSralia.<br />

s. petrovi mouwodebda mTargmnelebs, ar eSinodeT "rusuli<br />

koloritisa" da farTod gamoiyenon mSobliuri enis yvela is saSualeba,<br />

upirveles yovlisa sasaubro enis erTeulebi, romelTa meSveobiT SeiZleba<br />

SeunarCundes dedans xalxuri TviTmyofadoba da bunebrioba (s. petrovi,<br />

1963, gv. 71-96).<br />

amocanis dadebiTad gadawyveta SeiZleba ara marto leqsikuri<br />

saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, aramed arseboben gramatikuli SesaZleblobebic,<br />

kerZod ki, sintaqsuri gadaxrebi literaturuli normidan. dialeqtizmebis<br />

gadmocemis am xerxs Tavazobda k. Cukovski da aRniSnavda, rom "sintaqsuri<br />

gadaxrebi" agrZnobineben rus mkiTxvels, rom maT winaSe iseTi enobrivi<br />

movlenebia, romelic didad scildeba normas (k. Cukovski, 1964, gv. 138-<br />

146).<br />

gramatikul saSualebebs miekuTvneba agreTve kninobiT-moferebiTi<br />

sufiqsebi, romelTa ganviTarebuli sistema warmoadgens rusuli enis<br />

erT-erT damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas da romelTa gamoyeneba TargmanSi<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos dialeqturi sityvebis kompensaciis warmatebul<br />

cdad.<br />

yuradRebas imsaxurebs agreTve xerxi, romelic gulisxmobs<br />

TargmanSi sagangebod Tavis aridebas yovelgvari gadametebulad<br />

literaturuli, wignuri sityvebisa da Sesityvebebisagan. amgvari SezRudva<br />

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maSin, roca TargmanSi literaturuli<br />

normis mkacri dacva winaaRmdegobaSi Sedis originalis ideur SinaarsTan,<br />

arRvevs avtoris Canafiqrs da ukargavs nawarmoebs individualurstilistur<br />

Taviseburebas.<br />

didi <strong>qarTveli</strong> mwerlis vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

niSania fSauri dialeqtizmebis gamoyeneba. unda aRiniSnos, rom fSaur<br />

kilos vaJa-fSavela epyroboda sakmarisi mxatvruli taqtiT da iyenebda<br />

mas adgilobrivi koloritis Sesaqmnelad fSav-xevsureTis bunebisa da<br />

289

290<br />

n. siWinava<br />

yofa-cxovrebis poetur aRweraSi, gansakuTrebiT ki - mTiuli gmirebis<br />

pirdapir metyvelebaSi. TviT poetis lirikuli metyveleba TiTqmis<br />

Tavisufalia fSav-xevsuruli dialeqtizmebisagan da, rogorc amas<br />

amtkicebs s. Ciqovani, pasuxobs qarTuli saliteraturo enis<br />

suliskveTebasa da formebs (s. Ciqovani, 1961, gv. XIV).<br />

vaJa-fSavelas poemebis Seudarebel mTargmnelad savsebiT<br />

samarTlianad iTvleba n. zabolocki, romelmac rusul enaze Targmna<br />

vaJa-fSavelas iseTi nawarmoebi, rogoricaa: "gogoTuri da afSina",<br />

"aluda qeTelauri", "kopala", "eTeri", "baxtrioni", "stumar-maspinZeli"<br />

da mravali sxva. am poemebSi, rogorc cnobilia, uxvad gvxdeba<br />

dialeqtizmebi. magaliTad, "baxtrionSi": SfoToben (T.I), miwovav (T.I),<br />

migemebav (T.I), daizardeniT (T.I), daixarjeniT (T.I), awyvav (T.II), aunTav<br />

(T.II), minaxav (T.III), Saakles (T.III), SavxvdeT (T.III), viyvneT (T.III),<br />

Cavicomdi (T.III), misTibda (T.III), Savtireb (T.III), Savxvdebi (T.III),<br />

vebralviT (T.III), nurc daeRupvisT (T.III), Saibi (T.III), mauaT Tvalada<br />

(T.III), gadarComian (T.IV), ucdav (T.IV), hmtyuvnobs (T.IV), uTxrav<br />

(T.VI), yoili (T.VII), Tavmamwonari (T.VII), wamsvliyo (T.VII), artyav<br />

(T.VIII) da sxv.<br />

stilisturi efeqtis misaRwevad n. zabolocki warmatebiT iyenebs<br />

rogorc saliteraturo sasaubro enis elementebs (magaliTad: íûí÷å,<br />

ñòðÿñëàñü áåäà, ìàòóøêà, ñìûñëèòü, ïðèêëþ÷èòüñÿ, ïîäåëîì, íåâìî÷ü,<br />

òåìåíü, íàïðÿìèê, áåäíÿãà, íåñïðîñòà, ãîëóáîê, áðàòöû, íåíàðîêîì ,<br />

ì óäðåíûé, äåíü-äåíüñêîé, õëåáíóòü da sxv.), aseve sasaubro enis<br />

arasaliteraturo elementebs (magaliTad: äèòÿòêî, ïîêóäà, íåóæòî,<br />

îøàëåòü, íîðîâ, ÷åðòîâêà, áàøêà da sxv.).<br />

unda iTqvas, rom n. zabolockis mier Sesrulebul "baxtrionis"<br />

TargmanSi sasaubro enis elementebi gamoyenebulia zomierad, isini<br />

bunebrivad erwymian konteqsts da ar arRveven nawarmoebis aRqmis<br />

erTianobas. amaSi dagvarwmuneben Semdegi magaliTebi avtorisa da<br />

personaJebis metyvelebidan.<br />

"Òàê âîò îíà - ìîëåëüíÿ ïøàâîâ!<br />

Ñåãî äíÿ ïðàçäíèê çäåøíèõ ìåñò.<br />

Íî îò÷åãî ìåðòâî â äóáðàâàõ<br />

È òàê áåçëþäíî âñå îêðåñò?<br />

Óæ åëü ñâÿòèòåëü íàø Ãåîðãèé,<br />

Ñòîëü ïî÷èòàåìûé ñòðàíîé,<br />

Òåïåðü çàáûò? Èëü, ðàíüøå çîðêèé,<br />

Âçîð ïðèòóïèëñÿ íûí÷å ìîé?"<br />

(vaJa-fSavela, 1961, gv. 296-297).<br />

sanaTa: "Ýõ, äèòÿòêî, ÿ - ãîðåìûêà,<br />

Âäîâà áåç êðîâà è ñåìüè.<br />

Âñå, âñå îò ìàëà äî âåëèêà<br />

Ïîãèáëè ðîäè÷è ìîè" (gv. 300).

dialeqtizmebi mxatvrul enaSi da maTi Targmnis problema<br />

mgzavri: "Âû - íàøè ðîäè÷è ïî êðîâè,<br />

Ñòðàäàòü íàì áîëåå íåâìî÷ü.<br />

Ìû ïðîñèì - áóäüòå íàãî òî âå,<br />

×òîá íàì â ñðàæåíèè ïîìî÷ü" (gv. 303).<br />

mgzavri: "Íî æèâ ïîêóäà ïëàìåíü â òåëå,<br />

Ïîêóäà í åäðóã íå ðàçáèò,<br />

Íàì, îáåçäîëåííûì äîñåëå,<br />

Çà æèçíü áîðîòüñÿ íàäëåæèò" (gv. 304).<br />

sanaTa: "ß âîñüìåðûõ äàëà îò÷èçíå, -<br />

Íåóæòî ïøàâ, âíèìàÿ ìíå,<br />

Õî òÿ á îäíîé ñûíîâüåé æèçíè<br />

Íå ïîñâÿòèò ðîäíîé ñòðàíå?<br />

Íåò, äèòÿòêî! Âîññòàíóò ïøàâû,<br />

Ïîäíèìóòñÿ, ðâàíóòñÿ â áîé!<br />

Óâèäåâ ñëåä âðàãà êðîâàâûé,<br />

Çà ìå÷ óõâàòèòñÿ ëþáîé!" (gv. 306).<br />

poemis individualur-stilisturi Taviseburebis gadmocemis mizans<br />

emsaxureba TargmanSi kninobiT-moferebiTi sufiqsebis mqone sityvebis<br />

(öâåòèê, ñåñòðèöà, äåòêè, õëåáóøåê, îâå÷êà, âîäî÷êà ), folkloruli<br />

poetizmebis (ìîëîäåö, äåâèöà ) da agreTve arqaizmebis ( îêðåñò, óæåëü,<br />

äîêî ëå, õðàìèíà, âäîâèöà, âðàòà, äîñåëå, äåò è ùå, ÷ðåñëà, ñïîä îáèòü,<br />

ëèöåçðåíüå, êëåïàëî ) gamoyeneba:<br />

"È ïóñòü ïèðèìçå, ãîðíûé öâåòèê,<br />

Ôèàëêà íåæíàÿ ìîÿ,<br />

Íå ñåòó þò, ÷òî â ñêàëàõ ýòèõ<br />

Ïèòàþñü âìåñòå ñ íèìè ÿ.<br />

ñ÷àñòëèâ, ãðåøíûé, íàñëàäèòüñÿ<br />

×óäåñíîé âëàãîé âíîâü è âíîâü.<br />

Äà áóäåò â ïîëüçó âàì, ñåñòðèöû,<br />

È ùåäðîñòü âàøà, è ëþáîâü!" (gv. 296).<br />

lela: "×òî ñ ì îòðèòå, õåâñóðû, ïøàâû?<br />

Çà÷åì äèâèòåñü âû? Óæåëü<br />

Íå çàñëóæèëà áðàííîé ñëàâû<br />

Ãðóçèíêà-æåíùèíà äîñåëü?" (gv. 318).<br />

cxadia, rom dialeqtizmebis gadmocemisas srulfasovani<br />

stilisturi saSualebebis povna warmoadgens erT-erT aqtualur amocanas<br />

Targmnis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi. dialeqtizmebis gadmocemis problema<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos praqtikuli da Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT erT-erT<br />

urTules sakiTxad, romelic gulisxmobs mravalmxrivi enobrivi aspeqtebis<br />

urTierTmoqmedebas, rac saboloo jamSi warmatebulad asaxavs dednis<br />

stilistur Taviseburebas.<br />

291

292<br />

n. siWinava<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

e. dadiani, 2007 - e. dadiani, dialeqturi leqsika - qarTuli<br />

saliteraturo enis gamdidrebis wyaro; qarTuli saliteraturo enis<br />

sakiTxebi: istoria da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, pirveli krebuli, Tb.,<br />

2007.<br />

k. danelia, 1991 - k. danelia, megrul-Wanuri leqsika s-s. orbelianis<br />

leqsikonSi: qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba, megruli teqstebi, t. II,<br />

Tb., 1991.<br />

v. gaki, 1966 - Ãàê Â. Ã., "Êî âåðêàíüå" èëè "ïîääåëêà", Òåòðàäè ïåðåâî ä÷èêà.<br />

1966, ¹ 3.<br />

vaJa-fSavela, 1961 - Âàæà-Ïøàâåëà, Òî ì I, Ñòèõè è ïîýìû, Ïåðåâîä<br />

ñ ãðóçèíñêîãî, Èçäàòåëüñòâî Ñîþçà ïèñàòåëåé Ãðóçèè, "Çàðÿ Âîñòî êà",<br />

Òáèëèñè, 1961.<br />

s. vlaxovi, s. florini, 1980 - Âëàõîâ Ñ., Ôëîðèí Ñ., Íåïåðåâîäèìîå<br />

â ïåðåâîäå, "Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ", Ìîñêâà, 1980.<br />

b. larini, 1959 - Ëàðèí Á.À., Î íîâûõ ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèÿõ,<br />

"Âåñòíèê Ëåíèíãðàäñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà", 1959, ¹ 20. Ñåðèÿ èñòîðèè, ÿçûêà è<br />

ëèòåðàòóðû, âûï. 4.<br />

i. levi, 1974 - Ëåâûé Èðæè, Èñêóññòâî ïåðåâîäà, Ìîñêâà,<br />

"Ïðîãðåññ", 1974.<br />

s. petrovi, 1963 - Ïåòðîâ Ñ. Â., Î ïîëüçå ïðîñòîðå÷èÿ. - Ìàñòåðñòâî<br />

ïåðåâîäà, Ñáîðíèê, 1962, Ìîñêâà, "Ñîâåòñêèé ïèñàòåëü", 1963.<br />

a. fiodorovi, 1968 - Ôåäîðîâ À.Â., Îñíîâû îáùåé òåîðèè ïåðåâîäà<br />

(Ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèé î÷åðê), "Âûñøàÿ øêî ëà", Ìîñêâà, 1968.<br />

t. futkaraZe, qarTuli samwignobro enis sayrdeni enobrivi<br />

erTeulis sakiTxisaTvis; qarTuli saliteraturo enis sakiTxebi: istoria<br />

da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, pirveli krebuli, Tb., 2007.<br />

r. Serozia, 2008 - r. Serozia, konstantine gamsaxurdia da<br />

qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro: qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. XII, quTaisi,<br />

2008.<br />

s. Ciqovani, 1961 - ×èêî âàíè Ñ., Âàæà Ïøàâåëà: Âàæà Ïøàâåëà, Òî ì I .<br />

Ñòèõè è ïîýìû, Òáèëèñè, 1961.<br />

k. Cukovski, 1964 - ×óêî âñêèé Ê. È., Âûñîêî å èñêóññòâî , Ìî ñêâà, 1964.<br />

S. ZiZiguri, 1970 - S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli dialeqtologiuri Ziebani,<br />

me-2 gamocema, Tb., 1970.

dialeqtizmebi mxatvrul enaSi da maTi Targmnis problema<br />

NELI SICHINAVA<br />

DIALECTAL WORDS IN THE LITERARY LANGUAGE AND PROB-<br />

LEMS OF ITS TRANSLATION<br />

Application of dialectal words in Georgian literature has become the<br />

characteristic feature of some writers’ works as the means of expressing individual<br />

styles. This paper discusses the problem of rendering dialectal words into the other<br />

language in the example of the Russian translations of Vazha-Pshavela’s epic poem<br />

Bakhtrioni. Pshavian dialect presents a characteristic feature of Vazha-Pshavela’s<br />

prose and poems but the author has exquisite taste of incorporating dialectal words<br />

making use of them only when describing the nature of Pshavi and Kevsureti regions<br />

and the everyday life of their population and in the direct speech of personages who<br />

come from these locations.<br />

Specialists of literary translation studies speak about the possibility of functional<br />

rendering of dialectal words or assume the possibility of compensating their function<br />

through congenial means. In this respect N.Zabolotsky’s translation of Bakhtrioni<br />

presents an excellent vivid example.<br />

The present paper considers the problem of translating dialectal words as one<br />

of the most compounded issues both in theoretical and practical standpoints that<br />

involves the interrelation and intersection of lingual aspects the realization of which<br />

yields successful featuring of the stylistic peculiarities of any given literary work.<br />

293

294<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

manana manana tabiZe<br />

tabiZe<br />

orenovani orenovani orenovani da da da mravalenovani mravalenovani mravalenovani ganaTlebis<br />

ganaTlebis<br />

problematika problematika saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos enobrivi<br />

enobrivi<br />

situaciis situaciis situaciis fonze<br />

fonze<br />

Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistemis dagegmvisas evropis mowinave<br />

qveynebi sul cota ori ucxo enis swavlebaze arian orientirebulni.<br />

CvenSic didia ucxo enebis Seswavlisadmi interesi. zogjer es interesi<br />

ukiduresobamdec midis. kerZod, ucxo enis (miT ufro enebis) codnis<br />

xarisxi xSirad sxva yvela codnaze upiratesadac miiCneva. Cveulebriv,<br />

sociolingvistika sazogadoebis enobrivi orientaciis gansazRvris<br />

meSveobiT sasargeblo rekomendaciebs sTavazobs ara marto<br />

saganmanaTleblo politikas, aramed TviT saxelmwifo politikasac,<br />

ramdenadac eTnikur-enobrivi mravalferovnebis kerebSi konfliqtis<br />

riskis ganWvretasac axerxebs da safrTxis Tavidan aridebis gzebsac<br />

saxavs.<br />

enebis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT saganmanaTleblo sistema ramdenime<br />

ZiriTadi kriteriumiT xelmZRvanelobs, esenia:<br />

a) konkretuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa saerTaSoriso integraciis<br />

xelSewyobis mizniT im enebis gansazRvra, romelic erTaSorisi<br />

urTierTobis enebad miiCneva da swavlebis sistemaSi maTi optimaluri<br />

ganawileba (am mxriv dRes pirvel adgilzea inglisuri ena, momdevno<br />

adgils am bolo dros franguli (evrogaerTianebis ena) imkvidrebs;<br />

gavrcelebulobis TvalsazrisiT, Suamaval enebad ganixileba espanuri,<br />

germanuli, italiuri, rusuli...);<br />

b) yovel konkretul saxelmwifos ucxo enaTa Seswavlis dagegmvaSi<br />

aqvs sakuTari prioritetebi, rac gulisxmobs ama Tu im eniT tradiciul<br />

dainteresebas mezobeli saxelmwifos mimarT sasazRvro, politikuri,<br />

ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli kontaqtebis intensiurobis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />

(am mxriv saqarTvelosTvis axlobelia rusuli, Turquli, berZnuli<br />

enebis swavlebis sakiTxi);<br />

g) mTel rig saxelmwifoebSi saSinao enobrivi dainteresebisa da<br />

kompetenciis sakiTxebic iwevs wina planze; kerZod, qveynis Sida enobrivi<br />

situaciac SeiZleba iyos ama Tu im enis Seswavlis stimuli (magaliTad,<br />

saqarTveloSi amgvari enebia afxazuri, CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxTa<br />

enebi, osuri da sxv.) 1 .<br />

am kriteriumTa gaTvaliswinebiT saSualo ganaTlebis dagegmvaSi<br />

enaTa swavleba erT-erT rTul problemad warmodgeba, ramdenadac<br />

moswavles erTdroulad ramdenime (orze meti) enis aTvisebis sirTulis<br />

winaSe ayenebs. am sirTulis dasaZlevad ki mniSvnelovania, erTi mxriv,<br />

enaTa swori ranJireba da, meore mxriv, enaTa swavlebis meTodologiuri<br />

aspeqtis optimaluri gaazreba.<br />

1. Tumca saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi gaxsnili e.w. "enis centrebis" statistika<br />

am enebis Seswavlis mimarT mainca da mainc did dainteresebas ver adasturebs.

orenovani da mravalenovani ganaTlebis problematika saqarTvelos enobrivi situaciis fonze<br />

postsabWoTa sivrceSi, damoukidebel respublikebsa da ruseTis<br />

federaciis SemadgenlobaSi myof "damoukidebel respublikebs"<br />

memkvidreobad ergo mravalenovani sazogadoebebis samoqalaqo<br />

integraciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic<br />

ruseTis komunisturi imperiis farglebSi erTian politikur, samxedrosasazRvro,<br />

ekonomikur da kulturul kurss atarebda, rusuli enis<br />

gamaSualebeli (bevrgan ki prioritetuli) rolis meSveobiTa da<br />

komunisturi ideologiiT mWidrod aduRabebda rusuli enis momxmarebel<br />

xalxebs, romlebic Tavad respublikebs SigniTac avtoqTon, satitulo<br />

eTnosebTan urTierTobaSi rusuls iyenebdnen; Sesabamisad, es mosaxleoba<br />

samoqalaqo sivrceSi rusuli eniT integrirdeboda, xolo kerZo<br />

urTierTobebSi Tavis dedaenas moixmarda. amis Sedegia is, rom<br />

postsabWour periodSi, rodesac rusulma enam statusi Seicvala,<br />

zogan ki ucxo enis statusamde "daiwia", arasatitulo erovnebaTa<br />

enebis amara darCenili mosaxleobis samoqalaqo integracias is saxelmwifo<br />

enebi "gadaeRoba", romelTa Seswavlazec (zemoT xsenebuli mizezebis<br />

gamo) respublikis moqalaqeebs, magram ara saxelmwifo saxelmwifo enis<br />

enis<br />

warmomadgenlebs, arasodes SeuwuxebiaT Tavi. am mizeziT Seiqmna amgvar<br />

respublikebSi "enobrivi dilema", romlis daZlevac mxolod gonivruli<br />

dagegmviT SeiZleba.<br />

am sakiTxebiT, bunebrivia, dainteresdnen, erTi mxriv,<br />

saganmanaTleblo struqturebi da, upirveles yovlisa, ganaTlebis<br />

saministros specialuri institutebi da meore mxriv, politikuri da<br />

socialuri samsaxurebi, romelTaTvisac samoqalaqo integraciisa da<br />

adamianebis uflebaTa dacvis uzrunvelyofa strategiulad mniSvnelovania.<br />

es ori mimarTuleba erTsa da imave mizans isaxavs, magram zogjer am<br />

miznis miRwevis gzad sruliad sxvadasxva programis ganxorcielebas<br />

varaudobs; samoqmedo strategiis mcdarma arCevanma ki, SesaZloa, sikeTis<br />

nacvlad uaryofiTi Sedegi ufro moitanos.<br />

mivyveT am sakiTxs Tanamimdevrulad:<br />

1. msoflios yvela dawinaurebul qveyanaSi saxelmwifo enis codna<br />

TviT droebiTi migrantisTvisac ki damxvdur garemoSi integraciis<br />

erTaderTi gzaa. nebismieri samuSao adgili, romelic met-naklebad<br />

komunikaciasac gulisxmobs, mxolod saxelmwifo enis mcodnem SeiZleba<br />

daikavos, es valdebulebacaa da nebayoflobiTi arCevanic. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs migrantTa mosvlis dros, radgan rac ufro<br />

didi xnis "mosulia" moqalaqe, miT ufro Zneldeba im mizezebis gamarTleba,<br />

romelTa gamoc ar iswavla man "mimRebi" qveynis ena (saxelmwifo ena):<br />

mimRebi sazogadoeba mtkivneulad reagirebs sakuTari saxelmwifosa da<br />

misi enis upativcemulobaze; da rac ufro xangrZlivia migrantis<br />

mosulobis staJi, miT ufro gaugebaria, ratom ar gadadga daaxloebisaken<br />

nabiji mosulma? gana misi mizani raRac sxva iyo da ara integracia?<br />

amgvari logikis fonze migrantTa enisaTvis raime statusis miniWeba,<br />

misi erTenovnebisaken sagangebod waxaliseba Tu nominaluri bilingvizmis<br />

stimulireba mas "mimReb" sociumTan ki ar daaaxloebs, aramed daaSorebs.<br />

amitomacaa, rom aravis mosdis azrad safrangeTSi arabuli enisaTvis<br />

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296<br />

m. tabiZe<br />

statusis micema, an germaniaSi Turquli enis saxelmwifo an regionul<br />

enamde amaRleba da a.S.<br />

2. saxelmwifo enis Seswavlis uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifo skolebSi<br />

unda moxdes. sazogadoebis yvela wevrs unda hqondes samoqalaqo<br />

uflebebic da samoqalaqo valdebulebebic. is adamianebi, romlebic<br />

Tavis beds konkretul saxelmwifoebs ukavSireben, cxadia, unda<br />

gulSematkivrobdnen am saxelmwifos mTlianobas, usafrTxoebas (maT<br />

samxedro valdebulebebic aqvT), mSvidobas, kulturul da ekonomikur<br />

winsvlas. am gzaze, erTi SexedviT, sruliad gaugebari Cans mosaxleobis<br />

garkveuli nawilis survili Caketil, enobrivad da eTnikurad ucxo<br />

erTobad darCes im qveyanaSi, romlis wevric aris da romlis mkvidradac<br />

surs Tavs aRiqvamdes. ra aris is mizezi Tu mizani, romelic am<br />

sazogadoebas integraciis am upirveles da aucilebel pirobaze uars<br />

aTqmevinebs? ratom ar moxda, mag., saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo eniT im<br />

sivrceebis dafarva, sadac adre rusuli muSaobda maintegrirebel enad<br />

(rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, komunisturi reJimis gavleniT)? 1990 wels,<br />

rodesac saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada, am damoukideblobas<br />

saqarTvelos maSindeli teritoriebis mTelma mosaxleobam referendumiT<br />

dauWira mxari; am momentidan dRes 18 weliwadia gasuli. am periodSi<br />

javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi qarTuli enis, saxelmwifo enis, aTviseba<br />

ver moaxerxa ara marto "Zvelma" Taobam, aramed am wlebSi dabadebulma<br />

da wamozrdilma Taobebmac. jerjerobiT ar uSvela am saqmes arc<br />

uamravma grantma da "TavTavebisa" da "jejilebis" gamocemam da arc<br />

pedagogTa gadamzadeba-gadmomzadebis ZviradRirebulma programebma. iqneb<br />

sakiTxis gadaWras waSveleboda araqarTvelebis kompaqturad dasaxlebis<br />

regionebSi kargad aRWurvili da momzadebuli qarTuli skolebis gaxsna<br />

(jerjerobiT somxuri an azerbaijanuli skolis gverdiT), sadac<br />

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ena, rogorc sagani, swavlebis mTeli periodis<br />

manZilze iqneboda warmodgenili? mSobels unda hqondes saSualeba<br />

airCios skola Tavisi SvilisaTvis, iqneb mas surs Svili qarTul skolaSi<br />

Seiyvanos da srulfasovan moqalaqed moamzados (miT ufro, Tu misi<br />

dedaena qarTul skolaSi srulyofilad iswavleba, rogorc es mowinave<br />

evropuli qveynebis gamocdilebiTac aris Semowmebuli)? ratom ver<br />

iswavlis qarTul skolaSi somexi an azerbaijaneli bavSvi, Tuki <strong>qarTveli</strong><br />

an somexi bavSvi warmatebiT swavlobda rusul skolaSi arcTu Soreul<br />

warsulSi, an Tuki dResac bavSvi emigraciaSi wasuli ojaxidan axerxebs<br />

nebismieri ucxouri qveynis skolaSi swavlas da mas aravin uxsnis skolas<br />

dedaenaze? xom ar aris saxelmwifo enis Seswavlis sakiTxi xelovnurad<br />

garTulebuli, raTa saWiro Seiqnas mravalricxovani struqturebis,<br />

Sps-ebis, arasamTavroebisa da sxva organizaciebis Seqmna, Tanxebis<br />

gadasrola-gadmosrola da isedac daZabuli sazogadoebrivi<br />

urTierTobebis kidev ufro daZabva mosaxleobisaTvis imis CagonebiT,<br />

rom mas integraciis aramosurne eTnikuri jgufebis mxridan kidev erTi<br />

(an erTze meti) eTnikuri Tu enobrivi konfliqti emuqreba.

orenovani da mravalenovani ganaTlebis problematika saqarTvelos enobrivi situaciis fonze<br />

3. am bolo dros gaaqtiurebulia azri (da am azris momfiqrebeli<br />

jgufi), rom sazogadoebrivi mSvidobianoba yvela enobrivi<br />

koleqtivisaTvis garkveuli statusis miniWebiTa da am statusis safuZvelze<br />

dedaenaze ganaTlebis miRebis uzrunvelyofiT miiRweva; warmovidginoT<br />

amgvari ganaTlebis praqtikulad ganxorcielebis sruli suraTi:<br />

saqarTveloSi somxur saSualo skolaSi somxur enaze somxeTis istoriasa<br />

da kulturaze aRzrdili adamiani rogori tipis moqalaqed izrdeba?<br />

oden somxuri ganaTleba (Tundac aqamde auTvisebeli salaparako<br />

qarTulis Seswavla moxerxdes), cxadia, ganaTlebis gamoyenebis<br />

SesaZleblobas moiTxovs. ras vTavazobT am mosaxleobas _ erT kuTxeSi<br />

Caiketos da patara somxeTi aaSenos, Tu danarCeni saqarTvelo movargoT<br />

am somxur dasaxlebas? vin gegmavs da marTavs am adamianTa codnis,<br />

kompetenciis, kulturis, fsiqologiis, meTodologiis, saswavlo-<br />

SemoqmedebiTi aqtiurobis, saqmianobis sferoebs? TbilisSi specialuri<br />

somxurenovani marTvis ofisebi gaixsneba, Tu pirdapir somxeTis<br />

prezidentis aparati Caebmeba am saqmeSi? es sruliad ararealuri,<br />

absurduli proeqti, romelic ruseTis mier datovebuli reJimiT isedac<br />

SeuCereblad muSaobs, axla, statusobrivi gaformebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

sruliad gamova saqarTvelos gavlenis sferodan? moitans ki raime<br />

samoqalaqo sikeTes erTi qveynis moqalaqeTa amgvari gaTiSva? gana sxva<br />

winapirobebi hqonda afxazeTisa Tu samaCablos samxedro konfliqtebs?<br />

4. saganmanaTleblo sistema Tavis humanur da internacionalur<br />

ganwyobas imiT gamoxatavs, rom deklarirebis doneze, erTi mxriv,<br />

proeqtebs amuSavebs araqarTvelebis kompaqturad dasaxlebis regionebSi<br />

am xalxis mSobliuri enis statusobrivad gasaZliereblad da, meore<br />

mxriv ki, araqarTvelebis kompaqturi dasaxlebis adgilebze araqarTul<br />

skolebs afinansebs da qarTuls "meore" enad aswavlis, e.w. bilingvuri<br />

da multilingvuri swavlebis Taobaze ZviradRirebul "kvlevebs" awarmoebs<br />

da "eqsperimentebs" atarebs. evropis erT-erTi gansakuTrebulad Raribi<br />

da CamorCenili qveynisaTvis jerac evropelebisaTvis sakamaTo proeqtebis<br />

eqsperimentuli Seswavla adamianisaTvis cxovelTa organoebis an sxeulis<br />

nawilebis gadanergvis "sapilote cdebs" waagavs. ramdenadac lingvistikas<br />

ainteresebs enis swavlebis sakiTxebi, pasuxi unda gaeces ramdenime<br />

SekiTxvas, romelic enis Seswavlis problematikasTan dakavSirebiT daismis<br />

pedagogikaSi, fsiqologiasa da lingvistikaSi: a) ramdeni enis swavleba<br />

SeiZleba erTdroulad skolaSi (mag., javaxeTis somxur skolebSi<br />

oficialurad iswavleba somxuri, rusuli, inglisuri, qarTuli; am<br />

enebis Setana saswavlo programebSi mimdinareobs dawyebiTi klasebidan<br />

mexuTe klasamde. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom skola kviraSi xuTi dRe<br />

muSaobs, xolo gakveTilebis xangrZlivoba da dRiuri raodenoba mkafiodaa<br />

gansazRvruli, gamodis, rom kviraSi oTxi ena sxva Sesaswavl disciplinebTan<br />

erTad iseT datvirTvas warmoadgens, rom moswavleTa 90%-s praqtikulad<br />

misi daZleva ar SeuZlia, xolo globalizaciis epoqaSi saerTaSoriso<br />

enebis swavlebis gareSe moswavleTa datoveba diskriminaciis tolfasia;<br />

b) pedagogikaSi Zalian Zveli da dResac gadauWreli problemaa ucxo<br />

297

298<br />

m. tabiZe<br />

enaTa Seswavlis asakobrivi doneebis SerCevis sakiTxic (ra asakidan<br />

SeiZleba aswavlo meore ena, mesame ena da sxv.); g) lingvistikas aqvs<br />

Tavisi damokidebuleba struqturiTa da bunebiT gansxvavebul enaTa<br />

Seswavlis sirTuleebTan dakavSirebiT (Sepirispirebuli swavleba, e.w.<br />

munjuri meTodi, enebi ranJirebis mixedviT (pirveli ena, meore ena,<br />

mesame ena Tu "ucxo ena"), enis gakveTilebi gakveTilebis rigSi (I-II<br />

gakveTili, bolo gakveTili da sxv.);<br />

5. "saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros qarTuli<br />

enis samsaxurma" gamosca sainformacio biuleteni saxelwodebiT<br />

"mravalenovani saqarTvelo", romelSic ganxilulia kidev erTi proeqti,<br />

ZiriTadad imave jgufis mier Sedgenili, romelic adre araqarTulenovan<br />

skolebSi qarTuli enis swavlebis proeqtSi muSaobda. ZiriTadad imave<br />

jgufis (poloneTis adam mickeviis universitetis enobrivi politikisa<br />

da umciresobaTa kvlevis departamentis xelmZRvanelis t. vixerkeviCis<br />

jgufTan erTad) mieraa damuSavebuli saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli enebis<br />

statusobrivi rekomendaciebis sakiTxi. amave jgufis wevrebi am cota<br />

xnis win avrcelebdnen samegrelosa da svaneTSi kiTxvarebs, romelTa<br />

arsiTac qarTuli ena megrelebisa da svanebis dedaena ar gamodioda.<br />

amave jgufma itvirTa eTnikuri koleqtivebis uflebaTa dacva saqarTvelos<br />

ombudsmenis samsaxurSi da ase Semdeg. Tu im SedegebiT vimsjelebT,<br />

romelic am adamianTa wina proeqtebma moitana, garkveuli sifxizlis<br />

gamoCena ar iqneboda urigo; ganaTlebis saministros sainformacio<br />

biuletenSi (1, 2008) S. tabataZe, kentis universitetis ganaTlebis<br />

magistri (samwuxarod, danarCen avtorebs ara aqvT miTiTebuli, romel<br />

umaRles saswavleblebSi daicves diplomebi): "...miuxedavad kvlevebis<br />

aseTi aseTi pozitiuri pozitiuri (? - m.t.) Sedegebisa, multilingvuri ganaTlebis<br />

politika rCeba erT-erT erT-erT erT-erT yvelaze yvelaze sakamaTo sakamaTo Temad Temad ganaTlebis<br />

ganaTlebis<br />

politikaSi politikaSi (bekermani, 2005)." avtori samarTlianad miuTiTebs, rom<br />

saqarTvelos mier arCeuli liberaluri gza, romliTac saqarTvelos<br />

yvela mcxovrebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba mieniWa, ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi<br />

stimuli araqarTulenovani mosaxleobisaTvis, rom maT saxelmwifo enis<br />

codniTac gaeformebinaT Tavisi samoqalaqo statusi. ase rom,<br />

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba aRmoCnda e.w. "enobrivi omebis" safrTxis winaSe.<br />

statistika dResac imas gveubneba, rasac adre _ araqarTvelebis<br />

kompaqturad dasaxlebis regionebSi qarTulis codna nulovan donezea,<br />

xolo saxelmwifo enis funqcionirebis sferoebSi mezobeli respublikebis<br />

enebi funqcionirebs. Cven davesesxebiT S. tabataZis statias da Semdeg<br />

msjelobas warmovadgenT: "ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministrom gadadga<br />

konkretuli nabijebi eTnikuri umciresobebis ganaTlebis problemebis<br />

mosagvareblad. kerZod, 1) SemuSavda axali saswavlo gegmebi da<br />

saxelmZRvaneloebi qarTulis, rogorc meore enisaTvis. 2) qarTuli<br />

enis, rogorc meore enis, pedagogebi gadamzaddnen qvemo qarTlsa da<br />

samcxe-javxeTis regionebSi; 3) qvemo qarTlsa da samcxe-javaxeTSi gaigzavnen<br />

qarTuli enis pedagogebi; 4) SemuSavda qarTulis, rogorc meore<br />

meore<br />

enis enis saganmanaTleblo saganmanaTleblo moduli moduli umaRlesi umaRlesi saswavleblebisaTvis.

orenovani da mravalenovani ganaTlebis problematika saqarTvelos enobrivi situaciis fonze<br />

miuxedavad zemoT CamoTvlili RonisZiebebisa, eTnikuri umciresobebis<br />

moswavleTa Sedegebi, Tundac umaRles saswavlebelSi misaReb erTian<br />

erovnul gamocdebze, ar ar gaumjobesebula<br />

gaumjobesebula<br />

gaumjobesebula" gaumjobesebula (S. tabataZe, 2008, gv. 11).<br />

sainteresoa, rogor esmiT am biuletenSi termini "meore ena".<br />

pirvel-meore enis sakiTxi sajildao qvad iqca politikasa Tu pedagogikaSi.<br />

calkeuli sferosTvis es terminebi sxvadasxvagvarad gaigeba da xSirad<br />

amis gamo xdeba kidec davis obieqti. davasaxelebT Tundac erT<br />

ganmartebas, romelic ganaTlebis saministros proeqtebTan dakavSirebul<br />

erT-erT krebulSia warmodgenili da, amdenad, axlobelia dRevandeli<br />

ganaTlebis sistemisaTvis2 : "1. pirveli pirveli (mSobliuri) (mSobliuri) ena ena aris is<br />

ena, romelsac adamiani swavlobs pirvelad; Sesabamisad, igi misTvis<br />

mSobliuri enaa. Tumca, Tumca, Tumca, SesaZlebelia, SesaZlebelia, erTze erTze meti meti ena ena iyos<br />

iyos<br />

mSobliuri, mSobliuri, Tuki Tuki adamiani adamiani adamiani am am enebs enebs bunebrivad, bunebrivad<br />

bunebrivad<br />

bunebrivad<br />

bunebrivad , formaluri<br />

formaluri<br />

formaluri<br />

instruqciebis instruqciebis gareSe gareSe swavlobs swavlobs SedarebiT SedarebiT adreul adreul asakSi. asakSi.<br />

asakSi.<br />

zogadad, bavSvi Tavisi enis safuZvlebs Tavis ojaxSi swavlobs. 2.<br />

meore meore ena ena ewodeba nebismier sxva enas, romelsac adamiani swavlobs<br />

pirveli, anu mSobliuri enis Semdeg; enis SemswavlelTaTvis meore enis<br />

roli gamomdinareobs uSualo geografiuli da socialuri garemos<br />

mniSvnelobiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom termini "meore ena" gansxvavdeba<br />

terminisgan `ucxo ucxo ucxo ena" ena". ena" ena" `meore ena" Seiswavleba im garemoSi, sadac am<br />

enaze saubroben an am konteqstTan axlo kavSirSi. maSin, roca `ucxo<br />

ena" ewodeba im enas, romlis gamoyenebac ar cdeba saklaso oTaxis<br />

farglebs. magaliTad, iaponiaSi ucxo enaa espanuri. Tumca, am am or or<br />

or<br />

termins Soris gansxvaveba ar gaxlavT sayovelTaod miRebuli. umetes<br />

SemTxvevaSi, xalxs ar SeuZlia ise siRrmiseulad Seiswavlos meore meore meore da da<br />

da<br />

ucxo ucxo ucxo ena ena, ena rogorc mSobliuri."<br />

cxadia, SeiZleboda am ganmartebaTa dabali xarisxi da bundovaneba<br />

TargmanisaTvis dagvebralebina, magram gverwmuneT, es ganmartebebi<br />

inglisuradac problemurad gamoiyureba. ras niSnavs e.w. "pirveli enis<br />

bunebrivad, formaluri instruqciebis gareSe swavla"? an is, rom<br />

"meore enis roli gamomdinareobs uSualo geografiuli da socialuri<br />

garemos mniSvnelobiT?" gaugebaria es winadadebac: "meore ena" Seiswavleba<br />

im garemoSi, sadac am enaze saubroben an am konteqstTan axlo kavSirSi"<br />

da sxv. samwuxarod, swored amgvar terminologiazea dafuZnebuli<br />

reformebis mTeli seria, romelTa Sedegebzecaa damokidebuli Cveni<br />

mosaxleobis samoqalaqo integraciis warmateba da saxelmwifos<br />

politikuri stabilurobac.<br />

Tumca es ganmartebebi, Jurnalis redkolegiis sityviT,<br />

saerTaSoriso dokumentebs efuZneba, mainc ar SeiZleba ukamaTod miiRos<br />

sociolingvistikam an pedagogikam. miT ufro, rom sociolingvistikas<br />

2. enobrivi politika da ganaTleba mravalenovan sazogadoebaSi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo<br />

2, 2006, red. karin braxmani.<br />

299

300<br />

m. tabiZe<br />

aqvs am terminTa sakuTari ganmartebebi, 3 misTvisac sakamaTo da jerac<br />

dasazustebeli. 4 upirveles yovlisa, Cven unda aRvniSnoT, rom<br />

saqarTveloSi araqarTulenovani mosaxleobis kompaqturi gansaxlebis<br />

regionebSi mosaxleoba ZiriTadad monolingvaa da ara bilingva. Tu<br />

orenovnebaze visaubrebT, aq ufro somxur-rusul an azerbaijanulrusul<br />

orenovnebas vxvdebiT, anu e. w. meore ena am mosaxleobisTvis<br />

rusulia da ara qarTuli. Sesabamisad, am kuTxiT enaTa mimdevrobaSi<br />

cvlilebis Sesatanad e.w. mravalenovani swavleba metismetad grZeli<br />

gza iqneba, romlis Sedegsac enobrivi konfliqti daaswrebs.<br />

erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelic, Cveni azriT, e.w. mravalenovani<br />

(orenovani) swavlebis eqsperimentis ararentabelurobasa da<br />

gaumarTleblobas cxadyofs, isaa, rom CvenSi or/mravalenovani swavlebis<br />

problematika am kuTxiT adgilobriv, sakuTriv saqarTvelos konteqstSi<br />

naklebadaa damuSavebuli. ZiriTadi literatura, romelic am sakiTxebTan<br />

dakavSirebiT gavrcelda, ucxouri proeqtebis safuZvelze ama Tu im<br />

saxelmwifos Sida Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa amoqmedebuli, Tumca,<br />

rogorc S. tabataZec miuTiTebs, "multilingvuri ganaTlebis politika<br />

rCeba erT-erT erT-erT yvelaze yvelaze sakamaTo sakamaTo sakamaTo Temad Temad Temad ganaTlebis ganaTlebis politikaSi<br />

politikaSi<br />

(bekermani, 2005)."<br />

bavSvis mier meore enis erTdrouli aTviseba (oris da ara metis)<br />

pedagogikaSi rTul amocanad miiCneva. Tuki axali saganmanaTleblo<br />

proeqti tradiciuli somxuri an azerbaijanuli skolebis modelSi<br />

qarTuli enis "Carevis" gziT ivlian (da ara piriqiT, sakvlev regionebSi<br />

qarTuli skolebis gaxsnisa da maTSi somxuris an azerbaijanulis "CarTvis"<br />

gziT), Sedegi ar miiReba. sakiTxis sirTules cxadyofs mravali naSromi,<br />

romelic bavSvisaTvis meore enis swavlebis Taobazea Seqmnili. sirTuleebi<br />

sxvadasxva saxisaa: erTi enobrivi codnis kompetenciaze dafuZnebuli<br />

damatebiTi codna, ori enis "Sereuli" floba, enobrivi kompetenciis<br />

safexurebi (rodesac bavSvi erTmaneTSi urevs ori enis masalas (fonetikas,<br />

morfologias, sintaqss) da rodesac ukve mijnavs am enebs erTmaneTisagan),<br />

gamoTqma (prononsi), swormetyveleba da lingvokulturuli integraciis<br />

xarisxi; enis damoukideblad Seswavla da sxva enasTan SepirispirebiTi<br />

Seswavla, enebis funqciuri sferoebis codnis xasiaTi da masStabebi,<br />

3 mag., "pirveli ena: 1) bilingvis mSobliuri ena (dedis ena); 2) bilingvis funqciurad<br />

pirveli ena (SesaZloa emTxveodes an ar emTxveodes mis dedaenas);<br />

funqciurad pirveli ena aris im oridan erTi, romelTac flobs bilingvi da<br />

iyenebs SedarebiT meti intensivobiT. urTierTobis sxvadasxva sferoSi funqciurad<br />

pirveli enis roli sxvadasxva enam SeiZleba Seasrulos;<br />

meore ena isaa, romelic bilingvma meore rigSi aiTvisa. funqciurad meore ena aris<br />

erTi oridan, romelTac flobs bilingvi da romelsac naklebi intensiurobiT<br />

iyenebs.<br />

funqciurad meore enis roli SeiZleba Seasrulos bilingvis meore enam an deda<br />

enam (ñëîâàðü îöèîëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ òåðìèíîâ, 2006,163).<br />

4 ix, Genesee, F., & Nicoladis, E. Bilingual first language acquisition, wignidan: Bilingual acquisition.<br />

In E. Hoff & M. Shatz (eds.), Handbook of Language Development, Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell<br />

(2006).

orenovani da mravalenovani ganaTlebis problematika saqarTvelos enobrivi situaciis fonze<br />

enobrivi prestiJis marTvis problematika, orenovnebis safuZvelze<br />

warmoqmnili deficitis kompensaciis sakiTxebi da sxv. am uamravi<br />

problemis gadaWra ganaTlebis erTiani ciklis farglebSia SesaZlebeli<br />

da ara sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo enisa da sistemis meqanikuri Serwymis<br />

garemoSi. 5<br />

samarTlianoba moiTxovs imis aRniSvnas, rom ucxoeli eqspertebi<br />

saqarTvelos enobrivi situaciis aRwerisas ZiriTadad sworad xedaven<br />

problemebs da am problemaTa gamomwvev mizezebs; kerZod, isini aRiareben,<br />

rom saqarTveloSi araqarTulenovani mosaxleobis arseboba ganapiroba<br />

ara qarTvelTa mxridan diskriminaciulma politikam, aramed komunisturi<br />

reJimis rusifikaciulma politikam, romlis Sedegadac rusuli Cadga<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos qarTvel da araqarTvel mosaxleobas Soris,<br />

xolo sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, rusuli enis saxelmwifos<br />

sistemidan gasvlis Semdeg es mosaxleobebi, faqtobriv, Suamavali<br />

sakomunikacio enis gareSe darCnen. Sveicariis saerTaSoriso organizaciis<br />

"CIMERA"-s monacemebiT, "saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 13%-isaTvis qarTuli,<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ena, ar aris pirveli pirveli ena. ori umTavresi<br />

eTnolingvisturi jgufia somxebi, romlebic umetesad samcxe-javaxeTSi<br />

cxovroben (daaxloebiT 6%), da azerbaijanelebi _ qvemo qarTlSi<br />

(6,5%)." k. braxmani miuTiTebs im naklovanebebze, rac amJamad saqarTveloSi<br />

araqarTvelebis kompaqturad dasaxlebis regionebSi oden somxuri,<br />

azerbaijanuli da rusuli skolebis moqmedebas ukavSirdeba, kerZod,<br />

rom amgvari saganmanaTleblo politika "aZlierebs eTnikuri da enobrivi<br />

TvalsazrisiT arsebul dayofas, rac aSkarad ar uwyobs xels<br />

moqalaqeobis saerTo gancdisa da erTiani kuTvnilebis grZnobis<br />

Camoyalibebas qveyanaSi, sadac SeiniSneba xangrZlivi daZabuloba da<br />

teritoriuli uTanxmoebebi qarTvel umravlesobasa da dedaqalaqis<br />

farglebs gareT kompaqturad mcxovreb umciresobaTa eTnolingvistur<br />

jgufebs Soris. meore – umciresobaTa jgufebis bavSvebi skolas iseTi<br />

enobrivi unar-CvevebiT amTavreben, romlebic gansxvavdeba im bavSvebis<br />

unar-Cvevebisagan, romelTaTvisac qarTuli – mSobliuri enaa, rac,<br />

samwuxarod, mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens maT mier umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />

miRebis, maTi samomavlo dasaqmebis, politikur cxovrebaSi monawileobis<br />

SesaZleblobebze, agreTve qarTul sazogadoebaSi maT integraciaze.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom araqarTulenovan skolebSi qarTuli ena sagnis<br />

saxiT dawyebiTi skolis pirveli klasidan iswavleba, im axalgazrdebis<br />

umetesobas, romlebic somxur, azerbaijanul da rusul skolebs Tbilisis<br />

5 am sakiTxebze ix.: Bialystok, E., Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition.<br />

New York: Cambridge University Press. 2001; J. Cenoz & F. Genesee (Eds.), Trends in bilingual<br />

acquisition Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001; Macnamara, J. Bilingualism and primary education.<br />

Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 1966; Officialising Language: A Discourse Study of<br />

Language Politics in the United States. Diss. Australian National University, 2001 da sxv.<br />

301

302<br />

m. tabiZe<br />

farglebs gareT amTavreben, savaldebulo saskolo swavlebis dasrulebis<br />

Semdeg qarTulad qarTulad ubralo ubralo saubris saubris warmarTvac warmarTvac ki ki ar ar SeuZlia,<br />

SeuZlia,<br />

rom rom aRaraferi aRaraferi vTqvaT vTqvaT weris weris weris unarze unarze, unarze rac mas saxelmwifo enis<br />

gamoyenebiT muSaobis saSualebas miscemda" (k. braxmani, 2006, gv. 13).<br />

araqarTulenovani mosaxleobis kompaqturi gansaxlebis regionebSi<br />

enobrivi situacia zogadad ase SeiZleba daxasiaTdes: swavleba<br />

mimdinareobs mxolod somxurad (samcxe-javaxeTis somxur soflebSi) da<br />

azerbaijanulad (qvemo qarTlSi), saqmis warmoeba mxolod somxurad da<br />

azerbaijanulad (zogjer rusulad), warwerebi, kulturis sfero,<br />

sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba _ mxolod somxurad da azerbaijanulad,<br />

adgilobrivi sakomunikacio arxebi _ mxolod somxurad da<br />

azerbaijanulad. cxadia, kultmsaxurebac am mosaxleobis nacionalur<br />

enebzea. Sesabamisad, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis kuTxiT araqarTvelTa<br />

nacionaluri ganviTarebis sakiTxi zustad ise gamoiyureba, rogorc<br />

maT istoriul samSobloebSi (iTxovs ki amas romelime saerTaSoriso<br />

dokumenti romelime qveynisagan?). rac Seexeba am adamianTa samoqalaqo<br />

uflebebs, am uflebaTa dacva moiTxovs qarTul saxelmwifoSi maTi<br />

integrirebis uzrunvelyofas, es ki am regionebSi qarTuli skolebis<br />

gaxsniT SeiZleba moxerxdes. qarTuli skola SeiZleba iyos dawyebiTi<br />

nacionaluri skolis momdevno etapi, an droebiT, alternatiuli<br />

saswavlebeli nacionaluri skolis paralelurad. Sereuli swavleba<br />

mxolod damatebiTi da sacdeli RonisZieba SeiZleba iyos da ara<br />

yovlismomcveli RonisZieba. k. braxmanisave statiaSi naTqvamia: "magram<br />

ar iqneboda SorsmWvreteluri, gvevarauda, rom saxelmwifo enis kargad<br />

codnis nakleboba mxolod meTodologiuri da teqnikuri faqtorebis<br />

Sedegia. arsebul politikur konteqstSi, rodesac xdeba saqarTvelos<br />

centralur xelisuflebasa da umciresobaTa eTnolingvistur jgufebs<br />

Soris urTierTobaTa gadasinjva da xelaxla gansazRvra, enobrivi<br />

politika da ganaTleba farTo diskusiebis sagnad iqca da erovnul<br />

umciresobaTa `istoriuli" adgilis, politikuri integraciis an<br />

avtonomiisa da kulturuli asimilaciis Sesaxeb mwvave politikuri<br />

debatebis centrSi moeqca. mmarTvelobaSi bolo dros ganxorcielebulma<br />

reformebma, romlebic sajaro moxeleebisagan qarTul enaze kargad<br />

werisa da saubris codnas moiTxovs, agreTve 2005 wels umaRles<br />

saswavleblebSi misaRebi erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis qarTulad,<br />

umciresobaTa skolebis moswavleebisaTvis specialuri zomebis<br />

gauTvaliswineblad Catarebis SemoRebam kidev ufro gaamwvava daZabuloba.<br />

marTalia, centraluri xelisufleba cdilobs, zrdasrul moqalaqeebsac<br />

da bavSvebsac SesTavazos qarTuli enis Seswavlis ufro qmediTi<br />

SesaZleblobebi, magram es iniciativebi zogadad ar aris sakmarisi,<br />

garda amisa, isini sul axlaxan daiwyo da, Sesabamisad, ver moitanda<br />

sagrZnob Sedegebs" (iqve, gv. 14).<br />

Cven Sorsa varT im azrisagan, rom ganaTlebis saministro ar<br />

cdilobs araqarTvelTa kompaqturi gansaxlebis adgilebze qarTuli<br />

saxelmwifo enis funqcionirebis uzrunvelsayofad saganmanaTleblo

orenovani da mravalenovani ganaTlebis problematika saqarTvelos enobrivi situaciis fonze<br />

reformis gatarebas. saubaria imaze, ramdenad sworadaa arCeuli reformis<br />

mimarTulebebi sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT da ramdenad sworadaa<br />

ganmartebuli araqarTulenovani mosaxleobisaTvis saxelmwifos amocanebi.<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos ara aqvs miznad ama Tu im erovnebis<br />

warmomadgenlis gaqarTveleba; piriqiT, qarTvelebs zogjer imasac<br />

usayvedureben, rom isini ar miesalmebian araqarTvelebis mier gvarebis<br />

gadmoqarTulebas, rom isini kritikulad Sexvdnen pasportSi erovnebis<br />

grafis gauqmebas, rom isini eswrafvian sarwmunoebrivi Tu erovnuli<br />

TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas msoflio globalizaciur procesTan<br />

mimarTebaSi. ase rom, arc mosaxleobas da miT ufro arc saxelmwifos<br />

ar ainteresebs visime xelovnuri <strong>qarTveli</strong>zacia<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong>zacia. <strong>qarTveli</strong>zacia arc somexs da arc<br />

azerbaijanels aravin daaZalebs iqarTvelos, Tuki mas amis survili ar<br />

eqneba. qarTvelTa identobis Seswavlisadmi miZRvnili specialuri<br />

literatura naTlad aCvenebs, rom qarTveluri identoba (da nebismieri<br />

sxvisac) niSan-TvisebaTa sakmaod farTo CamonaTvals Seicavs da romelime<br />

enis aTvisebiT (sakuTarTan erTad) arc dairRveva da arc miiRweva. ase<br />

rom, somxebiT dasaxlebul regionSi srulfasovani qarTuli skolebis<br />

gaxsna, cxadia, somxuris, rogorc enis, swavlebiTurT samoqalaqo<br />

integraciisaTvis gawvdili xelia da ara asimilaciuri politika.<br />

saqarTveloSi srulfasovani samoqalaqo integracia, respublikis mTel<br />

teritoriaze moRvaweobis SesaZlebloba, yvela moqalaqesTan<br />

urTierTobis SesaZlebloba da nebismier dargsa da sferoSi dasaqmebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT konkurentunarianoba mxolod saxelmwifo enaze<br />

srulfasovani ganaTlebis miRebiT miiRweva. es msoflios nebismier<br />

qveyanaSi asea da mxolod CvenSi vukargavT am Sanss adamianebs im<br />

fsevdoliberalizmiT, romliTac "cota qarTul- da cota<br />

ariTmetikanaswavli" ara<strong>qarTveli</strong> yovelTvis daiCagreba sakuTari soflis<br />

gareT moxvedrisas da iZulebuli Seiqneba im saxelmwifos miaSuros,<br />

romlis enazec miiRo ganaTleba. amasTan, am adamianisTvis arasrulfasovani<br />

qarTuli ganaTleba mas autsaiderad gadaaqcevs da qveynis mTlianobis,<br />

saxelmwifos mTlianobis, satitulo eTnosis saxelmwifoebrivi idealebisa<br />

da kulturuli ganviTarebis uneblie mtrad gadaaqcevs.<br />

dRes msoflioSi TiTqmis aRar arsebobs iseTi saxelmwifoebi,<br />

sadac araavtoqToni eTnosebi ar cxovroben; arsebobs uzarmazari<br />

praqtika imisa, Tu rogor unda daregulirdes saxelmwifoTa SigniT<br />

erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebi. unda iTqvas, rom saministros<br />

gamocemebSi cudadaa SerCeuli ucxoeTis qveynebis magaliTebi saqarTvelos<br />

enobriv situaciasTan analogiisaTvis; kerZod, arc Sveicaria, arc baskeTi<br />

(espaneTis wiaRSi), arc kvebeki kanadaSi an yirgizeTi da tajikeTi ar<br />

gamodgeba saqarTvelos eTno-enobrivi situaciis analogad. yvela es<br />

SemTxveva Tavis istoriul Tu geopolitikur konteqstebSi unda<br />

ganixilebodes da maTi saxelmwifo mowyobac amgvarad unda iqnes gagebuli.<br />

mxolod is faqti, rom sadRac romeliRac proeqtma kargad imuSava, ar<br />

aris sakmarisi am proeqtis saqarTveloSi Semosatanad da dasanergavad. 6<br />

6 ix.: enobrivi politika da ganaTleba mravalenovan sazogadoebaSi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo<br />

2, 2006,<br />

303

304<br />

m. tabiZe<br />

eTnikuri gansxvavebis niadagze SesaZlo daZabulobis riskis<br />

Sesamcireblad erT-erTi qmediTi berketi ganaTlebis sistemasac upyria,<br />

sistemas, romelsac didi pasuxismgebloba awevs da romelsac<br />

gansakuTrebuli profesionalizmi moeTxoveba.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

k. braxmani, 2006 - enobrivi politika da ganaTleba mravalenovan<br />

sazogadoebaSi, red. karin braxmani, Tb., 2, 2006.<br />

Bialystok, E., Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition.<br />

New York: Cambridge University Press. 2001;<br />

Genesee, F., & Nicoladis, E. Bilingual first language acquisition, wignidan:<br />

Bilingual acquisition. In E.Hoff & M. Shatz (eds.), Handbook of Language<br />

Development, Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell, 2006.<br />

J. Cenoz & F. Genesee (Eds.), Trends in bilingual acquisition Amsterdam:<br />

John Benjamins, 2001.<br />

Macnamara, J. Bilingualism and primary education. Edinburgh: Edinburgh<br />

University Press. 1966.<br />

Officialising Language: A Discourse Study of Language Politics in the United<br />

States. Diss. Australian National University, 2001.<br />

MANANA TABIDZE<br />

PROBLEMS OF BILINGUAL AND MULTI-LINGUAL EDUCATION<br />

ON THE BACKGROUND OF GEORGIA’S LANGUAGE SITUATION<br />

The paper discusses issues related to the language use in the localities of<br />

compact settlements inhabited by non-Georgian ethnic groups. The question involves<br />

the task of the support of the population for the fully-fledged language integration.<br />

According to the official statistics 13% of the population in Georgia (from them 6%<br />

Armenians and 6.5% Azeris ) has their native tongue as the first language. This<br />

population has different kinds of difficulties in the acquisition of the state official<br />

language–Georgian. Namely, the obstacles emerge for several reasons: acquisition<br />

of the additional language based on the competence of the native language; blended<br />

knowledge of both languages at the certain level of the personal development, when<br />

child does not distinguish language materials of two languages, as words,<br />

pronunciation, morphology and syntax and then when the speaker can distinguish<br />

the one from the other and the question of correct pronunciation, fine language and<br />

the degree of lingual-cultural integration; here are also the questions of the independent<br />

learning of the language and its acquisition through the typology study, the character<br />

and scales of the knowledge of the language functional spheres; issues of the language<br />

prestige management; deficiencies created on the bilingual basis and their compensation etc.

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

JuJuna JuJuna JuJuna feiqriSvili<br />

feiqriSvili<br />

uarSio-suarSiouarSiouarSiouarSio s semantikisaTvis semantikisaTvis qarTulSi<br />

qarTulSi<br />

leqsikuri erTeuli uarSio uarSio qegl-Si damowmebulia ori<br />

mniSvnelobiT:<br />

uarSio uarSio 1 - rasac ara aqvs arSia movlebuli. uarSio leCaqi (ix.<br />

arSia - mniSvn. 1. qsovilis kideebze movlebuli nairsaxiani zoli, feriT<br />

an masaliT gansxvavebuli).<br />

uarSio uarSio 2 - "kacis gauwyobeli" (saba), Znelad Sesaguebeli xasiaTisa,<br />

- gaugonari, jiuti, urCi (kaci). "jiutobas Tavi daanebe, uarSio nu<br />

iqnebi (g. yifS., Targ.).<br />

am ukanasknelisganaa nawarmoebi uarSioba uarSioba da uarSiobs:<br />

uarSiobs:<br />

uarSioba uarSioba - uarSios 2 Tviseba, gaugonroba, Seuguebloba, urCoba,<br />

sijiute. "CrCiliviT SemCenia Seni uarSioba da gunebas mimRvrevs" (v.<br />

barn.); tasias vin aswavla dedis uarSioba?" (ek. gabaSv.).<br />

uarSiobs uarSiobs uarSiobs (mxolod nakvTTa awmyos wyebaSi) grduv. stat. - ar<br />

iguebs, ar emorCileba; urCobs. meqlemem uTxra: "aqlemisas gkiTxav,<br />

xvnisas arao". man uTxra: "zangela xari uarSiobso" (saba).<br />

formis TvalsazrisiT uarSio uarSio u-o u-o u-o konfiqsiT warmoqmnili<br />

zedsarTavi saxelia: arSia arSia > > > uarSio uarSio uarSio (Sdr. iRbali - uiRblo); e. i.<br />

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT uarSio uarSio aris is, rasac ara aqvs arSia (mniSvn. 1).<br />

uarSio uarSio (da arSia arSia) arSia arSia araa dadasturebuli Zveli qarTuli enis<br />

leqsikonebSi (il. abulaZe, z. sarjvelaZe), ar gvxvdeba "vefxistyaosanSic".<br />

Cveni dakvirvebiT (gadamowmebuli mxatvruli teqstebisa Tu<br />

leqsikonebis mixedviT), uarSio uarSio pirvelad iCens Tavs sulxan-saba<br />

orbelianis "sityvis konaSi":<br />

"uarSio uarSio - "kacis gauwyobeli", gauwyobeli kaci, gauwyobeliviT".<br />

aqve SevniSnavT, rom leqsikonSi Setanilia arSia arSiac, arSia oRond misi<br />

mniSvnelobisaTvis miTiTebulia uarSio uarSio ("arSia - n. uarSio").<br />

niko da daviT CubinaSvilebis leqsikonebSic uarSio uarSio da arSia<br />

arSia<br />

damoukidebeli sityva-statiebia:<br />

arSia arSia - 1. movlebuli rame, viwro nakeri kidurebzed; qoba.<br />

uarSio uarSio - zed gauwyobeli, moumarTavi, urCi, aragamgoni.<br />

uarSioba uarSioba - urCoba... vurCob, ar vemorCilebi.<br />

saanalizo sityvis semantikas ufro mravalferovnad warmogvidgens<br />

T. saxokias wigni "qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani":<br />

uarSio, uarSio, uarSio, uarSioba uarSioba - cudi qceva, ugvanoba, siglaxe, urCoba.<br />

arSia arSia mwyuria mwyuria mwyuria - garegnuli simSvenieris, koxtaobis moyvaruli<br />

var. araferi gasakvirvelia, CemisTana axalgazrdas arSia swyurodes.<br />

arSia arSia - ferad-feradi zolebiani viwro naWeri CiTisa, gina<br />

abreSumisa, romelsac garSemo Semoavleben kabas, sufras da misTanaTa<br />

dasamSveneblad. amgvarad, arSia sinonimia silamazisa, xolo uarSioba<br />

gamoxatavs am silamazis uqonlobas, gadataniTad - ugvanobas, uxamsobas,<br />

siglaxes, uzrdelobas, sixepres, sitlanqes (ix. dasax. naSr., gv. 621).<br />

masalebiT irkveva, rom arSiaarSia-sganarSia momdinare uarSio uarSio da<br />

uarSioba uarSioba droTa viTarebaSi aSkarad Sordeba amosaval Sinaarss,<br />

305

306<br />

J. feiqriSvili<br />

itvirTeba ufro uaryofiTi elferiT, iZens axal-axal semantikur<br />

niuansebs da XX saukunis qarTulSi iqceva jiutisa da urCis sinonimad.<br />

Sesabamis nimuSebs davimowmebT al. neimanis "qarTul sinonimTa<br />

leqsikonidan":<br />

uarSio uarSio - n. urCi.<br />

urCi urCi - gaugonari, Seupovari, ajami, Tavis naTqvama, Tavneba.<br />

daumorCilebeli, dauyoliebeli, Tavaqala, uRirsi, uweso, atexili (samgle<br />

goWiviT), Tavgasuli, TviTrjula, Tavqeifa, Tavisneba, dauokebeli,<br />

mouTvinierebeli, kerpi...<br />

uarSioba uarSioba - n. jiutoba.<br />

jiutoba jiutoba - gajiuteba, sijiute, gajiqeba, gaqiroba, Wirveuloba,<br />

oCnoba, daoCneba (xarebma daioCnes), gakerpeba, sikere, kerpoba, midegaoba,<br />

Seupovebloba, utexoba, uarSioba uarSioba (xazi Cvenia - J.f.), urCoba, gaugonroba,<br />

eSmakis cxenze Sejdoma... (ix. dasax. naSr.).<br />

uarSio uarSio qarTuli enis dialeqtebidan dadasturda mxolod<br />

qarTlursa da mesxur-javaxurSi (oRond gansxvavebuli semantikiT):<br />

qarTlurSi uarSiouarSio-saganuarSio nawarmoebi mimReoba mouarSiebeli mouarSiebeli urCisa<br />

da jiutis sinonimia ("iseTi udgreSi (=urCi, gaugonari - J.f.),<br />

mouarSiebeli Rori myavda, su yels maWreinebda": qarTl. leqsikoni),<br />

mesxur-javaxurSi ki zogadad ugergilos mniSvnelobisaa. magaliTad:<br />

uarSio uarSio (kaci) - mouxerxebeli, uniaTo adamiani. "uarSio kaci codvaa,<br />

cxovrebaSigan Tav ver gaitans" (mesxuri dialeqtis saleqsikono masala);<br />

uarSio uarSio - uxeiro, gamocdilebis SeZenis unarmoklebuli adamiani.<br />

"Zien uarSio Svilebi hyamda, TiTon yoCaRi kaci ki iyo" (javaxuri<br />

dialeqtis saleqsikono masala).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, saanalizo sityva uarSio uarSio XVII-XVIII<br />

saukuneebidan moyolebuli qarTulSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva semantikiT.<br />

maT Soris Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobad unda vcnoT sabaseuli ganmarteba<br />

- gauwyobeli kaci" (Sdr. arSia arSia - gasawyobi saSualeba, uarSio uarSio uarSio - rac<br />

ar aris gawyobili). marTalia, sabas leqsikonSi uarSiouarSio-suarSio ar axlavs<br />

konteqsti - sailustracio magaliTi, magram z. WumburiZe erT-erT<br />

igavSi gamoyenebuli zmnuri formis (uarSiobs uarSiobs uarSiobs) uarSiobs mixedviT miiCnevs, rom<br />

uarSio uarSio aris Seuguebeli, SeuCveveli, "kacis gauwyobeli" (saba), xolo<br />

uarSiooba uarSiooba - Seuguebloba, SeuCvevloba. "zangela xari uarSioobs =<br />

uRels gaurbis, ver egueba, ver ewyoba" (qarTuli mwerloba, t. 7, gv.<br />

685). aqve SevniSnavT, rom ar aris gamoricxuli zemoaRniSnul konteqstSi<br />

uarSiooba uarSiooba gulisxmobdes uRels Seugueblobas, SeuCvevlobas ara<br />

mxolod zogadad, misi "urCi" xasiaTidan gamomdinare, aramed, albaT,<br />

zangela xari uRels ver ewyoba misi "mouxerxeblobis" gamoc (xars<br />

aklia is, rac misi "gasawyobi" saSualebaa), anu zangela xari ar aris<br />

iseTi "moZravi", "sxarti", "moqnili", "Wkviani", rogoricaa misi uRlis<br />

moziare xari. albaT, amas gulisxmobda mxvnelis sityvebic ("Tu zafxuli<br />

iyos, didi aneuli moixvniso. meaqlemem uTxra: aqlemisas gkiTxav, xvnisas<br />

ara! man uTxra: zangela xari uarSiobso. Semoswyra meaqleme da wavida"):<br />

didi aneuli moixvneba, zanela xari rom ar iyos uarSio, e.i xari<br />

ugergiloa (dRevandeli terminiT) da ver eweva uRels kargad.

uarSio-s semantikisaTvis qarTulSi<br />

maSasadame, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom<br />

daaxloebiT XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTulSi (ZiriTadad samxrul<br />

kiloebSi) arsebobda sityva uarSio uarSio (pirdapiri gagebiT iyo is, rasac<br />

arSia aklda, anu iyo gauwyobeli), romelic gamoiyeneboda gadataniTi<br />

mniSvnelobiTac: uarSio uarSio kaci eTqmoda mas, visac ar hqonda kargi Sno<br />

da lazaTi, moxerxeba, "mixvra-moxvra"; aklda qcevisa Tu xasiaTis<br />

gansxvavebuli "marili", CveulebrivTagan raRaciT gamorCeuloba (Sdr.<br />

arSiiT gawyobili kaba - uarSio kaba). aq amosavali semantikis<br />

ganmsazRvreli unda iyos Cveulebrivis gawyoba-galamazeba damatebiT<br />

sxva raimeTi (ix. sabas ganmarteba). "gauwyobeli kaci", bunebrivia,<br />

"gawyobil kacTan" SedarebiT iqneba mouxerxebeli, uniaTo, ufxo,<br />

ugergilo anu uarSio uarSio. uarSio<br />

Cans, swored am Tavdapirveli semantikiT Semonaxula uarSio<br />

uarSio<br />

dRemde mesxur-javaxurSi, im sametyvelo arealSi, romelic faqtobrivad<br />

warmoadgenda sabasTvis saleqsikono masalis nazavs.<br />

droTa viTarebaSi advili SesaZlebeli iyo, uniaTobamouxerxeblobis<br />

gamo "kacis gauwyobloba" anu saqmis aramarjved keTeba<br />

TandaTan gaazrianebuliyo rogorc uxeSoba, jiutoba, urCoba,<br />

daujerebloba da a.S. anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, bunebiT Tandayolili<br />

"nakli" - arasrulyofileba qceuliyo uaryofiT Tvisebad, romelic<br />

ukve "Segnebulad" vlindeba met-naklebi ZaliT xasiaTsa Tu qcevebSi.<br />

dRes amgvari mniSvnelobisaa uarSio uarSio uarSio qarTlur kiloSi da am kuTxidan<br />

gamosul mweralTa nawerebSi (ix. zemoT). vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi ar<br />

unda iyos is faqtic, rom sabas leqsikonSi Setanilia gergili gergili (=saqmis<br />

marjved mkeTebeli), magram ar aris ugergilo<br />

ugergilo, ugergilo albaT imitom, rom am<br />

semantikisaTvis ukve arsebobda calke sityva uarSio. uarSio.<br />

uarSio.<br />

dasasruls, Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom dRes uarSiouarSio-suarSio Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT mesxur-javaxuris garda qarTuli enis sxva<br />

dialeqtebSi, agreTve zepir metyvelebasa da samwerlobo enaSi<br />

gamoyenebulia ugergilo, ugergilo, uniaTo, uniaTo, ufxo, ufxo, mouxerxebeli mouxerxebeli da a.S.<br />

mosalodnelia saanalizo erTeuli male mTlianad iqces leqsikur<br />

arqaizmad.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

il. abulaZe, 1973 - il. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni,<br />

Tb., 1973.<br />

gr. beriZe, 1981 - gr. beriZe, javaxuri dialeqtis saleqsikono<br />

masala, Tb., 1981.<br />

T. berozaSvili.., 1981 - T. berozaSvili, m. mesxiSvili, l. nozaZe,<br />

qarTluri leqsikoni, Tb., 1981.<br />

al. neimani, 1978 - al. neimani, qarTul sinonimTa leqsikoni, Tb.,<br />

1978.<br />

307

308<br />

J. feiqriSvili<br />

sulxan-saba orbeliani, 1966 - sulxan-saba orbeliani, qarTuli<br />

leqsikoni, Tb., 1966.<br />

z. sarjvelaZe, 1997 - z. sarjvelaZe, Zveli qarTuli ena, Tb., 1997.<br />

T. saxokia, 1979 - T. saxokia, qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani, Tb.,<br />

1979.<br />

J. feiqriSvili, 1992 - J. feiqriSvili, mesxuri dialeqtis<br />

saleqsikono masala, quTaisi, 1992.<br />

qarTuli mwerloba, 1987 - qarTuli mwerloba, t. I-IX, Tb., 1987-<br />

1992.<br />

n. CubinaSvili, 1981 - n. CubinaSvili, qarTuli leqsikoni, Tb.,<br />

1981.<br />

d. CubinaSvili, 1984 - d. CubinaSvili, qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni,<br />

Tb., 1984.<br />

z. WumburiZe, 1989 - z. WumburiZe, sulxan-sabas Txzulebebze<br />

darTuli leqsikoni; qarTuli mwerloba, t. 7, Tb., 1989.<br />

ZHUZHUNA PEIKRISHVILI<br />

ON THE SEMANTICS OF UARSHIO<br />

Uarshio, a derived adjective of confixal formation: ( arshia> u-arsio-o) is<br />

first found in Sulkhan-Saba’s Sitqvis Kona(Dictionary) and is defined as:<br />

"gauwyobeli kaci,” ‘brash,’ ‘unaccomplished man’. The entry is not provided<br />

with correspondent context in the dictionary. Lately, based on one of Sulkhan-<br />

Saba Orbeliani’s fable and on a Georgian dialect uarshio was understood as<br />

stubborn, obstinate, the one who is hard to convince in sth., a person of bad<br />

manners. Academic edition of the Dictionary of the Georgian Language has<br />

this latter definition for the meaning of the word. However, the data of Meskho-<br />

Javakhian dialect suggests that the initial meaning of uarshio should be uniaTo,<br />

ugergilo, mouxerxebeli, “gauwyobeli” (gawky, ungainly, awkward,<br />

inexpert, ‘unaccomplished’) which could have been developed easily into the<br />

synonym of jiuti (‘obstinate’).

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

masalebi masalebi masalebi svanuri svanuri svanuri leqsikonisaTvis<br />

leqsikonisaTvis<br />

(balszemouri kilos mixedviT) I<br />

daviT daviT fircxelani<br />

fircxelani<br />

qarTuli samwignobro enis leqsikuri fondis, zogadad, qarTveluri<br />

leqsikuri maragis gamdidrebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovania svanuri dialeqtebis<br />

roli. akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis dialeqtologiis<br />

samecniero-kvleviT institutSi zemo svaneTis sxvadasxva sofelSi savele<br />

muSaobisas Caweril dialeqtur masalebSi Segvxvda iseTi leqsikuri<br />

erTeulebi, romlebic Setanili araa gamoqveynebul svanur leqsikonebSi<br />

(v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, 2000; a. liparteliani,<br />

svanur-qarTuli leqsikoni, 1994; b. niJaraZe, qarTul-svanur-rusuli<br />

leqsikoni, 2007). amgvari sityvaformebi damatebiT masalas warmoadgens<br />

svanuri dialeqturi leqsikonisTvis.<br />

naSromSi ganxilulia Semdegi sityvaformebi:<br />

arTmay/arTm@y arTmay/arTm@y (bz.) _ tvirTis gadasatanad Sekerili xurjini,<br />

romelsac Tavis gasayreli aqvs da tvirTi, Sesabamisad, zurgisa da<br />

mkerdis mxareze nawildeba. mag.: Cube SE@nneS axyLna goW@r arTm@ySE<br />

`qvemo svaneTidan amohyavda Turme xurjiniT goWebi"; arTmay@l xuREPnx<br />

jEinald xurjinebi hqondaT Zvelad"; sgel bardanx@nqa l@sE lHSxeb<br />

arTm@y `sqeli farTalidan iyo Sekerili xurjini".<br />

likrHne likrHne likrHne _ gakrialeba, gawkrialeba; n@bozTe dec qPdkHrnPn<br />

`saRamosken ca mokrialda"; lHdKwyKle, qalHkrHne xuREPn m@g `dalagebuli,<br />

gawkrialebuli hqonda yvelaferi"; SiSd lakrHnas laxKd `maSinve Seudga<br />

gakrialebas".<br />

Sdr.: kHrial kHrial - kriali; lik lik÷re lik re - gakrkialeba (b. niJaraZe,<br />

2007); irMnki irMnki - Zlier iwmindeba ca (a. liparteliani, 1994);<br />

likHlWHne likHlWHne _ kreWa (kbilebis). xEP~ x@ns kHlWinda `didxans<br />

ikriWeboda"; lihEn@rM mHqaf kHlWni `mosmenis nacvlad ikriWeba"; numKE<br />

kHlWinda, qPTqadNl `ar dakreWiliyo, ascdeboda".<br />

Sdr.: kHrWeni kHrWeni - patara icinis (a. liparteliani, 1994);<br />

aRniSnuli semantikis gamomxatveli paraleluri formaa<br />

licqilfiel licqilfiel - kreWa (b. niJaraZe, 2007).<br />

lisyEMre lisyEMre _ gafcqvna (Txilis, nigvzis...), aqercvla (kanis...).<br />

fHri Sdixi l@syEMrs xegnNldax sga `gamxmari Txilis fcqvnas<br />

Seudgebodnen"; n@syEMr tot@r JilHmSxe xKd `fcqvnisagan xelebi<br />

gaSaveboda"; nakKfx@nqa tuf JaxsyEMrLna `waqcevis Sedegad kani aqercvlia<br />

(gadatyavebia)".<br />

liCEMSdi/liCMSdEi liCEMSdi/liCMSdEi _ 1. amosma (WurWliT risame amoReba).<br />

fak@nSE xoCEMSdda CEeinisga `jamiT usvamda qvabSi"; EedraSE xoCMSEdi<br />

n@rCEisga `vedroTi amousvams kasrSi"; pLrs qatixa~ JixoCMSEdda `qafs<br />

gawevda da amousvamda"; 2. aqneva. oxCEMSde~ xaBid `amouqnia da daartya";<br />

liCMSdEe deS oxCMSa `moqneva ver mouswria".<br />

Sdr.: liCMSd~Ll<br />

liCMSd~Ll liCMSd~Ll _ "rqena, rCola" (v. Tofuria, m. qaldani,<br />

2000); liyriLl liyriLl -""rqena" (b. niJaraZe, 2007); iCiSte iCiSte - iRebs fxvier<br />

marcvals `laCiStiT" (a. liparteliani, 1994).<br />

309

310<br />

d. fircxelani<br />

lixne/lixni<br />

lixne/lixni lixne/lixni _ [miwis] moTxra. xEP~ xKda lexne qor@ lag@mJi<br />

`bevri [miwa] hqonda mosaTxreli saxlis aSenebisas"; ~Nri TeE axKra<br />

lax@ns `ori Tve dasWirvebia [miwis] Txras"; xola lexne l@sE, suru<br />

lHb@C li `cudi mosaTxreli iyo, nametani qviania".<br />

Sdr.: qalixne qalixne - warTmeva, gamoSveba, nakelis gayra (a. liparteliani,<br />

1994); ixni/ixne ixni/ixne - 1.{Se}uSvebs, {mi}iRebs. 2. idens, iSvebs (v. Tofuria,<br />

m. qaldani, 2000).<br />

liECqmMnPl liECqmMnPl _ ancoba, onavroba. ej befSE imJi iECqmMnKl `is<br />

bavSvi rogor ancobda"; sgalumTqEe xKr liECqmMnPls `SeCveulia<br />

onavrobas"; uECqmMnKlad mKm xeyPnK? `onavrobis gareSe ar SeiZleboda?"<br />

Sdr.: Cqim Cqim - Sno, lazaTi, ieri (v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, 2000);<br />

Cqim Cqim - mSveneba, daSveneba; gasuqebulia (a. liparteliani, 1994).<br />

lifLjgPl/lifNjgPl lifLjgPl/lifNjgPl _ sakuTari Tavis an vinmes gamarTleba,<br />

usamarTlod midgoma. mag.: oxbina lifLjgPl, miCa bed roq mKm lHmPr<br />

`dauwyia [Tavis] marTleba, misi brali ar yofilao"; xofNjg@s aTxe<br />

kisdaS `moudeqi axla marTaliviT"; isgEa ufLjgadM, lagas xegni gEeS<br />

`Seni midgomis gareSec mowesrigdeba saqme".<br />

liRHrmakPl<br />

liRHrmakPl liRHrmakPl _ qmedeba sityvis an nivTis dacdena-datyuebis<br />

mizniT. ezar x@ns xeRHrmakKl, mare mKngEeS moS axPqEMsgEne `karga xans<br />

cdilobda daecdenina [rame], magram veraferi aTqmevina"; gud oxB@d<br />

liRHrmakPls, dLm laxELm `miuxvda datyuebis mcdelobas, ar misca"; gun<br />

meRHrmakKl, mare deS amRorve qa `Zalian meeSmakeboda, magram ver<br />

gamomtyua".<br />

Sdr.: iRrovi iRrovi - Tavs ityuebs, tyuvdeba (a. liparteliani, 1994);<br />

RorE@~ RorE@~ RorE@~ - matyuara (v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, 2000).<br />

liRHrmHnPl<br />

liRHrmHnPl liRHrmHnPl _ satirlad Semzadeba, gulis aCuyeba, grZnobis<br />

moreva. eCM macEdilSE liRHrmHnPl @dbine `imis sibraluliT guli<br />

auCuyda"; xoSa herJi liRHrmHnPls ibne mayalSE `did xmaze SiSisagan<br />

satirlad Seemzadeba xolme"; m@x~@dSE eS iRHrmHnKlda `sixarulisgan<br />

[lamis atirebuliyo".<br />

lihLbe lihLbe _ qoSini. Cq@rd naB@d lahLboS lamKgPn `Cqara<br />

wamonasvleli, qoSiniT momadga"; eSxu wuTisga lihLbe @dbine `erT<br />

wuTSi qoSini daiwyo"; maf@Sx@nqa, EofPr, aS hLba `daRlilobisgan,<br />

ofliani, (ise) qoSinebda.<br />

Sdr.: lixHriel lixHriel - qoSini (b. niJaraZe, 2007).<br />

lHmey/lumey lHmey/lumey _ mqonebeli. ej~@r mas@rd lHmey lHmPrx `isini<br />

Zalian SeZlebuli (mqonebeli) yofilan"; lHm@y mezgas, xoSil jaW@r xKda<br />

`SeZlebul ojaxs meti zurgi hqonda"; lHm@yTe ligErenis xenTxlKlda<br />

`mqonebelTan gadakidebas erideboda".<br />

Sdr.: lHmiy lHmiy _ adgilebiani, yanebiani (a. liparteliani, 1994:);<br />

lHmRvKne lHmRvKne - mqonebeli (b. niJaraZe, 2007).<br />

mP~sama/mP~ma mP~sama/mP~ma _ rac ram. mP~sama xuREPn qalehEdi xKd `rac ram<br />

hqonda, gasayidi gauxda"; mP~sama xabdavLnax qNTb@r~ax `Turme rac ram<br />

ebadaT, gautanebiaT"; mP~ma jekEes qamLqa `rac ram gindodes, miTxari".<br />

Sdr.: mava mava - raca (b. niJaraZe, 2007); imave datvirTviT (rac ram)<br />

zemo svanurSi gamoiyeneba m@~EP~/m@E@~ m@~EP~/m@E@~ formebi.

masalebi svanuri leqsikonisaTvis I<br />

Cafl@S Cafl@S _ fuTis mesamedi tevadobis sawyao (5,3 kg); eSxu Cafl@S<br />

kvecen xKra leBde lamSedKld `erTi `CaflaSi" xorbali hqonia gasacemi<br />

samkurnalod"; TEiT Cafl@S iTqs xEazordad Ji `TiTo `CaflaS" marcvals<br />

vagrovebdiT"; eSxu Cafl@S JixakuTnNlna aRo `erTi `CaflaSi" ki<br />

hkuTnebia aba".<br />

xamKl/hamKl xamKl/hamKl _ rogorc ki, rogorc. xamKl @nBEdeni JixEeTxLli<br />

`rogorc ki moval, davZebni"; hamKl anhMne, qal@jmarjEne ejK~ `rogorc<br />

ki moaRwevs, isic mogexmareba"; eja mKm li eCM muTEri, hamKl mi CinuriS<br />

`is araa imis Semswavleli, rogorc me Cinuris".<br />

Sdr.: xemK~/xem@~ xemK~/xem@~ - rogorc ki; xKl/hKl xKl/hKl - rogorc ki; xama/hama<br />

xama/hama<br />

- rogor, rogor Tu (v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, 2000); xKl xKl - rogorc;<br />

xema xema - rogor; xemai xemai - rogorc (a. liparteliani, 1994).<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, 2000 - v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri<br />

leqsikoni, Tb., 2000.<br />

a. liparteliani, 1994 - a. liparteliani, svanur-qarTuli leqsikoni,<br />

Tb., 1994.<br />

b. niJaraZe, 2007 - b. niJaraZe, qarTul-svanur-rusuli leqsikoni,<br />

Tb., 2007.<br />

svanuri masala - awsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecnierokvleviTi<br />

institutis fondSi (C-1993-2004) daculi svanuri dialeqturi<br />

masala.<br />

DAVID PIRTSKHELIANI<br />

MATERIALS FOR THE SVAN DICTIONARY<br />

(according to Balszemouri dialect) I<br />

In the records made during the field work of the Dialectology Scientific Institute<br />

of Akaki Tsereteli State University in various villages of the Upper Svaneti we find<br />

lexical units that are unknown to the Svan dictionaries published to these days, as in<br />

Svanuri lexikoni(Svan Dictionary) compiled by V.Topuria, M.Kaldani, 2000; and<br />

Svan-Georgian Dictionary, compiled by A.Liparteniani (1994), Georgian-Svan-<br />

Russsian Dictionary by B.Nizharadze(2007). Our findings present additional materials<br />

for Svan dictionaries.<br />

This paper discusses the following words as: artmak, liskvire, lixne, lipejgal,<br />

lihebe, chaplash, lichvishdi, xamal/hamal...<br />

311

312<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

rusudan fifia<br />

siaxleebi siaxleebi siaxleebi dawyebiTi dawyebiTi klasebis klasebis qarTuli<br />

qarTuli<br />

enisa enisa da da literaturis literaturis swavlebis swavlebis meTodikaSi<br />

meTodikaSi<br />

mSobliuri enisa da literaturis swavleba yvela etapze<br />

sapasuxismgeblo da saintereso saqmea. skolas sWirdeba saintereso<br />

ideebiT aRWurvili aRmzrdelebi, dawyebiT ganaTlebas kidev profesionali<br />

meTodistebi. aseTi pedagogebi, wera-kiTxvis safuZvlian swavlebasTan<br />

erTad, patarebs esTetikurad da zneobrivad gawvrTnian. qarTul<br />

meTodikur literaturaSi vrcladaa ganxiluli swavlebis specifika<br />

dawyebiT klasebSi. gakveTilebis axali formebiTa da meTodebiT Catarebam<br />

xeli unda Seuwyos mxatvruli nawarmoebis srulyofilad aRqmas, mis<br />

Cayenebas aRsazrdelTa swori metyvelebis, maTi saxovani formis anu<br />

gamometyvelebiTi kiTxvis Cvevis danergvis saqmeSi. qarTuli enisa da<br />

literaturis gakveTilebi dawyebiT klasebSi, nebismieri klasikosi mwerlis<br />

mier Seqmnil mxatvrul nawarmoebze, unda emsaxurebodes moswavleTa<br />

kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas, SemoqmedebiT da TanamSromlobiT<br />

urTierTobebs.<br />

swavlebisadmi axleburma midgomebma Secvala Tanamedrove gakveTilis<br />

mimarTulebebi. dRes ukve yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom ,,moswavleze<br />

orientirebuli swavlebis midgoma gulisxmobs moswavleebis aqtiur<br />

CarTvas TavianTi swavlis procesSi, sakuTari saswavlo miznebis dagegmvasa<br />

da marTvaSi. moswavlis unari, gaakeTos daskvna imaze, Tu ra da rogor<br />

iswavla da dagegmos sakuTari TviTganviTareba, misi warmatebis sawindaria"<br />

(rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs azrovneba, 2007, gv. 14). aseTi aqtiuri<br />

midgoma dawyebiTi klasebis swavlebaSi ramdenadme gansxvavebul WrilSi<br />

unda ganvixiloT: dawyebiTi safexuris sawyis etapze (I-IV klasi)<br />

aucileblad meti muSaoba unda gavwioT werisa da kiTxvis teqnikis<br />

ganviTarebisTvis, xolo SemdgomSi (II-VI klasi) etapobrivad aRvzardoT<br />

da ganvaviTaroT bavSvebSi yvela donis azrovnebiTi operaciebi.<br />

mxatvruli nawarmoebis swavleba dawyebiT klasebSi yvelaze met<br />

saSualebas iZleva interaqtiuli meTodebis dasanergavad. SeniSnulia,<br />

rom ,,sxvadasxva Janris mxatvruli nawarmoebebi TiTqmis erTnairi sqemis<br />

mixedviT iswavleba, Tumca zogjer maTi swavleba sakmaod mkveTri an<br />

naklebad mniSvnelovani momentebiT (Tundac niuansebiT) mainc gansxvavdebian<br />

erTmaneTisagan" (r. liparteliani, 2004, gv. 2). am periodSi unda<br />

Caeyaros safuZveli mxatvruli Rirebulebebis amokiTxvas mwerlobis<br />

sxvadasxva Janrebidan. amitomac mimdinareobs Zieba da axali meTodebis<br />

danergva saskolo sistemis sagakveTilo sferoSi.<br />

tradiciul gakveTilebze gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda<br />

codnis miRebas dagrovebiTi gziT. pedagogebi am SemTxvevaSi meTodebs<br />

gegmavdnen Semdegnairad: wina masalis gamokiTxva, weriTi davalebis<br />

Semowmeba, moswavleTa individualuri gamokiTxva, frontaluri kiTxvebiT<br />

klasis codnis Semowmeba wina masalaze, axali masalis axsna, axsnili

siaxleebi dawyebiTi klasebis qarTuli enisa da literaturis swavlebis meTodikaSi<br />

masalis ganmtkiceba kiTxvebiT da saSinao davalebis micema. am tipis<br />

gakveTilebze drois ganawileba yovelTvis erTnairad mkacrad<br />

gansazRvrulia, maswavlebels ki erTaderT wyarod saxelmZRvanelo gaaCnia.<br />

pedagogi saubrobs moswavleze mets da yvelanairi axsna-ganmarteba<br />

gankuTvnilia mTeli jgufisaTvis.<br />

gakveTilis Catarebis axleburi meTodika iTvaliswinebs Semdegi<br />

saxis moTxovnebs: ,,movlenis mizezis axsnas; procesis kanonzomierebis<br />

gamovlenas, mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris kavSirebis dadgenas; hipoTezis<br />

wamoyenebas; kvlevis dagegmvas; SemoqmedebiTi produqtis Seqmnas;<br />

problemis gadaWris alternatiuli gzebis wamoyenebas; problemis<br />

gadaWrisTvis saWiro moqmedebebis dagegmvas; sakuTari poziciis<br />

argumentirebulad dasabuTebas; garkveul kriteriumebze an standartebze<br />

dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gakeTebas; poziciisa da misi kontrargumentebis<br />

ganxilvis safuZvelze daskvnis gamotanas; problemis gadaWris ramdenime<br />

gzidan erT-erTis arCevis marTebulobis dasabuTebas; modelis moqmedebis<br />

Sefasebas; mtkicebulebis mniSvnelobis dazustebas" (saswavlo da<br />

profesiuli garemo, 2008, gv. 66). am vrceli CamonaTvalidan dawyebiTi<br />

klasebis mSobliuri enisa da literaturis gakveTilebze umravlesobis<br />

gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia, Tumca maswavlebeli yovelTvis unda<br />

iTvaliswinebdes moswavleTa asakobriv Taviseburebebs. swored am formiT<br />

dagegmil gakveTilebze unda Caeyaros safuZveli swavlebis maRal<br />

safexurebze aRsazrdelTa warmatebebs.<br />

gakveTilisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebis warmatebiT realizaciisaTvis<br />

maswavlebelma unda gamoiyenos ganaTlebis Tanamedrove teqnologiebi,<br />

rac gulisxmobs sokratuli da didaqtikuri meTodebiT swavlebas.<br />

praqtikulad es niSnavs Semdegi xerxebis gamoyenebas: gakveTilis dawyeba<br />

gonebrivi ieriSiT, teqstis pauzebiT kiTxva, muSaoba wyvilebsa da<br />

jgufebSi, situaciebis Seqmna kritikuli azrovnebisaTvis, venis diagramis,<br />

gonivruli rukis, kuTxeebis, mozaikis, molodinis xis da sxva aqtiuri<br />

meTodebis SerCeviT gamoyeneba; nawarmoebis Sinaarsis realizeba nawilnawilad<br />

dayofiT, furclebze Camowerili kiTxvebi TiToeuli jgufisTvis,<br />

gacemuli pasuxebis dafaze dafiqsireba da weriTi davalebebis variantebis<br />

micema...… ai, is arasruli nusxa axali tipis gakveTilze Sesasrulebeli<br />

qmedebebisa, romlis ZiriTadi warmmarTveli maswavlebelia.<br />

mxatvruli nawarmoebis swavleba dawyebiT klasebSi ramdenime<br />

komponentisgan Sedgeba. yvela gakveTili dasawyisidanve unda daigegmos.<br />

TiToeul maTganSi ,,maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos moswavleebis<br />

winaswari codna, romelic, SesaZloa, ar iyos erTgvarovani. aseve, is,<br />

Tu rogor SeiZleba am codnis amoqmedeba gakveTilis dawyebisTanave,<br />

moswavleebis motivacia, saWiro resursebis arseboba da a. S."<br />

(ganmartebiTi leqsikoni.., 2007, gv. 26). dawyebiT klasebSi bavSvebis<br />

aseTi gamocdileba arcTu ise mcirea, radganac sabavSvo baRis asakidan<br />

maT ganviTarebuli aqvT metyveleba da azrovneba, SeCveulni arian<br />

xelovnebis esTetikas sabavSvo poeziisa da mxatvruli nawarmoebebis<br />

saSualebiT.<br />

313

314<br />

r. fifia<br />

erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT dawyebiTi swavleba eqvswlian<br />

cikls moicavs. swavlebis es periodi moiTxovs misi amocanebis<br />

warmodgenas integrirebuli, koordinirebuli saxiT. es niSnavs<br />

mSobliuri enisa da literaturis Sinaarsobriv erTianobas. Tumca<br />

saswavlo gegma swavlebis am safexuris damTavrebis Semdeg mSobliuri<br />

literaturis mimarTulebas Semdeg moTxovnebs uyenebs: ,,sxvadasxva<br />

literaturuli Janris teqstis mosmena, wakiTxva da sakuTari emociebisa<br />

da azris gamoxatva; mosmenili an wakiTxuli mxatvruli nawarmoebis<br />

dakavSireba da mTavari Temis gansazRvra; gmiris sqcielis eTikuri<br />

Sefaseba; mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis amocnoba da maTi funqciis<br />

axsna; mxatvruli teqstis Seqmna; sakuTari interesebis mixedviT sakiTxavi<br />

literaturis SerCeva" (erovnuli saswavlo gegma, sagnobrivi programa<br />

qarTul enasa da literaturaSi, 2004, gv. 6-7). zemoT CamoTvlili<br />

moTxovnebis Sesasruleblad maswavlebelma unda gaiaros rTuli, magram<br />

SemoqmedebiTad datvirTuli gza sagakveTilo moRvaweobaSi. TiToeuli<br />

misi gakveTili unda iyos Sinaarsobrivad da esTetikurad gamarTuli,<br />

rac miiRweva sakuTar Tavze yoveldRiuri muSaobiT. dReisaTvis<br />

saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Semoqmed<br />

adamians, romelic Tavisi azrovnebiT sazogadoebis ganviTarebas uwyobs<br />

xels. Semoqmedi adamiani aris sazogadoebis unikaluri simdidre, romelic<br />

SesaZleblobas iZleva inovaciebi dainergos swavlebis procesSi. es<br />

aris swavlebis procesis uwyvetoba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. veqsleris<br />

Tanaxmad, inovaciuri aqtiuroba aris maswavleblis pedagogiuri<br />

aqtiurobis struqturis elementi (Jelena Davidova, Irena Kokina, Teachers’<br />

Views on Innovative Processes in Schools of Latvia, Journal of Teacher Education<br />

for Sustainability, Volume 8, 2007,Ggv. 26). Tanamdrove saswavlo sistema<br />

mudmivad cvalebadia, rac aisaxeba maswavleblis kvalifikaciis xarisxzec<br />

da, Sesabamisad, misi gakveTilis donezec.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni.., 2007 - ganmartebiTi leqsikoni ganaTlebis<br />

specialistebisaTvis, nawili pirveli, Tb., 2007.<br />

erovnuli saswavlo gegma, sagnobrivi programa qarTul enasa da<br />

literaturaSi, I redaqcia, Tb., 2004.<br />

r. liparteliani, 2004 - r. liparteliani, mxatvruli nawarmoebis<br />

swavleba dawyebiT klasebSi: gaz. ,, dawyebiTi ganaTleba", #7-8, 2004..<br />

rogor vaswavloT moswavleebs azrovneba, meTodologiuri<br />

saxelmZRvanelo, Tb., 2007.<br />

saswavlo da profesiuli garemo, damxmare saxelmZRvanelo, II,<br />

Tb., 2008.<br />

Jelena Davidova, Irena Kokina, Teachers’ Views on Innovative Processes in<br />

Schools of Latvia, Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, Volume 8, 2007.

siaxleebi dawyebiTi klasebis qarTuli enisa da literaturis swavlebis meTodikaSi<br />

RUSUDAN PIPIA<br />

NOVELTIES IN THE TEACHING METHODOLOGY<br />

OF GEORGIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE<br />

AT PRIMARY CLASSES<br />

Lessons of the Georgian language and literature at primary classes should<br />

serve to develop the pupils’ critical thinking, creative and cooperative relations. The<br />

new approaches of study changed the directions of modern lessons. The new<br />

methodology of conducting the lessons considers a lot of nuances, which enables<br />

the introduction of interactive methods of teaching. According to National Curriculum<br />

six year primary education requires integrated teaching of the Georgian language and<br />

literature. Pupil-oriented teaching is expressed especially at the lesson of the Georgian<br />

language and literature, because there are more materials necessary for the activities<br />

in this sphere. Works of art and the elements of the native language give the chance<br />

for pupils’ active participation in the teaching process.<br />

315

316<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

tariel tariel futkaraZe,<br />

futkaraZe,<br />

maia maia miqautaZe<br />

miqautaZe<br />

kvlav kvlav qarTuli qarTuli wyvilbagismieri wyvilbagismieri spirantis spirantis Sesaxeb<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

(imerxeuli masalis analizi)<br />

samecniero literaturaSi sakamaTodaa qceuli v, e, v, v, E, E, u u<br />

u<br />

grafemebiT gamosaxuli bgerebis kvalifikaciisa da urTiermimarTebis<br />

sakiTxi; kerZod:<br />

anton pirvelma Tavis `qarTul RrammatikaSi" pirvelad mogvca<br />

erTi mxriv, kbilbagismier da wyvilbagismier napralovan TanxmovanTa,<br />

meore mxriv ki - bagismier marcvlovan da umarcvlo variantTa ganawilebis<br />

mecnieruli analizi. is Tvlis, rom Tu u xmovani `sityvis SuaSi"<br />

moeqceva, gabrjguvdeba (anton I, 1767, gv. 116).<br />

`fereidnulis mTavari Taviseburebebis" ganxilvisas arn.<br />

CiqobavasTvis v v v grafema kbilbagismiers gamoxatavs, E - wyvilbagismiers<br />

(arn. Ciqobava, 1927, gv. 205-207).<br />

g. axvlediani Tvlis, rom E-s cocxal metyvelebaSi Sesaferisi<br />

wyvilbagismieri gamoTqma unda hqonoda, Tumca saliteraturo enaSi<br />

E gakbilbagismierda da amitom yvelgan iwereba v v (g. axvlediani, 1949,<br />

gv. 158).<br />

s. JRentis mixedviT, Zvel qarTulSi paralelurad arsebuli<br />

kbilbagismieri [v]-sa da wyvilbagismieri [E]-s nacvlad dRes literaturul<br />

warmoTqmaSi mxolod kbilbagismieri [v] sonantia; dialeqtebSi ki umetes<br />

SemTxvevaSi isev wyvilbagismieri bgeraa Semonaxuli (s. JRenti, 1956,<br />

gv. 159).<br />

g. rogavas daskvniT, Zvel saliteraturo qarTul enaSi v v v asoTi<br />

unda yofiliyo gadmocemuli ori fonema: erTi wyvilbagismieri v v (E)<br />

_ val, ved, Tav (resp. umarcvlo E winamaval TanxmovnebTan _ kuali,<br />

Zuali da sxv.), meore _ v v zmnur sufiqsebSi _ klavs, dauteva...,<br />

saxelebSi _ qva, sazRvari da sxva..., romelic SeiZleba yofiliyo<br />

TiTqos kbilbagismierisaken gadaxrili... SeiZleba ufro viwro spiranti,<br />

vinem wyvilbagismieri E (g. rogava, 1962, gv. 113). aqve g. rogava xazgasmiT<br />

aRniSnavs, rom `qarTuli v v wyvilbagismieri spirantia... es aris saerTod<br />

qarTuli v-s damaxasiaTebeli niSani. Tuki saliteraturo qarTulze<br />

molaparakem v v marTlac gamoTqva rogorc kbilbagismieri, es<br />

gamoTqmis arabunebriobas an sxva enis gavlenas unda mieweros (g. rogava,<br />

1962, gv. 116).<br />

iv. qavTaraZe istoriul qarTulSi v-s wyvilbagismierad da odnavi<br />

ukana artikulaciis mqoned miiCnevs (iv. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 94).<br />

T. uTurgaiZisaTvis [v] da [E] Zvel qarTulSi erTi fonemis _<br />

/v/-s alofonebia. rac Seexeba am bgeraTa fiziologiur gansxvavebulobas:<br />

rogorc mkvlevarTa umravlesoba, T. uTurgaiZec Zvel qarTulSi [v]-s<br />

miiCnevs kbilbagismierad, xolo [E]-s wyvilbagismierad; misi azriT, qarTuli<br />

anbanidan E-s amogdeba ganapiroba am bgerebs Soris Sinaarsobrivi<br />

opoziciis uqonlobam" (T. uTurgaiZe, 1966, gv.107).

kvlav qarTuli wyvilbagismieri spirantis Sesaxeb<br />

T. gamyreliZe Tvlis, rom `...v da E spirantebi qarTulSi saerTo<br />

bagismieri spirantuli v v fonemis ori (poziciuri/fakultatiuri)<br />

variantia: `kbilbagismieri" [v] da `wyvilbagismieri" [E] (T. gamyreliZe,<br />

2000, gv. 255, SeniSvna 1).<br />

Cven araerTgzis SevxebivarT aRniSnul sadavo sakiTxs (ix.:<br />

t. futkaraZe, 1997; t. futkaraZe, 1998; t. futkaraZe, 1998; m. miqautaZe,<br />

2004; m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 19-45...). Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTuli<br />

enis monacemTa mixedviT istoriuli xanis qarTul ZeglebSi vini grafemiT<br />

dadasturebuli bgeris ueWvelad kbilbagismierad CaTvla (ak. SaniZe)<br />

naklebad sarwmunod migvaCnia. vvaraudobT, rom ara mxolod<br />

saerToqarTvelursa da arqaul samwignobro enaSi, aramed Tanamedrove<br />

qarTulis yvela qvesistemaSic (samwignobri enis CaTvliT) ZiriTadi<br />

bgeraa umarcvlo wyvilbagismieri spiranti, xolo misi alofoni -<br />

kbilbagismieri varianti - iSviaTad realizdeba; Sesabamisad, migvaCnia,<br />

rom qarTul asomTavrul anbanSi me-6 niSniT Tavidanve aRniSnuli iyo<br />

wyvilbagismieri varianti (romelic mogvianebiT aRiniSna E E grafemiT).<br />

sonantebis alofonTa gamoxatvaSi arsebuli ryeva gamoiwvia berZnulis<br />

gavleniT e e digramis SemoRebam; kbilbagismieri spiranti anbanSi ar<br />

gamoixateboda (t. futkaraZe, 1998, gv. 89).<br />

Cven dakvirvebiT, V-XI ss. werilobiT ZeglebSi wyvilbagismieri<br />

spiranti gadmoicemoda, erTi mxriv, berZnulis zegavleniT SemoRebuli<br />

e digrafiT, meore mxriv, tradiciuli v grafemiT; ufro konkretulad:<br />

C -V da C-C poziciebSi wyvilbagismieri spiranti gadmoicemoda e da<br />

N<br />

v, v, zogjer  grafemebiT; #-V da V-C poziciebSi - v da  (iSviaTad)<br />

grafemebiT; C -V, V-V, V-#, #-C poziciebSi - v grafemiT. #-V, V-V, V-<br />

S<br />

C, V-#, #-C poziciebSi gamovlenili v SeiZleba gadmoscemdes TiTqos<br />

ufro `kbilbagismierobisken gadaxril" bgeras, rogorc amas gakvriT<br />

aRniSnavs arn. Ciqobava (m. miqautaZe, 2005, gv. 42-43). aseve, vfiqrobT,<br />

rom antonma E SemoiRo sakuTriv u-sgan miRebuli umarcvlo variantis<br />

aRsaniSnavad, vinaidan am droisTvis qarTuli anbanis v v niSniT gamoxatuli<br />

bgera laTinuris gavleniT kbilbagismieradaa gaazrebuli (iqve).<br />

Tanamedrove qarTul metyvelebaSi, rogorc cnobilia, mkveTrad<br />

gamoxatuli wyvilbagismieri E qarTuli enis dialeqtTa umetesobaSia<br />

dadasturebuli: moxeurSi, qarTlurSi, kaxurSi, ingilourSi,<br />

fereidnulSi, imerulSi, leCxumurSi, gurulSi, aWarulSi, imerxeulSi<br />

(b. jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 80). svanurSi saerTod ar aris kbilbagismieri v.<br />

wyvilbagismieri wyvilbagismieri variantis<br />

variantis variantis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT<br />

sainteresoa b. jorbenaZis dakvirveba: "Rirssacnobia: rac ufro<br />

dasavleTisaken mivdivarT, miT ufro mkvidria da farTo gavrcelebisaa<br />

E ara mxolod istoriulad Sepirobebul poziciaSi, aramed<br />

kbilbagismieri v v Tanmxovnisa da labialuri u xmovnis poziciebSic"<br />

(b. jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 86).<br />

imerxeulSi, rogorc aRiniSna, sxva dialeqtebis msgavsad, xSirad<br />

ismis wyvilbagismieri E; mkvlevarTa dakvirvebiT, es bgera ZiriTadad<br />

gvxvdeba:<br />

317

318<br />

t. futkaraZe, m. miqautaZe<br />

1. samwignobro enaSi kbilbagismierad miCneuli spirantis nacvlad:<br />

emias gogo ya yaEda ya da naTxovari; saxeli bani xanumi erq erqEa; erq erq a; a; eiRevi<br />

Cemgan be beEri be ri fuli; iq be beEri be ri eZeba saRebi; yvela saWmeli minda,<br />

yEelifridan<br />

elifridan<br />

elifridan; elifridan Ce~cva de deEriSis de riSis uruba... (n. mari); gEaq aq Tofebi;<br />

dag dagEatyviles<br />

dag atyviles atyviles; atyviles mog mogEyavs mog yavs (S. futkaraZe, 1995, gv. 6).<br />

2. u xmovnis refleqsad. u> u>E u> procesi intensiurad viTardeba<br />

xmovnis momdevnod Tanxmovnis win, kerZod, -ur/-ul -ur/-ul sufiqsiseuli u u<br />

u<br />

xmovani e, e, a a a xmovnebis win, Cveulebriv, viwrovdeba:<br />

dekeEli dekeEli (n. mari); aWaruli da aqeEri aqeEri gurjija erTmaneT ar<br />

ewyoba (S. futkaraZe). S. futkaraZis azriTve, mosalodnel E-s xSirad<br />

enacvleba kbilbagismieri Tanxmovani:<br />

Taze qi iyuen memTevrad memTevrad; memTevrad hududi barobai damwyrevli damwyrevli varT<br />

saqoneliviT; rzali aqevria; aqevria; aqevria; Cem mirTmevl mirTmevl purma me mipuao (S.<br />

futkaraZe); wrevl wrevl guu~asaRebian; memTevrebi memTevrebi iq arian, Taze; garevli garevli<br />

garevli<br />

qaTmebi devnaxe... mkvlevris mier analogiuri masala dadasturebulia<br />

taourSi, maWaxlurSi (S. futkaraZe, 1995). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom rogorc<br />

b. jorbenaZe, aseve S. futkaraZe kbilbagismier variants mainc ZiriTad<br />

saxeobad miiCneven.<br />

Cveni dakvirvebiT, imerxeul dialeqtSi wyvilbagismieria wyvilbagismieria TiTqmis<br />

yvela is is bgera, bgera, romelic romelic romelic sxva sxva mkvlevrebis mkvlevrebis mier mier Cawerilia Cawerilia v<br />

v<br />

grafemiT;<br />

grafemiT; grafemiT; mag.:<br />

a) Tanxmovnis momdevnod xmovnis win C -V da C -V poziciebSi:<br />

N S<br />

saxeli bani xanumi erq erqEa; erq a; saWmeli yEala ala jinsis saWmelidan (n.<br />

mari); marj marjEena marj ena Terefze sofelia; ex exEewebian ex ewebian SS<br />

SEelas S elas elas; elas SevxvdebiT<br />

xEalac alac alac; alac kEercxi ercxi gabJindeba moxarSulio; sity sity sityEa sity iseTina Tq TqEa; Tq baSTan<br />

vs vsEemdi vs emdi zigaras (S. futkaraZe); aq TuTa ar g ggEaq;<br />

gg<br />

aq; baR baREeb baR eb me ukerebdi;<br />

vaSl CavyriT qEabSi; abSi; deg degEeswavla<br />

deg eswavla unda baR baREefs baR efs efs; efs xalRi jutiT<br />

CagarC CagarCEeben<br />

CagarC eben eben; eben arabebiT maaq maaqEan maaq an an... an<br />

b) xmovnis momdevnod Tanxmovnis win V-C poziciaSi:<br />

biWic we we weEda, we da, mec aval, Came CameEtan Came tan saWmelefs; meti be be beEraT be raT gexvewebi;<br />

bolo dros me me meETavef me me Tavef (n. mari); mi miEscemT mi scemT scemT da zed rus gameviyvanT;<br />

SEidi wlisa we we weEdodiT;<br />

we dodiT; arTuR erTaT imcxo imcxoEreben; imcxo reben; Se SeEbargavT;<br />

Se bargavT;<br />

ima Se SeEfuTi Se fuTi fuTi, fuTi avdgebi dilaze; CEeni Ta TaErobis Ta robis robis... robis<br />

g) Tanxmovnebs Soris C-C poziciaSi:<br />

mis misEla-mos<br />

mis la-mos la-mosEla;<br />

la-mos la; la; gamos gamosElamdis<br />

gamos lamdis lamdis; lamdis cxvari iy iyEnen iy nen nen; nen wEril ril adgilebsac<br />

TibEen; amdeni Coma qEyavs yavs axorSi-maxorSi...<br />

d) Tanxmovnis win pauzis momdevnod #-C poziciaSi:<br />

ra~ ETqEaT TqEaT TqEaT; TqEaT Sin ElaparikobdiT<br />

laparikobdiT<br />

laparikobdiT; laparikobdiT es aRar unda Eqna; qna; mWad<br />

EWamT WamT WamT... WamT<br />

e) xmovnis momdevnod pauzis win V-# poziciaSi:<br />

daqselaE; daqselaE; daqselaE; Seinaxa SeinaxaE Seinaxa iSTe; gogo gogoE, gogo , gogo gogoE, gogo facia; CaWyleta CaWyleta CaWyletaE CaWyleta CaWyleta ...<br />

rogorc Cans, imerxeulSi E-s gamovlena poziciebis mixedviT ar<br />

izRudeba; yvelaze xSirad igi Tanxmovnis momdevnod xmovnis win gvxvdeba.<br />

bagismieri spirantis wyvilbagismierobis mimaniSnebelia imerxeulSi<br />

dadasturebuli v/b, v/b, b/v, b/v, b/v, v/m v/m<br />

v/m monacvleobis saintereso SemTxvevebic:<br />

viwro > miwro, savse > samse, varskvlavi > maskElavi, damaviwyda >

kvlav qarTuli wyvilbagismieri spirantis Sesaxeb<br />

damabiwyda, dagvaviwydeboda > dagEabiwydeboda, veubnebiT > vebneviT,<br />

veubnebiT > vevneviT, vkeravdi > vkerevdi > Ekerebdi, Cadebdnen ><br />

CadeEden, gadaikidebdnen > gedeikideEden... erTmaneTs uSualod SeiZleba<br />

Seenacvlos mxolod is Tanxmovnebi, romelTac ori markeri saerTo<br />

aqvs. vfiqrobT, vfiqrobT, damabiwyda damabiwyda, damabiwyda vebnevi vebnevi tipis formebSi sulac ar aris<br />

savaraudo gardamavali gardamavali safexuris safexuris daSveba: daSveba: daSveba: v > b da b > v<br />

monacvleoba dasaSvebia v-s wyvilbagismierad gagebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

(markerTa Senacvlebis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb ix. b. jorbenaZe, 1998,<br />

gv. 297-299)..<br />

Sdr.: analogiuri masalaa sxva dialeqtebSic, Tumca, b da v/m<br />

v/m<br />

monacvleobis faqtebi sxvadasxvagvaradaa axsnili: zog SemTxvevaSi<br />

nagulisxmevia E gardamaval safexurad: v > E > b; zogjer _ magaliTad<br />

kbili > kvili variantSi _ v v CaTvlilia ueWvel wyvilbagismierad<br />

(b. jorbenaZe, 1998, gv. 302-312).<br />

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, samwignobro qarTuls saukuneebis<br />

manZilze mowyvetilma imerxeulma dialeqtma kargad SeinarCuna is<br />

mdgomareoba, rac cocxali metyvelebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli XV-<br />

XVI saukuneebis qarTulSi.<br />

imerxeuli imerxeuli dialeqtis dialeqtis monacemebi kidev erTxel adasturebs<br />

imas, rom qarTvelTa metyvelebisaTvis yovelTvis ZiriTadi da bunebrivi<br />

iyo sonoruli bunebis wyvilbagismieri spiranti, romelic, araiSviaTad,<br />

miiReboda u xmovnis nawilobrivi reduqciiTac (sxva xmovnis mezoblobis<br />

gamo), xolo ZiriTadad bagismier TanxmovnebTan mezoblad, iSviaTad<br />

realizdeboda kbilbagismier mJRer Tu yru variantebadac (vstavlob,<br />

Fflob...).<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

g. axvlediani, 1949 - g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi,<br />

Tb., 1949.<br />

T. gamyreliZe, 2000 - T. gamyreliZe, 2000, TanxmovanTa gandaseba<br />

qarTulSi: rCeuli qarTvelologiuri Sromebi, Tb., 2000.<br />

i. gigineiSvili..., 1961 - i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe,<br />

qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1961.<br />

gr. imnaiSvili, 1974 - gr. imnaiSvili, qarTluri dialeqti, I, Tb.,<br />

1974.<br />

n. mari, 1911 - Ìàðð Í.ß., Äíåâíèê ïîåçäêè â Øàâøåòèþ è Êëàðäæåòèþ:<br />

«Ãåîðãèé Ìåð÷óëå. Æèòèå ñâ. Ãðèãîðèÿ Õàíäçòèéñêî ãî», Ñ.- Ïåòåðáóðãü,<br />

1911.<br />

m. miqautaZe, 2004 - v da e grafemaTa gamovlenis sixSire da am<br />

grafemebiT gadmocemuli bgerebi V-XI ss. ZeglebSi: qarTveluri<br />

memkvidreoba, VIII, quTaisi, 2004.<br />

m. miqautaZe, 2005 - m. miqautaZe, qarTuli enis fonematuri<br />

struqturis sakiTxebi V-XI saukuneTa werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviT,<br />

quTaisi, 2005.<br />

319

320<br />

t. futkaraZe, m. miqautaZe<br />

s. JRenti, 1956 - s. JRenti, qarTuli enis fonetika, Tb., 1956.<br />

g. rogava, 1962 - g. rogava, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli fonetikis<br />

sakiTxebi, Tb., 1962.<br />

T. uTurgaiZe, 1966 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis mTis<br />

kiloTa vokalizmi, metyvelebis analizisa da sinTezis sakiTxebi, Tb.,<br />

1966.<br />

t. futkaraZe, 1997 - t. futkaraZe, sonanti v v spiranti Tu E|v<br />

sonori? me-17 respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesia,<br />

q, Telavi, 1997.<br />

t. futkaraZe, 1998 - t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis<br />

xmovanTa sistema, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1998.<br />

t. futkaraZe, 1998 - t. futkaraZe, sonantebis alofonTa asaxvisaTvis<br />

asomTavrulSi (sametyvelo kodebis Serevis erTi nimuSi): quTaisuri<br />

saubrebi V, simpoziumis masalebi, quTaisi, 1998.<br />

t. futkaraZe, 2007 - t. futkaraZe, imerxevis metyveli miwa-wyali,<br />

quTaisi, 2007.<br />

S. futkaraZe, 1993 - S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi, 1993.<br />

S. futkaraZe, 1995 - S. futkaraZe, qarTuli enis samxrul-dasavluri<br />

dialeqtebis Taviseburebani istoriuli tao-klarjeTisa da muhajiri<br />

qarTvelebis metyvelebis mixedviT, sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferati,<br />

Tb., 1995.<br />

S. futkaraZe, 2008 - S. futkaraZe, fonetikuri procesebi<br />

imerxeulSi: qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XII, quTaisi, 2008.<br />

iv. qavTaraZe, 1964 - iv. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis,<br />

Tb., 1964.<br />

a. SaniZe, 1973 - a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I,<br />

Tb., 1973.<br />

arn. Ciqobava, 1927 - arn. Ciqobava, fereidnulis mTavari<br />

Taviseburebani: tfilisis universitetis moambe, VII, tf., 1927.<br />

b. jorbenaZe, 1989 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb.,<br />

1989.<br />

b. jorbenaZe, 1998 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, II, Tb.,<br />

1998.<br />

2006-2007 wlebSi imerxevSi Cawerili dialeqturi masala (daculia<br />

awsu qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviT institutSi).

kvlav qarTuli wyvilbagismieri spirantis Sesaxeb<br />

TARIEL PUTKARADZE, MAIA MIKAUTADZE<br />

ON A GEORGIAN BILABIAL SPIRANT<br />

(Based on the analysis of Imerkhevian data)<br />

In the specialist literature there is still much controversy about the qualification<br />

and relationship between v, u, and u graphemes. Some authors consider them labiodental<br />

while others regard them, alternately, labio-dental in some cases and bilabial in<br />

the other according to their positions.<br />

In the modern Georgian speech distinct bilabial u occurs in the majority of<br />

the Georgian dialects: in Mohkevian, Kartlian, Kakhian, Ingiloian, Fereidanian,<br />

Imeretian, Lechkhumian, Gurian, Acharian, and Imerkhevian. Svan vernacular does<br />

not have labio-dental v.<br />

According to our observation in Imerkhevian all the sounds spelt with v<br />

grapheme by other researchers are bilabial. u is attested in the following positions:<br />

after the consonant before the vowel, after the vowel before the consonant, between<br />

the consonants, before the consonant after the pause, after the vowel before the<br />

pause.<br />

Imerkhevian reveals interesting cases of the sound shift: v-b, b-v; v-m, m-v.<br />

We think that there is no need of admitting of the transitional stages v>b and<br />

b>v in forms as damabiwyda-damaviwyda, vebnevi-vevnebi.. The alternation of<br />

v is admissible in case of regarding v as bilabial (as, only those consonants that have<br />

two markers in common could be mutually interchangeable; B.Jorbenadze).<br />

As it was expected Imerkhevian dialect, functioning separated from the literary<br />

Georgian environment for centuries, has preserved the condition characteristic to<br />

the live speech of the 15 th -16 th cc.<br />

The data of Imerkhevian dialect confirms one more times that for the Georgian<br />

speech bilabial spirant with characteristic sonority has been basic and natural, which,<br />

not infrequently, was derived from the partial reduction of u vowel (with the influence<br />

of other vowel), and chiefly, from the influence of the neighboring labial consonant,<br />

and was seldom realized as voiced or voiceless labio-dental variants.<br />

321

322<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

SuSana SuSana SuSana futkaraZe<br />

futkaraZe<br />

fonetikuri fonetikuri procesebi procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

imerxeulSi<br />

imerxeulSi<br />

imerxeuli kilo qarTuli enis dedamdinaris erTi Zlieri Senakadia.<br />

igi imerxeveli qarTvelebis metyvelebaa. imerxevi, istoriuli saqarTvelos<br />

uZvelesi miwa, tao-klarjeTis erT-erTi mxarea, samxreT saqarTvelos<br />

Semadgeneli nawili. saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT (leonti mroveli,<br />

vaxuSi bagrationi), Zveli welTaRricxvis mesame saukuneSi klarjeTi<br />

(imerxeviTurT) Sedioda farnavaz mefis mier Camoyalibebul oZrxis<br />

saerisTvoSi, warmoadgenda meeqvse samxedro-administraciul olqs,<br />

romelsac ganagebda erisTavi. klarjeTi meore saukuneSi (Zv. w. aR.)<br />

iberiis samefos SemadgenlobaSia. Zlieri saerisTao iyo vaxtang<br />

gorgasalis epoqaSic, rodesac aigo artanujis cixe. merve saukunis<br />

dasasruls (ax. w. aR.) klarjeTSi yalibdeba Zlieri samTavro, romelic<br />

gadaiqca saqarTvelos gaerTianebis medroSed (vaxuSti batoniSvili,<br />

1973, gv. 657; iv. javaxiSvili, 1983, gv. 95; eqvT. TayaiSvili, 1991, gv. 211).<br />

me-16 saukunis meore naxevridan ki klarjeTi (imerxeviTurT) osmaleTis<br />

imperiis sazRvrebSi moeqca; amJamad TurqeTis respublikis farglebSia.<br />

kerZod, imerxevi warmoadgens arTvinis vilaeTis SavSeTis raionis erT<br />

lamaz mxares - mdinare fafarTis xeobas.<br />

imerxeveli qarTvelebi orenovanni arian; maTi oficialuri,<br />

saxelmwifo ena Turqulia, saojaxo ena ki - qarTuli. imerxevelTa<br />

qarTuli, 450 wlis manZilze dedaenis kontrols moklebuli, Turqul<br />

enobriv garemocvaSi moqceuli, enis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonebis<br />

moqmedebis Sesabamisad ganviTarda da damoukidebel kilod Camoyalibda.<br />

Turquli enis yoveldRiuri gavlenis miuxedavad, man SeinarCuna Tavisi<br />

fonetikuri sistema, gramatikuli wyoba da ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondi.<br />

imerxeul kiloSi erTxel kidev gancxadda qarTuli enis siZliere,<br />

gamZleoba da ukvdaveba.<br />

imerxeulSi mimdinare fonetikuri procesebi gansakuTrebuli<br />

TaviseburebebiT ar gamoirCeva; qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi ganviTarebuli<br />

fonetikuri movlenebis analogiuria. gvxvdeba bgeraTa dakargvis,<br />

reduqciis, bgeraTa ganviTarebis, substituciis, asimilaciis, disimilaciis,<br />

bgeraTa dayruebis, metaTezisis, dezafrikatizaciis... SemTxvevebi.<br />

bgeraTa dakargva. a) TanxmovanTa dakargva:<br />

bgeraTa dakargva imerxeulSi arcTu ise SesamCnevia. anlautSi<br />

bgeraTdakargva sityvaSi TanxmovanTSejgufebis gamartivebisaken<br />

midrekilebiT aris axsnili (T. uTurgaiZe, 1976, gv. 123). marTlac,<br />

imerxevelTa metyvelebaSi ZiriTadad aseT poziciaSi ikargeba Tanxmovnebi,<br />

oRond ara mxolod sityvis dasawyisSi. Tanxmovnebis Sejgufebisas dakargva<br />

xdeba sityvaSi mosalodnel yvela poziciaSi. umetesad ikargeba Tanxmovnebi<br />

- v, v, m, m, n, n, r, r, l, l, s.<br />

s.<br />

ikargeba m: Bri Tavebi mtkiva (mBris→Bri); Tvarian RameSi Cans;<br />

wvane qudebi aburvian; gaRma Ta Cans; klavis sisxo zenjiri aqvan; gvlaT<br />

kudebi aqvan (mrgvalad→gvlaT); kdaric viyve, avdgebio; Wadi gatexa...

fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

ikargeba r: ravai bzanob? (brZanob → bzanob); vin zdis baBalas?<br />

sidam bzandebi? erT gogoze Tvali damCa; ukan motialdeba...<br />

iSviaTad ikargeba l: saCeCelze darCeba kvirti matyli (kvirtli<br />

→ kvirti); ase etyoden saxSi (saxlSi → saxSi)...<br />

ikargeba Tanxmovani n sityvaSi mainc: Tormeti maic iqneba...<br />

Tanxmovani v xSirad ikargeba sityvaSi sxvadasxva adgilas: qali<br />

qrivi (qvrivi) yofila; mimxdara (mimx) avadevlobasa; iq jinWel (jinWveli)<br />

aria? Seni baboi maSin (maSvin) mokda (mokvda); kaci Wkvaze moida<br />

(movida); iqidamac amoida (amovida)...<br />

aqvs zmnaSi fuZiseuli v subieqtis mesame piris niSanTan erTad<br />

ikargeba: qva gvaq gamoWrili; ra aq BelSi; saTqmeli bevri maq; guli gaq<br />

didi... v Tanxmovani gauCinarebulia ova, ove kompleqsebSic: windebi<br />

davqsEeT (davqsoveT → davqsoeT → davqsueT → davqsEeT); xidam<br />

gadmEarda (gadmovarda → gadmoarda → gadmuarda → gadmEarda. v-s<br />

dakargva, ganmsgavseba-difTongizacia).<br />

s Tanxmovnis dakargva qarTuli kiloebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

movlenaa. imerxeulSic xSirad gvxvdeba micemiTi brunvis niSnisa da<br />

naTesaobiTis niSnis TanxmovniTi elementis s-s dakargva:<br />

a) micemiTi brunva: qiriSeb gavwevT; ewer ar duugebT queSa;<br />

erTmaneT saqmeSi vargivarT; qilakaSi yuel Caawyob; nabag dahswvav...<br />

iusufaTan (iusufasTan) xom ar migiqcevian? baBalaTan wevda...<br />

b) naTesaobiTi brunva: karCxli wyali TeTri dis; nafurnevi<br />

zomodam atiani duzia; esa livana yalea; hududi (hududis - sazRvris)<br />

barobai damwyreuli varT; arTvini soflobaSi ase yofila; jinali<br />

~a~la iqiT darCa; laxni (laxnis - mxlis) Sorva gavakeTe... zogjer<br />

naTesaobiTi brunvis niSani mTlianad ikargeba: aqedam Ceiars karisaT<br />

(karisaTis) Rele; saxl aq musafir (musafiris - stumris) oda...<br />

imerxeulSi gvxvdeba s bgeris h-d dasustebisa da dakargvis erTeuli<br />

SemTxvevebi. es movlena umTavresad SeiniSneba micemiTSi mdgar zogierT<br />

saxelTan, (umetesad drois zmnizedad qceul sityvebTan da CvenebiT<br />

nacvalsaxelebTan: amboben, iqa dRehac (dResac) Tovlso; imahac (imasac)<br />

dRe dalevia; es meqTubebi (werilebi) dRehac aq (aqvs) Senaxuli; Ramehac<br />

(Ramesac) gavaTenebdiT nadSi; gurjijahac (qarTulsac) vlaparakobT da<br />

TurqCahac (Turqulsac)... juma dRe (juma dRes - paraskev dRes) davTesavT<br />

yanas; sul yuel (yovel) dRe (dRes) gadavxedavT aWaris soflebsa;<br />

gaCenil Rame (Rames) amaze jildaoben... analogiuri magaliTebi SeniSnulia<br />

qarTlur-kaxur dialeqtebsa da zemoaWarul kilokavSi (gr. imnaiSvili,<br />

1976, gv. 143; ar. martirosovi, gr. imnaiSvili, 1956, gv. 57; S. niJaraZe,<br />

1961, gv. 109; arn. Ciqobava, 1937, gv. 66; arn. Ciqobava, 1925, gv. 65).<br />

s TiTqmis yovelTvis dakargulia sw bgeraTkompleqsian sityvebSi:<br />

wore gzaze ver guuvlia; wore saqme ar qonda; cxenze wored Sejdoma<br />

ver uwavlia; istambol bevri viwavle; qilakas duuwore da Caasxi ze<br />

(rZe); duuwora da esrola daTvsa...<br />

subieqtis mesame piris niSani aris zmnasTan yovelTvis dakargulia:<br />

qomoi qarafa aqeT ari; imisi sityva dafasebuli ari...<br />

323

324<br />

S. futkaraZe<br />

qarTuli enis zogierTi kilos msgavsad, imerxeulSic araiSviaTad<br />

ikargeba Tanxmovani d kiTxviT zmnizedaSi sad: sa gaqvan saxlebi? sa<br />

mixvalT ase gvian?...<br />

b) xmovanTa dakargva.<br />

zogierT zmnur formaSi SeiZleba daikargos saarviso qcevis<br />

niSani a: zogi leski (leqsi) momgonda, zogic damviwyda; SuaBevi momgonda<br />

am naTqEamze; beuri zueli naTqEami damviwyda; istambolSi bevrjel<br />

momgondeba soflis gamBmari puri...<br />

vid vid- vid zmnuri fuZidan TiTqmis yovelTvis ikargeba xmovani i: dilaze<br />

yvela~ movdeT aqa; cxeni mivda RelesTan; wevda-wamovda duniaSi...<br />

iSviaTad SeiZleba Segvxvdes zmnswiniseuli xmovnebis dakargvis<br />

SemTxvevebic: Siar-Camiar (Seiar-Camoiar), ar moxEal CEensa...<br />

gvxvdeba -av da -am TemisniSniseuli a xmovnis dakargvis magaliTebic:<br />

amiTa Tivas zidven; Calas zvinze asxmen; kapilaiT wyalsa smen; magso~<br />

(magisTana) RarWsa (biWsa) sa naxven; TirfniT molsa Tibven; endroSi<br />

Salsa SeRebven... a xmovnis dakargva aRniSnul zmnebSi xdeba awmyosa da<br />

myofadis mwkrivebis mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame pirSi, roca zmnis<br />

fuZes erTvis pirisa da ricxvis gamomxatveli niSani -en.<br />

reduqcia.<br />

qarTul enaSi reduqciis gamomwvevi mizezebi, misi kanonzomierebani<br />

kargad aris Seswavlili; garkveulia, rom cocxal kiloebSi reduqcia<br />

ufro cxovelia aRmosavlur jgufSi, xolo dasavlurSi ufro metad<br />

aris Sesustebuli (arn. Ciqobava, 1942; a. SaniZe, 1957; v. Tofuria, 1946).<br />

imerxeuli am mxriv axlos dgas aRmosavlur qarTul enobriv samyarosTan.<br />

es imis mauwyebelia, rom imerxeulSi moqmed dinamikur maxvils jer<br />

kidev Seswevs Zala xmovnis sinkopirebisa.<br />

reduqciis nimuSebi: wasulan nekris mosaWrelze; xamuri (comi)<br />

izilvis mawniT; iadigrisa (iadigari - samaxsovro sagani) gaCuqveba ar<br />

iqneba; viciT xaSris lobio; katri kvariviT iwvis; vakeTefT qaTmi<br />

BorciTac; sofelSi qoTneb Bmaroben; xormebi sabzelSi CavyareT (xoromi<br />

- xormis. xoromi - Tivis Sekvra); kakli furcelsa Caafenen Sigan;<br />

`maWarula" sxlis jiSia; nenei damJdara bostni Sigan; Warxli klaviT<br />

(foTlebiT) Sorva (wvniani saWmeli) keTdeba; sofelSi wylebi meiyEana;<br />

svirevnidam moxEal? (svirevani - soflis saxelia); diobniske (diobani<br />

- soflis saxelia) Ceiars es Rele; iSxnis qilisa (taZari) maSin saRlami<br />

(mrTeli) iyo; yurznis lerwebia qvaze amoWrili; godris mqsovneli<br />

aRar darCa soflierSi (soflebSi)...<br />

xmovanfuZian saxelebs naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTSi fuZiseuli a<br />

da e xmovnebi umetesad ekvecebaT: zis (rZis) Tavsa naRebi qvia; Cemi<br />

naTqEami genjebma (axalgazrdebma) xis powkze (patara totze) wamokides;<br />

zmis (Zmis) saxlSi RmerTma ar miabrunos qali! Txisuris (Txisura -<br />

Txis balani) sawuravebi moqsEes qalebma; BmiT tirili uBdeboda rzalsa<br />

(rZalsa); Tis (mTis) gza tyeSi geiarda; gzis wveri davhkargeT; Relis<br />

wyali vsEiT...<br />

aseTi rigis saxelebi iSviaTad SeiZleba Segvxvdes reduqciis gareSe:<br />

karCxalis qofria (qofri - xidi) esa; avazanis erTi Terefi (mxare)

fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

daxurvilia; Warxali foTeliT javes (mJaves - mwnils) CavdebT; zanklebi<br />

TxisuraiT moqsovnilia; arunaiT miwasa vBnavT; TuTis WaWaiT zmarsa<br />

(Zmarsa) gaakeTeben; es qilisa (taZari) somexebma daangries... am SemTxvevaSi<br />

imerxeuli warmogvidgens saSuali qarTulis msgavs suraTs (i. qavTaraZe,<br />

1964, gv. 152-255).<br />

zogjer reducirebulia Turqulis gziT Semosuli sityvebic:<br />

gveSinoda rusi askrisa (asker - jariskaci); sihri guukeTes qalsa (arab.<br />

sihir - jado); cotai omri hqonia (Turq. Omur - sicocxle); iqiT uCrumi<br />

tyea (Turq. ucurum - bneli, gauvali); Tirfnis (Turq. tirpan - celi) Bma<br />

gvesmoda; yabRi (kabak - mkvaxi, gogra) guli unda moBrako...<br />

zogierTi ucxouri sityva ki ukumSveli saxiTac gamoiyeneba: saxlis<br />

ukan axori (Turq. ahur - boseli) iyo; balaxsa TirfaniT movTib...<br />

Turquli sityva -araba (manqana) gvxvdeba Sekvecilica da Seukvecelic:<br />

arabaiT axual BoBlev; CEensa amoiden didi arabiT...<br />

bgeris ganviTareba.<br />

qarTuli kiloebis msgavsad, imerxeulSic sityvaTa fuZeSi ZiriTadad<br />

Cndeba sonori Tanxmovnebi, rogoricaa: m, n, r, l; bagismieri b da<br />

kbilbagismieri v.<br />

labialuri m bgera, rogorc cnobilia, umTavresad viTardeba<br />

wyvilbagismier xSulTa da afrikatTa win, iSviaTad ukanaenismier xSulTa<br />

da spirantTa Tavkidurad, zogjer ki sibilantTa mezoblobaSi: gomfaki<br />

(qofaki) ZaRlebi gaCinden amaTiefSi (am midamoebSi); deiRumpa (daiRupa)<br />

zavali (sacodavi); dambilebulia miwa (darbilebulia. r ikareba, m<br />

gaCenilia); mcxvari dava (dadis) im Taze CEeni; memcxvare qvyvavda erTi;<br />

mwvalobs avadevli (avadmyofi); nenei yolamfer gvawavlida...<br />

n iSviaTad Cndeba sityvis bolos. umTavresad Tavs iCens zmnizedebsa<br />

da damxmare sityvebSi: isven gamaacBo Bmiadi; iqvenai daayuda arabai;<br />

kidven oumsia wyliTa iqauroba; igzeven (iqve. iq+ze+ve+n→igzeven)<br />

gaaSeSa; axlaven douzaxeT RarWebsa (dauZaxeT biWebsa); memren waasxa<br />

Taze (mTaze); axla saRan (sadRa) ari qalamani? sacxan wavel, iq wamyva;<br />

Bari kidven daaba; seri romen gedeibina, gulma dimiwyo kankali...<br />

iSviaTad erTvis arsebiT saxelsac: Caval ase gargniTven... msgavsi magaliTebi<br />

Cauweria niko marsac: Citi romen geiCuCunebs, Sewkepili gEaq Tofebi<br />

(n. mari, 1911, gv. 48).<br />

bagismieri b viTardeba labialur sonant m bgerasTan mezoblobaSi:<br />

im fariTa kambeSi eiyvana (`eiyvana" niSnavs `iyida"). Sdr.: saba - gameSi;<br />

sofelSi varT gambravlebuli...<br />

wyvilbagismieri v umTavresad viTardeba sityvebSi xmovansa da<br />

Tanxmovans Soris: saCuqvari ra yavan?; dodofalze Cuqveba viciT;<br />

nenei sacodvavaT darCa; erTad vWvamoT saWmeli... vin-i SeiZleba gaCndes<br />

rigobiT ricxviT saxelSi - "meore", romelic fonetikuri cvlilebebis<br />

Sedegad warmoCndeba mivere fuZiT: mivere welwadSi kidven moiT<br />

(modiT); miverejel aRar mkiTxo (meore→miore→miere→mivere:<br />

disimilacia, asimilacia, bgeris CarTa)...<br />

325

326<br />

r sonanti umTavresad ganviTarebuli Cans winanunismieri xSuli<br />

bgerebis - Z, w, c-s mezoblad: am RarWma (biWma) gamamiRo gul-RvirZli;<br />

urcxo xalxTan miyvira; kodiT simindsa darwyavs (gamozomavs raodenobas.<br />

Sdr.: sawyao). r Tanxmovani SeiZleba ganviTardes, agreTve, v bgeris<br />

momdevnod: Couyria Sigan sxvrili Wadi.<br />

laterali nunismieri narnara Tanxmovani l-c iSviaTad SeiZleba<br />

gaCndes sityvis fuZeSi: Tivis asaweveli bigalic gEaq (Sdr. biga);<br />

Wyintli simindi gEiyEars; qaRaldiviT TeTri Subli mianTalebs winedama;<br />

aqa Tvelze male gaTovldeba; Teli dRea Tovls (Tovs)...<br />

SeiZleba ganviTardes ukanaenismieri g, k Taxmovnebi: garganic<br />

qEeS amouCria dedabersa (Sdr., saba - argani); kukuneTi Rame iyo;<br />

kukuneTaSi ragEar (rogor) miageniT gza? kikilEebi (Rilkiloebi)<br />

doukeTa gomlegsa (perangsa)... Wknavi (Sdr., Wnavi) kukuli gayirmizdeba<br />

TEelze (rTvelze)...<br />

iSviaTad SeiniSneba xmovanTa ganviTarebis SemTxvevebi. rogorc<br />

cnobilia, `qarTuli ena ar ekuTvnis im enaTa jgufs, romelTac<br />

euxerxulebaT sityvaTa Tanxmovnuri dawyeba, an eZnelebaT<br />

TanxmovanTSejgufebis warmoTqma. amitom xmovan bgeraTa ganviTareba<br />

Zalian iSviaTad warmoCndeba qarTulSi da TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva<br />

(i. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 192). imerxeulSic dasturdeba xmovanTa CarTvis<br />

erTeuli SemTxvevebi: gza midis tibeTisaken (tbeTi sofelia SavSeTSi.<br />

tbeTi→tibeTi); nenei tibeTuri myavs; tibiBev (tibixevi adgilis<br />

saxelia imerxevSi) vetyviT (veZaxiT) amasa; Boboyurai (xboyura -<br />

sokos saxelia) buzgi (buZgis) zirebSi (ZirebSi) dawowoldeba<br />

(wamoimarTeba, miwidan laRad amova); CEili Bobo zrugiT eiyEana Taze;<br />

Cidilas (Crdila - Cidila. rae ikargeba, in-i Cndeba) yofila erTi<br />

ziareTi (salocavi adgili); Tvare gamoCinda (gamoCnda) am saRam (am<br />

saRamos)... oriode sityvaSi in-i ganviTarebulia sityvis dasawyisSi<br />

(anlautSi), mag.: SuSas (Wiqas) CEena istiqan (rus. ñòàêàí -<br />

staqani→istiqani) vetyviT (veZaxiT, vuwodebT); mEarTvi mosafirsa<br />

(stumarsa) iskami! (skami→iskami); xanumi daJdeba iskamze...<br />

xmovanTa ganviTarebis tendencia SeiniSneba Turqulis gziT Semosul<br />

sityvebSic. davadastureT am movlenis erTeuli SemTxvevebi: izeni<br />

momec waslaze (arab. isni - nebarTva, Tanxmoba. izni - izeni); Seikerven<br />

qalebi à nairnair â urubas aî<br />

(ital. bã<br />

S. futkaraZe<br />

- kaba; u Turq. ã<br />

- kaba; imerx.<br />

uruba - tansacmeli. asevea zemoaWarul kilokavSiac)...<br />

zemoaWarulSi dadasturebuli msgavsi magaliTebi ganixileba rogorc<br />

srulxmovnoba (m. xubua, 1932, gv. 7; S. niJaraZe, 1975, gv. 113), rasac ar<br />

iziarebs mkvlevari n. gurgeniZe: `xmovanTa ganviTareba Turquli<br />

metyvelebis gavleniT unda iyos gamowveuli... aWarul metyvelebaSi<br />

Tavs iCens xmovanTa ganviTareba sityvis Tavkidur poziciaSic. e. i.<br />

viTardeba proTetuli xmovani. proTetul xmovanTa ganviTareba ki,<br />

rogorc cnobilia, didad aris damaxasiaTebeli Turquli enisaTvis,<br />

sadac sityvis dasawyisSi TanxmovanTa kompleqsebi ar gvxvdeba da sxva<br />

enebidan nasesxeb sityvebSi sityvis TavSi TanxmovanTa gasayarad Cndeba

fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

viwro i xmovani... aWarulSi sityvaTa tendencias gasrulxmovnianebisaken<br />

vawerT aWarul metyvelebaze Turquli enis gavlenas" (n. gurgeniZe,<br />

1976, gv. 151-152). es Tvalsazrisi udavod gasaTvaliswinebelia da<br />

damaxasiaTebelic imerxeuli qarTulisaTvis, romelic am kuTxiT<br />

saintereso suraTs qmnis da specialur Seswavlas saWiroebs.<br />

substitucia.<br />

rogorc specialur literaturaSia aRniSnuli, `yovel enaSi xSiria<br />

iseTi fonetikuri movlenebi, romlebic warmoadgenen bgeris Secvlas<br />

calkeul sityvaSi an mxolod ramdenime sityvaSi yovelgvari fonetikuri<br />

ganpirobebulobis gareSe... esaa bgeris erTbaSi, `SemTxveviTi", sporaduli<br />

cvlileba sityvaSi. erTaderTi `kanonzomiereba", romelsac adgili aqvs<br />

aseT bgeraTcvlaSi, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTmaneTis Secvla SeuZliaT<br />

mxolod iseT bgerebs, romlebic waagvanan erTmaneTs akustikurad.<br />

bgeraTa aseT Senacvlebas veZaxiT bgeraTsubstitucias anu<br />

bgeraTCanacvlebas" (g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 225). aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

Canacvleba xdeba fiziologiurad monaTesave da akustikurad msgavsi<br />

bgerebisa. didi <strong>qarTveli</strong> enaTmecnieri akaki SaniZe am movlenas Senacvlebas<br />

uwodebs (a. SaniZe, 1973, gv. 22).<br />

imerxeulSi dasturdeba m, n Tanxmovnebis urTierTmonacvleoba.<br />

marTalia, es Tanxmovnebi artikulaciis mixedviT erTmaneTisTvis<br />

maxlobelni ar arian, magram homogenuri bgerebia da am SemTxvevaSi es<br />

Tavisebureba aris ganmsazRvreli garkveul poziciaSi maTi<br />

urTierTmonacvleobisaTvis (i. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 211).<br />

magaliTebi imerxeulidan: avantyofobas ar unda Cabarde<br />

(avadmyofoba-avantyofoba); gamTiadixan avdgebodiT; deiWira Citi imamac<br />

(imanac); evden Taze (mTaze) SuanTobaT (SuamTobaT - saSuamTobod)...<br />

gvxvdeba bagismieri bgerebis monacvleobis magaliTebic. m-b:<br />

bravalTi Rele da aRbuRas Rele Seiyreba (mravalTis Rele→bravalTis<br />

Rele mdinarea imerxevSi); Belebi brude (mrude) qonda emrulas; bze<br />

(mze) moida, inaTla...<br />

v-s SeiZleba Caenacvlos bagismieri labialuri b. amgvari monacvleoba<br />

kanonzomier bgeraTSesatyvisobas qmnis zanurSi. Tanamedrove qarTuli<br />

dialeqtebidan ki umTavresad gavrcelebulia ingilourSi (i. qavTaraZe,<br />

1964, gv. 208). imerxeulSi dasturdeba erTeuli SemTxvevebi, mag., v→b:<br />

damabiwyda zveli (Zveli) naTqEamebi...<br />

qarTul dialeqtebSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia labialur sonant<br />

man-isa da spirant v-s saurTierTo monacvleobis SemTxvevebi. sakvlev<br />

regionSi v-s umetesad enacvleba m: zemoT ari sofeli Bemwrili<br />

(Bevwvrili); sufraze saWmeli samse iyo (savse); zembili (CanTa) oumsia<br />

alTuniT; miwro gzaSi gemeiaros; maskvlavi var, gavqrebio... v→m<br />

Senacvleba, rogorc miiCneven enaTmecnierebi, gamowveuli Cans vin-is<br />

bilabialuri bunebiT (gr. imnaiSvili, 1977, gv. 157).<br />

v-s nacvlad n: Barebi Secvinden axorSi; TuTa Camocvinda...<br />

substituciis Sedegad unda iyos miRebuli sityva `zinWari" (jinWari/<br />

/WinWari). j/z (Z) monacvleoba dadasturebulia qarTuli enis ganStoebebsa<br />

327

328<br />

S. futkaraZe<br />

da kiloebSi (Sdr. imeruli jmerxli, aWaruli Zmerxli, Wanuri zermexi,<br />

megruli zormexi, svanuri zHmex (iv. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 237). sofel<br />

manatbis metyvelebaSi (zemoimerxevSi) gamoiyeneba sityva zinWari. mag.,<br />

saxlis ukan zinWari amosuliyo; RmerTma Sen nasaxlevze zinWari ameiyvanos!<br />

(wyevlaa); gamosulSi (gazafxulze) zinWri fxliT Sorvas gavakeTebT...<br />

es sityva qarTuli enis siRrmeSi gvaxedebs xolme da j Tanxmovnis<br />

warmoSobis fesvebze migviTiTebs. imerxeuli, rogorc arqaizmebiT mdidari<br />

kilo, am mxriv bevr saintereso cnobas inaxavs, rac specialuri kvlevis<br />

sagnad unda vaqcioT momavalSi.<br />

yuradRebas imsaxurebs, agreTve, winaenismier J, j Tanxmovnebis<br />

saurTierTo monacvleobis SemTxvevebic. rogorc cnobilia, `am<br />

monacvleobas saerTo safuZveli aqvs qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi. Tumca<br />

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom msgavsi movlenebi sxva enebSicaa (mag., iranuli<br />

jgufis enebi) da aqedan (sxvadasxva enidan) zogi sityva aris Semosuli<br />

qarTulSi. saSual qarTulSi gvaqvs: TeTrJola→TerJola→Terjola;<br />

laJvardi→lajvardi; Jangi→jangi; kojori→koJori (iv. qavTaraZe, 1964,<br />

218-219).<br />

J-s j-iT Senacvleba umTavresad mimdinareobs afrikatizaciis<br />

safuZvelze. J→j: jave do megvitanes sufraze (mJave→jave); jolsa ar<br />

Camaadenen, daaryeven qilimebze (Joli (TuTa) - joli); mag balaxi jaunaia<br />

(mJaunaa); arc javea da arc tkbili; ze (rZe) sicxeSi male damjavdeba;<br />

qalebi Sepaija (SepatiJa) saxlSi... zogierTi mkvlevari aseTi procesis<br />

safuZvels xedavs im bgeriTs garemoSi, romelSiac es procesi mimdinareobs<br />

(i. qobalava, 1958, gv. 71-72).<br />

afrikatizaciis safuZvelze xdeba, agreTve, t→W TanxmovanTa<br />

substituciac: virsa WvirTi ar moWarbdeba (tvirTi→WvirTi)...<br />

imerxeulSic, sxva kiloebis msgavsad, gvxvdeba jd/Jd kompleqsTa<br />

monacvleoba: kevrze daaJda RarWi (biWi); Cemi zma inegolSi (qalaqia<br />

bursis vilaieTSi) Jdas (jdas→Jdas am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba `cxovrobs"<br />

zmnis mniSvnelobiT); dedabersa Jdomi Wirda (`Jdomi" daavadebaa, `kutis"<br />

nacvlad gamoiyeneba imerxeulSi); damJdaric saqmes akeTebda eniT;<br />

miiyvanes da duuJdumles (dausves) im RarWsa (biWsa) baBala (qaliSvili);<br />

duuJdumlebian (dausvamT) dodofali skivrze... aseTi monacvleoba j<br />

afrikatis daSlis, dezafrikatizaciis safuZvelze mimdinareobs.<br />

iSviaTad erTmaneTs SeiZleba Seenacvlos ukanaenismieri xSuli<br />

bgerebi W→j: misi arxataSi ajaridam iyo; ajaradam eS~as (samrewvelo<br />

saqonels) gadmeitanden... aseTi monacvleoba ganpirobebuli unda iyos<br />

Turquli enis gavleniT (TurqulSi ar aris e.w. kavkasiuri mkveTrebi:<br />

k, p, t, y, w, W).<br />

msgavsi monacvleoba ucxo enebidan Semosul sityvebSi<br />

dadasturebulia saSual qarTulSic. enaTmecnieri iv. qavTaraZe werda:<br />

,,qarTuli SiSina... afrikatis Secvla Sesaferisi rigis mJReriT SeiniSneba<br />

<strong>araqarTuli</strong> enobrivi koleqtivis warmomadgenelTa metyvelebaSi, sadac<br />

igi saTanado bgeris uqonlobis sakompensacio saSualebaa, magram

fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

TavisTavad mainc saintereso. msgavsi faqtebia italieli misioneris<br />

mier Caweril qarTul zRaparSi... agreTve, evlia Celebis mier Caweril<br />

teqstebSi. yvelaferi es Sedegia im kanonzomierebisa, ramac safuZveli<br />

misca ,,aWara" aRqmuliyo ,,Àäæàðà" saxiT (i. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 216).<br />

didi <strong>qarTveli</strong> enaTmecnieri g. axvlediani werda: `Cven vasxvavebT<br />

orgvar bgeraTsubstitucias: erTia Canacvleba ucxouri enidan nasesxeb<br />

sityvaSi, meore - Canacvleba mSobliuri enis sityvaSi... Canacvleba ucxour<br />

sityvebSi zedmiwevniT kanonzomieria, man gamonaklisi ar icis" (g.<br />

axvlediani, 1966, gv. 181-182). amgvari substituciis magaliTebi Warbad<br />

gvxvdeba imerxeulSi. kerZod:<br />

a) Turqulis gziT Semosul sityva-ZirebSi F, P Tanxmovnebs enacvleba<br />

qarTuli f Tanxmovani: meSinia zaRlis (ZaRlis), mikbens falan (Turq.<br />

falan - mgonia); gorgaziebi (`gorgaZeebi" soflis saxelia) fegi gaxden<br />

(arab. fek - gawyveta, dacarieleba); sikdili fena gonjia (Turq. fena -<br />

Zalian cudi, Zalian boroti); im fieTze moqvces Bari (Turq. Fiyet –<br />

fasi, Rirebuleba); faCavraSi gaaxvia patara RarWi (Turq. Paçavra –<br />

Zvelmani, nafleTi); yumaSi (abreSumis qsovili) CEensa faalia (spars.<br />

paha – fasi, Rirebuleba. Turq. pahali - Zvirad Rirebuli); erTi faqeTi<br />

Cai ver momitana (Turq. paket - Sekvra); imaTi winai dedei (babua)<br />

fafazi yofila (Turq. papaz - mRvdeli); sofelSi fundukis baxCa gEaq<br />

(Turq. findik - Txili); es wyali fafarTis funRaridam modindeba<br />

(Turq. pinar - wyaro); manatbas furTuna qnila (Turq. firtina – qarbuqi)...<br />

b) Turqul sityvebSi G bgeras enacvleba qarTuli Ran-i: Raliba<br />

guSin meitanes (Turq. galiba – albaT, rogorc Cans ); Rezabidam Sigvibralos<br />

RmerTma (Turq. gazab – wvaleba, gaWirveba); Reni insani jenneTSi<br />

(samoTxeSi) wava (Turq. gen – xelgaSlili, uxvi); ena RibeTs maacilve!<br />

(arab. giybet – Woraoba, avsityvaoba)...<br />

g) Turqulidan Semosul sityvebSi K (q) (q) (q) Tanxmovans Caenacvleba<br />

qarTuli y: esa livana yalea (arab. Kale - cixe); aqac daakeTes yaTebi<br />

(Turq. Kat – sarTuli, risame fena); dayaTa qalma yumaSebi (dayaTa –<br />

fena-fenad daawyo); uruba (tansacmeli) dayaTuli uwyvia (dayaTuli -<br />

fenebad dawyobili); sufra zeda yaTSi digvidges (zeda yaTSi – zeda<br />

sarTulSi); yarayoli mouklavs erTi (Turq. Karakol - policieli);<br />

swori (jansaRi, saRi) yarfuzi momec! (Turq. Karpuz - sazamTro); erTi<br />

lukma baRvma gaartya yafaze (Turq. Kafa - Tavi); is kaci yasten mokla<br />

(Turq. Kasten – ganzraxviT, gamomwvevad); yasten amboben amasa; yavanozSi<br />

mawoni CakveTa (yavanoz – minis qila)...<br />

d) imerxeulSi Turqulidan Semosul sityvebSi H Tanxmovans<br />

Caenacvleba qarTuli x: xoja xaTm kiTxulobs (arab. hatim – yuranis<br />

wakiTxva Tavidan bolomde); es qilise (eklesia) xaraba gamxdara (arab.<br />

harab - nangrevi); xarmani kalos qvia (spars. harman - kalo); karis<br />

zRrublze xaCi yofila gamoWrili (Turq. haç - jvari); xeberi mices<br />

axrabebsa (arab. ahraba – naTesavi, arab. haber – ambavi, cnoba); beTmezi<br />

(baqmazi) xoniT Cavasxi qilakaSi (Turq. huni - Zabri)...<br />

329

330<br />

S. futkaraZe<br />

e) Turqul K (q Tanxmovans) imerxevelTa qarTul metyvelebaSi<br />

Turquli enidan Semosul sityvebSi zogjer Caenacvleba qarTuli mkveTri<br />

Tanxmovani. e.i. fSvinvieri Tanxmovnis gamkveTreba xdeba: erT kacsa<br />

kampuri qonda zruqSi (zurgSi); kampuroba imaT jinsSi (genSi) aqvan<br />

(Turq. Kambur - kuzi); kanseri gonji marazia (Kanser - kibo); kar~ola<br />

viyideviT (karyola - sawoli); isa kitmiri kacia (kitmir - Zunwi); erTi<br />

kurnazi qali yofila (kurnaz – boroti, jadoqari); kravaTi muubams da<br />

misi Tavi kaci gonia (kravat – halstuxi, yelsaxvevi)...<br />

v) Turquli T (T Tanxmovani) imerxevelTa qarTulSi damkvidrebul<br />

Turqulis gziT Semosul sityvebSi ismis rogorc mkveTri t Tanxmovani:<br />

tabani nu gigiSlia! (Turq. taban – fexis guli, terfi, lanCa); windas<br />

tabani gamEaqsEes qalebma; tabanCa welze qonda gamokiduli (Turq.<br />

tabança – pistoleti; revolveri); tyeSi tavSani beEria (Turq. tavªan<br />

- kurdReli); taTli saWmeli maidamai (maincdamainc) ar miyEars<br />

(Turq. tatli – tkbili, gemrieli); nenemisi (dedamisi) tamahqari qali iyo<br />

(arab. spars. tamahkar – Zunwi, xarbi, gaumaZRari); tansioni maq maRali<br />

(Turq. tansiyon – sisxlis wneva); yEelsa bevri tuzi unda waayaro da<br />

karqa Seinaxvis (Turq. tuz - marili)...<br />

z) imerxevelTa qarTulSi zogjer gamkveTrebulia Turqulis mJReri<br />

D Tanxmovanic ki: nazvis (naZvis) taliT SevkonavT nekersa (Turq. dal -<br />

toti); zamTarSi saqonelsa nedl talebsa CouyriT bagaSi, cacxvisas,<br />

Telisas, wyavisas... taldaSi dajeq, bze daqwEavs! (Turq. dalda – farduli,<br />

safari); nenes zmasa `taias" vetyviT (Turq. dayi – dedis Zma, biZa); is<br />

kaci taraRajze Camokides (Turq. daraðaci - saxrCobela); ezoSi tvaria<br />

gakeTebuli (sp. duvar – qvis kedeli, yore, saxlis saZirkveli, balavari);<br />

muTvaRis (samzareulos) tvarebi Camosile (Camowminde) karqa!; zaaTi<br />

(Zvelad) dodofali tvaRsa deixurevda (Turq. duvak – saqorwino<br />

Tavsaxuravi, fata); Sublze namusis tamari gawyuetili qonda (Turq.<br />

damar - ZarRvi)...<br />

aseTi bgeraTcvlilebis Sesaxeb saenaTmecniero literaturaSi<br />

azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. akad. s. jiqia aRniSnavda, rom ,,mocemuli<br />

bgeraTgadasvla Sedegi unda iyos qarTvelebis warmoTqmaSi Turquli<br />

mJRerebisa da fSvinvierebis qarTulSi mkveTrad aRqmisaken saerTo<br />

midrekilebiT (s. jiqia, 1958, gv. 203). xSul bgeraTa mJReri an fSvinvieri<br />

rigis gamkveTrebas vxvdebiT, agreTve, zanurSic.<br />

Turqulis gziT Semosul erTi rigis sityvaTa fuZeebSi bgeraTa<br />

Senacvlebas prof. S. niJaraZe ganixilavda rogorc disimilaciur<br />

gamJRerebas. n. gurgeniZis azriT, es sityvebi qarTulSi (aWarulgurulSi)<br />

Semosulia Turquli enis im dialeqtebidan, romlebzedac<br />

metyveleben saqarTvelosTan mezoblad mdebare teritoriebze mosaxleni<br />

da saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Sexebis wertilebi hqondaT qarTul enobriv<br />

garemosTan da axdendnen masze zegavlenas, rogoricaa yarsis, erzurumis,<br />

rizes, trapizonis... dialeqtebi (n. gurgeniZe, gv. 144). Turquli enis<br />

am dialeqtebSi ki, saliteraturo TurqulTan SedarebiT, dasaxelebul<br />

sityva-Zirebs fonetikuri cvlileba ganucdia. swored am dasavlur

fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

Turquli dialeqtebidan Semosula mosazRvre qarTul dialeqtebSi<br />

(aWarul-gurulSi, imerxeulSi, nigalurSi, taourSi) aRniSnuli rigis<br />

saxecvlili sityvebi da damkvidrebula. cxadia, dasavlur Turqul<br />

dialeqtebSi aRniSnuli saxecvlileba aris qarTul enobriv<br />

samyarosTan siaxlovis Sedegi, imis meCvenebeli, rom qarTuli<br />

enobrivi garemoc saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi axdenda gavlenas mezobel<br />

Turqul enaze. amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac,<br />

rom Turquli enis dasavlur dialeqtebze mosaubre mosaxleobis<br />

didi nawili aris ZirZveli <strong>qarTveli</strong>, romelTa metyvelebis<br />

saartikulacio bazisi qarTuli enis fonetikuri bunebiTaa<br />

gansazRvruli. ZirZveli Turqebi, sufTa TurquliT mosaubreni, swored<br />

amis gamo advilad gamoicnoben xolme mosaubris sadaurobas. rogorc<br />

ki mosaubris metyvelebaSi gamoCndeba sityvebi – yale, axraba, funduki,<br />

yasten, Raliba da misTanani, damkvirvebeli maSinve amoicnobs mosaubris<br />

warmomavlobas da daaskvnis, rom igi aris saqarTvelos mosazRvre<br />

raionebidan. maSasadame, qarTuli da Turquli enebis urTierTzegavlenis<br />

magaliTebi advilad warmoCndeba xolme am ori qveynis politikuri<br />

sazRvris gaswvriv mdebare regionebSi. qarTul-Turquli enobrivi<br />

kontaqtebi saintereso lingvistur suraTs qmnis ara marto fonetikis<br />

sferoSi, aramed gramatikis yovel dargSi – morfologiaSi, sintaqsSi,<br />

leqsikaSi. dasanania, rom es kontaqtebi dRemde saTanadod ar aris<br />

Seswavlili. es sakiTxi damatebiT specialur kvlevas saWiroebs. winaswari<br />

monacemebiT naTelia, rom saukuneTa manZilze ara marto gabatonebuli<br />

Turquli ena axdenda gavlenas mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof qarTul enaze,<br />

aramed qarTuli enac zemoqmedebda xolme mosazRvre Turqul enobriv<br />

garemoze da qarTuli enis bunebis Sesabamisi elementebi Sehqonda<br />

xolme mis enobriv struqturaSi.<br />

saanalizo masalaSi xmovanTa Senacvlebis SemTxvevebi naklebad<br />

dasturdeba. SeniSnulia ramdenime magaliTi: tyimali bevria tyeSi;<br />

gaRma ferdSi tyimali konwol-konwol hkidia; bazarSi zveroba (Zviroba)<br />

ari zaluan (Zalian); amdoni vilaparake, geyofa! meg (mag)kaci axalmozde<br />

(axalgazrda) ar ari; arabebi (manqanebi) cuded dadian...<br />

calke yuradRebas moiTxovs marcvlovani da umarcvlo variantebis<br />

monacvleoba; Sdr.: mege zuelaT (Zvelad) arTvinis mufTi iyo; xEToebi<br />

mamca; manatbaSi kosolize SEidi kvamlia (komlia); SEidi gobegis iqiT<br />

naTesoba (naTesaoba) aRar maikiTxvis...<br />

iSviaTia iseTi magaliTebi, roca ue→Ee→//ve→o: mawoni qoTanSi<br />

SedRoba (SedRueba→SedRoba. substituciis safuZvelia xmovanTa<br />

disimilacia- difTongizacia).<br />

ve → o: yanis qomodam wyali gamodis; qomoT Waleebi gEaq;<br />

qomuenTi ori kvamlia; wevdeT qomoT... yolani (yvelani) iyvnen; yolimferi<br />

(yvelaferi) iqneba; gEeqneba yolamferi (yvelaferi)... qomoT zmnisarTis<br />

analogiiT unda gvqondes miRebuli zomoT: zomoT zegani iyo... msgavsi<br />

magaliTebi SeniSnuli aqvs niko marsac (n. mari, 1911, gv. 64). Ea→va→o:<br />

331

332<br />

S. futkaraZe<br />

mkiTxa: - ragor xarT neneiTo? (dediTurTo) (ra gEar→ra gvar→ragor);<br />

ragor akeTeben saxlsa?... SeiZleba o xmovans Seenacvlos ve kompleqsi:<br />

ar metyveba (metyoba) garedama; mkdaric viyve, avdgebio...<br />

bgeraTa damsgavseba (asimilacia).<br />

asimilacia moudis xmovnebsac da Tanxmovnebsac. TanxmovanTa sruli<br />

asimilaciis magaliTebi imerxeulSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba. sS<br />

→ SS: SaSvideSi ari kldeze mohorebi (beWdebi), nawerebi (saSvide →<br />

SaSvide’!- adgilis saxelia zemo imerxevSi, agarasTan axlos); saxlsa<br />

SaSeSuri (saSeSuri - saSeSe) aq winedam; es SoSa fafarT (mTis saxelia<br />

`fafarTi") ava (Sose → SoSe → SoSa); gzabawaridam SoSSi (SoseSi)<br />

CamEeliT, SoSi gzaze...<br />

TanxmovanTa nawilobrivi regresuli asimilaciis magaliTebia:<br />

daTvi Taflsa SaSWams; daTvebi SaSWamen jumarda Barsa; baBalasa pirsa<br />

uSinjavs; yvelas vincxai daSCa iqiTa... rogorc cnobilia, asimilaciis<br />

Sedegad s Tanxmovnis S-d gadaqceva damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli<br />

saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis. marTalia, axal qarTulSi es tradicia<br />

aRar gagrZelda, magram am tipis asimilaciuri bgeraTcvlilebani qarTulma<br />

kiloebma Semoinaxa dRemde. am mxriv imerxeuli danarCeni qarTuli<br />

dialeqtebis gzas mihyveba da dRevandel cocxal metyvelebaSi inaxavs am<br />

formebs.<br />

wyvilbagismieri mJReri b Tanxmovani momdevno yru TanxmovnebTan<br />

mezoblobaSi yruvdeba da asimilaciis Sedegad gvaZlevs fSvinier f<br />

Tanxmovans. mag., kldeefSi amodis qondari; weval naTesavefTan;<br />

erTmanefSi (erTmanebSi. erTmaneTi imerxeulSi erTmaneb-iTaa Secvlili)<br />

Cahyrian lobiosa da mxalsa; davaruefT bostansa; samareSi kdarsa<br />

muuWirefs miwa; insani (adamiani) fiqrofs amasa; fuli ar iyo jifeSi...<br />

mkveTrebTan mezoblobaSi b Tanxmovani asimilaciis Sedegad gadaiqceva<br />

p Tanxmovnad: gEaq ptyelai lobio (brtyelai → btyelai → ptyelai)...<br />

mJReri g Tanxmovani mkveTrebTan (t, k, p, y, W, w), c fSvinvierTan<br />

da napralovan x bgerasTan mezoblobaSi kargavs mJReradobas da iqceva<br />

yru fSvinvier q Tanxmovnad: ra qtkiva dRes? RarWebma (bavSvebma,<br />

biWebma) ar Samoqkran qva?! raRa CEen qvpovnilofs es marazi (daavadeba)?<br />

maSin moqcildeba Savi eSmaki; cxEari moqces, ra iqneba?! ar moqvwons<br />

huqumaTis (mTavrobis, xelisuflebis) saqmiebi; Txa saklavaT qvWiria<br />

axla; dacurebuli xe ar moqvxTa CEen...<br />

garkveul poziciaSi asimilatoruli Tvisebisaa velaruli xSuli<br />

Tanxmovani y. igi imsgavsebs winamaval g mJRer Tanxmovans da aqcevs yru<br />

fSvivier q bgerad: wvrili baRvebi qyavs? moqvye feBdafeB; arvin ar<br />

qyavs Sen? erTi berwi qaTami qyvavs; miwaze sxEa ra moqyavan? saWmeli<br />

anjax (Zlivs) qvyofnilofs (gvyofnis)...<br />

Tanxmovani y asimilatorad gvevlineba, agreTve, sityvaSi `avadmyofi",<br />

romelic rTuli fonetikuri cvlilebebis Sedegad iqceva sityvad<br />

`avatyofi" (avadmyofi → avamdyofi → avamtyofi → avantyofi →<br />

avatyofi. metaTezisi, nawilobrivi asimilacia, substitucia, n Tanxmovnis<br />

dakargva). imerxeulSi iSviaTad Segvxvdeba xolme "avantyofi" da

fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

,,avatyofi"; umravles SemTxvevaSi am sityvis nacvlad iyeneben sityvas<br />

- ,,avadeuli": avantyofi nenei male mokda; avatyofi hasTahaneSi<br />

(saavadmyofoSi) daawvines... analogiuri viTarebaa bevr qarTul kiloSic<br />

(v. Tofuria, 1930, gv.30).<br />

dasturdeba TanxmovanTa progresuli asimilaciis erTeuli<br />

SemTxvevebi: rizes Cai fafrikaSi arian wasuli samuSaoT; rodisxa<br />

gamTeldeba es Beli?! kaci dakarqula tyeSi; wyali unda iyos nenTbili;<br />

WiboSanma xe gaTala (Woposani → WiboSani. W afrikatma gakveulwilad<br />

daimsgavsa sisina s Tanxmovani da aqcia SiSina S bgerad)...<br />

saanalizo masalaSi gvxvdeba sityva `CiSkari" (← WiSkari ←<br />

Wiskari ← bWiskari), romelic progresuli asimilaciisa da sibstituciis<br />

Sedegadaa miRebuli. W Tanxmovnis C SiSina fSvinvieriT Canacvleba<br />

Sedegi unda iyos Turqulis gavlenisa; Turquls ar moepoveba W mkveTri<br />

bgera. mag.: bostanze CiSkari goukeTebia; CiSkari Ria dimirCa...<br />

progresuli asimilaciis SemTxvevaa agreTve magaliTSi, roca winaenismieri<br />

mJReri d napralovan yru x TanxmovanTan mezoblobaSi asimilaciis<br />

ZaliT gadaiqceva T yru fSvinvierad. mag.: me imaze karqa mivxTebi<br />

(mivxvdebi → mivxdebi → mivxTebi); imisi naTqEami yurSumiviT momxTa<br />

gulze (momxvda → momxda → momxTa...).<br />

TanxmovanTa progresuli asimilaciis Sedegadaa, agreTve, miRebuli<br />

ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi: racxa, vincxa (racaRa → racRa →<br />

racxa; vincaRa → vincRa → vincxa): CarSi (bazarSi) racxiebi evReT<br />

(viyideT); vincxas ujeref da me ara?!..<br />

imerxeulSi dasturdeba sityva `amazRam", romelic miRebuli Cans<br />

amasRam-isagan nawilobrivi regresuli asimilaciis Sedegad. R Tanxmovani<br />

mJReradobis mixedviT imsgavsebs s-s da aqcevs mJRer z Tanxmovnad:<br />

amazRam aq darCiT; amazRam SenTan movdivar (amasRam → amazRam)...<br />

rogorc Cans, imerxeulSi Warbobs TanxmovanTa nawilobrivi<br />

regresuli asimilacia. jer kidev 1919 wels i. yifSiZe qarTul-megrul<br />

enobriv movlenebze dakvirvebiT askvnida, rom ,,qarTulsa da megrulSi<br />

Tumca yvela saxis asimilacia da disimilacia gvxvdeba, magram upiratesi<br />

da damaxasiaTebelni arian: regresuli asimilacia da progresuli<br />

disimilacia" (i. yifSiZe, 1919-1920, gv. 8). Semdgomi wlebis gamokvlevebma<br />

cxadyo, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi sakmao SemTxvevebia<br />

TanxmovanTa da xmovanTa progresuli asimilaciisa, oRond progresuli<br />

asimilacia Tanabrad araa gavrcelebuli aRmosavlur da dasavlur<br />

kiloebSi (b. foCxua, 1939, gv. 187; k. kublaSvili, 1959, gv. 266).<br />

xmovanTa asimilacia xSirad gvxvdeba zmnur fuZeebSi. zmniswiniseul<br />

xmovnebTan (a, e, i, o), qcevisa (a, i, u) da gvaris (i, e) niSanTa<br />

Sexvedrisas warmoiqmneba safuZveli xmovanTa asimilaciisa. g. axvlediani<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavda, rom qarTulSi ufro Zlieraa<br />

gavrcelebuli preverbiseuli a fonemis – iseve rogorc yvela sxva<br />

preverbiseuli xmovnis – saxecvlileba, vidre fuZiseulisa, metadre<br />

dasavlur kiloebSi (g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 284).<br />

gvxvdeba rogorc sruli, ise nawilobrivi asimilaciis SemTxvevebi.<br />

asimilatoruli ZaliT gamoirCeva xmovani u (qcevis niSani), romelic<br />

imsgavsebs zmniswiniseul xmovnebs srulad an nawilobriv.<br />

333

334<br />

S. futkaraZe<br />

sruli asimilacia: : vards foTeli guuyria; gemi duubman; bori<br />

(sayviri) duukra; nazuqi guugzavna; Bari uRlidam uuSva; muukafavT<br />

nekersa (moukafavT); amanac SuuTvala emrulas; uusxams (ausxams -<br />

auyvania) kacebi igzemdi (iqamde); muuSena saxlsa ~anidam (gverdidan)<br />

axori (miuSena); saqorwiloT Suukeres sabnebi...<br />

magram imerxeulSi aseT poziciaSi Warbobs nawilobrivi<br />

asimilacia:<br />

au→ou: Tavi goutexia; qua gouqnevia daTvisTvin; oukidia<br />

viriTvin bardani; gougzavnia savaWroT; godoutanian skivrebi iqiT...<br />

eu→ou: Soutanes saWmeli; Souxvies Tvalebi qalsa; Soukeres<br />

kabebi...<br />

preverbiseuli a da o xmovnebi fuZiseul e xmovanTan mezoblobaSi<br />

saxes icvlis sruli asimilaciis Sedegad.<br />

ae→ee: feri weesva pirze: kurdRel geevlo gzaSi; wyalsa saxlis<br />

qomoTai Terefi deengria; mosuli kaci demekiTxa; qalsa geecina...<br />

oe→ee: gzaSi meetexa feBi; SeriTi (maqmani) kabis boloze meekereba;<br />

xozikai meekroba urubaze (tansacmelze); Tiva meetanes (moetanaT)<br />

adriana; kalo meerwya (moerwyo) nenesa; imasa garedam meeSvelnen;<br />

meerideniT Tqvenac; gameegzavna baRvi (bavSvi)... msgavsi viTarebaa<br />

javaxurSiac (gr. beriZe, 1988, gv. 26).<br />

sruli asimilacia xdeba maSinac, roca zmniswiniseul o xmovans<br />

saarviso qcevis a niSanTan Sexvedrisas asimilacia moudis.<br />

oa→aa: babam maabruna arabai; wamaayena feBze; SeSa iqedam maaqvan;<br />

Tevzi amaagdo wylidam; windasa maabmen windiyelsa; zuzus (ZuZus) maawvebda<br />

kravsa; gamaazro (gamoaZro) dedaberma gargani; gamaarCieT kai cxEari;<br />

Camaagdo xidam; gamaagzavna meqTubebi (werilebi); gamaaklda milleTSi<br />

(xalxSi)... sruli asimilacia gvaqvs msgavs poziciaSi Se- zmniswinTanac:<br />

Saasvene Beli; Saatana Beli welSi; Saatexa Warxalsa tanebi; SaaWra<br />

welze dana...<br />

msgavsi cvlileba gvaqvs distanciuri asimilaciis SemTxvevaSiac:<br />

magarunieb (mogarunieb - mogatareb) aqevrobasa; askrobas mavarCen<br />

(movarCen -davasruleb, davamTavreb); puri mamarTvan patina (patara);<br />

yiaSi mamadga suli; amagakeria CaBvi; wamagaRebies puri; gadmagaRebia<br />

tomridam fqvili...<br />

zmniswiniseuli a da o xmovnebi fuZiseul (formantiseul) i<br />

xmovanTan mezoblobaSi icvlebian. asimilatoris Zala aqvs fuZiseul i<br />

xmovans. asimilacia aseT poziciaSi aris regresuli, nawilobrivi,<br />

kontaqturica da distanciuric:<br />

ai→ei: soflierSi saqme ar deileva; kacma deizina (daiZina) igze<br />

(iqve); sicxeSi deikarqvis wyali; kdarsa geitaneben mezeluRze<br />

(sasaflaoze); `karaqic" gegvigonia imerBevSi; degizvelebian<br />

(dagiZvelebiaT) es saxli; tantrabidam degvizaxa (dagviZaxa); me raze<br />

ar wemiyvaneT baTum?; gemiyvanes RelegaRma; Cegviyvanes baTomSi;<br />

degvibares sudTan; gegvikoWes Belebi...

fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

oi→ei: yana guSin meiBna 1 ; kotroba (simindis Semosvlis dro)<br />

megiyvanian (mogiyvaniaT); RmerTma Beli megiwyos; guSin megitana meqTubi<br />

(werili); es wyena gulSi gameikoWa aWarelma; iman amemiyvana gziqEeSidam;<br />

kabaze memikera SeriTi (maqmani); nenem megiqsEa eg winda; imaT wamegiyvanes<br />

arabiT; saxlSi Samemitana SeSa; zirSi (ZirSi) Camegiyares TuTa; ra<br />

amegikiTxa qiTabSi?; babam megikiTxa...<br />

fuZiseuli (formantiseuli) i sxva SemTxvevebSic imsgavsebs<br />

zmniswiniseul a da o xmovnebs, aqcevs e xmovnad, asimilatori i ki<br />

ikargeba fuZidan: devmale gaRma Sav tyeSi (davimale→devimale→devmale);<br />

evden gzaSi (avidnen→ evidnen→evden); devnaxeT axrabebi (naTesavebi);<br />

gevgoneT Tbilisis gurjija (qarTuli); ver wevkiTxeT qiTabi (wigni);<br />

babai Camevyvane baTum; SeSa amevReT marBilidam; mevpare<br />

(movipare→mevipare→mevpare) Seni naTqEami...<br />

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia zmnuri forma ,,mevda", romelic<br />

imerxevis sofel TeTrakeTSi davadastureT ramdenime magaliTSi. rogorc<br />

cnobilia, aWarulis specifikur movlenad iTvleba ,,vida" zmnasTan<br />

dakavSirebuli bgeraTcvlileba. kerZod, -vid zmnis Ziriseuli xmovani<br />

i gavlenas axdens zmniswiniseul mxolod a xmovanze da nawilobriv<br />

imsgavsebs mas. mag.: wavida→wevida→wevda; gavida→gevida→gevda;<br />

Cavida→Cevida→Cevda. aWarulSi vid- zmnasTan mo- zmniswiniseuli T<br />

Tanxmovani ucvleli rCeba, magram Ziriseuli i – asimilatori xmovani ki<br />

ukvalod ikargeba (movida→movda).<br />

qarTuli enis dasavlur dialeqtebSi ki zmna `movida" gvxvdeba<br />

`mevida" formiT, sadac Ziriseuli i xmovani zmniswiniseul o xmovanze<br />

axdens gavlenas da nawilobriv imsgavsebs mas, aqcevs e xmovnad. rogorc<br />

Cans, imerxeulSi, dasavluri dialeqtebis msgavsad, vid- zmnis Ziriseuli<br />

xmovani i nawilobriv imsgavsebs zmniswiniweul o xmovans da, amasTanave,<br />

zemoaWarulis msgavsad, fuZiseuli asimilatori i xmovani ukvalod<br />

ikargeba: movida→mevida→mevda. sofel TeTrakeTSi davadastureT<br />

magaliTebi: mevda aqordeonji (akordeonze damkvreli); mevden<br />

salaparakoT; amazRam mevdeT TqvenTan?... msgavsi cvlileba xdeba mxolod<br />

pirvel da mesame piris formebTan.<br />

aseTive Zalisaa iar fuZiseuli i xmovanic. igi imsgavsebs zmniswiniseul<br />

o xmovans da nawilobrivi asimilaciiT aqcevs e xmovnad. asimilatori i<br />

ki fuZidan ikargeba: baTumi unda mevaro (moviaro→meviaro→mevaro);<br />

babam istanbuli meara (moiara→meiara→meara)...<br />

aWarulis msgavsad, imerxeulSic gvxvdeba zmniswiniseul a da e<br />

xmovnebsa da qcevis i niSans Soris regresuli sruli asimilacia, roca<br />

xmovnebs Soris moTavsebulia obieqturi pirveli da meore piris<br />

prefiqsebi:<br />

ai→ii: Tvalebi dimifacquna; faciav, me Sen diginaxe; BelSi<br />

vaSli diminaxa; ori ~eTimi (oboli) dimirCa; ar dimijera nenem; saxli<br />

gimikeTa; yalemis (fanqris) wveri wigiTala; kalaTaSi kEercxi Cigidva;<br />

umudi (imedi) gidigviwures; gigigona gamCenelma RmerTma; kibeze imiyvana;<br />

kaloske wimiyvanes; Relis iqiT gidimiyEanes.<br />

335

336<br />

S. futkaraZe<br />

ei→ii: mag saqmeSi me ar SimirioT; wuRebi Sigikeres; WiSkari<br />

Simikida Robeze... imerxeulisa da aWarulis garda, msgavsi formebi<br />

dadasturebulia qvemoimerulis samtrediul TqmaSic (k. kublaSvili,<br />

1985, gv. <strong>224</strong>).<br />

aWarulTan SedarebiT, imerxeulSi aseTi formebi SedarebiT<br />

naklebad gvxvdeba. imerxeuli msgavs poziciaSi umetesad nawilobrivi<br />

asimilaciis formebs amjobinebs, rogoricaa: gegvigonia, wemiyvanes,<br />

degvibares, wamegviyvanes, emitania, gemitania; demijera, deginaxe, gemikeTa,<br />

demiwera, Cemilaga...<br />

xmovanTa sruli asimilacia saxelebSi TiTqmis ar xdeba. Segvxvda<br />

erTeuli magaliTebi: Cveni mozobeli baTum wasuliyo; zvelaT (Zvelad)<br />

patarzalsa dodofals etyodnen (eZaxodnen)...<br />

a xmovanze daboloebuli saxelebi eb-ian mravlobiTSi zogjer<br />

ukvecelni rCebian, e-ze daboloebuli fuZeebis analogiiT; es ki niadags<br />

qmnis regresuli sruli asimilaciisaTvis:<br />

ae→ee: zog eneebSi sami xarfic (asoc) ari erTi Bmis CasaweraT<br />

(enaebi→eneebi); zueli (Zveli) jubeebi acvian tanze (jubaebi→jubeebi);<br />

pursa gudeebSi Cahyriden (gudaebi→gudeebi); qveebi mogoravs<br />

(qvaebi→qveebi)...<br />

imerxevSi balaxis saxeli `TelexarSi" miRebuli unda iyos<br />

sityvisagan `TelaxarSi" progresuli, sruli, distanciuri asimilaciiT.<br />

cxadia, rTuli sityvis pirveli nawilia `Tela": xali (mxali) beEria<br />

CEensa: famfarai, Rimai, TelexarSi…<br />

amrigad, imerxeulSi asimilacia Tanxmovnebsa da xmovnebSi ZiriTadad<br />

aris regresuli mimarTulebisa, rogorc es damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove<br />

qarTulisaTvis; Zvel qarTulSi ki, rogorc cnobilia, progresuli<br />

asimilaciac imdenadve iyo gavrcelebuli, rogorc regresuli<br />

(g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 194). imerxeulSi xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa<br />

progresuli asimilaciis erTeuli (iSviaTi) SemTxvevebi dasturdeba<br />

mxolod.<br />

disimilacia disimilacia anu bgeraTganmsgavseba bgeraTcvlilebis erT-erTi<br />

mniSvnelovani saxea. am SemTxvevaSi ori erTgvari an erTmaneTis msgavsi<br />

bgeridan sityvaSi erT-erTi icvleba sxva bgerad, xdeba ganmsgavseba,<br />

gadasxvafereba. amiT matulobs gansxvaveba maT Soris, ris Sedegad<br />

SesaZloa daikargos Secvlili bgera (g. axvlediani, 1966, gv. 165)<br />

imerxeulSi disimilacia moudis rogorc Tanxmovnebs, ise xmovnebs;<br />

umetesad ki Warbobs TanxmovanTa (sonor bgeraTa) disimilacia, kerZod:<br />

l-l → r-l: guli nakruli nu darCebian (nakluri→<br />

nakluli→nakruli); wreuls kaklebi mozra (moyina); wreElai (am<br />

weliwadSi) sicxiebi iyo...<br />

r-r → r-l: TiTo-oroli alTuni amodis miwidam; askerSi orjel<br />

wavel; ramdenjel megikiTxe; beurjel Coutania ReleSi...<br />

regresuli distanciuri disimilaciis Sedegadaa miRebuli<br />

geografiuli saxeli - gurnaTeli (gulnaTeli→gurnaTeli l-l → lr):<br />

gurnaTeli sofelia CEensa (imerBevSi)...

fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

sityvaSi revolveri (←revorveri) xdeba rTuli fonetikuri<br />

procesi, ikargeba mTeli marcvali (vol), darCenil fuZeSi jer xdeba<br />

xmovanTa regresuli disimilacia (ee→ie) da r_r sonorTa progresuli<br />

disimilacia: rivelsa waaxteba; riveli douties<br />

(revolveri→reveri→riveri→riveli)...<br />

m-m → m-n: gza, arTvinSi minavali, misi gakeTebulia; menTeEri<br />

unda gaBde? (memTeuri→memTeEri→memTevri→menTevri); wreElai<br />

menTevrobas gvijeba (gvikeTebs)...<br />

gvxvdeba yru-mkveTrTa disimilaciuri gamJRerebis nimuSebi:<br />

kp → kb: kalo unda deitkebnos; miwa datkebnes feBiT...<br />

Wp → Wb: WiboSanma (Woposani → WiboSani) xe gaTala...<br />

SeiZleba Segvxvdes yru-fSvinvierTa disimilaciuri gaJRerebis<br />

magaliTebic.<br />

Tf → Tb: sxalTablai saxelis sxali gEaq sofelSi (sxalTafla→<br />

sxalTabla)...<br />

imerxeulSi Turqulis gziT Semosul sityvebSic dasturdeba<br />

TanxmovanTa rogorc progresuli, ise regresuli disimilaciis<br />

SemTxvevebi:<br />

r-r → r-l: Teqrel ukan unda gaangrio (arab. tekrar – ganmeorebiT,<br />

kvlav)...<br />

l-l → m-l: CEena erTi simsila varTa (arab. silsile – genealogia,<br />

modgma)...<br />

amrigad, saanalizo masalaze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom imerxeulSi<br />

gvxvdeba TanxmovanTa rogorc progresuli, ise regresuli<br />

distanciuri disimilacia.<br />

xmovanTa disimilacia progresulicaa da regresulic,<br />

kontaqturica da distanciuric.<br />

xmovanTa progresuli distanciuri disimilaciis magaliTebia:<br />

o-o → o-e: Warxali foTeliT saWmels gavakeTebT; wyavi foTels<br />

wamlaT vixmarT; iseni foTelai (cvalebadi xasiaTis mqone) qalebi<br />

arian...<br />

a-a → a-i: anai (deda) ilaparikebda beErsa; marcxena Terefze<br />

(mxares). maWixelia (maWaxeli – maWixeli); im seris gadaRma maWixelis<br />

soflebia...<br />

i-i → i-e: zvelaT (Zvelad) gurji iyven iseni (←isini); iseni<br />

inegolSi Jdaran (saxloben)...<br />

xmovanTa progresuli disimilacia monawileobs mimarTebiTi<br />

zedsarTavi saxelebis - aqeEri, iqeEri - warmoqmnaSi. aq, iq adgilis<br />

zmnizedebs erTvis bolosarTi -eur da warmoiqmneba mimarTebiTi<br />

(sadaurobis aRmniSvneli) zedsarTavebi: aqeEri (aqevri), iqeEri (iqevri).<br />

-eur bolosarTiT aRniSnuli mimarTebiTi zedsarTavebi mxolod taoklarjul<br />

dialeqtebSia nawarmoebi. qarTul saliteraturo enasa da<br />

dialeqtTa umravlesobaSi dasaxelebuli mimarTebiTi zedsarTavebi<br />

nawarmoebia -ur bolosarTiT (Sdr. aqauri, iqauri, aqouri, iqouri,<br />

aqavri, iqevri).<br />

337

338<br />

S. futkaraZe<br />

eu→eE→ev: aqeEri naTqEamebi ~adigraT (samaxsovrod) darCeba;<br />

iqeEri qalebi aqeT ar eTxEeboden; aqeEri-iqeEri CEena vityviT<br />

martivi (mxolod); aqevri me~va (xili) gemrielia; iqevri siRmerebi<br />

douwavlian... zogierTi soflis metyvelebaSi ismis aqevli, iqevli: aqevl<br />

buRdas (puris marcvals) Biwvi ar eqneba; iqevli wyarEebi momgondeba...<br />

rTuli fonetikuri cvlilebis Sedegadaa miRebuli sityva miere<br />

(meore): miere dRes Cameiara; meiyvana miere dRes erTi Bari (meore →<br />

meere → miere - asimilacia, disimilacia).<br />

xmovanTa regresuli disimilaciis magaliTebia:<br />

ea→ia: biskuitsa Cais Siatan; uRelSi SivabemdiT Barsa; dabeJili<br />

insani (adamiani) Siaxvio unda nedl tyavSi; qilakaSi mawon Siayeneben;<br />

ar Siargo Wama; giama giama kai simRerebi?; Siargo unda mariobaze wasla;<br />

Siatexa tanebi cacxvsa...<br />

regresuli disimilaciis magaliTebi gvxvdeba umTavresad zmnur<br />

fuZeebSi, Tumca iSviaTad warmoCndeba xolme saxelebSic:<br />

o-o → i-o: WiboSanma xe gaTala (Woposani→Wibosani→WiboSani)...<br />

a-a → i-a: istiqani, SuSa, bardaRi a~ni (erTnairi) sityvebia<br />

(istiqani ← rus. ñòàêàí).<br />

zogierT magaliTSi regresuli disimilacia viTardeba sruli<br />

asimilaciis safuZvelze. aseTi SemTxvevebi dadasturda rogorc zmnur<br />

fuZeebSi, ise saxelebSic, kerZod:<br />

oe→ee→ie: gamieqana Barma Cemke; ReleSi Camietana xiebi; zrugSi<br />

wamiekida guda; Tiva amietana qoridam (sabZlidan); adre mieTiba Walebi...<br />

ae→ ee→ ie: gogoze Tvali dierCina; mosuqeba dietyo tanze;<br />

bagaSi Ciegdo Bbo; zroxa wiegdo win; Tiva ietana marBiliT; ReleSi<br />

Cietana REarsa...<br />

msgavsi fonetikuri cvlileba warmoCndeba xolme a xmovniT<br />

daboloebuli, zogjer ukveceli, fuZeebis mravlobiT ricxvSiac:<br />

ae→ee→ie: raso~ (rogori) zaRlia (ZaRlia), qiebi (rqaebi→<br />

rqeebi→rqiebi→qiebi) aqvo (aqvso); diebis (daebis→deebis→diebis)<br />

saxelebi ver geixsena; zmiebi yuelai moukda (Zmaebi→Zmeebi→Zmiebi→zmiebi);<br />

Tiebi (mTaebi→mTeebi→mTiebi→Tiebi) maRalia imerBev; gziebi ar digilia<br />

RmerTma! (gzaebi→gzeebi→gziebi).<br />

regresuli disimilacia viTardeba e-ze daboloebuli saxelebis<br />

mravlobiTi ricxvis formebSic.<br />

ee→ie: fena siciviebi deiwyo; aqa qurdikiziebi Jdaran (saxloben);<br />

xiebi (xeebi→xiebi) daacurves saTarSi; mosamiebi axalmozde (axalgazrda)<br />

iqnebian (mosameebi→mosamiebi - mocekvaveebi); skivrSi sxvaso~ (sxvanairi)<br />

ramiebic (rameebic) iyo; wrevlai sicxiebi iyo; TqEensa xevraziebi<br />

arian?...<br />

iSviaTad, xmovanfuZianebis analogiiT, msgavsi fonetikuri procesi<br />

viTardeba TanxmovanfuZian saxelTa fuZeebSic, kerZod: mariamobas zliebi<br />

(rZlebi) avlen Taze (rZleebi→Zliebi); wyliebi (wyleebi→wyliebi)<br />

daSreba sicxiefSi; sxliebi (msxleebi→sxliebi) Camozavebula<br />

(Camocvenila) WalaSi; bliebi (bleebi→bliebi) jer ar damwifula...

fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

msgavsi cvlileba SeniSnulia aWarulsa da mesxur-javaxurSic<br />

(g. beriZe, 1988, gv. 33; S. niJaraZe, 1975, gv. 93; S. ZiZiguri, 1970, gv. 140);<br />

imerxeulSi dadasturebuli aqvs n. marsac (n. mari, 1911, gv. 50).<br />

zemoaWarulSi analogiuri magaliTebis ganxilvisas ie kompleqsSi i<br />

xmovans infiqsad miiCnevda mkvlevari m. xubua (m. xubua, 1932, gv. 13).<br />

xmovanTa regresuli disimilaciis analogiuri formebis Sesaxeb<br />

saenaTmecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom fonetikuri procesis<br />

mimdinareobis am safexurze (ee→ie) dgas umetesoba im dialeqturi<br />

erTeulebisa, romelTac igi axasiaTebT, xolo difTongizaciamde (ie→~e)<br />

miuRwevia martooden aWaruls (S. ZiZiguri, 1970, gv. 141).<br />

xmovanTa regresuli disimilaciis safuZvelze mo- zmniswinian zmnur<br />

fuZeebSi saarviso qcevis niSani a ganimsgavsebs zmniswiniseul o xmovans,<br />

aviwroebs mas da aqcevs E-d.<br />

oa→ua→Ea: qoTniT Sorvas (wvnian saWmels) mEaduReben; ~abanC<br />

(ucnob kacsa buk (buki - pirisaxe) mEarideben; yanidam simindi riT<br />

mEaqvan (moaqvT)? imas advilai mEatyEileben; zemodam damwvar erbosa<br />

mEasxmen... mo- zmniswiniani zmnebis subieqtis pirvel pirSi piris niSani<br />

ikargeba:<br />

ova→oa→ua→Ea: TuTasa mEaryevT; dosa gadmEasxamT kroWSi;<br />

gobmawonas cecxlze mEaTbobT; dafqvil kakalsa zemodam mEayriT;<br />

mEawyeviT saqme zviri (Zviri); zEilai (Zlivs) gamEaqsEe windasa tabani...<br />

zogjer msgavsi cvlilebisas fuZiseuli vin-ic ki ikargeba: qarSi<br />

saxuravidam saqolavi gadmEardeba; kldidam viri gadmEardnila; axla<br />

amEa nergi...<br />

aseTive cvlileba gvaqvs -ov bolosarTian zmnaTa fuZeebSic, oRond<br />

disimilacias iwvevs sxva daniSnulebis e da a xmovnebi:<br />

huqumaTSi (mTavrobaSi) viTxEeT (viTxoveT→ viTxoeT→ viTxueT→<br />

viTxEeT) imisi gadmosla; sad ipEeT (ipoveT) dakarquli Txa?; saqonelma<br />

mozEes balaxi (moZoves); or weliwad awEa (awova) zuzu (ZuZu); nenem<br />

gEaTxEa (gvaTxova) yuri...<br />

msgavsi procesi SeiniSneba -ov bolosarTian warmoqmnil saxelebSic:<br />

iqiT saqonlis sazEari (saZovari → sazuari → sazEari); esa tyuilai<br />

sawEaria (sawovari → sawuari → sawEari)... saenaTmecniero<br />

literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom aseT poziciaSi o-s daviwroebaSi v ar<br />

monawileobs; v-s dakargva disimilaciis procesamde unda xdebodes<br />

(v. Tofuria, 1925, gv. 138).<br />

regresuli disimilaciis Sedegad xdeba agreTve o-ze daboloebuli<br />

saxelebis eb-iani mravlobiTi ricxvis formebSi fuZiseuli o xmovnis<br />

daviwroeba:<br />

oe → ue → Ee: mosafiri (stumari) beEri devdoda (dadioda)<br />

CEensa im drEefSi (droebSi); wyarEebi ar gvaklia aqa; oqrEebi<br />

dagabes gulze; ezEebi davgaveT; kalEebze gavlewavT pursa...<br />

zogjer aseT poziciaSi u xmovani ise viwrovdeba, rom v-d iqceva:<br />

oe → ue → Ee → ve: gogvebi wyaroze vnaxe; kalvebi davgaveT;<br />

BarvebSi (xaroebSi) CavyareT... aseve xdeba u-ze daboloebuli saxelis<br />

339

340<br />

S. futkaraZe<br />

– ZuZu-s mravlobiTi ricxvis formaSic: zuzvebSi (ZuZuebSi) ar<br />

Suuxedavs...<br />

msgavsi cvlileba SeiniSneba zogierTi warmoqmnili saxelis fuZeSic:<br />

imerBev raxan (rodis) deiwyeba kalvoba (kalooba→ kaluoba→ kalEoba→<br />

kalvoba)...<br />

msgavsi viTarebaa qarTuli dialeqtebis erT nawilSi<br />

(ar. martirosovi, gr. imnaiSvili, 1956, gv. 162-169; gr. imnaiSvili, 1974,<br />

gv. 163; gr. imnaiSvili, 1966, gv. 49-51; S. niJaraZe, 1975, gv. 103). gr.<br />

imnaiSvili aseTi saxis cvlilebas axasiaTebs rogorc disimilaciuri<br />

xasiaTis substitucias (gr. imnaiSvili, 1975, gv. 33).<br />

bgeraTa dayrueba. sityvis absolutur boloSi bgeris dayruebis<br />

tendencia qarTuli warmoTqmis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa<br />

Zvelidanve (m. ZiZiSvili, 1960, gv. 70). imerxeulSic xSirad SeiniSneba.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, qarTulSi disimilaciuri gamJRerebis gverdiT<br />

moqmedebs mJRerTa da mkveTrTa dayruebis procesic. amave dros<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom `qarTuli enis mJRerebi Taviseburi,<br />

naxevrad mJRerebia" (g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 353-354). mJReris susti<br />

artikulacia da mJRerobis dabalxarisxianoba aris imis mizezi, rom<br />

igi SeiZleba dayruvdes (i. qavTaraZe, 1964, gv. 336).<br />

imerxeulSi gansakuTrebiT xSiria mJReri ban da don Tanxmovnebis<br />

dayrueba sityvis boloSi: wignef vkiTxulobdi; am seqvze (taxtze)<br />

ragEar svenof?; me ver momatyvilef; gonjobas nuRar gemikeTef;<br />

Borcsa digimarilef, digidef Tablaze; windef momiqsEefs baBala;<br />

SoSe gzef (gzebs) gedeibens... raT vaqnev imi saqmes! qali zimeT (mZimed)<br />

darCa (mZimed darCa – dafexmZimda, daorsulda); TiBas yalibebaT<br />

daWrian; sxlis tanebi maRlaT ari; is kacebi yaCaRaT devdoden; kurcxali<br />

momdis RvaraTa; SeSas davbeRlavT lamazaT; maTi babai wareT avaT<br />

ari...<br />

zmnur formebSi mravlobiTi ricxvis gamomxatvel -T niSanTan<br />

uSualo mezoblobaSi TemisniSniseuli b TiTqmis yovelTvis kargavs<br />

mJReradobas, yruvdeba: sakerebelsa saRlam (saR, axal) windaze quslis<br />

~erze (adgilze) davakerefT; javes (mJaves) iqSi (iq, SigniT) CavdefT;<br />

Baviwsa naRbiT gavakeTefT; imasa cecxlze mEaTbofT; TuTis zmarSi<br />

puris qerqebsa davalbofT; baqlavasa furunSi gamEacxofT...<br />

saenaTmecniero literaturidan cnobilia, rom qarTulSi bgeraTa<br />

mJReradoba sxvadasxva xasiaTisaa. amitom zogierTi bgera SeiZleba<br />

dayruvdes sxvadasxva poziciaSi – sityvis TavSi, SuaSi, boloSi<br />

(g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 355). magaliTad, sityvaSi `kargi" g yruvdeba,<br />

iqceva q-d: Wadi karqi iqneba naRebTan; imaTTvin karqs ambofs...<br />

g. axvlediani werda: `g gayruebula am sityvaSi yru Tanxmovnis<br />

win. es SeiZleboda momxdariyo, mag., micemiTSi (kargs→karqs;<br />

kargTan→karqTan; kargSi→karqSi) an yru TanxmovniT dawyebuli sityvis<br />

win (karg saqmes→karq saqmes). amis Semdeg q ganzogadebula (g. axvlediani,<br />

1966, gv. 182). arsebobs gansxvavebuli Sexedulebac (m. ZiZiSvili, 1960,<br />

gv. 72). m. ZiZiSvils aseTi cvlileba miaCnda disimilaciuri dayruebis

fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

nimuSad, rac gaiziara enaTmecnierma iv. qavTaraZem (i. qavTaraZe, 1964,<br />

gv. 340).<br />

bgeraTa dayrueba xdeba Turqulis gziT Semosul sityvebSic.<br />

Segvxvda don-is dayruebis magaliTi: inegolSi Tuqani gavxsen (arab.<br />

dükkan); TuqanSi viyideviT....<br />

yruvdeba b-c: faxiri (Turq. bakir - spilenZi) bevri ar ari<br />

TurqieSi; faxiris gugumebiT wyali moqvqonda; faxrajaSi vxarSevdiT<br />

lobios (Turq. bakraç – spilenZis tolCa); faxrajidam ameiRes saWmeli...<br />

dezafrikatizacia.<br />

dezafrikatizacia gulisxmobs afrikatis daSlas. afrikati kargavs<br />

xSulobis elements da iqceva spirantad. imerxeulSi aris w afrikatis<br />

dezafrikatizaciis (daSlis) magaliTebi. es procesi mimdinareobs iseT<br />

sityva-ZirebSi, sadac w afrikati mosdevs s Tanxmovans. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

sw→st; afrikati iSleba. aseTi sityvis ZirSi Tavs iyris sts - TanxmovanTa<br />

jgufi. afrikatiseuli s Tanxmovani ikargeba: mevestariT am drosac;<br />

babao, doxtursa mimastaro, uTxra Svilma; rodis meestroba qaTmis<br />

Sewva?; SoSe gzaSi Coustres mosafirsa; maxanTi (maxanSi, amasobaSi)<br />

gamastro kacma... sw kompleqsis dezafrikatizacia specialur<br />

literaturaSi axsnilia qarTulisaTvis uCveulo sts TanxmovanTa<br />

kompleqsis gamartivebiT.<br />

aris erTeuli magaliTebi, sadac w afrikatis daSlis Sedegad<br />

fuZeSi darCenilia s spiranti, mkveTri t Tanxmovani ki dakargulia.<br />

mag.: cercvi Tavis qeCboSi damskrivebula (damwkrivebula); jari gzaSi<br />

damskrivebuli iyo...<br />

c afrikatis daSlis Sedegad unda gvqondes miRebuli sityva<br />

`Tisartyela": Tisartyela wEimas modevs; Tisartyela SEidferia;<br />

Tisartyelas gadavhyveT hududze (sazRvarze) da gadmovdeT aWaras...<br />

imerxeulSi, aWarulis msgavsad, gvxvdeba cd kompleqsis zd<br />

kompleqsiT Secvlis SemTxvevebi. es xdeba rTuli fonetikuri cvlilebebis<br />

safuZvelze. kerZod: cd→Zd→zd: regresuli, kontaqturi, nawilobrivi<br />

asimilaciiT sisina afrikati c gadaiqceva Z-d. Semdeg ki xdeba Z afrikatis<br />

spirantizacia, dezafrikatizacia, ris Sedegadac miviRebT z mJRer<br />

spirants. mag.: samozdaxuTi wlisa mevyare; es sofeli samozdaaTi<br />

kvamlia; maSina ozdaxuTi wlisa viqnebodi...<br />

metaTezisi.<br />

metaTezisi sityvaSi bgeraTa istoriuli wyobis cvlilebas, bgeraTa<br />

adgilis Secvlas gulisxmobs. bgeraTa gadasma ZiriTadad sonor<br />

Tanxmovnebs axasiaTebs. TanxmovanTa sonoroba garkveulad xels uwyobs<br />

am process (g. axvlediani, 1949, gv. 360; h. fogti, 1961, gv. 16).<br />

imerxeulSi bgeraTa gadasmis procesi sxva qarTul dialeqtebSi<br />

dadasturebuli SemTxvevebis analogiuria da, amasTanave, arcTu ise<br />

gavrcelebuli; iSviaTad gvxvdeba xolme. sityvaSi adgils icvlian sonori<br />

bgerebi – l, m, r: gorebidam Rurbeli eikrifa; Savi Rurbeli iyo<br />

caze; dasamobSi (sofelia imerxevSi) Rurbela yurzeni icoda; xaCi<br />

(jvari) zRrublze iyo amoWrili; karis zRrublze gadaweles kaci<br />

(zRurblze); fena Rmerian (kargad mRerian) axalmozdebi; zEeli (Zveli)<br />

341

342<br />

S. futkaraZe<br />

siRmerebidam es dagvrComia martivi; CEen sofelSi germieli qliavebi<br />

icis; CEensa darComiliyaviT, germielaT vilaparakebdiT amezRam<br />

(gemrieli germeli). zemoaWarulSi metaTezisiT Secvlil am sityvaSi<br />

dakargulia fuZiseuli i xmovani: germieli→germeli); tyeSi izdeba<br />

wabli, cxremla (cxemla, Sdr. rcxila); gemi duumbian (daubamT) zRvis<br />

qenerSi (napirSi); cxeni WalaSi myavs dambuli (dabmuli); zrugiT<br />

moqonda WvirTi; huqumaTma (mTavrobam) zrugSi agvazro tyavi...<br />

saurTierTo metaTezisis magaliTebi: Seni axraba (naTesavi)<br />

gaTvarielebs oTxTvaliTa-Tqo, uTxari imaTa; avalT maRal serze da<br />

vaTvarielebT aWaras; Bertali ver goukeTebia (xeltari→xertali);<br />

Bertalma Beli damgala...<br />

imerxeulSi aqcesiur xs kompleqsSi adgils icvlis s Tanxmovani<br />

da progresuli metaTezisiT gvaqvs sx kompleqsi: gavsxeniT zedai karebi;<br />

sofelSi gasxnili mqonda Tuqani; kai iqna, gasxnes sarfis kari; sasxnelai<br />

(gamocana) beEri vicodiT patitvanebma; imaTa bevri sasxnelai aver<br />

asxnes...<br />

metaTezisiT sityva `leqsi" warmoCndeba uCveulo formiT –<br />

leski. amasTanave, q→k, xdeba substitucia: viris patronsa erTi<br />

leski gamouTqEes; CamEaleskioTo mevluda RaRanizesao, TqEes<br />

ifBrevlelebma; erTi leski amovweroT maRal xalRi zegnidama; leskefSi<br />

darCeba Cemi saxeli...<br />

amrigad, saukuneTa manZilze dedaenis kalTas CamoSorebul imerxeul<br />

kiloSi qarTuli enis ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonebis moqmedebis Sesabamisad<br />

ganxorcielebula fonetikuri procesebi. amitomac imerxevelTa<br />

qarTulSi dResac cocxali fonetikuri cvlilebani zogad-qarTuli<br />

bunebisaa; kerZod, qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi arsebuli fonetikuri<br />

movlenebis analogiuria. gvxvdeba bgeraTa dakargvisa da gaCenis,<br />

substituciis, reduqciis, asimilaciisa da disimilaciis, bgeraTa dayruebis,<br />

metaTezisis, dezafrikatizaciis... nimuSebi. gamovlenilia sakuTriv<br />

imerxeulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri fonetikuri saxecvlilebanic.<br />

fonetikur procesebze dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom saukuneTa manZilze<br />

ara marto gabatonebuli Turquli ena axdenda garkveul gavlenas mis<br />

daqvemdebarebaSi myof imerxevelTa qarTulis fonetikur sistemaze,<br />

aramed garkveulwilad qarTuli enac zemoqmedebda xolme imerxevelTa<br />

saxelmwifo enaze (imerxevelTa Turqulze) da qarTuli enis bunebis<br />

Sesabamisi elementebi Sehqonda Turqulis enobriv struqturaSi. es<br />

kargad Cans Turquli enis arTvinuli dialeqtis kilokavebSi, saxeldobr<br />

ki, SavSeTis TurqulSi (imerxevelTa TurqulSi), rac SeniSnuli aqvT<br />

Turq enaTmecnierebsac (Turg. Acar, 1991).<br />

qarTul-Turquli enobrivi kontaqtebi saintereso lingvistur<br />

suraTs qmnis TurqeT-saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris mimdebare<br />

regionebSi. am mxriv imerxeuli qarTuli sanimuSoa, romlis aRniSnuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT Seswavla samomavlo amocanad gvesaxeba.

fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

g. axvlediani, 1949 - g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebi,<br />

Tb., 1949.<br />

g. axvlediani, 1966 - g. axvlediani, zogadi fonetikis Sesavali, Tb.,<br />

1966.<br />

gr. beriZe, 1988 - gr. beriZe, qarTuli enis javaxuri kilo, Tb.,<br />

1988.<br />

n. gurgeniZe, 1973 - n. gurgeniZe, aRmosavluri warmoSobis leqsikuri<br />

elementebi aWarulsa da gurulSi, Tb., 1973.<br />

n. gurgeniZe, 1976 - n. gurgeniZe, nasesxebi saxelebis fuZeTagan<br />

zmnis warmoqmna mesxur dialeqtSi: macne, enisa da literaturis seria,<br />

#2, Tb., 1976.<br />

v. Tofuria, 1925 - v. Tofuria, qarTluri, arili, tf., 1925.<br />

v. Tofuria, 1930 - v. Tofuria, fonetikuri dakvirvebani qarTvelur<br />

enebSi: II. bgeriT movlenaTa Tanamimdevroba: tum, 10, Tb., 1930.<br />

v. Tofuria, 1946 - v. Tofuria, reduqciisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi:<br />

ike, I, Tb., 1946.<br />

gr. imnaiSvili, 1966 - gr. imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis ingilouri<br />

dialeqtis Taviseburebani, Tb., 1966.<br />

gr. imnaiSvili, 1974 - gr. imnaiSvili, qarTluri dialeqti, I, Tb.,<br />

1974.<br />

k. kublaSvili, 1959 - k. kublaSvili, ZiriTadi fonetikuri procesebi<br />

qarTuli enis dasavlur kiloebSi: quTaisis saxelmwifo pedinstitutis<br />

Sromebi, t. 19 , quTaisi, 1959.<br />

k. kublaSvili, 1985 - k. kublaSvili, qarTuli enis qvemoimeruli<br />

dialeqti, Tb., 1985.<br />

n. mari, 1911 - Í. Ìàðð, Äíåâíèê ïîåçäêè â Øàâøåòèþ è Êëàðäæåòèþ,<br />

ñì. Òåêñòû è ðàçûñêàíèÿ ïî àðìÿíî-ãðóçèíñêîé ôèëîëîãèè, êí. 7, Ñ-Ïåòåðáóðã,<br />

1911.<br />

ar. martirosovi, gr. imnaiSvili, 1956 - ar. martirosovi, gr.<br />

imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis kaxuri dialeqti, Tb., 1956.<br />

S. niJaraZe, 1961 - S. niJaraZe, qarTuli enis zemoaWaruli dialeqti,<br />

baTumi, 1961.<br />

S. niJaraZe, 1964 - S. niJaraZe, qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis, I,<br />

Tb., 1964.<br />

T. uTurgaiZe, 1976 - T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis fonematuri<br />

struqtura, Tb., 1976.<br />

h. fogti, 1961 - h. fogti, qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura,<br />

Tb., 1961.<br />

b. foCxua, 1939 - TanxmovanTa progresuli asimilacia dasavlur<br />

kiloebSi: Tsu Sromebi, t. 10, Tb., 1939.<br />

t. futkaraZe, 1998 - t. futkaraZe, Tanamedrove qarTuli enis<br />

xmovanTa sistema, sadoqtoro disertacia, Tb., 1998.<br />

343

344<br />

S. futkaraZe<br />

t. futkaraZe, 1986 - saxelis formawarmoebis Taviseburebani<br />

qarTuli enis samxreT-dasavlur dialeqtebSi, sakandidato disertacia,<br />

Tb., 1986.<br />

i. qavTaraZe, 1964 - i. qavTaraZe, qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis, I,<br />

Tb., 1964.<br />

i. qobalava, 1958 - i. qobalava, afrikatizaciisa da<br />

dezafrikatizaciis procesebi iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi: ike, t. 9-10,<br />

Tb., 1958.<br />

i. yifSiZe, 1919-1920 - i. yifSiZe, asimilaciisa da disimilaciis<br />

wesi qarTulsa da megrulSi: tum, I, tf., 1991-1920.<br />

a. SaniZe, 1957 - a. SaniZe, weliwadis etimologiisaTvis: qarTuli<br />

enis struqturisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1957.<br />

a. SaniZe, 1973 - a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, I,<br />

Tb., 1973.<br />

arn. Ciqobava, 1925 - arn. Ciqobava, gare-kaxeTi dialeqtologiurad:<br />

arili, tf., 1925.<br />

arn. Ciqobava, 1937 - arn. Ciqobava, s bgeris dasusteba qiziyurSi:<br />

enimkis moambe, t. I, Tb., 1937.<br />

arn. Ciqobava, 1942 - arn. Ciqobava, maxvilis sakiTxisaTvis Zvel<br />

qarTulSi: smam, t. III, #2, #3, Tb., 1942.<br />

m. ZiZiSvili, 1960 - m. ZiZiSvili, fonetikuri procesebi Zvel<br />

qarTulSi, Tb., 1960.<br />

S. ZiZiguri, 1970 - S. ZiZiguri, qarTuli dialeqtologiuri<br />

Ziebani, Tb., 1970.<br />

m. xubua, 1932 - m. xubua, zemoaWarulis enobrivi mimoxilva,<br />

baTumi, 1932.<br />

s. jiqia, 1958 - s. jiqia, me-18 saukuneSi Sedgenili Turquli<br />

saswavlo wigni: enaTmecnierebis institutis Sromebi, t. I, Tb.,<br />

1958.<br />

ACAR TURGUT, Influence of Georgians Language on ARTVIN dialects,<br />

ix., baTumisa da samsunis universitetebis erToblivi konferenciis<br />

mosawvevi baraTi da muSaobis gegma, baTumi, 1991 weli.

fonetikuri procesebi imerxeulSi<br />

SHUSHANA PUTKARADZE<br />

PHONETIC PROCESSES IN THE<br />

IMERKHEVIAN DIALECT<br />

Being separated from the literary language for centuries the Imerkhevian dialect<br />

of the Georgian language appears to have undergone the phonetic changes according<br />

to the common innate laws of the mother tongue. Live phonetic changes of the<br />

modern day Imerkhevian reveal common Kartvelian nature. Namely, phonetic changes<br />

are analogous to those sound transformations occurring to other Georgian dialects.<br />

These are: typical sound loss and emergence, substitution, reduction, assimilation<br />

and dissimilation, voiced consonant shift into voiceless ones, metathesis, loss of<br />

fricativeness, and other examples. In addition to these there are specific phonetic<br />

alternations characteristic to the Imerkhevian dialect proper.<br />

The observation on phonetic changes made it clear that not only the Imerkhevian<br />

Georgian had undergone the Turkish language influence but also the Turkish of<br />

Imerkhevians imported Georgian language elements. The latter influence is most<br />

vividly traced in Artvin dialects of the Turkish language, particularly in Shavshetian,<br />

which is attested by Turkish linguists as well.<br />

Georgian and Turkish language contacts provides interesting picture in the<br />

adjacent regions of the state borders. In this respect Imerkhevian Georgian can serve<br />

an example that deserves further comprehensive investigation.<br />

345

346<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

giorgi giorgi qavTaraZe<br />

qavTaraZe<br />

iberiis iberiis samefos samefos warmarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis<br />

panTeonis<br />

panTeonis<br />

sakiTxisaTvis<br />

sakiTxisaTvis<br />

"qarTlis cxovrebaSi" mecnier kacTa mier CarTuli damatebis,<br />

"andria mociqulis qadageba saqarTveloSi" CanarTis (BP’b) Tanaxmad,<br />

awyvers (Tanamed. md. awyuri) mosuli andria pirvelwodebuli SeCerebula<br />

"adgilsa erTsa, sada igi iyo taZari sakerpo"…(qc, I, 39:27-29 - aq da<br />

qvemoT - s. yauxCiSvili, 1955). imave CanarTis sxva adgilas awyverSi<br />

mdebare am taZris Taobaze nauwyebia, rom "...iyo qalaqsa mas Sina<br />

bomoni sakerpo, romelsa Sina imsaxurebodes bilwni RmerTni maTni<br />

artemi da apolon" da rom "apolon da artemi arian didni RmerTni"<br />

(qc, I, 41:4-5, 8). cxadia, rom es "didni RmerTni apolon da artem"<br />

berZnul-romauli panTeonis RvTaebebi - apoloni da artemidea (romauli<br />

Apollo da Diana).<br />

"qarTlis cxovrebis" zemoaRniSnuli CanarTis mixedviT, ax. w. I<br />

saukunis Suaxanebis qarTlis anu iberiis samefos dasavleT nawilSi<br />

damkvidrebuli yofila apolonisa da artemides kulti _ aq maT<br />

saxelze nagebi taZaria da aqve adgili hqonia maT kultmsaxurebas.<br />

bunebrivia kiTxva: ra viTareba unda yofiliyo am mxriv iberiis samefos<br />

dedaqalaqSi, mcxeTa-armazcixeSi, sadac, qarTuli matianeebis Tanaxmad,<br />

aRmarTuli iyo qveynis ZiriTadi RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebi.<br />

marTalia, am RvTaebebs Soris – armazi, zadeni, gaci, gaimi<br />

("moqceva~ qarTlisa~s" - ga), ainina, danina – ar aris dasaxelebuli<br />

arc apoloni da arc artemi (artemide), magram Zneli warmosadgenia,<br />

zemoxsenebuli CanarTis informacia qarTlSi apolonisa da artemides<br />

kultis arsebobis Sesaxeb yovelgvar safuZvels moklebuli yofiliyo,<br />

miT umetes, rom es RvTaebebi moixseniebian rogorc "didni RmerTni".<br />

savaraudo xdeba, rom mcxeTa-armazcixis zemoCamoTvlil RvTaebaTa<br />

Soris sxva saxelwodebiT yofiliyvnen nagulisxmevi apoloni da artemide,<br />

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom apoloni da artemide tyup RvTaebebs<br />

warmoadgenen, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas unda ipyrobdes RvTaebaTa<br />

wyvili gaci da gaimi; orive es kerpi xom yovelTvis erTmaneTisagan<br />

ganuyoflad da erT konteqstSi moixsenieba xolme.<br />

"wmida ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis" cnobiT, `...kualad (armazisa<br />

– g. q.) iyo marjueniT missa kaci oqrosi da saxeli misi gaci; da<br />

marcxeniT missa udga kaci vecxlisa, da saxeli misi gaim, romelni-igi<br />

RmerTad uCndes ersa mas qarTlisasa" (qc, I, 89:17-90:1-2). imave teqstis<br />

XII s-is somxuri Targmanis (originalis Semoklebuli variantis) mixedviT<br />

saubaria ara konkretulad "kacze", aramed zogadad gamosaxulebaze:<br />

"misgan marjvniv idga oqros gamosaxuleba saxelad gaci, da mis marcxena<br />

xelTan vercxlisa - saxelad gaimi" (qc-is somxuri Targmani, 47 - aq da<br />

qvemoT – il. abulaZe, 1953) da, Sesabamisad, masSi SesaZloa qalRmerTic<br />

yofiliyo nagulisxmebi. somxur Targmans garkveuli mniSvneloba eniWeba

iberiis samefos warmarTuli panTeonis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

qarTuli matianis teqstis pirvandeli saxis dadgenisaTvis, vinaidan<br />

qarTlis cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli manuskripti, romelmac ki moaRwia<br />

Cvens xanamde, ana dedoflis xelnaweria da igi XV saukuniT TariRdeba<br />

(anaseuli nusxis savaraudo TariRi Tavsdeba 1479 da 1495 ww. Soris)<br />

(s. yauxCiSvili 1955, gv. 015; Toumanoff, 1947, gv. 340-344), maSin rodesac<br />

"qarTlis cxovrebis" XII s-is somxuri Targmanis yvelaze adreuli<br />

manuskripti TariRdeba XIII saukuniT (Thomson, 1996,5; Rapp, 1998,3).<br />

il. abulaZis Tanaxmad, misi TariRi 1279 da 1311 ww. Soris unda<br />

eqceodes (il. abulaZe, 1953, gv. 020).<br />

oqros da vercxlis mcxeTur kerpebTan dakavSirebiT<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia klasikuri xanis dolixeSi (Tanam. diuliuqi,<br />

gazianTefes CrdiloeTiT, samxreT-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi) mikvleuli<br />

brinjaos fila, romelzedac erTmaneTis gverdiT gvxvdeba Apollo<br />

Citharoedus-is da misi dis Diana Lucifera-s (anu berZn. artemides)<br />

gamosaxulebebi mzisa da mTvaris saxiT. orive es astraluri RvTaeba<br />

dolixes filaze ganlagebulia varskvlavebiT garemoculi cisa da dRis<br />

Suqis RvTaebis iupiter dolixenusis (Iuppiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus)<br />

ferxTiT (Speidel ,1980, 5, 12, 16-17, fig. 31). 1 diana miCneulia "solaruli"<br />

apolonis "lunarul" partniorad, romelsac am ukanasknelTan erTad<br />

zustad gansazRvruli mudmivi doqtrinaluri mdgomareoba ekava iupiter<br />

dolixenusis TeologiaSi (Speidel, 1978, gv. 22-23). amasTanave, gacisa da<br />

gaimis oqrosa da vercxlis gamosaxulebebs (rac albaT maT analogiur<br />

"solarul" da "lunarul" bunebaze unda migvaniSnebdes) axasiaTebT<br />

aseve mkafiod gamoxatuli daqvemdebarebuli pozicia armazisadmi,<br />

Sesabamisad, Cndeba eWvi, Tavis mxriv am ukanasknelis xasiaTSic xom ar<br />

unda veZioT iupiterisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />

Teimuraz batoniSvilis cnobiT, ormuzi, anu armaz, igive iupiteria<br />

(Tàêàéøâèëè, 1906-1912, gv. 663).<br />

"wmida ninos mier qarTlis moqcevis" mixedviT, armazis kerpi<br />

aRwerilia, rogorc: "...kaci erTi spilenZisa, da tansa missa ecua jaWA<br />

oqrosi, da Tavsa missa Cabalaxi myari, da Tualni esxnes zurmuxti da<br />

bivrili, da BelTa misTa aqunda Brmali brwyinvale, viTarca elva, da<br />

iqceoda BelTa Sina..." (qc, I, 89:9-11). igive teqsti somxur TargmanSi<br />

Semdegnairad aris warmodgenili: "...kaci Semosili brinjaos gulsafariT<br />

da oqros muzaradiT, Tvalebi Semkuli hqonda zurmuxtiTa da bivriliT,<br />

xelSi ekava maxvili, msgavsi elvaTa konisa. amoZravebda mas da SiSSi<br />

agdebda SekrebilT..." (47). gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa armazis<br />

Tavsaburavis aRwera, rogorc "myari Cabalaxisa" (qc, I, 89:10). zedsarTavi<br />

"myari" armazis kerpis TavsaburavTan mimarTebiT marTebuli iqneboda,<br />

Tuki saqme gveqneboda "frigiuli CaCis" msgavs saganTan da ara sakuTriv<br />

qarTuli tipis "CabalaxTan" (yabalaxi).<br />

"elvaTa kona", "maxvili", "javSani" ("qercliani-javSani" an<br />

"gulsafari"), frigiul CaCTan erTad, romael samxedroTa (da ara<br />

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom oqrosa da vercxlis inventari farTod iyo gamoyenebuli<br />

iupiter dolixenusis kultmsaxurebaSi (Speidel, 1980, 17).<br />

347

348<br />

g. qavTaraZe<br />

mxolod maTi) RvTaebis, iupiter dolixenusis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia<br />

(ix., mag., Speidel, 1980, 9, 11, 18-20, Abb. 1, 7, 9, 11, 21, 38, 41). es RvTaeba<br />

igive siriuli RvTaeba Hadad-ia dolixedan, romelic, Tavis mxriv,<br />

xurituli anda xeTuri panTeonis qariSxlis RvTaebidan iRebda saTaves<br />

(Speidel, 1980, 6-9, Abb. 3, 8), iseve rogorc, savaraudod, TviT armazis<br />

Tavdapirveli emanaciisa – elvisa da Weqa-quxilis mTis mwvervalis<br />

anatoliuri tipis adgilobrivi RvTaebisa.<br />

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iberiis RvTaeba armazi armazi avlens<br />

romis imperiis uzenaesi RvTaebisaTvis _ iupiterisaTvis, xolo armazis<br />

Tanxmlebi kerpebi _ gaci gaci da gaimi gaimi (ga (ga) (ga _ iupiterisadmi aSkarad<br />

daqvemdebarebul apolonisa da dianasaTvis damaxasiaTebel zogierT<br />

niSan-Tvisebas. iberiis samefos panTeoni, rogorc Cans, sinkretuli<br />

xasiaTis RvTaebebisagan Sedgeboda. igi imTaviTve dakavSirebuli Cans<br />

gvianaqemeniduri-adreelinisturi xanis aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis<br />

sinkretuli xasiaTis kulturul samyarosTan da, amisda Sesabamisad,<br />

armazis kultic ZvelaxloaRmosavluri, aqemeniduri da elinisturi<br />

epoqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sinkretizmis anabeWds atarebda.<br />

damaxasiaTebelia, rom saberZneTSi mdebare, stratosis e.w. mTis RvTaeba,<br />

berZnebis mier stratiosis zevsad saxeldebuli, sparselTa mier ahuramazdasTan<br />

iyo gaigivebuli (ix.: Canby ,1987, gv. 714).<br />

iberiis samefo panTeonis sinkretuli xasiaTi, rogorc Cans, kidev<br />

ufro gamdidrebuli iyo romis religiuri warmodgenebisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT2 . centraluri amierkavkasiis movlenebSi<br />

romaelTa intensiur monawileobas (Kavtaradze, 2001, gv. 204-<strong>224</strong>;<br />

g. qavTaraZe, 2003, gv. 112-127), Sesabamisad, Tavisi kvali unda daemCnia<br />

adgilobriv sulier samyarozec, kerZod, religiur warmodgenebze.<br />

iupiter dolixenusi iyo "mTeli samyaros damcveli", romis mTel<br />

imperiaSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli kulti, romelic romaelTa<br />

xelisuflebisa da maTi imperatoris ZiriTadi mxsneli iyo da amave<br />

dros aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT romauli Zalauflebis gavrcelebis<br />

xelSemwyobi (Speidel, 1980, 5, 7, 9, 15, 18, Abb. 4; Schwertheim, 1991, 40);<br />

Sesabamisad, romauli panTeonis zemoqmedebis kvalis arseboba iberiis<br />

dedaqalaqSi, romelsac romis imperatoris vespasianes mier agebuli<br />

galavani icavda (T. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv. 241-244; Halfmann, 1986, gv. 48),<br />

moulodneli ar unda iyos.<br />

2 Tanamedrove qarTul istoriografiaSi gabatonebulia azri, armazis <strong>warmomavlobis</strong><br />

Taobaze iranuli ahura-mazdasagan, rac am ori RvTaebis saxelwodebaTa fonetikuri<br />

msgavsebiT unda aixsnas da garkveuli istoriuli movlenis, qarTlSi aqemenianTa<br />

gabatonebisa da iranelTa mravalsaukunovani kulturul-religiuri zegavlenis<br />

gamoZaxili unda iyos. amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom cecxlTayvanismcemlobis<br />

advilad SesamCnevi zegavlena qarTul kulturul, religiur Tu enobriv samyaroze<br />

ZiriTadad sasanianTa sparseTis droisaa da ax. w. IV-VII ss. unda daTariRdes. am<br />

memkvidreobaSi iseve mcirea aqemenianTa droindeli religiuri warmodgenebis nakvalevi,<br />

rogorc, magaliTad, g. leoniZis poemaSi "bavSvoba da yrmoba", sadac zaraTuStras<br />

msoflmxedvelobasTan msgavseba ara qarTul yofaSi arsebuli mazdeanuri xasiaTis<br />

danaSrevebiT aris ganpirobebuli, aramed upiratesad fridrix nicSes nawarmoebis<br />

"ase ambobda zaraTustra" zegavleniT.

iberiis samefos warmarTuli panTeonis sakiTxisaTvis<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

il. abulaZe, 1953 - il. abulaZe, qarTlis cxovrebis Zveli somxuri<br />

Targmani, qarTuli teqsti da Zveli somxuri Targmani gamokvleviTa da<br />

leqsikoniT gamosca, Tb., 1953.<br />

g. qavTaraZe, 2003 - g. qavTaraZe, iberiis samefos "arsebobis arsi"<br />

Zveli saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT: Jurn. "mnaTobi", 7-8, 2003.<br />

T. yauxCiSvili, 1976 - T. yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi, Tb., 1976.<br />

s. yauxCiSvili, 1955 - s. yauxCiSvili, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti<br />

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT, I, Tb., 1955.<br />

Òàêàéøâèëè, 1906-1912 - Å. Òàêàéøâèëè, Îïèñàíèå ðóêîïèñåé «Îáùåñòâà<br />

ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ãðàìîòíîñòè ñðåäè ãðóçèíñêîãî íàñåëåíèÿ», òî ì II, âûï. 1-<br />

4. Èçäàíèå óïðàâëåíèÿ Êàâêàçñêî ãî ó÷åáíîãî îêðóãà. Òè ôëèñ: Òèïîãðàôèÿ Ê.<br />

Ï. Êîçëîâñêîãî, 1906-1912.<br />

Canby, 1987 - J. V. Canby (Rev.) R. Donceel & R. Lebrun. Archèologie et<br />

religions de l’Anatolie ancienne. Mèlanges en l’honneur du professeur Paul Naster, -<br />

Bibliotheca Orientalis, Jaargang XLVI, ¾, Mei-Juli 1987, pp. 712-720.<br />

Halfmann, 1986 - H. Halfmann, Die Alanen und die römische Ostpolitik unter<br />

Vespasian. - Epigraphica Anatolica, Zeitschrift für Epigraphik und historische<br />

Geographie Anatoliens, Heft 8, 1986.<br />

Kavtaradze, 2001 - G. L. Kavtaradze, Georgian Chronicles and the raison<br />

d’ètre of the Iberian Kingdom (Caucasica II), – Orbis Terrarum, Journal of Historical<br />

Geography of the Ancient World 6, 2000. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001, pp.<br />

177-237.<br />

Rapp, 1998 - St. H. Rapp (Ed.), K'art'lis c'xovreba. The Georgian Royal Annals<br />

and their Medieval Armenian Adaptation. Vol. II. Anatolian and Caucasian Studies.<br />

Delmar, New York: Caravan Books, 1998.<br />

Schwertheim, 1991 - E. Schwertheim, Iupiter Dolichenus, der Zeus von<br />

Doliche und der kommagenische Königskult, in: Studien zum antiken Kleinasien:<br />

Friedrich Karl Dörner zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet. Asia Minor Studien, Bd. 3.<br />

Bonn: Habelt, 1991..<br />

Speidel, 1978 - M. P. Speidel, The Religion of Iuppiter Dolichenus in the<br />

Roman Army. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978.<br />

Speidel, 1980 - M. P. Speidel, Jupiter Dolichenus. Der Himmelsgott auf dem<br />

Stier. Stuttgart, 1980.<br />

Thomson, 1996 - R. W. Thomson, Rewriting Caucasian History. The Medieval<br />

Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles. The Original Georgian Texts and<br />

the Armenian Adaptation. Translated with Introduction and Commentary by R. W.<br />

Thomson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.<br />

Toumanoff, 1947 - C. Toumanoff, The Oldest Manuscript of the Georgian<br />

Annals: The Queen Anne Codex (QA), 1479-1495. - Traditio, V. Studies in Ancient<br />

and Medieval History, Thought and Religion. New York, 1947.<br />

349

350<br />

g. qavTaraZe<br />

GIORGI KAVTARADZE<br />

ON THE PAGAN PANTHEON OF THE<br />

IBERIAN KINGDOM<br />

Ancient pantheon of Iberian Kingdom seems to have the deities with<br />

syncretic nature. Originally this pantheon was related to the late Achaemenian<br />

and the early Hellenistic perid of eastern Mediterranean world of syncretic culture,<br />

which became further enriched with religious beliefs of the Roman culture.

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

jambul jambul qaSibaZe qaSibaZe<br />

qaSibaZe<br />

paralelebi paralelebi qsnis qsnis erisTavTa erisTavTa sagvareulo sagvareulo matianesa matianesa da<br />

da<br />

eqvTime eqvTime TayaiSvilis TayaiSvilis mier mier sadadiSqeliano sadadiSqeliano svaneTSi<br />

svaneTSi<br />

mopovebul mopovebul masalebs masalebs Soris Soris svaneTis svaneTis samTavros<br />

samTavros<br />

warmoSobis warmoSobis sakiTxTan sakiTxTan mimarTebiT<br />

mimarTebiT<br />

cnobilia, rom gviani Suasaukuneebis miwurulisaTvis svaneTis SigniT<br />

ramdenime politikur-administraciuli erTeuli Seiqmna. kerZod, zemo<br />

svaneTis balsqvemo nawilSi svaneTis mcire samTavro (sadadiSqeliano)<br />

Camoyalibda, balszemo nawilSi Temma SeZlo TviTorganizacia feodalur<br />

sawyisebze da Tavisufleba SeinarCuna, xolo qvemo svaneTSi laSxeTisa<br />

da Coluris TemebSi gelovanTa da gardafxaZeTa feodaluri saxlebi<br />

gabatondnen, lentexis Tems ki dadianebi daeuflnen.<br />

aRniSnul politikur erTeulTa Soris Cvens amJamindel interesTa<br />

sferoSi mxolod sadadiSqeliano, zemo svaneTis balsqvemo nawili Seadgens.<br />

Cveni mizania ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra pirobebSi xdeba aq svaneTis mcire<br />

samTavros Camoyalibeba. amasTan dakavSirebiT Zalze saintereso<br />

informacias iZleva eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier 1910 wels leCxum-svaneTSi<br />

ganxorcielebuli arqeologiuri eqspediciis dros sadadiSqeliano<br />

svaneTSi, kerZod sofel yuraSSi Sekrebili masalebi aq arsebuli<br />

dadiSqelianTa sagvareulo eklesia-saZvales Sesaxeb.<br />

eqvTime TayaiSvili gviambobs, rom `maxloblad sofel barSisa<br />

aris sofeli yuraSi, romlis patara eklesia yofila winandeli sasaflao<br />

dadiSkelianebisa... yuraSis sasaflaoze a. stoianovi (rusi moxele,<br />

romelmac me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi imogzaura svaneTSi _ j.q.)<br />

aRniSnavs uZveles sasaflaos did qvas, romlis qveS rkinis naWeri emCnevao.<br />

am rkinis kuboSi, ganagrZobs stoianovi, ganisvenebs uZvelesi didi oTari,<br />

mesame mamTavari dadiSkelianebisa, magram xalxs ukve daaviwyda misi<br />

saxeli da hgonia, aq viRac Zveli goliaTi aris damarxulio.<br />

rogorc gavigeT, es saflavi Semdeg gauxsniaT. micvalebuli, kubos<br />

magier, or did qvabSi yofila moTavsebuli, qvabis Tavebi erTi erTmaneTze<br />

yofila midebuli: es is qvabebia, romelic exla dadiSkelianebis xis<br />

saxlis balkonis qveS aris daculi. micvalebuli mdidruli tanisamosiT<br />

da iaraRebiT yofila dasaflavebuli" (e. TayaiSvili, 1991, gv. 464).<br />

zemoT moyvanili, eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier sadadiSqeliano svaneTSi,<br />

kerZod sofel yuraSSi, mopovebuli masala mravalmxriv exmianeba qsnis<br />

erisTavTa sagvareulo matianis `Zegli erisTavTas" cnobebs da maT<br />

Soris mravali msgavseba SeiniSneba. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT isic, rom,<br />

roca Cven vikvlevdiT svaneTis samTavros warmoSobis sakiTxs, xazi<br />

gavusviT mraval msgavsebas qsnis erisTavTa sagvareulo matianis cnobebsa<br />

da me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi moxucebulTagan, kerZod TaTaryan<br />

dadiSqelianis mier dadiSqelianTa feodaluri gvareulobis Sesaxeb<br />

Caweril legendas Soris (j. qaSibaZe, m. murusiZe, 2006, gv. 212). rogorc<br />

qsnis erisTavTa sagvareulo matianis, aseve dadiSqelianTa gvareulobis<br />

351

352<br />

j. qaSibaZe<br />

Sesaxeb arsebuli legendis mixedviT, SinaaSlilobis pirobebSi gazrdili<br />

sagareo safrTxisagan SeWirvebul mosaxleobas ucxo qveynidan mosuli<br />

goliaTuri aRnagobis pirebi (`Zegli erisTavTas" mixedviT - osi rostomi,<br />

xolo TaTaryan dadiSqelianis mier Cawerili legendis mixedviT - yumiyi<br />

fueSi) uweven samxedro daxmarebas, ris Sedegadac orive maTgani<br />

adgilobriv mkvidrTa TanxmobiTa da imave adgilobriv saeklesio pirTa<br />

xelSewyobiT gabatonebul mdgomareobas aRweven (S. mesxia, 1965, gv. 345-<br />

348; g. gasviani, 1991, gv. 7-9).<br />

`Zegli erisTavTas" mixedviT saeklesio xelisuflis, largvisis<br />

mamasaxlisis daxmareba cxrazmis xevSi mosuli rostomisadmi Semdegi<br />

rCevis micemaSi gamoixateba: `ukeTu gnebavs mkvidryofai qveyanasa amasa,<br />

iTxove saflavi monastersa amas, rameTu yovelTa didebulTa da aznaurTa<br />

saflavi aqa ars da sofelni ese, romelni RmrTiv gvirgvinosnisa istvniane<br />

aRmaSeneblisagan Semowirul arian, iyo winamZRvar maTda, Tu RmerTs<br />

undes" (S. mesxia, 1965, gv. 345). TaTaryan dadiSqelianis mier moTxrobili<br />

Tqmulebis Tanaxmad ki, yuraSis eklesiis mRvdeli Tavis ojaxSi ifaravs<br />

ucxo qveynidan mosul fueSs, Semdgom ki mas adgilobriv sazogadoebas<br />

wminda giorgis saxeliT warudgens. legendis Tanaxmad, fueSi colad<br />

irTavs mRvdlis erTaderT qaliSvils, riTac igi mRvdlis memkvidreobis<br />

mflobelic xdeba (g. gasviani, 1991, gv. 7-9).<br />

TaTaryan dadeSqelianis mier Caweril legendaSi araferia naTqvami<br />

dadiSqelianTa sagvareulo sasaflaos arsebobis Sesaxeb da swored am<br />

kuTxiT dadiSqelianTa Sesaxeb Caweril legendas `erTgvarad agrZelebs"<br />

eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier, sofel yuraSSi mopovebuli informacia, rac<br />

mTlianobaSi srul TanxvedraSi modis qsnis erisTavTa sagvareulo<br />

matianeSi aRweril procesebTan. niSandoblivia isic, rom swored sofel<br />

yuraSSi dokumenturad dasturdeba `erTobilTa quraSis mpyrobelTa"<br />

mier XIV-XV ss-Si `quraSis mTavarmowamis winaSe" sasaflaos qona. `q.<br />

ese wigni dauwereT da davdeviT Cven, visac quraSis mTavarmowamisa<br />

winaSe sasaflao gvaqvs, eTobilTa quraSis mpyrobelTa" (v. silogava,<br />

1986, gv. 125).<br />

ganixilavs ra zemoT moyvanil dokuments mkvlevari ediSer xoStaria<br />

(brose), romelsac, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom marTlac maRal<br />

mecnierul doneze aqvs Seswavlili mTisa da baris urTierTobis mravali<br />

problematuri sakiTxi, aRniSnavs: `quraSis mpyrobelobaSi" uTuod<br />

saydriSvilebi igulisxmebian, romelTac hqondaT sasaflao `quraSis<br />

mTavarmowamis winaSe".<br />

amave konteqstSi ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT `Zegli erisTavTaSi"<br />

aRwerili viTareba, kerZod, qsnis xeobaSi, cxrazmisxevSi largvisis<br />

taZris saydriSvilTa ufleba - dasaflavebuliyvnen taZarSi - riskenac<br />

miiswrafoda oseTidan gadmosuli rostomi, raTa moepovebina<br />

privilegirebuli mdgomareoba cxrazmisxevSi: `xolo man moiTxova saflavi<br />

largviss dasajdomad saxli Sua saydrisSvilTa da cxrazmis cixisTavisa<br />

naqonebi mamuli. da misces ese yoveli cxrazmisxevelTa Sua cxrazmas<br />

cixisTavisa naqonebi sofelni da qveyanani, saflavi largviss da sajdomi<br />

quenifnevs da uwodes quenifneveli" (e. xoStaria (brose), 1984, gv. 86).

paralelebi qsnis erisTavTa sagvareulo matianesa da eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier...<br />

yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli ki, Cveni azriT, kidev erTi dasturia<br />

me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi moxucebulTagan (TaTaryan dadiSqelianis<br />

mier) dadiSqelianTa feodaluri gvareulobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb Caweril<br />

legendaSi asaxuli procesebis realobisa. aqve gvinda aRniSnul sakiTxTan<br />

dakavSirebiT ediSer xoStarias (brose) mkvlevari kidev erTi saintereso<br />

SeniSvnac moviyvanoT. ediSer xoStaria (brose) `Zegli erisTavTas"<br />

mixedviT ganixilavs ra qsnis xeobaSi XIV-XV ss-Si ganviTarebul movlenebs:<br />

mTaSi feodaluri urTierTobis gaRrmavebis, Tavisufal meTemeTa `eris"<br />

qvenifnevelTa mier daymevebis process, aRniSnavs, `rom analogiuri<br />

procesebi saqarTvelos mTis sinamdvileSi dasturdeba sxvaganac, kerZod,<br />

dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi - svaneTSi, mxolod ramdenadme<br />

gansxvavebul viTarebaSi, ramac aq Taviseburi Sedegi gamoiRo. rogorc<br />

cnobilia, balszemo svaneTSi daaxloebiT igive drosa da pirobebeSi<br />

(igulisxmeba centraluri xelisuflebis gavlenis Sesusteba) Temma SeZlo<br />

TviTorganizacia ukve feodalur sawyisebze da Tavisuflebis SenarCunebac<br />

ki" (e. xoStaria (brose), 1984, gv. 86).<br />

amdenad, eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier 1910 wels leCxum-svaneTSi<br />

mowyobili arqeologiuri eqspediciis dros sadadiSqeliano svaneTSi,<br />

kerZod sofel yuraSSi Sekrebili masalebi iq arsebuli dadiSqelianTa<br />

sagvareulo eklesia-saZvalis Sesaxeb kidev erTxel adasturebs Cven mier<br />

adre gamoTqmul mosazrebas (ix. j. qaSibaZe, m. murusiZe, 2006, gv. 212)<br />

imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom dadiSqelianebma svaneTis mcire samTavro<br />

politikur niadagze, daSlilobis pirobebSi gaZlierebuli sataZro<br />

Temis mmarTvelobis uzurpaciis gziT, sxva privilegirebul gvareulobaTa<br />

xangrZlivi winaaRmdegobis daZlevis Sedegad Seqmnes.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

g. gasviani, 1991 - g. gasviani, narkvevebi Sua saukuneebis svaneTis<br />

istoriidan, Tb., 1991.<br />

e. TayaiSvili, 1991 - e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia<br />

leCxum-svaneTSi 1910 wels, g. SaraZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1991.<br />

S. mesxia, 1965 - S. mesxia, Zegli eriTsavTa (qsnis erisTavTa<br />

sagvareulo matiane): mski, nakv. 30, Tb., 1965.<br />

m. murusiZe, j. qaSibaZe, 2006 - m. murusiZe, j. qaSibaZe, svaneTis<br />

samTavros (sadadiSqelianos) warmoSobis istoriidan: qarTveluri<br />

memkvidreoba, quTaisi, 2006.<br />

v. silogava, 1986 - v. silogava, svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. I,<br />

Tb., 1986.<br />

e. xoStaria (brose), 1984 - e. xoStaria (brose), feodaluri<br />

xanis saqarTvelos mTisa da baris urTierTobis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1984.<br />

353

354<br />

j. qaSibaZe<br />

JAMBUL KASHIBADZE<br />

ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SVANETI PRINCIPALITY<br />

(BASED ON THE FAMILY CHRONICLES OF THE KSANI PRINCES<br />

(ERISTAVIS) AND THE MATERIALS COLLECTED BY EKVTIME<br />

TAQAISHVILI IN SADADESHKELIANO SVANETI)<br />

Archaeological expedition carried out in Lechkhumi and Svaneti in 1910 by<br />

supervision of Ekvtime Taqaishvili discovered materials in the village of<br />

Kurashi about the Dadeshkeliani feudal family church and cemetery in the Enguri<br />

valley Svaneti as well as the documents drawn in 14 h -15 th century all of which confirm<br />

the ideas expressed in my earlier papers that minor principality of Svaneti<br />

(Sadadeshkeliano) emerged by the efforts of Dadeshkeliani feudal family on the political<br />

soil of the crumbling Georgian state by way of usurping the power from the<br />

strengthened Church community governance and by overcoming the long<br />

fought resistance of other feudal families in the close of 17 th and the beginning of 18 th<br />

century.

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

jambul jambul qaSibaZe,<br />

qaSibaZe,<br />

lali lali tukvaZe<br />

tukvaZe<br />

svaneTis svaneTis rolis rolis gansazRvris gansazRvris sakiTxisaTvis<br />

sakiTxisaTvis<br />

feodaluri feodaluri xanis xanis saqarTveloSi<br />

saqarTveloSi<br />

Cveni qveynis mravalferovanma bunebriv-geografiulma pirobebma<br />

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra saqarTvelos dayofa calkeul mxareebad, sadac<br />

saukuneTa manZilze Camoyalibda eTnografiuli kuTxeebi, istoriulgeografiuli<br />

qveynebi, romelTa Soris gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs<br />

svaneTs, `saqarTvelos yvelaze ufro mkveTrad gamoxatul ekonomikurgeografiul<br />

da eTnikur regions" (S. CarTolani, 1976, gv. 3).<br />

svaneTSi mcxovreb sazogadoebas araxelsayreli bunebriv-sameurneo<br />

pirobebi mudmivad aiZulebda gare samyarosTan (barTan) kavSirurTierTobas,<br />

romlis masStabebi da intensivoba barSi, zogadad kavkasiis<br />

regionSi, Seqmnili konkretuli istoriuli pirobebiT ganisazRvreboda.<br />

amitom svaneTis istoriis kvlevisas swori daskvnebis gamosatanad saWiroa<br />

gaTvaliswinebul iqnes rogorc svaneTis SigniT, ise mis garemomcvel<br />

samyaroSi mimdinare istoriuli procesebi.<br />

miuvali mTebi svaneTSi mcxovrebi sazogadoebisaTvis bunebriv<br />

simagreebs warmoadgenda, icavda maT mtris Semosevebisagan, xolo<br />

mecxoveleobis ganviTareba, cxovrebis mkacri pirobebi svanebs meomar<br />

xalxad aqcevda. amitomac baris sisustis SemTxvevaSi svanTa `avad<br />

moxarkuloba" uZvelesi periodidanvea sagulisxmebeli da strabonis<br />

mier Zvel da axal welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze samxedro demokratiis<br />

pirobebSi mcxovrebi svanTa sazogadoebis samxedro siZlieris xazgasma<br />

(T. yauxCiSvili, 1957, gv. 126) Zalze bunebrivad da aRniSnuli garemoebebis<br />

dasturad migvaCnia.<br />

rac Seexeba feodalur urTierTobaTa arealSi svaneTis Seyvanas,<br />

aq igi adrefeodaluri xanidanve (IV-IX ss.) baris gavleniT xorcieldeboda.<br />

svaneTi aRebul periodSi Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo<br />

warmonaqmnTa SemadgenlobaSi _ lazikis, Semdeg egris-afxazeTis samefoTa<br />

farglebSi da aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli aq mimdinare politikur procesebSi.<br />

ganixilavs ra adrefeodaluri xanis saqarTvelos social-politikur<br />

cxovrebaSi svaneTis monawileobis Sesaxeb wyaroebis monacemebs, d.<br />

musxeliSvili samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom `aRniSnuli periodis svanmegrelTa<br />

politikuri urTierTobis safuZveli ekonomikuri urTierToba<br />

unda yofiliyo: bari ugzavnida mas miwaTmoqmedebis produqtebs (puri<br />

da, albaT, Rvino da marilic); mTa samagierod amaragebda bars<br />

mesaqonleobis, mefutkreobis da sxva misT. produqciiT" (d. musxeliSvili,<br />

1977, gv. 142). aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Zalze saintereso<br />

mosazrebas gamoTqvams S. CarTolani, roca igi axsnas uZebnis svaneTSi<br />

mniSvnelovani raodenobiT bizantiuri monetebis aRmoCenas. mkvlevari<br />

wers: `svaneTis bewveuli, iSviaTi merqani, liToni, Tafli, cvili da a.S.<br />

355

356<br />

j. qaSibaZe, l. tukvaZe<br />

jer kidev antikur xanaSi warmoadgenda saberZneTisaTvis gansakuTrebuli<br />

mniSvnelobis importul sagans da kolxeTTan savaWro-ekonomiuri<br />

urTierTobis erT-erT ZiriTad safuZvels... rogorc Cans, lazikis<br />

meSveobiT miaqvs bizantias svaneTis nedleuli, amitomac svaneTisa da<br />

lazikis urTierTobaSi unda arsebuliyo ormxrivi savaWro-ekonomikuri<br />

da politikuri mniSvnelobis mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli valdebulebani.<br />

bizantiisaTvisac ki am mxares samxedro-strategiulis garda, garkveuli<br />

ekonomikuri mniSvnelobac eqneboda, yovelive zemoTaRniSnuli sruliad<br />

bunebrivs xdis svaneTSi bizantiuri monetebis aRmoCenas" (S. CarTolani,<br />

1976, gv. 60).<br />

svaneTis, rogorc didi samxedro potencialis mqone mxaris,<br />

politikuri roli gansakuTrebiT unda gazrdiliyo erTiani dasavlur<br />

qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdeg, sruliad saqarTvelos<br />

gaerTianebisaTvis mebrZol egris-afxazeTis saxelmwifoSi, ris dasturadac<br />

miviCnevT rogorc SavlianTa gaxelmwifebas, aseve maruSiZis (maruSianis)<br />

did gavlenas `afxazTa mefis" karze.<br />

SeniSvna: : ermravali maruSiZis `eri" _ es unda iyos svaneTis<br />

sustad diferencirebuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi,<br />

samxedro razmelebi, romlebic maruSisZis xelisuflebis<br />

dasayrdenia aq (Sida qarTlSi) da ara samoxeleod miRebuli<br />

qveynis (Sida qarTli) `eri", romelic adgilobriv feodalTa<br />

(tbelTa da sxv.) yrmobaSi Cans moqceuli.<br />

e. xoStarias (brose) samarTliani SeniSvniT, ukve erTiani<br />

feodaluri monarqiis arsebobis dros `svaneTi organuladaa<br />

dakavSirebuli barTan da mtkicedaa Semosuli qarTul feodalur da<br />

socialur-politikur sistemaSi" (e. xoStaria (brose), 1984, gv. 64).<br />

amasTan, igi aRebul periodSi svaneTSi ganviTarebul istoriulkulturul<br />

movlenebs (eklesiaTa intensiuri mSenebloba-Semkoba,<br />

oqromWedloba, saeklesio wignebis gadawera, kavSiri saqarTvelos gareT<br />

arsebul qarTul saeklesio-kulturul centrebTan da sxv.) sruliad<br />

samarTlianad aq (svaneTSi) gvarovnuli wyobilebisdroindeli<br />

institutebis safuZvlian rRvevasa da feodaluri wesebis SemoRebas<br />

ukavSirebs (e. xoStaria (brose), 12984, gv. 65).<br />

erTiani feodaluri monarqiis arsebobis periodSi, qarTuli<br />

saxelmwifos mier warmoebuli, warmatebuli sagareo omebis epoqaSi,<br />

mefis karze samsaxuriT svaneTis sazogadoebisaTvis (gansakuTrebiT misi<br />

zeda fenisTvis) iqmneba optimaluri pirobebi. es ki mas kidev ufro<br />

angariSgasawev Zalad aqcevs barel xelisufalTaTvis, rac kargad aisaxa<br />

kidec am periodSi Seqmnil qarTul naratiul wyaroebSi.<br />

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dacemisa da erTiani samefos daSlis<br />

Semdeg, XIV-XV saukuneebSi svaneTs politikuri da socialurekonomikuri<br />

ganviTarebis sakuTari gzis gavla mouxda, romlis drosac<br />

yvelaze mkafiod gamoikveTa misi, rogorc saqarTvelos mTiani<br />

regionisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri Taviseburebani.

svaneTis rolis gansazRvris sakiTxisaTvis feodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi<br />

centraluri xelisuflebisagan mowyveta, aq (svaneTSi) iwvevs, erTi<br />

mxriv, maT (centralur xelisufalTa) mier dadgenili institutebis<br />

funqciebis moSlasa da mmarTvelobis adgilobrivi formebis, adgilobrivi<br />

institutebis Camoyalibebas (zogierTi maTgani adrec arsebobda, magram<br />

axla drois Sesabamis cvlilebebs ganicdis). meore mxriv, rogorc e.<br />

xoStaria (brose) SeniSnavs: `Zlieri centraluri xelisuflebis<br />

kontrolidan gamosvlisa da adgilobrivi dawinaurebuli fenis<br />

upiratesobis maszardoebel erT-erT umTavres wyaros _ mefis karze<br />

samsaxuris moSlis, Tu saerTod barTan ekonomikuri da politikuri<br />

kavSiris Sesustebis Sedegad svaneTis sazogadoebaSi adgili aqvs mZafr<br />

dapirispirebas da brZolas priviligirebuli fenis SigniT (aznaurTa<br />

gvarebs Soris) erTis mxriv da am ukanasknelsa da mwarmoebel sazogadoebas<br />

Soris, meores mxriv" (e. xoStaria (brose), 1984, gv. 66).<br />

yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli (erTiani qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis<br />

daSlis Sedegad svaneTSi Seqmnili viTareba) kargad aisaxa aRniSnul<br />

periodSi (XIV-XV ss.) Sedgenil svaneTis istoriul dokumentebSic<br />

(v. silogava, 1986, gv. 102-141).<br />

SeniSvna: svaneTSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis analizis Sedegad<br />

axsna eZebneba rogorc svaneTis istoriuli dokumentebis Seqmnis<br />

drois (XIV-XV ss.) gansazRvras (svaneTSi aRebul periodSi<br />

Seqmnilma konkretul-istoriulma viTarebam svaneTis istoriuli<br />

dokumentebis Sedgenis, axali administraciul-mmarTvelobiTi<br />

Tu socialur-ekonomikuri cvlilebebis iuridiuli gaformebis<br />

aucilebloba gamoiwvia), aseve balszemo svaneTis eklesiebSi<br />

aRniSnuli dokumentebis Cvens dromde Semonaxulobas (svaneTis<br />

am nawilSi gvianfeodaluri epoqis mTel sigrZeze ar moxerxda<br />

sazogadoebriv ZalTa wonasworobis darRveva. mxaris<br />

sazogadoebrivma ganviTarebam erTgvari konservacia ganicada<br />

da dokumentebmac moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Zala SeinarCuna, ramac<br />

gansazRvra kidec misi bolo dromde Semonaxuloba).<br />

amdenad, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dacemis Semdeg svaneTis<br />

sazogadoebis priviligirebul gvareulobaTa warmomadgenlebis<br />

socialur-politikuri upiratesobis uzrunvelyofa damokidebuli gaxda<br />

sakuTriv svaneTis feodaluri eqsploataciis (arsebiTad bunebrivsameurneo)<br />

pirobebze, romelic aseTi saxis (feodaluri)<br />

eqsploataciisaTvis erTob araxelsayreli iyo (miwaTmoqmedebis<br />

ganviTarebis umTavresi pirobis - saxnav-saTesi farTobebis simcires da<br />

simwires Tan erTvoda sazamTro saZovrebis arqona da saTibebis nakleboba,<br />

rac mniSvnelovanwilad aferxebda aq mesaqonleobis ganviTarebas). amasTan,<br />

aRniSnul pirobaTa mixedviT, gamoikveTa gansxvavebani svaneTis calkeul<br />

mxareTa Soris, ramac mTlianobaSi gansazRvra gviani SuasaukuneebisaTvis<br />

erTiani svaneTis SigniT socialuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze<br />

myofi calkeuli administraciul-politikuri erTeulebis Camoyalibeba,<br />

357

358<br />

j. qaSibaZe, l. tukvaZe<br />

kerZod, zemo svaneTis balszemo nawilSi Temma SeZlo TviTorganizeba<br />

feodalur sawyisebze da Tavisufleba SeinarCuna, balsqvemo nawilSi ki<br />

svaneTis mcire samTavro (sadadiSqeliano) Camoyalibda, xolo qvemo<br />

svaneTSi laSxeTisa da Coluris TemebSi gelovanTa da gardafxaZeTa<br />

feodaluri saxlebi gabatondnen, lentexis Tems dadianebi daeuflnen.<br />

gvianfeodalur xanaSi erTiani eTno-politikuri erTeulis _<br />

svaneTis daSlam calkeul politikur-administraciul erTeulebad,<br />

amasTan, barTan ekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebis Sesustebam<br />

gamoiwvia misi (svaneTis), rogorc saqarTvelos Semadgeneli erTeulis,<br />

rolis daknineba zogad qarTuli masStabiT.<br />

amdenad, Tuki feodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi didia svaneTis<br />

roli rogorc politikuri, aseve ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT da igi<br />

(gansakuTrebiT politikuri) kidev ufro izrdeba erTiani feodaluri<br />

monarqiis Seqmnis (ganviTarebuli feodalizmi) paralelurad, SemdgomSi<br />

gvianfeodalur xanaSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dacemas Sedegad<br />

mohyva svaneTis barTan ekonomikuri da politikuri kavSirebis Sesusteba<br />

da svaneTis daSla calkeul administraciul-politikur erTeulebad.<br />

aman ki mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra svaneTis rolis daknineba aRebuli<br />

periodis (gvianfeodaluri xana) saqarTveloSi.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

g. gasviani, 1973 - g. gasviani, narkvevebi Sua saukuneebis svaneTis<br />

istoriidan, Tb., 1991.<br />

d. musxeliSvili, 1977 - d. musxeliSvili, saqarTvelos istoriuli<br />

geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, t. I, Tb., 1977.<br />

v. silogava, 1986 - v. silogava, svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi,<br />

t. I, Tb., 1986.<br />

T. yauxCiSvili, 1957 - T. yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia, Tb.,<br />

1957.<br />

e. xoStaria (brose), 1984 - e. xoStaria (brose), feodaluri<br />

xanis saqarTvelos mTisa da baris urTierTobis sakiTxebi,<br />

Tb., 1984.

svaneTis rolis gansazRvris sakiTxisaTvis feodaluri xanis saqarTveloSi<br />

JAMBUL KASHIBADZE, LALI TUKVADZE<br />

ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE ROLE OF SVANETI<br />

IN FEUDAL GEORGIA<br />

In the historical development of Feudal Georgia the role of Svaneti is of great<br />

importance in terms of political and economic viewpoints. This idea is confirmed by<br />

historical records. The political importance of Svaneti increases in the epoch of the<br />

united Georgian feudal monarchy (the period of the advanced feudalism). As for the<br />

period of the collapse of the united Georgian statehood (late feudal period) the province<br />

suffers from the weakening of political and economic ties between the mountainous<br />

region and of the plain population that not only dwindles the role of Svaneti for this<br />

period but also causes the disintegration of Svaneti proper into the smaller<br />

administrative and political units.<br />

359

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

360<br />

kaxaber kaxaber qebulaZe<br />

qebulaZe<br />

eduard eduard aixvaldi aixvaldi XIX XIX XIX saukunis saukunis pirveli pirveli mesamedis<br />

mesamedis<br />

dasavleT dasavleT saqarTvelos saqarTvelos Sesaxeb<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

cnobili germaneli mecnieri da mogzauri eduard aixvaldi kavkasiaSi<br />

imyofeboda 1825-1826 wlebSi. man TiTqmis mTeli saqarTvelo moiara da<br />

saintereso aRwera dagvitova. misi cnobebi uaRresad mniSvnelovan<br />

masalas Seicavs Cveni qveynis istoriuli warsulis Sesaswavlad.<br />

eduard aixvaldis naSromSi - `mogzauroba kavkasiaSi" gadmocemulia<br />

XIX saukunis pirveli mesamedis politikuri cxovrebis amsaxveli ambebi.<br />

germaneli mogzauris interesis sferoSi moeqca calkeul qarTul samefosamTavroebSi<br />

ganviTarebuli movlenebi.<br />

SeniSvna: 2005 wels gamomcemloba `artanujma" dabeWda eduard<br />

aixvaldis mogonebebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romelic germanulidan<br />

Targmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo gia gelaSvilma.<br />

e. aixvaldma 1826 wlis 5 aprils Tbilisidan ori eqspedicia<br />

moawyo da gezi dasavleT saqarTvelosaken aiRo. quTaisSi Camosvlis<br />

Semdeg mogzaurma gelaTis monasteri moinaxula. naSromSi monastris<br />

istoriul warsulze saubrisas man gverdi ver auara dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelos cnobil 1819-1820 wlebis ajanyebas.<br />

SeniSvna: e. aixvaldis gadmocemiT gelaTis monastris yvelaze<br />

didi qva daviT aRmaSeneblis mier iyo amotanili mdinare<br />

wyalwiTelas napiridan. misi azriT, gelaTis cnobili mitropoliti<br />

eqvTime sakmaod bevrs zrunavda monasterze da ramdenadac SeeZlo,<br />

cdilobda mis SenarCunebas. ruseTis sinodisaTvis ki taZris<br />

imJamindeli moZRvari absoluturad miuRebeli iyo. mitropoliti<br />

eqvTime ar apirebda monawileoba mieRo carizmis mier gatarebul<br />

egreT wodebul saeklesio reformaSi, radgan `saeklesio<br />

`saeklesio<br />

`saeklesio<br />

reforma" reforma" erTi erTi ukanaskneli ukanaskneli da da da metad metad mniSvnelovani<br />

mniSvnelovani<br />

RonisZieba RonisZieba iyo iyo saqarTvelos saqarTvelos saqarTvelos politikuri politikuri damonebis damonebis gzaze"<br />

gzaze"<br />

(xazgasma Cvenia - k. q. n. berZeniSvili, 1971, gv. 238).<br />

cnobilia, rom ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg quTaTeli mitropoliti<br />

dosiTeos wereTeli ruseTSi gaasaxles (romelic gzaSi gardaicvala).<br />

masTan erTad gadaasaxles sxva pirebic. eseni iyvnen: gelaTeli<br />

mitropoliti eqvTime, solomon I-is asuli, ivane abaSiZis deda<br />

batoniSvili darejani, Tavadebi sexnia wulukiZe da daviT miqelaZe (g.<br />

vaWriZe, 1999, gv. 245).<br />

SeniSvna: Tavadma ivane abaSiZem gaqceva moaxerxa da gurias<br />

Seafara Tavi.<br />

e. aixvaldis naSromSi gansakuTrebiT didi yuradReba aqvs<br />

daTmobili istoriul cnobebs samegrelosa da afxazeTis samTavroebis<br />

Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom germaneli mogzauri Tavad imyofeboda<br />

stumrad samegreloSi levan dadianTan, sadac piradad gacnobia niko<br />

dadiansa da afxazeTis ukanasknel mTavars mixeil ServaSiZes.<br />

samegrelos mTavar levan dadianze saubrisas mogzauri aRniSnavs,<br />

rom mas (levans - k. q.) carizmisagan miniWebuli hqonia general-leitenantis

eduard aixvaldi XIX saukunis pirveli mesamedis...<br />

Cini, Tumca jamagiris aRebisagan Tavs ikavebda. dadiani kmayofildeboda<br />

im mcire gadasaxadiT, romelic mas dauwesebia Tavis samTavroSi.<br />

SeniSvna: levan grigolis Ze dadianis (1791-1845) Sesaxeb<br />

aRvniSnavT, rom igi samegrelos mTavari gaxda 1811 wels. manamde<br />

samTavros ganagebda dedamisi nino, xolo mamamisi - grigol kacias<br />

Ze dadiani (1770-1804) samegrelos mTavari iyo 1788 wlidan. igi<br />

ruseTis mfarveloaSi Sevida 1803 wels (e. orjonikiZe, 1992, gv. 62).<br />

niko dadianis daxasiaTebisas e. aixvaldi mas megobrul da Wkvian<br />

adamians uwodebs, romelic xalxSi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda.<br />

SeniSvna: niko giorgis Ze dadiani (1780-1834) iyo kacia dadianis<br />

Zmis Svili, istorikosi da sazogado moRvawe. ekuTvnis naSromi<br />

`qarTvelT cxovreba", mas eboZa general-maioroba afxazTa<br />

damarcxebisaTvis, general gorCakovTan erTad 1821 wels (S. burjanaZe,<br />

1862, gv. 33).<br />

e. aixvaldis mixedviT, im droisaTvis samegrelos samTavro iyofoda<br />

or did provinciad - leCxumad da odiSad, romlebic Tanabari sididisa<br />

iyo. germaneli avtori naSromSi saTanado yuradRebas uTmobs samTavros<br />

mokle istoriul daxasiaTebas. mogzauris cnobiT, samegrelos uZvelesi<br />

saxeli kolxeTi iyo, xolo mogvianebiT mis erT nawils lazeTi ewoda.<br />

e. aixvaldis azriT, XV saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi gaerTianebuli<br />

saqarTvelos daSlis Semdeg samegrelo imereTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi<br />

Sedioda. imereTis samefos dasustebis Semdeg samegrelos mTavari imereTis<br />

mefes ganudga. mecnieris ganmartebiT, mxolod imereTis mefem _ solomon<br />

I-ma (1752-1784) moaxerxa kontrolis damyareba samegrelos samTavroze<br />

da isic droebiT, radgan imereTis mefis solomon |-is mefobis dros<br />

mTavarma grigol dadianma 1803 wels ruseTis mfarveloba miiRo.<br />

samegrelos Semdeg e. aixvaldi Tavis mogonebebSi adgils guriis<br />

samTavros uTmobs. misi azriT, gurieli anu guriis mflobeli ufro<br />

xelmokled cxovrobda, vidre dadiani, radgan misi samTavro sididiT<br />

gacilebiT patara iyo. mogzauris cnobiT, guriis samTavro XVII saukunis<br />

bolosaTvis imereTis samefos emorCileboda. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi<br />

guriis mmarTvelma moaxerxa imereTis mefisagan ganTavisufleba da guriis<br />

mTavris titulis mopoveba. imereTis mefem - solomon I-ma SeZlo<br />

guriis xelaxla damorCileba, magram Semdeg XIX saukunis dasawyisSi<br />

guriis samTavro, iseve rogorc gacilebiT adre (1803 w.) samegrelos<br />

samTavro, 1810 wels dadebuli traqtatiT ruseTis mfavrelobaSi Sevida.<br />

am dros guriis mTavari mamia simonis Ze gurieli iyo, romlis<br />

gardacvalebis Semdeg 1826 wels samTavros marTva-gamgeoba misi meuRlis<br />

- sofios xelSi gadavida. 1828 wlis oqtomberSi guriaSi rusTa razmebi<br />

Sevidnen. sofio Tanmxleb pirebTan erTad osmaleTSi gaiqca, sadac 1829<br />

wels trapizonSi gardaicvala. imave wels gurielis xelisufleba gauqmda<br />

da yofil samTavroSi rusuli mmarTveloba iqna SemoRebuli (m. dumbaZe,<br />

1954, gv. 57).<br />

361

362<br />

k. qebulaZe<br />

guriis samTavroze saubrisas e. aixvaldi aRniSnavda, rom im<br />

droisaTvis guria iyofoda or _ nagomuris da ozurgeTis mxared.<br />

aqedan igi gacilebiT mosavlianad am ukanasknels miiCnevda. garda amisa,<br />

mogzauri xazs usvamda qalaq foTis strategiul mdebareobas da<br />

aRniSnavda, rusebisaTvis misi dakavebis uaRresad did mniSvnelobas.<br />

e. aixvaldi Tavis naSromSi jerovan yuraRdebas uTmobs afxazeTis<br />

samTavros da warmogvidgens winare istoris, Tu rogor damyarda rusuli<br />

mmarTveloba aRniSnul mxareSi. germanel mecniers afxazebi qarTvelur<br />

tomebad miaCnia, romlebsac jer kidev bizantiis imperatoris iustinianes<br />

(527-565) dros miuRiaT qristianoba. mogzauris cnobiT, gvianfeodalur<br />

xanaSi afxazeTis samTavros mouxerxebia imereTis mefis qveSevrdomobisagan<br />

ganTavisufleba. swored am droidan moyolebuli afxazeTis samTavro<br />

osmaleTis sulTanis moxarke gamxdara. naSromis ganxilvisas irkveva,<br />

rom 1770 wels, rodesac generali totlebeni qarTl-kaxeTSi Camovida,<br />

afxazTa mTavars levan ServaSiZes misTvis samTavros ruseTis<br />

mfarvelobaSi miReba uTxovia, rac maSin ar momxdara. amitom igi<br />

iZulebuli gamxdara sarwmuneoba Seecvala da osmaleTisagan daxmareba<br />

mieRo. amis Semdeg afxazeTis mTavari xdeba levan ServaSiZis ufrosi<br />

vaJi qeliS-bei, romelsac e. aixvaldi bunebiT sakmaod Wkvian da gonier<br />

adamianad axasiaTebs. germaneli avtori qeliS-beg ServaSiZes warmogvidgens,<br />

rogorc energiul mmarTvels, romelsac mouxerxebia samTavros<br />

gaerTianeba da samegrelos mTavris giorgi dadianis Seviwroeba. garda<br />

amisa, 1807 wels qeliS-beis TavSesafari miucia trapizonis mmarTvel<br />

ter faSasaTvis, rasac, cxadia, osmaleTis gaRizianeba gamouwvevia. amas<br />

emateboda isic, rom qeliS-beim Tavis umcros Svils - safar begs<br />

ufleba misca qristianad monaTluliyo. e. aixvaldis mtkicebiT, qeliSbeis<br />

aseTi moqmedeba miuRebeli aRmoCnda osmaleTisaTvis, miT umetes am<br />

periodSi ruseT-osmaleTis omi (1806-1812 ww.) mimdinareobda. amitom<br />

osmalTa waqezebiT afxazeTis mTavari mokla misive Svilma hasan-begma.<br />

e. aixvaldis gadmocemiT, hasan beg ServaSiZes daupirispirda Tavisi<br />

Zma safar-beg (igive giorgi) ServaSiZe, romelic carizmis mxardaWeriT<br />

sargeblobda. amaze isic miuTiTebs, rom rusuli razmebi soxum-kales<br />

cixeSi Cadgnen, xolo giorgis ufrosi vaJi dimitri ganaTlebis misaRebad<br />

peterburgSi iqna gagzavnili. rogorc naSromidan irkveva, giorgi<br />

ServaSiZe 1810 wlis ianvarSi Sesula ruseTis mfarvelobaSi, risTvisac<br />

mas general-maioroba uboZes da jamagirad 2000 vercxlis maneTi<br />

dauniSnavT. amasTanave, igi afxazeTis mTavrad gamocxadda.<br />

e. aixvaldis cnobiT, afxazeTis mTavris _ giorgi ServaSiZis<br />

gardacvalebis Semdeg samTavroSi politikuri viTareba kvlav daZabula.<br />

osmaleTis mxardaWeriT hasan-bei agrZelebda brZolas mTavris<br />

titulisaTvis, maSin rodesac carizmi mxars uWerda giorgi ServaSiZis<br />

Svils - dimitris. misTvis (dimitrisaTvis _ k. q.) mTavrad damtkiceba<br />

sakmaod moulodneli yofila. rac Seexeba hasan-begs, mas osmalTa<br />

daxmarebiT dimitris deda da da-Zma dautyvevebia, romelTa gaTavisufleba<br />

dimitris rusuli razmebis daxmarebiT mouxerxebia.

eduard aixvaldi XIX saukunis pirveli mesamedis...<br />

germaneli mogzauris azriT, samTavroSi situacia kvlav daZabuli<br />

rCeboda. 1823 wels gardacvlili mTavris _ dimitris nacvlad afxazeTis<br />

mmarTveli gaxda giorgis meore vaJi mixeil ServaSiZe. morig ajanyebas<br />

avtori 1824 wliT aTariRebs da mis winamZRolad hasan-begs asaxelebs.<br />

afxazeTis axal mTavars mixeils (maioris Cinis mflobeli yofila),<br />

e. aixvaldi sust mmarTvelad miiCnevs, igi Turme didi gavleniT ver<br />

sargeblobda afxazeTSi. mecnieri amis Semdeg detalurad aRwers, Tu<br />

rogor iqna CaxSobili ajanyeba carizmis mier. naSromidan irkveva, rom<br />

amboxebis likvidacia davalebuli hqonia general-maior Tavad gorCakovs,<br />

romelsac davaleba `warmatebiT" Seusrulebia. xolo rac Seexeba hasanbegs,<br />

igi 1831 wels yubanel CerqezebTan gaqceula. afxazeTis mTavari<br />

mixeil ServaSiZe ki Tavis ojaxTan erTad redutSi dasaxlebula.<br />

e. aixvaldi 1831 wlisaTvis afxazeTis samTavros oTx mxared yofda.<br />

eseni iyo: webelda, afSavi (afSau), afxazi da bzifi. aqedan igi<br />

gansakuTrebiT gamoyofda webeldas, radgan iq Turme Tavisufali<br />

sazogadoeba yofila. webeldelebze erTgvari gavlena ki mxolod Tavad<br />

marSaniebis mdidar gvars hqonia. rac Seexeba danarCen mxareebs, e.<br />

aixvaldis ganmartebiT, isini mxolod nominalurad cnobdnen afxazeTis<br />

mmarTvelis, polkovnik mixeil ServaSiZis Zalauflebas.<br />

SeniSvna: afxazeTis samTavros saboloo gauqmeba moxda 1864<br />

wels. kavkasiis mefisnacvlis brZanebiT, romlis mixedviT mixeil<br />

ServaSiZe mTavris taxtidan gadayenebulad gamocxadda, xolo<br />

afxazeTSi SemoRebul iqna e.w. `samxedro-saxalxo mmarTveloba"<br />

(saqarTvelos istoria, 2004, gv. 130).<br />

germaneli mecnieris e. aixvaldis naSromi `mogzauroba kavkasiaSi",<br />

miuxedavad garkveuli xarvezebisa da uzustobebisa, mniSvnelovan<br />

istoriul wyarod migvaCnia. mogzauris cnobebi, romlebic TiTqmis misi<br />

wignis gamocemamde (1837) periods moicavs (gansakuTrebiT XIX saukune),<br />

Zalze sayuradReboa. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom igi xSirad iyo TviTmxilveli<br />

im viTarebisa, romelic xdeboda qarTul samTavroebSi.<br />

e. aixvaldis naSromis moZiebiTa da mecnierul mimoqcevaSi<br />

SemotaniT qarTul istoriografias saintereso gamokvleva Seemata.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

n. berZeniSvili, 1971 - n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

sakiTxebi, t. V, Tb., 1971.<br />

S. burjanaZe, 1962 - S. burjanaZe, niko dadiani, Tb., 1962.<br />

m. dumbaZe, 1954 - m. dumbaZe, guriis samTavros socialurekonomikuri<br />

viTareba XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi, Tb., 1954.<br />

g. vaWriZe, 1999 - g. vaWriZe, imereTis droebiTi mmarTveloba<br />

(1819-1840 wlebi), quTaisi, 1999.<br />

e. orjonikiZe, 1992 - e. orjonikiZe, rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba<br />

saqarTveloSi (XIX s. I naxevari), Tb., 1992.<br />

saqarTvelos istoria, 2004 - saqarTvelos istoria (XIX saukune),<br />

Tb., 2004.<br />

363

364<br />

k. qebulaZe<br />

KAKHABER KEBULADZE<br />

EDUARD EICHVALD ABOUT WEST GEORGIA IN THE<br />

FIRST THIRD OF THE 19 TH CENTURY<br />

Eduard Eichvald, an eminent German scholar and traveler was in the Caucasus<br />

in the years of 1825-1826. He visited almost every part of Georgia and made an<br />

interesting description of the country. His writings present important materials for<br />

the study of Georgia’s history of the period.<br />

E. Eichvald’s work Travelling in the Caucasus consists of stories featuring<br />

political events of the first three decades of the 19 th c. The German scholar appeared<br />

to have been interested in the events developed in the small Georgian kingdoms and<br />

princedoms. Very often he himself appeared an eye-witness of these events.<br />

Eduard Eichvald left Tilisi for the west Georgia in April 5, 1826. He stayed<br />

here for a few months. In his memoirs he dedicated quite a number of pages for the<br />

study of history of Imereti kingdom, and of Guria, Megrelia, and Abkhazia princedoms.

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

daviT daviT SavianiZe<br />

SavianiZe<br />

ianeTSi ianeTSi ianeTSi mcxovrebi mcxovrebi mcxovrebi <strong>qarTveli</strong> <strong>qarTveli</strong> repatriantebis<br />

repatriantebis<br />

repatriantebis<br />

eTnoistoriidan<br />

eTnoistoriidan<br />

(gvarsaxelTa (gvarsaxelTa eTnografiuli eTnografiuli monacemebis monacemebis mixedviT)<br />

mixedviT)<br />

sofel ianeTSi amJamad cxovrobs istoriuli mesxeTidan1 sabWoeTis<br />

mahmadianur respublikebSi gadasaxlebul da Semdeg repatriirebul<br />

qarTvelTa ocdaaTamde ojaxi. qarTul cnobierebaSerCenil am qarTvelTa<br />

gvarebis eTnoistoriuli kvlevis dros irkveva: TurqTa da Semdeg<br />

rusebis religiur-politikuri zewoliT gamowveuli samcxe-javaxeTis<br />

mkvidr, gamahmadianebul qarTvelTa migraciis mimarTulebebi da masStabi;<br />

"ucxo garemoSi" SeZenili yofiTi maxasiaTeblebi; "qarTvelobaSi,<br />

qristianul rwmenaSi da miviwyebul qarTul adaTebSi TandaTanobiT<br />

dabrunebis, qarTvelTagan maTi isev miRebis survili"; CamosaxlebulTa<br />

umravlesoba sakuTar qarTul gvars ibrunebs da oficialur<br />

dokumentebSic ase formdeba.<br />

ianeTSi Camosaxlebulia telman erisTavi erisTavi erisTavi→→→→→sulTanovi<br />

erisTavi erisTavi sulTanovi<br />

sulTanovi<br />

sulTanovi sulTanovi (1 komli).<br />

eTnografiuli masala: "warmoSobiT kaxeTidan varT. albaT XIII s.<br />

mefis warmomadgenlad gaugzavniaT Cveni Zveli adigenSi, sofel mareliSi.<br />

vyofilvarT cixis mSeneblobis meTvalyureni".<br />

ilia maisuraZe adasturebs kaxeTSi, sofel qistaurSi erisTavis<br />

gvaris mkvidrobas. XIII saukuneSi erisTavi gvarsaxelis formiT ar<br />

arsebobda. Tanamdebobis aRmniSvneli termini _ erisTavi gvarad gvian<br />

feodalur periodSi, XVI saukunis Semdeg iqca.<br />

giorgi boWoriZis mixedviT, adigenis mkvidri erisTavi suleiman<br />

begi iyo CijavaZe. CijavaZe. CijavaZe. CijavaZe. CijavaZe. olRa soselias mtkicebiTac, qarTlis mkvidri<br />

CijavaZeebi imerlebi unda yofiliyvnen. imereTidan wamosuli pirveli<br />

CijavaZe, mkvlevris azriT, unda yofiliyo XV saukunis moRvawe aleqsandre<br />

mefis karis vaziri rostomi an kaxaberi CijavaZe (o. soselia, 1973, gv.<br />

7-9). CijavaZis saxels atarebs samegrelos qarTuli Temidan warmoSobil<br />

CiCuaTa CiCuaTa CiCuaTa CiCuaTa CiCuaTa sagvareulos erTi Sto. maT gaCijavaZebas sacxovrisis Secvlas<br />

ukavSireben. ar dasturdeba, rodis moxda CiCuaTa saqarTvelos sxva<br />

kuTxeebSi gadasaxleba, magram jer kidev X saukunis pirvel naxevarSi<br />

Canan sazuereli aznauri CijavaZeebi Tanamedrove qarTlis zemo nawilSi.<br />

sazuere, simon janaSias mtkicebiT, Tanamedrove qarTlis zemo nawilSi<br />

iyo; niko berZeniSvilis varaudiT _ "sacicianoSi". mecnierebaSi<br />

gamoTqmuli kidev erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, sazuere Zamis xeobaSia<br />

(s. janaSia, 1952, gv.189; n.berZeniSvili, 1937, gv.67; d. gvritiSvili, gv. 126).<br />

1886 wlis aRweris masalebi adastureben, rom erisTavi cxovrobda<br />

adigenSi. sofel marelSi XIX saukunis bolos "aRas" wodebis matarebeli<br />

oTxi Zma erisTavi cxovrobda (m. beriZe, 2006, gv. 71).<br />

1 "mesxni" viwro mniSvnelobiT aRniSnavda mxolod samcxis mkvidrT, farTo gagebiT ki<br />

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos yvela eTnografuli jgufis aRmniSvneli iyo<br />

(r. TofCiSvili, 2008, gv. 39).<br />

365

366<br />

d. SavianiZe<br />

SeiZleba dauSvaT, rom telman erisTavis winapari marTlac<br />

gadmosaxlda kaxeTidan samcxe-javaxeTSi, magram ufro gvian. mTxrobels<br />

surs hyavdes didi winapari da daaZvelos Tavisi warsuli.<br />

dResac mahmadianuri sjulis matarebeli erisTav→telmanis gvaris<br />

eTnoistoriuli kvlevis dros irkveva qarTuli yofiTi cxovrebis<br />

ramdenime mxare: ician, rom ar unda daqorwindnen erisTavze; saqorwino<br />

urTierTobaSi ar Sedian gadasaxlebis droindeli TavianTi gvaris<br />

ganayofebTanac, romlebic amJamad cxovroben moskovsa da yirgizeTSi.<br />

ar qorwindebian meuRlis Zveli gvaris _ CxeiZis da meuRlis sabWoTa<br />

gvaris _ ibragimovebis naTesavebze, TavianT moyvrebze; qali gaTxovebis<br />

Semdeg sakuTar gvarad aRiarebs meuRlis gvars.<br />

telman erisTavis meuRlis gvaria ibragimova. ibragimova<br />

ibragimova<br />

ibragimova<br />

ibragimova misi gadasaxlebis<br />

droindeli gvari ki CxeiZe CxeiZe CxeiZe CxeiZe CxeiZe iyo. Ziri qarTuli gvaris Sesaxeb meti<br />

informacia ara aqvs. icis is, rom misi erisTavebTan daqorwinebis<br />

Semdeg naTesavebi arian erisTavebi da CxeiZeebi.<br />

ibragimovi<br />

ibragimovi<br />

ibragimovi ibragimovi<br />

ibragimovi mustafa da misi Zma alixanic dRes ianeTs mkvidroben<br />

da Tavis Zvel qarTul gvars CxeiZes CxeiZes CxeiZes CxeiZes CxeiZes atareben. gadasaxlebamde adigenis<br />

raion sofel qiqineTis mkvidrebi yofilan.<br />

saistorio mecnierebaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba amanelisZeTa<br />

CxeiZeebis gvaris erT-erT Stod gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. k. kekeliZis da<br />

s. yauxCiSvilis mixedviT, saerisTao aris argveTi (o. soselia, gv. 30;<br />

istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, 1941, gv. 79; qarTlis cxovreba,<br />

1959, t. gv. 34); vaxuStis mixedviT, "mTavarTa Soris uwarCinebulesi da<br />

SemZlebeli" CxeiZeebi arian Zirad imerlebi, sofel Cixadan. batoniSvilis<br />

varaudiT, Sorapnis erisTavebad3 CxeiZeebi isxdnen manam, vidre giorgi<br />

brwyinvale erisTavad miqel mefis Ze bagrats dasvamda. CxeiZeebis Sorapnis<br />

erisTavebad moazrebas xels uwyobs g. cqitiSvilis dakvirvebac. mkvlevari<br />

aRniSnavs, rom Sorapnis erisTavTa gvari argveTidan, kerZod lomsiaTxevis<br />

sof. boridan arian. aRniSnuli gvaris saTavados Camoyalibeba moxda<br />

imereTis erisTavebis _ dimitrisa da bagratis mefobisaTvis brZolis<br />

dros XV saukuneSi. am dros CxeiZeebi floben zeda dims da mxolod<br />

amis Semdeg daisakuTres baRdaTis (da ara mxolod misi) soflebi.<br />

imereTis eTnografiul masalebiTac CxeiZeebi dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi dawinaurebuli gvaria da sxvadasxva "naStoebadaa"<br />

warmodgenili.<br />

axalcixis raionis sofel awyurSi ixsenieba gvarsaxeli CxiaZe. CxiaZe CxiaZe CxiaZe CxiaZe<br />

SeiZleba davuSvaT ramdenime varaudi: 1. Cveni mTxrobelis Zveli qarTuli<br />

gvari iyo CxiaZe da ara CxeiZe. 2. CxeiZe Seicvala CxiaZed. Sdr. giorgi<br />

boWoriZe eWvobs, rom qveda RaRvis mkvidri CxiaZe CxeiZea. 3. moxda ise,<br />

rom saistorio dokumentebiT ver dafiqsirda gvari CxeiZe istoriul<br />

zemo qarTlSi.<br />

prof. m. beriZes aRniSnuli aqvs, rom ianeTSi mkvidrobs abaSiZis abaSiZis abaSiZis abaSiZis abaSiZis<br />

gvaridan gasuli sami ganayofi ojaxi: eiubovi eiubovi eiubovi eiubovi eiubovi maxadini (adigenis raion<br />

3. leonti mrovelis margvi, anu argveTi, juanSeris margvi da Takveri da "matiane<br />

qarTlisas" Cixa vaxuStisTan Sorapnis saerisTaoa (vaxuSti, 1973, gv. 154, 162, 163)

ianeTSi mcxovrebi <strong>qarTveli</strong> repatriantebis eTnoistoriidan<br />

sofel qiqineTidan), eiubovi eiubovi eiubovi eiubovi eiubovi iaxia (sofel qiqineTidan) da aiubov aiubov aiubov aiubov aiubov<br />

zaqaria. "abaSiZis gvaridan gamosuli orive gvari maT daweris mixedviT<br />

aqvT". dRes isini abaSiZis gvars atareben.<br />

XV-XVI saukunidan zemo imereTSi yalibdeba abaSiZeTa saTavado<br />

(p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 48). Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos Sinapolitikuri<br />

urTierTobebis gamo abaSiZeebi qarTlSi da istoriul zemo qarTlSic<br />

mravlad mkvidroben. mkvidroben saqarTvelos sxva TemebSic. gvari<br />

momdinareobs eponimis saxelidan _ abaSi. abaSi. abaSi. abaSi. abaSi.<br />

gvaris eTnoistoriuli kvleva sainteresoa qarTvelTa socialurkulturuli<br />

yofis TvalsazrisiTac. irkveva, rom amJamad ianeTSi<br />

mcxovreb, samcxe-javaxeTis mkvidr repatriant mesxebs dResac wesad<br />

aqvT "sakuTari lideris arCevis gadasaxlebamdeli tradicia". ianeTSi<br />

Camosaxlebis dros maTi "lideri" iyo jemal aubovi. Tavisi pirovnuli<br />

TvisebebiT, unarianobiTa da samarTlianobis principiT arCeuli lideri<br />

socialur-kulturuli da sameurneo urTierTobebis gamrigea.<br />

sofel sayuneTidan "gadausaxlebiaT qindievebi, qindievebi<br />

qindievebi<br />

qindievebi<br />

qindievebi Zveli qarTuli<br />

gvariT tabataZe".<br />

tabataZe tabataZe tabataZe tabataZe<br />

dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli gvarsaxeli<br />

tabataZe pirvelad XV saukuneSi ixsenieba. tabataZeebi xaragaulis<br />

raionis soflebSi _ vansa da xevSi mkvidroben. gvianfeodalur xanaSi<br />

mkvidrobdnen istoriuli zemo qarTlis sofel abanoSi. dRes<br />

mosaxleoben borjomisa da axalcixis raionebSi (p. cxadaia, 2000, gv.<br />

129; i. maisuraZe, 1990, gv. 152; r. TofCiSvili, 1997, gv. 57).<br />

gvarsaxeli eponimuria. mas safuZvlad udevs sakuTari saxeli _<br />

tabata. tabata tabata tabata tabata<br />

ianeTs mkvidroben mamisaSvilebi<br />

mamisaSvilebi<br />

mamisaSvilebi→→→→→mamedovi<br />

mamisaSvilebi<br />

mamisaSvilebi mamedovi mamedovi mamedovi. mamedovi gadmocemaSi<br />

naxsenebi mamisaSvilebis Ziri sacxovrisi sofeli konjRa unda iyos,<br />

axalqalaqis sofeli orja. "somxebis mowolis gamo mamisaSvilebi mosulan<br />

axalcixis yofili mazris varxanis Temis sofel CurCutoSi". fazairis<br />

"sisxl", amJamad ianeTis mkvidr "danarCen mamisaSvilebsac<br />

mamisaSvilebsac<br />

mamisaSvilebsac mamisaSvilebsac<br />

mamisaSvilebsac gadasaxlebis<br />

periodSi axal gvarad miuRiaT mamedovi".<br />

mamisaSvilebis gvaris istoriis Seswavla gvawvdis informacias<br />

XIX saukunis ociani wlebis im realobaze, romelmac Seapiroba javaxeTis<br />

mosaxleobis samcxeSi da saqarTvelos sxva TemSi gadasaxleba, javaxeTis<br />

eTnikuri rukis Secvla. cnobilia, rom 1828 wlis Semdeg javaxeTis<br />

ZiriTadi mosaxleoba TurqeTidan gadmosaxlebuli mosaxleobaa. uSualod<br />

paskeviCis xelSewyobiT javaxeTSi Caasaxles osmaleTidan, yarsisa da<br />

arzrumis safaSoebidan gamoqceuli somxebi. maT daiWires pirveli adgili,<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> mahmadianebi, meore adgilze darCnen (iv. javaxiSvili, 1996, gv.<br />

35; r. TofCiSvili, 1993, gv. 4).<br />

sakuTari saxelidan _ mamisa mamisa mamisa warmomdgari gvarsaxeli mamisaSvili<br />

mkvidrobs istoriul qarTlSic da dasavleT saqarTveloSic. yvelaze<br />

adrindeli sabuTi, romelSic aRniSnuli gvari ixsenieba, 1525-1558 wlebiT<br />

TariRdeba (pal, 2004, gv. 27).<br />

mamisaSvilebi, qristianuli tradiciis Sesabamisad, ar qorwindebian<br />

sisxliT da SeZenil naTesavebze, mamisaSvil/mamedovebze, gvaris matarebel<br />

367

368<br />

d. SavianiZe<br />

ganayofze (erTi Zma cxovrobs misi "naSieriT" yazaxeTSi) da ojaxis<br />

diasaxlisis gadasaxlebamdel gvarze CaxaliZe. CaxaliZe CaxaliZe CaxaliZe CaxaliZe CaxaliZeebi axalcixis<br />

sofel fersaSi mkvidrobdnen. fersadan repatrirebuli CaxaliZeebis<br />

Stos nawili cxovrobs krasnodarSi, rostovsa da aSS-Si.<br />

saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli iyo qalis saxeli _ Caxal Caxal Caxal. Caxal Caxal giorgi<br />

boWoriZes zemo qarTlSi daudasturebia aRniSnuli saxelic da am<br />

saxelis matarebeli ganayofis mkvidrobac.<br />

adigenis raion sofel wyises mcxovreb Caxal feizel oRlis Svilis<br />

_ mahmudis saxlSi aRmoCnda jvari; axalcixis raionis sofel ivlitaSi<br />

saflavis qvaze ori aseTi warweraa: "q. saflavsa amasa Sina mdebarea 2.<br />

moloznianT poRosas qali meu Rvinob 3. Rle CaxalaT CaxalaT CaxalaT CaxalaT CaxalaT osefasi anna:<br />

1801 : 5" (g. boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 18, 52, 62).<br />

ianeTis mkvidri mirza mamisaSvilis<br />

mamisaSvilis<br />

mamisaSvilis mamisaSvilis<br />

mamisaSvilis meuRlis qarTuli gvaria<br />

sanikiZe. sanikiZe sanikiZe sanikiZe sanikiZe uzbekeTSi gadasaxlebuli sanikiZeebi muzaferovebi<br />

muzaferovebi<br />

muzaferovebi muzaferovebi<br />

muzaferovebi gaxdnen.<br />

uzbekeTidan azerbaijanSi gadmosaxldnen XX saukunis mesame meoTxedidan<br />

naTesavebTan axlos yofnis gamo, gvarad dairqves winapari nazimis saxeli.<br />

awindeli nazimovebis "erTi naTesaoba" azerbaijansa da nalCikSic<br />

mkvidroben.<br />

sanikiZeebis sacxovrisi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos sofeli<br />

uTxisubani/utyisubani iyo. am sofelSi giorgi boWoriZesac daumowmebia<br />

sanikiZeebis aTi komli, romelTagan "zogi qarTulad kargad laparakobda"<br />

(g. boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 86).<br />

sakuTar saxelad qceuli Zveli eTnonimidan saniki(//sanigi) momdinare<br />

gvarsaxeli sanikiani sanikiani sanikiani sanikiani sanikiani sanigianis formiT pirvelad ixsenieba XIII saukunis<br />

svaneTis sulTa matianeebSi. sanigiani→ sanikiani→ sanigia→ sanikia→<br />

sanikiZis formiT gvari dasturdeba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi<br />

(p. cxadaia, 2000, gv. 125; r. TofCiSvili, 1993, gv. 21; g. boWoriZe, 1994,<br />

gv. 70; i. maisuraZe, gv. 143; d. SavianiZe, 2007).<br />

repatriirebuli iznoebis ojaxis ufrosis topik iznos iznos iznos iznos iznos adrindeli<br />

gvari aris jinWaraZe. jinWaraZe jinWaraZe jinWaraZe jinWaraZe adigenis raion sofel bolajurSic mahmadianebi<br />

yofilan. am soflis mkvidri yofilan jinWaraZeebi 1976 welsac (m.<br />

beriZe, 2006, gv. 77). jinWaraZeebisTvis gvari saxelmwifo politikis<br />

Sesabamisad jer kidev gadasaxlebamde SeucvliaT madadovad, madadovad<br />

madadovad<br />

madadovad<br />

madadovad Semdeg ki<br />

_ sefievad. sefievad sefievad sefievad sefievad ianeTis mkvidri topik iznos mama iyo sefievi, misi babua<br />

madadovi. rac Seexeba Tavad topiks, uzbekeTSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg<br />

dairqva gvarad mamis, izmailidan an ismailidan nawarmoebi (m. beriZe,<br />

2006, gv. 77) saxeli izno. ianeTSi cxovroben calke ojaxebad topik<br />

iznos sami Svili. topikis sami Zmidan erTi aris isvadievi isvadievi isvadievi, isvadievi isvadievi meore<br />

sefievi sefievi sefievi sefievi sefievi da mesame muradovi.<br />

muradovi muradovi muradovi muradovi<br />

ilia maisuraZis monacemebiT, gvari dasavlurqarTulia. sakuTari<br />

saxelidan _ jinWara jinWara jinWara jinWara jinWara momdinare gvaris _ jinWaraZis Ziri sacxovrisi<br />

aris raWaSi, ambrolauris raionSi, Coxataurisa da qobuleTis raionebSi.<br />

mkvidroben agreTve imereTSi.<br />

SeiZleba davuSvaT ori varaudi: 1. gvari migrirebulia zemo<br />

qarTlidan. jinWaraZeebi gamoeqcnen musulmanur eqspansias da gadmosaxldnen

ianeTSi mcxovrebi <strong>qarTveli</strong> repatriantebis eTnoistoriidan<br />

zemo qarTlis mosazRvre istoriul guriaSi an raWaSi. 2. SesaZloa<br />

gvari formirebuliyo damoukideblad rogorc dasavleT, ise samxreT<br />

saqarTveloSi.<br />

jinWaraZe → iznos eTnoistoriuli kvleva adasturebs qarTuli<br />

yofisTvis damaxasiaTebel ramdenime sinamdviles:<br />

ucxo qveyanaSi iZulebiT gadasaxlebuli Zirad jinWaraZe kidev<br />

erTxel gaxda iZulebuli Seecvala ukve <strong>araqarTuli</strong> gvari. "SemoTavazebis<br />

Semdeg SeZlo da gvarad dairqva, marTalia, <strong>araqarTuli</strong>, magram winapris<br />

saxeli izno; araa gvargatexilobis SemTxveva. ar qorwindebian agreTve<br />

sefievebze da debis qmarTa gvarebis _ _ _ _ _ baqraZeebis<br />

baqraZeebis<br />

baqraZeebis baqraZeebis<br />

baqraZeebis da ganCaZeebis<br />

ganCaZeebis<br />

ganCaZeebis<br />

ganCaZeebis<br />

ganCaZeebis<br />

naTesavebze; irkveva adamianis saxelis matarebeli toponimis Seqmnis<br />

qarTuli tradicia. ianeTSi, im adgilas, sadac topik iznos saTesi<br />

yanaa, hqvia "babua babua topikis topikis yana yana" yana / "Tefo Tefo dedes dedes yana yana". yana<br />

1965 wels uzbekeTidan azerbaijanSi, aqedan 1982 wels ianeTSi<br />

Camosaxlda fatima izatova. izatova izatova izatova izatova isini axalcixis raion sofel anidan<br />

gadaasaxles. maTi qarTuli gvari SaqraZis SaqraZis SaqraZis SaqraZis SaqraZis sacxovrisi aris sofeli<br />

benari. axalcixis mazris kldis Temis sofel anis mkvidrebi yofilan<br />

SaqaraZeebi. SaqaraZeebi<br />

SaqaraZeebi<br />

SaqaraZeebi<br />

SaqaraZeebi Tavis adrindel gvarTan dakavSirebiT dRes uzbekeTSi<br />

darqmeuli gvaris iziatovis matareblebma araferi ician.<br />

saistorio dokumentebSi araerTgzis gvxvdeba sakuTari saxelidan<br />

_Saqara nawarmoebi gvarsaxeli SaqaraSvili. SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom<br />

igive saxeli gaxda "Ze" daboloebiani gvar SaqaraZis mawarmoebeli.<br />

giorgi boWoriZis cnobiT, zemo qarTlis sofel amxas eklesiis<br />

nangrevTa nawilebi, erTad SeerTebuli oTxsvetis saxis eklesiis svetebi,<br />

sxva mezoblebTan erTad wauRia da saxlisTvis gamouyenebia Saqir yoCi<br />

oRlis (g. boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 87).<br />

bairam izatovis deda da beiTula tairovis da zeinab tairovac tairovac tairovac tairovac tairovac<br />

anidanaa. misi qarTuli gvari iyo orbiZe. orbiZe orbiZe orbiZe orbiZe<br />

SoroTis eklesiis kedelze aris aseTi warwera: "qriste orbisZes<br />

nikolozs galatozT uxucess Seundven RmerTman amen" (g. boWoriZe,<br />

1994, gv. 26).<br />

arZenis mkvidr sxva gvarebTan erTad g. boWoriZe asaxelebs<br />

TurmaniZeebis,<br />

TurmaniZeebis,<br />

TurmaniZeebis, TurmaniZeebis,<br />

TurmaniZeebis, "igive osiZis" osiZis osiZis osiZis osiZis 1 komls (g. boWoriZe, 1992, gv. 131).<br />

TurmaniZe zemo imereTsa da xulos raionSi gavrcelebuli gvaria.<br />

pirvelad moxseniebulia 1466-1478 ww. sigelSi. TurmaniZe sagia goris<br />

raionis sofel atenis mouravia (pal, 1993, gv. 366). gvari dafiqsirebulia<br />

sinas mTis sulTa matianeSi. gogolaurTa TemSi Sedioda TurmanaulTa<br />

gvari (r. TofCiSvili, 1997, gv. 55, 70).<br />

istoriul zemo qarTlSi, dRevandel aWaraSi, qedis raionSi dResac<br />

aris sofeli TurmaniZeebi.<br />

ianeTis mkvidri repatriirebulebis erTi ojaxi abibovis abibovis abibovis abibovis abibovis gvars<br />

atarebs. TavianTi Ziri qarTuli gvaris Sesaxeb mxolod is ician, rom<br />

yofilan TurmaniZeebis<br />

TurmaniZeebis<br />

TurmaniZeebis TurmaniZeebis<br />

TurmaniZeebis "Caxtianebad<br />

Caxtianebad" Caxtianebad<br />

Caxtianebad<br />

Caxtianebad wodebuli ganayofis Svilebi.<br />

merab beriZis mier ukve mikvleuli masalebis mixedviT, abibovis Zveli<br />

369

370<br />

d. SavianiZe<br />

qarTuli gvaria abulaZe abulaZe abulaZe, abulaZe abulaZe romlebic patara sofel smads mkvidrobdnen<br />

(m. beriZe, 2006, gv. 65).<br />

gvaris istoriis Seswavlis dros kidev erTxel dasturdeba samcxejavaxeTidan<br />

XX saukunis ormocian wlebSi gadasaxlebuli gvarebis<br />

eTnoistoriuli kvlevis aucilebloba, saintereso socialuri, yofiTi<br />

cxovrebis wesebis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac. TurmaniZe, uzbekeTSi<br />

gadasaxlebis Semdeg abibovi, qorwinebaSi ar Sedis dedis gvaris matarebel<br />

im nawilTan (sam TaobasTan _ d.S.), romlebic TurmaniZeTa SeZenili<br />

naTesavebi arian.<br />

imereTidan gadasaxlebulan adigenis raionis sofel varxanSi<br />

baxtaZeebi<br />

baxtaZeebi<br />

baxtaZeebi. baxtaZeebi<br />

baxtaZeebi maTi gadasaxlebis droindeli da amJamindeli Turqulazerbaijanuli<br />

gvari bagbanovi bagbanovi bagbanovi bagbanovi bagbanovi nawarmoebia profesiulobis aRmniSvneli<br />

saxelidan (baR-ban baR-ban qarTulad mebaRes aRniSnavs).<br />

saistorio dokumentebiT dasturdeba baxtaZis gvaris imerloba,<br />

xonis mkvidroba. XVI saukunis dasasrulis daTariRebul sabuTebSi<br />

dasaxelebuli baxtaZeebi: basila, gabrieli, gamsaja, giorgi, mamisTvala,<br />

nasyida, natri, cotnia xonis wminda giorgis ymebi arian. Tumca baxtaZe<br />

ufro adre 1527-1558 ww. daTariRebul sabuTSi axalqalaqis sofel<br />

zakvis mkvidri goSfar javaxiSvilis ymad saxeldeba. SedarebiT gvian<br />

1624 wels moxseniebulia baxtaZe Sermazani, SalvaSvilis gardacvlili<br />

yma, romlis mamuli zaqaria javaxiSvilma miarTva baton mouravs.<br />

ianeTSi repatriirebul qarTvelTa Soris bagbanovebi sanaTesaos<br />

yvelaze farTo wres asaxeleben. maT mxolod sakuTari da dedis gvaris<br />

matarebel naTesaobasTan ki ara aqvT saqorwino akrZalva, sxva naTesav<br />

moyvrebTanac. isini ar qorwindebian dRes nalCikSi mcxovreb SavaZeebze,<br />

SavaZeebze<br />

SavaZeebze<br />

SavaZeebze<br />

SavaZeebze<br />

dRes Saxmuradovi<br />

Saxmuradovi<br />

Saxmuradovi Saxmuradovi<br />

Saxmuradovi (gadasaxlebis win SavaZeebis erTma ganayofma dairqva<br />

erTi ojaxis bebiis mamis saxeli _ Saxmuradi) ar qorwindeba aseve<br />

nalCikSi mcxovreb sisxliT naTesav vasaZeebze<br />

vasaZeebze<br />

vasaZeebze vasaZeebze<br />

vasaZeebze → safarovi, safarovi safarovi safarovi safarovi moyvare<br />

iznoze iznoze iznoze iznoze iznoze da biZaSvil kamalovebze<br />

kamalovebze<br />

kamalovebze kamalovebze<br />

kamalovebze ← baxtaZe. baxtaZe baxtaZe baxtaZe baxtaZe<br />

m. beriZe kvlevis Sedegad adgens, rom adigenis raionis sofel<br />

CurCutodan gadasaxlebuli muradin mustafaevis da misi meuRlis fiqria<br />

CaqmaZe CaqmaZe CaqmaZe→→→→→Sadmanovas<br />

CaqmaZe CaqmaZe Sadmanovas<br />

Sadmanovas<br />

Sadmanovas Sadmanovas Svili fazair mamisaSvili<br />

mamisaSvili<br />

mamisaSvili→→→→→mustafaevi<br />

mamisaSvili<br />

mamisaSvili mustafaevi<br />

mustafaevi<br />

mustafaevi<br />

mustafaevi<br />

daqorwinda ianeTSi fatima bagbanovaze<br />

bagbanovaze<br />

bagbanovaze bagbanovaze<br />

bagbanovaze (m. beriZe, 2006, gv. 75).<br />

saqarTvelos erT-erTi TemSi gavrcelebuli saxeli udevs safuZvlad<br />

elbrus iusupovi laziSvilis<br />

laziSvilis<br />

laziSvilis laziSvilis<br />

laziSvilis gvars. laziSvilebi gadasaxlebamde<br />

adigenis raion sofel CixeSi mkvidrobdnen. saistorio sabuTebSi<br />

naxsenebia ara sofeli Cixe, aramed CixoriSis, romelic aspinZis TemSi<br />

Sedioda. rac Seexeba gvarsaxels, moxseniebulia laziaSvilis<br />

laziaSvilis<br />

laziaSvilis laziaSvilis<br />

laziaSvilis formiT<br />

1689 wels. "laziaSvili gola-kalaurSi mcxovrebi, erTi komli, Setanilia<br />

sveticxovlis kuTvnil sakomloebis nusxaSi" (pal, 1993, gv. 550).<br />

uzbekeTSi gadasaxlebis win ojaxis ufross winapar iusupovis<br />

iusupovis<br />

iusupovis<br />

iusupovis<br />

iusupovis<br />

saxeli miuRia gvarad. uzbekeTidan Camosuli laziSvilebi, garda ianeTisa,<br />

mkvidroben nasakiralSi da TbilisSi, saqarTvelos gareT ki _ baqosa<br />

da krasnodarSi. elbrus laziSvili naTesaobs Tavis ganayof iusupovebTan,

ianeTis mkvidri <strong>qarTveli</strong> repatriantebis eTnoistoriidan<br />

beqirovebTan (ojaxis diasaxlisis gvari warmomdgaria winapris saxelidan<br />

_ beqiri), laziSvilebTan, mamisaSvilebTan, WeliZeebTan<br />

WeliZeebTan<br />

WeliZeebTan WeliZeebTan<br />

WeliZeebTan (elbrus<br />

laziSvilis dedis gadasaxlebamdeli gvari) da cacaniZesTan<br />

cacaniZesTan<br />

cacaniZesTan cacaniZesTan<br />

cacaniZesTan (ojaxis<br />

diasaxlisis gadasaxlebamdeli gvari).<br />

baqirovi baqirovi baqirovi baqirovi baqirovi → cacaniZeebi<br />

cacaniZeebi<br />

cacaniZeebi cacaniZeebi<br />

cacaniZeebi vidre gadasaxlebamde adigenis raionis<br />

sofel RaRvis mkvidrebi iyvnen. "qveda RaRvSi aris cacaniZeebi, CxiaZe<br />

(CxeiZe?) 10 komli... cacaniZec kargad laparakobs qarTuls" (g. boWoriZe,<br />

1992, gv. 135).<br />

gvari unda momdinareobdes sakuTari saxelidan _ cacana.<br />

"orfelodan uzbekeTSi gadanasaxlebi beqaZeebi beqaZeebi beqaZeebi beqaZeebi beqaZeebi pirvelive<br />

SesaZleblobis gaCenis umal gadmosaxldnen azerbaijanSi, Semdeg<br />

ozurgeTSi, istoriul samSobloSi". ozurgeTidan gadmosaxlebuli erTi<br />

ojaxi mkvidrobs dRes ianeTSi.<br />

gvarsaxeli unda momdinareobdes batonis aRmniSvneli Turquli<br />

saxelis _ begis Zveli qarTuli variantidan beqi/beqa.<br />

istoriuli mesxeTidan gadasaxlebuli ianeTis mkvidri qarTvelebis<br />

gvarTa eTnoistoriuli kvlevis Sedegad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZaliT<br />

sarwmunoeba da gvarSecvlil, samcxe-javaxeTis mkvidr, deportirebul<br />

qarTvelebs eTnikur maxasiaTebelTa nawili (qarTvelobis, Zirisacxovrisis,<br />

qristianobis sakuTar, Zvel religiad aRiareba da a.S) SenarCunebuli<br />

aqvT da SesaZleblobisamebr gamoxataven kidevac aRniSnuls; ianeTis<br />

mkvidri repatriantebi sakuTar samSoblod da mSobliur enad<br />

saqarTvelos da qarTvelobas Tvlian; ianeTSi repatriirebuli e.w.<br />

"Turqi mesxebi" dResac Tavis winapars "Zvels" eZaxian; gadasaxlebamde<br />

yvelas sarwmunoeba araoficialurad mainc qristianulmarTlmadidebluri<br />

iyo. Cumad asrulebdnen qristianuli mrwamsiT<br />

gaTvaliswinebul wes-ritualebs, aRniSnavdnen dResaswaulebs. qristianuli<br />

dResaswaulebidan dResac "Tavisad gamoarCeven" aRdgomas; gvaris iZulebiT<br />

Secvlis drosac cdilobdnen gaegvarebinaT winapris saxeli; dgindeba,<br />

rom dRes ukve "ierli", anu adgilobrivi; aris yvela, vinc gadaasaxles<br />

samcxe-javaxeTidan; Camosaxlebulebidan umravlesoba TandaTan<br />

oficialurad aRidgens Zvel qarTul gvars; iSviaTad, magram mainc<br />

vxvdebiT repatriirebulTa mier ama Tu im adgilisaTvis sakuTari<br />

gvaris saxelis wodebis tradicias; qorwinebiT SeZenili naTesavi maTTvisac<br />

"moyvarea"; ar qorwindebian Ziri gvaris, gadasaxlebis droindeli da<br />

gadasaxlebis Semdeg SeZenili gvaris naTesavebze; qorwinebis dros dedis<br />

gvaridan akrZalva grZeldeba sam Taobaze; naTesavad Tvlian qorwinebiT,<br />

dedis, xelovnurad SeZenil naTesavs; repatriirebul qarTvelTa<br />

meuRleebi Tavs Cveulebriv meuRlis gvarisad gaiazreben; ianeTis mkvidri<br />

qarTvelebi dResac inaxaven "lideris" arCevis da misgan socialurkulturuli<br />

problemebis gadaWris tradicias.<br />

ZaliT gamahmadianebuli, istoriuli samSoblodan gadasaxlebuli<br />

da amJamad ianeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi dResac urTierToben<br />

gadasaxlebas gadarCenil mezobel-naTesavebTan, nacnobebTan.<br />

SesaZleblobisamebr urTierToben TurqeTSi Tu yofili sabWoTa imperiis<br />

371

372<br />

d. SavianiZe<br />

sxvadasxva mahmadianur respublikebSi amJamad mcxovreb naTesavebTan.<br />

ar iviwyeben da eswrafian qarTvelobaSi dabrunebas.<br />

vfiqrobT, saSuria, davexmaroT ucxo eTnosebs mikuTvnebul<br />

qarTvelobas, raTa ar daaviwydeT warmomavloba, samSoblo miwis<br />

siyvaruli, ena da kultura.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

n. berZeniSvili, 1937 - n. berZeniSvili, masalebi saqarTvelosa da<br />

kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakveTi I, Tb., 1937.<br />

n. berZeniSvili, 1964 - n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

sakiTxebi, w. I, Tb., 1964.<br />

m. beriZe, 2006 - m. beriZe, qarTvelTa gamuslimeba da gvaris<br />

Secvla mesxeTSi, Tb., 2006.<br />

g. boWoriZe, 1992 - g. boWoriZe, mogzauroba samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb.,<br />

1992.<br />

d. gvritiSvili, 1995 - d. gvritiSvili, feodaluri saqarTvelos<br />

socialuri urTierTobis istoriidan, Tb., 1995.<br />

vaxuSti, 1973 - vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa:<br />

qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1973.<br />

r. TofCiSvili, 2005 - r. TofCiSvili, eTno-istoriuli etiudebi,<br />

I, Tb., 2005.<br />

r. TofCiSvili, 1993 - r. TofCiSvili, sad wavida javaxeTis qarTuli<br />

mosaxleoba, Tb., 1993.<br />

r. TofCiSvili, 1997 - r. TofCiSvili, rodis warmoiqmna qarTuli<br />

gvarsaxelebi, Tb. 1997.<br />

r. TofCiSvili, 2008 - r. TofCiSvili, qarTuli eTnologia, Tb.,<br />

2008.<br />

S. lomsaZe, 2000 - S. lomsaZe, mesxebi da mesxeTi, Tb., 2000.<br />

S. lomsaZe, 1975 - S. lomsaZe, samcxe-javaxeTi, Tb., 1975.<br />

pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, III, Tb., 2004.<br />

i. maisuraZe, 1990 - i. maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1990.<br />

o. soselia, 1973 - o. soselia, narkvevebi feodaluri xanis<br />

dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-politikuri istoriidan, II, 1973.<br />

t. futkaraZe, 2005 - t. futkaraZe, mesxeTidan deportirebulTa<br />

TviTaRqma, Tb., 2005.<br />

d. SavianiZe, 2008 - d. SavianiZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, quTaisi,<br />

2008.<br />

p. cxadaia, 2000 - p. cxadaia, gvarebi da gvarTa dasaxlebani<br />

samegreloSi, Tb., 2000.

ianeTSi mcxovrebi <strong>qarTveli</strong> repatriantebis eTnoistoriidan<br />

iv. javaxiSvili, 1996 - iv. javaxiSvili, saqarTvelos sazRvrebi<br />

istoriulad da Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli, Tb. 1996.<br />

s. janaSia, 1952 - s. janaSia, Sromebi, II, Tb., 1952.<br />

s. jiqia, 1941, 1948 - s. jiqia, gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari,<br />

Tb., II - 1941, III - 1958.<br />

DAVID SHAVIANIDZE<br />

FROM THE ETHNO-HISTORY OF THE GEORGIAN<br />

REPATRIATES OF IANETI<br />

(According to the family names’ ethnographic data)<br />

The ethno historical study of the family names of the Moslem Georgians,<br />

who in the 40s of the 20 th century were displaced from the historical region of<br />

Meskheti, but still, in exile, retained Georgian mentality and are now repatriated in<br />

the village of Ianeti, west Georgia, reveals the following: 1). Repariates of the village<br />

of Ianeti regard Georgia as their homeland, and Georgian language as their native<br />

tongue. 2). they refer to their ancestors as dzveli. 3). before the exile their common<br />

religion (at least informally) was Orthodox Christianity. They observed rituals and<br />

holidays anticipated according to the Christian faith, particularly, The Resurrection,<br />

calling it as: ours, our holiday, even today. 4). When being forced to change their<br />

family names they adopted their ancestors’ names. 5). the word ‘ierli’ or ‘local’ is<br />

used to refer all who were deported from historical Meskheti and Samtskhe-Javakheti.<br />

6). There is the tendency that those who have returned in their fatherland restore<br />

their original family names. 7). rarely but still we see the tradition to attach their<br />

373

374<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

revaz revaz Serozia<br />

Serozia<br />

konstantine konstantine konstantine gamsaxurdia gamsaxurdia da<br />

da<br />

qarTveluri qarTveluri enobrivi enobrivi samyaro<br />

samyaro<br />

“... erTs qarTvelurad kidev SesZaxebs...”<br />

n. n. baraTaSvili<br />

baraTaSvili<br />

I. I. mwerali, enasTan mimarTebiT, ZiriTadad ori sakiTxis “mogvarebas”<br />

cdilobs: 1. leqsikuri erTeulebis SerCevas; 2. enobrivi sistemis<br />

SesaZleblobaTa gamoyenebas met-naklebi sisruliT (cxadia, sistemis<br />

SesaZleblobebSi gramatikul-struqturul elementTa formisa da<br />

Sinaarsis SesaZleblobebi igulisxmeba. sxvagvarad leqsikuri erTeulebic<br />

sistemis Semadgeneli nawilia). orive specifikur sirTuleebs Seicavs<br />

da SemoqmedisaTvis advili dasaZlevi sulac ar aris. amave dros, am<br />

sakiTxebis gadawyvetazea damokidebuli “mwerlis enis” (gamorCeuli<br />

stilis) Seqmna. k. gamsaxurdias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, “dRedaRam ebrZvis<br />

poeti sityvebis masas, rogorc moqandake marmaris lodebs...” an: “rogorc<br />

muSaxelis motanil qvasa da agurs gamocdili xuroTmoZRvari Tvals<br />

gadaavlebs, aRricxavs da aRnusxavs masalas, merme winaswar Sedgenil<br />

gegmaze aagebs uwesrigod dayorebul qvisgan brwyinvale Senobas, sadac<br />

balaveri, fasadebi, lavgardanebi da zeTavi saxlisa erTi da igive<br />

plasturi simfoniis samsaxurSi Cadgebian, agreTve muSaobs Semoqmedic<br />

enisa”.<br />

leqsikuri erTeulebis SerCeva SemoqmedisaTvis igive Cans, rac<br />

mxatvrisaTvis ferTa Sexamebaa, kompozitorisaTvis ki tonaloba da<br />

harmoniuli struqtura. sityva, ubralod, niSania, masalaa. igi mxolod<br />

winadadebaSi, frazaSi cocxldeba iseve, rogorc musikaluri bgera _<br />

melodiaSi, harmoniul wyobaSi. SesaZlebel variantTagan erTis gamorCeva<br />

winadadebis Sinaarsis (azris) gaTvaliswinebiT ioli ar aris. asevea<br />

saTanado (saukeTeso) formis gamonaxvac, radgan winadadebaSi, frazaSi<br />

sityva marto ar aris iseve, rogorc vazis mtevani CuqurTmaSi, _<br />

qarTveluri eklesia-monastrebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani atributi,<br />

CuqurTma ostatisagan moiTxovda ara marto masalis gansazRvradamuSavebas,<br />

taZris parametrebisa da sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebas, aramed, rac mTavaria, yvela detalSi qarTveluri<br />

sulieri da materialuri kulturis TaviseburebaTa warmoCenas, asaxvas.<br />

k. gamsaxurdiam kargad icoda, rom “...did da Zvel tradiciaTa<br />

matareblis, enis Sesaswavlad adamianis erTjeri sicocxlec moklea”,<br />

magram Tavisi niWiTa da dauRalavi SromiT axerxebda mSobliuri enis<br />

labirinTebSi Sesvlas, iq Cabudebuli enobrivi SesaZleblobebis<br />

gamovlena-gamoyenebas qarTveluri “taZrebis” asagebad. amave dros,<br />

sityvieri da formaluri masalis saZebnad enis siRrmeSi Casuli mwerali<br />

acxadebda, rom dauSreteli rezervuari Cveni enisa es gaxlavT<br />

ZvelqarTuli da Cveni tomebis mravalkilovani dialeqtebi”, rom “..<br />

uZvelesi, magram literaturaSi jerac uxmari qarTuli sityvebi<br />

moipovebian guriaSi, zemo da qvemo imereTSi, raWa-leCxumSi, samegrelosa<br />

da svaneTSi”.

. Serozia<br />

leqsikuri masalis mudam maZiebeli Semoqmedi gafacicebiT adevnebda<br />

Tvalyurs axali saenaTmecniero literaturis gamosvlas, _ sayuradReboa<br />

misi kritikuli werilebi qiziyuris, qarTuli enis ganmartebiT<br />

leqsikonebze... Tavadac poulobda da dialeqtebidan saliteraturo<br />

enaSi Semohqonda araerTi saintereso sityva. erTi aseTi SemTxvevis<br />

Sesaxeb mas aRniSnuli aqvs Tanamedrove romanis sakiTxebze daweril<br />

meeqvse werilSi: “...toilo _ friad saWiro sityva, niSnavs sabels,<br />

romliTac sabalaxoze daabamen xolme cxens”. Znelia saubari imaze,<br />

”toilo”-s ukavSirebda Tu ara mwerali megrulsa da lazurSi<br />

dadasturebul imave Ziris zmnur formas “qigiotoule” (daabi!). amis<br />

Sesaxeb igi arafers ambobs, magram savaraudoa, rom misTvis martviluri<br />

varianti sityvisa cnobili iyo.<br />

II. II. mwerlis damokidebulebas enisadmi k. gamsaxurdia mxatvrul<br />

axsnas uZebnis:<br />

“...dRe da Ram vebrZvi qarTul sityvas, rogorc koWli iakobi<br />

ebraelTa mrisxane RmerTs”. aseve “fiqrobs” sveticxovlis amgebi lazi<br />

xuroTmoZRvari. mxatvrul gmirsa da mwerals Soris mxolod is<br />

gansxvavebaa, rom pirveli saWreTliTa da xuroTmoZRvruli xedviT<br />

warmoaCens qarTvelur sulieri da materialuri kulturis sagnZurs,<br />

xolo meore _ kalmiTa da aseve, qarTveluri azrovnebiT. amitomac<br />

ori didostati tyupiscaliviT hgavs erTmaneTs. da mainc, kiTxva Cndeba:<br />

ratom adarebs kalmis ostati (aseve, saWreTlis ostati), sityvasTan<br />

mebrZoli mwerali Tavis Tavs RmerTTan mebrZol iakobs?!<br />

adamiani mudam Seucnobelis ZiebaSia. amave dros, cdilobs, meti<br />

Tavisufleba moipovos samyaroSi. Tavisufleba ki pirobiTia, SedarebiTia.<br />

Tavisuflebis xarisxi brZolis unarsa da samyaros codnis sifarTovezea<br />

damokidebuli, _ absoluturi Tavisufleba mxolod RmerTs SeiZleba<br />

hqondes. magram adamiani yovelTvis imis fiqrSia, miswvdes SeuZlebels,<br />

ise Rrmad Cavides mRvimeSi, rom Seucnobeli araferi darCes. enis<br />

siRrmeSi Casvla ki yvelaze rTulad dasaZlevi amocana Cans bunebaSi<br />

arsebul winaaRmdegobebs Soris (enobrivi sistemis gramatikuli nawilis<br />

Seswavla sulac ar niSnavs enis siRrmeSi Caxedvas iseve, rogorc aisbergis<br />

mxolod xiluli nawilis gamokvleviT warmodgena ver Segveqmneba mis<br />

mTlian formaze). SeuZlebelia, erTma adamianma, Tundac iseTma, RvTisgan<br />

niWiT dajildoebulma, rogoric k. gamsaxurdia iyo, srulad<br />

gaiTvaliswinos siRrme da Zala enisa (miT umetes, roca igi “gvaqvs<br />

uTvalavis feriTa”). magram Zlieri survili imisa, rom gaarkvios, sad<br />

gadis zRvari adamianis SesaZleblobebsa da realobas Soris da, amave<br />

dros, miiRos Tavisuflebis meti xarisxi, pirovnebas ubiZgebs brZolisken...<br />

III. III. k. gamsaxurdia erT-erTi is gamorCeuli <strong>qarTveli</strong> mweralia,<br />

romelmac qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis siRrmeSi Caxedva met-naklebad<br />

moaxerxa da enis SesaZleblobaTa gamoyenebiT qarTveluri saliteraturo<br />

enis istoriaSi Tavisi stiluri varianti Seqmna.<br />

375

376<br />

konstantine gamsaxurdia da qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro<br />

SeniSvna I: aq uadgilo iqneboda saubari imaze, Tu enobrivi<br />

sistemis SesaZleblobebidan ra da rogor aris mwerlis mier<br />

gamoyenebuli. es calke msjelobis sagania. sakmarisia mxolod imis<br />

aRniSvna, rom k. gamsaxurdia, iTvaliswinebs ra sistemis sistemis yvela yvela<br />

yvela<br />

variantul variantul gamovlinebas gamovlinebas (Zveli saliteraturo da dialeqturi<br />

variantebi), krialosnis erT asxmaSi aerTianebs morfo-sintaqsur<br />

da leqsikur SesaZleblobebs. amave dros, am asxmaSi zomierebaa<br />

daculi da TiToeuli marcvali ar metobs, ar gamoirCeva, ar<br />

“yviris”. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleboda erTi refrenis dasaxeleba:<br />

“eha, Ramev, Cemi sulisaebr bnelo, mamcne idumali zraxvani Senni!”<br />

igi erTsaxovani ar aris: Tu qarTveluri istoriis masalas iyenebs,<br />

maSin Warbobs arqauli elementebi, romelTa sinTezi Tanamedrove<br />

formebTan gvexmareba ganwyobis SeqmnaSi, erTgvarad gvaaxlovebs saTanado<br />

epoqasTan. amdenadve, <strong>qarTveli</strong> mkiTxveli ucxod aRar grZnobs Tavs<br />

warsulSi. magram araistoriul nawarmoebebSi arqaul formebs naklebad<br />

mimarTavs mwerali. samagierod qarTvelur dialeqtTa masalis Sezaveba<br />

Tanamedrove saliteraturo monacemebTan qmnis zomier, esTetikurad<br />

gawonasworebul, magram Tavisebur, gamorCeul, k. gamsaxurdiaseul stilur<br />

variants (Tu rogor yalibdeboda igi, mxatvruli nawarmoebebis garda<br />

Cans mwerlis kritikul werilebSic).<br />

k. gamsaxurdias enobrivi samyaro Semofargluli ar aris<br />

saliteraturo, normatiuli variantiT. arc romelime erTi dialeqtis<br />

masala ikveTeba masSi ise, rogorc es warmoCindeba XIX-XX saukuneebis<br />

qarTvelur mwerlobaSi, _ SemoqmedisaTvis arsebobs mxolod erTiani<br />

erTiani<br />

enobrivi enobrivi saganZuri, saganZuri, erTiani erTiani enobrivi enobrivi enobrivi sistema, sistema, sistema, romelic<br />

gantotvilia saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, mTasa da barSi. amitomac misi<br />

SesaZleblobebis nebismieri variantuli (dialeqturi) gamovlineba<br />

Tanabrad Rirebulia mwerlisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs k. gamsaxurdias<br />

(rogorc mwerlisa da moqalaqis) pozicia yovelive erovnulis,<br />

upirvelesad ki eris ganmsazRvreli umTavresi niSnis, enis mimarT.<br />

es pozicia, rogorc cnobilia, k. gamsaxurdiamdec arsebobda.<br />

sakmarisi iqneboda “sityvis konas” dasaxelebac, sadac sulxan-sabas<br />

Setanili aqvs qarTvelur dialeqtTa masala miuxedavad imisa, rom igi<br />

mkveTrad ganarCevda “avenoanobas” (dialeqturi, arasaliteraturo<br />

formiT metyveleba) da “enamzeobas”, “enaganaTlebulobas”<br />

(saliteraturo formiT metyveleba). yuradsaRebia, rom didi<br />

leqsikografi megruls, lazurs imave rangSi moixseniebs, rogorc imeruls,<br />

mesxurs. k. gamsaxurdiasTvisac saliteraturo variantis garda yvela<br />

qarTveluri metyvelebis forma “dialeqtia”, enakavia”: “...aseve uxvad<br />

vasxure Cems leqsikas xevsurulidan, imerulidan, qarTl-kaxuridan da<br />

megrul-gurul enakavebidan motanili sityvebi”. iqve, saliteraturo<br />

qarTulis zrda ar SeiZleba martooden garegan sesxs _ barbarizmebs<br />

_ daeyrdnos. aq umTavresia “Sinagani sesxi” qarTuli enakavebidan,<br />

svanur-Wanur da odiSur dialeqtebidan axali da uxmari leqsikuri<br />

masalis moxveWa”.

konstantine gamsaxurdia da qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro<br />

SeniSvna II: Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mwerali mihyveboda<br />

didi winaprebis, rusTavelisa da sulxan-sabas gzas. zustia misi<br />

Sefaseba rusTavelisa, _ “rusTaveli iyo ara marto fuZemdebeli<br />

qarTuli poeziisa... aramed didi Semkrebi qarTuli metyvelebisa,<br />

qarTuli enis maRali kanonmdebeli da Seumusvreli duRabi qarTuli<br />

enis kulturisa”.<br />

SeniSvna III: mwerlis, poetis pozicia Sesaqmneli nawarmoebis<br />

enisadmi Tu iseTi ar iqneba, rogoric iyo rusTavelisa, sulxansabasi,<br />

iliasi, akakisa, vaJasi, g. tabiZisa, k. gamsaxurdiasi, maSin<br />

zerele, zedapiruli damokidebuleba poetisa msgavsi iqneba zRvaSi<br />

mocurave adamianisa, romelmac ar icis, ra imaleba zRvis zedapiris<br />

qveS da arc survili aqvs Cayuryumalavebisa; ezareba, naxos zRvis<br />

qveSeTis silamaze. enis siRrmeSi “CayvinTvis” dazarebaa Sedegi<br />

iseTi “leqsebis” werisa, rogoric dabeWdilia v. xarCilavas bolo<br />

krebulSi. am leqsebis verc forma da verc “Sinaarsi” qarTvel<br />

poets Rirsebas ver Sematebs. xelovnebisadmi aseTi zerele<br />

damokidebuleba yovelTvis daupirispirdeba Cveni winaprebis mier<br />

erovnuli, qarTveluri TvaliT danaxul Semoqmedebas.<br />

IV. IV. qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros Sesaxeb k. gamsaxurdias<br />

Sexedulebebze roca vsaubrobT, aucilebeli Cans imis gaTvaliswinebac,<br />

Tu rodis da saqarTvelosaTvis rogor viTarebaSi iwereboda is werilebi<br />

(an keTdeboda moxsenebebi), romlebSic mwerali Cveuli profesionalizmiT<br />

msjelobs saliteraturo enasa da dialeqtebze. es aris gasuli saukunis<br />

30-50-iani wlebi, roca: sruli datvirTviT moqmedebda rusuli<br />

bolSevikur-komunisturi reJimis yvela manqana; ukve sisxlSi iyo CaxSobili<br />

erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli ajanyeba; ingreoda qarTvelur-qristianuli<br />

eklesia-monastrebi, “gankulakebisa” da “xalxis mtrebis” cru motivsaxeliT<br />

nadgurdeboda, an cimbirSi asaxlebdnen ubralo mosaxleobasa<br />

da inteligencias... samagierod, saqarTvelos “mTavrobas” ukve miRebuli<br />

hqonda 1929 wlis dadgenileba, romlis ZaliTac samegreloSi saxelmwifo<br />

dawesebulebaSi (skola, sasamarTlo, presa...) saqmis warmoeba “megrul<br />

enaze” unda Sesrulebuliyo; 30-aTasiani tiraJiT daibeWda bolSevikaqtivistis<br />

i. Jvanias wigni, “megruli sityvebiT” dawerili; “megrul<br />

enaze” ibeWdeboda Jurnal-gazeTebi; imave periodSi qarTvelologiaSi<br />

ukve damkvidrebuli iyo termini “qarTveluri enebi”, rac iTvaliswinebda<br />

samwevra qarTvelur enobriv sistemas. k. gamsaxurdiasTvis, rogorc es<br />

Cans misi Semoqmedebidan, amgvari dayofa qarTveluri enobrivi samyarosi<br />

miuRebeli unda yofiliyo rogorc moqalaqis, mwerlisa da<br />

enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebSi sakmaod Rrmad Caxeduli pirovnebisaTvis.<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi, mwerali arc mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi, arc kritikul<br />

werilebSi “qarTvelur enebad” dasaxul erTeulebs enebad ar moixseniebda.<br />

misTvis qarTveluri qarTveluri (=qarTuli) (=qarTuli) enobrivi enobrivi samyaro samyaro erTi<br />

erTi<br />

mTliani mTliani iyo, iyo, daunawevrebeli.<br />

daunawevrebeli.<br />

daunawevrebeli.<br />

SeniSvna IV: profesorebis T. gvancelaZis, m. tabiZisa da t.<br />

futkaraZis naSromebSi naTlad warmoCinda XIX-XX saukuneebis<br />

qarTvel moRvaweTa analogiuri pozicia, rac miuRebeli aRmoCnda<br />

Tanamedrove qarTvelologTa nawilisaTvis. zogierTma maTganma<br />

377

378<br />

konstantine gamsaxurdia da qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro<br />

dasaxelebul profesorebs yovlad uvargisi termini -”sameuli...”<br />

- “miaweba”. samarTliani iqneboda da madlobelic davrCebodi, Tu<br />

sami wertilidan erT-erTSi am statiis avtors igulisxmebdnen.<br />

V. V. eris Camoyalibeba mxolod enis (enobrivi sistemis) meSveobiT<br />

aris SesaZlebeli, radgan mxolod eniT aRviqvamT samyaros, _ eniT<br />

vxedavT, eniT gvesmis, eniT vgrZnobT da, rac mTavaria, eniT vazrovnebT.<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> eris mSobeli qarTveluri enobrivi sistemaa, romlis<br />

Semadgeneli nawilebia saliteraturo ena da mravalricxovanmravalferovani<br />

qarTveluri dialeqtebi. SeuZlebelia erT ers erTze<br />

meti saazrovno enobrivi sistema gaaCndes. es igive iqneboda (SesaZlebeli<br />

rom iyos), erT adamians erTze meti Tavi hqondes. qarTveluri enobrivi<br />

sistema <strong>qarTveli</strong> xalxis Seqmnilia, <strong>qarTveli</strong> eri _ qarTveluri enisa.<br />

qarTveluri mwerloba, folklori, istoria-eTnografia, kultura<br />

migviTiTebs amaze. da Tu romelime qarTvel mweralze SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom man met-naklebi sisruliT warmoaCina qarTveluri enis Zala da<br />

silamaze, erT-erTi maTgani k. gamsaxurdia iqneba, _ igi SeiZleba im<br />

mxedrad warmovidginoT, romelic, nikoloz baraTaSvilis personaJis<br />

msgavsad, “erTs qarTvelurad kidev SesZaxebs...” da Tamamad SeebrZoleba<br />

qarTvelur sityvas...<br />

REVAZ SHEROZIA<br />

KONSTANTINE GAMSAKHURDIA AND THE KARVELIAN<br />

LANGUAGE UNIVERSE<br />

K.Gamsakhurdia is one of those eminent writers who have succeeded in<br />

perceiving the depth of the Georgian language and by making use of the peculiarities<br />

and possibilities of the literary language created their own style varieties.<br />

Discussing the Kartvelian language universe in the relation to K.Gamsakhurdia<br />

one should necessarily take into account in what circumstances of the Georgian<br />

history the author wrote those essays (or made reports) in which the writer came to<br />

judge the literary language and dialects with his highly professional manners in the<br />

30-50s of the last century, during which the Soviet Bolshevik machine worked at its<br />

strictest mode.<br />

Having gone into the deepest language layers for exploring the verbal and<br />

structural materials the writer declared that ‘the ever flowing reservoir of our language<br />

is ancient Georgian language and multi-sub-dialects of our tribal dialects.’ The writer<br />

as a creator deals with the language as a wholesome treasury, a unique language<br />

system which has its roots in each of the corner of the country, be it in the plain or<br />

mountainous regions. That is why any variety of the language self-exposure has the<br />

equal value for the writer. K.Gamsakhurdia’s philosophy (as of a writer and a citizen<br />

of his country) emanates from the above said worldview that the language is one of<br />

the essential tools and signs for the determination of everything that relates to national<br />

consciousness.<br />

Neither in his fictions nor his essays he did not ever mention the term ‘Kartvelian<br />

languages’. Kartvelian meant to him Kartuli (=Georgian) - one and indivisible unique<br />

whole.

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

lela lela CogovaZe<br />

CogovaZe<br />

CogovaZe<br />

`vefxistyaosnis" `vefxistyaosnis" erTi erTi taepis taepis marTebulad<br />

marTebulad<br />

gaazrebisaTvis<br />

gaazrebisaTvis<br />

gaazrebisaTvis<br />

vinc `vefxistyaosnis" teqstis istoriis sakiTxs gacnobia,<br />

aucileblad miaqcevda yuradRebas im azrTa sxvadasxvaobas, rac gamoiwvia<br />

prologis mexuTe strofis bolo striqonma: `gastexs qvasaca magarsa<br />

grdemli tyviisa lbilisa". a. sarajiSvilma mTeli es strofi CanarTad<br />

miiCnia: `nuTu Tamar mefe ubrZanebda poets _ Cemi loyebi da kbilebi<br />

miqeo? es ar Sehferis morcxv dedofals. ase rom, yofiliyo, poeti<br />

rodi gamoacxadebda, rom brZanebiT, iZulebiT vwero. stilic mSralia.<br />

`grdemli tyviisa lbilisa" arsad naxula da Tanac rogorc poeturi<br />

Sedareba, cudia: Tu tyviis grdemli Tamaris brZanebaa an misi mSveniereba,<br />

maSin poetis guli qvad unda vigulisxmoT: romeli poeti daiCemebs<br />

gulqvaobas? am strofis azri poemaSi ar marTldeba..." (al. sarajiSvili,<br />

1895, gv. 10-11) al. sarajiSvilis am Sexedulebas iziarebdnen g. yifSiZe g.<br />

yifSiZe, 1896); k. kekeliZec (k. kekeliZe, gv. 109) CanarTad miiCnevs am<br />

strofs.<br />

ius-ti-ne abula-Zem es stro-fi rus-Tve-li-se-u-lad mi-iC-ni-a, oRond ga-dam-wer-Ta<br />

mi-er da-maxinjebulad CaT-va-la ase-Ti wa-kiTxva. amis ga-mo mi-mar-Tavs<br />

ko-niunq-tu-ras da, mi-si az-riT, met si-naT-les ani-Webs aR-niS-nul me-ta-fo-rul<br />

saxes: `gas-texs qva-sa-ca ma-gar-sa grdem-li sityvi-sa lbili-sa" (ase ikiTxeba<br />

es ad-gi-li 1913-sa da 1926 wlis ga-mo-ce-mebSi). mkvle-var-ma cal-ke naS-rom-Si<br />

da-a-sabuTa ki-dec Ta-vi-si gas-wo-reba: pir-ve-li, rac, mkvlev-ris az-riT, eWvs<br />

iw-vevs, es aris tyvi-is grdem-li, rad-gan, Cve-u-lebriv, grdemls ma-ga-ri<br />

rki-ni-sa-gan (fo-la-di-sa-gan) ake-Tebeno. aqe-dan cxadi-a, `lbili tyvi-is grdem-lis"<br />

nac-vlad aq un-da yofi-liyo ra-Rac sxva sityva... ami-tom, vfiq-robT,<br />

kon-teq-stis mixed-viT, sityva `tyvi-i-sa" un-da iyos ga-dam-we-ris mi-er waryvni-li<br />

sityva `sityvi-sa", e. i. aq un-da igu-lisxmebodes Ta-mar de-dof-lis na-zi-sa<br />

da lbilis sityvis siZ-li-e-re, Za-li, ami-tom uf-ro bunebri-vad mig-vaC-nia am<br />

ad-gi-lis wa-kiTxva am saxiT:<br />

`gas-texs qva-sa-ca ma-gar-sa grdem-li sityvi-sa lbili-sa", rom-lis az-ric<br />

Sem-de-gi-a: lbili-sa da na-zis sityvis siZ-li-e-re (me-taf. grdem-li - igu-lisxmeba<br />

Ta-ma-ris brZa-neba) ma-gar qva-sac ki gas-texso. es, vi-me-o-rebT, miT uf-ro<br />

bunebri-vad mig-vaC-ni-a, rom rus-Tvels ara-er-Tgzis uxma-ria msgav-si po-e-tu-ri<br />

fi-gu-ra: `gvel-sa xvre-liT amoiyvans ena tkbilad moubari" (i. abulaZe,<br />

1967, gv. 88-89).<br />

aR-niS-nul strofs daw-vri-lebiT Seexo viq-tor no-za-Zec (v. nozaZe,<br />

1954, gv. 103-109). man mkvle-var-Ta yurad-Reba mi-aq-cia im ga-re-moebas, rom,<br />

ro-gorc Cans, sa-a-na-li-zo stri-qo-nis Si-na-ar-si kar-gad es-mo-daT Zvel<br />

rus-Tve-lo-lo-gebsac. ma-ga-li-Tad, vaxtang VI-s mi-aC-nda, rom vefxistyao-san-Si<br />

naxse-nebi ma-ga-ri qva aris al-ma-si, xolo al-mass tyvi-a-zed gas-Tli-an. leq-sis<br />

gawyobisaT-vis ga-texad uT-qvams... uf-ro vrce-li da amom-wu-ra-vi gan-mar-teba<br />

Te-i-mu-raz bag-ra-ti-on-Tan gvxvdeba: `grdem-li tyvi-i-sa msgav-sad sim-rgrgvli-Ta<br />

mci-ri-sa wis-qvi-li-sa xeliT sabru-no-sa ars qmni-li da sad-gar-sa, gi-na stol-sa<br />

379

380<br />

l. CogovaZe<br />

ze-da ars mi-mar-Tu-li qu-e-Se-dam CarxiTa, rom-li-Tac abru-neben mci-re-sa mas<br />

saT-lel-sa da mas ze-da hsTli-an da ael-va-reben da as-wo-reben pa-ti-o-san-Ta<br />

Zvir-fas-Ta qva-Ta (ese gu-a-ri Carxi me TviT Tu-a-li-Ta Ce-mi-Ta mixilavs<br />

spar-seT-sa Si-na, mag-ram bri-li-an-ti-sa da al-ma-si-sa ga-saT-le-li Carxebi sxvebr<br />

ars qmni-li)"; amis Sem-deg ki Te-i-mu-ra-zi me-ta-fo-ris ga-da-ta-niT mniS-vne-lobas<br />

exeba: `qvad mag-rad gul-sa gmi-ri-sa da ma-ma-ci-sa ityvis mo-Sa-i-re, ro-me-lic<br />

ars trfi-a-lebiTa Sepyrobili, xolo grdem-lad tyvi-i-sa lbili-sa CCvil-sa<br />

da mow-le-sa gul-sa qa-li-sa sat-rfi-a-lo-sa-sa ityvis, ro-me-li-ca Tvi-si-Ta<br />

CCvi-li-Ta da mim-zid-ve-li-sa gu-li-Ta mra-val-Ta Zli-er-Ta da gmir-Ta gu-li-sa<br />

mZle-vel iq-mnebis da Sem-mus-vrel" (T. bagrationi, 1960, gv. 4-5). Te-i-mu-ra-zis<br />

am cnobaze mi-u-Ti-Tebs ag-reT-ve i. meg-re-li-Ze we-ril-Si: vefxistyaos-nis<br />

leq-si-kis sa-kiTxebi, Jurn. `cis-ka-ri", 1958, #9, gv. 131-132. mkvle-va-ri aq-ve<br />

Se-niS-navs, rom ar mi-aC-nia swo-rad grdem-lis Tar-gmna, ro-gorc íàêî âàëüíàÿ,<br />

ì îë îò, ì ë àò. mas Si-na-ar-siT ãðàíèëî Se-e-fe-rebao (gv. 132).<br />

Te-i-mu-ra-zis cnobebi sa-gu-lisxmoa da faq-ti-u-rad na-Telyofs ki-dec<br />

sa-a-na-li-zo stro-fis ro-gorc re-a-lur, ise ga-da-ta-niT mniS-vne-lobas. v.<br />

no-za-Ze axali ma-sa-lebiT aSu-qebs am sa-kiTxs. igi iS-ve-liebs Zvel qar-Tul<br />

wyaroebs, pa-ti-o-sa-ni Tvlebis da-mu-Sa-vebis Sesaxeb did-Zal ucxour<br />

li-te-ra-tu-ras da gva-uwyebs: - umag-re-si qva sa-er-Tod da vefxistyao-san-Sic<br />

aris al-ma-si. ma-Sa-sa-da-me, `gas-texs qva-sa-ca ma-gar-sa..." igi-ve-a, rac al-ma-sis<br />

ga-texa. Zve-li arabuli wyaroebi ar-kve-ven imas, Tu ro-gor amu-Sa-vebdnen<br />

Sua sa-u-ku-neebSi al-mass. ma-ga-li-Tad, arabi te-i-fa-Si (me-13 s.) aR-wers<br />

al-ma-sis da-mu-Sa-vebis we-sebs da ambobs, rom al-mass tyvi-is ma-gi-da-ze gaT-li-an,<br />

texen, amu-Sa-veben. ir-kve-va isic, rom tyvi-is ma-gi-da igi-ve-a, rac tyvi-is<br />

grdem-li (`qar-Tu-li bibli-is" cnobebi). aqe-dan ga-da-ta-niT: ro-gorc umag-re-si<br />

qva (al-ma-si) ulbile-si tyvi-is grdem-liT ga-iT-leba, ase-ve Ta-ma-ris Sve-nebiT<br />

(hae-rov-nebiT) gatydeba mtki-ce gu-li po-e-ti-sa. s. ca-iS-vil-ma, ro-mel-mac<br />

daw-vri-lebiT Se-is-wav-la aR-niS-nu-li stri-qo-nis wa-kiTxvas-Tan da-kav-Si-rebuli<br />

po-le-mi-ka, mi-u-Ti-Ta: `zus-tad ase-Ti-ve saxe-me-ta-fo-ris-Tvis mi-u-mar-Tavs ni-za-mis<br />

Ta-vis po-e-ma-Si `is-kan-der-na-me": `tyvi-iT stexen uu-mag-res al-mass"-o.<br />

aq-ve davZen ima-sac, rom ni-za-mis msgav-sad So-Ta rus-Ta-vels kar-gad<br />

scod-ni-a, rom al-mass amu-Sa-vebdnen da texdnen swo-red tyvi-iT-ve (rbili,<br />

mag-ram mZi-me tyvi-is dartymi-sas al-ma-si ki ar if-Svneboda, ara-med tydeboda<br />

da Sem-dgo-mi da-mu-Sa-vebis-Tvis sa-sur-vel for-mas iRebda). es cod-na po-ets<br />

ga-mouyenebia mSve-ni-e-ri me-ta-fo-ris Se-saq-mne-lad.<br />

aR-sa-niS-na-vi-a, rom al-ma-sis da-mu-Sa-vebis Ta-na-med-ro-ve teq-no-lo-gi-a-Si<br />

Zi-ri-Tadad ima-ve me-To-debs mi-mar-Ta-ven, ase-ve texen al-mass (s. caiSvili,<br />

1984, gv. 97).<br />

qar-Tvel mec-ni-e-rebs mxed-ve-lobidan ga-mor-CaT sulxan da beg-Tabeg<br />

Ta-ni-aS-vi-lebis mi-er me-17 sa-u-ku-nis 60-70-ian wlebSi ga-leq-si-li `a-mi-ran-<br />

-da-rejani-a-nis" er-Ti stro-fi, ro-me-lic, mar-Ta-lia, rus-Ta-ve-lis aR-niS-nu-li<br />

stri-qo-nis gav-le-ni-Taa Seq-mni-li, mag-ram mis ga-gebaSi di-dad gvexma-reba:<br />

`Tu yofil-viyav si-mag-riT al-ma-si da-umsxvre-ve-li,<br />

gam-texda tyvi-a, Cem-ze-da Se-iq-mneboda mre-ve-li" (2179-1,2).

`vefxistyaosnis" erTi taepis marTebulad gaazrebisaTvis<br />

am-de-nad, pro-lo-gis me-5 strof-Si yve-la-fe-ri Ta-vis ad-gi-la-sa-a, oRond<br />

sa-Wi-roa vi-co-deT, Tu ra-zea aq saubari. Zmebi Ta-ni-aS-vi-lebi pir-ve-lebi<br />

iyvnen qar-Tve-li moR-va-weebidan, vinc na-Te-li mohfi-nes rus-Ta-ve-lis<br />

stri-qo-nebis me-ta-fo-rul azrs, mag-ram imis ga-mo, rom isi-ni ar iyvnen<br />

ma-Ra-li ran-gis po-e-tebi, ma-Ti po-e-ma uyurad-Rebod dar-Ca.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

i. abula-Ze, 1967 - i. abula-Ze, rus-Tve-lo-lo-gi-u-ri naS-ro-mebi, Tb., 1967.<br />

T. bag-ra-ti-o-ni, 1960 - T. bag-ra-ti-o-ni, gan-mar-teba po-e-ma<br />

"vefxistyaos-ni-sa", Tb., 1960.<br />

k. ke-ke-li-Ze, 1981 - k. ke-ke-li-Ze, qar-Tu-li li-te-ra-tu-ris is-to-ria, t.<br />

II, Tb., 1981.<br />

v. no-za-Ze, 1954 - v. no-za-Ze, `vefxistyaos-nis fer-Ta-metyve-leba",<br />

bue-nos-ai-re-si, 1954.<br />

sulxan da beg-Tabeg Ta-ni-aS-vi-lebi, 1941 - sulxan da beg-Tabeg Ta-ni-aS-vilebi,<br />

ga-leq-si-li `a-mi-ran-da-rejani-a-ni", ga-mo-ce-mu-li g. jakobias mi-er, 1941.<br />

al. sa-rajiS-vi-li, 1895 - al. sa-rajiS-vi-li, Jurn. `mo-ambe", 1895, XI.<br />

g. yif-Si-Ze, 1896 - "Íîâîå îáîçðåíèå", 1896, ¹4219, 13 àïðåëÿ.<br />

s. ca-iS-vi-li, 1984 - s. ca-iS-vi-li, `vefxistyaos-nis" xel-na-we-rebi da<br />

po-e-mis teq-stis is-to-ri-a, t. I, Tb., 1984.<br />

LELA CHOGOVADZE<br />

ON THE CORRECT INTERPRETATION OF A STANCE IN THE MAN<br />

IN THE PANTHER’S SKIN<br />

Those interested in the history of the text of The Man in the Panther’s Skin<br />

would notice the variety of interpretation of the final line of the fifth stance of a<br />

poem: ‘An anvil of lead can break even the hardest stone’ (English translation<br />

byV.Urushadze). A.Sarajishvili. G Kipshidze, considers the stance as interpolation.<br />

I.Abuladze thought it as an error or contamination made by scribes. T.Bagrationi and<br />

V.Nozadze interpreted the content as hardest stone (diamond) can be cut with the<br />

softest lead anvil meaning “the beauty of Queen Tamar can break the strong heart of<br />

the poet.” I think that in their studies literary critics failed to notice a line from the<br />

versified of Amirandarejaniani written by Sulkhan and Begtabeg Taniashvilis in 60-<br />

70s of 17 th century that helps elucidate the obscure phrase of the Man in the Panther’s<br />

Skin.<br />

“If I were diamond strong enough to resist beat and breakage<br />

I would be broken with lead it would overcome my hardness.”<br />

Thus, in the fifth stance of the poem everything is in its right place if only we<br />

knew what the talk is about. Brothers Taniashvlis were the first who threw light<br />

upon the metaphoric meaning of Rustaveli’s lines. But because their poetry was not<br />

regarded high their poem failed to attract attention.<br />

381

382<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

lia lia cercvaZe-cucqiriZe<br />

cercvaZe-cucqiriZe<br />

qarTuli qarTuli emirgantuli emirgantuli poezia poezia Jurnal Jurnal `kavkasionSi"<br />

`kavkasionSi"<br />

(XXI (XXI saukunis saukunis 20-30-iani 20-30-iani wlebi)<br />

wlebi)<br />

qarTul poezias mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. igi yovelTvis<br />

exmianeboda qveynis cxovrebis mniSvnelovan etapebs da gadmoscemda<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> eris sulier mdgomareobas. amitom Cveni poezia, erTi mxriv,<br />

galeqsili matianea, meore mxriv ki - mxatvrul saxeTa, riTmebisa da<br />

ritmis gasaocari nazavi. <strong>qarTveli</strong> poetebi gamoirCeodnen<br />

gansakuTrebulad Tavisuflebismoyvare suliT, amitom Cveni poeziis<br />

konkretul CarCoebSi moqceva yovelTvis Zneldeboda. gansakuTrebiT<br />

mravalferovani da saintereso iyo XX s-is 20-30-iani wlebi, roca<br />

erToblivad ramdenime literaturuli mimdinareoba mkvidrdeboda<br />

qarTul poeziaSi.<br />

saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdgomi wlebis qarTuli poezia, SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, or frontze gaiSala: erTi, es iyo qveynis SigniT, saocrad<br />

SezRuduli, rig SemTxvevaSi ki saerTod cenzuras daqvemdebarebuli -<br />

sabWouri poezia da meore - qveynis gareT, politikur emigraciaSi<br />

myof qarTvel poetTa Semoqmedeba, romlebic naklebSezRudulni, mZafrad<br />

akritikebdnen qveynis bedukuRmarTobis mZime mizezebs. maTze sabWoTa<br />

cenzuris gavlena naklebi iyo, amitom qarTuli emigrantuli poezia<br />

imTaviTve marTali xmiTa da Tavisufali TemebiT gamoirCeoda.<br />

sabWouri wyobis kritikis uxeS tons mSobliuri qveynis monatrebiT<br />

gamowveuli romantikuli gancdebi enacvleboda. emigrant poetebs arc<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> klasikosebi da maTi Rvawlis jerovani dafaseba daviwyebiaT.<br />

maT nostalgiur ganwyobaSi brZolis dauokebeli Jinia Casaxlebuli,<br />

rac, uimedobis miuxedavad, SemarTebasa da Tavisufal qveyanaSi<br />

dabrunebisaken swrafvas ganapirobebs. es ganwyoba emigranti <strong>qarTveli</strong><br />

poetis g. yifianis mier ase gaxmovanda:<br />

`Tu ver vixilavT mzis amosvlas TeTri mercxlebi,<br />

Cven mainc vifrenT imedebis gaorkecebiT!"<br />

qarTuli emigrantuli poezia XX s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi araerTi<br />

Jurnal-gazeTiT iyo warmodgenili, magram maT Soris damsaxurebulad<br />

SevaCereT yuradReba Jurnal `kavkasionze", romelic swored 1929-1932<br />

wlebSi gamodioda safrangeTSi levilis qarTvelTa saTvistomos<br />

warmomadgenelTa didi mondomebiTa da xelSewyobiT. JurnalSi<br />

ibeWdeboda bevri cnobili Tu naklebadcnobili Tanamedrove avtori,<br />

qarTuli klasikuri mwerloba da ucxouri Targmanebi.<br />

Jurnal `kavkasionis" poezia warmodgenilia s. bereJianis, al.<br />

gasitaSvilis, ruben yifianis (ralfi), a. tyemalaZis, v. wilosanis, prokofi<br />

abulaZis (reo amoni), g. yifianis, m. dadianis, g. gamyreliZis, d.<br />

yurulaSvilis da sxvaTa leqsebiT.<br />

avtorTa umravlesoba fsevdonimiT wers, romelTagan zogi gaiSifra,<br />

danarCenis gamocnoba ki momavlis saqmea. sakuTari gvar-saxelebiT dabeWdil

qarTuli emirgantuli poezia Jurnal `kavkasionSi" (XXI saukunis 20-30-iani wlebi)<br />

poetTagan `zogierTi samudamod SerCeba qarTul poezias, kerZod, s.<br />

berJiani, g. yifiani, g. gamyreliZe, umetesoba ki samSoblos dakargviT<br />

gamowveul naRvelSi amovlebul kalmosnad darCeba", - rogorc g. SaraZe<br />

aRniSnavs.<br />

gansakuTrebuli sifaqiziT epyrobian `kavkasionis" avtorebi<br />

qarTuli sabWoTa mwerlobis sakiTxebs. maTi midgomis sifaqize da<br />

delikaturoba gamoixateboda imaSi, rom antisabWoTa Jurnal `kavkasions",<br />

erTi mxriv, mTeli simkacriT emxilebina sabWoTa mwerlobisa da<br />

socialisturi realizmis principebis damRupveloba (magaliTisaTvis<br />

SegviZlia moviyvanoT isidore manwkavas werili `qarTuli literatura",<br />

romelic kavkasionis I nomrebSi daibeWda, sadac avtori sabWoTa<br />

xelovnebas xelosnobasa da bolSevizmis xotba-didebas uwodebs), meore<br />

mxriv ki warmoeCina WeSmariti qarTuli mxatvruli mwerlobis ZiriTadi<br />

Tviseba - sicocxlis siyvaruli da am siyvaruliT gamowveuli sixaruli<br />

da gamarjveba.<br />

m. wulukiZis narkvevSi `eskizebi Tanamedrove qarTuli<br />

literaturidan" SesaniSnavad aris Camoyalibebuli qarTuli poeziis<br />

ZiriTadi mimarTuleba da xasiaTi: `qarTuli poezia dRis, sinaTlis,<br />

mzis poeziaa! - wers m. wulukiZe. man icis, Tu ra aris Wmunva, magram is<br />

am mdgomareobidan TiTqmis yovelTvis momRimari gamodis. vards umReris<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> mgosani Tu gmirebis brZolas, glexis Wir-varams, muSebis<br />

imedebs Tu mTeli eris miswrafebas, - is utexi xalasiT Sehyurebs<br />

cxovrebas, momavals maSinac ki, rodesac aSkarad xedavs, rom imedi<br />

marcxdeba, tanjva imarjvebs, mze Cadis, bneldeba, vardi sWkneba... Tu<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> mwerali Rames umRers, is uTuod sicocxlis, sixarulis<br />

momgvreli Ramea... momavlis gamarjvebiT hscocxlobs <strong>qarTveli</strong> mxatvari"<br />

(m. wulukiZe, 1929).<br />

`dRisa da mzis poeziis saSoblodan iZulebiT devnili poetebi,<br />

dedis alerssa da mSobliuri keriis siTbos monatrebulni, cremlebad<br />

kinZaven sevdian saTqmels. maTi Semoqmedebis erTi nawili imdenad<br />

gamarTulia poeturi ostatobisa da mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, rom Tamamad daidebs adgils qarTvel klasikosTa<br />

Semoqmedebis gverdiT.<br />

Jurnal `kavkasionis" poezia mraval Temas moicavs; samSoblos<br />

siyvarulisa da misi diadi istoriis amay gancdas sabWouri wyobis<br />

mouridebeli kritika enacvleba. aq SevxvdebiT ucxoeTis Temaze, kerZod<br />

parizze Seqmnil Zalian Tbil da madlierebiT savse leqsebs. saintereso<br />

miZRvnebia <strong>qarTveli</strong> emigrantebisadmi, romelTa striqonebSi<br />

Seulamazeblad Cans mZime gza - mSobliuri sofel-qalaqebidan evropis<br />

qveynebadme gavlili da, gansacdelis miuxedavad, sikvdilamde umwikvlod<br />

SenarCunebuli Tavisufali, mebrZoli suli, Rirseuli meoba.<br />

amjerad yuradRebas SevaCerebT swored samSoblosadmi miZRvnil<br />

leqsebze, romelTa striqonebSi maradiuli nostalgia, dedis monatreba,<br />

mSobeli miwis siSoris tkivili da kvlav Sexvedris imedi saxlobs.<br />

emigranti poetebi arc erTxel eridebian sabWoTa wyobis geslian<br />

383

384<br />

l. cercvaZe-cucqiriZe<br />

kritikas, radgan TavianTi qveynisa Tu piradi ubedurebis mizezad<br />

swored mas asaxeleben.<br />

`kavkasionis" pirveli nomeri ixsneba s. bereJianis leqsiT `nasaxlari",<br />

romelic, g. SaraZis SefasebiT, qarTuli emigrantuli poeziis<br />

laitmotivad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.<br />

`isev is mTebi! isev is zeca!<br />

Sens silamazes ver Sescvlis droni,<br />

or nawnavebad gadmoikeca<br />

farCis kabaze mtkvari-rioni.<br />

gavyevi mZevlad dRes kudian qars...<br />

roca sofeli iwva bindebSi,<br />

vakoce Robes, vakoce WiSkars<br />

da davimale sqel simindebSi.<br />

gatexil xulas dasCxavis yvavi,<br />

dampal svetebze qanaobs oda,<br />

me rom alvis xed gavCeniliyav,<br />

SenTan darCena SemeZleboda!"<br />

mSobliuri qveynis silamazisa da monatrebis gancda yvelaze xSirad<br />

stumrobda emigrant poetTa muzas, saSobloSi gaTenebuli dilis<br />

mxatvrul suraTs metaforulad xatavs m. dadiani leqsSi `dila".<br />

margalitis wvril kaklebad dafantul cvarsa da laJvardferad ganaTebul<br />

casTan samudamo gamoTxoveba poets kidev ufro umZafrebs sevdasa da<br />

monatrebas. saocari lirizmiT gadmoscems igi samSobloSi gancdili<br />

dilis suraTs:<br />

`nazi ias mTis niavi<br />

saarSiyod epareba<br />

da mis foTlebs saidumlo<br />

Cumi kocniT ekareba...<br />

mTeli Ramis arSiyobiT<br />

da gancxromiT daRaluli...<br />

dRis sinaTliT darcxvenili<br />

eTxoveba vards bulbuli,<br />

aseTia Cemi qveynis,<br />

Cems mamulSi mudam dila;<br />

am bunebas bedman Savman<br />

gamaSora, gamacila..."<br />

daxvewili poeturi kulturiT gamoirCeva g. gamyreliZis poezia.<br />

Salva amirejibisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi `damSvidobeba" igi Seudarebuli<br />

ostatobiT gvaxedebs im uZiro naRvelsa da dardSi, romelsac poeti<br />

ganicdida samSoblodan iZulebiT wamovlisas. mas ucxoeTSi yofnisas,<br />

TiTqos, sul erTi da igive moZaxili Caesmis: - `sad midixar? risTvis ar<br />

ginda CvenTan darCena, CvenTan sikvdili?" da mainc, roca wasvla gardauvali<br />

Seiqmna da poetic iZulebuli gaxades, es mZime gamomSvidobeba gadaetana,<br />

man mTeli simZafriT ganicada, rogor `swuxdnen mindvrebi, swuxdnen<br />

mTebi, naRvliani mtrediviT zeca", ukan mobrunebas exveweboda mSobliuri

qarTuli emirgantuli poezia Jurnal `kavkasionSi" (XXI saukunis 20-30-iani wlebi)<br />

miwa da vedrebiT afrTxilebda: `sxva saqarTvelos, sxva samSoblos, sxva<br />

TavSesafars versad ipovni, amaze kargs, amaze diads".<br />

g. gamyreliZes emigraciaSi wasvlamde samSobloSi ukve icnobdnen,<br />

rogorc niWier da imedismomcem poets. mas Tavisi mokrZalebuli niSa<br />

ukve eWira qarTul poeziaSi. Tumca iyvnen iseTebic, romelTa saxelebic<br />

namdvilad qarTuli emigrantuli poeziis monapovaria, magaliTad, g.<br />

yifiani Tavisi SesaniSnavi leqsebiT, romlebic `kavkasionSi" aqtiurad<br />

ibeWdeboda. amjerad gamovyofT erTi usaTauro leqsis metaforuli<br />

azrovnebiT datvirTul ramdenime striqons:<br />

`Rame Seirya tyibulis mTebSi,<br />

Rame naxSiri, undo, Savgula;<br />

civi wyaroni kldis nawnavebSi,<br />

vercxlis qamrebad gadmokidula.<br />

daRlil xvevnaSi xevi iWreba,<br />

butbutebs Rele, Ramis xumara,<br />

caze Rrublebi ise iSleba,<br />

viT ganasroli cecxlis yumbara.<br />

.................................<br />

exla sad aris es yvelaferi?<br />

saxli, bujeri, Svacecxli, Taro,<br />

wiTeli CeqmiT gadanaTeli<br />

Cemi akvani da sanetaro..."<br />

qarTul emigrantul poeziaSi gamoirCeva saintereso xmis mqone<br />

poeti reo amoni, igive prokofi abulaZe, romelic SemdgomSi Jurnal<br />

`mxedars" redaqtorobda. igi, samwuxarod, axalgazrda gardaicvala,<br />

magram `kavkasionma" Semogvinaxa misi sakmaod bevri leqsi, romlebSic<br />

poeti siyvaruliT ixsenebs Tavis qveyanas:<br />

`rions zRaprebi moaqvs maisSi,<br />

mTis xomaldebi ukan mas axlavs;<br />

Camovardeba da quTaisSi<br />

kalTebs ukocnis<br />

Zvelsa nasaxlars...<br />

aq poetebma vardis ubnebSi<br />

bedniereba gamoafines<br />

da mcxovreblebTan mze saubrebSi<br />

angelosebi Semoafrines...<br />

netavi erTxel kidev menaxos<br />

mag brolis mkerdze<br />

Rame daRvrili:<br />

es xetiali gadamelaxos<br />

da movsuliyo SenTan daRlili"<br />

(`gzaze", 1929 w.).<br />

samSoblo da deda ori ganuyofeli tkivilia emigrant poetTa<br />

SemoqmedebaSi. Soreuli saqarTvelodan maT yovelTvis dedis monatrebiT<br />

daRlili Tvalebi eZaxiT, misi gamxdari xelebis siTbo izidavT. imedi<br />

aRara aqvT, rom Sin dabrunebulebs isev miegebeba es Zvirfasi arseba.<br />

385

386<br />

l. cercvaZe-cucqiriZe<br />

g. yifiani sizmrad xedavs moxuc dedas, TiTqos im sixarulsac<br />

ganicdis, romelic dedas mohgvara masTan Sexvedram, magram sizmarSic<br />

ki wuTebi daTvlilia, reglamentirebulia dedasTan miaxloebis dro da<br />

alersi, `Savi saaTi" ganagebs sawuTros:<br />

`xo... is sizmari - wuxel ra iyo...<br />

netav im ZilSi movekal vinmes.<br />

mze mTis mwvervalze gadmomdgariyo<br />

miwas ayrida oqrosfer mZivebs.<br />

dangreul qoxSi SevaRe kari,<br />

iq davinaxe moxuci deda,<br />

mas civ ficarze daedo Tavi,<br />

gaxmdari saxiT gadmoixeda...<br />

SeSinebuli SekrTa, gaocda;<br />

Sena xar, Svilo? - miTxari Cqara!<br />

avtirdi, unda gadamekocna...<br />

saaTma morcxvad daiwkriala,<br />

survili SemrCa gamSrali bagis,<br />

sneul dedasTan msurda alersi...<br />

ase damTavrda im erTi Ramis<br />

sizmari cxadze usayvarlesi".<br />

samSoblosadmi emigranti poetebis damokidebulebaze werisas gverds<br />

ver avuvliT vlasa mgelaZis erT Canawers, romelic mas politikuri<br />

patimrobisas baTumis cixeSi gaukeTebia. iseTi gulwrfeli emociaa am<br />

patara CanaxatSi, rom misi gulgrilad wakiTxva SeuZlebelia: `wera ki<br />

ara, udidesi simfoniis Seqmna mindoda, roca samSobloze vwerdi cixeSi...<br />

yvavilebi da mTeli buneba cocxlad Tvalwin meSleboda, mdinaris<br />

wuxils, mwyemsis salamurs TiTqos vusmendi, mzis sxivebs vxedavdi, me ki<br />

ar vwerdi, vxatavdi, vloculobdi, msurda, bunebis saocreba amemusikebina<br />

da yvelasaTvis meTqva is, rasac ganvicdidi.<br />

am dRes me avmaRldi, zekaci gavxdi, Cems dabadebas Sinaarsi mieca,<br />

me bunebis monawile Seviqeni, udidesi simovneba ganvicade, sasoeba vigrZeni,<br />

RvTaebrivi saxe CemSi davinaxe, cixis sicariele madliT aivso... me am<br />

wamidan TiTqos bunebis saidumloeba gavige. me uswavleli mcodne Seviqeni<br />

da Tavs ise vgrZnobdi, TiTqo Zilisgan gameRviZa... moulodnelad viRacam<br />

jvari gadamsaxa da brma mxedveli gamxada.. ra mwyuria bunebaSi yofna da<br />

misi mSvenierebiT datkboba! vin Segqmna, ra xar, vin xar, vin ganageb ase<br />

wesierad yvelafers?! - bunebav, maswavle me saidumloebani Seni!" aRniSnuli<br />

Canaweri win uZRvis leqss `samSoblo", romelic v. mgelaZes akakisTvis<br />

miuZRvnia. leqsi gulSiCamwvdomi striqonebiT mTvardeba:<br />

`turfad Semkuli samoTxe<br />

Soridan momeCveneba,<br />

rodis iqneba, samSoblov,<br />

vixilo Seni mSveneba?!" 1<br />

mSobliuri bunebis SesaniSnavi mxatvaria prokofi abulaZe.<br />

`lurjad afeTqili cisa da `mandilmziani miwis" trfoba veRar dautevia<br />

1 "kavkasioni” - parizi, Jerani, 1929 w., I-II, daculia qarTuli emigraciis muzeumSi

qarTuli emirgantuli poezia Jurnal `kavkasionSi" (XXI saukunis 20-30-iani wlebi)<br />

poetis guls da amaod uxmobs `laJvardebiT mzisken gadafrenil"<br />

samSoblos, rom siyvaruli gauziaros:<br />

`mSobelo mxarev, mandil-mziano!<br />

Sens mklavebzea ca daRvaruli,<br />

sada xar, sada! gagiziaro<br />

amdeni grZnoba da siyvaruli".<br />

emigrant qarTvel poetebs wuTiTac ar aviwydebaT is istoriuli<br />

gza, romelic saqarTvelom ganvlo saukuneebis manZilze, ician maT, rom<br />

qveynis tanjva-vaeba XX saukuniT ar dawyebula da qarTlis sevdiani<br />

ambavi cremliTa da sisxliTaa naweri. poeti g. yifiani mTeli simZafriT<br />

ganicdis monRolTa aswlovan batonobas saqarTveloSi. misi `asi wlis<br />

poema" mogviTxrobs, Tu rogori mwarea `sinamdvile dawyebuli<br />

monRolebidan", rogor gadawves Cveni miwa `unugeSo cecxlis zmanebiT<br />

da or zRvas Soris gadaqances Zvlebis kunZuli". qarTul poeziaSi<br />

bevri dawerila Cvens avbediT istoriaze, magram namdvilad gamorCeulia<br />

yifianis Sefasebebi rogorc mxatvruli, ise emociuri TvalsazrisiT:<br />

`atirda saukune moxuc qaliviT, imedebis mze gadaiwva da urdos nebiT<br />

Sekazmuli SurisZieba gamocdil jalaTiviT daesxa Tavs glovis kunZuls"<br />

_ wers igi.<br />

emigrant poetebs ar asvenebT fiqri krwanissa da erekle mefis<br />

gadawyvetilebaze. krwanisis sevda maTi didi satkivaris nawilia. erekles<br />

mimarTavs poeti g. gelazania:<br />

`miyvars udabno, mowyenili krwanisis veli,<br />

iraklis didi martooba, misi naRveli...<br />

modi irakli, Cveni razmi Sen mogiwodebs,<br />

agirCevT sardlad, ara mefed, ase icode!..<br />

ei, irakli amayia Cveni xseneba,<br />

Cven saqarTvelos giJebi varT, nu gewyineba!"<br />

advili gasagebia, ratom uxmobs emigranti <strong>qarTveli</strong> poeti erekles<br />

sardlad da ara mefed, Tumca leqsSi obieqturad afasebs igi im<br />

istoriul sinamdviles, romelSic erekles mouwia Zalian sapasuxismgeblo<br />

gadawyvetilebis miReba, "mefis didi martooba" mas bolomde gancdili<br />

da dafasebuli aqvs, amitom TanagrZnobiT sTavazobs erTad viaroT da<br />

krwanisis vzidoT fiqrebio.<br />

diadi istoriiT STagonebulni da awmyoTi saSinlad ukmayofilo<br />

emigranti poetebi `CrdiloeTidan wiTeli raSiT mosul" mtarvals<br />

mtkice kritikul-opoziciur damokidebulebas axvedrebdnen da sityviT<br />

ucxadebdnen daundobel brZolas maT, vinc `saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos<br />

saxe waSales" da `suls daoblebuls Semoavles glovis arSia". mtris<br />

vaJkacuri gamowvevisa da sisxlis bolo wveTamde brZolis suliskveTebiT<br />

aris gajerebuli prokofi abulaZis leqsi `qaquca ColoyaSvilis simRera",<br />

romelsac g. SaraZe qarTuli emigraciis namdvil himnad miiCnevs:<br />

`Tamaris ZuZus vficavar,<br />

erekles vaJkacobasa,<br />

ise gagixdi sicocxles,<br />

387

388<br />

l. cercvaZe-cucqiriZe<br />

rom ver moxvide cnobasa.<br />

Tu tyvia Semomeleva,<br />

xanjals dagageb risxvians,<br />

gatydeba?! guls amoviglej,<br />

saxeSi gfeTqav sisxlians!<br />

simravliT ver SemaSineb,<br />

tanSi cecxli maqvs daRvrili,<br />

Tu ver gagkveTo mxardamo,<br />

cxenze gamiwydes aRviri!"<br />

Crdilouri politikis kritikas ar erideba v. wilosani emigranti<br />

megobrebisadmi miZRvnil leqsSi `Cvens devnilebs", romelSic poetis<br />

kritikul-opoziciur ganwyobilebas Tavisufali momavlis imedi<br />

agvirgvinebs:<br />

`gaswi win, Zmao, magram frTxilad, gverdze gyavs mteri,<br />

ikurTxos Seni marjvena da mkerdi fiqalis,<br />

win, Seupovrad!.. CrdiloeTiT Semonaberi<br />

dRes Tu xval unda CabneleTdes susxi grigalis!"<br />

samSoblos siyvaruli da misi tragikuli bedis sisxlxorceuli<br />

gancda is Temaa, romelic yvela emigrantis suls erTianad aforiaqebda.<br />

Jurnali `kavkasioni" ki guliTadad maspinZlobda maT Semoqmedebas,<br />

risi wyalobiTac bevri, marTlac SesaniSnavi patriotuli leqsi SemorCa<br />

qarTul poezias. Cven mxolod `kavkasionis" 1929-1932 wlebSi gamosuli<br />

nomrebis mimoxilviT SemovifargleT. Jurnals arc ganaxlebis Semdgom<br />

(1964-1986 ww.) Seucvlia mimarTuleba da xasiaTi, mis mesveurTa fiqri<br />

da muza kvlavac samSoblos siyvaruls dastrialebda.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

Jurn. `kavkasioni", 1929, ##1, 2, 3; 1930, #3; 1932, ##2, 4,<br />

parizi, gamomcemloba `Jerani"; daculia qarTuli emigraciis<br />

muzeumSi.<br />

m. wulukiZe, 1929 - m. wulukiZe, eskizebi Tanamedrove literaturidan<br />

- galaktioni: Jurn. "kavkasioni", 1929, I-II, parizi; daculia qarTuli<br />

emigraciis muzeumSi.

qarTuli emirgantuli poezia Jurnal `kavkasionSi" (XXI saukunis 20-30-iani wlebi)<br />

LIA TSERTSVADZE-TSUTSKIRIDZE<br />

GEORGIAN POETRY OF EMIGRANT AUTHORS<br />

IN JOURNAL KAVKASIONI<br />

After forming the Soviet Georgia the poetry of the country went to two different<br />

fronts: the one that was created within the country, in most cases completely held<br />

under the Soviet censorship grips and the second written beyond the country boarders<br />

by poets who were in political emigration and enjoyed freedom of subject choice and<br />

expression. The influence of the Soviet censorship on the latter was faint if any and<br />

was originally distinguished with free themes and true soundings.<br />

Among the journals and newspapers coming in Georgian outside the country<br />

in the 20-30s of the 20 th century Kavkasioni was published in France in 1929-1932<br />

by the sponsorship of Leville community of Georgian emigrants.<br />

The journal published poems that were mostly on patriotic themes. Emigrant<br />

poems did not restrain from the venomous criticism of the Soviet system as they<br />

saw in it the reason of their country’s and their own personal tragedies.<br />

These poets seemed to be inspired with the great past of their country and<br />

were desperately ungrateful of their present that is why they offered staunch critical<br />

opposition to the ‘Rider from the North on the red stallion’ who ‘has expunged the<br />

face of Georgia in the country’ and ‘wrapped up the orphaned soul in the shroud of<br />

mourning’.<br />

Kavkasioni has preserved many verses of the Georgian poetry that might<br />

have been lost if not this journal.<br />

389

390<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

vladimer vladimer vladimer wverava,<br />

wverava,<br />

luka luka dvaliSvili<br />

dvaliSvili<br />

ËÖÊÀ ËÖÊÀ ÃÅÀËÉÛÅÉËÉ<br />

ÃÅÀËÉÛÅÉËÉ<br />

egnataSvili egnataSvili (ignatievi) (ignatievi) (ignatievi) simon simon iagoris-Ze<br />

iagoris-Ze<br />

iagoris-Ze<br />

1768-1774 wlebSi ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiam moawyo didi<br />

eqspedicia (giuldenStedtis, gmelinis da palasis monawileobiT) ruseTis<br />

imperiaSi Semaval Tu momavalSi Sesasvlel calkeul mxareTa Sesaswavlad<br />

(maT Soris saqarTveloSic). eqspedicia miznad isaxavda am mxareTa<br />

fizikur-geografiul aRwerilobaTa Sedgenas, mineralogiur, botanikur,<br />

zoologiur da kulturul siZveleTa Seswavlas.<br />

ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis (yofili ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />

leningradis) peterburgis arqivSi daculia masalebi giuldenStedtis<br />

urTierTobaze peterburgSi mcxovreb im qarTvelebTan, romelTac<br />

SeeZloT raime daxmareba gaewiaT misi eqspediciisaTvis. aRmosavleTmcodneobis<br />

arqivSi daculi ori xelnaweri ki miuTiTebs, kerZod qarTvelTa<br />

im daxmarebaze, romelic maT gamouCeniaT zemoxsenebuli eqspediciisaTvis<br />

(n. maxaTaZe, 1983, gv. 77).<br />

XVIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi moskov-peterburgis qarTuli<br />

sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebma rusul enaze beWdurad gamoaqveynes<br />

ori Txzuleba. naSroms mTargmnelis inicialebi ,,È. Ñ." axlavs bolos.<br />

rogorc samecniero literaturaSi garkveulia (a. abramiZe, i. cincaZe<br />

da sxv.), avtoris inicialebiT ,,È. Ñ." igulisxmeba: simon ignatievi<br />

(igive egnataSvili).<br />

qarTvelebma sapatio movaleoba Seasrules moskovis universitetisa<br />

da moskov-peterburgis kulturul cxovrebaSi. s. egnataSvili swavlobda<br />

moskovis universitetSi sxva qarTvelebTan erTad, xolo Semdeg igi<br />

1770-ian wlebSi iyo moskovis universitetis informatori. aqve<br />

universitetSi samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kaTedris profesoris<br />

Tanamdebobaze iyo da drogamoSvebiT proreqtoris movaleobas<br />

asrulebda meore <strong>qarTveli</strong> n. n. zandukeli (tr. xundaZe, 1960, gv. 144).<br />

s. egnataSvili cnobilia, rogorc Tarjimani, romelic muSaobda<br />

ekaterine II-is favorit grigol potiomkinTan da Tan eweoda sajaSuSo<br />

saqmianobas erekle II-is sawinaaRmdegod.<br />

simon egnataSvilis rusul Targmnebs Soris sapatio adgili unda<br />

miekuTvnos ,,brma memusikis simReras", romelsac rusulad ewodeba<br />

,,Ãðóçèíñêàÿ ïåñíü ñëåïîãî ïåâöà Åêàòåðèíå Âåëèêîé".<br />

mas Semdeg, rac qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan daido traqtati<br />

georgievskSi, 1783 wlis 6 seqtembers solomon I-ma werili gaugzavna<br />

pavle potiomkins da sTxova imereTis samefoc mieRo mfarvelobis qveS.<br />

quTaisSi Seikribnen sazogadoebis mravalricxovani warmomadgenlebi,<br />

romelTac gamoxates Tavisi swrafva ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS Sesvlisa.<br />

aq am zeimze quTaisel brma memusikes, anu, dRevandeli gamoTqma<br />

rom vixmaroT, xalxur meleqses Conguris akompanimentze warmouTqvams<br />

ekaterine II-isadmi miZRvnili saxotbo leqsi, romelsac aRtacebaSi<br />

mouyvania rusi oficeri tamara da, rogorc Cans, mas ruseTSi myof

egnataSvili (ignatievi) simon iagoris-Ze<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> egnataSvilisaTvis dauvalebia am simReris rusulad Targmna.<br />

es leqsi Targmnili egnatiSvilisagan 1837 wels daibeWda ruseTSi ,,Òðóä û<br />

è Ëåòîïèñû îáùåñòâà äðåâíîñòåé Ðîññèñêèõ" (n. maxaTaZe, 1983, gv. 44).<br />

simon egnataSvils qarTulidan rusulad uTargmnia "baramguldamiani",<br />

romelic warmoadgenda avtorizebuli Targmanis nimuSs. s.<br />

egnataSvils wvlili aqvs Setanili im rusul-qarTuli leqsikonis<br />

SedgenaSi, romelic SvilTan erTad gaukeTebia. niko egnataSvili 1809<br />

wels ruseTis mTavrobas sTxovs mis gamocemas, Tumca leqsikoni CvenTvis<br />

gaugebari mizezebis gamo ar gamocemula.<br />

simon iagoris Ze egnataSvili (ignatievi) qarTlidanaa, misi winapari<br />

vaxtang VI-is amalis wevria da ruseTSi darCenila. igi samocdaaTiani<br />

wlebidan sagareo saqmeTa kolegiis TanamSromelia. igi maT qarTul<br />

sabuTebs uTargmnis rusul enaze. manamde am saqmes daviT abazaZe<br />

asrulebda. mas Tavdapirvelad asesoris Cini hqonda, xolo Semdeg<br />

premier-maioris anu podpolkovnikis wodeba mianiWes. igi muSaobda<br />

grigol potiomkinTan Tarjimnad, romelmac qarTl-kaxeTis mefis elCs<br />

garsevan WavWavaZes miuCina Tarjimnad da jaSuSad (m. berZeniSvili, 1980,<br />

gv. 220).<br />

safiqrebelia, rom TviTmpyrobeloba agentebs (jaSuSebs) yvela<br />

fenaSi eZebda. qarTlis Tavad-aznaurobis nawili erekle II-is ukmayofilo<br />

iyo da opoziciaSi idgnen. isini yovelnairad cdilobdnen xeli SeeSalaT<br />

ereklesaTvis da taxtze vaxtang VI-is STamomavlebi aeyvanaT.<br />

TviTmpyrobeloba advilad Soulobda maT rigebSi Tavis agentebs.<br />

svimon iagoris Ze egnataSvili, rogorc mkvlevrebma (al. baramiZem<br />

da i. cincaZem) gaarkvies, erT-erTi imaTgania, vinc ruseTis mxares<br />

erekle II-is sawinaaRmdegod jaSuSobs, magram zogierTma mkvlevarma<br />

(n. maxaTaZe) mis saqmianobas axsna mouZebna, rom TiTqosda es<br />

ganpirobebuli iyo ara antipatriotuli, aramed uSualod erekle IIis<br />

mmarTvelobisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebiT. Tumca sworad<br />

aRniSnavda ,,georgianul istoriasTan" dakavSirebiT g. qiqoZe, romelmac<br />

es Txzuleba qarTulad Targmna. amgvari politikuri moRvaweoba mainc<br />

sazaralo iyo <strong>qarTveli</strong> eris interesebis TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan es<br />

mimarTuli iyo <strong>qarTveli</strong> mefis (erekle II - v.w., l.d.) xelisuflebis<br />

winaaRmdeg. es ki erTaderTi Zala iyo, romelsac SeeZlo Cveni erisaTvis<br />

xelmZRvaneloba gaewia XVIII saukunis me-2 naxevarSi (Jurn. ,,mnaTobi",<br />

1939, #7).<br />

moskovis centralur arqivSi, feldmarSal potiomkinis fondSi<br />

Tavis droze iase cincaZem aRmoaCina saintereso dokumenti, romelic<br />

cxadyofs ruseTis dazvervis saqmianobas da egnataSvilis kavSirs maTTan.<br />

saqme exeba erekle II-isa da garsevan WavWavaZis mimoweras. miT umetes,<br />

roca garsevan WavWavaZe peterburgidan Tavis mefes saidumlo cnobebs<br />

awvdida am mimoweriT. erTgan 1785 wlis TariRiT garsevan WavWavaZe<br />

erekle II-s swers: ,,eWvi maqvs rom aramc Tu Suazed sxvanic ganixilavdnen,<br />

xolme da am mizeziT yvela ver damiweria, Tu inebebT sxva anbani<br />

miboZeT"... rogorc vxedavT, garsevani erekle mefes sTxovs, saidumlo<br />

anbani an Sifri gamogzavneo (i. cincaZe, 1960, gv. 146).<br />

391

392<br />

v. wverava, l. dvaliSvili<br />

rogorc prof. iase cincaZe aRniSnavs, garsevan WavWavaZes eWvi<br />

aRZvria, rom mis mimoweras ereklesTan ruseTis dazverva amowmebs da<br />

agentis meSveobiT igebs yovelives. amitom sTxovs saidumlo Sifrs.<br />

zemoxsenebuli werili erekles misamarTiT qarTul enaze iyo<br />

dawerili, magram ara garsevan WavWavaZis xeliT _ aRniSnavs i. cincaZe.<br />

sabuTis bolos imave xeliT minaweria: ,,vmowmob WeSmaritad dedaisagan<br />

gardmoRebas savarsamiZe" (i. cincaZe, 1941, gv. 146). am minaweridan cxadi<br />

xdeba, rom garsevan WavWavaZis saidumlo werili, erekle II-is misamarTiT<br />

gagzavnili, svimon egnataSvils (ignatievi) gadauweria da savarsamiZes<br />

Seumowmebia. XVIII s. oTxmociani wlebis ruseTis sagareo politikis<br />

mesaWes grigol potiomkins hyolia qarTuli sabuTebis mTargmnelad<br />

ayvanili da imave dros garsevan WavWavaZesac ,,Sveloda", anu, ukeT rom<br />

vTqvaT, emsaxureboda saelCoSi rusulad mimoweris dros.<br />

rogorc prof. i. cincaZem gaarkvia dokumentebze dayrdnobiT,<br />

garsevan WavWavaZisaTvis gr. potiomkins miuCenia s. egnataSvili, romelsac<br />

uSualo kavSiri aqvs polkovnik popovTan, popovi ki moaxsenebs<br />

potiomkins. egnataSvilis erTguleba potiomkinisadmi ganpirobebuli<br />

yofila ficiT. simons dakisrebuli movaleoba kargad Seusrulebia. mas<br />

garsevanis ndoba moupovebia. es rom namdvilad asea, Cans garsevanis<br />

werilidan, sadac is erekle II-s Seaxsenebs, saidumlo Sifri da misi<br />

Tarjimani rom gTxove, saWiro ar aris, radgan s. egnataSvili vipove,<br />

romelsac savsebiT miendo da mas saidumloeba gaando (i. cincaZe,<br />

gv. 148).<br />

gansvenebulma mecnierma dokumentebze dayrdnobiT gaarkvia, rom<br />

s. egnataSvili Tavad iRebda dednis aslebs garsevanis arqividan da maT<br />

awvdida rus moxeleebs. radgan dazvervis istoriaSi cnobilia, rom<br />

dokumentebs, werilebs an gzaze xsnian da iparaven, an uSualod iReben<br />

maT aslebs Tarjimanis meSveobiT Tu sxva xerxebiT. Cvens SemTxvevaSi s.<br />

egnataSvils piradad xeli miuwvdeboda garsevanisa da erekles werilebze,<br />

rogorc Tarjimans da sargeblobda garsevanis sruli ndobiT da maT<br />

rus moxeleebs awvdida.<br />

amrigad, svimon iagoris-Ze egnataSvili, romelic moRvaweobda XVIII<br />

s. bolos ruseTis imperiaSi, metad saintereso figuraa, rogorc Tarjimani<br />

da mkvlevari rusul-qarTuli kulturuli urTierTobisa, magram amave<br />

dros warmogvidgeba, rogorc agenti ruseTis dazvervisa. Tumca es<br />

nabiji SeiZleba aixsnas ara rogorc arapatriotuli moqmedebiT, aramed<br />

erekle II-isadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebiT, radgan ruseTSi moRvawe<br />

qarTvel Tavad-aznaurTa warmomadgenlebs surdaT taxtze aeyvanaT vaxtang<br />

VI-is STamomavlebi da aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen ruseTis moxeleebTan,<br />

rac uaryofiTad aisaxa Cveni qveynis istoriaSi.

egnataSvili (ignatievi) simon iagoris-Ze<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

a. abramiSvili, 1952 - a. abramiSvili, erTi ucnobi qarTulrusuli<br />

leqsikonis Sesaxeb: gaz. ,,saxalxo ganaTleba", 1952, 24 dekemberi.<br />

m. berZniSvili, 1980 - m. berZniSvili, masalebi XIX saukunis<br />

pirveli naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, t. I, Tb., 1980.<br />

v. maWaraZe, 1968 - v. maWaraZe, besiki diplomatiur sarbielze, Tb., 1968.<br />

n. maxaTaZe, 1983 - n. maxaTaZe, megobrobis furclebi, Tb., 1983.<br />

g. qiqoZe, 1939 - g. qiqoZe, georgianeli istoria: Jurn. ,,mnaTobi",<br />

1939, #7.<br />

i. cincaZe, 1941 - i. cincaZe, ramdenime cnoba ruseTis<br />

TviTmpyrobelobis dazvervisa da misi agentebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb me-<br />

18 saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTveloSi: quTaisis ped. institutis<br />

Sromebi, t. II, 1941.<br />

i. cincaZe, 1960 - i. cincaZe, 1783 wlis mfarvelobiTi traqtati,<br />

Tb., 1960.<br />

tr. xundaZe, 1960 - tr. xundaZe, qarTul-rusuli literaturuli<br />

urTierTobis istoriidan, Tb., 1960.<br />

VLADIMER TSVERAVA, LUKA DVALISHVILI<br />

SVIMON EGNATASHVILI (IGNATIEV)<br />

In the 70s of 18 th century a man from the Georgian emigrant society of<br />

Petersburg published two works that had initials of the translator. "…". As is known<br />

in the specialist literature these initials<br />

are of Svimon Egnatashvili (Ignatiev)’s.<br />

Svimon Iagorovich Egnatashvili (Ignatiev) comes from a nobility of Kartli<br />

kingdom whose family moved to Russia after the demise of King Vakhtang VI. Svimon<br />

Egnatashvili graduated from the Moscow University and worked at the same<br />

University for a certain period. In the literary circles he was known as an interpreter<br />

and translator. He helped Georgians to translate from Georgian into Russian as well<br />

as Russian officials to translate from Russian into Georgian.<br />

Svimon Egnatashvili (Ignatiev) worked as a secret agent for the Russian empire<br />

at the end of the 18 th century. He had sworn the oath to Gregory Potyomkin and got<br />

in touch with him through Colonel Popov. Svimon Egnatashvili assisted Garsevan<br />

Chavchavdze, an ambassador of Erekle II, to furnish his translations and earned his<br />

trust. This fact is attested from the letter which was found and published by professor<br />

I.Tsintsadze.<br />

In spite of the fact that Svimon Egnatashvili is a prominent public man in the<br />

Russian empire at the close of the 18 th century and a promoter of Russo-Georgian<br />

relationships at the same time he carries out clandestine activities in favor of the<br />

Russian empire. However, some scholars (N.Makhatadze, G.Kikodze) find justification<br />

of his steps in the sense that his motivation was not betrayal of his country. But he<br />

opposed King Erekle II for the purpose of bringing heirs of Vakhtang VI to the Kartli<br />

throne.<br />

393

394<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

sofiko sofiko Waava<br />

Waava<br />

terminisaTvis terminisaTvis ,<br />

, ,,diglosia"<br />

,diglosia"<br />

,diglosia"<br />

,diglosia"<br />

,diglosia"<br />

bunebrivi enebi principulad araerTgvarovania: isini arseboben<br />

mravali saxesxvaobis saxiT, romelTa formireba da funqcionireba<br />

ganpirobebulia sazogadoebis gansazRvruli socialuri diferencialurobiT<br />

da misi komunikaciuri moTxovnilebebis mravalferovnebiT.<br />

magaliTad, studenti iyenebs studentur Jargons ZiriTadad Tavis wreSi,<br />

TanatolebTan urTierTobisas, xolo danarCen situaciebSi mimarTavs<br />

saliteraturo enis saSualebebs. programistebi iyeneben kompiuterul<br />

Jargons profesiul Temebze saubris dros, xolo profesiuli garemodan<br />

gamosvlis Semdeg saerTo saliteraturo enis sityvebsa da konstruqciebs<br />

mimarTaven. erTi erovnuli enis sxadasxva qvesistemis amgvar flobas da<br />

urTierTobis sferos an situaciis Sesabamisad gamoyenebas "Sidaenobrivi<br />

diglosia" ewodeba. amis garda, termini "diglosia" aRniSnavs sxadasxva<br />

enis codnasac da maT monacvleobiT gamoyenebas urTierTobis, situaciis<br />

Sesabamisad.<br />

sociolongvistikas ainteresebs ara marto is, Tu ra gavlenas<br />

axdens individis an individTa jgufis socialur cxovrebaze ramdenime<br />

enis codna, aramed isic, Tu ra gansakuTrebul funqcias atarebs<br />

gamoyenebul enaTagan TiToeuli. es ganpirobebulia im TavisTavadi<br />

cxadi faqtiT, rom sxvadasxva enas adamiani sxvadasxva socialur garemoSi<br />

an situaciSi iyenebs. am viTarebis amsaxveli erT-erTi terminia<br />

diglosia.<br />

diglosia.<br />

specialur lingvistur leqsikonebSi diglosia diglosia ganmartebulia,<br />

rogorc erTi enis SigniT koleqtivis (an pirovnebis) mier sxvadasxva<br />

qvesistemis floba, Tumca iSviaTad am terminSi sxvadasxva enis ori<br />

qvesistemis flobasac gulisxmoben. unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul (da<br />

ara marto qarTul) saenaTmecniero literaturaSi zogjer es termini<br />

jerac ara aris erTnairad gagebuli*.<br />

naSromis mizania termin "diglosiis<br />

diglosiis<br />

diglosiis" diglosiis saleqsikono definaciaTa<br />

Sejereba im mniSvnelobasTan, romelic am terminis SemoRebisas igulisxma<br />

masSi amerikelma enaTmecnierma Carlz fergiusonma 1959 wels gamoqveynebul<br />

naSromSi (Ch. Fergiuson, Diglossia, Word jurnal, 1959).<br />

termin "diglosiamde<br />

diglosiamde<br />

diglosiamde" diglosiamde enaTmecniereba iyenebda termins<br />

"bilingvizmi<br />

bilingvizmi<br />

bilingvizmi<br />

bilingvizmi" bilingvizmi (anu "orenovneba"). xolo imgvari situaciisaTvis,<br />

romelSic ramdenime enis funqcionirebaa saWiro, moqmedebs termini<br />

"mravalerovneba". C. fergiusonma diglosiis diglosiis cnebis formulireba<br />

warmoadgina, romlis mixedviTac es aris SedarebiT stabiluri enobrivi<br />

situacia, romelSic enis pirvelad dialeqtebTan erTad (romlebsac<br />

SeiZleba hqondes zogadi an regionaluri standartebi) arsebobs maTgan<br />

* termin "diglosiis" gansxvavebuli gaazrebis Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe,<br />

2005, gv. 62-63; T. bolqvaZe, 2007...

terminisaTvis ,,diglosia"<br />

Zalian gansxvavebuli, maRal doneze kodificirebuli (xSirad<br />

gramatikulad ufro rTuli) zeddebuli variacia, romlis SeTviseba,<br />

Cveulebriv, xdeba formalur sferoebSi (mag., saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi,<br />

oficialur sametyvelo da werilobiT sferoebSi), magram arasdros<br />

gamoiyeneba yofiTi komunikaciebisTvis.<br />

diglosiuri situacia ganisazRvreba, rogorc metyvelebaSi ori<br />

an ramdenime enobrivi saxesxvaobis funqcionireba. am dros es enobrivi<br />

saxesxvaobebi erTmaneTTan Semavsebel damokidebulebaSia. enobriv<br />

sferoebs Soris, diglosiis SemTxvevaSi, erTgvari ierarqiuli<br />

urTierTobaa didad Sefasebulidan mcired Sefasebulamde. Tuki es<br />

enobrivi saxesxvaoba miCneulia naTesaurad, H saxesxvaoba, rogorc wesi,<br />

enis ufro konservatorul formas warmoadgens, romelic gamoiyeneba<br />

formalur sferoebSi _ sajaro metyvelebisas, religiur teqstebSi,<br />

ganaTlebaSi da sxv. L gamoiyeneba ufro araformalur sferoSi, yofiTi<br />

urTierTobisas, quCaSi, bazarSi, telefonze saubrisas da a. S. im<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Tu H da L formebi erTmaneTTan genetikur kavSirSi ar<br />

aris, ufro xSirad H enobrivi saxesxvaoba ufro maRali saerTaSoriso<br />

prestiJis mqonea.<br />

joSua fiSmanma Secvala da ganaviTara fergiusonis Teoriis is<br />

nawili, romelic fsiqolingvistikis niSniT iyo Camoyalibebuli. misi<br />

ganmartebiT, bilingvizmi aris enobrivi kontaqtebis Sedegi. j. fiSmanis<br />

mixedviT, diglosia ornairad gaiazreba:<br />

a) diglosia warmoadgens or sametyvelo kods _ roca situacia<br />

apirispirebs maRal da dabal variantebs.<br />

b) diglosia funqcionalur diferenciacias axdens or enas Soris.<br />

j. fiSmanis TvalsazisSi Cans diglosiis bilingvizmTan gaTanabrebis<br />

tendencia.<br />

fergiusonis mixedviT, diglosia diglosia gulisxmobs erTi enis or enobriv<br />

variants, standartizebul variantsa da xalxur variants aqvs erTi da<br />

igive modeli, gansxvaveba ki isaa, rom SesaZlebelia erTis kontroli,<br />

xolo meore kontrolis gareSea. fiSmanis mier am Teoriis ganviTarebiT,<br />

bilingvizmi aris enobrivi kontaqtebis Sedegi. misi azriT, diglosia<br />

or enaze mets aerTebs.<br />

j. finCis sacnobaro tipis naSromSi (Jeoffrey Finch, Linguistic Ters<br />

and Concepts, London, 2000) mocemuli ganmartebac C. fergiusonis<br />

Tvalsazriss misdevs. misi gansazRvrebiT, "zog enas aqvs ori uaRresad<br />

gansxvavebuli varianti, romelic moqmedebs sametyvelo sazogadoebaSi<br />

da romelTaganac TiToeuls Tavisi gansxvavebuli socialuri funqcia<br />

aqvs. Tuki Tqven xarT, magaliTad, saberZneTSi, Tqven naxavT adamianebs,<br />

visTvisac mSobliuria werisas erTi forma "katharevousa", xolo<br />

metyvelebisas meore _"dhimotiki". es situacia iwodeba diglosiad<br />

diglosiad. diglosiad es<br />

is SemTxvevaa, rodesac erT formas ewodeba "maRali" da mas iyeneben<br />

oficialur sferoebSi _ ganaTlebaSi, politikasa da komerciaSi, xolo<br />

meore anu "dabali" varianti moqmedebs saSinao da araformalur<br />

situaciebSi. aseT dros "maRali" ufro prestiJulia, xolo "dabali"<br />

ufro miRebulia misi gamoyenebis konteqstebSi...<br />

395

396<br />

s. Waava<br />

diglosiuri situacia SesaZloa vipovoT egvipteSi, sadac<br />

gamoyenebulia orive _ klasikuri arabulica da Tanamedrove arabulic;<br />

da SveicariaSi, sadac molaparakeni iyeneben maRal germanuls da<br />

Sveicarul germanuls ("ziud duCi"). amis istoriuli magaliTia iseTi<br />

romanuli enebi, rogoricaa safrangeTis espanuri da italiuri, maTac<br />

axasiaTebdaT diglosiuri situaciebi, romlebSic "maRali laTinuri"<br />

gamoiyeneboda ganaTlebaSi, religiasa da oficialur viTarebaSi, xolo<br />

Cveulebrivi sasaubro laTinuri _ yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi. aseTi<br />

situaciebi dResac arsebobs wynari okeanisa da karibis auzis mosaxleobaSi,<br />

sadac inglisuris standartuli variantic da pijinizebulic erTmaneTis<br />

gverdiT Tanaarseboben.<br />

rusi enaTmecnieris iarcevas iarcevas leqsikonis mixedviT, diglosia<br />

diglosia<br />

aris ori enis an erTi enis ori formis erTdrouli arseboba<br />

sazogadoebaSi, romlebic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva funqcionalur sferoSi.<br />

bilingvizmisagan da mravalerovnebisagan gansxvavebiT, diglosia<br />

iTvaliswinebs molaparakis mier Segnebul Sefasebas "maRali _ dabali"<br />

(maRalfardovani _ yoveldRiuri) variantebisas.<br />

termini diglosia 2006 wels gamocemul sociolingvistur terminTa<br />

leqsikonSi (Ñëîâàðü ñ îöèîëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ òåðìèíîâ Ðîññèéñêàèà àêàäåìèà<br />

í àóê èíñòèòóò ÿçûêîçíàíèà è Ðî ññèéñêàÿ àêàäåìèà ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ íàóê<br />

Èíñòèòóò èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçèêîâ, Ìîñêâà, 2006) Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli:<br />

"1. Sidaenobrivi diglosia _ floba mocemuli nacionaluri enis<br />

sxvadasxva qvesistemisa (rogorc wesi, teritoriuli dialeqtisa da enis<br />

saliteraturo formisa) da maTi gamoyeneba situaciis an urTierTobis<br />

sferodan gamomdinare. termini "diglosia" Semoitana Carlz fergiusonma<br />

Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: "ori da meti saxesxvaoba erTi da imave enisa,<br />

gamoyenebuli zogierTi molaparakis mier sxvadasxva garemoebaSi", mag.,<br />

italiuri enis matareblebi iyeneben adgilobriv dialeqts Sin, megobrebs<br />

Soris, magram gadadian saliteraturo enaze sxva dialeqtebis<br />

warmomadgenlebTan urTierTobis dros an sajaro gamosvlebSi. 2.<br />

iSviaTad diglosiaSi igulisxmeba sxvadasxva enis paraleluri da<br />

ierarqiuli gamoyeneba, magram gansxvavebiT bilingvizmisagan, diglosia<br />

am gagebiT aRniSnavs sxvadasxva nacionaluri enis ori qvesistemis flobas,<br />

romelTaganac yoveli maTgani gamoiyeneba mxolod urTierTobis garkveul<br />

sferoSi. diglosia aseTi tipisa aucileblad ar axlavs orenovnebas,<br />

romlis drosac funqcionaluri gadanawileba or gamoyenebad enas<br />

Soris SesaZloa waSlili iyos an ar arsebobdes saerTod.<br />

nebismieri tipis diglosiis dros mniSvnelovania molaparakis mier<br />

sxvadaxva komunikaciur saSualebas Soris Segnebuli arCevanis gakeTeba<br />

da iseTi saSualebis gamoyeneba, romelic saukeTesod uzrunvelyofs<br />

komunikacias urTierTobis mocemul sferoSi".<br />

qarTuli enis enciklopediaSi, romelic gamoica 2008 wels,<br />

diglosias aseTi ganmarteba aqvs: "diglosia aris ori enis an erTi enis<br />

ori variantis erTdrouli arseboba. mag., klasikuri arabuli da<br />

salaparako arabuli."

terminisaTvis ,,diglosia"<br />

saliteraturo arabuli gamoiyeneba oficialur sferoebSi<br />

(ganaTlebis sistema, masmedia, administraciuli mmarTveloba da sxv.),<br />

xolo "xalxuri arabuli ena-dialeqtebi" _ yoveldRiur sayofacxovrebo<br />

situaciebSi. arabul samyaroSi sauniversiteto leqciebi standartul<br />

enaze tardeba, magram savarjiSoebisaTvis axsna-ganmartebebis Sedgenisas<br />

"dabal" variants mimarTaven. SeiZleba vinmeze Tqvan _ arabuli ar<br />

iciso im SemTxvevaSi, roca es piri ar flobs saliteraturo enas.<br />

ganaTlebuli arabebi xSirad uaryofen arastandartuli enis codnas,<br />

Tumca yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi swored mas iyeneben.<br />

diglosiis dros saliteraturo ena privilegirebulad miiCneva.<br />

mxolod is iTvleba realur enad, xolo arastandartuli ena<br />

ignorirebulia.<br />

diglosiis movlenam gaaRviva interesi standartuli (saliteraturo)<br />

enebis daxasiaTebisa da Seswavlisadmi, rodesac sazogadoebaSi<br />

Tanaarsebobs socialuri statusiT ganxvavebuli ori ena an erTi da<br />

imave enis ori sxvadasxva saxeoba.<br />

enis "maRal" da "dabal" variantebs Soris gansxvavebaa gramatikaSi.<br />

pirvelis gramatika gacilebiT ufro rTulia. masSi ufro ganviTarebulia<br />

zmnuri formebi.<br />

gansxvavebulia leqsikur erTeulTa forma da gamoyeneba. samecnieroteqnikuri<br />

terminologia enis "maRal" variantSi Sedis.<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze bundovani sfero sociolingvistikisa aris<br />

dialeqtisa da enis gamijvnis sakiTxi. es sxvaoba ufro naTlad Canda<br />

Tavdapirvelad, rodesac dialeqtebi enis qvesistemebad miiCneoda, magram<br />

es problema TandaTan itvirTeba socialurad da politikurad, da<br />

Sesabamisad, sul ufro bundovani xdeba.<br />

qarTuli enobrivi situaciis diglosiuri TvalsazrisiT ganxilvisas<br />

azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa qarTvel enaTmecnierTa Sorisac, rac uSualod<br />

kavSirSia im mravalwlian polemikasTan, romelic exeba enisa da kilos<br />

gamijvnis kriteriumebsa da sametyvelo formaTa statusis gansazRvras.*<br />

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi diglosiasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

arsebuli Tvalsazrisebi or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: a) "qarTveluri<br />

enobrivi samyaros SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs monolingvur diglosiasTan,<br />

e.i. diglosiis pirobebSi gvaqvs: dedaena da mSobliuri dialeqti.<br />

bilingvizmis dros ki arsebul or enaTagan erTi dedaenaa, meore ucxo<br />

ena" (t. futkaraZe) da b) "qarTveluri enebis urTierToba<br />

sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT iseT enobriv situacias qmnis, romelsac<br />

"klasikur diglosias" uwodeben da miiCneven, rom megrelebisa da<br />

svanebisaTvis, megruli da svanuri mSobliuri enaa, qarTuli ena ki<br />

ZiriTadi enis kategorias miekuTvneba (m. qurdiani).<br />

enaTmecnierebaSi arsebuli terminologiuri siWrele mravali<br />

gaurkvevlobis mizezi xdeba. winaaRmdegobrivia TiTqmis yvela termini,<br />

romlebic erTdroulad esaWiroeba lingvistikas, eTnologiasa da<br />

politikas. amitom Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogoraa<br />

kvalificirebuli esa Tu is ena misi gavrcelebis arealSi da rogoria<br />

misi roli saxelmwifoebriv konteqstSi.<br />

* sakiTxis istoriisaTvis ix.: T. gvancelaZe, 2006; qarTveluri enebi da<br />

dialeqtebi, 2007; t. futkaraZe, 2008...<br />

397

398<br />

s. Waava<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

T. gamyreliZe.., 2003 - T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe, i. Saduri, n.<br />

Sengelaia, Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursi, Tb., 2003.<br />

T. gvancelaZe, 2006 - T. gvancelaZe, enisa da dialeqtis sakiTxi<br />

qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006.<br />

n. ladaria, 2002 - n. ladaria, sociolingvistika, Tb., 2002.<br />

m. tabiZe, 2005 - m. tabiZe, enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da<br />

qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005.<br />

t. futkaraZe, 2005 - t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, naw. I, quTaisi, 2005.<br />

t. futkaraZe, 2008 - t. futkaraZe, qarTvelTa dedaena da<br />

dialeqtebi, quTaisi, 2008.<br />

qarTuli ena, enciklopedia, 2008.<br />

qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, Tb., 2007<br />

m. qurdiani, 1996 - m. qurdiani, ena da dialeqti sakuTriv lingvisturi<br />

da sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, besarion jorbenaZis sazogadoebis<br />

III samecn. konferencia, Tb., 1996w. 4-7 ivnisi (muSaobis gegma da Tezisebi).<br />

fishman, 1967.<br />

Ch.Ferguson, Diglossia, Word jurnal, 1959.<br />

Jeoffrey Finch, Linguistic Terms and Concepts, London, 2000.<br />

ñëîâàð ñîöèîëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ òåðìèíîâ, Ðî ññèéñêàÿ àêàäåìèÿ íàóê,<br />

èíñòèòóò ÿâûêîçíàíèÿ è Ðî ññèéñêàÿ àêàäåìèÿ ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèõ íàóê, Èíñòèòóò<br />

è í îñòðàííûõ ÿâûêîâ, Ìî ñêâà, 2006.<br />

SOPIKO CHAAVA<br />

ON THE USE OF TERM ‘DIGLOSSIA’<br />

The term‘diglossia, the use of two varieties of a language throughout a speech<br />

community, each with a distinct set of social functions has somewhat similar parallel<br />

term ‘bilingual(s)’ that is said of an individual or a community that regularly uses<br />

two languages.The discussion of the Georgian language situation with respect to diglossia<br />

is directly related to the years’ long controversy that refers to the definition of the<br />

criteria and status that would allow distinguishing between the language and dialect.<br />

One group of linguists in Georgia think that in the instance of the Kartvelian<br />

language universe we have monolingual diglossia, i.e. in the condition of diglossia<br />

we have mother tongue and the native dialect, while in case of bilinguism one is a<br />

mother tongue and the other a foreign language.<br />

The other group of scholars maintains that based on socio-linguistic assumptions<br />

we face the language situation in which the relationship between the Kartvelian<br />

languages can be regarded as the classical form of diglossia. This group of scholars<br />

thinks that to Megrelians and Svans, whose native languages are Megrelian and Svan,<br />

corespondingly, the Georgian language presents and belongs to the category of the<br />

principal language.<br />

The present paper analyzes the approaches expressed in the Georgian specialist<br />

literature about the application of diglossia.

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

besarion besarion JRenti JRenti niko niko lorTqifaniZis<br />

lorTqifaniZis<br />

cxovrebis cxovrebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb<br />

Sesaxeb<br />

nana nana xabuliani<br />

xabuliani<br />

mwerloba odiTganve iyo motrfiale mSvenierebisa, amaRlebisa da<br />

keTilSobilebisa an ukeT, rogorc barnovi ityoda, "gardauvali<br />

WeSmaritebisa, Seuryeveli keTilisa". WeSmariti mwerloba ara marto<br />

gamomxatvelia mowinave azrisa, aramed am mowinave azrisaTvis mxatvruli<br />

fenomenis, esTetikuri mniSvnelobis mimniWebelic aris.<br />

cnobili <strong>qarTveli</strong> kritikosi besarion JRenti literaturulkritikul<br />

statiebSi aSuqebs qarTuli <strong>mwerlebi</strong>s ganviTarebis<br />

naxevarsaukunovan gzas. ilaSqrebs socialisturi realizmis<br />

literaturisaTvis. besarion JRenti iyo qarTuli futurizmis erTerTi<br />

cnobili Teoretikosi da organizatori. mis interesebSi Sedioda<br />

erovnuli kulturis TiTqmis yvela dargi.<br />

aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom besarion JRenti <strong>mwerlebi</strong>s Semoqmedebas<br />

ganixilavda mimdinare procesebTan mimarTebaSi, amitom XX saukunis<br />

qarTuli literaturuli kritikis istoria gverds ver auvlis besarion<br />

JRentis Rvawls.<br />

didi siyvaruli gamoxata b. JRentma niko lorTqifaniZis mimarT:<br />

"qarTuli klasikuri mwerlobis saxelovan realistur da demokratiul<br />

tradiciebze aRzrdilma, am tradiciebis Rirseulma memkvidrem da<br />

gamgrZelebelma, organulad SeaTanxma da daakavSira Cveni erovnuli<br />

kulturis magistralur gezTan meoce saukunis ruseTisa da evropis<br />

esTetikuri azris saukeTeso miRwevebi da monapovari da swored am<br />

gziT novatoruli roli Seasrula uaxlesi qarTuli mwerlobis<br />

istoriaSi...".<br />

niko lorTqifaniZis adreul SemoqmedebaSi mkveTrad ixateba<br />

impresionistuli gavlena.<br />

beso JRenti sworad SeniSnavs Tavis wignSi: niko lorTqifaniZis<br />

moqalaqeobrivi saxe, misi sazogadoebrivi mrwamsi da idealebi ori<br />

saukunis mijnaze Cvens qveyanaSi aRmocenebuli diadi klasobrivi brZolebis<br />

qariSxalTan viTarebaSi Camoyalibda. rogorc cnobilia, 1905-07 ww.<br />

revoluciam gansakuTrebiT farTo gasaqani hpova saqarTveloSi da am<br />

did moZraobas gamoexmaura mTeli qarTuli mwerloba.<br />

erovnuli problematika, romelic <strong>qarTveli</strong> mwerlobis mTavar<br />

Temas warmoadgenda, b. JRentis TqmiT, niko lorTqifaniZis adrindel<br />

novelebSi mkrTaladaa gamoxatuli. kritikosi gamoyofs 1908 wels Seqmnil<br />

miniaturebs. "molodini", asea dasaTaurebuli misi erT-erTi miniatura,<br />

dawerili 1908 wels. am mcire moculobis beletristul nawarmoebSi<br />

gadmocemulia cxovrebis ganmaaxlebel ZalTa damarcxebiT SeSfoTebuli<br />

adamianis mRelvare suliskveTeba. b. JRenti gamoyofs mxatvruli<br />

publicistikis iseT iSviaT nimuSs, rogoricaa "saqarTvelo iyideba" -<br />

"esaa Semzaravi monologi qveynis darbeva-ganadgurebiT ukiduresad<br />

399

400<br />

n. xabuliani<br />

aRSfoTebuli adamianis suliskveTebisa". masSi dauzogavad, amaRlebuli<br />

ZaliT aris warmosaxuli Cveni samSoblos bedi TviTmpyrobelobis veluri<br />

koloniuri politikis pirobebSi da es Semzaravi monologi, qveynis<br />

darbeviTa da ganadgurebiT ukiduresad aRSfoTebuli adamianis<br />

suliskveTebis gamomTqmeli mRelvare monologi mTavrdeba moTqma-godebiT:<br />

"iyideT barem mTlad, gaweweT da gaglijeT, rasac saqarTvelo erqva da<br />

rac dRes oxrad darCenili aZRebs yornebs da guls uklavs uZlur<br />

Wirisuflebs".<br />

erovnuli problema ufro mwvaved dasva mweralma Tavis istoriul<br />

romanebSi. kritikosi ganixilavs "JamTa siaves", "raindebs", "mrisxane<br />

batons".<br />

"JamTa siaveSi" gamoxatuli is erTi Strixi, rodesac Tavad iulonis<br />

mdidrul sasaxleSi didebuli nadimis dros gamarTul Widaobaze saWidaod<br />

gamosuli glexis biWs tansacmeli ver gaaxdevines, radgan gasaxdeli<br />

araferi gaaCnda.<br />

mwerali gviCvenebs mSromeli adamianis srul uuflebobas, misi<br />

yvela adamianuri Rirsebisa da sasicocxlo interesis daundoblad<br />

fexqveS gaTelvas mZvinvare feodalebis mxriv. "JamTa siavis" gmirma,<br />

Tavadma iulonma Seubraleblad gangmira mowyalebis saTxovnad mosuli<br />

glexi mxolod imitom, rom es ukanaskneli uneblied mowme gaxda iulonis<br />

mier sakuTari dedis mokvlisa.<br />

"JamTa siaveSi" Cvens Tvalwin cocxldeba saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

is xana, rodesac mraval uTanasworo brZolaSi sisxlisagan daclili<br />

saqarTvelo daqucmacebulia wvril samefoebad da samTavroebad. odesRac<br />

Zlieri, ayvavebuli, kulturuli Semoqmedebis umaRles safexurze<br />

aRzevebuli saqarTvelo daukninebia, gauRatakebia da umecrebis wyvdiadSi<br />

gauxvevia gareSe mtrebis sisxlian TaraSs da feodaluri partikularizmis<br />

borot stiqias. eris yvelaze fxizeli da gonebagaxsnili Svilebi mwvaved<br />

ganicdian qveynis aseT xvedrs da amaod ocneboben samSoblos warsuli<br />

mTlianobisa da didebis aRdgenaze.<br />

"JamTa siave" da "mrisxane batoni" feodaluri tiraniis,<br />

aRviraxsnili araadamianuri sisastikis kidev ufro Semzaravi suraTebis<br />

SesaniSnavi gamoxatulebaa, romlebic yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli<br />

nawarmoebebia niko lorTqifaniZis istoriuli warsulis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

"mrisxane batonis" Tavadi levanis monumenturad daxatul saxeSi<br />

mweralma didi ganzogadoebuli ZaliT gadmogvca feodaluri despotiis<br />

mZvinvare buneba. sakuTari Zmis damamxobeli, oblad darCenili Zmiswulis<br />

Sesamusravad amxedrebuli levani SiSis zars scems yovelives Tavis<br />

garSemo. rogori gulqvaobiTa da ukiduresi araadamianuri sisastikiT<br />

awama man axalgazrda tyispireli glexi, gulubryvilo, udanaSaulo<br />

Wabuki. gabatonebul wodebaSi gavrcelebuli es daundobloba, gautanloba<br />

da boroteba gavlenas axdenda TviT xalxis zneobriv samyarozec, rodesac<br />

odiSis mTavris msaxurT levanTan mihyavdaT Sepyrobili zedatyiselTa<br />

mociqulebi, maT gzad SemoeyaraT levanis Zmiswuli vaxtangi. ymawvils<br />

Seebrala sastiki wamebisaTvis ganwiruli glexebi da gaaTavisufla isini.

esarion JRenti niko lorTqifaniZis cxovrebis Sesaxeb<br />

zedatyiselebma uzomo madlierebiT miiRes maTi mociqulebis<br />

ganTavisufleba, magram Semdeg rom warmoidgines, Tu ra risxvas daatexda<br />

maT levani mis saZulvel ZmiswulTan damegobrobisaTvis, glexebma<br />

gadawyvites moenadirebinaT mrisxane batonis guli da misTvis miegvaraT<br />

SeboWili vaxtangi.<br />

mwerali simarTliT amxels feodaluri aristokratiis wreebSi<br />

dasadgurebul zneobriv aRvirasaxsnilobasa da gaxrwnilobas.<br />

kritikosis TqmiT, mwerlis Semoqmedebis mTavari mizania,<br />

gamamxnevebeli sityva uTxras Tavis damonebul samSoblos. moxuci otias<br />

imediani rwmena "... Cveni droc dadgeba odesme" - haerSi gamokidebuli<br />

optimizmi rodia, igi erTi naTeli Strixia Semoqmedebis optimisturi<br />

suliskveTebisa da marto am moTxrobis dedaazri ki ara, aramed mTeli<br />

Semoqmedebis laitmotivicaa.<br />

besarion JRenti Tvlis, rom humanisturi koncefcia erT-erTi<br />

ganmsazRvrelia niko lorTqifaniZis Semoqmedebisa. amis dasturad<br />

ganixilavs "Tavsafrian dedakacs". kritikosi aRniSnavs, rom es nawarmoebi<br />

"maRali adamianobis, adamianis sulieri mSvenebis da sispetakis<br />

STamagonebeli sagalobelia...".<br />

vai-vaglaxiTa da tanjva-wamebiT dazarda qvrivma dedakacma Tavisi<br />

oblebi, gzaze daayena yvela maTgani, moeswro SviliSvilebsac. mSobliuri<br />

mzrunvelobiT, dauRalavad datrialebs Tavs da dahxaris maT uzomod<br />

mosiyvarule bebia, magram aseve uzomod amayi da mediduri suli cxovrobs<br />

am mravaltanjuli adamianis bunebaSi. umadurma qaliSvilma SebRala<br />

misi Tavmoyvareoba da es sakmarisi gamodga imisaTvis, rom "Tavsafrian<br />

dedakacs" gadaewyvita, gaqceuliyo, samudamod gacloda mis ojaxs, mis<br />

naloliaveb sacodavad gazrdil Svilebsa da quCaSi xetialSi daesrulebina<br />

tanjuli sicocxle.<br />

mweralma Zalian mcire formaSi Caatia amodena tragedia qalisa.<br />

sxva mwerals ki SeeZlo mravaltomiani romani mieZRvna am TemisaTvis.<br />

kritikosi ambobs: "es erTi saukeTeso nawarmoebia Tanamedrove qarTuli<br />

mxatvruli prozisa... "<br />

mweralma dagvixata iseTi mkafio, cocxali saxe, mkveTrad<br />

gamoxatuli xasiaTi gmirisa, romelsac iSviaTad Tu SexvdebiT Tanamedrove<br />

qarTul literaturaSi. xasiaTis srulyofilad gamoxatvisa da misi<br />

didi ganzogadoebiTi Zalis mxriv es saxe SegviZlia gverdSi amouyenoT<br />

ilia WavWavaZis "oTaraanT qvrivs".<br />

niko lorTqifaniZis Semoqmedebis stilis Sesaxeb beso JRentis<br />

Sefaseba zustia da Seucvleli. misi TqmiT, mweralma Semoitana sruliad<br />

axali, maRali gemovnebis mxatvruli stili da weris Taviseburi manera.<br />

qveteqstis xelovneba Cvens mwerlobaSi misi udidesi damsaxurebaa,<br />

axladSemoWrili fsiqologizmis nakads mweralma problemuri formisa<br />

da eqspresiuli xerxebis Tanazmierad Sekruli mxatvruli modelebi<br />

miusadaga da mkveTrad individualizebuli, Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli<br />

literaturuli fenomeni daamkvidra.<br />

401

402<br />

n. xabuliani<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

beso JRenti da klasikuri memkvidreoba: "kriteriumi", 2002, #-6.<br />

Jurn. "literatura da sxva", 1924, #-1.<br />

Jurn. "memarcxeneoba", 1927, #-1.<br />

Jurn. "mnaTobi", 1937, #-2; 1939, ##-1, 6.<br />

Jurn. "qarTuli mwerloba", 1929, #-11-12.<br />

NANA KHABULIANI<br />

BESARION ZHGENTI ABOUT THE LIFE OF<br />

NIKO LORTKIPANIDZE<br />

Besarion Zhgenti, as a literary critic, thinks highly about Niko Lortkipanidze’s<br />

works. He expresses the view that ‘Niko Lortkipanidze linked the best accomplishments<br />

of the 20 th century aesthetical ideas of Russia and Europe to the mainstream of our<br />

national culture and in this way he himself has played the role of the innovator in the<br />

history of the Georgian fiction’.<br />

Themes of the national problems are the main concern of his works, which is<br />

confirmed in “Georgia Is Being Sold”, “the Knights”, “Furious Lord” etc.<br />

Niko Lortkipanidze’s works are also imbued with humanistic conceptions.<br />

“The Woman with Headscarf” is an inspiring hymn of human beauty, and virtue.<br />

N.Lortkipanidze brought entirely new artistic style and the peculiar manner of<br />

writing into the Georgian fiction, the art of conveying implications and established<br />

individualized and qualitatively different literary phenomenon.

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

galaktioni galaktioni da da quTaisi<br />

quTaisi<br />

gela gela gela xarSilaZe<br />

xarSilaZe<br />

xarSilaZe<br />

heraklite ambobs: "Ramis wyvdiadSi, roca Tvali verafers xedavs,<br />

kaci sakuTari sulis sinaTles anaTebs" (heraklite, 1991, gv. 10). quTaisSi<br />

dadioda kaci, romelsac sakuTari "sulis sinaTlis naTeba" SeeZlo _<br />

galaktion tabiZe, amitomac Txzavda da ambobda igi saocar leqsebs.<br />

Znelia erTi sityviT Seafaso galaktionis leqsebi. mTavari albaT<br />

maTi musikaloba da saocari sifaqizea. uamravi leqsi aqvs mgosans<br />

iseTi, umaRlesi poeturi xelovneba rom sWirdeba Sesaqmnelad da<br />

kidev, uflisagan momadlebuli imgvari "sulis sinaTlis naTeba", heraklite<br />

rom gulisxmobs. es rom SeZlo, gansakuTrebuli buneba unda gqondes,<br />

romelsac ZaluZs Cveulebriv movlenaSi araCveulebrivi aRmoaCinos,<br />

misi silamaze sxvebs daanaxos da maTi sakuTrebac gaxados. vfiqrobT<br />

amaze da vxvdebiT, Tu raoden sasixaruloa is, rom galaktionma, aseTi<br />

gansakuTrebuli bunebis kacma, Tavisi leqsebi uZRvna quTaiss, uZRvna da<br />

wyaltubodan quTaisSi mimaval qars gamoatana, rom kolxTa dedaqalaqis<br />

TiToeuli mkvidris sulSi SeeSva isini da maTi musikalobiT da<br />

graciozulobiT sakuTari TavisTvis uzarmazari esTetikuri siamovneba<br />

mieniWebina.<br />

bagratis taZars, 1916 wels, galaktionma uTxra:<br />

"simaRleebze aRmarTulo, nangrevo taZris,<br />

viTar didia Sublis Senis Sori mSveneba,<br />

Sens CuqurTmaSi ver SeWrila gadaSeneba,<br />

ver gaekreba daviwyeba ferflis da nacris,<br />

Sen gadurCebi JamT siaves mterTa simkacres,<br />

sarkem droisam dagvanaxa sxva moCveneba:<br />

Senze aRmarTuls mngreval xidebs sdevs SeCveneba,<br />

Sen ukvdavi xar, Seni fuZe mainc ver daWres."<br />

bagratis taZari ise dahyurebs quTaiss, rogorc dro-JamTagan<br />

aTas adgilas dacxriluli goliaTi, romlis Zala ara marto misi<br />

figuris grandiozulobaSia, aramed im sulier siZliereSi, misgan rom<br />

modis da, romelsac mkafiod grZnobs misi mnaxveli. swored am raRacnair,<br />

damTrgunvel, idumal siZlieres taZrisas isrutavs galaktioni mTeli<br />

arsebiT da ambobs: „Sens CuqurTmaSi ver SeWrila gadaSeneba". bagrati,<br />

poetis warmodgenaSi, RmerTis Tanaziari gamxdara TiTqos. taZarze<br />

uzenaesis madlia gadmosuli, romelic, mgosnis Rrma rwmeniT, uciloblad<br />

SeaCvenebs yvela imaTis „mngrevel xelebs", vinc savneblad waepotineba<br />

bagrats. poetis fiqriT, xuroTmoZRvrebis es saswauli Seicavs muxts<br />

im mistiuri silamazisas, romlisganac „axali, mZlavri poezia aRemarTeba".<br />

galaktions Svebas hgvrida quTaisi, uyvarda rioni, es uamravi<br />

ramis momswre patara mdinare. erTxel leqsiT mimarTa „ra warmtaci<br />

xar, ra didebuli":<br />

403

404<br />

g. xarSilaZe<br />

kvlav mixarian, Zveli kordidan<br />

rionis zvirTTa Tvalis devneba,<br />

daucxromloba gazafxulisa<br />

da feradebis aSadrevneba,<br />

o, momavalze mimdevno fiqro,<br />

ra warmtaci xar, ra didebuli!<br />

rionis zvirTTa gazafxulisferi "feradebis aSadrevneba" itacebda<br />

mgosans. "momavalze mimdevno fiqris" warmtacobac da didebulebac<br />

xiblavda mdinaris Semxedvares. imedic eufleboda mis guls, radgan<br />

rioni, mgosnis azriT, marTlac, qarTvelTa imedia gamZleobis, WirTa<br />

Tmenis, rwmenis da kolxTa im Zveli sisxlis saocari siwmindis, aietis<br />

samefos mkvidrTa ZarRvebidan rom iRebs saTaves.<br />

quTaisis erT-erT, koloritul ubans "balaxvans" dauwera<br />

galaktionma leqsi - "balaxvnis quCaze":<br />

"ra kargi iyo quCa balaxvnis,<br />

xmebi ismoda mravali arRnis,<br />

ar iyo maSin avtomobili,<br />

arca sayviri maudis qarxnis.<br />

SeaCerebda ra Tavis faetons<br />

meetle muStars ucdida am dros,<br />

_ vin moxvalT xonsu, xonsu, o xonsu _<br />

kofoze mdgari gasZaxoda mTa-gors".<br />

poeti silaRes naxulobda quTaisSi, simSvenieres eZebda mis quCebSi<br />

da poulobda kidec. dardimandobda, ilxenda. Semdeg qalaqis quCebs, mis<br />

macxovrebelT efereboda da lamaz, siyvaruliT aRsavse leqsebs ambobda<br />

maTze. ambobda da istoriaSi Sehyavda erTnic da meorenic, ise, rogorc<br />

konkretul SemTxvevaSi, "balaxvnis" quCasa da ubralo xonel meetles<br />

daumkvidra Cvens cnobierebaSi adgili.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

heraklite, 1991 - heraklite, fragmentebi, "lari", Tb, 1991.<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> poetebi quTaiss, krebuli Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada<br />

m. alaviZem, quTaisi, 1995.<br />

GELA KHARSHILADZE<br />

GALAKTION TABIDZE AND KUTAISI<br />

The paper discusses G.Tabidze’s three poems dedicated to Kutaisi: "Bagrati<br />

Cathedral," What a picturesque, what a glorious one," and "In Balaxvani street." The<br />

emphasis is made on the poets love to Kutaisi and on the very special human warmth<br />

the poet cherished with the relation to the city.

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

ilia ilia WavWavaZe WavWavaZe _<br />

franguli franguli literaturis literaturis literaturis mTargmneli<br />

mTargmneli<br />

ia xaWapuriZe<br />

ilia WavWavaZis samwerlo moRvaweoba uaRresad farTo diapazonisaa.<br />

mis interesTa sferos msoflio literaturis Seswavlac Seadgenda. igi<br />

yuradRebiT ecnoboda ucxo qveynebis literaturas da cdilobda,<br />

sagulisxmo qarTul literaturasTan Serwymuli miewodebina <strong>qarTveli</strong><br />

mkiTxveli sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />

iliam evropis qveynebidan safrangeTsa da frangul literaturas<br />

yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgili dauTmo. sakmarisia gadavxedoT mis<br />

publicistur werilebs: "xiznebis saqme", "qvaTa RaRadi", "omis safrTxis<br />

win", "werilebi ucxoeTze" da sxva, rom Tvalwin warmogvidges XIX<br />

saukunis meore naxevris safrangeTis sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis<br />

sruli suraTi.<br />

igi ufro metad yuradRebas uTmobda sxva qveynis im politikuri,<br />

socialuri Tu ekonomikuri suraTis aRweras, romelic cotad Tu<br />

bevrad emsgavseboda Tavisi qveynis viTarebas. Tavis werilebSi sityvebiT:<br />

"CvenSi ki..." mas mohyavda Sesabamisi magaliTi saqarTvelos socialurpolitikuri<br />

cxovrebidan.<br />

misi interesi safrangeTis mimarT TargmanebSiac SesaniSnavad<br />

vlindeba.<br />

iliam qarTuli literaturis sinamdvileSi Targmanis xelovneba<br />

ganviTarebis axal doneze aiyvana. misi azriT, Targmani unda emsaxurebodes<br />

mSobliuri literaturis ganviTarebis saqmes; Tavisi ideuri SinaarsiTa<br />

da mxatvruli formiT unda pasuxobdes mSobliuri literaturis winaSe<br />

dasmul amocanebs da xels uwyobdes misi ganviTarebis process ("oriode<br />

sityva Tavad revaz Salvas-Zis erTisTavis mier kozlovis "SeSlilis"<br />

Targmanzeda", 1861, "ciskari", #4).<br />

sainteresoa i. WavWavaZis azri mTargmnelis, rogorc Semoqmedis,<br />

movaleobis Sesaxeb: "mTargmnels... unda hqondes gawmendili gemo da<br />

ganaTlebuli goneba... yoveli mTargmneli unda imasa cdilobdes, roma<br />

gadmoiRos sxvisi azri qarTul enaze ise, rom namdvilisa da Targmanis<br />

azrs Soris ara iyos ra iotis odena gansxvaveba" (i. WavWavaZe, 1953,<br />

gv. 12).<br />

ilias mohyavs mravali uaryofiTi magaliTi imis dasamtkiceblad,<br />

Tu ra mosdevs enisa da azris Seusabamobas. igi moiTxovs TargmanSi<br />

dednis formisa da Sinaarsis erTianobas, originalis saerTo stilis<br />

SenarCunebas.<br />

ilia dabejiTebiT moiTxovda iseT nawarmoebTa Targmnas, romelic<br />

miesadageboda <strong>qarTveli</strong> xalxis cxovrebas, daakmayofilebda mis sulier<br />

moTxovnilebas. misTvis ar iyo sakmarisi franguli sazogadoebrivi da<br />

kulturuli cxovrebis zogadi mimoxilva da daxasiaTeba.<br />

405

406<br />

i. xaWapuriZe<br />

ilias, rogorc franguli literaturis mTargmnels, gavecnoT a.<br />

Senies, v. hiugos, a. buvies, a. dodesa da p. prudonis zog nawarmoebTa<br />

miseuli TargmaniT.<br />

ilia a. Senies ara erT da or politikur nawarmoebs gascnobia<br />

originalSi, magram saTargmnelad amoirCia leqsi "zRvaTa mflobelis<br />

veneciis zRudeTa Tana..." ("Près des bords où Venise...").<br />

sainteresoa gairkves, saidan Targmna iliam andre Senies aRniSnuli<br />

leqsi, magram manamde gadavxedoT "zRvaTa mflobelis"... rusul Targmanebs.<br />

Senies am leqsis v. Tumanskiseuli Targmani dedanTan Zalian<br />

miaxloebulia.<br />

Senie - Le gondolier nocturne (Ramis, Rameuli gondolieri),<br />

Òóì àíñêèé _ "Áåçïåãíèé ãîíäîëüåð".<br />

ilia - udardeli gondolieri.<br />

Senie - Il aime les chansons, il chante sans desir, sans gloire<br />

(mas uyvars simRerebi, mReris didebis survilis gareSe)<br />

Òóì àíñêèé _ "Îí ëþáèò ñâîé íàïåâ, âåç ïëàòû îí ïî¸ò".<br />

ilia - Tavisi simRera imas uyvars, ufasod mReris...<br />

Sedarebis Sedegad irkveva, rom ilias Targmani emsgavseba v. Tumanskis<br />

rusul Targmans. franguli dednis zogierTi niuansi ar aris daculi<br />

Tumanskiseul TargmanSi, romlebic gadmodis ilias qarTul TargmanSiac,<br />

rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom ilia, marTalia, a. Senies Semoqmedebas, mis<br />

poetur stils, niWsa da STagonebas icnobda franguli originalis<br />

wyalobiT, magram am leqsis qarTulad Targmnisas sargeblobda v.<br />

Tumanskiseuli TargmanebiT.<br />

meore nawarmoebi gaxlavT viqtor hiugos "werili Jenevelebisadmi",<br />

romelsac <strong>qarTveli</strong> mkiTxveli 1863 wels Jurnal "saqarTvelos moambeSi"<br />

"b.v.-s" fsevdonimiT gaecno. qarTuli Targmanis saTauria "sikvdiliT<br />

dasjis saqme da amis Taobazed viqtor hiugos wigni".<br />

iliaseuli Targmanebis SeswavliT irkveva, rom qarTuli teqsti<br />

umTavresad Semoklebulia, zogjer CarTulia mTargmneliseuli komentarebi<br />

sityvis an azris meti cxadyofisaTvis, zogjer SeimCneva ama Tu im<br />

adgilis Tavisufali Targmanic da sxva. yovel SemTxvevaSi es Targmani<br />

gvafiqrebinebs, rom ilia iTvaliswinebs Tavisi xalxis interesebs,<br />

gemovnebas, cdilobs Targmans misces qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis rac<br />

SeiZleba maxlobeli forma<br />

v. hiugos dasaxelebuli Targmanis SemTxvevaSi ki i. WavWavaZes ar<br />

CauTvlia saWirod teqstis Secvla-Semokleba, radgan werils yoveli<br />

sityva zustad pasuxobda imdroindeli saqarTvelos erT-erT<br />

saWirboroto sakiTxs.<br />

Targmanebi erT-erTi saSualeba iyo im umTavresis saTqmelad,<br />

romlis dabeWdvasac ilia Tavisi saxeliT ver SeZlebda.<br />

a. dodes moTxrobis "ukanaskneli gasakveTi" ("la derniere classe")<br />

ramdenime qarTuli Targmani arsebobs. iliaseuli Targmani daibeWda<br />

1877 wels "iveriaSi" (# 218). igi originalidan ar gamomdinareobs da<br />

arc rusuli Targmanis sizuste axlavs; Semoklebulia, radgan mTargmneli<br />

erT mTavar da mniSvnelovan xazs mihyveba, ramac SeiZleba mkafiod<br />

aCvenos elzaseli xalxis mwvave xvedri, samSoblos damonebiT gamowveuli<br />

tkivili da mwuxareba.

ilia WavWavaZe _ franguli literaturis mTargmneli<br />

meore moTxroba gaxlavT "tiurkosi komunelTa Soris". am<br />

nawarmoebis iliaseuli Targmanebis wyaros gamosarkvevad mivmarTeT<br />

frangul originals da maT rusul Targmanebs. Sedarebam metad<br />

saintereso faqtis winaSe dagvayena. "ukanaskneli gasakveTi" Sesrulebulia<br />

rusuli Targmanidan, romelic ukve arsebobda da xelmisawvdomadac<br />

ioli iqneboda iliasaTvis, xolo "tiurkosi komunelTa Soris" ZiriTadad<br />

franguli originalidan aris gadmoRebuli. Tumc, qarTuli teqsti<br />

originalTan SedarebiT Semoklebulia. mTargmneli gverds uvlis<br />

nawarmoebis TiTqmis yovel gverdze winadadebebsa da mTels abzacs,<br />

rasac ver vityviT am nawarmoebis rusul Targmanze, romelic<br />

sityvasityviT misdevs originals. miuxedavad qarTuli teqstis simcirisa,<br />

garkveviT Cans misi msgavseba originalTan.<br />

gavecnoT ramdenime magaliTs:<br />

1. "Si vif, si remuant, que les balles ne savaient ou le prendre"<br />

(iseTi cocxali da moZravi iyo, rom tyviamac ar icoda, saidam<br />

mihkareboda)<br />

"Æèâîé, ïîäâèæíûé, íåäîñòóïíûé ÿäðàì".<br />

2. Quand on lui parlait, il souriait et montrait ses dents. C’est tout ce qu’il<br />

pouvait faire, car notre langue lui etait inconnue...<br />

(roca gamoelaparakebodnen, icinoda da aCenda xolme Tavis kbilebs,<br />

esRa SeeZlo, radgan Cveni ena misTvis ucnobi iyo).<br />

"Tu daelaparakeboda vinme, gaiRriWeboda da kbilebs wamohyrida,<br />

meti ki vera SeeZlo ra, radganac Cveni ena ar esmoda".<br />

moTxrobaSi "ukanaskneli gasakveTi" iliaseuli Targmani misdevs<br />

rusul Targmans (1877), mag.:<br />

Son jabot plissé fin (misi Txelnakecebiani Jabo)<br />

"…Áåëîå, îòëè÷íî âûãëàæåííîå æàáî"<br />

"Cinebulad gauToebuli perangis sayelo mouCanda".<br />

ilias ar gamoparvia im dros popularuli mwerali a. buvie da<br />

dauyovnebliv warudgina igi qarTvel mkiTxvels Jurnal "iveriaSi" (1879-<br />

1880). misi romanis "didebuli izas" erT-erTi nawili, kerZod, meore<br />

wignis "izas" qarTuli Targmani.<br />

z. WumburiZis azriT, "izas" iliaseuli Targmanis "rusicizmebi",<br />

aseve, zogi sityvis Targmani da saxelTa daweriloba, rogoricaa gavri<br />

havris nacvlad da a. S. imis maCvenebelia, rom Targmani rusulidan aris<br />

Sesrulebuli" (z. WumburiZe, 1965, gv. 391-392). g. gaCeCilaZe Tavis<br />

wignSi "mxatvruli Targmanis Teoriis Sesavali" aRniSnavs: "cnobilia,<br />

rom iliam ucxo enebi kargad ar icoda", Tumca m. zandukelis azriT,<br />

ilias ase Tu ise unda scodnoda franguli ena, radgan frangi <strong>mwerlebi</strong>s<br />

nawarmoebebs Targmnida. magram jerjerobiT aravis daudasturebia rom<br />

es Targmani ("iza") dednidan aris Sesrulebuli. ufro safiqrebelia,<br />

rom igi rusulidan iqneboda Targmnili, rogorc am drois TargmanTa<br />

didi umravlesoba (g. gaCeCilaZe, 1966).<br />

a. buvies romanis smeniTi Sedarebisas naTeli gaxda, rom rusuli<br />

Targmani warmoadgens originalis adaptacias. rusi mTargmneli<br />

407

408<br />

i. xaWapuriZe<br />

(samwuxarod, misi gvari araa miTiTebuli) mihyveba romanis siuJets da<br />

amave dros gverds uvlis originalis mxatvrul mxares _ personaJTa<br />

sulier gancdebs, peizaJisa Tu parizis ubnebis aRweras. amis gamo<br />

mkiTxveli ver aRiqvams mis mxatvrul Rirsebas da, ra Tqma unda, mwerlis<br />

ostatobas.<br />

rac Seexeba "izas" qarTul Targmans, sagrZnoblad SeimCneva misi<br />

msgavseba rusul TargmanTan. rac Seexeba romanis teqstis smeniTi<br />

SedarebiT miRebul suraTs: rusi da, Sesabamisad, <strong>qarTveli</strong> mTargmneli<br />

sagrZnoblad amoklebs dednis teqsts da amjobinebs ramdenime fraziT<br />

gadmosces originalis zogjer gaWianurebuli adgilebi. araiSviaTia<br />

iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca franguli originalis zogierTi adgili<br />

gansxvavebulia rusuli da qarTuli Targmanebisagan, xolo es ukanasknelni<br />

zustad mihyvebian erTmaneTs. radgan qarTuli Targmani sityvasityviT<br />

misdevs rusuls, amdenad gasagebia, Tu ratomaa iliaseuli Targmani<br />

SedarebiT mdare, misi mxatvruli niWisaTvis naklebi ostatobiT<br />

Sesrulebuli.<br />

i. WavWavaZis arCevani a. buvies sxva nawarmoebTa Soris roman<br />

"iza"-ze rom SeCerda, SemTxveviTi araa, radgan aq kargadaa asaxuli<br />

imdroindeli safrangeTis sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela fena.<br />

ilias saSualebiT Jurnal "saqarTvelos moambis" (#10)<br />

furclebidan gaecno <strong>qarTveli</strong> mkiTxveli sazogadoeba frangi ekonomistis<br />

p. J. prudonis filosofiur Sexedulebebs statiiT "siRaribe, rogorc<br />

ekonomikuri principi". i. WavWavaZem amiT seriozuli biZgi misca qarTvel<br />

xalxs dafiqrebuliyo Tavis sazogadoebriv, politikur da ekonomikur<br />

mdgomareobaze. aRniSnuli nawarmoebi pirvelad 1863 wels daibeWda<br />

peterburgSi gamomaval JurnalSi "Îòå÷åñòâåííûå çàïèñêè". qarTuli<br />

Targmani aqac rusuls misdevs.<br />

ilia WavWavaZiseuli qarTuli Targmanebis wyaros dadgenis mizniT<br />

igi Sedarebulia frangul originalebsa da rusul TargmanebTan. Cven<br />

davrwmundiT, rom ilias TargmanTa umetesoba rusul Targmans mihyveba.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, igi cdilobs rusul frazebs qarTuli elferi mianiWos<br />

da aRwevs kidec amas.<br />

ilia WavWavaZe didi interesiT ecnoboda franguli literaturis<br />

saukeTeso Zeglebs, rogorc mxatvruls, ise filosofiursa da sxv.,<br />

xolo Targmnida iseT nawarmoebebs, romelic gaacnobda mkiTxvels ara<br />

marto frangi xalxis cxovrebas, mis interessa da miswrafebebs, aramed<br />

daafiqrebda kidec Tavis mdgomareobaze, ucxo xalxis Wir-varamis CvenebiT<br />

gaaxsenebda sakuTar tkivilebs.<br />

amrigad, Cven vrwmundebiT, rom ilias Targmanebs didi mniSvneloba<br />

hqonda <strong>qarTveli</strong> xalxis Tvalsawieris gafarToebis TvalsazrisiT.

ilia WavWavaZe _ franguli literaturis mTargmneli<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

a. buvie, 1959 - a. buvie, iza, Targmani i. WavWavaZisa, Tb., 1959.<br />

a. buvie, 1978 - A. Bouvier, Grande Isa,La femme du mort, Paris, 1978.<br />

q. burjanaZe, 1977 - q. burjanaZe, i. WavWavaZe da mxatvruli Targmani,<br />

Tb., 1977.<br />

g. gaCeCilaZe, 1966 - g. gaCeCilaZe, mxatvruli Targmanis Teoriis<br />

Sesavali, Tb., 1966<br />

a. dode, 1877 - a. dode, ukanaskneli gansakveTi, Jurn. "iveria", #6,<br />

1877.<br />

a. dode, 1879 - a. dode, turkosi komunelTa Soris, 1879.<br />

a. dode, 1895 - À. Äîäý, Ñîáðàíèå ñî÷èíåíèé Ò.8, Ñ.-ÏÁ, 1895.<br />

p. prudoni, 1863 - p. prudoni, siRaribe, rogorc ekonomikuri<br />

principi, Jurn. "saqarTvelos moambe", #10, 1863<br />

a. Senie, 1869 - a. Senie, zRvaTa mflobelis.., Jurn. "saqarTvelos<br />

moambe", #9, 1869<br />

a. Senie, 1899 - A.Chenier, Oeuvres inedites, "Revue de Paris, 1899.<br />

Jurn. "ciskari" #4, 1861<br />

i. WavWavaZe, 1953 - i. WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, Tb.,<br />

1953, t.III<br />

z. WumburiZe, 1965 - z. WumburiZe,teqstisaTvis, Tb., 1965.<br />

v. hiugo, 1863 - v. hiugo, werili Jenevelebisadmi, Jurn. "saqarTvelos<br />

moambe", #8, 1863<br />

Æóðí. «Îòå÷åñòâåííûå çàïèñêè», Ñ.-ÏÁ, 1863.<br />

IA KHACHAPURIDZE<br />

ILIA CHAVCHAVADZE AS A TRANSLATOR<br />

OF FRENCH LITERATURE<br />

Ilia Chavchavdze manifested deep academic interests in the world literature.<br />

He studied the world treasure and tried to bring them to the Georgian reader in the<br />

form that he deemed most useful to the Georgian audience.<br />

He paid more attention to the countries’ literature whose political, social, or<br />

economic picture could somehow offer benefits to the situation of his country. That<br />

is why along with some other European countries he chose France and the French<br />

literature.<br />

Ilia Chavchavadze brought the art of translation to new higher levels. He thought<br />

that the translated literature should serve to the development of the country’s literature.<br />

With its form and idea content it should fit and serve the solution of tasks posed to<br />

the national literature and promote the development process.<br />

The paper discusses Ilia Chavchvadze’s translated works of such authors as<br />

André Chénier, A. Bouvier, Alphonse Daudet in the above said angles.<br />

409

410<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

luiza luiza xaWapuriZe,<br />

xaWapuriZe,<br />

sofio sofio tyeSelaSvili<br />

tyeSelaSvili<br />

erTi saeklesio terminisaTvis (feSxumi )<br />

RvTismsaxurebaSi gamoyenebul Zvirfasi liTonisagan damzadebul<br />

dabalfexian (wmida nawilebis dasabrZanebel) TefSs berZnulad äéó÷ïò_<br />

(simrgvale) "diskosi" ewodeba.<br />

wmida mamaTa ganmartebiT, igi simboluri datvirTvis mqone sityvaa<br />

(kirile ierusalimelis mixedviT, "diskosi" simrgvaliT samyaros analogia)<br />

da amitomac daerqva wmida "tarigis"/"wmida ZRvenis" dasasvenebel sins<br />

(wesi da ganmarteba saRvTo liturgiisa, 1993).<br />

qarTulad Targmnil tipikonebsa da liturgikul wignebSi wmida<br />

WurWlis aRsaniSnavad ukve IX saukunidan (sinuri mravalTavi) gvxvdeba<br />

termini "feSxumi feSxumi feSxumi". feSxumi<br />

Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi "feSxumi feSxumi feSxumi" feSxumi zogadad WurWelsac<br />

aRniSnavda: "WurWeli tablazed saxmari sanovageTaTvis" (saba). misi<br />

paraleluri terminebia: TefSi, TefSi, sini, sini, langari, langari, lankani, lankani, lanka,<br />

lanka,<br />

kratiri kratiri kratiri... kratiri "moiRo Tavi misi feSxueniTa feSxueniTa da misca qalsa mas" (sinuri<br />

mr. 6, 28), "moarTva Tavi misi lanklasa lanklasa lanklasa zeda da misca qalsa mas"<br />

(parxlis mr. 6, 28), "qmna sanovage igi WurWeli tablisa mis feSxuenebi<br />

feSxuenebi<br />

da govzakebi (doqi, sura)" (gamoslv. 37,16), "momec me aqa lankliTa<br />

Tavi iovane naTlismcemlisai" (maTe 14, 8), "samni lanklani lanklani samindoiTa<br />

mqondes Tavsa zeda Cemsa" (oSkis, dabad. 40, 16), "moiyvane ahron... da<br />

lanklai lanklai lanklai igi ucomoTai" (oSkis, levitelTa 8,2), "STadva kalaTsa kalaTsa" kalaTsa kalaTsa<br />

(gelaTis, msaj. 6, 19), "Sewiros laknai laknai ucomoi samindoisai" (gelaTis,<br />

ricxv. 6,15), "Wams igi saWmelsa feSxuensa feSxuensa Sina" (limonari, 66, 18),<br />

"burTvis saxe ars queyanai, gina Tu feSxuenisa<br />

feSxuenisa" feSxuenisa (basili kesarieli,<br />

equsTa dReTai, 120, 20), "misces orni barZimni didni vercxlisani da<br />

feSxumi feSxumi kovziTurT" (cxov. ioanesi da efTvimesi, 22,25).<br />

berZnulSi ki sayofacxovrebo da saeklesio termini gamijnulia: samagido<br />

WurWels (Tasi, TefSi) aq Seesabameba leqsemebi: "κρατιρος κρατιρος κρατιρος", κρατιρος , "κανος κανος κανος". κανος<br />

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi (z. aWar., qiziy.) dResac gvxvdeba<br />

terminebi feSxumi/feSxueni, feSxumi/feSxueni, rac niSnavs: mrgvali ficris naWers an<br />

dabal tablasaviT mrgval magidas, romelzedac lavaSs abrtyeleben<br />

(al. Rlonti, 1974); zemo imerulSi ki feSxumi/feSxvani<br />

feSxumi/feSxvani feSxumi/feSxvani "kalaTis"<br />

sinonimad gamoiyeneba (q. ZoweniZe, 1974).<br />

sauradRebod gveCveneba erTi garemoebac: feSxumi, feSxumi, feSxumi, igive langari langari<br />

langari<br />

(/TefSi/sini/lankani/lanka/kratiri)<br />

(/TefSi/sini/lankani/lanka/kratiri) (/TefSi/sini/lankani/lanka/kratiri) saZRvene sagani rom iyo, kargad<br />

Cans bibliaSic; irodi mefem salomeas ioane naTlismcemlis Tavi langriT<br />

miarTva _ "moarTva Tavi misi lanklasa lanklasa zeda da misca qalsa mas"<br />

(sinuri mr. 6, 28), "moiRo Tavi misi feSxueniTa<br />

feSxueniTa feSxueniTa da misca qalsa mas"<br />

(parxlis mr. 6, 28)...

erTi saeklesio terminisaTvis (feSxumi)<br />

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom ebrauli Cveulebis Tanaxmad saCuqris<br />

misarTmevi nivTi aucileblad mrgvali unda yofiliyo; amis Sesaxeb<br />

ebraeli mogzauri iehuda halevi Tavis naSromSi wers: "wesada aqvT<br />

quTaisis ebraelebs yovelwliurad erTmaneTisTvis saCuqar-saboZvrebis<br />

gagzavna... saCuqars agzavnian spilenZis an xis langriT, sulerTia risic<br />

ar unda iyos igi, mxolod aucileblad didi da mrgvali unda iyos"<br />

(iehuda halevi Corni, 1996, gv. 101).<br />

saintersoa saanalizo leqsemis sadauroba. Zveli ebrauli enis<br />

leqsikonebSi msgavsi termini ar dasturdeba (Ðóññêî-Åâðåéñêèé (èäèø)<br />

ñëîâàðü, 1989, Åâðåéñêàÿ Åíñèêëîðåäèÿ, Ò. 9,8, 1989).<br />

m. andronikaSvili feSxums feSxums sparsuli <strong>warmomavlobis</strong>ad miiCnevs.<br />

gamokvlevaSi "sparsul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan" (1966) avtori<br />

aRniSnuli terminis etimologiisaTvis uTiTebs gverdebs: 34, 73, 113,<br />

295. mocemul gverdebze (garda 34-isa, sadac mxolod CamonaTvalia<br />

sparsulad miCneuli saeklesio terminebisa) saanalizo saleqsikono<br />

erTeuli ar fiqsirdeba. mxolod gvxvdeba termini "farcxali" da misi<br />

fonetikuri variantebi osursa da sparsulSi. gamomdinare aqedan, unda<br />

vivaraudoT, rom mkvlevari feSxums "farcxals" ukavSirebs da maT<br />

sparsulad miiCnevs (osuri ferS "nekni" =qarT. fercx).<br />

Cveni azriT, mocemuli termini (feSxumi/feSxvani/feSxueni)<br />

(feSxumi/feSxvani/feSxueni)<br />

(feSxumi/feSxvani/feSxueni)<br />

unda ukavSirdebodes falaurSi dadasturebul sityvas "fiSx fiSx fiSx fiSxKn" fiSx [Sedgeba<br />

ori elementisagan: zmnizedisagan fiS fiS "win" da saxelisagan xKn "sufra"<br />

(Sdr.: feSqaSi//fiSqaSi _ fiS - win da qeS/qeSidan - weva, Treva)] da<br />

niSnavs: “1. Ñòîë ñ óãîùåíèåì; 2. Áîëüøîé äåðåâÿííûé ïîäíîñ; 3. ïîäñòàâêà<br />

(äëÿ ÷òåíèÿ Êóðàíà, êíèã)” (farevaSi, 2000).<br />

"sparsul enaSi dasturdeba ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli K<br />

da @, romlebic maqsimaluri RiaobiT xasiaTdebian da upirispirdebian<br />

erTmaneTs warmoebis adgilis mixedviT (ukana rigismieri, wina rigismieri)<br />

da ufro K-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli labialuri artikulaciiT. K K fonema<br />

qarTulSi gadmoicema a xmovniT, magram rig SemTxvevaSi gadmoicema o<br />

xmovniTac; Sdr.: sparsuli nax "xaliCa, safeni" = qarT. noxi; kax<br />

"saCrdilobeli, sazafxulo saxli" = qarT. qoxi (m. andronikaSvili,<br />

1966).<br />

qarTulSi ukana rigis bgerebia o da u, amitom SesaZlebelia,<br />

sparsul ukana rigismier K bgeras qarTulSi moeca o an u. aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom Tavisufal metyvelebaSi Tanamedrove sparseli xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />

xmarobs K-s K-s nacvlad u-s; mag.: qeTKbxune (

412<br />

l. xaWapuriZe, s. tyeSelaSvili<br />

axal aRTqmaSic wmida ZRvenis dasasvenebeli WurWelia (Sdr. "gaakeTa<br />

tablis WurWeli: feSxuenebi, kovzebi" _ gamosvlaTa, 38,16).<br />

saanalizo leqsikuri erTeuli (feSxumi) SeiZleba SevupirispiroT<br />

feSo/feSxo/feSxv<br />

feSo/feSxo/feSxv- feSo/feSxo/feSxv fuZes, rac "akaful, daWril saklavs" niSnavs:<br />

"Zmao, erTi cxvris feSxo momec da xval fass mogcemo (uTxra kacma<br />

yasabs)" (s. s. orbeliani, 1966, gv. 29); "zaqariam goWi akafa da feSxvi<br />

saxlSi lursmnebze dahkida" (T. razikaSvili, 1972, gv. 121); "yorano,<br />

erTxelac iqneba, Tofs gavayaro falia, or feSxvad gagaTavTao, qars<br />

gavatano calia!" (i. evdoSvili, 1974, gv. 89); "xorcs daWridnen feSxofeSxod"<br />

(m. baliauri, n. makalaTia, 1989, gv. 145). dasturdeba zmnuri<br />

fuZeebic: feSxva/dafeSxoeba feSxva/dafeSxoeba (feSxavs/axfeSxavs/gaxfeSxavs)<br />

(feSxavs/axfeSxavs/gaxfeSxavs)<br />

"saklavis akafva-daWras, wvrilad Wras" niSnavs: feSxavs feSxavs _ Zalian<br />

Wris, axfeSxavs axfeSxavs _ aqnis, wvril-wvrilad daWris, gaxfeSxavs gaxfeSxavs _ daWris<br />

(gafeSxva, gafeSxuli) (al. WinWarauli, 2005).<br />

amgvari masala saSualebas iZleva vivaraudoT feSx- Ziris<br />

qarTveluri warmoSoba: feSxE>feSxE-eni>feSxoni>feSxuni>feSxumi.<br />

feSxv-eni - "saklavni" an "saklaviani, Sesawiriani tabla".<br />

feSxo-, feSxum- fuZeebis warmomavloba da urTierTmimarTeba<br />

Semdgom dakvirvebas saWiroebs.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

i. abulaZe, 1950 - i. abulaZe, saqme mociqulTa, Zv. xelnawerebis<br />

mixedviT, Tb., 1950.<br />

i. abulaZe, 1955 - i. abulaZe, mamaTa swavlani, X-XIII ss. xelnawerTa<br />

mixedviT, Tb., 1955.<br />

i. abulaZe, 1973 - i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973.<br />

m. andronikaSvili, 1960 - m. andronikaSvili, sparsul-qarTuli<br />

enobrivi urTierTobidan, Tb., 1966.<br />

axali aRTqumai, giorgi da eqvTime mTawmidelebis TargmanTa<br />

gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tb., 2003.<br />

m. baliauri, n. makalaTia, 1989 - m. baliauri, n. makalaTia, masalebi<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa yofis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1989.<br />

basili kesarieli, equsTa dReTai, m. kaxaZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1947.<br />

giorgi mTawmideli, 1987 - giorgi mTawmideli, cxovreba iovanesi<br />

da efTvimesi, qarTuli mwerloba, t. I, Tb., 1987.<br />

Ãðå÷åñêî-ðóññêèé öåðêîâíûé ñëîâàðü, Ñ.-ÏÁ, 1899.<br />

Åâðåéñêàÿ Ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ, ò.IX,X, ïîä ðåäàêöèé À. Ãàðêàâè è Ë.<br />

Êàöåíåëüñîíà, Ñ.Ïá.,1989.<br />

i. evdoSvili, 1974 - i. evdoSvili, rCeuli, Tb., 1974.<br />

iehuda halevi Corni, 1996 - iehuda halevi Corni, mogzauroba<br />

saqarTveloSi... da araratis qveynebSi: Jurn. "ganTiadi", quTaisi, 1996,<br />

#5-6.

erTi saeklesio terminisaTvis (feSxumi)<br />

T. razikaSvili, 1972 - T. razikaSvili, moTxrobebi, t.II, Tb., 1972.<br />

Ðóññêî-Åâðåéñêèé (èäèø) ñëîâàðü, Ì.,1989.<br />

sinuri mravalTavi, 864 w., ak. SaniZis redaqciiT, Tb., 1959.<br />

sulxan-saba, 1966 - sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani, t. IV, Tb., 1966.<br />

sulxan-saba, 1991 - sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I -<br />

1991, t. II - 1993.<br />

farevaSi, 2000 - farevaSi, sparsul-falauri leqsikoni, Teirani, 2000.<br />

c. qurcikiZe, 1959 - c. qurcikiZe, saqmeni da swavlani ioane<br />

mociqulisa da proxore mowafisa misisani IX-XI ss., Tb., 1959.<br />

al. Rlonti, 1974 - al. Rlonti, qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sityvis<br />

kona, Tb., 1974.<br />

ak SaniZe, 1945 - ak SaniZe, qarTuli oTxTavis 2 Zv. redaqcia 3<br />

Satberduli xelnaweris mixedviT, Tb., 1945.<br />

q. ZoweniZe, 1974 - q. ZoweniZe, zemoimeruli leqsikoni, Tb., 1974.<br />

wesi da ganmarteba saRvTo liturgiisa, Tb., 1993.<br />

al. WinWarauli, 2005 - al. WinWarauli, xevsurulis Taviseburebani, Tb., 2005.<br />

LUIZA KHACHAPURIDZE, SOPIO TKESHELASHVILI<br />

ON PESHKHUMI, A RELIGIOUS TERM<br />

A small-legged dish made of a noble metal used during the divine service is<br />

called ‘discos’(‘roundness’) in Greek.<br />

In the Georgian translated liturgical literature we find the term denoting a<br />

sacred vessel from 9 th century. Old Georgian written records have the word peshkhumi<br />

with the meaning of vessel in general use.<br />

In Greek household and sacral vessels differ from each other.<br />

The lexical unit peshkhumi and verb forms derived from this word were<br />

widely spread in Georgian. Both in the old religious texts and later in the fiction and<br />

dialects the word can be found with variety of forms, as /pesho//peshkho//peshkhvi,<br />

with the meaning of cut up meat.<br />

In Georgian the verbs: peshkhva//daeshkhoeba// (peshkhavs// akhpeshkhavs/<br />

/gakhpeshkhavs) mean to cut up in small pieces, i.e. preparing meat for the dish to<br />

serve to the table. And the term peshkhumi //peshkhueni, means flat round wooden<br />

piece, or low round table or basket (A.Glonti, 1974, K.Dzotsenidze, 1974).<br />

M.Andronikashvili relates peshkhumi to’partskhali’ from Ossetian persh<br />

meaning ‘rib’, Georgian pertskh.<br />

I think that the given term peshkhumi//peshkhvani //peshkhueni should be<br />

originated from the middle Persian "pishkhan’, a composed word of two elements:<br />

pish (adv)-‘in front of’ and khan(noun) meaning 1.‘table with food,’ 2. ‘big wooden<br />

tray’, 3. a stand for fixing Koran to read.<br />

413

414<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

ramaz xaWapuriZe,<br />

rusudan kaSia<br />

saojaxo-sagvareulo saojaxo-sagvareulo samedicino samedicino tradiciebi<br />

tradiciebi<br />

(qvemo imereTis eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT)<br />

qvemo imereTSi eTnografiuli masalis moZieba-gacnobam dagvarwmuna,<br />

rom xalxuri medicinis saamayo mravalsaukunovani tradiciebi kvlavac<br />

grZeldeba da mexsierebam dRemde Semoinaxa winaparTa codna-gamocdileba.<br />

Sinauri wamlis damzadebis receptebi, saojaxo samedicino praqtika<br />

xSir SemTxvevaSi memkvidreobiT gadaecema. amrigad, saojaxo-sagvareulo<br />

medicina isev inarCunebs samedicino-kulturul tradiciebs.<br />

naSromi eyrdnoba im masalas, romelic qarTveluri dialeqtologiis<br />

samecniero-kvleviTi institutis momZiebelTa jgufis mier iqna Cawerili.<br />

cxadia, erTi samecniero statia srulad ver asaxavs mTeli qvemo imereTis<br />

samedicino codnas; Cven SevecadeT warmogveCina ramdenime saintereso<br />

sagvareulo, romelTa samkurnalo gamocdileba Taobebs gadaecema,<br />

romlebic winaprebisagan naswavl efeqtur mcenareul saSualebebs<br />

gamoiyeneben. maTTan saubarma dagvarwmuna, rom mniSvnelobas inarCunebs<br />

magiur-religiuri wesebiT, SelocvebiT mkurnaloba.<br />

saqarTveloSi sagvareulo samedicino codna tradiciulad daculi<br />

iyo. gvari ufrTxildeboda recepts da cdilobda wamlis damzadebis<br />

wesebi gaTxovili qaliSvilis gziT sxva gvarSi ar gasuliyo, magram<br />

dResdReobiT es "akrZalvebi" xSirad aRar moqmedebs.<br />

eTnografiul masalaze dakvirvebam dagvanaxa, rom im ojaxebisgan,<br />

romlebic sagvareulo codnaSi anazRaurebas iReben, wamlis damzadebis<br />

receptis miReba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT<br />

samtrediis raionis sofel RanirSi mcxovreb gofoiZeebs,<br />

gofoiZeebs, gofoiZeebs, romlebic<br />

amzadeben radikulitis, radikulitis<br />

radikulitis<br />

radikulitis<br />

radikulitis sokovani sokovani sokovani sokovani sokovani daavadebebisa da Tmis Tmis Tmis Tmis Tmis budobrivi<br />

cvenis (xalxSi es daavadeba "xosris" xosris" saxeliTaa cnobili) samkurnalo<br />

efeqtur saSualebebs. Cven SevZeliT dagvedgina mxolod, rom wamlebis<br />

erT-erTi komponentia Zmari. Zmari, rogorc samkurnalo saSualeba,<br />

uZvelesi droidan gamoiyeneba, razec Zveli qarTuli samedicino wignebi<br />

migviTiTebs.<br />

mkvlevari n. mindaZe aRniSnavs: ,,ar aris gamoricxuli, rom swored<br />

qarTuli oficialuri medicinis gavleniT damkvidrda xalxur medicinaSi<br />

zogierTi samkurnalo saSualeba" (n. mindaZe, 2005, gv. 53).<br />

am mosazrebis siswores adasturebs xonSi mcxovrebi suluxiebis<br />

suluxiebis<br />

ojaxis saqmianoba, ganTqmuli TavianTi Sinauri wamlebiT. samedicino<br />

codna STamomavlobas bebiam gadasca (gvarad Wilaia, sof. naxaxulevi),<br />

romelsac ,,namziTvi karabadinis" daxmarebiT auTvisebia sxvadasxva<br />

samkurnalo wamlis recepti.<br />

suluxiebi ZiriTadad mcenareuli komponentebisagan amzadeben<br />

Sedegian Sinaur wamlebs. esenia: saymawvilos, damwvrobis, stomatitis,<br />

Wrilobebis Sesaxorcebel, kuW-nawlavis uebro samkurnalo saSualebebs.

saojaxo-sagvareulo samedicino tradiciebi<br />

wamlebis damzadebis wesebs, iseve rogorc specialuri Selocvis teqsts,<br />

romelsac simWlis mkurnalobisas gamoiyeneben, ojaxi ufrTxildeba da<br />

ar gascems.<br />

qvemo imereTSi gavecaniT ramdenime sagvareulos, romlebic<br />

uangarod uziareben avadmyofebs winaprebisagan miRebul "eqimbaSur"<br />

codnas.<br />

sofel kontuaTSi mcxovrebi xvingiebis xvingiebis ojaxi (maTi didi babua<br />

martvilis raionis sof. lecucxvaiedan Camosaxlebula) amzadebs<br />

damwvrobis damwvrobis wamals. Sinauri wamlis efeqtianobaze metyvelebs, rom<br />

axlomaxlo soflebidan xSirad mimarTaven daxmarebisaTvis. malamo<br />

mzaddeba modernizebuli wesiT: umarilo qons, Taflis sanTelsa da<br />

mzesumziris zeTs emateba tkivilgamayuCebeli saSualebebi: analgini da<br />

streptocidi. igive malamo gamoiyeneba Cirqovani<br />

Cirqovani<br />

Cirqovani Cirqovani<br />

Cirqovani gamonayaris<br />

samkurnalod.<br />

ojaxSi ician buasilis buasilis wamali. nazavi mzaddeba daTvis qonis,<br />

aryisa da walikasagan (wylis wiwaka). ,,eqimbaSi" Sura xvingia amzadebs<br />

aseve morielis nakbenis wamals, romelic Semdegnairad keTdeba: cocxal<br />

moriels iWeren da zeTian qilaSi deben, ramdenime xnis Semdeg es zeTi<br />

gamoiyeneba morielis morielis nakbenisagan gansakurneblad. amave dros Wrilobaze<br />

afens msxlis foTols (jiSs mniSvneloba ara aqvs). proceduras yovelTvis<br />

specialuri Selocvebis TanxlebiT atareben:<br />

,,morieli moriSvili,<br />

cxra deda da cxra Svili,<br />

cxraTa morialiSvili<br />

fsxals vWam, fsxali migia,<br />

fsxali maxuravs."<br />

xvingiebis ojaxSi CaviwereT qvewarmavlisagan<br />

qvewarmavlisagan<br />

qvewarmavlisagan qvewarmavlisagan<br />

qvewarmavlisagan Tavdacvis Selocva:<br />

"miSa, miSa, miSanduri,<br />

gveli modis moqarguli,<br />

vai, deda weli, weli,<br />

momitane Txilis wkneli,<br />

miSas saWyatunebeli,<br />

miSas sawkatunebeli".<br />

mTxrobelebma dagvarwmunes, rom Tu moaswari Selocvis teqstis<br />

warmoTqma, uxsenebeli ar gikbens.<br />

sof. maTxojis mkvidria barabaZeTa barabaZeTa didi gvari, romelic ramdenime<br />

Stod iyofa. winaparTa samkurnalo saqmianobiT dainteresebula am<br />

gvaris erTi ganayofi, romelic vatoriebis vatoriebis gvarzedmetiTaa cnobili.<br />

am codnis safuZvelze isini mkurnaloben sawerels sawerels sawerels sawerels sawerels da Zirmagaras<br />

Zirmagaras<br />

Zirmagaras<br />

Zirmagaras<br />

Zirmagaras<br />

kurdRlis qoniT. mkurnalobis wesi SelocviT mimdinareobs:<br />

_ sawerelo, sad midixar?<br />

_ adamianTan!<br />

_ risTvis?<br />

_ xorcis saWmelad, sisxlis sasmelad, Zvlis satverlad!<br />

_ ra aris misi wamali?<br />

415

416<br />

r. xaWapuriZe, r. kaSia<br />

_ eliani, meliani, saweri kalami, torfis cvili, qvabis Jangiri,<br />

vai, ra vqna da ra movitano.<br />

Cemi Tavis gadasatani!"<br />

barabaZeebis barabaZeebis ojaxSi, didi bebiisagan, romelic gvarad sarava<br />

yofila abaSidan, ician Cirqovani Cirqovani Cirqovani Cirqovani Cirqovani gamonadenisa<br />

gamonadenisa<br />

gamonadenisa gamonadenisa<br />

gamonadenisa da "mazolis"<br />

"mazolis"<br />

"mazolis" "mazolis"<br />

"mazolis" wamali. wamali. wamali. wamali. wamali.<br />

nanemsaris nanemsaris daCirqebis recepti: Semwvar xaxvs ayrian Saqris fxvnils,<br />

emateba sami kvercxis guli, cota puris fqvili, aseve mcire raodenobiT<br />

gaxexili saponi.<br />

ojaxis diasaxlisma _ Taliko fiola-barabaZem icis daCrdilvis<br />

daCrdilvis<br />

wamali, romelic wyalgareuli Zmrisa da tyemlis tylapisagan mzaddeba.<br />

Tavis tkivilis dasaameblad igi xSirad ulocavs naTvalevsa da Sakiks,<br />

SelocvebisTvis gansazRvrul dReebSi: samSabaTs, xuTSabaTsa da SabaTs.<br />

gvarSi daculi samedicino codna gagviziara adeli adeli (kukla) (kukla)<br />

(kukla)<br />

kakabaZem.<br />

kakabaZem.<br />

kakabaZeebi sof. kuxis mkvidri gvaria, adeli kakabaZis ojaxi erTerT<br />

Stos (gvarzedmeti - kioweebi) kioweebi) ekuTvnis. man gagviziara winaprebisagan<br />

naswavli samedicino codna da mogvawoda Sinauri wamlebis ramdenime<br />

saintereso recepti:<br />

damwvrobis<br />

damwvrobis<br />

damwvrobis damwvrobis<br />

damwvrobis wamlis Semadgeneli komponentebia: gadamdnari batis<br />

qoni, Taflis sanTeli, zeiTunis an qacvis zeTi, penicilini.<br />

respondentis monaTxrobiT, misi bebia (liparteliani - lentexidan)<br />

wamlis Selocvas Savtariani danisa da naxSiris gamoyenebiT atarebda.<br />

TviTon rituals aRar mimarTavs, icis mxolod damwvrobis Selocvis<br />

teqsti:<br />

"oSoSinobda, dafofinobda wiTeli xari,<br />

wiTeli xucesis zRvas xnavda,<br />

qviSas Tesavda, vis gougonia sam dRes iqiT..."<br />

sirsvelis: sirsvelis: dafqvili venaxis Sabi, umaruli Roris qoni, buxris<br />

Wvartli.<br />

suravandis: suravandis: wamals amzadeben Semdegnairad: ZmarSi gareul<br />

wyals emateba muxisa da sxmartlis qerqi, suro da TeTri Sabi.<br />

Tirkmlebis Tirkmlebis samkurnaloa matitelasa da mayvlis Ziris naxarSi.<br />

wamlebis damzadebis dros "mkurnali"xSirad iyenebs naTvalebis<br />

Selocvas. teqsts sam dRes imeorebs, samivejer gaskvnis abreSumis Zafs,<br />

mesame dRes ki naskvs avadmyofs daawvevinebs.<br />

naTvalevis naTvalevis Selocva:<br />

"ansala, mansala, Savi Wiri da sansala Sens gamTvalavs, TvalSi<br />

nacari, gulSi laxvari, samocdasami wmida giorgis laxvari, mas mieces<br />

didi Sveba da gamarjveba. iqceoda mware bali, miscioda mware Tvali,<br />

RmerTo, Sen xar mowyale, eSmaks Tvali moTxare, wiTeli goWis fexia,<br />

kiseri moutexia, Sevkari wiTeli, motyda kiseri, ia da vardi _ kldeSi<br />

gadavardi. fui, Seni avi TvaliT Semxedavs. Cavkari salsa wyalsa xeli,<br />

amoviRe Savi gveli, davde Savsa sipsa qvasa, wavayare Savi marili, marili<br />

dneboda, sipiT wneboda, mTavarangelozo!"<br />

mkurnalobis dros Selocvebis gamoyenebas, cxadia, fsiqologiuri<br />

datvirTva aqvs da rwmenis faqtors emyareba.

saojaxo-sagvareulo samedicino tradiciebi<br />

svaneTSi gavrcelebuli magiur-religiuri mkurnalobis variaciebi<br />

gadmotanili aqvT migrirebul svanebs, romlebic xonis raionSi dasaxldnen.<br />

magaliTad, avi Tvalisagan dacvis mizniT, romelsac Zvelad did angariSs<br />

uwevdnen, svanebi xmarobdnen balyareTidan gadmotanil tyavis budeSi<br />

Selocvil qaRalds _ ,,duas" (evg. gabliani, 1925, gv. 128). amas an yelze<br />

Camokidebdnen, anda tansacmlis marjvena mxares, ufro iRliasTan,<br />

daikerebdnen. amave mizniT iyenebdnen Tavdacvis Zvel mamapapur xerxs,<br />

romelic veluri blis xis nawilebis tansacmelze dakerebaSi iyo<br />

gamoxatuli. gansakuTrebuli Zala hqonda aRdgomis win, did xuTSabaTs<br />

_ ,,Tanfa caS" diliT umZraxad tyidan motanili blis xis nawilebs,<br />

romlisagan gakeTebul jvrebs adamianis samosze dakerebasTan erTad,<br />

dahkidebdnen aivanze, kedelze, bostanSi, Caagdebdnen skivrSi da saqonelsac<br />

Seabamdnen. anda mZivis magivrad kaklebsaviT daamrgvalebdnen da kabis<br />

nakerSi marjvena mxares daimagrebdnen. didi gafrTxileba icodnen<br />

SesamCnevi garegnobis qalisa da kacis im azriT, rom heerias, muxanaTsa<br />

da kudians isini ar SeemCnia da misi maxasiaTebeli borotebiT ziani ar<br />

mieyenebina (iqve).<br />

rac Seexeba veluri blis xis nawilebisadmi avi Tvalisagan daxsnis<br />

SesaZleblobis rwmenas, igi unda ukavSirdebodes qarTvelTa da maT<br />

Soris svanTa uZveles kults wminda xeebis Tayvaniscemisas, romlis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi veluri blis xec iyo miTvlili. amis gamo qvemo svaneTSi<br />

da zeda laSxeTSi veluri xis didi tyeebi yofila gaSenebuli. veluri<br />

blis xes Cveulebriv saxmarad ar mosWridnen, misgan marto xatisaTvis<br />

saWiro ficrebs akeTebdnen da samgzavro joxebadac (mujira) mas xmarobdnen<br />

(iqve, gv. 188-189).<br />

aRniSnuli meTodebiT mkurnaloba da Tavis dacva damaxasiaTebeli<br />

gaxda ara marto Camosaxlebuli sagvareulo svanebisaTvis, aramed maT<br />

TavianTi rwmena-warmodgenebi gadasces xonis raionis macxovreblebs,<br />

romlebmac ager ukve ramdenime aTeuli welia gaiTavises aRniSnuli<br />

magiur-religiuri mkurnalobis saSualebebi.<br />

Sakikis Sakikis samkurnalod kukla kakabaZem Semdegi rituali gagvacno:<br />

avadmyofi diliT adre unda adges ubrad, samjer Semouaros nigvzis xes.<br />

Semovlisas xes Tavi unda miados da gaimeoros: "nigozo, "nigozo, rogorc rogorc<br />

rogorc<br />

Seni Seni lebnebia lebnebia ZmebiviT ZmebiviT ZmebiviT tolebi, tolebi, ase ase ZmebiviT ZmebiviT gaiziare gaiziare Cemi Cemi<br />

Cemi<br />

satkivari satkivari da da da dilis dilis mzis mzis sxivebs sxivebs gaatane!" gaatane!" (r. kaSia, 2004, gv. 122).<br />

qvemo imereTSi eTnografiuli masalis moZiebisas SevxvdiT erT<br />

saintereso "mkurnals" _ marine cabaZes, zestafonidan gaTxovda<br />

wyaltubos raionis sof. maRlakSi. man SalamberiZeebis ojaxSi moitana<br />

ramdenime sagvareulo recepti da Tavis rZlebs aswavla samkurnalwamlo<br />

saSualebebi:<br />

kuWis kuWis wylulis: wylulis: sufTa Tafls emateba 100 gr. spirti da<br />

wvrilad daqucmacebuli dindgeli.<br />

kbilis kbilis tkivilis: tkivilis: gamxmari yurZnis marcvlebs danayaven da<br />

ideben gamoxrul kbilSi.<br />

417

418<br />

r. xaWapuriZe, r. kaSia<br />

yuris yuris tkivilis: tkivilis: gaxexili Savi bolokis ori wveTi unda<br />

CaiwveTo.<br />

Tavis Tavis tkivilis, tkivilis, daCrdilvis: daCrdilvis: wyalSi gaxsnili gamxmari<br />

qinZis marcvlebi unda CaiwveTo cxvirSi, an yoCivardas Zirebis naxarSi.<br />

kuW-aSlilobis: kuW-aSlilobis: kamis Teslis naxarSi.<br />

xvelebis xvelebis: xvelebis iis, kamisa da unabis foTlebis nayeni.<br />

maRali maRali sicxis: sicxis: gaqnili kvercxis guli unda wausva xelisa da<br />

fexis gulebze.<br />

respondentma gagvacno aseve xalxuri veterinariis araerTi<br />

saintereso samkurnalo saSualeba (ix.: r. kaSia, 2007, gv. 396-400).<br />

marine cabaZe-SalamberiZe mkurnalobis dros xSirad ulocavs avi<br />

Tvalisa da uJmurisagan Tavdasacavad. gadmocemiT icis, rom Selocva<br />

ufro uWris mamakacs an ufros qaliSvils. amave dros man gvaswavla<br />

magiuri wesi: mware mware blisagan blisagan gakeTebuli gakeTebuli jvari jvari da da masTan masTan erTad<br />

erTad<br />

rkinis rkinis patara patara naWeri naWeri unda unda ataro ataro Cumad, Cumad, tansacmlis tansacmlis SigniT SigniT da<br />

da<br />

yovelgvari yovelgvari yovelgvari avi avi avi Tvalisagan Tvalisagan Tvalisagan iqnebi iqnebi iqnebi daculi. daculi.<br />

daculi.<br />

amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT mosaxleoba ZiriTadad<br />

kvalificiur samsaxurs mimarTavs, xalxur saojaxo-samedicino kulturas<br />

ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba. xalxuri medicinis eTnografiuli<br />

kuTxiT kvleva winaparTagan naswavl mraval efeqtur samkurnalo<br />

saSualebas gamoavlens.<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

r. kaSia, 2004 - r. kaSia, Tavis tkivilebis mkurnalobis qarTveluri<br />

saSualebebi medicinaSi, qarTveluri memkvidreoba., t. VIII, quTaisi,<br />

2004.<br />

r. kaSia, 2007 - r. kaSia, xalxuri veterinaria da sagvareulo<br />

tradiciebi: qarTveluri memkvidreoba, t. XI, quTaisi, 2007.<br />

n. mindaZe, 1981 - n. mindaZe, qarTuli xalxuri medicina, Tb.,<br />

1981.<br />

n. mindaZe, n. CirgaZe, 2005 - n. mindaZe, n. CirgaZe, qarTuli<br />

xalxuri samedicino tradiciebi (kaxeTi), Tb., 2005.<br />

r. xaWapuriZe, 2006 - r. xaWapuriZe, magiur-religiuri mkurnalobis<br />

istoriidan, quTaisi, 2006.

saojaxo-sagvareulo samedicino tradiciebi<br />

RAMAZ KHACHAPURIDZE, RUSUDAN KASHIA<br />

FAMILY MEDICAL TRADITIONS<br />

(ACCORDING TO THE DATA OF KVEMO (LOWER) IMERETI)<br />

Folk medicine is one of the subjects of the ethnography; its study is of particular<br />

importance for the acquaintance of the people’s traditions and the common ways of<br />

life and culture.<br />

Preparing and administering of the healing medicines and means of the most<br />

effective reputations were passed through ancestry that promoted the establishment<br />

of the rich traditional family medical culture.<br />

Medical knowledge was kept in secret and the families of the same family<br />

names were responsible to guard prescription and methods (sometimes referred to<br />

as ‘magic’) of its preparation. Nowadays the families normally do not keep the<br />

healing means in secret.<br />

The field practice of Kvemo Imereti aiming at collecting the ethnographic<br />

materials revealed that there are still people who are interested in folk medicine and<br />

preserve the knowledge and experience of their ancestors. Among them is even the<br />

healing of patients with magic-ritualistic traditions, praying etc. that retains some<br />

importance in several cases.<br />

We think that the further continuation of the ethnographic study of the Georgian<br />

family medicine will reveal many unknown means of traditional healing.<br />

419

420<br />

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

mzia mzia xaxutaiSvili<br />

xaxutaiSvili<br />

qobuleTeli qobuleTeli muhajirebi muhajirebi TurqeTSi<br />

TurqeTSi<br />

1877-78 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis damTavrebis Semdeg<br />

gamuslimanebuli qarTuli mosaxleoba aiZules ayriliyo da mezobeli<br />

TurqeTis teritoriebze samudamod daedo bina. muhajirobis Sedegad<br />

dacarielda qobuleTis mxarec. 1879 wlis gasaxlebis Semdeg qobuleTSi<br />

ori aTasi mcxovrebidan xuTasamde darCa, xolo maxlobeli soflebi<br />

sruliad gaveranda da gapartaxda (z. WiWinaZe, 1913, gv. 14). qobuleTeli<br />

muhajirebi zRvis sanapiroebze, dablob adgilebSi dasaxlebulan. maTi<br />

umravlesoba dRes cxovrobs giresunSi, facaSi, orduSi, ferSembeSi,<br />

unieSi, samsunsa da sinopSi.<br />

ucxo garemoSi muhajirebs ufro gamZafrebiaT mamulisa da<br />

mSobliuri enis siyvaruli da gansakuTrebiT gafrTxilebian mSobliur<br />

enasa da folklors. STamomavlebic saTuTad inaxaven winaprebis enas,<br />

mamapapiseul adaT-wesebsa da tradiciebs. am xsovnam gadaarCina muhajirebi<br />

ucxo tomSi aRrevas da SeanarCunebina sakuTari identifikaciis ZiriTadi<br />

niSani - qarTuli ena. mosaxleobis didi nawili dResac kargad flobs<br />

mSobliur enas. isini didi rudunebiT ufrTxildebodnen mSobliur<br />

qarTuls da uvneblad Semoinaxes dRemde: “Cemi didnene~ da Cven qarTula<br />

devlaparikebdiT, qarTuli ar daaviwydono, sul imas eqceoda”- gviyveba<br />

sabahaTin goqsu (gogitiZe). Tumca iqve dasZens, rom axalgazrdobam<br />

TiTqmis aRar icis qarTuli, “axla Turqzec gaTxovden, Cven asimilie~<br />

gavxTiT...”<br />

qobuleTel muhajirebs Semonaxuli aqvT qarTuli tradiciebi,<br />

mama-papaTa adaT-wesebi. xandazmuli adamianebi arian qarTuli xalxuri<br />

zepirsityvierebis metad mdidari, qarTuli kulturis istoriisaTvis<br />

metad faseuli salaros mflobelni. swored aWaridan, kerZod qobuleTis<br />

raionidan, gadasaxlebul muhajir qarTvelebTan Sexvedris bedniereba<br />

da istoriul-eTnografiuli, folklorul-dialeqtologiuri masalebis<br />

mopovebis saSualeba mogveca Cven da baTumis SoTa rusTavelis<br />

universitetis profesor SuSana futkaraZes. Cven eqvsi dRe davyaviT<br />

qalaq facaSi, sadac ZiriTadad qobuleTis soflebidan gadasaxlebuli<br />

qarTvelebi cxovroben.<br />

...ase megona, qobuleTis erT sofelSi viyavi. stambolSi mcxovrebma,<br />

warmoSobiT facelma, Cemma axlo naTesavma, iaSar Sendurma (xaxutaiSvilma)<br />

didad Segviwyo xeli gvemuSava aRniSnuli raionis soflebSi: kabaqtaRSi,<br />

TaxTabaSSi, duaierSi, xaTifTaSi, zavoSi, CerqezdaRSi, yonaRbaSSi.<br />

saukune-naxevari miilia... muhajirTa STamomavlebs kargad axsovT<br />

winaparTa monaTxrobi, maTi gancdebi, romlebic memleqeTTan ganSorebas<br />

ukavSirdeba. Tavdapirvelad did siduxWiresa da umZimes pirobebSi<br />

ucxovriaT Cveneburebs. rogorc erT-erTi muhajiri <strong>qarTveli</strong>s<br />

STamomavali gviyveba: “ori Zma~ erTaT ar gamuuyvanian gareT. zogi<br />

ordSi, zogi facas Camosulan (gemidan _ m. x.)”. faceli Sevqi kakalaZis

qobuleTeli muhajirebi TurqeTSi<br />

monaTxrobiT: ”baTomidan wamosulan pirvelaT bursas, fadiSahma astavla,<br />

ver mosTavef magins, bursas aRar weiyvanovo. aT weliwads gemSi yofilan...<br />

giresuns, sinops bevri <strong>qarTveli</strong>a. eqvsi sofeli varT facas... (Sevqi<br />

kakalaZe, sof. TaxTabaSi)”<br />

Calis fasad iyideboda maTi qoneba qobuleTSi. osmaleTSi<br />

gasamgzavreblad gems TveobiT elodebodnen baTumSi. aseT viTarebaSi<br />

Tvalcremlianni emSvidobebodnen Tavisianebs, mSobliur miwa-wyals:<br />

“abdulxamids gamuugzania “guljemal” gemiT. vori sofeli trapizons,<br />

voTxi giresuns, ordSi, Cvidmeti- facaSi, unieSi, ferSembeSi” (xasan<br />

beJaniZe, faca, sof. kabaxtari).<br />

“...gemiT movdes igini. didi movda, pawa~ gemebiT gameiyvanes, porti<br />

ar iyo. maSin koRo iyo. maRal adgilebSi evden da daJden. am sofels<br />

TaxTabaSi eTqva” (baeTin gogmaCaZe, faca).<br />

osmaleTis mTavrobam saqarTvelodan ltolvili naxevar milionamde<br />

<strong>qarTveli</strong> miiRo. did siduxWireSi uxdebodaT cxovrebis dawyeba. yofila<br />

avadmyofoba da sikvdilianoba, bevri gzaSi daRupula: “winaprebi rum<br />

Camosulan, saWmeli ar xonian, sasmeli ar xonian, iqiT momxTaran, aqiT<br />

momxTaran, ZaliT ucxovrian” (sami megreliSvili, sof. duaieri).<br />

"Cveneburebi rum gamosulan, sam Tves CadrebSi ucxovrian. Svid<br />

weliwads qeri uWamian, ver mieCvien da vori-sami baRana~ mokta, itirebden<br />

baRnebi” (xasan beJaniZe, sof. kabaxtari).<br />

male nostalgiam Seipyro gadaxvewilebi... enatrebodaT Tavisianebi,<br />

TavianTi miwa-wyali: “didnene~ ityoda _ Cvenebi ukanda gesuliyveno da<br />

ver gevdeno. nenemisi ityoda, faxirebi Cuumarxian da gevalT, vnaxavTo”<br />

(umian SaviSvili, sof. TaxTabaSi).<br />

"...babua~, baba~s dede~, memedi alambris soflidanaa gamosuli.<br />

misi gogo Camoxva, Tormeti wlis iyo. ise Cameitirebda: iqa rume Cevdeo,<br />

Cems nasaxlebs yvelas vnaxavo, miagnefo” (aslan SaviSvili, sof. duaieri).<br />

muhajir qobuleTelebs sacxovreblad iseTi adgilebi aurCeviaT,<br />

romlebic haeriTa da wyliT Camohgavda mama-papaTa samkvidros.<br />

TaxTabaSelma sami megreliSvilma gviTxra: “Cveni soflidan oci<br />

kilometriT ze~T cxovroben “Waxe qobuleTlebio.” rogorc gairkva,<br />

isini xinoelebi yofilan. maT sacxovreblad iseTive maRalmTiani adgilebi<br />

SeurCeviaT TurqeTSi, rogorSic cxovrobdnen muhajirobamde. facis<br />

soflebSi damkvidrebulan qobuleTeli muhajirebi: cecxlaZeebi,<br />

gogitiZeebi, kakalaZeebi, goxiZeebi, xaxutaiSvilebi, xinikaZeebi, mesxiZeebi,<br />

qaTamaZeebi, takiZeebi, jinWaraZeebi da sxv.<br />

facasa da mimdebare soflebSi mcire droSi Catarebulma kvlevam<br />

saSualeba mogvca Cagvewera mosaxleobaSi SemorCenili folkloruli,<br />

istoriuli, eTnografiuli masalebi. sityvierebis unikaluri nimuSebi:<br />

nenem kaba Simikera, zeT kopWebi dimikera,<br />

gaTxveba rum mevdome, kibilebi Cimitexa.<br />

gedevxede baxCaSi vardsa vikref kalTaSi,<br />

eri biWi movZie, qi wamovyvane saxSi,<br />

Seqris fafas umzadebdi, gavasuqe WamaSi,<br />

421

422<br />

m. xaxutaiSvili<br />

skivris yurSi davmalvidi, qi momikta leb-sabanSi.<br />

afrenila futkari, wai da fembes uTxari,<br />

laz osmanas rum waxevi, eminelas ra uTxari?!<br />

nenem kaba Simikera welze gamoWirebuli,<br />

Tu gamaTxov, gamaTxue, Zalvan var gaWirvebuli.<br />

eger gaRma ewris facxa, neta~ viyo Seni racxa...<br />

muhajirTa STamomavlebs kargad SemounaxavT mama-papaTa adaTebi:<br />

“Wads Skeris foTolSi buxarSi, nacarSi gamuacxobdiT, kvers.”<br />

axalgaTxovil qals aucileblad sadils miutandnen: “CveneburebSi<br />

sadiloba iyo, sadils muutanden TuTxmet dReze. oci cxeniT gavagzanidiT<br />

taTls, SiT nigozs muamwyrevdiT, burma, baqlava. sadilCi yoliferi<br />

saWmeli iqneboda: gvali qaTami, daWril kvercxebs Caawyobden zeTSi,<br />

yurWatas gavakeTebdiT. sircxvili iyo sadili ar migetana...” _ gviyveba<br />

umian SaviSvili. “dodofals rum nefis ojaxSi miiyvanden, simauri(!)<br />

Zroxas gamohgrida; Wiqas duudebden fexTan gaagoreo, Tu didaT<br />

gaagorebda, ar miewoneboden... Seqerlis da fuls gadaayrida nefedodofals.<br />

dodofals yirmizaT gadafarebuli xonda, rame ar uCanda,<br />

sunag katasaven aafarebden Tvalebze”.<br />

saukunis Semdegac ise amzadeben qobuleTeli muhajirebis<br />

STamomavlebi kerZebs, rogoradac winaprebi: amolesili lobia~, Savi<br />

fxali, ZaRe Zmari, wveniani fxali, zeTiani faTlijani, Zis fafa, Zis<br />

makarina~ moWrili makarina~ viciT. TeTri qfiliT magraTda mozilo,<br />

oqlavo~T geiyvano, moSWra, simindis qfils muayri ar diewepos; moxarCav,<br />

gaswurav, Txils muayri, xandixan yvels muapnev...”<br />

unikaluri musikaluri folkloris nimuSebs wavawydiT<br />

“CveneburebTan” muSaobisas. “aWara saerTod da gansakuTrebiT qobuleTis<br />

da baTumis raionebi naduri simRerebiTaa mdidari. aWaris naduri<br />

simRerebi metad rTuli da mravalferovania” (j. noRaideli, 1981, gv. 9).<br />

qobuleTeli muhajirebi yvebian: ”...Cemi babua~ ge~yivlebda, samargelSi<br />

wimiyvanes, mevRale... dayivleba ZvelisZvelia. nadze wevdodiT, naduri<br />

simRerebi iyo simindis marglaze. axmeda~ bauJaZe iyo, iunus cexlaZe<br />

iyivlebda, takiZnebi iyven, xaxutaZe mamuda~ pirveli momRerali iyo. sam<br />

xmaSi iyo simRera. asi-as ormozdaaTi kaci iqneboda, marglian Tu<br />

koncerts iqden, ver mixTebodi:<br />

nadiraZes nadi unda<br />

gadiara sadiloba,<br />

gordela, gordela daa!<br />

he, he daa ho, ho, hoo daa!<br />

mivyveT movyveT, hoo hoi daa<br />

gedevxede fenjerze<br />

Zroxa iyo baxCaSio,<br />

mivyveT, movyveT...<br />

ho hoi da endo mendo,<br />

ho hoi da rafer gendo!<br />

ha, hai da, nina, nina~!<br />

CabraSto (kabas etyoden) ranwki-runwki,<br />

gogvebo, rafer damwviT.

qobuleTeli muhajirebi TurqeTSi<br />

varelis koTxov datualdi,<br />

iqiT-aqiT motualdi,<br />

Suxti da xenifev, SegSvendeba<br />

lamazi kaba dagSvendeba..<br />

Citi Citsa mabzakunsa,<br />

Semovhkari xelkodali<br />

miamtrie Tav-barkali,<br />

misi gverdis daCexvaze<br />

ori culi Semomaklda,<br />

nanina~ daa...<br />

zecas evdoT, zeca vnaxoT,<br />

marsklavebsac devenaxvoT,<br />

zema kaci momigzana,<br />

maq Tu iyav, ratmar modi ratmar mnaxe,<br />

awe mual, awe gnaxav, nanina~ daa..."<br />

ucxo miwaze damkvidrebuli qobuleTeli muhajirebi Cveul jafas<br />

Sesdgomian, kvlav meurneobisTvis miuyviaT xeli: “yaWs vasaqmebdiT,<br />

Jolis Jvers vaWumdiT. muxtari gveyoleboda, yaWis kakals meitanda.<br />

imas ubeSi CevdebdiT, matli unda gamosuliyo, gavxsnidiT, wuuxedvidiT.<br />

matli gamodioda, Jvers diereoda-yaWiviT Wamso-xum ityvian? dRedaRam<br />

izdeba ma~. Celtebs evyvandiT maRla-maRla, TiTisxelvani xTeba. matli<br />

uSvebs Zafs, misza deimwyrevs. cxel wyalCi Cayri, ogvadoze daaxov, er<br />

joxs amuurev, amoxveba, amuaxvev Zafs. Zafidan moqsovdi racxas, SeRebvidi.<br />

Razlas SeRebvidi. Roms vTesvidiT, brinjsac, simindsac. memre Txili<br />

muaSeneT.”<br />

muhajirTa STamomavlebs kargad axsovT bavSvobis TamaSebic:<br />

“kvito~ aris xe~. kvito~s SigniTa~ carieli aq. gadaSWri imas, dabiZgvidi<br />

forToqalis tyavs geiqnev. vizia~ iyo. gavxretdiT, gamuabmidiT Zafs,<br />

gakeTdeboda vizviza~-baRnebis saTamaSo; iyo saWriala~. eri amxela<br />

sari iyo, zeidan miere xes CaaSenebden, xelis satacneli aq. imiT daabruneben,<br />

TamaSoben... Cveni TamaSi iyo bila~ joxi. eleqic TamaSi iyo. deiWirvidi,<br />

ii deiwveboda rumelcxas rum wamieweoda; kuku-Witis viTamaSebdiT”<br />

(sabahaTin gogitiZe, faca).<br />

qobuleTelTa metyvelebaze dakvirvebiT Zalze saintereso masala<br />

davagroveT enobrivi situaciis SefasebisaTvis (es masalebi male ixilaven<br />

dRis sinaTles). aRsaniSnavia, rom S. niJaraZe calke gamoyofs qobuleTur<br />

kilokavs (S. niJaraZe, 1975, gv. 15-22). es kilokavi enaTmecnierulad<br />

uaRresad sayuradReboa. qobuleTidan gadasaxlebul muhajirTa metyveleba<br />

mniSvnelovani masala iqneba am kilokavis TaviseburebaTa Sesaswavlad.<br />

miT umetes Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aqaurTa metyveleba aqamde aravis<br />

ukvlevia.<br />

aqaur qobuleTurs naklebad etyoba Turqulis gavlenac: “nene~<br />

aq gamosula Svidi wlis. babua~ duutevia aqa. nene~ wesula yvelas<br />

gamovyvano. sazRvari Cakletila. beJiafxe iyo nene~... Cemi Zma~ askerSi<br />

iyo. baTomSi darCa, cxemvans. er welwads darCa, memre aq gamovda...”<br />

423

424<br />

m. xaxutaiSvili<br />

(suleiman jinWaraZe, sof. duaieri, 96 wlis). qobuleTeli muhajirebi<br />

Tavad xedaven kilokavur sxvaobas: “Cven Curuqsuelebi varT. unias<br />

aWarlebi arian. igini sxvafraT laparikoben...”<br />

qobuleTel muhajirTa STamomavlebis metyvelebas Semounaxavs bevri<br />

iseTi niSani, romelic dRes aRar dasturdeba. amitomac mopovebuli<br />

masala mniSvnelovania istoriuli dialeqtologiisaTvis.<br />

CveneburTa metyvelebas zogierTi iseTi faqti daucavs, romelic<br />

dRes aRar gvxvdeba qobuleTurSi anda gafermkrTalebulia. Cven zogierT<br />

maTganze SevCerdebiT; qobuleTel muhajirTa STamomavlebis metyvelebaSi<br />

cocxali afiqsi Cans -fxe//xe -fxe//xe (qalis gvarovnuli kuTvnilebis aRmniSvneli<br />

sufiqsi dasavlur kiloebSi, maSin roca dasavlur kiloebSi misi funqcia<br />

miviwyebulia: inaifxe, cecxlaifxe, Savifxe, beJiafxe, gelaifxe, ustaliafxe<br />

(Sesabamisad aRniSnavs: inaiSvilis, cecxlaZis, SaviSvilis, beJaniZis, gelaZis,<br />

ustaliSvilis... qals).<br />

yuradRebas iqcevs zogierTi sityvis mniSvneloba: a) ”dodofals<br />

rum nefis ojaxSi miiyvanden, simauri (aq mamamTili _ m.x.) Zroxas<br />

gamohgrida... ”iaSariza Cemi mama simavria, deda - dedamTilia. ”iaSaris<br />

mama Cemi simavria, deda - dedamTili”... simavri/simauri simavri/simauri "mamamTilis"<br />

mniSvnelobiT, dedamTili dedamTili "sidedris" mniSvnelobiT mxolod<br />

qobuleTurSi ixmareba, b) ”xari CaWrila da amovyvano undao...” CaWrila CaWrila<br />

CaWrila<br />

niSnavs "Cavardnila", g) eri Svili da eri gogo daSCenia; voTxi Svili<br />

da vori gogo xavs”- aq Svili Svili "vaJis, Zis" mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari, g)<br />

“eri weliwadia deixarja axmeda~ bauJaZe”. deixarja deixarja deixarja niSnavs "gardaicvala".<br />

am mniSvnelobiT igi dResac ixmareba qobuleTurSi.<br />

muhajir qobuleTelTa mexsierebas kargad SemorCenia xalxuri<br />

sityvierebis nimuSebi, frazeologizmebi: “muSa kaci Wads qvisgan gameiyvans”;<br />

“sxva~ sxva~s virs simReriT mosZebnis; ” “sxvisi xeliT gveli deiWireo;”<br />

“duRare wyali demero Tavzeo”; “zRvai kobziT deilevao.” aTwleulebs<br />

Semounaxavs qobuleTel muhajirTa mexsierebaSi erTi saintereso gamoTqma,<br />

romelsac jemal cecxlaZe mogviyva: ”nene~ gvetyoda _ zem zRvaSi Cevda<br />

(dagvianda, daRamda _ m.x.), aqamde ratum ar moiTo? me mikvirda, aqa,<br />

(facaSi) ze~ TaSi Cadis. qobuleTSi rum Camuedi, vnaxe, ze~ zRvaSi<br />

Cevda...” (jemal cecxlaZe, faca).<br />

qobuleTel “CveneburTa” yofisa da metyvelebis saTanado Seswavla<br />

bevr saintereso faqts gamoavlens saqarTvelos eTnografiisa da<br />

dialeqtologiisaTvis. qobuleTeli muhajirebis STamomavalTa metyvelebis<br />

saTanado analizi mniSvnelovani masalaa qobuleTuri metyvelebis calke<br />

kilokavad gamoyofisaTvis.

qobuleTeli muhajirebi TurqeTSi<br />

damowmebuli literatura<br />

n. mgelaZe, m. faRava, 1998 - n. mgelaZe, m. faRava, -fxe//xe- sufiqsis<br />

istoriisa da etimologiis sakiTxebi: bsu Sromebi, 2, baTumi, 1998.<br />

S. niJaraZe, 1975 - S. niJaraZe, aWaruli dialeqti, baTumi, 1975.<br />

j. noRaideli, 1981 - j. noRaideli, narkvevebi da Canawerebi, 7, baTumi, 1981.<br />

m. faRava, 1993 - m. faRava, enobrivi situacia samxreT saqarTveloSi<br />

da samxruli metyvelebis dialeqturi Sedgenilobis sakiTxi: bsu Sromebi<br />

5, baTumi, 2003.<br />

S. futkaraZe, 1993 - S. futkaraZe, Cveneburebis qarTuli, baTumi, 1993.<br />

z. WiWinaZe, 1913 - z. WiWinaZe, muslimani qarTveloba da maTi<br />

soflebi saqarTveloSi, tf., 1913.<br />

b. jorbenaZe, 1989 - b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, t. I, Tb., 1989.<br />

MZIA KHAKHUTASHVILI<br />

MUHAJIRS OF KOBULETI IN TURKEY<br />

After the end of the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78 the Muslim population of<br />

Georga was forced to leave their homes and settle in the neighboring Turkish territories<br />

for good. From the two thousand residents of Kobuleti only five hundred were left.<br />

As for the nearby villages they were made to lay waste as their population had been<br />

expelled completely. Muhajirs of Kobuleti seem to have settled on the low lands<br />

close to the sea. The descendants of these people presently live in Giresun, Patsa,<br />

Ordu, Pershembe, Unie, Samsun and Sinop.<br />

In the strange land Mujahirs’ love of the fatherland and their language had<br />

become compounded with homesickness and begun to take special care of their<br />

native language and folklore. They manage to instill their children the care to preserve<br />

the centuries-long rites and traditions of the fatherland. To guard themselves from<br />

mingling with the foreign culture they chose their native language as the fulcrum for<br />

the survival. A great part of the population has good command of Georgian even to<br />

these days.<br />

During the field practice in Patsa and in nearby villages I managed to record<br />

folklore, historical and ethnographic materials.<br />

The observation on the speech of the people whose ancestors were exiled<br />

from Kobuleti revealed interesting materials for the evaluation of the language situation.<br />

Their speech has undergone relatively faint influence of the Turkish language. Besides,<br />

it has preserved many traits that has been lost in Modern Georgian, particularly,<br />

some semantics of the known words and phrases.<br />

The speech of the descendants’ of the Kobuleti Muhajirs provides considerable<br />

material to class it as a separate sub-dialect of Achara dialect of the Georgian<br />

language.<br />

425

qarTveluri memkvidreoba XII 2008 KARTVELIAN HERITAGE<br />

426<br />

recenzia<br />

axleburi axleburi wigni wigni afxazeTze<br />

afxazeTze<br />

daviwyebT imiT, rom wigni (narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan.<br />

afxazeTi. _ afxazeTis ganaTlebisa da kulturis saministro, iv.<br />

javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba<br />

"inteleqti", 2007, 377 gverdi. saredaqcio kolegia: prof. jemal gamaxaria<br />

(mTavari redaqtori), prof. Tamaz beraZe, prof. Teimuraz gvancelaZe.<br />

recenzentebi: profesorebi oTar Jordania, manana sanaZe, tariel<br />

futkaraZe), romlis Sesaxebac qvemoT gveqneba saubari, didi xnis win<br />

unda daweriliyo. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos ZirZveli kuTxis - afxazeTis<br />

marTal istorias mxolod dRes waikiTxavs am momentisaTvis uafxazeTod<br />

darCenili da gulgaglejili saqarTvelo. magram mainc aris nugeSi:<br />

"sanTel-sakmevelma Tavisi gza ar dakarga", simarTle mainc iTqva; am<br />

wigniT daiwyo samecniero safuZvlebis momzadeba afxazeTis samarTlebrivi<br />

gziT dasabruneblad. am wigniT pasuxi unda gascemoda kiTxvaTa mTel<br />

rigs: ra davkargeT? ratom davkargeT da rogor davkargeT? es iyo<br />

winamdebare naSromis SemdgenelTa da saredaqcio koleqtivis mTavari<br />

amocana, romelic warmatebiT gadaiWra.<br />

XX saukunis saqarTveloSi ganviTarebulma tragikulma movlenebma<br />

cxadyo, rom politikuri Secdomebis mizezi xSirad iyo warsulis<br />

gakveTilebis gauTvaliswinebloba. erTsa da imave qvakuTxeds sul ufro<br />

da ufro xSirad wamovkravdiT xolme fexs da erTsa da imave tyuils<br />

kvlav da kvlav simarTled miviCnevdiT. unda iTqvas isic, rom humanitarul<br />

mecnierebaTa warmomadgenlebi ver audiodnen im uzarmazari informaciis<br />

Sekreba-gaanalizebas, romelic istoriam Semoinaxa da qaotur grovebad<br />

SeaquCa. Tavisebur problemas warmoadgenda isic, rom e.w. axali<br />

istoriografiis, eTnologiisa da lingvistikis samecniero skolebis<br />

SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis periodSi saqarTvelos damoukidebeli cxovrebis<br />

SesaZlebloba aRar miscemia da Sesabamisad, politikurad aqtualuri<br />

Temebis damuSavebas mudmivad sdevda imperiuli specsamsaxurebis<br />

yovlismWvreteli mzera. miuxedavad amisa, qarTulma istoriografiam,<br />

eTnologiam da lingvistikam (sxva humanitarul dargebTan erTad)<br />

titanuri Sroma gaswia, uamrav mniSvnelovan detals miakvlia da swori<br />

Sefasebac misca. Tamamad SeiZleba Tqma, rom meoce saukunis samecniero<br />

skolebma myari akademiuri safuZvlebi Seqmnes imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelo<br />

arc dRes CamorCes msoflio standartebs da uaxlesi samecniero<br />

meTodologiebis gamoyenebiT axlad aRmoCenili faqtebisa Tu axleburad<br />

wakiTxuli Zveli masalebis bazaze Seqmnas Tanamedrove tipis<br />

monografiebi. ara erTxel aRniSnula, da Cvenc gavimeorebT, rom<br />

saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis yvelaze mwvave momentebSi aRmoCndeboda,<br />

rom samecniero komentari da rekomendacia ver "uswrebda" daZabul<br />

politikur viTarebas, mravali saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba Tu<br />

politikuri gegma saTanado samecniero informaciis gauTvaliswineblad<br />

(an imitom, rom amgvari informacia ar iyo damuSavebuli, an imitom,

ecenzia<br />

rom politikosebi ver xvdebodnen amgvari informaciis gaTvaliswinebis<br />

saWiroebas) formdeboda, da mxolod mogvianebiT aRmoCndeboda, rom<br />

sakiTxi bolomde ar iqna gaazrebuli.<br />

rogorc ukve iTqva, wigni, romlis gamoc es mosazrebebi aRgveZra,<br />

saqarTvelos erT-erT umniSvnelovanes kuTxes afxazeTs eZRvneba. Tavad<br />

idea, rom saqarTvelos istoria kuTxeebis mixedviTac aRiweros,<br />

mSvenieria, radgan is didi codna, romelic calkeul periodTan<br />

dakavSirebiT dagrovda, moiTxovs gamTlianebas, suraTis Tavidan bolomde<br />

danaxvas. imedia, amgvari wignebi saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis Sesaxebac<br />

momzaddeba. es wigni cxadyofs, Tu raoden erTiania <strong>qarTveli</strong> xalxis<br />

istoria, rogor exmianeba saqarTvelos zRvispireTis es umSvenieresi<br />

regioni yvela mniSvnelovan movlenas, romelic saqarTvelos sxva<br />

kuTxeebSi xdeba, da raoden Zlieria qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegneba<br />

am geografiul sivrceSi, romelic misi geopolitikuri Taviseburebebis<br />

gamo Zalian xSirad aRmoCndeboda xolme sxvadasxva saxelmwifoTa<br />

politikuri interesebis arealSi. aseTi mravalwaxnagovani da<br />

informaciulad datvirTuli wignis saimedoobaze is faqtic miuTiTebs,<br />

rom wigni gunduri muSaobis nayofia, mas qmnidnen adamianebi, romlebic<br />

TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi arian TavianTi profesiisa, yoveli maTgani<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos eqspertad im sakiTxebsa da periodebTan dakavSirebiT,<br />

romelTa Sesaxebac weren. yvelas, visac samecniero kvlevasTan aqvs<br />

saqme, esmis, rom calkeuli sakiTxis damuSavebis sirTules arafriT<br />

CamorCeba is sirTule, romelic axlavs sxvadasxva avtoris mier<br />

damuSavebuli nawilebis gamTlianebas. es sirTulec SesaniSnavadaa<br />

gadalaxuli. ai, rogoria wignSi warmodgenili Tematika: istoriulgeografiuli<br />

mimoxilva (Tamaz beraZe, beJan xorava); winareantikuri<br />

xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze (malxaz<br />

baramiZe, guranda fxakaZe); Tanamedrove afxazeTis miwa-wyali _ Zveli<br />

egrisis (kolxeTis) SemadgenlobaSi Zv. w. I saukunemde (jemal gamaxaria);<br />

Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria I saukunidan VIII saukunis Sua<br />

xanebamde (jemal gamaxaria); afxazeTi "afxazTa samefos" SemadgenlobaSi.<br />

VIII s. meore naxevari _ X s. (lia axalaZe); afxazeTis saeklesio<br />

xuroTmoZRvreba (revaz xvistani); Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria<br />

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. XI-XV ss.(lia axalaZe,<br />

Tamaz beraZe); Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVI saukuneSi (Tamaz<br />

beraZe); Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoria XVII saukuneSi (koba okujava);<br />

anTropologiuri monacemebi afxazTa eTnogenezisis sakiTxisaTvis (lia<br />

biTaZe); afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis lingvisturi safuZvlebi (Teimuraz<br />

gvancelaZe); afxazeTi XVIII saukunis dasawyisidan 80-ian wlebamde (beJan<br />

xorava); afxazeTi XVIII s. miwurulsa da XIX s. damdegs. afxazeTis<br />

Sesvla ruseTis "mfarvelobaSi" (beJan xorava); afxazeTi 1810-1880 wlebSi<br />

(beJan xorava); afxazeTi 1881 wlidan 1917 wlis Tebervlamde (irakli<br />

gelenava); afxazeTi _ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi (jemal gamaxaria); afxazeTis politikuri statusi sabWoTa<br />

saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi 1931-1937 ww. (jemal gamaxaria); afxazeTi<br />

427

428<br />

recenzia<br />

sabWoTa socializmis epoqaSi. 1938-1990 ww. (jemal gamaxaria); afxazeTi<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel wlebSi.<br />

1990-1992 ww. (dazmir jojua); afxazeTi 1992-2007 wlebSi (dazmir jojua);<br />

Zveli rukebi saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleT sazRvrebis Sesaxeb (badri<br />

gogia).<br />

wignSi argumentirebuladaa gabaTilebuli is mcdari da, xSirad<br />

mizanmimarTuli sicrue, romliTac Cveni teritoriebis mitacebiT<br />

dainteresebul mxareebs fragment-fragment gayalbebuli istoria unda<br />

SeeqmnaT da saboloo jamSi dasavleT saqarTvelos afxazeTis regionSi<br />

qarTuli materialuri kultura <strong>araqarTuli</strong> warmoSobisad<br />

gamoecxadebinaT. am rigisaa, mag., separatistuli mecnierebis<br />

warmomadgenelTa mcdeloba, rom rkinis metalurgiis afxazeTSi Semosvla,<br />

gavrceleba Crdiloeli skviTuri eTnosis gavleniT axsnan. es Sexeduleba<br />

damajerebladaa gabaTilebuli m. baramiZisa da g. fxakaZis mier. aseve,<br />

wyaroTa gamowvlilviTi analizis safuZvelze j. gamaxaria da T. gvancelaZe<br />

cxadyofen, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi araviTari winare afxazuradiRur<br />

tomTa mosaxleoba ar dasturdeba da "Zv. w. VI-I saukuneebSi<br />

afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze eTnopolitikuri xasiaTis<br />

cvlilebebi ar momxdara, igi kvlav qarTul regionad rCeboda." wignSi<br />

kritikuladaa ganxiluli is mecnieruli Tu fsevdomecnieruli Teoriebi,<br />

romlebiTac dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidri kultura qarTvelTa mier<br />

ki ara, afxazur-Cerqezul enovani xalxis mieraa Seqmnili. j. gamaxaria<br />

(iseve rogorc sxva danarCeni avtorebi) xelaxla ubrundeba<br />

specialistebis mier ukve mravalgzis ganxilul berZnul-romaul wyaroebs,<br />

erTmaneTs udarebs dedansa da Targmans, poulobs winaaRmdegobebs da<br />

eZebs axsnas. naTlad warmoaCens, rom Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriis<br />

araqarTul miwad, xolo misi qarTuli mosaxleobis aramkvidrad<br />

gamocxadebis politika XX saukuneSi gansakuTrebuli simkveTriT iwyeba.<br />

misasalmebelia p. ingoroyvas samecniero Rvawlis erTgvari reabilitacia<br />

imis CvenebiT, Tu rogor edeboda safuZvlad samecniero intriga<br />

politikurs. movixmobT wignidan erT msjelobas: "XX saukunis 50-60<br />

wlebidan aqtiurad muSavdeboda afxazTa samxreTuli warmoSobis<br />

Teoria, rac dakavSirebuli iyo p. ingoroyvas fundamenturi naSromis<br />

_ "giorgi merCules" (Tb., 1954) oficialur dagmobasTan. masSi<br />

dasabuTebulia afsua-afxazTa Crdilokavkasiuri warmoSobisa da gvian<br />

Sua saukuneebSi samegrelos samTavros Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi<br />

Camosaxlebis... adrec arsebuli Teoria. amis gamo aRelvebuli afxazuri<br />

sazogadoebis daSoSminebis mizniT, da aseve politikuri motivebiT,<br />

sabWoTa kavSiris kompartiis centralurma komitetma (romlis<br />

gansakuTrebuli kontrolis qveS imyofeboda istoriuli mecniereba)<br />

1956 wlis 10 ivlisis dadgenilebiT qarTvelebi afxazTa (aseve osTa da<br />

somexTa) erovnuli kulturis viTom likvidaciisa da asimilaciis<br />

mcdelobaSi daadanaSaula. "braldeba" aRiares saqarTvelos kompartiis<br />

centraluri komitetisa (1956 wlis 6-8 agvisto) da afxazeTis saolqo<br />

komitetis (1956 wlis 16 agvisto) plenumebma. ararsebuli "qarTuli

ecenzia<br />

Sovinizmis", afxazTa erovnul-kulturuli "Cagvris" dagmobam gza gauxsna<br />

istoriografiaSi p. ingoroyvas sapirispiro varaudebis, maT Soris<br />

afxazTa samxreTuli warmoSobis koncefciis damkvidrebas" (gv. 33).<br />

wignSi aRwerilia afxazeTis istoriis afsuaTaTvis gadabarebis<br />

mTeli mimdevroba, da es fragmentebi, romelTac bolos cruistoria<br />

Seadgines, uaRresad saintereso Cans socialur mecnierebaTa poziciidan<br />

imis dasanaxad, Tu rogor iyo agebuli sabWouri samecniero demagogia:<br />

jer Seiswavleboda realuri faqti, mere bevr marTalSi erTi-ori<br />

yalbi mosazreba "Seipareboda", Semdeg am yalbi frazis citirebisa da<br />

gafarToebis "samuSao" Sesruldeboda, momdevno etapze am yalbi frazidan<br />

amosvliT Sefasdeboda is simarTle, romelic realur monacemebze<br />

dayrdnobiT iyo gamoTqmuli adre...<br />

samecniero kvlevis meTodebi xSirad icvleba da am cvlis ZiriTadi<br />

mizezi isaa, rom jerjerobiT arc erTi meTodis miCneva ar SeiZleba<br />

universalurad. mecniereba mudmiv moZraobaSia, da WeSmaritebebi codnis<br />

im doneze iqmneba, romelsac vflobT, magram axal faqtebs axali<br />

WeSmaritebebi mosdevs. es wigni imiTacaa mniSvnelovani, rom mTeli rigi<br />

sadavo sakiTxebis qronologiuri da faqtobrivi skrupulozurobiT<br />

aRdgenis wyalobiT bevri mecnieris keTilsindisier da Tavdadebul<br />

Rvawls, miCqmaluls, da xSirad afxazeTis mitacebis mizniTa da sabWouri<br />

cenzuriT devnilsac, daubrunda kuTvnili adgili, es wigni imeds iZleva,<br />

rom saboloo jamSi samarTali izeimebs, araferi ar iqneba daviwyebuli<br />

da calkeuli detali, patiosnad Seswavlili da Sefasebuli, saerTo<br />

mozaikaSi im adgils daikavebs, romelic am mozaikuri suraTis<br />

sisrulisaTvis aucilebladaa Sesavsebi.<br />

wignSi damuSavebulia didZali samecniero literatura, maT Soris<br />

bolo wlebSi gamoqveynebuli da Cveni samecniero biblioTekebisa Tu<br />

maRaziaTa qselis "Taviseburebebis" gamo xSirad specialistebisaTvisac<br />

ki SeumCnevlad darCenili; daZebnilia calkeul statiebsa Tu samecniero<br />

konferenciaTa TezisebSi gafantuli uaRresad saintereso dakvirvebebi<br />

da mignebebi. es samecniero codna Tavmoyrili da sistematizebulia<br />

sakvlevi Temis amocanebis Sesabamisad da monografias ara mxolod<br />

saukeTeso saavtoro gundis Semoqmedebis nayofad warmogvidgens, aramed<br />

afxazeTis istoriul-saenaTmecniero daxasiaTebis mowadine samecniero<br />

Taobebis naRvawadac. unda vifiqroT, rom Cveni didi moazrovneebi amas<br />

elodnen STamomavlobisagan, elodnen, rom maT mier dasmuli da danaxuli<br />

sakiTxebi, maT mier farTo samoqmedo gegmad dasaxuli, momdevno<br />

TaobebisaTvis is safuZveli iqneboda, romelzec isini aagebdnen TavianT<br />

saqmianobas, Seavsebdnen da daazustebdnen faqtebs, winaparTagan gakvaluli<br />

gziT nabij-nabij gahyvebodnen samecniero process da mudam Tanamedrove<br />

da progresuli TvaliT Sexedavdnen mecnierebas.<br />

winamdebare wignSi T. beraZe warmoaCens afxazeTis geopolitikur<br />

mniSvnelobas, mis saerTaSoriso datvirTvas istoriis sxvadasxva<br />

monakveTSi, saukeTesodaa naCvenebi Sua saukuneebis dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

mmarTvelTa frTxili diplomatia da politikuri manevrireba uaRresad<br />

429

430<br />

recenzia<br />

rTul "samezoblo" urTierTobebSi (bizantia, TurqeTi, ruseTi), am<br />

politikam saboloo jamSi saqarTvelo da misi uZvirfasesi nawili _<br />

afxazeTi meoce saukunis bolomde moiyvana. naSromSi warmodgenilia,<br />

da kritikulad ganxilulia, ucxoel mogzaurTa da moRvaweTa cnobebi<br />

afxazeTis Sesaxeb.<br />

metad mniSvnelovania wignis is nawili, romelSic naCvenebia, rom<br />

amJamindeli afxazeTis teritoriaze gamovlenili didZali qarTuli<br />

epigrafikuli masala (warwerebi) TvalnaTliv asaxavs am regionSi<br />

qarTvelTa binadrobas mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze (avtori _ lia<br />

axalaZe). garkveulia, rom warwerebSi srulebiT ar moixseniebian eklesiamonastrebis<br />

mSeneblobisa Tu SekeTebis afxazi (afsua) qtitorebi an<br />

Semsrulebeli ostatebi, ar dasturdeba arc erTi afxazuri (afsuuri)<br />

gvari. metic, regionis mravalricxovani warwerebis Sinaarsic da maTi<br />

grafikuli Taviseburebanic cxadyofen aqauri mosaxleobis umWidroes<br />

kavSirs danarCeni saqarTvelos EeTno-demografiul, socialur, enobriv<br />

da kulturul-ideologiur samyarosTan. gansakuTrebiT faseulia l.<br />

axalaZis dasabuTebuli daskvna, romlis Tanaxmadac, regionis qarTuli<br />

mosaxleoba xSirad iyo iniciatori mravali qarTuli kulturuli<br />

siaxlisa. magaliTad, ZvelqarTuli damwerlobis erT-erTi saxeoba swored<br />

aq, amJamindel afxazeTSi Seqmnila da Semdgom sayovelTaod gavrcelebula<br />

mTel saqarTveloSi.<br />

unda aRiniSnos, rom winamdebare monografiis avtorebi xSirad<br />

mimarTaven lingvistur sakiTxebs, rogorc gansakuTrebulad<br />

aqcentirebuls afxazeTis istoriis problemebTan dakavSirebiT<br />

erTmaneTTan mkveTrad dapirispirebul samecniero TvalsazrisebSi.<br />

istorikosebi saenaTmecniero msjelobas da sakuTar saxelTa (toponimTa,<br />

hidronimTa, anTroponimTa da sxv.) Tu apelatiur (metadre dargobriv<br />

da socialur) terminTa etimologiur versiebSi saqarTvelos am ZirZveli<br />

kuTxis avtoqToni mosaxleobis eTnikur-enobrivi <strong>warmomavlobis</strong> dadgenas<br />

cdiloben. am sakiTxebze sagangebodaa gamaxvilebuli yuradReba meTerTmete<br />

TavSi _ "afxazeTis eTnikuri istoriis lingvisturi safuZvlebi"<br />

(Teimuraz gvancelaZe);<br />

samecniero naSromebSi mTeli meoce saukunis manZilze muSaobda<br />

Tvalsazrisi, rom "dasavleT saqarTvelo Tavdapirvelad dasaxlebuli<br />

iyo afxazTa, abazaTa, adiRelTa, yabardoelTa da ubixTa saerTo winapari<br />

tomebiT (winareafxazur-adiRuri eTnosiT)" da rom qarTuli mosaxleoba<br />

ar cxovrobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi da megrul da svanur metyvelebebs<br />

win uswrebda afxazur-adiRuri, ubixuri da Cerqezuli enebi. am mosazrebas<br />

amagrebdnen ramdenime tipis toponimiTa da erTi-ori eTnonimis<br />

Taviseburi etimologiiT. cxadia, yvela samecniero Ziebas arsebobis<br />

ufleba aqvs, magram iseTi Tvalsazrisebi, romelnic konkretul<br />

teritoriaze avtoqToni mosaxleobis dadgenas exeba (xolo am dadgenam<br />

SesaZloa Tanamedrove politikuri da samxedro moqmedebebisaTvis<br />

ideologiuri safuZvlebi moamzados), didi sifrTxiliT unda iqnes<br />

miRebuli da mravalgzis gadamowmebuli. T. gvancelaZis winamdebare

ecenzia<br />

kvlevaSi kritikuladaa ganxiluli is argumentebi, romlebic n. maris<br />

mier gamoiTqva meoce saukunis pirvel mesamedSi, da romelsac ama Tu im<br />

konteqstSi imeorebdnen da damatebiT "sabuTebs" uZebnidnen mTeli XX<br />

saukunis ganmavlobaSi. sarecenzio wignSi udavod angariSgasawevi sabuTebia<br />

motanili n. marisa da am sakiTxSi mis mimdevarTa xsenebuli Tvalsazrisis<br />

sapirispirod da naCvenebia, rom "XVI saukunemde Crdilo-dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi arasodes ucxovriaT afxazTa winaprebs, rom araferi<br />

vTqvaT Cerqez-ubixTa winaprebze," amis dasturad avtori miuTiTebs<br />

werilobiT, lingvistur da kartografiul cnobebze. am rigisaa, mag.,<br />

termin "afxazis" urTierToba sxva fuZeebTan ("afxazi", "afsua", "abaza",<br />

"abasgi" "afsili"//"afSeli", "afsari"). avtori sakuTari Sexedulebis<br />

Camoyalibebamde mimoixilavs adre gamoTqmul Tvalsazrisebs da Sefasebas<br />

aZlevs yovel maTgans; qarTveluri substrati afxazur enaSi sagangebodaa<br />

ganxiluli qristianuli terminebis mixedviT, am msjelobas avtori<br />

saintereso daskvnamde mihyavs: "afxazTa winaprebs qristianuli<br />

terminologia dasWirvebiaT X-XI saukuneebidan XVII saukunemde, e.i. X<br />

saukunemde mainc isini qristianebi ar yofilan; b) afxazebs qristianoba<br />

berZnebisagan ki ara, qarTvelebisagan miuRiaT da qristianul terminebsac<br />

(maT Soris berZnuli warmoSobisasac) qarTvelur ena-kiloTagan<br />

iTvisebdnen; g) Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze mosaxle afSilebi<br />

da abasgebi amJamindel afxazTa da abazaTa winaprebi ar yofilan.<br />

qarTveluri an <strong>qarTveli</strong>zebuli sakulto leqsikiT gadmoicema ZiriTadi<br />

qristianuli cnebebi: jvari, qriste, qristeSoba, bzoba da sxv. afxazur<br />

enaSi TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneba bibleizmebi da afxazeTSi ar gvxvdeba arc<br />

erTi afxazuri toponimi, romelime qristianuli cnebis an wmindanis<br />

saxelTan rom iyos dakavSirebuli". sabuTTa Soris gansakuTrebiT<br />

sainteresoa zRvaosnobisa da meTevzeobis terminebi afxazurSi, romlebic<br />

oden qarTulidanaa aRebuli, adgilobrivi, qarTuli warmoSobisaa sxva<br />

dargobrivi terminebic da sxv.<br />

krebulis sxvadasxva nawilSi gamotanil daskvnebs imis Sesaxeb,<br />

rom afxazi xalxis amJamindeli saxis Camoyalibebis procesSi didi<br />

roli iTamaSa Tanamedrove afxazeTis miwaze ZvelTaganve mobinadre<br />

qarTulma mosaxleobam, romelsac Seerivnen CrdiloeT kavkasiidan XVI<br />

saukunidan mosulni, Zalze damajerebels xdis anTropologiuri<br />

monacemebis obieqturi kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic warmodgenilia lia<br />

biTaZis naSromSi. am monacemebidan Cans, rom amJamindeli afxazebi<br />

anTropologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT metad axlos dganan, erTi mxriv,<br />

abazebTan, adiRelebTan da yabardoelebTan, meore mxriv ki _ dasavlel<br />

qarTvelebTan (megrelebTan, imerlebTan, gurulebTan, aWarlebTan...).<br />

wignis gansakuTrebul Rirsebad migvaCnia is, rom aq Tavmoyrilia<br />

masala da analizi afxazeTis teritoriis warsulisa da awmyos Sesaxeb.<br />

xazgasmulia isic, rom Tanamedrove afxazeTi ar moicavs am terminis<br />

qveS istoriulad nagulisxmev realur teritorias. da, rom am<br />

saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebiT daSvebuli mravali samecniero, da<br />

politikuric, Secdoma swored amis gauTvaliswineblobis Sedegia. rac<br />

431

432<br />

recenzia<br />

ufro moviwevT Tanamedroveobisaken, miT ufro cxadi xdeba, ratom<br />

unda dasWirveboda mters istoriis gayalbeba, ratom gaCnda<br />

bolodroindeli siyalbeebi. afxazeTis politikuri cxovreba XVIII<br />

saukunis dasawyisidan XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde b. xoravas aqvs<br />

aRwerili. aq naTlad Cans is Tanamimdevruli agresiuli politika,<br />

romelic ruseTma ukve XIX s-is dasawyisSi Caifiqra da Tavisi Soreuli<br />

miznis _ saqarTvelosaTvis zRvispireTis warTmevis _ ganxorcielebas<br />

Seudga. es monakveTi cxadyofs, rogor gadaiqca ruseTis winaaRmdeg<br />

TavganwirviT mebrZoli afxazi (afsua) xalxi (1821, 1824, 1839-40, 1866,<br />

1877-78 wlebis antirusuli ajanyebebi, ruseTis sadamsjelo<br />

eqspediciebi, administraciuli reJimebi da sxv.) ruseTis politikis<br />

dasayrdenad.<br />

rogorc araerTgzis aRniSnaven sxvadasxva qveynis mecnierebi,<br />

Tanamedrove humanitarul dargebs erTi didi Tavsatexi aqvs: informaciul<br />

zRvaSi Znelia mTeli masalis fundamenturi damuSaveba da Zveli<br />

WeSmaritebebis axali codnis konteqstSi xelaxla gadamowmeba.<br />

amitom xSirad, didi avtoritetebis debulebebi am debulebaTa<br />

Seqmnisa da imdroindeli codnis konteqstis gauTvaliswineblad<br />

aiReba da udavo postulatad edeba romelime sakiTxs. amitom xSirad<br />

aigeba zogjer sruliad logikuri msjeloba, magram dafuZnebuli<br />

mcdar amosaval postulatze, es ki, cxadia, swor daskvnamde ver<br />

migviyvans.<br />

manana manana tabiZe<br />

tabiZe<br />

filologiis mecnierebaTa<br />

doqtori, profesori<br />

amiran lomTaZe<br />

filologiis mecnierebaTa<br />

doqtori, profesori

teqnikuri redaqtori: malxaz dograSvili<br />

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: qeTevan baqraZe<br />

krebuli gamosacemad momzadda: akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis<br />

qarTveluri dialeqtologiis<br />

samecniero-kvleviT institutSi<br />

433

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