Studies in Modern and Contemporary History 1(7)

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology<br />

2<br />

ISSN 1512-3154<br />

<strong>Studies</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />

1(7)<br />

`UNIVERSAL~<br />

Tbilisi 2010

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ivane javaxiSvilis istoriis da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stituti<br />

3<br />

ISSN 1512-3154<br />

axali da uaxlesi<br />

istoriis sakiTxebi<br />

1(7)<br />

gamomcemloba `universali~<br />

Tbilisi 2010

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uak (UDC) 94(100) `15/18~ + 94(100) `1918/...~<br />

a-984<br />

saredaqcio kolegia:<br />

gia gelaSvili<br />

SoTa vadaWkoria<br />

vasil kaWarava<br />

vaJa kiknaZe<br />

voicex materski<br />

(poloneTis mecnierebaTa<br />

akademia)<br />

gela saiTiZe<br />

(redaqtoris moadgile)<br />

malxaz sioriZe<br />

avT<strong>and</strong>il sonRulaSvili<br />

(redaqtori)<br />

xaTuna qoqraSvili<br />

(pasuxismgebeli mdivani)<br />

dodo WumburiZe<br />

(redaqtoris moadgile)<br />

niko javaxiSvili<br />

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2010<br />

4<br />

EDITORIAL BOARD:<br />

Gia Gelashvili<br />

Shota Vadackoria<br />

Vasil Kacharava<br />

Vazha Kiknadze<br />

Wojciech Materski<br />

(Academy<br />

of sciences of Pol<strong>and</strong>)<br />

Gela Saitidze<br />

(Deputy editor)<br />

Malkhaz Sioridze<br />

Avt<strong>and</strong>il Songulashvili<br />

(Editor)<br />

Khatuna Kokrashvili<br />

(Executive secretary)<br />

Dodo Chumburidze<br />

(Deputy editor)<br />

Niko Javakhishvili<br />

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30<br />

E-mail: universal@<strong>in</strong>ternet.ge

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S<strong>in</strong>aarsi<br />

Contents<br />

����������������������<br />

Platon Joseliani – 200<br />

gela saiTiZe .................................................................................13<br />

platon ioseliani — redaqtori, publicisti<br />

(dabadebis 200 wlis gamo)<br />

Gela Saitidze<br />

Platon Ioseliani – Editor, Publicist<br />

xaTuna qoqraSvili .....................................................................35<br />

Pplaton ioseliani — saeklesio istoriis mkvlevari<br />

(zogadi mimoxilva)<br />

Khatuna Kokrashvili<br />

Platon Ioseliani – The Researcher of the Church <strong>History</strong> (General review)<br />

�<br />

��������������������<br />

The <strong>History</strong> of the Georgian�<br />

dodo WumburiZe .........................................................................49<br />

rusuli kolonizacia afxazeTSi da dasaxleba<br />

parnauTi<br />

Dodo Chumburidze<br />

Russian Colonialization <strong>in</strong> Abkhazia <strong>and</strong> the Settlement Parnauti<br />

caca CxartiSvili .......................................................................64<br />

afxazeTis Teatraluri cxovreba XIX saukunis<br />

80-90-ian wlebSi da istoriuli mexsiereba<br />

Tsatsa Chkhartishvili<br />

Theatrical Life <strong>in</strong> Abkhazia <strong>in</strong> the 80-90es of the 19 th Century<br />

<strong>and</strong> Historical Memory<br />

oTar gogoliSvili ....................................................................77<br />

aWara ucxoeli istorikosis TvaliT (XIX s-is 80-iani<br />

wlebi)<br />

Otar Gogolishvili<br />

Historian Evgeni Veidenbaum’s Writ<strong>in</strong>gs about Adjara<br />

ilia vadaWkoria ..........................................................................84<br />

gazeTi `iveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisa<br />

da gamoqveynebuli mecnieruli literaturis<br />

Sesaxeb (1886-1889 ww.)<br />

Ilia Vadachkoria<br />

The Newspaper “Iveria” About the Sources of the <strong>History</strong> of Georgia <strong>and</strong><br />

Published Scientific Literature (1886 - 1889)<br />

5

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qeTevan mania .................................................................................98<br />

qarTuli nacionaluri identobis wrTobis<br />

procesi `iveriis~ (1887) mixedviT<br />

Ketevan Mania<br />

The Process of National Identity Harden<strong>in</strong>g Accord<strong>in</strong>g to `Iveria~ (1887)<br />

nato sonRulaSvili ..................................................................113<br />

identobrivi avtonomiurobis ideali: Tavisuflebis<br />

idea da misi kultivacia beWduri mediis saSualebiT<br />

XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis qarTul erTobaSi<br />

Nato Songulashvili<br />

Identical Autonumous Ideal: the Idea of Freedom <strong>and</strong> its Cultivation on the<br />

Basis of Pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g Media <strong>in</strong> the 10-years Georgian Unity of XX century<br />

ir<strong>in</strong>a arabiZe ................................................................................125<br />

damatebiTi cnobebi eqvTime TayaiSvilis<br />

1917 wlis eqspediciasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

Ir<strong>in</strong>a Arabidze<br />

Additional Information About Ekvtime Takaishvili’s Expedition <strong>in</strong> 1917<br />

lela saraliZe ............................................................................132<br />

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis<br />

istoriidan (1917-1922 ww.)<br />

LLela Saralidze<br />

From the <strong>History</strong> of So Called `South Osetia~ Autonomous Oblast<br />

Formation <strong>in</strong> 1917 – 1922�<br />

�<br />

SoTa vadaWkoria .........................................................................168<br />

Sida qarTlis mTis osebis sagadasaxlebo politika<br />

da qarTuli politikuri azri (XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi)<br />

Shota Vadachkoria<br />

Exile Policy of the Shida Kartli Osetians Liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong> Georgian<br />

Political Th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g (The 20es of the 20 th century)�<br />

�<br />

nugzar zosiZe ..............................................................................190<br />

baTumis olqi 1920 wlis pirvel naxevarSi<br />

Nugzar Zosidze<br />

Batumi District <strong>in</strong> the First Part of year 1920�<br />

n<strong>in</strong>o RambaSiZe ..............................................................................200<br />

vaxtang RambaSiZe — cxovreba da moRvaweoba<br />

N<strong>in</strong>o Ghambashidze<br />

Vakhtang Ghambashidze – The Life <strong>and</strong> Activity�<br />

�<br />

6

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Tamar TamaraSvili .....................................................................227<br />

ganaTlebis istoriidan saqarTveloSi (Telavis pedagogiuri<br />

teqnikumi (1924-1939))<br />

Tamar Tamarashvili<br />

From the <strong>History</strong> of Education <strong>in</strong> Georgia (Telavi Pedagogical Technical Institut<br />

(1924-1939))�<br />

�<br />

����������������������<br />

Georgia <strong>and</strong> the World<br />

niko javaxiSvili ........................................................................238<br />

qarTvelTa kvali baltiispireTSi (XVII saukunis<br />

miwurulidan — XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde)<br />

Niko Javakhishvili<br />

Trace of Georgians <strong>in</strong> the Baltics (From the end of XVII th – to the first half<br />

of XIX th century)<br />

giorgi beJitaSvili ...................................................................254<br />

poloneTSi qarTuli samxedro emigraciis istoriis<br />

zogierTi aspeqti<br />

George Bezhitashvili<br />

The Certa<strong>in</strong> Aspects of <strong>History</strong> of the Georgian Military Immigration <strong>in</strong><br />

Pol<strong>and</strong><br />

�<br />

avT<strong>and</strong>il sonRulaSvili ........................................................260<br />

saqarTvelos urTierToba dasavleT evropasa da<br />

amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan XX saukunis pirvel<br />

meoTxedSi<br />

Avt<strong>and</strong>il Songulashvili<br />

Relations of Georgia with the Western Europe <strong>and</strong> the USA In the first<br />

quarter of the XX century�<br />

nodar xorbalaZe ........................................................................283<br />

saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiuli politikis<br />

istoriidan<br />

Nodar Khorbaladze<br />

From Russia's Imperial Politics <strong>in</strong> Georgia�<br />

malxaz makaraZe ...........................................................................295<br />

damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifo da ruseTis<br />

agresiuli politika<br />

Malkhaz Makaradze<br />

Independent Georgia <strong>and</strong> Russian Aggression Politics�<br />

7

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sofiko davlaSeriZe ..................................................................299<br />

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena da<br />

aSS-is politika postsabWour sivrceze<br />

Sopho Davlasheridze<br />

Restoration of Georgia Independence <strong>and</strong> Policy of USA of Soviet Spare�<br />

korneli kakaCia ..........................................................................306<br />

aSS-saqarTvelos strategiuli TanamSromlobis<br />

qartia: icavs Tu ara is saqarTvelos usafrTxoebas?<br />

Kornely Kakachia<br />

United States-Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership: Does it protect<br />

Georgia’s Sovereignity?�<br />

�<br />

������������������<br />

The <strong>History</strong> of the Caucasus<br />

mzia tyavaSvili ...........................................................................321<br />

Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielTa axalSenis istoriidan Crdilo<br />

kavkasiaSi (XIX saukunis dasawyisi)<br />

Mzia Tkavashvili<br />

From the <strong>History</strong> of the Scots’ Colony <strong>in</strong> the North Caucasus<br />

(The beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the 19 th century)<br />

�<br />

����������������<br />

The <strong>History</strong> of the World<br />

Tamar anTaZe .................................................................................329<br />

Uuiliam III oraneli<br />

Tamar Antadze<br />

William III of Orange<br />

vasil kaWarava .............................................................................342<br />

1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi amerikis<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

Vasil Kacharava<br />

American Presidential Elections of 1952<br />

vasil kaWarava .............................................................................360<br />

politikuri partiebis ideologia da platformebi<br />

aSS-is 1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi<br />

Vasil Kacharava<br />

Ideology of Political Parties <strong>and</strong> their Platforms <strong>in</strong> the Presidential Elections<br />

of the United States <strong>in</strong> 1952<br />

8

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���������<br />

The Policy<br />

Tengiz grigolia ........................................................................372<br />

ruseTi da irani axlo aRmosavleTis regionalur<br />

geopolitikaSi<br />

Tengiz Grigolia<br />

Russia <strong>and</strong> Iran <strong>in</strong> Close-east Regional Geopolitics<br />

Tornike SurRulaia ..................................................................378<br />

aSS-s nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagento<br />

(`Savi oTaxi~)<br />

Tornike Shurgulaia<br />

National Security Agency (NSA) of the USA (Black Room)<br />

maia amirgulaSvili ..................................................................385<br />

globalizaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi<br />

Maia Amirgulashvili<br />

<strong>Modern</strong> Tendencies of Globalization<br />

��������������������<br />

Millitary <strong>History</strong><br />

Teimuraz dalaqiSvili, xaTuna TodaZe, daviT<br />

mamulaiSvili ..............................................................................394<br />

tradiciuli kavkasiuri sabrZolo iaraRis<br />

warmoebis istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva<br />

(ZiriTadi tipebi da saxeebi)<br />

Teimuraz Dalaqishvili, Khatuna Todadze, Davit Mamulaishvili<br />

Traditional Caucasus Cold Weapons <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Geography of their<br />

Production Ma<strong>in</strong> Types<br />

�������������������������<br />

Religion. The <strong>History</strong> of the Church<br />

eldar bubulaSvili .................................................................405<br />

ucnobi masalebi sasuliero ganaTlebis Sesaxeb<br />

XX s-is 20-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi<br />

Eldar Bubulashvili<br />

Unknown Material about Religious Education (20-ies of the 20 th century)<br />

sofio <strong>and</strong>RulaZe .......................................................................412<br />

qarTveli samRvdeloeba sabWoTa totalitaruli<br />

reJimis damyarebis periodSi da episkoposi<br />

stefane bodbeli (vasil karbelaSvili)<br />

Sophio Andghuladze<br />

Georgian Clergy <strong>in</strong> the Period of Establish<strong>in</strong>g Soviet Totalitarian Regime <strong>and</strong><br />

the Bishop of Bodbe Stephane (Vasil Karbelashvili)<br />

9

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��������������<br />

Historiography<br />

merab kal<strong>and</strong>aZe ..........................................................................423<br />

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebi<br />

XX saukunis qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

Merab Kal<strong>and</strong>adze<br />

<strong>Modern</strong> <strong>History</strong> of Eastern Europe <strong>Studies</strong> <strong>in</strong> Georgia<br />

�<br />

����������������<br />

Source-<strong>Studies</strong><br />

niko javaxiSvili ........................................................................445<br />

toponim `Tbilisis~ istoriisaTvis<br />

Niko Javakhishvili<br />

For the <strong>History</strong> of Toponym `Tbilisi~<br />

xaTuna qoqraSvili .....................................................................448<br />

`oseTis sasuliero komisiis~ arqim<strong>and</strong>riti nikifore<br />

Sida qarTlSi osebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb (1817-1818 ww.)<br />

Khatuna Kokrashvili<br />

Archim<strong>and</strong>rite of `The Osetia Ecclesiastic Commission~ Nikifore About the<br />

Settlement Of the Osetians <strong>in</strong> Shida Kartli (1817 - 1818)<br />

mzia mgalobliSvili, lela miqiaSvili .............................463<br />

masalebi XIX s. 30-iani wlebis afxazeTis samTavros<br />

istoriidan (frederik diubua de monperes `mogzaurobis~<br />

mixedviT)<br />

Mzia Mgaloblishvili, Lela Mikiashvili<br />

The Materials From the <strong>History</strong> of Abkhazia Pr<strong>in</strong>cipality of the 30es of the<br />

19 th Century (Accord<strong>in</strong>g to `The Travel~ by Frederic Dubois de Monpere)�<br />

gia gelaSvili ..............................................................................499<br />

sami dokumenti saqarTvelos Sesaxeb<br />

Gia Gelashvili<br />

Three Documents about Georgia�<br />

10

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������������<br />

Numismatics<br />

irakli faRava ..............................................................................515<br />

Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi st<strong>and</strong>arti, nom<strong>in</strong>alTa<br />

sistema da moWris teqnika (avSarianTa d<strong>in</strong>astiis periodi)<br />

Irakli Paghava<br />

The Weight St<strong>and</strong>ard, Denom<strong>in</strong>ations’ System <strong>and</strong> M<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g Technique of<br />

Tiflis Co<strong>in</strong>s (Afsharid Period)<br />

������������<br />

View Po<strong>in</strong>t<br />

zurab kvetenaZe ...........................................................................533<br />

saWiroa Tu ara saqarTvelos istoriis `xelaxla<br />

dawera~<br />

Zurab kvetenadze<br />

Is it Necessary that Georgian <strong>History</strong> `Write aga<strong>in</strong>?~<br />

������������������������<br />

Criticism <strong>and</strong> Bibliography<br />

niko javaxiSvili ........................................................................540<br />

soliduri samecniero wigni<br />

Niko Javakhishvili<br />

Solid Scientific Work<br />

����������<br />

In the Memory of Our Collegue<br />

dodo WumburiZe .........................................................................542<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re bendianiSvili<br />

Dodo Chuburidze<br />

Aleks<strong>and</strong>re Bendianashvili<br />

11

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krebulis saredaqcio kolegia xelmZRvanelobs kanoniT<br />

presis Sesaxeb. gamoqveynebuli masalebis sizusteze<br />

pasuxismgebelia avtori.<br />

redaqciis misamarTi:<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stituti,<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofileba<br />

Tbilisi, petre meliqiSvilis q. # 10, III sarTuli<br />

telefoni: 93 41 37<br />

12

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�����������������������<br />

gela saiTiZe<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />

profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa<br />

da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis axali<br />

da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis<br />

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

platon ioseliani — redaqtori, publicisti<br />

(dabadebis 200 wlis gamo)<br />

1875 wlis 11 dekembers, gazeTi `kavkazi~ pl. ioselianis<br />

gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT dastambul werilSi, miuTi-<br />

Tebda: `Cvens saukuneSi platon egnates Ze ioseliani iyo pirveli<br />

qarTveli mecnieri, kavkasiaSi rusuli perioduli gamocemis<br />

pirveli qarTveli redaqtori, xelmwifis mier samecniero-literaturuli<br />

saqmianobisaTvis dajildoebuli pirveli<br />

qarTveli moRvawe, sxvadasxva samecniero sazogadoebis wevrad<br />

arCeuli pirveli qarTveli da aseve pirveli qarTvelTagani,<br />

romelmac Tavisi samSoblos arqeologiisa da istoriis<br />

Seswavlas mohkida xeli~ [38].<br />

kavkasiis mxaris oficiozis furclebze qarTveli moRvawis<br />

aseTi maRali Sefaseba gadaWarbebuli srulebiT ar<br />

aris. pl. ioselianis, XIX saukunis qarTvel moRvaweTa erTerTi<br />

TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o warmomadgenlis, mravalmxriv nayofieri<br />

saqmianoba sakmaod kargad aris Seswavlili, Tumca bevri ram<br />

kidev elodeba WeSmaritebis maZiebeli mkvlevaris Zalisxmevas;<br />

axlebur wakiTxvas da Sefasebas imsaxurebs misi gamoqveynebuli<br />

Txzulebebi — istoriis, literaturis, xuroTmoZ-<br />

Rvrebis, eklesiis, qarTuli damwerlobis, gramatikis, rus-<br />

Tvelologiis, saredaqtoro Tu publicisturi moRvaweobis<br />

sakiTxebze, amasTan gamomzeurebas elian arqivsacavebis, muzeumebisa<br />

da sxva samecniero centrebSi daculi jer kidev gamouqveynebeli<br />

nawerebi, maT Soris mdidari epistolaruli<br />

memkvidreoba. is<strong>in</strong>i, umeteswilad, rusul da sxva ucxo enebzea<br />

dawerili da maT ara marto amaTuim konkretuli dargis<br />

specialistis, aramed gawafuli mTargmnelis kalamic esaWi-<br />

13

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oeba. ra Tqma unda, Cven amis pretenzia ara gvaqvs, aq mxolod<br />

Sexsenebis mizniT vayenebT am sakiTxs.<br />

mokled gavixsenebT im wyaroebsa da literaturas, romlebze<br />

dayrdnobiTac w<strong>in</strong>amdebare statia daiwera. pirvel<br />

rigSi, esaa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saistorio arqivis me-4,<br />

440-e, 489-e da 1438-e fondebSi daculi dokumentebi [1; 2; 3];<br />

imdro<strong>in</strong>deli qarTuli da rusulenovani perioduli gamocemebis<br />

kompleqtebi; sxvadasxva enciklopediebi da enciklopediuri<br />

leqsikonebi; dokumentebis krebulebi. kavkasiis arqeografiuli<br />

komisiis mier Sekrebili aqtebis tomebi; qarTveli<br />

mkvlevarebis naSromebi, romlebSic sxvadasxva kuTxiTaa<br />

mimoxiluli pl. ioselianis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis peripetiebi.<br />

maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: a. abramiSvilis, arC. barami-<br />

Zis, ak. gawerilias, m. gocaZis, v. gorgaZis, j. vaTeiSvilis, g.<br />

TumaniSvilis, al. kal<strong>and</strong>aZis, k. kekeliZis, g. leoniZis, n. maxaraZis,<br />

s. mesxis, l. meliqseT-begis, pr. ratianis, sol. yubaneiSvilis,<br />

d. SuRliaSvilis, z. WiW<strong>in</strong>aZis, al. xaxanaSvilis,<br />

sol. xuciSvilis da sxvaTa naSromebi. ra Tqma unda, CemTvis<br />

upirveles wyaros warmoadgenda pl. ioselianis aTeulobiT<br />

wigni, broSura Tu statia, romlebic yvelaze saukeTesod<br />

warmoaCenen mis pirovnebas...<br />

w<strong>in</strong>amdebare TemasTan uSualo SexebaSia n<strong>in</strong>o maxaraZis<br />

vrceli saJurnalo statia: `Платон Иоселиани в «Закавказском<br />

Вестнике»~ [18, 366-388], romelSic avtori dawvrilebiT mimoixilavs<br />

pl. ioselianis gazeT `zakavkazskii vestnikSi~ moRvaweobis<br />

orwlian (1845-1846) periods. mkvlevaris azriT, es<br />

wlebi srulad asaxavs am araCveulebrivi adamianis saredaqcio-publicisturi<br />

moRvaweobis stilsa da xasiaTs imdro<strong>in</strong>deli<br />

amierkavkasiis rusul presaSi; rom `es ori sruli weli<br />

warmodgenas gviqmnis pl. ioselianze, rogorc moqalaqisa da<br />

mecnieris uzarmazar patriotul gmirobaze~ [18, 375].<br />

savsebiT gasaziarebelia n. maxaraZis Semdegi mosazrebac<br />

imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom pl. ioselians Segnebuli hqonda ra<br />

kavkasiaSi rusuli gamocemis redaqtorisa da publicistis<br />

pasuxismgebloba, amitom igi, yovelTvis cdilobda farTo<br />

mkiTxvelisaTvis gaecno mxaris warsuli da awmyo da amiT ruseTis<br />

mcxovrebTa Soris <strong>in</strong>teresi da mxardaWera gamoewvia<br />

Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis legendaruli da gmiruli istoriis<br />

14

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mimarT... [18, 376] magram ver daveTanxmebiT n. maxaraZes roca<br />

igi pl. ioselianis misasalmebel sityvaze amaxvilebs yurad-<br />

Rebas graf. m. s. voroncovis saqarTveloSi CamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

da TiTqos ar surs daijeros, rom maTi avtori p.<br />

ioseliani iyo: «Приветственное слово, произнесенное П. Иоселиани<br />

в честь приезда в Тифлис наместника Кавказа графа Воронцова (№8,<br />

1845) звучит дисонансом по отношении к остальным его выступлением.<br />

Напищенность,патетическая приподнятость, непривычный пафос его<br />

речи: «Кавказ! Проснись от вековой дремоты! Твой царь дал тебе<br />

миротворца»... и т. д., настоько не характерны для такого автора, как<br />

Иоселиани и выглядят как нелепо, что кажеться не он писал эти строки,<br />

а писал за него необходимость привичка к такому тону в отношении<br />

официальных персон, общепринятость, но вряд ли искренность. Ибо<br />

весма сомнительно, чтобы такой патриот и крупнейший историк как<br />

Иоселиани мог считать, что от пресловутой дремоты Кавказ призван<br />

пробудить наместник» [18, 380].<br />

am sityvebis avtors, rogorc Cans bolomde Tvali aRar<br />

gaudevnebia pl. ioselianis pativiscemiT aRsavse da siyvaruliani<br />

damokidebulebisadmi mefisnacvali mix. voroncovis<br />

personis mimarT, Torem Zneli mosaZebni ar Seeqmneboda is aRfrTovanebuli<br />

da madlierebis grZnobiT aRsavse striqonebi,<br />

romlebic mis araerT `mgzavris CanawerebSia~ dafiqsirebuli<br />

`mxaris angelozad~ movl<strong>in</strong>ebul am didmoxelis mimarT. vfiqrobT,<br />

es srulebiT ar amcirebs pl. ioselians, roca igi gulwrfelad<br />

da ara mliqvnelurad Tvlida, rom grafi mix. voroncovi,<br />

evropul civilizacias naziarebi pirovneba, bevr<br />

rames akeTebda mis qveSevrdomobas daqvemdebarebul mxareSi<br />

da met adamianur yuradRebas iCenda aq mcxovrebi xalxebis istoriisa<br />

da adaT-wesebis, enisa da kulturis mimarT.<br />

meore naSromi ki gaxlavT arCil baramiZisa da juanSer<br />

vaTeiSvilis vrceli monografiuli gamokvleva — `platon ioseliani<br />

— cxovreba da samecniero-sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis<br />

narkvevi~, romelic 1978 wels gamomcemloba `mecnierebam~<br />

dastamba (rusul enaze).<br />

wignSi avtorebi pl. ioselians warmoaCenen, rogorc XIX<br />

saukunis Sua wlebis udides qarTvel istorikoss, Jurnalistsa<br />

da moRvawes, romlis mravalmxrivi mecnieruli <strong>in</strong>teresebi,<br />

misadagebuli iyo mSobeli qveynisaTvis sasargeblo moRva-<br />

15

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weobasTan; rom misi `enciklopediuri ganaTleba da mecnieruli<br />

keTils<strong>in</strong>disiereba, romelic maRal patriotizmTan iyo<br />

Serwymuli, srulad iyo gamoyenebuli mSobeli xalxis ganaTlebis<br />

keTilSobiluri saqmisa da misi umdidresi istoriuli<br />

warsulis popularizaciisadmi...~ [9].<br />

xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom monografiuli gamokvlevis meore<br />

TavSi, romlis saTauria — p.e. ioselianis Jurnalisturi<br />

moRvaweoba (avtori j. vaTeiSvili), farTodaa Seswavlili da<br />

ganzogadebuli pl. ioselianis moRvaweobis es mxare, kerZod,<br />

misi saredaqcio da publicisturi saqmianoba. savsebiT viziarebT<br />

avtoris mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom razedac ar unda<br />

ewera pl. ioselians, ra Janric ar unda gamoeyeneb<strong>in</strong>a mas Tavisi<br />

nafiqralis gadmosacemad, erTi ram aSkara iyo: igi gamudmebiT<br />

fiqrobda samSoblos keTildReobis amaRlebaze, misi soflis<br />

meurneobisa da mrewvelobis, kulturisa da ganaTlebis ganvi-<br />

Tarebaze... mas ara marto Tavisi qveyana uyvarda, aramed pativiscemiT<br />

epyroboda da afasebda sxva xalxTa uwm<strong>in</strong>des grZnobas<br />

— samSoblos siyvaruls... yvelaferi es masSi warmoaCens<br />

WeSmarit patriotsa da humanists, rac mxolod didbunebovani<br />

adamianebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli... [9, 193].<br />

Temaze muSaobisas, rasakvirvelia, angariSs vuwevdiT<br />

sxva w<strong>in</strong>amorbed avtorTa nafiqrals, magram CvenTvis upirveles<br />

pirvelwyaros warmoadgenda is mravalferovani publikaciebi,<br />

romlebsac pl. ioseliani missave redaqtorobiT gamomaval<br />

gazeT `zakavkazskii vestnik~-is furclebze Tu calke<br />

gamocemebis saxiT awvdida mkiTxvel sazogadoebas. swored ma-<br />

Ti axleburi wakiTxva da zogjer striqonTa Soris Cadebuli<br />

azris gamomzeureba warmoadgenda Cems mizans, raTa Tavis<br />

drois am mravalmxrivi moRvawe mamuliSvilis damsaxureba<br />

ukeT warmomeC<strong>in</strong>a, Tanac ara yovelmxriv, aramed erTi konkretuli<br />

kuTxiT. kerZod, rogorc redaqtoris da kalamnayofieri<br />

publicistisa.<br />

* * *<br />

XIX saukunis 40-iani wlebis bolos ruseTma adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli<br />

cvlilebebi ganaxorciela kavkasiaSi. gaauqma mTavarmmarTebloba<br />

da mis nacvlad mefisnacvlis Tanamdeboba SemoiRo.<br />

ganTavisuflebuli mTavarmarTebeli a. i. neidgardti,<br />

ruseTis erT-erTi gamorCeuli sagvareulos warmomadgenel-<br />

16

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ma, grafma mixeil simonis Ze voroncovma Secvala `kavkasiaSi<br />

mefisnacvlis~ tituliT. mas, vidre kavkasiaSi daniSnavdnen<br />

saxelovani cxovrebis gza hqonda gavlili — leib-gvardiis<br />

preobraJenskis polkis kursantobidan — odesis (novorosiis)<br />

gubernatorobamde... londonSi, rusi diplomatis ojaxSi dabadebulsa<br />

da gazrdils, iqve `brwy<strong>in</strong>vale ganaTleba hqonda<br />

miRebuli~, xolo axalgazrda oficers Tavisi qveynis gafar-<br />

Toebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis brZolebSi hqonda monawileoba<br />

miRebuli. kavkasieli xalxebis, frangebis Tu osmalebis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg...<br />

maT Soris gamoCenili mxedarTmTavrebis p. cicianovisa<br />

da p. bagrationis xelmZRvanelobiT [5, 222-223].<br />

SemdgomSi, am marTlac-da mefistola kacs, did pativad<br />

miaCnda maTi saxelebis gaxseneba... SesaZloa, es madliereba<br />

poulobda gansxeulebas mis damokidebulebaSi saqarTvelosa<br />

da qarTveli xalxis, misi istoriisa da kulturis mimarT.<br />

1845 wlis dasawyisSi mefisnacvlad da kavkasiis jarebis<br />

mTavarsardlad axladdaniSnuli mix. voroncovi, kavkasiis me-<br />

5 fexosanTa korpusis mebrZolebisadmi gamocemul brZanebaSi<br />

miuTiTebda: umaRlesi nebiT miviRe ra ufrosoba kavkasiis<br />

jarebisa, samarTlianad vamayob, rom 40 wlis w<strong>in</strong>aT, me samsaxuri<br />

daviwye swored kavkasiaSi cnobili generlis, Tavad cicianovis<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT... masTan erTad vibrZodi elizavetpolTan;<br />

Semdeg imereTis damorCilebisaTvis... axalgazrdobis<br />

wlebidanve me Seviswavle da SeveCvie kavkasiis mamaci<br />

mebrZolebis gmirobiT gaocebas... damorCilebuli xalxebis<br />

mimarT Cven mSvidobianad da megobrulad yofna gvmarTebs.<br />

kavkasia mSvidobianobis dros imdenad unda gviyvardes da pativs<br />

vcemdeT, ramdenadac gveS<strong>in</strong>oda saomari moqmedebis<br />

dros, Tu aseTi ram isev mogviwevs~ [36].<br />

brZaneba, romelsac xels awers general-adiutanti, grafi<br />

mix. voroncovi 1845 wlis 14 marts aris gamocemuli q. qer-<br />

CSi, anu jer kidev gzaSi myofi mefisnacvlis mier.<br />

1845 wlis 18 marts saqarTvelos sazRvao gziT Semovida<br />

kavkasiaSi SeuzRudavi uflebebis mqone mmarTveli, grafi mix.<br />

voroncovi.<br />

misi mogzauroba dadianis samflobelo q. grigoriopolidan<br />

(?) vidre Tbilisamde, TviTmxilvelis, gazeT `zakavkazskii<br />

vestnik~-is redaqtoris pl. ioselianis mier dawvrile-<br />

17

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iT aris aRwerili werilSi: `kavkasiis mefisnacvlis TbilisSi<br />

mobrZaneba~.<br />

avtori sixaruliT aRsavse, aRfrTovanebiT egebeba axali<br />

mmarTvelis qarTul miwaze Semosvlas da mas argonavtebis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>amZRolis iazonis stumrobas adarebs, mxolod im gansxvavebiT,<br />

rom `iazoni daupatiJebeli stumari iyo, exl<strong>and</strong>el iazons<br />

ki yvelani sixaruliT movelodiT... amitom, kavkasiav! gaiRviZe<br />

saukunovani Tvlemisgan, Senma mefem (gulisxmobs ruseTis<br />

imperators — g. s.) Sen mSvidobismyofeli mogivl<strong>in</strong>a...~<br />

[38, 1845, #8].<br />

gzad momaval mefisnacvals, pl. ioselianis TqmiT, gamouvlia<br />

martvilis monasteri, sadac Sexvedra hqonia episkopos<br />

antonTan; Semdeg das. saqarTvelos sagubernio centri q. qu-<br />

Taisi; 22 marts Rame moliTis sadgurSi gauTevia, momdevno<br />

dRes suramis qedis SuaSi mas qarTlis Tavad-aznauroba migebebia;<br />

gorisa da mcxeTis mcxovrebTa mier zar-zeimiT daxvedris<br />

Semdeg, 27 marts grafi ukve TbilisSi Semosula da generalitetisa<br />

da qalaqis maRali rangis moxeleebis TanxlebiT sionis<br />

sakaTedro taZarSi gamarTul RvTismsaxurebas daswrebia,<br />

xolo Semdeg saqarTvelos egzarqos isidores Sexvedria<br />

mis rezidenciaSi da xangrZlivi saubari hqonia masTan («Наместник<br />

имел свидание с мудрым преосвященейшим Исидором Экзархом<br />

Грузии в его доме...») — amTavrebs pl. ioseliani.<br />

unda vigulisxmoT, rom am dReebidan iwyeba is axlo ur-<br />

TierToba pl. ioselianisa mefisnacval mix. voroncovTan,<br />

romelic Semdeg mTeli aTi wlis manZilze aRar ganelebula.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom pl. ioseliani gazeT `zakavkazskii vestnik~-is<br />

redaqtorad daniSnuliyo 1844 wels, anu jer kidev<br />

mix. voroncovis kavkasiaSi Camosvlamde. gazeTis istoria ki<br />

1838 wlidan iwyeba, da misi aRmavloba pl. ioselianis saxel-<br />

Tan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />

istorikos j. vaTeiSvilis TqmiT: `kavkasiis sazogadoebrivi<br />

cxovrebisa da beWduri sityvis istoriaSi gazeTi `zakavkazskii<br />

vestniki~ ara marto orig<strong>in</strong>aluri dasaxelebiT gamoirCeva<br />

am profilis rusuli gamocemebisagan, aramed, rac ufro<br />

mniSvnelovania, Tavisi S<strong>in</strong>aarsobrivi TviTmyofadobiT.<br />

Tavisi dauRalavi saqmianobiT pl. ioselianma SeZlo manamde<br />

18

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usaxuri oficialuri gamocema, yuradRebamisaqcev periodul<br />

organod eqcia~ [9, 57].<br />

pl. ioselianis redaqtorad daniSvnisTanave araerTi<br />

dabrkoleba aRimarTa mis w<strong>in</strong>aSe. erT-erTi pirveli — stambis<br />

sakiTxi iyo. imJamad TbilisSi did kontrolsdaqvemdebarebuli<br />

samiode tipografia arsebobda: kavkasiis mefisnacvlis<br />

kancelariis, generaluri Stambisa da somxuri saswavleblis.<br />

swored pirvel maTganSi ibeWdeboda gazeTi `zakavkazskii vestnik~-i,<br />

romlis redaqtoris ZalisxmeviT xerxdeboda misi Seuferxebeli<br />

beWdva [38].<br />

meore sakiTxs gazeTis xelismomwerTa povna da maTTan<br />

kavSirurTierTobis damyareba warmoadgenda... swored aq, aSkarad<br />

ikveTeba is keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba redaqtorisadmi<br />

mefisnacvlis mxridan, romelic maT Soris nacnobobis<br />

pirvelsave dReebidanve damyarda. mix. voroncovma yvela<br />

Tanamdebobis pirs iZulebis wesiT daavaldebula xsenebuli<br />

gazeTis gamowera; adgilobrivi adm<strong>in</strong>istracia gazeTs dotaciiTac<br />

uwyobda xels. yovelive es ki misi sicocxlis Senar-<br />

Cunebis myari garantia iyo.<br />

siZneles warmoadgenda gazeTSi saTanamSromlod ramdenadme<br />

kalamgawaful avtorTa moZebnac. amitom iyo, rom xSirad<br />

Tavisi gazeTisaTvis korespodenciebis werac TviTon redaqtors<br />

uxdeboda. saqarTvelos istoriaSi, literaturaSi,<br />

xelovnebaSi, kavkasiis xalxebis tradiciebsa da kulturaSi<br />

Rrmad ganswavlulobam, rusuli da zogierTi sxva ucxo enis<br />

codnam, pl. ioselians SeaZleb<strong>in</strong>a, rom gazeTis arc erTi nomeri<br />

ar Cavardnoda. paralelurad igi TviTonve zrunavda gazeTSi<br />

saTanamSromlod avtorTa SemokrebisTvisac. maT ki Tavis<br />

megobarTa, nacnobTa da kolegaTa Soris eZebda... misTvis<br />

erT-erT aseT wyaros imJamad TbilisSi saxelganTqmuli al.<br />

WavWavaZisa da manana orbelianis salonebi warmoadgendnen.<br />

mkvlevarebis arC. baramiZisa da j. vaTeiSvilis mowmobiT, swored<br />

iq SeZlo pl. ioselianma gazeTSi saTanamSromlod Semoekriba<br />

iseTi adamianebi, rogorebic iyvnen: nik. baraTaSvili,<br />

gr. orbeliani, mari brosse, giorgi erisTavi, dimitri yifiani,<br />

d. meRv<strong>in</strong>eTuxucesi, g. gagar<strong>in</strong>i, x. aboviani, mirza faTali<br />

axundovi, n. xanikovi, i. slovicki, a. ianovski, a. muraviovi, o.<br />

konstant<strong>in</strong>ovi, f. lada-zablocki, i. polonski, nik. berZenovi<br />

da sxv. [9, 72].<br />

19

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imave xanebSi, pl. ioselians daevala TiTqmis analogiuri<br />

dasaxelebis gazeTis qarTul enaze gamocema. es iyo qarTuli<br />

Jurnalistikis istoriaSi cnobili `kavkasiisa mxareTa uwyebanis~<br />

gamocema da redaqtoroba, rac Seusrulebia kidec,<br />

magram xelismomwerTa da sxva siZneleebis gamo misi gamocema<br />

didxans ar gagrZelebula... [15,111].<br />

1849 wlis dasawyisidan pl. ioselianma gaz. `zakavkazskii<br />

vestnik~-Si mniSvnelovani siaxle danerga. gazeTi mefisnacvalTan<br />

SeTanxmebiT orad — oficialur~ da `araoficialur~<br />

nawilebad gaiyo.<br />

swored `araoficialuri~ nawili gaxda popularuli da<br />

mosawoni gazeTis mravalenovani mkiTxvelisaTvis, maT Soris<br />

qarTvelebisaTvisac, pirvelyovlisa ki imaTTvis, v<strong>in</strong>ac rusuli<br />

ena icoda. gazeTSi farTo adgili eTmoba samecniero-saistorio<br />

Tematikas, adgilobrivi cxovrebis amsaxvel publicistikas,<br />

saqalaqo cxovrebis, swavla-ganaTlebis, literaturis,<br />

Teatraluri cxovrebis, erovnebaTaSoris urTierTdamokidebulebis<br />

sakiTxebs, gamoCenil moRvaweTa cxovrebamoRvaweobis<br />

warmomaC<strong>in</strong>ebeli masalebis beWdvas...<br />

gazeT `zakavkazskii vestnik~-is Tematuri mravalferovnebis<br />

Taobaze, konkretuli saubaria redaqciis mier 1847<br />

wlis dekemberSi gamoqveynebul gancxadebaSi, romelSic vkiTxulobT:<br />

`momavali, 1848 wlis 1 ianvridan, `zakavkazskii vestnik~<br />

misi brwy<strong>in</strong>valebis Tavad mefisnacvlis nebarTviT, gamosvlas<br />

daiwyebs axali formatiT. sam svetad — `kavkazis~ da<br />

misnairi perioduli gamocemebis msgavsad.<br />

oficialuri nawili darCeba ucvleli: w<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong>eburad<br />

masSi moTavsdeba — brZanebebi, samTavrobo gankargulebani,<br />

sasamarTlo gamoZiebani, palatebis gadawyvetilebani, cnobebi,<br />

sazRvargareT wamsvlelTa saxelebi, sacalo fasebi...<br />

araoficialuri nawili mkiTxvelebs gaacnobs amierkavkasiis<br />

mxaris warsul da Tanamedrove yofa-cxovrebas.<br />

mcire moTxrobebi, istoriuli statiebi — Targmnilni<br />

qarTulidan, somxuridan da TaTruli enebidan; arqeografia,<br />

iumoristika, mogzauroba mxareSi da bolos mTeli ganyofileba<br />

feletoni, romelic mkiTxvels gaacnobs Tbilisis sazogadoebriv<br />

cxovrebas. feletoni Seatyob<strong>in</strong>ebs saxalxo dResaswaulebsa<br />

da adaT-wesebs, isaubrebs mejlisebis, Teatris,<br />

20

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koncertebis, seirnobebis, axali mSeneblobebis da sxva sakiTxebis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

`vestnikis~ bolos mudmivad iqneba moTavsebuli meteorologiuri<br />

dakvirvebani.<br />

`vestniki~ gamova yovelkvireulad.<br />

misi fasi Zveleburi darCeba — 5 vercxli 52 nomrisaTvis,<br />

anu mTeli wlisaTvis; ruseTis guberniebSi gagzavnisaTvis<br />

daemateba 50 kap. vercxliT.<br />

msurvelebs `zakavkazskii vestnik~-ze xelis mowera, <strong>and</strong>a<br />

TavianTi statiebis gamogzavna SeeZlebaT misamarTze: tfilisi,<br />

`zakavkazskii vestnik~ redaqcias~ [38].<br />

gazeTis formatisa da periodulobis gazrdam, Tematurma<br />

da Janrobrivma gamravalferovnebam, TiToeuli masalis S<strong>in</strong>aarsobrivma<br />

datvirTulobam, avtor-TanamSromelTa profesionalizmis<br />

amaRlebam, redaqtoris alRoanobam da mxaris<br />

upirveles mmarTvelTan keTilma damokidebulebam, gazeT<br />

`zakavkazskii vestnikis~ popularoba kidev ufro sacnauri<br />

gaxada regionSi mcxovrebi yvela mkiTxvelis TvalSi. am saqme-<br />

Si didi iyo gazeTis redaqtoris piradi damsaxureba.<br />

gazeT `zakavkazskii vestnikis~ furclebze pl. ioselianis<br />

mier dastambuli masalebidan naTlad igrZnoba mecnieristorikosis<br />

ganswavluloba, Tavisi qveynis warsulis Rrma<br />

codna da misadmi siyvaruli... Tumca isic kargad sCans, Tu raoden<br />

didi diplomatiuri niWis gamovlena sWirdeboda avtors,<br />

raTa Zala-uflebis mqoneTa risxva ar daemsaxureb<strong>in</strong>a,<br />

dampyroblebi ki ara, aramed CvensaviT dapyrobil da daTrgunul<br />

mezoblebis wyenasac unda morideboda... amitomaa, rom<br />

general p. cicianovze masalis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, somxeTis<br />

patriarqis nersesis TbilisSi Camosvlis faqts uTmobs saTanado<br />

adgils... amasTan, mecnieri-redaqtori yovelTvis cdilobda,<br />

ara Tu sakuTari, aramed sxva avtorTa Txzulebebic<br />

ganemtkiceb<strong>in</strong>a mecnieruli aparaturiT, pirvelwyaroebis damowmebiT,<br />

w<strong>in</strong>amorbed avtorTa naazrevis miTiTebiT.<br />

pl. ioseliani yovelTvis cdilobda kavSirurTierTobis<br />

damyarebas istoriasa da Tanamedroveobas Soris. misi mTavari<br />

gzavnili rogorc Tavis TanamedroveTa, ise momavali TaobebisaTvis<br />

iyo: `icxovreT samSoblos istoriiTa da sagmiro<br />

saqmeebiT. istoriis gareSe ar aris cxovreba...~<br />

21

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mis mecnierul garjilobas da rusis politikisadmi loialur<br />

damokidebulebas, istoriuli faqtebis daumax<strong>in</strong>jeblad<br />

da gaulamazeblad gadmocemas Tvals adevnebda da, rogorc<br />

mkiTxveli, kmayofili rCeboda mefisnacvali mix. voroncovi.<br />

swored misi nebiT, iyo, rom gazeT `zakavkazskii vestnik~-is<br />

redaqtori pl. ioseliani samagaliTo da erTguli<br />

samsaxurisaTvis 1848 wels umaRlesi xelisuflebis mier wm.<br />

anas mesame xarisxis ordeniT daajildoves, xolo samecniero<br />

naSromebisaTvis igi odesis istoriisa da siZveleTa sazogadoebam<br />

Tavis namdvil wevrad airCia.<br />

pl. ioselianisaTvis udidesi bedniereba iyo isic, rom<br />

imave mix. voroncovis mxardaWeriT Tavisi didi xnis ocneba<br />

aRisrula da saxelmwifos xarjze 1849 wlis martidan oTxi<br />

TviT mivl<strong>in</strong>ebuli iyo saberZneTSi, aTonis wm. mTis monaster-<br />

Si. misi, rogorc Jurnalist-mogzauris niWi kargad gamosWvivis<br />

gazeT `zakavkazskii vestniki~-saTvis gzidan gamogzavnili<br />

vrceli masalebidan: `werilebi trapezuntidan~ (#22, 1849);<br />

`werili aTenis mTis gzidan~ (#24, 1849 w.), `werilebi konstant<strong>in</strong>opolidan~<br />

(#31, 1849 w.); `werili qalaq salonikidan~ (#31,<br />

1849 w.)...<br />

am mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebiT pl. ioselianis colis<br />

ZmisSvili niko buri (bagrationi) mogvianebiT werda: `pl. ioselianma,<br />

rogorc arqeologiis (siZveleTmcodneobis) iSviaTma<br />

mcodnem da moyvarulma, moaxerxa saberZneTSi gamgzavreba.<br />

aTonSi didi pativiscemiT miiRes qarTuli `iveriis~ monastris<br />

berebma. platonma ukan dabrunebisas Tan Camoitana<br />

erTi Zvelis-Zveli qarTuli xelnaweri saxareba. bolos Tavisi<br />

SesaniSnavi biblioTeka, romelic Seicavda ara marto qar-<br />

Tuli wignebis koleqcias, aramed mdidari iyo sxva qveynebis<br />

wignebiTgan, man saqarTveloSi wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebas<br />

u<strong>and</strong>erZa im pirobiT, rom SemdgomSi igi qarTuli universitetisaTvis<br />

gadaecaT. marTlac, mis gardacvalebisTanave misma<br />

qvrivma mTeli wignebi 12 did yuTSi Caawyo da daniSnulebisamebr<br />

gagzavna~ [8].<br />

misive mowmobiT: platonma `ramdenime ucxo ena icoda;<br />

miwer-mowera hqonda evropis did arqeolog-mecnierebTan da<br />

saqarTveloSi Camosvlisas ojaxSi miipatiJebda xolme... yvela<br />

SesaZleblobiT cdilobda, rogorc mecnierebaSi, ise sa-<br />

22

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zogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, Tavisi wvlili Seetana, rom sikvdilis<br />

w<strong>in</strong> saSualeba hqonoda eTqva: `diax, me vcxovrobdio~ [8, ].<br />

saberZneTSi mogzaurobis dros miRebul STabeWdilebebs<br />

pl. ioseliani SemdgomSi moxdenilad imowmebs Tavis erTerT<br />

mogzaurul narkvevSi `tfilisidan mcxeTamde~, roca igi<br />

sofel diRmis sanaxebs aRwers. Cveni azriT, saukunenaxevris<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aT istorikos-publicistis mier gakeTebuli sof. diRmis<br />

aRweras, dResac pirvelwyaros mniSvneloba aqvs masSi dafiqsirebuli<br />

faqtebis gamo...<br />

`diRmis miaxloebisas mgzavris Tvalsawieri aucileblad<br />

mis uwylo, magram mdidar, mosavlian dablobze Cerdeba.<br />

aq zamTrobiT pirutyvis samwyemso adgilia. mozamTreTaTvis<br />

igi mdidari veldablobia Tavad sofeli diRomi SesaniSnavia<br />

Tavisi vrceli venaxis zRvrebiT da wm. giorgis saxelobis uZvelesi<br />

eklesiiT. es eklesia, Tavisi SemogareniT, arc ise didi<br />

xnis w<strong>in</strong>aT ganaxlebul iqna batoniSvil Tamaris, mefe erekles<br />

SviliSvilis mier, romelic 1854 wels gardaicvala.<br />

eklesiis kedlebs sxvadasxva epoqaSi ganaxlebis kvali etyoba.<br />

qvebi, romliTac is aris mopirkeTebuli ara gawafuli xelis<br />

mier aris Cadgmuli da warwerebi yovelTvis garkveviT ar<br />

moCans. mTis maRlobidan, romelzec sofeli diRomia gaSenebuli<br />

da sadac wm. giorgis uZvelesi eklesia mSvenierobs, diRmis<br />

velis vrceli l<strong>and</strong>Safti iSleba. Cems mier 1849 wlis attikis<br />

maraTonis daTvalierebiT cocxali STabeWdilebebis qveS<br />

myofma wamoviZaxe — maraToni saqarTvelos adgilmdebareobisa!<br />

oRond aq md. mtkvari cvlis pontos Sav zRvas. momxibvlelia<br />

es xedi diRmis simaRlidan diRmis velamde~ [30, 80-81].<br />

aseTi istoriul-publicisturi pasaJebi pl. ioselianis<br />

TiTqmis yvela narkvevSi gvxvdeba, romlebSic qarTuli eklesia-monastrebi,<br />

Tu sxva qveynis adgilebia mimoxiluli... swored<br />

maT mniSvnelobaze SevaCerebT yuradRebas...<br />

qarTul mxatvrul-publicistur Tu saistorio mwerlobaSi<br />

iSviaTobas ar warmoadgenen mogzauruli Janris nawarmoebebi,<br />

romlebSic avtorebi nanaxisa da gancdilis Sesaxeb TavianT<br />

STabeWdilebebs gadmoscemdnen. magaliTisaTvis sulxan-saba<br />

orbelianis, rafiel danibegaSvilis, timoTe gabaSvilis,<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re WavWavaZis, grigol orbelianis, giorgi eris-<br />

Tavis, giorgi yazbegis da sxvaTa Canawerebis gaxsenebac kmara.<br />

maT Soris pl. ioselianis `mgzavris Canawerebic~ iqceven yu-<br />

23

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adRebas. am Janris nawerebs pl. ioseliani gazeT `zakavkazskii<br />

vestnikis~ furclebze beWdavda. yoveli maTganis guldasmiT<br />

gacnoba TvalnaTliv migvaniSnebs avtoris ganswavlulobaze,<br />

publicistur niWze, istoriuli faqtebis siRrmiseul<br />

wvdomaze, weris kulturaze, azrebis gadmocemis sisxartesa<br />

da logikurobaze, faqtebisa da movlenebis ganzogadebis<br />

unarze, miRebuli daskvnebis damajereblobaze... samwuxaro<br />

is iyo, rom pl. ioseliani Tavis naSromTa absolutur umravlesobas<br />

rusul enaze werda da beWdavda da qarTul s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi<br />

ufro rusuli enis gavrceleba-damkvidrebas uwyobda<br />

xels, vidre saxelmwifoebriv funqcias moklebuli mSobliuri<br />

qarTulisas...<br />

amjerad pl. ioselianis erT-erT am Janris narkvevebze<br />

SevaCerebT yuradRebas. es aris `mgzavris Canawerebi Tbilisidan<br />

axtalamde ~.<br />

avtori narkvevis SesavalSive erT mniSvnelovan istoriul<br />

faqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. kerZod, es gamgzavreba mefisnacvlis<br />

mix. voroncovis survilis Sesabamisad ganxorcielebula.<br />

pl. ioselianis mowmobiT: misma brwy<strong>in</strong>valebam mefisnacvalma<br />

<strong>in</strong>eba Tbilisidan aprilis 11-s gamgzavrebuliyo axtalis<br />

Zveli monastris nangrevebis dasaTvaliereblad, romelic<br />

imJamad berZeni episkoposis rezidencias warmoadgenda.<br />

bedniereba mqonda Tan vxlebodi mis brwy<strong>in</strong>valebaso, — das-<br />

Zens pl. ioseliani da ganagrZobs: Cems mgzavrul Canawerebs<br />

vakeTeb im mizniT, raTa gavageb<strong>in</strong>o imaT, v<strong>in</strong>c cnobismoyvareobiT<br />

swavlobs saqarTvelos geografiasa da xalxur metyvelebaSi<br />

am mxaris istoriasa da siZveleebs somxiTis, anu `saqarTvelos<br />

somxeTis~ saxeliT rom aris cnobili [29, 3]<br />

Tbilisidan gasuli mogzaurebi gezs samxreTisken iRebdnen...<br />

avtori gza da gza yuradRebas uTmobs im daba-soflebis,<br />

gzebis Tu xidebis, vel-m<strong>in</strong>dvrebis, cixe-koSkebis, eklesia-monastrebis,<br />

tbebisa Tu md<strong>in</strong>areebis, toponimebis aRweras,<br />

romelTa gavlac maT uxdebaT; akeTebs istoriul wiaRsvlebs,<br />

drodadro iSveliebs Zvel berZenTa Tu sxva evropel<br />

geografos-istorikosTa da mogzaurTa cnobebs, vaxuSti batoniSvilis<br />

saqarTvelos aRweras, anu yvelafer imas, rac imdroisaTvis<br />

xelmisawvdomi iyo.<br />

pl. ioseliani gazeTis mkiTxvelebs acnobs, rom imdroisaTvis<br />

Tbilisidan 10 versiT daSorebul soRanluRs, `Zvelad<br />

24

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`gzis kariT~ moixseniebdnen, zogierTebi mas `yuryutas~ uwodebdnen...<br />

`soganlugi~ TaTruli sityvaa da qarTulad `xaxvis<br />

vels~ niSnavso... TeleTis Savnabadas, sefi-abadis, kumisis, kodas,<br />

kojris cixis Tu marabdis gavlisas aseve sa<strong>in</strong>tereso komentarebs<br />

akeTebs (mag. `kumisis balaxiT mdidari velisa da<br />

tbis midamoebSi mefis aqlemebs mwyemsavdnen~; sof. TeleTi<br />

sam nawilad iyofa — qurdi TeleTi, xatis TeleTi da Tavad<br />

muxranbatonTa TeleTi... kojris cixe, sadac 1837 wels xelmwife-imperatorma<br />

nikoloz pavles Zem Rame gaaTia... sof. koda,<br />

romlis samxreTiT md. qcias napiras mdebareobs sof. marabda<br />

saqarTveloSi erT-erTi Zveli sagvareulos Tavad baraTaSvilebis<br />

samflobelo, sofeli, sadac jer kidev dauzianeblad<br />

aris Semonaxuli wm. luarsab II-is mier aSenebuli eklesia...<br />

sabaraTiano, samxreT saqarTvelos uZlieresi saTavado,<br />

romelsac araerTxel aRumarTavs Tavisi mrisxane maxvili<br />

damRupveli xalxisaTvis da saSiSi mefisaTvis, saxelganTqmuli<br />

birTvisis cixiT... da a. S.~) [30, 12, 13].<br />

lomTa-gorasTan mimdebare sof. marneulis gavlisas avtori<br />

aRniSnavs, rom misi vake gasaocaria xorbleulisa da mesaqonleobisaTvis,<br />

sadac mTavrobisagan daculi TaTrebi SesaniSnavad<br />

grZnoben Tavso... aseve miuTiTebs Sulaveris umdidres<br />

miwaze, sadac 700-mde somxis ojaxi cxovrobso... [30, 15].<br />

avtori ufro met adgils Sulaveris Semdgom 20 versis<br />

manZilze gadaWimul borCalos velis aRweras uTmobs, romlis<br />

SuaSi md. borCalu, anu md. debeda mied<strong>in</strong>eba... md<strong>in</strong>are<br />

odiTganve mdidari yofila TevziT, romelsac kapoeti ewodebao<br />

da aRwers misi Weris orig<strong>in</strong>alur meTods RamiT cecxlmokidebuli<br />

Calis konebis gamoyenebiT... avtoris mowmobiT, md.<br />

debedis gaswvriv gadaWimuli vrceli veli TaTrebiT dasaxlebuli<br />

yofila, romelic TiTqmis 8 versis sididis sofel sadaxloTi<br />

mTavrdeba. es sofeli qarTveli Tavadebis meliqovebis<br />

(meliqiSvilebisa) iyo, sadac maT mefis dros TavianTi<br />

rezidencia hqondaT. amJamad sofelSi TaTris 300 ojaxi saxlobs<br />

da a.S.<br />

swored aq, sof. sadaxloSi unebebia mefisnacval mix. voroncovs<br />

Tavis amalasTan erTad pirveli Ramis gaTeva.<br />

meore dRisiT ki md. debedis d<strong>in</strong>ebis marcxena mxares da<br />

lalvaris mTebis marjvniv mdebare gziT axtalis monastrisaken<br />

auRiaT gezi. avtoris TqmiT, es istoriuli Zegli sadax-<br />

25

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lodan 20 versiT, anu cxeniT sami saaTiT savalze yofila dacilebuli...<br />

amasTan ixsenebs imasac, rom iq erekle II-is dros<br />

samefo saxls oqrosa da vercxlis sabadoebi hqonia mowyobili,<br />

saidanac yovelwliurad 100 fuT oqros iRebdneno...<br />

... pl. ioselianis mier 170 wlis w<strong>in</strong>aT axtalis samonastro<br />

kompleqsisa da misi Semogarenis aRwera da motanili faqtebi<br />

dRes did istoriul mniSvnelobas iZens... avtori Tavis<br />

mkiTxvelTa gasagonad aRniSnavs, rom `axtala~ TaTrul enaze<br />

`TeTr vels~ niSnavs, Zvelad ki mas agaraki erqva; rom axtalis<br />

Tu agarakis saepiskoposo-sakaTedro taZars warmoadgenda,<br />

romelic jer kidev mexuTe saukuneSi vaxtang I-is mier iqna daarsebulio<br />

da iqve, ironiulad SeniSnavs: `somxebs, romlebsac<br />

uyvarT TavianT Zvel siZliereze mogonebebi, miikuTvneben axtalis<br />

daarsebas, misi mezoblobis gamo axtalasTan da sanag<strong>in</strong>Tan,<br />

Tumca arafriT ar SeuZliaT aseTi swrafvis damtkiceba~<br />

[30, 15]. axtalis monastris dawvrilebiT daTvaliereba<br />

unebebia mefisnacvals, Tavad mix. voroncovs, romelsac Tavisi<br />

yuradRebiT didaT wauxalisebia berZnebi, romlebsac ijariT<br />

auRiaT misi aRdgena Zveleburi saxiT da am mizniT iq ramdenime<br />

dRiT adre gagzavnil arqiteqtors misi brwy<strong>in</strong>valebisaTvis<br />

ZiriTadi samuSao gegma warudgenia kidec [30, 27].<br />

monastris xilviT aRfrTovanebuli pl. ioseliani ki<br />

wers: romeli mxridanac ar unda Sexedo axtalis monastris<br />

saarako Senobas, ar ici saidan ufro aRfrTov<strong>and</strong>e misi mSvenierebiT,<br />

v<strong>in</strong>aidan msgavs rames me ar Sevxvedrilvar saqarTveloSi<br />

Tavisi natifi mopirkeTebiT da aseTi saunje sruliad<br />

migdebuli da miviwyebulia. sityviT misi gadmocema SeuZlebelia.<br />

is mxolod unda naxo... «ибо один только глаз можеть принять<br />

впечатление всего, что извлек здесь гениии человеческий из<br />

каменной массы: каждый прямой очерк стены или крыши смягчень<br />

узорчатым карнизом, каждая дуго двери или окон обвита каменною плетеницею<br />

цветов; сердцевина малых кругов и квадратов, разбросанных в<br />

виде украшении по стенам здания, представляется тонким кружевом,<br />

сплетенным из камня; кресты, изваянные над алтарем и на боковых<br />

фронтонах, высшей степени изящны. В них отразилось самозабвение<br />

людей, которые жертвовали целыми годами свое жизни, лишь бы только<br />

их произведения было достоины высокого назначения, а имя тружеников<br />

видимо одному Богу. Но если нет слов для описания, есть сердце<br />

26

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для сочувствия, и конечно то безотчетное и глубокое благочестие, с<br />

которым созыдались святилища лущих времен...» [30, 28-29].<br />

am sityvebidan TvalnaTliT warmoCndeba ara mxolod Tavisi<br />

qveynis warsulze Seyvarebuli da misi Tayvanismcemeli<br />

pirovneba, aramed publicistis madliani kalmiT dajildoebuli<br />

adamianic...<br />

ukangamobrunebul mefisnacvalsa da mis mxlebelT SulaverTan<br />

axlos mdebare adgili aRbabalo dauTvalierebiaT<br />

da Ramis gaTevac iqve unebebiaT. pl. ioselianis Canawerebidan<br />

sayuradRebo istoriul faqtebs aqac vgebulobT, romelTac<br />

dRes pirvelwyaros mniSvneloba aqvT. kerZod, imdroisaTvis<br />

`aRbabalod~ wodebul adgils Zvelad `xidis yuri~, xolo<br />

mogvianebiT `polkovniklu~ rqmevia, misi ganmaaxleblisa da<br />

aRmSeneblis, Tavad ilia orbelianis saxelis pativsacemad.<br />

md. maSaveras marcxena napirze gaSenebuli es sofeli, Tavisi<br />

mcxovreblebiT imJamad kne<strong>in</strong>a orbelianis sakuTreba yofila<br />

(cnobili manana orbelianis ? — g. s.). iq, arsebula qvis magari<br />

xidi md. maSaveraze... avtoris TqmiT, amasTan erTad yuradRebas<br />

iqcevda jer kidev daumTavrebeli orsarTuliani saxli,<br />

evropulad gawyobili oTaxebiT, xuT qceva farTobze gaSenebuli<br />

venaxis zvriT, Rv<strong>in</strong>is sardafiT, sadac sxvadasxva wlisa<br />

da jiSis sufTa da gemoiani Rv<strong>in</strong>oebi <strong>in</strong>axeboda qarTuli da<br />

rusuli warwerebiT damTvalierebelTa da damgemovnebelTa<br />

gasacnobad; avtori iqve aRwers xexilis baRs Tavisi uzarmazari<br />

16 Ziri kaklis xiT, romelTagan TiToeuls sul mcire 20<br />

kv. saJeni ekavaT da SesaniSnav saCrdilobels warmoadgendnen<br />

damsvenebelTaTvis... dasasruls pl. ioseliani dasZens: `Cemis<br />

azriT evropuli cxovrebis wesis es nawili (открывок) miTumetes<br />

am mxareSi, yovelgvar yuradRebas da Seqebas imsaxurebs~o~<br />

[30, 34].<br />

swored iq, istoriul saerisTavoSi miuRia stumrebi kne<strong>in</strong>a<br />

orbelians Ramis TeviT, xolo meore dRiT mefisnacvals<br />

kolagiris mtkice da lamazi cixe-simagre dauTvalierebia da<br />

sofel kodas gamovliT TbilisSi dabrunebula [30, 37].<br />

narkvevis dasasruls pl. ioseliani miuTiTebs: ai, rac<br />

SemeZlo meTqva am mogzaurobis Sesaxeb. dRes es mxare ruse-<br />

Tis uZleveli iaraRis wyalobiT daculia, xolo misi mdgomareoba<br />

gaumjobesebuli. vuyureb amas da vfiqrob, saukuneebis<br />

27

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w<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong>el mdgomareobaze da Zalauneburad TavSi grovdeba azrebi<br />

im saS<strong>in</strong>elebaTa da uZlurebaTa Taobaze, romlebmac<br />

Rrma kvali datoves am kuTxeSi — dacarielebuli soflebis<br />

da daoblebuli eklesiebis saxiT, Tumca naTeli xsovnac TavianT<br />

arsebobazec... es mogzauroba ramdenadac sasargeblo<br />

iyo, imdenad sasiamovno da sasixarulo mogonebad darCeba<br />

Cems cxovrebaSio! — daaskvnis avtori.<br />

pl. ioselianis, rogorc redaqtorisa da publicistis<br />

damsaxurebaze, gadauWarbebel Sefasebas gvTavazobs mkvlevari<br />

j. vaTeiSvili, roca wers: `1845-1855 wlebSi gazeT `zakavkazskii<br />

vestnik~-Si gamoqveynebuli masalebis mixedviT Seumcdarad<br />

SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rom gazeTis S<strong>in</strong>aarsi, romelic<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aT `sagubernio uwyebis~ programiT gamodioda, didad<br />

scildeba am programis CarCoebs. masSi saistorio-Semecnebi-<br />

Ti xasiaTis publikaciebTan erTad arc-Tu iSviaTad qveyndeboda<br />

statiebi da SeniSvnebi, romlebic adgilobrivi cxovrebis<br />

saWirboroto sakiTxebs exmianeboda. imaSi, rom gazeTi<br />

`zakavkazskii vestniki~ mTeli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi damoukideblad<br />

arsebobda, upirvelesi damsaxureba, mis redaqtors<br />

pl. ioselians ekuTvnis. gazeTi ramdenadme agrZelebda `tfilisis<br />

uwyebanis~ tradiciebs, romelic umTavresad <strong>in</strong>formaciuli<br />

xasiaTis masalebis publikaciebiT kmayofildeboda,<br />

maS<strong>in</strong>, roca gazeTi `zakavkazskii vestniki~ samecniero-analitikur<br />

werilebs aZlevda upiratesobas, rac misi redaqtoris,<br />

gamoCenili istorikos-mecnieris da moqalaqe-patriotis damsaxureba<br />

iyo...~ [9, 115].<br />

aqve SeiZleba, kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom<br />

Tu ara bednieri SemTxveva pl. ioselianisaTvis da aqedan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are<br />

qarTuli s<strong>in</strong>amdvilisaTvis, piradi nacnoboba (an<br />

urTierToba) daemsaxureb<strong>in</strong>a da keTilganwyoba moepoveb<strong>in</strong>a<br />

kavkasiaSi mefisnacval mix. voroncovTan, mxaris mmarTvelTa<br />

Soris yvelaze liberal da ganaTlebul pirovnebasTan, misi<br />

survilebi da SesaZleblobani realizebis gareSe darCebodnen,<br />

miTumetes samoqalaqo moRvaweobis sarbielze... pl. ioselians<br />

bedma gauRima, Torem umkacresi cenzuruli pirobebis<br />

viTarebaSi arav<strong>in</strong> miscemda uflebas, erovnuli Rirsebis warmomaC<strong>in</strong>ebeli<br />

publikaciebi daestamba Tundac Tavismierve redaqtirebul<br />

perioduli gamocemis furclebze.<br />

28

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yovelive es maS<strong>in</strong>ve saC<strong>in</strong>o gaxda, roca 1854 wlis bolos<br />

avadmyofobis mizeziT mefisnacvalma mix. voroncovma dakavebuli<br />

Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufleba iTxova... misma Semcvlelma,<br />

qarTvelTmoZule da uxeSma saldafonma generalma<br />

n. n. muraviovma, TbilisSi Camosvlidan sul cota xanSi, ker-<br />

Zod 1855 wlis 21 ivliss vasil osefas Ze bebuTovis mier Sedgenili<br />

proeqti daamtkica, romelic gazeT `zakavkazskii vestnikis~<br />

adgilobrivi mTavrobis oficioz gazeT `kavkazTan~<br />

mierTebas iTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebda, romelsac erTi redaqtori, samoqalaqo<br />

kancelariis moxele, tituliani mrCeveli verderevski<br />

uxelmZRvanelebda.<br />

pl. ioseliani ki samsaxuris gareSe darCa... miuxedavad<br />

protestisa igi redaqtorobas CamoaSores. Zalam aRmarTi<br />

daxna...<br />

mas Semdeg pl. ioseliani TiTqmis oci wlis manZilze agrZelebda<br />

urTierTobasa da TanamSromlobas adgilobriv gamomaval<br />

qarTul da rusulenovan periodul gamocemebTan.<br />

maT Soris iv. kereseliZis Jurnal `ciskarTan~, gazeTebTan<br />

`kavkazTan~, `tifliski listokTan~ `droebasTan~ da sxvebTan.<br />

mamaTa banakis erT-erTi TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o warmomadgeneli ar iziarebda<br />

`TergdaleulTa~ Taobis samoqmedo programas, misaRebad<br />

miaCnda g. bagration-muxranelis mcire erebis enebis<br />

kvdomis Teoria da sxv.<br />

dadgenilia, rom ilia WavWavaZe 1871 wlis dekemberSi daweril<br />

Tavis `gamocanebSi~ uyuradRebod arc pl. ioselians<br />

tovebs da daundoblad xatavs mis pirovnul portrets da<br />

imaT rigSi ayenebs, visac erTi da mamuli fexebze ekidaT...<br />

Cven aq mtyuan-marTlis Zebnas ar SevudgebiT, erTs ki vityviT,<br />

38 wlis ilia, 62 wlis xnovan adamians tyuilubralod ar<br />

gaimetebda, Tu Tavis naTqvamis marTebulobaSi darwmunebuli<br />

ar iqneboda. saqme exeba ara maT pirad urTierTobas, aramed<br />

samSoblosadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxs... vfiqrobT, axalgazrda<br />

mamuliSvilis aRSfoTeba gamowveuli unda iyos im monuri<br />

TavdadrekiT, romliTac C<strong>in</strong>-medlebs daxarbebuli qar-<br />

Tveloba imxanebSi saqarTveloSi myof imperators aleqs<strong>and</strong>re<br />

II-es egebeboda... aRsaniSnavia isic, rom `gamocanebi~ ilias,<br />

arc platon ioselianis, arc sxvaTa sicocxleSi ar gamouqveynebia,<br />

igi xelnaweris saxiT vrceldeboda mkiTxvelTa viwro<br />

wreSi da mogvianebiT, TviT avtoris sikvdilis Semdeg, iqna<br />

29

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poetis TxzulebaTa krebulebSi Setanili... pl. ioselianisadmi<br />

miZRvnil striqonebSi naTqvamia:<br />

`cxvirdida da Tvaldidroni,<br />

msunagi da trabaxia,<br />

erTi uSnod awowvila,<br />

erTi raRac axmaxia;<br />

sexnia hyavs saxeldidi,<br />

TiTon ki marto grZelia,<br />

Zvelis mcodnea, magrama<br />

ybedi da Wkvazed Txelia;<br />

enabrtyelia, gulmrude,<br />

advilad mosayidia,<br />

am ylapiasac qveyana<br />

Zmano, fexebzed hkidia~ [22, 132].<br />

pl. ioseliani 1875 wlis 5 noembers gardaicvala. sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa<br />

aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos, rom igi zustad Tavis dabadebis dRes aResrula.<br />

pirveli, am samwuxaro faqts gazeTi `droeba~ gamoexmaura...<br />

`wuxel saRamos, 15 saaTze, didi xnis avadmyofobis Semdeg<br />

gardaicvala Cveni Zveli, pativcemuli moRvawe, qarTuli<br />

literaturisa — platon egnates Ze ioseliani. mis literaturul<br />

moRvaweobaze imedi gvaqvs, male ufro vrcel statias waikiTxavs<br />

mkiTxveli Cvens gazeTSi~ [46].<br />

`droebis~ redaqtorma danapirebi Seasrula da gazeTis<br />

erT-erT uaxloes nomerSi sakmaod vrceli nekrologi uZRvna<br />

pl. ioselianis gardacvalebas. sergei mesxis mier imdro<strong>in</strong>deli<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis araerT sa<strong>in</strong>tereso kiTxvazea pasuxi<br />

gacemuli, warmoCenilia `mamaTa~ da `SvilTa~ uTanxmoebis mizezebi<br />

da a. S. `nekrologSi~ kerZod naTqvami iyo:<br />

`ama wlis 15-s TfilisSi gardaicvala platon egnates Ze<br />

ioseliani. mesame dRes, e. i. 18-s micvalebuli daasaflaves<br />

misganve aSenebul amaRlebis eklesiaSi.<br />

rasakvirvelia, aravis ar gaukvirdeba, rom vsTqva: rom<br />

amierkavkasiis TiTqmis uZveles mwignobars bevri pativismcemeli<br />

aRmouCnda, bevrma gaacila is Tavis ukanasknels sadgomamde.<br />

aravis gahkvirvebia isic, roca gamyolTa ricxvSi micvalebulis<br />

Tanamedrove da Tanamoazre moxucebulebi da<strong>in</strong>axes.<br />

es srulebiT Cveulebriv movlenaT eCvenaT. magram zogier-<br />

Tebs gaukvirda, zogierTebma TiTqo ver gaiges is, rom gam-<br />

30

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yolTa ricxvSi TiTqmis yvela warmomadgenelni Cvenis axalgazrdobisa<br />

erivnen.<br />

`droebis~ redaqciam Tavisi mkiTxvelebi dapatiJa, rom<br />

daswrebodnen micvalebulis gasvenebaze da amnairaT ukanaskneli<br />

pativi ecaT imis xsenebisaTvis.<br />

es garemoeba kidev ufro gaugebari Seiqmna zogierTebisaTvis.<br />

ambobdnen: `ra iyo saerTo micvalebul platon ioseliansa<br />

da axalgazrdobas Sua? rad ucxadeben imas aseTs TanagrZobas,<br />

rodesac imaTi miznebi da rwmunebani ase gansxvavdebodnen?<br />

mama da Svili ver moTavsebula axla rigianaT Cven-<br />

Si da micvalebuli xom axali Taobis papad CaiTvleboda~-o, —<br />

dasZens s. mesxi da ganagrZobs, — `sakvirveli da gaugebari ama-<br />

Si srulebiT ara aris ra. oriode sityviT agixsniT: marTalia<br />

axalgazrdobisa da platon ioselianis rwmunebaTa da azrebs<br />

Sua didi samzRvaria, didi gansxvavebaa. amaze laparakis dro<br />

rom iyos axla, rodesac micvalebulis saflavi jer kidev<br />

TiTqmis ar gamSrala, Cven vityodiT, rom iqneba micvalebulis<br />

cxovrebaSi bevri iseTi mxareebi iyo, romelsac axalgazrdoba<br />

keTilad ver moixseniebs; iqneba axalgazrdobis hazriT,<br />

micvalebuls bevri iseTi ram Caudenia, Tavis sicocxle-<br />

Si, romelsac is ver TanaugrZnobs; iqneba axalgazrdobis hazriT,<br />

micvalebulma imis meaTedic ver Seasrula, rac SeeZlo,<br />

ris RonisZiebasac mas bednieri garemoeba aZlevda.<br />

magram yvela amas, axalgazrdobis TvalSi, erTi Rirseba<br />

gamoisyidis micvalebul platon ioselianisa:<br />

erT dros is iyo moRvawe qarTuli literaturisa.<br />

axalgazrdobam daiviwya yvela rac micvalebulSi ar<br />

moswonda da gaixsena mxolod es erTi damsaxureba. rom is qar-<br />

Tuli mwerlobis Sesamagreblad da gasamdidreblad zrunavda;<br />

daiviwya yvelaferi rac ar gaukeTebia da gaixsena imis warsuli<br />

Sroma, is, rac gaakeTa da mxolod amisTvis sca imas ukanaskneli<br />

pativi.<br />

qarTuli literaturis siyvarulma ori Taoba SeaerTa<br />

micvalebulis saflavze. am literaturisa da xalxis saxeliT,<br />

axali Taoba yovelTvis mzaTaa bevri naklulovaneba, bevri Secodeba<br />

miutevos yvelas, v<strong>in</strong>c unda iyos. oRond Cveni dacemuli<br />

literaturis gansaRviZeblad izruneT da axalgazrdoba<br />

mudam TqvenTan iqneba; esaa is sagani, romelic unda gvaerTia-<br />

31

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nebdes, romelic unda gvaviwyeb<strong>in</strong>ebdes yvela wvrilman angariSebs,<br />

uTanxmoebas, ganxeTqilebas.<br />

am hazrs vacxadebT Cven micvalebul platon ioselianis<br />

saflavze im Cveni mamebisaTvis, romelnic, saubeduroT, Cven,<br />

Tavian Svilebs, rogorRac ganze gviyureben~ [46].<br />

amrigad, pl. ioselianis mravalferovan moRvaweobaSi<br />

gansakuTrebuli nayofierebiT gamoirCeva aTwliani (1845-<br />

1855) periodi, roca igi gazeT `zakavkazskii vestniks~ edga sa-<br />

TaveSi. misi niWis mravalmxriv warmoCenas, gansakuTrebul<br />

warmatebebs samecniero-saganmanaTleblo da saredaqtoropublicistur<br />

saqmianobaSi imanac Seuwyo xeli, rom gangebam<br />

igi mxaris upirveles mmarTvelTan, ganswavlul pirovnebas-<br />

Tan graf mixeil voroncovTan Camosvlis pirveli dReebidanve<br />

daaaxlova. pl. ioseliani amiT mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis<br />

manZilze amayobda da SemTxvevas ar uSvebda werilobiTac daefiqsireb<strong>in</strong>a<br />

es faqti... rogorc redaqtorma da publicistma<br />

man SeZlo rusulenovani oficialuri gamocema qarTuli istoriis,<br />

eklesiis, kulturisa da tradiciebis ucxotomel-<br />

TaTvis gasacnobad gamoeyeneb<strong>in</strong>a. madlieri STamomavloba yovelTvis<br />

gaixsenebs patriotuli suliskveTebiT gaJRenTil<br />

mis brZnul Segonebas: `icxovreT mamulis istoriiTa da sagmiro<br />

saqmeebiT. istoriis gareSe ar arsebobs cxovreba!~.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,<br />

fondi 4, aRw. 1, saqme 129; 182.<br />

2. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,<br />

fondi 440, aRw. 1, saqme 16, 109, 112, 152, 154, 162.<br />

3. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,<br />

fondi 489, aRw. 1, saqme 14074, 14466.<br />

4. Акты собранные Кавказской археографической коммиссей, том XI,<br />

стр. 757 (Докладная записка Бебутова №795); там-же: стр. 764<br />

(Докладная записка Бебутова №796).<br />

5. Энциклопедический словарь (издатели Ф. А. Брокгауз и И. А. Ефрон),<br />

том VII, Санкт-Петербург, 1892.<br />

6. Большая Советская Энциклопедия, том 5, М., 1971.<br />

7. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 5, Tb., 1980.<br />

8. n. bagrationi, burebTan, mogonebani, Tb., 1990.<br />

32

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9. Барамидзе Арч., Ватейшвили Д., П. И. Иоселиани, Очерк жизни и<br />

научно-общественной деятельности, «Мецниереба», Тб., 1978.<br />

10. gawerilia akaki, rCeuli Canawerebi, Tb., 1962.<br />

11. gagoiZe v., filosofiuri azris ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi<br />

XIX s-is saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1962.<br />

12. gocaZe mix., qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria, Tsu gamomcemloba,<br />

Tb., 1954.<br />

13. Зерцелов, Библиография русских издании, Тб., 1951.<br />

14. Туманов Г. М., Характеристики и воспоминания, Тиф., 1913.<br />

15. kal<strong>and</strong>aZe al., qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria (1819-<br />

1853), t. I, Tb. 1977.<br />

16. kaxiani v., w<strong>in</strong>aparTa nakvalevze, Jurn. `sabWoTa xelovneba~,<br />

#3, 1965.<br />

17. leoniZe g., platon ioseliani, Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~,<br />

#47, 1915.<br />

18. Махарадзе Н., Платон Иоселиани в «Закавказском Всетнике», «Вопросы<br />

теории и истории журналистики», III, Тб., 1974.<br />

19. meliqseT begi l., epizodebi platon ioselianis cxovrebidan,<br />

gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1938, #31.<br />

20. ratiani prokofi, epizodebi pl. ioselianis moRvaweobidan<br />

Jurn. `sabWoTa qali~, #2, 1976.<br />

21. Шуглиашвили Д., Пламенный патриот родной культуры, газ.<br />

«Вечерный Тифлиси», №282, 1964.<br />

22. WavWavaZe ilia, Txzulebani 20 tomad, t. I, Tb., 1987.<br />

23. WiW<strong>in</strong>aZe zaqaria, platon ioseliani, Tb., 1893.<br />

24. Иоселиани Пл., Кацхский храм в Имеретии, Тифлис, 1845.<br />

25. Иоселиани Пл., Описание Шиогвимской пустыни в Грузии, Тифлис,<br />

1845.<br />

26. Иоселиани Пл., Города сушествовавшие и существующие в Грузии,<br />

Тифлис, 180.<br />

27. Иоселиани Пл., Описание Марткопского монастыря, Тифлис, 1847.<br />

28. Иоселиани Пл., Гора св. Давида в Тифлись, Тифлис, 1858.<br />

29. Иоселиани Пл., Икортский монастырь в Карталини, Тифлис, 1858.<br />

30. Иоселиани Пл., Путевые записки от Тифлиса до Ахталы, Тифлис,<br />

1850.<br />

31. Иоселиани Пл., Описание города Душета Тифлисской Губернии,<br />

Тифлис, 1860.<br />

32. Иоселиани Пл., Описание древностей города Тифлиса, Тифлис, 1866.<br />

33

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33. Иоселиани Пл., Алевская святыня, Тифлис, 1870.<br />

34. Иоселиани Пл., Путевые записки от Тифлиса до Мцхеты, Тифлис, 1871.<br />

35. Иоселиани Пл., Путевые записки по Кахетии... Тифлис, 1886.<br />

36. ioseliani pl., cxovreba mefe giorgi mecametisa, Tb., 1895.<br />

37. pl. ioseliani werilebi... sol. yubaneiSvilis redaqciiT,<br />

Tb., 1941.<br />

38. Газ. «Закавказский вестник», комплекты 1845-1855 гг.<br />

39. Газ. «Кавказ», комплекты 1846-1875 гг.<br />

40. gaz. `droeba~, 1868, 7 ivnisi.<br />

41. gaz. `droeba~, 1869, 27 Tebervali.<br />

42. gaz. `droeba~, 1869, 13 marti.<br />

43. gaz. `droeba~, 1869, 25 dekemberi.<br />

44. gaz. `droeba~, 1873, 21 seqtemberi.<br />

45. gaz. `droeba~, 1874, 12 ivlisi.<br />

46. gaz. `droeba~, 1875, 18 noemberi.<br />

47. gaz. `droeba~, 1875, 26 noemberi.<br />

Gela Saitidze<br />

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Ivane<br />

Javakhishvili Institute of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

Ethnology, Chief research scientist of the<br />

Department of <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Contemporary</strong><br />

<strong>History</strong><br />

Platon Ioseliani – Editor, Publicist<br />

Summary<br />

The ten years were the most fruitful among Platon Ioseliani’s (1809 -<br />

1875) many-sided activity. They were the years when he was the editor of<br />

“Kavkazski Vestnik” (“The Messenger of the Caucasus”). The many-sided<br />

manifestation of his talent, great successes <strong>in</strong> science, elucidation, editorial,<br />

publicistic activity was also promoted by his close relations with count<br />

Mikhail Voroncov, the ma<strong>in</strong> ruler of the Caucasus. The count was a person<br />

with the help of whom Platon Ioseliani could manage to use the official<br />

newspaper issued <strong>in</strong> Russian language for reveal<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> display<strong>in</strong>g Georgian<br />

history, church, culture <strong>and</strong> national traditions. Grateful posterity always will<br />

remember his wise suggestion full of patriotism: “Live with the history <strong>and</strong><br />

heroic deeds of the fatherl<strong>and</strong>. There is not a life without history”.<br />

34

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xaTuna qoqraSvili<br />

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis<br />

ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

Pplaton ioseliani — saeklesio<br />

istoriis mkvlevari<br />

(zogadi mimoxilva)<br />

platon ioselianis moRvaweobis dasawyisi metad rTul<br />

periods emTxveva. XIX s-is 30-40-iani wlebi amierkavkasiaSi ruseTis<br />

politikur-adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli reJimis damkvidrebisa da<br />

ganmtkicebis periodia. Mmas w<strong>in</strong> uZRoda saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi: ruseTis mier saqarvelos aneqsia,<br />

samefo xelisuflebis gauqmeba, samefo gvaris warmomadgenlebis<br />

— bagrationebis iZulebiTi gadasaxleba ruseTSi,<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba da rusuli saeklesio<br />

wes-ganebis damkvidreba, rusuli adm<strong>in</strong>istraciis<br />

TviTneburi moqmedeba, antirusuli ajanyebebis sastiki Cax-<br />

Soba. am procesebma sazogadoebis erT nawilSi arsebul re-<br />

JimTan Segueba, pesimizmi, konformizmi ganapiroba. Tumca, paralelurad,<br />

iwyeba qarTuli erovnuli erTobis konsolidaciis<br />

procesi, erovnuli identobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZola.A<br />

asparezze gamodis nacionaluri <strong>in</strong>teligenciis is wre,<br />

romelmac ganaTleba rusul saswavleblebSi miiRo, Caeba samoqalaqo-C<strong>in</strong>ovnikur<br />

samsaxurSi. maTi CarTva ruseTis saxelmwifo<br />

cxovrebaSi da imperiis samxedro Tu samoqalaqo karieraSi,<br />

TviTgadarCenis <strong>in</strong>st<strong>in</strong>qtiT Tu taqtikiT iyo nakarnaxevi.<br />

Mmeore mxriv ki, is<strong>in</strong>i erovnuli TviTmyofadobis ganmtkicebas<br />

cdas ar aklebdnen, im saSualebebiT, rac maT xelewifebodaT<br />

TanamdebobiT Tu codniT. K<br />

ena, romelic nacionaluri identobis erT-erTi umTavresi<br />

niSania, rusuli politikis Sedegad, sakmaod mZime zewolis<br />

qveS aRmoCnda, amitom qarTveli <strong>in</strong>teligencia ibrZvis<br />

qarTuli saliteraturo normebis SesanarCuneblad. teritoriuli<br />

mTlianoba, romlis farglebSic unda momxdariyo konsolidacia,<br />

gareSe Zalis meSveobiT TiTqosda gaerTi<strong>and</strong>a.<br />

35

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gaCnda dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebis imedi. saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

da politikuri damoukideblobis aRdgenis idea, am<br />

etapze, damarcxda, amitom mTeli aqcenti gakeTda erovnulkulturuli<br />

faseulobebis Cvenebasa da popularizaciaze. saxezea<br />

e. w. `kulturuli nacionalizmi~-s, rodesac saxelmwifoeba<br />

dakargul erTobaSi politikuri brZola SeuZlebelia<br />

da erovnuli identobis gamyareba, nacionaluri TviTgamorkveva<br />

eris kulturuli faseulobebis w<strong>in</strong> wamoweviT, misi<br />

kvleviTa da popularizaciis gziT xdeba.<br />

Eerovnuli cnobierebis ganmtkicebis procesSi saerTo<br />

kanonzomierebad aris miCneuli, qveynis eklesiis istoriis<br />

sferoSi kvlevebis gaaqtiureba. qarTuli saeklesio istoriografia<br />

swored am dros iRebs saTaves, formisa da S<strong>in</strong>aarsis<br />

mixedviT zustad pasuxobs drois moTxovnebs.P pirveli mkvlevari,<br />

romelmac monografiulad Seiswavla saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

istoria da SemdgomSic am sferoSi arsebul problemebs<br />

araerTi samecniero naSromi uZRvna, aris platon ioseliani.<br />

saeklesio istoriis kvleva platon ioselianis Semoqmedebis<br />

metad sa<strong>in</strong>tereso mimarTulebaa. Cveni naSromi miznad<br />

isaxavs am mecnieris, rogorc saeklesio istoriis mkvlevris,<br />

mxolod ganzogadebul Sefasebas da am sferoSi misi Semoqmedebis<br />

zogad mimoxilvas. aqve davsZenT, rom es sakiTxi samomavlod<br />

imsaxurebs seriozul gamokvlevas da Rrma analizs.<br />

Tbilisis sasuliero sem<strong>in</strong>ariis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1831<br />

wels, platon ioselianma swavla ganagrZo peterburgis sasuliero<br />

akademiaSi. igi iyo erT-erTi pirveli qarTveli, romelic<br />

aRizarda ruseTis umaRles sasuliero saswavlebelSi.<br />

cnobilia, rom akademiaSi swavlis dros man rusul enaze<br />

Seadg<strong>in</strong>a `saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle istoria~ [15]. naSromi<br />

metad sayuradReboa, radganac qarTul istoriografiaSi is<br />

aris pirveli monografiuli naSromi saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

istoriis Sesaxeb. dRemde moRweulia am wignis II gamocema, romelic<br />

1843 wliT TariRdeba. misi pirveli gamocema, samwuxarod,<br />

samecniero Ziebebis miuxedavad bolo dromde mikvleuli<br />

ar iyo. samecniero literaturaSi arsebobda Tvalsazrisi,<br />

TiTqos wignis pirveli gamocema 1841 wels unda Sesrulebuliyo<br />

[2, 77; 4, 302]. es mosazreba uaryo mecnierma g. SaraZem. is<br />

daeyrdno episkopos kirion saZagliSvilis cnobas, rom pla-<br />

36

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ton ioselianis `saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle istoriam~ `dabeWdvis<br />

welsve (1843) gauZlo or gamocemas~. g. SaraZem es mosazreba<br />

damatebiT sarqivo dokumentebis monacemebiT gaamyara<br />

[5, 40]. man miakvlia 1842 wels aprilSi miRebul uwm<strong>in</strong>desi<br />

s<strong>in</strong>odis brZanebulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, rus mecniers a. n.<br />

muraviovs dadebiTi recenzia warmoudgenia pl. ioselianis am<br />

naSromis Sesaxeb, amasTanave aucileblad miuCnevia misi gamocema<br />

mniSvnelovani gadamuSavebisa da Sesworebebis Semdeg.<br />

amasTanave, g. SaraZem moiZia cnoba, romlis mixedviT, 1942<br />

wlis 11 agvistos Tbilisis sasuliero sem<strong>in</strong>ariis reqtorma<br />

arqim<strong>and</strong>ritma flavianem sem<strong>in</strong>ariis gamgeobas auwya, wignis<br />

gamosacemad momzadebisaTvis sankt-peterburgSi uwm<strong>in</strong>desi<br />

s<strong>in</strong>odis miwveviT platon ioselianis gamgzavrebis ambavi. am<br />

dokumentebidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are g. SaraZe daaskvnis, rom 1842<br />

wlis zafxulSi pl. ioselianis wigni `saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

mokle istoria~ ar yofila dabeWdili,A anu misi pirveli gamocema<br />

1841 wels ver iarsebebda. is marTebulad miiCnevs kirion<br />

saZagliSvilis azrs, rom am wignis orive gamocema 1843 wels<br />

unda Sesrulebuliyo [5, 38-45]. sxvaTaSoris, platon ioselianisa<br />

da m. broses mimoweras Tu gadavxedavT, aqac kargad Cans,<br />

rom 1841 wels es naSromi marTlac ar iyo gamoqveynebuli [6] .<br />

unda aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos, rom ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />

<strong>in</strong>stitutma 2009 wlis dekemberSi platon ioselianis<br />

dabadebis 200 wlisTavs samecniero konferencia miuZRvna.<br />

mecnieris aRniSnuli naSromis Sesaxeb moxseneba warmoadg<strong>in</strong>a<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis magistrantma<br />

mixeil qarTveliSvilma.M man sazogadoebas auwya,<br />

rom miakvlia am wignis aqamde ucnob pirvel gamocemas, romelic,<br />

marTlac, 1843 wels yofila dabeWdili. am aRmoCenam,<br />

wignis pirveli gamocemis TariRis Sesaxeb (1843 w.), kirion<br />

episkoposis cnobis da g. SaraZis varaudis marTebuloba daadastura.<br />

`saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle istoria~-s Tavis droze didi<br />

gamoxmaureba moyva. imave wels cnobilma rusma revolucioner-demokratma<br />

n. nekrasovma `Литературная газета~-Si gamoaqveyna<br />

am naSromis recenzia da pirveli Tavis sruli teqsti [24].<br />

n. nekrasovis SefasebiT, `...amgvari naSromi imsaxurebs srul<br />

mxardaWeras, miT ufro, rom is Seicavs axal mtkicebulebebs<br />

37

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erZnul-aRmosavluri eklesiis uZvelesi warmomavlobisa da<br />

dasavluri religiebis samociqulo... eklesiis WeSmariti kanonebisagan<br />

g<strong>and</strong>gomis Sesaxeb~ [24] .<br />

XIX s-is 50-ian wlebSi m. broses mier `qarTlis cxovrebis~<br />

frangul enaze gamoqveynebam, axali wyarosa da faqtologiuri<br />

masalis Semotanam, erTgvari gadatrialeba moaxd<strong>in</strong>a maS<strong>in</strong>del<br />

orientalistikaSi. Ggaizarda <strong>in</strong>teresi saqarTvelos istoriuli<br />

warsulis, eklesiis istoriisa da kulturis mimarT.<br />

Aamdenad, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom platon ioselianis am<br />

naSromma, romelSic pirvelad gamoqveynda saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

istoriis ara erTi sa<strong>in</strong>tereso cnoba, ucxoeli mecnierebis<br />

yuradRebac miiqcia. 1866 wels `saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

mokle istoria~, <strong>in</strong>glisur enaze Targmna, komentarebi daur-<br />

To da gamosca samRvdelo pirma, warmoSobiT frangma, SveicariaSi<br />

dabadebulma, SemdgomSi oqsfordis universitetis<br />

cnobilma mecnierma, aRmosavleTmcodnem, poliglotma, solomon<br />

sizar malanim (1812-1894 ww.) — <strong>History</strong> of the Georgian<br />

Charch, translated <strong>and</strong> edited from the russian of the P. Ioseliani, by the rev.<br />

S. C. Malan, M.A. Vicar of the Broadw<strong>in</strong>dsor, 1866.<br />

<strong>in</strong>gliseli mecnieriD d. langi, romelmac Seiswavla qar-<br />

Tvelologiuri kvleva-Ziebani oqsfordis universitetSi<br />

(`Georgian stadies <strong>in</strong> Oxford~ (Oxsford slavonic papers, vol.VI, 1955,<br />

Oxsford, 1956, gv. 115-143 )), solomon sizar malanis <strong>in</strong>glisSi<br />

qarTvelologiuri mecnierebis pionerad miiCnevs da Tavisi<br />

drois yvelaze universalur l<strong>in</strong>gvistad aRiarebs. misive<br />

cnobiT, solomon sizar malanis qarTuli enac kargad scodnia<br />

da qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebis istoriiT yofila da<strong>in</strong>teresebuli<br />

[1, 139-151].<br />

malani anglikanuri eklesiis TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o warmomadgeneli<br />

iyo da is 1845 wlidan e.w. `Broadw<strong>in</strong>dsor~-is vikarad da<strong>in</strong>iSna. Aanglikanuri<br />

eklesia cnobilia Tavisi liberaluri damokidebulebiT<br />

sxva qristianul aRmsareblobebTan. misi erT-erTi mimarTuleba,<br />

romelic farTo eklesiis (Broad Church) saxeliT<br />

aris cnobili, mowodebulia gaaerTianos yvela qristianuli<br />

mimd<strong>in</strong>areoba. cnobilia, romQ qristianobis es mimarTuleba<br />

mogvianebiT (XX s-Si) aqtiurad CaerTo ekumenur moZraobaSi.<br />

XIX s-is II naxevarSi evropasa da amerikaSi gansakuTrebulad gaaqtiurdnen<br />

samRvdelo pirebi, romlebic cdilobdnen warmoe-<br />

38

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C<strong>in</strong>aT anglikanuri da orTodoqsuli anu aRmosavlur-qristianuli<br />

aRmsareblobis msgavseba. Bamdenad, aRmosavluri avtokefaluri<br />

eklesiebis istoriis Seswavlas dasavlur saRvTismetyvelo<br />

mecnierebaSi metad didi yuradReba daeTmo. vfiqrobT,<br />

solomon sizar malanis da<strong>in</strong>tereseba platon ioselianis naSromiT<br />

— `saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle istoria~, garda wm<strong>in</strong>da<br />

samecniero <strong>in</strong>teresisa, anglikanuri eklesiis praqtikuli miznebiTac<br />

iyo nakarnaxevi. niS<strong>and</strong>oblivia, rom solomon sizar malanis<br />

1867 wels uTargmnia, agreTve,G gabriel episkoposis qadagebani<br />

(Sermons by Gabriel, bishop of Imereth, London, 1867), xolo 1872<br />

wels Tavad umogzauria saqarTveloSi, piradad Sexvedria Ggabriel<br />

episkoposs da quTaisis sakaTedro taZarSi wirva da qadageba<br />

qarTulad Seusrulebia. [5, 43]<br />

unda aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos isic, rom XIX-XX s-is mijnaze, rodesac<br />

daisva saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis kvleva-Ziebis samecniero<br />

donis gansazRvris, naklovanebebis gamovlenis, misi sistemuri,<br />

safuZvliani Seswavlisa da srulyofis sakiTxi, platon<br />

ioselianis am naSromis samecniero Rirebulebac kidev<br />

erTxel Sefasda. episkoposma kiron saZagliSvilma, romelic<br />

sagangebod Seexo qarTuli saeklesio istoriografiis mdgomareobasa<br />

da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebs, platon ioselianis<br />

aRniSnuli naSromi ZiriTadad dadebiTad Seafasa,<br />

Tumca aRniSna kidec misi xarvezebi: `...miuxedavad Tavisi<br />

arasrulobisa, gaumarTaobisa, seriozuli samecniero xerxebis<br />

uqonlobisa, rogorc saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis<br />

Sedgenis pirveli cda, jer kidev, dasamuSavebel da kritikulad<br />

Sesafasebel wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, es wigni, ra Tqma unda,<br />

darCeba avtoris Sromisa da erudiciis maradsaxsovar Zeglad~.B[26,<br />

2]<br />

bunebrivia, dRes qarTuli saistorio mecniereba ver gaiziarebs<br />

platon ioselianis mier `saqarTvelos eklesiis mokle<br />

istoriaSi~ gamoTqmul zogierT Tvalsazriss. gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki, rusul saeklesio istoriografiaSi damkvidrebul<br />

koncefciebs, romlebic ew<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegebian qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

arsebul Sexedulebebs da aseve saeklesio tradiciebs.<br />

Uunda aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos, rom naSromma — `saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

mokle istoria~ — gamoqveynebamde Semowmebis metad xangrZlivi<br />

da rTuli gza ganvlo. Pplaton ioselianisa da m. bro-<br />

39

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ses mimoweridan Cans, rom is ganuxilavT kievisa da peterburgis<br />

sasuliero akademiebSi. Semdeg Sesamowmeblad gadaeca ruseTis<br />

uwm<strong>in</strong>desi s<strong>in</strong>odis specialur komisias, romelmac mii-<br />

Ro gadawyvetileba avtori Tbilisidan peterburgSi gamoexmo,<br />

naSromis gadamuSavebisa da zogierTi Tvalsazrisis gadasas<strong>in</strong>jad<br />

[6]. Aes, faqtobrivad, iyo pirdapiri miTiTeba Tu<br />

moTxovna, avtoriseuli Sexedulebebis Secvlis Taobaze.<br />

platon ioselianma peterburgSi wignis `gamosacemad momzadebas~<br />

sakmao dro mo<strong>and</strong>oma da mxolod amis Semdeg daumtkices<br />

dasabeWdad. vfiqrobT, mis mier rusul istoriografiaSi<br />

damkvidrebuli zogierTi saistorio Tvalsazrisis gaziareba,<br />

zewolis Sedegi unda yofiliyo. platon ioselianis naSromis<br />

araerTi xarvezi maS<strong>in</strong>deli saistorio kvlevebis da istoriografiis<br />

donemac ganapiroba; Tumca, isic unda aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos,<br />

rom ucxour wyaroTa gamoyenebis, problemis wamoWris, masalis<br />

gaazrebis da analizis kuTxiT, aRniSnuli wigni Tavisi<br />

drois qarTuli saistorio azrovnebis <strong>in</strong>ovaciur naSromad<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos.<br />

platon ioselianis am da sxva naSromebSi kargad Cans istoriuli<br />

procesebis gaazrebis miseuli xedva da msoflaRqma.<br />

is, rogorc Rrmad morwmune adamiani, istoriis Semecnebas<br />

samyarosa da RmerTis Semecnebis gzad miiCnevs. istoriuli<br />

movlenebis da procesebis gaazrebisas misi xedva qristianul-providencialuria:<br />

istorias RvTiuri nebis gamovl<strong>in</strong>ebad,<br />

adamianebisa da erebis `xsnis~ RvTaebrivi gegmis ganxorcielebad<br />

miiCnevs.<br />

Aplaton ioselianis saeklesio istoriis kvlevebSi kargad<br />

warmoCnda, is ZiriTadi saistorio koncefciebi, romli-<br />

Tac SeiZleba iTqvas, sazrdoobs misi Semoqmedeba: 1) is, rogorc<br />

yvela saeklesio istorikosi, saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

qristianobis gansakuTrebuli adgilisa da rolis saRvTismetyvelo<br />

koncefciis mimdevaria. Mmisi azriT, marTlmadideblobam<br />

gansazRvra saqarTvelos istoriis araerTi mniSvnelovani<br />

procesi, misi politikuri orientacia da qarTuli erTobis<br />

Camoyalibebis saqmeSi umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula.<br />

@2) pl. ioselianis SemoqmedebaSi kargad Cans saqarTvelos<br />

RvTisrCeulobis koncefcia. is Tvlis, rom saqarTvelos<br />

`xsna~ samyaros ganviTarebis RvTiuri gegmis nawilia. RvTismSoblis<br />

wilxvedr qveynad saqarTvelos aRiareba, am koncef-<br />

40

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ciis erTgvari gamoxatulebaa. Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas, rom<br />

mis naazrevSi naklebad Cans qarTuli mesianizmis idea, romelic<br />

qarTul saekleso istoriografiaSi XX s-is dasawyisSi<br />

sakmaod mkveTrad gaJRerda. is rusuli mesianizmis ideas ufro<br />

iziarebs, rodesac ambobs: `...gangebaman RvTisa qmna ise,<br />

romel rusTa ZaliTA damSviddnen... Temni TviT qarTvelTa samefosa<br />

daglejilni da danawevrebulni... gangeba RvTisa rus-<br />

Tave ZaliTa moiyvans naTesaobiTsa erTobasa qobuleTsa, aWarasa,<br />

livanasa TurqTagan pyrobilTa...~[4, 247-248] Tumca, aqve<br />

unda aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos, rom saqarTveloSi ruseTis saeklesio politikis<br />

Sefasebisas, platon ioseliani xSir SemTxvevaSi ukmayofilebas<br />

gamoTqvams saqarTvelos egzarqosebis damokidebulebis<br />

Sesaxeb qarTuli siZveleebisa da eklesia-monastrebis<br />

mimarT. Eegzarqos isidores dros sveticxovlis taZarSi Catarebul<br />

aRdgeniT samuSaoebs platon ioseliani ase afasebda:<br />

`mcxeTis ganmaaxlebelisa dasca sruliad eqsarqosad yofilman<br />

da aw peterburRisa mitropolitad isidoreman... movaxsene<br />

1858 welsa araeTgzis da merec SfoTiTaca mas, istoriisa<br />

da qveynis siZveleTa umecarsa da ara miiRo Hhazri Cemi. iyo kaci<br />

TviTneba da idumal ara moyvare qarTvelTa...~ [7, 86]<br />

platon ioselianis, rogorc saeklesio istoriis mkvlevris,<br />

metad sayuradRebo mxarea mis mier Sesrulebuli ara er-<br />

Ti qarTuli taZrisa da eklesia-monastris aRwera. Tavdapirvelad,<br />

saqarTvelo-imereTis s<strong>in</strong>odaluri kantoris korpusis<br />

TanamSromels, mRvdels l. mixalovskis, romelic, rogorc<br />

Cans, TanaugrZnobda saqarTveloSi SemorCenili qristianuli<br />

siZveleebis patronobisa da zrunvis saqmes, platon ioselianisaTvis<br />

orig<strong>in</strong>aluri arqiteqturiT gamorCeuli, Zveli qar-<br />

Tuli taZrebis liTografiuli gamosaxulebebis Sesruleba<br />

urCevia. pirvelad mecnierma kacxis taZris mokle aRwera da<br />

am taZris fasadis liTografiuli gamosaxuleba gamoaqveyna.<br />

[9, 16] SemdgomSi amas mohyva, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva eklesiamonastrebis<br />

mosaxilad platon ioselianis mizanmimarTuli<br />

mogzauroba. platon ioselianis m. brosesTan mimoweridan<br />

Cans, rom mecnieri ar zogavda Tavis fizikur Tu materialur<br />

SesaZleblobebs da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi `mogzaurobebis~<br />

dros krebda iSviaT xelnawerebs, taZrebis kedlebidan<br />

gadaRebul warwerebs da freskebis aslebs, uamrav eTnog-<br />

41

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afiul da folklorul masalas. saTanado damuSavebis Semdeg<br />

peterburgSi agzavnida samefo akademiaSi [6, 149-201].<br />

platon ioselianma aRwera sveticxovlis da nokornos<br />

taZrebi, aseve SiomRvimis, gelaTis, kabenis, ikorTis monastrebi,<br />

iq daculi `siZveleebi~. Aam <strong>in</strong>formacias statiebad periodulad<br />

aqveynebda Jurn. `Закавказский вестник~-Si, romelic<br />

misi redaqtorobiTa da uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT gamodioda.<br />

masalebi ibeWdeboda sxvadasxva rusul solidur gamocemebSic,<br />

zogierTi taZris aRwera calke wignadac gamoica. [5;<br />

10; 11; 12; 14, 67-89; 16; 17, 49-59; 18; 19; 20; 22; 23]<br />

es naSromebi SesaniSnav suraTs qmnian saqarTvelos eklesia-monastrebis<br />

maS<strong>in</strong>deli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, gvawvdian<br />

saWiro cnobebs ama Tu im eklesiisa Tu monastris adgilmdebareobis,<br />

bunebrivi garemo pirobebis, Zeglis Seswavlis istoriis<br />

(romelma mecnierebma, mogzaurebma Seiswavles an aRweres),<br />

nagebobebis arqiteqturul stilze mkvlevarTa mosazrebebis,<br />

moxatulobis, warwerebis, monasterSi daculi saeklesio<br />

saWurvlis, xatebis, biblioTekis, aqtebis da sigelebis,<br />

Semowirulobebis, monastrebis w<strong>in</strong>amZRvrebis v<strong>in</strong>aobisa<br />

da qronologiis, cnobili pirebis saflavebis Sesaxeb da a. S.<br />

platon ioselianma aRwera zogierTi iseTi Zegli, romelic<br />

ganadgurebis pirze iyo misuli (mag. nokornos eklesia, alevisa<br />

da wm. mamebis samlocveloebi da a.S.), amiT Semogv<strong>in</strong>axa cnobebi<br />

am eklesiebis pirv<strong>and</strong>eli arqiteqturuli stilisa da istoriis<br />

Taobaze [10; 22; 23].<br />

saqarTvelos farglebs gareT daculi qarTuli saeklesio<br />

literaturisa da wyaroebis SeswavliT platon ioseliani,<br />

jer kidev, 1838 wels da<strong>in</strong>teresebula. sazRvargareT arsebul<br />

qarTul monastrebSi daculi qarTuli siZveleebis Seswavlis<br />

mizniT, ruseTis bibliuri sazogadoebis <strong>in</strong>iciativiT,<br />

n. d. Cub<strong>in</strong>aSvilis TaosnobiT, jer kidev 1820 wels, Sedga 6 kaciani<br />

eqspedicia. Tumca is CaiSala, saberZneTSi momxdari<br />

ajanyebis gamo. Mmoxda ise, rom pirveli qarTveli mkvlevari,<br />

romelic aTonis mTas estumra, iyo platon ioseliani. mecniers<br />

xelT hqonia, ilarion yanCiSvilis mier Sedgenili, aTonis<br />

mTis qarTvelTa monastris qarTuli xelnawerebisa da wignebis<br />

arasruli nusxa, romelsac m. brosec icnobda da franguladac<br />

uTargmnia. 1849 wels saqarTvelos mefisnacvlis m. vo-<br />

42

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oncovis daxmarebiT platon ioselians aTonis mTaze gamgzavrebis<br />

neba darTes. es mogzauroba 4 Tve da 21 dRe gagrZelda.<br />

Mmogzaurobis mizani aTonis qarTul monasterSi daculi<br />

qarTuli xelnawerebis Seswavla iyo [8, 116-118].<br />

platon ioselians muSaoba mZime pirobebSi mouwia: portaitis<br />

monastris samreklos Senobis erT-erT oTaxSi, iatakze<br />

da Taroebze uwesrigod daxvavebuli 4000-mde wignidan, mas<br />

unda gamoerCia qarTuli xelnawerebi da wignebi. samwuxarod,<br />

pl. ioselianis am mogzaurobis Sedegebsa da mniSvnelobaze<br />

srulyofil warmodgenas ver SeviqmniT. am samecniero mivl<strong>in</strong>ebis<br />

Sesaxeb detaluri angariSi, romelic mecniers Sedgenili<br />

hqonia, platon ioselianis arqivis nawilTan, sxvadasxva<br />

masalebTan erTad ganadgurda da DdRemde ver moaRwia. Semor-<br />

Cenilia mxolod, mis mier Sesrulebuli aTonis iverTa monastris<br />

aRwera, romelic xelnawerTa erovnul fondSia daculi,<br />

Tumca aq dasaxelebul xelnawerTa nusxa ar aris sruli. aTonis<br />

monasterSi dacul xelnawerebze nawyveti bibliografiuli<br />

cnobebi gafantulia platon ioselianis mier gamocemul<br />

timoTesa da ionas wm<strong>in</strong>da adgilTa mimoxilvaSi, agreTve ka-<br />

Tolikos anton I-is `wyobilsityvaobaSi~.A aTonis mTaze mecnieris<br />

mogzaurobisa da aTonis qarTvelTa monasterSiM muSaobis<br />

Sedegebze garkveul cnobebs gvawvdian, agreTve, korespondenciebi,<br />

romelTac pl. ioseliani drodadro `Закавказский<br />

вестник~-Si gamosaqveyneblad gzavnida. korespondenciebidan<br />

irkveva, rom mecniers miukvlevia ramdenime mniSvnelovani<br />

uZvelesi xelnawerisaTvis, esenia: 1) pergamentze Sesrulebuli<br />

xelnaweri, romelSic gadmocemuli iyo monastris qtitorebis<br />

cxovreba. xelnawers Tan erTvoda wm. ilarion qar-<br />

Tvelis cxovreba da uZvelesi qarTuli diptiqebi; 2) sakmaod<br />

Selaxul mdgomareobaSi myofi xelnaweri wm. giorgi mTawm<strong>in</strong>delis<br />

cxovrebis Sesaxeb; 3) wm<strong>in</strong>da barTlomes cxovreba, romelmac<br />

qristianoba kavkasiis mTis mosaxleobaSi iqadaga (mecnieri<br />

aRniSnavs, rom es aris axali jer kidev ucnobi wyaro saqarTvelos<br />

istoriisaTvis); 4) V s-is moRvawis svimon mesvetis<br />

Tanamedrove wm<strong>in</strong>danis anton qarTvelis cxovreba. [8, 132]<br />

aTonis mTaze samecniero kvlevebis Sedegebze damatebiT<br />

<strong>in</strong>formacias iZleva, agreTve platon ioselianis SemorCenili<br />

arqivis, xelnawerebisa da naSromebis bibliografia, romelic<br />

43

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XIX s-is 90-ian wlebSi aris Sedgenili, qarTuli saeklesio istoriisa<br />

da `siZveleebis~ SeswavliT da<strong>in</strong>teresebuli qarTveli<br />

<strong>in</strong>teligenciis mier [25]. bibliografiaSi Sesulia is wignebi<br />

da xelnawerebi, romelic pl. ioselians droebiTi sargeblobisaTvis<br />

Camoutania saqarTveloSi an Tavisi xeliT gadauweria.<br />

Eesenia: 1) wm<strong>in</strong>danTa sadidebeli kanonebis krebuli (pergamenti,<br />

uTariRo, wm. eqvTimes, ioanes, giorgis da gabrielis<br />

cxovreba); 2) cxra Zma kolaelTa cxovreba (pl. ioselianis xeliT<br />

gadawerili); 3) wm. varlamis cxovreba da wm. marTas (svimon<br />

mesvetes dedis) cxovreba erT wignad (pergamenti); 4) saqarTvelos<br />

eklesiis wm<strong>in</strong>danTaA cxovreba (pl. ioselianis xeliT<br />

gadawerili); 5) berZnul enaze Sesrulebuli aRapebi 6<br />

wignad, romelSic ixseniebian saqarTvelos eklesiis mamebi da<br />

qarTveli Semomwirvelebi 6) wm. marTas (svimon mesvetes dedis)<br />

cxovreba, anton qarTvelis mier gadawerili da sxva.<br />

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo platon ioselianis mier<br />

saqarTveloSi droebiTi sargeblobisTvis Camotanili X<br />

saukunis (978 w.) biblia, romelic oSkis lavraSi gadauweriaT<br />

da Tornike erisTavs Seuwiravs aTonis monastrisTvis. XIX sis<br />

I naxevarSi sakmaod aqtualurad dadga `dabadebis~ teqstis<br />

dadgenisa da gamocemis sakiTxi. aTonis mTaze daculi zemoTnaxsenebi<br />

bibliis xelnaweri jer kidev 1818 wels droebiTi<br />

sargeblobisaTvis gamoiTxova `ruseTis bibliurma sazogadoebam~,<br />

magram aTonis mamebisagan mtkice uari miiRo. aRniSnuli<br />

sazogadoebis mier Aam da sxva xelnawerTa gadasawerad da<br />

Sesaswavlad aTonis mTaze gagzavnili eqspedicia n. Cub<strong>in</strong>aSvilis<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT warumateblad dasrulda, saberZneTSi<br />

garTulebuli politikuri viTarebis Sedegad. Aamgvarad, rac<br />

ver SeZlo `ruseTis bibliurma sazogadoebam~, imas warmatebiT<br />

gaarTva Tavi pl. ioselianma. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirvelad<br />

egzarqos isidores dros Seiqmna bibliis qarTuli Targmanis<br />

Semsworebeli komiteti, romlis erT-erTi wevri swored pl.<br />

ioseliani iyo. [8, 150-151]<br />

aTonis mTaze mogzaurobis dros pl. ioselianma trapizonSi<br />

moixila grigol niselis saxelobis eklesia da aRwera<br />

aq mdebare imereTis mefis solomon II saflavi, aTonis mTaze<br />

erT-erT monasterSi ki Sexvda mis yofil moZRvars — ilarions.<br />

am Sexvedram da ber-monazonTan saubarma pl. ioselianze<br />

sakmaod didi STabeWdileba moaxd<strong>in</strong>a [8, 135]. aTonis mTaze<br />

44

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mogzaurobis dros is Sexvda, agreTve, msoflio patriarqs,<br />

saberZneTis mefes otos da sxva cnobil pirovnebebs.<br />

saeklesio istoriografiaSi Pwm<strong>in</strong>danTa da sasuliero<br />

pirTa cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis gadmocema, ZiriTadad,<br />

qristianobis umTavresi debulebebis Semecnebas da qristes-<br />

Tvis wamebulTa Tayvaniscemas gulisxmobs. CvenTvis sa<strong>in</strong>tereso<br />

periodSi, qarTvel wm<strong>in</strong>danTa Tavdadebis Cvenebas, erovnuli<br />

meobis amaRlebis funqcia unda Seesruleb<strong>in</strong>a. platon<br />

ioselianma qarTul da ucxour wyaroebze dayrdnobiT gadmosca<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis mier Seracxuli wm<strong>in</strong>danebis, —<br />

wm. n<strong>in</strong>os, wm. raJdenis, wm. SuSanikis, wm. ioane zedaznelis, wm.<br />

Sio mRvimelis, — cxovreba da moRvaweoba [13]. niS<strong>and</strong>oblivia,<br />

rom es Txzuleba mas, sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, Tbilisis<br />

sasuliero sem<strong>in</strong>ariis aRsazrdelebisaTvis Seudgenia.<br />

sayuradReboa, rom platon ioselianma Aam TxzulebaSi gamoaqveyna<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiaSi wm<strong>in</strong>danTa xsenebis saeklesio<br />

kalendari. im dros, rodesac saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia<br />

gauqmda, mkvidrdeba rusuli eklesiis wes-gangeba, aikrZala<br />

manamade arsebuli qarTuli saeklesio dResaswaulebi,<br />

wm<strong>in</strong>danTaA xsenebis dReebi — platon ioselianis amgvarma naSromebma<br />

Semogv<strong>in</strong>axes cnobebi saqarTvelos eklesiaSi moqmedi<br />

kalendris SEesaxeb. platon ioseliani Tavis naSromebSi xSirad<br />

exeba qarTul eklesia-monastrebSi damkvidrebul saeklesio<br />

dResaswaulebs, aRwers da xsnis maT etimologias [13].<br />

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom platon ioselianma qar-<br />

Tul istoriografiaSi saTave daudo saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

istoriis macnierulad gaazrebasa da Seswavlas. saeklesio<br />

istoriis kvlevis dargSi, mis damsaxurebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis gaazreba maxlobeli aRmosavleTis<br />

qristianuli eklesiis istoriuli fonis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT;<br />

qarTuli wyaroebis paralelurad, saqarTvelos<br />

eklesiis istoriis Seswavlis mizniT, samecniero brunvaSi ucxouri<br />

(berZnuli, somxuri laT<strong>in</strong>uri da sxva) saistorio wyaroebisa<br />

da monacemebis Semotana, maTi kritikuli gaazreba.<br />

yovelive es maS<strong>in</strong>deli qarTuli saistorio azrovnebisaTvis<br />

erTgvar siaxles warmoadgenda.<br />

D<br />

45

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damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. d. langi, qarTvelologiuri kvleva-Zieba oqsfordSi,<br />

Targmani al. gamyreliZisa, Jurnali `ciskari~, 1957, #4.<br />

2. megreliZe, rusTvelologebi, Tb., 1970.<br />

3. platon ioseliani, aRwera martyofis monastrisa, rusulidan<br />

Targmna, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da komentari daur-<br />

To xaTuna maruSaSvilma, Tb., 2009.<br />

4. platon ioseliani, cxovreba mefisa giorgi mecametisa,<br />

akaki gawerelias Sesavali werilebiT, redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT,<br />

Tb., 1936.<br />

5. g. SaraZe, platon ioseliani, rusTvelologi, Tbilisi,<br />

1980.<br />

6. s. yubaneiSvili, platon ioselianis werilebi akad. mari<br />

brosesadmi, baTumis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

samecniero Sromebis krebuli, wigni I, baTumi, 1941.<br />

7. z. WiW<strong>in</strong>aZe, platon ioseliani (cxovreba da moRvaweoba),<br />

tfilisi, 1893.<br />

8. А. Барамидзе, Д. Ватеишвили, Платон Иоселиани, Очерк жизни и<br />

научно-общественной деятельности, Тб., 1978.<br />

9. `Закавказский вестник~ 1845, №16.<br />

10. П. Иоселиани, Алевская святыня, Душети, 1870.<br />

11. П. Иоселиани, Гелатский монастырь, Кавказский календарь,<br />

Тифлис, 1852.<br />

12. П. Иоселиани, Древние памятники Тифлиса, Журнал министерства<br />

внутренных дел, 1844, № 6.<br />

13. П. Иоселиани, Жизнеописание святых, прославляемых<br />

православною грузинскою церковью, Тифлис, 1850.<br />

14. П. Иоселиани, Икортский монастырь в Карталинии, Грузинский<br />

духовный вестник, 1865, №11.<br />

15. П. Иоселиани, История грузинской церкви, Тифлис, 1843.<br />

16. П. Иоселиани, Кацхский храм в имеретии, Тифлис, 1845.<br />

17. П. Иоселиани, Мцхетский храм в Грузии, Журнал министерства<br />

народнаго просвещения, ч. XXXVI, Спб., 1842.<br />

18. П. Иоселиани, Описание древностей города Тифлиса, Тифлис, 1866.<br />

19. П. Иоселиани, Описание Кабенского монастыря, Кавказский календарь,<br />

Тифлис, 1854.<br />

46

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20. П. Иоселиани, Описание Шиомгвимской пустыни в Грузии,<br />

`Закавказский вестник~, 1845, №12-14, №16.<br />

21. П. Иоселиани, Святая Нина просветительница Грузии христианскою<br />

верою, `Закавказский вестник~, 1845, №1.<br />

22. П. Иоселиани, Святыня Мамеба, gaz.: `Кавказ~, 1871, №6.<br />

23. П. Иоселиани, Храм в Нокорно Душети, 1870.<br />

24. gaz.: `Литературная газета~, 1843, #35.<br />

25. gaz.: `Новое обозрение~, 1894, №3521.<br />

26. Г. Садзагелов-Ивериели, К вопросу о грузинской церковной историографии,<br />

`Пастырь~, 1886, № 20-21.<br />

Khatuna Kokrashvili<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, The Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Institute of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology, Senior<br />

research scientist of the Department of<br />

<strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />

Platon Ioseliani – The Researcher of the Church <strong>History</strong><br />

(General review)<br />

Summary<br />

The Church history studies carried on by Platon Ioseliani is an<br />

extremely <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g sphere of his creative activity. While study<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the<br />

Theological Academy of Petersburg he compiled short history of Georgia <strong>in</strong><br />

Russian. After correspond<strong>in</strong>g revision <strong>and</strong> improvement the book was edited<br />

<strong>in</strong> 1843. This is the first work that studies the Church history of Georgia<br />

monographically. The book was highly evaluated by author’s contemporaries.<br />

It does not lose its significance even now.<br />

Platon Ioseliani has described not a s<strong>in</strong>gle Georgian church, monastery,<br />

cathedral. Such as: Svetitskhoveli, Nokorno, Shiomghvime, Gelati, Kabeni,<br />

Ikorta. These works give an obvious picture of the condition of those days<br />

Georgian churches <strong>and</strong> monasteries; they give <strong>and</strong> provide us with important<br />

data about the relics, manuscripts or books preserved there; they preserve an<br />

<strong>in</strong>formation about the history of this or that church <strong>and</strong> monastery <strong>and</strong> about<br />

their condition at that very time.<br />

Platon Ioseliani‘s journey to Mount Athos is worth to be mentioned.<br />

He described the current state of those days Monastery of Georgians on the<br />

47

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Holy Mounta<strong>in</strong>; compiled a list of manuscripts that were available for him<br />

among there preserved ones; brought <strong>in</strong> Georgia some of them for temporary<br />

use. Among these manuscripts there was a Bible copped <strong>in</strong> Oshki Monastery<br />

for the Monastery of Athos. Platon Ioseliani was a scientist who directed his<br />

attention on the importance of Biblical studies. On the basis of available<br />

sources he edited the `Lifes~ of Georgian Sa<strong>in</strong>ts who were canonized by the<br />

Church of Georgia.<br />

The evaluation of the history of the Church of Georgia on the<br />

background of the Near East Christian Church history, br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g foreign<br />

historical sources <strong>and</strong> data <strong>in</strong>to scientific circulation together with Georgian<br />

ones <strong>and</strong> their critical comprehension is the merit of Palton Ioseliani. It really<br />

was a k<strong>in</strong>d of novelty for those days Georgian historical th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g. Thus, we<br />

may say that scientific studies of the church history <strong>in</strong> Georgian<br />

historiography orig<strong>in</strong>ate from Platon Ioseliani’s works.<br />

48

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�������������������<br />

dodo WumburiZe<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

axali da uaxlesi ganyofilebis<br />

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

rusuli kolonizacia afxazeTSi da<br />

dasaxleba parnauTi<br />

XIX saukunis II naxevridan daiwyo saqarTvelos istoriuli<br />

miwebis aTviseba-kolonizacia ruseTis imperiuli xelisuflebis<br />

mier. afxazi da rusi avtorebi am process sruliad<br />

damax<strong>in</strong>jebulad warmogvidgenen. maTi azriT, am dros ganxorcielda<br />

qarTvelebis mier afxazeTis `dapyroba~, maTi `SeWra~<br />

da am regionSi demografiuli cvlilebebis safuZvelic es<br />

gaxda (ZiZaria, lakoba, bRaJba). s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi, afxazeTSi ruseTma<br />

35 rusuli da sxva garusebuli erovnebebis soflebi daaarsa.<br />

qarTvelebs aqedan devnidnen da kolonizaciis proeqtis<br />

gareT acxadebdnen.<br />

rusuli kolonizaciis namdvili, Sov<strong>in</strong>isturi miznebis<br />

mkafio gamoxatulebas warmoadgens xelisuflebis damokidebuleba<br />

afxazeTis sofel parnauTSi mcxovrebi qarTuli mosaxleobisadmi,<br />

maTi uflebebis darRveva da rusuli <strong>in</strong>teresebis<br />

gatareba saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi. parnauTis saqmem<br />

didi gamoxmaureba hpova amdrois ara marto qarTul, aramed<br />

rusul presaSic. aqedan Cans, Tu ramdenad arasamarTliani<br />

iyo mTavrobis gadawyvetileba parnauTeli glexebis mimarT.<br />

parnauTis istoria ase ganviTarda: aq mcxovrebi mosaxleoba<br />

XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi muhajirobis saS<strong>in</strong>el<br />

process Seewira. is<strong>in</strong>i TurqeTSi gaasaxles da es adgili dausaxlebeli,<br />

TiTqmis gaver<strong>and</strong>a. sofeli soxumidan 11 kilometris<br />

daSorebiT mdebareobda, magram aRaravis izidavda Tavisi<br />

veluri mdgomareobis gamo: niadagi yamirad qceuliyo, imdeni<br />

Sroma da saxsrebi Wirdeboda am miwisTvis kulturuli same-<br />

49

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urneo saxis dabrunebas, rom amis saSualeba maS<strong>in</strong>del pirobebSi<br />

ar iyo. amitom Tqves uari parnauTSi dasaxlebaze rusma<br />

kolonistma glexebma, ara marto maT, v<strong>in</strong>c imperiis Sida guberniebidan<br />

iyvnen da ufasod SesTavazes aq dasaxleba, aramed<br />

ukve afxazeTSi dasaxlebulma rusma glexebmac. soxumis satyeo<br />

meurneobam ufleba misca qarTvel glexebs— zugdidisa<br />

da senakis mazris mcxovrebT, rom arendiT aeRoT miwa, es<br />

arenda, rogorc maT dahpirdnen, samudamo an xangrZlivi iqneboda.<br />

Tu rus glexebs ufasod sTavazobdnen aqaur miwas, qar-<br />

Tvelebs deset<strong>in</strong>aSi 6 maneTi gadaaxdev<strong>in</strong>es. fuls ixdidnen<br />

msxvilfexa rqosani saqonlis yolazec: TiTo sulze 40 kapiks<br />

weliwadSi. glexebma Seisyides miwis dasamuSavebeli iaraRebi,<br />

rasac, sxvaTaSoris, Tavad aZlevdnen rus Camosaxlebulebs,<br />

ufasod.<br />

Zneli gza ganvles parnauTelebma velur bunebasTan<br />

brZolaSi, didi nebisyofa da energia Seswires aqaurobas. rogorc<br />

maS<strong>in</strong>deli presa erTxmad aRniSnavda, maTi damsaxureba<br />

iyo, rom es dasaxleba, manamde sruliad unayofo, migdebuli<br />

da gaveranebuli, ayvavebuli baRebiT, xexiliTa da venaxebiT<br />

gamorCeul adgilad iqca. is adamianebi, romlebmac saijaro<br />

xelSekruleba gaaformes parnauTelebTan, Cveulebriv, rusi<br />

erovnebisa da rusuli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen,<br />

rogorc Semdgom gairkva, maT moatyues arendatorebi, daamu-<br />

Saveb<strong>in</strong>es, gaalamazeb<strong>in</strong>es veluri adgili, Semdeg ki rusuli<br />

soflis Seqmna gadawyvites maT sakarmidamoebSi, metic, is<strong>in</strong>i<br />

aq Cumad Semoparul `zaxvatCikebad~ CaTvales. marTalia, iyvnen<br />

iseTebic, romlebic agarakze axali mosulebi iyvnen, magram<br />

ZiriTadi mosaxleoba ramdenime, zogjer ori, an sami aTeuli<br />

wlis dasaxlebuli iyo. mTavroba am moments iyenebda da<br />

mosaxleTa ukanono qmedebas amiT asabuTebda. maTi danaSauli<br />

mxolod erovnuli warmomavloba iyo. kavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebulTa<br />

sammarTvelos ufrosis Sedgenil dokumentSi is<strong>in</strong>i mo-<br />

Zaladeebad da ukanonod SemoWril adamianebad arian dasaxelebulni.<br />

ai, nawyveti am dokumentidan: `gadasaxlebulTa sammarTvelos<br />

xelT arsebuli monacemebiT, parnauTis agarakis<br />

zogierTi xelsayreli miwebi mTxovnelebs ijariT mxolod<br />

ukanasknel periodSi gadaecaT. amasTan, ijaris vada mxolod<br />

erTi wliT ganisazRvra, raTa, rogorc ki amas saWiroeba moiTxovs,<br />

unda CamoerTvas is<strong>in</strong>i moijareebs, radgan es zemoT<br />

50

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dasaxlebuli agaraki rusi gadmosaxlebulebis dasakmayofileblad<br />

aris gankuTvnili. zemoT dasaxelebuli sammarTvelos<br />

mier ijaris mTxovnelTaTvis uaris Tqmis mizezia parnauTis<br />

agarakis xelsayreli miwis nakveTebis sabolood gadacema<br />

rusi gadmosaxlebulebisaTvis. erT welze meti droiT<br />

ijaris gacemaze uars imitom eubnebian megrel moijareebs,<br />

rom is<strong>in</strong>i TavianTi mravalricxovani naTesavebiT damagrdebian<br />

am miwaze da faqtiurad TviTneburad moaxdenen am miwebis<br />

miTvisebas da maTi aqedan gaZeveba Semdeg ufro gagviWirdeba...am<br />

adgilebSi mudmivad dasasaxlebelTa siaSi ijaris<br />

mTxovnelTa CarTva SeuZlebelia, radganac sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

sargeblobisaTvis xelsayreli farTobi aq arc ise didia<br />

da amasTan, es aris erTaderTi miwis fondi, romelsac metnaklebad<br />

SeuZlia myarad uzrunvelyos soxumis olqSi ukve CamosaxlebulTa<br />

moTxovna miwaze...~ dokumentSi saubaria afxazeTSi<br />

rusuli dasaxlebebis—spasovkis, beloreC<strong>in</strong>skis, staroCernigovskis<br />

da sxva, rus miwaTmoqmed da xelosan glexebze,<br />

amasTanav, xelisuflebisgan dagegmil, ruseTis Sida guberniebidan<br />

Camoyvanili glexebis dasaxlebaze. am mizniT aris<br />

Sedgenili mTavrobis moxeleTa mier parnauTis agarakis miwebis<br />

gegmao,— askvnida moxele. parnauTSi bevr dasaxlebul<br />

qarTvel glexs miwa kerZo mflobelidan hqonda aRebuli, rac<br />

saqmes uZnelebda xelisuflebas, mijnebic kerZo da saxaz<strong>in</strong>o<br />

mamulebs Soris mkveTrad ar iyo gavlebuli. proeqtis ganxorcieleba<br />

amitom yovndeboda, magram mTavrobas miaCnda,<br />

rom aucileblad iyo saWiro qarTveli glexebis gasaxleba,<br />

radgan es miwa rus Camosaxlebulebsac ar yofnida. maT Soris<br />

sammarTvelos ufrosi asaxelebda parnauTSi pirvelad Camosul<br />

qarTvel moijareebsac, romlebic iseve unda gaesaxleb<strong>in</strong>aT,<br />

rogorc axali moijareebi [1, 75].<br />

rus moxeleebs kargad esmodaT, rom sakiTxi Zalze faqizi<br />

da, xelisuflebis mxridan riskiani iyo, amitom misi ganxorcieleba<br />

politikurad xelsayrel, reaqciis dros, revoluciis<br />

sastikad CaxSobis Semdeg ganaxorciela. gadmosaxlebulTa<br />

sammarTvelos Tavmjdomare mefisnacvals imazec werda,<br />

rom eSeris 95 afxazi komli miwis naklebobiT cud dReSi<br />

iyo da Tu megrelebs daukanonebdnen parnauTs, maS<strong>in</strong> maTac<br />

veRar daakmayofilebdnen. amas rusi moxele sxvaTaSoris imi-<br />

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zezebda, Torem sxvagan, yvela dokumentSi parnauTSi rusi Camosaxlebulebis<br />

dasaxlebaze saubrobda [2, 7].<br />

1908 wlis oqtomberSi gadmosaxlebulTa sammarTvelos<br />

moxeleebi— arxipovi da sapoJnikovi mefisnacvlis kancelariaSi<br />

gagzavnil mimarTvaSi gamoricxavdnen megreli arendatorebis<br />

Tavisi nebiT gasvlas parnauTidan, piriqiT, is<strong>in</strong>i sxva<br />

naTesavebsac iwveven, raTa agarakis miwebi Zaladobrivad miitacono,<br />

Txovdnen mefisnacvals, yvelaferi gaekeTeb<strong>in</strong>a parnauTidan<br />

megrelebis saswrafod gasayrelad. arxipovi mefisnacvals<br />

parnauTis miwis fondsac uzustebda, agaraki am cnobiT,<br />

3250 deset<strong>in</strong>a iyo, saidanac samosaxlod da sameurneod<br />

920 deset<strong>in</strong>a vargoda. mefisnacvlis kancelariidan male am<br />

moxeleebma Txovnaze Tanxmoba miiRes [3, 14-15]. daiwyo megreli<br />

glexebis gayra, rasac satyeos revizori rodiSCevi anxorcielebda.<br />

parnauTel glexebs ar egonaT ambis amgvarad dasruleba,<br />

rogorc maTi saqmidan Cans, is<strong>in</strong>i imedovnebdnen, rom<br />

fuliT ma<strong>in</strong>c moaxerxebdnen dakavebuli da ganaSenianebuli<br />

sakarmidamoebis dakanonebas. Tavdapirvelad TavianTi nebiT<br />

arCeuli warmomadgenlebis saSulebiT werdnen Txovnebs, sa-<br />

Civrebsa da axsna-ganmartebebs, imedovnebdnen samarTlianobis<br />

miRwevas, magram sabolood mwared motyuvdnen. v<strong>in</strong> aRar<br />

Caries,ruseTis dumis qarTveli deputatebi, saxelmwifo sab-<br />

Wo, adgilobrivi Tu peterburgis presa, yvela maT mxareze<br />

iyo, magram koloniuri moxeleebisTvis es gadamwyveti ar<br />

aRmoCnda, Tumca, mTlad gulgrilad rom ver uyurebdnen am<br />

faqts, es iqidan Cans, rom gazeTis amonaWrebs, sadac dabeWdili<br />

iyo parnauTel glexebze werilebi, gadasaxlebulTa sammarTvelos<br />

kancelaria punqtualurad ugzavnida mefisnacvals.<br />

peterburgidan mefisnacvalTan gamogzavnil depeSaSi<br />

dumis deputati prokofi ServaSiZe aprotestebda parnauTidan<br />

45 megreli glexis ukanono, Zaladobrivad gasaxlebas<br />

da maT adgilze rusi Camosaxlebulebis soflis Seqmnas [3,<br />

27].<br />

mefisnacvlisadmi depeSaSi amave faqts akritikebda saxelmwifo<br />

dumis social-demokrati deputati evgeni gegeWkori.<br />

TbilisSi gamogzavnil depeSaSi is werda: `Cems wm<strong>in</strong>da movaleobad<br />

vTvli, Tqveni yuradReba mivapyro soxumis adm<strong>in</strong>is-<br />

52

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aciis qmedebas, romelic saxlebs ungrevs gumisTis ubnis—<br />

parnauTis mcxovreb glexebs, 400 sul adamians tovebs Ria<br />

cisqveS, rac namdvili antisaxelmwifoebrivi qmedebaa. Tqveni<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istracia mxars uWers da amarTlebs im gadawyvetilebas,<br />

rom es dasaxleba momzaddes rusi gadmosaxlebulebisaTvis.<br />

es saqcieli ara marto saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv <strong>in</strong>teresebs<br />

ew<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegeba, aramed policiursac ki. gTxovT mii-<br />

RoT zomebi amgvari qmedebis asalagmavad da daicvaT asobiT<br />

adamianis <strong>in</strong>teresebi~ [3, 28].<br />

ramdenime dReSi TbilisSi, mefisnacvlis kancelariaSi<br />

sxva S<strong>in</strong>aarsis depeSac movida peterburgidan. is senator vatacis<br />

ekuTvnoda, romelic gamoirCeoda Tavisi Sov<strong>in</strong>isturi<br />

SexedulebebiT e. w. `<strong>in</strong>orodcebisa da tuzemcebis~ mimarT.<br />

depeSaSi naTqvami iyo, rom megrelebi aq TviTneburad daesaxlen<br />

bolo or weliwadSi da maTi saswrafod gasaxleba aucilebelia,<br />

radgan es teritoria rusi CamosaxlebulebisTvis<br />

aris gankuTvnilio.<br />

parnauTelebma saqmis namdvili istoria vis aRar miweres:<br />

mefisnacvals, saxelmwifo saTaTbiros, S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa<br />

m<strong>in</strong>istrs — stolip<strong>in</strong>s, qarTul da rusul gazeTebs, Tavad ruseTis<br />

imperators, magram verafers miaRwies. simarTles ar<br />

cnobda imperiis koloniuri miznebi, is<strong>in</strong>ic danebdnen. soxumis<br />

olqis ufrosi, polkovniki kropotCevi werda mefisnacvals,<br />

rom parnauTidan megrelebis gasaxleba mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda<br />

raportis Sesabamisad, mSvidad, yovelgvari w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobis<br />

gareSe [3, 73].<br />

rusuli Sov<strong>in</strong>izmi iqidanac gamosWvioda, rom arsad<br />

parnauTelebs qarTvelad ar moixseniebdnen, maT megrelebs<br />

uwodebdnen, rusuli biurokratia `dayavi da ibatones~ imperiul<br />

devizs amaSic gamoxatavda, qarTvel xalxs is<strong>in</strong>i svanebad,<br />

imerlebad, megrelebad, TuSebad, xevsurebad, raWvelebad<br />

da a. S. yofdnen, rac Zneli asatani iyo qarTveli xalxisaTvis.<br />

parnauTelebi qarTvelebad mxolod erTaderT rusul<br />

demokratiul gazeTs—`novaia reCs~ hyavda dasaxelebuli.<br />

gazeTSi gamoqveynebul statias erqva: `soxumis olqidan<br />

qarTvelebis gasaxlebis mZime istoria~. statiis gamoqveynebis<br />

mizezi gamxdara is, rom parnauTis mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebi<br />

Tavad misulan redaqciaSi da gazeTis redaqtoris-<br />

Tvis miumarTavT daxmarebis TxovniT. redaqcia garkveula<br />

53

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saqmis arsSi da glexebis simarTle aSkarad daunaxavs. statia-<br />

Si naTqvamia, rom bevri parnauTeli saxaz<strong>in</strong>o miwebze daesaxlen<br />

saxelmwifo qonebis marTvis sammarTvelos agentebis<br />

TanxmobiTa da SuamdgomlobiT. zogma kerZo mflobelebisagan<br />

aiRo arendiT miwa, marTlac arnaxuli Sroma Cades am mTa-<br />

RorRiani da tyiani adgilis gasawmendad, maTi wyalobiT iqca<br />

es miwa nayofier da mosavlian adgilad [3, 43].<br />

parnauTel glexebze werdnen rusuli presis sxva organoebic,<br />

eseni iyo:`golos kavkaza~ (#971 ,1909), `zakavkazie~<br />

(# 242 ), `reCi~, `baku~, `kaspia~da sxv.<br />

gansakuTrebul agresias rusul sazogadoebaSi iwvevdnen<br />

saxelmwifo dumis qarTveli deputatebi, romlebic, partiulobis<br />

miuxedavad, mxars uWerdnen rusuli politikis gamo<br />

Seviwroebul qarTvelebs, amxeldnen saqarTveloSi mimd<strong>in</strong>are<br />

kolonizaciisa da rusifikaciis process. gazeTi `russkoe<br />

znamia~, 1913 wlis 13 martis nomerSi gamoqveynebuli weriliT—`saxifaTo<br />

simSvide~— mTlianad gamoxatavda rusuli<br />

oficiozis damokidebulebas saqarTvelos istoriul miwawyalze<br />

mimd<strong>in</strong>are kolonizaciisadmi. redaqcias mizanSi hyavda<br />

amoRebuli saxelmwifo dumaSi baTumisa da soxumis olqis<br />

warmomadgeneli— prokofi ServaSiZe. saTaTbiro organoSi sagadasaxlebo<br />

sammarTvelos xarjTaRricxvis damtkicebisas<br />

gamoTqmulma misma Tvalsazrisma, rogorc Cans, didi agresia<br />

gamoiwvia carizmis mexotbe <strong>in</strong>teligenciaSi, rasac bevri antiqarTuli<br />

da antikavkasiuri gamoxmaureba mohyva. erT-erT<br />

werilSi redaqcia aRSfoTebas gamoTqvamda,— ServaSiZes sa-<br />

TaTbiros memarjvene fraqciis mTavari wevrebidan sakadrisi<br />

pasuxi arav<strong>in</strong> gasca, arada, misi gamosvla saZageli ciliswameba<br />

iyo brwy<strong>in</strong>vale kavkasiuri rusuli armiisao. Tu ratom iyo<br />

ServaSiZisadmi mkacri pasuxis gacema saWiro, amas werilis avtori<br />

ramdenime punqtad ayalibebda.<br />

`pirvel rigSi v<strong>in</strong> aris Tavadi ServaSiZe?— kiTxulobda<br />

statiis avtori. —igi oficialurad gadamdgari general- maiori,<br />

yofili artileristi, erovnebiT afxazi, pirovnulad<br />

yovelTvis naklebad cnobili adamiania. rodesac petersonjunkovskis<br />

gawafulma xelma kavkasiis mTliani avtonomia<br />

daWra saarCevno olqebad, qarTvel avtonomistTa gulis gasaxarad,<br />

soxumis olqi,romelzedac uflebebs acxadebdnen av-<br />

54

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tonomistebi, SeerTebuli iqna baTumis olqTan, romelTanac<br />

mas saerTo araferi aqvs, Tu ar CavTvliT, ra Tqma unda, qar-<br />

Tveli teroristebisa da avtonomistebis, aseve socialistebisa<br />

da uTvalavi megreli TaRliTis saerTo sargebels. ase-<br />

Tebi mravlad arian rogorc erT, ise meore olqSi. ServaSiZe,<br />

romelic warmoSobiT afxazia, mietmasna qarTvel avtonomistebs<br />

da amitom advilad gavida dumaSi xmis uflebiT. im dros<br />

`gaerTianebul mTavrobas~ gansakuTrebulad uyvarda oqtiabristebi<br />

da am partiaze did imedebsac amyarebda. masSi xedavda<br />

mZlavr dasayrdens warmomadgenlobiT organizaciebSi.<br />

kavkasiis avtonomiis mmarTvelobac TanaugrZnobda am partias,<br />

romlis warmomadgenlebic Tavs warmoaCendnen yvelaze<br />

morCil elementebad. amitomac miiRo baTumis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciam<br />

brZaneba, mxari daeWira oqtiabristi tuzemcisaTvis. maS<strong>in</strong> Tavadma<br />

ServaSiZemac sakuTar tansacmelze avtonomistis toga<br />

Semoicva da am gaurkveveli feris samosSi saguldagulod Sefarebulma<br />

Tavi monarqistad warmoaC<strong>in</strong>a. adm<strong>in</strong>istraciis<br />

mxridan daxmareba imdenad didi iyo, rom rodesac erT-erTi<br />

amomrCeveli ar movida, imis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT, rom misi xma<br />

ServaSiZes unda mieRo, masTan specialuri kurieri gaagzavnes,<br />

romelmac, TiTqmis ZaliT moiyvana keTilgonieri amomrCeveli,<br />

romelic cdilobda am saqmisagan Tavi aerideb<strong>in</strong>a.<br />

Sedga arCevnebi da baTumsa Tu TbilisSi adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli<br />

wreebi xarobdnen: Zalisxmeva warmatebiT dasrulda da<br />

dumaSi gveyoleba erTi zedmeti oqtiabristio. aseTi saxiT<br />

arCeuli Tavadi ServaSiZe SeiZleba CaiTvalos xelisuflebis<br />

k<strong>and</strong>idatad. pirvel xanebSi am saxelmwifos k<strong>and</strong>idatma mar-<br />

Tlac srulad gaamarla molod<strong>in</strong>i da Tavisi awowili figura<br />

kargad daasvena oqtiabristebis saZ<strong>in</strong>ebelSi. magram rolis<br />

TamaSi didxans ver SeZlo da dumaSi Semoitana qarTveli avtonomistebisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli uRrmesi siZulvilis<br />

gancda ruseTisa da rusi xalxisadmi, zizRi da undobloba,<br />

revoluciuri aRty<strong>in</strong>eba da xelisuflebis mZlavri mxardam-<br />

Weris rolis TamaSis Semdeg iqca `progresistad~.<br />

Tavisi oficialuri memarcxene azrebiTa da saSiSi laybobiT<br />

umaRles SekrebaSi, am saxelisuflo k<strong>and</strong>idatma, bolos<br />

Tavi gamoiC<strong>in</strong>a xelisuflebisa da rusuli armiisadmi saziz-<br />

Rari ciliswamebiT. v<strong>in</strong>aidan arav<strong>in</strong> ar aRSfoTda arc saxelmwifo<br />

dumis wevrebidan da arc umaRlesi xelisuflebis war-<br />

55

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momadgenlobidan, amitom Cven CavTvaleT saWirod da Cvens<br />

movaleobad gagveca pasuxi am tyuilebSi gaxlarTuli kavkasielisaTvis.~<br />

amis Semdeg sagazeTo statia arCevda deputatis gamosvlis<br />

S<strong>in</strong>aarss da akritikebda mas. `erTi wlis Semdeg ( ?) kavkasiis<br />

dapyrobidan, generalma kolubiak<strong>in</strong>ma salaSqrod waiyvana<br />

gurulebisa da rusi jariskacebisagan Sedgenili druJ<strong>in</strong>a.<br />

rodesac mividnen Setevis adgilas da mewyeris pirispir dadgnen,<br />

saldaTebi ar gauSva w<strong>in</strong>, radgan maTze pasuxismgebloba<br />

ekisrebodaA, DdruJ<strong>in</strong>is ricxovaneba relaciaSi dazustebuli<br />

ar yofila. gurulebi gaemarTnen sabrZolo adgilisaken da<br />

raRac meoTxedi saaTis Semdeg 200 kacidan 114 iqna mokluli.~ruseTis<br />

siZulviliT dabrmavebuli ServaSiZe pirdapir<br />

ityueba, —vkiTxulobT statiaSi,—kavkasiis omis dapyrobis<br />

Semdeg iq kolubiak<strong>in</strong>i aRar iyoo,meore, relaciaSi yovelTvis<br />

moixseniebdnen guriis druJ<strong>in</strong>is danakargsac da gamarjvebebsac.<br />

mesamec, gancxadeba rusi saldaTebis sicocxleze pasuxismgeblobisa<br />

da upasuxismgebloba guruli milicionerebis<br />

sicocxleze Tavisi velurobiTa da sibeciT samarcxv<strong>in</strong>oa im<br />

adamianisaTvis, romelic jer kidev aqamde generlis mundirSi<br />

iyo gamowkepili. rusul armiasa da rus meomrebs, `russkoe<br />

znamias~ azriT, arasdros eS<strong>in</strong>oda Tavganwirvis, Cadioda iseT<br />

gmirobebs, romlis w<strong>in</strong>aSec sxva xalxebis gmiroba gafermkrTaldeba.<br />

ar yofila SemTxveva, rom samxedro ufrosebi Se-<br />

S<strong>in</strong>ebuliyvnen da saSiS adgilebSi gamgzavrebaze eTqvaT uari.<br />

nu ityuebiT batono ServaSiZe, SesaZloa Taviseburi saxiT xelisuflebis<br />

k<strong>and</strong>idatoo, — paTetikurad dasZens rusuli<br />

presis flagmani.<br />

meore tyuilad qarTvel deputats gazeTi uTvlis rusuli<br />

xelisuflebisagan TavadaznaurTa klasis xelovnuri<br />

Seqmnis braldebas. iseTi elementebis gamocxadebas am klasis<br />

warmomadgenlebad, romlebsac araferi hqonda masTan saer-<br />

To. meti ekuTvnis Cvens xelisuflebaso, vkiTxulobT statia-<br />

Si,—didsulovanma rusma monarqebma rusi Tavadaznaurobis<br />

uflebebi rom mianiWeso, Tu v<strong>in</strong>me arasworad moxvda TavadaznaurTa<br />

rigebSi, es Tavad qarTvelebis mier wardgenili siebiT<br />

gakeTda, ra SuaSia aq ruseTis xelisufleba da misi politikao.<br />

ise, qarTveli Tavadebi, romelTa wres ServaSiZe ekuT-<br />

56

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vnis, madlobeli unda darCeniliyvnen ruseTis TavadebTan ga-<br />

Tanabrebis, magram amis nacvlad gvsayvedurobeno.<br />

`gadavalT bolo gamoxdomaze am batonisa,— agrZelebs<br />

statiis avtori,— romelic kavkasiaSi sagadasaxlebo politikas<br />

exeba, igi am movlenas ruseTis xelisuflebis organizebulsa<br />

da antisaxelmwifoebrivs uwodebs. manam, sanam aq rusebs<br />

Caasaxlebdnen, jer adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaxlebaa<br />

saWiroo. Tqven anadgurebT adgilobriv mosaxleobas da iq<br />

asaxlebT centraluri guberniebidan glexebs, romlebmac ar<br />

ician es mxare, arc klimatis atana SeuZliaT da arc sameurneo<br />

kulturas floben. amiT azaralebT qarTvelebsac da rusebsac.<br />

vis arTmevT miwebs? qarTvelebs, romelTac am miwebze<br />

igive ufleba aqvT, rogorc donel kazakebs(?).~ gazeTis mier<br />

aq dasmuli kiTxvis niSani imas moaswavebda, rom rus Sov<strong>in</strong>ist<br />

avtors eeWveboda, rom qarTvelebs qarTul miwaze doneli kazakebisodeni<br />

uflebebi hqonodaT, ServaSiZe ki amas uSvebda.<br />

is marto ar iyo amgvar SefasebaSi. ilia WavWavaZe, arCil jorjaZe<br />

da sxva qarTveli patriotebi, doneli kazakebis raime<br />

uflebas am miwaze verafriT warmoidgendnen, maTTvisac ServaSiZesaviT<br />

cxadi iyo rusuli kolonizaciis saS<strong>in</strong>eleba mciremiwiani<br />

saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis.<br />

` Tavad ServaSiZis gancxadebaSi yvelaferi tyuilia, —<br />

askvnida gazeTi. —tuzemcebma amierkavkasiaSi miiRes didZali<br />

saxaz<strong>in</strong>o miwebi, rac saWiro iyo da axali miwebis micema maT-<br />

Tvis sruliad dauSvebelia. Tu miwa ar hyofniT, Seisyidon is<br />

kerZo mesakuTreebisagan.es SeuZliaT ganaxorcielon saglexo<br />

bankis meSveobiT. magram qarTvel avtonomistebs undaT daitacon<br />

TavisTvis momavali avtonomiisaTvis mTeli amierkavkasiis<br />

miwebi, ukanasknel gojamde. qarTvel Tavadebs, amis<br />

garda, surT, rom saxelmwifom maTac gamouyos saxaz<strong>in</strong>o miwebi,<br />

raTa es miwebi miscen TavianT droebiTvaldebul glexebs<br />

da Tavad gaTavisufldnen maTTvis miwebis micemis valdebulebisagan,<br />

im miwebisa, romlebzec ukve 40 welia ukanonod batonoben.<br />

es iyo warmoudgeneli ukanonoba. ratom dauSves<br />

qarTveli TavadebisTvis is, rac rus memamuleebs ekrZalebodaT?<br />

amaze unda gaecaT pasuxi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs<br />

da iqve gamovl<strong>in</strong>deboda, rom yvela saxaz<strong>in</strong>o miwa amierkavkasiaSi<br />

ekuTvniT rus gadasaxlebulebs da araviTari xelis<br />

aRmarTva maTze tuzemcebs ar SeuZliaT.<br />

57

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magram, amis nacvlad, sagadasaxlebo sammarTvelos ufrosisagan<br />

Cven sul sxva ram movism<strong>in</strong>eT. undoda ra aRSfoTebul<br />

kavkasielTa damSvideba, man ganacxada, rom 1909 wels kavkasiaSi<br />

rusuli dasaxlebebisaTvis gamoyofili iqna 6 aTasi<br />

samosaxlo nakveTi, romlidanac adgilobriv qarTul dasaxlebebze<br />

gamoyenebuli iqna mxolod 35—io, amJamad miwis mTavari<br />

fondi aris 12 aTasi nakveTi muRanisa da mulis stepebSi,<br />

sadac qarTvelebis <strong>in</strong>teresebsac gaviTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebTo. axali<br />

araferi Tqmula sagadasaxlebo sammarTvelos ufrosis miero,—irwmuneboda<br />

gazeTi. rusebis gadasaxleba Sewyda `yofili<br />

saqarTvelos~, erevnisa da yarsis guberniebSi, radgan aqaur<br />

avtonomistebs es miwebi ar emetebaT rusebisTvis, marto<br />

muRanis, mulisa da sxva uvargisi adgilebis gameteba SeuZlia-<br />

To. samxreT-dasavleTi kavkasia, mxaris yvelaze saSiSi da arasaimedo<br />

nawili MmTlianad Seunaxes qarTvelebsa da somxebs,<br />

ase rom qarTveli da somexi avtonomistebis yvelaze didi<br />

survilic dakmayofilebuliao. Cans, rom rusul saqmes amierkavkasiaSi<br />

didi safrTxe emuqreba, axali mTavroba rom mova,<br />

am saqmes veRarav<strong>in</strong> uSvelis, radgan yvela miwa ukve darigebuli<br />

iqneba, amitom, ramdenadac seriozulad mivudgebiT sagadasaxlebo<br />

sammarTvelos ufrosisa da qarTvel avtonomistTa<br />

gamosvlas saTaTbiroSi, imdenad seriozul RonisZiebebs<br />

miviRebT, SesaZloa jer kidev SeiZlebodes rusuli saqmis gadarCena<br />

amierkavkasiaSio.<br />

aseT midgomas iCenda rusuli presa kavkasiis kolonizaciisadmi.<br />

`moskovskia vedomosti~(1911, 1 maisi, #98) da `novoe vremia~(1911,<br />

17 ivnisi, #12665) vrclad exeboda gadasaxlebulTa<br />

sameurneo pirobebs, adgilobriv kulturebs, morwyvis mecnieruli<br />

codnisa da sistemis Seqmnis aucileblobas, gidroteqnikuri<br />

da agronomiuli skolebis daarsebis sakiTxs amierkavkasiaSi.<br />

aseTi skolebi arsebobda TurqmeneTSi da taSkentSi,<br />

rusi CasaxlebulebisaTvis.<br />

Temas kidev ufro mwvaved exeboda qarTuli demokratiuli<br />

presa. miuxedavad saS<strong>in</strong>eli sacenzuro mdgomareobisa,<br />

romelic mohyva pirveli revoluciis periodsa da reaqciis<br />

momdevno xanas, qarTveli publicistebi axerxebdnen ukanonobasTan<br />

brZolas, amxeldnen carizmis C<strong>in</strong>ovnikebsa da koloni-<br />

58

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ur reJims. ixureboda gazeTebi, iWreboda Tamami statiebi,isjebodnen<br />

redaqtorebi da gabeduli publicistebi.<br />

gazeTi `golos kavkaza~, kavkasiuri rusuli gazeTebisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, rusuli reaqciuli presis Tvalsazriss iziarebda<br />

da parnauTis saqmes mTavrobis poziciidan afasebda,<br />

akritikebda parnauTelTa damcvel presasac da im qarTvel<br />

glexebs, romelTac yvelaferi waarTves, damtaceblebs uwodebda.<br />

werilis saTauric ase iyo SerCeuli: `parnautski zaxvat~.<br />

am grZeli werilis mokle S<strong>in</strong>aarsi aseTia: `amierkavkasia<br />

kerZo pirebis mier saxelmwifo qonebis datacebaSi klasikur<br />

qveyanas warmoadgens. samiwaTmoqmedo urTierTobebis momavali<br />

istorikosi-mkvlevari iZulebuli iqneba aRweros gansacvifrebeli<br />

suraTi im procesisa, gasuli saukunis II naxevarSi<br />

Cveni saxelmwifo ganuwyvetliv rogor kargavda aq ramdenime<br />

aseul aTas deset<strong>in</strong>a savargul miwas, romelic sxvadasxva sa-<br />

SualebebiT iqna datacebuli uTvalavi adgilobrivi miwebis<br />

mtaceblebisagan.<br />

es procesi axlac grZeldeba. misi Sewyveta sasamarTlos<br />

ZaliT Znelia, radgan, rogorc ki sasamarTlo daiwyebs samar-<br />

Tlianobis da saxelmwifos kanonieri <strong>in</strong>teresebis dacvas mtacebeli<br />

yaCaRebisagan, maS<strong>in</strong>ve ayvirdebian am YyaCaRebis damcvelebic,<br />

imwamsve gamoCndebian crumowme tuzemcebis gazeTebic,<br />

sadac mTavrobis warmomadgenlebic ki iwyeben Taviseburi<br />

`simarTlis ~mtkicebas.<br />

amasTan dakavSirebiT, sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa is xmauri, rac Tbilisurma<br />

gazeTebma atexes megreli damtaceblebis g<strong>and</strong>evnis<br />

gamo parnauTidan. aqamde am sakiTxs ar vexebodiT, gvegona,<br />

rom `novaia reCi~ da `zakavkazie~miudgomlad da sworad Seafasebdnen<br />

am Temas.<br />

ramdeni ar ag<strong>in</strong>es da ar afurTxes maT kavkasiis mTavarmarTebels<br />

am yaCaRebis gasaxlebis gamo. ise gamovida, rom `sazizRarma<br />

rusulma xelisuflebam~, romelsac Sromismoyvare<br />

qarTvelebisaTvis gasufTavebuli da damuSavebuli miwis war-<br />

Tmeva da rusi gadmosaxlebulebisTvis micema undoda, moisurva<br />

ganadgureba da gaanadgura kidec mTeli parnauTis dasaxleba,<br />

daangria nagebobani, gamoyara iqidan mcxovrebni,<br />

400suli adamiani dayara Ria cis qveS...<br />

59

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a Tqma unda, umagaliTo faqtia, yvelaze SemaZrwunebeli,<br />

es rom s<strong>in</strong>amdvile yofiliyo, asec iqneboda, magram sabednierod,<br />

s<strong>in</strong>amdvile sxvagvaria~.<br />

gazeTis Semdegi msjeloba da movlenis miseuli Sefaseba<br />

zustad emTxveva imperiuli azrovnebis CarCos, es `rusuli<br />

simarTlea~, dRemde ukvdavi da gaucveTi. ai, ras wers `golos<br />

kavkaza~ maS<strong>in</strong>deli parnauTis tragediaze, sadac qarTvelebi<br />

(megrelebi) marTalia Casaxlebulebi iyvnen senakisa da zugdidis<br />

mazrebidan, magram aq dasaxlebis meti ufleba da motivi<br />

hqondaT, vidre ruseTis Sida guberniebidan Camosaxlebul<br />

glexebs, radgan es qarTvelTa istoriuli samSoblo iyo da<br />

miwa Tu haeri maTTvis margebeli, nacnobi da mSobliuri gaxldaT.<br />

rusebi ki, rogorc ar ecada xelisufleba, ma<strong>in</strong>c ver<br />

gaaS<strong>in</strong>aures, ver Seagues verc meurneobis adgilobriv wesebs,<br />

verc haers da wyals, zogi avaddeboda, zogi garboda, v<strong>in</strong>c<br />

rCeboda, maTgan umetesoba dezertirobda. Tavad rusi moxeleebis<br />

Sedgenili sabuTebidan Cans yovelive es...<br />

rac Seexeba `golos kavkazas~ sabuTebs parnauTsa da iqidan<br />

gaZevebul qarTvelebze, is aseTia: `parnauTis dasaxleba<br />

soxumis olqSi saerTod ar arsebobs da is qarTuli gazeTebi,<br />

romlebic aseT dasaxlebaze weren, tyuian. es satyeo daCaa,<br />

romelic gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebuli iyo Camosaxlebuli rusi glexebisaTvis<br />

jer kidev 90-ian wlebSi, romelic miitaces quTaisis<br />

guberniidan soxumis okrugSi mosulma megrelebma, jer arendiT<br />

aiRes, Semdeg ki unebarTvod dasaxldnen zed.~ gazeTSi<br />

saubaria megrelebisagan mkvidri afxazi mosaxleobis miwis<br />

datacebaze, maS<strong>in</strong>, rodesac afxazebi arsad ar iyo gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebuli<br />

saxelisuflo gegmebSi, naTqvami iyo aseTi fraza:<br />

`rusuli xelisuflebis movaleobaSi Sedis daicvas afxazebi<br />

megrelebis Semosevisagan, romelic SesaZloa Zalze arasasiamovno<br />

SedegebiT dasruldes~ [3, 120]. ai, rusuli imperializmis<br />

siTavxede, romelic yvela gziT axdenda da axdens afxaze-<br />

Tis okupacias, `icavs~ afxazebs qarTvelebis `dapyrobisagan~...<br />

parnauTelTa saCivrebs da sasamarTlo saqmeebs saTave-<br />

Si gabeduli da xelisuflebisagan arasaimedod miCneuli levan<br />

axalaia edga. koleqtiur saCivrebTan erTad, is personalur<br />

saCivrebs, gancxadebebsa da axsna-ganmartebiT werilebsac<br />

werda xelisuflebisa da presis sxvadasxva organoebs.<br />

60

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momCivani qarTvelebis siebSi ZiriTadad es saxeli da gvarebia<br />

Setanili: 1. stefane papava; 2. gidon papava; 3. <strong>and</strong>ro papava; 4.<br />

<strong>and</strong>ro gogua; 5. anton Sonia; 6. zaxar beria; 7. nacil ubilava;<br />

8. kiCo bebia; 9. Salva berulava; 10. stefan kaliCava; 11.Samkva<br />

fifia; 12. nestor kvaracxelia; 13. miqel gogua; 14. gizo kvaracxelia;<br />

15. parmen kvaracxelia; 16. aleqsi kvaracxelia; 17.<br />

estate kvaracxelia; 18. pavle qardva; 19. vasil qardava; 20.<br />

gerasime gegeWkori; 21. gaxu miqava; 22. jaka Todua; 23. niko<br />

kopaleiSvili; 24. ilia berulava; 25. maTe markozia; 26. goCa<br />

gogoxia; 27. gersa fifia; 28. miqael salia; 29. kimo miqava;<br />

30.grigol miqava; 31. pavle janaSia; 32. kalistrate Todua; 33.<br />

anton kakubava; 34. kvati beria; 35. nestor beria; 36. rema kuxaleiSvili;<br />

37. isidore fifia; 38. siko berulava; 39. kosta gogia;<br />

40. levan axalaia [3, 120]. `saxelmwifo qonebis Tavxedi<br />

damtaceblebi~, — ase naTlavda oCamCiris satyeos ufrosi n.<br />

sokolovi parnauTelebs, mefisnacvals Txovda maT dasjas,<br />

radgan uamisoba, misi azriT, gamoiwvevda `saxelmwifo miwebis<br />

axal datacebebs~. sacxovreblebidan ayril parnauTelebs,<br />

romlebmac mTeli imperia SeZres da mxardamWerebic blomad<br />

ipoves, SesTavazes soxumis okrugis sxva adgilebi, kerZod,<br />

iaStvica, Wadali, birja. maT `dvureCie~ airCies, risi w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegic<br />

wavida soxumis rusuli xelisufleba da satyeo meurneoba.<br />

mefisnacvlisadmi miweril raportSi soxumis okrugis<br />

ufrosi, polkovniki kropotk<strong>in</strong>i werda, rom parnauTelebi<br />

daJ<strong>in</strong>ebiT iTxoven am adgils, me w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegi var, meamboxeebs<br />

isev cnobili levan axalaia udgaT saTaveSio. raportSi CamoTvlili<br />

iyo is mizezebi, ris gamoc parnauTelebma daiwunes<br />

SeTavazebuli adgilebi: am adgilebis axlos ar iyo wyali, gansakuTrebiT<br />

md<strong>in</strong>are, romelzedac wisqvilebi gaimarTeboda;<br />

icoda mkacri zamTari, radgan is<strong>in</strong>i maRalmTian zolSi mdebareobdnen:<br />

iaStvica 3000-5000 futze, Wadali da birja 2000dan<br />

6000 fut simaRlemde;<br />

iaStvicaSi Tovlis zvavebi da mewyrebi icoda, Wadalsa<br />

da birjaSi ki saxnav-saTesad vargisi Zalian cota miwa iyo [3,<br />

furc. 126]. kropotk<strong>in</strong>i da satyeo meurneobis ufrosi rodiS-<br />

Cevi damatebiT Setyob<strong>in</strong>ebaSi werdnen, rom dvureCie, doulaki<br />

(igive rokoni) da cumkuri iyo yvelaze kargi adgilebi eSeris,<br />

gumisTisa da kelasuris agarakebs Soris. aq aris unikaluri<br />

tyeebi, romlebic w<strong>in</strong>aprebma gadmogvces da ase xelux-<br />

61

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leblad unda gadavceT momaval Taobebso [11, 241]. sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa,<br />

kropotk<strong>in</strong>sa da rodiSCevs romelma w<strong>in</strong>aprebma dautoves<br />

afxazeTis tyeebi, <strong>and</strong>a, rodesac rusi CamosaxlebulebisaTvis<br />

Cexdnen am tyeebs, maS<strong>in</strong> ratom aRar axsovdaT es `w<strong>in</strong>aprebi~?..<br />

parnauTSi qarTvelebs rom ar aWaWanebdnen da rusebs<br />

yvela kari hqondaT Ria, iqidanac Cans, rom aq sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresiT iTxovda nakveTis arendiT gamoyofas soxumeli<br />

platon iakobis Ze gvazava, igi werda mefisnacvals: soxumeli<br />

var, aq vcxovrob bavSvobidan, myavs eqvsi Svili, vmuSaobdi<br />

qalaqis sanitarul meTvalyured, magram anazRaureba<br />

mcire mqonda da ar myofnida ojaxis gamosakvebad, bavSvobidan<br />

miyvars da vocnebob meurneobaze, mis kargad mowyobaze,<br />

magram, samwuxarod, miwa ar maqvs. iTxovda arendiT parnauTis<br />

dasaxlebaSi miwis nakveTis gamoyofas, raTa gamoekveba mravalricxovani<br />

ojaxi. mas mefisnacvalTan rekomendacias soxumis<br />

okrugis ufrosic ki aZlevda, magram masac uari uTxres.<br />

am dros, msgavsi Txovna Seusrules dasaxleba vladimirskis<br />

rus glexebs, da ara marto maT.<br />

parnauTidan gasaxlebuli qarTvelebis nawili daasaxles<br />

md<strong>in</strong>are kodoris zemo welSi, xeobaSi 30 komli parnauTis<br />

yofili mkvidri dasaxlda [4, 216].<br />

parnauTis istoria afxazeTSi rusuli koloniuri politikis,<br />

afxazi da qarTveli mosaxleobis devnisa da mxaris rusebiT<br />

dasaxlebis aSkara gamoxatulebaa. aqedan Cans, Tu rogor<br />

cdilobda ruseTi afxazeTis denacionalizacias da asimilacias<br />

imperiul sivrceSi.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,<br />

fondi 231, aRwera 1, saqme #417.<br />

2. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,<br />

fondi 242, aRwera 1, saqme #260.<br />

3. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,<br />

fondi 242, aRwera 1, saqme #266.<br />

4. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,<br />

fondi 242, aRwera 1, saqme #259.<br />

62

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Dodo Chumburidze<br />

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Institute of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology, Chief research<br />

scientist of the Department of <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />

Russian Colonialization <strong>in</strong> Abkhazia <strong>and</strong> the Settlement Parnauti<br />

Summary<br />

From the second half of the 19 th century the imperial government of<br />

Russia started to colonize the historical territories of Georgia. Abkhazian <strong>and</strong><br />

Russian scientists evaluate this process totally distorted. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to their<br />

viewpo<strong>in</strong>t at that very period Abkhazia was captured by Georgia that caused<br />

demographical changes <strong>in</strong> this region (Dzidzaria, Lakoba, Bghazhba). In fact<br />

Russia founded 35 Russian <strong>and</strong> other Russified nations’ villages <strong>in</strong> Abkhazia.<br />

Georgians were drawn out <strong>and</strong> were announced beyond the colonization<br />

project.<br />

The history of the village Parnauta reveals the real aims of the Russian<br />

colonialization. Its extremely chauv<strong>in</strong>istic nature became even the subject of<br />

the discussion of the Russian press. The Russian press was mention<strong>in</strong>g that<br />

the Russian government was unfair to drive out the native Georgian<br />

population from this village. The publication describes how the natives of the<br />

village Parnauta were fight<strong>in</strong>g to defend their rites. The publication also<br />

shows the attitude of the Russian government towards the common process of<br />

the colonialization of Abkhazia.<br />

63

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caca CxartiSvili<br />

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis<br />

ganyofilebis mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

afxazeTis Teatraluri cxovreba XIX saukunis<br />

80-90-ian wlebSi da istoriuli mexsiereba<br />

Teatrma bevri sikeTe moutana Cven ers: xeli Seuwyo mis<br />

gaTviTcnobierebas, mxatvrul-esTetikuri gemovnebis daxvewas,<br />

sicocxle misca mSobliur enas.<br />

saqarTvelos ganapira raionebSi Teatrs gansakuTrebuli<br />

mniSvneloba eniWeboda. ilias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is aq<br />

icavda ra erovnul Rirsebas, marTlacda, nacionalobis matarebeli<br />

erTaderTi niSanwyali iyo. carizmis rusifikatoruli<br />

politikis umZimes pirobebSi ki, is erT-erT mZlavr iara-<br />

Rad iqca erovnuli Rirebulebebis SesanarCuneblad da patriotuli<br />

suliskveTebis gasaZliereblad. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli<br />

gaxldaT qarTuli Teatris misia afxazeTSi.<br />

qarTuli Teatris istoriisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris mxolod<br />

dedaqalaqis Teatrebis istoriis Seswavla, saWiroa saqarTvelos<br />

sxvadasxva kuTxis Teatraluri warsulisa da awmyos,<br />

maTi Taviseburebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis<br />

brZolaSi Setanili wvlilis kvlevac, wers<br />

eTer qajaia naSromSi — `qarTuli Teatri afxazeTSi (1885-<br />

1940 ww.)~. savsebiT veTanxmebi avtors da davamateb, aseve didi<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresiT unda xdebodes saxalxo Teatrebis da sasceno<br />

TviTmoqmedebis Seswavla. dRev<strong>and</strong>eli gadasaxedidan, mxolod<br />

presidan da SemorCenili samecniero Tu mxatvruli literaturidan<br />

SegviZlia warsulis aRdgena da warmodgenis<br />

Seqmna, Tu rogor viTardeboda qarTuli Teatri.<br />

XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan afxazeTSi bevrgan (soxum-<br />

Si, oCamCireSi, oqumSi, gudauTSi, galsa da sxv.) imarTeboda<br />

scenismoyvareTa warmodgenebi. pirvel cnobas, afxazeTSi<br />

scenismoyvareTa saqmianobis Sesaxeb, gvawvdis gazeTi `droeba~<br />

(#12, 17 ianvari, 1885 w.). kerZod, is gvauwyebs oCamCireSi<br />

Catarebuli ori warmodgenis Sesaxeb. magram yvelaze mniSvne-<br />

64

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lovani iyo soxumel scenismoyvareTa moRvaweoba. maT saTave<br />

daudes qarTul profesiul Teatrs.<br />

afxazeTSi, carizmis umkacresi erovnuli politikis pirobebSi,<br />

rodesac wera-kiTxvac ki ikrZaleboda qarTul enaze,<br />

advili warmosadgenia, Tu raodeni mniSvneloba hqonda Teatrs.<br />

man udidesi roli iTamaSa masis erovnuli TviTSegnebis<br />

gaRrmavebasa da sulieri mxneobis SenarCunebaSi.<br />

samwuxarod, dReisaTvis afxazeTSi datrialebuli ubedurebis<br />

Sedegad, bevri dokumentacia damwvar-ganadgurebulia,<br />

maT aRsadgenad ki fasdaudebel daxmarebas istoriis foliantebSi<br />

Cakarguli gayviTlebuli furclebi, samecniero<br />

naSromebi, literaturuli masala da SemorCenili saarqivo<br />

dokumentebi gviwevs.<br />

soxumSi qarTuli warmodgenebi 1889 wlidan scenismoyvareTa<br />

ZalebiT imarTeboda, 1911 wlidan Teatri naxevradprofesiuli<br />

gaxda, xolo 1928 wlidan — profesiuli [1, 5].<br />

XIX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis afxazeTSi saxalxo gamosvlebiT<br />

damfrTxali mefis ruseTi dRiTidRe amkacrebda da<br />

aZlierebda koloniur politikas, is devnida yovelive nacionalurs,<br />

cdilobda Caekla adgilobriv mkvidrTa erovnuli<br />

TviTSegneba, mzad iyo aeyara is<strong>in</strong>i mSobliuri adgilebidan.<br />

am gegmis umniSvnelovanesi nawili maT ganaxorcieles kidec:<br />

`Savi zRvis ganapira xazze afxazuri mosaxleoba ganadgurebul<br />

iqna, misi mama-papeuli miwawyali daurigdaT rus<br />

wvril da msxvil moxeleebs, qveynis Suagul TemebSic ki Seiqmna<br />

mniSvnelovani kompaqturi mosaxleoba ucxoeli kolonistebisa~<br />

[2,15].<br />

analogiur pirobebSi iyo aq qarTuli mosaxleobac. am<br />

mdgomareobiT SeSfoTebuli korespondenti, `wamsvlelis~<br />

fsevdonimiT, gazeT `iveriaSi~ werda: `samwuxaroa, rom aqeT<br />

qarTuli enis WaWaneba arsad ar ismis arcerT saswavlebelSi.<br />

warmoidg<strong>in</strong>eT aqauri qarTvelebis mdgomareoba: bevrs maTgans<br />

ise ar esmis rusuli ena, rogorc Tqvens umorCiles monas<br />

C<strong>in</strong>uri... am garemoebas ganmarteba aRar eWirveba, radgan cxadia,<br />

ris momaswavebelic aris aseTi ambavi~[3].<br />

am werilidan naTlad Cans ra kritikul mdgomareobaSi<br />

iyo qarTveli da afxazi mosaxleobis ganaTlebisa da kulturis<br />

ganviTarebis saqme.<br />

65

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dResac analogiuri situacia gvaqvs. ruseTis mier ZalmomreobiTa<br />

da cbieri diplomatiiT dakavebuli teritoriebi,<br />

afxazeTidan devnilebi, anu, zusti term<strong>in</strong>i rom vixmaroT,<br />

afxazeTidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi.<br />

davubrundeT isev XIX saukunis bolo ocwleuls. ruse-<br />

Tis koloniuri reJimis fonze, qarTuli warmodgenebis gamarTva<br />

namdvili gmiroba iyo. misi momwyobni, mamaci, WeSmaritad<br />

patrioti adamianebi iyvnen. xalxi sixaruliT egebeboda<br />

am mamuliSvilur saqmes.<br />

scenismoyvareTa muSaoba Zalian rTul pirobebSi mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda.<br />

warmodgenis moTaveebs umZimesi w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobebis<br />

gadalaxva uxdebodaT. `1893 wlis 7 Tebervals scenismoyvareebma,<br />

mariam SarvaSiZis TaosnobiT, qarTulad warmoadg<strong>in</strong>es<br />

avqsenti cagarelis ormoqmedebiani piesa `baiyuSi~, rusulad<br />

ki vodevili `Wiqa Cai~. Semosavali, 153 maneTi, gadaeca TbilisSi<br />

mariam vaxtangis asul orbelianis mier sazogadoebis<br />

xarjze daarsebul qalTa qarTul saswavlebels. arakeTilmosurneebma<br />

yovelgvari Rone ixmares saRamos CasaSlelad. amis<br />

Sesaxeb gazeT `iveriis~ korespondenti, `abu-kixos~ fsevdonimiT<br />

werda: `manam es keTili azri ganxorcieldeboda, ramdeni<br />

zneobrivi tanjva miayenes moxsenebul juris xalxma am pativcemul<br />

kn. mariam SarvaSiZisas. ra o<strong>in</strong>ebi ar gamarTes, ra Worebi<br />

ar gaavrceles, rom es warmodgena CaeSalaT da xalxi naklebi<br />

daswreboda. `nuTu fuli gadasayreli gaqvT, rom gnebavsT<br />

im warmodgenas daeswroT?! Cven ra, TbilisSi rom saswavlebeli<br />

imarTeba da mere visTvis? qarTvelebisTvis... sjobs, merwmuneT,<br />

eg fuli Se<strong>in</strong>axeT da ai, eqvs am Tves warmodgenas mar-<br />

Tavs Rarib-Rataki avadmyofi qali, romelsac es oTxi weliwadia<br />

<strong>in</strong>axavs soxumi da maS<strong>in</strong> wabrZ<strong>and</strong>iT. samadlo saqmec aris<br />

da warmodgenac ukeTesi iqnebao. aba jer TviT qarTvelebi ra<br />

arian, rom maTi warmodgena ra iyos?! ara, ara, wasvla ar Rirs!<br />

isev sjobs ori stoli gavaSlev<strong>in</strong>oT... Wkua-gonebis gamosafxizlebeli<br />

sasmeli da seliotka davawyoT. ese suliTac da<br />

xorciTac davstkbebiT~ [4].<br />

`iveriaSi~ dabeWdili es statia imasac gvauwyebs, rom<br />

warmodgenis dRes msurvelebs speqtaklze daswrebas uSlidnen,<br />

afiSebs glejdnen, xalxSi xmas avrcelebdnen, rom bile-<br />

Tebi srulad gayidulia da tyuilad Tavs nu iwuxebT misi Sov-<br />

66

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nisTviso. miuxedavad amisa, speqtakls ma<strong>in</strong>c bevri mayurebeli<br />

daswrebia.<br />

am statiidan naTlad Cans ruseTis moxeleTa da adgilobriv<br />

mstovarTa roli, rogor Telavdnen qarTvelTa erovnul<br />

Rirsebas, enas da kulturas.<br />

miuxedavad msgavsi siZneleebisa, keTilSobilur erovnul<br />

saqmeTa qomagni afxazeTSi cota rodi iyvnen. maTi wyalobiT<br />

Se<strong>in</strong>arCuna am kuTxem erovnuli saxe, romelic dRes iavaryofilia.<br />

soxumSi pirveli qarTuli warmodgenis gamarTvis Tari-<br />

Rad unda CavTvaloT 1889 wlis 12 aprili. am dRes warmodgenil<br />

iqna d. awyurelis mier frangulidan gadmokeTebuli er-<br />

Tmoqmedebiani vodevili `mSivrebi~ (dantonis rols asrulebda<br />

s. franguliani). adgilebis simcirisa da bileTebis siZviris<br />

gamo, saRamos yvela msurveli ver daeswro. sazogadoeba<br />

kmayofilebiT Sexvda am warmodgenas, magram, amave dros, imedi<br />

gamoTqva, rom SemdegisaTvis ufro S<strong>in</strong>aarsiani piesa Seir-<br />

Ceoda, wers gazeTi `iveria~ [5].<br />

scenismoyvareTa muSaobas, keTilismsurvelebTan er-<br />

Tad, bevri xelisSemSlelic hyavda. uTuod maTi `wyalobiT~<br />

Sewyda warmodgenebi da ganaxlda mxolod 1892 wels. speqtaklis<br />

gamocxadebas adgilobrivi mcxovrebni didad gauocebia.<br />

`v<strong>in</strong>c kargad icnobs soxums is<strong>in</strong>i gakvirvebaSi movlen da ityvian<br />

`ra ambavia?! v<strong>in</strong> soxumi da v<strong>in</strong> qarTuli warmodgenao. didad<br />

gakvirvebulebi Sehyurebdnen soxumelebi afiSasac ki~, —<br />

wers gazeTi [3].<br />

speqtaklebis ganaxlebam gamoacocxla scenismoyvareTa<br />

muSaoba. gazeT `iveriis~ <strong>in</strong>formaciiT, mas meti damajerebloba<br />

da energiuloba Semata cnobili msaxiobis — lado aleqsimesxiSvilis<br />

soxumis dramatul dasSi gamosvlebma. es iyo 1892<br />

wlis ivnisis miwuruls. didma msaxiobma dadga valerian gunias<br />

`da-Zma~ da Tavad iTamaSa gaioz faRavas roli. ivnisis damdegs<br />

ki man monawileoba miiRo adgilobrivi ZalebiT gamar-<br />

Tul or rusul warmodgenaSi. lado aleqsi-mesxiSvili xSirad<br />

Camodioda stumrad ZmasTan, romelic soxumSi msaxurobda<br />

da yovelTvis Tavazianad monawileobda saqvelmoqmedo<br />

speqtaklebSi.<br />

`am SesaniSnavi msaxiobis adamianurma ubraloebam, ma-<br />

Ralma ostatobam, niWierma TamaSma, adgilobriv sazogadoe-<br />

67

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as qarTuli warmodgenebis sistematurad mowyobis survili<br />

gauRviva. 1895 wlidan scenismoyvareTa saqmianobam organizebuli<br />

xasiaTi miiRo. Semodgomaze Sedga wre `qarTuli scenismoyvareTa<br />

amxanagoba~. am wres gaaCnda scenismoyvareTa sia,<br />

samuSao gegma, sadac momavali dadgmebi da miznebi iyo gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebuli.<br />

es yovelive SeTanxmebuli da nebadarTuli iyo<br />

soxumis olqis ufrosis — brakeris mier. yvela warmodgena<br />

saqvelmoqmedo mizniT tardeboda. scenismoyvareTa saqmianobis<br />

organizatori da xelmZRvaneli Tavidanve iyo anTimoz<br />

juReli (1846-1925)~[1,1].<br />

scenismoyvareTa muSaoba, ZiriTadad, vodevilebsa da<br />

komediebs emyareboda. am JanrSi w<strong>in</strong>svlis SesaZleblobas kargad<br />

grZnobda sazogadoeba da Tavidanve iCenda kritikul damokidebulebas<br />

repertuaris mimarT. jer kidev pirveli warmodgenisas,<br />

gamoTqves rwmena, rom SemdgomisaTvis scenismoyvareebi<br />

ufro S<strong>in</strong>aarsian piesebs SearCevdnen dasadgmelad.<br />

dro gadioda, repertuars ki gaumjobeseba ar etyoboda. Teatri<br />

ar unda gamxdariyo mxolod msubuqi sicilis kera, mas<br />

sazogadoebriv problemebze unda Caefiqreb<strong>in</strong>a mayurebeli.<br />

repertuaris sakiTxi metad mtkivneulad idga saqarTvelos<br />

yvela Teatris w<strong>in</strong>aSe, radgan ar arsebobda Zlieri orig<strong>in</strong>aluri<br />

dramaturgia. qarTuli Teatris aseTi mdgomareoba,<br />

ra Tqma unda, imave mimarTebiT axdenda gavlenas scenismoyvareTa<br />

muSaobaze afxazeTSi. magram aq mas sxva xelisSemSleli<br />

pirobebic erTvoda: dramatuli jgufi susti iyo, is mxolod<br />

scenismoyvareTagan Sedgeboda, dabali iyo aqauri mayureblis<br />

Teatraluri gemovneba, magram mTavri ma<strong>in</strong>c is gaxldaT,<br />

rom afxazeTSi Teatraluri saqme metad mZime politikur vi-<br />

TarebaSi ikafavda gzas.<br />

1877-1878 ruseT-osmaleTis omis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT<br />

mizanswrafuli xdeba imperiis koloniuri politika afxazeT-<br />

Si. am politikis umTavresi mizani iyo: saqarTvelos nawilis,<br />

qarTvelTa gansaxlebis teritoriis nawilis — afxazeTis Camocileba<br />

saqarTvelodan, adgilobrivi, mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleobis<br />

maqsimaluri Seviwroveba, afxazeTis asimilacia. es yovelive<br />

SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda, Tu afxazeTidan ganidevneboda<br />

qarTuli ena, qarTuli eklesia, qarTuli kultura, skola, Teatri,<br />

romelic is iyo fexs idgamda afxazeTSi, amiT afxazebi da<br />

iqauri qarTvelebi moswydebodnen qarTul samyaros [10, 1].<br />

68

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caristuli ruseTis Sov<strong>in</strong>isturi politika aq gansakuTrebiT<br />

mkacri iyo. afxazeTis miwaze is<strong>in</strong>i didi gulmodg<strong>in</strong>ebiT<br />

cdilobdnen fexis mokidebas. amisaTvis erovnul SuRls<br />

aRvivebdnen mravalerovan mosaxleobaSi, krZalavdnen mSobliur<br />

enas. am kuTxis sruli rusificirebis politika tardeboda.<br />

amitom erovnuli sakiTxebis warmatebas (gansakuTrebiT<br />

nacionaluri skolebis gaxsnas, mSobliuri enis, literaturisa<br />

da xelovnebis ganviTarebas) gansakuTrebuli w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobebi<br />

xvdeboda. soxumis olqis xelmZRvanelebi, romlebic carizmis<br />

erTguli moxeleebi iyvnen, qarTuli saRamoebis mowyobas<br />

yovelmxriv xels uSlidnen, magram politikuri uTanxmoebis<br />

SiSiT mas srulad ver krZalavdnen. samagierod, repertuars<br />

mkacri cenzuris qveS atarebdnen. warmodgenebis<br />

gamarTvis uflebis SesanarCuneblad dramatulma wrem xerxs<br />

mimarTa da daiwyo qarTul-rusuli saRamoebis gamarTva, romelzedac<br />

orive enaze sruldeboda Teatraluri dadgmebi.<br />

sayuradReboa afxazuri Teatris pirveli warmodgenebis<br />

Taviseburebani, romelic agebulia xalxuri musikalur-sasimRero<br />

masalebis fonze. Teatrs jer kidev ar hqonda raime<br />

piesa, arsebobda mxolod Tema, romelic iSleboda musikalur-teqstur<br />

nawyvetebSi.<br />

aseTi ram pirvel xanebSi damaxasiaTebeli iyo afxazeTis<br />

dramatuli nimuSebis xelovnebisaTvis, romelic italiur saxalxo<br />

sanaxaobas mogvagonebs, aRmavlobis epoqaSi, imdros,<br />

roca aseT sanaxaobaTa erT-erTi saxeoba e.w. `moxetiale Teatri~<br />

iyo. aseT TeatrSi ar arsebobda piesa garkveuli teqstiT,<br />

scenebiTa da sxva.<br />

xalxuri sanaxaobis siRrmidan Jamidan Jamamdis mravldeboda<br />

masala, romelic idgmeboda axal TeatrSi, musikaluri<br />

Semoqmedebis fonze.<br />

primitiuli Teatraluri xelovneba da saxalxo garTobani<br />

afxazi xalxisaTvis didi xnidan aris cnobili.<br />

erT-erTi popularuli da uZlieresi saxe saxalxo xelovnebisa<br />

iyo simRera. damkvrelebi da xalxuri simReris<br />

mTqmelebi afxiarcaze da Congurze dakvriT xalxs mudam ar-<br />

Tobdnen da amSvidebdnen. es simRerebi Seqmnili iyo rogorc<br />

gmirebze, ise laCrebze, zogjer es simRerebi warmoadgenda<br />

mware satiras arsebuli s<strong>in</strong>amdvilis uaryofiT mxareebze.<br />

69

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simRera da leqsi afxazeTis mematianea. simRera marad<br />

Tan axlda afxazi xalxis moqmedebas — ojaxur yofa-cxovreba-<br />

Si, saxalxo krebebze da yrilobebze, sixarulsa da mwuxareba-<br />

Si. is egebeboda maT gaCenas, Tan axlda mTeli sicocxlis man-<br />

Zilze, akvnidan samaremdis da gadascemda STamomavlobas maT<br />

saqmeebsa da moqmedebas [1, 11].<br />

wera-kiTxvis ucod<strong>in</strong>ari musikosis Jana aCbas mdidari<br />

memkvidreoba werilobiT ar SemorCenila, magram is, rac xalxma,<br />

qarTulma presam da samecniero naSromebma Semogv<strong>in</strong>axa,<br />

naTlad metyvelebs saxalxo mgosnis farTo SemoqmedebiT diapazonze,<br />

mis gamiznul maxvil satiraze. igi sofel-sofel<br />

dadioda da <strong>in</strong>teresiT usmenda xalxis gulisnadebs, mis Wirvarams<br />

da Semdeg improvizebul formaSi orig<strong>in</strong>alurad amRerebda<br />

afxiarcaze.<br />

Jana aCba moRvaweobda afxazi xalxis cxovrebis yvelaze<br />

mZime wlebSi, muhajirobis periodSi. es is dro iyo, rodesac<br />

xalxs mama-papaTa miwa-wylidan asaxlebdnen, ris gamoc adgilobriv<br />

mkvidrTa sami meoTxedi ganadgurda, xolo zogierTi<br />

raioni sruliad dacarielda. soflad da qalaqad fexs ikidebda<br />

mliqvneloba, C<strong>in</strong>-medlebisadmi swrafva, aRviraxsniloba,<br />

ra Tqma unda, upirveles yovlisa, Tavadaznaurebs Soris.<br />

yovelive amas Seupovrad ebrZoda Jana. mas xSrad abez-<br />

Rebda Tavadaznauroba. amitomac igi uvadod gadaasaxles samegreloSi.<br />

Jana aCba improvizaciis didi ostati iyo. misi epiTetebi,<br />

cocxali Tqmebi axlac cocxlobs xalxSi.<br />

`adamiani kvdeba — sityva rCeba~ — uTqvams mas da es sityvebi<br />

zedgamoWrilia mis satirul, maxvilgonivrul Semoqmedebaze.<br />

Jana aCba daibada 1846 wels, gudauTis raionis sofel<br />

aC<strong>and</strong>araSi, gaRaribebuli Tavadis ojaxSi. dedamisma Tavi moikla,<br />

TviTon ki bavSvobaSi dabrmavda da us<strong>in</strong>aTlod gaatara Tavisi<br />

sicocxlis samoci weli. Tumca mas ar unaxavs bunebis um-<br />

Svenieresi ferebi, magram SeigrZno garemoebidan yvelaze naTeli,<br />

cxadi ferebi, romlebsac is mTeli J<strong>in</strong>iT ayuradebda. Jana<br />

aCbas Semoqmedeba, misi simRerebi mimarTulia Tavadebisa da<br />

moxeleebis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg. xan satiruli simRerebiT, xan poemebiT,<br />

xan ki SairiT, is Tanabari yuradRebiT exmaureboda Tavisi kuTxis<br />

rogorc did movlenebs, aseve yoveldRiur, wvrilman ambeb-<br />

70

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sac. mis SemoqmedebaSi naTladaa gamosaxuli xalxis yofa-cxovrebis<br />

yvelaze ufro sayuradRebo, damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi.<br />

Jana aCbas Semoqmedeba organulad iyo dakavSirebuli afxazi<br />

xalxis xelovnebasTan. man aiTvisa afxazi xalxis gasuli saukuneebis<br />

zepiri sityvierebis yvela Tavisebureba da misi nacionaluri<br />

melodiebi. us<strong>in</strong>aTlo momRerali cdilobda es melodiebi<br />

momavali TaobebisaTvis gadaeca. aRsaniSnvia, rom Jana aCbas<br />

repertuarSi Warbobda sagmiro simRerebi, is yuradRebas amaxvilebda<br />

aseve socialur Tematikaze, saZirkvels uyrida xalxuri<br />

sanaxaobis Teatralur formas.<br />

Jana aCbas yvela nawarmoebi, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT<br />

warmoadgens afxazuri xalxuri poeziis saukeTeso nimuSs, xolo<br />

faqizi iumori, enis suraTovneba, mkveTri aforizmebi gaxda<br />

amouwuravi wyaro afxazi xalxis Semoqmedebisa. is ganuyofeli<br />

nawilia afxazuri xalxuri Semoqmedebis, romlis elementebi<br />

Seesisxlxorca afxazeTis Teatrs, dRidan misi daarsebisa.<br />

misi simRerebi gamoirCeoda mxatvruli formiT da saxeebis<br />

srulyofilebiT. is<strong>in</strong>i xSirad fokloruli xasiaTisa<br />

iyo. sagulisxmoa, rom Cauwereli simRerebi dResac Tavisi<br />

pirv<strong>and</strong>eli redaqciiTaa Semonaxuli, rac maT xalxurobaze<br />

da did Rirsebaze metyvelebs.<br />

Jana aCbas SemoqmedebaSi afxazeTis cxovreba gadmocemulia<br />

xan gaSarJebul simRerebSi, xan SairSi, xan improvizebul<br />

dramatul moqmedebaSi, xSirad ki misi satiruli simRerebi<br />

poemis saxiTaa warmodgenili. is Tanabari yuradRebiT exmaureba<br />

Tavisi kuTxis rogorc did movlenebs, ise yoveldRiur<br />

wvrilmans, mis SemoqmedebaSi naTladaa gamosaxuli xalxis yofa-cxovrebis<br />

yvelaze ufro aRsaniSnavi, damaxasiaTebeli<br />

Tvisebebi. afxazi xalxi faqizad <strong>in</strong>axavs us<strong>in</strong>aTlo poetis mier<br />

Seqmnil leqsebsa da satirul moTxrobebs. Jana aCba iyo saxalxo<br />

poeti da amasTan, mas momRerlis mxatvruli alRoc<br />

hqonda. socialuri S<strong>in</strong>aarsiT ganmsWvaluli misi Semoqmedeba<br />

afxazi xalxis cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferos aSuqebda.<br />

Jana aCba mTel rig satirul moTxrobebSi da SairebSi ara<br />

marto qmnida saxeebs, aramed anviTarebda aqtioruli Sesrulebis<br />

Cvevebs, romelmac Tavi iC<strong>in</strong>a afxazuri nacionaluri sanaxaobis<br />

sxvadasxva formasa da saxalxo warmodgenebSi.<br />

afxazurma folklorma, romelic saukuneTa manZilze yalibdeboda<br />

simRerebTan erTad, musikaluri sakravebic war-<br />

71

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moSva. es <strong>in</strong>strumentebi ukve TavisTavad metyveleben, rom afxazur<br />

musikalur folklors uZvelesi tradiciebi da mtkice<br />

safuZveli gaaCnia.<br />

afxazuri musikaluri sakravebi farTodaa gamoyenebuli<br />

musikalursa da sagundo ansamblebSi.<br />

`aviuma~ — uZvelesi sakravi, mogvagonebs arfas.<br />

`aCarpani~ — es sakravi salamurs hgavs, keTdeba balaxis<br />

Rerosgan, romelsac aCarpani hqvia.<br />

`aConguri~ — gitaris msgavsi musikaluri sakravi, ber-<br />

Znuli warmoSobis, oTxsimiania, iTvleba qalTa sakravad [1,17].<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos, rom Jana aCba cdilobda afxiarcis<br />

musikaluri SesaZlebobebis gaZlierebas. man didad gaaumjobesa<br />

afxazuri viol<strong>in</strong>o, romelic xalxuri Semoqmedebis<br />

mudmivi Tanamgzavria. Janas Semoqmedeba afxazuri kulturis<br />

ganuyofeli nawilia, romlis elementebi Seisisxlxorca afxazurma<br />

Teatrma misi Casaxvis droidan.<br />

mefis moxeleTagan devnili da damcirebuli, Raribi da<br />

uTvistomo moxuci Jana aCba 1918 wels gardaicvala, 72 wlis<br />

asakSi. igi dausaflavebiaT sofel aW<strong>and</strong>arSi, mis ganuyrel<br />

musikalur sakravTan, afxiarcisTan erTad [1,14].<br />

afxazuri simRera, romelic uxsovari droidan Tan axlda<br />

afxazis cxovrebas, pirveli Sevida scenaze da xalxis Semoqmedebis<br />

sxvadasxva saxeobis warmosaxviT gza gauxsna afxazur<br />

Teatralur xelovnebas.<br />

sayuradReboa, afxazeTis kulturuli cxovreba, pirveli<br />

warmodgenebi, romlebmac saTave daudes afxazur Teatrs.<br />

maT Sesaxeb sa<strong>in</strong>tereso <strong>in</strong>formacias gvawvdis XIX saukunis<br />

qarTuli presa.<br />

pirveli qarTuli warmodgena OoCamCireSi 1885 wels Semdgara,<br />

romelic aqauri skolis sasargeblod gamarTula [2, 2].<br />

warmodgenebi, ZiriTadad saqvelmoqmedo xasiaTisa iyo, magram<br />

mas sxva daniSnulebac hqonda,— gamoevl<strong>in</strong>a mamulis siyvaruli.<br />

maS<strong>in</strong>deli presa saTanadod asaxavda yvela kulturul<br />

wamowyebas, miaCnda is erovnul saqmed, patriotizmis amaRlebis,<br />

afxazi da qarTveli xalxebis SemakavSirebel saSualebad,<br />

ganaTlebisa da kulturis macned. presa mkiTxvels acnobda<br />

warmodgenis organizatorebs, scenismoyvareT, aqebda da aqezebda<br />

maT saqmianobas.<br />

72

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didi rezonansi gamouwvevia meored gamarTul warmodgenas,<br />

romelic gaumarTavT 1899 wels soxumSi. amis Sesaxeb gazeTi<br />

`iveria~ wers: `aqauri axalgazrdebis meTaurobiT gamar-<br />

Tuli iqna qarTuli warmodgena. iTamaSes frangulidan gadmokeTebuli<br />

erTmoqmedebiani vodevili `mSivrebi~. gazeTi<br />

msjelobs warmodgenis av-kargze, imaze, Tu v<strong>in</strong> rogor asrulebda<br />

rols, v<strong>in</strong> moikoWlebda, v<strong>in</strong> kargad TamaSobda. iqvea<br />

sxva <strong>in</strong>formaciac: `am mokle xans kidev apireben warmodgenas.<br />

unda iTamaSon b-n ilia WavWavaZis `deda da Svili~ [23,1].<br />

gazeT `iveriaSi~ dabeWdili AanTimoz juRelis korespondenciidan<br />

vgebulobT, rom `warmodgenebi ZiriTadad saqvelmoqmedo<br />

mizans isaxavda, imarTeba warmodgena warmodgenaze: es<br />

tusaRTa sasargeblod, es Raribi studentebisaTvis xelis gasamarTavado,<br />

es saswavleblis sasargeblodo... ai, Tund, 3 Tebervlis<br />

warmodgenaze mogaxsenebT. b-nma n. iak. aleqsi-mesxiSvilma,<br />

kn. g. SaraSiZis TaosnobiT gahmarTa momaval dedaTa saswavleblis<br />

sasargeblod qarTul-rusuli warmodgena. warmoadg<strong>in</strong>es<br />

`baiyuSi~ a. cagarelisa~ [4, 3]. iqve CamoTvlilia monawilenic,<br />

naTqvamia, rom ubileTod bevri darCa; Seqebulia msaxiobTa<br />

TamaSi, saubaria imaze, rom aleqsi-mesxiSvilma gamoaRvi-<br />

Za miZ<strong>in</strong>ebuli sazogadoeba, rom kvlavac apireben am gziT siaruls<br />

da fulis Segrovebas, raTa yrmaTa imgvari skola gamar-<br />

Ton, sadac qarTuli Seiswavleba. `iveriis~ cnobiTve, gudauTa-<br />

Si warmoudgeniaT Targmnili piesa `wuTis sacole~, a. cagarelis<br />

`rac g<strong>in</strong>axavs, veRar naxav~, xolo gazeTi `kvali~ ityob<strong>in</strong>eba,<br />

rom 1895 wlis 15 noembers soxumSi gamarTuli warmodgenis<br />

Semosavali gadaeca soxumis samrevlo skolas [5, 3].<br />

Teatralur warmodgenebTn erTad, imarTeboda literaturuli<br />

saRamoebic. gazeTi `droeba~ wers: `iqauri skolis<br />

didi zala savse iyo xalxiT. waikiTxes ori Tavi `kacia-adamiani?!~-dan,<br />

poema `mese dimitri Tavdadebuli~ WavWavaZisa, `ubeduri~,<br />

poema Waladidelisa da oriode wvrili leqsi~ [6, 3] .<br />

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom mravalerovan afxazeTSi<br />

warmodgenebs marTavdnen qarTul da rusul enebze. es xdeba<br />

farTo masebis mosazidad. garda amisa, ar ifarglebian qar-<br />

Tveli mwerlebiT, dgamen rus, somex da ucxoel avtorTa nawarmoebebs.<br />

magaliTad, 1892 wels daudgamT somexi sundukianis<br />

popularuli piesa `pepo~ [7, 2].<br />

73

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ogorc <strong>in</strong>formaciidan Cans, amgvari warmodgenebiT sakmao<br />

saqvelmoqmedo Tanxa grovdeboda. `cnobis furclis~ publikaciis<br />

mixedviT, `samis saqvelmoqmedo warmodgenisa da er-<br />

Tis seirnobisagan, romlebic pativcemulma kn. wereTlisam<br />

gamarTa, wleul Semovida 2000 maneTi [8, 4]. es im droisaTvis<br />

uzarmazari Tanxa iyo, Tu gaviTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebT, rom pedagogis<br />

xelfasi saSualod wliurad iyo 150-200 maneTi.<br />

warmodgenebi, Teatraluri dadgmebi, saxelovnebo dasebi<br />

ukve aRar iyo ucxo xili afxazeTis mosaxleobisaTvis. mar-<br />

Tlac, 1895-1900 wlebSi warmodgenili iqna al. yazbegis `arsena~,<br />

g. erisTavis `Zunwi~, rafiel erisTavis `monadire~, akaki<br />

wereTlis `butiaoba~, a. cagarelis `prikaSCiki~, v. nasiZis, v.<br />

abaSiZis, g. Ciqovanis, k. yifianis da sxvaTa piesebi. magram mxolod<br />

adgilobriv scenismoyvareTa imedad ar miutovebia afxazeTi,<br />

aq Camodiodnen Tbilisisa da quTaisis saxelovani dasebi.<br />

kerZod, `1894 wels soxumSi quTaiselebs orjer gaumar-<br />

TavT warmodgena da ise moswonebiaT aqaurebs es gamosvlebi,<br />

stumrebi vaxSamzec miuwveviaT~ [4, 2].<br />

yovelive es xels uwyobda da ganapirobebda sakuTriv afxazuri<br />

Teatris momwifebasa da Camoyalibebas. eWvi araa, am saqmes<br />

saTanado niadagi qarTulma warmodgenebma moumzada. amas<br />

aRniSnavs afxazuri erovnuli Teatris istoriis mkvlevari m.<br />

lakerbaia: `qarTuli Teatri da misi gamoCenili Teatraluri<br />

moRvaweebi... didi xnidan cdilobdnen daxmarebodnen afxazebs,<br />

rom SeeqmnaT sakuTari Teatraluri kultura~ [1, 31].<br />

qarTuli presa afxazeTis Sesaxeb yovelgvar masalas aqveynebda,<br />

magram arcerTi sakiTxi ise farTod ar gaSuqebula,<br />

rogorc kultura da ganaTleba. Cveni presis mesveurebi mar-<br />

Talni iyvnen. k. gamsaxurdia miuTiTebs, roca qveyana politikur<br />

damoukideblobas kargavs, man kulturuli diqtatura unda<br />

daamyaroso. amis saWiroebas, rogorc Cans, kargad xedavdnen<br />

iliaseuli `iveria~, sergei mesxis `droeba~, sxva Jurnal-gaze-<br />

Tebi da maTi xelmZRvanelebi. amitomac Tu iyo, rom gamudmebiT<br />

ibeWdeboda <strong>in</strong>formaciebi, statiebi Tu recenziebi afxazur anbansa<br />

da damwerlobaze, aq gamarTul samrevlo, saerobo da sxva<br />

tipis skolebze, afxazi xalxis folklorze, literaturul sa-<br />

Ramoebsa da Teatralur dadgmebze, qarTuli Teatris saxelovani<br />

muSakebis gamosvlebze afxazeTSi [9, 147].<br />

74

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es yovelive, erTi mxriv, emsaxureboda afxazeTSi kulturisa<br />

da ganaTlebis gavrcelebas, xolo meore mxriv, fesvebs<br />

unarCunebda istorias, tradicias, urTierTobebs.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. qajaia eTer, qarTuli Teatri afxazeTSi (1885-1940 ww.),<br />

Tbilisi, 2006.<br />

2. janaSia simon, giorgi ServaSiZe, soxumi, 1946.<br />

3. gazeTi `iveria~, 1892, #85.<br />

4. gazeTi `iveria~, 1893, #52.<br />

5. gazeTi `iveria~, 1892, #82.<br />

6. lakerbaia m., afxazuri Teatris istoriidan, Tbilisi,<br />

1957.<br />

7. abuTiZe, aswlovanTa ansambli, Tbilisi, 1977.<br />

8. gazeTi `iveria~, 1885, #12.<br />

9. gazeTi `iveria~, 1889, #18.<br />

10. gazeTi `iveria~, 1893, #38.<br />

11. Jurnali `kvali~, 1851, #51.<br />

12. gazeTi `droeba~, 1884, #81.<br />

13. gazeTi `iveria~, 1892, #85.<br />

14. gazeTi `cnobis furceli~, 1897, #341.<br />

15. naWyebia n., afxazeTis problematika XIX saukunis qarTul<br />

presaSi, Tbilisi, 2006.<br />

16. silagaZe a., guruli v., saqarTvelos ganuyoflobisaTvis<br />

brZolis istoriidan, nakveTi II, Tbilisi, 1999.<br />

75

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Tsatsa Chkhartishvili<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Institute of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology, Research<br />

scientist of the Department of <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />

Theatrical Life <strong>in</strong> Abkhazia <strong>in</strong> the 80-90es of the 19 th Century <strong>and</strong><br />

Historical Memory<br />

Summary<br />

In the 80-90es of the 19 th century <strong>in</strong> Abkhazia, when Tsarism was<br />

carry<strong>in</strong>g out the strictest policy, when even writ<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> read<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Georgian<br />

language was forbidden, it is easy to imag<strong>in</strong>e the importance of theater.<br />

Theatre played the greatest role <strong>in</strong> deepen<strong>in</strong>g the national mentality of masses<br />

<strong>and</strong> preserv<strong>in</strong>g spiritual strength. S<strong>in</strong>ce the 80-90es of the 19 th century <strong>in</strong><br />

many places <strong>in</strong> Abkhazia (Sokhumi, Ochamchire, Okumi, Gudauta, Gali etc)<br />

the performances of the amateur theater lovers’ were held.<br />

S<strong>in</strong>ce 1911 the theater became half professional <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> 1928<br />

professional. Abkhazian song, which from time immemorial was<br />

concommited the life of Abkhazian, was the first that set foot on the stage <strong>and</strong><br />

with the help of perform<strong>in</strong>g different types of folk art gave the theatre of<br />

Abkhazia the perspective of development, the outst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g representative of<br />

which was Jana Achba.<br />

76

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oTar gogoliSvili<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, baTumis<br />

SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

sruli profesori<br />

aWara ucxoeli istorikosis TvaliT<br />

(XIX s-is 80-iani wlebi)<br />

evgeni veidenbaums sapatio adgili uWiravs im istorikosebs<br />

Soris, romlebic kavkasias ikvlevdnen. igi Targmnida<br />

Sromebs, monawileobda cnobili mecnieris petre uslaris<br />

wignis, `Zveli Tqmuleba kavkasiaze~, redaqtirebaSi. manve gamosacemad<br />

moamzada krebuli, romelSic Sesulia <strong>in</strong>gliseli<br />

moRvawis — palgrevis angariSebi aWaraze. e. veidenbaumis TaosnobiT<br />

gamoqveynda, agreTve, frangi l. granJes da sxvaTa masalebi,<br />

romlebic aWaras exeba.<br />

veidenbaumma araerTi gamokvleva uZRvna saqarTvelos.<br />

zogierTi maTgani Seitana krebulSi `kavkasiis etiudebi~. sayuradReboa<br />

mogzauruli Canawerebi `baTumidan arTv<strong>in</strong>amde~,<br />

romelic pirvelad 1878 wels gazeT `kavkazSi~ gamoqveynda.<br />

aWaris Sesaxeb sa<strong>in</strong>tereso cnobebia mocemuli, aseve, mis uaRresad<br />

sayuradRebo naSromSi _ `kavkasiis gzamkvlevi 1888 wlisaTvis~.<br />

1878 wlis 31 oqtombers gem `rioniT~ veidenbaumi ba-<br />

Tums ewvia. navsadgurSi daxvda ruseTis xomaldebi `kocebu~,<br />

`redut-kale~, `CixaCevi~ da sxva, agreTve uamravi feluga,<br />

romlebic sim<strong>in</strong>diT, yurZniTa da Tixis WurWeliT daetvir-<br />

TaT.<br />

baTumi warmoSva md<strong>in</strong>are Woroxma, romelmac droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

mozida qva-RorRi, sila da amoavso napiri, _ SeniSnavs<br />

veidenbaumi. es gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi gaxda mas Semdeg,<br />

rac navsadguris talRebisagan dasacavad wyalSi specialuri<br />

kedeli gaiyvanes. aman ufro Seakava xreSi da sila, ris<br />

gamo bulvari maS<strong>in</strong> Tu zed zRvaze iyo, 1902 wlisaTvis zRva<br />

asi saJeniT daSorda napirs da baTumelebs saSualeba miecaT<br />

bulvarisaTvis kidev ori xeivani miemateb<strong>in</strong>aT. baTumis koncxi<br />

Woroxis naleqebiT Seiqmna — wers g. wereTeli. [1, 141]<br />

baTumi gamoirCeoda swori da sicocxliT saves quCebiT.<br />

zRvispira quCas amSvenebda erT-orsarTuliani qvis saxlebi<br />

77

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maRaziebiT, agreTve sastumroebi da yavaxanebi. gamoirCeoda<br />

sastumro `moskovi~. paraleluri quCebi bazars ekava, aqa-iq<br />

qvafenilic daegoT. qalaqSi antisanitaria ar yofila, radgan<br />

sila da qviSa wyals advilad atarebda. sasmeli wyali urexis<br />

mTidan moed<strong>in</strong>eboda. wyalsadenis mosawyobad samebis taZari<br />

daeSalaT. baTums icavda zRvispiras agebuli sami saartilerio<br />

batarea qvis yazarmebiT. maT SesaniRbavad uamravi mcenare<br />

daergoT.<br />

yvelaze didi problema maS<strong>in</strong> sacxovrebeli b<strong>in</strong>is nakleboba<br />

iyo. amis miuxedavad mSenebloba ma<strong>in</strong>c mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda,<br />

Tumca nela. aguri da kramiti adgilze SeiZleba damzadebuliyo,<br />

magram saSeni xis masala Zalian cota iyo. mizezi amisa ki<br />

is gaxldaT, rom tye adre gaCexes da evropaSi gazides. amitom<br />

xe-tye xersonidan da qerCidan SemoaqvT, — aRniSnavs istorikosi.<br />

[2, 110]<br />

mSeneblobis dabali tempis mizezi iyo agreTve meryevi<br />

politikuri viTarebac. 1879 wlis gazafxulisaTvis gavrcelda<br />

xmebi imis Sesaxeb, rom TurqeTi axal oms iwyebs ruseTis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdego. amis gamo Semcirda vaWroba. gaCerda mrewveloba.<br />

baTumi erT did samxedro banakad aris gadaqceuli da Tu<br />

axali omi isev daiwyeba, maS<strong>in</strong> azri ara aqvs saqmis keTebas —<br />

acxadebdnen baTumSi moRvawe vaWar-mrewvelebi. es iqneba kapitalis<br />

wyalSi gadayrao. aseve, amis garda baTumSi Zalian<br />

cudi quCebi iyo. wvimis dros, romelic xSiri iyo, qalaqi TiTqmis<br />

paralizebuli gaxldaT.<br />

veidenbaumi obieqturad aSuqebs porto-frankos sakiTxs,<br />

romelic baTumSi 1878 wels SemoiRes berl<strong>in</strong>is kongresze<br />

<strong>in</strong>gliselebis daJ<strong>in</strong>ebiT da man 1886 wlamde iarseba.<br />

portos-frankos — Tavisufali navsadguris SemoRebiT, bevrs<br />

egona iaf evropul saqonels miiRebdnen, amotomac aqeTken<br />

gamoswies, magram adgilobrivi produqtebisa da marselis liqioris<br />

meti araferi daxvdaT. ukeTesi xarisxis saqoneli imitomac<br />

ar SemohqondaT, rom myidveli cota iyo. axlo soflebidan<br />

Tu modiodnen glexebi. amasTan liqioris, romisa da<br />

asanTis garda, sxva saqonlis gatana SeuZlebeli yofila. porto-franko<br />

emsaxureba ara vaWrobis ganviTarebas, aramed adgilobriv<br />

mcxovrebTa Seviwroebas. maT marTlac moaqvT produqtebi<br />

gasayidad, iZenen qsovils. magram sakordono dacva,<br />

78

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ar vici <strong>in</strong>struqciis safuZvelze, Tu gaugebrobiT, SeiZleba<br />

romeliRac sxva mizezis gamo, xSirad maT akavebs da baJis gadaxdas<br />

iTxovs imis gamo, rom qalaqidan saWiro saqoneli gaaqvT.<br />

glexebs rom saqoneli gasayidad gahqondeT, maS<strong>in</strong> SeiZleba<br />

gagvemarTleb<strong>in</strong>a kordonis moqmedeba, magram piradi moxmarebisaTvis<br />

SeZenil saqonelze ar SeiZleba moviTxovoT ba-<br />

Ji, da saerTod, gana Rirs baJis gamo mosaxleobis ukmayofileba<br />

gamoviwvioT, ambobs veidenbaumi. Semdeg igi kvlav ubrundeba<br />

porto-frankos sakiTxs da ambobs, rom maWaxlelebs<br />

evropuli saqoneli w<strong>in</strong>aTac baTumidan gahqondaT, magram baJs<br />

ar ixdidnen, rogorc es porto-frankos SemoRebis Semdeg xdebao.<br />

igi gabedulad amxels imaT, v<strong>in</strong>c yovelmxriv aviwrovebda<br />

xalxs, v<strong>in</strong>c ara Tu aziara is<strong>in</strong>i axali xelisuflebis sike-<br />

Tes, aramed aiZula osmaleTSi gadaxvewiliyo.<br />

veidenbaumma cixisZiric mo<strong>in</strong>axula. man aRniSna, rom cixisZirs<br />

gamagrebuli pozicia uWiravs da amitomac iyo, rom<br />

misi aReba gauWirda rusis jars, rogorc 1829 wels, aseve 1877<br />

wlis 11 ivnisso. veidenbaumi is pirovnebaa, romelmac cixisZiri<br />

Zvel simagre petrad miiCnia. cixisZiris teritoriaze mas<br />

eklesiis nangrevebic unaxavs. axlos moCuxCuxebda wyaros<br />

wyali. 1883 wels rk<strong>in</strong>igzis gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT aqauroba<br />

gadaTxares, aafeTqes, qvebi ki jebirebis mSeneblobaze gamoiyenes,<br />

ris gamoc cixe-simagrem dakarga pirv<strong>and</strong>eli saxe,<br />

aremare gauval tyeebs daefara. [3, 303-305]<br />

1878 wlis 4 noembers mogzaurma Tanmxleb osebTan er-<br />

Tad arTv<strong>in</strong>isaken aiRo gezi. kaxabris dablobi ialanuzis mTebidan<br />

(TurqeTSia) mosul qurTebsa da 1886 wels gadmoxvewil<br />

afxazebsac ekavaT. aq mcire siRrmeze daesaflaveb<strong>in</strong>aT 1877-<br />

1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omSi daRupuli 12 aTasi Turqi<br />

jariskaci, ris gamoc uamravi tura moyriliyo. aq xelisuflebas<br />

gaeyvana gzatkecili, romlis kideebze qvebi daewyo, aego<br />

xidebi. yvelgan sim<strong>in</strong>di eTesa. veidenbaumi da misi Tanmxlebi<br />

pirebi male miadgnen sadgur kap<strong>and</strong>ids, anu im adgils, sadac<br />

axla maxos xidia. aq iwyeboda gza md<strong>in</strong>are Woroxis ayolebiT.<br />

saamisod iyenebdnen navebs — kaiukebs. is<strong>in</strong>i baTums arTv<strong>in</strong>Tan<br />

akavSirebdnen. sami-oTxi menave ostaturad marTavda maT. Ti-<br />

Toeuli mgzavri aT maneTs ixdida. yovel kaiuks asi fuTi tvirTi<br />

gadahqonda. aqve m<strong>in</strong>da aRvniSno, rom am gziT 1876 wels<br />

79

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imogzaura istorikosma luka isarlovma. 1909 wels ki rusma<br />

profesorma aleqsi kiselma.<br />

kap<strong>and</strong>idSi veidenbaumma sim<strong>in</strong>diTa da Tixis WurWleuliT<br />

savse kaiukebi naxa. aq gacvliTi vaWroba gaeCaReb<strong>in</strong>aT.<br />

md<strong>in</strong>areebisa da gzebis SesayarSi gaekeTeb<strong>in</strong>aT qvis xelovnuri<br />

sad<strong>in</strong>arebi, rom wyals ar Caerecxa gzebi. iq, sadac aWariswyali<br />

Woroxs erTvis, orive mxareze unaxavs qvis xidis maRali<br />

sayrdenebi. qviTkiriT nagebi xidi am cota xnis w<strong>in</strong> waulekia<br />

md<strong>in</strong>areso, — aRniSnavs veidenbaumi. Semdeg mas gauvlia sofeli<br />

mirvana, romelic Woroxis marjvena napirzea Sefenili.<br />

isic m<strong>in</strong>da aRvniSno, rom am sofels mirvanas saxeliT ixseniebs<br />

isarlovi da sxva mogzaurebic. rukaze ki es sofeli aRniSnulia<br />

simorisis saxeliT. maradidis ubnis ufross axmed<br />

efendis ganumartavs veidenbaumisaTvis, rom am sofels simoneTi<br />

hqviao. Semdeg veidenbaumi misula sofel maWaxelaSi, sadac<br />

mas daxvedria soflis mejlisis Tavmjdomare da sxva war-<br />

C<strong>in</strong>ebuli pirni. veidenbaumi ambobs, rom aq laparakoben qar-<br />

Tuli enis im kiloTi, rogoriTac aWaris sxva kuTxeSio. veidenbaumi<br />

civad ixseniebs maWaxlis ubnis ufross — wereTels<br />

(akakis Zmas). ubnis ufrosi ganawyenebuli yofila imiT, rom<br />

glexebi masTan misvlamde TavianT begebs eTaTbirebodnen. veidenbaumi<br />

aqve SeniSnavs: `aba ra qnas xalxma. Turqebi maT umtkicebs,<br />

rom sazRvari male aWariswyalze gava, e. i. Tqven isev<br />

Cvens xelSi moxvdebiT da maS<strong>in</strong> naxeT moRalateebs ras gizam-<br />

To~. mosaxleobis meryeoba aseT pirobebSi, ra Tqma unda, dasagmobi<br />

araa. mTavari ma<strong>in</strong>c isaa, rom is<strong>in</strong>i qarTulad laparakoben<br />

da dadebiTad miiRes axali xelisufleba. amitomac iyo,<br />

rom veidenbaumi wereTels ar ewvia ojaxSi. aqve SevniSnav, rom<br />

ubnis ufros wereTels arc Tu ise Tbilad ixseniebs zaqaria<br />

WiW<strong>in</strong>aZec. igi ambobs, rom: `am batoni Tavadis gamgeobis periodSi,<br />

fexi moikida muhajirobamo~. [4, 199-200]<br />

veidenbaums maWaxelasa da Woroxis SesarTavSi dauTvalierebia<br />

qvis xidis nangrevebi. qveda maradidSi naxa Tu rogor<br />

ostaturad agebdnen kaiukebs. es sofeli gemTmSeneblobis<br />

Zveli centria, SeniSnavs igi. aq mas daxvda ubnis ufrosi<br />

axmed efendi, romelic veidenbaumis TqmiT gamoirCeoda `tipiuri<br />

qarTuli cxviriT, qarTuli laparakiT, oxunjobiTa da<br />

stumar-masp<strong>in</strong>ZlobiT. miuxedavad Turqulis didi zegavleni-<br />

80

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sa, masSi ar CaxSobiloyo qarTuli sisxli~. axmed efendim<br />

stumrebi ojaxSi miipatiJa, magram drois uqonlobis gamo ver<br />

ewvivnen mas. axmed efendi daexmara maT toponimebis dadgena-<br />

Si. man kelasuris wyalTan cixisa da eklesiis nangrevebi uCvena,<br />

rac rukaze aRniSnuli ar yofila. Woroxis qvemo welis er-<br />

Ti sofeli veidenbaumma kamurenis saxeliT moixsenia, amaze<br />

ubnis ufross uTqvams, rom misi namdvili saxeli wiTureTiao.<br />

axmedis gvars veidenbaumi ar asaxelebs, magram varaudoben,<br />

rom es pirovneba axmed xalvaSi unda iyos. am varaudis Sesaxeb<br />

isev m<strong>in</strong>da moviyvano zaqaria WiW<strong>in</strong>aZis sityvebi. igi 1892 wlis<br />

Semodgomaze axmedis stumari iyo. ai, ras wers zaqaria WiW<strong>in</strong>a-<br />

Ze: `didma moWirnaxulem, saqarTvelos siyvaruliT damwvarma<br />

axmed xalvaSma jer kidev 1875 wels, Tbilisidan gamoiwera<br />

qarTuli wignebi...…1878 wels maradidis xoja qadagebda aWarlebis<br />

TurqeTSi gadasaxlebas, ris gamoc axmedma k<strong>in</strong>aRam cimbirSi<br />

gadaasaxleb<strong>in</strong>a igi. Tavis xarjze aago skolis Senoba,<br />

magram moxda ise, rom skolaSi gamogzavnes qarTulis ar<br />

mcodne maswavlebeli, razec uari ganacxades — qarTulis<br />

mcodne maswavlebeli gvWirdebao. asec moxda.~ skolis gaxsnas<br />

SemdegSic apirebdnen, moxele <strong>and</strong>RulaZis daxmarebiT. es<br />

mcdeloba warmatebiT dagvirgv<strong>in</strong>da. am moxelem SeZlo yvela<br />

problemis mogvareba da skolis gaxsna.<br />

veidenbaumi aWaris mosaxleobis Sesaxeb ambobs: `aWarlebi<br />

fexmardni arian. erT xelSi kalaTa da <strong>in</strong>glisuri warmoebis<br />

iaraRi, meoreSi — qolga uWiravT...Turqebma omis w<strong>in</strong> 14<br />

aTasi cali iaraRi daariges, rom mosaxleoba ruseTis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg<br />

aemxedreb<strong>in</strong>aT, magram amaod~. [5, 128]<br />

ruseTis moxele mefisaSvils, romelic aWaris mmarTvel<br />

ximSiaSvilebs TanamemamuleebTan da rus generlebTan akavSirebda,<br />

mogzaurisaTvis ucnobebia, rom aWarlebs dRemde Cveulebad<br />

aqvT, mividnen TavianTi w<strong>in</strong>aprebis eklesia-taZrebis<br />

nangrevebTan da aanTon sanTeli. Semdeg veidenbaumi ambobs:<br />

`aWarlebi qarTvelebi arian, qarTulad laparakoben, mSobliuri<br />

ena Turqebis mier mitacebuli qarTuli kuTxeebidan,<br />

sufTad mxolod aq Semo<strong>in</strong>axa.~ Semdeg veidenbaumi rusuli Sov<strong>in</strong>isturi<br />

xilisuflebisagan gansxvavebiT akeTebs im droisaTvis<br />

metad Tamam da progresul daskvnebs. kerZod is ambobs,<br />

rom: `aWarlebisaTvis oficialuri ena qarTuli unda<br />

81

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gaxdes. mSobliuri ena daaxloebs maT TanamemamuleebTan, sa-<br />

Sualebas miscems zneobrivad iltvodnen erTiani samSoblosaken,<br />

riTac dairRveva kavSiri muslimanur ideasTan. xelisuflebam<br />

ki am xalxs qarTulad unda mimarTos~. Semdeg veidenbaumi<br />

ruseTis xelisuflebas mimarTavs da Tanac afrTxilebs,<br />

rom: `ise ar mogvivides, rogorc 1829 wels axalcixis<br />

SemoerTebisas. maS<strong>in</strong> mosaxleobas udierad moveqeciT, riTac<br />

sul davaviwyeT mSobliuri ena, xeli avaReb<strong>in</strong>eT qarTvelobaze.<br />

ase rom ar moxdes aucileblad saWiroa aWaraSi gavxsnaT<br />

mxolod qarTuli skolebi... aq xoja-molebi cotani arian,<br />

amasTan bavSvebs TiTqmis ar aswavlian yurans~.<br />

1888 wels TbilisSi gamocemuli veidenbaumis meore wigni<br />

`kavkasiis gzamkvlevi~ Seicavs cnobebs imis Sesaxeb, rom ba-<br />

Tumis olqis mosaxleoba 1887 wels 117 873 kacamde aRwevda.<br />

1886 wels gautaniaT 14,5 milioni maneTis marcvleuli da nav-<br />

Tobi. SemoutaniaT mxolod 4 milioni maneTis saqoneli. maS<strong>in</strong><br />

baTumSi 1088 gemi mosula, aqedan 473 sakabotaJo.<br />

veidenbaumi aRniSnavs, rom: `adgilobrivi mosaxleobis<br />

gadmocemiT, ivlis-agvistoSi, aWaris zRvispireTSi mZv<strong>in</strong>varebda<br />

cieb-cxeleba. amas isic ganapirobebda, rom wvimebisas<br />

mTebidan momd<strong>in</strong>are wyali zRvas ver aRwevda, radgan ar iyo<br />

arxebi. amitom warmoiqmneboda Waobebi, tborebi. s<strong>in</strong>estes<br />

xels uwyobda agreTve gauvali mcenareuli safarveli, xelovnuri<br />

sagubarebi, romlebic br<strong>in</strong>jis nakveTebis mosarwyavad<br />

moewyoT~.<br />

veidenbaumi wers: `ara ugvianes orasi wlisa e.i. me-17 saukuneSi,<br />

qarTuli ena batonobda mTeli Woroxis xeobaSi, axla<br />

ki mxolod aWaraSi SemorCa. yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, rom<br />

aWarlebi qarTvelebi arian, saerTo aqvT ena, zogierTebi ki<br />

ucod<strong>in</strong>arobis gamo cdebian~. [6,120-125]. aseTi mosazrebebi ki,<br />

namdvilad, cxadyofs veidenbaumis progresulobasa da mis ke-<br />

Tilganwyobil damokidebulebas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis<br />

mimarT.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. g. wereTeli, publicistika, Tbilisi, 1974.<br />

2. Е. Вейденбаум, Кавказоведение, Т. I, Тифлиc, 1901.<br />

3. Е. Вейденбаум, Путеводитель по Кавказу, Тифлиc, 1888.<br />

82

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4. z. WiW<strong>in</strong>aZe, muslimani qarTveloba da maTi soflebi saqarTveloSi,<br />

Tbilisi, 1914.<br />

83<br />

Otar Gogolishvili<br />

Doctor of Historical Sciences, the Full<br />

Professor of the Batumi Shota Rustaveli<br />

State University<br />

Historian Evgeni Veidenbaum’s writ<strong>in</strong>gs about Adjara<br />

Summary<br />

Some of the scientific researches of Evgeni Veidenbaum are dedicated to<br />

adjara. Some of these researches are <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong>to the book `essays about<br />

Caucasus~. It is worth mention<strong>in</strong>g the essay `from Batumi to Artv<strong>in</strong>~. This<br />

essay was publishes <strong>in</strong> 1878 <strong>in</strong> the newspaper `Caucasus~. Very <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g<br />

<strong>in</strong>formation about Adjara was published <strong>in</strong> a very important scientific<br />

research `the guidel<strong>in</strong>e to Caucasus for the 1888 year~. On October 31, 1878<br />

Evgeni Veidenbaum returned to the town of Batumi by the ship `Rioni~.

---

84<br />

ilia vadaWkoria<br />

soxumis universitetis magistranti<br />

gazeTi `iveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

wyaroebisa da gamoqveynebuli<br />

mecnieruli literaturis Sesaxeb<br />

(1886-1889 ww.)<br />

gazeTi `iveria~ mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo qarTuli<br />

Jurnalistikis flagmani, erovnul-demokratiuli <strong>in</strong>telignciis<br />

miswrafebaTa mTavari gamomxatveli. i.WavWavaZem<br />

Tavis `pirmSos,~ miznad Tavidanve dausaxa qarTveli xalxis<br />

erovnuli da kulturuli TviTmyofadobisaTvis brZola.<br />

erovnuli TviTSemecnebis erT-erT saukeTeso saSualebad<br />

eris warsulis mecnierul-kritikuli Seswavla, axlad gamovlenili<br />

xelnawerebisa da istoriuli dokumentebis gamomzeureba-popularizacia<br />

iqna miCneuli. dasaxuli miznis gansaxorcieleblad,<br />

gazeTsa da mis redaqtors, Tanadgoma qar-<br />

Tvelma istorikosebma da kulturis istoriis mkvlevarebma<br />

aRmouC<strong>in</strong>es. amas xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom XIX saukunis meore<br />

naxevris qarTuli istoriografia aRmasvlas ganicdida da misi<br />

warmomadgenlebi pirvelwyaroebisadmi gansakuTrebul<br />

kritikul damokidebulebas iCendnen. movlenaTa axsnis pragmatulma<br />

midgomam da mizez-Sedegobrivi meTodis gamoyenebam,<br />

saqarTvelos istoriis (kulturuli, ekonomikuri, politikuri<br />

da eTnikuri) sakiTxebis axleburad gaSuqebis SesaZleblobis<br />

pirobebi Seamzada [1, 6]. aRniSnul problematikaze Seqmnili<br />

produqcia, gazeT `iverias~ furclebze qveyndeboda da<br />

eris erTianobis ideiis ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda.<br />

gazeT `iveria~-Si gamoqveynebuli masalebi, Tematuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT ramdenime jgufaT SeiZleba daiyos. erT-erT<br />

maTgans, saqarTvelos istoriis pirvelwyaroebi warmoadgens.<br />

marTalia, gazeT `iveria~-s 1886-1889 wlebSi TiTqmis arcerTi<br />

matiane ar gamouqveynebia, magram `bibliografiis~ rubrikiT<br />

dabeWdil werilebSi iZleoda, axladaRmoCenili matianis mokle<br />

S<strong>in</strong>aarssa da daxasiaTebas. qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis<br />

Sesaxeb aseTi bibliografiuli rubrika gazeTma 1887 wlidan

---

SemoiRo. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas T.Jordanias werili `axlad<br />

aRmoCenili gelaTis matiane~ iqcevs. igi sazogadoebas<br />

amcnobs, rom am mniSvnelovani xelnaweris aRmoCena (1829 weli)<br />

da litografiuli wesiT misi pirveli gamocema, m.broses<br />

saxels ukavSirdeboda. T.Jordanias azriT, es matiane vaxuSti<br />

batoniSvils gamouyenebia Tavis TxzulebaSi. amis damadastureblad<br />

igi erTmaneTs udarebs `gelaTis matiane~-sa da vaxuSti<br />

batoniSvilis `aRwera samefosa saqarTveloisasa~-s im<br />

gverdebs, sadac misi msgavseba aSkarad dasturdeba. T.Jordanias<br />

mtkicebiT, matiane genaTeli beris mier unda yofiliyo<br />

Sedgenili, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi sxva pirebs gaugrZelebiaT<br />

[2].<br />

aRniSnuli matianesadmi `gelaTis matianis~ saxelwodebis<br />

mikuTvneba, gaumarTlebeli unda iyos, Tundac im motiviT,<br />

rom igi mxolod genaTeli beris mier ki ar aris Sedgenili,<br />

aramed sxvadasxva pirebis mieraa `ganvrcobili.~[3, 18] aRniSnuli<br />

Txzulebis parizSi daculi xelnaweri e. TayaiSvilma<br />

`parizis qronika~-s saxelwodebiT gamosca. saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

mkvlevarTa azriT, `parizis qronika~-s ZiriTadi wyaroebia:<br />

1) gelaTuri qronikoni, 2) mesxuri matiane, 3) ioseb<br />

Tbilelis istoriuli poema `didmouraviani,~ 4) rostom mefis<br />

1648 wlis gujari, 5) grigol dodorqelis `cxovreba da<br />

wameba qeTevan dedoflisa,~ 6) farsadan gorgijaniZis Txzulebis<br />

ukanaskneli nawili.[3, 18] yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan<br />

gamomd<strong>in</strong>are Tuki mivudgebiT sakiTxs, im daskvnamde mivalT,<br />

rom `parizis qronika,~ anu T.Jordanias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT<br />

`gelaTis matiane~ sxvadasxva Txzulebebze damyarebul naSroms<br />

warmoadgens da pirobiTad XVIII saukunis 30-iani wlebiT<br />

TariRdeba [3, 35].<br />

saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebisadmi, kerZod, `qar-<br />

Tlis cxovrebisadmi~ XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTveli<br />

istorikosebi gansakuTrebul <strong>in</strong>teress iCendnen. yoveli axali<br />

xelnaweris aRmoCenas didi sixaruliT xvdebodnen da amis<br />

Sesaxeb Sesabamis <strong>in</strong>formacias gazeT `iverias~ furclebze aqveynebdnen.<br />

T. Jordania gazeT `iveriaSi~ dabeWdil werilSi<br />

`axali wyaro saqarTvelos istoriisa,~[4] sazogadoebas mesxiSvilis<br />

mier 1888 wels werakiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebisadmi<br />

gadacemul xelnawerebSi tyavze daweril `moqcevai<br />

qarTlisai~-s d.baqraZis mier gamovlenili xelnaweris Se-<br />

85

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saxeb auwyebda. am umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli wyarosadmi<br />

T.Jordanias Tvalsazrisidan, yuradRebas, wm<strong>in</strong>da n<strong>in</strong>os Rvawlisa<br />

da cxovrebis sruli aRweris ori redaqciis arsebobis<br />

mtkicebis faqti iqcevs. igi orive redaqciis mokle daxasia-<br />

Tebas iZleva. misi azriT, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ aRniSnuli<br />

redaqcia, manamde cnobil redaqciaTa Soris yvelaze Zveli<br />

iyo, ris gamoc, T.Jordanias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `ufro SesaniSnavi<br />

da Zvirfasia.~ rogorc werilidan irkveva, T.Jordania,<br />

aRniSnuli redaqciebidan gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />

pirvels aniWebda, radgan igi Seicavda `didZal friad saWiro<br />

masalas Cveni uZvelesi istoriisas.~[4] amis dasasabuTeblad<br />

`moqcevai qarTlisais~ is adgilebi moyavda, sadac qarTvel<br />

mefeTa sia iyo CamoTvlili. imave matianeze dayrdnobiT, gaerTianebuli<br />

saqarTvelos pirvel mefed azos asaxelebs. misi<br />

mtkicebiT, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re makedonels saqarTvelos dapyrobis<br />

Semdeg mefed dausvams. am SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarma ukritikod<br />

miiRo da sarwmunod miiCnia `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ aRniSnul<br />

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi moTxrobili ambebi. qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

dRes garkveulia, rom `moqcevai qarTlisaiSi~ daculi<br />

cnoba, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re makedonelisgan qarTlis dalaSqvris<br />

Sesaxeb, legendarulia da wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba.[5, 314]<br />

Tu aleqs<strong>and</strong>re makedonels qarTlSi ar ulaSqria da igi ar<br />

daupyria, bunebrivia, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefed<br />

azos ver dasvamda.<br />

xelnaweris aRwerisas T. Jordania dasZens, rom `moqcevai<br />

qarTlisai~-s xelnaweri daviT reqtoris—mesxiSvilis biblioTekis<br />

ganZs warmoadgenda da #1141 ricxobrivi maCvenebliT<br />

iyo danomrili. iqve gulistkiviliT SeniSnavda, rom daviT<br />

reqtoris xelnawerebis es biblioTeka, misi gardacvalebidan<br />

60 wlis Semdeg ganadgurebula da misgan mxolod 60<br />

xelnaweri wigni darCenila. aseTive bedi ergo mcxeTis xelnawerTa<br />

biblioTekas. (7000 xelnaweri wignidan, 6800 ganadgurda).<br />

am faqtebis w<strong>in</strong>wamoweviT, T.Jordanias qarTveli sazogadoebis<br />

yuradRebis, erovnuli xelnawerebis movla-patronobis<br />

aucileblobisken gadatana surda. werilis avtoris mier<br />

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-dan saqarTvelos warsulis Sesaxeb motanili<br />

cnobebi da misi analizi iTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebda: 1) saqarTvelos<br />

uZvelesi istoriisadmi sazogadoebis yuradRebis mip-<br />

86

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yrobas da arsebuli wyaros gacnobas, 2) Cveni eris warsulis,<br />

misi kulturis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis uZvelesi xelnawerebis<br />

mniSvnelobis w<strong>in</strong>wamowevas.<br />

XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli istoriografia,<br />

saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlisas, ZiriTadad `qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis~ ama Tu im xelnawerebs eyrdnoboda, magram, paralelurad<br />

ucxouri wyaroebis moZiebasa da mis gamomzeurebasac<br />

cdilobda. am did saSviliSvilo saqmeSi qarTvel istorikosebs<br />

mxarSi gazeTi `iveria~ edga. igi periodulad im axlad<br />

aRmoCenili wyaroebis mokle anotirebul monacemebs aqveynebda,<br />

romlebic saqarTvelos warsulis Sesaxeb cnobebs Seicavda.<br />

amis erT-erT nimuSs, gazeTi `iveria~-Si 1886 wels `axli<br />

ambvis~ rubrikiT dabeWdili vrceli <strong>in</strong>formacia warmoadgens.<br />

masSi somexi istorikosis malaqia beris Txzulebaza saubari.<br />

gazeTi mkiTxvel sazogadoebas auwyebda, rom aRniSnuli<br />

naSromi, monRolTa periodis saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb<br />

sayuradRebo cnobebs Seicavda da motanili faqtebis umetesoba<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebis~—aTvis ucnobi iyo. aseTi preambulis<br />

Semdeg, qarTveli istorikosebis misamarTiT dasZenda:<br />

`sa<strong>in</strong>tereso iqneba, Tuki v<strong>in</strong>me xels mokidebs misi qarTulad<br />

gadmoTargmnas.~[6] aseTi saxis imformaciis miuxedavad, Txzulebis<br />

saxelwodeba gaurkveveli rCeboda, radgan zemoaRniSnul<br />

rubrikaSi amis Sesaxeb araferi iyo naTqvami. dReisaTvis<br />

cnobilia, rom malaqia beri, igive grigol akanelia, avtori<br />

`moisarTa tomis istoriisa.~ misi qarTuli Targmani mxolod<br />

XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli.[7]<br />

gazeTma `iveria~-m 1886 wels, mkiTxvel sazogadoebas<br />

romaeli istorikosis tacitusis (56-117 w.w.) Sesaxeb miawoda<br />

cnoba.[8] Cveni eris pirveli — meore saukuneebis istoriis<br />

SeswavlisaTvis aRniSnuli istorikosis naSromis mniSvneloba<br />

srulad rom warmoeC<strong>in</strong>a, gazeTma mokled, magram sa<strong>in</strong>teresod<br />

warmoadg<strong>in</strong>a saqarTvelo-somxeTisa da romis urTierTobis<br />

istoriis amsaxveli masalebi. miuxedavad amisa, tacitusis<br />

`analebis` da `istoriebis` qarTuli Targmani im etapze ver<br />

moxerxda. igi mxolod 1973 wels iqna ganxorcielebuli [9].<br />

wm<strong>in</strong>da istoriuli wyaroebis farTo propag<strong>and</strong>asTan erTad,<br />

gazeTi `iveria~ sazRvargareT gamoqveynebuli samecniero<br />

Sromebidan, saqarTvelos istoriasTan dakavSirebuli ucnobi<br />

masalebis amokrefas, ukidures SemTxvevaSi masze miTiTe-<br />

87

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as axdenda. amis nimuSad, peterburgis arqeologiuri sazogadoebis<br />

aRmosavleTmcodneobis ganyofilebis sxdomaze,<br />

s.veselevskis mier wakiTxuli moxsenebis (1889 w. 23 marti) Sesaxeb<br />

dabeWdili <strong>in</strong>formaciuli xasiaTis cnoba gamodgeba.<br />

imave gazeTidan irkveva, rom am moxsenebas, iranSi myofi rusi<br />

elCebis 1597-1599 wlebis aRweriloba dadebia safuZvlad. gazeTisave<br />

cnobiT, momxsenebels dawvrilebiT ganuxilavs qar-<br />

Tveli mefis aleqs<strong>and</strong>res mier sparseTSi gagzavnili elCebisa<br />

da misi Svilebis, qalaq yazv<strong>in</strong>Si rus elCebTan Sexvedris faqtebi.<br />

misive monacemebiT, qarTvel elCs Sah-abasisaTvis mSvenieri<br />

qarTveli qali mihyavda, romelic Sahma colad SeirTo,<br />

xolo mefis vaJiSvili daasaCuqra. igive gazeTi mkiTxvels auwyebda,<br />

rom n.veselevskis moxseneba aRmosavleTmcodneobis<br />

Sromebis 21-e tomSi daibeWdeboda [10]. gazeTi arafers ambobda,<br />

Tu romel aleqs<strong>and</strong>resTan gvqonda saqme da ra qvioda Sahisadmi<br />

gagzavnil Svilebs. arc imis Sesaxebaa m<strong>in</strong>iSnebuli,<br />

romeli Sahi iyo iranis mmarTveli. sakiTxis gasarkvevad, imave<br />

gazeTis mier saelCo aRwerilobis daTariReba (1598-599 wlebi)<br />

gamodgeba. am monacemebis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT, rusi elCebi,<br />

kaxeTis mefe aleqs<strong>and</strong>re meoris (1474-1506 w.w.) mier wargzavnil<br />

qarTvel elCebs Sexvedria, romelsac Sah-abas pirvelTan<br />

(1487-1529 w.w.) aleqs<strong>and</strong>re meoris qaliSvili (saxeli ucnobia)<br />

da vaJi konstant<strong>in</strong>e (igi im dros 12 wlis iyo) miyavda.<br />

aRniSnuli masalebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davasknaT,<br />

rom 1886-1889 wlebSi, gazeTi `iveria~ saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

werilobiTi wyaroebis zogadi monacemebis gamoqveynebiTac<br />

ki, sasargeblo saqmes akeTebda. igi saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

mkvlevarT, dasaxelebuli wyaroebis arsebobaze mianiSnebda<br />

da misi mecnierul mimoqcevaSi Semotanis SesaZleblobas qmnida.<br />

gazeT `iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebuli masalebis Seswavlam gviCvena,<br />

rom qarTvel da ucxoel mematianeTa Txzulebebis popularizaciis<br />

paralelurad, igi qarTuli saistorio sabuTebis<br />

gamoqveynebas, mis propag<strong>and</strong>as gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />

uTmobda. amis magaliTs, saqarTvelos mefis bagrat didis mier<br />

SergilaZeTa saxelze gacemuli sasisxlo sigeli warmoadgens.[11]<br />

am dokumentis teqstTan erTad, gazeTma TviT sigelis<br />

aRwerilobac dabeWda. gazeTis monacemebiT, sigeli tyavze<br />

iyo dawerili. misi sigrZe `alab naxevari,~ xolo sigane `mesamedi<br />

alabi~ iyo. sigelis Tavze mefe bagratis suraTi yofi-<br />

88

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la gamosaxuli warweriT `mefeT-mefe bagrat didi.~ sigelis<br />

boloSi mefis xelmowera iyo darTuli. aseTi saxis aRwerilobis<br />

Semdeg, TviT sigelis sruli teqsti iyo dabeWdili. aRniSnuli<br />

dokumentidan irkveva: 1) sigeli gaucia bagrat mefes<br />

didaT erTguli aznauris jakva da misi Svilis maTe Sergila-<br />

Zeebis saxelze, maTive Txovnis Semdeg. `dagveajnes da vism<strong>in</strong>eT<br />

aja da moxseneba maTni: SeviwyaleT da uboZeT sasisxlo<br />

sigeli.~ 2) sigelSi mocemulia SergilaZeTa ojaxisadmi xel-<br />

Seuxebloba. Tuki v<strong>in</strong>me Seecdeboda SergilaZeTa ojaxis wevrebisadmi<br />

odnavi Seuracyofa mieyeneb<strong>in</strong>a, Seuracmyofeli Sesabamisi<br />

gadasaxadiT isjeboda. iqve, CamoTvlili iyo sxvadasxva<br />

danaSaulebebTan dakavSirebiT dawesebuli gadasaxadTa<br />

raodenoba. 3) sigeli garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis im periodis<br />

saqarTveloSi aznaurTa wodebis uflebebsa da movaleobebze.<br />

4) sigelidan vgebulobT, rom misi gacemis momentisaTvis<br />

bagrati mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe yofila. amis<br />

Sesaxeb dokumentSi vkiTxulobT: `daudeviT ese Cvengan boZebuli<br />

sigeli da misi wesiTa da rigiTa gas<strong>in</strong>jeT da daaurvebdiT<br />

aw qristes mier kurTxeulo episkoposno qarTlisa da afxazeTisa,<br />

kaTalikosno samcxes mawyverelno da aTormetno meudabnoeno,<br />

Wyondidelo, caiSelo, moqvelo da bedielo<br />

Tqvenca asre daumtkiceT, sxvani karisa Cvenisa Tavadno eris-<br />

TavTa erisTavo da svanTa erisTavo da m<strong>and</strong>aturTuxuceso,<br />

dadiano, amir spasalaro, gurielo Tqvenc asre daumtkiceT<br />

sxvano karisa Cvenisa vezirno amiraT amirao, amilaxoro cixisaTa<br />

karisa Cvenisasa.~[11]<br />

rac Seexeba sigelis gacemis konkretul dros, imave dokumentis<br />

boloSi vkiTxulobT: `daiwera boZeba da sigeli ese<br />

xeliTa karisa Cvenisa divnisaTa Tvesa martsa ocdacxrasa da<br />

mTvaresa moqcevasa ocdaxuTsa <strong>in</strong>diqtonsa. mefobisa Cvenisasa<br />

qronikonsa oras ormocdaorsa.~[11] e. i. 1554 wels. Tu gaviTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebT<br />

im garemoebas, rom imerTa mefe bagrat mesame<br />

1510-1565 wlebSi mefobda, maS<strong>in</strong> aRniSnuli sigeli, romelsac<br />

bagrati didis saxeliTaa moxseniebuli, bagrat mesamis mier<br />

unda iyos gacemuli. rogorc gazeTidan irkveva, es sigeli<br />

sof. obujSi (zugdidis mazra) Sengelaiebis ojaxSi aRmouCeniaT.<br />

ojaxis wevrebs gazeTis redaqciisaTvis miuwodebiaT asli<br />

da ara dedani. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gazeTi `iveria~ das-<br />

Zenda: `kargi iqneba bb-nma Sengelaiebma es sigeli gaas<strong>in</strong>j<strong>in</strong>on<br />

89

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Cveni istoriisa da arxeologiis mcodne kacebs an droebiT ma<strong>in</strong>c<br />

gamougzavnon werakiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas.~[11]<br />

ramdenadac, sigeli araspecialistis mier iqna gadawerili,<br />

gamoricxuli araa, saqme gvqondes gadaweris dros<br />

daSvebul SecdomebTan. rac Seexeba TviT sigelis beds, igi gaurkvevelia.<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi gazeTi `iveria~—s Semdeg, misi<br />

publikacia sigelgujrebis arcerT gamocemaSi ar moxvedrila.<br />

gazeT `iverias~ furclebze gamoqveynebuli saistorio<br />

sabuTebidan, Cveni yuradReba `JurulianT gvaris gujarma~<br />

miiqcia.[11] aRniSnul dokuments w<strong>in</strong> uZRvis redaqciis mier<br />

gakeTebuli mokle mimoxilviTi xasiaTis werili, romlidanac<br />

vgebulobT, rom es gujari pergamentze iyo dawerili. sigane<br />

sam goj naxevari, xolo sigrZe ori arS<strong>in</strong>i qonda. gujaris Tavze<br />

macxovari iyo gamosaxuli, xolo mis qvemoT taxtze fexmorTxmiT<br />

mjdomi giorgi mefe. imave werilidan irkveva, rom<br />

es gujari 1848 wels frangulad gamucia m.broses. xolo<br />

d.baqraZes, vaxuSti batoniSvilis `istoriis~ SeniSvnebSi gamouyenebia.<br />

dokumentis teqstidan irkveva, rom aRniSnul gujars<br />

mefe giorgi aZlevs w<strong>in</strong>amZRvars Juruls, mis Zmebs avgarozs<br />

da ratis. JurulianT STamomavlebs am dokuments uaxlebs giorgis<br />

Zmiswuli mefe bagrati. giorgi mefis mier gacemul gujars<br />

1463 weli azis, xolo bagratis mier ganaxlebuls 1472<br />

weli. es saSualebas gvaZlevs gavarkvioT Tu romeli giorgis<br />

da bagratis mier aris igi gacemuli da ganaxlebuli [12, 733].<br />

Cvens mier motanili daTariRebiT Tuki vimsjelebT, gujari<br />

giorgi mervis (1446-1466 w.w.) mier unda iyos gacemuli, xolo<br />

bagrat meeqvsis (1466-1478) mier ganaxlebuli [12, 733]. imave saredaqcio<br />

werilSi, gvaris Jurulis warmomavlobis garkvevis<br />

mcdelobacaa. gazeTis azriT, `Jurulni unda iyvnen qsnis<br />

erisTavni Salvasa da largviselis erT-tomni da erT sisxlni~<br />

[13]. rogorc samecniero literaturidan irkveva, amJamad<br />

gvari Juruli mxolod axalgoris raionis sofel largvisSi<br />

gvxvdeba.[14, 136] saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaxeb gazeT<br />

`iveria~-Si dabeWdili masalebidan, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />

ori dokumenti iqcevs: 1) `mziTvis wigni anuka batoniSvilisa<br />

da misi ganmarteba~ [15], da 2) mgalobliSvilTa saxelze<br />

erekle meoris mier gacemuli wyalobis wigni [16]. aRniSnuli<br />

90

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dokumentis publikacia saTanado gamokvleviT m.janaSvils<br />

ekuTvnis. misi istoriul-eTnografiuli mniSvnelobis garkvevis<br />

paralelurad, igi im ganmapirobebel mizezebsac Seexo,<br />

ramac am sa<strong>in</strong>tereso dokumentis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. am fonze,<br />

man vaxtang meeqvsis dro<strong>in</strong>deli saqarTvelos socialurekonomikuri<br />

da politikuri istoriis suraTi sa<strong>in</strong>teresod<br />

warmoaC<strong>in</strong>a. rac Seexeba meore dokuments, sofel WalaSi v<strong>in</strong>me<br />

xucess erT—erT ojaxSi karze gakruli unaxavs, gauwmendia da<br />

teqsti sruli saxiT gadauweria. mas boloSi darTuli qonda<br />

TariRi k welsa CRJz. rac 1797 wlis aprils niSnavs. igi erekle<br />

meorisa da anton kaTalikozis xelmoweriT da beWdiTaa<br />

dadasturebuli. Cven ar SevudgebiT am dokumentebis daxasia-<br />

Tebas da misi mniSvnelobis garkvevas, radgan amis Sesaxeb gazeT<br />

`iveriaSi~ sakmaod vrcladaa saubari. mxolod avRniSnavT,<br />

rom aseTi pirveladi wyaroebis gamoqveynebam, erovnuli<br />

istoriografiis w<strong>in</strong>svlaSi garkveuli roli Seasrula. marTalia,<br />

am masalebis umetesobis publikaciis done mecnierebis<br />

maS<strong>in</strong>del moTxovnebs srulad ver pasuxobda, magram, saqar-<br />

Tvelos istoriis ukeT Seswavlisa da qarTvel xalxSi erovnuli<br />

cnobierebis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebul<br />

rols asrulebda [17, 201- 202].<br />

gazeTi `iveria~-s yuradRebis centrSi, mecxramete saukunis<br />

meore naxevris qarTveli da ucxoeli istorikosebis<br />

Sromebi moeqca. rubrikaSi `saistorio da sabibliografio werilebi,~<br />

gazeTi xSirad aqveynebda recenziebs. ama Tu im naSromis<br />

mecnierul SefasebasTan erTad, mis popularizaciasac<br />

axdenda. am mxriv, yuradRebas m. janaSvilis vrceli recenzia<br />

iqcevs. igi d. baqraZis naSromis — `werilebi saqarTvelos istoriisa<br />

da siZveleTa Sesaxeb,~ Sefasebas isaxavda miznad. es<br />

naSromi oTx samecniero werils Seicavs. 1) sad da v<strong>in</strong> daiwyo<br />

saqarTvelos werilobiTi naSTebis Seswavla, 2) axlad napovni<br />

Zveli qarTuli matiane, 3) sigeli XI saukunisa, 4) saqarTvelos<br />

naSTebi ganxilulni akademiis m<strong>in</strong>dobilobiT. `yvela es werilebi<br />

— wers m.janaSvili — Tavisi S<strong>in</strong>aarsiT friad sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa...naTels<br />

hfens saqarTvelos istoriasa da matianes.~[18]<br />

aRniSnul recenziaSi, m. janaSvili dawvrilebiT exeba saz-<br />

RvargareT qarTvelologiis ganviTarebas da mis sawyis saTaveebs<br />

sen- martenis mier parizSi 1822 wels daarsebul aziur<br />

sazogadoebas ukavSirebs. rogorc cnobilia, es sazogadoeba,<br />

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aRmosavleTis qveynebis istoriisa da kulturis Seswavlas<br />

isaxavda miznad. m. janaSvili, mkiTxvels dawvrilebiT acnobs<br />

im titanur Sromas, romelic sen-martenma, Sulcma, rotiesma,<br />

klaprotma da brosem gaswies sazRvargareT qarTvelologiis<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis. iqve s<strong>in</strong>anuliT dasZens, rom `im xanebSi, ra<br />

xanasac Cven vexebiT, saqarTvelos Semswavlelni erTimeores<br />

Semdeg gardaicvalnen da cocxali daSTa mxolod brose, amitom<br />

urigo ar iqneba am moRvawezed ramdenime vrceli cnobebi<br />

moviyvanoT~ [18]. recenziis meore nawilSi [19] dawvrilebiTaa<br />

saubari mari broses (1802-1880) cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis<br />

mniSvnelovan momentebze. kerZod, mari brosesadmi Teimuraz<br />

batoniSvilis daxmarebaze, ramac m. broses qarTvelologiis<br />

did mkvlevarad CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula<br />

[20]. es garemoeba qonda mxedvelobaSi m.broses, roca<br />

ruseTis saimperatoro akademiis erT-erT krebaze warmoTqmul<br />

sityvaSi (1838 weli) acxadebda: `ganucvifreblad ar SemiZlian<br />

movixsenio mefis Ze Teimurazi, romelsac maRal zneobasTan<br />

erTad, mohmadlebia ganviTarebuli Wkua da vrceli<br />

codna, igi mwerlobiTs SromaSi hpovebs keTilSobilur sitkboebas<br />

da siamovnebas. imisi sagania SromiT ukvdavhyos saxeli<br />

Tavisis erisa. gavtydebi da vityvi, rom misi morCili mowafe<br />

var me~ [19].<br />

m. janaSvili imave recenziaSi d. baqraZis meore werils<br />

exeba, sadac `qarTlis cxovrebis~ SedgenasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />

mecnierTa erT jgufSi Seqmnil gaugebrobazea saubari. mas<br />

d.baqraZis werilidan, moaqvs Sesabamisi amonaweri, sadac am<br />

gaugebrobis Seqmnis ZiriTadi mizezia axsnili. `zogierTi<br />

xelnaweri `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ — vkiTxulobT recenziaSi —<br />

iwyeba imiT, rom vaxtang VI-m Sehyara swavlulni da imaT SemweobiT<br />

Seaswora qarTuli matiane da Seavso somxuri da sparsuli<br />

matianeebis cnobebiT... am garemoebam zogierT mecnierSi<br />

eWvi warmoSva, TiTqos qarTlis cxovreba Sedgenili yofiliyos<br />

vaxtang V1-isagan da igi ar SeiZleboda mieCniaT s<strong>and</strong>oT.~<br />

am Sexedulebis erT-erTi avtorTagani patkanovi iyo. m. janaSvilis<br />

recenzia, sazogadoebas auwyebda, rom aRniSnul sakiTxs<br />

d. baqraZem sagangebod daweril gamokvlevaSi, `qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis~ nusxebze dayrdnobiT, `qarTlis cxovrebisadmi~<br />

skeptikurad ganwyobil mecnierebs daudastura, rom qar-<br />

Tvel ers, `qarTlis cxovreba~ vaxtang VI-mde qonda da igi sa-<br />

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qarTvelos istorias XIV saukunemde aRwerda [19]. Tanamedrove<br />

qarTul istoriografiaSi garkveulia vaxtang meeqvsis<br />

swavlul kacTa komisiis mier Catarebuli samuSaoebi. `vaxtangis<br />

swavlul kacTa komisiam — wers prof. s. yauxCiSvili — er-<br />

Ti mxriT Zveli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ damax<strong>in</strong>jebuli adgilebi<br />

gaaswora (`ganmarTes~), xolo meore mxriT, bolo saukuneebis<br />

istoria dawera (`aRweres~), radgan Zvel `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~<br />

Txroba wydeboda giorgi brwy<strong>in</strong>valis mefobaze (XIV s.<br />

dasawyisi). axlad dasaweri iyo XIV-XVII saukuneebis istoria.<br />

es orive davaleba mecnier kacTa komisias pirnaTlad Seusrulebia~<br />

[21, 024- 025].<br />

m. janaSvilma vrceli mimoxilviTi recenzia miuZRvna<br />

`saero ganaTlebis sam<strong>in</strong>istros JurnalSi~ #7, gamoqveynebul<br />

mari broses naSroms: `mosazrebebi saqarTvelos istoriisa da<br />

literaturis Sesaxeb~ (rusul enaze) [22]. rogorc m. janaSvili<br />

SeniSnavs, m.brose, qarTvelTa eTnogenezis sakiTxebs leonti<br />

mrovelis cnobebze dayrdnobiT ganixilavda. `qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis~ uZvelesi nawilis avtoris mier gamoyenebul zepir<br />

gadmocemebs, s<strong>and</strong>o Rirebulebis matereblad miiCnevda.<br />

aqedan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, qarTlosis, misi Svilebisa da Targamosis<br />

istoriulobas aRiarebda. am ukanasknelis STamomavlobaSi<br />

calkeul qarTvel tomTa jgufebs gamoyofda. m. broses amosaval<br />

safuZvels bibliuri genialogiuri pr<strong>in</strong>cipi warmoadgenda<br />

[1, 55]. aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisis safuZvlianad Seswavlidan<br />

gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, mkvlevari arCil baramiZe samarTl<strong>in</strong> daskvnas<br />

akeTebda, rom `m.broses eTnologiuri koncefcia arsebiTad<br />

patriarqalur-genealogiuria da arafers axals ar Seicavs,<br />

rac mas ganasxvavebda mis w<strong>in</strong>amorbed qarTvel istorikosTagan~<br />

[1, 54-55]. saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevisas, m.brosem<br />

qarTuli wyaroebis ucxourTan Sedarebis meTodis gamoyenebis<br />

aucileblobis sakiTxi daayena [22]. aRniSnul recenziaSi,<br />

m. janaSvili mxolod m. broses ZiriTadi debulebebis gadmocemiT<br />

dakmayofilda da Tavisi pozicia ar daufiqsirebia.<br />

es garemoeba gvafiqreb<strong>in</strong>ebs, rom igi m.broseseul Sexedulebebs<br />

iziarebda da farTo sazogadoebaSi mis popularizacias<br />

uwyobda xels.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, m. broses samecniero kvlevis sfero-<br />

Si, erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli adgili qarTuli literaturis<br />

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istoriis sakiTxebs eWira. igi qarTul literaturidan sam ZiriTad<br />

dargs (RvTismetyveleba, poezia, istoria) gamoyofda<br />

[23]. am pr<strong>in</strong>cipiT ganixila man qarTuli literaturis istoriis<br />

sakvanZo sakiTxebi Zveli droidan XVIII saukunis CaTvliT.<br />

vefxistyaosans, besikis da guramiSvilis Semoqmedebas<br />

maRali Sefaseba misca [24]. imavdroulad, qarTvelolog<br />

mkvlevarTa sayuradRebod ganacxada: `saqarTvelos siZveleni<br />

elian bejiT gamokvlevas, rom saqarTvelos moepoveba TiTqmis<br />

yovelgvari saukeTeso Txzulebani, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi<br />

geografiuli mdebareobiT da istoriuli cxovrebiT, axlo<br />

dgas da urTierTobaSi iyo aziis yvela udides erebTan.<br />

Tu miviRebT yvela amas mxedvelobaSi, unda vaRiaroT, rom saqarTvelo<br />

iseTi asparezi iyo, rom gas<strong>in</strong>jvas da gamokvlevas<br />

unda mivmarTod, Tu gv<strong>in</strong>da avxsnaT bevri sayuradRebo sagani<br />

aRmosavleTis istoriis Sesaxeb~ [24]. rogorc vxedavT, aq garkveviTaa<br />

dasmuli sakiTxi, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis xalxTa<br />

istoriis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebis fonze, saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

kvlevis warmarTvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. sakiTxis am formiT<br />

dasma, SemTxveviTobidan ar gamomd<strong>in</strong>areobda. mecnierul<br />

alRosTan erTad, mas qarTveli eris warsulis yovelmxrivi<br />

Seswavla edo safuZvlad. mTeli misi sicocxlis manZilze,<br />

m.brose am kuTxiT ikvlevda saqarTvelos warsuls, riTac<br />

fasdaudebeli amagi dasdo qarTvel ers. exeboda ra am sakiTxs,<br />

m.janaSvili gazeTi `iveria~-Si gamoqveynebul werilSi<br />

`Sesavali, `qarTlis cxovreba~ m.broses moRvaweoba saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis Sesaswavlad da Semdgom istorikosebisaTvis~—<br />

miuTiTebda: `Tuki v<strong>in</strong>me mogvepoveba, romelic s<strong>in</strong>disierad<br />

ikvlevs qarTveli eris istorias, maT Soris erTi maTgani mari<br />

brosea, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTvelTa ers man daudga saukuno<br />

Zegli. man frangul enaze gadaiRo qarTuli matianis nawili,<br />

agreTve mravali sxva qronikebi. amas ar dasjerda da fexiT<br />

moiara mTeli saqarTvelo da adgilebze gamoikvlia sigel-gujarni,<br />

taZar monasterTa warwerebi, cixeni, nangrevebi,<br />

gamoqvabulni. Seagrova zogierTi zepiri Tqmulebani da am<br />

gziT mopovebuli cnobani—istoriulni Tu qronologiurni<br />

Seadara, SeuTanaswora qarTvel mematianeTa TqmulebaTa da<br />

cnobaTa... ucxo tomTa qronologiani Seadara mTel am masalas<br />

da amnairaT uaryo mravalTa mcdari, ukuRmarTi azri saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis Sesaxeb~ [25]. marTalia, es daxasiaTeba<br />

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srulad ver asaxavs qarTvelologiis ganviTarebaSi m.broses<br />

damsaxurebas, magram aRniSnulidanac naTeli xdeba, Tu raoden<br />

didad iyo dafasebuli igi jer kidev XIX saukunis 80—iani<br />

wlebis qarTveli moRvaweebis mier.<br />

saqarTvelos istoriis SeswavlaSi w<strong>in</strong>gadadgmul nabijs<br />

a.cagarelis (1844-1929 w.w.) mier rusul enaze dawerili gamokvleva<br />

`Zveli qarTuli Zeglebi wm<strong>in</strong>da miwaze da s<strong>in</strong>aize~ warmoadgenda<br />

[26]. igi 1888 wels, `palest<strong>in</strong>is marTlmadidebeli<br />

sazogadoebis~ IV tomis pirvel nawilSi daibeWda. misi gamoqveynebisTanave,<br />

gazeTma `iveria~-m m. janaSvilis vrceli recenziiT<br />

gamoexmaura [27]. recenzentma a. cagarelis qarTvelologiuri<br />

saqmianoba m. broses damsaxurebis fonze ganixila<br />

da mkiTxvel sazogadoebas dasaxelebuli naSromis arqiteqtonika<br />

SesTavaza. a) w<strong>in</strong>asityvaoba, b) mogzauroba wm<strong>in</strong>da<br />

qveyanasa da s<strong>in</strong>aize g) istoriuli mimoxilva saqarTvelos mimosvlisa<br />

da urTierTobisa wm<strong>in</strong>da qveyanasa da s<strong>in</strong>aisTan, d)<br />

aRwera qarTulis naSTebisa wm<strong>in</strong>da qveyanasa da s<strong>in</strong>aize, e) qar-<br />

Tveli moaxalSeneni palest<strong>in</strong>as. wignis damatebaSi, rogorc<br />

recenzenti wers, CarTuli iyo: 1) ierusalimis jvrisa da s<strong>in</strong>as<br />

monasterTa qarTuli wignebis katalogebi, 2) palest<strong>in</strong>is qar-<br />

Tuli warwerebi, 3) erekle meoris werili. sarecenzio wignze<br />

dayrdnobiT, m. janaSvili Tanmimdevrulad gadmoscems siria-<br />

Si, palest<strong>in</strong>asa da s<strong>in</strong>as mTaze qarTvelTa moRvaweobis TxuTmet<br />

saukunovan istorias. a. cagarelis aRniSnul naSroms, sagangebo<br />

recenzia miuZRvna st. WrelaSvilma saTauriT `saqar-<br />

Tvelos naSTni palest<strong>in</strong>aSi da s<strong>in</strong>as mTaze~ [28]. avtorma, m.janaSvilis<br />

mier yuradRebis miRma datovebuli sakiTxebi wamoswia<br />

w<strong>in</strong>a planze, sazogadoebas a. cagarelis naSromze darTuli,<br />

ierusalimisa da palest<strong>in</strong>is monastrebis 946 cali qarTuli<br />

xelnawerebis katalogi gaacno. a. cagarelis naSromidan<br />

motanil masalebze dayrdnobiT, st. WrelaSvili daskvnis saxiT<br />

dasZenda: `es mcireodeni cnobebi am werilisa sakmarisia<br />

da<strong>in</strong>axos kacma, Tu ra mdidari yofila Zveli mwerloba saqar-<br />

Tvelosi~ [19].<br />

amrigad, 1) axlad gamovlenili saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

wyaroebisa da samecniero literaturis Sesaxeb gazeT `iveria~-Si<br />

gamoqveynebuli mimoxilviTi xasiaTis publikaciebi,<br />

pirvel rigSi, aRniSnuli faqtisadmi saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

mkvlevarTa da mkiTxveli sazogadoebis yuradRebis miapyro-<br />

95

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as iTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebda. 2) warsulis RirsSesanisnavi faqtebisa da<br />

movlenebis fonze, istoriuli pirovnebebis naRvawis popularizaciiT,<br />

gazeTi `iveria~ qarTveli xalxis erovnuli TviT-<br />

Segnebis amaRlebas da warsulisadmi pativiscemis gacocxlebas<br />

isaxavda miznad.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. ar.baramiZe, narkvevebi XIX saukunis qarTuli istoriografiidan,<br />

Tbilisi, 1979.<br />

2. gaz. `iveria,~ 1887, #193.<br />

3. cxovreba saqarTveloisa (parizis qronika), teqsti gamosacemad<br />

moamzada Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo giuli<br />

alasaniam, Tbilisi, 1980.<br />

4. gaz. `iveria,~ 1889, #4.<br />

5. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 1, Tbilisi, 1970.<br />

6. gaz. `iveria,~ 1888, #12.<br />

7. grigol akaneli, `moisarTa tomis istoria,~ somxuri teqsti<br />

qarTuli TargmaniT da komentarebiT gamosca nodar SoSiaSvilma,<br />

Tbilisi, 1961.<br />

8. gaz. `iveria,~ 1888, #204.<br />

9. tacitusis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, laT<strong>in</strong>uri teqsti<br />

qarTuli TargmaniT, Sesavali narkveviTa da komentarebiT gamosca<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re gamyreliZem, Tbilisi, 1973.<br />

10. gaz. `iveria,~ 1889, #70.<br />

11. gaz. `iveria,~ 1889, #197.<br />

12. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. 3, Tbilisi, 1979.<br />

13. gaz. `iveria,~ 1886, #124.<br />

14. i. maisuraZe, qarTuli gvarsaxelebi, Tbilisi, 1981,<br />

15. gaz. `iveria,~ 1889, #234.<br />

16. gaz. `iveria,~ 1888, #175.<br />

17. a. ioseliani, saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi da Tergdaleulni,<br />

Tbilisi, 1972.<br />

18. gaz. `iveria,~ 1888, #68.<br />

19. gaz. `iveria,~ 1888, #69.<br />

20. r. dodaSvili, mari brose— qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevari,<br />

Tb, 1962, S.xanTaZe, mari brose, Tbilisi, 1966.<br />

96

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21. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris<br />

mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier, t. 1, Tbilisi, 1955.<br />

22. gaz. `iveria,~ 1887, #61.<br />

23. gaz. `iveria,~ 1887, #66.<br />

24. gaz. `iveria,~ 1887, #82, #83.<br />

25. gaz. `iveria,~ 1887, #93.<br />

26. k. k<strong>in</strong>wuraSvili, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re cagareli, Tbilisi, 1974.<br />

27. gaz. `iveria,~ 1888, #274.<br />

28. gaz. `iveria,~ #129, #130.<br />

97<br />

Ilia Vadachkoria<br />

Magistrant of Sokhumi State<br />

University<br />

The Newspaper “Iveria” About the Sources of the <strong>History</strong> of Georgia<br />

<strong>and</strong> Published Scientific Literature (1886 - 1889)<br />

Summary<br />

The study of the newspaper “Iveria” from the po<strong>in</strong>t of view of the<br />

history of Georgia <strong>and</strong> published scientific literature showed that: 1) The<br />

newly revealed sources of the history of Georgia <strong>and</strong> scientific literature<br />

published <strong>in</strong> the newspaper “Iveria” are the publications heav<strong>in</strong>g a character<br />

of a review. They served to draw an attention of the readers <strong>and</strong> the<br />

researchers of the history of Georgia to the mentioned items. 2) On the<br />

background of the significant facts <strong>and</strong> events the newspaper “Iveria” aimed<br />

the popularization of the deeds of the prom<strong>in</strong>ent historical figures to<br />

strengthen the national identity <strong>and</strong> the revival of the honor towards the past.<br />

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qeTevan mania<br />

istoriis doqtori, soxumis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis asistent-profesori<br />

qarTuli nacionaluri identobis wrTobis<br />

procesi `iveriis~ (1887) mixedviT<br />

qarTuli nacionaluri erTianobis procesebis Seswavlisadmi<br />

miZRvnili araerTi naSromi gvxvdeba specialur literaturaSi,<br />

sadac upiratesoba eniWeboda obieqtur faqtorebs,<br />

xolo subieqturi faqtorebi, m. CxartiSvilis marTebuli<br />

dakvirvebiT, uyuradRebod iyo datovebuli. me ar Sevudgebi<br />

sakiTxis istoriografias statiis SezRuduli formatis<br />

gamo. mxolod erTs aRvniSnav, rom qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

Seqmnilma meTodologiurma krizisma XX s-is ukanasknel ocwleulSi<br />

piks miaRwia da dRis wesrigSi dadga Teoriuli Car-<br />

Coebis axleburad gansazRvris sakiTxi. qarTul samecniero<br />

literaturaSi vrceldeba dasavluri meTodologiuri Sexedulebebi,<br />

rac iwyeba axleburi Tvalsazrisebis qarTveli<br />

mkiTxvelisadmi miwodebiT — erTi mxriv, Targmnil iqmna britaneli<br />

mecnieris e. smiTis Sromebi nacionalizmis [20], nacionaluri<br />

identobis [21] Teoriis Sesaxeb, sadac naciis axsna<br />

warmodgenilia eTnosimbolistur CarCoebSi; meore mxriv, m.<br />

CxartiSvilma SemogvTavaza qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis<br />

eTnosimbolisturi paradigmis CarCoebSi ganxilva hagiografiuli<br />

Zeglebis magaliTze [22, 32-48; 23, 87-99; 24, 122-151]. sakiTxis<br />

axleburad gadawyvetaa mocemuli mkvlevris monografiul<br />

naSromSi `qarTuli eTnie religiuri moqcevis epoqaSi~<br />

[25]. aseve, specialuri naSromi mieZRvna IV-VIII ss. qarTul er-<br />

TobaSi politikuri da kulturuli identobebis kvlevas<br />

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT [19].<br />

w<strong>in</strong>amdebare naSromis mizans warmoadgens `iveriis~ detaluri<br />

analizi da qarTuli sazogadoebis mier identobis SemsWvalvis<br />

procesis aRqmis gamorkveva 1887 wlis ramdenime<br />

nomris publikaciebis magaliTze.<br />

gansaxilvel wyaroSi cxovelmyofeli suraTebiT aris<br />

warmodgenili problemebi, romlebic qarTuli identobis yo-<br />

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veldRiur cxovrebas asaxavs. korespondenciebi Seexeba kulturul,<br />

socialur, eTnikur, politikur, ekonomikur, genderul<br />

sakiTxebs.<br />

gazeTs ramdenime mudmivi rubrika aqvs. esenia:<br />

meTauri werili anu sayovelTaod cnobili redaqtoris<br />

msjeloba sazogado cxovrebis Sesaxeb CvenSi da ucxo qveynebis<br />

magaliTiT sasargeblo rCevebi.<br />

feletoni — warmodgenilia xalxis cxovrebidan aRebuli<br />

sxvadasxva sakiTxebis ganxilva (sikeTis, codnis madlianobis<br />

Tema; socialuri usamarTlobis sakiTxi), eTnografiuli werilebi,<br />

qarTuli da ucxouri mxatvruli literaturis publikacia.<br />

axali ambavi — aq mocemulia <strong>in</strong>formacia am<strong>in</strong>dze, uam<strong>in</strong>dobaze,<br />

Sedegad miyenebul zaralze, krim<strong>in</strong>alze, gamsesxebeli<br />

`kasebi~-saTvis Tval-yuris devnebaze, warmodgenebis gamarTvaze,<br />

arqeologiur aRmoCenebze, sameurneo sazogadoebis<br />

krebaze, qarTuli wignebis gamocemaze, sxvadasxva Ronis-<br />

Ziebis Catarebis Sesaxeb ganaTlebis, Teatris sasargeblod da<br />

sxva.<br />

narkvevebi Jurnal-gazeTebidan da ucxoeTi — Seexeba<br />

ucxour presaSi gamoqveynebuli CvenTvis sa<strong>in</strong>tereso masalis<br />

mimoxilvas. rubrikaSi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria msjeloba<br />

evropaSi mSvidobianobis SesaZlo darRvevis Sesaxeb.<br />

damakvirdi — aq mowodebulia amonaridebi qarTveli Tu<br />

ucxoeli mwerlebis naazrevebidan — zneobis magaliTebiT<br />

jansaRi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis mizniT.<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>tereso masalebia gamoqveynebuli rubrikiT: saxeldaxelo<br />

(ybad-asaRebi — wyal-wasaRebi ambavi) da daba da sofeli.<br />

daba da sofeli — am rubrikiT warmodgenilia saqarTvelos<br />

sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan dabebisa da soflebis sazogado<br />

cxovrebis suraTebi mokle istoriul-geografiuli SesavliT.<br />

yovel nomers axlavs gancxadebebi saadgil-mamulo bankis<br />

mier gamarTuli sazogado vaWrobis Taobaze, warmodgenis<br />

gamarTvis da wignebis gamocemis Sesaxeb; depeSebi sxvadasxva<br />

qveynebidan; sakalendro da gamosadegi cnobebi.<br />

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qarTuli sazogadoebis mier am masalebis aRqmis gamorkveviT<br />

saSualeba gveZleva davadg<strong>in</strong>oT Tu rogoria `iveriis~<br />

mkiTxvelebis gancda qarTuli erTobis Sesaxeb.<br />

XIX s-is II naxevarSi `iveria~ qarTuli identobis makonsolidirebel<br />

beWdur media-saSualebad gvevl<strong>in</strong>eba. mis damaarsebelsa<br />

da redaqtors i. WavWavaZes, sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis<br />

ganviTarebis mxriv CvenSi arsebuli viTarebis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT,<br />

pirvelive nomerSi aqvs Camoyalibebuli `JurnalgazeTobis~<br />

daniSnuleba — `samecniero cnobaTa gadmotana da<br />

gavrceleba sazogadoebaSi, Cvenisa da ucxo xalxis cxovrebis<br />

dakvirveba da ganmarteba~, e. i. misi SexedulebiT, qarTuli<br />

identobis gamTlianebis sakiTxSi, mediis roli sazogadoebrivi<br />

cnobierebis amaRlebasa da xalxis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis<br />

amsaxveli suraTebis gadmocemaSi mdgomareobda. xolo Tu<br />

ra mdgomareoba iyo sajaro kulturis ganviTarebis mxriv<br />

CvenSi, amaze metyvelebs mesame nomerSi iakob svimoniZis avtorobiT<br />

gamoqveynebuli publikacia. saTauri — `Cveni sisuste~<br />

migvaniSnebs, rom saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT<br />

arc Tu saxarbielo mdgomareoba yofila. korespondenti Seecada<br />

daedg<strong>in</strong>a Tu ramdeni mkiTxveli hyavda `iverias~ saqar-<br />

Tvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. gamoirkva rom sxvadasxva kuTxeSi<br />

moTxovnileba sxvadasxvagvari iyo. es monacemebi avtoris azriT<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa, erTis mxriv, Cveni qveynis gonebis moZraobis<br />

xarisxis warmosaCenad; meore mxriv, gviCvenebs, romeli<br />

kuTxe CamorCenilia ganaTlebis TvalsazrisiT. yvelaze mcire<br />

mkiTxveli `iverias~ redaqtoris mSobliur kuTxeSi, kaxeT-<br />

Si hyolia. aseTi Sedegis mizezad dasaxelebulia S<strong>in</strong>agani<br />

moTxovnilebis nakleboba, v<strong>in</strong>aidan kaxeTSi aseve naklebi yofila<br />

saskolo wignebze moTxovnileba. aseve mcire mkiTxveli<br />

hyolia quTaisis guberniaSi, zugdidSi, baTumSi. SeniSnulia,<br />

rom amaTgan qarTul wignebze didZali moTxovnileba iyo<br />

zugdidSi. aq didi da patara gonebriv sazrdos etanebao — aRfrTovanebiT<br />

aRniSnavs svimoniZe da dasZens, kargi iqneboda<br />

quTaissa da baTums zugdididan aeRoT magaliTi. yvelaze meti<br />

da<strong>in</strong>tereseba `iveriiT~ gamovl<strong>in</strong>da qarTlSi, aseve, gamoirCeva<br />

qarTuli literaturis moTxovniTac da Tavad-aznaur-<br />

Ta mondomebiTac, romelTac swavla-ganaTlebis SemweobisaTvis<br />

20000 Tumani gauRiaT, maS<strong>in</strong> roca am TvalsazrisiT lixTimeri<br />

laparaksac ver bedavs, xolo kaxeTi 2000 Tumans Tu ime-<br />

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tebs. sayuradReboa, rom am droisaTvis ruseTis universitetebSi<br />

Svidi qarTvelia profesorad — TiTqmis yvela qarTleli.<br />

Tumca qarTli gamorCeuli yofila xelismomwerlebiT<br />

da literaturis moTxovnilebiTac, magram saerTo suraTis<br />

gamorkveviT TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o gaxda qarTvelTa gonebrivi moZraobis<br />

savalalo mdgomareoba. korespondenti gulistkiviliT<br />

aRniSnavs — ras gaawyobs ramdenime asi cvari wylisa udaburs<br />

saxaraSi? ra sulis Cadgma SeuZlia literaturisaTvis am pawia<br />

gunds mkiTxvelebisao [2, 2-4].<br />

zemoT ganxiluli korespondenciidan aSkaraa, rom qveynis<br />

umTavres problemas mas-kulturis ganviTareba warmoadgenda.<br />

aseT viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli pasuxismgebloba<br />

ekisreba beWdur medias, romelmac mkiTxveli sazogadoebis<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresebis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT unda izrunos korespondenciebis<br />

xarisxze. qarTuli identobis konsolidatori i. WavWavaZe<br />

beWduri mediis Rirsebis damcvelad gvevl<strong>in</strong>eba. v<strong>in</strong>aidan<br />

`Jurnal-gazeTobaSi~ gaparulma xarvezma SeiZleba uaryofi-<br />

Ti Sedegi moutanos dasaxul mizans — sazogadoebis `JurnalgazeTobisadmi~<br />

gulacrueba gamoiwvios da eWvqveS daayenos<br />

ganaTlebuli mkiTxveli erTobis Seqmna. amitomac, ilaSqrebs<br />

`iveria~ `droebaSi~ gamoqveynebuli masalis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg. iumornarevi<br />

ironiiT aris gadmocemuli MmTeli istoria. `ciskarma~<br />

`iveriis~ udavidarabo SeniSvna «Нашатирь»-i qafuri ar<br />

aris, «Купорось»-i kviparosi da qari — xolerao, Surianobad<br />

monaTla — ai, qarTvelebi sul aseTebi varT! Cven ra eSmaki<br />

gagvasworebs! erTmaneTs ormos vuTxriTo — sayvedurobs<br />

`ciskari~. korespondenciaSi mTeli simZafriT aris warmoCenili<br />

qarTul sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli uzneoba. gulistkiviliT<br />

aris SeniSnuli, rom Cveni ubedurebis mizezi Cvenive<br />

ukeTurebaa. maS<strong>in</strong>, rodesac irgvliv aseTi uqonloba da<br />

uRonobaa, Teatri, skolebi Semweobas iTxoven, Tavs arav<strong>in</strong><br />

iwuxebs qveynis keTildReobisaTvis. da Tu v<strong>in</strong>me iwuxebs imasac<br />

dasc<strong>in</strong>ian [1, 1-2].<br />

media-saSualebebTan erTad, sajaro ganaTlebis amaRlebaSi<br />

mniSvnelovani roli saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo centrebs<br />

unda Seesruleb<strong>in</strong>aT. `iveriaSi~ gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />

eqceva swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebul<br />

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problemebs. rogorc gamoqveynebuli masalebidan vgebulobT,<br />

bevri xelisSemwyobi hyavda am mimarTulebiT gaSlil<br />

saqmianobas, ixsneboda axali saswavleblebi, sazogadoeba swiravda<br />

Tanxas swavla-ganaTlebas. SeZlebuli qarTvelebi<br />

Tvlidnen, rom maT sazogado movaleobac ekisrebodaT. xazgasmulia,<br />

rom `eri maS<strong>in</strong> aris bednieri, rodesac mis samudamo<br />

saqmeebs bevri TanamgrZnobi hyavs~. saubaria imereTis episkoposis<br />

yovlad samRvdelo gabrielis, w<strong>in</strong>amZRvriSvilis, samegrelos<br />

Tavadis nikolozis, giorgi qarTveliSvilis, iulia kalatoziSvilis<br />

keTil, sxvaTaTvis samagaliTo saqmeebze [3, 3].<br />

didi moZraoba iyo gaCaRebuli xalxSi codnis amaRlebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT. `yvelani sixaruliT gaiZaxodnen Cqara davuaxlovdebiT<br />

ganaTlebul ersao~ — aRniSnavs meeqvse nomerSi korespondenti<br />

anT. juReli q. soxumidan. magram ar gasula didi<br />

xani, rom es dawesebulebebi sazogadoebis gulSematkivrobas<br />

moklebulni, cud mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. beWdurma mediam<br />

Tavis Tavze aiRo saswavleblebis xelSewyobisaTvis propag<strong>and</strong>a.<br />

`iveria~ isev qarTvelTa sifxizlis sadarajoze dgas —<br />

`Cveneburad qarTvelurad~ miZ<strong>in</strong>ebis uflebas ar aZlevs qar-<br />

Tvel sazogadoebas — mouwodebs sruliad ers, visac swavlaganaTlebaze<br />

guli Sestkiva, skolebis gansakargeblad mimar-<br />

Ton Sesabamis RonisZiebebs [5, 3-4]. gazeTi Tavis daniSnulebas<br />

zedmiwevniT asrulebs. gonebrivma CamorCenilobam daafiqra<br />

da aRaSfoTa sazogadoeba. nel-nela imata saqveyno saqmeebisaTvis<br />

daxmarebis survilma. Semdeg nomerSi vxvdebiT saswavleblebis<br />

SemweobisaTvis gamarTuli warmodgenebis Sesaxeb<br />

masalas. magaliTad, merve nomerSi gamoqveynebuli werili<br />

`xma prov<strong>in</strong>ciidan~ gvatyob<strong>in</strong>ebs w<strong>in</strong>amZRvrianTkaris sameurneo<br />

skolis SewevnisaTvis gorSi gamarTuli warmodgenis Sesaxeb.<br />

avtori `prov<strong>in</strong>cialuri meTvalyure~ amavdroulad friad<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>tereso sakiTxsac exeba. statiaSi, erTi mxriv, madlierebaa<br />

gamoTqmuli swavla-ganaTlebis SemweobisaTvis gamar-<br />

Tuli warmodgenebis Sesaxeb, es TavisTavad sayuradRebo faqtia;<br />

magram meores mxriv, avtori aRSfoTebas gamoTqvams imis<br />

gamo, rom aseTi warmodgenebis gamarTvam SeiZleba ziani moutanos<br />

sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis ganviTarebas, radgan warmodgenebma<br />

Tavisi maRali daniSnuleba unda Seasrulos — es-<br />

Tetikuri grZnobaTa aRzrdis roli unda ikisros. avtoris<br />

gakicxvis sagania gorSi warmodgenili vodevilebi, romlebic<br />

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mxolod sazogadoebis Tvalis da yuris garTobis funqcias<br />

asrulebs da saboloo jamSi zians ayenebs amave sazogadoebas<br />

— iwvevs azris da gonebis umoZraobas da miZ<strong>in</strong>ebas, mouwodebs<br />

Teatris warmomadgenlobas, rom Cveni xalxis cxovrebidan<br />

aRebuli scenebi warmoudg<strong>in</strong>on sazogadoebas [7, 3-4]. aseve,<br />

vxvdebiT wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis mier gaweuli<br />

saqmianobis Sesaxeb <strong>in</strong>formacias saqarTvelos sxvadasxva<br />

kuTxeSi qarTul wignebis gavrcelebis Taobaze.A am faqtTan<br />

dakavSirebiT aRfrTovanebas ver faravs baTumeli korespondenti,<br />

radgan moZraobis mizani qveyanaSi arsebuli<br />

uwignurobis mospoba iyo [19, 3-4].<br />

codnis madlianobis Tema grZeldeba rubrikaSi `feletoni~<br />

werilebis seriiT `Zmuri sityva~ meaTe, meTormete, mecamete,<br />

meTeqvsmete, meTvramete nomerSi. rubrikaSi gatarebulia<br />

azri, rom ucod<strong>in</strong>roba iyo yovelgvari ukeTurebis sa-<br />

Tave. umecrebis msxverplad ki ZiriTadad glexobaa dasaxelebuli,<br />

romlebSic saTanado codnis uqonlobis gamo aTasgvari<br />

sicrue iyo gavrcelebuli. mas atyuebda yvela ganurCevlad<br />

socialuri mdgomareobisa — vaWari, moxele, aznauri Tu<br />

mRvdeli. garda amisa, sxva saS<strong>in</strong>eli senic iyo gavrcelebuli<br />

glexobaSi — is<strong>in</strong>i advilad moeqceodnen mkiTxavis gavlenis<br />

qveS, cru-rwmenebi arsebobda sxvadasxva avadmyofobis — batonebi,<br />

muxlis qari, aseve, subsarqisis marxvis wesis Sesaxeb<br />

[9, 1-3; 10, 1-3; 11, 1-3; 14, 1-3; 15, 1-3]. zemoT aRniSnuli masala,<br />

ara marto miuTiTebs xalxSi ganaTlebis gavrcelebisaTvis<br />

mimarTuli aqtiuri muSaobis aucileblobaze, aramed erTgvari<br />

nabijia gadadgmuli am TvalsazrisiT, avtori cdilobs<br />

mkiTxvel sazogadoebas daanaxos Tu ra mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba<br />

aRmoCndes umecrebis gamo adamiani.<br />

`iveriaSi~ <strong>in</strong>tensiurad aris gaSuqebuli saxelmwifo moxeleebis<br />

saqmianobis amsaxveli masala. amjerad, gansjis sagans<br />

warmoadgenen sasamarTlo moxeleebi. avtori aRtacebiT<br />

gviyveba meTaur werilSi saxelmwifo moxelis misabaZi moRvaweobis<br />

Sesaxeb. Tavadi iase <strong>and</strong>ronikaSvilis sazogado saqmisadmi<br />

patiosani da keTils<strong>in</strong>disieri, dauzareli da uangaro<br />

samsaxuri sxvaTaTvis magaliTi unda yofiliyo [6, 1-2]. miT<br />

umetes `iveriisave~ monacemebiT dasturdeba, rom irgvliv sa-<br />

S<strong>in</strong>eli socialuri usamarTloba iyo gamefebuli. imave nomer-<br />

Si Cveuli sarkazmiT aris aRwerili sasamarTlo saqmianoba<br />

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korespondenciaSi `werili kudianeTidan~, xels awers `safamfsofonifi~.<br />

sasamarTlo uwyebis moRvaweoba warmodgenilia<br />

kudianeTSi gurjeTidan mobrZanebuli sulebis aRsarebiT.<br />

cxovelmyofeli suraTebiT aris moTxrobili gurji advokatis<br />

aRsareba — Tu rogor iqca kuWis monad, rogor daiviwya<br />

naTesavi, mezobeli, eri, sazogadoeba, sanacvlod rogor daiwyo<br />

RmerTis gmoba da aTi mcnebis pirveli striqonis Sebrunebulad<br />

— `yovelTvis guli giTqmodes colisaTvis moyvasisa<br />

Senisa~ — Sesruleba [6, 1-3].<br />

qarTuli erTobis SemsWvalvis procesebis gasagebad sayuradRebo<br />

istoriuli werilebia gamoqveynebuli `iveriaSi~.<br />

qarTuli erTobis istoriuli fesvebis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT<br />

aRsaniSnavia, mecxre nomerSi gamoqveynebuli s. baraTaSvilis<br />

werili `istoriuli SeniSvna~, romelic `Сборник газ.<br />

Кавказь~-Si iyo dabeWdili. werilSi aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelo<br />

odiTganve mdidari qveyana iyo, gamorCeulia, rogorc adgil-mdebareobiT,<br />

aseve, mdidari bunebiT. saqarTveloSi xvna-<br />

Tesva iyo gavrcelebuli, amitomac am qveyanas ucxoelebma<br />

`giorgia~ daarqves da qarTvels `giorgieli~ (miwis mxvneli)<br />

uwodes. mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom bunebis da havis araerTgvarovnebam<br />

ver SeZlo qarTlosianTa modgmis daSoreba-dacalkaveba.<br />

qarTlosianTa modgmas emCneva erTnairi bunebrivi saxe,<br />

Seunaxavs erTi da igive Cveuleba, wadili, midrekileba. aqvea<br />

saubari farnavazis dro<strong>in</strong>del wodebaze. avtoris TvalsazrisiT<br />

didi sxvaoba ar yofila wodebaTa Soris. qarTvelTa<br />

yoveli wodebis SemaerTebeli Zala iyo: erTgvari zne-Cveulebani,<br />

rjuli da ena [8, 4].<br />

amgvari naSromebis gamoqveynebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />

hqonda, radgan saqarTvelos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi<br />

Sesvlam uaryofiTad imoqmeda istoriis weris gangrZobadobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT — Sewyda `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gagrZeleba.<br />

es movlena `iveriaSi~ axsnilia im mizeziT, rom saqarTvelos<br />

istoria ruseTis istorias SeuerTda da saqarTvelos mematianis<br />

movaleoba ruseTis mematianeze gadavida. saqarTvelos<br />

istorias rusi mematianeni TavianT istoriebSi mcire adgils<br />

uTmoben, rac rasakvirvelia, ar akmayofilebda qarTul <strong>in</strong>teligencias.<br />

amitomac `iveria~ iwyebs saistorio Txzulebebis<br />

gamoqveynebas saqarTvelos Sesaxeb `saistorio sabibliogra-<br />

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fio werilebis~ seriiT. seriis avtori gaxlavs m. janaSvili.<br />

meTvramete nomerSi mocemulia ganxilva d. baqraZis `arqeologiuri<br />

mogzauroba guria-aWaraSi~. m. janaSvili SeniSnavs,<br />

rom xazgasmiT aris saubari saqarTvelos teritoriul Semadgenlobaze<br />

— saqarTvelod iwodeboda: albania, iveria, kolxida,<br />

mesxeTi da taos-kari. odiTganve saqarTvelo garSemortymuli<br />

iyo barbarosebiT. miuxedavad amisa daicva Tavisi<br />

wyobileba — hyavda sakuTari mTavroba, hqonda sakuTari mmar-<br />

Tveloba, sakuTari samarTali, Tavisi wodebrivad mowyobili<br />

agebuleba, Tavisi saero da ekonomikuri yofa-cxovreba, skola-saswavleblebi.<br />

imis gamo, rom eri saocrad cxoveli iyo,<br />

qarTvelni it<strong>and</strong>nen yovelgvar ubedurebas da didi xalisiT<br />

ekidebodnen ganaTlebas [15, 4].<br />

saxeldaxelo — ybad-asaRebi — wyal-wasaRebi ambavi qal-<br />

Ta sakiTxs exeba. meore nomerSi qveyndeba `iveriis~ mefeletonis<br />

mier gakicxuli qalebis sapasuxo werili. Cveuli iumoriTaa<br />

aRniSnuli, rom maS, ra qnas dedakacma Tu mTeli Tavisi<br />

yuradReba Tavis garegnobas ar miaqcios, rodesac cxadad<br />

hxedavs, rom marto imis Tvalebsa da fefeebzea kacebis yuradReba<br />

miqceuli. aqvea CarTuli amerikeli qalebis dabadebis<br />

axali Targmanis <strong>in</strong>iciativis Sesaxeb. werili mTavrdeba<br />

niSnismigebiTi SekiTxviT: sakvirvelia am moZRvrebas (qarTveli<br />

qalebisas) rogor gaqcevian amerikis qalebi da marTla<br />

adamianuri saqmisTvis rogor moukidniaT xeli [1, 3]?! qalebi<br />

gakritikebulia meTvramete nomerSic — werilSi `Zmuri sityva~,<br />

sadac qalebis garToba-mxiarulebisken miswrafeba axsnilia<br />

ucod<strong>in</strong>robis mizeziT [15, 1-3]. v<strong>in</strong>aidan qali ojaxis<br />

burjs warmoadgens da maszea metwilad damokidebuli ojaxis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>svla da warmateba, aqedan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, aRniSnuli werilis<br />

dedaazri mdgomareobs imaSi, rom qalTa ganaTlebis sakiTxi<br />

sazogadoebis dafiqrebis da gansjis sagnad unda qceuliyo.<br />

rubrikaSi feletoni — `eTnografiuli werilebi~, warmodgenilia<br />

saqarTvelos kuTxeebis mimoxilva. merve, meToTxmete,<br />

meTxuTmete nomerSi rubrika eZRvneba xevsureTs, aq<br />

gavrcelebul Cveulebebs, tradiciebs. werilidan irkveva,<br />

rom am kuTxis mcxovrebTa SemakavSirebel Zalas Temoba warmoadgenda<br />

da sarwmunoebrivi mimarTuleba axasiaTebda, romlis<br />

gadmonaSTebi sakmaod Zlieri yofila am droisaTvisac.<br />

radgan saTemo kavSirs didi gavlena aqvs xevsuris cxovrebaze<br />

105

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da mis ojaxobaze, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia saojaxo rjul-<br />

Cveulebaze. SeniSnulia, rom xevsuris ojaxi ufro ekonomikuri<br />

kavSiria, vidre zneobrivi, eklesiuri. werili sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa,<br />

Temis qalisadmi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiTac. xevsureTSi<br />

Temi qalis mfarvelia, did pativs scems qalis m<strong>and</strong>ils.<br />

or Tems Soris SuRlis dros TviT Zlieri Temic ki muxls idreks<br />

m<strong>and</strong>ilis w<strong>in</strong>. aqve mocemulia xevsuri qalis saxe — xasia-<br />

Ti — mamaci, Zu loms aris Sedarebuli, mis yovel moZraobaSi<br />

ampartavneba, Tavis-Tavze msasoebloba ixateba. is iseTive<br />

mrisxanea, rogorc buneba, romelic mas garSemo artyia. garegnoba<br />

fSavlis qalisa, axovneba, gmiruli saxismetyveleba<br />

uTuod iqcevs yuradRebas. mas umizezod veras gaubedavT, qalis<br />

Seuracxyofa advili saqme rodia. TviTon qali gagcemT<br />

pasuxs. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia xevsurul samarTalzec.<br />

aqac CveulebiTi samarTlis dom<strong>in</strong>antobaa xazgasmuli. Amis mizezad<br />

dasaxelebulia xalxis iuridiuli azris ganuviTarebloba<br />

[7, 1-2; 12, 1-3; 13, 1-3].<br />

erT-erT sa<strong>in</strong>tereso rubrikas warmoadgens daba da sofeli,<br />

sadac mkiTxvels miewodeba <strong>in</strong>formacia saqarTvelos<br />

sxvadasxva soflebis yofiT cxovrebaSi arsebuli problemebis<br />

Sesaxeb. korespondenciebSi mocemulia msjeloba imis Taobaze,<br />

Tu ram ganapiroba ama Tu im soflis cxovrebis donis<br />

dacema da SemoTavazebulia wamoWrili problemebis gadawyvetis<br />

gzebis Ziebis sakiTxi. magaliTad daba suramSi amgvar<br />

problemad dasaxelebulia skolis ar arseboba. imisaTvis,<br />

rom cxovrebis done amaRldes aucilebelia garkveuli codnis<br />

arseboba — sajaro ganaTlebis amaRleba. amisaTvis mniSvnelovani<br />

iyo codnis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb propag<strong>and</strong>is gaweva<br />

xalxSi [3, 1]. momdevno nomerSi warmodgenilia leCxumis<br />

mazraSi arsebuli problemebi. saubaria svanebSi gavrcelebuli<br />

barbarosuli qcevis sisxlis aRebis tradiciis moSlis aucileblobaze,<br />

sasoflo gamsesxebel-Semnaxveli amxanagobis<br />

gaxsnis saWiroebaze, romlis <strong>in</strong>iciatorad dasaxelebulia b-n<br />

aliSbaia [4, 1-2]. siRnaRis mazris magaliTze ki naCvenebia qar-<br />

Tul istoriul s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi arsebuli movlenis — ojaxebis<br />

gayris uaryofiT Sedegebze. gayra dasaxelebulia qarTuli<br />

ojaxebis cxovrebis donis dacemis umTavres mizezad. moyvanilia<br />

zemo maCxaanSi mcxovrebi gogiSvilebis gauyofeli ojaxis<br />

siZliere. rogorc Cans, am movlenam imdenad cudad imoq-<br />

106

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meda glexkacTa yofa-cxovrebaze, rom mTavrobam akrZala<br />

soflis yrilobis neba daurTvelad ojaxebis gayra [18, 1-2].<br />

Tumca aucilebeli iyo maTi realurad gatareba. amitomac<br />

`iveriam~ gangaSi atexa sazogadoebisTvis am mavne senis gavrcelebis<br />

Sesaxeb da mouwoda mTavrobas droulad iqnes amoqmedebuli<br />

gayris Taobaze miRebuli dadgenileba, rom sabolood<br />

mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebis gaumjobesebaSi aisaxos.<br />

cxovelmyofeli suraTebiT aris warmodgenili saqveyno<br />

saqmeebze zrunvas moklebuli sazogadoebis wevrebi. meTvramete<br />

nomerSi gamoqveynebuli werili `ra var me~ naTlad aris<br />

warmoCenili <strong>in</strong>dividi `me~, romelic yovelgvar sazogado<br />

zrunvas moklebulia, simdidris gazrdiT aris da<strong>in</strong>teresebuli<br />

[15, 1-2]. sakuTari `me~-Ti gaborotebuli adamianis Tema<br />

grZeldeba mecxramete, meoce nomerSi rubrikaSi feletoni —<br />

s. mgalobliSvilis weriliT `Tavadi ieronime~. gakicxulia<br />

adamiani, romelic simdidris dagrovebaze zrunvam pirsisxlian<br />

arsebad aqcia. Tavadi ieronime ise iyo daxelovnebuli,<br />

rom adamianTa kvnesa misTvis sulis Sveba iyo, xolo adamianTa<br />

sulis Sveba misTvis kvnesa. mistiroda batonymobas. saxlSi is<br />

suraTi hqonda Camokidebuli, sadac aRbeWdili iyo Tu rogor<br />

aZroben tyavs monas. ixsenebs Tu rogor cema axalgazrdobaSi<br />

nadirobisas Sexvedrili glexi cxenidan Camousvlelad misalmebisaTvis.<br />

erTxel ieronime yrilobaze moxvda, sadac<br />

swavlis saWiroebis ganxilva mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda. yrilobis monawileebi<br />

miesalmnen warmodgenil sakiTxs da uxvad gaiRes SemweobisaTvis<br />

Tanxebi. swavlam daRupa qveynierebao — gaiZaxoda<br />

ieronime. sabolood krebidan gaipara, radgan mxardamWerebi<br />

ver hpova, Sercxvenili ieronime xalxma Semdegi sityvebiT gaacila<br />

darbazidan `da iltvodnen sircxviliT uriani igi~ [16,<br />

1-2; 17, 1-3]. es masala Cveni dakvirvebisaTvis Zalian gamorCeulia.<br />

es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac garkveuli kulturuli erTobaa<br />

Sekruli, romelmac erTxmad gamoutana ganaCeni orgul<br />

adamians. sazogadoebam uRirsi wevri TviTon mokveTa Tavisi<br />

rigebidan da sazogado gansjis sagnadac aqcia — gazeTis furclebze<br />

iqna dabeWdili misi saqveyno saqmisadmi orgulobis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

erT-erTi ZiriTadi rubrika aris meTauri werili, riTac<br />

ixsneba TiTqmis yvela nomeri. am rubrikaSi redaqtoris gansjis<br />

sagans warmoadgens qveynis sazogado cxovreba da ucxo<br />

107

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qveynis magaliTiT sasargeblo rCevebs sTavazobs sazogadoebas.<br />

Mmocemulia Tvalsazrisi Tu rogor SeiZleba Tavi daaRwios<br />

saqarTvelom ukidures gaWirvebas, ram SeiZleba w<strong>in</strong> waswios<br />

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. ase magaliTad, meoTxe,<br />

mexuTe da meeqvse nomerSi warmodgenilia samiwaTmoqmedo<br />

kulturis, kerZod, puris mosavlis Sesaxeb msjeloba. saubaria<br />

am TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva qveynebis daw<strong>in</strong>aurebis Sesaxeb,<br />

rac ganpirobebuli iyo sameurneo manqanebis, codnis,<br />

transportirebis sakiTxis mogvarebiT. aqve ganxilulia vaWrobis<br />

sakiTxic. aRniSnulia, rom warmatebul qveynebSi mosavalic<br />

didia da aReb-micemobaSic patiosneba did saqonlad<br />

miaCniaT, samermisod saqmes ar ifuWeben. gansxvavebulia qar-<br />

Tveli xalxis vaWrobisadmi damokidebuleba. CvenSi vaWroba<br />

motyuebazea damyarebuli da ara saqonlis sikeTiT da iefobiT<br />

mudmivi muStris gaCenis zrunvaze, rac kidev erT xelis-<br />

SemSlel momentad aris dasaxelebuli Cveni puris msoflio<br />

bazarze gasatanad. sayuradReboa, rom marto is ar aris mTavari<br />

miaRwevs Tu ara warmatebebs ama Tu im dargSi qveyana, amave<br />

dros mniSvnelovania, rom zneoba da patiosneba ar dakargos<br />

qarTulma sazogadoebam, mxolod zneobis da patiosnebis<br />

ZlierebiT SeZlebs qveyana w<strong>in</strong>svlas. avtori am yvelafris<br />

gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT urCevs qarTvelobas ufro sasargeblo saqmes<br />

mohkidos xeli, awarmoon iseTi produqcia, romlis gamodevnasac<br />

ver SeZleben warmatebuli qveynebi. magaliTad, dasaxelebulia<br />

Rv<strong>in</strong>o, bamba, ramac SeiZleba mniSvnelovani warmateba<br />

moupovos qveyanas, qarTvel xalxs amosunTqvis saSualeba<br />

misces [3, 1; 4, 1-2; 5, 1]. amave rubrikis meTormete, mecamete,<br />

meToTxmete nomrebSi grZeldeba qveynis ekonomikuri ga-<br />

Wirvebidan gamoyvanis gzebze msjeloba. bunebrivi resursebiT<br />

imdenad mdidaria Cveni qveyana, romlis xeiriani gamoyenebiT<br />

xalxi gaWirvebas Tavs daaRwevda. amjerad navTobis sargeblobazea<br />

saubari ara marto saqarTvelosTvis, aramed sazogadod,<br />

kavkasiisTvis. aRmoCnda, rom saqarTvelosa (kaxeT-<br />

Si) da azerbaijanSi (baqoSi) navTi didi raodenobiT moipoveba.<br />

magram ucod<strong>in</strong>robis, mouxmareblobis, navTis bazarSi gatanis<br />

saxsris uqonlobis gamo, CvenSi saerTod ver moikida<br />

fexi navTis mrewvelobam, RvTiT boZebuli simdidris aTviseba<br />

ver SeZlo qarTvelobam. `verc ruseTma SeZloo, aRniSnavs<br />

avtori, navTis naxadi im mravalgvarobiT moixmaros, rogorc<br />

108

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amerika, rom TviTonve sargebeli naxos Tavisi sakuTari simdidriT.<br />

sanam rames moifiqreben navTis aTvisebis TvalsazrisiT<br />

mwarmoeblebi, suli exuTebaT da simdidris tbebSi mcuravT<br />

lamis SimSilisagan suli amouvideTo~ [10, 1-2; 11, 1; 12,<br />

1]. es werili, rogorc Cans, mravalmxriv sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa. SeniSnulia,<br />

rom qarTulma sazogadoebam droa izrunos simdidris<br />

rigian gamoyenebaze. aseve sayuradReboa ruseTTan mimarTebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT. w<strong>in</strong>a aTwleulis ganxilvisas gamoikveTa<br />

politikuri erTobis sentimentebi. aq ki kavkasiis simdidre<br />

moazrebulia ruseTis simdidred.<br />

rubrikiT `narkvevi~ mkiTxvel sazogadoebas miewodeba<br />

ucxour Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli sxvadasxva cnobebis<br />

mimoxilva. rasakvirvelia, yvela <strong>in</strong>formacia Tanabrad aqtualuri<br />

ver iqneba Cveni miznebisTvis, magram sayovelTao<br />

mniSvnelobis problemebis analizis dros vxvdebiT Zalian sa<strong>in</strong>tereso<br />

<strong>in</strong>formacias imasTan dakavSirebiT Tu ra ganapirobebs<br />

eris siZlieres. magaliTad, mesame nomerSi vgebulobT<br />

germanuli gazeTis `Kreuz Zeitung~- is msjelobas evropis mSvidobianobis<br />

Taobaze. aRniSnulia, rom evropis saxelmwifoebi<br />

saubroben mSvidobianobaze, Tan amavdroulad, omisaTvis gacxarebul<br />

mzadebaSi arian. germania mSvidobis momxrea, magram<br />

ramdenad Seesabameba simarTles gaurkvevelia. radgan moxuci<br />

imperatori moxalised ewereba samxedro samsaxurSi da mamacurad<br />

ivlebs xels xmalze. mzad aris uSiSrad Seebas yvelas,<br />

v<strong>in</strong>c mSvidobianobis darRvevas mo<strong>in</strong>domebs. `gana moipoveba<br />

iseTi eri, rom aRtacebaSi ar movides, rodesac Tvalw<strong>in</strong> udga<br />

aseTi samagaliTo gmiri, gmiri, romelic ase wm<strong>in</strong>dad asrulebs<br />

Tavis movaleobas~ [2, 2].<br />

rogorc vxedavT, mkiTxvelis yuradReba miiqceva nacionaluri<br />

erTobisaTvis umniSvnelovanes elementze — mamuli<br />

da misdami siyvarulze da Tavdadebaze. masalidan moxmobili<br />

aRmafrTovanebeli frazebi emsaxureba eris gamofxizlebas<br />

da mamulisadmi siyvarulis gaZlierebas.<br />

meaTe nomeris imave rubrikaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia<br />

ruseTis mTavrobis moTxovnaze — sasamarTloSi saqmeebis<br />

sajaro ganxilvis mospobis Sesaxeb. im mizeziT, rom sasamar-<br />

TloSi Tavmoyrili xalxi xels uSlis msajulebs samarTliani<br />

ganaCenis gamotanaSi. gazeTi aRuSfoTebia am faqts. v<strong>in</strong>aidan<br />

109

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samarTali yovelTvis ukeT iwarmoebs, roca sazogadoeba<br />

Tvals adevnebs. magram Tu sajaro ganxilva moispoba sasamar-<br />

TloSi, maS<strong>in</strong> aRarc Jurnal-gazeTobas eqneba SesaZlebloba<br />

iqonios msajuloba sasamarTloSi gasarCev saqmeebze. aman sagonebelSi<br />

Caagdo `iveria~ im garemoebis gamo, rom momravlebul<br />

usamarTlobas, daxurul kars miRma saerTod sazRvari<br />

ar eqneboda [9, 3].<br />

xSirad vxvdebiT madlierebis werilebs konkretuli pirebis<br />

mier keTili saqmisaTvis gadmogzavnili fulis Sesaxeb. rogorc<br />

Cans, keTil saqmes CvenSi bevri momxre hyavs xeiriani gzis<br />

maCvenebelTan erTad. gaxSirebuli Semweobis Sesaxeb <strong>in</strong>formacia<br />

es TviTon faqtia, erTis mxriv, Tu ramdeni mkiTxveli hyavs<br />

gazeTs da vgebulobT Tu ramdenad Zlieria sazogadoebis gonebrivi<br />

moZraoba; meore mxriv, marTalia qarTuli erToba an-<br />

Tebulia qarTuli kulturis aRorZ<strong>in</strong>ebisa da warmatebisaTvis,<br />

magram ufro meti Semweobis gaRebisaken mouwodebs xalxs,<br />

raTa daiZlios qveyanas modebuli ucod<strong>in</strong>robis seni.<br />

publikaciebis analiziT ikveTeba nacionaluri konsolidaciis<br />

procesisaTvis mniSvnelovani ramdenime sakiTxi: sajaro<br />

kulturis ganviTarebis aucilebloba, rogorc mosaxleobaSi<br />

swavla-ganaTlebis gavrcelebis mxriv, aseve erTobis<br />

S<strong>in</strong>agani impulsebis gaZlierebisaTvis; saerTo ekonomikis<br />

Seqmna, rogorc aucilebeli piroba erTobis arsebobisaTvis;<br />

qveynis istoriis da tradiciebis gadarCenaze zrunva, qarTuli<br />

erTobis istoriuli rolis da mniSvnelobis Cveneba Tanadrouli<br />

sazogadoebisaTvis. am sakiTxebis gadaWrisaken mimarTuli<br />

aqtivoba, romlis umTavres asparezad beWduri media<br />

`iveriis~ saxiT gvevl<strong>in</strong>eba, TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>oa, rom qarTuli er-<br />

Tobis Sidajgufuri sentimentebis gaZliereba-ganmtkicebis<br />

funqcias asrulebda.<br />

amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli masalebis safuZvelze SeiZleba<br />

aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos, rom nacionaluri konsolidacia kulturuli,<br />

ekonomikuri, socialuri erTobebis SeqmniT aR<strong>in</strong>iSneboda.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. gaz. iveria, 1887, #2.<br />

2. gaz. iveria, 1887, #3.<br />

3. gaz. iveria, 1887, #4.<br />

110

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4. gaz. iveria, 1887, #5.<br />

5. gaz. iveria, 1887, #6.<br />

6. gaz. iveria, 1887, #7.<br />

7. gaz. iveria, 1887, #8.<br />

8. gaz. iveria, 1887, #9.<br />

9. gaz. iveria, 1887, #10.<br />

10. gaz. iveria, 1887, #12.<br />

11. gaz. iveria, 1887, #13.<br />

12. gaz. iveria, 1887, #14.<br />

13. gaz. iveria, 1887, #15.<br />

14. gaz. iveria, 1887, #16.<br />

15. gaz. iveria, 1887, #18.<br />

16. gaz. iveria, 1887, #19.<br />

17. gaz. iveria, 1887, #20.<br />

18. gaz. iveria, 1887, #21.<br />

19. l. patariZe, politikuri da kulturuli identobani IV-VIII<br />

ss. qarTul erTobaSi: `qarTlis cxovrebis~ samyaro, Tbilisi,<br />

2009.<br />

20. e. d. smiTi, nacionalizmi, Teoria, ideologia, istoria,<br />

Targmani <strong>in</strong>glisuridan mariam CxartiSvilisa, qarTuli<br />

teqstis redaqtori rusudan amirejibi-maleni, Tbilisi,<br />

2004.<br />

21. e. d. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba, Targmna lela patari-<br />

Zem, Tbilisi, 2008.<br />

22. m. CxartiSvili, qarTlis moqcevis istoria eTnikurobis<br />

kvlevis problematikis TvalTaxedviT, eTnikuroba da nacionalizmi,<br />

I, red: d. musxeliSvili da m. CxartiSvili,<br />

Tbilisi, 2002.<br />

23. m. CxartiSvili, wm<strong>in</strong>da mama giorgi mTawm<strong>in</strong>deli da qarTuli<br />

identobis samanebi XI saukuneSi, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba,<br />

XI, Tbilisi, 2006.<br />

24. m. CxartiSvili, qarTuli erToba religiuri moqcevis epoqaSi<br />

(hierotopiuli proeqti `mcxeTa — axali ierusalimi~),<br />

saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis istoriis sakiTxebi, IX,<br />

2008.<br />

25. m. CxartiSvili, qarTuli erToba religiuri moqcevis<br />

epoqaSi, Tbilisi, 2009.<br />

111

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112<br />

Ketevan Mania<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, Sokhumi State University<br />

Assistant-Professor<br />

The Process of National Identity Harden<strong>in</strong>g Accord<strong>in</strong>g to<br />

`Iveria~ (1887)<br />

Summary<br />

The study of the national identity development based on the example of<br />

the detailed analysis of some issues of `Iveria~ published <strong>in</strong>1887 is given <strong>in</strong><br />

the research.<br />

There are many works dedicated to the research of Georgian unity <strong>and</strong><br />

consolidation processes <strong>in</strong> scientific literature. The prior subjects of<br />

discussions <strong>in</strong> these researches were the objective factors. Subjective factors<br />

were beyond the frames of the scientific <strong>in</strong>terest before. The analysis of the<br />

historical sources from the mentioned po<strong>in</strong>t of view occurred on the example<br />

of hagiographic sources only <strong>in</strong> resent studies (M. Chkhartishvili).<br />

The given work is an attempt to fill up somehow the blanks. The work<br />

is focused on analyz<strong>in</strong>g the subjective factors of the national consolidation<br />

process. With the help of elucidat<strong>in</strong>g how the publications of `Iveria~ were<br />

perceived by readers we can state how they experience the Georgian unity<br />

from one side <strong>and</strong> from the other, what is the role of press from the po<strong>in</strong>t of<br />

view of unity of Georgian identity.<br />

After the analysis of the publications it becomes clear that there are<br />

some important items for the process of national consolidation: the necessity<br />

of development of public culture, from the po<strong>in</strong>t of view of spread<strong>in</strong>g<br />

education among the population, as well as strengthen<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>ner impulses<br />

of the unity; creation of common economics as an obligatory <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>evitable<br />

condition for unity existence; tak<strong>in</strong>g care of preserv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> sav<strong>in</strong>g national<br />

history <strong>and</strong> traditions, show<strong>in</strong>g the historical role <strong>and</strong> importance of the<br />

Georgian unity to the current society. The activities towards solv<strong>in</strong>g these<br />

problems, the ma<strong>in</strong> field for which was `Iveria~ as a press media, had<br />

obviously the function of strengthen<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> stabiliz<strong>in</strong>g the sentiments with<strong>in</strong><br />

the <strong>in</strong>ner groups of Georgian unity.<br />

Thus, on the basis of above discussed materials it can be designated that the<br />

national consolidation was marked with the creation of cultural, economics<br />

<strong>and</strong> social unity.

---

nato sonRulaSvili<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

doqtoranti<br />

identobrivi avtonomiurobis ideali:<br />

Tavisuflebis idea da misi kultivacia<br />

beWduri mediis saSualebiT XX saukunis<br />

10-iani wlebis qarTul erTobaSi<br />

XIX saukunis damdegs ruseTis imperiis mier qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis<br />

dapyrobam, mefobis <strong>in</strong>stitutis da bagrationTa<br />

samefo d<strong>in</strong>astiis uflebebis gauqmebam, Zlieri dartyma<br />

miayena qarTul, erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv cnobierebas.<br />

qarTuli realobidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are mefobis <strong>in</strong>stitutis legitimuroba<br />

RvTisgan momd<strong>in</strong>areobda da ara Tavad Cven-jgufis<br />

wevrebisagan, amitom qarTuli erTobis loialobis mTavari<br />

obieqti iyo mefe. aRniSnuli movlenis radikalurad Secvlam,<br />

bunebrivia, didi gardatexa Seitana qarTul cnobierebaSi. am<br />

problemis gadaWras emsaxureboda qarTuli kulturuli elitis<br />

mier saerTo nacionaluri ideologiis SemuSaveba, romlis<br />

gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda st<strong>and</strong>artizebuli saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo<br />

sistemis saSualebiT erTobis wevrebis<br />

cnobierebaSi qarTuli enis, qristianobis, istoriuli maxsovrobis,<br />

tradiciebis w<strong>in</strong>a planze wamoweva Sidajgufuri solidarobis<br />

sentimentebis ganmtkicebisaTvis, rac iqneboda safuZveli<br />

Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis<br />

aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi.<br />

aRniSnul RonisZiebebs seriozuli safrTxe Seeqmna XIX<br />

saukunis 90-ian wlebSi. rodesac ruseTSi gaZlierda reaqcia<br />

saqarTvelo uares mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. am periodSi daiwyo<br />

saerTod dapyrobil qveynebSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSi,<br />

reaqciis axali talRa. Tu ruseTSi reaqciam <strong>in</strong>teligencias<br />

da mSromel xalxs miayena ziani, saqarTveloSi devna da ganadgureba<br />

mTel ers Seexo. mefis moadgileebis da sxvaTa mizani<br />

gaxda Zirfesvianad aRmoefxvraT erovnuli kultura da gaeZliereb<strong>in</strong>aT<br />

gamarusebeli politika [6, 68]. mefis mTavrobam<br />

mTavari dartyma erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis wi-<br />

113

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naaRmdeg mimarTa. ruseTis xelisuflebam yvela Rone ixmara,<br />

raTa gaenadgureb<strong>in</strong>a erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba,<br />

rogorc erT-erTi Zlieri nakadi revoluciisa, romlis gamarjvebas<br />

Sedegad unda mohyoloda carizmis damxoba da demokratiuli<br />

mmarTvelobis damyareba. swored amitom sruliadac<br />

ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom QqarTuli kulturuli da politikuri<br />

elitis mier warmodgenili erovnuli programa yvelaze<br />

srulyofilad damuSavebuli sabrZolo gegma iyo [5, 115].<br />

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are XX saukunis dasawyisSi<br />

saqarTvelos istoriaSi iwyeba axali etapi. ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

moZraoba axal stadiaze gadadis. marTalia, erovnulma<br />

moZraobam garkveuli formireba ganicada, magram idea ucvleli<br />

darCa. rogorc XIX saukunis II naxevarSi, ise XX saukunis<br />

I meoTxedSi qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri elita<br />

mTlianad orientirebulia nacionaluri Rirebulebebis, simboloebis<br />

aRorZ<strong>in</strong>eba-propag<strong>and</strong>aze sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi,<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad socialurad dabali fenis warmomadgenlebSi.<br />

am moqmedebebs erTi mizani gaaCnda: erTobis wevrebs<br />

Soris Sidajgufuri solidarobis gancdis gamZafreba.<br />

aRniSnuli problemis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT erT-er-<br />

Ti sa<strong>in</strong>tereso monakveTia 1918-1921 wlebi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />

respublikis xana. drois am monakveTSi qarTuli<br />

erToba nacionaluri konsolidaciis ganviTarebis axal faza-<br />

Si Sedis da mTavari orientiri koleqtiuri kulturuli<br />

identobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi — Tavisuflebis ideali<br />

xdeba. saqme isaa, rom Sidajgufuri solidarobis mTavar<br />

orientirebs Soris, rogoricaa ena, religia, istoriuli mexsiereba,<br />

Tavisuflebis ideals mTavari adgili ukavia: `Tavisuflebis<br />

idealma dasabami misca nacionalur TviTgamorkvevas<br />

da erTobliv brZolas nacionaluri nebis realizaciisaTvis.<br />

mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SeZlebda sazogadoeba sakuTari<br />

`S<strong>in</strong>agani ritmis~ ayolas, Tavisi `S<strong>in</strong>agani xmis~ gagonebas da<br />

wm<strong>in</strong>da da pirv<strong>and</strong>eli mdgomareobis dabrunebas. avTenturi<br />

sazogadoeba da avTenturi gamocdileba aris sruli avtonomiis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>apiroba, radgan mxolod avtonomias SeuZlia saSualeba<br />

misces nacias da mis wevrebs, Tavisi Tavi avTenturi saxiT<br />

ganaxorcielon. aucilebelia, rom yovel nacias sruli TviTgamoxatvis<br />

saSualeba da avtonomiuroba hqondes. avtonomiis<br />

nacionalur ideals aqvs ramdenime aspeqti. zogadad, etimo-<br />

114

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logiurad avtonomiuroba niSnavs TviTmmarTvelobas, Sida<br />

kanonebis an ritmebis qonas, sakuTari S<strong>in</strong>agani xmisTvis yuris<br />

migdebas, garedan raime Seviwroebis ararsebobas. amas mivyavarT<br />

koleqtiuri nebis da <strong>in</strong>dividualobis realizebis maZiebeli,<br />

sakuTari koleqtiuri `me~-s cnebasTan~ (20, 51).<br />

swored amitom kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze<br />

yvela eris mTavar mizans TavisuflebisaTvis brZola warmoadgenda.<br />

`jer kidev kacobriobis arsebobis simwifis xanaSi<br />

ocnebobdnen Tavisuflebaze RmerTis mfarvelobiT. am Tavisuflebis<br />

saw<strong>in</strong>dari ki mudam suverenuli saxelmwifo iyo~ [1,<br />

5]. saukuneebis manZilze sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis ganvi-<br />

Tarebis pirobebSi Tavisuflebis idealisken swrafvam garkveuli<br />

cvlilebebi ganicada. Tavisuflebis idealis erovnulma<br />

percefciam Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo 1789 wlis safrangeTis<br />

burJuaziul-demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg.<br />

amis Sedegad Tavisuflebis idealma dasabami misca nacionalur<br />

TviTgamorkvevas da erTobliv brZolas avTenturi nacionaluri<br />

nebis realizaciisaTvis [20, 25].<br />

qarTul s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi Tavisuflebis idealis percefciam<br />

axali datvirTva SeiZ<strong>in</strong>a ruseTis mier saqarTvelos mier<br />

dapyrobis Semdeg. qarTuli kulturuli elita TavisuflebisaTvis<br />

brZolisken yovelTvis mouwodebda pirdapir Tu iribad<br />

qarTvel sazogadoebas. XIX saukunis I naxevarSi erovnuli<br />

ajanyebis kraxiT dasrulebis Semdeg, XIX saukunis II naxevridan<br />

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba ganviTarebis<br />

axal fazaSi Sedis. es dakavSirebulia saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo<br />

procesis srulyofasa da sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi<br />

gavrceleba-damkvidrebasTan. qarTuli kulturuli elita<br />

orientirebulia qarTuli erTobis nacionalur konsolidaciaze,<br />

rac saerTo, erovnuli programiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo.<br />

amavdroulad, <strong>in</strong>teligenciis progresuli nawili<br />

Tavisuflebis idealis farTo propag<strong>and</strong>as iwyebs. aRniSnul<br />

movlenas ukavSirdeba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis<br />

mTavari lideris ilia WavWavaZis fraza `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve<br />

gveyudnes~.<br />

XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi Tavisuflebis idealis<br />

percefciam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZ<strong>in</strong>a. 1917 wlidan<br />

qarTuli erTobis konsolidaciis axali periodi iwyeba. Tavisuflebis<br />

idealis propag<strong>and</strong>as pirveli msoflio omisa (1914-<br />

115

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1918) da 1917 wlis ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg mieca<br />

gasaqani.<br />

pirveli msoflio omis periodSi da aseve misi dasrulebis<br />

Semdeg qarTul beWdur mediaSi gaCnda mowodebebi erovnuli<br />

erTianobis aucileblobaze: `saerTaSoriso omma wamoayena<br />

bevri iseTi sakiTxi, romlis gadawyveta uqadis kacobriobas<br />

momavalSi srul mSvidobianobas. erTi am sakiTxTagani gaxlavT<br />

patara erebis <strong>in</strong>teresebis w<strong>in</strong> wamoyeneba [3, 2].<br />

`Cveni Zala kulturul SemoqmedebaSia da imis Segnebis<br />

moaxloebaSi, rac pirdapir gvi<strong>and</strong>erZa dRev<strong>and</strong>elma omma.<br />

erovnuli TviTSegneba da erovnuli erTianoba unda gaxdes<br />

Cveni moqmedebis qvakuTxedad, romelzedac unda aSendes mTavari<br />

kedlebi mTliani erovnuli cxovrebisa. amas gveubneva<br />

Cveni dRev<strong>and</strong>eli omi. amas aswavlis gansakuTrebiT wvrili<br />

erebis dRev<strong>and</strong>eli saS<strong>in</strong>eli sisxlisRvra ganaTlebul da<br />

kulturul kacobriobisa~ [4, 2].<br />

beWduri media, romelmac erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel<br />

moZraobaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana, did adgils uTmobs<br />

mowodebebs Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis brZolisaTvis.<br />

am sakiTxis gasaSuqeblad Cveni kvlevis obieqtad<br />

avirCieT erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis gazeTi `saqarTvelo~,<br />

romelic gamodioda 1915-1921 wlebSi. 1917 wlis<br />

ivnisSi ki erovnul-demokratiuli partiis organo gaxda. gazeTi<br />

scdeba viwro partiul <strong>in</strong>teresebs da saerTo erovnuli<br />

programis SemuSaveba-ganxorcielebas did adgils uTmobs.<br />

beWduri mediis saSualebiT qarTuli kulturuli da politikuri<br />

elitis mier Tavisuflebis idealis propag<strong>and</strong>a<br />

SemTxveviTi ar iyo. 117 wlis manZilze rusul gavlenaSi myofi<br />

qarTveli xalxis cnobiereba garkveulwilad Seicvala, amavdroulad<br />

saqarTveloSi arsebul Yyvela socialur fenas gaaCnda<br />

gansxvavebuli fsiqologia. glexobaSi dabali iyo patriotuli,<br />

moqalaqeobrivi SemarTeba, Sesabamisad dabali iyo saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

azrovnebis done. mis SegnebaSi miwa da Tavisufleba<br />

SeduRabebuli iyo. glexi Tavisuflebas miwis mosapoveblad<br />

iyenebda [22, 72]. rac Seexeba muSebs, maTi didi nawili<br />

klasobrivi cnobierebiT iyo Sepyrobili da erovnul cnobierebas<br />

warsulis mavne gadmonaSTad Tvlida. muSebis umravlesobas<br />

glexebis msgavsad ar gaaCnda patriotuli, moqalaqeobrivi<br />

Segneba. muSebi Tavis misias klasobrivi cnobierebiT<br />

116

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Sepyrobili politikuri elitis mxardaWeraSi xedavdnen da<br />

ara saxelmwifos erTgulebaSi [2, 26].<br />

saglexo reformisa da burJuaziuli reformebis gatarebis<br />

Semdeg saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis II naxevarSi Cndeba<br />

axali socialuri fena — burJuazia, romelic ZiriTadad araqarTvelebiT<br />

iyo warmodgenili. sazogadod burJuazias Tavisi<br />

ekonomikuri <strong>in</strong>teresebi gaaCnda da erovnuli sakiTxiT naklebad<br />

iyo da<strong>in</strong>teresebuli. am SemTxvevaSic burJuazia saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

Segnebis ganmtkicebisaTvis brZolaSi ar monawileobs.<br />

`burJuazias ar esmis erovnuli Tavisufleba, rogorc<br />

Tanabrad saWiro yvelasTvis. burJuazias unda erovnuli Tavisufleba<br />

mxolod TavisTvis, rogorc iaraRi sxvis dasaCagravad<br />

da dasamoneblad~ [21, 5].<br />

erTaderTi nawili qarTuli sazogadoebisa, romelic mizanmimarTulad<br />

moqmedebda saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis<br />

da gacnobierebuli hqonda problemis arsi iyo sam-<br />

Rvdeloeba da kulturuli da politikuri elita. swored<br />

is<strong>in</strong>i Seecadnen saerTo nacionaluri ideologiis safuZvelze<br />

Cven-jgufis wevrebs Soris erTianobis gancda CaenergaT.<br />

rac arc ise advili iyo. rogorc mixako wereTeli aRniSnavda:<br />

`oriod kacis garda, Zvelebsa da axlebs ver warmoudgeniaT<br />

urusod qarTuli Tavisufleba~ [23, 21]. noe Jordania Tavis<br />

memuarebSi wers: `roca wamovayene debuleba saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis<br />

SesaZleblobisa, erTi glexi adga da momaxala —<br />

awi Cven tyves syidvas ver davubrundebiTo! ~ [8, 15].<br />

sazogadoebis umetes nawilSi, gansakuTrebiT socialurad<br />

dabali fenis warmomadgenlebSi ruseTTan kavSiri maT<br />

usafrTxoebas niSnavda da amitom arsebuli viTarebis SecvliT<br />

da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgeniT maTi mdgomareoba<br />

uaresobisken Seicvleboda. iakob mansvetaSvili Tavis<br />

memuarebSi igonebs iliasa da glexebis saubars. es ukanasknelni<br />

swored rusuli xelisuflebis mxardaWeras gamoxatavdnen.<br />

`adre gareT ver gamovdiodiT. sofels rom gavcilebuliyaviT,<br />

an leki dagvixvdeboda an S<strong>in</strong>auri avi kaci. sisxli<br />

iRvreboda. mosveneba ara gvqonda, Svela arsaidam iyo. daloca<br />

RmerTma rusis xelmwife: exla ra gviSavs, ai, qalaqSic CamovdivarT<br />

samuSaod. Tu ram gasayidi an sasyideli gvaqvs<br />

xels vimarTavT. gzaSi xels verav<strong>in</strong> gvaxlebs~ [7, 125].<br />

117

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qarTvelebSi jer kidev ar arsebobda erTianobis gancda.<br />

`gurulebisaTvis saqarTvelo niSnavda — qarTlels, x<strong>and</strong>axan<br />

— kaxelsac. erTi mTliani qarTveli eri, erTi mTliani saqar-<br />

Tvelo mis warmodgenaSi srulebiT ar arsebobda. is mudam<br />

fiqrobda Tavis dacvaze TaTrebisagan~ [8, 15].<br />

zemoT moyvanil mosazrebebTan erTad qarTul sazogadoebaSi<br />

saw<strong>in</strong>aaRmdego Tvalsazrisebi arsebobda. rogorc saqarTvelos<br />

damoukideblobisaTvis erT-erTi aqtiuri mebrZoli<br />

Salva qarumiZe werda: `saqarTveloSi iyo xalxi, romelTaTvisac<br />

ruseTis erTguleba samSoblos Ralati iyo da<br />

romelTa azriT samSoblos bedniereba da momavali mxolod<br />

ruseTis nangrevebze aSendeboda... am xalxis TvalSi ruseTi<br />

da saqarTvelo erTad ver Tavsdeboda da qarTveli kacis w<strong>in</strong>aSe<br />

sakiTxi amnairad ismeboda — an samsaxuri ruseTs da Ralati<br />

saqarTvelos, <strong>and</strong>a Ralati ruseTs da ganwirva mSobeli<br />

erisaTvis~ [24, 226].<br />

rusuli mmarTvelobis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg qarTvelebis erTi nawilis<br />

protesti bunebrivia im nacionaluri ideologiis Sedegi<br />

iyo, romelic kulturulma elitam SeimuSava. qarTuli<br />

politikuri elitis erT-erTi TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o warmomadgenlis<br />

arCil jorjaZis azriT: `qarTveli eri yovelTvis ebrZoda<br />

xolme yvelas, visac ki misi politikuri damonaveba surda.<br />

riT aixsneba amgvari garemoeba? xalxi Seviwroebuli da Sexu-<br />

Tulia, xolo moadgeboda ra mas gareSe mteri, igi iviwyebda<br />

Tavis varams, xels aZlevda Tavis mCagvrels (feodals — n. s. )<br />

da masTan erTad mters ebrZoda. etyoba is gareSe mteri mas<br />

ufro mavnebel mtrad miaCnda, vidre S<strong>in</strong>auri batoni, rom miuxedavad<br />

nivTieri uTanasworobisa, qarTveli glexi raRaciT<br />

dakavSirebuli iyo sxva wodebebTan da mas Tavisi S<strong>in</strong>auri monoba<br />

erCivna, gareSe Zalis monobas. es `raRac~ iyo — ena, zne-<br />

Cveuleba, sarwmunoeba, istoriuli tradicia. maSasadame, qar-<br />

Tvelebi icavdnen Tavis miwas, enas da sarwmunoebas. yvela amisi<br />

dacva mas Tavisuflebis dacvad miaCnda da gareSe mters ise<br />

uyurebda, rogorc imis sicocxlis da Tavisuflebis damamxobels~<br />

[25, 315].<br />

1917 wels saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis<br />

aRdgenis Semdeg beWduri media sul ufro da ufro<br />

xSirad saubrobs damoukideblobis aRdgenis saWiroebaze.<br />

`avtonomia — ai is mkveTri sityva, romelic exla elvasaviT<br />

118

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gadadis mTel saqarTveloze da aucileblad moaqcevs Tavis<br />

cecxlis rkalSi yvela mamuliSvils, mas w<strong>in</strong>, vnaxoT Tu v<strong>in</strong>me<br />

aRudgeba~ [9, 2].<br />

revoluciis Semdeg <strong>in</strong>teligencia warsulis idealizebiT<br />

qarTuli erTobis wevrebSi brZolis J<strong>in</strong>is gaRvivebas cdilobs.<br />

`ifeTqa revoluciam, daemxvnen Zirs porfirmosilni<br />

mtarvalni da jalaTebi. wamebul xalxs moevl<strong>in</strong>a sanatreli<br />

Tavisufleba. dRes dahkra qarTveli erisTvis sabediswero<br />

Jamma, dRes eWirveba mas Wkua-fxizeli, maRal-niWieri, Zlieri<br />

nebis, mamaci da samSoblos siyvaruliT aRgznebuli beladebi,<br />

romlebmac unda aRZran eris suli, aamoqmedon da aqcion uZlevel<br />

lomad. gvwams, rom aseTi gmirebi male gamoCndebian~<br />

[13, 2]. saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

damoukideblobis dakargvisa Tu teritoriuli<br />

Seviwroebis dros qveynis Zliereba `didebul gmirebs~<br />

gadaurCeniaT: `Tavis xangrZliv istoriul cxovrebaSi saqar-<br />

Tvelos bevrjer ganucdia saS<strong>in</strong>eli wamebi, xSirad yofila mis<br />

w<strong>in</strong> aRmarTuli yofna-aryofnis sabediswero sakiTxi, magram<br />

eris genialobas warmouSvia am dros didebuli gmirebi da ma-<br />

Ti meoxebiT qveyana gadarCenia daRupvas. mesxeTi, kolxeTi da<br />

iveria kvlav Sesdgomia Tavis kulturul moRvaweobas. aseTi<br />

tragikuli wamebi Cveni eris warsulSi iyo xSiri~ [13, 2].<br />

1918 wlidan beWdur mediaSi Tavisuflebis idealis aqtiuri<br />

propag<strong>and</strong>a iwyeba. `bevrjer miuyvania ulmobel istoriul<br />

qartexils Cveni xalxi Savi jurRmulis pirad, bevrjer,<br />

bevrjer dausvams mis cvalebad cxovrebas misTvis samkvdrosasicocxlo<br />

sakiTxi, magram, sabednierod, survili sicocxlis<br />

SenarCunebisa yovelTvis TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o yofila am eris<br />

cxovrebaSi. sagani — Tavisufleba, risTvisac es erTi muWa<br />

xalxi ebrZoda yovelgvar dabrkolebas. risTvisac is vaJkacurad<br />

umklavdeboda karze momdgar ubedurebas — yovelTvis<br />

xatad da jvarad hqonia qarTvel ers da amiT unda aixsnas is<br />

garemoeba, rom yofna-aryofnis sakiTxic am eris sasargeblod<br />

iWreboda~ [13, 4].<br />

1900-1917 wlebSi qarTuli erTobis identobis mTavari<br />

ganmsazRvreli iyo istoriuli mexsiereba, tradiciebi, ena,<br />

qristianoba. 1918 wlidan aRniSnul nacionalur simboloebs<br />

emateba Tavisuflebis ideali. `bazaleTis tbas Tavisuflebis<br />

niavqarma dahbera da misi aqamde uZravi, Setborebuli zedapi-<br />

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i aamoZrava, dahqrola, xavsi ahyara da yovelis qarTvelis<br />

WeSmarit gulSi imis movl<strong>in</strong>ebis Suqmfeni imedi da sasoeba gamohkvanZa~,<br />

ilias Tqmis ar iyos:<br />

`visic ar iTqmis saxeli,<br />

visac dRe da Ram natrulobs<br />

Cumis natvriTa qarTvli~ [10, 2].<br />

qarTuli progresuli sazogadoeba damoukideblobis<br />

aRdgenas miiCnevda axali epoqis dawyebad saqarTvelos istoriaSi<br />

da amitom saqarTvelos sruluflebian qveynad damkvidrebisaTvis<br />

saerTaSoriso sarbielze saWirod Tvlida im reformebis<br />

da RonisZiebebis gatarebas, rac am miznisaken mimaval<br />

gzaze arsebiTi da gadamwyveti iqneboda: `aRiarebuli damoukidebloba<br />

saqarTvelosi aris pirveli gverdi saqarTvelos<br />

axali istoriisa. Tu es aris dasawyisi saqarTvelos<br />

aRorZ<strong>in</strong>ebisa, amave dros es iqneba qarTvelTa ekonomikur da<br />

politikur damoukidebeli cxovrebis unaris maCvenebeli momavalSi.<br />

damoukideblobis SenarCuneba da Cveni gaZliereba<br />

Cvens xelT aris, Cvens muSaobazed aris damokidebuli. Tu<br />

gv<strong>in</strong>da Sev<strong>in</strong>arCunoT sapatio adgili kulturul saxelmwifo-<br />

Ta Soris, Cven unda SevqmnaT sakuTari mrewveloba, sakuTari<br />

jari~ [15, 4].<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>in</strong>stitutebis gaZlierebasTan erTad<br />

rogorc kulturuli, aseve politikuri elita mTeli ZalisxmeviT<br />

cdilobs sazogadoebis umravlesobaSi im damax<strong>in</strong>jebuli<br />

cnobierebis Secvlas, risi kvalic rusulma gavlenam daatyo.<br />

saqarTvelo, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, axali<br />

gamowvevebis w<strong>in</strong>aSe aRmoCnda. amitom saWiro iyo Tanmimdevruli<br />

RonisZiebebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.<br />

es procesi arc ise advili iyo. qarTuli erTobis wevrebis<br />

umravlesobas ar hqonda gacnobierebuli Tavisuflebis<br />

arsi. beWdurma mediam da saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo sistemam<br />

ver SeZlo problemis sabolood gadaWra. `ara marto mopovebuli<br />

Tavisufleba, saqarTvelos miwa-wyali da dovlaTi, aramed<br />

TviT eris arseboba, misi fizikuri arseboba ganicdis gansacdels<br />

da moiTxovs dacvas. saWiroa qarTveli eris yvela<br />

Zal-Ronis Semokreba da mobilizacia~ [13, 1]. amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa giorgi gvazavas werili `eri da Tavisufleba~,<br />

sadac qarTveli eris aseT mdgomareobas rusuli gavlenidan<br />

gamomd<strong>in</strong>are xsnida. `asi wlis monobam moaduna qar-<br />

120

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Tveli eris sxeuli da SexuTa kunTebi, ukiduresma klasobriv<br />

brZolis moZRvrebam mis gonebas gadaubnia iseTi burusi, rom<br />

am burusSi k<strong>in</strong>aRam Caimarxa uaRresi Rirebuleba — erovnuli<br />

Tavisufleba~ [13, 2]. saqarTveloSi Seqmnil mdgomareobas igi<br />

ara marto rusuli gavleniT xsnida, aramed qarTvelebis moqmedebiTac.<br />

`sibneles miCveuli Tvali s<strong>in</strong>aTles ver itans, monobas<br />

miCveul adamians erTxans rCeba monuri midrekileba,<br />

igi batons eZebs, imas ubatonod cxovreba ver warmoudgenia.<br />

igi darwmunebulia, rom batoni usaTuod mova, mxolod ar<br />

icis v<strong>in</strong> iqneba is batoni: rusi, Turqi, germaneli Tu <strong>in</strong>gliseli.<br />

am samarcxv<strong>in</strong>o fsiqologiis SeqmnaSi Cvenc didi brali<br />

migviZRvis. Tu yvela ara, erTi nawili Cveni moRvaweebis sul<br />

imis qadagebaSi iyo, rom samSoblo ar aris, rom igi mogonilia<br />

mxolod burJuaziis da aznaurebis mier. Cven amovfxikeT xalxis<br />

gulidan mamulis siyvaruli da gmirebis qveyana gadavaqcieT<br />

monebis qveynad~ [13, 3].<br />

1919 wlidan gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze ukve Se<strong>in</strong>iSneba<br />

nacioneluri konsolidaciis gaZliereba socialurad<br />

dabali fenis warmomadgenlebSi: `xalxSi didi sulieri gardatexa<br />

xdeba, revoluciuri psixoziT Sepyrobili, ngreva-daqcevis<br />

ideologiiT gatacebuli, is bunebriv gamomTelebis<br />

gzas daadga. es xdeba bunebrivad, TavisTavad. es procesi saerTo<br />

movlenaa saqarTveloSi, xolo zogan ufro gamoaSkaravebulia<br />

da TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o~ [14, 1]. gazeTis piblicistebi am movlenas<br />

imediT uyurebdnen da damoukideblobis SenarCunebas<br />

aucilebel pirobad miiCnevdnen. `Tu erovnuli saxelmwifos<br />

Seqmnis nebisyofa qarTvel xalxSi gaizarda iseTi proporciiT,<br />

rogorc amden xans, maS<strong>in</strong> araviTari eWvi ar aris imaSi, rom<br />

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba mkvidr niadagze dadgeba da<br />

rac unda partiuli Semadgenlobis ar iyos mTavroba, amas angariSs<br />

gauwevs da WkuaSi Caxvdeba~ [15,1]. gazeTi erovnuli Tavisuflebis<br />

mopovebis da SenarCunebis mTavar obieqtad <strong>in</strong>teligencias<br />

miiCnevs. `<strong>in</strong>teligenciam ar dazoga arc sakuTari<br />

sisxli, arc Tavisi arseboba da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom man miiyvana<br />

saqarTvelo dRev<strong>and</strong>el Tavisuflebamde. is dResac aseT<br />

rols TamaSobs da albaT yovelTvis iTamaSebs~ [17, 2]. miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

mTavroba marTlmadidebel eklesias Tavisufali moqmedebis<br />

saSualebas ar aZlevda da misi uflebebi Sekvecili iyo, erov-<br />

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nul-demokratebi eklesiis rolis w<strong>in</strong>a planze wamowevas cdiloben<br />

da marTlmadidebeli eklesiis problemebis gaSuqebas<br />

did adgils uTmoben. `Cveni eklesia friad damsaxurebuli,<br />

mxcovani dawesebulebaa Cvens samSobloSi. is asazrdoebda<br />

qarTvel ers sulierad, zneobrivad, gonebrivad da wvrTnida<br />

mis mamuliSvilur Semecnebasac. Cveni eklesia saqarTveloSi<br />

asrulebda did kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmes, afxizlebda<br />

ers istoriuli gansacdelis xanaSi, icavda mas gadarjulebisagan.<br />

mravaljer politikurad ufleba-ayrili da damonebuli<br />

saqarTvelo arsebobda eklesiurad, sarwmunoebrivad<br />

SekavSirebuli mtkice safuZvliT~ [18, 4].<br />

damoukideblobis xanaSic, saqarTvelos s<strong>in</strong>amdvilidan<br />

gamomd<strong>in</strong>are nacionaluri simboloebis propag<strong>and</strong>as isev aqtualuri<br />

mniSvneloba eniWeboda, radgan saerTaSoriso sarbielze<br />

damkvidrebas saerTo erovnuli faseulobebiT homogenizirebuli<br />

qarTuli erToba Tu SeZlebda. nacionalur konsolidaciaSi<br />

ki qristianobas didi roli eniWeboda. `Cven vxedavT,<br />

rom kulturul kacobriobas da Tundac ara kulturul<br />

kacobriobas imdenad a<strong>in</strong>teresebs rusis xalxi, ramdenadac<br />

igi fizikur safrTxes warmoadgens Zvelsa da axal kulturisaTvis,<br />

xolo axlad ganTavisuflebuli erebi imdenad Seadgenen<br />

<strong>in</strong>teress kacobriobisas, ramdenadac am erebs axali motivi<br />

da axali gamarTleba SeaqvT kacobriobis istoriaSi.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo yvelaze ufro privilegiur<br />

mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, radganac igi xidia evropasa da<br />

azias Soris, mtkice iqneba qarTveli xalxi nacionalurad,<br />

miT ufro yuradRebiT moepyrobian mas mezobel da Soreul<br />

saxelmwifoebi — Tanac saqarTvelo jer kidev ar gamagrebula<br />

erovnulad da saxelmwifoebrivad, rom SeiZlebodes erovnul<br />

brZolaze xelis aReba~ [19, 2].<br />

gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ 1921 wlamde am suliskveTebiT agrZelebda<br />

saqmianobas da Tavisuflebis idealis qarTul er-<br />

TobaSi formirebas da danergvas cdilobda.<br />

amdenad, Tavisuflebis idealisTvis brZola qarTuli<br />

erTobis cnobierebaSi istoriuli warsulidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are<br />

qarTuli enis, qristianobis, tradiciis SenarCunebasTan igivdeboda.<br />

Tavisuflebis idealis am saxiT propag<strong>and</strong>is mTavari<br />

mesveuri iyo kulturuli da politikuri elita.<br />

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damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. b. <strong>and</strong>ersoni, warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebi, Tbilisi, 2003.<br />

2. v. guruli, erovnuli cnobiereba-saxelmwifoebrioba, politikuri<br />

orientacia, Tbilisi, 2008.<br />

3. gazeTi `Temi~, 1914, #187.<br />

4. gazeTi `Temi~, 1915, #203.<br />

5. j. kaSia, gvelis-mWameli, gagebis cda, parizi, 1989.<br />

6. g. lasxiSvili, memuarebi, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo, 1966.<br />

7. i. mansvetaSvili, mogonebebi, Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTvelo,<br />

1985.<br />

8. n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tbilisi, sarangi, 1990.<br />

9. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1917, #64.<br />

10. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1918, #3.<br />

11. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1918, #7.<br />

12. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1918, #43.<br />

13. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1918, #232.<br />

14. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1919, #233.<br />

15. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1920, #1.<br />

16. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1920, #40.<br />

17. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1920, #49.<br />

18. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1920, #62.<br />

19. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1921, #19.<br />

20. e. smiTi, nacionaluri identoba (<strong>in</strong>glisuridan Targmna<br />

lela patariZem), Tbilisi, 2008.<br />

21. socializmi da erovnuli sakiTxi, Tbilisi, 1905.<br />

22. g. qiqoZe, erovnuli energia, Tbilisi, 1919.<br />

23. m. wereTeli, eri da kacobrioba, Tbilisi, Tbilisis universitetis<br />

gamomcemloba, 1990.<br />

24. o. janeliZe, narkvevebi saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli<br />

partiis istoriidan, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 2002.<br />

25. a. jorjaZe, samSoblo da mamuliSviloba, Tbilisi, Tbilisis<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba, 1990.<br />

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Nato Songulashvili<br />

The Doctoral Student of Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Tbilisi State University<br />

Identical autonumous ideal: the idea of freedom <strong>and</strong> its<br />

cultivation on the basis of pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g media <strong>in</strong> the 10-years<br />

Georgian unity of XX century.<br />

Summary<br />

The ideal of freedom is one of the ma<strong>in</strong> parts of collectiv cultural<br />

identity. In the research workthere is studied the Georgian identical<br />

autonomous ideal, the idea of freedom <strong>and</strong> its cultivation <strong>in</strong> Georgian unity <strong>in</strong><br />

1918-1921, on the basis of publications newspaper, „Georgia.`<br />

among the Georgian we-group members the r<strong>in</strong>g-leader for<br />

propag<strong>and</strong>a-actualization of freedom ideal was cultural <strong>and</strong> politikal elite.<br />

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ir<strong>in</strong>a arabiZe<br />

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis<br />

ganyofilebis mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

damatebiTi cnobebi eqvTime TayaiSvilis<br />

1917 wlis eqspediciasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis brZolaSi eqvTime<br />

TayaiSvili 1905 wlidanve iyo Cabmuli. brZolis warmatebiT<br />

dagvirgv<strong>in</strong>ebis (1917 w. 12 marti) pirvelive dReebidan<br />

is aqtiurad Cadga saqarTvelos eklesiis uflebaTa realurad<br />

ganxorcielebis samsaxurSi. iyo rus-qarTvelTa saeklesio<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresebis SemTanxmebeli komisiis wevri. saqarTvelos<br />

eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis sxdomebSi did mecniers monawileoba<br />

ar miuRia, magram sxdomis oqmebidan Cans, rom misi<br />

profesionalizmis imedi mmarTvelobis wevrebs yovelTvis<br />

hqondaT. arc Tu iSviaTad mimarTavdnen daxmarebisaTvis: saqarTvelos<br />

sakaTolikosos Zveli sazRvrebis dadgenasTan Tu<br />

qarTuli Zeglebis movla-patronobasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

1917 wlis 4 ivlisis sxdomaze saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

droebiTma mmarTvelobam moism<strong>in</strong>a poruCik n. Sugurovis werilobiTi<br />

moxseneba xaxulis RvTismSoblis monastris mdgomareobis<br />

Sesaxeb. Sugurovs, rogorc moxsenebaSi iyo aRniSnuli,<br />

taZari 1916 w. mounaxulebia da SekeTebac ki ucdia. saqar-<br />

TveloSi dabrunebuls qarTuli sazogadoeba taZris savalalo<br />

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saqmis kursSi Cauyenebia, magram Sedegi<br />

jer kidev ar iyo miRweuli [1, 215; 2, 3].<br />

Sugurovi amjerad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis<br />

mosaydres episkopos leonids (oqropiriZe) sTxovda daxmarebas<br />

Tavisi xelnaweri broSuris — Грузинский Хахульский<br />

монастырь dabeWdvaSi, rac istorikos Tedo Jordanias gardacvalebis<br />

gamo Seferxebula. Sugurovi agreTve ayenebda w<strong>in</strong>adadebas<br />

xaxulis monasterSi eqspediciis gagzavnis Sesaxeb<br />

da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoTqvamda masSi monawileobis mi-<br />

Rebis (xelmZRvanelobisac ki) survils [1, 215].<br />

saqarTvelos is nawili — TorTumis olqi, sadac xaxulis<br />

monateri mdebareobda, I msoflio omis msvlelobaSi (1914-<br />

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1918 ww.) 1917 w. zafxulisaTvis gaTavisuflebuli iyo osmale-<br />

Tis batonobisagan. amis gamo qarTul sazogadoebas eZleoda<br />

saSualeba miexeda Tavisi Zveli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo<br />

centrebisaTvis. Tumca, am mxareSi eqspediciis mowyoba omis<br />

periodis saSiSroebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.<br />

droebiTi mmarTvelobis wevrebma monastris saWiroeba-<br />

Ta gasacnobad eqspediciis mowyobis aucilebloba erTsulovnad<br />

aRiares. kamaTi gamoiwvia sakiTxma, sasuliero wodebis<br />

mxridan gagzavnili piri beri unda yofiliyo Tu eriskaci. sabolood<br />

eqspediciasTan erTad maswavlebeli-beris gagzavna<br />

saxifaTo saqmed miiCnies, raTa iqauri muslimanebis gaRizianeba<br />

ar gamoewviaT. umjobesad CaiTvala iseTi berebis mivl<strong>in</strong>eba,<br />

romlebsac TavianTi monazvnuri cxovrebiT SeeZloT<br />

iqaurTa ndobisa da pativiscemis damsaxureba.<br />

droebiTi mmarTvelobis wevrebma eqspediciis wevrTa<br />

SerCeva da misi xelmZRvaneloba eqvTime TayaiSvils mi<strong>and</strong>es.<br />

mas eqspediciis Sedegebi droebiTi mmarTvelobisaTvis unda<br />

gaecno, miewodeb<strong>in</strong>a monastris mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saWiro<br />

cnobebi. eklesiis mmarTvelma organom Tavisi mxridan eqspediciis<br />

wevrebad daasaxela parTen goTua, rogorc gamocdili<br />

organizatori da erTi beri, romlis SerCevac Tavis Tavze ka-<br />

Tolikos-patriarqis mosaydrem — episkoposma leonidma (oqropiriZe)<br />

aiRo.<br />

eqspediciis gagzavnisaTvis saWiro saxsrebi droebiT<br />

mmarTvelobas ar gaaCnda. daadg<strong>in</strong>es: daearseb<strong>in</strong>aT saf<strong>in</strong>anso<br />

komisia, romelic izrunebda eqspediciisa da droebiTi mmar-<br />

Tvelobis sxva saWiroebaTaTvis Tanxebis mopovebaze.<br />

komisiis wevrebad erTxmad airCies: generali vasil gabaSvili,<br />

giorgi Juruli, mixeil maCabeli, petre baraTaSvili,<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re ZegveliSvili da ioseb merkvilaZe [1, 215].<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiT mmarTvelobas am saSuri<br />

saqmis meTaurobasTan dakavSirebiT 7 ivliss ukve hqonda eqvTime<br />

TayaiSvilis Tanxmoba. am mcire periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

(4-7 ivlisi) dauRalavma mecnierma eqspediciisaTvis saWiro<br />

Tanxis daangariSebac moaxerxa da TavadaznaurTa sakrebulodan<br />

am Tanxis umTavresi nawilis gadaxdaze dapirebac miiRo.<br />

misi varaudiT, sul saWiro iqneboda 7 aTasi man. aqedan TavadaznaurTa<br />

sakrebulo 4 aTass hpirdeboda. danarCeni 3 aTasi<br />

droebiT mmarTvelobas unda gaeRo. eqvTime TayaiSvilis az-<br />

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iT, erTi beris mivl<strong>in</strong>eba sakmarisi ar iyo da eqspediciasTan<br />

erTad ori-sami beri ma<strong>in</strong>c unda gamgzavrebuliyo, romelTa<br />

SerCevac man yovladsamRvdelo leonids sTxova [1, 222].<br />

TavadaznaurTa sakrebulom, garda eqvTime TayaiSvilisaTvis<br />

Sepirebuli Tanxisa, uSualod saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

droebiTi mmarTvelobas 7500 man. Sewira. piradad al. n. WavWavaZem<br />

ki xaxulis taZrisaTvis 200 maneTi gaiRo [1, 222]. ase, rom<br />

eklesiis mmarTvelma organom 3 aTasi man. eqspediciis saWiroebisaTvis<br />

dauyovneblad gadado.<br />

eqspediciaSi gamgzavrebis mosamzadebel samuSaoebTan<br />

dakavSirebiT cnobebi moipoveba eqvTime TayaiSvilis pirad<br />

werilebSi. 1917 w. 9 ivliss igi petrogradSi myof niko mars<br />

wers, rom saWiro gaxda TorTumSi gamgzavreba. am saqmesTan<br />

dakavSirebiT igi pirvel rigSi xuroTmoZRvrisa da fotografis<br />

SerCevis sirTules aRniSnavda [3, 283]. gamgzavreba Tavdapirvelad<br />

25 ivlisisaTvis an Tvis bolosaTvis iyo dagegmili.<br />

magram 8 agvistosTvis gadaido.<br />

eqvTime TayaiSvili mTeli sisruliT grZnobda im saSiSroebas,<br />

rac frontis sazRvarTan axlos, naomar, dangreul da<br />

damSeul olqebSi mogzaurobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, amitom<br />

niko mars sTxovda, Tu cocxali ver dabrundeboda, gamoeca<br />

misi svaneTsa da yarsSi mogzaurobaTa Sedegebi [3, 284-285].<br />

rogorc giorgi lomTaTiZe aRniSnavs samxreT saqarTveloSi<br />

gamgzavrebis w<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong>erZi eqvTime TayaiSvils Tavisi meuRlis<br />

— n<strong>in</strong>o poltarackaiasTvisac daubarebia: Tu cocxali<br />

ver davbrunde, mokrZalebiT dammarxeT, arav<strong>in</strong> SeawuxoT, qoneba<br />

saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebas darCeso [4, 39-<br />

40].<br />

samxreT saqarTveloSi eqvTime TayaiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />

mowyobili eqspedicia 1917 w. 8 agvistodan 18 seqtembramde<br />

grZeldeboda. mogzaurobis Sedegebi didi dagvianebiT,<br />

1952 wels — rusulad da 1960 wels — qarTulad gamoica.<br />

iq eqspediciis dawyebis TariRad 8 ivlisia dasaxelebuli [5,<br />

19; 6, 3], rasac faqtobrivad ew<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegeba rogorc droebiTi<br />

mmarTvelobis sxdomebze aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli<br />

msjelobis TariRebi, aseve TviTon eqvTime TayaiSvilis werilebi<br />

niko marisadmi [1, 213-217, 219-222; 3, 283-285].<br />

AaRniSnul gamocemaTa mixedviT eqspedicia mowyobili<br />

iyo saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis<br />

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mier da iq eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis mier eqspediciis<br />

mowyobis <strong>in</strong>iciativa aRniSnuli ar aris. mxolod miTiTebulia,<br />

rom eqspediciis mowyobisaTvis Tanxebi gaiRes qarTvelma<br />

Tavadaznaurebma da samRvdeloebam. im dros, roca 1917<br />

wlis eqspediciis Sedegebi gamoica (1952 da 1960 ww.), sabWoTa<br />

saqarTveloSi gamomaval wignebSi saqveyno saqmeebSi sasuliero<br />

wodebis wvlilis mkveTrad warmoCena dauSvebeli iyo.<br />

eqvTime TayaiSvili xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom fuliT<br />

im dros omiT ganadgurebul mxareSi arafris yidva SeiZleboda.<br />

dauRalavma mecnierma eqspediciisaTvis aucilebeli<br />

daxmareba ruseTis saerobo kavSiris gamgeobis sawyobidan miiRo.<br />

erobaTa gamgeobisagan aRniSnuli daxmarebis gamoyofa<br />

eqvTime TayaiSvilis yofil moswavles aleqs<strong>and</strong>re daviTis Ze<br />

ciciSvils hqonda davalebuli, rasac man Tavi warmatebiT gaarTva<br />

[6, 3].<br />

droebiTi mmarTvelobis sxdomis oqmebSi miTiTebuli<br />

araa eqspediciis Semadgenloba. amis Sesaxeb <strong>in</strong>formacias eqvTime<br />

TayaiSvili gvawvdis. man SeZlo Seekriba: xuroTmoZRvari<br />

anatoli nikolozis Ze kalg<strong>in</strong>i, mxatvari dimitri SevardnaZe,<br />

moxalise xuroTmoZRvari, alp<strong>in</strong>isti da poeti ilia<br />

zdaneviCi, mxatvari lado gudiaSvili, mxatvari-msaxiobi mixeil<br />

Wiaureli. sasuliero wodebis mxridan, piradad episkopos<br />

leonidis rCeviT eqspedicias SeuerTda varZiis monastris<br />

w<strong>in</strong>amZRvari mRvdel-monazoni ilarioni. eqspediciis<br />

xelmZRvanelma mxolod profesionali fotografis SerCeva<br />

ver SeZlo. ramdenime k<strong>and</strong>idaturas, romelic samxedro uwyebas<br />

man warudg<strong>in</strong>a, gamgzavrebis neba ar daerTo. fotografobas<br />

eqspediciis ramdenime wevri iTavsebda [6, 3].<br />

miuxedavad amisa, eqspediciis SedegebiT eqvTime TayaiSvili<br />

kmayofilebas gamoTqvamda. imogzaures da Seiswavles xaxulis,<br />

oSkis, iSxnis monastrebi da maTi Semogarenis sasuliero<br />

da saero Zeglebi.<br />

eqspediciis xelmZRvanelma w<strong>in</strong>daxeduleba gamoiC<strong>in</strong>a da<br />

eqspediciis 2 wevri oTxTa eklesiasa da parxalSi miavl<strong>in</strong>a momavali<br />

eqspediciisaTvis w<strong>in</strong>aswari kvlevebis Casatareblad.<br />

SemdgomSi eqvTime TayaiSvili am nabijis kmayofilic iyo,<br />

radgan TurqTa mier xelaxla okupirebul teritoriebis Seswavla<br />

Zalian didi xniT miuwvdomeli gaxda [6, 4].<br />

128

---

eqspediciis mier TbilisSi Camotanili gegmebi da naxazebi<br />

daamuSava xuroTmoZRvarTa jgufma: m. kerni, b. riabovi,<br />

n. severovi. maT kalg<strong>in</strong>i xelmZRvanelobda. teqnikur sakiTxebSi<br />

ki exmarebodnen kubera da meliqiSvili [6, 4].<br />

eqspediciis periodSi mo<strong>in</strong>axules da aRweres Semdegi eklesia-monastrebi:<br />

iSxani, oSki, xaxuli, eqeqi, soxToroTa, isi,<br />

suxbeCi, oTxTa eklesia, muxlajiRilisi, parxali da maT irgvliv<br />

mdebare patara nagebobebi Tu maTi nangrevebi. ZeglTa<br />

Seswavlis saqmeSi ganxorcielebul siaxles warmoadgenda<br />

mravali bareliefis gadmoReba mulaJiT. xeliT gadmoweres<br />

an fotoze daafiqsires mravali warwera. Seitanes cvlilebebi<br />

maT wakiTxvaSi. gaarkvies zogi taZris saxeli, romelic manamde<br />

istoriul literaturaSi cnobili ar iyo. gamoavl<strong>in</strong>es<br />

taZarTa ucnobi tipebic. Tumca, rogorc eqvTime TayaiSvili<br />

aRniSnavda, maT mier Seswavlili Zeglebi kidev wlobiT moiTxovda<br />

kvlevas, qarTuli kulturisaTvis maTi mniSvnelobis<br />

Sesaxeb saboloo sityva naTqvami ar iyo [6, 4].<br />

eqspediciis Sedegebi droebiTi mmarTvelobis sxdomaze<br />

ganxilvis sagani veRar gaxdeboda im ubralo mizezis gamo,<br />

rom roca eqvTime TayaiSvili TbilisSi dabrunda (18 seqtemberi),<br />

saqarTvelos eklesias ukve ara droebiTi organo, aramed<br />

kaTolikos-patriarqi da sakaTolikoso sabWo ganagebdnen.<br />

saeklesio kreba, romelmac saWeTmpyrobeli da mmarTvelobis<br />

umaRlesi organo airCia, 1917 w. 8-17 seqtembers mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda.<br />

eqspediciaSi droebiTi mmarTvelobis warmomadgenel<br />

mRvdel-monazon ilarionTan dakavSirebiTac eqvTime TayaiSvilisa<br />

da sxvaTa mogonebebidan gaxda cnobili. is eqspediciis<br />

Sedegebis mosaxseneblad TbilisSi unda dabrunebuliyo da<br />

Semdeg sanovagis maragiT isev xaxulis, oSkisa da iSxnis monasterTaTvis<br />

Tvalyuris sadevneblad gamgzavrebuliyo. magram<br />

misi meore mgzavroba Sedegianad ver dasrulda: fronti dai-<br />

Sala da TurqTagan gaTavisuflebuli saqarTvelos miwa-wyali<br />

isev mahmadian dampyrobTa tyveobaSi aRmoCnda. amitom mama<br />

ilarioni gzidan ukan dabrunda [6, 3].<br />

droebiTi mmarTvelobis sxdomis oqmebi arc poruCik Sugurovis<br />

Sesaxeb gvawvdis cnobebs. eqvTime TayaiSvili aRniSnavs,<br />

rom xaxulis komendant n. Sugurovs 1916 w. 29 maiss xaxu-<br />

129

---

lis mTavari taZris gumbaTze TuTis xisagan gaTlili jvari<br />

aRumarTavs.<br />

didi mecnieri xSirad axsenebs Sugurovis broSurasac,<br />

romelic eqspediciaSi hqonia waRebuli, imowmebs mas xaxulis<br />

monastris aRwerisas. xelnawer wignakSi moTavsebuli yofila<br />

zogi warwera da aseve iqaur mosaxleobaSi Sekrebili Tqmulebani,<br />

xaxulis monasterisadmi TorTumSi mosaxle mahmadian<br />

gurjTa mowiwebiT damokidebulebas rom gamoxatavda [6, 63,<br />

66].<br />

giorgi lomTaTiZe eqvTime TayaiSvilis moRvaweobaSi<br />

umniSvnelovanes damsaxurebad Tvlis 1917 w. zafxulSi tao-<br />

TorTum-ispirSi mowyobil eqspedicias, romelmac `sulze miuswro~<br />

iqaur Zeglebs. ramdenime TveSi es mxare isev Turqebma<br />

igdes xelT da iq mogzaurobaze ocnebac ki SeuZlebeli gaxda<br />

[4, 40].<br />

ase, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi mmarTvelobis<br />

sxdomis oqmebSi dafiqsirebuli masala azustebs ramdenime<br />

detals eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier 1917 w. zafxulSi tao-Tor-<br />

Tum-ispirSi mowyobili metad mniSvnelovani eqspediciis istoriaSi.<br />

naTelyofs am mogzaurobaSi ruseTis tyveobisagan<br />

axladgaTavisuflebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis rols.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. sruliad saqarTvelos sapatriarqos arqivi, aRw. 1, saqme<br />

6421.<br />

2. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1917 w., 2.VII, # 142.<br />

3. niko marisa da eqvTime TayaiSvilis mimowera (1888-1931),<br />

mec-ba, 1991, gamosacemad moamzada... r. kavilaZem, m. mamacaSvilma.<br />

4. g. lomTaTiZe, qarTuli kulturis mematiane eqvTime TayaiSvili,<br />

`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1990.<br />

5. Е. Такаишвили, Археологическая экспедиция 1917-го года в южные<br />

провинции Грузии, издательство Академии Наук Грузинской ССР,<br />

Тбилиси, 1952.<br />

6. eq. TayaiSvili, 1917 wlis arqeologiuri eqspedicia samxreT<br />

saqarTveloSi, saq. mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba,<br />

Tbilisi, 1960.<br />

130

---

131<br />

Ir<strong>in</strong>a Arabidze<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Institute of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology,<br />

research scientist of the Department of<br />

<strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />

Additional Information About Ekvtime Takaishvili’s Expedition <strong>in</strong> 1917<br />

Summary<br />

In 1917 under the guidance of Ekvtime Takaishvili <strong>and</strong> on behalf of<br />

The Historical <strong>and</strong> Ethnographical Society of Georgia the expedition <strong>in</strong> Tao-<br />

Tortum-Ispir was held. Dur<strong>in</strong>g the World War I (1914-1918), <strong>in</strong> summer<br />

1917, this territory was liberated from Osmans’ rule. It was a chance for<br />

Georgian society to take care <strong>and</strong> restore old church centres.<br />

The contribution of The Provisional Government of The Church of<br />

Georgia <strong>in</strong> organiz<strong>in</strong>g the expedition was not mentioned <strong>in</strong> the scientific<br />

literature. Only the <strong>in</strong>formation about donation of the expedition by Georgian<br />

clergy was known.<br />

From the records of proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of The Georgian Church Provisional<br />

Government it becomes clear that plann<strong>in</strong>g of the expedition was on the<br />

<strong>in</strong>itiative of the rul<strong>in</strong>g organ of The Church of Georgia. In July 4, at the<br />

session of the provisional government the letter – report of Khakhuli<br />

comm<strong>and</strong>ant lieutenant N. Shugurov about the state of Kakhuli monastery<br />

was discussed. The session passed a resolution to send an expedition to<br />

become aware <strong>and</strong> learn the needs of the monastery.<br />

The members of the provisional government with one voice asked the<br />

great Georgian scientist-archeologist Ekvtime Takaishvili to organize <strong>and</strong><br />

choose the members for the expedition.<br />

From the records of the proceed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> letters of Ekvtime Takaishvili<br />

<strong>and</strong> Niko Mari it can be stated that the expedition started <strong>in</strong> August 8. The<br />

mentioned date is wrongly <strong>in</strong>dicated <strong>in</strong> the publications (E. Takaishvili, The<br />

Archeological Expedition <strong>in</strong> 1917 <strong>in</strong> the South Prov<strong>in</strong>ces of Georgia,<br />

publish<strong>in</strong>g house of the Academy of Sciences of Georgian SSR, Tbilisi, 1952,<br />

<strong>in</strong> Russian <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> its Georgian translation published <strong>in</strong> Tbilisi, 1960 by the<br />

same publish<strong>in</strong>g house) about the expedition.<br />

The results of the expedition had not become the subject of discussion<br />

at the sessions of the provisional government. When the expedition was<br />

ended, <strong>in</strong> September 18, the Church of Georgia was ruled not by provisional<br />

organ but by the Catholicos-Patriarch <strong>and</strong> the council of catholicos.

---

lela saraliZe<br />

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

istoriis da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis<br />

ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis<br />

Seqmnis istoriidan (1917-1922 ww.)<br />

e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis istoria<br />

sabWoTa istoriografiaSi sakmaod tendenciurad aris ga-<br />

Suqebuli. aRniSnuli periodis naSromebSi, saqarTveloSi<br />

erovnuli sakiTxis gadawyveta oqtombris revoluciis monapovrad<br />

iyo miCneuli da sabWoTa saxelmwifos len<strong>in</strong>uri erovnuli<br />

politikis damsaxurebas miewereboda. e. w. `samxreT ose-<br />

Tis~ avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis realuri istoria, ZiriTadad,<br />

gadmocemuli aris saqarTvelos damoukideblobis wleb-<br />

Si Seqmnil, calkeul gamokvlevebsa da samecniero statiebSi.<br />

term<strong>in</strong>i `samxreT oseTi~ sruliad arabunebrivia istoriuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT da Sesabamisad miuRebelia, radgan aRniSnuli<br />

term<strong>in</strong>is qveS moiazreba osebiT dasaxlebuli saqar-<br />

Tvelos istoriuli Sida qarTlis teritoria. saxelwodeba<br />

savsebiT usamarTlod, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis<br />

gverdis avliT ewoda qarTul miwa-wyals, romelic Crdiloe-<br />

Tidan gadmosulma osebma T<strong>and</strong>aTanobiT daikaves. osebis saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriaze Camosaxlebis faqts adasturebs<br />

araerTi qarTveli da ucxoeli avtori. germanelma mecnierma<br />

august haqsthauzenma (1792-1866), romelic 1843 wels imyofeboda<br />

saqarTveloSi, mo<strong>in</strong>axula osebiT dasaxlebuli aRniSnuli<br />

teritoria. 1847 wels man berl<strong>in</strong>Si gamosca ortomeuli<br />

saxelwodebiT: `gamokvlevebi ruseTis xalxTa cxovrebis sa-<br />

S<strong>in</strong>ao mdgomareobis da gansakuTrebiT sasoflo mowyobis Sesaxeb~.<br />

naSromis pirveli wignis XII TavSi gadmocemulia metad<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>tereso cnobebi osebis Sesaxeb, sadac aRniSnulia Semdegi:<br />

`osebi Tavis Tavs uwodeben ir-s da iron-s, qveyanas ki ironisten-s.<br />

Cerqezebi maT uwodeben kasha-s, TaTrebi os-s, aseve tauli-s;<br />

lekebi-oc, oce-s; qarTvelebi-osi da ovs-is; micjeguri<br />

xalxebi ki eZaxian ilheri-s. osi xalxis warmomavlobis, mi-<br />

132

---

graciisa da istoriis Sesaxeb im osebSi, v<strong>in</strong>c me vnaxe, Zalze<br />

mwiri cnobebi miviRe. miTxres, rom osebs adre sxva adgilsamyofeli<br />

hqondaT; rom is<strong>in</strong>i CrdiloeTidan mTebiT gadmovidnen;<br />

rom Tavdapirvelad Cerqezebis amJam<strong>in</strong>del qveyanaSi<br />

ucxovriaT, xolo sxva xalxebis mowolis Sedegad dRev<strong>and</strong>el<br />

samosaxloSi gadmovidnen. Aam aras<strong>and</strong>o da bnel gadmocemas, ra<br />

Tqma unda, aqvs istoriuli gamoZaxili. qarTuli analebic amboben,<br />

rom osebi gadmosaxlebulan donis midamoebidan. jer<br />

kidev ptolemaiosi icnobda donis SesarTavebTan osiliebs...~<br />

[1, 381].<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa eTnogenetikurad v<strong>in</strong> arian osebi. miCneulia,<br />

rom osebi, (saxelwodeba `iron~, `digoron~, aqedan qveynis<br />

saxelwodeba `irisTon~) <strong>in</strong>doevropuli xalxebis Crdiloiranul<br />

jgufs miekuTvnebian. eTnogenetikurad is<strong>in</strong>i sarmatul-alanur<br />

tomebTan arian dakavSirebulni, maTi uaxlesi<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aprebi ki alanebi iyvnen [2, 30]. Crdilo kavkasiidan saqar-<br />

TveloSi gadmosvlisas osebi umTavresad saxldebodnen didi<br />

da patara liaxvis da qsnis xeobebSi. osuri mosaxleobis didi<br />

nawili dasaxlda aseve, gorisa da duSeTis mazrebSi, xolo SedarebiT<br />

mcire ricxvi raWisa da Sorapnis mazrebSi. oseTi<br />

Crdilo kavkasiis erT-erTi kuTxea, romelTanac saqarTvelos<br />

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mWidro urTierToba akavSirebda.<br />

amJamad, osebs kavkasionis centraluri nawili ukaviaT<br />

da gansaxlebulni arian kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeT ferdobze.<br />

es aris axl<strong>and</strong>eli ruseTis federaciaSi Semavali CrdiloeT<br />

oseTis avtonomiuri respublika, romlis teritoria 8<br />

aTasi kv. kilometria. aRmosavleTiT mas esazRvreba CeCneT<strong>in</strong>guSeTi,<br />

samxreTiT- saqarTvelo, dasavleTiT- yabardobalyareTi,<br />

CrdiloeTiT- stavropolis mxare. bunebrivia,<br />

arc erTi mosazRvre respublika imis gamo, rom Tavis droze<br />

iq osebi Casaxldnen, sakuTar teritoriaze axal saxelmwifoebriv<br />

warmonaqmns ar dauSvebs. osi xalxis mTeli istoria<br />

aris —uwyveti da Tanmimdevruli mitaceba mezobeli xalxebis<br />

teritoriebisa. kavkasiaSi ar aris arcerTi mezobeli xalxi,<br />

romelTa teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili maT ar mieTviseb<strong>in</strong>oT<br />

[26, 3].<br />

pirvel oficialur dokumentad, sadac Sida qarTlis<br />

mTianeTi `oseTad~ moixsenieba, qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

miCneulia, saqarTveloSi rusuli adm<strong>in</strong>istraciis meTauris-<br />

133

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mTavarmmarTvel knor<strong>in</strong>gis 1802 wlis 26 martis Ppataki [3, 587].<br />

rus istorikos p. butkovs ki mohyavs general-leitenant knor<strong>in</strong>gis<br />

1802 wlis 15 TebervliT daTariRebuli pataki, sadac<br />

knor<strong>in</strong>gi wers: `oseTSi warmoqmnili sxvadasxva ganukiTxaobisa<br />

da saqarTvelos sazRvarze osebis mier ganxorcielebuli<br />

Tavdasxmebisa da Zarcvis gamo, goridan maTi w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobis<br />

CasaxSobad gaigzavna podpolkovniki simonoviCi. Tovlian qedebze<br />

sakmaod rTuli gadasvlis ganxorcielebis Sedegad, is<br />

Tavisi razmiT oseTSi Sevida. osebi iZulebulni gaxdnen daedoT<br />

fici erTgulebaze da qarTul xelisuflebas damorCilebodnen...~<br />

[4, 349].<br />

term<strong>in</strong>i `samxreT oseTi~ da `CrdiloeT oseTi~, oficialurad<br />

fexs ikidebs 1830 wlidan. gazeT `Тифлисские ведомости~-<br />

Si (1830w. #72) dabeWdili anonimi avtoris publikaciaSi e. w.<br />

`samxreT oseTad~ saxeldebulia didi da patara liaxvis, qsnisa<br />

da mejudas xeobebis mTianeTis teritoria. iqve CamoTvlilia<br />

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ Svidi mTavari xeoba: maRr<strong>and</strong>vale-<br />

Tis, qeSelTis, javis, patara liaxvis, mejudis, WurTisa da Jamuris<br />

[5, 33].<br />

1830 wlis 24 maiss, general-feldmarSal paskeviCis mier<br />

Tbilisis samxedro gubernatoris, general-adiutant strekalovisadmi<br />

gagzavnil werilSic `oseTis zemo nawilTan~ anu<br />

`zemo oseTTan~ SepirispirebaSi moxsenebulia `oseTis qvemo<br />

nawili~ anu `samxreT oseTi~. osi istorikosi i. cxovrebovi<br />

Tavis dokumentebis krebulSi #209-e dokumentad gadmogvcems<br />

1830 wlis 24 maisiT daTariRebul `kavkasiis calkeuli<br />

korpusis sardlis general-feldmarSal paskeviCis miwerilobas,<br />

Tbilisis samxedro gubernator general-adiutant<br />

strekalovisadmi, `samxreT oseTSi~ glexTa ajanyebis Casax-<br />

Sobad samxedro eqspediciis daniSvnis Sesaxeb~. rogorc dokumentis<br />

S<strong>in</strong>aarsidan Cans, paskeviCi mimarTavs strekalovs:<br />

`...oseTi, romelic qarTls esazRvreba Cveni mmarTvelobis<br />

qveS myofi prov<strong>in</strong>ciis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis, amdenad misi<br />

xalxis mdgomareoba TqvenTvis ufro cnobilia. dagegmili<br />

gankargulebis ufro ukeT axsnisaTvis saWirod vTvli mokled<br />

Camovayalibo oseTis mdgomareoba saerTod da gansakuTrebiT<br />

misi im nawilisa, romelic qarTls esazRvreba... `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ soflebSi saxlebi mimobneulia da patara baRe-<br />

134

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iTaa garSemokruli, xolo zemo oseTSi — TiTqmis Citis budeebiviT,<br />

kldeebze da mTebzea mikruli... Crdiloeli osebi<br />

adre xarks yabardoelebs uxdidnen, magram axla roca yabardoeli<br />

didgvarovnebis yubans iqiT gaqcevis Semdeg, osebi<br />

xarkisgan ganTavisufldnen, is<strong>in</strong>i sruliad damoukideblebi<br />

gaxdnen...~ [6, 3].<br />

Tavdapirvelad qarTvelTa da osTa saukuneobrivi Tanacxovreba<br />

mniSvnelovnad 1918-1920 wlebSi Seilaxa, maS<strong>in</strong> rodesac<br />

saqarTvelom Seqmnili saerTaSoriso viTarebidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are,<br />

1918 wlis 26 maiss, damoukidebloba gamoacxada,<br />

risTvisac qarTveli patriotebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi emzadebodnen,<br />

v<strong>in</strong>aidan qarTveli xalxisaTvis miuRebeli iyo ruseTis<br />

carizmis koloniuri reJimi. swored, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba<br />

gaxda is realuri mizezi, raTa mesame Zala- ruseTi<br />

aqtiurad CarTuliyo konfliqtis gaRvivebaSi. samwuxarod,<br />

ruseTi kvlavac ar Ralatobs sakuTar tradiciebs da<br />

dResac uxeSad ereva damoukidebeli saqarTvelos S<strong>in</strong>aur saqmeebSi.<br />

ufro metic, qarTul-osuri konfliqtis sababiT, ukanonod<br />

aqvs dapyrobili saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriebi.<br />

1921 wels damoukidebeli saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg,<br />

72 wlis ganmavlobaSi, istoria sabWouri tendenciurobiT<br />

iwereboda. qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenis mizniT, ucxoeTSi<br />

iZulebiT gaxiznuli saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

mTavroba sakuTar marTal xmas ver awvdenda mSobliur<br />

qveyanas, radgan ruseTma rk<strong>in</strong>is farda aRmarTa danar-<br />

Cen msofliosTan. sakmaod didi xnis manZilze, istoria realuri<br />

faqtebis uxeSi gayalbebiT iwereboda. aseTi naSromebis<br />

avtorebs sabWoTa reJimi axalisebda da maT avtorebs sxvadasxva<br />

premiebiT ajildovebda, samagierod am wignebs, sadac<br />

absoluturad aris Secvlili istoriuli realoba, ruseTi<br />

dResac warmatebiT iyenebs. sabWoTa saqarTvelos mosaxleoba<br />

damoukideblobis dRis — 26 maisis nacvlad, saqarTvelos dapyrobis<br />

da gasabWoebis dRes — 25 Tebervals aRniSnavda. aseTi<br />

iyo sabWoTa realoba. rusebi yovelmxriv ebrZodnen saR azrs,<br />

risTvisac ar zogavdnen sakuTar politikosebs da diplomatebsac<br />

ki [7, 155].<br />

Sida qarTlSi mcxovrebi osebis erT politikur-adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul<br />

erTeulad gaerTianebis mcdelobas, jer kidev 1917<br />

wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg mieca gasaqani. pirvelad<br />

135

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sakiTxi osebis TviTgamorkvevis Sesaxeb daisva 1917 wlis ivnisSi<br />

amierkavkasiis osTa javis yrilobaze. yrilobis mier mi-<br />

Rebul rezoluciaSi aRniSnulia: `im olqebSi, romlebic xasiaTdebian<br />

Sereuli mosaxleobiT da sadac mosaxleobis raodenobis<br />

mixedviT SeuZlebelia erovnul-teritoriuli TviTmmarTvelobis<br />

Seqmna, Seiqmnas erovnul-teritoriuli TviTmmarTvelobebi<br />

kulturul-saganmanaTleblo mizniT. Tuki<br />

kavkasiis xalxebi miiReben erovnul-teritoriul avtonomias,<br />

maS<strong>in</strong> osebs, romlebic gaerTi<strong>and</strong>ebian erT erovnul erTeulad,<br />

unda mieceT Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis ufleba~<br />

[8, 41]. Tavdapirvelad osebi calke samazro adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli<br />

erTeulis Seqmnas moiTxovdnen. swored, aseT moTxovnas ayenebda<br />

amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis Tavmjdomarisadmi,<br />

1917 wlis 10 aprils, gagzavnil werilSi nikoloz zurabis<br />

Ze jioevi, amierkavkasiis mTian zolSi mcxovrebi osebis<br />

saxeliT [8, 13]. 1917 wlis 15-17 dekembers q. cx<strong>in</strong>valSi e.w.<br />

`samxreT oseTis~ delegatTa meore yriloba gaimarTa, romelmac<br />

oseTis erovnuli sabWo airCia. yrilobis mier miRebul<br />

rezoluciaSi vkiTxulobT: `...damfuZnebel krebaze nacionaluri<br />

sakiTxis gadawyveta saerTo rusul orientacias<br />

daemyaros; mxardaWeril iqnas samxareo xelisufleba kavkasiaSi.<br />

sabWo srul kontaqtSi unda muSaobdes mezobeli erebis<br />

demokratiebTan. yriloba gadaudeblad Tvlis skolebis, adm<strong>in</strong>istraciebis,<br />

sasamarTloebis, jaris nacionalizaciis sakiTxis<br />

cxovrebaSi gatarebas, `samxreT-oseTis~ erT teritoriul-adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul<br />

erTeulad gamoyofas. nacionaluri<br />

programis sabooloo saxiT Camoyalibeba da misi cxovrebaSi<br />

gatareba daevalos zemoT naxseneb erovnul sabWos~ [8, 15-16].<br />

axladSeqmnilma e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnulma sabWom,<br />

1918 wlis 4 ianvars oficialurad mimarTa saqarTvelos erovnul<br />

sabWos, rom ukve Seudga muSaobas da amieridan yvela sakiTxze,<br />

romelic os ers exeboda miemarTaT erovnuli sabWos-<br />

Tvis, romelic maTi cnobiT, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ saqmeTa<br />

umaRles xelmZRvanel centrs warmoadgenda. 1918 wlis 10<br />

ianvars e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnulma sabWom amierkavkasiis<br />

komisariats warudg<strong>in</strong>a proeqti, romelSic naCvenebi<br />

iyo, Tu ra formiT da ra sazRvrebSi unda Camoyalibebuliyo<br />

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ eroba. proeqtSi aRniSnuli iyo:<br />

`samxreT oseTis~ xalxis naTlad da garkveviT gamoxatul ne-<br />

136

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aze dayrdnobiT, Cven vTvliT, rom amierkavkasiaSi miwis sakiTxis<br />

samarTliani ganxorcieleba warmoudgenelia gansakuTrebuli<br />

samazro adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli zewolis Camoyalibebis<br />

gareSe raWis, gorisa da duSeTis mazrebis im mTiani nawilebis<br />

mxridan, romlebic `samxreT oseTis~ mosaxleobiTaa<br />

dasaxlebuli... gasagebi xdeba osebis bunebrivi swrafva, yovel<br />

SemTxvevaSi im zolSi, sadac is<strong>in</strong>i kompaqtur masad cxovroben,<br />

Seqmnan erTi adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli erTeuli, specialurad<br />

maTTvis Seqmnili marTvis organoebiT. v<strong>in</strong>aidan es zoli sivrculad<br />

... da mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT, srulad akmayofilebs<br />

axali mazris Camoyalibebis aucilebel normas,<br />

amitom yvelaze ufro mizanSewonili iqneboda osebiT dasaxlebuli<br />

mTeli es teritoria gansakuTrebul samazro organizaciad<br />

gamoyofiliyo... warmoSobis, enisa da kulturuli ganviTarebis<br />

mixedviT, `samxreT oseTis~ mosaxleobis am erTgvarovani<br />

masis, nacionaluri adm<strong>in</strong>istraciis mqone, mxolod<br />

erT mTian mazrad an olqad gaerTianebiTaa SesaZlebeli mSobliuri<br />

osuri enis gamoyenebis daweseba organizaciebsa da dawesebulebebSi...<br />

amierkavkasiaSi rusebis TviTmpyrobelobis<br />

dasawyisSi, CvenTvis sa<strong>in</strong>tereso mTeli mTiani zoli Seadgenda<br />

`samxreT oseTis~ erT samxedro-adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul olqs,<br />

amasTan am olqis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda naris xeoba, romelic<br />

SemdgomSi Tergis olqs iqna mikuTvnebuli. am debulebebis<br />

logikuri daskvnaa mTa-osuri raionis damoukidebel samazro<br />

teritoriul erTeulad gamoyofis sruli aucilebloba...<br />

es iqneba xelSewyoba osebis swraf da amasTan, SesaZloa,<br />

umtkivneulo gadasvlaze patriarqalur-gvarovnuli wyobidan<br />

da Cveulebrivi samarTlis ierarqiuli gadmonaSTebidan<br />

Cveni epoqis kulturuli monapovrebis aTvisebisaken. Tu amierkavkasiis<br />

demokratia da<strong>in</strong>teresebulia mTa-oseTis ekonomiuri<br />

ganviTarebiT, is yovelmxriv unda uwyobdes xels am raionis<br />

gamoyofas gansakuTrebul samazro teritoriul erTeulad.<br />

bolos, damoukidebeli samazro erTeulis aseTi warmoqmna<br />

aadvilebs `samxreT-oseTis~ xalxisaTvis erovnuli<br />

TviTgamorkvevis problemas... `samxreT-oseTis~ samazro adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli<br />

erTeulis Camoyalibeba cxovrebiseuli aucileblobiTaa<br />

nakarnaxevi, radganac aseTi erTeulis arsebobis<br />

SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia: 1) osi xalxis fsiqologiaze misadagebuli<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istaciuli marTvis sistemis ageba, 2) osuri<br />

137

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enis Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba yvela dawesebulebaSi, 3) myari<br />

safuZvlis Cayra mTa-oseTis raionis kulturul-ekonomiuri<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis, 4) nacionaluri sakiTxis gadawyvetis<br />

mkveTrad gamartiveba `samxreT-oseTis~ s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi. cx<strong>in</strong>valis<br />

gareSe mTa oseTis mosaxleoba dakargavs bunebriv gasasvlels<br />

barSi da mniSvnelovanwilad waagebs kulturul-ekonomikuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT~ [8, 16-18].<br />

Oosi separatistebis mTxovnebi mkacrad gaakritika saqar-<br />

Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis miwaTmoqmedebis sam<strong>in</strong>istrosa<br />

da glexTa centris rwmunebulma a. farnievma. gazeT<br />

`erToba~-Si man statiac ki gamoaqveyna, sadac brali dasdo istorikos<br />

n. jioevs da sxva os separatistebs, romlebic saqar-<br />

Tvelosagan gamoyofas moiTxovdnen. a. farnievi werda: `...Sar-<br />

San amierkavkasiis warmomadgenlebis pirvel krebaze, 5 ivniss,<br />

javaSi n. jioevma gaubedavad aRZra osebis calke gamoyofis —<br />

damoukideblobis sakiTxi, krebam uari uTxra. maS, frTxilad,<br />

awon dawone, nu ayvebiT upasuxismgeblo politikanebs, nu daiviwyebT,<br />

rom osebi erT adgilze ara xarT dasaxlebuli da<br />

arc ise advilia calke saxelmwifos Seqmna da misi xarjebis<br />

gaweva... erTaderT miuval simagred miaCniaT Cvens nacionalistebs<br />

javis xeoba. Aam xeobaSi cxovroben osebi daaxloebiT:<br />

javis sazogadoebaSi — 700 komli, rokis xeobaSi — 400 komli.<br />

TiToeul komlze rom viangariSoT saSualod 10 suli mcxovrebi,<br />

sul iqnebian 16.000 suli. Tbilisis da quTaisis guberniebSi<br />

ki cxovroben ara nakleb 1000.000 sulisa. maS, danarCeni<br />

84.000 osis <strong>in</strong>teresebs vis v<strong>and</strong>obT, is<strong>in</strong>i vis miekedlon, Tu<br />

ara da, vTqvaT, javis xeobam ar miuSva Tavadaznauroba. mere<br />

TviTon imaT iq cxovreba ar undaT, ra unda Wamon? is imedi,<br />

rom CrdiloeT kavkasiidan moizidaven yovelTvis saWiro<br />

sursaTs, es ar gamarTldeba imitom, rom TviTon CrdiloeTis<br />

osebi naxevrad damSeuli xalxia da garda amisa, maTi arseboba<br />

damokidebulia iqaur mahmadianebTan ganwyobilebaze. TviT<br />

iqauri osebi or nawilad arian gayofilni: erTi nawili mahmadianebis<br />

mxarezea, meore ki cecxlis alSia gaxveuli. Ggarda<br />

amisa unda vicodeT, rom iqaur osebsa da mahmadianebs Soris<br />

swored, miwis siviwrovis gamoa ase gamwvavebuli damokidebuleba<br />

da Tu iqaur osebs ise uxvad moepovebaT sursaTi, rom<br />

TviTonac eyoT da aqaurebsac gadmougzavnon, iqve gverdze<br />

mcxovrebi mahmadianebi ras ityvian, is<strong>in</strong>ic moiTxoven Tu ara<br />

138

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sursaTs? Aan ara da vTqvaT, javis xeoba gamoeyo saqarTvelos,<br />

mere an fuli ar undaT, an sxva rame? ra modis javis xeobaSi? —<br />

araferi. xalxi damSeulia. erTad erTi tyea, romliTac irCenen<br />

Tavs da Tu am tyeSi moWril masalas ar Camoitanen, cx<strong>in</strong>valSi<br />

an ufro qvemoT, saiT unda waiRon, mTebze xom ar gadaitanen<br />

CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi an ara da CrdiloeT kavkasias rodis<br />

sWirdeboda iqauri xe-tye, da Tu am tyiTac aRar isargeblebs<br />

javis xeobis mcxovrebni, maS sxva raRa gaaCniaT, an ara da<br />

sad unda moewyos saxelmwifos mTavroba, romel qalaqSi an<br />

sofelSi, romel yazarmebSi unda iyos moTavsebuli jari da<br />

sxva dawesebulebani? me vfiqrob is<strong>in</strong>i, v<strong>in</strong>c osebis damoukidebeli<br />

saxelmwifos Seqmnaze ocneboben, maT an araferi gaegebaT<br />

qveynierebis av-kargisa an da gangeb surT Seatakon qar-<br />

Tveli da osis demokratia erTmaneTs da daRupon is, rac moipova<br />

xalxma~ [9, 4].<br />

1918 wlis dasawyisSi osebi gamodiodnen samazro saerobo<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli erTeulis Seqmnis moTxovniT. mar-<br />

Talia, osebi farTo avtonomiis sakiTxs maS<strong>in</strong> ar ayenebdnen,<br />

Tumca cx<strong>in</strong>vals Tavidanve e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul<br />

erTeulad moiazrebdnen. Eew. `samxreT oseTis~ adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli<br />

erTeuli oficialurad, mxolod, saqarTveloSi<br />

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg gaCnda, miuxedavad<br />

amisa, manamdec Cveulebriv saubarsa Tu oficialur dokumentebSi<br />

osebiT dasaxlebuli Sida qarTlis teritoria pirobi-<br />

Tad e. w. `samxreT oseTad~ moixsenieboda. am term<strong>in</strong>s vxvdebiT<br />

ara marto e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli sabWos saxelwodebaSi,<br />

mis oficialur dokumentebSi (blanki, mimowera da a. S.),<br />

aramed TviT saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos mimarTvebSic,<br />

aseve presaSic, rac TavisTavad xels uwyobda SemdgomSi am<br />

term<strong>in</strong>is, T<strong>and</strong>aTanobiT, usamarTlod, damkvidrebas.<br />

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnulma sabWom SeiZleba iTqvas<br />

saqmiani, keTili urTierToba daamyara saqarTvelos erovnul<br />

sabWosTan, romelic Tavis mxriv, miesalma kidec e. w. `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ erovnuli sabWos Seqmnas da Tavis warmomadgenelsac<br />

ki agzavnida osTa yrilobebze, Tumca es demokratiuli nabiji<br />

SemdegSi Zvirad daujda axalgazrda saqarTvelos mTavrobas.<br />

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli sabWo axali SemadgenlobiT<br />

sul 6-jer iqna arCeuli [10, 37]. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia<br />

IV mowvevis erovnuli sabWos saqmianoba, romelic 1918<br />

139

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wlis dekemberSi airCia e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ delegatTa VI<br />

yrilobam. igi Tavisi SemadgenlobiT umTavresad bolSevukuri<br />

iyo. aRniSnuli sabWo ar cnobda saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />

respublikis mTavrobas da moqmedebda, rogorc erTader-<br />

Ti damoukidebeli politikuri Zalaufleba, e. w. `samxreT<br />

oseTSi~. 1919 wlis ianvarSi, pirvelsave sesiaze, sabWom gadawyvetileba<br />

miiRo, e. w. `samxreT oseTSi~ droebiTi sagangebo<br />

sasamarTloebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb da SeimuSava saTanado proeqtic.<br />

sabWom, aseve, uari Tqva, rogorc goris mazris erobis,<br />

ise saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi monawileobaze.<br />

politikuri partiebis warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT,<br />

sabWos prezidiumma daadg<strong>in</strong>a moewvia e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ saxalxo<br />

sabWo, 1919 wlis 1 maisidan 1 ivnisamde, sayovelTao,<br />

pirdapiri, Tanabari da faruli kenWisyris safuZvelze, romelsac<br />

unda ganexila `oseTis gansakuTrebul adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul<br />

olqad gamoyofa da misi marTva-gamgeobis SemuSaveba~<br />

[10, 38]. e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ IV erovnulma sabWom, politikur<br />

partiaTa monawileobiT, SeimuSava avtonomiuri `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ konstituciis proeqti, romelic, 1919 wlis 16<br />

ivniss, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli<br />

krebis adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis<br />

komisias warudg<strong>in</strong>a. dokuments ewodeboda `samxreT ose-<br />

Tis~ kantonis konstituciis proeqti~ da Sedgeboda 5 Tavisa<br />

da 47 muxlisagan. proeqtis Tanaxmad, `samxreT oseTis~<br />

kantoni saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis avtonomiur<br />

nawilad cxaddeboda. kantons ekrZaleboda saxelSekrulebo<br />

urTierTobaSi Sesuliyo ucxo saxelmwifoebTan.<br />

kantons eniWeboda Tavisi teritoriis farglebSi tyeebis, sa-<br />

Zovrebis, wiaRiseulisa da sxva bunebrivi simdidreebis eqsploataciis<br />

gansakuTrebuli ufleba [11, 99]. sagadasaxado<br />

sistemis mxriv, kantoni uTanabrdeboda saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />

respublikis sxva TviTmmarTvel erTeulebs da maT<br />

msgavsad unda esargebla saxelmwifos f<strong>in</strong>ansuri mxardaWeriT.<br />

konstituciis proeqtis Tanaxmad, kantonis yvela moqalaqes<br />

samxedro valdebuleba unda moexada kantonis teritoriaze.<br />

proeqtSi saubari iyo aseve, kantonis xelisuflebisa<br />

da mmarTvelobis centraluri da adgilobrivi organoebis<br />

(saxalxo sabWo, saxalxo komisariatebi, komunebi) Seqmnis wesze,<br />

kantonis moqalaqeTa uflebebze da a. S. konstituciis<br />

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proeqti gansazRvravda, agreTve, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis<br />

organizacias kantonSi, maTi iurisdiqciis farglebs, Seexeboda<br />

sakanonmdeblo <strong>in</strong>iciativisa da referendumis sakiTxebs<br />

[10, 51-52]. 1919 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />

respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa<br />

da TviTmmarTvelobis komisiam, aRniSnuli proeqti gadaugzavna<br />

damfuZnebeli krebis sakonstitucio komisias, romelic<br />

im periodSi, swored, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb<br />

erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxs<br />

ganixilavda. komisiam proeqtis naklovan mxareebze imsjela.<br />

kerZod, ar moiwona sakiTxebi imasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />

rom e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ kantonis centrad proeqti Tvlida<br />

cx<strong>in</strong>vals, aseve kantonis mier tyeebiT sargeblobis gansakuTrebul<br />

uflebebze, kantonis moqalaqeTa mier samxedro begaris<br />

moxdaze da a. S. damfuZnebeli krebis sakonstitucio komisiam<br />

Tavis erT-erT wevrs daavala presaSi saTanado argumentebiT<br />

dasabuTebuli <strong>in</strong>formacia gamoeqveyneb<strong>in</strong>a. mar-<br />

Tlac, gazeT `erToba~-Si gamoqveynda statia, sadac ewera:<br />

`samxreT oseTma~ warmoadg<strong>in</strong>a iseTi proeqti, romelic Sors<br />

cildeba erovnuli teritoriuli avtonomiis farglebs da<br />

awesebs saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilze calke saxelmwifos,<br />

saqarTvelos respublikasTan odnav, ufro sityvierad<br />

dakavSirebuls, romlis pirvel muxlSic sityva — `avtonomiuri~<br />

gaugebrobiTaa Cawerili ... oseTis erovnuli sabWos mier<br />

warmodgenili proeqti gulisxmobs daarsebas `samxreT ose-<br />

Tis~ calke saxelmwifosi, romelic saqarTvelos respublikasTan<br />

cxovrebis ramodenime dargSi iqneba sustad dakavSirebuli~<br />

[12].<br />

saqarTvelos demokratiuli saxelmwifos mTavroba<br />

erovnuli umciresobebis sakiTxis gadawyvetas saqarTvelos<br />

erovnuli <strong>in</strong>teresebis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT axorcielebda. aRniSnul<br />

sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa sakonstitucio<br />

komisiis maS<strong>in</strong>deli Tavmjdomaris pavle sayvareliZis azri.<br />

sakonstitucio komisiis erT-erT sxdomaze man ganacxada:<br />

`...dRes Cveni movaleoba aris SevqmnaT mTliani, mtkice erovnuli<br />

organizmi da avicd<strong>in</strong>oT is mizezebi, romlis gamo sustdeba<br />

da irRveva igi. amitom Cven unda ganvacxadoT: sxva ers<br />

Cven aq veRar SevqmniT, saxelmwifoSi axal saxelmwifos veRar<br />

davaarsebT, Cven ver davuSvebT verc kuriebs, verc avtonomi-<br />

141

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as da sazogadod sajaro uflebrivi xasiaTis organizacias...<br />

Cven viRebT saqarTvelos da vambobT, rom igi erovnuli saxelmwifoa,<br />

95% da ufro metic aq qarTvelobaa. amitom Cven<br />

vdgevarT erovnuli saxelmwifos niadagze da misi <strong>in</strong>teresebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT vs<strong>in</strong>javT erovnul umciresobaTa sakiTxs...<br />

Cven yvelafers davuSvebT, magram ver SevqmniT sajaro-uflebriv<br />

organizaciebs~ [10, 55]. aRsaniSnavia, rom sakonstitucio<br />

komisiaSi osebis proeqtis garda wardgenili iyo agreTve,<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb sxva erovnul umciresobaTa<br />

(rusebis, somxebis, musulmanebis, berZnebis, ebraelebis,<br />

germanelebis da sxvaTa) proeqtebi. yvela proeqti iTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebda<br />

kulturul, anu eqsteritoriul avtonomias,<br />

mxolod osebis proeqti Seicavda erovnul-teritoriuli<br />

avtonomiis moTxovnas. 1920 wlis 17 marts, saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />

respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis sakonstitucio<br />

komisiam moism<strong>in</strong>a TviT erovnul umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis<br />

azri aRniSnul proeqtebTan dakavSirebiT. maT Soris<br />

mosmenil iqna e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli sabWos delegaciis<br />

azric, romelTac sakonstitucio komisias ganucxades,<br />

rom maTi proeqti Seexeboda goris, duSeTis, raWisa da<br />

Sorapnis mazrebSi mcxovreb osebs da TviTonve aRiares, rom<br />

proeqts hqonda naklovanebebi da saWiroebda ramdenadme Secvla-Sesworebas.<br />

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli<br />

krebis sakonstitucio komisiam savsebiT samarTlianad uaryo<br />

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ erovnuli sabWos mier warmodgenili<br />

`samxreT oseTis~ kantonis konstituciis proeqti~, radgan<br />

igi savsebiT ukanonod moiTxovda avtonomiur warmonaqmns<br />

ara marto Sida qarTlis, aramed saqarTvelos sxva miwa-wyalzec<br />

(duSeTi, raWa, Sorapani). osTa delegaciis ukanono moTxovnebiT<br />

aRSfoTebuli akaki Cxenkeli aRniSnavda: `umciresobaTa<br />

warmomadgenlebis moxsenebebma Cemze cudi STabeWdileba<br />

moaxd<strong>in</strong>a. me dav<strong>in</strong>axe maTi sruli undobloba Cvendami. es<br />

metad damafiqrebeli da saSiSi garemoebaa~ 10, 57]. sakonstitucio<br />

komisiis morig sxdomaze pavle sayvareliZem ganacxada:<br />

`dRes gansaxilvelad gvaqvs proeqtebi erovnul umciresobaTa<br />

uflebebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad warmodgenili proeqtebisa,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom aq bevri ram iTqva, me ma<strong>in</strong>c ar<br />

Semicvlia Cemi azri: dResac darwmunebuli var da gadaWriT<br />

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vambob, rom sajaro uflebebs Cven veravis ver mivcemT. ar SemiZlia<br />

davuSva is azri, rom Cven axali saxelmwifoebi SevqmnaT<br />

saxelmwifoSi. Cven vwerT konstitucias unitaruli saxelmwifosaTvis.<br />

osebs ki, magaliTad, surT dagviweron konfederaciuli<br />

an federaciuli saxelmwifosaTvis. CemTvis es<br />

sruliad miuRebeli garemoebaa~ [10, 57].<br />

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mier<br />

oseTSi agraruli sakiTxis gadaWrasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevri aleqs<strong>and</strong>re asaTiani<br />

werda: `cx<strong>in</strong>valis CrdiloeTiT, liaxvis saTaveebSi mdebare<br />

mTian adgilas 130-mde patar-patara osuri soflebia, mcxovreblebis<br />

ricxvi daaxloebiT 1500 komlamde iqneba. yvelaze<br />

didi da mniSvnelovani sofeli aris java, sadac imyofeba raionis<br />

komisaris kancelaria. mTel am ubans eZaxian samTo ose-<br />

Tis ubans. yvela aq mcxovrebi osni glexebi arian. am alagas<br />

erTad erTi Tavadebi maCablebi arian, romelTa sakuTrebas<br />

Seadgenda mTeli es alagi, daaxloebiT 70 000 deset<strong>in</strong>a. Zvelad<br />

maCablebi Ciodnen, rom viTom osebi maTi ymebi yofiliyvnen,<br />

magram osebi magarni gamodgnen TavianTi uflebebis dacvaSi.<br />

amoirCies kacebi, romlebic dauRalavad da medgrad<br />

hkrefdnen sabuTebs da yvela dawesebulebaSi amtkicebdnen<br />

Tavis uflebebs. TviT peterburgis senatic ki ar darCaT maT<br />

mouvleli. amasTan erTad mTavrobam kargad icoda, rom im miuval<br />

adgilebSi, sadac es osebi cxovrobdnen, Znelia carieli<br />

ZaliT amisTana kerpi xalxis damorCileba da amitom daadg<strong>in</strong>a:<br />

osebi cnobil iyvnen Tavisufal glexebad, maCablebs mieces<br />

saSviliSvilod pensia 5 000 maneTi weliwadSi. im pirobiT, rom<br />

maT mospon yovelive Tavisi saCivrebi osebis ymebad cnobis<br />

Sesaxeb. maCablebs ara aqvT ufleba ahyaron osebi am adgilebidan,<br />

osebi ki valdebulni arian gadauxadon maCablebs yovelwliurad<br />

meaTedi yoveli mosavlisa. es meaTedi maT unda<br />

Caabaron adgilobriv da ar arian valdebulni miutanon Tavad<br />

maCablebs maT saxlSi. am ukanasknel muxls hqonda Zalian didi<br />

mniSvneloba. im mTiani adgilebidan Tavadebs ar SeeZloT,<br />

ugzoobis gamo, CamoetanaT Rala sofel TamaraSenSi, sadac<br />

TviTon maCablebi cxovrobdnen. amitom umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />

urigdebodnen osebs fuliT, isic Zalian patara fasebSi. ase<br />

magaliTad, sofeli javisTavi ixdida 97 maneTs weliwadSi.<br />

bevrjer sruliad verafer Ralas ver iRebdnen Tavadebi... da<br />

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ai exla swored es (samaCablos —l.s.) miwebi ianvris 24-s (1919<br />

w) kanoniT gamocxadebulia maTze mosaxle osebis srul sakuTrebad<br />

da sruliad usasyidlod. es miwebi CamorTmeulia<br />

Tavad maCablebisagan demianovis, Jirnovis da sxva memamule-<br />

Tagan, romelnic ukve meaTeds ki ara, erT groSsac ki ver mos-<br />

Txoven mSromel osebs maTi naSromidan. am miwebidan erTi<br />

mtkaveli miwac ar etovebaT am memamuleebs, glex osebs ki miecemaT<br />

am miwebze aqtebi, rogorc maT sakuTar miwebze. mere v<strong>in</strong><br />

Seadg<strong>in</strong>a es kanoni? —social-demokratma m<strong>in</strong>istrma xomerikma;<br />

v<strong>in</strong> daamtkica?-saqarTvelos parlamentma, sadac umravlesoba<br />

social-demokratebi arian. es kargad unda daixsomon sama-<br />

Cablos osebma... ~ [13, 3]. qvemoT dav<strong>in</strong>axavT, rogor `daafases~<br />

osebma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis<br />

es loialuri politika, romelTac manamde peterburgeli bobolebis-demianovis<br />

da Jirnovis (maT maCablebisagan Seisyides<br />

qarTuli mamulebi-l.s.) mier daqiravebuli mouravebipavlovski<br />

da svetnakovi, aseve pristavi areneci, maTraxebiT,<br />

saqonlis warTmeviT da sikvdilis SiSiT aiZulebdnen osebs<br />

gadasaxadebis gadaxdas [13, 4].<br />

miuxedavad saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

mTavrobis mxridan aseTi daTmobisa, osebi kidev ufro mets<br />

moiTxovdnen da kvlav agrZelebdnen brZolas. osebis mier saqarTvelos<br />

kuTvnil miwa-wyalze avtonomiuri erTeulis<br />

moTxovna SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis fonze mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda. cx<strong>in</strong>valisa<br />

da javis raionebSi mcxovrebi osebi iaraRiT xelSi gamovidnen<br />

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg. ajanyeba<br />

daiwyo 1918 wlis 14 marts sofel eredvSi [14, 109]. 18 marts<br />

ajanyebulebma daba cx<strong>in</strong>vali aiRes da iq sabWoTa xelisufleba<br />

gamoacxades. maTs mizans Seadgenda sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />

damyareba, ararsebuli `samxreT oseTis~ gamoyofa saqarTvelodan<br />

da sabWoTa ruseTTan SeerTeba. osTa 1918<br />

wlis martis ajanyeba qarTulma saxalxo gvardiam Caaqro.<br />

mdgomareoba metad daZabuli iyo. 1918 wlis 30 ivliss, javaSi<br />

osi bolSevikebis pirveli organizaciuli kreba gaimarTa l.<br />

sanakoevis TavmjdomareobiT. krebam airCia rkp(b) `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ organizaciuli biuro l. sanakoevis (Tavmjdomare), s.<br />

gagloevis (mdivani) da a. plievis SemadgenlobiT. 1919 wlis 18<br />

ivniss, javaSi Seikriba e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ partiuli organizaciebis<br />

pirveli aralegaluri konferencia, romelmac<br />

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airCia saolqo komiteti vl. sanakoevis (Tavmjdomare), s. gagloevis<br />

(moadgile), a. jatievis (mdivani), p. plievis da al. abaevis<br />

SemadgenlobiT. saolqo komitetma rkp(b) samxareo komitetis<br />

direqtivis safuZvelze miiRo gadawyvetileba `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis mowyobis Sesaxeb. ajanyeba<br />

daiwyo 1919 wlis 23 oqtombers, rokis raionSi da male<br />

gavrcelda atenis, mejvrisxevis, oqonisa da sxva raionebze.<br />

osebi iaraRiT xelSi gamovidnen saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />

respublikis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg. ajanyebulebi gaTavisuflebul soflebSi<br />

acxadebdnen sabWoTa xelisuflebas da qmnidnen glexTa<br />

deputatebis sabWoebs. 1919 wlis ajanyeba CaxSobili iqna. 1920<br />

wlis gazafxulze kvlav ifeTqa osebis ajanyebam, romelic<br />

erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisa da sabWoTa xelisuflebisaTvis<br />

brZolis moTxovniT daiwyo. ajanyebas xelmZRvanelobda<br />

rkp(b) kavkasiis samxareo komiteti, Seiqmna e. w. `samxreT ose-<br />

Tis~ revoluciuri komiteti (revkomi) s. gagloevis, a. jatievisa<br />

da l. sanakoevis SemadgenlobiT. 1920 wlis 6 maiss sofel<br />

rokSi gaimarTa samxedro-revoluciuri sabWosa da adgilobriv<br />

pasuxismgebel muSakTa sxdoma, romelmac miiRo gadawyvetileba<br />

daemyareb<strong>in</strong>a sabWoTa xelisufleba, SeerTebodnen<br />

sabWoTa ruseTs da ecnobeb<strong>in</strong>aT es, rogorc moskovisaTvis,<br />

aseve saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobisaTvis.<br />

sxdomas eswrebodnen: n. gadievi, a. jatievi, gaioz devdariani,<br />

gramiton mowoneliZe, cicka abaevi, vasCe jatievi, imail<br />

gabaraevi, Tebrol sarbievi da sxvebi. 1920 wlis 8 maiss,<br />

sofel rokSi osebma sabWoTa xelisufleba gamoacxades,<br />

xolo sabWoTa oseTi rsfsr Semadgenel nawilad aRiares.<br />

ajanyebulTa dasaxmareblad CrdiloeT oseTidan dasaxmareblad<br />

gadmovidnen is razmebi, romlebic iq Sida qarTlSi, osebis<br />

1919 wlis ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg gadavidnen. saqar-<br />

Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma,<br />

romlis saTaveSi valiko juReli iyo aRkveTa osebis gamosvlebi.<br />

os ajanyebulebTan pirveli Setakeba moxda 1920 wlis<br />

15 maiss sofel koSkTan. amasTan dakavSirebiT, e. w. `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ revkom-is wevri a. jatievi Tavissave uwyebas acnobebda:<br />

`sofel koSkis maxloblad menSevikebis sami razmi daesxa<br />

Cvens saguSago posts... saqarTvelos mTavroba amiT xelyofs<br />

ruseTis nawils. gTxovT, acnoboT es ambavi xelisuflebas,<br />

rom dReidan Cven saomar mdgomareobaSi varT~ [10, 69]. ruse-<br />

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Tis uxeSi Careva saqarTvelos saS<strong>in</strong>ao saqmeebSi TvalnaTliv<br />

gamoikveTa 1920 wlis 17 maisis notiT, romelic rsfsr sagareo<br />

saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma CiCer<strong>in</strong>ma gamougzavna saqarTvelos<br />

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas. notis S<strong>in</strong>aarsi aseTi<br />

iyo: `...Cven SeSfoTebiT gavigeT, rom `samxreT oseTSi~, sadac<br />

gamocxadebulia sabWoTa respublika, aseTi xelisuflebis<br />

mospobisaTvis gagzavnilia qveiTi jarebi. Tu es sworia, Cven<br />

mtkiced moviTxovT gaiwvioT Tqveni jarebi oseTidan, v<strong>in</strong>aidan<br />

migvaCnia, rom oseTs iseTi xelisufleba unda hyavdes, rogoric<br />

surs. saqarTvelos Careva oseTis saqmeebSi iqneboda sruliad<br />

gaumarTlebeli Careva ucxo saqmeebSi~ [10, 69].<br />

maS<strong>in</strong> rodesac saqarTvelos kanonier mTavrobas, imjerad<br />

pirveli demokratiuli respublikis xelmZRvanelobas,<br />

gareSe, mesame Zalad wodebuli rsfsr-s mTavroba ase uyenebda<br />

sakiTxs, vfiqrobT komentari zedmetia. moviyvanT mxolod,<br />

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 1920 wlis 20 maisis sapasuxo notas.<br />

misi S<strong>in</strong>aarsi aseTia: `saqarTvelos mTavroba uaRresad Secbunebulia<br />

Tqveni notis im nawiliT, romelSic laparakia saqar-<br />

Tvelos mTavrobis ganzraxvaze iaraRis ZaliT CaaxSos `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ sabWoTa respublika. Cems movaleobad mimaCnia<br />

mivaqcio Tqveni yuradReba im garemoebas, rom saqarTvelos<br />

farglebSi `samxreT oseTi~ ar arsebobs, aramed saqarTvelos<br />

farglebSi arseboben osuri soflebi, romlebic mdebareoben<br />

Tbilisis guberniis goris mazraSi, es soflebi Seadgenen saqarTvelos<br />

udavo teritorias... es teritoria xelSekrulebiT<br />

Sedis saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi da iq sxva xelisufleba,<br />

garda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebisa<br />

dauSvebelia~ [10, 70]. ruseTis xelisuflebis notiT waqezebulma<br />

osebma 1920 wlis 7 ivniss cx<strong>in</strong>vali aiRes. meore dRes<br />

xalxmraval mit<strong>in</strong>gze wakiTxul iqna `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis<br />

Semdegi S<strong>in</strong>aarsis brZaneba: `ajanyebulma glexebma `samxreT<br />

oseTidan~ g<strong>and</strong>evnes saqarTvelos menSevikuri jarebi<br />

da gamoacxades sabWoTa xelisufleba, teritoriaze onidan<br />

duSeTamde~ [10, 70]. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

mTavroba yovelTvis axerxebda osi separatistebis damorCilebas,<br />

rac SemdgomSi, maTi kritikis sagani gaxda.<br />

1921 wlis 25 Tebervals, sabWoTa ruseTis wiTelma armiam<br />

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ZaliT daipyro, ris<br />

gamoc saqarTvelom saxelmwifoebrioba dakarga. imave 25 Te-<br />

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ervals, q. vladikavkazSi, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ partiis saolqo<br />

komitetma ganixila osebis TviTgamorkvevisa da iq xelisuflebis<br />

organizaciis sakiTxebi. saolqo komitetma maS<strong>in</strong> mizanSewonilad<br />

miiCnia e. w. `samxreT oseTi~ gamoyofiliyo gansakuTrebul<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul erTeulad, avtonomiur olqad,<br />

centriT q. cx<strong>in</strong>valSi.<br />

1921 wlis Teberval-martSi, saqarTvelo damoukidebel<br />

sabWoTa socialistur respublikad gamocxadda, formalurad<br />

qarTuli mTavrobiT saTaveSi. sabWoTa saqarTvelo, rogorc<br />

iuridiuli statusis mqone qveyana, saerTaSoriso asparezze<br />

ruseTis centraluri komitetis kontrolis meSveobiT<br />

gadioda. 1921 wlis 20 maiss saqarTvelos ssr revoluciuri<br />

komitetis gankargulebiT gamoica dekreti #36, romlis ZaliT,<br />

gauqmebulad gamocxadda saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli<br />

respublikis samferovani erovnuli droSa da mis<br />

nacvlad komunisturi wiTeli droSa SemoiRes [15, 1].<br />

sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciisa da ZaldatanebiT<br />

gasabWoebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos teritoriaze sami<br />

avtonomiuri erTeuli Camoyalibda: afxazeTis ssr, aWaris<br />

assr da e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqi.<br />

sabWoTa saokupacio reJimis pirvel wels saqarTveloSi<br />

xelisuflebis umaRles organos revoluciuri komiteti<br />

(revkomi) warmoadgenda, romelic jer kidev 1921 wlis 16 Tebervals<br />

Seiqmna da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli [16]. igi kavkasiis biuros mier iyo<br />

Seqmnili da ara qarTveli xalxis mier arCeuli. 1921 wlis 8<br />

marts saqarTvelos socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis revoluciuri<br />

komitetis mier gamoica brZaneba #9, saxalxo komisarTa<br />

sabWos droebiTi Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb, romelsac<br />

xels awerdnen saqarTvelos ssr revoluciuri komitetis<br />

Tavmjdomare filipe maxaraZe da revoluciuri komitetis<br />

mdivani S. gabriCiZe. masSi naTqvami iyo: `saqarTvelos socialisturi<br />

sabWoTa respublikis revoluciuri komitetis 1921<br />

wlis 6 martis dadgenilebiT, damtkicebulia saqarTvelos<br />

respublikis saxalxo komisarTa sabWos droebiTi Semadgenloba:<br />

1) saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomare da miwaTmoqmedebis<br />

saxalxo komisari-filipe maxaraZe (igi saqarTveloSi<br />

1921 wlis 6 marts dabrunda, manamade saqarTvelos revkomis<br />

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Tavmjdomaris movaleobas mamia oraxelaSvili asrulebda —<br />

l.s.) 2) saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile da<br />

sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari mamia oraxelaSvili (igi<br />

Tavdapirvelad aseve ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatsac xelmZRvanelobda-<br />

l. s.) 3) samxedro-sazRvao saqmeTa da sagareo<br />

vaWrobis (droebiTi) saxalxo komisari—Salva eliava. 4) S<strong>in</strong>agan<br />

saqmeTa saxalxo komisari—besarion kvirkvelia. 5) Sromis<br />

da socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxalxo komisari-lado dumbaZe.<br />

6) muSaTa da glexTa <strong>in</strong>speqciis (saxelmwifo kontrolis)<br />

saxalxo komisari- giorgi elisabedaSvili. 7) iusticiis da<br />

f<strong>in</strong>ansTa saxalxo komisari-amaiak nazaretiani. 8) janmrTelobis<br />

saxalxo komisari— kuCaiZe (mis moadgiled eqimi kikaleiSvili)<br />

9) ganaTlebis saxalxo komisari-al. svaniZe (misi aq aryofnis<br />

gamo, movaleobis aRsruleba evaleba amxanag oraxelaSvils).<br />

10) saxalxo meurneobis sabWos Tavmjdomaris movaleobis<br />

droebiTi aRmsrulebeli-ad. duntau~ [17, 2].<br />

saqarTvelos ZaliT gasabWoebis da sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />

damyarebis pirvel dReebSi sabWoTa mTavroba saerTod ar<br />

iyenebda term<strong>in</strong>s- `samxreT oseTi~, rasac adasturebs 1921<br />

wlis 9 agvistos S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis dadgenileba,<br />

sadac naxsenebia, mxolod goris mazris cx<strong>in</strong>valis<br />

raioni. dadgenilebaSi vkiTxulobT: `ocdaxuTi soflis revkomis<br />

warmomadgenelTa yrilobis Suamdgomlobis Tanaxmad,<br />

S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi<br />

sabWoTa xelisuflebis marTva-gamgeobis da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresebi, daadg<strong>in</strong>a: goris mazris cx<strong>in</strong>valis raionSi<br />

dawesdes xuTi saTemo revkomi Semdeg qvemoT dasaxelebul<br />

soflebSi: a) qvemo aCabeTSi, b) zemo aCabeTSi, g) dicSi, d)<br />

ZarwemSi, e) vanaTSi. qvemo aCabeTis Tems Seadgens soflebi:<br />

dgvrisi, TamaraSeni, zemo aCabeTi, qurTa, kexvi, kverneTi da<br />

monasteri. zemo niqozis Tems: qvemo niqozi, zemo xviTi, dvani,<br />

avnevi da nuli. dicis Tems Seadgens soflebi: kodi, arbo,<br />

eredvi, bJoleTi, tirZnisi, meRvrekisi da ergneTi. Zarwemis<br />

Tems-soflebi: qemerti, xeiTi, sveri. vanaTis Tems-soflebi:<br />

sacxeneTi, beloTi da awris xevi. am dadgenilebis asli gaegzavnos<br />

goris mazris revkoms da agreTve, respublikis mTavar<br />

miliciis sammarTvelos saTanado gankargulebis mosaxdenad~<br />

[18, 14]. dadgenilebas xels awerdnen S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo<br />

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komisari besarion kvirkvelia da adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul erTeulTa<br />

ganyofilebis gamge gr. gvelesiani.<br />

Tavis mxriv, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomma saqarTvelos<br />

centraluri partiuli da sabWoTa organoebis w<strong>in</strong>aSe, sakuTari<br />

<strong>in</strong>iciativiT, oficialurad daayena sakiTxi e. w. `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ TviTgamorkvevis Sesaxeb. 1921 wlis 6-8 seqtembers,<br />

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ revoluciuri komitetisa da partiuli<br />

komitetis gaerTianebuli sxdoma gaimarTa, romelmac<br />

`samxreT oseTis~ TviTgamorkvevisa da politikuri mowyobis<br />

sakiTxi ganixila. sxdomam daadg<strong>in</strong>a saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ socialisturi sabWoTa respublika<br />

Seqmniliyo, romlis centri cx<strong>in</strong>vali iqneboda. e. w. `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ socialisturi sabWoTa respublika nebayoflobiT<br />

federaciul kavSirSi unda Sesuliyo saqarTvelos sabWo-<br />

Ta socialistur respublikasTan. aRniSnuli moTxovna ararealuri<br />

iyo, radgan aseTi respublika maS<strong>in</strong> Crdilo kavkasiaSi<br />

mdebare Crdilo oseTSic ar Seqmnila, sadac imJamad arc calke<br />

avtonomiuri respublika da arc calke olqi ar arsebobda.<br />

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomisa da partkomis gadawyvetilebiT,<br />

6-8 seqtembris dadgenilebas Tan daurTes `mokle ganmartebiTi<br />

baraTi~, romliTac cdilobdnen daesabuTeb<strong>in</strong>aT e. w.<br />

`samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Seqmnis<br />

aucilebloba. sxdomam daamtkica, agreTve, `samxreT oseTis~<br />

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis konstituciis proeqti~<br />

da `samxreT oseTis~ socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis saz-<br />

Rvrebis proeqti~, romelSic saTiTaod iyo CamoTvlili is<br />

soflebi, romlebic osebis azriT, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ respublikaSi<br />

unda gaerTianebuliyvnen. maT Soris iyo bevri qar-<br />

Tuli sofeli goris, duSeTis, raWis da Sorapnis mazrebidan.<br />

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis<br />

konstituciis proeqti~ sul 15 muxlisagan Sedgeboda, sadac<br />

CamoTvlili iyo saxalxo komisariatebi, romlebic respublikaSi<br />

unda Seqmniliyo, aseve gansazRvruli iyo maTi kompetenciis<br />

sferoebi; zogi maTgani saqarTvelos ssr saTanado saxalxo<br />

komisariatebs eqvemdebareboda, zogic damoukidebeli<br />

rCeboda. e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis<br />

Seqmnis sakiTxi unda gadaewyvita saqarTvelos kompartiis<br />

centralur komitets, saqarTvelos ssr revoluci-<br />

149

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ur komitetsa da rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiuros,<br />

romlis sityva gadamwyveti iyo.<br />

1921 wlis seqtemberSi, S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis<br />

mier, Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelsac cx<strong>in</strong>valis<br />

regionSi adgilze unda Seeswavla viTareba, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebeli<br />

iyo avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna aRniSnul teritoriaze.<br />

komisias uSualod saqarTvelos S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo<br />

komisari besarion melqisedekis Ze kvirkvelia (1885-1937<br />

ww.) xelmZRvanelobda. mas umaRlesi ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli<br />

peterburgis universitetSi da profesiiT iuristi iyo.<br />

moxsenebiTi baraTi daiwera im periodSi, rodesac e. w. `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ revkomi da partkomi e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ sab-<br />

WoTa socialisturi respublikis Seqmnis sakiTxs ayenebdnen.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom besarion kvirkveliam, Tavis moxsenebiT baraTSi,<br />

uaryofiTi pozicia daikava e. w. `samxreT oseTis~, rogorc<br />

calke avtonomiuri erTeulis Seqmnis sakiTxSi. saqar-<br />

Tvelos S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma, sakiTxis siRrmiseuli<br />

Seswavlis Semdeg, SeuZleblad miiCnia araTu e. w. `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ ss respublikis, an avtonomiuri respublikis,<br />

aramed avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnac ki.<br />

1921 wlis 27 seqtembers, saqarTvelos S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa<br />

saxalxo komisariatma, besarion kvirkvelias davalebiT, moxsenebiTi<br />

baraTi- e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ calke adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul<br />

erTeulad gamoyofis Sesaxeb, gansaxilvelad saqarTvelos<br />

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis revoluciuri komitetis<br />

saqmeTa mmarTvels gaugzavna, TxovniT, raTa igi revkomis<br />

sxdomaze gansaxilvelad gaetanaT, sadac besarion kvirkvelias<br />

daskvna uaryofili iqna, piradad is CamoaqveiTes samxedro-sazRvao<br />

komisris Tanamdebobaze, raTa Camoecileb<strong>in</strong>aT<br />

am procesebisagan. erT-erTi saarqivo dokumentis Tanaxmad,<br />

igi 1922 wels saqarTvelodanac gaasaxles [19, 305], xolo<br />

mogvianebiT 1937 wlis represiebis dros b. kvirkvelia daxvrites.<br />

saqme imaSi iyo, rom man waradg<strong>in</strong>a savsebiT obieqturi<br />

daskvna, rac bunebrivia, xels ar aZlevda maS<strong>in</strong>del xelisuflebas.<br />

moxsenebaSi, romelSic detalurad aris aRwerili saqarTveloSi<br />

osebis gansaxlebis areali, Tavidanve garkvevi-<br />

Taa xazgasmuli: `samxreT oseTis~ calke adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul er-<br />

Teulad gamoyofa samazro erTeulis uflebebiT geografiuli<br />

da ekonomikuri mosazrebebiT, sakiTxis detalurad Ses-<br />

150

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wavlis Semdeg, S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats SeuZleblad<br />

miaCnia. `samxreT oseTi~, rogorc mTliani geografiuli<br />

erTeuli ar arsebobs. aris mxolod osebiT dasaxlebuli<br />

calke raionebi, romelTac urTierTSoris araviTari damokidebuleba<br />

ara aqvT- arc geografiulad da arc ekonomikurad.<br />

TiToeuli am raionTagani warmoadgens ganuyofel organul<br />

nawils sxva da sxva geografiul da sameurneo prov<strong>in</strong>ciebisa.<br />

es raionebi erTi meorisagan daSorebulni arian gadauvali<br />

xeobiT da amasTanave TiToeul maTgans aqvs sruliad Tavisufali<br />

gamosavali mxolod barSi. ig<strong>in</strong>i erTi meores mowyvetilni<br />

arian wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime TviT da TviToeuli<br />

maTgani ekonomikurad damokidebulia im velTan, romelTanac<br />

dakavSirebulia geografiulad. saqarTveloSi osebi mosaxleoben<br />

Semdeg raionebSi: 1) goris mazraSi-didi liaxvis xeobaSi<br />

sofel kexvamdis, xolo am soflidan dawyebuli samxre-<br />

TiT marto qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli soflebia, sadac osebis<br />

ricxvi mcxovrebTa 15%-s ar aRemateba. 2) patara liaxvis<br />

xeobaSi, sofel vanaTamdis, vanaTs zeviTac CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs<br />

ramdenime qarTuli sofeli: beloTi, ori xowura,<br />

sacxene, awrisxevi da sxva. 3) md<strong>in</strong>are frones saTaveze yornisis<br />

da wunaris raionebSi, sadac osTa mosaxleoba mcxovrebTa<br />

88%-s ar aRemateba. 4) duSeTis mazraSi- md<strong>in</strong>are aragvis da<br />

qsnis saTaveze. 5) raWis mazraSi md<strong>in</strong>are jejoris saTaveze.<br />

TiToeul am raions erTimeorisagan hyofs gardauvali mTebi<br />

da maTi dakavSireba geografiul-topografiuli mizezebiT<br />

SeuZlebelia: 1) daviwyoT raWis mazridan. am mazraSi osebi mosaxleoben<br />

Casavlis raionebSi, romelic Tavisi aRmosavleTis<br />

sazRvriT ekvris goris mazras. am adgilSi, goris mazra raWis<br />

mazridan gayofilia gardauvali mTebiT, romelTa simaRle<br />

aRwevs 9000 futamde (1 futi udris 30,48 santimetrs- l.s.),<br />

yvelaze dabali maTgan am adgilSi simaRliT 6440 futia. maSasadame,<br />

misi dakavSireba geografiulad goris mazris osobas-<br />

Tan SeuZlebelia, radgan erTimeores mTeli zamTris ganmavlobaSi<br />

sruliad mowyvetilni arian da kavSiri maT Soris SeuZlebelia.<br />

ekonomikurad Casavlis raions saerTo araferi<br />

aqvs goris mazris osobasTan erTis mxriv, imave geografiuli<br />

pirobebis gamo da meores mxriv, ekonomikuri da adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli<br />

centri mTeli raWis mazrisa oni, imdenad axloa maTgan<br />

(sul 10-7 versia), rom sxva centrTan ekonomikuri kavSiris<br />

151

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daWera am raionis mcxovrebTaTvis sasurvelic ar iqneba. amgvarad,<br />

Casavlis raionis miwebeba goris mazris osobasTan iqneba<br />

sruliad xelovnuri, bunebis da ekonomikuri urTierTobis<br />

saw<strong>in</strong>aaRmdego kavSiri. 2) amave mosazrebiT SeuZlebelia<br />

davukavSiroT goris mazris oseTs duSeTis mazrisa. am raions<br />

yofs Tovliani mTebi, romelTa simaRle 11 333 futamde adis<br />

da arsad 7 5000 futze dabla ar aris da es mTebi wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

7-8 Tve sruliad gadauvalia. amave bunebriv-geografiuli<br />

mizezebis gamo, araviTari sameurneo kavSiri am or raions<br />

Soris ar arsebobs. kobis raioni, e. i. duSeTis mazris zemoTaRniSnuli<br />

Crdilo-dasavleTis seqtori, sadac osebis mosaxleoba<br />

60%-s ar aRemateba, dakavSirebulia ekonomikurad<br />

duSeTTan samxedro gziT, romelic 30-40 versiT daSorebulia<br />

am raions. goris mazris osobasTan kavSirisaTvis kobis<br />

raionis osoba iZulebuli iqneba iaros weliwadSi rva Tve ma<strong>in</strong>c<br />

duSeTze-mcxeTaze-gorze-cx<strong>in</strong>valze da Semdeg oseTSi,<br />

risTvisac daaxloebiT 150 versis gavla dasWirdebaT. am raionis<br />

erTad erTi gamosavali mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi aris<br />

mxolod samxedro gza, romelic mas, rogorc geografiulad,<br />

ise ekonomikurad akavSirebs mxolod duSeTTan. maSasadame, am<br />

raionis miwebebac goris mazrasTan bunebis da ekonomikis saw<strong>in</strong>aaRmdego<br />

iqneba. 3) darCa goris mazris is nawilebi, sadac<br />

osebi mosaxleoben, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT am mazraSi osebi<br />

mosaxleoben didi da patara liaxvis da frones saTavis xeoba-<br />

Si. upirveles yovlisa unda aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos, rom am samTave raionSi<br />

mcxovrebTa ricxvi imdenad mcirea (sul 32.000 suli), rom ma-<br />

Ti calke mazraT gamoyofa SeuZlebelia. am SemTxvevaSi es sami<br />

raioni ekonomikurad da topografiulad dakavSirebulic<br />

rom iyvnen, ma<strong>in</strong>c calke samazro aparatis Seqmnas samazro mas-<br />

StabiT sameurneo muSaobis warmoebas ver SesZleben; magram<br />

garda amisa, am sami raionis dakavSireba adgilobrivi pirobebis<br />

gamo SeuZlebelia. yornis-wunaris raioni, e. i. fronis sa-<br />

Tave, am md<strong>in</strong>aris xeobiT dakavSirebulia qarTlis velTan da<br />

didi liaxvis xeobisagan yofs rusTav-zarikojaxis qedi, romlis<br />

simaRle 6 230—5 684 futze dabla ar aris da warmoadgens<br />

bunebriv sazRvars mTasa da vels Soris. gzebis sruli uqonlobis<br />

da bunebrivi sazRvris ararsebobis gamo, rusTav-zarikojaxis<br />

qedi meurneobis mxriv, yornis-wunaris raions akavSirebs<br />

qarTlis velTan-tirifonasTan da saerTo mas araferi<br />

152

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aqvs liaxvis xeobis osobasTan. am raionis erT-erTi gamosavali<br />

aris, mxolod TiRva-oqona-fca-gomi da araviTar SemTxvevaSi<br />

liaxvis xeobis osobasTan mas kavSiri ara aqvs. amis gamo,<br />

yornis-wunaris raionis dakavSireba didi liaxvis seqtorTan<br />

SeuZlebelia da ew<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegeba mis bunebriv-ekonomiur denas<br />

velisaken, romelTanac is dakavSirebulia kargi gzebiT da<br />

romlis ganuyrel nawils Seadgens orTografiulad da hidrografiulad.<br />

rac Seexeba didi da patara liaxvis xeobebs,<br />

aqac igive geografiuli pirobebi SeuZlebels xdis am ori raionis<br />

dakavSirebas. aqac mTeli xeobis sigrZeze gadaWimulia<br />

mTebis grexili, romelTa simaRle 11000-6000 futze dabla ar<br />

aris da zamTris TveebSi gadauvali simaRleebi arian. amasTanave<br />

TviToeul maTgans aqvs sakuTari gamosavali velisaken<br />

da ekonomikurad dakavSirebulni arian im velTan, romliskenac<br />

geografiulad gasavali aqvT da romlis ekonomikurad ganuyrel<br />

nawilebs warmoadgenen TiToeuli am xeobaTagani. ase-<br />

Tia adgilobrivi topografiuli da sameurneo pirobebi, romelnic<br />

SeuZleblad xdian qarTlis da raWis osuri mosaxleobidan<br />

erTi mazris gamokveTas, radgan osebis mier dasaxlebuli<br />

raionebi moklebulni arian geografiul mTlianobas da<br />

Seadgenen geografiulad da ekonomikurad sruliad sxvadasxva<br />

prov<strong>in</strong>ciebis nawilebs. aseTi CamonaWrebidan xelovnurad<br />

Semdgari adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli erTeulis Seqmna ganuxorcieleblad<br />

unda CaiTvalos topografiuli pirobebis gamo da sruliad<br />

ew<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegeba am raionebis sameurneo mdgomareobas. am<br />

pirobebis gamo, Cven vfiqrobT, rom qarTlis da raWis osuri<br />

mosaxleobis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli marTva-gamgeoba unda moewyos<br />

ise, rogorc es Seefereba TviT oseTis adgilobriv pirobebs.<br />

zemoT naTqvamidan cxadia, rom xelovnuri gamokveTa samazro<br />

erTeulis oseTisaTvis goris, duSeTis da raWis mazrebidan<br />

SeuZlebelia; maSasadame, osebis mosaxleoba TviToeuli am<br />

mazrisa unda darCes im mazraSi, romelSic aqamde iyo. amasTanave,<br />

TiToeul am raionSi garda wvrili adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli er-<br />

Teulisa—Temisa, unda Seiqmnas saraiono erTeuli. aseTebi iqmneba<br />

Casavlis-raWis mazraSi, kobisa-duSeTis mazraSi, yornis-wunarisa,<br />

didi liaxvis xeobisa da patara liaxvis xeobisagoris<br />

mazraSi. amave dros, TviToeuli am mazris revkomSi<br />

osur mosaxleobas eyoleba warmomadgeneli, romelic daicavs<br />

osTa <strong>in</strong>teresebs mTeli mazris masStabSi. am ukanasknels,<br />

153

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e. i. osuri mosaxleobis warmomadgenels samazro revkomSi<br />

ufleba unda mieces revkomis dadgenileba, Tu igi ew<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegeba<br />

osuri mosaxleobis <strong>in</strong>teresebs, gaasaCivros saqar-<br />

Tvelos revkomSi, romelic sadavo sakiTxis Sesaxeb gamoitans<br />

saboloo gadawyvetilebas. amgvarad, sakiTxis gadawyvetas<br />

gvikarnaxebs osuri mosaxleobis geografiuli pirobebi da<br />

maTi ekonomikuri <strong>in</strong>teresebi~ [20, 121]. moxsenebiT baraTs<br />

xels aweren S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari besarion kvirkvelia<br />

da S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis saqmeTa mmar-<br />

Tveli v. xaxanaSvili. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, werili dawunebuli<br />

iqna saqarTvelos revkomis mier, radgan moxsenebiT<br />

baraTSi sakiTxis detaluri analizis safuZvelze aRniSnulia,<br />

rom osebis raodenoba qarTul soflebSi imdenad mcire<br />

iyo, maTi calke mazrad gamoyofac ki SeuZlebeli xdeboda. miuxedavad<br />

uaryofisa, saqarTvelos S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo<br />

komisris daskvnam, ma<strong>in</strong>c erTgvari gavlena moaxd<strong>in</strong>a rkp (b)<br />

centraluri komitetis kavbiuros 1921 wlis 31 oqtombris gadawyvetilebaze.<br />

kavbiurom garkveulwilad kompromisuli<br />

dadgenileba miiRo, roca e. w. `samxreT oseTs~, revoluciuri<br />

komitetis mier moTxovnili sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis<br />

nacvlad, avtonomiuri olqis statusi mianiWa.<br />

qarTvel da os mosaxleobas Soris urTierToba dRiTid-<br />

Re iZabeboda. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, jer kidev, saqarTvelos<br />

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis w<strong>in</strong>aSe osi<br />

mosaxleoba politikuri avtonimiis sakiTxs ayenebda, ris gamoc<br />

maS<strong>in</strong> saTanado rezoluciebi gamohqondaT javaSi da<br />

cx<strong>in</strong>valSi gamarTul osTa yrilobebze. im periodSi maT mier<br />

Sedgenili proeqtis mixedviT, avtonomiis farglebSi unda Sesuliyo:<br />

raWis mazris—Casavlis sazogadoeba, Sorapnis mazris<br />

Cixis sazogadoebis 3 sofeli: TedeleTi, julabeTi da xaxeTi,<br />

goris mazris: rokis, yemuleTis, javis, orTevis, yornisis, wunaris,<br />

<strong>and</strong>oreTis, beloTis da vanaTis sazogadoebebi da du-<br />

SeTis mazris: rexulis, zemoxevis da monastris sazogadoebebi.<br />

garda amisa, e. w. avtonomiis teritoriaze unda Sesuliyo,<br />

agreTve, mTeli rigi Sereul sazogadoebaTa nawilebi, ker-<br />

Zod, goris mazraSi-oqonis, mereTis, xelTubnis da qvemo Walis<br />

sazogadoebaTa nawilebi da duSeTis mazraSi myofi gudis<br />

xeoba mTiuleTis sazogadoebaSi da axalgoris sazogadoebis<br />

nawili. aRniSnuli proeqtiT, romelsac osTa delegaciebi aq-<br />

154

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tiurad icavdnen saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

mTavrobis w<strong>in</strong>aSe, teritoriul-avtonomiur erTeulSi Sedioda<br />

13 soflis sazogadoeba, 3 sofeli da mTeli rigi Sereuli<br />

(qarTul-osuri) sazogadoebis nawilebi. maT mier maS<strong>in</strong> moTxovnili<br />

saqarTvelos teritoria moicavda 3000 kv. verss, xolo<br />

iq mcxovrebTa ricxvi 70 000-ss udrida. proeqtis Semdgeneli<br />

osi separatistebis mixedviT, mTel saqarTveloSi osi<br />

mosaxleobis ricxvi, daaxloebiT, 100 000 suls udrida. maT<br />

mxedvelobaSi hyavdaT is osebic, romlebic borjomis raion-<br />

Si, siRnaRis, Telavis, TianeTis mazrebSi da Tbilisis mazris<br />

manglisis raionebSi cxovrobdnen. saqarTveloSi im dros arsebuli<br />

samazro erTeulebis Sedarebisas, mTeli es teritoria<br />

Tavisi sivrciT TiTqmis mTeli duSeTis odena mazras<br />

(3411,84 kv. versi) udrida, xolo raWis (2476,58) da Sorapnis<br />

mazraze (2619,35) bevrad meti iyo. avtonomiuri olqis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul<br />

centrad, osuri proeqti cx<strong>in</strong>vals acxadebda. saqarTvelos<br />

demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam jer kidev<br />

1919 wlis ivlisSi daayena sakiTxi osebisaTvis farTo saerobo<br />

TviTmmarTvelobis m<strong>in</strong>iWebis Sesaxeb, calke adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli<br />

erTeulis-axali mazris dawesebiT. osebis kulturuli<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis da adgilze maTi cxovrebis mowesrigebisaTvis<br />

farTo TviTmmarTvelobis m<strong>in</strong>iWeba arasodes iwvevda<br />

eWvs, maT Soris arc saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

periodSi, Tumca osebi yovelTvis mets moiTxovdnen. Tavdapirvelad<br />

verc sabWoTa saqarTvelos pirobebSi gadawyda osebis<br />

moTxovnis dakmayofileba avtonomiuri olqis sakiTxze,<br />

radgan qarTul miwa-wyalze avtonomiis xelovnurad Sekowiweba<br />

qarTvelebis did guliswyromas gamoiwvevda, es kargad<br />

icodnen komunistebma da amitom dasawyisSi amaze bevrs fiqrobdnen.<br />

sabWoTa saqarTvelos S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebis proeqtiT,<br />

osebiT dasaxlebul teritoriaze sxvadasxva mazris soflis<br />

sazogadoebebis da soflebis SeerTebis safuZvelze unda<br />

daarsebuliyo sruliad axali, e. w. javis mazra, samazro<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli dawesebulebiT, romlis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

unda Sesuliyo: 1. raWis mazridan Casavlis soflis sazogadoeba,<br />

2. Sorapnis mazridan Cixis sazogadoebis soflebi: TedeleTi,<br />

julabeTi da xaxeTi. 3. goris mazridan samTo oseTis<br />

raionis-rokis, yemuleTis da javis sazogadoebani da cx<strong>in</strong>va-<br />

155

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lis raionis-orTevis, yornisis da wunaris soflis sazogadoebebi<br />

[21, 15-16]. aRniSnul sazogadoebebs an calke soflebs,<br />

axali mazridan gamoyofis Sesaxeb, Suamdgomlobis aRZvris<br />

ufleba unda miscemodaT, xolo mosazRvre soflebis sazogadoebebs<br />

axal mazraSi Caricxvis ufleba. es Caricxva da gamoyofa<br />

unda momxdariyo erTi pirobis dacviT. kerZod, SuamdgomlobaTa<br />

dakmayofilebiT teritoriis mTlianoba ar unda<br />

yofiliyo darRveuli. mazraSi Sesvla-gamosvlis ufleba w<strong>in</strong>aswar<br />

iyo gansazRvruli proeqtis avtorebis mier, radgan<br />

qarTvelTa da osTa Soris mravali sadavo punqti arsebobda,<br />

romlis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>eba aucilebeli iyo, Tu romelime da<strong>in</strong>teresebuli<br />

mxare, romelime kuTxis mosaxleoba momavalSi ar<br />

moisurvebda ama Tu im adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul erTeulSi darCenas.<br />

1921 wlis maisSi e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ revoluciuri komitetis<br />

(arsebobda avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnamde -l.s) wevrebma<br />

moxsenebiTi baraTi gaugzavnes saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur<br />

komitets da revoluciur komitets, romelSic gada-<br />

Warbebulad iyo Sefasebuli 1920 wels saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />

respublikis xelmZRvanelTa mier osebis ajanyebis Cax-<br />

Sobis faqti. masSi naTqvami iyo: `1920 wlis zafxulSi, menSeviki<br />

damqaSebisagan ukidures uimedobamde miyvanili `samxreT ose-<br />

Tis~ mTieli mosaxleobis uRaribesma nawilma revoluciuri<br />

ajanyebis droSa aRmarTa. misi lozungebi iyo `gaumarjos sab-<br />

WoTa xelisuflebas saqarTveloSi, Zirs burJuaziul-menSevikuri<br />

tirania~, magram mTieli Raribebis gabeduli revoluciuri<br />

gamosvla damarcxebul iqna ufro organizebuli, teqnikis<br />

ukanaskneli sityviT, iaraRiT aRWurvili, didgvarovan-vaWar-<br />

Ta mravalricxovani b<strong>and</strong>isagan. rigiT mexuTe ajanyeba warmoudgeneli<br />

sisastikiT iqna CaxSobili. ajanyebul raionSi cecxliTa<br />

da maxviliT mosuli mSromelTa klasobrivi mteri, asakisa<br />

da sqesis ganurCevlad, anadgurebda adgilobriv mosaxleobas.<br />

rva sasoflo sazogadoebisagan Semdgari, 40 aTasi suli<br />

mcxovrebiT (daaxloebiT 4 000 komli), uRaribesi mSromeli mosaxleobis<br />

Tavdauzogavi SromiT naloliavebi, ayvavebuli qveyana<br />

nangrevebad gadaiqca. jer kidev ucnobia Jordaniasa da misi<br />

kompaniis dampyrobeli damqaSebis mier gancdili danakargebisa<br />

da zaralis raodenoba. moyvanili ricxvebi miaxloebiTia.<br />

cecxlisagan sruliad ganadgurda 2500-mde sacxovrebeli saxli<br />

da sameurneo nageboba. gamarjvebulebis mier gatacebul<br />

156

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iqna asi aTasobiT rqosani da wvrilfexa S<strong>in</strong>auri saqoneli. na-<br />

Tesi puri nawilobriv gaTibuli da nawilobriv ganadgurebul<br />

iqna. cecxlisagan gadarCenili nagebobebisagan mxolod kedlebi<br />

iyo darCenili. Tumca revolucioneri ltolvilebis tanjva<br />

amiT ar damTavrebula. teris olqSi ukan daxeuli ltolvilebi<br />

(25 000-dan 30 000-mde suli), anarqiisa da kazakebis sxvadasxva<br />

saxis kontrrevoluciuri gamosvlebis dros, kvlav mZime<br />

pirobebSi Cavardnen da sruliad daucvelebi, abragebis mxridan<br />

Tavdasxmebisa da Zarcvis msxverplad gadaiqcnen. sxvadasxva<br />

saxis Seviwrovebis gamo, ltolvilebi, dakarges ra sulis<br />

Zliereba, sabolood Cavardnen sasowarkveTilebaSi. SimSilis,<br />

autaneli antisanitariuli pirobebisa da damTrgunveli fsiqologiuri<br />

mdgomareobis Sedegad, is<strong>in</strong>i saS<strong>in</strong>eli epidemiis<br />

msxverplni gaxdnen. erTi kviris manZilze (agvistos Sua ricxvebSi)<br />

qolerisagan 1500-ze meti ltolvili daiRupa. Znelia<br />

imis dadgena Tu ramdeni daiRupa mTeli wlis manZilze, magram<br />

aSkaraa, rom daixoca ara erTi aTasobiT adamiani... saqarTvelos<br />

gasabWoebis Semdeg, roca misi mSromelebi ganTavisufldnen<br />

menSevikebis brWyalebisagan, ltolvilebi stiqiurad<br />

daubrundnen TavianT sacxovrebel adgilebs. `samxreT oseTisa~<br />

da saqarTvelos revoluciuri komitetebis w<strong>in</strong>aSe dadga<br />

zogierTi sakiTxi, romlebic gadaudebel gadaWras moiTxovdnen,<br />

kerZod, ar daeSvaT oseTisa da mimdebare raionebis mSromelebis<br />

Setakeba. amisi saSiSroeba eWvs ar iwvevda, nawilobriv<br />

imis gamo, rom TavdasxmebSi monawileobas Rebulobda bneli da<br />

gauTviTcnobierebeli elementebi qarTveli glexebisa... mSieri<br />

ltolvilebi, gaWirvebis gamo, dadiodnen soflebSi, iTxovdnen<br />

purs da im saqonlisa da <strong>in</strong>ventaris dabrunebas, romlebsac<br />

is<strong>in</strong>i qarTul soflebSi poulobdnen. mdgomareoba imiTac<br />

mZimdeboda, rom fizikurad da sulierad gamofitul ltolvilebs<br />

Tan mohqondaT tifi da Savi Wiri. revkomi yoveldRiurad<br />

ivseboda sasowarkveTilebamde misuli, mSieri da CamoZonZili<br />

usaxlkaroebisagan. Tu saqarTvelos revkomi da kompartiis ck<br />

ar miiRebda saswrafo zomebs, maS<strong>in</strong> ueWvelad daiwyeboda far-<br />

To masStabiani b<strong>and</strong>itizmi. oseTis revkomis mier SemoTavazebuli<br />

zomebi Semdegia: 1. dauyovnebliv iqnas miwodebuli cx<strong>in</strong>valisaTvis<br />

sasursaTo produqtebi im xarjTaRricxvis Sesabamisad,<br />

romelic `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis mier miwodebul iqna<br />

saqarTvelos vaWrobis saxalxo komisariatisaTvis; 2. mosax-<br />

157

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leobas mieces rogorc cocxali saqoneli, aseve <strong>in</strong>ventari; 3.<br />

miRebul iqnas saswrafo zomebi epidemiebTan sabrZolvelad; 4.<br />

gamoices Sesabamisi brZanebuleba datacebuli qonebis, gansakuTrebiT<br />

pirutyvis, dasabruneblad, risTvisac Seiqmnas sruluflebiani<br />

komisia, romlis gankargulebaSic gaicema fuladi<br />

saxsrebi dajildovebis da, zog SemTxvevaSi, qonebis dabrunebis<br />

sanacvlod; 5. aqtiuri kontrrevolucionerebis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg,<br />

romlebic danaSaulebriv agitacias awarmoeben, gamoyenebul<br />

iqnas represiuli zomebi; 6. gaigzavnos specialuri partiuli<br />

kadri oseTTan mimdebare saqarTvelos raionebSi samuSaod,<br />

samuSaos warmatebiT warmarTvisaTvis, amuSavdes sabeWdi<br />

Carxi rusuli, qarTuli da osuri SriftebiT; 7. cx<strong>in</strong>valSi<br />

dadges rusuli kavaleriis erTi eskadra; 8. gaices gankarguleba,<br />

raTa moxdes brZolisaTvis uvargisi cxenebis gayvana, sa-<br />

ZovrebiT mdidar oseTSi, saZovrebze gamosakvebad im mizniT,<br />

rom 6 Tvis Semdeg, is<strong>in</strong>i kvlav samuSaod vargisni gaxdnen; 9.<br />

garkveuli droiT mobilizaciisagan gaTavisufldes gaZarcvuli<br />

raionebis gasawvevi asakis mozardebi; 10. aRdgenil iqnas yofili<br />

`samxreT oseTis~ brigada... Seqmnili mdgomareobis ganxilvisas,<br />

`samxreT oseTis~ revkomi, imisaTvis, rom ar Cavardes<br />

calkeuli dawesebulebebisa da C<strong>in</strong>ovnikebis boroti sabotaJis<br />

mkvdar yulfSi, `samxreT oseTis~ aRdgenis mizniT, saWirod<br />

Tvlis zogierTi praqtikuli RonisZiebebis gatarebas. revkomis<br />

azriT, aseTi RonisZiebebs warmoadgens: 1. gaZarcvuli `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ aRsadgenad saWiro yvela saSualeba mTlianad gadaces<br />

revkoms an maT mierve Seqmnil specialur organos; 2. yvela<br />

aRdgeniTi samuSao warmoebuli iqnas damkvreluri wesiT; 3.<br />

yvela sauwyebo dawesebulebas mieces brZaneba, raTa maT biurokratiuli<br />

gziTa da aSkara sabotaJiT, xeli ar SeuSalon aRdgenis<br />

saqmes; 4. saswrafod gayvanil iqnas zogierTi saurme<br />

gza, rogorebicaa: a) cx<strong>in</strong>vali-roki, b) cx<strong>in</strong>vali-kudaro, g)<br />

cx<strong>in</strong>vali-beloTi, d) cx<strong>in</strong>vali-yornisi. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomi<br />

sruliad darwmunebulia, rom saqarTvelos revkomi da saqarTvelos<br />

kompartiis ck yovelmxriv daexmarebian zemoTaRniSnuli<br />

amocanebis gadasaWrelad, bolos da bolos is<strong>in</strong>i SemoqmedebiTi<br />

arsebobis realur niadagze dadgebian~ [22, 12-13].<br />

dokumentidan naTlad Cans Tu rogor izrdeba osebis<br />

moTxovnebi ruseTis wiTeli armiis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />

respublikis dapyrobis da ZaliT gasabWoebis Sem-<br />

158

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deg. is<strong>in</strong>i aSkara kontrSetevaze gadadian. osebis revoluciuri<br />

komitetis moxsenebiT baraTSi, bunebrivia gadaWarbebulad<br />

aris Sefasebuli saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

mTavrobis mier miRebuli zomebi osebis ajanyebis Caqrobis<br />

Sesaxeb. zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam<br />

radikalur zomebs mxolod mas Semdeg mimarTa, roca osebma<br />

savsebiT ukanonod moiTxoves saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />

calke respublikis Seqmna da iaraRiT xelSi gamovidnen qar-<br />

Tuli saxelmwifos w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg, rasac nebismieri qveynis mTavroba<br />

w<strong>in</strong> aRudgeboda. gazviadebulia, aseve saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalebis ise warmoCena, TiTqos qarTuli armia kbilebamde<br />

iyo SeiaraRebuli, s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi es, rom ase yofiliyo<br />

wiTeli armia, 1921 wels, ZaliT ver daamxobda saqarTvelos<br />

damoukidebel respublikas. saqarTvelos yovelTvis<br />

Seswevda Zala sakuTari ZalebiT gamklaveboda yovelgvar<br />

aseT separatistul gamosvlebs, Tu iq mesame Zala ar Caereoda.<br />

ase moxda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis drosac,<br />

sanam ruseTi saqarTvelos ZaliT daipyrobda. saqarTvelos<br />

xangrZlivma istoriam ar icis arc erTi SemTxveva ara<br />

mxolod eTnikuri konfliqtisa, aramed raime eTnikuri dapirispirebisa.<br />

saqarTveloSi eTnosTa Soris dapirispireba,<br />

mxolod, ruseTis imperiis mizanmimarTuli politikis Sedegad<br />

gaCnda da man Tavi mxolod XX saukuneSi iC<strong>in</strong>a [23, 100].<br />

osebisaTvis avtonomiis m<strong>in</strong>iWebis sakiTxi imdenad politizebuli<br />

gaxda, rom sabWoTa saqarTvelos revoluciurma<br />

komitetma, kontrrevoluciasTan, SpionaJTan, spekulacias-<br />

Tan, msaxur pirTa borot moqmedebasTan da b<strong>and</strong>itizmTan sabrZolvelad<br />

sagangebo komisiac ki Seqmna. 1921 wlis 6 oqtombriT<br />

daTariRebul erT-erT dokumentSi sabWoTa saqarTvelos<br />

sagangebo komitetis Tavmjdomare centralur komitets<br />

ugzavnis Semdegi S<strong>in</strong>aarsis werils: `Cems mier mopovebuli monacemebis<br />

mixedviT, cx<strong>in</strong>valis raionSi urTierTdamokidebuleba<br />

osur da qarTul soflebs Soris jer kidev ar aris daregulirebuli.<br />

adgili aqvs nebismier provokacias. orive mxare<br />

daZabul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. gansakuTrebiT gaurkvevelia<br />

urTierTobebi qalaqis mazrasa da cx<strong>in</strong>valis revkomebs<br />

Soris, Sesabamisi raionebi ar aris gamijnuli. xSirad xdeba<br />

gaurkvevlobebi imis safuZvelze, Tu v<strong>in</strong> unda marTos esa Tu<br />

is raioni, nebismieri moqalaqis yoveli dapatimreba am ori xe-<br />

159

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lisuflebis ganxeTqilebis vaSli xdeba. igive xdeba saqarTvelos<br />

samxedro gzaze, kobis raionSi. Setakebebis safuZveli<br />

xSirad aris is, rom Tavdasxmebis dros, osi menSevikebi arTmeven<br />

qarTvelebs TiTqosda moparul S<strong>in</strong>aur pirutyvs. am sakiTxSi<br />

tyuis rogorc erTi, ise meore mxare. saWiroa miRebul iqnas<br />

raime zomebi aseTi mdgomareobis likvidaciisaTvis. me SemogTavazebdiT<br />

Seqmniliyo Sereuli komisia, Tundac ori kard<strong>in</strong>aluri<br />

sakiTxis dasaregulireblad: 1) xelisuflebis gavlenis<br />

sferoebis gamijnva da 2) S<strong>in</strong>auri pirutyvis warTmevas-<br />

Tan dakavSirebuli problemebis mosagvareblad, Tu ck isurvebs<br />

gavakeTeb ufro dawvrilebiT moxsenebas~. werils xels<br />

awers saqarTvelos sagangebo komisiis Tavmjdomare [24, 123].<br />

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis momentisaTvis<br />

ori adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli erTeuli Temi da mazra arsebobda.<br />

Tavdapirvelad, garTulebebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT,<br />

es adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli dayofa ZalaSi rCeboda, mxolod zogierT<br />

mazrebSi damatebiT daarsda raionuli erTeulebi saraiono<br />

revkomebiT, romlis daniSnulebas warmoadgenda<br />

Tvalyuris devneba im saTemo revkomebisaTvis, romlebic<br />

uSualod maT farglebSi Sediodnen. imis gamo, rom zogierTi<br />

Temi metad daSorebuli iyo samazro centrs, is<strong>in</strong>i dauqvemdebares<br />

saraiono revkomebs, raTa ar yofiliyo moklebuli er-<br />

Tgvar kontrolsa da xelmZRvanelobas. revkomebis adgili<br />

momavalSi sabWoebma daikava, Tavisi aRmasrulebeli organoebiT.<br />

saraiono erTeulebi, SemdegSi gauqmebuli iqna S<strong>in</strong>agan<br />

saqmeTa saxalxo komisris dekretiT. saqarTveloSi komunisturi<br />

xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave, goris mazris farglebSi,<br />

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organos dawesebiT, faqtiurad<br />

ukanonod daarsda calke adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli erTeuli,<br />

e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ olqis saxiT. saqarTvelos revkomma am<br />

organos Tavisi dadgenilebis safuZvelze mazris revkomis<br />

uflebebi mianiWa da amasTanave saTanado movaleobebic daakisra.<br />

v<strong>in</strong>aidan am ukanono erTeulis sazRvrebi ar iyo garkveuli,<br />

saqarTvelos revkomis dadgenilebiT sakiTxis garkveva<br />

S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats kerZod, mis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul<br />

ganyofilebas daevala. sirTules qmnida ori garemoeba:<br />

1) sakiTxis gadawyvetisaTvis saWiro w<strong>in</strong>aswari argumentebis<br />

uqonloba, 2) e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis moqmedeba, romelmac<br />

goris mazris farglebSi wm<strong>in</strong>da adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli ga-<br />

160

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mijvnis sakiTxi gadaaqcia osTa erovnul-teritoriul problemad.<br />

revkomma sabWoTa saqarTvelos mTavrobis w<strong>in</strong>aSe osi<br />

mosaxleobisaTvis politikuri avtonomiis m<strong>in</strong>iWebis Suamdgomloba<br />

aRZra, riTac, sruliad ukanonod, faqtiurad avtonomiuri<br />

oseTis Seqmnis sakiTxi daayena. amrigad, kvlav simwvaviT<br />

wamoiWra is problema, romlis Sesaxeb ara erTxel gamoitana<br />

dadgenilebani javasa da cx<strong>in</strong>valSi gamarTulma osTa<br />

erovnulma yrilobebma. raki sakiTxis sirTulis gamo, mosalodneli<br />

iyo, rom misi ase Tu ise gadaWra sakmaod daigvianebda,<br />

saWiro gaxda komisariats saxelmZRvanelod raime droebi-<br />

Ti savaldebulo dadgenileba mieRo, raTa am gziT ma<strong>in</strong>c moespo<br />

is konfliqtebi, romelsac e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomebsa<br />

da sxva adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebs Soris, saz-<br />

Rvrebis gaurkvevlobis gamo, mudmivi xasiaTi hqonda. e.w. `samxreT<br />

oseTis~ revkomis daarsebis dRidan, mraval gaugebrobas<br />

da arasasurvel eqscesebs hqonda adgili. komisariati<br />

xSirad Rebulobda saCivrebs, sadac C<strong>and</strong>a e. w. `samxreT ose-<br />

Tis~ revkomis mxridan Zalauflebis aSkara gadameteba. ker-<br />

Zod, 1) oqonisa da mejvrisxevis raionSi gaCnda ori paralelurad<br />

moqmedi milicia-goris mazrisa da e. w. `samxreT ose-<br />

Tis~ revkomis miliciis saxiT, 2) e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomma<br />

daiqvemdebara iseTi raionebi, romlebic an sul ar Sedioda<br />

goris mazris farglebSi (magaliTad, zemo xevis, monastris,<br />

rexulis sazogadoebebi duSeTis mazraSi da Casavlis sasoflo<br />

sazogadoeba raWaSi), <strong>and</strong>a maT mier ZaliT dakavebul raionebSi<br />

osi erovnebis mosaxleoba, saerTod ar cxovrobda (rogoricaa<br />

soflebi: satixari, Warebi, anekvi da xelCua), 3) daba<br />

cx<strong>in</strong>valis, qarTuli qalaqis, romelic, aseve, qarTuli soflebiT<br />

iyo garSemortymuli, e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ rezidenciad<br />

gamocxadeba, 4) e.w. `samxreT oseTis~ revkomis calmxrivi<br />

gankargulebis safuZvelze, zogierT adgilSi qarTuli revkomebis<br />

gauqmeba, maT nacvlad ki osuri revkomebis daweseba<br />

(magaliTad sofel nulSi, avnevSi, dvanSi da sxva), 5) oseTis<br />

revkomis mier sakuTari xelisuflebis TviTneburad gavrceleba<br />

mTels cx<strong>in</strong>valis regionze, maT Soris cxra iseT sofelze,<br />

romlebic Tavisi eTnografiuli SemadgenlobiT wm<strong>in</strong>da<br />

qarTuli soflebi iyvnen. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT S<strong>in</strong>agan<br />

saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis yovelkvireuli organo `moambe~,<br />

1922 wlis TebervalSi werda: `yvela am ukanono moqmedeba-<br />

161

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Ta dasabami da mizani erTia — teritorialuri gafarToveba<br />

osTa mudmivi b<strong>in</strong>adrobisa. am tendenciam osebSi kai xania Tavi<br />

iC<strong>in</strong>a da nametur 1905 wlidan, rodesac maT Soris erovnuli<br />

moZraoba gaCnda, romelic dasawyisSi sastikad gansazRvrul<br />

saxes moklebuli iyo, xolo 1917 wlidan ukve sakmaod garkveul<br />

formebSi Camoyalibda. javis da cx<strong>in</strong>valis erovnuli yrilobebi<br />

am moZraobis erTi TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o asaxvaa. cda osuri anbanis,<br />

literaturis Seqmnisa da bolos erovnuli teritoriis<br />

mopovebisa, Tundac sxvis xarjze—es daisaxa miznad osTa <strong>in</strong>teligenciam<br />

da ramdenimeT kidec miaRwia am mizans. gaiC<strong>in</strong>es<br />

anbani, romelsac safuZvlad daedo rusuli an ufro swori iqneba<br />

vTqvaT, orig<strong>in</strong>aluri, Taviseburi-osuri TiTqmis araferi<br />

acxia-metad uxeSad gadmoRebuli variantia rusuli anbanis...<br />

rac Seexeba teritorias, osTa moZraoba am sferoSi metad<br />

TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>oa. am moZraobis gacxovelebas, garda erovnuli<br />

motivebisa, xels uwyobda maTi metad Seviwrovebuli ekonomikuri<br />

mdgomareoba. Caketili mTebSi, viwrobSi, osoba kai<br />

xania ganicdis ukidures miwis SimSils da amitomac igi eZebda<br />

yovel marjve dros Tavis adgilebidan daZruliyo, mTebidan<br />

barSi Camosuliyo. Cven vfiqrobT, rom osTa ajanyebebi 1919<br />

da 1920 wlebis ufro ekonomikurs, vidre erovnuls niadagzea<br />

aRmocenebuli. lozungi erovnulad ganwyobil osuri <strong>in</strong>teligenciisa<br />

erTis mxriT, `goramdi~, meores mxriT, `mcxeTamdi~-osTa<br />

masebisaTvis, romelnic mwir, mTian adgilebSia moqceuli<br />

da maSasadame, saxnav-saTes adgilebs moklebulia, metad<br />

momxiblavi iyo, rom is<strong>in</strong>i amoZravebuliyvnen da aki am<br />

moZraobam miwa-wylis gafarTovebis niadagze stiqiuri xasia-<br />

Ti miiRo menSevikebis reJimis dros. moZraoba am mimarTulebiT<br />

dRemde grZeldeba. konfliqtebic mravalia osTa cxovrebis<br />

xelmZRvanel xelisuflebasa da sxva adgilobriv xelisufalTa<br />

Soris~ [25, 22-24]. TiTqos es striqonebi axlaxans daiwera,<br />

imdenad exmianeba osebis dRev<strong>and</strong>el moqmedebas. dRes<br />

is<strong>in</strong>i kidev ufro Sors wavidnen, imave mesame Zalis-ruseTis<br />

daxmarebiT, maT ukanonod aqvT dapyrobili ZirZveli qarTuli<br />

miwebi da gakvirvebuli kiTxuloben: `rogor Cven stumrebi<br />

varT am miwaze?~, albaT saWiroa maT xSirad SevaxsenoT, rom<br />

Tavdapirvelad is<strong>in</strong>i namdvilad stumrebi iyvnen qarTul miwa-wyalze,<br />

Tumca, istoriuli WeSmaritebis gayalbebiT, ukve<br />

masp<strong>in</strong>Zlebadac gvevl<strong>in</strong>ebian.<br />

162

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1922 wlis 2 martis konstitucia iyo pirveli sakanonmdeblo<br />

aqti, romliTac oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli da<br />

dadasturebuli saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis<br />

SemadgenlobaSi e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri<br />

erTeulis Seqmna. amasTanave, saWiro gaxda iseTi sakanonmdeblo<br />

aqtis miReba, romelic ufro vrclad gansazRvravda e. w.<br />

`samxreT oseTis~ avtonomiuri olqis samarTlebriv mdgomareobas<br />

saqarTvelos respublikis SemadgenlobaSi da detalurad<br />

daamtkicebda am axali erTeulis teritoriul saz-<br />

Rvrebs. 1922 wlis 20 aprilis dekretiT #2, e.w. `samxreT ose-<br />

Ti~ gamocxadebuli iqna saqarTvelos ssr Semadgenel nawilad<br />

centriT q. cx<strong>in</strong>valSi. dekretis meore muxliT, ganisazRvra<br />

sruliad xelovnuri avtonomiuri erTeulis teritoriuli<br />

sazRvrebi, romlis mmarTvelobis organoebad aRiarebuli iqna<br />

e. w. `samxreT oseTis~ centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti<br />

da adgilobrivi sabWoebi.<br />

Aamrigad, osebis separatistuli gamosvlebi saTaves<br />

iRebs, jer kidev, 1905 wlidan, rodesac osurma <strong>in</strong>teligenciam<br />

kavkasiis mefisnacvlis w<strong>in</strong>aSe, osuri sajariso SenaerTebis<br />

formirebis sakiTxi, oficialurad daayena. separatistulma<br />

moZraobam mkveTrad gamoxatuli xasiaTi 1917 wlidan miiRo<br />

da 1922 wlis 20 aprils e. w. `samxreT-oseTis~ avtonomiuri<br />

olqis SeqmniT dagvirgv<strong>in</strong>da. Oosebis pretenziebi qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />

mimarT, samwuxarod, dResac grZeldeba. sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa<br />

ra moxdeboda britaneTSi, birm<strong>in</strong>gemSi mcxovreb <strong>in</strong>dusebs,<br />

romlebic raodenobrivad gacilebiT metni arian birm<strong>in</strong>gemSi,<br />

vidre samaCabloSi eTnikuri osebi, damoukidebloba rom moeTxovaT<br />

da eTnikur umciresobaSi myof <strong>in</strong>dielebs <strong>in</strong>gliselebi<br />

gamoeyaraT sakuTari miwa-wylidan. saWiroa saerTaSoriso<br />

sazogadoebis meti Zalisxmeva, raTa ar moxdes ukanonobis<br />

dakanoneba.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. gelaSvili gia, haqsthauzenis cnobebi osebis Sesaxeb, krebulSi:<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 1 (5), gamomc.,<br />

`universali~, Tbilisi, 2009.<br />

163

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2. gamyreliZe baxva, osTa migraciuli da eTnoistoriuli<br />

procesebi kavkasiaSi, krebulSi: saqarTvelo evropa-amerika,<br />

II, gamocemloba `irmisa~, Tbilisi, 1997.<br />

3. Всеподданеиший рапорт ген.-л. Кнорринга от 26 марта 1802 г., Акты<br />

Кавказской археографической комиссии, Т. I, Тифлис, 1866, lom<strong>in</strong>aZe<br />

r. v<strong>in</strong> da rodis daarqva Sida qarTlis mTianeTs `samxreT<br />

oseTi~, gaz., `ganaTleba~, 1991, X.<br />

4. Всеподданнейшее донесение ген.-лейт. Кнорринга, 1802, 15 февр.,<br />

П. Г. Бутков, Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, сь 1722 по<br />

1803 год, часть третья, хронологический и альфавитный указатели<br />

составленные Л. Броссе, Санктпетербург, 1869.<br />

5. iToniSvili vaxtang, qarTul-osur urTierTobaTa istoriidan,<br />

gamomc., `legia~, Tbilisi, 1995.<br />

6. Док. №209, 1830 г. мая 24- Предписание командующего отдельным<br />

Кавказским корпусом генерал-фельдмаршала Паскевича тифлисскому<br />

военному губернатору генерал-адъютанту Стрекалову о назначении<br />

военной экспедиции в Юго-Осетию для подавления восстания<br />

крестьян, История Юго-Осетии в документах и материалах (1800-<br />

1864 гг.), Составитель И. Н. Цховребов, Том II, Госиздат Юго-<br />

Осетии, Сталинир-1960.<br />

7. saraliZe lela, saqarTvelos pirveli respublika (1918-<br />

1921 ww) da oseTis sakiTxi, krebulSi: axali da uaxlesi istoriis<br />

sakiTxebi, II, gamomc., `universali~, Tbilisi, 2007.<br />

8. ToiZe levan, rogor Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri<br />

olqi, gamomc., `mecniereba~, Tbilisi, 1991.<br />

9. a. farnievi, osebi saqarTveloSi (SesaZlebelia Tu ara<br />

osebis damoukidebloba saqarTveloSi da v<strong>in</strong> moiTxovs<br />

mas?), gaz., `erToba~, #119, 11 ivnisi, 1918.<br />

10. baxtaZe uSangi, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna<br />

da misi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba, gamomc.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />

Tbilisi, 1968.<br />

11. sonRulaSvili avT<strong>and</strong>il, samxreT oseTi saqarTveloSi?!,<br />

gamomc., `universali~, Tbilisi, 2009.<br />

12. gazeTi erToba, #4, 1920.<br />

13. asaTiani al., agraruli reforma oseTSi, gaz., erToba,<br />

#32, 9 Tebervali, 1919.<br />

14. vadaWkoria SoTa, osebis 1918 wlis ajanyebebis Taviseburebebi<br />

da osi separatistebis ganiaraRebis mcdelobis<br />

164

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asaxva qarTul politikur azrovnebaSi, krebulSi: axali<br />

da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 2 (6), 2009.<br />

15. dekreti #36 saq. ssr revoluciuri komitetisa, Jurnali<br />

moambe, (S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis yovelkvireuli<br />

organo), #7, 28 maisi, 1921.<br />

16. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi (suicsa), fondi 284 (saqarTvelos mSromelTa deputatebis<br />

sabWoebis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti),<br />

aRw. 1, t. I.<br />

17. brZaneba #9 saqarTvelos socialisturi sabWoTa revoluciuri<br />

komitetisa saxalxo komisarTa sabWos droebiTi<br />

Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb, Jurnali moambe (S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo<br />

komisariatis yovelkvireuli organo), #2, 27 aprili,<br />

1921.<br />

18. dadgenileba #30, Jurnali moambe (S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo<br />

komisariatis yovelkvireuli organo), #15, 10 seqtemberi,<br />

1921.<br />

19. ToiZe levan, saqarTvelos politikuri istoria (1921-1923<br />

wlebi), Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi,<br />

1999.<br />

20. kvirkvelia besarion (S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari), v.<br />

xaxanaSvili (S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis saqmeTa<br />

mmarTveli), moxsenebiTi baraTi samxreT oseTis calke adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul<br />

erTeulad gamoyofis Sesaxeb (1921 w), S<strong>in</strong>agan<br />

saqmeTa sam<strong>in</strong>istros arqivi, (yofili mlisfpa), f. 14,<br />

aRw., 1, saq., 10, furc 121.<br />

21. adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebaSi, Jurnali moambe,<br />

#20, 19 noemberi, 1921.<br />

22. S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa sam<strong>in</strong>istros arqivi, (yof. mlisfpa), f. 14<br />

aRw., 1, saq., 48 furc., 12-13.<br />

23. TofCiSvili rol<strong>and</strong>, osTa saqarTveloSi gansaxlebisa da<br />

qarTul-osuri urTierTobebis problemebi, kr., kavkasiis<br />

eTnologiuri krebuli, XI, gamomc., `universali~, Tb.,<br />

2009.<br />

24. S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa sam<strong>in</strong>istros arqivi, (yof. mlisfpa), f. 14<br />

aRw., 1, saq., 10 furc., 123.<br />

25. adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul erTeulTa ganyofilebaSi, Jurnali moambe,<br />

#27, 4 Tebervali, 1922.<br />

165

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26. Султан Хамчиев, Осетинская Аннексия на Кавказе и Закавказье<br />

(Аннексия осетинами грузинских, кабардинских, казачьих, ингушских,<br />

чеченских земель), г. Назрань, 2006.<br />

Lela Saralidze<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute<br />

of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology, Senior researcher<br />

scientist of the Department of <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />

From the <strong>History</strong> of So Called `South Osetia~ Autonomous Oblast Formation<br />

<strong>in</strong> 1917 – 1922<br />

Summary<br />

On the basis of the scientific analysis of the archive materials the history<br />

of so called `South Osetia~ formation on the ancient territory of Georgia<br />

is shown <strong>in</strong> the work. On the basis of the historical documents it is also shown<br />

that the separative movement of Osetians <strong>in</strong> Georgia started already <strong>in</strong> 1905<br />

<strong>and</strong> became active <strong>in</strong> 1917. The dem<strong>and</strong>s of Osetians that were gradually ris<strong>in</strong>g<br />

<strong>and</strong> their pretensions on different stages are also shown <strong>in</strong> the work.<br />

It is underscored that the term `South Osetia~ is completely artificial<br />

from the historical viewpo<strong>in</strong>t <strong>and</strong> thus unacceptable, because the term means<br />

that the historical Georgian territory - `Shida Kartli~ (<strong>in</strong>ner Kartli) is populated<br />

with Osetians. On the basis of the public commissariat conclusion of the<br />

Soviet Georgia M<strong>in</strong>istry of Internal Affairs, that was kept <strong>in</strong> strict secret by<br />

those days Communist regime, the groundlessness of so called `South Osetia~<br />

formation is shown as well. After thorough <strong>in</strong>vestigation the lawyer, public<br />

commissioner of those days <strong>in</strong>ternal affairs, Besarion Kvirkvelia <strong>in</strong> conclusion<br />

says that it is impossible to give Osetians rite to have not only autonomy,<br />

but even the adm<strong>in</strong>istrative unit of okrug. In September 27, 1921 the public<br />

commissariat of the Soviet Georgia M<strong>in</strong>istry of Internal Affairs after Besarion<br />

Kvirkvelia’s <strong>in</strong>struction sent a memor<strong>and</strong>um report about separation of so<br />

called `South Osetia~ as <strong>in</strong>dependent adm<strong>in</strong>istrative unit to the bus<strong>in</strong>ess manager<br />

of the Revolutionary Committee of the Soviet Georgia. Besarion Kvirkvelia<br />

was ask<strong>in</strong>g him to put the memor<strong>and</strong>um report forward for discussion at<br />

the meet<strong>in</strong>g of the Revolutionary Committee. The report was rejected <strong>and</strong><br />

166

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Besarion Kvirkvelia was demoted. He was appo<strong>in</strong>ted as the military mar<strong>in</strong>e<br />

commissioner to deliver him from mentioned processes. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to one<br />

archive document he even was deported from Georgia <strong>in</strong> 1922 <strong>and</strong> lately, <strong>in</strong><br />

1937, <strong>in</strong> the period of repressions, was shot. The fact that accord<strong>in</strong>g to the<br />

decree № 2 of the Soviet Georgia Central Executive Committee <strong>and</strong> Public<br />

Commissars Committee signed by Filipe Makharadze <strong>and</strong> Sergo Kavtaradze<br />

dated to April 20, 1922 the formation of so called `South Osetia~ oblast<br />

with<strong>in</strong> the boarders of the Soviet Georgia was illegal. This was an illegal decision<br />

which was totally d<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>terests of the native <strong>in</strong>habitants-<br />

Georgian population.<br />

167

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SoTa vadaWkoria<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane<br />

javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />

<strong>in</strong>stitutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis<br />

ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-<br />

TanamSromeli<br />

Sida qarTlis mTis osebis sagadasaxlebo<br />

politika da qarTuli politikuri azri<br />

(XX saukunis 20-iani wlebi)<br />

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis mier sabWoTa ruseTis<br />

xelisufalTa dakveTis — qarTuli saxelmwifos damxobis mizniT,<br />

qveynis saomar mdgomareobaSi Segnebulad Cayenebam, qar-<br />

Tuli politikuri speqtris w<strong>in</strong>aSe saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisa<br />

da qarTveli eris fizikurad gadarCenis sakiTxi<br />

pr<strong>in</strong>cipulad daayena. miTumetes, im etapze saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo<br />

omis gaCaRebisa da misTvis permanentuli msvlelobis<br />

micemis realuri saSiSroeba arsebobda. osebis mxridan<br />

qveynisTvis Tavsmoxveul aRniSnul safrTxes Tu ramdenad<br />

aRiqvamda maS<strong>in</strong>deli qarTuli politikuri speqtri, es kargad<br />

Cans im periodis presis furclebze gamoqveynebuli publikaciebidan.<br />

am mxriv, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas g. gollendis<br />

fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebuli statia `agraruli anarqia~ iqcevs.<br />

`yoveli qarTveli — vkiTxulobT werilSi — unda cdilobdes<br />

saqarTvelos fizikurad dacvas. Tu samoqalaqo omSi<br />

erTmaneTis xocva daviwyeT, maS<strong>in</strong> raRad gv<strong>in</strong>da an erovnuli<br />

Tavisufleba, an romelime socialuri idealis ganxorcieleba.<br />

erTi- meoris S<strong>in</strong>agan brZolaSi gaJletil ers, arc pirveli<br />

esaWiroeba da arc meore... eri romlis bedi `bewvze hkidia,~<br />

jer Tavi unda daimkvidros da ganimtkicos, xolo amis Semdeg<br />

eqneba SemoqmedebiTi Senebis SesaZlebloba... Tu eri socialur<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobaTa gaRrmavebas gahyva, misi daRupva garduvali<br />

iqneba, igi am gaRrmavebis process Tan gadahyveba.~ aRniSnuli<br />

amonaweris mixedviT, qarTveli eris im etapze gadar-<br />

Cenis erT- erT ZiriTad saSualebad, qveynis SigniT arsebuli<br />

Sidadapirispirebis aRmofxvraa miCneuli. am Tvalsazriss, ma-<br />

S<strong>in</strong>deli qarTuli politikuri speqtris umravlesoba iziarebda.<br />

amitom, gakvirvebas ar unda iwvevdes, roca damoukide-<br />

168

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eli saqarTvelos xelisuflebam separatizmisa da samoqalaqo<br />

omis gamCaRebelTa w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg ukompromiso brZola rom<br />

daiwyo. am fonze qarTvel politikur moRvaweTa w<strong>in</strong>aSe pirvel<br />

rigSi osebisdmi damokidebulebis gadaxedvis sakiTxi<br />

pr<strong>in</strong>cipulad dasva. qveyanaSi Seqmnili urTulesi politikuri<br />

situaciidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, is<strong>in</strong>i dilemis w<strong>in</strong>aSe aRmoCndnen<br />

im TvalsazrisiT, rom im etapze jer kidev garkveuli ar qondaT<br />

Tu ra saSualebebiT SeiZleboda osuri wylulisgan saqarTvelos<br />

sxeulis gankurneba. es urTulesi sakiTxi qarTuli<br />

politikuri speqtris msjelobis erT-erT ZiriTad sagans<br />

warmoadgenda. am mimarTulebiT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />

imanac ganapiroba, rom osebi antisaxelmwifoebriv saqmianobas<br />

isev agrZelebdnen da kritikul momentSi qarTvel ers<br />

zurgSi galesil maxvils scemdnen. am realobidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are,<br />

iseTi gonivruli gadawyvetileba unda mieRoT, romelic<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos SidausafrTxoebis garantias Seuqmnida.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT Tuki mivudgebiT sakiTxs, nebismieri<br />

politikuri moRvawe problemis gadawyvetisas udidesi sir-<br />

Tulis w<strong>in</strong>aSe aRmoCndeboda. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi Sida<br />

qarTlSi soliviT SemoWrili osebis dasaxlebebis ganlageba.<br />

aRniSnulis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, erovnul-demokratebis<br />

erT-erTi lideris S. qarumiZis mier erovnuli sab-<br />

Wos 1918 wlis agvistos sxdomaze gakeTebulma gancxadebam —<br />

`osebi sabediswero muwukia Cvens tanze da igi rogorc aseTi<br />

aucileblad unda moviSoroT,~ socialist-revolucioneris<br />

m.faCuaSvilis gaRizianeba gamoiwvia. misi mtkicebiT, S.qarumiZis<br />

mier SemoTavazebuli w<strong>in</strong>adadebis ganxorcieleba, qar-<br />

Tvelebsa da osebs Soris SuRlis gaRrmavebis safuZveli gaxdeboda.<br />

xolo i.farnievis mtkicebiT, erovnul-demokratebs<br />

osebisaTvis saqarTvelos mTavrobis SeZuleba surda [1]. am<br />

SemTxvevaSi m. faCuaSvili da i. farnievi aSkarad tyuodnen,<br />

radgan osebma TavianTi praqtikuli saqmianobiTa da oficialuri<br />

gancxadebebiT, saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da qarTveli<br />

erisadmi siZulvili praqtikulad daadastures. arsebuli vi-<br />

Tareba problemisadmi obieqtur midgomas da Seqmnili s<strong>in</strong>amdvilis<br />

aRiarebas moiTxovda. sakiTxisadmi pragmatuli midgomis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, erovnul— demokratebis mxridan osuri<br />

mosaxleobis ganTesvis sakiTxis dRis wesrigSi dayeneba savsebiT<br />

kanonzomierad moCans. i. farnievis gaRizianeba proble-<br />

169

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mis gadasawyvetad radikaluri formis gamoyenebis moTxovnam<br />

ganapiroba. `Tqven — ambobda i.farnievi — marTlac g<strong>in</strong>daT wavides<br />

osis eri sadRac, magram wasvla SeuZlia mas, v<strong>in</strong>c guS<strong>in</strong><br />

an dRes movida da ara im xalxs, romelsac qarTvelebTan er-<br />

Tad saukuneebiT ucxovria~ [1].<br />

rogorc vxedavT, i.farnievma zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis<br />

dasma mtkivneulad aRiqva, magram pasuxgaucemeli datova Semdegi<br />

kiTxvebi: 1)saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri umciresobebis<br />

fonze, saqarTvelos osebi ganicdidnen Tu ara erovnuli<br />

niSniT devnas an raime saxiT Seviwroebas; 2)TavianTi moqmedebidan<br />

gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebi iZleodnen<br />

Tu ara qarTvelebTan Tanacxovrebis SesaZleblobas. osebis<br />

damcvelTa mxridan nebsiT Tu uneblied aRniSnuli kiTxvebis<br />

ignorireba xdeboda. arada, masze sajarod pasuxis gacema<br />

srulad warmoaCenda im ganuzomel umadurobasa da daumsaxurebel<br />

RvarZls, rasac saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebi<br />

qarTvel erTan mimarTebaSi avlendnen. es realobas warmoadgenda<br />

da igi qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebis mxridan<br />

SeumCneveli ar darCenila. v<strong>in</strong>c safuZvlianad gaecnoba im periodis<br />

saparlamento sxdomebis stenografiul angariSebsa<br />

da presis furclebze gamoqveynebul publikaciebs, darwmundeba,<br />

rom qarTuli saxelmwifos samsaxurSi myofi yvela politikuri<br />

partiis lideri — (garda bolSevikebisa) osebTan<br />

mimarTebaSi erT Tvalsazrisze idga. osebis yovel namoqmedars<br />

erovnuli saxelmwifos <strong>in</strong>teresebidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are afasebdnen<br />

da xelisuflebis mxridan Sesatyvisi pragmatuli xasiaTis<br />

gadawyvetilebis miRebas moiTxovdnen. osebis umadurobisa<br />

da am s<strong>in</strong>amdvilisadmi qarTuli politikuri partiebis<br />

uaryofiTi damokidebulebis warmoCenis mizniT, im periodis<br />

presis furclebze dabeWdili statiebidan ramdenime amonarids<br />

SevTavazeb mkiTxvel sazogadoebas, sadac osebis `naRvawis~<br />

obieqturi Sefasebaa mocemuli. am mxriv gansakuTrebul<br />

<strong>in</strong>teress gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdili mow<strong>in</strong>ave statia<br />

`osebis gamosvlebi~ iqcevs. saqarTveloSi `mcxovrebma osebma<br />

— vkiTxulobT werilSi — yovelive miiRes revoluciidan, ris<br />

miRebac SeiZleboda; miwa- wyali, tye- saZovari da Tavisufleba.<br />

es udidesi ganZi— romelic mogvca revoluciam. magram<br />

mTis xalxs (osebs S.v.) ar SeuZlia mixvdes am wyalobas, romelic<br />

mianiWa ganaxlebulma cxovrebam~ [2]. am fonze Tuki ganvi-<br />

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xilavT saqarTvelos osebis mier qarTvel erTan mimarTebaSi<br />

gaweul `damsaxurebas~ davrwmundebiT, rom is<strong>in</strong>i saqarTvelosaTvis<br />

danamat parazitebad iynen qceulni. Cveni es gancxadeba<br />

miutevebel braldebad rom ar CagveTvalos, amis damadastureblad<br />

gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi~ axalgorelis fsevdonimiT<br />

dabeWdili statiidan `osuri safrTxe~ Sesabamis amonawers<br />

movitanT da Tavad mkiTxvelma gansajos Tu ra rols asrulebda<br />

osebi im periodis saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi.<br />

`swored maS<strong>in</strong> — vkiTxulobT werilSi — roca gareSe safrTxe<br />

aRimarTeboda, aseT kritikul momentSi Cven ar gvaxsovs,<br />

rom saqarTvelos qveSevrdom osobas raime monawileoba<br />

mieRos samSoblos (saqarTvelos S. v.) dacvis saqmeSi, Tund<br />

sityvieri TanagrZnoba gamoecxadeb<strong>in</strong>os qarTveli xalxisaTvis,<br />

raime nivTieri msxverpli gaeRos im miwawylis dasacavad,<br />

romelzedac is<strong>in</strong>i cxovroben da cxovroben gacilebiT ukeT<br />

v<strong>in</strong>em qarTveli glexoba~ [3]. analogiuri Tvalsazrisia gamoTqmuli<br />

gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdil mow<strong>in</strong>ave werilSi `isev<br />

osebze.~ `gvegona, rom osebi TavianT movaleobas Seignebdnen<br />

respublikis w<strong>in</strong>aSe. am ori wlis ganmavlobaSi maT erTi jariskaci<br />

ar miuciaT saxelmwifosaTvis. erTi Sauri ar SeutaniaT<br />

respublikis xaz<strong>in</strong>aSi da rogorc parazitebi, cxovroben danarCeni<br />

moqalaqeebis xarjze~ [4]. qarTvelebTan mimarTebaSi<br />

osebis umadurobaze werda s.abulaZe Jurnal `mxedarSi~ dabeWdil<br />

statiaSi `osebis amoZravebaze.~ `didi siyvaruli gamoiC<strong>in</strong>a<br />

osebisadmi saqarTvelos mSromelma xalxma, zomaze<br />

metic, qarTvel memamuleTagan CamorTmeuli miwebi os glexebs<br />

misces, im os glexebs, romelTac mcire gamonaklisis garda<br />

saqarTvelos dasacavad TiTic ki ar gaunZreviaT. maTve miiRes<br />

yvela is sikeTe, romelic demokratiulma wyobilebam saqarTvelos<br />

xalxs mouvl<strong>in</strong>a. magram osebi ma<strong>in</strong>c ukmayofiloni<br />

darCnen. ver moigo saqarTvelom maTi guli!~[5, 7].<br />

Cvens mier zemoT motanil masalebs Tuki obieqturad gaavanalizebT<br />

davrwmundebiT: 1)masSi sruladaa warmoCenili<br />

osebTan mimarTebaSi qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurTa<br />

negatiuri damokidebuleba; 2)dasabuTebulia, rom qarTvel<br />

politikosTa gansakuTrebuli gaRizianeba osebis mxolod parazitobam<br />

ki ar ganapiroba, aramed igi osebis oTxgzis Ralatis<br />

faqtze iyo dafuZnebuli. saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi ra<br />

donis boroteba unda Caed<strong>in</strong>a osebs, rom ucxo tomis warmo-<br />

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madgenlebisadmi `sibriyvemde misuli tolerantobiT~ gan-<br />

Tqmuli, sakuTari saxlkaris garkveuli nawilis daTmobamde<br />

wamsvleli qarTveli eri, wonasworobidan gamosuliyo da<br />

warsulSi osebisadmi gakeTebuli sikeTis Secdomad aRiarebamde<br />

misuliyo.<br />

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi qarTvelebTan mimarTebaSi<br />

osebis mxridan gamorCeuli `niWiereba,~ Znelbedobis Jams<br />

myofi saqarTvelos w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg mowyobili `Sida jvarosnuli~<br />

omiT warmoCnda. am qmedebaSi saqarTvelosa da qarTveli erisadmi<br />

gansakuTrebuli siZulvili iyo Cadebuli. amas maS<strong>in</strong>deli<br />

qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebi SesaniSnavad xedavdnen<br />

da gakvirvebasac ver malavdnen. amis erT-erT dadasturebas<br />

gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi~ g. lasxiSvilis mier gamoqveynebuli<br />

statia `bolo unda moeRos~ warmoadgens. `netavi<br />

macod<strong>in</strong>a — kiTxulobda g. lasxiSvili — ratom sZulT osebs<br />

saqarTvelos respublika? xarjebs is<strong>in</strong>i ar ixdian, saldaTad<br />

ar midian, respublikas arafriT exmarebian da yovlisfers ki<br />

sargebloben. auarebeli xarjebi midis maTze da gana imitom,<br />

rom mtrulad iyvnen yovelTvis?~[6].<br />

imave problematikas Seexo gazeT `kldeSi~ gamoqveynebuli<br />

i.didiZis statia `osebis gadasaxlebisaTvis.~ `saqarTvelos<br />

siZulviliT anTebuli osi xalxi— wers avtori, — qarTuli<br />

haeriT sunTqavs da Cvens purs sWams. magram... saqarTvelos<br />

yovelwliurad zurgSi maxvils scems da brZolis vels umar-<br />

Tavs~ [7]. aqedan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, i.didiZe saqarTvelos xelisuflebas<br />

sayvedurobda, rom man `Wkua- gonebis gareSe mdgom uvicurad<br />

sikvdilTan moTamaSe~ osebs Sesaferisi pasuxi ver gasca<br />

da osuri safrTxisagan saqarTvelos saxelmwifos samudamod<br />

dazRveva ver SeZlo. aq erTi metad mniSvnelovani niuansia<br />

gasaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebeli; mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs qarTvel mefeTa<br />

da TavadaznaurTa mxridan w<strong>in</strong>a saukuneebSi CrdiloeTidan<br />

osebis `mopatiJebiT,~ da Sida qarTlis mTian zolSi maTi dasaxlebiT<br />

daSvebuli udidesi Secdoma. im periodis qarTuli<br />

politikuri azris mesveurni aRniSnulis gamosworebas, damoukidebeli<br />

saqarTvelos xelisuflebisgan erTi xelisdakvriT<br />

moiTxovdnen. magram, imave xelisuflebas dasabuTebuli<br />

formiT ver sTavazobdnen im alternatul gzas, romlis meSveobiTac<br />

am problemis mogvareba gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, saqarTvelos mTavrobas yovel nabijze Seaxse-<br />

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nebdnen Sida qarTlis mTian 22 osur sofelSi mcxovrebi `veluri<br />

mecxvare osebisgan~ mosalodnel garduval safrTxes.<br />

saqarTvelos `saxelmwifoebrivma sxeulma — werda i. didiZe —<br />

ver moiSora osuri muwuki!... am muwukidan dausrulebliv<br />

sdis iara da alpobs qarTlis guls... osebi mudmivi safrTxea<br />

saqarTvelosaTvis. osebi yoveli mzis Casvlisas ocneboben<br />

saqarTvelos waxdenas~ [7].<br />

am amonaweridan, saqarTvelos mTiani zolis osebisadmi<br />

saocari siZulvili moCans. es arcaa gasakviri, radgan 1918-<br />

1920 wlebSi mowyobilma osurma ajanyebebma, ekonomikuri da<br />

politikuri TvalsazrisiT, axladSeqmnili qarTvelTa damoukidebeli<br />

saxelmwifo `sikvdilis piramde~ miiyvana. Tuki<br />

osur sakiTxs am WrilSi ganvixilavT, maS<strong>in</strong> i.didiZis zemoaRniSnuli<br />

Sefaseba saRad moazrovne WeSmariti qarTvelisaTvis<br />

misaRebi aRmoCndeba. rac Seexeba osuri wylulis moSuSebis<br />

SesaZleblobas, igive i. didiZe saqarTvelos xelisuflebas<br />

Semdegi saxis `samkurnalo recepts~ sTavazobda: `sanam roks<br />

da mamisons osebi floben, sanam is<strong>in</strong>i Cven sazRvarTa bWeebze<br />

mosaxleoben, manamdis respublika Tavs ver daizRvevs osuri<br />

yovelwliuri gastrolebisagan. osebs verasodes ver mov-<br />

TxovT saqarTvelos mimarT ara Tu erTgulebas, aramed loialobasac<br />

ki... osi yovelTvis gagvyidis, osi yvela gareSe<br />

mters udidesi sixaruliT gauRebs kars. aucilebelia saz-<br />

Rvrebze mTavrobis gankargulebiT sruliad ayril iqnan osebi<br />

da maT adgilas dasaxldes samSoblos erTguli qarTuli<br />

elementi~ [7]. aq garkveviTaa naTqvami, CrdiloeTis mTiani<br />

sazRvris zolidan osebis asaxlebisa da mis nacvlad samSoblos<br />

erTguli qarTvelebis Casaxlebis Sesaxeb. amis gatarebis<br />

aucileblobas im periodis qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebi<br />

nomer pirvel amocanad miiCnevdnen. am SemTxvevaSi, is<strong>in</strong>i<br />

yovelive saxis kompromiss gamoricxavdnen, radgan warsulis<br />

gamocdilebidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, osebTan mimarTebaSi Tavs<br />

motyuebulad Tvlidnen. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT statiaSi<br />

`osebis amoZravebaze~ s. abulaZe garkveviT werda: `Cven gv<strong>in</strong>doda<br />

osebi TviTon mosuliyvnen gons, moenanieb<strong>in</strong>aT danaSauli.<br />

vfiqrobdiT, bneli xalxia da provokatorebma aiyolies.<br />

amitom iyo, rom osebs advilad Cauara im samtro gamosvlebma,<br />

romelic saqarTvelos daRupvis mizniT maT ramdenjerme moaxd<strong>in</strong>es...<br />

is<strong>in</strong>i kvlav darCnen saqarTvelos iseTive sruluf-<br />

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lebiani moqalaqeebi, rogoradac gv<strong>in</strong>da iTvlebodes Cveni<br />

respublikis yoveli mcxovrebi. magram... Cven mwared movtyuvdiT~<br />

[8, 8]. erovnuli saxelmwifos mosalodneli safrTxis<br />

qveS dayeneba, qarTvel politikosebs Tavis meored motyuebis<br />

uflebas ar aZlevda. aqedan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, sakiTxi maT w<strong>in</strong>a-<br />

Se pr<strong>in</strong>cipulad iyo dasmuli — xalxisTvis simarTle eTqvaT<br />

da erTxel da samudamod sajarod gamoeaSkaraveb<strong>in</strong>aT Tu v<strong>in</strong>,<br />

v<strong>in</strong> iyo.<br />

osuri safrTxis saaSkaraoze gamotanas da TviT osTa S<strong>in</strong>agani<br />

bunebis srulad warmoCenas isaxavda miznad, saqarTvelos<br />

erovnuli sabWos 1918 wlis 23 ivlisis sxdomaze gr.veSapelis<br />

mier cnobili publicistisa da sazogado moRvawis ia<br />

ekalaZis publikaciis garkveuli monakveTis wakiTxvis faqti.<br />

`rodesac saqarTvelos miwawyalze, qarTveli xalxis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg<br />

amxedrebs CvenSi samadlod Semosaxlebul osebs maTi <strong>in</strong>teligenciis<br />

erTi nawili, es aramc Tu umadurobaa, aramed didi<br />

usamarTlobac, romelic daiwyo oci— ocdaaTi wlis w<strong>in</strong>aT.<br />

<strong>in</strong>iciatorebad Seiqmnen jer rusis moxeleebi, cnobili vostorgovis<br />

meTaurobiT da mere osis naswavli axalgazrdoba,<br />

romelic gamoizarda rusis skolebSi, rogorc ruseTis stipendiantebi.<br />

vostorgovma da am axalgazrdebma mowamles saqarTvelos<br />

osebis masa da es Sxami ar gadaerecxebaT gulidan<br />

iqamde, vidre Tavisufali saqarTvelo ar alagmavs xalxis<br />

mtrebs da ar daanaxvebs saqarTvelos osebs maT Secdomebs.<br />

jer sad iyo revolucia, rodesac saqarTvelos osebis <strong>in</strong>teligenciam<br />

mTeli gegma Seadg<strong>in</strong>a ruseTis politikiTa da asi<br />

wlis monobiT dabeCavebuli qarTveli xalxis daCagvra- dapyrobisa.<br />

liaxvis xeobaSi mibrZ<strong>and</strong>iT, Tundac cx<strong>in</strong>valSi, Tvali<br />

SeavleT im rkals, romelic Seiqmna osi mosaxleobiT, daukvirdiT<br />

marto cx<strong>in</strong>valsa da dgvrisSi axlad, Cvens dros Camosaxlebul<br />

os vaWarTa moxeleoba- moqmedebas. am xeobidan<br />

gamosul am vaWar `burJuebis~ Svilebs, mozard Taobas, student<br />

moswavleTa wreebs, maT kavSirebs, ganzraxvebs da Tqven<br />

dameTanxmebiT, arc es vaJbatonebi daixeven ukan, Tuki cota<br />

rames ma<strong>in</strong>c Camoglejen yvelasagan gabriyvebul saqarTvelos,<br />

Tu ki SeZleba miecema xeli moiTbon saqarTvelos ubedurebaze~<br />

[9].<br />

rogorc vxedavT, osebis s<strong>and</strong>oobis eWvqveS dayenebis,<br />

qarTvelebisadmi siZulvilisa da mtruli damokidebulebis,<br />

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qarTuli miwebis mitacebis, qarTvelTa gaubedurebisa da Cawixvlis<br />

xarjze osebis miznebisa da amocanebis Sefasebis sakiTxSi,<br />

qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri azri identuri<br />

iyo. is<strong>in</strong>i erTxmad aRiarebdnen, rom saqarTvelos — Sida qar-<br />

Tlis `sak<strong>in</strong>ZeCamoglejil ubeSi~ Sxamiani gveli iyo dabudebuli<br />

da es `CrdiloeTis qvewarmavali~ qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />

yovelwliurad dagesvlis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos<br />

waqcevas da misi teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevas<br />

cdilobda. aseT fonze, bunebrivia qarTuli politikuri azris<br />

mesveurTa w<strong>in</strong>aSe mTeli pr<strong>in</strong>cipulobiT dadga sakiTxi:<br />

1)rogor moqceodnen Sida qarTlSi mcxovreb osebs; 2)ra meqanizmiT<br />

moexd<strong>in</strong>aT axladSeqmnili damoukidebeli saqarTvelos<br />

dasangrevad amoqmedebuli ucxo saxelmwifosgan marTvadi<br />

osuri separatizmis SeCereba; 3) osuri baciliT daavadmyofebuli<br />

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sxeulis samudamod gansakurneblad<br />

da mis gadasarCenad, qveynis xelisuflebas rogori<br />

saxis `samkurnalo malamo~ unda gamoeyeneb<strong>in</strong>a. aRniSnuli<br />

sakiTxebi im periodis qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurTa<br />

farTo msjelobis sagans warmoadgenda. presis furclebze<br />

gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis avtorebi TavianT mosazrebebs<br />

yovelgvari dafarvis gareSe ambobdnen. imavdroulad<br />

Seqmnili urTulesi situaciidan gamosavali gzebisa da<br />

saSualebebis Ziebas cdilobdnen. am mxriv, gansakuTrebul <strong>in</strong>teress<br />

gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi~ axalgorelis fsevdonimiT gamoqveynebuli<br />

werili `osuri safrTxe~ iqcevs. `ra vuyoT im<br />

xalxs — kiTxulobs avtori, — romelic sargeblobs Cvens respublikaSi<br />

yovelgvari priveligiebiT, ar ixdis saxelmwifo<br />

gadasaxads, ar icavs Cvens teritorias, Cvens respublikas da<br />

romelic mudam mzad aris garedan momdgar... mters Seuer-<br />

Tdes, Rvaros qarTveli jariskacis... sisxli, agviwiokos soflebi<br />

da qalaqebi, miitacos Cveni moqalaqis sarCo-sabadebeli?<br />

es kiTxva Cvens w<strong>in</strong>aSe pirvelad ar ismis, magram samwuxarod,<br />

dRemdis ver mogvixerxebia misi jerovnad gadaWra, rogorc<br />

amas Cveni xalxis sasicocxlo <strong>in</strong>teresebi, respublikis<br />

keTildReoba da misi uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofa gvikarnaxebs.~<br />

qveynis w<strong>in</strong>aSe mdgomi am urTulesi problemis gadauWrelobis<br />

erT— erT ZiriTad mizezs werilis avtori damnaSave<br />

osebis sanimuSod dausjelobaSi xedavda. aqedan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are,<br />

igi xelisuflebis w<strong>in</strong>aSe savsebiT logikurad svamda ritori-<br />

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kul SekiTxvas: `rodemdis unda gagrZeldes aseTi mdgomareoba.<br />

damokles maxviliviT rodemdis unda gvekidos osoba? rodemdis<br />

unda daiRvaros qarTveli xalxis SvilTa sisxli?<br />

mzadyofnaSi rodemdis unda viyolioT SeiaraRebuli Zalebi<br />

gaTavxedebuli osi brboebis mosagerieblad?... erTxel da samudamod...<br />

unda SevignoT, rom mters mtrulad moveqceT.<br />

osebs unda vagrZnob<strong>in</strong>oT, rom Tu Cvens miwa— wyalze cxovreba<br />

surT, movaleobac unda ikisron samSoblos w<strong>in</strong>aSe, rom Cven<br />

maTTvis mudam Ralatis patieba ar SegviZlia.~<br />

SekiTxvis formiT gamoTqmuli es aRSfoTeba savsebiT<br />

kanonzomieri iyo, radgan 1918-1920 wlebis CaTvliT, saqar-<br />

Tvelos osebis `namoRvawari,~ sabWoTa ruseTis agenturisa da<br />

mis mier SekveTili antiqarTuli davalebebis aRsrulebisaTvis<br />

brZolis CarCoSi Tavsdeboda. bunebrivia, es faqtori qar-<br />

Tuli saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis garantiis Sesaqmnelad sa-<br />

Tanado meqanizmis gamoZebnis aucileblobas moiTxovda. aseT<br />

saSualebad, imave statiis avtors osuri sakiTxis dauyovneblivi<br />

gadawyveta miaCnda. `Cven erTxel da samudamod unda moviSoroT<br />

osuri safrTxe, — werda igi — Tu mSvidobiani cxovreba<br />

gv<strong>in</strong>da.~ es imas niSnavs, rom qarTuli politikuri azris<br />

mesveurebi qveynis SigniT mSvidobiani cxovrebis Seqmnasa da<br />

stabilurobas, osuri safrTxis mocilebas ukavSirebdnen. radikalizmiT<br />

Sezavebuli aseTi Tvalsazrisi wiTel zolad gasdevda<br />

osebis sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis<br />

presis furclebze gamoqveynebuli publikaciebis umetesobas.<br />

misi avtorebi erTxel kidev xazgasmiT miuTiTebdnen<br />

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis, saqarTvelosaTvis rogorc<br />

zedmeti tvirTis Sesaxeb. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gazeT `saxalxo<br />

saqmeSi~ dabeWdili mow<strong>in</strong>ave werili `kmara!~ gamoirCeva.<br />

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos periodSi osebis mier qveynisa<br />

da qarTveli eris saw<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegod gaweul saqmianobis analizis<br />

safuZvelze zemoaRniSnuli statiis avtori mkiTxvel<br />

sazogadoebas erTxel kidev Seaxsenebda, rom osebis mxridan<br />

saqarTvelo zaralis mets arafers iRebda, rom maTdami samsaxuri<br />

qveynis xaz<strong>in</strong>as udidesi Tanxa ujdeboda. `araviTari<br />

sargebloba maTgan da auarebeli xarjebi... maswavleblebis<br />

jamagirs — vkiTxulobT werilSi — iReben saqarTvelos xaz<strong>in</strong>idan;<br />

eqimebis, ferSlebis, samkurnalo punqtebis xarji... goris<br />

samazro erobas awveba kiserze. v<strong>in</strong> mosTvlis, osebis moT-<br />

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xovnilebaTa dakmayofileba raoden fulad ujdeba saqarTvelos.<br />

miaqcieT yuradReba imasac, rom revoluciis yoveli SenaZeni<br />

farTod gamoiyenes Tavis sasargeblod saqarTvelos<br />

wyalobiT. maTSi farTod ganxorcielda kulturuli avtonomia<br />

isev da isev saqarTvelos xarjiT~ [10].<br />

aRniSnul amonawerSi motanili faqtebi imis damadasturebelia,<br />

rom saqarTveloSi Semoxiznuli ucxo tomis warmomadgenlebi<br />

qarTvelma erma, misi istoriis umZimes periodSiac<br />

ar daiviwya, SesaZleblobis farglebSi qveynis mwiri xaz<strong>in</strong>idan<br />

osebis kulturuli da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mizniT<br />

uwyvet daf<strong>in</strong>ansebas axorcielebda. amis dadasturebas<br />

sruliad saqarTvelos maswavlebelTa II yrilobis (1921 wlis 9<br />

ianvari) stenografiuli angariSi warmoadgens. am dokumentidan<br />

irkveva, rom im etapze, saqarTveloSi 48 osuri skola arsebobda.<br />

maS<strong>in</strong> rodesac Crdilo oseTSi am mimarTulebiT sab-<br />

WoTa ruseTs nabijic ar hqonda gadadgmuli. miuxedavad amisa,<br />

qarTvel erTan mimarTebaSi osebma umadurobis saocari magaliTi<br />

gamoavl<strong>in</strong>es. amasTan dakavSirebiT, angariSgasawevi<br />

mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli Jurnal `mxedarSi~ dabeWdil publikaciaSi<br />

`umadurni.~ misi avtori saTanado faqtebze dayrdnobiT<br />

da qarTvelTa stumarTmoyvareobis fonze ganixilavs `saqarTvelos<br />

kalTas~ TavSefarebuli osebis umadurobas. am<br />

fonze, Tavis Sexedulebas Semdegi formiT gadmoscems: `rogorc<br />

kerZo ojaxs, ise sazogadoebas da saxelmwifosac hyavs<br />

amagis daunaxveli umaduri wevrebi. aseT xalxs fi<strong>and</strong>azadac<br />

rom daef<strong>in</strong>oT, mTeli sacxovrebeli rom zed gadaagoT, malamod<br />

rom waecxoT, ukanaskneli puris lukmac rom SesTavazoT,<br />

maT garecxil guls ver moigebT, maTi gamgelebuli mada ganuzomelia...<br />

utifrobamde misulma osebma kadnierebaSi orives<br />

(somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs S.v.) gadaaWarbes. osebi Cvens<br />

samSoblos Tavis kalTaze hyavs gazrdili. ucxo qveynidan tabarukad<br />

gadmosuli osoba Cvens qveyanas Tavis gulSi dausaxlebia,<br />

Semouxiznavs, patronoba da mzrunveloba ar mouklia,<br />

qarTlis saukeTeso adgil-mamuli dauTmia, magram maT gaqsuebul<br />

guls dRemde umadurobis meti araferi gamouCenia. saqarTvelos<br />

demokratiulma respublikam osebs sakuTrebad<br />

qarTlis saukeTeso adgilebi gadasca, sruluflebian moqalaqeebad<br />

gaxada, gaadamianebis gzaze daayena, kulturuli<br />

w<strong>in</strong>svlisaTvis gza gauxsna, magram mgeli ma<strong>in</strong>c tyisken iyure-<br />

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a da moxerxebul dros SeurCevs xolme, rom qurdulad, avazakurad<br />

daeces mSvidobian mcxovrebT, daawiokos da daarbios<br />

igi~ [8, 2] .<br />

v<strong>in</strong>c demokratiuli saqarTvelos arsebobis wlebSi<br />

osebis mier qarTul saxelmwifosTan da mis mosaxleobasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi Cadenil danaSaulebriv qmedebebs safuZvlianad<br />

icnobs dameTanxmeba, rom osebis rogorc umaduri, sikeTis<br />

verdamnaxveli, mtacebeli da sxvis gasaubedureblad mudam-<br />

Jams iaraRSemarTuli eTnikuri warmomadgenlebis Sesaxeb zemoT<br />

motanili daxasiaTeba, TiTqmis srulyofil saxes atarebs.<br />

roca saxelmwifos sasazRvro zolSi da mis `gulSi~ kompaqturad<br />

dasaxlebuli aseTi eTnikuri umciresobebi arsebobs,<br />

qveynis xelisuflebas maTdami damokidebulebis sakiTxSi<br />

Sesatyvisi politikuri kursi unda qondes SemuSavebuli.<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri saxelmwifo mudamJams saomar<br />

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. swored es garemoeba qonda<br />

mxedvelobaSi aRniSnuli statiis avtors, roca osebis misamarTiT<br />

werda: `qarTvelebis mxridan Sewyaleba usazRvroa,<br />

magram dee igrZnon garewrebma, rom qarTul demokratias saTnoeba-siyvarulisa<br />

da mzrunvelobis garda SeuZlian mrisxaneba<br />

da SurisZiebac. Tuki umadurni droulad gons ar movlen,<br />

vidre is<strong>in</strong>i ar gaxdebian Rirsi demokratiuli respublikis<br />

mzrunvelobisa da Sewyalebisa~ [8, 2] .<br />

es imas niSnavda, rom qveyanaSi anarqiis Semqmneli da mo-<br />

Zalade osebisadmi raime saxiT mzrunvelobaze, an mis Sewyalebaze<br />

xelisuflebas uari unda eTqva. erovnuli saxelmwifos<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresebidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, civilizebuli qveynebisaTvis<br />

damaxasiaTebeli kanonmdeblobiT emoqmeda da osebis namoqmedarisaTvis<br />

Sesatyvisi saxeli daerqmia. am pozicias<br />

icavda gazeT `erTobaSi~ gamoqveynebuli mow<strong>in</strong>ave statiac<br />

`isev osebze.~ `im adamianebs, romelTac am ori wlis ganmavlobaSi—<br />

vkiTxulobT werilSi — araviTari vali ar mouxdiaT<br />

respublikis w<strong>in</strong>aSe, Cveni mSvidobiani damokidebulebis borotad<br />

gamoyeneba surT. dRes respublikam unda sTqvas —`kmara!~—<br />

da mTeli Tavisi siZlieriT Seagneb<strong>in</strong>os TavaSvebul<br />

brboebs Tu ras niSnavs respublikaSi wesrigis dacva da moqalaqis<br />

elementaruli movaleobis asrulebis saWiroeba. respublikis<br />

mTavroba valdebulia erTxel da samudamod alagmos<br />

qveynis moRalateebi, bolo mouRos am v<strong>and</strong>eas. is mkacri<br />

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zomebi, romelsac Cveni respublika iZulebuli xdeba mesamed<br />

mimarTos ajanyebuli osebis asalagmavad, iqneba wm<strong>in</strong>da TavdacviTi<br />

aqti CrdiloeTidan SemoWrili mtris w<strong>in</strong>aarmdeg. es<br />

iqneba moZaladeebTan da mtarvalebTan brZola adgilobriv<br />

mcxovrebTa dasacavad, respublikis da demokratiis gadasar-<br />

Cenad~ [4] .<br />

am vrceli amonaweris mixedviT Tuki vimsjelebT, saqar-<br />

Tvelos xelisuflebis mxridan osebTan mimarTebaSi gatarebuli<br />

nebismieri sadamsjelo RonisZieba gamarTlebuli iyo<br />

Tundac im elementaruli mizezis gamo, rom igi CrdiloeTidan<br />

SemoWrili mtrisadmi Rirseulad daxvedras, misi mxardamWeri<br />

osuri mosaxleobis alagmvas da qveynis usafrTxoebis<br />

garantiis Seqmnas emsaxureboda. saqarTvelos garSemo,<br />

gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleTidan (azerbaijanidan) da CrdiloeTidan<br />

im etapze Seqmnili realuri safrTxe, qveynis xelisuflebis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aSe pr<strong>in</strong>cipuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis aucileblobis<br />

sakiTxs ayenebda. am SemTxvevaSi ormagi st<strong>and</strong>artis<br />

kursis gatareba dauSvebeli iyo, radgan aseT politikur<br />

kurss, qveyana savalalo mdgomareobamde SeiZleba mieyvana. es<br />

safrTxe, maS<strong>in</strong>deli qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebs<br />

SesaniSnavad hqondaT gacnobierebuli.<br />

Tu ramdenad rTul da mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda am<br />

TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo, amis sailustraciod saqarTvelos<br />

social- demokratiuli muSaTa partiis meore yrilobaze<br />

(1920 wlis 13-19 ivnisi) n.Jordanias mier gakeTebuli moxseneba<br />

gamodgeba. mmarTveli politikuri partiisa da sakanonmdeblo<br />

organos pirveli rigis amocanad, n.Jordania qveynis<br />

damoukideblobisaTvis saZirkvelis gamagrebas da S<strong>in</strong>auri<br />

mtrebis dauyovnebliv daTrgunvas miiCnevda. am fonze, damoukidebeli<br />

saqarTvelos S<strong>in</strong>aur mtrebSi igi bolSevikebs, rus<br />

social-demokratebs, rus eserebs, rus socialist-revolucionerebs,<br />

daSnakcuTiunis partias da osebs asaxelebda. misive<br />

TqmiT, saqarTvelos SigniT osebi ajanyebebsa da arev-darevas<br />

im mizniT awyobdnen, rom saqarTvelo damoukidebeli<br />

saxelmwifo ar yofiliyo da ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi darCeniliyo.<br />

`gvipirebdnen gadagdebas im aboboqrebul okeaneSi —<br />

ambobda n.Jordania, — romelsac ruseTi w<strong>in</strong>ad warmoadgenda<br />

da axlac warmoadgens. amaTTan brZola... dResac ar aris dam-<br />

Tavrebuli. is<strong>in</strong>i Tumc arian damarcxebulni... magram ar yrian<br />

179

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farxmals da brZolas ganagrZoben. miuxedavad amisa, is<strong>in</strong>i<br />

dRes ise saSiSni aRar arian, rogoric iyvnen w<strong>in</strong>ad, roca Cvens<br />

damoukideblobas Ziri momagrebuli ar hqonda~ [11, 28] .<br />

qveynis pirveli piris mier gakeTebuli aseTi saxis gancxadeba,<br />

xelisuflebis mxridan osebTan mimarTebaSi loialuri<br />

kursis radikalizmiT Secvlis garduvalobaze mianiSnebda.<br />

qveynisaTvis mosalodneli qaosis im etapze acileba,<br />

politikuri situaciis Sesatyvisi pragmatuli nabijis gadadgmaze<br />

iyo damokidebuli. am TvalsazrisiT Tuki ganvixilavT<br />

im periodis presis furclebze gamoqveynebul publikaciebs,<br />

yuradRebis centrSi gazeT `erTobaSi~ dabeWdili mow<strong>in</strong>ave<br />

werili `kmara!~ moeqceva. `kmara! saqarTvelos aRar SeuZlia<br />

zurgs ukan gamudmebiT iyolios SeiaraRebuli moRalate. ke-<br />

Tili sityva— vkiTxulobT werilSi — uqmi yofila maTTvis,<br />

lmobiereba da kacTmoyvareoba aTavxedebs maT da Cveni sisustis<br />

niSnaT miaCniaT. saukunod unda davukargoT Ralatis yoveli<br />

xalisi. amas moiTxovs marto Cveni S<strong>in</strong>auri myudroeba ki<br />

ara, gareSe safrTxis Tavidan acilebac rokis uReltexilis<br />

mxridan. Cven davumtkiceT osebsac da mTel qveyanasac Cveni<br />

lmobiereba, kacTmoyvareoba, Sebralebis da Sewyalebis unari.<br />

Cveni morigi valia davumtkicoT yvelas, rom revoluciisa<br />

da respublikis dacvis saqmeSi saWiro simtkicis gamoCenis<br />

unarica gvaqvs~ [12] . yoveli wlis zafxulobiT rokis xeobidan<br />

Camosuli SeiaraRebuli osebis cx<strong>in</strong>valze Tavdasxma da<br />

mSvidobiani mosaxleobis Zarcva rom aRekveTaT, qarTulma<br />

politikurma elitam sauReltexilo xeobebSi arsebuli osuri<br />

soflis mosaxleobis ayra da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi<br />

Casaxleba erTad— erT gamosaval saSualebad miiCnia. rac Seexeba<br />

osebis namosaxlars, qarTuli politikuri azris mesveurebi<br />

am adgilebSi mTis qarTuli mosaxleobis Casaxlebis mizanSewonilobas<br />

dasabuTebuli formiT ayenebdnen. es sakiTxi<br />

mTeli pr<strong>in</strong>cipulobiT osi social-demokratebis Tbilisis<br />

1920 wlis 21 seqtembris TaTbirze al.lomTaTiZis mier iqna<br />

dasmuli. misi mtkicebiT, saqarTvelios respublikis usafrTxoebis<br />

mizniT, aucileblobas CrdiloeTis sazRvrebis gamagreba<br />

warmoadgenda. igi os social-demokratebs pirdapir<br />

afrTxilebda: `Tqven unda SeurigdeT im faqts, rom dReidan<br />

rokis yeli unda Cabardes saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

ideiis matarebel xalxs. ramdenadac am sakiTxs pirvelxaris-<br />

180

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xovani mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos respublikis dacvaSi, am<br />

respublikis dacvas gvavalebs Cveni dRev<strong>and</strong>eli saerTaSoriso<br />

mdgomareoba~ [13]. es imas niSnavda, rom Sida qarTlis mTiani<br />

zolidan (ruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvris zona) osebi unda<br />

aesaxleb<strong>in</strong>aT da saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi daesaxleb<strong>in</strong>aT,<br />

xolo gamoTavisuflebul adgilebze qarTuli mosaxleoba<br />

damkvidrebuliyo.<br />

saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis mier damoukidebeli saqarTvelos<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aarmdeg mowyobilma mudmivma ajanyebebma, mSvidobiani<br />

mosaxleobis Zarcvam da qveynis momavali bedis kiTxviTi<br />

niSnis qveS dayenebam, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas sxva<br />

alternativa ar dautova. aRniSnuli sakiTxi am kuTxiT unda<br />

iqnas ganxiluli. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki demokratiuli saqar-<br />

Tvelos mTavrobis am gadawyvetilebas arahumanuri poziciidan<br />

miudgebian, aseTma `Semfaseblebma~ pasuxi unda gascen<br />

kiTxvas; 1918- 1920 wlebSi saqarTvelos osebis mier Cadenili<br />

danaSaulis msgavs qmedebas rogor Sexvdeboda dasavleT evropis<br />

civilizebuli qveynebis da Tu gnebavT igive sabWoTa<br />

ruseTis xelisufleba. problemis ganxilva da misi Sefaseba<br />

im periodis saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da qarTveli eris<br />

erovnuli saxelmwifos <strong>in</strong>teresebis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT unda<br />

moxdes da ara sabWouri, an separatistuli zedapiruli ideologiis<br />

mxardamWerTa mixedviT.<br />

warsulis mZime gamocdilebidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, saqarTvelos<br />

xelisufleba im etapze ramdenadac sxva gamosavals ver<br />

xedavda, CrdiloeTis sazRvrispira zolidan mTis osebis mocileba<br />

da saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi gadasaxleba— qveynis-<br />

Tvis usafrTxoebis Seqmnis erTad- erT saSualebad miiCnia.<br />

aRniSnuli sakiTxi im etapze imdenad mwvaved idga, rom igi<br />

qveynis Tavdacvis sabWos sagangebo msjelobis sagani gaxda.<br />

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs samxedro sam<strong>in</strong>istros generalur StabSi<br />

gamarTuli respublikis Tavdacvis sabWos 1920 wlis 18 ivnisis<br />

sxdoma, romelmac Sida qarTlis mTis osur mosaxleobas-<br />

Tan mimarTebaSi Sesabamisi dadgenileba miiRo. es dokumenti,<br />

19 ivniss saqarTvelos mTavrobas gadaegzavna. `saidumlod.<br />

friad saswrafod. samxrdro sam<strong>in</strong>istros generaluri Stabis<br />

ufrosi 1920 w. 19 ivnisi. mTavrobis saqmeTa sammarTvelos. gaaxlebT<br />

saTanado gankargulebisaTvis respublikis Tavdacvis<br />

sabWos ama wlis 18 ivnisis dadgenilebas.<br />

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moism<strong>in</strong>es: saxalxo gvardiis mTavari Stabis Tavmjdomaris<br />

v. jurelis moxseneba oseTSi moqmedebis Sesaxeb.<br />

daadg<strong>in</strong>es: 2. a) sofeli roki sruliad moispos garda sanapiro<br />

jarebis b<strong>in</strong>ebisa; b) oseTidan Crdilo kavkasiaSi (dvaleTSi)<br />

gadasasvleli yvela gzebi garda mamisonisa afeTqebiT<br />

iqnas sabolood gafuWebuli; g) ayril da Crdilo kavkasiaSi<br />

wasul osebs ar mieces ukan dabrunebis neba. im osebs, romlebmac<br />

Cvendami loialoba gamoiC<strong>in</strong>es, TavianT soflebSi darCenis<br />

neba mieces. xolo saeWvo pirebs, mTavrobis gankargulebiT<br />

respublikis sxva raionebSi gadasaxlebis saSualeba mieces;<br />

d) srulebiT gadasaxlebuli iqnas javis midamoebis osebi<br />

(liaxvisa da facis xeobebi) da maT magier es adgilebi miwaTmoqmedebisa<br />

da S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa sam<strong>in</strong>istroebios gankargulebiT<br />

dasaxlebuli iqnes qarTvelebiT; e) ar daubrundes osebs<br />

CamorTmeuli pirutyvi; v) yovelgvari zarali, romelic miadga<br />

samxedro moqmedebebiT Cvens momxre osebs, anazRaurdes<br />

respublikis xaz<strong>in</strong>idan; z) ltolvil osebs, romlebic Cvens<br />

teritoriaze amJamad imyofeba, S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa sam<strong>in</strong>istros<br />

gankargulebiT daxmareba mieces da erobaTa kavSiris gankargulebiT<br />

is<strong>in</strong>i Casaxlebuli iqnan respublikis sxva teritoriaze.<br />

generali g.zaqariaZe.~<br />

am dokumentis mkacri tonis miuxedavad, masSi kargad<br />

Cans, rom saqarTvelos xelisufleba ebrZoda ara saerTod<br />

osebs, aramed mxolod im osebs, romlebsac saqarTvelos saxelmwifos<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg mowyobili oTxgzis ajanyebiT, Sida<br />

qarTlis qarTvelTa genocidisa da eTnowmendis mcdelobidan<br />

gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, qveynis w<strong>in</strong>aSe Ralatis tolfasi danaSauli<br />

qonda Cadenili. am SemTxvevaSi, respublikis Tavdacvis sabWosa<br />

da qarTuli politikuri speqtris (sakanonmdeblo organosa<br />

da qveynis mTavrobis) pozicia identuri iyo. problemisadmi<br />

aRniSnuli formiT midgomis amosaval safuZvels— saqar-<br />

Tvelos damoukideblobis, qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis<br />

SenarCunebis, Sida qarTlis qarTuli mosaxleobis usafrTxoebisa<br />

da misi Rirsebis dacvis garantiis Seqmna warmoadgenda.<br />

rac Seexeba osTa namosaxlarze qarTvelTa Casaxlebas,<br />

am process miwaTmoqmedebis sam<strong>in</strong>istros agrarul ganyofilebasTan<br />

Seqmnili gadasaxlebis qveganyofileba xelmZRvanelobda.<br />

mosaxleobis Sesabamis adgilebze Casaxlebis procesis<br />

zedamxedvelobas, damfuZnebeli krebis wevris l. JRentis<br />

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TavmjdomareobiT Seqmnili adgilobrivi komisia axorcielebda.<br />

miwaTmoqmedebis sam<strong>in</strong>istrosTan arsebuli gadasaxlebis<br />

ganyofilebis mier, S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa sam<strong>in</strong>istrosadmi gagzavnili<br />

1920 wlis 24 ivlisiT daTariRebuli dokumentiT irkveva,<br />

rom javis raionSi axladCasaxlebuli qarTvelebi, osebisagan<br />

Tavdausxmelobis garantiiT ar iyvnen dazRveulni, mi-<br />

Tumetes, wunarisa da yornisis TemebSi osi SeiaraRebuli ya-<br />

CaRebi aqtiurad moqmedebdnen. `amnair pirobebSi — vkiTxulobT<br />

dokumentSi — ara Tu gadasaxlebulebi, adgilobrivi<br />

mcxovrebi qarTvelebic SiSoben darCenas da Tu adm<strong>in</strong>istraciis<br />

gaZlierebas ar mieqca seriozuli yuradReba, erT mSvenier<br />

dRes gadasaxlebulebica da adgilobrivi mkvidri qar-<br />

Tveli mcxovreblebic daiZvrebian iqedan.~ mosalodneli sir-<br />

Tuleebis acilebis mizniT, miwaTmoqmedebis sam<strong>in</strong>istrosTan<br />

arsebuli sagadasaxlebo ganyofileba, S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa sam<strong>in</strong>istros<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aSe pr<strong>in</strong>cipulad ayenebda sakiTxs: a)zemoaRniSnul<br />

soflebSi momxdariyo adm<strong>in</strong>istraciisa da miliciis Zalebis<br />

dauyovneblivi gaZliereba; b)S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa sam<strong>in</strong>istros<br />

eSuamdgomla samxedro sam<strong>in</strong>istrosTan, raTa arsebuli<br />

sajariso SenaerTebi damatebiTi kontigentiT gaezarda da<br />

javis xeobaSi qarTvelTa Casaxlebis damTavrebamde hyoloda<br />

[14, 277; 327].<br />

es faqti imaze migvaniSnebs, rom im etapze osuri safrTxe<br />

jer kidev arsebobda da misi SeCereba mxolod Zalismieri<br />

meTodis demonstrirebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. rac Seexeba<br />

osebis sagadasaxlebo politikas, am sakiTxis dasmis <strong>in</strong>iciatorad<br />

saqarTvelos xelisufleba namdvilad ar CaiTvleba.<br />

igi TviT osebidan momd<strong>in</strong>areobs. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs 1919<br />

wlis 20 seqtembers sof. javaSi gamarTuli osebis VIII yrilobis<br />

mier miRebuli dadgenileba. am dokumentis mixedviT, yrilobam<br />

osebis erovnul sabWos daavala, eSuamdgomla saqar-<br />

Tvelos xelisuflebis w<strong>in</strong>aSe, raTa mciredi mamulebis mqone<br />

mTis osebi qveynis im adgilebSi gadaesaxleb<strong>in</strong>aT, sadac is<strong>in</strong>i<br />

SedarebiT ufro met miwas miiRebdnen.[15] aRniSnuli dadgenileba,<br />

romelic osebis gadasaxlebas exeba, bolSevikebis mxridan<br />

yuradRebis miRma Segnebulad iqna datovebuli. magram,<br />

roca igive sakiTxi saqarTvelos xelisuflebam qveynis usafrTxoebidan<br />

gamomd<strong>in</strong>are w<strong>in</strong>aplanze wamoswia, qarTvelma<br />

bolSevikebma f.maxaraZis meTaurobiT aJiotaJi atexa da da-<br />

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moukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavroba `kacTmoZule~ politikuri<br />

kursis gamtareblad gamoacxada.[16, 125] rogorc yovel-<br />

Tvis, am SemTxvevaSiac qarTveli bolSevikebi saqarTveloSi<br />

mimd<strong>in</strong>are politikuri da ekonomikuri procesebis obieqtur<br />

analizs Segnebulad gaurbodnen, TavianT Sexedulebebsa da<br />

daskvnebs sabWouri ideologiisaTvis misaReb formebSi sTavazobdnen<br />

mkiTxvel sazogadoebas. gverds uvlidnen im faqts,<br />

rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebis agraruli reformis proeqti,<br />

mciremiwiani glexebis sxva adgilebSi— Tavisufal miwebze<br />

Casaxlebas iTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebda. am reformas, ekonomikurTan er-<br />

Tad, politikuri mxarec gaaCnda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs respublikis<br />

sazRvrispira auTvisebel miwebze qarTveli glexebis<br />

Casaxlebisa da qarTuli soflebis Seqmnis idea. exeboda<br />

ra aRniSnul sakiTxs, miwaTmoqmedebis m<strong>in</strong>istri n.xomeriki<br />

xazgasmiT werda: `ganapira adgilebi yvela TiTqmis uklebliv<br />

dasaxlebulia araqarTuli elementebiT, romelnic... xSirad<br />

mtrul ganwyobilebas iCenen respublikisadmi, dawyebuli mexadiridan,<br />

respublika rkaliviT garsSemortymulia an ucxo<br />

tomis xalxiT, an kidev iseTebiT, romelnic SegnebiT qar-<br />

Tvelni ar arian da arc ma<strong>in</strong>ca da ma<strong>in</strong>c siyvaruls iCenen Cveni<br />

kulturisa da saxelmwifosadmi. amitom, saqarTvelos karebi<br />

Tu gnebavT mudam Riaa momxdurTaTvis.~ amis realur dadasturebas<br />

1918-1920 wlebis mimd<strong>in</strong>are movlenebi warmoadgenda.<br />

aseT pirobebSi myofi qveynis mdgomareobis nawilobrivi gamosworebis<br />

SesaZleblobas, n.xomerikis azriT sagadasaxlebo<br />

politikis gatareba Seqmnida. `gadasaxlebis politika — ambobda<br />

igi — saSualebas mogvcems es mdgomareoba cotaTi ma<strong>in</strong>c<br />

gamovasworoT da saxelmwifos sazRvarze daraji davayenoT...<br />

saWiroa mxolod iq ucxo tomelTa dena Sewydes da maT<br />

magier qarTvel umiwawylo glexs mieces mamuli Tavis qveyana-<br />

Si~ [17, 357].<br />

am metad mniSvnelovani reformis pirvel safexurs— ra-<br />

Wis, duSeTisa da ozurgeTis mazrebidan gadmosaxlebuli qar-<br />

Tvelebis javis xeobaSi Casaxlebis procesis dawyeba warmoadgenda.<br />

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gazeTi `saqarTvelo~<br />

statiaSi — `javis xeoba,~ gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />

mTis macxovrebel gudamayar-moxeveebis 80 ojaxis am xeobaSi<br />

Casaxlebis faqtze amaxvilebda. imavdroulad, mkiTxvel sazogadoebas<br />

maTis mxridan tradiciulad maRali meomruli<br />

184

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suliskveTebis faqtebs Seaxsenebda da dasZenda: gudamayar-<br />

moxeveebs `gmiruli warsuli aqvs, CrdiloeTidan Semosuli<br />

mtris damarcxebaSi da ukuqcevaSi awmyoSiac isaxeles Tavi...<br />

warsul saukuneebSi mTis xalxi rusebs ebrZoda da maTi saqar-<br />

Tvelodan garekva surda... axl<strong>and</strong>el droSi mTiel-moxeveebis<br />

gadmosaxlebas javis xeobaSi msgavsi istoriuli mizani aqvs.<br />

es mTis arwivni ampartavanni da avgulni gadmoasaxla Cvenma<br />

mTavrobam im mizniT, rom daicvan CrdiloeTis mtris Semosevisagan<br />

osebisgan dacarielebuli javis xeoba.~ aRniSnuli<br />

amonaweri imis damadasturebelia, rom javis xeobaSi saqar-<br />

Tvelos xelisufleba ZiriTadad mxolod im qarTvelobas asaxlebda,<br />

romlebSiac soflis meurneobis gaZRolisa da meomris<br />

suliskveTeba erTmaneTTan iyo Sexamebuli. am gegmis ganxorcielebaSi<br />

xedavda CrdiloeTis sasazRvro zolis gamagrebis<br />

SesaZleblobas. meore mxriv, igi imazedac miuTiTebs,<br />

rom maS<strong>in</strong>deli qarTuli politikuri azri, saqarTvelos xelisuflebis<br />

am politikuri kursis mxardamWeris rolSi gamodioda.<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis usafrTxoebis Seqmnis<br />

mizniT, erovnuli ideiiT datvirTuli zemoaRniSnuli reformis<br />

—sagadasaxlebo politikis erT-erT Stos, osebis saz-<br />

Rvrispira zolidan asaxleba da qveynis sxva regionSi Casaxleba<br />

warmoadgenda. am proceduris praqtikulad ganxorcielebis<br />

pirvelsave etapze, qarTvelma bolSevikebma erTi aurzauri<br />

atexes— saqarTvelos xelisuflebas osebis borCalosa<br />

da yaraiazSi Casaxleba aqvs gadawyvetilio. saxelmwifos es<br />

politikuri kursi, maTi mxridan damoukidebeli saqarTvelos<br />

mTavrobis ara marto dausabuTebeli kritikis, aramed<br />

ganqiqebis sagani gaxda. XX saukunis 20- iani wlebis qarTveli<br />

bolSevikebis Tvalsazriss sabWouri istoriografiac icavda.<br />

am mxriv gansakuTrebul yuradRebas a.surgulaZis mosazreba<br />

iqcevs. `menSevikebma — wers igi — ...miznad daisaxes ose-<br />

Tidan mkvidri macxovreblebis savsebiT ayra da yaraiazis<br />

velze gadasaxleba. es iyo saS<strong>in</strong>eli gegma, romelic oseTis mosaxleobas<br />

ganadgurebas uqadda~ [18, 23- 24]. am striqonebis avtori<br />

istoriis totalur gayalbebas axdens; a)rogorc aRniSnuli<br />

gvqonda, saqarTvelos xelisufleba, ajanyebaSi monawile<br />

Sida qarTlis mTiani osuri soflebis macxovrebelTa gadasaxlebis<br />

sakiTxs ayenebda dRis wesrigSi da ara oseTis, ro-<br />

185

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melic ruseTis federaciis SemadgenlobaSi iyo da romelzedac<br />

saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeboda; b)saqarTvelos<br />

sazRvrispira zolSi mcxoverbi osebis yaraiazis velze<br />

Casaxleba, oseTis mosaxleobas veranair safrTxes ver Seuqmnida.<br />

es yalbi Sexeduleba, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis<br />

maqsimalur diskreditaciaze iyo gaTvlili. w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg<br />

SemTxvevaSi a. surgulaZesa da sxvebs, ramdenime sityviT<br />

ma<strong>in</strong>c unda eTqvaT, rom imave yaraiazSi 1920 wels Casaxlebuli<br />

qarTvelebisgan sami axali qarTuli sofeli — `Zmoba,~ `erToba,~<br />

da `Tavisufleba~ Seiqmna, romlebsac 3368 deset<strong>in</strong>a miwis<br />

farTobi eWira [19, 315]. agraruli reformis am kursTan mimar-<br />

TebaSi n.xomeriki ambobda: `dasaxleba im adgilebSi sadac Tavisufali<br />

miwebia, saSualebas miscems saxelmwifos ufro mizanSewonilad<br />

gamoiyenos mravali aTasi adamianis Sroma da<br />

qveynis bunebrivi simdidre. ekonomiurad es respublikas Zlier<br />

gaamagrebs~[18, 23]. osebis sagadasaxlebo politikas, swored<br />

am pr<strong>in</strong>cipiT ganixilavda gazeTi `klde~ 1920 wels gamoqveynebul<br />

statiaSi — `osebis ajanyebis gakveTili.~ aRniSnul<br />

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi Tavis pozicias igi Semdegnairad ayalibebda:<br />

`zurgidan osebs SeuZliaT muSaoba da maTi ekonomiuri<br />

unari gamosayenebelia saxelmwifosaTvis, magram politikuri<br />

upiratesobani Cvens xalxzed rac eZleodaT rusebisa da<br />

Cveni mTavrobisagan — yovlad dauSvebelia.~<br />

erovnul-demokratebis mxridan saqarTvelos xelisuflebisadmi<br />

gamoTqmul am sayvedurSi simarTlis marcvali iyo<br />

Cadebuli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs: 1) osebis kulturuli da ekonomikuri<br />

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis mizniT, qveynis saxelmwifo<br />

xaz<strong>in</strong>idan gaRebuli didZali daf<strong>in</strong>anseba; 2) 1918— 1919<br />

wlebis osebis antisaxelmwifoebrivi permanentuli ajanyebebis<br />

Sedegad, damnaSave osi mosaxleobis sanimuSod dausjeloba<br />

da saqarTvelos saxelmwifos erTguli moqalaqeebisadmi<br />

uflebrivad maTi gaTanabreba. saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier<br />

osebTan mimarTebaSi daSvebuli es `Secdoma,~ imave qarTuli<br />

politikuri azris warmomadgenelTa mixedviT, qveynis agrarul<br />

proeqtSi Cadebuli osebis sagadasaxlebo politikuri<br />

kursis praqtikulad dawyebiT iqna gamosworebuli.<br />

amrigad, 1) saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier osebTan<br />

mimarTebaSi gatarebuli sasikeTo RonisZiebebis (miwis, tyis,<br />

saZovrebis gadacema, osuri skolebis Seqmna) sapasuxod, ose-<br />

186

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is mxridan 1918-1920 wlebSi damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg ganxorcielebulma `Sidajvarosnulma<br />

laSqrobebma,~ qarTuli politikuri azris liderTa Soris<br />

osebi qveynis danamat parazitebad warmoaC<strong>in</strong>a. osebis namoqmedaris<br />

safuZvlianma analizmma, qarTuli politikuri speqtris<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aSe kanonzomierad dasva sakiTxi — riT iyo ganpirobebuli<br />

osebis mxridan qarTvelTa gansakuTrebuli siZulvili,<br />

imsaxurebdnen Tu ara osebi qarTvelebTan Tanacxovrebis uflebas.<br />

qarTvelTa Znelbedobis Jams, osebis oTxgzis ajanyebam<br />

da qarTuli saxelmwifos dauZlurebis mcdelobam, qar-<br />

Tuli politikuri speqtri osebisadmi gaweuli sikeTis Secdomad<br />

aRiarebamde miiyvana. am fonze, savsebiT logikuri iyo<br />

erovnul-demokratebis mier gakeTebuli radikaluri gancxadeba<br />

— `osebi sabediswero muwukia saqarTvelos sxeulze da<br />

igi aucileblad unda moviSoroT;~ 2) rokisa da mamisonis sau-<br />

Reltexilo xeobis osuri mosaxleobisagan gawmenda da sanacvlod<br />

qarTvelebis Casaxlebis sakiTxis dayeneba, osebisadmi,<br />

rogorc arasaimedo eTnosisadmi undoblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi, sabWoTa ruseTis agenturis mier qarTuli<br />

saxelmwifos dasangrevad 1918-1920 wlebSi osebisadmi SekveTili<br />

da daf<strong>in</strong>ansebuli ajanyebebis faqtebia gasaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebeli.<br />

osuri safrTxis neitralizebisa da saqarTveloSi<br />

mSvidobiani cxovrebis elementaruli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad,<br />

qarTuli politikuri azris warmomadgenlebi erTaderT gamosavals<br />

osebis sanimuSod dasjaSi da qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />

samsaxurSi CayenebaSi xedavda; 3) damoukidebeli saqarTvelos<br />

mTavrobis mier osebTan mimarTebaSi gatarebuli sagadasaxlebo<br />

politika, sabWoTa ruseTidan mosalodneli Tavdasxmisadmi<br />

Rirseul daxvedras, misi mxardamWeri osuri mosaxleobis<br />

sasazRvro zolidan mocilebas da qveynis usafrTxoebis<br />

garantiis Seqmnas emsaxureboda. osebis mier saqarTvelos saxelmwifos<br />

damoukideblobis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dayenebam,<br />

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas sxva alternativa ar dautova.<br />

mis mier gatarebuli radikaluri RonisZiebebi, osuri mosaxleobis<br />

im nawils Seexo, romlebmac qveynis w<strong>in</strong>aSe Ralatis<br />

tolfasi qmedeba Caid<strong>in</strong>a. meore mxriv, sagadasaxlebo politika,<br />

qveynis agraruli reformis erT-erT nawils warmoadgenda<br />

da qarTul mosaxleobasTan erTad, osebis Sromis mizanmimarTulad<br />

gamoyenebas iTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebda.<br />

187

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damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. gaz. `erToba~, 1918, 8 agvisto, #166.<br />

2. gaz. `erToba~, 1920, 11 ivnisi, #129.<br />

3. gaz. `saxalxo saqme,~ 1920, 11 ivnisi, #847.<br />

4. gaz. `erToba~, 1920, ivnisi, #130.<br />

5. Jurn. `mxedari~, 1920, #27.<br />

6. gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1920, 23 maisi, #832.<br />

7. gaz. `klde~, 1920, 14 ivnisi, #26.<br />

8. Jurn. `mxedari~, 1920, #5.<br />

9. gaz. `saqarTvelo~, 1918, mariamobiTvis 14, #160.<br />

10. gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1920, 13 ivnisi, #849.<br />

11. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio ar qivi,<br />

fondi 1825, aRw. 1, saq. #159.<br />

12. gaz. `saxalxo saqme~, 1920, 13 ivnisi, #849.<br />

13. gaz. `erToba~, 1920, 3 oqtomberi, #224.<br />

14. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,<br />

fondi 1863, aRw. 1, saq. #320. d. WumburiZe, qarTveli xalxis<br />

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola XX s-is dasawyisSi<br />

1918-1921 wlebSi, Tb., 2003.<br />

15. gaz. `erToba~, 1920, 25 oqtomberi, #243.<br />

16. g. TogoSvili, qarTveli da osi xalxebis urTierToba<br />

1801-1921 ww. Tb., 1969.<br />

17. a. surgulaZe, narkvevebi revoluciuri moZraobis istoriidan<br />

saqarTveloSi (1917-1921 ww.), Tb., 1954.<br />

18. n. xomeriki, agraruli reforma da Cveni sasoflo meurneoba,<br />

Tb., 1920.<br />

19. S. vadaWkoria. qarTuli social-demokratia 1917-1921<br />

wlebSi, Tb., 2001.<br />

Shota Vadachkoria<br />

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Institute of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology,<br />

Senior research scientist of the Department<br />

of <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />

Exile Policy of the Shida Kartli Osetians Liv<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the Mounta<strong>in</strong>s <strong>and</strong><br />

Georgian Political Th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g (The 20es of the 20 th century)<br />

Summary<br />

On the basis of the documental material it is stated that: 1) The Georgian<br />

government carried on several positive activities towards the Osetians.<br />

188

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The government gave the Osetians: l<strong>and</strong>s, wood, pastures, founded Osetian<br />

schools. In 1918 – 1920 the Osetians <strong>in</strong> their turn replied to these positive<br />

steps of the government with “<strong>in</strong>l<strong>and</strong> crusade campaigns” towards the <strong>in</strong>dependent<br />

republic. The leaders of the Georgian political th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g saw that the<br />

Osetians became the adjunct spongers of the country. After the sound analyses<br />

of the Osetians’ deeds the political spectrum of Georgia put forward legal<br />

questions: Why the Osetians hated Georgians so much? Did the Osetians<br />

deserve to live together with Georgians? When Georgians were undergo<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the difficulties four rebellions of the Osetians <strong>and</strong> the attempt of weaken<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the Georgian state drove the Georgian political elite to acknowledge that their<br />

positive step was a mistake. The radical declaration of the National – Democratic<br />

Party on this background was completely logical. They declared: “The<br />

Osetians are fatal pimple on the body of Georgia <strong>and</strong> we by all means must<br />

get rid of it”. 2) The decision to free gorges of the Roki <strong>and</strong> Mamisoni passes<br />

from the Osetian population <strong>and</strong> resettle there Georgian population <strong>and</strong> put<br />

this issue forward was determ<strong>in</strong>ed by untrustworth<strong>in</strong>ess of the Osetians. In<br />

this case we must take <strong>in</strong>to consideration the facts of four rebellions ordered<br />

<strong>and</strong> donated <strong>in</strong> 1918 - 1920 by Soviet <strong>in</strong>telligent service for destroy<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

Georgian government. For neutralization of the Osetian threat <strong>and</strong> for the<br />

elementary conditions of liv<strong>in</strong>g peacefully the representatives of the Georgian<br />

political th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g believed the one of the ways out of this difficult situation<br />

was to make an example of punish<strong>in</strong>g the Osetians <strong>and</strong> put them <strong>in</strong> the service<br />

of the Georgian state. 3) The exile policy of the Osetians carried on by<br />

the government of the <strong>in</strong>dependent Georgia served to oppose with dignity the<br />

expect<strong>in</strong>g attack from the Soviet Russia, to move its adherent Osetian population<br />

liv<strong>in</strong>g at the border l<strong>in</strong>e from this region <strong>and</strong> thus have the guarantees.<br />

After throw<strong>in</strong>g doubts on the <strong>in</strong>dependence of the Georgian state, there was<br />

not another alternative left for the government of Georgia. Radical activities<br />

carried on by the government <strong>in</strong>fluenced those part of the Osetian population,<br />

who committed actions equal to betrayal. On the second h<strong>and</strong>, the exile policy<br />

was one of the parts of the country’s agrarian reform which aimed to use<br />

together with Georgians the labor of the Osetians <strong>in</strong> purpose.<br />

189

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nugzar zosiZe<br />

istoriis doqtori, baTumis SoTa<br />

rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

baTumis olqi 1920 wlis pirvel naxevarSi<br />

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifod<br />

gamocxadda; saqarTvelos samuslimano nawili osmalTa<br />

xelSi iyo 1918 wlis aprilidan. osmaleTisaTvis baTumis olqi<br />

ar warmoadgenda, mxolod, saomar viTarebaSi dakavebul saokupacio<br />

zonas, osmaleTis sulTanma mehmed VI, 1918 wlis 15<br />

seqtembers, igi osmaleTis Semadgenel nawilad gamoacxada [1,<br />

166]. pirvel msoflio omSi osmaleTis damarcxebam, regionSi<br />

movlenaTa sxva mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. amitomac<br />

saqarTvelosTan misi kvlav dabruneba gaxda erovnulsaxelmwifoebrivi<br />

mniSvnelobis amocana da am mimarTulebiT<br />

mniSvnelovani nabijebic gadaidga.<br />

osmaluri okupaciisagan gansxvavebiT, <strong>in</strong>gliselebis<br />

dros baTumSi politikuri saqmianobisaTvis gacilebiT meti<br />

Tavisufleba igrZnoboda. aman erovnul Zalebs misca SesaZlebloba<br />

sacxovreblad aq dabrunebuliyvnen da saqarTvelos-<br />

Tan regionis gaerTianebisaTvis muSaoba uSualod adgilze waremarTaT.<br />

samwuxarod, <strong>in</strong>gliselebma aqcenti Zveli ruseTis<br />

aRdgenisaTvis mebrZol denik<strong>in</strong>ze aiRes da baTumis olqSi asparezi<br />

rusul Sov<strong>in</strong>istur Zalebs dauTmes. baTumSi denik<strong>in</strong>elTa<br />

poziciebi imdenad ganmtkicda, rom mosaxleobaSi gavrcelda<br />

arcTu usafuZvlo xmebi moxaliseTa armiaSi olqis srulasakovan<br />

mamakacTa mobilizaciis Sesaxeb. `am xmebis gamo bevr baTumels<br />

surs miiRos saqarTvelos qveSevrdomoba@ da amiT daixsnas<br />

Tavi mosalodneli mobilizaciisagano~ — werda polkovniki<br />

gedevaniSvili 1919 wlis 7 Tebervals [5, 187].<br />

erTian qarTul cnobierebas amRvrevdnen aq SemorCenili<br />

osmalo agentebic. q. baTumis qarTvelTa erovnuli sabWo,<br />

ganmaTavisuflebeli komiteti da samuslimano saqarTvelos<br />

saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoeba warmoadgendnen swored im organizaciebs,<br />

romlebmac didi roli Seasrules samxreT-dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikur da politikur<br />

cxovrebaSi. es patriotuli organizaciebi saqarTvelos<br />

190

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mTavrobis erovnuli politikis aqtiuri gamtareblebi iyvnen.<br />

Tavis mxriv, mTavroba am organizaciebs f<strong>in</strong>ansuradac exmareboda,<br />

ramac 1918 wlis 25 oqtombridan 1919 wlis 28 agvistomde<br />

Seadg<strong>in</strong>a 1 milion 975 aTasi maneTi [6, 439].<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis mow<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegeebs<br />

Soris seriozul Zalas warmoadgenda osmaluri orientaciis<br />

`sedai mileTis~ dajgufeba. misi mcdelobiT, pirvelad,<br />

yarsSi gamocxadda samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis islamuri respublika,<br />

magram am ukanasknelis dacemis Semdeg sedai mileTlebis<br />

samoqmedo asparezad baTumi iqca.<br />

aWaraSi moqmedi sedai mileTis organizacia Tavisi SemadgenlobiT<br />

gansxvavdeboda yarsis dajgufebisagan. gazeT `samuslimano<br />

saqarTvelos~ ganmartebiT aWaris sedai mileTel-<br />

Ta razms umTavresad Seadgendnen osmalo oficrebi, denik<strong>in</strong>elebi,<br />

azerbaijanis da somxeTis agentebi, romelTac mxars<br />

ubamdnen adgilobrivi fanatikosebi da saeWvo warsulis pirebi,<br />

agreTve, yaCaRuri b<strong>and</strong>ebi v<strong>in</strong>me baikoz-oRlis meTaurobiT<br />

[9]. am Zalas garkveuli gavlena hqonda mahmadiani morwmuneebis<br />

mniSvnelovan nawilze.<br />

sedai mileTis warmateba mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba er-<br />

Tmorwmune osmaleTis farglebSi samuslimano saqarTvelos<br />

avtonomiurad gaerTianebis propag<strong>and</strong>am, miTumetes, rom es<br />

sakiTxi osmaleTis saxelmwifos xelisuflebis zeda eSelonebSic<br />

gaJRerda. 1920 wlis dasawyisSi am qveynis sagareo saqmeTa<br />

uwyebam daadg<strong>in</strong>a, rom baTumis, artaanis da yarsis olqebis<br />

mier avtonomiis mopoveba osmaleTis politikuri gavlenis<br />

farglebSi, Seesabameboda saxelmwifo <strong>in</strong>teresebs da es sakiTxi<br />

imsaxurebda Rrma, farTo da yovelmxriv ganxilvas.<br />

amasTan, trapizonis vilaieTis xelmZRvanelobas daevala ba-<br />

Tumel sedaimileTelTa f<strong>in</strong>ansuri uzrunvelyofa da imis<br />

garkvevac, ramdenad momzadebuli iyo es sakiTxi, Semdgomi<br />

msjelobisaTvis [4, 34, 56]. avtonomiis droSiT gamovidnen, agreTve,<br />

rusi velikoderJavnikebi, azerbaijaneli musavatebi<br />

da somexi daSnakebic. amdenad, avtonomiis ideam garkveulad<br />

moikida fexi samuslimano saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSic. 1 sa-<br />

1 saqarTvelos iurisdiqciaSi baTumis olqis gadmosvlis Semdeg damfuZnebeli<br />

krebis prezidiumis mier aq movl<strong>in</strong>ebuli p. geleiSvili<br />

Tavis angariSSi aRniSnavda: pirveli^ rasac aq gaigonebT — aris avto-<br />

191

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muslimano saqarTvelos momavali politikuri mowyobis sakiTxebi,<br />

jer kidev, 1918 wlis dekembris damlevs Camoayaliba<br />

noe Jordaniam Tavis mimarTvaSi mosaxleobisadmi. masSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`TviT musulmani qarTvelebis warmomadgenelni gamoscemen<br />

kanonebs, romliTac is<strong>in</strong>i samuslimano saqarTvelo-<br />

Si Tavis gemoze da Tavisi s<strong>in</strong>disisamebr moawyoben cxovrebas.<br />

mtkice kanonebiT uzrunvelyofen TavianT sarwmunoebriv uflebebs,<br />

moawesrigeben adgilobriv saqmeebs da amiT daamyareben<br />

TavianT mSobliur mxareSi bednierebas [11]. Seqmnil viTarebaSi<br />

baTumis olqis dedasamSoblosTan umtkivneulod<br />

kvlav dabrunebis procesSi erT-erT realur gzad, rogorc<br />

Cans esec C<strong>and</strong>a, da qarTul politikaSi adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli mowyobis<br />

am formats mieca upiratesoba.<br />

samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebel komitets<br />

da piradad memed abaSiZes sxva arCevani ar hqondaT, maT unda<br />

daecvaT qarTuli avtonomiis idea da, amgvarad, dapirispirebodnen<br />

aWaraSi osmalur avtonomias, agreTve, sxva destruqciuli<br />

da antiqarTuli Zalebis msgavs dapirebebs. cxadia, es<br />

nabiji idgmeboda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad avtonomiis sakiTxze<br />

samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis<br />

wevrebs Soris ar iyo erTiani azri. magaliTad, haidar da zia<br />

abaSiZeebi saqarTvelos SigniT qarTvelTa avtonomias zedmetad<br />

Tvlidnen. meore, ufro mravalricxovan nawils ki piriqiT<br />

miaCnda. amasve iziarebda saqarTvelos respublikis mTarvobac.<br />

haidar abaSiZis sityviT demokratiuli mTavrobis yvelaze<br />

ufro pasuxismgebeli wevrebi gvarwmunebdnen, rom avtonomiur<br />

niadagze Cvens muSaobas metis nayofis motana SeuZlia<br />

da am gziT ufro advilad movimxrobT samuslimano saqar-<br />

Tvelos umravlesobas saqarTvelosTan SemosaerTeblad. amitom<br />

Cven kategoriulad gvirCevdnen ganmaTavisuflebel komitets<br />

mieRo avtonomia da am gziT dagvewyo muSaoba [10].<br />

nomia. didi Tu patara, swavluli Tu uswavleli amiT iwyebs da amTavrebs<br />

laparaks… Tumca bevrma maTganma arc ki icis ra aris es. ,,politikuri<br />

situacia aWaraSi’’, 1920 w. p. geleiSvilis 1920 w. 8 oqtombris<br />

moxsenebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomares ~teqsti<br />

gamosces a. silagaZem da v. gurulma, Tb., 1998, gv. 22.<br />

192

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agreTve, samuslimano saqarTvelosTvis avtonomiis ideiT<br />

apelirebas garkveulwilad ganapirobebda antantis saxelmwifoTa<br />

politikac, romelTa w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi da<br />

urTierTdapirispireba xSir SemTxvevaSi am regionSi iCenda<br />

Tavs. amitom^ saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi baTumis olqis avtonomiurad<br />

gaerTianebis sakiTxis w<strong>in</strong> wamoweva metnaklebad<br />

aneitralebda amave statusiT, an kidev, Tundac sxva formiT<br />

am regionis xelSi Cagdebis mosurne ucxo Zalebis mcdelobebs.<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi baTumis olqis avtonomiurad<br />

gaerTianebis propag<strong>and</strong>am mniSvnelovnad Seasusta mow<strong>in</strong>aaRmdege<br />

banaki. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia qobuleTis mcxovreb-<br />

Ta pozicia 1920 wlis 9 martis mit<strong>in</strong>gze. misma monawileebma<br />

da<strong>in</strong>axes sedai mileTis uperspeqtivoba da zurgi Seaqcies mas.<br />

kidev meti, aqtiur sedaimileTelTa nawili ganudga am dajgufebas<br />

da miemxro qarTul orientacias. 1 Tumca sedai mileTis<br />

sruli neitralizeba ar moxerxda. misi erTi nawili am kuTxis<br />

saqarTvelosTan dabrunebamde — ganagrZobda proTurqul<br />

saqmianobas, rac gamovl<strong>in</strong>da 1920 wlis ivnis-ivlisSi qarTuli<br />

jaris saw<strong>in</strong>aaRmdego gamosvlebSi Wvanasa da ColoqTan.<br />

1920 wlis ivlisSi baTumis olqSi qarTuli jarebis Semoyvanis<br />

Semdeg 1920 wlis 9 agvistos gaimarTa baTumis saqalaqo<br />

sabWos sxdoma, romelsac qalaqis mouravi gizo anjafariZe<br />

uZRveboda. aRniSnul sxdomaze kamaTis sagani gaxda ba-<br />

Tumis olqisaTvis avtonomiis m<strong>in</strong>iWebis sakiTxi. nawili amis<br />

momxre iyo, meoreni ki Tvlidnen, rom amaze saubari jer naadrevi<br />

iyo da am sakiTxis saboloo gadawyveta damfuZnebeli<br />

krebis prerogativas warmoadgenda.<br />

SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom rogorc adgilze, aseve, centrSic<br />

xSir SemTxvevaSi bundovani warmodgena hqondaT ara<br />

mxolod am kuTxis marTvis avtonomiur formasTan mimarTebiT<br />

arsebul sakiTxebSi, aramed regionis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul<br />

mowyobasTan dakavSirebiTac. Cven ki imas davamatebdiT, rom<br />

1 qobuleTis mit<strong>in</strong>gze sedaimileTlebma ivaldebules, rom 20 dRis<br />

ganmavlobaSi Caatarebdnen axal arCevnebs, denik<strong>in</strong>elTa rigebidan<br />

gamoiyv<strong>and</strong>nen yvela qarTvels, ar daemorCilebodnen iq moqmed Te-<br />

Trgvardielebs, agreTve, Sewyvetdnen TanamSromlobas azerbaijanis,<br />

osmaleTis, somxeTis, bolSevikebis agentebTan, mouspobdnen maT<br />

moqmedebis yovelgvar asparezs da ar aRiarebdnen arc erTi saxelmwifo<br />

proteqtorats.<br />

193

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kuTxis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli mowyobis avtonomiuri forma ar<br />

warmoadgenda raRac idealur variants. samwuxarod saqar-<br />

Tvelos demokratiuli respublikis imJam<strong>in</strong>deli yofa, didi<br />

amierkavkasiuli politikis CaxlarTulobebi da antantis gamarjvebul<br />

saxelmwifoTa umwifari xedva amierkavkasiis<br />

axalgazrda damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa momavalisadmi, garkveulwilad<br />

baTumis olqis qveynis erTian sivrceSi kuTvnili<br />

adgilis kanonzomierad dakavebisasac iCenda Tavs. cxadia,<br />

ZirZvel qarTul miwaze, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesoba eTnikur<br />

qarTvelebs warmoadgenda, avtonomiis forma da S<strong>in</strong>aarsi<br />

erTmaneTs scildeboda da xelovnurobis maRali xarisxic<br />

saxeze iyo. Uufro marTebuli iqneba es mdgomareoba SevadaroT<br />

neli moqmedebis naRms, romelic sabednierod arasdros<br />

ar afeTqebula. 1<br />

deda-samSoblosTan dabrunebisaTvis brZola regionSi<br />

mniSvnelovnad gaaqtiurda 1920 wlis adre gazafxulze. es gamoiwvia<br />

saerTaSoriso arenaze baTumis sakiTxis axalma eskalaciam.<br />

kerZod, Tebervlis dasawyisSi britaneTis sardloba<br />

baTumidan jarebis evakuacias ise Seudga, rom arc ki gamoucxadebia<br />

Tu vis gadaecemoda qalaqi da olqi. amitom am adgilebSi<br />

daiwyo TavSeukavebeli agitacia, erTi mxriv, bolSevikebis,<br />

meore mxriv, osmaleTis agentebisa [12]. maT ematebodnen<br />

denik<strong>in</strong>elebi da sxva. is<strong>in</strong>i cdilobdnen esargeblaT gaurkvevelobiT<br />

da dauflebodnen regions. am mizniT, baTumSi Tavs<br />

uyridnen samxedro Zalas da iaraRs. eweodnen aqtiur propag<strong>and</strong>as<br />

mosaxleobis mimxrobis mizniT. gazeTis cnobiT, provokatorebi<br />

gamalebiT darbian soflidan sofelSi da axalgazrdebis<br />

sias adgenen. zogs `CauSobas hpirdebian, zogs J<strong>and</strong>armobas<br />

da zogs v<strong>in</strong> icis ras. v<strong>in</strong>c ar Caewereba maT siaSi,<br />

1 aWaris avtonomiis istoriis srulfasovani kvleva ar warmoadgens<br />

Cvens amocanas. Tumca imis Tqma ki saWirod migvaCnia, rom am sakiTxiT<br />

da<strong>in</strong>teresebul mklevarTa erTi nawili cdilobs baTumis olqis saqarTvelos<br />

farglebSi adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli mowyobis sakiTxi (avtonomia)<br />

am kuTxis imJam<strong>in</strong>del calkeul politikur moRvaweTa, an kidev<br />

maT TanamoazreTa piradi ideebisa da miznebis realizaciis mcdelobiT<br />

axsnan. Aam SemTxvevaSi, xSirad upirobod aseTad moiazreba samuslimano<br />

saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetis Tavmjdomare<br />

memed abaSiZe. aseTi xedva, am uaRresad rTuli sakiTxis gaazrebaSi<br />

arafris momcemi, zerele da subieqturia.<br />

194

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sxvadasxva sasjeliT emuqrebian. amis gamo xalxi metad aRelvebulia~@[15].<br />

marTalia, 20 Tebervals <strong>in</strong>glisis mTavrobam daadg<strong>in</strong>a ba-<br />

Tumidan jarebis evakuaciis SeCereba, magram amas viTarebis<br />

Secvla aRar SeeZlo. olqi anarqiam da qaosma moicva. aq datovebuli<br />

ori <strong>in</strong>glisuri batalioni ki srulad qalaqsac ver<br />

akontrolebda. saqarTvelos ruspublikis mTavrobamac, gaiTvalisw<strong>in</strong>a<br />

ra Tavisi istoriuli teritoriebis dakargvis<br />

realuri saSiSroeba, ubrZana SeiaraRebul Zalebs baTumis<br />

olqis sazRvrebSi Sesvla.<br />

am pirobebSi gamoqveynda antantis umaRlesi sabWos 24<br />

Tebervlis gadawyvetileba erTa ligis m<strong>and</strong>atiT baTumis damoukidebeli<br />

qalaq-saxelmwifos Seqmnis Sesaxeb. es qarTvelma<br />

xalxma Seafasa saqarTvelosgan baTumis Zalismierad mowyvetis<br />

cdad, ramac mZlavri saprotesto moZraobis azvirTeba<br />

gamoiwvia [9].<br />

protestis niSnad, baTumSi Seikriba muSaTa da moqalaqe-<br />

Ta mravalricxovani mit<strong>in</strong>gi, romlis rezoluciaSi naTqvamia:<br />

`qalaq baTomisagan karikaturuli saxelmwifos Seqmna moaswavebs<br />

saqarTvelos demokratiis <strong>in</strong>teresebis fexqveS gaTelvas<br />

da respublikis ekonomikur-politikuri ganviTarebisaTvis<br />

karebis daxSobas. mit<strong>in</strong>gi kategoriulad moiTxovs damfuZnebeli<br />

krebisagan da mTavrobisagan gabedul nabijebs baTomisa<br />

da olqis SemosaerTeblad, xolo didi saxelmwifoebisagan saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresebis swrafad dakmayofilebas~ [9].<br />

antantis umaRlesi sabWos zemoaRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg gamovidnen, agreTve, baTumis qarTvelTa<br />

erovnuli sabWos Tav-re gr. eliava da saqarTvelos socialdemokratiuli<br />

partiis baTumis komitetis Tavmjdomare a. wulaZe<br />

[13].<br />

saprotesto mit<strong>in</strong>gebi Catarda qalaqebSi — TelavSi,<br />

siRnaRSi, gurjaanSi, TianeTSi, duSeTSi, axalqalaqSi, axalcixeSi,<br />

lanCxuTSi, xonSi, foTSi, abaSaSi, axalsenakSi, vanSi,<br />

soxumSi, agreTve, dabebsa da soflebSic [7, 21-38]. maTi dadgenilebebi<br />

da rezoluciebi gadaegzavna saqarTvelos mTavrobas<br />

da mokavSire saxelmwifoebis misiebs TbilisSi.<br />

yvelaze xalxmravali saprotesto gamosvla iyo 1920<br />

wlis 19 marts TbilisSi [14]. masSi monawileobdnen universitetis<br />

studentebi, mowafeebi, muSa-mosamsaxureebi, agreTve,<br />

195

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saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mazrebidan specialurad Camosuli<br />

warmomadgenlebi. manifestantebs mihqondaT erovnuli dro-<br />

Sebi da plakatebi qarTul, <strong>in</strong>glisur, frangul da rusul<br />

enebze, warwerebiT — `baTumi saqarTvelos karia evropisaken!~@<br />

`baTumi saqarTvelos unda daubrundes!@~ `baTumi—saqar-<br />

Tveloa!~@ `saqarTvelo da aWara ganuyofelia!~ da a.S. vnebaTa-<br />

Relva gadaedo damfuZnebel krebasac, sadac imave 19 marts<br />

ganixiles baTumis problema. moxseneba gaakeTa damfuZnebeli<br />

krebis sagareo saqmeTa komisiis Tavmjdomarem svimon mdivanma.<br />

manve ganacxada, rom saqarTvelos jarma ukve daikava olqis<br />

nawili, magram saWiroa TviT baTumSi Sesvla [8, 49-54]. igive<br />

moiTxoves sxva deputatebmac. krebam antantis da neitraluri<br />

saxelmwifoebis parlamentebs gaugzavna saprotesto mimarTvebi.<br />

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis azriT,<br />

baTumis olqi da qalaqi baTumi upirobod unda dabruneboda<br />

qveyanas. dasaSvebad iqna miCneuli baTumis sazRvao portis,<br />

rogorc samxedro bazisa da saqvanaxSire sadguris <strong>in</strong>gliselTa<br />

mflobelobaSi datoveba [3, 63].<br />

1920 wlis Teberval-martis dReebSi baTumSi gaaqtiurdnen<br />

bolSevikebic. denik<strong>in</strong>elebis damarcxebis Semdeg, maTken<br />

gadaixara baTumis rusuli mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili.<br />

gazeT `samuslimano saqarTvelos~ SefasebiTac len<strong>in</strong>elkomunistebs<br />

da denik<strong>in</strong>elebs saerTo mizani amoZravebdaT —<br />

erTiani ruseTis aRdgena, radgan TeTrgvardiulma moZraobam<br />

am amocanas Tavi ver gaarTva, es Zalebi komunistebis banakSi<br />

gadavidneno [17].<br />

bolSevikebi cdilobdnen miemxroT ararusebic, risTvisac<br />

iyenebdnen baTumis profkavSirebs. 1920 wlis 29 marts<br />

TviTmmarTvelobis SenobaSi gaimarTa profesiul kavSirTa<br />

warmomadgenlebis konferencia. qveynis <strong>in</strong>teresebs icavdnen<br />

mejlisi da samuslimano saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

komiteti. cxare kamaTi gaimarTa konferenciis rezoluciis<br />

garSemo, romelSic dasmuli iyo sabWoTa ruseTTan baTumis<br />

olqis SeerTebis sakiTxi [2, 114].<br />

mosaxleobis saxeliT sityviT gamosulma jemal qiqavam<br />

aRniSna— aWaris mSromelTa masebi Tqven, batono bolSevikebo,<br />

ar gamogyvebaT; me vamtkiceb, rom Tqven Soris ar aris arc er-<br />

Ti qarTveli muslimani da Tu aris v<strong>in</strong>me muslimani, is aris os-<br />

196

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maleTidan gamoqceuli avantiuristi, Turqi—panislamisti,<br />

romlebTanac Tqven bloki gaqvT Sekruli da erTad lamobT<br />

Cveni qveynis daRupvas [16].<br />

TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>od warmoCnda bolSevikebisTvis saimedo dasayrdenad<br />

miCneuli baTumis profkavSirebis maTi xelidan gamoclis<br />

aucilebloba. SevniSnavT, rom saqarTvelos mmar-<br />

Tvelma social—demokratiulma partiam sakmaod gvian Seafasa<br />

profkavSirebis, rogorc muSaTa gamaerTianebeli organizaciis<br />

roli ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi. amis mizezi, rogorc<br />

Cans, isic iyo, rom Tavdapirvelad baTumis olqis dabrunebas<br />

varaudobdnen politikuri meTodebiT, magram Semdeg<br />

igi saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis problemad gadaiqca. bolSevikebmac<br />

isargebles seriozuli konkurentebis aryoliT da<br />

memarcxene eserebTan erTad daepatronen baTumis profkavSirebs,<br />

rac naTlad aCvena 1919 wlis pirvelmaisobam, agreTve,<br />

agvistoSi Catarebulma profkavSirebis arCevnebma.<br />

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam mxolod amis Semdeg gadaitana<br />

aqcenti dargobriv profkavSirebSi muSaobaze. baTumis<br />

qarTvelTa erovnuli sabWos Sekrebaze mowveulebs daevalaT,<br />

rom profkavSirebSi aerCiaT saTanado gamocdilebis s<strong>and</strong>o<br />

pirebi [5, 231].<br />

gatarebulma RonisZiebebma sasurveli Sedegi gamoiRo<br />

1920 wlis 20 ivniss, profkavSirebis baTumis sabWos arCevneb-<br />

Si qarTvelebma damajereblad gaimarjves.<br />

baTumis olqis dabrunebisaTvis brZola ukompromisod<br />

mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda, saqarTvelo unda gamTlianebuliyo, mTeli<br />

mecad<strong>in</strong>eoba erisa da berisa upirvelesad am mizans unda momsaxureboda.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. S. murusiZe, baTumis olqis sakiTxi saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />

respublikis sagareo politikaSi (1918-1920 ww.),<br />

krebulSi: `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, # 2,<br />

2007.<br />

2. n. zosiZe, politikuri situacia da erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

moZraoba aWaraSi 1918-1920 ww., baTumi, 1995.<br />

3. v. nozaZe, saqarTvelos aRdgenisaTvis brZola mesxeTis<br />

gamo, Tbilisi, 1989.<br />

197

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4. Arsiv basbEakanlik Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, BEO 346469.<br />

5. Борьба за победу Советской власти в Аджарии, Батуми, 1961.<br />

6. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,<br />

harvardis mikrofirebis fondi, s. 439.<br />

7. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, ^<br />

fondi #1833,^ aRw. 1,^ saq. #852.<br />

8. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, ^<br />

fondi #1883,^ aRw. 1,^ saq. #772.<br />

9. Ggaz. saqarTvelos respublika,@^<br />

1920, #375^.<br />

10. Ggaz. sabWoTa aWara,@^<br />

1990, #142^.<br />

11. Ggaz. saxalxo saqme,^ 1919, #430^.<br />

12. Ggaz. erToba,^ 1920, #42^.<br />

13. Ggaz. erToba,@^<br />

1920, #66^.<br />

14. Ggaz. erToba,^ 1920, #65.<br />

15. Ggaz. samuslimano saqarTvelo,@^<br />

1920, #296^.<br />

16. gaz. samuslimano saqarTvelo,@^<br />

1920, #328^.<br />

17. Ggaz. samuslimano saqarTvelo,@^<br />

1920, #31^.<br />

18. Ggaz. samuslimano saqarTvelo,@^<br />

1920, #341^.<br />

Nugzar Zosidze<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, Associate Professor of the<br />

Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University,<br />

Department of <strong>History</strong>, Archeology <strong>and</strong> Ethnology<br />

Batumi District <strong>in</strong> the first part of year 1920<br />

Summary<br />

In the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of 1920, one of the actual subjects of Batumi district<br />

political life was work<strong>in</strong>g on it’s adm<strong>in</strong>istrative suitment. Remarkable is, that<br />

from the start there was no common op<strong>in</strong>ion among local national forces, for<br />

example Haidar <strong>and</strong> Zia abashidze were th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g that <strong>in</strong>side Georgia,<br />

Georgian Autonomy was not necessary, but the more numereous part was<br />

th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g otherwise.<br />

The appeal<strong>in</strong>g of idea of Georgia’s regions autonomy was conditioned<br />

by Antanta countries’ Caucasian politics, which very often came to<br />

contradiction <strong>in</strong> this Region. We may also say, that as locally, so <strong>in</strong> the central<br />

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government, they had blur impression of govern<strong>in</strong>g form of autonomy as <strong>in</strong><br />

Region’s adm<strong>in</strong>istrative suitment. We would also add, that region’s<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istrative suitment’s autonomous form was not an ideal version.<br />

Comeback to the motherl<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> the region became significantly active<br />

<strong>in</strong> 1920 year’s early spr<strong>in</strong>g. This was challanged by escalation of Batumi<br />

subject on <strong>in</strong>ternational arena.<br />

In the conclusion we may say, that the fight for br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g Batumi district<br />

back was uncompormis<strong>in</strong>g, that was br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g nationally <strong>and</strong> teritorially<br />

divided Georgia back together.<br />

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n<strong>in</strong>o RambaSiZe,<br />

istoriisA doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

saqarTvelos eTnologiis ganyofilebis<br />

ufrosi mecnier-Tanam-<br />

Sromeli<br />

vaxtang RambaSiZe — cxovreba da moRvaweoba<br />

vuZRvni yvela im qarTvelis xsovnas, v<strong>in</strong>c sam-<br />

SobloSi dabrunebis imediT gavida ama soflidan.<br />

`saukunis meoTxedi swavlas movundi da momzadebas samkurnalo<br />

da sazogado muSaobisaTvis. meore meoTxedi saukune<br />

mov<strong>and</strong>ome samSobloSi muSaobas sneulTa da dasustebulTa<br />

sikvdilis brWyalebidan gamosaglejad. mesame meoTxedi saukunisa,<br />

mxolod erTi wlis gamoklebiT JamTa siavem, bunebis<br />

sasjelad marguna ltolvilobaSi es uzenaesi sasjeli — Zvirfasi<br />

samSoblos moSorebisa...exla, rodesac unda gadavdo am<br />

Cemi didi xnis ganzraxuli muSaobis Sesruleba, saukunis meoTxe<br />

meoTxedis Sesrulebamde xom ara?! amis ufleba ara maqvs<br />

da arc SemiZlia viqonio...<br />

didi madloba unda Sevswiro uzenaess Zalas, romelmac<br />

amdeni xnis gamZleoba momaniWa.<br />

am dRiuris weras mavalebs Cemi xangrZlivi arseboba am<br />

qveynad da Tanac is garemoeba, rom Cven yvelani Svilni varT<br />

patara da Zvirfasi saqarTvelosi, sadac piradad me ganvle<br />

Segnebuli arsebobis naxevari saukune, sadac yoveldRe Cabmuli<br />

viyavi mis xilvaSi, grZnobaSi da sazogado cxovrebis majiscemis<br />

Tvalyuris gdebaSi, sadac saerTo mwuxarebas viziarebdi<br />

samSoblos tanjvisas yvela Segnebul qarTvelTan er-<br />

Tad da sadac agreTve vmxiarulebdi saerTo misi samxiarulo<br />

wuTebis gancdis dros..~ — werda vaxtang RambaSiZe 1949w. Sotl<strong>and</strong>iaSi<br />

[3].<br />

1951w. agvistoSi vaxtang RambaSiZe Tavis erT-erT qaliSvils,<br />

JorJetas kvlav stumrobda k<strong>in</strong>loxSi, Sotl<strong>and</strong>iaSi. 10<br />

ricxvSi igi gardaicvala. vaxtangi JorJetasa da misi meuRlis<br />

nil stuartis mamulSi dakrZales [2, 1]. ATavidan ki yvelaferi<br />

ase iwyeboda:<br />

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vaxtang RambaSiZe 1872 w. 15/28 aprils zestafonSi, cnobili<br />

sasuliero pirisa da sazogado moRvawis, dekanoz daviT<br />

(darispan) RambaSiZis ojaxSi daibada * . `did dekanozs~, rogorc<br />

mas Tanamedroveebi eZaxdnen, sem<strong>in</strong>ariis dasrulebis<br />

Semdeg, didi survili hqonda swavla ucxoeTSi gaegrZelebia<br />

da eqimi gamxdariyo. magram, gabriel episkoposis didi Txovnis<br />

Semdeg, sasuliero piri gaxda. me ganaTlebuli sasuliero<br />

pirebi mWirdebao — uTqvams gabriel episkoposs. is iseTi pirovnebaa,<br />

rom mas uari ver vuTxario-Tavis mxriv uTqvams<br />

ojaxSi daviTs. `sarwmunoebrivi gatacebiT da zneobrivi uzenaesobiT<br />

gamsWvaluli misi arseba momajadoebel gavlenas axdenda<br />

yvelaze, visac — ki masTan axlo yofna uxdeboda~ — igonebs<br />

vaxtangi. mRvdlad kurTxevamde daviT RambaSiZe Tbilis-<br />

Si Cavida da colad aleqs<strong>and</strong>re yazbegis axlo naTesavi, olRaA<br />

(gur<strong>and</strong>uxt) yazbegi SeirTo. daaxloebiT 1867 w. maT TbilisSi<br />

jvari daiweres da damkvidrdnen zestafonSi, sadac im drois-<br />

Tvis maT garda am dabaSi maWavarianebis ori — sami ojaxi Tu<br />

cxovrobda. rk<strong>in</strong>igzis gayvanis Semdeg, zestafonSi sicocxles<br />

gafurCqvna dauwyia. vaxtangi ojaxSi meore vaJi iyo. igi<br />

wiTel paraskevs dabadebula, rodesac kvercxebs Rebavdnen<br />

Turme. misi pirveli maswavlebeli mama iyo. igi Svils jer qar-<br />

Tulad aswavlida anbans, saRrmTo rjuls da angariSs, Semdeg<br />

ki igives rusulad. v<strong>in</strong>aidan im dros qarTvelTa garusebis<br />

mizniT mefis ruseTis mTavroba rusulad iTxovda swavlebas,<br />

ymawvili gimnaziaSi garkveuli codniT unda Sesuliyo. w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg<br />

SemTxvevaSi, misTvis ganaTlebis kari samudamod daketili<br />

iyo.<br />

1880 w. vaxtang RambaSiZe quTaisis progimnaziaSi Sevida.<br />

marTalia progimnaziis yvela klasSi qarTuli, rogorc sagani,<br />

kargad iswavleboda, magram moswavleebs Sesvenebaze sastikad<br />

ekrZalebodaT erTmaneTSi qarTulad saubari. is, v<strong>in</strong>c<br />

qarTulad dailaparakebda, mas zedamxedveli ajarimebda da<br />

sajarimo baraTs gadascemda. dajarimebuls unda moexerxeb<strong>in</strong>a<br />

misi sxvisTvis gadacema. mas, visac dRis bolos sajarimo baraTi<br />

aRmoaCndeboda, usadilod tovebdnen. 8 wlis iyo vaxtangi,<br />

rodesac am garemoSi aRmoCnda [3]. `gvyavda adamiani, rome-<br />

* gansakuTrebul madlobas movaxsenebT rezo nikolaZesa da nana RambaSiZes<br />

mowodebuli masalebisaTvis.<br />

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lsac hqonda gaqaneba Rirsi Cvenis drois udidesi patriotisa...~<br />

[1, 109] `misi patriotuli moRvaweobis S<strong>in</strong>aarsi qarTvel<br />

xalxSi saarakod vrceldeboda~ [2, 1] — ase daweren vaxtangze<br />

misi gardacvalebis Semdeg. Tavdadebamde misuli erovnuli<br />

gancdebi TiTqosda genetikurad iyo masSi.<br />

8 wlis vaxtangi progimnaziaSi dadgenil wess ar daemor-<br />

Cila. Sesvenebebze qarTulad laparakobda da, miuxedavad imisa<br />

rom usadilod rCeboda, arc sxvas gadascemda baraTs. piriqiT,<br />

mowafeebs amxnevebda ilaparakeT qarTulad, nurafris<br />

SegeS<strong>in</strong>debaTo. rodesac SimSili gausaZlisi gaxda, igi gimnaziasTan<br />

axlos, erTi berZenisagan xaWapurs yidulobda. rodesac<br />

vaxtangis dasjis am meTodma ar gaWra, maS<strong>in</strong> pedagogi mas<br />

leqsebs da prozaul nawyvetebs azepireb<strong>in</strong>ebda, Tan ori saa-<br />

Tis nacvlad oTx saaTs tovebda mSiers. vaxtangma xerxs mimarTAa<br />

— Sesvenebebze momavali dRis gakveTilebs amzadebda.<br />

amgvarad, mas laparaki aRar uwevda da Sesabamisad aRarc jarimdeboda.<br />

`gakveTilebis gaTavebis Semdeg, nasadilevs auarebeli<br />

dro mrCeboda saTamaSod, savarjiSod, saWidaod da<br />

yovelgvar gasarTobisaTvis~. maT Soris musikisaTvis. misi amxanagi<br />

vano faliaSvili (zaqarias Zma) pian<strong>in</strong>oze ukravda da amxanagebs<br />

arTobda.<br />

quTaisis progimnaziis warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg,<br />

vaxtang RambaSiZe quTaisis gimnaziaSi Sevida. gimnaziaSi swavlis<br />

garda, Jurnal `mwyemsis~ daarsebidanve mamas sagamomcemlo<br />

saqmeSi exmareboda. icoda asoebis awyoba, beWdva da awyobisas<br />

gaparuli Secdomebis Sesworeba. iyo imdro<strong>in</strong>deli saqarTvelos<br />

mniSvnelovani kulturuli da politikuri movlenebis<br />

saqmis kursSi. misi TqmiT, 13 wlis iyo * , rodesac TbilisSi<br />

dimitri yifiani dakrZales. igi mamis, dekanoz daviTis<br />

monaTxrobs ixsenebs dimitri yifianis dakrZalvis Sesaxeb,<br />

romelic misi didi megobari yofila: `policielebi gadagve-<br />

Robnen~ — uambobda dekanozi meuRles — `da ar gviSvebdnen sasaxlisaken<br />

kubo wagvesvenebia da iseTi wuTi dadga yvelani ailesnen,<br />

damswreTa ukmayofilebas sazRvari ar honda da mec<br />

damaviwyda Cemi xarisxic da anaforac da iseT gunebaze davde-<br />

* Tavis mogonebebSi igi wers, rom dimitri yifianis dakrZalvisas 13<br />

wlis iyo. savaraudod igi 15 wlis unda yofiliyo, v<strong>in</strong>idan daibada<br />

1872 w., xolo dimitri yifiani 1887w. gardaicvala.<br />

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qi, rom mzad viyavi xelCarTul brZolaSi CavrTuliyavi da<br />

sxvisi iaraRic mexmara... bolos aleqs<strong>and</strong>re episkoposi miawva<br />

policielebisagan gakrul kedels da jvriT gaapo maTi urCi<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegoba~ [3] ∗ . am epizodSi ori udidesi qarTveli mwerlisa<br />

da sazoagdo moRvawis sulieri moZRvrebis pirovnuli<br />

Tvisebebi da suliskveTeba Cans. episkoposi aleqs<strong>and</strong>re (oqropiriZe)<br />

saqarTvelos ugvirgv<strong>in</strong>o mefed wodebuli wm<strong>in</strong>da<br />

ilia marTlis (WavWavaZis) sulieri moZRvari iyo, xolo `didi<br />

dekanozi~, daviT RambaSiZe, saqarTvelos bulbulad wodebuli<br />

akaki wereTlis.<br />

davubrundeT quTaisis gimnazias. am gimnaziis direqtori<br />

yvela Rones xmarobda, rom qarTveli mowafeebisaTvis xeli<br />

SeeSala, raTa maT swavlis gagrZeleba veRar moexerxeb<strong>in</strong>aT.<br />

warC<strong>in</strong>ebuli swavlis miuxedavad, direqtorma ma<strong>in</strong>c moaxerxa,<br />

rom vaxtangs quTaisis gimnazia ar daemTavreb<strong>in</strong>a. amis<br />

mizezi misi erovnul, saymawvilo gazeT `ganTiadis~ gamocema-<br />

Si monawilwoba gaxda. `didma dekanozma~ Svili TbilisSi waiyvana.<br />

vaxtang RambaSiZem gimnazia TbilisSi daamTavra, xolo<br />

1896 w. Semodgomaze moskovis universitetis samedic<strong>in</strong>o fakulteti.<br />

mamis rCevbiT igi jer saqarTveloSi Camovida, Semdeg<br />

ki ori wliT (1896-1898) safrangeTSi gaemgzavra codnis<br />

gasaRrmaveblad.<br />

moskovSi swavlis dros igi e. w. <strong>in</strong>ternacionaluri wris<br />

wevri iyo. am wreSi gawevrianebis ufleba mxolod: ukra<strong>in</strong>elebs,<br />

polonelebs, balkanelebs, serbebs, bulgarelebs da<br />

qarTvelebs hqondaT. es jgufi miznad isaxavda erTmaneTis-<br />

Tvis ATavianTi qveynis istoria da literatura `politikur<br />

viTarebasTan SefardebiT~ gaecnoT.<br />

jer kidev quTaisis gimnaziaSi yofnisas vaxtangma qar-<br />

Tul samecniero term<strong>in</strong>ologiaze da mis damkvidrebaze daiwyo<br />

muSaoba da zrunva. 1890 w. Jurnal `mwyemsis~ daxmarebiT<br />

man sazogadoebas mimarTaA TxovniT daxmareboda qarTuli sa-<br />

∗ dimitri yifianis dakrZalvis Sesaxeb grigol lorTqifaniZe gansxvavebul<br />

<strong>in</strong>formacias iZleva. igi wers, rom rusi policielebis wre<br />

qarTvelebma `SiSveli xmliT xelSi~ valerian gunias meTaurobiT<br />

gaarRvies (g. lorTqifaniZe, `fiqrebi saqarTveloze~, Tbilisis universitetis<br />

gamomcemloba, Tb., 1995, gv. 56. masalis mowodebisaTvis<br />

madlobas vuxdiT ir<strong>in</strong>e arabiZes).<br />

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mecniero term<strong>in</strong>ologiis SeqmnaSi, rac sabolood qarTuli<br />

enis mcodneTaA T<strong>and</strong>aswrebiT unda dasrulebuliyo. qarTul<br />

samecniero term<strong>in</strong>ologiaze muSaoba man ruseTSi swavlisas<br />

gaagrZela. 1892 w. zamTris ardadegebze peterburgSi specialurad<br />

Cavida, raTa am mizniT xelnawerTa wignTsacavSi qar-<br />

Tul xelnawerebze emuSava. saamisod mas sWirdeboda Suamdgomloba,<br />

romelic daviT RambaSiZis `kargma nacnobma~ aleqs<strong>and</strong>re<br />

cagarelma misca. wignTsacavSi, vaxtangisve TqmiT, nayofierad<br />

umuSavia da bevri sagulisxmo masalac Seugrovebia<br />

[3]. Tu ra bedi ewia SemdgomSi am masalas da Seqmna Tu ara man<br />

leqsikoni CvenTvis ucnobia. erTi ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

1895 w. `mwyemsSi~ daibeWda misi werili mowerili mamisadmi. am<br />

werilidan vigebT, rom mas wignTsacavSi meore welsac umuSavia.<br />

am muSaobis dros nanax xelnawerTa Soris erT — erTis:<br />

`ganmzadebisaTvis soflisa da SeqmnisaTvis meoreTa naTel-<br />

Ta~ teqsts agzavnis dasabeWdaT. `darwmunebuli var, rom is,<br />

visac Zveli mwerlobis ena esmis, siamovnebiT waikiTxavs, xolo<br />

visac ar esmis kargad qarTuli ena, is Seiswavlis mas amis-<br />

Tana nawerebis kiTxviT~ [4, 7].<br />

1898 w. `iveriaSi~ Cndeba statia, sadac avtori zemo imereTis<br />

ugzoobas uCivis, rac bevri `advilad mosarCeni~ avadmyofis<br />

daRupvas uwyobs xelso. Tumca statiis avtori iqve<br />

aRmatebulad aRniSnavs: `magram RmerTma Sexeda ra Cvens aseT<br />

gaWirvebuls mdgomareobas, Segvibrala da zecis mananasaviT<br />

mogvivl<strong>in</strong>a axalgazrda eqimi b-ni vaxtang RambaSiZe. b-ni RambaSiZe<br />

bevrs sxva eqims ar hgavs; igi dauzarelia da muyaiTi;<br />

ver SeaS<strong>in</strong>ebs verc cudi dari da verc soflis uxeiro gza;<br />

amasTanave igi Sedis sawylis xalxis mdgomareobaSi da xelmokle<br />

avadmyofs srulad aras axdev<strong>in</strong>ebs, ise muqTad swamlobs<br />

xolme. amboben rom b-ni RambaSiZe SemdegisaTvis zestafonSi,<br />

Tavis sakuTar saxlebSi, saavadmyofos gamarTvas apirebso.<br />

es xom saSviliSvilo saqme iqneba CvenTvis da v<strong>in</strong> das-<br />

Tvlis, ramdens sikeTes moutans igi axlo — maxlo soflebs~<br />

[5, 3]. parizidan axladCamosuli vaxtangi imTaviTve Caeflo<br />

profesiul saqmianobaSi. parizSi yofnisas man SeirTo warmo-<br />

SobiT amerikeli qalbatoni, v<strong>and</strong>a hope, romelic safrangeT-<br />

Si 19 wlis asakSi Cavida. safrangeTSi igi franguli enis profesori<br />

gaxda. v<strong>and</strong>a meuRles saqarTveloSi gamohyva da `ise<br />

SeiTvisa da Seiyvara saqarTvelo, qarTveloba da qarTuli<br />

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ena, rom bevri qarTveli qalisTvisac samagaliTo iyo igi am<br />

mxriT... ar yofila qarTuli saqme romelSic mxurvale monawileoba<br />

ar mieRoT vaxtangs da mis meuRles, da am maT Rvawls<br />

siyvaruliT da madlobiT aRunazRaurebda maT erovnuli saqmis<br />

msaxuri qarTveloba~ [1, 80-81]. misi es Tvisebebi saqarTveloSi<br />

darCenil RambaSiZeebis ojaxSic icodnen da es codna<br />

Taobebs gadaecema. v<strong>and</strong>as da vaxtangs sami qaliSvili: medea,<br />

sunana, JorJeta da erTi vaJi, givi hyavdaT.<br />

1898 w. safrangeTidan Camosuli vaxtang RambaSiZe rom<br />

imTaviTve Caeba samedic<strong>in</strong>o saqmianobaSi, rogorc aRvniSneT,<br />

kargad Cans imdro<strong>in</strong>deli qarTuli presis furclebidan. igi<br />

zestafonsa da mTel Sorapnis mazraSi eqimad muSaobda. `iveriis~<br />

erT-erT nomerSi, pirvel gverdze gamoqveynebulia misi<br />

gancxadeba pacientebis miRebis Sesaxeb. `eqimi v. RambaSiZe<br />

iRebs S<strong>in</strong>agan da sabavSvo avadmyofebs dilis 10-11 saaTamde<br />

da saRamos 6-7 saaTamde. b<strong>in</strong>a: baronis quCa # 22, didi vanqis<br />

quCis kuTxesTan. telefoni 642~ [6, 1]. rogorc Cans 1903 wels<br />

igi TbilisSi, dRev<strong>and</strong>el furcelaZis quCaze * cxovrobda.<br />

amave gazeTidan irkveva, rom msaxiobi lado (vladimer) aleqsi<br />

— mesxiSvili avad gamxdara da qarTul dramatul sazogadoebas<br />

Tbilisidan quTaisSi vaxtang RambaSiZe gaugzavnia. Semdgom<br />

l. aleqsi — mesxiSvili samkurnalod ucxoeTSi unda gaegzavnaT<br />

[6, 1-2]. rogorc Cans, vaxtangi am saqmeSi monawileobda.<br />

vaxtang RambaSiZes rk<strong>in</strong>igzis erTi muSisTvis uwamlia da<br />

mourCenia kidec. am muSas misi uwyebis eqimi, dimitri nazarovi<br />

gulgrilad moqcevia, ris gamoc vaxtang RambaSiZisTvis miumarTavs,<br />

visganac Svebac da kurnebac miuRia. Tumca, xsenebul<br />

muSas samuSaos gacdena arasapatiod CauTvales da samsaxuridanac<br />

gaanTavisufles. muSas Tavis mxriv nazarovisTvis<br />

uCivlia. amas nazarovis vaxtangisadmi dapirispireba da Seuracmyofeli<br />

publikaciebi mohyva [7, 5-7; 8, 850-851; 9, 3; 10, 3-4;<br />

11, 82; 12, 9-13; 13, 14-19]. am davas, rogorc Cans, `kvalSi~ gamoqveynebulma<br />

saredaqcio statiam daudo bolo.<br />

ukve 1898 wlidan 26 wlis axalgazrda vaxtangi Tavisi momavali<br />

sanatoriumisTvis adgilis Zebnas iwyebs. rogorc mog-<br />

* madlobas vuxdiT nato c<strong>in</strong>cabaZes yofili baronis quCis adgilmdebareobis<br />

dadgenaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.<br />

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vianebiT dawers, mas am saqmeSi gverdiT mama — dekanoz daviT<br />

RambaSiZe edga. am saqmeSi mas mxars agreTve uWerdnen: akaki wereTeli,<br />

dekanozis uaxloesi megobari, sulieri Svili ∗ [14,<br />

384; 15, 62] da vaxtangis ufrosi qaliSvilis, medeas naTlia [3],<br />

`eqimi samson Tofuria, gigo da aleqs<strong>and</strong>re diasamiZeebi, eqimi<br />

grigol eliava da kondrat mxeiZe baTumSi da kidev ramodenime<br />

piri. danarCenT yvelas ocnebad miaCndaT aseTi ganzraxva<br />

da yovelTvis umatebdnen: eg saqme aq verasodes ver ixarebso~<br />

[3].<br />

sanatoriumis daarsebisTvis praqtikul samuSaoebs (Sesaferisi<br />

adgilis Zebna) Teoriuli samuSaoc axlda Tan. amis<br />

Sesaxebac imdro<strong>in</strong>deli perioduli presis furclebidan vigebT.<br />

1901 wlisTvis vaxtang RambaSiZes gamocemuli hqonia<br />

wigni: `sanatoriumis daarsebis gegma~. `iveriis~ erT-erTi<br />

publikaciis avtori, e. vaSakiZe vaxtangs Canafiqrs uwonebs da<br />

mkiTxvels mouwodebs mas am saqmeSi mxarSi amoudges. bevrs gajansaRebisTvis<br />

wamali ar Wirdebao — dasZens avtori [16, 2-3].<br />

sanatoriumis daarsebis w<strong>in</strong>a mosamzadebel samuSaoebze<br />

saubrisas specialuri da jerovani aRniSvnis Rirsad migvaCnia<br />

vaxtang RambaSiZis mier imdro<strong>in</strong>deli presis furclebze<br />

warmarTuli saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba, romelic miznad<br />

isaxavda mosaxleobisaTvis elementaruli samedic<strong>in</strong>o codnis<br />

miwodebas, raTa maT SeZlebodaT garkveuli saxis daavadebebi<br />

Tavidan aecileb<strong>in</strong>aT; uxsnida raoden sasikeToa higienisa da<br />

profilaqtikuri zomebis dacva; cdilobda popularuli eniT<br />

gaenaTleb<strong>in</strong>a, daezRvia avadmyofobis garduvalobisagan da<br />

amiT nugeSi, imedi mieca politikur da ekonomikur gansacdelSi<br />

myofi xalxisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki soflad mcxovrebi,<br />

ubralo mosaxleobisaTvis. misi statiebi Jurnal `mwyemsSi~<br />

sami wlis (1900-1903) ganmavlobaSi ibeWdeboda. ∗∗<br />

vaxtang RambaSiZe janmrTelobas bunebis ganZs uwodebda<br />

[17, 5] da cdilobda am ganZis dacvaSi daxmareboda misi usay-<br />

∗ dekanoz daviT RambaSiZe akakis sulieri mama da moZRvari iyo. cnobisa<br />

da Sesabamisi literaturis mowodebisTvis madlobas movaxsenebT<br />

bibi k<strong>in</strong>wuraSvils.<br />

∗∗ mocemul sakiTxze im publikaciebze dayrdnobiT visaubrebT, romlis<br />

mopovebac SevZeliT. zemoT aRniSnuli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

gamocemul zogierT sagazeTo statias ver mivakvlieT.<br />

206

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varlesi qveynis Svilebs, risTvisac ZalRones ar iSurebda.<br />

igi gazeTis mkiTxvelebs, gansakuTrebiT ki maT, visac Svilebi<br />

hyavdaT,ATvdapirvelad Wleqze anu tuberkuliozze esaubreba;<br />

daavadebaze romelic, misi TqmiT, ufro metad sasuliero<br />

saswavleblebSi iyo gavrcelebuli. igi aqve amSvidebs mSoblebs<br />

da ganumartavs, rom Wleqi arc ise saSiSia, rogorc sazogadoebaSi<br />

hgoniaT. statiis avtori ramdenime SekiTxvas<br />

svams: ra uwyobs xels Wleqis gavrcelebas? ra saxis zomebi<br />

unda SemoviRoT mis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg da rogor unda gavxadoT es<br />

zomebi savaldebulo? pirveli, rac misi azriT unda gakeTdes<br />

aris is, rom eqimma saswavleblebSi mowafeebis filtvebi weliwadSi<br />

3-4 jer ma<strong>in</strong>c unda moism<strong>in</strong>os avadmyofis `w<strong>in</strong>aswari<br />

gafrTxilebis~ mizniT. igi asaxelebs Wleqis gamomwvev im mizezebs,<br />

romlebic medic<strong>in</strong>isTvis im dros iyo cnobili. esenia:<br />

genetikurad susti filtvebi, gaciveba-filtvebis anTeba,<br />

Wleqis bacilebian sadgomSi (b<strong>in</strong>aSi) yofna, SexuTul haerSi<br />

cxovreba, rigiani sazrdos uqonloba da sxva. pirveli mizezis<br />

garda, yvela danarCens vaxtang RambaSiZeA Tavidan advilad<br />

asaSoreblad miiCnevs. Tvlis rom avadmyofobis profilaktikis<br />

saqmeSi mSoblebs bevri sasikeTo saqmis gakeTeba SeuZliaT<br />

[18, 1-3].<br />

momdevno werilSi avtori ufro dawvrilebiT saubrobs<br />

zemoT CamoTvlil Wleqis gamomwvev mizezebze; Tu ra da rogori<br />

saxisaa memkvidreobiT gadacemuli daavadeba; saubrobs<br />

Wleqis axlad aRmoCenil gadamdeb bacilaze. janmrTelobis-<br />

Tvis mavne pirobebSi is CamoTvlis da asaxelebs: 1) antisanitarias,<br />

b<strong>in</strong>is siviwroves, SexuTul haers, sibneles da nests. 2)<br />

saWmel-sasmelis uvargisobas da ar qonas. aseve tansacmlis<br />

uvargisobas. 3) gadaWarbebul da organizmisTvis Seusabamo<br />

samuSaos. gonebriv gadaRlilobas, dards, siRaribes. 4) avadmyofobebi,<br />

romlebic asusteben adamians, gansakuTebiT mis<br />

sasunTq gzebs: xSiri surdo, bronxiti, plevriti da sxva. 5)<br />

gadaWarbebuli Rv<strong>in</strong>is sma da sxva. avtori aqve ganumartavs<br />

mkiTxvels Tu rogor SeiZleba naxvelis meSveobiT meore adamianze<br />

gadavides Wleqis bacila. am sakiTxTTan dakavSirebiT<br />

Tnamedrove medic<strong>in</strong>is miRwevebsac iSveliebs. Zalze sa<strong>in</strong>teresod<br />

gveCveneba is rCevebi, romlebic sakvebs exeba. eqimi<br />

mkiTxvels urCevs xarisa da Zroxis xorci, gansakuTrebiT Signeuli,<br />

kargad moxarSos an Sewvas, Zroxis rZe kargad aduRos,<br />

207

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aTa bacilebi ar gadavides masze. Tvlis, rom mkurnalobis<br />

saqmeSi sxva qveynebis gamocdilebac unda da<strong>in</strong>ergos CvenSi.<br />

avtori specialurad mimarTavs samRvdeloebas da saWiro<br />

wesebis dacvas sTxovs, zogierTis `sakuTari dadgenilebiT~,<br />

zogisac ki mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT. esenia:<br />

1. `saswavleblis eqimma yovel 3 TveSi gulmodg<strong>in</strong>ed gas<strong>in</strong>jos<br />

mowafeebi. Tu mowafes raime niSnebi SeeniSneba, dauyovneblad<br />

mieces yvelaferSi gansxvaveba: Sroma, sazrdo, b<strong>in</strong>a.<br />

es yvelaferi sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli unda mieces~ [17, 3].<br />

2. moswavleTa b<strong>in</strong>ebis daTvalierebis dros yuradReba<br />

mieqces mis mdebareobas, s<strong>in</strong>aTles, haeris moZraobas, aris Tu<br />

ara sivrce sakmarisi, mob<strong>in</strong>adreTa raodenobas, ezos sanitarul<br />

mdgomareobas da sxva. b<strong>in</strong>as weliwadSi orjer komisia unda<br />

aTvalierebdes, romlis SemadgelobaSi eqimi aucileblad<br />

unda iyos, raTa pansionebSi oTaxebi swored, zemoTqmulis<br />

gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT, unda moewyos. siTbos SesanarCuneblad SeSa<br />

ar unda iyos dazogli, v<strong>in</strong>aidan SeSis dazogvis magivrad adamiani<br />

unda davzogoTo.<br />

3. sust da riskis jgufSi myof mowafeebs SeRavaTebi unda<br />

mieceT. `maTTvis marxva nu iqneba aucilebeli. mas, sanam<br />

wamloba esaWiroeba, marxvaSi marto samarxvo saWmlis Wama nu<br />

moeTxoveba~ [17, 4]. riskis jgufSi myofi mowafeebi unda gan-<br />

Tavisufldnen momqancavi samuSaosagan. is<strong>in</strong>i pansionSi yofnis<br />

SemTxvevaSi unda gadaiyvanon kerZo b<strong>in</strong>aze, xolo Tu ker-<br />

Zo b<strong>in</strong>aSi arian, maTi sacxovrebeli pirobebi unda eTanxmebodes<br />

zemoT CamoTvlil normebs. Tu saswavlebeli amas ver<br />

axerxebs, Seqmnili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb auwyon moswavlis<br />

mSoblebs. dauZlurebuli moswavle jobs saswavlebelma ar<br />

miiRos. `SeiZleba mSobels erCios didxans uyuros uswavlel<br />

Svils, vidre naswavli naadrevad damarxos~.<br />

4. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pedagogi Tavadaa daavadebuli, man<br />

aucileblad unda iqonios `jibis safurTxi~ sadiz<strong>in</strong>feqcio<br />

saSualebiT da yovelTvis masSi agrovebdes naxvels.<br />

5. saswavlebels da oTaxebs weliwadSi oTxjer gaukeTdes<br />

diz<strong>in</strong>feqcia im teqnikuri saSualebebiT, romlebic im<br />

droisaTvis saukeTesod iTvleboda. `w<strong>in</strong>aswar naxmar Ronis-<br />

ZiebebiT, rogorc Wleqis SemTxvevaSi, aseve sxvadasxva daavadebebis<br />

dros, bevrs igebs adamiani. amitom saswavleblis eqimi<br />

mudam sadarajoze unda iyos mozardis janmrTelobis~ [17, 5].<br />

208

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avtori gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom im droisaTvis `imereTis<br />

samRvdeloebis warmomadgenelTa krebaze es sakiTxi<br />

rom daisvas da sadac jer ars gaigzavnos Suamdgomloba raime<br />

zomebis SemosaRebad, kargi iqneba. marTalia aseTi ram pirvelad<br />

moxdeba, magram viRacam xom unda daiwyos. daJ<strong>in</strong>ebaa saWiro,<br />

rom uzrunvelobis sasTumalze myofi Cveni adamiani saer-<br />

To saqmis gasakeTeblad wamoiweodes~ [17, 5].<br />

amave statiaSi vaxtang RambaSiZe gamoTqvams imeds, rom<br />

tuberkuliozis prevenciasa da higienaze SesaZloa gamosces<br />

wigni. CvenTvis Zneli sTqmelia ra bedi ewia mis Canafiqrs.<br />

Semdeg werilSi vaxtang RambaSiZe aRniSnavs, rom xalxi<br />

CvenSi ucod<strong>in</strong>robis gamo udierad eqceva sakuTar janmrTelobas,<br />

rasac ganaTlebiT unda SevebrZoloTo. v<strong>in</strong>aidan, samwuxarod<br />

Cveni saswavleblebi am mxriv araviTar codnas ar iZlevian,<br />

rac ucxourSi ukve danergilia, xalxSi samedic<strong>in</strong>o ganaTleba<br />

beWdurma sityvam, mRvdlebma da maswavleblebma unda<br />

gaavrcelono [19, 6]. yvelgan, Segnebul qveynebSi, Tavisi<br />

Tavis movla rom SeZlon, momaval Taobas codnas aZleven. amdenad,<br />

codna sayovelTao xdeba. `Cveni moswavle cxra mTas<br />

iqiT momxdar ambavs ATamamaT mogiyvebaT da Tavis cxvirs rogor<br />

unda mouaros gacivebis dros-imas ki veras getyviT~- dananebiT<br />

werda vaxtang RambaSiZe da mkiTxvels ganumartavda,<br />

rom sakvebs, sasmels da sxvas SerCeva da zomierad sWirdeba<br />

moxmareba. `kuWi xalTa ar aris da yvelafers ver miiRebs~ [20,<br />

12-13]. swored samedic<strong>in</strong>o ganaTlebis xalxSi ukeT gasavrceleblad<br />

aurCevia mas Jurnali `mwyemsi~, v<strong>in</strong>aidan es ukanaskneli<br />

ZiriTadad soflis mosaxleobisa da soflis sasuliero<br />

pirebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. vaxtang RambaSiZis mocemuli<br />

statiidan irkveva, rom 1867 wlamde sasuliero sem<strong>in</strong>ariaSi<br />

`saeqimo mecnierebis~ swavleba yofila SemoRebuli. mas 2<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi aswavlidnen. amgvar gadawyvetilebas metad<br />

praqtikuli da humanuri safuZveli edo. medic<strong>in</strong>aSi gaTviTcnobierebul<br />

mRvdels ueqimobis pirobebSi mrevlis daxmareba<br />

unda SeZleboda. mogvianebiT sagani gauuqmebiaT, v<strong>in</strong>aidan<br />

CauTvliaT, rom TiTqos zogierT sabunebismetyvelo sagans<br />

SeiZleba cudi zneobrivi zegavlena hqonoda maTze. mogvianebiT<br />

gairkva, rom im sasuliero pirebs, visac samedic<strong>in</strong>o<br />

ganaTleba hqondaTA sem<strong>in</strong>ariaSi miRebuli, didi sargebeli<br />

mohqondaT AmrevlisaTvis. amis gamo, zogierT sem<strong>in</strong>ariaSi<br />

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kvlav ganaxlebula sagnis swavleba. amave mizniT xsenebul sagans<br />

pedagogiur saswavleblebSic aswavlidnen, Tumca versad<br />

sakmaod da rigianad [21, 13-14].<br />

vaxtang RambaSiZe or sagazeTo publikacias orsulobisa<br />

da Cvilis movlis sakiTxebs uTmobs. gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs,<br />

rom 13 wlis mozardi gogonas gaTxoveba dauSvebelia da<br />

misi janmrTelobisTvis saziano. am asakSi gaTxovil mozards<br />

14 wlisas ukve bavSvi uCndeba. jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSi<br />

myofi organizmi did jafas ganicdis. pirvel bavSvs<br />

momdevno mSobiarobebi mosdevs da organizmic naadrevad zi<strong>and</strong>eba<br />

[22, 13-14].<br />

v<strong>in</strong>aidan vaxtangi Tvlida, rom CvenSi im dros orsulobisa<br />

da bavSvis movlis Sesaxeb ucod<strong>in</strong>aroba iyo, man erTi statia<br />

bavSvTa kvebas dauTmo. ZuZuTi kvebis wesebze da sargeblianobaze<br />

saubris garda, igi xelovnur kvebasac Seexo. avtorma<br />

mkiTxvels safrangeTSi eqim diufuris mier bavSvTAa<br />

usafrTxo, higienuri, xelovnuri kvebis Sesaxeb danergili wesi<br />

gaacno. diufuris saxlebs, romlebic ZuZuTa bavSvebisTvis<br />

rZes amzadebdnen, `rZis wveTi~ erqva. statiis avtori qarTul<br />

sazogadoebasac mouwodebda amgvari saxlebis gaxsnisaken [23,<br />

3-6].<br />

xalxSi samedic<strong>in</strong>o ganaTlebis gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />

gamoqveynebuli bolo statiebi vaxtang RambaSiZem<br />

avadmyofobis, janmrTelobis raobisa da nairgvarobis ganmartebas<br />

dauTmo. igi mkiTxvels uxsnida, rom arsebobs adgilobrivi<br />

avadmyofobebi, romlis gaCenas geografiuli mdebareoba,<br />

niadagi, hava... uwyobs xels. arseboben drois cvlilebebiT<br />

(sicxe, sicive, nesti anu klimati) gamowveuli daavadebebi,<br />

gaufrTxileblobis seni (daudevrobiT da gaufrTxileblobiT<br />

gamowveuli) `uilajobis, siRaribis seni~, `siWarbis,<br />

siuxvis seni~. Tu siRaribis seni ufro Sesawynarebelia, am<br />

ukanasknelis ar aris, v<strong>in</strong>aidan igi `sixarbiTa da simsunagi-<br />

Taa~ gamowveulio [24, 14-15]. igi aRniSnavs, rom qalaqis cudi<br />

pirobebiT yvelaze metad bavSvebi zi<strong>and</strong>ebian. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom TiTqos saswavleblebSi fizikuri varjiSi da mogzaurobaa<br />

SemoRebuli, magram `usufTao haerze varjiSoba-moZraoba<br />

da aTasSi erTxel mogzaurobas, an ki ra sargebloba mohyveba?!<br />

amas mxolod maS<strong>in</strong> eqneboda mniSvneloba, rom igi Sefardebuli<br />

iyos TviToeuli sxeulis mdgomareobasTan. anu<br />

210

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vis ra sWirdeba janmrTelobidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are. ucxoeTSi sxvadasxva<br />

saSualebaa danergili axalgazrdebis janmrTelobis<br />

gasaumjobeseblad. maT Soris movixseniebT erTs, romelsac<br />

didixania didi kargi Sedegi mohyva. es aris sazafxulo axal-<br />

Senebis sazafxulo samyofebis gamarTva mozard qal-vaJTaTvis.<br />

momaval nomerSi gavacnobT mkiTxvels ras warmoadgens es<br />

saSualeba, ra aris misi umTavresi mizani da daniSnuleba, ra<br />

Sedegi mohyva am saqmes ucxoeTSi da rogor sasurvel saSualebadaa<br />

igi dasaxuli dRes mecnierebisagan~ [25, 20-22]. samwuxarod<br />

`mwyemsis~ Semdegi nomeri dazianebulia da xsenebuli<br />

statia veRar vipoveT.<br />

amgvarad, vaxtang RambaSiZe sazogadoebis gajansaRebisaTvis<br />

dauRalavi zrunvis saqmeSi miadga im moments, rodesac<br />

misi ocneba unda asrulebuliyo. rodesac sazogadoebis gajansaRebaze<br />

zrunva axal, ufro maRal safexurzeA unda asuliyo.<br />

rodesac Rrma, Tnamedrove evropul gamocdilebaze<br />

dafuZnebuli kvlevebi praqtikaSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo.<br />

1904w. vaxtangma mamis daxmarebiT `patara cemSi~ borjomis<br />

xeobaSi pirveli qarTuli sanatoriumi aaSena. sanatoriumis<br />

gaxsna da kurTxeva amave wlis 15 ivnisisTvis iyo gadawyvetili.<br />

saerTo zeimSi monawileobis misaRebad akakisac elodebodnen,<br />

magram moulodnelad misi eqimi, samson Tofuria gardaicvala.<br />

`ase uceb umTavresi ATnamgrZnobi gamogvecala am<br />

axali wamowyebis, ramac Zalian daaziana Cveni axali saqme~ —<br />

werda vaxtangi. samson Tofuria pirveli iyo, visac mTel qu-<br />

Taisis guberniaSi samkurnalo saxli hqonda gaxsnili. samson<br />

Tofuriam am saxliT yvelas daumtkica, rom samkurnaloSi dawola<br />

aramc Tu saSiSi, aramed sasargebloao — werda vaxtangi.<br />

Turme akaki wereTeli didad ar swyalobda eqimebs, magram misi<br />

piradi eqimisadmi pativiscema da ndoba didi hqonda. am samkurnalo<br />

saxlSi erTi oTaxi akakisTvis iyo gamoyofili. iqve,<br />

am oTaxSi gitarac yofila. Turme, iq yofnis dros akakisTan<br />

yoveldRe varenka wereTeli (barbare maWavariani-wereTlisa)<br />

dadioda da poetis leqsze daweril sakuTar simReras, `sulikos~,<br />

umReroda. Turme, swored samson Tofurias samkurnalo<br />

saxlidan gavrcelebula es popularuli simRera. samson Tofuria<br />

Tvlida, rom akakis gulis avadmyofobisaTvis simRera<br />

wamali iyo [3].<br />

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marTalia patara cemis sanatoriumi im drois qarTuli<br />

sazogadoebis sayvareli adgili iyo da yvelas, visTvisac iq<br />

yofna sasargeblo iyo, guli miuwevda, magram es dasasvenebeli<br />

saxli 8-16 wlis ymawvilebisTvis aSenda. sanatoriumi da iq<br />

mkurnaloba mecnierulad dasabuTebuli da gaangariSebuli<br />

iyo; eyrdnoboda im drois Tanamedrove kurortologiis miRwevebs.<br />

mozardebis mkurnalobasTan erTad yovel wels 150<br />

mozardze dakvirveba da miRebul Sedegebze dayrdnobiT<br />

kvleviTi samuSaoc warmoebda. 1904 wels, sanatoriumis daarsebamde,<br />

momavali kurortis modeli vaxtang RambaSiZem `leisonSi,<br />

Sveicariul sanatoriumTaA axleburi modelis mixedviT<br />

Seadg<strong>in</strong>a~. amisTvis mas leisonSi mTeli weli umuSavia [26, 32].<br />

dakvirvebebs da kvlevebs vaxtang RambaSiZe or frang mecnierTan<br />

ATnamSromlobiT awarmoebda. sorbonis profesor alfred<br />

b<strong>in</strong>esTan da eqim alfons laveranTan. es ukanaskneli Waobis<br />

ciebis gamomwvev mizezebs ikvlevda da tropikuli daavadebis<br />

saukeTeso mcodne da msoflioSi ganTqmuli eqimi iyo.<br />

alfred b<strong>in</strong>es surda gaerkvia Tu ra cvlilebebs iwvevs sisxlSi<br />

mTis hava. ra gansakuTrebul gavlenas axdens mTis mze<br />

sunTqvasa da filtvebSi mimd<strong>in</strong>are procesebze. b<strong>in</strong>e laboratoriis<br />

pirobebSi cdilobda ewarmoeb<strong>in</strong>a cdebi, magram es ra<br />

Tqma unda mas ver daakmayofilebda. b<strong>in</strong>e vaxtangs eubneboda,<br />

rom amgvari dakvirveba maRalmTian raionSi aravis uwarmoebia<br />

da Tu Tqven amas gamoikvlevT, did saqmes gaakeTebTo. man vaxtangs<br />

masalis erTad damuSaveba da kvlevis Sedegebis saku-<br />

Tar krebulSi dabeWdva aRuTqva.<br />

laverans a<strong>in</strong>teresebda Waobis ciebiT daavadebulebze,<br />

maT sisxlze, rogor moqmedebda maRalmTiani hava da vaxtang<br />

RambaSiZes urCevda, rac SeiZleba maRal simaRleze aeSenebia<br />

sanatoriumi, v<strong>in</strong>aidan saqarTveloSi Waobis cieba Zlier aris<br />

gavrcelebulio. rodesac vaxtangs misTvis uTqvams, rom mas<br />

sanatoriumis aSeneba 1400m-ze * hqonda navaraudevi, laverans<br />

misi gadawyvetileba gauziarebia da mouwonebia [3].<br />

1905 w. vaxtang RambaSiZe periodul presaSi aqveynebs<br />

gancxadebas sanatoriumis pirobebis Sesaxeb. Cveni azriT, es<br />

publikacia scildeba gancxadebis farglebs. masSi mokled,<br />

magram TvalnaTliv da aSkaradaa gadmocemuli Tu rogori sa-<br />

* patara cemi 1370m-zea zRvis donidan[32. 107].<br />

212

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medic<strong>in</strong>o safuZvlebi edo sanatoriumis gaxsnas, ramdenad<br />

Rrmad efuZneboda misi Semqmneli imdro<strong>in</strong>deli kurortologiis<br />

miRwevebs. amis gamo xsenebuli gancxadeba srulad gv<strong>in</strong>da<br />

movitanoT Cvens statiaSi.<br />

`sanatoriumi da sazafxulo samyofi eqimis vaxtang d.<br />

RambaSiZisa mozard qal-vaJTaTvis 8-16 wlamde `patara-cemSi~<br />

bakurianis rk<strong>in</strong>is gzazed sazafxulo mTis sadguri 4400 futis<br />

simaRleze (gancxadeba).<br />

`patara-cemi~ mdebareobs borjomis xeobaSi TrialeTis<br />

qedis erT-erT kalTaze, bakurianis rk<strong>in</strong>is gzazed, sadgur nikolaevisa<br />

da sakoWavs Soris, maRlob vakezed, 4400 futis, anu<br />

1340 metris simaRlezed (230 futiT maRalia abasTumanze).<br />

am adgilis mdebareoba, rogorc mTeli xeobisa, metad<br />

moxdenilia da lamazi. `patara-cemi~ warmoadgens mTebiT SemozRudul<br />

gaSlil vakes, fiWvnariT Ada naZvnariT garSemortymuli,<br />

mTel dRes mziT ganaTebulia da civi qarisaganac dafaruli,<br />

niadagi mSrali da notierebas moklebuli aqvs, hava<br />

mudam grilia da siTbo-sicivec metad zomieri; haeri sufTa,<br />

mCate da saamo, adgili myudro da yovel xmaurobas moklebuli.<br />

Suaze miudis bakurianis rk<strong>in</strong>is gza.<br />

aq aris aSenebuli sanatoriumisaTvis didi Senoba, sava-<br />

Jo da saqalebo ganyofilebiT, samxreTisaken miqceuli, mTel<br />

dRes mziT ganaTebuli, romelSiac dRe da Rame haeri moZraobs<br />

da icvleba. sanatoriums aqvs sakuTari samecniero laboratoria<br />

da meteorologiuri sadguri.<br />

sanatoriums da sazafxulo sadgoms miznad aqvs gauadvilos<br />

mozardis agebulebas dasveneba da janmrTelobis mopoveba,<br />

rom bunebrivis saSualebiT da higienur pirobebSi<br />

cxovrebiT gamoswordes is nakli, rac sxeulSi an avadmyofobiT<br />

aris gamowveuli, an cxovrebis Seuferebel pirobebiT; da<br />

amnairad xeli Seuwyos sxeulis ganaxlebasa da wesier muSaobas,<br />

fizikur keTildReobis misaRwevad.<br />

miiRebian: v<strong>in</strong>c aris naavadmyofari, sxva da sxva sneulebisagan<br />

daRlili-dasustebuli, metadre visac gamovlili<br />

aqvs ganmeorebiTi: <strong>in</strong>fluenca, bronxiti, filtvis sxva da sxva<br />

avadmyofoba; v<strong>in</strong>c mada-dakargulia, sisxl-naklulebi, nerveb<br />

aSlili, Waobis ciebiT anu tyirpis gadidebiT dasustebuli;<br />

visac sxeuli dasZabunebia haeris, s<strong>in</strong>aTlis da sazrdos naklebulobiT<br />

an cxovrebis Seuferebel pirobebiT; stomaqisa<br />

213

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da nawlavebis AaSlilobiT dasneulebuli, gonebiT moqanculi<br />

da saerTod yvelani, visac-ki samkurnalo mecnierebis rCeviT<br />

esaWiroeba haeris gamocvla, dasveneba, sxeulis gamagreba da<br />

qalaqis morideba cxel zafxulis TveebSi.<br />

ar miiRebian: mwoliare avadmyofni, romelime gadamdeb<br />

seniT Sepyrobilni, filtvis siWleqiT daavadmyofebulni,<br />

suliT avadmyofni da arc is<strong>in</strong>i, visac romelime mizezis gamo<br />

maRal mTa-adgils yofna sargeblobas ver moutans.<br />

samkurnalo saSualebaT aris dasaxuli Semdegi:<br />

1) mTis wm<strong>in</strong>da haeri, mCate, grili, fiWvis suniT Sezavebuli<br />

da yovelgvar usufTaobas moSorebuli; dRe sul gared<br />

yofna, Rame ki Ria fanjarebian saxlSi wola.<br />

2) gonebisa da sxeulis dasveneba, sruli myudroeba,<br />

Suagul tyeSi yofna, usiamovno xmaurobis moSorebiT.<br />

3) gadaWarbebuli sazrdooba dReSi eqvsjer: sauzme<br />

dilis 7.s., meore 10s., sadili 1s., samxari 4s., vaxSami 7s., da meeqvse<br />

ijarac 9 saaTzed.<br />

4) wyliT eqimoba: tanis dazela, duSi da abano, haeris<br />

abano (Luft-bad, Ba<strong>in</strong> d'air).<br />

5) sxva da sxva gvari Seqceva —A TamaSoba evropidan gamowerili<br />

moZravi saTamaSoebis saSualebiT, ucxoeTis savarji-<br />

So sazogadoebaTaA gegmis mixedviT.<br />

6) samkurnalo varjiSoba stokholmis savarjiSo mTavar<br />

<strong>in</strong>stitutSi langis mier SemoRebul gegmisamebr.<br />

7) saxaliso da gasarTobi samuSao da sxva da sxva xelsaqme,<br />

saadvilo da sxeulisaTvis margebeli, TviTeulis agebulebasTan<br />

SerCeuli. msurvelTaTvis fotografiuli oTaxi.<br />

8) jgufebad seirnoba da mogzauroba yovel or-sam<br />

dRes axlo midamoebSi.<br />

9) yovel dRes axlad motanili madneuli wylebi: borjomis<br />

mJave da waRveris rk<strong>in</strong>is wyali, eqimis daniSnulebisamebr.<br />

10) sxva wamlebiT eqimoba mxolod aucilebel saWiroebis<br />

dros.<br />

yovelive zemoxsenebuli saSualeba SemoRebulia mecnierebisagan<br />

damtkicebul wesisamebr, swarmoebs eqimis mudmiv<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT da kerZod TviTeulis agebulebasTan SefardebiT.<br />

214

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kviraSi erTxel TviTeuli sanatoriumSi myofi dawvrilebiT<br />

is<strong>in</strong>jeba eqimisagan, Tnac samecniero iaraRebiT aR<strong>in</strong>iSneba<br />

is T<strong>and</strong>aTani cvlileba, rac daetyoba, Rones, mkerdis<br />

sisrules, sulisTqmas, gulisa da majis cemas da sxva.<br />

yovelive zemoxsenebuli, rogorc xangrZlivma gamocdilebam<br />

daamtkica ucxoeTis yvela kuTxeebSi da mecnierebamac<br />

gamoarkvia, sxvagvar wamlobazed ufro warmatebiT hkurnavs<br />

zemod aRniSnul sneulebaT ase rom, exla yvelsagan sasargeblod<br />

aris dasaxuli sanatoriumebis bunebrivi mkurnaloba,<br />

rasac Semdeg mohyveba xolme Semdegi cvlilebebi: yovel mozards<br />

emateba wona, Zala da Rone, uganivrdeba mkerdi, umagrdeba<br />

kunTebi, sxeulis sazrdooba umjobesdeba. modunebul<br />

agebulebas simarjve emateba da gonebas sifxizle, xasiaTi<br />

mSviddeba da swordeba, tol-amxanagebSi yofniT erToba da<br />

zneobrivad iwvrTneba, da rasakvirvelia yovelives es didaT<br />

xels uwyobs da aw<strong>in</strong>aurebs sxeuliTac, gonebiTac da zneobrivadac<br />

mozardis agebulebas.<br />

wasvlisas TviTeuls Sesaferisi darigeba eZleva, rogorc<br />

unda mouaros Tavis Tavs momavalSi.<br />

yvelani iyofebian jgufebad Ronis, sqesisa da wlovanobis<br />

mixedviT. TviTeul jgufs hyavs sakuTari Tvalyuris<br />

mgdebeli da yvelas ki saerTod — mudmivi xelmZRvaneli-eqimi.<br />

sanatoriumSi da sazafxulo samyofSi dadgenili wes-rigi<br />

yvelasaTvis savaldebuloa. v<strong>in</strong>c ar daeTanxmeba mas, unda<br />

miatovos es dawesebuleba erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi.<br />

es wes-rigi, roemlsac miznad aqvvs sxeulis keTildReoba,<br />

advili SesaTvisebelia da momavlisaTvisac sasargeblo:<br />

sxeuli pataraobiTve eCveva sicivis atanas, rigianad sma-Wamas,<br />

sasargeblo moZraobas, wesier moZraobas, wesier muSaobas<br />

da saerTod higienur cxovrebas.<br />

samkurnalod daniSnulia zafxulis Tveebi: 15 ivlisidgan<br />

31 mariamobisTvemde. miiRebian msurvelni ori TviTA da<br />

naxevriT da ori TviTac.<br />

misaReb pirTa ricxvi gansazRvrulia.<br />

fasi pataraTaTvis Tviurad xuTi Tumania, xolo mozrdilTaTvis<br />

eqvsi Tumani, amaSia nagulisxmevi: sadgomi, log<strong>in</strong>i,<br />

sazrdo, ganaTeba, wyliT eqimoba, sarecxis darecxa,<br />

wylebi, wamlebi da saerTod yovel-mxrivi movla da eqimoba.<br />

215

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visac hsurs samkurnalod mosvla, w<strong>in</strong>daw<strong>in</strong>ve unda gamogzavnos<br />

avadmyofis sruli aRweriloba da adgilobrivi<br />

eqimis werlic. sabolood gardawyveta miRebis Sesaxeb mxolod<br />

avadmyofis piradad naxvis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli.<br />

TviTeuls unda mohyves Tan: orgvari tanisamosi: sazafxulo<br />

da erTi Tbili, TeTreuli 4-6-mde, oroli fexsacmeli,<br />

maTSi erTi uquslo, Wilis qudi mzeSi saxmarad da, Tu SesaZloa<br />

magari tilos zevidgan Casacmeli tanisamosi saTamaSod.<br />

yovel kviras mSoblebs gaegzavnebaT werili sanatoriumis<br />

eqimisagan da euwyebaT maTi Svilis mdgomareobis ambavi.<br />

dawvrilebiTi cnobebis SesatyobaT msurvelT unda mimarTon<br />

eqims vaxtang daviTis Ze RambaSiZes maisis 31-de qalaq<br />

Tbiliss, Semdeg — ki borjomiT patara cemis sanatoriumSi.<br />

misavali gza: borjomidan ori saaTis savalze, bakurianis<br />

rk<strong>in</strong>is gziT, me-25 versze sadgur nikolaevis Semdeg saku-<br />

Tari baqania patara-cemSi, sadac yoveli saxalxo matarebeli<br />

Cerdeba sakuTrad sanatoriumisaTvis.<br />

matareblis mimosvla: borjomidgan gadis 9s. 7w. `patara<br />

— cemis~ sanatoriumSi midis 1s. 13w., patara-cemiTgan gamodis<br />

naSuadRevis 1s. 19w. da borjoms midis 3s. 29w. saWiroebis<br />

dagvarad dadis meore matarebeli: borjomidgan gadis naSuadRevis<br />

5s. 28w. `patara-cemis~ sanatoriumSi modis saRamos<br />

7s. 32; patara cemidgan gamodis saRamos 9s. 45w. borjoms modis<br />

Ramis 11s. 33w.<br />

adresi: fostiT: borjomiT — `patara-cems~ eqims v. RambaSiZes.<br />

telegrafiT: borjomi RambaSiZes~ [27, 395-398; 427-<br />

430]. *<br />

aRwers ra v. veliam<strong>in</strong>oviCi borjomis xeobis sakurorto<br />

ATvisebebs, aRniSnavs, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom 1901 wlisTvis<br />

saqarTveloSi jer erTi balneologiuri sadguria (borjomi,<br />

samefo ojaxis mamuli), ar gava aTi weli, rom aq aRmocendeba<br />

sxva kurortebic, kerZod cemSi, cagerSi, bakurianSi, cixisjvarSi<br />

[28, 6-7].<br />

xsenebuli wignis gamosvlidan erTi wlis Semdeg mTavrobas<br />

gadauwyvetia cemSi rk<strong>in</strong>igzis muSebisaTvis tuberkuliozis<br />

samkurnalod sanatoriumis daarseba. 1903 w. aq da bakuri-<br />

* gancxadeba or nomerSia (#14 da #15) gamoqveynebuli. orive statia<br />

identuria. gancxadebis stili daculia.<br />

216

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anSi barakebSi da karvebSi, TiTqmis savele pirobebSi, moaTavses<br />

avadmyofebi da daarsda sanitaruli sadguri. e. fedorovi<br />

aRniSnavs, rom 1904 w. eqimma RambaSiZem `patara cemSi~ gaxsna<br />

kerZo sanatoriumi, `sazafxulo bavSvTa koloniiT~ da saku-<br />

Tari plaTformiT, romlis saxeli Sors gascda kavkasiis farglebs.<br />

cemis gaSlil platoze sofelia. mas gars tyis masivebi<br />

ertya. am tyeSi uxvad iyo: fiWvi, naZvi, soWi. aseve wifela, muxa,<br />

rcxila, panta da maJalo [29. 53]. e. fedorovis TqmiT, rTuli<br />

iyo tyis masivis gamoyeneba sanatoriumis mSeneblobisa da<br />

cemidan bakurianamde gzis gasayvanad, Tumca, im droisaTvis,<br />

aRniSnavs igi xazgasmiT, vaxtang RambaSiZem samkurnalo saxlis<br />

tyeSi ganTavseba moaxerxao [29, 3-4, 13].<br />

cemis plato CrdiloeTis mxridan gaSlilia, samxreTiT<br />

maRldeba. horizonti Zlier gaSlilia. plato adriani dilidan<br />

gvian saRamomde mzis sxivebis zemoqmedebis qveSaa. horizontis<br />

gaxsnilobis gamo, Tavisuflad niavdeba kurortis<br />

mTeli teritoria. `cemis nayofier samkurnalo pirobebs didixania<br />

miaqcies yuradReba da jer kidev 1904 w. cemSi gaixsna<br />

rk<strong>in</strong>igzis sanatoriumi, romelic dRemde funqcionirebs~ —<br />

wers m. nodia [31, 58-59] da arafers ambobs patara cemis sanatoriumsa<br />

da mis damfuZnebelze.<br />

wignis avtorebi `gamoCenili qarTveli kurortologebi~<br />

qveynisTvis WeSmaritad Rvawlmosil da pativcemul pirovnebebze<br />

saubroben, romelTa Rvawli dafasebisa da aRniSvnis<br />

Rirsia. Tumca arc am wignSi, romelic 1981 welsaa dawerili,<br />

rodesac politikuri devna aRar iyo mwvave da bevri ramis<br />

Tqma da dawera SeiZleboda, vaxtang RambaSiZe naxsenebic<br />

ki araa. arc borjomis xeobaSi pirveli sanatoriumi. ufro metic,<br />

am wignSi vkiTxulobT: `mxolod XIX saukuneSi aSenda<br />

Cvens miwa-wyalze TiTo-orola sasaxle mefis d<strong>in</strong>astiisa da<br />

mdidari vaWrebis sakeTildReod...<br />

kurortebis namdvili, gegmazomieri ganviTareba daiwyo<br />

mxolod sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg, mas Semdeg,<br />

rac 1919 w. martis dekretiT samkurnalod gamosadegi wylebi,<br />

md<strong>in</strong>areebi, tyeebi, mTebi da sxva bunebrivi simdidreebi saxelmwifoebriv<br />

sakuTrebad gamocxadda da mSromeli xalxis<br />

janmrTelobis samsaxurSi Cadga. amrigad kurortologia, rogorc<br />

mecniereba, sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirmSoa.<br />

217

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saqarTveloSi bunebrivi samkurnalo saSualebebis mecnieruli<br />

Seswavla, kurortebis dagegmareba da mSenebloba<br />

mxolod 1921 w. damdegs daiwyo. dRes, rodesac arc Tu ise Soreuli<br />

warsulis aRdgenas vcdilobT, vxedavT, rom masala Zalian<br />

cota mogvepoveba...~ [32, 3]. Tumca, fedorovis wigni da<br />

qarTuli perioduli presa, sadac naTladaa aRniSnuli vaxtang<br />

RambaSiZesa da mis sanatoriumze, romlis Sesaxebac kavkasiis<br />

farglebs gareTac icodnen, arsebobda da xelmisawvdomic<br />

iyo. 1919 w. xsenebuli dekretis gamocxadebis w<strong>in</strong>a<br />

wels is, rac patara cemis sanatoriumSi moxda, erTgvar `mosamzadebel<br />

samuSaod~ gvesaxeba. vaxtang RambaSiZis mogonebebidan<br />

vigebT, rom 1918 w. gabolSevikebulma jariskacebma,<br />

mTeli soflis monawileobiT, mTlianad gaZarcves sanatoriumi<br />

[3].<br />

`oqtombris did socialistur revoluciamde es (igulisxmeba<br />

borjomi da misi xeoba-n.R.) iyo sayvareli kuTxe<br />

zafxulobiT drois satareblad titulosani muqTaxorebisaTvis.<br />

ramdenime mdidari vila mkveTrad gamoirCeoda kurortis<br />

danarCeni nawilisagan, romlis keTilmowyobaze arav<strong>in</strong><br />

fiqrobda.<br />

sabWoTa xelisuflebam yvela piroba Seqmna kurortis<br />

ganviTarebisa da keTilmowyobisaTvis, aago sanatoriumebi da<br />

dasasvenebeli saxlebi, gadaaqcia borjomi Cveni qveynis janmrTelobis<br />

erT-erT saukeTeso kerad~-werda n. yifSiZe [33, 6].<br />

aratitulosani `muqTaxorebidan~ patara cemSi isvenebdnen:<br />

akai wereTeli, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re xaxanaSvili, mixeil wereTeli,<br />

giorgi nikolaZe, pavle <strong>in</strong>goroyva, ekater<strong>in</strong>e gabaSvili,<br />

Salva RambaSiZe, marijani...<br />

akaki wereTelma mozrdili leqsi, saxelad `patara cemi~,<br />

miuZRvna sanatoriums. erTxel, rodesac igi mcire xniT iyo<br />

cemSi (didi survilis miuxedavad, mas guli awuxebda da aq<br />

didxans ver rCeboda) erT-erTi skamis zurgze fanqriT aseTi<br />

strofebi dauweria:<br />

`kargi sanatoria es patara cemia,<br />

dasustebulisaTvis janRonis mimcemia~.<br />

akaki<br />

vaxtangs am strofebisTvis ATavisi mxridan miuweria:<br />

`xolo damwyebisaTvis didi WirTa mCenia~.<br />

218

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Semdeg skamis es zurgis ficari mouxsnia da Seuanxavs.<br />

1918 wlis darbevisas sxva yvelaferTan erTad es ficaric wauRiaT.<br />

1909 w. 18 ivliss vaxtangis megobars, cnobil mecniers<br />

da sazogado moRvawes, mixeil wereTels misTvis es strofebi<br />

uZRvnia:<br />

`brZana vaxtangman mkurnalman<br />

da aRmocenda sanatoria<br />

patara cemis saxeliT<br />

TviT samoTxisa sworia~.<br />

vaxtangi igonebs, rom mixeil wereTeli mxurvaled monawileobda<br />

sanatoriumSi gamarTul varjiSobaSi, seirnobaSi,<br />

adgilobrivi saxumaro matianes Sedgenasa da gamocemaSi [3].<br />

saerTod sulisaTvis da sxeulisaTvis sasargeblo mravali<br />

samxiarulo TavSesaqcevi imarTeboda vaxtangis patara cemSi.<br />

wyalze xidebis gadeba, seirnoba, varjiSi, warmodgenebis gamarTva.<br />

`maTTan erTad maTi sayvareli eqimi vaxtangic ganuyrelaT<br />

muSaobda, xelmZRvanelobda da axalisebda varjiSoba-<br />

Si~ bavSvebs Tu mozrdilebs[34, 498]. gava dro da mixeil were-<br />

Teli zemoTqmul sakuTar striqonebs miumatebs:<br />

`Cvidmeti weli gavida...<br />

sadRaa sanatoria...<br />

davkargeT Cveni qveyana,<br />

marTlac samoTxis sworia...<br />

es aris wuTi-sofeli,<br />

JamTa ukuRma triali:<br />

cemis niavis magivrad<br />

avtomobilTaA xriali...~<br />

Tan Tavisive Targmanic miuweria da lursmuli warwerac<br />

gaukeTebia: `maRalTa RmerTTa akurTxon megobari Cemi `vaxtang~<br />

da saxli misi. 14. II. 1926. parizi [3].<br />

sanam saS<strong>in</strong>eli da tragikuli movlenebi datrialdeboda,<br />

vaxtang RambaSiZe samSobloSi ori didi sazogado movlenis monawile<br />

da TviTmxilveli kidev gamxdara. pirveli iyo 1917 w. 1<br />

(14) oqtombers, rodesac kirion II kaTolikosis rangSi pirvelad<br />

aRavlenda avtokefaliaaRdgenil saqarTvelos eklesia-<br />

Si kvarTobis liturgias sveticxovelSi. sxva mogonebebisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT vaxtangi aRelevbuli, emociebiT savse, mxatvrulad<br />

gadmogvcems am movlenas.<br />

219

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meore iyo 1918 w. 26 ianvari (8 Tebervali), rodesac pirveli<br />

qarTuli universiteti gaixsna. am zeims Tavis mogonebebSi<br />

igi saaRdgomo litaniobas adarebs. Turme vaxtangs 1916<br />

wlis Semodgomaze petre meliqiSvilis sapativcemulod gamarTul<br />

vaxSamze sadRegrZeloSi misTvis pirveli qarTuli<br />

universitetis pirveli reqtoroba uw<strong>in</strong>aswarmetyvelebia.<br />

universitetSi leqciebis wasakiTxad vaxtangic da misi<br />

meuRle, v<strong>and</strong>ac miuwveviaT. vaxtangi higienas aswavlida, v<strong>and</strong>a<br />

ki <strong>in</strong>glisur enas [3]. moxda ise, rom studentis #1 bileTi maT<br />

ufros qaliSvils, medeas ergo wilad [35, 15].<br />

1921w. Tebervlis ARames vaxtangs samxedro uwyebidan megobarma<br />

daureka da uTxra, rom dilis 6sT-ze bolSevikebi ukve<br />

TbilisSi iqnebodnen. es iyo Ramis 3 saaTi. vaxtangma qaliSvilebi<br />

Tbilisidan gaamgzavra. gzaSi is<strong>in</strong>i bedad dedas Sexvdnen,<br />

romelic maS<strong>in</strong> wiTel jvarSi muSaobda. maTi 18 wlis Zma<br />

givi moxalised wavida omSi. daxevis dros aRmoCnda zestafon-<br />

Si da yvela erTad wavida baTumSi. maT, mravali gasaWiris gadatanis<br />

fasad, qveyana datoves. vaxtang RambaSiZes, mravali<br />

qarTvelis msgavsad, imedi hqonda rom saqarTvelo bolSevikebisagan<br />

male ganTavisufldeboda da samSoblodan maTi gaqceva<br />

Tavis droebiTi gadarCena iyo. vaxtangi im xanad kavkasia-<br />

Si yvela sakurorto zonas ganagebda. misTvis nebarTva miuciaT<br />

britaneTsa da safrangeTSi samedic<strong>in</strong>o aRWurviloba See-<br />

Z<strong>in</strong>a.<br />

vaxtangs imedi hqonda, rom SeZlebda axal mTavrobasTan<br />

ATnamSromlobas, raTa misTvis ganusazRvrelad sayvarel sam-<br />

SobloSi eRvawa. magram es SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. wvalebiT,<br />

didi codniTa da siyvaruliT aSenebuli sanatoriumi Camoar-<br />

Tves. misTvis usayvarlesi adamianebi ucxoeTSi iyvnen. 1921 w.<br />

10 noembers man samudamod datova samSoblo. ori weli, 1924<br />

wlamde, igi TurqeTSi iyo da stambolSi rCeboda. 1924 w. mTeli<br />

ojaxi safrangeTSi gaemgzavra. safrangeTSi zogierTi axloblis<br />

f<strong>in</strong>ansuri daxmarebiT kl<strong>in</strong>ika gaxsna, magram valebis<br />

gamo, iZulebuli iyo daexura. amis miuxedavad, igi usasyidlod<br />

sakuTar b<strong>in</strong>aSi mraval midadar Tu xelmokle qarTvels<br />

mkurnalobda. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi vaxtangs samSobloSi<br />

dabrunebis imedi hqonda. 20-30iani wlebis mijnaze Turme parizSi<br />

ramdenime sabWoTa C<strong>in</strong>ovniki Casula, romlebic mas sam-<br />

220

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SobloSi Casvlas sTxovdnen, raTa kavkasiis kurortebisTvis<br />

exelmZRvanela. Tumca usafrTxoebas ver pirdebodnen. saqar-<br />

TveloSi darCenili megobrebic uTvlidnen, rom misTvis dabruneba<br />

usafrTxo ar iqneboda.<br />

vaxtangis vaJma, romelic erTxel ukve ijda sabWoTa cixeSi,<br />

ver gauZlo usamSoblobas da 1922 w. dabrunda saqarTveloSi.<br />

isev daapatimres da sabednierod gamouSves. rodesac<br />

safrangeTSi brundeboda, Turqi mesazRvreebi, TurqeT-sab-<br />

WoTa kavSiris xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, mas ukan TbilisSi abrunebdnen.<br />

maS<strong>in</strong> givim mamas sTxova daxmareba. vaxtangma Svili<br />

TurqeTis premierm<strong>in</strong>istris, enver faSas daxmarebiT gamoixsna,<br />

romelsac piradad icnobda. givi safrangeTSi Secvlili<br />

da daTrgunuli dabrunebula. sul male man TviTmkvlelobiT<br />

daasrula sicocxle[26, 32-33, 34].<br />

marTalia vaxtang RambaSiZes male mouwia parizSi gaxsnili<br />

kl<strong>in</strong>ikis daxurva, magram Tavis profesiul saqmianobas,<br />

masze fiqrs ma<strong>in</strong>c ar wyvetda. misi mogonebebidan vigebT, rom<br />

jer kidev 1918 w. Zvlis tuberkulioziT daavadebulTaTvis<br />

gemze moZravi sanatoriumis Seqmna surda. mas undoda zRvis<br />

hava da mzis sxivebi erTdroulad gamoeyeneb<strong>in</strong>a samkurnalod.<br />

saamisod avadmyofebis gemze moTavsebas apirebda. okeaneSi<br />

gems garkveuli marSrutiT unda emoZrava. am ideis ganxorcielebaze<br />

igi safrangeTSic ganagrZobda fiqrs, magram mas es<br />

Canafiqri ganuxorcielebeli darCa [3]. vaxtang ARambaSiZe profesiul<br />

saqwmianobas emigraciaSic rom agrZelebda, `bedi qar-<br />

TlisaSi~ gamoqveynebuli statiidanac Cans. statia samecniero-popularuli<br />

da saganmanaTleblo xasiaTisaa da gerontologiis<br />

sakiTxebs exeba. igi mkiTxvels urCevs sakuTar janmrTelobas<br />

meti yuradReba dauTmos, raTa dRegrZeli iyos.<br />

CvenSi manqanaze metad zrunavs adamiani, vidre sakuTar janmrTelobazeo.<br />

igi kacobriobis mier gaaxalgazrdavebis wamlis<br />

Seqmnis istoriaze mokled uambobs mkiTxvels. mas es statia<br />

mkiTxvelis gaTviTcnobierebis mizniT w<strong>in</strong>amdebare Jurnalis<br />

mesveurTa TxovniT dauweria. statiidan vigebT, rom<br />

amave wlis ivnisSi gamarTula gerontologTaA pirveli kongresi,<br />

romelzec daswrebis survili ganucxadebia vaxtangs.<br />

mocemul statiaSi vaxtang RambaSiZe Tavis yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />

adamianis organizmSi arsebuli jirkvlebis mniSvnelobaze,<br />

maTi funqciis Sesustebis Sedegad gamowveul zianze da<br />

221

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Tanamedrove medic<strong>in</strong>is miRwevebze amgvari dazianebebis mkurnalobis<br />

saqmeSi [36, 25-28].<br />

vaxtang RambaSiZe emigraciis periodSi aqtiurad iyo sazogado<br />

moRvaweobiT dakavebuli. igi safrangeTSi qarTvelTa<br />

koloniis prezidentad samjer iyo arCeuli [26, 34; 2, 1]. qar-<br />

Tveli tyveebisa da emigraciis dasacavad safrangeTis okupaciis<br />

periodSi misi <strong>in</strong>iciativiT sakonspiracio jgufi, xuTeuli<br />

daarsda. siZneleebis miuxedavad, liberaciis pirvel periodSi,<br />

safrangeTis mTavrobis nebarTviT, am xuTeulma daaarsa<br />

`qarTli erovnuli komiteti safrangeTSi~. vaxtangi am komitets<br />

sikvdilamde xelmZRvanelobda. amave dros, misi uSualo<br />

monawileobiT gamosula krebuli `merani~. upartio vaxtang<br />

RamaSiZe sxvadasxva partiis wevr qarTvel emigrantebs<br />

aerTianebda, Tavs uyrida sakuTar b<strong>in</strong>aSi, sadac qarTuli literaturis,<br />

istoriis, Teatris Sesaxeb imarTeboda saubari,<br />

ikiTxeboda moxsenebebi da mogonebebi. 1950 w. 19 noembers igi<br />

`qarTuli erovnuli politikuri centris sapatio wevrad<br />

airCies~ [2,1]. vaxtangi safrangeTSi arsebul `qarTvelTa pluralistur<br />

asociacias~ xelmZRvanelobda. misi <strong>in</strong>iciativiT<br />

yoveli wlis 26 maiss qarTvelebi `mopovebuli da dakarguli<br />

damoukideblobis aRsaniSnavad ikribebodnen~ [37, 20].<br />

raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, dRes am mravalmxrivi,<br />

qveynisTvis Tavdadebuli pediatr-kuriortologis Rvawli<br />

da saqmianoba ar aris aRniSnuli qarTveli kurortologebis<br />

mier. arc codna unda arsebobdes misi pirovnebisa da saqmianobis<br />

Sesaxeb. CvenSi guram SaraZisa da avT<strong>and</strong>il sonRulaSvilis<br />

garda aravis dauweria mis Sesaxeb. erTi mxriv, sabWoTA kav-<br />

Siris arsebobis pirvel naxevarSi misi saxelis da Rvawlis<br />

gaqrobis survili politikuri Sexedulebebisa da ideologiis<br />

sxvaobiT SeiZleba aixsnas. imiT, rom miuxedavad mravalgzis<br />

Txovnisa, man uari ganacxada sabWoTa reJimTan eTanam-<br />

Sromla. vfiqrobT, rodesac sabWoTa mTavrobam dapirebebiT<br />

sabWoTa kavSirSi Semotyueba da Semdeg misi fizikurad ganadgureba<br />

ver SeZlo, igi, ase vTqvaT, virtualurad gaanadgura.<br />

misi pirovneba da saqmeebi daaviwya sazogadoebas.<br />

istoriuli samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom yovelives Tavisi<br />

saxeli daerqvas. istoriis amoglejil furclebs qveynisa<br />

da sazogadoebisTvis ar SeuZlia sikeTis motana. vfiqrobT,<br />

vaxtang RambaSiZe, romelmac samecniero kvlevasa da msoflio<br />

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kurortologiis imdro<strong>in</strong>del miRwevebze dafuZnebuli yovelmxriv<br />

gamarTuli, saqarTvelos farglebs gareT cnobili<br />

sanatoriumi daarsa, erT-erT pirvel qarTvel kurortologad<br />

unda iyos aRiarebuli. im qarTvel eqimad da sazogado<br />

moRvawed, romelic XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze sazogadoebis<br />

samedic<strong>in</strong>o ganaTlebisTvis moRvaweobda, raTa qveyanas janmrTeli<br />

axalgazrda Taoba hyoloda. igi sasuliero da saero<br />

saswavleblebSi samedic<strong>in</strong>o ganaTlebis danergvis da skoleb-<br />

Si moswavleTa higienaSi gaTviTcnobierebis momxred gamodioda.<br />

dRes, rodesac `jansaRi skolis~ programaze amdeni saubaria,<br />

amis miuxedavad, jer-jerobiT igi ver xorcieldeba. am<br />

sakiTxebs, mis praqtikulad ganxorcielebas, TiTqmis erT saukuneze<br />

meti xnis w<strong>in</strong> emsaxureboda vaxtang RambaSiZe. vfiqrobT,<br />

misi moRvaweobis aRiareba, samarTlianobis, qarTuli<br />

kurortologiis istoriis x<strong>and</strong>azmulobis aRdgenis, misi, rogorc<br />

mecnierebis imTaviTve saerTaSoriso asparezze CarTulobis<br />

aRiarebis garda, vaxtang RambaSiZis samSobloSi dabrunebis<br />

tolfasic iqneba.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. g. SaraZe, ucxoeTis cis qveS, wigni 3, gamomcemloba `merani~,<br />

Tb., 1993.<br />

2. <strong>in</strong>i-gani, vaxtang RarmbaSiZe, gaz. `saqarTvelos damoukidebloba~,<br />

qarTuli erovnuli politikuri centris organo<br />

ucxoeTSi, redaqtori r. gabaSvili, 1951, #2.<br />

3. vaxtang RambaSiZe, Cemi Tav-gadasavali, 1946 w. 17 ianvari,<br />

safrangeTi, xelnaweri, daculia ojaxSi.<br />

4. vaxtang RambaSiZe, werili redaqciisadmi, `mwyemsi~, 1895,<br />

#1.<br />

5. s. j<strong>in</strong>WvelaSvili, werili zemo imereTidan, `iveria~,1898,<br />

#244.<br />

6. v. R-s gancxadeba, `iveria~, 1903, #21.<br />

7. v. RambaSiZe, Ria werili b-n doqtor nazarovs, `mwyemsi~,<br />

1899, #22.<br />

8. g-o, kviridan kviramde, `kvali~, 1899, #50.<br />

9. nazarovi dimitri, b-n eqim v. R. pasuxad, `iveria~, 1900,<br />

#19.<br />

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10. nazarovi dimitri, b-n eqim v. R. pasuxad, `iveria~, 1900,<br />

#20.<br />

11. eqimTaA dava, `kvali~, 1900, #5.<br />

12. nazarovi dimitri, pasuxi eqim vaxtang RambaSiZes, `mwyemsi~,<br />

1900, #1-2.<br />

13. v. R., pasuxis pasuxi b-ns medic<strong>in</strong>is doqtors nazarovs,<br />

`mwyemsi~, 1900, #1-2.<br />

14. akaki, TxuTmettomeuli, t. V, poemebi, gamomcemloba `sab-<br />

WoTa saqarTvelo~, Tb., 1956.<br />

15. Cveni axali mwerloba or wignad, Sedgenili s. r. gorgaZis<br />

mier, meore wigni, quTaisi, 1919.<br />

16. e. vaSakiZe, feletoni. Cveni janmrTeloba, `iveria~, 1901,<br />

#145.<br />

17. vaxtang RambaSiZe, zogierTi saWiro gafrTxileba moswavleTA<br />

mSoblebisaTvis, `mwyemsi~, 1900, #23-24.<br />

18. vaxtang ARambaSiZe, zogierTi saWiro gafrTxileba moswavleTA<br />

mSobelTaTvis, `mwyemsi~, 1900, #13-14.<br />

19. vaxtang RambaSiZe, eqimis saubari gulisxmier mkiTxvel-<br />

Tan, `mwyemsi~, 1901, #1-2.<br />

20. vaxtang RambaSiZe, eqimis saubari gulisxmier mkiTxvel-<br />

Tan, `mwyemsi~, 1902, #18.<br />

21. vaxtang RambaSiZe, eqimis saubari gulisxmier mkiTxvelTan<br />

(gagrZeleba), `mwyemsi~, 1902, #20.<br />

22. vaxtang RambaSiZe, eqimis saubari gulisxmier mkiTxvelTan<br />

(gagrZeleba), `mwyemsi~, 1902, #19.<br />

23. vaxtang ARambaSiZe, rZis wveTi (kacT-moyvaruli da mecnieruli<br />

daxmareba ZuZu-mwovarTa sakeTildReod SemoRebuli),<br />

`mwyemsi~, 1901, #23-24.<br />

24. vaxtang RambaSiZe, eqimis saubari gulisxmier mkiTxvelTan<br />

(gagrZeleba), `mwyemsi~, 1903, #3.<br />

25. vaxtang RambaSiZe, eqimis saubari gulisxmier mkiTxvelTan<br />

mozardi Taobis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb, `mwyemsi~, 1903,<br />

#9-10.<br />

26. JorJeta RambaSiZe, mcire monaTxrobi Cems cxovrebaze,<br />

Jur. `Cveni mwerloba~, red. rostom CxeiZe, 2009, #3(81).<br />

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27. vaxtang RambaSiZe, sanatoriumi da sazafxulo samyofi<br />

eqimis vaxtang d. RambaSiZisa (gancxadeba), `nakaduli mcirewlovanTaTvis~,<br />

1905, #14, #15.<br />

28. В. Ф. Велямович, Горно-климатические и балнеологические<br />

станции в Боржом, Цагери, Цеми, Бакуриани и Цихисджвари,<br />

Тифлис, 1901.<br />

29. Е. Г. Федоров, Горная климатическая станция Цеми, издание<br />

Комиссии Императорского Кавказского Медиц. Общества, Тифлис,<br />

1908.<br />

30. a. lazaridi — ciciSvili, borjomi, saq. ssr samedic<strong>in</strong>o gamomcemloba,<br />

Tb., 1955.<br />

31. М. Ю. Нодия, Боржомская группа курортов и лечебных местностей,<br />

изд. «Грузмедгиз», Тб., 1956.<br />

32. v. wiTlanaZe, n. cxomeliZe, m. juReli, r. Cxetia, gamoCenili<br />

qarTveli kurortologebi, gam. `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~,<br />

Tb., 1981.<br />

33. n. yifSiZe, borjomi da misi xeoba, gamomcemloba `saqmedgami~,<br />

Tb., 1954.<br />

34. v<strong>in</strong>me qali, eqimi vaxtang RambaSiZis sanatoriumi, saymawvilo<br />

naxatebiani Jurnali `jejili~, seqtemberi, 1911.<br />

35. medea ARambaSiZe, mogonebebi, `kavkasioni~, parizi, XIII, 1968.<br />

36. vaxtang RambaSiZe, adamianis janmrTelobis sakiTxi, `bedi<br />

qarTlisa~, 1948, ivlisi,@1.<br />

37. fransuaz da revaz nikolaZeebi, qarTvelebi safrangeTisaTvis<br />

brZolebSi, 1939-1945 wlebi, gamomcemloba `<strong>in</strong>teleqti~,<br />

Tb., 2009.<br />

N<strong>in</strong>o Ghambashidze<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, the Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Institute Of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology, Senior<br />

research scientist of the Department of<br />

Ethnology of Georgia<br />

Vakhtang Ghambashidze – The Life <strong>and</strong> Activity<br />

Summary<br />

Vakhtang Ghambashidze (1872 - 1951) was born <strong>in</strong> Zestaphoni <strong>in</strong> the<br />

family of prom<strong>in</strong>ent church <strong>and</strong> public figure archpriest Davit Ghambashidze.<br />

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People called him `the great archpriest~. He was the editor of the famous religious<br />

magaz<strong>in</strong>e `The Shepherd~ publish<strong>in</strong>g not only about the problems of<br />

the Church of Georgia but about the burn<strong>in</strong>g issues of the secular life of the<br />

country as well.<br />

Vakhtang Ghambashidze studied at a prelim<strong>in</strong>ary school <strong>in</strong> Kutaisi <strong>and</strong><br />

f<strong>in</strong>ished a grammar school of Tbilisi. After graduat<strong>in</strong>g the medical faculty of<br />

the Moscow University he cont<strong>in</strong>ued his qualification <strong>in</strong> France. In 1898,<br />

after retun<strong>in</strong>g back to Georgia, from the very beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g was <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong><br />

medical practice as a village doctor. Those days Georgian press was writ<strong>in</strong>g<br />

about his sensitiveness, devotion <strong>in</strong> help<strong>in</strong>g poor village people whom he was<br />

often treated free of charge.<br />

As soon as he arrived <strong>in</strong> Georgia he started to fulfill his desire of<br />

establish<strong>in</strong>g sanatorium mostly for children with lung <strong>and</strong> breath<strong>in</strong>g system<br />

difficulties. Before establish<strong>in</strong>g the sanatorium he had written several<br />

publications for medical education of the population. In his publications he<br />

was expla<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the readers how to prevent tuberculoses, what it means, how<br />

should sem<strong>in</strong>aries <strong>and</strong> schools with the help of prophylactics avoid illness;<br />

how <strong>and</strong> what to eat, how to feed a baby.<br />

Before establish<strong>in</strong>g his sanatorium he was on bus<strong>in</strong>ess tour <strong>in</strong> Leys<strong>in</strong>,<br />

<strong>in</strong> Switzerl<strong>and</strong> where he studied the experience of current achievements of<br />

curortology <strong>and</strong> based on these achievements <strong>in</strong> 1904 he founded the<br />

sanatorium for children <strong>in</strong> Patara Tsemi. The sanatorium was famous <strong>and</strong><br />

beloved place for rest <strong>and</strong> recover all over Georgia. It also was known beyond<br />

the boarders of the Caucasus. Vakhtang Ghambashidze was carry<strong>in</strong>g on the<br />

studies <strong>and</strong> experiments <strong>in</strong> his, for those days modern sanatorium. In his<br />

scientific work he was co-laborat<strong>in</strong>g with the well known French physicians:<br />

Alphonse Laveran <strong>and</strong> Alfred B<strong>in</strong>et who paid a great attention to his work.<br />

In 1921 when Bolsheviks’ occupied Georgia he with his family had to<br />

leave the mother l<strong>and</strong> hop<strong>in</strong>g that one day he would return back. He with his<br />

family settled <strong>in</strong> France where he was cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g activity as a physician <strong>and</strong><br />

the head of the Georgian emigration; actively participated <strong>in</strong> French<br />

Resistance movement.<br />

In 1951 he died <strong>in</strong> Scotl<strong>and</strong> when he was visit<strong>in</strong>g his daughter.<br />

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Tamar TamaraSvili<br />

Telavis iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul<br />

mecnierebaTa fakultetis<br />

doqtoranti<br />

ganaTlebis istoriidan saqarTveloSi<br />

(Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumi)<br />

XX s-is 20-iani wlebi uamravi sirTuliT xasiaTdeba saqarTvelos<br />

saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi. I—ma msoflio omma,<br />

misma momdevno politikurma movlenebma, bolos ki damoukidebeli<br />

saqarTvelos aneqsiam sabWoTa ruseTis mier — zegavlena<br />

moaxd<strong>in</strong>a sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela mimarTulebaze,<br />

maT Soris ganaTlebis sferoze. damoukideblobis dros<br />

dawyebuli ganaTlebis reforma am sistemaSi seriozul cvlilebebs<br />

iTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebda, es iyo pedagogiuri kadrebis momzadebis<br />

sakiTxis gadaWrac, am mizniT daarsda kidec pedagogiuri<br />

saswavleblebi, maswavlebelTa daxelovnebis kursebi, magram<br />

reforma bolomde ver iqna miyvanili saqarTvelos aneqsiis<br />

gamo. sabWouri reJimi TiTqos axlidan iwyebda yovelives,<br />

akritikebda damoukidebeli qveynis xelisuflebis reformebs,<br />

miiCnevda, rom es reformebi iyo `burJuaziuli~ da ara<br />

demokratiuli, ubralo xalxis <strong>in</strong>teresebi ar iyo Zveli reformiT<br />

gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebuli, amitom, am xelisuflebis azriT,<br />

saWiro iyo axali reforma ganaTlebis sferoSi. ra Tqma unda,<br />

es mosazreba ar iyo marTali. damoukideblobis dros gatarebulma<br />

reformam udavod Secvala ganaTlebis sistema, Seiqmna<br />

qarTuli dawyebiTi, saSualo da umaRlesi ganaTlebis kerebi,<br />

daiwera qarTuli saxelmZRvaneloebi, saswavlo sagnebs Soris<br />

prioritetuli gaxda qarTuli ena da literatura, saqarTvelos<br />

istoria da geografia. paralelurad, gaZlierebulad<br />

xdeboda ucxouri enebis Seswavla. iyo wera-kiTxvis Semswavleli<br />

wreebi, magram, drois simciris gamo,ganaTlebis srulyofili<br />

reformirebis problema ver gadaiWra [1,16].<br />

wera-kiTxvis ucod<strong>in</strong>roba da mciremcodneoba XX s-is 20iani<br />

wlebisaTvis kvlav saWirboroto sakiTxs warmoadgenda.<br />

`MmSromeli da Raribi~ xalxis <strong>in</strong>teresebisTvis mebrZolma sab-<br />

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WoTa xelisuflebam mTeli kampania gaaCaRa problemis mosagvareblad,<br />

gaixsna wera-kiTxvis ucod<strong>in</strong>robisa da mciredmcodneobis<br />

salikvidacio, mozrdilTa, dawyebiTi, rvawliani<br />

da saSualo skolebi, aRniSnuli tipis skolebi arsebobda<br />

asakgadacilebuli adamianebisTvisac. zogadi ganaTlebis micemis<br />

mizniT, ,,swavleba mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda saRamos saaTebSi, wreebi<br />

ZiriTadad ixsneboda qalaqebsa da dabebSi, romelSic Cabmuli<br />

iyvnen warmoeba-dawesebulebebis muSakebi.<br />

wera-kiTxvis ucod<strong>in</strong>robis likvidaciisaTvis arsdeboda<br />

specialuri punqtebi, sadac mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda swavleba rogorc<br />

jgufurad, ise <strong>in</strong>dividualurad” [2, 100-120].<br />

1921 wlis 4 ivliss saqarTvelos revoluciurma komitetma<br />

gamoaqveyna dekreti ,,wera-kiTxvis ucod<strong>in</strong>robis likvidaciis<br />

Sesaxeb mosaxleobaSi”. dekretiT wera-kiTxvis ucod<strong>in</strong>robis<br />

likvidacia 14-50 wlis asakis mosaxleobaSi unda<br />

damTavrebuliyo umokles vadaSi. im mizniT, rom warmoebaSi<br />

momuSave wera-kiTxvis ucod<strong>in</strong>rebsa da mciredmcodneebs<br />

swavlis saSualeba hqonodaT, samuSao dRe maTTvis 2 saaTiT<br />

iyo Semcirebuli, xelfass ki srulad iRebdnen. 1921-1930<br />

wlebSi, maS<strong>in</strong>deli xelisuflebis monacemebiT, wera-kiTxva Seiswavla<br />

naxevarma milionma adamianma [2, 66].<br />

xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebi<br />

emsaxureboda rigiT, ubralo mosaxleobaSi elementaruli<br />

ganaTlebis Setanas, umecrebis aRmofxvras, uamrav<br />

adamians wera-kiTxvis Seswavlis SesaZlebloba eZleoda.<br />

wera-kiTxvis ucod<strong>in</strong>robis salikvidaciod saqarTvelos<br />

respublikaSi Seiqmna skolebis erTiani qseli. Tu 1920<br />

wels saqarTveloSi 1293 qarTuli, 88 somxuri, 30 Turquli, 48<br />

rusuli da a.S. skola iyo, 1925 wels maTi raodenoba sagrZnoblad<br />

gaizarda: sul iyo 1428, maTgan 120 somxuri, 79 ki sxvadasxva<br />

erovnebaTa nacionaluri skola [3, 151].<br />

warmodgenili statistikuri monacemebi saSualebas<br />

gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom, 1920-iani wlebidan dawyebuli, qveyanaSi<br />

gansakuTrebiT izrdeba skolaTa ricxvi, romelic Tavis<br />

mxriv moiTxovda mravalricxovani pedagogiuri kadrebis<br />

arsebobas, maT momzadebas da aRzrdas.<br />

XX s-is 20-iani wlebisaTvis saqarTvelos saxalxo ganaTlebis<br />

sistemaSi Camoyalibda swavlebis Semdegi safexurebrivi<br />

sistema: 1) sabavSvo baRebi anu skolamdeli aRzrdis dawe-<br />

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sebulebebi; 2) sxvadasxva tipis safexuris zogadi ganaTlebis<br />

skolebi; 3) bavSvTa Soris skolisgareSe muSaobis dawesebulebebi;<br />

4) profesiuli ganaTlebisa da 5) mozrdilTa ganaTlebis<br />

dawesebulebebi[1. 13].<br />

saxalxo meurneobis TiTqmis yvela dargi ganicdida specialistebis<br />

deficits. kvalificiuri muSaxelis, saerTod,<br />

kadrebis nakleboba mkveTrad igrZnoboda sazogadoebrivi<br />

cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. am rTuli problemis mosagvareblad<br />

saqarTveloSi farTod gaiSala profesiuli teqnikumebis<br />

qseli, ase rom, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri viTareba dRis<br />

wesrigSi ayenebda profesiuli Tu teqnikuri ganaTlebis mowesrigebas.<br />

Camoyalibda erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />

mimarTulebebis saswavleblebi: 1) <strong>in</strong>dustriul-teqnikuri;<br />

2) sasoflo-sameurneo; 3) samrewvelo ekonomikuri; 4) samedic<strong>in</strong>o;<br />

5) samxatvro; 6) pedagogiuri.<br />

Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumis daarseba am programis<br />

farglebSi ganxorcielda.<br />

maswavlebelTa kadrebis mosamzadeblad 1921-22 saswavlo<br />

wlidan saqarTveloSi daarsda 9 pedagogiuri teqnikumi,<br />

amaTgan 1 TbilisSi, xolo 8 sxvadasxva qalaqSi da raionSi:<br />

kerZod gorSi, xonSi, bodbeSi, cx<strong>in</strong>valSi, axalcixeSi, zestafonSi,<br />

ozurgeTsa da did jixaiSSi [4. 44]. 1930-31 wlisaTvis<br />

maTi ricxvi 40-mde aRwevs.<br />

1924 wlidan pedagogiur saswavleblebis ricxvs miemata<br />

Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumi.<br />

imisaTvis, rom teqnikumebSi saTanadod warmarTuliyo<br />

muSaoba, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatTan Seiqmna<br />

profesiuli ganaTlebis mTavari sammarTvelo. am uwyebas<br />

evaleboda zedamxedveloba, xelmZRvaneloba da profesiuli<br />

teqnikumebis mTeli saqmianobis warmarTva.<br />

skolebis qselis gafarToveba moiTxovda pedagogebis<br />

masobriv momzadebas, am mizniT xdeboda pedagogiuri teqnikumebis<br />

raodenobis gazrdac.<br />

saqrTveloSi arsebuli pedagogiuri teqnikumebis pedagogTa<br />

da moswavleTa raodenoba 1925-1926 wlebisaTvis ase gamoiyureboda<br />

[2, 379]:<br />

229

---

#<br />

teqnikumis dasaxeleba <br />

daarsebis<br />

weli<br />

sul<br />

moswav-<br />

maT Soris<br />

leebi vaJi qali<br />

230<br />

maswavleblebi<br />

miasnikovis saxe-<br />

1 lobis Tbilisis 1924 43 21 22 14<br />

somxuri<br />

narimanovis saxe-<br />

2 lobis Tbilisis 1925 36 25 11 9<br />

3<br />

azerbaijanuli<br />

quTaisis 1924 123 63 60 22<br />

4 xonis 1918 53 17 36 10<br />

5 axalsenakis 1924 101 66 35 9<br />

6 ozurgeTis 1925 66 31 35 8<br />

7 onis 1925 32 13 19 5<br />

8 goris 1918 86 37 49 9<br />

9 Telavis 1924 73 35 28 12<br />

10 siRnaRis 1918 28 11 17 6<br />

sul 10 641 319 322 104<br />

CvenTvis sa<strong>in</strong>tereso Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumis<br />

Sesaxeb saerTod arcTu mdidari masala gvxvdeba. gamonaklisia<br />

2009wels gamocemuli e. mamukelaSvilis monografiuli<br />

gamokvleva— ,,codnis kera— 70”. naSromSi gaanalizebulia Telavis<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis samocdaaTwliani SemoqmedebiTi,<br />

samecniero-pedagogiuri saqmianobis daZabuli da nayofieri<br />

wlebi. gamokvlevaSi garkveuli adgili aqvs daTmobili<br />

Telavis pedagogiur teqnikumsac. naSromis gacnobam dagvarwmuna,<br />

rom uaRresad mniSvnelovani da saWiroa XX saukunis<br />

30-iani wlebis saqarTvelos ganaTlebis sistemaSi Seqmnili<br />

viTarebisa da axlad daarsebuli pedagogiuri teqnikumebis<br />

moRvaweobis calke, srulyofili Seswavla.<br />

Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumi daarsda 1924 wels. misi<br />

gaxsna ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom maswavlebelTa raodenoba<br />

Zalzed mcire iyo, moTxovna ki dRiTidRe izrdeboda. amitom,<br />

raionis aRmaskomis ganaTlebis ganyofilebam aRZra Suamdgomloba<br />

ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatis w<strong>in</strong>aSe pedagogiuri<br />

teqnikumis gaxsnis Sesaxeb, rac daakmayofila ganaTlebis<br />

saxalxo komisariatma. pirvelad teqnikumi gaixsna saSualo<br />

skolaze damatebuli orwliani kursiT. momdevno wlidan

---

ki, pedagogiuri teqnikumi oTxwlianad gadakeTda. teqnikumi<br />

iRebda SvidklasdamTavrebulT. pirvel direqtorad da<strong>in</strong>iSna<br />

k. gegeliZe. pedagogiur teqnikums Tavisi funqcionirebisaTvis<br />

aucileblad sWirdeboda materialur-teqnikuri baza, kab<strong>in</strong>et-laboratoriebi,<br />

xelsawyoebi. pedagogiuri teqnikumis<br />

yofili direqtori g. meliTauri Tavis mogonebebSi aRniSnavs,<br />

rom kab<strong>in</strong>et-laboratoriebis da xelsawyoebis nawili gadmougzavniaT<br />

Tbilisis yofili lisievianis gimnaziidan, nawili<br />

ki,—qimiuri kab<strong>in</strong>etisaTvis saWiro aparatura da reaqtivebis<br />

WurWleuli, Tavad SeuZeniaT.<br />

g. meliTauri iyo Telavis <strong>in</strong>teligenciis erT-erTi<br />

TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o warmomadgeneli da 20-30-iani wlebis Telavis ganaTlebis<br />

sistemaSi moRvawe gamoCenili pedagogi. is xangrZlivi<br />

drois ganmavlobaSi emsaxureboda mozardi Taobis<br />

aRzrdis rTul da sapasuxismgeblo saqmes, sxvadasxva dros<br />

muSaobda Telavis qalTa I saSualo skolaSi maswavleblad,<br />

samazro saskolo <strong>in</strong>struqtorad, Telavis samazro aRmaskom-<br />

Si aRmaskomis ganyofilebis gamged, Telavis pedagogiuri saswavleblis<br />

direqtorad, rusuli saSualo skolis direqtorad,<br />

is dajildovebuli iyo saqarTvelos ssr skolis damsaxurebuli<br />

maswavleblis wodebiT[6, :2-7]. 1927 wels ganaTlebis<br />

saxalxo komisariatma, moskovSi, iqauri teqnikumebis mu-<br />

Saobis gasacnobad, quTaisisa da ozurgeTis teqnikumebis direqtorebTan<br />

— masabliSvilsa da kvantresTan erTad, miavl<strong>in</strong>a<br />

Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumis direqtori — k. gegeliZe.<br />

am mivl<strong>in</strong>ebis Semdeg dadga sakiTxi, yvela sagnis mixedviT daarsebuliyo<br />

kab<strong>in</strong>et-laboratoriebi, e.i. ramdeni discipl<strong>in</strong>ac<br />

iyo, imdeni kab<strong>in</strong>eti unda yofiliyo. radgan amisTvis meti<br />

farTobi iyo saWiro, dRis wesrigSi dadga saswavleblis adgilsamyofelis<br />

Secvla. 1927 wels teqnikumi gadavida yofili<br />

sasuliero saswavleblis SenobaSi, romelic arcTu saxarbielo<br />

mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, TviT pedpersonals mouxda<br />

misi mowesrigeba—mowyoba.<br />

pedagogiuri teqnikumis kursdamTavrebuls unda mieRo<br />

rogorc saSualo, ise specialuri ganaTleba.<br />

1927 wlidan Telavis pedagogiur teqnikumTan daarsda<br />

meTodbiuro, masSi gaerTianebulni iyvnen pedagogebi Telavis<br />

mazris skolebidan. muSaoba mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda seqciebis mixedviT.<br />

TiToeul seqcias evaleboda: sanimuSo gakveTilebis<br />

231

---

organizacia da meToduri xasiaTis Temebze moxsenebebis Catareba.<br />

muSaobda sagnobrivi seqciebi, Semdegi pedagogebis<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT:<br />

1) qarTuli enis da literaturis — s. bregaZe, l. ZeZami-<br />

Ze, g. korsaveli;<br />

2) fizika-maTematikis — g. meliTauri;<br />

3) bunebismetyvelebis — s. amirxanaSvili;<br />

4) rusuli da ucxo enebis — z. mkevliSvili;<br />

5) istoria-geografiis — e. CiCua, d. mataraZe;<br />

6) saxviTi xelovnebis - n. v<strong>in</strong>okurovi.<br />

meToduri gaerTianeba arsebobda 1934 wlamde. meTodbiurom<br />

gamosca Jurnali ,,sabWoTa maswavlebeli”, romelmac<br />

erTi weli iarseba, sul 9 nomeri gamovida. Jurnalis mizani<br />

iyo kaxeTis soflis skolebisTvis meToduri daxmarebis gaweva.<br />

pedagogiur teqnikums hqonda e.w. sabunebismetyvelo<br />

moZravi kab<strong>in</strong>eti, romelic momsaxurebas uwevda yvarlis da<br />

Telavis raionis skolebs.<br />

pedagogiuri teqnikumis saarqivo masalebis gacnobisas<br />

gvrCeba STabeWdileba, rom iq mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda metad sa<strong>in</strong>tereso<br />

da aqtiuri SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba. arsebobda erTi me-<br />

Todbiuro Tavisi seqciebiT, tardeboda saraiono konferenciebi,<br />

ganixileboda sanimuSo gakveTilebi, gamodioda meToduri<br />

saxelmZRvanelo-Jurnali, arsebobda moZravi sabunebismetyvelo<br />

kab<strong>in</strong>eti, mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda pedagogiuri praqtikis<br />

gaziareba axalbeda pedagogebisaTvis.<br />

teqnikums hqonda sul 15 gamoSveba, zogi orwliani, zogi<br />

oTxwliani, zogi samwliani, sul pedagogiuri teqnikumi daam-<br />

Tavra 786-ma msmenelma.<br />

Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumis direqtorebad da<br />

saswavlo nawilis ufrosebad sxva da sxva dros muSaobdnen :<br />

1. kote giorgis Ze gegeliZe — 1924-1928 ww.<br />

2. giorgi onisimes Ze meliTauri — 1928-1933 ww.<br />

3. dimitri mataraZe — 1933-1939 ww.<br />

4. dimitri Sarmanis Ze SafaqiZe — 1939-1941 ww.<br />

5. vasil giorgis Ze frangiSvili— 1927-1929 ww. — saswavlo<br />

nawilis gamge.<br />

Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumi xSirad ukavSirdeboda<br />

msgavsi tipis sxva dawesebulebaTa warmomadgenlebs: ozurge-<br />

232

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Tis, siRnaRis, gurjaanis teqnikumebs, xdeboda gamocdilebebis<br />

gaziareba, erToblivi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebis<br />

mowyoba. pedagogiuri teqnikumebis muSaobas mTavrobac<br />

axlisebda, xSiri iyo warmatebulTa dajildoveba, magaliTad,<br />

Telavis pedagogiur teqnikums miRebuli hqonda<br />

rogorc saqarTvelos saxalxo ganaTlebis komisariatis, aseve<br />

sakavSiro jildoebic [7, 4-17].<br />

sakmaod vrcelia im soflebis nusxa, romelTac emsaxureboda<br />

zemoaRniSnuli saswavlo dawesebuleba. maTi ricxvi<br />

50-mdea. arqivSi daculi pasportidan vgebulobT teqnikumis<br />

pedagogiur Semadgenlobas 1938-43 wlebSi, agreTve moswavle-<br />

Ta raodenobas klasebis mixedviT, <strong>in</strong>ventars, kab<strong>in</strong>et laboratoriebSi<br />

arsebul materialur bazas, anu teqnikumis muSaobisa<br />

da aRWurvilobis srul suraTs. 1938 wlisTvis teqnikumSi<br />

swavla mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda erT cvlaSi, muSaobda 8 klasi, swavlobda<br />

303 moswavle. saswavleblis pedagogTa Semadgenloba<br />

aseTi iyo: z<strong>in</strong>a ivanes asuli mkevliSvili, mariam TuSiSvili,<br />

n<strong>in</strong>o arCilis asuli maWavriani, <strong>and</strong>ro giorgis Ze bibiluri,<br />

levan ivanes Ze ZeZamiZe, daviT raJdenis Ze kirvaliZe, noe daviTis<br />

Ze gurgeniZe, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re erastis Ze gvencaZe, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re<br />

prokofis Ze milorava, nikolozi albertiSvili, valerian<br />

melaZe, stepanovi, vano aruT<strong>in</strong>is Zekuzanovi [8,1-10]. amas-<br />

Tan, Telavis Temis sabWos aRmaskomis masalebSi SemorCenilia<br />

cnobebi maswavlebelTa da teqnikuri muSakTa saxelfaso<br />

anazRaurebis Sesaxeb:<br />

1. meliTauri giorgi — pedteqnikumis gamge — 205-00 man.;<br />

2. amirxanaSvili stefane— maswavlebeli — 109-90 man.;<br />

3. frangiSvili vaso — maswavlebeli — 148-8 man.;<br />

4. bregaZe savle — maswavlebeli — 111-60 man.;<br />

5. v<strong>in</strong>okurovi aleqs<strong>and</strong>re — maswavlebeli — 79-05 man.;<br />

6. kiknaZe valerian — saqmeTa mwarmoebeli — 40-00 man.;<br />

7. poRosovi akofi — daraji — 25-00 man.<br />

8. aruT<strong>in</strong>ovi n<strong>in</strong>a — daraji — 25 man. [9, 182].<br />

ase mcirea maS<strong>in</strong>deli pedagogiuri koleqtivisa da damxmare<br />

personalis saxelfaso anazRaureba. Mmaswavleblebi<br />

rTul socialur pirobebSi Sromobdnen, magram aSkarad<br />

gvxvdeba is didi enTuziazmi, rac maT gamorCeviT axasiaTebdaT.<br />

233

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saarqivo fondSi daculia pedagogiuri teqnikumis misa-<br />

Rebi sagamocdo komisiis sxdomis oqmebi, sadac saswavleblis<br />

Sesaxeb mraval sa<strong>in</strong>tereso cnobas vxvdebiT[10, 1-3].<br />

ped.saswavleblis muSaobaze SegviZlia vimsjeloT<br />

ped.sabWos oqmebis mixedviT [11, 1-12], romelic ganekuTvneba<br />

1937-1941 wlebs. teqnikumis 1932-33 wlebis muSaobaze, moswavleTa<br />

akademiur, moswrebaze, warmatebebze SegviZlia vimsjeloT<br />

Cven mier moZiebuli saarqivo dokumentebidan SemorCenili<br />

1934-35 da1935-1936 saswavlo wlebis pedagogiuri praqtikis<br />

dRiurebidan. arqivSi agreTve daculia atestatebi, saidanac<br />

ikveTeba cnobebi teqnikumis saswavlo procesisa da<br />

TviT atestatis mflobelTa Sesaxeb.<br />

masalebs pedagogiuri teqnikumis Sesaxeb vxvdebiT aramarto<br />

Telavis saraiono arqivSi, aramed Telavis istoriuleTnografiuli<br />

muzeumis fondebSi. aqve vxvdebiT Telavis pedagogiuri<br />

meToduri Jurnalis ,,sabWoTa maswavleblis~ 1934<br />

wlis noembris nomris mimoxilvas saredaqcio kolegiis mier.<br />

Jurnali ibeWdeboda Telavis stambaSi. SemorCenilia suraTebi<br />

Telavis pedagogiuri teqnikumis cxovrebidan [12. 3926].<br />

teqnikumis pedkoleqtivi did yuradRebas aqcevda pedagogiur<br />

praqtikas, romlis Sesaxebac arsebul meTodur JurnalebSi<br />

cota ram Tu moipoveboda. arc gansaxkomidan modioda<br />

<strong>in</strong>struqciebi da miTiTebebi. pirvel wlebSi ase mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda<br />

pedpraqtika: gakveTilisaTvis emzadeboda praqtikanti,<br />

meTodisti maswavlebeli aZlevda rCeva-darigebebs, damswre<br />

pedagogebi analizs ukeTebdnen mosmenil gakveTilebs, ecnobodnen<br />

skolis Sidaganawess, saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiT gegmas,<br />

dasvenebis organizacias, praktikanti maswavleblebTan er-<br />

Tad adgenda gakveTilis konspeqts—,,proeqts”. ase atarebda<br />

sacdel gakveTils, gakveTils eswrebodnen klasis maswavlebeli,<br />

meTodisti da kursis msmenelebi, imave dRes xdeboda<br />

gakveTilis garCeva da Sefasebac iwereboda. praqtikanti ramdenime<br />

sityviT gaacnobda gakveTilis mizans, rogor moaxerxa<br />

miznis miRweva. Semdeg msmenelebi gamoTqvamdnen SeniSvnebs,<br />

sagnis maswavlebeli da sagnis meTodisti dawvrilebiT afasebdnen<br />

Catarebul gakveTils. saarqivo dokumentaciaSi<br />

gvaqvs sagnebis CamonaTvali, ra discipl<strong>in</strong>ebi iswavleboda am<br />

saswavlo dawesebulebaSi. magaliTad, 1937 wlisaTvis iswavleboda<br />

Semdegi sagnebi: qarTuli ena da literatura, rusuli<br />

234

---

ena da literatura, ucxo ena, ariTmetika, algebra, geometria,<br />

trigonometria, bunebismetyveleba, fizika, qimia, istoria,<br />

geografia, pedagogika, saskolo higiena, qarTuli enis<br />

swavlebis meTodika, ariTmetikis swavlebis meTodika, bunebismetyvelebis<br />

meTodika, istoriis meTodika, geografiis me-<br />

Todika, simRera, musikis meTodika, xatvis meTodika, xazvis<br />

meTodika, sufTa wera, fizikuri aRzrda, samxedro saqme, sim-<br />

Rera, musika, pedagogiuri praqtika [13,159].<br />

pedagogiuri teqnikumi daixura 1939 wels TelavSi samaswavleblo<br />

saswavleblis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT. salikvidacio<br />

klasebi SeierTa samaswavleblo <strong>in</strong>stitutma. teqnikumis<br />

kursdamTavrebulTa bolo gamoSveba moxda 1941Qw .<br />

Aamrigad, Telavis ped. teqnikumis saqmianoba sakmaod sa<strong>in</strong>tereso,<br />

mravalmxrivi da S<strong>in</strong>aarsiani iyo, is srulad pasuxobda<br />

ganaTlebis sferoSi arsebul imdro<strong>in</strong>del moTxovnebs,<br />

pirvel rigSi,—samaswavleblo kadrebis aRzrdis saqmes. saswavlebelSi<br />

aRizarda araerTi gamoCenili pirovneba. saqar-<br />

Tvelos pedagogTa kadrebis aRzrdaSi man didi roli Seasrula.<br />

aq aRzrdili axalgazrdoba iwyebda muSaobas skolebSi,<br />

skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebSi, Telavis da kaxeTis<br />

raioni maragdeboda aq aRzrdili pedagogiuri kadrebiT. pedagogiur<br />

teqnikumSi euflebodnen saSualo skolisaTvis gankuTvnil<br />

sagnebs da damatebiT eZleodaT kvalifikaciis amaRlebis<br />

saSualeba. aq miRebuli atestatis Semdeg axalgazrdas<br />

saSualeba eZleoda emuSava Sesabamisi specialobiT, an swavla<br />

gaegrZeleb<strong>in</strong>a umaRles saswavlebelSi.<br />

Telavis pedagogiurma teqnikumma didi roli Seasrula<br />

maswavlebelTa momzadebis, mozardi Taobis aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis<br />

saqmeSi. 1939 wlidan mis bazaze Camoyalibda samaswavleblo<br />

saswavlebeli, Semdeg pedagogiuri <strong>in</strong>stituti, romelic<br />

sul ramdenime wlis w<strong>in</strong> gadakeTda saxelmwifo universitetad<br />

da warmatebiT agrZelebs samecniero-aRmzrdelobiT<br />

moRvaweobas Tanamedrove moTxovnebis safuZvelze.<br />

D<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. d. WumburiZe, ganaTleba 1918-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000.<br />

2. i. Wanturia, saxalxo ganaTleba sabWoTa saqarTveloSi<br />

(1921-1951), Tbilisi, 1956.<br />

235

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3. u. obolaZe, saxalxo ganaTleba sabWoTa saqarTveloSi,<br />

Tbilisi, 1961.<br />

4. m. naTmelaZe, al. dauSvili, saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria,<br />

Tbilisi, 2005.<br />

5. m. simonia, saSualo pedagogiuri ganaTleba saqarTvelos<br />

ssr respublikaSi 1921-1941 ww., Tbilisi, 1957.<br />

6. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, Telavis raionuli arqivis filiali, fondi 475, aRwera1,<br />

saqme #1.<br />

7. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, fondi 475, aRwera1, saqme #8.<br />

8. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, Telavis raionuli arqivis filiali, fondi 358,<br />

aRwera 1, saqme #12.<br />

9. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, Telavis raionuli arqivis filiali, fondi 358,<br />

aRwera 1, saqme #32.<br />

10. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, Telavis raionuli arqivis filiali, fondi 358,<br />

aRwera 1, saqme #3.<br />

11. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, Telavis raionuli arqivis filiali, fondi 358,<br />

aRwera 1, saqme #10.<br />

12. g. Cub<strong>in</strong>aSvilis saxelobis Telavis istoriul-eTnografiuli<br />

muzeumis fondi #3926.<br />

13. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, Telavis raionuli arqivis filiali, fondi 117, aRwera<br />

1, saqme #2.<br />

236

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237<br />

Tamar Tamarashvili<br />

Doctoral Student of the Telavi Jakob<br />

Gogebashvili State University<br />

From the <strong>History</strong> of Education <strong>in</strong> Georgia<br />

(Telavi pedagogical technical <strong>in</strong>stitut (1924-1939))<br />

Summary<br />

In the article, accord<strong>in</strong>g the archival primary sources, the most difficult<br />

conditions existed <strong>in</strong> public life of Georgia of 20-30s of XX century are<br />

critically taught <strong>and</strong> analyzed. The special place has been taken to the<br />

significance of the results of hold<strong>in</strong>g the liquidation <strong>in</strong>evitable events of<br />

literary ignorance <strong>and</strong> less know<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the country.<br />

The <strong>in</strong>stitutions of literary ignorance liquidation, general education<br />

schools of different type, groups of even<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> tuition by correspondence of<br />

adults’ education, professional technical <strong>in</strong>stitutions were established <strong>in</strong><br />

whole republic. For timely settlement of this national importance problem,<br />

the tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g of the pedagogical specialists was necessary.<br />

Among the pedagogical technical <strong>in</strong>stitutions existed <strong>in</strong> East Georgia,<br />

<strong>in</strong> Kakhety, Telavi pedagogical technical <strong>in</strong>stitution (1924-1939) took the<br />

greatest part <strong>in</strong> generations’ education bus<strong>in</strong>ess.

---

���������������������<br />

niko javaxiSvili<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />

profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa<br />

da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis axali<br />

da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis<br />

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

qarTvelTa kvali baltiispireTSi<br />

(XVII saukunis miwurulidan —<br />

XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde)<br />

qarTul-baltiur urTierTobebs aT saukuneze meti xnis<br />

istoria gaaCnia. am sakiTxis kvlevas mivuZRveniT xuTi narkvevi,<br />

romlebSic SeviswavleT qarTveli da baltiispireli xalxebis<br />

samxedro-politikuri, savaWro-ekonomikuri da samecniero-kulturuli<br />

urTierTobebis aTaswlovani istoriis amsaxveli<br />

ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi faqti [13-17].<br />

am statiaSi, romelic rva narkvevisagan Sedgeba, Seswavlilia<br />

qarTvelTa moRvaweoba baltiispireTSi XVII saukunis<br />

miwurulidan — XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde.<br />

1. ufliswul aleqs<strong>and</strong>re arCilis Ze bagration-<br />

imeret<strong>in</strong>skis mogzauroba lifl<strong>and</strong>iasa da kurl<strong>and</strong>iaSi<br />

(XVII saukunis miwuruli)<br />

ruseTis mefem (1682 wlidan) da momavalma imperatorma<br />

(1721 wlidan) petre I-ma (1672-1725) saartilerio saqmisa da da<br />

gemTmSeneblobis dasaufleblad 1697-1698 wlebSi evropis<br />

qveynebSi imogzaura. es mogzauroba cnobilia, rogorc `didi<br />

elCoba~. am elCobis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobebia daculi n.<br />

ustrialovis naSromSi `petre didis mefobis istoria~ [30,<br />

563-566] da m. bogoslavskis gamokvlevaSi `petre I: masalebi biografiisaTvis~<br />

[20, 36-37].<br />

1697 wlis martis dasawyisSi `didi elCoba~ moskovidan<br />

gaemgzavra. aRniSnuli mogzaurobisas petre I-is amala 250<br />

sxvadasxva rangis moxelisagan Sedgeboda. maT Soris iyo 20<br />

238

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aznauri da 35 volonteri — privilegirebul wodebaTa warmomadgeneli<br />

(Tavadebi, grafebi), romlebic dayofilni iyvnen<br />

aTeulebad [4, 18].<br />

mefe — `petre mixailovis~ fsevdonimiT mogzaurobda<br />

[22, 41]. mas Tan axldnen Tavisi uaxloesi Tanamoazreni, romelTa<br />

Sorisac sapatio adgili ekava qarTvel ufliswuls<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re arCilis Ze bagration-imeret<strong>in</strong>skis (1674-1711).<br />

igi iyo qarTuli kulturis moRvawe, mwerali, moskovis qar-<br />

Tuli axalSenis meTauri [8, 99-100]. imavdroulad is iyo vaJi<br />

da memkvidre mefe arCil II-isa (1647-1713), romelic saqarTvelos<br />

calkeul samefoebSi 1661-1696 wlebSi mefobda. kerZod,<br />

arCil II imereTSi mefobda: 1661-1663; 1678-1679; 1690-1691;<br />

1695-1696 wlebSi, xolo kaxeTSi — 1663-1675 wlebSi.<br />

`didi elCobisas~ aleqs<strong>and</strong>re arCilis Ze bagration-imeret<strong>in</strong>ski<br />

iricxeboda volonterTa III aTeulSi, xolo petre I —<br />

volonterebis II aTeulSi [9, 202].<br />

juanSer vaTeiSvilis naSromSi vkiTxulobT: `2 марта 1687<br />

года из Москвы выехал передовой отряд, а через неделю – основной<br />

состав посольства: более 250 человек, включая свиту и обслугу (врачей,<br />

поваров, слуг, шутов). Посольству был придан отряд так называемых<br />

волонтеров в 35 человек, составленный из представителей различных<br />

слоев общества, связанных с придворными кругами. Его возглавлял<br />

командор князь А. М. Черкаский, подчиненными которого считались<br />

как сам царь, участвовавший в посольстве инкогнито в качестве одного<br />

из трех «десятников» – волонтеров под именем «бомбардира Петра<br />

Михайлова», так и двое из волонтеров, находившихся непосредственно<br />

при монархе. Ими являлись Александр Арчилович Багратиони и Александр<br />

Данилович Меншиков в окружении Петра I, пожалуй, наиболее<br />

приближенные к нему люди.<br />

Участие в российском «Великом посольстве» в Западную Европу<br />

Александра Арчиловича Багратиони и сопровождавших его в качестве<br />

свитских трех грузин (его слуг, их личности не установлены) являлось<br />

событием отнюдь не ординарным, скорее даже беспрецедентным с<br />

точки зрения не только истории русско-грузинских отношений, но и<br />

истории Грузии и грузино-западноевропейских связей... Александр Арчилович<br />

являлся самостоятельным официальным участником российского<br />

посольства в Западную Европу, на которого... были возложены<br />

239

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вполне определенные полномочия и обязанности в качестве высокопоставленного<br />

и деятельного члена этого посольства~ [21, 151-152].<br />

amdenad, rogorc irkveva, ufliswul aleqs<strong>and</strong>res Tan 3<br />

qarTveli piradi msaxuri axlda.<br />

22 marts `didi elCoba~ fskovSi Cavida. 25 marts elCobis<br />

monawileebma gadalaxes sazRvari, xolo 31 marts rigaSi Cavidnen.<br />

md<strong>in</strong>are dv<strong>in</strong>is adidebis gamo, elCoba am qalaqSi erT<br />

kviras Seyovnda.<br />

imxanad, lifl<strong>and</strong>ia rigis CaTvliT SvedeTis sakuTrebas<br />

warmoadgenda. rogorc Cans, Svedebi grZnobdnen petre I-is<br />

da<strong>in</strong>teresebas am strategiulad mniSvnelovani regioniT, ris<br />

gamoc lifl<strong>and</strong>iis general-gubernatorma `didi elCobis~ viziti<br />

rigaSi ar moiwona. yovelive amis gamo, aRniSnul qalaqSi<br />

myof elCobis wevrebs sakmaod Seuferebeli sacxovrebeli gamouyves<br />

da ar misces SesaZlebloba, rom daeTvaliereb<strong>in</strong>aT<br />

simagreebi, Tanac is<strong>in</strong>i meTvalyureobis qveS moaqcies. maT qalaqSi<br />

gadaadgileba SezRuduli hqondaT. rodesac ruseTis<br />

mefem ma<strong>in</strong>c daiqirava navi da erT-erT simagresTan miaxloeba<br />

scada, is iaraRis muqariT aiZules, rom iqaurobas gascloda.<br />

amis Taobaze petre I-ma ganacxada:<br />

— `Svedebi nebas ar maZleven davaTvaliero rigis simagreebi,<br />

magram Sevecdebi davaTvaliero is<strong>in</strong>i maTi nebarTvis<br />

gareSe~.<br />

8 aprils `didma elCobam~ riga datova. 14 aprils is<strong>in</strong>i<br />

Cavidnen mitavaSi (Tanamedrove elgava), sadac maT kurl<strong>and</strong>iis<br />

hercogi fridrix kazimiri SeegebaT. hercogma sapatio<br />

stumrebi Tavis sasaxleSi miipatiJa da didebulad umasp<strong>in</strong>-<br />

Zla. gzaSi da Semdeg, sxva qalaqebis daTvalierebisas, elCobas<br />

didi pativiT — samxedro musikiTa da qvemexebis baTqiT<br />

xvdebodnen. elCobam kurl<strong>and</strong>iaSi erT kviras dahyo [4, 19].<br />

j. vaTeiSvili mogviTxrobs: `Посещением Риги Петр остался<br />

недоволен, ибо встретили его там холодно и недружелюбно. Несколько<br />

сгладил это непрятное впечатление у царя радушный прием, оказанный<br />

ему в Митаве – столице герцогства Курляндского, куда он прибыл 14<br />

апреля. Достигнув морского берега, Петр 2 мая в сопровождении своих<br />

друзей отплывает на «Святом Георгий» в Кёнигсберг и впервые видит<br />

Балтиийское море~ [21, 164].<br />

240

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22 aprils, petre I, volonterebTan da 70 jariskacTan<br />

erTad, libavaSi (liepaia) gaeSura, xolo TanmxlebTa danarCeni<br />

nawili man droebiT mitavaSi datova. libavaSi Casuli petre<br />

I mcirericxovani amaliT dab<strong>in</strong>avda savaWro gemze `wm. giorgi~,<br />

romliTac kenigsbergisaken gaemarTa. elCobis sxva monawileni<br />

aRniSnuli qalaqisaken xmeleTiT gaeSurnen [4, 19].<br />

Aaleqs<strong>and</strong>re arCilis Ze bagration-imeret<strong>in</strong>skim evropis<br />

qveynebSi 1699 wlis miwurulamde dahyo. erovnul tanisamosSi<br />

gamowyobili qarTveli ufliswuli sayovelTao yuradRebis<br />

centrSi imyofeboda [7, 9]. is sxvadasxva dros cxovrobda prusiaSi<br />

(kenigsbergi), hol<strong>and</strong>iasa (haaga, utrexti, amsterdami)<br />

da did britaneTSi (londoni, deptfordi, vuliCi), sadac samxedro<br />

xelovnebaSi codnas imaRlebda. igi saartilerio saqmes<br />

gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT eufleboda.<br />

1700 wlis 19 maiss aleqs<strong>and</strong>re bagration-imeret<strong>in</strong>ski da<strong>in</strong>iSna<br />

ruseTis artileriis pirvel sardlad — general-feldceixmaisterad<br />

[32, 31-48].<br />

imave wlis 19 noembers, narvasTan momxdar brZolaSi,<br />

rusTa jari sastikad damarcxda. meore dRes, ruseTis armiis<br />

sxva generlebTan (i. dolgoruki, a. golov<strong>in</strong>i, i. buturl<strong>in</strong>i, a.<br />

veidi, i. trubeckoi da sxv.) erTad, Svedebma tyved generalfeldceixmaisteric<br />

Caigdes.<br />

petre I Seecada, rom Tavisi uaxloesi megobari dauyovnebliv<br />

gamoexsna tyveobidan. qarTveli ufliswulis ganTavisuflebis<br />

sanacvlod Svedebma moiTxoves jer 10 kasri oqro,<br />

xolo Semdeg — rusTa tyveobaSi Cavardnili 60 Svedis ganTavisufleba<br />

[31, 445].<br />

ruseTis mefem sTxova aleqs<strong>and</strong>re bagrations, rom Svedebis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>adadebasTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi azri gamoeTqva. amis<br />

pasuxad, 1710 wlis 6 seqtembers petre I-isadmi gagzavnil werilSi<br />

qarTveli ufliswuli werda: `aramcTu miTqvams, azradac<br />

ki ar momsvlia, rom saxelmwifos raime zarali miadges ara-<br />

Tu Cems gamo, aramed imaT gamoc, romlebic Cemze Tundac aTasjer<br />

ukeTesni arian. Cven valdebulni varT, rom moviTm<strong>in</strong>oT da<br />

sicocxle SevwiroT mefes da saxelmwifos <strong>in</strong>teresebs~ [31, 64].<br />

aTwlianma tyveobam aleqs<strong>and</strong>re bagration-imeret<strong>in</strong>skis<br />

janmrTelobas waruSleli daRi daasva. 1711 wlis 3 Tebervals,<br />

rodesac igi tyveobidan ganTavisuflebuli ruseTSi<br />

brundeboda, gzad piteos naxevarkunZulze gardaicvala. 37<br />

241

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wlis asakSi man suli dalia qarTveli beris pankratis (eriskacobaSi<br />

— bagrat soloRaSvili) xelebSi [21, 516-517].<br />

qarTveli ufliswulis neSti moskovSi gadaasvenes da<br />

donis monasterSi dakrZales [4, 37-38].<br />

amrigad, qarTveli mefis arCil II-is vaJi da taxtis memkvidre<br />

ufliswuli aleqs<strong>and</strong>re bagration-imeret<strong>in</strong>ski (1697-<br />

1711) — 1697 wlis 31 martidan — 22 aprilamde imyofeboda lifl<strong>and</strong>iisa<br />

da kurl<strong>and</strong>iis teritoriaze. sagulisxmoa, rom is<br />

iyo bagrationTa aTaswlovani samefo d<strong>in</strong>astiis CvenTvis cnobili<br />

pirveli warmomadgeneli, romelic baltiispireTs ewvia.<br />

2. ufliswulebis adarnase levanis Ze da giorgi<br />

vaxtangis Ze bagrationebis sabrZolo gza kurl<strong>and</strong>iaSi<br />

(XVIII saukunis Sua xanebi)<br />

1724 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi Seqmnili urTulesi politikuri<br />

viTarebis gamo, qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI (1675-1737, mefobda<br />

1709-1724 wlebSi) Tavisi 1.200-kaciani amaliT ruseTSi<br />

gadaixvewa. amis Semdeg, mefis amalis udidesi nawili ruseTSi<br />

darCa da iq moRvaweobda.<br />

saqarTvelodan ruseTSi gadasaxlebul qarTvelTa Soris<br />

iyvnen bagrationTa samefo d<strong>in</strong>astiis qarTlis Stos warmomadgenlebi,<br />

ufliswulebi aTanase (adarnase) levanis Ze<br />

(1707-1784) da giorgi vaxtangis Ze (1712-1786).<br />

moskovis ober-komendanti, general-poruCiki (1764 wlidan)<br />

aTanase levanis Ze bagrationi iyo umcrosi Zma mefe vaxtang<br />

VI-isa, xolo general-anSefi giorgi vaxtangis Ze bagrationi<br />

— xsenebuli mefis umcrosi vaJi.<br />

XVIII saukunis ociani wlebidan, zemoxsenebuli ufliswulebi,<br />

iseve rogorc qarTlis samefo amalis wevrTa mniSvnelovani<br />

nawili, ruseTis imperiis samxedro kampaniebSi aqtiurad<br />

monawileobdnen [25, 15-17].<br />

ufliswuli giorgi monawileobda ruseT-SvedeTis omSi<br />

(1741-1743). am omidan misi dabrunebis Sesaxeb ase iuwyeboda<br />

gazeTi `Санкт-Петербургские ведомости~: `В Санкт-Петербурге, 4<br />

октября, Грузинский царевич Георгий возвратился по счастливом<br />

окончании кампании в Финляндии. Он был на флоте~ [28].<br />

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giorgi vaxtangis Ze bagrationi, romelic imxanad general-maiori<br />

iyo, xelmZRvanelobda galerebidan gadmomsxdar<br />

grenaderebsa da muSketerebs [33, 203].<br />

ufliswulebi aTanase da giorgi bagrationebi monawileobdnen<br />

ra<strong>in</strong>is laSqrobaSi (1747-1748 wlebi). giorgis daekisra<br />

organizeba sagalero flotisa, romelsac desanti unda gadaesxa<br />

q. kronStadtidan — q. mitavaSi [22, 86].<br />

amrigad, 1747-1748 wlebSi kurl<strong>and</strong>iis teritoriaze ibr-<br />

Zodnen ufliswulebi aTanase (adarnase) levanis Ze (1707-1784)<br />

da giorgi vaxtangis Ze (1712-1786) bagrationebi.<br />

3. ufliswul paata vaxtangis Ze bagrationis mogzauroba<br />

baltiispireTSi (1749 w.)<br />

vaxtang VI-is umcrosma vaJma — paatam (1720-1765) ruseTSi<br />

saartilerio da safortifikacio saqme Seiswavla.<br />

mamis gardacvalebis (1737) Semdeg, ufliswuli f<strong>in</strong>ansur<br />

gasaWirSi Cavarda.<br />

1745 wlis maisSi paatam ruseTis imperatricas ana ioanes<br />

asuls sTxova, rom Sesaferis samsaxurSi aeyvanaT, <strong>and</strong>a saqarTveloSi<br />

gamgzavrebis nebarTva miecaT. amis paralelurad,<br />

man iTxova Tanxa valebis gasastumreblad.<br />

imperiis xelisufalni SiSobdnen, rom saqarTveloSi<br />

dabrunebuli ufliswuli sparseTis samsaxurSi ar Camdgariyo<br />

da Tavisi samxedro ganaTleba iq ar gamoeyeneb<strong>in</strong>a. amis gamo,<br />

maT paatas SesTavazes qveiT polkSi Caricxva podpolkovnikis<br />

wodebiT da fuladi daxmareba, riTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda<br />

misi valis mxolod mcire nawilis gastumreba.<br />

am SeTavazebiT ukmayofilo ufliswulma gadawyvita,<br />

rom ruseTi saidumlod daetoveb<strong>in</strong>a. 1749 wlis 22 ianvars igi<br />

qarTveli aznauris vasil egorovis pasportiT ewvia jer rigas,<br />

xolo Semdeg mitavas (elgava), saidanac memelSi Cavida [27,<br />

71-77].<br />

imave wlis 5 maiss ruseTis imperiis senatSi qarTveli<br />

ufliswulis saqme ganixiles. im dRes Sedgenili dokumentis<br />

saxelwodebaa: `Протокол собрания правительствующего Сената об<br />

отказе в отпуске на родину грузинского царевича Пааты, о принятии на<br />

243

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службу подполковником, а также о тайном отъезде его с подложным паспортом<br />

в Мемель~ [29, 519].<br />

protokolSi naTqvami iyo: `Царевич Паата подлежным паспортом,<br />

под именем грузинского дворянина Егорова, с одним человеком<br />

приехал в Ригу из Петербурга и объявя об себе, отпросился до Митавы,<br />

откуда тайно в Мемель приехал~ [29, 519-520].<br />

memelidan kenigsbergSi Casulma paatam prusiis monarqs<br />

fridrix II-s qveSevrdomobaSi miReba da samxedro samsaxurSi<br />

Caricxva sTxova, rasac Sedegi ar mohyva. rogorc Cans, ruse-<br />

Tidan gaqceuli qarTveli ufliswulisaTvis TavSesafaris<br />

micemas prusiis xelisufleba moerida.<br />

amis gamo, ufliswuli paata evropis sxva qveynebisa da<br />

konstant<strong>in</strong>opolis gavliT, mogvianebiT (1752 w.) saqarTvelo-<br />

Si dabrunda [11, 629].<br />

misi mogzaurobis marSruti aseTi iyo: sankt-peterburgi<br />

— riga — mitava — memeli — kenigsbergi — varSava — kameneci<br />

— buqaresti — konstant<strong>in</strong>opoli — erzurumi — Tbilisi [27,<br />

79].<br />

amrigad, 1749 wlis dasawyisSi baltiispireTSi imogzaura<br />

ufliswulma paata vaxtangis Ze bagrationma (1720-1765).<br />

4. qarTvel husarTa polkis sabrZolo gza baltiispireTSi<br />

(XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebi)<br />

1729 wlidan ruseTSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda gamoCenili<br />

qarTveli poeti, Tavadi daviT giorgis Ze guramiSvili<br />

(1705-1792), romelic daaxloebuli iyo vaxtang VI-sTan da mis<br />

garemocvasTan.<br />

vaxtang VI-is gardacvalebis (1737) Semdeg, saqarTveloSi<br />

dabrunebis imedgadawuruli qarTveli emigrantebi da maT Soris<br />

daviT guramiSvilic iZulebulni gaxdnen, rom ruseTis<br />

imperiis qveSevrdomoba mieRoT.<br />

1738 wlis 8 ivniss, ruseTis imperiis m<strong>in</strong>istrTa kab<strong>in</strong>etma<br />

daamtkica senatis mier wardgenili proeqti `qarTuli husar-<br />

Ta aseulis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb. 1741 wlidan aRniSnuli aseuli<br />

gardaiqmna `qarTul husarTa polkad~, romlis Semadgenloba-<br />

Sic 500-mde qarTveli iricxeboda.<br />

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`qarTuli husarTa polki~, romelsac polkovniki (SemdgomSi<br />

— general-leitenanti), Tavadi elise (ediSer) paatas<br />

Ze amilaxvari meTaurobda, monawileobda ruseT-prusiis omSi<br />

(1756-1762). imxanad d. guramiSvili podporuCiki iyo.<br />

1757 wlis 18 ivniss `qarTul husarTa polkma~, ruseTis<br />

imperiis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sxva samxedro SenaerTebTan<br />

erTad gadalaxa md<strong>in</strong>areebi vili da nemani. is<strong>in</strong>i dabanakdnen<br />

jer qalaq kovnoSi (kaunasi), xolo Semdeg — SadovSi. amis Semdeg,<br />

maT aiRes: benzagoli, krokena, rudziuna da olita. 25 ivniss<br />

maT daikaves memeli, xolo momdevno dRes — gumb<strong>in</strong>i. 27<br />

ivniss maT piCkenis tyesTan sZlies prusielebs.<br />

aRniSnul brZolebSi monawileobda d. guramiSvilic [10,<br />

41-89], romelsac mogvianebiT (1760 wlis 1 ivniss) poruCikis<br />

samxedro wodeba mieniWa [26, 144].<br />

amrigad, ruseT-prusiis Svidwlian omSi (1756-1762) ruse-<br />

Tis imperiis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali<br />

`qarTuli husarTa polki~ 1757 wlis ivnisSi baltiispireTis,<br />

kerZod litvis teritoriaze ibrZoda. maT Soris iyo gamoCenili<br />

qarTveli poeti, Tavadi daviT guramiSvili (1705-1792).<br />

5. general petre ivanes Ze bagrationis mamuli<br />

baltiispireTSi (XVIII saukunis miwuruli — XIX saukunis<br />

dasawyisi)<br />

ruseTis saimperio armiis erT-erTi yvelaze saxelgan-<br />

Tqmuli mxedarTmTavari, <strong>in</strong>fanteriis generali, mravali sapatio<br />

jildos kavaleri petre ivanes Ze bagrationi (1765-1812) —<br />

qarTlis mefe ieses (mefobda 1714-1716 da 1724-1727 wlebSi)<br />

pirdapiri STamomavali iyo [24, 50-52].<br />

italiisa da Sveicariis samxedro eqspediciebSi (1799) gamoCenili<br />

didi damsaxurebisaTvis, imperatorma pavle I-ma<br />

1800 wlis aprilSi p. bagrations jildod uboZa mdidari sofeli,<br />

romelic litvis guberniaSi mdebareobda [23, 61].<br />

saxelovani sardali — suliTa da xorciT mxedari iyo.<br />

misi moRvaweobis mTavar asparezs — brZolis veli warmoadgenda.<br />

amitomac, mas srulebiT ar izidavda imperatoris mier<br />

jildod naboZebi yma-mamuli, romelTac arc ki mo<strong>in</strong>axulebda,<br />

ise hyidda. mas mdidruli, xelgaSlili cxovreba uyvarda,<br />

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is gamoc xSirad valebs iRebda da Semdeg mamulebis gayidviT<br />

ixdida [4, 51-57].<br />

1802 wels p. bagrationma litvis mamulidan 6 axalgazrda<br />

yma-glexi amoarCia da Tan waiyvana, xolo TviT sofeli — ruseTis<br />

saxelmwifo xaz<strong>in</strong>as mihyida.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom aTi wlis Semdeg, borod<strong>in</strong>os brZolaSi<br />

(1812 w.) daWrilma da sasikvdilo sarecelze mijaWvulma generalma<br />

Tavis litvel ymebs Tavisufleba mianiWa [23, 72].<br />

amrigad, saxelganTqmul mxedarTmTavars, general petre<br />

ivanes Ze bagrations (1765-1812) 1800 wlis aprilSi litvis<br />

guberniaSi jildod uboZes sofeli, saidanac wayvanil eqvs<br />

litvel yma-glexs man gardacvalebis w<strong>in</strong> Tavisufleba uboZa.<br />

6. baltiispireTi ukanaskneli qarTveli mefis<br />

grigol I-is TvaliT (1813 w.)<br />

XIX saukunis dasawyisidan ruseTis imperiam T<strong>and</strong>aTan daipyro<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriaze mdebare samefo-samTavroebi,<br />

xolo bagrationTa samefo d<strong>in</strong>astiis mravali warmomadgeneli<br />

sankt-peterburgSi gadaasaxla.<br />

erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebam Tavisuflebismoyvare<br />

qarTveli eris didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. amas<br />

mohyva saxalxo ajanyebebi kaxeTsa (1802) da mTiuleTSi (1804),<br />

romlebic ruseTis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciam sisxlSi CaaxSo.<br />

imperatoris mmarTvelobis qveS iZulebiT moqceuli<br />

qarTveli eris jansaR nawils kvlav bagrationebis gamefeba<br />

surda. am gvaris saxiT qarTvelobas erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

cocxali simbolo eguleboda.<br />

ruseTis saimperio adm<strong>in</strong>istracia saqarTveloSi ise iqceoda,<br />

rogorc dampyrobeli dapyrobil qveyanaSi. amis gamo,<br />

qarTveli eris ukmayofileba T<strong>and</strong>aTan matulobda da saxalxo<br />

ajanyebisaTvis niadagi mzaddeboda.<br />

1812 wlis 31 ianvridan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi axalma<br />

saxalxo ajanyebam ifeTqa. masSi dawyebisTanave Caeba qarTlkaxeTis<br />

samefo saxlis saqarTveloSi SemorCenili erTaderTi<br />

wevri — 23 wlis ufliswuli grigol ioanes Ze bagrationi<br />

(1789-1830). igi iyo SvilTaSvili mefe erekle II-isa (mefobda<br />

1744-1798 wlebSi), SviliSvili mefe giorgi XII-isa (mefobda<br />

1798-1800 wlebSi) da vaJi ufliswul ioanesi (1768-1830).<br />

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erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis asparezze qar-<br />

Tveli ufliswulis gamoCena ajanyebulTaTvis udides stimulad<br />

iqca. maT grigoli TavianT w<strong>in</strong>amZRolad miiRes da qarTlkaxeTis<br />

mefed gamoacxades. igi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mni-<br />

Svnelovan nawilSi 1812 wlis Tebervlis Sua ricxvebidan — martis<br />

dasawyisamde mefobda. eklesiebSi mis, rogorc qarTl-kaxe-<br />

Tis mefis saxelze, wirva-locvas aRavlendnen [12, 23-53].<br />

mefe grigol I-is energiuli moRvaweobis wyalobiT, ajanyebulebma<br />

mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwies. es amboxeba<br />

T<strong>and</strong>aTan saqarTvelos sazRvrebs scildeboda da saerTokavkasiuri<br />

ajanyebis xasiaTs iRebda. yovelive aman ruseTis saimperio<br />

xelisufleba aiZula, rom gadamWreli zomebisaTvis<br />

miemarTa.<br />

saqarTvelos mTavarsardali, generali filip osipis Ze<br />

pauluCi ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWosa da m<strong>in</strong>istrTa kab<strong>in</strong>etis<br />

Tavmjdomaris nikoloz rumiancevisadmi (1754-1826) gagzavnil<br />

saidumlo patakSi SeniSnavda: `Царевич Григорий, сын царевича<br />

Иоанна, в Москве пребывающего, провозглашенный кахетинскими<br />

мятежниками царем Грузии и издавший от имени своего возмутительные<br />

прокламации, также коего имя в церквах бунтовщиками поминаемо<br />

было как царя Грузии и который, собрав мятежную толпу, дрался против<br />

войск В. И. В., но был мною разбит, бежал было в Дагестан, к анцухским<br />

лезгинам~ [18, 63].<br />

saimperio xelisuflebam veragulad daatyveva grigol<br />

bagrationi da ruseTSi gadaasaxla. igi jer q. oloneckSi<br />

hyavdaT, xolo Semdeg q. petrozavodskSi gadaiyvanes. er-<br />

Twliani patimrobis Semdeg is gaaTavisufles.<br />

1813 wels grigol bagrationi monawileobda ruseTis armiis<br />

sazRvargareTul laSqrobaSi, romlis STabeWdilebanic<br />

man gadmosca Tavis samogzauro xasiaTis TxzulebaSi `mogzauroba<br />

peterburgidan vilnomde~.<br />

mixeil gorgiZis naSromSi vkiTxulobT: `Григорий Иоаннович<br />

после двенадцатимесячного заключения в крепости был помилован.<br />

Дальнейшая его жизнь связана со службой в русской армии в Петербурге<br />

и отчасти в Астрахани. Он принимал участие в известном походе<br />

1813 года. Как и многие из членов грузинского царского дома, высланных<br />

в Петербург, он тоже отдавал дань литературной деятельности. Так,<br />

им описан поход, в котором он сам участвовал («Путешествие из Пе-<br />

247

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тербурга в Вильно»). Сохранились в рукописи его стихотворения «Маргиналии»,<br />

а также переводы с русского языка. Умер Г. И. Багратиони в<br />

чине подполковника в Петербурге в 1830 году, похоронен в Александро-<br />

Невской лавре)~ [22, 107-108].<br />

grigol bagrationis samogzauro TxzulebaSi sa<strong>in</strong>teresod<br />

aris aRwerili baltiispireTis qalaqebi, md<strong>in</strong>areebi da<br />

tbebi.<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom grigoli xSirad qarTul, erovnul tanisamosSi<br />

gamowyobili daiareboda. ucxo tanisamosiT mosili<br />

axovani, moxdenili vaJkaci evropis qveynebSi mnaxvelTa did<br />

yuradRebas iqcevda.<br />

g. bagrationis TxzulebaSi asea aRwerili md<strong>in</strong>are narva:<br />

`md<strong>in</strong>are ese iqnebis ori da mtkvrisodeni... mivediT saidamca<br />

md<strong>in</strong>are narva gamodis, romelic ars saS<strong>in</strong>eli tba. sigrZe aqvs<br />

330 da sigane 165 da aris sul tba ese riyiani da gemrieli sasmeli<br />

wyali, romelica ukeTesi gemo wylisa aRar iTqmis... tbasa<br />

amas hqvian ozira pskova~ [1, 1-2].<br />

grigolma oTxi dRe gaatara vilnoSi (vilniusi), romlis<br />

RirsSesaniSnaobebi, Semogareni, Teatri, mosaxleoba da maTi<br />

zne-Cveulebani man Tavis TxzulebaSi aRwera.<br />

masSi vkiTxulobT: `aris vilnosa qalaqi dablobSi, sam<br />

kuTxidgan aqvs sul gorebi tyiani da erTidgan md. villa...…vilnisa<br />

qalaqsa S<strong>in</strong>a aris xalxi dia mSvenieri, romeli<br />

vsTqva, ukeTesi arsad m<strong>in</strong>axavs, nametnavad uriaTa qalni... arian<br />

viTarca qarTvelni, moarulni kabiTa, sartyeliTa da CibletebiT,<br />

ese igi CaxCurebiT da Coxa-barmniTa moarulni, vi-<br />

Tarca bunebiT qarTvelni~ [1, 5].<br />

g. bagrationis SefasebiT, `vilnosa S<strong>in</strong>a mcxovrebni uriani<br />

arian moarulni kacni maTni cudisa tanisamosiTa da didi-<br />

Ta wveriTa da TmiTa da zevidam acviaT, viTarca somxis terteraTa<br />

Savi anaforani da zogTa dakecili mxarzedan uZevsT~.<br />

misive azriT, mamakacebze ukeTesad ecvaT ebrael qalebs,<br />

romlebic gamowyobilni iyvnen `CadriTa da qoSebiT da aqvT<br />

Tavni Sekrulni didisa kopiTa da yelTa zeda aqusT yovelTa<br />

saraRuji margalitisa~ [1, 5].<br />

avtorma yuradReba gaamaxvila vilnos mcxovrebTa wes-<br />

Cveulebebzec. magaliTad, man ase aRwera dakrZalvis iqauri<br />

tradicia: `odes mkudari moukvdebaT, miitaneben mkvdarsa mas<br />

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da Caasveneben zemoxsenebulsa xvrelsa S<strong>in</strong>a da gaamweseben miwisa<br />

da kedlis pirsa da waafareben Cveulebisamebr qvasa.<br />

odes mis gobonasa gverdsa gaivli, vera scnob Tu es goboni<br />

sasaflao ars. ase gegoneba, rom erTi didi sasaxle aris~ [1, 5].<br />

amrigad, ukanasknelma qarTvelma mefem grigol I-ma<br />

(1789-1830), datusaRebisa da ruseTSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg,<br />

1813 wels imogzaura baltiispireTSi, xolo samogzauro STabeWdilebebi<br />

Tavis TxzulebaSi gadmosca.<br />

7. giorgi qsnis erisTavi baltiispireTSi<br />

(XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebi)<br />

gamoCenili qarTveli dramaturgi, poeti da Teatris<br />

moRvawe, Tavadi giorgi daviTis Ze qsnis erisTavi (1813-1864)<br />

erTxans baltiispireTSi moRvaweobda.<br />

1832 wlis dekemberSi gamJRavnebul antiimperiul SeTqmulebaSi<br />

monawileobisaTvis praporSCik g. erisTavs baltiispireTSi<br />

gadasaxleba miusajes.<br />

1834 wlis 9 ianvars igi gagzavnes q. vilnoSi (vilniusi),<br />

sadac fexosanTa III diviziis novo-<strong>in</strong>germanl<strong>and</strong>iis polkSi Caricxes<br />

[19, 413].<br />

g. erisTavi sxvadasxva dros msaxurobda aseve qalaqebSi:<br />

kovnoSi (kaunasi), rigaSi, varSavaSi, volkovskSi, belostoksa<br />

da sxv. [3, 26].<br />

man safuZvlianad Seiswavla polonuri ena, ramac SesaZlebloba<br />

misca ziareboda polonur literaturas, xolo adam<br />

mickeviCis `yirimis sonetebi~ da `didi improvizacia~ qarTul<br />

enaze eTargmna.<br />

samxedro samsaxuris paralelurad, g. erisTavi leqciebs<br />

ismenda vilnos universitetSi. iq mas Seuyvarda `mSvenieri<br />

litveli qalwuli~, romelsac SemdgomSi, Tavis nawarmoebebSi<br />

xSirad ixseniebda [5, 99].<br />

1838 wels g. erisTavs neba darTes, rom droebiT Camosuliyo<br />

saqarTveloSi, sadac sabolood 1842 wels dabrunda [2, 192].<br />

amrigad, XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi baltiispireTSi moRvaweobda<br />

gamoCenili qarTveli dramaturgi, poeti da Teatris<br />

moRvawe, Tavadi giorgi daviTis Ze qsnis erisTavi (1813-1864).<br />

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8. ufliswul Teimuraz giorgis Ze bagrationis<br />

TxzulebaSi aRwerili baltiispireTi (1836 w.)<br />

1836 wlis maisis miwuruls da ivnisis dasawyisSi, baltiispireTSi<br />

imogzaura qarTl-kaxeTis mefis giorgi XII-is (mefobda<br />

1798-1800 wlebSi) vaJma — Teimuraz bagrationma (1782-1846). is<br />

iyo cnobili mwerali da mecnieri, sankt-peterburgis mecnierebaTa<br />

akademiis sapatio wevri da namdvili wevri parizis saazio<br />

da kopenhagenis antikvarTa samefo sazogadoebebisa.<br />

xsenebuli wlis 26 maiss, sankt-peterburgSi myofi T. bagrationi<br />

evropis qveynebis mimarTulebiT mogzaurobas Seudga.<br />

Tavis TxzulebaSi `mogzauroba Cemi evropiisa sxvaTa da<br />

sxvaTa adgilTa~ igi wers: `ganvleT lifl<strong>and</strong>iis qalaqebi da<br />

soflebi, derptis qalaqi, lifl<strong>and</strong>iis deda Ruberniis qalaqi;<br />

qalaqi riga, romelica C<strong>in</strong>ebuli qalaqi aris. iqidam kurl<strong>and</strong>iis<br />

pirveli qalaqi mitava, romelica kurl<strong>and</strong>iis Ruberniis<br />

qalaqia, kais alags da kargi quCebi aqvs. aqedam viareT.<br />

ganvleT kurl<strong>and</strong>iis samzRvarica da SevediT polSis samzRvarSia,<br />

vilenckis RuberniaSi~ [6, 18-19].<br />

amrigad, ufliswulma Teimuraz giorgis Ze bagrationma<br />

(1782-1846) 1836 wels imogzaura baltiispireTSi, ris Sesaxebac<br />

mis TxzulebaSi garkveuli cnobebi gvxvdeba.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, xelnaweri H-2178.<br />

2. alania nodar, erisTavi giorgi daviTis Ze, qarTuli sabWoTa<br />

enciklopedia, t. 4, Tb., 1979.<br />

3. gamezardaSvili daviT, giorgi erisTavi, Tb., 1949.<br />

4. gonikiSvili mixeil, bagrationTa dasaxleba da moRvaweoba<br />

ruseTSi, Tb., 1986.<br />

5. vozniaki <strong>and</strong>Jei, qarTvelebi varSavaSi (XVII-XX saukuneebSi),<br />

krebuli `polonelebis 200 weli kavkasiaSi. qarTul-polonuri<br />

urTierTkavSirebi~ Tb., 2004.<br />

6. Teimuraz batoniSvili, mogzauroba Cemi evropiisa sxvaTa da<br />

sxvaTa adgilTa, solomon iordaniSvilis redaqciiT, weriliTa<br />

da SeniSvnebiT, Tb., 1944.<br />

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7. megreliZe SamSe, Cveni saxelovani samxedro w<strong>in</strong>aprebi, Tb.,<br />

1979.<br />

8. sixaruliZe fridon, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re batoniSvili (bagrationi),<br />

enciklopedia `saqarTvelo~, t. I, Tb., 1997.<br />

9. tatiSvili vladimer, qarTvelebi moskovSi, meore Sevsebuli<br />

da gadamuSavebuli gamocema, Tb., 1959.<br />

10. yubaneiSvili solomon, daviT guramiSvili qarTul husarTa<br />

polkSi, Tb., 1955.<br />

11. xanTaZe SoTa, paata batoniSvili, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia,<br />

t. 7, Tb., 1984.<br />

12. javaxiSvili niko, grigol I — ukanaskneli qarTveli mefe, Tb.,<br />

2008.<br />

13. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-latviuri urTierTobis istoriidan,<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis samecniero<br />

SromaTa krebuli `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, t. I<br />

(V), Tb., 2009.<br />

14. javaxiSvili niko, qarTul-baltiispiruli urTierTobis sa-<br />

TaveebTan (X-XI saukuneebi), krebuli `axali da uaxlesi istoriis<br />

sakiTxebi~, t. II (VI), Tb., 2009.<br />

15. javaxiSvili niko, baltiis qveynebTan saqarTvelos samxedro-politikuri<br />

urTierTobis istoriidan (XV saukunis miwuruli),<br />

krebuli `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, t. II<br />

(VI), Tb., 2009.<br />

16. javaxiSvili niko, baltiis qveynebTan saqarTvelos savaWroekonomikuri<br />

urTierTobis istoriidan (XVII saukunis pirveli<br />

mesamedi), krebuli `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~,<br />

t. II (VI), Tb., 2009.<br />

17. javaxiSvili niko, baltiispireTis regionebi da qalaqebi —<br />

XVIII saukunis didi qarTveli mecnieris TvaliT, krebuli<br />

`axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~, t. II (VI), Tb., 2009.<br />

18. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической комиссией, Архив<br />

Главного управления наместника Кавказского (под редакцией А. Берже),<br />

т. V, Тифлис, 1873.<br />

19. Акты собранные Кавказской Археографической комиссией, Архив<br />

Главного управления наместника Кавказского (под редакцией А. Берже),<br />

т. VIII, Тифлис, 1881.<br />

20. Богославский М., Петр I: матерялы для биографии, т. II, Москва, 1940.<br />

251

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21. Ватеишвили Д., Грузия и европейские страны, т. II. Побратим Петра<br />

Великого. Жизнь и деятельность Александра Багратиони, Москва, 2003.<br />

22. Горгидзе М., Грузины в Петербурге (страницы летописи культурных<br />

связей), Тб., 1976.<br />

23. Грибанов В., Багратион в Петербурге, Ленинград, 1979.<br />

24. Дворянские роды Российской империи. III, Князья, под редакцией С.<br />

Думина, Москва, 1996.<br />

25. Джавахишвили Н., Грузины под российским флагом (Грузинские<br />

военные и государственные деятели на службе России в 1703-1917 гг.),<br />

Тб., 2003.<br />

26. Думин С., Гребельский П., Дворянские роды Российской империи, т.<br />

IV, Князья Царства Грузинского, под редакцией С. Думина и<br />

Ю.Чиковани, Москва, 1998.<br />

27. Пирцхалайшвили А., Царевич Паата (сын царя Вахтанга VI-го), В<br />

сборнике: «Вопросы истории Грузии феодальной эпохи», т. II, Тбилиси,<br />

1970.<br />

28. Газ.`Санкт-Петербургские ведомости~, СПб., 1742, № 80.<br />

29. Сенатский архив, т. 7. Протоколы Правительствующего Сената, СПб.,<br />

1895.<br />

30. Устрялов Н., История царствования Петра Великого, т. I, СПб., 1851.<br />

31. Устрялов Н., История царствования Петра Великого, т. IV, СПб., 1858.<br />

32. Хмыров М., Главные начальники русской артиллерии. 1-ый генералфельдцейхмейстер<br />

царевич Александр Арчилович Имеретинский.<br />

«Артиллерийский Журнал», СПб., 1866, № 1.<br />

33. Шпилевский Н., Описание войны между Россией и Швецией в<br />

Финляндии в 1741-1743 гг., СПб., 1859.<br />

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Niko Javakhishvili<br />

Doctor of Historical sciences, Professor, Chief<br />

scientist-researcher of the <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Contemporary</strong><br />

<strong>History</strong> Department of the Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Institute of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology<br />

Trace of Georgians <strong>in</strong> the Baltics<br />

(From the end of XVII th – to the first half of XIX th century)<br />

Summary<br />

In the previous research it is studied an activity of Georgians <strong>in</strong> the<br />

Baltics from the end of XVII th century – to the first half of XIX th century.<br />

There are 8 subtitles represented <strong>in</strong> the research:<br />

1. Travel of the pr<strong>in</strong>ce Alex<strong>and</strong>er Bagration-Imeret<strong>in</strong>sky <strong>in</strong> Lifl<strong>and</strong>ia<br />

<strong>and</strong> Kurl<strong>and</strong>ia (End of the XVII th century);<br />

2. Military way of pr<strong>in</strong>ces Afanasi (Adarnase) <strong>and</strong> George Bagrationis<br />

<strong>in</strong> Kurl<strong>and</strong>ia (Middle of XVIII th century);<br />

3. Travel of the pr<strong>in</strong>ce Paata Bagrationi <strong>in</strong> the Baltics (End of the XVII<br />

th century);<br />

4. Military way of Georgian Husar’s regiment <strong>in</strong> the Baltics (50-ies of<br />

XVIII th century);<br />

5. Estate of general Peter Bagrationi <strong>in</strong> the Baltics (End of the XVII th<br />

century – Beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the XIX th century);<br />

6. The Baltics as seen by the last Georgian k<strong>in</strong>g from Bagrationi’s<br />

Royal Dynasty – Gregory I (year 1813);<br />

7. The Duke of Ksani Giorgi Eristavi <strong>in</strong> the Baltics (Thirties of the<br />

XIXth century);<br />

8. The Baltics descripted <strong>in</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>ce Theimuraz Bagration’s work (year<br />

1836).<br />

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giorgi beJitaSvili<br />

iakob gogebaSvilis saxelobis Telavis<br />

saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis<br />

saqarTvelos istoriis ka-<br />

Tedris doqtoranti<br />

poloneTSi qarTuli samxedro emigraciis<br />

istoriis zogierTi aspeqti<br />

qarTuli samxedro emigraciis pirveli warmomadgeneli<br />

poloneTSi XVII saukunis 60-iani wlebidan Cans. qarTvelma<br />

emigrantma bogdan gurjickim didi roli Seasrula maS<strong>in</strong>deli<br />

samyaros poloneTis saxelmwifosa da sparseT-TurqeTis<br />

qveynebs Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobis mowesrigebis<br />

saqmeSi [8, 185].<br />

istoriuli gamocdileba gvidasturebs, rom poloneTisa<br />

da saqarTvelos diplomatiur urTierTobebs udidesi<br />

mniSvneloba hqonda maS<strong>in</strong>deli osmaleTis didi imperiis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg<br />

osmaleT-poloneTis qveynebis sabrZolo mzadebaSi.<br />

im drois osmaleTisa da evropuli saxelmwifoebis diplomatiuri<br />

urTierTobebis Seswavla SesaZlebels xdis gaviTvalisw<strong>in</strong>oT<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi viTareba da misi<br />

politikuri SesaZleblobebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />

rTuli sakiTxebis diplomatiuri meTodebiT mogvarebaSi. es<br />

sakiTxi Tanabrad sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa poloneli da qarTveli mkvlevrebisaTvis.<br />

polonur istoriografiaSi saTanadod aris Seswavlili<br />

b. gurjickis moRvaweoba. poloneli mkvlevarebi stanislav<br />

koSCialikovski, stanislav zalenski, ian kreS<strong>in</strong>ski, bogdan baranovski,<br />

ian suixmani, a. voJniaki da sxva. cdiloben zustad<br />

Seiswavlon, Seafason da gadmogvcen qarTveli diplomatis<br />

bogdan gurjickis saqmianoba, poloneTis saxelmwifo <strong>in</strong>teresebis<br />

dacvaSi.<br />

istoriul movlenaTa msvlelobaSi poloneTis bedi saqarTvelosas<br />

sakmaod hgavs. adreuli saukuneebidan iwyeba am<br />

qveynebs Soris urTierTTanadgoma, TanagrZnoba. poloneT-saqarTvelos<br />

urTierTobaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava ara<br />

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marto osmaleTis imperias, aramed ruseTis sagareo politikur<br />

moqmedebebsac. poloneTis saxelmwifo sakmaod gvian Camoyalibda,<br />

xolo saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebrioba<br />

aqvs. erT dros poloneTi iyo evropis uZlieresi<br />

saxelmwifo. aseTive iyo saqarTvelo — kavkasiaSi. SemdegSi<br />

gaZlierebuli ruseTi iwyebs ucxo miwebis, maT Soris polone-<br />

Tisa da saqarTvelos dapyrobas. aseTi istoriuli msgavsebi-<br />

Tac sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa maTi samomavlo urTierTobebis Seswavla,<br />

gaanalizeba, gamocdilebis gaazreba.<br />

poloneli istorikosebi didi <strong>in</strong>teresiT ganixilaven<br />

erT-erTi pirveli gamoCenili qarTveli diplomatis bogdan<br />

gurjickis damsaxurebas poloneTis samefo karis miznebis ganxorcielebaSi<br />

sparseTTan, osmaleTTan, ruseTTan, saqarTvelos<br />

urTierTobis procesSi. polonur istoriografiaSi bogdan<br />

gurjicki daxasiaTebulia im drois erT-erT ganaTlebul<br />

pirovnebad. man SesaniSnavad icoda samxedro saqme, iyo samefo<br />

laSqris aseulis meTauri. 1662 wels miiRo rotmistris wodeba.<br />

samxedro kompaniebisas mas vaJkacoba gamouCenia. am damsaxurebisaTvis<br />

1666 wlis zeimze samefo jaris warmomadgenlebi<br />

jildod moiTxovdnen misTvis aznaurobis micemas. 1676 wlis<br />

seimma mas mianiWa aznauris wodeba e.i. SliaxtiCoba. m<strong>in</strong>iWebis-<br />

Tanave miuciaT mamulebi lenCickis raionSi. Tavdapirvelad<br />

igi qarTlis mefis samsaxurSi imyofeboda da SesaniSnavad erkveoda<br />

samefo karis sagareo politikaSi. bogdan gurjicki XVII<br />

s-is naxevarSi poloneTSi aqtiurad moRvaweobs:<br />

a) stanislav koSnialkovski wers, rom poloneTis mefe<br />

ian kazimeJma 1668 wels Tavisi mefobis bolo wels specialuri<br />

misiiT gaagzavna sparseTSi b. gurjicki; xolo ian III — sobieskis<br />

mefobis dros poloneTis elCTa Soris sparseTis karze<br />

iyo polkovniki b. gurjicki, romelic asrulebda elCis movaleobas<br />

kapitan zagorskisTan erTad sparseTSi [1, 166].<br />

b) b. gurjickis saqmianobis Sefasebisas mkvlevari stanislav<br />

zalenski gvamcnobs: `mefe ian kazimeJma 1668 wels suleiman<br />

SahTan elCad gagzavna rostmistri gurjicki da misi<br />

piriT SesTavaza kavSiri TurqTa w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg~; vfiqrobT es<br />

iyo qarTveli diplomatis didi Rirsebisa da ndobis gamoxatuleba<br />

[1, 167]. s. zalenskis aseT cnobas didi mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs. rogorc Cans b. gurjicki droulad da zustad asrulebda<br />

Tavis rTul misias qveynebs Soris urTierTobis diploma-<br />

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tiuri xerxebiT mowesrigebaSi, igi ar erideboda Seecvala religiuri<br />

Sexedulebebi saxelmwifoebrivi davalebis SesrulebisaTvis.<br />

amis gamo stanislav zalenski samarTlianad wers:<br />

`es elCi iyo cnobili baroni buxtam-begi, romelic iyo poloneTis<br />

mefis rezidenti ispahanSi [1, 168].<br />

g) poloneli mogzauri da mematiane ian kuS<strong>in</strong>ski ganixilavs<br />

1722 wels sparseTSi avRanelTa SeWras, ramdenjerme axsenebs<br />

bogdan gurjickis pirovnul Tvisebebs, mis moRvaweobas<br />

da wers: `erT-erTi elCi, romelic didxans iyo poloneTis<br />

mefis rezidenti sparseTis Sahis karze, iyo mdidari kaci, samxedro<br />

saqmis kargi mcodne da politikur saqmeebSi gamocdili<br />

moRvawe~. mas Sah suleimanisgan miRebuli hqonda didi mamulebi<br />

Sirvanis prov<strong>in</strong>ciaSi, igi gardaicvala moskovSi rogorc<br />

kaTolike, iq Sahma suleimanma gagzavna elCad, sadac iyo<br />

kaTolikuri misiebis mgznebare qomagi [1, 169].<br />

d) bogdan baranovski gvauwyebs — XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />

poloneT-sparseTis urTierTobaSi `yvelaze metad<br />

cnobili diplomati iyo bogdan gurji, warmoSobiT qarTveli,<br />

romelic mravaljer iyo elCad gagzavnili sparseTSi~ [1, 170].<br />

e) ian reixmani gvatyob<strong>in</strong>ebs: b. gurjicki (igive buxtambegi,<br />

berbi bugdan begi, bogdan sparsi, bogdan gurjie) samefo<br />

jarebis rotmistri, poloneTis samsaxurSi myofi, SemdegSi<br />

cnobili diplomati, warmoSobiT saqarTvelodan iyo [1, 171];<br />

amrigad, xazgasma qarTuli warmoSobis Taobaze mianiSnebs mis<br />

sapatio damokidebulebaze poloneTis sazogadoebaSi.<br />

v) b. gurjickis saqarTvelosTan, mis samefo karTan mudmivi<br />

urTierToba da kavSiri hqonda. poloneTis elCs sparseTSi<br />

mogzaurobisas saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan gadasacemi<br />

saidumlo mimowera evaleboda da urTierToba hqonda<br />

TviT Sah-navazTan. aseT moments adasturebs ian streisis<br />

cnoba. ian streisi (SemdgomSi cnobili hol<strong>and</strong>ieli mogzauri)<br />

b. gurjickim gamoixsna monobidan, miuxedavad amisa sakmaod<br />

mkacr daxasiaTebas aZlevs [7, 172].<br />

z) arsebuli istoriuli cnobebis miuxedavad, kvlav sa<strong>in</strong>tereso<br />

sakvlevad rCeba b. gurjickis qarTuli warmomavloba,<br />

misi saxelisa da gvaris Zieba. migvaCnia, rom aseTi mcdeloba<br />

aqvs guram zedgeniZes statiaSi — `qarTveli diplomati<br />

bogdan gurjicki~. ma<strong>in</strong>c saWirod vTvliT gavagrZeloT saarqivo<br />

(ucxouri da qarTuli) masalebis Semdgomi moZieba da<br />

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mecnieruli ganzogadeba. cxadia, bogdan gurjickis diplomatiuri<br />

moRvaweoba poloneTis samefo karze sruliadac ar<br />

aris poloneT-saqarTvelos saxelmwifo urTierToba, magram<br />

es calkeuli saqmianoba, pirovnebis niWiereba da gamocdileba<br />

xels uwyobda ori qveynis daaxlovebas. evropuli samyarosaken<br />

ltolva ucxo ar aris qarTuli sagareo politikuri<br />

kursis warsulisaTvis. poloneTsa da saqarTvelos istoriuli<br />

urTierToba kidev ufro ganmtkicda mogviano periodSi,<br />

gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis aTian wlebSi. qarTuli samxedro<br />

emigracia poloneTSi saTaves iRebs 1921 wlidan [1, 172].<br />

qarTuli samxedro emigraciis mdidari istoriuli masalis<br />

gaanalizebisa da kritikuli Seswavlis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia<br />

XX saukunis pirveli naxevris movlenebis mniSvnelobis<br />

gamo da evropaSi mimd<strong>in</strong>are politikur urTierTobaSi<br />

qarTveli samxedro emigrantebis monawileobis rolis<br />

SefasebisaTvis.<br />

qarTvel mecnierTa gansakuTrebuli da<strong>in</strong>tereseba poloneT-saqarTvelos<br />

urTierTobis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis<br />

gaZlierda Tanamedrove pirobebSi. qarTveli istorikosebi: n.<br />

javaxiSvili [7], g. zedgeniZe [1], v. beniZe [3], S. murusiZe [4], c.<br />

CxartiSvili [8], i. c<strong>in</strong>caZe [6], T. qvelaSvili [5], e. mamukelaSvili<br />

[2]. vrclad da sarwmuno wyaroebis kritikuli analizis<br />

safuZvelze siRrmiseulad ganixilaven poloneT-saqarTvelos<br />

samxedro-politikuri urTierTobebis ZiriTad sakiTxebs.<br />

wlebis manZilze saqarTvelos Tavdacvis sam<strong>in</strong>istros<br />

sistemaSi muSaobam ganapiroba didi da<strong>in</strong>tereseba qarTuli<br />

samxedro emigraciis istoriis jer kidev ucnobi masalebis<br />

mimarT.<br />

1918 wlis 26 maiss, rodesac Seiqmna saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />

respublika (1918-1921ww.), qveynis xelisuflebaSi<br />

aRmoCnda arcTu Zlieri politikuri nebis adamianTa jgufi.<br />

amasTan, gamoCnda Zlieri rusuli Zala CrdiloeTidan, ramac<br />

ganapiroba pirveli qarTuli demokratiuli respublikis xelisuflebis<br />

da misi Tanamdgomi politikuri Tu samxedro Zalebis<br />

evropaSi emigrireba.<br />

qarTuli emigraciis ori ZiriTadi nawili mieZala evropas:<br />

1) politikuri; 2) samxedro.<br />

samxedro emigracia ZiriTadad poloneTSi Cavida.<br />

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q. gurjaanSi SalikaSvilebis samxedro saxl-muzeumSi<br />

moviZieT sa<strong>in</strong>tereso saarqivo dokumentacia qarTuli samxedro<br />

warmomadgenlebis raodenobisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb,<br />

rasac gavaanalizebT Cveni Semdgomi kvleva-Ziebis procesSi.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. g. zedgeniZe, qarTveli diplomati bogdan gurjicki,<br />

Jurnali `mnaTobi~, 1965, #12.<br />

2. e. mamukelaSvili, Cvenebi, Tb., 2009.<br />

3. v. beniZe, saqarTvelos social-politikuri mdgomareoba<br />

da saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis brZola 1920-1925ww., (cvlilebebi<br />

emigrantuli mTavrobisa da politikosebis brZolis<br />

taqtikaSi), Tb., 1999.<br />

4. S. murusiZe, qarTuli emigraciis erovnuli-ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

moZraobis kvlevis problemebi, krebulSi: `axali<br />

da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~ II (4), 2008.<br />

5. T. qvelaSvili, poloneTi da saqarTvelo evropis `did<br />

saWadrako dafaze~ (XV s-is II nax), Tb., 2005.<br />

6. i. c<strong>in</strong>caZe, masalebi poloneTisa da saqarTvelos ur-<br />

TierTobebis istoriisTvis (XV-XVII ss.), Tb., 1965.<br />

7. n. javaxiSvili, qarTveli mxedrebi poloneTis droSis<br />

qveS, Tb., 1998.<br />

8. c. CxartiSvili, poloneT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis<br />

zogierTi sakiTxi, krebulSi: `axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi~,<br />

II (4), 2008.<br />

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George Bezhitashvili<br />

Doctoral student of Iakob Gogebashvili<br />

Telavi State University<br />

The certa<strong>in</strong> aspects of <strong>History</strong> of the Georgian Military<br />

Immigration <strong>in</strong> Pol<strong>and</strong><br />

Summary<br />

In the Article, on the basis of rich historical material, activity of first<br />

representatives of the Georgian Military Immigration <strong>in</strong> the state of Pol<strong>and</strong> is<br />

analyzed. It is shown, that such representative is already seen s<strong>in</strong>ce the second<br />

half of XVII century <strong>in</strong> face of Bogdan Gurjietski <strong>and</strong> his brother Parsadan.<br />

The author quite justly considers, that the first Georgian talented<br />

military emigrant played a great role <strong>in</strong> the matter of settl<strong>in</strong>g the diplomatic<br />

relations between the state of Pol<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> Persian – Turkish countries.<br />

The special attention is paid on historical relations of Pol<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

Georgia, which was strengthened <strong>in</strong> further period, especially <strong>in</strong> the 10 year<br />

of XXI century.<br />

The author justly reviews the reasons result<strong>in</strong>g the Georgian military<br />

immigration began s<strong>in</strong>ce the 20s of XX century. The political immigration<br />

leav<strong>in</strong>g Georgia was folled by the representation of the Georgian Generals<br />

<strong>and</strong> Officers. They stayed <strong>in</strong> Pol<strong>and</strong> by support of Polish Authority.<br />

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avT<strong>and</strong>il sonRulaSvili<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriis da<br />

eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis axali da uaxlesi<br />

istoriis ganyofilebis gamge<br />

saqarTvelos urTierToba dasavleT evropasa<br />

da amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan XX saukunis<br />

pirvel meoTxedSi<br />

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobam da qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

gauqmebam, Cvens qveyanas gare samyarosTan<br />

urTierTobis SesaZlebloba mouspo. Tumca saimperatoro kari<br />

saqarTvelos geopolitikur mdebareobas angariSs uwevda<br />

da ucxo qveynebTan urTierTobis dros am faqtors saTanadod<br />

iTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebda. ukve, 1818 wels TbilisSi arsdeba franguli<br />

sakonsulo. 1820 wels aq warmogzavnes konsuli gamba,<br />

romelsac oficialurad evaleboda Tbilisis gadaqceva aRmosavleTTan<br />

vaWrobis centrad [1, 164].<br />

carizmma ver moaxerxa samxreT kavkasiis politikuri<br />

dapyrobis Semdeg misi sruli ekonomikuri aTviseba. amitom<br />

igi xels uwyobda ucxouri kapitalis mozidvas am teritoriaze.<br />

es procesi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda XIX saukunis 80-iani<br />

wlebidan. am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani adgili<br />

moipova germanulma kapitalma. man wamyvani poziciebi<br />

daikava mrewvelobis mraval dargSi da maT Soris — samTamadno<br />

mrewvelobaSi. manganumisa da spilenZis warmoeba — ai is<br />

dargebi, sadac gansakuTrebiT warmatebiT moikides fexi germanelebma.<br />

rogorc Cans, am miswrafebas ara marto komerciuli<br />

mogeba, aramed samxedro-strategiuli mizezebic edo safuZvlad<br />

[2, 46].<br />

germanelebi cdilobdnen, rac SeiZleba meti miwis nakve-<br />

Tebi SeeZ<strong>in</strong>aT saqarTveloSi. 1901 wels germanelma karl simensma<br />

miiRo baTumidan 57 kilometris manZilze, arTv<strong>in</strong>is maxloblad,<br />

sofel qvarcxanasTan arsebuli spilenZis mdidari<br />

sabados damuSavebis ufleba. aq male aages Saxtebi da daiwyes<br />

madnis mopoveba. simensebma izrunes, agreTve, axali madniani<br />

miwis nakveTebis SeZenaze.<br />

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1900-1909 wlebSi qvarcxanis axlos, sofel baSaulSi,<br />

karl simensis memkvidreebma, ruseTis qveSevrdomma baronesebma<br />

maria grevenicma da Sarlota buksgevdenma adgilobrivi<br />

glexebisagan SeiZ<strong>in</strong>es miwis nakveTebi da daiwyes madnis mopoveba.<br />

rogorc wyaroebSia aRniSnuli, simensebi miwas iZendnen<br />

Calis fasad [2, 45].<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi satelegrafo xazebis mSeneblobas<br />

udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda germanuli firmis `simensis da<br />

halskes~ saqmianobaSi kapitalis dagrovebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

1866 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac mefis mTavrobam aRar gaagrZela<br />

firmasTan kontraqti ruseTSi satelegrafo xazebis gamar-<br />

Tuli muSaobis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, peterburgis `simensisa<br />

da halskes~ saqmianoba 80-90-ian wlebSi, ZiriTadad, samxreT<br />

kavkasiaSi iyo koncentrirebuli. am periodSi firma<br />

kvlav Zlierdeba ruseTSi, umTavresad — eleqtroteqnikis<br />

mrewvelobaSi. swored am dros, 1866-1867 wlebSi TbilisSi dasaxldnen<br />

verner simensis umcrosi Zmebi valteri da oto,<br />

mogvianebiT — karli, TavianTi ojaxebiT da ganizraxes aq<br />

mtkiced damkvidreba. es faqti erTxel kidev adasturebs, Tu<br />

ra did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen simensebi saqarTveloSi saqmianobas<br />

[3, 35-36].<br />

XX saukunis damdegidan WiaTuraSi samrewvelo saqmianoba<br />

garTulda. qarTveli mrewvelebi didi siZneleebis w<strong>in</strong>aSe<br />

aRmoCndnen. maT an kapitali unda gamoenaxaT, an daetoveb<strong>in</strong>aT<br />

samrewvelo saqmianobis asparezi. saTanado molaparakebis<br />

Semdeg, germanuli firmis `mangans<strong>in</strong>dikatis~ meSveobiT, qar-<br />

Tvel mrewvelTa sazogadoeba awarmoebda marganecis eqsports,<br />

ijariT iRebda da yidulobda marganecis sabadoebs.<br />

udavoa, `mangans<strong>in</strong>dikats~ imTaviTve ufro didi mizani amoZravebda,<br />

vidre kapitalis procentis miReba da madnis gasaRebis<br />

saqmeSi Suamavloba iyo. kerZod, mas surda xelT egdo Wia-<br />

Turis mdidari sabadoebi da TviTve ewarmoeb<strong>in</strong>a maTi eqsploatacia.<br />

1902 wels Camoyalibebuli qarTvel mrewvelTa sazogadoeba<br />

`Savi qva~ T<strong>and</strong>aTan ebmeboda `mangans<strong>in</strong>dikatis~ mier<br />

dagebul badeSi. male gamomJRavnda, rom sazogadoebas avansi<br />

da krediti araxelsayreli pirobebiT hqonda miRebuli, rac<br />

iwvevda mis daqvemdebarebas germanuli firmisadmi. `mangans<strong>in</strong>dikats~<br />

didxans aRar dauyovnebia gadamwyveti naxtomis<br />

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gakeTeba. 1906 wels TbilisSi molaparakeba gaimarTa `Savi<br />

qvis~ rwmunebul zdanoviCsa da `mangans<strong>in</strong>dikatis~ warmomadgenel<br />

fridrix neimans Soris. germanel kapitalistTa badeSi<br />

gaxlarTuli qarTvel mrewvelTa sazogadoebis rwmunebuli<br />

iZulebuli gaxda araxelsayreli SeTanxmebisaTvis moewera<br />

xeli. mogvianebiT sazogadoebam, didi msxverplis gaRebis fasad,<br />

Tavi daaRwia germanul firmaze damokidebulebas, magram<br />

sakuTar fexze mtkiced dadgoma ver SeZlo da male daiwyo<br />

sxva kreditoris Zebna.<br />

WiaTuris samrewvelo raionis ekonomikuri dapyrobis<br />

mizniT, ucxoel kapitalistTa Semoteva gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda<br />

1908 wlidan. konkurenciaSi damarcxebuli qarTvel<br />

mrewvelTa erTi nawili xels iRebs warmoebaze, yidis an ijariT<br />

scems sabadoebs, ZiriTadad ucxoelebze. didi raodenobiT<br />

Seisyida marganecis sabadoebi germanulma firmam (gelzenkirxenis<br />

samTo samrewvelo sazogadoeba), romelmac marto<br />

1910-1911 wlebSi WiaTuraSi erTi milioni maneTi daab<strong>and</strong>a.<br />

Zalian gaaqtiurdnen sxva ucxouri sazogadoebani da mrewvelebi<br />

[4, 106,107].<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa, rom warmoebis mTeli aparati WiaTuraSi<br />

mxolod germanelebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli, ris Sesaxebac<br />

mefisnacvali 1916 wels acnobebda ruseTis m<strong>in</strong>istrTa sabWos:<br />

`germanuli firmebis moRvaweobis uaryofiT mxared unda CaiTvalos<br />

rusuli teqnikuri Zalebis ignorirebac. maT mTeli<br />

momsaxure personali germaniidan moiyvanes~ [5, 23-24].<br />

XIX saukunis bolos aSS-ma sakonsulo gaxsna baTumSi,<br />

rac ganpirobebuli iyo amerikis kapitalis samxreT kavkasiis<br />

regionSi gamoCeniT. ufro metad ki amerikis miznebiT, uaxloes<br />

momavalSi germaniis, safrangeTisa da misi sxva evropeli<br />

metoqeebis SeviwroebiT Rirseuli adgili daekaveb<strong>in</strong>a am regionSi.<br />

1914 wels, pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave, sakonsulom<br />

TbilisSi gadmo<strong>in</strong>acvla [6,12].<br />

1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, saqarTvelos<br />

politikurma partiebma pirvel erovnul yrilobazec ki ver<br />

gabedes ara Tu saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovna, aramed<br />

avtonomiis sakiTxis dayenebac ki. Tumca, Cans arc evropidan<br />

igrZnoboda mxardaWera. es faqti kargad gamoCnda saqar-<br />

TveloSi antantis (aSS, <strong>in</strong>glisis, safrangeTisa da italiis)<br />

262

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diplomatebis vizitis dros (1917 wlis dekembris pirvel naxevarSi).<br />

maT pirdapir ganucxades saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />

sabWos mesveurebs, rom is<strong>in</strong>i cnobdnen ganuyofel ruseTs da<br />

ara mis calkeul mxareebs — Tundac saqarTvelos an sxva v<strong>in</strong>mes,<br />

visac sakuTari mTavroba ar hyavs. maTve dasZ<strong>in</strong>es agreTve,<br />

rom is<strong>in</strong>i cnobdnen ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis mier Seqmnil<br />

amierkavkasiis komisariats. amasTan antantis diplomatebma<br />

erovnul sabWos arc osmaleTis SesaZlo Setevis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg<br />

daxmareba da arc iaraRis miwodeba ar aRuTqves, is<strong>in</strong>i<br />

mxolod zogadi rCevis micemiT dakmayofildnen [7, 99-100].<br />

maS<strong>in</strong> saqarTvelos mesveurebma imedis Tvali germanias<br />

miapyres. germanelTa <strong>in</strong>teresi ki saqarTvelosa da samxreT<br />

kavkasiaSi, marTlac mravalmxrivi iyo. kaizeruli germaniis<br />

erT-erTi burjTagani fon ludendorfi saqarTvelosa da<br />

samxreT kavkasiaSi germanelTa gegmebze sakmao gulaxdilobiT<br />

miuTiTebs Tavis mogonebebSi. germanias saqarTvelosken<br />

eweoda samxedro, ekonomikuri da politikuri <strong>in</strong>teresebi:<br />

samxreT kavkasia strategiuli TvalsazrisiT germanelTa samxedro<br />

gegmebSi friad mimzidvelad gamoiyureboda. aqedan<br />

rk<strong>in</strong>igzebiT SeiZleboda jarebis gadayvana CrdiloeT iranSi<br />

da <strong>in</strong>gliselTa g<strong>and</strong>evna iranis placdarmidan. am saqmeSi saqarTvelos<br />

jarebis gamoyenebac iyo navaraudevi. saqarTveloSi<br />

adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan Segrovdeboda muSaxeli,<br />

romelsac germaniaSi muSaTa armiaSi gasawvevi kont<strong>in</strong>genti<br />

unda Seecvala.<br />

ekonomikuri <strong>in</strong>teresebi ufro farTo iyo: xangrZliv om-<br />

Si sisxlisgan dawretil germanias samrewvelo nedleuli da<br />

sursaTi aRar gaaCnda. samxreT kavkasia ki, Tavisi wiaRiseuli<br />

simdidreebis siuxviTa da mravalferovnebiT did imeds iZleoda:<br />

aq iyo marganeci, navTi, qvanaxSiri, xe-tye. germanelebs<br />

gansakuTrebiT baqos navTi a<strong>in</strong>teresebdaT. saqarTveloSi<br />

damkvidreba baqoskenac kafavda gzas. miT umetes, ganjaSi Camoyalibebuli<br />

musavaturi mTavroba germanelebs sTxovda<br />

daxmarebas baqos komunis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg [8, 608].<br />

kaizeris germaniis mesveurebi TavianT politikas saqar-<br />

TveloSi arc ki faravdnen. saqarTvelo maT momaval gegmebSi<br />

gamoiyureboda ise, rogorc <strong>in</strong>doeTi <strong>in</strong>glisis mfarvelobaSi.<br />

roca berl<strong>in</strong>Si saqarTvelos delegaciis wevri z. avaliSvili<br />

simonss SeekiTxa, Tu rogor esaxeba mas momavalSi germaniis<br />

263

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warmomadgenlis mdgomareoba saqarTveloSi, am ukanasknelma<br />

upasuxa: `formiT es Cveulebrivi diplomatiuri warmomadgenelia,<br />

arsebiTad igi SeiZleba warmovidg<strong>in</strong>oT rogorc <strong>in</strong>glisis<br />

rezidenti damoukidebeli <strong>in</strong>doeTis saxelmwifoSi~. rogori<br />

damokidebuleba hqonda <strong>in</strong>doeTs <strong>in</strong>glisis proteqtoratis<br />

dros, es avaliSvilsa da samonss kargad esmodaT [8, 609].<br />

amierkavkasiis seimma brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekruleba<br />

ar cno, romlis mixedviT osmaleTis xelSi gadadioda ba-<br />

Tumis, yarsisa da ardaganis teritoriebi. amierkavkasiis delegaciasTan<br />

molaparakebis dros osmaleTis mxare aiZulebda<br />

seimis warmomadgenlebs, rom vidre amierkavkasiis mTavroba<br />

ar ucvnia sxva saxelmwifoebs, amierkavkasia iTvleboda ruse-<br />

Tis federaciis nawilad da maTTvis savaldebulo iyo brestlitovskis<br />

xelSekrulebaTa miReba. amasTanave, osmaleTis<br />

gegmebSi Sedioda, rom samxreT kavkasia Camoecileb<strong>in</strong>a ruse-<br />

TisaTvis da wamoeyeneb<strong>in</strong>a misi damoukidebloba [9, 31], raTa<br />

ufro meti teritoria Caegdo xelSi. ase rom, germaniisa da<br />

osmaleTis <strong>in</strong>teresebi samxreT kavkasiSi erTmaneTs emTxveoda.<br />

rodesac germania kisrulobda Suamavlis rols saqar-<br />

Tvelosa da osmaleTs Soris da qmnida pirobebs saqarTvelos<br />

damoukideblobis gamocxadebisaTvis, germaniis saxelmwifos<br />

ZiriTadad sakuTari <strong>in</strong>teresebi amoZravebda samxreT kavkasiaSi,<br />

kerZod, saqarTveloSi. es kidev erTxel gamoCnda 1918<br />

wlis 27 aprils osmaleTsa da germanias Soris saidumlo Se-<br />

TanxmebaSi, rac miznad isaxavda gavlenis sferoebad ganawilebas<br />

[10, 10].<br />

1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebam<br />

da germaniis misiis Semosvlam saqarTveloSi didi SeSfoTeba<br />

gamoiwvia sabWoTa ruseTSi. bolSevikebi, oqtombris<br />

gadatrialebis Semdeg, yofili imperiis mTeli teritoriis<br />

gasabWoebas varaudobdnen da yofil koloniur qveynebs axla<br />

bolSevikebis `sakuTrebad~ acxadebdnen. amasTan dakavSrebiT,<br />

1918 wlis 8 ivliss, stal<strong>in</strong>i swerda kavkasiis saqmeTa sagangebo<br />

komisars stefane Saumians: `amierkavkasiis sakiTxSi Cveni<br />

zogadi politika imaSi mdgomareobs, rom germanelebi vaiZuloT<br />

saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis sakiTxebi oficialurad<br />

aRiaron ruseTis S<strong>in</strong>aur sakiTxebad, romelTa gadawyvetaSi<br />

germanelebi ar unda iRebdnen monawileobas. swo-<br />

264

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ed amitom ar vcnobT Cven saqarTvelos damoukideblobas,<br />

romelic germaniam scno~ [11, 5].<br />

am werilidan naTlad Cnas, ras upirebda momavalSi sab-<br />

WoTa ruseTi saqarTvelos. ukve am droidan mzaddeboda 1921<br />

wlis Tebervlis tragedia.<br />

qarTveli politikosebi kargad iyvnen garkveulni germanelebis<br />

namdvil zraxvebSi. zogierTi daTmoba ganpirobebuli<br />

iyo Tavisuflebis gzaze axlad gamosuli saqarTvelos<br />

siZneleebiT, romelsac garSemo uamravi mteri exvia. osmale-<br />

Tisagan Tavis daRwevas, germaniis Carevis gareSe, saqarTvelo<br />

ver SeZlebda, germanelebma ki, savsebiT bunebrivia, isargebles<br />

Cveni qveynis mZime mdgomareobiT da Seecadnen sargebeli<br />

meti enaxaT.<br />

1918 wlis maisis bolos saqarTveloSi Semosuli germanelebi<br />

aq didxans ar gaCerebulan. 1918 wlis 9 noembers germaniaSi<br />

daiwyo revolucia, romelmac taxtidan Camoagdo vilhelm<br />

II, xolo 11 noembers germaniis warmomadgenlebi iZulebulni<br />

iyvnen kompienis tyeSi xeli moeweraT dazavebaze, romliTac<br />

germania Tavs damarcxebulad cnobda. amis Semdeg germania<br />

iZulebuli gaxda daetoveb<strong>in</strong>a samxreT kavkasia da konkretulad<br />

saqarTvelo. 1918 wlis 26 dekembers foTidan gavida germaniis<br />

jarebis ukanaskneli eSeloni.<br />

miuxedavaT germaniis mxardaWerisa saqarTvelos damoukideblobis<br />

gamocxadebaSi, respublikis faqtiuri cnobis<br />

Semdeg is<strong>in</strong>i ar Cqarobdnen Cveni qveynis iuridiul aRiarebas.<br />

germaniam saqarTvelo de iured cno mxolod 1920 wlis 24 seqtembers.<br />

manamde saqarTvelos damoukidebloba iuridiulad<br />

aRiara osmaleTma 1918 wlis 3 ivniss, argent<strong>in</strong>am 1919 wlis 13<br />

seqtembers da ruseTma 1920 wlis 7 maiss [12, 15].<br />

rogorc Cans yvela Zlier saxelmwifos naklebad adardebs<br />

patara qveynis bedi da, mxolod, sakuTari teritoriis<br />

gafarToeba-gaZlierebas isaxavs miznad. amaze metyvelebs zemoxsenebuli<br />

simonsis sityvebi, romelic germaniis garkveuli<br />

politikuri wreebis <strong>in</strong>teresebs gamoxatavda. kerZod, mas miaCnda,<br />

rom `saqarTvelos geografiuli siSore rom ara, yvelaze<br />

marTebuli iqneboda misi Sesvla germaniis federaciaSi (!)~<br />

[13, 105].<br />

cota xanSi germanelebi <strong>in</strong>gliselebma Secvales. mudrosis<br />

sazavo xelSekrulebis mixedviT, <strong>in</strong>gliselebma daikaves<br />

265

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aTumi da baTumis olqi da daaweses saokupacio reJimi, Seqmnes<br />

sageneralgubernatoro, romelsac saTaveSi Cauyenes general<br />

maiori kuk-kolisi.<br />

1918 wlis dekembris bolos daiwyo britaneTis jarebis<br />

ganlageba saqarTvelos teritoriaze. baTumis garda maT daikaves<br />

mniSvnelvani navsadgurebi: foTi, soxumi, moaxd<strong>in</strong>es saz-<br />

Rvao Zalebis aRwera da kontroli daaweses portebis funqcionirebaze.<br />

paralelurad britanelebma daikaves baTum-Tbilisis<br />

sark<strong>in</strong>igzo xazi, ganaxorcieles jaris nawilebis dislokacia<br />

mniSvnelovan adm<strong>in</strong>istraciul-strategiul punqtebSi,<br />

ZiriTadad rk<strong>in</strong>igzis xazis gaswvriv: TbilisSi, quTaisSi,<br />

samtrediaSi, mcxeTaSi, gorSi da a.S. <strong>in</strong>glisis samxedro<br />

razmebi idgnen aseve duSeTSi. maT daniSnulebas Seadgenda<br />

jvris uReltexilis Caketva, raTa ar daeSvaT bolSevikebis<br />

gadmosvla saqarTveloSi [14, 21].<br />

aRniSnuli cvlilebebi qarTul politikaSi Semdegma<br />

procesebma ganapirobes: pirvelma msoflio omma sasikvdilo<br />

ganaCeni gamoutana saqarTvelos germanul sagareo-politikur<br />

orientacias. qarTulma diplomatiam gezi gamarjvebuli<br />

qveynebisaken aiRo.<br />

evropaSi saqarTvelos delegaciis wevrebisaTvis naTeli<br />

iyo, rom gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda <strong>in</strong>glis-<br />

Tan diplomatiuri kontaqtebis gafarToebas. am amocanis<br />

warmatebiT gaxorcielebaze mniSvnelovnad iyo damokidebuli<br />

saqarTvelos momavali.<br />

saqarTvelo-somxeTis samxedro konfliqti saqarTvelo-<br />

Si <strong>in</strong>glisis samxedro Zalebis Semosvlamde ramdenime dRiT<br />

adre daiwyo. es ori movlena saeWvod daemTxva erTmaneTs.<br />

sabWour istoriografiaSi gabatonebuli iyo mosazreba,<br />

rom saqarTvelo-somxeTis omi <strong>in</strong>gliselebis mier iyo <strong>in</strong>spirirebuli.<br />

marTalia, somxeTis mier, 1918 wlis 18 oqtombers,<br />

borCalos mazraSi wamowyebuli saomari operaciebi erTgvarad<br />

pro<strong>in</strong>glisur xasiaTs atarebda da, SeiZleba, <strong>in</strong>glisis politikis<br />

nayofad miviCnioT. araa gamoricxuli, rom im droisaTvis<br />

somxeTis xelisuflebis moqmedeba <strong>in</strong>glisis mier iyo<br />

waqezebuli, radganac, ebrZoda ra saqarTvelos, somxeTi faqtobrivad<br />

am qveyanaSi myof germanelebs upirispirdeboda da<br />

ase, <strong>in</strong>glisis wisqvilze asxamda wyals. bunebrivia, am momentma<br />

(<strong>in</strong>glis-somxeTis urTierTobam saqarTvelo-germaniis mi-<br />

266

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marT) Tavisi daRi daasva 1918 wlis dekembris movlenebs, magram<br />

amjerad somxebis gamosvlas araviTari pro<strong>in</strong>glisuri xasiaTi<br />

ar hqonda, ufro metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, saqarTveloSi<br />

britaneTis miznebis ganxorcielebis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli<br />

da kaCaznunis mTavrobis viwro politikuri, nacionaluri<br />

mosazrebiT sazrdoobda [14, 28-29].<br />

<strong>in</strong>glisis mTavrobis damokidebuleba saqarTvelo-britaneTis<br />

ekonomikisaTvis, Seqmnili politikuri pirobebis gamo,<br />

`daxurul zonas~ warmoadgenda. londonis ekonomikuri politika<br />

saqarTveloSi mTlianad sufTa politikuri miznebis<br />

ganxorcielebas emsaxureboda, rac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saqar-<br />

Tvelos sasicocxlo ekonomikuri <strong>in</strong>teresebis Selaxvas da mis<br />

srul ignorirebas iwvevda [14, 76].<br />

`saqarTvelos sakiTxSi~ <strong>in</strong>glisis ormagma st<strong>and</strong>artebma<br />

kulm<strong>in</strong>acias 1920 wlis dekemberSi miaRwies, rodesac london-<br />

Si <strong>in</strong>glis-ruseTis savaWro xelSekrulebis proeqtis mosamzadeblad<br />

molaparakebani loid jorjis mTavrobasa da kras<strong>in</strong>is<br />

ekonomikur misias Soris daskvniT fazaSi Sevida. 22 dekembers<br />

SeTanxmebuli proeqtis preambulaSi ruseTis `anti<strong>in</strong>glisuri<br />

moqmedebis~ akrZalvis zonebis geografiul nomenklaturidan<br />

kavkasiis amoReba oficialurad adasturebda saqarTveloSi<br />

ruseTis <strong>in</strong>teresebis cnobas <strong>in</strong>glisis mier [15, 186].<br />

cota xniT adre, rogorc <strong>in</strong>glis-italiis diplomatiuri<br />

urTierTobebis amsaxveli masalebidan irkveva, <strong>in</strong>glis-italiis<br />

8 aprilis cnobili SeTanxmebis erT-erTi punqti iTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebda<br />

baTumSic (iseve rogorc mTlianad saqarTveloSi)<br />

<strong>in</strong>glisis jarebis italiuri jarebiT Secvlas. es daadastura<br />

j. kerzonmac san-remos konferenciis 18 aprilis sxdomaze gamosvlisas<br />

(1920 w.) [16, 92], magram aq yuradRebas iqcevs erTi,<br />

arc Tu ise umniSvnelo niuansi; rogorc Cans, baTumSi <strong>in</strong>glisuri<br />

jarebi unda SeecvalaT ara mxolod italiis, aramed safrangeTis<br />

batalionebsac, e.i. <strong>in</strong>glisis warmomadgenelTa<br />

gegmebSi sakuTriv baTumsa da mis olqSi ar unda daeSvaT<br />

`wm<strong>in</strong>da italiuri okupacia~, saqarTvelos sxva regionebisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT. am ASemTxvevaSi safrangeTs eniWeboda baTum-<br />

Si italiis gavlenis erTgvari gamaneitraleblis da misi poziciebis<br />

SemzRudavi qveynis roli. aqve unda aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos, rom<br />

miuxedavaT miRweuli SeTanxmebisa, <strong>in</strong>gliss 1920 wlis ivlisamde<br />

ar ganuxorcielebia baTumis regionis deokupacia. am<br />

267

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drois manZilze italiis samxedro misia didi yuradRebiT<br />

adevnebda Tvals baTumsa da mis irgvliv mimd<strong>in</strong>are procesebs<br />

da sakuTari mTavrobis <strong>in</strong>tensiur <strong>in</strong>formirebas eweoda am sakiTxze<br />

[15, 95].<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom <strong>in</strong>glisma orientacia aiRo ma<strong>in</strong>cdama<strong>in</strong>c<br />

italiaze, romelic ar gamoirCeoda arc politikuri<br />

mdgradobiTa da siZlieriT, arc samxedro-ekonomikuri potencialiT.<br />

maSasadame, <strong>in</strong>glisma erTob susti mokavSire air-<br />

Cia im rwmeniTa da imediT, rom italiis samxedro-politikur<br />

gavlenas saqarTveloze ar eqneboda yovlismomcveli da siRrmiseuli<br />

xasiaTi da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, am gavlenis<br />

blokireba Tu italiis `g<strong>and</strong>evna~ saqarTvelodan mas ar gau-<br />

Wirdeboda [15, 64-65]. magram <strong>in</strong>glisis gegmebi mTlad Canafiqris<br />

mixedviT ver warimarTa. italia warmoadgenda erTaderT<br />

evropul saxelmwifos, romelmac diplomatiuri urTierTobis<br />

damyareba saqarTvelosTan saelCos CamoyalibebiT gamoxata.<br />

arc <strong>in</strong>gliss da arc safrangeTs analogiuri nabiji ar<br />

gadaudgamT. maT ar SeucvliaT saqarTveloSi TavianTi warmomadgenlobis<br />

statusi da kvlavac `umaRlesi komisrebis~ doneze<br />

datoves da es maS<strong>in</strong>, rodesac saqarTvelos mTavrobam,<br />

1921 wlis 29 ianvars, evropaSi saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba<br />

regularul diplomatiur warmomadgenlobad gadaakeTa evropis<br />

qveynebSi (Svecia, espaneTi, rum<strong>in</strong>eTi, portugalia,<br />

norvegia, dania, Cexoslovakia, serbia-xorvatia-sloveniis<br />

federacia, belgia, safrangeTi didi britaneTi da italia)<br />

[15, 193].<br />

saerTod, <strong>in</strong>gliselebze yvelaze cudi STabeWdileba moaxd<strong>in</strong>a<br />

1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebam sabWoTa ruseTTan.<br />

is<strong>in</strong>i mixvdnen, rom amiT saqarTvelos saqme xelidan iyo wasuli.<br />

rodesac maT jari gaiyvanes baTumidan generalma kuk-kolisma<br />

aafeTqa qalaqis didi zarbaznebi, romlebic baTums<br />

icavda. amiT damTavrda Cveni urTierToba <strong>in</strong>glisTan [17, 64].<br />

didi mniSvneloba hqonda aSS-is pozicias saqarTvelos-<br />

Tan mimarTebaSi. 1914 wlidan 1919 wlis maisamde, saqarTvelo-<br />

Si amerikis konsuli feliqs uiloubi smiTi iyo [6, 12].<br />

noe Jordaniam, rogorc ki xelisufleba Caibara, mTavrobis<br />

sasaxlidan Camoaxsnev<strong>in</strong>a erovnuli droSa da revoluciis<br />

wiTeli droSa aafrialeb<strong>in</strong>a. es valiko juRelis sagangebo<br />

moTxovna iyo. erTi wlis manZilze, es droSa aRelvebda qar-<br />

268

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Tvelobas da uaryofiT STabeWdilebas axdenda ucxo qveynebis<br />

warmomadgenlebze. bevri amas bolSevikobis niSnad miiCneda.<br />

magaliTad, TbilisSi myofma amerikelma profesorma, romelsac<br />

unda gaerkvia, SeiZleboda Tu ara Cveni aRiareba, rogorc<br />

ki wiTeli droSebi da<strong>in</strong>axa Sesabamisi SeniSvna gagzavna<br />

amerikaSi [17, 25]. es profesori iyo cnobili mecnieri rosi,<br />

romelic Tavisive surviliT eswreboda 1917 wlis 3 oqtombers<br />

qarTuli universitetis sazogadoebis pirvel saerTo<br />

krebas [18, 13].<br />

konsuli smiTi aSS sagareo departamentisagan Tavidanve<br />

moiTxovda, rom amerikas f<strong>in</strong>ansuri daxmareba gaewia kavkasiis<br />

xalxebisaTvis. gamudmebiT cdilobda amerikuli firmebis da<strong>in</strong>teresebas<br />

kavkasiiTa da saqarTveloTi. diplomatiuri ur-<br />

TierTobis dros, zogjer arasasurveli kuriozebic xdeboda.<br />

magaliTad, saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa m<strong>in</strong>istrs evgeni gegeWkors<br />

konsulTan `gaugebroba~ mouxda. gegeWkors `daaviwyda~,<br />

rom smiTi uzarmazari amerikis warmomadgeneli iyo, xolo<br />

TviTon ki — patara saqarTvelosi. is, zogjer, sificxesa<br />

da ampartavnobas iCenda. m<strong>in</strong>istrma mebaJeebs gaaCxrek<strong>in</strong>a amerikis<br />

konsulis diplomatiuri Cemodani. es ambavi cecxlis<br />

aliviT moedo saqarTveloSi myof yvela warmomadgenels. evgeni<br />

gajiutda da, cxra Tve bodiSs ar ixdida. bolos, gegeWkori<br />

da smiTi italiis warmomadgenelma Cerutim Seariga. samwuxarod,<br />

am <strong>in</strong>cidents ori cudi Sedegi mohyva saqarTvelos-<br />

Tvis. kerZod, Cemodnis ambavi konsulma dawvrilebiT amcno<br />

vaS<strong>in</strong>gtons. amerikelebma Cvens mTavrobas fsevdo-mTavroba<br />

uwodes da es gaimeora kidec mokavSireebis uzenaesma sabWom.<br />

meores mxriv, amerikis konsuli amjerad ukve urCevda amerikel<br />

mrewvelebs, ar wamoewyoT saqmeebi saqarTveloSi, sanam<br />

mas de iure ar icnobdnen [17, 57].<br />

aSS prezidentma vudro uilsonma SesaniSnavad ganWvrita<br />

is garemoeba, rom italiis jarebis Seyvana <strong>in</strong>glisuri okupaciisagan<br />

gamoTavisuflebul samxreT kavkasiaSi safrTxes uqmnida<br />

aSS-is strategiul <strong>in</strong>teresebs am regionSi. aSS-is strategiuli<br />

da geopolitikuri <strong>in</strong>teresebis arsi, maTi realizaciisaTvis<br />

SemuSavebuli konkretul-taqtikuri meTodebis<br />

sistema, safuZvlianadaa Camoyalibebuli aSS-is saxelmwifo<br />

departamentis sa<strong>in</strong>formacio ganyofilebis specialur dokumentSi<br />

— `w<strong>in</strong>aswari angariSisa da w<strong>in</strong>adadebebis proeqti, mom-<br />

269

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zadebuli <strong>in</strong>struqciaTa Sesabamisad sa<strong>in</strong>formacio ganyofilebis<br />

mier, prezidentisa da sruluflebiani warmomadgenlebisaTvis~.<br />

dokumentis mixedviT, aSS-is kavkasiuri politikis<br />

RerZad miCneulia orientacia somxeTze, romlisTvisac, sxva-<br />

TaSoris, Sav zRvaze gasasvlelis uflebis motivirebiT, navaraudevi<br />

iyo axalqalaqisa da axalcixis mazrebis gadacema (?).<br />

Tu `italiuri m<strong>and</strong>ati~ saqarTvelos mxolod sagareo-politikuri<br />

prerogativebis nawilobriv Sekvecas uqadda, `amerikuli<br />

m<strong>and</strong>ati~, amasTan, teritoriuli ganuyoflobis xelyofis<br />

perspeqtivasTanac iyo dakavSirebuli. rogorc vxedavT,<br />

somxeTis xelovnuri `gaZliereba~ da masze sakuTari m<strong>and</strong>atis<br />

daweseba aSS-is strategiul miz<strong>and</strong>asaxulobas warmoadgenda.<br />

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, mas eniWeboda `droebiTi damoukideblobis~<br />

statusi da Semdeg igi unda SeerTeboda somxeTs<br />

(`Zia semi~ am `SeerTebaSi~ ar gamoricxavda federaciul gaer-<br />

Tianebasac). analogiuri `perspeqtiva~ eloda azerbaijansac.<br />

aSS-is kavkasiuri politikis doqtr<strong>in</strong>ul elementebs Seicavda<br />

polkovnik hauzis e.w. `komentarebic~, romlebic am ukanasknelma<br />

daurTo uilsonis `14 punqts~. `komentarebis~ VI punqtSi<br />

xazgasmuli iyo, rom `am sivrcis gareT unda darCes poloneTi,<br />

litva, latvia, f<strong>in</strong>eTi, ukra<strong>in</strong>a da cimbiri~. rac Seexeba<br />

kavkasias da Sua azias, `komentarebSi~ naTqvamia: `kavkasia<br />

albaT, unda ganxilul iqnas, rogorc TurqeTis imperiis problemis<br />

nawili ... savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom romelime did saxelmwifos<br />

(bunebrivia, rom hauzi aSS-s gulisxmobs) gadaeces<br />

mmarTvelobis SezRuduli m<strong>and</strong>ati proteqtoratis safuZvelze~.<br />

amdenad, aSS-is samxreT kavkasiuri politikis prizmaSi<br />

saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis<br />

arseboba arc ki moiazreboda da es `teritoriuli gaerTianebani~<br />

somxuri <strong>in</strong>korporaciis obieqtebad miiCneodnen. am<br />

konteqstSi savsebiT bunebrivia uilsonis negatiuri reaqcia<br />

loid jorjsa da orl<strong>and</strong>os Soris momxdari garigebisadmi<br />

[15, 67-68].<br />

smiTis Semdeg saqarTveloSi konsulad da<strong>in</strong>iSna Carlz<br />

mozeri, romelic TbilisSi 1920 wlis ianvris pirvel dReebSi<br />

Camovida. 1921 wlis gazafxulze konsuli saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan<br />

erTad gaemgzavra da Tbilisis amerikis saelCom<br />

stambulSi daido b<strong>in</strong>a [6, 13].<br />

270

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saqarTvelos erTa ligaSi miRebis dros <strong>in</strong>glisis uaryofiTma<br />

poziciam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. kenWisyraSi monawileobda<br />

24 saxelmwifo. gawevrianebisaTvis saWiro iyo 16<br />

xma. saqarTvelos sasargeblod xma misca aTma qveyanam, oTxma<br />

Tavi Seikava. w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg gamovida aTi, maT Soris didi britaneTi<br />

da misi zegavleniT dom<strong>in</strong>ioni qveynebi — kanada, avstralia,<br />

zel<strong>and</strong>ia [14, 113].<br />

saqarTvelos miRebis sakiTxi erTa ligis momaval sesiamde<br />

gadaido, romelic 1921 wlis seqtemberSi Catarda JenevaSi,<br />

magram ukve dagvianebuli iyo...<br />

de iured cnobidan sami Tvis Semdeg, 1921 wlis ianvris<br />

pirvel dReebSi italiuri TbomavliT, `franc ferd<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong>iT~,<br />

baTumSi Camovida germaniis elCi saqarTveloSi roSeri. mogvianebiT<br />

igi didi pativiscemiT miiRes TbilisSi. elCs Tan axlda<br />

saelCos mrCeveli <strong>and</strong>ersi, romelic adre foTSi asrulebda<br />

eqs-konsulis movaleobas. garda amisa, germaniis delegaciaSi<br />

Sediodnen sakmaod didi ricxvi pirebisa, romelTagan<br />

umetesoba sxva erovnebis pasportiT Camovida. baTumSi myofi<br />

frangi kontradmiralis diumenilis sityviT, eWvs gareSe iyo,<br />

rom misiis aqtivoba antantis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg iqneboda mimarTuli.<br />

diumenilis moxsenebiTi baraTis mixedviT, romelic safrangeTis<br />

xelisuflebas gaegzavna, germaniis delegaciis Camosvlis<br />

Semdeg antifranguli propag<strong>and</strong>a daiwyo baTumSi. saxeldobr,<br />

germanelebi xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom<br />

frangebi adre mxars uWerdnen carizms da axla surdaT Zveli<br />

ruseTis aRdgena mis adr<strong>in</strong>del sazRvrebSi, rac saqarTvelos<br />

damoukideblobis dakargvas niSnavda.<br />

frangebis azriT, saqarTveloSi germanelebis ekonomikuri<br />

gavlena aqamde italiis droSiT <strong>in</strong>iRbeboda. im momentSi ki<br />

es saSiSroebas aRar warmoadgenda, radgan sufTa germanuli<br />

komerciuli operaciebi ifargleboda saqonlis iseTi saxeebiT,<br />

romlebic markis gaufasurebas Zalian ganicdida. mdgomareoba<br />

mTlianad Seicvleboda maS<strong>in</strong>, rodesac ganaxldeboda<br />

germanuli saqonlis pirdapiri eqsporti. maS<strong>in</strong> safrangeTisa<br />

da <strong>in</strong>glisisaTvis konkurencia saxifaTo gaxdeboda, miT ufro,<br />

rom saqarTveloSi bevri iyo germanuli koloniebi maTi moxerxebuli<br />

da gavleniani warmomadgenlebiT [19, 179].<br />

miuxedavaT mravali xelisSemSleli pirobebisa, saqar-<br />

Tvelos demokratiul respublikas savaWro-ekonomikuri kav-<br />

271

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SirurTierTobebi hqonda aSS-sTan, <strong>in</strong>glisTan, italiasTan,<br />

safrangeTTan, germaniasTan, osmaleTTan, sparseTTan, ruseTTan,<br />

somxeT-azerbaijanTan, poloneTTan, daRestanTan,<br />

belgiasTan, egviptesTan, espaneTTan, rum<strong>in</strong>eTTan, hol<strong>and</strong>ias-<br />

Tan, f<strong>in</strong>eTTan, SveciasTan, C<strong>in</strong>eTTan da sxva.<br />

produqciis gatana da Semotana xdeboda Semdegi sabaJoebiT:<br />

baTumis, bogdanovkis, gudauTis, voroncovkis, Tbilisis,<br />

lagodexis, natanebis, onis, oCamCiris, sadaxlos, saloRlis,<br />

soxumis, foTis, quTaisis da yazbegis [20, 43]. magram saqarTvelos<br />

aRar dascalda evropisa Tu sxva kont<strong>in</strong>entis<br />

qveynebTan urTierToba momavalSi normalurad ganeviTareb<strong>in</strong>a.<br />

1921 wlis Savma Tebervalma kidev erTxel daaCoqa Tavisuflebisa<br />

da damoukideblobis gzaze mdgari Cveni samSoblo.<br />

sazRvargareTis warmomadgenlobaTa umravlesobam TbilisSi<br />

bolSevikebis Semosvlamde ramdenime dRiT adre datova<br />

Cveni dedaqalaqi, xolo italiis elCi, safrangeTis konsuli,<br />

britaneTis umaRlesi konsulis TanaSemwe saqarTvelos<br />

mTavrobis wevrebTan erTad matarebliT gaemgzavrnen.<br />

aqve unda iTqvas, rom damoukidebeli saqarTvelo, germaniaze<br />

aRebuli orientaciiT dawyebuli, damTavrebuli 1921<br />

wlis ianvar-Tebervlis omis dros evropasTan kavSiris damyarebis,<br />

iqidan iaraRisa Tu politikuri mxardaWeris mopovebis<br />

cdiT — bolomde darCa ruseTis dampyrobluri <strong>in</strong>teresebis<br />

moZule da evropuli orientaciis qveyana [21, 125].<br />

mogvianebiT, 1926 wlis martSi gazeT `f<strong>in</strong>eTis socialdemokratSi~<br />

gamoqveynda makdonaldis statia saqarTvelos<br />

Sesaxeb, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom didi britaneTis muSaTa partiam<br />

saqarTvelos aRmouC<strong>in</strong>a yovelgvari daxmareba mas Semdeg,<br />

rac saqarTvelom gamoacxada damoukidebloba. partiam<br />

dagmo moskovis wiTeli armiis SeWra da ruseTis mier saqar-<br />

Tvelos okupacia. ruseTma ZaliT moaxd<strong>in</strong>a saqarTvelos okupacia<br />

da SeierTa mxolod imitom, rom iq iyo komunistTa mcire<br />

jgufi [22, 2].<br />

1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTveloSi saWoTa xelisuflebis<br />

`mosvlis~ Semdeg, ukve 21 aprils Seiqmna saqarTvelos sab-<br />

WoTa socialisturi respublikis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo<br />

komisariati, romlis movaleobaSic Sedioda sazRvargareTis<br />

qveynebTan urTierTobis warmoeba da saqarTvelos respublikisa<br />

da misi moqalaqeebis <strong>in</strong>teresebis dacva sazRvargareT,<br />

272

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aseve, piriqiT — ucxoeTis moqalaqeebisa saqarTveloSi. 1922<br />

wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa respublikebis erT saxelmwifoSi —<br />

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirSi gaerTianebis<br />

da, saerTod, sakavSiro komisariatebis Seqmnis Semdeg, 1924<br />

wels miRebuli sakavSiro konstituciis mixedviT, sagareo<br />

saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, faqtobrivad, arseboba Sewyvita<br />

da mxolod 1944 wels iqna aRdgenili [23, 623].<br />

saqarTvelos maS<strong>in</strong>deli xelisufleba saqarTveloSi<br />

myof ucxoeTis saxelmwifo warmomadgenlebTan da sazogadoebriv<br />

dawesebulebebTan urTierTobas, mxolod, sagareo saqmeTa<br />

komisariatis meSveobiT awarmoebda. urTierTobis wess<br />

gansazRvravda 1921 wels gamoqveynebuli dekreti # 81 [24, 46].<br />

evropis zogierTi qveynis diplomatiuri warmomadgenloba,<br />

sabWoTa reJimis sawyis etapze kvlav ganagrZobda muSaobas<br />

saqarTveloSi. 1922 wlis ivnisSi mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT<br />

italiis warmomadgenlobisaTvis unda gamoeyoT kojorSi ar-<br />

RuT<strong>in</strong>skis yofili agaraki, romelic 1921 wels amave warmomadgenlobis<br />

gankargulebaSi iyo da saremonto samuSaoebic Caatara.<br />

germaniis warmomadgenlobisTvis ki gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebuli iyo<br />

aseve kojorSi, gurgenovis yofili agaraki [25, 133].<br />

amave periodSi saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda `amerikelTa<br />

damxmare komiteti~, romelic Tavis moqmedebas ZiriTadaT<br />

avrcelebda somxeTsa da azerbaijanze. aparatis Senaxva<br />

ki TiTqmis mTlianad Tbilissa da baTums uxdeboda. amerikuli<br />

komiteti materialur daxmarebas uwevda kaTolike<br />

mRvdels, romelic xelmZRvanelobda cixisZirSi bavSvTa skolas.<br />

komitetis saqmianoba ew<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegeboda xelSekrulebis<br />

pirobebs [26, 301].<br />

saqarTvelos saxkomsabWos dadgenilebiT, S<strong>in</strong>saxkoms<br />

ufleba mieca moexd<strong>in</strong>a ucxo saxelmwifoTa qveSevrdomebis<br />

registracia. aseve, mis kompetenciaSi Sevida `sacxovrebeli<br />

uflebis~ nebarTvis gacema. dawesda sapasporto da saregistracio<br />

gadasaxadi saanketo bankisaTvis, romlis Rirebuleba<br />

ganisazRvra: 3 TviT — 50 kap; 6 TviT — 1 man; da 1 wliT — 2 mane-<br />

Ti [27, 74, 76].<br />

1922-1923 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi germaneli<br />

erovnebis warmomadgenlebi da ruseTis yofili qveSevrdomebi,<br />

sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan SeuTanxmeblad gaxdnen germa-<br />

273

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niis qveSevrdomebi. am faqts mwvave reaqcia mohyva sagareo<br />

saqmeTa komisariatis mxridan. germaniis generalurma konsulma<br />

kargad gamoiyena saqarTvelos saxkomsabWos dekretis<br />

VIII muxli da aRniSna, rom `saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes ufleba<br />

aqvs miiRos ucxoeTis moqalaqeoba, ris Semdeg is avtomaturad<br />

aRar CaiTvleba saqarTvelos moqalaqed. dekretidan<br />

gamomd<strong>in</strong>are aRniSnul proceduras ar Wirdeboda sabWo-<br />

Ta xelisuflebis Tanxmoba~ [26, 410].<br />

20-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi, pirvelyovlisa, qalaqebSi<br />

da saqalaqo dasaxlebebSi mcire raodenobiT, magram ma<strong>in</strong>c<br />

saxlobdnen litveli, Cexi, slovaki, <strong>in</strong>gliseli, Svedi, italieli,<br />

germaneli da sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, romel-<br />

Tac miRebuli hqondaT sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeoba, agreTve<br />

ucxoeTis sxvadasxva saxelmwifos moqalaqenic — avstrieli,<br />

poloneli, frangi, Sveicarieli, amerikeli, norvegieli,<br />

hol<strong>and</strong>ieli, rum<strong>in</strong>eli, C<strong>in</strong>eli da sxva. sul 1926 wels saqar-<br />

TveloSi aRricxuli iyo 2287 ucxoeli, maT Soris TbilisSi —<br />

2589 suli [28, 80].<br />

aq mcxovreb erovnul umciresobas urTierToba hqonda<br />

sazRvargareTTan. urTierTobas ZiriTadad ekonomikuri <strong>in</strong>teresebi<br />

gansazRvravda. magaliTad, germanelebis sasoflosameurneo<br />

biznesi koncentrirebuli iyo Rv<strong>in</strong>ismwarmoebel-<br />

Ta kavSirSi — `unionSi~. paralelurad kavSiri cdilobda sakonservo<br />

warmoebis Seqmnas [29, 3]. am mizniT, `unionma~ sakonservo<br />

warmoebis Sesaswavlad germaniaSi gagzavna emil almend<strong>in</strong>geri,<br />

romelic dabadebuli iyo 1903 wels kolonia luqsemburgSi<br />

(yofili ekater<strong>in</strong>enfeldi). 1922 wels 19 wlis emili<br />

gaemgzavra germaniaSi sakonservo saqmis Sesaswavlad. 1925<br />

wels saqarTveloSi dabrunebis dros, rogorc Cans w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegoba<br />

Sexvda, ris gamoc saqmeSi aqtiurad Caebnen misi Zma<br />

oto almend<strong>in</strong>geri da kavSiri `unioni~ [29, 1, 2].<br />

calkeuli gakotrebuli samrewvelo sawarmoebi uSualo<br />

kontaqtebis damyarebas cdilobdnen gare samyarosTan. magaliTad,<br />

adelxanovis yofili fabrikis warmomadgenlebi saWiro<br />

nedleulis SesaZenad TurqestanSi midiodnen. fabrikis<br />

komerciuli warmomadgeneli — adelxanovi 1925 wels germaniaSi<br />

iyo da iq SeiZ<strong>in</strong>a specialuri daniSnulebis manqana-mowyobilobebi.<br />

yvelaferi es miuTiTebs, rom 20-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi<br />

saqarTvelos rigi samrewvelo sawarmoebi jer kidev<br />

274

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<strong>in</strong>arCunebdnen pirdapir ekonomikur kavSirebs sxva respublikebis<br />

da evropis sawarmoo koleqtivebTan, rac gegmiuri ekonomikis<br />

damkvidrebis pirobebSi sruliad Sewyda [30, 80].<br />

bolSevikuri xelisufleba xelovnurad cdilobda Seeferxeb<strong>in</strong>a<br />

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso savaWro kontaqtebi.<br />

magaliTad, 1922 wlis ianvarSi Sveicariis firma `miSel met-<br />

Cikma~ baTumSi Semoitana sxvadasxva saqoneli, maT Soris xelovnuri<br />

Sali. kanonis Tanaxmad, baTumis sabaJom Seamowma saqoneli<br />

da saWiro gadasaxadis Semdeg, firmas neba misca respublikis<br />

sazRvrebSi gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb.<br />

saqonlis didi nawili firmam Camoitana TbilisSi, magram<br />

saqarTvelos `Ceka~-s gankargulebiT TbilisSi Camotanili saqoneli<br />

daayadaRes. aq xelmeored iqna Semowmebuli sagangebo<br />

komisiis mier f<strong>in</strong>saxkomis warmomadgenlebTan erTad. Semowmebam<br />

daadastura baTumis sabaJos moqmedebis samarTlianoba,<br />

Tumca mepatrones saqonels ar ubrunebdnen. saqarTvelos xelisuflebas<br />

TxovniT mimarTa Sveicariis konsulma, raTa<br />

problema droulad gadawyvetiliyo. ucxoeli komersantebi<br />

SeSfoTebulni adevnebdnen Tvals movlenebis ganviTarebas,<br />

miTumetes, rom Tavadac analogiur mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen.<br />

amave dros, TbilisSi Tavisuflad iyideboda analogiuri<br />

Salis saqoneli da SedarebiT maRal fasebSi, vidre Sveicariis<br />

firmas hqonda gansazRvruli [31, 41].<br />

bolos, 1922 wlis aprilSi saqarTvelos saxkomsabWom gadawyvita<br />

daebruneb<strong>in</strong>a firmisTvis kuTvnili saqoneli [31, 6].<br />

1921-1924 wlebSi saqarTvelos sakoncesio komisiaSi Sevida<br />

saberZneTis, safrangeTis, italiis da sxva qveynebis firmebis<br />

araerTi w<strong>in</strong>adadeba, magram bolSevikuri xelisufleba<br />

sifrTxiles iCenda koncesiebis gacemisas. amas mowmobs is garemoeba,<br />

rom mravalricxovan sakoncesio w<strong>in</strong>adadebaTagan,<br />

mxolod WiaTuris manganumis sabados sakoncesiod gadacemis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>adadeba iqna miRebuli. igi ekuTvnoda ucxoeTis ramdenime<br />

firmas, romelTa Soris konkurenciaSi gamarjvebuli gamovida<br />

amerikuli savaWro-samrewvelo firma `harimani da kompania~,<br />

romelmac wamoayena sabWoTa mxarisaTvis yvelaze momgebiani<br />

w<strong>in</strong>adadebani. igi daedo safuZvlad amerikel mrewvel-<br />

Tan, bankirTan, Semdgom diplomatsa da politikur moRvawes-<br />

Tan uiliam averel harimanTan dadebul ocwlian sakoncesio<br />

xelSekrulebas. 1925 wlis 12 ivniss gaformebul xelSekrule-<br />

275

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as xeli moaweres ssr kavSiris saxalxo meurneobis umaRlesi<br />

sabWos Tavmjdomarem f. ZerJ<strong>in</strong>skim da aSS savaWro-samrewvelo<br />

saxlis viceprezidentma jon spid eliotma. xelSekrulebiT,<br />

romelic Sedgeboda 74 muxlisagan, T<strong>and</strong>arTuli rukiT,<br />

amerikel koncesioners gadaeca ufleba manganumis da peroqsidis<br />

mopovebaze, garecxva-gamdidrebasa da eqsportze. amas-<br />

Tan koncesioneri emorCileboda Sromis, socialuri dazRvevis,<br />

Sromis dacvis sabWour kanonmdeblobebs [28, 34-35].<br />

axali ekonomikuri politikidan (`nepi~) gamomd<strong>in</strong>are,<br />

bolSevikebis sakoncesio politika kapitalis dab<strong>and</strong>ebas agrarul<br />

sferoSic gulisxmobda. magaliTad, 1922 wlis 15 ivniss<br />

daido xelSekruleba saqarTvelos miwaTmoqmedebis saxalxo<br />

komisariatsa da kavkasia-aSS savaWro da samTo-samrewvelo<br />

kompanias Soris. mis mizans Seadgenda sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

manqana-iaraRebis saqarTveloSi Semotana, samagierod<br />

marganecisa da sxva saqonlis sazRvargareT gatana. amerikakavkasiis<br />

savaWro da samTo-samrewvelo kompaniam amerikaSi<br />

daiqirava da saqarTveloSi Camoiyvana agronomi jon J. langani<br />

da soflis meurneobis ramdenime specialisti, Camoitana<br />

manqana-iaraRebi da moawyo maTi sawyobi. kompania reklamas<br />

uwevda sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebs da avrcelebda glexobaSi,<br />

magram kompaniam ar Seasrula yvela piroba — kompaniis<br />

prezidenti ise marTavda mamuls, rogorc sakuTars, aviwroebda<br />

adgilobriv glexobas, ramac gaamwvava maT Soris urTierToba.<br />

amitomac saqarTvelos maS<strong>in</strong>delma xelisuflebam<br />

1924 wlis TebervalSi gaauqma koncesia [32, 140].<br />

1926 wlidan moskovma Tavis xelSi aiRo e. w. `mokavSire<br />

respublikebSi~ ucxoeli specialistebis mowvevis monopolia.<br />

kerZod, brZanebis im muxlSi, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom<br />

`ucxoeli specialistebis samuSaoze daSveba da maTTvis gasamrjelos<br />

gacema SesaZlebelia mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac<br />

xelSekruleba damtkicebuli iqneba sakavSiro s. m. u. s. Tavmjdomaris<br />

an misi moadgilis mier~. e. i. faqtiuri SeTanxmebis<br />

miRwevidan ramodenime Tvis Semdeg. es arsebiTad SeuZlebels<br />

xdida ucxoel specialistTa gamoyenebas. saqarTvelos Tu<br />

amierkavkasiis xelisufleba iZulebuli xdeboda saqme Hhqonoda<br />

meorexarisxovan specialistebTan, romlebic ver axerxebdnen<br />

Tavis samSobloSi samsaxuris Sovnas [33, 11].<br />

276

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saerTod, sazRvargareTis samrewvelo sawarmoebTan da<br />

firmebTan saqarTvelos urTierToba TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeoda.<br />

sabWoTa kavSirSi sagareo vaWrobis monopoliis arsebobis<br />

pirobebSi gamoricxuli iyo uSualo kontaqtebi saz-<br />

RvargareTis samrewvelo organizaciebTan, firmebTan. saxelmwifos<br />

saSuamavlo organizaciebi mTlianad akontrolebdnen<br />

komerciul urTierTobas sazRvargareTel partniorebTan.<br />

1926 wels `amierkavkasiis sapaio amxanagobam~ jagari gaitana<br />

ucxoeTSi: Tbilisis jagris fabrikis nawarmi gaiyida<br />

londonis bazarze. 1927 wels goris sakonservo qarxanam sami<br />

vagoni maRalxarisxovani konservi gaagzavna germaniaSi.<br />

ekonomikuri urTierToba sazRvargareTel partnioreb-<br />

Tan, ZiriTadad, sabWoTa saxelmwifos egidiT da kontroliT<br />

xorcieldeboda. zahesis generatorebisaTvis sami turb<strong>in</strong>a<br />

damzadda SveciaSi neimeris qarxanaSi.<br />

1927-1928 wlebSi respublikis m<strong>in</strong>is taris warmoebaSi daidga<br />

belgiuri firma `ruaronis~ maRalmwarmoebluri boTlis<br />

damyalibebeli manqanebi.<br />

aris fragmentuli cnobebi, rom saqarTvelos sawarmoeb-<br />

Si muSaobdnen ucxoeli specialistebi. magaliTad, baTumis<br />

aznavTmSenis qarxanaSi ramdenime amerikeli <strong>in</strong>J<strong>in</strong>eri muSaobda<br />

[34, 121].<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa, rom 1929 wels amerikelma moqalaqem osgold<br />

fildma gadaiRo eTnografiuli xasiaTis filmi `svane-<br />

Ti~, romlis asli datova saqarTveloSi `geografiuli sazogadoebisaTvis~<br />

[35, 18].<br />

sazRvargareT `qarTuli sakiTxis~ gaaqtiureba SesaZlebeli<br />

gaxda mxolod mas Semdeg, rac amisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi<br />

Seqmna samTavrobo urTierTobebma.<br />

1928 wels daiwyo `axali era~ saqarTvelo-germaniis ur-<br />

TierTobaSi. am wels saqarTvelom moskovidan miiRo cirkularuli<br />

moweriloba germaniidan `mniSvnelovan pirTa~ Camosvlis<br />

Sesaxeb. momarTvas xels awerda ssrk centraluri aRmasrulebeli<br />

komitetis mdivani enuqiZe.<br />

vladikavkazSi germaneli stumrebis Sesaxvedrad gamgzavreba<br />

daevala Salva nucubiZes, romelic imJamad sazRvargareTis<br />

qveynebTan kulturuli kavSiris sazogadoebis saqar-<br />

Tvelos filialSi muSaobda. aq igi Sexvda germaniis `ost-evropis~<br />

sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebs: oto Smidts, mis meuR-<br />

277

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les da mdivans — ionass. Salva nucubiZe stumrebs saqarTveloSi<br />

megzurad waruZRva. germanelebs a<strong>in</strong>teresebdaT erovnuli<br />

respublikebis warmomadgenlebTan uSualo kontaqtebis<br />

damyareba. is<strong>in</strong>i ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen imis gamo, rom<br />

yvela erovnuli respublikis saxeliT, mxolod erTi — rsfs<br />

respublika gamodioda, riTac igi eRobeboda erovnul respublikebTan<br />

uSualo kavSirurTierTobis damyarebas. am<br />

mdgomareobis gamosworebas isaxavda miznad yofili vilhelmis<br />

mTavrobis m<strong>in</strong>istrisa da misi meuRlis `ost-evropiseuli~<br />

misia, romelsac miznad daesaxa uSualod `ganawyenebul~ respublikebSi<br />

stumroba.<br />

SemuSavebuli da xelmowerili iqna germanelebTan kulturuli<br />

TanamSromlobis proeqti. igi iTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebda er-<br />

Tobliv arqeologiur gaTxrebs mcxeTasa da noqalaqevSi,<br />

germaniis mier sakuTari xarjebiT rasobriv daavadebaTa <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

gaxsnas, wignebis urTierTgacvlasa da gamofenis<br />

mowyobas [36, 69-70].<br />

proeqtis Tanaxmad, 1929 wlis seqtemberSi TbilisSi Camovidnen<br />

germaneli profesorebi: zaueri da f<strong>in</strong>deizeni [37,<br />

12]. xolo 1930 wlis noemberSi Camovida arqeologi Sneideri,<br />

romelsac g. Cub<strong>in</strong>aSvilsa da S. nucubiZesTan erTad monawileoba<br />

unda mieRo noqalaqevis gaTxrebSi [37, 22]. aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom 1929 wels germaniaSi gamofenaze gaigzavna saqarTvelos<br />

Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis nimuSebi [37, 24]. amave wlis maisis<br />

Sua ricxvebSi moskovSi germaniis saelCos ataSe soflis meurneobis<br />

sakiTxebSi ityob<strong>in</strong>eboda, rom profesori auxageni<br />

mogzaurobas iwyebda sabWoTa kavSirSi. is unda Camosuliyo<br />

TbilisSi Cveni sawarmoebis dasaTvaliereblad. rogorc sagareo<br />

saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati avrcelebda <strong>in</strong>formacias,<br />

auxageni iTvleboda cnobil mecnierad, romelic swavlobda<br />

e. w. `sabWoTa~ soflis meurneobas. amave dros, is iTvleboda<br />

germaniis sagareo saqmeTa sam<strong>in</strong>istros C<strong>in</strong>ovnikad. saTanado<br />

uwyebebis cnobiT auxagenma mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova Tavisi<br />

moRvaweobis sfero da uSualo kontaqtebs amyarebda calkeul<br />

sawarmoebsa da pirovnebebTan [38, 3].<br />

bolos SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1900-1917 wlebSi saqarTvelos<br />

hqonda epizoduri urTierToba gare samyarosTan. saqar-<br />

TveloSi, aseve, arsebobda diplomatiuri azri. Tavisi diplomatia<br />

gaaCnda qarTul erovnul moZraobas, magram yovelive<br />

278

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amas adgili hqonda saxelmwifoebrioba — dakarguli eris<br />

cxovrebaSi. qarTuli diplomatiis aRorZ<strong>in</strong>ebas eyreba safuZveli<br />

1917 wlis gazafxulidan, anu im periodidan, rodesac<br />

ruseTis imperiis ngrevis Semdeg, iwyeba brZola saqarTvelos<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRsadgenad.<br />

1917-1918 wlebSi diplomatiur sarbielze moRvawe qar-<br />

Tvel politikosebs — akaki Cxenkels, zurab avaliSvils, niko<br />

nikolaZes, evgeni gegeWkorsa da sxvebs — damoukidebeli saxelmwifo<br />

diplomatiis warmarTvis araviTari gamocdileba<br />

ar gaaCndaT. pirveli cda, am mxriv, iyo trapizonis sazavo<br />

konferencia (1918 wlis marti). gamocdilebis SeZenis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

qarTveli diplomatebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo ba-<br />

Tumis sazavo konferencia (1918 w. maisi). 1918 wlis 26 maisidan<br />

ki qarTveli diplomatebi pirispir dadgnen im sirTuleebis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aSe, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />

respublikis sagareo politikis sworad warmarTvas-<br />

Tan [23, 575].<br />

damoukideblobis 1005-ma dRem qarTul diplomatias<br />

mravalmxrivi gamocdileba SesZ<strong>in</strong>a. uSualo kontaqtebi damyarda<br />

evropasa da amerikis qveynebTan, magram ruseTis mier<br />

ganwirulma saqarTvelom, okupaciis Semdeg ramdenime weliwadSi<br />

dakarga gare samyarosTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. g. iobaSvili, saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso politikasa da<br />

diplomatiaSi XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis I mesamedSi,<br />

`qarTuli diplomatia~, t. 4, Tb., 1997.<br />

2. g. manjgalaZe, germanuli kapitali amierkavkasiaSi, Tb.,<br />

1991.<br />

3. Н. Л. Наниташвили, Германский капитал в Закавказье. Деятельность<br />

фирмы `Сименс и Гальске~, 1860-1917, Тб., 1982.<br />

4. al. bendianiSvili, qarTuli erovnuli burJuazia da ucxouri<br />

kapitali WiaTuris samrewvelo raionSi (1879-1921<br />

ww.), Jurn. `macne, 1962, #2.<br />

5. g. manjgalaZe, germaneli kolonistebi saqarTveloSi, Tb.,<br />

1974.<br />

6. Jurnali `politika~, 1993, #6.<br />

279

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7. T. gasviani, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da<br />

afsuaTa agresiuli separatizmis saTaveebi, Tb., 2003.<br />

8. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. VI, Tb., 1972.<br />

9. Д. Енукидзе, Крах империалистической интервенции в Закавказье,<br />

Тб., 1954.<br />

10. Г. В. Пипия, Политика Германии в Закавказье в 1918 году, Тб., 1971.<br />

11. Германские оккупанты в Грузии в 1918 году, Тб., 1942.<br />

12. saqarTvelos okupacia da gasabWoeba komunistebis mier,<br />

Tb., 1991.<br />

13. z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-21 wlebis<br />

saerTaSoriso politikaSi, I, Tb., 1990.<br />

14. r. cuxiSvili, <strong>in</strong>glis-saqarTvelos urTierToba 1918-1921<br />

ww., Tb., 1995.<br />

15. d. jojua, saqarTvelo-italiis urTierToba 1919-1921<br />

wlebSi, Tb., 1997.<br />

16. i. tabaRua, baTumis sakiTxi san-remos konferenciaze<br />

(1920), istoriis `macne~, 1982, #3.<br />

17. a. ramiSvili, Cveni Secdomebi 1918-1921, Tb., 2000.<br />

18. a. sonRulaSvili, qarTuli kultura da <strong>in</strong>teligencia<br />

1917-1937, Tb., 2008.<br />

19. dokumenti Targmnes da komentarebi daurTes n. axalaZem<br />

da i. tabaRuam, kr. evropis qveynebis istoriis problemebi,<br />

Tb., 1983.<br />

20. d. WumburiZe, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

saxelmwifo ideologia da politika 1918-1921 wlebSi da<br />

qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri, sadoqtoro disertaciis<br />

avtoreferati, Tb., 2001.<br />

21. d. WumburiZe, qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

brZola XX saukunis dasawyisSi 1918-1921 wlebi, Tb.,<br />

2003.<br />

22. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, f. 617, anaw. 2, saq. #377.<br />

23. qarTuli diplomatiis istoria, Tb., 2003.<br />

24. saqarTvelos S<strong>in</strong>agan saqmeTa sam<strong>in</strong>istros arqivi, f. 14,<br />

anaw. 1, saq. #165 a.<br />

25. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, f. 300, anaw. 1, saq. #43.<br />

280

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26. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, f. 600, anaw. 2, saq. #2.<br />

27. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, f. 600, anaw. 4, saq. #60.<br />

28. m. naTmelaZe, a. dauSvili, `saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria~<br />

Tb., 2004.<br />

29. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, f. 607, anaw. 2, saq. #3761.<br />

30. a. dauSvili, `saerovnebaTaSoriso urTierToba saqarTveloSi<br />

1921-1941 ww.~, Tb., 2000.<br />

31. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, f. 600, anaw. 1, saq. #89.<br />

32. k. wenguaSvili, `saqarTvelos 1921-1925 wlebis istoriis<br />

istoriografia~, Tb., 2005.<br />

33. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, f. 600, anaw. 2, saq. #65<br />

34. a. dauSvili, `saerovnebaTaSoriso urTierToba saqarTveloSi<br />

1921-1985 ww~ (sadoqtoro disertacia), Tb., 1999.<br />

35. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, f. 607, anaw. 2, saq. #5204.<br />

36. g. ciciSvili, `Cekisturi braldebebi Salva nucubiZis mimarT<br />

da maTi dokumentur-analitikuri komentarebi~, Tb.,<br />

1998.<br />

37. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, f. 300, anaw. 3, saq. #35.<br />

38. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri saxelmwifo<br />

arqivi, f. 600, anaw. 2, saq. #243.<br />

281

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Avt<strong>and</strong>il Songulashvili<br />

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, The Head<br />

of the Department of <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Contemporary</strong><br />

<strong>History</strong> of the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of <strong>History</strong><br />

<strong>and</strong> Ethnology<br />

Relations of Georgia with the Western Europe <strong>and</strong> the USA<br />

In the first quarter of the XX century<br />

Summary<br />

Acquisition of Georgia by Russia <strong>and</strong> the abolition of the governmental<br />

structures of Georgia have cut all the ways of relations with other countries<br />

for Georgia. But the imperator has been always tak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>d geopolitical<br />

situation of Georgia while communicat<strong>in</strong>g with other countries. In 1818,<br />

French council has been established <strong>in</strong> Tbilisi. At the end of the XIX century<br />

United States councils has been opened <strong>in</strong> Batumi <strong>and</strong> later <strong>in</strong> the 1914 it has<br />

been moved to Tbilisi. Felix Volobe Smith was on the position of council of<br />

USA <strong>in</strong> Tbilisi dur<strong>in</strong>g the 1914-1919.<br />

Dur<strong>in</strong>g the 1918-1921 Georgia had <strong>in</strong>tensified its relations with<br />

Germany, Engl<strong>and</strong>, France, <strong>and</strong> Italy <strong>and</strong> with other countries of Europe.<br />

In February-March of 1921 Soviet Russia has occupied Georgia which<br />

ended the phase of relations with western countries. But <strong>in</strong> the first half of the<br />

1920 <strong>in</strong>itial contacts still has been cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g to be established.<br />

282

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nodar xorbalaZe<br />

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis<br />

doqtoranti, maiori<br />

saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiuli politikis<br />

istoriidan<br />

XVIII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi politikuri viTareba Zalian<br />

damZimda. muslimanuri saxelmwifoebiT garemoculi<br />

qristianuli qveynis arseboba faqtiurad kiTxvis niSnis qveS<br />

dadga. im drois saqarTvelos saxelmwifo moRvaweebs esmodaT,<br />

rom qristianobis dacva saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCunebas<br />

udrida. qveynis gadarCenis Sida resursic mcire iyo, radgan<br />

qveyana ramdenime samTavrod da samefod iyo dayofili.<br />

yovelive aqedan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, qarTl-kaxeTis mefem erekle meorem<br />

da imereTis mefem solomon pirvelma qveynis gadarCenis<br />

gza da<strong>in</strong>axes ruseTisaTvis daxmarebis TxovnaSi. aman kidev<br />

ufro gaamZafra osmalTa, yizilbaSTa da lekTa Tavdasxmebi<br />

saqarTveloze.<br />

1768 wels, ruseT-osmaleTis omis Semdeg, ruseTis imperias<br />

kavkasiel qristianTa mxardaWera Tavad dasWirda. misi<br />

mizani SavizRvispireTSi osmaleTis Seviwroveba iyo. amitom,<br />

imperatorma ekater<strong>in</strong>e meorem, imereTis mefis solomon pirvelis<br />

Txovna — ruseTis mxridan daxmarebis Taobaze, daakmayofila.<br />

kavkasiaSi gamogzavnili jaris sardlad ki generali<br />

totlebeni daniSna. ruseTis mizans warmoadgenda kavkasiaSi<br />

osmaleTis dasusteba meore frontis gaxsniT.<br />

XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ruseTma yirimis saxano miierTa<br />

da kavkasiis mimarT <strong>in</strong>teresi gaaZliera. kavkasiis dauflebisTvis<br />

mebrZol irans da osmaleTs ruseTic daemata.<br />

erekle meorem scada, ruseTis samxreTisken swrafva misTvis<br />

sasargeblod gamoeyeneb<strong>in</strong>a da 1782 wlis 21 dekembers, ekater<strong>in</strong>e<br />

meores qarTl-kaxeTis mfarveloba sTxova. 1783 wlis 24<br />

ivliss, cixe-simagre georgievskSi, erekle meoris davalebiT<br />

ioane muxranbatonma, garsevan WavWavaZem da pavle potiomk<strong>in</strong>ma<br />

ruseT-saqarTvelos erTobis traqtats xeli moaweres.<br />

georgievskis traqtati qarTl-kaxeTis sagareo politikur<br />

qmediTunarianobas da saxelmwifoebriobas ar auqmebda,<br />

283

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qveyana saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtad rCeboda. 1783<br />

wlis 2 noembers, traqtatis Tanaxmad, ruseTis jaris ori batalioni<br />

polkovnik burnaSovis xelmZRvanelobiT saqarTveloSi<br />

Semovida, Tumca ruseTis mTavrobam jari male ukan gaiwvia<br />

da qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II mtris w<strong>in</strong>aSe martodmarto<br />

datova. saqarTvelos mtrebma — sparseTma, osmaleTma<br />

da lekebma ruseTis mTavrobis Ralati kargad gamoiyenes da<br />

saqarTvelo araerTxel daarbies [4, 9].<br />

daarRvia ra ruseTma traqtatiT gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebuli pirobebi,<br />

1801 wlis 18 dekembers, imperatorma pavle pirvelma<br />

xeli moawera manifests qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da<br />

ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi imperiuli<br />

zraxvebis gamyarebas didwilad Seuwyes xeli garusebulma<br />

qarTvelebma.<br />

mfarvelobis sanacvlod ruseTma moaxd<strong>in</strong>a saqarTvelos<br />

okupacia da aneqsia. mefobis gauqmebam, xalxisTvis miuRebeli<br />

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli biurokratiuli sistemis<br />

Seqmnam, mosaxleobis umowyalo Cagvram, aseve, bavSvebisa da<br />

qalebis mZevlad ayvanisa da dasjis gaxSirebulma faqtebma<br />

qarTvel xalxSi saprotesto muxti gaaC<strong>in</strong>a.<br />

1801 wlidan moyolebuli, ruseTis imperiis dampyrobluri<br />

politikis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg mTiuleTSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi,<br />

xevsureTSi, imereTSi, samegreloSi, afxazeTSi, guriaSi ajanyebebi<br />

daiwyo. ajanyebebis mizans warmoadgenda rusebis g<strong>and</strong>evna<br />

saqarTvelodan da damoukideblobis aRdgena. iranmac<br />

da osmaleTmac gaacnobieres, rom ruseTis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi<br />

maTTvis did saSiSroebas warmoadgenda da TanaugrZnobdnen<br />

am ajanyebebs. ruseTis mmarTvelobas saqarTveloSi<br />

safrTxe rom ar Seqmnoda, rusebi mimarTavdnen usastikes<br />

zomebs — xalxis CamoxrCobas, daxvretas, wamebas, gadasaxlebas,<br />

agreTve mosyidvasa da SantaJs [1, 2-3, 5-6].<br />

1917 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTSi monarqia daemxo. revolucia<br />

da sabWoTa xelisufleba, amierkavkasiis adgilobrivma<br />

politikurma Zalebma ar scnes.<br />

1918 wels, ruseTis samoqalaqo omis dros, saqarTvelo<br />

amierkavkasiis federaciuli respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida,<br />

romelic saqarTvelos, somxeTs da azerbaijans warmoadgenda<br />

da romelsac amierkavkasiis komisariati marTavda.<br />

1918 wlis 26 maiss, amierkavkasiis federaciam, arseboba Sew-<br />

284

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yvita, saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada.A am dros saqarTvelos<br />

farTobi iyo 107 600 kv.km, mosaxleoba Seadgenda<br />

2,5 milions, saxelmwifo religia iyo marTlmadidebloba, saxelmwifo<br />

ena — qarTuli.<br />

damoukideblobis xanmokle periodSi — 1918-1921 wlebSi<br />

saqarTveloSi qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad gamocxadda,<br />

dadg<strong>in</strong>da saxelmwifos sazRvrebi, ganxorcilda sasamarTlo<br />

reforma, Camoyalibda erovnuli gvardia da regularuli armia,<br />

Seiqmna adgilobrivi marTvis organoebi, miiRes konstitucia.<br />

1919 wlis 13 seqtembers, argent<strong>in</strong>am saqarTvelos damoukidebloba<br />

aRiara, xolo 1920 wlis 7 maiss ruseTma saqarvelos<br />

damoukidebloba de iured scno.<br />

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba,<br />

bolSevikuri ruseTis mier Cveni qveynis okupaciamde aseTi<br />

TanmimdevrobiT gagrZelda: 1920 weli — germania, 1921 weli —<br />

belgia, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, italia, iaponia, poloneTi,<br />

avstria, rum<strong>in</strong>eTi, luqsemburgi, meqsika [12, 13].<br />

bolSevikurma ruseTma axalgazrda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos<br />

mimarT Tavidanve mtruli politika airCia. 1918<br />

wlis mais-ivlisSi saqarTvelos bolSevikuri ruseTis jarebma<br />

CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Seuties. Semoseva ori mxridan daigegma<br />

— kavkasiis mTebidan, darialis xeobis gavliT Tbilisis<br />

mimarTulebiT da Savi zRvis sanapirodan soxumis mimarTulebiT.<br />

darialTan qarTulma jarma mteri ukuagdo. Tumca mterma<br />

soxumTan mcire warmatebas miaRwia, magram qarTuli jaris<br />

mier ganxorcielebulma kontrSetevam rusebi ramodenime SetakebaSi<br />

daamarcxa da ukuqceul mters saqarTvelos saz-<br />

Rvrebs gareT — tuafsemde misdia. 1918 wlis 26 ivliss saqar-<br />

Tvelos jari tuafseSi Sevida.<br />

1918 wlis dekemberSi saqarTvelos samxreT raionebSi<br />

ruseTis bolSevikuri mTavrobisagan waqezebuli somxeTis<br />

jarebi SemoiWrnen. brZolaSi qarTulma armiam general mazniaSvilis<br />

meTaurobiT is<strong>in</strong>i daamarcxa, g<strong>and</strong>evna saqarTvelos<br />

sazRvrebs gareT, qarTuli jari TiTqmis erevnamde mivida,<br />

Tumca <strong>in</strong>glisis sardlobis CareviT qarTulma armiam saomari<br />

moqmedebebi Sewyvita [12, 13].<br />

1920 wlis maisSi, ruseTis armiis saqarTveloSi SemoiWris<br />

uSedego mcdelobis Semdeg, 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals, sab-<br />

285

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WoTa ruseTis me-3, me-9, me-11 da me-13 armiebi, budionis da<br />

Jlobis kavaleriebi, qveynis teritoriaze ramdenime mxridan<br />

SemoiWrnen. mokavSireebis gareSe darCenilma saqarTvelom Semotevas<br />

ver gauZlo. ruseTis jarma Tbilisi daikava da sabWo-<br />

Ta xelisufleba daamyara. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos xelisufleba<br />

jer baTumSi gadavida, Semdeg ki qveyana datova da<br />

emigraciaSi wavida.<br />

saqarTveloSi ruseTis armiis sabrZolo moqmedebebi<br />

martis meore naxevramde gagrZelda [12, 13].<br />

1921 wels, saqarTveloSi, sabWoTa socialisturi respublika<br />

gamocxadda. qveyana damoukideblobas mxolod formalurad<br />

(1921 wlis 21 maisis axali xelSekrulebis da 1922<br />

wlis konstituciis sauZvelze) <strong>in</strong>arCunebda.<br />

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebisTanave, saqarTveloSi<br />

erovnuli moZraoba daiwyo da qveynis sxvadsxva regionebSi<br />

partizanuli razmebi Camoyalibda. partizanebs kaxeTSi qaquca<br />

ColoyaSvili xelmZRvanelobda, qarTlSi — mixeil laSqaraSvili.<br />

xevsureTSi, kaxeTSi, svaneTSi da raWSi ajanyebulebma<br />

adgilobrivi revkomebi daamxes, policia ganaiaraRes da<br />

ruseTis jarebis gayvana moiTxoves. 1922 wels, J<strong>in</strong>valSi, qaquca<br />

ColoyaSvilis SeficulTa razmma ruseTis erT-erTi razmi<br />

daamarcxa, ris gamoc xelisuflebam aragvis xeobaSi didZal<br />

samxedro Zalasa da SeiaraRebas mouyara Tavi [12, 13].<br />

1922 wlis aprilSi, italiaSi, qalaq genuaSi gamarTul<br />

konferenciaze saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi warmoqmnili<br />

problemebi unda gadaewyvitaT. konferenciis muSaobaSi ruseTic<br />

monawileobda. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma ambrosi<br />

xelaiam iq memor<strong>and</strong>umi gaagzavna da saqarTvelodan<br />

ruseTis jarebis dauyovnebliv gayvana moiTxova. dasavleTis<br />

qveynebi, saqarTvelos problemiT maS<strong>in</strong> ar da<strong>in</strong>teresdnen [12,<br />

13].<br />

saqarTveloSi mRelvareba izrdeboda, xalxi ajanyebis-<br />

Tvis emzadeboda. SeTqmulTa w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg masobrivi represiebi<br />

daiwyo. damsjelma eqspediciebma guria, kaxeTi da svaneTi<br />

aaoxres. adre dapatimrebuli politikuri moRvaweebi daxvrites.<br />

1924 wlis 28 agvistos, WiaTuraSi SeiaraRebuli gamosvla<br />

dagegmilze erTi dRiT adre araorganizebulad daiwyo<br />

da ajanyebis gegmebi CaiSala. amas saqarTvelos mTel terito-<br />

286

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iaze sagangebo wesebis SemoReba mohyva. qveyana rusulma terorma<br />

moicva. xalxs gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT TbilisSi da<br />

baTumSi uswordebodnen. miuxedavad amisa, ajanyeba moedo —<br />

gurias, samegrelos, imereTs, qarTls da kaxeTs. 1924 wels gamosvlebi<br />

gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT CaaxSes. 1921 wels dawyebul<br />

rusul terors erTaderTi mizani hqonda — dapyrobil<br />

saqarTveloSi politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCuneba [12, 13].<br />

30-iani wlebidan, represiebis momdevno talRa gansakuTrebuli<br />

sisastikiT daiwyo. sabWoTa qveyanas safrTxes konkretuli<br />

realoba uqmnida: erovnuli damoukideblobis ideis<br />

arseboba, adamianebSi socialisturi ideologiisadmi gansakuTrebuli<br />

imedgacrueba, stal<strong>in</strong>is kursisadmi skeptikuri<br />

damokidebuleba da rac mTavaria, Zveli <strong>in</strong>teligenciis arseboba,<br />

romlebic sabWoTa sistemas arasodes Serigebian. stal<strong>in</strong>is<br />

<strong>in</strong>iciativiT, sabWoTa imperiis gadasarCenad didi represiebi<br />

daiwyo, romelic yvela fenas Seexo, maT Soris bolSevikebis<br />

nawilsac.<br />

1937 wlis represiebma da Semdgom, meore msoflio omma<br />

uamravi qarTvelis sicocxle Seiwira.<br />

1951 wels dawyebuli politikuri represiebi im samxedro<br />

pirebs Seexo, romlebic meore msoflio omis dros tyveobaSi<br />

aRmoCndnen. yofil tyveTa didi nawili samSoblos Ralatis<br />

braldebiT Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles. gadasaxlebebi SeexoT<br />

partizanebs, aseve imaT, visi naTesavebic sazRvargareT cxovrobdnen.<br />

represiebi SeexoT e. w `megrelTa saqmis~ monawileebs.<br />

Tumca, am saqmis detalebi bolomde cnobili ar aris.<br />

cnobilia is, rom politikur moRvaweTa da <strong>in</strong>teligenciis<br />

erT jgufs ucxoeTis dazvervasTan kavSiri da saqarTvelodan<br />

samegrelos gamoyofis mcdeloba daabrales. meore msoflio<br />

omis Semdeg, xelovnebis yvela dargSi cenzura gamkacrda.<br />

XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi sabWoTa kavSirSi krizisi gamwvavda.<br />

qveynis ekonomika da mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomareoba<br />

gauaresda. SeiaraRebaze da samxedro mSeneblobaze ki<br />

uzarmazari Tanxebi ixarjeboda [12].<br />

aRniSnul periodSi saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli<br />

moZraobis niSnebi gamoikveTa. misi mizani sabWoTa<br />

kavSiris Semadgenlobidan saqarTvelos gasvla da damoukideblobis<br />

aRdgena iyo. erovnul moZraobas saTaveSi zviad<br />

287

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gamsaxurdia da merab kostava Caudgnen. 1956 wels, organizaciis<br />

ramdenime wevrTan erTad is<strong>in</strong>i sabWoTa suk-ma daapatimra.<br />

totalitaruli mmarTvelobis periodSic ar Camqrala<br />

qarTvel xalxSi damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis survili.<br />

amis naTeli gamoxatuleba iyo 1956 wlis 9 marti. rodesac<br />

skkp XX yrilobis daxurul sxdomaze nikita xruSCovma gaakritika<br />

ioseb stal<strong>in</strong>i da sruliad qarTveli eri. Seuracxyofilma<br />

erma mTel saqarTveloSi moawyo gamosvlebi Tavisi<br />

Rirsebis dasacavad, magram Tbilisis quCebSi uamravi adamiani<br />

daxoces [8].<br />

1974 wlidan erovnul-gamanTavisuflebeli moZraoba<br />

isev gaaqtiurda da adamianis uflebaTa damcavi pirveli organizacia<br />

— `adamianis uflebaTa sa<strong>in</strong>iciativo jgufi~ Seiqmna.<br />

maT erovnul-politikuri xasiaTis Jurnalebis gamocema daiwyes.<br />

aseTive enTuziazmiTa da SemarTebiT daicva saqarTvelos<br />

axalgazrdobam 1978 wlis 14 aprils qveynis da eris Rirseba<br />

da aiZula sabWoTa xelisufleba, ar daeSvaT konstituciiT<br />

qarTulis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis statusis gauqmeba.<br />

amis Sedegad saqarTvelos konstituciaSi aRdga is muxli, romelic<br />

saqarTveloSi qarTuls saxelmwifo enis statuss ani-<br />

Webda.<br />

1988 wels, saqarTveloSi erovnulma moZraobm piks miaRwia.<br />

cxadi iyo, sabWoTa xelisufleba xalxis survils w<strong>in</strong> ver<br />

daudgeboda, amitom mTavrobam sapasuxod saqarTveloSi separatizmiT<br />

manipulireba daiwyo. konfliqti sabWoTa xelisuflebasa<br />

da erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebs Soris gansakuTrebiT<br />

gamwvavda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovniT<br />

arasanqcirebuli mit<strong>in</strong>gebis talRa mTel respublikas<br />

moedo.<br />

1989 wlis martSi afxazma separatistebma ruseTis reaqciuli<br />

Zalebis waqezebiT egreTwodebuli `lixnis deklaraciiT~<br />

afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisTvis calke sabWo-<br />

Ta respublikis statusis m<strong>in</strong>iWeba moiTxoves. zemoxsenebul<br />

deklaracias xeli soxumis universitetis reqtorma moawera.<br />

universitetis qarTvelma studentobam am faqts saprotesto<br />

demonstraciiT upasuxa. saqarTvelos centralurma xelisuflebam<br />

soxumeli studentebis saprotesto gamosvlebi ak-<br />

288

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Zala, magram is<strong>in</strong>i akrZalvas ar daemorCilnen da aqcia gagrZelda.<br />

1989 wlis aprilis dasawyisSi studentTa saprotesto aqcia<br />

afxaz separatistTa erTi jgufis mxridan Tavdasxmis obieqti<br />

gaxda. Tavdasxmam sazogadoebis ukiduresi aRSfoTeba<br />

gamoiwvia rogorc soxumSi, ise TbilisSi, rac saerTo-saxalxo<br />

mRelvarebaSi gadaizarda.<br />

1989 wlis 16-17 ivliss soxumSi pirveli SeiaraRebuli<br />

Setakeba moxda qarTuli da afxazuri mosaxleobis erT nawils<br />

Soris. gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, Setakebebis gamomwvevi<br />

mizezi gaxda soxumis universitetis misaRebi gamocdebisas<br />

momxdari Zaladobis faqtebi. daiRupa 16 da daiWra 140-mde<br />

moqalaqe, ZiriTadad eTnikuri qarTveli [10].<br />

1988-1989 wlebidan saqarTveloSi mSvidobiani saprotesto<br />

aqciebi daiwyo. aTiaTasobiT qarTveli mTavrobis sasaxlis<br />

w<strong>in</strong> Seikriba da rusTavelis gamziri gadaketa. mit<strong>in</strong>gs damoukideblobis<br />

komiteti xelmZRvanelobda — zviad gamsaxurdias,<br />

merab kostavas, irakli wereTelis, giorgi Wanturiasa<br />

da sxvebis meTaurobiT. mSvidobianma demonstrantebma damoukideblobis<br />

aRdgenis da separatistebis dasjis moTxovniT<br />

SimSiloba daiwyes. sabWoTa xelisuflebam situaciaze kontroli<br />

dakarga.<br />

1989 wlis 9 aprils, TbilisSi saprotesti aqcia sisxliani<br />

tragediiT dasrulda. moskovidan, kremlis miTiTebiT, sagangebod<br />

gadmogzavnilma sabWoTa armiis sadesanto Senaer-<br />

Tma aqciis monawleebi orlesuli sasangre niCbebiT daCexa,<br />

gamoyenebli iyo momwamlavi gazi da cecxlsasroli iaraRi. 20<br />

adamiani, ZiriTadad qalebi da bavSvebi, daxoces. aqciis aTasobiT<br />

monawile daiWra, moiwamla an dasaxiCrda. ukve meramdened,<br />

ruseTma Zalis saSualebiT scada qarTveli xalxis daTrgunva<br />

da daS<strong>in</strong>eba, Tumca maT cxadad da<strong>in</strong>axes, rom 9 aprilma<br />

katalizatoris roli iTamaSa da situacia ufro gamwvavda<br />

[10].<br />

1990 wlis 28 oqtombers, saqarTveloSi pirveli mravalpartiuli,<br />

demokratiuli da arasabWoTa, uzenaesi sabWos ar-<br />

Cevnebi Catarda, romelSic xmaTa aSkara umravlesobiT saar-<br />

Cevno blokma — `mrgvali magida — Tavisufali saqaTvelo~, gaimarjva.<br />

uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomared airCies zviad gamsaxurdia.<br />

289

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1991 wlis 31 marts, sayovelTao saxalxo referendumze<br />

dasmul SekiTxvas: `gsurT Tu ara saqarTvelos respublikis<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdena 1918 wlis 26 maisis<br />

damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze~, qveynis saarCevno<br />

xmis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis 98%-ma dadebiTi pasuxi gasca,<br />

maT Soris afxazebma da osebma.<br />

1991 wlis 9 aprils, saqarTveloSi qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti miiRes. imave dRes, aSS-s<br />

kongresma, 31 martis referendumis Sedegebi sagangebo rezoluciiT<br />

legitimurad scno, rac saqarTvelos damoukideblobis<br />

de-faqtod cnobas niSnavda. 1991 wlis 26 maiss saqar-<br />

Tvelom airCia damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti<br />

zviad gamsaxurdia.<br />

saqarTvelos damoukideblobisken swrafvam, ruseTis xelisufleba<br />

gaaRiziana. maTi sapasuxo reaqcia saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriaze separatistuli moZraobis provocireba da SeiaraRebuli<br />

konfliqtebis <strong>in</strong>spirireba iyo [14].<br />

1991 wlis 1 seqtembers, osurma mxarem `samxreT oseTis~<br />

sabWoTa avtonomiuri olqi `samxreT oseTis~ respublikad gamoacxada.<br />

mogvianebiT saqarTvelos uzenasma sabWom gaauqma<br />

aRniSnuli dadgenileba da egreTwodebuli `samxreT oseTis~<br />

avtonomiuri olqis, rogorc ukanono warmonaqmnis, statusi.<br />

1991 wlis bolos moxda ruseTis mier <strong>in</strong>spirirebuli samxedro<br />

gadatrialeba. saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi mosulma eduard<br />

SevardnaZem konfliqtebis daregulirebisaTvis kursi ai-<br />

Ro ruseTTan molaparakebaze. 1992 wlis 24 ivniss boris elc<strong>in</strong>sa<br />

da eduard SevardnaZes Soris, problemis daregulirebis<br />

mizniT, soWis xelSekruleba gaformda. 1992 wlis 14 ivliss<br />

konfliqtis zonaSi Sereuli komisia Seiqmna. 1995 wlidan<br />

regionSi qarTul-osur-rusuli Sereuli samSvidobo Zalebi<br />

da euTos damkvirveblebi Cadgnen [14].<br />

1992 wlis 10 agvistos samxreT kavkasiis rk<strong>in</strong>igzis dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelos monakveTze Seqmnili mZime viTarebis gamo,<br />

saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sabWom rk<strong>in</strong>igzis<br />

transportze sagangebo wesebi SemoiRo. 1992 wlis 14 agvistos,<br />

dilis 7 saaTze saqarTvelos S<strong>in</strong>agani jarebis kolonam<br />

zugdidi-galis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli sazRvari gadakveTa. saqar-<br />

Tvelos samTavrobo Zalebis gadaadgilebis mizani iyo dasavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi mZevlad ayvanili saxelmwifo sabWos wevri<br />

290

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samoqalaqo pirebis gaTavisufleba da Zarcvis gaxSirebuli<br />

SemTxvevebisagan rk<strong>in</strong>igzis dacva.<br />

1992 wlis 15 agvistos samTavrobo Zalebma daba ganTiad-<br />

Si gadasxes sazRvao desanti, romelmac daba leseliZe SturmiT<br />

aiRo. saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvarze qarTuli droSa<br />

aRimarTa. amave dRes Savnabadas batalionma gagra da daba<br />

kolxida ubrZolvelad daikava, ris Sedegadac gudauTaSi gaxiznuli<br />

arZ<strong>in</strong>bas gundi, faqtobrivad, blokadaSi moeqca. separatistebis<br />

kontrolis qveS, mxolod, biWv<strong>in</strong>Ta-axali aTonis<br />

monakveTi darCa. daibloka tyvarCelis raionic.<br />

1992 wlis 18 agvistos uSedego molaparakebebis Semdeg,<br />

qarTulma jarma qalaqSi Sesvla daiwyo. 12:30 saaTze maT afxazeTis<br />

uzenaesi sabWos Senoba brZolis gareSe aiRes. afxazuri<br />

droSis nacvlad, Senobis Tavze qarTuli saxelmwifo droSa<br />

afrialda. arZ<strong>in</strong>bam qalaqi datova da gudauTaSi gadabargda.<br />

1992 wlis 21 agvistos kremlis mier marTulma mTiel<br />

xalxTa konfederaciam saqarTvelos omi gamoucxada. agvisto-seqtemberSi<br />

afxazeTSi Camosvla daiwyes kremlis mier daqiravebulma<br />

mebrZolebma adiReidan, yabardo-balyareTidan,<br />

CeCneTidan, yaraCaevo-CerqezeTidan, CrdiloeT oseTidan. separatistebs<br />

gudauTaSi dislocirebuli ruseTis sazenito<br />

polkidan 1000 avtomati, 600 tyviamfrqvevi, 500 xelyumbara<br />

da uamravi tyviawamali gadaecaT. rusebis wyalobiT, seqtembris<br />

bolos separatistTa SeiaraReba qveiTTa sabrZolo manqanebiT,<br />

t-72 tipis tankebiT, agreTve saartilerio danadgarebiTa<br />

da naRmmtyorcnebiTac Seivso. iaraRTan erTad <strong>in</strong>tensiurad<br />

mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda separatistebis SenaerTTa cocxali ZaliT<br />

momarageba. ruseTis msxvil qalaqebSi daqiravebulTa<br />

mosazidad specialuri punqtebi muSaobdnen [14].<br />

1992 wlis 3 seqtembers konfliqtis daregulirebis mizniT,<br />

moskovSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo meTauris eduard SevardnaZis,<br />

ruseTis prezidentis boris elc<strong>in</strong>is da separatistTa<br />

lideris vladislav arZ<strong>in</strong>bas sammxrivi Sexvedra gaimar-<br />

Ta. Sexvedraze miRebul iqna rezolucia saqarTvelos teritoriuli<br />

mTlianobisa da xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb. molaparakebis<br />

Sedegad gadawyda, rom 5 seqtembridan afxazeTSi cecxli<br />

Sewydeboda.<br />

SeTanxmebis miuxedavad, ar wydeboda separatistuli Zalebis<br />

Semotevebi da grZeldeboda poziciuri brZolebi.<br />

291

---

1993 wlis 27 ivliss ruseTis SuamavlobiT, konfliqtis<br />

monawile mxareebma soWSi morig SeTanxmebas moaweres xeli.<br />

afxazeTi unda daetoveb<strong>in</strong>a yvela daqiravebul mebrZols, agreTve<br />

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli formirebebis umetesobas.<br />

soxumidan unda gaetanaT qarTuli armiis javSanteqnika da<br />

artileria. separatistTa teqnikaze kontroli afxazeTSi<br />

dislocirebul rusul nawilebs daevalaT.<br />

1993 wlis 1 seqtembers soxumidan qarTuli samxedro<br />

teqnika da 23-e brigadis SeiaraReba rusuli samxedro saz-<br />

Rvao SemadgenlobebiT foTSi gadaitanes, Tavad 23-e brigada<br />

ki daSales [14].<br />

rogorc SemdegSi cxadi gaxda, cecxlis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb<br />

mzakvruli SeTanxmeba separatistebma soxumze Setevis mosamzadeblad<br />

gamoiyenes. 16 seqtembers maT q. soxums Seuties.<br />

qalaqze farTomasStabiani ieriSi zRvidan, haeridan da xmeleTis<br />

misadgomebidan miitanes. SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, qar-<br />

Tul mxares am droisaTvis mZime SeiaraRebis didi nawili konfliqtis<br />

zonidan ukve gayvanili hyavda. rusulma mxarem ki<br />

daarRvia (es ukve meramdened saqarTvelos istoriaSi) yvelanairi<br />

piroba da ganiaraRebuli qarTuli jari da afxazeTis<br />

qarTuli mosaxleoba sruli katastrofis w<strong>in</strong>aSe daayena.<br />

1993 wlis 27 seqtembers soxumi daeca.<br />

konfliqtis dawyebamde afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi<br />

cxovrobda 525 000 adamiani. 17,8% — eTnikuri afxazebis,<br />

46% eTnikuri qarTvelebisa da danarCeni sxva eTnikuri<br />

jgufebis SemadgenlobiT. qarTvelebi warmoadgendnen gagris,<br />

soxumis, gulrifSis, oCamCiris, galis, kodoris xeobis<br />

dom<strong>in</strong>ant mosaxleobas. gaerTianebuli erebis umaRlesi komisiis<br />

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso organizaciebi<br />

sazogadod aRiareben, rom dResdReobiT 242 000 iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli<br />

piri cxovrobs saqarTveloSi, romelTaganac<br />

100 000 samegrelos raionSi, 90 000 TbilisSi, 30 000 imereTSi<br />

da 10 000 qvemo qarTlis regionSia ganTavsebuli. iZulebiT<br />

gadaadgilebuli pirebi warmoSobiT arian galidan 32%, soxumidan<br />

21%, oCamCiredan 15% da gulrifSidan 13% [14].<br />

qarTveli xalxis ltolvas Tavisuflebisaken ruseTis<br />

mTavroba yovelTvis xvdeboda didi agresiiT da provokaciebiT,<br />

yvelanairad cdilobda axalgazrda qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />

dakn<strong>in</strong>ebas, rogorc ekonomikuri, ise samxedro Tvalsaz-<br />

292

---

isiT, faruli Tu aSkara formebiT, separatistebis waqezebiT<br />

Tu maTTvis iaraRis gadacemiT, masobrivi <strong>in</strong>formaciebis<br />

saSualebebiT Tu daqiravebuli krim<strong>in</strong>alebiT... magram aRsaniSnavia,<br />

rom Ria samxedro operacia 1921 wlis aneqsiis Semdeg<br />

ar ganxorcielebula 2008 wlis 8 agvistomde. operaciis provocireba<br />

gakeTda osi separatistebis xeliT, razec saqarTvelos<br />

mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda pasuxi gaeca, xolo Semdeg<br />

ruseTma wamoiwyo farTomasStabiani samxedro operacia qar-<br />

Tuli saxelmwifos w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg.<br />

ruseTis mier moxda saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovani<br />

nawilis okupacia. ruseTi dResac agrZelebs agresiul<br />

politikas saqarTvelos w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg.<br />

samarTliani, mSvidobiani, politikuri brZola saqar-<br />

Tvelos deokupaciisaTvis, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisa<br />

da saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebisaTvis grZeldeba.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. simon qvariani, qarTveli eris istoria, quTaisi, 1918.<br />

2. aleqs<strong>and</strong>re froneli, `amboxeba kaxeTisa 1812 welsa~ Tbilisi,<br />

1992.<br />

3. aleqs<strong>and</strong>re froneli, mTiuleTi 1804 welsa, tfilisi,<br />

1910.<br />

4. sargis kakabaZe, saqarTvelo erekle II-is dros, tfilisi,<br />

1912.<br />

5. al. xaxanaSvili, solomon II, mefe imereTisa, tfilisi, 1910.<br />

6. a. gozaliSvili, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, Tbilisi, 1940.<br />

7. План г. Тифлиса с окрестностью, Тифлис, 1867.<br />

8. SoTa nozaZe, tragikuli 9 marti, Tbilisi, 1990.<br />

9. giorgi paiWaZe, georgievskis traqtati, Tbilisi, 1983.<br />

10. 9 aprili, Seadg<strong>in</strong>a guram gverdwiTelma, Tbilisi, 1990.<br />

11. Tbilisi (quCebi, gamzirebi, moednebi), enciklopedia, Tbilisi,<br />

2008.<br />

12. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. VI, Tbilisi, 1970.<br />

13. Сергунов А. А., Военно-географический обзор Грузии, ВКФ, 1921.<br />

14. <strong>in</strong>ternetgamocema `vikipedia~, www.wikipedia.org<br />

293

---

294<br />

Nodar Khorbaladze<br />

Doctoral student of the Georgian<br />

Technical University, Major<br />

From Russia's imperial politics <strong>in</strong> Georgia<br />

Summary<br />

The work covers the aspects of Russian aggressive politics from XVIII<br />

century till now; discusses the circumstances of Russia's lack of compliance<br />

with Treaty of Georgievsk terms, <strong>in</strong>cludes abolishment of reign <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>in</strong>dependence <strong>in</strong> Georgia, together with its occupation <strong>and</strong> full annexation.<br />

The stages of Georgian nation's fight aga<strong>in</strong>st this aggression is shown; the<br />

work also covers the issues on restoration of <strong>in</strong>dependence by Georgian<br />

people <strong>in</strong> 1918, development of Georgian democratic State, <strong>and</strong> its repeated<br />

occupation <strong>and</strong> annexation by Bolshevik Russia <strong>in</strong> 1921. The work represents<br />

the character of Georgian national-libratory movement <strong>in</strong> Soviet period <strong>and</strong><br />

declaration of <strong>in</strong>dependence by Georgia on Aril 9, 1991. Russian aggressive<br />

politics aga<strong>in</strong>st <strong>in</strong>dependent Georgia, <strong>and</strong>, aftermath, Russian military<br />

aggression aga<strong>in</strong>st sovereign State, that took place <strong>in</strong> August, 2008, is<br />

described.

---

295<br />

malxaz makaraZe<br />

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis<br />

doqtoranti, maiori<br />

damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifo<br />

da ruseTis agresiuli politika<br />

Tanamedrove etapze, zogadad msoflios da kerZod, evropis<br />

usafrTxoebis sakiTxis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT, msoflioSi<br />

mimd<strong>in</strong>are globalur procesebSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia<br />

saqarTveloSi ganviTarebul movlenebs.<br />

kavkasiis regionSi mimd<strong>in</strong>are procesebi mWidrod aris<br />

dakavSirebuli evropis Tanamegobrobis usafrTxoebasa da<br />

ganviTarebasTan, rac metad mniSvnelovania evropisa da misi<br />

mezobeli regionebis stabilurobisa da mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis,<br />

demokratiuli ganviTarebis saqmeSi. aqedan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are,<br />

Tanamedrove etapze metad aqtualuria kavkasiaSi da<br />

kerZod, saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>in</strong>stitutebis Camoyalibebis,<br />

qveynis ekonomiuri da politikuri satabilurobisa<br />

da mSvidobiani, demokratiuli ganviTarebis sakiTxi.<br />

Kkavkasiis regionSi stabilurobas, saqarTvelos saxelmwfoebriobis<br />

ganmtkicebis, mSvidobiani, demokratiuli ganviTarebisa<br />

da evropul TanamegobrobaSi <strong>in</strong>tegraciis procesebs<br />

xels uSlis samxedro konfliqtebi kavkasiaSi, rac metad<br />

problematuria, rogorc sakuTriv qarTuli saxelmwifos,<br />

aseve evropis regionisa da mTlianad msoflio Tanamegobrobis<br />

usafrTxoebis, mSvidobiani TanamSromlobisa da demokratiuli<br />

ganviTarebis saqmeSi [1; 2].<br />

1991 wlidan, saqrTvelos mier saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis<br />

gamocxadebis, msoflios mravali saxelmwifos mier<br />

oficialuri cnobisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg<br />

kavkasiaSi da kerZod saqarTveloSi warmoiqmna da gaaqtiurda<br />

SeiarRebuli konfliqtebis kerebi (CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi —<br />

CeCneTi, saqarTveloSi — afxazeTi da cx<strong>in</strong>valis regioni), rac<br />

xelovnurad iyo <strong>in</strong>spirirebuli ruseTis mier. es qveyana uSualod<br />

iyo CarTuli saomar moqmedebebSi, awarmoebda ra samxedro<br />

operaciebs CeCneTSi da uwevda ra Ria samxedro daxmarebas<br />

saqarTveloSi arsebul konfliqtur kerebSi mis mier

---

marTvad marionetul, separatistul reJimebs, rogorc samxedro<br />

ZaliT, aseve sabrZolo teqnikiT [2; 3].<br />

saqarTvlos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis<br />

Semdgomi periodi SeiZleba daiyos sam ZiriTad etapad:<br />

pirveli etapi moicavs periods demokratiuli gziT arCeuli<br />

saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebaSi<br />

mosvlidan da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis<br />

gamocxadebidan 1991 wlis dekembramde ( kanonieri<br />

xelisuflebis damxobamde). meore etapi grZeldeba 1992<br />

wels SevardnaZis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan 2003 wlis vardebis<br />

reoluciamde, mesame etapi iwyeba da grZeldeba vardebis<br />

revolucis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi saxemwifoebrivad, progresulad<br />

moazrovne politikosTa mosvliT [1].<br />

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos politikuri cxovrebis mesame<br />

etapze qveyanaSi iwyeba demokratiuli saxelmwifo <strong>in</strong>stitutebis<br />

Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba, Seiqmna w<strong>in</strong>a pirobebi<br />

evroatlantikur samxedro politikur bloksa da evropis Tanamegobrobis<br />

erTian sivrceSi <strong>in</strong>tegraciis procesebis dasaCqareblad.<br />

am mimarTulebiT gadaidga mniSvnelovani nabijebi,<br />

rac gamoixata demokratiuli <strong>in</strong>stitutebis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi,<br />

socialuri fonis gaumjobesebaSi, qveynis ekonomikis<br />

stabilizaciaSi, energetikul damoukideblobasa da qarTuli<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis modernizaciasa da ganviTrebaSi. yovelive<br />

aman xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebas<br />

da qveynis rolis gaaqtiurebas rogorc kavkasiis<br />

regionSi, aseve mTlianad msoflios masStabiT, rasac adasturebs<br />

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri da energetikuli proeqtebis<br />

wamowyeba da ganxorcieleba, buqarestis samitze miRebuli<br />

mxardamWeri gadawyvetileba da amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa<br />

da saqarTvelos Soris gaformebuli ormxrivi TanamSromlobis<br />

da urTierTdaxmarebis qartia [1; 4].<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebam, misma<br />

geopolitikurma da geoekonomikurma mdebareobam, saerTaSoriso<br />

TanamegobrobaSi <strong>in</strong>tegraciis procesebis daCqarebam gaaqtiura<br />

imperiuli ambiciebis matarebeli ruseTis agresiuli<br />

politika saqarTvelos mimarT [4].<br />

ruseTma miznad daisaxa saqaraTveloze, rogorc saxelmwifoze<br />

sruli kontrolis damyareba qveynis demokratiuli,<br />

296

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kanonieri xelisuflebis Canacvlebis gziT marionetuli,<br />

prorusuli xelisuflebiT, rac SemdgomSi gamoiwvevda saqar-<br />

Tvelos politikuri kursis Secvlas ruseTis imperiuli politikis<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresebis Sesabamisad.<br />

ruseTis imperiuli miznebis miRwevis mcdelobis kulm<strong>in</strong>acias<br />

warmoadgens 2008 wlis agvistos SearaRebuli agresia<br />

saqarTvelos mimarT, romelic pirdapir iyo orientirebuli<br />

qveynis kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobaze, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis,<br />

ekonomikisa da demokratiuli <strong>in</strong>stitutebis<br />

moSlaze. es saSualebas miscemda ruseTs, saqarTvelo<br />

msoflios w<strong>in</strong>aSe warmoedg<strong>in</strong>a, rogorc destabilizaciis kera<br />

da safrTxis matarebeli qveyana kavkasiis regionSi, rac Tavis<br />

mxriv gamoiwvevda mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso proeqtebis Cavardnas<br />

da ruseTis mier evropis energetikuli marTvis sadaveebis<br />

mTlianad xelSi aRebas. Tumca, imperiuli ruseTis amgvarma<br />

mcdelobam Sedegi ver gamoiRo, ufro ki piriqiT [2; 4].<br />

ruseTis agresiulma politikam da agvistos movlenebma<br />

msoflios daanaxva misi, rogorc agresorisa da safrTxis matarebeli<br />

qveynis namdvili saxe da zraxvebi. evropam igrZno<br />

realuri safrTxe ruseTisagan. msoflios reaqciam ar daayovna.<br />

igi iyo ganviTarebuli movlenebis adekvaturi, rac gamoixata<br />

evropis saxelmwifoebis, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa<br />

da saerTSoriso organizaciebis aqtiuri politiuri<br />

CarTviT saqarTvelos mxardamWer procesebSi. saerTaSoriso<br />

Tanamegobrobis adekvaturma reaqciam nawilobriv SeaCera<br />

rusuli agresia da saqarTvelo kvlav ganixileba amerikis SeerTebuli<br />

Statebisa da evropisTvis, rogorc saimedo partniori<br />

saxelmwifo kavkasiis regionSi. saerTaSoriso mxarda-<br />

WeriT xorcieldeba agresorze politikuri zewola saqar-<br />

Tvelos teritoriebis deokupaciis moTxovniT, grZeldeba<br />

evropuli da evroatlantikuri <strong>in</strong>tegraciis procesi, gaizarda<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresi saqarTvelos, rogorc politikur da ekonomiur,<br />

maT Soris energetikul sferoSi partniori qveynis mimaraT,<br />

rac gamoixata Tundac `nabuqos~ proeqtis aqtualobiTa da<br />

damtkicebiT [4].<br />

amrigad, miuxedavad imperiuli ruseTis agresiuli politikisa,<br />

romelic SemdgomSi gadaizarda SearaRebul agresiaSi<br />

saqarTvlos w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg, saqarTvelo, msoflios Taname-<br />

297

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gobrobisaTvis kvlav rCeba, rogorc demokratiuli Rirebulebebis<br />

matarebeli partniori saxelmwifo kavakasiis region-<br />

Si da dRis wesrigSi kvalav aqtiurad dgas, rogorc misi sruli<br />

deokupaciis, aseve sruli <strong>in</strong>tegraciis sakiTxi msoflios<br />

Tanamegobrobasa da saerTaSoriso demokratiul struqturebSi.<br />

Ddamowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. saxelmwifoebrioba da usafrTxoeba, saqarTvelo `vardebis<br />

revoluciis~ Semdeg. bruno kopitersis da robert<br />

legvoldis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 2006.<br />

2. ioseb toroSeliZe, Pput<strong>in</strong>is sagareo politika, Tbilisi,<br />

2008.<br />

3. malxaz saldaZe, postsabWoTa sazogadoeba da xelisufleba<br />

ruseTSi, Tbilisi, 2008.<br />

4. giorgi gvalia, ZalTa wonasworoba da safrTxis wonasworoba,<br />

aliansebi samxreT kavkasiaSi, Tbilisi, 2008.<br />

298<br />

Malkhaz Makaradze<br />

Doctoral student of the Georgian<br />

Technical University, Major<br />

Independent Georgia <strong>and</strong> Russian aggression politics<br />

Summary<br />

This work represents modern World <strong>and</strong> European security subjects;<br />

there is show<strong>in</strong>g generally Caucasus region <strong>and</strong> Georgian place <strong>and</strong> role <strong>in</strong><br />

carnet world global presses. It’s analyzed Russian’s aggression politics <strong>and</strong><br />

world concord to support to Georgia. It’s made property conclusion.

---

299<br />

sofiko davlaSeriZe<br />

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis<br />

magistranti<br />

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena da<br />

aSS-is politika postsabWour sivrceze<br />

XX s-is 90-iani wlebi aRsavse iyo epoqaluri mniSvnelobis<br />

movlenebiT — dasrulda civi omi, komunisturi totalitarizmi.<br />

socialisturi sistemis rRvevis Sedegad radikalurad<br />

Seicvala msoflio politikuri speqtri. daiwyo bipolarulidan<br />

msoflios policentristul mowyobaze gadasvlis<br />

swrafi, xSir SemTxvevaSi umarTavi procesi[5,106].<br />

XX s-is 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi saqarTveloSi daiwyo<br />

erovnul ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis axali etapi.<br />

Aamitom, sanam uSualod SevexebodeT saqarTvelo — amerikis<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis urTierTobas da gavecnobodeT mis politikas<br />

saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi, aucilebelia am urTierTobis<br />

sawyisi etapis ganxilva. sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa ra xdeboda am<br />

urTierTobis dawyebamde saqarTvelos istoriul asparezze,<br />

rogor aRadg<strong>in</strong>a man damoukidebloba da ra faqtorebma ganapiroba<br />

amerikis da<strong>in</strong>tereseba saqarTveloTi.<br />

saqarTvelom @gasabWoebis dRidan ( 1921w. ) mZime gza ganvlo,<br />

sanam isev Tavs daaRwevda ruseTis batonobis uRels.<br />

sabWoTa kavSiri 1980-iani wlebidan ukve nel-nela ngrevas iwyebs.<br />

sabWoTa imperiisa da socialisturi banakis daSla, sab-<br />

WoTa memkvidreobis ganawileba swrafad ar momxdara. Aam memkvidreobis<br />

gavlenis sferoebad gayofa mtkivneulad mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda<br />

zesaxelmwifoebis meTaurTa mravalricxovan Sexvedrebze.<br />

Ees procesi dResac ar dasrulebula. Aamisi dasturia<br />

saqarTvelosa da ukra<strong>in</strong>is magaliTebi, romelTa Crdilo-atlantikur<br />

aliansSi gawevrianebas ew<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegeba sabWoTa kav-<br />

Siris samarTalmemkvidre — ruseTis federacia [7, 252].<br />

1980-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi safuZveli Caeyara mravalpartiul<br />

sistemas. marTalia, araformaluri jgufebi da<br />

partiebi oficialurad registrirebulni ar iyvnen, magram<br />

realurad is<strong>in</strong>i arsebobdnen da seriozul zegavlenas axdendnen<br />

qveynis politikur cxovrebaze.

---

ukve am periodisaTvis SeiZleboda dagveyo politikuri<br />

partiebi klasifikaciaTa sam ZiriTad banakad — memarcxene,<br />

centristuli da memarjvene. swored maT Soris dapirispirebam<br />

gaamwvava SemdgomSi viTareba da qveyana miiyvana samoqalaqo<br />

omamde.<br />

1990wlis 7 maiss Seiqmna politikuri gaerTianeba —<br />

mrgvali magida, Tavisufali saqarTvelo, romelSic kidev 4<br />

politikuri gaerTianeba gawevri<strong>and</strong>a. maT mizans politikuri<br />

viTarebidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis<br />

aRdgenis realisturi koncefciis Seqmna warmoadgenda.<br />

am droisaTvis kremlis mizani iyo, arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli<br />

da SemdgomSi saxelmwifos saTaveSi mosuli xelisuflebisaTvis,<br />

daepirispireb<strong>in</strong>a seriozuli opoziciuri Zala da<br />

qveyana samoqalaqo dapirispirebamde mieyvana. Kkremli ki ar<br />

qmnida, romelime sasurvel qveyanaSi politikur speqtrs,<br />

aramed ukve Camoyalibebuli politikuri rukis gamoyenebas<br />

cdilobda.<br />

1990wlis 28 oqtombers Catarebuli saqarTvelos uzenaesi<br />

sabWos mravalpartiuli arCevnebis Sedegad, `mrgvalma magidam~<br />

1 248 111 ( 53,99% ) amomrCevlis xma miiRo.<br />

saqarTveloSi xaverdovani revolucia ganxorcielda.<br />

mravalpartiuli uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebSi gaimarjva<br />

mrgvalma magidam. Kkomunisturi erTpartiuli diqtaturis<br />

epoqa dasrulda da uzenaes sabWoSi umravlesoba erovnulma<br />

Zalebma moipoves, rac saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi maT mosvlas<br />

niSnavda. Aamavdroulad, qveyanaSi funqcionirebda Seurigebeli<br />

radikalebisa da opoziciis TviTgamocxadebuli<br />

warmomadgenlobiTi, makoord<strong>in</strong>ebeli sabWo e.w. erovnuli<br />

kongresi. Ees jer kidev ar niSnavda orxelisuflebianobas,<br />

magram imas ma<strong>in</strong>c niSnavda, rom qveyanaSi ori ZiriTadi konfrontaciuli<br />

centri Camoyalibda. maTi urTierT mtruli<br />

dapirispireba mraval gauTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebel saSiSroebas Seicavda<br />

da qveynis momavals, romelic isedac rTuli gaxldaT, kidev<br />

ufro bundovans xdida.<br />

1991wlis 31 marts Catarda referendumi, romelsac unda<br />

gadaewyvita sakiTxi, surda Tu ara qveynis mosaxleobas — saqarTvelos<br />

damoukideblobis aRdgena. am kiTxvaze saqarTvelos<br />

mosaxleobis didma umravlesobam dadebiTi pasuxi gasca.<br />

300

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is safuZvelzec 9 aprils, ori wlis Semdeg momxdari tragediidan,<br />

nanatri damoukidebloba gamocxadda.<br />

aseve 1991wlis 26 maiss Catarda saprezidento arCevnebi,<br />

sadac zviad gamsaxurdiam, xmebis didi umravlesobiT gaimarjva[4,186].<br />

samwuxarod am faqts mow<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegeebic hyavdnen, romlebic<br />

mudmivad, aqciebis saxiT gamoxatavdnen protests, magram<br />

male maTma protestma seriozuli saxe miiRo da samxedro<br />

formirebaSic ki gadaizarda.<br />

zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis erTerT<br />

sust mxared opozicia Tvlida mis sagareo politikas.<br />

maT miaCndaT, rom swored am sferoSi daSvebulma seriozulma<br />

Secdomebma miiyvana erovnuli xelisufleba krizisamde, xolo<br />

saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso izolaciamde.<br />

pirvelad, aSS-is sagareo uwyeba saqarTveloTi 1991 wlis<br />

31 martis referendumis dros da<strong>in</strong>teresda seriozulad.<br />

jorj buSma (ufrosma) Cvens qveyanaSi moavl<strong>in</strong>a aSS-is yofili<br />

prezidenti riCard niqsoni. viziti araoficialuri iyo, rac<br />

imas niSnavda rom saxelmwifoTaSoriso urTierTobebis doneze<br />

igi ar ganixileboda da arc Sesabamisi, raime politikuri<br />

datvirTva an Sedegi ar eqneboda. Mmagram es viziti, amerikis<br />

gazrdil <strong>in</strong>terss mowmobda da SeiZleboda ganxiluliyo, rogorc<br />

realuri urTierTobisaTvis garkveuli safuZvlis momzadeba<br />

[7, 265].<br />

riCard niqsonma urCia z. gamsaxurdias SeerTeboda axal<br />

samokavSireo xelSekrulebas (anu damoukidebel saxelmwifo-<br />

Ta TanamegobrobaSi Sesvla), razec man uari ganacxada.<br />

unda aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos isic, rom 1989 wlis 9 aprilis movlenebi<br />

obieqturad Sefasda aSS-is senatis sagareo saqmeTa komisiis<br />

wevris, senator helmsis mier. 12 aprils komisiis sxdomaze man<br />

ara marto politikuri Sefaseba misca 9 aprilis v<strong>and</strong>alur<br />

aqts, aramed moiTxova sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />

izolacia, raTa amiT xeli SeewyoT saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli<br />

moZraobisaTvis. miiRes oficialuri<br />

rezolucia, igi umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti gaxldaT da<br />

mowmobda, rom aSS-is xelisufleba TanagrZnobiT ekideboda saqarTveloSi<br />

mimd<strong>in</strong>are ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobas.<br />

meore mxriv, senatis rezolucia diplomatiurad gawonasworebuli<br />

oficialuri dokumenti gaxldaT, romelic iT-<br />

301

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valisw<strong>in</strong>ebda maS<strong>in</strong>del saerTaSoriso realobas, sabWoTa kav-<br />

Siris arsebobis faqts da gamoTqvamda qarTveli xalxis erovnuli<br />

uflebebis kanonierebis SezRuduli formiT mxardaWeras<br />

[7, 255].<br />

samwuxarod, am da sxva msgavs faqtebs, gamoxmaurebebs da<br />

mxardaWeras mxolod moraluri mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan<br />

ar asaxavda SeerTebuli Statebis oficialur kurss.<br />

aSS-m mogvianebiT pozicia mkveTrad Secvala da saqveynod<br />

ganacxada, rom damoukidebel saqarTvelos da mis xelisuflebas<br />

mxars ar dauWerda, radgan maTTvis miuRebeli iyo<br />

gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis imJam<strong>in</strong>deli kursi.<br />

aSS cnobda sabWoTa kavSirs da mis respublikebSi ganvi-<br />

Tarebuli movlenebisadmi damokidebuleba moskovis xelisuflebis<br />

saS<strong>in</strong>ao saqmed miaCnda. 1989-1990 wlebSi dasavle-<br />

Tis arcerTi qveyana da maT Soris verc aSS Riad ver gamoxatavda<br />

simpaTias, romelime sabWoTa respublikis separatistuli<br />

midrekilebebisadmi.<br />

1991wlis 2 seqtembers, TbilisSi Catarda mit<strong>in</strong>gi, romlisTvisac<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>formacio saxis micema surdaT momit<strong>in</strong>geebs,<br />

ris saSualebac policiam ar misca. Aam faqts, seriozuli Setakeba<br />

mohyva, rac imiTi damTavrda, rom erT-erTma policielma<br />

gamafrTxilebeli gasrola gaakeTa. es sakmarisi aRmoCnda imis-<br />

Tvis, rom Savi piari agorebuliyo xelisuflebis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg.<br />

am dRes saqarTveloSi imyofeboda aSS-is kongresmenTa<br />

jgufi. Mmas Semdeg rac jorj buSma (ufrosma) saqarTvelo im<br />

respublikebs Soris ar moixsenia, romlebsac amerikelebi<br />

mxars uWerdnen, kongresmenTa delegaciis viziti is erTader-<br />

Ti imediRa iyo, romelTanac dakavSirebuli iqneboda saqar-<br />

Tvelos aSS-Tan Semdgomi urTierTobis perspeqtiva. Ddelegaciis<br />

meTauri gaxldaT kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatis<br />

mudmivi sabiujeto komisiis vaWrobis qvekomisiis Tavmjdomare<br />

sem gibsoni.<br />

am periodisaTvis zviad gamsaxurdias imiji dasavlur mediaSi<br />

uaRresad arasaxarbielo iyo, rac rusuli pres-samsaxurebis<br />

damsaxureba gaxldaT. swored amitom z. gamsaxurdiam<br />

delegatebs sTxova Rrmad gamoerkviaT viTareba qveyanaSi da<br />

zerele <strong>in</strong>formacias ar dayrdnobodnen. 2 seqtembris mit<strong>in</strong>gis<br />

damsaxureba iyo is, rom amerikelebma momxdar movlenebSi<br />

pasuxismgebloba xelisuflebas daakisres. amerikeli kanon-<br />

302

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mdeblebi TiTqos uSualod darwmundnen, rom saqarTveloSi<br />

demokratia namdvilad ar Sendeboda da Tavisuflebis sios<br />

nacvlad diqtaturis qari iwyebda amovardnas.<br />

igive <strong>in</strong>formacia da ganwyobileba waiRes amerikel kongresmenTa<br />

meore delegaciam. Ees ufro seriozuli delegacia<br />

gaxldaT — kongresis, evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis<br />

sakiTxTa komisiis wevrebi, misi Tavmjdomaris stiven hoierisa<br />

da TanaTavmjdomaris denis de konsis meTaurobiT. Mmagram<br />

ufro mZime STabeWdileba kongresmenebma saqarTveloSi<br />

datoves. cxadi gaxda, rom saqarTvelo SeerTebuli Statebis-<br />

Tvis da amdenad dasavleTisaTvis, TiTqmis sabolood gairiya,<br />

misi <strong>in</strong>teresebis gareT aRmoCnda. es ukve saerTaSoriso izolacias<br />

niSnavda. sabWoTa kavSiris pirispir darCenil saqar-<br />

Tvelos dedamiwis zurgze, erTi potenciuri mokavSiris imedic<br />

aRar unda hqonoda.<br />

j. buSma sabWoTa kavSirTan urTierTobis normalizaciis<br />

sakiTxs prioriteti mianiWa da respublikebTan urTierToba<br />

meore xarisxovan sakiTxad miiCnia. 1991wlis 31 ivliss aSS-isa<br />

da sabWoTa kavSiris prezidentebma xeli moaweres stategiuli<br />

SeiaraRebis Semcirebis xelSekrulebas. Aam globaluri<br />

mniSvnelonis SeTanxmebis fonze, amerikis adm<strong>in</strong>istracias<br />

aRar awyobda kremlTan dapirispirebuli saqarTvelos xelisuflebis<br />

mimarT ramenaeri loialobis gamoxatva, radgan gamsaxurdias<br />

maqsimalisturi xelisufleba uars ambobda xeli<br />

moewera axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebisaTvis. A<br />

amerikis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciis meTauris Ria kritika, saqar-<br />

Tvelos msoflio politikuri procesebisagan da dasavluri<br />

samyarosagan marg<strong>in</strong>alizaciisaken ubiZgebda. ra Tqma unda<br />

sruliad gasagebia saqarTvelos xelisuflebis ganawyeneba<br />

amerikis arasasurveli poziciis gamo, magram patara qveynis<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresi, didi politikuri procesebisadmi angariSis gawevas<br />

moiTxovda [1, 30].<br />

saqarTvelos e.w. saerTaSoriso izolacia ar iyo gamowveuli<br />

z. gamsaxurdias mcdari politikiT. Ees iyo im dro<strong>in</strong>deli<br />

saerTaSoriso da geopolitikuri viTarebis kanonzomieri<br />

Sedegi da masze gavlenis moxdena, gamsaxurdias xelisuflebas<br />

arc brZnuli da arc mcdari politikis warmoebiT ar SeeZlo.<br />

saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis arc erT wevrs respubli-<br />

303

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kebis damoukidebloba ar ucvnia manamde, sanam sabWoTa kavSiri<br />

ar daiSala.<br />

1991 wlis Semodgomis CaTvliT, arc aSS-s da arc dasavleTs<br />

ar ucvnia sabWoTa respublikebis damoukidebloba, garda<br />

baltiispireTis qveynebisa. danarCeni respublikebis deiure<br />

cnobis procesi 1991 wlis dekemberSi daiwyo. saqarTvelos<br />

xelisufleba, am gadamwyvet momentSic aSS-is mxardaWeris<br />

gareSe aRmoCnda.<br />

erovnulma xelisuflebam Tavidanve saTanadod ver Seafasa<br />

opoziciis Zala da potenciali, arc moqmedebis mzardi<br />

perspeqtiva da rac mTavaria arc opoziciis mZlavri mokavSiris<br />

mxardaWeris resursi. Aam Seufaseblobam sul ufro saSiSi<br />

xasiaTi miiRo, gansakuTrebiT 1991w. noember-dekembris moCvenebiTi<br />

stabilizaciis periodSi. rogorc erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli<br />

moZraobis liders da moRvawes, z. gamsaxurdias<br />

SeeZlo sabWoTa imperiasTan ukompromoso brZola gaegrZeleb<strong>in</strong>a,<br />

Mmagram rogorc saqarTvelos prezidentma, man mZime<br />

Secdoma dauSva, roca kompromisze ar wavida arc centrTan<br />

da arc saerTaSoriso koniunqturasTan, ramac misi xelisuflebis<br />

damxobaSi sabediswero roli iTamaSa[2,109].<br />

1991-1992 ww. saqarTveloSi adgili hqonda saxelmwifo<br />

gadatrialebas, SeiaraRebuli amboxebis gziT, romelic ramdenime<br />

Tvis ganmavlobaSi, Riad da daufaravad mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda.<br />

Ees ar iyo araviTari saxalxo an demokratiuli revolucia,<br />

radgan ar arsebobda misi masobrivi mxardamWeri mosaxleoba<br />

da ar arsebobda revoluciis ganxorcielebis realuri safuZveli,<br />

gamomwvevi mizezi — diqtatura.<br />

1991-1992 ww. dekember-ianvarSi, saqarTveloSi mimd<strong>in</strong>are<br />

SeiaraRebuli amboxebis da ruseTis <strong>in</strong>tervenciuli Carevis<br />

Sedegad daemxo erovnuli xelisufleba.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. al. dauSvili, m. naTmelaZe, saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoria,<br />

Tb., 2004.<br />

2. i. kveselava, saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi, Tb., 2004.<br />

3. i. kveselava, z. gamsaxurdia, disidentobidan prezidentobamde,<br />

Tb., 2004.<br />

4. m. vaCnaZe, v. guruli, saqarTvelos istoria, Tb., 2004.<br />

304

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5. S. malaSxia, konfliqtebi da prognozireba, Tb., 2007.<br />

6. a. sonRulaSvili, saqarTvelos politikuri portreti,<br />

Tb., 2004.<br />

7. d. SveliZe, politikuri dapirispirebebi da erovnuli xelisuflebis<br />

damxoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008.<br />

305<br />

Sopho Davlasheridze<br />

Magistrant of Georgian Technical<br />

University<br />

Restoration of Georgia <strong>in</strong>dependence <strong>and</strong> policy of USA of Soviet Spare<br />

Summary<br />

In the second part of 80 of XX century there started national freedom<br />

movements new stage <strong>in</strong> Georgia. Exactly at that period the USA became<br />

<strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> Georgia.<br />

On the base of the 31 th of march, 1991 referendum, Georgia declared<br />

<strong>in</strong>dependence <strong>and</strong> as a president Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected. Though<br />

there were persons who were aga<strong>in</strong>st this fact.<br />

The opposition considered the weak side of Zviad Gamsakhurdia's<br />

rul<strong>in</strong>g his foreign policy. They thought that the mistakes made <strong>in</strong> this spare<br />

provided national government for the crisis, but the government was lead to<br />

the <strong>in</strong>ternational isolation. It should be noticed, that the USA <strong>in</strong> the issue<br />

consider<strong>in</strong>g to the normalization of relationships with Soviet Union revealed<br />

the priority. And so the relations between republics made the second degree.<br />

In the 31 th of July, 1991, the president of USA <strong>and</strong> the Soviet Union<br />

signed strategic weaponed decrease agreement. On the background of this<br />

global important agreement, the adm<strong>in</strong>istration of USA did not want to<br />

express some k<strong>in</strong>d of loyalty accord<strong>in</strong>g to Georgian government, which was<br />

aga<strong>in</strong>st to the Kreml<strong>in</strong>. As Gamsakhurdia's maximalistical government<br />

refused to sign the new united agreement.

---

korneli kakaCia<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis<br />

saxelmwifo universiteti, politikuri<br />

mecnierebebis departamentis<br />

asocirebuli profesori<br />

aSS-saqarTvelos strategiuli<br />

TanamSromlobis qartia: icavs Tu ara is<br />

saqarTvelos usafrTxoebas?<br />

aSS-saqarTvelos strategiuli TanamSromlobis qartia<br />

warmoadgens mniSvnelovan dokuments, romlis xelmowera da<br />

sruli amoqmedeba aqtualuria saqarTvelos teritoriuli<br />

mTlianobis uzrunvelyofis, misi politikuri da ekonomikuri<br />

warmatebebis TvalsazrisiT. qartia, romlis xelmoweridan<br />

ukve erTi weli gavida, CarCo dokumentia da warmoadgens safuZvels<br />

saqarTvelo-amerikis momavali TanamSromlobisTvis<br />

sxvadasxva dargSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qartia gaxda baza<br />

sul cota oci ormxrivi dokumentis xelmowerisTvis, rogorc<br />

samxedro-ekonomikur, kulturul da sxva sferoebSi.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom qartia, sadac garkveuli aqcentebi<br />

keTdeba saqarTvelos Tavdacvisunarianobis gaZlierebaze,<br />

gaformda aSS-is Zvel adm<strong>in</strong>istraciasTan, is SeTanxmebuli<br />

iyo obamas axal adm<strong>in</strong>istraciasTanac da Sesabamisad aSS-s axali<br />

xelisuflebac mxars uWers saqarTvelosTan TanamSromlobas.<br />

Sesabamisad, SesaZlo samxedro da politikuri daxmarebis<br />

masStabebi ganisazRvreba amerikis axali adm<strong>in</strong>istraciis<br />

mier, romelic TviTon gansazRvravs Tu ra S<strong>in</strong>aarsi miani-<br />

Wos am dokuments.<br />

qarTul da dasavlur mediaSi, am bolo dros, xSirad gaismis<br />

sxvadasxva mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras niSnavs saqarTvelosaTvis<br />

aSS-saqarTvelos strategiuli partniorobis<br />

qartia da ramdenad aris es dokumenti saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis<br />

garanti. amasTan dakavSirebiT, qarTul sazogadoebaSi<br />

ZiriTadad gamoikveTa ori urTierTsaw<strong>in</strong>aaRmdego mosazreba.<br />

erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, 2009 wlis 9 ianvars vaS<strong>in</strong>gtonSi<br />

SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris xelmowerili<br />

qartia warmoadgens unikalur da `istoriul~ doku-<br />

306

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ments, romelic xazs usvams vaS<strong>in</strong>gtonis erTmniSvnelovan<br />

mxardaWeras saqarTvelosa da misi xelisuflebisadmi. ufro<br />

metic, am mosazrebis momxreebi Tvlian, rom es dokumenti<br />

warmoadgens natoSi saqarTvelos daCqarebuli gawevrianebis<br />

surogatul garantiasac ki mas mere, rac 2008 wlis aprilSi<br />

natos samitze buqarestSi da natos sagareo saqmeTa m<strong>in</strong>istrebis<br />

dekembris samitze briuselSi, ase sasurveli natos gawevrianebis<br />

samoqmedo gegma (MAP) qveyanam ver miiRo ∗ . Tavis satelevizio<br />

saaxalwlo mimarTvaSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobisadmi,<br />

prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma, qartias saqarTvelos<br />

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi `axali fazis~ dasawyisi da qveyanaze<br />

ruseTis im orsaukonovani dom<strong>in</strong>irebis dasasruli<br />

uwoda, romelsac saTave 1783 wels daedo, rodesac mefis ruseTsa<br />

da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris georgievskis traqtati<br />

gaformda da saqarTvelom nebayoflobiT aRiara rusuli<br />

proteqtorati [1].<br />

saqarTvelos xelisufleba aseve xazs usvamda imas, rom<br />

es aris pirveli oficialuri ormxrivi SeTanxmeba, romelSic<br />

SeerTebuli Statebi saqarTvelos `strategiul partniors~<br />

uwodebs. swored amitomac, xelisuflebis mtkicebiT, SeuZlebelia<br />

misi mniSvnelovnebis Seufasebloba. sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa, rom<br />

amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma analogiur dokuments xeli<br />

10 wlis w<strong>in</strong>aT moawera baltiis qveynebTan, magram misi aqtualoba<br />

usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT ar aris imdenad didi, v<strong>in</strong>aidan<br />

dRev<strong>and</strong>eli mdgomareobiT samive yofili sabWoTa respublika<br />

natos wevria da usafrTxoebis araviTar damatebiT<br />

garantias ar saWiroebs.<br />

usafrTxoebis araviTari garantiebi<br />

magram xelmowerili teqstis ufro guldasmiT wakiTxvis<br />

Semdeg ibadeba eWvi, ramdenad sworia am xelSekrulebis <strong>in</strong>terpretacia<br />

ise, rogorc amas saqarTvelos xelisuflebis<br />

zogierTi warmomadgeneli gvTavazobs. yovel SemTxvevaSi am<br />

∗ 5 marts natos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />

ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg ruseTTan 6 Tvis manZilze SeCerebuli<br />

kontaqtebi srulad aRsdgeba, zogierTma imis niSnad miiCnia,<br />

rom Tbiliss kidev didxans mouwevs lod<strong>in</strong>i mapi-s misaRebad.<br />

307

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dokumentis Sefaseba, rogorc saqarTvelos upirobo mxarda-<br />

Weris gamoxatuleba da SeerTebuli Statebis mokavSired aRiareba,<br />

damatebiT Seswavlas moiTxovs da misi amdagvari gageba<br />

albaT Secdoma iqneboda.<br />

pirveli — qartiis teqstis uemocio da yuradRebiT wakiTxvisas<br />

ikveTeba mosazreba, rom am mniSvnelovani dokumentis<br />

xelmowera ar gulisxmobs, rom saqarTvelos aSS-s sagareo<br />

urTierTobebSi unikaluri mniSvneloba mieniWa, Tundac<br />

im martivi mizezis gamo, rom teqstis frazeologia zustad<br />

imeorebs ramdenime kviriT adre, 2008 wlis 19 dekembers ukra<strong>in</strong>asa<br />

da SeerTebul Statebs Soris dadebuli analogiuri<br />

qartiis frazeologias.<br />

meore — qartia (xelSekrulebisgan gansxvavebiT) arasavaldebulo<br />

dokumentia da mesame — im pirobebis umetesoba,<br />

romelic marTlac unikaluria aSS-saqarTvelos qartiisTvis<br />

da romelic ar aris moxseniebuli aSS-ukra<strong>in</strong>is qartiaSi, Semdeg<br />

garkveul sferoebzea fokusirebuli: mediis Tavisufleba<br />

da kanonis uzenaesoba, sakiTxebi, romelTa mimarTebaSic,<br />

arsebuli mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo Tavis valdebulebebs<br />

jerjerobiT bolomde ver asrulebs.<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa, rom orive qartiis, rogorc ukra<strong>in</strong>ulis,<br />

ise qarTulis preambulis pirveli sami punqti TiTqmis identuria.<br />

pirvelSi xazgasmulia — `Cveni, rogorc megobrebisa<br />

da strategiuli partniorebis, urTierTobebis~ da partniorobisa<br />

da TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis ormxrivi survilis<br />

mniSvnelovneba. meoreSi naTqvamia, rom TanamSromloba efuZneba<br />

saerTo faseulobebs da <strong>in</strong>teresebs, romelTa Sorisaa<br />

demokratiisa da ekonomikur TavisuflebaTa ganvrcoba,<br />

usafrTxoebisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacva da kanonis<br />

uzenaesobis ganmtkiceba [2].<br />

qarTul qartiaSi, ukra<strong>in</strong>ulisgan gansxvavebiT, am konteqstSi<br />

damatebiTaa miTiTebuli, rom aucilebelia adamianis<br />

uflebebis pativiscema. aqvea xazgasmuli iZulebiT gadaadgilebul<br />

pirTa ufleba (igulisxmeba agvistos omis dros, aseve<br />

afxazeTidan da samxreT oseTidan devnili mosaxleoba) daubrundnen<br />

TavianT saxlebs da `evraziuli energetikuli usafrTxoebis~<br />

mxardaWeris aucilebloba. mesame punqtSi laparakia<br />

— `ekonomikis, energetikis, diplomatiis, mecnierebis,<br />

kulturisa da usafrTxoebis sferoebSi~ TanamSromlobis<br />

308

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ganmtkicebis survilze. ukra<strong>in</strong>uli qartiis preambula Seicavs<br />

kidev or damatebiT punqts, romelSic dadasturebulia<br />

adre dadebuli ori xelSekrulebis pirobebi, maT Soris, ukra<strong>in</strong>is<br />

SemoerTeba 1994 wlis birTvuli gauvrceleblobis<br />

xelSekrulebasTan da aSS-ukra<strong>in</strong>is TanamSromlobis 2008 wlis<br />

31 martis TanamSromlobis prioritetebi [3].<br />

xazgasmuli TanamSromloba<br />

orive qartiis pirveli nawili `partniorobis pr<strong>in</strong>cipebzea~<br />

fokusirebuli. am nawilSi orive dokumenti ZiriTadad<br />

identuria da arsebiT gansxvavebas ar Seicavs. orive dokumentSi<br />

saubaria am qveynebis (saqarTvelo, ukra<strong>in</strong>a) teritoriuli<br />

mTlianobisa da suverenitetis mxardaWeraze. qarTul qartiaSi<br />

naTqvamia, rom orive mxare iziarebs rwmenas `demokratiaze,<br />

rogorc umTavres bazisze~ da `politikur legitimurobaze,<br />

rogorc stabilurobis~ safuZvelze. xolo ukra<strong>in</strong>as-<br />

Tan mimarTebaSi qartia xazs usvams TanamSromlobas `usafrTxoebis,<br />

keTildReobisa da Tavisuflebis~ konteqstSi.<br />

orive qartiaSi xazgasmulia usafrTxobisa da Tavdacvis<br />

sferoebSi TanamSromlobis aucilebloba, raTa `efeqturad<br />

gaeces pasuxi mSvidobisa da stabilurobis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg mimar-<br />

Tul safrTxeebs~. aRniSnulia, rom `Zlieri, damoukidebeli<br />

da demokratiuli saqarTvelo/ukra<strong>in</strong>a, Tavdacvis unariani<br />

da sakuTar usafrTxoebaze pasuxismgeblobis mqone~ ara mxolod<br />

sakuTari qveynebis mosaxleobis `keTildReobasa da<br />

usafrTxoebaSi gaZlierebaSi Seitans wvlils~, aramed `mTeli<br />

evropis Tavisuflebisa da mSvidobis ganmtkicebaSic~.<br />

qarTuli qartia am TavSi sam damatebiT paragrafs Seicavs,<br />

romlebSic xazgasmulia, rom `mzardi demokratiis pirobebSi<br />

saqarTvelo gzas gauxsnis Tavisi Sromismoyvare moqalaqeebis<br />

SemoqmedebiT potencials da regionsa da mis miRma<br />

keTildReobis katalizatoris rols Seasrulebs~, xels Seuwyobs<br />

evro-atlantikur sazogadoebasTan saqarTvelos politikuri,<br />

ekonomikuri, usafrTxoebisa da socialuri kavSirebis<br />

gaRrmavebas. amave dros, mesame paragrafSi dadebulia piroba,<br />

romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTvelo `evropul da trans-atlantikur<br />

politikur, kulturul, usafrTxoebis, ekonomikur<br />

da TavdacviT <strong>in</strong>stitutebSi~ <strong>in</strong>tegraciisaTvis (igulis-<br />

309

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xmeba evrokavSiri da nato) `unda Seesabamebodes aucilebel<br />

st<strong>and</strong>artebs~ [3].<br />

ukra<strong>in</strong>uli da qaruli qartiebis mesame, mTavari nawili,<br />

romelic usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sakiTxebSi TanamSromlobas<br />

exeba, aseve Zalian msgavsia w<strong>in</strong>a ori nawilisa. orive<br />

SemTxvevaSi, xelmomweri mxareebi evroatlantikur struqturebSi<br />

<strong>in</strong>tegracias `prioritetulad asaxeleben~ da `gegmaven<br />

iseTi programebis dawyebas, romlebic saqarTvelo/ukra<strong>in</strong>is<br />

SesaZleblobebis gasaZliereblad, usafrTxoebis sferoSi<br />

TanamSromlobas gaaumjobesebs da xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelo/ukra<strong>in</strong>is,<br />

rogorc natoSi gawevrianebis k<strong>and</strong>idatebis, poziciis<br />

ganmtkicebas~ ∗ .<br />

orive qartia Seicavs paragrafs, sadac naTqvamia, rom<br />

unda warimarTos muSaoba `saqarTvelo/ukra<strong>in</strong>isa da natos SesaZleblobebis<br />

funqciuri Tavsebadobisa da koord<strong>in</strong>aciis~<br />

gansamtkiceblad, rac gulisxmobs saqarTvelosa da ukra<strong>in</strong>is<br />

SeiraRebuli Zalebis wvrTnisa da aRWurvis gaumjobesebas,<br />

magram qarTul qartiaSi damatebiTaa naTqvami, rom SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi mxars uWers saqarTvelos Zalisxmevas `uzrunvelyos<br />

usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis legitimuri saWiroebebi~. es<br />

ki, rogorc bevri dasavleli analitikosi aRniSnavs imas gulisxmobs,<br />

rom vaS<strong>in</strong>gtoni aRar Seurigdeba saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalebis araproporciul zrdas da afxazeTsa da<br />

cx<strong>in</strong>valis regionze konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgenis mizniT,<br />

axal omSi TavdasxmiTi SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas.<br />

gansxvavebuli prioritetebi<br />

Sesabamisi qartiebis mesame nawilSi, romelic savaWro da<br />

energetikul TanamSromlobas eZRvneba, orive qveynisTvis<br />

daTqmuli pirobebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia. ukra<strong>in</strong>is dokumentSi<br />

arsebobs m<strong>in</strong>iSneba: 2008 wlis maisSi ukra<strong>in</strong>is miRebaze<br />

msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi da imaze, rom aucilebelia<br />

`erToblivi muSaoba ukra<strong>in</strong>is gazis tranzitis <strong>in</strong>frastruqturis<br />

modernizaciasa da reabilitaciaze~. rac Seexeba sa-<br />

∗ igulisxmeba buqarestis natos samitis mier miRebuli f<strong>in</strong>aluri<br />

dokumenti, romelSic dadasturebulia, rom orive qveyana `gaxdeba<br />

natos wevri~, Tumca TariRi daTqmuli ar yofila.<br />

310

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qarTvelos, masTan dakavSirebiT qartia vaWrobis liberalazaciisTvis<br />

aucilebeli zomebis dadgenaze da `Tavisufali<br />

vaWrobis SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobebis kvlevaze~ miuTiTebs.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom vaS<strong>in</strong>gtoni adasturebs, mzaobas daexmaros<br />

saqarTvelos omis Semdgom rekonstruqciaSi da ganaviTaros<br />

azerbaijanuli navTobisa da gazis transportirebis SesaZleblobebi,<br />

Seqmnas `axali derefani samxreTiT, romelic daexmareba<br />

saqarTvelosa da evropas bunebrivi airis resursebis<br />

diversificirebaSi~.<br />

qartiis meoTxe nawili `demokratiis ganmtkicebas~ eZ-<br />

Rvneba da aseve gansxvavebul prioritetebs gvTavazobs. orive<br />

dokumentSi xazgasmulia sasamarTlo sistemis damoukideblobis<br />

ganmtkicebis da policiis profesionalizmis amaRlebis<br />

aucilebloba. ukra<strong>in</strong>ul dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom sa-<br />

Wiroa antikorufciul brZolaSi, sazogadoebrivi monitor<strong>in</strong>gis<br />

rolis <strong>in</strong>tensifikacia da Sida sagamoZiebo erTeuleb-<br />

Si eTikuri st<strong>and</strong>artebis daweseba. saqarTvelos qartiaSi, ki<br />

ukra<strong>in</strong>uli dokumentisgan gansxvavebiT, xazgasmulia, rom aucilebelia<br />

Tavisufali mediisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis<br />

mxardaWera, obieqturi <strong>in</strong>formaciis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa<br />

(rac ukra<strong>in</strong>ul dokumentSi naxsenebi araa);<br />

politikuri pluralizmis ganmtkiceba da `sajaro politikis<br />

ganviTarebisa da analizis, aseve, kanonSemoqmedebiT<br />

procesSi qarTuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis monawileobis<br />

<strong>in</strong>tensifikacia, sajaro moxeleTa saqmianobis zedamxedveloba~.<br />

dokumentis f<strong>in</strong>aluri nawili `kulturul urTierTobebsa<br />

da adamianur kontaqtebs~ eZRvneba. ukra<strong>in</strong>uli dokumentis<br />

am nawilSi aRniSnulia, rom vaS<strong>in</strong>gtoni simferopolSi diplomatiuri<br />

warmomadgenlobis gaxsnis mzaobas gamoxatavs, xolo<br />

dokumentis qarTul versiaSi naTqvamia, rom aucilebelia `safuZveli<br />

Caeyaros afxazeTis da cx<strong>in</strong>valis regionis (`samxreT<br />

oseTis~) mcxovrebTa da danarCen saqarTvelos Soris uwyvet<br />

kontaqtebs~.<br />

sayuradReboa, rom rogorc dasavluri media, ise qar-<br />

Tveli eqspertebis umravlesoba qartiis SezRudulobasa da<br />

garkveul limitebze miuTiTeben da aRniSnaven, rom dokumenti<br />

saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi, vaS<strong>in</strong>gtons saqar-<br />

Tvelos dacvas ar avalebs. qarTveli analitikosi Tornike SaraSeniZe<br />

varaudobs, rom dokumenti, agvistos omis, afxazeTi-<br />

311

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sa da oseTis dakargvis, natos sagareo saqmeTa samitze dekemberSi<br />

MAP-is m<strong>in</strong>iWebaze uaris Tqmis Semdeg, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobis fsiqologiur gamxnevebas<br />

isaxavda miznad [4].<br />

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo mdivnis yofilma<br />

moadgilem meTiu braizam ki Tavis araerTgzis gancxadebaSi<br />

aRniSna, rom: `dokumenti ar Seicavs saqarTvelos uSiSroebis<br />

garantiebs~. Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom (da<br />

amaze dasavleli eqspertebi miuTiTeben) qartiam kidev er-<br />

Txel daadastura saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi aSS-s politikis<br />

orive fundamenturi pr<strong>in</strong>cipi — saqarTvelos suverenitetisa<br />

da teritoriuli mTlianobis mxardaWera da is, rom SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi kvlav da<strong>in</strong>teresebulia samxreT kavkasiis<br />

regioniT iseve, rogorc kaspiis zRvis naxSirwyalbadis saeqsporto<br />

derefniT.<br />

ruseTis reaqcia qarTul-amerikuli qartiis xelmoweraze<br />

ramdenadac gasakviri ar unda iyos, saqarTvelo-amerikis<br />

strategiuli partniorobis Sesaxeb qartiis xelmoweras ruseTSi<br />

metnaklebad civad Sexvdnen da is araviTar reaqcias ar<br />

iwvevs. gansxvavebiT imisgan, rogoric gamoiwvia <strong>in</strong>formaciam<br />

saqarTvelosTvis natoSi gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmis m<strong>in</strong>i-<br />

Webis SesaZleblobam. rogorc moskovSi acxadeben, qartia<br />

mxolod deklaraciaa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axali<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istracia savaraudod ar wava ruseTTan konfrontaciaze<br />

saqarTvelos gamo. meore mxriv, dokumenti SeiZleba aRmoCndes<br />

saxifaTo moskovisTvis, Tu momavalSi is daiwyebs `gazrdas~<br />

axali da ruseTisTvis arasasurveli mimarTulebiT,<br />

gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelo-amerikis samxedro TanamSromlobis<br />

sferoSi. Tumca dRev<strong>and</strong>eli gadasaxedidan aseTi perspeqtivebi<br />

metad saeWvod Cans. vaS<strong>in</strong>gtoni am etapze koncentrirebulia<br />

qarTuli armiis eqspediciuri SesaZleblobebis<br />

gaZlierebiT da iseT „cxel` regionebSi gagzavniT, rogoricaa<br />

avRaneTi da erayi.<br />

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mTavari <strong>in</strong>triga da, SeiZleba,<br />

mTavari sakiTxic ruseTisTvis da ara mxolod misTvis, aris<br />

saqarTvelos teritoriaze amerikis samxedro bazebis ganTav-<br />

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sebis SesaZlebloba. bevri qarTveli politikosi da mkvlevari<br />

ar gamoricxavs aseT perspeqtivas da miesalmeba kidec mas,<br />

Tumca qartia, rogorc aseTi, msgavs valdebulebebs ar Seicavs,<br />

da saerTod es sakiTxi saqarTvelos parlamentis kompetenciaSi<br />

Sedis. mniSvnelovania, rom, am sakiTxze zedmetad<br />

mgrZnobiared reagirebs iranis dRev<strong>and</strong>eli xelisufleba,<br />

romelsac isedac garTulebuli urTierTobebi aqvs vaS<strong>in</strong>gtonTan<br />

da ruseTis xelisuflebis msgavsad, saqarTvelos ganixilavs<br />

amerikis forpostad kavkasiaSi.<br />

amasTanave, sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom 2008 wlis 8<br />

marts aSS-is senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis sxdomaze<br />

gamosvlisas, jon teftma, aSS-s yofilma elCma saqarTveloSi,<br />

ganacxada, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebs ara aqvs raime<br />

gegmebi saqarTveloSi amerikuli bazebis ganlagebis Taobaze.<br />

Tavis gamosvlaSi man ganacxada rom: `moskovs kvlav mwvave<br />

reaqcia aqvs regionSi aSS-is samxedro rolis SesaZlo gazrdis<br />

Taobaze. amas adasturebs is zewolac, romelsac ruseTi<br />

saqarTveloze axdens, rodesac avaldebulebs qveyanas CarCo<br />

xelSekrulebaSi Seitanos debuleba ucxouri bazebis saqar-<br />

TveloSi ganlagebis akrZalvis Taobaze, aseve is ukmayofileba,<br />

romelsac ruseTi gamoxatavs saqarTveloSi amerikis mier<br />

daf<strong>in</strong>ansebuli `wvrTnisa da aRWurvis programis~ da `stabilurobis<br />

SenarCunebis programis~ ganxorcielebasTan dakav-<br />

SirebiT. Cven naTlad avuxseniT ruseTs yvelaze maRal doneebze,<br />

rom ar vapirebT amerikuli bazebis ganlagebas saqar-<br />

TveloSi~ [5],- aRniSna jon teftma.<br />

daaxloebiT msgavsi Sefaseba misca am faqts saqarTvelos<br />

xelisuflebam. `amerikis SeerTebul Statebs ar sWirdeba<br />

bazebi saqarTveloSi. sakiTxi exeba imas, rom saqarTvelos unda<br />

SeeZlos Tavad daicvas Tavisi Tavi. Tu ra meTodebiT moxdeba<br />

`es calke saubris Temaa~, — ganacxada saqarTvelos saxelmwifo<br />

m<strong>in</strong>istrma re<strong>in</strong>tegraciis sakiTxebSi Temur iakobaSvilma.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, man daumata agreTve, rom `unda vifiqroT<br />

da gadavwyvitoT, saWiroa Tu ara amisTvis saqarTveloSi<br />

amerikeli samxedroebis yofna~ [6].<br />

qartiis mTavari datvirTva aseve mdgomareobs imaSi, rom<br />

am dokumentze xelmoweriT amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma<br />

ruseTs gaugzavna signali, — miuxedavad misi araerTi oficialuri<br />

gancxadebisa, rom saqarTvelo imyofeba ruseTis fede-<br />

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aciis strategiuli <strong>in</strong>teresebis sferoSi da rom ruseTi ar<br />

dauSvebs Tavisi yofili satelitebis Crdilo-atlantikuri<br />

aliansis orbitaze yofnas. am dokumentiT kidev erTxel dafiqsirebulia<br />

saqarTvelos da amerikis strategiuli <strong>in</strong>teresebis<br />

erToblioba, rac safuZvelSive gamoricxavs ruseTis<br />

erTpirovnul dom<strong>in</strong>irebas kaspiispira regionSi. aseve mniSvnelovania,<br />

rom es strategiuli partnioroba Tbilissa da<br />

vaS<strong>in</strong>gtons Soris xels Seuwyobs ara mxolod Tavad saqarTvelos,<br />

aramed mTeli samxreT kavkasiis regionis uSiSroebas.<br />

qarTul-amerikuli strategiuli TanamSromlobis qartia<br />

xelmoweridan erTi wlis Semdeg<br />

qartiis xelmoweridan sul ramdenime TveSi 2009 wlis 22<br />

ivniss amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da saqarTvelom er-<br />

Toblivi sabWo daafuZnes, romelic or qveyanas Soris 2009<br />

wlis 9 ianvars xelmowerili strategiuli partniorobis Sesaxeb<br />

qartiaSi mocemuli debulebebis ganxorcielebaze imu-<br />

Savebs. sabWos pirveli Sexvedra vaS<strong>in</strong>gtonSi saqarTvelos sagareo<br />

saqmeTa m<strong>in</strong>istris grigol vaSaZis da aSS-is saxelmwifo<br />

mdivnis moadgilis jeims ste<strong>in</strong>bergis TavmjdomareobiT gaimarTa.<br />

Sexvedris Semdeg vaSaZesTan erTad gamarTul erTobliv<br />

preskonferenciaze ste<strong>in</strong>bergma ganacxada, rom sabWo<br />

aris `Cven or qveyanas Soris xangrZlivi da Rrma megobrobis<br />

axali etapi da es Sexvedrebi xazs usvams im valdebulebas,<br />

romelic Cven gagvaCnia am mniSvnelovani SeTanxmebis — saqar-<br />

TvelosTan Cveni qartiis ganxorcielebis kuTxiT, radganac<br />

Cven vaRrmavebT am strategiul partnorobas da Cven ganvagrZobT<br />

saqarTvelosTan muSaobas, raTa gavaZlieroT misi demokratia<br />

da reformebi~ [7]. Tumca iqve dasZ<strong>in</strong>a rom SeerTebul<br />

Statebs mtkiced swams, rom saWiroa ruseTTan ukeTesi<br />

urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba da TeTri saxli ver xedavs rusul-amerikuli<br />

urTierTobebis gaumjobesebaSi regionis romelime<br />

qveynis an romelime partnioris usafrTxoebis an ke-<br />

TildReobis Semcirebis safrTxes.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, strategiuli partniorobis qartia<br />

TanamSromlobis oTx sferos moicavs, maT Soris Tavdacva da<br />

usafrTxoeba, vaWroba da ekonomika, demokratia da xalxebs<br />

Soris kontaqtebi da kulturuli gacvla. Sesabamisad Seiqmna<br />

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oTxi samuSao jgufi, romlebic TanamSromlobis am oTx sferoze<br />

imuSavebs. pirveli Sexvedrebi xalxebs Soris kontaqtebis<br />

da kulturuli gacvlis programebis gafarToebis mimar-<br />

TulebiT saqarTvelos da aSS-is xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma<br />

21 ianvars, TbilisSi gamarTul Sexvedraze ganixiles,<br />

rogorc amas or qveyanas Soris xelmowerili qartia iTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebs.<br />

Sexvedraze ganixiles ganaTlebis sferoSi gacvliTi<br />

programebis da <strong>in</strong>glisurenovani tren<strong>in</strong>gebis gafarToebis<br />

sakiTxebi, aseve saqarTvelos masStabiT mcxovrebi eTnikuri<br />

umciresobebis ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli <strong>in</strong>tegraciis<br />

xelSewyobis sakiTxebi. am sakiTxebis garda, Sexvedris<br />

monawileebi aseve Seexnen saqarTvelos strategias separatistul<br />

regionebTan mimarTebaSi, romelis erT-erTi mizani<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli sazRvrebis orive mxares mcxovreb mosaxleobas<br />

Soris kavSirebis xelSewyobaa. samuSao jgufis Sexvedraze<br />

mxareebma aseve ganixiles saqarTvelos axali strategia<br />

separatistul regionebTan mimarTebaSi, romelic sxva<br />

sakiTxebTan erTad, adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli sazRvrebis orive mxares<br />

mcxovreb mosaxleobas Soris kavSirebis gamyarebis sakiTxsac<br />

moicavs.<br />

am etapze adrea im konkretul meqanizmze saubari, Tu<br />

rogor moxerxdeba separatistuli regionebis mosaxleobis-<br />

Tvis sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo programebSi monawileobis<br />

SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofa. miuxedavad amisa, aSS-s axalma<br />

elCma saqarTveloSi jon basma ganacxada, rom SeerTebuli<br />

Statebi mxars uWers saqarTvelos xelisuflebis axal strategias,<br />

romlis ZiriTadi mizania, saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqe<br />

msoflios nawili gaxdes da maTi xelmisawvdomoba danarCen<br />

msofliosTan mtkiced iyos uzrunvelyofili [8].<br />

strategiuli partniorobis qartiis farglebSi demokratiis<br />

sakiTxebze momuSave jgufis SexvedraSi, romelsac<br />

amerikis mxridan aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivnis TanaSemwe demokratiis,<br />

adamianis uflebaTa da Sromis sakiTxebSi maikl pozneri<br />

xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan<br />

ganxilul mTavar sakiTxebs Soris iyo mTeli rigi<br />

RonisZiebebi, rac uzrunvelyofs `Tanabar SesaZleblobebs~<br />

yvela partiisTvis momaval adgilobriv arCevnebze. im sferoebs<br />

Soris, romelSic, pozneris TqmiT, vaS<strong>in</strong>gtoni saqarTve-<br />

315

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los mTavrobas `Semdgom w<strong>in</strong>svlas~ urCevs, aris ~media saSualebebis<br />

da mediis mflobelebis diversificireba; samoqalaqo<br />

sazogadoebis CarTvis xelSewyoba da policiis da sxva samar-<br />

Taldamcavi struqturebis angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvelyofa~<br />

[9].<br />

garkveuli w<strong>in</strong>svla Se<strong>in</strong>iSneba Tavdacvis sferoSi Tanam-<br />

Sromlobis mimarTulebiT, Tumca ara iseTi d<strong>in</strong>amikiT rogorc<br />

omis Semdgomi saqarvelos mdgomareoba moiTxovs. aSS<br />

ganagrZobs saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis profesionalizmis<br />

amaRlebis mxardaWeras da cdilobs daexmaros saqar-<br />

Tvelos ganaxorcielos is aucilebeli reformebi, romlebic<br />

natoSi gawevrianebisTvisaa saWiro. rogorc natos SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalebis da evropaSi aSS-is sardlobis (EUCOM) meTaurma,<br />

admiralma jeims stavridisma ganacxada, saqarTvelosTvis<br />

mizanSewonilia, rom hyavdes samxedro Zala, romelsac aqvs<br />

Tavdacvis saSualeba da aseve SesaZlebloba monawileoba mii-<br />

Ros koaliciur operaciebSi.<br />

amasTanave saqarTvelos xelisuflebis Txovnaze TavdacviTi<br />

SeiaraRebis, kerZod ki tanksaw<strong>in</strong>aaRmdego da haersaw<strong>in</strong>aaRmdego<br />

sistemebis miwodebis Sesaxeb, romelzec prezidenti<br />

saakaSvili vice-prezident jo baidenis TbilisSi vizitamde<br />

saubrobda, aSS-is Tavdacvis mdivnis moadgilis Tana-<br />

Semwem ruseTis, ukra<strong>in</strong>isa da evraziis sakiTxebSi selest ual<strong>and</strong>erma,<br />

warmomadgenelTa palatis sagareo urTierTobaTa<br />

komitetis evropul sakiTxTa qvekomitetSi gamosvlisas ganacxada,<br />

rom saqarTvelo ar aris mzad im tipis SeiaraRebis<br />

SesaZenad, Tumca iqve aRniSna, es ar niSnavs imas, rom samomavlod<br />

es sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi ar gaCndeba [10].<br />

daskvna<br />

miuxedavad am dokumentTan dakavSirebuli arsebuli<br />

sxvadasxva <strong>in</strong>terpretaciebisa erTi ram faqtia: SeerTebul<br />

Statebs dsT-s sxva qveynebTan aseT dokumentze xeli ar mouweria<br />

da araa cnobili, rom msgavsi ram v<strong>in</strong>mesTan dakavSirebiT<br />

ganixilebodes. miuxedavad imisa, rom dokuments arasavaldebulo<br />

xasiaTi aqvs, is ma<strong>in</strong>c asaxavs erT mniSvnelovan<br />

moments — SeerTebul Statebs surs, rom kievsa da Tbiliss im<br />

316

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sistemur naklovanebaTa aRmofxvris survili aRuZras, romelTa<br />

safuZvelzec natos evropeli wevrebi orive qveyanas<br />

`mapis~ m<strong>in</strong>iWebaze uars eubnebian. magram, amave dros, swored<br />

imitom, rom es dokumentebi SesrulebisTvis arasavaldebuloa,<br />

qartiebi verc ukra<strong>in</strong>as da verc saqarTvelos ruseTis<br />

SantaJisa da muqarisagan ver daicavs.<br />

mTlianobaSi unda iTqvas, rom aSS-saqarTvelos strategiuli<br />

TanamSromlobis dokumenti pasuxobs qveynis strategiul<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresebs da srul SesabamisobaSia mis sasicocxlo<br />

erovnul <strong>in</strong>teresebTan. am dokumentze xelmoweriT urTier-<br />

Tobebi saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris<br />

gadadis sruliad axal etapze. ori qveynis megobrul urTier-<br />

TobaSi adre arasdros ar yofila naxsenebi term<strong>in</strong>i `strategiuli~.<br />

Tu istorias gadavxedavT, SeerTebuli StatebisTvis<br />

am term<strong>in</strong>s konkretuli da mniSvnelovani politikuri datvirTva<br />

aqvs da amitomac iSviaTad iyenebs Tavis sagareo politikur<br />

ritorikaSi. Tumca mniSvnelovania isic, rom strategiuli<br />

partnioroba ar niSnavs mokavSireobas da am kuTxiT am<br />

dokumentis ganxilva politikuri sibece iqneboda.<br />

umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria isic, rom es SeTanxmeba eyrdnoba<br />

saerTo erovnul konsensuss da mTeli qarTveli xalxi<br />

am dokuments konsolidirebulad uWers mxars. yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani miRwevaa isic, rom opoziciuri partiebis umravlesobam<br />

ganacxada, rom is<strong>in</strong>i miesalmebian qartiis xelmoweras<br />

aSS-sTan, rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom ukra<strong>in</strong>isgan<br />

gansxvavebiT qarTuli sazogadoeba mtkiced uWers mxars qar-<br />

Tuli saxelmwifos Semdgom <strong>in</strong>tegracias evroatlantikur<br />

sivrceSi, rac albaT yvelaze didi monapovaria. Tumca qar-<br />

Tul politikur speqtrSi bolo dros mimd<strong>in</strong>are geopolitikuri<br />

ryevebi, sagareo-politikuri veqtoris ruseTis sasargeblod<br />

gadawonis TvalsazrisiT, uamrav kiTxvas badebs da<br />

garkveuli eWvebis safuZvels iZleva.<br />

miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, am dokumentis xelmowera<br />

aris saqarTvelos nato-sa da evroatlantikur sivrcesTan<br />

daaxloebis kuTxiT udavod w<strong>in</strong>gadadgmuli nabiji.<br />

ufro metic, igi SeZleba gaxdes kidec axali, mniSvnelovani<br />

etapi saqarTvelos evroatlantikur sivrceSi <strong>in</strong>tegraciisken.<br />

Tumca es ar unda gaxdes ararealuri politikuri molod<strong>in</strong>ebis<br />

safuZveli, v<strong>in</strong>aidan es gza rTuli, w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobebiT<br />

317

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aRsavse procesia da saqarTvelos w<strong>in</strong> jer kidev bevri dabrkoleba<br />

aqvs gadasalaxi. amasTanave, aravis ar unda hqondes<br />

imis iluzia, rom es an raime sxva dokumenti erTjeradad,<br />

swrafad da erTbaSad gadawyvets Cvens problemebs. am dokumentis<br />

am konteqstSi gaazrebac ki ZirSive mcdaria.<br />

da bolos daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom maS<strong>in</strong> rodesac<br />

saqarTvelo udidesi sagareo politikuri gamowvevebis w<strong>in</strong>aSe<br />

imyofeba, am dokumentis arseboba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria<br />

qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis uzrunvelyofis, misi politikuri<br />

da ekonomikuri warmatebebis TvalsazrisiT. gansakuTrebiT<br />

am etapze rodesac qveynis teritoriis 20% okupirebulia<br />

ucxo, agresiuli Zalis mier da es Zala agrZelebs agresiul<br />

qmedebebs saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi.<br />

rogorc dRev<strong>and</strong>eli gadasaxedidan Cans, mxolod Zlieri<br />

demokratia warmoadgens saqarTvelos ganviTarebis swor<br />

gzas, magram es SeuZlebeli iqneba politikuri stabilurobis<br />

SenarCunebis gareSe. amasTanave saqarTvelos sagareo politikaSi<br />

unda gadaidgas qmediTi nabijebi iseTi mimarTulebebiT<br />

rogoricaa: meti <strong>in</strong>tegracia demokratiul samyarosTan,<br />

samSvidobo misiebis <strong>in</strong>ternacionalizacia da saerTaSoriso<br />

<strong>in</strong>stitutebis maqsimaluri CarTuloba saqarTvelos suverenitetis<br />

pativiscemisa da ganmtkicebis mimarTulebiT; Cveni<br />

daaxloeba evropasTan da natosTan; saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso<br />

diplomatiuri mxardaWeris kidev ufro ganmtkiceba.<br />

rac ufro warmatebuli iqneba saqarTvelos sagareo politika<br />

am mimarTulebiT, miT ufro meti Sansia Sev<strong>in</strong>arCunoT is<br />

demokratiuli monapovrebi, romelic bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

daagrova saqarTvelom.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. sivil jorjia, saakaSvili miesalma aSS-saqarTvelos strategiuli<br />

partniorobis qartias, 2009, 9 ianvari.<br />

http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=20342&search=<br />

2. <strong>in</strong>formacia saqarTvelosa da aSS-s Soris strategiuli partniorobis<br />

qartiis xelmoweris Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos sagareo<br />

saqmeTa sam<strong>in</strong>istros presisa da <strong>in</strong>formaciis departamenti,<br />

2009, 9 ianvari. http://www.mfa.gov.ge<br />

318

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3. United States-Ukra<strong>in</strong>e Charter on Strategic Partnership, Embassy of Ukra<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong><br />

United States of America, http://www.mfa.gov.ua/usa/en/publication/content/23512.htm<br />

4. Molly Corso, GEORGIA: WASHINGTON AND TBILISI SIGN STRATEGIC<br />

PACT SURE TO IRK THE KREMLIN, 1 seqtemberi, 2009<br />

http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/<strong>in</strong>sightb/articles/eav010909b.shtml<br />

5. aSS uaryofs gegmebs saqarTveloSi amerikuli bazebis ganlagebis<br />

Taobaze, sivil jorjia, Tbilisi, 2009, 9 mar.<br />

http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=9102<br />

6. gazeTi `24 saaTi~, 2009, 17 ianvari.<br />

7. US department of State. Remarks With Georgian Foreign M<strong>in</strong>ister Grigol Vashadze.<br />

http://www.state.gov/s/d/2009/125217.htm<br />

8. sivil jorjia. aSS-saqarTvelos molaparakebebi xalxebs Soris<br />

kontaqtebze. 22 ianvari 2010.<br />

http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=22259&search=qartia<br />

9. sivil jorjia. amerikul-qarTuli molaparakebebi demokratiul<br />

reformebze. 9 noemberi 2009<br />

http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=22010&search=qartia<br />

10. aSS saqarTvelosTvis iaraRis miwodebas jer ar apirebs. 9 ivlisi<br />

2009.<br />

http://civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=21584&search=baidenis<br />

Kornely Kakachia<br />

Associate Professor, Department of Political<br />

Science, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State<br />

University<br />

United States-Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership:<br />

Does it protect Georgia’s Sovereignity?<br />

Summary<br />

United States-Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership signed on the<br />

9 th of January 2009 <strong>in</strong> Wash<strong>in</strong>gton D.C. is an important document, the signature<br />

<strong>and</strong> complete activation of which is essential for the territorial <strong>in</strong>tegrity<br />

<strong>and</strong> political <strong>and</strong> economic success of Georgia. Bilateral Charter on Strategic<br />

Partnership aims at <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g cooperation <strong>in</strong> defense, trade, energy, cultural<br />

exchange among peoples <strong>and</strong> other areas. Georgian President Mikheil Sa-<br />

319

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akashvili named the Charter as the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the `New Phase~ <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>ternational<br />

relations of Georgia <strong>and</strong> the end of Russia’s two century dom<strong>in</strong>ance.<br />

Many consider <strong>in</strong> Georgia that the Charter is unique <strong>and</strong> `historic~<br />

document which underl<strong>in</strong>es Wash<strong>in</strong>gton’s strong support for Georgia <strong>and</strong> its<br />

government, <strong>and</strong> can also be considered as the substitute guarantee of<br />

Georgia’s hastened membership <strong>in</strong> NATO. But it is important to notice that<br />

the phraseology of the text is identical to that analogical charter between<br />

United States <strong>and</strong> Ukra<strong>in</strong>e signed little earlier on the 19 th of December 2008.<br />

The western media as well as the majority of Georgian experts po<strong>in</strong>t to the<br />

certa<strong>in</strong> limitations of the Charter <strong>and</strong> note that the Charter does not oblige<br />

Wash<strong>in</strong>gton to defend Georgia militarily <strong>in</strong> case it is attacked.<br />

The Charter was taken more or less unemotionally <strong>in</strong> Russia. As they<br />

declare <strong>in</strong> Moscow, the Charter is only a declaration <strong>and</strong> United States new<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istration is less probable to confront Russia because of Georgia. It is<br />

also important to mention that the strategic partnership between Tbilisi <strong>and</strong><br />

Wash<strong>in</strong>gton will benefit not only Georgia but also the security of the whole<br />

South Caucasian Region. The paper deals with the significance of the United<br />

States-Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership <strong>and</strong> identifies to what extent<br />

it can be considered as the security guarantee for Georgia.<br />

320

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�����������������<br />

mzia tyavaSvili<br />

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />

<strong>in</strong>stitutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis<br />

ganyofilebis mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielTa axalSenis istoriidan Crdilo<br />

kavkasiaSi<br />

(XIX saukunis dasawyisi)<br />

1802 wels ed<strong>in</strong>burgis protestantuli sazogadoebis direqtoriam<br />

ruseTis xelisuflebas imperiis samxreTSi filialis<br />

daarsebis nebarTva sTxova. imperatorma aleqs<strong>and</strong>re I-ma<br />

Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielTa Txovna daakmayofila.<br />

amave wels ruseTis adgilobrivma xelisuflebam ed<strong>in</strong>burgis<br />

misioneruli sazogadoebis wevrebTan: henrix brontonTan<br />

da aleqs<strong>and</strong>r patersonTan erTad abaz<strong>in</strong>eli TaTrebis<br />

garemocvaSi, beSTis mTis siaxloves, axalSenisTvis Sear-<br />

Cia adgili, romelic georgievskidan 36 da konstant<strong>in</strong>ogorskidan<br />

6 versiT iyo daSorebuli. cota xnis Semdeg brontons<br />

da patersons SeuerTda TanamemamuleTa ramdenime ojaxi. aq<br />

mcxovrebi, momTabare abaz<strong>in</strong>eli TaTrebis nebarTviT, maT gamoeyoT<br />

sakmarisi raodenobis sakarmidamo nakveTebi, romelzedac<br />

aaSenes sacxovrebeli saxlebi [5, 930].<br />

Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielTa CamosaxlebiT ruseTis xelisufleba<br />

Crdilo kavkasiaSi miwaTmoqmedebis, xelosnobisa da safabriko<br />

mrewvelobis ganviTarebas gegmavda. Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielTa mTavari<br />

amocana mezobeli baris da mTis, mahmadiani da warmarTi mosaxleobis,<br />

gaqristianeba iyo. misionerebs erTob keTilSobiluri<br />

miznebi hqondaT. maT surdaT: yabardoelebisa da sxva mTielebisgan<br />

eyidaT motacebuli da gasayidad gamoyvanili bavSvebi,<br />

is<strong>in</strong>i qristianulad aRezardad, eswavleb<strong>in</strong>aT wm<strong>in</strong>da werili da<br />

miecaT cxovrebisTvis sxva aucilebeli codna [3, 911].<br />

Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebma male yabardoelebisgan gamoisyides 16<br />

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iWi, 7 gogo, 3 qali da 2 kaci. aqedan ramdenime gardaicvala. 6<br />

adamiani isev yabardoelebma moitaces. danarCenebi ki qristianulad<br />

monaTles. [3, 911]. 1813 wlisTvis koloniaSi sul 17<br />

adamiani iyo. monaTlulTagan erTi daojaxda da hyavda ori<br />

bavSvi [3, 911].<br />

Sotl<strong>and</strong>iel misionerebs did daxmarebas uwevda ruse-<br />

Tis xelisufleba. miuxedavad amisa evropuli axalSenis cxovreba<br />

kavkasiaSi sakmaod daZabulad warimarTa. mahmadian mTielTa<br />

nawili mtrulad Sexvda axalmosaxleebis gamoCenas. xSiri<br />

iyo Tavdasxmebi, romlis drosac tyved waiyvanes ramdenime<br />

mcxovrebi. itacebdnen saqonelsac.<br />

axalSeni TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurda 1804 wels mis SemogarenSi<br />

Savi Wiris epidemiis gaCenis Semdeg misi mcxovreblebi<br />

iZulebulni gaxdnen mietoveb<strong>in</strong>aT kolonia da konstant<strong>in</strong>ogorskSi<br />

gadasaxlebuliyvnen [3, 912]. maT wasvlas mezobeli<br />

mTielebisgan axalSenis gaZarcva mohyva. mTlianad iqna ganadgurebuli<br />

Senobebi da naTesebi.A amave wlis seqtemberSi kolonistebi<br />

konstant<strong>in</strong>ogorskidan sacxovreblad georgievskSi<br />

gadavidnen [3, 912].<br />

ruseTis xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis<br />

Sedegad centralur kavkasiaSi droebiT mSvidoba Camovarda.<br />

Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebma gadawyvites axalSeni isev Zvel adgilze<br />

aRedg<strong>in</strong>aT, rac Seasrules kidec. Tumca amis Semdeg yabardoelebis<br />

mxridan Tavdasxmebi kvlav gagrZelda [3, 912].<br />

ruseTis imperatoris 1806 wlis 25 dekembris brZanebiT<br />

Sotl<strong>and</strong>iur kolonias mTeli rigi uflebebi da privilegiebi<br />

mieniWa. kerZod ki, kolonistebs hqondaT rwmenisa da wes-Cveulebebis<br />

Tavisufleba. misi wevrebi Tavisufldebodnen piradi<br />

Tu sazogado gadasaxadisa da valdebulebisgan, sarekruto<br />

Tu saxelmwifo samsaxurisgan. Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebs SeRavaTebi<br />

hqondaT miwiT sargeblobaSic: kerZod ki, nakveTis miRebidan<br />

30 wlis ganmavlobaSi deset<strong>in</strong>a miwaSi unda gadaexadaT mxolod<br />

15 kapiki; kolonia damoukidebeli iyo saS<strong>in</strong>ao mmarTvelobaSic,<br />

axalmoSeneebs hyavdaT TavianTi wridan arCeuli<br />

ufrosebi. savaWro, sameurneo Tu sayofacxovrebi davebis<br />

gansaxilvelad hqondaT sakuTari sasamarTlo, romelsac mxolod<br />

sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis warmoeba ekrZaleboda. koloniis<br />

wevrebs hqondaT yvelanairi xelosnobis, mrewvelobisa<br />

da vaWrobis ufleba, oRond ar unda Caweriliyvnen cexebsa<br />

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da gildiebSi. ekrZalebodaT TavianT teritoriaze xorblis<br />

aryis gamoxda da gayidva.<br />

misionerebs hqondaT warmarTi da mahmadiani mTielebis<br />

TavianT rwmenaze moqcevis, maTgan tyveebis yidvisa da koloniis<br />

wevrad miRebis ufleba. gansazRvruli iyo, rom nayidi<br />

tyveebi mxolod garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi darCebodnen<br />

koloniis Zveli mcxovreblebis daqvemdebarebaSi. Semdeg is<strong>in</strong>i<br />

danarCeni wevrebis Tanasworni xdebodnen da dawesebuli<br />

privilegiebiTa da uflebebiT isargeblebdnen. koloniaSi dabadebuli<br />

yvela bavSvi unda yofiliyo Tavisufali. yvela wevri,<br />

iqneboda is nayidi da Semdgom TavisuflebamiRebuli, Tu<br />

sazRvargareTidan mosuli, Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielTa sazogadoebaSi mi-<br />

Rebis Semdeg, isargeblebda koloniaSi arsebuli yvela privilegiiT.<br />

koloniis wevrebs SeeZloT nebismier dros daetoveb<strong>in</strong>a<br />

ruseTis sazRvrebi [5, 930].<br />

amave sigeliT Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebs memkvidreobiT sakuTrebaSi<br />

gadaecaT xelisuflebisgan gamoyofili Tu kanonierad<br />

mierTebuli yvela miwa [5, 930]. Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebs gamouyves 7000<br />

deset<strong>in</strong>aze meti miwa. aqedan kolonistebma sakuTrebaSi mxolod<br />

2500 deset<strong>in</strong>a daitoves.<br />

Tavdapirvelad koloniis mamasaxlisebad arCeul iqnen<br />

misi damaarseblebi: henrix brontoni da aleqs<strong>and</strong>r patersoni.<br />

brontonis gardacvalebis Semdgom axali mamasaxlisis ar-<br />

Cevisas sxvebTan erTad irCevdnen patersonsac. 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

igi (daaxloebiT ori wlis garda) yovelTvis iyo<br />

koloniis mTavari mamasaxlisi. [5, 930].<br />

koloniis wevrTa Tavdauzogavi Sromisa da ruseTis xelisuflebisgan<br />

m<strong>in</strong>iWebuli privilegiebis Sedegad axalSeni<br />

male keTilmowyobil dasaxlebul punqtad gadaiqca. mis<br />

mcxovreblebs hqondaT kargi saxlebi, movlili yanebi, baRbostnebi,<br />

TuTis plantaciebi, zvrebi, romlisaTvisac axalmosaxleebi<br />

evropidan iwerdnen vazis nergebs; aseve, sakuTari<br />

wisqvili da bambis qsovilebis saqsovi fabrika [3, 912]. Ycxovrebis<br />

saukeTeso pirobebis gamo axalSenis mosaxleoba raodenobrivad<br />

gamudmebiT izrdeboda samxreT ruseTis teritoriaze<br />

arsebuli sxva evropuli koloniebidan gadmosulTa xarjze<br />

[1, 315; 7].<br />

1809-1810 wlebSi saratovis germanuli axalSenidan Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebTan<br />

TviTneburad gadavida ramdenime ojaxi [5, 930].<br />

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is<strong>in</strong>i cdilobdnen gamxdariyvnen koloniis wevrebi. mogvianebiT<br />

maTi nawili, sakuTari surviliT, m<strong>in</strong>istrTa komitetis<br />

1817 wlis 29 seqtembris gadawyvetilebis Semdeg, sacxovreblad<br />

gadavida sviatoi krestSi, sadac gamouyves ojaxze 60 deset<strong>in</strong>a<br />

miwis nakveTi (5, 930]. danarCenebi kvlav Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebTan<br />

darCnen. momdevno wlebSi Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebs germanel-<br />

Ta koloniidan kvlav miematnen axali wevrebi.<br />

XIX saukunis 10-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Crdilo kavkasiaSi<br />

gaaqtiurdnen mahmadiani sasuliero pirebi. daiwyo CrdilokavkasielTa<br />

masiuri gamahmadianeba [4, 510]. SeiZleba amas ukavSirdebodes<br />

axalSenze mTielTa Tavdasxmebis gansakuTrebuli gax-<br />

Sireba. 1813 wlis zafxulSi Sotl<strong>and</strong>iuri koloniis mamasaxlisi<br />

patersoni werda kozodavlevs, rom yabardoelebTan siaxlovis<br />

gamo kolonia ganicdida ganuwyvetel Tavdasxmebs, romlis<br />

drosac mTielebi itacebdnen bavSvebs, mihyavdaT pirutyvi,<br />

dawves wisqvili, mokles erTi adamiani. mTielebi imuqrebodnen,<br />

rom kolonias mTlianad gaanadgurebdnen [3, 909]. patersoni<br />

sTxovda mTavrobas, rom aucilebeli iyo axalSenis<br />

dacvisTvis zomebis saswrafod miReba, w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />

Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebi iZulebulni gaxdebodnen mTeli qoneba mietoveb<strong>in</strong>aT<br />

da sacxovreblad sxva adgilze gadasuliyvnen. 1813<br />

wlis Semodgomaze moaxalSeneebma datoves kidec kolonia da<br />

droebiT georgievskSi gadavidnen [3, 909]. ukan dabrunebulebs<br />

sacxovreblebi gaZarcvuli daxvdaT [3, 909].<br />

saqarTvelos mTavarmmarTeblis rtiSCevis 1813 wlis 5<br />

dekembris brZanebiT, kolonias dauniSnes pristavi, romelsac<br />

evaleboda, rogorc mTielTa Tavdasxmebisgan axalSenis dacvis<br />

organizeba, aseve Sida wesrigis uzrunvelyofac. pristavad<br />

iseTi adamiani unda SeerCiaT, romelsac ecod<strong>in</strong>eboda <strong>in</strong>glisuri<br />

an germanuli ena, raTa koloniis wevrebTan urTier-<br />

Toba SesZleboda. mas daeniSna xelfasi weliwadSi 400 maneTis<br />

odenobiT. pristavi valdebuli iyo yovelTvis koloniaSi yofiliyo.<br />

igi kavkasiis samoqalaqo gubernators eqvemdebareboda<br />

[5, 913].<br />

1813 wels imperatoris brZanebiT, mTielTa Tavdasxmebisgan<br />

koloniis dasacavad gamoiyo specialuri samxedro<br />

razmi [5, 931].<br />

Sotl<strong>and</strong>iuri koloniis mcxovreblebi miwaTmoqmedebisa<br />

da mrewvelobis garda farTo kulturul-saganmanaTleb-<br />

324

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lo moRvaweobasac eweodnen. 1815 wels gaixsna tipografia,<br />

sadac daibeWda da mahmadian da warmarT mosaxleobaSi gavrcelda<br />

bibliis 8000-mde egzemplari [5, 931].<br />

1815 wels axalSenis ori wevri gaigzavna orenburgsa da<br />

astraxanSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis enebis Sesaswavlad. ganzraxuli<br />

iyo wm<strong>in</strong>da werilis TaTrul enaze Targmna da gamocema.<br />

amasTan erTad astraxanSi iqna gadatanili tipografia,<br />

radganac aqedan ufro mosaxerxebeli iyo naTargmni wm<strong>in</strong>da<br />

wignebis sparseTSi gavrceleba. astraxanSi kvlav gagrZelda<br />

qristianuli literaturis beWdva. aqedan mezobel raionebSi<br />

gaavrceles qristianuli xasiaTis sxvadasxva wignebi, sul<br />

6000-mde egzempliari [5, 931].<br />

imperatoris mier 1819 wlis 14 aprils damtkicda m<strong>in</strong>istrTa<br />

komitetis dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmad orenburgSi<br />

wasul Sotl<strong>and</strong>iel misionerebs qalaqis axlos dasasaxleblad,<br />

sacxovrebeli saxlebisa da samlocvelos asaSeneblad,<br />

gamoeyoT 90 deset<strong>in</strong>a miwa. eklesiaSi RvTismsaxureba unda Catarebuliyo<br />

<strong>in</strong>glisur da TaTrul enebze. ganzraxuli iyo<br />

skolis aSenebac, sadac unda eswavleb<strong>in</strong>aT yirgizi bavSvebis-<br />

Tvis [5, 931].<br />

1825-1826 wlebSi Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebma avadmyofobis gamo<br />

datoves orenburgi da Sotl<strong>and</strong>iaSi gaemgzavrnen. amave wleb-<br />

Si (radganac aRar iyo bibliis beWdvis saWiroeba) ed<strong>in</strong>burgis<br />

sazogadoebam daf<strong>in</strong>anseba Seuwyvita astraxanis misionerebsac<br />

[5, 931].<br />

Crdilo kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebi aqtiur<br />

misionerul moRvaweobas eweodnen axlomaxlo mcxovreb mTielebSi,<br />

romelTa nawilis gaqristianebac SeZles. dokumentebidan<br />

CvenTvis cnobili xdeba misioner bleis saqmianobis Sesaxeb.<br />

igi profesiiT eqimi iyo, mkurnalobda avadmyof mTielebs,<br />

ris gamoc mosaxleobaSi siyvaruliT sargeblobda. mas<br />

warmatebebi hqonda mTielTa gaqristianebaSic. misi samoRvaweo<br />

areali <strong>in</strong>guSur Temebs moicavda [4, 507].<br />

adgilobriv mcxovreblebSi Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebis popularobaze<br />

miuTiTebs XIX saukunis 10-iani wlebis dasawyisiT daTari-<br />

Rebuli mTielTa werilebi, romlebSic is<strong>in</strong>i xelisuflebisgan<br />

iezuiti misionerebis gagzavnas iTxovdnen. aman gvarianad SeaSfoTa<br />

rusuli xelisuflebis mesveurebi. swored Tagauris xeobis<br />

mcxovrebTa werilebis miRebis (iezuiti misionerebis maT-<br />

325

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Tan gagzavnis Sesaxeb) Semdgom [4, 419], 1810-iani wlebidan, gadawyvita<br />

ruseTis xelisuflebam iezuiti misionerebis ber-<br />

Znul-rusuli aRmsareblobis mRvdlebiT Canacvleba [4, 48, 427,<br />

501]. 1814 wels mTielTa marTlmadideblobaze mosaqcevad Seiqmna<br />

`oseTis sasuliero komisia~[2, 294, 295; 3, 406, 407; 6, 79]. rogorc<br />

dokumentebidan Cans, Semdgom periodSi nel-nela Seiz-<br />

Ruda Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielTa moRvaweobis arealic.<br />

Crdilo kavkasiaSi Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielTa Seviwroveba gansakuTrebiT<br />

gaZlierda ermolovis mmarTvelobisas. 1821 wels<br />

ermolovi da ruseTis sasuliero saqmeTa m<strong>in</strong>istri SeTanxmdnen,<br />

rom ucxo qveynisa da aRmsareblobis misionerebis-<br />

Tvis saqmianobis ufleba miecaT mxolod iq, sadac ar iqnebodnen<br />

berZnul-rusuli sasuliero pirebi [4, 479].<br />

XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebi Crdilo<br />

kavkasias masiurad tovebdnen. erT-erTi misioneris jon mit-<br />

Celis azriT, maT umizezod aviwrovebda adgilobrivi xelisufleba<br />

[4, 476].<br />

1822 wels, ermolovis brZanebiT, nazranidan gamoaZeves<br />

misioneri blei. ermoloviG1822 wlis 19 seqtembers golic<strong>in</strong>isadmi<br />

miweril werilSi Tavis gadawyvetilebas Semdegnairad<br />

asabuTebda: `Ингуши принять крещение не желають и хотя немногие<br />

из старшинь на то согласились, думая что все вообще к тому понуждаемы<br />

будуть, но когда простой народ, совершенно тому противящися, хотель<br />

удалиться на прежнее жительтство в горы, то старшины оставили<br />

принятый ими законь и мне лично объявили, что понуждение к крещению<br />

лищить их средств удержать народ в повиновений и спокойсвий~<br />

[4, 507].<br />

al. ermolovisTvis gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo iezuitTa<br />

moRvaweoba strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilebSi. igi<br />

ruseTis saS<strong>in</strong>ao saqmeTa m<strong>in</strong>istr lanskois Semdegs werda: `По<br />

важности места, занимаемого ингушами, которые, быль до сего преданы<br />

России, по положению их селения при Назране служать наилучшим<br />

сторожевым постом нашим и оградою с сей стороны от непрязненных<br />

чеченцев и карабулаков, не мог я не предвидеть, сколь непрятныя<br />

последствия могли бы произоити, если бы народ сей самыи<br />

воинственныи, мужественныи из всех горцев, быв доведень до<br />

возмущения, решиться удалиться в горы [4, 481].<br />

326

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dokumentebidan irkveva, rom ermolovis saqciels wm<strong>in</strong>da<br />

politikuri <strong>in</strong>teresebi edo safuZvlad. igi werda:<br />

`шотландское обществ миссионеров, принимая к себе на воспитание<br />

молодых людей, научасть их языку своего отечества, а не всеми<br />

усилиями старается образовать их добрыми нам подданными. Я<br />

признаюсь, что не желая сих воспитанников в свою очередь иметь<br />

проповедниками между многочисленными обитательями горь, не<br />

допускаю я Карраских колонистов приобретать таковых~ [4, 507].<br />

1826 wlis noemberSi ermolovis miTiTebebze dayrdnobiT<br />

kavkasiis olqis mmarTvelma gorCakovma Semdegi cvlilebebi<br />

gaatara: `Дабы оградить колонию от вляния и помещательства в<br />

распоряжениях ея со стороны Эдинбургского мисс. Общества и чтобы<br />

она управляема была не по иным узаконениям, как только по<br />

Российским и сообразно правилам, кн. Горчаков полагаль, оставя в оной<br />

существующую управу и уничтожа все чуждыя учреждения<br />

Эдинбургской директории, подчинить управу и самую колонию по<br />

части полиции коменданту Кавк. Минеральных вод и предписать ему в<br />

непременную обязанность наблюдать за всеми поступками<br />

приезжающих в колонию иностранцев, доводия о сем до сведения<br />

областного начальника~[4, 931].<br />

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 1825-1826 wlebSi ruseTis imperiaSi<br />

mcxovrebi Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielTa umetesoba samSobloSi gaemgzavra.<br />

am faqtis Sesaxeb al. ermolovi acxadebda: garda imisa,<br />

rom Crdilo kavkasiaSi ucxo qveynis misionerebis moRvaweoba<br />

dauSvebulia politikuri mosazrebebiT, Sotl<strong>and</strong>ielebis<br />

wasvla am mxarisTvis ar warmoadgens did danakliss, radganac<br />

maT arc qristianobis gavrcelebaSi, arc soflis meurneobisa<br />

da mrewvelobis ganviTarebaSi ar miuRweviaT mniSvnelovani<br />

warmatebebisTvis [4, 932].<br />

Ddamowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. Акты Кавказской Археографической Коммиссии, под ред. Ад.<br />

Берже, VI, I, Тифлис, 1874.<br />

2. m. tyavaSvili, qsnis erisTavebis mamulebis sakiTxi dosi-<br />

Teos ficxelauris `oseTis sasuliero komisiis~ proeqtSi,<br />

kr.: axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, red. av.<br />

sonRulaSvili, 2 (6) 2009.<br />

327

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3. Акты Кавказской Археографической Коммиссии, под ред. Ад.<br />

Берже, V, Тифлис, 1873.<br />

4. Акты Кавказской Археографической Коммиссии, под ред. Ад.<br />

Берже, VI, II, Тифлис, 1875.<br />

5. Акты Кавказской Археографической Коммиссии, под ред. Ад.<br />

Берже, VII, II, Тифлис, 1878.<br />

6. История грузинской иерархий, с присовокуплением обращения в<br />

христианство Осетии и других горских народов, по 1-го Генвария<br />

1825 года., М., 1853.<br />

7. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,<br />

f. 2, aR. 1, saqme #341.<br />

Mzia Tkavashvili<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of<br />

<strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology, Research scientist of the<br />

Department of <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />

From the <strong>History</strong> of the Scots’ Colony <strong>in</strong> the North Caucasus<br />

(The beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the 19 th century)<br />

Summary<br />

In 1802 the directory of the Protestant society <strong>in</strong> Ed<strong>in</strong>burgh asked the<br />

Russian government a permition for found<strong>in</strong>g an office <strong>in</strong> the South of the<br />

empire. Emperor Alex<strong>and</strong>er I satisfied the requirement of Scots. The ma<strong>in</strong><br />

goal of Scots was the conversion of the neighbor<strong>in</strong>g mounta<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> pla<strong>in</strong><br />

Muslim <strong>and</strong> pagan population <strong>in</strong>to Christianity. The Russian government<br />

greatly supported Scots.<br />

Besides develop<strong>in</strong>g agriculture <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry they were actively<br />

<strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> cultural <strong>and</strong> educational work. In 1815 the typography was<br />

opened, where 8000 copies of Bible were pr<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>and</strong> spread among the<br />

Muslim <strong>and</strong> pagan population.<br />

In the 20es of the 19 th century Scots were actively liv<strong>in</strong>g the North<br />

Caucasus. From the po<strong>in</strong>t of view of the missioners the native government<br />

was oppress<strong>in</strong>g them without any reason.<br />

328

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���������������<br />

Tamar anTaZe<br />

Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis<br />

universitetis asistentprofesori<br />

Uuiliam III oraneli<br />

uiliam oranelis kolorituli figuris gaxseneba, cxadia<br />

SemTxveviTi araa. uw<strong>in</strong>aresad xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom<br />

uiliam oranelis saxels ukavSirdeba parlamentarizmis pr<strong>in</strong>cipebis<br />

formireba <strong>in</strong>glisSi XVII saukunis miwuruls. am rangis<br />

politikuri moRvawe, reformatori, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, haeriviT<br />

Wirdeba Tanamedrove saqarTvelos. Aamitom, vfiqrobT,<br />

uiliam oranelis moRvaweobis gacnobia, qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresmoklebuli ar unda iyos da bolos, uiliam<br />

oranelze sityvis Tqmas umTavresad is garemoeba gvabed<strong>in</strong>ebs,<br />

rom masze qarTul enaze dRemde TiTqmis araferi dawerila.<br />

Eevropul, pirvel rigSi ki, cxadia, <strong>in</strong>glisur istoriografiaSi<br />

uiliam oranelis moRvaweobis dadebiTi Sefaseba dom<strong>in</strong>irebs.<br />

Mmis erT-erT mTavar tonis mimcemad franguli ganmanaTleblobis<br />

patriarqi volteri gvevl<strong>in</strong>eba. misi azriT, `<strong>in</strong>glisis<br />

namdvili demokratia swored uiliam oranelis mmar-<br />

Tvelobidan iwyeba~ [1, 85-86]. uiliam oranelis moRvaweobis<br />

maRali Sefaseba savsebiT marTlzomieria, magram misi usaSvelod<br />

g<strong>and</strong>ideba, gaidialeba, rac Se<strong>in</strong>iშneba zogierTi istorikosis<br />

(magaliTad t. makoleis) SromebSi, cxadia, ar Rirs, zedmetia.<br />

qarTul enaze sagangebo naSromi uiliam oranelze dRemde<br />

ar gagvaCnia, magram axali istoriis qarTul saxelmZRvaneloebSi,<br />

bunebrivia, gakvriT exebodnen mis moRvaweobas da<br />

amis wayrueba, gverdis avla, albaT, marTebuli ar unda iyos.<br />

uiliam oranelis moRvaweobisadmi qarTuli istoriografiis<br />

damokidebulebas mkveTrad gamokveTilad sami periodi<br />

gaaCnia. damoukidebeli saqarTvelo 1918-1921 wlebi, sab-<br />

WoTa periodis qarTuli istoriografia 1921-1991 wlebi da<br />

uaxlesi qarTuli istoriografia.<br />

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Uuiliam oranelis moRvaweobisadmi da<strong>in</strong>teresebis pirvelma<br />

simptomebma Tavi iC<strong>in</strong>a XX saukunis dasawyisSi. aq, cxadia,<br />

vgulisxmobT a. bikovis wigns `ambebi <strong>in</strong>glisis istoriidan,<br />

me-11 saukunidan me-XIX saukunemde~ [2] , sadac is bunebrivia,<br />

exeba uiliam oranelis moRvaweobas da mcire <strong>in</strong>formacias<br />

awvdis qarTvel mkiTxvels masze [2, 271-277]. es sporaduli<br />

cnoba friad sa<strong>in</strong>tereso da mniSvnelovani Cans. Cveni azriT,<br />

es monakveTi 1901-1918 wlamde qarTul realobaSi uiliam oranelis<br />

moRvaweobiT da<strong>in</strong>teresebis w<strong>in</strong>are istoriad SeiZleba<br />

miviCnioT.<br />

savsebiT kanonzomieri unda iyos, rom dasavleT evropis<br />

axali istoriis problemebiT da saxeldobr, uiliam oranelis<br />

moRvaweobiT da<strong>in</strong>teresebis akvani damoukidebel saqarTveloSi<br />

1918-1921 wlebSi dairwa. Amas mZlavri stimuli misca orma<br />

garemoebam: 1918 wlis 26 ianvars ivane javaxiSvilis mier<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis daarsebam da 1918 wlis<br />

26 maisss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebam. Aam<br />

TvalsazrisiT sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa damoukidebel saqarTveloSi gamocemuli<br />

axali istoriis pirveli erovnuli saxelmZRvaneloebi,<br />

sadac bunebrivia, gakvriT exebodnen uiliam oranelis<br />

moRvaweobas. Ees sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa da misTvis dumiliT gverdis avla<br />

swori ar iqneboda. Pupirveles yovlisa xazi unda gausvaT<br />

saxelmZRvaneloebis koncefcias, romelsac mkveTrad gamokveTili<br />

progresuli elferi dakravs da upiratesad evropul<br />

realiebzea orientirebuli. saxelmZRvaneloebSi uiliam oranelis<br />

moRvaweobis maRali Sefaseba savsebiT marTlzomieri<br />

unda iyos. saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorebi uiliam oranelis Sefasebisas<br />

progresul liberalur poziciebze dganan, rac imdro<strong>in</strong>deli<br />

qarTuli istoriografiis fonze seriozul w<strong>in</strong>gadadgmul<br />

nabijs warmoadgenda.<br />

saxelmZRvaneloebSi uiliam oranelze arsebuli mcire<br />

<strong>in</strong>formacia sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa da igi qarTvel mkiTxvels, pirvel<br />

rigSi, moswavleebs, uiliam oranelis moRvaweobaze saerTo<br />

warmodgenas Seuqmnida. mkafiod aris xazgasmuli uiliam oranelis<br />

wvlili <strong>in</strong>glisSi parlamentarizmis pr<strong>in</strong>cipebis formirebis<br />

saqmeSi da safrangeTTan dapirispireba, romelic uSualod<br />

gamomd<strong>in</strong>areobda <strong>in</strong>glisis erovnuli <strong>in</strong>teresebidan. <strong>in</strong>glisis<br />

mTavar metoqed msoflio hegemonobisaTvis brZolaSi,<br />

330

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swored, safrangeTi gvevl<strong>in</strong>eba [3, 45-146; 4.67; 5, 105-106; 6,<br />

116; 7,127; 8, 52].<br />

saxelmZRvaneloebSi uiliam oranelis moRvaweobisadmi<br />

miCenili adgili mTlad damajereblad ar migvaCnia. Aaq ra Tqma<br />

unda, vgulisxmobT imas, rom ZalianN kargi iqneboda uiliam<br />

oranelis mmarTveloba mkveTrad yofiliyo gamijnuli stiuartTa<br />

xanisagan da mas erTi calke monakveTi daTmoboda.<br />

vfiqrobT, es ufro adekvaturi iqneboda.<br />

Pprof. gr. naTaZis midgoma uiliam oranelis moRvaweobisadmi<br />

metad Taviseburia [9]. amgvari damokidebuleba, cxadia,<br />

SemTxveviT ar yofila da misi gasaRebi gr. naTaZis msoflmxedvelobaSi<br />

Zevs. saqme isaa, rom gr. naTaZe istoriis sociologiuri<br />

gaSuqebis momxrea da did yuradRebas uTmobda <strong>in</strong>glisis<br />

social-ekonomiur istoris warmoCenas, xolo politikur<br />

istorias ganixilavda SedarebiT ufro mkrTalad, sustad.<br />

uiliam oranelisadmi prof. gr. naTaZis gulgrili damokidebuleba<br />

amis logikuri Sedegia. iyo amis gamomwvevi sxva<br />

mizezebi [10, 46-48].<br />

Aamrigad, Tavdapirvelad, uiliam oranelis moRvaweobis<br />

Sefasebisas qarTul istoriografias garkveuli mecnieruli<br />

kursi hqonia aRebuli. am TvalsazrisiT sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa damoukidebel<br />

saqarTveloSi gamosuli axali istoriis pirveli erovnuli<br />

saxelmZRvaneloebi.<br />

SemdegSi xdeba mkveTri saxecvlileba, rac umTavresad<br />

politikuri kataklizmebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. 1921 wlis 25<br />

Tebervals moxda saqarTvelos gasabWoeba. uiliam oranelis<br />

moRvaweobiT da<strong>in</strong>teresebam marqsistul-len<strong>in</strong>uri ideologiis<br />

CarCoebSi aRmoCnda moqceuli. es upiratesad imiT gamoixata,<br />

rom uiliam oranelisadmi damokidebuleba metad politizirebuli<br />

da ideologizirebuli iyo da ZiriTadad klasobrivi<br />

poziciebidan ganixileboda. aseTi midgoma ki nebsiT<br />

Tu uneblieT akn<strong>in</strong>ebda uiliam oranelis mmarTvelobis istoriul<br />

mniSvnelobas. aq aisaxa savsebiT realuri viTareba. reformatorebi<br />

sabWoTa istoriografiisaTvis miuRebeli iyo.<br />

maT moswondaT mxolod fanatikosi revolucionerebi. es tendencia<br />

dom<strong>in</strong>irebda saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSic [11]. sauniversiteto<br />

programebSi [12]. Ffaqtobrivad uiliam oranelze<br />

qarTul enaze TiTqmis araferi dawerila. es SemTxveviTi ar<br />

iyo da nawilobriv imiT aixsneba, rom sabWoTa periodSi ru-<br />

331

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sul enaze arsebuli literatura MmSobliurad aRiqmeboda<br />

[13]. istoriis popularizacia aSkarad moიkoWlebda.<br />

Uuiliam oranelis moRvaweobiT da<strong>in</strong>teresebis morigi<br />

mkveTri metamorfozi dakavSirebulia 1991 wels sabWoTa kav-<br />

Siris daSlasTan. qarTulma istoriografiam SvebiT amoisun-<br />

Tqa. Mmas sakuTari arCevanis gakeTebis Sansi gauCnda. amas Zalze<br />

didi mniSvneloba hqonda.<br />

Uuiliam oranelis reabilitaciis saqmeSi gadadgmul pirvel<br />

nabijad axali istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvanelo mიgvaCnia<br />

[14]. Ees tradicia gagrZelebuli iqna <strong>in</strong>glisis istoriis<br />

[15, 16, 17] da axali istoriis [18, 19] sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebSi,<br />

Tumca zogierT saxelmZRvaneloSi am Temaze<br />

msjelobis Semdgomi daxvewa, srulyofa, gamoricxulad ar<br />

migvaCnia. vimedovnebT, rom momavalSi uiliam oranelis moRvaweobas<br />

gacilebiT meti yuradReba daeTmoba. w<strong>in</strong>amdebare<br />

naSromi am xarvezebis Sevsebis erT-erT mokrZalebul mcdelobas<br />

warmoadgens. U<br />

<strong>in</strong>gliseli istorikosebi <strong>in</strong>glisis swraf aRzevebas da<br />

msoflios erT-erT uZlieres saxelmwifod gadaqcevas xSirad<br />

ukavSireben uiliam oranelis moRvaweobas.<br />

uiliam oraneli daibada 1650 wlis 14 noembers haagaSi.<br />

Mmisi mama iyo uiliam II oraneli. deda — <strong>in</strong>glisis mefis Carlz I<br />

(1625-1649) qaliSvili meri stiuarti.<br />

uiliam oraneli politikur sarbielze gamoCnda 1667<br />

wels, rodesac man miiRo ufleba monawileoba mieRo saxelmwifo<br />

sabWos muSaobaSi. respublikis momxreebi mas undoblad<br />

uyurebdnen da SiSobdnen, rom ar moexd<strong>in</strong>a saxelmwifo gadatrialeba<br />

monarqiis aRdgenis mizniT. am dros niderl<strong>and</strong>i respublika<br />

iyo, romelsac saTaveSi edga ian de viti.<br />

T<strong>and</strong>aTanobiT uiliam oranelis avtoriteti sazogadoebasa<br />

da armiaSi izrdeboda, xolo respublikelebis prestiJi<br />

ecemoda. 1672 wels safrangeTთan dawyebulma omma katalizatoris<br />

roli Seasrula. daaCqara movlenebi. omisaTvis niderl<strong>and</strong>i<br />

moumzadebeli aRmoCnda. safrangeTis armia swrafad<br />

miiwevda w<strong>in</strong>. Mmdgomareoba kritikuli Seiqmna. Nniderl<strong>and</strong>ebis<br />

saxelmwifoebrioba yofna-aryofnis w<strong>in</strong>aSe dadga. Aam kritikul<br />

momentSi w<strong>in</strong>a planze gamodis uiliam oraneli. misi miTi-<br />

TebiT jebirebi gaxsnes da qveynis teritoriis erTi nawili<br />

332

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წყალმა dafara. Fფrangebis w<strong>in</strong>svla SeCerebuli iqna. Mmeomari<br />

mxareebi molaparakebis magidas miusxdnen., niderl<strong>and</strong>i mzad<br />

iyo yovelgvar daTmobebze wasuliyo, magram safrangeTma metismeti<br />

mo<strong>in</strong>doma. Mმas surda ara niderl<strong>and</strong>is damarcxeba,<br />

aramed sruli ganadgureba. Hhol<strong>and</strong>ielebis moTm<strong>in</strong>ebis fiala<br />

aivso. ifeTqa saxalxo mRelvarebam. saxelmwifo gadatrialebis<br />

Sedegad იან de ვitis mTavroba daemxo, xolo TviT is mokluli<br />

iqna. Hჰol<strong>and</strong>iis Stathalteris postze arCeuli iqna 21<br />

wlis uiliam oraneli. Mman Sewyvita samSvidobo molaparakeba<br />

da ganaaxla omi. aseTi iyo safrangeTis samxedro m<strong>in</strong>istris<br />

luvuas ambiciebis savalalo Sedegi [20, 132-133].<br />

Aam rTul viTarebaSi uiliam oranelma Tavi gamoamJRavna<br />

rogorc ara marto kargma mxedarTmTavarma, aramed C<strong>in</strong>ebulma<br />

diplomatma. man moaxerxa moeZebna safrangeTis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg<br />

brZolaSi mokavSireebi: espaneTi, br<strong>and</strong>enburgi, avstria da<br />

dania. Aaman saSualeba misca uiliam oranels gardatexa Seetana<br />

omis msvlelobaSi. 1679 wels xelmowerili nimvegenis zavis<br />

Tanaxmad hol<strong>and</strong>iam SesZlo damoukideblobis da teritoriuli<br />

mTlianobis SenarCuneba. es uiliam oranelis politikis<br />

didi warmateba iyo.<br />

1677 wels man colad SeirTo <strong>in</strong>glisis momavali mefis<br />

jeimz II (1685-1688) qaliSvili mari stiuarti. es iyo Cveulebrivi<br />

politikuri qorw<strong>in</strong>eba. is uiliam oranels <strong>in</strong>glisis taxtis<br />

dakavebis Sans aZlevda. Aaqedan moyolebuli iwyeba uiliam<br />

oranelis pirveli kontaqtebi liberalur opoziciasTan <strong>in</strong>glisSi.<br />

is cdilobda <strong>in</strong>glisSi Seeqmna dasayrdeni. SemTxvevi-<br />

Ti ar iyo, rom stiuartebis mier devnili opoziciurad ganwyobili<br />

liberalebi politikur TavSesafars, swored, uiliam<br />

oranelTan hol<strong>and</strong>iaSi povebdnen.<br />

1688 wels 55 wlis jeimz II SeeZ<strong>in</strong>a taxtis memkvidre vaJi,<br />

uelsis pr<strong>in</strong>ci. Aman pirdapir civi Sxapi gadaasxa liberalur<br />

opozicias da mis k<strong>and</strong>idats uiliam oranels. Oopozicias sxva<br />

gamosavali ar rCeboda: an unda Segueboda Seqmnil viTarebas,<br />

an unda emoqmeda. man meore gza airCia. opoziciam TxovniT mimarTa<br />

uiliam oranels exsna <strong>in</strong>glisi jeimz II stiuartis tiraniisagan.<br />

sul ufro mkafiod ikveTeboda saxelmwifo gadatrialebis<br />

konturebi. Mmcire fiqris Semdeg uiliam oranelma mzaoba<br />

ganacxada daekaveb<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>glisis taxti. man gamosca specia-<br />

333

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luri deklaracia, sadac is pirobas debda, rom daexmareboda<br />

<strong>in</strong>glisis xalxs. 1688 wlis 19 oqtombers uiliam oranelis<br />

flotma kursi nisliani albionisaken aiRo. 5 noembers igi <strong>in</strong>glisis<br />

napirebze gadavida. oranelis gankargulebaSi iyo<br />

15000 jariskaci. jeimz II gacilebiT ufro mravalricxovani<br />

armia hyavda, magram gadamwyveti brZolis gamarTva ma<strong>in</strong>c ver<br />

gabeda. Mmas armiis imedi ar hqonda. Aarmiis sabrZolo ganwyobileba,<br />

Zalian dabali iyo. maTi didi nawili uiliam oranelis<br />

mxareze gadadioda. 12 dekembers uiliam oraneli londonSi<br />

Sevida. Mmefe daakaves. 23 dekembers mefe cixidan gaiqca da politikuri<br />

TavSesafari safrangeTSi hpova [21, 22, 23, 24]. 1689<br />

wlis 12 Tebervals uiliam oraneli <strong>in</strong>glisis mefed gamoacxades.<br />

uiliam III oranelis saxeliT stiuartTa abslolitur<br />

monarqias wertili daesva. <strong>in</strong>glisSi yalibdeba konstituciuri<br />

monarqia. Ffaqtobrivad amiT mTavrdeba uiliam oranelis<br />

erTi hol<strong>and</strong>iuri etapi da iwyeba meore <strong>in</strong>glisuri periodi.<br />

<strong>in</strong>glisis mefis uiliam III oranelis saS<strong>in</strong>ao politika: uiliam<br />

III oranelis (1689-1702) mmarTvelobis xanaSi, <strong>in</strong>glisSi<br />

gatarebuli iqna seriozuli reformebi, romelmac mtkice sa-<br />

Zirkveli Cauyara qveynis politikur da sameurneo sistemas.<br />

1688 wlis sasaxlis gadatrialebas Tanamedroveebma da<br />

istorikosebma `usisxlo~ anu `saxelovani revolucia~ uwodes<br />

da devid iumidan, jon lokidan da volteridan moyolebuli<br />

gansakuTrebul pativs miageben mas.<br />

1688 wlis gadatrialebis Sedegad, <strong>in</strong>glisSi yalibdeba<br />

konstituciuri monarqia. stiuartTa absolutizmis Semdeg<br />

es iyo seriozuli w<strong>in</strong>gadadgmuli nabijia samefo xelisuflebasa<br />

da parlaments Soris kompromisi miRweuli iqna. Amas Zalze<br />

didi mniSvneloba hqonda. mkafiod ikveTeba samarTlebrivi<br />

saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis konturebi.<br />

mmarTvelobis saparlamento-demokratiuli formis mamamTavrad<br />

didi <strong>in</strong>gliseli filosofosi jon loki gvevl<strong>in</strong>eba.<br />

am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa misi naSromi `ori traqtati<br />

mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~. SesaZloa, Tavdapirvelad xalxma<br />

gulubryvilod gadasces Zalaufleba erT karg, SesaniSnav<br />

adamians, magram misi memkvidreebi sul sxvanairebi aRmoCndnen.<br />

xalxi mixvda, rom mis sakuTrebas seriozuli saSiSroeba<br />

emuqreboda. am rTuli situaciidan gamosavals jon loki<br />

334

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umTavresad imaSi xedavs, rom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba<br />

unda gadaeces koleqtiur organos — parlaments.<br />

kanonSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi CarTuli aRmoCndeba sazogadoebis<br />

farTo socialuri fenebi. Nnebismier adamians SeuZlia<br />

gaxdes parlamentis wevri. aravis ar aqvs ufleba kanonis<br />

moqmedeba sadme an rodesme SeaCeros. Ees aris suspensiuri<br />

ufleba,. aravis ar aqvs ufleba romelime moqalaqe, v<strong>in</strong>c ar<br />

unda iyos is kanonis asrulebisagan gaaTavisuflos. Ees aris<br />

dispensiuri ufleba. `samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arc erTi<br />

wevrisaTvis ar SeiZleba daSvebuli iqnas gamonaklisi am sazogadoebis<br />

kanonebidan~ [25, 316-317]. jon loki Tavisuflebis,<br />

Tanasworobis da sxva samoqalaqo uflebebis damuSavebis<br />

dros im postulatidan amodioda, rom sazogadoebis bunebriv<br />

mdgomareobas warmoadgens patiosani konkurencia. samoqalaqo<br />

sazogadoebaSi adamianis uflebebi da Tavisufleba, rogorc<br />

is isaxeboda XVII saukunis dasasruls, viTardeboda mxolod<br />

konkretul gacvliT urTierTobebis konteqstSi da mas-<br />

Tan mWidrod dakavSirebuli kerZo sakuTrebasTan [26, 151-152,<br />

154-157]. jon lokis moZRvrebas samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Sesaxeb<br />

safuZvlad edo Cveulebrivi savaWro gacvliTi urTier-<br />

Tobebi, romelSic erTveba ubralo saqonlis mflobeli.<br />

stiuartebisagan gansxvavebiT uiliam III oranels naklebad<br />

awuxebda piradi ambiciebi da didad ar cdilobda samefo<br />

prerogativis dacvas. 1689 wlis 13 Tebervals miRebuli iqna<br />

<strong>in</strong>glisis istoriaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kanoni `aqti uflebaTa<br />

Sesaxeb~, romelic <strong>in</strong>glisis konstituciuri uflebebis<br />

erT-erT mTavar qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. Ppirvel yovlisa,<br />

is iyo xelisuflebasa da parlaments Soris kompromisis logikuri<br />

Sedegi. Mmefis uflebebi izRudeba. parlamentis uflebebi<br />

farTovdeba. Mmefe xels iRebs gadasaxadebis akrefaze.<br />

Aamieridan es parlamentis kompetenciaSi Sedis. Ggarantirebuli<br />

iyo saparlamento debatebis Tavisufleba. Pparlamenti sam<br />

weliwadSi erTxel unda moewviaT. Mmisi uflebamosileba ganisazRvra<br />

sami wliT. Mm<strong>in</strong>istrebs niSnavda da anTavisuflebda<br />

mefe, magram is<strong>in</strong>i pasuxismgebelni iyvnen parlamentis w<strong>in</strong>aSe.<br />

amave xanebSi miiRes kanoni `aqti rjulSemwynareblobis Sesaxeb~.<br />

Uuiliam oraneli rjulSemwynareblobis politikas atarebda,<br />

Tumca kaTolikebis <strong>in</strong>teresebis mcire SebRalva ma<strong>in</strong>c<br />

igrZnoboda.<br />

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jeimz II stiuartis momxreebi, jekobitebi far-xmals ar<br />

yridnen da ar eguebodnen axal reJims. maT mxars uWerda safrangeTis<br />

mefe lui XIV. saWiro iyo maT w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg zomebis mi-<br />

Reba. 1690 wlis ivnisSi <strong>in</strong>gliselebma md<strong>in</strong>are bo<strong>in</strong>is napiras<br />

daamarcxes `jekobitebis~ laSqari. amas Tan moyva irl<strong>and</strong>iis<br />

miwebis xelaxali konfiskacia da maTi mosaxleobis Cagvris<br />

gaZliereba.<br />

1694 wels daarsebuli iqna <strong>in</strong>glisis banki. <strong>in</strong>glisuri demokratiis<br />

ganmtkicebis saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda<br />

1696 wels cenzuris gauqmebas. es seriozuli w<strong>in</strong>gadadgmuli<br />

nabiji iyo samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis gzaze<br />

[17,125].<br />

mkveTrad gamokveTili progresuli elferi dakravs 1696<br />

wels ganxorcielebul fulis reformas. Mmisi istoriuli<br />

mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom cdilobda TiTqosda<br />

Seurigebelis Serigebas. xaz<strong>in</strong>is da mosaxleobis <strong>in</strong>teresebs<br />

Soris saerTo enis gamonaxvas. Mmisi dedaazri miznad isaxavda<br />

ekonomikis gajansaRebas mosaxleobis msiyidvelobiTi unaris<br />

gazrdis xarjze. sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa, rom xaz<strong>in</strong>aSi ramdenime wlis<br />

Semdeg imaze gacilebiT ufro didi Tanxa Sevida, vidre Tavdapirvelad<br />

iqna Cadebuli reformaSi [27, 288-291].<br />

1701 wels miiRes `aqti taxtis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb~ Tavis<br />

sicocxlis dasasruls uiliam III oraneli Seecada moegvareb<strong>in</strong>a<br />

kidev erTi mwvave sakiTxi. v<strong>in</strong> iqneboda <strong>in</strong>glisis taxtis<br />

memkvidre misi gardacvalebis Semdeg. saqme isaa, rom uiliam<br />

oraneli uSvilo iyo. Uuiliam III oranelis Semdeg <strong>in</strong>glisis<br />

taxts daikavebda misi colisda jeimz II-s umcrosi qaliSvili<br />

eni (ana). enic uSvilo iyo. Mmisi gardacvalebis Semdeg <strong>in</strong>glisis<br />

taxtze avidoda stiuartTa Soreuli naTesavi, germaneli<br />

hanoverTa d<strong>in</strong>astiis warmomadgeneli. es d<strong>in</strong>astia iyo<br />

<strong>in</strong>glisis mefis Carlz I-s dis meris da misi qmris fridrix<br />

pfalcelis STamomavali.<br />

amave dros gadawyda, rom yvela dokuments, kanons, cirkuliars,<br />

xels unda awerdes ara marto mefe, aramed premierm<strong>in</strong>istri.<br />

Aamas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. axla premier-m<strong>in</strong>istri<br />

pasuxismgebeli iyo parlamentis w<strong>in</strong>aSe [28, 15, 16,17].<br />

uiliam oranelis sagareo politika: sa<strong>in</strong>teresod axasia-<br />

Tebs uiliam III oranels frangi istorikosi akad. pier gaqstoni.<br />

`is iyo xelmZRvaneli, ara genialuri, magram mtkice, Seu-<br />

336

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povari, romelmac ar icoda ra iyo SiSi da apaTia. Rrma codniT,<br />

ZaluZda gaeerTianeb<strong>in</strong>a adamianebis goneba. SeeZlo Caefiqreb<strong>in</strong>a<br />

didi saqmeebi da mas mizanmimarTulad axorcielebda.<br />

Uuiliami warsdga evropis w<strong>in</strong>aSe rogorc meTauri, romlis<br />

daniSnulebas warmoadgenda saTaveSi Cadgomoda antifrangul<br />

koalicias~ [20,156].<br />

uiliam oraneli, jer rogorc hol<strong>and</strong>iis Stathalteri,<br />

xolo Semdeg ki rogorc <strong>in</strong>glisis mefe, w<strong>in</strong> aRudga safrange-<br />

Tis mefis lui XIV (1643-1715) hegemonistur miswrafebebs. is<br />

iyo lui XIV yvelaze ufro seriozuli politikuri mow<strong>in</strong>aaRmdege,<br />

romelic mzad iyo safrangeTTan brZola ewarmoeb<strong>in</strong>a<br />

sisxlis ukanasknel wveTamde. frangi istorikosis emil bur-<br />

Juas TqmiT `es iyo ori adamianis dueli-ori tipis politikuri<br />

pr<strong>in</strong>cipis, ori religiis~ [20, 156]. am dapirispirebas kidev<br />

ufro sa<strong>in</strong>tereso elfers sZenda is garemoeba, rom faqtobrivad<br />

is warmoadgenda sagareo politikis da diplomatiis ori<br />

sruliad gansxvavebuli pr<strong>in</strong>cipis Sejaxebas. unda iTqvas, rom<br />

am uSeRavaTo brZolaSi uiliam oranelma seriozul warmatebas<br />

miaRwia da amiT praqtikulad Seamzada niadagi XVIII saukunis<br />

dasawyisSi <strong>in</strong>glisis msoflio hegemoniis damyarebisaTvis.<br />

wertili dausva safrangeTis hegemonias. Znelia daeTanxmoT<br />

amerikel mecnieris j. modelskis, romelic Tavis msoflio<br />

batonobis grZeli ciklebis TeoriaSi ugulvebelyofs safrangeTis<br />

hegemonias [29].<br />

stiuartebis uiliam oraneliT Canacvleba ar iyo mxolod<br />

Cveulebrivi d<strong>in</strong>astiuri cvlileba, rodesac erTi arapopularuli<br />

mmarTvelis adgils ikavebs meore ufro popularuli<br />

pirovneba. amas pr<strong>in</strong>cipuli mniSvneloba hqonda, ramac<br />

Secvala <strong>in</strong>glisis saS<strong>in</strong>ao da sagareo politika. <strong>in</strong>glisi ganvi-<br />

Tarebis sul sxva gzaze gaiyvana, da bolos da bolos XIX saukunis<br />

dasawyisSi `msoflio saxelosnod~ aqcia.<br />

uiliam oranelma Zirfesvianad Secvala <strong>in</strong>glisis sagareo<br />

politika. man uari Tqva stiuartTa profrangul orientaciaze<br />

da saTaveSi Caudga antifrangul koalicias. amieridan<br />

igi safrangeTis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg brZolis medroSed da liderad<br />

iqca. aqedan moyolebuli iwyeba <strong>in</strong>glis-safrangeTis xangrZlivi<br />

dapirispireba, romelic 1815 wels dasrulda. ser<br />

u<strong>in</strong>ston CerCilis TqmiT `Tavisi brZolebidan <strong>in</strong>glisi yovel-<br />

Tvis igebs erTaderTs — gadamwyvets~. Aam or saxelmwifos So-<br />

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is aseT xangrZliv dapirispirebas istorikosebi xSirad `meore<br />

aswlian oms~ uwodeben. Uuiliam III oranelis antifranguli<br />

kursi kargad Seesatyviseboda <strong>in</strong>glisis erovnul <strong>in</strong>teresebs.<br />

gasaRebis bazrebis da pirvelobisaTvis uSeRavaTo brZolaSi,<br />

swored, safrangeTi iyo <strong>in</strong>glisis mTavari mow<strong>in</strong>aaRmdege.<br />

jer kidev 1686 wels hol<strong>and</strong>iis Stathalteris uiliam<br />

oranelis ZalisxmeviT yalibdeba augsburgis liga. mis SemadgenlobaSi<br />

gaerTi<strong>and</strong>nen: hol<strong>and</strong>ia, espaneTi, avstria, br<strong>and</strong>enburgi,<br />

savoia. Mmas mere, ki rac 1688 wlis revoluciis Semdeg,<br />

uiliam oraneli <strong>in</strong>glisis mefe Seiqmna koalicias, bunebrivia,<br />

nisliani albionic SeuerTda.<br />

1688 wels lui XIV wamoiwyo mesame didi omi, romelsac<br />

orlianisturs uwodeben. Mmas surda pfalcis kurfiustad gaeyvana<br />

Tavisi Zma orleanis hercogi, romelsac colad hyavda<br />

ukanaskneli kurfiurstis qaliSvili, magram umTavresad uiliam<br />

oranelis diplomatiis ZalisxmeviT safrangeTis mmar-<br />

Tveli izolaciaSi aRmoCnda. marTalia, safrangeTis jarebma<br />

moipoves ramdenime gamarjveba: 1690 wels fleriusTan, 1692<br />

wels stenkerkTan, 1693 wels nerv<strong>in</strong>denTan, magram zRva aSkarad<br />

<strong>in</strong>gliselebis xelSi iyo. Lle-gogTan brZolaSi 1692 wels<br />

maT gaimarjves. 1697 wels xelmowerili iqna risvikis zavi.<br />

Llui XIV iZulebuli iyo ecno uiliam oraneli <strong>in</strong>glisis mefed,<br />

magram mas xeli ar auRia arc stiuartTa pretenziebis mxardaWeraze.<br />

espaneTis memkvidreobisaTvis omisaTvis mzadebam uiliam<br />

III oranelis sagareo politikis daskvniT akordad gaiJRera.<br />

1700 wlis 1 noembers gardaicvala espaneTis mefe karlos<br />

II. Mmas memkvidre ar darCenia. dRis wesrigSi dadga sakiTxi, Tu<br />

v<strong>in</strong> daikavebda vakantur adgils. erT-erTi pretendenti safrangeTi<br />

iyo. Llui XIV-s colad hyavda espaneTis <strong>in</strong>fanta. Kkarlos<br />

II <strong>and</strong>erZis Tanaxmad, espaneTis taxti unda daekaveb<strong>in</strong>a<br />

frang pr<strong>in</strong>cs, lui XIV-is erT-erT memkvidres. frangul-espanuri<br />

zesaxelmwifos Seqmnam seriozulad Caafiqra evropis<br />

didi saxelmwifoebi. maT aS<strong>in</strong>ebdaT safrangeT-espaneTis hegemoniis<br />

damyareba, amis albaToba ki, marTlac sakmaod didi<br />

iyo. Aam mwvave situaciaSi lui XIV-m pirdapir cecxlze navTi<br />

daasxa. Ees imiT gamoixata, rom man kidev ufro gaamwvava <strong>in</strong>glisTan<br />

urTierToba. jer iyo da 1701 wels jeimz II-s gardacvalebis<br />

Semdeg man mefed scno misi vaJi jeimz III. lui XIV-m<br />

338

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frang vaWrebs mianiWa privilegiebi amerikaSi espaneTis koloniebTan<br />

vaWrobaSi. aman bunebrivia, Selaxa <strong>in</strong>glisis da niderl<strong>and</strong>is<br />

ekonomikuri <strong>in</strong>teresebi. mkveTrad Seicvala <strong>in</strong>glisis<br />

sazogadoebis ganwyobileba. evropa or banakad gaiyo:<br />

erTis mxriv dgas <strong>in</strong>glisi, hol<strong>and</strong>ia, avstria, prusia, dania,<br />

maT upirispirdeba safrangeTi, espaneTi da wvrili germanuli<br />

saxelmwifoebi. evropaSi denTis suni datrialda. omisaTvis<br />

gaxurebuli samzadisis dros, 1702 wlis 8 marts, uiliam III<br />

oraneli gardaicvala. is dasaflavebulia <strong>in</strong>glisis monarqTa<br />

tradiciul ZvalTSesanaxSi vestm<strong>in</strong>isteris saabatoSi.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

26. И.Сиволан, Социальные идеи Вольтера, М., 1978.<br />

27. a. bikovi, ambebi <strong>in</strong>glisis istoriidan, XI saukunidan me-XIX<br />

saukunemde, baTumi, 1901.<br />

28. s. avaliani, msoflio istoriis saxelmZRvanelo, Tb. 1920.<br />

29. e. lavisi, axali istoria, QquTaisi, Tb., 1920.<br />

30. vulfiusi, axali istoria, quTaisi, 1918.<br />

31. T. WumburiZe, axali istoria, quTaisi, 1919.<br />

32. d. uznaZe, i. gvelesiani, axali istoria (XV-XVII ss.) Tb.,<br />

1920. i .gvelesiani, axali istoria (XVIII-XIX saukuneebi),<br />

Tb., 1920.<br />

33. al. wereTeli, msoflio istoria, nawili 3, axali istoria,<br />

Tb., 1920.<br />

34. gr.naTaZe, <strong>in</strong>glisis mokle istoria, Tb., 1919.<br />

35. m. kal<strong>and</strong>aZe, dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axali<br />

istoriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi,<br />

Tb., 1999.<br />

36. a. efimovi, axali istoria, Tb., 1970, axali istoria, a. narioCnickis<br />

redaqciiT, Tb., 1988.<br />

37. axali istoriis kursis programa, redaqtori. Pprof. a. namoraZe,<br />

Tb., 1953. axali istoriis programa, redaqtori<br />

prof. givi kiRuraZe, Tb., 1970.<br />

38. К. Татаринова, Очерки по истории Англии 1640-1815 гг., М., 1958.<br />

39. А. Мортон, История Англии, М., 1950.<br />

40. Кертман, География, история и култура Англии, М., 1968. очерки по<br />

истории Англии , М., 1959.<br />

339

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41. Дж. Тревельян, социальная история Англии, М., 1959.<br />

42. n. mamukelaSvili, axali istoria, VIII klasis saxelmZRvanelo,<br />

Tb., 2005.<br />

43. r. gaCeCilaZe, <strong>in</strong>glisis geografia, istoria da kultura,<br />

Tb., 1994.<br />

44. iv. menTeSaSvili, <strong>in</strong>glisis istoria, Tb., 2004.<br />

45. m. kal<strong>and</strong>aZe, <strong>in</strong>glisis istoria, Tb., 2005.<br />

46. v. TvalavaZe, axali istoria, nawili III, Tb., 1998.<br />

47. d. lomsaZe, evropis da amerikis qveynebis axali istoria,<br />

nawili 1, Tb., 1998.<br />

48. Ю. Борисов, Дипломатия Людовика XIV, М., 2002.<br />

49. Всеобшая история С IV столетия до нашего времени составлена<br />

под.ред. Э. Лависс и А Рамбо, том VI, м., 1899. М. Тетров, Лекции<br />

по всемирной истории, т. IV, М.,1913. Маколеи, история Англии, т.<br />

VIII, М.,1863.<br />

50. `Англиская буржуазная революция XVII века~, под. ред., Е.Косминского<br />

и Л. Левицкого т.2.М., 1954 в. Лавровский, М. Барг,<br />

англиская буржуазная революция XVII в., М., 1958.<br />

51. А. Савин, лекции по истории Англиского революции, М., 1937.<br />

52. g. kiRuraZe, XVII saukunis <strong>in</strong>glisis burzuaziuli revolucia,<br />

naw. 2, Tb.,1983.<br />

53. Дж.Локк, два трактата для правление-соч. 3 томах, М., тг.1988.<br />

54. Э.Салавьев, очерки по истории философии и культури, М., 1991.<br />

55. В кирсанов, Научная ревалюция XVII века, М., 1987.<br />

56. Р. Гнетст, история государственных учереждении Англии, М., 1885.<br />

57. m.kal<strong>and</strong>aZe `grZeli ciklebi msoflio politikaSi~, (amerikeli<br />

mecnieris j. modelskis Teoriis irgvliv) — qar-<br />

Tuli diplomatia, weliwdeuli, XII, Tb., 2005.<br />

340

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William III of Orange<br />

Summary<br />

341<br />

Tamar Antadze<br />

Assistant Professor of the Ivane<br />

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />

This work has an honorable aim <strong>and</strong> has a pure cognitive character.<br />

Actually it is the first serious work <strong>in</strong> Georgian reality, which is about<br />

William III of Orange’s life <strong>and</strong> activities.<br />

Picturesque figure of William III of Orange is not brought forward<br />

accidentally; it is stipulated by the fact, that nowadays form<strong>in</strong>g pr<strong>in</strong>ciples of<br />

parliamentarianism is very urgent <strong>in</strong> Georgia. That’s why we th<strong>in</strong>k that<br />

Georgian reader will show <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> know<strong>in</strong>g activities of William Orange.<br />

We tried to put a scientific element <strong>in</strong> the work <strong>and</strong> devoted attention to<br />

consider<strong>in</strong>g activities of William III of Orange <strong>in</strong> Georgian historiography.

---

vasil kaWarava<br />

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis da Savi zRvis saerTa-<br />

Soriso universitetis profesori<br />

1952 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi amerikis<br />

SeerTebul StatebSi<br />

rogorc dapirispirebuli partiebis platformebis Sedarebam<br />

gvaCvena, respublikelTa platforma SedarebiT ufro<br />

Seefereboda qveynaSi mzard konservatiul tendenciebs,<br />

magram aRniSnul arCevnebSi gadamwyveti roli albaT Tavad<br />

prezidentobis k<strong>and</strong>idatebis pirovnulma Tvisebebma da avtoritetma<br />

iTamaSa. respublikur partias meore msofilo omis<br />

sayovelTaod cnobili gmiri, evropaSi dasavleTis jarebis<br />

mTavarsardali generali duaiet eizenhaueri warmoadgenda,<br />

xolo demokratebs — il<strong>in</strong>oisis gubernatori adlai stivensoni,<br />

romlis brwy<strong>in</strong>vale erudiciam da oratorulma niWma mniSnelovani<br />

roli iTamaSa am dapirispirebaSi da gansakuTrebuli<br />

xibli SesZ<strong>in</strong>a arCevnebs.<br />

saerTod, rogorc metad popularul, zogaderovnul da<br />

msoflio masStabis gmirze, eizenhauerze orive partia nadirobda.<br />

1948 wels trumeni eizenhauers jer vice-prezidentobas<br />

sTavazobda, mere ki saerTod prezidentobasac uTmobda<br />

da Tavad ki vice-prezidentobas sjerdeboda. magram eizenhaueeri<br />

ar daTanxmda am keTilSobilur w<strong>in</strong>adadebas. mas arc<br />

trumeni da arc misi politika moswonda. erTxelEeizenhauerma<br />

gaRizianebiT aRniSna — `ar SeiZleba romelime partiis wevri<br />

gaxde, raTa prezidentis posti moipovo. ra gafiqreb<strong>in</strong>ebT,<br />

rom odesme demokrati viyavi? xom iciT, mTeli cxovreba respublikeli<br />

viyavi da Cemi ojaxis wevrebic yovelTvis respublikelebi<br />

iyvnen~ [9, 117].<br />

marTlac, igi mudam respublikelebs aZlevda xmas, iyo es<br />

1932, 1936 Tu 1940 wlebi. mxolod 1944 wels misca xma frankl<strong>in</strong><br />

ruzvelts da isic mxolod imitom, rom amerika omobda.<br />

SemdgomSic igi trumenis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg aZlevda xmas respublikel<br />

k<strong>and</strong>idat Tomas diuis. 1951 wels man megobrebs isic ganucxada,<br />

rom `kaci, romelic prezidentobisTvis ibrZvis nam-<br />

342

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dvili sulelia. kargavT Tqveni cxovrebis saukeTeso wlebs.<br />

RmerTmani, es sakuTari Tavis gawirvaa. zogierTs hgonia, es<br />

samuSao didi Zalauflebis da didebis momtania. s<strong>in</strong>amdvile<br />

ki sruliad sapirispiroa da demokratiuli sistema am Tanamdebobas<br />

Zalze mcire Zalauflebas aniWebs~ [13, 210].<br />

Tumca, rodesac eizenhaueri ase iTrevda fexs prezidentobaze<br />

amas sakmaod gamiznulad akeTebda. Tavis megobars<br />

bil rob<strong>in</strong>sons, romelic aiks saprezidento maraTonSi aqtiur<br />

CarTavs sTxovda, man uTxra — `Tanamdebobis maZiebeli<br />

arasodesaa iseTi popularuli, rogorc goniaT. xalxs yovel-<br />

Tvis is unda, risi miRebac ar SeuZlia~ [13, 209].<br />

asea Tu ise, magram, rodesac 1952 wlisTvis eizenhaueri<br />

sabolood daTanxmda wamoeyeneb<strong>in</strong>a Tavisi k<strong>and</strong>idatura respublikur<br />

partiisgan, igi Sida partiuli praimersisTvisac ki<br />

ar Cavida amerikaSi da natoSi ganagrZobda muSaobas. miuxedavad<br />

amisa, 11 marts, niu hempSiris praimersSi man didi upiratesobiT<br />

daamarcxa Tavisi konkurenti, metad gavleniani politikosi<br />

robert tafti.<br />

Tumca respublikelTa konventze viTareba arcTu er-<br />

TmniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. konventis muSaobis dasawyisSi<br />

TiTqos tafts ufro meti momxre hyavda, magram kenWisyra ma<strong>in</strong>c<br />

eizenhaueris sasargeblod dasrulda — man 595 xma miiRo,<br />

taftma ki, 500. arada gamarjvebisTvis eizenhauers 604 xma<br />

sWirdeboda. uecrad m<strong>in</strong>esotas Statis delegaciam didi xmauriTa<br />

da zar-zeimiT Tavisi xmebi eizenhauers gadasca, mas sxva<br />

meryevi Statebic mihyvnen da, sabolood, pirvelive oficialuri<br />

daTvlis Semdeg eizenhauerma 845, taftma ki mxolod<br />

280 xma miiRo.<br />

taftis momxreebi Zalze ganicdidnen am marcxs. maT moswondaT<br />

ara marto taftis izolacionozmi, aramed misi pirovnebac,<br />

rogorc respublikuri konservatizmis simbolo da ubralod<br />

SeCveulebic iyvnen mas. eizenhaueri ki partiisaTvis<br />

axali kaci iyo, zogierTis azriT, arast<strong>and</strong>artuli respublikeli,<br />

liberali da <strong>in</strong>ternacionalisti Dda v<strong>in</strong> icis, gulis<br />

siRrmeSi, SeiZleba demokratic ki [10, 1256].<br />

magram saqmec is iyo, rom zomier respublikelebs eizenhaueri<br />

partiaSi, swored, rom uaRresad konservatori senatorebis<br />

taftisa da makartis alternativad esaxebodaT. maTi<br />

343

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azriT, aiki ufro zomieri uilkisa da diuis poziciisaken ixreboda.<br />

is<strong>in</strong>i safuZvlianad Tvlidnen, rom senator taftis<br />

udreki izolacionizmi aRar esadageboda amerikis omis Semdgom<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternacionalizms [3, 63].<br />

kenWisyrisa da nom<strong>in</strong>aciis Semdeg gamarjvebuli eizenhaueri<br />

tafts mis Stabb<strong>in</strong>aSi eaxla raTa sakuTari pativiscema<br />

da megobruli grZnobebi gamoexata `didi amerikelisaTvis~.<br />

telekamerebis w<strong>in</strong>aSe eizenhauerma ganacxada, rom `taftis<br />

TanamSromlobis survili absoluturad aucilebelia respublikuri<br />

partiis warmatebisaTvis~. rogorc jentlmenma<br />

jentlmens taftmac gulTbilad miuloca aiks gamarjveba.<br />

Tumca 62 wlis politikosi nawyeni iyo da grZnobda, rom prezidentobis<br />

bolo Sansi gauSva xelidan. SemdgomSi specialur<br />

memor<strong>and</strong>umSi man dawera, rom misi marcxi niu-iorkis f<strong>in</strong>ansuri<br />

jgufebis <strong>in</strong>teresebma, presaSi antitafturma propag<strong>and</strong>am<br />

da respublikel gubernatorTa umravlesobam ganapiroba [3,<br />

1257]. vice-prezidentobis k<strong>and</strong>idatad respublikelebma air-<br />

Cies 39 wlis senatori kaliforniidan riCard niqsoni, cnobili<br />

Tavisi daudgromeli antikomunizmiT da antiamerikuli<br />

qmedebebis Semswavlel komisiaSi aqtiuri saqmianobiT.<br />

robert diuim, romelic aqtiurad exmareboda eizenhauers<br />

saarCevno kampaniaSi, niqsons jer 1952 wlis maisSi daadga<br />

Tvali, mas niqsoni niWier, gamocdil kacad miaCnda, romelmac<br />

`icis rom dedamiwa mrgvalia~. mas Semdeg rac niqsons viceprezidentoba<br />

SesTavaza, isic daamata `nu gaibR<strong>in</strong>Zebi, nu dakargav<br />

Sens gulmodg<strong>in</strong>ebas da erT mSvenier dRes Tavad gaxdebi<br />

prezidenti~ [13, 212].<br />

ase rom, konventze, e.w. `aRmosavleTis <strong>in</strong>ternacionalstebma~<br />

gaimarjves. gansakuTrebiT kritikulad ganwyobili<br />

konservatorebi maT `respublikel axalkurselebsac~ ki uwodebdnen<br />

[10, 1256].<br />

magram saprezidento kampanias partiis erTianoba sWirdeboda<br />

da <strong>in</strong>ternacionalistma eizenhauerma da izolacionistma<br />

taftma miuxedavad arsebuli mniSvnelovani uTanxmoebisa,<br />

romlsac `Cikago tribiunma~ 1952 wlis 19 ivniss mtrobac<br />

ki uwoda sagareo politikis sakiTxebze moaxerxes kompromisis<br />

gamonaxva da saerTo lozungic SeimuSaves — `Tavisufleba<br />

mcocavi socializmis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg~.<br />

344

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saS<strong>in</strong>ao sakiTxebze SedarebiT advilad morigdnen. 1952<br />

wlis 12 seqtembers niu-iorkSi Tavis gamosvlaSi taftma daawynara<br />

gansakuTrebiT konservatori respublikelebi, rom eizenhauerTan<br />

saubrisas igi darwmunda generlis mtkice respublikelobaSi<br />

da rom generali araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Camoacilbda<br />

aqtiur saqmianobas partiis Zvel aqtivistebs anu<br />

konservatorebs, romlebic, taftis azriT, partiis wevrTa<br />

naxevars warmoadgendnen da rom Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisas am<br />

xalxisadmi, maT Soris taftis momxreebisadmi, araviTari diskrim<strong>in</strong>acia<br />

ar ganxorcieldeboda.<br />

am saubrisas tafti darwmunebula, rom eizenhaueri er-<br />

Tgulebda federaluri mTavrobis konstituciur SezRudvebs<br />

da ar dauSvebda trumeniseul gadacdomebs, romelmac<br />

foladis qarxnebis marTvis uflebebi miitaca. taftma Tanamoazreebs<br />

isic axara, rom generali eTanxmeboda taft-hartlis<br />

kanonis ZiriTadi punqtebis da aseve, samxedro biujetis<br />

Semcirebis aucileblobasac.<br />

sagareo problemebTan dakavSirebiT taftma aRniSna,<br />

`ver vityvi rom aq yvelaferSi veTanxmebi, magram Cveni uTanxmoeba<br />

mxolod garkvul donemdea~ [4, 3212-3313].<br />

Tumca, yvelaferi SedarebiTia da eizenhauers taftze<br />

ufro memarjveneebTanac mouwia TanamSromloba, iseTebTan,<br />

rogorebic iyvnen antikomunisturi gamoZiebebiT cnobili senatori<br />

<strong>in</strong>dianidan uiliam jeneri da viskons<strong>in</strong>eli senatori<br />

josef makarti. Tavad eizenhaueric, iseve rogorc amaerikel-<br />

Ta umravlesoba, antikomunisti iyo, magram am senatorebma da<br />

maTma momxreebma antikomunizmis talRaze mTeli amerika aaforiaqes<br />

da nebismier liberals komunistobas swamebdnen.<br />

aman ki mravali udanaSaulo amerikelis Rirseba da samoqalaqo<br />

uflebebi Selaxa. maT ise Setopes `kudianebze nadirobaSi~<br />

rom, Tavad gaxdnen miuRebelni mravali amerikelisTvis. am<br />

movlenaze romelic `makartizmis~ saxeliT aris cnobili, ufro<br />

dawvrilebiT Semdeg visaubrebT.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, rodesac trumeni eizenhaueris damarcxebas<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aswarmetyvelebda, amas imiTac asabuTebda, rom is gar-<br />

Semortymuli iyo iseTi adamianebiT, rogorebic tafti, makarti,<br />

jeneri da kemi iyvnen [1, 714].<br />

345

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<strong>in</strong>dianaSi gamosvlisas senatori jeneri gadaexvia kidec<br />

eizenhauers da Tumca Semdeg generalma Tqva — `gasvrilad<br />

vigrZeni Tavi am kacs rom Sevexeo~, magram ukve gvian iyo. kidev<br />

ufro uaresi moxda makartis mSobliuri viskons<strong>in</strong>is Statis<br />

udides qalaq miliuokiSi. antikomunizmis talRaze makarti<br />

aravis <strong>in</strong>dobda da Tavad jorj marSals, amerikis gamarjvebis<br />

erT-erT mTavar mWedels da eizenhaueris uaxloes adamiansa<br />

da mfarvels, moRalate uwoda. eizenhaueri amas mwared<br />

ganicdida da swored miliuokiSi gamosvlisas apirebdaM marSalis<br />

Rirsebis dacvas. eizenhaueris mier momzadebul sityvaSi<br />

ewera — `vici, rom mas araloialobas abraleben, magram 35<br />

wlis manZilze mqonda privilegia vicnobde mas. piradad me<br />

vicnob mas, rogorc kacsa da jariskacs, romelic TavdadebiT<br />

da udidesi patriotizmiT emsaxureboda amerikas~. rodesac<br />

es teqsti viskons<strong>in</strong>is gubernatorma valter kohlerma naxa, am<br />

nawilis amoReba moiTxova, v<strong>in</strong>aidan es makartis Seuracyofad<br />

CaiTvleboda misive StatSi, sxvebmac urCies amis gakeTeba da,<br />

pragmatuli politikuri <strong>in</strong>teresebidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are eizenhauerma,<br />

marTlac aRar gariska am nawilis wakiTxva. rasakvirvelia,<br />

es ar iyo vaJkacuri saqcieli, miT umetes, ar ekadreboda<br />

igi did generalsa da gmirs. magram politika xSirad arcTu<br />

jentlmenur kopromisebs moiTxovs. eizenhaueris didma gul-<br />

Sematkivarma, `niu-iork Taimsis~ gamomcemelma artur zulcbergerma<br />

depeSa gaugzavna generals — `albaT ar mWirdeba<br />

imis Tqma, rom guli matk<strong>in</strong>a am ambavma~. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

ori kviris Semdeg sxva gamosvlaSi eizenhauerma jorj marSali<br />

did amerikel patriotad moixsenia, xolo prezidentobisas<br />

mwared dasaja makarti, es dReE ma<strong>in</strong>c samarcxv<strong>in</strong>o laqad<br />

darCa mis biografiaSi [6, 3245-3246].<br />

saprezidento kampania grZeldeboda da zedmeti emociebis<br />

dros aRar tovebda. Tumca aiki ma<strong>in</strong>c axerxebda iumoris<br />

grZnobis SenarCunebas. Tavisi saprezidento kampaniis organizatorebze<br />

xumrobda: `is<strong>in</strong>i ZiriTadad, imaze saubrobdnen,<br />

Tu rogor SeeZloT gamarjveba Cemi popularobis meSveobiT<br />

da arav<strong>in</strong> ambobda, rom mec maqvs cotaodeni tv<strong>in</strong>i TavSi~ [7,<br />

282]. isic uTqvams, rom — `demokratebi sityvier cecxls miSenen,<br />

magram amas rogorme gadavitan, me xom artileristebis mier<br />

gaxsnili cecxlic maxsovs~ [12, 234].<br />

346

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swored, am periodSi daiwyo `didi satelevizio revolucia~,<br />

romelmac sruliad Secvala amerikis yofa da 1952 wlis<br />

saprezidento kampaniis organizatorebmac marjved gamoiyenes<br />

komunikaciis es axali da efeqturi saSualeba. Aam saqmeSi<br />

aqtiurad Caeba erT-erTi cnobili sareklamo saagento<br />

BBD&O, romlis xelmZRvaneli ben dafi eizenhaueris piradi<br />

megobari iyo. man es saqme cnobil specialists Ted Bates Agencyis<br />

warmomadgenels roser rivzs mi<strong>and</strong>o, romelic male eizenhaueris<br />

umniSvnelovanes mrCevlad iqca am sferoSi da sruliad<br />

axleburad miudga politikuri sareklamo rgolebis Seqmnas.<br />

kerZod ki, prezidentis imijis ukeT `gasayidad~ gamoiyena<br />

ukve aprobirebuli sayofacxovrebo produqciis reklamis-<br />

Tvis gankuTvnili meTodebi. igi maqsimalurad mokle klipebs<br />

amzadebda, naTeli, uaRresad ubralo da yvelasTvis gasagebi<br />

gzavnilebiT. magaliTad, `eizenhaueri — mSvidobis kaci~. zogierTi<br />

klipi mxolod 15-wamian frazebsac ki gulisxmobda.<br />

rivzi amas imiT asabuTebda, rom ruzveltis 1933 wlis sa<strong>in</strong>auguracio<br />

gamosvlidan umravlesobas misi, mxolod, erTi fraza<br />

axsovda yvelaze kargad, kerZoT ki, rom `erTaderTi risic<br />

unda gveS<strong>in</strong>odes es Tavad SiSia~. 1947 wels u<strong>in</strong>ston CerCilis<br />

cnobili gamosvlidan fultonSi yvelas axsovda fraza `rk<strong>in</strong>is<br />

fardis~ Sesaxeb, romelic evropas Camoefara an kidev misive<br />

lakonuri xotba britanul aviaciaze, romelmac 1940 wels<br />

germanuli `luftvafesagan~ gadaarC<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>glisi— `jer arasdros<br />

ar umadldodnen aseT didi raodenobis adamianebi Tavis<br />

gadarCenas adamianTa aseT mcire jgufs~ [13, 229-232].<br />

erT-erT aseT rgolSi eizenhauers ekiTxebian, `ras ityviT<br />

cxovrebis maRal Rirebulabaze~, razec mas unda epasuxa<br />

— `Cemi coli memic Relavs amaze da me uTxari, rom Cveni valic<br />

swored is aris, rom 4 noembris Semdeg SevcvaloT arsebuli<br />

viTareba~. sxvaTa Soris, ukve 1953 wlis martSi, rodesac memi<br />

pirveli ledis rangSi pirvel preskonferencias atarebda,<br />

man siciliT ganacxada, rom yvelaze metad gadasaxadebis Semcirebis<br />

kanonis miRebaSia da<strong>in</strong>teresebuli [14, 101]. Semdeg<br />

rgolSi Tanamosaubre ekiTxeba aiks, `miWirs gadasaxdis gadaxda,<br />

roca vkiTxulob, rom gadasaxadis amkrefebs samsaxuridan<br />

TaRliTobisTvis agdeben~. amaze aiki pasuxobs — `jerjerobiT<br />

ar vici ramdeni gadasaxadis gadamxdelia SeSfoTe-<br />

347

---

uli da ramdeni TaRliTi dausxlta marTlmsajulebas, magram<br />

aucileblad gavigeb amas momaval ianvarSi~ [7, 282]. erTerTi<br />

aseTi rgolis momzadebisas, grimiorma sevdianad uTxra<br />

eizenhauers, `rogorc medesante, TqvenTan erTad vibrZodi<br />

safrangeTSi, axla am saqmiT var dakavebuli. maS<strong>in</strong> Tqvenc xuT<br />

varskvlaviani generali iyaviT, axla ki mxolod politikosi<br />

xarT, RmerTo sadamde daveciT~ [7, 287].<br />

Tavis mxriv, demokrati k<strong>and</strong>idati, <strong>in</strong>teleqtuali adlai<br />

stivensoni ukadrisobda aseT sareklamo rgolebs da albaT,<br />

didi Secdomac dauSva [13, 232]. rodesac eizenhauerma, garkveulwilad,<br />

am rgolebis wyalobidac daimkvidra ubralo adamianis<br />

imiji, romelic amerikelebs esoden moswondaT. erTxel<br />

roca sityva `status-qvo~ gamoiyena, maS<strong>in</strong>ve moibodiSa `mgoni<br />

ar unda viyo metismetad ganaTlebuli k<strong>and</strong>idati~.<br />

amerikelTa did nawils isic moswonda, rom eizenhaueri<br />

RvTismoSiSi adamiani iyo da eTanxmeboda mis sityvebs rom `sabolood<br />

yvela sakiTxi sulierebamde dadis~. es xalxi eizenhaueris<br />

ocnebasac endoboda — rom masze eTqvaT — `is iyo patiosani<br />

kaci, is iyo Cemi megobari~ [12, 234].<br />

arCevnebi eizenhauerisTvis warmatebulad mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda<br />

da respublikelTa lozungi `korufcia, korea, komunizmi~<br />

anu, rom respublikelebi demokratTa wyalobiT warmoqmnil<br />

am sam problemas moagvarebdnen, sakmaod efeqtianad muSaobda.<br />

komunizmis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg brZolaSi orive k<strong>and</strong>idati tols<br />

ar udebTda erTmaneTs, magram rac Seexeba korufciasa da koreas<br />

aq demokratebs marTlac, seriozuli problemebi hqondaT<br />

da respublikelebic galaRebulni utevdnen. v<strong>in</strong>aidan es<br />

sakiTxebi marTlac, damokles maxviliviT emuqreboda demokratTa<br />

popularobas. eizenhaueris gamarjveba lamis ganaRdebuli<br />

C<strong>and</strong>a. Tumca, rogorc es xSirad xdeba, respublikelTa<br />

uRrublo caze uecrad didi Savi Rrubeli gamoCnda. korufciis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg mebrZol `umwikvlo~ respublikelTa banakSi<br />

Tavad gaCnda korufciasTan dakavSirebuli seriozuli problema,<br />

romelmac didi riskis qveS daayena maTi saarCevno kampania.<br />

kerZodD, respublikuri partiis vice-prezidentobis k<strong>and</strong>idats<br />

riCard niqsons Tavad dasdes brali korufciaSi, TiTqos<br />

igi kalifornieli milionerebis mier Segrovebuli .e.w.<br />

saidumlo fondis TanxebiT sargeblobda. magram niqsonma es<br />

348

---

aldeba brwy<strong>in</strong>valed gaabaTila Tavis telegamosvlaSi, romelic<br />

e.w. Cekersis sityvis saxeliT aris cnobili [2]. misi gamosvla<br />

imdenad STambeWdavi aRmoCnda, rom mow<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegeebis<br />

nacvlad axali momxreebi SesZ<strong>in</strong>a eizenhauerisa da niqsonis<br />

t<strong>and</strong>ems [15, 249].<br />

rac SeexebaT demokratebs, hari trumenma, mxolod, 1952<br />

wlis aprilSi ganacxada uari arCevnebSi monawileobaze Dda<br />

rogorc cnobili amerikeli istorikosi, stenfordis universitetis<br />

profesori barton bernste<strong>in</strong>i aRniSnavda, amiT mniSvnelovnad<br />

gamoaswora Tavisi partiis politikuri mdgomareoba,<br />

v<strong>in</strong>aidan misi piradi popularaoba am droisTvis umdables<br />

doneze iyo [6,3215].<br />

demokratiuliP partiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani k<strong>and</strong>idati<br />

iyo tenesis senatori estes kefaveri, romelic cnobili<br />

iyo satelivizio mosmenebiT organizebul danaSaulze da demokratiuli<br />

partiis konventze mas yvelaze meti momxre hyavda.<br />

sxva k<strong>and</strong>idatebi iyvnen: Nniu-iorkis gubernatori averel<br />

harimani, vice-prezidenti alben barkli, senatori jorjiidan<br />

riCard raseli da il<strong>in</strong>oisis gubernatori adlai stivensoni.<br />

trumens yvelaze ufro stivensonis k<strong>and</strong>idatura moswonda,<br />

magram saqme imaSi iyo, rogorc Tavis droze eizenhaueri,<br />

stivensonic fexs iTrevda prezidentobaze — `am ofisis<br />

araviTari survila ar maqvs, arc gonebrivad, arc fizikurad<br />

da arc Cemi temperamentidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are~. ki magram, ma<strong>in</strong>c<br />

rom SemogTavazon prezidetoba, ras izamTo — hkiTxes mas `albaT<br />

Tavs moviklav~ — iyo pasuxi [7, 281].<br />

trumeni ma<strong>in</strong>c ar cxreboda da erT-erTi saubris dros<br />

Cveuli TavmdablobiT isic ki uTxra — `Tu Cemnairma ubralo<br />

kacma SeZlo prezidentoba da arc Tu Zalian cudad moaxerxa<br />

es, warmoidg<strong>in</strong>e, namdvilad ganaTlebuli da gonieri kaci ras<br />

gaakeTebs am Tanamdebobaze~ [13, 222] .<br />

sabolood, stivensoni, aseTi keklucobis miuxedavad,<br />

ma<strong>in</strong>c daiTanxmes da demokratiuli partiis konventma mesame<br />

kenWisyrisas swored is airCia prezidentobis k<strong>and</strong>idatad.<br />

aseTi ndobiT aRfrTovanebulma stivensonma konventze didebuli<br />

samadlobeli sityva warmoTqva, romlic demokratiuli<br />

partiisadmi sadRegrZelos msgavsi diTirambiT daasrula —<br />

349

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`xalxi brZenia, is gacilebiT ufro brZenia, vidre respublikelebs<br />

hgoniaT da swored demokratiuli partiaa xalxis partia<br />

da ara Sromis partia, fermerTa partia an damqiravebelTa<br />

partia — es aravis partia ar aris, es yvelas partiaa~[4,.3295].<br />

1900 wels dabadebulma adlai stivensonma bavSvoba il<strong>in</strong>oisis<br />

patara qalaq blum<strong>in</strong>gtonSi gaatara, sadac misi w<strong>in</strong>aprebi<br />

saxlobdnen. w<strong>in</strong>aprebi ki marTlac sasiqadulo hyavda.<br />

babuamisi mamis mxridan 1893-1897 wlebSi amerikis vice-prezidenti<br />

iyo grover klivlendis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciaSi. babua dedis<br />

mxridan ki — abraham l<strong>in</strong>kolnis axlo megobari da misi saprezidento<br />

kampaniis menejeri. Tumca Tavad adlais mSoblebi<br />

aseTi RirsebebiT ar gamoirCeodnen, magram Statis maRal sazogadoebas<br />

ekuTvnodnen da Svilsac Sesaferisi ganTleba<br />

misces. stivensonma harvardis universitetis samarTlis skola<br />

daamTavra da 1941 wlamde iuridiuli praqtika hqonda CikagoSi.<br />

omis dros samxedro sazRvao flotSi, mere ki saxelmwifo<br />

departamentSi msaxurobda. 1948 wels igi il<strong>in</strong>oisis<br />

Statis istoriaSi yvelze didi umravlesobiT airCies gubernatorad.<br />

stivensoni aqtiurad ibrZoda korufciisa da azartuli<br />

TamaSebis biznesis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg da mniSvnelovnad daxvewa<br />

Statis mmarTveli struqturebis saqmianoba. amave dros, igi<br />

uaRresad ganaTlebuli adamiani da brwy<strong>in</strong>vale oratoric<br />

iyo. ase rom, rogorc ojaxiSvilobiT, aseve ganaTlebiTa da<br />

politikuri warsuliT igi marTlac, rom Rirseuli k<strong>and</strong>idati<br />

iyo.<br />

mravali politikosisTvis damaxasiaTebeli umaduroba<br />

da c<strong>in</strong>ikuri praqticizmi arc stivensonisTvis yofila ucxo<br />

da prezidentobis k<strong>and</strong>idatad arCevis Semdeg erT-erTi pirveli,<br />

rac gaakeTa iyo trumenisgan gamijnvis mcdeloba. prezidentisTvis<br />

samwuxarod, stivensonmac CaTvala, rom trumeni<br />

ukve metismetad arapopularuli iyo da masTan zedmeti siaxlove<br />

xels SeuSlida mis saprezidento ambiciebs. amitomac<br />

demokratiuli partiis erovnul komitetSi, rom aRaraferi<br />

vTqvaT Tavis arCevnebis saorganizacio jgufze, man e.w. trumenis<br />

xalxis sakuTari kadrebiT Secvla daiwyo. maT Soris,<br />

partiis erovnuli komitetis Tavmjdomared Tavisi Cikagoeli<br />

megobari stven miceli daniSna. stivensonis saarCevno<br />

Stabb<strong>in</strong>is vaS<strong>in</strong>gtonidan spr<strong>in</strong>gfildSi gadatana aseve trume-<br />

350

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nisgan gamijvnis mizniT moxda. sxvasTan erTad, stivensonma<br />

saarCevno kampaniisTvis prezidentis TviTmfr<strong>in</strong>avis gamoyenebazec<br />

ki uari Tqva [14, 96].<br />

Tavis gamosvlebSi stivensoni ufro pr<strong>in</strong>cipuli iyo da<br />

arasdros cdilobda auditoriis gemovnebas misadageboda. magaliTad,<br />

amerikis legionis w<strong>in</strong>aSe, romelic makartis aqtiuri<br />

momxre iyo, patriotizmis Temaze gamosvlisas ar moerida<br />

patriotizmis makartiseuli gagebis mZafr kritikas. virj<strong>in</strong>iaSi,<br />

samoqalaqo omis dros samxreTis konfederaciis dedaqalaq<br />

riCmondSi, stivensoni swored, rasizmisa da segregaciis<br />

politikis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg gamovida, eizenhaueri ki ToTxmet samxreTul<br />

StatSi gamosvlisas arc erTxel ar Sexebia rasizms.<br />

Sromis dRes detroitSi, profkavSiris mravali wevris w<strong>in</strong>aSe<br />

bolomde ar gaukritikebia taft-hartlis kanoni, rac ase moewoneboda<br />

im audtorias. axal orleansa da texasSi aRniSna,<br />

rom kontroli sanapiro navTobis sarewebze ara Statebis xelisuflebis,<br />

aramed federaluri mTavrobis prerogativa unda<br />

yofiliyo, roca am Statebis xelmZRvaneloba yvela Zalas<br />

xmarobda, raTa es kontroli xelSi Caegdo. rogorc <strong>in</strong>teligentsa<br />

da patiosan kacs, stivensons miaCnda, rom politikuri<br />

simarTle ara regionaluri, aramed zogaderovnuli xasiaTis<br />

unda yofiliyo. aseTma pr<strong>in</strong>cipulobam mas zogierTi Stati<br />

daakargv<strong>in</strong>a kidec. magaliTad, texasis demokratma gubernatorma,<br />

stivensonis mosazrebis gamo, sanapiro sarewebis sakiTxSi<br />

Tavisi pozicia mkveTrad Secvala da eizenhauers, romelic<br />

swored Statebis uflebebis gafarToebis momxre iyo,<br />

dauWira mxari.<br />

stivensonis gamosvlebis daxasiaTebisas ar SeiZleba ma-<br />

Ti umaRlesi oratoruli done ar gavixsenoT, bevrisTvis misi<br />

sityvebis paTosi da daxvewiloba dResac samagaliToa. TiTqmis<br />

yoveli gamosvlis teqsts stivensoni piradad werda da<br />

spiCraiterebi faqtobrivad usaqmod datova, magram amas uamravi<br />

dro da energia mihqonda. stivensonis gundis mravali<br />

wevri ki Tvlida, rom ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu igi am dros partiul<br />

bosebTan da rigiT amomrCevlebTan pirad Sexvedrebs dauTmobda<br />

[8, 94-95].<br />

roca eizenhauers kidev erTxel Seaxsenes, Tu raoden<br />

kargad flobda stivensoni sityvas, man upasuxa, `Tu mag kri-<br />

351

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teriumiT avirCevT prezidentebs, maS<strong>in</strong> ernest hem<strong>in</strong>gueis ar-<br />

Ceva mogviwevs~ [7, 295].<br />

saprezidento kampaniis msvlelobisas stivensoni liberalebsa<br />

da reformatorebs mouwodebda aqtiurobisaken, magram<br />

misi lozungebi, albaT, jon kenedis dros ufro mouxdeboda,<br />

vidre konservatiul 50-ian wlebs. trumenis mxardaWerac<br />

saeWvo plusi iyo. saarCevno kampaniis arsebul problemebs<br />

stivensonis ganqorw<strong>in</strong>ebac daerTo, rac maS<strong>in</strong>del puritanul<br />

amerikaSi ma<strong>in</strong>c da ma<strong>in</strong>c ar uwyobda xels erovnuli<br />

masStabis lideris popularobas. sxvaTa Soris, stivensonis<br />

yofilma colma, romelsac fsiqiatriuli problemebi hqonda,<br />

ganacxada, rom arCevnebSi xmas respublikelebs miscemda.<br />

stivensonis didebul gamosvlebs bevri iumoric axlda.<br />

magaliTad, roca Camo<strong>in</strong>gra platforma romelzec eizenhaueri<br />

gamodioda, stivensonma ixumra: `mixaria, rom eizenhaueri<br />

ar daSavda, magram ar mikvirs rom es moxda, ori Tvis manZilze<br />

veubnebodi, rom verav<strong>in</strong> gaCerdeoboda am platformaze~. respublikelTa<br />

braldebebze ki ganacxada — `Tu respublikelebi<br />

Sewyveten Cvenze tyuilebis laparaks, maS<strong>in</strong> Cven SevwyvetT<br />

maTze simarTlis Tqmas~. respublikuli partia orTavian spilos<br />

Seadara `erTi Tavi eTanxmeba yvelafers, rasac vambob,<br />

meore Tavi lanZRavs da wyevlis Cems naTqvams~ [6, 3252-3253].<br />

erTxel, adlai stivensons misma asistentma uTxra, rom misi<br />

gamosvlebis translireba televiziaSi 60 aTasi dolari jdeboda.<br />

Sewuxebulma stivensonma amaze upasuxa — `netav ar geTqva,<br />

axla yovelTvis, rodesac gamosvlis teqsts davwer, vifiqreb,<br />

iqneba es Zviri, 10 dolariani sityva, Tu mokle `aris~<br />

an `ara~, romelic mxolod 1,75 dolari eRireba~ [7, 289]. Tumca<br />

mrCevelebi eubnebodnen, rom amerikel amomrCevels ar sWirdeboda<br />

zedmeti iumori prezidentobis k<strong>and</strong>idatebisagan<br />

[14,100]. sxvaTa Soris, es xumrobebi eizenhaueris gundmac gakicxa<br />

im sababiT, rom stivensoni abuCad igdebda mniSvnelovan<br />

movlenebsa da sazogadoebas [8, 96].<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa, rom stivensonis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegi iyo federaluri<br />

gamoZiebis biuros legendaruli da ucvleli direqtori<br />

edgar huveri. huveris yvelas eS<strong>in</strong>oda, v<strong>in</strong>aidan mas TiTqmis<br />

yvela poltikosze hqonda garkevuli kompromatebi, maT Soris<br />

stivensonzec. kerZod ki, rom TiTqos stivensoni orjer<br />

352

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iyo dapatimrebuli il<strong>in</strong>oissa da merilendSi homoseqsualizmis<br />

braldebiT, magram, rodesac misi v<strong>in</strong>aoba gaugiaT, es saqmeebi<br />

CaaCumes. huverma es <strong>in</strong>formacia sxvadasxva arxiT niqsonsa<br />

da makartis gadaugzavna. msgavsi <strong>in</strong>formacia gazeTebsac<br />

hqondaT, magram arav<strong>in</strong> dabeWda. biuros erT-erTi agenti<br />

ixsenebda, `Cveni umravlesoba SeSfoTebuli iyo amiT, magram<br />

huvers aucileblad aikisa da niqsonis gamarjveba undoda,<br />

xolo Tu igi rames gadawyvetda veRarv<strong>in</strong> Seacvlev<strong>in</strong>ebda<br />

azrs~ [11, 402].<br />

sxvaTa Soris, stivensonis yofili coli elen borden<br />

stivensoni, romlis fsiqiatriuli diangozi `devnis mania~<br />

iyo, kerZo saubrebSi ambobda, rom misi yofili qmari homoseqsualisti<br />

da, amave dros, didi meqalTanec iyo, da saerTod,<br />

igi Tavisi gonebiT sul ar iyo mzad prezidetobisTvis. [11,<br />

403] Tumca ganawyenebuli da gacilebuli yofili colisa Tu<br />

qmris naTqvami, albaT, yovelTvis s<strong>and</strong>o ver iqneba.<br />

Tavis mxriv, demokratebi imuqrebodnen, rom gamoaqveynebdnen<br />

pentagonis arqivebSi moZiebul jorj marSalis werils<br />

eizenhauerisadmi, romelSiac, igi kategoriulad ukrZalavda<br />

generals colTan gaSorebas da britaneli samxedro<br />

mZRoli qalis kei somersbis colad moyvanas.<br />

rogorc irkveva, stivensons unda vumadlodeT, ganaTlebuli<br />

adamianebis `kvercxisTavianebad~ monaTvlas. Jurnalist<br />

stiuart eslopisadmi, miweril werilSi misi Zma joni<br />

stivensons metismetad akademiur da uemocio adamianad xatavda<br />

— `yvela kvercxisTava stivensonis mxares ariso, magram<br />

ramdeni kvercxisTavaa aq~. amiT ielis universitetis kursdamTavrebul<br />

jons cudis Tqma ar undoda <strong>in</strong>teleqtualebze<br />

iseve, rogorc mis Jurnalist Zmas, roca man es term<strong>in</strong>i Tavis<br />

sagazeTo statiebSi gamoiyena. magram sul ramdenime dReSi es<br />

sityva mtkiced mieweba stivensons da mis garSemo myof <strong>in</strong>teleqtualTa<br />

jgufs. ise, naxevrad meloti stivensonis Tavi<br />

marTlac, waagavda kvercxs. amasTan dakavSirebiT mwerali<br />

luis bromfildi werda, rom `gaCnda axali gamoTqma, romelic<br />

Cveni sazogadoebis sakmaod saeWvo nawils axasiaTebs ..... es<br />

niSnavs <strong>in</strong>teleqtualobis pretenziis mqone adamians, xSirad<br />

profesors an profesoris proteJes, zedapiruls yoveli<br />

problemis mimarT, qalurs, ampartavans, ampartavnobiT aRsav-<br />

353

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ses ... Sua evropuli socializmis doqtr<strong>in</strong>iorTa momxres,<br />

TviTdajerebul pedants. Tu stivensoni gaimarjvebs am arCevnebSi,<br />

kvercxisTavianebi dabrundebian xelisuflebaSi da Cven<br />

kvlav davubrundebiT areul-dareul ekonomikas, socializms,<br />

komunizms, danaSauls da fsiqofatur arastabuilurobas~<br />

[12, 223-224]. am sityvebis avtors namdvilad ver davabralebT<br />

simpatiebs <strong>in</strong>teleqtualebisadmi, maTi arsis swor Sefasebaze,<br />

rom aRaraferi vTqvaT.<br />

stivensonma eizenhauerisgan gansxvavebiT, marTlac<br />

brwy<strong>in</strong>vale liberal <strong>in</strong>teleqtualTa kohorta daiyena gverdiT:<br />

artur Sles<strong>in</strong>jeri umcrosi — harvardis kursdamTavrebuli,<br />

brwy<strong>in</strong>vale istorikosi, puliceris premiis laureati,<br />

jon kenet gelbraiti — aseve harvardis kursdamaTavrebuli,<br />

cnobili ekonomisti, jon ste<strong>in</strong>beki — didi amerikeli mwerali,<br />

Bbernard de voto — puliceris premiis laureati Jurnalisti<br />

da eseisti, da sxvebi [6, 3250].<br />

ambobdnen, stivensons <strong>in</strong>teleqtualTa axali talRa e.w.<br />

ji ai bilis <strong>in</strong>teleqtualebi uWerdnen mxars. rogorc erTerTi<br />

mimomxilveli ambobda, Tu stivensoni iyo Jurnalebis —<br />

New Yorker-is, Atlantic Monthly-is da Harpers Magaz<strong>in</strong> -is mkiTxvelebis<br />

k<strong>and</strong>idati, eizenahueris mxardamWerni ufro Saturday<br />

Even<strong>in</strong>g Post-is da Reader’s Digest - is mkiTxvelebi iyvnen [13, 234].<br />

rogorc aRvniSneT, antikomunizmi am saprezidento kampaniis<br />

erT- erTi mTavari Tema iyo da aq demokratebi tols ar<br />

udebdnen respublikelebs. 12 seqtembers Tavis gamosvlaSi<br />

qalaq albukerkeSi stivensonma komunizms ubralod `sulis<br />

sikvdili~ uwoda [4, 3307]. magram, rogorc aRmoCnda, ultrakonservator<br />

niqsonTan SedarebiT, igi sakmarisad agresiulad<br />

ar gamoiyureboda. magaliTad, 1948-50 wlebSi amerikaSi<br />

didi rezonansi gamoiwvia saxelmwifo departamentis yofili<br />

TanamSromlis aljer hisis dadanaSaulebam kompartiis wevrobasa<br />

da jaSuSobaSi, TiTqos igi jer kidev 1930-iani wlebidan<br />

awvdida mniSvnelovan <strong>in</strong>formacias komunistebs. magram<br />

amerikuli sazogadoebis didi nawili hisis Tavis marTlebas<br />

ufro endoboda. sxvebTan erTad, saxelmwifo mdivanma d<strong>in</strong><br />

aCesonma da adlai stivensonmac ar scnes hisis braleuloba.<br />

hisis saqmisadmi damokidebuleba SeiZleba SevadaroT XIX saukunis<br />

dasasrulis safrangeTSi e.w. dreifusis saqmes, rode-<br />

354

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sac franguli armiis kapitans ebrael alfred dreifuss, ma-<br />

S<strong>in</strong>del safrangeTSi gamefebuli antisemitizmis wyalobiT,<br />

seriozuli mtkicebulebebis gareSe, prusielTa sasargeblod<br />

SpionaJi da Ralati daswames da ramac orad gayo franguli<br />

sazogadoeba.<br />

1952 wlis arCevnebSi niqsoni swored albert hisis mxardaWeraSi<br />

adanaSaulebda adlai stivensons — `nuTu SeiZleba<br />

aseTi msoflmxedvelobis kacma uxelmZRvanelos antikomnistur<br />

jvarosnul laSqrobas~. niqsoni stivensons `d<strong>in</strong> aCesonis<br />

saxelobis komunizmis daSoSm<strong>in</strong>ebis laCruli kolejis~ kursdamTavrebuls<br />

uwodebda. saerTod mniSvnelovawilad, swored<br />

niqsonis aqtiurobam daarwmuna bevri, rom demokratebma<br />

ver ivarges rogorc amerikis SigniT, aseve mis sazRvrebs gareT<br />

komunizmis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg brZolaSi [6, 3246].<br />

Tavis mxriv, stivensoni akritikebda ra makartiseul da<br />

niqsoniseul ultrapatriotizms, 1952 wlis 27 agvistos amerikuli<br />

legionis w<strong>in</strong>aSe gamosvlisas, aRniSnavda, rom aseTi<br />

tipis patriotizmi `aramzadebis ukanaskneli TavSesafaria~<br />

[4, 3304]. imave gamosvlaSi stivensonma patriotizmis sakuTari<br />

xedvac Camoayaliba — `patriotizmi es raimes mimarT SiSi ki ar<br />

aris, es aris raimes siyvaruli. CvenTvis patriotizmi ruse-<br />

Tis siZulvili ki araa, aramed respublikis siyvarulia, romlis<br />

ideali adamianisa da misi gonebis Tavisuflebaa. Cven am<br />

garemoSi gavizardeT da amas emsaxureba Cveni respublika~ [4,<br />

3306].<br />

stivensonis oratorulma niWma, keTils<strong>in</strong>disierebam da<br />

mis garSemo Sekrebilma brwy<strong>in</strong>vale <strong>in</strong>teleqtualebis kohortis<br />

saqmianobam garkveuli nayofi ma<strong>in</strong>c gamoiRo da sazogadoebrivi<br />

azris gamokiTxvaSi igi T<strong>and</strong>aTanobiT eweoda kidec<br />

eizenhauers, magram koreis omisgan gadaRlilma amerikam mis<br />

gundSi ver da<strong>in</strong>axa is Zala, romelic oms daasrulebda, maS<strong>in</strong><br />

rodesac, eizenhaueris gancxadebam, rom Tavad wavidoda koreaSi<br />

da SeaCerebda oms amerikelTa aRtaceba gamoiwvia.<br />

sabolood 1952 wlis 4 noembers Catarebul saprezidento<br />

arCevnebSi eizenhaurma 33,9 milioni amomrCevlis da 442 amrCevis<br />

xma miiRo, maS<strong>in</strong> roca adlai stivensons mxolod 27,3 milioni<br />

amomrCevlisa da 89 amrCevis xma ergo. eizenhauerma 39<br />

Stati moigo, demokratebma ki mxolod 9. progresulma parti-<br />

355

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am miiRo 132 608 xma, prohibiciis partiam, 72,768, Sromis socialsturma<br />

partiam 29,33 xma, sxva danarCenma partiebma erTad<br />

ki 117,931 xma miiRes [4, 3337].<br />

duaiet eizenhauerma srulad moigo CrdiloeTis da dasavleTis<br />

Statebi, samxreTis nawili da misi mosazRvre Statebi.<br />

1928 wlidan respublikelma k<strong>and</strong>idatma pirvelad gaimarjva<br />

tradiciuli samxreTis zogierT StatSi, v<strong>in</strong>aidan samxre-<br />

Tel rasistebs sulac ar moewonaT stivensonis aqtiuri, trumenis<br />

stilSi gatarebuli, politika adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi<br />

da miaCndaT, rom stivensonis ltolva desegregaciisken<br />

faqtobrivad miyidida tradiciul samxreTs CrdiloeTis liberalebs,<br />

didi qalaqebis bosebs da Savkanianebs [6, 3252].<br />

Sedegad samxreTis sxva StatebSi stivensonma mxolod<br />

erTi an xuTi procentiT moigo. man mxolod alabamaSi, misisipisa<br />

da jorjiaSi gaimarjva seriozuli 20-30 procentiani<br />

upiratesobiT.<br />

eizenhauerma tradiciulad, demokratTa momxre jgufebis<br />

mniSvnelovani segmenti miimxro — kaTolikeebi, profkav-<br />

Sirebi, axalgazrda amomrCevlebi. igi warmatebuli iyo axal,<br />

qalaqgareT aSenebul gareubnebSic.<br />

albaT, mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa im faqtmac, rom eizenhauerma<br />

saarCevno kompaniis dros m<strong>in</strong>imumamde daiyvana<br />

diskusiebi `axali kursis~ monapovris Sesaxeb da amave dros<br />

aRiara misi aucilebloba — `socialuri uzrunvelyofa, saxlTmSenebloba,<br />

muSaTa kompensacia da danazogebis dacva —es<br />

is sakiTxebia, romelnic politikaze maRla da mis gareT unda<br />

iyos. Ees ar aris sakiTxebi, es aris uflebebi~ [6, 3248]. bevri<br />

konservatori republikeli ar eTanxmeboda am azrs da Zalzec<br />

undoda amaze kamaTi, magram is<strong>in</strong>ic ki xvdebodnen, rom gamarjvebisTvis<br />

Rirda am sakiTxze Sidapartiuli diskusiis Se-<br />

Cereba arCevnebis dros ma<strong>in</strong>c. Tumca eizenhaueris sasaxelod<br />

unda iTqvas, rom man prezidentad arCevis Semdegac gaatara es<br />

xazi da Seasrula danapirebi.<br />

rac Seexeba demokratebs, Tumca ers kvlav moswonda<br />

`axali kursis~ sulkiskveTeba, magram daRala trumenis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciaSi<br />

arsebulma ZmabiWobam, koreis omma da msxverplSewirvam<br />

[3, 64].<br />

rodesac arCevnebis Semdeg erT-erTma Jurnalistma sa-<br />

356

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xeldaxelo <strong>in</strong>terviu aiRo texaseli meqanikosis colisgan,<br />

v<strong>in</strong>me qalbaton vilsonisagan, Tu ras fiqrobda igi arCevnebis<br />

Sedegebze, man upasuxa:<br />

— `ar m<strong>in</strong>da sulelurad gamomivides an raime magdagvari,<br />

magram iciT, es iseTi didi da kargia, es hgavs imas, rom amerika<br />

saxlSi dabrunda~ [12, 236].<br />

gamarjvebaSi udidesi roli iTamaSa TviT eizanhaueris<br />

pirovnulma popularobam, Torem misma partiam kongresSi raime<br />

STambeWdav warmatebas ver miaRwia. rogorc erT-erTi<br />

Jurnalisti werda eizenhaueri amerikelTaTvis politikaze<br />

maRla idga [7, 286]. xolo eizenhaueris cnobili biografi stefen<br />

ambrosi aRniSnavda, rom `pirveli rac eizenhaueris personasTan<br />

asocirdeboda misi s<strong>and</strong>ooba iyo~ [5, 17].<br />

marTlac, amerikas am arCevnebSi ara stivensonis msgavsi<br />

idealisti <strong>in</strong>teleqtuali, aramed s<strong>and</strong>o, d<strong>in</strong>ji, gamocdili da<br />

cxovrebiseuli sibrZniT aRsavse adamiani sWirdeboda. am<br />

mxriv ki adlai stivensons, marTlac gauWirda eizenhauerTan<br />

konkurencia.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

58. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Harry S. Truman,<br />

1952-53, US Government Pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g Office, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, 1966.<br />

59. http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/nixon-checkers.htm<br />

60. Presidential Elections 1789-2000, C Q Press, A Division of<br />

Congressional Quarterly Inc. Wash<strong>in</strong>gton D.C., 2002.<br />

61. <strong>History</strong> of American Elections 1789-2001, Volume VIII 1944-1956,<br />

Editor Arthur M. Schles<strong>in</strong>ger Jr., Chelsea House Publishers,<br />

Philadelphia, 2002.<br />

62. Ambrose Stephen E., Eisenhower, vol. II, The President, A Touchstone<br />

Book, Published by Simon <strong>and</strong> Shuster, Inc. N.Y., 1984.<br />

63. Bernste<strong>in</strong> Barton J., Election of 1952, <strong>History</strong> of American Elections<br />

1789-2001, Volume VIII 1944-1956 Editor Arthur M Schles<strong>in</strong>ger Jr.,<br />

Chelsea House Publishers, Philadelphia, 2002.<br />

64. Boller Paul F., Jr., Presidental Campa<strong>in</strong>s, Oxford University Press, N.Y.,<br />

Oxford, 1996.<br />

65. Brown Stuart Gerry, Adlai E. Stevenson, Barron’s Woodbury Press,<br />

Woodbury , N.Y., 1965.<br />

357

---

66. Burk Robert F., Dwight D. Eisenhower., Hero <strong>and</strong> Politician., Twayne<br />

Publishers. Boston A Division of G. K. Hall& Co. 1986.<br />

67. Burns James MacGregor, Eisenhower <strong>and</strong> Taft: Which Republican<br />

Party? Political Parties <strong>in</strong> American <strong>History</strong> vol. III, 1980-Present,<br />

Edited by Paul L. Murphy, General Editor, Morton Borden, G.P.<br />

Putnam’s Sons, N. Y., Capricorn Books, N.Y., 1974.<br />

68. Gentry,Court, J. Edgar Hoover the Man <strong>and</strong> the Secrets, W.W. Norton &<br />

Company, N.Y., London, 1991.<br />

69. Goldman Eric F., The Crucial Decade – And After, America ,1945-1960,<br />

V<strong>in</strong>tage Books A. Division of R<strong>and</strong>om House, N.Y.,1960.<br />

70. Halberstam David, The Fifties., Villard Books, New York, 1993.<br />

71. Montgomery Ruth, Hail to the Chiefs. My life <strong>and</strong> Times with Six<br />

Presidents, Coward- Mc Cann, Inc., N.Y., 1970.<br />

72. Parmet Herbert S., Richard Nixon <strong>and</strong> His America, Konecky &<br />

Konecky, N.Y., 1990.<br />

358<br />

Vasil Kacharava<br />

Ph. Doctor, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Tbilisi State University <strong>and</strong><br />

International Black Sea University<br />

American Presidential Elections of 1952<br />

Summary<br />

The analyses of the comparison of the opposed party’s platform<br />

showed, that republican’s platform was closer to the grow<strong>in</strong>g conservative<br />

tendencies <strong>in</strong> the country. But <strong>in</strong> the mentioned elections probably the<br />

presidential c<strong>and</strong>idate’s personal quality <strong>and</strong> authority played a decisive role.<br />

General Dwight Eisenhower, an all known hero of World War II, Supreme<br />

Comm<strong>and</strong>er of the Allied forces <strong>in</strong> Europe, stood for the republicans. Adlai<br />

Stevenson, the governor of Ill<strong>in</strong>ois represented was c<strong>and</strong>idate from the<br />

democrats; his brilliant <strong>in</strong>tellect <strong>and</strong> oratorical talent played an important role<br />

<strong>in</strong> this competition, <strong>and</strong> gave special charm to these elections.<br />

Dur<strong>in</strong>g elections Eisenhower dim<strong>in</strong>ished the discussions about the New<br />

Deal <strong>and</strong> at the same time acknowledged necessity of social security, housebuild<strong>in</strong>g,<br />

unemployment compensation <strong>and</strong> etc. As he stressed out those matters<br />

should st<strong>and</strong> above politics. — `These are not matters, these are rights~.

---

Certa<strong>in</strong>ly many conservative republicans did not agree with such statements,<br />

but even they realized that it would be better to br<strong>in</strong>g to halt further discussions,<br />

at least dur<strong>in</strong>g the elections. Eisenhower did really fulfill his promises<br />

after he had been elected. One important promise he gave to the nation was<br />

that he would go Korea himself <strong>and</strong> end the war there, which turned out to be<br />

a decisive message <strong>in</strong> this campaign.<br />

As for the democrats, though many Americans still favored the New<br />

Deal programs <strong>and</strong> liked Stevenson’s brilliant speeches, they simply wanted<br />

to put the cronyism, sacrifices <strong>and</strong> Korean War beh<strong>in</strong>d it. At the same time,<br />

twenty years <strong>in</strong> power was too heavy burden for one party.<br />

F<strong>in</strong>ally, the election of 1952 ended up with Eisenhower’s impressive<br />

victory. He received 33, 9 million votes; Stevenson received only 27, 3<br />

million. Eisenhower won <strong>in</strong> 39 states, democrats just <strong>in</strong> 9.<br />

D. Eisenhower achieved complete victory <strong>in</strong> northern <strong>and</strong> western<br />

states, part of south <strong>and</strong> its neighbor states. S<strong>in</strong>ce 1928 republican c<strong>and</strong>idate<br />

had never won <strong>in</strong> so called Solid South <strong>and</strong> this victory was really impressive.<br />

Southerners were scared by Stevenson activity regard<strong>in</strong>g human rights issues.<br />

Eisenhower supported by a big segment of traditional democrats, like<br />

Catholics, trade unions, young voters. He was very successful <strong>in</strong> recently<br />

developed suburbs. Majority of the Big Bus<strong>in</strong>ess dem<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g reduction of<br />

taxes <strong>and</strong> state regulations also were on his side. Even the sc<strong>and</strong>al with<br />

Richard Nixon’s Secret Fund did not change positive attitude toward the<br />

republicans. Actually, Nixon’s `Checkers Speech~, became real a political<br />

triumph Truthfully, for him. America <strong>in</strong> these elections needed a trustworthy,<br />

dist<strong>in</strong>guished, experienced <strong>and</strong> full of life experience person <strong>and</strong> not an<br />

idealist <strong>in</strong>tellectual such as Stevenson.<br />

359

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vasil kaWarava<br />

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis da Savi zRvis saerTa-<br />

Soriso universitetis profesori<br />

politikuri partiebis ideologia da<br />

platformebi aSS-is 1952 wlis saprezidento<br />

arCevnebSi<br />

1952 wlis arCevnebi SeiZleba garkveulwilad SevadaroT<br />

1920 da 1932 wlebis arCevnebs, rodesac ori wamyvani partiis<br />

brZola gansakuTrebuli ideologiuri dapirispirebiT gamoirCeoda.<br />

magram, Tu 1920 wels erTmaneTs sakmaod uRimRamo<br />

k<strong>and</strong>idatebi daupirispirdnen respublikeli uoren hard<strong>in</strong>gisa<br />

da demokrati koksis saxiT da yvelaferi partiebis ideologiam<br />

da maTma politikurma platformebma gadawyvita [3,<br />

29-39], 1932 da 1952 wlebSi mkveTr ideologiur dapirispirebasTan<br />

erTad, umniSvnelovanesi roli Tavad prezidentobis<br />

k<strong>and</strong>idatebis pirovnebaTa faqtorma iTamaSa. 1932 wels orive<br />

k<strong>and</strong>idati Hherbert huverisa da frankl<strong>in</strong> ruzveltis saxiT,<br />

aSkarad gamokveTili liderebi iyvnen da orives mniSvnelovani<br />

zogaderovnuli pablisiti gaaCnda [3, 377-389].<br />

albaT, kidev ufro mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa pirovnulma<br />

faqtorma 1952 wels, rodesac saprezidento arCevnebSi<br />

meore msoflio omis sayovelTaod cnobili gmiri, evropaSi<br />

dasavleTis jarebis mTavarsardali generali duaiet eizenhaueri<br />

CaerTo. marTalia, demokrati k<strong>and</strong>idati, il<strong>in</strong>oisis<br />

gubernatori adlai stivensoni, aseTi msoflio masStabis avtoritetiT<br />

ar sargeblobda, magram misma brwy<strong>in</strong>vale erudiciam<br />

da oratorulma niWmac mniSnelovani roli iTamaSa am<br />

brZolaSi da gansakuTrebuli xibli SesZ<strong>in</strong>a arCevnebs.<br />

ZiriTadi gansxvaveba politikur partiebs Soris ar Secvlila.<br />

respublikuri partia kvlav konservatizmis mebairaxtre<br />

iyo, demokratebi ki, tradiciulad, liberaluri reformizmis<br />

momxreebad rCebodnen.<br />

iTvleba, rom konservatizmi tradiciebisadmi erTgulebas<br />

niSnavs. tendencias, rodesac religiasa da politikaSi<br />

cdiloben Se<strong>in</strong>arCunon saukeTeso da Tavs arideben radika-<br />

360

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lur cvlilebebs. magram sxvadasxva konteqstSi es term<strong>in</strong>i<br />

sxvadasxvagvarad gamoiyeneba. xSirad konservatizms miaweren<br />

yovelive dromoWmuls, retrograduls, zogi ki piriqiT, amayobs<br />

Tavisi konservatizmiT, Tavisi erTgulebiT Camoyalibebuli<br />

tradiciebisadmi.A am cnebis gansazRvrebisas udidesi<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu sad da rodis iyeneben mas. YTiToeul qveyanasa<br />

da istoriul epoqaSi konservatizmi Taviseburad esmodaT<br />

da esmiT.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom msoflio istoriuli ganviTareba<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad, swored, konservatizmisa da liberalizmis<br />

(romelic aseve yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi Taviseburad<br />

esmiT) dapirispirebasa da am dapirispirebis Sedegad miRweul<br />

progreszea dafuZnebuli. Aamerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Kkonservatizmsa<br />

da liberalizms Soris gansxvaveba, gansakuTrebiT<br />

mkveTrad, gamoixata qveynis socialur-ekonomkur cxovrebaSi<br />

saxelmwifos rolis gansazRvriT.<br />

Kkonservatorebi Tvlian, rom mTavroba rac SeiZleba naklebad<br />

unda Caerios qveynis socialur-ekonomikur cxovreba-<br />

Si da masSi mimd<strong>in</strong>are procesebi ZiriTadad Tavad moqalaqeebma<br />

unda gansazRvron, <strong>in</strong>dividualurad Tu sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi<br />

organizaciebis meSveobiT, gamomd<strong>in</strong>are TavianTi<br />

sazogadoebrivi <strong>in</strong>teresebidan.<br />

Aamave dros konservatorebi Tvlian, rom aRniSnuli saqmianoba<br />

unda mimd<strong>in</strong>areobdes ZiriTadad adgilobrivi xelisuflebis,<br />

Tu Statis TviTmmarTvelobis doneze. rac Seexeba<br />

federalur mTavrobas, rogorc 1920-iani wlebis konservatorebi<br />

Tvlidnen, mas Taviseburi Ramis darajis funqcia ekisreboda<br />

anu, upirveles yovlisa, unda uzrunveleyo konstituciis<br />

uzenaesoba da mxolod didi stiqiuri an politikuri<br />

krizisebis dros gaaqtiurebuliyo. rasakvirvelia, es ar exeboda<br />

qveynis sagareo politikas, aq federaluri mTavrobis<br />

prioritetebs arav<strong>in</strong> uaryofda.<br />

Kkonkretulad es imas niSnavda, rom federaluri mTavroba<br />

m<strong>in</strong>imalurad an saerTod ar unda Careuliyo biznesis saqmianobaSi,<br />

gadasaxdebic m<strong>in</strong>imumamde unda Semcirebuliyo, xolo<br />

socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi, iqneboda es daxmareba<br />

umuSevarTaTvis, Tu ganaTlebis, janmrTelobisa da sazogadoebrivi<br />

wesrigis dacvis sistema, adgilobriv an, ukidures<br />

SemTxvevaSi, Statis doneze unda gadawyvetiliyo. rasakvirve-<br />

361

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lia, aseT sferoebSi, kerZo da religiuri xasiaTis qvelmoqmedebac<br />

igulisxmeboda.<br />

Ees aris amerikuli konservatizmis klasikuri formula.<br />

Tumca igi, absoluturi formiT, konservatizmis ayvavebis periodSi,<br />

1920-ian wlebSic ki ar ganxorcielebula cxovrebaSi<br />

da meoce saukunis sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxva doziT gamoixata.<br />

A Cvens boboqar samyaroSi ucvleli araferia da mniSvnelovani<br />

cvlilebebi konservatizmsac Seexo. mas Semdeg, rac<br />

amerikulma konservatizmma namdvili kraxi ganicada prezident<br />

herbert huveris adm<strong>in</strong>istraciiis dros (1929-33 w.w.),<br />

respublikuri partia did xans ver movida gons. marTalia,<br />

konservatorebma, rogorc ityvian, garkveuli ariergarduli<br />

brZolebi gaumarTes ruzveltis `axal kurss~, GgavixsenoT<br />

Tundac `axali kursis~ rigi kanonebis arakonstituciurad<br />

cnoba umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier an Tundac imave umaRlesi<br />

sasamarTlos reformirebis uSedego cdebi, magram 1930-ian<br />

wlebSi qveyanaSi, ma<strong>in</strong>c liberaluri xasiaTis politikuri<br />

tendenciebi dom<strong>in</strong>irebda da respublikelebi oci wliT Camoaciles<br />

saprezidento mmarTvelobas.<br />

Sesabamisad huveriseuli xedva seriozul cvlilebs moiTxovda.<br />

unda gaviTvalisw<strong>in</strong>oT is faqtic, rom Tavad herbert<br />

huveri, miuxedavad imisa, rom konservatizmis MmTavar<br />

burjad miiCneoda da DdResac aris miCneuli, s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi arc<br />

iseTi xisti konservatori iyo. es jer kidev misi vaWrobis m<strong>in</strong>istris<br />

postze muSaobisas gamoikveTa, rodesac igi aqtiurad<br />

uwyobda xels mTavrobisa da kerZo biznesis TanamSromlobas.<br />

Tumca yovelive es nebayofilobiT safuZvelze da ZiriTadad<br />

biznesis mimarT saxelmwifos daxmarebaSi gamoixateboda [4,<br />

34-40] [5, 328-349].<br />

1929-33 wlebis krizisis periodSic marTalia, huverma<br />

Zalian daagviana, magram 1932 wels iZulebuli iyo Seeqmna sarekonstruqcio<br />

f<strong>in</strong>ansuri korporacia, romelmac mniSvnelovani<br />

saxelmwifo saxsrebi gamoyo, rogorc kerZo struqturebis,<br />

aseve calkeuli Statebis dasaxmareblad. rogorc cnobili<br />

amerikeli istorikosebi Tomas beili da Ddevid kenedi, da<br />

ara marto is<strong>in</strong>i, aRniSnavdnen, faqtobrivad herbert huverma<br />

da ara frankl<strong>in</strong> ruzveltma daiwyo `axali kursis~ reformebi<br />

[6, 778 ] .<br />

362

---

huveri imiT gansxvavdeboda ruzveltisagan, rom igi am<br />

RonisZiebebs droebiT da SezRuduli xasiaTis movlenebad miiCnevda,<br />

maS<strong>in</strong> rodesac ruzveltma maT udidesi f<strong>in</strong>anasuri<br />

mxardaWera aRmouC<strong>in</strong>a da rac mTavria, amerikis politikur<br />

sistemaSi is<strong>in</strong>i mudmiv saxelmwifo <strong>in</strong>stitutebad Camoayaliba.<br />

Ees tendenciebi kidev ufro gaZlierda hari trumenis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciis<br />

dros, romelmac araerTi mniSvnelovani etatisturi<br />

nabiji gadadga.<br />

amgvarad, saubari im TiTqmis klasikuri Laissez-faire-is Sesaxeb,<br />

romelic 20-iani wlebis amerikaSi arsebobda, absoluturad<br />

gamoiricxa. 1950-iani wlebis amerika sruliad sxva iyo.<br />

Aaqedan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, respublikur partiasac, Tu igi apirebda<br />

amerikis politikur cxovrebaSi Zveli poziciebis dabrunebas,<br />

unda gadaexeda Tavisi SexedulebebisTvis.<br />

respublikelebma, marTlac, gadaxedes partiis ideologiis<br />

mraval postulats. is<strong>in</strong>i ufro moqnilebi gaxdnen, SeiTvises<br />

`axali kursis~ mravali gakveTili. magram amgvarma reformizmma<br />

partiaSi mravali dapirispireba warmoqmna. cnobili<br />

amerikeli istorikosis devid halberstamis da ara marto<br />

misi azriT,A aRniSnuli periodisTvis respublikuri partia<br />

garkveulad regionalizmis pr<strong>in</strong>cipiTac ki gaiyo. pirvel<br />

jgufs miekuTvnebodnen `uol stritis~ bankirebi da iuristebi,<br />

maTi kolegebi aRmosavleTis did qalaqebSi, romlebic TavianTi<br />

arsiT <strong>in</strong>ternacionilstebi iyvnen. DTumca is<strong>in</strong>i aqtiurad<br />

ebrZodnen `axali kursis~ ideebs, mis monapovars da maT<br />

Soris gaZlierebul profkavSirebs, maT ma<strong>in</strong>c aRiares da mii-<br />

Res am gr<strong>and</strong>iozuli cvlilebebis garkevuli nawili. maT respublikuri<br />

partiis liberalur dajgufebasac uwodebdnen,<br />

romelSic warmodgenili iyvnen niu-iorkis Statis gubernatori<br />

da1944 da 1948 wlebSi respublikuri partiis prezidentobis<br />

k<strong>and</strong>idati Tomas diui, senatorebi masaCusetsidan henri<br />

kebot loji umcrosi daLleveret salTonsToli, senatorebi<br />

ralf fl<strong>and</strong>ersi da jorj aikeni vermontidan, niu-iorkeli<br />

senatori irvung aivesi, `Ceiz naiSenel benqis~ mflobeli<br />

u<strong>in</strong>trop oldriCi, studebekeris saavtomobilo kompaniis<br />

mflobeli paul hofmani [7, 3220].<br />

meore jgufi, romelsac konservatiul frTas miakuTvneben,<br />

ZiriTadad Sua dasavleTis Statebis warmomadgenle-<br />

363

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isgan Sedgeboda. is<strong>in</strong>i konservatiuli gazeTis `Cikago Tribunis~<br />

garSemo irazmebodnen, romlis redaqtoric polkovniki<br />

robert makkormiki mas `Tavmdablad~ `msoflios diad gaze-<br />

Tad~ moixseniebda. am sazogadoebaSi w<strong>in</strong>a wlebis cvlilebebi<br />

naklebad igrZnoboda da is<strong>in</strong>i maTTvis gasageb da martiv 1920ian<br />

wlebze ocnebobdnen. TavianTi izolacionisturi suliskveTebidan<br />

gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, is<strong>in</strong>i Tvlidnen, rom RvTis mier naboZeb<br />

qveyanaSi cxovrobdnen da Sors iyvnen didi okeaneebisa<br />

da ucxoelebisgan. TavianT patara qalaqebSi is<strong>in</strong>i cxovrebis<br />

batonpatronebad Tvlidnen Tavs, mudam akontrolebdnen adgilobriv<br />

politikas da ekonomikas. xolo iseTi prezidentebi<br />

rogorc tafti, hard<strong>in</strong>gi, kuliji da huveria vaS<strong>in</strong>gtonSi ma-<br />

Ti cxovrebis wesis damcvelebad miaCndaT. 1950-iani wlebis-<br />

Tvis mTavrobaSi msgavsi damcvelebi naklebad egulebodaT.<br />

Tanac `axali cxovreba~ Tavisi aRzevebuli profkavSirebiT,<br />

maTac umwarebda sicocxles. ufro metic, is<strong>in</strong>i sakuTar partiasac<br />

veRar akontrolebdnen da aRmosavleT sanapiros respublikelebi<br />

moRalateebad miaCndaT. Sua dasavleTis respublikelTa<br />

Mlideri robert tafti Tvlida, rom aRmosavle-<br />

Tis respublikelebi danebdnen presisa da profkavSirebis zewolas<br />

[9, 4-5]. robert tafts gverds umSvenebdnen, senatori<br />

ohaiodan jon brikeri, senatori il<strong>in</strong>oisidan everet dirkseni,<br />

senatori viskons<strong>in</strong>idan Josef makarti, senatori <strong>in</strong>dianadan<br />

uiliam jeneri. am politikosebs Zlieri f<strong>in</strong>ansuri mxardaWera<br />

hqondaT msxvili kapitalistebisgan — robert vudisgan,<br />

romelic Sears Roebuck Co -is warmoadgenda da henri timkenisgan,<br />

romelic Timken Roller Bear<strong>in</strong>gs-is mflobeli iyo [8, 3220].<br />

Sua dasavleTis konservatorebi TavianT regions amerikuli<br />

suliskveTebis centrad Tvlidnen, aRmosavleT sanapiros<br />

mcxovrebni ki parazitul elementebad miaCndaT, romelnic<br />

ZiriTadad fulis keTebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, maS<strong>in</strong> rodesac<br />

Sua dasavleTi sufTa guliTa da SromaSi dasvrili xeliT<br />

realur produqcias qmnida [9, 214].<br />

rac Seexeba demokratebs, mmarTvelobis 20 wlis manZilze<br />

maT marTlac, gaimagres poziciebi da `axali kursis~ safuZvelze<br />

mniSvnelovani etatisturi xasiaTis <strong>in</strong>stitucionaluri<br />

cvlilebebi daamkvidres qveyanaSi, magram am wlebis man-<br />

Zilze Secdomebic mravlad daugrovdaT. 1952 wlisTvis ame-<br />

364

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ikas ukve mobezrda demokratTa 20-wliani yofna TeTr saxlSi.<br />

amave dros, amerika daRlili iyo fasebze kontroliT,<br />

mudmivi sk<strong>and</strong>alebiT TeTri saxlis aparatSi, sadac trumenis<br />

axloblebi mokalaTdnen, Tumca maT bevri ukldaT hard<strong>in</strong>gis<br />

megobrebamde [3, 59-66].<br />

trumens problemebi hqonda kongresSi TviT demokratebTanac,<br />

xolo 1950 wlis Sualedur arCevnebSi respublikelebma<br />

bevri axali xma miiRes, ramac kidev ufro gaarTula<br />

prezidentis urTierToba kongresTan.<br />

umaRlesi sasamarTloc uaryofiTad ganewyo trumenis<br />

<strong>in</strong>iciativebisadmi. rodesac trumenma foladis qarxnebis gakontroleba<br />

scada im sababiT, rom maTi qmedeba erovnul<br />

usafrTxoebas uqmnida problemebs, umaRlesma sasamarTlom<br />

ar dauWira mas mxari.<br />

rogorc I msoflio omis dros, daiRala amerika vilsonis<br />

mier moTxovnili msxverplisagan, aseve axla gadaiRala<br />

trumenis mowodebebisgan msxverpli gaeRoT koreis erTianobisaTvis.<br />

senator makartis komitetis wyalobiT bevrma CaTvala,<br />

rom trumeni arc ise magari aRmoCnda komunistebis w<strong>in</strong>aRmdeg<br />

brZolaSi da Tavis mTavrobaSic ki hyavda mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobebze<br />

maTi momxreebi da rasakvirvelia kvlav da kvlav<br />

korufciis Temac JRerdeboda. yovelive amas TviT demokratiuli<br />

partiis prezidentobis k<strong>and</strong>idatis adlai stivensonis<br />

biografi stiuart geri brouni adasturebs [8, 74-75].<br />

respublikelebi ki amomrCevlebs pirdebodnen vaS<strong>in</strong>gtonSi<br />

arsebuli qaosis mowesrigebas — `gavwmendT am sib<strong>in</strong>Zures~,<br />

Tanac kiTxvas usvamdnen maT `nuTu aRar geyoT~?. Ppirdebodnen<br />

agreTve, koreis omis dasrulebas da, rogorc saer-<br />

Tod xdeba arCevnebSi, mow<strong>in</strong>aaRmdege partiis yvela codvisa<br />

Tu Secdomis gamosworebas.<br />

1952 wlisTvis qveyana ukve aSkarad kvlav konservatizmisaken<br />

ixreboda. amerikuli sazogdoeba da gansakuTrebiT<br />

amerikuli biznesi gadaiRala jer `axali kursis~, Semdeg ki<br />

omidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are sagangebo zomebisgan, romlebic federaluri<br />

mTavrobis uflebamosilebis usazRvro zrdaSi gamoixata,<br />

rac amerikis wmidaTawmidas — amerikuli bizensis Tavisuflebas<br />

zRudavda. `Laissez-faire~ da xelisuflebis decentra-<br />

365

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lizacia kvlav modaSi Semodioda. Tumca yvelas da maT Soris<br />

respublikelebs mSvenivrad esmodaT, rom 1920-iani wlebisken<br />

dabruneba SeuZlebeli iyo da `axal kurs~ omgamovlili amerika<br />

da amerikelebic sxvanairebi iyvnen. axali dro axal konservatizms<br />

moiTxovda.<br />

arsebuli viTareba da partiebs Soris dapirispireba bunebrivia,<br />

upirveles yovlisa, maT politikur platformebSi<br />

gamoixata. demokratiuli partia aRniSnavda Tavis warmatebebs<br />

oci wlis manZilze da etatisturi ideologiidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are<br />

xazs usvamda federaluri mTavrobis Rvawls ekonomikis<br />

gadarCenaSi. aRniSnavda, rom 1952 wlisaTvis iyo 4 milionze<br />

meti biznesmeni anu 1 milioniT meti, vidre 1932 wels. umu-<br />

Sevroba ki, mxolod — 3 procenti, 1932 wlis 25 procentTan<br />

SedarebiT [2, 474]. demokratiuli partiis platformaSi asaxuli<br />

iyo sakmaod st<strong>and</strong>artuli, demokrtiuli partiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

damokidebuleba federaluri adm<strong>in</strong>istraciis<br />

saqmianobis mimarT. erovnuli usafrTxoebis xarjebis sababiT<br />

Ddemokratebi arafers ambobdnen federaluri Ggadasaxadebis<br />

Semcirebaze. Ffermerebs pirdebodnen tradiciul daxmarebas<br />

da `axali kursis~ warmatebebs ixsenebdnen. demokratebi<br />

mkacrad akritikebdnen taft-hartlis, faqtobrivad antiprofkavSirul<br />

kanons, romelic maTi azriT, `araadekvaturi<br />

iyo, ar muSaobda da usamarTlo iyo~. sanacvlod profkavSirebs<br />

axali midgomebis SemuSavebas pirdebodnen [2, 480-481].<br />

demokratebi enTuziazmiTP pirdebodnen amomrCevlebs<br />

antitrestuli kanonmdeblobis cxovrebaSi ufro aqtiur gatarebas.<br />

siamayiT aRniSnavdnen demokratiuli partiis rols<br />

socialuri uzrunvelyofis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi,<br />

romelic kidev unda gaizardos da gaumjobesdeso. amerikelebs<br />

umuSevrTa dazRvevis sistemis gafarToebas da umuSevrobis<br />

periodSi miRebuli Tanxis gazrdas pirdebodnen. j<strong>and</strong>acvis<br />

problemis da moTxovnebis Sesaswavlad gegemavdnen<br />

zepartiuli, saprezidento komisiis Seqmnas. GganaTlebasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT moiTxovdnen federalur daxmarebas Statebisadmi<br />

skolebis mSeneblobasa da keTilmowyobaSi. Tumca kategoriulad<br />

uaryofdnen ganaTlebis politikis sferoSi raime<br />

federalur diqtatsa Tu kontrols [2, 481-485].<br />

366

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1920 da 1932 wlebis arCevnebisagan gansxvavebiT, rodesac<br />

amerikis saerTaSoriso politikaSi izolacionizmi batonobda<br />

da partiebi ZiriTadad saS<strong>in</strong>ao problemebs ganixilavdnen,<br />

1952 wlis `civi omis~ periodSi sagareo politikas partiebis<br />

programebSi udidesi, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTavari yurad-<br />

Reba daeTmo. demokratebi xazs usvamdnen Tavdacvis sistemis<br />

gaZlierebas da Tavisufali erebis TanamSrmolobas, maT Soris,<br />

gaeroSi, mxars uWerdnen evropis <strong>in</strong>tegracias da germaniis<br />

gaerTianebas da sabWoTa imperializmis msxverplTa mxardaWeris<br />

<strong>in</strong>iciativiT gamodiodnen [2, 475-477].<br />

respublikelTa platforma ki ra Tqma unda demokratebis<br />

mmarTvelobis gr<strong>and</strong>iozuli kritikiTa da braldebebiT<br />

iwyeboda. ra boRmac daugrovdaT oci wlis manZilze yvelaferi<br />

gamoTqves da Tu maT kritikas daveyrdnobodiT, demokratebs<br />

am wlebSi kargi araferi gaukeTebiaT. marTalia II msoflio<br />

omis mogeba m<strong>in</strong>usad ver CauTvales, samagierod ganacxades,<br />

rom demokratiulma adm<strong>in</strong>istraciam waago mSvidoba ase-<br />

Ti gmirobiT da msxverpliT gamarjvebul omSi. aRmosavleT<br />

evropis dakargva da komunstebis warmatebebi C<strong>in</strong>eTSi demokratebs<br />

dabraldaT. Teiranis, ialtisa da potsdamis konferenciis<br />

Sedegebi metad uaryofiTad Sefasda da platformaSi<br />

xazgasmuli iyo, rom adm<strong>in</strong>istracia iq molaparakebebs awarmoebda<br />

amerikis kongresisa da xalxis mosazrebebis sruli arcodnisa<br />

da ignorirebis safuZvelze.<br />

koreis omTan dakavSirebiT ki, oRond demokratebi daemcireb<strong>in</strong>aT,<br />

da urTierTgamomricxav gancxadebebsac ar eridebodnen.<br />

erTi mxriv, acxadebdnen, rom samxreT korea ar warmoadgenda<br />

amerikis <strong>in</strong>teresebis sferos, meore mxriv, ki asabu-<br />

Tebdnen, rom CrdiloeT korea ver gabedavda omis dawyebas<br />

amerikas rom jari ar gamoeyvana koreis naxevarkunZulidan [2,<br />

497].<br />

saS<strong>in</strong>ao politikaSi st<strong>and</strong>artul respublikur receptebs<br />

iZleodnen. kerZod ki, gadasaxadebis Semcirebas pirdebdnen,<br />

rogorc did, aseve mcire bizness. federaluri xarjebis<br />

Semcirebis xarjze gegmavdnen biujetis dabalansebas, romelic<br />

demokratTa xelSi didi deficitiT gamoirCeoda. amave<br />

dros, undodaT federalur xelisuflebas, Statebsa da adgilobriv<br />

xelisuflebas Soris gadasaxdebis politikis iseTi<br />

367

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daregulireba, romelic met damoukideblobas mianiWebda<br />

Statebsa da adgilobriv xelisuflebas. soflis meurneobis<br />

problemebis gadawyvetasac, ZiriTadad, Statebisa da adgilobrivi<br />

xelisuflebis meSveobiT apirebdnen. acxadebdnen,<br />

rom Sewyvetdnen demokratTa mier kultivirebul zewolis<br />

politikas federalur sarezervo sistemaze, anu amomrCevels<br />

tradiciuli decentralizaciis politikas pirdebodnen [2,<br />

500-502].<br />

rac Seeexeba profkavSirebTan urTierTobas, respublikelebi<br />

taft-hartlis kanonis SenarCunebas arCevdnen im sababiT,<br />

rom igi icavda <strong>in</strong>dividums, rogorc damqiraveblis, aseve<br />

profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelobis usamarTlo qmedebisagan.<br />

Tumca arc imas uaryofdnen, rom SeiZleboda kanonis zogier-<br />

Ti punqtis Secvla [2,502].<br />

`niu-iork Taimsi~ respublikelTa platformis Sesaxeb<br />

werda, rom igi sakmaod farToa, raTa daakmayofilos partiis<br />

sxvadasxva elementi, sakmarisad gaurkvevelia raTa ar gaaRizianos<br />

umciresobebi da specifikuri jgufebi, sakmaod mamxilebelia,<br />

raTa frazebiT uzrunvelyos kampaniis Semdgomi<br />

msvleloba~ [7, 3234].<br />

trumeni ki adarebda ra respublikur da demokratiul<br />

platformebs pirdapir ambobda — `vfiqrob rom Cven gvaqvs<br />

yvelaze kargi platforma, romelic ki romelime partias<br />

odesme hqonia. respublikelebis platforma ki, albaT yvelaze<br />

cudia, romelic ki odesme wamikiTxavs~ [1, 712]. rogorc vxedavT,<br />

politika trumenis msgavs wesier adamiansac absoluturad<br />

akargv<strong>in</strong>ebs obieqturobis da simarTlis grZnobas da Sesabamisad,<br />

gamohyavs keTils<strong>in</strong>disierebis sferodan.<br />

am arCevnebSi monawileobda, agreTve, qristian nacionaluri,<br />

prohibiciis (alkoholis akrZalvis), Sromis socialsturi<br />

da muSaTa socialisturi partiebi. maT Soris gamoir-<br />

Ceoda progresuli da socialisturi partiebi.<br />

progresuli partia 1948 wlis arCevnebSi sakmaod seriozul<br />

mesame partias warmoadgenda da 1,157,172 xma miiRo. igi<br />

memarcxene poziciis iyo, magram akritikda trumenis sagareo<br />

politikas da `civ oms~ ufro amerikas abralebda vidre sab-<br />

WoTa kavSirs.<br />

368

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1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis fonze, sakmaod mom-<br />

Zlavrda socialisturi partiac. saS<strong>in</strong>ao sakiTxebSi igi ufro<br />

radikaluri iyo da mrewvelobis mTavari dargebis nacionalizacias<br />

moiTxovda. adamianis uflebebis sferoSi, progresuli<br />

partiis msgavsad, socialistebi moiTxovdnen segregaciis<br />

mospobas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, saxlTmSeneblobidan<br />

dawyebuli da armiiT damTavrebuli, moiTxovdnen<br />

antil<strong>in</strong>Curi kanonis miRebas da konstituciis XIV<br />

Sesworebis cxovrebaSi realur gatarebas. Tumca sagareo politikaSi<br />

aSkarad antistal<strong>in</strong>istur poziciaze idga da partiis<br />

sakmaod cnobili lideri norman Tomasi amerikasa da sabWo-<br />

Ta kavSirs erTnairad adanaSaulebda `civi omis~ gaCaRebaSi<br />

[7, 3256-3257]. w<strong>in</strong>a wlebisgan gansxvavebiT am partiebs araviTari<br />

gavlena ar mouxdeniaT arCevnebis msvlelobaze.<br />

aseTi iyo politikuri partiebis ideologia da platformebi<br />

da unda iTqvas, rom respublikelebis platforma<br />

garkveulwilad ufro Seesabameboda, qveyanaSi sul ufro<br />

mzard, konservatiul tendenciebs. rogorc aRvniSneT, 1952<br />

wlis arCevnebSi udidesi roli Tavad k<strong>and</strong>idatebma iTamaSes.<br />

rogorc arCevnebis Sedegma aCvena erovnulma gmirma duaiet<br />

eizenhauerma aSkarad dajabna demokrati adlai stivensoni.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

73. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Harry S. Truman,<br />

1952-53, US Government Pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g Office, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, 1966, 712.<br />

74. National Party Platforms 1840-1966, Compiled by Kirk H. Porter <strong>and</strong><br />

Donald B. Johnson. University of Ill<strong>in</strong>ois Press, Urbana, Chicago,<br />

London, 1972, p.474.<br />

75. vasil kaWarava,Aamerika 1920-ian wlebSi : amerikuli <strong>in</strong>dividualizmi,<br />

ekonomikuri ayvaveba, jazis epoqa, mSrali kanoni,<br />

depresia, saqarTvelos macne, Tbilisi, 2008.<br />

76. vasil kaWarava, h. huveris moRvaweoba aSS-is vaWrobis m<strong>in</strong>istris<br />

postze uoren hard<strong>in</strong>gis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciaSi., krebuli<br />

amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, #1, Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2002.<br />

77. vasil kaWarava, amerikuli diplomatia amerikuli biznesis<br />

samsaxurSi 1920-ian wlebSi, qarTuli diplomatia, weliw-<br />

369

---

deuli, #11, Tbilisi, saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba,<br />

2004.<br />

78. Bailey, Thomas A., Kennedy, David M.,The American Pageant, A<br />

<strong>History</strong> of the Republic, D.C. Heath <strong>and</strong> Company, Lex<strong>in</strong>gton,<br />

Massachusetts, Toronto, 1987.<br />

79. Bernste<strong>in</strong> Barton J, Election of 1952, <strong>History</strong> of American Elections<br />

1789-2001, Volume VIII 1944-1956, Editor Arthur M Schles<strong>in</strong>ger Jr.,<br />

Chelsea House Publishers, Philadelphia, 2002.<br />

80. Brown Stuart Gerry, Adlai E. Stevenson, Barron’s Woodbury Press,<br />

Woodbury , N.Y., 1965.<br />

81. Halberstam David, The Fifties, Villard Books, New York, 1993.<br />

Vasil Kacharava<br />

Ph. Doctor, Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Tbilisi State University <strong>and</strong> International Black<br />

Sea University<br />

Ideology of Political Parties <strong>and</strong> their Platforms <strong>in</strong> the Presidential<br />

Elections of the United States <strong>in</strong> 1952<br />

Summary<br />

In the article are considered the pr<strong>in</strong>cipal differences between lead<strong>in</strong>g<br />

parties. Particularly we would like to compare the elections of 1952, with the<br />

elections of 1920 <strong>and</strong> 1932, when the struggle between the two lead<strong>in</strong>g parties<br />

was dist<strong>in</strong>guished by special ideological contradiction. By 1952 the<br />

republicans were more flexible <strong>and</strong> absorbed many lessons from the `New<br />

Deal~. In the platform of the Democratic Party, there was a quite st<strong>and</strong>ard,<br />

etatist attitude to the activities of federal adm<strong>in</strong>istration characteristic to this<br />

party. Because of national security issues the democrats did not say anyth<strong>in</strong>g<br />

about tax decrease. They promised traditional support to farmers, referr<strong>in</strong>g to<br />

the success of the New Deal <strong>and</strong> strictly criticiz<strong>in</strong>g Taft-Hartley’s, virtually,<br />

an anti trade union law. They noted the role of Democratic Party <strong>in</strong> the<br />

formation of social security system <strong>and</strong> promised to voters its further<br />

development. In the education sphere, they plann<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>crease f<strong>in</strong>ancial<br />

assistance to states <strong>in</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g of schools, but categorically denied any federal<br />

control or dictate <strong>in</strong> this sphere.<br />

370

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Of course the republican platform’s text started with enormous criticism<br />

<strong>and</strong> accusations aga<strong>in</strong>st the democrats. For the <strong>in</strong>ternal policy they offered<br />

st<strong>and</strong>ard republican recipes. In particular, republicans promised,<br />

republicans promised tax reduction for big <strong>and</strong> small bus<strong>in</strong>esses. Unalike<br />

democrats, they planned to balance budget by decreas<strong>in</strong>g federal costs. At the<br />

same time, republicans planned redistribution of power <strong>and</strong> responsibilities<br />

among federal government, state <strong>and</strong> local authorities on basis of further<br />

decentralization. The republicans considered ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Taft-Hartley law,<br />

because it was protection aga<strong>in</strong>st unfair practices by either employer or union<br />

officials. Though they did not deny that it was possible to change some<br />

articles <strong>in</strong> the law.<br />

In the condition of Cold War, <strong>in</strong> the programs of both parties probably<br />

the biggest attention was conceded to foreign policy. Democrats emphasized<br />

the re<strong>in</strong>forcement of self-defense <strong>and</strong> cooperation of free nations <strong>in</strong> UN. They<br />

supported Europe’s <strong>in</strong>tegration <strong>and</strong> unification of Germany. At the same time<br />

they <strong>in</strong>itiated maximum help to victims of Soviet Imperialism. Republicans<br />

blamed democrats <strong>in</strong> strengthen<strong>in</strong>g communism <strong>in</strong> Europe <strong>and</strong> Asia.<br />

Certa<strong>in</strong>ly ma<strong>in</strong> wave of criticism was directed to the Korean War.<br />

Republicans promised the voters to promote a healthier <strong>and</strong> stronger foreign<br />

policy, <strong>and</strong> also the end Korean War.<br />

It must be outl<strong>in</strong>ed, that the republican’s platform better reflected<br />

grow<strong>in</strong>g conservative tendencies <strong>in</strong> the country. But as mentioned above, <strong>in</strong><br />

the elections of 1952 the c<strong>and</strong>idates personality played far more important<br />

role <strong>and</strong> as the results showed, the national hero Dwight Eisenhower<br />

obviously defeated democrat Adlai Stevenson.<br />

371

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��������<br />

Tengiz grigolia<br />

istoriis mecnirebaTa doqtori, saqar-<br />

Tvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori<br />

ruseTi da irani axlo aRmosavleTis<br />

regionalur geopolitikaSi<br />

ruseT-irani didi xnis istorias iTvlis. aRniSnuli istoriis<br />

manZilze maT Soris iyo ara erTi konfliqti da omi.<br />

Tavisi samxedro qmedebiTa da dapyrobiTi politikiT ruseTma<br />

gaifarTova Tavisi teritoriuli areali samxreT kavkasiasa<br />

da kaspiispireTSi.<br />

XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX s. dasawyisis mijnaze ker-<br />

Zod, 1907 wlis agvistoSi, xeli moewera ruseT-<strong>in</strong>glisis xel-<br />

Sekrulebas iranis gavlenis zonebad dayofis Sesaxeb. pirveli<br />

msoflio omis dros neitraluri sparseTis teritoriis<br />

nawilis eqspansia moxda TurqeTis, ruseTis da <strong>in</strong>glisis mier.<br />

1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg sabWoTa mTavrobam<br />

iranTan axali urTierTobebis ageba daiwyo. 1941-1946<br />

wlebSi irani okupirebuli iqna ssr kavSirisa da <strong>in</strong>glisis mier,<br />

1942 wels maT SeuerTda amerika. `civi omis~ periodSi irani<br />

aRmoCnda sabWoTa kavSiris mow<strong>in</strong>aaRmdege qveynebis rigeb-<br />

Si. 1953 wels amerikelebis mxardaWerili general zahedis mier<br />

mowyobili gadatrialebis Semdeg amerikelebma iranSi poziciebi<br />

sakmaod ganimtkices, aRniSnuli periodidan irani<br />

gaxda amerikis strategiuli mokavSire da sparseTis yuris<br />

regionSi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis garanti. 1950 wlidan<br />

iranma Tavisi samxedro-teqnikuri TanamSromloba aawyo amerikis<br />

SeerTebul StatebTan. iranma miiRo msxvili kreditebi<br />

dasavleTis qveynebidan, igi monawileobas Rebulobda samxedro-politikur<br />

blokebSi, romlebic organizebuli iyo aSS-is<br />

da didi britaneTis mier da warmoadgenda `CrdiloeTis iarusis~<br />

dasayrdens, romelic mimarTli iyo samxreTSi sabWoTa<br />

eqspansiis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg [1, 5].<br />

372

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1960-1970 wlebSi iranis sagareo politikaSi arsebiTi<br />

cvlilebebi moxda. gamoCnda pr<strong>in</strong>cipulad axali mimarTulebebi.<br />

iranma ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis masStabebi gaafar-<br />

Tova socialisturi Tanamegobrobis qveynebTan, aRniSnuli<br />

qmedebebi gamowveuli iyo imis gamo, rom dasavleTma irans uari<br />

uTxra mrewvelobis sabazro dargebis mSeneblobis daxmarebaze,<br />

amitom iranisaTvis ekonomikuri urTierTdaxmarebis<br />

sabWos qveynebTan ekonomikuri TanamSromloba ufro xelsayreli<br />

aRmoCnda. or urTierTdapirispirebul sistemasTan ur-<br />

TierTobaSi Teirani TavisaTvis xelsayrel damoukidebel sagareo<br />

balansis politikas awarmoebda. ssr kavSirisa da iranis<br />

ZiriTadi TanamSromlobis obieqti gaxda ispahanis metalurgiuli<br />

komb<strong>in</strong>ati. orive qveynisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />

iyo `saukunis garigeba~ — transiranuli gazsadeniT iranuli<br />

gazis miwodeba samxreT kavkasiaze da Tanabari moculobis<br />

raodenobis cimbiruli gazis gatareba iran-evropis kontraqtis<br />

Sesabamisad evropisaken. aRniSnulma garigebam Teirans<br />

gauxsna `fanjara evropisaken~. paralelurad sabWouriranuli<br />

TanamSromloba viTardeboda aRmosavleT evropis<br />

qveynebTan. iranTan urTierTobaSi gamoirCeoda rum<strong>in</strong>eTi,<br />

radgan igi navTobis mopovebisaTvis irans umzadebda mowyobilobebs.<br />

iranis uaxloes istoriaSi mniSvnelovani movlena iyo<br />

1979 wlis antiSahuri, antidasavluri islamuri revolucia,<br />

igi gaxda gamoxatuleba ekonomikuri, politikuri da im socialuri<br />

ukmayofilebisa, romelic aTwleulis manZilze iranSi<br />

grovdeboda. 1979 wlis 11 Tebervals iranSi Sah<strong>in</strong>Sahuri reJimis<br />

damxobam qveyanaSi islamuri reJimi daamyara. iranis islamurma<br />

revoluciam axlo aRmosavleTSi Secvala geopolitikur<br />

ZalTa ganawileba, regionSi aSS-is gavlena SeizRuda. islamuri<br />

revoluciis mama home<strong>in</strong>i iranis da mTeli islamuri<br />

samyaros mTavar mtrad, dasavleTs, kerZod amerikis SeerTebul<br />

Statebs miiCnevda. iranma gazis fasis awevis aucileblobis<br />

sababiT samxreT kavkasias gazis miwodeba Seuwyvita, aRniSnuli<br />

procesebi evropasac Seexo. [2, 35]<br />

1980 wlidan home<strong>in</strong>ma daiwyo sabWoTa kavSirTan iranis<br />

urTierTobebis gadas<strong>in</strong>jva. iranis ekonomikuri kavSirebi ssr<br />

kavSirTan kvlav gamococxlda. iran-erayis samxedro kon-<br />

373

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fliqtis damTavrebis Semdeg iranma samxedro-teqnikuri TanamSromlobis<br />

mowesrigeba daiwyo ssr kavSirTan.<br />

1991 wlis 31 dekembers sabWoTa kavSirma, rogorc geopolitikurma<br />

realobam, Sewyvita Tavisi arseboba. ssr kavSiris<br />

dez<strong>in</strong>tegraciam irani axali geopolitikuri situaciis w<strong>in</strong>aSe<br />

daayena, misi Crdilo sazRvrebis gaswvriv warmoiqmna Turquli<br />

rkali (TurqeTi, azerbaijani, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi, yirgizeTi<br />

da yazaxeTi), romlebic potenciurad ankaraze iyvnen<br />

orientirebulni, mxolod somxeTi wyvetda `rkals~. swored<br />

amitom iyo, rom Teiranma daxmareba gauwia qristianul somxeTs<br />

da ara musulmanur azerbaijans yarabaRis sakiTxTan dakaviSrebiT.<br />

irani da ruseTi mravalerovnebian saxelmwifoTa<br />

ricxvs miekuTvnebian. maT eTnikuri konfliqtebis gaRvivebis<br />

Sedegad momavalSi SeiZleba eTnopolitikuri safrTxeebi SeeqmnaT,<br />

amitom regionSi aucileblad Tvlian maT urTierTTanamSromlobas,<br />

raTa regionSi SenarCunebuli iqnas mSvidoba.<br />

XXI saukunis mimd<strong>in</strong>are aTwleulis dasasruli xasiaTdeba<br />

ruseT-iranis TanamSromlobis aqtivizaciiT iseT sferoSi,<br />

rogoricaa: politika, ekonomika, samxedro-teqnikuri da<br />

kulturuli seqtorebi. aRniSnul sferoebSi TanamSromloba<br />

orive qveynis nacionalur <strong>in</strong>teresebs pasuxobs. rigi eqspertebi<br />

ruseT-iranis TanamSromlobas birTvuli energiis sferoSi<br />

da iaraRiT vaWrobaSi eWvis TvaliT uyureben. gansakuTrebiT<br />

am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi aSS-is pozicia negatiuria. va-<br />

S<strong>in</strong>gtoni, ukmayofiloa 2000 wlis moskovis gadawyvetilebis<br />

im saidumlo danarTisa, romelic daskvniT protokols gori-<br />

Cernomid<strong>in</strong>is komisiis gadawyvetilebas axlavs. gori-Cernomid<strong>in</strong>is<br />

SeTanxmeba Seicavs valdebulebebs, romliTac ruseTma<br />

ar unda dados kontraqti iranis iaraRiT momaragebaze.<br />

2001 wlis martSi ruseTis federaciis prezidentis vl.<br />

put<strong>in</strong>sa da iranis islamuri respublikis prezident mohamad<br />

xaTams Soris xeli moewera dokuments `ZiriTadi SeTanxmeba<br />

ruseTis federaciasa da iranis islamur respublikas Soris<br />

urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobis pr<strong>in</strong>cipebis Sesaxeb~, romelmac<br />

Seqmna farTo perspeqtivebi ori qveynis urTierTTanamSromlobaSi<br />

ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorebSi, SeTanxmeba<br />

gulisxmobda, agreTve, TanamSromlobas atomuri energiis<br />

samSvidobo mizniT gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />

374

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useT-iranis urTierTobaSi mniSvnelovan rols Tama-<br />

Sobs rusuli iaraRis eqsporti iranSi. Tanamedrove pirobeb-<br />

Si irans SemuSavebuli aqvs Tavisi qveynis gadaiaraRebis 25wliani<br />

programa, romelic rusuli warmoebis iaraRiTa da<br />

teqnologiebiT unda moxdes, pirvel rigSi igi exeba haersaw<strong>in</strong>aaRmdego<br />

dacviTi kompleqsuri sistemis modernizacias. ruseTi<br />

irans unda miexmaros samxedro specialistebis ukeT<br />

momzadebaSi. iranTan samxedro teqnikuri TanamSromlobiT<br />

ruseTma wliurad 300 milioni dolari unda miiRos. [3, 47]<br />

ruseT-iranis urTerTobaSi mTavari adgili ukavia TanamSromlobas<br />

birTvuli programis farglebSi. 1957 wels aSSsa<br />

da irans Soris daido xelsekruleba `atomi mSvidobisaTvis~<br />

farglebSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. pirveli atomuri reaqtori<br />

SeerTebuli Statebis xelSewyobiT aSenda da amuSavda<br />

1967 wels amirabadis kvleviT centrSi — islamuri revoluciis<br />

Semdeg iranma aRniSnul sferoSi orientacia ruseTze gaakeTa.<br />

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos buSeris atomuri<br />

eleqtrosadguris pirveli reaqtoris mSeneblobis proeqtis<br />

saerTo Rirebulebam 800 milioni dolari Saedg<strong>in</strong>a, mSeneblebi<br />

dasavleTevropeli firmebi iyvnen. dReisaTvis birTvuli<br />

programis farglebSi iranTan mxolod ruseTi eweva realur<br />

TanamSromlobas. igi aSenebs buSeris atomur eleqtrosadgurs<br />

`buSeri 2~-s. 2009 wlis bolos rusi specialistebi buSeris<br />

atomur eleqtrosadgurze birTvuli reaqtoris amoqmedebas<br />

gegmaven. Teiranis mtkicebiT maT birTvuli teqnologiebi<br />

mxolod samSvidobo miznebisaTvis sWirdebaT, magram ma-<br />

Ti gancxadebis ar sjeraT amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da evrokavSirs.<br />

iranis mizans Seadgens birTvuli bombis Seqmna. gaeros<br />

uSiSroebis sabWos mier irani ara erTxel aris gafrTxilebuli<br />

imis Sesaxeb, rom Sewyvitos uranis gamdidreba. aRniSnuli<br />

sakiTxebis ugulebelyofisaTvis irans dawesebuli aqvs<br />

sanqciebi. irani saerTaSoriso arenaze axal provokaciebs<br />

eweva. 2009 wlis dekembrisaTvis iranis xelisuflebam uranis<br />

gaZlierebuli aTi axali obieqtis mSeneblobis gegma daamtkica.<br />

iranma erT weliwadSi 300 tona birTvuli sawvavis Seqmna<br />

daisaxa miznad. irani bolo periodSi naklebad TanamSromlobs<br />

atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentosTan (aess).<br />

dasavleTis qveynebi SeSfoTebas gamoxataven, rom uranis gaZ-<br />

375

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lierebiT irans birTvuli iaraRis Seqmna SeuZlia. kumTan axlos<br />

axali qarxnis aRmoCenas dasavleTis eqspertebi seriozul<br />

problemad aRiqvamen. iranis midgoma birTvuli programisadmi<br />

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mier miRebul 5 rezolucias<br />

arRvevs. TeTri saxlis maRalma C<strong>in</strong>osnebmac ganacxades<br />

`Cveni da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis moTm<strong>in</strong>eba iwureba, dro<br />

ki mirbis~. ruseTi da irani monawileoben satranzito proeqtSi<br />

`Crdilo-samxreTi~, romelmac unda moicvas areali sparseTis<br />

yuridan ruseT-f<strong>in</strong>eTis sazRvramde. ruseT-iranis<br />

strategiuli <strong>in</strong>teresebis Tanxvedra arTulebs dasavleTis<br />

saxelmwofoTa <strong>in</strong>teresebis praqtikul realizacias kaspiispireTsa<br />

da centralur aziaSi.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. r. gaCeCilaZe, axlo aRmosavleTi sivrce, xalxi da politika,<br />

Tb., 2003.<br />

2. islami, enciklopediuri cnobari, Tb., 1999.<br />

3. Иванов М.С., История Ирана, М., 1997.<br />

4. Васильев А.Г., Россия Н Ближнем и среднем Востоке от мессянства<br />

к прагматизму, М., 1993.<br />

5. Алиев С.М., Нефть и общественно-политическое рагзвитие Ирана в<br />

XX в., М., 1985.<br />

6. Ланцова С.А., Атнасова В.А. Мировая политика и международные<br />

отношения, Санкт-Петербург, 2008.<br />

376<br />

Tengiz Grigolia<br />

Doctor of Historical Sciences,<br />

Professor of the Georgian Technical<br />

University<br />

Russia <strong>and</strong> Iran <strong>in</strong> close-east regional geopolitics<br />

Summary<br />

Russia <strong>and</strong> Iran has been <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> regional politics of close east dur<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the centuries. In the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the 20 th century Russia along with the<br />

Engl<strong>and</strong> has been <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> divid<strong>in</strong>g Iran between the <strong>in</strong>fluence zones. Af-

---

ter the year of 1917 the Soviet Union government began to establish new relationship<br />

with Iran.<br />

After the cold war Iran has been among the anti Soviet Union<br />

countries. After the 1950 of the 20 th century Iran has become the strategic<br />

partner of the USA. Iran has established its military technical relationships<br />

with the USA.<br />

After the 1970 Iran has made its major changes <strong>in</strong> Foreign Policies.<br />

Very important <strong>in</strong> Iran’s history was the anti western revolution. Islamic<br />

revolution changed the vision about the division of the geopolitical powers.<br />

From 1980, Iran began to overlook the relationships with the Soviet Union.<br />

After the abolition of the Soviet Union, Russia <strong>and</strong> Iran has faced new<br />

geopolitical reality. Under these circumstances began Russian-Iran<br />

cooperation <strong>in</strong> a sphere of the nuclear energy. Nowadays <strong>in</strong> a sphere of<br />

nuclear power the cooperation with Iran is held only from the Russian side.<br />

Russia <strong>and</strong> Iran has the same strategic <strong>in</strong>terests.<br />

377

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Tornike SurRulaia<br />

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti,<br />

humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis<br />

asistent-profesori<br />

aSS-s nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagento<br />

(`Savi oTaxi~)<br />

aSS-s nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagento (NSA) Seiqmna<br />

1952 wlis 4 noembers. saagentos Stab-b<strong>in</strong>a mdebareobs fort<br />

midSi, merilendis StatSi. aRniSnuli specsamsaxuri aris<br />

erT-erTi prioritetuli rgoli aSS-s dazverviT TanamegobrobaSi.<br />

aRniSnuli saagento aSS-s specsamsaxurebs Soris yvelaze<br />

gasaidumloebulia, mas Sav oTaxsac uwodeben. saagento<br />

warmoadgens teqnikuri dazvervis sammarTveloTa erTobliobas,<br />

romelic moRvaweobs radio-eleqtronuli, kriptografiisa<br />

da <strong>in</strong>formaciis dacvis xaziT. saagento uzrunvelyofs im<br />

tipis <strong>in</strong>formaciis usafrTxoebas da mopovebas, romelic radio-lokaciur<br />

komunikaciebsa da kompiuterul qselSi cirkulirebs.<br />

saagentos struqtura ierarqiulad aris mowyobili:<br />

saagentos direqtori, direqtoris pirveli moadgile, direqtoris<br />

moadgile operatiul sakiTxebSi, direqtoris moadgile<br />

teqnikur sakiTxebSi, direqtoris moadgile <strong>in</strong>formaciuli<br />

sistemebis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi [1].<br />

saagentos SemadgenlobaSi funqcionirebs ramdenime sammarTvelo,<br />

romlebsac gansazRvruli aqvT konkretuli funqcia<br />

da misia:<br />

1. radio-eleqtronuli sadazvervo operaciebis sammar-<br />

Tvelo, romelic Sedgeba sami <strong>in</strong>formaciis mompovebeli da<br />

ori damxmare jgufisgan.<br />

<strong>in</strong>formaciis mompovebeli jgufi dakompleqtebulia geografiuli<br />

pr<strong>in</strong>cipiT:<br />

jgufi — pasuxismgebelia ruseTis federaciis da<br />

yofili varSavis xelSekrulebaSi Semavali qveynebis Sesaxeb<br />

<strong>in</strong>formaciis mopovebaze.<br />

jgufi — amuSavebs <strong>in</strong>formacias, romelic exeba C<strong>in</strong>eTs,<br />

CrdiloeT koreas, vietnams da sxva aziur socialistur<br />

saxelmwifoebs.<br />

378

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jgufi — pasuxismgebelia sxva danarCen strategiul,<br />

Tu meore xarisxovan saxelmwifoTa Sesaxeb <strong>in</strong>formaciis<br />

mopovebaze.<br />

1960 wlidan moyolebuli jgufi akontrolebs da aanalizebs<br />

aSS-Si Semaval da gamomaval saerTaSoriso radiosignalebs.<br />

1972 wels jguf -s Stati Sedgeboda 1244 samoqalaqo<br />

pirisagan da 600 samxedro oficrisgan.<br />

radio da eleqtronuli sadazvervo operaciebis sammar-<br />

Tvelos kontrolis qveS imyofeba damxmare qveganyofilebebi<br />

da . pirveli ganyofileba sadazvervo <strong>in</strong>formaciis<br />

kompiuterul damuSavebas eweva, xolo meore ganyofileba koord<strong>in</strong>acias<br />

uwevs satelituri Tanamgzavrebis saSualebiT<br />

warmoebuli mosmenebis da gaSifvris Sedegad miRebuli saidumlo<br />

<strong>in</strong>formaciis mopovebis process.<br />

2. saagentos komunikaciebis dacvis sammarTvelo cnobilia,<br />

rogorc organizacia . aRniSnuli sammarTvelo sa-<br />

Sifri mowyobilobebiT amaragebs aSS-s yvela saxelmwifo dawesebulebas<br />

da agreTve akontrolebs aSS-s dazverviT TanamegobrobaSi<br />

Semaval uwyebaTa kompiuterul da telekomunikaciur<br />

sistemaTa qsels.<br />

3. saagentos SemadgenlobaSi funqcionirebs teqnikur<br />

mecnierebaTa kvlevis sammarTvelo. aRniSnuli sammarTvelos<br />

kvlevis sfero mravalferovania, is<strong>in</strong>i srulyofen saidumlo<br />

radiosignalebis mopovebis meTodebs, mraval doniani Sifrebis<br />

gatexvas da aseve <strong>in</strong>formaciis daSifvrasa da kodirebas.<br />

sammarTvelo Sedgeba oTxi ganyofilebisgan:<br />

a. maTematikuri kvlevebis ganyofileba sxvadasxva teqnikuri<br />

specialuri saSualebebiT aumjobesebs kriptoanalizs.<br />

b. radiosignalebis mompovebeli specaparaturis Semqmneli<br />

da teqnikuri aRWurvis ganyofileba, awarmoebs teqnikas,<br />

romelic radiosignalebis mopovebas da maT analizs axdens.<br />

c. kriptografiuli danadgarebis ganyofileba, romelic<br />

amuSavebs da aumjobesebs damSifravi danadgarebis tipebs,<br />

romlebic SemdgomSi globaluri komunikaciebis dacvisTvis<br />

gamoiyeneba.<br />

d. kompiuteruli teqnikis ganyofileba eleqtro-gamom-<br />

Tvlel teqnikur sferos ikvlevs.<br />

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4. metad sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa saagentos saidumlo sammarTvelo,<br />

romelic teqnikuri mowyobilobebis (e.w. JuCokebis) da sasignalo<br />

danadgarebis montaJsa da regulirebas eweva globaluri<br />

masStabiT.<br />

nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagentos kadrebi specialur<br />

saswavlo kurss gadian aSS-s kriptografiis nacionalur<br />

skolaSi. amave skolaSi specialur momzadebas gadian, aSS-s<br />

sxva specsamsaxurebis kadrebi da pentagonis oficrebi [2, 557,<br />

558].<br />

nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagentos saidumlo mosasmeni<br />

obieqtebi msoflios TiTqmis yvela wertilSia ganlagebuli.<br />

es obieqtebi ZiriTadad raime kvleviTi an kosmosuri<br />

samecniero centris safarqveS moqmedebs da s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi<br />

sruliad sxva misias asrulebs. obieqtebze muSaoben eqspertTa<br />

jgufebi, romelic Sedgeba: logistikis sferos specialistis,<br />

l<strong>in</strong>gvistis, analitikosis da kibernetikuli teqnologiebis<br />

eqspertisagan. maTi umTavresi misiaa flobdnen <strong>in</strong>formacias<br />

yvela prioritetuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb da w<strong>in</strong>aswar<br />

gaTvalon mosalodneli safrTxeebi, romlebic raime saxiT<br />

zians miayenebs maTi qveynis nacionalur usafrTxoebas.<br />

saagentos TanamSromelTa saerTo Stati 120 000 kacisgan<br />

Sedgeba. oci aTasidan ocdaoTx aTasamde saagentos Tanam-<br />

Sromeli centralur aparatSi muSaobs, xolo danarCeni TanamSromlebi,<br />

ZiriTadad, samxedro pirebi msaxuroben msoflio<br />

masStabiT arsebul saagentos bazebsa da sa<strong>in</strong>formacio<br />

dazverviT sadgurebze, romelTa ricxvi ramdenime aTass aRwevs.<br />

aRniSnuli stacionaruli sadgurebis garda saagento<br />

Tavisi misiis Sesasruleblad iyenebs samxedro sazRvao Zalebis<br />

mzverav gemebs. nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagentos gankargulebaSia<br />

aseve aSS-s samxedro sahaero Zalebi da sazRvao<br />

aviacia [3, 316, 319].<br />

aSS-s prezidentma barak obamam gansakuTrebiT aRniSna<br />

Tavis erT-erT gamosvlaSi, rom specsamsaxurebis roli saxelmwifos<br />

ganviTarebaSi metad didia. aSS-s mTavroba mar-<br />

Tlac uzarmazar Tanxebs xarjavs dazvervis Tanamegobrobis<br />

produqtiuli moRvaweobisTvis xelis Sesawyobad. aSS-s specsamsaxurebis<br />

biujets Tu gadavxedavT vnaxavT, rom yovel<br />

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wels misi raodenoba izrdeba miliardobiT w<strong>in</strong>a wlebTan SedarebiT:<br />

aSS-s specsamsaxurebis biujeti<br />

1997 — 26,6 miliardi aSS dolari.<br />

1998 — 26,7 miliardi aSS dolari.<br />

2004 — 39,8 miliardi aSS dolari.<br />

2005 — 44 miliardi aSS dolari.<br />

2008 — 47,5 miliardi aSS dolari.<br />

2009 — 55-dan 60 milliard aSS dolaramde gaizarda [4].<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom aSS-s specsamsaxurebis biujetidan 8miliardamde<br />

aSS dolari nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagentos<br />

ganekuTvneba. saagentos biujeti ar aris fiqsirebuli da<br />

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli prioritetuli misiebis<br />

da saidumlo proeqtebis Sesasruleblad mas damatebiTi Tanxebic<br />

gamoeyofa.<br />

faruli mosmenebi da video gadaReba marTlac, rom yvela<br />

qveynis specsamsaxuris aucilebeli atributia da amerikis<br />

aRniSnul saagentos am saqmeSi marTlac, rom wamyvani adgili<br />

ukavia msoflioSi. specsamsaxurebis operatiul-agenturuli<br />

muSaoba specialuri teqnikis gamoyenebis gareSe warmoudgenelia.<br />

operatiul-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofisa da specteqnikis<br />

danayofs evaleba operatiuli da sagamoZiebo samsaxurebis<br />

dakveTiT daafiqsiron nebismieri saxis telekomunikaciuri<br />

kavSiri (telefonebi, faqsi, el-fosta) farulad SeaRwion<br />

b<strong>in</strong>ebsa da ofisebSi da mosasmeni da saTvalTvalo aparatura<br />

daamontaJon [5, 265].<br />

nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagentos sa<strong>in</strong>formacio bazas<br />

warmoadgens e.w sadguri `eSeloni~ eleqtronuli Spiona-<br />

Jis globaluri sistema. Ees aris centri, sadac mied<strong>in</strong>eba msoflios<br />

eleqtronul sivrceSi arsebuli aucilebeli <strong>in</strong>formacia,<br />

Semdeg etapze <strong>in</strong>formacia gadis filtracias, xdeba misi<br />

klasifikacia da arqivSi Senaxva, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

amoqmedeba. eSeloni ukavSirdeba kosmosSi moqmed asobiT<br />

satelitur antenas, romlebic warmoadgenen erTgvar sa<strong>in</strong>formacio<br />

wyaros `eSelonisTvis.~ aRniSnuli term<strong>in</strong>i gamoyenebaSia<br />

1980 wlidan. eSelonis oficialuri istoria iwyeba<br />

1947 wels rodesac aSS-s da <strong>in</strong>gliss Soris daido saidumlo<br />

xelSekruleba (UKUSA) usafrTxoebis sferoSi, romlis mi-<br />

381

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xedviTac am orma saxelmwifom gaaerTianes TavianTi sadazvervo<br />

potenciali globaluri SpionaJis warmoebis mizniT.<br />

mogvianebiT am xelSekrulebas SeuerTda: kanada, avstralia<br />

da axali zel<strong>and</strong>ia, xolo Semdeg Crdilo atlantikuri aliansis<br />

sxva wevri saxelmwifoebic. `eSelonis~ mTavari sadguri<br />

mdebareobs aSS-s strategiuli mokavSiris da partnioris teritoriaze<br />

(menviT hilze) did britaneTSi.<br />

eSelonis srulyofilad funqcionirebis mizniT masze<br />

muSaobs, rogorc dedamiwis zedapirze arsebuli teqnikuri<br />

kompleqsebi, agreTve asobiT kosmosuri satelituri antena<br />

da aTobiT wyalqveSa gemi. wyalqveSa gemebis misiaa sakomunikacio<br />

kabelebze mosasmeni teqnikis damontaJeba da miRebuli<br />

<strong>in</strong>formaciis damuSaveba.<br />

aSS-s nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagentos metad sapasuxismgeblo<br />

misia daekisra 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris katastrofuli<br />

movlenebis Semdeg. aSS-s sadazvervo Tanamegobroba<br />

aqtiurad ibrZvis XXI saukunis safrTxis, globaluri terorizmis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg. partniori qveynebis specsamsaxurebTan<br />

erTad is<strong>in</strong>i aqtiurad atareben prevenciul antiteroristul<br />

aqciebs, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom am struqturaSi bolomde<br />

gaxsnili TanamSromloba da urTierToba SeuZlebelia.<br />

naSroms davamTavrebT metad sayuradRebo fraziT: `ar arseboben<br />

megobari specsamsaxurebi, arseboben mxolod megobari<br />

qveynebis specsamsaxurebi.~<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. www.nsa.gov (10.11.2009).<br />

2. К. Дегтярев, Энциклопедия спецслужб, Москва, 2008.<br />

3. Пыхалов И.В. Спецслужбы США, Москва, 2002.<br />

4. www.gpoaccess.gov (10.11.2009).<br />

5. besik aladaSvili; SpionaJis saidumlo, Tb., 2007.<br />

6. CRS Report for Congress, Received through the CRS Web, The National<br />

Security Agency:<br />

Issues for Congress, Richard A. Best, jr. Specialist <strong>in</strong> National Defense,<br />

Foreign Affairs, Defense, <strong>and</strong> Trade Division. Updated January 16, 2001.<br />

382

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7. European Parliament 1999-2004, Session document, Report on the existence<br />

of a Global system for the <strong>in</strong>terception of private <strong>and</strong> commercial<br />

communications, (ECHELON <strong>in</strong>terception system)<br />

(2001/2098(INI)), Rapporteur: Gerhard Schmid, 11 july, 2001.<br />

Tornike Shurgulaia<br />

Assistant Professor of the Georgian Technical<br />

University, faculty of Humanitarian <strong>and</strong><br />

Social sciencies<br />

National Security Agency (NSA) of the USA (Black Room)<br />

Summary<br />

The National Security Agency (NSA) is one of the largest components<br />

of the U.S. Intelligence Community. NSA is responsible for obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g<br />

<strong>in</strong>telligence from <strong>in</strong>ternational communications l<strong>in</strong>ks, by the widespread<br />

availability of low-cost encryption systems, <strong>and</strong> by changes <strong>in</strong> the<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternational environment <strong>in</strong> which dangerous security threats can come from<br />

small, but well organized, terrorist groups as well as hostile nation states.<br />

NSA was established <strong>in</strong> 1952 as a highly compartmented secret<br />

codebreak<strong>in</strong>g effort undertaken by a h<strong>and</strong>ful of military officers <strong>and</strong> civilians,<br />

but the Agency has gradually become an acknowledged government agency<br />

responsible for <strong>in</strong>telligence signals. NSA has employed many highly gifted<br />

scientists, eng<strong>in</strong>eers, <strong>and</strong> mathematicians.<br />

NSA's eavesdropp<strong>in</strong>g mission <strong>in</strong>cludes radio broadcast<strong>in</strong>g, both from<br />

various organizations <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals, the Internet, telephone calls, <strong>and</strong> other<br />

<strong>in</strong>tercepted forms of communication. Its secure communications mission<br />

<strong>in</strong>cludes military, diplomatic, <strong>and</strong> all other sensitive, confidential or secret<br />

government communications. It has been described as the world's largest<br />

s<strong>in</strong>gle employer of mathematicians, <strong>and</strong> the owner of the s<strong>in</strong>gle largest group<br />

of supercomputers[clarification needed], but it has tried to keep a low profile.<br />

For many years, its existence was not acknowledged by the U.S. government,<br />

earn<strong>in</strong>g it the nickname, "No Such Agency" (NSA). Due to the fact that the<br />

agency rarely makes any public remarks, it has been quipped that their motto<br />

is "never say anyth<strong>in</strong>g".<br />

In 2004, NSA Central Security Service <strong>and</strong> the National Cyber Security<br />

Division of the Department of Homel<strong>and</strong> Security (DHS) agreed to exp<strong>and</strong><br />

NSA Centers of Academic Excellence <strong>in</strong> Information Assurance Education<br />

Program.<br />

383

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As part of the National Security Presidential Directive 54/Homel<strong>and</strong><br />

Security Presidential Directive 23 (NSPD 54), signed on January 8, 2008 by<br />

President Bush, the NSA became the lead agency to monitor <strong>and</strong> protect all of<br />

the federal government's computer networks from cyber-terrorism.<br />

NSA's mission, as set forth <strong>in</strong> Executive Order 12333, is to collect<br />

<strong>in</strong>formation that constitutes "foreign <strong>in</strong>telligence or counter<strong>in</strong>telligence"<br />

while not "acquir<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>formation concern<strong>in</strong>g the domestic activities of United<br />

States persons". NSA has declared that it relies on the FBI to collect<br />

<strong>in</strong>formation on foreign <strong>in</strong>telligence activities with<strong>in</strong> the borders of the USA,<br />

while conf<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g its own activities with<strong>in</strong> the USA to the embassies <strong>and</strong><br />

missions of foreign nations.<br />

NSA's domestic surveillance activities are limited by the requirements<br />

imposed by the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution; however, these<br />

protections do not apply to non-U.S. persons located outside of U.S. borders,<br />

so the NSA's foreign surveillance efforts are subject to far fewer limitations<br />

under U.S. law. The specific requirements for domestic surveillance<br />

operations are conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978<br />

(FISA), which does not extend protection to non-U.S. citizens located outside<br />

of U.S. territory.<br />

These activities, especially the publicly acknowledged domestic<br />

telephone tapp<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> call database programs, have prompted questions about<br />

the extent of the NSA's activities <strong>and</strong> concerns about threats to privacy <strong>and</strong><br />

the rule of law.<br />

S<strong>in</strong>ce the existence of the NSA has become more widely known <strong>in</strong> the<br />

past few decades, <strong>and</strong> particularly s<strong>in</strong>ce the 1990s, the agency has regularly<br />

been portrayed <strong>in</strong> spy fiction. Many such portrayals grossly exaggerate the<br />

organization's <strong>in</strong>volvement <strong>in</strong> the more sensational activities of <strong>in</strong>telligence<br />

agencies. The agency now plays a role <strong>in</strong> numerous books, films, television<br />

shows, <strong>and</strong> computer games.<br />

384

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maia amirgulaSvili<br />

istoriis akademiuri doqtori, saqar-<br />

Tvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori<br />

globalizaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi<br />

Cvens Tvalw<strong>in</strong> axali msoflio viTareba yalibdeba, rac<br />

ZiriTadad gulisxmobs gancalkevebulobis T<strong>and</strong>aTanobiT<br />

gaqrobas da erTiani globaluri Tanamegobrobis Camoyalibebis<br />

daCqarebas. marTalia simdidrisa da siRaribis, kanonierebisa<br />

da ukanonobis dapirispireba kvlav rCeba, magram Tanamedrove<br />

msoflios ganviTarebis wamyvani tendencia ma<strong>in</strong>c <strong>in</strong>tegracia,<br />

TanamSromloba da globalizaciaa.<br />

ganviTarebis mTavar faqtorad globalizaciisa da lokalizaciis<br />

problemebi gvevl<strong>in</strong>eba. nebismier <strong>in</strong>divids, firmas,<br />

organizacias, qveyanas ganviTarebis sakuTari kanonzomiereba<br />

gaaCnia. dRemde maTi ganviTarebis S<strong>in</strong>agani faqtorebi<br />

iyo gadamwyveti, magram post<strong>in</strong>dustriuli sazogdoebis damkvidrebasTan<br />

erTad viTareba icvleba. ra Tqma unda S<strong>in</strong>agani<br />

faqtorebi mniSvnelovania, magram gadamwyveti ma<strong>in</strong>c globalizaciis<br />

zemoqmedebaa.<br />

Tanamedrove msoflioSi globalizaciis mimarT damokidebuleba<br />

sakmaod gansxvavebulia, rac am procesis tendenciebisa<br />

da Sedegebis sxvadasxvagvari aRqmidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>areobs.<br />

Tanmedrove tendenciebisa da sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa<br />

obieqturi analizis safuZvelze zogadad globalizacia warmoadgens<br />

qveynebsa da regionebs Soris urTierTgavlenisa da<br />

urTierTdamokidebulebis gaZlierebis process, romelic<br />

arRvevs enobriv, teritoriul, ekonomikur, politikur, fsiqikur<br />

barierebs da mimarTulia kulturul-civilizaciuri<br />

erTobisa da regulirebis zeerovnuli sistemis Seqmnisken.<br />

mecnierebi ganasxvaveben globalizacias <strong>in</strong>ternacionalizaciisagan.<br />

maTi azriT, <strong>in</strong>ternacionalizacia gulisxmobs<br />

urTierTobebis <strong>in</strong>tensifikacias nacionalur doneze, e.i. saxelmwifoebs<br />

Soris. amis Sedegad saxelmwifoebma SeiZleba<br />

Zlieri urTierTgavlena moaxd<strong>in</strong>on erTmaneTze, bevri ramiT<br />

dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs, magram ma<strong>in</strong>c rCebian erTmaneTisgan<br />

gansxvavebuli da gancalkevebuli.<br />

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saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi saxelmwifoebi, rogor<br />

mWidrodac ar unda iyvnen urTierTdamokidebulni, naTlad<br />

gamokveTili sazRvrebiT arian erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli.<br />

misgan gansxvavebiT, globaluri msoflio gulisxmobs zeteritoriul<br />

da zenacionalur samyaros, sadac saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

sazRvrebi araviTar rols ar unda TamaSobdes, magram saerTaSoriso<br />

da globaluri urTierTobebi SesaZlebelia Tanaarsebobdes<br />

da dRev<strong>and</strong>eli msoflio erTdroulad SeiZleba<br />

iyos rogorc <strong>in</strong>ternacionalizirebuli da globalizirebuli.<br />

<strong>in</strong>ternacionalizaciis farglebSi msoflio sameurneo<br />

sistema gamodis rogorc calkeuli erovnuli meurneobebis<br />

erTmaneTze gadabmuloba; meore procesi, mondealizacia<br />

iseT mTlianobad ayalibebs msoflio sameurneo sistemas,<br />

romlis SemadgenlobaSic erovnul meurneobebTan erTad Sedian<br />

transnacionaluri da erovnebaTSorisi erTeulebi da<br />

msoflio organizaciebi; rac Seexeba mesames, globalizacias,<br />

igi axal, socialur Tvisebas aniWebs am mTlianobas. <strong>in</strong>ternacionalizaciisa<br />

da mondializaciis procesebis Semdeg globalizacias<br />

erT-erT wamyvan rols akisreben msoflio sistemis<br />

gaerTianebagamTlianebaSi.<br />

globalizaciis procesSi gaZlierda <strong>in</strong>tegraciuli tendenciebi.<br />

moimata sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis<br />

raodenobam da gaRrmavda qveynebs Soris urTierTobebi. <strong>in</strong>tegraciuli<br />

kavSirebi fexs ikidebs lokaluri civilizaciebis<br />

SigniTac. amas ganapirobebs erTiani, demografiuli, ekologiuri,<br />

ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri problemebi. marTalia<br />

globalizacias ikvleven misi yvelanairi aspeqtiT, magram<br />

iSviaTad ganixilaven iseT yovlismomcvel procesad, romelic<br />

civilizaciur gadatrialebas iwvevs.<br />

tradiciuli warmodgena saxelmwifoze, rogorc msoflio<br />

wesrigis ZiriTad erTeulze, gulisxmobs mis SedarebiT<br />

homogenurobas, anu igi gvevl<strong>in</strong>eba rogorc unitaruli, erTiani<br />

miznebis mqone subieqti. magram Tanamedrove epoqaSi saer-<br />

TaSoriso da transnacionaluri organizaciebis ricxvis<br />

zrdam Secvala rogorc saxelmwifos, ise samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />

d<strong>in</strong>amika. saxelmwifo iqca danawevrebul arenad, sadac<br />

rogorc transnacionaluri, ise sxvadasxva S<strong>in</strong>auri Zalebi<br />

gvevl<strong>in</strong>ebian.<br />

386

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eqskluziuri kavSiri teritoriasa da politikur Zalas<br />

Soris gawyda. axali saerTaSoriso da transnscionaluri <strong>in</strong>stitutebi<br />

SekavSirda suverenul saxelmwifoebTan da suvereniteti<br />

saziaro Zalad aqcia, anu saxelmwifo suverenitetis<br />

raRac nawili arasaxelmwifoebrivi subieqtebis xelSi aRmoCnda.<br />

aseT pirobebSi Znelia saxelmwifo damoukidebel da<br />

absolutur suverenad miiCnio. faqtia, rom erovnuli xelisufleba<br />

T<strong>and</strong>aTan izRudeba sxva saxelmwifo sistemebiT, e.i.<br />

izRudeba saxelmwifos mTavari niSani — suvereniteti.<br />

globalizaciis Sedegad Cndeba kiTxva: xom ar gaxdeba saxelmwifoebriobis<br />

<strong>in</strong>stituti warsulis sakuTreba da xom ar<br />

gardaiqmnebian is<strong>in</strong>i msoflio federciis elementebad. amgvar<br />

perspeqtivas gviw<strong>in</strong>aswarmetyvelebs m. golanski, romelic<br />

wers: `globaluri masStabis mqone centralizebul xelisuflebaze<br />

arsebuli moTxovna da ekonomikuri suverenitetis<br />

dayvana f<strong>in</strong>ansur damoukideblobmde Camoayalibebs qveynebis<br />

msoflio federacias, romelSic iqneba Sromis Rrma danawileba<br />

da funqciebis mkveTrd gadanawileba mis subieqtebs Soris.<br />

praqtikulad mcired dakavSirebuli da damoukidebeli<br />

qveynis amJamad arsebuli qaosuri da uwesrigo simravlis nacvlad,<br />

msoflioSi gaCnda ekonomikuri da politikuri ZafebiT<br />

mWidrod dakavSirebuli xalxebis mkacrad struqturirebuli<br />

Tanamegobroba~ [1, 28-34].<br />

globlizacia da ekonomikis daregulireba xels uwyobs<br />

Zalauflebis axali kerebis gaCenas, romlebic axali teqnilogiebis<br />

wyalobiT gamudmebiT uvlian gverds saxelmwifo<br />

struqturebs. am dros aucileblad dgeba saxelmwifos personifikaciis<br />

sakiTxi Tu v<strong>in</strong> dgas saxelmwifos saTaveSi. Tu<br />

saxelmwifo aparati gadasulia qurdobaze da korufciaSia<br />

Cafluli, aseTi saxelmwifos rolis gaZliereba, gaaRrmavebs<br />

daSlis procesebs da lokalur dasasrulamde miiyvans mas.<br />

xolo Tu saxelmwifos saTaveSi myofi adamianebi saerTo saxelmwifo<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresebiT xelmZRvaneloben, maS<strong>in</strong> aseTi saxelmwifos<br />

roli xels Seuwyobs qveynis aRorZ<strong>in</strong>ebas [2, 42-45].<br />

globalizaciis procesi droTa ganmavlobaSi bevrad<br />

ufro mtkivneuli nacionaluri erebisaTvis aRmoCnda. maTi<br />

aseTi mdgomareoba ki globalurad SeiZleba SevadaroT aRmosavluri<br />

samyaros tradiciul mcdelobas Se<strong>in</strong>arCunos TviTmyofadoba.<br />

387

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u. bekis gagebiT erovnuli saxelmwifo sruliadac ar<br />

moZvelebula. igi aucilebelic aris globalizaciis proces-<br />

Si politikurad gaformebisaTvis da transnacionalurad misi<br />

regulirebisaTvis.<br />

naxevari saukunea iwereba aSS-is upiratesi misiis Sesaxeb<br />

msoflioSi, rom is erTaderTi zesaxelmwifoa msoflioSi. evrokavSiris<br />

Seqmnis erT-erTi seriozuli sababic swored aSS-<br />

Tan ekonomikuri konkurenciaa. evrokvSiri SegviZlia miviCnioT<br />

XXI saukunis saxelmwifoTaSoris civilizaciur gaerTianebaTa<br />

nimuSad. misma wevrebma nebayoflobiT Tqves uari suverenitetis<br />

raRac nawilze, xolo erovnul saxelmwifoebriobaze<br />

da <strong>in</strong>teresebze maRla xalxis ekonomikuri keTildReoba<br />

da gaerTianebis idea daayenes.<br />

evrokavSiri globalizaciis yvelaze TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o da na-<br />

Teli gamoxatulebaa. sxva civilizaciur gaerTianebebs TiTqmis<br />

mTlianad aqvT SenarCunebuli sakuTari suvereniteti.<br />

saxelmwifos suvereniteti gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia<br />

saqarTvelis saxelmwifoebriobisaTvis. `patara qveyanas didi<br />

Secdomis daSvebis ufleba ara aqvs. saqarTvelos sagareo<br />

plitikuri kursi ar unda iyos arc prorusuli, arc proamerikuli,<br />

arc proevropuli, igi unda iyos mxolod proqarTuli<br />

da amaze unda aigos Cveni urTierToba yvela qveyanasTan<br />

Tu gv<strong>in</strong>da, rom Sev<strong>in</strong>arCunoT sakuTari Tavi da TviTmyofadoba.<br />

Cven vekuTvniT Cvens sakuTar Tavs, Cveni kulturiT, erovnuli<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobebiT aRsavse yofna aryofnis istoriiT da<br />

ma<strong>in</strong>c warsulis mTlianobisa da momavlis imediT. qarTuli<br />

sjuli ar udris mxolod sarwmunoebas, is aris cxovrebis da<br />

azrovnebis saerTo wesi. mokavSire unda veZeboT imaT Soris,<br />

visac Cven vWirdebiT, romeli qveynis mudmiv <strong>in</strong>teresebSic<br />

aris Cveni mokavSireoba~. [3, 177, 327-329]<br />

globalizaciis procesma moicva saxelmwifos iseTi specifikuri<br />

funqciebi, rogoric Tavdacva da usafrTxoebaa. es<br />

sferoebi calsaxad saxelmwifos konpetenciaSi Sedioda da<br />

mkacrad iyo gasaidumloebuli. globlizaciis procesma aqac<br />

cvlilebebi Seitana da bevri ram safuZvlianad Secvala.<br />

dRes Zalian cota qveyana Tu moiZebneba, romelic Tavdacvis<br />

strategiad neitralitets an sakuTari Zalebis imedad<br />

yofnas irCevs. axla mTavari roli globaluri da regionuli<br />

uSiSroebis <strong>in</strong>stitutebs eniWeba.<br />

388

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egionuli da globaluri politikis urTierTkavSiri<br />

tradiciuli geopolitikis CarCoebSi ver Tavsdeba. kapitalis<br />

gad<strong>in</strong>eba, terorizmi, narkotikebis kontrab<strong>and</strong>a Tu ukanono<br />

emigracia ar cnobs saxelmwifo sazRvrebs. verc erTi<br />

calke aRebuli qveyana ver gaumklavdeba am problemebs. mxolod<br />

erTiani ZalisxmeviT SeiZleba maTi gadaWra. ase rom,<br />

TviT obieqturi pirobebi qmnis suverenitetis ganawilebis<br />

aucileblobas sxvadasxva Zalebs Soris.<br />

amgvarad, globalistebis daskvna paradoqsulia; saxelmwifo<br />

suvereniteti warsulis sakuTrebaa. vestfaliis suverenuli<br />

saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso sistemam arseboba faqtiurad<br />

daamTavra. aseT SemTxvevaSi bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva:<br />

Tu msoflio politika aRar aris dafuZnebuli suverenul<br />

saxelmwifoebriobaze, rogor xorcieldeba mmarTveloba<br />

Tanamedrove globalizirebul msoflioSi?<br />

globalistebis pasuxi aseTia: Tanamedrove politikaSi<br />

SenarCunebulia saxelmwifo politika, magram igi mWidridaa<br />

gadaxlarTuli sabazro da samoqalaqo sazogadoebriv mmar-<br />

TvelobasTan.<br />

nacionalizmisa da globalizaciis arsis, Teoriisa da<br />

struqturis Seswavla gvarwmunebs, rom Tanamedrove msoflios<br />

es ori ganmsazRvreli movlena, TavianTi S<strong>in</strong>aarsiT urTierTdapirispirebuli<br />

da urTierTsaw<strong>in</strong>aaRmdego fenomenia.<br />

nacionalizmi erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis, ganmtkicebisaTvis<br />

brZola da misi Teoriuli dasabuTebaa, romlisTvisac<br />

eri, eri-saxelmwifo, suvereniteti, erovnuli<br />

ekonomika, erovnuli valuta, erovnuli kultura wm<strong>in</strong>da cnebebia<br />

da maTi dacvis, ganmtkicebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis absoluturad<br />

yvela saSualeba misaRebi da gamarTlebulia.<br />

globalizacia piriqiT, erovnuli sazRvrebisa da gansxvavebebis<br />

moSlis, eri-saxelmwifoebis gauqmebis, saerTo<br />

moqalaqeobis, erTiani zenacionaluri ekonomikis, saerTo valutis,<br />

transnacionaluri korporaciebis batonobisa da kosmopolituri<br />

kulturis gavrcelebis gamoxatuleba da Teoriuli<br />

apologiaa.<br />

nacionalizmi ukanaskneli ori saukunis manZilze yvelaze<br />

ufro mZlavri, warmatebuli da gavrcelebuli ideologia<br />

iyo. politikosebisaTvis da moqalaqeTa farTo fenebisaTvis<br />

erovnuli <strong>in</strong>teresebi iyo yvelaze ufro maRali Rirebuleba,<br />

389

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omelic gansazRvravda politikasa da mTel saerTaSoriso<br />

urTierTobebs. nacionalizmi misi liberaluri samoqalaqo<br />

formiT faqtobrivad yvela eri-saxelmwifos ideilogia iyo<br />

da saxelmwifos erT-erT mTavar iaraRad miiCneoda.<br />

XX saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi globalizaciis saxiT<br />

Tavi iC<strong>in</strong>a, axalma movlenam, rac sruliad sxva Rirebulebebs<br />

emyareba da yvelaferi imis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, rac<br />

nacionalizmisaTvis wm<strong>in</strong>da da xelSeuxebelia. cxadia, es dapirispireba<br />

ar SeiZleba umtkivneulo yofiliyo da Tavisi sityva<br />

ar eTqva Tanamedrove msoflio politikur da sazogadoebriv<br />

cxovrebaSi.<br />

am problemas msoflio gansakuTrebiT mwvaved Seejaxa<br />

90-ian wlebSi, im dros, roca globalizacia, marTlac globaluri<br />

movlena gaxda da faqtobrivad aRar darCa Zala, romelic<br />

am procesis gavrcelebasa da ganviTarebas w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobas<br />

gauwevda. swored maS<strong>in</strong> ifeTqa axalma nacionalizmma romelic,<br />

rogorc wesi eTnikuri xasiaTisaa da umwvavesi forma<br />

miiRo.<br />

am yvelaferTan erTad ibadeba kiTxva: xom ar gamoiwvia<br />

globalizciam nacionalizmis gamococxleba da xom ar warmoadgens<br />

es ukanaskneli reaqcias im tendenciebze, romelic<br />

erovnuli saxelmwifosa da erovnuli kulturis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg<br />

aris mimarTuli?<br />

mecnierTa umravlesoba am kiTxvas dadebiTad pasuxobs<br />

da miiCnevs, rom Tanamedrove nacionalizmi namdvilad aris<br />

reaqcia globalizaciaze, garkveulwilad misi Sedegic ki da<br />

amdenad es ori fenomeni ganuyofeli, erTi da igive monetis<br />

ori mxarea.<br />

avtorTa nawili ki Tvlis, rom globalizaciam piriqiT<br />

Seasusta nacionalizmi da rac ufro <strong>in</strong>tensiuri iqneba globalizaciis<br />

procesi miT ufro klebulobs nacionalizmis gamovl<strong>in</strong>ebisa<br />

da misi gvrcelebis albaToba.<br />

faqtia, rom axali nacionalisturi qmedebebi globalizaciis<br />

gamowvevaa da mas pirobiTad `antiglobalisturi nacionalizmi~<br />

SeiZleba vuwodoT.<br />

entoni smiti Tvlis, rom <strong>in</strong>tegraciuli procesebi da<br />

globalizaciis Sedegebi ver cvlis erovnuli identurobis,<br />

erovnuli kulturisa da erovnuli xasiaTis dom<strong>in</strong>antur<br />

mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. erebi da naciona-<br />

390

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lizmi globalizaciis epoqaSi rCeba Tanamedrove msoflio<br />

wesrigis erTaderT realur sayrdenad. erebi imdenad arian<br />

mibmuli TavianT istoriul ZirebTan, rom veraviTari globaluri<br />

kultura mas ver Secvlis, xolo eri-saxelmwifoebi<br />

kvlavac darCebian politikuri erTobebis mTavar formad.<br />

am mosazrebas ar iziareben globalistebi da miiCneven,<br />

rom eri-saxelmwifoebisa da miT ufro nacionalizmis epoqa<br />

ukve warsulis sakuTrebaa. TviT nacionalisturi gamosvlebic<br />

Zireulad gansxvavdeba im klasikuri nacionalizmisagan,<br />

romelic warsulis epoqisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. globalistebis<br />

azriT, nacionalisturi gamocdileba imdenadaa dakavSirebuli<br />

globalizaciasTan, ramdenadac swored globalizaciam<br />

gamoiwvia saxelmwifos dasusteba da im kontrolis<br />

moxsna, rac akavebda nacionalizmis gamovl<strong>in</strong>ebas.<br />

Tanmedrove nacionalizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wyaro<br />

gaxda globalizaciis iseTi damaxasiaTebeli da Tanmdevi<br />

fenomeni, rogoric transnacionaluri Temebi da diasporaa<br />

[4, 163].<br />

msoflio globalizacia aris urTulesi procesi, romelic<br />

gulisxmobs msoflios erT mTlian organizmad gaerTianebas.<br />

am did gaerTianebaSi ki sxvadasxva qveyana, TavianT adgils<br />

ikavebs. globalizacia dRes ukve Seuqcevadi procesi<br />

gaxda da miuxedavad survilisa is ma<strong>in</strong>c dadgeba yoveli qveynis<br />

cxovrebis dRis wesrigSi.<br />

saqarTvelo msoflios ganuyofeli nawilia da bunebrivia<br />

misi ganviTareba SesabamisobaSi xdeba. amjerad saqarTvelos<br />

mTavari amocanaa socialur-ekonomikuri krizisis daZleva.<br />

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam, sazRvrebis gaxsnam,<br />

sruliad Secvala Cveni qveynis da TiToeuli CvenTaganis<br />

cxovreba [5, 191-195].<br />

skeptikosebi Tvlian, rom nacionaluri politika iseTive<br />

mniSvnelovania, rogoric maS<strong>in</strong> iyo, roca eri-saxelmwifoebi<br />

pirvelad Camoyalibda. eri-saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur<br />

rolze saubrisas globalizaciis mow<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegeebi xSirad<br />

usvamen xazs statistikur monacemebs, riTac surT daamtkicon,<br />

rom ekonomikaSic ki saxelmwifos roli ara Tu mcirdeba,<br />

aramed izrdeba kidec [6, 228-232].<br />

msoflioSi dRes arsebuli viTareba s. hant<strong>in</strong>qtonis azriT,<br />

mxolod ramodenime aTwleuls gastans, Semdeg ki igi nam-<br />

391

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dvil multipolarul sistemas dauTmobs adgils, rasac ganapirobebs<br />

zesaxelmwifos mier unipolaruli msoflios Seqmnis<br />

mcdelobis dros saxelmwifoebis mxridan gamoxatuli w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobebi.<br />

z. bJez<strong>in</strong>ski acxadebs: `msoflios politikaSi<br />

bolos da bolos ufro uCveulo gaxdeba Zalauflebis koncentracia<br />

erTi saxelmwifos xelSi. maSasadame, aSS globaluri<br />

masStabis mqone aramarto pirveli da erTaderTi, aramed<br />

ufro safiqrebelia ukanaskneli zesaxelmwifoc ki aris~ [7,<br />

174].<br />

msoflioSi mimd<strong>in</strong>are procesebis ignorireba SeuZlebelia<br />

da aucilebeli xdeba saxelmwifo politikis formireba,<br />

romelic gansazRvravs rogorc socilur-ekonomikuri ganvi-<br />

Tarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs, aseve uzrunvelyofs erovnuli<br />

faseulobebis dacvasa da qveynis suverenitetis Senar-<br />

Cunebis pirobebs.<br />

msoflio <strong>in</strong>tegraciuli procesebi Seuqcevadia. <strong>in</strong>tegraciis<br />

epoqaSi dez<strong>in</strong>tegrciis gza damRupvelia. es aris mkacri,<br />

obieqturi realoba, romlis arcnoba yovlad SeuZlebelia.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. l. Ciqava, ram SeiZleba daa<strong>in</strong>teresos erovnuli partniorebi<br />

saqarTveloSi, JurnalSi: `komentari~, 2003-2004.<br />

2. k. kutubiZe, saxelmwifo suvereniteti da globaluri <strong>in</strong>teresebi,<br />

Tb., 2002.<br />

3. a. CikvaiZe, politikuri Wadraki, Tb., 2004.<br />

4. http://www.google.com Spenser <strong>and</strong> Wolman, 2002.<br />

5. a. abralava, erovnuli ekonomika da globalizacia, Tb.,<br />

2005.<br />

6. z. daviTaSvili, globalizacia da nacionalizmi, Tb., 2003.<br />

7. z. bzeJ<strong>in</strong>ski, didi cvlilebebi, Jurnali `sazogadoeba da<br />

politika~, 1996, #1.<br />

8. n. baraTaSvili, globalizaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi<br />

da axali msoflio wesrigi, Tb., 2004.<br />

392

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<strong>Modern</strong> Tendencies of Globalization<br />

Summary<br />

393<br />

Maia Amirgulashvili<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, Professor of the<br />

Georgian Technical University<br />

In modern world dependence to globalization is very different, which<br />

follows perception of this processes <strong>and</strong> results differently.<br />

Accord<strong>in</strong>g to modern tendencies <strong>and</strong> different views to objective<br />

analyses, generally globalization represents between countries <strong>and</strong> regions<br />

<strong>in</strong>fluence <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terdependence to re<strong>in</strong>forcement the process, which abolishes<br />

l<strong>in</strong>gual, territorial, economical, mental barriers <strong>and</strong> directed to<br />

culturalcivilization union <strong>and</strong> controlled to create l<strong>in</strong>gual system.

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�������������������<br />

394<br />

Teimuraz dalaqiSvili<br />

teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori<br />

xaTuna TodaZe<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />

profesori<br />

daviT mamulaiSvili<br />

vice-polkovniki<br />

tradiciuli kavkasiuri sabrZolo iaraRis<br />

warmoebis istoriul-geografiuli mimoxilva<br />

(ZiriTadi tipebi da saxeebi)<br />

K<br />

kavkasias mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia msoflioSi tradiciuli<br />

sabrZolo iaraRis warmoebis istoriaSi. odiTganve<br />

kavkasiel xalxebSi — ZiriTadad qarTvelebSi, CeCnebSi, <strong>in</strong>gu-<br />

Sebsa da daRestnelebSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli civi sabrZolo<br />

iaraRis warmoebis tradiciebi, ramac ganviTarebis ma-<br />

Ral safexurs miaRwia liTonis aTvisebis Semdeg.<br />

kavkasiaSi sabrZolo iaraRis warmoebis mravalsaukunovani<br />

tradiciebia saqarTveloSi — ZiriTadad xevsureTSi, Tu-<br />

SeTSi, svaneTSi, maWaxelas, enguris, pankisis, aragvisa da kav-<br />

Turis xeobebSi, CeCneTis, <strong>in</strong>guSeTisa da daRestnis maRalmTian<br />

raionebSi. strategiuli <strong>in</strong>teresebis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT,<br />

usafrTxoebis mizniT, iaraRis warmoebis procesi, rogorc<br />

sakuTriv saqarTveloSi, aseve sruliad kavkasiis masStabiT,<br />

regionuli pr<strong>in</strong>cipiT iyo diferencirebuli — iaraRis damzadebis<br />

teqnologiuri operaciebi gadanawilebuli iyo sawarmoo<br />

regionebze. sabrZolo iaraRi mzaddeboda, ZiriTadad,<br />

Znelad misagneb da misadgom adgilebSi da sawarmoo obieqtebi<br />

asrulebdnen zurgis erT-erT mTavar funqcias [1; 2].<br />

sabrZolo civi iaraRi ZiriTadad iyofa:<br />

a) tipebad daniSnulebis mixedviT<br />

• salaSqro iaraRi;<br />

• iaraRi mWidro orTabrZolisaTvis;<br />

• iaraRi distanciuri orTabrZolisaTvis;

---

• iaraRi xelCarTuli brZolisaTvis;<br />

• saritualo iaraRi.<br />

b) saxeebad samoqmedo funqciis mixedviT<br />

• samkveTlo(gamWoli);<br />

• sacemi;<br />

• saCexi;<br />

• dasmiT saseri;<br />

• saZgerebeli.<br />

am etapze Cven ganvixilavT samkveTlo, sacemi, saCexi da<br />

dasmiT saseri civi iaraRebis funqciur saxeTa jgufs [7; 8].<br />

Mmaxvili, rogorc term<strong>in</strong>i, qarTul enaSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba<br />

zogadad civi saomari iaraRis — sakuTriv klasikuri<br />

maxvilis, xmlisa da satevaris aRsaniSnavad. Mmaxvili ganekuTvneba<br />

saCex, samkveTlo da sacem iaraRTa funqciur saxeTa<br />

jgufs.<br />

igi SeiZleba yofiliyo rogorc orlesuli, aseve cal<br />

fxaze alesili, cali mxridan wakveTili wveroTi.<br />

Cvens eramde III aTaswleulSi, meliToneobis gariJraJze,<br />

sabrZolo iaraRebs Soris erT-erTi umTavresi adgili spilenZisagan<br />

damzadebul, satevris formis mokle, farTopirian<br />

orlesur maxvilebs ekavaT. iaraRis aseTi forma ganpirobebuli<br />

iyo saiaraRo masalis maRali plastikurobiTa da dabali<br />

simtkiciT. imdro<strong>in</strong>deli maxvilis zomiTa da formiT<br />

msgavseba satevarTanY bunebrivad ganapirobebda am iaraRiT<br />

brZolis Sesabamis d<strong>in</strong>amikas [7].<br />

uZvelesi br<strong>in</strong>jaos maxvili (me-9 — me-8 saukuneebi Cvens<br />

eramde) iyo grZelpiriani (1500 mm) iaraRi swori orlesuli piriT.<br />

br<strong>in</strong>jaos maxvili gamoCnda me-2 aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde,<br />

xolo rk<strong>in</strong>isa — Cvens eramde 1 aTaswleulis dasawyisSi.<br />

rk<strong>in</strong>is maxvilis sigrZe iyo araumetes 700 mm-sa, mis vadas hqonda<br />

jvris an wriuli forma. maxvilis saxeluri iyo xis, zemodan<br />

daxveuli tyaviT an rbili liToniT, an mzaddeboda mTlianad<br />

liTonisagan.<br />

iaraRis warmoebaSi foladis damkvidrebam iaraRis Seqmnis<br />

ostatebs saSualeba misca daemzadeb<strong>in</strong>aT ufro viwropiriani<br />

da grZeli maxvilebi. amasTan, satevris formis maxvili<br />

imdenad sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda, rom kidev 3 aTasi weli<br />

395

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gaagrZela arseboba, rogorc iaraRis damoukidebelma saxeobam<br />

da Tanamedrove foladis satevris saxiT moaRwia Cvenamde<br />

[7].<br />

M IX-X saukuneebis maxvils aqvs swori, ganieri piri, romelic<br />

boloSi momrgvalebulia da iTvleba, mxolod, mCexav iaraRad.<br />

XI-XII saukuneebis maxvili, Seviwrovebuli piriT da wamaxvilebuli<br />

boloTi erTdroulad gamoiyeneboda rogorc<br />

mCexavi da mCxvleti iaraRi. maxvils amzadebdnen rk<strong>in</strong>isa da<br />

bulatisagan. XII saukunis bolos maxvilis saxeluris sigrZe<br />

ise gaizarda, rom SesaZlebeli iyo misi ori xeliT gamoyeneba.<br />

am periodSi maxvils ise hqonda wamaxuli wvero, rom igi at<strong>and</strong>a<br />

abjris SeuRlebaTa adgilebSi [1; 2].<br />

Mmaxvilis qarqaSi xisagan iyo damzadebuli da dafaruli<br />

iyo tyaviT an gamZle qsoviliT. igi qamris yawimze magrdeboda.<br />

am periodSi ukve gamoCnda ra<strong>in</strong>dTa iaraRi. ra<strong>in</strong>dis maxvili<br />

iTvleboda keTilSobil iaraRad — mas akurTxebdnen<br />

mRvdelmTavrebi da figurirebda liturgiebSi, koronaciebSi<br />

da sxva. mis warmomavlobas xSirad ukavSirebdnen zebunebriv<br />

Zalebs, zogierTi maTgani TiTqos flobda magiur Tvisebebsac<br />

[2; 7].<br />

Kklasikuri ra<strong>in</strong>duli maxvilis saboloo formireba moxda<br />

XIII saukuneSi. misi saSualo sigrZe Seadgenda 750-800 mm-s,<br />

xolo maqsimaluri — 900 mm-s. maxvili iyo brtyeli, siganiT 50<br />

mm da hqonda Sua wibo. Mmaxvils hqonda aseve vada, romlis boloebi<br />

umniSvnelod ixreboda zemoT, 100 mm sigrZis saxeluri<br />

da sapirwone, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneboda, rogorc romelime<br />

qristianuli reliqviis saidumlo Sesanaxi. reliqvia<br />

icavda maxvilis siwm<strong>in</strong>des da amaRlebda misi mflobelis<br />

brZolisunarianobas. Mmisi wona Seadgenda 1,25-1,8 kilograms<br />

[7].<br />

Mme-14 saukunis I meoTxedSi, ra<strong>in</strong>dis maxvilis piri dagrZelda,<br />

ramac gazarda misi dartymiTi Zala da xelCarTuli<br />

brZolis distancia. ase gaCnda erTnaxevar saxeluriani maxvili,<br />

jer germaniaSi, xolo Semdeg <strong>in</strong>glisSi da danarCen dasavleT<br />

evropaSi [2].<br />

Tanamedrove etapze, evropuli klasifikaciis Tanaxmad,<br />

mokle maxvilad miiCneva maxvili 600 mm-mde sigrZiT, grZel<br />

maxvilad ki — maxvili sigrZiT 600-dan 1150 mm-mde, erTnaxevar<br />

saxelurianad — maxvili sigrZiT 1150 mm-dan 1450 mm-mde, xolo<br />

396

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orsaxelurianad — maxvili sigrZiT 1500 mm-ze zemoT. ukanasknelis<br />

piris siganea 50-60 mm, misi saxeluris sigrZe aRwevs<br />

300-mm-mde, xolo wona — 3,5-5 kilograms. zogierTi orsaxeluriani<br />

`mZime maxvili~ iwonida 8 kilogramamde da sigrZe aRwevda<br />

2000-mm-s [7].<br />

qarTuliM maxvilis saxeebia: aori — orlesuri, afTi-Submaxvila<br />

brtyeli targrZeli, saTumaxvila-bolokveTili, oprpirigrZeli,<br />

TuSuri orlesuri, vazri celismagvari, maqera,<br />

maxaira, spaTi, f<strong>in</strong>aki, qudabekuri, SimSeri, SuSti, CelTibrtyeli<br />

maxvili, wodgeli celismagvari, WaRvi-celismagvari,<br />

javardeni-javariani masxali. maxvilis epiTetebia musri<br />

da sagmiri [7].<br />

satevari — mokle maxvili — orlesuri moklepiriani samkveTlo<br />

iaraRia swori, zog SemTxvevaSi gadrekili piriT [7].<br />

msoflioSi uZvelesi da unikaluria kavkasiur-qarTuli<br />

— zogadqarTuli, xevsuruli, daRestnuri, TuSuri da svanuri<br />

satevari. agreTve, odiTgan cnobilia da gavrcelebuli<br />

sparsuli, siriuli, avRanuri, marokouli, damaskouri, <strong>in</strong>duri,<br />

iaponuri, Turquli, monRoluri da afrikuli satevrebi<br />

[1; 2].<br />

Kkavkasiur-qarTuli satevari gamoirCeva Tavisi TviTmyofadi<br />

formiT — misi piri SedarebiT moklea da solisebri.<br />

igi naWedia saukeTeso xarisxis foladebisagan da specialuri<br />

teqnologiiT Termuli damuSavebis Semdeg, iZens maRali meqanikuri<br />

Tvisebebis kompleqss. Yyovelive es uzrunvelyofs iaraRis<br />

maRal saeqspluatacio maxasiaTeblebs. Kkavkasiur-qar-<br />

Tuli satevaris zomebi da forma proporciuli da daxvewilia.<br />

MMmisi<br />

tari da qarqaSi mdidrulad da gemovnebiT aris mosevadebuli<br />

spilenZiTa da vercxliT, xSir SemTxvevaSi Seicavs<br />

oqros elementebs. stilizebul ornamentebSi Warbobs<br />

mzis (borjRali) da vazis gamosaxulebani, agreTve sxva Zveli,<br />

tradiciuli niSnebi [2; 4; 8].<br />

maRali sabrZolo TvisebebiT gamorCeuli KkavkasiurqarTuli<br />

satevari kavkasielTa yofis erT-erT sisxlxorceul<br />

atributad, kavkasiis kulturuli mTlianobis, kavkasiuri<br />

sulis materialur gamoxatulebad iqca [3; 4].<br />

satevari ZiriTadad Sedgeba — tarisagan, pirisagan da<br />

qarqaSisagan. satevaris tari, Tavis mxriv, Sesdgeba kotasagan,<br />

saxelurisa da vadasagan. xmlis pirs gaaCnia niRri anu yua,<br />

397

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fxa, Rari da wveri anu nestari, pirgadrekils — SaSaric. satevaris<br />

piri RarTa ganlagebiT SeiZleba iyos cerRara, calRara,<br />

orRara da samRara. satevari fxaze ileseba cali an orive<br />

mxridan. Sesabamisad arsebobs callesuri da orlesuri satevrebi.<br />

qarqaSi mzaddeba xisagan, romelic garedan gadakrulia<br />

tyaviT, xaverdiT, Txeli, furclovani liToniT da xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi mosavadebulia vercxliT da TvlebiT [1; 4]<br />

398

---

sxvadasxva tipis kavkasiur-qarTuli satevris saerTo<br />

sigrZe icvleba 40-70 mm farglebSi.<br />

Kkavkasiur-qarTuli satevaris saxeebia — bazala, Tiliyamyami<br />

(didi satevari), saTiri (farTopiriani orlesuri), Yyama<br />

(gadrekili satevari), yele (didi saritualo satevari),<br />

cxemlaiSi (didi gadrekili satevari), iatagani (gadrekili<br />

orlesuri satevari, mokle xmali), gorda (gadrekili grZeli<br />

satevari, mokle xmali), xanjlisZma da sxva. [8].<br />

Kkavkasiur-qarTuli satevaris erT-erT saxeobas — Yyeles,<br />

iseve rogorc ak<strong>in</strong>aks (laxvari orpiri, bungrZeli), uZvelesi<br />

droidan aramarto sabrZolo, aramed mkveTrad gamoxatuli<br />

warmarTuli saritualo daniSnuleba hqonda. uZvelesi qar-<br />

Tuli yama ori nawilisagan Sesdgeba da saWiroebis SemTxveva-<br />

Si iyofa orTav xeliT samoqmedod.<br />

xmali — modrekili maxvili — saCexi, samkveTlo, sacemi da<br />

dasmiT-saseri iaraRia w<strong>in</strong> gadatanili simZimis centriT. saukuneTa<br />

ganmvalobaSi xmali Cveni w<strong>in</strong>aprebis ganuyreli Tanagmgzavri<br />

da Rirsebis damcveli iyo. eris umetesi fizikuri<br />

energia, swored, mis trialSi iwrToboda da istoriis uwyvet<br />

qartexilebs, mxolod mklavmagarTa da suliTmxneTa modgma<br />

gadaurCa. zogadad, kavkasielTaTvis da kerZod, qarTveli xalxisTvis,<br />

xmali Rirseuli, kurTxeuli iaraRi iyo yovelTvis [8].<br />

qarTveloba adidebda xmals, rogorc brZolaSi maTi<br />

Rirsebis damcvel iaraRs da umRerodnen kidec mas [1; 4; 8].<br />

amaze metyvelebs qarTuli xalxuri zepirsityvierebac:<br />

xmalo xevsureTs naWedo<br />

TelavSi TuSma dagfera,<br />

mefe ereklem gakurTxa,<br />

saomrad jvari dagwera.<br />

an:<br />

xmalma Tqva: lekma gamWeda,<br />

qarTvelma mlesa fxazeda,<br />

Samkides saakaZesa,<br />

makurTxes gmiris tanzeda.<br />

xmali ZiriTadad Sedgeba — tarisagan, pirisagan da qarqaSisagan.<br />

xmlis tari, iseve rogorc satevrisa, Tavis mxriv<br />

Sedgeba kotasagan, saxelurisa da vadasagan. xmali SeiZleba<br />

iyos vada ujvro da vadajvriani. piri Sedgeba swori nawilisagan,<br />

da SaSarisagan (moRunuli nawili). xmlis pirs gaaCnia niRri<br />

anu yua, fxa, Rari da wveri anu nestari. xmali fxaze ilese-<br />

399

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a amozneqili mxridan. xmali RarTa ganlagebiT SeiZleba iyos<br />

cerRara, calRara, orRara da samRara. xmlis w<strong>in</strong> gadatanili<br />

simZimis centri zrdis dartymiT Zalas da mow<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegis dazianebis<br />

siRrmes. qarqaSi mzaddeba xisagan, romelic garedan<br />

gadakrulia tyaviT, xaverdiT, Txeli, furclovani liToniT<br />

da xSir SemTxvevaSi, iseve rogorc satevris qarqaSi, ZiriTadad<br />

mosavadebulia vercxliT da TvlebiT [1; 4; 8].<br />

xmlis ZiriTadi gavrcelebuli formebis masa uqarqaSod<br />

Seadgens 850-950 grams, qarqaSiT — 1100-1250 grams. xmlis piris<br />

sigrZe SaSaris (moRunuli nawilis) gareSe Seadgens 750-<br />

850 mm-s, xolo xmlis piris saerTo sigrZe — 950-970 mm-s [8].<br />

sulxan-saba: `ese xmalnica mravalgvarni arian, sxvaTa da<br />

sxva TemTa qmnilebaTaebr. romelic xrmali Zveli, grZeli,<br />

ganxrili, mzeveli da mkveTeli da srulia, gluvi iyos Tu gamoferdili,<br />

anu Rarosani, gorda Tu kaldimi, amas qarTvelni<br />

hyvaroben. arian sxvaca axalni da mzevelni, romelime gluvi,<br />

romelime ferdilmi da ufrore wvlili da gndovani viTarca<br />

xiSti, eseviTarTa frangni hyvaroben. arabni sxvasa, sparsni<br />

sxvasa da yovelni Temni sxvadasxva rigsa dawesebis gamo: romelime<br />

drekilTa, romelime SvetTa, romelime basrTa, sxvani<br />

rbilTa, TemTa da wesTa gamo~ [5].<br />

msoflioSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebul xmlebs miekuTvneba<br />

kavkasiur-qarTuli, evropuli (franguli), iranuli (sparsuli),<br />

tajikuri, avRanuri, <strong>in</strong>duri, arabuli da osmaluri. Semonaxulia,<br />

agreTve, uZvelesi xeTuri xmlis nimuSi.<br />

kavkasiur-qarTuli xmlebi — xevsuruli, daRestnuri da<br />

sxva, uZvelesia da misi istoria aTaswleulebs iTvlis. kavkasiur—qarTuli<br />

xmlebi aris, rogorc vadajvriani, aseve uvadajvro.<br />

maTi piri naWedia saukeTeso foladebisagan da specialuri<br />

Termuli damuSavebis Semdeg, flobs urTierTgamomricxavi<br />

meqanikuri Tvisebebis — erTdroulad maRali sisalisa<br />

da dartymiTi siblantis (plastikurobis) kompleqss. misi<br />

zomebi da forma proporciuli da daxvewilia [4; 8].<br />

kavkasiur-qarTuli xmlebis tari da qarqaSi, iseve rogorc<br />

satevarisa, mdidrulad da gemovnebiT aris mosavadebuli,<br />

ZiriTadad, spilenZiT da vercxliT, xSirad oqroTi dafaruliT.<br />

stilizebul ornamentebSi, iseve rogorc satevris<br />

SemTxvevaSi, sWarbobs mzis (borjRali) da vazis gamosaxulebani,<br />

agreTve, sxva Zveli, tradiciuli niSnebi [1; 4; [8].<br />

400

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Kkavkasiur-qarTuli xmlebis saxeebia: bawarauli — grexiT<br />

naWedi; bera — momcro, pirfarTe; callesuri; gvelispiruli;<br />

gorda — mokle xmali (grZeli satevari); daviTferuli; mamalfranguli<br />

— afraki (gadrekili) xmali; iatagani — orlesuri<br />

mokle xmali (gadrekili orlesuri<br />

satevari); lekuri —<br />

uvadajvro xmali; vadajvriani<br />

qarTul—kavkasiuri;<br />

mTiuluri xmali kvr<strong>in</strong>Cxa;<br />

nakudauri; nibCa — mokle<br />

xmali; sabarkali — unagirze<br />

dasakravi mokle xmali; Waruli;<br />

wvrila; Wolauri —<br />

gamWol-gamkveTi; xmaljoxa<br />

— xeljoxSi SeniRbuli xmali;<br />

jigraula, kudaxmali,<br />

da sxva [8].<br />

dana, samkveTlo da<br />

dasmiT saseri iaraRia da<br />

iseve rogorc sxva samkveTloni,<br />

kavkasiaSi cnobilia<br />

qvis xanidan. CvenSi igi<br />

srulyofili saxiT iwarmoeba<br />

liTonis aTvisebis Semdeg<br />

— Cvens eramde II aTaswleulidan<br />

da im Soreul<br />

warsulSic igi gamoiyeneboda<br />

rogorc sabrZolo, ise<br />

saritualo (daniT Selocvebi,<br />

danaze daficeba da<br />

sxva) daniSnulebiT [3; 4].<br />

401<br />

xmlis konstruqciuli<br />

elementebi

---

xmlisa da maxvilis<br />

zogierTi saxeoba<br />

Ddana sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebSi, Ziri-<br />

Tadad, damxmare iaraRia<br />

da igi Seucvlelia<br />

mWidro Serk<strong>in</strong>ebaSi,<br />

rodesac didi<br />

zomis iaraRs ver<br />

iyeneb — zezela da<br />

kotrialiT brZolisas,<br />

cxenze SextomiT<br />

mxedarze Setevisas,<br />

agreTve, nadirobisas<br />

da sxva. amasTan, dana,<br />

gansakuTrebiT samstovro<br />

operaciebSi<br />

da nadirobisas gamoiyeneboda,<br />

rogorc<br />

sasroli iaraRi. Ddanis<br />

srolis optimalur,<br />

efeqtur manZilad<br />

miCneulia 4-9 nabiji<br />

(3 — 7 metri).<br />

Kkavkasiur-qar-<br />

Tuli danebis saxeebia:<br />

sayuneli, ciRvi,<br />

w<strong>and</strong>eli, Witadana, danaki — zomieri dana, xanjliSvila, gadixvadi<br />

— TuSuri dana, raWuli, ursa, bebuTi — gadrekili dana,<br />

aWaruli Rariani, SalTi, saTuli, megruli sasroli funCiani<br />

(bolofunja), gaCi — svanuri dana, sagulavi — jayva (ciRvi),<br />

sayuneli — samarTebeli, lursa — xevsuruli dana, SalTi —<br />

didi dana, talRa dana, w<strong>and</strong>eli — mokakvuli dana, Witadana —<br />

ukeci patara dana, xami — megruli dana, rkala dana, saTiri da<br />

sxva.<br />

D<br />

402

---

danis ZiriTadi saxeebi<br />

kavkasielebi iaraRis moxmarebis CvevaTa gamomuSavebas<br />

bavSvobidan, 5 —7 wlis asakidan iwyebdnen.<br />

kavkasiaSi sabrZolo civi iaraRi xatis enaze iwodeboda<br />

rogorc iamani [7; 8].<br />

w<strong>in</strong>amdebare naSromSi mokled mimovixileT tradiciuli<br />

kavkasiuri sabrZolo civi iaraRebis samkveTlo, sacemi, saCexi<br />

da dasmiT saseri funqciuri saxeebis jgufi, zogadad gavaanalizeT<br />

maTi warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis zogierTi istoriul-geografiuli<br />

aspeqti, konstruqciuli Taviseburebani,<br />

daniSnuleba da gamoyenebis sfero.<br />

Cveni Semdgomi muSaobis mizania iaraRebis warmoadgenili<br />

jgufis konstruqciul- teqnologiuri elementebis TaviseburebaTa<br />

kvleva da Sesabamisad, mTavari saxasiaTo kriteriumebis<br />

— meqanikuri Tvisebebisa da sabrZolo maxasiaTeblebis<br />

analizi.<br />

403

---

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. g. gamyreliZe, m. fircxalava, g. yifiani. Zveli saqarTvelos<br />

samxedro istoriis sakiTxebi, Ggamomcemloba `artanuji~,<br />

Tbilisi, 2005.<br />

2. Archeology <strong>in</strong> southern Caucasus: Perspectives from Georgia, Edited by<br />

Antonio Sagona <strong>and</strong> Mikheil Abramishvili, Peeters, Leuven-Paris-<br />

Dudley, MA. 2008.<br />

3. x. ioseliani, tradiciuli qarTuli sabrZolo iaraRi, Mmeomris<br />

biblioTeka # 21, saqarTvelos Tavdacvis sam<strong>in</strong>istros<br />

gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2009.<br />

4. n. rexviaSvili, qarTuli xalxuri rk<strong>in</strong>a-mWedloba, Tbilisi,<br />

1964.<br />

5. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I, Tbilisi,<br />

1991.<br />

6. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. II, Tbilisi,<br />

1993.<br />

7. T. dalaqiSvili, maxvili, samSoblos damcveli # 6, saqar-<br />

Tvelos Tavdacvis sam<strong>in</strong>istros gamomcemloba, Tbilisi,<br />

2004.<br />

8. T. dalaqiSvili, xmali, samSoblos damcveli # 8, saqarTvelos<br />

Tavdacvis sam<strong>in</strong>istros gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2004.<br />

Ttimuraz Dalaqishvili<br />

Doctor of the Technical Sciences, Kolonel<br />

Khatuna Todadze<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, Professor<br />

Davit Mamulaishvili<br />

Leitenant Kolonel<br />

Traditional Caucasus cold weapons <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> geography of their<br />

production Ma<strong>in</strong> types<br />

Summary<br />

This article represents traditional Caucasus cold weapon tipes witch<br />

belongs to the cutt<strong>in</strong>g groups. Hier is revived historical aspects <strong>and</strong> geography<br />

of their production. Is given analysis of weapon designes <strong>and</strong> sum<br />

constructural properties. Also is revived purpose of such type cold weapons.<br />

404

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�������������������������<br />

eldar bubulaSvili<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane<br />

javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />

<strong>in</strong>stitutis axali da uaxlesi istoriis<br />

ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-<br />

TanamSromeli<br />

ucnobi masalebi sasuliero ganaTlebis Sesaxeb<br />

XX s-is 20-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi<br />

qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad aRiarebis Semdeg<br />

(IV s-is pirveli naxevari) saqarTveloSi saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo<br />

centrebi eklesia-monastrebis bazaze Camoyalibda.<br />

marTalia, Tavdapirvelad garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />

(IVs-dan VI s-is 20-30-ian wlebamde) saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

mwyemsmTavrebad antioqiidan movl<strong>in</strong>ebuli araqarTveli sasuliero<br />

pirebi <strong>in</strong>iSnebodnen, magram mRvdelTmsaxurTa momzadeba<br />

adgilobrivad xdeboda. aqve qarTul enaze iTargmneboda<br />

aucilebeli saRvTismsaxuro literatura, saRmrTo werili<br />

da sxva. werilobiTma wyaroebma TiTqmis araviTari cnobebi<br />

ar Semogv<strong>in</strong>axa pirveli sasuliero saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo<br />

skolebis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi samonastro cxovrebis<br />

damkvidrebis Semdeg (VI-IX ss) monastrebi iqca mZlavr saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo<br />

centrebad. marTalia dasaxelebul<br />

periodSi maRali socialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa Svilebi<br />

samefo karze an sakuTar ojaxSi Rebulobdnen ganaTlebas,<br />

magram momavali sasuliero pirTa aRzrda eklesia-monastrebSi<br />

xdeboda. grigol xancTelis cxovrebaSi mwiri, magram<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>tereso cnobebia daculi samonastro saswavlo skolebis<br />

Sesaxeb. mis mier IX saukuneSi tao-klarjeTSi daarsebul eklesia-monastrebSi<br />

funqcionirebda sasuliero saswavleblebi,<br />

sadac mcire asakidan ymawvilebi sasuliero ganaTlebas<br />

euflebodnen. tao-klarjeTis samonastro skolebidan gamosuli<br />

sasuliero pirTa ZalisxmeviT X-XI saukuneebSi sazRvargareT<br />

(aTonis mTa, s<strong>in</strong>as mTa da sxva.) Seiqmna mZlavri samonastro-samecniero<br />

centrebi.<br />

405

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ogorc wyaroebidan Cans, eklesia-monastrebTan arsebuli<br />

saswavleblebi ZiriTadad sasuliero kadrebs amzadebda,<br />

romelTagan zogierTi sasuliero saqmianobasTan erTad<br />

SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas eweoda. daviT aRmaSeneblis (1089-<br />

1125) dros daarsebuli gelaTis akademia samecniero-saswavlo<br />

centrs warmoadgenda, sadac sasuliero literaturasTan<br />

erTad saero sagnebsac aswavlidnen. akademiaSi moRvawe arsen<br />

iyalToeli, ioane petriwi da sxvebi mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobasTan<br />

erTad orig<strong>in</strong>aluri xasiaTis nawarmoebebsac qmnidnen.<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiaSi Zveli periodidanve damkvidrda<br />

ioane oqropiris, basil didis, maqsime aRmsareblis da sxva<br />

wirva-locvis wesi, riTac mniSvnevlovnad gamdidrda saqar-<br />

Tvelos eklesiis saRvTismsaxuro praqtika. eklesia did yuradRebas<br />

uTmobda sasuliero kadrebis momzadebas. saRvTismsaxuro<br />

praqtikasTan erTad, maT Sesabamisi ganaTlebac unda<br />

hqonodaT. momavali sasuliero pirTa swavleba qarTvel moRvaweTa<br />

orig<strong>in</strong>alur sasuliero mwerlobasa da amave xasiaTis<br />

naTargmn liturgikul Zeglebs eyrdnoboda.<br />

wyaroebma mcire cnobebi Semogv<strong>in</strong>axes Tu rogor xdeboda<br />

momavali sasuliero pirTa aRzrda. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia,<br />

1083 wels grigol bakurianis Zis mier petriwonSi (dRev<strong>and</strong>eli<br />

bulgareTi) daarsebul monasterTan arsebuli sem<strong>in</strong>aria,<br />

sadac adgilobrivi monastrisaTvis amzadebdnen sasuliero<br />

kadrebs. sem<strong>in</strong>ariaSi Rebulobdnen uwver-ulvaSo mozardebs,<br />

romelTa patronobas monasteri sakuTari xarjiT uzrunvelyofda.<br />

moZRvari maT aswavlida saRmrTo werils, gramatikas,<br />

ritorikas, dialeqtikas, galobas. tipikonis mixedviT, rodesac<br />

is<strong>in</strong>i wamoizrdebodnen da `wuerTa ganasrulen~, v<strong>in</strong>c<br />

mRvdlobis xarisxs Seefereboda sasuliero pirad akurTxebdnen,<br />

darCenili nawili ki sem<strong>in</strong>arias tovebda [1, 116].<br />

XVI-XVII saukuneebSi politikuri viTarebisa da gareSe<br />

mterTa Semosevebis Sedegad mravali eklesia-monasteri ganadgurda,<br />

sazRvargareT arsebulma qarTulma qristianulma<br />

centrebis umravlesobam arseboba Sewyvita. marTalia dasaxelebul<br />

periodSi samonastro cxovreba ar Sewyvetila, magram<br />

aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo garkveuli xarvezebi Se<strong>in</strong>iSneboda<br />

sasuliero kadrebis momzadebaSi.<br />

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos kaTolikos—<br />

patriarqis anton I-is (1744-1788) xelmZRvanelobiT Tbilissa<br />

406

---

da TelavSi daarsebulma sasuliero saswavleblebma mniSvnelovani<br />

roli Seasrules sasuliero kadrebis momzadebaSi,<br />

magram qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg aRniSnulma<br />

saswavleblebma funqcionireba Sewyvita [2, 36].<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukideblobis dakargvis Semdeg,<br />

1817 wels ruseTis s<strong>in</strong>odis gadawyvetilebiT TbilisSi daarsda<br />

rusuli sasuliero sem<strong>in</strong>aria. garda amisa Camoyalibda<br />

dabali safexuris saswavleblebi: samrevlo skolebi da samazro<br />

sasuliero saswavleblebi. egzarxosobis periodSi arsebuli<br />

sasuliero saswavleblebi carizmis koloniuri politikis<br />

gatarebas emsaxureboda. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis<br />

aRdgenis (1917 wlis 12 marti) Semdeg sasuliero saswavleblebi<br />

marTalia ruseTis s<strong>in</strong>odis mmarTvelobas gamoeyo, magram saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg xelisuflebis<br />

saTaveSi mosuli aTeisturi social-demokratiuli<br />

mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT 1918-1919 wlebSi sasuliero saswavleblebis<br />

nacionalizacia ganxorcielda. saqarTvelos ka-<br />

Tolikos-patriarqebma: kirion II-m (1917-1918 ) da leonidem<br />

(1919-1921) sasuliero kadrebis momzadebis mizniT araerTxel<br />

moiTxoves sasuliero saswavleblis gaxsnis nebarTva, magram<br />

xelisufleba maT moTxovnas uariT pasuxobda.<br />

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pirveli wlebidanve<br />

eklesia mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavarda. sarwmunoebis mimarT agresiulad<br />

ganwyobilma aTeisturma sabWoTa mTavrobam eklesia<br />

kanongareSed gamoacxada. garTulebuli politikuri viTarebis<br />

miuxedavad, 1921 wels axladarCeulma kaTolikos — patriarqma<br />

ambrosi xelaiam (1921-1927) aqtiuri moqmedeba daiwyo sasuliero<br />

saswavleblis daarsebisaTvis. man 1922 wels sakaTalikoso<br />

sabWos sxdomaze daayena sakiTxi samoZRvro saswavleblis<br />

daarsebis Sesaxeb. sasuliero saswavleblis daf<strong>in</strong>anseba<br />

eklesiis Semosavlebidan unda momxdariyo. eklesias unda ezrunva<br />

sasawavleblis moswavleTa Cacma-daxurvaze, dab<strong>in</strong>avebaze<br />

da kvebaze. patriarqis w<strong>in</strong>adadebiT samoZRvro saswavlebeli<br />

w<strong>in</strong>amorbedi patriarqis leonide oqropiriZis saxelobis<br />

unda yofiliyo. sakaTolikoso sabWom moiwona kaTolikos-patriarq<br />

ambrosis w<strong>in</strong>adadeba da misive dadgenilebiT leonides<br />

saxelobis samoZRvro sasuliero saswavleblis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebuli<br />

organizaciuli sakiTxebis mogvareba daevala imxanad<br />

qaSueTis wm. giorgis eklesiis w<strong>in</strong>amZRvars, dekanoz ka-<br />

407

---

listrate c<strong>in</strong>caZes. igi gulisxmierad moekida kaTolikos-patriarqis<br />

da sakaTalikoso sabWos gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebas.<br />

man umokles droSi Seadg<strong>in</strong>a saswavlo gegma da pedagogebad Sesabamisi<br />

dargis specialistebic moiwvia.<br />

1922 wlis 27 aprils sakaTalikoso sabWos darbazSi sasuliero<br />

pirTa T<strong>and</strong>aswrebiT, romelsac kaTolikos-patriarqis<br />

ambrosis garda eswreboda sakaTalikosos sabWos wevrebi,<br />

sazeimod gaixsna leonides saxelobis samoZRvro saswavlebeli.<br />

damswre sazogadoebas sityviT mimarTa saswavleblis<br />

gaxsnis organizatorma dekanozma kalistrate c<strong>in</strong>caZem, romelmac<br />

aRniSna: `...dRes ixsneba kaTolikos-patriarqis leonides<br />

saxelobis samoZRvro saswavlebeli, es Cveni eris cxovrebaSi<br />

ubadlo swavla-aRzrdis taZari...<br />

marTalia, warsulSi Cven gvqonda akademia-sem<strong>in</strong>ariebi,<br />

iyalTo-gelaTSi da Telav—Tbilis—quTaisSi, magram is saswavleblebi<br />

arsebiTad ganirCeodnen Cvenis Sobad gamzadebulis<br />

saswavleblebisagan: is<strong>in</strong>i iZleodnen specialur codnas-<br />

Tan erTad sazogadosac da arsebobdnen saxelmwifos meoxebiT<br />

Tu ara misi mZlavris daxmarebiT ma<strong>in</strong>c. Cveni saswavlebeli<br />

ki pirdapir profesionaluria da iarsebebs TviT Tavadi<br />

eklesiis sakuTari Zal-RoniT...<br />

Tavis Tavad cxadia, Cven mogvelis mravali dabrkolebani,<br />

magram Cven es ar gvaS<strong>in</strong>ebs: umTavresi dabrkoleba daZleulia,<br />

saswavlebeli uzrunvelyofilia gamocdil — daxelovnebul<br />

maswavleblebiT, romelnic SekavSirebulni arian mtkice<br />

surviliT, miscen mSoblio deda-enaze momzadebulni, spetaki<br />

zneobis sityviT da saqmiT mqadagebelni moZRvarni...<br />

naklebad aris Cveni saswavlebeli uzrunvelyofili<br />

moswavleTa raodenobiT, (siaSi aRniSnul 12-dan, dRes gamocxadda<br />

mxolod 4 ), magram Cven guls ma<strong>in</strong>c ar vitexavT, — qriste-macxovris<br />

mowafeTa raodenoba pirvelad ganisazRvreboda<br />

ori adamianiT...<br />

ufro naklebad aris igi uzrunvelyofili nivTierad,<br />

magram Cven arc amas uS<strong>in</strong>debiT: v<strong>in</strong>c zrunavs mfr<strong>in</strong>velTaTvis<br />

cisa da SroSanTaTvis velisa, is ar moaklebs Tavis madlsa da<br />

mfarvelobas mociqulebrivi siyvaruliT gamsWvalul moRvaweT~[3,<br />

101].<br />

sityvis dasasruls dekanozi kalistrate mimarTavs ka-<br />

Tolikos-patriarqs ambrosis: `am imedebiT SevcqeriT Cven,<br />

408

---

meufeo wm<strong>in</strong>dao, momavals da vsasoebT, Tqveni uwm<strong>in</strong>desoba<br />

dauTmobT eklesias siyvaruliT aRsavse gulSi Sesafer adgils<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis momaval dedaboZs...~ [3, 101].<br />

axlad daarsebul sasuliero saswavlebelSi iswavleboda<br />

RvTismetyveleba, saeklesio istoria, galoba, RvTismsaxureba,<br />

qarTuli ena, mqadamgebloba, kanonika da saRmrTo werili.<br />

sakaTalikoso sabWos gadawyvetilebiT samoZRvro saswavleblis<br />

direqtorad da<strong>in</strong>iSna dekanozi kalistrate c<strong>in</strong>ca-<br />

Ze. manve saswavleblis pedagogebad moiwvia cnobili sasuliero<br />

pirebi. RvTismetyvelebas aswavlida dekanozi ilia Subla-<br />

Ze, saeklesio istorias — dekanozi giorgi gamrekeli, qarTul<br />

galobas — dekanozi solomon ustiaSvili, RvTismsaxurebas —<br />

dekanozi markoz tyemalaZe, qarTul enas — episkoposi qristefore<br />

cicqiSvili, qadagebas — dekanozi nikita TalakvaZe,<br />

kanonikas — dekanozi kalistrate c<strong>in</strong>caZe, saRmrTo werils —<br />

dekanozi mixeil fxalaZe.<br />

werilobiT wyaroebSi aRniSnuli saswavlebeli zogjer<br />

samoZRvro kursebis saxeliTaa cnobili.<br />

samoZRvro saswavlebelSi iricxeboda 12 moswavle. samwuxarod<br />

wyaroebSi araviTari cnobebi ar gvaqvs moswavleTa v<strong>in</strong>aobis<br />

Sesaxeb. raionidan Camosuli moswavleebi cxovrobdnen ka-<br />

Tolikos — patriarqis rezidenciis (yofili egzarqosis Senoba)<br />

qveda sarTulze. maT kvebaze da Cacma-daxurvaze eklesia<br />

zrunavda. saswavlo procesi mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda yoveldRe, orSaba-<br />

Tidan SabaTis CaTvliT. wirva-locvis dros moswavleebi sasuliero<br />

pirebs exmarebodnen RvTismsaxurebis CatarebaSi. didi<br />

saeklesio dResaswaulebis dros ardadegebi cxaddeboda. saswavlo<br />

procesi tardeboda kaTalikosis karis eklesiaSi.<br />

samoZRvro saswavlebelma ramdenime Tve iarseba. kaTolikos<br />

ambrosi xelaias mier genuis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze<br />

mimarTvis gagzavnis gamo sabWoTa xelisuflebam eklesiaze<br />

zewola gaaZliera. aRniSnuli mizeziT 1923 wlis 12 ianvars<br />

samoZRvro saswavlebelma funqcionireba Sewyvita. imave<br />

wlis 13 ianvars daapatimres saswavleblis direqtori dekanozi<br />

kalistrate da pedagogi ilia SublaZe. Semdgom daapatimres<br />

sakaTalikoso sabWos wevrebi da kaTolikosi ambrosi. sab-<br />

WoTa mTavrobis gankargulebiT eklesias CamoarTves sakaTalikoso<br />

rezidenciac. raionidan Camosuli moswavleebi TavSesafris<br />

gareSe darCnen.<br />

409

---

patimrobidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg kvlav iyo sasuliero<br />

saswavleblis gaxsnis mcdeloba, magram sabWoTa mTavrobam<br />

kaTolikos ambrosis Txovna ar daakmayofili. arada aSkara iyo,<br />

rom eklesia sasuliero pirTa da mgalobelTa gundis naklebobas<br />

ganicdida. XX saukunis meore naxevridan gaZlierebuli<br />

aTeizmis pirobebSi eklesiebSi wirva-locva usaxsroobis gamo<br />

mgalobelTa gundis gareSe tardeboda. axladnakurTxma episkoposma<br />

kalistrate c<strong>in</strong>caZem morwmune mrevlis mxardaWeriT<br />

(a. TikanaZe, n, musxeliSvili, q. madiCi, b. masxaraSvili da sxva)<br />

imdro<strong>in</strong>deli sabWoTa kanonebis Sesatyvisad qaSueTis wm. giorgis<br />

eklesiis mgalobelTa gundis materialuri uzrunvelyofisaTvis<br />

1925 wlis 10 noembers kaTolikos-patriarqis ambrosis<br />

kurTxeviT daarsa `qalTa wre.~ kalistratem SeimuSava<br />

`qalT wris~ wesdeba, romelsac amSvenebda kaTolikos ambrosis<br />

Semdegi rezolucia: `vamtkiceb siamovnebiT, saqarTvelo qalis<br />

(RvTismSoblis) wilxvdomilia, qalisa mier (n<strong>in</strong>os) ganaTlebulia,<br />

qalis mier (Tamari) ayvavebulia da qalisave mier (Su-<br />

Saniki da qeTevani) gabrwy<strong>in</strong>ebulia. vamtkiceb, rom qvaSveTis<br />

wm. giorgis eklesiis `qalTa wre~ daayenebs galobis saqmes ise,<br />

rom Seiqmneba samagaliTod sxvebisaTvis. moviwvev uflis kur-<br />

Txevas axlad dayenebul saqmeze~ [4, 325].<br />

`qalTa wris~ wevrebi ZiriTadad iyvnen morwmune m<strong>and</strong>ilosnebi.<br />

wesdebis mixedviT sazogadoebis wevrad gaxdoma SeeZlo<br />

agreTve mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebsac. `qalTa<br />

wris~ wevrebs yovelTviurad sawevros saxiT fuladi Tanxebi<br />

SehqondaT sazogadoebis fondSi.<br />

kalistrate c<strong>in</strong>caZis <strong>in</strong>iciativiT Seqmnili `qalTa<br />

wris~ mizani aramarto qaSueTis wm. giorgis eklesiis mgalobelTa<br />

gundis materialuri uzrunvelyofa iyo, aramed aRniSnuli<br />

wre miznad isaxavda Zveli saeklesio sagaloblebis Seswavlas<br />

da mis popularizacias. aqedan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are aRniSnul<br />

`qalTa wres~ saganmanaTleblo daniSnulebac hqonda.<br />

qaSueTis wm. giorgis eklesiasTan arsebulma `qalTa<br />

wrem~ 1929 wlis 31 dekembramde iarseba. Tavisi arsebobis man-<br />

Zilze man aTeisturi reJimis pirobebSi didi roli Seasrula<br />

saeklesio sagaloblebis popularizaciaSi da rac mTavaria<br />

misi daf<strong>in</strong>ansebiT 4 wlis manZilze qaSueTis wm. giorgis eklesias<br />

wirva-locvis dros emsaxureboda profesionali mgalobelTa<br />

gundi.<br />

410

---

Semdgom periodSi saqarTvelos eklesiis xelmZRvanel-<br />

Ta didi mcdelobis miuxedavad sabWoTa aTeisturi reJimis<br />

gamo 1963 wlamde (dasaxelebul wels mcxeTaSi sasuliero<br />

kadrebis momzadebis mizniT gaixsna samoZRvro saswavlebeli)<br />

ver moxerxda sasuliero saswavleblis daarseba.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. a. SaniZe, qarTvelTa monasteri bulgareTSi da misi tipikoni,<br />

Tb., 1971.<br />

2. a. rogava, saxalxo ganaTleba erekle meoris xanis qarTlkaxeTSi<br />

da anton pirveli, Tb., 1950.<br />

3. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kalistrate c<strong>in</strong>caZis piradi<br />

fondi, saqme #97.<br />

4. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, kalistrate c<strong>in</strong>caZis piradi<br />

fondi, saqme #117.<br />

Eldar Bubulashvili<br />

Doctor of Historical sciences, Chief scientistresearcher<br />

of the Department of <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong> of the Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Institute of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology<br />

Unknown Material about Religious Education (20-ies of the 20 th century)<br />

Summary<br />

In the scientific work on the basis of study<strong>in</strong>g of recently revealed<br />

unknown material it is ascerta<strong>in</strong>ed that <strong>in</strong> April, 1922 on the <strong>in</strong>itiative of the<br />

Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia Ambrosi Khelaia confessional religious school<br />

was established <strong>in</strong> order to prepare ecclesiastical personnel. Director of<br />

Confessional School was Archpriest Kalistrate Ts<strong>in</strong>tsadze who on consecration<br />

of the Patriarch compiled a curriculum <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>vited specialists of correspond<strong>in</strong>g<br />

field. Well-known ecclesiastics were <strong>in</strong>vited as teachers. Church took care of<br />

students’ nutrition, accommodation <strong>and</strong> dress<strong>in</strong>g questions. Students lived at the<br />

patriarchate residence. The school existed till 12 January, 1923. It was closed on<br />

the <strong>in</strong>struction of the Soviet atheistic regime.<br />

In the work activity of `Women Circle~ of Kashueti St. Giorgi Church<br />

is also studied. This group of women provided choristers of the church with<br />

f<strong>in</strong>ancial supply.<br />

411

---

412<br />

sofio <strong>and</strong>RulaZe<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />

doqtori<br />

qarTveli samRvdeloeba sabWoTa<br />

totalitaruli reJimis damyarebis<br />

periodSi da episkoposi stefane bodbeli<br />

(vasil karbelaSvili)<br />

sasuliero wodebas, ramdenadac is sazogadoebis sarwmunoebriv-zneobrivi<br />

kulturis aRzrda-ganspetakebas emsaxureba,<br />

udidesi misia akisria RvTisa da eris w<strong>in</strong>aSe. saqarTvelos<br />

mravalsaukunovani istoria faqtobrivad qristianulmarTlmadidebluri<br />

rwmenis SenarCuneba-ganmtkicebisaTvis<br />

brZolis istorias warmoadgens, amitom ganuzomlad didia<br />

qarTveli samRvdeloebis Rvawli maradiuli faseulobebis<br />

dacvisaTvis brZolaSi. odiTganve, usjulo dampyroblebis<br />

Semosevebis Sedegad, qarTveli xalxi araerTxel damdgara<br />

erovnuli sarwmunoebis dakargvis safrTxis w<strong>in</strong>aSe. magram<br />

iseTi Zalmomreoba, rac saqarTvelom XIX saukunis dasawyisidan,<br />

erTmorwmune ruseTis mier aneqsiis Semdeg ganicada, mas<br />

arasodes ganucdia [5, 2]. ruseTis uzarmazari imperiis sarwmunoebrivi<br />

politika, upirveles yovlisa, erovnuli faseulobebis<br />

ganadgurebisaken iyo mimarTuli, rasac saboloo<br />

jamSi imperiaSi Semavali xalxebis asimilirebis procesisaTvis<br />

unda Seewyo xeli. erovnuli eklesiis damoukideblobis<br />

dakargvis dRidan, qarTvelma samRvdeloebam, Tavisi funqciadaniSnulebis<br />

Sesabamisad, avtokefaliis aRsadgenad da erovnuli<br />

marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis dacvisaTvis brZola<br />

daiwyo. 1917 wlis 12 marts, ruseTis imperiaSi gamefebuli politikuri<br />

krizisis pirobebSi, qarTvelma samRvdeloebam<br />

udides gamarjvebas miaRwia, roca man saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

avtokefalia (TviTmmarTveloba) gamoacxada. aRniSnuli gamarjveba<br />

mxolod brZolis dasawyisi aRmoCnda, radgan saqar-<br />

Tvelos eklesias, politikuri klimatis cvlilebebis Sesabamisad,<br />

Tavisi uflebebis dakanonebisaTvis brZola xangrZlivi<br />

drois ganmavlobaSi mouxda.

---

saqarTvelos demokratiuli mTavrobis mmarTvelobis periodSi<br />

(1918-1921) saqarTvelos eklesia arc Tu saxarbielo<br />

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. 1920 wlis 19 noembris proeqtiT eklesiis<br />

saxelmwifosagan gamoyofis Sesaxeb, igi saxelmwifosagan<br />

damoukidebeli aRmoCnda ara marto materialurad, aramed<br />

ganTavisuflebul iqna saxelmwifo funqciebisganac<br />

(qorw<strong>in</strong>eba, dabadeba, gardacvaleba da sxva). eklesiis erTaderT<br />

funqciad darCa morwmuneTa religiuri moTxovnilebebis<br />

dakmayofileba. aseve igi gaTanabrebul iqna sxvadasxva religiur<br />

mimd<strong>in</strong>areobebTan. qarTveli samRvdeloebis mcdeloba,<br />

axal demokratiul mTavrobasTan daaxlovebisa da masTan<br />

TanamSromlobis Taobaze, marcxiT damTavrda. eklesiis saxelmwifosagan<br />

gamoyofis sakiTxi, demokratiuli mTavrobis<br />

<strong>in</strong>iciativiT, misi programis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad ganxorcielda,<br />

romelmac saxelmwifoSi religiis sakiTxi erovnul<br />

sakiTxs dauTmo [2, 160].<br />

sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

okupaciisa da aneqsiis Semdeg (1921 wlis 25 Tebervali),<br />

saqarTvelos politikur-kulturuli cxovreba Zirfesvianad<br />

Seicvala. bolSevikuri xelisuflebis mier axali komunisturi<br />

ideologiis danergva mxolod Zalis gamoyenebiT SeuZlebeli<br />

gaxda. mas mdidari kulturisa da tradiciebis matarebeli<br />

xalxis moralur-fsiqologiur ganwyobaze unda moexd<strong>in</strong>a<br />

zegavlena. komunisturi ideologiiTa da fsiqikuri<br />

wyobiT gajerebuli adamianis formireba metad xangrZlivi da<br />

rTuli aRmoCnda, radgan, saamisod saWiro iyo sazogadoebis<br />

mier tradiciuli faseulobebis uaryofa, axlis danergva-ga-<br />

Taviseba, komunizmis rwmenis simbolod gadaqceva, erovnuli<br />

religiis nacvlad axali, socialisturi idealebis SeTviseba<br />

da Sesisxlxorceba. amitom, xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosulma<br />

bolSevikurma xelisuflebam daundobeli brZola gamoucxada<br />

im klasebsa da socialur fenebs, romlebic maTi ideologiisaTvs<br />

miuRebeli iyo [1, 393-394]. am mimarTulebiT yvelaze<br />

didi zewola sasuliero wodebam ganicada. totalitaruli<br />

reJimis damyarebis fonze gaCaRebulma antireligiurma kompaniam<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis mesveuri samRvdeloeba axali<br />

problematuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetis w<strong>in</strong>aSe daayena. sabWouri<br />

ideologia mTeli simZafriT daupirispirda eklesias. sa-<br />

413

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qarTvelos erovnulma eklesiam saxelmwifos w<strong>in</strong>aSe kvlav dakarga<br />

Tavisi umTavresi istoriuli funqcia-daniSnuleba,<br />

qarTveli samRvdeloebis brZola sxva ganzomilebaSi gadavida<br />

da is umTavresad eklesiis fizikuri gadarCenis Zalisxmevas<br />

daukavSirda.<br />

Cvens mizans Seadgens XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi qarTveli<br />

samRvdeloebis Rvawlis warmoCena erovnuli marTlmadidebluri<br />

rwmenis SenarCuneba-ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. gaanalizeba<br />

imisa, Tu rogori <strong>in</strong>teleqtualuri potencialiTa da sulieri<br />

simtkiciT Sexvda sasuliero wodeba bolSevikuri xelisuflebis<br />

mier sarwmunoebis devna-Seviwrovebis seriozul da<br />

saxifaTo gamowvevas, rogor afasebda is arsebul rTul politikur<br />

realobas da ra nabijebs dgamda sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan<br />

daZabuli urTierTobis daregulirebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

aRniSnul sakiTxebs gavaSuqebT am epoqis erT-erTi TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o<br />

sasuliero piris, episkoposi stefane bodbelis (vasil<br />

karbelaSvili) SexedulebaTa prizmaSi. igi saqarTvelos eklesiis<br />

saTaveSi mdgom im ierarqTa saxelovan pleadas ganekuTvneba,<br />

romelmac sworad auRo alRo sabWoTa imperiaSi<br />

Seqmnil rTul politikur viTarebas da erovnuli eklesiis<br />

cxovreba marTebuli gziT warmarTa.<br />

saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi (1811-1917), ruseTis imperiis<br />

saeklesio politikis <strong>in</strong>teresebidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, qar-<br />

Tveli samRvdeloebis erovnuli orientacia da misi sulierzneobrivi<br />

iersaxe mniSvnelovnad saxeSecvlili iyo. aRniSnuli<br />

politikis zegavleniT qarTveli samRvdeloeba pirobi-<br />

Tad diferencirebuli iyo sam jgufad: pirvelSi carizmis<br />

samsaxurSi myofi samRvdeloeba igulisxmeboda; meore jgufi<br />

samRvdeloebis axalgazrda Taobas warmoadgenda, romelTa<br />

rusuli orientaciis swavla-ganaTleba xels ar uwyobda maT<br />

erovnuli miswrafebebisaken; mesame jgufSi ki saqarTvelos<br />

sasuliero da saero ganaTlebamiRebuli fena moiazreboda,<br />

romelic erovnul fesvebs mouwyvetliv uSualod ganicdida<br />

mSobliuri eklesiis da xalxis devna-Seviwrovebas [2, 21-22].<br />

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa imperiis masStabiT<br />

gaCaRebul antireligiuri kompaniis uSualo zewolas, yvelaze<br />

metad, qarTvel samRvdeloTa zemoaRniSnuli mesame jgufis<br />

warmomadgenlebi ganicdidnen. swored maT mier gaweuli<br />

414

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ZalisxmeviTa da sulieri simtkicis wyalobiT gadaurCa erovnuli<br />

eklesia ara mxolod fizikur ganadgurebas, aramed eklesiis<br />

wiaRSi SesaZlo ganxeTqilebasac, is, rac im periodis<br />

rusuli eklesiis s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi ralurad moxda. rac Seexeba<br />

qarTvel samRvdeloTa pirveli da meore jgufis warmomadgenlebs,<br />

romelTa Soris sarwmunoebrivi <strong>in</strong>diferentizmi iyo<br />

gamjdari, sabWoTa totalitaruli politikis damyarebis pirobebSi,<br />

maTma nawilma, sisuste gamoiC<strong>in</strong>a da RvTismsaxuris<br />

xarisxzec ki uari ganacxada. am samwuxaro movlenis mizezebi<br />

mefis ruseTis mier ganxorcielebul sarwmunoebriv politikaSia<br />

saZiebeli, romlis mcdeloba mimarTuli iyo yovelgvari<br />

erovnulis aRmosafxvrelad. ai, rogor Sefasebas aZlevda<br />

episkoposi stefane bodbeli (vasil karbelaSvili) saero da sasuliero<br />

saswavleblebSi qarTuli enis akrZalvas, sadac momavali<br />

`C<strong>in</strong>ovnikebi~ da samRvdelo pirni unda gamozrdiliyvnen:<br />

`...qarTvel mozard Taobas ruseTis politikam da mTavrobam<br />

oris mxriT miutanes ieriSi: saero-samoqalaqoTi da sasulieroTi.<br />

undodaT gamoezardaT `C<strong>in</strong>ovnikebi~ da viTom `ganaTlebuli<br />

mRvdlebi~, romelTac awveTdnen yurSi qarTuli enis<br />

dromoWmobisas, uvargisobas da araraobasa. amgvarad momaval<br />

mamebs amoacales sarwmunoeba mSobliuri sjulisa, siyvarulisa<br />

da mis nacvlad aRzardes maTi formalizmi~ [9, 8-24]. yovelive<br />

amis Sedegi iyo is savalalo mdgomareoba, rom qarTveli<br />

sjulis moZRvari, Tavisi <strong>in</strong>teleqtualuri ZalebiT qarTveli<br />

erisaTvis ucxo iyo da aseT moZRvarTan eTakilebodaT kidec<br />

saubari [6, 268-273] — aRniSnavda episkoposi stefane bodbeli<br />

bodbis eparqiis mTavarxucesebis TaTbirze da miuTiTebda,<br />

rom swored aseT mZime dros, roca eklesia da morwmune eri<br />

damSeuli iyo sulierad da xorcielad, qarTvel samRvdeloebas<br />

didi Sroma, moRvaweoba, muyaiToba, sarwmunoebis simtkice,<br />

RvTisa da mamulis siyvaruli marTebda. mas sjeroda, rom qar-<br />

Tveli eri sarwmunoebis SenarCunebiTa da ganmtkicebiT unda<br />

damdgariyo fexze [8, 25-39].<br />

episkoposi stefane bodbeli Tavis uaryofiT damokidebulebas<br />

gamoxatavda sasuliero wodebis im nawilis mimarT,<br />

romlebmac uari ganacxades RvTis msaxuris xarisxze da anaforebi<br />

gaixades: `... bevri uRirsi da urwmuno mRvdeli mo-<br />

Sorda Cvens eklesias da sasurvelia kidev moSordnen da Tavi-<br />

415

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anTis erTguli samsaxuriT egzarxebTan rom gaiTqves Tavi, aq<br />

CamoSordnen. exla sxva energiis mRvdeli unda xalxs…~ [7, 29] —<br />

aRniSnavda igi. misiA ganmartebiT, aseTi moZRvrebi samRvdeloebis<br />

Seugnebel da Rv<strong>in</strong>is erTgul naZirala elementebs<br />

warmoadgendnen da maT eklesia unda daetoveb<strong>in</strong>aT. umjobesi<br />

iyo samRvdeloTa rigebSi gaerTianebuliyo cota da kargi,<br />

vidre bevri da umsgavsi [6, 268-273].<br />

sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis damyarebisa da ganmtkicebis<br />

periodSi pr<strong>in</strong>cipulad didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda sam-<br />

Rvdeloebis pozicias da maT damokidebulebas saero xelisuflebasTan<br />

mimarTebaSi. bolSevikuri xelisuflebis mxridan<br />

gaCaRebuli antireligiuri isteriis fonze, samRvdeloebas<br />

saero xelisuflebasTan urTierTobis imgvari kursi unda<br />

SeemuSaveb<strong>in</strong>a, rom upirveles yovlisa, eklesia gadarCeniliyo<br />

fizikur ganadgurebas da amasTan, qmediTi nabijebic gadaedga<br />

TviTdamkvidrebis gzaze. 1922 wlidan, rodesac sabWoTa<br />

imperiis masStabiT antireligiuri politikis ganxorcielebis<br />

meore (stal<strong>in</strong>uri) etapi daiwyo, bolSevikebma mTeli Zalisxmeva<br />

warmarTes eklesiis sabWoTa saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi<br />

CasarTavad. imisaTvis rom, eklesias sabWoTa saxelmwifos<br />

ideologis funqcia etvirTa, saWiro gaxda eklesiis modernizeba.<br />

es ukanaskneli gulisxmobda qristianuli swavlebis<br />

damax<strong>in</strong>jebas da mis Secvla-Selamazebas komunisturi idealebiT.<br />

aRniSnuli politikis wyalobiT ruseTis eklesiaSi<br />

ganxeTqileba (sqizma) warmoiSva da is `tixonovelebad~ — tradiciuli<br />

qristianuli eklesiis mimdevrebad da `ganmaaxleblebad~<br />

— axali modernizebuli eklesiis mimdevrebad gaiyo.<br />

niS<strong>and</strong>oblivia, rom 1917 wels, `ganmaaxlebelTa moZraobis~<br />

rigebs SeuerTda peterburgis sasuliero akademiis profesori<br />

b. titl<strong>in</strong>ovi da ruseTis wm<strong>in</strong>da s<strong>in</strong>odis yofili oberprokurori<br />

v. lvovi. es ukanaskneli, jer kidev ruseTis droebiTi<br />

mTavrobis mmarTvelobis periodSi, `ganmaaxlebelTa<br />

moZraobis~ mier Seqmnil `sruliad ruseTis demokratiul<br />

marTlmadideblur samRvdeloTa da saeroTa kavSirs~ mfarvelobda<br />

da af<strong>in</strong>ansebda mis periodul gamocemas `Голос Христа~<br />

[4, 38-39]. bunebrivia, rom ganxeTqilebis safrTxe saqarTvelos<br />

eklesiasac daemuqra, radgan ruseTis eklesia uw<strong>in</strong>deburad<br />

uzenaesobis pretenzias acxadeb da sabWoTa imperiis pe-<br />

416

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iferiebSi Semaval eklesiebze da kontrolis ganxorcielebis<br />

mizniT am eklesiTa saS<strong>in</strong>ao saqmeebSi Carevas cdilobda. am<br />

ukanasknelis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi gza saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />

moqmed araqarTvel samrevloebze gadioda. saqarTvelos<br />

farglebSi mcxovrebi araqarTveli mrevli, sabWoTa<br />

mTavrobis saeklesio politikis damsaxurebiT sam eklesis<br />

Soris gadanawilda: 1) msoflio saeklesio kanonebis damcveli<br />

mrevli, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis iuridiqcias daeqvemdebara;<br />

2) ruseTis marTlmadidebeli eklesiis iuridiqciaSi<br />

gaerTianebuli mrevli; 3) `ganaxlebis moZraobis~ uwmides s<strong>in</strong>ods<br />

daqvemdebarebulni [3, 453-454]. saqarTveloSi `ganmaaxlebelTa~<br />

ideebi ucvleli saxiT mxolod `ganaxlebis moZraobis~<br />

uwmides s<strong>in</strong>ods daqvemdebarebul mrevlsa da samRvdeloebaze<br />

gavrcelda. qarTveli samRvdeloebisaTvis miuRebeli<br />

iyo erovnuli eklesiis mgmobeli sabWoTa saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

sistema da misi liderebi, magram maTi sibrZne swored imaSi<br />

gamoixateboda, rom is<strong>in</strong>i diplomaturi lavirebis gziT cdilobdnen<br />

eklesiis gadarCenas da am gziT w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobas uwevdnen<br />

sabWoTa xelisuflebis nebiT moqmed ganmaaxlebelTa<br />

wm<strong>in</strong>da s<strong>in</strong>ods da mis ujreds kavkasiaSi [3, 455].<br />

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, saqarTvelos eklesiis Signi-<br />

Tac opoziciurad ganwyobil samRvdeloTa frTa Camoyalibda,<br />

magram maT araferi hqoniaT saerTo ruseTis eklesiis<br />

`ganmaaxleblebTan~, am ukanasknelisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresebis gamo. qarTveli samRvdeloebis opoziciurad<br />

ganwyobilma nawilma loialuri kursi aiRo sabWo-<br />

Ta xelisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi da daiwyo masTan urTier-<br />

Tobis daregulirebis gzebisa da saSualebebis Zieba. maTgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, qarTveli samRvdeloebis meore nawils SedarebiT<br />

radikaluri pozicia hqonda, magram samRvdeloebis orive<br />

mxaris moRvaweoba garkveulwilad avsebda erTmaneTs da maTi<br />

moRvaweoba saqarTvelos eklesiis keTildReobis samsaxurSi<br />

idga.<br />

qarTveli samRvdeloebis opoziciuri frTis warmomadgenelTa<br />

Soris, romlebsac 1926 wlis dekemberSi quTaisSi gamarTuli<br />

saeklesio krebis gamo `quTaTurebs~ da `reformatorebs~<br />

uwodebdnen, moiazreba episkoposi stefane bodbelic<br />

(vasil karbelaSvili). amis miuxedavad, igi Kkategoriuli<br />

417

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w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegi iyo politikaSi RvTismsaxurTa Careva-aqtivobisa.<br />

igi yuradrebiT adevnebda Tval-yurs ruseTis eklesiaSi<br />

mimd<strong>in</strong>are procesebs da yvela Rones mimarTavda moslodneli<br />

safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad. episkoposi stefane bodbeli<br />

mouwodebda samRvdeloebasac da morwmune ersac, rom ar ahyolodnen<br />

RvTismsaxuris samoselSi gamowyobil yalb mqadageblebs,<br />

romlebic qristianuli swavlebis damax<strong>in</strong>jebis xarjze<br />

gundruks ukmevdnen bolSevikuri xelisuflebis mier Se-<br />

TiTxnil yalb idealebs. `madloba RmerTsa, rom Cveni xalxi,<br />

bevr uriaze uares moqadages ar ahyva da ar Caid<strong>in</strong>a is, rac ruseTSi<br />

moxda. es imas ar niSnavs, rom Cven kidev ese gadavrCebiT<br />

da amitom araferi ar unda gavakeToT! piriqiT, swored axla,<br />

am mdgomareobaSi, vidre didi qariSxali amovardebodes, saWiroa<br />

Cemis Rrma rwmeniT gaerTianebuli dauRalavi Sroma eklesiis<br />

garSemo wa� saxarebis mcnebis gasavrceleblad da xalxSi<br />

Segnebis Sesatanad, risTvisac saWiroa am garemoebaSi,<br />

garda muSaobisa cotaodeni Secvlac weseb-wirvaSi, rom SevitanoT<br />

da SevqmnaT erovnuli Sjuli, erovnuli eklesia…~[8, 25-<br />

39] — aRniSnavda igi da miiCnevda, rom samRvdeloebas, rogorc<br />

arsdros, didi sulieri simtkice unda gamoeC<strong>in</strong>a, swori gza<br />

aerCia, anabanidan daewyo qarTveli xalxisaTvis sjulis swavleba<br />

da sakuTari cxovrebiTa da Tavganwirulobis magaliTiT<br />

eCveneb<strong>in</strong>a qristes diadi moZRvrebis mniSvneloba: `am xanaSi<br />

kargi Segnebuli mRvdeli unda movides da waukiTxos xalxs<br />

cxovreba da wameba wa� giorgis, wa� n<strong>in</strong>osi, qeTevan dedoflisa,<br />

daviT garejelisa, ilarion qarTvelisa, giorgi mTawm<strong>in</strong>delisa<br />

da sxva. magram vaÁ, TviT mRudelsac ar waukiTxavs maTi<br />

cxovreba da Tu waukiTxavs, isic uguloT da arc Tu mousurvebia<br />

maTi gacnoba samSoblosaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi Cven unda<br />

movixmaroT samrevlo sabWoebi. Cemi Rrma rwmeniT es erTaderTi<br />

swori gzaa Cveni areuli cxovrebis gamosasworeblad…~[6,<br />

268-273].<br />

episkopos stefane bodbels Sedgenili aqvs programaproeqti<br />

xalxSi sarwmunoebis ganmtkicebisa da erovnuli<br />

sjulis aRorZ<strong>in</strong>ebisaTvis [8, 25-39]. mizanSewonilad migvaCnia<br />

aRniSnuli programis TiTqmis sruli saxiT warmoCena-analizi,<br />

rac uTuod naTels mohfens ara mxolod konkretuli sasuliero<br />

piris, episkoposi stefane bodbelis moRvaweobis<br />

418

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siRrmes, aramed, zogadad imdro<strong>in</strong>deli qarTveli samRvdeloebis<br />

im rCeuli nawilis guliTadobasa da Tavganwirvas, romelTa<br />

mxrebzec bolSevikuri reJimis mTelma simZimem da gansacdelma<br />

gadaiara. mivyveT Tanmimdevrobas: `...117 wlis ruse-<br />

Tis boboqrobam mospo CvenSi mama-papeuli Sjuli; Tavisufalma<br />

ruseTma eklesias gvirgv<strong>in</strong>i axada eklesias. CamoaSora<br />

dedul-mamulebi da ise gawbilebuli ganuteva viTarca agara<br />

...amisTana siduxWiris dros, Cemis Rrma rwmeniT, saWiroa SevqmnaT:<br />

1) sruliad saqarTvelos qarTl-kaxeT-imereT samesxo bor-<br />

Calo sazaqaTaloSi morwmuneTa samRudelo-samonazno da<br />

sasuliero pirTa kavSiri, gareSe yovelgvari partiisa da<br />

politikuri miswrafebisa kaTalikoz-patriarqis w<strong>in</strong>am-<br />

ZRvrobiTa;<br />

2) SevitanoT Cven saierarqio-eklesiur cxovrebaSi cotaodeni<br />

cvlileba — daviTnis mkiTxvelTa <strong>in</strong>stitutis gauqmebiT<br />

da mis wil — surviliT mkiTxvelTa ganmravleba, da<br />

mTavardiakvnobiT iwyebodes pirveli xarisxi — monastrebisa<br />

da bermonazonobisa aRdgeniT;<br />

3) dawesdes kviraSi sami dRe qalaqebSi, daba-soflebSi, samrevloebSi<br />

— krebisaTvis, samrevlo cxovrebis asaRorZ<strong>in</strong>eblad~.<br />

mesame punqtSi Camoyalibebuli mosazrebiT, episkoposi<br />

stefane bodbeli uZvelesi tradiciis aRdgenas cdilobda.<br />

igi miuTiTebda, rom es tradicia dawesebul iqna qarTlis erismTavris<br />

stefanozis mier (639-663), aseT dReebad asaxelebs<br />

paraskevs, xuTSabaTs da SabaTs da ganmartavs TiToeuli dRis<br />

datvirTvas. kerZod: paraskev dRes samrevloSi krebas unda<br />

moxseneboda sveti cxovelis cxovreba, jvris aRmarTva da<br />

oTxiv mxriv misi wasveneba, jvris monastris aSeneba da sx;<br />

xuTSabaTs — RvTismSoblis Soba, moRvaweoba da miZ<strong>in</strong>eba, wa�<br />

mociqulTa wargzavna, wa� n<strong>in</strong>os warmogzavna da wa� giorgis<br />

cxovreba da wameba; SabaTs — wa� stefanes da sxvaTa mravalTa<br />

mowameTa cxovreba. amis garda, eklesiuri cxovrebis asayvaveblad<br />

da saxarebis maRali zneobis dasamyareblad unda gamarTuliyo<br />

sajaro leqciebi morwmuneTaTvis. sajaro leqciebis<br />

gamarTvas igi miiCnevda sameurneo da sadagi cxovrebis<br />

saWiroebisTvisac. misi mosazrebiT, amgvarad unda Cayriliyo<br />

419

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saZirkveli erovnuli aRzrda-Segnebis dasamyareblad. erovnuli<br />

sjulis aRorZ<strong>in</strong>ebas igi calsaxad ukavSirebda monastrebis<br />

aRorZ<strong>in</strong>ebasa da ber-monazvnebis gamravlebas. igi aRniSnavda:<br />

`...monastrebi, bermonaznoba Zveleburis gegmiT,<br />

romliTac isaxela Tavi w<strong>in</strong><strong>and</strong>el droSi, dRes es monastrebi<br />

zogadi cxovrebiT, diadis mniSvnelobiT w<strong>in</strong>aSe erisa, RTâsa<br />

da samSoblosi unda aRsdgen da gaZlierdnen; daumtkicon kacobriobas,<br />

rom mxolod da mxolod ber-monazonni da monastrebi<br />

iyvnen matarebelni komunizmisa cxovrebiT ufrore<br />

vidre Teoriulad. unda mieces aseve CamorTmeuli mamulebi,<br />

saTibebi, saxnavebi, tyeebi, wylebi da sxvani, rom monastruli<br />

cxovreba ayvavdes~ [8, 25-39].<br />

amrigad, XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa totalitaruli<br />

reJimis damyarebisa da ganmtkicebis periodSi, rodesac<br />

eklesia ganadgurebis zRvarze imyofeboda da RvTismsaxurTa<br />

fena arnaxul devna-Seviwrovebasa da represiebs ganicdida,<br />

qarTvelma samRvdeloebam Rirseulad gauZlo gansacdels da<br />

Tavisi sityva sTqva erovnuli eklesiis gadarCenis saqmeSi.<br />

aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas gvaZlevs aRniSnuli epoqis<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o warmomadgenelTa moRvaweobis<br />

kvleva-analizi, romelic cxad-hyofs, rom maTi warmatebis<br />

saidumlo erovnuli marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis<br />

gansakuTrebuli simtkiciT dacvasa da zogadad, qristianuli<br />

moZRvrebis erTgulebaSi mdgomareobda. episkoposi<br />

stefane bodbeli erT-erTi imaTTagania, romelic Tavisi moRvaweobiT<br />

w<strong>in</strong> aRudga bolSevikuri reJimis damangrevel zemoqmedebas<br />

qarTvelTa umTavres sulier faseulobaze —<br />

erovnul marTlmadideblobaze da udidesi amagi dasdo mis<br />

dacva-SenarCunebas.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. naTmelaZe m., dauSvili a., jafariZe m., wenguaSvili k., saqarTveloSi<br />

totalitaruli reJimis damkvidrebisa da<br />

ganmtkicebis Taviseburebani XXsaukunis 20-ian wlebSi,<br />

Tbilisi, 2008.<br />

2. pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia<br />

1917-1921 wlebSi, Tbilisi, 2000.<br />

420

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3. pavliaSvili q., saqarTvelos samociqulo marTlmadidebluri<br />

eklesiis istoria (1800-1945), naw. I, Tbilisi, 2008.<br />

4. Протоиерей Владислав Цыпин, История Русской Православной<br />

Церкви, Московская патриархия, издательский дом «Хроника»,<br />

1994.<br />

5. gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, 1912, #12.<br />

6. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbelaSvilis fondi,<br />

saqme #56.<br />

7. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbelaSvilis fondi,<br />

saqme #59.<br />

8. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbelaSvilis fondi,<br />

saqme #68.<br />

9. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, vasil karbelaSvilis fondi,<br />

saqme #222.<br />

421<br />

Sophio Andghuladze<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong><br />

Georgian Clergy <strong>in</strong> the Period of Establish<strong>in</strong>g Soviet Totalitarian<br />

Regime <strong>and</strong> the Bishop of Bodbe Stephane (Vasil Karbelashvili)<br />

Summary<br />

Centuries old history of Georgia is the history of fight<strong>in</strong>g for<br />

preserv<strong>in</strong>g Orthodox Christianity. That is why the contribution of the<br />

Georgian clergy <strong>in</strong> the fight for defend<strong>in</strong>g everlast<strong>in</strong>g values is immense. The<br />

Georgian people had many times faced the danger of los<strong>in</strong>g the national faith.<br />

But the violence Georgia underwent from the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the 19 th century<br />

after the annexation of the Orthodox Russia was one he had never suffered<br />

before. The empire’s religious policy aimed to destroy the national values of<br />

the peoples who were the annexed members of this empire. F<strong>in</strong>ally this policy<br />

should have to promote the process of their assimilation.<br />

Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the political changes, after the annex<strong>in</strong>g of the Democratic<br />

Republic of Georgia by Bolsheviks <strong>in</strong> February 1921 rul<strong>in</strong>g authorities<br />

of the Bolsheviks declared a merciless war aga<strong>in</strong>st the classes <strong>and</strong> social layers<br />

that were <strong>in</strong>admissible for their ideology. From this po<strong>in</strong>t of view the<br />

clergy suffered most of all. Anti-religious campaign that was carried out on<br />

the background of establish<strong>in</strong>g totalitarian regime put the leaders of the Or-

---

thodox Church of Georgia <strong>in</strong> front of solv<strong>in</strong>g the new problems. The Soviet<br />

ideology opposed the church with full strength. The national church of Georgia<br />

legally lost once more its ma<strong>in</strong> historical function <strong>and</strong> aim. The clergy<br />

cont<strong>in</strong>ued its fight <strong>in</strong> another dimension, ma<strong>in</strong>ly to rescue the church physically.<br />

Though the church was near destruction <strong>and</strong> the layer of clergy was<br />

suffer<strong>in</strong>g unprecedented persecution <strong>and</strong> repressions the Georgian clergy<br />

stood the danger with dignity <strong>and</strong> played a great role <strong>in</strong> rescu<strong>in</strong>g the national<br />

church. The research <strong>and</strong> analysis of the activities of prom<strong>in</strong>ent Georgian<br />

church figures of those days able us to come to the above mentioned conclusion.<br />

The carried on research <strong>and</strong> analysis obviously showed that the secret of<br />

their success was the defense of the national Orthodox faith with particular<br />

firmness <strong>and</strong> generally <strong>in</strong> devotion of the Christian doctr<strong>in</strong>e. The bishop of<br />

Bodbe Stephane is one of the above mentioned clergy who, with his activity,<br />

resisted the destructive power of the Bolsheviks’ regime aga<strong>in</strong>st the ma<strong>in</strong><br />

spiritual value of Georgians – national Orthodoxy <strong>and</strong> paid the greatest role <strong>in</strong><br />

its defense <strong>and</strong> preservation.<br />

422

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�������������<br />

merab kal<strong>and</strong>aZe<br />

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />

universitetis profesori<br />

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebi XX<br />

saukunis qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Sewavlas saqarTvelo-<br />

Si Tavisi tradicia gaaCnia. Tema aris sa<strong>in</strong>tereso da aqtualuri.<br />

es problema qarTul istoriografiaSi jer ar gamxdara<br />

sagangebo, specialuri, Seswavlis sagani. amitom mizanSewonilad<br />

miviCnieT Segvevso es xarvezi da aRniSnuli sakiTxi seriozuli<br />

ganxilvis sagani gagvexada.<br />

uw<strong>in</strong>aresad, mizanSewonili iqneboda mokled SevCerdeT<br />

sakiTxis periodizaciaze. saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis<br />

istoriis sakiTxebiT da<strong>in</strong>teresebam sa<strong>in</strong>tereso feriscvaleba,<br />

evolucia, ganicada da ramdenime periodi ganvlo.<br />

qarTul s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi pirveli sporaduli cnobebi dasavleT<br />

evropis axal istoriaze ukve XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi<br />

gvxvdeba. aq, cxadia, vgulisxmobT, nikoloz baraTaSvilis<br />

leqss `napoleoni~ da aleqs<strong>and</strong>re orbelianis or patara,<br />

magram metad sa<strong>in</strong>tereso werils. `napolioni da maS<strong>in</strong>deli<br />

angliis mTavroba~ da `sityva italiisaTvis~. es, ra Tqma unda,<br />

cotaa, magram mniSvnelovania. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom es<br />

da<strong>in</strong>tereseba gacilebiT didi iqneboda, magram imis gamo, rom<br />

XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi faqtobrivad ar<br />

arsebobda perioduli presa, bevri ram etyoba daikarga, ganadgurebul<br />

iqna da Cvenamde mxolod metad mwirma <strong>in</strong>formaciam<br />

moaRwia, romelic am da<strong>in</strong>teresebis fragmentebad gvevl<strong>in</strong>eba.<br />

amitom, Cveni azriT, es monakveTi pirobiTad saqar-<br />

TveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebiT da<strong>in</strong>teresebis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aistoriad SeiZleba miviCnioT.<br />

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan es da<strong>in</strong>tereseba kidev ufro<br />

izrdeba, rac qarTuli perioduli presis gaCenas ukavSirdeboda.<br />

1879 wels mas gverdSi amoudga wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli<br />

sazogadoeba. amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. da-<br />

423

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savleT evropis istoriis popularizaciam kidev ufro far-<br />

Tod gaSala frTebi. amitom es monakveTi 1918 wlamde saqar-<br />

TveloSi axali istoriis sakiTxebiT da<strong>in</strong>teresebis pirvel<br />

periods warmoadgens.<br />

meore periods mkveTrad gamokveTili qronologiuri<br />

CarCoebi gaaCnia: dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Seswavla<br />

damoukidebel saqarTveloSi 1918-1921 wlebSi. im dros gamosuli<br />

axali istoriis pirveli, erovnuli saxelmZRvaneloebi<br />

imJam<strong>in</strong>deli qarTuli istoriografiis warmatebad migvaCnia.<br />

saqarTveloSi axali istoriis popularizacia mecnierul elfers<br />

iZens.<br />

umTavresad politikuri kataklizmebis gamo saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis `patara oqros xana~ sakmaod xanmokle aRmoCnda.<br />

1921 wlis 25 Tebervals moxda saqarTvelo gasabWoeba. aqedan<br />

iwyeba saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebiT<br />

da<strong>in</strong>teresebis mesame periodi. dasavleT evropis axali<br />

istoriis problemebiT da<strong>in</strong>teresebam mecnieruli saxe SeiZ<strong>in</strong>a,<br />

magram is umTavresad calmxriv xasiaTs iRebs da erTi marqsistul-len<strong>in</strong>uri<br />

ideologiis CarCoebSi aRmoCnda momwyvdeuli.<br />

myardeba marqsistul-len<strong>in</strong>uri msoflmxedvelobis monopolia,<br />

diqtati. sxva arCevani ar arsebobda. gansxvavebuli azri<br />

idevneboda. `es iyo Cveni ubedureba da ara danaSauli~.<br />

1991 wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT mTavrdeba<br />

mesame periodi da iwyeba meoTxe periodi, romelic dResac<br />

grZeldeba. qarTulma istoriografiam daibruna suverenoba.<br />

axla mas SeeZlo sakuTari arCevani gaekeTeb<strong>in</strong>a. amas didi<br />

mniSvneloba hqonda. iwyeba axali istoriis marqsizmisagan<br />

ganwmendis procesi.<br />

* * *<br />

saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis mecnieruli<br />

Seswavlis da swavlebis fuZemdeblebad cnobili istorikosebi<br />

prof. nikoloz dubrovski, prof. grigol naTaZe da<br />

prof. aleqs<strong>and</strong>re namoraZe gvevl<strong>in</strong>ebian. gansakuTrebiT<br />

mtkivneulad migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom maT moRvaweoba mouxdaT<br />

yvelaze rTul periodSi, rodesac stal<strong>in</strong>uri reJimi,<br />

totalitarul-bolSevikuri saxelmwifo, Tavisi zeobis zenitSi<br />

imyofeboda. es iyo 30-40-iani wlebi — maTi moRvaweobis<br />

saukeTeso xana. vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovanwilad swored amiT<br />

424

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aixsneba, rom maTi mdidari mecnieruli potenciali bolomde<br />

realizebuli ar yofila da maTi mecnieruli memkvidreoba metad<br />

Taviseburad, mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba. aq, pirvel<br />

rigSi, ra Tqma unda, prof. n. dubrovski da prof. al. namoraZe<br />

gvyavs mxedvelobaSi. Cven Zalian kargad gvesmis maTi sulieri<br />

travma. is<strong>in</strong>i gaizardnen sul sxva garemoSi, istoriuli movlenebisadmi<br />

mravalvariantuli midgomis pirobebSi da moRvaweoba<br />

mouxdaT totalitarul-bolSevikur saxelmwifoSi, sadac<br />

damyarda erTi marqsistul-len<strong>in</strong>uri ideologiis diqtati,<br />

monopolia.<br />

amave dros, usaTuod gasaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebelia, isic, rom Tu<br />

ara es kompromisi, dRes is mcire literaturac ar gveqneboda,<br />

rac qarTul enaze gagvaCnia. am kompromisis gamo maTi gansja<br />

advilia, magram, Cveni azriT, es ar iqneboda samarTliani<br />

da mecnierulad swori. `es iyo Cveni ubedureba da ara danaSauli~.<br />

vfiqrobT, es ufro adekvaturia.<br />

nikoloz dubrovski (1874-1943) iyo maRalkvalificirebuli<br />

profesionali, evropuli rangis mkvlevari istorikosi.<br />

mas Seeqmna uaRresad erudirebuli istorikosis imiji, romelic<br />

ratomRac arafers werda. s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi es ase ar iyo. Cven<br />

mivakvlieT n. dubrovskis ramdenime naSroms da pirvelad SemovitaneT<br />

samecniero mimoqcevaSi.<br />

savsebiT marTlzomieri unda iyos, rom n. dubrovskis<br />

mecnieruli moRvaweobis yvelaze ufro nayofieri periodi<br />

iyo poloneTSi yofna, sadac mas saSualeba hqonda axlo gacnoboda<br />

dasavleT evropis istoriis Sesaxeb arsebul masalebs.<br />

sxva aseTi Sansi mas metad aRar miscemia.<br />

n. dubrovskis mecnieruli moRvaweoba ramdenime mimar-<br />

TulebiT warimarTa: 1. dubrovski rogorc italiuri renesansis<br />

mkvlevari. am TvalsazrisiT sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa misi naSromi italiel<br />

humanistze kaluCio salutatize. 2. n. dubrovski axali<br />

istoriis istoriografiis sakiTxebis mkvlevari. am mxriv yuradRebas<br />

impyrobs misi naSromi cnobil rus istorikosze nikoloz<br />

kareevze. 3. axali istoriis sakiTxebis popularizacia.<br />

am Temas exeba n. dubrovksis naSromi 1830 wlis ivlisis<br />

ruvoluciaze safrangeTSi.<br />

`XIV saukunis florencieli publicisti~, romelic exeba<br />

kaluCio salutatis moRvaweobas, n. dubrovskis saukeTeso<br />

425

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naSromad migvaCnia da mas imdro<strong>in</strong>del istoriografiaSi<br />

TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>o adgili ukavia.<br />

SesaniSnavi rusi istorikosis n. kareevisadmi miZRvnili<br />

n. dubrovskis naSromi warmoadgens n. kareevis mecnieruli<br />

moRvaweobis Sefasebis erT-erT pirvel seriozul mcdelobas.<br />

n. dubrovski kargad flobs istoriografiuli naSromis<br />

weris kulturas. es ar aris n. kareevis Sexedulebis ubralo<br />

gadmocema. is cdilobs gaarkvios n. kareevis koncefciis Zlieri<br />

da susti mxareebi da axsnas maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi. sab-<br />

WoTa periodSi is aqtiur mecnierul muSaobas praqtikulad<br />

CamoSorda da mxolod pedagogiur saqmianobas eweoda [1].<br />

prof. grigol naTaZe (1878-1951) farTo diapazonis istorikosi<br />

iyo. man Tavisi wvlili Seitana ara marto dasavleT<br />

evropis axali istoriis, aramed Zveli saberZneTis da gansakuTrebiT<br />

Sua saukuneebis istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi. gr. na-<br />

TaZe qarTuli medievistikis fuZemdeblad unda miviCnioT.<br />

gr. naTaZis sadoqtoro disertacia exeba Zveli saberZne-<br />

Tis istorias, kerZod kilonis ajanyebas aTenSi qristes Sobamde<br />

VII saukuneSi [2].<br />

gansakuTrebiT faseulia gr. naTaZis Sromebi Sua saukuneebis<br />

istoriaSi. sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos, rom Tavdapirvelad,<br />

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebis Sua xanebSi, qarTul medievistikas<br />

mecnieruli gza hqonda arCeuli da im novaciebze iyo orientirebuli,<br />

romelic xdeboda XX saukunis dasawyisis evropul<br />

medievistikaSi, magram SemdgomSi, umTavresad politikuri kataklizmebis<br />

gamo, iZulebuli gaxda gadaexvia arCeuli gzidan<br />

da damorCileboda marqsistuli ideologiis diqtats [3].<br />

rogorc aRvniSneT, gr. naTaZem Tavisi sityva Tqva dasavleT<br />

evropis axali istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi. misi yuradRebis<br />

centrSi aRmoCnda axali istoriis aqtualuri problemebi,<br />

safrangeTis didi revoluciis da napoleonis epoqa. am Temas<br />

exeba misi saxelmZRvanelo `kapitalizmis istoriidan~. Tema<br />

2 safrangeTis didi revolucia da `ramodenime momenti safrangeTis,<br />

didi revoluciis agraruli kanonmdeblobidan~,<br />

naSromebi napoleonze, romelic qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

napoleonis cxovrebis da moRvaweobis sakvanZo sakiTxebis<br />

ganxilvis pirvel mecnierul mcdelobas warmoadgens. <strong>in</strong>glisis<br />

mokle itoria [4]. gr. naTaZis SexedulebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobebi SemTxveviTi ar yofila da mniS-<br />

426

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vnelovanwilad imiT aixsneboda, rom igi cdilobda `ekonomikuri<br />

materializmidan~ marqsizmisaken evolucias da amasTanave,<br />

istoriis sociologiuri gaSuqebis momxred gvevl<strong>in</strong>eba.<br />

es umTavresad imiT gamoixateba, rom is did yuradRebas uTmobs<br />

social-ekonomikur problematikas, xolo politikur<br />

istorias, kulturas gacilebiT naklebi adgili aqvs daTmobili.<br />

prof. aleqs<strong>and</strong>re namoraZe (1890-1958) evropuli rangis<br />

istorikosia. is iyo Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi axali<br />

istoriis kaTedris damaarsebeli. swored misi gazrdilia<br />

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis mkvlevarTa momdevno Taoba,<br />

rac qarTuli istoriografiis w<strong>in</strong>aSe al. namoraZis did<br />

damsaxurebas warmoadgens.<br />

al. namoraZis mecnieruli saqmianoba ramdenime mimarTulebiT<br />

warimarTa: pirvel yovlisa, ra Tqma unda, es iyo adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli<br />

meurveoba da municipaluri mmarTveloba safrangeTSi<br />

XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi. meore seriozuli Tema, romlis<br />

damuSavebasac xeli mokida al. namoraZem, es iyo friad aqtualuri<br />

sakiTxi — saTemo miwebis ganawileba safrangeTis<br />

didi revoluciis dros da bolos unda iTqvas, rom man Tavisi<br />

wvlili Seitana saqarTveloSi Sua saukuneebis da axali istoriis<br />

popularizaciis saqmeSi. dawera saxelmZRvanelo da samecniero-popularuli<br />

xasiaTis Sromebi.<br />

istoriuli mecnierebis w<strong>in</strong>aSe al. namoraZis damsaxureba<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra misma solidurma, fundamenturma<br />

gamokvlevam `adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli meurveoba da municipaluri<br />

marTveloba safrangeTSi XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi~ [5].<br />

faqtobrivad es iyo qarTul s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi pirveli sadoqtoro<br />

disertacia, romelic daculi iqna dasavleT evropis axal<br />

istoriaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom al. namoraZis am naSroms maRal<br />

Sefasebas aZlevda saxelganTqmuli rusi istorikosi, safrangeTi<br />

istoriis kompetenturi mkvlevari akad. evgeni tarle.<br />

mas mizanSewonilad miaCnda al. namoraZis am naSromis rusul<br />

enaze gamocema. es al. namoraZis naSromis didi aRiareba iyo.<br />

[6] sa<strong>in</strong>tereso polemikas hqonda adgili adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli meurveobis<br />

mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb rus istorikos prof. pavle<br />

ardaSevs da al. namoraZes Soris naSromSi mocemulia adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli<br />

meurveobis periodizacia, Tumca misi Semdgomi<br />

srulyofa, daxvewa, Cveni azriT, gamoricxuli ar unda iyos.<br />

427

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lui IX-is mefobidan (1229-1270) adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli meurveobis<br />

dawyeba naadrevi Cans.<br />

meore seriozuli Tema, romlis damuSavebas al. namora-<br />

Zem xeli mokida es iyo saTemo miwebis ganawilebis sakiTxi<br />

safrangeTis didi revoluciis dros. Tema aris sa<strong>in</strong>tereso da<br />

aqtualuri. al. namoraZem Tavisi sityva Tqva aRniSnuli sakiTxis<br />

Seswavlis sakiTxSi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa misi<br />

polemika rus istorikosTan s. kuniskisTan. is sul sxva<br />

gziT midis glexobis diferenciaciis sakiTxSi. man am Temas<br />

eqvsi naSromi miuZRvna, magram mxolod oris gamoqveyneba moaswro.<br />

danarCenebis kvals arqivSi wavawydiT da pirvelad SemovitaneT<br />

samecniero mimoqcevaSi [7].<br />

al. namoraZis samecniero-popularuli Sromebidan sayuradReboa<br />

saxelmZRvanelo Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis<br />

qalaqebis genezisze. es saxelmZRvanelo imdro<strong>in</strong>deli qarTuli<br />

istoriografiis mniSvnelovani SenaZenia. gansakuTrebiT<br />

misasalmebelia sakiTxis istoriografiaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba,<br />

magram saxelmZRvanelos aSkarad etyoba im drois kvali.<br />

mniSvnelovanwilad, swored amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom<br />

Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis qalaqebi upirveles yovlisa<br />

ganixileba, rogorc social-ekonomikuri struqtura, xolo<br />

maTi kulturuli funqcia ukan planze <strong>in</strong>acvlebs [8].<br />

saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axali<br />

istoriis istoriografiis mecnieruli Seswavlis <strong>in</strong>iciatorebad<br />

prof. gr. naTaZe da prof. aleqs<strong>and</strong>re namoraZe migvaCnia.<br />

istoriografiis sakiTxebiT maTi aseTi da<strong>in</strong>tereseba,<br />

vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi ar yofila. mis mecnierul mniSvnelobas<br />

SemecnebiTi datvirTva gansazRvravs. Cveni frTxili varaudiT,<br />

es SeiZleba iyo mkiTxvelTan saubari `ezopes enaze~. am<br />

gziT is<strong>in</strong>i mkiTxels mianiSnebdnen rogor miaxlovdebodnen<br />

simarTles [9].<br />

* * *<br />

maswavleblebis dawyebuli saqme maTma mowafeebma gaagrZeles.<br />

es iyo meore Taoba. maTi didi nawilis Semoqmedebis<br />

saukeTeso wlebi sabWoTa reJimze modis. is<strong>in</strong>i iZulebuli iyvnen<br />

angariSi gaewiaT erTi marqsistuli ideologiis diqtatisaTvis.<br />

sxva arCevani ar arsebobda. amitom maTi mkacrad<br />

gansja, vfiqrobT, marTebuli ar iqneboda. `es iyo Cveni ube-<br />

428

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dureba da ara danaSauli~. axali istoriis problemebisadmi<br />

maTi damokidebuleba iyo mecnieruli, magram iZulebuli iyvnen<br />

am sakiTxis marqsistuli <strong>in</strong>terpretacia moecaT. Tu am<br />

marqsistul garesamoss SemovacilebT, masSi Cadebuli mdidari<br />

mecnieruli masala Rirebuli rCeba.<br />

saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis da istoriografiis<br />

mecnieruli Seswavlis da popularizaciis saqmeSi<br />

fasdaudebeli wvlili miuZRvis al. namoraZis erT-erT<br />

sayvarel mowafes prof. givi kiRuraZes (1922-1978).<br />

misi mecnieruli saqmianoba ramdenime mimarTulebiT warimarTa:<br />

1. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis istoria XX saukunis<br />

dasawyisSi. 2. safrangeTis didi revoluciis sakiTxebis<br />

damuSaveba. 3. saqarTvelos da evropis qveynebis urTierTobebi.<br />

4. axali istoriis da istoriografiis sakiTxebis popularizacia.<br />

XX saukunis dasawyisis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />

istorias prof. givi kiRuraZem ramdenime sa<strong>in</strong>tereso naSromi<br />

miuZRvna. pirvel rigSi, ra Tqma unda, es iyo misi sa<strong>in</strong>tereso<br />

monografia marokos pirvel krizisze 1904-1906 wlebSi. `marokos<br />

problema germaniis imperializmis politikaSi 1904-<br />

1906 ww.~ [10]. g. kiRuraZem Tavis wignSi damajereblad gviCvena<br />

marokos pirveli krizisis dros germaniis diplomatiis izolaciis<br />

gamomwvevi motivebi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis<br />

aqtualur problemebs exeba g. kiRuraZis sxva Sromebi [11].<br />

prof. givi kiRuraZis mecnierul memkvidreobaSi centraluri<br />

adgili uWiravs `marad ukvdav Temas~ — safrangeTis<br />

didi revoluciis mecnierul kvlevas. prof. givi kiRuraZe saqarTveloSi<br />

safrangeTis didi revoluciis erT-erTi sauke-<br />

Teso specialistia. man am Tematikas ramdenime aTeuli sa<strong>in</strong>tereso<br />

naSromi miuZRvna. maT Soris yvelaze ufro faseulia misi<br />

gamokvleva armiis rolze safrangeTis didi revoluciis<br />

dros. `armiis problema safrangeTis didi burJuaziuli revoluciis<br />

dros~ [12]. prof. boris porSnevis TqmiT, es iyo<br />

`qalwulebrivi Tema~, romlis damuSavebas mokida xeli qar-<br />

Tvelma mkvlevarma. frangi istorikosis, sorbonis universitetis<br />

profesoris, marsel re<strong>in</strong>aris TqmiT, safrangeTis didi<br />

revoluciis dros armiis problema Seswavlili iyo samxedro<br />

aspeqtSi, xolo samoqalaqo TvalsazrisiT es Tema Seuswavleli<br />

iyo. ai am xarvezis Sevsebas Seecada qarTveli mkvlevari. am<br />

429

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problemis sa<strong>in</strong>teresod gadawyvetas didad Seuwyo xeli revoluciis<br />

Tanamedrovis emeriis arqivis masalebma, romelic<br />

g. kiRuraZem pirvelad Semoitana samecniero mimoqcevaSi. es<br />

iyo misi saukeTeso naSromi. am gamokvlevam mniSvnelovanwilad<br />

gansazRvra misi org<strong>in</strong>aluri wvlili istoriul mecnierebaSi.<br />

prof. b. porSnevs mizanSewonilad miaCnda g. kiRuraZis<br />

monografiis rusul da frangul enaze gamoqveyneba. es qar-<br />

Tuli istoriografiis didi aRiareba iyo [13].<br />

givi kiRuraZem safrangeTis did revolucias araerTi<br />

sagulisxmo naSromi miuZRvna, sadac am problemis zogierTi<br />

sakvanZo sakiTxis sa<strong>in</strong>teresod ganxilvis <strong>in</strong>iciatorad mogvevl<strong>in</strong>a<br />

[14].<br />

prof. givi kiRuraZe da<strong>in</strong>teresebuli iyo saqarTvelos<br />

da dasavleT evropis qveynebis istoriul da kulturul ur-<br />

TierTobebis problemiT. am Tematikas man ramdenime sayurad-<br />

Rebo naSromi miuZRvna [15].<br />

prof. g. kiRuraZe did mniSvnelobas aniWebda qarTul<br />

enaze saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedgenas. es qarTuli istoriografiis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aSe misi kidev erTi damsaxureba iyo [16]. gansakuTrebiT<br />

mtkivneulad migvaCnia is garemoeba, rom man ver moaswro<br />

daewera samecniero-popularuli monografia axali istoriis<br />

sxva sakvanZo problemebze [17].<br />

prof. varlam donaZe (1907-1989) farTo diapazonis istorikosi<br />

iyo. is did da<strong>in</strong>teresebas iCenda ara marto dasavleT<br />

evropis axali istoriis, aramed aziisa da afrikis qveynebis<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebisadmi. Tavisi sityva Tqva<br />

qarTvelologiaSi.<br />

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebs mravali sa<strong>in</strong>tereso<br />

naSromi miuZRvna prof. varlam donaZem, romelTa<br />

Soris yvelaze ufro faseuli Cans misi fundamenturi, soliduri<br />

monografia `ruseT-safrangeTis urTierToba XVIII-XIX<br />

saukuneebis mijnaze [18]. aRsaniSnavia, rom es Tema mas SeurCia<br />

am epoqis safrangeTis istoriis iseTma kompetenturma mkvlevarma,<br />

rogoric iyo akad. evgeni tarle. es, cxadia, varlam donaZisaTvis<br />

gamocxadebuli didi ndoba iyo, romelsac unda<br />

iTqvas, rom man warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. es aris misi erT-er-<br />

Ti saukeTeso naSromi. man damajereblad gviCvena Tu riTi iyo<br />

gamowveuli meore antifranguli koaliciis warumatebloba.<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresod ganixila <strong>in</strong>doeTSi ruseT-safrangeTis erTob-<br />

430

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livi laSqrobis proeqti. xazi gausva imas, Tu ratom ar ganxorcielda<br />

es Canafiqri.<br />

prof. varlam donaZis monografia mniSvnelovani SenaZeni<br />

iyo imdro<strong>in</strong>deli qarTuli istoriografiisTvis da sicxade<br />

Seqonda safrangeTis axali istoriis zogierT sa<strong>in</strong>tereso<br />

sakiTxSi [19].<br />

prof. varlam donaZem pirvelad qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

dawera saxelmZRvaneloebi aziis da afrikis qveynebis axal<br />

da uaxles istoriaSi. didi wvlili Seitana aziis da afrikis<br />

qveynebis axali da uaxlesi istoriis Seswavlis da popularizaciis<br />

saqmeSi [20].<br />

didi Rvawli miuZRvis prof. varlam donaZes qarTvelologiis<br />

sferoSic. igi didi yuradRebiT swavlobda qarTveli<br />

samocianelebis naazrevs evropis axali istoriis kard<strong>in</strong>alur<br />

problemebze [21]. SemdgomSi mas gverdSi amoudgnen umcrosi<br />

Taobis istorikosebi: vaJa TvalavaZe, n<strong>in</strong>o namoraZe, lali<br />

fircxalava da sxvebi.<br />

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebisadmi did<br />

da<strong>in</strong>teresebas iCenda al. namoraZis kidev erTi mowafe prof.<br />

kote anTaZe (1929-2006). al. namoraZis mowafeebis da<strong>in</strong>tereseba<br />

safrangeTis didi revoluciis TematikiT, cxadia, SemTxveviTi<br />

ar yofila da maTi mecnierxelmZRvanelis keTilismyofeli<br />

gavlenis logikuri Sedegia. yuradRebas ipyrobs prof.<br />

kote anTaZis seriozuli naSromi, romelic Seexeba safrange-<br />

Tis didi revoluciis erT-erT sakvanZo sakiTs — 1792 wlis 10<br />

agvistos gadatrialebas, romelsac moyva safrangeTSi monarqiis<br />

damxoba da respublikis gamocxadeba [22]. man Tavis gamokvlevaSi<br />

uzarmazari faqtobriv masalas, mdidar mecnierul<br />

<strong>in</strong>formacias mouyara Tavi. igi Rrmad Caxedulia sakiTxis Sesaxeb<br />

arsebul pirvewyaroebsa da mravalferovan sakvlev literaturaSi,<br />

rogorc rusul, ise frangul enaze.<br />

man Tavis wignSi detalurad gaaSuqa safrangeTis revoluciis<br />

erTi, dramatizmiT aRsavse movlena 1792 wlis 10 agvistos<br />

gadatrialeba da ara revolucia, rogorc mas xSirad<br />

uwodeben.<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos, rom man scada daedg<strong>in</strong>a viqtor<br />

hiugos romanis `ocxmocdacametis~ mTavari gmiris simurdenis<br />

prototipi. gamoTqva varaudi, rom is SeiZleba yofiliyo<br />

431

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warsulSi abati, iakob<strong>in</strong>i, SemdgomSi konventis politikuri<br />

komisari v<strong>and</strong>eaSi — qsavie — fransua odueni [22.125].<br />

prof. kote anTaZe aqtiurad monawileobda, iyo Tanaavtori<br />

dasavleT evropis axali da uaxlesi istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebis,<br />

axali istoriis qrestomaTiis. misi xelmZRvanelobiT<br />

daiwera mravali sa<strong>in</strong>tereso naSromi, misi redaqtorobiT<br />

gamovida araerTi sayuradRebo wigni. is mecnierebis<br />

kargi organizatori da ubadlo redaqtori iyo. postsabWoTa<br />

periodSi mis erT-erT mTavar damsaxurebad msoflio istoriis<br />

axali erovnuli saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmna migvCnia [23].<br />

mis damsaxurebas warmoadgens dasavleT evropis axali<br />

istoriis mklevarTa axali Taobis aRzrda. amiT man faqtobrivad<br />

gaagrZela is saqme, romelic saTavesTan idga al. namoraZe.<br />

term<strong>in</strong>i safrangeTis didi burJuaziuli revolucia,<br />

romelic damkvidrda sabWoTa periodis qarTul istoriografiaSi,<br />

sakiTxisadmi viwro klasobrivi, wm<strong>in</strong>da formaciuli<br />

midgomis anareklia da Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo marqsistul<br />

istoriografiaSi.<br />

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi Tavisi<br />

mokrZalebuli wvlili Seitanes german simoniZem, vladimer<br />

ivanovma, revaz laskarma, mixeil mamforiam. totalitarul-bolSevikur<br />

saxelmwifoSi maTi mdidari mecnieruli potenciali<br />

mTlianad realizebuli ar yofila. es mniSvnelovanwilad<br />

imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom maTTvis, ise rogorc<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re namoraZis mowafeebis didi nawilisaTvis, sruliad<br />

miuRebeli iyo erTi marqsistul-len<strong>in</strong>uri ideologiis<br />

diqtati. ra Tqma unda, iyo amis gamomwvevi sxva mizezebic, magram,<br />

cxadia, es mxolod varaudi iqneba da WeSmariti mizezi,<br />

albaT, maT adamianuri xasiaTis TvisebebSi unda veZioT.<br />

german simoniZe (1925-1986) did da<strong>in</strong>teresebas iCenda Teoriuli,<br />

istoriografiuli sakiTxebisadmi. kiTxulobda leqciebs<br />

friad aqtualur Temaze `samecniero teqnikuri revolucia<br />

da istoriuli mecniereba~. istoriografiis sakiTxebiT<br />

da<strong>in</strong>tereseba misasalmebeli iyo da am Tematikaze mSobliur<br />

enaze arsebuli literaturiT dResac ar varT ganebivrebuli<br />

[24].<br />

revaz laskarma (1928-1988) ramdenime kargi saqme gaakeTa.<br />

Tavisi wvlili Seitana axali istoriis (1870-1918) sauniversi-<br />

432

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teto saxelmZRvanelos Seqmnis saqmeSi, enciklopediaSi gamoaqveyna<br />

ramdenime aTeuli statia dasavleT evropis axali da<br />

uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebze, monawileoba miiRo axali istoriis<br />

qrestomaTiis SedgenaSi [25].<br />

vladimer ivanovma (1929-1992) aqtiuri monawileoba mii-<br />

Ro axali istoriis (1870-1918) sauniversiteto saxelmZRvanelos<br />

SeqmnaSi da dawera sa<strong>in</strong>tereso istoriografiuli xasia-<br />

Tis naSromi `Sua aRmosavleTis problema XIX saukunis meore<br />

naxevarSi da <strong>in</strong>glisis burJuazili istoriografia~ [26].<br />

mixeil mamforia (1901-1974) did da<strong>in</strong>teresebas iCenda<br />

Zveli saberZneTis istoriis problemebiT da istoriis swavlebis<br />

meTodikis sakiTxebiT. Tavisi mokrZalebuli wvlili<br />

Seitana axali istoriis qrestomaTiis Seqmnis saqmeSi. mSobliur<br />

enaze dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Sesaxeb arsebuli<br />

pirvelwyaroebiT qarTveli mkiTxveli da pirvel rigSi moswavle<br />

axalgazrdoba ganebivrebuli arasodes yofila da axali<br />

istoriis qrestomaTiis gamocema seriozul w<strong>in</strong>gadadgmul<br />

nabijs warmoadgenda [22].<br />

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebs exeba prof.<br />

givi Jordanias (1911-2001) sqeltaniani gamokvlevebi `ruseTsafrangeTis<br />

urTierToba XVI saukunis bolos da XVII saukunis<br />

dasawyisSi~ da `romis kaTolikuri misia da saqarTvelo (XVI<br />

saukunis bolo XVII saukunis 20-30-ian wlebi) [28]. es imdro<strong>in</strong>deli<br />

qarTuli istoriografiis mniSvnelovani miRweva iyo.<br />

evropis axali istoriis sakiTxebs CauRrmavda prof. kukuri<br />

liluaSvili (1924-1989). man dawera seriozuli naSromi<br />

ocdaaTwliani omis (1618-1648) erT-erT sa<strong>in</strong>tereso sakiTxze<br />

Cexi xalxis brZolaze TavisuflebisaTvis. mis mTavar naSroms<br />

ki, cxadia, warmoadgens soliduri, fundamenturi, gamokvleva<br />

fanariotTa uRelis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg bulgareli xalxis gmiruli<br />

brZolis Sesaxeb [29]. prof. karlo meSvelianma dawera saxelmZRvanelo<br />

slavebis istoriaSi [30]. faqtobrivad es iyo qar-<br />

Tul istoriografiaSi aRmosavleT evropis istoriis mecnieruli<br />

Seswavlis saqmeSi gadadgmuli pirveli seriozuli nabijebi.<br />

prof. naira mamukelaSvilis da<strong>in</strong>tereseba safrangeTis<br />

didi revoluciis istoriiT SemTxveviT ar yofila da, pirvel<br />

yovlisa, prof. givi kiRuraZis da prof. kote anTaZis keTilismyofeli<br />

gavlenis logikur Sedegs warmoadgens. safrangeTis<br />

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evoluciis erT-erT aqtualur da rTul sakiTxs exeba n. mamukelaSvilis<br />

naSromi `safrangeTis politikuri wyobis demokratizaciisaTvis<br />

brZola 1793 wlis pirvel naxevarSi~ [31].<br />

* * *<br />

saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Seswavlis<br />

saqmeSi mniSvnelovan texilad gvevl<strong>in</strong>eba 90-iani wlebi,<br />

rodesac daiSala sabWoTa kavSiri. wertili daesva erTi marqsistuli<br />

ideologiis diqtats. qarTulma istoriografiam<br />

SvebiT amoisunTqa. mas gauCnda sakuTari arCevani. Seiqmna wanamZRvrebi<br />

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis aqtualuri<br />

problemebis gaazrebis normalur mecnierul kalapotSi dabrunebisaTvis.<br />

dRis wesrigSi dadga axali istoriis gawmenda<br />

marqsistuli stereotipebisa da Stampebisagan. es ar iyo advili<br />

saqme da garkveuli dro esaWiroeboda.<br />

am mimarTulebiT gadadgmul pirvel seriozul nabijad<br />

msoflio istoriis axali saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebi migvaCnia<br />

[32]. aq ukve aRar igrZnoba istoriuli movlenebisadmi viwro<br />

klasobrivi midgoma da formaciuli pr<strong>in</strong>cipi. es seriozuli<br />

w<strong>in</strong>agadadgmuli nabiji iyo. am saxelmZRvanelobis Semdgomi<br />

daxvewa, srulyofa, gamoricxulad ar migvaCnia [33].<br />

qarTulma istoriografiam postsabWour sivrceSi erTerTma<br />

pirvelma dasva sakiTxi msoflio istoriis marqsistuli<br />

periodizaciis gadas<strong>in</strong>jvis Taobaze da Seecada msoflio<br />

istoriis periodizaciis normalur kalapotSi dabrunebas.<br />

yovelgvari orig<strong>in</strong>alobia da novaciebis gareSe mizanSewonilad<br />

migvaCnia daubrundeT msoflio istoriis periodizaciis<br />

im models, romelic miRebuli da aRiarebuli aris saerTaSoriso<br />

sazogadoebis mier [34].<br />

uaxlesi qarTuli istoriografia did yuradRebas uTmobs<br />

dasavleT evropis axal istoriaSi axali kvalificirebuli<br />

saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnas. lali fircxalavam dawera saxelmZRvanelo<br />

istoriuli mecnierebis SesavalSi. prof. vaJa<br />

TvalavaZem dawera axali istoriis saxelmZRvanelo. qarTul<br />

istoriografiaSi pirvelad Seiqmna saxelmZRvaneloebi dasavleT<br />

evropis calkeuli qveynebis, <strong>in</strong>glisis, safrangeTis da<br />

germaniis istoriaSi [35]. es iyo marqsistuli ideologiis monopoliis<br />

daZlevis gzaze gadadgmuli pirveli mokrZalebuli<br />

nabijebi. ikveTeba istoriis mravalvariantuli midgomis kon-<br />

434

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turebi, Tumca marqsistuli ideologiis gavlenis bolomde<br />

daZlevaze laparaki jer kidev naadrevia. am mxriv w<strong>in</strong> didi<br />

Sroma gviZevs.<br />

naira mamukelaSvilma daicva sadoqtoro disertacia istoris<br />

swavlebis meTodikaSi. am striqonebis avtorma dawera monografia<br />

Temaze `dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axali istoriis<br />

Seswavla saqarTveloSi XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi~,<br />

sadac sagangebodaa Seswavlili saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis<br />

axali istoriis Seswavlis fuZemdeblebis n. dubrovskis, gr.<br />

naTaZis da al. namoraZis mecnieruli memkvidreoba.<br />

saqarTveloSi germanuli reformaciis erT-erT sauke-<br />

Teso specialistad gvevl<strong>in</strong>eba prof. guram kutalia. man am<br />

Temaze gamoaqveyna xuTi monografia da araerTi sa<strong>in</strong>tereso<br />

naSromi. istorikosma luarsab SublaZem sagangebod Seiswavla<br />

Sveicarieli reformatoris huldraix cv<strong>in</strong>glis Sexedulebebi.<br />

reformaciis Tematikaze ramdenime naSromi gamoaqveyna<br />

akaki geTiaSvilma [36].<br />

<strong>in</strong>glisSi reformaciis sakiTxis <strong>in</strong>teresdebian istrikosebi<br />

n<strong>in</strong>o gomarTeli, eTer jaWvaZe, izolda belTaZe, Tea qar-<br />

Cava. am Sromebis mecnierul Rirebulebas mniSvnelovanwilad<br />

gansazRvravs maTi SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba [37]. es Sromebi,<br />

saerTaSoriso st<strong>and</strong>artebis Tanaxmad, umTavresad axal istorias<br />

ganekuTvneba an Sua saukuneebis da axali istoriis<br />

sazRvarzea.<br />

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Seswavlis meore mniSvnelovani<br />

centria saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis istoriis<br />

<strong>in</strong>stituti, sadac am saSuri saqmis <strong>in</strong>iciatorad al.<br />

namoraZis kidev erTi mowafe prof. ilia tabaRua mogvevl<strong>in</strong>a.<br />

man fasdaudebeli wvlili Seitana saqarTvels da evropis<br />

qveynebis urTierTobebis Seswavlis saqmeSi. guldasmiT Seiswavla<br />

da gamoamzeura saqarTveloze evropis wignTsacavebSi<br />

da arqivebSi daculi masalebi. sagangebod gamoikvlia sulxan-saba<br />

orbelianis misia safrangeTSi [38].<br />

pirveli msoflio omis w<strong>in</strong> germaniis sagareo politikas<br />

ganixilavs Tavis wignebSi prof. vaJa CoCia [39]. ganyofileba<br />

gamoscemda krebuls `evropis istoriis sakiTxebi~, romelmac<br />

Tavisi wvlili Seitana saqarTveloSi dasavleT evropis axali<br />

istoriis kvlevis da popularizaciis saqmeSi.<br />

435

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dasavleT evropis qveynebis istoriis Seswavlas didi yuradReba<br />

eTmoboda kidev erT mniSvnelovan samecniero centrSi<br />

sulxan-saba orbelianis saxelobis <strong>in</strong>stitutSi (yofil a.<br />

s. puSk<strong>in</strong>is <strong>in</strong>stitutSi). aq am saqmis moTaveebi iyvnen al. namoraZis<br />

mowafeebi prof. arCil CxeiZe da prof. guram manjgalaZe.<br />

prof. arCil CxeiZis yuradRebis centrSi idga <strong>in</strong>glisis<br />

politika kavkasiaSi XIX saukuneSi da XX saukunis dasawyisSi<br />

[40]. prof. guram manjgalaZe ki germanisti iyo da swavlobda<br />

germaniis politikas kavkasiaSi. mas a<strong>in</strong>teresebda am aqtualuri<br />

Temis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi [41]. ucxo enebis <strong>in</strong>stitutSi<br />

iRwvoda al. namoraZis mowafe remi sik<strong>in</strong>WalaSvili [42].<br />

dasavleT evropis axali istoriis Seswavlas da popularizacias<br />

didi yuradReba eqceoda periferiebSi: baTumSi, soxumSi,<br />

quTaisSi, gorSi, TelavSi. am saqmis Tavkacebi upiratesad<br />

al. namoraZis mowafeebi da maTi aRzrdilebi iyvnen. maT<br />

Soris yvelaze ufro kolorituli figuraa — prof. levan<br />

svanaZe. is saqarTveloSi <strong>in</strong>glisis uaxlesi istoriis erT-er-<br />

Ti sa<strong>in</strong>tereso mkvlevaria.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. Н. Дубровский, Флорентийский публицист конца XIV-го столетия –<br />

Историческое обозрение, т. 14. М., 1905. Н. Дубровский, Ученолитературная<br />

деятельность Н. И. Кареева – Исторический вестник, т.<br />

XCIX, М., 1905. Н. Дубровский, Июльская революция и буржуазия –<br />

Мир божий, март, 1906. Н. Дубровский, Официальная наука в<br />

царстве Польском. СПБ., 1908<br />

2. gr. naTaZe, uZvelesi saberZneTis social-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,<br />

rogorc kilonis ajanyebis safuZveli, Tb., 1924.<br />

3. gr. naTaZe, dasavleT evropis feodalizmis istoria, Tb.,<br />

1926. gr. naTaZe, dasavleT evropis feodalizmis istoria,<br />

Tb., 1933. gr. naTaZe, <strong>in</strong>glisis mokle istoria, Tb., 1919. gr.<br />

naTaZe, axali problemebi evropis feodalizmis istoriidan.<br />

beneficiumis warmoSoba da imunitetis sakiTxi, universitetis<br />

moambe, t. VI, Tb., 1925. gr. naTaZe, Capitulare de Villis<br />

erTi nimuSi formalur-logikuri midgomisa istoriul<br />

kvlevaSi, universtitetis Sromebi, seria 1, Tb., 1936. gr. na-<br />

TaZe, salikuri kanoni rogorc wyaro evropis ekonomikuri<br />

istoriis Sesaswavlad, universitetis Sromebi, t. 5, Tb.,<br />

1938. gr. naTaZe, soflis meurneobis organizacia da teqnika<br />

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Zvel germanelebSi — universitetis Sromebi, t. XVI, Tb.,<br />

1940. gr. naTaZe, msxvili mamulis organizeba da marTva merov<strong>in</strong>gebis<br />

dros, universitetis Sromebi, t. XXIV, Tb., 1942.<br />

gr. naTaZe, dofSis Teoriis kritika da Tanamedrove faSizmi,<br />

universitetis Sromebi, t. XXVI, Tb., 1944.<br />

4. gr. naTaZe, kapitalizmis istoriidan. Tema 2, safrangeTis<br />

didi revolucia, Tb., 1933. gr. naTaZe, ramodenime momenti<br />

safrangeTis didi revoluciisdro<strong>in</strong>deli saglexo kanonmdeblobisa,<br />

universitetis moambe, # 2, Tb., 1922. gr. naTa-<br />

Ze, napoleonis memuarebi da <strong>and</strong>erZi, universitetis moambe,<br />

t. 5, Tb., 1925. gr. naTaZe, napoleon I-is daw<strong>in</strong>aurebis mizezebi,<br />

universitetis moambe, t. 8, Tb., 1927. gr. naTaZe, parizis<br />

komuna (dokumentebis krebuli), Targmani, SeniSvnebi<br />

gr. naTaZis, Tb., 1938. gr. naTaZe, <strong>in</strong>glisis mokle istoria,<br />

Tb. 1919.<br />

5. al. namoraZe, adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli meurveoba da municipaluri<br />

marTveloba safrangeTSi, Tb., 1935.<br />

6. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi (SemdgomSi<br />

— suica), fondi 2079. anabeWdi 1, saqme 230. furceli 8.<br />

suica, f. 2079. an. 1. s. 214. f. 8. suica. f. 279. an. 1. s. 183 da 186.<br />

7. al. namoraZe, leJislativi da saTemo miwebis sakiTxi safrangeTSi<br />

1792 wels, al. wulukiZis saxelobis quTaisis saxelmwifo<br />

ped<strong>in</strong>stitutis Sromebi, t. IX. 1949. al. namoraZe,<br />

Sarl dantonis proeqti da moxseneba safrangeTSi saTemo<br />

miwebis likvidaciis Sesaxeb, wardgenili 1792 wels samiwaTmoqmedo<br />

komitetSi, universitetis Sromebi, t. 55, Tb.,<br />

1954. al. namoraZe, marenis moxseneba da proeqti safrange-<br />

Tis saTemo miwebis Sesaxeb leJislativSi 1792 wels, suica,<br />

f. 2079, anaweri 1, s. 10. al. namoraZe, fabris moxseneba da<br />

proeqti saTemo miwebis gayofis Sesaxeb safrangeTSi, wardgenili<br />

erovnul konventSi 1793 wels, suica. f. 2079. an. 1.<br />

s. 11 da 14. al. namoraZe, sues moxseneba da proeqti saTemo<br />

miwebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb, suica, f. 2079. an. 1. s. 9. al. namoraZe,<br />

avenelis moxseneba da proeqti saTemo miwebis Sesaxeb<br />

safrangeTSi, wardgenili sakanonmdeblo krebaSi<br />

1792 wels, suica, f. 2079. an. 1. s. 10. al. namoraZe, erovnuli<br />

konventi da saTemo miwebi — suica. f. 2079, an. 1. s. 28. am<br />

sakiTxze dawvrilebiT ixileT. m. kal<strong>and</strong>aZe, safrangeTis<br />

didi revoluciis agraruli kanonmdeblobis Seswavla saqarTveloSi,<br />

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8. al, namoraZe, dasavleT evropis istoria, ganakveTi 1. feodaluri<br />

qalaqis genezisi da misi social-ekonomiuri da<br />

politikuri ganviTareba, Tb., 1933. al. namoraZe, kolumbi<br />

da amerikis aRmoCena, Tb., 1961. al. namoraZe, Sarl lui,<br />

monteskie, Tb., 1956. al. namoraZe, safrangeTis 1848 wlis<br />

revolucia, suica, f. 2079, an. 1. s. 5. gv. 288. al. namoraZe,<br />

benjamen frankl<strong>in</strong>i — suica, f. 2079. an. 1. s. 17. gv. 56. bolo<br />

ori naSromis gamoqveyneba man ver SeZlo da maT kvals arqivSi<br />

wavawydiT.<br />

9. m. kal<strong>and</strong>aZe, dasavleT evropis Sua saukuneebis da axali<br />

istoriis Seswavla saqarTveloSi XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi,<br />

Tb., 1999. M. Kal<strong>and</strong>aze, Die anfánge des Studiums der<br />

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10. g. kiRuraZe, narkvevebi pirveli msoflio omis momzadebis<br />

istoriidan (marokos pirveli krizisi), Tb., 1960.<br />

11. g. kiRuraZe, <strong>in</strong>glisis sagareo politikis istoriidan<br />

(1904-1906 ww.), universitetis Sromebi, t. 41. Tb., 1950. g.<br />

kiRuraZe, burebis problema da germania, — universitetis<br />

Sromebi, t. 47. Tb., 1952. g. kiRuraZe, evropis saxelmwifo-<br />

Ta damokidebuleba ruseTis 1905-1907 ww. revoluciasTan,<br />

universitetis Sromebi, t. 57, Tb., 1955.<br />

12. g. kiRuraZe, safrangeTis armia didi revoluciis pirvel<br />

etapze (1789-1792 ww.), Tb., 1982. g. kiRuraZe, safrangeTis<br />

didi burJuaziuli revoluciis istoriidan (axali armiis<br />

organizeba), Tb., 1963.<br />

13. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis arqivi, samecniero<br />

nawili, istoriis fakulteti, fondi 1, anaweri 1, Sesanaxi<br />

erTeuli 1029. furceli 53-66.<br />

14. g. kiRuraZe, <strong>in</strong>glisi da safrangeTis burJuaziuli revolucia<br />

— universitetis Sromebi, t. 55. Tb., 1955. g. kiRura-<br />

Ze `vantozis dekretebi~ (iakob<strong>in</strong>Ta diqtaturis istoriidan),<br />

universitetis Sromebi, t. 69. Tb., 1958. g. kiRuraZe,<br />

safrangeTis didi burJauziuli revoluciis gamoZaxili<br />

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19. saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi, fondi<br />

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istoriis sakiTxebi, nawili 1. Tb., 1999. i. belTaZe, londonel<br />

merserTa da vaWar-avanturistTa kompania XV-XVI saukuneebis<br />

mijnaze, baTumi, 1998. t. mori, utopia, laT<strong>in</strong>uridan<br />

Targmna, Sesavali werili da saZiebeli daurTo n<strong>in</strong>o<br />

gomarTelma, Tb., 1983. T. qarCava, tomas kranmeris sazogadoebriv-politikuri<br />

Sexedulebebi, Tb., 2002. (sak<strong>and</strong>idato<br />

disertaciis avtoreferati). T. qarCava, tomas kranmeri<br />

— <strong>in</strong>glisuri reformaciis patriarqi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />

akademiis moambe, t. 162, # 3. Tb., 2000. T. qarCava,<br />

anglikanuri eklesiis saTaveebTan, Sua saukuneebis istoriis<br />

sakiTxebi, naw. II, Tb., 2000.<br />

38. i. tabaRua, ruseT-safrangeTis urTierTobebi pirveli<br />

msoflio omis w<strong>in</strong>, Tb., 1960. i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo-safrangeTis<br />

urTierToba (XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedi),<br />

Tb., 1972. sabuTebi saqarTvelo-safrangeTis urTierTobis<br />

istoriidan, nawili 1, Sesavali, Targmani da ganmartebebi<br />

daurTo ilia tabaRuam, Tb., 1975. i. tabaRua, saqar-<br />

Tvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, naw. 1, Tb., 1984.<br />

i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacaveb-<br />

Si, naw. 2, Tb., 1986. i. tabaRua, saqarTvelo evropis wignsacavebsa<br />

da arqivebSi, naw. 3. Tb., 1987. i. tabaRua, masalebi<br />

XVIII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis,<br />

Tb., 1982.<br />

39. v. CoCia, germania pirveli msoflio omis w<strong>in</strong>, Tb., 1986. v.<br />

CoCia, bismarki da germaniis sagareo politika (1871-1882),<br />

Tb., 1996. v. CoCia, germania 1904-1914 wlebSi, Tb., 2008.<br />

40. a. CxeiZe, <strong>in</strong>glisis politika kavkasiaSi, Tb., 1973. a. CxeiZe,<br />

baTumi <strong>in</strong>glisis axlo aRmosavleTis politikaSi (1875-<br />

443

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1878), baTumi, 1974. a. CxeiZe, <strong>in</strong>glisis aRmosavleTi politika<br />

da saqarTvelo (XIX-XX ss. damdegi) — krebuli miZ-<br />

Rvnili profesori arCil CxeiZis dabadebis 80 wlisTavisadmi,<br />

Tb., 2002. a. CxeiZe, saqarTvelo, ruseTis, safrange-<br />

Tis da <strong>in</strong>glisis aRmosavlur politikaSi — qarTuli diplomatia,<br />

weliwdeuli 9, Tb., 2003.<br />

41. g. manjgalaZe, germaneli kolonistebi saqarTveloSi, Tb.,<br />

1974. g. manjgalaZe, germanuli kapitali kavkasiaSi, Tb., 1991.<br />

42. r. sik<strong>in</strong>WalaSvili, saglexo miwaTmflobeloba safrangeT-<br />

Si 1789 wlis burJuaziuli revoluciis w<strong>in</strong> da `rusuli<br />

skola~, aspirantTa samecniero Sromebi, wigni 1. Tb., 1950.<br />

es naSromi dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli Cven wignSi: m. kal<strong>and</strong>aZe,<br />

safrangeTis didi revoluciis agraruli kanonmdeblobis<br />

Seswavla saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2006. gv. 129-141. r.<br />

sik<strong>in</strong>WalaSvili, grakxus babefis revoluciuri Sexedulebebis<br />

Sesaxeb, ucxo enebis pedagogiuri <strong>in</strong>stitutis Sromebi,<br />

t. 11-12. Tb., 1972.<br />

Merab Kal<strong>and</strong>adze<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, Professor of the Ivane<br />

Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />

<strong>Modern</strong> <strong>History</strong> of Eastern Europe <strong>Studies</strong> <strong>in</strong> Georgia<br />

Summary<br />

In this topic is researched the studies of modern history of Eastern<br />

Europe <strong>in</strong> Georgia. Till now this theme was not explored.<br />

Founders of modern history of Eastern Europe studies <strong>in</strong> Georgia are<br />

prof. Nicholas Dubrovsky, prof. Grigol Natadze <strong>and</strong> Alex<strong>and</strong>er Namoradze.<br />

Great contribution <strong>in</strong> the studies were made by their followers: prof.<br />

Givi Kiguradze, prof. Kote Antadze, prof. Ilia Tabagua, prof. Kukuri<br />

Liluashvili, prof. Karlo Meshveliani, prof. Archil Chkheidze, prof. Guram<br />

Manjgaladze <strong>and</strong> their colleges prof. Varlam Donadze <strong>and</strong> prof. Givi<br />

Jordania. Today their disciples cont<strong>in</strong>ue work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> this is, already the third<br />

generation of researchers.<br />

444

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���������������<br />

445<br />

niko javaxiSvili<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />

profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis<br />

ganyofilebis mTavari mecnier-<br />

TanamSromeli<br />

toponim `Tbilisis~ istoriisaTvis<br />

saqarTvelos sataxto qalaqi — Tbilisi Zvel qarTul<br />

wyaroebSi ZiriTadad saxeldebulia rogorc — `tfilisi~.<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa, Tu rodis ewoda `tfiliss~ — `Tbilisi~?<br />

qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi asea ganmartebuli<br />

term<strong>in</strong>i `Tbilisi~ — `Tbilisi (1936-mde tfilisi)~ [3, 595].<br />

imave enciklopediis sxva tomSi asea ganmartebuli term<strong>in</strong>i<br />

`tfilisi~ — `q. Tbilisis saxelwodeba 1936-mde. ix. st.<br />

Tbilisi~ [5, 83].<br />

enciklopedia `TbilisSi~ vkiTxulobT: `ZvelqarTulad<br />

qalaqs `tfilisi~ erqva da am saxelwodebidan gavrcelda igi<br />

sxva xalxTa enebSi (rusulsa da evropulSi `tiflis~; arabulsparsulSi<br />

— `Tiflis~; somxurSi — `tfRis~; berZnulSi — `tefilis~)~<br />

[4, 27-28].<br />

zemoxsenebuli ganmartebebis gacnobisas rCeba STabeWdileba,<br />

rom 1936 wlamde saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis aRsaniSnavad<br />

gamoiyeneboda mxolod `tfilisi~. amis Semdeg ki mis nacvlad<br />

damkvidrda term<strong>in</strong>i — `Tbilisi~.<br />

saqarTvelos centralur saxelmwifo saistorio arqivSi<br />

daculi erTi saistorio sabuTi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, rom<br />

zemoT motanili ganmartebani gadavs<strong>in</strong>joT.<br />

1795 wlis 1 maiss, qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is (1720-<br />

1798) mier mankasar TuSmaliSvilisadmi (dokumentSi ixsenieba<br />

`TuSmalovis~ formiT) boZebul aznaurobis wyalobis wignSi,<br />

romlis dedanic (igi gamosaxulia w<strong>in</strong>amdebare krebulis garekanis<br />

bolo gverdze) daculia zemoxsenebul arqivSi, vkiTxulobT:

---

`wyalobiTa RvTisaTa, Cuen, yovlisa saqarTveloÁsa, kaxeTisa<br />

da sxuaTa da sxuaTaman irakli meoreman, mefeman, giboZeT<br />

werili ese da ganvacxadebT, rom Sen — mankasar sardar<br />

gvarad TuSmalo xar, romelic gvari saqarTvelos keTilSobilad<br />

aRracxilia da Sen STamomavlobiTurT SeniT Sesabam<br />

xarisxis TÂsisa keTilSobilad icnobebode da pativcemul iyav,<br />

viTarca sxvanni saqarTvelos aznaurni, romelsa movawerT<br />

Ãelsa da davhbeWdavT sameufoTa beWdiTa CveniTa welTa 1795,<br />

Tvesa maisa I, xolo qarTulsa qoronikonsa upg daibeWda qalaqsa<br />

S<strong>in</strong>a Tbiliss (xazgasma Cvenia. n. j.)~ [1].<br />

wyalobis wigns bolos erTvis mefe erekle II-is faqsimile<br />

— `erekle~ (marjvena kuTxeSi). imave sabuTis marcxena<br />

kuTxeSi dasmulia samefo beWedi wiTeli feris gogirdze [1].<br />

aqve unda aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos, rom erekle II-is mier gacemul araerT<br />

sabuTSi ixsenieba toponimi `tfilisi~. es gvafiqreb<strong>in</strong>ebs,<br />

rom jer kidev XVIII saukunis miwuruls `tfilisi~ da `Tbilisi~<br />

eqvivalentur term<strong>in</strong>ebs warmoadgenda.<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa, ratom ixsenieba am sabuTSi TuSmaliSvilis<br />

gvari `TuSmalovis~ formiT?<br />

ruseTis imperiasa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris 1783<br />

wlis 24 ivliss, georgievskSi dadebuli traqtatis Semdeg,<br />

rodesac aRmosavleT saqarTvelo ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida,<br />

qarTvel TavadaznaurTa gvarebi zogierT dokumentSi<br />

rusuli dabolebiT fiqsirdeboda, magaliTad, TurqestaniSvili<br />

— `Turqistanovis~ formiT, TumaniSvili — `Tumanovis~<br />

formiT da sxv. [2].<br />

amrigad, zemoxsenebuli saarqivo dokumenti safuZvels<br />

gvaZlevs vamtkicoT, rom toponimi `Tbilisi~ jer kidev XVIII<br />

saukunis miwuruls, anu qarTl-kaxeTis samefos arsebobis xanaSi<br />

ixsenieboda, rogorc `tfilisis~ eqvivalenturi term<strong>in</strong>i.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi<br />

(scssa), fondi 1448, sabuTi # 845.<br />

2. erekle II-is mier gacemuli sabuTebi (1736-1797 wlebi), saqarTvelos<br />

iusticiis sam<strong>in</strong>istros erovnuli arqivis gamocema,<br />

Seadg<strong>in</strong>a manana WumburiZem, Tb., 2008.<br />

446

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3. Tbilisi, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 4, Tb., 1979.<br />

4. Tbilisis istoria, enciklopedia `Tbilisi~, qarTuli enciklopediis<br />

irakli abaSiZis saxelobis mTavari samecniero<br />

redaqcia, Tb., 2002.<br />

5. tfilisi, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 4, Tb., 1979.<br />

Niko Javakhishvili<br />

Doctor of Historical sciences, Professor,<br />

Chief scientist-researcher of the <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong> Department of the<br />

Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

Ethnology<br />

For the history of toponym `Tbilisi~<br />

Summary<br />

In the previous research it is studied an activity of Georgians <strong>in</strong> the<br />

Baltics from the end of XVII th century to the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of XIX th century.<br />

There are 7 subtitles represented <strong>in</strong> the research:<br />

The capital city of Georgia – Tbilisi is nom<strong>in</strong>ated as `Tfilisi~ (`Tiflis~)<br />

<strong>in</strong> old Georgian annals.<br />

It’s <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g when the city of `Tfilisi~ (`Tiflis~) was named `Tbilisi~.<br />

It is expla<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> encyclopedias, that the name `Tfilisi~ (`Tiflis~) was<br />

changed to `Tbilisi~ s<strong>in</strong>ce 1936.<br />

One historical document preserved <strong>in</strong> the Central State Historical<br />

Archive of Georgia gives us a possibility to revise above mentioned<br />

explanations. The document represents itself an orig<strong>in</strong>al of the deed issued by<br />

the K<strong>in</strong>g of Kartli-Kakheti (Kartal<strong>in</strong>o-Kakhetia) – Erekle II (1720-1798) on<br />

May 1, 1795 <strong>and</strong> where the toponym `Tbilisi~ is mentioned. It is remarkable<br />

that this document is not only the one, issued by Erekle II, where we meet the<br />

toponym `Tfilisi~ (`Tiflis~).<br />

Therefore, above mentioned archived document gives us an<br />

opportunity to prove that toponym `Tbilisi~ was noted as equivalent to<br />

`Tfilisi~ (`Tiflis~) as far back as from the end of XVIIIth century, dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

existence of the K<strong>in</strong>gdom of Kartli-Kakheti (Kartal<strong>in</strong>o-Kakhetia).<br />

447

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xaTuna qoqraSvili<br />

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis<br />

ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

`oseTis sasuliero komisiis~ arqim<strong>and</strong>riti<br />

nikifore Sida qarTlSi osebis gansaxlebis<br />

Sesaxeb (1817-1818 ww.)<br />

Sida qarTlis mTianeTis mkvidr mosaxleobas rom uZvelesi<br />

droidan qarTvelebi Seadgendnen, amas arqeologiuri,<br />

arqiteqturuli, epigrafikuli Zeglebi, toponimuri monacemebi<br />

da geografiuli saxelebi erTxmad adastureben [3, 125; 8,<br />

156; 12, 167]. migraciuli, socialur-politikuri Tu istoriuli<br />

procesebis Sedegad am regionis teritoriaze ZirZvel<br />

qarTul mosaxleobasTan erTad ebraelebi, somxebi, osebi dasaxldnen.<br />

E<br />

XIX s-is dasawyisisTvis, kerZod, 1802 wlis dokumentze<br />

dayrdnobiT, Cans, rom dRev<strong>and</strong>eli cx<strong>in</strong>valis regionis teritoriaze<br />

ebraelebi qarTvelebTan erTad, Sereulad, ZiriTadad,<br />

cx<strong>in</strong>valSi da breTSi cxovrobdnen, xolo somxebi ki cx<strong>in</strong>valSi,<br />

TamaraSenSi, dirbSi, breTSi, arcevSi da axalgorSi [13,<br />

465-469]. Aaq mosaxle qarTvelebi, ZiriTadad, marTlmadidebluri<br />

sarwmunoebis, ebraelebi iudaizmis, xolo somxebi grigorianuli<br />

da kaTolikuri aRmsarebloblobis mimdevarni iyvnen.<br />

rac Sexeba osebis Sida qarTlis teritoriaze gansaxlebas,<br />

qarTveli istorikosebi uaryofen Tvalsazriss, osebis<br />

saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan mkvidrobis Sesaxeb. saqar-<br />

Tvelos istoriul prov<strong>in</strong>ciaSi dvaleTSi, romelic kavkasionis<br />

qedis CrdiloeT kalTaze, darialis xeobasa da mamisonis<br />

uReltexils Soris mdebare e. w. nar-mamisonis qvabulSi mdebareobda,<br />

osebis Semosaxleba XV s-is bolodan dawyebula. istoriuli<br />

dvaleTi Sedgeboda kasris xevis, naras, JRelis,<br />

zrogos, zaxas, zramagas xeobebisagan. osTa migraciis procesi<br />

aq mTeli XVI s-is ganmavlobaSi mimd<strong>in</strong>areobda da XVII s-Si<br />

dasrulda osebis mier adgilobrivi qarTveluri tomebis<br />

dvalebis asimilaciiT [6, 94-95]. aRsaniSnavia, rom dvaleTi<br />

448

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eTnikuri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos ganuyofeli<br />

nawili iyo 1858 wlamde, rodesac es prov<strong>in</strong>cia ruseTma adm<strong>in</strong>istraciulad<br />

Tergis olqs dauqvemdebara.<br />

osTa pirveli dasaxlebebi, dRev<strong>and</strong>eli saqarTvelos<br />

teritoriaze, Cndeba Trusos xeobasa (md. Tergis saTave) da<br />

MmaRran-dvaleTSi (kavkasionis Qqeds gadmoRma, didi liaxvis sa-<br />

TaveebTan, aseve dvalebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria). CrdiloeT<br />

kavkasiis xeobebidan osebis am teritoriebze dasaxleba,<br />

specialistebis azriT, XVII s-is I naxevarSi moxda [2, 56; 6,<br />

96]. imis miuxedavad, rom XVII s-is I naxevarSi Sida qarTlis<br />

mTianeTis (didi da patara liaxvis zemo weli) qarTuli mosaxleoba<br />

istoriul-politikuri viTarebis Sedegad ukve ayrili<br />

da barSi gadasaxlebulia, xolo es teritoriebi nasoflarebiTaa<br />

mofenili, aq am periodSi osebi jer ar Canan.<br />

Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi, kerZod, didi da patara liaxvis<br />

saTaveebTan, osebis migracia XVII s-is II naxevridan iwyeba. XVIII<br />

s-is 30-iani wlebisaTvis is<strong>in</strong>i gansaxlebulebi arian didi da<br />

patara liaxvis xeobebis mTian zolSi, md<strong>in</strong>areebis mejudis,<br />

jejoris, qsnis, Tergis saTaveebTan. calkeul mTis sofelSi<br />

osebi darCenil qarTul mosaxleobasTan erTad Tanacxovroben<br />

[2, 57; 6, 96]. vaxuSti bagrationis rukis mixedviT, am periodisaTvis,<br />

osebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli soflebi, Sida<br />

qarTlis mTisw<strong>in</strong>eTsa da barSi jer ar arsebobda. mecnieri r.<br />

TofCiSvili XVIII s-is bolosaTvis osTa samxreTiT gansaxlebis<br />

ukidures punqtebad miiCnevs (dasavleTidan aRmosavle-<br />

Tis mimarTulebiT): kudaro (md. jejoris saTave raWaSi), guf-<br />

TaA (didi liaxvis xeoba), awerisxevis xeobis zeda nawili (patara<br />

liaxvis xeobaSi), md. mejudis xeobis saTaveSi ori sofeli,<br />

Jamuri (qsnis xeobis saTave), Ruda (md. TeTri aragvis xeobis<br />

saTave mTiuleTSi), Truso (md. Tergis saTave) [6, 97]. amgvarad,<br />

XVIII s-is dasasrulisaTvis osebi, ZiriTadad, Sida qar-<br />

Tlis mTian adgilebSi iyvnen dasaxlebulebi.<br />

Sida qarTlis mTianeTidan mTisw<strong>in</strong>eTisa da baris soflebSi<br />

an nasoflarebSi osebis Casaxleba XVIII s-is bolosa da<br />

XIX s-is damdegidan iwyeba. Aam periodisaTvis is<strong>in</strong>i ikaveben patara<br />

liaxvis, lexuras, mejudas da froneebis xeobebis mTisw<strong>in</strong>eTis<br />

teritoriebs. Aaq is<strong>in</strong>i xSir SemTxvevaSi qarTul mosaxleobasTan<br />

Sereulad saxlobdnen.<br />

449

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usuli wyaro, romelic 1802 wliT TariRdeba, Seicavs<br />

monacemebs gorisa da duSeTis mazris soflebis mosaxleobis<br />

erovnebis da miwebis kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb. Ees dokumenti osebiT<br />

kompaqturad dasaxlebul Semdeg soflebs asaxelebs:<br />

yornisi (saTavado), tbeTi (saufliswulo da saTavado), kusireTi<br />

(saTavado), maCablebi (saTavado); mcire liaxvis xeobaSi<br />

— Rvdisi, potrisi da kidev ramdenime sofeli — saxelmwifo;<br />

maRran-dvaleTSi — Wvrivi, mRrivi da ramdenime sxva sofeli<br />

(saxelmwifo), agreTve, saTixari (saeklesio), yulbiTi (saTavado);<br />

qsnis xeobaSi — xromis wyaro (saeklesio), ikoTi (saeklesio),<br />

WurTis xevi(saufliswulo), Jamuris xevi (saufliswulo),<br />

cxraZmis xevi (saxelmwifo); aragvis auzSi —Trusos xeoba,<br />

kopi-aCxoti, guda-osni (samive saufliswulo) [13, 465-469].<br />

igive wyaro Seicavs cnobebs im soflebis Sesaxeb, sadac<br />

qarTul-osuri Sereuli mosaxleoba mkvidrobda: ZveleTi (sa-<br />

Tavado), sveri (saTavado), eredvi, qordi (saeklesio da saTavado),<br />

dici (saxelmwifo da saTavado), aweris xevi (saxelmwifo),<br />

Warebi (saTavado), snekvi (saTavado), beloTi (saxelmwifo),<br />

sacxenisi (saeklesio), vanaTi (saxelmwifo), zardiaanT-kari<br />

(saTavado), mereTi (saTavado), karbi (saufliswulo da sa-<br />

Tavado), arbo (saxelmwifo da saeklesio), sakor<strong>in</strong>To (saTavado),<br />

kirbalo (saTavado), berSaTi (saTavado), lamis-yana (saufliswulo<br />

da saTavado) [13, 465-469].<br />

sxvadasxva wyaroTa monacemebze dayrdnobiT qarTveli<br />

mecnierebi asabuTeben, rom XIX s-is I naxevarSi Sida qarTlis<br />

mTidan mTisw<strong>in</strong>eTsa da barSi Casaxlebis procesi <strong>in</strong>tensiurobiT<br />

ar gamoirCeoda. osebis Sida qarTlis baris soflebSi aqtiuri<br />

Camosaxleba da maTi dasaxlkareba XIX s-is Sua wlebidan<br />

iwyeba da XIX s-is bolomde grZeldeba [2, 58; 7, 220].<br />

amgvarad, samecniero literaturaSi dasabuTebulia,<br />

rom osTa Camosaxleba, maTi kompaqturi gansaxleba dRev<strong>and</strong>eli<br />

cx<strong>in</strong>valis regionis teritoriebze moxda ara erTdroulad,<br />

aramed T<strong>and</strong>aTanobiT XVII-XIX s-ebis ganmavlobaSi. Aam<br />

process xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelosa da centraluri kavkasionis<br />

mTis raionebSi Seqmnilma istoriulma, socialurma da politikurma<br />

situaciam. qarTul samecniero literaturaSi axsnilia,<br />

rom sagareo mtris Semosevebis Sedegad Sida qarTlis<br />

mosaxleobis Semcirebam, qarTlis mTianeTidan ZirZveli qar-<br />

Tuli mosaxleobis barisaken gadanacvlebam, erekle I-is (naza-<br />

450

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alixani) mier qarTlidan, ZiriTadad qsnis saerisTavodan,<br />

kaxeTSi mosaxleobis didi nawilis gadasaxlebam, ASida qar-<br />

Tlis daclas mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli [11, 224]. yovelive<br />

aman xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna osTa am teritoriebze CamosaxlebisaTvis.<br />

muSaxelis simciris gamo, os xizanTa qarTul<br />

miwaze, qarTvelTa nasaxlarebze dasaxlebas, maT daymevebas<br />

xels qarTveli adgilobrivi Tavadebic uwyobdnen [2, 56; 10,<br />

60-61, 64; 11, 276]. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom osTa Camosaxlebis<br />

procesi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mSvidobiani ar iyo. qarTlis mTianeTis<br />

soflebSi osebis mier qarTlis soflebis aoxrebis, adamianebis<br />

motacebis da Zarcvis faqtebs araerTi wyaro afiqsirebs<br />

[9, 429-431].<br />

sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa, XIX s-is I naxevarSi cx<strong>in</strong>valis regionSi mob<strong>in</strong>adre<br />

osebis raodenobis Sesaxeb cnobebi da mecnierTa mier<br />

gamoTqmuli daskvnebi. Oosi mecnierebi, dokumenturi wyaroebis<br />

araswori wakiTxvis Sedegad, cdiloben daamtkicon XVIII s-<br />

Si CrdiloeT kavkasiidan qarTlSi osTa didi jgufis organizebuli<br />

gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisi [4, 201-202]. amas-<br />

Tanave, is<strong>in</strong>i Sida qarTlSi mob<strong>in</strong>adre osebis sakmaod maRal<br />

cifrs asaxeleben. Oosi istorikosi Gg. TogoSvili Tavis erTerT<br />

naSromSi daaskvnis, rom XVIII s-Si saqarTveloSi osebisA<br />

6000 komli cxovrobda [4, 165]. mogvianebiT gamocemul wignSi<br />

man es ricxvi gazarda da XVIII s-is II naxevrisaTvis saqarTveloSi<br />

osebis 7000-ze meti komlis arseboba ivarauda [14, 108].<br />

qarTveli mecnierebi uaryofen osi mecnierebis Tvalsazriss<br />

da Tvlian, rom XVII—XVIII s-ebSi da XIX s-is I naxevarSi<br />

osebi saqarTveloSi umniSvnelo raodenobiT cxovrobdnen.<br />

istorikosi j. gvasalia eyrdnoba 1770 wlis aRweris monacemebs<br />

da miiCnevs, rom XVIII s-is 70-iani wlebSi qarTlSi 2860<br />

komli osi mkvidrobda. [2, 57]<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori r. TofCiSvili saistorio<br />

wyaroebisa da kameraluri aRwerebis analizis safuZvelze,<br />

metad argumentirebulad, asabuTebs XVIII s-is bolosa da<br />

XIX s-is I naxevrSi qarTlSi dasaxlebuli osebis raodenobas.M<br />

misi gamoTvliT, XVIII s-is bolos da XIX s-is dasawyisSi, saqar-<br />

Tvelos teritoriaze (saqarTvelos istoriuli prov<strong>in</strong>ciis<br />

dvaleTis gamoklebiT) mosaxle osebis raodenoba 2130 komls<br />

Seadgenda. erT ojaxSi mecnieri saSualod 7 suls angariSobs,<br />

451

---

ac sul 14 910 adamians Seadgens, anu daaxloebiT 15 000-mde<br />

suls [6, 100; 7, 165, 169]. demografi a. ToTaZis daangariSebiT<br />

osebis ricxvi saqarTveloSi 1833 wels 14 000 suli unda yofiliyo.<br />

XIX s-is Sua wlebidan XIX s-is 80-90-ian wlebamde saqar-<br />

TveloSi osebis ricxvi mkveTrad izrdeba. Ees procesi, mecnierTa<br />

azriT, mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebiT ver aixsneba da<br />

adasturebs kavkasionis CrdiloeTidan osebis masobriv migracias<br />

[5, 19].<br />

saqarTveloSi osebis gansaxlebis arealis da maTi raodenobis<br />

gansazRvris sakiTxSi qarTvel da os mecnierebs Soris<br />

dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. amdenad, yoveli axali cnobisa<br />

Tu wyaros gamovlena, romelic damatebiT sicxades Seitans<br />

am sakiTxebis kvlevis procesSi, metad sayuradReboa.<br />

XIX s-is pirvel aTeul wlebSi Sida qarTlis teritoriaze<br />

osebis gansaxlebisa da raodenobis Sesaxeb <strong>in</strong>teresmoklebuli<br />

ar unda iyos saeklesio wyaroebis monacemebi, sasuliero<br />

moRvaweebis mier Sedgenili dokumentebi da a. S. saeklesio<br />

pirebi uSualo SexebaSi iyvnen adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan,<br />

TiToeul ojaxTan, TiToeul adamianTan da amdenad, maT mier<br />

mowodebuli dokumentebi, cnobebi angariSgasawev masalas iZlevian<br />

istoriuli realobis rekonstruqciisaTvis.<br />

1801 wels ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsias 1811 wels<br />

saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba mohyva. saqar-<br />

Tvelos eklesiis rusul yaidaze reorganizaciis Sedegad, saqarTveloSi<br />

gauqmda patriarqobis <strong>in</strong>stituti, Seiqmna saqar-<br />

Tvelos saegzarqoso, romelic uSualod ruseTis uwm<strong>in</strong>des<br />

s<strong>in</strong>ods daeqvemdebara, xolo misi marTva-gamgeoba saqarTvelos<br />

egzarqoss daevala.<br />

ruseTis imperiis politika, sazRvrebis gafarToebis,<br />

mezobeli xalxebis damorCilebisa da rusifikaciis survili<br />

moiTxovda samisionero saqmis gansakuTrebul gaaqtiurebas.<br />

1815 wels ruseTis imperatoris gadawyvetilebiT aRdga `ose-<br />

Tis sasulero komisia~, romlis umTavresi mizani kavkasieli<br />

mTielebis, gansakuTrebiT ki osebis marTlmadideblobaze<br />

moqceva iyo. `komisiis~ moRvaweobis mimarTuleba, amjerad,<br />

kavkasionis samxreTis kalTebidan CrdiloeTisaken ganisaz-<br />

Rvra. A amdenad, `oseTis sasulero komisiis~ moRvaweobis dasayrdenad<br />

ruseTma, mis mier ukve aneqsirebuli, saqarTvelo<br />

airCia.O osebis gaqristianebis procesic, amjerad, `komisiam~<br />

452

---

saqarTvelodan daiwyo. M`oseTis sasulero komisiis~ moRvaweobaSi<br />

aqtiurad CaerTo araerTi qarTveli sasuliero piri,<br />

romlebic Sida qarTlis maRalmTian xeobebSi, osebiT dasaxlebul<br />

soflebSi, umZimes da arcTu usafrTxo pirobebSi mqadageblebad<br />

moRvaweobdnen.<br />

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia sazogadoebas gavacnoT, Cven<br />

mier mikvleuli dokumentebi, kerZod, `oseTis sasuliero komisiis~<br />

mqadageblis arqim<strong>and</strong>rit nikifores moxsenebiTi bara-<br />

Tebis teqstebi, romlebic man 1817-1818 wlebSi saqarTvelos<br />

egzarqos Teofilaqtes warudg<strong>in</strong>a [1, 3-5]. is<strong>in</strong>i Seicaven Rirebul<br />

cnobebs Sida qarTlis mTianeTis xeobebSi osi mosaxleobis<br />

gansaxlebis arealis, maTi suladobrivi da komlobrivi<br />

raodenobis Sesaxeb. vfiqrobT, es dokumentebi sxvadasxva wyaroebTan<br />

urTierTSejerebisa da analizis Sedegad daazustebs<br />

an gaamyarebs qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebul mosazrebebs<br />

aRniSnuli problemis Sesaxeb.<br />

saarqivo dokumentebidan irkveva, rom saqarTvelos egzarqos<br />

Teofilaqtes 1817 wlis 22 oqtombers oficialurad<br />

werilobiT miumarTavs `oseTis sasuliero komisiis~ mqadageblis<br />

arqim<strong>and</strong>rit nikiforesaTvis. Eegzarqoss misTvis dauvalebia<br />

Sida qarTlSi osebiT dasaxlebul xeobebsa da soflebSi<br />

monaTluli da mounaTlavad darCenili mosaxleobis<br />

aRnusxva, komlebisa da suladobrivi raodenobis CvenebiT;<br />

arqim<strong>and</strong>rits unda daedg<strong>in</strong>a, agreTve, Tu romel Tavads an aznaurs<br />

ekuTvnoda aRnusxuli xeobisa da soflis mosaxleoba.<br />

Ddavaleba iTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebda, rom is yovelgvari gaxmaurebis gareSe<br />

Sesrulebuliyo. amasTan egzarqosi iTxovda samuSaos<br />

Sesrulebis dros, yvela SesaZlo xerxiT, usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas.<br />

AaRwera srulad unda Catarebuliyo osebiT dasaxlebul<br />

xeobebSi, agreTve axlomdebare mezobel soflebSi,<br />

sadac `oseTis sasuliero komisia~ dosiTeos ficxelauris<br />

xelmZRvanelobis dros, 12 eklesiis mSeneblobas gegmavda [1,<br />

1-2].<br />

irkveva, rom arqim<strong>and</strong>rit nikifores 1817 wlis dekember-<br />

Si, am sakiTxis Taobaze, Seudgenia da egzarqosisaTvis gaugzavnia<br />

pirveli moxsenebiTi baraTi, romelic 1818 wlis 21 ianvars<br />

Sesula saegzarqosis kancelariaSi. arqim<strong>and</strong>riti nikifore<br />

aRwerda axladmonaTluli osebiT dasaxlebuli kavkasiis<br />

mTebis 8 xeobis soflebs. es iyo Catarebuli samuSaos na-<br />

453

---

wili. dokumentidan irkveva, rom zamTris didTovlobis gamo<br />

arqim<strong>and</strong>riti iZulebuli gaxda Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi aRwera<br />

Seewyvita [1, 3-4].<br />

saqmeSi daculia arqim<strong>and</strong>rit nikifores mier egzarqos<br />

Teofilaqtesadmi wardgenili meore moxseneba, romelic 1818<br />

wlis 16 martiT TariRdeba. am dokumentis mixedviT Cans, rom<br />

arqim<strong>and</strong>rits gaugrZelebia egzarqosis davalebis Sesruleba;<br />

aRuweria damatebiT kidev 11 xeobaSi mdebare soflebis mosaxleoba<br />

komlebisa da suladobis mixedviT da warmoudgenia,<br />

rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs `yovelnive unaklulod srulebiT<br />

aRwerilni, esreT viTarca zemore rvaTa xeobaTa~, e. i. aRuweria<br />

srulad da unaklod, adre aRwerili 8 xeobis msgavsad. Aamjerad,<br />

arqim<strong>and</strong>riti nikifore angariSze xels awers, rogorc<br />

`oseTis sasuliero komisiis mqadagebelyofili~ [1, 5].<br />

amgvarad, arqim<strong>and</strong>rit nikifores moxsenebiTi baraTebi<br />

Seicaven cnobebs 19 xeobis soflebSi osebis gansaxlebis Sesaxeb.<br />

orive dokumenti arqim<strong>and</strong>rits Seudgenia Q`q. rcx<strong>in</strong>valiT~,<br />

sadac `oseTis sasuliero komisiaSi~ samsaxureobrivi<br />

movaleobis Sesrulebisas misi ZiriTadi samyofeli iyo da saidanac<br />

is osebiT dasaxlebuli soflebis aRsawerad mogzaurobda.<br />

saegzarqosos kancelariaSi qarTul enaze Sesuli dokumentebi,<br />

rusulad saqmis warmoebis gamo, kancelariis Tarjimnis<br />

mier iTargmneboda. xSir SemTxvevaSi, saarqivo saqmeebSi am periodis<br />

qarTuli dokumentebisa da werilebis dednebTan er-<br />

Tad, maTi rusulad Targmnili versiebicaa daculi. arqim<strong>and</strong>rit<br />

nikifores orive moxsenebiTi baraTi qarTul enaze Seusrulebia.<br />

rogorc Cans, orive teqsti rusulad iTargmna,<br />

magram saarqivo saqmeSi daculi aRmoCnda, mxolod meore moxsenebis<br />

(11 xeobis Sesaxeb) qarTuli da rusuli teqstebi, anu<br />

qarTulad Sesrulebul dedanTan erTad misi rusulad Targmnili<br />

varianti. rac Seexeba pirvel moxsenebiT baraTs, sadac<br />

osebiT dasaxlebuli 8 xeobis ESesaxeb aris cnobebi mowodebuli,<br />

saarqivo saqmeSi mxolod pirvelwyarodan Targmnili rusuli<br />

varianti aRmoCnda. amis gamo, vaqveynebT pirveli moxsenebis<br />

Cem mier rusulidan qarTulad Targmnil, xolo meore<br />

moxsenebiTi baraTis dedans, anu Tavad arqim<strong>and</strong>rit nikifores<br />

mier Sesrulebul, teqsts. sasurveli iqneboda am dokumentebis<br />

rusuli da qarTuli teqstebis paralelurad gamoq-<br />

454

---

veyneba, magram krebulSi dasabeWdi masalis formatis SezRudulobis<br />

gamo, es ar moxerxda.<br />

# 52 21 ianvari 1818 weli ∗<br />

455<br />

I<br />

mis maRal yovlad usamRvdeloesobas arqiepiskopos<br />

Teofilaqtes, uwm<strong>in</strong>desi s<strong>in</strong>odis<br />

wevrs, saqarTvelosa da imereTis egzarqoss<br />

da sxvadasxva ordenebis kavalers<br />

oseTis sasuliero komisiis arqim<strong>and</strong>ritis<br />

nikifores<br />

moxsenebiTi baraTi<br />

Cems sapatio movaleobad vTvli, Tqvens maRal yovlad usam-<br />

Rvdeloesobas warmovudg<strong>in</strong>o, Cemgan dawvrilebiT Sesrulebuli<br />

aRwera sxvadasxva xeobebis soflebisa, romelSic Sedian<br />

axladmonaTluli osi mcxovrebni. amasTanave mogaxsenebT,<br />

rom mTebSi mosuli Tovlis gamo, aseTive aRwera rokis, koSkis<br />

da Trusos xeobebze ver SevZeli Semedg<strong>in</strong>a.<br />

1. geris xeobis soflebi: sazelTa, kima, Wvrivi, geri, ciara (an<br />

wiara — x. q.), klarcvi, saribuki, romlebic erTi meorisagan 4<br />

versiT arian daSorebulebi. maTSi 100 ojaxi, xolo suli 645ia.<br />

Tavisi mamulebiT ekuTvnian saxelmwifos da yavT erTi<br />

mRvdeli.<br />

2. maraleTi, Seleuri, ortevi, dmenisi da vanaTi — geris<br />

xeobis axlomdebare soflebi erTmaneTTan 5-6 versiT arian<br />

daSorebuli. Aaq 80 ojaxia, xolo suli — 406. is<strong>in</strong>i mamulebiT<br />

ekuTvnian saxelmwifos, yavT 1 mRvdeli. aq savaraudoa eklesiis<br />

mSenebloba.<br />

∗ nomeri da TariRi dokumentis rusuli Targmanis saegzarqosos kancelariaSi<br />

registraciis rigiTobasa da dros unda aRniSnavdes — x.Qq.

---

3. zavdis xeobis soflebidan zogierTi sofeli, kerZod,<br />

zavda, mariam wm<strong>in</strong>da, lalisa, Samxaura qarTvelma mefeebma<br />

Seswires Tiris monasters. maTSi aris 32 ojaxi, 240 suli.<br />

xolo sxva soflebi, rogoricaa kirwnisi, axalsofeli,<br />

jria, kodib<strong>in</strong>a, gufTa, baria, morgo, buzaki, n<strong>in</strong>ia, kava, romlebSic<br />

84 ojaxi, 500 suli saxlobs, ekuTvnian maCablebs; yvela<br />

am soflebSi osebi axladmonaTlulni arian. erTmaneTisagan<br />

10 versis manZilze mdebareoben. aq ganzraxulia eklesiis<br />

mSenebloba.<br />

4. jomagis xeobis soflebi: zemo jomaga, qvemo jomaga,<br />

romlebSic 45 ojaxi, 340 sulia. Tavis Tavs saxelmwifos kuTvnil<br />

glexebad Tvlian, xolo maCablebi maT Tavisad miiCneven.<br />

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom is<strong>in</strong>i Cven komisiis pirvelad gaxsnisas<br />

movnaTleT, maTgan aravis misces xati, jvari, maTTvis gankuTvnili<br />

perangebi. am dromde ar aris maTTan mRvdeli. Tbilisidan<br />

aRniSnuli xeoba 200 versiT aris daSorebuli.<br />

5. naris xeobaSi, romelic 22 soflisgan Sedgeba, 233<br />

ojaxia. maTgan 160 suli naraSi adre mo<strong>in</strong>aTla, xolo 100 mo<strong>in</strong>aTla<br />

1817 wlis 9 noembers. darCenilia 860 suli, romlebsac<br />

survili aqvT gaqristianebis da mzad arian amisaTvis. saxelmwifos<br />

kuTvnili glexebi yovelwliurad ixdian saxelmwifo<br />

gadasaxads. is<strong>in</strong>i moiTxoven jvrebs, xatebs da TiToeulisaTvis<br />

kuTvnil perangebs. aq savaraudoa eklesiis aSeneba. Tbilisidan<br />

naramde 300 versia da iqidan sxva osebamde, romlebic<br />

bevrni arian 20 versi.<br />

6. yornisis xeobaSi imyofebian axladmonaTluli osebi.<br />

zogierTi maTgani movida saxelmwifo soflebidan, xolo sxvani<br />

Tavad maCabelTa soflebidan, aqvT sacxovrebeli Tavad cicianovebis,<br />

xerxeuliZeebis da davidovebis mamulebSi, maT<br />

uxdian gadasaxads. am soflebis dasaxeleba, sadac is<strong>in</strong>i amJamad<br />

cxovroben aris bakmari, Tormi[...]uri, yornisi, worbisi,<br />

mavda, erkneTi, dvani, romlebic erTmaneTisagan daSorebulebi<br />

arian 4 versiT. mTaSi aris 104 ojaxi, sul 520 suli, maT<br />

hyavT erTi mRvdeli. aq ganzraxulia eklesiis mSenebloba.<br />

7. javis xeobis soflebSi borgnisi, Rvwe, muguTi, java da<br />

kroJi, romlebic ekuTvnian Tavadebs — maCablebs da Teimuraz<br />

bortis-Svils, aris 140 ojaxi, xolo 900 suli Cvens mier monaTlulebi.<br />

es soflebi erTmaneTisgan 4 versis manZilze mdebareoben.<br />

Aaq savaraudoa eklesiis mSenebloba.<br />

456

---

8. sxlebis xeobis soflebi ki, romlebic Seadgenen javis<br />

okrugs, ekuTvnian Tavadebs Teimuraz bortis-Svils da maCablebs<br />

— kotanTo, soxo, axal-sofeli, axo, nazig<strong>in</strong>a, gverwevi,<br />

tont-beTi, sxlebi, [...]. is<strong>in</strong>i erTmaneTisgan 4 versis manZilze<br />

arian daSorebulebi. 140 ojaxi, Cvens mier monaTluli 940 suli.<br />

maT hyavT erTi mRvdeli, aq savaraudoa eklesiis aSeneba.<br />

aragvis xeobis sof. gudamayarSi Cven movnaTleT 145 suli<br />

xevsuri ficxelaurebi, magram maTgan arcerTs ar miuRia<br />

jvrebi, xatebi da perangebi.<br />

aragvis xeobis sofel arRunSi movnaTleT 100 suli osi.<br />

maT aqvT ra eklesia da yavT mRvdeli asruleben aRsarebas,<br />

eziarebian wm<strong>in</strong>da saidumloebebs da iqcevian ise, rogorc SeeferebaT<br />

qristianebs.<br />

arqim<strong>and</strong>riti nikifore<br />

21 ianvari 1818 weli ∗<br />

# 125 16 марта 1818 ∗∗<br />

457<br />

II<br />

maTs maRal y˜d usamRÂdeloesobas, uwm<strong>in</strong>desis<br />

s<strong>in</strong>odis Clens, arxiepiskoposs da s˜d saqarTveloÁsa<br />

eqsarxs da mravalTa ordenTa kavalers<br />

Teofilktes<br />

ovseTis sasulieros komisiis mqadagebelyofilis<br />

arxim<strong>and</strong>riti nikiforesagan<br />

raporti<br />

1817-is warsulis dekenbris TTveSi, Tqvens maRal y˜d usamRÂdeloesobas,<br />

siiT da reportiT aRwerili warmovudg<strong>in</strong>e, kavkasiis<br />

mTaTa rvaTa xeobaTa S˜a axalnaTelRebulT ovsT sof-<br />

∗ miTiTebuli TariRi dokumentis rusuli Targmanis saegzarqosos<br />

kancelariaSi registraciis dros unda aRniSnavdes — x.Qq.<br />

∗∗ nomeri da TariRi dokumentis saegzarqosos kancelariaSi registraciis<br />

rigiTobasa da dros aRniSnavs — x.Qq.

---

lebi, komlni da sulni, raodenobiTni da agreTve visTadmica<br />

kuTvnil iyvnen, saymod, anu raodenobisa versiT urTierTas<br />

soflebi Sorvida, anuTu tfilisis qalaqidam raodenisa versiT<br />

Soravda. Eeseni yovelive garCeviT warmomidgenies, maRal<br />

y˜d usamRÂdeloesobisadmi Tqvenisa; x� awca danaSTennica xeobani,<br />

soflebi, komlni da sulni, yovelive unaklod srulebiT<br />

aRwerilni esreT viTarca zemore rvaTa xeobaTa aRwerilobis<br />

gvarni arian, am saxed warmomidgenies siiT Cvenebuli da reportsa<br />

amas S˜a STadebulni maRal y˜d usamRÂdeloesobisadmi<br />

Tqvenisa; da agreTve komisiasa S˜a saxmarni nivTni, raodenni<br />

iyvnen CemTana, da raodenni daxarjnen amave komisiasa S˜a, raodenni<br />

daSTen dRes Cemsa xelTa, erTad STawyobili davbeWde<br />

da Tana warviRe mun sadaca daniSnul ars sacxovrebeli adgili<br />

CemTuisa, x� nivTebis sia aRwerili STadebuli reportsa<br />

amas S˜a warmomidgenies maRal y˜d usamRÂdeloesobisadmi<br />

Tqvenisa.<br />

arxim<strong>and</strong>riti nikifore<br />

1818 welsa<br />

martis 5-sa dResa q. rcx<strong>in</strong>valiT<br />

9. xeobasa S˜a qeSelTas, soflebi, Txels, xutiTsa, wmida mariams,<br />

CagaTs, C<strong>in</strong>oTs, yolas, qeSelTas, javisTavs, tyemulTas,<br />

macxovars. am sofels mcxovrebni axalnaTelRebulni ovsni<br />

arian komlni samocda Tvrameti. 78 — sulni Svidas samoci 760<br />

— es soflebi urTierTs Soravs samis versiT da zogi xuTi<br />

versiT. eseni Tvisad TaviTis mamuliT ekuTvnian TavadT ma-<br />

Cablebs. aqac saydris aSeneba aris daniSnuli.<br />

10. sofelsa koSkas, urjvars, TiRs, Cifrans, yobiss. am<br />

sofelSi cxovroben axal naTelRebulni ovsni, komli asoTxmoci,<br />

180. suli cxraasTerTmeti 911 — eseni ekuTvnian TavadT<br />

maCablebs da Cifrani TavadT erisTavTa, es soflebi ur-<br />

TierTas Soravs oroliT da zogi oTxoTxis versiT. tfilisidam<br />

iqmneba orasi versi. aqac eklesiis aRSeneba aris daniSnuli.<br />

11. xeobasa S˜a rokas sofelsa zRvibirs, bretauls da<br />

rokas. am sofelSi axalnaTelRebulni ovsni cxovroben komli<br />

asoTxmoci — 108 (sic — x. q.) suli rvaas Cvidmeti 817. — es soflebi<br />

urTierTais Soravs oTx-oTxisa da xuT-xuTis versiT<br />

458

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eseni TaviTaTavs aRiareben saxelmwifod da maCablebi TÂisad<br />

uwodeben da W˜tebiT ar uwyi visadmi Sesaxvedri aris, aqac eklesiis<br />

aSeneba aris daniSnuli. tfilisidam Soravs oras ormocis<br />

versiT.<br />

12. aragvis xeobasa S˜a sofelsa Trusos, gimar, abano, qe-<br />

Terisi, oqroyana. am soflebSi scxovroben axal naTelRebulni<br />

ovsni. komli ocdaaTi — 30. suli oras TxuTmeti — 215.<br />

eseni TvisiT mamuliT saxelmwifo kacni arian, aqac eklesiis<br />

aRSeneba aris daniSnuli, tfilisidam samasis versiT Soravs.<br />

13. aragvzed soflebi, jvris, ubans, delkans da tanCas.<br />

am soflebiT cxovroben axal naTel Rebulni ovsni. Kkomli<br />

ocdasami — 23. suli asoTxmoci. eseni arian zemo mTebidan Camosulni.<br />

zogni saxelmwifos adgilidam da zogni TavadT<br />

erisTavT soflebidam, Semokrebilni, mamulsa S˜a muneburis<br />

aznauris zaal teriovssa, oss, mamulis Sesaxvedrad Ralas aZleven<br />

da cxovroben. es soflebi urTierTas Soravs orolis<br />

versiT, aqac eklesiis aRSeneba aris daniSnuli, tfilisidam<br />

Soravs as versamd<strong>in</strong> iqneba.<br />

14. sofelsa arRuns saxloben axal naTel Rebulni ovsni<br />

komli TerTmeti 11. suli 100. eseni saxelmwifoni arian. amaT<br />

saydarica aqvsT. da sakuTari mRvdelica hyavsT.<br />

15. sofelsa jaisxevs, axal naTelRebulni ovsni arian<br />

komli rva. suli ocdaCvidmeti 37. esenica saxelmwifoni arian.<br />

amaTac eklesia aqvsT da mRvdelisadmi mibarebulni aRsarebiT<br />

da ziarebiT iqcevian, viTarca hSvenis qristianeTa.<br />

16. aragvzed xevSi soflebi mnas, kops, uxaTs, xurTis,<br />

arian monaTlulni ovsni suli ormoci. maT mRvdeli hyavsT<br />

miCenili. aqve sxvebic arian. mravalni arian ovsni mosanaTlavni.<br />

17. aragvzed xeobasa S<strong>in</strong>a Rudas arian axal naTelRebulni<br />

ovsni, komli 6, suli ormocda Tormeti 52. esenic T˜sis mamuliT<br />

saxelmwifoni arian.<br />

18. aragvzed gudamayris xeobaSi sofelsa bakurxevs arian<br />

axalnaTelRebulni xevsurni, komli ocda sami 23. suli<br />

asoTxmoci. arian eseni saxelmwifo ymani TÂsis mamuliT. amaT<br />

arc jvrebi, arc xatebi da arc ganwesebuli sulzed perangi<br />

ara miscemiaT ra. da maradis Txouloben da amboben, sxvaT<br />

rom mieciT, Cven raRaT ar gvaZlevTo.<br />

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19. imereTis samzRvarSi xeobasa S<strong>in</strong>a kudaros da<strong>in</strong>aTlnen<br />

sulni cxraas aTi — 9010 (sic — x. q.). es xalxni ekuTvnian<br />

muneburs Tavads wereTels zurabs. amaT dasanaTlavi araferi<br />

nivTi ar miscemiaT ra da romlis mRvdlis xeliTac da<strong>in</strong>aTlnen,<br />

is mRvdelic miuvidaT da cxovroben esreT. Uumwyemsod,<br />

viTarca warmarTni.<br />

erTi reportiT warmovadg<strong>in</strong>e warsuls 1817 welsa dekembris<br />

TveSi. rvis xeobisa axal naTelRebulni. soflebTa, komlTa,<br />

sulTa ricxviT aRwerilni da anu visdami kuTnvilni iyvnen.<br />

garCeviT aRwerili warmovadg<strong>in</strong>e; da danarCeni romelnic<br />

vicodi da Cems xelT iyvnen, sul srulebiT am siaSi gamomicxadebia.<br />

da amboben: kaxeTis mxares kavkasiis mTaSi y˜d samRvdelos<br />

dosiTeos Tvissa iq yofnaSi xevsurnic daenaTlosT, romelTac<br />

arc adgili arc xeoba, arc soflebi da arc sulebis<br />

ricxvi ar vici.<br />

ovseTis sasulieros komisiis mqadagebelyofili<br />

arxim<strong>and</strong>riti nikifore<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi,<br />

fondi 488, saq. #93.<br />

2. j. gvasalia, Sida qarTli da osuri problema, 1997.<br />

3. p. zaqaraia, Sida qarTlis mTianeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriisaTvis,<br />

wignSi: osTa sakiTxi, Tb., 1996.<br />

4. g. TogoSvili, qarTveli da osi xalxebis urTierToba Tb.,<br />

1969.<br />

5. a. ToTaZe, osebi saqarTveloSi: miTi da realoba, Tb., 2006.<br />

6. r. TofCiSvili, kavkasiis xalxTa eTnografia, Tb., 2007.<br />

7. r. TofCiSvili, saqarTveloSi osTa Camosaxlebisa da Sida<br />

qarTlis eTnoistoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1997.<br />

8. g. oTxmezuri, Sida qarTlis mTianeTis epigrafika, osTa<br />

sakiTxi, Tb., 1996, gv 126-156. darTuli aqvs 7 fotosuraTi.<br />

9. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tb., 1973.<br />

10. a. sonRulaSvili, `samxreT oseTi~ saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2009.<br />

460

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11. v. RunaSvili, qsnis saerisTavos politikuri istoria, Tb.,<br />

2007.<br />

12. k. xaraZe, Sida qarTlSi toponimTa gayalbebis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg,<br />

wignSi: osTa sakiTxi, Tb., 1996.<br />

13. Акты собранные кавказской археографической комиссией, т. I, 1866,<br />

Тифлис.<br />

14. История Осетии, в документах и материалах (с древнейших времен<br />

до конца XVIII века) составители: Г. Д. Тогошвили и И. И. Цховребов,<br />

т. I, Цхинвали, 1962.<br />

Khatuna Kokrashvili<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, The Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Institute of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology, Senior<br />

research scientist of the Department of<br />

<strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />

Archim<strong>and</strong>rite of `The Osetia Ecclesiastic Commission~ Nikifore About<br />

the Settlement Of the Osetians <strong>in</strong> Shida Kartli (1817 - 1818)<br />

Summary<br />

The viewpo<strong>in</strong>t about the settlement of Osetians <strong>in</strong> Georgia from<br />

ancient times is denied <strong>in</strong> Georgian historiography. In scientific literature it is<br />

well proved that their migration <strong>and</strong> compact settlement on the territory of<br />

modern Tskh<strong>in</strong>vali was not simultaneous process but successive dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

17 th – 19 th centuries.<br />

The viewpo<strong>in</strong>ts about def<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the area <strong>and</strong> number of the Osetians’<br />

settlement still differ between Georgian <strong>and</strong> the Osetian scientists. After<br />

wrong read<strong>in</strong>g of the historical documents the Osetian scientists try to prove<br />

the organized migration <strong>and</strong> settlement of the Osetians big group from the<br />

North Caucasus <strong>in</strong> Kartli <strong>in</strong> the 18 th century; that at the end of the 18 th century<br />

the amount of the Osetians was quite high (6000 – 7000 families). The Georgian<br />

scientists prove that <strong>in</strong> the 17 th – 18 th centuries <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> the first half of the<br />

19 th century the Osetians were of <strong>in</strong>significant amount. On the basis of historical<br />

sources <strong>and</strong> census analysis it is soundly proved <strong>in</strong> Georgian historiography<br />

that at the end of the 18 th <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> the 10’s of the 19 th century there lived<br />

461

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only 2130 families (except Dvaleti, the historical prov<strong>in</strong>ce of Georgia), that<br />

approximately means 15 000 men.<br />

The display<strong>in</strong>g of each new document or source that additionally<br />

clarifies the po<strong>in</strong>t is worth of extreme <strong>in</strong>terest. The ecclesiastic sources,<br />

sources compiled by clergymen etc. about settlement <strong>and</strong> amount of the<br />

Osetians <strong>in</strong> the 10’s of the 19 th century <strong>in</strong> Shida Kartli should be worth of<br />

<strong>in</strong>terest. The clergymen were <strong>in</strong> close <strong>and</strong> direct relations with the local<br />

population, each family, each person <strong>and</strong> thus, their <strong>in</strong>formation, documents<br />

are worth to be taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration for the reconstruction of the historical<br />

reality. We decided that it might be expedient to publish the archive<br />

documents found by us, ma<strong>in</strong>ly the text of The Osetia Ecclesiastic<br />

Commission’s preacher - Archim<strong>and</strong>rite Nikipore’s account that was<br />

presented by him to the exarch of Georgia Theophylact. The account of the<br />

archim<strong>and</strong>rite Theophylact consists of valuable data about the dwell<strong>in</strong>g area<br />

<strong>and</strong> amount of the Osetians <strong>in</strong> the mounta<strong>in</strong> gorges of Shida (<strong>in</strong>ner) Kartli. In<br />

our op<strong>in</strong>ion, the comparison of this document with different sources <strong>and</strong> its<br />

analysis will def<strong>in</strong>e more precisely or harden the viewpo<strong>in</strong>ts on the subject<br />

that were accepted <strong>in</strong> Georgian historiography.<br />

462

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mzia mgalobliSvili<br />

lela miqiaSvili<br />

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis<br />

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

masalebi XIX s. 30-iani wlebis afxazeTis<br />

samTavros istoriidan<br />

(frederik diubua de monperes<br />

`mogzaurobis~ mixedviT)<br />

cnobili swavlulis — frederik diubua de monperes eqvstomiani<br />

naSromis @~mogzauroba kavkasiis garSemo~ oTxi tomi<br />

saqarTvelos eZRvneba 1. naSromi calkeul Tavebad aris dayofili<br />

da yoveli maTgani dasaTaurebulia romelime istoriuli<br />

Zeglis an geografiuli punqtis saxelwodebis mixedviT.<br />

Sesabamisad, erT-erTi aseTi Tavi Seicavs afxazeTis aRweras.<br />

warmodgenil publikaciaSi Targmanisa da komentarebis<br />

saxiT gTavazobT masalebs XIX s. 30-iani wlebis afxazeTis istoriidan.<br />

teqstis specifikidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, ucvlelad aris<br />

gadmotanili avtoriseuli SeniSvnebi (gverdebis bolos,<br />

mrgval frCxilebSi mocemuli numeraciiT).<br />

Llixni anu souk-su da afxazeTis mTavari mixeil-bei<br />

ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi myofi axl<strong>and</strong>eli mTavari mixeil-bei<br />

cxovrobs lixnSi, romelic cixis CrdiloeTiT sam<br />

versze mdebareobs.<br />

gambas 2 rukaze lixni 3 aRniSnulia saxelwodebiT Logh<strong>in</strong>e,<br />

imereTis mefis aleqs<strong>and</strong>res rukaze (1738 w.) ki — monasteri<br />

Likh<strong>in</strong>; TviT afxazebi warmoTqvamen, rogorc Louk’h<strong>in</strong>, xolo<br />

rusebma igi 1834 wlis axal rukaze lixnad (Lekhne) gadaakeTes.<br />

mixeil-beim 4 da misma Zmam — safar-beim 5 es saxelwodeba souksud<br />

Secvales, rac `civ md<strong>in</strong>ares~ niSnavs, im saukeTeso wyaros<br />

aRsaniSnavad, romelic konglomeratis gamWolad amos-<br />

Cqefs. megrelebi ki mas gansakuTrebul saxels `zufus~ (Zoup-<br />

463

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hou) uwodeben ( 1 ), rac, rogorc Cans, samegreloSi dadianebis<br />

rezidencias — zubdids (Zoubdidi) anu zugdids (didi zubuzupi<br />

— Zoubouzoup) ukavSirdeba 6 .<br />

Bbamboradan moyolebuli, ulamazes adgilebSi momixda<br />

gaseirneba; iqve axlos lux<strong>in</strong>is (Loukh<strong>in</strong>) didebuli mamulebi<br />

Semogvegebnen. evropelisaTvis, romelic ufro zomier klimatur<br />

zonaSi cxovrebas aris miCveuli, warmoudgenelia zeciurad<br />

nakurTxi miwis — afxazeTisa Tu samegrelos peizaJis esoden<br />

Tvalwarmtaci mSveneba... Cems Tvalw<strong>in</strong> yoveli mxridan er-<br />

Timeoreze ukeTesi sofluri panorama Tu ulamazesi xedi iSleboda.<br />

ai, aseTi adgilebi gaviare, vidre mixeil-beis mamuls<br />

mivadgebodi.<br />

am cota xnis w<strong>in</strong> mTavarma sacxovrebeli aiSena Zveli<br />

koSkis ZirSi, romelic dironi xeebiT dafaruli maRlobis<br />

wverSi idga. saxli xisa iyo da zustad iseTive, rogorsac yvelaze<br />

mdidari da Zlieri mTavrebi iSenebdnen samegreloSi,<br />

imereTsa da guriaSi. igi meore sarTulis doneze, erTmaneT-<br />

Tan gadaxlarTul xis kedlebsa da koWebze idga. qvemoT Tavla<br />

iyo mowyobili, saxlis garSemo ki aivani iyo miSenebuli.<br />

<strong>in</strong>terieri Sedgeboda ramdenime sakmaod didi oTaxisagan,<br />

ubralo xis kedlebiTa da xisave iatakiT. mTel avejs warmoadgenda<br />

noxebiT dafaruli uzarmazari, masiuri taxtebi<br />

da, gamonaklisis saxiT, ramdenime skami.<br />

ZiriTadi morTuloba aq Turqebis mier mocisfro dioritisagan<br />

sakmaod natifad damzadebuli buxrebia.<br />

mTavarma Tavazianad migviRo.<br />

selim II-isa da murad III-is xanaSi 8 , sparseTisa da saqar-<br />

Tvelos w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg mimd<strong>in</strong>are sisxlismRvreli omebis dros,<br />

Turqebma Tavi gamoacxades imereTis, guriis, samegrelosa da<br />

afxazeTis suzerenebad da adgilobrivi mTavrebi vasalebad<br />

gaixades 9 . amasTanave, maT Tavis gamgeblobaSi daitoves qveynis<br />

mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovani punqtebi, sadac sakuTari<br />

Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad garnizonebi Caayenes. amave<br />

mizniT 1578 wels maT aages foTi 10 — fazisis SesasvlelSi, da<br />

( 1 ) ra<strong>in</strong>egsi, II, 5. Suppu-s anakofiis 7 samxreTiT 30 0 –ze miuTiTebs; saerTod,<br />

mis mier mocemul afxazeTis aRweraSi, iseve rogorc rukaze,<br />

didi gaurkvevlobaa.<br />

464

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soxum-kale — amave saxelwodebis yuris bolos ( 1 ) 11 . erTnairi<br />

gegmiT agebuli orive es cixe warmoadgenda faSis rezidencias,<br />

romelsac aq sparseTi (sic — TurqeTi — l. m.) agzavnida.<br />

1771 wels Turqebisagan Seviwrovebuli afxazebi ajanydnen<br />

da soxum-kale daikaves. ajanyebas saTaveSi edga ori Zma<br />

SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulodan — levani da zurab-bei 12 . Turqebis<br />

g<strong>and</strong>evnis Semdeg maT SeeZloT sakuTari ZalebiT daecvaT TavianTi<br />

damoukidebloba, magram erTmaneTs Soris ganxeTqilebis<br />

gamo maTi Zlierebac Sesustda da levani iZulebuli gaxda,<br />

soxumis cixe 20 qisad 13 (24 000 fr.) mieyida TurqebisaTvis;<br />

es ukanasknelni cixes, romelSic TavianTi ianiCrebi 14 Caayenes,<br />

mxolod sami wlis ganmavlobaSi icavdnen, Semdeg ki miatoves,<br />

rogorc maTTvis usargeblo adgili. mere cixes daepatrona<br />

v<strong>in</strong>me qeleS-bei 15 , romlis Sesaxebac irwmunebodnen,<br />

rom isic SarvaSiZeTa sagvareulodan iyo. mas Tavi ise eWira,<br />

TiTqos Turqebs emorCileboda ( 2 ) 16 .<br />

magram qeleS-beim Seifara portadan g<strong>and</strong>evnili trapizonis<br />

faSa Taiari. portam am ukanasknelis misTvis gadacema<br />

moiTxova; qeleS-beim, romelmac Tavi Taiaris yonaRad 17 gamoacxada,<br />

ar Seasrula es moTxovna, radgan aq stumarTmoyvareobis<br />

wesebs mkacrad icavdnen. portas ar SeeZlo Riad moqmedeba,<br />

amitom Tavis Cveul xerxs mimarTa — SeTqmuleba mouwyo<br />

qeleS-beis, romelmac, ukeT rom SebrZoleboda sulTans,<br />

qristianoba miiRo da Tavi ruseTis vasalad cno. misi moqcevis<br />

Semdeg sul mokle xanSi igi sakuTarma vaJma — aslanma mokla,<br />

romelic portam moisyida da am SeTqmulebis saTaveSic<br />

Caayena ( 3 ) 18 . magram aslanma mamismkvlelobiT ver isargebla:<br />

( 1 ) zemoT ukve aRvniSne, rom amave periods emTxveva sujuk-kales daarsebis<br />

TariRic.<br />

( 2 ) ase aRwers am movlenebs ra<strong>in</strong>egsi (II, 8) da mec savsebiT veTanxmebi<br />

mas; igi piradad icnobda am pirovnebebs da araerTxel miuRia monawileoba<br />

molaparakebebSi, romlebsac ruseTi awarmoebda am kavkasiel<br />

mTavrebTan.<br />

( 3 ) am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT Zalze sa<strong>in</strong>tereso moTxroba sa-<br />

TauriT `qalaS-bei~, romelic erT-erTi SesaniSnavi rusi mwerlis,<br />

axlaxan gardacvlili bestuJevis mieraa dawerili. misi gardacvaleba<br />

samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis didi danaklisi iyo. moTxroba gamoqveynda<br />

literaturul gazeT `russki <strong>in</strong>valid~-Si, 1837 wlis 20<br />

Tebervali, #8.<br />

465

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igi iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo, xolo qveynis mTavrad, ruseTis<br />

suzerenobis qveS, misi ufrosi Zma safar-bei aRiares.<br />

safar-bei 1821 wlamde mTavrobda; mas ruseTis samsaxur-<br />

Si polkovnikis C<strong>in</strong>i hqonda da aseve qristianad iyo monaTluli,<br />

Tumca, rogorc ambobdnen, S<strong>in</strong>aganad ma<strong>in</strong>c islamisaken ixreboda.<br />

amasTanave, igi sulac ar ganicdida s<strong>in</strong>disis qenjnas<br />

Rv<strong>in</strong>is smis dros da xSiradac Tvreboda romiT, rac misTvis<br />

yvelaze didi saCuqari iyo. mas colad hyavda levan dadianis<br />

da.<br />

misi sikvdilis Semdeg imperatorma alerqs<strong>and</strong>rem mTavrad<br />

cno misi ufrosi vaJi, romelic imperatoris paJi 19 iyo. am<br />

ukanasknels didxans ar umTavria: anarqiul afxazeTSi, sadac<br />

dedamisis despotizms unda damorCileboda, man mxolod ori<br />

weli icocxla da 1823 wels gardaicvala. samTavros taxti mis<br />

umcros Zmas — mixeil-beis darCa, romelic CerqezeTSi Tavis<br />

aTalikTan 20 izrdeboda.<br />

am qveynis mZime mdgomareobis gamo da Tavad mixeil-beis<br />

TxovniT, 1830 wels ruseTma mis dasacavad samxedro nawili<br />

gamogzavna, romelic oTx cixesimagreSi — soxumis, bamboris,<br />

biWv<strong>in</strong>Tisa da gagris cixeebSi gaanawiles.<br />

CvenTan Sexvedrisas mTavari mixeil-bei Zalze Sewuxebuli<br />

iyo arsebuli mdgomareobiT; igi Tavisi saxlis gamagrebiT<br />

iyo dakavebuli: saxls garSemo avlebdnen mesers, romelsac<br />

aTi futis simaRlis sqel koWebze amagrebdnen, Zveli koSkis<br />

Tavze ki xis sxvens adgamdnen ( 1 ).<br />

qeleS-beis garda safar-beis kidev xuTi vaJi darCa: aslani<br />

(mamis mkvleli), hasan-bei, batal-bei da sx. yvelani erTimeoreze<br />

dauokebelni iyvnen.<br />

mixeil-beis momxreebma hasan-beis erT-erTi vasali mokles.<br />

hasan-bei cxovrobda kelasurSi 21 , soxums iqiT, Zveli dioskuriis<br />

maxloblad. rodesac igi Tavis daaxloebul 12 pir-<br />

Tan erTad quTaisSi gaemarTa saCivlelad, iZulebuli gaxda,<br />

gzidan ukan gamobrunebuliyo, radgan Tavs daesxa mixeil-beis<br />

mier gamogzavnili 200-mde afxazi. miuxedavad momxdurTa<br />

ricxobrivi siWarbisa, hasan-beim ma<strong>in</strong>c SeZlo maTi mogerieba,<br />

( 1 ) nagebobis nawili, romelsac irgvliv, miwidan erTi an ori sarTulis<br />

simaRleze, aivnebi hqonda. TaTrebis Semosevebis dros aq polonelebi<br />

afarebdnen Tavs.<br />

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mokla maTi erT-erTi w<strong>in</strong>amZRoli — sakmaod gavleniani aznauri<br />

da mixeilTan daaxloebuli piri 22 . adgilobrivi tradiciis<br />

Tanaxmad, es imas niSnavda, rom biZasa da Zmiswuls Soris Cadga<br />

sisxli. am droidan moyolebuli, moklulis ojaxi yvelanair<br />

saSualebas mimarTavda Suris saZieblad.<br />

suzerenis Zalauflebis gamoyenebiT mixeil-beis surda,<br />

eiZuleb<strong>in</strong>a sakuTari biZa, romelic srulebiT ar uyvarda, SurisZiebis<br />

kanons damorCileboda; magram hasan-bei, romelic<br />

Zalze cbieri, eSmaki, <strong>in</strong>trigebis didi ostati da, amasTanave,<br />

mTel afxazeTSi erT-erTi uWkvianesi pirovneba iyo, daufaravad<br />

dasc<strong>in</strong>oda Tavis Zmiswuls misi moTxovnebis gamo da piriqiT<br />

amtkicebda, rom swored mas unda moeTxova sastiki Suris-<br />

Zieba sakuTar Tavze aseTi muxanaTuri Tavdasxmis gamo da mixeil-beis<br />

SeuTvala, an misTvis gadeca damnaSaveni, an TviTonve<br />

daesaja is<strong>in</strong>i.<br />

es ki mixeil-beis, ufro ki — masTan daaxloebuli pirebis<br />

arad Cagdebas niSnavda, radgan igi, Tavisi bunebiT, ar SeiZleboda<br />

qveynis gamgebeli yofiliyo: mas, upirveles yovlisa, dedamisi<br />

— mTavar dadianis da marTavda. amasTanave, igi saTaveSi<br />

edga xalxs, romelic Tavad ufro iyo misi gamgebeli.<br />

mTeli afxazeTi fexze idga, dRe-dReze omi unda dawyebuliyo,<br />

araviTari garantia ar arsebobda, mow<strong>in</strong>aaRmdege mxareebi<br />

Setakebis molod<strong>in</strong>Si erTmaneTs zveravdnen.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom simarTle mis mxareze iyo, hasanbei<br />

grZnobda, rom mTavrobis mxridan mxardaWeras ma<strong>in</strong>c ver<br />

miiRebda, radgan es ukanaskneli mas, rogorc vasals, suzerenis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg amxedrebas ar mouwonebda. amitomac man Cerqezebs<br />

uxmo daxmarebisaTvis da Tavis Zmiswuls maTi TavdasxmiT<br />

daemuqra. ar vici, ramdenad marTalia, magram hasan-beim<br />

SeZlo daerwmuneb<strong>in</strong>a mixeil-bei, rom Cerqezebi mas Tavs daesxmodnen<br />

sami razmiT, romelTaganac erTi zRvidan Semovidoda<br />

galerebiT 23 , meore zRvis sanapiros gamouyveboda, xolo mesame<br />

maRali mTebidan Semoutevda.<br />

am ambavma Zalze SeaSfoTa mixeil-bei, romelmac myisve<br />

Tavisi warmomadgenlebi gaugzavna biZas, magram SeTavazebul<br />

pirobebze veraviTari pasuxi ver miiRo. hasan-beis undoda,<br />

rom gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saqme mediatorebisaTvis gadaeca,<br />

romelTa Sorisac kaco marRanias mowvevas varaudobda,<br />

magram mixeili amaze ar Tanxmdeboda.<br />

467

---

usebi aq or cecxls Sua aRmoCndnen: is<strong>in</strong>i cdilobdnen<br />

moSuRarTa dayoliebas, xan imuqrebodnen, xan Serigebisaken<br />

mouwodebdnen, magram verafriT ver moaxerxes maT Soris<br />

mSvidobis damyareba.<br />

CerqezTa mxridan mosalodneli Tavdasxmis pirobebSi,<br />

cxadia, eqskursiebisaTvis Sesaferisi momenti ar iyo da miuxedavad<br />

imisa, rom mTavarma mfarvelobac aRmiTqva da badragac<br />

gamomiyo, me ma<strong>in</strong>c vamjob<strong>in</strong>e, droebiT uari meTqva yovelgvar<br />

aseT wamowyebaze.<br />

mTavari mixeili tanmaRali da mSvenieri aRnagobisa iyo.<br />

mas grZeli qarTuli cxviri da Savi Tma hqonda. Tumca ver<br />

vityvi, rom Wkvianuri gamometyvelebiT gamoirCeoda. Cveni mi-<br />

Rebisas mas qarTuli tansacmeli ecva, TbilisSi ki preobra-<br />

Jenskis gvardiis 24 polkovnikis formas atarebda.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom igi qristiania, s<strong>in</strong>disi sulac ar<br />

awuxebs, rom ramdenime coli iyolios da Tan erTimeoris miyolebiT<br />

gaeyaros maT, rogorc ki Tavs moabezreben. mTavari<br />

Zunw pirovnebad iTvleba da garda amisa, mas bevr iseT Tvisebasac<br />

miaweren, rac mis Rirsebas Crdils ayenebs. igi xSirad<br />

stumrobs xolme cixesimagres, aq Wams, svams da dros atarebs<br />

xan erTTan da xan meoresTan; am dros ki masTan misul stumars<br />

erT Wiqa wyalsac ki ar SesTavazebs, maT Soris imasac ki, visac<br />

misTvis didi samsaxuri gauwevia; amaSi Tavadve davrwmundi.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es vasalebi ruseTs did dabrkolebas<br />

uqmnian kavkasiis dasavleTSi warmatebis misaRwevad. Zalauflebisadmi<br />

ltolva, gamwvavebuli vasalisa da suzerenis<br />

konfliqtiT, bunebrivia, mtrulad ganawyobda mixeil-beis<br />

rusebisadmi, romelTac mis qveyanaSi surdaT damkvidreba. mas<br />

eS<strong>in</strong>oda rusebis, SesaZloa kidec sZulda is<strong>in</strong>i da yvelafers<br />

gaakeTebda, rom qveyanaSi maTi warmatebuli svla Seeferxeb<strong>in</strong>a,<br />

an savsebiT aRekveTa; Tumca igi rusebis iq yofnas it<strong>and</strong>a<br />

imdenad, ramdenadac amas misive piradi usafrTxoeba moiTxovda.<br />

mas kargad esmoda, rom ruseTis gareSe mTavris tituls<br />

ver Se<strong>in</strong>arCunebda da darwmunebuli iyo, rom sakmarisia,<br />

rusebs misTvis zurgi SeeqciaT, rom qveyanaSi kvlav uw<strong>in</strong>deli<br />

savalalo anarqia gamefdeboda; v<strong>in</strong> daicavda mas Cerqezebisagan,<br />

an pativmoyvare biZis <strong>in</strong>trigebisagan, an urCi vasalebisagan?!<br />

amitomac igi iZulebuli iyo, moTm<strong>in</strong>ebiT aetana<br />

mfarveli da mbrZanebeli. amave dros, igi arafriT ar gaake-<br />

468

---

Tebs imaze mets, rac aucileblad evaleba da yovelTvis gamo-<br />

Zebnis aTasnair gamamarTlebel mizezs, raTa Tavidan aicilos<br />

danarCeni moTxovnebis Sesruleba. mTavrisaTvis sarisko rom<br />

ar yofiliyo, igi pirveli Seecdeboda rusebis g<strong>and</strong>evnas afxazeTidan:…<br />

mas afxazuri guli ucems, es guli ki ver egueba<br />

lagamis amodebas. rusebi mas mxolod imisaTvis sWirdeba, rom<br />

Tavis qveyanaSi Tavisuflad akeTos yvelaferi, rac moesurveba.<br />

amrigad, ruseTs aq sakmaod rTuli amocana aqvs Sesasrulebeli;<br />

mas surs sikeTe moutanos am qveyanas, magram, cxadia,<br />

aseT viTarebaSi misi Zalaufleba mxolod sityvieria. mas<br />

surs zomierebis farglebSi darCes da amitom ver axerxebs<br />

gavlenis mopovebas. miuxedavad Txovnisa da muqarisa, ruseTma<br />

verc daiyolia da verc aiZula adgilobrivi Tavadebi da<br />

TviT mixeil-beic, uari eTqvaT yaCaRobaze, moxetiale da muq-<br />

Taxora cxovrebaze, rac afxazi xalxisaTvis mudam iyo damaxasiaTebeli<br />

da rac keTilSobiluri Tvisebebis TvalsazrisiT<br />

maT Cerqezebze gacilebiT dabla ayenebs. mixeil-beisa da mis<br />

vasalebs savsebiT akmayofilebT aseTi cxovreba: yvelas Taviseburi<br />

warmodgena aqvs bednierebaze.<br />

hkiTxeT naxevrad velur afxazs, ra aris misi sanukvari<br />

survili: Tofi, xmali, uxarisxo vercxliT moCuqurTmebuli<br />

xanjali, sapiriswamle da vercxlis patara yuTi, sadac tyviebis<br />

sapoxs <strong>in</strong>axaven — ai yvelaferi is, rac misi bednierebis-<br />

Tvis aris saWiro.<br />

amas emateba gacrecili tansacmeli, sacodavi facxa ( 1 )<br />

da cotaodeni fetvis comi, Tumca es yvelaferi maTTvis mxolod<br />

damatebiTi Rirebulebisaa: iaraRi — ai maTi bedniereba<br />

da simdidre.<br />

maT Soris yvelaze bednieria is, visac yvelaze lamazi da<br />

saukeTeso iaraRi aqvs da, Sesabamisad — yvelaze didi yaCaRia<br />

am qveyanaSi ( 2 ), radgan misi pativmoyvareoba, romlis dasakma-<br />

( 1 ) sacle – dawnuli totebisagan agebuli qoxi.<br />

( 2 ) qebiT arc Sardenis mier aRwerili afxazebi gamoirCevian: mogzauris<br />

gadmocemiT, afxazebi mTlad iseTi velurebi ar arian, rogorc<br />

Cerqezebi, magram iseTive midrekileba aqvT qurdobisa da yaCaRobisadmi:<br />

gacvla-gamocvlis ZiriTadi sagania adamiani, bewveuli, irmisa<br />

da vafxvis tyavi, selis narTi, bza, cvili da sanTeli. I, folio 70.<br />

469

---

yofilebladac igi arafers Takilobs, mdgomareobs imaSi,<br />

rom rusebs Causafrdes xan erT, xan meore adgilas, gaitacos<br />

maTi qoneba da, Tuki moaxerxebs, tyvedac aiyvanos is<strong>in</strong>i.<br />

warsulSi afxazebis vaWrobis ZiriTad sagans tyveebi<br />

warmoadgendnen da axlac, ruseTis suzerenuli xelisuflebis<br />

qveS, is<strong>in</strong>i jer kidev ver ganTavisuflebulan am saZageli<br />

Cveulebisagan; magram afxazi, iseve rogorc Cerqezi, SurisZiebis<br />

kanonis SiSiT, ver bedavs Tavisi TanamoZmis gayidvas. ukanasknel,<br />

uRaribes glexsac ki SeuZlia gauswordes sakuTar<br />

Tavads da TviT mixeil-beisac ki, Tuki is<strong>in</strong>i gabedaven da mis<br />

romelime axlobels gayidian.<br />

uw<strong>in</strong>del droSi adridanve iWerdnen Tadarigs, raTa mudmivad<br />

hyolodaT gasayidi tyveebi: zRvaze TareSis, mezobel<br />

xalxebTan brZolis, an kidev imereTisa da CerqezeTis Zarcvarbevisas<br />

ayvanil tyveTa Soris gamoarCevdnen da saswrafod<br />

aqorw<strong>in</strong>ebdnen maT, visganac kargi STamomavlobis miRebis imedi<br />

hqondaT. bavSvebs dabadebisTanave CamoarTmevdnen tyve<br />

mSoblebs da mihyavdaT gasazrdelad im dromde, vidre SesaZlebeli<br />

gaxdeboda maTi momgebianad gayidva. es sacodavi<br />

tyveebi bavSvebis namdvili mwarmoeblebi iyvnen.<br />

es barbarosuli Cveuleba Cerqezebisas hgavs da rusebma<br />

ver SeZles misi bolomde aRmofxvra: maTi zedamxedvelobis<br />

miuxedavad, afxazebi ma<strong>in</strong>c axerxeben tyveebiT vaWrobas, romlis<br />

ZiriTad fonds gatacebuli rusi jariskacebi warmoadgenen.<br />

Turqebi rus tyveebs afxazebisagan adgilzeve yiduloben,<br />

Semdeg ki trapizonSi 25 an mcire aziis sxva portebSi mihyavT<br />

gasayidad.<br />

es saS<strong>in</strong>eli vaWroba mTlianad aRikveTeboda, mixeil-bei<br />

da hasan-bei TviTonve rom ar iyvnen am saqmis ZiriTadi monawileni.<br />

is<strong>in</strong>i xels ar uSlian jariskacebis motacebas da amiT<br />

mogebasac ki iReben. cxadia, hasan-beize ukeT arav<strong>in</strong> icis, rac<br />

xdeba mis qveyanaSi; amboben, igi fuSeze 26 ufro gamWriaxi gonebisaao.<br />

Seityobs Tu ara, rom mavanma afxazma v<strong>in</strong>me daatyveva,<br />

maS<strong>in</strong>ve TavisTan ibarebs gamtacebels da rusebze gadacemiT<br />

emuqreba (amisi maT Zalian eS<strong>in</strong>iaT), Tuki ar mouyvanen<br />

Zroxebs, cxens da a.S. roca damnaSave xarks gadaixdis, mTavari<br />

uflebas aZlevs, gayidos tyve da yvelanairad mfarvelobs kidec<br />

mas am saqmeSi. rusebi ki amaod iTxoven misgan marTlmsajulebis<br />

aRsrulebas da damnaSaveTa gadacemas: igi aTasnairi<br />

470

---

xrikebiT axerxebs Tavis daZvrenas da rusebi verafers xdebian.<br />

am mxriv biZamisze ukeT arc mixeil-bei iqceva.<br />

SesaZloa, TurqeTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebiT rusebma<br />

SeZlon tyveTa vaWrobis aRkveTa. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad,<br />

TurqeTi valdebulia ruseTs daubrunos yvela ltolvili<br />

rusi jariskaci, romelmac Tavi Seafara TurqeTs, agreTve —<br />

ruseTis yvela qveSevrdomi, romelic monad waiyvanes an monad<br />

gayides. Tuki Turqi faSebi ar Seasruleben xelSekrulebas,<br />

romelsac maTTvis ukuqmedebis Zala aqvs, maS<strong>in</strong> afxazeTSi<br />

tyveTa Sesasyidad wasuli vaWrebi imdenad did safrTxeSi Caigdeben<br />

Tavs, rom am saqmianobis gagrZelebas aRarc mo<strong>in</strong>domeben.<br />

Tanamedrove afxazeTSi xuTi ZiriTadi afxazuri tomi<br />

Sedis:<br />

1) bzubebis (Bsoubbes) tomi, romelic gagridan anakofiamde<br />

saxlobs da 18 700 suls iTvlis.<br />

2) sakuTriv afxazebis tomi — anakofiidan kelasuramde,<br />

8 100 suli.<br />

3) webeldis tomi — kodoris zemo xeobaSi, 15 000 suli.<br />

4) abJuas tomi (Abchaves) — gagridan kodoramde, 10 500<br />

suli.<br />

afxazeTis mTeli mosaxleoba ganisazRvreba 52 300 suliT.<br />

me ar CamiTvlia mexuTe — samurzayanos 27 tomi, romelic<br />

samegrelos mTavars eqvemdebareba.<br />

es aris gadarCenili mosaxleoba, romelic uw<strong>in</strong> bevrad<br />

ufro mravalricxovani unda yofiliyo, magram tyveTa vaWrobis<br />

Sedegad yovelwliurad mcirdeboda.<br />

amasTanave, yaCaRurma cxovrebam, romelic did pativSia<br />

afxazebSi, is<strong>in</strong>i srul usaqmurobas miaCvia. sacodavi sanaxavia<br />

maTi ubadruki qoxebi — wnuliT nagebi da aliziT Selesili,<br />

sadac ojaxebi saqonelTan erTad cxovroben. is<strong>in</strong>i ar Tibaven<br />

mdeloebs da saZovrebs, ar imarageben Tivas da Tu mkacri zam-<br />

Tari dgeba, saqonels erekebian tyeSi, sadac igi SimSilisa da<br />

sicivisagan iRupeba. erTi an ori Zroxa didi simdidrea ubralo<br />

afxazisaTvis, naxiri mxolod Tavadebs hyavT. xarebic da<br />

Zroxebic aq dabaltaniania, magram kargi jiSisa. maTi meurne-<br />

471

---

oba Zalze waagavs Cerqezebisas, Tumca maTTan SedarebiT ufro<br />

Raribulia. Cerqezebis msgavsad, afxazebsac bevri cxvari<br />

da Txa hyavT. cxvris xorci gemrielia, matyli ki — uxeSi. maTi<br />

ZiriTadi sakvebia sim<strong>in</strong>di, fetvi da erTgvari jiSis lobio.<br />

mrewvelobis aranairi dargi aq ar aris ganviTarebuli.<br />

amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelaze nayofier qveyanaSi<br />

cxovroben da sazRvao vaWrobisTvisac saukeTeso mdebareoba<br />

da pirobebi aqvT, afxazebi ma<strong>in</strong>c ukidures siRaribes<br />

ganicdian. 1831 wels b-ni pol gibali 28 novorosiis kurierSi<br />

(#103) werda, rom `am siRaribem is<strong>in</strong>i Zalze daamdabla; maT<br />

urCevniaT mowyaleba iTxovon, vidre imuSaon. is<strong>in</strong>i SimSiloben,<br />

am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT da rogorc ki da<strong>in</strong>axaven,<br />

rom sadme samzareuloSi cecxli anTia, an sadRac xari an<br />

cxvari ikvleba, maS<strong>in</strong>ve iq gaCndebian da SeTavazebis gareSe asruleben<br />

yvelanair saqmes im imediT, rom erT lukma saWmels<br />

miiReben. xasiaTis aseTma simdablem mTlianad Cakla Rirseba<br />

am xalxSi, romelic mxolod Zalis gamoyenebiT cxovrobs da<br />

SeCveulia xelmokleobas, uam<strong>in</strong>dobas da a.S. sibejiTes da zomier,<br />

magram mudmiv samuSaos, urCevnia mokle xniT Tavi safrTxeSi<br />

Caigdos, ris Sedegadac SesaZloa zogjer mogeba naxos.<br />

afxazebi sulac ar arian guladni: maT araviTari w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegoba<br />

ar gauweviaT arc TurqebisaTvis da arc rusebisaTvis,<br />

Tumca TviT idea ucxoelTa batonobisa maTTvis autanelia.<br />

maT Soris yvelaze sazareli avazakebic ki ar ganekuTvnebian<br />

mamac da saSiS pirovnebebs, romlebic mudmivad mzad arian<br />

did gzebze xmlis mosaqnevad da dambaCis sasrolad. afxazebi<br />

arian daxvewili da marjve qurdebi, romlebic advilad<br />

gadadian Setevaze maS<strong>in</strong>, roca ricxobrivad mow<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeges<br />

didad sWarboben, magram sxva SemTxvevaSi mxolod sibneleSi<br />

da malulad moqmedeben da mciredi w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobis gawevisas<br />

ukan garbian~.<br />

aseT viTarebaSi xalxisaTvis namdvilad sasargeblo iqneba<br />

am naxevrad veluri mdgomareobidan, romelSic is<strong>in</strong>i imyofebian,<br />

civilizaciisaken Semobruneba; amis ganxorcieleba<br />

ki SesaZlebelia ruseTis meSveobiT, Tuki monarqi, romelsac<br />

mTeli Tavisi arsebiT sikeTis keTebis mtkice survili amoZravebs,<br />

SeZlebs aseTive keTilSobiluri survili STaagonos<br />

472

---

imaTac, v<strong>in</strong>c misi gamgeblobis qveS marTavs imperiis am ganapira<br />

mxareebs.<br />

vimeoreb, amocana sakmaod Zneli Sesasrulebeli iqneba.<br />

unda gamoiZebnos iseTi saSualeba, romelic ufro sasargeblo<br />

iqneba afxazisaTvis da igic Tavs daanebebs sizarmacesa da<br />

yaCaRobas; unda miaCvio igi wesrigs, Sromas, gauRvivo socialuri<br />

Rirsebebisadmi siyvaruli, Seagneb<strong>in</strong>o, rom xeli aiRos<br />

iaraRze da yvela adamiani Casafrebul mtrad ar miiCnios —<br />

mxolod ufals Tu SeuZlia aseTi saswaulis moxdena!<br />

savaraudod, yvelaze Zneli iqneba maTi vaWrobis mowesrigeba<br />

da arsebul pirobebSi mrewvelobis ganviTarebisaTvis<br />

xelSewyoba. soflis meurneobiTa da ekonomikis romelime<br />

dargiT dakavebulma afxazma Tavisi produqciisaTvis gasaRebis<br />

bazrebi unda ipovos. rogor SeiZleba es moxdes, roca 200<br />

versis manZilze mTel sanapiroze mxolod ori, isic erTmane-<br />

Tisagan gvarianad daSorebuli bazaria — soxumi da redut-kale<br />

29 , Tu ar CavTvliT bamboris bazars. arsebulma f<strong>in</strong>ansurma<br />

da sanitarulma RonisZiebebma aq savsebiT mospo vaWrobis<br />

ganviTarebis yovelgvari SesaZlebloba: gana SesaZlebelia,<br />

rom mcireodeni sim<strong>in</strong>disa Tu tyavis gamo afxazebma aseT mo-<br />

Sorebul bazrebSi irb<strong>in</strong>on? da ai aq iwyebs ganviTarebas axali<br />

mankiereba — TurqebTan kontrab<strong>and</strong>uli vaWroba, romelsac<br />

md<strong>in</strong>areebis SesarTavebTan, lerwmebSi TavSefarebulni awarmoeben.<br />

erTma cnobilma moxelem wamoayena w<strong>in</strong>adadeba, sanapiros<br />

patara yureebSi daeweseb<strong>in</strong>aT garkveuli dro, roca mosaxleobas<br />

miecemoda ucxoelebTan vaWrobis SesaZlebloba, am process<br />

ki meTvalyureobas gauwevda xomaldi, romelic amave yureSi<br />

idgeboda. es iqneboda yovelwliuri bazrobebis msgavsi<br />

ram, sadac afxazebi advilad SeZlebdnen misvlas da sakuTari<br />

produqciis gasaRebas.<br />

qveynis Sida nawilSi bazrebi srulebiT ar aris. raoden<br />

didi sxvaobaa dRev<strong>and</strong>el gaubedurebul afxazeTsa da odes-<br />

Rac mis sanapiroebze ulamazes yvavilwnulebad Semoyolebul<br />

berZnul koloniebs Soris.<br />

mTavar mixeil-beis adgil-mamulSi, misi saxlidan orasiode<br />

nabijze, mov<strong>in</strong>axule lixnis Zveli eklesia 30 . igi sakmaod<br />

kargad aris Semonaxuli da agebulia zustad igive gegmiT, rogorc<br />

biWv<strong>in</strong>Tis eklesia, magram gacilebiT momcro zomisaa da<br />

473

---

ufro sada. stili bizantiuria; masalad SerCeulia moyviTalo<br />

kirqvis Tlili qva, romelic mezoblad mdebare mTebSia<br />

mopovebuli. gumbaTi rvawaxnagaa, <strong>in</strong>terieris kedlebi ki<br />

mxatvrobiT aris dafaruli.<br />

imperatorma es eklesia monastrad aqcia da afxazeTSi<br />

moRvawe mRvdlebis samyofelad daadg<strong>in</strong>a. manve arqiers (episkoposi),<br />

romelic jer kidev ar iyo adgilze Camosuli, sarCod<br />

gamouyo 1 500 rubli vercxliT (6 000 franki).<br />

souk-sudan eqvsi versi pirdapiri gziT, bamboraSi Susvlelad<br />

viareT da xifsTas xe-tyis qarxanasTan mivediT…...<br />

...rodesac gembanze davbrundi, ailagas 31 (Yolagu) monastris<br />

nangrevebi maCvenes. monasteri zRvis napirze iyo agebuli,<br />

fS<strong>and</strong>ras SesarTavidan xelmarjvniv, ramdenime aseul nabijze.<br />

eklesia patara zomisaa, magram lamazad aris nagebi bizantiur<br />

stilSi, cisferi da mwvane melafiris Tlili qviT da<br />

dgas konglomeratis kldeze, romelic zRvis donidan rva futis<br />

simaRlezea aRmarTuli. drodadro zRvis talRebi kldis<br />

ferdobebs exeTqebian...<br />

Tumca bamboris peizaJi xmeleTis mxridan Zalian lamazia,<br />

magram mTeli Tavisi simSvenieriTa da ganuzomeli didebulebiT<br />

igi mxolod zRvidan Cans. karg da naTel am<strong>in</strong>dSi swored<br />

aqedan SeiZleba mkafiod da<strong>in</strong>axo wylis nakadis sami didi,<br />

bunebrivi gamosasvleli, saidanac mWiSTa, xifsTa da baklanka<br />

gamoed<strong>in</strong>ebian kavkasionis xarki zRvaSi CaaqvT ( 1 ).<br />

mWiSTas xeoba yvelaze viwroa; mis napirebs xSiri tyeebi<br />

faravs, ferdobebis zeda nawili ki xevebiTaa daserili. am viwro<br />

sapyrobilis tyveobidan gamovardnili md<strong>in</strong>are nebivrad<br />

mied<strong>in</strong>eba bamboris mSvenier dablobze, odnav talRisebur adgilebs<br />

Soris. misi napirebi mofenilia xeebiT, romelTa<br />

CrdilqveS bzifis tomis afxazTa mravali sofelia Camaluli;<br />

maT Sorisaa papcva, baCa, Cabalurxva, s<strong>and</strong>ripSi 32 — yvela md<strong>in</strong>aris<br />

marcxena napirze, garda Cabalurxvisa, romelic md<strong>in</strong>aris<br />

orive napirzea gadaWimuli. marcxena patara Senakadis<br />

qvemoT Cans eSera da tumtala.<br />

iq, sadac mTavrdeba qviSiani borcvebi, romlebic zRvas<br />

biWv<strong>in</strong>Tidan moyolebuli esazRvrebian, bamboras reidis siR-<br />

( 1 ) ix. atlasi, me-2 seria, furc. 3.<br />

474

---

meSi md. mWiSTas SesarTavi Cans. erT dros aq afxazeTis erTerTi<br />

mTavari bazari iyo; imereTis mefis — aleqs<strong>and</strong>res rukaze<br />

igi `afxazeTis portis~ saxelwodebiTaa aRniSnuli, Sardenis<br />

rukaze — Portus Abcassorum-is saxeliT. es aris Sua saukuneebis<br />

xanis yvela rukaze miTiTebuli Cavo de Buxo — bzis porti,<br />

rac savsebiT Sesaferisi saxelwodebaa, radgan aq am mcenariT<br />

didi vaWrobaa gaCaRebuli. es adgili axlac afxazeTis erTerTi<br />

ZiriTadi savaWro punqti iqneboda, sanitaruli pirobebis<br />

gamo ruseTs Tavidanve rom ar aekrZala aq vaWroba...<br />

sanapiro bamboradan soxum-kalemde<br />

zRvis sanapiros gaswvriv, bamboridan soxumamde ulamazesi<br />

adgilebia gadaSlili. baklankas SesarTavamde, sadac kazakebs<br />

TavianTi posti aqvT mowyobili, sanapiro dabali da<br />

tyiania, baklankis iqiT ki iwyeba dabali gorakebis mwkrivi,<br />

romelic zRvis napirs miuyveba da fsircxis 33 SesarTavTan miaxloebisas<br />

ki T<strong>and</strong>aTan maRldeba da did, kldovan kedels<br />

qmnis. maRali mTebidan wamosuli fsircxa aq gzas ikvlevs, anu<br />

poulobs viwro, Rrma da Tvalwarmtac gasasvlels [...]<br />

fsircxis SesarTavis marcxena kuTxeSi, lamazi xeebiT<br />

dafarul, wakveTili konusis formis mqone borcvis wverze<br />

dgas nangrevebiT garSemortymuli Zveleburi, mrgvali koSki.<br />

kedeli, romelic mas meore, ferdobis Sua nawilSi aRmarTul<br />

TeTr koSkTan aerTebs, ar Cans, radgan igi foTlebSia Camaluli.<br />

aqedan kargad Cans meore kedlis nangrevebi, romelic uw<strong>in</strong><br />

zRvis sanapiromde Cadioda da gasasvlels ketavda; es aris<br />

anakofiis, anu uZveles rukebze aRniSnuli nikofsiis (Nicofia) 34<br />

nangrevebi ( 1 ).<br />

anakofiis pirdapir, fsircxisa da zRvis sanapiros kuTxeSi,<br />

romelsac anakofiisagan mxolod md<strong>in</strong>are gamohyofs, aRmarTuli<br />

iyo fsircxis cixe 35 . igi eyrdnoboda mis ukan wamozidul<br />

cicabo mTas da im xeobis mTeli sigane ekava, romelsac<br />

igi icavda, radgan kirqviani mTebi, romlebic zRvis sanapiros<br />

( 1 ) anakofia anu fanakofia (Phanakopi), rogorc zogjer weren xolme,<br />

aRniSnavs cicabo, Rrmad CaWril adgils, romelic Soridan moCans. es<br />

saxelwodeba zustad Seesabameba adgilis iers. ix. atlasi, me-2 seria,<br />

furc. 4.<br />

475

---

Sida dablobisagan gamohyofen, soxumis siaxloves sagrZnoblad<br />

amaRlebulia...<br />

am adgilebis aseTma ucnaurma agebulebam afiqreb<strong>in</strong>a i.<br />

klaproTs, rom es iyo centraluri qedi, romelic zRvas ebj<strong>in</strong>eboda,<br />

rogorc es mocemulia patara rukaze, romelic kavkasiis<br />

1814 wlis miseul aRweras erTvis.<br />

anakofia zustad is adgilia, sadac es dabali qedi yvelaze<br />

metad uaxlovdeba zRvas da tovebs mxolod viwro defiles,<br />

romliTac SeiZleba bamboris dablobidan kodoris SesarTavsa<br />

da soxumSi misvla.<br />

aq advilad amoicnoba is ganTqmuli xeoba da cixe, romelsac<br />

berZnebi traqeas 36 uwodebdnen da romlis Sesaxebac<br />

prokopi dawvrilebiT saubrobs Tavis TxzulebaSi (brZola<br />

guTebTan, I, IV, gv. 500):<br />

`afsilebis sazRvars iqiT, abazgiis SesasvlelSi, aris<br />

erTi aseTi adgili: maRali mTa, romelic iwyeba kavkasiis mTebidan,<br />

nel-nela eSveba Tavisi TxemiT, rogorc kibe da roca<br />

evqs<strong>in</strong>is ponts miaRwevs, ikargeba. am mTis mwvervalze Zvelad<br />

abazgebma aaSenes Zalze didi cixesimagre. TavianTi Cveulebis<br />

mixedviT is<strong>in</strong>i aq ixiznebian da igerieben mtris Semosevas,<br />

radganac es Znelad misasvleli adgilia da erTaderTi gasasvleli,<br />

romelic am cixisaken midis, aseve erTaderTi Sesasvlelia<br />

abazgiaSi da igi imdenad viwroa, rom adamianTa mcirericxovani<br />

jgufic ki sakmarisia TavdamsxmelTa Semotevis mosagerieblad.<br />

biliks zemodan adgas cicabo da moSiSvlebuli<br />

kldeebis kedeli, romelic zRvamdea gadaWimuli da romlis<br />

gamoc am adgils traqeas uwodeben~ 37 .<br />

...dRes anakofia mTlianad mitovebulia; nangrevebs Soris<br />

aRaraferia, garda patara, Zalian Zveli eklesiisa, romelic<br />

odesRac aq arsebul sicocxleze mianiSnebs. igi cnobilia<br />

mTel afxazeTSi da TviT saqarTveloSic, radgan fiqroben,<br />

rom swored aq aris dakrZaluli wm<strong>in</strong>da svimoni. vaxtang<br />

V-is qarTul qronikaSi 38 marTlac aris moTxrobili, rom<br />

aderkis, bartomis Zis 39 , mefobis dros, romelic qristeSobidan<br />

cota xnis Semdgom zeobda, ori mociquli — wm. <strong>and</strong>ria da<br />

wm. svimon kananeli 40 afxazeTSi da egrisSi qristianobis saqadageblad<br />

movidnen. wm. svimoni miicvala qalaq nikolSi (Niko-<br />

476

---

li), anu anakofiaSi, berZnebis teritoriaze, xolo wm. <strong>and</strong>ria<br />

gaemgzavra samegreloSi 41 qristianobis gasavrceleblad( 1 ).<br />

fsircxis ( 2 ) cixisagan mxolod uZvelesi leRvis da sxva<br />

didroni xeebis CrdiliT dafaruli koSkebisa da kedlebis mitovebuli<br />

nangrevebia SemorCenili. xeebi ise gadmoxrilan am<br />

nangrevebze, TiTqos maTi martoobis dafarva undaTo. orasi<br />

wlis w<strong>in</strong> es samegrelos dadianebis bolo samflobelo iyo afxazeTis<br />

mxareSi. nangrevebTan axlos kazakTa postia, saidanac<br />

soxumamde 21 verss angariSoben, me ki vfiqrob, rom manZili<br />

ufro metia.<br />

anakofiis ukan, peizaJis siRrmeSi baklankis xeobaa gada-<br />

Wimuli. kirqvis maRali kedeli uw<strong>in</strong>deburad erT doneze miemarTeba<br />

centraluri qedis paralelurad. mis zemoT, mwvervalebsa<br />

da platoebs Soris, ukeTesad moCans safar-beis qudi —<br />

borcvi zemodan TxemiT. 12 ivlisisaTvis borcvebis mwvervalebsa<br />

da Rartafebs Soris, romlebiTac es kldeebia daRaruli,<br />

kldis RrmulebSi jer kidev iyo SemorCenili Tovlis laqebi...<br />

anakofiidan soxumis koncxamde araferi gv<strong>in</strong>axavs RirsSesaniSnavi,<br />

garda gumisTis ulamazesi SesarTavisa; igi gamoed<strong>in</strong>eba<br />

sanapirodan ramdenime versiT moSorebuli Zalze viwro<br />

xeobidan, romelic dabali qedis kirqvian ferdobSia SeWrili.<br />

md<strong>in</strong>aris napirebze sofel eSeras SemogarenSi, romelic<br />

soxumidan rva, xolo sanapirodan — oTxi versis daSorebiTaa,<br />

dgas Zalze Zveli eklesia 42 , romlis oTxive kedeli kargad<br />

aris Semonaxuli; eklesia SigniT savsea ZRvnad Sewiruli niv-<br />

TebiT — xmlebiT, TofebiT, fuliTac ki, da yvelaferi es xeluxlebelia.<br />

afxazebi dRemde did Tayvans scemen am eklesias,<br />

aq modian aRdgomis dResaswaulis aRsaniSnavad da Cveulebis<br />

Tanaxmad, Tan dasaklavi Zroxac mohyavT. moaqvT agreTve wi-<br />

Teli kvercxebi. am eklesiasTan dadebuli fici urRvevia. mis<br />

gverdiT amodis SesaniSnavi wyaro. muslimebi fics deben<br />

( 1 ) Klaprtoth, voy. au Caucase, gamoc., II, 113 da 114.<br />

( 2 ) Pizirdsiza cixis saxelwodebaa, Absta - md<strong>in</strong>aris saxelia xatovis rukaze;<br />

Sua saukuneebis rukaze am md<strong>in</strong>ares agreTve fiume de Nicofia –s<br />

saxeliT aris aRniSnuli. ra<strong>in</strong>egsi (II, 5) mas Kuri –s uwodebs da aRniSnavs,<br />

rom navsadguri, romelic mis SesarTavSi mdebareobs, pataraa<br />

da naklebad saimedo.<br />

477

---

<strong>in</strong>jaos didi qvabis w<strong>in</strong>, romelic eklesiidan odnav moSorebiT<br />

dgas.<br />

gumisTa soxumis koncxis bolos, sanapiros gaswvriv, iq,<br />

sadac igi zRvaSi Caed<strong>in</strong>eba, marcxena mxares mdebare Zveli soxumis<br />

kedlebs uvlida garSemo. am uZvelesi qalaqidan, romelic,<br />

albaT, berZnuli kolonia iyo, SemorCenilia mxolod<br />

kedlebis nawili da isic buCqnariT aris dafaruli.<br />

es gaxlavT is uZvelesi soxumi, romelsac XIII saukunis<br />

avtori abu-l-fida 43 ixseniebs. igi mas saxums (Sachums) uwodebs<br />

da mis adgilmdebareobas miuTiTebs afxazebis qveyanaSi,<br />

zRvis napirze.<br />

soxum-kale<br />

bolos, koncxTan miaxloebisas, rogorc iqna, Zlivs gavarCieT<br />

soxum-kales ( 1 ) yure. igi soxumis da kodori koncxebs<br />

Soris, 15 versis manZilzea gadaWimuli da 7 versiT siRrmeSia<br />

SeWrili.<br />

anapidan moyolebuli baTumamde, gelenjikis yuris Semdeg<br />

es yvelaze lamazi yurea mTel sanapiroze. marTalia, aq<br />

kargad SeiZleba ankeris 44 damagreba, magram es ma<strong>in</strong>c mTlad<br />

usafrTxo ar aris, radgan yuris fskeri Zalze daqanebulia da<br />

rogorc ki xmeleTidan odnav Zlieri qari dauberavs, Ruza<br />

grunts Txris, Tuki damatebiTi usafrTxoebis mizniT sanapiros<br />

mimarTulebiT xomalds meore RuziT ar daamagreben. yuris<br />

Slamiani fskeri oRroCoRroa, rac ankeriT dasamagrebeli<br />

saxarbielo adgilis povnas kidev ufro arTulebs.<br />

sanapirodan 300 saJenis 45 daSorebiT, 12 saJen siRrmeze<br />

Ruza CavuSviT cixis pirdapir, romelic yuris siRrmeSi — besleTis<br />

deltaSi iyo agebuli. es aris Turqebis mier 1578 wels,<br />

muradis (murad III — l. m.) zeobis xanaSi agebuli Senoba. iseve<br />

( 1 ) soxumi, soxum-kala, anu dordupi (Soghumi, Soghum-Kala, Dordup) —<br />

ra<strong>in</strong>egsi, II, 7; soxumis-cixe — xatovis mixedviT, soxumi — stevenis<br />

rukaze. Zveli soxumi (Soghum) mdebareobda gumisTis SesarTavTan.<br />

es md<strong>in</strong>are, romelsac aseve cxomsac uwodebdnen, Tavis saxelwodebas<br />

iRebs gumes, gumas da cxomis cixesimagridan, romelic mis napirebze,<br />

qveynis siRrmeSi iyo gaSenebuli; magram sakiTxavia, aqvs Tu ara<br />

raime kavSiri soxums am saxelebTan. dur-dupi, klaproTis mixedviT,<br />

iTargmneba, rogorc `margalitebis mTa~ I, gv.479, germ. gamoc.<br />

478

---

ogorc foTSi, aqac yvela simagres aqvs masiuri, kvadratuli<br />

kedeli, romlis TiToeuli gverdi 100 tuazs 46 Seadgens; garda<br />

amisa, aqvs qvemexebiT aRWurvili oTxi, terasebad ganlagebuli<br />

bastioni, parapetSi ki gaWrilia saTofurebi. irgvliv Tavisuflad<br />

SeiZleba gaseirneba da soxumSi rom ar vyofiliyaviT,<br />

es xedi marTlac lamazi da mSvenieri mogeCvenebodaT.<br />

cixis SigniT mxolod ramdenime naxevrad dangreuli nagebobaa,<br />

romelic uw<strong>in</strong>deli faSis — qalaS-beis rezidencia<br />

iyo, axla ki aq cixis komendanti da oficrebi cxovroben. yazarmebi<br />

Zalze uvargisia. cixis erTaderT morTulobas warmoadgens<br />

alublis, broweulisa da msxlis ramdenime xe, romlebic<br />

Crdils fenen gaCanagebul adgils, sadac komendanti<br />

cxovrobs. ukeTes mdgomareobaSi arc simagreebia: erT-erTi<br />

bastioni naxevrad zRvaSia Caqceuli, yvelgan gaCenilia napralebi,<br />

romlebSic leRvisa da broweulis xeebs TavianTi<br />

msxvili fesvebisaTvis upoviaT navsayudeli.<br />

erTaderTi sa<strong>in</strong>tereso am cixis ezoSi gaxlavT is, rom aq<br />

aris uw<strong>in</strong>deli faSebisa da adgilobrivi mTavrebis — qeleSbeisa<br />

da safar-beis, axl<strong>and</strong>eli mTavris — mixeil-beis mamisa<br />

da papis saflavebi. maT gansasvenebel adgilze saartilerio<br />

parkia ganlagebuli da uamravi rusuli yumbara mZimed awevs<br />

maT neSts.<br />

dasavleTis karze vrceli arabuli warwera ikiTxeba, aRmosavleTis<br />

kari ki uw<strong>in</strong> TviT qalaq soxumze gadioda.<br />

erTnaxevari versis siganis mTeli es patara vel-dablobi,<br />

romelic aRmosavleTidan cixis borcvebis Ziramde da axl<strong>and</strong>el<br />

karant<strong>in</strong>amde iyo gadaWimuli, odesRac saxlebiTa da<br />

bazrebiT iyo mofenili. maS<strong>in</strong> soxumis mosaxleoba 6 000 suls<br />

Seadgenda. qviT amoSenebuli arxebidan besleTis wyali qalaqis<br />

yvela kvartlamde aRwevda. mis SesarTavSi patara, aguriT<br />

mopirkeTebuli arxi iyo agebuli mcire zomiani Turquli gemebis<br />

komfortisaTvis. am Zveli soxumidan aRaraferia Semor-<br />

Cenili, garda saxlebisa da quCebis raRac naSTebisa, romlebic<br />

ekal-bardebiTa da maRali balaxiTaa dafaruli. kedeli,<br />

qalaqs rom zRvis mxridan icavda, aRar arsebobs, SemorCenilia<br />

mxolod raRac nawilebi, romelTac mudmivad azianebs<br />

zRvis talRebi; nagviT amovsebul arxebSi wyali aRar gaed<strong>in</strong>eba.<br />

cixis irgvliv Semovlebuli Txrilebic nawilobriv amovsebulia.<br />

besleTi, romlis d<strong>in</strong>ebac wydeba, ikargeba WaobebSi,<br />

479

---

omlebic Sua zafxulSi imdenad wamlaven haers, rom foTisa<br />

da wm. nikolozis 47 Semdeg soxumi, klimatis TvalsazrisiT,<br />

mTel am sanapiroze ruseTis samflobeloebs Soris yvelaze<br />

mavne adgilad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. askaciani garnizonis jariskacebi<br />

daavadebisagan uZlurdebian; magram sakmarisia besleTis<br />

arxebis gawmenda da xelovnurad Seqmnili am Waobebis<br />

daSroba, rom soxumi marTlac iseTive jansaR adgilad gadaiqces,<br />

rogorc yvela sxva adgili am sanapiroze; magram v<strong>in</strong> Seasrulebs<br />

amgvar samuSaos? cxadia, jariskacebi amas ver gaakeTeben,<br />

radgan maT isedac Tavsayrelad aqvT saqme — postze<br />

dgoma, TavianTi saqonlis saZovrebze garekva, zamTrisaTvis<br />

Tivis momarageba, saWiro raodenobiT SeSis damzadeba, bostneulis<br />

moyvana, TavianTi scxovreblis — naxevrad dangreuli<br />

barakebis SekeTeba, karant<strong>in</strong>is meTvalyureoba da yvelaferi<br />

amis Sesruleba maT uxdebaT maS<strong>in</strong>ac ki, roca jariskacTa<br />

raodenobis erTi mesamedi an meoTxedi hospitalSia gadayvanili.<br />

rodesac rusebma daikaves soxumi 48 , qalaqis erTi nawili<br />

jer kidev ar iyo ganadgurebuli, magram generalma, romelic<br />

maS<strong>in</strong> jars meTaurobda, brZana daengriaT da miwasTan gaesworeb<strong>in</strong>aT<br />

yvelaferi, rac jer kidev gadarCa, im mizeziT, rom am<br />

saxlebis safarqveS afxazebs uadvildebodaT rusi jariskacebis<br />

gataceba. ase ar moqceula napoleoni kairoSi: mas ar gadauwvavs<br />

kairo imis gamo, rom mis jariskacebs itacebdnen. soxumis<br />

dangreva am sacodavi cixis garnizonis mowamvlas niSnavda:<br />

cxeli klimatis pirobebSi araferi ise ar ab<strong>in</strong>Zurebs<br />

haers, rogorc erTbaSad ganadgurebuli da mitovebuli es<br />

qoxmaxebi da odesRac dasaxlebuli adgilebi.SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom es nangrevebi lpeba, mze da s<strong>in</strong>este erTdroulad moqmedeben<br />

organul nivTierebebze, romlebic maT damRupvel zemoqmedebas<br />

ganicdian da amis Sedgad gamoyofili aTasgvari<br />

miazmic iwvevs im adamianTa sikvdils, v<strong>in</strong>c maT SeisunTqavs. es<br />

dakvirveba didad gonierma pirovnebam, b-nma Sopenma Caatara<br />

erevansa da bevr sxva adgilebSi da savsebiT darwmunebulni<br />

unda viyoT, rom janmrTelobisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebis<br />

SesanarCuneblad qalaqSi saWiroa mosaxleobis mofrTxileba<br />

da yovelgvari ngrevisa da ganadgurebisagan Tavis Sekaveba...<br />

...dRes soxumSi aris erTi patara, ubadruki bazari, sadac<br />

SeiZleba Rv<strong>in</strong>is, xorcisa da raRac wvrilmani saqonlis<br />

480

---

SeZena. aq da bamboraSi ukve iwyeba Rv<strong>in</strong>is raioni — am Zvirfasi<br />

siTxis siuxvis raioni. yirimSi vazi did mzrunvelobas moiTxovs,<br />

aq ki igi sakuTar deda-samSobloSia da movlis gareSec<br />

iseve xarobs, rogorc edemSi. visac Tavisi sacxovreblis gar-<br />

Semo vazis moSeneba surs, imaze unda izrunos, rom aq gancalkevebiT<br />

idges ramdenime xe, romlebzec vazi acocdeba da aTasobiT<br />

mwvane girl<strong>and</strong>ad Semoexveva, Semdeg ki misi SewiTlebuli<br />

marcvlebi am xeebs yurZnis erTi uzarmazari mtevnis saxes<br />

aZlevs. zogjer vazi Zalian didia da miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />

Tela, wifeli da aswlovani kaklis xe veeberTela simaRlezea<br />

atyorcnili, vazi maT kenweroze eqceva da Tavis mtevnebiT<br />

gvirgv<strong>in</strong>ad adgas.<br />

Rv<strong>in</strong>is warmoeba ukve ubixebis 49 qveyanaSi iwyeba. afxazebis<br />

— arcTu ise gulmodg<strong>in</strong>e muslimebis mier warmoebuli Cveulebrivi<br />

Rv<strong>in</strong>o ma<strong>in</strong>cdama<strong>in</strong>c ver daikvexnis xarisxiT, radgan<br />

is<strong>in</strong>i am sasmels cudad amzadeben da masSi wyalsac ki ureven.<br />

mxolod mdidrebTan SeiZleba naxoT magari, spirtis maRali<br />

Semcvelobis mqone Rv<strong>in</strong>o. soxumsa da bamboraSi myofi rusi<br />

oficrebic akeTeben Rv<strong>in</strong>os, romelic sakmaod kargi xarisxisaa,<br />

wiTeli feri aqvs da dasalevad sasiamovnoa.<br />

afxazebi Rv<strong>in</strong>os <strong>in</strong>axaven miwaSi Camarxul Tixis qvevreb-<br />

Si anu did doqebSi, magram is<strong>in</strong>i samegreloSi damzadebul<br />

qvevrebze ufro mcire tevadobisa arian; rac ufro miiwevT<br />

aRmosavleTisaken, miT ufro izrdeba am qvevrebis tevadoba<br />

da yvelaze did qvevrebs kaxeTSi SexvdebiT: maT marTlac giganturi<br />

zoma aqvT da zogierTi maTganis siRrme 9 futsac ki<br />

aRwevs.<br />

aseTi cxeli klimaturi pirobebis miuxedavad, Rv<strong>in</strong>o am<br />

qvevrebSi mSvenivrad <strong>in</strong>axeba, gansakuTrebiT maS<strong>in</strong>, Tuki is<strong>in</strong>i<br />

miwaSi sakmaod Rrmad arian Caflulni da zemodanac sami-oTxi<br />

futis sisqeze faravs Tixa, romliTac hermetulad aris amovsebuli<br />

qvevris piri. Rv<strong>in</strong>o qvevrSi Zalze iSviaTad fuWdeba;<br />

igi mxolod maS<strong>in</strong> Zmardeba, Tuki tolCebiT didxans anjRreven,<br />

es ki maS<strong>in</strong> xdeba, roca aqauri Cveulebis Tanaxmad, ojaxis<br />

saWiroebisaTvis qvevridan Rv<strong>in</strong>os yoveldRe iReben.<br />

kasrebSi Casxmuli Rv<strong>in</strong>o ufro advilad fuWdeba; amasTanave,<br />

mis Sesanaxad saWiroa kargi sardafebi, qvis kedlebiTa<br />

da saimedo gadaxurviT. amgvari sardafis mowyoba Raribi afxazisa<br />

Tu qarTvelisaTvis Zalze Znelia, Tanac es maT sul ar<br />

481

---

sWirdebaT — TavianT qvevrebs isedac mSvenivrad flaven miwa-<br />

Si, saxlaTan axlos romelime xis ZirSi.<br />

Rv<strong>in</strong>is Senaxvis es wesi uZvelesi droidan modis da qar-<br />

Tvelebma igi berZnebisagan gadmoiRes, Tu piriqiT — berZnebma<br />

iswavles qarTvelebisagan Zneli saTqmelia. kolxeTi ukve civilizebuli<br />

qveyana iyo, rodesac argonavtebi mis napirs moadgnen...<br />

...soxumis yuris siRrmidan mTis maRal qedze gadaSlili<br />

xedi ver Seedreba bamboris xeds; gasasvleli dafarulia dabali<br />

qediT, romelic anakofiidan iwyeba, gaivlis yuris siRmes<br />

da aRmosavleTis mxares mis irgvliv patara, tyiT Sefenil<br />

gorakebs faravs. maT ukan kelasurisa da kodoris dablobebia<br />

gadaSlili [...]<br />

yuris irgvliv yvelaze sa<strong>in</strong>tereso sanaxavia oxvames 50 eklesiis<br />

nangrevebi, soxumidan aRmosavleTiT, sam versze; agreTve<br />

kelasuri, romelic misgan aseve sami versiTaa daSorebuli.<br />

maTi nacrisferi kedlebi xeebis foTlebs Soris icqirebian.<br />

hasan-beis Ralatis gamo soxumis Semogareni imdenad saxifaTo<br />

gaxda, rom verav<strong>in</strong> bedavda mzis Casvlis Semdeg bazridan<br />

karant<strong>in</strong>Si misvlas, romelic zRvis napiridan erT-naxevar<br />

versze iyo. dRis ganmavlobaSic ki aq marto siaruls eridebodnen,<br />

radgan arsebobda afxazebis mxridan adamianTa motacebis<br />

safrTxe: Tuki es xdeboda guSagebisa da garnizonis<br />

Tvalw<strong>in</strong>, warmoidg<strong>in</strong>eT, ra moxdeba, Tu v<strong>in</strong>me gabedavs qveynis<br />

siRrmeSi Sesvlas. hasan-beis cbiereba da veragoba yvelasaTvis<br />

kargad cnobilia. imisaTvis, rom oxvames dangreuli eklesia<br />

menaxa, Cemma keTilma kapitanma vulfma brZana, kbilebamde<br />

SeiaraRebuli aTiode mezRvauri gamomyoloda Cveni patara<br />

karWapiT, romlis cxvirzec patara qvemexi idga; aseTi samxedro<br />

aRWurvilobiT pirdapir oxvamesaken gavcureT.<br />

eklesia sanapirodan as ormocdaaT nabijzea, TiTqmis<br />

wriulad galavniT garSemovlebuli adgilis SuaSi. galavnis<br />

diametri 200 nabijia. eklesia sakmaod kargad aris Semonaxuli,<br />

magram patara zomisaa da misi sigrZe mxolod TerTmeti<br />

nabijia, sigane ki — xuT-naxevari. sakurTxeveli, berZnebis mier<br />

dadgenili ucvleli dabulebis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleTisaken<br />

aris mimarTuli. proporciebi zustad iseTivea, rogorc<br />

Zvel berZnul eklesiebSi, romlebic uxvad iyo mimofantuli<br />

482

---

yirimis sanapiroze an kidev <strong>in</strong>kermanis kldeebSi iyo gamokve-<br />

Tili. berZnuli wirva qadagebis gareSe warmoebs. sakmarisia<br />

mRvdels hqondes Sesaferisi farTobi, sadac TavisTvis moiwyobs<br />

wm<strong>in</strong>da adgils da aRasrulebs RvTismsaxurebas. eklesiis<br />

danarCeni nawili gankuTvnilia mgalobelTaTvis da medaviTneebisaTvis,<br />

xolo is, v<strong>in</strong>c eklesiaSi adgils ver poulobs, gareT,<br />

patara stoaSi an kidev eklesiis erT-erT kedelTan,<br />

CrdilSi dgas. igi loculobs da RvTismsaxurebis msvlelobis<br />

Sesabamisad iwers pirjvars da imeorebs `kirie eleisons~<br />

(ufalo Segviwyale), rac qarTvelebma berZnuli liturgiidan<br />

Semo<strong>in</strong>axes.<br />

wm<strong>in</strong>da adgili aRniSnulia ori Sesavali kuTxiT; igi gana-<br />

Tebulia erTi fanjriT, romelic sakurTxevlis siRrmeSia<br />

gaWrili ( 1 ); orive mxares sqel kedelSi mowyobilia ori niSa,<br />

romelic miwis donidan daaxloebiT eqvsi futis simaRlezea.<br />

mTavari kari sakurTxevlis pirdapir gadioda stoaSi, romelic<br />

eklesiaze iyo miSenebuli da Cveulebriv, qalebisTvis<br />

iyo gankuTvnili; mamakacebi gverdiTi karidan Sediodnen.<br />

eklesia, iseve, rogorc galavnis kedeli, amoSenebuli<br />

iyo eratiuli kaWrebiT, metwilad ki protogenuri da diorituli<br />

granitis didi riyis qvebiT, romlebic d<strong>in</strong>ebas qveynis<br />

siRrmidan Camoaqvs md<strong>in</strong>areebis napirebze. kedeli sakmaod<br />

sqelia da igi qvis ramdenime fenisagan Sedgeba. aseve iyo agebuli<br />

soxumic: kiri, miuxedavad gambas uaryofiTi daxasiaTebisa,<br />

rogorc Cans, kargi xarisxisa unda yofiliyo, radgan man<br />

ase kargad SeaduRaba es qvebi erTmaneTs da aseTi myari kedeli<br />

Seqmna; eklesiis naxevarwriuli TaRi Camongreulia [...]<br />

amis Semdeg wavediT kelasurSi, romelic soxumidan eqvs<br />

versze mdebareobs. mivadeqiT sakmaod uxvwyliani md<strong>in</strong>aris —<br />

kelasuris SesarTavs, romelic erT-naxevar versze met man-<br />

Zilze fers ucvlis zRvas. Cveni aq mosvlis mizanigaxldaT<br />

cnobili mTavris Hhasan-beisaTvis Cveni pativiscemis dadastureba.<br />

misi saxli sanapirodan ramdenime aseul nabijzea kelasuris<br />

patara xeobaSi, romelic naxevari versi siganisaa da<br />

gaSlilia mSvenieri tyiT dafarul borcvebs Soris ( 1 ).<br />

( 1 ) ix. atlasi, me-2 seria, furc. 6.<br />

( 1 ) ix. atlasi, me-2 seria, furc. 4.<br />

483

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odesac hasan-beim Cveni mosvlis Sesaxeb Seityo, man ramdenime<br />

kaci gamogzavna CvenTan Sesaxvedrad. sanam mis saxlamde<br />

mividodiT, gaviareT veluri anwlis tye (sambucus ebulus).<br />

cudad damuSavebul, SemoRobil nakveTebSi bostneulis nacvlad<br />

sarevela balaxi xarobda, romelsac md<strong>in</strong>aridan gadmoyvanili<br />

wylis nakadi siqorfes unarCunebda. TeTri TuTis xeebi,<br />

mtirala tirifebi, wablis, vaSlis, qliavis, leRvisa da sxv.<br />

xeebi aqa-iq uwesrigod iyo darguli da bedis anabarad mitovebuli.<br />

bolosdabolos vipoveT gauTleli koWebis RobiT Semovlebuli<br />

ezos WiSkari; Robe saxlis misasvlelebs icavda.<br />

sakmaod didi zomis saxli mTlianad kopitiTa da muxiT iyo nagebi.<br />

qveda sarTulis nawili Ria iyo, danarCeni ki Tavlad gamoiyeneboda.<br />

ramdenime kari gadaRobil patara sadgomebSi gadioda,<br />

romlebic didi sadgomisagan iyo gamoyofili da cxenebisaTvis<br />

iyo gankuTvnili.<br />

iseve rogorc mixeil-beis saxlSi, aqac zeda sarTulze<br />

xis kibiT avediT da aRmovCndiT aivanze, romelic Senobis<br />

mTeli fasadis gaswvriv iyo miSenebuli. aq Tavi moeyaraT<br />

mTavris TxuTmetamde Tanamesufresa da vasals; zogi Cacucquliyo,<br />

zogi ki Sejgufuliyo aTasnair pozaSi. yvelani kbilebamde<br />

iyvnen SeiaraRebulni da momagones aRmosavluri<br />

qveynebis samefo kari, sadac msaxurebi Tavisi mbrZaneblis<br />

karTan idgnen da mcireoden niSanzec ki mzad iyvnen misi brZanebis<br />

Sesasruleblad. maTi tansacmeli Cerqezulisagan arafriT<br />

gansxvavdeboda. umravlesoba atarebda yabalaxs (bachelik),<br />

anu afxazurad ghetaph 51 , romlis ori grZeli bolo Tavzea Semoxveuli<br />

da ukan Sekruli. bevri maTgani umaRlesi wodebis<br />

warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo, radgan is<strong>in</strong>i Turquli Salis<br />

Calmas atarebdnen. aqve SevniSne agreTve Savi bewviT Semovlebuli<br />

mrgvali TaTruli CaCi. TiTqmis yvelas hqonda mxrebze<br />

mogdebuli an zurgze dakecili nabadi (bourca).<br />

mTavarma aivanze migviRo Tavisi xalxis garemocvaSi. es<br />

iyo ormoci-ormocdaaTi wlis sasiamovno garegnobis mamakaci.<br />

misi Calma lurji feris daCiTuli Turquli Salisa (chale)<br />

iyo; kostumi Sedgeboda abreSumis mokle xifTanisagan, romelic<br />

yavisferi maudis viwro SarvalSi hqonda Catanebuli. wi-<br />

Teli tarsikonis paWanagebi yavisferi tarsikonis waRebqveS<br />

hqonda amodebuli, es ukanaskneli ki, Turqul yaidaze, wiTe-<br />

484

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li tarsikonis fexsacmelebSi hqonda Catanebuli. misi farTo<br />

Coxa (cherkesse) gamxmari foTlebis feri iyo; savazneebis Tavsaxuri<br />

vercxlisa hqonda, qamarze ki, Cveulebis Tanaxmad, mSvenieri<br />

movercxlisfro dambaCa ekida.<br />

Tavdapirvelad mTavarma pirvel oTaxSi Segviyvana, romlis<br />

mTel avejs warmoadgenda mxolod ramdenime merxi, magidis<br />

magivrobas rom wevda, da farTo, uxeSad damuSavebuli xis<br />

sawoli. Semdeg gavediT meore oTaxSi, romelsac pirvelTan<br />

erTad mTel sigrZeze ekava saxlis erTi mxare.<br />

es meore oTaxi mTavris e. w. misaRebi iyo; aq idga ori<br />

uzarmazari sawoli Tu taxti, romlebzec gadafarebuli iyo<br />

fardagebi. es taxtebi TavianTi simyariT ciklopebs 52 , xolo<br />

sisadaviT ki homeross 53 Seeferebodnen. maT erTaderT mor-<br />

Tulobas Seadgenda naxatebi, romlebic mewaRis mier fexsacmlis<br />

lanCaze Sesrulebul ornamentebs waagavdnen.<br />

daumuSavebeli wiflis xis kedlebis erTaderTi morTuloba<br />

iyo xisave lursmnebze Camokidebuli yvela saxeobis SesaniSnavi<br />

iaraRi — hasan-beis siamayis sagani.<br />

mTavari kargad saubrobs rusulad, es ena man iolad Seiswavla<br />

cimbirSi yofnisas. man dr<strong>and</strong>aSi 54 napovni ramdenime<br />

moneta gamocvala berl<strong>in</strong>Si Camosxmul rk<strong>in</strong>is sagnebSi.<br />

didxans vtkbebodi saukeTeso xediT, misi misaRebi oTaxis<br />

aivnidan rom iSleboda; davyurebdi ulamazesi <strong>in</strong>glisuri<br />

parkis am uswormasworo adgilebs, bunebas rom Seuqmnia am<br />

barbarosebisaTvis...<br />

...hasan-beisTan misi erT-erTi ufrosi Zma vnaxeT; igi iseve<br />

iyo Cacmuli, rogorc Tavad hasan-bei, magram ufro sasiamovno<br />

garegnoba hqonda: hasan-beis gamoxedvaSi iyo raRac eSmakuri,<br />

muxanaTuri, damaeWvebeli da, amasTanave — mediduric.<br />

mTavarma gviCvena Tavisi iaraRis koleqcia, romelic<br />

marTlac rom saukeTeso iyo. rodesac es mTavari ruseTis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg<br />

Tavisi mzakvruli saqcielis gamo Seipyres, raTa<br />

cimbirSi gadaesaxleb<strong>in</strong>aT, rusebma misi iaraRic xelT igdes,<br />

gadasaxlebidan dabrunebis Semdeg ki igi nawilobriv daubrunes,<br />

Tumca ar daubrunebiaT misi arsenalidan yvelaze sauke-<br />

Teso da Zvirfasi iaraRi — kerZod, mamamisisagan memkvidreobiT<br />

miRebuli xmali, ris gamoc mTavari didad ukmayofilo<br />

iyo. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki momavalSi mas ar daubrunebdnen<br />

485

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xmals, mis sanacvlod igi 10 000 vercxlis maneTs (roubles) iTxovda.<br />

saqarTvelos mmarTveloba did gasaWirSi Cavarda, rodesac<br />

am moTxovnis Sesaxeb Seityo da radgan am xmalSi mTeli<br />

prov<strong>in</strong>ciidan miRebuli Semosavlis, an Tundac misi naxevris<br />

gadaxdas arav<strong>in</strong> apirebda, mTavrobam yvela Rone ixmara mis mosaZebnad.<br />

bolos, rogorc iqna, es cnobili xmali mgoni Tbilisis<br />

arsenalSi aRmoaC<strong>in</strong>es; igi saswrafod gadagzavnes imereT-<br />

Si, raTa hasan-beisaTvis gadecaT. generali vakulski da<strong>in</strong>teresda<br />

esoden Zvirfasi xmliT, igi dasaTvaliereblad qarqaSidan<br />

amoiRo da waikiTxa warwera ... `zol<strong>in</strong>gen~ (Sol<strong>in</strong>gen). msgavs<br />

warwerebs TiTqmis yvela met-naklebad cnobil xmalze vxvdebiT<br />

kavkasiaSi; Cemi mogzaurobis dros me uamravi aseTi xmali<br />

vnaxe da maTi umravlesoba aq germaniidan safrangeTidan an<br />

italiidan iyo Semotanili.<br />

hasan-beim warmogvidg<strong>in</strong>a Tavisi Tvrameti wlis vaJi, romelic<br />

erT-erTi colisagan — bzifis napirebis mflobel Tavad<br />

narCukis asulisagan hyavda. Cveulebis Tanaxmad, axalgazrda<br />

mTavari mSobliuri saxlidan moSorebiT, samegreloSi,<br />

mTavar dadianis meTvalyureobis qveS gaizarda. roca mas saqorw<strong>in</strong>o<br />

asaki daudga, hasan-beim mTavar dadians misi erT-er-<br />

Ti qaliSvilis xeli sTxova, magram samegrelos mTavari mxolod<br />

im pirobiT Tanxmdeboda qorw<strong>in</strong>ebas, Tuki saqmro qristianobas<br />

miiRebda; marTlac, ai ukve erTi welia, rac es ukanaskneli<br />

mo<strong>in</strong>aTla da roca kelasurSi imyofeba, dResaswaulebze<br />

soxumis cixis samlocveloSi dadis.<br />

ZiriTadi sazafxulo sacxovrebeli hasan-beis webeldaSi<br />

aqvs, kodoris zemo xeobaSi, maruxis ZirSi. kelasuridan webeldamde<br />

mTavari 40-50 verss angariSobs. am droisaTvis mas<br />

Tavisi colebi iq hyavda gagzavnili, radgan ar icoda, ra Sedegi<br />

mohyveboda Tavis ZmiswulTan — mixeil-beisTan warmoSobil<br />

uTanxmoebas.<br />

icoda ra Cemi mogzaurobis mizani, mTavarma gviTxra,<br />

rom kelasuridan sam versze iyo mJave wylis wyaro, xolo ufro<br />

moSorebiT, iskuriis axlos — cxeli wylebi...<br />

...didi xnis ganmavlobaSi xmebi dadioda soxumis SemogarenSi<br />

vercxlisa da rk<strong>in</strong>is sabadoebis arsebobis Taobaze. ruseTis<br />

mTavrobam didi gasamrjelos dapirebiT hasan-beis am<br />

adgilebSi ori rusi <strong>in</strong>J<strong>in</strong>ris moyvana daavala. erT-erTi am <strong>in</strong>-<br />

486

---

J<strong>in</strong>erTagani gaxldaT b-ni maiori gurievi 55 . hasan-beim is<strong>in</strong>i<br />

afxazur tanisamosSi gamoawyo da didi eskortis TanxlebiT<br />

kelasuris zemo xeobaSi Znelad savali gzebiT waiyvana. is<strong>in</strong>i<br />

ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi gzaSi iyvnen, gadaitanes aTasgvari<br />

gasaWiri da Camoitanes tyviis madnis ramdenime nimuSi;<br />

rogorc Cans, sabado arc iseTi mdidari aRmoCnda, rom misi eqsploatacia<br />

daewyoT.<br />

mogvianebiT me ramdenjerme isev vnaxe mTavari hasan-bei.<br />

sxvaTa Soris, mas erTxel im dRes Sevxvdi, roca igi soxumis<br />

vakeze Tavisi Zmiswulis — mixeil-beis elCebs eloda; maS<strong>in</strong> Tavisi<br />

Cerqezuli tansacmlis zemodan meore, iseTive formis,<br />

magram Txeli TeTri tilosagan Sekerili samosi ecva. Cerqez-<br />

Ta umravlesobis msgavsad, cxeniT samogzaurod masac flanelis<br />

tipis TeTri maudis grZeli paWiWebi anu w<strong>in</strong>debi ecva,<br />

romlebic muxlebs zemoTac swvdebodnen.<br />

mTavarma ramdenime sazRvao flotis oficeri da me veluri<br />

vaSlis xis qveS gaSlil nabadze migviRo. xeebze ekida<br />

misi amalis kuTvnili yvelanairi iaraRi — mdidari da ucnauri<br />

alafi. igi gagvimasp<strong>in</strong>Zlda donis SampanuriT, romelic soxumidan<br />

Camoatan<strong>in</strong>a, magram TviTon ar svamda.<br />

meored mTavari soxumis bazris SesasvlelTan vnaxe, sadac<br />

igi cixis komendantTan salaparakod mivida, magram igi ar<br />

Sesula arc cixeSi da arc bazarSi: rogorc amboben, igi yovelTvis<br />

ase iqceoda, radgan Ralatis eS<strong>in</strong>oda. mas undoda komendantis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aSe Tavi emarTleb<strong>in</strong>a sakuTari Zmiswulis mimarT<br />

Tavisi damokidebulebis gamo. am Sexvedris dros igi namdvil<br />

kavkasiel yaCaRs hgavda — qamarze ori didi dambaCa ekida,<br />

xolo mesames saubris dros xelSi ise cbierad atrialebda,<br />

TiTqos undoda eTqva: ar SemexoT, Torem vai, Tqveni bralio!<br />

mogvianebiT Sevityve, rom ruseTis SuamavlobiT hasanbei<br />

Serigeboda Tavis Zmiswuls da cimbiridan dabrunebis Semdeg<br />

56 pirvelad gaubedavs soxumis cixeSi Sesvla da Tavis w<strong>in</strong>aparTa<br />

saflavebis monaxuleba. miuxedavad amisa, igi kvlavac<br />

ruseTis erT-erT dauZ<strong>in</strong>ebel mtrad rCeba.<br />

amasTanave, hasan-bei s<strong>in</strong>anuliT ixsenebda cimbirSi gatarebul<br />

rva wels; `RmerTo Cemo, — ambobda igi, — ra maklda ma-<br />

S<strong>in</strong>? mSvenieri pensia mqonda, karg sazogadoebaSic viyavi, maioris<br />

C<strong>in</strong>ic mqonda da vcxovrobdi Cems gemoze mxiarulad da,<br />

487

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ac mTavaria, srul komfortSi; yvela megobrulad mepyroboda,<br />

dRes ki, roca Tavisufali var, ras warmovadgen? naxevrad<br />

veluri afxazebis mier <strong>in</strong>trigebSi CaTreuli, xSirad iZulebuli<br />

var, vakeTo is, rac maT undaT da ara is, rac me Tavad<br />

m<strong>in</strong>da, mudmivad fxizlad unda viyo da RmerTma uwyis kidev<br />

ra! es ra cxovrebaa!~ sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa, iyo ki mTavari gulwrfeli,<br />

roca am sityvebiT mogvmarTavda?<br />

komentarebi, damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. dawvrilebiT ix. Cvenive werilebi: Jurn. `analebi~ (#2,<br />

2000; #1-2, 2002); @`Caucasica~, #7, 2003; kreb. `axali da uaxlesi<br />

istoriis sakiTxebi~, #2 (6), 2009.<br />

2. gamba Jak fransua (1763-1833) — frangi mogzauri, komersanti,<br />

safrangeTis konsuli TbilisSi. ruseTis mTavrobam<br />

daakmayofila misi Txovna da imereTSi saxnavi miwebi da<br />

tyis monakveTi (ajameTis tye) gamouyo, sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

kulturebis ganviTarebisa da savaWro dawesebulebebis<br />

mowyobis mizniT, Tumca, rogorc diubuac aRniSnavs<br />

(ix. qvemoT), es wamowyeba kraxiT dasrulda (ix. Jak fransua<br />

gamba, mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi, Targmani da gamocema<br />

m. mgalobliSvilisa, Tb., 1987, t. I).<br />

3. lixni anu souk-su (Turq. `civi wyaro~) — gudauTidan 4<br />

km-ze mdebare afxazi mTavrebis rezidencia da 1863 wlamde<br />

— afxazeTis adm<strong>in</strong>istraciuli centri. XIX s. dasawyisSi<br />

afxazeTis mTavarma giorgi (safar-beg) ServaSiZem lixns<br />

saxeli Seucvala da souk-su uwoda. aq mdebareobs daaxl.<br />

X s-is lixnis cnobili taZari (ix. qvemoT), aqvea afxaz mTavarTa<br />

sasaxlis nangrevebi, romelic XIX s. pirvel naxevar-<br />

Si unda iyos agebuli Zveli sasaxlis adgilas. sasaxle<br />

1866 wlis ajanyebis Semdeg ganadgurda (ix. И. Е. Адзинба,<br />

gv. 54; В. Пачулиа, По древней но вечно молодой Абхазии, Сухуми,<br />

1969, gv. 148).<br />

4. mixeil-bei ServaSiZe (igive hamuT-begi — 1811-1865) — afxazeTis<br />

ukanaskneli mTavari (1823-1864 ww.); igi iyo safarbeis<br />

(giorgis) vaJi, izrdeboda ubixTa beladis — haji barzeg-dagumoyvasTan;<br />

miRebuli hqonda kargi ganaTleba. afxazeTSi<br />

Seqmnili rTuli viTarebis gamo didxans cxov-<br />

488

---

obda samegreloSi, imereTSi, TbilisSi; Tavisuflad<br />

flobda rusul enas. mis dros samTavrosa da ruseTs Soris<br />

moCvenebiTi Tanxmoba sufevda. mixeil-beis generaladiutantis<br />

wodeba uboZes. miuxedavad misi mcdelobisa,<br />

ruseTis xelisufleba eZebda sababs samTavros gasauqmeblad<br />

da cdilobda daeyolieb<strong>in</strong>a igi, Tavadve nebayoflobiT<br />

eTqva uari mTavris wodebaze. mixeili Seecada w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegoba<br />

gaewia, magram bolos mixvda, rom verafers gaxdeboda<br />

da afxazeTSi cxovrebis ufleba iTxova, Tumca amazec<br />

ki uari miiRo: 1864 w. samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg, mas<br />

TurqeTTan saidumlo kavSiri da Ralati daswames da jer<br />

stavropolSi, Semdeg ki voroneJSi gadaasaxles, sadac<br />

1865 w. gardaicvala. dasaflavebulia moqvis taZarSi. mixeil<br />

SarvaSiZes colad hyavda giorgi nikolozis (`didi<br />

nikos~) Ze dadianis asuli — aleqs<strong>and</strong>ra (ix. s. janaSia, giorgi<br />

SarvaSiZe, Sromebi, t. VI, Tb., 1988; m. dumbaZe, dasavleT<br />

saqarTvelo XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, Tb., 1957;<br />

s<strong>in</strong>, V, Tb. 1970, gv. 224-226).<br />

5. safar-bei — afxazeTis mTavari 1810-1821 ww., qeleS-bei<br />

SarvaSiZis umcrosi vaJi; colad hyavda grigol (da ara<br />

levan) dadianis da Tamari (aqve, ix. gv. 466). safar-beim farulad<br />

miiRo qristianoba da giorgi ewoda. qeleS-beim igi<br />

Tavidanve memkvidred gamoacxada, Tumca samTavro taxtze<br />

igi ver avida: Tavisive Zmis — aslan-beis mier sakuTari<br />

mamis mkvlelobis gamo igi iZulebuli gaxda samegreloSi<br />

gaxiznuliyo da daxmareba eTxova ruseTisaTvis. damarcxebulma<br />

aslan-beim mTebs Seafara Tavi, xolo giorgi<br />

ServaSiZem ruseTis erTgulebaze daifica da 1809 w. gaformebuli<br />

`saTxovari punqtebic~ ZalaSi Sevida; man mxolod<br />

saS<strong>in</strong>ao TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba Se<strong>in</strong>arCuna (ix. m.<br />

dumbaZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 220-223).<br />

6. lixni wyaroebSi `zufus~ saxeliTac moixsenieba. `rogorc<br />

irkveva aleqs<strong>and</strong>re imerTa mefis 1738 wlis rukidan,<br />

zufu rqmevia lixnis Temis samxreT ubans, sadac gaSenebuli<br />

iyo mTavarTa sasaxle. md<strong>in</strong>ares, romelic am teritoriaze<br />

moed<strong>in</strong>eboda, zufus md<strong>in</strong>are erqva~ (p. <strong>in</strong>goroyva,<br />

dasax. naSr., gv. 152). vaxuStis mixedviT `anakofiis dasavliT<br />

dis aRacos-wyali… am aRacos-wylis dasavliT dis zu-<br />

489

---

fus md<strong>in</strong>are, gamosdis kavkass, dis samxriT, mierTvis<br />

Crdilodam zRvas. ars zufu mcire qalaqisaebri, saxli da<br />

sayofeli SarvaSiZisa...(vaxuSti, aRwera... gv. 171; agreTve,<br />

m. dumbaZe, dasax. naSr., gv 264).<br />

7. anakofia — axali aTonis teritoriaze mdebare cixesimagre;<br />

qarTul wyaroebSi moixsenieba VIII s-dan. arqeologebi<br />

mas IV-V ss. Zeglad miiCneven. `iyo qalaqi keTili, Svenieri,<br />

zRvasa zeda waSenebuli, da Semdgomad bagrationTagan<br />

umetes g<strong>and</strong>idebuli, romlisa zRvasa S<strong>in</strong>a svetni ormocamde<br />

dResac Canan, aramed aw oxer ars; da sazRvari odi-<br />

Sisa da afxazeTisa, am anakofiis aRmosavliT zRvidam<br />

mTamde, Seavlo zRude didi levan dadianman, afxazTa gamousvlelobisaTvis,<br />

garna aw uqmad ars~ (vaxuSti, gv. 169;<br />

В. Пачулиа, dasax. naSr., gv. 120-130).<br />

8. selim II — suleiman I kanunis Svili, sulTnad ijda 1566-<br />

1574 ww. murad III — TurqeTis sulTani 1574-1595 ww.<br />

9. dasavleT saqarTvelo TurqeTs mflobelobaSi ergo ufro<br />

adre — amasiis sazavo xelSekrulebiT (1555 w.), romelic<br />

iransa da osmaleTs Soris 1514-1555 ww. omis Semdeg<br />

daido.<br />

10. 1578-1579 wlebSi osmalebma foTi aiRes da aq didi cixesimagre<br />

aages. osmalTa batonobis xanaSi foTs udidesi<br />

strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda da amave dros igi tyveebiT<br />

vaWrobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kera iyo.<br />

11. 1578 w. sulTan muradis dros Turqebma ganaaxles soxumis<br />

cixe, igi samxedro cixesimagred gadaaqcies da soxum-kale<br />

(kale//yale — Turq. cixe) uwodes. sujuk-kale — axl.<br />

novorosiiskis maxloblad mdebare mcire cixe, romelic<br />

Zvelad mniSvnelovani navsadguri iyo Savi zRvis sanapiroze.<br />

12. levan ServaSiZe — samurzayanos mflobeli XVIII s-is meore<br />

naxevarSi. zurab SarvaSiZe — amave periodis afxazeTis<br />

mTavari, osmalebma daamtkices bzifis afxazeTis mflobelad.<br />

1771 w. oriveni osmalebs aujanydnen da soxumi daikaves;<br />

magram osmalebma maleve daibrunes qalaqi. aseve damarcxdnen<br />

is<strong>in</strong>i ruxis brZolaSi kacia II dadianisa da imer-<br />

Ta mefis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg. qeleS-beim (afxazeTis mTavari XVIII sis<br />

80-iani wlebidan 1808 wlamde) osmalebis daxmarebiT<br />

490

---

taxtidan Camoagdo zurab SarvaSiZe da afxazeTis erTpirovnuli<br />

mmarTveli gaxda.<br />

13. qise//qese — parki, qisa; ixmareboda fulis raodenobis aRsaniSnavad;<br />

misiTve izomeboda Zvirfaseuloba, oqrosa da<br />

vercxlis raodenoba. mzaddeboda sxvadasxva masalisagan,<br />

sxvdasxva formiT da droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda (ix.<br />

evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~, Targmani g. fuTuri-<br />

Zisa, nakv. II, Tb., 1973, gv. 166).<br />

14. ianiCari (Turq. axali jari) — regularuli jaris meomari.<br />

es jari Seiqmna sulTan murad I-is dros da ZiriTadad<br />

kompleqtdeboda amierkavkasiidan wayvanili gamuslimebuli<br />

adamianebiT. SemdgomSi osmaleTis mier mitacebuli<br />

qristianuli qveynebisaTvis erTgvar valdebulebad iqca<br />

xarkis saxiT bavSvebis gagzavna ianiCarTa rigebis Sesavsebad<br />

(ix. evlia Celebi...gv. 143-144).<br />

15. qeleS-bei SarvaSiZe (qelaS-ahmed-begi) — afxazeTis ukanaskneli<br />

mahmadiani mTavari, manuCar SarvaSiZis vaJi,<br />

emorCileboda sulTans. jer kidev 1803 wlidan, sanam afxazeTis<br />

samTavro ruseTis `mfarvelobas~ oficialurad<br />

aRiarebda, qeleS-beis faruli urTierToba hqonda ruse-<br />

Tis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan da `qveSevrdomobas~<br />

iTxovda. ruseT-osmaleTis urTierTobaTa gamwvavebis<br />

kvaldakval ruseT-afxazeTis kavSiri kidev ufro<br />

mtkicdeboda. qeleS-beisa da sulTans Siris urTierToba<br />

gansakuTrebiT daiZaba mas Semdeg, rac 1806 w. afxazeTs<br />

Tavi Seafara sulTnisagan devnilma arzrumelma TaiarfaSam,<br />

romelsac bralad edeboda saxelmwifo Ralati. Taiar-faSam<br />

qeleS beis daxmarebiT ruseTis mfarvelobac<br />

moipova (1806 w. qeleS-beim ruseTTan saidumlo xelSekruleba<br />

dado mfarvelobis aRiarebis Taobaze), osmaleTi ki<br />

daJ<strong>in</strong>ebiT iTxovda mis gadacemas da radgan qeleS-beim es<br />

moTxovna ar daakmayofila, sulTanma am ukanasknels misive<br />

Svili — aslan-bei aujanya; aslan-bei qeleS-beis pirveli<br />

colis — ZafS-ifas asulis vaJi iyo da radgan igi cols<br />

gaeyara, amis gamo mas da ZafS-ifebs Soris mtroba Camovarda;<br />

1808 w. 8 maiss aslan-beim mokla mama da arc sakuTari<br />

Zmebi da<strong>in</strong>do: sicocxles gamoasalma batal-bei da ori<br />

umcrosi Zma, Semdeg mTavris sasaxle daarbia da soxums Se-<br />

491

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afara Tavi; Tumca aslan-beim ma<strong>in</strong>c ver SeZlo Zalauflebis<br />

ganmtkiceba da bolos CerqezeTSi gaixizna (m. dumbaZe,<br />

dasax. naSr., gv. 210-220; a. kikviZe, saqarTvelos istoria,<br />

Tb., 1954, gv. 70; narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan — afxazeTi,<br />

Tb., 2007, gv. 203-208).<br />

16. ra<strong>in</strong>egsi, mogzauroba.., gv. 108-110.<br />

17. yonaRi (yunaRi) — Turq. megobari; yonaRoba erT-erTi<br />

wmidaTawmida adaTi iyo Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebSi: yona-<br />

Ri Tavis meurveobis qveS myof ucxoels yvlanairi safrTxisagan<br />

icavda.<br />

18. es sisxliani drama erTis mxriv S<strong>in</strong>afeodaluri brZolis<br />

Sedegi iyo (radgan aslan-beis zurgs umagrebdnen osmale-<br />

Ti da mTavarTan dapirispirebuli ZafS-ifebi), xolo meore<br />

mxriv, es iyo or saxelmwifos — ruseTsa da osmaleTs<br />

Soris arsebuli metoqeobis gamoZaxili. bestuJev-marl<strong>in</strong>ski<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re aleqs<strong>and</strong>res Ze (marl<strong>in</strong>ski fsevdonimia)<br />

rusi mwerali (1797-1837), dekabristi. 1829 w. gadmoasaxles<br />

kavkasiaSi ubralo jariskacad; daiRupa adleris<br />

aRebisas. kavkasiur Temaze mis mier Seqmnil nawarmoebTagan<br />

aRsaniSnavia `qeleS-bei~, romelsac siuJetad udevs aslan-beis<br />

mier Cadenili mkvleloba.<br />

19. 1821 wels giorgi SarvaSiZis (safar-beis) gardacvalebis<br />

Semdeg afxazeTis mTavrad dasves misi vaJi, polkovniki<br />

dimitri (omar-bei), romelic 1810 wlidan imyofeboda peterburgSi,<br />

imperatoris paJTa korpusSi. 1822 w. es ukanaskneli<br />

gardaicvala; fiqrobdnen, rom igi mowamla misive<br />

msaxurma urus lakvarma, romelic damnaSaved cnes da 1823<br />

w. ermolovis brZanebiT CamoaxrCves. mTavris taxti ki dimitri<br />

ServaSiZis Zmam — 13 wlis mixeilma daikava (ix. niko<br />

dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, Tb., 1962, gv. 209-212; gamba,<br />

dasax. gamoc., gv. 86; afxazeTi..., gv. 233-234).<br />

20. aTalikoba, aTaliki — Turq. aRniSnavs pirs, romelsac aRsazrdelad<br />

abareben bavSvs; Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebSi es<br />

aris xelovnuri naTesaobis erT-erTi forma (ix. М. О.<br />

Косвен, Аталичество, «Советская этнография», 1935, «2).<br />

21. kelasuri — sof. soxumidan 2 km-ze.<br />

22. 1832 w. hasan-beim, masze moulodnelad ganxorcielebuli<br />

Tavdasxmis dros, Tavdacvis mizniT mokla halim lokar-<br />

492

---

ei (lakerbaia) — mixeil ServaSiZis agenti (ix. Дюбуа,<br />

Путешествие…, dasax. gamoc., gv. 169, Sen. #29).<br />

23. galera — xis didi, niCbebiani gemi, romelzec afrebi mxolod<br />

damxmare saSualebad gamoiyeneboda. gemebis es saxeoba<br />

Seiqmna veneciaSi (VII s.) da yvela qveynis flotSi uZvelesi<br />

xanidan XVIII saukunemde SemorCa (ix. T. beraZe, dasax.<br />

naSr., gv 51-52)<br />

24. preobraJenskis polki — petre I-is mier Seqmnili gvardiuli<br />

SenaerTi, romelic moskovTan axlos, sof preobra-<br />

JenskSi iyo dabanakebuli. Tavisi arsebobis manZilze am<br />

gvardiam uamrav brZolaSi miiRo m<strong>in</strong>awileoba da XIX s-Sic<br />

privilegirebul polkad iTvleboda.<br />

25. trapizoni — qalaqi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze<br />

(axl. TurqeTi); XIII-XV ss. trapizonis imperiis centri;<br />

igi marTlac tyveebiT vaWrobis umniSvnelovanesi<br />

punqti iyo.<br />

26. Jozef fuSe (1759-1820) — frangi politikuri da saxelmwifo<br />

moRvawe, muSaobda diplomatiur Tanamdebobebze. provokaciis,<br />

SpionaJis, politikuri dazvervisa da <strong>in</strong>trigebis<br />

aRiarebuli specialisti.<br />

27. afxazeTi iyofoda calkeul samflobeloebad, romlebic<br />

damoukidebel erTeulebs warmoadgendnen. maT saTaveSi<br />

edgaT feodaluri sagvareuloebis warmomadgenlebi. es<br />

patar-patara politikuri erTeulebi iyo: jiqeTi — md.<br />

mzimTasa da bzifs Soris; zufu (bzifi) — md. bzifsa da gumisTas<br />

Soris; guma — md. gumisTasa da kodors Soris; Suasofeli<br />

(abJua) — md. kodorsa da RaliZgas Soris; samurzayano<br />

— md. RaliZgasa da engurs Soris; webelda-dali — md.<br />

kodoris zemo weli; sixu (fsxu) — md. bzifis zemo weli. samurzayano<br />

— teritoriulad afxazeTis momijnave iyo da<br />

SarvaSiZeTa erT-erTi Stos saTavados warmoadgenda. XVIII<br />

s. bolos da XIX s- dasawyisSi igi mudmivi davis sagani iyo<br />

samegrelosa da afxazeTis mTavrebs Soris.<br />

28. pol gibali — moxseniebulia gambas `mogzaurobaSi (ix. gv.<br />

87, 91-92); igi mas Tarjimnobas uwevda da Tan axlda ruseT-<br />

Si meore mogzaurobis dros. gibali weliwadze met xans<br />

cxovrobda soxum-kaleSi, sadac xis masalis mopoveba-damuSavebaze<br />

zedamxedvelobis gasawevad iyo gagzavnili (ix.<br />

493

---

m. efremiZe, gibalis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, goris ped<strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

Sromebi, 1964).<br />

29. redut-kale — mniSvnelovani navsadguri Savi zRvis armosavleT<br />

sanapiroze, md. xobis SesarTavTan, axl. sof. yulevis<br />

adgilze. redut-kale ewoda mas Semdeg, rac aq 1804<br />

w. ruseTis jaris nawilebi ganalages da reduti (frang.<br />

safortifikacio nageboba) moawyves. redut-kales udidesi<br />

mniSvneloba hqonda savaWro-ekonomiuri Tvalsazrisi-<br />

Tac (ix. m. paWkoria, redut-kale, Tb., 1968).<br />

30. lixnis RvTismSoblis miZ<strong>in</strong>ebis eklesia X-XI ss. xuroTmoZRvruli<br />

Zeglia. misi Sida sivrce da qvis zRude kargad<br />

aris Semonaxuli. aqvea XIV s. SesaniSnavi freskebi, qarTuli<br />

da berZnuli warwerebi. mniSvnelovania isic, rom man<br />

Cvenamde pirv<strong>and</strong>eli saxiT, restavraciis gareSe moaRwia.<br />

taZarSi aris afxazeTis mTavris — safar-bei (giorgi) ServaSiZis<br />

saflavi. mis maxloblad aris afxazeTis mTavarTa<br />

orsarTuliani, gvian Suasaukuneebis xanis sasaxlis nangrevebi.<br />

31. ailagas taZris nangrevebi bamborasTan axlos, md. fS<strong>and</strong>ras<br />

marjvena napirzea, iq, sadac igi zRvas erTvis (И. Е.<br />

Адзинба, dasax. naSr., gv. 49-52).<br />

32. papCi (Paptchi) — savaraudod, papwva/papcva — sof. gudau-<br />

Tis r-Si; baCa — sof. gudauTis r-Si; s<strong>and</strong>r<strong>in</strong>isi<br />

(S<strong>and</strong>r<strong>in</strong>isse) — s<strong>and</strong>ripSi (?) axl. sof. ganTiadi;<br />

33. fsircxa (anakofiiswyali) — md<strong>in</strong>are gudauTis r-Si, er-<br />

Tvis Sav zRvas.<br />

34. anakofia (axali aTonis Zveli saxelwodeba) — cixe agebulia<br />

XIV-XV ss-Si, md. fsircxis SesarTavTan, genuelebis<br />

mier, romlebmac aq faqtoria daaarses. XVII s-Si levan dadianma<br />

anakofias zRude Semoavlo. anakofia ar unda gavaigivoT<br />

nikofsiasTan (axl. tuafse; ix. Л. Рчеулишвили,<br />

Купольная архитектура VIII-X вв. в Абхазии, Тб., 1988, gv. 31-32).<br />

35. fsircxis cixe — ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebis xanis nageboba<br />

(dawvrilebiT ix. В. Пачулиа, dasax. naSr., gv. 106).<br />

36. traqeas aigiveben gagrasTan, prokopiseul topografiul<br />

aRwerilobaze dayrdnobiT (ix. s. janaSia, Sromebi, I,<br />

Tb., 1949, gv. 73-74); aris sxva mosazrebac, romlis Tanaxma-<br />

494

---

dac aq anakofia-fsircxas teritoria igulisxmeba (n. ber-<br />

ZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1964,<br />

gv. 300).<br />

37. ix. georgika, II, gv. 158-161; (evqs<strong>in</strong>is ponto, pont evqs<strong>in</strong>i<br />

— berZn. `stumarTmoyvare~ — Savi zRvis Zv. berZn. saxelwodeba).<br />

38. igulisxmeba vaxtang VI da misi `qarTlis cxovreba~, romelic<br />

e. w. `swavlul kacTa~ komisiam Seadg<strong>in</strong>a. w<strong>in</strong>asityvaobaSi<br />

moxseniebulia `mexuTeman vaxtang~, radgan saqarTvelos<br />

pirveli mefe vaxtangi (gorgasali) bagrationTa sagvareulodan<br />

ar iyo da amis gamo saTvalavSi ar iqna miRebuli<br />

(ix. qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiSvilis gamoc., gv.<br />

024).<br />

39. aderki (aderoki) — qarTlis mefe I s. pirvel naxevarSi<br />

(`meaTe mefe aderki, Ze bartomisi, arSakuniani~ — qarTlis<br />

cxovreba, I, gv. 35); misi mefobis TariRis Sesaxeb azrTa<br />

sxvadasxvaobaa: vaxuStis Tanaxmad es aris 1-57 ww; p. <strong>in</strong>goroyva<br />

da s. gorgaZe mis mefobas I s-is 30 wlamde varaudobdnen<br />

da a.S. (ix. saqarTvelos mefeebi, Tb., 2000, gv. 19).<br />

40. Zveli qarTuli tradiciuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, saqar-<br />

TveloSi qristianobis pirveli mqadagebelni iyvnen <strong>and</strong>ria<br />

pirvelwodebuli da simon kananeli. amave azrs adasturebs<br />

agreTve Zveli berZnuli saeklesio mwerlobac,<br />

sadac aRwerilia am mociqulTa moRvaweoba da miTiTebulia<br />

maT mier movlili geografiuli punqtebi (Savi zRvis<br />

sanapiro, afxazeTi, svaneTi, alania da a.S.); q. soxumis maxloblad<br />

dRemde daculia simon kananelis saflavi.<br />

41. ax. w. aR. I-II ss. das. saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camoyalibda<br />

didi gaerTianeba, romelsac romaeli da berZeni mwerlebi<br />

lazikas (lazebis samefos) uwodebdnen, xolo qar-<br />

Tul wyaroebSi — egrTa (megrelTa) qveyanad anu egrisad<br />

moixsenieba (ix. n. lomouri, egrisis samefos istoria, Tb.,<br />

1968).<br />

42. eSeris teritoriaze arsebul istoriul Zeglebs Soris<br />

gamoirCeva eklesia, romelic pirvelad diubuam aRwera<br />

(ix. В. Пачулиа, dasax. naSr., gv. 99-100).<br />

43. abu-l-fida (1273-1331) — arabi swavluli (istorikosi, geografosi,<br />

astronomi, botanikosi) da poeti; cnobilia mi-<br />

495

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si ori Txzuleba — istoriuli (`adamianTa modgmis Semoklebuli<br />

istoria~) da geografiuli (`qveynebis mowesrigeba~)<br />

xasiaTisa, romlebic sa<strong>in</strong>tereso cnobebs Seicaven saqarTvelos<br />

Sesaxeb. abu-l-fida monawileobda jvarosanTa<br />

laSqrobebSi da TaTar-monRolTa w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg brZolebSi<br />

(s<strong>in</strong>, gv. 46-47).<br />

44. ankeri — (germ.) sityvasityviT niSnavs `Ruzas~;<br />

45. saJeni — Zv. rusuli sigrZis sazomi erTeuli, 2, 133 metri.<br />

46. tuazi — Zv. franguli sigrZis sazomi erTeuli, 1,949 metri.<br />

47. mas Semdeg, rac guriis samTavrom ruseTis qveSevrdomoba<br />

aRiara (1810 w.), ruseTis xelisuflebas adgilze dasayrdeni<br />

bazis saWiroeba Seeqmna; am mizniT 1812 wels saqar-<br />

Tvelos mTavarmarTeblis — rtiSCevis davalebiT, mamia<br />

gurielma md. natanebisa da Coloqis SesarTavTan, Sekve-<br />

TilSi, aago cixesimagre, romlis mSeneblobac 1815 wlisaTvis<br />

dasrulda da mas wm. nikolozis saxeli uwodes.<br />

1815 w. iseve, rogorc anakliidan, aqedanac gayvanil iqna<br />

ruseTis jari da mxolod 1829 wels aq kvlav dabrunda rusuli<br />

garnizoni. SemdgomSi (ix. t. III) diubua vrclad saubrobs<br />

wm. nikolozis cixisa da am adgilis mavne klimatis<br />

Taobaze.<br />

48. 1810 wlis zafxulSi, roca ruseTis sazRvao floti miadga<br />

soxums da didi brZolis Semdeg igi SturmiT aiRo, giorgi<br />

ServaSiZem xeli moawera ficis teqsts, romelic afxaze-<br />

Tis samTavros ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi~ Sesvlas da, faqtiurad<br />

— samTavros aneqsiis procesis dawyebas niSnavda<br />

(ix. afxazeTi..., gv. 216-218). 1812 w. buqarestis zaviT TurqeTma<br />

aRiara guriis, samegrelosa da afxazeTis samTavroebis<br />

da imereTis samefoze ruseTis `mfarveloba~.<br />

49. ubixebi — afxazebis, adiReebisa da Cerqezebis monatesave<br />

xalxi. cxovrobdnen Savi zRvis kavkasiis sanapiroze, md.<br />

Saxesa da soWs Soris (daaxl. 25 aTasamde). 1864 w. gadasaxldnen<br />

TurqeTSi.<br />

50. oxvameri megrulad zogadad niSnavs `salocavs~; amdenad,<br />

avtori cdeba, rodesac oxvames eklesis saxelwodebad<br />

aRiqvams.<br />

496

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51. Sdr. gamba, mogzauroba... gv. 90: @~qarTvelebs Tavze kapiu-<br />

Soni exuraT, romelsac getafs (ghetaph) — qarTulad baSliks<br />

(bachelick) uwodeben. aseT kapiuSons xmaroben xmelTa-<br />

Sua zRvis mezRvaurebi da gansakuTrebiT — arqipelagis<br />

berZnebi~.<br />

52. ciklopebi (kiklopebi) — miTolog. uranosisa da geas Svilebi,<br />

sami calTvala, goliaTi Zma. is<strong>in</strong>i qvesknelis sam-<br />

WedloSi elvasa da mexs sWeddnen. homerosis ciklopebi ki<br />

kaciWamiebi arian, gamoqvabulebSi cxovroben da saqonlis<br />

jogebs mwyemsaven (ix. a. gelovani, dasax., naSr.).<br />

53. homerosi (Zv. w. aR. IX-VIII ss.) — gamoCenili berZeni poeti-<br />

epikosi, cnobili Tavisi poemebiT `iliada~ da `odisea~.<br />

54. dr<strong>and</strong>a (d<strong>and</strong>ari) — daba afxazeTSi, soxumis CrdiloeTiT<br />

18 km-ze. aq aris VI-VIII ss. taZari (qvemoT diubua mis vrcel<br />

aRweras gvTavazobs). Sua saukuneebSi episkoposis rezidencia<br />

iyo (vaxuSti, gv.169; И. Адзинба, dasax. naSr., gv. 71-<br />

74; ВВ.Пачулиа , dasax. naSr., gv. 67-69).<br />

55. 1833 w. adgilobriv feodalTan hasan-bei ServaSiZesTan Se-<br />

TanxmebiT afxazeTSi rk<strong>in</strong>is sabadoebis dasazverad Camovidnen<br />

samTo <strong>in</strong>J<strong>in</strong>eri gurievi da voskobo<strong>in</strong>ikovi. 1843 w.<br />

gurievi gaigzavna lixnSi qvanaxSiris sabados mosaZieblad<br />

(ix. Очерки истории Абхазской АССР…, gv. 150).<br />

56. 1821-1827 wlebSi TurqeTTan saidumlo kavSiris braldebiT<br />

hasan-bei gadasaxlebuli iyo irkutskSi.<br />

497

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Mzia Mgaloblishvili<br />

Lela Mikiashvili<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, The Ivane Javakhishvili Institute<br />

of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology, Chief Scientific<br />

Researcher of the Department of <strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />

The Materials From the <strong>History</strong> of Abkhazia Pr<strong>in</strong>cipality<br />

of the 30es of the 19 th Century<br />

(Accord<strong>in</strong>g to `The Travel~ by Frederic Dubois de Monpere)<br />

Summary<br />

Frederic Duboios de Monpere (1798-1850) was a scientist - traveler,<br />

whose publications led to the development of the European Kartvelology.<br />

Frenchman by orig<strong>in</strong>, born <strong>in</strong> Switzerl<strong>and</strong>, he was a famous geologist,<br />

naturalist <strong>and</strong> archeologist. Dubois traveled <strong>in</strong> different countries <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the Caucasus, namely Georgia (1833-1834), which was reflected <strong>in</strong> his<br />

extensive work (<strong>in</strong> 6 volums) `Travels around the Caucasus, at Circassians<br />

<strong>and</strong> Abkhazians, <strong>in</strong> Kolkhida, <strong>in</strong> Georgia, Armenia <strong>and</strong> the Crimea~. The<br />

work is written <strong>in</strong> spesific style <strong>and</strong> represents a diary of this author, <strong>in</strong> which<br />

he describes <strong>in</strong> detals facts seen <strong>and</strong> heard by him. `The Travel~ played an<br />

important role <strong>in</strong> the Georgian source studies: Due to the known political<br />

events – i. e. after conquer<strong>in</strong>g Georgia by Russia there appeared a gap <strong>in</strong><br />

Georgian historiography describ<strong>in</strong>g the first part of the 19th century.<br />

Therefore `The Travel~ is a primary source for the history of Georgia of<br />

above-mentioned period.<br />

The one of the chapters of the work is dedicated to the description of<br />

Abkhazia. The history, geography <strong>and</strong> the nature of Abkhazia is described <strong>in</strong><br />

it. The author widly uses the historical sources (the accounts of the antique<br />

authors among them). Du to his professionalism Dubois deals with the facts<br />

tell<strong>in</strong>g us the relations of the Abkhazian rulers’ with the Russian government;<br />

describes his personal meet<strong>in</strong>gs with Mikheil-beg (<strong>in</strong> Likhni) <strong>and</strong> Hasan-beg<br />

(<strong>in</strong> Kelasuri) Shervashidzes; deals with the political activity of Russia to<br />

capture Abkhazia (<strong>and</strong> generally the whole western Georgia).<br />

498

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gia gelaSvili<br />

istoriis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis<br />

ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

sami dokumenti saqarTvelos Sesaxeb<br />

mokle w<strong>in</strong>asityva<br />

warmodgenili sami dokumenti daculia q. oqsfordSi,<br />

bodlis biblioTekis uordropTa koleqciaSi. pirveli maTgani<br />

gamoqveynebuli iyo yovelTviur gazeTSi (`voqs studentium~)<br />

1924 wlis oqtomberSi. masSi naTlad Cans is mZime viTareba,<br />

rac ucxoeTis universitetebSi 1918 wels saswavleblad<br />

gagzavnil studentebs SeeqmnaT 1921 wlis Semdeg, roca saqar-<br />

TveloSi bolSevikTa Zalaufleba damyarda.<br />

meore dokumenti esaa qarTuli sa<strong>in</strong>formacio biuros<br />

cnoba gankuTvnili britanelTaTvis — saqarTveloSi mimd<strong>in</strong>are<br />

viTarebis Sesaxeb 1918 wlis 26 maisidan 20 agvistomde. es<br />

faqtiurad exeba Turqebisa da germanelebis gegmebis Sejaxebas<br />

amierkavkasiaSi da britanelTa gamoCenas baqoSi.<br />

mesame dokumentic qarTul sa<strong>in</strong>formacio biuros ekuTvnis,<br />

romelic man gaagzavna <strong>in</strong>glisSi 1918 wlis 17 seqtembers.<br />

igi exeba misi uwm<strong>in</strong>desobis kirion II-is biografias, tanjviT<br />

aRsavse mis mravalmxriv moRvaweobas, kaTolikos-patriarqad<br />

kurTxevas da mis mkvlelobas. faqtiurad es gaxlavT msoflios<br />

farTo sazogadoebis gasaTviTcnobiereblad gankuTvnili<br />

nekrologi.<br />

Targmanis garda Cven saWirod miviCnieT maTi <strong>in</strong>glisuri<br />

dednebis gamoqveynebac, romlis komentirebasac v<strong>and</strong>ob specialist-mkvlevarebs.<br />

499

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GEORGIA AND HER STUDENTS<br />

[VOX STUDENTIUM, 1924 OCTOBER]<br />

For more than a century the natural development of Georgia was<br />

h<strong>in</strong>dered by the <strong>in</strong>fluence of Russia. The Russian Revolution of 1918 gave to<br />

the l<strong>and</strong> of Georgia the opportunity which she had so long desired.<br />

At once the University of Tiflis was founded, <strong>and</strong> became the centre of<br />

the whole nation’s <strong>in</strong>tellectual life. In the faculties of medic<strong>in</strong>e, philosophy,<br />

economics <strong>and</strong> agriculture 3710 students are enrolled, while 2075 attend the<br />

Technical College.<br />

The poverty of these students <strong>and</strong> also of the professors is attested by<br />

the lack of food <strong>and</strong> of cloth<strong>in</strong>g as well as by their meager equipment <strong>in</strong> the<br />

way of books <strong>and</strong> other materials.<br />

The enthusiasm of the new University <strong>and</strong> its supporters <strong>in</strong> Georgia is<br />

shown by the fact that, <strong>in</strong> 1918, 75 students were forthwith sent to the older<br />

Universities of Europe <strong>in</strong> order that there they might prepare themselves for<br />

educational <strong>and</strong> other tasks await<strong>in</strong>g them <strong>in</strong> their homel<strong>and</strong>. In 1921 the<br />

Soviet power <strong>in</strong>tervened <strong>in</strong> Georgia, with the result that these Georgian<br />

Students were cut off from their homes, <strong>and</strong> lost the f<strong>in</strong>ancial support<br />

afforded them by the Georgian Government. The plight of a young student<br />

deprived of all support <strong>in</strong> a strange l<strong>and</strong> 1000 miles from home can be left to<br />

the imag<strong>in</strong>ation. There are 187 such <strong>in</strong> Germany, 49 <strong>in</strong> Czechoslovakia, 32 <strong>in</strong><br />

France, <strong>and</strong> 65 <strong>in</strong> other countries of Europe.<br />

The E.S.R. (=European Student Relief – G.Gelashvili) has stood by<br />

these str<strong>and</strong>ed students dur<strong>in</strong>g these years of privation, as far as its resources<br />

have permitted. The follow<strong>in</strong>g quastations from the report of the Georgian<br />

Refuge Students <strong>in</strong> Germany is an illustration: `It is almost impossible to f<strong>in</strong>d<br />

work <strong>in</strong> Germany, although our students have been seek<strong>in</strong>g it. Three have<br />

found work as waiters, but have had to give up their studies. In spite of all<br />

these hardships, with the help of the E.S.R. alone, 8 of our students have<br />

completed their studies <strong>in</strong> the last two terms, <strong>and</strong> it is now a question of<br />

help<strong>in</strong>g only 27 students of whom 19 will have f<strong>in</strong>ished their work <strong>in</strong> the next<br />

2 terms. Among these there are 8 students who are ill, rather a large<br />

percentage~.<br />

500

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VOX STUDENTIUM 1924 oqtomberi (yovelTviuri gazeTi,<br />

gamovida oqtomber-ivnisSi JenevaSi) ∗<br />

saqarTvelo da misi studentebi<br />

saukuneze metia, rac saqarTvelos bunebriv ganviTarebas<br />

xels uSlida ruseTis zemoqmedeba. 1918 wlis rusulma revoluciam<br />

saqarTvelos misca imis saSualeba, rasac ase didxans<br />

eloda.<br />

sul male gaixsna tfilisis universiteti, romelic gaxda<br />

mTeli eris <strong>in</strong>teleqtualuri cxovrebis centri. mis samedic<strong>in</strong>o,<br />

filosofiis, ekonomikisa da agronomiul fakultetebze<br />

Sevida 3710 studenti, xolo teqnikur kolejSi—2075.<br />

am studentebisa da TviT profesuris siRaribes mowmobs<br />

sakvebisa da tansacmlis uqonloba, aseve maTi arasakmarisi<br />

momarageba wignebiTa da sxva nivTebiT.<br />

axali universitetisa da saqarTveloSi misi mxardamWerebis<br />

enTuziazmi iqidanac Cans, rom 1918 wels 75 studenti<br />

gaigzavna evropis uZveles universitetebSi, raTa iq momzadebuliyvnen<br />

da saganmanaTleblo da sxva amocanebi Semdgom Seesruleb<strong>in</strong>aT<br />

Tavis samSobloSi. 1921 wels sabWoTa Zalebi Sei-<br />

Wrnen saqarTveloSi, rasac Sedegad mohyva am qarTveli studentebis<br />

mowyveta TavianTi saxlebidan da im f<strong>in</strong>ansuri daxmarebis<br />

dakargva, romelsac iRebdnen saqarTvelos mTavrobisagan.<br />

SegviZlia warmovidg<strong>in</strong>oT axalgazrda studentis<br />

mdgomareoba, romelmac dakarga yovelgvari daxmareba Tavisi<br />

samSoblodan 1000 miliT moSorebul ucxo qveyanaSi. aseTebi<br />

germaniaSi aris 187, CexoslovakiaSi 49, safrangeTSi 32 da evropis<br />

sxva qveynebSi — 65.<br />

e.s.d. (=`evropis studentTa daxmareba~. daarsda 1920<br />

wlis ivlisSi — g.g.) daexmara mZime wlebis manZilze gariyul<br />

studentebs, ramdenadac amis SesaZleblobas aZlevda maTi resursebi.<br />

amis naTel suraTs gvaZlevs amonaridi germaniaSi Sefarebuli<br />

qarTveli studentebis moxsenebidan:<br />

`TiTqmis SeuZlebelia germaniaSi samuSaos moZebna, Tumca<br />

Cveni studentebi cdiloben. samma maTganma iSova mimtanis<br />

∗ dokumenti daculia uordropis koleqciaSi — Wardr. 15. 177 (2).<br />

501

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(oficiantis) samuSao, magram iZulebuli gaxdnen swavlisTvis<br />

Tavi daenebeb<strong>in</strong>aT. miuxedavad yovelive am siZneleebisa,<br />

e.s.d.-s daxmarebiT Cvenma 8 studentma daasrula swavla bolo<br />

or semestrSi da axla dgas sakiTxi, rom daexmaron 27 students,<br />

romelTagan 19 daasrulebs Tavis samuSaos momaval or<br />

semestrSi. amaT Soris 8 studenti avadaa, rac sakmaod didi<br />

procentia~.<br />

Telefone: 22. Albemarle Street W.1.<br />

Mayfair 5530 20 th August 1918.<br />

GGEORGIAN INFORMATION BUREAU<br />

GEORGIA BETWEEN TURKISH AND GERMAN PINCERS<br />

(Review of events s<strong>in</strong>ce 26 th May up to the present)<br />

On 26 th May of this year Georgia declared herself Independent as a<br />

consequence of the Transcaucasian Republic, from which the Tartars separated<br />

themselves <strong>and</strong> the southern prov<strong>in</strong>ces, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Batum <strong>and</strong> Kars, were<br />

occupied by Turkey.<br />

The causes which led to the dissolution of the Transcaucasian Republic<br />

had been at work s<strong>in</strong>ce the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of the Revolution of March 1917, when<br />

Turkey, through her agents, penetrated <strong>in</strong>to Eastern Transcaucasia <strong>and</strong> North<br />

Caucasus, us<strong>in</strong>g Mohammedan clergymen as propag<strong>and</strong>ists.<br />

Turkey was afraid that the formation of the Transcaucasian Republic,<br />

<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the Georgians, Tartars <strong>and</strong> Armenians, would separate from her the<br />

Mohammedan Tartars, close the doors for her penetration <strong>in</strong>to Turkestan <strong>and</strong><br />

that, <strong>in</strong> years to come, the Trans-<br />

Caucasian Republic, with its resources <strong>and</strong> population, would become a<br />

formidable unit which could not be treated as a subservient vassal.<br />

After captur<strong>in</strong>g the Batum <strong>and</strong> Kars fortresses _ which was not so difficult<br />

as the population <strong>in</strong> Transcaucasia was demoralized by the revolutionary<br />

propag<strong>and</strong>a <strong>in</strong> the same way as <strong>in</strong> other parts of the former Russian Empire,<br />

<strong>and</strong> therefore could not offer substantial resistance, the more so as there was<br />

no mention of outside help _ Turkey occupied the strategic positions of Transcaucasia,<br />

from which she was able to dictate or proceed to complete occupation<br />

of Transcaucasia. At this stage Germany <strong>in</strong>terfered as she also wanted<br />

502

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some grab <strong>in</strong> Transcaucasia, pr<strong>in</strong>cipally for her railway routes to Turkestan<br />

<strong>and</strong> Persia.<br />

Georgia, after hav<strong>in</strong>g been deprived of her fairest prov<strong>in</strong>ces <strong>in</strong> the south<br />

of the Batum district <strong>and</strong> her chief port of Batum, was recognized by Germany<br />

as `Independent~ (Compris<strong>in</strong>g the Prov<strong>in</strong>ces of Tiflis, Koutais <strong>and</strong><br />

Soukhoum). The Armenians, who have been deprived of all their territory <strong>in</strong><br />

Turkey, have a small strip of territory <strong>in</strong> the prov<strong>in</strong>ce of Erivan as `Independent~<br />

Republic, <strong>and</strong> the Tartars have the Prov<strong>in</strong>ces of Baku, Elizavetpol <strong>and</strong><br />

part of Erivan Prov<strong>in</strong>ce, which is called the Aderbejan Republic.<br />

These three Republics were <strong>in</strong>vited to go to Constant<strong>in</strong>ople <strong>and</strong> after<br />

two months of blackmail<strong>in</strong>g, threats <strong>and</strong> requisitions were forced to sign the<br />

`Peace Treaty~ with Turkey, by which Georgia becomes a German Protectorate<br />

<strong>and</strong> the Armenians are placed under Turkish `protection~. But before the<br />

sign<strong>in</strong>g these `Peace Treaties~, on 24 th June, yhe day upon which Baron von<br />

Kuhlmann made his declaration <strong>in</strong> the Reichstag about Georgia, 3000 German<br />

troops were l<strong>and</strong>ed at the Georgian port of Poti on the Black Sea, <strong>and</strong> advanced<br />

along the railway to Tiflis, the capital of Georgia. By this means Germany<br />

succeeded <strong>in</strong> obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g control of Tiflis, which is the centre of the railway<br />

l<strong>in</strong>es radiat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to the pr<strong>in</strong>cipal directions towards Persia <strong>and</strong> Turkestan.<br />

From that moment competition between Germany <strong>and</strong> Turkey began<br />

about the re-arrangement of the territories <strong>in</strong> Transcaucasia. Turkey claimed<br />

special protection over the eastern part of Transcaucasia, populated by Mohammedan<br />

Tartars <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the classical oilfields of Baku. This gave rise to<br />

great dissension between Turkey <strong>and</strong> Germany, the more so as oil wealth of<br />

the Caucasus represents several thous<strong>and</strong> million pounds, <strong>and</strong> it would be<br />

most advantageous for Germany to secure its control.<br />

Turkey began to mobilize the Tartar population <strong>in</strong> Transcaucasia for<br />

the purpose of captur<strong>in</strong>g Baku, <strong>and</strong> the Germans began to advance from Tiflis<br />

<strong>and</strong>, as was reported, the Armenians resid<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the town, hav<strong>in</strong>g no choice,<br />

preferred that the town should be occupied by the Germans <strong>in</strong>stead of the<br />

Turks. But whilst the Turks <strong>and</strong> Germans quarreled about the position of<br />

Baku, the heroic British troops advanced from Bagdad <strong>and</strong> entered the town<br />

of Baku, <strong>in</strong> this way cutt<strong>in</strong>g off Germany <strong>and</strong> Turkey from their connections<br />

<strong>in</strong> Turkestan.<br />

The strategetical importance of Baku is enormous, both for the control<br />

of the Caspian Sea <strong>and</strong> the routes lead<strong>in</strong>g towards Turkestan, Afghanistan <strong>and</strong><br />

northern Persia. If this action had taken place <strong>in</strong> January last both the German<br />

<strong>and</strong> Turkish penetration of the Caucasus would have been either entirely pre-<br />

503

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vented by the help of the Georgians <strong>and</strong> Armenians, or very substantially dim<strong>in</strong>ished<br />

<strong>in</strong> its dimensions.<br />

It is to be feared that, on account of these new developments, Germany<br />

<strong>and</strong> Turkey will try desperately to force both the Georgians <strong>and</strong> Armenians<br />

<strong>in</strong>to their armies as they are similarly try<strong>in</strong>g to do <strong>in</strong> Ukra<strong>in</strong>e, Pol<strong>and</strong>, Lithuania,<br />

Esthonia <strong>and</strong> F<strong>in</strong>l<strong>and</strong>. Should such a calamity take place, we can be absolutely<br />

certa<strong>in</strong> that the unfortunate peoples will never fight the British or other<br />

Allies, but will gladly surrender to them wholesale at the first opportunity.<br />

A message from Constant<strong>in</strong>ople announces that, after the plebiscite<br />

held <strong>in</strong> the districts of Kars, Batum <strong>and</strong> Ardahan, it was decided by 85 124<br />

votes out of a total 87048 votes <strong>in</strong> favour of the union of these three districts<br />

with Turkey. What bitter irony that Turkey, who cannot call herself a civilized<br />

power, is talk<strong>in</strong>g about the plebiscite which has been carried out after conscript<strong>in</strong>g<br />

the able-bodied male population of these districts <strong>and</strong> under pressure<br />

of Turkish bayonets.<br />

The vast majority of the <strong>in</strong>habitants of these three districts are Georgian<br />

Mohammedans who have always wished for unity with their Christian brothers.<br />

qarTuli sa<strong>in</strong>formacio biuro albemerlis q. # 22<br />

20.VIII.1918<br />

saqarTvelo Turqul da germanul marwuxebSi<br />

(movlenaTa mimoxilva 26 maisidan dRemde) ∗<br />

ama wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelom gamoacxada damoukidebloba;<br />

es iyo Sedegi amierkavkasiis respublikis daSlis, romlidanac<br />

TaTrebi gamocalkevdnen, xolo samxreTis prov<strong>in</strong>ciebi,<br />

baTumisa da yarsis CaTvliT, Turqebma daikaves.<br />

mizezi, ramac amierkavkasiis respublika daSlamde miiyvana,<br />

daiwyo 1917 wlis martis revoluciis mere, roca TurqeTma<br />

Tavisi agentebis meSveobiT SeaRwia aRmosavleT amierkavkasiasa<br />

da Crdilo kavkasiaSi, gamoiyena ra mahmadiani sasuliero<br />

pirebi propag<strong>and</strong>istebad.<br />

TurqeTs SeeS<strong>in</strong>da, rom amierkavkasiis respublikis arseboba<br />

(qarTvelebis, TaTrebis da somxebis SemadgenlobiT) Ca-<br />

∗ dokumenti daculia uordropis koleqciaSi — Mrs.Wardr. c.1 (14).<br />

504

---

moacilebda mas mahmadian TaTrebs, dauxSobda TurqestanSi<br />

SesaRwev kars da rom wlebis Semdeg amierkavkasiis respublika<br />

Tavisi resursebiTa da mosaxleobiT gaxdeboda mZlavri gaerTianeba,<br />

romelsac veRar ganixilavdnen damorCilebul vasalad.<br />

baTumisa da yarsis aRebis Semdeg (es ar iyo Zneli, radgan<br />

amierkavkasiis xalxebi revoluciuri propag<strong>and</strong>iT iseve demoralizebuli<br />

iyvnen, rogorc ruseTis imperiis sxva Zveli<br />

nawilebi da amitom ver SeZles saTanado w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegobis gaweva,<br />

xolo garedan araviTari daxmarebis xsenebac ar arsebobda)<br />

TurqeTi daeufla amierkavkasiis strategiul poziciebs,<br />

saidanac mas SeeZlo ekarnaxa, an gaegrZeleb<strong>in</strong>a amierkavkasiis<br />

okupacia. am etapze germaniam SeuSala xeli, radganac masac<br />

surda amierkavkasiaSi upiratesobis mopoveba, gansakuTrebiT<br />

mis sark<strong>in</strong>igzo xazebze Turqestanisa da sparseTisken.<br />

mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelom dakarga kanonieri prov<strong>in</strong>ciebi<br />

baTumis mxaris samxreTiT da Tavisi mTavari navsadguri<br />

baTumi, germaniam is cno `damoukideblad~ (tfilisis, quTaisis<br />

da soxumis prov<strong>in</strong>ciebis CaTvliT). somxebma, romlebmac<br />

yvela Tavisi teritoriebi dakarges TurqeTSi, Se<strong>in</strong>arCunes<br />

viwro zoli erevnis prov<strong>in</strong>ciaSi rogorc `damoukidebeli~<br />

respublika; TaTrebs ekavaT baqos, elizavetpolisa da erevnis<br />

prov<strong>in</strong>ciis nawili, romelsac uwodeben azerbaijanis respublikas.<br />

es sami respublika miiwvies konstant<strong>in</strong>opolSi da or-<br />

Tviani SantaJis, muqarisa da moTxovnis Semdeg iZulebuli<br />

gaxdnen xeli moeweraT TurqeTTan `samSvidobo xelSekrulebaze~,<br />

romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelo eqceva germaniis proteqtoratis,<br />

xolo somxeTi TurqeTis `mfarvelobis~ qveS.<br />

magram, sanam xeli moewera am `samSvidobo xelSekrulebas~ 24<br />

ivniss, roca baronma fon kulmanma gancxadeba gaakeTa raixstagSi<br />

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 3000 germaneli jariskaci gadmosxda<br />

Savi zRvis qarTul navsadgur foTSi da daiZrnen rk<strong>in</strong>igzis<br />

gaswvriv saqarTvelos dedaqalaq tfilisisken. am vi-<br />

TarebaSi germanelebma moipoves kontrolis dawesebis upiratesoba<br />

tfilisze, romelic aris sparseTisa da Turqestanisken<br />

mimavali mTavari sark<strong>in</strong>igzo xazebis kvanZi (centri).<br />

am momentidan germaniasa da TurqeTs Soris daiwyo w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdegoba<br />

amierkavkasiis teritoriebis xelaxali gadaxali-<br />

505

---

sebis gamo. TurqeTi moiTxovda amierkavkasiis aRmosavleT nawilis<br />

proteqtorats, sadac saxlobdnen mahmadiani TaTrebi<br />

da iyo baqos ganTqmuli navTobis sabadoebi. aman gamoiwvia didi<br />

uTanxmoeba TurqeTsa da germanias Soris. ufro metad<br />

radgan kavkasiis navTobis simdidre niSnavs mraval aTas milion<br />

funts da ukeTesi iqneboda germaniisTvis misi kontrolis<br />

warmoeba.<br />

TurqeTma daiwyo amierkavkasiis TaTari mosaxleobis mobilizeba<br />

baqos xelTgdebis mizniT; germanelebi ki daiZrnen<br />

tfilisidan da, rogorc iTqva, qalaqSi macxovrebelma somxebma,<br />

romlebsac ar gaaCndaT arCevani, umjobesad CaTvales,<br />

rom qalaqi TurqTa nacvlad germanelebs daekaveb<strong>in</strong>aT. magram,<br />

sanam Turqebi da germanelebi Cxubobdnen baqos poziciisaTvis,<br />

britaneTis gmiruli nawilebi gavidnen baRdadidan da<br />

Cavidnen qalaq baqoSi, riTic germaniasa da TurqeTs gza mouWres<br />

Turqestanisken.<br />

baqos strategiuli mniSvneloba uzarmazaria kaspiis<br />

zRvis da Turqestan-avRaneT-Crdilo sparseTisken mimavali<br />

gzebis gasakontroleblad. es qmedeba gasul ianvars rom momxdariyo,<br />

germaniisa da TurqeTis SeWra kavkasiaSi an savsebiT<br />

iqneboda Tavidan acilebuli qarTvelebisa da somxebis daxmarebiT,<br />

an safuZvlianad Sesustdeboda.<br />

mosalodnelia, rom, am axali viTarebis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT,<br />

germania da TurqeTi Seupovrad ecdebian aiZulon qar-<br />

Tvelebic da somxebic SeuerTdnen maT armiebs, iseve rogorc<br />

cdiloben ukra<strong>in</strong>aSi, poloneTSi, litvaSi, estoneTsa da f<strong>in</strong>eTSi.<br />

es ubedureba Tu moxdeba, Cven SeiZleba darwmunebuli<br />

viyoT, rom sacodavi xalxebi arasdros eomebian britanel an<br />

sxva mokavSireebs, aramed siamovnebiT masobrivad danebdebian<br />

maT pirveli SesaZleblobisTanave.<br />

Setyob<strong>in</strong>eba konstant<strong>in</strong>opolidan gvamcnobs, rom yarsis,<br />

baTumisa da ardahanis mxareebSi Catarebuli plebiscitiT —<br />

85 124 xmiT 87 048 xmidan, gadawyda am sami mxaris TurqeTTan<br />

SekavSirebis sasargeblod. rogori mware ironiaa, rom Turqe-<br />

Ti, romelsac ar SeuZlia Tavs civilizebuli Zala uwodos,<br />

saubrobs plebiscitze, romelic Catarda am mxareTa janmrTeli<br />

mamakaci mosaxleobis mobilizaciiT da Turquli xiStebis<br />

zewoliT.<br />

506

---

am sami mxaris mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba qarTveli<br />

mahmadianebia, romlebsac yovelTvis surdaT Tavis qristian<br />

ZmebTan gaerTianeba.<br />

Georgian Information Bureau 22. Albemarle Street W.1.<br />

17-th September 1918<br />

HIS HOLINESS CATHOLICOS-PATRIARCH OF GEORGIA,<br />

KYRION II, MURDERED<br />

On 10-th September, His Hol<strong>in</strong>ess, Kyrion II was murdered dur<strong>in</strong>g the<br />

night by agents of Russian Bolsheviks <strong>and</strong> `Black Hundred~ Reactionary Organisation,<br />

near Tiflis <strong>in</strong> a monastery. The murderers have been arrested.<br />

The crim<strong>in</strong>al activity of Bolsheviks <strong>and</strong> reactionaries has not spared the<br />

venerable head of martyred <strong>and</strong> ancient Church of Georgia.<br />

-----------------------------------<br />

Georgian nation <strong>in</strong>habit<strong>in</strong>g Transcaucasia numbers 3.000.000 <strong>and</strong> is<br />

one of the ancient Christian races <strong>in</strong> Europe. They received Christianity <strong>in</strong><br />

323 <strong>and</strong> s<strong>in</strong>ce 542 their Church was Independent. For 14 centuries the Georgians<br />

stood hard struggle for Christianity until exhausted, they asked for protection<br />

<strong>and</strong> signed Treaty of Alliance with Russia <strong>in</strong> 1783, but were soon disappo<strong>in</strong>ted<br />

<strong>in</strong> their exeptations.<br />

------------------------------------<br />

In 1811 the head of the Autocephaloy Georgian Church, Catholicos-<br />

Patriarch, Antonius II, was <strong>in</strong>vited to Petrograd <strong>and</strong> never allowed to return to<br />

his country. The Independence of the Georgian Church was abolished by the<br />

Russian Government, contrary to the Treaty of 1783, between the Russian<br />

Empire <strong>and</strong> the K<strong>in</strong>gdom of Georgia, guarantee<strong>in</strong>g the Independence of the<br />

Georgian Church <strong>and</strong> contrary to the universal Church Councils’ decision,<br />

accord<strong>in</strong>g to which the Georgian Curch had been <strong>in</strong>dependent s<strong>in</strong>ce 542.<br />

The Russian Holy Synod appo<strong>in</strong>ted Russian Archbishop as Exarchos of<br />

Georgia <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> this way, the Georgian Church was adm<strong>in</strong>istered until 1917,<br />

when the Georgian National Congress, <strong>in</strong> Tiflis, on 17-th September, composed<br />

of 620 delegates from all parts of Georgia elected as Catholicos-<br />

Patriarch of Georgia, Archbishop Kyrion.<br />

On 19-th October, the consecration of the Catholicos-Patriarch of<br />

Georgia, Kyrion II, took place at the ancient Cathedral of Msketha, near Ti-<br />

507

---

flis, where about hundred thous<strong>and</strong> Georgians of all classes assembled; there<br />

were also military <strong>and</strong> Consular representatives of Gt.Brita<strong>in</strong>, France, Italy,<br />

America <strong>and</strong> Belgium.<br />

His Hol<strong>in</strong>ess gave the follow<strong>in</strong>g sermon: --<br />

`The Georgian Church after hundred years of slavery, with the help of<br />

the Almighty has rega<strong>in</strong>ed its <strong>in</strong>dependence <strong>and</strong> has elected me as its head.<br />

`In undertak<strong>in</strong>g adm<strong>in</strong>istration of the ancient Patriarchate of Georgia, I<br />

call upon you, <strong>in</strong> the name of Yesus the Saviour, to enable me to fulfil my<br />

heavy task.<br />

`Our beloved country, the Protectorate of the Queen Mother, has<br />

passed through many centuries of struggle for the defence of the Sacred pr<strong>in</strong>ciples<br />

of Christianity, <strong>and</strong> to-day it is restored to its rights, <strong>and</strong> dem<strong>and</strong>s from<br />

us faithful fulfilment of the long-cherished traditions of our ancestors.<br />

`Great is the task imposed upon us, but great is the enthusiasm which<br />

will enable us to meet it. We must consider it our sacred duty to consolidate<br />

our historical rights, to <strong>in</strong>flame the religious enthusiasm <strong>and</strong> to work for the<br />

welfare <strong>and</strong> education of the nation.<br />

`Oceans of blood are be<strong>in</strong>g shed <strong>in</strong> the present terrible devastat<strong>in</strong>g war.<br />

The fate of many little nations has to be decided <strong>and</strong> the Georgian Church,<br />

which <strong>in</strong> the past has always stood for the <strong>in</strong>tegrity <strong>and</strong> unity of the Georgian<br />

nation, will <strong>in</strong> future also serve the same purpose. The civilised world heard<br />

of our aspirations <strong>and</strong>, we hope, will sympathise with us.<br />

`The Georgian Church defended the rights of the nation. We shall be<br />

very tolerant to other Nationals liv<strong>in</strong>g on our territory, <strong>and</strong> we shall give them<br />

full facilities for exercis<strong>in</strong>g their religious freedom. The Georgian Church, <strong>in</strong><br />

the past,has always been the educator of the nation, <strong>and</strong> so it will be <strong>in</strong> the<br />

future. The Georgian clergymen <strong>in</strong> the past have been the leaders of the people<br />

– so they will be <strong>in</strong> the future.<br />

`Great is the task imposed upon us, but I am confident that, with the<br />

help of the Almighty <strong>and</strong> with the patriotic spirit of my brothers, I shall be<br />

able to lead the nation towards the conditions of happ<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>and</strong> peace~.<br />

----------------------------------------<br />

His Hol<strong>in</strong>ess, Catholicos-Patriarch, Kyrion II, was born 10-th November<br />

1855. After complet<strong>in</strong>g his education at the Ecclesiastical College <strong>in</strong> Tiflis,<br />

studied at the Theological Academy <strong>in</strong> Kieff <strong>in</strong> 1880, <strong>and</strong> was appo<strong>in</strong>ted<br />

as Inspector of the Ecclesiastical Sem<strong>in</strong>ary <strong>in</strong> Odessa.<br />

In 1883 he returned to Georgia <strong>and</strong> acted as Director of various Georgian<br />

Ecclesiastic schools. After the death of his wife he became a monk <strong>and</strong><br />

508

---

was appo<strong>in</strong>ted Prior of the Georgian Monastery <strong>in</strong> Kvathakhevi. In 1898 he<br />

was consecrated as Bishop of the Georgian Bishopric <strong>in</strong> Alaverdi. His Hol<strong>in</strong>ess<br />

devoted all his time to the historical studies concern<strong>in</strong>g the Georgian<br />

Church <strong>and</strong> was one of the foremost defenders of the rights of the Georgian<br />

Church.<br />

S<strong>in</strong>ce 1901 the Russian Holy Synod began a most fearful crusade<br />

aga<strong>in</strong>st him. He was sent to the town of Kamenets-Podolsk (Ukra<strong>in</strong>e). In 1903<br />

he was removed to the town of Kherson. In 1904 he was removed to the town<br />

of Oriol (Central Russia). In 1906 he returned to the Bishopric <strong>in</strong> Soukhoum<br />

(Georgia). But <strong>in</strong> 1907 he was removed aga<strong>in</strong> to Russia to the town Kovno. In<br />

1908 the Holy Synod entirely deprived him of the Bishopric <strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> charge of<br />

the brutal political police, sent him to a Monastery near the town Kharkoff,<br />

where he stayed ten months <strong>and</strong> was removed to the Sanaxar Monastery <strong>in</strong><br />

Tamboff. His Hol<strong>in</strong>ess became very ill, on account of the brutal treatment<br />

<strong>and</strong>, <strong>in</strong> a semi-prostrated condition, lived <strong>in</strong> the Monastery up to the Revolution<br />

of this year.<br />

In 1909, the Belgian Society for the Defence of Human Rights petitioned<br />

the President of the Russian Duma, Mr.Chomiakoff, <strong>and</strong> asked him to<br />

defend Bishop Kyrion, but the Holy Synod would not agree. Late Bishop of<br />

Gibraltar petitioned, but without result.<br />

At the same time, the greatest enemy of Georgia, Priest Vostorgoff, a<br />

great friend of Rasput<strong>in</strong>, openly declared that his <strong>in</strong>tention was to destroy<br />

Kyrion <strong>and</strong> to plunge Georgia <strong>in</strong> blood.<br />

Dur<strong>in</strong>g long years of cruel persecution His Hol<strong>in</strong>ess never ab<strong>and</strong>oned<br />

his studies <strong>and</strong> published many important volumes concern<strong>in</strong>g the Georgian<br />

Church.<br />

After the Revolution he was able to return to his country <strong>and</strong> on 17-th<br />

September 1917, he was nom<strong>in</strong>ated by the Georgian Church Council as Catholicos-Patriarch<br />

of Georgia. It was significant that the Georgian Church,<br />

which has been enslaved for the last hundred years, elected as her Catholicos,<br />

dist<strong>in</strong>guished Ecclesiast who suffered for the same for so many years.<br />

------------------------------------------<br />

The adm<strong>in</strong>istration of Patriarchate of Georgia has been taken over by<br />

Metropolitan of Tiflis, Archbishop Leonid, till the National Congress elect a<br />

new c<strong>and</strong>idate accord<strong>in</strong>g to the constitution of the Church of Georgia.<br />

------------------------------------<br />

509

---

Information about the Georgian Church may be obta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the book by<br />

Archdeacon Dowl<strong>in</strong>g D.D. – `Sketches of Georgian Church <strong>History</strong>~, published<br />

by Society for Promot<strong>in</strong>g Christian Knowledge, <strong>in</strong> London, 1912.<br />

qarTuli sa<strong>in</strong>formacio biuro<br />

17. IX. 1918<br />

misi uwm<strong>in</strong>desoba saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqi<br />

kirion II moklulia ∗<br />

10 seqtembers RamiT, tfilisis axlos mdebare monaster-<br />

Si, rusi bolSevikebisa da `Savrazmelebis~ reaqcioneruli<br />

organizaciis agentebma mokles misi uwm<strong>in</strong>desoba kirion II.<br />

mkvlelebi daapatimres.<br />

bolSevikebisa da reaqcionerTa krim<strong>in</strong>alurma aqtivobam<br />

ar da<strong>in</strong>do wamebulis Rirsi meTauri da saqarTvelos Zveli eklesia.<br />

-------------------------------------<br />

qarTveli eri, romelic cxovrobs amierkavkasiaSi<br />

3.000.000-is odenobiT, aris evropis erT-erTi uZvelesi qristianuli<br />

xalxi. maT qristianoba miiRes 323 wels, xolo 542<br />

wlidan maTi eklesia damoukidebeli iyo. 14 saukune medgrad<br />

icavdnen qarTvelebi qristianobas, sanam daqanculebma ar<br />

sTxoves mfarveloba ruseTs da 1783 wels xeli moaweres samokavSireo<br />

xelSekrulebas. magram Zalian male motyuvdnen TavianT<br />

arCevanSi.<br />

-----------------------------------<br />

1811 wels saqarTvelos avtokefaluri eklesiis meTauri,<br />

kaTolikos-patriarqi anton II gaiwvies petrogradSi da<br />

aRar misces samSobloSi dabrunebis neba. rusulma xelisuflebam<br />

gaauqma saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukidebloba, w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg<br />

ruseTis imperiasa da georgiis samefos Soris 1783<br />

wels dadebuli xelSekrulebisa, romelic icavda qarTuli<br />

eklesiis damoukideblobas; aseve w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg msoflio saeklesio<br />

krebis gadawyvetilebisa, romlis mixedviTac qarTuli<br />

eklesia damoukidebeli iyo 542 wlidan.<br />

∗ dokumenti daculia uordropis koleqciaSi — Ms.Wardr. c. 1 (13)<br />

510

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usulma wm<strong>in</strong>da s<strong>in</strong>odma saqarTvelos egzarqosad daniSna<br />

rusi arqiepiskoposi da ase imarTeboda qarTuli eklesia<br />

1917 wlamde, roca qarTulma erovnulma kongresma tfilisSi<br />

17 seqtembers, saqarTvelos yvela kuTxidan gamogzavnili<br />

620 delegatis Sekrebaze saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad<br />

airCia arqiepiskoposi kirioni. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis<br />

kirion II-is kurTxeva Sedga 19 oqtombers<br />

tfilisis axlos mcxeTis Zvel sakaTedro taZarSi, sadac Seikriba<br />

saqarTvelos yvela fenis asi aTasamde adamiani; iq eswrebodnen<br />

agreTve didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, italiis, amerikisa<br />

da belgiis samxedro da sakonsulos warmomadgenlebi.<br />

misma uwm<strong>in</strong>desobam Semdegi sityva warmoTqva:<br />

`qarTulma eklesiam aswlovani monobis Semdeg yovlismZles<br />

daxmarebiT daibruna damoukidebloba da amirCia Tavis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>amZRolad.<br />

`saqarTvelos Zveli sapatriarqos marTvisas, ieso mxsnelis<br />

saxeliT, gTxovT damrToT neba, aRvasrulo Cemi mZime movaleoba.<br />

`RvTismSoblis wilxvedrma Cvenma sayvarelma samSoblom<br />

mravali saukunis manZilze gamoiara brZolebi qristianobis<br />

wm<strong>in</strong>da pr<strong>in</strong>cipebis dasacavad. dRes is aRdgenilia Tavis uflebebSi<br />

da moiTxovs Cvengan Cveni w<strong>in</strong>aprebis xangrZlivad naloliavebi<br />

tradiciebis erTgulad Sesrulebas.<br />

`didi movaleoba gvakisria Cven, magram ufro didia is en-<br />

Tuziazmi, romelic masTan gamklavebas gvavalebs. Cven unda<br />

SevxedoT mas rogorc wm<strong>in</strong>da saqmes, rom davamkvidroT Cveni<br />

istoriuli uflebebi, rom avagznoT Cveni sarwmunoebrivi en-<br />

Tuziazmi da vizrunoT eris keTildReobisa da ganaTlebis-<br />

Tvis.<br />

`zRva sisxli iRvreba Tanamedrove saS<strong>in</strong>el damangrevel<br />

omSi. mravali mcire eris bedi unda gadawydes; qarTuli eklesia,<br />

romelic warsulSi yovelTvis idga qarTveli xalxis<br />

mTlianobisa da erTianobis sadarajoze, momavalSic igive mizans<br />

moemsaxureba. civilizebulma msofliom gaigo Cveni miswrafebebi<br />

da vimedovnebT, rom aseve gviTanagrZnoben.<br />

`qarTuli eklesia icavda eris uflebebs. Cven viqnebiT<br />

Zalze Semwynarebeli Cvens teritoriaze mcxovrebi sxva erovnebebis<br />

mimarT da SevuqmniT pirobebs, rom Tavisuflad Seasrulon<br />

Tavisi religiuri wesebi. qarTuli eklesia warsulSi<br />

511

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yovelTvis iyo eris ganmanaTlebeli da aseTad iqneba momavalSic.<br />

qarTveli samRvdeloeba warsulSi warmoadgenda xalxis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>amZRols — aseTad darCebian is<strong>in</strong>i momavalSic.<br />

`didi movaleoba dagvekisra, magram mjera, rom yovlismZle<br />

uflisa da Cemi Zmebis patriotuli sulis daxmarebiT,<br />

SevZleb wavuZRve ers bednierebisa da mSvidobisaken~.<br />

-------------------------------------------<br />

misi uwm<strong>in</strong>desoba kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II daibada<br />

1855 wlis 10 noembers. tfilisis sasuliero kolejis dam-<br />

Tavrebis Semdeg swavlobda kievis Teologiur akademiaSi 1880<br />

wels daniSnes odesaSi sasuliero sem<strong>in</strong>ariis <strong>in</strong>speqtorad.<br />

1883 wels dabrunda saqarTveloSi da moRvaweobda saqarTvelos<br />

sasuliero skolebis direqtorad. meuRlis gardacvalebis<br />

Semdeg is berad Sedga da da<strong>in</strong>iSna qvaTaxevis qarTuli monastris<br />

w<strong>in</strong>amZRvrad. 1898 wels akurTxes qarTuli saepiskoposos<br />

— alaverdis episkoposad. misi uwm<strong>in</strong>desoba mTel Tavis<br />

dros axmarda qarTuli eklesiis istoriul Seswavlas da iyo<br />

erT-erTi mTavari damcveli qarTuli eklesiis uflebebis.<br />

1901 wlidan ruseTis wm<strong>in</strong>da s<strong>in</strong>odma mis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg daiwyo<br />

saS<strong>in</strong>eli kampania. igi gagzavnes ukra<strong>in</strong>is qalaq kamenecpodolskSi.<br />

1903 wels gadaiyvanes qalaq xersonSi, 1904 wels —<br />

centraluri ruseTis qalaq oriolSi. 1906 wels dabrunda saqarTveloSi<br />

soxumis saepiskoposoSi. magram 1907 wels is<br />

kvlav ruseTis qalaq kovnoSi gauSves. 1908 wels wm<strong>in</strong>da s<strong>in</strong>odma<br />

sabolood CamoarTva episkoposoba da politikuri policiis<br />

mkacri moTxovniT (zewoliT), gadagzavnes qalaq xarkovis<br />

axlos mdebare monasterSi, sadac darCa aTi Tve, xolo Semdeg<br />

gaasaxles sanaqsaris monasterSi tambovSi. misi uwm<strong>in</strong>desoba<br />

Zalian daavadda mkacri mopyrobis gamo da naxevrad dauZlurebul<br />

mdgomareobaSi cxovrobda monasterSi am wlis<br />

revoluciamde.<br />

1909 wels adamianTa uflebebis dacvis belgiurma sazogadoebam<br />

peticiiT mimarTa ruseTis dumis Tavmjdomares b-n<br />

xomiakovs da sTxoves mas daecva episkoposi kirioni, magram<br />

wm<strong>in</strong>da s<strong>in</strong>odi ar daeTanxma. Semdeg hibraltaris episkoposma<br />

gaugzavna peticia, magram uSedegod.<br />

imave dros saqarTvelos udidesma mterma — mRvdelma<br />

vostorgovma, rasput<strong>in</strong>is didma megobarma, Riad ganacxada,<br />

512

---

om misi mizani iyo kirionis mospoba da saqarTvelos sisxlSi<br />

CaxrCoba.<br />

mravalwlovani umZimesi devnis miuxedavad, mis uwm<strong>in</strong>desobas<br />

arasdros miutovebia kvleviTi saqmianoba da gamoaqveyna<br />

mravali mniSvnelovani wigni qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxeb.<br />

revoluciis Semdeg man SeZlo samSobloSi dabruneba da<br />

1917 wlis 17 seqtembers saqarTvelos saeklesio krebam is daasaxela<br />

saqarTvelos kaTolikos- patriarqad. sagulisxmoa,<br />

rom qarTulma eklesiam, romelic bolo asi wlis manZilze iyo<br />

damonebuli, Tavis kaTolikosad airCia gamoCenili sasuliero<br />

moRvawe, romelic amdeni wlebi itanjeboda imave mizeziT.<br />

------------------------------------------<br />

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos mmarTveloba daekisra tfilisis<br />

mitropolits, arqiepiskopos leonides, sanam erovnuli<br />

kongresi airCevda axal k<strong>and</strong>idats saqarTvelos saeklesio<br />

wesdebis Sesabamisad.<br />

-----------------------------------------<br />

cnobebi qarTuli eklesiis Sesaxeb SeiZleba miiRoT arqidiakon<br />

d.d.doul<strong>in</strong>gis wignidan — `narkvevebi qarTuli eklesiis<br />

istoriidan~, romelic gamoica londonSi 1912 wels<br />

`qristianobis Seswavlis xelSemwyobi sazogadoebis~ mier.<br />

513

---

Gia Gelashvili<br />

Doctor of <strong>History</strong>, The Ivane Javakhishvili<br />

Institute of <strong>History</strong> <strong>and</strong> Ethnology, Senior<br />

scientist-researcher of the Department of<br />

<strong>Modern</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Contemporary</strong> <strong>History</strong><br />

Three documents about Georgia<br />

Summary<br />

In the follow<strong>in</strong>g article there is given the Georgian translation of the<br />

three English documents registered <strong>in</strong> the Wardrop Collection (Bodleian Library,<br />

Oxford). These are:<br />

1. Georgia <strong>and</strong> her Students (<strong>in</strong> Vox Studentium, 1924.X). - There is<br />

told about Georgian students, who were sent <strong>in</strong> 1918 to the Universities of<br />

Europe by Georgian Government, <strong>and</strong> their f<strong>in</strong>ancial position after the Soviet<br />

power <strong>in</strong>tervened <strong>in</strong> Georgia <strong>in</strong> 1921.<br />

2. Georgia between Turkish <strong>and</strong> German P<strong>in</strong>cers. – It’s a review of<br />

events <strong>in</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> Transcaucasia s<strong>in</strong>ce 26-th May up to 20-th August<br />

1918, by Georgian Information Bureau.<br />

3. This Document sent by Georgian Information Bureau (17.IX.1918)<br />

is about murder of Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia, Kyrion II on 10-th September<br />

1918 <strong>and</strong> his short biography.<br />

514

---

������������<br />

�<br />

irakli faRava<br />

aRmosavluri numizmatikis saerTa-<br />

Soriso sazogadoebis wevri<br />

Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi st<strong>and</strong>arti,<br />

nom<strong>in</strong>alTa sistema da moWris teqnika<br />

(avSarianTa d<strong>in</strong>astiis periodi)<br />

numizmatikuri faqtebi, Tavisi lakonurobis-da miuxedavad,<br />

istoriuli procesebis Sesaxeb metad obieqturi <strong>in</strong>formaciis<br />

wyarod warmogvidgeba [3, 10-11]. qarTul numizmatikur<br />

mecnierebas sapatio wvlili aqvs Setanili qarTveli<br />

eris ekonomikuri Tu politikuri, <strong>and</strong>a kulturis istoriis<br />

kvlevis saqmeSi. am mxriv arc saqarTveloSi avSarianTa d<strong>in</strong>astiis<br />

dom<strong>in</strong>irebis periodSi moWrili safasis Seswavla aris gamonaklisi<br />

(amgvar monetebsa da maT m<strong>in</strong>abaZebs SemoklebiT SeiZleba<br />

qarTul-avSarulic vuwodoT).<br />

unda aR<strong>in</strong>iSnos, rom avSarianTa xanis Tbilisuri monetebis<br />

tipologia dReisTvis ukve sakmaod kargad aris Seswavlili.<br />

am mxriv gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia e. paxomovis,<br />

d. lengis, d. kapanaZisa da T. quTelias Sromebi [24, 230-235; 12,<br />

102-105; 20, 339-341; 8, 37-49]. amasTanave, qarTuli monetebis am<br />

jgufis istoriuli kvleva dasrulebulad namdvilad ver CaiTvleba<br />

— sakmarisi iqneba imis xsenebac, rom TanaavtorebTan<br />

erTad sul axlaxans aRmovaC<strong>in</strong>eT nadir-Sahis mier TbilisSi<br />

moWrili safasis sami axali, aqamde ucnobi nom<strong>in</strong>ali [15]; amJamad<br />

ki vswavlobT napstekis muzeumis (CexeTi, praRa) koleqciaSi<br />

dacul qarTul monetebs (maTi samecniero aRwera calke<br />

naSromis saxiT gamoqveyndeba) [13] — am mdidar sacavSi <strong>in</strong>axeba<br />

erTi metad sayuradRebo monetac, romelic nadir-Sahis Tbilisuri<br />

6-Sahianis m<strong>in</strong>abaZs unda warmoadgendes (qarTul-avSaruli<br />

monetebis m<strong>in</strong>abaZebi aqamde absoluturad ucnobi iyo).<br />

axali monapovrebis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT, qarTul numizmatikur<br />

mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebebi qarTul-av-<br />

Saruli oqro-vercxlis safasis Sesaxeb garkveul Sesworebas<br />

515

---

saWiroebs. amasTanave, praqtikulad Seuswavleli rCeba am periodis<br />

qarTuli monetebis warmoebis organizaciuli da teqnikuri<br />

aspeqtebi; arada, teqnologiuri ganviTarebis istoriis<br />

Seswavla saWirboroto problemad gveCveneba.<br />

aqedan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, Cveni naSromis mizanic swored qar-<br />

Tul-avSaruli oqro-vercxlis monetebis metrologiis, nom<strong>in</strong>alTa<br />

sistemisa da damzadebis teqnologiis analizia. avSarianTa<br />

xanis spilenZis monetebi tipologiuri da metrologiuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT amomwuravad jer kidev e. paxomovis mier<br />

aris ganxiluli [22; 24, 255-259] — maT amjerad praqtikulad ar<br />

SevexebiT.<br />

dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad gamoviyeneT is mdidari numizmatikuri<br />

masala, romelic saqarTvelos kerZo koleqciebSi<br />

aris daculi, an warmodgenilia zenos aRmosavluri monetebis<br />

monacemTa bazaSi [17], kerZod: abbas III-is 1 moneta (aqedan<br />

metrologiuri monacemebi axlavs 1 monetas), nadir-Sahis<br />

54 moneta (37-s), ibrahimis 7 (4-s), Sahrohis 5 (4-s); sul 67 moneta<br />

(metrologiuri monacemebi axlavs 46 monetas).<br />

pirvelwyaroebidan daveyrdeniT papuna orbelianis or<br />

mwir cnobas TbilisSi ibrahim avSarianis monetebis moWris Sesaxeb:<br />

• `gamoegzavna Sah-sulTan ibreims Tavis saxelze zarafxana<br />

qalaqSi da dahkres siqa, brZanebisamebr misisa mosWres<br />

samabaziani da Sauri, fluri ocdaaTis Sauris~ [5, 154]. cnoba<br />

ar aris daTariRebuli, magram ibrahim avSarianis mmarTvelobis<br />

wlebia h. 1161-1162 w. (1748-1749), xolo misi saxelis matarebeli<br />

yvela TbilisSi moWrili CvenTvis cnobili moneta h.<br />

1162 w. (1748-1749) aris daTariRebuli [24, 233-234]. ase rom,<br />

`zarafxanis gamogzavnac~ am wliT unda daTariRdes.<br />

• `gamoitanes mefeTa CvenTa Tvissa salaroTi oqrosa da<br />

vercxlis iaraRi, misces zarafxanaSi, moaWrev<strong>in</strong>es fluri da<br />

TeTri da aZlevden jarsa, cdilobden kvlav Seyras jarisasa~<br />

[5, 196]. am cnobaSi saubaria xsenebuli Zvirfasi liTonebis nakeTobebisgan<br />

Sesabamisad oqrosa da vercxlis monetis moWraze.<br />

es cnobac dauTariRebelia, magram p. orbelianis teqstSi<br />

ambebi qronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT aris moTxrobili da<br />

konteqstis mixedviT aRniSnuli samoneto aqtiuroba savaraudod<br />

1752-1753 ww. (h. 1165-1167 ww.) unda daTariRdes (aqedan ga-<br />

516

---

momd<strong>in</strong>are, ver daveTanxmebiT d. kapanaZis mosazrebas, rom es<br />

cnoba uTanxmdeba Sah-rohis h. 1160 w. aSrefis arsebobas [20,<br />

343]).<br />

moWris teqnologiis SedarebiTi analizisTvis mivmar-<br />

TeT vaxtang VI-is qarTul dasturlamalsa [6, 533-535] da sparsul<br />

TazqiraT al-muluqSi [15, 58-59] dacul cnobebs; aseve<br />

Sua aziaSi, iransa da <strong>in</strong>doeTSi XVI-XX ss. monetis moWris teqnikis<br />

analizs Tanamedrove avtorebis mier [16, 128-130; 2, 191-<br />

220; 19, 216-231; 18, 256-273].<br />

metrologiis ganxilvis paralelurad, aucileblad miviCnevT<br />

avSarianTa mier saqarTveloSi moWrili oqro-vercxlis<br />

safasis Zalian mokle daxasiaTeba moviyvanoT — tipebisa<br />

da nom<strong>in</strong>alebis mixedviT.<br />

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom cnobili calebis mixedviT qarTuli-avSaruli<br />

monetebis metrologiuri monacemebi Seesabameba<br />

zogad-avSarul woniT st<strong>and</strong>artebs. marTalia, zogierTi<br />

tipis moneta imdenad iSviaTia, rom sarwmuno statistikuri<br />

analizis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia, magram Semonaxuli calebis<br />

wona ma<strong>in</strong>c met-nakleb SesabamisobaSia im cifrebTan,<br />

romelic dadgenilia avSarianTa sxva zarafxanebis mier gamoSvebuli<br />

monetebis mixedviT.<br />

Tahmasp-yuli xanma, momavalma nadir-Sahma, osmalebi aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelodan 1735 wlisTvis g<strong>and</strong>evna. Tavdapirvelad<br />

misi adm<strong>in</strong>istracia TbilisSi sefiani Sahis — abbas III-is<br />

saxeliT Wrida monetas; cnobilia erTi da igive tipis abbasisa<br />

da Sahis nom<strong>in</strong>alebi [21, 46]. Cveni azriT, savsebiT dasaSvebia<br />

sefianTa d<strong>in</strong>astiis am warmomadgenlis saxeliT magram avSarianTa<br />

adm<strong>in</strong>istraciis mier moWrili es safasec qarTul-avSaruli<br />

monetebis jgufs mivakuTvnoT.<br />

Tavad nadir-Sahis saxeliT monetebi h. 1148-1159 wlebSi<br />

moiWra. daTariRebuli monetebis woniTi st<strong>and</strong>arti da nom<strong>in</strong>alTa<br />

sistema dawvrilebiT w<strong>in</strong>a naSromSi gvaqvs ganxiluli<br />

[15]. <strong>in</strong>formacia nadir-Sahis Tbiluri safasis Sesaxeb Semajamebel<br />

cxrilSi aris moyvanili (cxrili 1).<br />

nadir-Sahis uSualo memkvidris, misi ZmisSvilis, adil-<br />

Sahis monetebs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia [24, 233]; ar aris gamoricxuli,<br />

rom is<strong>in</strong>i arc moWrila.<br />

Sahroh avSarianis mmarTveloba metad SfoTiani iyo. sul<br />

cnobilia misi sami zeoba. amasTanave, pirvelsa da meore zeo-<br />

517

---

ebs Soris SualedSi Tbilisis zarafxana monetas ibrahim av-<br />

Sarianis saxeliT uSvebda. am ori avSariani siuzerenis monetebs<br />

qronologiuri pr<strong>in</strong>cipis dacviT ganvixilavT.<br />

Sahrohis pirveli zeobisTvis Tbilisis zarafxanis nawarmidan<br />

cnobilia mxolod da mxolod h. 1160 wliT (1747/8)<br />

daTariRebuli jer-jerobiT unikaluri oqros aSrefi [20,<br />

341-343]. samwuxarod, damatebiTi <strong>in</strong>formaciis moZieba am monetis<br />

Sesaxeb am etapze ver movaxerxeT.<br />

amis Semdeg, politikuri mdgomareobis cvlilebis-da<br />

Sesabamisad, TbilisSi moneta moiWra ukve ibrahim avSarianis<br />

saxeliT. yvela misi Tbilisuri moneta h. 1162 wliT (1748/9)<br />

aris daTariRebuli; cnobilia Semdegi nom<strong>in</strong>alebi: 3-abbasi,<br />

abbasi da Sahi [24, 233]. amasTanave, papuna orbeliani axsenebs<br />

samabazianis (3-abbasi) da Sauris (Sahi), magram ara abbasis gamoSvebas<br />

(arada, abbasi Cveni gamocdilebiT yvelaze xSiri nom<strong>in</strong>alia),<br />

amasTanave is miuTiTebs oqros monetis — fluris gamoSvebazedac<br />

(`mosWres samabaziani da Sauri, fluri ocdaa-<br />

Tis Sauris~) [5, 154]. am ukanasknels Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, an,<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar vicnobT amgvari monetis arcerT publikacias.<br />

magram garkveuli msjeloba am monetis raobaze ma<strong>in</strong>c<br />

SesaZlebelia. Tu gaviTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebT, rom ibrahimis danar-<br />

Ceni, Cvenamde mosuli Tbilisuri monetebi yvela h. 1162 wliT<br />

aris daTariRebuli, am `flurzedac~, savaraudod, igive TariRi<br />

unda yofiliyo gamosaxuli. samwuxarod, Tu papuna orbelianis<br />

cnoba sworea, da eseTi moneta namdvilad arsebobda,<br />

Cvenamde erT egzemplarsac ver mouRwevia. sityva `fluri~<br />

florenciis oqros monetis flor<strong>in</strong>is saxelwodebisgan unda<br />

iyos warmoSobili, magram saqarTveloSi, rogorc Cans, veneciis<br />

dukatebs aRniSnavda; mogvianebiT term<strong>in</strong>ma dakarga Tavisi<br />

specifikuri mniSvneloba da, r. qebulaZis azriT, mxolod<br />

metrologiuri (woniTi) mniSvneloba Se<strong>in</strong>arCuna, da dukatis<br />

wonis (s<strong>in</strong>jis?) monetas aRniSnavda [7, 13-17]. dukatis<br />

wona daaxloebiT 3.5 gramad SeiZleba miviCnioT, magram ibrahimis<br />

am wonis oqros monetebi CvenTvis ucnobia; samagierod,<br />

cnobilia misi sxva zarafxanebSi gamoSvebuli 1/4 mohuris nom<strong>in</strong>alis<br />

oqros safase, woniT 2.76 g [9, 133]. papuna orbeliani<br />

iZleva ibrahim avSarianis am `fluris~ Sefardebas vercxlis<br />

SaurebTanac — 1 fluri = 30 Saurs. aq unda igulisxmebodes<br />

vercxlis SaurebiT gamoxatuli oqros fluris Rirebuleba<br />

518

---

da ara wona: 30 Sauris wona udris 34.575 grams; amgvari oqros<br />

monetis gamoSveba Tbilisis zarafxanaSi naklebad aris mosalodneli<br />

— Tbilisi sefianTa da avSarianTa saxelmwifos erTerT<br />

periferiul, Tumca ki aqtiur zarafxanas warmoadgenda,<br />

da oqros monetas Zalze iSviaTad Tu uSvebda; saqarTveloSi<br />

am wonis oqros moneta, rogorc Cans, arasdros moWrila. Tu<br />

fluris wonad miviCnevT dukatis wonas — 3.5 grami, gamova rom<br />

3.5 grami oqro utoldeba 34.575 g vercxls, anu am or liTons<br />

Soris Sefardeba udris 1:9.88; xolo Tu flurs am SemTxvevaSi<br />

2.76 g wonis monetad miviCnevT, maS<strong>in</strong> gamova rom 2.76 g oqro<br />

udris 34.575 g vercxls, da Sefardeba udris 1:12.53 (ibrahimis<br />

rogorc oqros, aseve vercxlis monetebi rogorc Cans, sakmaod<br />

maRali s<strong>in</strong>jis Senadnobisgan Sedgeboda; Cven SesaZleblad<br />

CavTvaleT es Senadnobi sufTa liTonTan gagveigiveb<strong>in</strong>a; qar-<br />

Tul-avSaruli oqro-vercxlis safasis s<strong>in</strong>jis Sesaxeb damatebiT<br />

ix. qveviT). es ukanaskneli Sefardeba ufro misaRebad<br />

gveCveneba am epoqisTvis, da iribad miuTiTebs imaze, rom ibrahimis<br />

Tbilisuri fluric 2.76 grami wonis 1/4 mohurs warmoadgenda.<br />

Semdeg TbilisSi isev iWreba moneta Sahrohis saxeliT<br />

(meore zeoba), h. 1163 da 1164 wlebSi (Sesabamisad, 1749/50 da<br />

1750/1), SeiZleba ramdenadme ufro gvianac, v<strong>in</strong>aidan bevr monetas<br />

TariRis bolo cifrebi ar SerCenia; cnobili nom<strong>in</strong>alebia:<br />

abbasi, mahmudi da Sahi [24, 234-235].<br />

Sahrohis mesame zeobaSi, arsebuli monacemebiT, Tbilisis<br />

zarafxana uSvebs abbasis nom<strong>in</strong>alis monetebs, romelic h.<br />

1170 wliT (1756/7) aris daTariRebuli [24, 235].<br />

qarTul-avSaruli (Tbilisuri) vercxlis monetebi 2<br />

gansxvavebuli woniTi st<strong>and</strong>artis mixedviT iWreboda. pirveli,<br />

ufro mZime st<strong>and</strong>artis mixedviT 1 Tumanze liTonis 1400<br />

muxudo (sp. nuxud) modioda, Semdeg ki monetebis wona Seamcires,<br />

axali st<strong>and</strong>artis Tanaxmad 1 Tumans liTonis ukve mxolod<br />

1200 muxudo Seadgenda. nadir-Sahma abbas III-is saxeliT<br />

monetebi swored ufro mZime st<strong>and</strong>artiT moWra, da sakuTari<br />

saxeliTac jer am st<strong>and</strong>artiT Wrida monetas, Semdeg ki ufro<br />

msubuq st<strong>and</strong>artze gadavida. igive, SedarebiT msubuqi st<strong>and</strong>artiTve<br />

iWreboda Tbilisuri moneta momdevno avSariani<br />

mmarTvelebis saxeliTac [11, 62-71; 9, 132-133].<br />

519

---

oqros monetebi ki dasawyisSi 3.46-gramiani oqros aSrefis<br />

st<strong>and</strong>artis mixedviT iWreboda — aseTia nadir-Sahis saxeliT<br />

moWrili oqros moneta (aSrefi); savaraudod, agreTve,<br />

Sahrohis Tbilisuri oqros monetac. ibrahim avSarma ki, rogorc<br />

dav<strong>in</strong>axeT, safiqrebelia, TbilisSi 11-gramiani oqros<br />

mohuris st<strong>and</strong>artis moneta moWra (kerZod, 1/4 mohuri) [9,<br />

132-133].<br />

amasTanave, ama Tu im woniTi st<strong>and</strong>artis mixedviT Tundac<br />

erTi da igive mmarTvelis saxeliT moWrili monetebi sakmaod<br />

TvalsaC<strong>in</strong>od gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan legendebiTa<br />

da diza<strong>in</strong>iT. am garemoebis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>eba aseve aucilebelia<br />

avSarianTa periodis qarTuli numizmatikuri memkvidreobis<br />

Seswavlisas.<br />

yvela zemoT moyvanili <strong>in</strong>formacia Cven 2 cxrilis saxiT<br />

SevajameT (ix. cxrili 1 da cxrili 2). samoneto tipebi miTiTebulia<br />

s. albumis naSromis mixedviT [9, 132-133], xolo monetebis<br />

mikuTvneba ama Tu im woniTi st<strong>and</strong>artisadmi efuZneba e.<br />

paxomovis, d. lengis, T.quTelias, h. farahbaxSisa da s. albumis<br />

Sromebs [24, 230-235; 12, 102-105; 8, 37-49; 11, 62-71; 9, 132-<br />

133].<br />

qarTul-avSaruli monetebis moWris teqnikis Sesaxeb raime<br />

arsebiTi naratiuli pirvelwyaro Cven ar gagvaCnia; <strong>in</strong>formaciis<br />

ZiriTad wyaros Tavad monetebi da maTi garegnuli<br />

niSnebi warmoadgens.<br />

avSarianTa epoqaSi safasis damzadebis teqnologia, Cveni<br />

varaudiT, ar Secvlila sefianTa zeobis dro<strong>in</strong>delTan SedarebiT.<br />

es miT ufro mosalodnelia, rom saqarTvelosgan<br />

gansxvavebiT, sadac sefianTa da avSarianTa mier sakuTari safasis<br />

gamoSveba qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT osmaluri okupaciiT<br />

(da osmaluri monetis gamoSvebiT) orad aris gaxleCili,<br />

iranis im prov<strong>in</strong>ciebSi, sadac daiwyo nadirma aRzeveba, sefianTa<br />

monetis gamoSveba arc Sewyvetila. garda amisa, am makroregionSi<br />

(iransa da Sua aziaSi) monetis gamoSvebis teqnologia<br />

sakmao konservatiulobiT xasiaTdeboda; zogan ma<strong>in</strong>c<br />

(yajarTa iranSi, buxaraSi) is faqtiurad ucvleli rCeboda<br />

XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde da XX s. dasawyisamdec ki [19, 221;<br />

18].<br />

aqedan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, dasaSvebad migvaCnia qarTul-avSaruli<br />

(Tu zogadad, avSaruli) monetebis moWris teqnikaze<br />

520

---

msjelobisas gamoviyenoT is cnobebi sefianTa monetis gamoSvebis<br />

Sesaxeb, romelic Semogv<strong>in</strong>axa 1707-1709 wlebSi vaxtang<br />

VI-is mier Sedgenilma qarTulma dasturlamalma [6, 533-535] da<br />

1725 wlis sparsulma TazqiraT al-muluqma [16, 58-61]. am cnobebTan<br />

Zalian kargad korelirebs <strong>in</strong>formacia XIX saukunis yajarTa<br />

iranSi, XVIII-XX ss. Sua aziaSi (buxaraSi) da XVI saukunis<br />

II naxevris — XVII saukunis dasawyisis did moRolTa <strong>in</strong>doeTSi<br />

monetis gamoSvebis organizaciisa da teqnikis Sesaxeb [18; 19,<br />

216-231]. am <strong>in</strong>formaciis Sejerebis Sedegad zarafxanis<br />

struqtura da calkeuli struqturuli erTeulebis funqcia<br />

Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba:<br />

1. amqari, sadac (zarafxanaSi Semosuli) ligaturebis<br />

Semcveli oqro-vercxli maTgan kupelaciis meTodiT iwm<strong>in</strong>deboda<br />

[6, 58].<br />

amgvari ligaturebis Semcveli liTonis wyaros SeiZleba<br />

evropuli monetebi warmoadgenda (sadac vercxlis safases<br />

Cveulebriv SedarebiT dabali s<strong>in</strong>ji qonda); yovel SemTxveva-<br />

Si, XVII saukuneSi ma<strong>in</strong>c Tbilisis zarafxanaSi evropuli monetebis<br />

gadadnoba da Semdeg sefianTa tipis monetad moWra aqtiurad<br />

warmoebda [7, 107; 21, 29]. aqve, amave saamqroSi, safiqrebelia,<br />

gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, warmoebda oqrosa Tu<br />

vercxlis `jarTis~ saTanado formis zodebad gadadnobac.<br />

amgvar jarTs xSirad Zvirfasi liTonis nakeTobebi, WurWeli<br />

warmoadgenda — amaze araorazrovnad miuTiTebs papuna orbeliani:<br />

`gamoitanes mefeTa CvenTa Tvissa salaroTi oqrosa da<br />

vercxlis iaraRi, misces zarafxanaSi, moaWrev<strong>in</strong>es fluri da<br />

TeTri~ [5, 196].<br />

vizualurad qarTul-avSaruli vercxlis monetebi maRali<br />

s<strong>in</strong>jis Senadnobisgan moWrilis STabeWdilebas tovebs.<br />

Cvengan damoukidebeli mizezebis gamo, ver SevZeliT CvenTvis<br />

xelmisawvdomi qarTul-avSaruli monetebis Senadnobis dadgena<br />

obieqturi, laboratoriuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT.<br />

amasTanave, CvenTvis cnobilia ori naSromi, sadac mocemulia<br />

am safasis TiTo-TiTo nimuSis liTonuri Semadgenloba. er-<br />

TSi saubaria h. 1150 wliT daTariRebul nadir-Sahis Tbilisur<br />

6-Sahianze, Tumca ki Tanmxleb suraTze gamosaxulia h.<br />

1152 wliT daTariRebuli nadir-Sahis Tbilisuri nadiri. am<br />

monetis (nadiris?) liTonuri Semadgenloba miTiTebulia ro-<br />

521

---

gorc: Ag - 99.22%, Cu - 0.36%, Pb - 1.09%, Au - 0.126%, Sn - kvali, Zn<br />

– kvali, Ba - kvali, S – mcire raodenobiT (meTodikis Taviseburebis<br />

gamo, jami 100.79%-s Seadgens) [1, 118-119]. meore naSromSi<br />

ganxilulia h. 1163 wliT daTariRebuli qarTuli vercxlis<br />

moneta, romelic, TariRidan gamomd<strong>in</strong>are, Sahrohis safase<br />

unda iyos, savaraudod, misi yvelaze xSiri nom<strong>in</strong>ali — abbasi;<br />

am monetaSi vercxli Seadgens 98.32%-s [4, 574]. es monacemebi,<br />

Seswavlili nimuSebis metad umniSvnelo raodenobis gamo moklebulia<br />

statistikur sarwmunoobas, magram ma<strong>in</strong>c TiTqosda<br />

adasturebs qarTul-avSaruli vercxlis safasis Zalian ma-<br />

Ral s<strong>in</strong>jadobas.<br />

sazogadod, aRvniSnavT, rom XVI-XIX ss. iranisa da samoneto<br />

TvalsazrisiT mis zegavlenis sferoSi Semaval qveynebSi,<br />

rogorc Cans, maRali s<strong>in</strong>jis monetebis gamoSvebis tradicia<br />

iyo danergili (an oficialurad ma<strong>in</strong>c iyo deklarirebuli).<br />

amasTanave, zarafxanebis amocanaSi ar Sedioda monetis mosaWrelad<br />

`sufTa~ (Tundac imdro<strong>in</strong>deli teqnologiis SezRudulobis<br />

gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT) vercxlis miReba [16, 59].<br />

vagrZelebT zarafxanis amqrebis aRweras:<br />

2. gawmendili liTonis zodebis gamokveris amqari [16, 58].<br />

am operaciis daniSnuleba, mkvlevarTa azriT, liTonis gamkvriveba<br />

iyo [6, 58; 19, 217].<br />

3. amqari, sadac ukve gawmendil da gamokveril liTons<br />

Reros formas aniWebdnen [16, 58].<br />

Tu iranSi es Reroebi meqanikuri damuSavebiT miiReboda<br />

[16, 58], did moRolTa dro<strong>in</strong>del <strong>in</strong>doeTSi amisaTvis gamdnar<br />

oqrosa da vercxls keramikul firfitaSi gakeTebul patara<br />

Tu did wrfiv CanaWdevebSi asxavdnen, romlis kedlebic w<strong>in</strong>aswar<br />

cximiT iyo dafaruli (Camosxmuli Reroebis ufro advilad<br />

amoRebisa da yalibis dauzianeblobis mizniT) [19, 221].<br />

es <strong>in</strong>duri teqnika XVI-XVII saukuneebisTvis aris aRwerili,<br />

magram iqneb Semdegac gamoiyeneboda. nadir-Sahma, rogorc<br />

cnobilia, <strong>in</strong>doeTSi ilaSqra da iq monetasac Wrida, xolo<br />

dabrunebisTanave ki <strong>in</strong>duri rufiis analogiuri axali nom<strong>in</strong>ali<br />

— nadiri SemoiRo. es ukanaskneli ki iranisTvis SedarebiT<br />

uCveulo formisaa — ufro sqeli monetaa, vidre es<br />

aqamde iranSi iyo miRebuli. am etapze ver gamovricxavT, rom<br />

522

---

nadir-Sahma iransa da masze daqvemdebarebul qveynebSi <strong>in</strong>duri<br />

teqnologiis raRac elementebi danerga.<br />

4. amqari, sadac oqro-vercxlis Reroebs foladis firfitaSi<br />

gakeTebul naxvretebSi gaatarebdnen [16, 58]. es naxvretebi<br />

sxvadasxva diametris unda yofiliyo, maTSi gatarebiT<br />

Reroebisgan sasurveli diametris (sxvadasxva nom<strong>in</strong>alis<br />

monetis Sesaferisi) mrgvali diametris mavTuli miiReboda<br />

[19, 218].<br />

5. amqari, sadac liTons patara naWrebad anawevrebdnen<br />

[16, 58]. faqtiurad, w<strong>in</strong>a etapze miRebul mavTuls saWiro sigrZisa<br />

da diametris (es ukanaskneli mavTulis diametriT ganisazRvreboda)<br />

patara cil<strong>in</strong>drebad Wridnen [19, 219; 18, 264].<br />

magaliTad buxaraSi amisaTvis sagangebod mowyobil patara<br />

Carxs iyenebdnen [18, 263-264]. am cil<strong>in</strong>drebis simaRle maTi<br />

diametris toli ma<strong>in</strong>c unda yofiliyo, naklebi Tu ara — w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg<br />

SemTxvevaSi maTi gabrtyeleba gaWirdeboda [18, 264].<br />

6. amqari, sadac miRebul naWrebs gamokveravdnen abbasisa<br />

da fanjSahisTvis Sesaferisi sisqis namzadebad [16, 58]. anu,<br />

zemoT xsenebul patara cil<strong>in</strong>drebs abrtyelebdnen, da amgvarad<br />

samoneto namzadebad (imas, Tu ra nom<strong>in</strong>alis namzadi iqneboda<br />

miRebuli, ZiriTadad gansazRvravda mavTulis / cil<strong>in</strong>dris<br />

sisqe).<br />

r. burnaSevas azriT buxaraSi am mizniT sagangebo gluvzedapirian<br />

siqebs iyenebdnen [18, 264].<br />

sazogadod, ukve mza monetebis forma miuTiTebs, am patara<br />

cil<strong>in</strong>drebis gabrtyeleba gverdidan warmoebda Tu gadanaWeris<br />

mxridan [19, 227]. qarTul-avSarul monetebze dakvirvebam<br />

im daskvnamde migviyvana rom maT dasamzadeblad cil<strong>in</strong>drebs<br />

gadanaWeris mxridan abrtyelebdnen.<br />

did moRolTa <strong>in</strong>doeTSi samoneto warmoebis es etapi rogorc<br />

Cans amovardnili iyo, v<strong>in</strong>aidan <strong>in</strong>doeli xelosnebi Zalian<br />

zustad axerxebdnen mavTulis daWras iseTi diametrisa<br />

da simaRlis cil<strong>in</strong>drebad, romelic SeiZleba pirdapir gamoeyeneb<strong>in</strong>aT<br />

monetis mosaWrelad, yovelgvari damatebiTi gabrtyelebis<br />

gareSe [19, 221-222].<br />

7. amqari, sadac samoneto namzadebis gamowva xdeboda;<br />

amis xarjze w<strong>in</strong>a etapebze ukve meqanikurad damuSavebul li-<br />

Tons monetis mosaWrelad aucilebeli plastiuroba ubrundeboda<br />

[18, 265].<br />

523

---

am amqris saqmianoba ar aris aRwerili TazqiraT al-muluqSi<br />

[16, 58-59], magram misi arseboba dasturdeba Tundac Tavad<br />

TazqiraT al-muluqSi aRwerili Semdegi amqris arsebobiT.<br />

8. amqari, sadac warmoebda samoneto namzadebis gaTeTreba<br />

[16, 59]. magaliTad, buxaraSi damkvirveblis mowmobiT<br />

amisaTvis samoneto namzadebs sust mJavaSi (ZmarSi) recxavdnen,<br />

Semdeg ki xis naxerxiT aSrobdnen [18, 265].<br />

am proceduris aucilebloba adasturebs w<strong>in</strong>a etapze monetebis<br />

gamowvas — gamowvis gamo vercxlis namzadebi muqdeboda,<br />

xolo vercxlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli brwy<strong>in</strong>valebis aRsadgenad<br />

ki maTi gaTeTreba iyo saWiro [18, 265].<br />

9. amqari, sadac TvalzomiT mcirewonian samoneto namzadebs<br />

xelaxla gadasadnobad gadaarCevdnen [16, 59]. TazqiraT<br />

al-muluqSi am konteqstSi miTiTebulia `abbasi~, iqneb zogadad<br />

fulis mniSvnelobiT, rac uzustobaa, samoneto namzadi<br />

monetad mxolod Semdeg etapze iqceoda. arasakmarisi wonis<br />

samoneto namzadebi miiReboda Tu xelosani Seuferebeli diametris<br />

mavTuls SearCevda an/da mas araswori sigrZis cil<strong>in</strong>drebad<br />

daWrida. gadadnobas, savaraudod, ara marto mcirewoniani,<br />

aramed Warbi wonis namzadebic eqvemdebareboda, rogorc<br />

es buxaraSi xdeboda [18, 265].<br />

TazqiraT al-muluqis Tanaxmad es gadarCeva TvalzomiT<br />

keTdeboda, ris gamoc, Cveni azriT, sizustis dacva gaZnelebuli<br />

iqneboda. amisaTvis Cveni azriT ufro saswors gamoiyenebdnen.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, Tu ra yuradReba eTmoboda monetebis<br />

zusti wonis uzrunvelyofas buxaraSi — iq jer aT-aTi cil<strong>in</strong>dri<br />

erTad aiwoneboda, Semdeg ki cal-calke, da Semdeg igive<br />

proceduras gadioda dabrtyelebuli cil<strong>in</strong>drebic [18, 265].<br />

mesasworeebis saqmianobas didi mniSvneloba qonda did mo-<br />

RolTa <strong>in</strong>doeTSic [19, 222]. mavTulis naWrebis awonvas adasturebs<br />

1879 w. qirmanis zarafxanaze namyofi evropeli damkvirvebelic<br />

[19, 219]. qarTul dasturlamalSic naxsenebia Tarazdari<br />

[6, 534]. rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi TazqiraT al-muluqis<br />

cnoba zusti ar aris.<br />

10. amqari, sadac monetis momWrelebi muSaobdnen [16, 59].<br />

monetis mosaWrelad or siqas iyenebdnen. erTi maTgani<br />

(teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT — Sublis siqa) grdemlSi iyo Camagrebuli.<br />

masze erTi xelosani samoneto namzads aTavsebda, me-<br />

524

---

ore ki zevidan siqas (teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT — zurgis siqa)<br />

adgavda da uros dartymiT zeda siqaze sakmarisi siZlieriT<br />

moqmedebda, rom samoneto namzadis zeda zedapirze zeda siqis<br />

anabeWdi darCeniliyo, qveda zedapirze ki — dartymis momentSi<br />

samoneto namzadis qveda siqaSi SeWyletis gamo — qveda<br />

siqis anabeWdi. Semonaxulia xivis saxanos XIX saukunis dro<strong>in</strong>deli<br />

ramdenime siqa; is<strong>in</strong>i imdenad moklea, rom xelSi maTi da-<br />

Wera albaT ver moxerxdeboda da xelosani maT raRac gansakuTrebuli<br />

maSis magvari xelsawyoTi iWerda [18, 265]. Cveni azriT,<br />

amgvarad xelosnis xeli nawilobriv ma<strong>in</strong>c vibraciis organizmze<br />

mavne zemoqmedebisganac iqneboda daculi, rac<br />

zrdis am damatebiTi xelsawyos gamoyenebis albaTobas.<br />

imdro<strong>in</strong>del saqarTveloSi monetis moWris organizaciis<br />

TvalsazrisiT metad sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa papuna orbelianis cnoba<br />

ibrahim avSaris mier TbilisSi `Tavis saxelze zarafxanis~ gamogzavnis<br />

Sesaxeb (`gamoegzavna Sah-sulTan ibreims Tavis saxelze<br />

zarafxana qalaqSi da dahkres siqa, brZanebisamebr misisa<br />

mosWres ...~ [5, 154]). ibadeba SekiTxva, Tu ra zarafxanis gamogzavnas<br />

gulisxmobs avtori; sityva `zarafxana~, sazogadod,<br />

monetis mosaWrelad aucilebeli aRWurvilobisa da iqneb<br />

agreTve momsaxure personalis erTobliobas gulisxmobs.<br />

amasTanave, gavixsenoT, rom zarafxana TbilisSi aqamdec arsebobda,<br />

da sxva avSari mmarTvelebis saxeliTac ki Wrida monetas<br />

— ase, TbilisSi Zalian aqtiurad iWreboda moneta h. 1150-<br />

1152 wlebSi, Semdegi periodisTvis ki cnobilia nadir-Sahis h.<br />

1159 wliT daTariRebuli nadiri (rufia) [24, 233], agreTve h.<br />

1160 wliT daTariRebuli Sahrohis Tbilisuri moneta [20, 342-<br />

343]. ibrahimis saxelis matarebeli Tbilisuri monetebi yvela<br />

h. 1162 wliT (1748-1749) aris daTariRebuli [24, 233-234], magram<br />

imave TariRs atarebs Teimuraz II-is saxelis matarebeli<br />

spilenZis safasec [24, 256-258] — ucnobi rCeba, es spilenZis safase<br />

`Sah-sulTan ibreimis~ mier gamogzavnil zarafxanaSia<br />

moWrili Tu iqamde TbilisSi ukve arsebul zarafxanaSi (Cven<br />

aq Segnebulad ar vexebiT ukve h. 1160 w. gardacvlili nadir-<br />

Sahis saxelis matarebel magram h. 1162 wliT daTariRebul nadiris<br />

— T. quTelia Tvlida rom am monetaze TariRi 1162 SecdomiT<br />

iyo gamoyvanili 1152-is magier [8, 43, 46]). safiqrebelia,<br />

rom zarafxana TbilisSi Tavidan mosawyobi ar unda yofiliyo.<br />

garda amisa, im epoqaSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, iransa<br />

525

---

da saqarTveloSic monetebi manqanebis daxmarebiT ar iWreboda.<br />

Tanamedrove rekonstruqciam aCvena, rom monetis mosaWrelad<br />

saWiro mTeli aRWurviloba imdenad martivi da mwiri<br />

iyo, rom misi gadatana erTaderTi saxedriT SeiZleboda [10,<br />

96]. Cveni azriT, monetis mosaWrelad aranairi aRWurviloba<br />

avSarianTa iranis centraluri prov<strong>in</strong>ciebidan gamosagzavni<br />

ar unda yofiliyo — yvela saWiro iaraRis damzadeba (zemoT<br />

aRwerili procedurebis Sesasruleblad) sakmaod advilad<br />

adgilzeve SeiZleboda. saubari, Cveni varaudiT, SeiZleba<br />

iyos siqebze — ibrahimis gavlenis sferoSi arsebuli yvela zarafxanis<br />

nawarmis wona da miT ufro diza<strong>in</strong>i/legendebi er-<br />

Tnairi rom yofiliyo saWiro iqneboda centridan periferiaze<br />

Sesabamisi gankargulebebis da trafaretebis gamogzavna;<br />

sefianTa epoqisTvis centraluri zarafxanidan (Tabrizi/isfahani)<br />

amgvari trafaretebis sxva zarafxanebSi (Tbilisis<br />

CaTvliT) gagzavnis Sesaxeb werdnen e. paxomovi da T. quTelia<br />

[21, 26; 23, 76] (abbas I-sa da suleiman I-is safasis gamoklebiT<br />

TbilisSi moWrili monetebi garegnulad arafriT gansxvavdeba<br />

sefianTa saxelmwifos sxva zarafxanebSi gamoSvebuli Tanadrouli<br />

monetebisgan [21, 40-41]). ar aris gamoricxuli, rom<br />

trafaretebis sanacvlod avSarianTa Sesabamisi uwyeba periferiaze<br />

gasagzavnad uSualod samoneto siqebs amzadebda —<br />

periferiuli zarafxanebis saxelis miTiTebiT. miviCnevT, rom<br />

p. orbelianis cnobaSi savaraudod swored aseTi centralurad<br />

damzadebuli siqebis gamogzavna igulisxmeba.<br />

monetebze warmoebulma dakvirvebam gamoaSkarava zarafxanis<br />

personalis mier droisa da Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri danaxarjebis<br />

Sesamcireblad gamiznuli ramdenime teqnologiuri<br />

xerxi:<br />

• rogorc Cans, erTi da igive siqebi gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva<br />

nom<strong>in</strong>alis monetebis mosaWrelad; 6-Sahianis siqebi 2-<br />

Sahianisa da oqros aSrefis mosaWrelad, abazianis siqebi ki —<br />

1-Sahianis mosaWrelad [15]; rogorc TanaavtorebTan erTad<br />

dadgenili gvqonda, sxvadasxva nom<strong>in</strong>alis (e.i. wonisa da zomis)<br />

monetebis mosaWrelad igive siqebis gamoyenebas Tbilisis zarafxana<br />

ufro adrec mimarTavda, XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi,<br />

sulTan huse<strong>in</strong> I sefianis monetebis gamoSvebisas [14, 21-22].<br />

526

---

• Cveni azriT, nadir-Sahis saxeliT moWrili siqebi, romelic<br />

gankuTvnili iyo 6-Sahianis (da ufro mcire vercxlis<br />

nom<strong>in</strong>alebis, iseve rogorc, savaraudoa, oqros aSrefis) mosaWrelad,<br />

gamoiyeneboda ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi — h.<br />

1150 wliT daTariRebuli reversis siqebis zedapirze am weliwadis<br />

gasvlis Semdeg, Cveni azriT, amotvifravdnen damatebiT<br />

erTians an orians, ris xarjzedac TariRi xdeboda 1151 an<br />

1152 w. (0-is aRmniSvneli wertili rCeboda Tavis adgilas).<br />

amas gvafiqrebs is faqti, rom bevr h. 1151-1152 ww. daTariRebul<br />

monetaze manZili bolo (1 an 2) da bolosw<strong>in</strong>a (5) cifrebs,<br />

iseve rogorc bolo cifrsa (1 an 2) da samoneto formulis<br />

momdevno elements Soris, gacilebiT naklebia vidre danar-<br />

Cen cifrebs Soris; rCeba STabeWdileba, rom erTiani an oriani<br />

mogvianebiT aris Camatebuli (siqaze amotvifruli).<br />

daskvnis saxiT SevajamebT, rom saqarTveloSi avSarian-<br />

Ta d<strong>in</strong>astiis batonobis periodSi vercxlis monetebi iWreboda<br />

2 gansxvavebuli woniTi st<strong>and</strong>artis mixedviT (1400 da 1200muxudoiani<br />

Tumani), oqros monetebi ki — 3.46-gramiani aSrefis<br />

st<strong>and</strong>artiT; SesaZloa agreTve 11-gramiani mohuris st<strong>and</strong>artiTac<br />

(ibrahimis Tbilisuri `fluric~ Cveni azriT mohuris<br />

1/4-s warmoadgenda).<br />

vercxlis nom<strong>in</strong>alebidan sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva<br />

woniTi st<strong>and</strong>artiT moiWra Semdegi: Sahi, mahmudi (2-Sahiani),<br />

abbasi (4-Sahi), 6-Sahiani, nadiri (10-Sahiani), 3-abbasi (12-Sahiani,<br />

marCili). oqroSi iWreboda aSrefi, da, safiqrebelia, agreTve<br />

1/4 mohuri.<br />

monetebis moWris teqnologia pr<strong>in</strong>cipulad ar gansxvavdeboda<br />

jer kidev sefianTa xanaSi danergilisagan. monetis<br />

moWra ramdenime (10) proceduras gulisxmobda da zarafxanac,<br />

safiqrebelia, amdenive calkeul amqars iTvlida.<br />

papuna orbelianis cnoba sulTan ibrahim avSarianis mier<br />

TbilisSi zarafxanis gamogzavnis Sesaxeb Cveni azriT ibrahimis<br />

saxeliT da saTanado legendebiT Semkuli siqebis gamogzavnas<br />

unda gulisxmobdes. es faqti gansakuTrebiT sa<strong>in</strong>teresoa<br />

rogorc saqarTveloSi samoneto saqmis organizaciis,<br />

aseve avSarianebTan Teimuraz II-is politikuri urTierTobis<br />

gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

527

---

naSromSi Tavmoyrili da gaanalizebuli masala, imedia,<br />

xels Seuwyobs saqarTvelos numizmatikuri da, sazogadod,<br />

ekonomikuri Tu politikuri istoriis Semdgom kvlevas.<br />

avtori Tavis sasiamovno movaleobad miiCnevs guliTadi<br />

madloba moaxsenos profesor n. javaxiSvils gaweuli <strong>in</strong>formaciuli<br />

mxardaWerisTvis.<br />

cxrili 1. Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi st<strong>and</strong>arti da<br />

nom<strong>in</strong>alTa sistema (abbas III-sa da nadir-Sahis saxeliT<br />

moWrili safase)<br />

liToni AR AV<br />

samoto<br />

tipi<br />

unikaluri<br />

A<br />

B<br />

C<br />

D<br />

1 Tumani = 1400 muxudos<br />

(7-dangiani (5.37 g)<br />

abbasi)<br />

woniTi st<strong>and</strong>arti<br />

1 Tumani = 1200 muxudos<br />

(6-dangiani (4.61 g)<br />

abbasi)<br />

Aabbas III (nadir Sahis dayenebuli)<br />

abbasi (norm. wona<br />

5.37 g)<br />

Sahi (norm. wona 1.34<br />

g)<br />

Nnadir Sahi<br />

abbasi (norm. wona<br />

5.37 g)<br />

abbasi (norm. wona<br />

5.37 g)<br />

mahmudi (norm. wona<br />

2.68 g)<br />

Sahi (norm. wona 1.34<br />

g)<br />

abbasi (norm. wona<br />

4.61 g)<br />

mahmudi (norm. wona<br />

2.30 g)<br />

Sahi (norm. wona 1.15<br />

g)<br />

6-Sahi (norm. wona<br />

6.91 g)<br />

abbasi (norm. wona<br />

4.61 g)<br />

mahmudi (norm. wona<br />

2.30 g)<br />

Sahi (norm. wona 1.15<br />

g)<br />

nadiri (10-Sahi)<br />

(norm. wona 11.52 g)<br />

528<br />

4.5-dangiani<br />

(18 muxudos<br />

(3.46 g) aSrefi<br />

aSrefi<br />

(norm. wona<br />

3.46 g)

---

cxrili 2. Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi st<strong>and</strong>arti<br />

da nom<strong>in</strong>alTa sistema (Sahrohisa da ibrahim saxeliT<br />

moWrili safase)<br />

samoneto<br />

liToni<br />

Llegendebi<br />

/ diza<strong>in</strong>i(`tipi~)<br />

B2?<br />

A<br />

B<br />

D<br />

ucnobi<br />

tipis (Z ?)<br />

B1<br />

B1<br />

1 Tumani = 1400 muxudos<br />

(7-dangiani (5.37 g)<br />

abbasi)<br />

AR AV<br />

woniTi st<strong>and</strong>arti<br />

1 Tumani = 1200 muxudos<br />

(6-dangiani (4.61 g)<br />

abbasi)<br />

Sahrohi, I zeoba<br />

ibrahimi<br />

3-abbasi (norm. wona<br />

13.83 g)<br />

abbasi (norm. wona<br />

4.61 g)<br />

abbasi (norm. wona<br />

4.61 g)<br />

Sahi (norm. wona 1.15<br />

g)<br />

Sahrohi, II zeoba<br />

abbasi (norm. wona<br />

4.61 g)<br />

mahmudi (norm. wona<br />

2.30 g)<br />

Sahi (norm. wona 1.15<br />

g)<br />

Sahrohi, III zeoba<br />

abbasi (norm. wona<br />

4.61 g)<br />

529<br />

4.5-dangiani<br />

(18 muxudos<br />

(3.46 g) aSrefi<br />

11-gramiani<br />

mohuri<br />

aSrefi<br />

(norm. wona<br />

3.46 g) ?<br />

`fluri~ =<br />

1/4¼mohuri<br />

(2.76 g) ?

---

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. areSiZe T., qarTuli monetebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba (qimiis<br />

mecnierebaTa k<strong>and</strong>idatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />

wardgenili disertacia), Tbilisi, 1950.<br />

2. gabaSvili v., `sparsuli dasturlamali~, stal<strong>in</strong>is saxelobis<br />

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, t.<br />

XXXV-b, 1949.<br />

3. kapanaZe d., qarTuli numizmatika, Tbilisi, Tbilisis universitetis<br />

gamomcemloba, 1969.<br />

4. kapanaZe d., `qarTuli fulis s<strong>in</strong>jadoba~, saqarTvelos<br />

mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. IV, #6, 1943.<br />

5. orbeliani p., (kritikuli gamocema, Sesavali, leqsikoni<br />

da saZieblebi daurTo e. cagareiSvilma.), ambavni qarTlisani,<br />

Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1981.<br />

6. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, 1. xelmwifis karis garigeba,<br />

2. dasturlamali, (teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvlevebi,<br />

leqsikonebi da saZieblebi daurTo i. surgula-<br />

Zem), Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1970.<br />

7. qebulaZe r., evropuli monetebis mimoqceva saqarTveloSi<br />

XV-XVIII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1971.<br />

8. quTelia T., ~Tbilisis zarafxana 1736-1757 ww. (vercxlis<br />

fuli)~, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XXXV-<br />

B. Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1981.<br />

9. Album S., A Checklist of Islamic Co<strong>in</strong>s, Santa Rosa, 1998.<br />

10. Album S., Sylloge of Islamic Co<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the Ashmolean Volume 9 Iran<br />

after the Mongol Invasion, Ashmolean Museum Oxford, 2001.<br />

11. Farahbakhsh H., Iranian Hammered Co<strong>in</strong>age, 1975, Berl<strong>in</strong>, Farahbakhsh,<br />

2007.<br />

12. Lang D., <strong>Studies</strong> <strong>in</strong> the Numismatic <strong>History</strong> of Georgia <strong>in</strong> Transcaucasia,<br />

New-York, 1955.<br />

13. Paghava I., Novák V., `Georgian Co<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the Collection of the Náprstek<br />

Museum~. (In press.)<br />

14. Paghava I., Turkia S., Bennett K., ~Major Varieties of the Type D 3rd<br />

St<strong>and</strong>ard Co<strong>in</strong>s of Sultan Husayn Issued <strong>in</strong> Tiflis <strong>and</strong> at other M<strong>in</strong>ts~.<br />

Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, #191, Spr<strong>in</strong>g 2007. P. 19-25.<br />

530

---

15. Paghava I., Turkia S., Janjgava G., ~Some New Denom<strong>in</strong>ation Co<strong>in</strong>s of<br />

Nadir Shah M<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> Georgia~. Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society,<br />

#202, W<strong>in</strong>ter 2010.<br />

16. Tadhkirat Al-Muluk, A Manual of Safavid Adm<strong>in</strong>istration (Translated<br />

<strong>and</strong> Expla<strong>in</strong>ed by V. M<strong>in</strong>orsky), 1943, University Press, Cambridge,<br />

1980.<br />

17. Zeno Oriental Co<strong>in</strong>s Database, http://www.zeno.ru/.<br />

18. Бурнашева Р., `Организация производства и техника чеканки монет<br />

в Бухарском ханстве со второй половины XVIII до начала XX в.~,<br />

Нумизматика и Эпиграфика, т. VI. Москва, Наука, 1966.<br />

19. Давидович Е., История монетного дела Средней Азии XVII-XVIII<br />

вв. (Золотые и серебряные монеты Джанидов), Душанбе, Издательство<br />

Академии Наук Таджикской ССР, 1964.<br />

20. Капанадзе Д.Г., `Комментарии~, Пахомов Е., Монеты Грузии.<br />

Тбилиси, Мецниереба, 1970.<br />

21. Кутелиа Т., Грузия и Сефевидский Иран (по данным нумизматики),<br />

Тбилиси: Мецниереба, 1979.<br />

22. Пахомов Е., `Вес и достоинство медной монеты Тифлиса XVII-<br />

XVIII в.в. Отдельный оттиск из `Востоковедение~, Вестник<br />

факультета Аз. гос. университета, т. III. Баку, 1928.<br />

23. Пахомов Е., Монетные клады Азербайджана и других республик,<br />

краев и областей Кавказа, Выпуск VII. Баку, Издательство<br />

Академии Наук Азербайджанской ССР, 1957.<br />

24. Пахомов Е., Монеты Грузии, Тбилиси, Мецниереба, 1970.<br />

531

---

532<br />

Irakli Paghava<br />

Member of the Oriental Numismatic<br />

Society<br />

The Weight St<strong>and</strong>ard, Denom<strong>in</strong>ations’ System <strong>and</strong> M<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g Technique of<br />

Tiflis Co<strong>in</strong>s (Afsharid Period)<br />

Summary<br />

The objective of our work was to study the Afsharid gold <strong>and</strong> silver<br />

co<strong>in</strong>age from Tiflis, Georgia (Georgian-Afsharid co<strong>in</strong>age) <strong>and</strong> analyze the<br />

employed m<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g technique. The co<strong>in</strong>s were m<strong>in</strong>ted by the Afsharid adm<strong>in</strong>istration<br />

<strong>in</strong> the name of Abbas III Safavid, Nadir-Shah, Shakhrukh, Ibrahim<br />

<strong>and</strong> aga<strong>in</strong> Shakhrukh sequentially. The silver co<strong>in</strong>s were m<strong>in</strong>ted by two different<br />

st<strong>and</strong>ards: 1 toman = 1,400 nokhod <strong>and</strong> later 1,200 nokhod. The gold<br />

co<strong>in</strong>s were m<strong>in</strong>ted by the 3.46 g ashrafi st<strong>and</strong>ard, <strong>and</strong> later on seem<strong>in</strong>gly by<br />

the 11 g mokhur st<strong>and</strong>ard (the `pluri~ co<strong>in</strong>, mentioned by P. Orbelian should<br />

<strong>in</strong> our op<strong>in</strong>ion constitute the ¼ mokhur denom<strong>in</strong>ation).<br />

Shahi, mahmudi, abbasi, 6-shahi, nadiri (10-shahi), 3-abbasi (12-shahi,<br />

marchili) denom<strong>in</strong>ations were m<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> silver; ashrafi <strong>and</strong> possibly also ¼<br />

mokhur were m<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> gold.<br />

The m<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g technique did not differ much from that <strong>in</strong> use <strong>in</strong> the Safavid<br />

period. M<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g implied the work <strong>in</strong> 10 stages as presented <strong>in</strong> Tadhkirat<br />

Al-Muluk <strong>and</strong> other sources. These stages are described <strong>in</strong> detail based on the<br />

comparative numismatic material from the region. In our op<strong>in</strong>ion, the P. Orbeliani’s<br />

note on Ibrahim send<strong>in</strong>g `a m<strong>in</strong>t~ to Tiflis implied the central distribution<br />

of dies for produc<strong>in</strong>g the co<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the name of this Afsharid ruler locally.<br />

This assumption bears some significance <strong>in</strong> terms of both m<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g organization<br />

<strong>in</strong> Georgia <strong>and</strong> the political relationship between the Georgian<br />

government <strong>and</strong> the Afsharids.<br />

Hopefully, our data would further facilitate the research of the numismatic<br />

<strong>and</strong> generally economical <strong>and</strong> political history of Georgia, as well as<br />

that of the Afsharid state.

---

�����������<br />

533<br />

zurab kvetenaZe<br />

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis<br />

profesori<br />

saWiroa Tu ara saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

`xelaxla dawera~<br />

bolo dros saistorio publicistikaSi, calkeul samecniero<br />

Sromebsa, Tu kerZo diskusiebSi sul ufro da ufro<br />

xSirad vrceldeba mosazreba, rom qarTveli eris istoriuli<br />

ganviTarebis axleburi Sefasebis dro dadga, rom aucilebelia<br />

istoria daiweros `xelaxla~. amgvari mosazrebis avtorebi<br />

Tu calkeuli <strong>in</strong>dividebi, TavianT Sexedulebebs ise gamoTqvamen,<br />

rom cdiloben Crdili ar miayenon qarTuli istoriografiis<br />

korifeebis Rvawls, amboben, rom maT udidesi Sroma<br />

gaswies, didia maTi damsaxureba eris w<strong>in</strong>aSe da a.S. sxvanairad<br />

SeuZlebelicaa, radgan es iqneboda absoluturi WeSmaritebis<br />

uaryofa. magram amgvar Semecnebas pretenzia aqvs imaze,<br />

rom istoriuli mecnierebis did avtoritetTa Sromebi ma<strong>in</strong>c<br />

Tavisi epoqis nayofi iyo, dRes garkveulwilad moZvelda da<br />

amitomac saqarTvelos istoriis bevri monakveTis (Tu mTeli<br />

istoriis) gadaazreba unda moxdes.<br />

gansakuTrebuli aqcenti, rogorc wesi sabWoTa periodis<br />

istoriografiaze keTdeba. ideologiurma wnexma, romelic<br />

komunisturi mmarTvelobis wlebSi arsebobda, marTlac<br />

Tavisi daRi daasva qarTul istoriografias. magram qarTvel<br />

mecnierTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom maT Rirseulad gaar-<br />

Tves Tavi problemas da qarTveli eris istoriis Seswavlis<br />

gzaze waruSleli kvali datoves. sakmarisia gavixsenoT iseTi<br />

avtoritetebi, rogorebicaa ivane javaxiSvili, niko berZeniSvili,<br />

simon janaSia, SoTa mesxia, giorgi Citaia da a.S. am avtoritetTa<br />

saqme Rirseulad ganagrZo momdevno Taobamac. saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis kvleva dResac warmatebiT mimd<strong>in</strong>areobs.<br />

am didi erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeSi<br />

Cabmulia mravali qarTveli istorikosi.

---

cxadia, qarTvel istorikosTa upirvelesi damsaxureba<br />

isaa, rom maT moaxd<strong>in</strong>es qarTveli eris mier ganvlili mravalsaukunovani<br />

istoriis sistematizacia, Seiswavles da daajgufes<br />

wyaroebi, (am mxriv gansakuTrebulia ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

wvlili) ramac ganapiroba, pirvelyovlisa, faqtologiuri,<br />

mwyobri qarTuli istoriis dawera da misi empiriul — istoriuli<br />

analizi. Cvens mier dasaxelebuli yvela avtoritetis<br />

SromebSi aris Rrma mecnieruli analizi (Seudarebelia am<br />

mxriv ivane janaxiSvili da niko berZenSvili) sadac Cans qar-<br />

Tveli eris cxovrebis wesi, meurneoba, samarTali, fsiqologia<br />

da a.S. Tanac saqarTvelos istoriis arcerT metnaklebad<br />

avtoritetul pirovnebas arasodes ar uTqvams, rom misi Sexeduleba<br />

aris dogma da absoluturi WeSmariteba. piriqiT, akademikosma<br />

ivane javaxiSvilma araerTxel gausva xazi im garemoebas,<br />

rom nebismieri axali sityva SeiZleba daibados mecnieruli<br />

kvlevisas. maS rasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis `xelaxla daweraze~ saubroben sxvadasxva avtorebi<br />

Tu calkeuli <strong>in</strong>dividebi? pirdapir SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom absolutur diletantizmTan, da ai ratom.<br />

jer erTi saqarTvelos istoria SesaniSnavad daweres<br />

qarTuli istoriografiis korifeebma da mas `xelaxla~ verav<strong>in</strong><br />

dawers.<br />

meore, Tu romelime istoriuli movlena fasdeba sxvagvarad<br />

vidre es pirvelma avtorebma Seafases, es istoriis<br />

sxvagvarad an xelaxla dawera ki ar aris, aramed misi gagrZeleba<br />

da Sevsebaa. magaliTisaTvis aviRoT saqarTvelos istoria<br />

XIV—XV saukuneebis mijnaze. ivane javaxiSvili werda, rom<br />

mefe giorgi VII-s mizanSewonili sagareo politikis warmoebis<br />

unari aklda, rom TemurlengTan ufro frTxili politika<br />

iyo saWiro, vidre Seupovari brZola. magram Semdgomi kvlevis<br />

Sedegad gamoCnda axali Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />

brZola iyo erTaderTi gamosavali, w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />

qarTvel ers sruli gadagvareba eloda. profesorma karlo<br />

tabataZem am problemas miuZRvna monografia `qarTveli xalxis<br />

brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg XIV—XV saukuneebis<br />

mijnaze~, sadac warmodgenilia msgavsi Sexeduleba, romelic<br />

iv. javaxiSvilis SexedulebasTan erTad aisaxa `saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis narkvevebis~ III tomSi [4, 402], magram amiT axali<br />

istoria ki ar daiwera, aramed sxvagvari <strong>in</strong>terpretaciiT Se-<br />

534

---

fasda movlena. miviReT ori sxvadasxva analizi, romelmac er-<br />

TmaneTi erTgvarad Seavso, ise rom qarTveli eris ganwyoba da<br />

pativiscema qarTveli mefisadmi ar Secvlila. an kidev avi-<br />

RoT erekle II-is sagareo politika. igi araerTxel Sefasebula<br />

sxvadasxvagvarad da dResac fasdeba, magram yvela aRiarebs,<br />

rom STamomavloba erekle II-s pativs unda miagebdes imis<br />

gamo, rom saerTaSoriso politikisagan ganwiruli qveynis gadarCenas<br />

cdilobda [7]. analogiuri magaliTebi bevria.<br />

mesamec, saqarTvelos istoria `xelaxla~ an axleburad<br />

dasaweri ki ar aris, aramed SeiZleba daiweros is, rac ar dawerila.<br />

aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara marto is, rom kvlevis procesSi<br />

SeiZleba raime axali dokumentebi da wyaroebi aRmoCndes,<br />

aramed pirvel yovlisa, qarTuli filosofiuri istoria.<br />

ai, es aris saSviliSvilo saqme. magram gulwrfelad SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas, rom dRes saqarTveloSi ar aris iseTi pirovneba,<br />

an mecnierTa jgufi, romelic am amocanas gadaWris. Cven dRes<br />

gvyavs SesaniSnavi mecnierebi, romelTa damsaxureba didia<br />

qarTuli istoriografiis w<strong>in</strong>aSe, magram qarTveli eris istoriis<br />

filosofiur gaazrebas axali ivane javaxiSvilis, an qar-<br />

Tveli hegelis dabadeba Wirdeba, aseTi pirovneba an pirovnebebi<br />

istoriam, epoqam unda warmoSvas. dRes amis resursi saqarTveloSi<br />

ar aris. Cven amiT imis Tqma ki ar gvsurs, rom warsulSi<br />

yvelaferi ukve gakeTda, viamayoT da davkmayofildeT<br />

qarTuli istoriografiis miRwevebiT da arafris Zieba da<br />

kvleva aRaraa saWiro. dResac iwereba Rirseuli mecnieruli<br />

naSromebi, disertaciebi da a.S. magram kidev erTxel vusvamT<br />

xazs, rom es aris damateba faqtologiur—empiriuli kvlevisa,<br />

romelic ukve arsebobs da esa Tu is avtori mis axal <strong>in</strong>terpretacias<br />

gvTavazobs. es kargia da aseTi kvlevebi gagrZeldeba<br />

magram qarTveli eris imanenturi istoriis dawera<br />

aris sxva, urTulesi procesi da momavlis amocana. es kargad<br />

esmoda ivane javaxiSvils: `TviTeuli xalxis istoriis Seswavlazea<br />

damokidebuli bevris mxriv is mecniereba, romelsac istoriis<br />

filosofias eZaxian da romelic Seadgens Cveni mecnierebis<br />

uzenaes mizans~. [1,10]. es mizani Tavad aseTi masStabis<br />

mecnierma an mecnierTa jgufma unda daisaxos da ganaxorcielos.<br />

Tavad istoriis filosofiac sxvadasxvagavarad esmiT<br />

Tanamedrove s<strong>in</strong>amdvileSi. bevri miiCnevs (da es naSromebsac<br />

535

---

etyoba), rom Sefasda movlena empiriul — istoriuli da Tu<br />

gnebavT garkveuli fsiqologiuri analizis safuZvelze da<br />

gadaiWra istoriis filosofiis amocana. istoriis filosofia<br />

istoriuli faqtebis, molenebisa da istoriul — empiriuli<br />

analizi ki ar aris, aramed istoriuli faqtebisa da movlenebis,<br />

sagnebis filosofiuri analizia. magaliTad, daviT aRmaSenebeli<br />

didgoris omis w<strong>in</strong> mimarTavs `qristesmier meomrebs~,<br />

mouwodebs, rom mxolod am madliTaa gamarjveba SesaZlebeli,<br />

Tan ukan dasaxev gzas xergavs pr<strong>in</strong>cipiT sikvdili an<br />

gamarjveba. empiriuli analizi am movlenebisa arsebobs: akademikosma<br />

ro<strong>in</strong> metrevelma saTanado wyaroebis gaTvalisw<strong>in</strong>ebiT<br />

da w<strong>in</strong>a avtorebze daydnobiT Seiswavla es faqtebi da<br />

Tavis monografiaSi `daviT aRmaSenebeli~ misca Rrma mecnieruli<br />

Sefaseba. magram siaxle amis Semdeg SeiZleba iyos qar-<br />

Tuli sulis Seswavla, misi fsiqologia. Suasaukuneobrivi<br />

Teocentrizmis ganmarteba da misi asaxva qarTul mentalitetze.<br />

an kidev aviRoT aseve kargad Seswavlili martyofis<br />

ajanyeba, romelic xdeba RvTismSoblis xarebis dRes 1625 w. 25<br />

marts (ax.st. 7 aprili) Tu vityviT, rom es ar iyo SemTxveviTi<br />

movlena, unda avxsnaT ra aris SemTxveva, an ratom ar aris Sem-<br />

Txveva, an Tu aris, aseve, ratom aris SemTxveva. unda ganimartos<br />

xarebis dRis misteriuli arsi da qarTveli eris gamarjvebaSi<br />

am dRis sakraluri mniSvneloba. an kidev alaverdobas<br />

momxdari ajanyeba. qarTvelma da ucxoelma avtorebma araer-<br />

Txel gausves xazi qristianuli marTlmadideblobis rols<br />

qarTveli eris istoriaSi, Sefasda misi garegani arsi, kerZod<br />

is, rom feodalur samefoebad da safeodaloebad daSlil—<br />

daqucmacebul saqarTveloSi qristianoba iyo erTaderTi Zala,<br />

romelic aerTianebda qarTvel ers, rom ar darRveula<br />

qarTuli eklesiis erTianoba. yovelive es airekla saqarTvelos<br />

konstituciaSic, sadac saubaria qristianuli marTlmadideblobis<br />

damsaxurebaze qarTveli eris w<strong>in</strong>aSe. magram qar-<br />

Tuli imanenturi istoria, pirvel yovlisa SeniSnuli da dafiqsirebuli<br />

unda iyos simboluri SemecnebiT, sxvagvari wesrigidan<br />

wamosuli madliT.<br />

Tavis droze genialuri imanenturi istoria Seqmna hegelma.<br />

igi erTgvarad iyo azrSi istoriuli sulis gansaxiereba<br />

[8, 319]. amitomac iyo misi filosofia antipersonalisturi.<br />

qristianoba yovelTvis moqmedebda istoriaSi, igi iyo isto-<br />

536

---

iuli da aRiarebda istoriis azrs. magram imavdroulad xdeboda<br />

misi Sejaxeba istoriasTan. es iyo qristianobis obieqtivizacia<br />

istoriaSi. qristianoba iRebs Tavis TavSi istorias<br />

da moqmdebs istoriaSi, magram misi sulis gageba istoriul<br />

obieqtivaciaSi SeuZlebelia. qristianobisaTvis nebismieri<br />

adamianuri suli ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre mTeli kacobriobis<br />

istoria imperiebiT, samxedro gadatrialebebiT, ayvavebuli<br />

civilicaziciebiT da a.S. [8, 320]. amitom calkeuli eris<br />

istoriis Seswavlisas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs am eris mentalitets,<br />

fsiqologias, saazrovno kriteriumebis Seswavlas.<br />

ai, es amocanaa Sesasrulebeli. qarTuli miTologiis, qarTveli<br />

adamianis, qarTuli sulis Seswavlis gareSe `axali~ qarTuli<br />

istoria ver daiwereba. saqarTvelos istoria unda daiweros<br />

ara mxolod misi garegani tragikuli bediT, aramed pirvel<br />

yovlisa misi S<strong>in</strong>agani tragizmiT, TavisuflebaSi gancdili<br />

bediT. qarTvelma unda imsjelos Tavisuflebis gagebaze<br />

saqarTvelos istoriaSi, mis mistiur datvirTvaze; Tavisuflebis<br />

simbolur xasiaTze naturalistur — metafizikur samyaroSi,<br />

mis ant<strong>in</strong>omiurobaze da a.S. ai, ra istoriaa dasaweri.<br />

magram aseTi istoria rCeulma qarTvelebma unda daweron,<br />

romelic Tavad istoriam unda warmoSvas da ara prov<strong>in</strong>ciul —<br />

snobisturi Semecnebis <strong>in</strong>dividebma, romlebic saqarTvelos<br />

istoriis `Tavidan daweras~ mis garegan gadaazrebaSi xedaven.<br />

bolo dros Cven vnaxeT aseTi gadaazrebis Sedegebi: rom didgoris<br />

velze ver daeteoda im raodenobis jari, rac istoriuli<br />

wyaroebiTaa cnobili, amitom ar Rirs daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />

rolis esoden gazviadeba, rom Tamaris dros safuZveli Caeyara<br />

saqarTvelos dacemas, romelsac momdevno epoqebSi hqonda<br />

adgili, rom giorgi saakaZe erovnuli gmiri ki ara stal<strong>in</strong>is<br />

mier wamoweuli ambiciuri feodalia, an sulac moRalate, rom<br />

erekle II gonebrivad ver idga saTanado simaRleze, Torem<br />

aseT Secdomebs ar dauSvebda. gansakuTrebuli `Tavdasxmis~<br />

obieqtia vaxtang VI da a.S. zogierTi avtori ki prov<strong>in</strong>cializmis<br />

pirdapiri gagebis tyveobaSi eqceva da saqarTvelos aRor-<br />

Z<strong>in</strong>ebaSi Tu gadarCenaSi saqarTvelos ama Tu im kuTxis gansakuTrebul<br />

rolze saubrobs am kuTxis `gansakuTrebulobis~<br />

xazgasmiT. prov<strong>in</strong>ciul — snobisturi cnobierebisTvis ucxoa<br />

qarTveli eris ganviTarebis imanenturi gza, es aris absoluturad<br />

diletanturi istoriuli sagnebisa da movlenebis ze-<br />

537

---

dapiruli xedva, romelic istorias ver gauZlebs. ufro metic,<br />

maS<strong>in</strong>ve dairRveva, rogorc ki gamJRavndeba, magram raxan<br />

aseTi azri ma<strong>in</strong>c gamoCnda, saWirod CavTvaleT yuradReba<br />

gagvemaxvileb<strong>in</strong>a saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevis zogierT aspeqtze.<br />

qarTveli eris filosofiuri istoria ki marTlac dasaweria<br />

da am mamuliSviluri saqmis Sesruleba momavlis amocanaa.<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura:<br />

1. iv. javaxiSvili, mamuliSviloba da mecniereba, Tb., 1904.<br />

2. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. I—IV, me-5 gamocema,<br />

Tb., 1960-1967.<br />

3. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, naw. I, Tb., 1948.<br />

4. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi t. III, Tb., 1979.<br />

5. g. yoranaSvili, qarTuli istoriografiis dRev<strong>and</strong>eli<br />

mdgomareoba da perspeqtivebi, Tb., 2008.<br />

6. f. hegeli, istoriis filosofia, Targmani n. naTaZisa, Tb.,<br />

2001.<br />

7. v. guruli, ruseTi modioda Tu erekles mohyavda? gaz. saqarTvelos<br />

respublika, 2008, 22 oqtomberi, #198.<br />

8. Бердяев Н.А., Философия свободного духа, М., 1994.<br />

9. Колингвуд Р.Дж., Идея истории, М., 1995.<br />

10. Хаидегер М., Бытье и время, Санкт-Петербург, 2002.<br />

538<br />

Zurab kvetenadze<br />

Professor of the Georgian<br />

Technical University<br />

Is it necessary that Georgian history `write aga<strong>in</strong>?~<br />

Summary<br />

Recently <strong>in</strong> historical science, historical publicity or private discussions<br />

there is highlighted the idea, that it’s time to appreciate historical development<br />

of Georgian nation <strong>in</strong> new way, that it’s necessary that history write<br />

`aga<strong>in</strong>~.

---

We th<strong>in</strong>k that ma<strong>in</strong> problem is to realize the way that Georgian nation<br />

passed historically. Great authorities Ivane Javaxishvili, Nico Berzenishvili,<br />

Simon Janashia, Shota Mesxia <strong>and</strong> others perfectly wrote the history of Georgia<br />

<strong>and</strong> no one can write it aga<strong>in</strong>. It’s not necessary to write the history from<br />

the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g, but have to write the one that have not been written. We mean<br />

philosophical realization of Georgian history. At that time Ivane Javaxishvili<br />

was also talked about the necessity to write the philosophy of history. Such<br />

history has to be written exactly by such authority or group of authorities.<br />

And such persons are made by history <strong>and</strong> epoch itself.<br />

It’s necessary to create the imm<strong>in</strong>ent history of Georgian nation. It has<br />

to write not only by its external tragic fate, but at first by <strong>in</strong>ternal tragic that is<br />

<strong>in</strong>spired by the war for freedom. Georgian historian has to discuss the concept<br />

of freedom <strong>in</strong> the history of Georgia <strong>and</strong> its mystical importance. We say that<br />

orthodox Christianity had very important role is the history of Georgia, but<br />

it’s necessary to see it <strong>in</strong> symbols <strong>and</strong> other k<strong>in</strong>d of sights that come from<br />

godlike world <strong>and</strong> mention such thought. We th<strong>in</strong>k that it’s exactly the patrimonial<br />

problem.<br />

539

---

�����������������������<br />

niko javaxiSvili<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,<br />

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa<br />

da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis axali da<br />

uaxlesi istoriis ganyofilebis mTavari<br />

mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

soliduri samecniero wigni<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtor, profesor mixeil svani-<br />

Zes, rogorc gamoCenil aRmosavleTmcodnes, kargad icnobs<br />

da saTanadod afasebs ara mxolod qarTvel, aramed ucxoel<br />

mecnierTa farTo wre. igi ukve didi xania, rac sistematurad<br />

aqveynebs Tavis friad sayuradRebo samecniero gamokvlevebs<br />

saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleTis qveynebis istoriis aqtualuri<br />

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. misi gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovan nawil-<br />

Si monografiulad aris Seswavlili TurqeTis politikuri da<br />

socialur-ekonomikuri istoriis problemebi.<br />

200-ze meti samecniero naSromi qarTul, rusul, Turqul,<br />

frangul da <strong>in</strong>glisur enebze, maT Soris 10 soliduri<br />

wigni — aseTia prof. mixeil svaniZis mravalwliani Tavdauzogavi<br />

mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis Sedegi.<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom Rvawlmosil mecniersa da pedagogs<br />

am cota xnis w<strong>in</strong>aT, dabadebidan 80 weli Seusrulda, is<br />

misTvis Cveuli energiiTa da datvirTviT muSaobs.<br />

amis dasturia mecnieris mier ukanasknel periodSi gamocemuli<br />

misi naSromebi, romelTa Sorisac gamovyofdiT wigns:<br />

`TurqeTis istoria~ (Tb., 2007 weli, 582 gverdi, ilustrirebuli),<br />

romelSic gaerTi<strong>and</strong>a manamde sam tomad dastambuli<br />

naSromi.<br />

aqve davsZenT, rom am mravalmxriv sayuradRebo naSromisaTvis,<br />

mis avtors, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumis<br />

dadgenilebiT, mieniWa akademikos giorgi wereTlis<br />

saxelobis premia.<br />

540

---

sxvadasxva dros prof. m. svaniZem samecniero redaqtoroba<br />

gauwia mraval mniSvnelovan naSroms, romlebic qarTveli<br />

aRmosavleTmcodneebisaTvis friad Zvirfasi SenaZenia.<br />

am cota xnis w<strong>in</strong>aT, misi redaqtorobiT gamoica soliduri<br />

samecniero naSromi: `saerTaSoriso urTierTobani axlo<br />

aRmosavleTSi osmaleT-iranis omebis dros da saqarTvelo<br />

(XVI saukune) [gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tb., 2008, 372 gverdi,<br />

ilustrirebuli].<br />

wigni gamoica akademikos giorgi wereTlis saxelobis<br />

aRmosavleTmcodneobis <strong>in</strong>stitutis egidiT.<br />

naSromi Sesrulebulia avtorTa koleqtivis mier, romelSic<br />

gaerTianebulni iyvnen Semdegi mecnierebi: m. svaniZe<br />

(proeqtis xelmZRvaneli), daviT kacitaZe, Tamaz natroSvili,<br />

kaxaber demetraSvili, rusudan SarumaSvili, nanuli kaWarava<br />

da pavle Tofuria. am wignSi gamoyenebuli zogierTi samecniero<br />

wyaros da literaturis nimuSi Targmnes: cisana abulaZem,<br />

jemSid giunaSvilma, nana janaSiam, Tamar samyuraSvilma da<br />

Tea gagniZem.<br />

am monografiul gamokvlevaSi ganxilulia saerTaSoriso<br />

viTareba axlo aRmosavleTSi, osmaleT-iranis omebi da saqarTvelo<br />

XVI saukuneSi; xazgasmulia `gurjistanis sakiTxis~<br />

aqtualuroba osmaleT-iranis omebisa da diplomatiuri molaparakebis<br />

dros; gaanalizebulia osmaleT-iranis sazavo<br />

xelSekrulebebi da gaSuqebulia antiosmaluri koaliciebis<br />

Seqmnis cdebi.<br />

imavdroulad, yuradReba eTmoba osmaleTisa da iranis<br />

urTierTobas evropis qveynebTan, maT Soris, <strong>in</strong>gliselTa savaWro<br />

eqspediciebis saqmianobas kavkasiasa da iranSi.<br />

wignSi Seswavlilia osmalTa da yizilbaSTa laSqrobebi<br />

saqarTveloSi da qarTveli xalxis brZola dampyrobTa w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg.<br />

aRniSnulia aseve qarTvel mefeTa diplomatiuri<br />

svlebi qveynis <strong>in</strong>teresebis dasacavad.<br />

amrigad, zemoT ganxiluli naSromi uaRresad mniSvnelovani<br />

gamokvlevaa da qarTuli istoriografiisaTvis Zvirfas<br />

SenaZens warmoadgens.<br />

541

---

���������<br />

dodo WumburiZe<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis<br />

istoriisa da eTnologiis <strong>in</strong>stitutis<br />

axali da uaxlesi ganyofilebis<br />

mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re bendianiSvili<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re bendianiSvils<br />

gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs<br />

Tanamedrove istorikosmkvlevarTa<br />

Soris. is iyo maRali<br />

zneobis, pr<strong>in</strong>cipuli, simar-<br />

Tlis dasacavad gamarTul<br />

brZolaSi ukompromiso adamiani<br />

da es Tvisebebi mis mecnierul<br />

moRvaweobazec aisaxa. man,<br />

pirvelma sabWoTa istorikos-<br />

Tagan, obieqturad gaaSuqa<br />

erovnuli sakiTxi, amxila ruseTis<br />

dampyrobluri politika<br />

saqarTvelos mimarT, misi imperiuli<br />

miznebi da amocanebi<br />

mTeli XIX-XX saukuneebis man-<br />

Zilze. komunisturi reJimis<br />

dros advili ar iyo koniunqturuli<br />

Sablonebisa da stereotipebis<br />

damsxvreva, tabudadebuli<br />

Temebis gaxsna da simarTlis<br />

dawera. xelisufleba<br />

ideologiur dakveTas aZlevda<br />

sazogadoebriv mecnierebas da<br />

cota v<strong>in</strong>me Tu axerxebda ar damorCileboda<br />

am process, pr<strong>in</strong>cipuli da obieqturi kvlevis<br />

meTodis erTguli darCeniliyo. aleqs<strong>and</strong>re bendianiSvili<br />

swored aseTi mecnieri iyo.<br />

542

---

didi niko berZeniSvilis saukeTeso mowafem, aleqs<strong>and</strong>re<br />

bendianiSvilma, w<strong>in</strong>a saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi, rodesac Wirda<br />

sazogadoebriv-politikur da erovnul sakiTxebze wera,<br />

mimarTa socialur Tematikas, am sferos mecnierul Seswavla-<br />

Si sakmaod didi wvlilic Seitana da Seqmna sa<strong>in</strong>tereso monografiuli<br />

gamokvlevebi. maTSi aisaxa qarTuli soflis socialur-ekonomikuri<br />

ganviTarebis sruli suraTi: sasaqonlofuladi<br />

urTierTobis Camoyalibeba, glexTa socialuri kategoriebis<br />

yofa, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mecnieris gamokvlevebi<br />

droebiT-valdebul da xizan glexTa <strong>in</strong>stitutebze,<br />

saxelmwifo glexTa begara-gadasaxadebze, mesakuTre glexTa<br />

kategoriis Camoyalibebaze, miwebis yidva-gayidvis da flobis,<br />

sasoflo-sazogadoebebis Seqmnisa da sxva Temebis Sesaxeb.<br />

mecnierma guldasmiT Seiswavla 60-70-iani wlebis bur-<br />

Juaziuli reformebis arsi da Sedegebi, misma naSromma saqalaqo<br />

TviTmmarTvelobebis Sesaxeb am, manamde sruliad Seuswavleli<br />

sakiTxis irgvliv, sruli da amomwuravi <strong>in</strong>formaciebi<br />

misca XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisis qar-<br />

Tuli saqalaqo cxovrebiT da<strong>in</strong>teresebul mkiTxvels.<br />

orive samecniero-sakvalifikacio naSromi mecnierma qar-<br />

Tuli soflis Seswavlas miuZRvna da rodesac amowura es Tema,<br />

1968 wels daculi sadoqtoro disertaciis Semdeg Seudga sazogadoebriv-politikuri<br />

da erovnuli sakiTxebis Seswavlas.<br />

TiTqmis aTwleulis manZilze gaweuli muSaobis Sedegad Seqmnili<br />

monografia — `erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi 1801-<br />

1921 ww.~ — daibeWda 1980 wels da erTgvari Sokiseburi rezonansic<br />

gamoiwvia amdro<strong>in</strong>del sazogadoebaSi. wignis tiraJis<br />

nawili cenzuram moxsna savaWro qselidan, yvela kiTxulobda<br />

da eZebda mis egzemplarebs, radganac pirvelad iTqva oficialuri<br />

gamocemidan is simarTle, rac 1801-1921 wlebSi moxda saqarTvelo-ruseTs<br />

Soris da adamianebma manamdec icodnen, magram<br />

xmamaRla an verav<strong>in</strong> ambobda, <strong>and</strong>a farTo sazogadoebisaTvis<br />

dafaruli iyo. dokumentebi, romlebic saarqivo fondebSi<br />

ido da nawilobriv iyo cnobili mkvlevarTa nawilisaTvis, man<br />

axleburad gaaxmovana,zustad waikiTxa da obieqturi <strong>in</strong>terpretacia<br />

misca maTSi motanil faqtebs. mkvlevrisTvis XIX saukune<br />

saxalxo-ganmaTavisuflebeli omebis, antireJimuli ajanyebebis<br />

mZlavri afeTqebiT iyo sa<strong>in</strong>tereso da epoqas sul axali,<br />

am movlenebis mizez-Sedegobrivi SefasebiT warmoadgenda.<br />

543

---

mas swamda da kvlevasac im niSniT axdenda, rom ucxoel dampyrobTa<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg nebismieri xalxis brZola yovelgvar pirobebSi<br />

bunebrivi da samarTliania, amitom istorikosma ar unda<br />

Semoacalos mas namdvili S<strong>in</strong>aarsi da mxolod socialuri<br />

moZraobis saxe ar unda dautovos, rogorc amas sabWoTa istoriografia<br />

axdenda. man gaakritika im mecnierTa Tvalsazrisi,<br />

romlebic ruseTTan saqarTvelos `SeerTebas~ dadebiT movlenad<br />

da Cveni qveynisTvis sparseT-osmaleTis agresiisagan Tavdaxsnis<br />

saSualebad miiCnevdnen. wignSi daufaravad iTqva, rom<br />

es iyo ruseTis mier saqarTvelos ZaliT dapyroba, aneqsia da am<br />

savalalo process, samwuxarod, qarTulma mxaremac Seuwyo xeli.<br />

saqarTvelos mefeebma kargad ver Seafases am qristiani mezoblis<br />

politikuri Zala, radgan XV—XVI saukuneebidanve daiwyes<br />

masTan dakavSirebisTvis brZola, rodesac ruseTi jer kidev<br />

ar warmoadgenda raime mniSvnelovan da angariSgasawev saxelmwifos.<br />

ruseTi ki ar exmareboda qarTvel mefeebs, aramed<br />

sparseT-osmaleTis w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg brZolisken mouwodebda. mecnieris<br />

samarTliani daskvniT, qarTvelebs muslimanuri garemocvis<br />

w<strong>in</strong>aaRmdeg brZolis maravalsaukunovani gmiruli tradicia<br />

hqondaT, amitom ruseTisagan maT WirdebodaT ara brZolisken<br />

mowodeba, aramed realuri daxmareba. magram misi daxmareba<br />

marto moraluri mxardaWeriT gamoixateboda. qristianuli<br />

erTmorwmuneoba sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda am ori qveynis sam-<br />

Svidobo sagareo urTierTobisaTvis; rodesac gaZlierda, ruseTma<br />

araTu daicva, aramed Tavad daipyro saqarTvelo da osmaleT-sparseTisagan<br />

gansxvavebiT, nom<strong>in</strong>aluradac ki ar datova<br />

misi saxelmwifoebrioba, bagrationebis aTaswlovani d<strong>in</strong>astis<br />

mefoba mospo, misi warmomadgenlebi ruseTSi ZaliT gaasaxla,<br />

gaarusa da saqarTveloSi dabrunebis uflebac waarTva.<br />

mecnierma sruliad daufaravad moitana qarTveli adamianis-<br />

Tvis es gulsaklavi faqtebi: Tu rogori ZaladobiT arRvevdnen<br />

rusi `mokavSireebi~ georgievskis traqtats, rogor ax-<br />

Sobdnen sisxlis zRvaSi patriot qarTvelTa antireJimul gamosvlebs,<br />

ra pirsisxlianebi iyvnen rusi mTavarmmarTeblebi—<br />

knor<strong>in</strong>gi, cicianovi, gudoviCi, tormasovi, markiz pauliCi,<br />

rtiSCevi, ermolovi, paskeviCi Tu sxvebi, ramac wignis didi rezonansi<br />

da sazogadoebrivi gamoxmaureba ganapiroba. mkiTxvelTa<br />

ara marto profesiulad da<strong>in</strong>teresebuli wre, aramed<br />

sazogadoebis yvela warmomadgeneli <strong>in</strong>teresiT kiTxulobda<br />

544

---

da ecnoboda `Tavisuflebis ligis~ saqmianobas, avtonomistTa<br />

moRvaweobis miznebsa da amocanebs, sxvadasva partiaTa ideologias<br />

da uaxloesi warsulis istoria maTTvis sruliad axal<br />

furclebs Slida. aseve sa<strong>in</strong>tereso da siaxle iyo amdro<strong>in</strong>deli<br />

mkiTxvelisTvis wignis is Tavi, sadac saubari iyo qarTvel `men-<br />

Sevikebsa~ da saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenaze. manamde, rogorc<br />

oficiozi da misi gamocemebi, aseve disidenturi moZraobis<br />

warmomadgenlebi da maTi literatura social-demokratebs<br />

erTnairad akritikebdnen da antiqarTul Zalad moixseniebdnen.<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re bendianiSvilma aCvena ara marto social-demokrat<br />

moRvaweTa Secdomebi, aramed maT mier gaweuli Rvawlic<br />

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebisa da teritoriuli<br />

mTlianobis dacvis saqmeSi, maTi brZola saerTaSoriso<br />

asparezze ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis gamosaaSkaraveblad,<br />

gamoavl<strong>in</strong>a is adamianebi, romlebic partiuli kuTvnilebis<br />

miuxedavad, iyvnen didi patriotebi da qarTveli eris<br />

<strong>in</strong>teresTa uerTgulesi damcvelebi. amaTgan erT-erTs — grigol<br />

lorTqifaniZes SemdgomSi calke gamokvlevac miuZRvna da<br />

misi sazogadoebac Seqmna. amasTanave, ar dajerda am wignSi<br />

fragmentulad asaxul saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis<br />

daxasiaTebas da vrceli monografiuli gamokvleva gamoaqveyna<br />

pirveli respublikis saxelmwifo struqturebis, saS<strong>in</strong>ao<br />

da sagareo orientirebis, socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo<br />

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.<br />

mniSvnelovnad gaamdidra qarTuli istoriografia<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re bendianiSvilis 2006 wels gamoqveynebulma gamokvlevam<br />

— `qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebis etapebi~.<br />

masSi mecnierma gamoavl<strong>in</strong>a aTwleulebis manZilze dagrovili<br />

didi codna, kvlevis gamocdileba, gamoiyena axali<br />

meTodologiuri mimarTulebani istoriuli kvlevis dargSi<br />

da Seqmna naSromi qarTul saxelmwifoebriobaze uZvelesi,<br />

adreklasobrivi periodidan Tanamedrove etapamde. monografiaSi<br />

qarTuli saxelmwifos tipebi daxasiaTebuli da Seswavlilia<br />

Tanadrouli evropisa da aziis did saxelmwifoebTan<br />

SepirispirebiT, gamovlenilia misi Taviseburebebi, naCvenebia<br />

is safuZveli, riTac qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba ar daikarga,<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom mas nom<strong>in</strong>aluri arsebobis forma<br />

rCeboda maS<strong>in</strong>, rodesac imperiebis qveSevrdomobaSi eqceoda,<br />

qarTveli xalxi saWiro dros kvlav aRidgenda xolme srul<br />

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damoukideblobas. mecnierma dasaxa gzebi qarTuli saxelmwifos<br />

SesaZlo mowyobisa da struqturuli agebis Sesaxeb, gviCvena<br />

misi samomavlo gza.<br />

mkvlevari udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda istoriis codnis<br />

gadacemas axalgazrdobisTvis. is mudam saubrobda didi<br />

ilias damokidebulebaze istoriis mimarT da cdilobda eswavleb<strong>in</strong>a,<br />

an saxelmZRvanelod miewodeb<strong>in</strong>a Tanamedrove<br />

axalgazrdobisTvis sworad Sedgenili, enobrivad gamarTuli<br />

da kargad sakiTxavi wignebi. am mizniT man Seadg<strong>in</strong>a saqarTvelos<br />

axali da uaxlesi istoriis saxelmZRvanelo. misi azriT,<br />

erovnuli Tavisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da demokratiisaTvis<br />

brZolaSi axalgazrdoba Caeba, magram, imis gamo, rom maT kargad<br />

ar ician sakuTari qveynis warsuli, qarTveli eris mravalsaukunovani<br />

istoria, uWirT Tanamedrove movlenebSi garkveva,<br />

qveynisa da eris w<strong>in</strong>aSe dasaxuli mTavari miznebis kargad<br />

gaazreba, am naklis gamosworeba aucilebelia istoriuli<br />

mecnierebis swavlebis gaumjobesebiT, qarTveli axalgazrdobis<br />

codnis donis amaRlebiT. uamisod verc maT gascemen<br />

pasuxs, v<strong>in</strong>c w<strong>in</strong>aswarganzraxviT an ucod<strong>in</strong>robiT ayalbeben<br />

saqarTvelos istorias, ver amCneven qarTveli eris Rirsebas,<br />

mis SemoqmedebiT unars da Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis perspeqtivas<br />

eWvqveS ayeneben.<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re bendianiSvilma udidesi wvlili Seitana 2008<br />

wels gamocemuli vrceli monografiis — `rusuli kolonializmi<br />

saqarTveloSi~ — SeqmnaSi. marTalia, wigns ramdenime avtori<br />

hyavs, magram, garda imisa, rom misi sakmaod mozrdili<br />

nawili ekuTvnis, mecnierma bevri izruna monografiis gam-<br />

Tlianebasa da erTian stilze. mas SeeZlo SeTanxmebulad emu-<br />

Sava jgufTan, daekavSireb<strong>in</strong>a sxvadasxva avtorTa Tvalsazrisebi<br />

da samecniero Sexedulebebi erTmaneTTan, Seekra Tema<br />

<strong>in</strong>dividualuri naSromebiT. Tu es monografia ase sa<strong>in</strong>tereso<br />

da mravalmxrivi gamovida, amaSi batoni aleqs<strong>and</strong>res am niWmac<br />

iTamaSa garkveuli roli.<br />

Rvawlmosilma mecnierma uamravi moswavle aRzarda, is<br />

iyo saukeTeso pedagogi, masTan urTierToba axalgazrdebSi<br />

profesionalizms, samecniero muSaobisadmi gansakuTrebul<br />

<strong>in</strong>teressa da xelmZRvanelisadmi gamorCeuli mowiwebis<br />

grZnobas aRvivebda. is uyvardaT studentebs saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo<br />

<strong>in</strong>stitutSi, Telavis universitetSi, sam-<br />

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xedro akademiaSi, sadac ramdenime weli kaTedris gamgec iyo<br />

da qarTuli samxedro xelovnebis did saidumloebas istoriuli<br />

gmirebis magaliTiT uziarebda axali, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos<br />

momaval jariskacebs.<br />

Tavmdabali, rbili da mimtevebeli xasiaTis adamiani<br />

mxolod maS<strong>in</strong> aenTeboda xolme, rodesac saqarTvelos istoriul<br />

warsuls v<strong>in</strong>me augad Seexeboda, daamax<strong>in</strong>jebda, icruebda<br />

da ise warmoadgenda, rom qarTveli erisTvis Seuracxyofa<br />

mieyeneb<strong>in</strong>a. oponentebs ara emociebze damyarebul, aramed<br />

dokumenturi masalebiT, saarqivo wyaroebiT ganmtkicebul<br />

pasuxs scemda. gansakuTrebiT tkioda guli, rodesac es oponenti<br />

araqarTveli ki ara, romelime Secdenili Tanamemamule<br />

iyo. umZimesi iyo misTvis ukanaskneli wlebi. ruseTis mier<br />

Cveni qveynis didi nawilis axal aneqsiasa da okupacias mecnieri<br />

mtkivneulad ganicdida, mas adardebda da sicocxles umwarebda<br />

fiqri samSoblos momavalze, dakargul teritoriebze,<br />

bedze, romelic ekuTvnoda ara marto dRev<strong>and</strong>el, aramed<br />

mTel istoriul saqarTvelos, uZvelesi droidan uSores momavlamde,<br />

maradisobamde.<br />

wavida Cvengan didi profesionali, saukeTeso maswavlebeli<br />

da megobari, adamiani, romelsac tkioda da uxaroda sam-<br />

Soblos wuxili da sixaruli, romelic ocnebobda enaxa Zlieri<br />

da mSvidi saqarTvelo. darCa uamravi adamianis Tbili gaxseneba<br />

da uryevi rwmena imisa, rom qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

aleqs<strong>and</strong>re bendianiSvilis mecnieruli memkvidreoba yovel-<br />

Tvis iqneba Rirebuli da gamosayenebeli.<br />

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garekanis bolo gverdze gamosaxulia:<br />

mefe erekle II-is mier 1795 wlis 1 maiss gacemuli wyalobis<br />

sigeli, romelSic dafiqsirebulia sityva `Tbilisi~.<br />

(am dokumentis dedani daculia saqarTvelos centralur<br />

saxelmwifo saistorio arqivSi, fondi 1448, sabuTi # 845).<br />

gamomcemloba `universali~<br />

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30<br />

E-mail: universal@<strong>in</strong>ternet.ge<br />

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